bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technological Triggers to Tort Revolutions: Steam Locomotives, Autonomous Vehicles, and Accident Compensation
Authors: Gifford Donald G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWaves of technological change explain the most important transformations of American tort law. In this Article, I begin by examining historical instances of this linkage. Following the Industrial Revolution, for example, machines, no longer humans and animals, powered production. With greater force, locomotives and other machines inflicted far more severe injuries. These dramatic technological changes prompted the replacement of the preexisting strict liability tort standard with the negligence regime. Similarly, later technological changes caused the enactment of workers’ compensation statutes, the implementation of automobile no-fault systems in some states and routinized automobile settlement practices in others that resemble a no-fault system, and the adoption of “strict” products liability. From this history, I derive a model explaining how technological innovation alters (1) the frequency of personal injuries, (2) the severity of such injuries, (3) the difficulty of proving claims, and (4) the new technology’s social utility. These four factors together determine the choice among three liability standards: strict liability, negligence, and no-fault liability with limited damages. I then apply this model to the looming technological revolution in which autonomous vehicles, robots, and other Artificial Intelligence machines will replace human decision-making as well as human force. I conclude that the liability system governing autonomous vehicles is likely to be one similar to the workers’ compensation system in which the victim is relieved of the requirement of proving which party acted tortiously and caused the accident.
A Multimodal Analysis of Affect and Attitude Education in China’s English Textbooks
Authors: Teo Peter , Zhu Jianbin 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In many countries around the world, the focus of education has seen a distinct shift from knowledge and skills equipping to the cultivation of values, attitudes and even affect. This study focuses on the verbal and visual representations of affect and attitude in a set of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) textbooks published in China. By analyzing the verbal and visual attitudinal meanings through the analytic lenses of appraisal theory and visual grammar respectively, the paper shows how verbal and visual resources with positive appraisal meanings are employed to foster positive affect and attitudes toward English language learning, China, and foreign cultures in the textbooks. While these verbal and visual resources echo generally concordant attitudinal meanings, some significant dissonances were also detected. For instance, tensions seem to exist between strengthening local loyalties to China while promoting a global outlook, raising standards of English language among Chinese students by appealing to Anglo-centric models of proficiency, and raising awareness of foreign cultures by invoking familiar local customs and practices. These findings hold important implications for language educators, curriculum designers and educational researchers working in the field of multimodality.
Conversion of glucose into lactic acid using silica-supported zinc oxide as solid acid catalyst
Authors: Lau Kam Sheng , Chia Chin Hua , Chin Siew Xian , Chook Soon Wei , Zakaria Sarani , Juan Joon Ching 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) has been proven to be highly effective in converting biomass into fine chemicals. It possesses several limitations, such as leaching in hydrothermal reactions and difficulty with regard to its recovery. Supporting ZnO on silica improves its recovery, stability and recyclability. In this study, we produced silica-supported ZnO by incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method for the conversion of glucose into lactic acid. The presence of the ZnO provided active sites for isomerization to occur. The highest yield of lactic acid was 39.2% at 180 °C for 60 min. Prolonged reaction time and higher reaction temperature promoted further degradation of lactic acid into acetic acid. The yield of lactic acid decreased after the first cycle and decreased slightly for the nine consecutive cycles.
Evaluation of Workability and Mechanical Properties of Nonfoaming Warm Mix Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Shiva Kumar G. , Suresha S. N. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractLaboratory evaluation of mix design and mechanical properties of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) mixtures is necessary during the design process; consequently, the ability to quantify the compactability of WMA mixtures would be very helpful. This article presents the findings of an experimental study aimed at evaluation of the influence of mixing and compaction temperature on mix design and mechanical and workability properties of nonfoaming WMA mixtures. Asphalt mix design properties were evaluated by the Marshall method and the Superpave method. Mechanical properties such as rutting resistance were evaluated by a laboratory wheel tracking test using a Wheel Rut Tester (WRT), and the resistance to moisture-induced damage was evaluated by the Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) approach. Workability properties were evaluated in terms of Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) densification indexes using the Bahia and locking point methods. Test results indicate that WMA mixtures compacted using SGC at a lower compaction temperature of 110°C, which satisfied the Voids in Total Mixture (VTM) requirement. In order to ensure the Voids in Mineral aggregate (VMA) and Voids Filled with Asphalt (VFA) requirements of WMA mixtures, compaction temperature should be restricted to 120°C. Furthermore, WMA mixtures prepared at lower compaction temperatures exhibited higher resistance to rut deformation because of higher Traffic Densification Index (TDI) values. The energy needed to compact the WMA mixtures at lower compaction temperatures was lower due to lower Compaction Densification Index (CDI) values. WMA mixtures made with surface-saturated dry aggregates and compacted at 110°C marginally fulfilled the minimum TSR requirement because of significant reduction in the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) values of conditioned specimen.
Sampling Concrete from a Revolving Drum Truck Mixer
Authors: Schemmel John J. , Kolba Tiffany N. , Salguero Michael P. , West Matthew 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Acceptance testing of ready-mixed concrete occurs after the product has been delivered to the consumer in the field. The testing process commences with the collection of a relatively small but representative sample of the fresh concrete. ASTM C172/C172M, Standard Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete, states that two or more portions of material should be collected at regularly spaced intervals during discharge of the middle portion of the batch. There is concern within the industry that field technicians are opting to obtain only one portion of concrete from the material initially discharged from a truck. A study undertaken at Valparaiso University investigated the first issue of collecting only one portion of concrete. The primary objective of this research was to determine if the measured properties for a single portion sample taken from the middle of a batch differ statistically from that for a two-portion sample also taken from the middle of the batch. Concrete was sampled 46 times across 11 different construction sites with fresh properties and 28-day compressive strength measured in each case. Construction projects were selected to provide a range of concrete mixture specifications, site conditions, and target property values. Findings indicate that it is not necessary to collect a sample of two or more portions from a revolving drum truck mixer. Rather, a single portion sample of concrete is sufficient for acceptance testing purposes.
H3K4 Methylation Dependent and Independent Chromatin Regulation by JHD2 and SET1 in Budding Yeast
Authors: Lee Kwan Yin , Chen Ziyan , Jiang River , Meneghini Marc D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Set1 and Jhd2 regulate the methylation state of histone H3 lysine-4 (H3K4me) through their opposing methyltransferase and demethylase activities in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. H3K4me associates with actively transcribed genes and, like both SET1 and JHD2 themselves, is known to regulate gene expression diversely. It remains unclear, however, if Set1 and Jhd2 act solely through H3K4me. Relevantly, Set1 methylates lysine residues in the kinetochore protein Dam1 while genetic studies of the S. pombe SET1 ortholog suggest the existence of non-H3K4 Set1 targets relevant to gene regulation. We interrogated genetic interactions of JHD2 and SET1 with essential genes involved in varied aspects of the transcription cycle. Our findings implicate JHD2 in genetic inhibition of the histone chaperone complexes Spt16-Pob3 (FACT) and Spt6-Spn1. This targeted screen also revealed that JHD2 inhibits the Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 (NNS) transcription termination complex. We find that while Jhd2’s impact on these transcription regulatory complexes likely acts via H3K4me, Set1 governs the roles of FACT and NNS through opposing H3K4-dependent and -independent functions. We also identify diametrically opposing consequences for mutation of H3K4 to alanine or arginine, illuminating that caution must be taken in interpreting histone mutation studies. Unlike FACT and NNS, detailed genetic studies suggest an H3K4me-centric mode of Spt6-Spn1 regulation by JHD2 and SET1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and transcript quantification experiments show that Jhd2 opposes the positioning of a Spt6-deposited nucleosome near the transcription start site of SER3, a Spt6-Spn1 regulated gene, leading to hyper-induction of SER3. In addition to confirming and extending an emerging role for Jhd2 in the control of nucleosome occupancy near transcription start sites, our findings suggest some of the chromatin regulatory functions of Set1 are independent of H3K4 methylation.
The UPRmt Protects Caenorhabditis elegans from Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Upregulating Specific Enzymes of the Mevalonate Pathway
Authors: Oks Olga , Lewin Shany , Goncalves Irina Langier , Sapir Amir 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The mevalonate pathway is the primary target of the cholesterol-lowering drugs statins, some of the most widely prescribed medicines of all time. The pathway’s enzymes not only catalyze the synthesis of cholesterol but also of diverse metabolites such as mitochondrial electron carriers and isoprenyls. Recently, it has been shown that one type of mitochondrial stress response, the UPRmt, can protect yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, and cultured human cells from the deleterious effects of mevalonate pathway inhibition by statins. The mechanistic basis for this protection, however, remains unknown. Using C. elegans, we found that the UPRmt does not directly affect the levels of the statin target HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-controlling enzyme of the mevalonate pathway in mammals. Instead, in C. elegans the UPRmt upregulates the first dedicated enzyme of the pathway, HMG-CoA synthase (HMGS-1). A targeted RNA interference (RNAi) screen identified two UPRmt transcription factors, ATFS-1 and DVE-1, as regulators of HMGS-1. A comprehensive analysis of the pathway’s enzymes found that, in addition to HMGS-1, the UPRmt upregulates enzymes involved with the biosynthesis of electron carriers and geranylgeranylation intermediates. Geranylgeranylation, in turn, is requisite for the full execution of the UPRmt 3response. Thus, the UPRmt acts in at least three coordinated, compensatory arms to upregulate specific branches of the mevalonate pathway, thereby alleviating mitochondrial stress. We propose that statin-mediated inhibition of the mevalonate pathway blocks this compensatory system of the UPRmt and consequentially impedes mitochondrial homeostasis. This effect is likely one of the principal bases for the adverse side effects of statins.
Shifting Perspectives: Enhancing Healthcare Professionals' Awareness Through a Disability Studies Undergraduate Curriculum
Authors: McGoldrick Kathleen , Zelizer Deborah , Ray Sharon A. 
Published: March 2018

Disability Studies has experienced steady growth in the humanities, the social sciences, and education departments of a growing number of United States colleges and universities. One area of study that has remained static is undergraduate health science, where the number of schools offering a degree in disability studies has grown slightly from two in 2009 (Cushing & Smith, 2009b; Taylor & Zubal-Ruggieri, 2013) to four in 2015 (Zubal-Ruggieri, 2015). Some disability scholars believe that health science students are missing out on an opportunity to incorporate this perspective into their outlook and approach to disability. Longmore (1991) believes that "students interested in healthcare . . . need to have the opportunity to study this [disability] in the same way that they have the opportunity to study women's history or African American history or Asian history" (Stanford University News Service, Silent Screen Villains section, para.12). This opportunity can shape a group of healthcare professionals who view disability from a unique individual perspective. The purpose of this survey research study was to examine alumni self-perception of the impact of completing a one-semester (16 credit) disability studies concentration in an undergraduate health science major. Fifty-one alumni from a New York area public research 1 level university who graduated between 2006 and 2012 with a Bachelor of Science in Health Science and a concentration in Disability Studies were surveyed to examine their perception of the helpfulness of the curriculum in four areas: practice and/or post-graduate study, comfort level interacting with people with disability, confidence level in ability to work with people with disability, and sensitivity and awareness of disability issues. This survey research study used descriptive statistics to analyze the responses to 10 Likert questions. The paper also includes comments from one open-ended question that allowed respondents to add additional thoughts and comments. The results strongly indicated that the health science alumni perceived a positive increase in the four focus areas as a result of completing the disability studies concentration.
Clinical Monitoring of Well-Appearing Infants Born to Mothers With Chorioamnionitis
Authors: Joshi Neha S. , Gupta Arun , Allan Jessica M. , Cohen Ronald S. , Aby Janelle L. , Weldon Brittany , Kim Juliann L. , Benitz William E. , Frymoyer Adam 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND:
The risk of early-onset sepsis is low in well-appearing late-preterm and term infants even in the setting of chorioamnionitis. The empirical antibiotic strategies for chorioamnionitis-exposed infants that are recommended by national guidelines result in antibiotic exposure for numerous well-appearing, uninfected infants. We aimed to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use in chorioamnionitis-exposed infants through the implementation of a treatment approach that focused on clinical presentation to determine the need for antibiotics.

METHODS:
Within a quality-improvement framework, a new treatment approach was implemented in March 2015. Well-appearing late-preterm and term infants who were exposed to chorioamnionitis were clinically monitored for at least 24 hours in a level II nursery; those who remained well appearing received no laboratory testing or antibiotics and were transferred to the level I nursery or discharged from the hospital. Newborns who became symptomatic were further evaluated and/or treated with antibiotics. Antibiotic use, laboratory testing, culture results, and clinical outcomes were collected.

RESULTS:
Among 277 well-appearing, chorioamnionitis-exposed infants, 32 (11.6%) received antibiotics during the first 15 months of the quality-improvement initiative. No cases of culture result–positive early-onset sepsis occurred. No infant required intubation or inotropic support. Only 48 of 277 (17%) patients had sepsis laboratory testing. The implementation of the new approach was associated with a 55% reduction (95% confidence interval 40%–65%) in antibiotic exposure across all infants ≥34 weeks’ gestation born at our hospital.

CONCLUSIONS:
A management approach using clinical presentation to determine the need for antibiotics in chorioamnionitis-exposed infants was successful in reducing antibiotic exposure and was not associated with any clinically relevant delays in care or adverse outcomes.
Vomiting With Head Trauma and Risk of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Borland Meredith L. , Dalziel Stuart R. , Phillips Natalie , Dalton Sarah , Lyttle Mark D. , Bressan Silvia , Oakley Ed , Hearps Stephen J.C. , Kochar Amit , Furyk Jeremy , Cheek John A. , Neutze Jocelyn , Babl Franz E. ,   on behalf of the Paediatric Research in Emergency Department International Collaborative group
Published: March 2018

OBJECTIVES:To determine the prevalence of traumatic brain injuries in children who vomit after head injury and identify variables from published clinical decision rules (CDRs) that predict increased risk.METHODS:Secondary analysis of the Australasian Paediatric Head Injury Rule Study. Vomiting characteristics were assessed and correlated with CDR predictors and the presence of clinically important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI) or traumatic brain injury on computed tomography (TBI-CT). Isolated vomiting was defined as vomiting without other CDR predictors.RESULTS:Of the 19 920 children enrolled, 3389 (17.0%) had any vomiting, with 2446 (72.2%) &gt;2 years of age. In 172 patients with ciTBI, 76 had vomiting (44.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 36.9%–51.7%), and in 285 with TBI-CT, 123 had vomiting (43.2%; 95% CI 37.5%–49.0%). With isolated vomiting, only 1 (0.3%; 95% CI 0.0%–0.9%) had ciTBI and 2 (0.6%; 95% CI 0.0%–1.4%) had TBI-CT. Predictors of increased risk of ciTBI with vomiting by using multivariate regression were as follows: signs of skull fracture (odds ratio [OR] 80.1; 95% CI 43.4–148.0), altered mental status (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.0–5.5), headache (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.3–4.1), and acting abnormally (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.0–3.4). Additional features predicting TBI-CT were as follows: skull fracture (OR 112.96; 95% CI 66.76–191.14), nonaccidental injury concern (OR 6.75; 95% CI 1.54–29.69), headache (OR 2.55; 95% CI 1.52–4.27), and acting abnormally (OR 1.83; 95% CI 1.10–3.06).CONCLUSIONS:TBI-CT and ciTBI are uncommon in children presenting with head injury with isolated vomiting, and a management strategy of observation without immediate computed tomography appears appropriate.
O papel da simulação na prática cirúrgica e a criação de uma nova ferramenta para treinamento neurocirúrgico
Authors: Coelho Giselle , Adami Liana Beni , Zanon Nelci 
Published: March 2018

AIMS: To test a new tool for neurosurgical education, a "puzzle" to simulate the craniosynostosis surgical correction (specifically scaphocephaly) using Renier’s "H" technique.METHODS: The cranial model was created by obtaining images through a multi slice (1 mm) CT scan in the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. This information was then processed using a computing algorithm to generate a three-dimensional biomodel in resine (performed on a computer or via computer simulation). The puzzle and its training possibilities were evaluated qualitatively by a team of expert neurosurgeons. Subsequently the experts evaluated the application of the tool for residents in neurosurgery, and the residents also evaluated the experience.RESULTS: Five experts neurosurgeons and 10 neurosurgery residents participated in the evaluation. All considered the tool positive for the proposed training. The experts have commented on how interesting the model may be by instigating the understanding of the reasons for each surgical step and how to act in them. According to the experts perceptions, the residents presented better clarity in the three-dimensional visualization of the step by step, indirectly aiding in the understanding of the surgical technique. In addition, they noted a notable reduction of errors with each attempt to assemble the puzzle. Residents considered it to be a teaching method that makes assessment objective and clear. Among the interviewers, 9,9 was the averaged note given to the simulator. CONCLUSIONS: The puzzle in cranial shape can be a complementary tool, allowing varying degrees of immersion and realism. It provides a notion of physical reality, offering symbolic, geometric and dynamic information, with rich tridimensional visualization. The simulator use may potentially improve and abbreviate the surgeons learning curve, in a safe manner.
Sol T. Plaatje's paremiological quest: a common humanity in cultural diversity
Authors: Makhudu Khekheti 
Published: March 2018

Having written and compiled from memory, over 700 Setswana proverbs when he was briefly resident in London, around the 1900s, Sol T. Plaatje exhibited unusual ethnographic knowledge and remarkable, creative translation skills in diaspora-like circumstances. While most literary researchers attest to those achievements, few have been the theories that account sufficiently for Plaatje's multilingual proverb renditions. The view propounded here is that Plaatje's paremiological enterprise was probably never only an exercise of his polyglot abilities. Rather his quest appears to have been to assert the cultural similarities and convergences between African and European people's histories. His socio-political beliefs propelled deep pride over his Setswana identity and became the driving force for highlighting the human bonds among nations of the North and the South. For Plaatje, seeing the overlaps and equivalences in and through the proverbs of the Dutch, English, French, Germans and the Batswana peoples, firstly validated orality as the bedrock of modern literary expression. Secondly, the relationship of the two seemed to recapitulate the communicative connections among people and their languages, across time and space. Lastly, the paper makes the point that Plaatje's search for unity in the cultural diversity as exhibited in his 1916 Diane tsa Setswana collection and the 1924 A Sechuana Reader stories, provides instructive lessons that present-day South Africa would ill afford to ignore considering the social cohesion challenges the nation faces.