bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Analysis of Trajectory-Based Search Algorithms: When is it Beneficial to Reject Improvements?
Authors: Nallaperuma Samadhi , Oliveto Pietro S. , Pérez Heredia Jorge , Sudholt Dirk 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
We investigate popular trajectory-based algorithms inspired by biology and physics to answer a question of general significance: when is it beneficial to reject improvements? A distinguishing factor of SSWM (strong selection weak mutation), a popular model from population genetics, compared to the Metropolis algorithm (MA), is that the former can reject improvements, while the latter always accepts them. We investigate when one strategy outperforms the other. Since we prove that both algorithms converge to the same stationary distribution, we concentrate on identifying a class of functions inducing large mixing times, where the algorithms will outperform each other over a long period of time. The outcome of the analysis is the definition of a function where SSWM is efficient, while Metropolis requires at least exponential time. The identified function favours algorithms that prefer high quality improvements over smaller ones, revealing similarities in the optimisation strategies of SSWM and Metropolis respectively with best-improvement (BILS) and first-improvement (FILS) local search. We conclude the paper with a comparison of the performance of these algorithms and a (1,

$$\lambda $$

λ

) RLS on the identified function. The algorithm favours the steepest gradient with a probability that increases with the size of its offspring population. The results confirm that BILS excels and that the (1,

$$\lambda $$

λ

) RLS is efficient only for large enough population sizes.
Lower genetic diversity and hatchability in amphibian populations isolated by urbanization
Authors: Okamiya Hisanori , Kusano Tamotsu 
Published: June 2018

AbstractMany amphibian populations worldwide have declined rapidly and been threatened with extinction in the past few decades because of human impacts on the environment. It is well known that urbanization reduces the genetic diversity of isolated populations. The concept that a reduction in genetic diversity leads to lower reproductive fitness has been predominantly supported by studies involving laboratory organisms, but has rarely been tested in wild populations. Here we examined whether genetic diversity affected hatchability, a population parameter related to reproductive success, in the populations of two pond‐breeding amphibian species (Hynobius tokyoensis and Rana ornativentris) affected by urbanization. We surveyed 81 populations in the southwestern Kanto region of Japan. Mean hatchability of the populations was determined and genetic diversities were estimated via mitochondrial or microsatellite DNA analyses. Firstly, Random Forests (an ensemble machine learning method) models were applied to clarify the effects of environmental factors on both hatchability and genetic diversity. Subsequently, the relationships among environmental factors, genetic diversity, and mean hatchability were evaluated using path analysis. Mean hatchability was significantly affected by both urbanization and genetic diversity. This result shows that loss of genetic diversity may decrease a population's reproductive success in the field.
Differential effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics on astroglial cells in vitro
Authors: Bobermin Larissa Daniele , da Silva Amanda , Souza Diogo Onofre , Quincozes‐Santos André 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAstrocytes are glial cells that are essential for the maintenance of central nervous system functions, modulating neurotransmitters, providing metabolic, trophic and antioxidant support, and producing a wide range of cytokines to modulate the inflammatory response. These cells can be targets for antipsychotics, medications used in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this regard, several studies have shown that antipsychotics are able to modulate peripheral cytokine release, but their effects on astroglial inflammatory response need to be further investigated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of risperidone and haloperidol, common atypical and typical antipsychotics, respectively, on cytokine release and redox status in C6 astroglial cells, an astrocyte‐like cell line. Risperidone showed an anti‐inflammatory activity, decreasing the release of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukins 1β (IL‐1 β) and 6 (IL‐6), and increasing interleukin 10 (IL‐10). This atypical antipsychotic was also able to decrease the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and improve glutathione content. However, haloperidol induced a pro‐inflammatory response, increasing the extracellular levels of TNF‐α and IL‐1β, in addition to decreasing IL‐10. This typical antipsychotic could induce an inflammatory response by activating p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)/NFκB pathways. In summary, our results suggest that risperidone and haloperidol present different effects on astroglial cells, in this way being able to differentially affect the neuroinflammation associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.
Did AFP‐L3 save ultrasonography in community screening?
Authors: Yen Chih‐Wei , Kuo Yuan‐Hung , Wang Jing‐Houng , Chang Kuo‐Chin , Kee Kwong‐Ming , Hung Shu‐Feng , Chen Yi , Tsai Lin‐San , Chen Shu‐Chuan , Hung Chao‐Hung , Lu Sheng‐Nan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn the community screening, those subjects with elevated serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) required further abdomen ultrasonography (US) to detect hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, some chronic hepatitis patients might have elevated AFP. AFP‐L3, has been proposed to differentiate HCC and hepatitis in elevated AFP cases in Japan for decades, but the utility is limited outside Japan. We conducted this study to elucidate the role of AFP‐L3 in the community and the possibility of saving unnecessary US. A total of 56,702 subjects underwent a large‐scale healthcare screening in Tainan county in 2004. Among them, 286 residents with AFP more than 20 ng/ml further received US and 169 (59%) had stored baseline sera were enrolled into this study in 2013. Their AFP and AFP‐L3 levels were further detected. HCC patients were initially identified through US and personal history. Among 169 studied sera, only 148 (87.6%) samples still had AFP level more than 20 ng/ml after a 10‐years frozen period. The decrease of AFP level was significant (481.3 ± 2093.8 ng/ml and 456.1 ± 2095.3 ng/ml in paired‐T test, p < 0.001). Focusing on these 148 cases, 23 (15.5%) HCC cases were diagnosed at the baseline screening. There was no difference of AFP‐L3 level between HCC and non‐HCC cases. Using AFP‐L3 to predict HCC, the area under Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was as low as 52%, p = 0.757. Too long frozen period might lower the quality of stored sera. Additionally, AFP‐L3 might not provide more information for HCC identification to save advanced US examinations in the community screening.
Sex difference in counts of α4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nasal polyps of adults with or without exposure to tobacco smoke
Authors: Montaño-Velázquez B B , Lara-Sánchez D A , Orozco-Sánchez A , García-Vázquez F J , Mora-Campos M R , Jáuregui-Renaud K 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess counts of α4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nasal polyps of adults with or without long-term exposure to cigarette tobacco smoke.MethodsTwenty-two patients with and 22 patients without exposure to cigarette tobacco smoke participated in the study. After endoscopic polypectomy, the fragments of the nasal polyps were analysed by immunohistochemistry.ResultsCompared to patients with no exposure, patients with exposure showed higher counts of α4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (t-test, p < 0.05). However, in patients with no exposure, multivariate analysis showed gender dimorphism, with lower counts in males than in females, and no influence from other variables (analysis of covariance, p > 0.05).ConclusionExposure to cigarette tobacco smoke may induce increased counts of α4 and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nasal polyps of adults, with lower counts in males than females without exposure to tobacco smoke.
Intratympanic gadolinium magnetic resonance imaging supports the role of endolymphatic hydrops in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inner-ear disease
Authors: Lobo D , Tuñón M , Villarreal I , Brea B , García-Berrocal J R 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the presence of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with immune-mediated inner-ear disease.MethodsThe presence of endolymphatic hydrops was prospectively evaluated in 17 patients clinically diagnosed with secondary (n= 5) or primary (n= 12) immune-mediated inner-ear disease, who attended the ENT department of a tertiary care centre for evaluation or treatment over the previous year. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the temporal bone.ResultsIntratympanic gadolinium three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging diagnosed hydrops in 11 of 12 patients with primary immune-mediated inner-ear disease (92 per cent). Of these, seven patients (64 per cent) presented only cochlear (n= 5) or predominantly cochlear (n= 2) hydrops. A positive magnetic resonance imaging result was observed in only one of five patients with secondary immune-mediated inner-ear disease (20 per cent).ConclusionThis study confirms the presence of endolymphatic hydrops in immune-mediated inner-ear disease patients. The virtual absence of hydrops in patients with secondary immune-mediated inner-ear disease is remarkable, although firm conclusions cannot be drawn; this should be explored in a multicentre study with a larger sample of patients. A different immune reaction without development of endolymphatic hydrops should not be ruled out in secondary immune-mediated inner-ear disease patients.
The beginning of herding and animal management: the early development of caprine herding on the Konya plain, central Anatolia
Authors: Middleton Caroline 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLittle is known about the initial appearance of herding in central Anatolia. Although morphologically domestic caprines are present from the foundation of Çatalhöyük East, ca 7,100 cal. BC, how and when domestic caprines became an integral part of the central Anatolian economy, and their Status and relationship with earlier communities, is unclear. This article reports the results of a study in which carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes were used to provide signatures of caprine diet and thus pasturing practices; as an animal's movements are affected by human Intervention, changes in animal diets should be visible through changes in δ15N and δ13C levels. A sequence of seven sites on the Konya piain, covering the period ca 9,000–4,500 cal. BC, provided bone samples for carbon and nitrogen analysis. An unaffected local dietary signature for caprines was created using the fauna from Epipalaeolithic Pınarbaşı and a C3/C4plant baseline. This dietary signature, along with dietary information from the domesticated caprines at later sites, allowed changes in diet resulting from human Intervention to be mapped. Changes in diet are found to have occurred at sites where there is no morphometric or demographic data suggestive of early herding or domesticates. This new dietary data extends our knowledge and under-standing of how and when caprines and cattle came under human control on the Konya piain, central Anatolia.
Phrygians east of the red river: Phrygianisation, migration and desertion
Authors: Summers Geoffrey D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to suggest mechanisms pertaining to the foundation of a new city on the Kerkenes Dağ, in the highlands of central Anatolia in the mid-first millennium BC. Archaeological evidence that Kerkenes was a new foundation is discussed, after which its thoroughly Phrygian culture is outlined. The core of the paper discusses possible explanations for the unexpected appearance of this new capital. Possibilities include Phrygianisation or acculturation, centralisation of pre-existing Phrygian settlements east of the Kızılırmak, eastward expansion of the Kingdom of Phrygia and a large migration from central or western Phrygia. It is proposed that a single large migration provides the most plausible explanation for the founding of the city, for the display of its Phrygian-ness and perhaps also for its ultimate failure.
An analysis of Byzantine burials from Hacımusalar Höyük (Turkey)
Authors: Sulosky Weaver Carrie L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe contents of 118 inhumation burials (seventh to 12th century AD) excavated at Hacımusalar Höyük (ancient Choma) were studied in order to reconstruct the Byzantine population. Overall, the sample is similar to that of other Byzantine populations: burial customs appear typical of contemporary practices, children are overrepresented, males and females are represented roughly equally and heights fall within the average range calculated for Byzantine individuals in the eastern Mediterranean. Individuals from Hacımusalar experienced incidences of skeletal trauma, infections, degenerative joint disease, anaemia, dental diseases, spina bifida occulta and cancer. The dataset presented here is one of the most comprehensive of any Byzantine population in Anatolia and should advance our understanding of the region during this crucial time period.
Nutrient sensing, taste and feed intake in avian species
Authors: Niknafs Shahram , Roura Eugeni 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe anatomical structure and function of beaks, bills and tongue together with the mechanics of deglutition in birds have contributed to the development of a taste system denuded of macrostructures visible to the human naked eye. Studies in chickens and other birds have revealed that the avian taste system consists of taste buds not clustered in papillae and located mainly (60 %) in the upper palate hidden in the crevasses of the salivary ducts. That explains the long delay in the understanding of the avian taste system. However, recent studies reported 767 taste buds in the oral cavity of the chicken. Chickens appear to have an acute sense of taste allowing for the discrimination of dietary amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, quinine, Ca and salt among others. However, chickens and other birds have small repertoires of bitter taste receptors (T2R) and are missing the T1R2 (related to sweet taste in mammals). Thus, T1R2-independent mechanisms of glucose sensing might be particularly relevant in chickens. The chicken umami receptor (T1R1/T1R3) responds to amino acids such as alanine and serine (known to stimulate the umami receptor in rodents and fish). Recently, the avian nutrient chemosensory system has been found in the gastrointestinal tract and hypothalamus related to the enteroendocrine system which mediates the gut–brain dialogue relevant to the control of feed intake. Overall, the understanding of the avian taste system provides novel and robust tools to improve avian nutrition.
The Real Reason Liberals Drink Lattes
Authors: Mutz Diana C. , Rao Jahnavi S. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTAre liberals truly more likely to drink lattes than conservatives? In this study, we first use a representative national survey to address this unanswered question. On confirmation, we examine three hypotheses about why this relationship exists. Our results led to a fundamental reinterpretation of what it means to be a “latte liberal.”
Challenging the masters of the treaties: Emerging narratives of constituent power in the European Union
Authors: PATBERG MARKUS 
Published: June 2018

Abstract:There is a growing sense that if the EU is to avoid disintegration, it needs a constitutional renewal. However, a reform negotiated between executives will hardly revitalise the European project. In light of this, commentators have suggested that the EU needs a democratic refounding on popular initiative. But that is easier said than done. Shaping the EU has been an elite enterprise for decades and it is hard to imagine how things could be otherwise. In this article, I map four public narratives of constituent power in the EU to sketch out potential alternatives. Political actors increasingly call into question the conventional role of the states as the ‘masters of the treaties’ and construct alternative stories as to who should be in charge of EU constitutional politics, how the respective subject came to find itself in that position, and how it should invoke its founding authority in the future. These public narratives represent a promising starting point for a normative theory that outlines a viable and justifiable path for transforming the EU in a bottom-up mode.
Structural Evolution of the Rifted Margin off Northern Labrador: The Role of Hyperextension and Magmatism
Authors: Keen C. E. , Dickie K. , Dafoe L. T. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHigh‐quality seismic reflection data from the offshore northern Labrador rifted margin allow imaging of the extended and rifted crust both along and across the continental margin and are described in conjunction with available seismic velocity and gravity data. The margin formed within cold, thick cratonic lithosphere. Both Archean continental basement and a discrete, undulating, high‐amplitude, deep reflection about 10 km below basement are observed. The deeper reflection can be correlated with the crust‐mantle boundary as measured on previous wide‐angle seismic data in the region. This reflection, termed here the L‐reflection, appears to be the equivalent to other top‐mantle detachments found elsewhere on magma‐poor rifted margins. However, normal mantle velocities have been observed to lie just below the reflection, suggesting that it may not be related to the formation of weak serpentinized mantle. A high‐velocity and density zone occupies the outer shelf seaward of the L‐reflection where basement is transparent, which may represent highly mafic crust or serpentinized mantle. A crustal reconstruction of this margin and its conjugate shows marked asymmetry, with a wider zone of crustal thinning on the Greenland margin. These crustal thinning profiles are comparable to those on other conjugate margins within cratonic lithosphere. While some of the attributes of this margin are those of a magma‐poor system, at the ocean‐continent transition, thick igneous crust created a magma‐rich zone in Paleocene time when a hot spot was active in the Davis Strait to the north. Thus, this margin exhibits characteristics of both magma‐rich and magma‐poor systems.
Profound Changes in the Physical Environment of Lake Taihu From 25 Years of Long‐Term Observations: Implications for Algal Bloom Outbreaks and Aquatic Macrophyte Loss
Authors: Zhang Yunlin , Qin Boqiang , Zhu Guangwei , Shi Kun , Zhou Yongqiang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe global environment has experienced rapid changes over the past three decades, including global warming, global dimming and brightening, and abnormal climate fluctuations. However, direct evidence of global change in the regional physical environment of a lake is rare especially in China because long‐term observations are lacking. Here we demonstrate the profound changes in the physical environment of Lake Taihu using 25 years of long‐term meteorological, hydrological, and limnological observations and elucidate the potential implications for algal bloom outbreaks and aquatic macrophyte loss. We document significant increasing rates of 0.36 and 0.37°C/decade for the yearly mean air and water temperatures, respectively. In addition, significant increases are observed for the yearly total sunshine duration and yearly mean water level with the rates of 165.0 hr/decade and 0.15 m/decade. In contrast, significant decreases are documented for the yearly mean wind speed and Secchi disk depth with the rates of 0.27 m/(s · decade) and 0.21 m/decade for the macrophyte‐dominated regions, respectively. Therefore, the significant increasing ratio of temperature to wind promoted algal bloom formation and outbreaks, while the decreasing ratio of Secchi disk depth to water level resulted in the loss of aquatic macrophytes, which accelerated the shift from a clear macrophyte‐dominated state to a turbid phytoplankton‐dominated state in Lake Taihu. Forecasts of increased climatic variability in the future pose serious ramifications for both the ecosystem diversity and service functions of large shallow lakes. Our findings highlight the importance of long‐term physical environment monitoring data for understanding ecosystem response to global climate change.
Asthenosphere Flow Modulated by Megathrust Earthquake Cycles
Authors: Barbot Sylvain 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSubduction megathrusts develop the largest earthquakes, often close to large population centers. Understanding the dynamics of deformation at subduction zones is therefore important to better assess seismic hazards. Here I develop consistent earthquake cycle simulations that incorporate localized and distributed deformation based on laboratory‐derived constitutive laws by combining boundary and volume elements to represent the mechanical coupling between megathrust slip and solid‐state flow in the oceanic asthenosphere and in the mantle wedge. The model is simplified, in two dimensions, but may help the interpretation of geodetic data. Megathrust earthquakes and slow‐slip events modulate the strain rate in the upper mantle, leading to large variations of effective viscosity in space and time and a complex pattern of surface deformation. While fault slip and flow in the mantle wedge generate surface displacements in the same, that is, seaward, direction, the viscoelastic relaxation in the oceanic asthenosphere generates transient surface deformation in the opposite, that is, landward, direction above the rupture area of the mainshock. Aseismic deformation above the seismogenic zone may be challenging to record, but it may reveal important constraints about the rheology of the subducting plate.
Strengthened Indonesian Throughflow Drives Decadal Warming in the Southern Indian Ocean
Authors: Zhang Ying , Feng Ming , Du Yan , Phillips Helen E. , Bindoff Nathaniel L. , McPhaden Michael J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractRemarkable warming of the Southern Indian Ocean during the recent two decades is assessed using a heat budget analysis based on the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean version 4 release 3 model results. The annual mean temperature averaged in the upper‐700 m Southern Indian Ocean during 1998–2015 has experienced significant warming at a rate of 1.03 × 10−2 °C/year. A heat budget analysis indicates that the increase is mostly driven by decreased cooling from net air‐sea heat flux and increased warming from heat advection. Increased Indonesian Throughflow advection is the largest contributor to warming the upper 700 m of the Southern Indian Ocean, while the reduction of surface turbulent heat flux is of secondary importance. These results expand our understanding of the decadal heat balance in the Indian Ocean and of Indo‐Pacific decadal climate variability.