bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silence and Attunement in Legal Performance
Authors: Mulcahy Sean 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWhilst the law maintains a right to silence, the sensorial and performative dimensions of that silence are seldom considered. This paper adopts an interdisciplinary approach, informed by legal theory and scholarship in the performing arts, such as theatre, performance studies, and music, as a way of understanding how silence plays in the court. The paper offers a typology to navigate the interpretation of silence in legal performance—both verbal and environmental—and to frame discussion of silence’s impact on the legal audience. The author concludes that silence is used and experienced in a similar way in legal and theatrical performance, namely as a means of attunement. The paper contributes new insights into the existing scholarship on acoustic jurisprudence and invites listening to the gaps in speech, the pauses, the background noise, and the silence in the court.
Enquiry and the Value of Knowledge
Authors: Walker Barney 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this paper I challenge the orthodox view of the significance of Platonic value problems. According to this view, such problems are among the central questions of epistemology, and answering them is essential for justifying the status of epistemology as a major branch of philosophical enquiry. I challenge this view by identifying an assumption on which Platonic value problems are based – the value assumption – and considering how this assumption might be resisted. After articulating a line of thought that supports the assumption, I highlight one way of undermining it, which is to deny that we desire knowledge and not just (e.g.) true belief because we prefer knowledge to true belief. I then consider an attempt to undermine the value assumption in this way, inspired by Bernard Williams. I contend that Williams's argument fails, but also that seeing why it fails is instructive for future attempts to resist the value assumption.
A changing cultural climate: Realising the value of artists working in Antarctica
Authors: Jackson Adele 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe ratification of the Antarctic Treaty established a unique construct for human presence and activity in Antarctica. The designation of the continent for peace and science has inspired and informed the work of artists from across the world. This paper explores relationships between the Treaty and contemporary visual artists’ responses to Antarctica. Using data from interviews with scientists, cultural professionals and exhibition audiences, I explore the value to science and society of artists’ presence in Antarctica. I look at why in the last 2 years the number of artists being supported to work in Antarctica has declined and conclude with some observations on how this downward trend might be addressed.
Mining, analyzing, and modeling text written on mobile devices
Authors: Vertanen K. , Kristensson P.O. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe present a method for mining the web for text entered on mobile devices. Using searching, crawling, and parsing techniques, we locate text that can be reliably identified as originating from 300 mobile devices. This includes 341,000 sentences written on iPhones alone. Our data enables a richer understanding of how users type “in the wild” on their mobile devices. We compare text and error characteristics of different device types, such as touchscreen phones, phones with physical keyboards, and tablet computers. Using our mined data, we train language models and evaluate these models on mobile test data. A mixture model trained on our mined data, Twitter, blog, and forum data predicts mobile text better than baseline models. Using phone and smartwatch typing data from 135 users, we demonstrate our models improve the recognition accuracy and word predictions of a state-of-the-art touchscreen virtual keyboard decoder. Finally, we make our language models and mined dataset available to other researchers.
Volcanic Gas Emissions Along the Colombian Arc Segment of the Northern Volcanic Zone (CAS‐NVZ): Implications for volcano monitoring and volatile budget of the Andean Volcanic Belt
Authors: Lages J. , Chacón Z. , Burbano V. , Meza L. , Arellano S. , Liuzzo M. , Giudice G. , Aiuppa A. , Bitetto M. , López C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractStudying spatial and temporal trends in volcanic gas compositions and fluxes is crucial both to volcano monitoring and to constrain the origin and recycling efficiency of volatiles at active convergent margins. New volcanic gas compositions and volatile fluxes are here reported for Nevado del Ruiz, Galeras, and Purace, three of the most persistently degassing volcanoes located in the Colombian Arc Segment of the Northern Volcanic Zone. At Nevado del Ruiz, from 2014 to 2017, plume emissions showed an average molar CO2/ST ratio of 3.9 ± 1.6 (ST is total sulfur, S). Contemporary, fumarolic chemistry at Galeras progressively shifted toward low‐temperature, S‐depleted fumarolic gas discharges with an average CO2/ST ratio in excess of 10 (6.0–46.0, 2014–2017). This shift in volcanic gas compositions was accompanied by a concurrent decrease in SO2 emissions, confirmed on 21 March 2017 by high‐resolution ultraviolet camera‐based SO2 fluxes of ~2.5 kg/s (~213 t/day). For comparison, SO2 emissions remained high at Nevado del Ruiz (weighted average of 8 kg/s) between 2014 and 2017, while Puracé maintained rather low emission levels (<1 kg/s of SO2, CO2/SO2 ≈ 14). We here estimate carbon dioxide fluxes for Nevado del Ruiz, Galeras, and Puracé of ~23, 30, and 1 kg/s, respectively. These, combined with recent CO2 flux estimates for Nevado del Huila of ~10 kg/s (~860 t/day), imply that this arc segment contributes about 50% to the total subaerial CO2 budget of the Andean Volcanic Belt. Furthermore, our work highlights the northward increase in carbon‐rich sediment input into the mantle wedge via slab fluids and melts that is reflected in magmatic CO2/ST values far higher than those reported for Southern Volcanic Zone and Central Volcanic Zone volcanoes. We estimate that about 20% (~1.3 Mt C/year) of the C being subducted (~6.19 Mt C/year) gets resurfaced through subaerial volcanic gas emissions in Colombia (Nevado del Ruiz ~0.7 Mt C/year). As global volcanic volatile fluxes continue to be quantified and refined, the contribution from this arc segment should not be underestimated.
On the Delayed Coupling Between Ocean and Atmosphere in Recent Weak El Niño Episodes
Authors: Johnson N. C. , L'Heureux M. L. , Chang C.‐H. , Hu Z.‐Z. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe recent borderline El Niño events of 2014/2015 and 2018/2019 provided operational centers with unique challenges because of the apparent absence of typical coupling between the tropical atmosphere and ocean before onset. The mismatch between atmosphere and ocean raises questions about its causes and predictability. Here we analyze observational data since 1979 to show that a sea surface temperature pattern characterized by an anomalous gradient in the western and central equatorial Pacific played a critical role in inhibiting the expected onset of central tropical Pacific deep convection during these events. This sea surface temperature pattern, which produces an atmospheric response that opposes the response to elevated eastern Pacific sea surface temperatures, has become more prevalent over the past 40 years.
Differences in Eastern North Pacific Stratification and Their Potential Impact on the Depth of Winter Mixing in CMIP5 Models
Authors: Old P. , Hautala S. L. , Thompson L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUpper ocean stratification is known to play an important role in the seasonal evolution of the ocean mixed layer depth. This study examines biases in climatological upper ocean stratification in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 5 historical simulations in the North Pacific. To quantify the potential impact of these stratification differences on the depth of winter mixing in two regions (the eastern subarctic and subtropical gyres), regionally averaged August stratification profiles were advanced to March using common atmospheric forcing fields and a single‐column mixed layer model. This approach is supported by correlation between the climate models' March mixed layer depth fields and those predicted by the one‐dimensional model. Substantial observation/model and model/model differences in predicted winter mixed layer depth have broad implications for how the climate models regulate the ocean‐atmosphere interactions that set thermocline water properties and impact nutrient supply to the upper ocean.
Improving Estimates of Gross Primary Productivity by Assimilating Solar‐Induced Fluorescence Satellite Retrievals in a Terrestrial Biosphere Model Using a Process‐Based SIF Model
Authors: Bacour C. , Maignan F. , MacBean N. , Porcar‐Castell A. , Flexas J. , Frankenberg C. , Peylin P. , Chevallier F. , Vuichard N. , Bastrikov V. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOver the last few years, solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) observations from space have emerged as a promising resource for evaluating the spatio‐temporal distribution of gross primary productivity (GPP) simulated by global terrestrial biosphere models. SIF can be used to improve GPP simulations by optimizing critical model parameters through statistical Bayesian data assimilation techniques. A prerequisite is the availability of a functional link between GPP and SIF in terrestrial biosphere models. Here we present the development of a mechanistic SIF observation operator in the ORCHIDEE (Organizing Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems) terrestrial biosphere model. It simulates the regulation of photosystem II fluorescence quantum yield at the leaf level thanks to a novel parameterization of non‐photochemical quenching as a function of temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, and normalized quantum yield of photochemistry. It emulates the radiative transfer of chlorophyll fluorescence to the top of the canopy using a parametric simplification of the SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation Photosynthesis Energy) model. We assimilate two years of monthly OCO‐2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2) SIF product at 0.5° (2015–2016) to optimize ORCHIDEE photosynthesis and phenological parameters over an ensemble of grid points for all plant functional types. The impact on the simulated GPP is considerable with a large decrease of the global scale budget by 28 GtC/year over the period 1990–2009. The optimized GPP budget (134/136 GtC/year over 1990–2009/2001–2009) remarkably agrees with independent GPP estimates, FLUXSAT (137 GtC/year over 2001–2009) in particular and FLUXCOM (121 GtC/year over 1990–2009). Our results also suggest a biome dependency of the SIF‐GPP relationship that needs to be improved for some plant functional types.
A 21st Century View of the March 1989 Magnetic Storm
Authors: Boteler D. H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOn 13 March 1989, the largest magnetic storm of the last century caused widespread effects on power systems including a blackout of the Hydro‐Québec system. Since then this event has become the archetypal disturbance for examining the geomagnetic hazard to power systems. However, even 30 years on from 1989, the story of exactly what happened in March 1989 is far from complete. This paper reexamines the information available about the March 1989 event and uses this to construct a timeline and description of the space weather phenomena and how they caused the power system effects. The evidence shows that the disturbance was caused by two coronal mass ejections (CMEs): the first associated with a X4.5 flare on 10 March and the second linked to a M7.3 flare on 12 March. The arrival of the interplanetary CME shock fronts caused storm sudden commencements at 01.27 and 07.43 UT on 13 March. The transit time and speed of the first (second) interplanetary CME shock are 54.5 hr (31.5 hr) and 760 km/s (1,320 km/s). Empirical relations are used to estimate solar wind speed and southward interplanetary magnetic field, Bs, and give values of v = 980 km/s, Bs = 40 to 60 nT at the peak of the storm. Key findings are that the second storm sudden commencement occurred at the same time as the substorm that impacted the Hydro‐Québec system and indicates that external triggering of the substorm may have contributed to a faster substorm onset than might otherwise have occurred. This caused the production of larger geomagnetically induced currents that caused the Hydro‐Québec blackout. The March 1989 storm had the largest recorded value of the Dst index representing the size of the magnetic storm main phase, but the Hydro‐Québec blackout occurred early in the storm when the Dst value was less disturbed. Only later in the storm did Dst reach its peak value. At this time an expansion of the auroral oval brought disturbances to lower latitudes where they caused power system problems in the United States, United Kingdom, and Sweden.
Generation of qualified clinical-grade functional hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells in chemically defined conditions
Authors: Li Zhongwen , Wu Jun , Wang Lei , Han Weifang , Yu Juan , Liu Xin , Wang Yukai , Zhang Ying , Feng Guihai , Li Wei , Stacey Glyn Nigel , Gu Qi , Hu Baoyang , Wang Liu , Zhou Qi , Hao Jie 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHepatocytes have been successfully generated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, the cost-effective and clinical-grade generation of hepatocytes from hPSCs still need to be improved. In this study, we reported the production of functional hepatocytes from clinical-grade human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) under good manufacturing practice (GMP) requirements. We sequentially generated primitive streak (PS), definitive endoderm (DE), hepatoblasts and hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from hESCs in the different stages with completely defined reagents. During hepatoblast differentiation, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), transferrin, L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate sesquimagnesium salt hydrate (Vc-Mg), insulin, and sodium selenite were used instead of cytokines and FBS/KOSR. Then, hepatoblasts were differentiated into HLCs that had a typical hepatocyte morphology and possessed characteristics of mature hepatocytes, such as metabolic-related gene expression, albumin secretion, fat accumulation, glycogen storage, and inducible cytochrome P450 activity in vitro. HLCs integrated into the livers of Tet-uPA Rag2–/– Il2rg–/– (URG) mice, which partially recovered after transplantation. Furthermore, a series of biosafety-related experiments were performed to ensure future clinical applications. In conclusion, we developed a chemically defined system to generate qualified clinical-grade HLCs from hESCs under GMP conditions. HLCs have been proven to be safe and effective for treating liver failure. This efficient platform could facilitate the treatment of liver diseases using hESC-derived HLCs transplantation.
In situ-grown compressed NiCo2S4 barrier layer for efficient and durable polysulfide entrapment
Authors: Huang Shaozhuan , Wang Ye , Hu Junping , Von Lim Yew , Kong Dezhi , Guo Lu , Kou Zongkui , Chen Yaxin , Yang Hui Ying 
Published: October 2019

AbstractModifying a polypropylene (PP) separator with a polysulfide barrier layer can improve the cycling performance of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, conventional slurry-coating- and vacuum-filtration-designed barriers usually show poor particle connection and require extra binder. Herein, we propose a facile in situ growth method and a subsequent compression strategy to design multifunctional NiCo2S4 (NiCoS) nanosheet arrays on a PP membrane for high-performance Li–S batteries. The in situ grown NiCoS nanosheet arrays are interconnected, conductive and closely adhered to the PP membrane without using any binder. After mechanical compression treatment, the overall NiCoS film is compacted, lightweight (0.148 mg cm−2) and ultrathin (0.8 μm). Density functional theory calculations combined with adsorption and diffusion tests prove that the NiCoS nanosheets have highly efficient physical/chemical entrapping capabilities for preventing polysulfide shuttling. Moreover, in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated that the NiCoS barrier could efficiently suppress polysulfide diffusion and concurrently facilitate redox reactions. When applying this multifunctional separator, a sulfur/carbon nanotube (S/CNT) cathode with high sulfur content (75 wt%) delivers significantly improved long-term cycling performance, with 0.056% capacity decay per cycle over 500 cycles. This work opens up new opportunities to design multifunctional separators by an in situ growth strategy for high-performance Li–S batteries.
Single-molecule level control of host-guest interactions in metallocycle-C60 complexes
Authors: Tang Jian-Hong , Li Yueqi , Wu Qingqing , Wang Zixiao , Hou Songjun , Tang Kun , Sun Yue , Wang Hui , Wang Heng , Lu Cheng , Wang Xiang , Li Xiaopeng , Wang Dong , Yao Jiannian , Lambert Colin J. , Tao Nongjian , Zhong Yu-Wu , Stang Peter J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHost−guest interactions are of central importance in many biological and chemical processes. However, the investigation of the formation and decomplexation of host−guest systems at the single-molecule level has been a challenging task. Here we show that the single-molecule conductance of organoplatinum(II) metallocycle hosts can be enhanced by an order of magnitude by the incorporation of a C60 guest molecule. Mechanically stretching the metallocycle-C60 junction with a scanning tunneling microscopy break junction technique causes the release of the C60 guest from the metallocycle, and consequently the conductance switches back to the free-host level. Metallocycle hosts with different shapes and cavity sizes show different degrees of flexibility to accommodate the C60 guest in response to mechanical stretching. DFT calculations provide further insights into the electronic structures and charge transport properties of the molecular junctions based on metallocycles and the metallocycle-C60 complexes.
Rational design of crystalline two-dimensional frameworks with highly complicated topological structures
Authors: Liang Rong-Ran , Xu Shun-Qi , Zhang Lei , A Ru-Han , Chen Pohua , Cui Fu-Zhi , Qi Qiao-Yan , Sun Junliang , Zhao Xin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractConstructing two-dimensional (2D) polymers with complex tessellation patterns via synthetic chemistry makes a significant contribution not only to the understanding of the emergence of complex hierarchical systems in living organisms, but also to the fabrication of advanced hierarchical materials. However, to achieve such tasks is a great challenge. In this communication we report a facile and general approach to tessellate 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) by three or four geometric shapes/sizes, which affords 2D COFs bearing three or four different kinds of pores and increases structural complexity in tessellations of 2D polymers to a much higher level. The complex tessellation patterns of the COFs are elucidated by powder X-ray diffraction studies, theoretical simulations and high-resolution TEM.
Thermodynamic control of −1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting
Authors: Bock Lars V. , Caliskan Neva , Korniy Natalia , Peske Frank , Rodnina Marina V. , Grubmüller Helmut 
Published: October 2019

AbstractmRNA contexts containing a ‘slippery’ sequence and a downstream secondary structure element stall the progression of the ribosome along the mRNA and induce its movement into the −1 reading frame. In this study we build a thermodynamic model based on Bayesian statistics to explain how −1 programmed ribosome frameshifting can work. As training sets for the model, we measured frameshifting efficiencies on 64 dnaX mRNA sequence variants in vitro and also used 21 published in vivo efficiencies. With the obtained free-energy difference between mRNA-tRNA base pairs in the 0 and −1 frames, the frameshifting efficiency of a given sequence can be reproduced and predicted from the tRNA−mRNA base pairing in the two frames. Our results further explain how modifications in the tRNA anticodon modulate frameshifting and show how the ribosome tunes the strength of the base-pair interactions.
Consciousness-specific dynamic interactions of brain integration and functional diversity
Authors: Luppi Andrea I. , Craig Michael M. , Pappas Ioannis , Finoia Paola , Williams Guy B. , Allanson Judith , Pickard John D. , Owen Adrian M. , Naci Lorina , Menon David K. , Stamatakis Emmanuel A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractProminent theories of consciousness emphasise different aspects of neurobiology, such as the integration and diversity of information processing within the brain. Here, we combine graph theory and dynamic functional connectivity to compare resting-state functional MRI data from awake volunteers, propofol-anaesthetised volunteers, and patients with disorders of consciousness, in order to identify consciousness-specific patterns of brain function. We demonstrate that cortical networks are especially affected by loss of consciousness during temporal states of high integration, exhibiting reduced functional diversity and compromised informational capacity, whereas thalamo-cortical functional disconnections emerge during states of higher segregation. Spatially, posterior regions of the brain’s default mode network exhibit reductions in both functional diversity and integration with the rest of the brain during unconsciousness. These results show that human consciousness relies on spatio-temporal interactions between brain integration and functional diversity, whose breakdown may represent a generalisable biomarker of loss of consciousness, with potential relevance for clinical practice.
Climate drivers of the 2017 devastating fires in Portugal
Authors: Turco Marco , Jerez Sonia , Augusto Sofia , Tarín-Carrasco Patricia , Ratola Nuno , Jiménez-Guerrero Pedro , Trigo Ricardo M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA record 500,000 hectares burned in Portugal during the extreme wildfire season of 2017, with more than 120 human lives lost. Here we analyse the climatic factors responsible for the burned area (BA) from June to October series in Portugal for the period 1980–2017. Superposed onto a substantially stationary trend on BA data, strong oscillations on shorter time scales were detected. Here we show that they are significantly affected by the compound effect of summer (June-July-August) drought and high temperature conditions during the fire season. Drought conditions were calculated using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Soil Moisture Index (SSI). Then the extent to which the burned area has diverged from climate-expected trends was assessed. Our results indicate that in the absence of other drivers, climate change would have led to higher BA values. In addition, the 2017 extreme fire season is well captured with the model forced with climate drivers only, suggesting that the extreme fire season of 2017 could be a prelude to future conditions and likewise events. Indeed, the expected further increase of drought and high temperature conditions in forthcoming decades, point at a potential increase of fire risk in this region. The climate-fire model developed in this study could be useful to develop more skilled seasonal predictions capable of anticipating potentially hazardous conditions.