bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caffeine Extraction from Raw and Roasted Coffee Beans
Authors: Chiang Donyau , Lin Chih‐Yang , Hu Chen‐Ti , Lee Sanboh 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCoffee is a stimulant, psychoactive, popular daily beverage, and its caffeine affects human physiological health and behavior. These important issues prompted us to study caffeine extraction from both the raw and roasted coffee beans of 3 types at different temperatures. A hemispheric model is developed to simulate the extraction process of the caffeine from the coffee beans of hemisphere is proposed. The experimental data are in good agreement with the predicted model. The effective diffusivities of caffeine in both the raw and roasted beans increase with temperature in all 3 types. An incubation period, decreasing with increasing temperature, is observed in all samples studied. Caffeine extraction in roasted beans is more rapid than that for the raw beans and the time difference is significant at low temperatures. In both the raw and roasted samples, caffeine diffusion in the raw beans and the incubation behavior are thermally activated processes. Single activation energies are obtained for diffusion within the extraction temperature range for all beans tested with the exception of one type of the coffee beans, Mandheling, which exhibits 2 activation energies in raw samples. The surface energies of the epidermis of the raw beans and roasted beans obtained from the contact angle measurements are used to interpret the difference of incubation periods.Practical ApplicationThis study has a potential application to the decaffeinated coffee industry.Caffeine affects human physiological health and behavior so that caffeine extraction from coffee beans of different types at different temperatures is important for product refining and customers.
UHPLC/MS Identifying Potent α‐glucosidase Inhibitors of Grape Pomace via Enzyme Immobilized Method
Authors: Zhu Wenjun , Sun Shi , Yang Fei , Zhou Kequan 
Published: March 2018

Abstractα‐Glucosidases have been a major target in controlling and managing postprandial blood glucose and therefore diabetes treatment. This study aims to further identify and purify active compounds from the most active ethyl acetate fraction collected previously in Tinta Cão grape pomace extract (TCEE) using a newly developed and highly effective immobilization method, including obtaining compounds previously shown to inhibit the enzyme. Purification used crosslinked chitosan beads with α‐glucosidases bound to polymer, which acted as immobilized enzyme vehicle to collect inhibitors. Compounds absorbed into the beads were eluded using methanol, where collected fraction was subjected to UHPLC‐MS analysis to identify active compounds. Results presented 5 major compounds: viniferifuran (amurensin H), p‐coumaroyl‐6‐O‐D‐glucopyranoside, p‐coumaroyl‐6‐O‐hexoside, (epi)catechin‐hexoside, 10‐carboxyl‐pyranopeonidin 3‐O‐(6′′‐O‐p‐coumaroyl)‐glucoside. These findings indicated the particular molecules can be utilized as potent α‐glucosidases inhibitors, and may be further tested for postprandial glucose control.Practical ApplicationA potential approach enriched and identified α‐glucosidase inhibitors of grape pomace. Set‐up of UHPLC/MS detection and identification of active compounds provide qualify assessment in developing grape pomace extract into potent dietary supplement and new drug for diabetes.
Application of Lactobacillus plantarum in Functional Products Based on Fermented Buckwheat
Authors: Matejčeková Zuzana , Soltészová Friderika , Ačai Pavel , Liptáková Denisa , Valík Ľubomír 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this work, 12 plant‐based potential probiotic mashes were produced by fermenting buckwheat with lactic acid cocci of the Fresco DVS 1010 culture and the human‐derived isolate Lactobacillus plantarum HM1. The effect of single and coculture fermentation was studied at 30 and 37 ± 0.5 °C for 8 hr (5% CO2), followed by a storage period of 21 days (6 ± 0.5 °C). Although milk is the typical growth medium for lactic acid bacteria (LAB), presumably viable counts of Fresco reached levels of 108 to 109 CFU/mL (specific growth rates ranging from 1.07 to 1.40 hr−1) with higher counts in coculture fermentation (13%) that differed statistically significantly (P < 0.05). After storage, 194 to 4700 mg/kg lactic acid was found in the mashes, with significantly higher contents after cocultivation (11% to 96%). Based on the overall acceptance of the designed products, milk‐based mashes right after the fermentation were evaluated as the most satisfactory (3.3 to 3.6). Those after the storage period (21 days) exhibited an attractive sensory acceptability (2.2 to 3.2).
Aluminum and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Tea Leaves: An Interplay of Environmental and Plant Factors and an Assessment of Exposure Risks to Consumers
Authors: Peng Chuan‐yi , Zhu Xiao‐hui , Hou Ru‐yan , Ge Gao‐fei , Hua Ri‐mao , Wan Xiao‐chun , Cai Hui‐mei 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEnvironmental and plant factors (soil condition, variety, season, and maturity) and exposure risks of aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) in tea leaves were investigated. The concentrations of these metals in tea leaves could not be predicted by their total concentrations in the soil. During any one season, there were differences in Al, Mn, and Cd levels between tea varieties. Seasonally, autumn tea and/or summer tea had far higher levels of Al, Mn, Pb, and Cd than did spring tea. Tea leaf maturity positively correlated with the concentrations of Al, Mn, Pb, and Cd, but negatively with Cu. The calculated average daily intake doses (mg/ [kg•d]) for these metal elements were 0.14 (Al), 0.11 (Mn), 2.70 × 10−3 (Cu), 2.80 × 10−4 (Pb), and 2.88 × 10−6 (Cd). The hazard quotient values of each metal were all significantly lower than risk level (=1), suggesting that, for the general population, consumption of tea does not result in the intake of excessive amounts of Al, Mn, Pb, Cd, or Cu. This study identified the factors that can be monitored in the field to decrease consumer exposure to Al and Mn through tea consumption.Practical ApplicationEnvironmental and plant factors influence aluminum and heavy metal accumulation in tea leaves. Consumers of tea are not ingesting excessive Al, Mn, Pb, Cd, or Cu. Trackable factors were identified to manage exposure levels.
Drivers of Preference and Perception of Freshness in Roasted Peanuts (Arachis spp.) for European Consumers
Authors: Lykomitros Dimitrios , Fogliano Vincenzo , Capuano Edoardo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRoasted peanuts are a popular snack in Europe, but their drivers of liking and perceived freshness have not been previously studied with European consumers. Consumer research to date has been focused on U.S. consumers, and only on specific peanut cultivars. In this study, 26 unique samples were produced from peanuts of different types, cultivars, origins, and with different process technologies (including baking, frying, and maceration). The peanut samples were subjected to sensory (expert panel, SpectrumTM) and instrumental analysis (color, headspace volatiles, sugar profile, large deformation compression tests, and graded by size) and were hedonically rated by consumers in The Netherlands, Spain, and Turkey (n > 200 each). Preference Mapping (PREFMAP) on mean liking models revealed that the drivers of liking are similar across the three countries. Sweet taste, roasted peanut, dark roast, and sweet aromas and the color b* value were related to increased liking, and raw bean aroma and bitter taste with decreased liking. Further partial least square regression (PLSR) modeling of liking and perceived freshness against instrumental attributes showed that the color coordinates in combination with sucrose content and a select few headspace volatiles were strong predictors of both preference and perceived freshness. Finally, additional PLSR models focusing on the headspace volatiles only showed that liking and ‘‘fresh’’ attributes were correlated with the presence of several pyrroles in the volatile fraction, and inversely related to ‘‘stale’’ and to hexanal and 2‐heptanone.Practical ApplicationThis study provides insight into which flavor, taste, and appearance attributes drive liking and disliking of roasted peanuts for European consumers. The drivers are linked back to analytical attributes that can be measured instrumentally, thereby reducing the reliance on costly sensory panels. Particular emphasis is placed on color as a predictor of preference, because of the low cost of the measuring equipment, it is available to even smaller producers. In addition to preference, the study also examines whether product attributes that drive perceived freshness exist. The results can be used to design products with high acceptability across several countries within Europe.
Evaluation of Models for Temperature‐Dependent Viscosity Changes in Dairy Protein Beverage Formulations During Thermal Processing
Authors: Kelleher Clodagh M. , O'Mahony James A , Kelly Alan L. , O'Callaghan Donal J. , McCarthy Noel A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRheological modeling as a function of temperature is a useful tool for describing products undergoing thermal processing. The rheological behavior of a range of dairy‐based (4%, w/w) protein beverages was investigated for applicability to semi‐empirical temperature‐dependent viscosity equations. The viscosity at 16.8 rad/s of the beverages was measured during heating, holding, and cooling over a temperature range of 25 to 90 oC using a rheometer with starch pasting cell geometry. Five established fitting methods were applied based on the Arrhenius and Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) equations using nonlinear regression analysis. A two‐parameter WLF (WLF2) model, using viscosity at a reference temperature of 25 oC resulted in high R2 values (0.974 to 0.988) and a statistically superior fit compared to the Arrhenius, Generalized Arrhenius, and exponential equations (P < 0.001). Deviation from the WLF2 modeled equation was used to describe and investigate the effect formulation had on the changes in viscosity during thermal heating. This study successfully applied the WLF equation to a liquid protein system, proving that a consistent and close fit can be achieved across a range of formulations. A rapid, quantitative method for viscosity–temperature profile evaluation is presented, which can ease product development and optimization of product processing stability.Practical ApplicationThis study validated the use of the Williams–Landel–Ferry equation to describe the behavior of dairy beverages during thermal processing, providing a better fit to rheological data than the widely used Arrhenius‐based equations. In conjunction with the WLF equation, a method was presented which reduced the complex rheological data to a single value, which can aid in the comparison of formulations for product development and optimization in both research and industry.
Effect of Different Heat Treatments on In Vitro Digestion of Egg White Proteins and Identification of Bioactive Peptides in Digested Products
Authors: Wang Xuefen , Qiu Ning , Liu Yaping 
Published: March 2018

AbstractChicken eggs are ingested by people after a series of processes, but to date, only a few studies have explored the nutrient variations caused by different heat treatments. In this work, the impacts of different heat treatments (4, 56, 65, and 100 °C on the in vitro digestibility of egg white proteins were investigated by hydrolysis with pepsin or pepsin + pancreatin to simulate human gastrointestinal digestion, and the digested products were identified using Nano‐LC‐ESI‐MS/MS. Egg white proteins treated at 65 °C had the highest in vitro pepsin digestibility value whereas the pepsin + pancreatin digestibility increased significantly (P < 0.05) as the cooking temperature was raised. The molecular weight distribution of the digested products indicated that, when compared to pepsin‐treated samples, pepsin + pancreatin‐treated samples contained more low‐molecular‐weight peptides (m/z < 849.2) with higher signal intensities. The number of unique peptides identified in every digestion product showed a positive correlation with their in vitro digestibility. Additionally, bioactive peptides such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and antihypertensive peptides were found present in egg white digested products, especially in samples treated at 4 and 100 °C.Practical ApplicationThese findings may facilitate a better understanding of nutritive values of egg white proteins and their digested products under different cooking temperatures, such as antibacterial and antioxidant peptides identified in the digestion samples treated, respectively at 4 and 100 °C. This study also provided information for improving the applications of eggs in the food industry as well as a theoretical basis for egg consumption.
Prevalence of Virulence Genes in Extended‐Spectrum β‐lactamases (ESBLs)‐Producing Salmonella in Retail Raw Chicken in China
Authors: Qiao Jing , Alali Walid Q. , Liu Jiangshan , Wang Yaping , Chen Sheng , Cui Shenghui , Yang Baowei 
Published: March 2018

AbstractExtended‐spectrum β‐lactamases (ESBLs)‐producing Salmonella is a tremendous hazard to food safety and public health. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of 30 virulence genes (avrA, sipA, sseC, marT, rhuM, siiE, pipA, pipD, envR, gogB, gtgA, sodC1, sseI, irsA, sopE2, spvC, rck, spvR, fhuA, msgA, pagK, srfj, stkc, fimA, lpfD, pefA, stcC, steB, stjB, and tcfA) in 156 ESBLs‐producing Salmonella isolates that belonged to 21 serotypes. These isolates were recovered from retail raw chicken samples collected from 5 provinces and 2 national cities in China between 2007 and 2012. The results indicated that 154 (98.7%) ESBLs‐producing Salmonella isolates carried at least 1 virulence gene, 138 (88.5%) simultaneously carried at least 5 virulence genes, 107 (68.6%) carried 10 or more, and 20 (12.8%) carried 15 or more virulence genes. The most frequently detected virulence genes were marT (n = 127, 81.4%), siiE (n = 126, 80.8%), msgA (n = 121, 77.6%), and sipA (n = 121, 77.6%). Significant difference was identified between detection percentages of virulence genes of rhuM, pipD, envR, sopE2, pagK, lpfD, steB, and stjB in S. Indiana, S. Thompson, S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Shubra, S. Edinburg, and S. Agona isolates. Distribution of virulence genes were significantly influenced by sampling districts (P < 0.01), especially for sodC1 and pipD, and then were msgA and sopE2. The heatmap showed the frequencies of virulence genes in ESBLs‐producing isolates from retail chickens in southern, central, and northern regions of China were completely different from each other. Based on our findings, ESBLs‐producing Salmonella of retail chicken origin were common carriers of multiple virulence genes and were regionally distributed.
Exopolysaccharides from a Codonopsis pilosula endophyte activate macrophages and inhibit cancer cell proliferation and migration
Authors: Chen Min , Li Yuanyuan , Liu Zhu , Qu Yajun , Zhang Huajie , Li Dengwen , Zhou Jun , Xie Songbo , Liu Min 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundExopolysaccharides with structural diversity have shown wide applications in biomaterial, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Herein, we isolated an endophytic strain, 14‐DS‐1, from the traditional medicinal plant Codonopsis pilosula to elucidate the characteristics and anti‐cancer activities of purified exopolysaccharides.MethodsHPLC and GC‐MS were conducted to purify and characterize the exopolysaccharides isolated from 14‐DS‐1. Quantitative RT‐PCR, cell migration assays, immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry analysis were conducted to investighate the biological activity of DSPS.ResultsWe demonstrated that exopolysaccharides isolated from 14‐DS‐1 (DSPS), which were predominately composed of six monosaccharides, showed anti‐cancer activities. Biological activity analysis revealed that exposure to DSPS induced macrophage activation and polarization by promoting the production of TNF‐α and nitric oxide. Further analysis revealed that DSPS treatment promoted macrophage infiltration, whereas cancer cell migration was suppressed. In addition, DSPS exposure led to S‐phase arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that treatment with DSPS resulted in defects in spindle orientation and positioning.ConclusionThese findings thus suggest that DSPS may have promising potential in cancer therapy.
Vasopressin and nitroglycerin decrease portal and hepatic venous pressure and hepato‐splanchnic blood flow
Authors: Wisén E. , Svennerholm K. , Bown L. S. , Houltz E. , Rizell M. , Lundin S. , Ricksten S.‐E. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundVarious methods are used to reduce venous blood pressure in the hepato‐splanchnic circulation, and hence minimise blood loss during liver surgery. Previous studies show that combination of vasopressin and nitroglycerin reduces portal pressure and flow in patients with portal hypertension, and in this study we investigated this combination in patients with normal portal pressure.MethodIn all, 13 patients were studied. Measurements were made twice to confirm baseline (C1 and BL), during vasopressin infusion 4.8 U/h (V), and during vasopressin infusion combined with nitroglycerin infusion (V + N). Portal venous pressure (PVP), hepatic venous pressure (HVP), central haemodynamics and arterial and venous blood gases were obtained at each measuring point, and portal (splanchnic) and hepato‐splanchnic blood flow changes were calculated.ResultsVasopressin alone did not affect PVP, whereas HVP increased slightly. In combination with nitroglycerin, PVP decreased from 10.1 ± 1.6 to 8.9 ± 1.3 mmHg (P < 0.0001), and HVP decreased from 7.9 ± 1.9 to 6.2 ± 1.3 mmHg (P = 0.001). Vasopressin reduced portal blood flow by 47 ± 19% and hepatic venous flow by 11 ± 18%, respectively. Addition of nitroglycerin further reduced portal‐ and hepatic flow by 55 ± 13% and 30 ± 13%, respectively. Vasopressin alone had minor effects on central haemodynamics, whereas addition of nitroglycerin reduced cardiac index (3.2 ± 0.7 to 2.7 ± 0.5; P < 0.0001). The arterial‐portal vein lactate gradient was unaffected.ConclusionThe combination of vasopressin and nitroglycerin decreases portal pressure and hepato‐splanchnic blood flow, and could be a potential treatment to reduce bleeding in liver resection surgery.
Comparison of guidelines for the treatment of unipolar depression: a focus on pharmacotherapy and neurostimulation
Authors: Bayes A. J. , Parker G. B. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveTo determine the level of agreement across a set of evidence‐based guidelines for management of the unipolar depressive disorders and with a focus on physical treatments.MethodA literature search was undertaken using the terms ‘depression’, ‘depressive’ and ‘guidelines’, using PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the National Guideline Clearinghouse. Twelve national psychiatric or professional guideline‐producing organizations were identified from the period 2007–2017, with guidelines qualitatively reviewed by two assessors.ResultsFor major depressive disorder (MDD), there was general consensus to use an antidepressant (AD) in cases of greater severity, although disagreement on AD use in mild to moderate depression. There was some agreement on choice of AD class in first‐line treatment recommendations, though great variability in second‐ and third‐line management particularly in recommended augmentation and combined AD strategies. Electroconvulsive therapy was considered in all but one guideline, with other neurostimulation treatments being less consistently covered and with variable recommendations. Finally, there was low consistency in the management of dysthymia, persistent depressive disorder and treatment resistant depression.ConclusionOur review identifies varying levels of consistency in guideline recommendations. Strategies to improve reliability in guideline formulation should also improve their validity.
How single events can influence decision‐making in foraging Vespula germanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) social wasps
Authors: Moreyra Sabrina , Lozada Mariana 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSocial insects are known for their behavioural plasticity and learning abilities. In the present work, we evaluated whether a single past experience could influence Vespula germanica (F.) foraging behaviour by analysing wasp response in two changing situations: when food was displaced at different distances from a previously learned location and when the amount of resource was significantly decreased. In the former case, wasps were allowed to collect meat once from a dish which was later displaced 300, 600 or 900 mm from the previous location. Thus, on the second visit, wasps encountered an empty dish in place of the previously baited one. We recorded the time taken to find the displaced food, the number of hovers over the previously learned location and the direction of first approach of returning foragers. Wasps spent less time searching at the previously learnt site when the dish with food was displaced 300 mm rather than 600 or 900 mm from the learned location. In the second experiment, when two dishes with food were simultaneously offered, one containing 20 g and another 80 g, wasps preferred the 80 g dish. On their second visit, we switched the position of the dishes and recorded which dish wasps collected food from. We found that most wasps collected food from the previously learned location and not from the dish with the more abundant resource. This study illustrates the remarkable influence of a single collecting experience on V. germanica subsequent foraging behaviour.
Placental immune state shifts with gestational age
Authors: Lewis Emma L. , Sierra Luz‐Jeannette , Barila Guillermo O. , Brown Amy G. , Porrett Paige M. , Elovitz Michal A. 
Published: March 2018

ProblemPlacental immunologic functions are implicated in both the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy and the pathogenesis of obstetric complications. Immune populations at the maternal‐fetal interface are hypothesized to support fetomaternal tolerance, defend the fetus from infection, and contribute to labor initiation. Despite the many potential roles of placental immune cells in normal and abnormal pregnancy, little is known about placental immune population dynamics over gestation, particularly near parturition.Method of studyA daily placental immune cell census was established in a murine model by flow cytometry from mid to late gestation and compared to the maternal systemic immune census. Shifts in the placental immune state were further characterized through cytokine ELISAs.ResultsThe placental immune census is distinct from the maternal systemic immune census, although the cells are primarily maternal in origin. Near term parturition, the placenta contains fewer CD11c‐positive myeloid cells and regulatory T cells, and there is a concurrent decrease in placental IL‐9 and IL‐35.ConclusionThe immune profile of the placenta demonstrates a decrease in both regulatory immune cell types and cytokines late in gestation. Establishing the placental immune population dynamics over a healthy pregnancy will allow future investigation of placental immune cells during abnormal pregnancy.