bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profit Sharing Agreements in Decentralized Supply Chains: A Distributionally Robust Approach
Authors: Fu Qi , Sim Chee-Khian , Teo Chung-Piaw 
Published: February 2018

How should decentralized supply chains set the profit sharing terms using minimal information on demand and selling price? We develop a distributionally robust Stackelberg game model to address this question. Our framework uses only the first and second moments of the price and demand attributes, and thus can be implemented using only a parsimonious set of parameters. More specifically, we derive the relationships among the optimal wholesale price set by the supplier, the order decision of the retailer, and the corresponding profit shares of each supply chain partner, based on the information available. Interestingly, in the distributionally robust setting, the correlation between demand and selling price has no bearing on the order decision of the retailer. This allows us to simplify the solution structure of the profit sharing agreement problem dramatically. Moreover, the result can be used to recover the optimal selling price when the mean demand is a linear function of the selling price (cf. Raza 2014) [Raza SA (2014) A distribution free approach to newsvendor problem with pricing. 4OR—A Quart. J. Oper. Res. 12(4):335–358.]. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2017.1677 .
Integrating aged care in the curriculum: the importance of design and evaluation
Authors: Lord Bill , Barr Nigel , Flanagan Belinda 
Published: February 2018

Background: The current study describes the design and implementation of a residential aged care facility placement, and reports student experiences using an attitudinal survey across two cohorts. Method: Placements in January 2014 and 2015 were surveyed to identify barriers and enablers to student learning. Descriptive analysis was used to report the frequency of responses for categorical variables. Chi-square tests were used to analyse change in item rank by year. Content analysis was used to analyse text responses. Results: Initial 2014 results show that 75.4% of respondents agreed that they were able to achieve the required learning outcomes during this placement, with 72.8% agreeing that the placement improved their knowledge of community-based care for the elderly. Students tended to agree that the placement improved their confidence as practitioners, and that the experience helped to improve communication skills. Conclusion: This initiative showed that it is possible to enable learning outcomes that are directly related to core paramedic competencies. The placement was associated with improved understanding of age-related health problems. In addition, the placement provided opportunities to observe the role of health professionals in the maintenance of an older individual's health, social and spiritual needs.
Serotonin Differentially Regulates L5 Pyramidal Cell Classes of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Rats and Mice
Authors: Elliott Mary C. , Tanaka Peter M. , Schwark Ryan W. , Andrade Rodrigo 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe prefrontal cortex receives a dense serotonergic innervation that plays an important role in its regulation. However, how serotonin regulates different pyramidal and interneuron cell classes in this area is incompletely understood. Previous work in rats has shown that serotonin differentially regulates two classes of pyramidal cells in layer 5. It excites one class by activating 5-HT2Areceptors, whereas it more subtly modulates the integrative properties of the other by co-activating 5-HT1Aand 5-HT2Areceptors. Here we have used electrophysiological recordings, combined with retrograde labeling and morphological reconstruction, to show that the first cell class corresponds to long range corticofugal neurons and the second corresponds to intratelencephalic neurons. These results suggest that, in rats, serotonin facilitates subcortical output while more subtly modulating cortico-cortical and cortico-striatal output. Interestingly, these results obtained in rats differ from those previously reported for mouse prefrontal cortex. Therefore we reinvestigated the effects of serotonin in mice and confirmed that serotonin predominantly activates inhibitory 5-HT1Areceptors on long-range corticofugal cells. Thus serotonin exerts opposite effects on these cells in rats and mice. Finally, we determined whether cortical serotonin responsiveness in mice is regulated during development. Serotonin elicited predominantly depolarizing inward current responses during the early postnatal period, whereas inhibitory 5-HT1Areceptor-mediated responses did not become evident until the end of the second postnatal week. These results reveal commonalities as well as unexpected differences in the serotonergic regulation of long-range corticofugal and intratelencephalic neurons of layer 5 in rat and mouse.
The Neural Dynamics of Facial Identity Processing: Insights from EEG-Based Pattern Analysis and Image Reconstruction
Authors: Nemrodov Dan , Niemeier Matthias , Patel Ashutosh , Nestor Adrian 
Published: February 2018

AbstractUncovering the neural dynamics of facial identity processing along with its representational basis outlines a major endeavor in the study of visual processing. To this end, here, we record human electroencephalography (EEG) data associated with viewing face stimuli; then, we exploit spatiotemporal EEG information to determine the neural correlates of facial identity representations and to reconstruct the appearance of the corresponding stimuli. Our findings indicate that multiple temporal intervals support: facial identity classification, face space estimation, visual feature extraction and image reconstruction. In particular, we note that both classification and reconstruction accuracy peak in the proximity of the N170 component. Further, aggregate data from a larger interval (50–650 ms after stimulus onset) support robust reconstruction results, consistent with the availability of distinct visual information over time. Thus, theoretically, our findings shed light on the time course of face processing while, methodologically, they demonstrate the feasibility of EEG-based image reconstruction.
Neural Mechanisms for Adaptive Learned Avoidance of Mental Effort
Authors: Nagase Asako Mitsuto , Onoda Keiichi , Foo Jerome Clifford , Haji Tomoki , Akaishi Rei , Yamaguchi Shuhei , Sakai Katsuyuki , Morita Kenji 
Published: February 2018

Humans tend to avoid mental effort. Previous studies have demonstrated this tendency using various demand-selection tasks; participants generally avoid options associated with higher cognitive demand. However, it remains unclear whether humans avoid mental effort adaptively in uncertain and nonstationary environments. If so, it also remains unclear what neural mechanisms underlie such learned avoidance and whether they remain the same regardless of cognitive-demand types. We addressed these issues by developing novel demand-selection tasks where associations between choice options and cognitive-demand levels change over time, with two variations using mental arithmetic and spatial reasoning problems (males/females: 29:4 and 18:2). Most participants showed avoidance, and their choices depended on the demand experienced on multiple preceding trials. We assumed that participants updated the expected cost of mental effort through experience, and fitted their choices by reinforcement learning models, comparing several possibilities. Model-based fMRI analyses revealed that activity in the dorsomedial and lateral frontal cortices was positively correlated with the trial-by-trial expected cost for the chosen option commonly across the different types of cognitive demand. Analyses also revealed a trend of negative correlation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. We further identified correlates of cost-prediction error at time of problem presentation or answering the problem, the latter of which partially overlapped with or were proximal to the correlates of expected cost at time of choice cue in the dorsomedial frontal cortex. These results suggest that humans adaptively learn to avoid mental effort, having neural mechanisms to represent expected cost and cost-prediction error, and the same mechanisms operate for various types of cognitive demand.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn daily life, humans encounter various cognitive demands and tend to avoid high-demand options. However, it remains unclear whether humans avoid mental effort adaptively under dynamically changing environments. If so, it also remains unclear what the underlying neural mechanisms are and whether they operate regardless of cognitive-demand types. To address these issues, we developed novel tasks where participants could learn to avoid high-demand options under uncertain and nonstationary environments. Through model-based fMRI analyses, we found regions whose activity was correlated with the expected mental effort cost, or cost-prediction error, regardless of demand type. These regions overlap, or are adjacent with each other, in the dorsomedial frontal cortex. This finding helps clarify the mechanisms for cognitive-demand avoidance, and provides empirical building blocks for the emerging computational theory of mental effort.
The Role of Mesolimbic Circuitry in Buffering Election-Related Distress
Authors: Tashjian Sarah M. , Galván Adriana 
Published: February 2018

The 2016 U.S. presidential election yielded distress among many individuals who identify with historically marginalized groups. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and psychological measures to test the hypotheses that neural response to reward, probing the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and social support would ameliorate the effects of election distress among those who felt negatively affected by the result. Within 4 months of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, we tested human participants who felt affected by the election result (n= 40,Mage= 21.9 years, 28 female) and control participants (n= 20,Mage= 20.25 years, 12 female) who did not feel affected by the election result. Election-related distress significantly differed between the groups, and distress accounted for over half of the relationship between discrimination experiences and depression symptoms among affected individuals. NAcc activation, connectivity between the NAcc and mPFC, and family support moderated the associations between election distress and depression symptoms. Prior work has primarily investigated mesolimbic circuitry in reward and motivation contexts, but our findings extend the relevance of functioning in this circuitry to ameliorating psychological manifestations of acute distress after shifts in political climate. These findings highlight the psychological effects of this important historic event and identify neurobiological and social mechanisms associated with individual differences in response to election distress.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe 2016 U.S. presidential election was psychologically distressing for many individuals. In this study, election-related distress was linked to depression symptomology for affected individuals but not control individuals. However, among individuals distressed by the election, those with greater neural response to reward and higher family support were protected against these depressive symptoms. Previous research has examined how neural response to reward after a discrete event ameliorates clinical symptoms. The current study extends this knowledge by demonstrating that both the brain and social support may play influential roles in dampening affective responses to ongoing and anticipated distress related to political climate. Leveraging this finding to enact interventions that dampen continuous distress, political or otherwise, is a promising endeavor for future research.
Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Present-day ozone distribution and trends relevant to human health
Authors: Fleming Zoë L. , Doherty Ruth M. , von Schneidemesser Erika , Malley Christopher S. , Cooper Owen R. , Pinto Joseph P. , Colette Augustin , Xu Xiaobin , Simpson David , Schultz Martin G. , Lefohn Allen S. , Hamad Samera , Moolla Raeesa , Solberg Sverre , Feng Zhaozhong 
Published: February 2018

This study quantifies the present-day global and regional distributions (2010–2014) and trends (2000–2014) for five ozone metrics relevant for short-term and long-term human exposure. These metrics, calculated by the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report, are: 4th highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone (4MDA8); number of days with MDA8 &gt; 70 ppb (NDGT70), SOMO35 (annual Sum of Ozone Means Over 35 ppb) and two seasonally averaged metrics (3MMDA1; AVGMDA8). These metrics were explored at ozone monitoring sites worldwide, which were classified as urban or non-urban based on population and nighttime lights data.
Present-day distributions of 4MDA8 and NDGT70, determined predominantly by peak values, are similar with highest levels in western North America, southern Europe and East Asia. For the other three metrics, distributions are similar with North–South gradients more prominent across Europe and Japan. Between 2000 and 2014, significant negative trends in 4MDA8 and NDGT70 occur at most US and some European sites. In contrast, significant positive trends are found at many sites in South Korea and Hong Kong, with mixed trends across Japan. The other three metrics have similar, negative trends for many non-urban North American and some European and Japanese sites, and positive trends across much of East Asia. Globally, metrics at many sites exhibit non-significant trends. At 59% of all sites there is a common direction and significance in the trend across all five metrics, whilst 4MDA8 and NDGT70 have a common trend at ~80% of all sites. Sensitivity analysis shows AVGMDA8 trends differ with averaging period (warm season or annual). Trends are unchanged at many sites when a 1995–2014 period is used; although fewer sites exhibit non-significant trends. Over the longer period 1970–2014, most Japanese sites exhibit positive 4MDA8/SOMO35 trends. Insufficient data exist to characterize ozone trends for the rest of Asia and other world regions.
Mathematical аnalysis of kidney transplant demand and availability
Authors: Minina M. G. , Ignatov N. A. , Truhmanov S. B. 
Published: February 2018

Aim. To analyse the dynamics of the need and availability of donor kidneys for transplantation. To construct the predictions for the number of waiting lists. To analyse the annual number of kidney transplants and the availability ofdonor kidney.Materials and methods. Data base of Eurotransplant International Foundation 1969–2015 has been analyzed. We built a forecast of the kidney waiting list, kidney transplants quantity and availability of kidney grafts up to 2030.Results. Random process analysis of kidney transplant recipients number has shown an increasing linear trend. Growing linear trend is due to the inability to fully meet the increasing need for a kidney transplant. Presence of a regular stochastic component is revealed that provides random ﬂ uctuations in the number of patients waiting for kidney transplantation with a period of 35–40 years. Random process of the number of kidney transplants showed an exponential asymptotic trend growing to a certain saturation value. Estimation of its autocorrelation function showed the absence of regular stochastic components in it. Preservation of 1969–2015 dynamics for the period 2015–2030 allows to suggest a signiﬁ cant increase in the number of people waiting for transplant and a decrease in the availability of donor kidneys.Conclusion. The number of donor kidney transplantations tends to saturation limit, and limit is already lower than the current need for donor kidneys. The increase in the number of kidney transplantation programs and the improvement of organ donation system may lead to a limited increase in annual number of transplants and, possibly, the saturation limit, but not to a qualitative change in the dynamics of reduced availability of donor kidneys. A qualitative change in this dynamics towards increasing accessibility, is possible perhaps through activities that affect factors causing a constant increase in the number of people who need a transplant.
Restoration of limited defects of the cartilage with the use of cell-engineered constructs
Authors: Gerasimov S. A. , Tenilin N. A. , Aleynik D. Ia. , Bugrov S. N. , Shirokova N. Iu. , Zykin A. A. 
Published: February 2018

Aim: to develop a three-dimensional composite cell-engineered constructs (CEC) for restoration of limited defects of the cartilage in experiment.Materials and methods. To create a cell-engineered constructs (CEC), were used collagenic carriers: «Chondro Gide» impermeable bilayer membrane and «Osteoplast» permeable matrix. A comparative study of their cytotoxic and adhesion properties was made in vitro. Chondroplastic potential of prepared CECs based on collagenous matrices with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) of the rabbit bone marrow grown on their surface was assessed in vivo. A cylindrical defect of the cartilage of the medial femoral condyle 3.3 mm in diameter at a depth of 1.5 mm was formed on both rabbit feet. Laboratory animals were divided into 3 groups: control group; Experiment 1 group with Chondro Gide used as the MSC carrier within CEC; Experiment 2 group using Osteoplast matrix. Upon experiment completion, a morphometric and histomorphologic research of tissue specimens was made. For statistical evaluation of the results a defect region recovery factor (RF) was offered and used. Results. After a 6-month observation period the control group showed partial recovery of the defect region with the recovery factor (RF) of 0.62 ± 0.06. The RF in Experiment 1 group equalled to 0.79 ± 0.07, Experiment 2 group revealed RF at the level of 0.88 ± 0.02. Statistical analysis of the research results shows that the use of CEC used in Experiment 2 group reduces a relative risk of therapeutic failures by 92.9%, and absolute risk – by 43.3% as compared to Experiment 1 group. Histomorphologic research data are indicative of a hyaline cartilage formation in the central defect zone, which is partially close to the intact cartilage to the maximum with zonality marked.Conclusion. Results of the research of the developed three-dimension cell-engineered constructs consisting of mesenchymal stem cells of the bone marrow grown on the Osteoplast permeable collagenic matrix show the formation of a cartilaginous hyaline tissue with a high level of structural organization in the area of its implantation. The thickness of a newly formed cartilage is insigniﬁ cantly less than that of the preceding cartilaginous tissue, thus facilitating a dynamic distribution of the axial load on the articular surface, and as a whole this holds out hope for good long-term results. Therefore, based on the data obtained, we consider it reasonable to perform next investigation phases of the offered cell-engineered constructs for chondroplasty of limited cartilage defects.
ДЕМИНЕРАЛИЗАЦИЯ РАСТВОРА ФЕНИЛАЛАНИНА ЭЛЕКТРОМЕМБРАННЫМИ МЕТОДАМИ
Authors: Харина Анастасия Юрьевна , Елисеев Сергей Яковлевич 
Published: February 2018

Исследованы параметры эффективности деминерализации растворов алкилароматической аминокислоты – фенилаланина (Phe) и хлорида натрия при использовании методов электродиализа (ЭД) и электродеионизации (ЭДИ). Показаны преимущества турбулентного режима течения жидкости над ламинарным, выражающиеся в достижении больших значений степени обессоливания (D). Способ очистки растворов аминокислоты методом ЭДИ может быть использован как более энергосберегающий, так как при плотностях тока, не превышающих предельную, достигаются значения D больше 70%. ЭДИ также позволяет провести глубокое обессоливание раствора фенилаланина в интенсивных токовых режимах, однако, потери целевого продукта при этом увеличиваются.
Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке «Фонда содействия развитию малых форм предприятий в научно-технической сфере», программа «УМНИК», договор 10032ГУ2/2015.
ВЛИЯНИЕ ИМПУЛЬСНОГО МАГНИТНОГО ПОЛЯ НА ТОПОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ МОНОКРИСТАЛЛИЧЕСКОГО ГЕРМАНИЯ
Authors: Бормонтов Евгений Николаевич , Гречкина Маргарита Владимировна 
Published: February 2018

Проведен анализ изменения топологии поверхности германия после воздействия слабого импульсного магнитного поля методом сканирующей силовой микроскопии. Обнаружено долговременное немонотонное изменение шероховатости поверхности и микротвердости. Методом плазмохимического травления после воздействия магнитного поля выявлены дефектно-деформационные структуры на поверхности и в объеме кристалла. Обнаружено образование нанокластеров в приповерхностной области германия и проведена оценка их размеров.
Результаты исследований получены на оборудовании Центра коллективного пользования научным оборудованием ВГУ.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СЛОЕВ И НАНОПОРОШКОВ ПОРИСТОГО КРЕМНИЯ МЕТОДАМИ РЕНТГЕНОВСКОЙ ДИФРАКЦИИ И УЛЬТРАФИОЛЕТОВОЙ СПЕКТРОСКОПИИ
Authors: Середин Павел Владимирович , Леньшин Александр Сергеевич , Белорус Антон Орестович 
Published: February 2018

В работе методами рентгеновской дифракции и УФ-спектроскопии проведены исследования образцов пористого кремния с двумя различными размерами пор и полученных из них нанопорошков. Установлены разупорядочение кристаллов в пористом слое относительно исходной подложки в результате электрохимического формирования пористого слоя, особенности спектров оптического поглощения пористых слоев и нанопорошков и различия между ними.
Работа, в части отработки методик создания эпитаксиальных гетеро и наноструктур с высокими функциональными свойствами на кремниевых подложках, выполнена при поддержке гранта Президента РФ МД-188.2017.2 и МК-4865.2016.2.
Работа, в части управления морфологией, составом поверхности и функциональными характеристиками нанопорошков кремния, выполнена при финансовой поддержке гранта РФФИ 17-32-50004 мол_нр.
Экспериментальные исследования были проведены с помощью научно-технической базы ЦКПНО ВГУ.