bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Policies, Private Resources, and the Future of the Douglas-Fir Region Forest Economy
Authors: Adams Darius M. , Haynes Richard W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Projections of the Douglas-fir region forest economy indicate: (1) industrial harvest will decline over the next 20 years, in the range of 8 to 14% relative to current levels depending on the extent of reductions in public cut, but will rise in subsequent decades to near current levels; (2) nonindustrial lands can maintain present or higher levels with little reduction in timber inventory; (3) any private offset to a public harvest reduction will be modest and short-lived, and as a result large changes in public harvest will have significant impacts on the region's economy; (4) management intensification on private lands would have little impact on harvest potential in the next 3 decades; (5) minimum real stumpage price growth over the next 2 decades would be roughly 2.5% per year assuming no change in public harvest. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):64-69, July 1990.
Bole Implantation of Systemic Insecticides Does Not Protect Trees From Spruce Beetle Attack
Authors: Shea Patrick J. , Holsten Edward H. , Hard John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, to evaluate the effectiveness of acephate, dimethoate, and carbofuran delivered by Medicap implants in previously unattacked spruce trees [natural hybrids of Sitka (Picea sitchensis) and white spruce (P. glauca)] to prevent tree mortality (preventive treatment); and in successfully attacked spruce trees to kill brood of spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis, and thereby prevent tree mortality (remedial treatment). Tree mortality ranged from 60% to 93% in the treated trees and were judged as inadequate in preventing tree mortality. There was no evidence of egg, larval, pupae, or adult beetle mortality. Residue analysis of foliages removed from the crown of sample trees ranged from ca. 5 ppm 28-days postspray to ca 23 ppm 128 days postspray showing that acephate moved vertically into the tree crown. Neither carbofuran nor dimethoate were recovered from foliage samples. West. J. Appl. For. 6(1):4-7.
Production Equations for Grapple Yarding in Coastal British Columbia
Authors: Howard Andrew F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An elemental time study was designed and used in a comprehensive investigation of grapple yarding productivity in coastal British Columbia. Data were collected using hand-held computers and processed through a series of editing and auditing programs prior to analysis. A comprehensive statistical analysis was applied to the data including fitting regression equations, stratification and hypothesis testing. The findings include a library of production equations suitable for estimating productive and total cycle times for a wide range of machines and operating conditions. West. J. Appl. For. 6(1):7-10.
Propagation of Western Larch by Stem Cuttings
Authors: Edson John L. , Wenny David L. , Fins Lauren 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seed shortages have hampered the artificial regeneration of western larch (Larix occidentalis) in parts of the interior Pacific Northwest. Mass vegetative propagation of this valuable timber species could provide a more reliable supply of reforestation material and enhance genetic gain in early larch selections. Earlier attempts to root stem cuttings of western larch achieved relatively low rates of success. In this study, indolebutyric acid (IBA) treatments resulted in rooting of more than 70% of the late-summer semi-hardwood cuttings from 1.5-year-old seedlings compared to less than 20% rooting with the spring-harvested softwood cuttings. Rooting exceeded 80% when stem caliper was greater than 2.0 mm. IBA best enhanced rooting rate and quality when applied at 16,000 ppm. High rooting rates suggest that mass propagation of western larch is feasible, but growth and form of the rooted cuttings require additional assessment. West. J. Appl. For. 6(2):47-49.
Nitrogen Fertilizer Response of Rocky Mountain Douglas-Fir by Geographic Area Across the Inland Northwest1
Authors: Moore James A. , Mika Peter G. , Vander Ploeg James L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Response to nitrogen fertilization treatments in Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) differed significantly among geographic regions within the inland northwest. Gross basal area and volume growth on fertilized plots were significantly greater than growth on controls for all geographic regions, but only in northern Idaho and central Washington was gross response significantly greater on 400 lb/ac N plots than on 200 lb N plots. Net basal area and volume growth on treated plots in Montana, central Idaho, and northeast Oregon were not significantly greater than the controls for either nitrogen treatment. Analysis of 2-year periodic basal area increment indicated that, while response did decline through time, treated plots continued to produce more gross growth than control plots 6 years after treatment. Similar operational nitrogen treatments applied to the Douglas-fir population sampled in this study should produce gross responses exceeding 10% after 6 years three out of four times. West. J. Appl. For. 6(4):94-98.
Chemical and Manual Control of Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) in Northwestern British Columbia: A Rate and Timing Trial1
Authors: LePage P. , Pollack J. C. , Coates K. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of different site preparation treatments and their timing on thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus) percent cover were examined using a factorial experiment. Methods of thimbleberry control tested were: an untreated control, manual cutting, 1.4 kg active ingredient (a.i.)/ha glyphosate, and 2.1 kg a.i./ha glyphosate. Four treatment dates covering the growing season of thimbleberry in the study area were examined. In all 3 post-treatment years there was a strong interaction between method and timing of control. Thimbleberry percent cover in the manual cutting treatments was not significantly different from the untreated control in any of the years. Chemical treatments were less effective early in the growing season than those later on. Early midseason chemical applications were most effective at the higher rate. Late midseason and late season treatments provided uniformly excellent control at both the low and high rates of application. West. J. Appl. For. 6(4):99-102.
Estimating Dominant Height and Site Index of Even-Aged Interior Douglas-Fir in British Columbia
Authors: Thrower James S. , Goudie James W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height-age and site-index curves were developed from stem analysis of 262 Douglas-fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) from 68 plots in the Interior Douglas-fir, Interior Cedar-Hemlock, and Sub-boreal Spruce Biogeoclimatic zones in the interior of British Columbia. Plots ranged in site index from about 8 to 30 m and in age from about 60 to 350 years; however, the analyses were limited to data up to 100 years of age. A conditioned logistic function was selected for predicting height, and a linear model was selected for predicting site index. The curves are similar to those developed in comparable studies in the Inland Empire, but differ substantially from curves developed in British Columbia from temporary sample plots. This study supports previous observations that the pattern of height growth for a given site index varies among ecologically different areas. West. J. Appl. For. 7(1):20-25.
Green Foliage Losses from Ponderosa Pines Induced by Abert Squirrels and Snowstorms: A Comparison
Authors: Allred W. Sylvester , Gaud William S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Abert squirrels (Sciurus aberti) are obligate herbivores on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). The inner bark of pine shoots is considered one of the predominant food resources obtained by foraging squirrels. As squirrels forage for this resource they induce green needle losses from chosen feed trees. Amounts of induced green needle losses appear to vary according to the availability of alternative foods and squirrel population densities. Weather also induces green needle losses to ponderosa pines. Results of this study indicate that, at least in some years, heavy snowstorms can induce greater amounts of green needle losses than squirrels. Squirrel herbivory was not indicated as a factor in any tree mortality. However, losses due to snowstorms are more severe since they may cause the actual depletion of trees in the forest because of the tree mortality they inflict. West. J. Appl. For. 8(1):16-18.
Employment- and Wage-Consumption Ratios for Montana's Forest Products Manufacturers
Authors: Keegan III Charles E. , Wichman Daniel P. , Evans Gerald E. , Fight Roger D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article presents information on employment and payroll generated per unit volume of timber or wood fiber processed by the various manufacturing sectors of Montana's forest products industry for 1987-1989. Average employment ranged from a high of 117 workers per million cubic feet (mmcf) of wood fiber processed at house log plants, to a low of 12 workers per mmcf at stud mills. Employment-consumption ratios for cedar products plants and producers of utility poles and posts and small poles were 48, 47, and 34 workers per mmcf respectively. At sawmills, employment-consumption ratios ranged from 23 workers per mmcf for board mills to 12 workers per mmcf for stud mills. Plywood plants are slightly more labor intensive than board mills, employing 26 workers per mmcf of wood fiber processed. The processing of mill residue from sawmills and plywood plants by such users as the pulp and paper industry adds substantially to the employment per unit volume of timber processed. Because different components of the industry often use timber of different sizes, species, and quality, changes in the kind of timber available can have considerable influence on the structure of the industry and related employment. West. J. Appl. For. 8(2):54-57.
Susceptibility of Western Conifers to Laminated Root Rot (Phellinus weirii) in Oregon and British Columbia Field Tests
Authors: Nelson E. E. , Sturrock Rona N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several species of conifers were outplanted around infected stumps in Oregon and British Columbia to measure their susceptibility to laminated root rot caused by Phellinus weirii. Grand fir (Abies grandis) experienced nearly 30% mortality caused by P. weirii. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) mortality exceeded 20%. Noble fir (A. procera), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) mortality averaged less than 10%. Western white pine (P. monticola) and lodgepole pine (P. contorta) mortality was less than 1%. Phellinus weirii did not cause mortality of western redcedar (Thuja plicata) or redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). Apparent susceptibility, based on mortality over 17-20 growing seasons, was similar to that recorded in past field observations. West. J. Appl. For. 8(2):67-70.
A Whole-Stand Growth and Yield Model for Interior Douglas-Fir
Authors: Zhang Lianjun , Moore James A. , Newberry James D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A whole-stand model, Simulation Of Stands (SOS), was developed for even-aged Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) stands in the inland Northwest. The model consists of three new components: (1) volume prediction model, (2) basal area prediction model, and (3) survival model. Existing height growth models were used to estimate stand top height growth. The behavior and performance of SOS were evaluated by simulating stand development over time under alternative conditions and comparing the results with growth and yield concepts suggested in the literature. The predicted stand attributes from SOS were also compared with predictions from the Stand Prognosis Model and Stand Projection System (SPS). SOS behavior was similar to Prognosis for lower site indices, but more like SPS for higher site indices. The three models differed mainly with respect to stand top height growth and tree survival. West. J. Appl. For. 8(4):120-125.
Long-Term Response of Planted Ponderosa Pine to Thinning in Oregon's Blue Mountains
Authors: Cochran P. H. , Barrett James W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A spacing study in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) was established in 1959 by thinning plots in a 33-yr-old plantation near John Day, Oregon. The influence of 4 spacings (17.2, 12.5, 10.1, and 8.7 ft) on stand and tree growth for a 31-yr period was examined. Study plots were remeasured five times after establishment. Periodic annual increments (PAI) of gross basal area, gross volume, and average height differed with period but not with spacing (P ≤ 0.10). The PAIs of mean diameter differed with period and decreased with increasing density. Annual height growth and annual gross and net growth of basal area and volume did not differ with spacing. Annual diameter growth was much greater for trees at the widest spacing. Annual volume growth of the largest 90 trees/ac was greatest at the widest spacing. Thirty-one years after thinning, the largest 90 trees/ac on the widest spacing had 73% of the volume of all the trees on the narrowest spacing. Mortality due to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) increased markedly when values for stand density index exceeded 200. Wide spacings increased average tree volumes, increased mean diameters, and reduced the probability of mortality without sacrificing gross cubic volume growth potential. West. J. Appl. For. 8(4):126-132.
Mortality and Growth of Urea-Fertilized Douglas-Fir on a Phellinus weirii-Infested Site in Oregon
Authors: Nelson E. E. , McWilliams M. G. , Thies W. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Twelve plots were established in 1972 in an 11-yr-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantation infected with Phellinus weirii, the cause of laminated root rot. All plots were thinned and either interplanted with red alder (Alnus rubra) or fertilized at 5-10 yr intervals with urea to determine the effect of nitrogen on tree growth and mortality caused by P. weirii, or left untreated. Interplanted alder, however, failed to survive. Mortality was assessed at intervals of 2 to 3 yr. Plots were inventoried (100% cruise) in 1978 and 1990. Growth over 12 yr appeared better on fertilized than nonfertilized plots, but the difference was not significant (alpha = 0.05 ). Mortality caused by the preferential feeding of bears on the inner bark of fertilized trees reduced the overall gain. Mortality caused by laminated root rot did not differ significantly (alpha = 0.05) among treatments. Three months after the initial application of urea at 448 kg N/ha, soil sampled to a depth of 30 cm was higher in ammonium and nitrate forms of nitrogen on fertilized than nonfertilized plots, but increases were not significant (alpha = 0.05). Numbers of bacteria were directly correlated with soil ammonium content (P = 0.1092). Numbers of aerobic actinomycetes were inversely correlated with soil nitrate content (P = 0.0398).West. J. Appl. For. 9(2): 00-00.
Branch Diameter of Western Hemlock: Effects of Precommercial Thinning and Implications for Log Grades
Authors: DeBell Jeffrey D. , Tappeiner II John C. , Krahmer Robert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Branch diameter was measured in 29- and 38-yr-old western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) that had been precommercially thinned to spacings of 4.0 to 21.8 ft at about the time of initial crown closure (age 11 and 12 yr). Branch diameter increased with spacing, but did not exceed 2 in. even at the widest spacings. At the 40- to 60-yr rotations now planned by most industrial and private forest owners, western hemlock can be thinned to any of the spacings evaluated in this study without concern that increased knot size will lower log grades according to current standards. At these rotation lengths, it is probably more valuable to manipulate tree spacing so as to optimize tree size and stand volume production, rather than to minimize knot size. West. J. Appl. For. 9(3):88-90.
The cephalic lateral-line system of Characiformes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi): anatomy and phylogenetic implications
Authors: Pastana Murilo N L , Bockmann Flávio A , Datovo Aléssio 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe lateral-line system has been traditionally recognized as an important source of phylogenetic information for different groups of fishes. Although extensively studied in Siluriformes and Cypriniformes, the lateral-line system of Characiformes remained underexplored. In the present study, the anatomy of the cephalic lateral-line canals of characiforms is described in detail and a unifying terminology that considers the ontogeny and homologies of the components of this system is offered. Aspects of the arrangement of lateral-line canals, as well as the number, location and size of canal tubules and pores, resulted in the identification of novel putative synapomorphies for Characiformes and several of its subgroups. The study also revised synapomorphies previously proposed for different characiform families and provided comments on their observed distribution across the order based on extensive taxon sampling. Information from the ontogenetic studies of the cephalic lateral-line canal system and a proposal for the proper use of these data to detect truncations in the development of the lateral-line canals across the order is also offered.
Aurix Gel Is an Effective Intervention for Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Gude Warren , Hagan Daniel , Abood Ferial , Clausen Peter 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND
Autologous platelet-rich plasma products can significantly vary with respect to platelet concentration, the presence of additional cellularity, and the use of additives. Therefore, the utility of each formulation for treating chronic wounds needs to be established.

OBJECTIVE
To establish the efficacy of up to 12 weeks of treatment with Aurix hematogel for healing diabetic foot ulcers against usual and customary care including any wound modality in 129 patients using a Medicare Coverage with Evidence Development paradigm.

METHODS
This pragmatic randomized controlled trial was conducted in 28 real-world outpatient wound care sites using an inclusive design that included participants with various health risks, comorbidities (eg, peripheral arterial disease, smoking), and any wound severity (Wagner 1–4).

RESULTS
Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significant (log-rank P = .0476) time-to-heal advantage, with 48.5% of wounds healing with Aurix hematogel compared with 30.2% with usual and customary care. A higher percentage of healing was observed for Aurix across all wound severities (Wagner grade 1–4). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant healing advantage for Aurix when treating wounds accompanied by peripheral arterial disease and a demonstrated advantage for smokers.

CONCLUSIONS
This first Coverage with Evidence Development study in wound care demonstrates the effectiveness of Aurix for treating diabetic foot ulcers in Medicare beneficiaries.
Synthesizing and Reporting Milestones-Based Learner Analytics: Validity Evidence From a Longitudinal Cohort of Internal Medicine Residents
Authors: Park Yoon Soo , Zar Fred , Tekian Ara 
Published: August 2019

Purpose
Coordinating and operationalizing assessment systems that effectively streamline and measure fine-grained progression of residents at various stages of graduate medical training can be challenging. This article describes development, administration, and psychometric analyses of a learner analytics system to resolve challenges in implementation of milestones by introducing the Scoring Grid Model, operationalized in an internal medicine (IM) residency program.

Method
A 3-year longitudinal cohort of 34 residents at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine began using this learner analytics system, from entry (July 2013) to graduation (June 2016). Scores from 23 assessments used throughout the 3-year training were synthesized using the Scoring Grid Model learner analytics system, to generate scores corresponding to the 22 reportable IM subcompetencies. A consensus model was used to develop and pilot test the model using feedback from IM faculty members and residents. Scores from the scoring grid were used to inform promotion decisions and reporting of milestone levels. Descriptive statistics and mixed-effects regression were used to examine data trends and gather validity evidence.

Results
Initial validity evidence for content, internal structure, and relations to other variables that systematically integrate assessment scores aligned with the reportable milestones framework are presented, including composite score reliability of scores generated from the learner analytics system. The scoring grid provided fine-grained learner profiles and showed predictive utility in identifying low-performing residents.

Conclusions
The Scoring Grid Model and associated learner analytics data platform may provide a practical, reasonable solution for generating fine-grained, milestones-based profiles supporting resident progress.
Vocal Turn-Taking Between Mothers and Their Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Kondaurova Maria V. , Smith Nicholas A. , Zheng Qi , Reed Jessa , Fagan Mary K. 
Published: August 2019

Objectives:
The primary objective of the study was to examine the occurrence and temporal structure of vocal turn-taking during spontaneous interactions between mothers and their children with cochlear implants (CI) over the first year after cochlear implantation as compared with interactions between mothers and children with normal hearing (NH).

Design:
Mothers’ unstructured play sessions with children with CI (n = 12) were recorded at 2 time points, 3 months (mean age 18.3 months) and 9 months (mean age 27.5 months) post-CI. A separate control group of mothers with age-matched hearing children (n = 12) was recorded at the same 2 time points. Five types of events were coded: mother and child vocalizations, vocalizations including speech overlap, and between- and within-speaker pauses. We analyzed the proportion of child and mother vocalizations involved in turn-taking, the temporal structure of turn-taking, and the temporal reciprocity of turn-taking using proportions of simultaneous speech and the duration of between- and within-speaker pauses.

Results:
The CI group produced a significantly smaller proportion of vocalizations in turn-taking than the NH group at the first session; however, CI children’s proportion of vocalizations in turn-taking increased over time. There was a significantly larger proportion of simultaneous speech in the CI compared with the NH group at the first session. The CI group produced longer between-speaker pauses as compared with those in the NH group at the first session with mothers decreasing the duration of between-speaker pauses over time. NH infants and mothers in both groups produced longer within- than between-speaker pauses but CI infants demonstrated the opposite pattern. In addition, the duration of mothers’ between-speaker pauses (CI and NH) was predicted by the duration of the infants’ between-speaker pauses.

Conclusions:
Vocal turn-taking and timing in both members of the dyad, the mother and infant, were sensitive to the experiential effects of child hearing loss and remediation with CI. Child hearing status affected dyad-specific coordination in the timing of responses between mothers and their children.