bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fourth-Year Podiatric Medical Student Perspectives on Clerkships and Residency Selection
Authors: Shofler David W. , Bosia Kathryn , Harkless Lawrence 
Published: August 2018

Background:
The fourth year of podiatric medical school is an important period in the education of the podiatric medical student, a period that consists largely of month-long clerkships. Nonetheless, there has been limited formal study of the quality of learning experiences during this period. Furthermore, there is limited knowledge of how podiatric medical students evaluate residency programs during clerkships.

Methods:
An online survey was developed and distributed electronically to fourth-year podiatric medical school students. The focus of the survey was the quality of learning experiences during externships, and decision making in ranking residency programs.

Results:
The most valuable learning experiences during clerkships were interactions with attending physicians, interactions with residents, and general feedback in surgery. Students self-identified that they most improved in the following areas during clerkships: forefoot surgery, clinical podiatry skills, and rearfoot surgery. The areas in which students improved the least were research, pediatrics, and practice management. The three most important factors students considered as they created their rank list were hands-on resident participation in surgical training, the attitude and personality of the residents, and the attitude and personality of the attending physicians. A range of surgical interest was identified among students, and students lacking in surgical interest self-reported less improvement in various surgical topics.

Conclusions:
The perspectives of fourth-year podiatric medical students are currently an underused resource. Improved understanding can help residency programs improve the quality of associated learning experiences and can make their programs more appealing to potential residency candidates.
Subungual Exostosis
Authors: Pérez-Palma Laura , Manzanares-Céspedes María Cristina , de Veciana Enrique Giralt 
Published: August 2018

Background:The coexistence of deformity of the nail bed and subungual exostosis (SE) is a frequent finding in podiatric practice in the fourth and fifth decades of life. However, it has been described by other specialists as being an uncommon osteocartilaginous tumor most prevalent during the second and third decades of life. This study attempts to determine the causes of this discrepancy.Methods:Two authors independently conducted a systematic bibliographic review in multiple databases, podiatry sources and others, and key words were chosen to achieve a broad search strategy. Studies reporting on epidemiology and treatment of SE lesions in lower extremities in ten or more patients were selected. Initially, 197 articles were identified through database screening, with 23 meeting all inclusion and exclusion criteria. Seven articles with the ages of all of the patients were included in the analysis of age data. A comparison was then made between the diagnostic criteria for the selected 23 articles.Results:Model results reveal that, although there are some significant differences between individual studies, the main factor tested (patient's age) was clearly significant (F1,5.2 = 78.12, P &lt; .001), showing that studies coming from the podiatry speciality were conducted on individuals with a mean age of 37 years higher than in studies from other specialties. Clinical and radiologic characteristics and treatment described in the podiatry literature also contrast with those in other specialties.Conclusions:The SE described by podiatrists, in accordance with the parameters of true exostosis, is different from Dupuytren's SE and should be considered as a different pathologic entity. The authors are working on its histologic identification.
Energy cost associated with moving platforms
Authors: Duncan Carolyn A. , MacKinnon Scott N. , Marais Jacques F. , Basset Fabien A. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundPrevious research suggests motion induced fatigue contributes to significant performance degradation and is likely related to a higher incidence of accidents and injuries. However, the exact effect of continuous multidirectional platform perturbations on energy cost (EC) with experienced personnel on boats and other seafaring vessels remains unknown.ObjectiveThe objective of this experiment was to measure the metabolic ECs associated with maintaining postural stability in a motion-rich environment.MethodsTwenty volunteer participants, who were free of any musculoskeletal or balance disorders, performed three tasks while immersed in a moving environment that varied motion profiles similar to those experienced by workers on a mid-size commercial fishing vessel (static platform (baseline), low and high motions (HMs)). Cardiorespiratory parameters were collected using an indirect calorimetric system that continuously measured breath-by-breath samples. Heart rate was recoded using a wireless heart monitor.ResultsResults indicate a systematic increase in metabolic costs associated with increased platform motions. The increases were most pronounced during the standing and lifting activities and were 50% greater during the HM condition when compared to no motion. Increased heart rates were also observed.DiscussionPlatform motions have a significant impact on metabolic costs that are both task and magnitude of motion dependent. Practitioners must take into consideration the influence of motion-rich environments upon the systematic accumulation of operator fatigue.
Contextual and individual determinants of oral health-related quality of life among five-year-old children: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Gomes Monalisa C. , Neves Érick T.B. , Perazzo Matheus F. , Paiva Saul M. , Ferreira Fernanda M. , Granville-Garcia Ana F. 
Published: August 2018

Background
Contextual factors may influence oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of individual and contextual determinants of OHRQoL based on the perceptions of children.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 769 five-year-old children from public and private preschools in a city in the countryside of northeast Brazil. Parents/caregivers answered questionnaires addressing psychological aspects, sociodemographic data and aspects of the child’s oral health. The children answered the child version of the Scale of Oral Health Outcomes for five-year-old children and were submitted to oral examinations. Variables related to the context were obtained from the schools and official municipal publications. Unadjusted and adjusted multilevel Poisson regression models were used to investigate associations between variables.

Results
In the adjusted analysis, parent’s/caregiver’s schooling, household income, parent’s/caregiver’s age, a history of dental pain, dental caries and its consequences and traumatic dental injury were considered individual determinants of OHRQoL according to the children’s self-reports. After the incorporation of the contextual determinants, the association between parent’s/caregiver’s schooling and OHRQoL lost its significance. Type of school was the context variable that remained associated with OHRQoL.

Discussion
Besides the clinical and sociodemographic individual characteristics, characteristics of the school environment in which the child studies are associated with self-reported impacts on OHRQoL.
Bringing Porous Organic and Carbon‐Based Materials toward Thin‐Film Applications
Authors: Wuttke Stefan , Medina Dana D. , Rotter Julian M. , Begum Salma , Stassin Timothée , Ameloot Rob , Oschatz Martin , Tsotsalas Manuel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPorous materials have attracted tremendous scientific and industrial interest due to their broad commercial applicability. However, some applications require that these materials are deposited on surfaces to create thin films. Here, the recent progress of new porous thin‐film material classes is described: porous organic molecular materials, porous organic polymers, covalent organic frameworks, and nanoporous carbon. In each case, the state of the art and current barriers in their thin‐film fabrication, as well as intrinsic material advantages that are suited for different applications are presented. By highlighting the unique structural characteristics and properties of these materials, it is hoped that increased research development and industrial interest will be fostered, which will lead to new methods of thin‐film synthesis and consequently to new applications.
Corrugated Heterojunction Metal‐Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors with High Electron Mobility via Vertical Interface Manipulation
Authors: Lee Minuk , Jo Jeong‐Wan , Kim Yoon‐Jeong , Choi Seungbeom , Kwon Sung Min , Jeon Seong Pil , Facchetti Antonio , Kim Yong‐Hoon , Park Sung Kyu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA new strategy is reported to achieve high‐mobility, low‐off‐current, and operationally stable solution‐processable metal‐oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs) using a corrugated heterojunction channel structure. The corrugated heterojunction channel, having alternating thin‐indium‐tin‐zinc‐oxide (ITZO)/indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (IGZO) and thick‐ITZO/IGZO film regions, enables the accumulated electron concentration to be tuned in the TFT off‐ and on‐states via charge modulation at the vertical regions of the heterojunction. The ITZO/IGZO TFTs with optimized corrugated structure exhibit a maximum field‐effect mobility >50 cm2 V−1 s−1 with an on/off current ratio of >108 and good operational stability (threshold voltage shift <1 V for a positive‐gate‐bias stress of 10 ks, without passivation). To exploit the underlying conduction mechanism of the corrugated heterojunction TFTs, a physical model is implemented by using a variety of chemical, structural, and electrical characterization tools and Technology Computer‐Aided Design simulations. The physical model reveals that efficient charge manipulation is possible via the corrugated structure, by inducing an extremely high carrier concentration at the nanoscale vertical channel regions, enabling low off‐currents and high on‐currents depending on the applied gate bias.
Interfacial Engineering of Metal Oxides for Highly Stable Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Mingorance Alba , Xie Haibing , Kim Hui‐Seon , Wang Zaiwei , Balsells Marc , Morales‐Melgares Anna , Domingo Neus , Kazuteru Nonomura , Tress Wolfgang , Fraxedas Jordi , Vlachopoulos Nick , Hagfeldt Anders , Lira‐Cantu Monica 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOxides employed in halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have already demonstrated to deliver enhanced stability, low cost, and the ease of fabrication required for the commercialization of the technology. The most stable PSCs configuration, the carbon‐based hole transport layer‐free PSC (HTL‐free PSC), has demonstrated a stability of more than one year of continuous operation partially due to the dual presence of insulating oxide scaffolds and conductive oxides. Despite these advances, the stability of PSCs is still a concern and a strong limiting factor for their industrial implementation. The engineering of oxide interfaces functionalized with molecules (like self‐assembly monolayers) or polymers results in the passivation of defects (traps), providing numerous advantages such as the elimination of hysteresis and the enhancement of solar cell efficiency. But most important is the beneficial effect of interfacial engineering on the lifetime and stability of PSCs. In this work, the authors provide a brief insight into the recent developments reported on the surface functionalization of oxide interfaces in PSCs with emphasis on the effect of device stability. This paper also discusses the different binding modes, their effect on defect passivation, band alignment or dipole formation, and how these parameters influence device lifetime.
Regulating Fibroblast Shape and Mechanics through Photoresponsive Surfaces with Concentric Circular Topographic Patterns
Authors: Rossano Lucia , Cimmino Chiara , Cavalli Silvia , Ventre Maurizio , Netti Paolo A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMaterial signals in the form of surface topographies, proved to be potent regulators of cell functions and fate, through mechanotransduction pathways. While a wealth of data is related to regular topographic patterns, i.e., lines, pit, or protrusions, there are comparatively few studies addressing the effects of circular, concentric patterns. Yet, curvatures affecting cell shape dramatically alter cell contractility and behavior. Additionally, the vast majority of patterned surfaces are static in nature and this prevents to understand how cells perceive and respond to the topographic patterns. Here, a technique is exploited for dynamically embossing micrometerscale circular pattern on azopolymeric substrates using a confocal laser microscope and it is analyzed how NIH‐3T3 reacts to the underlying topography in terms of changes in shape and mechanical properties. A characteristic pattern arrangement is found which most effectively alters cell morphology and orientation. Cells perceive the concentric pattern and reconfigure as fast as 2 h after pattern inscription. The changes in morphology also reflect dramatic changes in cell mechanics and cytoskeletal arrangements. The reported method is useful to manipulate cell shape and mechanics in a facile and cost‐effective manner and most importantly enables investigate mechanotransduction events dynamically.
Developments in Cp*CoIII‐Catalyzed C−H Bond Functionalizations
Authors: Ghorai Jayanta , Anbarasan Pazhamalai 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTransition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H bond functionalization has emerged as a powerful tool in contemporary organic synthesis. In this aspect, precious metal‐based high‐valent catalysts have been extensively studied. In the past decade, earth‐abundant high‐valent Cp*Co(III)‐catalysts have emerged as a promising alternative to the expensive transition metals, providing unique selectivity and reactivity. In this Minireview, we summarized important progresses in the area of Cp*Co(III)‐catalyzed C−H bond functionalization until 2017.
Decarboxylative C(sp3)−O Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Mao Runze , Balon Jonathan , Hu Xile 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAlkyl aryl ethers are an important class of compounds in medicinal and agricultural chemistry. Catalytic C(sp3)−O cross‐coupling of alkyl electrophiles with phenols is an unexplored disconnection strategy to the synthesis of alkyl aryl ethers, with the potential to overcome some of the major limitations of existing methods such as C(sp2)−O cross‐coupling and SN2 reactions. Reported here is a tandem photoredox and copper catalysis to achieve decarboxylative C(sp3)−O coupling of alkyl N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) esters with phenols under mild reaction conditions. This method was used to synthesize a diverse set of alkyl aryl ethers using readily available alkyl carboxylic acids, including many natural products and drug molecules. Complementarity in scope and functional‐group tolerance to existing methods was demonstrated.
Emergence of time‐dependent material properties in chain extended polyureas
Authors: Iqbal N. , Kumar D. , Roy P. K. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTIn this article, we report the emergence of material properties of polyurea over a finite time frame. Due to the rapid isocyanate–amine reaction, polyurea formation occurs practically instantaneously. Despite being an “instant‐curing” system, the material properties of polyurea evolve substantially with time: phenomenon, which warrants a methodical study. The curing process of polyurea formulations, containing both aliphatic and aromatic chain extender, has been studied systematically with an aim to gain insight into the time frame associated with its curing and subsequent stress relaxation. Formulations containing aromatic chain extender mandated relatively lesser time to “gel,” but the complete disappearance of NCO absorbance mandated much longer periods ∼7 h. Interestingly, in all the formulations, mechanical properties improved with time and reached their optimal properties over a period of 15 days. This improvement has been attributed to several processes simultaneously occurring within the matrix; the foremost being the relaxation of internal stresses which tend to buildup in the polymer during the spray coating process. In addition, significant changes occur in the internal morphology of segmented polymers, which in turn is a result of H‐bond rearrangement.
Recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by chain extension during reactive extrusion using functionalized block copolymers synthesized by RAFT polymerization
Authors: Benvenuta‐Tapia Juan José , González‐Coronel Valeria Jordana , Soriano‐Moro Guillermo , Martínez‐De la Luz Isabel , Vivaldo‐Lima Eduardo 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTIn this study, a series of reactive block copolymers of glycidyl methacrylate (G), styrene (S), and maleic anhydride (MA) (GS–SMA–GS), with well‐defined properties and high number average functionalities, is presented. They were synthesized through reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) and evaluated as chain extenders in reactive extrusion recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (rPET). Modification of the process using GS–SMA–GS results in increased melt flow and intrinsic viscosities higher than those of conventional rPET. Results show that increasing epoxide content makes chain organization in rPET difficult and promotes lower crystallization rates and lower degrees of crystallinity, both of which are characteristics suited to produce preforms with the desired clarity. Chain‐extended rPET exhibits improved rheological characteristics with increasing glycidyl methacrylate content. Chain‐extended rPET using GS–SMA–GS shows enhanced complex viscosity; elastic and viscous modules, which are indicative of high melt elasticity, improved mechanical properties, and processability. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46771.
Naphthalene‐containing poly(arylene ether ketone) with low dielectric constant
Authors: Zhang Yurong , Jiang Hao , Liu Jie , Zhao Chengji , Na Hui 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTA low dielectric constant poly(arylene ether ketone) containing naphthalene and trifluoromethyl groups (FPNAEK) were prepared and characterized. The FPNAEK showed excellent thermal stability (Td5 = 443 °C ) and low water absorption. The dielectric constant decreased significantly after introducing trifluoromethyl group, in comparision with poly(arylene ether ketone) containing naphthalene (PNAEK). The dielectric constant of FPNAEK is about 2.5 between 1 kHz and 1 MHz at room temperature, which is much lower than that of commercial poly(ether ether ketone) (3.3) and PNAEK (2.78). © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46857.
Self‐degradable curcumin polymer with anti‐cancer activity
Authors: O'Connor N. A. , Einbond L. S. , Redenti S. , Sauane M. , Jitianu A. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTCurcumin is a widely researched and utilized natural product used for a variety of ailments, including as a gastrointestinal aide and an anticancer agent. Curcumin, however, suffers from poor bioavailability. A strategy to circumvent poor bioavailability is to administer with an adjuvant or by synthetic modification. Herein, we demonstrate the incorporation of curcumin into a self‐degradable polymer by condensation with N,N′‐di‐Boc‐L‐cystine. The polymer is made self‐degradable upon deprotection of the cystine amines. Degradation is confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Curcumin retains its anti‐cancer activity within the polymer showing activity against HT29 human colon cancer cells and DU‐145 prostate cancer cells. The self‐degrading polymer showed enhanced activity against HT29 cells compared to that of curcumin. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46867
Shape memory polymers for self‐folding via compression of thermoplastic sheets
Authors: Hubbard Amber M. , Davis Duncan S. , Dickey Michael D. , Genzer Jan 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTWe report a simple method to strain, and thereby program, shape memory polymers by compressing planar thermoplastic sheets. This work is motivated by the limited number of commercially available prestrained polymer sheets; current examples include: Shrinky Dinks, Eastman's Embrace, and polyurethane shrink films. However, these commercial specimens limit the sample thickness, polymer composition, and amount of stored strain. We show here that melt pressing can strain thermoplastic sheets over a range of thicknesses and polymer chemical compositions. After pressing (and thus, straining), the polymer sheets can self‐fold out‐of‐plane into complex geometries using two different actuation mechanisms, both of which locally release strain stored in the polymer. Three‐dimensional geometries are attained experimentally with both thick (~12 mm) and thin (~1 mm) strained polymer samples with a range of polymer compositions. Digital image correlation maps the strain profile within the melt pressed samples while a Mooney–Rivlin and geometric model predicts the average strain and folding response of the samples, respectively. The model predictions agree well with experimental results. These findings enable self‐folding with a broader design space such as polymer chemical composition, sample thickness, strain within the sample, and external stimulus. Techniques presented here should translate to other thermoplastic polymers, thus making this technique a viable tool to increase the available pool of materials available for self‐folding devices. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46889.
Crystallization, flame‐retardant, and mechanical behaviors of poly(lactic acid)\9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide–calcium montmorillonite nanocomposite
Authors: Jia Lin , Zhang Wenchao , Tong Bin , Yang Rongjie 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTPoly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposite with 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) intercalated calcium montmorillonite (Ca‐MMT) nanocompound was prepared, and the properties were compared with those of PLA/Ca‐MMT, PLA/DOPO, and PLA/DOPO+Ca‐MMT nanocomposites (where DOPO+Ca‐MMT indicates a physical mixture of DOPO and Ca‐MMT). The structures and properties of the four PLA nanocomposites were investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI) testing, UL‐94 vertical testing, and cone calorimetry measurements. The XRD and TEM tests showed that the DOPO–Ca‐MMT nanocompound existed in both intercalated and exfoliated montmorillonite morphologies in the PLA matrix, a better dispersion state than the Ca‐MMT added alone and DOPO+Ca‐MMT in PLA; this benefited improvements in the crystallinity, thermal stability, and flame retardancy for the PLA/DOPO–Ca‐MMT nanocomposite, as seen in the higher degree of crystallinity, higher LOI values, and lower peak heat‐release rate. A loading of only 5 wt % DOPO–Ca‐MMT increased the LOI value of PLA from 20.0 to 28.3% and made the PLA pass the UL‐94 vertical test V‐0 rating at a 3.2 mm thickness. The nanocomposites based on DOPO–Ca‐MMT could be used as very efficient systems for flame‐retardant PLA. The PLA/DOPO–Ca‐MMT also had better tensile mechanical properties than the pure PLA and PLA/DOPO+Ca‐MMT. The annealing specimens of the four nanocomposites were also characterized to study the relationship between the PLA crystallization and flame retardancy or mechanical properties. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46982.