bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intelligence Integration and Reform: 2009–2014
Authors: Kojm Christopher 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Christopher Kojm inherited the continuing challenge of implementing intelligence reform. This time the tension lay between the two mandates given to the new director of national intelligence: to provide strategic intelligence analysis and to coordinate the activities of the far-flung intelligence community. The first mandate was clearly within the NIC’s purview; the second had been at best a collateral duty. To meet this second mandate, the DNI created national intelligence managers, whose charge seemed to erode the NIC’s mandate, causing several national intelligence officers to resign. More positively, unlike some of his predecessors, Kojm dealt with an Obama administration that welcomed dissenting opinions, as evidenced by the reception to the 2013 NIE on Afghanistan that informed a contentions policy debate over whether to draw down our military commitment or to “surge” to a higher level. Kojm’s tenure also saw production of Global Trends 2030.
Becoming a Working Mother
Authors: Ladge Jamie , Greenberg Danna 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 covers the transition to the postnatal period. We focus first on the experience of maternity leave and some of the factors that help and hinder new mothers in the process of becoming confident about being good mothers. We consider the varied ways women go about managing their maternity leave both in terms of work and at home and the questions to ask oneself about how to best manage this time given one’s own work and family circumstances. We then turn our attention to the initial return-to-work period. We explore how women can work with their managers, their partners, and caregivers to establish new routines at work and at home that support their new lives as working mothers.
Information about Health Care Systems
Authors: Rajczi Alex 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
One cannot discuss the ethics of health policy without understanding how health systems work, so this chapter provides background on the American health system before and after the Affordable Care Act. It also describes two universal health insurance systems the U.S. could adopt. In Canada’s single-payer system, the government serves as the basic insurer for the entire population. In the regulated-market systems of Switzerland and the Netherlands, citizens must purchase health insurance through private companies, and the government’s main jobs are providing subsidies to less wealthy individuals and ensuring that insurance companies deal fairly with citizens. The chapter concludes by examining the core ideas behind consumer-driven health care, a set of specific policies that conservatives often add to their health care proposals.
Dating the Deaths
Authors: Eastman David L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
There was no single tradition about the deaths of Peter and Paul. Instead, there existed a cluster of traditions with some overlap on basic points, but much variety on other details. This chapter explores the options presented in attempting to date the deaths. The first part of the chapter treats the question of the date(s) of the deaths of Peter and Paul. It argues that the liturgical date of June 29 appears to control the narratives of many accounts and thus represents a functional and literary date more than an historical one. The second part of the chapter examines reckonings of the year(s) of the martyrdoms. Some authors describe the events at an undetermined time during Nero’s reign, while others provide a specific year—and the years provided vary by more than a decade.
Psychosocial stress and telomere regulation
Authors: Shalev Idan , Hastings Waylon J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Telomeres, the repetitive nucleoprotein regions at chromosome ends, are hallmarks of biological aging. Deficiencies in the network of proteins and nucleic acids which govern telomere regulation result in their gradual erosion over time, and shorter telomere length is associated with chronic disease as well as all-cause mortality. Telomeres are also indicative of cumulative stress experienced across the lifespan. This chapter summarizes empirical evidence for the impact of lifelong psychosocial stress, lifestyle behaviors, and chronic diseases on telomere biology. This biological embedding of experiences involves complex interactions with cellular processes regulating telomere length. Before describing such interactions, the chapter chronicles intrinsic regulation of telomeres by enzymatic, RNA, and epigenetic mechanisms. It then considers the stress-related mechanisms implicated in telomere regulation, including neuroendocrine systems, immuno-inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial respiration. A full understanding of these processes can promote better clinical treatments and intervention efforts to reverse the damaging effect of stress on telomeres.
The Eusebian Canon Tables
Authors: Crawford Matthew R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A central book in late antique religious life was the four-gospel codex—a manuscript containing the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—and one of the most common features of such manuscripts is a marginal cross-referencing system known as the Canon Tables. This reading aid, invented in the early fourth century by Eusebius of Caesarea, represented a milestone achievement both in the history of the book and in the scholarly study of the fourfold gospel. The present monograph is the first ever book-length treatment of the origins and use of the Canon Tables apparatus in any language. Part one begins by defining the Canon Tables as a paratextual device that orders the textual content of the fourfold gospel; then considers the relation of the system to the prior work of Ammonius of Alexandria and the hermeneutical implications of its use. Part two examines the paratext’s reception in subsequent centuries by highlighting four case studies from different cultural and theological traditions, from Augustine of Hippo to a Syriac translator in the fifth century, to later monastic scholars in Ireland. Finally, from the eighth century onwards, Armenian scholars used the artistic adornment of the Canon Tables as a basis for contemplative meditation. These case studies represent four different modes of using the Canon Tables as a paratext and so illustrate the potential inherent in the Eusebian apparatus for engaging with the fourfold gospel in a variety of ways, from the literary to the theological to the visual.
Introduction
Authors: Crawford Matthew R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The introduction provides a summary of the function of the Eusebian Canon Tables, covering its three constituent elements, with the set of instructions known as the Letter to Carpianus, the text division per gospel into numbered sections, and the set of tables encapsulating the sections and correspondences; then follows a survey of the linguistic traditions and manuscripts in which the Canon Tables appear, including Vulgate gospelbooks, copies of the Peshitta, Codex Argenteus, Armenian gospelbooks, the Georgian Adishi Gospels, and Abba Garima I and II. Finally, it outlines the structure of the book: chapter 1 lays the theoretical guidelines; chapter 2 examines the immediate origins of the system; chapter 3 argues that Eusebius’ paratextual system created intertextual links across the fourfold gospel and encouraged a hypertextual reading of this corpus. Chapter 4 examines Augustine’s use of the apparatus; chapter 5 presents an analysis of the revision of the system incorporated into the Syriac Peshitta gospels. Chapter 6 highlights little-studied literature produced by Irish scholars between the seventh and the ninth centuries; and chapter 7 focuses on texts from Armenia, from the eighth century and after.
The Widening Police Family, Community Policing, and Police Culture
Authors: O'Neill Megan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines exiting research on policing pluralization, community policing, and police culture. Early studies of police occupational culture found that community policing and other types of ‘soft’ policing methods (such as partnership work) were not highly valued within the organization. However, this method was to revolutionize policing in the twenty-first century. In addition, ever more aspects of ‘police’ work are now undertaken by other actors in both the public and the private sectors. Consequently, what was once an insular and guarded organization is now more open to collaboration with outsiders, and it seems to appreciate better the ‘soft’ side of policing. However, as Police Community Support Officers are employees of police forces with a police-like mandate, these staff have been seen to present a greater danger to job security and the ‘purity’ of the police officer’s role.
Measuring Peace
Authors: Caplan Richard 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
How can we know if the peace that has been established following a civil war is a stable peace? More than half of all countries that experienced civil war since World War II have suffered a relapse into violent conflict—in some cases more than once. Meanwhile the international community expends billions of dollars and deploys tens of thousands of personnel each year in support of efforts to build peace in countries emerging from violent conflict. This book argues that efforts to build peace are hampered by the lack of effective means of assessing progress towards the achievement of a consolidated peace. Rarely, if ever, do peacebuilding organizations and governments seek to ascertain the quality of the peace that they are helping to build and the contribution that their engagement is making (or not) to the consolidation of peace. More rigorous assessments of the robustness of peace are needed. These assessments require clarity about the characteristics of, and the requirements for, a stable peace. This in turn requires knowledge of the local culture, local history, and the specific conflict dynamics at work in a given conflict situation. Better assessment can inform peacebuilding actors in the reconfiguration and reprioritization of their operations in cases where conditions on the ground have deteriorated or improved. To build a stable peace, it is argued here, it is important to take the measure of peace.
The Superior Courts of Common Law
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of the superior courts of common law in Westminster Hall, after they emerged from the undifferentiated Curia Regis of the twelfth century. The most important was the Common Bench, the court for ‘common pleas’ which after 1234 was legally distinct from the court held before the king himself, the King’s Bench. A third court, the Exchequer, was meant for the king’s revenue business. By 1700 all three had become courts for common pleas, by making use of fictions: in the King’s Bench a fictional allegation of trespass in Middlesex (to put the defendant in gaol, with the aid of a writ of latitat), in the Exchequer a fictional allegation of debt to the Crown in a writ of quominus. These are explained. Such techniques did not escape controversy, and the process of jurisdictional conflict and assimilation is related.
The Forms of Action
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with writs, and principally with the ‘original’ writs which commenced an action at common law. Though designed as a means of administrative regulation, a decision to stop inventing new ones made them definitive of the common law. The procedures initiated by each type of writ – the ‘forms of action’ – dominated English law until the nineteenth century. The principal varieties of writ were praecipe (demanding a right) and trespass (complaining of wrong). The latter were at first limited to trespasses with force against the king’s peace, but this requirement was dropped around 1350 and writs of trespass ‘on the case’, tailored to a plaintiff’s facts, enabled the common law to begin its escape from the formulary system and to develop a wide range of new remedies. Some account is also given of judicial writs, which controlled process once a suit had been originated.
The Jury and Pleading
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the jury and the history of pleading, which was at the heart of the common-law system. Pleading was the means of defining a factual issue which could be tried by jury. In medieval times pleadings were framed orally, and most legal argument occurred at the pre-trial stage. In the Tudor period this was turned round: pleadings were settled in writing, and legal arguments took place once the facts had been found. Special verdicts enabled more facts to be put before the judges than were in the pleadings. The change was dependent on the ‘motions in banc’, particularly the motion in arrest of judgment, and later the motion for a new trial, which worked like a modern appeal save that they took place before judgment. The effect of dispensing with civil juries is considered, and the chapter ends with an account of procedural reforms.
Judicial Review of Decisions
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the history of mechanisms for reviewing judicial and administrative decisions. It begins with the writ of error, which was confined to errors on the face of the record of a court of record and therefore not an appeal as now understood. But informal methods were developed for reserving points to be discussed by all the judges of England, usually in the Exchequer Chamber or Serjeants’ Inn. Appeals in a wider sense began in Chancery and were not brought into the common-law system till 1875. The ‘prerogative writs’ of prohibition, habeas corpus, certiorari, and mandamus, enabled the King’s Bench to review inferior jurisdictions and also the exercise of power by officials and ministers. It is explained how this grew into the present system of administrative law. There is also a brief account of the rise of tribunals, and how their decisions came to be reviewable.
Legal Literature
Authors: Baker John 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter surveys the development of English legal literature. It begins with the Latin treatises called Glanvill and Bracton, which by the end of the thirteenth century had given way to more accessible practical works in French. The most important of the new writings were the reports of real cases taken in court, the year books. The evolution of law reporting is traced, and there is an assessment of the changes in the Tudor period, particularly Plowden’s innovative Commentaries. The effect of printing is also considered. Access to case-law was at first primarily via abridgments rather than treatises, but Littleton’s student textbook on Tenures marked a new departure in the fifteenth century. Treatises of comparable importance to Littleton were few, but notable among legal authors were St German, Coke (also a major law reporter), Hale, and Blackstone.
Liberalism, Neutrality, and the Gendered Division of Labor
Authors: Schouten Gina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The trend toward gender equalization in domestic and paid labor allocations has stalled, and a growing number of scholars argue that, absent political intervention, further eroding of the gendered division of labor will not be forthcoming anytime soon. Certain political interventions could jumpstart the stalled gender revolution, but beyond their prospects for effectiveness, such interventions stand in need of another kind of justification. In a diverse, liberal state, reasonable citizens will disagree about what makes for a good life and a good society. Because a fundamental commitment of liberalism is to limit political intrusion into the lives of citizens and allow considerable space for those citizens to act on their own conceptions of the good, questions of legitimacy arise. Legitimacy concerns the constraints we must abide by as we seek collective political solutions to our shared social problems, given that we will disagree, reasonably, both about what constitutes a problem and about what costs we should be willing to incur to fix it. The interventions in question would subsidize gender-egalitarian lifestyles at a cost to those who prefer to maintain a traditional gendered division of labor. In a pluralistic, liberal society where many citizens reasonably resist the feminist agenda, can scarce public resources be used to finance political interventions to subsidize gender egalitarianism? This book argues that they can, and moreover, that they can even by the lights of political liberalism, a particularly demanding theory of liberal legitimacy.
The Political Case for Gender Egalitarianism
Authors: Schouten Gina 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that a liberal society cannot remain stable over time if its institutions are structured on the basis of an assumption that one’s sex will dictate the kind of work that one does. Stability in the relevant sense includes a moral dimension, and this chapter shows that moralized stability is threatened by arguing that the institutionalized assumption that sex will dictate the kind of work that one does is an affront to the political value of autonomy. When gender norms and social institutions built upon the assumption of breadwinner/homemaker specialization constitute formidable obstacles to the enactment of gender-egalitarian lifestyles, the citizenship interest in stability will license—and in fact demand—interventions to remove those obstacles. The criterion of reciprocity thus positively calls for gender-egalitarian political interventions under these circumstances. I go on to argue that the circumstances demanding those interventions obtain in the United States today.
Nominal derivation
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDerivation is mostly suffixal. This chapter focuses on word formation, in particular the productive abstract formatives -iþa, -þs, etc., and the vowel stems extended by -n- (-ei etc.), actor nominals in -(j)an- and -areis. The main adjective formations include material and relational -eins, characterizing -a/i/ug-, -isks for ethnicity and appurtenance, and -n- extended diminutive nouns in-(i)la. Gothic has many suffixes not shared with the rest of Germanic. Some that are shared have different properties. For instance, -iþa is very productive in Gothic and specialized on heavy monosyllabic bases. One of the most productive suffixes in North and West Germanic is *‑i/unga-, barely represented in Gothic, and the feminine alternant *‑i/ungō is completely absent from Gothic.
Homo Ludens
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Despite its ban in England, sacred drama remained a popular genre on the Catholic European mainland. The most famous of the European Passion plays in the Victorian period was the Oberammergau Passionsspiele, which had been staged every ten years since 1634. The large body of accounts, diaries, and newspaper reports written by members of British expeditions to Oberammergau tell us much about what it meant for sacred drama to be performed rather than simply read. Whilst many commentators critiqued the Passionsspiele in the terms that have become familiar throughout this study (including its Catholic ‘materialism’, and the betrayal of a sacred ‘Ideal’ by the flawed bodies of the all-too-human actors), others saw nothing less than a harbinger of renewal for the English stage if it could only foreground ‘genuine folk art’ in the way that Bavaria had done.
A Study in Repetition and Revival
Authors: Schramm Jan-Melissa 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers close readings of a series of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century play-scripts about the murder of Thomas à Becket in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170, including works by Douglas Jerrold, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Alfred Tennyson, and T. S. Eliot. Tracing their performance over 100 years involves the exploration of changing attitudes to the performance of Christian worship and sacrifice on stage and, more broadly, the changing status of the Established Church itself. In the repetitions and variations of Becket’s narrative deployed over time, we can chart changes in the idea of Christian tragedy, renewed appreciation of the communal significance of religious ritual, especially in the revival of the classical chorus, and a growing sense that sacred drama was not just an aberration to be carefully policed and perhaps suppressed, but part of the living fabric of English national drama with a performative future as well as a past.
The Institutional Framework of Sino-African Relations
Authors: Taylor Ian 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chinese policy towards Africa is mediated through an array of different actors and institutions, which complicates the ability of Beijing to see through specific policy pronouncements. Liberalization has seen a plethora of agencies and companies engaging with the continent, and while China has official policies, different interests and dynamics within the official structures may frustrate the smooth delivery of such goals. A study of the institutional framework demonstrates that China is by no means a unitary actor, and contrary to popular belief, what happens on the ground in Africa may not necessarily reflect the official Chinese position. Despite this, China is routinely blamed if something negative occurs. This problem is compounded by an asymmetry in the Sino-African relationship and the fact that Chinese officials will not admit that they are not fully in control of matters.
The Changing Dynamics of Chinese Oil and Gas Engagements in Africa
Authors: Obi Cyril 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the changing patterns of Chinese state oil corporations’ engagements with African petro-states through investments in the upstream and downstream oil and gas sectors, and their potential for Africa’s development within the context of evolving China–Africa relations. It conceptually frames such relations, analyzes the contextual shifts and interests involved, and cautions against rather alarmist or biased readings of China–Africa relations that neglect or gloss over the ‘facts on the ground’ and specificities. It also unpacks the notion of African agency in the context of Africa–China economic relations, particularly in the ways Chinese state oil corporations operating in Africa’s oilfields—traditionally dominated by Western oil multinationals—have been exposed to opportunities, risks, structural challenges, and regulation by African petro-states. This provides a sound basis for understanding how lessons learnt and experiences on both sides define the place of China–Africa oil engagements as a key element for potential economic transformation.
Conceptual Conspectus
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains the development of the concepts of consociation and arbitration in political science. Full consociations reference political systems characterized by parity, proportionality, autonomy, and veto powers among the several parties to the pact. There are, however, important variations in the manner and the extent to which consociations are formally institutionalized. Arbitration defines political roles and policies through which third parties profess to act as neutral mediators willing to pursue impartially the shared and several interests of potentially conflicting ethnic groups. The chapter reviews both normative and explanatory debates over the formation and breakdown of consociations, and intimates their importance for the case at hand, Northern Ireland.