bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RXLR effector genes mediate regional adaptation of Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Zheng Jie , Tian Peng , Li Wanyue , Cao Yimeng , Meng Yuling , Zhan Jiasui , Shan Weixing 
Published: November 2024

AbstractLocal adaptation has been a central theme of eco-evolutionary research for decades. It is generally assumed that plant pathogens are locally adapted due to their standing interactions with biotic and abiotic factors in the ecosystem. Effectors, secreted small proteins encoded by pathogens, play critical roles in host–pathogen interactions, by activating host genotype-specific resistance, suppressing plant immunity, and playing other functions. In this study, we investigated the potential involvement of RXLR effector genes in ecological adaptation by examining the simple sequence repeat (SSR), virulence, and effector profiles in Phytophthora infestans isolates collected from two geographic regions differing in ecological environments. Genotypic analyses with SSR markers and virulence assays showed that the pathogen from the two regions shared genetic background but differed in virulence spectrums. High-throughput sequencing and expression analysis of 24 selected P. infestans isolates further showed variations in the RXLR effector repertoire, ranging from 536 to 548 for each isolate and the expression of effector genes was highly associated with the accumulation of homologous sRNA. Regional specific alleles were detected at 94 RXLR effector genes, and a specific accumulation of homologous 25–26 nt sRNAs was found at 67 RXLR effector genes. Two of the regional specific RXLR effector genes were confirmed to be virulence factors. Taken together, these results suggest that genomic and epigenetic variations in RXLR effector genes contribute significantly to the ecological adaptation of P. infestans populations and that regional specific effector genes will help to understand the adaptive landscape of pathogens and efficient use of host resistance genes.
A correlation study of weak core muscles with hamstring muscles flexibility in young adults
Authors: Kapre Tanmaya Milind Swati , Alexander Joseph Oliver Raj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Background
Hamstring, being a two-joint muscle, tends to shorten over time, resulting in tightness, affecting performance in daily activities and is also capable of generating exaggerated posterior pelvic tilt, leading to decreased lumbar lordosis. Weak core muscles have been associated with hamstring tightness, and strengthening the core has been attempted in an effort to relax the hamstring tightness. It is believed that the hamstrings overact and over a period of time tightens, when the core is weak, to compensate for postural stability.

Method
Thirty-three subjects, both male and females with and without hamstring tightness, were assessed for their core endurance through McGill’s core endurance test battery. It was followed by active knee extension test to determine degree of hamstring tightness on both sides. Correlation between the two variables was statistically analyzed.

Results
Pearson’s correlation was used to analyze the collected data. A moderate positive but significant correlation (p = 0.02) was found between flexor endurance test and active knee extension (both sides). A weak positive but significant correlation (p = 0.05) was found between extensor endurance test and active knee extension (both sides). Correlation between the right and left lateral bridge with their respective side hamstring flexibility was negative and not significant (p = 0.916 (right lateral torso endurance); p = 0.339 (left lateral torso endurance)).

Conclusion
Since there is a moderate positive but significant correlation between the flexion torso endurance test and both side hamstring flexibility and a weak positive but significant correlation between extension torso endurance test and both side hamstring flexibility, the core (flexor, extensor, and lateral) should be thought of as a whole unit when strengthening in order to maintain and improve hamstring flexibility.
High Diagnostic Accuracy of Arterial Phase CT in Differentiating Pheochromocytoma in Good/Poor Washout Adrenal Masses
Authors: Phadte Aditya , Krishnappa Brijesh , Memon Saba Samad , Patil Virendra , Lila Anurag , Badhe Padma Vikram , Sarathi Vijaya , Fernandes Gwendolyn , Rege Sameer , Prakash Gagan , Menon Santosh , Karlekar Manjiri , Barnabas Rohit , Shah Nalini , Thakkar Hemangini , Bandgar Tushar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Differentiating pheochromocytomas from other adrenal masses based on computed tomography (CT) characteristics remains challenging, particularly in lipid-poor lesions with variable washout patterns. This study evaluated CT features for distinguishing pheochromocytomas in good and poor washout subcohorts.

Methods
We prospectively analyzed 72 patients with unilateral lipid-poor adrenal masses. CT protocol included basal, bolus-tracked arterial, early venous (45 seconds postarterial), and delayed (15 minutes postarterial) phases. Masses were categorized into good and poor washout groups. Histopathology provided the final diagnosis. CT characteristics and calculated indices were compared between pheochromocytomas and other masses in each washout category.

Results
The cohort included pheochromocytomas (n = 35), adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC; n = 15), lipid-poor adenomas (n = 13), and metastatic infiltration/infection (n = 9). In the good washout group, pheochromocytomas (n = 15) showed larger diameters (6.00 vs 3.45 cm, P = .001), higher necrosis frequency (73.3% vs 30%, P = .049), and greater arterial attenuation (173.2 vs 74.5 HU, P &lt; .001) compared to adenomas (n = 9). Arterial attenuation provided a high discriminatory value [area under the curve (AUC): 0.967], with 100% sensitivity at 87.6 Hounsfield unit (HU) and 100% specificity at 139.9 HU. In the poor washout group, pheochromocytomas (n = 20) exhibited higher arterial attenuation (99.2 vs 59.2 HU, P &lt; .001; AUC: 0.844) compared to ACC (n = 14), metastatic infiltration (n = 9), and adenomas (n = 4), with 85% sensitivity and 78% specificity at 73.3 HU. Normetanephrine-secreting/nonsecretory pheochromocytomas showed higher arterial enhancement than metanephrine-secreting ones (132.0 vs 90.5 HU, P = .020) within the poor washout group.

Conclusion
Arterial phase attenuation on CT has good diagnostic accuracy for differentiating pheochromocytomas from other adrenal masses in both good and poor washout categories, potentially guiding hormonal workup.
Somatic and psychiatric symptoms of brain tumors - a review of the literature
Authors: Olszak Joanna , Zalewa Karolina , Orłowska Dominika , Bartoszek Lidia , Kapłan Wojciech , Poleszczuk Karol , Poleszczuk Mikołaj , Milewska Alicja , Czuba Anna 
Published: November 2024

Introduction and Purpose
Brain tumors cause a variety of somatic and psychiatric symptoms, which vary depending on the age of the patient and the location and type of tumor. Symptomatology includes both physical symptoms, such as headache, nausea, seizures and weakness, and psychiatric symptoms, including mood, personality and cognitive dysfunction. In children, the clinical picture is more complex and includes specific developmental difficulties. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the various symptoms accompanying brain tumors in order to detect them early and enable faster diagnosis.

Material and Methods
A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, focusing on articles published until the end of 2023.The search included the keywords: "brain tumors" "symptoms" "headache" and "psychiatric" in various combinations. Relevant studies were selected based on criteria such as somatic and psychiatric symptoms and early diagnosis of brain tumors.
Results
Accumulating data show the diversity of symptoms associated with brain tumors. Somatic symptoms such as headache, optic disc swelling, nausea, and seizures depend on intracranial pressure and tumor location. Psychiatric symptoms, including personality changes, mood disorders, and cognitive impairment, pose a significant diagnostic challenge in adult patients. In children, brain tumors can cause developmental delay and atypical neurological symptoms.
Conclusions
The symptoms of brain tumors are highly variable and difficult to diagnose, which significantly delays proper diagnosis of the disease. Its early detection is crucial as it improves the prognosis of patients, significantly improves their quality of life, and allows for the introduction of effective therapeutic interventions.
Enhancing vascular surgery outcomes through geriatric co-management: a study on the impact of the POPS team
Authors: Bakheet MEA , Hughes M , Darwish N , Chen S , Egun A , Banihani M 
Published: November 2024

Introduction Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) involves atherosclerotic stenosis and occlusion of lower leg arteries, leading to significant disability, high cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality. Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is the most severe form of PAD. With the UK's aging population set to increase, the prevalence of PAD and the burden on vascular teams are expected to rise. This study evaluates the impact of regular input from the Proactive Care of Older People Undergoing Surgery (POPS) team on vascular surgery outcomes. Methods This prospective cohort study examined the impact of Care of the Elderly (CoE) input on predefined parameters, focussing primarily on the length of stay (LoS) over 12 months. Data included baseline demographics, comorbidities, frailty scores (assessed using the Rockwood frailty score), LoS and referrals to medical specialties. A retrospective pilot study of 50 consecutive patients indicated a need for CoE input, showing higher local LoS compared with the national average. Results Patients in both pilot and project groups were matched for comorbidities, frailty scores and interventions. Despite higher mean age and a greater proportion of patients aged 75+ years in the project group, the study aimed to reduce LoS. Post-quality improvement project implementation, LoS beyond fit-for-discharge decreased from 11.7 days to 9 days in 6 months and to 6 days after 12 months. Referrals to medical specialties decreased from 77% to 40%, and new diagnoses on discharge increased from 28% to 37%. Conclusions CoE team input in vascular surgery patient care significantly improved outcomes, reducing LoS and medical specialty referrals, demonstrating cost-effectiveness and suggesting a feasible multidisciplinary approach for other regions.
Promicanje međusektorske suradnje u modelu rane intervencije
Authors: Matijaš Tena , Bulić Dajana 
Published: November 2024

Međusektorska suradnja složen je proces u kojem sudjeluju različiti sustavi sa svojim složenostima i zasebnim protokolima kroz partnerski odnos, dijeleći odgovornosti i dobrobiti. U razvojnom sistemskom modelu rane intervencije, međusektorska suradnja podrazumijeva povezanost sustava zdravstva, socijalne skrbi i odgojno-obrazovnog sustava. U Republici Hrvatskoj taj vid suradnje nijezaživio na razini na kojoj bi to bilo potrebno kako bi cijeli sustav adekvatno funkcionirao. Upravo zbog toga obitelji djece s neurorazvojnim rizikom i razvojnim teškoćama često su prepušteni sami sebi te tragaju za podrškom i terapijom.Cilj: Cilj ovog rada je prikaz modela povezivanja zdravstvene ustanove, odnosno pedijatara doma zdravlja i stručnjaka ustanovesocijalne skrbi koja pruža usluge rane intervencije (RI) te ispitati ubrzava li navedena suradnja uključenje obitelji u sustav podrške iusluge RI.Metode: Suradnja se provodila putem zaštićene virtualne komunikacije, pri čemu su pedijatri izravno usmjeravali obitelji djece kodkoje je utvrđeno određeno odstupanje od tipičnog razvoja prema socijalnoj ustanovi, pružatelju RI, gdje su stručnjaci timskom razvojnom procjenom proveli trijažu.Rezultati: Obuhvaćeno je 27 djece i njihovih obitelji te se pokazalo kako je navedena suradnja dovela do ubrzanja dobivanja podrškeza obitelj u prosjeku za 72 dana. Također se pokazalo da je neizravno došlo i do ubrzanja administrativnih procedura prilikom ostvarivanja prava na uslugu RI za 13 dana.Zaključak: Rezultati pokazuju pozitivan učinak međusektorske suradnje i povezivanja kroz sustav razmjene informacija putem zaštićenih tehnologija
Biomarkeri alergije u djece preosjetljive na alergen Dactilis glomerata u sezoni cvjetanja rdobrade
Authors: Džajić Anica , Petković Giorgije , Šegović Mateja 
Published: November 2024

Cilj j e usporediti vrijednosti biomarkera alergije, ukupnog IgE-a (uIgE), specifi čnog IgE-a (sIgE), indeksa specifi čnog IgE-a (IsIgE) prema alergenu trave rdobrade Dactilis glomerata (Dac g) i eozinofi lnih granulocita u sezoni cvatnje i izvan nje. Odabrana su djecas dokazanom preosjetljivošću na alergene rdobrade (N=80). Svrstana su u dvije skupine. Skupina 1: djeca obrađena u sezoni peludacije (N=64). Skupina 2: djeca obrađena izvan sezone peludacije (N = 16). Koncentracija odabranih parametara određena je standardiziranim laboratorijskim postupcima. Vrijednosti svih ispitivanih biomarkera alergije, osobito sIgE-a i IsIgE-a, bile su statistički značajno veće u skupini djece testirane u sezoni cvjetanja rdobrade nego izvan nje (p<0,05). Posljedično tome je i korelacija izmeđubiomarkera bila bolja u sezoni izloženosti uzročnome alergenu. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da bi biomarkere alergija, a osobitosIgE-a i IsIgE-a trebalo određivati u vrijeme izloženosti alergenu Dac g.
Symptoms of impulsiveness/hyperactivity and inattention in schoolchildren with behavioural difficulties
Authors: Vlah Nataša , Mihić Sanja Skočić , Galešev Snježana Sekušak 
Published: November 2024

The main aim of this research was to examine homeroom teacher assessment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and some demographic and socio-pedagogical characteristics of schoolchildren with behavioural difficulties, as well as the relations between the mentioned variables. Homeroom teachers assessed 1463 schoolchildren of all grades from 125 primary schools throughout Croatia, for whom they felt and/or thought to have behavioural difficulties, on the Vanderbilt scale in two di- mensions: impulsiveness/hyperactivity and inattention. Homeroom teachers assessed occasional to frequent impulsiveness-hyper- activity and frequent inattention in children. In boys and younger participants, impulsiveness-hyperactivity and inattention were assessed more often than in girls, except for inattention that was as frequently assessed in all boys regardless of age. Better aca- demic achievement and material status were recorded in higher assessments of impulsiveness and hyperactivity. Poorer academic achievement was characterized by higher occurrence of inattention. Decisions on the suitable education program were associated with ADHD symptoms only in boys, and were negative for impulsiveness and hyperactivity but positive for inattention. The expressed need for additional help in learning and correcting behaviour was greater when assessments of all ADHD symptoms were higher. Prompt recognition of developmental difficulties and early diagnosis had a significant impact on forming appropriate support in the school and family system.
MOLECULAR
Authors: Džajić Anica , Topalušić Iva , Marković Asja Stipić 
Published: November 2024

Alergija na kravlje mlijeko najčešća je alergijska bolest u ranom djetinjstvu. Oko 80% proteina prisutno je u krutoj frakciji (kazeini,kazeinski kompleks), a oko 20% u tekućoj frakciji (sirutki) mlijeka. Sirutka sadrži α-laktalbumin (Bos d 4) i β-laktoglobulin (Bos d 5),albumin goveđeg seruma (Bos d 6), imunoglobuline (Bos d 7) i laktorferin. Ukupni kazein (Bos d 8) čine četiri različite frakcije:αS1-kazein (Bos d 9), αS2-kazein (Bos d 10), β-kazein (Bos d 11) i κ-kazein (Bos d 12). Za određivanje tih pojedinačnih alergenskih molekula primjenjuje se tzv. komponentna dijagnostika (engl. Component Resolved Diagnosis, CRD), koja je omogućila identifi kaciju glavnih (Bos d 4 i Bos d 5 i sve kazeinske molekule) i sporednih (Bos d 6, Bos d 7 i laktoferin), odnosno križno reaktivnih (Bos d 5 iBos d 6) alergenskih molekula. Buduća istraživanja omogućit će određivanje dijagnostičke značajnosti otkrivanja pojedinačnih alergenskih molekula. Veliki napredak očekuje se i u području molekularne biologije, genomike, proteomike i bioinformatike
DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Lehman Ivan 
Published: November 2024

Najčešći oblik spinalne mišićne atrofi je autosomno je recesivna bolest uzrokovana mutacijom gena SMN1 na 5. kromosomu, kojadovodi do propadanja motornih neurona u prednjim rogovima kralježničke moždine. Ona pripada u najčešće nasljedne uzrokesmrti u ranom razdoblju života. Bolest se manifestira spektrom kliničkih prezentacija koje se arbitrarno dijele u nekoliko skupina.Poznati su najvažniji modifi katori težine kliničke slike, ali će u budućnosti biti potrebno odrediti nove radi mogućnosti točnije prognoze bolesti. Suvremeni terapijski pristup u nekoliko posljednjih godina prvi put mijenja prirodni tijek bolesti. Kako nakon pojaveznakova bolesti dolazi do brzog propadanja donjeg motornog neurona, najbolji uspjesi liječenja postižu se ranim postavljanjemdijagnoze, po mogućnosti novorođenačkim probirom u presimptomskoj fazi. Rana dijagnostika može uzrokovati i određene etičkedileme, ali ipak u većini slučajeva omogućava bolji ishod bolesnika sa spinalnom mišićnom atrofi jom.
EARLY DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Fumić Ksenija 
Published: November 2024

Neurometaboličke bolesti u dječjoj dobi skupina su rijetkih bolesti koja se sve više širi. Tome uvelike pridonosi dostupnost novih tehnologija koje se primjenjuju u selektivnoj laboratorijskoj dijagnostici i novorođenačkom probiru nasljednih metaboličkih poremećaja. Zajedno s drugom dijagnostičkom obradom, takva dostupnost ujedno omogućuje kliničarima izbor dijagnostičkog pristupa.Brzi razvoj novih terapijskih mogućnosti za sve veći broj neurometaboličkih poremećaja ujedno nameće potrebu za što ranijim postavljanjem dijagnoze i odgovarajućim praćenjem tijeka liječenja. Na ove izazove moguće je odgovoriti višedisciplinskim pristupom bolesnom djetetu, a bitan je čimbenik i potpora čitavog društva.
Izazovi i mogućnosti selektivne laboratorijske dijagnostike neuronske ceroidne lipofuscinoze tipa 1 i 2 u Republici Hrvatskoj
Authors: Fumić Ksenija , Kuš Iva Bilandžija 
Published: November 2024

Neuronske ceroidne lipofuscinoze su jedna od najučestalijih neurometaboličkih poremećaja u djece. Sve veće dijagnostičke i terapijske mogućnosti, prvenstveno za ceroidnu lipofuscinozu tipa 2, izazov su za pravodobno postavljanje dijagnoze koja je uglavnompovezana s većim dijagnostičkim centrima. Rana dijagnoza ove bolesti presudna je radi osiguranja optimalne skrbi za djecu i njihove obitelji, ali je izazovna prvenstveno zbog nedostatka svijesti o bolesti i nespecifi čnosti početnih simptoma. Cilj je ovog teksta pružiti osnovne informacije o dostupnosti selektivne laboratorijske dijagnostike za ceroidnu lipofuscinozu tipa 1 i tipa 2 u RepubliciHrvatskoj te ove mogućnosti ponuditi i pedijatrijskim neurolozima okolnih zemalja.
The world is becoming a place where the number of emergencies and humanitarian crises is increasing rapidly due to economic inequality and the gap between developed and underdeveloped countries, as well as climate changes leading to disruption of the natu
Authors: Stanojević Milan , Bošnjak Anita Pavičić , Grgurić Josip 
Published: November 2024

Svijet postaje mjesto u kojem se broj izvanrednih događaja i humanitarnih kriza povećava velikom brzinom, kako zbog ekonomskenejednakosti i jaza između razvijenih i nerazvijenih, tako i zbog klimatskih promjena koje dovode do poremećaja prirodne ravnotežei razvoja prirodnih katastrofa. U katastrofama uvijek stradaju najranjivije skupine stanovništva, među kojima su svakako žene i djeca. Što je dijete mlađe, to je ugroženije, a pogotovo ako nije prirodno hranjeno ili nema majku ili roditelje. U brojnim su krizamabile angažirane različite humanitarne organizacije, među kojima Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO) i UNICEF i druge organizacije povezane s Ujedinjenim narodima imaju vodeće mjesto. U skrbi za majke, dojenčad i malu djecu najvažnije je osigurati odgovarajuću prehranu, jer u suprotnom može doći do ugroze života. Nedostatak zaštite, potpore i promicanja prirodne prehrane (dojenja) te njezino ometanje i ometanje nekritičnim i nekontroliranim donacijama i distribucijom zamjenskih dojenačkih pripravakamlijeka, najveći su izazov zbog neinformiranosti majki, onih koji pružaju potporu u izvanrednim situacijama, kako iz vladinog takoi iz nevladinog sektora, uz nedostatak međusektorske suradnje, što uzrokuje neusklađene i katkad štetne intervencije. Stoga se vladama preporučuje donošenje naputaka o prehrani dojenčadi i male djece prije pojave izvanrednog događaja i pravilnika za upravljanje krizama u kojima će pitanju prehrane dojenčadi i male djece biti posvećena dužna pozornost.
Nasljedne i stečene bolesti neuromuskularne spojnice u djece - novosti i smjernice u dijagnostici i terapiji
Authors: Barišić Nina , Ivanović Vanja , Bunoza Branka , Jakovčević Antonija , Slaviček Jasna , Sasso Ante , Sertić Jadranka , Novak Milivoj 
Published: November 2024

Neuromuskularna spojnica povezuje akson i skeletni mišić. Nasljedne i stečene bolesti koje zahvaćaju presinaptički, intrasinaptički ipostsinaptički dio neuromuskularne spojnice uzrokuju zamor i slabost mišića. Genetički poremećaji uzrokuju oštećenje granica sigurnosti neuromuskularne transmisije. Autosomno dominantan obrazac nasljeđivanja slijede bolesti sporih kanala, a autosomnorecesivne bolesti su češće i karakterizirane težim kliničkim tijekom, kao što je u presinaptičkom defektu, defi citu rapsina i u bolestibrzih kanala. Stečene bolesti neuromuskularne spojnice su mijastenija gravis, Lambert-Eatonov sindrom, botulizam, prolaznanovorođenačka mijastenija te sindrom inaktivacije fetalnih acetilkolinskih receptora. Juvenilna mijastenija gravis najčešće jeudružena s protutijelima na acetil-kolinske receptore, dok je timom u djece s juvenilnom mijastenijom gravis izuzetno rijedak. Cilj jeprikazati varijabilnost kliničke slike bolesti neuromuskularne spojnice, složenost dijagnostičkog postupka osobito molekularno--genetičke dijagnostike te najnovije spoznaje o terapijskom pristupu. Napredak u razumijevanju molekularno-genetičke etiologije ipatogeneze kongenitalnih mijasteničkih sindroma je značajan i za dijagnozu, ali i za odabir odgovarajuće terapije. Klinička prezentacija mijastenije gravis u djece je vrlo heterogena, terapija je djelotvorna, no potrebna su dodatna kontrolirana klinička ispitivanjakao i kliničke dijagnostičke i terapijske smjernice.
Silicon-based three-dimensional waveguide mode switch based on phase change material
Authors: Zhu Mu , Sun Shijie , Lian Tianhang , Che Yuanhua , Sun Xueqing , Zhang Daming , Wang Xibin 
Published: November 2024

The mode division multiplexing (MDM) technology can transmit multiple modes simultaneously in a few-mode fiber or waveguide, which can effectively improve the data transmission capacity in the process of optical communication. In this paper, we report a silicon-based three-dimensional waveguide mode switch based on phase change material (PCM), which uses a two asymmetric directional couplers (ADCs) structure. The two ADCs use a common few-mode waveguide as the underlying bus waveguide, and the upper layer is composed of two different single-mode waveguides covered with a thin PCM as the access waveguides. By using this structure and changing the crystal phase of the PCM, it is possible to achieve mode switching between the mode TE11 to TE21 and the mode TE11 to TE12. The designed 3D mode switch has excess losses <2.64dB and crosstalk <−15.4dB in the operating wavelength of 1500–1600 nm.