bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current controversies in the role of antioestrogens in the treatment of carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Baum M. , Fraser S. C. A. , Colletta A. A. , Ebbs S. R. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe development of the triphenylethylene derivatives has been a major advance in the treatment of breast carcinoma, due to their low toxicity. Currently there is controversy not only about their mode of action but in three main areas of clinical practice: (A) adjuvant therapy in premenopausal and oestrogen receptor-negative cases; (B) primary therapy in the elderly; (C) the prevention of breast cancer.The United States' National Institute of Health consensus of 1985 that adjuvant tamoxifen be confined to postmenopausal women with positive nodes and ER positive tumours has been refuted by randomised clinical trials. The evidence that ER negative tumours also respond to tamoxifen has added to laboratory evidence that tamoxifen acts other than purely by oestrogen antagonism at the ER.The use of tamoxifen as sole treatment in primary breast cancer in the elderly is being evaluated in randomised clinical trials. Two that have been reported so far have flaws which make their contradictory conclusions difficult to assess.Recent results from the CRC trial suggest that tamoxifen has more benefit than simply preventing cancer deaths and clarification of the effects of triphenylethylenes on bone metabolism and the cardiovascular system may strengthen the case for a trial of prophylactic tamoxifen in those at risk of developing breast carcinoma.
Novel antioestrogens
Authors: Wakeling A. E. , Bowler J. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisRecently described 7α-alkylamide analogues of oestradiol, exemplified by ICI 164,384, have the pharmacological characteristics of pure antioestrogens. ICI 164,384 is completely free of oestrogenic activity in rodents and blocks the trophic actions of exogenous and endogenous oestradiol and of partial agonist antiooestrogens like tamoxifen. In addition, ICI 164,384 is peripherally selective, producing complete involution of the uterus without affecting LH secretion in intact female rats.In MCF-7 oestrogen-responsive, human breast cancer cells ICI 164,384 is a more potent and effective inhibitor of cell growth than tamoxifen. This difference in efficacy is reflected by a greater reduction in the proportion of cells continuing DNA synthesis in ICI 164,384-treated cultures than in tamoxifen-treated cells. This observation implies that a pure antioestrogen may provide more effective therapy of breast cancer but this will have to be demonstrated in clinical studies.
The ecology and conservation of sublittoral hard substratum ecosystems in Scotland
Authors: Hiscock Keith 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe species assemblages which occur on sublittoral hard substrata in Scotland reflect the following major environmental features: physiographic nature of the coastline, salinity, wave exposure, strength of tidal streams and depth modified by factors such as geographical location, geology, local topographical features, artificial substrata, scour, grazing, disturbance and pollution. Sublittoral hard substratum habitats and communities are affected by many of mans' activities including fishing and harvesting, damage by fishing equipment, organic input, nutrient input, chemical inputs, harbours and moorings, and construction work. Energy generation through wave and tidal power are potential threats. Some of mans' activities also create habitats of scientific interest. Conservation of sublittoral hard substratum habitats and communities requires: description of the character and distribution of habitats, communities and species; evaluation of survey information through application of nature conservation criteria; identification of areas/sites of nature conservation importance; establishment of appropriate consultative and statutory frameworks; obtaining information on biology of species, dynamics/longevity of natural communities and species, and mechanisms ‘driving’ communities; evaluation of damage and recovery; evaluation of effects of diffuse pollution; informing, consulting and educating.
The benthos of soft sublittoral habitats
Authors: Pearson T. H. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisA brief outline of the characteristics and habitat of marine sedimentary benthos is given together with a consideration of the factors influencing the structure and distribution of benthic communities and the role of larval strategies in influencing recruitment to such communities. The bearing these ecological factors have for the conservation of such communities in Scottish waters is discussed in the context of current and potential threats to their present stability and distributions. It is suggested that the rich communities of the fjordic and shelf areas of the western coast and island groups merit the greatest current concern for conservation, in the face of increasing pressures from a range of developmental actions.
Neogene Faunas of North America
Authors: Webb S. David 
Published: June 2019

The second half of the Age of Mammals yields many stories worth telling. The one that I find grandest and most central, however is the “Savanna Story.” While featuring it as the principle theme, I hope to weave in the following secondary subjects:1) the adaptive radiation of four representative groups, namely hypsodont horses, camels, elephants and cricetid rodents;2) intercontinental dispersal patterns across Beringia and between the American continents;3) and faunal turnover patterns.
Effects of pre-calving nutrition on the performance of twin bearing cows and their calves
Authors: Topps J.H. , Nurul Islam Md , Broadbent P.J. , Paterson G.F.M. 
Published: June 2019

With the advent of twinning in beef cows there is a need to obtain information on the nutritional requirements of these animals during the last three months of pregnancy and to assess the effects of pre-calving nutrition on cow and calf performance in the subsequent lactation. Three experiments have been carried out With 10, 9 and 14 multiple bearing Hereford x British Friesian cows. In each experiment a comparison was made With single bearing cows but the results from these animals are not considered in this paper. The cows were given different energy intakes in a factorial arrangement with low or high levels of UDP over the last three months of pregnancy. After calving all cows were given 125 MJ ME/d for the first 12 Weeks of lactation and performance monitored to assess any carryover effect of pregnancy nutrition.Similar diets were fed during the last three months of pregnancy in all three experiments. The diet containing a low level of UDP (0.19 of total protein) consisted of barley straw, barley grain, molassed meal and urea. While that With a high UDP content (0.33 of total protein) contained barley straw, barley grain, malt distillers dark grains and special propietary cubes.
A comparison of wheat and barley as supplements to grass silage for beef cattle
Authors: Steen R. W. J. 
Published: June 2019

Two randomised-block experiments have been carried out to examine the relative feeding value of wheat and barley as supplements to grass silage for finishing beef cattle. In each experiment unwilted, formic acid-treated silage was offered ad libitum and supplemented with 500 g soyabean meal and 50 g minerals and vitamins to 44 twelve month old bulls for 157 and 172 days in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. In addition 12 animals received 2.5 kg rolled spring barley (LB), 12 received 4.0 kg barley (HB) and 20 received 3.25 kg rolled wheat (W). Silage was offered once daily and concentrates twice daily in two equal meals.Eleven British Friesian bulls and thirty-three bulls which were Friesian x Continental beef breed were used in each experiment. They were initially 402 and 385 kg live weight in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. In both experiments the animals were housed and fed in groups of four in slatted pens. All animals were slaughtered at the end of the experiments to obtain carcass data.
A selection Index for hill sheep
Authors: Al-Nakib F.M.S. , Simm G. 
Published: June 2019

Apart from the MLC indices for hill sheep (MLC, 1986) and Atkins’ (1984) study for Scottish Blackface sheep, little attention has been directed towards the general implementation of selection indices in hill sheep production, despite the fact that hill sheep constitute the backbone of the British sheep industry (eg. the genetic contribution of hill sheep to lamb carcass meat was estimated at 33 per cent, to total lambs slaughtered 36 per cent, and to dams of the lambs slaughtered 56 per cent - see MLC, 1988)The purpose of this paper is to try to define appropriate breeding objectives for hill sheep that could be incorporated in a selection index, in order to improve output and efficiency of sheep production in such a limiting environment.
The effect of long-term daily administration of bovine somatotrophin on the performance of dairy cows over a second consecutive lactation
Authors: Butterwick R.F. , Weekes T.E.C. , Rowlinson P. , Parker D.S. , Armstrong D.G. 
Published: June 2019

The objectives of the trial were to investigate the effects of bovine somatotrophin (BST) from either week 2 or week 10 post-partum on the yields of milk, milk components, body weight, body condition, feed intake, health and reproductive status of dairy cows over a second consecutive lactation. The results from the heifer lactation have been reported previously (Butterwick et al. 1988).17 Friesian dairy cows in their second lactation were continued on the same treatment as in their heifer lactation: daily subcutaneous injection of recombinantly derived bovine somatotrophin (BST;25mg/d) from either week 2 (BST2;n=6) or week 10 (BSTl0;n=5) post-partum, or injection of a buffer solution from week 2 of lactation (C;n=6). Treatments continued until week 42 of lactation or until 60 days prior to predicted calving date, if this occurred before week 42 of lactation. Initially cows were housed in cubicles and fed ad libitum through Calan doors, on a diet consisting of concentrate and grass silage (Table 1) on a 60:40 dry matter ratio. After day 110 of lactation cows were turned out to pasture but continued to receive concentrates according to milk yield and body condition score. Milk yield and feed intake were recorded daily, milk composition, body weight and body condition score were recorded twice weekly. Health and reproductive status were monitored over the lactation.
Evaluation of a slow release form of recombinantly derived bovine somatotropin (BST) in dairy cattle
Authors: Kim J. , Campling R.C. , Tarrant M.E. 
Published: June 2019

Two experiments were conducted with British Friesian/Holstein cattle to evaluate the response in milk production to the long-term use of recombinantly derived bovine somatotropin in a slow release form (somidobove, Lilly Research Centre Ltd). The first compared three doses of BST and the second measured the effect of BST given to animals receiving two levels of concentrates.Thirty-eight and forty autumn calving cattle were used in experiments 1 and 2 respectively. A randomised block design was used in the first experiment and a 2 x 2 factorial in the second. Animals were blocked on the basis of similarity in calving date and milk yield during the preliminary period. Treatments were allocated at random within blocks, animals remained on the same treatment throughout each experiment. In experiment 1 animals received seven successive subcutaneous injections of BST at intervals of four weeks, the initial injection was given about 11 weeks after calving. A control and three doses of BST were compared: 320, 640 and 960 mg. In experiment 2 animals were given given six injections of 640 mg BST at the same intervals.
The interaction between level of protein and the response to specific nutrients in high silage diets
Authors: Thomas C. , Crocker A. , Fisher W. , Walker C. , Reeve A. 
Published: June 2019

Previous studies have indicated that supplements to high quality grass silage based on molasses and sodium bicarbonate can enhance microbial efficiency and milk output. However these experiments showed that there was still a need to include preformed protein in the supplement to maximise the response. Also, work at this Institute (M. Gill, unpublished data) had indicated marked responses to branched chain volatile fatty acids (vfa) in high forage diets, but only in the presence of protein supplements. The aims of the experiment were to firstly examine whether preformed proteins in high forage diets could be replaced by either protected or unprotected amino acids (methionine and lysine) in dairy cow diets and secondly, to investigate the interaction between branched chain acids and the supply of protein.Eighty British Friesian cows in their second and subsequent lactation were offered grass silage ad libitum together with 4 kg of molasses and sodium bicarbonate (Alkacarb, ICI plc) at 30 g/kg silage dry matter (DM). They were given a protein supplement consisting of soyabean meal and fishmeal in a 3:1 ratio at either 2 (L) or 3.2 kg/day (H).
High forage diets for beef Cattle
Authors: Steen R W J 
Published: June 2019

The use of high-forage systems for beef production is a particularly diverse subject area encompassing the role of both grazed and conserved forage and a wide range of production systems. These include systems such as 12-16 month silage-cereal beef, 16-18 month grass-cereal beef and 22-24 month grass beef for dairy-bred cattle, hill and lowland systems of suckled calf production and systems for finishing store cattle. Consequently, within the constraints of this paper it will be possible to examine only some of the most recent developments in the use of forage for beef production.Digestibility is the most important factor influencing the value of conserved forage for beef production. From a review of eight comparisons in which silage has been offered as the sole feed, silage dry matter (DM) intake, live-weight gain and carcass gain were increased by 17 g/kg, 45 g/day and 33 g/day respectively per 10 g/kg increase in digestibility. In a further nine comparisons involving silages supplemented with concentrates, concentrates constituting 200 to 370 g/kg total DM intake, silage DM intake, live-weight gain and carcass gain were increased by 14 g/kg, 37 g/day and 28 g/day respectively per 10 g/kg increase in digestibility.
The influence of fodder beet on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing/finishing pigs
Authors: Boyd P.A. , Cole D.J.A. , Wiseman J. , Thorne P.J. 
Published: June 2019

In certain parts of the world the use of grain crops for animal feeding is limited and where there is competition for direct human use, alternative feeds must be considered. Root crops are a potential feedstuff for growing pigs in some situations and the objective of the present programme of work is to establish the nutritional value of these materials and to investigate factors which effect their utilisation in pig diets.The high moisture content of root crops results in low nutrient density and the current experiment was designed to examine whether this resulted in any limitation on food intake and subsequent growth performance of growing pigs. This was achieved by formulating diets to contain different proportions of root crop and concentrate; these diets were isoenergetic/isonitrogenous when based on dry matter but varied in nutrient density when expressed on a fresh weight basis.
The use of growth hormone and beta agonists to improve animal production
Authors: Roche J.F. , Enright W.J. 
Published: June 2019

The factors that affect output in animal production systems are growth rate, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), carcass conformation, muscle and fat content, and kill out percentage. These factors are affected by genetic potential, provision of optimal nutrition and environmental conditions to disease free animals. In addition, certain exogenous chemicals are known to affect animal performance, and these can be classified as follows:i)use of chemical messengers which bind to specific receptors in target tissueii)use of anti-microbial compounds which alter the microflora in the gastro-intestinal tract and thereby improve performance.This paper will deal specifically with the use of beta adrenergic agonists and growth hormone (GH) which are currently being researched.
Use of intrarumlnal soluble glass boluses containing two levels of melatonin for early lamb production
Authors: Brown D.C. , Thomas E.M. , Jones R A , Poulton A L 
Published: June 2019

It has been shown that giving mule ewes a soluble glass bolus which contained 150 rag melatonin on 2 July, advanced the onset of the oestrus cycle. This experiment was designed to investigate whether the dose rate of melatonin could be reduced.1.40 ewes not treated (control).2.40 ewes given glass bolus containing 150 mg melatonin.3.40 ewes given glass bolus containing 100 mg melatonin.120 mule ewes (Blue-faced Leicester x Swaledale) aged between 4 and 6 years all of proven breeding ability were divided into 3 similar groups by age, weight and body condition on 2 July. One group was left untreated and 2 groups received a polymer-bonded soluble phosphate glass bolus (Pilkingtons P.L.C.) which contained the appropriate level of melatonin (Sigma Chemicals Corporation). Each bolus was cylyndrical in shape measuring 1.8 cm in diameter and 3.0 cm in length. Tho average mass and specific gravity of boluses were 23 g and and 3.0 respectively.
Stimulation of seasonally anovular mule ewes by rams
Authors: Ibraheem H. F. , King M. E. , Hutchinson J. S. M. , Gunn G. J. , Taylor L. , Atkinson T. 
Published: June 2019

Early lamb production is a specialist enterprise in which profitability is highly dependent on getting all the lambs sold while prices are still high in Spring when lamb is in short supply. This involves lambing in late December/early January. Hence ewes must be mated in August. Conventionally in the UK, this has been achieved by the use of progesterone-impregnated sponges and pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG). The ram effect is a powerful technique for the control of sheep reproduction. The objective of the present study was to reinvestigate the value of teasers for the stimulation of seasonal activity in the ewe.125 (2-3 yr) Mule ewes (Blue-faced Leicester x Swaledale or Blackface), isolated from rams for two months, were used to investigate the effect of different durations of teasing on the stimulation of seasonal activity. Groups of 25 ewes were exposed to either teaser vasectomised rams and teaser ovariectomised ewes (induced into behavioural oestrus by an intramuscular injection of 0.2 mg of oestradiol benzoate) for 1 month (group l), 3 weeks (group 2) and 2 weeks (group 3); or vasectomised rams only for 2 weeks (group4); or left untreated (group 5). At the imposition of treatments, groups were isolated from each other and from contact with other 3heep by a distance of at least 1 km. Plasma progesterone was measured twice weekly on 8 animals, per group to determine ovarian activity.
The effect of the nature, level and frequency of feeding of supplement on the voluntary forage intake of wether sheep
Authors: Eayres H.F. , Anderson D.H. , Oldham J.D. 
Published: June 2019

The physical limitation of rumen capacity frequently restricts forage intake of ruminants to be within that needed to achieve their nutrient requirements for maintenance and production. It has been observed that, in some circumstances, supplementation can enhance the intake of forages, particularly those of low digestibility, while forage intake will reduce at high levels of supplementation, but in ways which are difficult to predict (Weston, 1982).In a previous trial it was observed that in sheep with an adequate supply of protein, barley supplements caused a decline in hay intake equivalent to 1:1 on a dry matter basis (Eayres el al, 1988). The present study was designed to investigate further the influence of barley and protein supplements on the intakes of hay and straw by sheep.Thirty two wether sheep (12 months old; Greyface) were placed in individual pens with wire floors and offered chopped hay ad libitum for 21 days in order to allow adaptation to the pens and to a forage based diet.
Effects of replacing barley/soya with malt distillers grains (draff) in silage based complete diets for dairy cows
Authors: Hyslop J J , Roberts D J 
Published: June 2019

In a previous experiment outlined at last year's conference (Hyslop and Roberts, 1988), it was demonstrated that replacement of a proprietary pelleted concentrate with malt distillers grains (draff), should be limited to 15% of total dry matter intake (DMI) when draff is offered in two feeds per day. However there is little evidence to validate such a limitation when draff is used as a concentrate replacement in complete diets. This experiment examined the effect of replacing barley/soya with draff plus additional minerals in silage based complete diets.In a cyclic changeover design experiment consisting of 4 three week periods, fifteen British Friesian cows in early lactation were offered five treatments. Cows were given ad libitum access to one of five complete diets based on grass silage (69 “D”). Draff plus additional minerals gradually replaced barley/soya at increasing rates in diets 0-4 respectively.
The possibility of predicting the sheep voluntary dry matter intake of hays from their rumen degradation characteristics
Authors: Lopez S. , Carro Dolores , Gonzalez J.S. , Ovejero F.J. 
Published: June 2019

Ability to predict accurately the intake of digestible nutrients by ruminants is of great interest. The feed intake can be limited mainly by the amount of undigested residue remaining in the rumen. Ingested feed disappears from the rumen in two ways: through digestion and through passage. So, forages with easily degraded cell-walls, may promote faster rates of digestion and passage and allow the animal to consume more feed (Hovell et al., 1986).The objective of the present study is to determine the rate and extent of rumen degradation of various hays “in situ” and to evaluate the ability to predict the voluntary intake from these rumen degradation characteristics.Eleven sun-cured hays from three cultivars (alfalfa, red-clover and vetch-cereal), two sown grasslands (grass-clover mixture and mixed grass sward) and six permanent meadows were used to study the relationship between some rumen degradation characteristics and the voluntary dry matter intake (VDMI) by sheep.
Simple simulation: prediction of intake by dairy cows using a spreadsheet model
Authors: Forbes J M 
Published: June 2019

Spreadsheet computer programs provide a two-dimensional matrix into whose cells numbers and text can be placed and manipulated. A cell can also contain a formula which causes a calculation to be performed on values In other cells and the answer shown on the screen. Graphs can be produced from specified ranges of values in cells. Thus a spreadsheet is well suited to financial accounting. Modelling biological systems has often been thought to be complicated and to involve writing a computer program. Simulation languages take away much of the detailed programming effort but still require the user to learn the syntax and capabilities of the language.The aim Is to develop a simple model of voluntary feed Intake by the lactating cow using a spreadsheet program. The basis is the model described by Forbes (1988) simplified for a complete feed rather than forage and concentrates but with the level of intake determined by both metabolic and physical factors rather than by which ever of those two Is the lower.