bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regarding a Risk‐Pooling System of compensation
Authors: Song Fei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this paper, I propose and defend a distinct and novel approach to compensation for risk impositions. I call it the Risk‐Pooling System of compensation. This system suggests that when X performs an action that imposes a risk of harm to Y, then X is liable to Y, and is therefore obliged to make an ex ante compensation that is roughly equivalent to the expected cost of potential harm to a social‐ risk pool. If and when Y suffers harm as a result of the risk imposed by X, they then receive an ex post compensation roughly equivalent to the cost of actual harm suffered. This system of compensation creates a social buffer between the risk imposer – the one who has the duty to pay compensation into the pool – and the victim – the one who has the right to receive compensation from the social pool. I contend that the Risk‐Pooling System is an improvement over its alternatives due to its capacity to produce the best social utilities, particularly, in terms of reducing information costs, obtaining optimal deterrence in the society and creating incentives for people to be engaged in social activities.
From numbers to narratives: Preservice teachers experiences’ with mathematics anxiety and mathematics teaching anxiety
Authors: Olson Amy M. , Stoehr Kathleen Jablon 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper presents qualitative and quantitative approaches to exploring teachers’ experiences of mathematics anxiety (for learning and doing mathematics) and mathematics teaching anxiety (for instructing others in mathematics), the relationship between these types of anxiety and test/evaluation anxiety, and the impacts of anxiety on experiences in teacher education. Findings indicate that mathematics anxiety and mathematics teaching anxiety may be similar (i.e., that preservice teachers perceive a logical continuity and cumulative effect of their experiences of mathematics anxiety as learners in K–12 classrooms that impacts their work as teachers in future K–12 classrooms). Further, anxiety is not limited to occurring in evaluative settings, but when anxiety is triggered by thoughts of evaluation, preservice teachers may be affected by worrying about their own as well as their students' performances. The implications for preservice experiences within a teacher education program and for impacting future students are discussed.
How programs in prisons are challenging the who, where, how, and what of theological education
Authors: Jobe Sarah C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper claims that programs in prisons are challenging the very who, where, how, and what of theological education. The author draws on research from the fields of pedagogy and prison studies, nearly a decade of experience teaching master's level seminary‐style classes in prison,and the findings of a two‐year cohort of prison educators convened by the Association of Theological Schools for their Educational Models and Practices Project. Addressing displacement as a learning strategy, classroom diversity, the use of student experience, narrative grading strategies, and classroom ritual, the author shows how the teaching strategies emerging from prison classrooms provide vibrant models for the theological academy at large.
Forum on Paulo Freire's pedagogy: Leaning educationally into our future
Authors: Myers William R. , Pippin Tina , Carvalhaes Cláudio , De Anda Neomi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis forum revisits Paulo Freire's Pedagogy of the Oppressed on the 50th anniversary of its publication in 1968. William R. Myers's opening essay reflects on his discovery of the book and the impact it has had on his life as a Christian minister and theological educator. He provides a Freirean critique of his own schooling and of church and society today. He pulls out several themes in Freire's work, demonstrating their usefulness for cultural analysis and critique in a variety of educational contexts. Succeeding essays by Tina Pippin, Neomi De Anda, and Cláudio Carvalhaes describe specific Freirean‐style pedagogies they have used in their classrooms.
Femoral tunnel in revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Giron Francesco , Losco Michele , Giannini Luca , Buzzi Roberto 
Published: January 2019

The failure rate after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction performed by expert surgeons is estimated to be in the range of 10-15%, and only 60% of patients undergoing this surgery are able to resume sporting activities comparable to those they engaged in prior to the traumatic incident.Incorrect femoral tunnel placement is one of the main causes of failed ACL reconstruction and this must be remembered when undertaking revision surgery.There are various possible errors that can be committed and, to plan revision surgery correctly, it is fundamental to study the position of the existing femoral tunnel(s) both on classic anteroposterior and lateral plain radiographs and on computed tomography scans with frontal, sagittal, and coronal sections, and also using three-dimensional reconstruction.In-depth anatomical knowledge and familiarity with the various possible surgical techniques are also mandatory for a successful surgical outcome.
Hearing Norton Sound: mixed methods protocol of a community randomised trial to address childhood hearing loss in rural Alaska
Authors: Emmett Susan D , Robler Samantha Kleindienst , Gallo Joseph J , Wang Nae-Yuh , Labrique Alain , Hofstetter Philip 
Published: January 2019

IntroductionChildhood hearing loss has implications for school achievement, economic outcomes and quality of life. This study will engage rural Alaska communities in research to improve the school hearing screening and referral process, partnering with stakeholders to develop a locally derived, evidence-based solution to improve timely identification and treatment of childhood hearing loss.Methods and analysisMixed methods community randomised trial in 15 communities in the Norton Sound region of northwest Alaska. Data collection will span from April 2017 until February 2020. Qualitative and mixed methods components are described in this protocol and the community randomised trial in the companion protocol. Focus groups and community events will be held leading up to the randomised trial to obtain community perspectives on childhood hearing loss in Alaska and elicit community input during trial protocol refinement (exploratory sequential stage). Stakeholder groups, including parents, children, teachers, school administrators and community health aides, will participate, along with community leaders, tribal leaders and community members. The randomised trial will be combined with qualitative, semi-structured interviews to elicit stakeholder perspectives on the intervention (explanatory sequential stage). The five stakeholder groups described above will participate in interviews. The study will conclude with additional focus groups and community events to discuss results and provide community insight for future implementation. Concluding focus groups will include policymakers, healthcare administrators, and tribal and community leaders in addition to the stakeholder groups. Informed consent and child assent will be required. Recordings will be transcribed and deidentified, with only stakeholder group recorded. Analyses will include categorical coding as well as narrative and thematic analysis.Ethics and disseminationThe Hearing Norton Sound study has been approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Alaska Area, Norton Sound, and Duke University, with trial registration on clinicaltrials.gov. Study results will be distributed with equal emphasis on scientific and community dissemination.Trial registration numberNCT03309553; Results.
Incidence, risk factors and economic burden of fall-related injuries in older Chinese people: a systematic review
Authors: Peng Ke , Tian Maoyi , Andersen Melanie , Zhang Jing , Liu Yishu , Wang Qilong , Lindley Richard , Ivers Rebecca 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveChina’s population is ageing and fall-related injury in older Chinese people is a growing public health concern. This review aims to synthesise existing evidence on the incidence, risk factors and economic burden of fall-related injury among older Chinese people to inform health service planning.MethodsA systematic search of literature on falls and injury among older people living in China was performed in six electronic databases including both English and Chinese databases. Results were combined using narrative synthesis due to the heterogeneity of included studies.ResultsA total of 93 studies from Mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong were included in this review. Most of these studies were descriptive; 82 reported the incidence of fall-related injury among older Chinese people, 7 studies examined the risk factors for fall-related injury and 22 studies described the economic burden of fall-related injury. The incidence of fall-related injury reported among older Chinese people ranged from 0.6% to 19.5%. Risk factors significantly associated with fall-related injury among older Chinese included older age, female sex, walking aid use, living environments, chronic disease, medication usage, visual impairment and a fall direction other than forward. The cost of fall-related injury among older Chinese people ranged from US$16 to US$3812 per person per fall.ConclusionFalls-related injuries are a significant public health issue for older Chinese people. Further studies using prospective design to identify risk factors and the economic burden of fall-related injuries are needed.
Face and construct validity of TU-Delft epidural simulator and the value of real-time visualization
Authors: Zivkovic Nenad , van Samkar Ganapathy , Hermanns Henning , Lirk Philipp , Hollmann Markus W , van den Dobbelsteen John J , van Gerwen Dennis J , Stevens Markus F 
Published: January 2019

Background and objectivesLearning epidural anesthesia traditionally involves bedside teaching. Visualization aids or a simulator can help in acquiring motor skills, increasing patient safety and steepening the learning curve. We evaluated the face and construct validity of the TU-Delft Epidural Simulator and the effect of needle visualization.MethodsSixty-eight anesthesiologists, anesthesia residents, and final-year medical students tested the epidural simulator. Participants performed six epidural simulations with and six without needle visualization. We tested face validity on a Likert scale questionnaire. We collected data with the simulator software (spinal taps, dura contacts, bone contacts, attempts, and time) and tested for correlation with the performer’s experience (construct validity). A visualization aid was tested in a randomized crossover design.ResultsFace validity as rated by the participants was above average, with a mean of 3.7 (2.0–4.8) on a 5-point scale. Construct validity was indicated by significantly more spinal taps (0.4 [0–4) vs 0.07 [0–2], p=0.04) and more dura contacts (0.58 [0–6] vs 0.37 [0–3], p=0.002) by the inexperienced group compared with the expert group. The visualization aid improved performance by reducing the number of bone contacts and the number of attempts, and by decreasing the procedure time. Prior visualization training reduced the total procedure time from 279 s (69–574) to 180 s (53–605) (p=0.01) for the “blind” procedure.ConclusionsThe TU-Delft Epidural Simulator is a useful tool for teaching motor skills during epidural needle placement. Prior use of a visualization tool improves performance even without visual support during consequent simulations.
Evolution of psoriatic arthritis study patient population characteristics in the era of biological treatments
Authors: Vandendorpe Ann-Sophie , de Vlam Kurt , Lories Rik 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesPsoriatic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the musculoskeletal system. It can include arthritis, spondylitis, dactylitis and enthesitis, and is strongly associated with the presence of psoriasis. The introduction of biological therapies as a treatment option has brought a significant improvement in disease control for patients with psoriatic arthritis. Here, we aimed to detect emerging differences in demographic and clinical characteristics of the psoriatic arthritis patient study population since the introduction of biologicals. We hypothesised that evolving views on control of disease activity and increased experience in the management of psoriatic arthritis have affected the patient population considered for clinical trials and that this may serve as a proxy for changes in clinical practice.MethodsWe systematically searched for and selected 12 phase II and phase III trials and divided them into three treatment periods based on different time periods and working mechanisms of the particular biologicals. We made a selection of patient and disease parameters for which data were available in all three periods, calculated those data per period and looked for statistically significant differences between the treatment periods.ResultsStatistical analysis showed significant differences in patient characteristics, disease characteristics, disease activity, disease effects and use of prior treatments between the patient populations of the three periods.ConclusionThis study shows a clear evolution of the patient population considered for clinical trials since the introduction of biologicals. Further research is needed to see if those changes can be detected in the daily clinical practice.
Cotreatment with methotrexate in routine care patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving biological treatment yields better outcomes over time
Authors: Boone Niels W. , Sepriano Alexandre , van der Kuy Paul-Hugo , Janknegt Rob , Peeters Ralph , Landewé Robert B. M. 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the effects of methotrexate (MTX) comedication added to biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARD) on disease activity measures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in routine care.MethodsPatients with RA on treatment with either bDMARDs or conventional synthetic DMARDs were included in this prospective cohort study. The effect of (time-varying) combination therapy with bDMARD and MTX compared with bDMARD monotherapy was tested in longitudinal generalised estimating equation models using as outcomes: (1) the likelihood to be in remission according to the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (<2.6) and to the Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3) (0–30; ≤3), a patient-reported outcome measure about RA symptoms; and (2) DAS28-ESR and RAPID3 as continuous variables. All models were adjusted for potential confounders: age, gender, drugs for comorbidities (yes/no), oral steroids (yes/no) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (yes/no).ResultsIn total, 330 patients were included (mean (SD) follow-up; 10.7 (9.7) months). Compared with bDMARD monotherapy, MTX combination therapy was significantly associated with a 55% higher likelihood to be in DAS28 remission, but not RAPID3 remission, over time. Combination therapy resulted in slightly, but statistically significant, lower levels of DAS28-ESR over time (β=−0.42 (95% CI −0.67 to − 0.17)), but not RAPID3 (β=−0.58 (95% CI −0.65 to 0.49)). The effect on DAS28-ESR was entirely explained by lower swollen joint counts and was persistent after correction for confounders.ConclusionThese results give support to the policy that MTX should be continued in routine care patients with RA on biological therapy since this leads to better objective but not subjective clinical outcomes
Visual delay affects force scaling and weight perception during object lifting in virtual reality
Authors: van Polanen Vonne , Tibold Robert , Nuruki Atsuo , Davare Marco 
Published: January 2019

Lifting an object requires precise scaling of fingertip forces based on a prediction of object weight. At object contact, a series of tactile and visual events arise that need to be rapidly processed online to fine-tune the planned motor commands for lifting the object. The brain mechanisms underlying multisensory integration serially at transient sensorimotor events, a general feature of actions requiring hand-object interactions, are not yet understood. In this study we tested the relative weighting between haptic and visual signals when they are integrated online into the motor command. We used a new virtual reality setup to desynchronize visual feedback from haptics, which allowed us to probe the relative contribution of haptics and vision in driving participants’ movements when they grasped virtual objects simulated by two force-feedback robots. We found that visual delay changed the profile of fingertip force generation and led participants to perceive objects as heavier than when lifts were performed without visual delay. We further modeled the effect of vision on motor output by manipulating the extent to which delayed visual events could bias the force profile, which allowed us to determine the specific weighting the brain assigns to haptics and vision. Our results show for the first time how visuo-haptic integration is processed at discrete sensorimotor events for controlling object-lifting dynamics and further highlight the organization of multisensory signals online for controlling action and perception. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Dexterous hand movements require rapid integration of information from different senses, in particular touch and vision, at different key time points as movement unfolds. The relative weighting between vision and haptics for object manipulation is unknown. We used object lifting in virtual reality to desynchronize visual and haptic feedback and find out their relative weightings. Our findings shed light on how rapid multisensory integration is processed over a series of discrete sensorimotor control points.
Changes in motor-evoked potential latency during grasping after tetraplegia
Authors: Jo Hang Jin , Perez Monica A. 
Published: January 2019

The corticospinal pathway contributes to the control of grasping in intact humans. After spinal cord injury (SCI), there is an extensive reorganization in the corticospinal pathway; however, its contribution to the control of grasping after the injury remains poorly understood. We addressed this question by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the hand representation of the motor cortex to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in an intrinsic finger muscle during precision grip and power grip with the TMS coil oriented to induce currents in the brain in the latero-medial (LM) direction to activate corticospinal axons directly and in the posterior-anterior (PA) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions to activate the axon indirectly through synaptic inputs in humans with and without cervical incomplete SCI. We found prolonged MEP latencies in all coil orientations in both tasks in SCI compared with control subjects. The latencies of MEPs elicited by AP relative to LM stimuli were consistently longer during power compared with precision grip in controls and SCI subjects. In contrast, PA relative to LM MEP latencies were similar between tasks across groups. Central conduction time of AP MEPs was prolonged during power compared with precision grip in controls and SCI participants. Our results support evidence indicating that inputs activated by AP and PA currents are engaged to a different extent during fine and gross grasping in humans with and without SCI. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanisms contributing to the control of hand function in humans with spinal cord injury (SCI) remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the latency of corticospinal responses elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation anterior-posterior induced currents, relative to latero-medial currents, was prolonged during power compared with precision grip in humans with and without SCI. Gross grasping might represent a stragegy to engage networks activated by anterior-posterior currents after SCI.
D-type potassium channels normalize action potential firing between dorsal and ventral CA1 neurons of the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Ordemann Gregory J. , Apgar Christopher J. , Brager Darrin H. 
Published: January 2019

Specific memory processes and neurological disorders can be ascribed to different dorsoventral regions of the hippocampus. Recently, differences in the anatomical and physiological properties between dorsal and ventral hippocampal CA1 neurons were described for both the rat and mouse hippocampus and have greatly contributed to our understanding of these processes. While differences in the subthreshold properties were similar between rat and mouse neurons, differences in action potential output between dorsal and ventral neurons were strikingly less divergent in mouse compared with rat CA1 neurons. Here, we investigate the mechanism underlying the lack of difference in action potential firing between dorsal and ventral CA1 pyramidal neurons in mouse hippocampus. Consistent with rat, we found that ventral CA1 neurons had a more depolarized resting membrane potential and higher input resistance than dorsal CA1 neurons in the mouse hippocampus. Despite these differences, action potential output in response to current injection was not significantly different. We found that ventral neurons have a more depolarized action potential threshold compared with dorsal neurons and that threshold in ventral neurons was more sensitive to block of KV1 channels compared with dorsal neurons. Outside-out voltage-clamp recordings found that slowly inactivating K+ currents were larger in ventral CA1 neurons. These results suggest that, despite differences in subthreshold properties between dorsal and ventral CA1 neurons, action potential output is normalized by the differential functional expression of D-type K+ channels. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Understanding differences in neurons within a brain region is integral in the reliable interpretation of comparative studies. Our findings identify a novel mechanism by which D-type potassium channels normalize action potential firing between dorsal and ventral CA1 neurons of mouse hippocampus despite differences in subthreshold intrinsic properties. Action potential threshold in ventral neurons is influenced by a greater functional expression of D-type potassium channels resulting in a depolarized action potential threshold compared with dorsal hippocampus.