bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Generalized Model for the Radiolysis of Groundwaters: Bicarbonate Chemistry and Influences
Authors: Nicolosi Stephen L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA groundwater radiolysis model has been developed at Battelle-Columbus which is applicable to groundwaters containing bicarbonate species. The model consists of a chemical mechanism which describes interactions between groundwater species and radiolytic species. Due to the chemical kinetics nature of the model, elementary reactions can be added to extend its range of applicability to other groundwaters. This paper describes the chemical kinetics and influences of bicarbonate species in the model.
The Coupling of Chemical and Transport Processes in Near-Field Modelling
Authors: Sharland S.M. , Tasker P.W. , Tweed C.J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNear-field modelling is concerned with the description of the migration, chemical and degradation processes that may occur within an engineered radioactive waste repository and its immediate environs. The object is to gain understanding of such processes in order to predict the long-time evolution of the repository and to assess the degree of containment provided by the proposed engineered construction. The conditions of primary interest to our programme concern the waste contained within a steel canister and buried in a concrete environment within a clay geology. The chemistry of the near-field is controlled in that it is the consequence of the choice of near-field components, but it may be extremely complex. Intrusion of external groundwater and degradation of the chosen materials will lead to variations in the chemistry in both space and time. It is vitally important to understand these changing chemical conditions since they determine the solubility and sorption of any released radionuclides. In this paper, we describe the computer program CHEQMATE (CHemical EQuilibrium with Migration And Transport Equations), which has many applications in modelling various changes in chemistry in the near-field. The program combines an ionic migration code with the geochemical program PHREEQE [1]. The program maintains local chemical equilibrium in the system as the transport processes evolve. The program includes automatic mineral accounting; solid phases are added or removed from the equilibrium as precipitation or dissolution occurs. We illustrate the use of the CHEQMATE program with an example of a coupled chemical and transport problem, particularly relevant to the near-field of a waste repository.
Effects of Ru vacancies and oxygen synthesis pressures on the formation of nanodomain structures in SrRuO3 thin films
Authors: Yoo Y. Z. , Chmaissem O. , Kolesnik S. , Dabrowski B. , Kimball C. W. , McAnelly L. , Haji-Sheikh M. , Genis A. P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSrRuO3 (SRO) thin films were grown on SrTiO3 (100) substrates using the pulsed laser deposition method. The films' growth properties widely changed in response to different working oxygen partial pressures. An island growth mode was dominant for low pressures up to 10 mTorr followed by a step flow growth mode at 60 mTorr and step flow plus 2 D growth at 200 mTorr then reverting back to island growth at 300 mTorr. Significant out-of-plane strains of SRO films were observed for low growth pressures (up to 10 mTorr) but became notably reduced at 60 mTorr and continued to decrease gradually with further pressure increases. Formation of Ru vacancies occurs regardless of the working pressure values and appears to be minimized at 60 mTorr. Highest TC's were obtained in films exhibiting the step flow growth mode. The role of Ru deficiencies in relation to strain, growth mode, and magnetic properties is discussed.
The Effect of Porogen on Physical Properties in MTMS-BTMSE Spin-on Organosilicates
Authors: Kim B.R. , Son J. M. , Kang J.W. , Lee K.Y. , Kang K.K. , Ko M.J. , Gidley D.W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDecreasing the circuit dimensions is driving the need for low-k materials with a lower dielectric constant to reduce RC delay, crosstalk, and power consumption. In case of spin-on organosilicate low-k films, the incorporation of a porogen is regarded as the only foreseeable route to decrease dielectric constant of 2.2 or below by changing a packing density. In this study, MTMS-BTMSE copolymers that had superior mechanical properties than MSSQ were blended with decomposable polymers as pore generators. While adding up to 40 wt % porogen into MTMS:BTMSE=100:50 matrix, optical, electrical, and mechanical properties were measured and the pore structure was also characterized by PALS. The result confirmed that there existed a tradeoff in attaining the low dielectric constant and desirable mechanical strength, and no more pores than necessary to achieve the dielectric objective should be incorporated. When the dielectric constant was fixed to approximately 2.3 by controlling BTMSE and porogen contents simultaneously, the thermo-mechanical properties of the porous films were also investigated for the comparison purpose. Under the same dielectric constant, the increase in BTMSE and porogen contents led to improvement in modulus measured by the nanoindentation technique but deterioration of adhesion strength obtained by the modified edge lift-off test.
O12.6 Fracture and Deformation of Thermal Oxide Films on Si (100) Using a Femtosecond Pulsed Laser
Authors: McDonald Joel P. , Mistry Vanita R. , Ray Katherine E. , Yalisove Steven M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFemtosecond pulsed laser damage of Silicon (100) with thermal oxide thin films was studied in order to further understand the optical and electrical properties of thin films and to evaluate their influence on the damage of the substrate. The damage threshold as a function of film thickness (2 – 1200 nm) was measured. The damage morphology produced by single laser pulses was also investigated. Two primary morphologies were observed, one in which the oxide film is completely removed, and the other in which the film is delaminated and expanded above the surface producing a bubble feature.
Mechanical Characterization of Multilayer Thin Film Stacks Containing Porous Silica Using Nanoindentation and the Finite Element Method
Authors: Li Ke , Mudhivarthi Subrahmanya , Saigal Sunil , Kumar Ashok 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNovel metal/dielectric material combinations are becoming increasingly important for reducing the resistance-capacitance (RC) interconnection delay within integrated circuits (ICs) as the device dimensions shrink to the sub-micron scale. Copper (Cu) is the material of choice for metal interconnects and SiO2 (with a dielectric constant k = ∼ 3.9) has been used as an interlevel dielectric material in the industry. To meet the demands of the international road map for semiconductors, materials with a significantly lower dielectric constant are needed. In this study, the effects of porosity and layer thicknesses on the mechanical properties of a multilayer thin film (Cu, Ta and SiO2)-substrate (Si) system are examined using nanoindentation and finite element (FE) simulations. A micromechanics model is first developed to predict the stress-strain relation of the porous silica based on the homogenization method for composite materials. An FE model is then generated and validated to perform a parametric study on nanoindentation of the Cu/Ta/SiO2/Si system aiming to predict the mechanical properties of the multilayer film stack.
Observation of Micro-Tensile Behavior of Thin Film TiN and Au using ESPI Technique
Authors: Huh Yong-Hak , Kim Dong-Iel , Hahn Jun-Hee , Kim Gwang-Seok , Kee Chang-Doo , Yeon Soon-Chang , Kim Yong Hyub 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMicro-tensile properties of hard and soft thin films, TiN and Au, were evaluated by directly measuring tensile strain in film tension using the micro-ESPI(electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry) technique. Micro-tensile stress-strain curves for these films were obtained and the properties were determined. TiN thin film 1 μm thick and Au films with two different thicknesses (t=0.5 μm and 1 μm) were deposited onto the silicon wafers, respectively, and micro-tensile specimens wide 50, 100 and 200 μm were fabricated using micromachining. In-situ measurement of the micro-tensile strain during tensile loading was carried out using the subsequent strain measurement algorithm and the ESPI system developed in this study. The micro-tensile curves showed that TiN thin film was a linear-elastic material showing no plastic deformation and Au thin film was an elastic-plastic material showing significant plastic flow. Effect of the specimen dimensions on mechanical properties was examined. It was revealed that tensile strengths for both films were slightly increased with increasing specimen width. Furthermore, variations of yielding strengths for the thin film Au with change of the dimension were investigated.
How Stretchable Can We Make Thin Metal Films?
Authors: Tsay Candice , Lacour Stephanie P. , Wagner Sigurd , Li Teng , Suo Zhigang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThin metal films deposited on elastomeric substrates can remain electrically conducting at tensile strains up to ~∼00%. We recently used finite-element simulation to explore the rupture process of a metal film on an elastomer. The simulation predicted the highest stretchability on stiff elastomeric substrates [1]. We now report experiments designed to verify this prediction. A ∼15-μm thick silicone elastomer layer with Young's modulus E ∼ 160 MPa is deposited on a 1mm thick membrane of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a silicone elastomer with E ∼3 MPa. Metal stripes consisting of 25-nm thick gold (Au) film sandwiched between two 5-nm thick chromium (Cr) adhesion layers are fabricated either on top of the stiff layer spun onto the soft membrane substrate, or are encapsulated at the interface between the two elastomers. Encapsulated gold films remain electrically conducting beyond 40% strain. But conductors deposited on top of stiff elastomer lose conduction at strains of 3-8%. These results suggest that, in addition to the stiffness of the elastomeric substrate, the initial microstructure of the metal film plays a role in determining its stretchability.
Development of Mid-IR Lasers for Laser Remote Sensing
Authors: Soibel Alexander , Mansour Kamjou , Spiers Gary , Forouhar Siamak 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThere is a need in NASA for development of mid-infrared (mid-IR) lasers, such as Quantum Cascade (QC) lasers, for in-situ and remote laser spectrometers. Mid-IR, compact, low power consumption laser spectrometers have a great potential for detection and measurements of planetary gases and biological important biomarker molecules such as H2O, H2O2, CH4, and many additional chemical species on Mars and other planets of Solar systems. Other applications of mid-IR QC lasers are in high power remote Laser Reflectance Spectrometer (LRS) instruments for future NASA outer solar system explorations. In LSR instruments, QC lasers will act as the illumination source for conducting active mid-IR reflectance spectroscopy of solidsurfaced objects in the outer Solar System. LRS instruments have the potential to provide an incredible amount of information about the compositions of surfaces in the outer Solar System. In this work, we will discuss our current effort at JPL to develop and improve the mid-IR QC lasers to a level that the laser performance, operational requirements and reliability will be compatible with the instruments demands for space exploration applications.
Reliability of Long Pulsewidth High Power Laser Diode Arrays
Authors: Meadows Byron L. , Amzajerdian Farzin , Barnes Bruce W. , Baker Nathaniel R. , Baggott Rene P. , Singh Upendra N. , Kavaya Michael J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSpace-borne laser remote sensing systems typically rely on conductively cooled, diodepumped solid-state lasers as their transmitter source. Since space-borne instruments incur high developmental and launch costs and are inaccessible for maintenance, their reliability is of great importance. Therefore, it is crucial to address the reliability of high power laser pump arrays, which essentially dictate the reliability and lifetime of the laser systems. The most common solid-state lasers used for remote sensing applications are Neodymium-based, 1-micron lasers and Thulium/Holmium based 2-micron lasers. 2-micron lasers require a pump wavelength of around 10 to 20 nm shorter compared with 1-micron lasers, and require pump pulse durations 5 to 10 times longer. This work focuses on the long pulsewidth laser diode arrays (LDAs) operating at a central wavelength of 792 nm used for optically pumping 2-micron solid-state laser materials. Such LDAs are required to operate at relatively high pulse energies with pulse durations on the order of one millisecond. However, such relatively long pulse durations cause the laser diode active region to experience high peak temperatures and drastic thermal cycling. This extreme localized heating and thermal cycling of the active regions are considered the primary contributing factors for both gradual and catastrophic degradation of LDAs, thus limiting their reliability and lifetime. One method for mitigating this damage is to incorporate materials that can improve thermo-mechanical properties by increasing the rate of heat dissipation and reducing internal stresses due to differences in thermal expansion and thus increasing lifetime. This paper explains the need for long pulsewidth operation, how this affects reliability and lifetime and presents some results from characterization and life testing of these devices.
Advanced Composites for LIDAR Applications
Authors: Kowbel Witold , Withers Jim , Woida Rigel 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe current generation of laser diodes suffers from poor thermal management. Typically, Cu-W is used as a submount material. Although it offers a good CTE match with GaAs, thermal conductivity is very limited (160 W/mK). A new approach to improving the thermal management of laser diodes was developed involving the use of hybrid CC/graphite foam composites.We also have a novel technology developed for LIDAR optical structures consisting of SiC-SiC composite material which exhibits excellent fracture toughness and homogeneous CTE.
Maternal Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Concerning Interpregnancy Interval
Authors: Ahlers-Schmidt Carolyn R. , Woods Nikki Keene , Bradshaw Danielle , Rempel Anna , Engel Matt , Benton Mary 
Published: June 2019

Introduction. Few studies have examined maternal intentions andpractices related to interpregnancy interval (IPI). IPI less than 18months has been linked to increased preterm birth and infant mortality.This manuscript reports on a cross-sectional survey of mothersconducted to understand maternal knowledge, attitudes, and practiceof IPI in Sedgwick County, Kansas.
Methods. New and expectant mothers and mothers of neonatalinfant care unit (NICU) graduates (n = 125) were surveyed regardingthe issues surrounding IPI. Front desk staff handed out self-administeredsurveys, which were returned to a nurse upon completion.NICU participants were emailed a link to the survey hosted on SurveyMonkey®.
Results. Fewer than 30% of mothers reported previously receivinginformation about IPI from any source. When asked about risks associatedwith IPI, women frequently (n = 58, 45%) identified increasedrisk for birth outcomes with no known association with short IPI.Findings regarding maternal attitudes surrounding optimal IPI weremixed with many mothers defining ideal IPI as less than 18 months(n = 52, 42%), while broadly reporting they believed that a woman’sbody needs time to heal between pregnancies. Respondents from theNICU sample generally reported shorter optimal IPI values than theother participants. When IPI was estimated from participants’ pastpregnancies, half of IPIs were less than 18 months. Mothers reportedthey favored healthcare providers as a source for IPI education. Faceto-face discussions or printed materials were the preferred modes ofeducation.
Conclusions. Women were aware of the need for spacing betweenpregnancies, however, that knowledge was unassociated with pastbehavior. These findings should be taken into consideration whenformulating future interventions. Kans J Med 2018;11(4):86-90.
Evaluation of Online Consumer Health Information for Idiopathic Scoliosis Identified by a Google Search
Authors: Heady Sarah C. , Weaver Marissa A. , Berg Gina M. , Manlove Emily M. , Thuener Jennifer E. , Burton Douglas C. 
Published: June 2019

Introduction. This study sought to assess the quality of online consumerhealth information about idiopathic scoliosis. Previous studiesshowed that quality of online health information varies and oftenlacks adherence to expert recommendations and guidelines. Nevertheless,72% of internet users seek health information online. A 2005analysis of online scoliosis information found that the informationwas limited and of poor quality.
Methods. Two reviewers vetted the top 10 websites resulting from aGoogleTM search for “scoliosis.” Content was organized into categoriesand rated by three physician evaluators using a 1 - 5 scale basedon quality, accuracy, completeness of information, readability, andwillingness to recommend. Additional information, such as numberof ads and Flesch-Kinkaid reading level, also was collected.
Results. The average overall physician score was 47.6 (75 possible).All websites included content that was mostly accurate but varied incompleteness. Physicians unanimously recommended Mayo Clinic,MedicineNet, and Kids Health; none recommended the GoogleTMKnowledge Graph. The Scoliosis Research Society website reachedthe highest overall physician score. Readability ranged from 7th gradeto college level; only that of Kids Health was below 10th grade level.
Conclusions. Most essential information provided by the websiteswas accurate and generally well rated by physicians. Website rankingby physicians was inconsistent with the ranking order by GoogleTM,indicating that health seekers reviewing the top GoogleTM-rankedwebsites may not be viewing the websites rated highest by physicians.Physicians should consider patient literacy in website recommendations,as many have an above average literacy level.Kans J Med 2018;11(4):95-101.
El marketing en el desarrollo sostenible de las empresas forestales: un acercamiento a la concepción cubana
Authors: Cruz Pérez Yudemir 
Published: June 2019

El objetivo de esta investigación fue elaborar una propuesta de conceptualización de las variables controlables del marketing en el marco del manejo forestal sostenible, para lo cual se realizó primero una investigación con fuentes secundarias que permitieran constatar la existencia de indicios que pudieran servir de base a la propuesta. Seguidamente se aplicó el proceso de solución de problema en grupo a través de un taller interinstitucional, de cuyo trabajo se obtuvieron los elementos fundamentales para conformar las nuevas concepciones. Como resultado se constató que el papel de un marketing mejorado en el sector forestal crecerá en importancia contribuir al desarrollo sostenible. Que el marketing en este nuevo contexto debe asumir la misión de reorganizar el comportamiento de la empresa, para crear una nueva forma de actuar en ellas y en todo el sistema de relaciones económicas y sociales. De igual modo los nuevos conceptos de las variables del marketing serán soporte de su puesta en práctica.
La técnica del product placement en las series de ficción gallegas
Authors: Martínez Costa Sandra 
Published: June 2019

Este artículo trata sobre la presencia de product placement en las series de ficción en Galicia, para lo cual se ha llevado a cabo el análisis de cuatro de ellas partiendo de la teoría de que las presencia de marcas locales en productos audiovisuales autonómicos pueda resultar más eficaz.
Factores de influencia en el consumo de turismo. Análisis del destino turístico: Ribeira Sacra (reseña de tesis doctoral)
Authors: Fraiz Brea José Antonio , Carballo Meiriño Roberto 
Published: June 2019

Reseña de tesis doctoral: La tesis doctoral surge a partir de la necesidad de contribuir al desarrollo de alternativas económicas en los espacios rurales en el interior de España. Los objetivos son: desarrollar una visión global de la fidelidad de los consumidores en el ámbito de los destinos turísticos; identificar segmentos diferenciados de visitantes y medir la percepción de los visitantes sobre la calidad de los servicios proporcionados en la zona de la Ribeira Sacra. Entre sus conclusiones señala que la satisfacción de los consumidores con un destino turístico se encuentra determinada por la calidad prestada por las empresas del sector pero también por otros factores como la adecuada señalización, la conservación del patrimonio o la hospitalidad de la población local.
Reflexionando sobre los proyectos de desarrollo comunitario en tiempos de crisis
Authors: Jarabo Inmaculada Gómez , Gómez Marta Gómez 
Published: June 2019

Reflexionando sobre los proyectos de desarrollo comunitario en tiempos de crisisRESUMENEn el presente estudio pretendemos reflexionar sobre la situación de los proyectos de Desarrollo Comunitario en España y sobre la participación de la población escolar, fundamentalmente universitaria, en los mismos. Para ello, nos basaremos en la Educación Popular de Freire y las metodologías de Investigación Acción Participativa y Aprendizaje Servicio como fundamentación teórica a los proyectos analizados y las propuestas realizadas. Haremos especial hincapié en este tipo de proyectos en tiempos de crisis, pues es cuando la población se siente más desamparada y necesita sentirse más integrada en su entorno y arropada por sus semejantes. Todo ello, resaltando la importancia que tiene en la formación del ser humano no sólo el aspecto académico o técnico, sino también la perspectiva emocional y de pertenencia a la sociedad en la que vive.PALABRAS CLAVE: Proyectos de desarrollo comunitario. Educación Popular. Participación ciudadana. Refletindo sobre os projetos de desenvolvimento comunitário em tempos de criseRESUMONo presente estudo pretendemos refletir sobre a situação dos projetos de Desenvolvimento Comunitário na Espanha, e sobre a participação da população escolar, fundamentalmente universitária, nos mesmos. Para isso, nos basearemos na Educação Popular de Freire e nas metodologias de Investigação Ação Participativa e Aprendizagem em Serviço, como fundamentação teórica dos projetos analisados e as propostas realizadas. Faremos especial ênfase nesse tipo de projeto em tempos de crise, pois é quando a população se sente mais desamparada e necessita sentir-se mais integrada em seu entorno, e apoiada por seus semelhantes. Tudo isso, ressaltando a importância que tem na formação do ser humano não só o aspecto acadêmico ou técnico, mas também a perspectiva emocional e de pertencimento à sociedade em que se vive. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Projetos de desenvolvimento comunitário. Educação popular. Participação cidadã. Reflecting on community development projects in times of crisisABSTRACTIn the present study we intend to reflect on the situation of the Community Development projects in Spain, and on the participation of mainly university in the same school population. To do this, We will base on Popular Education Freire and methodologies Participatory Action Research and Learning Service, theoretic basis of the analyzed projects and proposals made. We will make special emphasis on this type of project in times of crisis, it is when the population feels more helpless and need to feel more integrated in its surroundings, and supported by his fellows. All this, emphasizing the importance of the formation of the human being not only the academic or technical aspect, but also the emotional perspective and of belonging to the society in which we live.KEYWORDS: Community development projects. Popular education. Citizen participation.