bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presence of free‐living wild boar Sus scrofa in southern England
Authors: Goulding Martin J. , Roper Timothy J. , Smith Graham C. , Baker Simon J. 
Published: May 2018

Wild boar Sus scrofa has been extinct in Britain for several centuries. Recently, however, some conservationists have argued that it should be reintroduced. Here, we report that two populations of free‐living wild boar are already present in Britain, in the south of England, ranging over areas of approximately 15 km2 in the county of Dorset and 175 km2 in the counties of Kent and East Sussex. Presence of the animals was indicated initially by unsolicited reports to the Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs, and was confirmed by searching the relevant areas for field signs such as tracks, faeces, nests and rooted areas. Six carcasses of road‐killed or shot animals were available for inspection from the Kent/East Sussex area and had the morphological characteristics of wild boar. Breeding was confirmed in the Kent/East Sussex area and is suspected in the Dorset population. A simple population dynamics model, based on an estimated initial population of 100 animals, suggests a growth rate, r, of between 0.016 and 0.267 for the Kent/East Sussex population. We conclude that the Kent/East Sussex population is likely to prove viable unless actively persecuted, and discuss the social, agricultural, ecological and conservational implications.
Alpine ibex Capra ibex ibex x domestic goat C. aegagrus domestica hybrids in a restricted area of southern Switzerland
Authors: Giacometti Marco , Roganti Renato , De Tann Dario , Stahlberger‐Saitbekova Nasikat , Obexer‐Ruff Gabriela 
Published: May 2018

We documented hybridisation of domestic goats Capra aegagrus domestica with free‐ranging male Alpine ibex Capra ibex ibex in a restricted area of the southern Swiss Alps in 1989–2001. The number of animals in the hybrid herd reached a maximum of 18 in 1998. We confirmed hybridisation through morphological data and genetic analysis. All presumed hybrids were larger and heavier than Alpine ibex. Horns of hybrids were longer than those of Alpine ibex, and some male horns lacked nodes. In two males studied, the first horn increment was longer than the second. In some cases the pelage colour revealed characteristics untypical for ibex such as prominent leg markings and dark brown colour in young animals. Microsatellite analysis in one male revealed ibex specific alleles as well as goat specific alleles. We concluded that this male, as well as the other animals studied, were Alpine ibex x domestic goat hybrids. All wild goats and their hybrid offspring were removed by state gamekeepers in 1998–2001 to maintain the genetic integrity of free‐ranging Alpine ibex living in the area. We suggest that the survival of hybrids depends largely on habitat characteristics. In the study area, the hybrid winter range was exposed to the south. The sunny rocky slope was steep and reached down to an altitude of 1,500 m a.s.l. On this slope, animals found food in early spring and a refuge against adverse weather conditions.
Temporal variation in the number of car‐killed red deerCervus elaphusin Norway
Authors: Mysterud Atle 
Published: May 2018

Determining the factors causing variation in traffic accidents both in space and time are important for management, as it can help in designing mitigation efforts. The annual harvest of red deerCervus elaphusin Norway has increased from 2,695 in 1971 to 23,597 in 2001, while the number of car‐killed red deer increased from 27 to 443 over the same period. I analysed how the temporal variation in the annual number of car‐killed red deer along the west coast of Norway varied with population density and climate. The increase in the number of car‐killed red deer was mainly an effect of increasing population size (as evidenced from harvest records). The parameter estimate for the population size effect was 1.722 and 1.025, respectively, before and after adding the (non‐significant) effect of ‘year‘ (as a continuous term). An increase in population size therefore led to an increase in the proportion of the number of car‐killed red deer only when excluding the year effect which was likely due to an increase in traffic volume. Spring conditions, as measured by the March–May value of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), correlated with the number of car‐killed red deer, but winter, summer or autumn NAO did not. I argue that the consequences of an increasing number of car‐deer collisions with increasing population density should be incorporated into future modelling of harvesting strategies if the aim is to maximise the economic outcome at a national scale.
Supplemental feeding of migratory mooseAlces alces: forest damage at two spatial scales
Authors: Gundersen Hege , Andreassen Harry P. , Storaas Tor stein 
Published: May 2018

Landowners in southeast Norway have supplied mooseAlces alceswith ensilaged bales of hay for up to eight winters. The incentive has been to limit migratory movements into heavily trafficated winter areas and away from young forest plantations. In this article, we report on landscape characteristics that increase the use of feeding stations, and on how browsing activity on Scots pinePinus sylvestristwigs as well as leader stems of both pine and Norway sprucePicea abieswas associated with distance to feeding stations at two different spatial scales: 1) at a local scale we sampled data from 50 m2observational plots up to 200 m from the feeding stations, and 2) at a regional scale we sampled data at all available young forest plantations up to 7 km from a feeding station. The probability that a feeding station was used increased towards the bottom of side valleys. The frequency of use of feeding stations increased annually, with increasing distance to other feeding stations, and with increasing distance to the more populated main valley. Moose‐induced browse damage was extensive at proximate distances (< 200 m) to feeding stations, decreased to a minimum at 1–2 km, and increased slightly again at 3–7 km distance from less intensely used feeding stations. Indices of moose activity distribution (i.e. piles of faecal pellets) resembled browsing activity.
Medical Regulation
Authors: Yam Carrie H.K. , Griffiths Sian M. , Liu S. , Wong Eliza L.Y. , Chung Vincent C.H. , Yeoh E.K. 
Published: May 2018

The licensing and regulation of physicians is an important topic worldwide and is often tied to discussions in various countries of health care system reform. We conducted a review of current practices for regulating physicians as a key group of health care professionals in eight jurisdictions in Asia and other parts of the world in order to draw implications for the development of future regulatory policies in Hong Kong. Jurisdictions studied included Australia, Canada, China, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United States. A literature search, supplemented by interviews, was conducted. In analyzing information gathered about global regulatory systems, we used a framework for comparing regulatory typology, developed by the RAND Europe research institute. Our review found that the jurisdictions studied exhibited both similarities and differences in terms of how physicians are regulated and by whom. As a result of our search, we were able to identify 10 key trends in international medical regulation of importance to Hong Kong as it considers reforms to its health care system overall:Changes in medical regulation are seen as a way of improving the quality of patient care.Reform of medical regulation often requires government legislation.The creation of common principles for policies, structures and the organization of regulation between professions is an emerging practice.The involvement of lay people on boards and in inquiries is increasingly common.Medical regulation is moving away from models of self-regulation and toward regulatory models that emphasize partnership between professions and the public, physicians and patients.Health care providers and institutional regulators play complementary roles in medical regulation.Regulation impacts the quality of care — not just the detection and remediation of poor performance.Investigatory and disciplinary functions are increasingly separated and organized independently of each other.Continuous Professional Development (CPD) is compulsory for physicians in many jurisdictions.Overseas medical graduates are admitted into practice in different ways from country to country.These trends are important for regulators in all countries to note as they assess the basic structure and effectiveness of their own medical regulatory systems.
A Census of Actively Licensed Physicians in the United States, 2016
Authors: Young Aaron , Chaudhry Humayun J. , Pei Xiaomei , Arnhart Katie , Dugan Michael , Snyder Gregory B. 
Published: May 2018

An accurate understanding of the demographic and state medical licensure characteristics of physicians in the United States is critical for health care workforce planning. Overall changes in the nation's population demographics, state and federal medical regulatory policies and dynamics surrounding the ongoing health care reform debate further highlight the need to have an up-to-date census of actively licensed physicians across all medical specialties.
This article uses data received by the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) from the nation's state medical and osteopathic licensing boards to report and summarize key features of actively licensed physicians in the United States and the District of Columbia. Our biennial census, current through the end of 2016, identifies a total of 953,695 actively licensed allopathic and osteopathic physicians serving a national population of 323 million people. This represents a net physician-increase of 12% from the 2010 census. From 2010 to 2016, the actively licensed U.S. physician-to-population ratio increased from 277 physicians per 100,000-population to 295 physicians per 100,000-population. Females now make up one-third of all licensed physicians, with osteopathic physicians and Caribbean medical graduates continuing to demonstrate substantial increases in both their absolute numbers and as a percentage of all actively licensed physicians from the 2010 to 2016 time period.
A Glossary in Support of Physicians' Continuing Professional Development Across the World
Authors: Smith Amy L. , Regnier Kate , McKenna Mindi K. , Staz Mark L. , Warken Mya A. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
As the physician learning environment becomes more global, the importance of a common language for CME/CPD is becoming increasingly important in order that physicians, the regulatory community, and the public may grasp the meaning of particular terms and understand the context in which they are being used. Establishment of a common language for continuing professional development is essential for developing substantive equivalency agreements among regulatory jurisdictions and improving the quality of CME/CPD systems worldwide. The International Academy for CPD Accreditation (IACPDA) developed a glossary of commonly used terms and consensus-based definitions of those terms. There is not an expectation that accrediting bodies must change their terminology to conform to the glossary. Rather, the intent is for the glossary to facilitate greater understanding and potential for harmonization of standards among CME/CPD accreditors, certifying boards, medical regulatory authorities and other stakeholders, thus enabling improvement worldwide in the quality of CME/CPD activities in which health professionals participate, and therefore improvement in their competence and practice performance. This article highlights synergies created by a standardization in CME/CPD terminology and summarizes the methodology used, and design of, the new glossary of terminology by the IACPDA. While the IACPDA has identified modifications and enhancements to be incorporated into future updates, the current glossary is already publicly accessible. The IACPDA welcomes comments from all stakeholders, including the medical regulatory community.
MANAJEMEN PUSAT SUMBER BELAJAR BERSAMA (PSBB) PADA MADRASAH ALIYAH NEGERI (MAN) MODEL MANADO PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA
Authors: Bolotio Rivai 
Published: May 2018

<p align="center">This research was a field study that was intended to investigate on : 1) how the management of Common Lerning Resources Center (CLRC) at the Manado Model Public Islamic High School (hereafter MMPIHS) or Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) Model Manado was planned ? how the organization pattern of management of CLRC at MMPIHS was organized ? and 2) what were the inhibiting and supporting factors in implementing the management of CLRC at MMPIHS?A case study of qualitative approach was utilized in this study. Techniques used in collecting data were: Observation, interviews, and documentation. From the result of the data analysis, these following some conclusions were drawn: 1) the managerial functions covering planning, organizing, actuating, supervising and evaluating, were not yet implemented according to the principles of educational management; 2) supporting factors toward the managing of CLRC at MMPIHS such as: a) facilities (buildings/rooms, tools, equipments, books etc), b) qualified staff, c) conducive working environment, were available but not fully empowered; 3) the inhibiting factors toward the managing of CLRC at MAN Model Manado such as: a) the absence of managers with sufficient knowledge and skills who can manage and operate CLRC professionally, b) the insufficiency of funding to support the oprational activities for the management of CLRC, c) the lack of socialization of the existence of CLRC MMPIHS, d) the inavailability of operational vehicles for transportation in supporting the operational management of CLRC at MAN Model Manado. Up until now these inhibiting factors havenot yet been overcome with the result that they have decelerated the CLRC management process.</p>
RANCANG BANGUN KAMPUNG EKOWISATA BURUNG MALEO GUNUNG (Aepypodius arfakianus) BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL MASYARAKAT HATAM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN EKONOMI DAN KONSERVASI SATWA ENDEMIK PAPUA DI PEGUNUNGAN ARFAK
Authors: Kilmaskossu Agustinus , Manik Hotlan , Sonbait Lukas Y. 
Published: May 2018

<p>The wildlife on earth is increasingly urged by human life, where forest functions are used as residential and agricultural land. Illegal logging causes destruction of habitat and excessive use of wildlife causing damage to ecological functions in general. Uncontrolled utilization of eggs and fowls of wattled brushturkeys will accelerate the extinction of these animals in natural habitats. On the other hand the dependence on protein and economic needs of communities in the Arfak Mountains is high as evidenced by the widespread of hunting activities conducted with various purposes of utilization. Breeding efforts for the purpose of utilization need to be given attention in relation to the conservation and fulfillment of human needs. Efforts to increase the population of the bird are made through the modification of breeding and captive breeding efforts so as to encourage the acceleration of the bird population in nature and on the other hand the community interest in the fulfillment of protein and economic needs can be accommodated. Therefore, basic knowledge of the wisdom of local communities are need to support the sustainability of this bird in nature. Studies of local community wisdom and natural nest site coverage data need to be immediately obtained to fullfil the purpose. This baseline data is a reference to the establishment of appropriate breeding sites and management is expected to increase the acceleration of this bird population in nature as well as economic improvement through an ecotourism village. This research was conducted in Minyambouw District around Arfak Mountains Nature Reserve for 2 years (2013-2014). The first year study aims to find out the location of active nesting sites and strategic location to serve as a breeding model. Some active bird nests of the bird have been found in the forest of Syoubri village and then mapped based on GPS data. In the second year, the collection of cultural data of the community (local wisdom) as the basis of customary rules that bind the community. Some people (50%) still do hunting for family consumption and income. To overcome this, the community agreed and happy to make the bird and its nest as a tourist attraction. In relation to that there is a need to do management of ecological tourism for the community and creation of a captive breeding programme through a hatchery effort on wattled brushturkey birds.<strong></strong></p>
PEMANFAATAN HUTAN OLEH SUKU KAMORO DI KAMPUNG TAPORMAY DAN AINDUA DISTRIK MIMIKA BARAT-JAUH KABUPATEN MIMIKA PROVINSI PAPUA
Authors: Koromat J. , Sadsoeitoeboen M.J. , Lewerisa R. , Wally E. 
Published: May 2018

<p>A study has been conducted in the lowland of tropical rain forest, swamps and mangroves in the vicinity of Tapormay and Aindua villages in the Far-West Mimika District from Mimika Regency, Papua Province to examine the diversity of plant and animal species and the number of plant and animal species utilized by the Kamoro tribe in the villages in they everyday life. A descriptive method with survey technique and interview to the people in Tapormay and Aindua villages were used to carry out the study. The results of the study found 36 dominant plants species in lowland tropical rain forest, five dominant species in swamp forest and nine dominant plant species in mangrove forest. While as many of 35 wildlife species were encountered in lowland tropical rain forest, marshes and mangroves consisting of nine species of mammals/marsupials, 24 species of birds and two species of reptiles. Non-timber forest products recorded by the Kamoro in both villages were 47 species divided into 10 groups: food and beverages, household necessities, sleeping equipment and rain hood, hunting tools, medicines, oil, sources of firewood, tribe ornaments, wooden boats, and musical instruments. Based on the level of forest importance or the most important function of forest area for the Kamoro is as a place to find food, that is: sago and hunting. Interview with all respondents (100%) stated that the main function of the forest is where to take sago followed by hunting activities, picking up firewood, wooden boats, fruits and medicines, and taking building materials and bark.</p>
Rattan diversity on the Sangkulirang Mangkalihat karst area, East Kutai and Berau District
Authors: Wiyanata Atma Wahyu 
Published: May 2018

Keragaman Rotan Di Kawasan Karst Sangkulirang Mangkalihat Kabupaten Kutai Timur Dan Kabupaten Berau. Kawasan karst Berau – Kutim (Sangkulirang Mangkalihat) merupakan bentang alam kompak dan tidak terpisahkan. Berada dalam dua wilayah administrasi yaitu Kabupaten Berau dan Kabupaten Kutai Timur, berdasarkan RTRWP Kalimanatan Timur tahun 2016 kawasan bentang alam karst Kabupaten Berau dan Kabupaten Kutai Timur seluas 307.337 ha tersebar di hutan lindung dan lkawasan budidaya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis keragaman jenis tanaman rotan pada kawasan karst Sangkulirang Kabupaten Kutai Timur dan Kabupaten Berau. Areal penelitian ditentukan secara purposive dan sistematik sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, Jumlah jenis rotan yang tertinggi dari enam lokasi penelitian terdapat pada lokasi Biatan Ulu dengan jumlah 8 jenis dengan jumlah individu/ha 744 dan jenis yang sedikit ditemukan terdapat pada lokasi Tondoyan dengan Gergaji, dengan masing- masing jumlah 4 jenis dengan jumlah individu/ha Tondoyan 87 individu dan Gergaji 193 individu.Kata Kunci : Karst, Keanekaragaman, Sangkulirang Mangkalihat, Rotan
Patient beliefs and attitudes to taking statins: systematic review of qualitative studies
Authors: Ju Angela , Hanson Camilla S , Banks Emily , Korda Rosemary , Craig Jonathan C , Usherwood Tim , MacDonald Peter , Tong Allison 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundStatins are effective in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and are recommended for at-risk individuals but estimated adherence rates are low.AimTo describe patients’ perspectives, experiences, and attitudes towards taking statins.Design and settingSystematic review of qualitative studies reporting perspectives of patients on statins.MethodPsycINFO, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PhD dissertations from inception to 6 October 2016 were searched for qualitative studies on adult patients’ perspectives on statins. All text and participant quotations were extracted from each article and analysed by thematic synthesis.ResultsThirty-two studies involving 888 participants aged 22–93 years across eight countries were included. Seven themes were identified: confidence in prevention (trust in efficacy, minimising long-term catastrophic CVD, taking control, easing anxiety about high cholesterol); routinising into daily life; questioning utility (imperceptible benefits, uncertainties about pharmacological mechanisms); medical distrust (scepticism about overprescribing, pressure to start therapy); threatening health (competing priorities and risks, debilitating side effects, toxicity to body); signifying sickness (fear of perpetual dependence, losing the battle); and financial strain.ConclusionAn expectation that statins could prevent CVD and being able to integrate the statin regimen in daily life facilitated acceptance of statins among patients. However, avoiding the ‘sick’ identity and prolonged dependence on medications, uncertainties about the pharmacological mechanisms, risks to health, side effects, costs, and scepticism about clinicians’ motives for prescribing statins were barriers to uptake. Shared decision making that addresses the risks, reasons for prescribing, patient priorities, and implementing strategies to minimise lifestyle intrusion and manage side effects may improve patient satisfaction and continuation of statins.
Microphysical Modeling of Mineral Clouds in GJ1214 b and GJ436 b: Predicting Upper Limits on the Cloud-top Height
Authors: Ohno Kazumasa , Okuzumi Satoshi 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The ubiquity of clouds in the atmospheres of exoplanets, especially of super-Earths, is one of the outstanding issues for the transmission spectra survey. Understanding the formation process of clouds in super-Earths is necessary to interpret the observed spectra correctly. In this study, we investigate the vertical distributions of particle size and mass density of mineral clouds in super-Earths using a microphysical model that takes into account the vertical transport and growth of cloud particles in a self-consistent manner. We demonstrate that the vertical profiles of mineral clouds significantly vary with the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei and atmospheric metallicity. We find that the height of the cloud top increases with increasing metallicity as long as the metallicity is lower than the threshold. If the metallicity is larger than the threshold, the cloud-top height no longer increases appreciably with metallicity because coalescence yields larger particles of higher settling velocities. We apply our cloud model to GJ1214 b and GJ436 b, for which recent transmission observations suggest the presence of high-altitude opaque clouds. For GJ436 b, we show that KCl particles can ascend high enough to explain the observation. For GJ1214 b, by contrast, the height of KCl clouds predicted from our model is too low to explain its flat transmission spectrum. Clouds made of highly porous KCl particles could explain the observations if the atmosphere is highly metal-rich, and hence the particle microstructure might be a key to interpret the flat spectrum of GJ1214 b.