bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between Normothermia at the End of Surgery and Postoperative Complications Following Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Yamada Koji , Nakajima Koji , Nakamoto Hideki , Kohata Kazuhiro , Shinozaki Tomohiro , Oka Hiroyuki , Yamakawa Kiyofumi , Matsumoto Takuya , Tokimura Fumiaki , Kanai Hiroyuki , Takeshita Yujiro , Karita Tatsuro , Tajiri Yasuhito , Okazaki Hiroshi , Tanaka Sakae 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Maintaining perioperative normothermia is recommended by recent guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs). However, the majority of supporting data originates outside the field of orthopaedic surgery.

Methods
The effect of normothermia was explored using the prospectively collected data of consecutive patients who underwent single-site surgery in 7 tertiary referral hospitals between November 2013 and July 2016. SSIs, urinary tract infections (UTIs), respiratory tract infections (RTIs), cardiac and cerebral events (CCE), and all-cause mortality rates within 30 days after surgery were compared between patients with normothermia (body temperature ≥36°C) and those with hypothermia (&lt;36°C) at the end of surgery, after closure. Multivariable adjusted and inverse-probability weighted regression analyses were performed.

Results
The final cohort included 8841 patients. Of these, 11.4% (n = 1008) were hypothermic. More than 96% were evaluated in person by the physicians. After adjusting for multiple covariates, normothermia was not significantly associated with SSIs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59–2.33), UTIs (aOR 1.14, 95% CI 0.66–1.95), RTIs (aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.31–1.19), or CCE (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.26–1.09). In contrast, normothermia was associated with a lower risk of 30-day mortality (aOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.11–0.64; P &lt; .01; weighted hazard ratio 0.21, 95% CI 0.07–0.68; P = .002). In a subgroup analysis, normothermia was associated with reduced mortality in all types of surgical procedures.

Conclusions
Whereas our findings suggest no clear association with SSI risks following orthopedic surgery, our study supports maintaining perioperative normothermia, as it is associated with reduced 30-day mortality.
Preoperative esophageal stenting and short-term outcomes of surgery for esophageal cancer in a population-based study from Finland and Sweden
Authors: Helminen Olli , Kauppila Joonas H , Kytö Ville , Gunn Jarmo , Lagergren Jesper , Sihvo Eero 
Published: March 2019

SUMMARY
Population-based studies examining whether preoperative esophageal stenting influences the short-term outcomes after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer are lacking. This nationwide cohort combining data from Finland and Sweden was conducted to cover this gap. Patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer (T ≥ 3 and/or N ≥ 1, M0) who underwent esophagectomy between 2007 and 2014 were identified from nationwide registries in Finland and Sweden. The study exposure was preoperative stenting. The primary outcomes were 30- and 90-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were length of hospital stay and 30- and 90-day readmission rates. Multivariable Cox and linear regression analyses provided hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, tumor histology, year of surgery, and country. Of all 1029 participating patients who underwent surgery for locally advanced esophageal cancer, 127 (12.3%) had an esophageal stent inserted preoperatively. The absolute 30-day mortality rates were higher in stented patients (3.9%) than in those without a stent (1.6%), but the HR was not statistically significantly increased (HR 2.42; 95% CI 0.85–6.92). Similarly, the absolute 90-day mortality rates were increased after preoperative stenting (11.8%) compared to no stenting (7.0%), but again the HR was not statistically significantly increased (HR 1.68; 95% CI 0.95–2.98). Preoperative stenting did not influence length of hospital stay or readmission rates. The possibly increased short-term mortality after preoperative stenting in patients who undergo esophagectomy for esophageal cancer indicated in this study suggests a cautious approach to preoperative stenting until future research or meta-analyses provide a more definite answer.
The dual personality of ‘topic’ in the IELTS Speaking Test
Authors: Seedhouse Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article investigates the central role of topic in the IELTS Speaking Test (IST). Topic has developed a dual personality in this interactional setting: topic-as-script is the scripted statement of topic on the examiner’s cards prior to the interaction, whereas topic-as-action is how topic is developed by the candidate during the course of the interaction, which is consequential for the grades they receive. The key interactional structure in the IST is the ‘topic-scripted Question–Answer adjacency pair’ produced by the examiner. In order to obtain a high score, candidates need to do the following: (a) understand the question they have been asked; (b) provide an answer to the question; (c) identify the topic inherent in the question; and (d) develop the topic inherent in the question. Comparing the two personalities of topic enables methodological analysis and evaluation of the interaction and can be used for preparing candidates for the IST.
Is Rapamycin a Dietary Restriction Mimetic?
Authors: Unnikrishnan Archana , Kurup Kavitha , Salmon Adam B , Richardson Arlan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Since the initial suggestion that rapamycin, an inhibitor of target of rapamycin (TOR) nutrient signaling, increased lifespan comparable to dietary restriction, investigators have viewed rapamycin as a potential dietary restriction mimetic. Both dietary restriction and rapamycin increase lifespan across a wide range of evolutionarily diverse species (including yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice) as well as reducing pathology and improving physiological functions that decline with age in mice. The purpose of this article is to review the research comparing the effect of dietary restriction and rapamycin in mice. The current data show that dietary restriction and rapamycin have different effects on many pathways and molecular processes. In addition, these interventions affect the lifespan of many genetically manipulated mouse models differently. In other words, while dietary restriction and rapamycin may have similar effects on some pathways and processes; overall, they affect many pathways/processes quite differently. Therefore, rapamycin is likely not a true dietary restriction mimetic. Rather dietary restriction and rapamycin appear to be increasing lifespan and retarding aging largely through different mechanisms/pathways, suggesting that a combination of dietary restriction and rapamycin will have a greater effect on lifespan than either manipulation alone.
Reduced Mitochondrial Content, Elevated Reactive Oxygen Species, and Modulation by Denervation in Skeletal Muscle of Prefrail or Frail Elderly Women
Authors: Sonjak Vita , Jacob Kathryn J , Spendiff Sally , Vuda Madhusudanarao , Perez Anna , Miguez Kayla , Minozzo Fabio C , Spake Carole , Morais José A , Hepple Russell T 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Denervation and mitochondrial impairment are implicated in age-related skeletal muscle atrophy and may play a role in physical frailty. We recently showed that denervation modulates muscle mitochondrial function in octogenarian men, but this has not been examined in elderly women. On this basis, we tested the hypothesis that denervation plays a modulating role in mitochondrial impairment in skeletal muscle from prefrail or frail elderly (FE) women. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity and reactive oxygen species emission were examined in permeabilized myofibers obtained from vastus lateralis muscle biopsies from FE and young inactive women. Muscle respiratory capacity was reduced in proportion to a reduction in a mitochondrial marker protein in FE, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species emission was elevated in FE versus young inactive group. Consistent with a significant accumulation of neural cell adhesion molecule-positive muscle fibers in FE (indicative of denervation), a 50% reduction in reactive oxygen species production after pharmacologically inhibiting the denervation-mediated reactive oxygen species response in FE women suggests a significant modulation of mitochondrial function by denervation. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that denervation plays a modulating role in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in FE women, suggesting therapeutic strategies in advanced age should focus on the causes and treatment of denervation.
Life-course socioeconomic differences and social mobility in preventable and non-preventable mortality: a study of Swedish twins
Authors: Ericsson Malin , Pedersen Nancy L , Johansson Anna L V , Fors Stefan , Dahl Aslan Anna K 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Despite advances in life expectancy, low socioeconomic status is associated with a shorter lifespan. This study was conducted to investigate socioeconomic differences in mortality by comparing preventable with non-preventable causes of death in 39 506 participants from the Swedish Twin Registry born before 1935.

Methods
Childhood social class, own education, own social class and social mobility were used as separate indicators of socioeconomic status. These data were linked to the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Cause of death was categorized as preventable or non-preventable mortality according to indicators presented in the Avoidable Mortality in the European Union (AMIEHS) atlas. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we tested the association between the socioeconomic measures and all-cause mortality, preventable mortality and non-preventable mortality. Additional co-twin control analyses indicated whether the associations reflected genetic confounding.

Results
The social gradient for mortality was most prominent for the adult socioeconomic measures. There was a social gradient in both preventable mortality and non-preventable mortality, but with an indication of a moderately stronger effect in preventable causes of death. In analyses of social mobility, those who experienced life-time low socioeconomic status (SES) or downward social mobility had an increased mortality risk compared with those with life-time high SES and upward social mobility. Adjustments for genetic confounding did not change the observed associations for education, social class or social mobility and mortality. In the co-twin control analyses of reared-apart twins, the association between childhood social class and mortality weakened, indicating possible genetic influences on this association.

Conclusions
Our results indicate that there is an association between low adult socioeconomic status and increased mortality independent of genetic endowment. Thus, we do not find support for indirect social selection as the basis for mortality inequalities in Sweden
Plasmodium falciparum Clearance Is Pitting-Dependent With Artemisinin-Based Drugs but Pitting-Independent With Atovaquone-Proguanil or Mefloquine
Authors: Wojnarski Mariusz , Mouri Oussama , Chambrion Charlotte , Roussel Camille , Chartrel Nathalie , Smith Bryan , Smith Philip , Thellier Marc , Buffet Pierre , Ndour Papa Alioune 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPitting, the removal of dead parasites from their host erythrocyte, has been studied in patients with severe malaria treated parenterally with quinine or artesunate, and was recently shown to contribute to delayed hemolysis, a frequent adverse event of artesunate. We quantified pitting in 81 travelers treated with oral antimalarial therapy. Pitting rate was high (55.8%) with artemisinin-based combinations, but <10% with the nonartemisinin drugs quinine, mefloquine, and atovaquone-proguanil. This may, in part, explain the slower parasite clearance in patients treated with antimalarial drugs lacking an artemisinin component, as well as the absence of posttreatment hemolysis with these drugs.
Chatbots and Gender Stereotyping
Authors: McDonnell Marian , Baxter David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Chatbots are very much an emerging technology, and there is still much to learn about how conversational user interfaces will affect the way in which humans communicate not only with computers but also with one another. Further studies on anthropomorphic agents and the projection of human characteristics onto a system are required to further develop this area. Gender stereotypes operate a profound effect on human behaviour. The application of gender to a conversational agent brings along with it the projection of user biases and preconceptions. These feelings and perceptions about an agent can be used to develop mental models of a system. Users can be inclined to measure the success of a system based on their biases and emotional connections with the agent rather than that of the system’s performance. There have been many studies that show how gender affects human perceptions of a conversational agent. However, there is limited research on the effect of gender when applied to a chatbot system. This chapter presents early results from a research study which indicate that chatbot gender does have an effect on users overall satisfaction and gender-stereotypical perception. Subsequent studies could focus on examining the ethical implications of the results and further expanding the research by increasing the sample size to validate statistical significance, as well as recruiting a more diverse sample size from various backgrounds and experiences.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
Many studies have indicated how gender affects human perceptions of a conversational agent. However, there is limited research on the effect of gender when applied to a chatbot system. This research study presents early results which indicate that chatbot gender does have an effect on users overall satisfaction and gender-stereotypical perception. Users are more likely to apply gender stereotypes when a chatbot system operates within a gender-stereotypical subject domain, such as mechanics, and when the chatbot gender does not conform to gender stereotypes. This study raise ethical issues. Should we exploit this result and perpetuate the bias and stereotyping? Should we really have a male chatbot for technical advice bots? Is this perpetuating stereotyping, the dilemma being that a male version would elicit more trust?
The Tacit Dimension of Public Sector Attraction in Multi-Incentive Settings
Authors: Asseburg Julia , Hattke Judith , Hensel David , Homberg Fabian , Vogel Rick 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The public sector provides a broad range of incentives to apply for jobs, but these incentives have rarely been studied in concert. The present study disentangles how job candidates form intentions to apply for a public sector job in multi-incentive settings and how this process depends on public service motivation (PSM). Using a speeded categorization task in an experimental vignette methodology with 340 current job seekers in the United Kingdom, we focus on perceptions that potential applicants have, or do not have, of a range of employment attributes (i.e., extrinsic, intrinsic, and prosocial) when they screen job advertisements. Results of multilevel analyses suggest that perceptions of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes are similarly strong predictors of the intent to apply for public sector jobs, whereas perceptions of prosocial employment attributes do not yield such an overall effect. However, PSM moderates the relationship between perceptions of prosocial attributes and application intentions, but only among nonstudents. Theoretical implications for the alignment of PSM with extrinsic rewards are discussed. Findings are also important for human resource managers in the public sector who want to adjust their recruitment strategies to specific target groups.
The star formation activity of IllustrisTNG galaxies: main sequence, UVJ diagram, quenched fractions, and systematics
Authors: Donnari Martina , Pillepich Annalisa , Nelson Dylan , Vogelsberger Mark , Genel Shy , Weinberger Rainer , Marinacci Federico , Springel Volker , Hernquist Lars 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We select galaxies from the IllustrisTNG hydrodynamical simulations ($M_{\rm stars}\gt 10^9 \, {\rm M}_\odot$ at 0 ≤ z ≤ 2) and characterize the shapes and evolutions of their UVJ and star formation rate–stellar mass (SFR–Mstars) diagrams. We quantify the systematic uncertainties related to different criteria to classify star-forming versus quiescent galaxies, different SFR estimates, and by accounting for the star formation measured within different physical apertures. The TNG model returns the observed features of the UVJ diagram at z ≤ 2, with a clear separation between two classes of galaxies. It also returns a tight star-forming main sequence (MS) for $M_{\rm stars}\lt 10^{10.5} \, ({\rm M}_\odot)$ with a ∼0.3 dex scatter at z ∼ 0 in our fiducial choices. If a UVJ-based cut is adopted, the TNG MS exhibits a downwardly bending at stellar masses of about 1010.5−10.7 M⊙. Moreover, the model predicts that ${\sim }80\, (50)$ per cent of 1010.5−11 M⊙ galaxies at z = 0 (z = 2) are quiescent and the numbers of quenched galaxies at intermediate redshifts and high masses are in better agreement with observational estimates than previous models. However, shorter SFR-averaging time-scales imply higher normalizations and scatter of the MS, while smaller apertures lead to underestimating the galaxy SFRs: overall we estimate the inspected systematic uncertainties to sum up to about 0.2−0.3 dex in the locus of the MS and to about 15 percentage points in the fraction of quenched galaxies. While TNG colour distributions are clearly bimodal, this is not the case for the SFR logarithmic distributions in bins of stellar mass (SFR ≳ 10−3 M⊙yr−1). Finally, the slope and z = 0 normalization of the TNG MS are consistent with observational findings; however, the locus of the TNG MS remains lower by about 0.2−0.5 dex at 0.75 ≤ z &lt; 2 than the available observational estimates taken at face value.
Stellar binaries that survive supernovae
Authors: Kochanek C S , Auchettl K , Belczynski K 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe number of binaries containing black holes (BH) or neutron stars (NS) depends critically on the fraction of binaries that survive supernova (SN) explosions. We searched for surviving star plus remnant binaries in a sample of 49 supernova remnants (SNR) containing 23 previously identified compact remnants and three high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXB), finding no new interacting or non-interacting binaries. The upper limits on any main-sequence stellar companion are typically $\lesssim 0.2\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ and are at worst $\lesssim 3\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. This implies that f &lt; 0.1 of core-collapse SNRs contain a non-interacting binary, and f = 0.083 (0.032 &lt; f &lt; 0.17) contain an interacting binary at 90 per cent confidence. We also find that the transverse velocities of HMXBs are low, with a median of only 12 km s−1 for field HMXBs, so surviving binaries will generally be found very close to the explosion centre. We compare the results to a ‘standard’ StarTrack binary population synthesis (BPS) model, finding reasonable agreement with the observations. In particular, the BPS models predict that 6 per cent of initial binaries leave a star plus remnant binary, or 5 per cent of SNRs assuming an 84 per cent binary fraction.
Maximizing quality of life remains an ultimate goal in the era of precision medicine: exemplified by lung cancer
Authors: Yang Ping 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
An ultimate goal of precision medicine in lung cancer treatment is to restore patient health with maximized quality of life (QOL). Results from Mayo Clinic studies show that a significant improvement in fatigue, dyspnea, and pain scales could lead to better overall QOL. Although treatments and guidelines for clinical implementation to alleviate these key symptoms are available, few cancer patients receive adequate therapy, mostly because of limitations in current care delivery systems and unclear clinicians’ roles. For optimal care of lung cancer survivors in different subpopulations, three barriers must be overcome: physicians’ lack of knowledge, unwarranted practice variation, and uncertainty regarding care provider roles. Appropriate culturally adapted, tested and validated tools for QOL measures must be developed, rather than directly translating existing tools between different languages and across cultures or diverse subpopulations. Finally, lack of sensitive, adequate, and relevant tools in measuring health-related QOL (HRQOL) has long been an issue for effective data collection, demanding a global consensus on a set of core components that reflect the needs of all critical parties for the best cure and care, supporting patients to achieve optimal HRQOL.
News Media Framing of Police Body-Worn Cameras: A Content Analysis
Authors: Naoroz Carolyn , Cleary Hayley M D 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Content analysis using established media frames was conducted on newspaper articles from 6 of the top 10 circulated newspapers spanning a 4-year period from May 2012 to May 2016. A total of 819 newspaper articles from the Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, New York Times, USA Today, Wall Street Journal, and Washington Post were coded using five media frames: conflict, human interest, attribution of responsibility, morality/accountability, and economics. Results show an increase in articles reporting on body-worn cameras (BWCs) and police following the events of August 2014 in Ferguson, MO, and that conflict (57%) was the most prevalent frame, followed by attribution of responsibility (52%), and morality/accountability (52%). Usage of the five media frames varied significantly by newspaper outlet. Findings inform police practitioners how newspapers are framing BWCs, allowing police departments to better manage public expectations of the technology and address officer concerns regarding media coverage.
Objectively-measured sedentary time, habitual physical activity and bone strength in adults aged 62 years: the Newcastle Thousand Families Study
Authors: Hind K , Hayes L , Basterfield L , Pearce M S , Birrell F 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
The influence of sedentary time and habitual physical activity on the bone health of middle aged adults is not well known.

Methods
Bone mineral density (BMD) and hip bone geometry were evaluated in 214 men (n = 92) and women (n = 112) aged 62.1 ± 0.5 years from the Newcastle Thousand Families Study birth cohort. Accelerometry was used to measure physical activity (PA) and sedentary time over 4 days. Regression models were adjusted for clinical risk factor covariates.

Results
Men were more sedentary than women (P &lt; 0.05), and sedentary time was negatively associated with spine BMD in men, with 84 minutes more sedentary time corresponding to 0.268 g.cm−2 lower BMD (β = −0.268; P = 0.017). In men, light PA and steps/day were positively associated with bone geometry and BMD. Steps/day was positively associated with bone geometry and femur BMD in women, with a positive difference of 1415 steps/day corresponding to 0.232 g.cm−2 greater BMD (β = 0.232, P = 0.015).

Conclusions
Sedentary time was unfavourably associated with bone strength in men born in North East England at age 62 years. Higher volumes of light PA, and meeting the public health daily step recommendations (10 000 steps/day) was positively associated with bone health in both sexes.