bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Intestinal Iron Intoxication
Authors: REISSMANN KURT R. , COLEMAN THOMAS J. , BUDAI BENEDICT S. , MORIARTY LAUREN R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
To simulate the fatal iron poisoning reported in children and to study the mechanism of the iron toxicity, dissociable iron salts were given by stomach or duodenal tube or by enema to rabbits and dogs. In either route of administration, the lethal dose was found to be approximately 150 to 200 mg. Fe per kilogram body weight.
Dissociable iron salts in toxic doses were rapidly absorbed through the histologically intact mucosa both from the small and from the large bowel. In the majority of the animals, no histological changes were seen in the intestinal mucosa, but intestinal bleeding occurred in some instances by diapedesis from the greatly congested capillaries.
Serum iron levels of several milligrams per cent developed within sixty minutes after ingestion of the iron salts, and with the exception of 300 to 400 micrograms per cent, the serum iron was non-beta1-globulin bound and in ferric state.
Although only a fraction of the total dose administered was found to be absorbed within nine hours, the observed serum iron rise was roughly proportional to the dose ingested, and the survival time varied inversely with the dose.
Acute intestinal iron poisoning must therefore be considered as a true absorptive intoxication. Any possibly occurring mucosal damage in stomach and intestines is of secondary importance.
Lymph Node Smears in the Diagnosis of Lymphadenopathy: A Review
Authors: LUCAS P. F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A description of the cells of normal lymph nodes is presented, based on the examination and differential counts of smears from 15 nodes obtained at operation.
2. 95 per cent of the cells of normal nodes are lymphocytes. The most primitive cell is the multipotent hemohistioblast which gives rise to the histiocyte and the hemocytoblast the parent of three differentiated 'blast cells, the lymphoblast, monoblast and plasmoblast. 'Blast cells are rare in normal nodes but can be observed in inflammation.
3. The cytology of 85 pathologic nodes is described, the final diagnoses being confirmed histologically in most instances.
4. The features of inflammation are similar irrespective of the cause. Some types of inflammation result in excess of one series of cells more than another; it is rarely possible to distinguish them on these grounds, but the cytology may indicate those cases in which search for tubercle bacilli is likely to be rewarding.
5. Sternberg cells and their precursors are almost specific for Hodgkin’s disease. Diagnosis is possible if they are present together with a pleomorphic cytology.
6. A diagnosis of leukosis or primary or secondary neoplasm can be made if 80 per cent of the cells are abnormal. Distinction of these three groups from smears depends on the type and distribution of cells. The degree of abnormality bears no relation to prognosis.
7. Diagnosis depends on finding abnormal cells; differential counts are of little value.
8. Analysis of the few cases of reticulosis examined suggest that cytologic classification is unlikely to be useful.
9. Examination of one smear from each of 85 nodes for 15 minutes without clinical information enabled a diagnosis to be in 52 cases; the only error was that monocytic leukosis was called reticulosarcoma.
10. On two occasions, one of secondary carcinoma and one of reticulosis, the correct diagnosis was made from smears at a time when histology showed nonspecific changes only.
11. The method should find a useful place as a screening test in diagnosis of lymphadenopathy, excision of a node being carried out if aspiration fails or if the diagnosis cannot be made from smears.
Hemoglobin I: An Inherited Hemoglobin Anomaly
Authors: RUCKNAGEL D. L. , PAGE E. B. , JENSEN W. N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A hitherto undescribed hemoglobin anomaly has been detected in a North Carolina Negro family. This new hemoglobin, designated type I, which has been electrophoretically characterized, was found in combination with normal adult A hemoglobin in 6 of 17 members of one family. In each, the ratio of normal to abnormal hemoglobin was similar. Hematologic abnormalities were not observed in any of the affected individuals. Ultracentrifugation sedimentation constants, absorption spectra, solubility and oxygen carrying capacity studies showed no differences from hemoglobin A.
It is proposed that the I hemoglobin gene is an allele of hemoglobin A and is transmitted as a simple dominant character in a manner similar to that of sickle cell hemoglobin. The homozygous form of I hemoglobin has not as yet been observed.
A Study of the Morphology of the Living Cells of Blood and Bone Marrow in Supravital Films with the Phase Contrast Microscope
Authors: ACKERMAN G. ADOLPH , BELLIOS NICHOLAS C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The cells of the blood and bone marrow from various blood dyscrasias have been studied in the living state and compared with normal cells of the same lineage by means of vital films and phase contrast and bright field microscopes.
The precise morphology of the cells of the blood and bone marrow in a normal and diseased condition is most accurately obtained by an examination of the cells in a living condition. Such studies are possible with supravital staining and the phase contrast microscope. Since cellular structure and function are interdependent an alteration in one is necessarily reflected in the other. Further insight into the chemical structure and composition of cells of the blood and bone marrow in normal and diseased conditions may be obtained from cytochemical investigations. However, it is essential that cytochemical localization of substances within the cell must have its foundation in the morphology of the intact living cell.
Refractory Sideropenic Anemia in Childhood Due to an Error of Iron Metabolism
Authors: ZETTERSTRÖM ROLF , DELAVA SIMONE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two cases of essential hypochronic anemia in childhood are reported. One of the cases which developed a mild Plummer-Vinson syndrome was completely refractory to peroral as well as intravenous iron therapy. In both cases the iron metabolism has been studied by means of radioiron.
The following characteristics were found: The serum iron level was extremely low but the iron binding capacity was normal. The absorption of iron from the alimentary tract was defective and intravenously injected radioiron was utilized for hemoglobin synthesis at a slow rate. There was a rapid plasma iron turnover.
The hypothesis is offered that the cause of the anemia resided in an abnormality in the regulation of iron metabolism.
Mediterranean Anemia in the Negro
Authors: SCHWARTZ STEVEN O. , HARTZ WILSON H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Four Negro patients and their families previously reported in 1949 as examples of Mediterranean anemia were re-evaluated with regard to hemoglobin composition. The data have been presented.
2. Mediterranean anemia was confirmed in one entire family and in the index case of another family.
3. Two entire families and one member of another family were found to possess hemoglobin C.
4. Differential diagnostic points of Mediterranean anemia and hemoglobin C disease are presented.
Prevention of Neonatal Anemia in the Rat by the Pituitary Erythropoietic Factor
Authors: CONTOPOULOS A. N. , VAN DYKE D. C. , ELLIS S. , SIMPSON M. E. , LAWRENCE J. H. , EVANS H. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Of all the substances tested for the prevention of the neonatal anemia in the rat, only the pituitary preparations, erythropoietically active in the repair of post-hypophysectomy anemia, were able to prevent the development of neonatal anemia of the newborn rat.
Intracellular Protein Resembling Russell Bodies in Malignant Lymphomas Associated with Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: RAPPAPORT HENRY , JOHNSON FRANK B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Large amounts of intracellular periodic acid-Schiff positive protein, closely resembling Russell bodies tinctorially and histochemically and, to varying degrees, morphologically, were found in the neoplastic cells of three patients with malignant lymphoma associated with acquired hemolytic anemia. Direct Coombs tests were positive in all three of these patients, and in two of them, immune autoantibodies against red cells were observed in unusually high titers. One of the latter also had abnormally high serum globulin levels with cryoglobulinemia.
A similar intracellular protein was present in the neoplastic tissue of seven of a control group of 65 unselected cases of malignant lymphoma. The serum globulin was elevated in four of the seven patients and one of these also had cryoglobulinemia. Definite evidence of hemolytic anemia was noted in one, and suggestive evidence in two of these four patients. A lymph node removed from a fifth patient, on whom no serum protein determinations had been made, showed hemosiderosis and marked erythrophagocytosis. This patient had not received blood transfusions or other treatment before biopsy was performed.
On the basis of our observations, it is suggested (1) that under certain conditions the neoplastic cells of malignant lymphomas are capable of synthesizing abnormal proteins; (2) that the presence of Russell body-like intracellular PAS-positive material in the neoplastic cells may be the morphologic manifestation of this protein synthesis; (3) that these abnormal proteins may play an important part in the immunological mechanisms responsible for the development of acquired hemolytic anemia in association with malignant lymphomas.
The Relationship of the Basophil to Blood Histamine in Man
Authors: VALENTINE WILLIAM N. , LAWRENCE JOHN S. , PEARCE MORTON LEE , BECK WILLIAM S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Data are presented correlating 22 determinations of the histamine content of blood in patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia with (1) the basophils (2) the other myeloid granulocytes. Expressing the histamine in each case on the basis of the amount in 108 granulocytes, there is a readily evident positive correlation with the basophil percentage and a negative correlation with the percentage of other myeloid elements. This is strikingly apparent in instances where blood with a very high percentage of basophils was analyzed. The data indicate that in chronic granulocytic leukemia, the basophil is predominantly and, perhaps exclusively, responsible for the marked elevations in blood histamine. Inferentially, it appears probable that this cell type, though small in numbers, may be the principal carrier of histamine in non-leukemic blood.
Fundamental Observations on the Production of Compensatory Polycythemia in a Case of Patent Ductus Arteriosus With Reversed Blood Flow
Authors: SCHMID RUDI , GILBERTSEN A. S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A proved case of patent ductus arteriosus occurring distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery with persistent reversal of flow through the shunt and compensatory polycythemia has been reported. Studies of cellular morphology and oxygen saturation of the bone marrow in the sternum and ilium were performed. The results indicated that the sternal marrow manifested the same marked degree of normoblastic hyperplasia as the iliac marrow, although the oxygen saturation of the iliac marrow was markedly decreased as compared to the normal saturation of the sternal marrow. This demonstrates that anoxia of the bone marrow could not have been the stimulus to the increased erythropoietic activity found in the sternal marrow. The study appears to support the belief that anoxemia of the blood stimulates the production or release of a humoral factor which in turn produces increased erythropoiesis.
Evidence Concerning the Inadequacy of Mutation as an Explanation of the Frequency of the Sickle Cell Gene in the Belgian Congo
Authors: VANDEPITTE J. M. , ZUELZER WOLF W. , NEEL JAMES V. , COLAERT J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
It is pointed out that there are two outstanding (and not mutually exclusive) possible explanations for the persistence of the sickle cell gene in the face of strong negative natural selection. These are (1) "balanced polymorphism," and (2) a high spontaneous mutation rate.
In Léopoldville, Belgian Congo, approximately 25 per cent of the natives exhibit the sickling phenomenon. Over a two and one-half year period 261 patients with sickle cell disease, distributed among 243 families, were seen at the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Léopoldville. A total of 233 of the 243 mothers of the patients in this series was tested for the sickling phenomenon. Only two failed to sickle. Hemoglobin from these two women was normal on paper electrophoresis.
The occurrence of these two exceptional mothers can be explained on the basis of mutation at some stage of oogenesis resulting in a sickle cell gene. Alternate possible explanations include (1) transmission by the mother of some other abnormal gene affecting hemoglobin synthesis, (2) occurrence in the mother of a genetic modifier of the effects of the sickle cell gene, (or its normal allele), and (3) unreported adoption.
These data make possible a preliminary calculation of the extent to which mutation may be responsible for maintaining the sickle cell gene. Calculations based on the assumption that both these exceptional mothers indicate the occurrence of a mutation will lead to maximal estimates of the rate of mutation of the sickle cell gene. This maximal estimate is 1.7 x 10-3 per gene per generation. This rate, although very high by the usual standards of human mutation rates, is only approximately one-tenth that necessary to offset natural selection in a population with 25 per cent sickling.
The Adrenal Cortex and Hemolysis
Authors: FELDMAN J. D. , RACHMILEWITZ M. , STEIN O. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hemolysis was induced in rats by the intravenous administration of phenylhydrazine, immune hemolytic serum and Tween 80. During the period of red cell destruction, which lasted for three to four days, there was a marked leukocytosis, neutrophilia and eosinophilia which also persisted for three to four days. With phenylhydrazine and Tween 80 there was an initial transitory eosinopenia; with immune serum there was an immediate eosinophilia.
In contrast, anemia produced by cardiac hemorrhage was accompanied by a transient slight leukocytosis and eosinopenia. Within one day the white cell level returned to baseline levels, but eosinophilia appeared and persisted for two days. The injections of formaldehyde, ACTH, and saline, and cardiac puncture without bleeding caused a slight ephemeral leukocytosis and eosinopenia.
The peripheral blood cell response observed during hemolysis occurred in the presence or absence of the adrenals, and with or without the administration of ACTH.
It was concluded that hemolysis elicits a distinct pattern of cellular response in the peripheral blood which is not mediated through the adrenal cortex.
Distribution of Histamine among Leukocytes and Platelets
Authors: GRAHAM HELEN TREDWAY , LOWRY OLIVER H. , WHEELWRIGHT FRANCES , LENZ MIRIAM A. , PARISH HAVNER H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Platelets and lymphocytes free of other white elements of blood have been analysed for histamine by a microchemical method. Platelets were found to contain 1280 µg. per liter or .009 µg. per 109 platelets, lymphocytes 2600 µg. per liter, or 0.6 µg. per 109 cells.
2. The histamine content of neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes has been calculated by multiple regression from histamine measurements on one series of blood samples from normal adults and another from subjects with chronic myelocytic leukemia. The normal values are 1080 µg. per l09 basophils and 160 µg. per 109 eosinophils or 2,400,000 and 360,000 µg. per liter respectively. The corresponding values for neutrophils are 3 µg. per 109 cells and 7000 µg. per liter. The values for the histamine concentration per cell are statistically significant for basophils and eosinophils, but not for neutrophils.
In the leukemia series, the values for neutrophils and basophils are respectively 69 and 305 µg. per 109 cells, and they are statistically significant. The difference from normal in the value for basophils was not statistically validated. There are, however, in chronic myelocytic leukemia, histological changes from the normal that are consonant with a decreased histamine content in basophils and an increased histamine content in eosinophils and neutrophils.
3. Although definite values for the histamine content of monocytes and the immature forms seen in chronic myelocytic leukemia have not been obtained, there is reason to believe that the histamine of these cell types does not exceed that of neutrophils.
4. By centrifuging white cells in a specific gravity gradient column, partial segregation of cell types was obtained. Peak concentrations were observed at the followihig specific gravities: lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes, 1.063; myelocytes, normal lymphocytes and basophils, all near 1.070; neutrophils, 1.080, and eosinophils, 1.080 or higher. Although individual concentration peaks were usually quite sharp, there was considerable overlapping at intermediate specific gravities.
5. About half of the histamine of normal blood is in the basophils, one-third in the eosinophils and the remaining one-sixth in all the other blood elements combined. In blood samples from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia, the fraction of blood histamine carried by each type of granulocyte varies widely.
Relationships among Hematopoiesis, Blood Coagulation, Hemorrhage and Mortality in the Guinea Pig after Total Body X-Irradiation
Authors: ROSENTHAL ROBERT L. , GOLDSCHMIDT L. , PICKERING B. I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Studies have been presented on blood, bone marrow, coagulation and their relation to mortality in guinea pigs exposed to 200, 400 and 600 r total body x-irradiation.
The initial responses of the blood and bone marrow were remarkably similar for the 3 doses of x-irradiation (ranging from LD10 to LD100). Marked differences among the dosages were noted in regeneration which occurred earliest after 200 r, later after 400 r and not at all after 600 r. Once started, regeneration was equally active after 200 and 400 r.
A coagulation defect, closely related to thrombocytopenia, was observed in the 6 to 13 day period following all doses of irradiation. An additional clotting defect, characterized by increases in the prothrombin time and heparin clotting time, was noted at 4 and 24 hours following all 3 doses of irradiation. The etiology of this defect requires further evaluation.
The pattern of hemorrhage, evaluated in various tissues by a semiquantitative scoring method, revealed that hemorrhage was most prominent in the 9 to 13 day period after exposure, and was closely related to thrombocytopenia. As the dose of x-ray increased, hemorrhage tended to become more protracted and severe and involved more organs. Hemorrhage disappeared rapidly as platelet formation returned in the recovery period. Hemorrhage was the chief factor in the severity and incidence of anemia after irradiation.
Metastatic Acropachy in Lymphatic Leukemia
Authors: CALVERT ROWLAND J. , SMITH ERIC 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia exhibiting the unique combination of bulbous digits from metastatic invasion and rhinophyma is described. The associated dermal and skeletal changes are discussed. Although two weeks of urethane administration produced a prompt hematological response, the peripheral lesions were unaffected by this very short therapeutic course.
New Data on Microdrepanocytic Disease
Authors: SILVESTRONI E. , BIANCO I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Geographic, clinical and genetic data of 35 new cases of microdrepanocytic disease are presented.
2. These data suggest that sickle cell trait and microdrepanocytic disease are not infrequent in the eastern district of Sicily, perhaps with some small foci of sicklemic subjects.
3. The clinical history of adult patients and the personal examination of some cases of microdrepanocytic disease in children show the existence of mild forms of the disease and of forms appearing late in life.
4. From the clinical viewpoint, this series shows several interesting findings in the patients with microdrepanocytic disease: painful osteoarticular crises are inconstantly present; splenomegaly may undergo a spontaneous lessening during the course of the disease, analogous to that which occurs in sickle cell anemia; in women with microdrepanocytic disease miscarriages are frequent and successful pregnancies and births are extremely rare.
5. Hematologic studies reveal hypochromic anemia, leukocytosis, nucleated erythrocytes in the circulating blood, marked abnormalities in the morphology of the erythrocytes, and decreased cell fragility to hypotonic saline.
6. Genetic studies of the new cases again show the simultaneous presence in the patients with microdrepanocytic disease of the genes responsible for microcythemia and sickle cell trait.
Relationships of Adrenals, Gonads, and Thyroid to Thymus and Lymph Nodes, and to Blood and Thoracic Duct Leukocytes
Authors: SHREWSBURY MARVIN M. , REINHARDT WM. O. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effects of gonadectomy, adrenalectomy, and thyroidectomy, and of thyroxine administration on the weight of lymphatic tissues and on the numbers of blood and thoracic duct leukocytes have been studied over a 40 day period in young male rats. The results of the present experiment are interpreted to indicate that:
1. Removal of the gonads caused a marked increase in the weight of the thymus, whereas but slight effect was noted on the weights of the lymph nodes. Removal of the adrenal glands, however, resulted in a marked increase in the weight of all lymphatic tissues.
2. Thyroxine administration was demonstrated to exert a hyperplastic effect on the lymph nodes, an effect which was accentuated by the removal of the adrenals and gonads. The lymph nodes were more sensitive than the thymus to the stimulating influence of thyroxine administration in the intact animal.
3. A comparison of the weights of the thymus and lymph nodes to control values was more indicative of the hypoactivity or hyperactivity of the thyroid, adrenals and gonads, than were the weights of the thymus or lymph nodes considered separately.
4. The increase in the level of blood lymphocytes following removal of the adrenals appeared to result from a failure of normal removal of the lymphocytes from the bloodstream, rather than from an increased delivery of the lymphocytes to the bloodstream via the thoracic duct. Administration of thyroxine to normal animals did not produce a blood lymphocytosis, lending further weight to the suggestion of Marine and others that the blood changes seen its toxic hyperthyroidism are the result of adrenocortical insufficiency.
5. Changes in the weight of the lymphatic tissues were not necessarily reflected by a proportional change in the number of thoracic duct lymphocytes, nor did the number of blood lymphocytes necessarily reflect the number of lymphocytes delivered to the bloodstream via the thoracic duct lymph.
6. The marked increase in the volume and cell content of thoracic duct lymph noted its thyroxine treated adrenalectomized-gonadectomized animals appears to be directly related to an increased sensitivity to the effects of thyroxine administration in the absence of these glands.
7. Removal of the thyroid gland vitiated the increases in weight of thymus and lymph nodes produced after castration and/or adrenalectomy.
8. The eosinophilic leukocytosis consequent on adrenalectomy was markedly augmented by removal of the thyroid and gonads.