bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Imperialism
Authors: Phillipson Robert 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The study of linguistic imperialism entails analyzing the policies by which dominant languages, nationally and internationally, have been consolidated and what the consequences are for other languages. The presence of European languages worldwide reflects language policy as a key dimension of colonial empires—Anglo‐American, French, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish—both in countries where Europeans settled and in exploitation colonies. This entry presents the key constituents of linguistic imperialism together with some critiques of it. It gives examples of the way English was promoted in the UK and USA and how European languages were exported and consolidated worldwide, showing the devastating consequences for other cultures and languages. In the postcolonial age, the pedagogy promoted by the UK, the USA, and the World Bank for the learning of English was founded on five fallacies: the monolingual fallacy, the native speaker fallacy, the early start fallacy, the maximum exposure fallacy, and the subtractive fallacy. Elite formation in the age of globalization and neoliberalism also takes place in monolingual “international” schools, which are spreading worldwide. The ways in which English is privileged in education systems, and discourses justifying it, need critical scrutiny, as do the language policies of the European Union. Policies that strengthen linguistic diversity are needed to counteract linguistic imperialism. There are many places where linguistic imperialism is in full force, such as in Turkey and China.
Pragmatic Transfer
Authors: Bou‐Franch Patricia , Clavel‐Arroitia Begoña 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis entry deals with pragmatic transfer, the influence among the language(s)/culture(s) known to an individual at the level of pragmatic knowledge in the context of language learning and communication. After briefly tracing the origins and development of this area of study, which lies at the intersection of second language acquisition and pragmatics, we explain the distinction between pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic transfer. Then we consider two main approaches to pragmatic transfer, namely interlanguage pragmatics, which is closely tied to speech act realization studies, and the cognitive‐pragmatic perspective that draws on notions of multicompetence. We discuss studies that consider transfer in terms of the influence of the L1 on the development and use of an L2, and research that underlines the influence of the L2 on the L1, underscoring the bidirectionality of this phenomenon. Multilingualism is an area of increasing interest in studies on pragmatic transfer, as are factors affecting pragmatic transfer such as speakers' proficiency level, perceived cultural distance, willingness to assume L2 sociocultural values, length of stay in the L2 community, and exposure to the target language. Recent research examines new types of data (digital communication) and brings into the picture new theoretical and methodological frameworks (e.g., conversation analysis or relevance theory).
Silver Bismuth Sulfoiodide Solar Cells: Tuning Optoelectronic Properties by Sulfide Modification for Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Pai Narendra , Lu Jianfeng , Gengenbach Thomas R. , Seeber Aaron , Chesman Anthony S. R. , Jiang Liangcong , Senevirathna Dimuthu C. , Andrews Philip C. , Bach Udo , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Simonov Alexandr N. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSilver bismuth iodides (AgaBibIa+3b) are nontoxic and comparatively cheap photovoltaic materials, but their wide bandgaps and downshifted valence band edges limit their performance as light absorbers in solar cells. Herein, a strategy is introduced to tune the optoelectronic properties of AgaBibIa+3b by partial anionic substitution with the sulfide dianion. A consistent narrowing of the bandgap by 0.1 eV and an upshift of the valence band edge by 0.1–0.3 eV upon modification with sulfide are demonstrated for AgBiI4, Ag2BiI5, Ag3BiI6, and AgBi2I7 compositions. Solar cells based on silver bismuth sulfoiodides embedded into a mesoporous TiO2 electron‐transporting scaffold, and a poly[bis(4‐phenyl)(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)amine] hole‐transporting layer significantly outperform devices based on sulfide‐free materials, mainly due to enhancements in the photocurrent by up to 48%. A power conversion efficiency of 5.44 ± 0.07% (Jsc = 14.6 ± 0.1 mA cm−2; Voc = 569 ± 3 mV; fill factor = 65.7 ± 0.3%) under 1 sun irradiation and stability under ambient conditions for over a month are demonstrated. The results reported herein indicate that further improvements should be possible with this new class of photovoltaic materials upon advances in the synthetic procedures and an increase in the level of sulfide anionic substitution.
Cognitive and Pathological Influences of Tau Pathology in Lewy Body Disorders
Authors: Coughlin David , Xie Sharon X. , Liang Mendy , Williams Andrew , Peterson Claire , Weintraub Daniel , McMillan Corey T. , Wolk David A. , Akhtar Rizwan S. , Hurtig Howard I. , Branch Coslett H. , Hamilton Roy H. , Siderowf Andrew D. , Duda John E. , Rascovsky Katya , Lee Edward B. , Lee Virginia M.‐Y. , Grossman Murray , Trojanowski John Q. , Irwin David J. 
Published: December 2018

ObjectiveTo use digital histology in a large autopsy cohort of Lewy body disorder (LBD) patients with dementia to test the hypotheses that co‐occurring Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology impacts the anatomic distribution of α‐synuclein (SYN) pathology and that co‐occurring neocortical tau pathology in LBDs associates with worse cognitive performance and occurs in a pattern differing from AD.MethodsFifty‐five autopsy‐confirmed LBD (Parkinson disease with dementia, n = 36; dementia with Lewy bodies, n = 19) patients and 25 AD patients were studied. LBD patients were categorized as having moderate/severe AD copathology (SYN + AD = 20) or little/no AD copathology (SYN−AD = 35). Digital measures of tau, β‐amyloid (Aβ), and SYN histopathology in neocortical and subcortical/limbic regions were compared between groups and related to antemortem cognitive testing.ResultsSYN burden was higher in SYN + AD than SYN−AD in each neocortical region (F1, 54 = 5.6–6.0, p < 0.02) but was equivalent in entorhinal cortex and putamen (F1, 43–49 = 0.7–1.7, p > 0.2). SYN + AD performed worse than SYN−AD on a temporal lobe–mediated naming task (t27 = 2.1, p = 0.04). Antemortem cognitive test scores inversely correlated with tau burden (r = −0.39 to −0.68, p < 0.05). AD had higher tau than SYN + AD in all regions (F1, 43 = 12.8–97.2, p < 0.001); however, SYN + AD had a greater proportion of tau in the temporal neocortex than AD (t41 = 2.0, p < 0.05), whereas AD had a greater proportion of tau in the frontal neocortex than SYN + AD (t41 = 3.3, p < 0.002). SYN + AD had similar severity and distribution of neocortical Aβ compared to AD (F1, 40–43 = 1.6–2.0, p > 0.1).InterpretationLBD patients with AD copathology harbor greater neocortical SYN pathology. Regional tau pathology relates to cognitive performance in LBD dementia, and its distribution may diverge from pure AD. Tau copathology contributes uniquely to the heterogeneity of cognitive impairment in LBD. Ann Neurol 2018; 1–13 ANN NEUROL 2019;85:259–271.
Genotype, extrapyramidal features, and severity of variant ataxia‐telangiectasia
Authors: Schon Katherine , van Os Nienke J.H. , Oscroft Nicholas , Baxendale Helen , Scoffings Daniel , Ray Julian , Suri Mohnish , Whitehouse William P. , Mehta Puja R. , Everett Natasha , Bottolo Leonardo , van de Warrenburg Bart P. , Byrd Philip J. , Weemaes Corry , Willemsen Michel A. , Tischkowitz Marc , Taylor A. Malcolm , Hensiek Anke E. 
Published: December 2018

ObjectiveVariant ataxia‐telangiectasia is caused by mutations that allow some retained ataxia telangiectasia‐mutated (ATM) kinase activity. Here, we describe the clinical features of the largest established cohort of individuals with variant ataxia‐telangiectasia and explore genotype‐phenotype correlations.MethodsCross‐sectional data were collected retrospectively. Patients were classified as variant ataxia‐telangiectasia based on retained ATM kinase activity.ResultsThe study includes 57 individuals. Mean age at assessment was 37.5 years. Most had their first symptoms by age 10 (81%). There was a diagnostic delay of more than 10 years in 68% and more than 20 years in one third of probands. Disease severity was mild in one third of patients, and 43% were still ambulant 20 years after disease onset. Only one third had predominant ataxia, and 18% had a pure extrapyramidal presentation. Individuals with extrapyramidal presentations had milder neurological disease severity. There were no significant respiratory or immunological complications, but 25% of individuals had a history of malignancy. Missense mutations were associated with milder neurological disease severity, but with a higher risk of malignancy, compared to leaky splice site mutations.InterpretationIndividuals with variant ataxia‐telangiectasia require malignancy surveillance and tailored management. However, our data suggest the condition may sometimes be mis‐ or underdiagnosed because of atypical features, including exclusive extrapyramidal symptoms, normal eye movements, and normal alpha‐fetoprotein levels in some individuals. Missense mutations are associated with milder neurological presentations, but a particularly high malignancy risk, and it is important for clinicians to be aware of these phenotypes. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:170–180.
Pothole‐rich Ultrathin WO3 Nanosheets that Trigger N≡N Bond Activation of Nitrogen for Direct Nitrate Photosynthesis
Authors: Liu Youwen , Cheng Ming , He Zhihai , Gu Bingchuan , Xiao Chong , Zhou Tengfei , Guo Zaiping , Liu Jiandang , He Haiyan , Ye Bangjiao , Pan Bicai , Xie Yi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNitrate is a raw ingredient for the production of fertilizer, gunpowder, and explosives. Developing an alternative approach to activate the N≡N bond of naturally abundant nitrogen to form nitrate under ambient conditions will be of importance. Herein, pothole‐rich WO3 was used to catalyse the activation of N≡N covalent triple bonds for the direct nitrate synthesis at room temperature. The pothole‐rich structure endues the WO3 nanosheet more dangling bonds and more easily excited high momentum electrons, which overcome the two major bottlenecks in N≡N bond activation, that is, poor binding of N2 to catalytic materials and the high energy involved in this reaction. The average rate of nitrate production is as high as 1.92 mg g−1 h−1 under ambient conditions, without any sacrificial agent or precious‐metal co‐catalysts. More generally, the concepts will initiate a new pathway for triggering inert catalytic reactions.
A Cross‐linked Conjugated Polymer Photosensitizer Enables Efficient Sunlight‐Induced Photooxidation
Authors: Wu Wenbo , Xu Shidang , Qi Guobin , Zhu Han , Hu Fang , Liu Zitong , Zhang Deqing , Liu Bin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPhotooxidation under sunlight has potential in organic synthesis, bacterial killing, and organic waste treatment. Photosensitizers (PSs) can play an important role in this process. High 1O2 generation efficiency and excellent photostability under sunlight, as well as easy recyclability are ideal properties for PSs, but are not easy to achieve simultaneously. Herein, a pure organic porous conjugated polymer PS, CPTF, shows great photostability, large specific surface area, and high 1O2 generation efficiency under sunlight for photooxidation. For the oxidation of aromatic aldehyde to aromatic acid, the PS catalyst shows excellent recyclability, and enables solvent‐free reactions in high yields both under direct sunlight and simulated AM 1.5G irradiation. In addition, the successful application of CPTF as an antibacterial agent and organic waste decomposition under simulated AM 1.5G irradiation indicates the potential of CPTF in sunlight‐induced waste water treatment.
Electrochemical Hydrogenation with Gaseous Ammonia
Authors: Li Jin , He Lingfeng , Liu Xu , Cheng Xu , Li Guigen 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAs a carbon‐free and sustainable fuel, ammonia serves as high‐energy‐density hydrogen‐storage material. It is important to develop new reactions able to utilize ammonia as a hydrogen source directly. Herein, we report an electrochemical hydrogenation of alkenes, alkynes, and ketones using ammonia as the hydrogen source and carbon electrodes. A variety of heterocycles and functional groups, including for example sulfide, benzyl, benzyl carbamate, and allyl carbamate were well tolerated. Fast stepwise electron transfer and proton transfer processes were proposed to account for the transformation.
Is the SYNTAX Score II applicable in all percutaneous coronary intervention patients?
Authors: Gao Guofeng , Zhao Yanyan , Zhang Dong , He Yuan , Song Chenxi , Zhu Chenggang , Guan Changdong , Xu Bo , Yin Dong , Dou Kefei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the risk stratification value of the SYNTAX Score II (SS II) in consecutive PCI patients and to analyze whether the predictive ability of SS II was consistent in patients with complex and non‐complex coronary artery disease.BackgroundSS II was designed for patients with complex coronary artery disease and has been validated by a number of studies in such patients.MethodsThe SS II for PCI was assessed in 10,072 consecutive patients who underwent PCI in Fuwai Hospital from January to December 2013. The patients were stratified according to SS II tertiles and divided into two subgroups: one‐vessel or two‐vessel disease (1 or 2VD) group (n = 5,709) and left main (LM) and/or three‐vessel disease (3VD) group (n = 4,363). The endpoint was 30‐month all‐cause death following PCI procedure.ResultsThe high SS II group showed significantly higher 30‐month mortality. Multivariate analyses showed that in the all‐patients cohort and the two subgroups, SS II was an independent predictor of 30‐month mortality (P < 0.0001). Based on receiver operating characteristic curves analysis, SS II showed moderate discrimination ability for 30‐month mortality (C‐statistics = 0.68, Hosmer–Lemeshow test P value >.05) and appeared to have better discrimination ability in the LM and/or 3VD subgroup (C‐statistics = 0.631 vs. 0.722 for 1 or 2VD and LM and/or 3VD subgroups).ConclusionsSS II was able to risk‐stratify patients and predict 30‐month mortality in all PCI patients. The discrimination ability of SS II appeared to be better in the LM and/or 3VD subgroup.
In Celebration of the International Year of the Periodic Table 2019
Authors: Beardsworth Stuart J. , Lyashenko Ganna , Novara Francesca R. , Ross Haymo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe cover of this issue is directly from the Editorial Team at Chemistry – A European Journal. The image depicts a journal vision for an international Chemistree Journalis, a rare and unique species of elemental value, designed in celebration of the International Year of the Periodic Table. Find out more information in the Editorial by H. Ross 10.1002/chem.201806058.
Market openness and market quality in gold markets
Authors: Xu Caihong , Zhang Dong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis paper studies the impact of market openness on market quality in gold markets, by investigating the openness event that occurred when the Shanghai Gold Exchange (SGE) launched an international board (SGEI) for foreign investors in China. Investors prefer to trade on the SGE than the SGEI, probably due to the SGE’s higher liquidity. In addition, using the New York Mercantile Exchange (COMEX) gold futures as the benchmark, we show the SGE experiences a significant increase in liquidity without a concomitant increase in volatility. Moreover, the SGE’s contribution to international gold price discovery increases after the openness event.
The formation of forward freight agreement rates in dry bulk shipping: Spot rates, risk premia, and heterogeneous expectations
Authors: Moutzouris Ioannis C. , Nomikos Nikos K. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe examine the formation of forward rates in the dry bulk shipping industry. We illustrate that the bulk of basis volatility can be attributed to expectations about future physical market conditions rather than expectations about future risk premia. However, there exists significant predictability of risk premia by both price‐based signals and economic variables. To explain this finding, we develop a dynamic asset pricing framework where, apart from having different objective functions, agents might also differ in the way they form expectations about future market conditions. Accordingly, we argue that the average investor should hold “near‐rational” but slightly contrarian beliefs.
Relationship between oral intake, patient perceived swallowing impairment, and objective videofluoroscopic measures of swallowing in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Arrese Loni C. , Schieve Heidi J. , Graham Jennifer M. , Stephens Julie A. , Carrau Ricardo L. , Plowman Emily K. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to: (1) examine relationships between the Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), Eating Assessment Tool‐10 (EAT‐10), and objective measures of swallowing (Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile [MBSImP©] and penetration‐aspiration scale [PAS]) in patients with head and neck cancer, (2) compare outcomes between oral intake vs tube‐dependent patients, and (3) compare outcomes across time points.MethodsA total of 58 patients with head and neck cancer completed the FOIS, EAT‐10, and underwent a standardized videofluoroscopy (VFSS). VFSS were analyzed using the PAS and MBSImP©. Nonparametric analyses were performed.ResultsA relationship between the FOIS and EAT‐10 (r = −0.46; P < .001) was revealed. No other associations were observed (P < .05). Feeding status did not impact PAS or MBSImP©; however, patients with head and neck cancer who were tube dependent demonstrated higher (worse) EAT‐10 scores (P = .01).ConclusionsIn this cohort, a relationship between patient‐perceived swallowing impairment and functional oral intake was revealed; however, no associations were observed between the FOIS and objective measures of swallowing impairment or swallowing safety.
Competing mortality in oropharyngeal carcinoma according to human papillomavirus status
Authors: Lop Joan , García Jacinto , López Montserrat , Taberna Miren , Mena Marisa , Alemany Laia , Quer Miquel , León Xavier 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of the present study is to assess differences in the competing causes of death in patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) as a function of the human papillomavirus (HPV) status.MethodsWe studied retrospectively 423 patients with OPC with known HPV status. Among the patients included in the study, 53 (12.5%) were HPV‐positive. We analyzed overall survival and competing causes of mortality according to the HPV status of the patients.ResultsPatients with HPV‐negative tumors had lower OPC cancer‐specific survival (P = .0001), second primary neoplasm survival (P = .0001), and noncancer‐related causes survival (P = .13) than patients with HPV‐positive tumors. This resulted in significant differences in overall survival depending on HPV status (P = .0001).ConclusionConclusion: HPV‐positive OPC has a better overall survival than HPV‐negative OPC. Patients with HPV‐positive tumors presented a significant lower OPC cancer‐specific and second primary neoplasm mortality and a marginally nonsignificant lower noncancer mortality as compared to HPV‐negative tumors.
Factors affecting the willingness to join community‐based health insurance (CBHI) scheme: A case study survey from Savannakhet Province, Lao P.D.R.
Authors: Bodhisane Somdeth , Pongpanich Sathirakorn 
Published: December 2018

SummaryPurposeCommunity‐based health insurance (CBHI) targets independent worker (self‐employed) is currently struggling with inadequate size of risk pooling, low enrollment, and high dropout rate as well as financial sustainability. The objective of this study is to find out the factors that significantly affect the CBHI enrollment incentive. The study applied cross‐sectional study design to perform situation analysis, in which the Andersen behavioral model was used as a guideline to identify preliminary characteristics that involved with enrolling incentive.FindingsThe model found that existence of both outpatient department (OPD) and inpatient department (IPD) health service utilization had significant impact on the CBHI enrollment, this statement is strongly related to adverse selection issues. Households resides in Kaysone Phomvihane district had higher probability of joining the scheme in comparison with relatively less‐developed Champhone district. Households with no CBHI knowledge were also more likely to enroll the scheme. Occupation was also found to be a significant factors; of which farmers and laborers had lower possibility enrollment.ConclusionsEconomic condition of the district has a significant impact on enrolment. However, the increase in personal income does not directly enhance the desire for enrolment. Most of the high‐income households prefer to use a local, private clinic, and foreign hospitals in Thailand or Vietnam. Households with unemployed heads had the highest possibility of enrolling. The reason is the unemployed respondents include the elderly who stay at home without performing major tasks in exchange for their living. That group of people has the highest probability of either OPD or IPD.
Differential gene expression profile in monocytic myeloid‐derived suppressor cells at maternal–fetal interface in a mouse model of spontaneous abortion
Authors: Ren Jiabin , Zeng Weihong , Tian Fuju , Wu Fan , Zhang Siming , Liu Xiaorui , Lin Yi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundMonocytic myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MO‐MDSCs) play an important role in maintaining normal pregnancy. However, it is still not clear what kind of changes in MO‐MDSCs may lead to miscarriage, and which gene expression changes take place when MO‐MDSCs migrate to the uterus as bone marrow‐derived cells.MethodsWe used flow sorting technology to obtain MO‐MDSCs from the maternal–fetal interface and bone marrow, respectively. Affymetrix 3′IVT expression profiling chip technology was used to detect the differential gene expression profiles in MO‐MDSCs at the maternal–fetal interface in a mouse model of spontaneous abortion compared with the normal fertility control mice. We also compared the differential gene expression of MO‐MDSCs at the maternal–fetal interface compared with bone marrow in the normal fertility control mice.ResultsWe found that 3,409 genes in MO‐MDSCs were upregulated and 1,539 genes were downregulated at the maternal–fetal interface in the spontaneous abortion mice compared with the normal fertility mice. These genes are enriched in cellular components, biological processes, molecular functions, and protein binding, tumor signaling pathway, the PI3K–Akt signaling pathway, intratumoral proteoglycans, and extracellular matrix receptor interactions. Furthermore, we found that 270 genes in MO‐MDSCs were upregulated and 383 genes were downregulated at the maternal–fetal interface in the normal fertility mice compared with those in the bone marrow. These genes are enriched in cellular components, biological processes, molecular functions, cell cycle, tumor transcriptional disorder, and cell adhesion molecules.ConclusionDifferential gene expression in MO‐MDSCs likely contributes to a successful pregnancy in fetal–maternal immunotolerance.