bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The diurnal variation of bone formation is attenuated in adult patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hygum Katrine , Starup-Linde Jakob , Harsløf Torben , Jørgensen Niklas Rye , Hartmann Bolette , Holst Jens Juul , Langdahl Bente L 
Published: June 2019

Objective
Bone turnover has a diurnal variation influenced by food intake, incretin hormones, the sympathetic nervous system and osteocyte function. The aim of the study was to compare diurnal variation in bone turnover in patients with diabetes and controls.

Design
A clinical 24-h study with patients with type 1 diabetes (n = 5), patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 5) and controls (n = 5).

Methods
Inclusion criterion: age >50 years. Exclusion criteria: diseases/medication that affect bone metabolism or recent use of incretin-based drugs. We drew blood samples hourly during the day and every 3 h during the night. We served an identical diet on all study days. We used repeated-measures one-way ANOVA to compare the levels of the investigated markers, and we quantified the effect of time by comparing group mean standard deviations.

Results
The bone formation marker procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide showed a significant interaction between time and group (P = 0.01), and the mean standard deviation was lower in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with controls (P = 0.04) and patients with type 1 diabetes (P = 0.02). Other markers of bone formation and resorption showed significant effect of time. Levels of glucagon-like peptide-2, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and sclerostin only showed significant effect of time (all P values 0.01), but levels of sclerostin tended to being highest in type 2 diabetes and lowest in controls.

Conclusions
The diurnal variation in bone formation is attenuated in patients with type 2 diabetes. This is not explained by changes in incretin hormone levels, but possibly mediated by sclerostin.
De Novo Genome Sequence Assembly of Dwarf Coconut (Cocos nucifera L. ‘Catigan Green Dwarf’) Provides Insights into Genomic Variation Between Coconut Types and Related Palm Species
Authors: Lantican Darlon V , Strickler Susan R , Canama Alma O , Gardoce Roanne R , Mueller Lukas A , Galvez Hayde F 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We report the first whole genome sequence (WGS) assembly and annotation of a dwarf coconut variety, ‘Catigan Green Dwarf’ (CATD). The genome sequence was generated using the PacBio SMRT sequencing platform at 15X coverage of the expected genome size of 2.15 Gbp, which was corrected with assembled 50X Illumina paired-end MiSeq reads of the same genome. The draft genome was improved through Chicago sequencing to generate a scaffold assembly that results in a total genome size of 2.1 Gbp consisting of 7,998 scaffolds with N50 of 570,487 bp. The final assembly covers around 97.6% of the estimated genome size of coconut ‘CATD’ based on homozygous k-mer peak analysis. A total of 34,958 high-confidence gene models were predicted and functionally associated to various economically important traits, such as pest/disease resistance, drought tolerance, coconut oil biosynthesis, and putative transcription factors. The assembled genome was used to infer the evolutionary relationship within the palm family based on genomic variations and synteny of coding gene sequences. Data show that at least three (3) rounds of whole genome duplication occurred and are commonly shared by these members of the Arecaceae family. A total of 7,139 unique SSR markers were designed to be used as a resource in marker-based breeding. In addition, we discovered 58,503 variants in coconut by aligning the Hainan Tall (HAT) WGS reads to the non-repetitive regions of the assembled CATD genome. The gene markers and genome-wide SSR markers established here will facilitate the development of varieties with resilience to climate change, resistance to pests and diseases, and improved oil yield and quality.
Multiple Negative Regulators Restrict Recruitment of the SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeler to the HO Promoter in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Parnell Emily J , Stillman David J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Activation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HO promoter is highly regulated, requiring the ordered recruitment of activators and coactivators and allowing production of only a few transcripts in mother cells within a short cell cycle window. We conducted genetic screens to identify the negative regulators of HO expression necessary to limit HO transcription. Known repressors of HO (Ash1 and Rpd3) were identified, as well as several additional chromatin-associated factors including the Hda1 histone deacetylase, the Isw2 chromatin remodeler, and the corepressor Tup1. We also identified clusters of HO promoter mutations that suggested roles for the Dot6/Tod6 (PAC site) and Ume6 repression pathways. We used ChIP assays with synchronized cells to validate the involvement of these factors and map the association of Ash1, Dot6, and Ume6 with the HO promoter to a brief window in the cell cycle between binding of the initial activating transcription factor and initiation of transcription. We found that Ash1 and Ume6 each recruit the Rpd3 histone deacetylase to HO, and their effects are additive. In contrast, Rpd3 was not recruited significantly to the PAC site, suggesting this site has a distinct mechanism for repression. Increases in HO expression and SWI/SNF recruitment were all additive upon loss of Ash1, Ume6, and PAC site factors, indicating the convergence of independent pathways for repression. Our results demonstrate that multiple protein complexes are important for limiting the spread of SWI/SNF-mediated nucleosome eviction across the HO promoter, suggesting that regulation requires a delicate balance of activities that promote and repress transcription.
Porewater in Compacted Water-Saturated MX-80 Bentonite
Authors: Carlsson Torbjörn , Muurinen Arto , Matusewicz Michał , Root Andrew 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTBentonite is planned to be used in many countries as a buffer material in repositories for spent nuclear fuel. The proper understanding and modelling of the functioning of the water-saturated bentonite requires knowledge about the bentonite microstructure and also the way water is distributed between different phases. This paper presents experimental results from our studies of water in compacted, water-saturated MX-80 bentonite at dry densities in the range 0.7-1.6 g/cm3. Three techniques, Cl-porosity, SAXS and proton NMR measurements, were applied to samples kept at room temperature, while TEM imaging was applied to high pressure frozen samples. The combined results of these techniques strongly indicate that the two major water phases in the compacted MX-80 bentonite samples are ‘interlayer’ and ‘non-interlayer’ water. The results of the relative amounts of different water types by SAXS and NMR are very similar. The results by Cl-porosity measurement indicate that only part of the non-interlayer water is available for anions. Those observations are discussed in comparison to TEM micrographs. Our study provides solid experimental evidence for the presence of two major water phases in water-saturated bentonite and estimates their relative proportions and pore sizes.
Flexible Printed Supercapacitors Based on Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Maleksaeedi Saeed , Tay Bee Yen , Lee Pooi See , Lai Foo Khuen , Lu Chee Wai 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTWith the advent of printed electronics and flexible devices, flexible energy storage has received so much attention in the past few years. In this work, a scalable process for manufacturing of a flexible supercapacitor device based on nanostructured PANI and MnO2 was demonstrated. In this process, nanostructured materials are transformed into form of a printable ink which is applied on a current collector using a simple screen printing method, which can be used in a roll to roll scheme. The flexible device was assembled using a solid polymer electrolyte and the electrochemical performance of the devices was evaluated. A specific capacitance of 120 F/g and 89 F/g for two symmetrical devices based on PANI and MnO2 were obtained respectively. The devices are showing relatively good cyclability and columbic efficiency.
Using Nanoscience as a Theme for Capstone Projects in an Elementary Education Majors Science Course
Authors: Mancini-Samuelson Gina J. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTThe national interest in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) has called attention to P-12 education, the STEM pipeline. Education of teachers is a primary influence on the education of children in the classroom. While high school (and often middle school) teachers are versed in the content of a particular aspect of STEM (e.g. Mathematics or Chemistry), elementary teachers, on the other end of the pipeline, are educated as generalists, with a primary goal of setting the foundations for future learning.In 2004, a team of STEM and education faculty at St. Catherine University (SCU) was called together, united by their interest in improving STEM education for all students at SCU, particularly women. Combining the content expertise of the biology, chemistry, physics/engineering, and mathematics departments with the methods expertise of the education department, the team designed courses that made STEM concepts more engaging and relevant to students. In 2010, the STEM Certificate was solidified and required of all elementary education students. It is comprised of three interdisciplinary, team-taught, lab based courses that are open to all undergraduate majors at the institution. Each course is centered on one discipline (i.e. biology, chemistry, or engineering/physics). Chemistry of Life is the chemistry-focused course. The course was designed to include a capstone project. As an introduction to materials science, nanoscience was selected as the theme for the projects. The topic allowed for socially relevant and also highly interdisciplinary projects. Students working in teams of three or four, designed projects, determined how to measure and obtain data, and analyzed and interpreted results. A content and confidence assessment given to students before and after the projects showed an increase in both their understanding of nanomaterials and their confidence in conducting a nanoscience project.
Integrating the NAE Grand Challenges and Holographically-formed Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Thin Films (H-PDLC) into the Kenyan High School Curriculum.
Authors: Coyle Jared P. , Fontecchio Adam K. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTAccess to cutting-edge technologies in materials science and engineering within K-12 education is a great struggle in developing countries. In this work, a problem-based, hands on set of seven modules for integrating Holographically-formed Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (H-PDLC) Bragg Grating thin films into the Kenyan secondary physics, chemistry and mathematics curriculum is proposed. Through funding provided by the National Science Foundation, a pilot study of the integration of these modules, using the National Academy of Engineering’s (NAE) Grand Challenges for Engineering as a contextual vessel, is carried out. The efficacy of these curriculum-integrated modules in communicating real world materials science and engineering challenges is examined using qualitative and quantitative means. A method for expanding the use of this experience with other graduate students is proposed.
Interfacial Reactions between In/Pd and GaAs
Authors: Ma Z. , Allen L. H. , Blanpain B. , Hong Q. Z. , Mayer J. W. , Palmstrom C. J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInterfacial microstructure of In/Pd ohmic contacts to n-GaAs was studied by various X-ray diffraction techniques and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Analysis of this interface after various annealing showed that In1-xGaxAs compounds are formed at the interface and the composition of these compounds depends upon the annealing temperature. As the temperature increases, the stoichiometry of the Inrich compounds tends toward higher concentrations of Ga. The low contact resistance is achieved by dividing the Schottky barrier between metal and GaAs into two barriers due to metal/Inl-xGaxAs and In1-xGaxAs/GaAs. The barrier due to In1-xGaxAs/GaAs is believed to be the main limiting factor in lowering of contact resistance. The observed ohmic behavior for sample annealed at 500°C for 20 s is attributed to the further reduction of this barrier.
Preparation and Study of Conductive Polymer / High-TC Superconductor Assemblies
Authors: McDevitt J. T. , Ritchie J. E. , Jones C. T. , Wells A. D. , Mirkin C. A. , Xu F. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTIn this report, a monolayer of N-(3-aminopropyl) pyrrole is used as a template layer for the controlled growth of polypyrrole on polycrystalline and oriented films of the high temperature superconductor, YBa2Cu3O7. Large increases in the growth rate and smoothness of the polymer layer are obtained with the use of the monolayer template as compared with the bare superconductor electrodes. Observation of the electrochemical growth characteristics as well as polymer morphological properties allows for an evaluation of the local surface conductive properties of superconductor-based ceramic and thin film samples. The use of the amine substituted pyrrole self-assembled monolayer serves to drastically alter the polymer growth characteristics and the surface adhesion properties.
Electrodeposited Magnetic Multilayers
Authors: Schwarzacher W. , Alper M. , Hart R. , Nabiyouni G. , Bakonyi I. , Toth-Kadar E. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTElectrodeposited magnetic multilayer films consisting of alternating layers of a ferromagnetic and a non-magnetic metal may exhibit giant magnetoresistance (GMR), but the effect is very sensitive to whether deposition is carried out under potentiostatic or galvanostatic control, and the choice of substrate. The texture of Co-Ni-Cu/Cu superlattices grown on polycrystalline (100)-textured Cu plates and (HO)-textured Cu foil under potentiostatic control depended on that of the substrate, while comparable superlattices grown under galvanostatic control had a predominantly (111) texture. The films grown under galvanostatic control generally exhibit AMR or smaller GMR. The magnetic and magnetotransport properties of Co-Ni-Cu/Cu superlattices and a single-layer Co-Ni-Cu film electrodeposited directly onto n-GaAs (100) are also described, and evidence is presented for an in-plane magnetic anisotropy in these samples.
In-Situ Stm Studies on the Electrodeposition of Ultrathin Nickel Films
Authors: Magnussen O. M. , Möller F. A. , Lachenwitzer A. , Behm R. J. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTAn in-situ STM study of the initial stages of Ni electrodeposition on Au and Cu single-crystals is presented. On reconstructed Au(111) a complex, potential-dependent nucleation and growth process is found, involving selective Ni island formation at specific surface sites and growth of two types (compact and needle-like) of Ni monolayer islands. At higher coverages (1 ML ≤ θ ≤ 5 ML) an almost perfect layer-by-layer growth of a metallic Ni(111)-film was observed. Considerably rougher films were found on Au(100) and Cu(100).
Development of a Continuous Surface Modification System of Fluorocarbon Resin for Strong Adhesion
Authors: Hatao K. , Toyoda K. , Murahara M. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTLarge area surface modification of fluorocarbon resin was performed by ArF laser beam irradiation, and water or B(OH)3 solution for its practical application. To complete treatment in a short time and keep its cost lower, the total amount of photons that induce reactions was reduced by decreasing the laser fluence as well as shot number. Water or B(OH)3 was sandwiched between a fused silica glass and a fluorocarbon resin film to form a thin layer using a capillary phenomenon. The substrate was perpendicularly irradiated with ArF excimer laser through a cylindrical lens. By moving horizontally, the surface was continuously modified. The extensively modified sample was mounted to stainless steel with epoxy resin, and the tensile strength was measured. As a result, the adhesive strengths of the sample modified with water and the one with B(OH)3 solution improved 275 and 490 times that of the untreated sample respectively.
Corrosion Protection of Particulate Aluminum-Matrix Composites by Anodization
Authors: Hou Jiangyuan , Chung D. D. L. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTAnodization is effective for improving the corrosion resistance of aluminum-matrix composites. For SiC particle filled aluminum, anodization was performed successfully in sulfuric acid electrolyte, as usual. However, for AlN particle filled aluminum, anodization needed to be performed in an alkaline (0.7 N NaOH) electrolyte, because NaOH reduced the reaction between AlN and water, whereas an acid enhanced this reaction. The concentration of NaOH in the electrolyte was critical; too high a concentration caused the dissolution of the anodizing product (Al2O3) by the NaOH, whereas too low a concentration did not provide enough ions for the electrochemical process. The corrosion properties and anodization characteristic of pure aluminum, Al/AlN and Al/SiC were compared. Without anodization, pure Al had better corrosion resistance than the composites and Al/SiC had better corrosion resistance than Al/AlN. After anodization, the corrosion resistance of Al/AlN was better than Al/SiC and both composites were better than pure Al without anodization, but still not as good as the anodized pure Al.
In-Situ Characterization of Oxide Films on Liquid Alkali Metals Using Second Harmonic Generation (SHG)
Authors: Tostmann H. , Nattland D. , Freyland W. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTThe experiments described in this paper clearly show that Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) may be used as a sensitive tool for detecting oxide impurities at interfaces not accessible for usual surface characterization methods. As a striking feature, one peak in the temperature dependent SH intensity is observed for liquid potassium and five peaks for liquid cesium. The occurrence of these peaks cannot be understood in terms of the nonlinear optical properties of the pure metal. By varying the oxygen content present in the melt it can be shown that these peaks must be attributed to the presence of oxide impurities segregating at the interface. In addition it is shown that the presence of oxides at the interface inert sapphire - molten alkali metal significantly alters the structure of the sapphire surface finally leading to corrosion visible even by the eye.
Growth, Structure and Characterization of Electrodeposited Co/Cu Ultrathin Films and Multilayers
Authors: Jyoko Y. , Kashiwabara S. , Hayashi Y. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTPreparation of giant magnctorcsistancc Co/Cu multilayers by electrodeposition has been discussed on the basis of a nucleation- growth mechanism and experimental observations. Reflection electron microscopy (REM- RHEED) studies of clectrodcpositcd Co, Cu/Pt(111) ultrathin layers and bilayers have revealed a simultaneous multinuclcar multilayer growth (pseudo layer- by- layer growth). REM- RHEED observations have also suggested the formation of an additional (2×2) superstructure on an epitaxially grown Cu/Co/Pt(111) bilayer surface. “Giant” magnctorcsistancc and oscillatory antifcrramagnetic intcrlaycr coupling have been observed in a (111) textured Co/Cu multilayered nanostructurc, prepared by electrodeposition under potential control in the presence of a very slight amount of CrO3. Such a multilayered structure containing a nominal nonmagnetic Cu spacer layer thickness of 3.2 nm exhibits a large saturation magnctorcsistancc of more than 18% at room temperature.
Effective Interactions Approach to Phase Stability in Alloys Under Irradiation
Authors: Enrique Raúl A. , Bellon Pascal 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPhase stability in alloys under irradiation is studied considering effective thermodynamic potentials. A simple kinetic model of a binary alloy with phase separation is investigated. Time evolution in the alloy results from two competing dynamics: thermal diffusion, and irradiation induced ballistic exchanges. The dynamical (steady state) phase diagram is evaluated exactly performing Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. The solution is then compared to two theoretical frameworks: the effective quasi-interactions model as proposed by Vaks and Kamishenko, and the effective free energy model as proposed by Martin. New developments of these models are proposed to allow for quantitative comparisons. Both theoretical frameworks yield fairly good approximations to the dynamical phase diagram.
Evolution of the electronic structure of metallic multilayers from two to threedimensionality. A Full Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Wave calculation.
Authors: Mazzone A. M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFull Potential Linearized Augmented Plane Wave calculations have been performed for epitaxial multilayers formed by the noble metals Ag and Cu with a thickness n up to 10 layers. The multilayers have a fcc lattice and are pure or compositionally modulated with a structure of the type Agn Cun or (AgCu)n. For n in the range 2,3 the density of states, evaluated at paramagnetic level, exhibits a sharp reduction of the bandwidth which is consistent with the reduced coordination of these structures. For n ≤ 5 the density of states in the central layers converges to the bulk value while the outer layers retain the narrow bandwidth found at n=2. Due to the absence of charge intermixing and hybridization, these features are shared by multilayers of all composition.
Two-Dimensional Molecular Grids on Mercury
Authors: Varaksa Natalia , Pospíŝil Lubomír , Janouêk Zbynìk , Grüner Bohumír , Wang Bing , Pecka Jaroslav , Magnera Thomas , Michl Josef 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe describe an electrochemical Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) trough for the synthesis and characterization of regular two-dimensional networks on a mercury surface. Two strategies were applied to the preparation of molecular grids on mercury. One was based on the mounting of lanthanum(III) bis(meso-tetrapyridylporphyrinate) sandwich anions (TPyP)2La on mercury subphase and coupling it with hydroquinone derivatives as temporary, or “phantom”, couplers. These couplers provide a weak and reversible bridging of (TPyP)2La- connectors on mercury. As a result a highly ordered square grid is created prior to the introduction of the real sturdy couplers for the replacement of the “phantom” ones. In the other strategy advantage has been taken of the high affinity of divalent sulfur compounds for mercury ions. The trigonal connectors, 1,3,5-triscarboranylbenzenes with attached alkylthioether chains, are firmly adsorbed on mercury at positive potentials and presumably form a hexagonal grid due to their mutual coupling through mercury ions.