bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Young Women’s Knowledge and Utilization of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) of HIV Services: Is There Any Relationship?
Authors: Muheriwa Sadandaula R. , Chimwaza Angela , Maluwa Alfred , Kamanga Martha 
Published: September 2018

PURPOSE:To determine knowledge and practices of young women on utilization of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIVservices.DESIGN:A cross-section descriptive study that used quantitative and qualitative data analysis methodologies.FINDINGS:Knowledge of PMTCT of HIV among respondents was universal. All respondents (100%,N= 184) stated that utilization of PMTCT services reduces transmission of HIV from mother to child. Respondents knew that HIV transmission can be reduced with exclusive breastfeeding (93%,n= 172), abrupt weaning at 6 months (44%,n= 81), taking single-dose nevirapine (SD-NVP; 43%,n= 79), and giving NVP to the baby (65%,n= 120). Very few respondents (4%,n= 7) stated that avoiding pregnancy is one way of preventing HIV transmission and that a mother who is HIV positive who has received SD-NVP or antiretroviral (ARV) therapy can still deliver a baby who is HIV positive. Actual practice was very low; only 14% breastfed exclusively and only 3% weaned their babies abruptly. Although all the 184 mothers were given NVP to take at onset of labor, very few respondents (22%) took NVP as recommended. Although it was recommended that all babies take NVP at birth and within 72 hr of birth, only 58% of the babies received NVP as recommended and only 3% of the women avoided pregnancy.CONCLUSION:There was a big discrepancy between knowledge and practice of PMTCT services. Culture was the major barrier because traditionally, babies are expected to be breastfed and supplements are fed to babies, too. Most mothers did not adhere to the taking of NVP at onset of labor. Therefore, there is a need to mobilize communities on PMTCT of HIV. The HIV education programmes should emphasize behavior-change interventions and should focus on both men and women, their partners, and significant others. There is also need to intensify monitoring and evaluation of health workers’ activities to ensure that knowledge is put into practice.
Unintended Consequences of Policy Decisions to Reduce Maternal Mortality in the Asia Pacific
Authors: Barclay Lesley , Gao Yu , Homer Caroline , Wild Kayli 
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVES:To describe the role of midwives and maternity care in three low resource settings and to challenge some policy options introduced to reduce maternal mortality for women residing in rural and remote areas.APPROACH:A series of retrospective analyses were undertaken drawing on work the authors have conducted in rural and remote China, Timor-Leste, and Samoa over the past 5–20 years. Sources include our own empirical research, grey literature, as well as published secondary sources.FINDINGS:In China, hospital birthing is promoted as a major strategy in reducing maternal mortality. This has greatly increased financial burdens for women and their families. In Samoa, traditional birth attendants (TBAs) are integrated into Samoa’s health system alongside midwives and other health professionals, and they play a critical role in providing support for pregnant and birthing women. In Timor-Leste, the government has moved away from training TBAs and has shifted the focus from skilled attendance to facility-based delivery. Evaluation of a national maternity waiting home strategy, designed to improve access to facility-based delivery, did not improve access for women in remote areas.CONCLUSIONS:Low-income countries need to be cautious when adopting global solutions, such as facility-based delivery, to tackle maternal deaths. Women-centered and cost-effective care should be provided locally. Culturally compatible maternity care can be achieved in concert with safety and emergency obstetric care. Midwives can create the bridges between social and professional systems that allow this to happen.
Women’s Perceptions of Their Right to Choose the Place of Childbirth: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Hadjigeorgiou Eleni , Kouta Christiana , Papastavrou Evridiki , Papadopoulos Irena , Mårtenson Lena B. 
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVE:To explore Greek Cypriot women’s perceptions of their right to choose the place of childbirth.DESIGN:This study is qualitative and is based on Husserl’s phenomenological approach. The field work extended over a 6-month period in 2010–2011.SETTING:In all cities of the Republic of Cyprus.PARTICIPANTS:Purposive sample of 55 women within 1 year after birth. Forty-eight women were recruited for semistructured interviews and six of them took place in first focus group. The second group consisted of seven women that did not participate in interviews.RESULTS:Women’s perceptions were categorized into four themes: (a) informed choice for birth place, (b) trusting relationship with health professionals, (c) medicalization of childbirth, and (d) safety of the mother and baby.CONCLUSIONS:There is no equity and accessibility in Cyprus maternity care system because it does not provide correct information and accessibility to all birthplace choices. This study demonstrated the need to explore women’s views before formulating policy for maternity care. These views will be helpful for the creation of an innovative evidence-based maternity care policy, taking into account women’s needs, and will be helpful to raise awareness among health professionals for maternity care improvement.IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:Ensuring the right for birthplace choices is a social and political necessity that enhances the existing health care systems and health professionals to provide quality and holistic maternity care. Conducting more studies on maternity care in Cyprus will reinforce the aim for improving the health of the women, neonates, and society.
Lesbians in Currently Aggressive Relationships: How Frequently Do They Report Aggressive Past Relationships?
Authors: Lie Gwat-Yong , Schilit Rebecca , Bush Judy , Montagne Marilyn , Reyes Lynn 
Published: September 2018

Findings are reported from a survey examining the frequency with which women in currently aggressive same-sex relationships also report aggressive past relationships involving female partners, male partners, or members of their family of origin. Particular attention is paid to victims who also used aggression and their perceptions of whether their aggressive behavior was self-defensive or mutually aggressive. Results indicate that about one-fourth of participants had been victims of aggression in current relationships, roughly two-thirds had been victimized by a previous male partner, and almost three-fourths had experienced aggression by a previous female partner. Among those reporting having been both victims and users of aggression, about one-fifth had used aggression in their current relationship, almost one-third used aggression with a previous male partner, and nearly two-thirds had used aggression with a previous female partner. A majority of victims who had also used aggression with a previous male partner characterized this use as self-defense, as compared to only 30% of those who had used aggression with a female partner. Instead, aggression in relationships involving a female partner was most frequently described as mutually aggressive in nature.
Sex, Race, Age, and Violent Offending
Authors: Sommers Ira , Baskin Deborah 
Published: September 2018

Although there is an increase in attention being paid to race and sex variations in crime and delinquency, little has been done to disaggregate the “gender-ratio” problem in order to account for participation in particular offenses, specifically different types of violent crime. Virtually all of the research pertaining to the interaction of gender, race and -violent crime focuses on murder and dichotomizes race into white and black, or white and nonwhite. This paper uses New York City arrest data to examine the extent of violence within various race-sex-crime subgroups. Rates of violent offending (i.e., homicide, robbery, assault, and burglary) are presented for black, Hispanic and white males and females. Regardless of violent crime type, black and Hispanic females exhibited high rates of offending relative to white females. Furthermore, the violent offending rates of black females paralleled those of white males. These findings suggest that an examination of gender differences in violent offending, independent of race, will produce incomplete and potentially misleading interpretations. The paper also provides a social structural explanation of the disproportionate involvement of black females (and males) in violent crime.
Grandmother Dishonored: Violence Against Women by Male Partners in American Indian Communities
Authors: Chester Barbara , Robin Robert W. , Koss Mary P. , Lopez Joyce , Goldman David 
Published: September 2018

Extensive and scrupulously conducted research during the past decade has established the issue of violence against women by male partners as both an international human rights issue and a public health problem of national concern. This research has rarely been extended into communities of color, and, in particular, to American Indian women. This article presents conceptual and methodological factors involved in conducting research with American Indian women, a comprehensive literature review of available data, assertions regarding abuse of women by male partners in American Indian communities, and directions for future research. “Our grandmother, the earth, is a woman, and in mistreating your wife, you will be mistreating her. Most assuredly you will be abusing our grandmother if you act thus.” (Winnebago man)
The Efficacy of Short-Term Rational-Emotive Education: A Follow-Up Evaluation
Authors: Wilde Jerry 
Published: September 2018

This study evaluated the efficacy of a four-session rational-emotive education (REE) curriculum and the endorsement of irrational beliefs in elementary school children. Ninety-five 4th-grade students received four 30-minute lessons of REE instruction. A two-tailed t-test administered to examine differences between pre- and posttest scores on The Idea Inventory was statistically significant, t (1,94) = 5.90, p <. 0001. Part 2 of this study attempted to determine if the changes in rational thinking found following treatment in 4th grade had been maintained 4 years later. A two-tailed i-test administered to examine the differences between pretest scores in 4th grade and posttest scores on The Idea Inventory in 8th grade was statistically significant, t (1,59) = 5.62, p <. 0001, suggesting the gains in rational thinking achieved following treatment had been maintained. To ensure this maintenance of rational thinking was not merely the result of maturation, 8th graders who had not received treatment were compared with treatment subjects. Nontreatment subjects’ endorsement displayed significantly more irrational beliefs than the 8th graders who had received treatment in 4th grade, r (1, 116) = 2.02, p < 05.
Cognitive Factors in Effectively Coping with Home/Career Stress
Authors: Levo Lynn M. , Biggs Donald 
Published: September 2018

Many women who choose to combine family and career often report stress related to professional, parental, and marital obligations and expectations. Surprisingly, little research has examined the adequacy of women’s efforts to cope with this stress. In particular, research is needed to identify the critical cognitive variables that can influence women’s inferences about home/career stress and their choice of coping strategies. Such data would be useful for targeting the cognitive change mechanisms in any cognitive-based treatment interventions for this population. The present study compared two models for describing critical cognitive factors that influence women’s choices of effective coping strategies for dealing with home/career stress. In the first model, two cognitive characteristics of a woman, her sex-role beliefs and her conceptual level, are viewed as the major causal factors that influence her choice of effective coping strategies. In the second model, a woman’s sex-role beliefs and her conceptual level are assumed to influence her cognitive appraisal of her level of stress and/or her appraisal of her resources for coping with stress, and these appraisals subsequently influence the woman’s choice of effective coping strategies. The findings from this study provide some support for a cognitive mediated model of home/career stress-coping. In this model, a woman’s sex-role beliefs and her conceptual level influence her cognitive appraisal of her resources for coping with the stressful demands, and this appraisal then influences her level of effectiveness in coping with the situation. In particular, a woman’s sex-role beliefs and her cognitive appraisal of her resources for coping with stressful home/career demands appear to be significant cognitive variables that influence her level of effective coping. Androgynous women tend to report more confidence in their ability to cope with stressful home/career demands than do feminine women, and women who appraise themselves as having more resources to cope with stressful home/career demands tend to select more effective coping strategies.
The Effects of a Cognitive Experiential Therapy Utilizing Hypnosis, Cognitive Restructuring, and Developmental Staging on Psychological Factors Associated with Duodenal Ulcer Disease: A Multivariate Experimental Study
Authors: Tosi Donald J. , Judah Steven M. , Murphy Michael A. 
Published: September 2018

This study evaluated the effects of a Cognitive Experiential Therapy (CET)—in the pastreferred to as Rational Stage Directed Hypnotherapy (RSDH)—Cognitive Restructuring (CR), Hypnosis Only (HO), and a no-treatment control condition on the duodenal ulcer syndrome. CET or RSDH is a systematic, stage-directed therapy that employs hypnosis and the cognitive restructuring of self-defeating cognitive, emotional, physiological, and behavioral tendencies. Seven criterion variables were assessed using two standardized instruments and ques-tionnaire data. The standardized instruments included the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory (MBHI) and the Common Beliefs Survey ID (CBS III). Twenty-five volunteer duodenal ulcer patients served as subjects for the study. The research design, a 4 X 3 factorial design with repeated measures, consisted of four treatment levels (Control, CR, HO, and RSDH) and three time periods (pretest, posttest, and follow-up) over which the subjects were observed. MANOVA on residualized change scores revealed a significant treatment effect. Univariate effects were observed on the MBHI personality coping styles, CBS III evaluation and locus of control scales, and gastrointestinal disturbance. GET appeared to have an ameliorative effect on psychological factors associated with duodenal ulcer.
American Nurse-Midwifery: A Hyphenated Profession With a Conflicted Identity
Authors: DAWLEY KATY 
Published: September 2018

I do not like the phrase nursing and midwifery.…To me it implies that midwifery is specialized nursing. It is nursing.—Comment on Committee on Organization questionnaire, 1954No other country except the United States is struggling with the mistaken concept that midwifery is nursing or that midwifery is an extension of nursing. We are midwives with a nursing background.—Lucille Woodville, 1974I totally agree that we [nurse-midwifery] must stay within nursing. A divided house will not be able to withstand strong opposition and change.—Sharon Rising, 1973We always knew we were two different professions.—Ernestine Wiedenbach, CNM, 1979
Physical Activity in Parents of Young African American Children: The Application of Social Cognitive Theory
Authors: Webber-Ritchey Kashica J. , Taylor-Piliae Ruth E. , Loescher Lois J. 
Published: September 2018

Background:Social cognitive theory (SCT) proposes that personal and environmental factors influence behavior bidirectionally. Research examining the personal and environmental factors of physical activity (PA) among African Americans (AAs) framed by SCT is scarce.Purpose:The purpose of this article is to enhance knowledge of SCT as a foundation for health promotion and PA research, in general, and among AAs. Findings from a previous study provide exemplars for key factors and relationships in SCT.Implications for Research and Practice:The SCT serves as a good framework for researchers studying health promotion and PA in generalamong AA parents.
Potential Adverse Health Outcomes of Digital Textbook Use: Teachers’ Perspectives
Authors: Seomun GyeongAe , Lee Youngjin 
Published: September 2018

Background and Purpose:The digital textbook (DT) is an appealing new educational medium. The positive effects of DT use include stimulation of interest in learning and stimulation of motivation to learn. Few studies have examined the awareness of classroom-based educational experts about the adverse health outcomes of DT use. The objective of this study was to understand the perspectives of elementary schoolteachers regarding the effects of DT use on students’ health.Methods:The recommended method of focus group discussions was used to clarify teachers’ individual and shared views about this topic. The study design included three discussions with three different groups of teachers.Results:The results indicated that the critical health issues identified by the schoolteachers were potential risks to physical health, risks to psychological health, and environmental health risks in the classroom.Implications for Practice:Awareness and evaluation of adverse health effects for DT users is an important first step for effective DT implementation in our schools. This study provided fundamental data and results that can be used to understand the effects of DT use on student health and to suggest guidelines to predict and prevent adverse health effects in the users of this technology.
Teaching for Transfer from the Learner’s Point of View
Authors: Kaniel Shlomo 
Published: September 2018

The definition of “transfer” of learning is so broad that it encompasses most realms of psychology, making it difficult to arrive at agreed-upon criteria for classifying different types of transfer. Research findings indicate great difficulty in achieving distal transfer, even when effective didactic principles, such as metacognition, are used. In studies where transfer was achieved, it was limited, relative to levels of investment and expectation. It has appeared mostly in laboratories, with little evidence of maintenance over time.The author proposes that we should examine the products and processes of transfer from the learner’s point of view. This perspective rests on a distinction between transfer potential, which relies on a network of schemas in memory storage, and the transfer process itself, which occurs in working memory. This analysis reduces the number of transfer characteristics and suggests description of transfer as effective and justified use of principles, relationships and strategies, in tasks that are distal from the learner’s point of view. The article leads to the conclusion that to be achieved, transfer must become a curriculum’s central goal (what to teach). The principles and methods of reaching this goal (how to teach) rest on four main components: (a) well planned curricula, (b) training teachers for transfer expertise, (c) “learning communities” and challenging environments, and (d) use of advanced technology.
Hubungan antara Pemahaman Moral dengan Kecenderungan Perilaku Agresif pada Siswa-Siswi Kelas IX di SMP Negeri 50 Palembang
Authors: Melinda Deasyari Permata 
Published: September 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan antara pemahaman moral dengan kecenderungan perilaku Agresi. Hipotesis yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini adalah tidak ada Hubungan Antara Pemahaman Moral Dengan Kecenderungan Perilaku Agresi Pada Siswa-siswi Kelas IX SMP Negeri 50 Palembang. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah Siswa-siswi kelas IX di SMP Negeri 50 Palembang yang berjumlah 213 siswa. Skala yang digunakan adalah skala yang disusun sendiri oleh peneliti. Adapun skala yang digunakan adalah skala pemahaman moral yang mengacu pada aspek-aspek yang dikemukakan oleh Kohlberg dan skala kecenderungan perilaku agresi dengan mengacu pada aspek-aspek agresi menurut Bush dan Perry. Metode analisis data yang digunakan menggunakan program SPSS 20 for windows untuk menguji hubungan antara pemahaman moral dengan kecenderungan perilaku agresi. Hasil korelasi product moment dari Pearson menunjukkan angka korelasi sebesar rxy = -0,019 dengan ρ = 0.779 dimana (ρ >0.01) maka hal ini berarti tidak ada Hubungan Antara Pemahaman Moral Dengan Kecenderungan Perilaku Agresi PadabSiswa-siswi Kelas IX di SMP Negeri 50 Palembang.
Eksistensi Gender Ditinjau Dari Sudut Pandang Al-Kitab (Studi Terhadap Agama Katolik)
Authors: Moko Catur Widiat 
Published: September 2018

Gender is always being connected with equality and discrimination. Gender equality is about a balancing, harmony, and role equality and also a responsible among men and women. There are equality and also equity in having some rights, opportunities, cooperation, and relations among men and women. On the other hand, gender discrimination is a behaviour that tries to avoid, burden the equality of gender. This behaviour can cause an avoidance of the human right and the equality among men and women in many aspects, such as politics, economy, and socio-culture. Bible is the main source of every rule and Christian ethique. But the bible itself has patriarchy culture domination. Most of the scholar argued that the discrimination and injustice among men and women is a reflection of the culture. They can’t divide the gender concept that change and created in long term socio-culture process. The ideal status and role should be developed for the equality status among men and women. In some parts of the bible, there is role and status which are not ideal, or even show the discrimination to women, but that’s not the reason why we should avoid bible but we have to learn more about, what is the background and what is the purpose so we can get the best answer to solve all the gender problems.