bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trace Fossils from the Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Sequence of Spiti-Kinnaur (Himachal Himalaya) With Comments on Palaeoenvironmental Control on their Frequency
Authors: Bhargava O. N. , Bassi U. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Bifasciculus and Phycodes pedum from the Cambrian Kunzam La Formation; Arthrophycus from the Silurian Takche Formation; arthropod markings and Paleophycustubularis from the Devonian Muth Formation; Rusophycus and Skolithos from the Po Formation: Laevicyclus and Skolithos from Permian Kuling Formation; Gordia, Paleophycus A. Rhizocorallium, Skolithos and cephalopod wheeling traces from the Triassic-Liassic Lilang Group and Paieophyclis tubularis from the Jurassic Spiti Formation are recorded.
A checklist of trace fossils of the Western Higher Himalaya shows a paleoenvironmental control on trace fossil frequency. Comments on earlier described Taphrhelminthopsis circularis and Isopodiehnus are also furnished.
Utility of Ground Spectral Reflectance Data in Remote Sensing for Discriminating Lithounits
Authors: Ramanamurthy M. V. , Reddy U. S. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Ground spectral reflectances have been collected over various lithounits in Cuddapah basin and adjoining crystallines, employing the portable spectre-radiometer, designed by the I.S.R.O. Satellite Centre. With the help of the spectral signatures it is found feasible to discriminate the argillaceous, arenaceous and calcareous components, post-kinematic intrusives and gneisses, thus facilitating the intra- and inter-group separabilities
In general, the arenaceous component is characterised by electron transition bands, perhaps indicating relatively low degree of weathering than the calcareous and argillaceous components. Siliceous, nonsiliceous, ferro-dolomites and gossan zones have been identified by their spectral differences. The photon absorption bands in the visible region and lattice absorption bands in the Infra-red region are due to Fe or Mn charge transfer and the formation of secondary minerals during weathering respectively. The molecular absorption bands in the case of quartzites is attributed to the inherent compositional impurity in the rock itself. A carbonate absorption band is identified tentatively around 0.85 to 1.0 micron. The reflectance peak in the green region is attributed to the presence of chlorite/sericite. The field characteristics and spectral reflectance data evaluation for the phosphoritic horizons of Cuddapah basin have not indicated the feasibility of aerial multispectral scanner survey. Differential derivative reflectance quantities have been computed for each lithounit for obtaining optimum enhanced ratioed data products in the computer processing of LANDSAT digital data. This type of ground truth studies are of paramount importance for the purpose of classification of cover types as a basic input in digital processing of remote sensing data.
Retrogressive Metamorphism of Mafic Granulites of Manantoddy, North Kerala
Authors: Ravindra Kumar G. R. , Srikantappa C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The mineral reactions: garnet + quartz = orthopyroxene + plagioclase; garnet + clinopyroxene = orthopyroxene + pargasite + anorthite and [clinopyroxene = hornblende + quartz are seen as symplectitic intergrowths in the mafic granulites of north Kerala, suggesting a retrogressive evolutionary history. The estimate of physical conditions of metamorphism based on the equilibrium mineral chemistry of gar + cpx (+ plag + q + z ), suggest 800°C temperature and 11 kb pressure for the peak period of metamorphism. Uplift of the terrain, following metamorphism caused partial breakdown of garnet in the presence of clinopyroxene and quartz in producing retrogressive textures and mineral assemblages. P-T of 6 kb and 583°C is indicated for tbe development of syrnplectite of garnet and secondary orthopyroxene. The pressures document slow uplift from inferred depth of at least 30 krn during Archaean to a level of 20 km for the development of symplectites. The mineral chemistry and P-T suggest that the retrogressive metamorphism did not transcend but remained 'within' the transitional granulite facies conditions.
Crystalline Magnesite Associated with Vempalle Dolomites of Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Sinha P. A. , Prabhavathi  , Muthu V. T. , Sundaram S. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Crystalline magnesite is reported from the Vempalle dolomites. This occurrence is confined to the Gulcheru-Vempalle contact and has significance in that it is associated with uranium and phosphorite mineralisation.
Cellular Permineralised Wood from the Raniganj Coalfield, West Bengal, India
Authors: Madabhushi Srinivas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Cordaites wood collected from an abandoned mine pit near Samla colliery in the Raniganj Coalfield is permineralised by siderite and marcasite. The in situ upright stem contains kaolinite in the core. The fossil wood is identified as a new species of Cordaites-Mesoxylon samlaensis Madabhushi, 1987. While the Artisia (pith) is kaolinized, the Amyelon (root) is turned into coal. The paragenesis of cellular permineralisation inferred is: sideritisation-marcasitisation-feldspathisation-coalification-limonitisation-kaolinisation.
An Early Precambrian Volcanogenic Banded Barytes Deposit near Vinjamur, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Vasudevan D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A unique 3 b.y. old banded barytic rock formation has been described in intimate association with meta-rhyolitic tuff. The barytic rock is made up of barytes, magnetite, quartz, garnet, tourmaline, epidote, psilomelane and occasionally tremolire and calcite. It is stratiform, being conformable in disposition to the meta-rhyolitic rock with which it is co-folded.
Associated with the stratiform barytes deposits are hematite-quartz bands (tetsukeii in Japanese literature), the presence of which within a volcano-sedimentary sequence marks a horizon of fossil hydrothermal activity and is indicative of the presence of sulphides lower in the stratigraphic column.
A Note on the Metamorphism of the Carbonate Rocks of the Sausar Group in the Northwestern part of the Nagpur District
Authors: West W. D. , Sharma R. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Sausar Group rocks (Precambrian) from the highest grade region contain wollastonite in the impure dolomitic marbles (Bichua Stage), but not in the isogradic Lohangi (Sub-stage) calcitic marbles which are characterised by the calcite-quartz association with or without diopside, grossularite and scapolite. The low-variance assemblage of grossularite-plagioclase-wollastonite-calcit ± quartz in the Bichua marbles, together with the muscovite-free sillimanite-biotite ± cordicrite paragenesis in the adjacent schists and their association with migmatites, suggest metamorphic temperatures ncar 650° C at about 3 kb pressure, inferred from geological and petrological evidence. The spatial distribution of the wollastonite-bearing assemblages and their occurrence with amphibole and vesuvianite in the Bichua-Stage marbles, unlike the Lohangi calc-silicate bands. provide evidence for lowering of XCO2 by H2O , F and Cl in the fluid phase which controlled the development of wollastonite in the investigated area.
Dhosa Oolite - A Transgressive Condensation Horizon of Oxfordian Age in Kachchh, Western India
Authors: Singh Indra Bir 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Dhosa Oolite, 1-3 m in thickness, makes a distinctive lithostratigraphic unit in the Kachchh Basin, exhibiting a characteristic lithology of fossil-rich oolitic limestone, often nodular in appearance. It is characterized by the abundance of fossils, sometimes encrusted, absence of wave- or current-formed structures, dense burrowing, often recognizable as Thalassinoides burrows. The ammonoids of the different zones of Oxfordian age are commonly present; but often mixed up. These features suggest that the Dhosa Oolite is a transgressive condensation horizon representing the Oxfordian time span, related to the worldwide sea-level rise. The mixing of the fauna of various ammonite zones is probably a result of the combination of processes of slow rate of sedimentation, burrowing activity of the organisms, and storm events causing sediment reworking.
Vertebrate Fauna From the Infra- and Inter-trappean Beds of Andhra Pradesh: Age Implications
Authors: Prasad G. V. R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Investigations on the infra- and inter-trappean beds exposed at Asifabad, Naskal, Marepalli, and Timsanpalli, Andhra Pradesh, have resulted in the discovery of a large number of microvertebrate remains represented by scales, teeth and other postcranial elements of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. A remarkable similarity exists between the fauna of infra- and inter-trappean beds indicating a short interval of time for the deposition of these sediments. In these-non-marine sequences across the CTB, there are relatively few well-known markers to delineate the Cretaceous strata from the Tertiary among which batoid and holostean fishes, dinosaurs, and primitive palaeoryctid mammals are important. The fishes, dinosaurs and mammals strongly support Late Cretaceous and latest Cretaceous ages for the infra- and inter-trappean sequences respectively. The vertebrate evidence is in agreement with the palaeomagnetic and radiometric datings which suggest a late Cretaceous initiation and a very short duration for the eruption of Deccan volcanics.
A Geophysical and Petrophysical Appraisal of a Possible Origin of Himalayan Rivers and Glaciers
Authors: Raval U. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Recent investigations of the seismic, electrical conductivity and rheological structures of the continental crust favours the presence of a fluid-rich layer at the mid and lower crustal levels. Such layers may exhibit high electrical conductivity, seismic reflectivity and ductility. In the light of this observation the results of (i) geomagnetic depth sounding (GDS) experiment carried out by means of a magnetometer array (MMA) spread over a large area along the Delhi-Aravalli belt (DA-B) and (ii) petrological investigations to recover the (P,T) regimes of the Vaikrita formation near the Main Central Thrust (MCT) are examined. It is suggested, on combining the findings of these studies. that owing to the-(a) thrusts and consequent uplifts of the crustal block and (b) intense compressive zones due to collision, the deeper crustal layer may be exposed or lie close to surface in the Himadri region. The metamorphic characteristics of the crystalline complex near the MCT and the high Himalayan topographic front corroborates this. The uparching (folding) and uplift of these (ductile) layers may, in turn release, with great force, the fluid (including free water) and volatiles. Such a thermotectonic mechanism may have significantly contributed in the development of the water regimes of the Himalayas. The mechanism involves (a) development of fluid (water) rich deep crustal layer and (b) intensely compressive regime as exists in the convergent boundary. The former may take place when the continental crust is thermally treated which may be the case, if the Reunion hotspot has carved out a trace (from Vaikrita to Cambay via DA-B) as has been recently suggested.
Himalayan Palaeontologic Database Polluted by Recycling and Other Anomalies
Authors: Talent John A. , Brock Glenn A. , Engelbretsen Michael J. , Kato Makato , Morante Richard , Talent Ross C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Additional examples are given of assorted disinformation injected into the Devonian, Carboniferous. Triassic and Cainozoic literature on palaeontology of the Himalayas. These include biogeographically and temporally incredible conodont-brachiopod associations, phantom localities. and re-use ('recycling') of specimens. The 'recycling' includes assemblages of Carboniferotls corals and Triassic and Carboniferous conodonts used as documentation for reports from specific regions of the Himalayas being used subsequently as 'documerltation' of reports from other regions, an illustration of a Welsh Carboniferous coral specimen being used as basis for a 'report' from Kashmir, and a Silurian coral specimen reported from two regions, with different names. Attention is also drawn to curious practices regarding co-authorship.
Characterisation of Manganese Ores of a Part of Western Koira Valley, Keonjhar District, Orissa
Authors: Mohapatra B. K. , Paul A. K. , Sahoo R. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Kusumdih ore bodies are lentiformal being interbanded and co-folded with the shale formation of Iron Ore Group and are surficially lateritised. They are of lateritoid type.
Presence of manganese minerals like cryptomelane. pyrolusite, psilomelane, lithiophorite, manganite, coronadite (?), chalcophanite and braunite type is established. Iron is present in three oxy-hydroxide phases, viz., hematite, goethite and lepidocrocite. Cryptomelane and pyrolusite are ubiquitous in all the varieties. Lithiophorite as vug filling occurs in appreciable quantity in laminated and colloform banded varieties. Occurrence of psilomelane and coronadite is also recorded in some varieties. Manganite associated and intergrown with pyrolusite is observed. Hematite and maghemite (?) form the bulk of the ore minerals in manganiferous shale, alongwith subordinate amount of kaolinite and cryptomelane.
Fabrics of different ore minerals observed indicate colloform, replacement, banded. veined, open-space filling, brecciated and intergrowth textures. More than one generations of cryptomelane, pyrolusite, manganite and goethite are recognised. Mineral association of higher oxyhydroxides of manganese and the textural characteristics attest a low-temperature formation of syngenetic sedimentary ore bodies later subjected to oxidation/solution processes during weathering in the zone of lateritisation.
Petrology of Deccan Trap Basalts of the Western Ghats Around Igatpuri and their Petrogenetic Significance
Authors: Sethna S. F. , Sethna B. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Major and trace element analyses of sixteen samples of basaltic rocks. representing a vertical section of 1600m (from Bhiwandi to Jgatpuri and beyond into Kalsubai Hill) of the Western Ghats, are presented. The analyses show a very wide variation in Mg number, and indicate very distinct differentiation trends. The MgO contents vary between 4.55% and 12.43% showing a continuous variation from tholeiitic basalts to picrite basalts that are enriched in phenocrystal olivine. It is shown that the MgO-rich picritic basalts have differentiated to form the normal low-MgO basalts. It is also shown that the very high contents of MgO is due to accumulation of phenocrysta] olivine.
Changes in the Channel Characteristics of Ganga River During Late Pleistocene - Holocene
Authors: Singh Indra Bir , Bajpai V. N. , Kumar A. , Singh M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Gangetic plain shows distinct geomorphic surfaces formed in response to the climatic and base-level changes related to the sea-level fluctuations during Quaternary. Within the major river valleys, a distinct geomorphic surface (T1) is developed, located about 5-10 m above the present-day flood plain (T0). Study of these surfaces in the Ganga River valley near Kanpur demonstrates that T1 -surface channel deposits assigned tentatively the date of the last interglacial (25-30 Ka) show meandering scars and coarser sediments (M1 = 1.9 f) than the present-day channel sands. The T0-surface shows braided channels and finer sediments (M1 = 3.4 f). The Ganga River has undergone a river metamorphosis from meandering to braided-type during the last 25,000 years, accompanied by decrease in grain-size, and probable decrease in water budget and increase in sediment load. All the major rivers of the Gangetic Plain, many of them braided-type today, show evidence of having been meandering rivers during last interglacial (25-Ka).
Geothermic Control of Ore Assay in Mosaboni Mine, Singhbhum-Evidences from Fluid Inclusions
Authors: Nayak B. K. , Panchapakesan V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
There exists a strong control of fluid inclusion homogenization temperature on the assay of copper ore in the Mosaboni mine. The ores, having copper assay greater than or equal to 1.5%,are more or less confined to a homogenization temperature range of 320° and 360°C. This also reflects that these ores were precipitated within narrow salinity limits of 38.6 and 42.8 equivalent wt. per cent NaCl. The homogenization temperature varied between 275° and 420°C with the highest recorded temperatures at the bottom levels indicating that the ore-forming fluids came from below and migrated upward precipitating various grades of ores at favourable sites under suitable physico-chemical conditions.
Polymodal Volcanism in Parts of the South Delhi Fold Belt, Rajasthan
Authors: Bose Utpal , Fareeduddin  , Reddy M. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Proterozoic South Delhi Fold Belt (SDFB) is known to have a dominant volcanic component along the western flank of the Aravalli Range. Earlier studies have indicated both bimodal and unimodal characters of these volcanics in different parts of the SDFB. The Shyopura-Narpura area in north-central part of the Aravalli Range has, on the other hand, volcanics of intermediate and ultrabasic composition, interlayered with basic and felsic volcanics. This polymodal suite of secondary greenstone character is interpreted to have erupted in a rifted back-arc setting.
Occurrence of Hemipneustes Agassiz (Echinoid) from Tiruchirapalli Cretaceous, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Aziz S. A. , Badve R. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Hemipneustes indicus sp. nov., a holasterid echinoid is being reported from the Kallankurichchi Formation (Lower Maestrichtian), Ariyalur Group of the South Indian Cretaceous, Tamil Nadu, India.
Petrology of Olivine Basalt Dyke of Lamprophyre Affinity at Uppalapadu, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Madhavan V. , Mallikarjuna Rao J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The basic dyke combines the mineralogical assemblage of an olivine basalt and textural characteristics of a lamprophyre. This porphyritic rock contains few euhedral phenocrysts of olivine set in a fine-grained groundmass, constituted by plagioclase and clinopyroxene. The olivine crystals are invariably mantled by a thin reaction rim of Ca-poor pyroxene and in spite of this, the rock has developed nepheline in the norm. The composition of the basaltic liquid can be expected to lie very close to the Fo-Di-Ab plane (or the Ol-Cpx-Pl thermal divide) within the basalt tetrahedron. Petrogenetic considerations regarding (a) the crystallization of olivine basalt magma and (b) the role played by volatiles in modifying its composition (corresponding to that of olivine lamprophyre) elsewhere in the Prakasam district are briefly discussed.
Record of Earliest (Lower Cambrian) Ostracoda from the Krol Formation, Nainital Area, Kumaun Himalaya
Authors: Das D. P. , Raha P. K. , Acharyya S. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Two tiny carapaces having strong resemblance to Ostracoda are reported from the basal part of the upper Krol Formation occurring in the Nainital Synform of U. P. Himalaya. These ostracode forms are present in close association with several forms of shelly microfauna distinctive of Tommotian (early Cambrian) time. The characteristic features of these two forms representing the oldest ostracodes of the Indian subcontinent are described.
A Note on the Occurrence of Carbonatite Dykes in the Lower Narmada Valley
Authors: Sant D. A. , Karanth R. V. , Jadhav P. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Famous ring-like body in Ambadongar, intrusive dykes and other linear features are quite conspicuous in the satellite images of the Lower Narmada valley region. Field investigations have confirmed that some of the dykes and linear features seen south of Ambadongar are carbonatite intrusives. while most others are of dolerite dykes. Two earbonatite dykes in the northern portion, one major carbonatite dyke and a few minor ones in the southern portion were traced in the field. Carbonatite dykes in this region have been silicified and an increase in the degree of silicification is noticed southward.
Trans-Aravalli Vindhyan Evaporites under the Semi-desertic plains of Western India - Significance of Depositional Features
Authors: Dey R. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A large evaporite basin of upper Proterozoic and early Cambrian age exists in the sub-surface of western part of India, now represented by the semi-desertic plains of Punjab-Haryana-Rajasthan and extending beyond the Salt Range of Pakistan. This has come to light in recent years by intensive exploratory drilling. Under a thick blanket of Quaternary sediments (305-330 m) of southwest Punjab (Faridkot and Ferozepur districts) and north-west Haryana (Sirsa district), in contiguity with Sriganganagar district of Rajasthan, there occurs in the sub-surface huge thickness of sedimentary rocks, essentially sub-horizontal in disposition. Part of this sedimentary sequence consists of halite and associated evaporites (polyhalite, anhydrite, limestone and dolomite), attaining a cumulative thickness of over 600 mat Hansera in Rajasthan.
Synthesis of available data suggests that the present evaporite sequence constitutes a marginal facies of a larger evaporite basin existing to the west.
A Note on Silica Sands of South Kanara Coast, Karnataka, India
Authors: Narayana A. C. , Pandarinath K. , Karbasi A. R. , Raghavan B. R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Moderately well-sorted silica sands of aeolian origin occur at various locations along the South Kanara coast. They contain a very low percentage of heavy minerals. The silica content is comparatively more in the medium-size fraction than in the finer fraction. Higher concentrations of AI, Fe, and Ti are associated with finer fractions. The average silica content (96.6%) shows that these white sands are of high grade quality. The very low magnetic susceptibility values are indicative of low Fe content.
Thermal and Crustal Structure of "SONATA". A Zone of Mid Continental Rifting in Indian Shield
Authors: Shanker Ravi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Son-Narbada-Tapti (Sonata) lineament zone - a remarkable megatectonic feature - stradling across Indian Peninsula is a major structural zone, lying between Malwa-Vindhyan Plateau and Ajanta-Buldana-Bastar-Chota Nagpur Plateus, bounded by well defined fault features. It is divisible into several longitudinal fault bound blocks, which are further segmented by number of cross faults into sub-blocks. These blocks have been moving relative to each other right through early Proterozoic to the present. The "Sonata" zone is thermally anomalous with relatively high geothennal gradiants and heat flow. It is also characterised by five layered crustal structure. Thinning of the upper crust, high gravity anomaly, shallowing of the base of magnetic crust, elevated curie-point and solidus of basalt geoisthenns in the axial portion ofthe "Sonata" are very significant features, which support the inference that it is a "mid-continental rift" similar to that of Gregory, Rio-Grande and Red Sea rifts, Rhine graben and Mississipi embaymenL The exposed geological sequences within the "Sonata" rift contain remnants of paleorifting and suturing of Proterozoic times.