bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of psychosocial factors in veteran adjustment to civilian life
Authors: Bowes Margaret A. , Ferreira Nuno , Henderson Mike 
Published: March 2018

AimAlthough most veterans have a successful transition to civilian life when they leave the military, some struggle to cope and adjust to the demands and challenges of civilian life. This study explores how a variety of psychosocial factors influence veteran adjustment to civilian life in Scotland, UK, and which of these factors predict a poor adjustment.MethodsOne hundred and fifty‐four veterans across Scotland completed a set of questionnaires that measured veteran adjustment difficulty, quality of life, mental health, stigma, self‐stigma, attitude towards help‐seeking, likelihood of help‐seeking, experiential avoidance, reappraisal and suppression.ResultsVeteran adjustment difficulty and quality of life were significantly correlated to a number of psychosocial factors. Mental health, experiential avoidance and cognitive reappraisal were found to be predictors of veteran adjustment difficulty, and experiential avoidance and cognitive reappraisal partially mediated the relationship between mental health and veteran adjustment, with experiential avoidance being the stronger mediator.DiscussionOur findings suggest that early assessment of experiential avoidance and cognitive reappraisal and the provision of relevant emotion regulation skills training could potentially reduce the veteran's need for more complex (and costly) psychological interventions in the future. Implications for veterans, as well as the services and professionals involved with veteran transition and health care are discussed.
Psychosis and sexual abuse: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Rhodes J.E. , O'Neill N.D. , Nel P.W. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the first‐person perspective of psychosis sufferers who survived childhood sexual abuse.MethodsInterpretative phenomenological analysis was employed to explore the experiences of 7 women with a history of sexual abuse and psychosis.ResultsAnalysis generated six themes: (a) degradation of self, interlinking shame, guilt, and sometimes disgust; (b) body‐self entrapment, experiencing bodily constraint and distortion; (c) a sense of being different to others, involving interpersonal problems; (d) unending struggle and depression, a pervasive sense of defeat; (e) psychotic condemnations and abuse, describing psychotic phenomena related to harm and sexual abuse; and (f) perception of links to the past, the links made from past abuse to current functioning.ConclusionParticipants suffered extreme psychological, physical, and interpersonal difficulties past and present. Psychotic experiences reported exhibited themes of condemnation by external entities and reflected the topic of sexual abuse. Participants did not generally link psychosis to their past abusive experiences.
Alloy‐Controlled Work Function for Enhanced Charge Extraction in All‐Inorganic CsPbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ding Jie , Zhao Yuanyuan , Duan Jialong , He Benlin , Tang Qunwei 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAll‐inorganic CsPbX3 (X=I, Br) perovskite solar cells are regarded as cost‐effective and stable alternatives for next‐generation photovoltaics. However, sluggish charge extraction at CsPbX3/charge‐transporting material interfaces, which arises from large interfacial energy differences, have markedly limited the further enhancement of solar cell performance. In this work, the work function (WF) of the back electrode is tuned by doping alloyed PtNi nanowires in carbon ink to promote hole extraction from CsPbBr3 halides, while an intermediate energy by setting carbon quantum dots (CQDs) at TiO2/CsPbBr3 interface bridges electron transportation. The preliminary results demonstrate that the matching WFs and intermediate energy level markedly reduce charge recombination. A power conversion efficiency of 7.17 % is achieved for the WF‐tuned all‐inorganic perovskite solar cell, in comparison with 6.10 % for the pristine device, and this is further increased to 7.86 % by simultaneously modifying with CQDs. The high efficiency and improved stability make WF‐controlled all‐inorganic perovskite solar cells promising to develop advanced photovoltaic platforms.
MoS2 Quantum Dots@TiO2 Nanotube Arrays: An Extended‐Spectrum‐Driven Photocatalyst for Solar Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wang Qun , Huang Jianying , Sun Hongtao , Ng Yun Hau , Zhang Ke‐Qin , Lai Yuekun 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTiO2 nanotube arrays (TiO2 NTAs) decorated with molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS2 QDs) were synthesized by a facile electrodeposition method and used as a composite photocatalyst. MoS2 QDs/TiO2 NTAs showed enhanced photocatalytic activity compared with pristine TiO2 NTAs for solar light‐promoted H2 evolution without adding any sacrificial agents or cocatalysts. The photocatalytic activity was influenced by the amount of MoS2 QDs coated on TiO2 NTAs. The optimal composition showed excellent photocatalytic activity, achieving H2 evolution rates of 31.36, 5.29, and 1.67 μmol cm−2 h−1 corresponding to ultraviolet (UV, λ<420 nm), visible (Vis, λ≥420 nm), and near‐infrared (NIR, λ>760) illumination, respectively. The improved photocatalytic activity was attributed to the decreased bandgap and the surface plasmonic properties of MoS2 QDs/TiO2 NTAs, which promoted electron–hole pair separation and the absorption capacity for Vis and NIR light. This study presents a facile approach for fabricating MoS2 QDs/TiO2 NTA heterostructures for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution, which will facilitate the development of designing new photocatalysts for environment and energy applications.
Porous Cobalt Oxynitride Nanosheets for Efficient Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation
Authors: Liu Wei , Hou Yang , Lin Zhan , Yang Shikuan , Yu Chunlin , Lei Chaojun , Wu Xiaolin , He Denghong , Jia Qing , Zheng Guokui , Zhang Xingwang , Lei Lecheng 
Published: March 2018

AbstractExploring efficient and cheap oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is of great significance for electrochemical water splitting. Herein, we successfully prepared an efficient ternary electrocatalyst of porous cobalt oxynitride (Co3OxNy) nanosheets by a simple nitridation strategy. Specifically, CoON PNS‐400 (cobalt oxynitride with porous nanosheet structure obtained at 400 oC) offered a low OER overpotential of 0.23 V to achieve the catalytic current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 48 mV dec−1 in alkali media, outperforming most of the first‐row transition‐metal‐based OER electrocatalysts. The calculated density of states (DOS) analysis and electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements revealed that the introduction of foreign N atoms into pristine Co3O4 nanosheets can optimize the electronic structure and create more oxygen vacancies, thus leading to enhanced electrical conductivity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the foreign N atoms can also improve the energetics for OER by modulating the free energy for adsorbed intermediates (OOH*, OH*, O*), further improving the OER electrocatalytic activity of CoON PNS‐400. This work provides a possibility for rationally designing ternary transition‐metal compounds as advanced OER electrocatalysts.
Highly Efficient Hydrogenation of Levulinic Acid into γ‐Valerolactone using an Iron Pincer Complex
Authors: Yi Yuxuan , Liu Huiying , Xiao Ling‐Ping , Wang Bo , Song Guoyong 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe search for nonprecious‐metal‐based catalysts for the synthesis of γ‐valerolactone (GVL) through hydrogenation of levulinic acid and its derivatives in an efficient fashion is of great interest and importance, as GVL is an important a sustainable liquid. We herein report a pincer iron complex that can efficiently catalyze the hydrogenation of levulinic acid and methyl levulinate into GVL, achieving a turnover number of up to 23 000 and a turnover frequency of 1917 h−1. This iron‐based catalyst also enabled the formation of GVL from various biomass‐derived carbohydrates in aqueous solution, thus paving a new way toward a renewable chemical industry.
Rapid on‐site evaluation using telecytology: A major cancer center experience
Authors: Lin Oscar , Rudomina Dorota , Feratovic Rusmir , Sirintrapun S. Joseph 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundRapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) with cytology preparations plays a critical role in minimally invasive procedures. The time spent by a pathologist performing ROSE is unpredictable and could be used for more cost‐effective activities. The solution encountered by several institutions to address this issue is the use of telecytology (TC). This study analyzes the experience of using telecytology for ROSE in a major cancer center over a period of over 2 years.MethodsA retrospective analysis of all remote TC evaluations for adequacy on fine needle aspiration (FNA) and touch preparations (TP) of core biopsies (CB) performed at a major cancer center was performed. The preliminary adequacy assessment was then compared to the adequacy assessment at final diagnosis.ResultsA total of 12 949 adequacy assessments were analyzed. The most common sites biopsied in our institution were lymph node, lung, and liver. There were 7725 adequacy assessments for CB (59.7%), while adequacy assessment for FNA specimens represented 40.3% (n = 5224) of the total number of specimens evaluated by ROSE. Perfect concordance between initial adequacy assessment and the adequacy assessment at final cytologic diagnosis was 93% (12 049/12 949). The final diagnosis adequacy upgrade rate was 6.7% (n = 863), and the adequacy downgrade (a specimen considered adequate on‐site that was determined to be nondiagnostic on final examination) was 0.3% (n = 37).ConclusionsTC can be easily implemented with the current technologies available. It is cost‐effective and allows for better patient care with a more efficient use of the pathologist's time and laboratory resources.
Paraganglioma: Cytomorphologic features, radiologic and clinical findings in 12 cases
Authors: Fite J. Judd , Maleki Zahra 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundThe cytologic diagnosis of paraganglioma can be challenging because of its rarity, wide anatomic distribution, and variable cytomorphological features.DesignThe Johns Hopkins Hospital pathology archives were searched for fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens confirmed as paraganglioma on histology (2003‐2015).ResultsTwelve specimens from 10 patients (6 males and 4 females) with an age range of 16‐81 years (mean = 47) were included. Anatomic location included neck (n = 4), paraspinal (n = 2), retroperitoneum (n = 2), and peripancreatic (n = 2). Cellularity of cytological specimens ranged from scant to hypercellular. The cells were arranged in clusters (n = 7), single cells (n = 6), acini (n = 3), and syncytium (n = 1). Plasmacytoid (n = 5) and spindled cells (n = 6) were often present. Nuclear details included anisonucleosis (n = 8), marked pleomorphism (n = 8), scattered binucleation and/or multinucleation, nuclear knobbing (n = 2), speckled (n = 3), coarse (n = 2), hyperchromatic chromatin (n = 3), nuclear grooves (n = 6), intranuclear pseudoinclusions (n = 2), prominent nucleoli (n = 1), naked nuclei (n = 7), and rare nuclear streaking artifact (n = 2). Cytoplasm was delicate, abundant, and granular (n = 9). Necrosis (n = 1) was rare. Synaptophysin, chromogranin, CD56, and S100 (only in sustentacular cells) were positive in tested cases. Three cases showed loss of Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit B (SDHB). Two patients developed metachronous lesions at different sites. Three patients developed recurrence at the surgical site. Metastatic paraganglioma to the lymph nodes (n = 2), bone (n = 1), and lung (n = 1) also occurred.ConclusionAn accurate diagnosis of paraganglioma on FNA specimens is crucial for proper treatment. SDH status should be considered for all patients with paraganglioma as it may be important for patients' lifelong follow‐up as well as for familial considerations.Paraganglioma is a rare entity with wide age and anatomic distribution and variable cytomorphological features that often overlap with those of malignant neoplasms. Possible aggressive behavior such as recurrence and metastasis to lymph nodes, bone, and lung as well as Succinate Dehydrogenase complex mutations warrant an accurate diagnosis on aspirated material for appropriate clinical management.
Rapid plasticity attenuation soon after birth revealed by habituation in newborn chicks
Authors: Chiandetti Cinzia , Dissegna Andrea , Turatto Massimo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHabituation reflects a form of experience‐dependent plasticity whereby the organism progressively learns to ignore the irrelevant information repeatedly encountered. Here, we measured the freezing response to a repeated loud noise in three groups of newborn chicks (Gallus gallus) of different ages (1–2 Day old, 2–3 Day old, and 3–4 Day old) to investigate the ontogeny of habituation in this avian species. Habituation was already present 1 Day after hatching, revealing that the neural mechanisms underlying this form of plasticity are immediately active. Unexpectedly, however, we also found that in the second Day of stimulation the amount of learning was significantly attenuated in chicks of 3–4 days of age as compared to the younger animals, thus showing that 24–48 hr of maturation were sufficient to reduce plasticity. While previous findings in other animal species have proved the existence of a precocious critical period of plasticity in early cortical areas by means of sensory deprivation, our results demonstrate that during the initial development of an intact avian brain also the degree of plasticity underlying a learning process like habituation is maximal soon after birth, and then is subject to a rapid attenuation.
Differential effects of transient and sustained activation of BDNF‐TrkB signaling
Authors: Guo Wei , Nagappan Guhan , Lu Bai 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serves a pleiotropic role in the central nervous system, ranging from promoting neuronal survival and differentiation during development and synaptic modulation in the adult. An important, yet unanswered question is how BDNF could serve such diverse functions, sometimes in the same cell. At least two modes of BDNF actions have been elucidated so far based on BDNF signaling kinetics and/or the activity status of the responding neurons. Acute and gradual increases in extracellular BDNF concentrations elicit, respectively, transient and sustained activation of TrkB receptor and its downstream signaling, leading to differential molecular and cellular functions. In cultured neurons, sustained TrkB activation promotes neuronal dendritic arborization and spinogenesis, whereas transient TrkB activation facilitates dendritic growth and spine morphogenesis. In hippocampal slices, slow delivery of BDNF facilitates LTP, whereas fast application of BDNF enhances basal synaptic transmission in schaffer collateral synapses. High‐frequency stimulation of neurons converts BDNF‐induced TrkB signaling from a transient to a sustained mode. These initial insights lay the foundation for future investigation of the BDNF‐TrkB pathway, and analogous signaling pathways to gain a comprehensive understanding to enable translational research. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 647–659, 2018
Detection and pharmacokinetics of grapiprant following oral administration to exercised Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Knych Heather K. , Seminoff Kelsey , McKemie Dan S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTraditional therapeutic options for the treatment of lameness associated with inflammation in performance horses include administration of cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibiting non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID). As long‐term use of these drugs can adversely impact the health of the horse, anti‐inflammatories with a more favorable safety profile are warranted. Grapiprant is a newly approved non‐cyclooxygenase inhibiting NSAID that has demonstrated efficacy and safety in other species and which may be a valuable alternative to traditional NSAIDs used in the horse. The objectives of the current study were to describe drug concentrations and the pharmacokinetics of grapiprant in exercised Thoroughbred horses and to develop an analytical method that could be used to regulate its use in performance horses. To that end, grapiprant, at a dose of 2 mg/kg was administered orally to 12 exercised Thoroughbred horses. Blood and urine samples were collected prior to and for up to 96 hours post drug administration. Drug concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Grapiprant remained above the LOQ of the assay (0.005 ng/mL) in serum for 72 hours post administration and urine concentrations were above the LOQ until 96 hours. The Cmax, Tmax and elimination half‐life were 31.9 ± 13.9 ng/mL, 1.5 ± 0.5 hours and 5.86 ± 2.46 hours, respectively. The drug was well tolerated in all horses at a dose of 2 mg/kg. Results support further study of this compound in horses. Furthermore, development of a highly sensitive analytical method demonstrate that this compound can be adequately regulated in performance horses.
Drug abuse screening with exhaled breath and oral fluid in adults with substance use disorder
Authors: Arvidsson Michel , Ullah Shahid , Franck Johan , Dahl Marja‐Liisa , Beck Olof 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn the treatment of substance use disorder, regular laboratory‐based testing has the dual purpose of monitoring compliance with the prescribed medication and abstention from medically non‐motivated substances (ie, drug abuse screening). The principal specimen for testing is urine, but collection of urine has some disadvantages, for example being more time‐consuming and more intrusive compared to other matrices. There is also the risk of adulteration. This project compared exhaled breath and oral fluid as alternative matrices for drug abuse screening in patients with substance use disorder. All 51 subjects included in the study were enrolled at the Drug Addiction Emergency Unit in Stockholm. Exhaled breath, oral fluid, and urine samples were collected together with a self‐report. Of all 117 self‐reported drug intakes during the previous week, 72% were confirmed in urine, 73% in oral fluid and 39% in exhaled breath. In 31% of the subjects, additional substances other than those self‐reported were detected analytically. For substance abuse screening, urine had the highest detection rate for buprenorphine, cannabis, and benzodiazepines, while oral fluid had the highest detection rate for amphetamines and methadone. Exhaled breath showed the highest detection rate of all matrices for cocaine. To identify significant differences in detection rates between the matrices future studies with larger sampling sizes are needed. Both oral fluid and exhaled breath are viable alternative specimens to urine, depending on the circumstances and purpose of the testing.
The costs and benefits of pollinator dependence: empirically based simulations predict raspberry fruit quality
Authors: Sáez Agustín , Morales Juan M. , Morales Carolina L. , Harder Lawrence D. , Aizen Marcelo A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGlobally, agriculture increasingly depends on pollinators to produce many seed and fruit crops. However, what constitutes optimal pollination service for pollinator‐dependent crops remains unanswered. We developed a simulation model to identify the optimal pollination service that maximizes fruit quality in crops. The model depicts the pollination (i.e., autonomous self‐fertilization, pollen deposition) and post‐pollination (i.e., pollen germination, and time from germination to ovule fertilization) processes leading to fruit and seed set and allows for negative flower–pollinator interactions, specifically pistil damage. We parameterized and validated the model based on empirical observations of commercial raspberry in western Argentina. To assess the effects of pollination intensity for fruit production, we conducted simulations over a range of visit number per flower by the two primary managed pollinators worldwide, Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris. Simulations identified that ~15–35 visits per flower by A. mellifera or ~10–20 visits by B. terrestris provide adequate pollination and maximize raspberry fruit quality (i.e., estimated as the proportion of ovules that develop into drupelets). Visits in excess of these optima reduce simulated fruit quality, and flowers receiving >670 honey bee visits or >470 bumble bee visits would produce fruits of poorer quality than those receiving no bee visits. The simulations generated consistent, unbiased predictions of fruit quality for 12 raspberry fields. This model could be adapted easily to other animal‐pollinated crops and used to guide efficient pollinator management in any agro‐ecosystem.
Within trophic level shifts in collagen–carbonate stable carbon isotope spacing are propagated by diet and digestive physiology in large mammal herbivores
Authors: Codron Daryl , Clauss Marcus , Codron Jacqueline , Tütken Thomas 
Published: March 2018

AbstractStable carbon isotope analyses of vertebrate hard tissues such as bones, teeth, and tusks provide information about animal diets in ecological, archeological, and paleontological contexts. There is debate about how carbon isotope compositions of collagen and apatite carbonate differ in terms of their relationship to diet, and to each other. We evaluated relationships between δ13Ccollagen and δ13Ccarbonate among free‐ranging southern African mammals to test predictions about the influences of dietary and physiological differences between species. Whereas the slopes of δ13Ccollagen–δ13Ccarbonate relationships among carnivores are ≤1, herbivore δ13Ccollagen increases with increasing dietary δ13C at a slower rate than does δ13Ccarbonate, resulting in regression slopes >1. This outcome is consistent with predictions that herbivore δ13Ccollagen is biased against low protein diet components (13C‐enriched C4 grasses in these environments), and δ13Ccarbonate is 13C‐enriched due to release of 13C‐depleted methane as a by‐product of microbial fermentation in the digestive tract. As methane emission is constrained by plant secondary metabolites in browse, the latter effect becomes more pronounced with higher levels of C4 grass in the diet. Increases in δ13Ccarbonate are also larger in ruminants than nonruminants. Accordingly, we show that Δ13Ccollagen‐carbonate spacing is not constant within herbivores, but increases by up to 5 ‰ across species with different diets and physiologies. Such large variation, often assumed to be negligible within trophic levels, clearly cannot be ignored in carbon isotope‐based diet reconstructions.