bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in injuries attributed to workplace violence in Ontario 2002–2015
Authors: Chen Cynthia , Smith Peter M , Mustard Cameron 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesThe aim of the study is to compare trends in the incidence of injury resulting from workplace violence for men and women at the population level over the period 2002–2015 among working-age adults in Ontario, Canada.MethodsAdministrative records of injury resulting from workplace violence were obtained from two population-based data sources in Ontario: 21 228 lost-time workers’ compensation claims (2002–2015) and 13 245 records of non-scheduled emergency department visits (2004–2014), where the main problem was attributed to a workplace violence event. Denominator counts were estimated from labour force surveys conducted by Statistics Canada, stratified by age and sex. Age-standardised rates were calculated using the direct method.ResultsOver the observation period, workplace violence incidence rates were in the range of 0.2–0.5 per 1000 full-time equivalent workers. Incidence rates of injury due to workplace violence among women increased over the observation period, with an average annual per cent change (APC) of 2.8% (95% CI 1.7% to 3.9%) in compensation claims and 2.7% (95% CI 1.0% to 4.4%) in emergency department visits. In contrast, there was no change in workplace violence injury rates among men in compensation claims (APC: −0.2% (95% CI −1.2% to 0.9%)) or in emergency department visits (APC: −0.5% (95% CI −1.6% to 0.6%)). A pronounced increase in workplace violence injury rates was observed in the education sector with an APC=7.0% (95% CI 5.6% to 8.5%) for women and an APC=4.1% (95% CI 0.9% to 7.4%) for men.ConclusionsDifferences in the risk of injury resulting from workplace violence for women relative to men in Ontario between 2002 and 2015 were verified by two data sources. The relative risk of violence for men and women also differed across industries.
Impact of China National Tobacco Company’s ‘Premiumization’ Strategy: longitudinal findings from the ITC China Surveys (2006–2015)
Authors: Xu Steve Shaowei , Gravely Shannon , Meng Gang , Elton-Marshall Tara , O’Connor Richard J , Quah Anne C K , Feng Guoze , Jiang Yuan , Hu Grace J , Fong Geoffrey T 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundIn 2009, the China National Tobacco Company (CNTC) began their Premiumization Strategy, designed to encourage smokers to trade up to more expensive brands, mainly by promoting the concept that higher class cigarettes are better quality and less harmful. This study is the first evaluation of the strategy’s impact on: (1) prevalence of premium brand cigarettes (PBC), mid-priced brand cigarettes (MBC) and discount brand cigarettes (DBC) over 9 years, from 3 years pre-strategy (2006) to 6 years post-strategy (2015); and (2) changes in reasons for choosing PBCs, MBCs and DBCs.MethodsA representative cohort of adult Chinese smokers (n=9047) in seven cities who participated in five waves of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey: pre-implementation (Wave 1 (2006; n=3452), Wave 2 (2007–2008; n=3586)); mid-implementation (Wave 3 (2009; n=4172)); and post-implementation (Wave 4 (2011–2012; n=4070), Wave 5 (2013–2015; n=2775)). Generalised estimating equations were conducted to examine changes in prevalence of PBCs, MBCs and DBCs, and reasons for brand choice from pre-implementation to post-implementation.ResultsFrom pre-implementation to post-implementation, there was an increase in prevalence of PBCs (5.4% to 23.2%, p<0.001) and MBCs (40.0% to 50.4%, p<0.001), and a decrease in DBCs (54.6% to 26.5%, p<0.001). There was an increase in smokers who chose their current brand because they believed it to be less harmful, both for MBC smokers (+13.0%, p=0.001) and PBC smokers (+9.0%, p=0.06). There was an increase for smokers in all brand classes for choosing their current brand because they were ‘higher in quality’ and because of affordable price, but the greatest increase was among PBC smokers (+18.6%, p<0.001 and +34.9%, p<0.001, respectively).ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that the rising trend in Chinese smokers’ choice of ‘less harmful’, ‘higher quality’ and ‘affordable’ cigarettes, particularly PBCs, is likely due to CNTC’s aggressive marketing strategies. Strong tobacco control policies that prohibit CNTC’s marketing activities are critical in order to dispel erroneous beliefs that sustain continued smoking in China, where the global tobacco epidemic is exerting its greatest toll.
Electrical nerve stimulation modulates motor unit activity in contralateral biceps brachii during steady isometric contractions
Authors: Hamilton Landon D. , Mani Diba , Almuklass Awad M. , Davis Leah A. , Vieira Taian , Botter Alberto , Enoka Roger M. 
Published: August 2018

The purpose of our study was to compare the influence of five types of electrical nerve stimulation delivered through electrodes placed over the right biceps brachii on motor unit activity in the left biceps brachii during an ongoing steady isometric contraction. The electrical stimulation protocols comprised different combinations of pulse duration (0.2 and 1.0 ms), stimulus frequency (50 and 90 Hz), and stimulus current (greater or less than motor threshold). The electrical nerve stimulation protocols were applied over the muscle of the right elbow flexors of 13 participants (26 ± 3 yr) while they performed voluntary contractions with the left elbow flexors to match a target force set at 10% of maximum. All five types of electrical nerve stimulation increased the absolute amplitude of the electromyographic (EMG) signal recorded from the left biceps brachii with high-density electrodes. Moreover, one stimulation condition (1 ms, 90 Hz) had a consistent influence on the centroid location of the EMG amplitude distribution and the average force exerted by the left elbow flexors. Another stimulation condition (0.2 ms, 90 Hz) reduced the coefficient of variation for force during the voluntary contraction, and both low-frequency conditions (50 Hz) increased the duration of the mean interspike interval of motor unit action potentials after the stimulation had ended. The findings indicate that the contralateral effects of electrical nerve stimulation on the motor neuron pool innervating the homologous muscle can be influenced by both stimulus pulse duration and stimulus frequency. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Different types of electrical nerve stimulation delivered through electrodes placed over the right biceps brachii modulated the ongoing motor unit activity in the left biceps brachii. Although the effects varied with stimulus pulse duration, frequency, and current, all five types of electrical nerve stimulation increased the amplitude of the electromyographic activity in the left biceps brachii. Moreover, most of the effects in the left arm occurred after the electrical nerve stimulation of the right arm had been terminated.
Functional dissociation of the inferior frontal junction from the dorsal attention network in top-down attentional control
Authors: Tamber-Rosenau Benjamin J. , Asplund Christopher L. , Marois René 
Published: August 2018

The posterior lateral prefrontal cortex—specifically, the inferior frontal junction (IFJ)—is thought to exert a key role in the control of attention. However, the precise nature of that role remains elusive. During the voluntary deployment and maintenance of visuospatial attention, the IFJ is typically coactivated with a core dorsal network consisting of the frontal eye field and superior parietal cortex. During stimulus-driven attention, IFJ instead couples with a ventrolateral network, suggesting that IFJ plays a role in attention distinct from the dorsal network. Because IFJ rapidly switches activation patterns to accommodate conditions of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention (Asplund CL, Todd JJ, Snyder AP, Marois R. Nat Neurosci 13: 507–512, 2010), we hypothesized that IFJ’s primary role is to dynamically reconfigure attention rather than to maintain attention under steady-state conditions. This hypothesis predicts that in a goal-directed visuospatial cuing paradigm IFJ would transiently deploy attention toward the cued location, whereas the dorsal attention network would maintain attentional weights during the delay between cue and target presentation. Here we tested this hypothesis with functional magnetic resonance imaging while subjects were engaged in a Posner cuing task with variable cue-target delays. Both IFJ and dorsal network regions were involved in transient processes, but sustained activity was far more evident in the dorsal network than in IFJ. These results support the account that IFJ primarily acts to shift attention whereas the dorsal network is the main locus for the maintenance of stable attentional states.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Goal-directed visuospatial attention is controlled by a dorsal fronto-parietal network and lateral prefrontal cortex. However, the relative roles of these regions in goal-directed attention are unknown. Here we present evidence for their dissociable roles in the transient reconfiguration and sustained maintenance of attentional settings: while maintenance of attentional settings is confined to the dorsal network, the configuration of these settings at the beginning of an attentional episode is a function of lateral prefrontal cortex.
Interaction between frugivorous vertebrates and two plant species of the genus Spondias
Authors: Sampaio Rebeca A.P. , Moreira Danielle O. , de Assis André M. , Mendes Sérgio L. , Gatti Andressa 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Most plant species in the Atlantic Forest invest in zoochory as a dispersal mechanism and many depend on vertebrates to fulfill that role. The sizes of fruits and seeds are limiting factors in interactions between vertebrates and plant species. For example, plants that produce fruits with large seeds are more dependent on large frugivorous vertebrates for dispersal. We used camera traps to observe the interactions between frugivorous vertebrates and two large seed-producing plants of the genus Spondias in the Tableland of the Atlantic Forest of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Between 2015 and 2016 (622 camera days), we recorded 17 species of frugivorous vertebrates potentially ingesting fruit at the studied sites. Among the species recorded, only the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) was observed interacting directly with S. venulosa and S. macrocarpa. Our analysis indicates that the type of interaction depends on the body size of the vertebrate species, meaning that direct interaction with fruits of Spondias is commonly performed by medium and large vertebrates, such as spotted pacas, agoutis, and tapirs. Our study highlights the importance of these vertebrates in the forest remnants of the Atlantic Forest Tableland, such as the Linhares-Sooretama forest complex, for conservation and regeneration of plant communities.
Certiorari through the Back Door? The Judgment by the European Court of Human Rights in Burmych and Others v. Ukraine in Perspective
Authors: Ulfstein Geir , Zimmermann Andreas 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In its Burmych and Others v. Ukraine judgment of October 2017 the European Court of Human Rights dismissed more than 12,000 applications due to the fact that they were not only repetitive in nature, but also mutatis mutandis identical to applications covered by a previous pilot judgment rendered against Ukraine. This raises fundamental issues as to the role of the Court within the human rights protection system established by the European Convention on Human Rights, as well as those concerning the interrelationship between the Court and the Committee of Ministers.
Traumatic and Nontraumatic Driving Accidents Due to Dry Spells in Northern Iran: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Rad Enayatollah Homaie , Yousefzadeh-Chabok Shahrokh , Mohtasham-Amiri Zahra , Khodadadi-Hasankiadeh Naeima , Davoudi-Kiakalayeh Ali , Kouchakinezhad-Eramsadati Leila , Reihanian Anita 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Driving in rain is very dangerous, and drivers seem not to drive properly whenever it rains. In such situations, the risk of driving increases on rainy days, especially after a prolonged dry period. This would be a problem for drivers steering on slippery roads. In this study, the effect of dry spells on road traffic accidents and resulting mortality in Rasht, Iran, located in the southern margin of the Caspian Sea, in a 3-yr period from 21 March 2014 to 19 March 2017 was examined using time series patterns. The results of the study showed that the first day after a dry spell had the greatest impact on road accidents and resulting injuries and deaths. It was also found that with increased length of a dry spell, the risk of accidents and related deaths and injuries rises.
Utilization of Hospice Care in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Chauhan Nabeel , Ali Syed F. , Hannawi Yousef , Hinduja Archana 
Published: August 2018

Background: A significant percentage of terminally ill patients are discharged to hospice care following a devastating stroke. Objective: We sought to determine the factors associated with hospital discharge to hospice care in a large cohort of patients with stroke. Methods: Using the institutional Get With The Guidelines-Stroke database, all consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) who were alive at discharge, from January 2009 until July 2015, were analyzed. Univariate and multivariable statistical analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with discharge to hospice care. Results: Of 2446 patients with AIS, 3.4% died and were excluded of remaining 2363 patients, and 4.2% were discharged to hospice care. Univariate analysis identified patients who were discharged to hospice care to be older, caucasian, Medicare or private insurance, have atrial fibrillation, heart failure and less often had diabetes mellitus or smoked. Altered mentation at presentation and urinary tract infection were more common in patients discharged to hospice. On multivariable analysis, patients transferred to hospice care were older (odds ratio [OR]: 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.07; P < .001), had a high National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS; OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.10-1.20; P < .001), and altered mental status at presentation (OR: 2.42, 95% CI: 1.29-4.55; P < .001). Conclusion: In our study, elderly patients with high NIHSS and altered mental status were identified as factors associated with transition to hospice care following AIS. Prospective studies on the optimal timing of initiation of these consults are needed.
Analysis of the Changes in the Clinical Outcomes According to Time After Arthroscopic Microfracture of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Kim Tae Yong , Song Seung Hyun , Baek Jong Hun , Hwang Yeok Gu , Jeong Bi O 
Published: August 2018

Background: Arthroscopic microfracture can effectively treat osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs). However, very few studies have reported on symptomatic improvement duration and time when symptomatic improvement ceases. This study aimed to investigate the clinical outcome changes after arthroscopic microfracture in patients with OLT. Methods: Among patients who underwent arthroscopic microfracture for OLT, 70 patients were available for follow-up for more than 3 years. Of these, 6 patients who showed worsening or no improvement in the 6 months after surgery were excluded, and a total of 64 patients were included in the analysis. To analyze and compare the clinical outcome changes according to time, the visual analog scale (VAS) and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scores were evaluated every 3 months up to 1 year postoperatively and every 1 year thereafter. The clinical outcome differences based on the lesion size, lesion location, lesion containment, presence of cyst and bone marrow edema, age, sex, and obesity were analyzed. Results: The preoperative and final follow-up VAS scores significantly improved from 6.2 ± 1.1 to 1.2 ± 1.1 ( P< .05) and the AOFAS score from 63.1 ± 7.3 to 91.0 ± 7.3 ( P< .05). The overall success rate for arthroscopic microfracture in this study was 88.6%. The postoperative VAS and AOFAS scores at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, and 36 months were 3.7 ± 1.4, 2.5 ± 1.3, 2.0 ± 1.1, 1.6 ± 1.2, 1.2 ± 1.2, and 1.3 ± 1.2 and 74.7 ± 10.3, 80.5 ± 8.9, 84.3 ± 7.4, 88.3 ± 7.3, 91.1 ± 7.2, and 90.8 ± 7.5, respectively, showing significant improvements up to 2 years. After 2 years, the symptoms did not improve but were maintained at a certain level up to 3 years. No clinical outcome differences based on the lesion size, lesion containment, presence of cyst and bone marrow edema, age, sex, and obesity were observed. Conclusion: Symptomatic improvement early after arthroscopic microfracture for OLT was observed continuously for up to 2 years postoperatively. Symptom improvement was maintained without worsening for up to 3 years after surgery. Determining the final outcome of microfracture at least after 2 years would be reasonable. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.
miR-497 Is Implicated in the Process of Chondrogenesis and Inhibits IHH Gene Expression in Human Chondrocytes
Authors: Zhang Rui , Cong Fei , Li Qi , Min Zixin , Yan Jidong , Zhang Qian , Ma Jie , Lu Shemin , Ma Jianbing 
Published: August 2018

Objective The aim of this study was to examine differences in microRNA-497 (miR-497) expression during cartilage tissue formation and to test whether miR-497 directly interferes with Indian hedgehog (IHH) gene and inhibits IHH expression in human chondrocytes. Design At different cartilage development stages and different time points in bone matrix gelatin–induced endochondral ossification (BMG-ECO) rat models, the expression of miR-497 and the Ihh gene was monitored at the mRNA level. Bioinformatic analysis, gene mutation, dual luciferase reporter gene assays and gene expression assays at both the mRNA and protein levels in human chondrocytes were subsequently performed to validate the interaction between miR-497 and the IHH gene. Results The mRNA expression of miR-497 or the Ihh gene in BMG-ECO rats showed significant differences between the cartilage development stages and between different time points, and the trends in the expression of miR-497 and Ihh were reversed. Bioinformatic and dual luciferase reporter gene assays demonstrated a direct interaction between miR-497 and the IHH gene. Differential mRNA and protein expression profiles of the IHH gene in human chondrocytes after 48 hours of transfection with miR-497 mimics and a negative control indicated that miR-497 inhibited IHH expression. Conclusion Our study provided new clues for further functional and molecular mechanism studies of miR-497 in chondrogenesis and demonstrated a potential target for clinical therapy for cartilage degenerative disease.
Memphis FitKids: implementing a mobile-friendly web-based application to enhance parents’ participation in improving child health
Authors: Ullmann Gerhild , Kedia Satish K. , Homayouni Ramin , Akkus Cem , Schmidt Michael , Klesges Lisa M. , Ward Kenneth D. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background
Child obesity is a major public health challenge, increasing the risk of chronic medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension. Among U.S. states, Tennessee has one of the highest rates of child obesity. Emerging communication technologies can help to deliver highly disseminable population-level interventions to improve health behavior. The aim of this paper is to report the implementation and the evaluation of the reach of Memphis FitKids, a web-based application, intended to promote healthy behaviors for families and children.

Methods
A community-level demonstration project, Memphis FitKids, was developed and implemented in Tennessee’s Greater Memphis Area. This application (www.memphisfitkids.org) was designed for parents to assess their children’s obesity risk through determinants such as weight, diet, physical activity, screen time, and sleep adequacy. A built-in “FitCheck” tool used this collected information to create a report with tailored recommendations on how to make healthy changes. A Geographic Information Systems component was implemented to suggest low-cost neighborhood resources that support a healthy lifestyle. A social marketing framework was used to develop and implement FitKids, and a Community Advisory Board with representatives from community partners (e.g., the YMCA of Memphis, the Pink Palace Family of Museums, and the Memphis Public Library) supported the implementation of the project. Five kiosks distributed in the community served as public access points to provide a broad reach across socioeconomic strata. Presentations at community events and the use of Facebook facilitated the promotion of FitKids. Website traffic and Facebook usage were evaluated with Google Analytics and Facebook Insights, respectively.

Results
In Tennessee, 33,505 users completed 38,429 FitCheck sessions between July 2014 and December 2016. Among these, 6763 sessions were completed at the five kiosks in the community. FitKids was presented at 112 community events and the social media posts reached 23,767 unique Facebook users.

Conclusions
The Memphis FitKids demonstration project showed that web-based health tools may be a viable strategy to increase access to information about healthy weight and lifestyle options for families. Mobile-friendly web-based applications like Memphis FitKids may also serve health professionals in their efforts to support their clients in adopting healthy behaviors.
House, state, and world fundamental concepts of societal governance in the West and East in comparison
Authors: Wendt Wolf Rainer 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the development of civilizations from antiquity to the present day, two institutions can be identified which, in their relationship to one another and in their relation to a comprehensive order, shape the cohabitation of people and individual existence. In the occidental context they are the institutions (in Ancient Greek designation)OikosandPolisand the order framework of theKosmos.In the East Asian context there are in the same fundamental sense the Chinese termsJia,GuoundTianxia. The use of these terms has varied, but the categorical relationships of what they denote found the societal design and legitimize modes of societal governance. It seems necessary to be clear about the basic concepts and organizational patterns in worldwide exchange. A comparative interpretation of those concepts and patterns reveals the differences in western and eastern societal statics and dynamics in the past and today. The study of the common features with different characteristics leads to considerations on a global level as to societal governance can be sustainable.