bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Causes of Pulsing in Continuous Turbidity Currents
Authors: Kostaschuk Ray , Nasr‐Azadani Mohamad M. , Meiburg Eckart , Wei Taoyuan , Chen Zhongyuan , Negretti Maria Eletta , Best Jim , Peakall Jeff , Parsons Daniel R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractVelocity pulsing has previously been observed in continuous turbidity currents in lakes and reservoirs, even though the input flow is steady. Several different mechanisms have been ascribed to the generation of these fluctuations, including Rayleigh‐Taylor (RT) instabilities that are related to surface lobes along the plunge line where the river enters the receiving water body and interfacial waves such as Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities. However, the understanding of velocity pulsing in turbidity currents remains limited. Herein we undertake a stability analysis for inclined flows and compare it against laboratory experiments, direct numerical simulations, and field data from Lillooet Lake, Canada, and Xiaolangdi Reservoir, China, thus enabling an improved understanding of the formative mechanisms for velocity pulsing. Both RT and Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities are shown to be prevalent in turbidity currents depending on initial conditions and topography, with plunge line lobes and higher bulk Richardson numbers favoring RT instabilities. Other interfacial wave instabilities (Holmboe and Taylor‐Caulfield) may also be present. While this is the most detailed analysis of velocity pulsing conducted to date, the differences in spatial scales between field, direct numerical simulations, and experiments and the potential complexity of multiple processes acting in field examples indicate that further work is required. In particular, there is a need for simultaneous field measurements at multiple locations within a given system to quantify the spatiotemporal evolution of such pulsing.
High‐Resolution Benthic Mg/Ca Temperature Record of the Intermediate Water in the Denmark Strait Across D‐O Stadial‐Interstadial Cycles
Authors: Sessford E. G. , Tisserand A. A. , Risebrobakken B. , Andersson C. , Dokken T. , Jansen E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) climate instabilities that took place during Marine Isotope Stage 3 are connected to changes in ocean circulation patterns and sea ice cover. Here we explore in detail the configuration of the water column of the Denmark Strait during D‐O events 8–5. How the ocean currents and water masses within the Denmark Strait region responded and were connected to the North Atlantic are discussed. We investigate sediment core GS15‐198‐36CC, from the northern side of the Greenland‐Iceland Ridge, at 30‐year temporal resolution. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope reconstructions based on benthic foraminifera, together with a high‐resolution benthic foraminiferal record of Mg/Ca paleothermometry, is presented. The site was bathed by warm intermediate waters during stadials and cool but gradually warming intermediate water during interstadials. We suggest that stadial conditions in the Denmark Strait are characterized by a well‐stratified water column with a warm intermediate water mass that lies beneath a cold fresh body of water where sea ice and brine rejection work in consort to uphold the halocline conditions. Interstadial periods are not a pure replicate of modern times, but rather have two modes of operation, one similar to today, and the other incorporating a brief period of warm intermediate water and increased ventilation.
Interaction Between Closely Packed Array Antenna Elements Using Meta‐Surface for Applications Such as MIMO Systems and Synthetic Aperture Radars
Authors: Alibakhshikenari Mohammad , Virdee Bal S. , Shukla Panchamkumar , See Chan H. , Abd‐Alhameed Raed , Khalily Mohsen , Falcone Francisco , Limiti Ernesto 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe paper presents a technique to enhance the isolation between adjacent radiating elements that is common in densely packed antenna arrays. Such antennas provide frequency beam‐scanning capability needed in multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems and synthetic aperture radars. The method proposed here uses a metamaterial decoupling slab (MTM‐DS), which is located between radiating elements, to suppress mutual coupling between the elements that would otherwise degrade the antenna efficiency and performance in both the transmit and receive mode. The proposed MTM‐DS consists of mirror imaged E‐shaped slits engraved on a microstrip patch with inductive stub. Measured results confirm over 9–11 GHz with no MTM‐DS the average isolation (S12) is −27 dB; however, with MTM‐DS the average isolation improves to −38 dB. With this technique the separation between the radiating element can be reduced to 0.66λ0, where λ0 is free space wavelength at 10 GHz. In addition, with this technique there is 15% improvement in operating bandwidth. At frequencies of high impedance match of 9.95 and 10.63 GHz the gain is 4.52 and 5.40 dBi, respectively. Furthermore, the technique eliminates poor front‐to‐back ratio encountered in other decoupling methods. MTM‐DS is also relatively simple to implement. Assuming adequate space is available between adjacent radiators the MTM‐DS can be fixed retrospectively on existing antenna arrays, which makes the proposed method versatile.
Performance of Different Ensemble Kalman Filter Structures to Assimilate GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage Estimates Into a High‐Resolution Hydrological Model: A Synthetic Study
Authors: Shokri Ashkan , Walker Jeffrey P. , van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , Pauwels Valentijn R. N. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAmong all remote sensing missions, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) was unique as it measured the change in total water content across all terrestrial water storages (TWS) including subsurface, deep soil moisture, and groundwater. However, its coarse resolution is a major challenge for practical applications. Ensemble Kalman filters (EnKFs) are useful tools to combine observations with models to reduce prediction errors. But due to the coarse resolution of the GRACE products, the EnKF does not work well in its usual form. Accordingly, different EnKF structures have been proposed and employed but a comparison between them has not yet been attempted. Here we assessed these structures using a synthetic problem. Alternative structures were formed using different increment calculation and updating strategies, observation operators, and the types of observation fed to the filter. It was found that all available structures led to an improvement in model performance when measured against a synthetic reference. However, the degree of improvement was strongly dependent on the assimilation strategy. Assimilating absolute TWS values (the summation of the TWS anomalies and an unbiased baseline) gave the best model performance when combined with an increment calculation strategy in which the increments are calculated and applied to all days of the month. However, without an unbiased baseline, assimilating TWS changes still leads to an acceptable improvement in model performance. Among the observation operators, those that predict the observations as an average of multiple days had the best performance.
Animal models of PTSD: a challenge to be met
Authors: Richter-Levin Gal , Stork Oliver , Schmidt Mathias V. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRecent years have seen increased interest in psychopathologies related to trauma exposure. Specifically, there has been a growing awareness to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in part due to terrorism, climate change-associated natural disasters, the global refugee crisis, and increased violence in overpopulated urban areas. However, notwithstanding the increased awareness to the disorder, the increasing number of patients, and the devastating impact on the lives of patients and their families, the efficacy of available treatments remains limited and highly unsatisfactory. A major scientific effort is therefore devoted to unravel the neural mechanisms underlying PTSD with the aim of paving the way to developing novel or improved treatment approaches and drugs to treat PTSD. One of the major scientific tools used to gain insight into understanding physiological and neuronal mechanisms underlying diseases and for treatment development is the use of animal models of human diseases. While much progress has been made using these models in understanding mechanisms of conditioned fear and fear memory, the gained knowledge has not yet led to better treatment options for PTSD patients. This poor translational outcome has already led some scientists and pharmaceutical companies, who do not in general hold opinions against animal models, to propose that those models should be abandoned. Here, we critically examine aspects of animal models of PTSD that may have contributed to the relative lack of translatability, including the focus on the exposure to trauma, overlooking individual and sex differences, and the contribution of risk factors. Based on findings from recent years, we propose research-based modifications that we believe are required in order to overcome some of the shortcomings of previous practice. These modifications include the usage of animal models of PTSD which incorporate risk factors and of the behavioral profiling analysis of individuals in a sample. These modifications are aimed to address factors such as individual predisposition and resilience, thus taking into consideration the fact that only a fraction of individuals exposed to trauma develop PTSD. We suggest that with an appropriate shift of practice, animal models are not only a valuable tool to enhance our understanding of fear and memory processes, but could serve as effective platforms for understanding PTSD, for PTSD drug development and drug testing.
Autophagy suppresses self-renewal ability and tumorigenicity of glioma-initiating cells and promotes Notch1 degradation
Authors: Tao Zhennan , Li Tao , Ma Haiwen , Yang Yihan , Zhang Chen , Hai Long , Liu Peidong , Yuan Feng , Li Jiabo , Yi Li , Tong Luqing , Wang Yingshuai , Xie Yang , Ming Haolang , Yu Shengping , Yang Xuejun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAutophagy is a vital process that involves degradation of long-lived proteins and dysfunctional organelles and contributes to cellular metabolism. Glioma-initiating cells (GICs) have the ability to self-renew, differentiate into heterogeneous types of tumor cells, and sustain tumorigenicity; thus, GICs lead to tumor recurrence. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy can induce stem cell differentiation and increase the lethality of temozolomide against GICs. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of GIC self-renewal by autophagy remains uncharacterized. In the present study, autophagy induced by AZD8055 and rapamycin treatment suppressed GIC self-renewal in vitro. We found that autophagy inhibited Notch1 pathway activation. Moreover, autophagy activated Notch1 degradation, which is associated with maintenance of the self-renewal ability of GICs. Furthermore, autophagy abolished the tumorigenicity of CD133 + U87-MG neurosphere cells in an intracranial model. These findings suggest that autophagy regulating GICs self-renewal and tumorigenicity is probably bound up with Notch1 degradation. The results of this study could aid in the design of autophagy-based clinical trials for glioma treatments, which may be of great value.
Angiogenic and Osteogenic Synergy of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Cocultured on a Nanomatrix
Authors: Chen Jun , Deng Lily , Porter Catherine , Alexander Grant , Patel Dhruv , Vines Jeremy , Zhang Xixi , Chasteen-Boyd David , Sung Hak-Joon , Li Yi-Ping , Javed Amjad , Gilbert Shawn , Cheon Kyounga , Jun Ho-Wook 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTo date, bone tissue regeneration strategies lack an approach that effectively provides an osteogenic and angiogenic environment conducive to bone growth. In the current study, we evaluated the osteogenic and angiogenic response of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and green fluorescent protein-expressing human umbilical vein endothelial cells (GFP-HUVECs) cocultured on a self-assembled, peptide amphiphile nanomatrix functionalized with the cell adhesive ligand RGDS (PA-RGDS). Analysis of alkaline phosphatase activity, von Kossa staining, Alizarin Red quantification, and osteogenic gene expression, indicates a significant synergistic effect between the PA-RGDS nanomatrix and coculture that promoted hMSC osteogenesis. In addition, coculturing on PA-RGDS resulted in enhanced HUVEC network formation and upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor gene and protein expression. Though PA-RGDS and coculturing hMSCs with HUVECs were each previously reported to individually enhance hMSC osteogenesis, this study is the first to demonstrate a synergistic promotion of HUVEC angiogenesis and hMSC osteogenesis by integrating coculturing with the PA-RGDS nanomatrix. We believe that using the combination of hMSC/HUVEC coculture and PA-RGDS substrate is an efficient method for promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis, which has immense potential as an efficacious, engineered platform for bone tissue regeneration.
Magnetization Manipulation of a Flexible Magnetic Sensor by Controlled Stress Application
Authors: Kwon Joon-Hyun , Kwak Won-Young , Cho Beong Ki 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSpin-based electronic devices on polymer substrates have been intensively investigated because of several advantages in terms of weight, thickness, and flexibility, compared to rigid substrates. So far, most studies have focused on maintaining the functionality of devices with minimum degradation against mechanical deformation, as induced by stretching and bending of flexible devices. Here, we applied repetitive bending stress on a flexible magnetic layer and a spin-valve structure composed of Ta/NiFe/CoFe/Cu/Ni/IrMn/Ta on a polyimide (PI) substrate. It is found that the anisotropy can be enhanced or weakened depending upon the magnetostrictive properties under stress. In the flat state after bending, due to residual compressive stress, the magnetic anisotropy of the positive magnetostrictive free layer is weakened while that of the pinned layer with negative magnetostriction is enhanced. Thus, the magnetic configuration of the spin-valve is appropriate for use as a sensor. Through the bending process, we design a prototype magnetic sensor cell array and successfully show a sensing capability by detecting magnetic microbeads. This attempt demonstrates that appropriate control of stress, induced by repetitive bending of flexible magnetic layers, can be effectively used to modify the magnetic configurations for the magnetic sensor.
Visualizing large choroidal blood flow by subtraction of the choriocapillaris projection artifacts in swept source optical coherence tomography angiography in normal eyes
Authors: Maruko Ichiro , Kawano Taizo , Arakawa Hisaya , Hasegawa Taiji , Iida Tomohiro 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOptical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) seems not to image the choroidal blood flow pattern in the normal individual because of the OCT light attenuation. Our purpose in the current study was to visualize the large choroidal blood flow pattern after subtraction of the choriocapillaris projection artifact in normal eyes non-invasively by swept source (SS) OCTA. Sixty-one eyes of 45 individuals (19 men, 26 women) without ocular disease were examined by SS-OCTA (AngioPlex Elite 9000, Zeiss, Germany). A 12 × 12 mm macular area was scanned. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) was measured, and the choroidal blood flow pattern in a slab of 30 µm width at one-half of SCT was analyzed. In examining the choroidal blood flow pattern, a slab that was between 30 to 60 µm posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium, in which the choriocapillaris blood flow was most clearly imaged, was used for the subtraction of the projection artifacts from the choriocapillaris on the stromal area of choroid. The ratio (%) of the choroidal blood flow area in the whole choroidal region was calculated after binarization. Thirty-four eyes of 27 individuals (12 men, 15 women) were also examined by spectral domain OCTA (SD-OCTA). After the subtraction, the middle and large choroidal blood flow were clearly visible in SS-OCTA in all eyes. The mean SCT was 297 ± 61 µm, and the mean ratio of the choroidal blood flow area was 27.3 ± 8.2%, which was significantly correlated with SCT (R = 0.738, P < 0.01). SD-OCTA did not show the choroidal blood flow pattern. In conclusion, removal of the projection artifacts of choriocapillaris can make the choroidal blood flow visible in SS-OCTA of normal eyes. Because the ratio of choroidal blood flow area was correlated with SCT, the choroidal blood flow might be an important factor related to the choroidal thickness.
Protective effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on aluminum overload-induced cerebral damage through epigenetic regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression
Authors: Li Juan , Zhang Dong-dong , Wang Chao-qing , Shi Miao , Wang Liang-liang 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In consideration of its noninvasive administration and endogenous stimulation property, the enhancement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) via low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) could be a novel strategy for aluminum (Al) overload-induced cerebral damage. LIPUS was pre-treated 7 days before concomitantly given with aluminum chloride (AlCl3) daily for a period of 42 days. Morris water maze and elevated plus maze were performed to analyze spatial learning and memory. Western Blot and immunoprecipitation were used to detect BDNF and histone acetylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) and histone H4 lysine 12 (H4K12) in the hippocampus. Assay of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) indicated the extent of oxidative damages. Aluminium exposure in rats can cause attenuated spatial learning and memory, followed by up-regulated histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) expression, down-regulated H3K9 and H4K12 acetylation at the PIII and PIV promoter of BDNF, all of which will eventually inhibit BDNF expression. LIPUS can recover reduced cognitive function by restoring histone acetylation and BDNF expression, accompanied with increased SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px activity. LIPUS treatment might alleviate aluminium exposure-induced cognitive decline by acetylation regulation of BDNF expression and reducing oxidative stress in the hippocampus.
Verification of 2D × 2D and Two-Species Vlasov-Poisson Solvers,
Authors: Barsamian Yann , Bernier Joackim , Hirstoaga Sever A. , Mehrenberger Michel 
Published: October 2018

In [2], 1D×1D two-species Vlasov-Poisson simulations are performed by the semi-Lagrangian method. Thanks to a classical first order dispersion analysis, we are able to check the validity of their simulations; the extension to second order is performed and shown to be relevant for explaining further details. In order to validate multi-dimensional effects, we propose a 2D × 2D single species test problem that has true 2D effects coming from the sole second order dispersion analysis.
Finally, we perform, in the same code, full 2D × 2D non linear two-species simulations with mass ratio 0:01, and consider the mixing of semi-Lagrangian and Particle-in-Cell methods.
Implementation of Fetal Cardiac Guidelines for the Routine Second-Trimester Heart Examination: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Gerede Angeliki , Sotiriadis Alexandros , Karavida Aikaterini , Petousis Stamatios , Mikos Themistoklis , Assimakopoulos Efstratios , Tarlatzis Basil C , Athanasiadis Apostolos P 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to explore the feasibility of implementation of the ISUOG 2013 guidelines on routine second-trimester examination of the fetal heart.
Materials and Methods This was a prospective study in 357 women with singleton pregnancy undergoing their routine second-trimester scan. The fetal heart was examined using B-mode in different planes according to the guidelines. Potential maternal and fetal factors that can affect the rates of diagnostic-quality imaging for each of the recommended views were tested, using regression analysis. The intra- and interobserver agreement was analyzed in stored video loops.
Results Most cardiac structures could be successfully examined with rates at or close to 100 %. Structures with a successful examination rate of ≤ 85 % included the ventricular wall fine details (55.2 %), tricuspid valve insertion (82.6 %), aortic root with clear walls (77.9 %), pulmonary artery walls (65.8 %) and clear view of the great artery walls (66.7 %). Common factors affecting the likelihood of successful examination of these structures included maternal BMI, skin-to-crux distance and the orientation of the cardiac axis. A post-hoc analysis indicated that a lack of pre-defined criteria for diagnostic quality was a constant reason for the interobserver variation.
Conclusion Most of the cardiac views can be consistently and reliably obtained, with maternal habitus being the primary factor limiting the quality of visualization. As offline interpretation may be subjective, using pre-defined quality criteria for the assessment of the images might improve interrater agreement.
Value of Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Inguinal Hernia – A Retrospective Study
Authors: Maisenbacher Tanja , Kratzer Wolfgang , Formentini Andrea , Schmidberger Julian , Kaltenbach Tanja , Henne-Bruns Doris , Graeter Tilmann , Hillenbrand Andreas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Purpose The diagnosis of an inguinal hernia is usually made clinically. Precise imaging appears to be necessary when the clinical examination is inconclusive. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of ultrasonography for inguinal hernias and whether it influences the decision for or against surgery.
Materials and Methods This study was a single-center retrospective study carried out from January 2012 to December 2016. All 326 patients had undergone ultrasound scanning of the groin as part of the diagnostic workup. Besides surgical findings being the gold standard, follow-up data and alternative ultrasound diagnoses were considered as references, allowing us to assess the accuracy of negative ultrasound findings as well.
Results The findings on ultrasonography were positive in 248 patients and negative in 78 patients. In addition to 201 operated patients, we were able to validate a further 40 patients by means of a questionnaire and the alternative ultrasound diagnoses. The correlation with all three references resulted in a sensitivity of 97 %, a specificity of 77 %, a positive predictive value of 95 %, and a negative predictive value of 87 %.
Conclusion Ultrasonography is an accurate method for evaluating inguinal hernias. High sensitivity makes it particularly suitable for ruling out an inguinal hernia when the findings are negative. An ultrasound scan carried out in addition to clinical examination can therefore help to determine the right indication for surgical intervention.
Mesenchymale Stammzellen: Tumorfördernde oder -hemmende Eigenschaften – Ein aktueller Überblick
Authors: Scherzad Agmal , Taeger Johannes , Gehrke Thomas Eckhard , Hagen Rudolf , Kleinsasser Norbert , Hackenberg Stephan 
Published: October 2018

ZusammenfassungEine multimodale Tumortherapie richtet sich nicht nur gegen die Tumorzellen, sondern beeinflusst auch das tumorumgebende Stroma. Das Tumorstroma beherbergt
verschiedene nicht-maligne Zellen, unter anderem Fibroblasten, Immunzellen, aber auch mesenchymalen Stammzellen (MSC). MSC haben die Fähigkeit der Migration in
Richtung Tumorgewebe. Welche Einflüsse MSC auf Tumorzellen ausüben wird in der gängigen Literatur kontrovers diskutiert. Die meisten Publikationen berichten von
tumorfördernden Eigenschaften der MSC, welche über vier Hauptmechanismen ermöglicht werden: Die Sekretion löslicher Mediatoren verbunden mit
Zell-Zell-Kontakten, die Transdifferenzierung der MSC in tumorassoziierte Fibroblasten, die Verbesserung der Neoangiogenese und zuletzt die Einleitung einer
Immunsuppression durch MSC. In dieser Übersicht wird über den aktuellen Stand der Literatur referiert.