bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Encuesta sobre los partidos políticos = Academic Survey about political parties.
Authors: Teoría y Realidad Constitucional - 
Published: July 2018

In this academic survey a group of Constitutional Law Professors answer questions about the constitutional and legal regulation of political parties in a democratic system: about their function in a democratic system, their legal status, the internal organization and functioning of the political party —if it is democratic and how can it be more democratic—, about the way to elect the candidates, the funding and the finance and funding control, and, finally, about the equal opportunities clause.En esta encuesta un grupo de Catedráticos de Derecho constitucional contestan a preguntas relativas al régimen constitucional y legal de los partidos políticos en un Estado democrático: en concreto sobre sus fines y funciones en el Estado democrático, su naturaleza jurídica, la exigencia de que su organización interna y funcionamiento sean democráticos y el modo de cumplir esta exigencia, sobre el sistema de elección de los candidatos, sobre la financiación y el control financiero de los partidos, y, finalmente, sobre el principio de la igualdad de oportunidades entre partidos.
La regulación jurídica de la democracia interna en los partidos políticos y sus problemas en España = The legal regulation of internal democracy in political parties and its problems in Spain
Authors: Vírgala Foruria Eduardo 
Published: July 2018

The crisis started in 2008 has not only affected the economy and the social services, but has spread throughout the organizational framework designed by the Constitution and, especially, to the political parties, on which citizens demand greater democracy. In this sense, the Political Parties Act 2002 represents only a minimal improvement over previous legislation and a very limited development of the provisions of the Constitution. Lacking a more detailed development of central aspects of internal democracy as may be the method of election of the executive bodies of the party and the electoral candidates. The paper analyzes these aspects, collecting the existing case law from the Constitutional Court to the Provincial Courts.La crisis comenzada en 2008 no ha afectado únicamente a la economía y a los servicios sociales, sino que se ha extendido a todo el entramado organizativo diseñado en la Constitución y, en especial, a los partidos políticos, con las demandas ciudadanas de mayor democratización de los mismos. En este sentido, la LO de partidos políticos de 2002 supone sólo un avance mínimo con respecto a la legislación anterior y un desarrollo muy limitado de lo dispuesto en la Constitución. Sigue faltando un desarrollo más detallado de aspectos centrales de la democracia interna como puede ser la forma de elección de los órganos ejecutivos del partido y de las candidaturas electorales. El trabajo analiza estos aspectos, recogiendo la jurisprudencia existente en la materia, desde la del Tribunal Constitucional hasta la de las Audiencias Provinciales.
Stability of important antibodies for kidney disease: pre-analytic methodological considerations
Authors: Han Qiuxia , Li Songyan , Fu Bo , Liu Dongwei , Wu Maoqing , Yang Xiaoli , Cai Guangyan , Liu Zhangsuo , Chen Xiangmei , Zhu Hanyu 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundThe importance of circulating antibodies as biomarkers of kidney disease has recently been recognized. However, no study has systematically described the methodology of sample preparation and storage regarding antibodies as biomarkers of kidney disease. It remains unknown whether repetitive freeze-thaw cycles, physical disturbances, storage at different temperatures or for different periods of time, or haemolytic or turbid serum samples affect antibody measurements. The aim of this study was to investigate the stabilities of antibodies associated with kidney disease in serum samples under various relevant clinical and research conditions.MethodsWe stored serum samples in the following different conditions: repetitive freeze-thaw cycles (1, 6 or 12 times), long-term storage (7 or 12 months at −80 °C), physical disturbance (1 or 8 h), and storage at 4 °C (1, 3 or 6 weeks) and room temperature (1 or 7 days). The stabilities of the anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (anti-PLA2R), anti-glomerular basement membrane, anti-myeloperoxidase and anti-proteinase 3 antibodies were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).ResultsWe found that repetitive freeze-thaw cycles did not have a significant effect on the stabilities of the abovementioned antibodies in clear serum samples. The ELISA readings of haemolytic and turbid serum samples tended to increase and decrease, respectively. Neither long-term storage at −80 °C nor physical disturbance had a significant effect on anti-PLA2R antibody stability in sealed serum samples. The concentrations of most of these antibodies increased in unsealed serum samples that were stored at 4 °C for more than 6 weeks or at room temperature for more than 7 days.DiscussionOur findings revealed that the abovementioned circulating antibodies that are used as biomarkers for kidney disease had stable physicochemical properties, structures and immunoreactivities such that they were not influenced by repetitive freeze-thaw cycles, physical disturbances or long-term storage at −80 °C. However, the ELISA readings tended to change for haemolytic, turbid and unsealed serum samples.
Feasibility of optimizing intensity‐modulated radiation therapy plans based on measured mucosal dose adjacent to dental fillings and toxicity outcomes
Authors: Seol Seung Won , Aggarwal Sonya , von Eyben Rie , Wang Ziwei , Chan Cato , Say Carmen , Xing Lei , Hara Wendy , Yang Yong , Le Quynh Thu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe prospectively investigated the feasibility of IMRT treatment plan optimization based on dosimeter measurements of lateral tongue mucosal dose adjacent to the dental fillings and evaluated dose‐toxicity relationship and factors affecting oral mucositis (OM) in head and neck cancer patients. Twenty‐nine head and neck cancer patients with metallic dental fillings who were scheduled to undergo fractionated external beam radiation therapy (RT) ± chemotherapy were enrolled. The lateral tongue dose was measured and if the calculated dose for the entire treatment was ≥35 Gy, a re‐plan was generated to reduce the lateral tongue mucosal dose. OM was graded weekly according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0 and the patients completed the Oral Mucositis Weekly Questionnaire‐Head and Neck Cancer. The result showed that it was not feasible to optimize the IMRT plan based on measured tongue dose in most of the patients who needed re‐plan as re‐planning compromised the target coverage in 60% of these patients. The duration of grade (Gr) 2 OM was correlated with measured lateral tongue dose (P = 0.050). Concurrent cetuximab was significantly associated with faster onset of Gr2 OM than concurrent cisplatin (P = 0.006) and with longer duration of OM (P = 0.041) compared to concurrent cisplatin or IMRT‐alone. The pattern of reported pain over time was significantly different for each treatment type (RT and cetuximab, RT and cisplatin and RT‐alone) and depending on the dose level (P = 0.006). In conclusion, optimizing the IMRT plan based on measured lateral tongue dose was not feasible. Measured lateral tongue dose was significantly correlated with longer duration of OM ≥Gr2, and concurrent cetuximab was associated with earlier onset and longer duration of OM ≥Gr2.
A framework for clinical commissioning of 3D‐printed patient support or immobilization devices in photon radiotherapy
Authors: Meyer Tyler , Quirk Sarah , D'Souza Malgorzata , Spencer David , Roumeliotis Michael 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPurposeThe objective of this work is to outline a framework for dosimetric characterization that will comprehensively detail the clinical commissioning steps for 3D‐printed materials applied as patient support or immobilization devices in photon radiotherapy. The complex nature of 3D‐printed materials with application to patient‐specific configurations requires careful consideration. The framework presented is generalizable to any 3D‐printed object where the infill and shell combinations are unknown.MethodsA representative cylinder and wedge were used as test objects to characterize devices that may be printed of unknown, patient‐specific dimensions. A case study of a 3D‐printed CSI immobilization board was presented as an example of an object of known, but adaptable dimensions and proprietary material composition. A series of measurements were performed to characterize the material's kV radiologic properties, MV attenuation measurements and calculations, energy spectrum water equivalency, and surface dose measurements. These measurements complement the recommendations of the AAPM's TG176 to characterize the additional complexity of 3D‐printed materials for use in a clinical radiotherapy environment.ResultsThe dosimetric characterization of 3D‐printed test objects and a case study device informed the development of a step‐by‐step template that can easily be followed by clinicians to accurately and safely utilize 3D‐printed materials as patient‐specific support or immobilization devices.ConclusionsA series of steps is outlined to provide a formulaic approach to clinically commission 3D‐printed materials that may possess varying material composition, infill patterns, and patient‐specific dimensions.
Enhancement of megavoltage electronic portal images for markerless tumor tracking
Authors: Cheong Kwang‐Ho , Yoon Jai‐Woong , Park Soah , Hwang Taejin , Kang Sei‐Kwon , Koo Taeryool , Han Tae Jin , Kim Haeyoung , Lee Me Yeon , Kim Kyoung Ju , Bae Hoonsik 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPurposeThe poor quality of megavoltage (MV) images from electronic portal imaging device (EPID) hinders visual verification of tumor targeting accuracy particularly during markerless tumor tracking. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a few representative image processing treatments on visual verification and detection capability of tumors under auto tracking.MethodsImages of QC‐3 quality phantom, a single patient's setup image, and cine images of two‐lung cancer patients were acquired. Three image processing methods were individually employed to the same original images. For each deblurring, contrast enhancement, and denoising, a total variation deconvolution, contrast‐limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE), and median filter were adopted, respectively. To study the effect of image enhancement on tumor auto‐detection, a tumor tracking algorithm was adopted in which the tumor position was determined as the minimum point of the mean of the sum of squared pixel differences (MSSD) between two images. The detectability and accuracy were compared.ResultsDeblurring of a quality phantom image yielded sharper edges, while the contrast‐enhanced image was more readable with improved structural differentiation. Meanwhile, the denoising operation resulted in noise reduction, however, at the cost of sharpness. Based on comparison of pixel value profiles, contrast enhancement outperformed others in image perception. During the tracking experiment, only contrast enhancement resulted in tumor detection in all images using our tracking algorithm. Deblurring failed to determine the target position in two frames out of a total of 75 images. For original and denoised set, target location was not determined for the same five images. Meanwhile, deblurred image showed increased detection accuracy compared with the original set. The denoised image resulted in decreased accuracy. In the case of contrast‐improved set, the tracking accuracy was nearly maintained as that of the original image.ConclusionsConsidering the effect of each processing on tumor tracking and the visual perception in a limited time, contrast enhancement would be the first consideration to visually verify the tracking accuracy of tumors on MV EPID without sacrificing tumor detectability and detection accuracy.
Atomic Layer Deposited TiO2–IrOx Alloy as a Hole Transport Material for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Tan Wanliang , Hendricks Olivia L. , Meng Andrew C. , Braun Michael R. , McGehee Michael D. , Chidsey Christopher E. D. , McIntyre Paul C. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe hole transport layer (HTL) is one of the key components in planar perovskite solar cells. This study reports a new kind of HTL fabricated using atomic layer deposition (ALD). By alloying TiO2 with IrOx, it is demonstrated that TiO2, a well‐known electron‐selective contact and electron transport layer in photovoltaic devices, can behave as an HTL with an appropriately high work function. Perovskite Cs0.17FA0.83Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 solar cells including this new hole transport material achieve a power conversion efficiency of 15.8% under AM 1.5G simulated solar irradiation compared to a 14.3% efficiency for otherwise‐identical devices incorporating a more standard NiO HTL layer. These results suggest the promise of transition metal oxide alloys synthesized by ALD as hole contact materials for optoelectronic devices, including advanced photovoltaics.
Thermoplasmonic and Photothermal Metamaterials for Solar Energy Applications
Authors: Shin Dongheok , Kang Gumin , Gupta Prince , Behera Saraswati , Lee Hyungsuk , Urbas Augustine M. , Park Wounjhang , Kim Kyoungsik 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSunlight is one of the Earth's clean and sustainable natural energy resources, and extensive studies are conducted on the conversion of solar energy into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) devices. However, single‐junction PV devices cannot break the theoretical efficiency limit known as the Shockley–Queisser limit that is caused by the sub‐bandgap transmission and heat dissipation losses in semiconductors. Solar thermal conversion approaches may provide an alternative way to exceed this limit and enable more efficient use of solar light than that in PV devices. Recently, spectrally or thermally engineered metamaterials have attracted considerable attention for solar energy applications because of their excellent physical properties. The recent research progress in the development of these photothermal and thermoplasmonic metamaterials, along with their promising applications in solar thermophotovoltaics, radiative cooling, and solar desalination, is discussed.
Large‐Area 3D‐Printed Chiral Metasurface Composed of Metal Helices
Authors: Golod Sergey V. , Seyfi Valentin A. , Buldygin Anatoly F. , Gayduk Alexey E. , Prinz Victor Ya. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAn original design for chiral metasurfaces formation is proposed. The hybrid fabrication approach is based on the 3D printing of polymer substrates with a shape‐generating “helical” relief, molding, and subsequent shadow metal deposition. The formed double‐layer grating of multiturn metal helices rotates the polarization plane of sub‐terahertz and microwave radiation through an angle in excess of 40°. Both experimentally and in numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that re‐reflection phenomena occur in the “metal helix–polymer substrate” hybrid structure. Those phenomena permit control of polarization‐plane rotation, ellipticity, and asymmetric transmission. Multiplication of printed structures with 3D helices achieved by using the molding technique enables the formation of large‐area chiral metasurfaces. The advantages of the proposed metasurface include easy fabrication of the system, the possibility of its scalability to other frequency ranges, and the possibility of using systems based on such metasurfaces in highly efficient polarization transformers.
Impact of Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Versus Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Treatment on Radiographic Progression in Early Ankylosing Spondylitis: Its Relationship to Inflammation Control During Treatment
Authors: Park Jun Won , Kim Min Jung , Lee Jeong Seok , Ha You‐Jung , Park Jin Kyun , Kang Eun Ha , Lee Yun Jong , Song Yeong Wook , Lee Eun Young 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) treatment and inflammation control on radiographic progression in early ankylosing spondylitis (AS) over 4 years.MethodsWe included a total of 215 patients with early AS (symptom duration <10 years) treated with TNFi (the TNFi group; n = 135) or with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (the control group; n = 80). Two blinded readers assessed radiographic progression using the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS). Inflammation control was inferred from C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels time‐averaged between 2 radiologic assessments. Linear mixed modeling was used to estimate mSASSS changes over radiographic intervals as well as the impact of clinical factors on outcomes.ResultsThe TNFi group had longer disease duration, a higher baseline CRP level, and a higher Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index than did controls. The time‐averaged CRP level over radiographic intervals was lower with TNFi treatment than with NSAID treatment (mean ± SD 0.27 ± 0.30 mg/dl versus 0.61 ± 0.68 mg/dl; P < 0.001). Overall, mean ± SD mSASSS change over the 2‐year interval was 1.30 ± 2.97 units. In the multivariable model adjusted for age, smoking status, baseline CRP level, and the presence of syndesmophytes at baseline, the TNFi group showed less mSASSS change over the 2‐year interval (β = −0.90 [95% confidence interval {95% CI} −1.51, −0.29]). However, when a time‐averaged CRP level was additionally included, it significantly influenced the mSASSS change (β = 1.02 [95% CI 0.32, 1.71]), decreasing the estimated group difference (β = −0.52 [95% CI −1.17, 0.14]). NSAID indices of both groups were not associated with either time‐averaged CRP levels or mSASSS changes.ConclusionEffective suppression of inflammation by TNFi treatment decreases radiographic progression in early AS.
Oberflächennahe Geothermiesondenanlagen im Betrieb
Authors: Wagner Isabel M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractKleine oberflächennahe Geothermiesondenanlagen mit einer Heizleistung < 30 kW werden in Deutschland insbesondere bei Wohnimmobilien zahlreich betrieben. Dennoch ist wenig über ihren Betrieb, ihre Zuverlässigkeit und die Zufriedenheit der Eigentümer der geothermischen Sondenanlagen bekannt. Eine in den Städten Wiesbaden, Darmstadt, Düsseldorf und Frankfurt am Main durchgeführte Praxisstudie in Form einer schriftlichen Erhebung bei den Eigentümern gewährt hier Einblick und dokumentiert eine sehr große Zufriedenheit mit dem Betrieb der Anlagen, sehr wenig Ausfälle sowie eine hohe Anzahl an auch zur Kühlung verwendeten Geothermiesondenanlagen. In Abhängigkeit von der vorhandenen Grundwasserströmung im Untergrund erzeugen geothermische Anlagen Temperaturfahnen im Untergrund in Richtung der Grundwasserströmung, die eine thermische Interaktion benachbarter Geothermiesondenanlagen verursachen können. Hier knüpft die Frage nach den erforderlichen Grenzabständen zu Nachbargrundstücken an. Untersucht wird in Anlehnung an die Umfrageergebnisse die Abhängigkeit der Entwicklung der Temperaturfahne insbesondere von der Betriebsweise der geothermischen Anlage. Der Einfluss einer zusätzlichen Kühlung, die gemäß der Praxisstudie vermehrt eingesetzt wird, kann zu einer Reduzierung der Temperaturfahnenausbreitung und damit der thermischen Interaktion führen, sodass die Betriebsweise der Sondenanlage maßgeblichen Einfluss auf die erforderlichen Grenzabstände hat.
Cellulosefaser‐Leichtbeton (CFLC)
Authors: Thiel Thomas , Grieger Christoph , Mechtcherine Viktor 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIm Mittelpunkt dieses Artikels steht ein zementgebundener Leichtbeton auf der Basis von aus Altpapier herausgelösten Cellulosefasern. Die Herstellung dieses neuartigen Leichtbetons basiert im Wesentlichen auf einer Vermischung von aus Altpapier gewonnenen Cellulosefasern und Zementleim. Durch die Variation des Faseranteils lässt sich ein breites Spektrum an Rohdichtewerten erzielen; bei hohen Fasergehalten können nahezu dämmstofftypische Eigenschaften realisiert werden.Am Anfang stehen Erläuterungen zur Spezifik dieses Materials und eine Einordnung in den Kontext der üblichen Leicht‐ und Faserbetone. Es folgen weiterhin Betrachtungen zur Problematik des Faseraufschlusses. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Wege aufgezeigt, wie dieser Prozess in betontechnologischer Hinsicht umgesetzt werden kann. Ferner wird der für einen zielgerichteten Mischungsentwurf entwickelte Algorithmus erläutert.Durch die Faserzugabe wird gegenüber konventionellem Beton eine deutliche Änderung der rheologischen Eigenschaften hervorgerufen. Dies spiegelt sich in einer hierauf abgestimmten Einbau‐ und Verdichtungstechnologie sowie in einer Differenzierung in drei verschiedene CFLC‐Grundtypen wider. Für die Konsistenzprüfung wird ein geeignetes Verfahren vorgestellt. Abschließend wird das Spektrum der mit diesem Material erreichbaren Frisch‐ und Festbetoneigenschaften aufgezeigt.
Electrochemical and Morphological Characterization of Zn−Al−Cu Layered Double Hydroxides as a Negative Electrode in Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Bani Hashemi A. , Kasiri G. , Glenneberg J. , Langer F. , Kun R. , La Mantia F. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by Universität Bremen, Energy Storage and Energy Conversion Research Group and Innovative Sensor and Functional Materials Research Group. The image shows how layered double hydroxides can contribute to the improvement of the performances of the zinc anode in aqueous zinc‐ion batteries for the short‐term storage of renewable energies. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201800291.
Ermittlung des Pfahlgruppeneffekts einer Zweiergruppe offener Stahlrohrpfähle in Sand
Authors: Wisotzki Elmar , Foglia Aligi , Schallert Matthias , Quiroz Tulio 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDie Offshore‐Windenergie ist eine wesentliche Stütze der Deutschen Energiewende. Offshore‐Konverterplattformen bündeln und transformieren hierbei die erzeugte elektrische Energie und speisen diese in das Übertragungsnetz ein. Diese Plattformtypen werden im Wesentlichen mit Stahlrohrrammpfählen tiefgegründet. Aufgrund der hohen Lasten kommen auch Pfahlgruppen zum Einsatz. Aus der Literatur ist bekannt, dass die Tragfähigkeit von Pfählen innerhalb einer Pfahlgruppe abweichend zur Tragfähigkeit von identischen Einzelpfählen sein kann. Hierbei spielen insbesondere der Abstand der Pfähle untereinander, der Pfahltyp sowie die Anordnung innerhalb der Gruppe eine Rolle. Zur Untersuchung des Tragverhaltens von Zweierpfahlgruppen für eine Offshore‐Plattform wurden daher im Testzentrum Tragstruktur Hannover (TTH) großmaßstäblich Versuche im Maßstab 1:10 ausgeführt. Das Testprogramm umfasste hierbei einerseits zeitversetzte dynamische Pfahlprobebelastungen an Einzelpfählen und andererseits statische Pfahlprobebelastungen an Einzelpfählen und Pfahlgruppen mit dem Ziel, die Pfahlgruppeneffektivität zu bestimmen, aber auch zeitabhängige Tragfähigkeitssteigerungen nachzuweisen.In diesem Beitrag werden die experimentellen Untersuchungen sowie Ergebnisse vorgestellt und diskutiert. Für die hier getestete Pfahlkonfiguration konnte eine Pfahlgruppeneffektivität für die Grenzzustände der Gebrauchstauglichkeit und der Tragfähigkeit von etwa 1 nachgewiesen werden.