bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methodology of risk assessment and decomposition in power grid applications
Authors: Wawrzyniak Karol , Urresti Padrón Endika , Gomulski Krzysztof , Korab Roman , Jaworski Wojciech 
Published: May 2018

The most common approach to risk assessment for power systems is based on the principle. Nevertheless, the economic rationale suggests its relaxation in cases where the consequences are relatively minor and exacerbation when they are large. This study addresses this need by proposing an alternative operational risk assessment methodology that is based on both probabilities and costs of possible contingencies. The foundations are built on listing all possible contingencies that may be considered by the transmission system operator (TSO). As only a subset of these contingencies can be examined in reasonable time, the upper and lower risk boundaries are introduced to quantify the risk underestimation. The ratio of those limits is used as an accuracy indicator, which – according to the desired level – may help the TSO to identify the required number of contingencies that have to be analysed. Furthermore, several approaches to improve the reduction of the number of simulated contingencies are discussed and the results obtained basing on the dynamic IEEE39 model are presented.
Präoperative Evaluation
Authors: Tomasi Roland , Zwißler Bernhard 
Published: May 2018

ZusammenfassungFür die präoperative Evaluation sind die Erhebung der Anamnese und die körperliche Untersuchung essenziell. Technische Voruntersuchungen können die Evaluation
ergänzen. Die gemeinsamen Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaften für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, Chirurgie und Innere Medizin aus dem Jahre 2010 zur
präoperativen Evaluation erwachsener Patienten vor elektiven, nicht kardiochirurgischen und nicht lungenresezierenden Eingriffen wurden 2017 aktualisiert. Diese
Empfehlungen beinhalten folgende Neuerungen: Die sorgfältige Anamnese wird um die Erfassung des Ernährungsstatus ergänzt. Große offene und laparoskopische
intraabdominelle Eingriffe zählen aktuell zu den Hochrisiko-Operationen. Neben dem Revised Cardiac Risk Index nach Lee wird zur Abschätzung des kardialen
Risikos auch der Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Arrest Score empfohlen. Für die Abschätzung der präoperativen Prognose sollen neben der Ermittlung der
körperlichen Belastbarkeit noch zusätzlich die Begleiterkrankungen, der funktionelle Status, das Ausmaß von Frailty (“Gebrechlichkeit”) und das Risiko der
Operation mit einbezogen werden. Es werden 2 Scoring-Systeme für die Evaluierung des pulmonalen Risikos vorgestellt. Bei geplanten und verschiebbaren Eingriffen
mit einem relevanten Blutungsrisiko (>10 %) soll präoperativ zum Ausschluss einer ggf. behandelbaren Anämie die Hämoglobinkonzentration ermittelt werden. Bei
Patienten mit symptomatischen pulmonalen Erkrankungen und großen Oberbaucheingriffen besteht die Indikation zur Durchführung einer Lungenfunktionsdiagnostik.
Deutlich häufiger sollte zukünftig die Indikation für eine Sonografie der Halsgefäße gestellt werden.
P2Y12 Polymorphisms and the Risk of Adverse Clinical Events in Patients Treated with Clopidogrel: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhao Kun , Yang Ming , Lu Yanxia , Sun Shusen , Li Wei , Li Xingang , Zhao Zhigang 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Background and study aim Some studies have reported an association between P2Y12 gene polymorphisms and clopidogrel adverse outcomes with inconsistent results. We aimed to explore the relationship between P2Y12 polymorphisms and the risk of adverse clinical events in patients treated with clopidogrel through a meta-analysis.
Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library was conducted. Retrieved articles were comprehensively reviewed and eligible studies were included, and the relevant data was extracted for this meta-analysis. All statistical tests were performed by the Review Manager 5.3 software.
Results A total of 14 studies involving 8,698 patients were included. In the Han Chinese population, ischemic events were associated with P2Y12 T744C polymorphism in the CC vs TT+CT genetic model (OR=3.32, 95%CI=1.62-6.82, P=0.001), and the events were associated with P2Y12 C34T polymorphism in the TT+TC vs CC genetic model (OR=1.70, 95%CI=1.22-2.36, P=0.002). However, ischemic events were not related to P2Y12 G52T polymorphism (TT+TG vs GG: OR=1.13, 95%CI=0.76-1.68, P=0.56; TT vs GG+TG: OR=2.02, 95%CI=0.65-6.28, P=0.22). The associations between the P2Y12 polymorphism and ischemic events were not significant in T744C, G52T and C34T genotype for another subgroup of the Caucasian population (P>0.05). Only two studies referring to bleeding events were included in this analysis of C34T polymorphism, and no significant association was found (TT+TC vs CC: OR=1.07, 95%CI=0.37-3.15, P=0.90).
Conclusions In the Caucasian population, P2Y12 gene polymorphisms are not associated with clinical events. However, in the Chinese Han population, P2Y12 T744C and C34T polymorphisms are significantly associated with adverse clinical events.
Sarcopenia: Beyond Muscle Atrophy and into the New Frontiers of Opportunistic Imaging, Precision Medicine, and Machine Learning
Authors: Lenchik Leon , Boutin Robert 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAs populations continue to age worldwide, the impact of sarcopenia on public health will continue to grow. The clinically relevant and increasingly common diagnosis of sarcopenia is at the confluence of three tectonic shifts in medicine: opportunistic imaging, precision medicine, and machine learning. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art imaging of sarcopenia and provides context for such imaging by discussing the epidemiology, pathophysiology, consequences, and future directions in the field of sarcopenia.
Accessory Muscles of the Extremities
Authors: Desimpel Julie , Mespreuve Marc , Tagliafico Alberto , Vanhoenacker Filip 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAccessory muscles and variations are not uncommon at the upper and lower extremity. They are often overlooked because they are asymptomatic and present as incidental findings on imaging. However, they may present as a soft tissue swelling, thereby mimicking soft tissue tumors. Other symptoms are attributed to impingement on neurovascular structures and to exercise-related pain. Thorough knowledge of the anatomy, systematic imaging analysis, and the awareness of it are the clues to correct identification. On ultrasound, accessory muscles have a similar echotexture as other muscles, whereas the signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is similar to muscle. Because of the intrinsic contrast with the adjacent intermuscular fat, accessory muscles are best depicted on MRI without fat suppression. This article provides a short overview of the anatomy of most prevalent accessory muscles of the upper and lower limb and its potential pathogenic nature.
The Global Burden of Headache
Authors: Steiner Timothy , Saylor Deanna 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAt the turn of the century, most of the world's population lived in regions where the prevalence of headache was unknown and its impact poorly understood. Lifting The Burden (LTB), a nonprofit organization in official relations with the World Health Organization, established the Global Campaign against Headache, with the ultimate purpose of reducing the burden of headache worldwide. First, the scope and scale of this burden had to be known. LTB embarked upon a program of population-based studies in countries in all world regions in order to achieve its aim. Its studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of headache disorders, including migraine, tension-type headache, and medication-overuse headache, and their associations with impaired quality of life, substantial lost productivity, and high economic costs in every country surveyed. Informed by these, the Global Burden of Disease study ranks headache disorders as the second leading cause of years lived with disability worldwide; migraine alone is third among people aged 15 to 49 years. With interventions urgently needed to reduce these burdens throughout the world, we review the epidemiological studies conducted by LTB, examine proposed interventions to improve provision of headache care including a three-tier system of structured headache services, and consider the challenges still remaining in providing effective, efficient, and equitable headache care especially in low-income countries.
Nerve Entrapment in Ankle and Foot: Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: McNally Eugene , Chari Basavaraj 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPeripheral nerve entrapment of the ankle and foot is relatively uncommon and often underdiagnosed because electrophysiologic studies may not contribute to the diagnosis. Anatomy of the peripheral nerves is variable and complex, and along with a comprehensive physical examination, a thorough understanding of the applied anatomy is essential. Several studies have helped identify specific areas in which nerves are commonly compressed. Identified secondary causes of nerve compression include previous trauma, osteophytes, ganglion cysts, edema, accessory muscles, tenosynovitis, vascular lesions, and a primary nerve tumor. Imaging plays a key role in identifying primary and secondary causes of nerve entrapment, specifically ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging. US is a dynamic imaging modality that is cost effective and offers excellent resolution. Symptoms of nerve entrapment may mimic other common foot and ankle conditions such as plantar fasciitis.
Understanding Refugees' Health
Authors: Müller Martin , Khamis Dana , Srivastava David , Exadaktylos Aristomenis , Pfortmueller Carmen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAccording to the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), 65.6 million people have been forcibly displaced worldwide. Several factors have a major influence on asylum seekers' health; so, their health profile is markedly different from that of the population in the country of asylum. The aim of this study is to review the major issues physicians need to be aware of when treating asylum seekers, with a special focus on the neurological problems of asylum seekers and refugees. The major impact factors on refugees' health are linked to experiences and exposure (1) in the country of origin, (2) in refugee camps and en route to Europe, and (3) in the process of immigration into the host country and living in European asylum centers. Refugees' health is also affected by psychological problems and by infectious diseases. Additionally, chronic diseases resulting in polymorbidity, cancer, and neurological diseases are easy to overlook and demand special attention. Neurological injuries/diseases may be traumatic (e.g., spinal cord injuries), posttraumatic (e.g., chronic pain syndromes), the result of cerebral infections, or the consequences of starvation (e.g., epilepsy, ataxia, and paraesthesia). The main challenges for physicians are lack of awareness of the asylum seekers' specific health care problems, language and intercultural communication problems, as well as access and integration of asylum seekers into the health care system. The health issues of asylum seekers are manifold and challenging to physicians. Awareness of these conditions is mandatory to ensure good clinical practice for this patient population, which has a huge burden in chronic, infectious, mental, and neurological diseases.
The “Growing” Reality of the Neurological Complications of Global “Stem Cell Tourism”
Authors: Julian Katie , Yuhasz Nick , Hollingsworth Ethan , Imitola Jaime 
Published: May 2018

Abstract“Stem cell tourism” is defined as the unethical practice of offering unproven cellular preparations to patients suffering from various medical conditions. This phenomenon is rising in the field of neurology as patients are requesting information and opportunities for treatment with stem cells for incurable conditions such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, despite their clinical research and experimental designation. Here, we review the recent trends in “stem cell tourism” in both the United States and abroad, and discuss the recent reports of neurological complications from these activities. Finally, we frame critical questions for the field of neurology regarding training in the ethical, legal, and societal issues of the global “stem cell tourism,” as well as suggest strategies to alleviate this problem. Although there are ongoing legitimate clinical trials with stem cells for neurological diseases, procedures offered by “stem cell clinics” cannot be defined as clinical research. They lack the experimental and state-of-the-art framework defined by peers and the FDA that focus on human research that safeguard the protection of human subjects against economical exploitation, unwanted side effects, and futility of unproven procedures. “Stem cell tourism” ultimately exploits therapeutic hope of patients and families with incurable neurological diseases and can put in danger the legitimacy of stem cell research as a whole. We posit that an improvement in education, regulation, legislation, and involvement of authorities in global health in neurology and neurosurgery is required.
Infantile Basal Ganglia Stroke after Mild Head Trauma Associated with Mineralizing Angiopathy of Lenticulostriate Arteries: An Under Recognized Entity
Authors: Avetisyan Tamara , Kuyumjyan Nune , Sukhudyan Biayna , Boltshauser Eugen , Hackenberg Annette , Toelle Sandra 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBasal ganglia infarction in young children, mostly after mild head trauma, has been repeatedly reported. The pathogenesis and the risk factors are not fully understood. Lenticulostriate vasculopathy, usually referred to as basal ganglia calcification, is discussed as one of them. We describe five young (7–13 months old on presentation) male children who suffered from hemiparesis due to ischemic stroke of the basal ganglia, four of them after minor head trauma. All of them had calcification in the basal ganglia visible on computed tomography or cranial ultrasound but not on magnetic resonance imaging. Follow-up care was remarkable for recurrent infarction in three patients. One patient had a second symptomatic stroke on the contralateral side, and two patients showed new asymptomatic infarctions in the contralateral basal ganglia on imaging. In view of the scant literature, this clinic-radiologic entity seems under recognized. We review the published cases and hypothesize that male sex and iron deficiency anemia are risk factors for basal ganglia stroke after minor trauma in the context of basal ganglia calcification in infants. We suggest to perform appropriate targeted neuroimaging in case of infantile basal ganglia stroke, and to consider prophylactic medical treatment, although its value in this context is not proven.
Patient-Specific Instrumentation Affects Perioperative Blood Loss in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Cucchi Davide , Menon Alessandra , Zanini Beatrice , Compagnoni Riccardo , Ferrua Paolo , Randelli Pietro 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPatient-specific instrumentation (PSI) may contribute to reduced blood loss related to total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The purpose of this study was to compare the estimated hemoglobin (Hb) and red blood cell volume (RBC) losses in two groups of patients undergoing TKA with PSI and conventional instrumentation. Pre- and postoperative blood samples were collected from 22 patients randomly assigned to receive a PSI-assisted or conventional TKA. Post- to preoperative Hb difference was calculated and RBC loss was estimated according to Sehat et al. A significant difference in Hb reduction in favor of the PSI group was registered on the last day of stay (p = 0.0084) and significant treatment effect (p = 0.027) on Hb reduction after intervention was found with a regression model for longitudinal measurements. This study demonstrated that PSI leads to a significant trend in earlier Hb regain. These promising results suggest a beneficial effect of PSI in blood loss reduction.
Presence of Invasive Devices and Risks of Healthcare-Associated Infections and Sepsis
Authors: VanBuren John , Holubkov Richard , Bratton Susan , Bennett Erin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe present study evaluated the daily risk of healthcare-associated infections and sepsis (HAIS) events in pediatric intensive care unit patients with invasive devices. This was a retrospective cohort study. Invasive devices were associated with significant daily risk of HAIS (p < 0.05). Endotracheal tubes posed the greatest risk of HAIS (hazard ratio [HR]: 4.39, confidence interval [CI]: 2.59–7.46). Children with both a central venous catheter (CVC) and urinary catheter (UC) had over 2.5-fold increased daily risk (HR: 2.59, CI: 1.18–5.68), in addition to daily CVC risk (HR: 3.06, CI: 1.38–6.77) and daily UC risk (HR: 8.9, CI: 3.62–21.91). We conclude that a multistate hazard model optimally predicts daily HAIS risk.
Inhaled Treprostinil-Prodrug Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations Provide Long-Acting Pulmonary Vasodilation
Authors: Leifer Franziska , Konicek Donna , Chen Kuan-Ju , Plaunt Adam , Salvail Dany , Laurent Charles , Corboz Michel , Li Zhili , Chapman Richard , Perkins Walter , S. Malinin Vladimir 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTreprostinil (TRE), a prostanoid analogue approved in the USA for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, requires continuous infusion or multiple dosing sessions per day for inhaled and oral routes of administration due to its short half-life. The inhaled drug is known to induce adverse systemic and local effects including headache, nausea, cough, and throat irritation which may be due at least in part to transiently high drug concentrations in the lungs and plasma immediately following administration [1]. To ameliorate these side effects and reduce dosing frequency we designed an inhaled slow-release TRE formulation. TRE was chemically modified to be an alkyl prodrug (TPD) which was then packaged into a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) carrier. Preclinical screening in a rat model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction led to selection of a 16-carbon alkyl ester derivative of TRE. The TPD-LNP demonstrated approximately 10-fold lower TRE plasma Cmax compared to inhaled TRE solution while maintaining an extended vasodilatory effect. The favorable PK profile is attributed to gradual dissociation of TPD from the LNP and subsequent conversion to TRE. Together, this sustained presentation of TRE to the lungs and plasma is consistent with a once- or twice-daily dosing schedule in the absence of high Cmax-associated adverse events which could provide patients with an improved treprostinil therapy.
Metastable quasicrystal-induced nucleation in a bulk glass-forming liquid
Authors: Kurtuldu Güven , Shamlaye Karl F. , Löffler Jörg F. 
Published: May 2018

SignificanceA model alloy, Mg69Zn27Yb4, concurrently forms bulk metallic glass, metastable quasicrystals (QCs), and crystalline approximant phases from the melt. We demonstrate that a transient QC phase nucleates first from the melt and subsequently transforms into an equilibrium approximant phase. This nucleation path is likely to be a general mechanism in metastable QC-forming systems. We observed a metastable-to-stable phase transformation when we deployed fast differential scanning calorimetry using the experimental strategy of interrupted cooling after the onset of crystallization followed by heating at ultrafast rates to “up-quench” the previously frozen structure. This strategy can yield the discovery of hidden transient phases that are key to understanding the crystallization behavior in metallic systems, polymers, biological solutions, and pharmaceutical substances.
Role of CD40 and ADAMTS13 in von Willebrand factor-mediated endothelial cell–platelet–monocyte interaction
Authors: Popa Miruna , Tahir Sibgha , Elrod Julia , Kim Su Hwan , Leuschner Florian , Kessler Thorsten , Bugert Peter , Pohl Ulrich , Wagner Andreas H. , Hecker Markus 
Published: May 2018

Significance
In this study we have identified a mechanism that links pathophysiological ADAMTS13 deficiency to innate immunity and hemostasis by facilitating monocyte extravasation as a prerequisite for their subsequent on-site differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages under conditions of both physiological laminar flow and disturbed reduced flow, e.g., as occurs at atherosclerosis predilection sites. Our bioassay approach using patients’ plasma may become a useful diagnostic tool to assess ADAMTS13 activity ex vivo under conditions of near-physiological to atherosclerosis-prone arterial blood flow, which seems to be more relevant than the conventional static FRET-based assay method.
The Effect of the Conservation Reserve Program on Rural Economies: Deriving a Statistical Verdict from a Null Finding
Authors: Brown Jason P. , Lambert Dayton M. , Wojan Timothy R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article suggests two methods for deriving a statistical verdict from a null finding, allowing economists to more confidently conclude when “not significant” can be interpreted as “no substantive effect.” The proposed methodologies can be extended to a variety of empirical contexts where size and power matter. The example used to demonstrate the methods is the Economic Research Service's 2004 Report to Congress that was charged with statistically identifying any unintended negative employment consequences of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The report failed to identify a statistically significant negative long‐term effect of the CRP on employment growth, but the authors correctly cautioned that the verdict of “no negative employment effect” was only valid if the econometric test was statistically powerful. We replicate the 2004 analysis and use new methods of statistical inference to resolve the two critical deficiencies that preclude estimation of statistical power: (a) positing a compelling effect size, and (b) providing an estimate of the variability of an unobserved alternative distribution using simulation methods. We conclude that the test used in the report had high power for detecting employment effects of ‐1% or lower resulting from the CRP, equivalent to job losses reducing a conservative estimate of environmental benefits by one‐third.
geck: trio-based comparative benchmarking of variant calls
Authors: Kómár Péter , Kural Deniz 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMotivationClassical methods of comparing the accuracies of variant calling pipelines are based on truth sets of variants whose genotypes are previously determined with high confidence. An alternative way of performing benchmarking is based on Mendelian constraints between related individuals. Statistical analysis of Mendelian violations can provide truth set-independent benchmarking information, and enable benchmarking less-studied variants and diverse populations.ResultsWe introduce a statistical mixture model for comparing two variant calling pipelines from genotype data they produce after running on individual members of a trio. We determine the accuracy of our model by comparing the precision and recall of GATK Unified Genotyper and Haplotype Caller on the high-confidence SNPs of the NIST Ashkenazim trio and the two independent Platinum Genome trios. We show that our method is able to estimate differential precision and recall between the two pipelines with 10−3 uncertainty.Availability and implementationThe Python library geck, and usage examples are available at the following URL: https://github.com/sbg/geck, under the GNU General Public License v3.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.