bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering Fe–Fe3C@Fe–N–C Active Sites and Hybrid Structures from Dual Metal–Organic Frameworks for Oxygen Reduction Reaction in H2–O2 Fuel Cell and Li–O2 Battery
Authors: Wang Hao , Yin Feng‐Xiang , Liu Ning , Kou Rong‐Hui , He Xiao‐Bo , Sun Cheng‐Jun , Chen Biao‐Hua , Liu Di‐Jia , Yin Hua‐Qiang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDual metal–organic frameworks (MOFs, i.e., MIL‐100(Fe) and ZIF‐8) are thermally converted into Fe–Fe3C‐embedded Fe–N‐codoped carbon as platinum group metal (PGM)‐free oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts. Pyrolysis enables imidazolate in ZIF‐8 rearranged into highly N‐doped carbon, while Fe from MIL‐100(Fe) into N‐ligated atomic sites concurrently with a few Fe–Fe3C nanoparticles. Upon precise control of MOF compositions, the optimal catalyst is highly active for the ORR in half‐cells (0.88 V in base and 0.79 V versus RHE in acid in half‐wave potential), a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (0.76 W cm−2 in peak power density) and an aprotic Li–O2 battery (8749 mAh g−1 in discharge capacity), representing a state‐of‐the‐art PGM‐free ORR catalyst. In the material, amorphous carbon with partial graphitization ensures high active site exposure and fast charge transfer simultaneously. Macropores facilitate mass transport to the catalyst surface, followed by oxygen penetration in micropores to reach the infiltrated active sites. Further modeling simulations shed light on the true Fe–Fe3C contribution to the catalyst performance, suggesting Fe3C enhances oxygen affinity, while metallic Fe promotes *OH desorption as the rate‐determining step at the nearby Fe–N–C sites. These findings demonstrate MOFs as model system for rational design of electrocatalyst for energy‐based functional applications.
Drug Delivery Strategies for the Treatment of Metabolic Diseases
Authors: Shi Sanjun , Kong Na , Feng Chan , Shajii Aram , Bejgrowicz Claire , Tao Wei , Farokhzad Omid C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMetabolic diseases occur when normal metabolic processes are disrupted in the human body, which can be congenital or acquired. The incidence of metabolic diseases worldwide has reached epidemic proportions. So far, various methods including systemic drug therapy and surgery are exploited to prevent and treat metabolic diseases. However, current pharmacotherapeutic options for treatment of these metabolic disorders remain limited and ineffective, especially reducing patient compliance to treatment. Therefore, it is desirable to exploit effective drug delivery approaches to effectively treat metabolic diseases and reduce side effects. This brief review summarizes novel delivery strategies including local, targeted, and oral drug delivery strategies, as well as intelligent stimulus‐responsive drug delivery strategy, for the treatment of metabolic disorders including diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis.
Photoluminescence Quenching Probes Spin Conversion and Exciton Dynamics in Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials
Authors: Yurash Brett , Nakanotani Hajime , Olivier Yoann , Beljonne David , Adachi Chihaya , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFluorescent materials that efficiently convert triplet excitons into singlets through reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) rival the efficiencies of phosphorescent state‐of‐the‐art organic light‐emitting diodes. This upconversion process, a phenomenon known as thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), is dictated by the rate of RISC, a material‐dependent property that is challenging to determine experimentally. In this work, a new analytical model is developed which unambiguously determines the magnitude of RISC, as well as several other important photophysical parameters such as exciton diffusion coefficients and lengths, all from straightforward time‐resolved photoluminescence measurements. From a detailed investigation of five TADF materials, important structure–property relationships are derived and a brominated derivative of 2,4,5,6‐tetrakis(carbazol‐9‐yl)isophthalonitrile that has an exciton diffusion length of over 40 nm and whose excitons interconvert between the singlet and triplet states ≈36 times during one lifetime is identified.
Programmable Self‐Assembling 3D Architectures Generated by Patterning of Swellable MOF‐Based Composite Films
Authors: Troyano Javier , Carné‐Sánchez Arnau , Maspoch Daniel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe integration of swellable metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) into polymeric composite films is a straightforward strategy to develop soft materials that undergo reversible shape transformations derived from the intrinsic flexibility of MOF crystals. However, a crucial step toward their practical application relies on the ability to attain specific and programmable actuation, which enables the design of self‐shaping objects on demand. Herein, a chemical etching method is demonstrated for the fabrication of patterned composite films showing tunable self‐folding response, predictable and reversible 2D‐to‐3D shape transformations triggered by water adsorption/desorption. These films are fabricated by selective removal of swellable MOF crystals allowing control over their spatial distribution within the polymeric film. Upon exposure to moisture, various programmable 3D architectures, which include a mechanical gripper, a lift, and a unidirectional walking device, are generated. Remarkably, these 2D‐to‐3D shape transformations can be reversed by light‐induced desorption. The reported strategy offers a platform for fabricating flexible MOF‐based autonomous soft mechanical devices with functionalities for micromanipulation, automation, and robotics.
Colloidal Transfer Printing–Mediated Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanorods for Self‐Cleaning Applications
Authors: Banik Meneka , Chakrabarty Poulomi , Das Anuja , Ray Samit K. , Mukherjee Rabibrata 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces with extremely low contact angle hysteresis (θCAH < 4°), which exhibits excellent self‐cleaning behavior by colloidal template–guided hydrothermal growth of zinc oxide nanorods (ZnO NRs), is reported. A hexagonal close packed monolayer of polystyrene (PS) colloids is first deposited by spin coating on a thin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film. Subsequently, the colloidal array is transferred to a substrate precoated with sputtered zinc oxide seed layer by UV‐Ozone (UVO) mediated colloidal transfer printing. ZnO NRs are grown with colloids of different diameter (dD) varying between 300 and 800 nm, and for each dD the growth time (tG) is optimized to obtain maximum level of hydrophobicity. These experiments show that best self‐cleaning property is achieved with colloids having dD = 600 nm and tG = 4 h, which do not require any subsequent low surface energy coating. Using transfer printing allows uniform coverage of the monolayer colloidal array over the sputtered seed layer spanning over large areas, irrespective of the roughness or curvature of the target substrate.
Antiicing Properties of Bioinspired Liquid‐Infused Double‐Layer Surface with Internal Wetting Transport Ability
Authors: Guo Zhenyu , Gao Chunlei , Li Jinghui , Liu Yufang , Zheng Yongmei 
Published: April 2019

AbstractInspired by the poison dart frog skin that secretes functional liquid after being stimulated, a liquid‐infused double‐layer surface (LDS) is designed by integrating superhydrophobic layer with liquid‐infused layer. Both layers generate the wettability gradient to drive tiny condensed droplet into the liquid‐infused layer, and the liquid‐infused layer would effectively lower the freezing point for nonicing. Especially, the internal wetting transport ability appears between both layers, greatly reducing icing possibility of the surface, i.e., the tiny condensed droplets in the micropores can be transported to liquid‐infused layer with nonfrozen properties. Thus, the surface of LDS thereby keeps superhydrophobic property for antiicing and antifrosting in a long term. This design makes LDS achieve excellent antiicing and antifrosting properties against cold environments with high humidity. And it may be significant for such materials to be extended into some realms, e.g., antiicing in aviation and power for long‐term durability in cold and high moisture environment.
Long‐Range Non‐Coulombic Electron–Electron Interactions between LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Nanowires
Authors: Tang Yuhe , Tylan‐Tyler Anthony , Lee Hyungwoo , Lee Jung‐Woo , Tomczyk Michelle , Huang Mengchen , Eom Chang‐Beom , Irvin Patrick , Levy Jeremy 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe LaAlO3/SrTiO3 system exhibits unusual magnetic and superconducting behavior arising from electron–electron interactions whose physical origin is not well understood. Quantum transport techniques, especially those involving mesoscopic geometries, can offer insight into these interactions. Here evidence for long‐range electron–electron interactions in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 nanowires, measured through the phenomenon of frictional drag, is reported, in which current passing through one nanowire induces a voltage across a nearby electrically isolated nanowire. Frictional drag mediated by the Coulomb interaction is predicted to decay exponentially with interwire separation, but with the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 nanowire system it is found to be nearly independent of separation. Frictional drag experiments performed with three parallel wires demonstrate long‐range frictional coupling even in the presence of an electrically grounded central wire. Collectively, these results provide evidence for a new long‐range non‐Coulombic electron–electron interaction unlike anything previously reported for semiconducting systems.
Extremely Sensitive, Allochroic Airflow Sensors by Synergistic Effect of Reversible Water Molecules Adsorption and Tunable Interlayer Distance in Graphene Oxide Film
Authors: Huang Yinan , Wang Shuguang , Wang Zhongwu , Gong Xu , Meng Yancheng , Li Hongwei , Tan Ziting , Yuan Liqian , Li Jie , Chen Yigang , Li Liqiang , Hu Wenping 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn nature, the accurate flow sense of skin or hair gives the creatures incredible power for flight control and escaping danger, which stimulates the vigorous pursuit for the construction of extremely sensitive artificial airflow sensor. Here, inspired by the nasal skin and chameleon, a kind of extremely sensitive, allochroic airflow sensor is developed based on graphene oxide (GO) sheets, which senses airflow with dual output signals (current and color) by synergistic effect of reversible water molecules adsorption and tunable interlayer distance. This kind of sensor demonstrates extremely high sensitivity (i.e., huge conductivity changes of several orders of magnitude), a response time of about 1 s, and a detection limit as low as 0.2 mm s−1 that is even lower than the detection limit of human skin. Remarkably, just like the chameleon changes color by tuning the guanine nanocrystal lattice, this sensor achieves the impressive color changing ability via tunable interlayer distance under gas flow, which implies its potential application for the visualized airflow sensors.
An Etching‐Free Approach Toward Large‐Scale Light‐Emitting Metasurfaces
Authors: Brière Gauthier , Ni Peinan , Héron Sébastien , Chenot Sébastien , Vézian Stéphane , Brändli Virginie , Damilano Benjamin , Duboz Jean‐Yves , Iwanaga Masanobu , Genevet Patrice 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA new class of quasi 2D optical components, known as metasurfaces and exhibiting exceptional optical properties have emerged in recent years. The scattering properties of their subwavelength patterns allow molding the wavefront of light in almost any desired manner. While the proof of principle is demonstrated by various approaches, only a handful of low cost and fabrication friendly materials are suitable for practical implementations. To further develop this technology toward broadband application and industrial production, new materials and new fabrication methods are required. In addition, moving from passive to active devices with, for instance, dynamic tuning requires to move from dielectrics to semiconductors. Here, an etching‐free process is presented that combines nanoimprint and selective area sublimation of a semiconductor material to realize centimeter‐scale metalenses of high optical quality. Use of gallium nitride is chosen for this demonstration, as it is a widespread semiconductor which can be transparent and active in the visible. The sublimation leads to reduced surface roughness and defects compared to reactive ion etching. As a result, the devices show enhanced photoluminescence efficiency with respect to etched devices. Amplification due to gain in the semiconductor based metaoptics could lead to a new type of optoelectronic devices.
Flow‐Induced Long‐Term Stable Slippery Surfaces
Authors: Baumli Philipp , Teisala Hannu , Bauer Hoimar , Garcia‐Gonzalez Diana , Damle Viraj , Geyer Florian , D'Acunzi Maria , Kaltbeitzel Anke , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Vollmer Doris 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSlippery lubricant‐infused surfaces allow easy removal of liquid droplets on surfaces. They consist of textured or porous substrates infiltrated with a chemically compatible lubricant. Capillary forces help to keep the lubricant in place. Slippery surfaces hold promising prospects in applications including drag reduction in pipes or food packages, anticorrosion, anti‐biofouling, or anti‐icing. However, a critical drawback is that shear forces induced by flow lead to depletion of the lubricant. In this work, a way to overcome the shear‐induced lubricant depletion by replenishing the lubricant from the flow of emulsions is presented. The addition of small amounts of positively charged surfactant reduces the charge repulsion between the negatively charged oil droplets contained in the emulsion. Attachment and coalescence of oil droplets from the oil‐in‐water emulsion at the substrate surface fills the structure with the lubricant. Flow‐induced lubrication of textured surfaces can be generalized to a broad range of lubricant–solid combinations using minimal amounts of oil.
Extraction of phenolic compounds from spent blackberry pulp by enhanced‐fluidity liquid extraction
Authors: Dávila Javier A. , Rosenberg Moshe , Cardona Carlos A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis research describes an enhance‐fluidity liquid extraction process for extracting total phenolic compounds (TPC) from spent blackberry pulp (SBP) using a modified solvent (CO2–ethanol mixture). Effects of particle size (from 1,400 to 180 μm), pressure (150–300 bar), and cosolvent (ethanol)‐to‐solid ratio (64, 128, and 192 mL ethanol/32 g solid) on the extraction of TPC at 40°C were investigated. Experimental data was processed using the Sovova's model to obtain the solubility of TPC in the modified solvent. The Peng–Robinson equation of state was used to correlate the solubility of phenolic compounds at high pressures. Results indicated that particle sizes ranging from 600 to 850 μm and pressure of 300 bar allowed obtaining extracts with higher antioxidant activity (94.71% of inhibition) and TPC content (11.59 mg GA/g SBP). High pressure and the modified solvent increased the solubility up to 3.4 × 10−4 (mol fraction).
Review of pediatric abdominal trauma: operative and non‐operative treatment in combined adult and pediatric trauma center
Authors: Shimizu Toru , Umemura Takehiro , Fujiwara Naoki , Nakama Tsukasa 
Published: April 2019

AimMore than 90% of pediatric solid organ abdominal injuries are treated non‐operatively. It remains difficult to decide who should graduate to surgical management, more so if adult physicians must make these decisions on pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to examine outcomes of all pediatric abdominal trauma cases in a single center, focusing on the decision‐making algorithm for operative or non‐operative treatment by pediatric and adult physicians.MethodsWe undertook a retrospective review of a pediatric trauma database from April 2006 to March 2016. Groups were divided into operative and non‐operative, single or multi‐organ injury, and adult or pediatric physician. Operative treatments included laparotomy or interventional radiology procedures. Primary outcome was survival within 30 days.ResultsThere were 53 abdominal trauma cases; among them, 48 (90.6%) survived and 5 (9.4%) died within 30 days. The probability of survival for mortalities was less than 11%. Forty‐two cases were treated non‐operatively and 11 operatively. Injury Severity Score was higher in operative group (17 [9, 41]/9 [4, 16.3]). Adult physicians saw 33 patients including seven operative, whereas pediatric physicians saw 20 including four operative cases. There was no statistical difference for the management decision between adult and pediatric physicians.ConclusionOur decisions for intervention were within acceptable rates. Adult physicians did not tend to operate more, but there were cases that did not fit the criteria of the algorithm. Further investigation is needed to look at which factors should be focused on to determine whether or not operative treatments are indicated.
Progress in Precise Measurements of the Gravitational Constant
Authors: Wu Junfei , Li Qing , Liu Jianping , Xue Chao , Yang Shanqing , Shao Chenggang , Tu Liangcheng , Hu Zhongkun , Luo Jun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Newtonian gravitational constant G, which is one of the earliest fundamental constants introduced by human beings, plays an important role in cosmology, astrophysics, geophysics, metrology, and so on. In spite of the measurement of G having a relative longer history and more than 200 measurement results having been obtained during the past 200 years, G still remains the least precisely known among all fundamental physical constants up to now. Over the past three decades, many experimental physicists devoted themselves to the G measurement with various methods and resulted in a dozen precise values of G. However, the determined results are still in poor agreement with each other. A brief overview of the significance of the gravitational constant G is given herein, followed by an introduction into the history of G measurement. A summary of the five latest precise measurements performed during the past few years is presented. Finally, an outlook of the future development of G measurement is provided.
Graphene oxide–polyoctahedral silsesquioxane–chitosan composite films with improved mechanical and water‐vapor‐transport properties
Authors: Xie Dongmei , Liu Qin , Xu Dan , Ren Dan , Wu Xiyu 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTGraphene oxide (GO) and ball‐milled maleamic acid–isobutyl polyoctahedral silsesquioxanes (MAIPSs) were incorporated simultaneously into chitosan (CS) via solution blending to evaluate their combined effects on the structures and properties of composite films. GO and MAIPS aggregates were homogeneously dispersed in CS and affected the crystallinities of the composite films. The binary addition of GO and MAIPS resulted in synergistic enhancements of the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composite films. Composite films containing 3% w/w MAIPS and 0.25% w/w GO (CS–GO–MAIPS‐3) exhibited the highest strength and modulus, which were 48 and 42.2% higher, respectively, than the values of the CS film. The water‐vapor‐sorption isotherms revealed that monolayer sorption sites decreased with the addition of GO or/and MAIPS, but the dissolution process was not significantly influenced. The water‐vapor permeability reached its lowest value for the CS–GO–MAIPS‐3 film because of hindered diffusion with the presence of impermeable nanoparticles. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47748.
Metallophthalocyanine‐enriched Langmuir‐Schaefer multilayers of poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐based nanocomposites
Authors: Kumar Chandan , Viswanath P. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTEngineering the surface morphology with optimized crystallinity is very crucial for practical applications such as energy storage, electromechanical devices, and self‐cleaning. Organic nanocomposites permit one to tune the dielectric properties by controlling the crystallinity and surface morphology. Here, we report our investigation on metallophthalocyanines of nickel and copper as an organic additive to poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) to modify the structural, optical, wetting, and electrical properties of the nanocomposite multilayers deposited using Langmuir‐Schaefer method. The incorporation of the metallophthalocyanines in the nanocomposite multilayers was confirmed from the signature Bragg peaks, and the fingerprint absorbance using grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Aggregation behavior of the metallophthalocyanines in the polar matrix of PVDF was studied using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Surface morphological studies using field emission scanning electron microscopy on the nanocomposite multilayers show the presence of both spherical crystallites and rod‐like structures which depends upon the composition and nature of metal in metallophthalocyanine. The surface wettability of these multilayers was investigated using static and dynamic contact angle studies. A significant enhancement in the dielectric constant has been observed for both nanocomposites relative to the pristine multilayer of PVDF. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47818.
Expanding and testing fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphisms for identifying roots of boreal forest plant species
Authors: Metzler Paul , La Flèche Marc , Karst Justine 
Published: April 2019

Premise of the StudyIdentifying roots to species is challenging, but is a common problem in ecology. Fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphisms (FAFLPs) can distinguish species within a mixed sample, are high throughput, and are inexpensive. To broaden the use of this tool across ecosystems, unique size profiles must be established for species, and its limits identified.MethodsFragments of three noncoding cpDNA regions were used to create size profiles for 193 species common to the western Canadian boreal forest. We compared detection success among congeners using FAFLPs and Sanger sequencing of the trnL intron. We also simulated and experimentally created communities to test the influence of species richness, cpDNA regions used, and extraction/amplification biases on detection success.ResultsOf the 193 species, 54% had unique size profiles. This value decreased when fewer cpDNA regions were used. In simulated communities, ambiguous species identifications were positively related to the species richness of the community. In mock communities, some species evaded detection owing to poor extraction or amplification. Sequencing did not increase detection success compared to FAFLPs for a subset of 24 species across nine genera.DiscussionWe recommend FAFLPs are best suited to confirm rather than discover species occurring belowground.