bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium: 10 Years Later
Authors: Relling Mary V. , Klein Teri E. , Gammal Roseann S. , Whirl‐Carrillo Michelle , Hoffman James M. , Caudle Kelly E. 
Published: September 2019

In 2009, the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC, www.cpicpgx.org), a shared project between Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base (PharmGKB, http://www.pharmgkb.org) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), was created to provide freely available, evidence‐based, peer‐reviewed, and updated pharmacogenetic clinical practice guidelines. To date, CPIC has published 23 guidelines (of which 11 have been updated), covering 19 genes and 46 drugs across several therapeutic areas. CPIC also now provides additional resources to facilitate the implementation of pharmacogenetics into routine clinical practice and the electronic health record. Furthermore, since its inception, CPIC's interactions with other resources, databases, websites, and genomic communities have grown. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the progress of CPIC over the past 10 years.
Colonization history and population differentiation of the Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.) in Puerto Rico
Authors: Acevedo‐Gonzalez Jenny P. , Galindo‐Cardona Alberto , Avalos Arian , Whitfield Charles W. , Rodriguez Dania M. , Uribe‐Rubio Jose L. , Giray Tugrul 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHoney bees (Apis mellifera L.) are the primary commercial pollinators across the world. The subspecies A. m. scutellata originated in Africa and was introduced to the Americas in 1956. For the last 60 years, it hybridized successfully with European subspecies, previous residents in the area. The result of this hybridization was called Africanized honey bee (AHB). AHB has spread since then, arriving to Puerto Rico (PR) in 1994. The honey bee population on the island acquired a mosaic of features from AHB or the European honey bee (EHB). AHB in Puerto Rico shows a major distinctive characteristic, docile behavior, and is called gentle Africanized honey bees (gAHB). We used 917 SNPs to examine the population structure, genetic differentiation, origin, and history of range expansion and colonization of gAHB in PR. We compared gAHB to populations that span the current distribution of A. mellifera worldwide. The gAHB population is shown to be a single population that differs genetically from the examined populations of AHB. Texas and PR groups are the closest genetically. Our results support the hypothesis that the Texas AHB population is the source of gAHB in Puerto Rico.
Distribution and human‐caused mortality of Persian leopards Panthera pardus saxicolor in Iran, based on unpublished data and Farsi gray literature
Authors: Parchizadeh Jamshid , Adibi Mohammad Ali 
Published: September 2019

AbstractGray literature and data from unpublished sources can provide important scientific information that has not been published scientifically. The Persian leopard (hereafter leopard) Panthera pardus saxicolor is classed as endangered on the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and also is one of the least‐studied subspecies of leopard. It occurs in the Caucasus and Central and Southwest Asia. Iran contains more than 75% of the leopard's extant range, and the leopard population in this country serves as a source for neighboring countries. In this study, we determined the distribution and human‐caused mortality of leopards in Iran, by reviewing unpublished data and Farsi gray literature (which includes government reports) between 1 January 2010 and 30 December 2018. We created the most recent distribution map of the leopard in Iran. Our data display that human‐caused mortality of leopard in Iran mostly includes poaching and intentional poisoning, and roadkill.
Alternative responses to rare selection events are differentially vulnerable to changes in the frequency, scope, and intensity of environmental extremes
Authors: Haaland Thomas R. , Botero Carlos A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractExtreme weather events are becoming more frequent, severe, and/or widespread as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change. While the economic and ecological implications of these changes have received considerable attention, the role of evolutionary processes in determining organismal responses to these critical challenges is currently unknown. Here we develop a novel theoretical framework that explores how alternative pathways for adaptation to rare selection events can influence population‐level vulnerabilities to future changes in the frequency, scope, and intensity of environmental extremes. We begin by showing that different life histories and trait expression profiles can shift the balance between additive and multiplicative properties of fitness accumulation, favoring different evolutionary responses to identical environmental phenomena. We then demonstrate that these different adaptive outcomes lead to predictable differences in population‐level vulnerabilities to rapid increases in the frequency, intensity, or scope of extreme weather events. Specifically, we show that when the primary mode of fitness accumulation is additive, evolution favors ignoring environmental extremes and lineages become highly vulnerable to extinction if the frequency or scope of extreme weather events suddenly increases. Conversely, when fitness accumulates primarily multiplicatively, evolution favors bet‐hedging phenotypes that cope well with historical extremes and are instead vulnerable to sudden increases in extreme event intensity. Our findings address a critical gap in our understanding of the potential consequences of rare selection events and provide a relatively simple rubric for assessing the vulnerabilities of any population of interest to changes in a wide variety of extreme environmental phenomena.
Conserved visual sensitivities across divergent lizard lineages that differ in an ultraviolet sexual signal
Authors: Dong Caroline M. , McLean Claire A. , Moussalli Adnan , Stuart‐Fox Devi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe sensory drive hypothesis predicts the correlated evolution of signaling traits and sensory perception in differing environments. For visual signals, adaptive divergence in both color signals and visual sensitivities between populations may contribute to reproductive isolation and promote speciation, but this has rarely been tested or shown in terrestrial species. We tested whether opsin protein expression differs between divergent lineages of the tawny dragon (Ctenophorus decresii) that differ in the presence/absence of an ultraviolet sexual signal. We measured the expression of four retinal cone opsin genes (SWS1, SWS2, RH2, and LWS) using droplet digital PCR. We show that gene expression between lineages does not differ significantly, including the UV wavelength sensitive SWS1. We discuss these results in the context of mounting evidence that visual sensitivities are highly conserved in terrestrial systems. Multiple competing requirements may constrain divergence of visual sensitivities in response to sexual signals. Instead, signal contrast could be increased via alternative mechanisms, such as background selection. Our results contribute to a growing understanding of the roles of visual ecology, phylogeny, and behavior on visual system evolution in reptiles.
Nest site availability and niche differentiation between two cavity‐nesting birds in time and space
Authors: Ye Ping , Yang Canchao , Liang Wei 
Published: September 2019

AbstractNiche differentiation is a key concept in the field of ecology and refers to the process by which competing species within an ecological community partition utilization of environmental resources to achieve coexistence. The existence of niche differentiation is uniquely difficult to prove on account of the fact that historical interaction among species, which plays a key role in elucidating the current state of coexistence among species, is not well known. We created continuous niche gradients in nest‐site resources between two sympatric secondary cavity‐nesting birds, the green‐backed tit (Parus monticolus) and the russet sparrow (Passer cinnamomeus), and investigated whether nesting site is a factor contributing to limiting breeding overlap by regular inspection and 388,160 min of film recording. Our results indicate that although we manipulated nest site availability to be uniformly high along the habitat gradient, the two bird species have little overlap in nest sites and rarely compete for them. Furthermore, the green‐backed tit possessed a wide range of fundamental niche that covered that of the russet sparrow, while their reproductive time was largely segregated. The sparrow was more aggressive and outcompeted the tit in their overlapped range. These results suggest that even though nesting sites are crucial to the reproduction of cavity‐nesting birds, some other factor plays a more important role in limiting niche overlap between sparrows and tits in space and time. Given that these two cavity‐nesting birds continued to use different habitats and breed in segregated time after our manipulation, their relationship is better explained by the ghost of competition past theory.
Chloroplast population genetics reveals low levels of genetic variation and conformation to the central–marginal hypothesis in Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, an endangered conifer endemic to China
Authors: Liu Li , Wang Zhen , Huang Lijie , Wang Ting , Su Yingjuan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe central–marginal hypothesis predicts that geographically peripheral populations should exhibit reduced genetic diversity and increased genetic differentiation than central populations due to smaller effective population size and stronger geographical isolation. We evaluated these predictions in the endangered conifer Taxus wallichiana var. mairei. Eight plastid simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) were used to investigate plastid genetic variation in 22 populations of Taxus wallichiana var. mairei, encompassing nearly its entire distribution range. Low levels of plastid genetic variation and differentiation were detected in the populations, and the findings were attributed to low mutation rates, small population sizes, habitat fragmentation and isolation, and effective pollen or seed dispersal. Hunan and Hubei were identified as major refugia based on the number of private haplotypes and species distribution modeling. Trends in plastid genetic diversity and genetic differentiation from central to peripheral populations supported the predictions of the central–marginal hypothesis. In scenarios wherein the future climate becomes warmer, we predict that some peripheral populations will disappear and southern and southeastern regions will become significantly less habitable. Factors that include the levels of precipitation during the driest month, annual precipitation level, and annual temperature range will be decisive in shaping the future distribution of these populations. This study provides a theoretical basis for the conservation of T. wallichiana var. mairei.
Effects of earthworms and white‐tailed deer on roots, arbuscular mycorrhizae, and forest seedling performance
Authors: Dobson Annise , Richardson Justin , Blossey Bernd 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChanges in understory plant composition and biodiversity declines in northeastern North American forests are widespread. Preserving species and ecosystem function requires appropriate identification and management of important stressors. Coexistence of stressors, among them earthworm invasions and white‐tailed deer, makes correct identification of mechanisms that cause diversity declines challenging. We used an established factorial experiment to assess survival and growth of native seedlings (Actaea pachypoda, Aquilegia canadensis, Cornus racemosa, Quercus rubra, and Prenanthes alba) in response to presence/absence of deer and earthworms. We expected deer and earthworms to reduce seedling survival and biomass, and we evaluated potential pathways to explain this impact (soil N and P concentrations and pools, root architecture, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF] colonization). We developed structural equation models (SEM) to identify specific pathways through which earthworms and deer were impacting plant species with different life histories. Seedling survival was not affected by our treatments nor the plant and soil variables we tested. Actaea biomass was smaller in earthworm‐invaded plots, and with larger total N pools. In contrast, both deer and earthworm treatments were associated with lower soil nutrient concentrations, and earthworm‐invaded plots had smaller N and extractable P pools. Actaea, Cornus, Prenanthes, and Quercus seedlings had a lower proportion of fine roots in earthworm‐invaded plots, while fine roots in Aquilegia made up a higher proportion of the root system. AMF colonization in Quercus was reduced in sites colonized by earthworms, but AMF in other species were unaffected. Our SEMs showed high correlation among soil variables, but because we do not know which variables are drivers of this change and which are passengers, we can only conclude that they are changing together as deer and earthworms exert their respective influence. Different plant species responded in idiosyncratic ways to earthworm and deer effects on soil fertility, root architecture and limited effects on AMF colonization. While earthworm and deer‐mediated changes to fine roots, soil nutrients, and AMF may lead to changes in plant performance over time, these changes rarely translated to lower plant performance in our seedlings.
Disturbance size and frequency mediate the coexistence of benthic spatial competitors
Authors: Castorani Max C. N. , Baskett Marissa L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDisturbance plays a key role in structuring community dynamics and is central to conservation and natural resource management. However, ecologists continue to debate the importance of disturbance for species coexistence and biodiversity. Such disagreements may arise in part because few studies have examined variation across multiple dimensions of disturbance (e.g., size, frequency) and how the effects of disturbance may depend on species attributes (e.g., competitiveness, dispersal ability). In light of this gap in understanding and accelerating changes to disturbance regimes worldwide, we used spatial population models to explore how disturbance size and frequency interact with species attributes to affect coexistence between seagrass (Zostera marina) and colonial burrowing shrimp (Neotrypaea californiensis) that compete for benthic space in estuaries throughout the west coast of North America. By simulating population dynamics under a range of ecologically relevant disturbance regimes, we discovered that intermediate disturbance (approximately 9–23% of landscape area per year) to short‐dispersing, competitively dominant seagrass can foster long‐term stable coexistence with broad‐dispersing, competitively inferior burrowing shrimp via the spatial storage effect. When holding the total extent of disturbance constant, the individual size and annual frequency of disturbance altered landscape spatial patterns and mediated the dominance and evenness of competitors. Many small disturbances favored short‐dispersing seagrass by hastening recolonization, whereas fewer large disturbances benefited rapidly colonizing burrowing shrimp by creating temporary refugia from competition. As a result, large, infrequent disturbances generally improved the strength and stability of coexistence relative to small, frequent disturbances. Regardless of disturbance size or frequency, the dispersal ability of the superior competitor (seagrass), the competitive ability of the inferior competitor (burrowing shrimp), and the reproduction and survival of both species strongly influenced population abundances and coexistence. Our results show that disturbance size and frequency can promote or constrain coexistence by altering the duration of time over which inferior competitors can escape competitive exclusion, particularly when colonization depends on the spatial pattern of disturbance due to dispersal traits. For coastal managers and conservation practitioners, our findings indicate that reducing particularly large disturbances may help conserve globally imperiled seagrass meadows and control burrowing shrimp colonies that can threaten the viability of oyster aquaculture.
Linking inter‐annual variation in environment, phenology, and abundance for a montane butterfly community
Authors: Stewart James E. , Illán Javier Gutiérrez , Richards Shane A. , Gutiérrez David , Wilson Robert J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractClimate change has caused widespread shifts in species’ phenology, but the consequences for population and community dynamics remain unclear because of uncertainty regarding the species‐specific drivers of phenology and abundance, and the implications for synchrony among interacting species. Here, we develop a statistical model to quantify inter‐annual variation in phenology and abundance over an environmental gradient, and use it to identify potential drivers of phenology and abundance in co‐occurring species. We fit the model to counts of 10 butterfly species with single annual generations over a mountain elevation gradient, as an exemplar system in which temporally limited availability of biotic resources and favorable abiotic conditions impose narrow windows of seasonal activity. We estimate parameters describing changes in abundance, and the peak time and duration of the flight period, over ten years (2004–2013) and across twenty sample locations (930–2,050 m) in central Spain. We also use the model outputs to investigate relationships of phenology and abundance with temperature and rainfall. Annual shifts in phenology were remarkably consistent among species, typically showing earlier flight periods during years with warm conditions in March or May–June. In contrast, inter‐annual variation in relative abundance was more variable among species, and generally less well associated with climatic conditions. Nevertheless, warmer temperatures in June were associated with increased relative population growth in three species, and five species had increased relative population growth in years with earlier flight periods. These results suggest that broadly coherent interspecific changes to phenology could help to maintain temporal synchrony in community dynamics under climate change, but that the relative composition of communities may vary due to interspecific inconsistency in population dynamic responses to climate change. However, it may still be possible to predict abundance change for species based on a robust understanding of relationships between their population dynamics and phenology, and the environmental drivers of both.
Rationale and design of the IRON‐CRT trial: effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on reverse remodelling following cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Martens Pieter , Dupont Matthias , Dauw Jeroen , Somers Frauke , Herbots Lieven , Timmermans Philippe , Verwerft Jan , Mullens Wilfried 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAimsIron deficiency is common in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). In patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), it is associated with a diminished reverse remodelling response and poor functional improvement. The latter is partially related to a loss in contractile force at higher heart rates (negative force–frequency relationship).Methods and resultsThe effect of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose on reverse remodelling following cardiac resynchronization therapy (IRON‐CRT) trial is a multicentre, prospective, randomized, double‐blind controlled trial in HFrEF patients who experienced incomplete reverse remodelling (defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction below <45%) at least 6 months after CRT. Additionally, patients need to have iron deficiency defined as a ferritin below 100 μg/L irrespective of transferrin saturation or a ferritin between 100 and 300 μg/L with a transferrin saturation <20%. Patients will be randomized to either intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (dose based according to Summary of Product Characteristics) or intravenous placebo. The primary objective is to evaluate the effect of ferric carboxymaltose on metrics of cardiac reverse remodelling and contractility, measured by the primary endpoint, change in left ventricular ejection fraction assessed by three‐dimensional (3D) echo from baseline to 3 month follow‐up and the secondary endpoints change in left ventricular end‐systolic and end‐diastolic volume. The secondary objective is to determine if ferric carboxymaltose is capable of improving cardiac contractility in vivo, by assessing the force–frequency relationship through incremental biventricular pacing. A total of 100 patients will be randomized in a 1:1 fashion.ConclusionsThe IRON‐CRT trial will determine the effect of ferric carboxymaltose on cardiac reverse remodelling and rate‐dependent cardiac contractility in HFrEF patients.
Negotiating inclusion: Revealing the dynamic interplay between individual and group inclusion goals
Authors: Jansen Wiebren S. , Meeussen Loes , Jetten Jolanda , Ellemers Naomi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe aim to improve our understanding of how perceptions of social inclusion come about, unfold over time, and relate to individual and group outcomes. To do so, we draw on the MARGINI model, which offers a novel theoretical account of inclusion by delineating that inclusion is the result of a dynamic interplay between the individual's motivation to be included in the group (individual inclusion goal) and the group's willingness to include the individual (group inclusion goal). In a longitudinal field study (3 waves) following project teams (n = 304, divided into 46 teams) working on an eight‐week consultancy project, we found that individual and group inclusion goals (a) mutually influenced each other over time and (b) in conjunction determined group members' individual outcomes as well as overall group performance. Together, this research sheds new light on the dynamics and effects of inclusion on individuals and groups.
Research on the joint fluctuation laws between locational marginal price and renewables based on complex networks: A case study in Independent System Operator New England
Authors: Liu Ding , Li Cunbin , Zhao Defu , Wang Qiqing 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe growing share of renewable energy has an increasingly significant impact on the electricity market. Locational marginal price (LMP), as a sensitive price signal, has a potential but considerable correlation with renewable energy generation. In this context, this paper focuses on the joint fluctuation laws between LMP and renewables consumed to generate electricity. At first, LMP and renewables consumption data from Independent System Operator New England (ISO‐NE) are collected and preprocessed. Then, through highly comparative time‐series analysis (hctsa), it is found that discrete symbolization features have effective description ability. Therefore, a coarse‐grained method is conducted to convert the real matrix data into a symbol vector based on numerical distribution analysis. Next, joint fluctuation complex networks are constructed according to the symbol vector. From a global perspective, the joint fluctuation network follows an exponential distribution and exhibits hierarchical modularity. From a local perspective, the joint fluctuation network follows a power‐law distribution. The research results of this paper provide a new perspective to understand the evolution of the electricity market with large‐scale renewable energy and have reference value for identifying the valuable joint fluctuation patterns and improving the LMP forecast results.