bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymer Nanoplatforms at Work in Prostate Cancer Therapy
Authors: He Liang , Liu Jianhua , Li Shengxian , Feng Xiangru , Wang Chunxi , Zhuang Xiuli , Ding Jianxun , Chen Xuesi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractProstate cancer (PCa) is the most common male urogenital malignancy worldwide. Surgery, endocrine therapy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are the main clinical management options for PCa. However, these three therapies each have limitations. For example, surgery is not suitable for the advanced PCa patients with extensive metastases, and radiotherapy causes serious side effects. Primary endocrine therapy promotes the progression of hormone‐sensitive PCa into the castration‐resistant prostate cancer. Therefore, considering these drawbacks, chemotherapy has become an effective and extensive treatment for PCa. Among the modern therapeutic strategies against advanced PCa, polymer‐nanocarrier‐incorporated formulations have gradually emerged due to their well‐controlled release profiles and improved tumor targeting abilities. The drug delivery systems based on polymer nanoplatforms passively target tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Simultaneously, stimuli‐responsive polymer nanoplatforms unload cargoes in response to certain stimuli in the tumor area. Furthermore, the active targeting ligand‐conjugated polymer nanoformulations against PCa‐specific markers have also achieved great success in PCa therapies. Herein, the advanced polymer nanoplatforms for PCa therapy are reviewed, while the future development of polymer nanoplatforms for PCa therapy is also predicted.
Multidisciplinary approach of liver metastases from colorectal cancer
Authors: Adam René , Kitano Yuki 
Published: January 2019

AbstractColorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) represent most of the causes of death in patients with colorectal cancer. Surgical resection is the only treatment that can provide the possibility of prolonged survival, or even cure, for patients with CRLM. Over the last few decades, survival of these patients has improved dramatically thanks to more effective chemotherapy, extension of surgical indications, and development of new surgical procedures. In particular, patients with initially unresectable CRLM can achieve downsizing of the tumor by using various chemotherapies and the tumor can become resectable. It has been shown that such patients have a 33% 5‐year survival and a 23% 10‐year survival rate after surgery, which is a little bit lower than that of patents with resectable CRLM but significantly higher than patients without surgery. However, a decision‐making strategy for patients with CRLM is difficult because there is a wide variety of treatments and no definitive consensus. As an example, much variation among institutions exists on the resectability rate in patients with unresectable CRLM. Also, it is recommended that all patients with CRLM be managed by a multidisciplinary approach (MDA) to select the best strategy. In the future, new treatment procedures (e.g. immune checkpoint blockade, liver transplantation) may contribute to improve prognosis; hence, the necessity for MDA for the treatment of CRLM will further increase.
Effects of Intrinsic Pentagon Defects on Electrochemical Reactivity of Carbon Nanomaterials
Authors: Zhu Jiawei , Huang Yupeng , Mei Wencen , Zhao Chenyang , Zhang Chengtian , Zhang Jian , Amiinu Ibrahim Saana , Mu Shichun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTheoretical calculations reveal that intrinsic pentagons in the basal plane can contribute to the local electronic redistribution and the contraction of band gap, making the carbon matrix possess superior binding affinity and electrochemical reactivity. To experimentally verify this, a pentagon‐defect‐rich carbon nanomaterial was constructed by means of in situ etching of fullerene molecules (C60). The electrochemical tests show that, relative to hexagons, such a carbon‐based material with abundant intrinsic pentagon defects makes much greater contribution to the electrocatalytic oxygen reduction activity and electric double layer capacitance. It shows a four‐electron‐reaction mechanism similar to commercial Pt/C and other transition‐metal‐based catalysts, and a higher specific capacitance than many reported metal‐free carbon materials. These results show the influence of intrinsic pentagon defects for developing carbon‐based nanomaterials toward energy conversion and storage devices.
Four Boron Atoms, Four Positive Charges, and Four Skeletal Electrons: A Fluorescent σ‐Aromatic Tetraborane(4)
Authors: Widera Anna , Wadepohl Hubert , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: January 2019

AbstractReaction of a ditriflatodiborane compound with the Lewis acids AlCl3 or GaCl3 leads to abstraction of the two triflate substituents and dimerization of the resulting dicationic diborane to give a σ‐aromatic tetracationic tetraborane with a planar, rhomboid B4 core. The compound exhibits four skeletal σ‐electrons involved in two (3c,2e) bonds and represents the first stable fourfold base‐stabilized [B4H4]4+ analogue. The product is isolated from the reaction mixture in the form of bright orange crystals that display fluorescence. Further analysis shows that the new tetraborane(4) is stabilized in the solid state by the lattice energy. It exhibits an extremely high electron affinity and is only stable in solution after one‐electron reduction to the radical cation.
Noninvasive Mechanical Joint Loading as an Alternative Model for Osteoarthritic Pain
Authors: ter Heegde Freija , Luiz Ana P. , Santana‐Varela Sonia , Chessell Iain P. , Welsh Fraser , Wood John N. , Chenu Chantal 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveMechanisms responsible for osteoarthritic (OA) pain remain poorly understood, and current analgesic therapies are often insufficient. This study was undertaken to characterize and pharmacologically test the pain phenotype of a noninvasive mechanical joint loading model of OA, thus providing an alternative murine model for OA pain.MethodsThe right knees of 12‐week‐old male C57BL/6 mice were loaded at 9N or 11N (40 cycles, 3 times per week for 2 weeks). Behavioral measurements of limb disuse and mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity were acquired before mechanical joint loading and monitored for 6 weeks postloading. The severity of articular cartilage lesions was determined postmortem with the Osteoarthritis Research Society International scoring system. To assess efficacy of various treatments for pain, 9N‐loaded mice were treated for 4 weeks with diclofenac (10 mg/kg), gabapentin (100 mg/kg), or anti–nerve growth factor (anti‐NGF) (3 mg/kg).ResultsMechanical hypersensitivity and weight bearing worsened significantly in 9N‐loaded mice (n = 8) and 11N‐loaded mice (n = 8) 2 weeks postloading, compared to baseline values and nonloaded controls. Maximum OA scores of ipsilateral knees confirmed increased cartilage lesions in 9N‐loaded mice (mean ± SEM 2.8 ± 0.2; P < 0.001) and 11N‐loaded mice (5.3 ± 0.3; P < 0.001), compared to nonloaded controls (1.0 ± 0.0). Gabapentin and diclofenac restored pain behaviors to baseline values after 2 weeks of daily treatment, and gabapentin was more effective than diclofenac. A single injection of anti‐NGF alleviated nociception 2 days after treatment and remained effective for 2 weeks, with a second dose inducing stronger and more prolonged analgesia.ConclusionOur findings show that mechanical joint loading induces OA lesions in mice and a robust pain phenotype that can be reversed using analgesics known to alleviate OA pain in patients. This establishes the use of mechanical joint loading as an alternative model for the study of OA pain.
Creating custom Foldit puzzles for teaching biochemistry
Authors: Dsilva Lorna , Mittal Shubhi , Koepnick Brian , Flatten Jeff , Cooper Seth , Horowitz Scott 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe computer game Foldit is currently widely used as a biology and biochemistry teaching aid. Herein, we introduce a new feature of Foldit called “custom contests” that allows educators to create puzzles that fit their curriculum. The effectiveness of the custom contests is demonstrated by the use of five distinct custom contests in an upper‐level biochemistry class. The new custom contest feature can be implemented in classes ranging from middle school to graduate school to enable educators to best complement their current curriculum. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(2): 133–139, 2019.
Mindfulness, socioemotional wealth, and environmental strategy of family businesses
Authors: Dayan Mumin , Ng Poh Yen , Ndubisi Nelson Oly 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe study advances knowledge in the field of business strategy and the environment by incorporating mindfulness theory into the research on socioemotional wealth (SEW) and its environmental consequences in family businesses. Using an integrative model, the paper investigates the relationship between mindfulness SEW dimensions and family firms' environmental strategies, specifically in developing sustainable products and processes. This study also proposes the firm's capabilities as a mediator in this relationship, while market turbulence is a moderator in the relationship between the firm's capabilities and sustainable products and processes.The empirical results show that in protecting SEW, specifically in the identification of family members with the firm and binding social ties, mindfulness provides a rich endowment that develops appropriate capabilities to produce sustainable products and processes. While the moderating role of market turbulence is insignificant, we can infer that irrespective of how turbulent (or not) the market is, the firm's capabilities are a key determinant of sustainable products and processes. Our findings offer theoretical and managerial implications for sustainable practices in the family business context.
A set of Jupyter notebooks for the analysis of transport phenomena and reaction in porous catalyst pellet
Authors: Golman Boris 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA set of user friendly Jupyter notebooks was developed to illustrate the techniques used to solve mass and heat balances for chemical and enzyme catalyzed reactions in a porous pellet. The advanced model of chemical vapor deposition reaction in an agglomerate of fine particles was considered as an example of non‐catalytic reactions. The developed notebooks combine the theoretical description of model equations, numerical algorithms, the computer code, and results of simulations with graphs. The computer code can be easily modified to suit user's research needs. This particular software helps students to learn the theoretical basis of mathematical models used for chemical reactions in the porous media while acquiring the practical skills in applying these models for various important reactions.
A corrugated plate photocatalytic reactor for degradation of waterborne organic contaminants
Authors: Jiao Yongmei , Kovala A. Thomas , Shang Helen , Scott John Ashley 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA UV‐C/titanium dioxide (TiO2) plate coated photocatalytic reactor using a corrugated frame system was designed for water borne organic contaminant degradation. The anticipated advantages of using the corrugated layout include a larger photocatalytic surface area per unit volume and improved photocatalytic activity. The water distribution system was designed to assist effective interactions among the water pollutant, photocatalyst, and photons. The degradation of a methylene blue solution, as a model water contaminant, was carried out at room temperature (22 °C) at different concentrations and flowrates. With an 11 mg/L methylene blue solution, 70 % was degraded within the first 10 min using TiO2 coated corrugated plates, whereas under the same conditions the degradation rate was only 12 % for a corrugated reactor without a catalyst coating, and 4 % for a no‐plate reactor. The methylene blue degradation was described by the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood model, and the apparent photonic efficiency of the corrugated arrangement was found to be in the range of 1.53–2.83 % when half the initial concentration was degraded.The local area specific rate of energy absorption (LASREA) profile over the plates was determined from a model developed based on UV‐C light irradiation distribution and plate configuration. Light intensity measurements were carried out and were found to correlate with this model. A set of corrugated plate photocatalytic reactors with different geometries, but with the same coated area, were then analyzed and absorbed UV light intensities were integrated to determine the best geometry.
Production of isophthalic acid from M‐Xylene catalyzed by Co(II) and HPW@C modified with ZnCl2 solution
Authors: Wang Zhi‐hao , Liu Hua‐jie , Fang Zhou‐wen , Zhou Xin‐zhi , Long Xiang‐li 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe production of isophthalic acid (IPA) from the oxidation of m‐xylene (MX) with air can be sped up by Co(II) and phosphotungstic acid (HPW) loaded on activated carbon. In this paper, activated carbon is modified with a ZnCl2 solution to improve the catalytic performance of the HPW@C catalyst. The experiments indicate that the optimum modification condition is the carbon immersed in a 0.10 mol L−1 ZnCl2 solution for 6 h at the temperature of 40 °C followed by being carbonized at 600 °C for 4 h. The characterization proves that the ZnCl2 modification leads to the increase of surface area and acidic groups on the activated carbon. The MX conversion catalyzed by the HPW@C prepared from the carbon modified is 7.0 % over that by the HPW@C from the original carbon and the IPA produced by the modified sample is 78.9 % over that produced by the original one.
Cover Picture: Engineering SpyCatcher Variants with Proteolytic Sites for Less‐Trace Ligation (Chin. J. Chem. 2/2019)
Authors: Zhang Xue‐Jian , Wu Xia‐Ling , Liu Dong , Da Xiao‐Di , Wang Xiao‐Wei , Yang Shuguang , Zhang Wen‐Bin 
Published: January 2019

The cover picture shows an approach toward less‐trace SpyTag‐SpyCatcher ligation. A proteolytic recognition sequence has been engineered into the second loop of SpyCatcher to produce SpyCatcherDDDDK variant. The reaction between SpyTag and SpyCatcherDDDDK is highly efficient both in vivo and in vitro, producing a stable covalent complex. The complex can be further cleaved at the second loop by enterokinase, resulting in only a small scar after ligation. This protocol adds to the expanding toolbox of genetically‐encoded peptide‐protein chemistry for protein topology engineering. More details are discussed in the article by Zhang et al. on page 113–118.
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Fast Charge Transfer Confers New Skills on 3D Graphene Sponges: Human Body Induction and Infrared Radiation Induction
Authors: Jia Fengqiu , Chen Xiuhong , Ding Wei , Wang Jian , Zhang Ling , He Qian , Jiang Jinxia , Chen Ke , Li Jing , Wei Zidong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThree‐dimensional graphene sponge (3DG), a bulk collection of numerous suspended individual graphene sheets, could demonstrate an integrated response thousands of times stronger than that of a single sheet under applied external field induction. Herein, for the first time, we find that a two‐electrode system assembled with 3DG monoliths shows a high sensitivity to human body induction and infrared radiation. The induced open circuit voltage of the two‐electrode system increases by 900 mV in a hand approaching‐departing induction. In a closed circuit, fluctuating current is observed flowing backward and forward from one 3DG electrode to another, and it decreased obviously when 3DG electrodes were exposed to infrared radiation. This high sensitivity to electrostatic/infrared radiation induction is attributed to the high‐speed electron redistribution capability of 3DG materials under an applied external electric field or light radiation. These results make 3DG a promising smart material in applications including intelligent monitoring, human body sensors, military protection and life detectors.
Electrostatic simulations of the radio frequency heating of a non‐neutral plasma in an electron trap
Authors: Ikram M. , Khan Shabbir A. , Mushtaq A. , Kamran M. , Khan H. U. , Zubair Khan M. , Naeem M. 
Published: January 2019

The electrostatic simulations of the radio frequency (RF) heating mechanism, excitations, and ionization process of an electron plasma are carried out using a two‐dimensional (2D) particle‐in‐cell (PIC) code. RF drives with excitation frequencies of 1–15 MHz and amplitudes of 5 and 10 V were applied at two different axial positions, to the centre and to one end on the electrode stack of the ELTRAP device, at ultra‐high vacuum conditions. It is observed that the axial kinetic energy (eV) profile of the confined electrons increases with an increase of the RF excitation amplitudes, and densities from 5 × 107 to 1012 m−3 for all cases under consideration. The simulation results indicate that with continuous RF excitations, the electron heating in the beginning is higher at the trap wall of the device and extends towards the central region of the trap over a simulation time of up to 100 µs. These results on the electron heating are in good agreement with the experimental findings (optical diagnostics of ELTRAP). The heating effect is larger when the RF power is applied from the position close to one end of the trap in comparison to the central position. Monte–Carlo PIC simulations with hydrogen as a background gas are also performed to evaluate the ionization process at pressures of 10−8, 10−7, and 10−6 torr using the same electron plasma densities. The results show that at increasing pressures, the electron‐neutral collisions rate increases linearly with the background gas pressure. Increased collision frequency is obtained at higher RF drive amplitudes, which proportionally increases electron temperature, so that more ionization and secondary electrons are generated.
Towards efficient data collection mechanisms in the vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Pourghebleh Behrouz , Jafari Navimipour Nima 
Published: January 2019

SummaryRecently, the fast growth of communication technology has led to the design and implementation of different types of networks in different environments. One of these remarkable networks is vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). The ubiquitous connectivity among vehicles is possible through VANET in the absence of fixed infrastructure. Moreover, it provides safety and comfort to people sitting in the vehicles. In this regard, collecting information from vehicles that are moved constantly is an essential challenge. To develop an efficient method for data collection in the VANET, some parameters must be considered such as data aggregation, latency, packet delivery ratio, packet loss, scalability, security, transmission overhead, and vehicle density. Since data collection has a significant importance in the VANET, the aim of this study is to investigate the existing methods and describe the types of important issues and challenging problems that can be addressed in data collection in the VANET. The data collection techniques are investigated in four primary groups, namely, topology‐based, cluster‐based, geocast‐based, and fog‐based. Also, the mentioned parameters are important to compare all of the presented techniques.
Change in eating disorder symptoms following pediatric obesity treatment
Authors: Eichen Dawn M. , Strong David R. , Rhee Kyung E. , Rock Cheryl L. , Crow Scott J. , Epstein Leonard H. , Wilfley Denise E. , Boutelle Kerri N. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to evaluate whether children with overweight or obesity participating in an evidence‐based treatment, family‐based behavioral treatment (FBT) for obesity, or a parent‐only variant of FBT (PBT), experience an increase of eating disorder (ED) symptoms during and following treatment.MethodChildren (N = 150) participating in a randomized controlled trial of FBT or PBT completed measures of EDs attitudes and behaviors at baseline, following 6‐months of treatment, 6 months, and 18 months after treatment.ResultsLinear‐mixed effects models suggest that ED attitudes did not significantly increase. Rather, significant decreases of shape, weight, and eating concerns were shown following treatment. Loss of control over eating significantly decreased over treatment and follow‐up. No participant endorsed purging at any time point.DiscussionResults confirm the hypothesis that ED symptoms do not increase after participating in FBT or a FBT‐based treatment. These findings should help assuage fears of parents that enrolling their child will exacerbate ED symptoms and aid children to access evidence‐based treatments that may help reduce significant physical and psychosocial complications of childhood obesity.
Severe and enduring anorexia nervosa: Can risk of persisting illness be identified, and prevented, in young patients?
Authors: Kaplan Allan S. , Strober Michael 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveLong‐term outcome studies of anorexia nervosa (AN) have demonstrated that up to 20% of cases will follow an unremitting course despite many attempts at symptom‐based treatments. The objectives of this study are to identify in a younger age group with AN whether persistent illness can be identified early and prevented.MethodsAn extensive literature review of such studies published in Pubmed was conducted.ResultsThis review revealed that these studies have generally been conducted in adult patients who have been chronically ill over many years.DiscussionDespite that fact that there is little published evidence on severe and persistent illness in a younger rage group, there are important clinical questions to consider in such a group of AN individuals. This commentary attempts to answer these questions, often in the absence of research evidence. These questions include whether it is possible to identify those who will go on to develop a severe, enduring course; whether early intervention can prevent the development of a such a course; and whether a focus on quality of life rather symptom alleviation is appropriate for a younger age group of unremitted sufferers. In the absence of research that that clearly informs these questions, the authors are left to recommend answers to these question based on a case by case interrogation of relevant factors, including the presence of the risk architecture to which AN has been strongly linked, the age of the patient, the wishes of the family and importantly, the opinions of expert bioethicists and clinicians sufficiently knowledgeable about the psychopathology, natural history, and treatment of AN to be able to render an informed decision.
Near‐infrared spectroscopy for metabolite quantification and species identification
Authors: Aw Wen C. , Ballard John William O. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a high‐throughput method to analyze the near‐infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It detects the absorption of light by molecular bonds and can be used with live insects. In this study, we investigate the accuracy of NIR spectroscopy in determining triglyceride level and species of wild‐caught Drosophila. We employ the chemometric approach to produce a multivariate calibration model. The multivariate calibration model is the mathematical relationship between the changes in NIR spectra and the property of interest as determined by the reference analytical method. Once the calibration model was developed, we used an independent set to validate the accuracy of the calibration model. The optimized calibration model for triglyceride quantification yielded coefficients of determination of 0.73 for the calibration test set and 0.70 for the independent test set. Simultaneously, we used NIR spectroscopy to discriminate two species of Drosophila. Flies from independent sets were correctly classified into Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans with accuracy higher than 80%. These results suggest that NIRS has the potential to be used as a high‐throughput screening method to assess a live individual insect's triglyceride level and taxonomic status.