bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explaining New Models of Global Voluntary Regulation: What Can Organisational Studies Contribute?
Authors: Marx Axel , Wouters Jan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGlobal governance in its myriad forms and actor constellations has decisively demonstrated the potential for rule‐making above the nation state to be liberated from the ‘iron cage’ of traditional intergovernmental forums and multilateral bureaucracy. To further investigate an increasingly complex global reality, we propose drawing on organisational theories and methods for penetrating the internal dynamics of global governance processes and outcomes. This article begins by mapping out the current use of organisational theories in global governance research. It then turns to exploring the potential for other areas of organisational theory and conceptual development to shed light on the governance dynamics and performance of voluntary sustainability standards (VSS), a significant site of transnational rule‐making and experimentation by private actors. We highlight a paradigmatic shift from ‘arms‐length’ to ‘embedded’ models ofVSSmonitoring and regulation, reflected in new modes of engagement and interaction between rule‐makers and rule‐takers. This new generation of embeddedVSSgovernance is distinguishable by enhanced information provision, learning and knowledge creation. The implications of embedded governance forVSSmonitoring and performance are explored with reference to the experience of the Fair Wear Foundation (FWF).
Breaking the Cycle of Gridlock
Authors: Hale Thomas , Held David 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThere is a growing gap between the need for effective global governance and the ability of intergovernmental institutions to provide it. In Gridlock: Why Multilateralism Is Failing when We Need It Most, published in 2013, we argued that self‐reinforcing interdependence, rooted in the extraordinary success of the post‐war multilateral order, has created a range of ‘second‐order problems’ that are threatening to undermine our ability to engage in further global cooperation. As we show in this article, gridlock is itself reinforcing and structurally embedded in global politics. The corrosive effect of unmanaged globalization on domestic politics is provoking anti‐global backlashes that further erode the capacity of intergovernmental institutions to provide solutions to global problems. It is possible, however, to detect a number of significant counter‐trends and exceptions to global governance dysfunction. We set out seven pathways ‘through’ and ‘beyond’ gridlock, explain their significance, and provide examples of how these pathways can effect positive change. While none of these pathways alone offer a silver bullet, they all highlight possible ways of moving towards a more resilient, adaptive, and innovative global governance arrangement.
The Limits and Opportunities of Regional Solidarity: Exploring Refugee Resettlement in Brazil and Chile
Authors: Vera Espinoza Marcia 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper explores the implementation and experience of refugee resettlement in Brazil and Chile by focusing on the main limits and opportunities of regional ‘solidarity’, the principle on which the programme is based. By analysing how the notion of solidarity is understood in the context of resettlement in Latin America, I review the programme at two levels. First, at the regional level, I focus on the programmes in both Brazil and Chile, to assess resettlement as an instrument of international cooperation and responsibility sharing. At the local level, I look at refugees’ residency status and access to rights. I focus here on the resettlement of Colombian and Palestinian refugees in both countries. Exploring resettlement through the lens of solidarity, allows us to understand the nuances and multiple dimensions of resettlement. This is timely, as countries of the Southern Cone of Latin America are identified as ‘emerging resettlement countries’ and expected to increase their resettlement intake. The findings discussed in this paper show that resettlement should aim for a complementary understanding of solidarity in order to improve the quality of the programme, as well as expanding its scope and capacity.
Haloperidol for delirium in critically ill patients – protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Barbateskovic M. , Kraus S. R. , Collet M. O. , Mathiesen O. , Jakobsen J. C. , Perner A. , Wetterslev J. 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundIn the intensive care unit, the prevalence of delirium is high. Delirium has been associated with morbidity and mortality including more ventilator days, longer intensive care unit stay, increased long‐term mortality, and cognitive impairment. Thus, the burden of delirium for patients, relatives, and societies is considerable. The objective of this systematic review was to critically access the evidence of randomised clinical trials on the effects of haloperidol vs. placebo or any other agents for delirium in critically ill patients.MethodsWe will search for randomised clinical trials in the following databases: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, BIOSIS, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, and Allied and Complementary Medicine Database. Two authors will independently screen and select references for inclusion using Covidence, extract data and assess the methodological quality of the included randomised clinical trials using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Any disagreement will be resolved by consensus. We will analyse the extracted data using Review Manager, STATA 15, and Trial Sequential.AnalysisThe aim of this study was to assess the quality of the evidence, we will create a ‘Summary of Findings’ table containing our primary and secondary outcomes using the GRADE assessment.DiscussionOur ambition with this systematic review is to provide reliable and powered evidence to better inform decision makers on the use of or future trials with haloperidol for the management of delirium in critically ill patients.
A new look at the New South Wales Corps, 1790–1810
Authors: Statham Pamela 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper shows the New South Wales Corps as a changing entity with a considerable impact on the New South Wales economy until 1810. Findings include the large number of men (1,645) who served in New South Wales, while the total population was less than 5,000, and the importance of the Corps as a source of free settlers in the period before free immigration. Convicts were recruited locally and as a group outweighed arrivals from the Savoy Military Prison, cited in the past as the bad element in the Corps. The Corps contained a reasonably high proportion of skilled men who contributed formally and informally to the colony’s productivity both before and after discharge. The study shows that the officer group was relatively stable before 1800 but that turnover was fairly high thereafter. Finally it is shown that the influence of the New South Wales Corps did not cease with its recall, for well over half the regiment remained in the colony, some seventy–one as settlers and 356 as troops under Macquarie’s command — including a special Veteran Corps.
A targeted genotyping approach enhances identification of variants in taste receptor and appetite/reward genes of potential functional importance for obesity‐related porcine traits
Authors: Cirera S. , Clop A. , Jacobsen M. J. , Guerin M. , Lesnik P. , Jørgensen C. B. , Fredholm M. , Karlskov‐Mortensen P. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryTaste receptors (TASRs) and appetite and reward (AR) mechanisms influence eating behaviour, which in turn affects food intake and risk of obesity. In a previous study, we used next generation sequencing to identify potentially functional mutations in TASR and AR genes and found indications for genetic associations between identified variants and growth and fat deposition in a subgroup of animals (n = 38) from the UNIK resource pig population. This population was created for studying obesity and obesity‐related diseases. In the present study we validated results from our previous study by investigating genetic associations between 24 selected single nucleotide variants in TASR and AR gene variants and 35 phenotypes describing obesity and metabolism in the entire UNIK population (n = 564). Fifteen variants showed significant association with specific obesity‐related phenotypes after Bonferroni correction. Six of the 15 genes, namely SIM1, FOS, TAS2R4, TAS2R9, MCHR2 and LEPR, showed good correlation between known biological function and associated phenotype. We verified a genetic association between potentially functional variants in TASR/AR genes and growth/obesity and conclude that the combination of identification of potentially functional variants by next generation sequencing followed by targeted genotyping and association studies is a powerful and cost‐effective approach for increasing the power of genetic association studies.
Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids decline rapidly in milk from mothers delivering extremely preterm indicating the need for supplementation
Authors: Nilsson Anders K. , Löfqvist Chatarina , Najm Svetlana , Hellgren Gunnel , Sävman Karin , Andersson Mats X. , Smith Lois E. H. , Hellström Ann 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimOur aim was to perform an in‐depth analysis of the composition of fatty acids in milk from mothers delivering extremely preterm babies. We investigated longitudinal changes in milk fatty acid profiles and the relationship between several types of fatty acids, including omega‐3 and omega‐6.MethodsMilk samples were collected at three stages of lactation from 78 mothers who delivered at less than 28 weeks of pregnancy at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden, from April 2013 to September 2015. Fatty acid composition was analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.ResultsA reduction in long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) was observed during the lactation period. The concentrations of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid declined from medians of 0.34 to 0.22 mol% and 0.29 to 0.15 mol%, respectively, between postnatal day 7 and a postmenstrual age of 40 weeks. Strong correlations were found between the intermediates of several classes of fatty acids, including omega‐3, omega‐6 and omega‐9.ConclusionA rapid reduction in LCPUFA content in the mother's milk during the lactation period emphasises the importance of fatty acid supplementation to infants born extremely preterm, at least during the period corresponding to the third trimester, when rapid development of the brain and adipose tissue requires high levels of LCPUFAs.
Development of Versatile Human In Vitro Vascularized Adipose Tissue Model with Serum‐Free Angiogenesis and Natural Adipogenesis Induction
Authors: Huttala Outi , Palmroth Maaria , Hemminki Pauliina , Toimela Tarja , Heinonen Tuula , Ylikomi Timo , Sarkanen Jertta‐Riina 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMany adipose tissue‐related diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, are worldwide epidemics. For studying these diseases, relevant human cell models are needed. In this study, we developed a vascularized adipose tissue model where human adipose stromal cells and human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells were cocultured with natural adipogenic and defined serum‐free angiogenic media for 14 days. Several different protocols were compared to each other. The protocols varied in cell numbers and plating sequences. Lipid accumulation was studied with AdipoRed reagent, relative cell number with WST‐1 reagent, gene expression of glut4, leptin, aP2, adiponectin, PPARγ and PPARγ2 with RT‐qPCR. Secretion of adiponectin, leptin and aP2 was analysed with ELISA. The immunostained vascular network was imaged with Cell‐IQ and area quantified using ImageJ. In this study, both angiogenesis and adipogenesis were successfully induced. Protocols produced strong lipid accumulation, good vascular network formation and induced adipocyte‐specific protein secretion and expression of studied adipocyte genes. Results showed that cell numbers and cell plating sequences are important factors when aiming at in vitro standardized tissue model. Presence of mature vasculature appeared leads to faster the maturation of adipocytes judged by the lipid accumulation and gene expression results. The developed vascularized adipose tissue model is simple to use, easily modifiable to suit various applications and as such, a promising new tool for adipose tissue research when, for example, studying the effect of different cell types on adipose tissue function or for mechanistic studies.
Cognitive control under stressful conditions in transitional age youth with bipolar disorder: Diagnostic and sleep‐related differences in fronto‐limbic activation patterns
Authors: Soehner Adriane M , Goldstein Tina R , Gratzmiller Sarah M , Phillips Mary L , Franzen Peter L 
Published: February 2018

ObjectivesAdults with bipolar disorder (BD) display aberrant activation in fronto‐limbic neural circuitry during cognitive control. However, fronto‐limbic response to cognitive control, and factors destabilizing this circuitry, remain under‐studied during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood in BD. Sleep patterns are disturbed in BD, undergo change in adolescence, and support brain function. Among transitional age youth, BD diagnosis and sleep (duration and variability) were tested as predictors of fronto‐limbic response to a stressful cognitive control task.MethodsTwo groups of youth (13‐22 years old) participated: 15 with BD type I, II or not otherwise specified (NOS) [BD; age 18.1 ± 2.7 years (mean ± standard deviation, SD); 17 female] and 25 healthy controls [CTL; age 19.4 ± 2.7 years (mean ± SD); 17 female]. Sleep was monitored with actigraphy for at least 1 week prior to an adaptive multi‐source interference functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm (a Stroop‐like cognitive interference task). Group status and sleep duration (average and intra‐individual variability) were examined as predictors of activation in response to incongruent>congruent trials within the bilateral amygdala, anterior cingulate (ACC), ventrolateral prefrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortical regions of interest.ResultsThe BD group displayed greater right amygdala activation than the CTL group. Average sleep duration and rostroventral ACC (rvACC) activity were negatively associated in the CTL group, but exhibited a quadratic relationship in the BD group such that short and long sleep were related to greater rvACC activation. Sleep duration variability and dorsal ACC activity were negatively associated in the BD group, and unrelated in the CTL group. Findings remained significant after controlling for age, sex, and mood symptoms.ConclusionsSubjects with BD displayed a hyper‐limbic response during cognitive control, and sleep was a source of variability in ACC engagement. Stabilizing sleep may be one avenue for improving cognitive control in BD.
Effectiveness of maintenance therapy of lithium vs other mood stabilizers in monotherapy and in combinations: a systematic review of evidence from observational studies
Authors: Kessing Lars Vedel , Bauer Michael , Nolen Willem A , Severus Emanuel , Goodwin Guy M , Geddes John 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesFor the first time to present a systematic review of observational studies on the efficiency of lithium monotherapy in comparison with other maintenance mood stabilizers in monotherapy and in combination.MethodsAs part of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) Task Force on Lithium Treatment, we undertook a systematic literature search of non‐randomized controlled observational studies on (i) lithium monotherapy vs treatment with another maintenance mood stabilizer in monotherapy and (ii) lithium in combination with other mood stabilizers vs monotherapy.ResultsIn eight out of nine identified studies including a total of < 14 000 patients, maintenance lithium monotherapy was associated with improved outcome compared with another mood stabilizer in monotherapy, including valproate, lamotrigine, olanzapine, quetiapine, unspecified anticonvulsants, carbamazepine/lamotrigine, unspecified atypical antipsychotics and unspecified antipsychotics. Among the four identified studies including a total of > 4000 patients comparing maintenance combination therapy with maintenance monotherapy, a few combination therapies were found to be superior to monotherapy in some analyses, but many were not.ConclusionsThe results show the superiority in real life of lithium monotherapy compared with monotherapy with other maintenance mood stabilizers. The four largest register‐based studies largely addressed confounding, but, as ever, residual confounding cannot be excluded. Nevertheless, the observational findings substantially add to the findings from randomized controlled trials, whose designs often limit the validity of comparison between medicines.
Genetic polymorphisms associated with circadian rhythm dysregulation provide new perspectives on bipolar disorder
Authors: Oliveira Thomaz , Marinho Victor , Carvalho Valécia , Magalhães Francisco , Rocha Kaline , Ayres Carla , Teixeira Silmar , Nunes Monara , Bastos Victor Hugo , Pinto Giovanny R 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to present a broad view of how genetic polymorphisms in genes that control the rhythmicity and function of circadian rhythm may influence the etiology, pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder (BD).MethodsA bibliographic search was performed to identify and select papers reporting studies on variations in circadian genes and BD. A search of Medline, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science was carried out to review the literature.ResultsSeveral studies provide evidence of contributions of variations in circadian genes to disease etiology, pathophysiological variations and lithium drug response. Dysfunction of the sleep‐wake cycle, an important brain function regulator, is indicated as the primary means by which circadian gene variations act in mood disorders.ConclusionsInvestigations of the effects of circadian genes have suggested that the chronotype offers hope for guiding and improving management of patients with BD. However, BD is a disease of a complex nature and presents multiple endophenotypes determined by different associations between genetics and the environment. Thus, new genomic studies to delimit variations that may help improve the clinical condition of these patients are extremely important.
Olfactory processing in bipolar disorder, major depression, and anxiety
Authors: Kamath Vidyulata , Paksarian Diana , Cui Lihong , Moberg Paul J , Turetsky Bruce I , Merikangas Kathleen R 
Published: February 2018

ObjectivesAlthough olfactory abnormalities are well established in schizophrenia, considerably less work has examined olfactory performance in other neuropsychiatric conditions. In the current study, we examined odor identification, odor discrimination, detection threshold, and odor hedonic processing performance in individuals with bipolar I disorder (n = 43; n = 13 with psychotic features), bipolar II disorder (n = 48), major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 134), anxiety (n = 48), and no mental disorder (n = 72) who participated in a community‐based family study.MethodsBest estimate DSM‐IV diagnoses were based on in‐depth personal interviews as well as interviews with family members. Olfactory tests were administered during an in‐person clinical visit and were compared using robust linear regression adjusting for age, sex, and psychiatric medication use, as well as nicotine use when necessary.ResultsCompared to controls, odor identification performance was lower among individuals with MDD (b = −1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −2.50, −0.24) and bipolar I disorder (b = −1.79, 95% CI: −3.51, −0.67). Among the latter group, performance was only reduced among those with psychotic features (b = −3.49, 95% CI: −6.33, −0.65), particularly for pleasant odors (b = −1.46, 95% CI: −2.51, −0.42). Those with MDD showed lower identification accuracy for neutral odors (b = −0.63, 95% CI: −1.20, −0.06). Performances on measures of odor discrimination and detection threshold did not differ by diagnostic group.ConclusionsCollectively, these findings indicate that odor identification difficulties may exist in mood disorders, especially when psychotic features are present. In contrast, the global olfactory dysfunction observed in schizophrenia may not be a feature of other neuropsychiatric conditions.
Toward A Diagnostic Toolkit for Linear Models with Gaussian-Process Distributed Random Effects
Authors: Bose Maitreyee , Hodges James S. , Banerjee Sudipto 
Published: February 2018

Summary
Gaussian processes (GPs) are widely used as distributions of random effects in linear mixed models, which are fit using the restricted likelihood or the closely related Bayesian analysis. This article addresses two problems. First, we propose tools for understanding how data determine estimates in these models, using a spectral basis approximation to the GP under which the restricted likelihood is formally identical to the likelihood for a gamma-errors GLM with identity link. Second, to examine the data's support for a covariate and to understand how adding that covariate moves variation in the outcome y out of the GP and error parts of the fit, we apply a linear-model diagnostic, the added variable plot (AVP), both to the original observations and to projections of the data onto the spectral basis functions. The spectral- and observation-domain AVPs estimate the same coefficient for a covariate but emphasize low- and high-frequency data features respectively and thus highlight the covariate's effect on the GP and error parts of the fit, respectively. The spectral approximation applies to data observed on a regular grid; for data observed at irregular locations, we propose smoothing the data to a grid before applying our methods. The methods are illustrated using the forest-biomass data of Finley et al. (2008).
Lexical Predictability During Natural Reading: Effects of Surprisal and Entropy Reduction
Authors: Lowder Matthew W. , Choi Wonil , Ferreira Fernanda , Henderson John M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWhat are the effects of word‐by‐word predictability on sentence processing times during the natural reading of a text? Although information complexity metrics such as surprisal and entropy reduction have been useful in addressing this question, these metrics tend to be estimated using computational language models, which require some degree of commitment to a particular theory of language processing. Taking a different approach, this study implemented a large‐scale cumulative cloze task to collect word‐by‐word predictability data for 40 passages and compute surprisal and entropy reduction values in a theory‐neutral manner. A separate group of participants read the same texts while their eye movements were recorded. Results showed that increases in surprisal and entropy reduction were both associated with increases in reading times. Furthermore, these effects did not depend on the global difficulty of the text. The findings suggest that surprisal and entropy reduction independently contribute to variation in reading times, as these metrics seem to capture different aspects of lexical predictability.