bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrolyte‐Regulated Solid‐Electrolyte Interphase Enables Long Cycle Life Performance in Organic Cathodes for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Benfang , Zhao Jin , Zhang Zihe , Zhao Chen , Sun Pengfei , Bai Panxing , Yang Jixing , Zhou Zhen , Xu Yunhua 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOrganic cathode materials as economical and environment‐friendly alternatives to inorganic cathode materials have attracted comprehensive attention in potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs). Nonetheless, active material dissolution and mismatched electrolytes result in insufficient cycle life that definitely hinders their practical applications. Here, a significantly improved cycle life of 1000 cycles (80% capacity retention) on a practically insoluble organic cathode material, anthraquinone‐1,5‐disulfonic acid sodium salt, is realized, in KIBs through a solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) regulation strategy by ether‐based electrolytes. Such an excellent performance is attributed to the robust SEI film and fast reaction kinetics. More importantly, the ether‐electrolyte‐derived SEI film has a protective inorganic‐rich inner layer arising from the prior decomposition of potassium salts to solvents, as revealed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and computational studies on molecular orbital energy levels. The findings shed light on the critical roles of electrolytes and the corresponding SEI films in enhancing performance of organic cathodes in KIBs.
Strategies of Combination Drug Delivery for Immune Checkpoint Blockades
Authors: Ruan Huitong , Bu Linlin , Hu Quanyin , Cheng Hao , Lu Weiyue , Gu Zhen 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe past few years have witnessed vast clinical accomplishments of immune checkpoint blockades (ICB), which block the regulatory receptor expressed on immune cells or tumor cells to prevent the suppression of antitumor cytotoxic T‐cell responses. Despite this, limitations still exist, such as low objective response rate (ORR) and the risk of immune‐related side effects. To address these issues, combination treatment strategies are vastly explored and recommended. This review summarizes recent advances in combination of ICB with therapies that participate in different stages of cancer immune cycle, including tumor antigen release, tumor antigen presentation, T‐cell activation, recognition of cancer cells by T‐cells, and tumor‐killing activity. Challenges and potential opportunities of combination approaches in this field are also discussed.
The Semiconductor/Conductor Interface Piezoresistive Effect in an Organic Transistor for Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensors
Authors: Wang Zhongwu , Guo Shujing , Li Hongwei , Wang Bin , Sun Yongtao , Xu Zeyang , Chen Xiaosong , Wu Kunjie , Zhang Xiaotao , Xing Feifei , Li Liqiang , Hu Wenping 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe piezoresistive pressure sensor, a kind of widely investigated artificial device to transfer force stimuli to electrical signals, generally consists of one or more kinds of conducting materials. Here, a highly sensitive pressure sensor based on the semiconductor/conductor interface piezoresistive effect is successfully demonstrated by using organic transistor geometry. Because of the efficient combination of the piezoresistive effect and field‐effect modulation in a single sensor, this pressure sensor shows excellent performance, such as high sensitivity (514 kPa−1), low limit of detection, short response and recovery time, and robust stability. More importantly, the unique gate modulation effect in the transistor endows the sensor with an unparalleled ability—tunable sensitivity via bias conditions in a single sensor, which is of great significance for applications in complex pressure environments. The novel working principle and high performance represent significant progress in the field of pressure sensors.
Quantitative Principles for Precise Engineering of Sensitivity in Graphene Electrochemical Sensors
Authors: Wu Ting , Alharbi Abdullah , Kiani Roozbeh , Shahrjerdi Davood 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA major difficulty in implementing carbon‐based electrode arrays with high device‐packing density is to ensure homogeneous and high sensitivities across the array. Overcoming this obstacle requires quantitative microscopic models that can accurately predict electrode sensitivity from its material structure. Such models are currently lacking. Here, it is shown that the sensitivity of graphene electrodes to dopamine and serotonin neurochemicals in fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry measurements is strongly linked to point defects, whereas it is unaffected by line defects. Using the physics of point defects in graphene, a microscopic model is introduced that explains how point defects determine sensitivity. The predictions of this model match the empirical observation that sensitivity linearly increases with the density of point defects. This model is used to guide the nanoengineering of graphene structures for optimum sensitivity. This approach achieves reproducible fabrication of miniaturized sensors with extraordinarily higher sensitivity than conventional materials. These results lay the foundation for new integrated electrochemical sensor arrays based on nanoengineered graphene.
Liquid Metal Based Soft Robotics: Materials, Designs, and Applications
Authors: Wang Xuelin , Guo Rui , Liu Jing 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEmerging classes of soft robotics with flexible actuation, intelligent sensibility, and biomimetic functionality are driving significant advances in academic researches and commercial applications. Such new generation robotics relies heavily on important breakthroughs in soft matter engineering and flexible actuation systems. Unlike conventional rigid robots, soft robots generally have unique sporting styles and manufacturing strategies. Recently, a series of newly developed soft materials—gallium‐based liquid metals (LMs) are found to display dramatical roles in making soft machines and robotics with their unusual properties in soft robotic actuation and self‐driven field. With superior merits of both high stretchability and electroconductivity over conventional soft materials, LM is increasingly innovated as flexible sensors and actuators in constructing intelligent soft robots. Typical advances in LM enabled soft machines and robotics are summarized and interpreted, herein, with special focus on the driving principles of the LM objects, the preparation methods of LM flexible electronics for making soft robots, and the applications of LM in biomedicines and intelligent robots, together with the consideration of key challenges facing LM‐based soft robotics and its future prospects.
Model Calculation of the Piezoelectric Coefficient of Hexagonal 2D Materials
Authors: Lew Yan Voon Lok C. , Willatzen Morten , Wang Zhong‐Lin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA quantum‐mechanical microscopic model of the piezoelectric effect in 2D materials is developed. The piezoelectric coefficient requires the calculation of an internal atomic displacement and an effective piezoelectric charge. The internal displacement is obtained from minimizing the strain energy given by a Keating‐like model, while the effective charge takes into account the atomic displacements and also a redistribution of the electronic charge; a bond‐orbital model is used to compute the latter. The final theory only requires atomic energies and the elasticity constants of the materials as input parameters. The piezoelectric coefficients of a number of II‐VI, III‐V and IV‐IV materials that could stably form in the planar hexagonal structure are computed; results for the IV‐IV materials are obtained for the first time.
Electrically Robust Single‐Crystalline WTe2 Nanobelts for Nanoscale Electrical Interconnects
Authors: Song Seunguk , Kim Se‐Yang , Kwak Jinsung , Jo Yongsu , Kim Jung Hwa , Lee Jong Hwa , Lee Jae‐Ung , Kim Jong Uk , Yun Hyung Duk , Sim Yeoseon , Wang Jaewon , Lee Do Hee , Seok Shi‐Hyun , Kim Tae‐il , Cheong Hyeonsik , Lee Zonghoon , Kwon Soon‐Yong 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAs the elements of integrated circuits are downsized to the nanoscale, the current Cu‐based interconnects are facing limitations due to increased resistivity and decreased current‐carrying capacity because of scaling. Here, the bottom‐up synthesis of single‐crystalline WTe2 nanobelts and low‐ and high‐field electrical characterization of nanoscale interconnect test structures in various ambient conditions are reported. Unlike exfoliated flakes obtained by the top‐down approach, the bottom‐up growth mode of WTe2 nanobelts allows systemic characterization of the electrical properties of WTe2 single crystals as a function of channel dimensions. Using a 1D heat transport model and a power law, it is determined that the breakdown of WTe2 devices under vacuum and with AlO
x
capping layer follows an ideal pattern for Joule heating, far from edge scattering. High‐field electrical measurements and self‐heating modeling demonstrate that the WTe2 nanobelts have a breakdown current density approaching ≈100 MA cm−2, remarkably higher than those of conventional metals and other transition‐metal chalcogenides, and sustain the highest electrical power per channel length (≈16.4 W cm−1) among the interconnect candidates. The results suggest superior robustness of WTe2 against high‐bias sweep and its possible applicability in future nanoelectronics.
Adaptations of the Marsupial Newborn: Birth as an Extreme Environment
Authors: Smith Kathleen K. , Keyte Anna L. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTAt birth a mammalian neonate enters an extreme environment compared to the intrauterine environment in which it has grown. This transition may be particularly extreme in marsupials because they are born at an exceedingly altricial state, after an exceptionally short gestation. Their stage of development must be considered embryonic by almost any criteria. Yet at this very early stage of development marsupials must travel to the teat, attach and suckle, and have basic functioning of all major physiological systems. In this article, we review the adaptations of the marsupial neonate for survival at an embryonic state, showing that the neonate exhibits a mosaic of accelerations and delays of various tissues and organs as well as several special adaptations to produce the functioning newborn. We then discuss the development of the craniofacial region, the body axis and limbs in order to detail some of the major changes to development leading to this uniquely configured neonate. We show that marsupial development arises out of a variety of heterochronies (changes in relative timing of events) and heterotopies (changes in location of specific developmental events) at the genetic, cellular and organ level. We argue that these data support hypotheses that many of the specific patterns seen in marsupial development arise from the basic constraint of embryonic energetic and tissue resources. Finally ideas on the evolutionary context of the marsupial developmental strategy are briefly reviewed. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 303:235–249, 2020. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy
Trabecular Bone Structure in the Distal Femur of Humans, Apes, and Baboons
Authors: Sukhdeo Simone , Parsons Jacob , Niu Xiaoyue Maggie , Ryan Timothy M. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTTrabecular bone structure has been used to investigate the relationship between skeletal form and locomotor behavior on the premise that trabecular bone remodels in response to loading during an animal's lifetime. The aim of this study is to characterize human distal femoral trabecular bone structure in comparison to three non‐human primate taxa and relate the patterns of trabecular structural variation in the distal femur to knee posture during habitual locomotor behavior. A whole‐epiphysis approach was applied using microCT scans of the distal femora of extant Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, and Papio spp. (N = 48). Bone volume fraction (BV/TV) was quantified in the epiphysis and analyzed with both whole‐condyle and a novel sector analysis. The results indicate high trabecular bone structural variation within and between species. The sector analysis reveals the most distinctive patterns in the stereotypically loaded human knee, with a pattern of high BV/TV distally. In general, Pan, Pongo, and Papio show evidence of flexed knee postures, typical of their locomotor behaviors, with regions of high BV/TV posteriorly within the condyles. The pairwise comparisons confirm the unique pattern in Homo and reveal a shared high BV/TV region in the patellar groove of both Homo and Papio. The distinct pattern found in Homo relative to the other primate taxa suggests a plastic response to unique loading patterns during bipedal locomotion. Results may facilitate resolving the antiquity of habitual bipedality in the hominin fossil record. This analysis also presents new approaches for statistical analysis of whole‐epiphysis trabecular bone structure. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.
A systematic review of ayres sensory integration intervention for children with autism
Authors: Schoen Sarah A. , Lane Shelly J. , Mailloux Zoe , May‐Benson Teresa , Parham L. Dianne , Smith Roley Susanne , Schaaf Roseann C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSensory integration is one of the most highly utilized interventions in autism, however, a lack of consensus exists regarding its evidence base. An increasing number of studies are investigating the effectiveness of this approach. This study used the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) Standards for Evidence‐based Practices in Special Education to evaluate the effectiveness research from 2006 to 2017 on Ayres Sensory Integration (ASI) intervention for children with autism. A systematic review was conducted in three stages. Stage 1 involved an extensive database search for relevant studies using search terms related to sensory integration and autism, interventions suggesting a sensory integration approach, and high‐quality study designs. Searches yielded 19 studies that were evaluated in Stage 2. Six of these met inclusion criteria of being peer‐reviewed, written in English, description of intervention this is consistent with ASI intervention, and comparison group design or single subject method employed. Prior to analysis using CEC standards, three articles were excluded because intervention details were not consistent with the core principles of ASI, or because of major methodological flaws. In Stage 3, the remaining three studies were rated using the CEC quality indicators and standards for an evidence‐based practice. Two randomized controlled trials respectively met 100% and 85% of the CEC criteria items. One additional study met more than 50% of the criteria. Based on CEC criteria, ASI can be considered an evidence‐based practice for children with autism ages 4–12 years old. Autism Research 2019, 12: 6–19. © 2018 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryAyres Sensory Integration intervention is one of the most frequently requested and highly utilized interventions in autism. This intervention has specific requirements for therapist qualifications and the process of therapy. This systematic review of studies providing Ayres Sensory Integration therapy to children with autism indicates that it is an evidence‐based practice according to the criteria of the Council for Exceptional Children.
Salidroside protected against MPP+‐induced Parkinson's disease in PC12 cells by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress and cell apoptosis
Authors: Zhou Feng , Ju Jing , Fang Yongjun , Fan Xiaoxuan , Yan Shuguang , Wang Qiang , Wei Pengfang , Duan Fuliang , Miao Feng , Hu Zhenyuan , Wang Maode 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of salidroside (SAL) on 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+)‐induced PC12 cell model for Parkinson's disease. PC12 cells were pretreated with SAL in different concentrations and then exposed to MPP+. To evaluate the effects of SAL on cytotoxicity, the survival rate was tested by the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐dimethyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the apoptosis was tested via flow cytometry and Western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were detected to analyze the effects of SAL on oxidative stress. The mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory factors TNF‐α and IL‐1β were also determined by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Pretreatment with SAL effectively relieved the MPP+ cytotoxic effects and decreased the release of ROS production and inflammatory cytokines. SAL also inhibited apoptosis, suppressed MDA activity, and increased GSH levels in MPP+‐treated PC12 cells. Moreover, the expression levels of caspase‐9, caspase‐3, and Bax were significantly decreased in the SAL treatment groups compared with the MPP+ group, whereas Bcl‐2 expression was significantly increased in the SAL treatment groups. In summary, the overall results suggested that SAL have neuroprotective effects on the MPP+‐induced PC12 cell model by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis. SAL may be a potential active product to protect against Parkinson's disease.
Silk fibroin hydrogels for potential applications in photodynamic therapy
Authors: Rojas Jose Eduardo U. , Gerbelli Barbara B. , Ribeiro Anderson O. , Nantes‐Cardoso Iseli L. , Giuntini Francesca , Alves Wendel A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this study, we prepared translucid hydrogels with different concentrations of silk fibroin, extracted from raw silk fibers, and used them as a matrix to incorporate the photosensitizer 5‐(4‐aminophenyl)‐10,15,20‐tris‐(4‐sulphonatophenyl) porphyrin trisodium for application in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The hydrogels obtained were characterized by rheology, spectrophotometry, and scattering techniques to elucidate the factors involved in the formation of the hydrogel, and to characterize the behavior of silk fibroin (SF) after incorporating of the porphyrin to the matrix. The rheology results demonstrated that the SF hydrogels had a shear thinning behavior. In addition, we were able to verify that the structure of the material was able to be recovered over time after shear deformation. The encapsulation of porphyrins in hydrogels leads to the formation of self‐assembled peptide nanostructures that prevent porphyrin aggregation, thereby greatly increasing the generation of singlet oxygen. Also, our findings suggest that porphyrin can diffuse out of the hydrogel and permeate the outer skin layers. This evidence suggests that SF hydrogels could be used as porphyrin encapsulation and as a drug carrier for the sustained release of photosensitizers for PDT.
Flow Synthesis of a Thiazolidine Drug Intermediate in Capillary Microreactors
Authors: de Oliveira Silva Renan Rodrigues , Cuesta Calvo Paulo Victor , Fernandes da Silva Milena , Solisio Carlo , Converti Attilio , Alves Palma Mauri Sergio 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMicroreactor technology can help to reduce the time to market new drugs. It was applied to produce (Z)‐5‐benzylidenethiazolidine‐2,4‐dione, a heterocyclic intermediate in the synthesis of various drugs. Ethanol was the optimum solvent and piperidine the best catalyst in the batch process. The continuous/microreactor process exhibited a much better performance than the batch process. The productivity, which was strongly influenced by solvent and temperature, reached a maximum at 160 °C using methanol as solvent. A kinetic/thermodynamic study indicated that the reaction followed the second‐order model and allowed estimating its main thermodynamic parameters. A product recovery protocol was finally proposed. The microreactor proved an efficient alternative to the batch reactor in scaling up the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
A Diaminopillar[5]arene‐Based Macrobicyclic Molecule: Synthesis, Characterization and A Lock–Key Story
Authors: Hu Wei‐Bo , Wang Zhuo , Zhao Xiao‐Li , Liu Yahu A. , Li Jiu‐Sheng , Jiang Biao , Wen Ke 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA new macrobicyclic molecule (BC‐DAP5), consisting of a diaminopillar[5]arene cavity and a fused ring, was successfully constructed using a Grubbs metathesis reaction. Further studies indicated that BC‐DAP5 possessed a unique molecular behavior, showing a response to acid/base stimuli. In BC‐DAP5, protons (acid) acted as a lock, locking the fused ring out of the cavity (pillar[5]arene), and a base served as the key, making the fused ring switch in or out freely. Reversible control of the molecular behavior was achieved simply by adding acid and base alternately.
Site‐Selective Supramolecular Complexation Activates Catalytic Ethane Oxidation by a Nitrido‐Bridged Iron Porphyrinoid Dimer
Authors: Mihara Nozomi , Yamada Yasuyuki , Takaya Hikaru , Kitagawa Yasutaka , Igawa Kazunobu , Tomooka Katsuhiko , Fujii Hiroshi , Tanaka Kentaro 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDevelopment of supramolecular methods to further activate a highly reactive intermediate is a fascinating strategy to create novel potent catalysts for activation of inert chemicals. Herein, a supramolecular approach to enhance the oxidizing ability of a high‐valent oxo species of a nitrido‐bridged iron porphyrinoid dimer that is a known potent molecular catalyst for light alkane oxidation is reported. For this purpose, a nitrido‐bridged dinuclear iron complex of porphyrin‐phthalocyanine heterodimer 35+, which is connected through a fourfold rotaxane, was prepared. Heterodimer 35+ catalyzed ethane oxidation in the presence of H2O2 at a relatively low temperature. The site‐selective complexation of 35+ with an additional anionic porphyrin (TPPS4−) through π–π stacking and electrostatic interactions afforded a stable 1:1 complex. It was demonstrated that the supramolecular post‐synthetic modification of 35+ enhances its catalytic activity efficiently. Moreover, supramolecular conjugates achieved higher catalytic ethane oxidation activity than nitrido‐bridged iron phthalocyanine dimer, which is the most potent iron‐oxo‐based molecular catalyst for light‐alkane oxidation reported so far. Electrochemical measurements proved that the electronic perturbation from TPPS4− to 35+ enhanced the catalytic activity.
Rapid Interception of CnF2n+1(O)SO. Radical with Copper‐Based Carbene: A Novel Access to Perfluoroalkanesulfinate Ester
Authors: Wang Hanghang , Li Haiyan , Zheng Yonggao , Lian Pengcheng , Wan Xiaobing 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this communication, an unprecedented interception of CnF2n+1(O)SO. radical with a copper‐based carbene has been established. Distinguished by wide substrate scopes and mild reaction conditions, this novel radical–carbene coupling reaction (RCC reaction) provides a fundamentally different and mechanistically interesting strategy for the synthesis of perfluoroalkanesulfinate esters.