bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil Restoration on Deteriorated Campsites in Texas
Authors: Legg Michael , Farnham Keith , Miller Edwin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
On deteriorated campsites in east Texas (seasonal) winter or year-round closure significantly decreased soil bulk density, but rototilling with the addition of bark or wood chips produced the greatest decrease. Rototilling alone was ineffective. Planting winter grasses reduced surface erosion and fluctuations in density.
Insecticides for Seed Orchards—A Case Study in Applied Research
Authors: van Buijtenen J. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1973 the control of cone and seed insects was the most serious problem facing the seed orchard manager, but no pesticides were registered for that particular use. The Southern Seed Orchard Pest Committee was formed to address itself to this problem. Through a cooperative effort of industry, universities, state, and federal organizations, some of the major problems were solved and registration of two insecticides obtained in slightly less than three years.
Wildlife in Cottonwood Plantations
Authors: Wesley David E. , Perkins Carroll J. , Sullivan Alfred D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wildlife populations, movements, and habitat were studied in cottonwood plantations of the lower Mississippi River batture. Summer growth produced understory vegetation biomass exceeding 1,200 kg/ha. The plantations provided excellent habitat for white-tailed deer and rabbits throughout the year. Their greatest value for wild turkey and quail was as nesting and brood habitat in the spring. The plantations provided additional niches for nongame birds and mammals, increasing the local species diversity. Relative size, shape, and management regime largely determine the effect of cottonwood plantations as habitat in the total forest community.
Cyclone Pollinator Improves Loblolly Pine Seed Yields in Controlled Pollinations
Authors: Matthews Fred R. , Bramlett David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A cyclone pollinator developed by the U.S. Forest Service was compared with a standard syringe pollinator currently used in many southern tree improvement programs. The average seed yields per cone were increased from 58 filled seed per cone with the syringe pollinator to 74 per cone with the cyclone pollinator. An increased quantity of pollen for each of the pollinators generally produced increased seed yields. The average seed efficiency from cyclone pollinations was 48 percent compared with 38 percent for syringe pollinations. In contrast, wind-pollinated control cones had 115 filled seed per cone and a seed efficiency of 75 percent.
Effects of Seed Orchard Fertilization on Seed and Seedling Characteristics of Four Longleaf Pine Families
Authors: Foushee D. L. , Talbert J. T. , Zobel B. J. , Summerville K. O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seed orchard treatments involving high levels of nitrogen fertilization decreased percent filled seed and seed germination in four open-pollinated families from a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seed orchard. While fertilizer increased seed weights, it was of no apparent benefit to seedling size 5½ months after sowing.
A Prediction System for Cubic Foot Volume of Loblolly Pine Applicable Through Much of its Range
Authors: Van Deusen Paul C. , Sullivan Alfred D. , Matvey Thomas G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
It has been suggested that the many published loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) volume equations be consolidated. Comparative analysis demonstrated that a single volume prediction system can be used to estimate total and merchantable volume for old-field plantation-grown loblolly pine through much of its range. Three data sets were pooled to produce total volume equations and ratio equations for merchantable volume. These equations will be particularly useful in areas for which no volume tables have been specifically prepared.
Estimating Understory Biomass
Authors: Phillips Douglas R. , Saucier Joseph R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stand conditions and species composition vary so much in hardwood and mixed pine-hardwood stands in the southeastern United States that understory biomass cannot be estimated with reasonable precision from overstory conditions alone. A tally of trees less than 5 inches d.b.h. by 1-inch-diameter classes can provide the basis for a reliable estimate. In a study of cruising procedures, 10-factor prism tallies made independently by two service foresters resulted in an overestimate of understory weight of 37 percent by one forester and an underestimate of 30 percent by the other. Fixed radius plot tallies in which understory tree diameters were ocularly estimated resulted in errors of 11 and 24 percent by the same foresters. Training and experience could reduce estimation errors associated with this procedure. Fixed radius plots in which individual tree diameters and total heights were measured yielded estimates of understory biomass that were only 3.7 percent above the actual understory biomass of 19.1 green tons per acre.
Container-Grown Longleaf Pine Regeneration Costs in the Sandhills
Authors: Guldin Richard W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Planting longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings grown in containers is a biologically feasible and cost-effective regeneration method for sandhill sites. Considering the cost of replanting sites where regeneration efforts fail, using container-grown seedlings can result in a lower total regeneration cost. A method of analysis is outlined for specific sites.
Effects of Repeated Precommercial Thinnings in Central Hardwood Sapling Stands
Authors: Hilt Donald E. , Dale Martin E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Precommercial thinnings were repeated four times in a central hardwood sapling stand beginning at age 8 and ending at age 22. Treated plots were thinned on an areawide basis to specified density levels of 30-, 50-, and 70-percent stocking. The species composition of all stems in the stand was altered somewhat by thinning, but similar trends occurred on control plots. The species composition, growth, and quality of potential crop trees were not improved substantially by thinning. Results indicate that repeated areawide precommercial thinnings to specified density levels is not an effective timber management alternative for hardwood sapling stands.
Boron Deficiency in a Southern Pine Nursery
Authors: Stone E. L. , Hollis C. A. , Barnard E. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Boron deficiency in seedling loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Engelm.) in a northern Florida nursery was diagnosed by: (1) characteristic damage to shoot tips and buds, including necrosis of only part of the terminal; and (2) boron concentrations as low as only 1.9 ppm (dry weight) in affected tissues. Soil and soil-management features associated with deficiency include extremely low silt and clay contents, organic matter levels of 1 percent or less, lack of boron addition, and high calcium irrigation water leading to soil reactions above pH 6 by late summer. Consequences of deficiency were not limited to the nursery. Damaged seedlings that survived outplanting developed into bushy plants incapable of normal height growth in the first year or two.
Growth and Yield Following Four Reproduction Cutting Methods in Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands--A Case Study
Authors: Baker James B. , Murphy Paul A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four reproduction cutting methods employed on an average site (S.I. = 85 to 90 feet at 50 years) in second-growth loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.--P. echinata Mill.) in south Arkansas provided adequate pine regeneration to establish or maintain well-stocked stands. During the 36-year study period, heavy seed-tree and diameter-limit cutting methods produced significantly more cubic-foot volume than selection and clearcutting, while clearcutting resulted in significantly less board-foot (Doyle) volume. Since many trees on the clearcut areas are just now reaching sawlog size, board-foot volume production among all treatments will probably equalize as time goes on. Advantages and disadvantages of the four cutting methods for large landholders and private nonindustrial land-owners are discussed.
Place of Wood Specific Gravity in the Development of Advanced-Generation Seed Orchards and Breeding Programs
Authors: Jett J. B. , Talbert J. T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data from thinnings of 11 genetic tests with an average age of 10 years and from 364 eight-year-old second-generation selections were analyzed to provide an estimate of gain from one cycle of selection for wood specific gravity. Utilizing mid-parent, mature, wood specific gravities and progeny juvenile wood specific gravities, coefficients of genetic prediction, CGP = 0.55 and 0.41, were calculated for the genetic test thinning sample and second-generation selection sample. Expressed as a percentage of the mean, gain from selection was calculated to be 2.6 percent. A strategy was also developed to include wood specific gravity in the North Carolina State Cooperative's second-generation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) improvement program. High heritability figures indicate little need to develop extensive family information for wood specific gravity in advanced-generation breeding programs.
Genetic Variation in Choctawhatchee Sand Pine Pollen Shed and Viability
Authors: Frampton L. J. , Roeder K. R. , Rockwood D. L. , Hollis C. A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Initiation and duration of viable pollen production differed significantly among clones of Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata Ward). Clonal differences also occurred for pollen germinability, pollen conductivity, and catkin moisture content, but clonal differences for these traits were influenced by the stage (early, intermediate, or late) of pollen production. Pollen germination decreased only 10 percent from early to late pollen production, suggesting that viable pollen may be collected during any period of pollen shed. Relationships among the three measures of pollen viability, although significant, were weak. Conclusions drawn will aid tree breeders in making controlled pollinations and in establishing seed orchards.
Response to Control of Competing Vegetation in Site-Prepared Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Pienaar Leon V. , Rheney John W. , Shiver Barry D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 9- to 15-year old site-prepared slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations in the coastal flatwoods of Georgia and North Florida there was a significant growth response to complete elimination of competing understory vegetation over a four-year period. Average diameter growth increased 16 percent (0.06 in.) and 21 percent (0.15 in.) after two and four growing seasons, respectively. Volume growth increased by 7 percent (24 cu. ft./ac.) and 15 percent (100 cu. ft./ac.) after two and four years, respectively. If the current trend is sustained, the growth response will probably continue to increase over time as it has over the past four years. The response is most significant on soils which fall within the somewhat poorly to well-drained categories.
A Comparison of Sand Pine Varieties in Central Florida
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In a comparison planting of the Ocala (P. clausa var. clausa Ward) and the Choctawhatchee (P. clausa var. immuginata Ward) varieties of sand pine in central Florida, the natural range of Ocala, survival was equal 10 years after establishment. The severe competition that occurred on the site after planting significantly reduced the growth rate of the Choctawhatchee trees, but the Ocala trees grew at their normal rate. Based on the interim results of this study, Ocala is the preferred variety for use on sandhills sites in central Florida.
Southwide Pine Seed Source Study—Loblolly Pine at 25 Years
Authors: Wells Osborn O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A rangewide system of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seed source plantings has shown inherent variations in growth rate, fusiform rust resistance, and other less commercially important traits. Most of the variation is due to coastal-continental effects and to ecotypic differentiation of the loblolly population west of the Mississippi River. The western population is slower growing, more rust resistant, and more drought resistant than the eastern loblolly population, whereas coastal plain populations are faster growing, more susceptible to ice and cold, and less drought resistant than loblolly from areas with a more continental climate such as northern Georgia, Alabama, or Piedmont South Carolina. The differences in growth rate associated with these major physiographic and climatic effects are persisting as the test nears timber-rotation age, but the smaller growth-rate differences within physiographic regions are less stable.
Timing of Fertilizer Application Important for Management of Southern Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: Schmidtling R. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fertilizers were applied at different dates during the growing season to orchard ramets of loblolly (Pinus taeda L), slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.), and Virginia pines (Pinus virginiana Mill.) to determine optimum time to enhance flowering. Depending on species, female flowering was increased by applications in mid- to late summer. Male flowering was increased most by applications in early summer.
Precommercial Thinning Increases Diameter Growth of Appalachian Hardwood Stump Sprouts
Authors: Lamson Neil I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In West Virginia crop trees were selected from 7- or 12-year-old yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), basswood (Tilia americana L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprouts. Crop trees were dominant or codominant, well-formed sprouts that originated not more than 6 inches above groundline and did not fork in the lower 17 feet. Four treatments were evaluated: (1) control; (2) thinning; (3) pruning; and (4) thinning plus pruning. Five years after treatment the diameter (d.b.h.) growth of thinned sprouts was 1.5 times greater than that of control sprouts. Pruning did not cause a significant decrease in five-year d.b.h. growth. Height growth was not affected by the treatments. Most of the epicormic branches produced by pruning were dead five years after treatment. Natural pruning was reduced by thinning; the average clear bole length of thinned sprouts was about 2 feet shorter than that of the control sprouts. Survival was nearly 100 percent.
Volume or Weight Estimates Below a Merchantability Limit
Authors: Zutter B. R. , Oderwald R. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two methods are presented and evaluated for estimating volume or weight of trees whose diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) is less than the minimum specified by inventory design. Both methods make use of censored data where trees below the minimum d.b.h. are only counted, not measured. Each method provides reasonable estimates of volume or weight for these trees, but each has certain advantages. The first method requires fitting of the censored data with the Weibull function, providing estimates of stem count and volume or weight by d.b.h. class below minimum d.b.h. A simpler second method requires an estimate of average tree d.b.h. below the minimum d.b.h. but provides only estimates of stem count and weight or volume for all trees below minimum d.b.h.
Site Preparation Influences on Young Loblolly Pine Plantations in East Texas
Authors: Pehl Charles E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To evaluate site preparation effects on loblolly pine five years after stand establishment in east Texas, trees/acre, d.b.h., total height. and total biomass were measured on four treatments: clear-fell, burn, chop and burn, and shear/pile and disk. Treatment effects on production were not statistically significant (α = 0.1), but two points were evident: (1) more intensively prepared sites had better stem distributions, and (2) the height variation component due to soil was larger than the treatment component. Bulk densities indicated no significant compaction; soil chemical properties for the mechanical treatments were similar to the clear-fell treatment. Foliar and stemwood Ca, Mg, K, P, N were similar for all treatments. Adverse effects of the mechanical methods on site productivity were not evident when compared to the clear-fell treatment.
Management of Shortleaf Pine Plantations in North Mississippi
Authors: Williston Hamlin L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Residual basal areas did not have a significant effect on cubic volume growth in a shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) thinning study in north Mississippi first thinned at age 23 and remeasured at five-year intervals to age 48. Residual basal area did have a significant effect on board foot growth between age 38 and 45, the period during which board foot growth peaked. Cubic foot growth appears to have peaked at about age 35. Average total 48-year production on thinned plots was 64 cords and 15,868 board feet, International ¼-inch Rule.
Monitoring Herbicide Residues in Springflow After an Operational Application of Hexazinone
Authors: Neary Daniel G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Parts of two forested watersheds (440 ac and 482 ac) in central Tennessee were aerially treated with 15 lb/ac of hexazinone pellets (10-percent active ingredient) to remove hardwood competition prior to establishing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Both treated watersheds and a control were monitored to determine if hexazinone residues were entering ground water and appearing in springflow. Seven months of monitoring included two intensively sampled periods during application and the first storm. No detectable residues of hexazinone or its two primary metabolites were measured in samples from a watershed in which hexazinone was applied up to 66 ft. from the monitoring point. Springflow samples from a watershed treated a year earlier (in 1980) were also clear of herbicide residues.
Chemical Weed Control in Southern Hardwood Nurseries
Authors: South David B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the past, hardwood nurserymen often relied on fumigation with methyl bromide for weed control. Today, however, herbicides can provide cost-effective control of grasses and most annual broadleaf weeds in hardwood seedbeds. New herbicides like sethoxidim can be used to control annual and perennial grasses while germination of many broadleaf weeds can be inhibited by oryzalin, oxadiazon, or napropamide. Resistant weeds can be controlled by directed applications of glyphosate. Use of these herbicides reduces the need for fumigation, which often lowers the population of beneficial endomycorrhizal fungi. Fumigation may still be required when controlling high populations of nutsedge or when pathogens are a problem. Although use of chemicals can make control of weeds easier, the nurseryman should not rely entirely on fumigation or herbicides for weed control. If left alone to reproduce, populations of resistant weeds can quickly increase. The nurseryman should therefore adhere strictly to a comprehensive year-round weed control program that prevents introduction, reproduction, and spread of weeds. Even with these efforts, several years may be required to deplete the reservoir of weed seeds in the soil. The nurseryman who is successful will be able to produce more uniform, higher-quality seedlings at a lower cost.
Waterlogging Tolerance of Lowland Tree Species of the South¹
Authors: Hook Donal D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Many tree species in the South are adapted to periodic and/or prolonged soil waterlogging. However, artificial disturbances of natural water regimes sometimes cause flooding to occur at abnormal times or the flood water to be deeper and waterlogging longer in duration than is normal. As a consequence, it is difficult for forest managers to predict how a species will respond to such disturbances or to decide how to manage an area where the water regime has been significantly altered. This paper discusses some factors which influence the waterlogging tolerance of tree species, compiles several classification systems, indicates the pertinent literature, and offers a new relative waterlogging-tolerance rating for southern lowland tree species.
Direct-Seeded Cherrybark and Shumard Oaks Battle Natural Regeneration through 10 Years
Authors: Johnson R. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Acorns of Shumard (Quercus shumardii Buckl.) and cherrybark (Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia Ell.) oaks were direct seeded in a 3-acre opening created by cutting and removing all trees ≥ 1.0 in. dbh from a forest in the silty uplands. Field germination of winter-sown acorns was 42% for cherrybark and 55% for Shumard, about twice that of spring-sown acorns. After 10 years, average height of co-dominant trees was 23.6 ft. for Shumard and 27.0 ft. for cherrybark; average dbh was 1.5 in. for both species. Dominants and codominants in the competing natural stand averaged 40 ft. tall and 3.5 in. dbh. Only 5% of the seed spots had oak in a free-to-grow position; most codominant oaks were on higher, drier sites where competition was less severe. On better sites a number of intermediate oaks are still developing, but their future is yet to be determined.
High-Gum-Yielding Slash Pine: Performance to Age 30
Authors: McReynolds Robert D. , Gansel Charles R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Portions of the nation's first slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) progeny test, planted at Olustee, Florida, were chipped commercially for naval stores and tree volumes were measured up to age 30. Crosses between parents with high gum production yielded an average of 18.4 pounds of gum per tree per year over the 8-year chipping period. Yield for progeny of wind-pollinated average parents was 11.1 pounds of gum per tree per year. Yields were highest if both parents were high yielding trees. High-gum-yielding progeny also produced as much wood as average-yielding progeny. Strains of slash pines with high gum yield are available as 1-0 seedlings from Georgia and Florida state tree nurseries.
Sealed-Bid Timber Sales—Performance Indicators and Bidding Strategies
Authors: Shaffer Robert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sealed bidding is the preferred method for selling stumpage in many areas of the South. Industry timber procurement managers are concerned with both the success rate and the amount of overbid when assessing bidding performance. Analysis of 56 sealed-bid timber sales establishes local norms for these performance indicators in a 14-county area of south Alabama and northwestern Florida. Bidding strategies are examined and categorized as must-win, strongly competitive, weakly competitive, and noncompetitive. Factors affecting bidding performance are discussed.
Franklin 105 Feller Buncher: Fifth-Row Thinning Application
Authors: Schroering J. D. , Lanford B. L. , Stokes B. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Plantation thinning requires machinery capable of operating in confined conditions while causing minimal damage to the residual stand and site. The Franklin 105 feller buncher, equipped with a Tidewater DL-12 accumulating shear, was studied in a fifth-row thinning application to determine variables affecting machine operation and productivity. Machine operation was divided into two elements: (1) move-to-tree and shear tree; and (2) move-to-dump, dump load, and bunch alignment. Move-to-tree and shear times were influenced by the number of residual trees per acre and whether the operator was row/corridor harvesting or selective thinning, while move-to-dump, dump load, and bunch alignment times were influenced by the average diameter and the number of trees in the shear head prior to dumping. Production costs were higher for selective thinning than for row/corridor harvesting.