bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covering linguistic variability in Arabic
Authors: Daniëls Helge 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In this article a series of Arabic terms that refer to language variability will be discussed. The basic principle of the analysis is that these terms are explicitly or implicitly informed by language ideological attitudes concerning linguistic variability in Arabic in which a diglossic division is taken for granted. Because of its common-sense and taken-for-granted nature, (language) ideology tends to be located much more in the unsaid than in what is overtly voiced. At first sight, linguistic terminology might seem straightforward and explicit. However, especially if the terms involved are commonly used, they tend to cover a set of shared attitudes toward language and language use. A study of the terminology regarding language variability, then, can be very productive in uncovering implicit assumptions concerning linguistic variability in the Arab-speaking world. We will focus on the early Islamic era and the end of the 19th century as crucial pivotal periods in the development of both language and linguistic terminology, as our basic assumption is that the semantic and ideological load of linguistic terms evolves in parallel with important social and political changes. The article will conclude with a preliminary exploration of recent terminological developments related to computer mediated communication (CMC).
In silico drug repositioning based on drug-miRNA associations
Authors: Zhou Xu , Dai Enyu , Song Qian , Ma Xueyan , Meng Qianqian , Jiang Yongshuai , Jiang Wei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDrug repositioning has become a prevailing tactic as this strategy is efficient, economical and low risk for drug discovery. Meanwhile, recent studies have confirmed that small-molecule drugs can modulate the expression of disease-related miRNAs, which indicates that miRNAs are promising therapeutic targets for complex diseases. In this study, we put forward and verified the hypothesis that drugs with similar miRNA profiles may share similar therapeutic properties. Furthermore, a comprehensive drug–drug interaction network was constructed based on curated drug-miRNA associations. Through random network comparison, topological structure analysis and network module extraction, we found that the closely linked drugs in the network tend to treat the same diseases. Additionally, the curated drug–disease relationships (from the CTD) and random walk with restarts algorithm were utilized on the drug–drug interaction network to identify the potential drugs for a given disease. Both internal validation (leave-one-out cross-validation) and external validation (independent drug–disease data set from the ChEMBL) demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Finally, by integrating drug-miRNA and miRNA-disease information, we also explain the modes of action of drugs in the view of miRNA regulation. In summary, our work could determine novel and credible drug indications and offer novel insights and valuable perspectives for drug repositioning.
Motivational Impairment is Accompanied by Corticoaccumbal Dysfunction in the BACHD-Tg5 Rat Model of Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Zlebnik Natalie E , Gildish Iness , Sesia Thibaut , Fitoussi Aurelie , Cole Ellen A , Carson Brian P , Cachope Roger , Cheer Joseph F 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as avolition, apathy, and anhedonia, precede the onset of debilitating motor symptoms in Huntington’s disease (HD), and their development may give insight into early disease progression and treatment. However, the neuronal and circuit mechanisms of premanifest HD pathophysiology are not well-understood. Here, using a transgenic rat model expressing the full-length human mutant HD gene, we find early and profound deficits in reward motivation in the absence of gross motor abnormalities. These deficits are accompanied by significant and progressive dysfunction in corticostriatal processing and communication among brain areas critical for reward-driven behavior. Together, our results define early corticostriatal dysfunction as a possible pathogenic contributor to psychiatric disturbances and may help identify potential pharmacotherapeutic targets for the treatment of HD.
Understanding the Effectiveness of Psychosocial Services for Anxiety and Depression in Chinese Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Trials
Authors: Zhang Anao , Kong Dexia , Jiang Lin , Sun Fei , Dunkle Ruth E , Liu Chun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThere exists an imperative need to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for Chinese geriatric populations’ mental wellbeing. This study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of psychosocial services for Chinese older adults’ depression and anxiety.Research Design and MethodsA search of nine electronic databases, five geriatric mental health journals, and reference lists was conducted for studies published between 1980 and April. 2018. Thirty-three studies (including totally 3,478 participants, 107 effect sizes) of true and quasiexperimental controlled trials were eligible and included for meta-analysis using robust variance estimation in meta-regression. Outcome indicators were geriatric depression and anxiety.ResultsAn overall significant treatment effect was identified for geriatric depression and anxiety (d = 0.577, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.288, 0.867, p < .001). Outcomes, geographic area, participants’ marriage, service setting, and types of control group were moderators for treatment effects. Subgroup analysis observed statistically significant effect size among studies in Taiwan, used innovative service methods and small group interventions. Both in-person, home-based interventions and interventions provided by nurse practitioners and specially trained providers were statistically significant.Discussion and ImplicationsPsychosocial services can benefit Chinese geriatric populations. Innovative and culturally relevant programs received strongest research supports. Future research should incorporate social interaction as an important component for serving Chinese older adults’ mental wellbeing.
Genome-wide association study of anti-Müllerian hormone levels in pre-menopausal women of late reproductive age and relationship with genetic determinants of reproductive lifespan
Authors: Ruth Katherine S , Soares Ana Luiza G , Borges Maria-Carolina , Eliassen A Heather , Hankinson Susan E , Jones Michael E , Kraft Peter , Nichols Hazel B , Sandler Dale P , Schoemaker Minouk J , Taylor Jack A , Zeleniuch-Jacquotte Anne , Lawlor Deborah A , Swerdlow Anthony J , Murray Anna 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is required for sexual differentiation in the fetus, and in adult females AMH is produced by growing ovarian follicles. Consequently, AMH levels are correlated with ovarian reserve, declining towards menopause when the oocyte pool is exhausted. A previous genome-wide association study identified three genetic variants in and around the AMH gene that explained 25% of variation in AMH levels in adolescent males but did not identify any genetic associations reaching genome-wide significance in adolescent females. To explore the role of genetic variation in determining AMH levels in women of late reproductive age, we carried out a genome-wide meta-analysis in 3344 pre-menopausal women from five cohorts (median age 44–48 years at blood draw). A single genetic variant, rs16991615, previously associated with age at menopause, reached genome-wide significance at P = 3.48 × 10−10, with a per allele difference in age-adjusted inverse normal AMH of 0.26 standard deviations (SD) (95% confidence interval (CI) [0.18,0.34]). We investigated whether genetic determinants of female reproductive lifespan were more generally associated with pre-menopausal AMH levels. Genetically-predicted age at menarche had no robust association but genetically-predicted age at menopause was associated with lower AMH levels by 0.18 SD (95% CI [0.14,0.21]) in age-adjusted inverse normal AMH per one-year earlier age at menopause. Our findings provide genetic support for the well-established use of AMH as a marker of ovarian reserve.
Pulmonary Smooth Muscle in Vertebrates: A Comparative Review of Structure and Function
Authors: Cieri Robert L 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAlthough the airways of vertebrates are diverse in shape, complexity, and function, they all contain visceral smooth muscle. The morphology, function, and innervation of this tissue in airways is reviewed in actinopterygians, lungfish, amphibians, non-avian reptiles, birds, and mammals. Smooth muscle was likely involved in tension regulation ancestrally, and may serve to assist lung emptying in fishes and aquatic amphibians, as well as maintain internal lung structure. In certain non-avian reptiles and anurans antagonistic smooth muscle fibers may contribute to intrapulmonary gas mixing. In mammals and birds, smooth muscle regulates airway caliber, and may be important in controlling the distribution of ventilation at rest and exercise, or during thermoregulatory and vocal hyperventilation. Airway smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system: cranial cholinergic innervation generally causes excitation, cranial non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic innervation causes inhibition, and spinal adrenergic (SA) input causes species-specific, often heterogeneous contractions and relaxations.
Enlightening the ocean’s twilight zone
Authors: Kaartvedt Stein , Langbehn Tom J , Aksnes Dag L 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBy definition, the mesopelagic twilight zone extends from 200 to 1000 m depth. Rather than confining the twilight zone to a certain depth interval, we here propose a definition that covers absolute light intensities ranging from 10−9 to 10−1 μmol quanta m−2 s−1. The lowest intensity of this twilight habitat corresponds to the visual threshold of lanternfishes (Myctophidae). The highest intensity corresponds to the upper light exposure of pearlsides (Maurolicus spp.), which have a unique eye adapted to higher light intensities than the lanternfishes. By this definition, the daytime twilight habitat extends deeper than 1000 m in very clear oceanic water, while may even be largely located above 200 m in very murky coastal waters. During moonlit nights in clear water, the twilight habitat would still extend deep into the mesopelagic depth zone, while becoming compressed toward the surface in dark nights. Large variation in night light, from 10−3 μmol quanta m−2 s−1 during moonlit nights to 10−8 μmol quanta m−2 s−1 in dark overcast nights, implies that division of light into night- and daylight is insufficient to characterize the habitats and distributional patterns of twilight organisms. Future research will benefit from in situ light measurements, during night- as well as daytime, and habitat classification based on optical properties in addition to depth. We suggest some pertinent research questions for future exploration of the twilight zone.
Tobacco and type 2 diabetes: is the association explained by genetic factors?
Authors: Carlsson Sofia , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , Magnusson Cecilia , Lagerros Ylva Trolle , Andersson Tomas 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Smoking and use of Swedish smokeless tobacco (snus) are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our aim was to estimate the unique and shared genetic components of these traits and to what extent the association is explained by shared genetic factors.

Methods
We used twins of the Swedish Twin Registry who responded to a questionnaire between 1998 and 2006 (n = 40 247) and were followed until 2015 in the National Prescription and Patient Registries. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) for the association between smoking/snus use and T2D (n = 2130) and used structural equation models to estimate genetic and environmental variance components and genetic correlations.

Results
Current smokers [HR 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.49–1.92] and snus users (HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01–1.41) had an increased risk of T2D. In within-pair analyses of monozygotic twins, corresponding ORs were 1.36, 95% CI 0.75–2.46 (smoking) and 1.54, 95% CI 0.80–2.99 (snus). Heritability was 43% (95% CI 36–51) for ever smoking, 58% (95% CI 44– 70) for ever snus use and 66% (95% CI 59–72) for T2D. The genetic correlation with T2D was 18% (95% CI 1–35) for smoking and –6% (95% CI –24 to 4) for snus use, indicating that only a small fraction of the genetic influence is shared.

Conclusions
We could confirm that consumers of snus and cigarettes are at increased risk of T2D. Both snus use and smoking have strong genetic components, which appears to be attributable primarily to genes that are distinct from those promoting T2D.
Disposition toward privacy and information disclosure in the context of emerging health technologies
Authors: Schairer Cynthia E , Cheung Cynthia , Kseniya Rubanovich Caryn , Cho Mildred , Cranor Lorrie Faith , Bloss Cinnamon S 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to present a model of privacy disposition and its development based on qualitative research on privacy considerations in the context of emerging health technologies.Materials and MethodsWe spoke to 108 participants across 44 interviews and 9 focus groups to understand the range of ways in which individuals value (or do not value) control over their health information. Transcripts of interviews and focus groups were systematically coded and analyzed in ATLAS.ti for privacy considerations expressed by respondents.ResultsThree key findings from the qualitative data suggest a model of privacy disposition. First, participants described privacy related behavior as both contextual and habitual. Second, there are motivations for and deterrents to sharing personal information that do not fit into the analytical categories of risks and benefits. Third, philosophies of privacy, often described as attitudes toward privacy, should be classified as a subtype of motivation or deterrent.DiscussionThis qualitative analysis suggests a simple but potentially powerful conceptual model of privacy disposition, or what makes a person more or less private. Components of privacy disposition are identifiable and measurable through self-report and therefore amenable to operationalization and further quantitative inquiry.ConclusionsWe propose this model as the basis for a psychometric instrument that can be used to identify types of privacy dispositions, with potential applications in research, clinical practice, system design, and policy.
Unravelling the Meaning of Place and Spatial Mobility: Analysing the Everyday Life-worlds of Refugees in Host Societies by Means of Mobility Mapping
Authors: Weidinger Tobias , Kordel Stefan , Kieslinger Julia 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis article develops mobility mapping as a valuable space-related instrument to tackle the lack of attention to the meanings of places and everyday spatial mobility in the process of refugee settlement. Referring to two consecutive case studies carried out with asylum seekers and recognized refugees in rural Germany, we discuss the surplus of this tool considering both peculiarities in implementation and the opportunities of analysis of respondent-generated maps. Experiences from this trial research point out ways of implementing a tool that focuses on the graphic and visual dimension of knowledge creation. Relying on principles of participatory research, this tool can help to diminish power asymmetries between the researcher and the participant and acknowledge individuals’ competencies in terms of language. Depending on the aim of the study, the empirical data generated can be analysed both as a product and as a process. Results indicate added value by revealing the importance of spatial dimensions in asylum seekers’ and refugees’ life-worlds, encompassing the construction of individually important places as well as spatial mobility and accessibility. For practitioners, the implementation of the tool provides an opportunity to enhance participant-oriented planning and capacity building, such as in terms of networks and infrastructures, that addresses both individuals’ needs and spatial structures.
Losing face
Authors: Gall Thomas , Reinstein David 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
When Al makes an offer to Betty that Betty observes and rejects, Al may suffer a painful and costly ‘loss of face’ (LoF). LoF can be avoided by letting the vulnerable side make the second move, or by setting up conditionally anonymous environments that only reveal when both parties say ‘yes’. This can impact bilateral matching problems; for example, marriage markets, research partnering, and international negotiations. We model this situation assuming asymmetric information, continuous signals of individuals’ binary types, linear marriage production functions, and a primitive LoF term component to utility. LoF makes rejecting one’s match strictly preferable to being rejected, making stable the ‘high-types always reject’ equilibrium. LoF may have non-monotonic effects on stable interior equilibria. A small LoF makes high-types more selective, making marriage less common and more assortative. A greater LoF (for males only) makes low-type males reverse snobs, which makes high-type females less choosy, with ambiguous effects on the marriage rate.
Correlation of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Disease Severity and Mortality With CMV Viral Burden in CMV-Seropositive Donor and CMV-Seronegative Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: McBride Jacqueline M , Sheinson Daniel , Jiang Jenny , Lewin-Koh Nicholas , Werner Barbara G , Chow Jennifer K L , Wu Xiaoning , Tavel Jorge A , Snydman David R 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
The rate of cytomegalovirus (CMV) viral load increase and peak viral loads are associated with CMV disease in kidney and liver transplant recipients, but relationships to disease severity or mortality have not been shown.

Methods
Using stored serial serum specimens from renal (n = 59) and liver (n = 35) transplant recipients (D+R-; CMV-seropositive donors, CMV-seronegative recipients) from 2 prospective, randomized, controlled, interventional prophylaxis trials of CMV immune globulin (CMVIG), CMV viral load was measured using the COBAS quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay and the World Health Organization CMV standard. Patients with severe CMV-associated disease were classified according to trial definitions. Pairwise comparisons of mean viral load among deceased, surviving diseased, and nondiseased patients were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance. To determine if viral load could predict mortality, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed using area under the curve (AUC) of the viral load and peak viral concentration (Vmax).

Results
Viral load (mean log10 [AUC], peak viral load [Vmax]) for patients with severe CMV disease was significantly higher compared with nondiseased patients (P &lt; .001). Similarly, higher viral burden was significantly associated with mortality (P &lt; .001). Viral load AUC and Vmax AUROCs for predicting mortality were 0.796 and 0.824, respectively, for renal patients, and 0.769 and 0.807, respectively, for liver patients.

Conclusions
Using specimens from studies preceding the antiviral prophylaxis era, CMV viral load was associated with severe CMV disease and death, supporting CMV viral load quantification as a proxy for CMV disease severity and disease-associated mortality end points in solid organ transplantation.
Cell-free biosynthesis of limonene using enzyme-enriched Escherichia coli lysates
Authors: Dudley Quentin M , Nash Connor J , Jewett Michael C 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIsoprenoids are an attractive class of metabolites for enzymatic synthesis from renewable substrates. However, metabolic engineering of microorganisms for monoterpenoid production is limited by the need for time-consuming, and often non-intuitive, combinatorial tuning of biosynthetic pathway variations to meet design criteria. Towards alleviating this limitation, the goal of this work was to build a modular, cell-free platform for construction and testing of monoterpenoid pathways, using the fragrance and flavoring molecule limonene as a model. In this platform, multiple Escherichia coli lysates, each enriched with a single overexpressed pathway enzyme, are mixed to construct the full biosynthetic pathway. First, we show the ability to synthesize limonene from six enriched lysates with mevalonate substrate, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) source, and cofactors. Next, we extend the pathway to use glucose as a substrate, which relies on native metabolism in the extract to convert glucose to acetyl-CoA along with three additional enzymes to convert acetyl-CoA to mevalonate. We find that the native E. coli farnesyl diphosphate synthase (IspA) is active in the lysate and diverts flux from the pathway intermediate geranyl pyrophospahte to farnesyl pyrophsophate and the byproduct farnesol. By adjusting the relative levels of cofactors NAD+, ATP and CoA, the system can synthesize 0.66 mM (90.2 mg l−1) limonene over 24 h, a productivity of 3.8 mg l−1 h−1. Our results highlight the flexibility of crude lysates to sustain complex metabolism and, by activating a glucose-to-limonene pathway with 9 heterologous enzymes encompassing 20 biosynthetic steps, expands an approach of using enzyme-enriched lysates for constructing, characterizing and prototyping enzymatic pathways.