bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Looking down the road: Future directions for research on depth and regulation of strategic processing
Authors: Alexander Patricia A. 
Published: February 2018

PurposeThe primary goal of this commentary was to consider the future directions that researchers dealing with levels and regulation of strategies and with approaches to learning may wish to pursue in the years to come.ProcedureIn order to accomplish this goal, the first step was to look for any common ground shared by authors contributing to this Special Issue. That common ground represented a convergence of evidence for these programmes of research; in effect, where they intersect. Next, theoretical, methodological, and data‐analytic barriers that have long impeded progress within and across these research communities were identified.OutcomeRecommendations were offered that might serve to diminish or remove those existing barriers and, thus, open new avenues of inquiry.
A moderate financial incentive can increase effort, but not intelligence test performance in adult volunteers
Authors: Gignac Gilles E. 
Published: February 2018

A positive correlation between self‐reported test‐taking motivation and intelligence test performance has been reported. Additionally, some financial incentive experimental evidence suggests that intelligence test performance can be improved, based on the provision of financial incentives. However, only a small percentage of the experimental research has been conducted with adults. Furthermore, virtually none of the intelligence experimental research has measured the impact of financial incentives on test‐taking motivation. Consequently, we conducted an experiment with 99 adult volunteers who completed a battery of intelligence tests under two conditions: no financial incentive and financial incentive (counterbalanced). We also measured self‐reported test‐taking importance and effort at time 1 and time 2. The financial incentive was observed to impact test‐taking effort statistically significantly. By contrast, no statistically significant effects were observed for the intelligence test performance scores. Finally, the intelligence test scores were found to correlate positively with both test‐taking importance (rc = .28) and effort (rc = .37), although only effort correlated uniquely with intelligence (partial rc = .26). In conjunction with other empirical research, it is concluded that a financial incentive can increase test‐taking effort. However, the potential effects on intelligence test performance in adult volunteers seem limited.
Findings from an online survey of family carer experience of the management of challenging behaviour in people with intellectual disabilities, with a focus on the use of psychotropic medication
Authors: Sheehan Rory , Kimona Kate , Giles Audrey , Cooper Vivien , Hassiotis Angela 
Published: February 2018

Accessible summary

Family members often support people with intellectual disabilities who display challenging behaviour. Family carers should be listened to and included in important decisions.

We asked family carers how professional services had helped their relative with challenging behaviour.

Family carers said that the care of people with intellectual disabilities who display challenging behaviour can be improved. Family carers sometimes felt left out of decisions and said that they needed more information.

Listening to parent carers' experiences can help to improve the services that are provided to people with intellectual disabilities and their families.

AbstractBackgroundThere is relatively little published data that report the experiences and views of family carers of people with intellectual disabilities who display challenging behaviour who are prescribed psychotropic medication.Materials and methodsAn online structured questionnaire was created by the Challenging Behaviour Foundation, a UK charity, and family carers of people with intellectual disability. Questions concerned the management of challenging behaviour and asked family carers about their experiences and views on the use of psychotropic medication. Responses were gathered between August and October 2016. Results are summarised using descriptive and inferential statistics and descriptive analysis of free‐text comments.FindingsNinety‐nine family carers completed the survey. Family carers reported gaps in the holistic and proactive management of challenging behaviour. Whilst some felt involved in decisions around psychotropic medication prescribing, others described feeling marginalised and lacking information and influence. The decision to prescribe psychotropic medication evoked complex emotions in family carers and medication use was associated with mixed outcomes in those prescribed. Family carers identified areas of good practice and those areas where they believe improvements are needed.ConclusionsPsychotropic medication should be only one option in a multimodal approach to challenging behaviour, but this may not always be reflected in current practice. Greater effort needs to be made to ensure that services are equipped to provide optimum care and to embed shared decision‐making into routine practice.
Multiple roles of single‐minded 2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its clinical implications
Authors: Tamaoki Masashi , Komatsuzaki Rie , Komatsu Masayuki , Minashi Keiko , Aoyagi Kazuhiko , Nishimura Takao , Chiwaki Fumiko , Hiroki Tomoko , Daiko Hiroyuki , Morishita Kazuhiro , Sakai Yoshiharu , Seno Hiroshi , Chiba Tsutomu , Muto Manabu , Yoshida Teruhiko , Sasaki Hiroki 
Published: February 2018

Degree of histological differentiation is an important characteristic of cancers and may be associated with malignant potential. However, in squamous cell carcinomas, a key transcriptional factor regulating tumor differentiation is largely unknown. Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is a standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; however, the survival rate is still below 40%. From microarray data, single‐minded 2 (SIM2) was overexpressed in the epithelial subtype. Here, we investigated the correlation between SIM2 expression and its clinical implication, and in vitro and in vivo functions of SIM2 in tumor differentiation and in CRT sensitivity. Although SIM2 was suppressed in cancerous tissues, SIM2‐high ESCC showed a favorable prognosis in CRT. Transient SIM2 expression followed by 3D culture induced expression of differentiation markers and suppressed epithelial‐mesenchymal transition‐ and basal‐cell markers. Levels of PDPN‐high tumor basal cells and of expression of genes for DNA repair and antioxidant enzymes were reduced in stable transfectants, and they showed high CDDP and H2O2 sensitivities, and their xenografts showed a well‐differentiated histology. Reduction of tumor basal cells was restored by knockdown of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) that interacted with SIM2. Together, SIM2 increases CRT sensitivity through tumor differentiation by cooperation with ARNT.
Great Apes and Human Development: A Personal History
Authors: Tomasello Michael 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn this article, I recount my history of research with great apes. From the beginning, the idea was to compare apes to human children, with an eye to discovering facts relevant to describing and explaining processes of human development. The research went through three more or less distinct stages, focusing on communication and social learning, social cognition and theory of mind, and cooperation and shared intentionality. I conclude by identifying problems and prospects for comparative research in developmental psychology.
Bone loss at implants and teeth in the same inter‐proximal unit: A radiographic study
Authors: Cecchinato Denis , Marino Massimiliano , Toia Marco , Cecchinato Francesca , Lindhe Jan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis study was performed to determine whether the distance between an implant and a tooth present in an inter‐proximal unit influenced the amount of marginal bone loss that occurred at the two facing (adjacent) surfaces.Materials and methodsOne hundred and eighty patients with a total of 278 inter‐proximal units were included. Radiographs of implants that also included adjacent (facing) natural tooth/teeth were digitalized, and various linear measurements were performed using a software program. The marginal bone level and the bone level change that had occurred during a mean of 5.8 years were assessed as well as distance between the implant and the adjacent tooth/teeth.ResultsThe mean amount of additional marginal bone loss that took place during the observation period was about 0.4 mm at both implants and adjacent tooth surfaces. The horizontal distance between an implant and the facing tooth did not influence the amount of marginal bone loss that had occurred. In most inter‐proximal units, more advanced bone loss (>1 mm, >2 mm) had ensued either at the implant or at the facing tooth surface. Advanced additional bone loss occurred at both the implant and the tooth in only about 3% of the examined subjects.ConclusionBone loss at implants and teeth appears to be a site‐specific phenomenon and not dependent on the inter‐proximal distance.
LINGO‐1 antibody ameliorates myelin impairment and spatial memory deficits in the early stage of 5XFAD mice
Authors: Wu Di , Tang Xiang , Gu Li‐Hua , Li Xiao‐Li , Qi Xin‐Yang , Bai Feng , Chen Xiao‐Chun , Wang Jian‐Zhi , Ren Qing‐Guo , Zhang Zhi‐Jun 
Published: February 2018

SummaryAimsMultiple evidence has indicated that myelin injury is common in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, whether myelin injury is an early event in AD and the relationship between it and cognitive function is still elusive.MethodsSpatial memory of 5XFAD mice was determined by Morris water maze at 1 and 3 months old. Meanwhile, the deposition of Aβ, the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), LINGO‐1, NgR, and myelin ultrastructure in many memory‐associated brain regions were detected in one‐month‐old and three‐month‐old mice (before and after LINGO‐1 antibody administration) using immunostaining, Western blot (WB), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively.ResultsNo abnormal Aβ deposition was found in one‐month‐old 5XFAD mice. However, spatial memory deficits were proved in accordance with an obvious demyelination in memory‐associated brain regions in one‐month‐old mice and both deteriorated with age. Administration of LINGO‐1 antibody could obviously restore the myelin impairments in CA1 and DG region and partially ameliorate spatial memory deficits.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that myelin injury was an early event in 5XFAD mice even prior to emergence of deposition of Aβ. Intervention with the LINGO‐1 antibody could attenuate impaired spatial memory deficits by remyelination, which suggested that myelin injury was involved in spatial memory deficits and remyelination may be a potential therapeutic strategy in early stage of AD or mild cognitive impairments.
Cause or compensation?—Altered neuronal Ca2+ handling in Huntington's disease
Authors: Mackay James P. , Nassrallah Wissam B. , Raymond Lynn A. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryHuntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder of typically middle‐aged onset for which there is no disease‐modifying treatment. Caudate and putamen medium‐sized spiny projection neurons (SPNs) most severely degenerate in HD. However, it is unclear why mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) is preferentially toxic to these neurons or why symptoms manifest only relatively late in life. mHTT interacts with numerous neuronal proteins. Likewise, multiple SPN cellular processes have been described as altered in various HD models. Among these, altered neuronal Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ handling feature prominently and are addressed here. Specifically, we focus on extrasynaptic NMDA‐type glutamate receptors, endoplasmic reticulum IP3 receptors, and mitochondria. As mHTT is expressed throughout development, compensatory processes will likely be mounted to mitigate any deleterious effects. Although some compensations can lessen mHTT's disruptive effects, others—such as upregulation of the ER‐refilling store‐operated Ca2+ channel response—contribute to pathogenesis. A causation‐based approach is therefore necessary to decipher the complex sequence of events linking mHTT to neurodegeneration, and to design rational therapeutic interventions. With this in mind, we highlight evidence, or lack thereof, that the above alterations in Ca2+ handling occur early in the disease process, clearly interact with mHTT, and show disease‐modifying potential when reversed in animals.
Impaired fear extinction in serotonin transporter knockout rats is associated with increased 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine in the amygdala
Authors: Shan Ling , Guo Hang‐Yuan , van den Heuvel Corina N. A. M. , van Heerikhuize Joop , Homberg Judith R. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryAimsOne potential risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) involves the low activity (short; s) allelic variant of the serotonin transporter‐linked polymorphic region (5‐HTTLPR), possibly due to reduced prefrontal control over the amygdala. Evidence shows that DNA methylation/demethylation is crucial for fear extinction in these brain areas and is associated with neuronal activation marker c‐Fos expression. We hypothesized that impaired fear extinction in serotonin transporter knockout (5‐HTT−/−) rats is related to changes in DNA (de) methylation and c‐Fos expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and/or amygdala.Methods5‐HTT−/− and 5‐HTT+/+ rats were subjected to fear extinction. 2 hours after the extinction session, the overall levels of DNA methylation (5‐mC), demethylation (5‐hmC), and c‐Fos in fear extinction and nonfear extinction rats were measured by immunohistochemistry.Results5‐HTT−/− rats displayed decreased fear extinction. This was associated with reduced c‐Fos activity in the infralimbic PFC. In the central nucleus of the amygdala, c‐Fos immunoreactivity was increased in the fear extinction group compared to the no‐fear extinction group, regardless of genotype. 5‐hmC levels were unaltered in the PFC, but reduced in the amygdala of nonextinction 5‐HTT−/− rats compared to nonextinction wild‐type rats, which caught up to wild‐type levels during fear extinction. 5‐mC levels were stable in central amygdala in both wild‐type and 5‐HTT−/− extinction rats. Finally, c‐Fos and 5‐mC levels were correlated with the prelimbic PFC, but not amygdala.ConclusionsIn the amygdala, DNA demethylation, independent from c‐Fos activation, may contribute to individual differences in risk for PTSD, as conferred by the 5‐HTTLPR s‐allele.
Effects of sevoflurane preconditioning on microglia/macrophage dynamics and phagocytosis profile against cerebral ischemia in rats
Authors: Dang Dan‐Dan , Saiyin Hexige , Yu Qiong , Liang Wei‐Min 
Published: February 2018

SummaryAimThe effects of sevoflurane on microglia/macrophages, promoting or suppressing their activation, remains controversy. We aimed to determine whether sevoflurane preconditioning can protect brain via changing microglia/macrophage dynamics and phagocytosis profile after ischemia.MethodsThe impact of sevoflurane preconditioning was evaluated on microglia/macrophage migration, phagocytosis and proliferation altogether from day 1 to day 7 after transient middle cerebral arterial occlusion (tMCAO) in rats.ResultsSevoflurane preconditioning was identified to accelerate microglia/macrophage migrating to and invasion in the ischemic core from day 1 to day 5 after damage. Significant accumulation of amoeboid and phagocytic microglia/macrophages was observed in sevoflurane group from day 3 to day 5 after ischemia injury. In addition, sevoflurane pretreatment also promoted the proliferation of microglia/macrophage (Iba1+/Ki67+) dramatically in ischemic core on day 3 postinsult.ConclusionsOur current study has identified the impact of sevoflurane preconditioning on microglia/macrophage dynamics, including its migration, phagocytosis, and proliferation at early stage after brain ischemia and reperfusion. Sevoflurane might enhance microglia/macrophage activation and promote brain repair. These results could help to approach more relevant microglia/macrophage cell‐based strategy for human stroke therapy.
The undervalued contribution of mangrove protection in Mexico to carbon emission targets
Authors: Adame Maria Fernanda , Brown Christopher James , Bejarano Marylin , Herrera‐Silveira Jorge Alfredo , Ezcurra Paula , Kauffman J. Boone , Birdsey Richard 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMangrove deforestation threatens to release large stores of carbon from soils that are vulnerable to oxidation. Carbon stored in deep soils is not measured in national carbon inventories. Thus, policies on emission reductions have likely underestimated the contribution of mangrove deforestation to national emissions. Here, we estimate that emissions from deforestation and degradation of mangroves in Mexico are 31 times greater than the values used to determine national emission reduction targets for the Paris Agreement. Thus, Mexico has vastly undervaluated the potential of mangrove protection to reduce its emissions. Accounting for carbon emissions from mangrove soils should greatly increase the priority of mangrove forests to receive funding for protection under carbon trading programs.
Validation of reaching in a virtual environment in typically developing children and children with mild unilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Robert Maxime T , Levin Mindy F 
Published: February 2018

AimTo compare three reaching movements made in two planes between a low‐cost, game‐based virtual reality and a matched physical environment in typically developing children and children with cerebral palsy (CP). To determine if differences in kinematics are related to sensory deficits.MethodAn observational study in which 27 children (typically developing, n=17, mean age 13y, [SD] 2y 2mo, range 9y 3mo–17y 2mo; CP, n=10, mean age 13y 8mo, [SD] 1y 8mo, range 11y 1mo–17y 1mo, Manual Ability Classification System levels I–II) performed 15 trials of three gestures in each of a virtual reality and a matched physical environment. Upper‐limb and trunk kinematics were recorded using an electromagnetic system (G4, Polhemus, six markers, 120Hz).ResultsCompared to the physical environment, movements in virtual reality made by typically developing children were slower (p=0.002), and involved less trunk flexion (p=0.002) and rotation (p=0.026). Children with CP had more curved trajectories (p=0.005) and used less trunk flexion (p=0.003) and rotation (p=0.005). Elbow and shoulder kinematics differed from 2.8% to 155.4% between environments in both groups. Between groups, there were small, clinically insignificant differences with only the vertical gesture being longer in typically developing children. Children with CP who had greater tactile impairment used more trunk displacement.InterpretationClinicians and researchers need to be aware of differences in movement variables when setting goals or designing protocols for improving reaching in children with CP using low‐cost, game‐based virtual reality systems.What this paper adds

Upper‐limb kinematics differed in each group when reaching in physical versus virtual environments.

There were small differences in movements made by children with mild unilateral cerebral palsy (CP) compared to typically developing children.

Differences in reaching kinematics should be considered when goal setting using virtual reality interventions for children with mild unilateral CP.
Real wages once more: a response to Judy Stephenson
Authors: Allen Robert C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article examines Judy Stephenson's claim that institutional wage series such as those of Greenwich Hospital overstate the earnings of building workers by 20 to 30 per cent, and it is argued here that the conclusion is unpersuasive. Whatever adjustments to existing wage series are necessary in view of her new evidence would have no significant implications for real wages in England compared to the rest of the world. Consequently, Stephenson's findings do not call into question the high wage explanation for the industrial revolution.
Acute amnestic syndrome in isolated bilateral fornix stroke
Authors: Salvalaggio A. , Cagnin A. , Nardetto L. , Manara R. , Briani C. 
Published: February 2018

Background and purposeAcute onset of amnestic syndrome may represent a challenging diagnostic issue. In addition to non‐vascular etiology, thalamic strokes or infarction involving several temporal lobe structures have been reported.MethodsWe describe three patients in whom an isolated bilateral anterior fornix infarction presented with an acute amnestic syndrome. Clinical presentation, differential diagnosis and magnetic resonance images are discussed for each patient and vascular anatomy of the involved brain regions is also considered.ResultsBilateral anterior columns of the fornix showed cytotoxic edema and bilateral narrowing of anterior cerebral artery was demonstrated.ConclusionsWe suggest that bilateral fornix infarction should always be considered in the diagnostic work‐up of an amnestic syndrome with acute onset.
Salivary levels of angiopoietin‐2 in infants with infantile haemangiomas treated with and without systemic propranolol
Authors: Seamens Alexandra , Nieman Elizabeth , Losavio Kristen , Bradley Bridget , Nelson Kate , Chen Kuang‐Ho , Chen Suephy , Arbiser Jack , Lawley Leslie P. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractInfantile haemangiomas (IHs) with functional or cosmetic concerns necessitate systemic treatment for which propranolol is the preferred treatment. However, the mechanism of action is unknown. Mouse models suggest the angiopoietin‐2 (Ang2)/Tie‐2 system is implicated. Ang2 can promote endothelial growth or induce apoptosis depending on the presence of vascular endothelial growth factor. This pilot study investigates the saliva Ang2 levels in infants with IH treated with and without systemic propranolol. Patients with clinically confirmed IHs were recruited from an academic paediatric dermatology centre. Treatment was based on clinical evaluation. Saliva samples were collected over 6 months. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay determined Ang2 levels. Ang2 levels were detectable in 45% of samples. However, by the late time point, only 28% had detectable levels. There were no changes of Ang2 over time, and there were no differences in Ang2 levels between groups. However, Ang2 levels were correlated with baseline size and changes in size from baseline. Ang2 is detectable in saliva of affected infants, but does not decrease with propranolol treatment. However, Ang2 levels are positively correlated with size and changes in size. Thus, Ang2 is not the primary factor in the mechanism of propranolol resulting in IH reduction.
Cryptotanshinone reduces psoriatic epidermal hyperplasia via inhibiting the activation of STAT3
Authors: Tang Lipeng , He Songmin , Wang Xieqi , Liu Hongying , Zhu Ying , Feng Bing , Su Zuqing , Zhu Wei , Liu Bo , Xu Fangfang , Li Chutian , Zhao Jie , Zheng Xirun , Lu Chuanjian , Zheng Guangjuan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe discovery of new therapeutic drugs with the efficacious and safe ability to prevent epidermal hyperplasia is extremely urgent for psoriasis. Cryptotanshinone (CTS), an active component isolated from the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has been reported to have antibacterial and antitumor effects. However, its effects on psoriasis have not been reported. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of CTS on imiquimod (IMQ)‐induced psoriatic‐like skin model and explored the underlying mechanisms. Our results revealed that CTS effectively alleviates IMQ‐induced epidermal hyperplasia. In vitro studies also indicated that CTS potently inhibits the growth of keratinocytes. We further found that STAT3, a transcription factor for the cell growth, is the key mediator of CTS on the proliferation of keratinocytes. Taken together, our findings indicated that the curative effects of CTS on psoriasis are accomplished mainly through modulating STAT3, which providing evidences to develop CTS as a potential therapeutic agent for patients with psoriasis.