bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Report: Three's a crowd: a case report examining the diagnostic and pharmacokinetic challenges in HIV-tuberculous meningitis-malaria co-infection
Authors: Ellis Jayne , Eneh Prosperity C. , Ssebambulidde Kenneth , Rutakingirwa Morris K. , Lamorde Mohammed , Rhein Joshua , Cresswell Fiona V. , Boulware David R. , Nicol Melanie R. 
Published: September 2018

In 2016, 10.4 million cases of tuberculosis (TB) were reported globally. Malaria also continues to be a global public health threat. Due to marked epidemiological overlap in the global burden of TB and malaria, co-infection does occur. An HIV-infected, 32-year-old male presented with a two-week history of headache with fevers to Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda. Five months prior, he was diagnosed with pulmonary TB. He endorsed poor adherence to anti-tuberculous medications. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in CSF was confirmed on Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra. On day 2, he was initiated on dexamethasone at 0.4mg/kg/day and induction TB-medications were re-commenced (rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide) for TBM. He continued to spike high-grade fevers, a peripheral blood smear showed P. falciparum parasites despite a negative malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT). He received three doses of IV artesunate and then completed 3 days of oral artemether/lumefantrine. To our knowledge this is the first published case of HIV-TBM-malaria co-infection. TBM/malaria co-infection poses a number of management challenges. Due to potential overlap in symptoms between TBM and malaria, it is important to remain vigilant for co-infection. Access to accurate parasitological diagnostics is essential, as RDT use continues to expand, it is essential that clinicians are aware of the potential for false negative results. Anti-malarial therapeutic options are limited due to important drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Rifampicin is a potent enzyme inducer of several hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, this induction results in reduced plasma concentrations of several anti-malarial medications. Despite recognition of potential DDIs between rifampicin and artemisinin compounds, and rifampicin and quinine, no treatment guidelines currently exist for managing patients with co-infection. There is both an urgent need for the development of new anti-malarial drugs which do not interact with rifampicin and for pharmacokinetic studies to guide dose modification of existing anti-malarial drugs to inform clinical practice guidelines.
ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ДИАЛОГ РОССИИ И ЕС: СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО ИЛИ КОНКУРЕНЦИЯ?
Authors: Kinyakin Andrey Alexeevich , Napara Alina Sergeevna , Kopyl Maria Vadimovna , Prefilova Maria Igorevna , Kostina Anastasia Aleksandrovna , Sirychenko Katerina 
Published: September 2018

Статья представляет собой сборник материалов «круглого стола» на тему: «Энергетический диалог России и ЕС: сотрудничество или конкуренция?», который был проведен на факультете гуманитарных и социальных наук Российского университета дружбы народов 28 марта 2018 г. и в котором приняли участие эксперты-политологи, сотрудники и аспиранты кафедры сравнительной политологии РУДН, а также аспиранты ряда зарубежных вузов. В рамках него был рассмотрен широкий круг вопросов, связанный с энергетическим сотрудничеством России и Европейского Союза: ролью России и ЕС в глобальной энергетике, основными направлениями и тенденциями энергодиалога России-ЕС, проблемами и перспективами энергетического сотрудничества на современном этапе, энергетической эффективностью, энергетической безопасностью, геополитическими и геоэкономическими аспектами сотрудничества и влиянием фактора «третьих стран».
Improving induction of labour for women through the development of a new pathway
Authors: Wier Jacqueline , Hinchey-Beer Sonya , Walker Lyndsay 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundAlthough induction of labour is a safe procedure for the pregnant woman at term, the process is not without risk. In recognition of these challenges associated with induction, an audit of local service provision was undertaken.AimTo identify problems with the existing induction service.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of women's notes from May to December 2016. All patient records of pregnant women who had received induction during this time (n=870) were examined, as well as complaints and feedback received by the service.FindingsThe audit identified several issues that would need to be addressed if the service was to be improved. These concerns were divided into two groups: the pregnant woman's perspective and service provision issues.ConclusionA new induction of labour pathway was created that aimed to address some of the concerns identified by the audit, and improve the care that women received. A further audit was conducted to assess the improvement in care as a result.
Cyber Threat in Interstate Relations: Case of US-Russia Cyber Tensions
Authors: Dr. Muhammad Riaz Shad  
Published: September 2018

The 20th century was overshadowed by conventional military threats, whereas the 21st century has witnessed the preeminence of non-conventional security threats, including terrorism, transnational crime, civil wars, environmental degeneration and information/cyber insecurity.
Among these, cyber threat is the most advanced, complicated and ungoverned in the realm of interstate relations in view of technological advancement, lawlessness of cyberspace and widening scope of the arena. Thanks to globalization, advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs) are diffusing across societies and internet is becoming a universal and prominent phenomenon. This necessitates increased dependence of today's society on ICTs as micro to macro level governance tends to rapidly shift into digital form. Consequently, the domain of this digital world—cyber space—constitutes an essential element of states' operational activities in social, economic, political and military arenas. Given the positive-negative use of technology, cyberspace provides opportunities to improve and facilitate human life, but simultaneously poses serious threats to both individual and national security. Cyber threats range from non-kinetic such as cybercrime, espionage, hacking and information propaganda to kinetic, viz. cyber warfare. The focus of this article is two-fold. First, it explains the degree of seriousness of cyber threat in interstate relations. Second, it illustrates the impact of alleged Russian cyber intrusion into the US electoral system on US-Russia relations, and zeroes in on the underlying cyber issues between them.
Role of Institutional Investors in the Resource Provision of the Region’s Economic Growth
Authors: KOLMYKOVA Tatyana Sergeevna , OSTIMUK Oleg Vladimirovich , OBUKHOVA Anna Sergeyevna 
Published: September 2018

The article examines the role of institutional investors in resource provision of the region's economic growth (on the materials of the Kursk region, Russia). The goal of the study is to analyze the current state and trends in the development of investment activities of institutional investors within the economic boundaries of a particular geographic region, the results of which allow to identify the main priority areas in the development of the investment environment for the activities of the regional economy entities under study. The scientific novelty of the study involves shaping the priority area sin the development of the region's economy based on the formation of an efficient investment environment and creation of favorable socioeconomic conditions for the activities of institutional investors. The completed study is based on the methods of economic and statistical analysis and economic modeling. The main result of the study is the development of priorities for the development of investment activities of institutional investors with the purpose of improving the resource provision of the region's economic growth.
Economic Competitiveness Development Challanges in Western Balkan Countries
Authors: ASLLANI Gani , VULA Veton 
Published: September 2018

This paper intends is to analyze and give a functioning overview of the national protection and competition development authorities in the Western Balkan countries. To explain how much these authorities are in compliance with EU rules and activities, to detail the implementation level of competition rules in the former Yugoslav Republics, to provide an overview how far these countries are in fulfilling their obligation based on Stabilisation and Association Agreement. Also, this paper intends to find the formula to build a strong and efficient National Competition Authorities as a prerequisite to ensure the effective implementation of the law on protection of competition and market economy functioning. Finally, the paper shows the level of implementation of competition rules from these candidate countries for EU membership in accordance with EU directives dealing with prohibited agreements, abuse of dominant position, concentration and state aid. Finally, the paper shows the level of implementation of competition rules from these candidate countries for EU membership in accordance with EU directives dealing with banned agreements, abuse of dominant position and state aid.
Participatory foresight for technology assessment
Authors: Sotoudeh Mahshid , Gudowsky Niklas 
Published: September 2018

Technology assessment (TA) frequently uses forward-looking methods to anticipate socio-technical changes and their corresponding implications to deduce advice for policy and society. In recent years, participatory methods have increasingly been applied to identify the expectations of society towards future technologies. In this context, several TA projects have developed, applied and adapted a participatory foresight method to engage citizens as well as other actor groups into co-generating advice for research and innovation agenda setting in a standardized process; namely, the multi-perspective and multi-step CIVISTI method (Citizens’ Visions on Science, Technology and Innovation). Over the course of the past ten years, about 560 lay citizens without specialised knowledge on technology and innovation and 610 experts and stakeholders have taken part in these processes of co-generation of knowledge. In this contribution, we use our experience with this method and elaborate some criteria for the evaluation of knowledge co-generation and mutual learning in participatory foresight processes within TA.
Non-Contractual Liability for Railways, Buses and Aeroplanes
Authors: Karner Ernst , Schellerer Lukas 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This article offers a comparative overview of extra-contractual liability for means of mass transport (trains, buses, aeroplanes) in Europe. A distinction is thereby drawn between two fact patterns: liability for transported persons and property, and liability to third parties. Whilst the former is, at least for cross-border transport, extensively regulated by international conventions and European Directives, liability to third parties is very variably regulated at the national level. The paper highlights some of these differences and in so doing emphasises the importance of risk-based liability in the majority of European jurisdictions. There is, moreover, discussion of quite new liability questions raised by the liberalisation of the rail transport market and the introduction of self-driving cars.
The Place of Tort Law in the Public Transport System: The Case of the British Railway
Authors: Howarth David 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Tort lawyers have occasionally asked themselves the question, ‘What is the place of public transport in the development of tort law?’ But here I ask the question in reverse, namely, what is the place of tort law in the public transport system? That is, in what ways and to what extent does tort law function to deliver the goals of the public transport system, which may be thought of as providing mobility without injuring people? I take as an example the British railway system, tracing out the inputs into the system, the processes within it and the outputs from it and attempt to place tort law among its inputs. That gives us a glimpse of how tort law might influence outputs both directly and indirectly. The answer to the question seems to be, at least as a first approximation, that tort law, operating alongside and as part of a system of information flows and incentives, is likely to be more significant for the more peripheral parts in the system than for the organisations immediately concerned with delivering the service.
Three perspectives on Resurrection: Revelation, Experience, Recognition
Authors: Henriksen Jan-Olav 
Published: September 2018

Summary
The claim about the resurrection of Jesus Christ is marked by relative semiotic indeterminacy. The lack of an experiential reference for this claim means that we have to see it as the result of an abductive interpretation. Against a backdrop founded on a pragmatist semiotic theory that includes the analytical differentiation between contexts of discovery and contexts of justification, the claim about the resurrection is analyzed with reference to the categories revelation, experience, and recognition. Abduction is at work with regard to all of these categories. Among the consequences emerging from this approach is that there is no way to prove the fact of the resurrection: it remains an interpretation of signs.
Creational Problems for Soul-Emergence from Matter: Philosophical and Theological Concerns
Authors: Farris Joshua R. 
Published: September 2018

Summary
Discussions on soul origins are perceived as antiquated at best. However, there is a recent resurgence of interest in the nature and origins of the mind. This is due in part to the recent developments on the nature of “emergent” properties and/or substances in the contemporary literature on the philosophy of mind. As a contribution to this discussion, I examine the two most prominent theories of mental origins (e. g., Timothy O’Connor and William Hasker) and find that each encounter some noteworthy problems. With these in mind, I recommend that some form of Creationism deserves our attention. It provides a solution to the various philosophical and theological concerns associated with the previously mentioned emergence theories of the mind. Finally, I lay out a more satisfying theory of the soul’s creation in a way that accounts for the benefits of emergentism.
Plastic waste as a significant threat to environment – a systematic literature review
Authors: Ilyas Muhammad , Ahmad Waqas , Khan Hizbullah , Yousaf Saeeda , Khan Kifayatullah , Nazir Shah 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Context
Materials which exceed the balance of their production and destruction lead to the deterioration in the environment. Plastic is one such material which poses a big threat to the environment. A huge amount of plastic is produced and dumped into the environment which does not readily degrade naturally. In this paper, we address the organization of a large body of literature published on the management of waste plastics being the most challenging issue of the modern world.

Objectives
To address the issue of the management of waste plastics, there is a dire need to organize the literature published in this field. This paper presents a systematic literature review on plastic waste, its fate and biodegradation in the environment. The objective is to make conclusions on possible practical techniques to lessen the effects of plastic waste on the environment.

Method
A systematic literature review protocol was followed for conducting the present study [Kitchenham B, Brereton OP, Budgen D, Turner M, Bailey J, Linkman S. Systematic literature reviews in software engineering – A systematic literature review. Inf Softw Technol 2009;51(1):7–15.]. A predefined set of book sections, conference proceedings and high-quality journal publications during the years 1999 to September 2017 were used for data collection.

Results
One hundred and fifty-three primary studies are selected, based on predefined exclusion, inclusion and quality criteria. These studies will help to identify the fate of different waste plastics, their impact and management and the disposal techniques frequently used. The study also identifies a number of significant techniques and measures for the conversion of waste plastic materials into useful products.

Conclusion
Five fundamental strategies are used for the handling of plastic waste. These strategies include: recycling, depositing in landfill, incineration, microbial degradation and conversion into useful materials. All of these methods have their own limitations, due to which there is need to explore the studies for optimum solutions of the management of plastics waste.
Nanostructures: between natural environment and medical practice
Authors: Trovato Maria Concetta , Andronico Daniele , Sciacchitano Salvatore , Ruggeri Rosaria Maddalena , Picerno Isa , Di Pietro Angela , Visalli Giuseppa 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are small structures under 100 nm in dimension. Interrelationships among the morphological parameters and toxicity of NPs have been the focus of several investigations that assessed potential health risk in environmentally-exposed subjects and the realistic uses of NPs in medical practice. In the current review, we provide a summary of the cellular mechanisms of membrane-mediated transport, including old and novel molecules that transport nanostructures across cellular membranes. The effects of geochemical exposure to natural NPs are evaluated through epidemiological data and cancerous pathways activated by Fe2+ NPs. Specifically, we discuss screening for papillary thyroid carcinomas in the inhabitants of the Sicilian volcanic area surrounding Mount Etna to compare the incidence of thyroid carcinoma in this population. Lastly, considering the increased production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), we examine the toxicity and potential use of these engineered NPs in drug delivery of an extensive amount of therapeutic and imaging molecules (theranosis) that can be conjugated to CNTs.
Examining agentivity in Spanish reverse-psych verbs
Authors: Ganeshan Ashwini 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn Spanish reverse-psychological verbs, the experiencer argument can have accusative or dative case marking. Transitivity-based approaches identify different factors that influence this accusative-dative alternation(Miglio, Viola G., Stefan T Gries, Michael J Harris, Eva M Wheeler & Santana-Paixão Raquel. A strong predictor for accusative case marking in Spanish r-psych verbs is the animacy of the stimulus. However, there are also instances where the stimulus is inanimate and the experiencer is case marked accusative. In this paper, I provide an analysis of such instances, drawing on corpus data and native speaker judgments. I argue that agentivity, measured on a scale, is a factor that better accounts for the accusative-dative alternation exhibited by Spanish reverse-psychological verbs. I first propose a definition of agentivity and diagnostics for it; then I present evidence that there is a correlation between higher degrees of agentivity and accusative case marking and lower degrees of agentivity and dative case marking. The agentivity scale presented is not unconditional as there are several factors that contribute to case marking. Nevertheless, the agentivity scale accounts for accusative case marking with inanimates and also serves to highlight some parallels between causative verbs and reverse-psychological verbs.
Efficient estimation of financial risk by regressing the quantiles of parametric distributions: An application to CARR models
Authors: Chan Jennifer So Kuen , Ng Kok-Haur , Nitithumbundit Thanakorn , Peiris Shelton 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Risk measures such as value-at-risk (VaR) and expected shortfall (ES) may require the calculation of quantile functions from quantile regression models. In a parametric set-up, we propose to regress directly on the quantiles of a distribution and demonstrate a method through the conditional autoregressive range model which has increasing popularity in recent years. Two flexible distribution families: the generalised beta type two on positive support and the generalised-t on real support (which requires log transformation) are adopted for the range data. Then the models are extended to allow the volatility dynamic and compared in terms of goodness-of-fit. The models are implemented using the module fmincon in Matlab under the classical likelihood approach and applied to analyse the intra-day high-low price ranges from the All Ordinaries index for the Australian stock market. Quantiles and upper-tail conditional expectations evaluated via VaR and ES respectively are forecast using the proposed models.
Preparation and molecular structures of N′-(2-heteroarylmethylidene)-3-(3-pyridyl)acrylohydrazides
Authors: Jasiak Karolina , Kudelko Agnieszka , Gajda Katarzyna , Dziuk Błażej , Zarychta Bartosz , Ejsmont Krzysztof 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The crystal and molecular structures of N′-(2-furylmethylidene)-3-(3-pyridyl)acrylohydrazide and N′-(2-thienylmethylidene)-3-(3-pyridyl)acrylohydrazide are reported, and the influence of the type of the heteroatom on the aromaticity of the aromatic rings is discussed. Both molecules are nearly planar. The geometry of the acrylohydrazide arrangement is comparable to that of homologous compounds. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed in order to analyze the changes in the geometry of the studied compounds in the crystalline state and for the isolated molecule. The most significant changes were observed in the values of the N–N and C–N bond lengths. The harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity index, calculated for the furan and thiophene rings, demonstrated a noticeable increase in aromaticity in comparison to isolated rings and their DFT-calculated structures. By contrast, the nucleus independent chemical shift index indicated a decrease in aromatic character of the rings containing heteroatoms.
Effect of Fibers on Strength and Elastic Properties of Bagasse Ash Blended HPC Composites
Authors: Shanmugam Praveenkumar , Gopalan Sankarasubramanian 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This article presents the details of an experimental investigation carried out on test specimens to assess the effect of the addition of steel, polypropylene fibers, and hybrid fibers (steel and polypropylene) at a total fiber volume fraction of 1.0 % by volume of concrete on the workability and strength-related properties of high performance concrete (HPC) utilizing bagasse ash. All the fiber-reinforced high performance concrete composites contained 10 % bagasse ash to replace cement. The results of the experimental study show that the addition of bagasse ash enhances the mechanical properties of conventional concrete. The incorporation of steel and polypropylene fibers improved the mechanical properties of bagasse blended HPC at each volume fraction considered in this study. Subsequently, it was observed that the addition of 0.75 % steel and 0.45 % polypropylene fibers significantly improved the strength of concrete. The various combinations of steel and polypropylene fibers are investigated, and among these, the best performance was attained by a mixture that contained 0.85 % steel and 0.15 % polypropylene fiber.