bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Judging homicide defendants by their brains: an empirical study on the use of neuroscience in homicide trials in Slovenia
Authors: Hafner Miha 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a study that analyses all available homicide trials in Slovenia between 1991 and 2015 for neuro-evidence. Almost every fifth case discusses neuroscience. The most prevalent type of neuro-evidence is neuro-psychological testing, less common are structural neuroimaging and electroencephalography, while we discovered no use of functional neuroimaging. The two largest categories of neurological conditions suffered by defendants are traumatic brain injury and brain damage due to long-term alcohol and drug abuse. When presented, neuro-evidence affected courts’ decisions in 85% of trials (15% of all tried homicide cases) and had an impact on the criminal sentence or another outcome of the trial in 79% of cases. By far most often neuro-evidence affects decisions regarding criminal capacity, ie insanity and (substantially) diminished capacity, which, in turn, strongly reflects in criminal sanctions. Neuroscience information is typically used to mitigate or even reduce the sentence, but never as an aggravating circumstance. It is also frequently utilized to support decisions about medical security measures (compulsory psychiatric treatment). This study further suggests that the double-edged sword of neuroscience is an elusive concept and that the mechanism by which neuroscience affects courts’ decisions in civil-law systems is different from the one in common-law jurisdictions.
Dynamic edge-based biomarker non-invasively predicts hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis B virus infection for individual patients based on blood testing
Authors: Lu Yiyu , Fang Zhaoyuan , Li Meiyi , Chen Qian , Zeng Tao , Lu Lina , Chen Qilong , Zhang Hui , Zhou Qianmei , Sun Yan , Xue Xuefeng , Hu Yiyang , Chen Luonan , Su Shibing 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer-related deaths in Asia and Africa. Developing effective and non-invasive biomarkers of HCC for individual patients remains an urgent task for early diagnosis and convenient monitoring. Analyzing the transcriptomic profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy donors and patients with chronic HBV infection in different states (i.e. HBV carrier, chronic hepatitis B, cirrhosis, and HCC), we identified a set of 19 candidate genes according to our algorithm of dynamic network biomarkers. These genes can both characterize different stages during HCC progression and identify cirrhosis as the critical transition stage before carcinogenesis. The interaction effects (i.e. co-expressions) of candidate genes were used to build an accurate prediction model: the so-called edge-based biomarker. Considering the convenience and robustness of biomarkers in clinical applications, we performed functional analysis, validated candidate genes in other independent samples of our collected cohort, and finally selected COL5A1, HLA-DQB1, MMP2, and CDK4 to build edge panel as prediction models. We demonstrated that the edge panel had great performance in both diagnosis and prognosis in terms of precision and specificity for HCC, especially for patients with alpha-fetoprotein-negative HCC. Our study not only provides a novel edge-based biomarker for non-invasive and effective diagnosis of HBV-associated HCC to each individual patient but also introduces a new way to integrate the interaction terms of individual molecules for clinical diagnosis and prognosis from the network and dynamics perspectives.
Conceptualization of the Morpheme and the Distinction Between Verbs and Nouns in Traditional Hebrew Grammars
Authors: Wormser Yehonatan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper deals with the traditional distinction between verbs and nouns, in which any verbal form is assigned to one of the seven constant verbal patterns (binyanim), while a nominal form might be assigned to various basic patterns which differ according to its root class (gizrah). It is suggested that this distinction, which is customarily applied in Hebrew grammars since the Middle Ages, is derived from an abstract implicit concept of the notion of the morpheme, which could be deduced from the stances expressed in the traditional discussion on the number of the Hebrew verbal patterns. Given that there is a fundamental semantic difference between the verbal system and the nominal system, this concept of the morpheme, based on the semantic profile of a given word, entailed the distinction between verbs and nouns.
Disentangling the physical parameters of gaseous nebulae and galaxies
Authors: Kashino Daichi , Inoue Akio K 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We present an analysis to disentangle the connection between physical quantities that characterize the conditions of ionized H ii regions – metallicity (Z), ionization parameter (U), and electron density (ne) – and the global stellar mass (M*) and specific star formation rate (sSFR = SFR/M*) of the host galaxies. We construct composite spectra of galaxies at 0.027 ≤ z ≤ 0.25 from Sloan Digital Sky Survey, separating the sample into bins of M* and sSFR, and estimate the nebular conditions from the emission-line flux ratios. Specially, metallicity is estimated from the direct method based on the faint auroral lines [O iii]λ4363 and [O ii]λλ7320,7330. The derived metallicities cover a range of 12 + log O/H ∼ 7.6–8.9. It is found that the three nebular parameters, Z, U, and ne, are tightly correlated with the location in the M*–sSFR plane. With simple physically motivated ansätze, we derive scaling relations between these physical quantities by performing multiregression analysis. In particular, we find that U is primarily controlled by sSFR, as U∝sSFR0.43, but also depends significantly on both Z and ne. The derived partial dependence of U∝Z−0.36 is weaker than the apparent correlation (U∝Z−1.52). The partial dependence of U on ne is found to be $U \propto n_\mathrm{e}^{-0.29}$. The scaling relations we derived are in agreement with predictions from theoretical models and observations of each aspect of the link between these quantities. Our results provide a useful set of equations to predict the nebular conditions and emission-line fluxes of galaxies in semi-analytic models.
Cloud–cloud collision in the DR 21 cloud as a trigger of massive star formation
Authors: Dobashi Kazuhito , Shimoikura Tomomi , Katakura Shou , Nakamura Fumitaka , Shimajiri Yoshito 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We report on a possible cloud–cloud collision in the DR 21 region, which we found through molecular observations with the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. We mapped an area of ∼8′ × 12′ around the region with 20 molecular lines including the 12CO(J = 1–0) and 13CO(J = 1–0) emission lines, and 16 of them were significantly detected. Based on the 12CO and 13CO data, we found five distinct velocity components in the observed region, and we call the molecular gas associated with these components “−42,”“−22,” “−3,” “9,” and “17” km s−1 clouds, after their typical radial velocities. The −3 km s−1 cloud is the main filamentary cloud ($\sim 31000\, M_{\odot }$) associated with young massive stars such as DR21 and DR21(OH), and the 9 km s−1 cloud is a smaller cloud ($\sim 3400\, M_{\odot }$) which may be an extension of the W75 region in the north. The other clouds are much smaller. We found a clear anticorrelation in the distributions of the −3 and 9 km s−1 clouds, and detected faint 12CO emission which had intermediate velocities bridging the two clouds at their intersection. These facts strongly indicate that the two clouds are colliding against each other. In addition, we found that DR21 and DR21(OH) are located in the periphery of the densest part of the 9 km s−1 cloud, which is consistent with results of recent numerical simulations of cloud–cloud collisions. We therefore suggest that the −3 and 9 km s−1 clouds are colliding, and that the collision induced the massive star formation in the DR21 cloud. The interaction of the −3 and 9 km s−1 clouds was previously suggested by Dickel, Dickel, and Wilson (1978, ApJ, 223, 840), and our results strongly support their hypothesis of the interaction.
VII Shakespeare
Authors: Young Jennifer , Smith Peter J , Parsons Elinor , Tarantino Elisabetta , Stelzer Emanuel , Bell Shirley , Haworth Ben , Lim Vanessa , O’Brien Sheilagh Ilona , Powell Louise 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis chapter has four sections: 1. Editions and Textual Studies; 2. Shakespeare in the Theatre; 3. Shakespeare on Screen; 4. Criticism. Section 1 is by Jennifer Young; section 2 is by Peter J. Smith; section 3 is by Elinor Parsons; section 4(a) is by Elisabetta Tarantino; section 4(b) is by Emanuel Stelzer; section 4(c) is by Shirley Bell; section 4(d) is by Ben Haworth; section 4(e) is by Vanessa Lim; section 4(f) is by Sheilagh Ilona O’Brien; section 4(g) is by Louise Powell.
Furosemide Use and Time to Confirmation of Ureteral Patency During Intraoperative Cystoscopy
Authors: Patton Simon , Tanner Jean Paul , Prieto Isabel , Jackson Elisha , Greene Kristie , Bassaly Renee , Wyman Allison M. 
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the effect of intravenous administration of furosemide on the time to confirmation for ureteral patency during intraoperative cystoscopy.

METHODS:
In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, intravenous administration of furosemide 10 mg was compared with placebo (normal saline) to investigate the effect of furosemide on the time to confirmation for ureteral patency during intraoperative cystoscopy. The primary outcome was time to confirmation of ureteral patency. Secondary outcomes included adverse reaction to study medication and delayed diagnosis of ureteric injury. A sample size of 72 per group (N=144) was powered to detect a 3-minute difference in time to confirmation of ureteral patency between groups.

RESULTS:
From May 2017 to March 2018, 215 patients were eligible for inclusion and 150 were randomized, with 145 available for final evaluation. The two groups were similar in regard to baseline characteristics. The administration of intravenous furosemide 10 mg in a routine cystoscopy resulted in a shorter time to confirmation compared with the administration of the placebo (86.5 seconds, interquartile range 55.0–137.0 vs 165.0 seconds, interquartile range 77.0–280.0; P<.05). Furthermore, at any given time period, patients receiving intravenous administration of furosemide 10 mg were 2.3 times more likely to have ureteral patency confirmed compared with patients receiving normal saline (95% CI 1.59–3.23). There were no adverse events related to administration of intravenous furosemide and no delayed diagnoses of ureteric injury.

CONCLUSION:
Compared with placebo, intravenous administration of 10 mg furosemide at time of intraoperative cystoscopy resulted in a statistically significantly shorter time to confirmation of ureteral patency, though the clinical significance of this finding is small.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02960412.
Nonunited Lower Extremity Fractures Initially Repaired Outside the Developed Western World Develop a High Rate of Postoperative Complications After Nonunion Repair
Authors: Carlock Kurtis D. , Hildebrandt Kyle R. , Konda Sanjit R. , Egol Kenneth A. 
Published: March 2019

Objectives:
To evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes after operative repair of nonunited lower extremity fractures initially repaired outside the developed Western world.

Design:
Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data.

Setting:
Academic medical center.

Patients/Participants:
From September 2004 through February 2017, 227 patients who underwent operative repair of a lower extremity fracture nonunion were prospectively enrolled in a research registry. All patients underwent previous fracture surgery and had at least 12 months of postoperative follow-up.

Intervention:
Repair of lower extremity fracture nonunion.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Postoperative complications, reoperation rate, time to union, and functional outcomes were assessed using the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment and Visual Analog Scale pain scores. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the differences in patients who underwent initial fracture repair outside the developed Western world as opposed to within the United States.

Results:
Twenty-one patients (9.3%) underwent initial fracture repair outside the developed Western world. These patients had a greater incidence of infected nonunions (47.6% vs. 23.3%; P = 0.015) and failure of a previous implant at the time of presentation (52.4% vs. 22.8%; P = 0.003) than those initially managed within the United States. This cohort also experienced a greater rate of postoperative complications after nonunion repair (23.8% vs. 6.3%; P = 0.016). The geographic location of initial fracture repair was not associated with postoperative Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment scores or Visual Analog Scale pain scores after controlling for possible confounding variables.

Conclusions:
Patients who present with a nonunited lower extremity fracture initially repaired outside the developed Western world experience a high rate of postoperative complications after fracture nonunion repair but can expect good short- and long-term functional outcomes.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Unilateral Osteotomy of Lumbar Facet Joint Induces a Mouse Model of Lumbar Facet Joint Osteoarthritis
Authors: Ni Shuangfei , Cao Yong , Liao Shenghui , Duan Chunyue , Jiang Liyuan , Hu Jianzhong , Lu Hongbin , Wu Tianding 
Published: March 2019

Study Design.
The lumbar facet joint (LFJ) osteoarthritis (OA) model that highly mimics the clinical conditions was established and evaluated.

Objective.
Here, we innovatively constructed and evaluated the aberrant mechanical loading-related LFJ OA model.

Summary of Background Data.
LFJ is the only true synovial joint in a functional spinal unit in mammals. The LFJ osteoarthritis is considered to contribute 15% to 45% of low back pain. The establish of animal models highly mimicking the clinical conditions is a useful tool for the investigation of LFJ OA. However, the previously established animal models damaged the LFJ structure directly, which did not demonstrate the effect of aberrant mechanical loading on the development of LFJ osteoarthritis.

Methods.
In the present study, an animal model for LFJ degeneration was established by the unilateral osteotomy of LFJ (OLFJ) in L4/5 unit to induce the spine instability. Then, the change of contralateral LFJ was evaluated by morphological and molecular biological techniques.

Results.
We showed that the OLFJ induced instability accelerated the cartilage degeneration of the contralateral LFJ. Importantly, the SRμCT elucidated that the three-dimensional structure of the subchondral bone changed in contralateral LFJ, indicated as the abnormity of bone volume/total volume ratio (BV/TV), trabecular pattern factor (Tb. Pf), and the trabecular thickness (Tb. Th). Immunostaining further demonstrated the uncoupled osteoclastic bone resorption, and bone formation in the subchondral bone of contralateral LFJ, indicated as increased activity of osteoclast, osteoblast, and Type H vessels.

Conclusion.
We develop a novel LFJ OA model demonstrating the effect of abnormal mechanical instability on the degeneration of LFJ. This LFJ degeneration model that highly mimics the clinical conditions is a valuable tool to investigate the LFJ osteoarthritis.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Arterial Stiffness is Associated With Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity Levels in Post-Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Oliveira Nórton Luís , Alves Alberto Jorge , Ruescas-Nicolau Maria-Arantzazu , Silva Gustavo , Teixeira Madalena , Ribeiro Fernando , Oliveira José 
Published: March 2019

Purpose:
Arterial stiffness has shown independent predictive value for all-cause and cardiovascular mortalities, as well as fatal and nonfatal coronary events. Physical activity (PA) is associated with reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The study aims to analyze the cross-sectional association of arterial stiffness with objectively measured PA in patients following acute myocardial infarction.

Methods:
One hundred patients were consecutively recruited after experiencing an acute myocardial infarction. Central arterial stiffness was measured through carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) and daily PA was assessed objectively during 7 consecutive days with accelerometers. To be valid, data required recordings of at least 8 hr/d on 5 d.

Results:
The cf-PWV showed a negative and significant association with total weekly time spent in moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) (r = −0.416, P < .001). Patients classified as having higher risk according to arterial stiffness values (cf-PWV ≥10 m/sec) showed significantly lower time spent in MVPA than those below that threshold. The cf-PWV was significantly lower in patients performing >300 min of MVPA/wk than in those performing <150 min/wk (8.53 ± 2.08 vs 10.3 ± 2.44 m/sec, P = .021). Differences remained significant after adjustment for several confounders.

Conclusions:
Moderate to vigorous PA was inversely associated with arterial stiffness and time spent in MVPA was lower in patients after acute myocardial infarction, with cf-PWV above the risk threshold value (≥10 m/sec). These results seem to reinforce the importance of PA as a nonpharmacological tool for secondary cardiovascular prevention.
Somatoprosthetic Rehabilitation of Digitus Minimus Using Mini-Dental Implant: A Report of Negative Outcome
Authors: Aggarwal Himanshi , Anwar Mohd , Singh Saumyendra Vikram , Mishra Brijesh 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Although digitus minimus may possess the least range of motion in all fingers, its amputation due to any reason leads to severe emotional trauma along with compromise in aesthetics and function. Inadequate retention associated with conventional vacuum-retained finger prosthesis is one of the major areas of concern.

Case Report
A 23-year-old male patient reported with amputated little finger of left hand. Examination revealed minimal residual digit. A mini-dental implant with O-ring type of attachment was used to retain the customized silicone digit after early loading protocol. Excellent immediate results in terms of aesthetics, retention, and psychological satisfaction to the patient were obtained. However, implant failed at 3-months follow-up.

Conclusions
The use of mini-dental implants to retain finger prostheses in patients with short residual digits seems to be a viable clinical concept; however, this technique should be used cautiously.
Investigating the presence of qacA/B and mecA genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from metro stations in Tehran city of Iran
Authors: Arab YarMohammadi Mona , Eslami Majid , Amirmozafari Nour 
Published: March 2019

Objective:

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a wide range of infections by invasion and toxin production in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of S. aureus at the surface environment of metro stations and the carriage of methicillin and quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) resistance genes.

Materials and methods:
Sampling was carried out in Tehran Metro from 2016 to 2017. One hundred samples were collected from metro wagons. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done with the disk diffusion test using cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cotrimoxazole, methicillin, and oxacillin antibiotics. Sensitivity to Deconex AF was measured by Broth dilution test. PCR technique was used to investigate the presence of mecA and qacA/B genes using specific primers.

Results:
Of the 40 samples isolated from the metro environment, resistance to cefoxitin was 2.5% (MRSA). The highest resistance rate was against amoxicillin (50%) and the lowest rate was against vancomycin and linezolid (0%). Also, 30% of the samples contained the qacA/B gene and 42.5% contained the mecA gene and 27.5% contained both genes. Forty percent of isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2.5 mg/ml and 40% had a MIC of 25 mg/ml.

Conclusion:
In this study, there was a close relationship between resistance to methicillin and resistance to QACs in S. aureus isolated from metro stations. It has also been shown that these isolates carry antibiotic resistance genes and are resistant to most common antibiotics used to eradicate these bacteria, such as third-generation cephalosporins, methicillin, and oxacillin, which are considered as serious warning to society.
Small Text on Product Labels Poses a Special Challenge for Emerging Presbyopes
Authors: Xu Renfeng , Chelales Erika , Rickert Martin , Muessel Rachel , Meyer Dawn , Thibos Larry N. , Bradley Arthur , Kollbaum Pete 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

SIGNIFICANCE
Approximately 10% of the lowercase text on nonprescription drug labels is smaller than the 1 mm required by the Food and Drug Administration. The small size, combined with the progressive decline in accommodative amplitude and gain, poses a reading challenge for middle-aged emerging presbyopes.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of progressing presbyopia and near adds on the ability of middle-aged patients to read small text routinely encountered on product labels.

METHODS
Geometrical optics was used to determine the impact of changing viewing distance, accommodation, and pupil size on retinal blur size. We photographed 261 consumer product labels in grocery, personal care, and nonprescription (over-the-counter) drug categories and used character recognition software to identify and size 255,298 printed letters. We computed the impact of viewing distance on the ratio of blur to letter detail and used published blur ratios of ≤4 and ≤2 to identify the conditions that allowed for letter recognition and proficient reading, respectively.

RESULTS
Median/mode lowercase letter heights (in millimeters) were 1.39/1.16, 1.29/1.15, and 1.18/1.01, respectively, for groceries, personal care, and over-the-counter drug categories. Despite the increased angular subtense of approaching letters, blur ratios generally increased with reduced viewing distance because of increased defocus. Increased viewing distance decreased blur, but small (e.g., 1 mm) letters became too small to read proficiently (angular size <10 arcminutes) for distances beyond 37 cm. With larger pupils, blur ratios were too large to support proficient reading when accommodative amplitude dropped to ≤3 diopters. An add power sufficient to bring the far point closer than 37 cm was required to proficiently read small text.

CONCLUSIONS
Product labels, especially nonprescription drug packages, typically use fonts that are too small to be read proficiently by unaided emmetropes with emerging presbyopia. This problem can be ameliorated by correction of presbyopia at an earlier age and with higher add powers.