bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of crude protein content of the supplement on the response to level of supplementation for dairy cows with ad libitum access to grass silage
Authors: Mayne C. S. 
Published: June 2019

There is now a considerable volume of evidence to indicate that, with high quality, grass silage-based diets, good animal performance can be achieved by offering supplements of high crude protein content at much lower levels than would be required with conventional supplements. Given the current constraint on milk output at farm level, there is considerable interest in lower cost milk production systems and high protein supplements would appear to have a role to play in this context. However, there is little information available which enables prediction of milk yield responses to increasing levels of supplements of differing protein content. The objective of this study was to determine response curves to supplements of differing protein content, given in addition to grass silage, thereby facilitating a least-cost diet type approach to achieving a given level of milk output.Concentrates containing either 100, 220, 340 or 460 g crude protein (CP)/kg fresh weight were offered to 72 autumn-calving dairy cows from day 14 of lactation, with each concentrate offered at four levels of feeding.
The partition and utilisation of energy and nitrogen by sows during their first lactation
Authors: Mullan B.P. , Close W.H. 
Published: June 2019

If dietary intake is insufficient to meet the metabolic needs of the sow during lactation then maternal body reserves (body fat and body lean) are mobilised to support milk production. However the extent to which body reserves are mobilised may influence the metabolic and physiological state of the sow and hence reproductive function after weaning (Mullan and Close, 1989). There is little available information on the metabolic response of the lactating sow and the present experiment was designed to study the partition and utilisation of energy and nitrogen (N) intake in sows during their first lactation. This should aid in the understanding of how the dynamics of nutrient utilisation during lactation may influence the metabolic and reproductive state of the sow.The experiment was designed in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement (5 animals per treatment) with 2 levels of feed (H, 5.5 kg/d and L, 3.0 kg/d) during lactation and with 2 litter sizes at each feeding level (6 or 12). Sows were accommodated throughout the 21-day lactation in farrowing crates adapted to permit the total collection of sow and piglet excreta.
1992 - The implications for the uk pig industry
Authors: Dean R W 
Published: June 2019

The objective of the paper is to assess the overall structural and competitive implications for the UK pig industry of the EC Single Market; colloquially known as “1992”.Particular attention is paid both to the effect of those changes in the commercial environment which 1992 will introduce and, secondly, to those aspects which differentiate the UK pig industry from its continental competitors. Analysis of these aspects will assist in drawing conclusions as to the likely effect of the Single Market and in determining an appropriate strategy for addressing the new situation.A body of admittedly largely circumstantial evidence suggests that the UK pig producer believes the advent of the Single Market will have little relevance to the way in which he conducts his business. This view is buttressed by his perception of the agricultural world as governed by the workings of the Common Agricultural Policy which is regarded as the principle influence upon agriculture and its commercial fortunes.
Herbage intake of cattle, sheep and goats grazed alone and in mixtures on a ryegrass/white clover pasture
Authors: Collins H.A. , Nicol A.M. 
Published: June 2019

Animal production is commonly reported to increase when different animal species are grazed together on the same pasture (Nolan and Connolly 1977). In such experiments there is often a difficulty with interpretation of results due to a failure to establish equal grazing pressures between species mixtures, and confounded production differences may result. The theory behind the design of mixed experiments continues to pose problems (Connolly and Nolan 1976, Connolly 1984).The experiment reported here was designed to investigate whether, when different animal species are grazed at the same pressure, there are differences in animal intake and/or diet composition when they are grazed singly or in mixtures.Nineteen, 18-month-old steers, 40 yearling wether goats and 40 10-month-old wether sheep were grazed in New Zealand on a mature summer ryegrass/white clover pasture (4550 kgDM/ha) in 5 treatments: cattle alone (CA), sheep alone (SA), goats alone (GA), and cattle with sheep (CS, SC) and cattle with goats (CG, GC).
Influence of clipping regime and silage quality on the performance of pregnant and lactating ewes
Authors: Black Heather J , Chestnutt D H B 
Published: June 2019

Winter clipping of breeding ewes has given variable increases in lamb birth weight associated mainly with increased ewe voluntary food intake (Rutter, Laird and Broadbent, 1972; Vipond, King, Inglis and Hunter, 1987). The requirement for energy is greatest during the last six weeks of pregnancy but increasing uterine occupation of rumen volume may limit the ewe's ability to increase intake after clipping in late pregnancy. The additional influence of forage quality on intake after clipping is not clear. The present experiment was designed to study the independent and interacting effects of clipping regime and silage quality on lambing performance.Sixty Greyface ewes of uniform age were individually penned 14 weeks before lambing. Precision chop silage offered ad libitum was either early cut [188.3 g dry matter (DM)/kg, 155.7 g crude protein (CP)/kg DM, 740 g digestible organic matter (DOM)/kg DM] or late cut (184.5 g DM/kg, 100.9 g CP/kg DM, 689 g DOM/kg DM). For all treatments concentrate feeding was introduced 7 weeks before lambing, on an increasing scale to provide a total of 21 kg/ewe. Silage type was factorially arranged with 6 clipping regimes.
Efficiencies of use of the metabolisable energy from feeds based on barley or sugar beet feed in immature sheep
Authors: Emmans G.C. , Cropper M.R. , Dingwall W.S. , Brown H. , Oldham J D , Harland J.I. 
Published: June 2019

The ARC (1980) energy system sees growth in the single dimension of energy retention (ER) which increases, with diminishing marginal efficiency, as ME intake increases. The quantitative relationship between ME intake and ER is predicted from q, the proportion of the gross energy which is metabolisable. An experiment on growing sheep on controlled feeding of different feeds was carried out to provide data suitable for testing ARC (1980) and other energy systems.Scottish Blackface wether sheep in single pens, entered the experiment at 25 kg liveweight (LW), when 11 were slaughtered. The remainder were allocated to 3 x 3 x 3 treatments with an intended 4 replicates per treatment. The factors were (i) feeds: feeds B, U and M shown in Table 1, (ii) levels of feeding. L, M and H where H was 936 g/d at 25 kg and was increased by 52 g/d each week, L was half H and M half-way between L and H, (iii) slaughter point, after 9 or 18 weeks, or at 40 kg liveweight.
Effect of feeding level during rearing and pregnancy on gilt performance
Authors: Simmins P.H. , Edwards S.A. , Spechter H.H. , Riley J.E. 
Published: June 2019

The modern genetically-improved female pig reaches first mating with low levels of back fat compared to the female bred in previous decades. Increasingly too, gilts have been bred at younger ages and lower weights and the effects of these management changes are unclear. It has been questioned whether the modern gilt is under greater physiological stress especially when subjected to low feeding levels, which could influence reproductive efficiency. The objectives of the trial reported here were to compare the reproductive performance of gilts given different feeding regimes during rearing and pregnancy in order to produce a range in body weight and back fat.The trial was designed as a 2 x 3 factorial experiment. Gilts from a Large White x Landrace crisscross breeding programme, blocked for genotype, were first allocated to one of two treatments from 10 to 25 weeks of age. Gilts were group housed and fed on a age-based scale rising to either 2.25 kg/d (L) or 2.70 kg/d (H). At 25 weeks of age, gilts with defects of teats or gait were discarded.
Oats and naked oats: recent studies of composition, digestibility and energy value for ruminants
Authors: Everington Jeannie M , Givens D I 
Published: June 2019

Oats constitute a small and decreasing share of the cereals grown and utilized in the United Kingdom. Compared with the major cereals wheat and barley, oats are perceived to have a low nutritive value in terms of metabolisable energy (ME). Unlike other cereals, the husk remains attached to the oat kernel at harvesting, hence increasing the fibre or cell wall content of the grain.The proportion of kernel to husk which largely determines the nutritive value of the oat grain is dependent on variety, environment and season.Previous values for oats (MAFF 1986) were based on a study of 16 samples at the Rowett Research Institute (RRI 1976) in which most were spring sown varieties with low oil contents. The aim of this present work was to examine currently recommended winter varieties and also to study naked oats. These differ from traditional husked oats by having a thin, non-lignified husk from which the grain threshes free.
Effects of castration on the performance and carcase composition of intensively-reared saanen goats
Authors: Cooper R.A. , Kirk J.A. , Lerwill Deborah , Draper R. 
Published: June 2019

Eleven young male goats (kids) were purchased at approximately 7 days of age and fed a milk substitute (Kidolac, Volac Ltd. ) by means of teats supplied by plastic tubing. Consumption of substitute was restricted to 150g/day suspended in 1 litre of water. A pelleted complete diet (Start-to-Finish, Volac Ltd.) was introduced at 21 days and fed ad libitum. Milk substitute feeding was discontinued on day 49.At 21 days of age kids were blocked for age and allocated to one of two groups: Entire (E, n=6) and Castrate (C, n=5). Mean weights at this time were 6.1 ± 0.42kg and 6.1 +0.37 kg for E and C respectively.Immediately following allocation to treatment, group C animals were castrated by means of a bloodless emasculator. Feed consumption was recorded weekly and animals weighted monthly until slaughter at 159 days of age.
Effect of grass variety type on the response in the performance of beef cattle to earlier cutting of ryegrass for silage
Authors: Steen R. W. J. 
Published: June 2019

Increasing the digestibility of grass silage by harvesting grass at an earlier stage of growth has been shown to produce major increases in the intake and performance of beef cattle providing the increase in digestibility has not been accompanied by poorer fermentation. However there is considerable variation in the recommended optimum dates for harvesting primary growths depending on the variety type of the grass.Two experiments have been carried out to examine the interaction between ryegrass variety type and date of harvesting for silage. Two replicate swards containing equal proportions of three early-heading varieties (Cropper, Premo and Frances) (50% ear-emergence on 19 May) were harvested on 20 May (Tl), 28/29 May (T2) and 5/6 June (T3) and two swards containing equal proportions of three late-heading varieties (Perma, Preference and Parcour) (50% ear-emergence on 12 June) were harvested on 28/29 May (T4), 5/6 June (T5) and 12/14 June (T6) in 1985 and 1987. In experiment 1 the swards for the six silages were cut with a rotary mower, lifted with a precision-chop forage harvester within 15 minutes of being mown, and ensiled in trench silos. Formic acid was applied at a rate of 2.5 1/t fresh grass. In experiment 2 the swards were harvested directly using a double-chop forage harvester and the herbages were ensiled without the addition of an additive.
Animal performances, plasma hormones and metabolites in Holstein and Belgian Blue growing fattening bulls
Authors: Istasse L. , Van Eenaeme C. , Baldwin P. , Maghuin-Rogister G. , Bienfait J.M. 
Published: June 2019

Meat production is a complex process in which the absorbed nutrients are directed under hormonal control towards muscle growth. According to consumer's standards a high quality carcass should contain a large proportion of lean meat and a small amount of fat. In Western Europe, cattle meat is produced both by beef and dairy breeds used as pure breeds or breed crosses. Holstein and Belgian Blue - double muscled type - are 2 extreme breeds in terms of meat production. The aim of the present experiment was to relate animal performances with plasma hormones and metabolites in these 2 breedsSix Holstein bulls and 6 bulls from the Belgian Blue - double muscled type - were used. They were 4 and 6 months old respectively on the beginning of the experiment. They were kept in metabolism stalls. The fattening diet was based on dried sugar beet pulp supplemented with soja bean meal, rolled barley, hay, minerals and vitamins. The amounts of feed given were weighed daily. Live weight was recorded once weekly.
Treatment of barley straw with ligninase enzyme or sodium hydroxide: effect on in vitro digestibility and chemical composition
Authors: Khazaal K. A. , Owen E. , Palmer J. M. , Dodson A. P. , Harvey P. 
Published: June 2019

To date, practical methods of improving the digestibility of straw are largely confined to treatment with alkalis (Sundstol and Owen, 1984). Though effective, these chemicals can be hazardous for on-farm use and are potential pollutants. Biological methods of upgrading straw using fungi or enzymes (Zadrazil, 1984) would be less hazardous and more acceptable if practical and economic techniques could be developed. The present experiment examined the potential of ligninase enzyme produced from the fungus Phanerochaete ohrysosporium for upgrading straws. The aim was to define treatment conditions required. Treatment with sodium hydroxide was included as a positive control. Treatment effects were assessed by measuring changes in digestibility in vitro and chemical composition.Seventy two treatments were compared. 10 g samples of milled (1.0 mm) straw were immersed (ambient temperature 15°C) in 100 ml buffered (pH 3.5) solution, with one of four levels of ligninase (zero; 0.1 unit/10 g straw; 1.0 unit; 10 units; one unit of enzyme oxidises 1 μmol veratryl alcohol to veratraldehyde per minute, at pH 2.75), with or without hydrogen peroxide (ligninase depends on H2O2 for its oxidative reaction), veratryl alcohol (used to induce the ligninase production and activity), or both of them.
Concentrates versus Fecundin for flushing upland ewes
Authors: Dingwall W.S. , FitzSimons J. , Phillips P. 
Published: June 2019

The main factor limiting fecundity in sheep is the low ovulation rate (Hanarahan, 1980). The relationships between body condition, level of nutrition and ovulation rate, and the ability to increase fecundity by flushing ewes prior to mating, are all well established (Gunn, 1983). In upland ewe flocks, flushing is generally attempted by the use of saved autumn pastures. However, the seasonal variation in grass growth often results in the degree of flushing desired not always being possible and leaving the flockmaster seeking a viable option.The present investigation examined two possible alternative strategies for increasing the fecundity of upland ewes. Improving body condition prior to mating by supplementary feeding was compared with the recently developed technique of increasing ovulation rate by active immunisation against androstenedione (Scaramuzzi, Cox and Hoskinson, 1982).
The use of allyl-trenbolone or a combination of PMSG and HCG to control oestrus and ovulation in groups of peri-pubertal gilts
Authors: Varley M.A. , English P.R. , MacPherson O. , Pawley P. , Davidson F.H. 
Published: June 2019

In large scale commercial pig production the programmed replacement of culled sows by pregnant gilts is a major problem. Techniques for heat synchronisation in groups of gilts have been explored by a number of workers using a variety of materals such as methallibure, gonadotrophins and progesterone. One promising method involves the use of allyl-trenbolone as an agent for oestrous synchronisation (Varley, 1983; Stevenson and Davis, 1981). Another approach is to use a combination of gonadotrophins (PMSG and HCG) to induce ovulation and new oestrous cycles.The purpose of this study was to compare the value of these two techniaues under the same commercial conditions.
The effect of dietary supplements of protected fat on the yield and fat content of ewe's milk and on lamb growth rate
Authors: Perez Hernandez M. , Robinson J. J. , Aitken R.P. , Fraser C. 
Published: June 2019

Although there are numerous reports on the influence of dietary fats on milk yield and milk composition in the dairy cow (see review by Palmquist, 1984) little is known about the value of fat supplements in the diet of lactating ewes, a species which produces milk of a much higher fat content than the dairy cow. We now report the results of three experiments in which lactating ewes received diets supplemented with a lipid source that was protected from hydrolysis in the rumen.Individually-penned Finnish Landrace x Dorset Horn ewes, each suckling two lambs by Suffolk rams were used in all three experiments. They were given a diet containing (per kg): 500 g hay (milled through a 4 cm screen), 300 g barley, 90 g white fish meal, 5 g dicalcium phosphate, 3 g salt and 2 g of a trace mineral/vitamin supplement. The crude protein and metabolizable energy contents per kg dry matter were 145 g and 10 MJ respectively. The source of the protected lipid was calcium palmitate (Megalac, Volac Ltd) with lipid and calcium contents (g/kg) of 850 and 90 g respectively.
Sheep grazing techniques when aftermaths are not available
Authors: Brown D. C. 
Published: June 2019

Silage aftermaths have been used to reduce the stocking rate of the flock in mid season when the lambs are eating more grass. When straw is fed as the only source of roughage to housed pregnant ewes, aftermaths are not available so different grazing management may be required.
1.29 ewes and their lambs grazed initially at 22 ewes/ha reducing to 15 ewes/ha when aftermaths become available (control).2.29 ewes and their lambs grazed 8t 22 ewes/ha set stocked through the grazing season.3.29 ewes and their lambs grazed at 22 ewes/ha set stocked throughout the grazing season and creep feed offered to the lambs.4.29 ewes and their lambs grazed at 22 ewes/ha set stocked throughout the grazing and ammonia treated ’ barley straw offered to the ewes and lambs.Two days after lambing in mid March, the ewes and lambs were turned onto their plots. Each treatment consisted of 22 ewes with twin lambs and 7 ewes with single lambs. Concentrates were fed to the ewes at grass until April 30. On 4 June 1984 the stocking rate for treatment 1 was reduced to 15 ewes/ha when silage aftermaths became available. The grazing area of all treatments received 125 kg/ha N in 3 equal applications during the grazing season.
Consumer perception of saltiness in bacon
Authors: Griffiths T W , Cowan C 
Published: June 2019

The recent COMA report has recommended that consideration be given to ways of reducing dietary salt intake. Common salt (NaCl) has traditionally been used as a preservative in the production of bacon and other cured meats and present official recommendations for curing result in bacon with around 4% NaCl in lean meat. With modern refrigeration and good hygiene such levels should be neicher necessary or desirable. The objective of this study was to measure the response of consumers to sliced bacon containing differing levels of salt using taste panels for initial screening followed by a consumer survey.Bacon slices containing 2-7% NaCl in lean were grilled and assessed by 7 laboratory taste panels, each consisting of 12 judges, for saltiness and acceptability.
Manipulation of milk fat composition to meet market needs
Authors: Verner Wheelock J , Thomas Philip C 
Published: June 2019

There is growing interest in healthy eating. Current trends are being reinforced by the supermarket chains, which now regard the trends towards healthy eating as a permanent shift in consumer attitudes to food rather than a passing fad.The 1984 COMA report on “Diet and Cardiovascular Disease” recommended a 25% reduction In the consumption of saturated fats. It was suggested that this change could be made by reducing total fat intake but would be facilitated by an accompanying shift in the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio (P:S). For the average British diet with a P:S ratio of 0.23, fat Intake would need to be reduced by 25% but with a move to the recommended ratio of 0.45 the required reduction would he 17%. Milk fat is particularly implicated in these recommendations since it is moderately high In saturated fatty acids and very low in polyunsaturated fatty acids; the P:S ratio is approximately 0.03.
Effect of some management factors on dairy herd fertility in England and wales 1984-5
Authors: Poole A H , Mabey Susan J 
Published: June 2019

Checkmate is a herd fertility monitoring service based on information recorded on National Milk Records (NMR) operated by the Milk Marketing Board. The aims of Checkmate are:To provide a regular review and analysis on a herd basis of overall and monthly fertility results.To breakdown the calving interval into its components of interval from calving to first service, interservice intervals and service success.To provide veterinary surgeons with information on which to base advice and treatments and the means of evaluating past treatments.In the year ending May 1985 322 herds have subscribed to Checkmate. The whole sample has been analysed and also two sub-samples, the top and bottom 10 per cent, selected by the days from calving to assumed conception. As there is no pregnancy diagnosis information on NMR conception Is assumed if no re-service date is recorded within 60 days of a service.
Timing of fish meal supplementation for finishing beef cattle offered grass silage
Authors: Kirby P S , Watson N A , Rennie D G , Jones T O 
Published: June 2019

Results from three previous experiments with finishing cattle on an 18-month beef system indicate that the major increases in daily live-weight gain (DLG) occur within the first 50 to 60 days of supplementation with fish meal. Hence, it may be possible to remove fish meal from the diet after the initial two months of the finishing winter without any subsequent effect on animal performance.For the last nine weeks at grass the experimental cattle were given 1.4-kg/head/day dried sugar beet pulp nuts. On housing this allowance was increased to 3.0 kg and the 48 British Friesian steers were offered grass silage ad libitum (round bale silage for one week and precision-chopped clamp silage thereafter). The 3.0-kg dried sugar beet pulp was given for five days and after a 10-day changeover period the nuts were replaced by 15-kg potatoes. Cattle were offered the basal diet of precision-chopped silage and potatoes for 12 days before starting the experiment.Steers were implanted with 300-mg trenbolone acetate (Finaplix, Hoechst UK Ltd, Milton Keynes) and 36-mg zeranol (Ralgro, Crown Chemical Company Ltd, Lamberhurst) 20 days before randomisation.