bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An integrative salivary approach regarding palate cleansers in wine tasting
Authors: Taladrid Diego , Lorente Laura , Bartolomé Begoña , Moreno‐Arribas M. Victoria , Laguna Laura 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWine sensory sessions normally involve the tasting of several samples, to remove food residues from the mouth the use of palate cleansers (PC) is needed. Until now, there is no agreement on the best PC to use during wine tasting sessions. The aim of this work is to study the relationship between the components retained in saliva after wine tasting and the remnant sensory feeling (astringency, alcohol, and acidity). For that, different common PC (water, carbonated water, and milk) were tested and saliva samples (expectorated and scraped) from nine trained panelists were collected after wine with and without PC trials. Results showed that after palate cleansing and not cleansing, astringency, alcoholic and acidity perception were influenced by time, PC and panelist. Astringency perception showed the greatest intensity in comparison to alcoholic and acidity. Milk was the only PC which reduced quantifiable polyphenols in expectorated saliva, as well as reducing astringency feelings. Although compositions of expectorated and scraped saliva correlated between them, polyphenols accumulated in the expectorated saliva significantly more. Retained polyphenols were correlated with astringency perception, but no correlation was found with salivary proteins. These findings assessed the astringency build‐up effect during wine tasting due to polyphenols accumulation in saliva, remarking the importance of an adequate PC selection. All things considered, the present work confirmed the relationship between after‐swallow mouthfeel perception and mouth residues instrumentally quantified. Also, milk has proven to be the most effective of the three PC.Practical applicationsDuring tasting the accumulation of residues from previous wine samples tasted, could mislead the judgment of wine sensory qualities by oenologists. Therefore, between tasting samples it is highly important to choose the right PC. However, until now the selection of PC remains empirical, therefore in this work, we proposed to study the residues in saliva by using different PC and quantifying instrumentally, the wine residues. The methodology selected to quantify the wines residues in saliva was quick and easy to use. Furthermore, instrumental results were related with the sensory feeling of mouth cleanliness without considering individual panel member's preferences of PC. In this study, to remove astringency feeling, milk was shown to be the best cleanser in comparison with water, carbonated water or nothing, but oenologist/winemakers could use this instrumental methodology in saliva to select which one is the best among their current PC used.
How are macronutrient intake, BMI, ethnicity, age, and gender related to the composition of unstimulated saliva? A case study
Authors: Mosca Ana Carolina , Stieger Markus , Neyraud Eric , Brignot Hélène , van de Wiel Anne , Chen Jianshe 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study investigated how macronutrient intake, BMI, ethnicity, age, and gender are related to the composition of unstimulated saliva. First, two groups of Caucasian, Dutch subjects varying in daily intake of carbohydrate, fat, and protein were selected. The daily intake of macronutrients differed by two‐ to threefold between the low (n = 14) and high (n = 16) macronutrient intake groups. The same subjects were divided into two groups based on BMI: normal weight (n = 14, 22.5 ± 2.0 kg/m2) and overweight (n = 16, 28.1 ± 3.4 kg/m2). Second, one group of Caucasian, Dutch (n = 15) and one group of Asian, Chinese (n = 15) subjects were selected. Unstimulated saliva was collected from all groups. Protein concentration, amylolytic activity, lipolytic activity, and saliva flow rate were determined. None of the salivary parameters varied according to macronutrient intake and BMI. An effect of ethnicity on protein concentration was observed (p < .01; η2 = 0.142), with Asians having a 45% higher protein concentration in unstimulated saliva than Caucasians. Age had a significant effect on all salivary parameters. Protein concentration (p < .01; η2 = 0.256), amylolytic activity (p < .01; η2 = 0.234), and lipolytic activity (p < .05; η2 = 0.207) increased with age, while saliva flow rate decreased (p < .01; η2 = 0.262). Gender had a significant effect on saliva flow rate (p < .01; η2 = 0.130), with male subjects having a 32% higher flow rate than females. Age was the factor that had the greatest impact on the characteristics of unstimulated saliva. As the modulation of saliva composition according to diet has been reported previously, the extent to which macronutrient intake can affect saliva composition needs to be further investigated.Practical applicationsSaliva plays an important role in food oral processing. From the breakdown of food structures to the binding of flavor compounds and the formation of a swallowable bolus, saliva is essential for the perception and appreciation of foods. Identifying the factors that affect saliva composition is, therefore, necessary to understand the differences in eating behavior, food perception, and preference across different consumer groups. This article aims to highlight the importance of considering saliva variability when designing food products that meet the needs of specific consumer groups.
Field evaluation of GeneXpert® (Cepheid) HCV performance for RNA quantification in a genotype 1 and 6 predominant patient population in Cambodia
Authors: Iwamoto Momoko , Calzia Aurelie , Dublineau Amelie , Rouet François , Nouhin Janin , Yann Sokchea , Pin Sophorn , Sun Chhorvy , Sann Kimchamroeun , Dimanche Chhit , Lastrucci Celine , Coulborn Rebecca M. , Maman David , Dousset Jean‐Philippe , Loarec Anne 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGeneXpert® (Cepheid) is the only WHO prequalified platform for hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleic acid amplification testing that is suitable for point‐of‐care use in resource‐limited contexts. However, its application is constrained by the lack of evidence on genotype 6 (GT6) HCV. We evaluated its field performance among a patient population in Cambodia predominantly infected with GT6. Between August and September 2017, we tested plasma samples obtained from consenting patients at Médecins Sans Frontières’ HCV clinic at Preah Kossamak Hospital for HCV viral load (VL) using GeneXpert® and compared its results to those obtained using COBAS® AmpliPrep/Cobas® TaqMan® HCV Quantitative Test, v2.0 (Roche) at the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge. Among 769 patients, 77% of the seropositive patients (n = 454/590) had detectable and quantifiable VL using Roche and 43% (n = 195/454) were GT6. The sensitivity and specificity of GeneXpert® against Roche were 100% (95% CI 99.2, 100.0) and 98.5% (95% CI 94.8, 99.8). The mean VL difference was −0.01 (95% CI −0.05, 0.02) log10 IU/mL for 454 samples quantifiable on Roche and −0.07 (95% CI −0.12, −0.02) log10 IU/mL for GT6 (n = 195). The limit of agreement (LOA) was −0.76 to 0.73 log10 IU/mL for all GTs and −0.76 to 0.62 log10 IU/mL for GT6. Twenty‐nine GeneXpert® results were outside the LOA. Frequency of error and the median turnaround time (TAT) for GeneXpert® were 1% and 0 days (4 days using Roche). We demonstrated that the GeneXpert® HCV assay has good sensitivity, specificity, quantitative agreement, and TAT in a real‐world, resource‐limited clinical setting among GT6 HCV patients.
Early emergence of opportunistic infections after starting direct‐acting antiviral drugs in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients
Authors: Macías Juan , Téllez Francisco , Rivero‐Juárez Antonio , Palacios Rosario , Morano Luis E. , Merino Dolores , Collado Antonio , García‐Fraile Lucio , Omar Mohamed , Pineda Juan A. ,   On behalf of the HEPAVIR, GEHEP and RIS‐HEP07 study groups
Published: September 2018

SummaryVaricella‐zoster virus and hepatitis B virus reactivations have been reported after starting interferon‐free direct‐acting antiviral agent (DAA) combinations. HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients could be a high‐risk group for the reactivation of latent infections. Because of these, we report the occurrence of severe infections after starting DAA regimens in HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients. Individuals included in the HEPAVIR‐DAA (NCT02057003) cohort were selected if they had received all‐oral DAA combinations. A retrospective review of clinical events registered between the start of DAAs and 12 months after SVR12 was carried out. Overall, 38 (4.5%) of 848 patients presented infections. The incidence (95% confidence interval) of infections was 4.6 (3.3‐6.3) cases per 100 person‐years. The median (Q1‐Q3) time to the infection since baseline was 23 (7.3‐33) weeks. Five (13%) of the patients with infections died; four of them had cirrhosis. The frequency of previous AIDS was 21 (54%) for patients with infections and 324 (40%) for those without infections (P = 0.084). The median (Q1‐Q3) nadir CD4 cell count of individuals with and without infections was 75 (53‐178) and 144 (67‐255) cells/μL, respectively (P = 0.047). Immunodepression‐associated infections were observed in 9 (1.1%) patients. All of them had suppressed HIV replication with antiretroviral therapy. In conclusion, severe infections are relatively common among HIV/HCV‐coinfected patients receiving all‐oral DAA combinations. Some unusual reactivations of latent infections in patients with suppressed HIV replication seem to be temporally linked with DAA use.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of Lutzomyia longipalpis and macro‐habitat characterization using satellite images in a leishmaniasis‐endemic city in Argentina
Authors: Berrozpe P. E. , Lamattina D. , Santini M. S. , Araujo A. V. , Torrusio S. E. , Salomón O. D. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract.The spatiotemporal population dynamics of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae) were evaluated in a city in Argentina in which visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. Over 14 sampling sessions, 5244 specimens of five species of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) were captured, of which 2458 (46.87%) specimens were L. longipalpis. Generalized linear models were constructed to evaluate the associations between L. longipalpis abundance and explanatory variables derived from satellite images. The spatial variable ‘stratum’ and the temporal variable ‘season’ were also included in the models. Three variables were found to have significant associations: the normalized difference vegetation index; land surface temperature, and low urban coverage. The last two of these were associated with L. longipalpis abundance only during summer and winter, respectively. This variation between seasons supports the development of models that include temporal variables because models of distributions of the abundance of a species may show different critical variables according to the climatic period of the year. Abundance decreased gradually towards the downtown area, which suggests that L. longipalpis responds to a meta‐population structure, in which rural–periurban source populations that persist over time may colonize adjacent areas. This information allows for a spatiotemporal stratification of risk, which provides public health authorities with a valuable tool to help optimize prevention measures against visceral leishmaniasis.
Inductive Knowledge
Authors: Bacon Andrew 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper formulates some paradoxes of inductive knowledge. Two responses in particular are explored: According to the first sort of theory, one is able to know in advance that certain observations will not be made unless a law exists. According to the other, this sort of knowledge is not available until after the observations have been made. Certain natural assumptions, such as the idea that the observations are just as informative as each other, the idea that they are independent, and that they increase your knowledge monotonically (among others) are given precise formulations. Some surprising consequences of these assumptions are drawn, and their ramifications for the two theories examined. Finally, a simple model of inductive knowledge is offered, and independently derived from other principles concerning the interaction of knowledge and counterfactuals.
A re‐interpretation of the ambulacral system ofEumorphocystis(Blastozoa, Echinodermata) and its bearing on the evolution of early crinoids
Authors: Sheffield Sarah L. , Sumrall Colin D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRecent debates over the evolutionary relationships of early echinoderms have relied heavily on morphological evidence from the feeding ambulacral system.Eumorphocystis, a Late Ordovician diploporitan, has been a focus in these debates because it bears ambulacral features that show strong morphological similarity to early crinoid arms. Undescribed and well‐preserved specimens ofEumorphocystisfrom the Bromide Formation (Oklahoma,USA) provide new data illustrating that composite arms supported by a radial plate that bear a triserial arrangement of axial and extraxial components encasing a coelomic extension can also be found in blastozoans. Previous reports have considered these arm structures to be restricted to crinoids; these combined features have not been previously observed in blastozoan echinoderms. Phylogenetic analyses suggest thatEumorphocystisand crinoids are sister taxa and that shared derived features of these taxa are homologous. The evidence from the arms ofEumorphocystissuggests that crinoid arms were derived from a specialized blastozoan ambulacral system that lost feeding brachioles and strongly suggests that crinoids are nested within blastozoans.
An international comparison of Google searches for sunscreen, sunburn, skin cancer, and melanoma: Current trends and public health implications
Authors: Hopkins Zachary H. , Secrest Aaron M. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryBackgroundGoogle Trends® (GT) offers insight into public interests and behaviors and holds potential for guiding public health campaigns.ObjectivesThis study explored international trends in English‐speaking countries (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand) in searches for sunscreen, sunburn, skin cancer, and melanoma to better guide skin cancer prevention campaigns.MethodsGoogle Trends® was queried for search terms from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2017. Respective national databases were queried for melanoma outcome data from 2004 to 2014 and compared with time‐matched search data. Correlations between search terms, time, and melanoma outcomes were assessed for each country. Quantitative analyses were performed to evaluate differences in search volumes between countries with varying melanoma incidence.ResultsIn all countries, the strongest intra‐term correlation was between sunscreen and sunburn. Searches for sunscreen and sunburn are increasing for all countries. For all countries except the United Kingdom and New Zealand, searches for skin cancer and melanoma are decreasing for one or both terms. Correlations between search terms and melanoma outcomes were variable and specific to each country. Quantitative analysis revealed that countries with higher melanoma incidence had higher search volumes for all terms. Search volumes were especially high for skin cancer and melanoma in Australia compared with other countries. Comparisons between moderate melanoma incidence countries were less clear.ConclusionsOnline skin cancer prevention campaigns should focus on the search terms sunburn and sunscreen, especially given the declining interest between 2004 and 2016 in the terms skin cancer and melanoma seen in multiple countries. Search term interests varied with melanoma outcomes and between countries, suggesting the importance of customizing approaches based on local population interests and geographic areas.
Periodontal complications with age
Authors: Persson Goesta Rutger 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe present literature review on periodontal complications in aging focuses on the diagnosis, etiology and development of periodontal complications as a complete entity. In addition, the review also focuses on some of the common systemic diseases that either may further add to periodontal complications or, as result of anti‐inflammatory treatment, limit the expression of periodontal disease. There is no evidence to suggest that clinical methods to provide periodontal therapies have been developed especially for older individuals. There is evidence that aging can be associated with periodontally healthy conditions through life and with a high level of tooth retention and function. Periodontal complications that are difficult to manage are usually associated with concurrent medical diseases and complications, or with socio‐economic factors that limit the ability to provide dental care for the aging population. Currently, some systemic medical conditions are managed with anti‐inflammatory medications with positive effects, while slowing the progression and expression of chronic periodontitis. The lack of data from clinical studies on how to manage periodontal complications in aging is obvious.
A public health perspective on personalized periodontics
Authors: Knight Ellie T. , Murray Thomson W. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we consider personalized periodontics from a public health perspective. Periodontitis is an under‐acknowledged and important public health problem, and there has long been interest in identifying and treating those who are at high risk of developing this disease. Although susceptibility/risk‐assessment tools in periodontology are currently in their early stages of development, personalized periodontics is increasingly becoming a realistic approach. At the population level, however, personalized periodontics is not an effective way of improving periodontal health because it would target only those who seek help or are able to access care. The occurrence of periodontitis in populations is socially patterned, with those of lower socio‐economic position having poorer periodontal health and being far less likely to seek care. There is the potential for social inequalities actually to worsen as a result of personalized periodontics. In most health systems, personalized periodontics is likely to be accessible only to the social strata for whom it is affordable, and those with the greatest need for such an intervention will remain the least likely to be able to get it. Thus, personalized periodontics is likely to be a niche service for a small proportion of the adult population. This is at odds with the public health approach.
Personalized periodontal treatment for the tobacco‐ and alcohol‐using patient
Authors: Ryder Mark I. , Couch Elizabeth T. , Chaffee Benjamin W. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe use of various forms of tobacco is one of the most important preventable risk factors for the incidence and progression of periodontal disease. Tobacco use negatively affects treatment outcomes for both periodontal diseases and conditions, and for dental implants. Tobacco‐cessation programs can mitigate these adverse dental treatment outcomes and may be the most effective component of a personalized periodontal treatment approach. In addition, heavy alcohol consumption may exacerbate the adverse effects of tobacco use. In this review, the microbiology, host/inflammatory responses and genetic characteristics of the tobacco‐using patient are presented as a framework to aid the practitioner in developing personalized treatment strategies for these patients. These personalized approaches can be used for patients who use a variety of tobacco products, including cigarettes, cigars, pipes, smokeless tobacco products, e‐cigarettes and other tobacco forms, as well as patients who consume large amounts of alcohol. In addition, principles for developing personalized tobacco‐cessation programs, using both traditional and newer motivational and pharmacological approaches, are presented.
Effect of micronutrient malnutrition on periodontal disease and periodontal therapy
Authors: Dommisch Henrik , Kuzmanova Denica , Jönsson Daniel , Grant Melissa , Chapple Iain 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPeriodontitis is a complex chronic inflammatory noncommunicable disease, initiated by the development of a dysbiotic microbial plaque biofilm below the gingival margin. Whilst the pathogenic biofilm is a “necessary cause” of periodontitis, it is insufficient on its own to cause the disease, and a destructive immune‐inflammatory response is a key to the translation of risk to destructive events. Other exposures or “component causes” include individual genetic predisposition, lifestyle (including smoking and nutrition), and environmental factors. Dietary nutrients are essential for life as they provide crucial energy sources in the form of macronutrients, as well as important cofactors in the form of micronutrients, which regulate the functionality of enzymes during the regulation of anabolic and catabolic processes in human cells. Moreover, micronutrients can regulate gene transcription factors, such as the proinflammatory nuclear factor kappa B and the anti‐inflammatory nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2. This review focuses on the role of vitamins (vitamin A, carotenoids, the vitamin B complex, vitamins C, D, and E, and coenzyme Q10) and minerals (calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, potassium, copper, manganese, and selenium) in human physiology and the impact of their deficiencies upon periodontal health and disease.