bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anterior to Dorsal Root Entry Zone Myelotomy (ADREZotomy)
Authors: Ren Jian , He Chuan , Hong Tao , Li Xiaoyu , Ma Yongjie , Yu Jiaxing , Ling Feng , Zhang Hongqi 
Published: February 2018

Study Design.
A retrospective review of prospectively collected data.

Objective.
To confirm the feasibility of using anterior to dorsal root entry zone myelotomy (ADREZotomy), a new surgical approach, for the treatment of ventrolateral deep intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformation (ISCCMs).

Summary of Background Data.
Surgical removal of ventrolateral deep ISCCMs is highly risky and remains problematic.

Methods.
The authors performed a retrospective study exploring the surgical removal of ventrolateral intrinsic ISCCMs using ADREZotomy in 10 patients. The Frankel grading system was used to evaluate the patients’ neurological function at the preoperative, postoperative and follow-up stages. American Spinal Injury Association Scale scores at the preoperative and postoperative were also obtained. The patient characteristics and surgical outcomes were analyzed. The indication, operative steps, complications, and anatomical basis of the myelotomies were described and discussed.

Results.
In total, nine (90%) patients presented with mild symptoms before surgery. Gross total resections were performed in all 10 patients. Immediately after surgery, the neurological function of eight (80.0%) patients remained the same. One patient improved and one (10%) patient worsened. There were no other immediate or delayed complications related to the surgical procedure. No decrease of total American Spinal Injury Association sensory scores was observed. The follow-up neurological function evaluation showed that two (20%) patients improved from a Frankel grade of D to E and eight (80.0%) patients were stable. No recurrences or other additional neurological deterioration was observed.

Conclusion.
Surgical removal of ventrolateral deep ISCCMs can be feasible using proper surgical techniques. ADREZotomy is a minimally invasive technique for the removal of cervical and thoracic ventrolateral deep ISCCMs, without disrupting the important spinal cord tracts or the need to broadly expose bone.

Level of Evidence: 4
Group A Streptococcal Brain Abscess in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Capua Tali , Klivitsky Amir , Bilavsky Efraim , Ashkenazi- Hoffnung Liat , Roth Jonathan , Constantini Shlomi , Grisaru-Soen Galia 
Published: February 2018

Background:
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a rare cause of central nervous system infections.

Methods:
We describe 3 new cases of GAS brain abscess in previously healthy children treated by us between 2015 and 2016 and review the 5 cases reported in the literature since 1988.

Results:
All 8 children received early empiric antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention, and 5 made a full recovery.

Conclusions:
GAS brain abscess is a rare infection; however its incidence may be rising. We suggest that if patients show symptoms such as fever, vomiting and lethargy, with contiguous infection such as otitis media, mastoiditis, sinusitis or meningitis, GAS brain abscess should be suspected. Prognosis is expected to be good with early implementation of appropriate treatment.
Hospital, Maternal and Birth Factors Associated With Hepatitis B Vaccination at Birth
Authors: Massey Joel , Nair Anil , Dietz Stephanie , Snaman Deborah , Bixler Danae 
Published: February 2018

Background:
Hepatitis B virus is a bloodborne pathogen typically transmitted through sexual contact, injection drug use or perinatally. A hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) is available; the first dose is recommended at birth. We sought to identify hospital policy, maternal characteristics and birth factors associated with HepB receipt at birth in West Virginia.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of West Virginia live births in 2015 using vital records matched to immunization registry records to determine frequency of HepB birth dose receipt (<3 days postdelivery). We surveyed all West Virginia birthing facilities in 2015 (N = 26) about perinatal hepatitis B virus prevention policies. We examined associations of hospital policy, maternal characteristics and birth factors with HepB receipt at birth by using a mixed-effects regression model to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results:
Of 17,458 births, 14,006 (80.2%) infants received a HepB birth dose. Hospital use of preprinted newborn routine admission vaccination orders was associated with HepB birth dose receipt (aPR: 10.60; 95% CI: 2.12–52.72). Not using illicit drugs during pregnancy, maternal age <35 years and weekday births were associated with HepB birth dose receipt (aPR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.54–2.13; aPR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.17–1.54 and aPR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.03–1.28, respectively).

Conclusions:
Hospitals using preprinted admission orders had higher frequencies of HepB birth dose receipt. Additional study is needed to identify HepB birth dose receipt barriers among infants with maternal illicit drug use, maternal age ≥35 years or deliveries during a weekend.
Advocating the Development of Next-Generation High-Relaxivity Gadolinium Chelates for Clinical Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Runge Val M. , Heverhagen Johannes T. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The question of improved relaxivity, and potential efficacy therein, for a next-generation of magnetic resonance gadolinium chelates with extracellular distribution and renal excretion, which could also be viewed from the perspective of dose, is addressed on the basis of historical development, animal experimentation, and human trials. There was no systematic evaluation that preceded the choice of 0.1 mmol/kg as the standard dose for human imaging with the gadolinium chelates. In part, this dose was chosen owing to bloodwork abnormalities seen in phase I and phase II studies. Animal investigations and early clinical trials demonstrated improved lesion detectability at higher doses in the brain, liver, and heart. By designing an agent with substantially improved relaxivity, higher enhancement equivalent to that provided with the conventional gadolinium agents at high dose could be achieved, translating to improved diagnosis and, thus, clinical care. Implicit in the development of such high-relaxivity agents would be stability equivalent to or exceeding that of the currently approved macrocyclic agents, given current concern regarding dechelation and gadolinium deposition in the brain, skin, and bone with the linear agents that were initially approved. Development of such next-generation agents with a substantial improvement in relaxivity, in comparison with the current group of approved agents, with a 2-fold increase likely achievable, could lead to improved lesion enhancement, characterization, diagnosis, and, thus, clinical efficacy.
Gender Differences in Utilization of Duty-hour Regulations, Aspects of Burnout, and Psychological Well-being Among General Surgery Residents in the United States
Authors: Dahlke Allison R. , Johnson Julie K. , Greenberg Caprice C. , Love Remi , Kreutzer Lindsey , Hewitt Daniel B. , Quinn Christopher M. , Engelhardt Kathryn E. , Bilimoria Karl Y. 
Published: February 2018

Objective:
The aim of the study was to (1) assess differences in how male and female general surgery residents utilize duty-hour regulations and experience aspects of burnout and psychological well-being, and (2) to explore reasons why these differing experiences exist.

Background:
There may be differences in how women and men enter, experience, and leave residency programs.

Methods:
A total of 7395 residents completed a survey (response rate = 99%). Logistic regression models were developed to examine the association between gender and resident outcomes. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 42 faculty and 56 residents. Transcripts were analyzed thematically using a constant comparative approach.

Results:
Female residents reported more frequently staying in the hospital >28 hours or working >80 hours in a week (≥3 times in a month, P < 0.001) and more frequently feeling fatigued and burned out from their work (P < 0.001), but less frequently “treating patients as impersonal objects” or “not caring what happens” to them (P < 0.001). Women reported more often having experienced many aspects of poor psychological well-being such as feeling unhappy and depressed or thinking of themselves as worthless (P < 0.01). In adjusted analyses, associations remained significant. Themes identified in the qualitative analysis as possible contributory factors to gender differences include a lack of female mentorship/leadership, dual-role responsibilities, gender blindness, and differing pressures and approaches to patient care.

Conclusions:
Female residents report working more, experiencing certain aspects of burnout more frequently, and having poorer psychological well-being. Qualitative themes provide insights into possible cultural and programmatic shifts to address the concerns for female residents.
Oncological Benefits of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation With Gemcitabine Versus Upfront Surgery in Patients With Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Jang Jin-Young , Han Youngmin , Lee Hongeun , Kim Sun-Whe , Kwon Wooil , Lee Kyung-Hun , Oh Do-Youn , Chie Eui Kyu , Lee Jeong Min , Heo Jin Seok , Park Joon Oh , Lim Do Hoon , Kim Seong Hyun , Park Sang Jae , Lee Woo Jin , Koh Young Hwan , Park Joon Seong , Yoon Dong Sup , Lee Ik Jae , Choi Seong Ho 
Published: February 2018

Objective:This study was performed to determine whether neoadjuvant treatment increases survival in patients with BRPC.Summary Background Data:Despite many promising retrospective data on the effect of neoadjuvant treatment for borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC), no high-level evidence exists to support the role of such treatment.Methods:This phase 2/3 multicenter randomized controlled trial was designed to enroll 110 patients with BRPC who were randomly assigned to gemcitabine-based neoadjuvant chemoradiation treatment (54 Gray external beam radiation) followed by surgery or upfront surgery followed by chemoradiation treatment from four large-volume centers in Korea. The primary endpoint was the 2-year survival rate (2-YSR). Interim analysis was planned at the time of 50% case enrollment.Results:After excluding the patients who withdrew consent (n = 8) from the 58 enrolled patients, 27 patients were allocated to neoadjuvant treatment and 23 to upfront surgery groups. The overall 2-YSR was 34.0% with a median survival of 16 months. In the intention-to-treat analysis, the 2-YSR and median survival were significantly better in the neoadjuvant chemoradiation than the upfront surgery group [40.7%, 21 months vs 26.1%, 12 months, hazard ratio 1.495 (95% confidence interval 0.66–3.36),P= 0.028]. R0 resection rate was also significantly higher in the neoadjuvant chemoradiation group than upfront surgery (n = 14, 51.8% vs n = 6, 26.1%,P= 0.004). The safety monitoring committee decided on early termination of the study on the basis of the statistical significance of neoadjuvant treatment efficacy.Conclusion:This is the first prospective randomized controlled trial on the oncological benefits of neoadjuvant treatment in BRPC. Compared to upfront surgery, neoadjuvant chemoradiation provides oncological benefits in patients with BRPC.
A Combination of Robotic Approach and ERAS Pathway Optimizes Outcomes and Cost for Pancreatoduodenectomy
Authors: Kowalsky Stacy J. , Zenati Mazen S. , Steve Jennifer , Esper Stephen A. , Lee Kenneth K. , Hogg Melissa E. , Zeh Herbert J. , Zureikat Amer H. 
Published: February 2018

Objective:
To determine the impact of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway implementation on outcomes, and cost of robotic and open pancreatoduodenectomy.

Background:
ERAS pathways have shown benefit in open pancreatoduodenectomy (OPD). The impact of ERAS on robotic pancreatoduodenectomy (RPD) is unknown.

Methods:
Retrospective review of consecutive RPD and OPDs in the pre-ERAS (July, 2014–July, 2015) and ERAS (July, 2015–July, 2016) period. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine impact of ERAS and operative approach alone, or in combination (pre-ERAS + OPD, pre-ERAS + RPD, ERAS + OPD, ERAS + RPD) on length of hospital stay (LOS) and overall cost.

Results:
In all, 254 consecutive pancreatoduodenectomies (RPD 62%, OPD 38%) were analyzed (median age 67, 47% female). ERAS patients had shorter LOS (6 vs 8 days; P = 0.004) and decreased overall cost (USD 20,362 vs 24,277; P = 0.001) compared with non-ERAS patients, whereas RPD was associated with decreased LOS (7 vs 8 days; P = 0.0001) and similar cost compared with OPD. On multivariable analysis (MVA), RPD was predictive of shorter LOS [odds ratio (OR) 0.33, confidence interval (CI) 0.16–0.67, P = 0.002), whereas ERAS was protective against high cost (OR 0.57, CI 0.33–0.97, P = 0.037). On MVA, when combining operative approach with ERAS pathway use, a combined ERAS + RPD approach was associated with reduced LOS and optimal cost compared with other combinations (pre-ERAS + OPD, pre-ERAS + RPD, ERAS + OPD).

Conclusion:
ERAS implementation is independently associated with cost savings for pancreatoduodenectomy. A combination of ERAS and robotic approach synergistically decreases hospital stay and overall cost compared with other strategies.
Risk Factors for Recurrence After Treatment of N1b Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Lee Sang Hun , Roh Jong-Lyel , Gong Gyungyup , Cho Kyung-Ja , Choi Seung-Ho , Nam Soon Yuhl , Kim Sang Yoon 
Published: February 2018

Objectives:
To examine risk factors for posttreatment recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients with initial presentation of lateral neck metastasis (N1b).

Summary of Background Data:
N1b PTC recurs after definitive treatment.

Methods:
Study subjects were 437 consecutive PTC patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and therapeutic neck dissection of central and lateral compartments and postoperative radioactive iodine ablation therapy. The patients’ demographics and pathological factors, including factors related to tumors and lymph nodes (LNs), and postoperative thyroglobulin levels were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS).

Results:
During a median follow-up of 83 months (range, 32–135 months), recurrence occurred in 81 (18.1%) patients. Univariate analyses showed that male sex, tumor size, macroscopic extrathyroidal extension, perineural invasion, extranodal extension, LN involvement, LN ratio, MACIS score, and postoperative serum levels of thyroglobulin were significantly associated with RFS (P < 0.05). Multivariate analyses revealed that LN ratio (> 0.25) in the lateral compartment (adjusted hazard ratio = 2.099, 95% confidence interval = 1.278–3.448; P = 0.003), and postoperative serum levels of stimulated (>5.0 ng/mL; 3.172, 1.661–6.056, P < 0.001) and unstimulated (>0.1 ng/mL; 3.200, 1.569–6.526, P = 0.001) thyroglobulin were independent predictors of any-site RFS. Clinical and tumor factors were not independent predictors of RFS outcomes (P > 0.1).

Conclusions:
Posttreatment recurrence is predicted by the LN ratio in the lateral compartment and postoperative serum levels of thyroglobulin in patients with metastatic PTC in the lateral neck.
Alpha-band oscillations track the retrieval of precise spatial representations from long-term memory
Authors: Sutterer David W. , Foster Joshua J. , Serences John T. , Vogel Edward K. , Awh Edward 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA hallmark of episodic memory is the phenomenon of mentally re-experiencing the details of past events, and a well-established concept is that the neuronal activity that mediates encoding is reinstated at retrieval. Evidence for reinstatement has come from multiple modalities, including functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG). These EEG studies have shed light on the time-course of reinstatement, but have been limited to distinguishing between a few categories and/or limited measures of memory strength. The goal of this work was to investigate whether recently developed experimental and technical approaches, namely an inverted encoding model applied to alpha oscillatory power in conjunction with sensitive tests of memory retrieval in a continuous space, can track and reconstruct memory retrieval of specific spatial locations. In Experiment 1, we establish that an inverted encoding model applied to multivariate alpha topography can track retrieval of precise spatial memories. In Experiment 2, we demonstrate that the pattern of multivariate alpha activity at study is similar to the pattern observed during retrieval. Finally, we observe that these encoding models predict memory retrieval behavior, including the accuracy and latency of recall. These findings highlight the broad potential for using encoding models to characterize long-term memory retrieval.
Temporal and spatial factors that influence magnetotaxis in C. elegans
Authors: Vidal-Gadea A.G. , Caldart C.S. , Bainbridge C. , Clites B.L. , Palacios B. , Bakhtiari L.A. , Gordon V.D. , Golombek D.A. , Pierce J.T. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTMany animals can orient using the earth’s magnetic field. In a recent study, we performed three distinct behavioral assays providing evidence that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans orients to earth-strength magnetic fields (Vidal-Gadea et al., 2015). In addition to these behavioral assays, we found that magnetic orientation in C. elegans depends on the AFD sensory neurons and conducted subsequent physiological experiments showing that AFD neurons respond to earth-strength magnetic fields. A new behavioral study by Landler et al. (2017) suggested that C. elegans does not orient to magnetic fields and raises issues that cast doubt on our study. Here we reanalyze Lander et al.’s data to show how they appear to have missed observing positive results, and we highlight differences in experimental methods and interpretations that may explain our different results and conclusions. Moreover, we present new data from our labs together with replication by an independent lab to show how temporal and spatial factors influence the unique spatiotemporal trajectory that worms make during magnetotaxis. Together, these findings provide guidance on how to achieve robust magnetotaxis and reinforce our original finding that C. elegans is a suitable model system to study magnetoreception.
Estimating the cortex-wide overlap between wordless narrative scene comprehension, reading comprehension, and topological visual, auditory, and somatomotor maps
Authors: Sood Mariam R. , Sereno Martin I. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPrevious imaging research in scene comprehension has mostly focussed on isolated scenes and objects. Here we use narrative picture stimuli and a novel controlled presentation technique to identify the full extent of activation during naturalistic narrative scene comprehension. We then situate it with respect to topologically-mapped sensory and motor regions as well as cortical regions activated during naturalistic narrative reading comprehension. The data for all experiments was obtained from the same set of subjects, and analyzed using cortical surface based methods from start to finish. The results suggest that scene and reading activations are spread across occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal cortex, and largely aligned with each other. Within these regions, there were also sites uniquely activated when subjects were engaged in either narrative scene comprehension or in reading comprehension. Finally, the cortical activations for both scene and reading comprehension contrasts substantially overlap topological cortical maps, specifically retinotopic and tonotopic maps in occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal cortex.
Structured illumination microscopy combined with machine learning enables the high throughput analysis and classification of virus structure
Authors: Laine Romain F. , Goodfellow Gemma , Young Laurence J. , Travers Jon , Carroll Danielle , Dibben Oliver , Bright Helen , Kaminski Clemens F. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOptical super-resolution microscopy techniques enable high molecular specificity with high spatial resolution and constitute a set of powerful tools in the investigation of the structure of supramolecular assemblies such as viruses. Here, we report on a new methodology which combines Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) with machine learning algorithms to image and classify the structure of large populations of biopharmaceutical viruses with high resolution. The method offers information on virus morphology that can ultimately be linked with functional performance. We demonstrate the approach on viruses produced for oncolytic viriotherapy (Newcastle Disease Virus) and vaccine development (Influenza). This unique tool enables the rapid assessment of the quality of viral production with high throughput obviating the need for traditional batch testing methods which are complex and time consuming. We show that our method also works on non-purified samples from pooled harvest fluids directly from the production line.
Aging alters envelope representations of speech-like sounds in the inferior colliculus
Authors: Parthasarathy Aravindakshan , Herrmann Björn , Bartlett Edward L. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTHearing impairment in aging is thought to arise from impaired temporal processing in auditory circuits. We used a systems-level (scalp recordings) and a microcircuit-level (extracellular recordings) approach to investigate how aging affects the sensitivity to temporal envelopes of speech-like sounds in rats. Scalp-recorded potentials suggest an age-related increase in sensitivity to temporal regularity along the ascending auditory pathway. The underlying cellular changes in the midbrain were examined using extracellular recordings from inferior colliculus neurons. We observed an age-related increase in sensitivity to the sound’s onset and temporal regularity (i.e., periodicity envelope) in the spiking output of inferior colliculus neurons, relative to their synaptic inputs (local field potentials). This relative enhancement for aged animals was most prominent for multi-unit (relative to single-unit) spiking activity. Spontaneous multi-unit, but not single-unit, activity was also enhanced in aged compared to young animals. Our results suggest that aging is associated with altered sensitivity to a sound’s temporal regularities, and that these effects may be due to increased gain of neural network activity in the midbrain.
Inverted Face with Upright Body: Evidence for Face Inversion Effect in Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata) under the Preferential Looking Procedure
Authors: Tomonaga Masaki 
Published: February 2018

AbstractYoung Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) looked at the photographs that contained faces of the two species of macaques (M. fuscata and M. mulatta) for longer time when they were presented at upright orientation than inverted orientation, and that species discrimination was deteriorated when the photographs were presented at inverted orientation [16]. The present experiment further explored the factor affecting the inversion effect observed in the previous experiments. Five young laboratory-born Japanese macaques looked at the photographs by pressing the lever under the conjugate schedule of sensory reinforcement, that is, successive preferential looking procedure. Photographs of macaques were scrambled and made up two types of the bizarre photographs: upright face with upright body (orientation consistent) and inverted face with upright body (orientation inconsistent). These two types of photographs were presented at upright and inverted orientations. The monkeys looked longer when the face was upright than inverted. Orientation of body and background had no effect on looking time duration. The present results strongly suggest that inversion effect found in macaques is face-specific.