bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The genital tract and rectal microbiomes: their role in HIV susceptibility and prevention in women
Authors: Abdool Karim Salim S , Baxter Cheryl , Passmore Jo‐Ann S , McKinnon Lyle R , Williams Brent L 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionYoung women in sub‐Saharan Africa are disproportionately affected by HIV, accounting for 25% of all new infections in 2017. Several behavioural and biological factors are known to impact a young woman's vulnerability for acquiring HIV. One key, but lesser understood, biological factor impacting vulnerability is the vaginal microbiome. This review describes the vaginal microbiome and examines its alterations, its influence on HIV acquisition as well as the efficacy of HIV prevention technologies, the role of the rectal microbiome in HIV acquisition, advances in technologies to study the microbiome and some future research directions.DiscussionAlthough the composition of each woman's vaginal microbiome is unique, a microbiome dominated by Lactobacillus species is generally associated with a “healthy” vagina. Disturbances in the vaginal microbiota, characterized by a shift from a low‐diversity, Lactobacillus‐dominant state to a high‐diversity non‐Lactobacillus‐dominant state, have been shown to be associated with a range of adverse reproductive health outcomes, including increasing the risk of genital inflammation and HIV acquisition. Gardnerella vaginalis and Prevotella bivia have been shown to contribute to both HIV risk and genital inflammation. In addition to impacting HIV risk, the composition of the vaginal microbiome affects the vaginal concentrations of some antiretroviral drugs, particularly those administered intravaginally, and thereby their efficacy as pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention. Although the role of rectal microbiota in HIV acquisition in women is less well understood, the composition of this compartment's microbiome, particularly the presence of species of bacteria from the Prevotellaceae family likely contribute to HIV acquisition. Advances in technologies have facilitated the study of the genital microbiome's structure and function. While next‐generation sequencing advanced knowledge of the diversity and complexity of the vaginal microbiome, the emerging field of metaproteomics, which provides important information on vaginal bacterial community structure, diversity and function, is further shedding light on functionality of the vaginal microbiome and its relationship with bacterial vaginosis (BV), as well as antiretroviral PrEP efficacy.ConclusionsA better understanding of the composition, structure and function of the microbiome is needed to identify opportunities to alter the vaginal microbiome and prevent BV and reduce the risk of HIV acquisition.
Combined use of tandem mass spectrometry and computational chemistry to study 2H‐chromenes from Piper aduncum
Authors: Souza Amauri Alves , Vessecchi Ricardo , Castro‐Gamboa Ian , Furlan Maysa 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNatural 2H‐chromenes were isolated from the crude extract of Piper aduncum (Piperaceae) and analyzed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) applying collision‐induced dissociation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to explain the preferred protonation sites of the 2H‐chromenes based on thermochemical parameters, including atomic charges, proton affinity, and gas‐phase basicity. After identifying the nucleophilic sites, the pathways were proposed to justify the formation of the diagnostic ions under ESI‐MS/MS conditions. The calculated relative energy for each pathway was in good agreement with the energy‐resolved plot obtained from ESI‐MS/MS data. Moreover, the 2H‐chromene underwent proton attachment on the prenyl moiety via a six‐membered transition state. This behavior resulted in the formation of a diagnostic ion due to 2‐methylpropene loss. These studies provide novel insights into gas‐phase dissociation for natural benzopyran compounds, indicating how reactivity is correlated to the intrinsic acid‐base equilibrium and structural aspects, including the substitution pattern on the aromatic moiety. Therefore, these results can be applied in the identification of benzopyran derivatives in a variety of biological samples.
Sheet‐carrier density and I‐V analysis of In0.7Ga0.3As/InAs/In0.7Ga0.3As/InAs/In0.7Ga0.3As dual channel double gate HEMT for THz applications
Authors: R. Poornachandran , N. Mohankumar , R. Saravana Kumar , G. Sujatha 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper gives a comprehensive detail about an emerging InAs high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) technology with proper material combination making it suitable for low‐power and high‐frequency applications. Over the decade, various material combinations were adopted to improve the sheet‐carrier density and frequency performances. In this work, we report the performance and optimization of 30‐nm gate length InAs‐based dual channel double gate (DCDG) HEMT for terahertz application. The dual channel is formed in the device due to the combination of five layers (In0.7Ga0.3As/InAs/In0.7Ga0.3As/InAs/In0.7Ga0.3As) and thus provides a significant improvement in drain current and transconductance. Moreover, the gate scaling with optimized gate to drain‐side recess length of gate (Lrd) leads to reduced parasitic (Cgg) and tremendously increases the RF performance metrics fmax and fT. For this device, high drain current of 2.203 mA/μm with peak transconductance of 4.77 mS/μm is observed. Further optimization of Lrd results in peak fT of 810 GHz and fmax of 900 GHz at a drain source voltage Vds = 0.5 V. These parameters empower a feasibility of the device for submillimeter as well as terahertz applications.
Biventricular pacemaker implantation via a persistent left superior vena cava after removal of an infected device from the right side
Authors: Yamamoto Tasuku , Goya Masahiko , Ando Kenji , Yagishita Atsuhiko , Maeda Shingo , Hirao Kenzo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPersistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a congenital anomaly that poses a unique challenge when implanting cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) from the left side. To date, only a few isolated case reports are available regarding biventricular pacemaker implantation via PLSVC. These reports lack procedural details and tips to overcome difficulties faced by the physician when performing this technically demanding procedure. In the present report, we describe a patient who successfully underwent biventricular pacemaker implantation via a PLSVC after transvenous extraction of an infected device from the contralateral side, and discuss the technical implications.
Atmospheric drivers of winter above‐freezing temperatures and associated rainfall in western Canada
Authors: Newton Brandi W. , Bonsal Barrie R. , Edwards Thomas W. D. , Prowse Terry D. , McGregor Glenn R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWinter thaw episodes, especially when accompanied by rain, can significantly deplete the winter snowpack, which is a critical water storage component in the mountainous headwater regions of the major river basins of western Canada. Here we identify the characteristic synoptic‐scale mid‐tropospheric atmospheric circulation regimes that tend to foster such extreme hydrologic events using self‐organizing map analysis of meteorological reanalysis data from 1949 to 2012. Daily winter 500 hPa geopotential height fields over the Pacific Ocean and western Canada are classified into 12 dominant synoptic types, for which conditional probabilities of above‐freezing temperatures and rainfall are then calculated and mapped using daily high‐resolution gridded data. Results show that above‐freezing surface air temperatures and rain events in winter are commonly associated with the occurrence of a ridge of high pressure over western Canada, which induces southwesterly advection of relatively warm, moist maritime air masses into the continental interior, and that the intensity and spatial footprint of the surface climate response is related to the strength and position of the ridge. Conversely, the development of a ridge of high pressure over the Pacific Ocean and adjacent trough of low pressure over western Canada, which favours northwesterly to westerly mid‐tropospheric flow over the continental interior in winter, tends to suppress the occurrence of above‐freezing temperatures and rain. The synoptic type most strongly associated with winter thaw and rain events underwent a statistically significant step‐change increase in mean frequency in 1977, accompanied by a corresponding step‐change decrease in the frequency of the dominant synoptic type depicting westerly (zonal) circulation, coinciding with a well‐documented shift to a positive phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
Development of a parameterization image stitching algorithm for ultrashort throw laser MEMS projectors
Authors: Cui Wei , Gao Liang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe present a novel design of a parameterization image stitching algorithm for ultrashort throw laser MEMS projectors. The resultant method allows the use of projectors with short or even long throw ratios to achieve ultrashort throw projection through a parameterized algorithm to stitch multiple images into one single frame, alleviating the trade‐off between the resolution and frame rate in conventional laser MEMS displays. To evaluate the effectiveness, we construct a test system that consists of three off‐the‐shelf projectors with a throw ratio of 1.3 and three planar reflective mirrors. Using our method, the integrated system yields an ultrashort throw ratio of 0.26, greatly reducing the projection distance from 12 to 2.6 ft for the 120‐in. screen in diagonal. Moreover, our algorithm can be fine‐tuned to correct for image distortion, intensity variation, and edge mismatch induced by two‐axis light beam steering, thereby further improving the image quality.
Simultaneous quantification of urinary purines and creatinine by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet spectroscopy and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry: Method development, validation, and application to gout study
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Jiang Min , Zhang Hongyang , Liu Ju , Zhang Min , Hu Ping 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe present an ultra high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet spectroscopy and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of ten purines (adenine, hypoxanthine, guanine, xanthine, deoxyadenosine, adenosine, inosine, guanosine, xanthosine, and uric acid) and creatinine in human urine. After chromatographic separation on an ACE Excel 2 AQ column, high abundant creatinine and uric acid and the other low abundant purines were sequentially detected by ultraviolet and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry within a single run. Method validations including specificity (improved by accurate mass measurement), linearity (correlation coefficients ≥0.9944), limit of quantification (0.002–9.756 µg/mL), intra‐ and interday precision (relative standard deviations ≤9.1 and 14.0%, respectively), accuracy (relative errors ≤13.1%), extraction recovery (between 90.3 and 109.6%), matrix effect (between 85.3 and 110.5%), and stability (relative errors ≤14.3%) were fully evaluated. This approach was applied to characterize the disordered purine metabolism in acute and chronic gout as an example. Quantitative results (normalized by creatinine) showed that an overproduction of urinary purine precursors might be involved in the gout process. The developed method represents a useful tool to investigate the purine disturbances in gout and other relevant diseases.
Anthropogenic inputs from a coastal megacity are linked to greenhouse gas concentrations in the surrounding estuary
Authors: Brigham Brian A. , Bird Jeffrey A. , Juhl Andrew R. , Zappa Christopher J. , Montero Angel D. , O'Mullan Gregory D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCoastal megacities deposit significant amounts of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and pollutants into surrounding waters. In urbanized estuaries, these inputs, including wastewater discharge and surface runoff, can affect biogeochemical cycles, microbial production, and greenhouse gas (GHG) efflux. To better understand estuarine GHG production and its connection to anthropogenic drivers, we quantified carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) surface‐water concentrations and efflux in combination with a suite of biogeochemical parameters, including anthropogenic indicators, in the Hudson River Estuary (HRE) and adjacent waters surrounding New York, NY, over a 2‐yr period. The HRE was a source of both CO2 (33 ± 3 mmol CO2 m−2 d−1) and CH4 (177 ± 22 μmol CH4 m−2 d−1) under all measured conditions. Surface‐water salinity, oxygen saturation, fecal indicator bacteria, nitrate concentrations, and temperature best explained the variance in CO2 and CH4 concentrations in multiple regression analyses, producing robust predictive power for both GHGs. Our multifaceted data set demonstrated that CH4 and CO2 surface concentrations are explained in part by enterococci concentrations, a widely used wastewater biological indicator, explicitly linking wastewater inputs to GHG surface concentrations in the HRE. The greatest CO2 and CH4 surface‐water concentrations were found in urban tributaries and embayments, primary wastewater delivery areas throughout the HRE. Estuarine tributaries and embayments have historically received less research attention than midchannel sites, but since these shallow sites may contribute to increased GHG efflux in anthropogenically impacted estuaries, further study is warranted.
Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients With Mutations in Parkinson's Disease–Related Genes: A Systematic Review
Authors: de Oliveira Lais Machado , Barbosa Egberto Reis , Aquino Camila Catherine , Munhoz Renato Puppi , Fasano Alfonso , Cury Rubens Gisbert 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), and careful selection of candidates is a key component of successful therapy. Although it is recognized that factors such as age, disease duration, and levodopa responsiveness can influence outcomes, it is unclear whether genetic background should also serve as a parameter.ObjectivesThe aim of this systematic review is to explore studies that have evaluated DBS in patients with mutations in PD‐related genes.MethodsWe performed a selective literature search for articles regarding the effects of DBS in autosomal dominant or recessive forms of PD or in PD patients with genetic risk factors. Data regarding changes in motor and nonmotor scores and the presence of adverse events after the stimulation were collected.ResultsA total of 25 studies were included in the systematic review, comprising 135 patients. In the shorter term, most patients showed marked or satisfactory response to subthalamic DBS, although leucine rich repeat kinase 2 carriers of R114G mutations had higher rates of unsatisfactory outcome. Longer term follow‐up data were scarce but suggested that motor benefit is sustained. Patients with the glucosidase beta acid (GBA) mutation showed higher rates of cognitive decline after surgery. Motor outcome was scarce for pallidal DBS. Few adverse events were reported.ConclusionsSubthalamic DBS results in positive outcomes in the short term in patients with Parkin, GBA, and leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (non‐R144G) mutations, although the small sample size limits the interpretation of our findings. Longer and larger cohorts of follow‐up, with broader nonmotor symptom evaluations will be necessary to better customize DBS therapy in this population.
Genotype‐phenotype correlation and prognostic impact in Chinese patients with Alport Syndrome
Authors: Shang Shunlai , Peng Fei , Wang Tao , Wu Xiaoyuan , Li Ping , Li Qinggang , Chen Xiang M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundAlport Syndrome (AS) is a progressive hereditary glomerular disease. It is often accompanied by sensorineural hearing loss and ocular abnormalities and can sometimes develop into end stage renal disease (ESRD), which is caused by mutations in the genes encoding the collagen type IV family of proteins.MethodsThis study analyzed the association between the clinical data of seven AS families and genes and the disease progression of different mutation types, including COL4A3 (OMIM 120070)，COL4A4 (OMIM 120131), and COL4A5 (OMIM303630).ResultsA total of six new pathogenic mutation sites, one complex heterozygous mutation at COL4A3, and a combined mutation of COL4A5 and INF2 (OMIM 610982) were identified in this study. It was revealed that the clinical manifestations of X‐linked AS caused by mutations in the COL4A5 gene were more severe in males than in females. In addition, the difference in patient phenotype can be attributed to the location of gene mutations affecting the protein domain or functional domain. Our data suggested that the gene deletion and nonsense mutations had a high risk for progression to ESRD.ConclusionOur results revealed the spectrum of type IV collagen genes, which contribute to the enrichment of database resources and has important implications in the diagnosis, prognosis, and guiding treatment of AS.
Bandwidth and directivity enhancement of an internal folded monopole antenna loaded by interdigital capacitor for ultra‐high‐definition television applications
Authors: Van Trinh Thai , Jung Chang W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAn internal antenna with bandwidth and directivity enhancement was developed for operation in ultra‐high‐frequency bands (UHF: 470‐771 MHz, bandwidth: 48.5%) for ultra‐high‐definition television (UHD‐TV) applications. The antenna is integrated into a 49‐in. TV model, which is surrounded by a bezel frame made of polycarbonate‐acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC‐ABS) plastic. This material was also used as a substrate in fabricating the antenna. The antenna has a compact size of 0.387λL × 0.023λL × 0.0093λL (where λL is the wavelength at the lowest operating frequency) and is fed by a 50 Ω coplanar waveguide (CPW) feedline. To achieve wideband operation and directional radiation, the proposed internal antenna was designed on the basis of a folded monopole antenna loaded with parasitic strips and an interdigital capacitor. The experimental results showed that the antenna exhibits a wide impedance bandwidth of 86% (400‐1000 MHz) under the criterion |S11| ≤ −6 dB (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) ≤ 3), a directional radiation pattern with a maximum realized gain of 5.2 dBi, and a radiation efficiency of more than 68%. These findings indicate that the antenna is suitable for UHD‐TV applications.
A very compact internal WLAN antenna
Authors: Wang Hanyang , Ying Lijun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA very compact wireless local area network (WLAN) antenna is presented for the design of hand‐held mobile devices. The antenna does not need metal clearance underneath the antenna and it has very low profile. Both simulated and measured results show that the antennas with very small antenna volume and height can operate as a triple‐band WLAN antenna with good bandwidth and radiation efficiency.
Nutrition Risk in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients: Higher Complication Rate and Higher Costs Related to Malnutrition
Authors: Gambra‐Arzoz Marta , Alonso‐Cadenas José Antonio , Jiménez‐Legido María , López‐Giménez M. Rosario , Martín‐Rivada Álvaro , de los Ángeles Martínez‐Ibeas María , Cañedo‐Villarroya Elvira , Pedrón‐Giner Consuelo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundHospitalized children present higher rates of undernutrition. Malnutrition can lead to a more complex hospitalization process with an increased length of stay and higher costs. Our aim was to analyze nutrition risk in hospitalized children and its relationship with clinical outcomes in a tertiary level hospital.MethodsThis is a single institution prospective observational study. The research involved 282 consecutive children admitted along 3 months. Anthropometric measurements and nutrition risk by means of the Screening Tool for Risk on Nutritional Status and Growth (STRONGkids) tool were performed at admission. The incidence of infectious complications, length of hospital stay, weight loss, hospital expenses, and need of nutrition support were recorded.ResultsThe percentage of children with high, moderate, and low nutrition risk was 12.8%, 45%, and 42%, respectively. The prevalence of acute and chronic malnutrition was 13.7% and 7.4%. STRONGkids score correlated with clinical outcomes: longer stay, higher hospital expenses, and need of nutrition support were observed in children with high nutrition risk scores compared with the other groups (P < 0.001). The overall incidence of infectious complications was low (3.5%); a higher STRONGkids score did not predict a higher rate.ConclusionHospitalized children exposed to high nutrition risk have poorer clinical outcomes: longer stay, higher hospital expenses, and need of nutrition support. More studies are required to assess if applying STRONGkids and starting a nutrition intervention would result in lower costs and a shorter length of stay.
Preanalytical processing of archaeological mammal enamel apatite carbonates for stable isotope investigations: A comparative analysis of the effect of acid treatment on samples from Northwest Australia
Authors: Skippington Jane , Veth Peter , Manne Tiina , Slack Michael 
Published: May 2019

AbstractStable isotopic analysis of palaeontological and archaeological biogenic apatite carbonates from herbivorous mammalian species represents an important tool for worldwide palaeoecological research. Tooth enamel carbonates are more resistant to taphonomic processes than bone or dentine carbonates but are not invulnerable to diagenesis. As such, they require careful preanalytical processing that considers depositional environment and age. An established part of this process includes a weak acid treatment to remove soluble exogenous carbonates; however, published treatment times for isotopic studies of archaeological tooth enamel are variable and range from 15 min to over 8 hr. This study tests three different pretreatment protocols on modern and Pleistocene age archaeological kangaroo teeth (dating from contemporary to 46,000 bp) to assess the effect of acid treatment time on isotopic integrity. The results indicate that treatment time is a critical parameter for producing consistency across results and shorter pretreatments of 4 hr or less are preferable for removing diagenetic carbonates while minimising alteration of the biological signal.
Cancer drugs approved for use in children: Impact of legislative initiatives and future opportunities
Authors: Barone Amy , Casey Denise , McKee Amy E. , Reaman Gregory 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIt is well appreciated that the number of anticancer drugs approved for use in children is a fraction of the number approved for use in cancers that occur in adults. We address this fact by summarizing the relevant U.S. legislation that provides the framework for the evaluation and approval of drugs used to treat children with cancer. In total, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved 38 new drug applications for pediatric oncology indications, 12 of which were new molecular entities. FDA continues to collaborate with multistakeholders regarding the development of products intended for pediatric cancer and encourages the submission of marketing applications.