bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of colour polymorphism in British winter‐active Lepidoptera in response to search image use by avian predators
Authors: Weir Jamie C. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPhenotypic polymorphism in cryptic species is widespread. This may evolve in response to search image use by predators exerting negative frequency‐dependent selection on intraspecific colour morphs, ‘apostatic selection’. Evidence exists to indicate search image formation by predators and apostatic selection operating on wild prey populations, though not to demonstrate search image use directly resulting in apostatic selection. The present study attempted to address this deficiency, using British Lepidoptera active in winter as a model system. It has been proposed that the typically polymorphic wing colouration of these species represents an anti‐search image adaptation against birds. To test (a) for search image‐driven apostatic selection, dimorphic populations of artificial moth‐like models were established in woodland at varying relative morph frequencies and exposed to predation by natural populations of birds. In addition, to test (b) whether abundance and degree of polymorphism are correlated across British winter‐active moths, as predicted where search image use drives apostatic selection, a series of phylogenetic comparative analyses were conducted. There was a positive relationship between artificial morph frequency and probability of predation, consistent with birds utilizing search images and exerting apostatic selection. Abundance and degree of polymorphism were found to be positively correlated across British Lepidoptera active in winter, though not across all taxonomic groups analysed. This evidence is consistent with polymorphism in this group having evolved in response to search image‐driven apostatic selection and supports the viability of this mechanism as a means by which phenotypic and genetic variation may be maintained in natural populations.
Community Social Organization and Military Families: Theoretical Perspectives on Transitions, Contexts, and Resilience
Authors: Mancini Jay A. , O'Neal Catherine Walker , Martin James A. , Bowen Gary L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe social organization theory of action and change accounts for transitions families face in community contexts. This perspective aligns with family stress and resilience theories, including the contextual model of family stress. Our discussion focuses on transitions of military families, including the continually changing nature of military family life. The military environment provides an opportunity for understanding family vulnerability and resilience from a community perspective, in effect, a perspective centered on contexts. Contexts include matters that families have control over and those they are unable to affect. The roles of shared responsibility and collective competence in moving families and communities forward are discussed, as are pivotal roles of informal networks and formal systems. Findings that align with this theorizing include influence of the military system and culture on families, as well as how sense of community emerges as a pivotal factor for family well‐being.
Dematerialization and the Circular Economy: Comparing Strategies to Reduce Material Impacts of the Consumer Electronic Product Ecosystem
Authors: Kasulaitis Barbara V. , Babbitt Callie W. , Krock Andrew K. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryThe rapid technological evolution and adoption of consumer electronics highlights a growing need for adaptive methodologies to evaluate material consumption at the intersection of technological change and increasing consumption. While dematerialization and the circular economy (CE) have both been proposed to mitigate increasing material consumption, recent research has shown that these methods may be ineffective at achieving net material use reduction: When focused on specific products, these methods neglect the effects of complex interactions among and increasing consumption of consumer electronic products. The research presented here develops and applies a material flow analysis aimed at evaluating an entire “product ecosystem,” thereby including the effects of increasing consumption, product trade‐offs, and technological innovations. Results are then used to evaluate the potential efficacy of “natural” dematerialization (occurring as technology advances or smaller products substitute for larger ones) and CE (closing the loop between secondary material supply and primary material demand). Results show that material consumption by the ecosystem of electronics commonly used by U.S. households peaked in 2000. This consumption relies on increasingly diverse materials, including gold, cobalt, and indium, for whom secondary supply is still negligible, particularly given low recovery rates, often less than 1%. Potential circularity metrics of material “dilution,” “dispersion,” and “demand mismatch” are also evaluated, and indicate that CE approaches aimed at closing the loop on consumer electronic material still face several critical barriers particularly related to design and efficient recycling infrastructure.
Estimating Private Equity Returns from Limited Partner Cash Flows
Authors: ANG ANDREW , CHEN BINGXU , GOETZMANN WILLIAM N. , PHALIPPOU LUDOVIC 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTWe introduce a methodology to estimate the historical time series of returns to investment in private equity funds. The approach requires only an unbalanced panel of cash contributions and distributions accruing to limited partners and is robust to sparse data. We decompose private equity returns from 1994 to 2015 into a component due to traded factors and a time‐varying private equity premium not spanned by publicly traded factors. We find cyclicality in private equity returns that differs according to fund type and is consistent with the conjecture that capital market segmentation contributes to private equity returns.
The role of different visual characters of weevils signalling aposematism to sympatric lizard predators
Authors: Lee C.‐Y. , Yo S.‐P. , Clark R. W. , Hsu J.‐Y. , Liao C.‐P. , Tseng H.‐Y. , Huang W.‐S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPrey often use conspicuous or aposematic coloration to advertise their unprofitability to potential predators. Although most research focuses on coloration, other characteristics, such as the shape or size of markings, or general body shape and appearance, can be used by predators to recognize unprofitable prey. These more general characters may be especially important in cases where predators are sympatric with radiations of aposematic species or populations that have variable colours or patterns; predators are likely to learn avoidance using traits that are consistent across these species, rather than learning multiple types of patterns separately. Here, we conducted a series of feeding experiments using unprofitable weevils (Pachyrhynchus tobafolius) with bright blue spots as prey, and sympatric insectivorous lizards (Japalura swinhonis) as predators. We modified the number, size, shape and colour of spots of weevils, as well as their general appearance, to test which characters are important for aposematism. Unchanged weevils were attacked infrequently, and altering the presence, colour or size of spots did not change lizard behaviour. However, prey with manipulated body appearance were attacked more often, and more quickly. Our study suggests that the general appearance and characteristic shape of weevils are more important for aposematism towards lizards than the brightly coloured spots. Our results may explain why the colour, stripes and spot patterns are so variable among sympatric weevils in a particular habitat.
Metabolic disorders across hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy
Authors: Morisco Filomena , Guarino Maria , Valvano Maria R. , Auriemma Francesco , Farinati Fabio , Giannini Edoardo G. , Ciccarese Francesca , Tovoli Francesco , Rapaccini Gian Ludovico , Di Marco Maria , Caturelli Eugenio , Zoli Marco , Borzio Franco , Sacco Rodolfo , Cabibbo Giuseppe , Felder Martina , Benvengù Luisa , Gasbarrini Antonio , Svegliati Baroni Gianluca , Foschi Francesco G. , Biasini Elisabetta , Masotto Alberto , Virdone Roberto , Marra Fabio , Caporaso Nicola , Trevisani Franco ,   the Italian Liver Cancer (ITA.LI.CA) group
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundMetabolic disorders are well‐known risk factors for HCC. Conversely, their impact on the natural history of HCC is not established. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of metabolic disorders on clinical features, treatment and survival of HCC patients regardless of its aetiology.MethodsWe analysed the ITA.LI.CA database regarding 839 HCC patients prospectively collected. The following metabolic features were analysed: BMI, diabetes, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia. According to these features, patients were divided into 3 groups: 0‐1, 2 and 3‐5 metabolic features.ResultsAs compared with patients with 0‐1 metabolic features, patients with 3‐5 features showed lower percentage of HCC diagnosis on surveillance (P = .021), larger tumours (P = .038), better liver function (higher percentage of Child‐Pugh class A [P = .007] and MELD < 10 [P = .003]), higher percentage of metastasis (P = .024) and lower percentage of portal vein thrombosis (P = .010). The BCLC stage and treatment options were similar among the 3 groups, with the exception of a less frequent access to loco‐regional therapies for BCLC stage B patients with 3‐5 features (P = .012). Overall survival and survival according to BCLC stage and/or treatment did not significantly differ among the 3 groups. Only using a probabilistic sensitivity analysis, diabetic patients showed a lower survival (P = .046). MELD score, HCC morphology, nodule size, BCLC stage, portal vein thrombosis and metastasis were independent predictors of lead‐time adjusted survival.ConclusionsOur “real world” study suggests that metabolic disorders shape the clinical presentation of HCC but do not seem to play a major role in setting patient survival.
Morphologic mimicry: acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma in nondermal locations—a literature review
Authors: Mohammad Mustafa , Wilcox Rebecca 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAcantholytic squamous cell carcinoma (acantholytic SCC) is a variant of SCC in which acantholysis develops owing to the loss of desmosomal adhesion proteins. This loss of cell–cell adhesion leads to morphologic changes that have the potential to mimic other tumor types, such as angiosarcoma or signet ring cell adenocarcinoma. Acantholytic SCC characteristically occurs in sun‐exposed skin of elderly patients; however, it can occur in nondermal locations. We present a review of the literature describing cases of nondermal acantholytic SCC.
Enigmatic clastic pipe swarms and implications for fluidization dynamics in aeolian deposits
Authors: Chan Marjorie A. , Hasiotis Stephen T. , Parrish Judith T. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSoft‐sediment deformation of contorted and massive sandstone is common throughout much of the siliciclastic record, but clastic pipes represent a distinctive class of pressurized synsedimentary features. Remarkable centimetre to metre‐scale clastic pipe exposures in the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone of Utah (USA) establish a range of pipe sizes, expressions and relationships to the host rock in an erg margin setting, traditionally thought to be just a dry desert system. In particular, the field and laboratory characterizations of cylindrical pipes show internal concentric, annular rings that imply water fluidization, with alignment of long grain axes due to shear flow along pipe margins. Central interior parts of decimetre‐scale pipes appear massive in plan view, but display weakly developed pseudobedding from post‐pressure release, gravitational settling in the cross‐sectional view. Deformation features of conjugate fractures, ring faults, hypotrochoid patterns (geometric arcs and circles) and breccia in the host material reflect both brittle and ductile behaviour in response to the fluidization and injection of the clastic pipes. The stratigraphic context of individual pipes and the stratabound intervals of pipe features imply dynamic deformation nearly coincident with deposition in this Early Jurassic aeolian system related to multiple factors of groundwater expulsion, timing and local host sediment properties that influenced pipe development. Although the pipe features might be easily overlooked as a smaller scale feature of soft‐sediment deformation in dune deposits, these are valuable environmental indications of disrupted fluid pathways within porous, reservoir quality sands, associated with possible combinations of periodic springs, high water‐table conditions and strong ground‐motion events. These pipe examples may be important analogues where exposures are not so clear, with applications to diverse modern and ancient clastic settings internationally on Earth as well as in planetary explorations such as on Mars.
Evaluation of the functional properties of cryopreserved buffy coat–derived monocytes for monocyte monolayer assay
Authors: Kipkeu Betty J. , Shyian Melissa L. , da Silveira Cavalcante Luciana , Duong Trang T. , Yeung Rae S.M. , Binnington Beth , Branch Donald R. , Acker Jason P. , Holovati Jelena L. 
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUNDMonocyte monolayer assay (MMA) is a compatibility testing method for evaluating the clinical significance of red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies. Time‐consuming monocyte isolation procedures and requirement for fresh monocytes have limited application of the MMA. The aim of this study was to develop and assess the utility and efficacy of cryopreserved buffy coat (BC)‐derived monocytes for MMA application.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) were isolated from BC or peripheral blood (PB) and pooled and BC PBMNCs were cryopreserved. Monocytes from pooled PBMNCs were incubated with anti‐D–sensitized, anti‐Scianna2 (Sc2)–sensitized, anti‐AnWj–sensitized, or anti‐Jra–sensitized RBCs or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MMA phagocytic index (PI) and membrane integrity were determined microscopically, and cytokine release was measured by Luminex technology.RESULTSPBMNC isolation rates from fresh BC and PB were not comparable (67.4 ± 6.3 and 75.8 ± 7.7% respectively, p = 0.024). There was no significant difference in PBMNC membrane integrity (fresh PB, 100%; fresh BC, 100%; cryopreserved BC, 95.2 ± 1.2%), postwash recovery (fresh PB, 85.9 ± 3.1; fresh BC, 86.9 ± 6.7; cryopreserved BC, 84.8 ± 5.1), or monocyte PI (fresh PB, 82 ± 10; fresh BC, 77 ± 11; cryopreserved BC = 80 ± 6). Monocytes from pooled cryopreserved BC PBMNCs reacted with RBCs sensitized with anti‐D and RBC alloantibodies, including anti‐Sc2, anti‐Jra, and anti‐AnWj.CONCLUSIONSMonocytes from pooled cryopreserved BC PBMNCs can be used reliably to evaluate phagocytic responses of sensitized RBCs and to assess clinical significance of RBC alloantibodies.
Rho kinase collaborates with p21‐activated kinase to regulate actin polymerization and contraction in airway smooth muscle
Authors: Zhang Wenwu , Bhetwal Bhupal P. , Gunst Susan J. 
Published: May 2018

Key points
The mechanisms by which Rho kinase (ROCK) regulates airway smooth muscle contraction were determined in tracheal smooth muscle tissues. ROCK may mediate smooth muscle contraction by inhibiting myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphatase. ROCK can also regulate F‐actin dynamics during cell migration, and actin polymerization is critical for airway smooth muscle contraction.
Our results show that ROCK does not regulate airway smooth muscle contraction by inhibiting myosin RLC phosphatase or by stimulating myosin RLC phosphorylation.
We find that ROCK regulates airway smooth muscle contraction by activating the serine–threonine kinase Pak, which mediates the activation of Cdc42 and neuronal Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (N‐WASp). N‐WASP transmits signals from Cdc42 to the Arp2/3 complex for the nucleation of actin filaments.
These results demonstrate a novel molecular function for ROCK in the regulation of Pak and Cdc42 activation that is critical for the processes of actin polymerization and contractility in airway smooth muscle.
AbstractRho kinase (ROCK), a RhoA GTPase effector, can regulate the contraction of airway and other smooth muscle tissues. In some tissues, ROCK can inhibit myosin regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphatase, which increases the phosphorylation of myosin RLC and promotes smooth muscle contraction. ROCK can also regulate cell motility and migration by affecting F‐actin dynamics. Actin polymerization is stimulated by contractile agonists in airway smooth muscle tissues and is required for contractile tension development in addition to myosin RLC phosphorylation. We investigated the mechanisms by which ROCK regulates the contractility of tracheal smooth muscle tissues by expressing a kinase‐inactive mutant of ROCK, ROCK‐K121G, in the tissues or by treating them with the ROCK inhibitor H‐1152P. Our results show no role for ROCK in the regulation of non‐muscle or smooth muscle myosin RLC phosphorylation during contractile stimulation in this tissue. We found that ROCK regulates airway smooth muscle contraction by mediating activation of p21‐activated kinase (Pak), a serine–threonine kinase, to promote actin polymerization. Pak catalyses paxillin phosphorylation on Ser273 and coupling of the GIT1–βPIX–Pak signalling module to paxillin, which activates the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity of βPIX towards Cdc42. Cdc42 is required for the activation of neuronal Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (N‐WASp), which transmits signals from Cdc42 to the Arp2/3 complex for the nucleation of actin filaments. Our results demonstrate a novel molecular function for ROCK in the regulation of Pak and Cdc42 activation that is critical for the processes of actin polymerization and contractility in airway smooth muscle.
Preterm growth restriction and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: the vascular hypothesis and related physiology
Authors: Sehgal Arvind , Gwini Stella M. , Menahem Samuel , Allison Beth J. , Miller Suzanne L. , Polglase Graeme R. 
Published: May 2018

Key points
Approximately 5–10% pregnancies are affected by fetal growth restriction.
Preterm infants affected by fetal growth restriction have a higher incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
The present study is the first to measure pulmonary artery thickness and stiffness.
The findings show that impaired vasculogenesis may be a contributory factor in the higher incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm growth restricted infants.
The study addresses the mechanistic link between fetal programming and vascular architecture and mechanics.
AbstractBronchopulmonary dysplasia is the most common respiratory sequelae of prematurity and histopathologically features fewer, dysmorphic pulmonary arteries. The present study aimed to characterize pulmonary artery mechanics and cardiac function in preterm infants with fetal growth restriction (FGR) compared to those appropriate for gestational age (AGA) in the early neonatal period. This prospective study reviewed 40 preterm infants between 28 to 32 weeks gestational age (GA). Twenty infants had a birthweight <10th centile and were compared with 20 preterm AGA infants. A single high resolution echocardiogram was performed to measure right pulmonary arterial and right ventricular (RV) indices. The GA and birthweight of FGR and AGA infants were 29.8 ± 1.3 vs. 30 ± 0.9 weeks (P = 0.78) and 923.4 g ± 168 vs. 1403 g ± 237 (P < 0.001), respectively. Assessments were made at 10.5 ± 1.3 days after birth. The FGR infants had significantly thicker right pulmonary artery inferior wall (843.5 ± 68 vs. 761 ± 40 μm, P < 0.001) with reduced pulsatility (51.6 ± 7.6 μm vs. 59.7 ± 7.5 μm, P = 0.001). The RV contractility [fractional area change (28.7 ± 3.8% vs 32.5 ± 3.1%, P = 0.001), tricuspid annular peak systolic excursion (TAPSE) (5.2 ± 0.3% vs. 5.9 ± 0.7%, P = 0.0002) and myocardial performance index (0.35 ± 0.03 vs. 0.28 ± 0.02, P < 0.001)] was significantly impaired in FGR infants. Significant correlation between RV longitudinal contractility (TAPSE) and time to peak velocity/RV ejection time (measure of RV afterload) was noted (r2 = 0.5, P < 0.001). Altered pulmonary vascular mechanics and cardiac performance reflect maladaptive changes in response to utero‐placental insufficiency. Whether managing pulmonary vascular disease will alter clinical outcomes remains to be studied prospectively.
Effect of Prior Fatiguing Sport-Specific Exercise on Field Hockey Passing Ability
Authors: Hollville Enzo , Le Croller Vincent , Hirasawa Yoshihiro , Husson Rémi , Rabita Giuseppe , Brocherie Franck 
Published: May 2018

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of multiple sets of repeated-sprint-ability (RSA)-induced fatigue on subsequent passing-skill performance in field hockey players. Methods: A total of 10 elite U-21 (under-21) male field hockey players performed 5 sets of a combination of RSA test (6 × 20 m, 20 s of passive recovery) followed by a 1-min passing-skill test (passing reception with subsequent passes at a predesigned target). Data on fastest sprint time and cumulated sprint time for RSA test; total number of balls played, targeted, and passing accuracy (number of balls targeted/total number of balls played) for passing-skill test; heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLa), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected throughout the protocol. Results: RSA performance was significantly impaired from set 1 to set 5 (fastest sprint time +4.1%, P < .001; cumulated sprint time +2.3%, P < .01). For a similar average number of balls played (12.8 [1.4]) during each set, number of balls targeted (−1.7%, P < .05) and passing accuracy (−3.1%, P < .05) decreased up to the third set before reimproving over the last 2 sets. Psychophysiological responses (HR, BLa, and RPE) progressively increased (P < .05) toward protocol cessation. The decrease in passing accuracy with increasing RSA cumulated sprint time was fitted to a 2nd-order polynomial function (r2 = .94, P < .05). Conclusion: Multiple-set RSA-induced fatigue was accompanied by passing-skill adjustment variation, suggesting a complex interaction between physiological and psychological/cognitive function to preserve passing skill under fatigued condition.