bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field calibration of electrochemical NO2 sensors in a citizen science context
Authors: Mijling Bas , Jiang Qijun , de Jonge Dave , Bocconi Stefano 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. In many urban areas the population is exposed to elevated levels
of air pollution. However, real-time air quality is usually only measured at
few locations. These measurements provide a general picture of the state of
the air, but they are unable to monitor local differences. New low-cost
sensor technology is available for several years now, and has the potential
to extend official monitoring networks significantly even though the
current generation of sensors suffer from various technical issues. Citizen science experiments based on these sensors must be designed carefully
to avoid generation of data which is of poor or even useless quality. This
study explores the added value of the 2016 Urban AirQ campaign, which focused
on measuring nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Sixteen low-cost air quality sensor devices were built and distributed among
volunteers living close to roads with high traffic volume for a 2-month
measurement period. Each electrochemical sensor was calibrated in-field next to an air monitoring
station during an 8-day period, resulting in R2 ranging from 0.3 to 0.7.
When temperature and relative humidity are included in a multilinear
regression approach, the NO2 accuracy is improved significantly,
with R2 ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. Recalibration after the campaign is
crucial, as all sensors show a significant signal drift in the 2-month
measurement period. The measurement series between the calibration periods
can be corrected for after the measurement period by taking a weighted average of the calibration
coefficients. Validation against an independent air monitoring station shows good
agreement. Using our approach, the standard deviation of a typical sensor
device for NO2 measurements was found to be
7 µg m−3, provided that temperatures are below
30 ∘C. Stronger ozone titration on street sides causes an
underestimation of NO2 concentrations, which 75 % of the time
is less than 2.3 µg m−3. Our findings show that citizen science campaigns using low-cost sensors based
on the current generations of electrochemical NO2 sensors may
provide useful complementary data on local air quality in an urban setting,
provided that experiments are properly set up and the data are carefully
analysed.
Towards an assessment of riverine dissolved organic carbon in surface waters of the western Arctic Ocean based on remote sensing and biogeochemical modeling
Authors: Le Fouest Vincent , Matsuoka Atsushi , Manizza Manfredi , Shernetsky Mona , Tremblay Bruno , Babin Marcel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Future climate warming of the Arctic could potentially enhance the load of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon (tDOC) of Arctic
rivers due to increased carbon mobilization within watersheds. A greater flux of tDOC might impact the biogeochemical processes of
the coastal Arctic Ocean (AO) and ultimately its capacity to absorb atmospheric CO2. In this study, we show that sea-surface tDOC
concentrations simulated by a physical–biogeochemical coupled model in the Canadian Beaufort Sea for 2003–2011 compare
favorably with estimates retrieved by satellite imagery. Our results suggest that, over spring–summer, tDOC of riverine origin
contributes to 35 % of primary production and that an equivalent of ∼ 10 % of tDOC is exported westwards with the
potential of fueling the biological production of the eastern Alaskan nearshore waters. The combination of model and satellite data
provides promising results to extend this work to the entire AO so as to quantify, in conjunction with in situ data, the expected
changes in tDOC fluxes and their potential impact on the AO biogeochemistry at basin scale.
A general theory on frequency and time–frequency analysis of irregularly sampled time series based on projection methods – Part 1: Frequency analysis
Authors: Lenoir Guillaume , Crucifix Michel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. We develop a general framework for the frequency analysis of irregularly
sampled time series. It is based on the Lomb–Scargle periodogram, but
extended to algebraic operators accounting for the presence of a polynomial
trend in the model for the data, in addition to a periodic component and a
background noise. Special care is devoted to the correlation between the
trend and the periodic component. This new periodogram is then cast into the
Welch overlapping segment averaging (WOSA) method in order to reduce its
variance. We also design a test of significance for the WOSA periodogram,
against the background noise. The model for the background noise is a
stationary Gaussian continuous autoregressive-moving-average (CARMA) process,
more general than the classical Gaussian white or red noise processes. CARMA
parameters are estimated following a Bayesian framework. We provide
algorithms that compute the confidence levels for the WOSA periodogram and
fully take into account the uncertainty in the CARMA noise parameters.
Alternatively, a theory using point estimates of CARMA parameters provides
analytical confidence levels for the WOSA periodogram, which are more
accurate than Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) confidence levels and, below
some threshold for the number of data points, less costly in computing time.
We then estimate the amplitude of the periodic component with least-squares
methods, and derive an approximate proportionality between the squared
amplitude and the periodogram. This proportionality leads to a new extension
for the periodogram: the weighted WOSA periodogram, which we recommend for
most frequency analyses with irregularly sampled data. The estimated signal
amplitude also permits filtering in a frequency band. Our results
generalise
and unify methods developed in the fields of geosciences, engineering,
astronomy and astrophysics. They also constitute the starting point for an
extension to the continuous wavelet transform developed in a companion
article (Lenoir and Crucifix, 2018). All the methods presented in this paper are
available to the reader in the Python package WAVEPAL.
The Library of Thomas B. Catron and the Transformation of New Mexico
Authors: Taylor Michael L. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
Thomas B. Catron, an influential lawyer and politician who helped establish the state of New Mexico, formed a large library that provides an alternative perspective on the dramatic transformation of New Mexican society in the territorial period (1850–1912). This article investigates the library's three main parts—an extensive law library, a collection of rare Latin Americana, and the Catron family's home library of general literature—and analyzes the significance of each in regard to major themes in New Mexico history.
“It is simply out of the question to eliminate the colorline”: The Development of Black Library Service in Atlanta and the Integration of the Atlanta Public Library
Authors: Hanbury Dallas 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
The first southern recipient of a library construction grant from Andrew Carnegie, the Atlanta Public Library (APL) from the beginning of its development and throughout the twentieth century struggled with questions of race. As it conformed to southern racial norms of the early twentieth century, the APL institutionalized segregation. After integration, the APL long dealt with the effects of having practiced segregation. The history of the development of public library service in Atlanta, the APL's struggle with race, and its efforts to come to terms with its segregated past, suggests that the APL shared a similar pattern of response to questions of race with other southern, particularly urban, public libraries.
Cranially-based nasolabial flaps for the reconstruction of nasal surgical defects
Authors: Kerem Hakan , Bali Ulaş , Sönmez Erhan , Evrenos Mustafa Kürşat 
Published: March 2018

Background Cranially-based nasolabial flaps are a good alternative for the reconstruction of nasal defects.
Methods A cranially-based nasolabial flap was used in 18 patients to reconstruct defects of the nose from 2010 to 2016, and the long-term results are presented in this report.
Results Fifteen of the flaps completely survived. All the patients had a bulky appearance, but they did not want to undergo a second operation for cosmesis. The dissection of the flap took approximately 20 minutes, and the total operation lasted for 1 hour. The patients were hospitalized for 1–7 days, and the postoperative follow-up period was 1–28 months (mean, 17 months).
Conclusions The cranially-based nasolabial flap possesses all the advantages of the traditional forehead flap, and can safely be used in selected cases.
Safety of long-term subcutaneous free flap skin banking after skin-sparing mastectomy
Authors: Verstappen Ralph , Djedovic Gabriel , Morandi Evi Maria , Heiser Dietmar , Rieger Ulrich Michael , Bauer Thomas 
Published: March 2018

Background A persistent problem in autologous breast reconstruction in skin-sparing mastectomies is skin restoration after skin necrosis or secondary oncological resection. As a solution to facilitate reconstruction, skin banking of free-flap skin has been proposed in cases where the overlying skin envelope must be resected, as this technique spares the patient an additional donor site. Herein, we present the largest series to date in which this method was used. We investigated its safety and the possibility of skin banking for prolonged periods of time.
Methods All skin-sparing mastectomies and immediate autologous breast reconstructions from December 2009 until June 2013 at our institution were analysed.
Results We identified 31 patients who underwent 33 free flap reconstructions in which skin banking was performed. Our median skin banking period was 7 days, with a maximum duration of 171 days. In 22.5% of cases, the banked skin was used to reconstruct overlying skin defects, and in 9.6% of cases to reconstruct the nipple-areolar complex. Microbiological and histological investigations of the banked skin revealed neither clinical infections nor malignancies.
Conclusions In situ skin banking, even for prolonged periods of time, is a safe and cost-effective method to ensure that skin defects due to necrosis or secondary oncological resection can be easily reconstructed.
Multiple transgressions and slow evolution shape the phylogeographic pattern of the blind cave-dwelling shrimp Typhlocaris
Authors: Guy-Haim Tamar , Simon-Blecher Noa , Frumkin Amos , Naaman Israel , Achituv Yair 
Published: March 2018

Background. Aquatic subterranean species often exhibit disjunct distributions, with high level of endemism and small range, shaped by vicariance, limited dispersal, and evolutionary rates. We studied the disjunct biogeographic patterns of an endangered blind cave shrimp, Typhlocaris, and identified the geological and evolutionary processes that have shaped its divergence pattern.
Methods. We collected Typlocaris specimens of three species (T. galilea, T. ayyaloni, and T. salentina), originating from subterranean groundwater caves by the Mediterranean Sea, and used three mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, COI) and four nuclear genes (18S, 28S, ITS, H3) to infer their phylogenetic relationships. Using the radiometric dating of a geological formation (Bira) as a calibration node, we estimated the divergence times of the Typhlocaris species and the molecular evolution rates.
Results. The multi-locus ML/Bayesian trees of the concatenated seven gene sequences showed that T. salentina (Italy) and T. ayyaloni (Israel) are more closely related than T. galilea (Israel). The divergence time of T. ayyaloni and T. salentina from T. galilea was according to COI – 6.0 [4.5-7.2] Ma and according to 16S – 5.9 [3.6-7.4] Ma. The computed interspecific evolutionary rates for COI – 0.0074 substitutions/Myr and for 16S – 0.0041 substitutions/Myr.
Discussion. Two consecutive vicariant events have shaped the phylogeographic patterns of Typhlocaris species. First, T. galilea was tectonically isolated from its siblings in the Mediterranean Sea by the arching uplift of the central mountain range of Israel ca. 7 Ma. Secondly, T. ayyaloni and T. salentina were stranded and separated by a marine transgression ca. 6 Ma, occurring just before the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Our estimated molecular evolution rates were in one order of magnitude lower than the rates of closely related crustaceans, as well as of other stygobiont species. We suggest that this slow evolution reflects the ecological conditions prevailing in the highly isolated subterranean enclosures inhabited by Typhlocaris.
Identification and characterization of the cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferase gene family inSalvia miltiorrhiza
Authors: Li Jiang , Li Caili , Lu Shanfa 
Published: March 2018

Cytosine DNA methylation is highly conserved epigenetic modification involved in a wide range of biological processes in eukaryotes. It was established and maintained by cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferases (C5-MTases) in plants. Through genome-wide identification, eight putativeSmC5-MTasegenes were identified from the genome ofSalvia miltiorrhiza, a well-known traditional Chinese medicine material and an emerging model medicinal plant. Based on conserved domains and phylogenetic analysis, eightSmC5-MTasegenes were divided into four subfamilies, includingMET,CMT,DRMandDNMT2. Genome-wide comparative analysis of theC5-MTasegene family inS. miltiorrhizaandArabidopsis thaliana, including gene structure, sequence features, sequence alignment and conserved motifs, was carried out. The results showed conservation and divergence of the members of each subfamily in plants. The length ofSmC5-MTaseopen reading frames ranges widely from 1,152 (SmDNMT2) to 5,034 bp (SmMET1). The intron number ofSmC5-MTasesvaries between 7 (SmDRM1) and 20 (SmCMT1andSmCMT2b). These features were similar to their counterparts fromArabidopsis. Sequence alignment and conserved motif analysis showed the existence of highly conserved and subfamily-specific motifs in the C5-MTases analyzed. Differential transcript abundance was detected forSmC5-MTases, implying genome-wide variance of DNA methylation in different organs and tissues. Transcriptome-wide analysis showed that the transcript levels of allSmC5-MTasegenes was slightly changed under yeast extract and methyl jasmonate treatments. SixSmC5-MTases, includingSmMET1,SmCMT1,SmCMT2a,SmCMT2b,SmCMT3andSmDRM1, were salicylic acid-responsive, suggesting the involvement ofSmC5-MTases in salicylic acid-dependent immunity. These results provide useful information for demonstrating the role of DNA methylation in bioactive compound biosynthesis and Dao-di herb formation in medicinal plants.
Mercury in the Black Sea: New Insights From Measurements and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Rosati G. , Heimbürger L. E. , Melaku Canu D. , Lagane C. , Laffont L. , Rijkenberg M. J. A. , Gerringa L. J. A. , Solidoro C. , Gencarelli C. N. , Hedgecock I. M. , De Baar H. J. W. , Sonke J. E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractRedox conditions and organic matter control marine methylmercury (MeHg) production. The Black Sea is the world's largest and deepest anoxic basin and is thus ideal to study Hg species along the extended redox gradient. Here we present new dissolved Hg and MeHg data from the 2013 GEOTRACES MEDBlack cruise (GN04_leg2) that we integrated into a numerical 1‐D model, to track the fate and dynamics of Hg and MeHg. Contrary to a previous study, our new data show highest MeHg concentrations in the permanently anoxic waters. Observed MeHg/Hg percentage (range 9–57%) in the anoxic waters is comparable to other subsurface maxima in oxic open‐ocean waters. With the modeling we tested for various Hg methylation and demethylation scenarios along the redox gradient. The results show that Hg methylation must occur in the anoxic waters. The model was then used to simulate the time evolution (1850–2050) of Hg species in the Black Sea. Our findings quantify (1) inputs and outputs of HgT (~31 and ~28 kmol yr−1) and MeHgT (~5 and ~4 kmol yr−1) to the basin, (2) the extent of net demethylation occurring in oxic (~1 kmol yr−1) and suboxic water (~6 kmol yr−1), (3) and the net Hg methylation in the anoxic waters of the Black Sea (~11 kmol yr−1). The model was also used to estimate the amount of anthropogenic Hg (85–93%) in the Black Sea.
Observations of Blue Discharges Associated With Negative Narrow Bipolar Events in Active Deep Convection
Authors: Liu Feifan , Zhu Baoyou , Lu Gaopeng , Qin Zilong , Lei Jiuhou , Peng Kang‐Ming , Chen Alfred B. , Huang Anjing , Cummer Steven A. , Chen Mingli , Ma Ming , Lyu Fanchao , Zhou Helin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOn 19 August 2012, the Imager of Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning on board the FORMOSAT‐2 satellite captured a sequence of seven blue discharges within 1 min that emanated from a parent thunderstorm over Lake Taihu in East China. The analysis of lightning activity produced in the thunderstorm indicates that at least six of these events occurred in association with negative narrow bipolar events (NBEs) that were concurrent with the blue discharge by less than 1 ms, and negative cloud‐to‐ground occurred within 6 s before each blue discharge, which is in agreement with the modeling presented by Krehbiel et al. (2008). Therefore, the frequent occurrence of negative cloud‐to‐ground could provide the favorable condition for the production of blue discharges, and negative NBEs are probably the initial event of blue discharges. The detection of negative NBEs might provide a convenient approach to detect the occurrence of blue discharges as lightning bolt shooting upward from the top of energetic thunderstorms.
Slow Earthquakes in the Microseism Frequency Band (0.1–1.0 Hz) off Kii Peninsula, Japan
Authors: Kaneko Lisa , Ide Satoshi , Nakano Masaru 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIt is difficult to detect the signal of slow deformation in the 0.1–1.0 Hz frequency band between tectonic tremors and very low frequency events, where microseism noise is dominant. Here we provide the first evidence of slow earthquakes in this microseism band, observed by the DONET1 ocean bottom seismometer network, after an Mw 5.8 earthquake off Kii Peninsula, Japan, on 1 April 2016. The signals in the microseism band were accompanied by signals from active tremors, very low frequency events, and slow slip events that radiated from the shallow plate interface. We report the detection and locations of events across five frequency bands, including the microseism band. The locations and timing of the events estimated in the different frequency bands are similar, suggesting that these signals radiated from a common source. The observed variations in detectability for each band highlight the complexity of the slow earthquake process.
Geologic Slip‐Rate Determinations on the Talas‐Fergana Fault: Mismatch With Geodetic Slip Rate
Authors: Rust Derek , Korzhenkov Andrey , Tibaldi Alessandro 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDetailed new paleoseismic field investigations at two sites on the Talas‐Fergana fault, a poorly known strike‐slip structure that transects the Tien Shan mountain range, document late Holocene slip rates of 11–16 mm a−1. This prominent structure is distinctive in striking obliquely NW‐SE across the Tien Shan, which is otherwise dominated by contractional structures striking generally E‐W. Moreover, a satellite‐based Global Positioning System network spanning the Tien Shan orogen records active N‐S contraction rates of ~20 mm a−1, but limits slip on the Talas‐Fergana fault to <2 mm a−1. This profound mismatch between long‐term geologic and short‐term geodetic slip rates, which may suggest temporal variability in slip, highlights the importance of field‐based investigations as a complement to remotely sensed data, particularly in evaluating models of lithosphere behavior and earthquake probabilities on presently locked faults such as the Talas‐Fergana.
ULF Wave Activity in the Magnetosphere: Resolving Solar Wind Interdependencies to Identify Driving Mechanisms
Authors: Bentley S. N. , Watt C. E. J. , Owens M. J. , Rae I. J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractUltralow frequency (ULF) waves in the magnetosphere are involved in the energization and transport of radiation belt particles and are strongly driven by the external solar wind. However, the interdependency of solar wind parameters and the variety of solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling processes make it difficult to distinguish the effect of individual processes and to predict magnetospheric wave power using solar wind properties. We examine 15 years of dayside ground‐based measurements at a single representative frequency (2.5 mHz) and a single magnetic latitude (corresponding to L ∼ 6.6RE). We determine the relative contribution to ULF wave power from instantaneous nonderived solar wind parameters, accounting for their interdependencies. The most influential parameters for ground‐based ULF wave power are solar wind speed vsw, southward interplanetary magnetic field component Bz<0, and summed power in number density perturbations δNp. Together, the subordinate parameters Bz and δNp still account for significant amounts of power. We suggest that these three parameters correspond to driving by the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability, formation, and/or propagation of flux transfer events and density perturbations from solar wind structures sweeping past the Earth. We anticipate that this new parameter reduction will aid comparisons of ULF generation mechanisms between magnetospheric sectors and will enable more sophisticated empirical models predicting magnetospheric ULF power using external solar wind driving parameters.
The Identification of Waves at Discrete Frequencies at the Geostationary Orbit: The Role of the Data Analysis Techniques and the Comparison With Solar Wind Observations
Authors: Di Matteo S. , Villante U. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFollowing a recent investigation in which we examined the performance of two methods (the Welch method and the multitaper windowing and F test) on the identification of fluctuations of the solar wind dynamic pressure in streams following interplanetary shocks, we extend our analysis to the magnetospheric field fluctuations detected at the geostationary orbit after the occurrence of the related sudden impulses. First, we show that a contamination of the experimental results, dramatic in statistical investigations, might come from the rotation of measurements in the field‐aligned coordinates when the field direction is determined, point by point, by the running averages: this procedure creates spurious events at frequencies related to the length of the running average window. These aspects do not appear in a fixed coordinate system, as determined by evaluating the average field vector for the entire interval. In this system, we examined 124 magnetospheric structures following sudden impulses: the Welch method/multitaper windowing and F test agreement in the wave identification and frequency estimate was achieved for ≈50% of events, and some evidence for higher percentages of events occurs at f ≈ 1.5–1.7, f ≈ 2.2–2.4, ≈3.9–4.2, and, more explicitly, at f ≈ 4.2–4.7 mHz. Oscillation modes with the same characteristics at different local times were rarely observed. An analysis of case events reveals that fluctuations of the solar wind pressure may drive magnetospheric fluctuations at the same frequencies; in addition, the manifestation of modes, not appearing in the solar wind, might be related to the magnetospheric compression or to other processes triggered by the shock arrival.