bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A framework for scaling sustainable land management options
Authors: Thomas Richard , Reed Mark , Clifton Kathyrn , Appadurai Nathan , Mills Anthony , Zucca Claudio , Kodsi Elie , Sircely Jason , Haddad Fida , Hagen Christopher , Mapedza Everisto , Woldearegay Kifle , Shalander Kumar , Bellon Mauricio , Le Quang , Mabikke Samuel , Alexander Sasha , Leu Stefan , Schlingloff Stefan , Lala‐Pritchard Tana , Mares Victor , Quiroz Roberto 
Published: July 2018

AbstractImprovements in land use and management are needed at a global scale to tackle interconnected global challenges of population growth, poverty, migration, climate change, biodiversity loss, and degrading land and water resources. There are hundreds of technical options for improving the sustainability of land management and preventing or reversing degradation, but there are many sociocultural, institutional, economic, and policy barriers hindering their adoption at large scale. To tackle this challenge, the Dryland Systems Program of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification convened an expert group to consider barriers and incentives to scaling technologies, processes, policies, or institutional arrangements. The group reviewed existing frameworks for scaling sustainable land management (SLM) interventions across a range of contexts and identified eight critical actions for success: (a) plan iteratively; (b) consistently fund; (c) select SLM options for scaling based on best available evidence; (d) identify and engage with stakeholders at all scales; (e) build capacity for scaling; (f) foster institutional leadership and policy change to support scaling; (g) achieve early benefits and incentives for as many stakeholders as possible; and (h) monitor, evaluate, and communicate. Incentives for scaling were identified for the private sector, farmers and their communities, and policy makers. Based on these findings, a new action framework for scaling is presented that analyses the contexts where specific SLM interventions can be scaled, so that SLM options can be screened and adapted to these contexts, piloted and disseminated. The framework can help countries achieve land degradation neutrality.
Basic forms and Morse–Novikov cohomology of Lie groupoids
Authors: Ding Hao 
Published: July 2018

AbstractGiven a basic closed 1‐form on a Lie groupoid , the Morse–Novikov cohomology groups are defined in this paper. They coincide with the usual de Rham cohomology groups when θ is exact and with the usual Morse–Novikov cohomology groups when is the unit groupoid generated by a smooth manifold M. We prove that the Morse–Novikov cohomology groups are invariant under Morita equivalences of Lie groupoids. On orbifold groupoids, we show that these groups are isomorphic to sheaf cohomology groups. Finally, when θ is not exact, we extend a vanishing theorem from smooth manifolds to orbifold groupoids.
Technical Note: Enhancing soft tissue contrast and radiation‐induced image changes with dual‐energy CT for radiation therapy
Authors: Noid George , Tai An , Schott Diane , Mistry Nilesh , Liu Yu , Gilat‐Schmidt Taly , Robbins Jared R. , Li X. Allen 
Published: July 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this work is to investigate the use of low‐energy monoenergetic decompositions obtained from dual‐energy CT (DECT) to enhance image contrast and the detection of radiation‐induced changes of CT textures in pancreatic cancer.MethodsThe DECT data acquired for 10 consecutive pancreatic cancer patients during routine nongated CT‐guided radiation therapy (RT) using an in‐room CT (Definition AS Open, Siemens Healthcare, Malvern, PA) were analyzed. With a sequential DE protocol, the scanner rapidly performs two helical acquisitions, the first at a tube voltage of 80 kVp and the second at a tube voltage of 140 kVp. Virtual monoenergetic images across a range of energies from 40 to 140 keV were reconstructed using an image‐based material decomposition. Intravenous (IV) bolus‐free contrast enhancement in pancreas patient tumors was measured across a spectrum of monoenergies. For treatment response assessment, the changes in CT histogram features (including mean CT number (MCTN), entropy, kurtosis) in pancreas tumors were measured during treatment. The results from the monoenergetic decompositions were compared to those obtained from the standard 120 kVp CT protocol for the same subjects.ResultsData of monoenergetic decompositions of the 10 patients confirmed the expected enhancement of soft tissue contrast as the energy is decreased. The changes in the selected CT histogram features in the pancreas during RT delivery were amplified with the low‐energy monoenergetic decompositions, as compared to the changes measured from the 120 kVp CTs. For the patients studied, the average reduction in the MCTN in pancreas from the first to the last (the 28th) treatment fraction was 4.09 HU for the standard 120 kVp and 11.15 HU for the 40 keV monoenergetic decomposition.ConclusionsLow‐energy monoenergetic decompositions from DECT substantially increase soft tissue contrast and increase the magnitude of radiation‐induced changes in CT histogram textures during RT delivery for pancreatic cancer. Therefore, quantitative DECT may assist the detection of early RT response.
Effects of isometric, eccentric, or heavy slow resistance exercises on pain and function in individuals with patellar tendinopathy: A systematic review
Authors: Lim Hui Yin , Wong Shi Hui 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackground and PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate current evidence and provide a review on the effects of isometric, eccentric, or heavy slow resistance (HSR) exercises on pain and function in individuals with patellar tendinopathy (PT).MethodsAcademic journals from CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus™, and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception to August 2017. Screening of reference lists was also performed. Human interventional studies investigating outcomes of pain and function in PT using either isometric, eccentric, or HSR training exercises were included. The McMaster Critical Review Form‐Quantitative Studies was used to assess for risk of bias. Levels of evidence were obtained using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) evidence hierarchy. The NHMRC Body of Evidence Framework was utilized to formulate recommendations for clinical practice. Extraction of data was performed by two independent reviewers according to predefined data criterion, data were then tabulated, and a descriptive, qualitative data synthesis was performed.ResultsFifteen studies (3 isometric, 2 HSR, and 10 eccentric) were included for this review. Mean quality score across all studies was 81.6% (range 70% to 93%). Nine studies were of high quality, whereas six studies were of moderate quality. Nine studies were randomized controlled trials, which provided good Level II evidence; four studies were of satisfactory Level III evidence; and two studies were case series (Level IV evidence).ConclusionsFindings from isometric exercises can be trusted to guide clinical practice (Grade A), whereas eccentric exercises can be trusted to guide clinical practice in most clinical situations (Grade B). It is recommended that HSR exercises should be applied carefully to individual clinical circumstances (Grade C) and interpreted with care. Isometric exercises appear to be more effective during competitive seasons for short‐term pain relief, whereas HSR or eccentric exercises are more suitable for long‐term pain reduction and improvement in knee function.
QoE enhancements on satellite networks through the use of caches
Authors: Thibaud Adrien , Fasson Julien , Arnal Fabrice , Pradas David , Dubois Emmanuel , Chaput Emmanuel 
Published: July 2018

SummaryA high throughput does not necessarily translate to a good Quality of Experience, especially in a satellite context. The round trip time, for instance, also has a tremendous impact on the reactivity of applications and thus on the Quality of Experience. Content delivery networks are massively used for over‐the‐top services in terrestrial network: They reduce the load of network and the delay as they draw the content closer to the end user. In a satellite system, the content delivery network presents a good opportunity for enhancing the end users' Quality of Experience and can change the conventional use of performance‐enhancing proxies. This paper investigates the satellite as access link for home networks or a backhaul link for small cells for a 5G perspective.We analysed the impact of caching on both gateway side and satellite terminal side for 2 on‐trend services: web browsing and adaptive video streaming (dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP). The main contribution is an evaluation of transparent caching through a satellite platform. The caching policy is out of the scope of this paper. One large part of the testbed is based on an open‐source platform, OpenSAND that emulates the satellite system. To confirm the results, some real experiments have been conducted on a commercial satellite link.As expected, the transparent caching at the satellite terminal side can increase the Quality of Experience to its upper border as long as the content is available in the cache. For the satellite gateway cache, the performances exceed the expectations. Although the application experiences the satellite delay in this case, the traversal time of different Internet service provider networks also delays the delivery of content. Then it may have a greater impact on reactivity than the satellite itself. Through careful analysis of the different results, we noticed some issues. Transparent caching is unable to cache encrypted or dynamic content. Moreover, a misuse of caching can provoke bad behaviour of dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP mechanisms and severely decrease the Quality of Experience. We designed a solution that in addition to solving the issue, alleviates the storage space of satellite terminal caches.
Engineered ZnO‐TiO2 Nanospheres for High Performing Membrane Assimilated Photocatalytic Water Remediation and Energy Harvesting
Authors: Shejale Kiran P. , Laishram Devika , Gupta Ritu , Sharma Rakesh K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper is a study of ZnO doped TiO2 in various percentages ranging from 0% (undoped) up to 10%. The effect of doping was observed via the change in morphological, optical, electrical and physical properties of ZnO‐TiO2 nanospheres. Hydrothermally grown nanospheres are used for removing contaminants photo‐catalytically from waste water and also as photoanodes in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with graphene as counter electrode. Of the many approaches that have been explored for purification of contaminated water, this work presents designing of an environmental friendly solution, based on easily available filter paper membrane and incorporating it with the synthesized catalyst for photodegradation of the harmful toxic substances. These reusable membranes assist in the photodegradation process by creating room for better light‐catalyst‐dye interaction via large surface sites. The spherically structured heterojunction of ZnO‐TiO2 generates excitons that oxidize methyl orange (MO) and reduce harmful Cr(VI) to non‐toxic Cr(III) with high efficacy. Additionally, the agile nanostructures were employed as efficient photoanode material by fabricating dye sensitized solar cells with graphene as counter electrode.
Potentially toxic elements in the riparian soils of the Sava River
Authors: Marković Milica , Zuliani Tea , Simić Snežana Belanović , Mataruga Zorana , Kostić Olga , Jarić Snežana , Vidmar Janja , Milačič Radmila , Ščančar Janez , Mitrović Miroslava , Pavlović Pavle 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Purpose
Riparian zone contamination is a growing problem for several European catchments due to high anthropogenic pressures. This study investigates As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the Sava River riparian zone, characterized by wide agricultural areas, various geological substrates, and different types of industrial pollution. The accumulation and mobility of these elements were studied because they are listed as priority substances in the Water Framework Directive and environmental objectives for surface waters.

Materials and methods
Sampling was performed during the sampling campaign of the EU 7th FW-funded GLOBAQUA project in September 2015 during a low-water event. Soil samples were collected along the Sava River at 12 selected sampling sites, from a depth of 0–30 cm, at a distance of 10–15 m from the river bank. The extent of pollution was estimated by determining total and readily soluble element concentrations in the soils. Potential ecological risk and the source of the selected elements in the soils was determined using the enrichment factor (EF), potential ecological risk index (RI), and statistical methods such as the principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA).

Results and discussion
This study showed that concentrations of the selected elements increase along the Sava. In terms of origin, PCA and MLRA indicated that Cr and Ni in soils are predominantly lithogenic, while As, Cd, Pb, and Zn are both lithogenic and anthropogenic (ore deposits, industry, and agriculture). PCA singled out Cu since its origin in soil is most probably from specific point-source pollution. EF was generally minor to moderate for most of the examined elements, apart from Cu, for which the EF was significant at one sampling site. Overall ecological risk (RI) fell within the low-risk category for most sites, apart from Belgrade sampling site (BEO), where high total Cd content affected individual and overall ecological risk indicators, indicating Cd could represent a considerable ecological risk for the downstream riparian zone.

Conclusions
At downstream sites, there was a noticeable increase in PTE content, with Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn exceeding the proposed threshold values for European soils, indicating rising contamination in riparian soils. In terms of the ecological risk, only Cd could pose a potential ecological threat for the downstream riparian zone.
Toward design of the antiturbulence surface exhibiting maximum drag reduction effect
Authors: Krieger V. , Perić R. , Jovanović J. , Lienhart H. , Delgado A. 
Published: July 2018

The flow development in a groove-modified channel consisting of flat and grooved walls was investigated by direct numerical simulations based on the Navier–Stokes equations at a Reynolds number of $5\times 10^{3}$ based on the full channel height and the bulk velocity. Simulations were performed for highly disturbed initial flow conditions leading to the almost instantaneous appearance of turbulence in channels with flat walls. The surface morphology was designed in the form of profiled grooves aligned with the flow direction and embedded in the wall. Such grooves are presumed to allow development of only the statistically axisymmetric disturbances. In contrast to the rapid production of turbulence along a flat wall, it was found that such development was suppressed over a grooved wall for a remarkably long period of time. Owing to the difference in the flow structure, friction drag over the grooved wall was more than 60 % lower than that over the flat wall. Anisotropy-invariant mapping supports the conclusion, emerging from analytic considerations, that persistence of the laminar regime is due to statistical axisymmetry in the velocity fluctuations. Complementary investigations of turbulent drag reduction in grooved channels demonstrated that promotion of such a state across the entire wetted surface is required to stabilize flow and prevent transition and breakdown to turbulence. To support the results of numerical investigations, measurements in groove-modified channel flow were performed. Comparisons of the pressure differentials measured along flat and groove-modified channels reveal a skin-friction reduction as large as $\text{DR}\approx 50\,\%$ owing to the extended persistence of the laminar flow compared with flow development in a flat channel. These experiments demonstrate that early stabilization of the laminar boundary layer development with a grooved surface promotes drag reduction in a fully turbulent flow with a preserving magnitude as the Reynolds number increases.
Large-eddy simulation of laminar transonic buffet
Authors: Dandois Julien , Mary Ivan , Brion Vincent 
Published: July 2018

A large-eddy simulation of laminar transonic buffet on an airfoil at a Mach number $M=0.735$, an angle of attack $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=4^{\circ }$, a Reynolds number $Re_{c}=3\times 10^{6}$ has been carried out. The boundary layer is laminar up to the shock foot and laminar/turbulent transition occurs in the separation bubble at the shock foot. Contrary to the turbulent case for which wall pressure spectra are characterised by well-marked peaks at low frequencies ($St=f\cdot c/U_{\infty }\simeq 0.06{-}0.07$, where $St$ is the Strouhal number, $f$ the shock oscillation frequency, $c$ the chord length and $U_{\infty }$ the free-stream velocity), in the laminar case, there are also well-marked peaks but at a much higher frequency ($St=1.2$). The shock oscillation amplitude is also lower: 6 % of chord and limited to the shock foot area in the laminar case instead of 20 % with a whole shock oscillation and intermittent boundary layer separation and reattachment in the turbulent case. The analysis of the phase-averaged fields allowed linking of the frequency of the laminar transonic buffet to a separation bubble breathing phenomenon associated with a vortex shedding mechanism. These vortices are convected at $U_{c}/U_{\infty }\simeq 0.4$ (where $U_{c}$ is the convection velocity). The main finding of the present paper is that the higher frequency of the shock oscillation in the laminar regime is due to a different mechanism than in the turbulent one: laminar transonic buffet is due to a separation bubble breathing phenomenon occurring at the shock foot.
The enigmatic metazoan Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota, Yunnan Province, South China
Authors: Li Yujing , Williams Mark , Gabbott Sarah E. , Chen Ailin , Cong Peiyun , Hou Xianguang 
Published: July 2018

AbstractVetulicolians are a group of exclusively Cambrian animals characterized by an anterior section with lateral pouches and a posterior section that appears segmented. The precise phylogenetic affinity of vetulicolians is debated because there is a lack of consensus regarding the interpretation of their anatomical features. Their disparate morphology might even cause one to question whether this is a monophyletic taxon. In total, there are 15 species grouped into three families included in vetulicolians. Here we focus on new specimens of Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi Chen, Feng, and Zhu in Chen et al., 2003, a species that was first described from only a single specimen from the Chengjiang Biota (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3, Eoredlichia-Wutingaspis trilobite Biozone), Yunnan Province, China. The species is notable in being exceptionally large (up to 20 cm long). Morphological observations on the new specimens clarify the nature of the wide circular opening at the presumed anterior end of the animal and the cowl-shaped lateral openings within this anterior section. Taphonomic observations identify wrinkles in the anterior section and twists in the posterior segmented section. In particular, the shape of the anterior opening of Yuyuanozoon magnificissimi suggests significant differences from other vetulicolians. Taxonomic reappraisal of Y. magnificissimi indicates that it belongs within the family Didazoonidae, as that is presently defined.
Estimating the burden on general practitioner services in England from increases in respiratory disease associated with seasonal respiratory pathogen activity
Authors: Morbey R. A. , Elliot A. J. , Harcourt S. , Smith S. , de Lusignan S. , Pebody R. , Yeates A. , Zambon M. , Smith G. E. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the burden of respiratory pathogens on health care is key to improving public health emergency response and interventions. In temperate regions, there is a large seasonal rise in influenza and other respiratory pathogens. We have examined the associations between individual pathogens and reported respiratory tract infections to estimate attributable burden. We used multiple linear regression to model the relationship between doctor consultation data and laboratory samples from week 3 2011 until week 37 2015. We fitted separate models for consultation data with in-hours and out-of-hours doctor services, stratified by different age bands. The best fitting all ages models (R2 > 80%) for consultation data resulted in the greatest burden being associated with influenza followed by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). For models of adult age bands, there were significant associations between consultation data and invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae. There were also smaller numbers of consultations significantly associated with rhinovirus, parainfluenza, and human metapneumovirus. We estimate that a general practice with 10 000 patients would have seen an additional 18 respiratory tract infection consultations per winter week of which six had influenza and four had RSV. Our results are important for the planning of health care services to minimise the impact of winter pressures.
•Respiratory pathogen incidence explains over 80% of seasonal variation in respiratory consultation data.•Influenza and RSV are associated with the biggest seasonal rises in respiratory consultation counts.•A third of consultation counts associated with respiratory pathogens were due to influenza.
Drumming-associated anthrax incidents: exposures to low levels of indoor environmental contamination
Authors: Bennett E. , Hall I. M. , Pottage T. , Silman N.J. , Bennett A.M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTwo fatal drumming-related inhalational anthrax incidents occurred in 2006 and 2008 in the UK. One individual was a drum maker and drummer from the Scottish Borders, most likely infected whilst playing a goat-skin drum contaminated withBacillus anthracisspores; the second, a drummer and drum maker from East London, likely became infected whilst working with contaminated animal hides.We have collated epidemiological and environmental data from these incidents and reviewed them alongside three similar contemporaneous incidents in the USA. Sampling operations recovered the causative agent from drums and drum skins and from residences and communal buildings at low levels. From these data, we have considered the nature of the exposures and the number of other individuals likely to have been exposed, either to the primary infection events or to subsequent prolonged environmental contamination (or both).Despite many individual exposures to widespread low-level spore contamination in private residences and in work spaces for extended periods of time (at least 1 year in one instance), only one other individual acquired an infection (cutaneous). Whilst recognising the difficulty in making definitive inferences from these incidents to specific residual contamination levels, and by extending the risk to public health, we believe it may be useful to reflect on these findings when considering future incident management risk assessments and decisions in similar incidents that result in low-level indoor contamination.