bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Difficult airway management in children and young adults with arthrogryposis
Authors: Isaacson Glenn , Drum Elizabeth T. 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveTo review current evidence and experience with anesthesia and airway management issues in children and young adults with arthrogryposis.Data sourcesReview of existing world literature and description of personal experience at a center for children's orthopedic surgery and rehabilitation over 2 decades.MethodsDescription of common problems and their solutions in this unusual and diverse group of patients.ResultsArthrogryposis multiplex congenital includes more than 400 conditions that lead to congenital joint contractures affecting more than one body area. Among the many causes of arthrogryposis, 50%–65% fall into two large categories – amyoplasia and distal arthrogryposis. There is general agreement that best function in children with arthrogryposis is achieved through early mobilization of joint contractures. Children with arthrogryposis average >5 operative procedures during childhood. Anesthesia for these procedures may be complicated by limited jaw mobility and mouth opening, restricted lung development, positioning difficulties, difficult venous access and concerns about increased risk for malignant hyperthermia. 75% of arthrogryposis patients do not have a difficult airway. For those with a history of airway problems or those meeting criteria for a difficult airway, careful advanced planning helps to assure safe and successful surgery. We describe several specialized techniques for endotracheal intubation of children with arthrogryposis.ConclusionsChildren and young adults with arthrogryposis are a diverse group. Many pose unique challenges for airway and surgical management. Review of individual anesthesia records and careful advanced planning by a coordinated, experienced airway team can lead to best outcomes from arthrogryposis surgery.
Digitising the wisdom of our elders: connectedness through digital storytelling
Authors: Hausknecht Simone , Vanchu-Orosco Michelle , Kaufman David 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDigital storytelling provides older adults with an opportunity to become digital producers, connect with others through story and explore their life history. The authors report on the results of a digital storytelling project for older adults. The study investigated the experiences and perceived benefits of older adults who created digital stories during a ten-week course and explored the reactions of story viewers to the digital stories they viewed during a special sharing event. Eighty-eight older adult participants in Metro Vancouver who attended one of 13 courses offered were included in the study. Most of the participants were female and over half were immigrants. Results from the focus group interviews demonstrated a rich array of reported social and emotional benefits experienced through the process of creating a digital story within the course. Three main themes emerged: social connectedness through shared experience and story, reminiscence and reflecting on life, and creating a legacy. Viewers who attended a ‘Sharing Our Stories’ event reported that the stories were meaningful, well constructed and invoked a range of emotions. The researchers conclude that digital storytelling may help digital storytellers increase connectedness to others and to self. Additionally, this connectedness may extend over time through the process of examining the past to create a digital story that can serve as a legacy to connect to future generations.
Longitudinal Structure of the Midlatitude Ionosphere Using COSMIC Electron Density Profiles
Authors: Li Qiaoling , Liu Libo , Balan N. , Huang He , Zhang Ruilong , Chen Yiding , Le Huijun 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLongitudinal variations of electron density (Ne) near zero magnetic declination lines at midlatitude ionosphere have been disclosed earlier in some longitude regions. However, its global picture remains unclear. In this study, Ne at midlatitudes (40–50° magnetic latitude) within 170‐ to 550‐km altitudes obtained from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) satellites for low solar activity (2006–2011) are used to investigate the local time, seasonal, altitudinal, and hemispheric variations of ΔNe (difference between Ne and its zonal mean). Results indicate (1) ΔNe showing different patterns below 180 km and above 220 km and (2) an eastward phase shift of ΔNe above 220 km. The ΔNe above 220 km shows wave‐1 longitudinal structure during forenoon in northern winter, which differs from the wave‐2 longitudinal structure in other seasons. The ΔNe below 180 km presents solstice asymmetries and wave‐1 longitudinal structures. (3) On average, ΔNe above 220 km is stronger in North American sector (30–150°W) by 32% compared to Europe‐Asian sector (30–150°E), and it is also stronger in Southern Hemisphere by 35% than in Northern Hemisphere. The wave‐1 longitudinal structure below 180 km is due to the latitudinal difference of solar zenith angle in magnetic coordinates. The ΔNe above 220 km has high consistency with that of ΔhmF2 (peak height) indicating significant effects of neutral wind dynamics. Results of the empirical model Horizontal Wind Model 14 further disclose that the vertical drifts due to zonal wind (via magnetic declination) and meridional wind (via its zonal difference) are responsible for the longitudinal structures in ΔNe above 220 km.
In situ topographical chemical and electrical imaging of carboxyl graphene oxide at the nanoscale
Authors: Su Weitao , Kumar Naresh , Krayev Andrey , Chaigneau Marc 
Published: July 2018

AbstractVisualising the distribution of structural defects and functional groups present on the surface of two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene oxide challenges the sensitivity and spatial resolution of the most advanced analytical techniques. Here we demonstrate mapping of functional groups on a carboxyl-modified graphene oxide (GO–COOH) surface with a spatial resolution of ≈10 nm using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). Furthermore, we extend the capability of TERS by measuring local electronic properties in situ, in addition to the surface topography and chemical composition. Our results reveal that the Fermi level at the GO–COOH surface decreases as the ID/IG ratio increases, correlating the local defect density with the Fermi level at nanometre length-scales. The in situ multi-parameter microscopy demonstrated in this work significantly improves the accuracy of nanoscale surface characterisation, eliminates measurement artefacts, and opens up the possibilities for characterising optoelectronic devices based on 2D materials under operational conditions.
Reaction and diffusion thermodynamics explain optimal temperatures of biochemical reactions
Authors: Ritchie Mark E. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractUbiquitous declines in biochemical reaction rates above optimal temperatures (Topt) are normally attributed to enzyme state changes, but such mechanisms appear inadequate to explain pervasive Topt well below enzyme deactivation temperatures (Tden). Here, a meta-analysis of 92 experimental studies shows that product formation responds twice as strongly to increased temperature than diffusion or transport. This response difference has multiple consequences for biochemical reactions, such as potential shifts in the factors limiting reactions as temperature increases and reaction-diffusion dynamics that predict potential product inhibition and limitation of the reaction by entropy production at temperatures below Tden. Maximizing entropy production by the reaction predicts Topt that depend on enzyme concentration and efficiency as well as reaction favorability, which are patterns not predicted by mechanisms of enzyme state change. However, these predictions are strongly supported by patterns in a meta-analysis of 121 enzyme kinetic studies. Consequently, reaction-diffusion thermodynamics and entropy production may constrain organism performance at higher temperatures, yielding temperature optima of life that may depend on reaction characteristics and environmental features rather than just enzyme state changes.
Analyzing 74,248 Samples Confirms the Association Between CLU rs11136000 Polymorphism and Alzheimer’s Disease in Caucasian But Not Chinese population
Authors: Han Zhijie , Qu Jiaojiao , Zhao Jiehong , Zou Xiao 
Published: July 2018

AbstractClusterin (CLU) is considered one of the most important roles for pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The early genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified the CLU rs11136000 polymorphism is significantly associated with AD in Caucasian. However, the subsequent studies are unable to replicate these findings in different populations. Although two independent meta-analyses show evidence to support significant association in Asian and Caucasian populations by integrating the data from 18 and 25 related GWAS studies, respectively, many of the following 18 studies also reported the inconsistent results. Moreover, there are six missed and a misclassified GWAS studies in the two meta-analyses. Therefore, we suspected that the small-scale and incompletion or heterogeneity of the samples maybe lead to different results of these studies. In this study, large-scale samples from 50 related GWAS studies (28,464 AD cases and 45,784 controls) were selected afresh from seven authoritative sources to reevaluate the effect of rs11136000 polymorphism to AD risk. Similarly, we identified that the minor allele variant of rs11136000 significantly decrease AD risk in Caucasian ethnicity using the allele, dominant and recessive model. Different from the results of the previous studies, however, the results showed a negligible or no association in Asian and Chinese populations. Collectively, our analysis suggests that, for Asian and Chinese populations, the variant of rs11136000 may be irrelevant to AD risk. We believe that these findings can help to improve the understanding of the AD’s pathogenesis.
Mechanical loading induces primary cilia disassembly in tendon cells via TGFβ and HDAC6
Authors: Rowson Daniel T. , Shelton Julia C. , Screen Hazel R. C. , Knight Martin M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis study used isolated human tenocytes to test the hypothesis that cyclic mechanical strain directly stimulates primary cilia disassembly, and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. Cells were seeded onto flexible membranes and strained at 0–3%; 1 Hz, for up to 24 hours. Cilia length and prevalence progressively reduced with increasing strain duration but showed full recovery within 2 hours of strain removal. The response to loading was not influenced by actin organisation as seen in other cell types. However, the loading response could be recreated by treatment with TGFβ. Furthermore, treatment with the HDAC6 inhibitor Tubacin, or a TGFβ receptor inhibitor both prevented strain induced cilia disassembly. These data are the first to describe primary cilia expression in isolated tenocytes, showing that mechanical strain regulates cilia expression independent of changes in tendon extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we show that cilia disassembly is mediated by the activation of TGFβ receptors leading to activation of HDAC6. Previous studies have shown that cilia are required for TGFβ signalling and that tendon mechanosignalling is mediated by TGFβ. The present study therefore suggests a novel feedback mechanism whereby cilia disassembly inhibits prolonged TGFβ activation in response to continuous cyclic loading.
A tryptophan residue in the caffeine-binding site of the ryanodine receptor regulates Ca2+ sensitivity
Authors: Murayama Takashi , Ogawa Haruo , Kurebayashi Nagomi , Ohno Seiko , Horie Minoru , Sakurai Takashi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRyanodine receptors (RyRs) are Ca2+ release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal and cardiac muscles and are essential for muscle contraction. Mutations in genes encoding RyRs cause various muscle and arrhythmogenic heart diseases. Although RyR channels are activated by Ca2+, the actual mechanism of Ca2+ binding remains largely unknown. Here, we report the molecular basis of Ca2+ binding to RyRs for channel activation and discuss its implications in disease states. RyR1 and RyR2 carrying mutations in putative Ca2+ and caffeine-binding sites were functionally analysed. The results were interpreted with respect to recent near-atomic resolution RyR1 structures in various ligand states. We demonstrate that a tryptophan residue in the caffeine-binding site controls the structure of the Ca2+-binding site to regulate the Ca2+ sensitivity. Our results reveal the initial step of RyR channel activation by Ca2+ and explain the molecular mechanism of Ca2+ sensitization by caffeine and disease-causing mutations.
On Some Local Cohomology Spectral Sequences
Authors: Àlvarez Montaner Josep , Boix Alberto F , Zarzuela Santiago 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
We introduce a formalism to produce several families of spectral sequences involving the derived functors of the limit and colimit functors over a finite partially ordered set. The 1st type of spectral sequences involves the left derived functors of the colimit of the direct system that we obtain by applying a family of functors to a single module. For the 2nd type we follow a completely different strategy as we start with the inverse system that we obtain by applying a covariant functor to an inverse system. The spectral sequences involve the right derived functors of the corresponding limit. We also have a version for contravariant functors. In all the introduced spectral sequences we provide sufficient conditions to ensure their degeneration at their 2nd page. As a consequence we obtain some decomposition theorems that greatly generalize the well-known decomposition formula for local cohomology modules of Stanley–Reisner rings given by Hochster.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Evaluation and Treatment of Patients with Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment
Authors: Rabb Craig H , Hoh Daniel J , Anderson Paul A , Arnold Paul M , Chi John H , Dailey Andrew T , Dhall Sanjay S , Eichholz Kurt M , Harrop James S , Qureshi Sheeraz , Raksin P B , Kaiser Michael G , O’Toole John E 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

QUESTION 1
Does the surgical treatment of burst fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine improve clinical outcomes compared to nonoperative treatment?

RECOMMENDATION 1
There is conflicting evidence to recommend for or against the use of surgical intervention to improve clinical outcomes in patients with thoracolumbar burst fracture who are neurologically intact. Therefore, it is recommended that the discretion of the treating provider be used to determine if the presenting thoracic or lumbar burst fracture in the neurologically intact patient warrants surgical intervention.
Strength of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient

QUESTION 2
Does the surgical treatment of nonburst fractures of the thoracic and lumbar spine improve clinical outcomes compared to nonoperative treatment?

RECOMMENDATION 2
There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against the use of surgical intervention for nonburst thoracic or lumbar fractures. It is recommended that the decision to pursue surgery for such fractures be at the discretion of the treating physician.
Strength of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient
The full version of the guideline can be reviewed at: https://www.cns.org/guideline-chapters/congress-neurological-surgeons-systematic-review-evidence-based-guidelines/chapter_1.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Evaluation and Treatment of Patients With Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: Timing of Surgical Intervention
Authors: Eichholz Kurt M , Rabb Craig H , Anderson Paul A , Arnold Paul M , Chi John H , Dailey Andrew T , Dhall Sanjay S , Harrop James S , Hoh Daniel J , Qureshi Sheeraz , Raksin P B , Kaiser Michael G , O’Toole John E 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

QUESTION
Does early surgical intervention improve outcomes for patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures?

RECOMMENDATIONS
There is insufficient and conflicting evidence regarding the effect of timing of surgical intervention on neurological outcomes in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures.
Strength of Recommendation: Grade Insufficient
It is suggested that “early” surgery be considered as an option in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures to reduce length of stay and complications. The available literature has defined “early” surgery inconsistently, ranging from <8 h to <72 h after injury.
Strength of Recommendation: Grade B
The full version of the guideline can be reviewed at: https://www.cns.org/guideline-chapters/congress-neurological-surgeons-systematic-review-evidence-based-guidelines/chapter_10.
CBD-1 scaffolds two independent complexes required for eggshell vitelline layer formation and egg activation in C. elegans
Authors: González Delfina P. , Lamb Helen V. , Partida Diana , Wilson Zachary T. , Harrison Marie-Claire , Prieto Julián A. , Moresco James J. , Diedrich Jolene K. , Yates John R. , Olson Sara K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMetazoan eggs have a specialized coat of extracellular matrix that aids in sperm-egg recognition. The coat is rapidly remodeled after fertilization to prevent polyspermy and establish a more permanent barrier to protect the developing embryo. In nematodes, this coat is called the vitelline layer, which is remodeled into the outermost layer of a rigid and impermeable eggshell. We have identified three key components of the vitelline layer structural scaffold – PERM-2, PERM-4 and CBD-1, the first such proteins to be described in the nematode C. elegans. CBD-1 recruited PERM-2 and PERM-4 to the nascent vitelline layer via two N-terminal chitin-binding domains. After fertilization, all three proteins redistributed from the zygote surface to the outer eggshell. Depletion of PERM-2 and PERM-4 from the scaffold led to a porous vitelline layer that permitted soluble factors to leak through the eggshell and resulted in embryonic death. In addition to its role in vitelline layer assembly, CBD-1 is also known to scaffold a protein complex required for fertilization and egg activation (EGG-1-5/CHS-1/MBK-2). We found the PERM complex and EGG complex to be structurally and functionally independent, and regulated through distinct domains of CBD-1. CBD-1 is thus a multifaceted regulator that promotes distinct aspects of vitelline layer assembly and egg activation. In sum, our findings identify the first vitelline layer components in nematodes, and provide a foundation through which to explore both conserved and species-specific strategies used by animals to build protective barriers following fertilization.
The role of the gustatory cortex in incidental experience-evoked enhancement of later taste learning
Authors: Flores Veronica L. , Parmet Tamar , Mukherjee Narendra , Nelson Sacha , Katz Donald B. , Levitan David 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTThe strength of learned associations between pairs of stimuli is affected by multiple factors, the most extensively studied of which is prior experience with the stimuli themselves. In contrast, little data is available regarding how experience withincidentalstimuli (independent of any conditioning situation) impacts later learning. This lack of research is striking given the importance of incidental experience to survival. We have recently begun to fill this void using conditioned taste aversion (CTA), wherein an animal learns to avoid a taste that has been associated with malaise. We previously demonstrated that incidental exposure to salty and sour tastes (taste pre-exposure—TPE) enhances aversions learned later to sucrose. Here, we investigate the neurobiology underlying this phenomenon. First, we use immediate early gene (c-Fos) expression to identify gustatory cortex (GC) as a site at which TPE specifically increases the neural activation caused by taste-malaise pairing (i.e., TPE did not change c-Fos induced by either stimulus in isolation). Next, we use site-specific infection with the optical silencer Archaerhodopsin-T to show that GC inactivation during TPE inhibits the expected enhancements of both learning and CTA-related c-Fos expression, a full day later. Thus, we conclude that GC is almost certainly a vital part of the circuit that integrates incidental experience into later associative learning.
scPred: Cell type prediction at single-cell resolution
Authors: Alquicira-Hernández José , Sathe Anuja , Ji Hanlee P , Nguyen Quan , Powell Joseph E 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSingle-cell RNA sequencing has enabled the characterization of highly specific cell types in many human tissues, as well as both primary and stem cell-derived cell lines. An important facet of these studies is the ability to identify the transcriptional signatures that define a cell type or state. In theory, this information can be used to classify an unknown cell based on its transcriptional profile; and clearly, the ability to accurately predict a cell type and any pathologic-related state will play a critical role in the early diagnosis of disease and decisions around the personalized treatment for patients. Here we present a new generalizable method (scPred) for prediction of cell type(s), using a combination of unbiased feature selection from a reduced-dimension space, and machine-learning classification. scPred solves several problems associated with the identification of individual gene feature selection, and is able to capture subtle effects of many genes, increasing the overall variance explained by the model, and correspondingly improving the prediction accuracy. We validate the performance of scPred by performing experiments to classify tumor versus non-tumor epithelial cells in gastric cancer, then using independent molecular techniques (cyclic immunohistochemistry) to confirm our prediction, achieving an accuracy of classifying the disease state of individual cells of 99%. Moreover, we apply scPred to scRNA-seq data from pancreatic tissue, colorectal tumor biopsies, and circulating dendritic cells, and show that scPred is able to classify cell subtypes with an accuracy of 96.1-99.2%. Collectively, our results demonstrate the utility of scPred as a single cell prediction method that can be used for a wide variety of applications. The generalized method is implemented in software available here: https://github.com/IMB-Computational-Genomics-Lab/scPred/
The Evolution of SlyA/RovA Transcription Factors From Repressors to Counter-Silencers inEnterobacteriaceae
Authors: Will W. Ryan , Brzovic Peter , Trong Isolde Le , Stenkamp Ronald E. , Lawrenz Matthew B. , Karlinsey Joyce E. , Navarre William W. , Main-Hester Kara , Miller Virginia L. , Libby Stephen J. , Fang Ferric C. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractGene duplication and subsequent evolutionary divergence have allowed conserved proteins to develop unique roles. The MarR family of transcription factors (TFs) has undergone extensive duplication and diversification in bacteria, where they act as environmentally-responsive repressors of genes encoding efflux pumps that confer resistance to xenobiotics, including many antimicrobial agents. We have performed structural, functional, and genetic analyses of representative members of the SlyA/RovA lineage of MarR TFs, which retain some ancestral functions, including repression of their own expression and that of divergently-transcribed multidrug efflux pumps, as well as allosteric inhibition by aromatic carboxylate compounds. However, SlyA and RovA have acquired the ability to counter-silence horizontally-acquired genes, which has greatly facilitated the evolution ofEnterobacteriaceaeby horizontal gene transfer. SlyA/RovA TFs in different species have independently evolved novel regulatory circuits to provide the enhanced levels of expression required for their new role. Moreover, in contrast to MarR, SlyA is not responsive to copper. These observations demonstrate the ability of TFs to acquire new functions as a result of evolutionary divergence of bothcis-regulatory sequences andin transinteractions with modulatory ligands.