bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Ca-doped Li4Ti5O12Using CaCO3from Chicken Eggshell as a Dopant for Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Material
Authors: Priyono B , Ibrahimi D K , Syahrial A Z , Jodi H , Subhan A , Nugraha M R 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn order to improve the performance of Li4Ti5O12(LTO) anode, this research was focused on Ca2+ion doping as a substitute to Li+ion to form Li4-xCaxTi5O12with values of x=0, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.125 using solid-state reaction. The Ca2+ion source was CaCO3which synthesized from the chicken eggshell. The LTO was prepared by a solid-state method using TiO2Degussa. The pristine LTO and Ca-doped LTO sample powder was characterized by XRD, SEM, and were also tested its electrochemical performance by EIS, CV and CD. The CaCO3dopant characterization results showed CaCO3in calcite polymorph as the main phase, with agglomerated fine particulate morphology and high purity. Characterization of LTO sample powder with XRD revealed that dopant Ca successfully enter the structure of LTO spinel, with maximum addition level x=0.05, which excessive addition led to CaTiO3impurity forming. SEM result showed all Ca-doped LTO have almost similar morphology, which was agglomerated particulate. Ca-doped LTO samples have smaller particle size compared to pristine LTO. Electronic conductivity improvement was spotted at all of Ca-doped LTO sample, with Li3.75Ca0.125Ti5O12(LCaTO-3) showed the lowest charge transfer resistance of 29.5 Ω. Li3.75Ca0.125Ti5O12(LCaTO-3) also had the highest initial discharge capacity of 168.2 mAh/g. Nevertheless, in high rate application, the best performance was showed by Li3.85Ca0.075Ti5O12(LCaTO-2) with the discharge capacity of 30.2 mAh/g at 12 C, which capacity retention percentage of 21.43% compared to its discharge capacity at 0.2 C.
The Effect of Minimum Distance Between Bamboo Strengtheners on Flexural Strength of Bamboo Reinforced Cement
Authors: Ramelan Aditianto , Rachmantyo Riska , Hanif Ahmad Yasier , Sasmita Firmansyah 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Various species of Bamboo is widely available in Indonesia. Usually it is used as pillars, roof frame, and for walls in a woven form and it can be used for steel substitute in reinforced concrete. In making bamboo as a strengtheners or reinforcement a proper volume fraction should be chosen. Besides that, the minimum distance between bamboo bars or inter-strengtheners distance must be determined so that the reinforcement effect on cement matrix takes place. Ten variations of mixtures were used in this research. The number and distance between reinforce bars and its arrangement perpendicular or parallel with loading direction. From the observation it is found that both of the vertically and horizontally arranged bamboo bars at minimum inter-strengtheners distance of 10 mm gave maximum reinforcement and the flexural strength are 16.1 ± 0.3 MPa and 15.8 ± 0.6 MPa. Whereas cement only sample gave 7.2 ± 0.6 MPa hence 2 folds increase. For distance less than 10 mm, the flexural strength is lower, even volume fraction is relatively high and it supposed to give higher strength, in fact this is due to composite reinforcement effect did not occur and this is belief due to a hindered hydration process.
Young’s Modulus Determination of Polyester and Epoxy by Means of Ultrasonic Pulse Echo Testing
Authors: Sasmita Firmansyah , Candra Thea Athalia , Judawisastra Hermawan , Priambodo Toni Agung 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Young’s modulus or elasticity modulus is material ability to resist elastic deformation when loaded. Thermosetting polymers have a wide range of modulus elasticity values. To determine the elasticity modulus value, materials need to be destructive tested, such as tensile test or bending test. But in industrial field, they avoided destructive test. Theoretically, the modulus of elasticity can also be determined by ultrasonic testing pulse echo method. This method has already applied successfully for metals material. The goal of this research was to evaluate probe used in longitudinal velocity measurement of polyester and epoxy and to determine Young’s Modulus of polyester and epoxy by means ultrasonic pulse echo testing. This method was performed using three longitudinal probes that have different diameters, frequencies, and additional delay line. The specimens were varied with different thicknesses. The ultrasonic pulse echo method uses probe 3 with a diameter of 12.7mm, a frequency of 1.5MHz, and additional delay line is most suitable to measure the longitudinal velocity of polyester and epoxy with thickness of 2.82-36.72 mm. Probe 3 has a smaller diameter and additional delay lines thus eliminating the effect of dead zones. The elastic modulus error of thermoset polymer material through ultrasonic testing of pulse echo method compared to the mechanical modulus of elasticity is still very large, i.e. 102% for epoxy, and 159% for polyester. A large error is caused by attenuation and the use of the elasticity modulus equation from ultrasonic testing that still requires modification.
The Effect of Dibutyl phthalate plasticizer to Impregnation and Mechanical Properties of Biocomposite Sansevieria trifasciata/High Impact Polypropylene
Authors: Shieddieque Apang Djafar , Mardiyati  , Suratman Rochim , Widyanto Bambang 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of dibutyl phthalate plasticizer to impregnation and mechanical properties of biocomposite sansevieria trifasciata/high impact polypropylene and to analyze the morphology of interfacial bond between matrix and fiber. In this research, biocomposite sansevieria trifasciata/high impact polypropylene was manufactured by using a hot press method with temperature 180°C and pressure 140 bar for 10 minutes. Fibers were extracted from sansevieria trifasciata by using mechanical retting. In this experiment, the fibers weree treated by NaOH 3% (wt%) solution at temperature 100°C for an hour. The volume fractions of fiber used in this experiment were 0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% with unidirectional orientation. To improve impregnation of high impact polypropylene matrix, 2% dibutyl phthalate was added as plasticizer. Actual density and mechanical properties of biocompositesare conducted based on ASTM standard testing methods D792 and D3039. The results showed that tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and elongations of bio composite sansevieria trifasciata/high impact polypropylene with plasticizer were higher than without added plasticizer. The fracture analysis was investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The highest tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and elongation of biocomposites were 65 Mpa, 2.31 GPa and 0.42% respectively. Their highest properties were obtained from bio composites with 35 % volume fraction of unidirectional alkaline treated fiberand 2% dibutyl phthalate. Morphological feature based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that biocomposites with added plasticizer had better interface bond between matrix and fibers.
Effect of Titanium Dioxide Particle Size in Water-based Micro/Nanofluid as Quench Medium in Heat Treatment Process
Authors: Prayogo I.F , Muhammad F. , Rakhman D. , Putra W.N. , Harjanto S. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Recently, nanofluid is used to improve the thermal conductivity of the quench medium in the heat treatment industry. In this research, ball-milled micro-sized TiO2 powder and nano-sized TiO2 particle were used and compared for their cooling characteristic in a micro/nanofluid. The micro/nanofluids were produced by mixing 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% volume of both micro- and nano-sized particle into 100 ml of distilled water. The planetary ball mill was used at 500 rpm for 15 hours to reduce the dimension of micron-sized TiO2. Composition characterization by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) showed that the powder used were free from impurities. Nanofluids were then used to quench S45C carbon steel samples, which heated at 1000°C for 1 hour. The hardness test result showed that the sample quenched with 0.5%addition of the nano-sized particle in nanofluid had the highest number up to 691 HV, almost 100HV increment from a water-quenched sample where the hardness was 598 HV, showing that the cooling rate in the nanofluid was much higher. The addition of micro-size particle in fluid generally had a lower cooling rate than the addition of nano-size particle.
The spatial-temporal distributions of controlling factors on vegetation growth in Tibet Autonomous Region, Southwestern China
Authors: You Guangyong , Arain M Altaf , Wang Shusen , McKenzie Shawn , Zou Changxin , Wang Zhi , Li Haidong , Liu Bo , Zhang Xiaohua , Gu Yangyang , Gao Jixi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Due to cold and arid climate of Tibet Autonomous Region, vegetation growth is considered to be controlled by both moisture availability and warmth. In order to reveal the patterns of regional climate change and the mechanisms of climate-vegetation interactions, long term (1982–2013) datasets of climate variables and vegetation activities were collected from Climatic Research Unit (CRU) and Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System (GIMMS). Principal regression analysis and (partial) correlation analysis were conducted to reveal the contributions of controlling factors on vegetation growth. Study results showed that (1) Annual mean air temperature (TMP) had increased by 0.38 °C per decade (P = 0.00) and annual precipitation (PRE) had increased by 17.25 mm per decade (P = 0.15). A significant change point around the year 1997/1998 was detected by Mann-Whitney-Pettit test, coinciding with the occurrence of El Niño event. (2) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) had an insignificant positive trend. Spatially, pixels of high NDVI values, great NDVI trends and high inter-annual deviations are distributed in the densely vegetated eastern part. Principal regression analysis revealed that, alpine grassland (northern and western part) is mostly controlled by temperature, steppe meadow (middle and southern part) is mostly controlled by precipitation, and shrub/mixed needle leaved and broad leaved forest (eastern part) is mostly controlled by cloud coverage. (3) Partial correlation analyses showed that regions with high sensitivity to precipitation nearly overlapped with regions of high sensitivity to minimum temperature. And the high importance of cold index (CDI, accumulated negative difference between TMP and 5 °C) revealed in this study implied the effects of regional glacial melting and permafrost degradation. We concluded that the regional climate change can be characterized as warming and wetting. Different regions and vegetation types in Tibet Autonomous Region demonstrated different driving climate factors and climate-vegetation relationships.
New versus old guidelines for sarcopenia classification: What is the impact on prevalence and health outcomes?
Authors: Petermann-Rocha Fanny , Chen Minghao , Gray Stuart R , Ho Frederick K , Pell Jill P , Celis-Morales Carlos 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Introduction
recently, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) established a new operational definition and cut-off points for sarcopenia. The aim of this study was, therefore, to compare the prevalence of sarcopenia and its associations with different health outcomes using the old (EWGSOP1) and new (EWGSOP2) definitions of sarcopenia in the UK Biobank cohort.

Methods
sarcopenia was defined as low grip strength plus low muscle mass. Using both EWGSOP cut-off points, we created specific sarcopenia variables. Prevalence of sarcopenia derived using both EWGSOP definitions was calculated and compared as well as prospective health outcomes including all-cause mortality as well as incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Results
the prevalence of sarcopenia based on the EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2 classifications were 8.14 and 0.36%, respectively. Sarcopenia defined by EWGSOP1 was associated with a higher risk of respiratory disease and COPD as well as mortality from all-cause, CVD and respiratory diseases. However, only respiratory incidence remained associated with sarcopenia when EWGSOP2 was used (HR: 1.32 [95% CI: 1.05–1.66]). Moreover, although individuals classified as sarcopenic using both classifications had the highest risk of all-cause mortality and respiratory disease, those with sarcopenia based on EWGSOP1 only experienced a more extensive range of poorer health outcomes.

Conclusion
in comparison with EWGSOP1, the new classification (EWGSOP2) produced a lower estimate of sarcopenia prevalence and fewer associations with adverse health outcomes. Although these associations were higher, many become non-significant.
Angiotensin-(1-7): Translational Avenues in Cardiovascular Control
Authors: Medina Daniela , Arnold Amy C 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Despite decades of research and numerous treatment approaches, hypertension and cardiovascular disease remain leading global public health problems. A major contributor to regulation of blood pressure, and the development of hypertension, is the renin-angiotensin system. Of particular concern, uncontrolled activation of angiotensin II contributes to hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk, with antihypertensive therapies currently available to block the formation and deleterious actions of this hormone. More recently, angiotensin-(1–7) has emerged as a biologically active intermediate of the vasodilatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system. This hormone antagonizes angiotensin II actions as well as offers antihypertensive, antihypertrophic, antiatherogenic, antiarrhythmogenic, antifibrotic and antithrombotic properties. Angiotensin-(1–7) elicits beneficial cardiovascular actions through mas G protein-coupled receptors, which are found in numerous tissues pivotal to control of blood pressure including the brain, heart, kidneys, and vasculature. Despite accumulating evidence for favorable effects of angiotensin-(1–7) in animal models, there is a paucity of clinical studies and pharmacokinetic limitations, thus limiting the development of therapeutic agents to better understand cardiovascular actions of this vasodilatory peptide hormone in humans. This review highlights current knowledge on the role of angiotensin-(1–7) in cardiovascular control, with an emphasis on significant animal, human, and therapeutic research efforts.
Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Taxonomy of Australasian Teals
Authors: Kennedy Martyn , Spencer Hamish G. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The taxonomy of the Australasian teals has been particularly unstable. Australasian Grey Teal (Anas gracilis) and Chestnut Teal (A. castanea) are widely viewed as specifically distinct, but the taxonomy of the New Zealand teals remains unsettled. Because conservation status is affected by taxonomic rank, it is important to resolve the status of the rare subantarctic teals. To estimate phylogenetic relationships of teals, we sequenced three mitochondrial DNA genes (12S, and ATPase 6 and 8). The resultant phylogeny unequivocally groups the Chestnut Teal with the Grey Teal, rather than with the New Zealand teals as has traditionally been held (Fleming 1953). A greater level of sequence divergence occurred within the New Zealand teals than between the Grey and Chestnut teals. This diversity, together with morphological and behavioral differences, implies that the New Zealand teals should be accorded specific status as A. aucklandica, A. nesiotis, and A. chlorotis. Although it is most likely that the teal that colonized the Auckland Islands and Campbell Islands originated in New Zealand, our data do not allow us to determine whether the ancestors of the Campbell Island Teal came from mainland New Zealand or the Auckland Islands. This uncertainty arises because, as our data show, the colonization events were separated by a short period of time.
Display Behaviors, Mechanical Sounds, and Evolutionary Relationships of The Club-Winged Manakin (Machaeropterus Deliciosus)
Authors: Bostwick Kimberly S. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Male Club-winged Manakins (Machaeropterus deliciosus) are known to produce a unique mechanical sound with their extremely modified secondary feathers, yet the species remains poorly known behaviorally. I observed lekking males in Reserva Maquipucuna, Pichincha Province, Ecuador, to better understand the role of mechanical sounds, the behavioral repertoire, and other details of the natural history of this species. The behavioral repertoire of M. deliciosus is much more diverse than previously documented; it includes four mechanical phrases, two vocal sounds, and seven display behaviors. Mechanical sounds constitute the most prominent elements of the species' displays, replacing vocal sounds for territorial advertisement. I examine possible homology of the observed behaviors and propose a new phylogenetic hypothesis, that Machaeropterus forms a monophyletic clade with the genus Pipra, based on the existence of a complex shared courtship display.
Temporal Flexibility of Reproduction in Temperate-Breeding Dabbling Ducks
Authors: Krapu Gary L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractI compared nesting intervals during three consecutive years in five species of temperate-nesting dabbling ducks (Mallard [Anas platyrhynchos], Northern Pintail [Anas acuta], Northern Shoveler [Anas clypeata], Blue-winged Teal [Anas discors], Gadwall [Anas strepera]) and assessed whether differences existed in timing of refractoriness. Most nesting by females of all five species ended by the summer solstice. Nesting ended earliest for Northern Shovelers and Northern Pintails and latest for Gadwalls. Some Mallards, Blue-winged Teal, and Gadwalls continued to nest into mid- and late summer, whereas Northern Shovelers and Northern Pintails did not. Mallards, Blue-winged Teal, and Gadwalls accounted for 99% (81 of 82) of flightless broods resulting from nests initiated during mid- or late summer in North Dakota and 98% (58 of 59) of flightless juveniles shot on or after 1 October by a random sample of duck hunters from across the United States. Early cessation of breeding by Northern Shovelers may have evolved in response to the species' limited flexibility in diet. Photorefractory mechanisms that limit most breeding to spring presumably evolved in response to severe constraints on reproductive success when nesting continued through summer (e.g. mortality of late-hatched young and molting females due to low temperatures). Interspecific differences in photosensitivity may account for variation in timing of cessation of nesting in late spring, but controlled experiments are needed to assess the possible role of non-photic influences. My results suggest that the refractory mechanisms controlling length of the breeding season in temperate-nesting dabbling ducks are more varied and complex than previously thought, with non-photic influences (e.g. water conditions, food availability, food quality) having a larger role than indicated by earlier research.
Dynamics of Conjunctivitis and Mycoplasma Gallisepticum Infections in House Finches
Authors: Hartup Barry K. , Bickal Jean M. , Dhondt Andre A. , Ley David H. , Kollias George V. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Conjunctivitis, an infectious disease caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), has produced a significant decline in eastern House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) of North America. In this paper, we present findings from two complementary studies designed to clarify annual and seasonal trends of MG infections in House Finches from the northeastern United States. The first was a field study of House Finches common to urban and residential habitat from Mercer County, New Jersey. We documented conjunctivitis in 11% (188/1,651) of the birds examined. Conjunctivitis prevalence in House Finches ranged from 0 to 43% per month, and exhibited marked seasonal fluctuation (elevations during fall and winter months and lower disease prevalence during the breeding season). There was excellent intermethod agreement on disease prevalence when measured by either presence of physical signs (conjunctivitis) or MG infection (kappa = 0.75). During the peak of the breeding season (April through June), conjunctivitis was present in a greater proportion of males lacking a cloacal protuberance than males with a cloacal protuberance (P < 0.01), but was similar between breeding and nonbreeding females. The second study, a volunteer survey, revealed the proportion of northeastern U.S. monitoring sites with at least one diseased House Finch each month ranged from a peak of 59% (August 1995) to a minimum of 12% (July 1999). Subsequent to the epidemic peak of disease in 1995, a series of recurring cycles occurred, with elevations in those proportions noted in late fall and winter and minima during the breeding season. Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis now appears endemic among House Finches of that region and demonstrates dynamics consistent with annual variation in host density.
Patterns of Consumption and Diet Differentiation for Three Breeding Warbler Species During a Spruce Budworm Outbreak
Authors: McMartin B. , Bellocq I. , Smith S. M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Diets of three warbler species were analyzed during a spruce budworm outbreak in the boreal forest of northern Ontario. Beetles constituted a large portion of the food items consumed by Cape May (Dendroica tigrina), Bay-breasted (Dendroica castanea), and Tennessee (Vermivora peregrina) warblers early in the breeding season (7–11 June), and caterpillars were the most frequently used food category shortly later (18–24 June). Differences in diet served to differentiate the warbler species in the earlier period when Bay-breasted Warblers consumed more beetles, Tennessee Warblers consumed more caterpillars, and Cape May Warblers consumed more flies than the other species. Only Bay-breasted Warblers' continuing preference for beetles differentiated the warblers' diets in the later period. Food-niche overlaps increased for two of the three warbler species pairs between the two periods in June, but there was no change in the overlap between Bay-breasted and Cape May warbler diets.