bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in New Caledonian biogeography
Authors: Heads Michael 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTThe biota of New Caledonia is one of the most unusual in the world. It displays high diversity and endemism, many peculiar absences, and far‐flung biogeographic affinities. For example, New Caledonia is the only place on Earth with both main clades of flowering plants – the endemic Amborella and ‘all the rest’, and it also has the highest concentration of diversity in conifers. The discovery of Amborella's phylogenetic position led to a surge of interest in New Caledonian biogeography, and new studies are appearing at a rapid rate. This paper reviews work on the topic (mainly molecular studies) published since 2013. One current debate is focused on whether any biota survived the marine transgressions of the Paleocene and Eocene. Total submersion would imply that the entire fauna was derived by long‐distance dispersal from continental areas since the Eocene, but only if no other islands (now submerged) were emergent. A review of the literature suggests there is little actual evidence in geology for complete submersion. An alternative explanation for New Caledonia's diversity is that the archipelago acted as a refugium, and that the biota avoided the extinctions that occurred in Australia. However, this is contradicted by the many groups that are anomalously absent or depauperate in New Caledonia, although represented there by a sister group. The anomalous absences, together with the unusual levels of endemism, can both be explained by vicariance at breaks in and around New Caledonia. New Caledonia has always been situated at or near a plate boundary, and its complex geological history includes the addition of new terranes (by accretion), orogeny, and rifting. New Caledonia comprises ‘basement’ terranes that were part of Gondwana, as well as island arc and forearc terranes that accreted to the basement after it separated from Gondwana. The regional tectonic history helps explain the regional biogeography, as well as distribution patterns within New Caledonia. These include endemics on the basement terranes (for example, the basal angiosperm, Amborella), disjunctions at the West Caledonian fault zone, and great biotic differences between Grande Terre and the Loyalty Islands.
The organic stratigraphy of Ontong Java Plateau Tuff correlated with the depth‐related presence and absence of putative microbial alteration structures
Authors: Purvis Graham , van der Land Cees , Sano Naoko , Cockell Charles , Barlow Anders , Cumpson Peter , Lopez‐Capel Elisa , Gray Neil 
Published: December 2018

AbstractStructures in geological samples are often interpreted as fossilised life; however, such interpretations are equivocal, as abiotic processes can be invoked to explain their presence. Thus, additional lines of chemical evidence are invaluable in confirming or refuting such morphological evidence. Glass shards in tuff from the Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) contain microtubular structures that are in close proximity to functionalised nitrogen substituted aromatic compounds that may be indicative of the chemical remnants of biological activity. The organic composition of the OJP tuff containing microtubular alteration structures was compared with tuff without such features. In addition, organic matter associated with horizons with compacted remnants of woody material buried in the OJP tuff and overlying pelagic calcareous foraminifer sediment were also characterised, to ascertain the provenance of the organic matter found in the OJP tuff. As a further control, the organic material in submarine and terrestrial basalts from other locations were also characterised providing further evidence to support the view that the organic matter in the OJP tuff is authigenic. Carbon–nitrogen chemistry was detected across all OJP tuff samples irrespective of the presence or absence of microtubular features, but was not detected in either the wood material, the overlying pelagic sediments or in the basalts from other locations. The results indicate no direct link between the OJP nitrogenous organic compounds and the presence or absence of microtubular features.
The relationship between oral‐health‐related quality of life and general health in an elderly population: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: da Mata Cristiane , Allen Patrick Finbar , McKenna Gerald John , Hayes Martina , Kashan Ali 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the oral‐health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) in a cohort of Irish older patients and explore associations with overall health status.BackgroundThe impact of oral health conditions on older individuals’ quality of life may be influenced by patients’ general health status.Materials and MethodsThis paper reports a cross‐sectional study, which analysed baseline data from patients aged over 60 years. Patients were recruited from two different environments, namely Cork University Dental Hospital and St. Finbarr's Hospital, to take part in two research studies. All patients completed the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) and EuroQol‐5D (EQ‐5D) questionnaires. All patients provided a comprehensive overview of their general medical status. Data from the Quality of Life questionnaires were analysed to check for differences between healthy and frail elders and explore associations between OHRQoL and general health.ResultsThe patient sample comprised 146 (44.6%) male and 181 (55.4%) female participants, with a mean (SD) age of 73.96 (6.9). Frail patients reported a higher mean OHIP‐14 score compared to non‐frail patients (P < 0.001). Pearson's correlation analysis showed a negative association between OHIP‐14 and EQ‐5D scores. Regression analysis showed that among frail individuals, better general health corresponded to poorer OHRQoL. In the non‐frail cohort, better general health was related to better OHRQoL, although these results were not statistically significant.ConclusionsGeneral health was not significantly associated with the way that patients perceive their oral health within this patient cohort. However, factors such as objective oral health, denture wear and patient's expectations may play a role in this association.
Leadership development in Higher Education: A literature review and implications for programme redesign
Authors: Dopson Sue , Ferlie Ewan , McGivern Gerry , Fischer Michael D. , Mitra Mahima , Ledger Jean , Behrens Sonja 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLeadership development (LD) activity and its effectiveness has not been explored rigorously across changing university settings globally. As Higher Education settings change radically throughout the world, Higher Education professionals are operating in more uncertain environments, and leaders are taking increasingly complex and diverse approaches to their leadership roles. LD activities therefore become important in supporting this highly complex context, yet little is known in the literature about LD and its impact in Higher Education. We examine peer‐reviewed work on LD in Higher Education settings globally to understand what may be learned about its content, processes, outcomes and impact. Our results suggest the current literature is small‐scale, fragmented and often theoretically weak, with many different and coexisting models, approaches and methods, and little consensus on what may be suitable and effective in the Higher Education context. We reflect on this state of play and develop a novel theoretical approach for designing LD activity in Higher Education institutions.
The Productivity of Several Machines Under the Care of One Operator
Authors: Ashcroft H. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Probability concepts are applied to determine the extent to which the productivity of machines is reduced when one operator has charge of several so that, whenever two machines stop at about the same time, one has to stand idle until the operator has re-started the other. For the case when the requisite attention times for each re-start are equal, a table of the average number of machines running and a chart showing the most economical ratio of machines to operators have been prepared.
The Random Division of an Interval—Part II
Authors: Moran P. A. P. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
In a previous paper the theory of a test for the random distribution of events in time was considered. In the present paper a model is set up for a process in which events occur in time in a dependant manner. Using this model as an alternative hypothesis the asymptotic efficiency of the previously considered test is compared with that of a test proposed by M. S. Bartlett and it is found that the latter is considerably more efficient as well as being easier to use.
Some Problems in the Theory of Queues
Authors: Kendall David G. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The paper opens with a general review of some points in congestion theory, and continues with a simplified account of the Pollaczek-Khintchine “equilibrium” theory for the single-counter queue fed by an input of the Poisson type and associated with a general service-time distribution. It is pointed out that although the stochastic process describing the fluctuations in queue-size is not (in general) Markovian, it is possible to work instead with an enumerable Markov chain if attention is directed to the epochs at which individual customers depart (these epochs forming a sequence of regeneration points).
The Variance of Least-Square Estimates Under Linear Restraints
Authors: Rosenbaum S. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The set of normal equations arising from the least-squares procedure in regression analyses can sometimes be conveniently reduced when there are special restraints on the parameters, and the resulting Lagrangian multipliers are zero. We deduce from the inverse matrix of the reduced set an appropriate form for the variances and covariances of the estimates of the parameters.
A General Technique for the Analysis of Experiments with Incorrectly Treated Plots
Authors: Grundy P. M. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
A method of dealing with experiments containing incorrectly treated plots is described in general terms. After an indication of the relevant regression theory, different aspects of the technique are illustrated by examples. These also include illustrations of the calculation of exact variances resulting from missing-plot analyses. A short sketch of the algebraic theory is included.
The Distribution and Frequency of Record Values
Authors: Chandler K. N. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The lower record values of a semi-infinite time series derived by random simple sampling from a fixed universe are defined to be those members which are less than all previous members. The probability distribution of the rth lower record value, Xr, is obtained and its probability points for r = 2, 3, …, 9, for normal and rectangular universes are tabulated. The probability distribution of the serial number, ur, of Xr in the original series xu is found and also the probability distribution of the difference of the serial numbers of Xr - 1, and Xr. These serial numbers, ur, are interesting in that they do not leave finite means. Further, they are independent of the parent universe, providing it has finite or zero probability density at all points.
On a Useful Set of Orthogonal Comparisons
Authors: Loraine Phyllis K. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
A set of orthogonal components is developed for partitioning, in the analysis of variance, the sum of squares corresponding to a main effect X, at n equi-spaced levels. This partitioning determines the point of appreciable departure from linearity of the response curve, this departure being expected to occur at one end only of the range considered.
The Detection of Linkage in Human Genetics
Authors: Smith Cedric A. B. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
There are three methods used in practice to detect human linkage. These are: (i)The sib-pair method of Penrose, applicable to pairs of brothers and sisters, when the parents’ genotypes are unknown or disregarded.(ii)The method of efficient scores (u-functions), due to Fisher and Finney, applicable to families consisting of 2 or more children, together with either or both genotypes of the parents if known.(iii)The method of likelihood ratio, or backward odds, due to Haldane & Smith, and most suitable for large pedigrees: this links up with maximum likelihood estimation.
Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is part of the purpose of this paper to present a connected account of the subject, showing the relations between the three methods. It appears that all are really different forms of the likelihood ratio test, suitably adapted for practical use.
It is suggested that recessive children of cousin parents can be used to detect linkage.
Methods of using sib-pair tables to calculate efficient scores are given. As the sib-pair table is convenient in use, methods are given to extend it to families of more than 2 sibs, though this may not be fully efficient. It is also pointed out that tables of lods (log odds) can be prepared for use with families of 2 or 3 sibs, and an example is provided.
The Estimation of the Parameters of a Birth and Death Process
Authors: Moran P. A. P. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
In a previous paper the estimation of the sum λ + μ of the parameters of a simple birth and death process was considered. In the present paper we consider the estimation of λ(λ + μ)−1. This problem is equivalent to the problem of estimating the probabilities of steps to the right and left from an observed realization of a random walk which has one absorbing boundary and which is terminated, if necessary, after a preassigned number of steps. The properties of various estimators are considered.
Selection without Replacement from within Strata with Probability Proportional to Size
Authors: Yates F. , Grundy P. M. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
In selection with probability proportional to size x from within strata without replacement, the usual method of selection gives rise to bias in the estimate of the total of a variate y derived by weighting the units by weights proportional to 1/x. By means of numerical examples it is shown that the amount of this bias is usually quite trivial. If, however, unbiased estimates are required, the true total probabilities of selection of the different units can be calculated easily for samples of 2, and with considerably more labour for samples of 3.
The bias in the ordinary formula for the estimation of error is also investigated, and the formula is shown to be reasonably accurate. Horvitz and Thompson have given an unbiased estimator of the error variance, but this is shown to be inefficient and a new unbiased estimator is given.
A method of revising the size measures so that with the usual method of selection the true total probabilities of selection are proportional to the original size measures is given for samples of 2. Horvitz and Thompson’s solution of this problem does not appear to give satisfactory approximations in the cases met with in practice.
The selection of successive members of a sample with arbitrary sets of probabilities chosen solely so that the total probabilities shall be proportional to the original size measures, which has been advocated in various quarters, is criticized.
Some Results in Sampling Theory when the Units are Selected with Unequal Probabilities
Authors: Durbin J. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The main purpose of the present paper is to give a rule for calculating estimates of sampling error which can be applied to multi-stage designs of any degree of complexity. The rule is an extension of that given by Yates (1949) for the case of equal probabilities of selection. The paper goes on to discuss the relation between the theories of sampling with and without replacement and two approximate procedures are described which are easy to apply but lead to slight overestimates of sampling error.
Poor Man’s Monte Carlo
Authors: Hammersley J. M. , Morton K. W. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
Monte Carlo methods often are and always should be part of the normal stock-in-trade of the ordinary practising statistician. This paper is an introduction to such methods, with an emphasis on those that require little or no calculating machinery. Three worked numerical examples, arranged in order of increasing difficulty, illustrate some of the more important general precepts. The last of these examples touches on some problems of self-avoiding walks, i.e., stochastic processes without multiple points.
The Application of Automatic Computers to Sampling Experiments
Authors: Tocher K. D. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
This paper describes some of the problems that arise when automatic computers are used for conducting sampling experiments. The generation of random elements is discussed in detail and some methods of producing random variables with common distributions are described. The use of sampling methods to evaluate multivariate integrals is discussed. Finally a programme is devised to conduct a special form of a restricted random walk.
Transposed Branching Processes
Authors: Hammersley J. M. , Morton K. W. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
We shall show in this paper how, in studying the growth-rate of a deterministic branching process, a simple change of viewpoint, which is quite trivial theoretically, may nevertheless lead to surprising computational simplifications; and, in the course of this, we shall indicate a basis on which the generated population can sometimes be reclassified into fewer classes.
A Further Approximation to the Distribution of Wilcoxon’s Statistic in the General Case
Authors: Sundrum R. M. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
In an earlier paper, the author obtained the variance of Wilcoxon’s two-sample test statistic and used it to find the large sample power of Wilcoxon’s test against certain alternatives. In this paper general expressions are derived for the third and fourth moments of the statistic; these are found to depend on relatively few parameters. A short table is given of the values of these parameters under normal alternatives.
Random Queueing Processes with Phase-Type Service
Authors: Jackson R. R. P. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
A queueing process is studied in which customers arrive at random and are served in order of arrival at each of a number of counters arranged in series. Each counter of the series is permitted to have “many servers”, and the distribution of service time for a customer at each phase of service (e.g. at each counter) is supposed to be negative exponential. The equilibrium solution for the general case is obtained, but more detail is given for the single server system.
Fiducial Distributions and Prior Distributions: An Example in Which the Former Cannot be Associated with the Latter
Authors: Grundy P. M. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
A class of one-parameter distributions is specified, for which the sample total is a sufficient statistic in samples of arbitrary size. It is proved that the resulting fiducial distribution of the parameter does not coincide with the distribution, a posteriori, given by Bayes' theorem, for any prior distribution whatever.
A Comparison of Two Sorts of Test for a Change of Location Applicable to Truncated Data
Authors: Barton D. E. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The powers of one and two-sample tests of change of centre of location based on the difference of sample quantiles are compared with those of the corresponding combinatorial tests based on quantile division of the sample. The powers are found to be asymptotically equivalent. Computation of particular cases suggests that for quite small samples there is good agreement of the powers of the two kinds of test with each other and with their common limiting form.
Analysis of Variance as an Alternative to Factor Analysis
Authors: Creasy Monica A. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
An analogy between factor analysis and analysis of variance is pointed out, and an approximate test of significance is indicated. It is suggested that considerable simplification in the factor loadings may be made without appreciably affecting the final results. The interactions of factors is discussed, and it is suggested that batteries of tests should be designed so that they can be measured and tested. Some examples are given to illustrate the points made.
Stationary Distributions of the Negative Exponential Type for the Infinite Dam
Authors: Gani J. , Prabhu N. U. 
Published: December 2018

Summary
The paper begins with a formulation of the infinite dam equations for the stationary distribution of the sum of the dam content and input, in both the discrete and continuous cases. Methods of solving these are briefly outlined, that for the discrete dam being due to Bailey (1954), while a second for the continuous dam is due to Lindley (1952).
In the continuous case, an input distribution of the negative exponential type is seen to result in a negative exponential stationary distribution of the dam content, together with a discrete probability that the dam be empty. It is shown that several other input distributions which are of approximately Gamma type below a specified value of the random variable, and with negative exponential tails, also give rise to similar negative exponential distributions of the dam content, with different discrete probabilities that the dam be empty.
The paper ends with a numerical comparison of the stationary probabilities for the content of finite and infinite dams in two simple cases of these input distributions.
The Matching Distributions: Poisson Limiting Forms and Derived Methods of Approximation
Authors: Barton D. E. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
(1) The Matching Problem is reviewed. (2) Stevens’s approach is generalized to yield the explicit results so far known. (3) A continuous range of Poisson limits is derived for the various matching distributions by an elementary method (alternative to Kaplansky’s symbolic proof). (4) The approximations afforded by some of these are improved by orthogonal polynomial fitting. (5) Further Poisson limits are derived for certain general classes of multiple matching distributions; the asymptotic form for the number of Latin Rectangles is derived as a corollary and some numerical comparisons made. (6) Levene’s matching problem is generalized: A general Poisson limit is obtained and some exact distributions derived. Kullback’s matching distribution is generalized and a general Poisson limit obtained.
A Difference Equation Technique Applied to the Simple Queue with Arbitrary Arrival Interval Distribution
Authors: Conolly B. W. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
In a previous paper (Conolly, 1958) a difference equation technique was applied to the simple, single-server queue with negative exponentially distributed service and arrival intervals. The technique is here generalized and illustrated in the case where arrival intervals are arbitrarily distributed.
Geometric Distributions in the Theory of Queues
Authors: Winsten C. B. 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARY
First a new explanation in probability terms is given for the occurrence of geometric or conditional geometric distributions in some queueing problems. The methods used allow some simple but useful generalizations to be obtained. In §§2 and 3, these results are used to find the equilibrium distribution for a queueing system for which customers can arrive late, and for which the service time has a negative exponential distribution. The effects of different assumptions about the distribution of lateness on the queue distribution are investigated. In §4, a generalization of a result in the theory of Markov chains given in §1 is derived.