bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Roman circus and southwestern city quarter of Carthage: first results of a new international research project
Authors: Bockmann Ralf , Romdhane Hamden Ben , Schön Frerich , Ortega Iván Fumadó , Cespa Stefano , Telmini Boutheina Maraoui , Sghaier Yamen , Röring Nicole , Jerray Elyssa , Töpfer Hanni , Broisch Manuela 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe paper presents first results of a joint German–Tunisian research project in Carthage, Tunisia. Archaeological fieldwork has been undertaken (preceded by a geophysical survey) in the southwestern quarter of the ancient city to study the architecture, chronology and urban context of the circus. The area has, unlike the rest of Carthage, not been targeted by excavations of the late nineteenth/early twentieth centuries and, also unlike the rest of Carthage, is mostly not overbuilt, although under pressure from neighbouring communities. The area is the last one allowing a large-scale diachronic urban study in which the circus and its impact on the quarter is in the centre. From our first results, we can date the beginning of the construction of the circus to the late first century AD, with interventions in the early third century and usage continuing into the sixth. We were able to define the extension of the northern cavea and to study the western part of the spina and identify the meta at this point. Information has been obtained on early Roman, pre-circus use of the area as well as data on the Punic phases. Sixth- and seventh-century levels are also well preserved.
Notes from Libya
Authors: Bennett Paul 
Published: October 2018

Abstract‘Notes from Libya’ is a new regular feature of Libyan Studies following the reports of the Society's Head of Mission. These reports were previously concerned with the organisation of fieldwork and administrative matters connected to obtaining permissions, visas and so on, and were recorded in the minutes of the Council meetings. However, they have recently taken on a new form, outlining the alarming developments in Libya, largely focusing on its heritage but also on the political and economic situation, which impacts on the management of Libya's ancient monuments and artefacts. The importance and historical interest of these reports now, however, merits a wider audience and a more formal record, so these accounts are now published in Libyan Studies.
Chair's note: opening access to our resources and our research
Authors: Atkinson David 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis second annual note on the Society's activities outlines how we have responded to the ongoing crisis in Libya and our connected inability to work in the region by developing our research activities and facilities in the UK. Our most advanced initiative is our project to catalogue the Society's archive and makes its contents available online. Similarly, we are exploring how we might promote our library and encourage greater awareness and use of this unique resource. Finally, we are providing an increasing range of our books and field reports in Open Access formats via our website. All of this aims to make our distinctive resources more easily available to members, and to wider research communities in the UK and overseas.
Consumer and host body size effects on the removal of trematode cercariae by ambient communities
Authors: Welsh Jennifer E. , Hempel Anke , Markovic Mirjana , van der Meer Jaap , Thieltges David W. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractParasite transmission can be altered via the removal of parasites by the ambient communities in which parasite–host interactions take place. However, the mechanisms driving parasite removal remain poorly understood. Using marine trematode cercariae as a model system, we investigated the effects of consumer and host body size on parasite removal rates. Laboratory experiments revealed that consumer or host body size significantly affected cercarial removal rates in crabs, oysters and cockles but not in shrimps. In general, cercarial removal rates increased with consumer (crabs and oysters) and host (cockles) body size. For the filter feeding oysters and cockles, the effects probably relate to their feeding activity which is known to correlate with bivalve size. Low infection levels found in cockle hosts suggest that parasite removal by hosts also leads to significant mortality of infective stages. The size effects of crab and shrimp predators on cercarial removal rates were more complex and did not show an expected size match-mismatch between predators and their cercarial prey, suggesting that parasite removal rates in predators are species-specific. We conclude that to have a comprehensive understanding of parasite removal by ambient communities, more research into the various mechanisms of cercarial removal is required.
Hexokinase as a versatile molecular genetic marker for Microsporidia
Authors: Tokarev Yuri S. , Timofeev Sergei A. , Malysh Julia M. , Tsarev Alexander A. , Ignatieva Anastasia N. , Tomilova Oksana G. , Dolgikh Vyacheslav V. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHexokinase (HK) is a core glycolytic enzyme of Microsporidia which regulates host cell metabolic processes. The goal of the present study was to test for the utility of HK for molecular phylogenetics, species identification and molecular detection of microsporidia in infected insects. HK sequence-based reconstructions were essentially similar to those based upon largest subunit RNA polymerase (RPB1) gene sequences, as well as previously published rRNA gene and genome-based trees. Comparing HK sequences allowed clear differentiation of closely related taxa, such asNosema bombycisandNosema pyrausta. InNosema ceranae,unique SNPs were found for an isolate from wild colonies of the Burzyan dark honey bee as compared with the isolates from domesticated European honey bee. Similarly, inEncephalitozoon cuniculi, HK was as effective as RPB1 for discrimination of isolates belonging to different ITS genotypes. Amplification using species-specific primers flanking short fragments at the 3′-end of HK gene showed the presence of infection in insect tissues infected withN. pyrausta, Nosema ceranaeandParanosema (Antonospora) locustae. For the latter parasite species, HK expression was also demonstrated at early stages of infection using total mRNA extracts of locust larvae. These results indicate the suitability of HK as a novel tool for molecular genetic studies of Microsporidia.
Longitudinal outcomes of patients with pseudodementia: a systematic review
Authors: Connors Michael H. , Quinto Lena , Brodaty Henry 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDepression and a number of other psychiatric conditions can impair cognition and give the appearance of neurodegenerative disease. Collectively, this group of disorders is known as ‘pseudodementia’ and are important to identify given their potential reversibility with treatment. Despite considerable interest historically, the longitudinal outcomes of patients with pseudodementia remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review of longitudinal studies of pseudodementia. Bibliographic databases were searched using a wide range of search terms. Two reviewers independently assessed papers for inclusion, rated study quality, and extracted data. The search identified 18 studies with follow-up varying from several weeks to 18 years. Overall, 284 patients were studied, including 238 patients with depression, 18 with conversion disorder, 14 with psychosis, and 11 with bipolar disorder. Irrespective of diagnosis, 33% developed irreversible dementia at follow-up, 53% no longer met criteria for dementia, and 15% were lost to follow-up. Considerable variability was identified, with younger age at baseline, but not follow-up duration, associated with better outcomes. ECT and pharmacological interventions were also reported to be beneficial, though findings were limited by the poor quality of the studies. Overall, the findings suggest that pseudodementia may confer an increased risk of irreversible dementia in older patients. The findings also indicate, however, that a significant proportion improve, while many remain burdened with their psychiatric condition, independent of organic dementia. The findings support the clinical value of the construct and the need for its re-examination in light of developments in neuroimaging, genomics, other investigative tools, and trial methodology.
Catalan and Spanish in an independent Catalonia: Linguistic authority and officiality
Authors: Atkinson David 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPro-independence parties won a narrow majority of parliamentary seats in the December 2017 elections in Catalonia. Should Catalonia at some point become independent from Spain, the respective status of Catalan and Spanish is a major issue about which there is significant divergence of opinion, not least within the independence movement in Catalonia. This article approaches the question of language officiality in a hypothetically independent Catalonia through the theoretical lens of linguistic authority, particularly the concepts of anonymity and authenticity. The data, an on-line discussion thread following an interview with a Catalan language activist, reveal a striking diversity of language ideological positions on both the nature of linguistic authority in Catalonia as things stand, as well as how such authority should be constructed and managed in the event of independence, particularly as regards questions of officiality. (Catalonia, linguistic authority, language ideologies, officiality)*
Informants’ ratings of activity level in infancy predict ADHD symptoms and diagnoses in childhood
Authors: Meeuwsen Mirjam , Perra Oliver , van Goozen Stephanie H.M. , Hay Dale F. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that high activity levels in infancy would predict self-regulatory problems and later symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a longitudinal study of British families (N = 321). Infants’ activity levels were assessed at 6 months, using 3 informants’ reports from the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) and ActiGraphs during baseline, attention, and restraint tasks. At a mean of 33 months, the children were assessed on self-regulatory tasks; at a mean of 36 months, 3 informants reported symptoms of ADHD. At a mean of 7.0 years, the children were assessed on executive function tasks; 3 informants reported on the child's symptoms of ADHD; and diagnoses of disorder were obtained using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. Informants’ reports of high activity levels at 6 months predicted ADHD symptoms in early childhood and diagnoses of ADHD with clinical impairment at age 7. The IBQ activity scale was also associated with the children's later performance on self-regulation tasks in early and middle childhood. Activity level in infancy reflects normal variation and is not a sign of psychopathology; however, these findings suggest that further study of the correlates of high activity level in infancy may help identify those children most at risk for disorder.
An examination of Job's rule: protection and repair of the proteins of the translational apparatus in seeds
Authors: Dirk Lynnette M.A. , Downie A. Bruce 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe proteins produced just prior to maturation desiccation in the developing, orthodox seed, are stored in the desiccated state and recruited as the functional proteome upon imbibition. For the resumption of protein function, these stored proteins must be protected from permanent denaturation while dehydrating, throughout desiccation, and during rehydration. For some forms of damage there is the possibility of repair following imbibition potentially coordinated with de-aggregation into monodispersed polypeptides capable of refolding into a functional configuration. While studying aspects of the natural protection and repair mechanism in seeds, evidence has accrued that those proteins directly involved in translation are particular targets of both protection and protein repair. Such a phenomenon was first described by Rajjouet al. (2008) examining the frequency with which proteins involved in translation were identified as differentially abundant between aged and un-aged Arabidopsis seeds and the translational competence of agedversusun-aged seeds. The inference drawn from these observations was that, of all the stored proteins, it is imperative that those involved in translation endure desiccation, quiescence and rehydration in a functional state if the seed is to survive. Proteins involved in any other process other than translation can be replaced from the stored transcriptome or byde novotranscription but no mRNA is of value without the translational machinery. This has become known as ‘Job's rule’ in honour of the laboratory from which this hypothesis was first put forward (Rajjouet al., 2008). We review in this manuscript the evidence accrued to date on which Job's rule is based.
Attitudes of health professionals concerning bedside rationing criteria: a survey from Portugal
Authors: Pinho Micaela , Veiga Pedro 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper tests the factorial structure of a questionnaire comprising seven health care rationing criteria (waiting time, ‘rule of rescue’, parenthood of minors, health maximization, youngest first, positive and negative version of social merit) and explores the adherence to them of 254 Portuguese health care professionals, when considered individually and when confronted with two-in-two combinations. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire where respondents faced hypothetical rationing dilemmas comprising one rationing criterion and dichotomous options pairs with two rationing criteria. Confirmatory factor analysis and multinomial logistic regressions were used to validate the structure of the questionnaire and the data. The findings suggest that: (i) the hepta-factorial structure of the questionnaire presented a good fit of the data; and (ii) support for rationing criterion depends on whether they are individually considered or confronted in dichotomous options pairs. When only one criterion distinguishes the patients, healthcare professionals support six criteria (by descending order): waiting time, rule of rescue, health maximization, penalization of patients’ risky behaviors, youngest first and being parent of a young child. When two criteria were confronted, immediate threat of life/health and large expected benefits were the most preferred. Conversely, the positive version of social merit was an unappreciated rationing criterion.
The evolution of the tetrapod humerus: morphometrics, disparity, and evolutionary rates
Authors: RUTA Marcello , KRIEGER Jonathan , ANGIELCZYK Kenneth D. , WILLS Matthew A. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe present study explores the macroevolutionary dynamics of shape changes in the humeri of all major grades and clades of early tetrapods and their fish-like forerunners. Coordinate point eigenshape analysis applied to humeral outlines in extensor view reveals that fish humeri are more disparate than those of most early tetrapod groups and significantly separate from the latter. Our findings indicate sustained changes in humeral shape in the deepest portions of the tetrapod stem group and certain portions of the crown. In the first half of sampled tetrapod history, subclades show larger than expected humeral disparity, suggesting rapid diffusion into morphospace. Later in tetrapod evolution, subclades occupy smaller and non-overlapping morphospace regions. This pattern may reflect in part increasing specialisations in later tetrapod lineages. Bayesian shifts in rates of evolutionary change are distributed discontinuously across the phylogeny, and most of them occur within rather than between major groups. Most shifts with the highest Bayesian posterior probabilities are observed in lepospondyls. Similarly, maximum likelihood analyses of shifts support marked rate accelerations in lepospondyls and in various subclades within that group. In other tetrapod groups, rates either tend to slow down or experience only small increases. Somewhat surprisingly, no shifts are concurrent with structural, functional, or ecological innovations in tetrapod evolution, including the origin of digits, the water–land transition and increasing terrestrialisation. Although counterintuitive, these results are consistent with a model of continual phenotypic innovation that, although decoupled from key evolutionary changes, is possibly triggered by niche segregation in divergent clades and grades of early tetrapods.
Evaluating the Potential Impacts of the Diurnal Vertical Migration by Marine Organisms on Marine Biogeochemistry
Authors: Aumont Olivier , Maury Olivier , Lefort Stelly , Bopp Laurent 
Published: October 2018

Diurnal vertical migration (DVM) of marine organisms is an ubiquitous phenomenon in the ocean that generates an active vertical transport of organic matter. However, the magnitude and consequences of this flux are largely unknown and are currently overlooked in ocean biogeochemical models. Here we present a global model of pelagic ecosystems based on the ocean biogeochemical model NEMO‐PISCES that is fully coupled to the upper trophic levels model Apex Predators ECOSystem Model, which includes an explicit description of migrating organisms. Evaluation of the model behavior proved to be challenging due to the scarcity of suitable observations. Nevertheless, the model appears to be able to simulate approximately both the migration depth and the relative biomass of migrating organisms. About one third of the epipelagic biomass is predicted to perform DVM. The flux of carbon driven by DVM is estimated to be 1.05 ± 0.15 PgC/year, about 18% of the passive flux of carbon due to sinking particles at 150 m. Comparison with local studies suggests that the model captures the correct magnitude of this flux. Oxygen is decreased in the mesopelagic domain by about 5 mmol m−3 relative to simulations of an ocean without DVM. Our study concludes that DVM drives a significant and very efficient flux of carbon to the mesopelagic domain, similar in magnitude to the transport of DOC. Relative to a model run without DVM, the consequences of this flux seem to be quite modest on oxygen, due to compensating effects between DVM and passive fluxes.
Northward Expansion and Intensification of Phytoplankton Growth During the Early Ice‐Free Season in Arctic
Authors: Renaut S. , Devred E. , Babin M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn the last decades, reduction of the ice cover has been documented to affect the structure and the functioning of Arctic marine ecosystems. One direct consequence is earlier phytoplankton spring blooms and larger annual primary production compared with previous decades. However, the impact of changes in the dynamics of sea ice specifically on phytoplankton spring blooms, a major contributor of the annual primary production in the Arctic Ocean, remains poorly known. Here we report on their temporal and spatial variabilities in open waters between 2003 and 2013 using satellite ocean color data. We observed a significant increase in primary productivity of phytoplankton spring blooms in different sectors of the Arctic Ocean, especially in the Barents and Kara Seas. Satellite observations also revealed a northward expansion of these blooms at a rate of 1° per decade driven by the Barents and the Kara regions.
Mysterious Linear Features Across Saturn's Moon Dione
Authors: Martin Emily S. , Patthoff D. Alex 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOur mapping of the wispy terrains on Saturn's moons Dione has revealed unique linear features that are generally long (tens to hundreds of kilometers), narrow (<5 km), and brighter than the surrounding terrains. We refer to these features as linear virgae. Similar features, with a limited distribution, have been observed on Rhea. Wherever linear virgae are observed, they appear to crosscut all other structures suggesting that they are among the youngest features on these satellites. Here we seek to constrain whether the linear virgae are endogenic, suggesting that the surface of Dione has been geologically active recently or if they are exogenic, suggesting a recent, or even ongoing, process in the Saturn system. We favor an exogenic mechanism for the formation of linear virgae on Dione by the emplacement of material across the surface by low‐velocity impacts of material sourced from Saturn's rings, co‐orbital moons, or encountering planetocentric debris.
Three‐Dimensional and Trans‐Hemispheric Changes in Ionospheric Electron Density Caused by the Great Solar Eclipse in North America on 21 August 2017
Authors: He Liming , Heki Kosuke , Wu Lixin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe report the three‐dimensional (3‐D) structure of the electron depletion caused by the great solar eclipse on 21 August 2017 derived from dense Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) total electron content observations. A linear least squares inversion was performed with a continuity constraint to stabilize the solution. The reconstructed 3‐D ionospheric electron density depletion showed a peak height at ~200 km. The depletion reached 42%, 60%, and 72%, below 250, 350, and 450 km, respectively, and the vertically integrated (150–450 km) decrease was 54%. We validated the accuracy of the electron density depletion at 200 km above the Millstone Hill observatory with the incoherent scatter radar observation and at 400 km using the in situ measurement by the Swarm satellite. The coincidence suggests that 3‐D tomography is useful for investigating the vertical structure of eclipse‐induced ionospheric changes. We further detected the electron depletion and enhancement with maximum values of 1.4–1.9 TECU and 0.7–1.0 TECU, respectively, in the geomagnetic conjugate region in the southern hemisphere.
Bacterial Carbon Cycling in the River Plume in the Northern South China Sea During Summer
Authors: Xu Jie , Li Xiangfu , Shi Zhen , Li Ruihuan , Li Qian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHeterotrophic bacterioplankton play a significant role in carbon cycle in oceans. It is crucial to identify regulators of bacterial carbon processing across marine environments. In summer 2016, a cruise was conducted to examine the links between bacterial metabolic rates and community composition, and potential mechanisms regulating bacterial growth efficiency in the plume‐impacted coastal area. Our results showed that the two aspects of bacterial metabolism responded differently. Bacterial production (3.69 to 57.1 μg C·L−1·day−1) at the surface increased by 40% to 21‐fold in response to the freshwater input. The enhanced bacterial production was attributed to an increase in bacterial abundance and cell‐specific bacterial production, which was linked to shifts in bacterial community composition and changing partition between anabolic and catabolic pathways. Bacterial groups that grew fast and preferred high molecular weight dissolved organic carbon were responsible for the increase in bacterial production. However, bacterial respiration increased (less than fourfold) to lesser extent than bacterial production. Consequently, bacterial growth efficiency increased dramatically (up to sevenfold) in response to the plume input. Bacterial respiration was primarily dependent on environmental conditions rather than bacterial community composition. The increased phytoplankton biomass modulated bacterial respiration in two contrasting ways likely by providing phytoplankton‐derived dissolved organic carbon, which not only improved bacterial abundance but also lowered cell‐specific bacterial respiration because of mitigating energy limitation. Our findings elucidated bacterial carbon processing in the plume‐impacted coastal waters and highlighted the potential role of bacterial community composition in regulating carbon cycling in oceans.