bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Feature Selection Problem in Computer–Assisted Cytology
Authors: Kowal Marek , Skobel Marcin , Nowicki Norbert 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Modern cancer diagnostics is based heavily on cytological examinations. Unfortunately, visual inspection of cytological preparations under the microscope is a tedious and time-consuming process. Moreover, intra- and inter-observer variations in cytological diagnosis are substantial. Cytological diagnostics can be facilitated and objectified by using automatic image analysis and machine learning methods. Computerized systems usually preprocess cytological images, segment and detect nuclei, extract and select features, and finally classify the sample. In spite of the fact that a lot of different computerized methods and systems have already been proposed for cytology, they are still not routinely used because there is a need for improvement in their accuracy. This contribution focuses on computerized breast cancer classification. The task at hand is to classify cellular samples coming from fine-needle biopsy as either benign or malignant. For this purpose, we compare 5 methods of nuclei segmentation and detection, 4 methods of feature selection and 4 methods of classification. Nuclei detection and segmentation methods are compared with respect to recall and the F1 score based on the Jaccard index. Feature selection and classification methods are compared with respect to classification accuracy. Nevertheless, the main contribution of our study is to determine which features of nuclei indicate reliably the type of cancer. We also check whether the quality of nuclei segmentation/detection significantly affects the accuracy of cancer classification. It is verified using the test set that the average accuracy of cancer classification is around 76%. Spearman’s correlation and chi-square test allow us to determine significantly better features than the feature forward selection method.
Nequick2 Model Behaviour for Global Ionospheric Delay Mitigation During Solar Cycle-24
Authors: Farah Ashraf 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The ionospheric delay is the major current source of potential range delay for single-frequency GNSS users. Different ionospheric delay mitigation methods have been developed to mitigate the ionospheric delay effects for single-frequency users. The NeQuick is a quick-run ionospheric electron density model particularly designed for trans-ionospheric propagation applications developed at the Aeronomy and Radio propagation Laboratory of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Italy. NeQuick2 is the latest version of the NeQuick ionosphere electron density model. NeQuick model been used by the European Space Agency (ESA) European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) project for assessment analysis and has been adopted for single-frequency positioning applications in the frame work of the European satellite navigation system (Galileo). NeQuick2 model adopted modifications related to the modeling of the F1 layer peak electron density, height and thickness parameter. Also, a new formulation of the shape parameter k has been adopted. This paper presents a global study for the behavior of the modified NeQuick2 model. The zenith ionospheric range delay correction by the model has been assessed using the highly accurate IGS-Global Ionospheric Maps (IGS-GIMs) for two different-latitude stations (Aswan, Egypt) (low-latitude) (24.1o N) and (Helsinki, Finland) (high-latitude) (60.2o N). The study was carried out during current solar cycle-24 over three different months that each of them reflects a different state of solar activity. It can be concluded that NeQuick2 model globally presents overestimation for ionospheric delay for quiet and medium ionospheric activity states respectively, while the model presents underestimation for high activity state of the ionosphere layer.
Preservice Teacher Perceptions of Preparedness to Teach in Inclusive Settings as an Indicator of Teacher Preparation Program Effectiveness
Authors: Stites Michele L. , Rakes Christopher R. , Noggle Amy K. , Shah Sabrina 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This mixed methods study examined preservice teacher perceptions of their needs related to inclusion. The study examined 120 early childhood and elementary preservice teachers from two universities, from both general and special education programs. Inclusion has been considered best practice in education for many years; however, how to best facilitate inclusive practices to meet the needs of all learners remains an area of uncertainty for preservice teachers. Prior research has connected perceptions of preparedness to effective inclusive practices. A survey was developed and validated about inclusion and perceptions of preparedness to teach in an inclusive setting. The survey included both Likert-scale items and open response questions. Exploratory factor analysis was used to examine the structure of the survey. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and multiple regression were used to examine the quantitative results. Responses to open-ended questions were coded to identify qualitative themes. The findings indicated that preservice teachers lacked a coherent understanding of inclusion and perceived themselves as needing additional development to be fully prepared to teach in an inclusive setting. The results suggest that teacher preparation programs need to provide a more coherent conceptual framework to guide the enhancement of both course and field work related to inclusion and effective inclusive practices.
Sustainability in English Academic Writing: The Binary Dilemma on Pronoun Utilization
Authors: Bada Erdogan , Genc Bilal 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Discussion on sexism regarding language focuses on how women are discriminated against in our daily language and in academic writing. Although we are against any kind of discrimination, when it comes to dealing with this phenomenon in language and language use, we should be more careful. Language is not only a symbolic means whereby humans interact, it is also a product of human intellectual activity imbued with various experiences of our past and recent ancestors. Thus, it is also a reflection of our society’s conceptual system through which we interpret physical and mental phenomena. In this paper, we have analyzed views regarding sexism and language; tried to display how improving the so-called injustices in language would result in some dire situations which may have never been foreseen. We finally put forth our own solutions to overcome the problems of sexism in academic writing.
Technical and Vocational Education and Training Curricula at the Lower Secondary Level in Jamaica: A Preliminary Exploration of Education for Sustainable Development Content
Authors: Roofe Carmel , Ferguson Therese 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is critical for Caribbean countries such as Jamaica as the country grapples with various sustainability issues. The integration of ESD into formal and non-formal education therefore becomes a necessary undertaking. At the formal level, reorienting curricula at all levels is important and advocated for in various international documents such as Agenda 21 and by agencies such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. With this in mind, this study utilised a qualitative content analysis approach to undertake a preliminary exploration of ESD content in TVET curricula at the lower secondary level (grades 7-9) in Jamaica. Analysis of three of the subjects as taught in the TVET area of Resource and Technology revealed that though ESD issues, perspectives and skills are integrated into various components of the curriculum, many of the ESD issues, perspectives and skills the research sought to identify were not evident in the curricula. Additionally, based on the analysis, it was felt that the curriculum lacks alignment among the components (objectives, content, learning experience, assessment, teaching strategies) that reflected ESD content, and that there is need for integration of more such content in the curricula to ensure that TVET and ESD yield the relevant benefits.
Rural Small and Medium Enterprises Development in Molise (Italy)
Authors: Fanelli Rosa Maria 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are a key economic sector in Molise, a region in central Italy, characterized by a high level of rurality. This paper uses descriptive survey research to discuss the findings of a study of the innovation process in a sample of SMEs located in rural areas of Molise. It explores the aims of the innovation and any barriers encountered. Data were collected from 30 respondents with the aid of an on-line questionnaire. The sample was drawn from a database made available by the Chambers of Commerce in Molise. The database includes 165 firms that, in recent years, have introduced innovative technologies. The findings of the study revealed that there is a high level of awareness of the importance of technology among the managing bodies of SMEs. Most rural firms prefer to use new production technologies and new processes, rather than invest in research and development activities. Furthermore, there is a low propensity to set up partnerships with other enterprises along the supply chain and to participate in collaborative networks designed to stimulate innovation. Most owners and/or managers interviewed lamented the lack of financial resources necessary to make technological innovations. They also highlighted the considerable difficulty in accessing public and private funding. The paper concludes with some brief prospects by recommending a few implications for policy. The results of this study are important for both researchers as well as those involved in small business (including government, agencies and owner/managers).
The Eastern Austrian Alps – Their Exceptional Demographic Status in the Alpine Region
Authors: Čede Peter , Deissl Gerhard , Löffler Roland , Steinicke Ernst 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In most Alpine regions with current negative migratory balance, new in-migration from urban areas has meanwhile become a relevant factor. However, this phenomenon is insignificant in Austria’s Eastern Alps. The aim of this thesis-led work is to empirically demonstrate the main reasons for this demographically exceptional position. The Styrian-Lower Austrian Limestone Alps, representing the peripheral core area of Austria's Eastern Alps, were chosen as the study area, as in this region the population decline and above all, migratory losses are particularly high. Through various qualitative and quantitative data acquisition techniques it was shown that new inmigration is still insignificant. The main reasons for this are the perseverance of large estates and the dominance of forestry.
Terra Incognita of the Russian Near North: Counter-Urbanization in Today’S Russia and the Formation of Dacha Communities
Authors: Nefedova Tatiana Grigor’evna , Pokrovsky Nikita Evgen’evich 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This article considers the salient features of counter-urbanization, which take place when urban residents, during the summer months, move to live in their second homes or their dachas [country homes or summer cottages]. Due to the social forces that are the result of incomplete urbanization, class polarization, and the rapid growth of major city centers, there are two powerful oppositional flows of migration taking place today in Russia. The first is centripetal migration or the movement of rural populations to large cities. The second form of migration is centrifugal migration or counterurbanization, which is the relocation of urban populations to rural areas. The article gives a theoretical overview of a new vision of migration as a part of modern flexible ‘liquid’ mobility, which enables urban residents to be constantly ‘on the move’, migrating between their urban apartments and suburban or distant dachas. A theoretical sociological background provides the field research, presented in the article, with an understanding of the realm of meanings of de-urbanization in a short and long historical run and in perspective. Russian men and women, who work in various professions due to advances in telecommunication technologies, are able to spend some extended periods at their dachas where they simultaneously work and enjoy the natural beauty and countryside. The different types of dachas in Russia that are either close to cities or in remote regions are examined. The case study of dacha counter-urbanization in the periphery region of Kostroma oblast' considers: 1) various features of the return counter-urbanization to remote dacha and 2) the social, economic and cultural effects that these dacha settlements have had on both the urban and rural residents.
Ecovillage as an Alternative Way of Rural Life: Evidence From Hungary and Slovakia
Authors: Moravčíková Danka , Fürjészová Tímea 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This paper offers a case study of three selected ecovillages (two in Hungary and one in Slovakia). The main objective is to characterize, analyse and eventually compare types, trends and problems in the development of ecovillages and to discuss the possible impacts and effects of ecovillage movement on sustainable rural development. The authors used interviews, observation and inquiry for data collection and methods of document analysis, content analysis of different sources, and analysis of foot marks. They attempt to bring the worldview closer by introducing the basic ecovillage concept and framework, and by describing the ecovillage types, recent trends, problems and challenges. The analytical part begins with a short characteristic of the ecovillage movement in Hungary and Slovakia and follows with six thematic subchapters that investigate and compare the observed ecovillages according to the purposes and motivation for their founding, the communication models and public relations, local economic systems and self-sufficiency phenomenon, the employment structure and the existing infrastructure. Finally, the last part is devoted to assess the main research findings.
Greenhouse Agriculture in the Icelandic Food System
Authors: Butrico Gina M. , Kaplan David H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Greenhouses are a frequent feature on the Icelandic rural landscape and an integral part of Iceland’s food system. Iceland’s reserves of geothermal energy present an opportunity to extend an otherwise short growing season. This promotes sustainability, increases food security, and benefits consumers. This article examines the relative strengths of Iceland’s greenhouse sector - using a combination of statistics, observations, and interviews to understand the resource demands of greenhouse agriculture, how well greenhouses can allay some food insecurity and provide local foods. It ends with an examination of how the reduction of subsidies used to keep greenhouse agriculture going, has had an effect and forces the question of whether losing much of Iceland’s agricultural sector and locally sourced food is worth the social and political costs.
Efficiency of the Dairy Farms: A Study from Azores (Portugal)
Authors: Silva Emiliana , Almeida Bruno , Marta-Costa Ana Alexandra 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Azores dairy represents 30% of Portuguese production. The farms are dominated by family nature and a relevant part of them are an exclusive source of the producer’s income. Nowadays, the milk production has some problems due to the falling prices of milk on the producer and the European milk quotes abolishment. This situation requires the assessment of the Azorean dairy farms efficiency as a way to rationalize the use of the factors of production for the milk production. The aim of this research is to estimate the Technical Efficiency (TE) in two different groups of farms, of which the used criteria were to earn incomes exclusively from farm (Full-Time Farmer, FTF) or to have another complementary source of income (Partial-Time Farmer, PTF). The farms database was provided by a farmers’ association and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was chosen for modelling TE estimation. The main findings show the inexistence of substantial differences in the farms performance with or without complementary sources of income (0.679 for PTF and 0.689 for FTF). However, the most efficient farms are related with the main source of income.
About Supergraphs. Part I
Authors: Koch Sebastian 
Published: January 2019

Summary
Drawing a finite graph is usually done by a finite sequence of the following three operations.
1. Draw a vertex of the graph.
2. Draw an edge between two vertices of the graph.
3. Draw an edge starting from a vertex of the graph and immediately draw a vertex at the other end of it.
By this procedure any finite graph can be constructed. This property of graphs is so obvious that the author of this article has yet to find a reference where it is mentioned explicitly. In introductionary books (like [10], [5], [9]) as well as in advanced ones (like [4]), after the initial definition of graphs the examples are usually given by graphical representations rather than explicit set theoretic descriptions, assuming a mutual understanding how the representation is to be translated into a description fitting the definition. However, Mizar [2], [3] does not possess this innate ability of humans to translate pictures into graphs. Therefore, if one wants to create graphs in Mizar without directly providing a set theoretic description (i.e. using the createGraph functor), a rigorous approach to the constructing operations is required.
In this paper supergraphs are defined as an inverse mode to subgraphs as given in [8]. The three graph construction operations are defined as modes extending Supergraph similar to how the various remove operations were introduced as submodes of Subgraph in [8]. Many theorems are proven that describe how graph properties are transferred to special supergraphs. In particular, to prove that disconnected graphs cannot become connected by adding an edge between two vertices that lie in the same component, the theory of replacing a part of a walk with another walk is introduced in the preliminaries.
Crude oil, natural gas, and economic growth: impact and causality analysis in Caspian Sea region
Authors: Jahangir S M Rashed , Dural Betul Yuce 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact and causality of crude oil and natural gas on economic growth in the Caspian Sea region. Here, the study applies ordinary least square (OLS) method and Granger causality test using time series data from 1997 to 2015 to ascertain the impact and causality of crude oil and natural gas on economic growth. The results, according to the OLS method, evince that crude oil and natural gas have a significant impact on economic growth of the region. Alongside, considering causality test, gross domestic product (GDP) does Granger cause (unidirectional) crude oil price and export which denotes that GDP can help to forecast crude oil price and export; however, crude oil price and export cannot help to forecast GDP. Surprisingly, this direction is unlikely for GDP and natural gas. GDP and natural gas have unidirectional, but opposite causal relationship, i.e., natural gas price and export do Granger cause GDP which signify that natural gas price and export can help to forecast GDP; however, GDP cannot help to forecast crude oil price and export.
On Some New Classes of Bi-univalent Functions
Authors: Darus M. , Singh Saumya 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In the present paper, we introduce and investigate two new subclasses QΣ(n; y;k) and BΣ(n;β;k) of bi-valent functions in the unit disk U. For functions belonging to the classes QΣ(n;y;k) and BΣ(n;β;k), we obtain estimates on the first two Taylor-Maclaurin coefficients |a2| and |a3|.
A New Compound Lifetime Distribution: Model, Characterization, Estimation and Application
Authors: Rashid Adil , Jan Tariq Rashid , Bhat Akhtar Hussain , Ahmad Z. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
There are diverse lifetime models available to the researchers to predict the uncertain behavior of random events but at times they fail to provide adequate fit for some complex and new data sets. New probability distributions are emerging as lifetime models to meet this ever growing demand of modeling complex real world phenomena from different sciences with better efficiency. Here, in this manuscript we shall compose Ailamujia distribution with that of power series distribution. This newly developed distribution called Ailamujia power series distribution reduces to four new special lifetime models on simple specific function parametric setting. Apart from this some important mathematical properties in the form of propositions will also be discussed. Furthermore, characterization and some statistical properties that include mgf, moments, and parameter estimation have also been discussed. Finally, the potency of newly proposed model has been analyzed statistically and graphically and it has been established from the statistical analysis that newly proposed model offers a better fit when it comes to model some lifetime data set.
Nitric oxide products are not associated with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Klisic Aleksandra , Kocic Gordana , Kavaric Nebojsa , Pavlovic Radmila , Soldatovic Ivan , Ninic Ana 
Published: January 2019

SummaryBackgroundNitric oxide (NO) is oxidative stress biomarker which is regarded as one of the key determinants of energy metabolism and vascular tone. Considering the controversial reports on the association between nitric oxide products (NOx) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), the aim of the current study was to examine that potential relationship. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate a broad spectrum of other oxidative stress biomarkers [i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), xanthine oxidoreductase (XOD), xanthine oxidase (XO) xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH)] in relation with MetS.MethodsA total of 109 volunteers (46.8% of them with MetS) were included in this cross-sectional study. Biohemical and anthropometric parameters, as well as blood pressure, were obtained. The MetS was diagnosed according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria.ResultsMultivariate logistic regression analysis showed that XOD (OR=1.011; 95% CI 1.002–1.019; p=0.016), XO (OR=1.014; 95% CI 1.003–1.026; p=0.016), MDA (OR=1.113; 95% CI 1.038–1.192; p=0.003) and AOPP (OR=1.022; 95% CI 1.005–1.039; p=0.012) were the independent predictors of MetS, whereas no association between NOx and MetS was found. As XOD rose for 1 U/L, XO for 1 U/L, MDA for 1 μmol/L and AOPP for 1 T/L, probability for MetS rose for 1.1%, 1.4%, 11.3% and 2.2%, respectively. Adjusted R2for the Model was 0.531, which means that 53.1% of variation in MetS could be explained with this Model.ConclusionUnlike XOD, MDA and AOPP, NOx is not associated with MetS.
Modified, threshold-based circulation type classification for Central Europe, on the basis of Lityński’s classification
Authors: Kulesza Kinga 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
There are many classifications of atmospheric circulation types. In Poland, the most important one, used by Polish weather services, is the classification of circulation types developed by Lityński. This paper proposes four modifications to the currently used algorithm for determining atmospheric circulation types. The proposed algorithms have been compared and it has been shown which one produces a catalogue of circulation types in which the division of the distribution of the values of the three indices (the zonal index Ws, meridional index Wp and cyclonicity index Cp) into three classes is the closest to being equally likely. In 1986-2015, the classification scheme that deemed to be the best, differed in above 19% of cases from the currently used classification.