bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How can we make better graphs? An initiative to increase the graphical expertise and productivity of quantitative scientists
Authors: Vandemeulebroecke Marc , Baillie Mark , Carr David , Kanitra Linda , Margolskee Alison , Wright Andrew , Magnusson Baldur 
Published: October 2018

Graphics are at the core of exploring and understanding data, communicating results and conclusions, and supporting decision‐making. Increasing our graphical expertise can significantly strengthen our impact as professional statisticians and quantitative scientists.In this article, we present a concerted effort to improve the way we create graphics at Novartis. We provide our vision and guiding principles, before describing seven work packages in more detail. The actions, principles, and experiences laid out in this paper are applicable generally, also beyond drug development, which is our field of work. The purpose of this article is to share our experiences and help foster the use of good graphs in pharmaceutical statistics and beyond.A Graphics Principles “Cheat Sheet” is available online athttps://graphicsprinciples.github.io/.
Sensitive detection of topiramate degradation products by high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using ion‐pairing reagents and polarity switching
Authors: Pinto Eduardo Costa , Xu Chengdong , Cabral Lucio Mendes , Armstrong Daniel W. , de Sousa Valéria Pereira 
Published: October 2018

RationaleThe chromatographic analysis of topiramate and its degradation products is challenging due to the absence of chromophoric moieties in their structures, the wide polarity range of the compounds and their ionization differences. This work proposes two new mass spectrometry approaches for evaluating these analytes.MethodsBased on the calculated experimental limit of detection (LOD), a highly sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) paired‐ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PIESI‐MS) method was developed for the determination of topiramate inorganic degradation products. The influence of different solvent systems on the LODs for topiramate and its main degradation products was determined in both positive/negative ionization modes. In addition, a HPLC method to analyze both organic and inorganic degradation products was proposed by mass spectrometry with positive/negative ion switching electrospray ionization.ResultsA sensitive HPLC/PIESI‐MS method was achieved for the efficient separation of topiramate inorganic degradation products. Both sulfate and sulfamate were detected in the positive selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode with an increased sensitivity compared with the negative SIM mode. The HPLC/ESI‐MS analysis with positive/negative ion switching allowed the simultaneous separation and detection of the major degradation products of topiramate in a 10‐min run using a single column and a single detector.ConclusionsTwo new alternative MS approaches for analyzing the main degradation products of topiramate were developed. The proposed methods are considered advantageous over the existing methods and can be applied to quality control studies of topiramate.
Bioinspired design of a landing system with soft shock absorbers for autonomous aerial robots
Authors: Zhang Ketao , Chermprayong Pisak , Tzoumanikas Dimos , Li Wenbin , Grimm Marius , Smentoch Mariusz , Leutenegger Stefan , Kovac Mirko 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOne of the main challenges for autonomous aerial robots is to land safely on a target position on varied surface structures in real‐world applications. Most of current aerial robots (especially multirotors) use only rigid landing gears, which limit the adaptability to environments and can cause damage to the sensitive cameras and other electronics onboard. This paper presents a bioinpsired landing system for autonomous aerial robots, built on the inspire–abstract–implement design paradigm and an additive manufacturing process for soft thermoplastic materials. This novel landing system consists of 3D printable Sarrus shock absorbers and soft landing pads which are integrated with an one‐degree‐of‐freedom actuation mechanism. Both designs of the Sarrus shock absorber and the soft landing pad are analyzed via finite element analysis, and are characterized with dynamic mechanical measurements. The landing system with 3D printed soft components is characterized by completing landing tests on flat, convex, and concave steel structures and grassy field in a total of 60 times at different speeds between 1 and 2 m/s. The adaptability and shock absorption capacity of the proposed landing system is then evaluated and benchmarked against rigid legs. It reveals that the system is able to adapt to varied surface structures and reduce impact force by 540N at maximum. The bioinspired landing strategy presented in this paper opens a promising avenue in Aerial Biorobotics, where a cross‐disciplinary approach in vehicle control and navigation is combined with soft technologies, enabled with adaptive morphology.
Impact of the operation of a large‐scale reservoir on downstream river channel geomorphic adjustments: A case study of the Three Gorges
Authors: Yang Yunping , Zhang Mingjin , Zhu Lingling , Zhang Huaqing , Liu Wanli , Wang Jianjun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTo evaluate the effects of reservoir construction on the geomorphology of downstream reaches, a case study is performed on the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) by comparing data collected before and after impoundment of the reservoir. This study focuses on a 1,183‐km‐long reach downstream from the TGR and investigates the temporal and spatial characteristics and patterns of geomorphic adjustment in the downstream reaches. The amount of erosion in flood plain channels and the annual average intensity of erosion in downstream reaches after 12 years of impoundment are larger than the predicted values before the impoundment of the TGR. The maximum intensity of erosion was found at 410 km from the dam, with an average thalweg incision of 1.5 m, and the main zone of erosion migrated approximately 80 km downstream. At both preimpoundment and postimpoundment, erosion occurred the along beaches and channels in the Yichang–Chenglingji reach. The pattern of erosional channels and depositional river floodplain changed to erosional channels and erosional river floodplain in the Chenglingji–Hankou reach after the trial impoundment stage. In the Hankou–Hukou reach, the erosional channels and depositional river floodplain pattern changed to erosional deep channels, erosional low beaches, and depositional high‐river floodplain during the early impoundment stage. After the trial impoundment stage, erosion continued in the deep channels, but minor deposition occurred on the river floodplain. Moreover, the discharge of clear water increased, and the duration from middle to low‐water levels increased, leading to more concentrated erosion in low‐water channels. The intensity of the erosion along the river floodplain decreased due to the shortened duration of high‐water levels and reduced human activity.
Identification of the source of an interferer by comparison with known carriers using a single satellite
Authors: Glendinning Ian , Nölle Michael , Hausleitner Christian , Greilinger Erwin 
Published: October 2018

SummaryWe describe a method for identifying the source of a satellite interferer using a single satellite. The technique relies on the fact that the strength of a carrier signal measured at the downlink station varies with time due to a number of factors, and we use a quantum‐inspired algorithm to compute a “signature” for a signal, which captures part of the pattern of variation that is a characteristic of the uplink antenna. We define a distance measure to numerically quantify the degree of similarity between two signatures, and by computing the distances between the signature for an interfering carrier and the signatures of the known carriers being relayed by the same satellite at the same time, we can identify the antenna that the interferer originated from, if a known carrier is being relayed from it. As a proof of concept, we evaluate the performance of the technique using a simple statistical model applied to measured carrier data.
Software component identification and selection: A research review
Authors: Gholamshahi Shabnam , Hasheminejad Seyed Mohammad Hossein 
Published: October 2018

SummaryNowadays, with the development of software reuse, software developers are paying more attention to component‐related technologies, which have been mostly applied in the development of large‐scale complex applications to enhance the productivity of software development and accelerate time to market. Component‐based software development is well acknowledged as a methodology, which establishes the reusability of software and reduces the development cost effectively. Two crucial problems in component‐based software development are component identification and component selection. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a reference point for future research by categorizing and classifying different component identification and component selection methods and emphasizing their respective strengths and weaknesses. We hope that it can help researchers find the current status of this issue and serve as a basis for future activities.
Reciprocal Reprogramming of Cancer Cells and Associated Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Gastric Cancer
Authors: Shamai Yeela , Alperovich Dalia Cohn , Yakhini Zohar , Skorecki Karl , Tzukerman Maty 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The interactions of cancer stem cells (CSCs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME), contribute to the overall phenomenon of intratumoral heterogeneity, which also involve CSC interactions with noncancer stromal cells. Comprehensive understanding of the tumorigenesis process requires elucidating the coordinated gene expression between cancer and tumor stromal cells for each tumor. We show that human gastric cancer cells (GSC1) subvert gene expression and cytokine production by mesenchymal stem cells (GSC-MSC), thus promoting tumor progression. Using mixed composition of human tumor xenografts, organotypic culture, and in vitro assays, we demonstrate GSC1-mediated specific reprogramming of “naïve” MSC into specialized tumor associated MSC equipped with a tumor-promoting phenotype. Although paracrine effect of GSC-MSC or primed-MSC is sufficient to enable 2D growth of GSC1, cell–cell interaction with GSC-MSC is necessary for 3D growth and in vivo tumor formation. At both the transcriptional and at the protein level, RNA-Seq and proteome analyses, respectively, revealed increased R-spondin expression in primed-MSC, and paracrine and juxtacrine mediated elevation of Lgr5 expression in GSC1, suggesting GSC-MSC-mediated support of cancer stemness in GSC1. CSC properties are sustained in vivo through the interplay between GSC1 and GSC-MSC, activating the R-spondin/Lgr5 axis and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. β-Catenin+ cell clusters show β-catenin nuclear localization, indicating the activation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway in these cells. The β-catenin+ cluster of cells overlap the Lgr5+ cells, however, not all Lgr5+ cells express β-catenin. A predominant means to sustain the CSC contribution to tumor progression appears to be subversion of MSC in the TME by cancer cells. Stem Cells 2018 Stem Cells 2019;37:176–189
CO2 Conversion with Alcohols and Amines into Carbonates, Ureas, and Carbamates over CeO2 Catalyst in the Presence and Absence of 2‐Cyanopyridine
Authors: Tomishige Keiichi , Tamura Masazumi , Nakagawa Yoshinao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRecent progress on the CeO2 catalyzed synthesis of organic carbonates, ureas, and carbamates from CO2+alcohols, CO2+amines, and CO2+alcohols+amines, respectively, is reviewed. The reactions of CO2 with alcohols and amines are reversible ones and the degree of the equilibrium limitation of the synthesis reactions is strongly dependent on the properties of alcohols and amines as the substrates. When the equilibrium limitation of the reaction is serious, the equilibrium conversion of the substrate and the yield of the target product is very low, therefore, the shift of the equilibrium reaction to the product side by the removal of H2O is essential in order to get the target product in high yield. One of the effective method of the H2O removal from the related reaction systems is the combination with the hydration of 2‐cyanopyridine to 2‐picolinamide, which is also catalyzed by CeO2.
Polyanionic Compounds for Potassium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hosaka Tomooki , Shimamura Tomoaki , Kubota Kei , Komaba Shinichi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries have the highest energy density among practical secondary batteries and are widely used for electronic devices, electric vehicles, and even stationary energy‐storage systems. Along with the expansion of demand and applications, the concern about resources of lithium and cobalt is growing. Therefore, secondary batteries composed of abundant elements are required to complement lithium‐ion batteries. In recent years, the development of potassium‐ion batteries has attracted much attention, especially for large‐scale energy storage. In order to realize potassium‐ion batteries, various compounds are proposed and investigated as positive electrode materials, including layered transition‐metal oxides, Prussian blue analogues, and polyanionic compounds. This article offers a review of polyanionic compounds which are typically composed of abundant elements and expected high operating potential. Furthermore, we deliver our new results to partially compensate for lack of studies and provide a future perspective.
Environmental identity, health locus of control, and quality of life in oil‐producing community
Authors: F.M. Ilevbare , E.S. Idemudia , S. Atiola 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe present study examines the role of environmental identity and health locus of control in determining the quality of life (QoL) of inhabitants in the oil‐producing community of Badagry, Lagos State, Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design was used to conduct this study with a sample comprising 171 residents of the Badagry oil‐producing community of Nigeria composed of 58.5% males and 48.5% females (mean age = 37.6 years, SD = 10.7 years). Data were collected using the Environmental Identity Scale, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, and World Health Organization's QoL‐BREF. The results suggest that, among inhabitants of oil‐producing communities in Nigeria, environmental identity has a significant influence on QoL. The result also showed that health locus of control significantly influenced QoL. Finally, environmental identity and health locus of control together exerted a joint influence on QoL.
Biogas generation related to carbon removal from anaerobic co‐digestion of sludge, blood, and swine manure combined in different proportions: Production of biogas by anaerobic co‐digestion
Authors: Hasan Camila , Marder Munique , Hickmann Eugênia Vargas , Feldkircher Tiago , Bücker Francielle , Konrad Odorico 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study evaluated, at a laboratory scale, samples composed of wastewater treatment sludge, blood, and swine manure, which were subjected to the process of anaerobic co‐digestion. The goal of the study is to identify the reduction of organic loads through the removal of available carbon and its conversion to biogas. The results showed variation in hydraulic retention time, and that the total average volumes of biogas generated in 1‐liter (L) reactors filled with 600 milliliters (ml) of samples, ranged from 3.37 to 18.76 L, with percentages of methane ranging between 57.9% and 71.1%. The largest volumes of biogas resulted from blends with lower percentages of swine manure, where the initial amounts of carbon in milligrams per liter (mg/L) were larger within the samples. All of the blends submitted to anaerobic treatment showed reductions in carbon content, and consequently, in chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, demonstrating that the efficiency of biodigesters in the treatment of waste is variable and related to physical–chemical factors, such as the amount of carbon available.
Evolution and development of the fish jaw skeleton
Authors: DeLaurier April 
Published: October 2018

The evolution of the jaw represents a key innovation in driving the diversification of vertebrate body plans and behavior. The pharyngeal apparatus originated as gill bars separated by slits in chordate ancestors to vertebrates. Later, with the acquisition of neural crest, pharyngeal arches gave rise to branchial basket cartilages in jawless vertebrates (agnathans), and later bone and cartilage of the jaw, jaw support, and gills of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes). Major events in the evolution of jaw structure from agnathans to gnathostomes include axial regionalization of pharyngeal elements and formation of a jaw joint. Hox genes specify the anterior–posterior identity of arches, andedn1, dlx, hand2,Jag1b‐Notch2 signaling, and Nr2f factors specify dorsal–ventral identity. The formation of a jaw joint, an important step in the transition from an un‐jointed pharynx in agnathans to a hinged jaw in gnathostomes involves interaction betweennkx3.2, hand2,andbarx1factors. Major events in jaw patterning between fishes and reptiles include changes to elements of the second pharyngeal arch, including a loss of opercular and branchiostegal ray bones and transformation of the hyomandibula into the stapes. Further changes occurred between reptiles and mammals, including the transformation of the articular and quadrate elements of the jaw joint into the malleus and incus of the middle ear. Fossils of transitional jaw phenotypes can be analyzed from a developmental perspective, and there exists potential to use genetic manipulation techniques in extant taxa to test hypotheses about the evolution of jaw patterning in ancient vertebrates.This article is categorized under:Comparative Development and Evolution > Evolutionary NoveltiesEarly Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body PlanComparative Development and Evolution > Body Plan Evolution
Effective action for relativistic hydrodynamics: fluctuations, dissipation, and entropy inflow
Authors: Haehl Felix M. , Loganayagam R. , Rangamani Mukund 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We present a detailed and self-contained analysis of the universal SchwingerKeldysh effective field theory which describes macroscopic thermal fluctuations of a relativistic field theory, elaborating on our earlier construction [1]. We write an effective action for appropriate hydrodynamic Goldstone modes and fluctuation fields, and discuss the symmetries to be imposed. The constraints imposed by fluctuation-dissipation theorem are manifest in our formalism. Consequently, the action reproduces hydrodynamic constitutive relations consistent with the local second law at all orders in the derivative expansion, and captures the essential elements of the eightfold classification of hydrodynamic transport of [2]. We demonstrate how to recover the hydrodynamic entropy and give predictions for the non-Gaussian hydrodynamic fluctuations.
The basic ingredients of our construction involve (i) doubling of degrees of freedom a la Schwinger-Keldysh, (ii) an emergent gauge U(1)T symmetry associated with entropy which is encapsulated in a Noether current a la Wald, and (iii) a BRST/topological supersymmetry imposing the fluctuation-dissipation theorem a la Parisi-Sourlas. The overarching mathematical framework for our construction is provided by the balanced equivariant cohomology of thermal translations, which captures the basic constraints arising from the Schwinger-Keldysh doubling, and the thermal Kubo-Martin-Schwinger relations. All these features are conveniently implemented in a covariant superspace formalism. An added benefit is that the second law can be understood as being due to entropy inflow from the Grassmann-odd directions of superspace.
A forward branching phase space generator for hadron colliders
Authors: Figy Terrance M. , Giele Walter T. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

In this paper we develop a projective phase space generator appropriate for hadron collider geometry. The generator integrates over bremsstrahlung events which project back to a single, fixed Born event. The projection is dictated by the experimental jet algorithm allowing for the forward branching phase space generator to integrate out the jet masses and initial state radiation. When integrating over the virtual and bremsstrahlung amplitudes this results in a single K-factor, assigning an event probability to each Born event. This K-factor is calculable as a perturbative expansion in the strong coupling constant.
One can build observables from the Born kinematics, giving identical results to traditional observables as long as the observable does not depend on the infrared sensitive jet mass or initial state radiation.
Recognition and Disclosure of Medical Errors Among Residents in Surgical Specialties in a Tertiary Hospital in Ibadan
Authors: Balogun James A. , Adekanmbi Adefisayo , Balogun Folusho M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundMedical error (ME) remains central to discussions regarding patient’s safety and its frequency appears high in surgical specialties because of some peculiarities. We set out to study the perception of surgical residents about medical errors, their ability to recognize them and predisposition to disclosing their errors.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study among surgical residents at the University College Hospital, Nigeria. Data about their knowledge, perception and recognition of medical errors were obtained. Knowledge and practice of medical error disclosure was also examined. Each of these was scored on Likert scale and scores categorized. Chi‐square test and logistic regression were used for analysis with p at <0.05.Results92 residents participated and 11(12.0%) were females. 32.6% of the respondents had less knowledge about medical errors and these were significantly junior residents. Residents with poor perception about ME were 43.5% and recent involvement with ME was significantly associated with good perception about ME. Delay in obtaining consultation and delay in diagnosis were identified respectively as MEs by only 40(43.5%) and 31(33.7) of the participants. While 82(89.1%) agreed that all errors should be reported to the consultant, only 20(21.7%) believed patients/relatives should be informed of all errors, while 49(53.3%) were well disposed to disclosing ME. Only 4(4.3%) residents had a formal training on ME.ConclusionsKnowledge of ME was low among junior residents and residents are less likely to disclose error to patients/relatives. A formal training on ME will impact on their recognition, practice, and disclosure of ME.