bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of an interactive 24-h recall and weighed food record for measuring energy and nutrient intakes from complementary foods among 9–10-month-old Malawian infants consuming lipid-based nutrient supplements
Authors: Hemsworth Jaimie , Arimond Mary , Kumwenda Chiza , Rehman Andrea M. , Maleta Kenneth , Ashorn Ulla , Keogh Ruth , Ferguson Elaine L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFortifying complementary foods with lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) may improve energy and nutrient intakes of infants at risk for undernutrition. We aimed to determine the relative validity of an interactive 24-h recall (i-24-HR) for assessing the impact of an LNS intervention on dietary intakes of energy and nutrients among rural Malawian 9–10-month-old infants (n132) participating in the International Lipid‐Based Nutrient Supplements Dose (iLiNS-DOSE) trial. Dietary data were collected for the same day via i-24-HR and weighed food records. Inter-method agreements were estimated overall and by intervention group, using Bland–Altman plots and pairedttests; measurement error models (differential error); and percentage of food omissions and intrusions were estimated. Overall, inter-method differences in mean intakes of energy and most nutrients were not significant. When stratified by group, recalled energy intakes were under-estimated (−368 kJ;P=0·01) in the control but not in the intervention group (−42 kJ;P=0·6). This differential reporting error was related to an over-estimation of recalled LNS (8·1v. 4·5 g;P<0·001) in the intervention group, compensating for an under-estimation of energy and nutrient intakes from complementary foods. Sources of measurement error in the i-24-HR were under-estimations of starchy staples, meat/fish/eggs and legumes/nuts/seeds (overall percentage agreement between 38 and 89 %;P<0·028); and over-estimations of added sugar, soups/broths and LNS (overall percentage agreement between 138 and 149 %;P<0·001). Common (>30 % eating occasions) omissions were milk/fish/eggs, starchy roots/vegetables and sweetened snacks. Common intrusions were milk/yogurt. Starchy staples and LNS were recalled when consumed (>85 %) (i.e. matched). These results emphasise the importance of considering differential error when interpreting dietary results in LNS trials.
Subjective ratings of age-of-acquisition: exploring issues of validity and rater reliability
Authors: WIKSE BARROW Carla , NILSSON BJÖRKENSTAM Kristina , STRÖMBERGSSON Sofia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate concerns of validity and reliability in subjective ratings of age-of-acquisition (AoA), through exploring characteristics of the individual rater. An additional aim was to validate the obtained AoA ratings against two corpora – one of child speech and one of adult speech – specifically exploring whether words over-represented in the child-speech corpus are rated with lower AoA than words characteristic of the adult-speech corpus. The results show that less than one-third of participating informants’ ratings are valid and reliable. However, individuals with high familiarity with preschool-aged children provide more valid and reliable ratings, compared to individuals who do not work with or have children of their own. The results further show a significant, age-adjacent difference in rated AoA for words from the two different corpora, thus strengthening their validity. The study provides AoA data, of high specificity, for 100 child-specific and 100 adult-specific Swedish words.
The incidence of symptomatic infection with influenza virus in the Netherlands 2011/2012 through 2016/2017, estimated using Bayesian evidence synthesis
Authors: Teirlinck A. C. , de Gier B. , Meijer A. , Donker G. , de Lange M. , Koppeschaar C. , van der Hoek W. , Kretzschmar M. E. , McDonald S. A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDue to differences in the circulation of influenza viruses, distribution and antigenic drift of A subtypes and B lineages, and susceptibility to infection in the population, the incidence of symptomatic influenza infection can vary widely between seasons and age-groups. Our goal was to estimate the symptomatic infection incidence in the Netherlands for the six seasons 2011/2012 through 2016/2017, using Bayesian evidence synthesis methodology to combine season-specific sentinel surveillance data on influenza-like illness (ILI), virus detections in sampled ILI cases and data on healthcare-seeking behaviour. Estimated age-aggregated incidence was 6.5 per 1000 persons (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 4.7–9.0) for season 2011/2012, 36.7 (95% UI: 31.2–42.8) for 2012/2013, 9.1 (95% UI: 6.3–12.9) for 2013/2014, 41.1 (95% UI: 35.0–47.7) for 2014/2015, 39.4 (95% UI: 33.4–46.1) for 2015/2016 and 27.8 (95% UI: 22.7–33.7) for season 2016/2017. Incidence varied substantially between age-groups (highest for the age-group <5 years: 23 to 47/1000, but relatively low for 65+ years: 2 to 34/1000 over the six seasons). Integration of all relevant data sources within an evidence synthesis framework has allowed the estimation – with appropriately quantified uncertainty – of the incidence of symptomatic influenza virus infection. These estimates provide valuable insight into the variation in influenza epidemics across seasons, by virus subtype and lineage, and between age-groups.
Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs): the development and characteristics of a global inventory of key sites for biodiversity
Authors: DONALD PAUL F. , FISHPOOL LINCOLN D. C. , AJAGBE ADEMOLA , BENNUN LEON A. , BUNTING GILL , BURFIELD IAN J. , BUTCHART STUART H. M. , CAPELLAN SOFIA , CROSBY MICHAEL J. , DIAS MARIA P. , DIAZ DAVID , EVANS MICHAEL I. , GRIMMETT RICHARD , HEATH MELANIE , JONES VICTORIA R. , LASCELLES BENJAMIN G. , MERRIMAN JENNIFER C. , O’BRIEN MARK , RAMÍREZ IVÁN , WALICZKY ZOLTAN , WEGE DAVID C. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryImportant Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) are sites identified as being globally important for the conservation of bird populations on the basis of an internationally agreed set of criteria. We present the first review of the development and spread of the IBA concept since it was launched by BirdLife International (then ICBP) in 1979 and examine some of the characteristics of the resulting inventory. Over 13,000 global and regional IBAs have so far been identified and documented in terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems in almost all of the world’s countries and territories, making this the largest global network of sites of significance for biodiversity. IBAs have been identified using standardised, data-driven criteria that have been developed and applied at global and regional levels. These criteria capture multiple dimensions of a site’s significance for avian biodiversity and relate to populations of globally threatened species (68.6% of the 10,746 IBAs that meet global criteria), restricted-range species (25.4%), biome-restricted species (27.5%) and congregatory species (50.3%); many global IBAs (52.7%) trigger two or more of these criteria. IBAs range in size from < 1 km2 to over 300,000 km2 and have an approximately log-normal size distribution (median = 125.0 km2, mean = 1,202.6 km2). They cover approximately 6.7% of the terrestrial, 1.6% of the marine and 3.1% of the total surface area of the Earth. The launch in 2016 of the KBA Global Standard, which aims to identify, document and conserve sites that contribute to the global persistence of wider biodiversity, and whose criteria for site identification build on those developed for IBAs, is a logical evolution of the IBA concept. The role of IBAs in conservation planning, policy and practice is reviewed elsewhere. Future technical priorities for the IBA initiative include completion of the global inventory, particularly in the marine environment, keeping the dataset up to date, and improving the systematic monitoring of these sites.
Potential interventions targeting adolescent nutrition in Indonesia: a literature review
Authors: Oddo Vanessa M , Roshita Airin , Rah Jee Hyun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to take stock of nutrition interventions that warrant consideration as a minimum package of interventions in Indonesia to improve four key nutrition indicators for adolescents: stunting, thinness, overweight and anaemia.DesignWe conducted a review of the peer-reviewed literature published between 1995 and 2017 on nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions that target adolescents in Indonesia. The search to identify studies was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar and EMBASE, using key search terms. We also explored programmatic and policy documents from the grey literature as they related to adolescents and/or Indonesia. Our search yielded thirty-five peer-reviewed articles and programmatic documents.SettingIndonesia.SubjectsAdolescent girls and boys.ResultsThere is very limited evidence on the impact of interventions specifically among adolescents in Indonesia. Nevertheless, findings from our review suggest the minimum package of interventions in Indonesia could include the following nutrition-specifc interventions: (i) iron–folic acid supplements, paired with antihelminths delivered at scale via school-based platforms and through health centres; and (ii) diet counselling and nutrition education provided through school-based platforms, adolescent youth centres/peer education and technology-based platforms. The minimum package could also include the following nutrition-sensitive interventions: (i) improving access to reproductive health services; and (ii) increasing the coverage of interventions designed to increase school attendance.ConclusionsProgrammes and policies targeting adolescent nutrition are relatively new and coverage is low. To improve the nutritional status of this vulnerable population, additional evaluations of adolescent programming and surveillance data on adolescents are needed.
Social and scientific disorder as epistemic phenomena, or the consequences of government dietary guidelines
Authors: Scheall Scott , Butos William N. , McQuade Thomas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe begin with a process-oriented model of science according to which signals concerning scientific reputation serve both to coordinate the plans of individuals in the scientific domain and to ensure that the knowledge that emerges from interactions between scientists and the environment is reliable. Under normal circumstances, scientific order emerges from the publication–citation–reputation (PCR) process of science. We adopt and extend F. A. Hayek's epistemology according to which knowledge affords successful plan-based action and we employ this in the development of an epistemic theory of social order. We propose that external interferences with the PCR process have distorting effects on scientific knowledge and, thus, on scientific and social order more broadly. We support this claim by describing the history of the US federal government's development of standardized dietary guidelines for American consumers and its concomitant interference in the PCR process of nutritional science. We conclude that this interference contributed to social disorder in dietary science and beyond.
Ionospheric O+ Momentum Balance Through Charge Exchange With Thermospheric O Atoms
Authors: Joshi P. P. , Waldrop L. S. , Brum C. G. M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOne of the most notorious uncertainties in ionosphere/thermosphere physics concerns the cross section for resonant charge exchange between neutral atomic and ionized oxygen, O and O+, the principle constituents between ∼200–500 km in the terrestrial atmosphere. O − O+ charge exchange plays a vital role in both momentum and energy exchange between the thermosphere and ionosphere, such that the value of the cross section,
, strongly influences calculations of plasma drift speeds, diffusion coefficients, and electron density distributions. We present an analysis of the nighttime O+ momentum budget in the F region ionosphere, using an unprecedented 27‐year baseline of observations from Arecibo Observatory, as a means to assess the agreement between the data, recent theoretical calculations of
, and NRLMSISE‐00 model predictions of O density, [O]. We find evidence for local time, seasonal, and solar cycle variation between the derived and modeled O − O+ collision frequency, with the best agreement observed near midnight at solar maximum. The data overall support our conclusion that recent theory regarding the magnitude of
is likely accurate. Although biases in the momentum balance technique may account in part or in full for the local time and seasonal dependencies in observed O+ momentum imbalances, the most likely source of the observed solar cycle variation is MSIS model underestimation of [O]. These findings serve to establish the O+ momentum and energy balance techniques as a valuable means of remotely sensing thermospheric [O] in support of future model validation and development.
Quasiperiodic Whistler Mode Emissions Observed by the Van Allen Probes Spacecraft
Authors: Němec F. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Bezděková B. , Demekhov A. G. , Pasmanik D. L. , Santolík O. , Kurth W. S. , Hartley D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractQuasiperiodic (QP) emissions are whistler mode electromagnetic waves observed in the inner magnetosphere that exhibit a QP time modulation of the wave intensity. We analyze 768 QP events observed during the first 5 years of the operation of the Van Allen Probes spacecraft (September 2012 to October 2017). Multicomponent wave measurements performed in the equatorial region, where the emissions are likely generated, are used to reveal new experimental information about their properties. We show that the events are observed nearly exclusively inside the plasmasphere. Wave frequencies are mostly between about 0.5 and 4 kHz. The events observed at larger radial distances and on the duskside tend to have slightly lower frequencies than the emissions observed elsewhere. The maximum event frequencies are limited by half of the equatorial electron gyrofrequency, suggesting the importance of wave ducting. Modulation periods are typically between about 0.5 and 5 min, and they increase with the in situ measured plasma number density. This increase is consistent with the main mechanisms suggested to explain the origin of the QP modulation. Two‐point measurements performed by the Van Allen Probes are used to estimate a typical spatial extent of the emissions to about 1 RE in radial distance and 1.5 hr in magnetic local time. Detailed wave analysis shows that the emissions are right‐hand circularly polarized, and they usually come from several different directions simultaneously. They, however, predominantly propagate at rather low wave normal angles and away from the geomagnetic equator.
Source Structure and Measurement Noise Are as Important as All Other Residual Sources in Geodetic VLBI Combined
Authors: Anderson James M. , Xu Ming H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe celestial sources observed by geodetic very‐long‐baseline interferometry (VLBI), most of which are quasars, are resolved—they have a finite angular size as measured by the interferometer—yet modern geodetic VLBI analysis techniques still treat these sources as if they are point‐like. The errors introduced by source structure, the angular distribution of emission, have traditionally been believed to be a small fraction of the total measurement error budget. We analyzed the VLBI data of the CONT14 continuous observing campaign using standard geodetic and imaging techniques, along with an analysis of closures, combinations of interferometric measurements where the error contributions from station‐based effects such as tropospheric and ionospheric errors, clock and cable length errors, station position errors, and so on, cancel exactly, leaving only nonclosing errors, principally source structure and measurement noise. Our statistical analysis of the closure information, based on actual VLBI observations revealed that nearly half (40%) of the total geodetic VLBI error budget (in terms of variance) in CONT14 came from source‐structure effects, nearly the same variance as all station‐based error sources (43%). The remaining error due to other nonsource‐structure, nonclosing errors is also significant (17%). Previous studies, which were primarily simulation‐based, did not account for the full range of effects of source structure on real measurements. Source structure is a major contributor to errors in geodetic VLBI, and source structure must be taken into account in the entire VLBI operational chain, from scheduling to analysis, in order to mitigate its effects on astrometric and geodetic measurements.
Simulations of Zonal Mean Gravity Wave Drag Short‐Term Variability in the Southern Hemisphere Mesosphere
Authors: Pedatella N. M. , Smith A. K. , Liu H.‐L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWhole Atmosphere Community Climate Model simulations are used to investigate the short‐term (<30‐day) temporal variability in the midlatitude and high‐latitude Southern Hemisphere mesosphere. We focus primarily on the short‐term variability in zonal mean gravity wave drag and its influence on the mesosphere circulation and chemistry. The seasonal climatology from 36 years (1979–2014) of specified dynamics Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model simulations reveals that the short‐term variability of zonal mean gravity wave drag, which is quantified by the standard deviation over a 30‐day window, in the Southern Hemisphere midlatitude mesosphere maximizes during December to March and September to November. The December to March enhancement is related to interhemispheric coupling during Northern Hemisphere sudden stratospheric warming events, and the enhancement during September to November is attributed to variability in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere zonal mean zonal winds that is driven by planetary wave activity in the Southern Hemisphere. Analysis of the simulations demonstrates that the short‐term variability in mesospheric gravity wave drag leads to changes in the residual circulation, which subsequently introduces short‐term variability in atomic oxygen (O) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Comparison with the Northern Hemisphere reveals that the zonal mean short‐term variability in the Southern Hemisphere during September to November is nearly as large (∼80–85%) as the maximum short‐term variability in the Northern Hemisphere, which occurs during December to March. This demonstrates that although the Southern Hemisphere middle atmosphere is generally considered to be less disturbed than the Northern Hemisphere, there is still substantial short‐term variability in the Southern Hemisphere mesosphere.
Spectroscopic Diagnostic of Halos and Elves Detected From Space‐Based Photometers
Authors: Pérez‐Invernón F. J. , Luque A. , Gordillo‐Vázquez F. J. , Sato M. , Ushio T. , Adachi T. , Chen A. B. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this work, we develop two spectroscopic diagnostic methods to derive the peak reduced electric field in transient luminous events (TLEs) from their optical signals. These methods could be used to analyze the optical signature of TLEs reported by spacecraft such as Atmosphere‐Space Interactions Monitor (European Space Agency) and the future Tool for the Analysis of RAdiations from lightNIngs and Sprites (Centre National d'Études Spatiales). As a first validation of these methods, we apply them to the predicted (synthetic) optical signatures of halos and elves, two types of TLEs, obtained from electrodynamical models. This procedure allows us to compare the inferred value of the peak reduced electric field with the value computed by halo and elve models. Afterward, we apply both methods to the analysis of optical signatures of elves and halos reported by Global LIghtning and sprite MeasurementS (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) and Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (National Space Organization) spacecraft, respectively. We conclude that the best emission ratios to estimate the maximum reduced electric field in halos and elves are the ratio of the second positive system of N2 to first negative system (FNS) of N
, the first positive system of N2 to FNS of N
and the Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield band of N2 to FNS of N
. In the case of reduced electric fields below 150 Td, we found that the ratio of the second positive system of N2 to first positive system of N2 can also be used to reasonably estimate the value of the field. Finally, we show that the reported optical signals from elves can be treated following an inversion method in order to estimate some of the characteristics of the parent lightning.
Solar Effects on the Atmospheric Electric Field During 2010–2015 at Low Latitudes
Authors: Tacza J. , Raulin J.‐P. , Mendonca R. R. S. , Makhmutov V. S. , Marun A. , Fernandez G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSolar phenomena such as flares and solar energetic particles events are potential candidates to affect the global atmospheric electric circuit. One can study these effects using measurements of the atmospheric electric field in fair weather regions. In this paper, we investigate deviations of the atmospheric electric field daily curve during solar disturbances (solar flares and solar proton events) from mean values obtained in fair weather conditions. Using the superposed epoch analysis, in order to enhance the visualization of small effects, we study the atmospheric electric field data observed between January 2010 and December 2015 at the Complejo Astronómico El Leoncito, San Juan, Argentina. The results show no deviation of the atmospheric electric field after solar flares, and an increase of about 10 V/m after solar proton events. The last result suggests possible ionization effects above thunderstorm in disturbed weather regions, which alters the global atmospheric electric circuit. On the other hand, we analyze the variation of the atmospheric electric field during a ground level enhancement on 17 May 2012, which was capable to produce changes on the surface electric field.
Identification of Cystic Lesions by Secondary Screening of Familial Pancreatic Cancer (FPC) Kindreds Is Not Associated with the Stratified Risk of Cancer
Authors: Sheel A. R. G. , Harrison S. , Sarantitis I. , Nicholson J. A. , Hanna T. , Grocock C. , Raraty M. , Ramesh J. , Farooq A. , Costello E. , Jackson R. , Chapman M. , Smith A. , Carter R. , Mckay C. , Hamady Z. , Aithal G. P. , Mountford R. , Ghaneh P. , Hammel P. , Lerch M. M. , Halloran C. , Pereira S. P. , Greenhalf W. ,   on behalf of EUROPAC collaborators
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVES:
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are associated with risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It is unclear if an IPMN in individuals at high risk of PDAC should be considered as a positive screening result or as an incidental finding. Stratified familial pancreatic cancer (FPC) populations were used to determine if IPMN risk is linked to familial risk of PDAC.

METHODS:
This is a cohort study of 321 individuals from 258 kindreds suspected of being FPC and undergoing secondary screening for PDAC through the European Registry of Hereditary Pancreatitis and Familial Pancreatic Cancer (EUROPAC). Computerised tomography, endoscopic ultrasound of the pancreas and magnetic resonance imaging were used. The risk of being a carrier of a dominant mutation predisposing to pancreatic cancer was stratified into three even categories (low, medium and high) based on: Mendelian probability, the number of PDAC cases and the number of people at risk in a kindred.

RESULTS:
There was a median (interquartile range (IQR)) follow-up of 2 (0–5) years and a median (IQR) number of investigations per participant of 4 (2–6). One PDAC, two low-grade neuroendocrine tumours and 41 cystic lesions were identified, including 23 IPMN (22 branch-duct (BD)). The PDAC case occurred in the top 10% of risk, and the BD-IPMN cases were evenly distributed amongst risk categories: low (6/107), medium (10/107) and high (6/107) (P = 0.63).

CONCLUSIONS:
The risk of finding BD-IPMN was independent of genetic predisposition and so they should be managed according to guidelines for incidental finding of IPMN.