bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A History of Road Vehicles
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChapter 1 is almost entirely discursive and covers the early history of road vehicles, outlining some of the important technological achievements that underpin the development of modern road vehicular transport. The focus is on bicycles, motorcycles, and cars; the history of steering mechanisms for four-wheeled vehicles is considered early on. Several early engine, suspension, and tyre developments are also discussed.
Moment Inequalities and Gaussian Approximation for Martingales
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to present useful tools for analyzing the asymptotic behavior of partial sums associated with dependent sequences, by approximating them with martingales. We start by collecting maximal and moment inequalities for martingales such as the Doob maximal inequality, the Burkholder inequality, and the Rosenthal inequality. Exponential inequalities for martingales are also provided. We then present several sufficient conditions for the central limit behavior and its functional form for triangular arrays of martingales. The last part of the chapter is devoted to the moderate deviations principle and its functional form for triangular arrays of martingale difference sequences.
Examples and Counterexamples
Authors: Merlevède Florence , Peligrad Magda , Utev Sergey 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this chapter we further comment on the sharpness of several results presented in this monograph, by presenting examples and counterexamples. We study first the moment properties of the renewal Markov chain introduced in Chapter 11. This allows us to show that the Maxwell–Woodroofe projective condition introduced in Chapter 4 is essentially optimal for the partial sums of a stationary sequence in L2 to satisfy the central limit theorem under the standard normalization √n. Moreover, we also investigate the sharpness of the Burkholder-type inequality developed in Chapter 3 via Maxwell–Woodroofe-type characteristics. In the last part of this chapter, we analyze several telescopic-type examples allowing us to elucidate the fact that a CLT behavior does not imply its functional form under any normalization. Even in the case when the variance of the partial sums is linear in n, the CLT does not necessarily imply the invariance principle.
Conclusion: Reflections on a Global Issue Domain
Authors: Radu Roxana 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The final chapter sums up the findings of the book and highlights the contributions of this study to international relations and to Internet governance, both theoretically and empirically. It clarifies how the findings of this research fit in the ongoing policy debates and in the global governance scholarship, while providing clues for understanding current trends and developments in the field. Reflecting on the value of the research agenda proposed here, this chapter notes the theoretical implications of studying the origins and articulation of global fields of power over time. Last but not least, it offers analytical directions for future explorations of governance emergence and structuration in nascent policy domains.
Too Much Value?
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
According to the Buck-Passing Account (BPA), for X to be good is for there to be reasons for everyone to have pro-attitudes in response to X. Suppose that a demon will punish everyone if they do not admire it. There are reasons for everyone to admire the demon, so BPA entails that it is good, but it is not good. So, BPA produces too much value. This chapter argues that this problem, often dubbed the wrong kind of reason problem, can be dissolved because there are no reasons to admire the demon. But, this chapter argues, even if there are reasons to admire the demon this does not show that BPA should be rejected, but only that it should be revised to hold that the reasons for pro-attitudes in BPA are reasons to have pro-attitudes that are not provided or enabled by facts about the additional consequences of having those pro-attitudes.
Other Evaluative Concepts and Properties
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A final type of objection to the buck-passing account of value (BPA) argues that it encounters problems with evaluative properties beyond goodness simpliciter and final value. Roger Crisp and Pekka Väyrynen have argued that BPA must extend to provide an account of certain thick concepts, namely thick evaluative concepts, but provides an implausible account of the thick evaluative. This chapter argues that if BPA must extend to the thick evaluative, it provides a plausible account of the thick evaluative. W. D. Ross argued that to have certain pro-attitudes towards an object, such as to be in a state of admiration towards something, is partially to think of the object of these pro-attitudes as good. So accounts of goodness like BPA are circular. However, this chapter argues that BPA can accommodate Ross’s view of pro-attitudes without circularity and that alternatives to BPA cannot provide a more informative account of what it is to have a pro-attitude than BPA.
A Buck-Passing Account of Morality
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter motivates and defends a new buck-passing account of all moral notions in terms of reasons for action and reasons to make amends. According to this view, for an action to be wrong is for there to be reasons for us not to perform and for us to have pro-attitudes towards our apologizing or otherwise making amends if we perform it. This chapter shows that this account evades various objections including Parfit and Scanlon’s to buck-passing accounts of morality. It argues that this account explains several features of the relationship between moral properties and reasons, is more informative than alternative views, is part of an illuminating account of the relationship between moral and non-moral obligations, and fits with and explains the distinctively but not necessarily exclusively social status of morality. The chapter argues that there are reasons to reject alternative views to a buck-passing account of morality. It also shows that analogues of the arguments that show that the buck-passing account of value should be accepted show that a buck-passing account of morality should be accepted. So, it is not possible to consistently be buck-passers about value but not about morality.
The Wheels of Being
Authors: O'Neill Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 16 sees Tennyson, who published his first poems only five years after Shelley’s death, as taking his points of departure from Shelley’s poetry. Though Tennyson was original, and deeply immersed in the fabric of his own age, his fascination with Shelley runs throughout his career. Not that Tennyson evolves out of Shelley in some diagrammatic or uncomplicated fashion. But Tennyson’s poetic identity develops in accordance with his response to Shelley’s multi-faceted practice. In In Memoriam, for example, true to his uncanny ear for Shelley’s darker tonalities, Tennyson locates the unspeakable responses to his unanswerable questions ‘Behind the veil, behind the veil’ (LVI. 28). Tennyson, we may feel, wishes to dwell with a more prolonged gaze than Shelley does on that which lies this side of the veil. In his work, quest often mesmerizes itself into something close to imaginative reverie. But the yearning to know what lies ‘Behind the veil’ is by no means buried in Tennyson, who inherits from Shelley longings and despairs that are transmuted into his own lyric meditations.
Introduction
Authors: O'Neill Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter offers a discussion of literary dialogue and influence to give a delineation of the ways in which Shelley perceives how poets and poems connect, correspond, and contrast. It puts forth the argument that Shelley’s awareness of the ‘interplay’ between the works and ideas of a predecessor, the ‘consonance and dissonance’ between his own art and that of other artists, is an ‘artistic advantage’. Shelley’s greatness of originality is exemplified in the manner in which he establishes ‘new relations’ with originating texts. The Introduction outlines the ways in which Shelley’s gift for creative dialogue with predecessors and contemporaries as well as his influence on later poetry are examined in the book. It considers how Shelley understands and approaches influence; it also outlines the structure of the book, its central ideas, and the corresponding chapters in which those ideas are presented.
The Triumph of the Medical Hero
Authors: McKibbin Ross 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A.J. Cronin’s novel, The Citadel, was one of the best-selling novels of the interwar years. It was a medical novel about the career of a young doctor, with markedly political and social themes. It was also thought to be the almost perfect example of the ‘middlebrow’ novel. The purpose of this chapter is to suggest reasons why it was so popular before 1939, but also why Cronin was unable to write similarly successful novels after 1945. The answer, I argue, is that it was largely dependent upon a form of democracy which was undermined by the Second World War.
The Two-Party system in Britain
Authors: McKibbin Ross 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In 1951 97 per cent of British voters voted either Conservative or Labour and that figure remained more or less constant until the late 1960s. Thereafter, however, it began to decline while third or fourth parties won an increasing share of the popular vote. In this essay I suggest why this might have been so, as the social and economic basis of the two-party system began to decay. In the elections of 2017, however, at least in England, the two major parties won 87 per cent of the vote—the highest since 1970. I argue that this was a result of an almost accidental and unexpected confluence of events which produced a different kind of two-party politics—more fluid and unpredictable.
Roman Republican Augury
Authors: Driediger-Murphy Lindsay G. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This book proposes a new way of understanding augury, a form of Roman state divination designed to consult the god Jupiter. Previous scholarly studies of augury have tended to focus either upon its legal-constitutional aspects or upon its role in maintaining and perpetuating Roman social and political structures. This book contributes to the study of Roman religion, theology, politics, and cultural history by focusing upon what augury can tell us about how Romans understood their relationship with their gods. The current scholarly consensus holds that augury, like other forms of Roman public divination, told Romans what they wanted to hear. Modern scholars speak of augury as a way of gaining control over the gods, of priests and magistrates as ‘creating’ the divine will regardless of the empirical results of augural rituals, and of Jupiter as being ‘bound’ to actualize whatever signs human beings chose to report. This book challenges this consensus, arguing that augury in both theory and practice left space for perceived expressions of divine will which contradicted human wishes. When human and divine will clashed, it was the will of Jupiter, not that of the man consulting him, which was supposed to prevail. In theory as in practice, it was the Romans, not their supreme god, who were ‘bound’ by the auguries and auspices.
‘Independent Experts’ and Immigration Policies in the UK
Authors: Ruhs Martin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the experiences of the Migration Advisory Committee (MAC) and the Migration Observatory (MigObs) in providing independent analysis to inform immigration debates and policy‐making in the UK. The MAC was established by the UK government in 2007 and MigObs was launched as an ‘impact project’ by the University of Oxford in 2009. The chapter includes critical reflections and personal assessments based on the author’s role as one of five members of the MAC during 2007–2014 and as the first Director of MigObs during 2009–2012. The chapter shows how the institutional design of an impact initiative such as MigObs, or of an expert advisory body such as the MAC, can have important implications for its credibility and political acceptability, and thus long-term impacts on debates and policy-making.
The Politicization of Evidence-based Policies
Authors: Tamas Kristof 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Swedish experience of government committees offers interesting examples of the diversity of efforts to make research relevant for policy-making. The Swedish case is also an illustration of how the research–policy dialogue may suffer from the gap between different research and policy ‘cultures’. These need to be bridged through dialogue and exchange in order to avoid a demise in the relationships between researchers and policy-makers. The aim of this chapter is to draw on the Swedish example with government committees to discuss critically the potential opportunities, benefits, and pitfalls when attempting to bridge the gap between research and policy-making. The chapter will also cast some new light on the claim that the research–policy nexus in liberal democracies is characterized by ‘the simultaneous scientification of politics and the politicization of science’.
Metropolis and Post-truth Politics
Authors: Duncan Howard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the experiences of the International Metropolis Project which began in 1996 with the vision of enhancing immigration and integration policy through an application of empirical research. Conceived as a network among policy officials, researchers, and civil society, Metropolis works to encourage research that is useful to policy, to have research used in policy development, and to improve the lives of those affected by migration, the migrants—those in their destination societies, and those in their homelands. Following the bridge symbol of its logo, Metropolis fosters the building of strong working relations across the academic, policy, and civil society sectors on an international scale. The underlying belief is that the research–policy gap is more effectively bridged through interpersonal relations than through traditional research dissemination practices. The confidence established through these relations may serve to fight the rise of post-truth politics in the migration field.
Aristotle on the Sources of the Ethical Life
Authors: Berryman Sylvia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This work challenges the common belief that Aristotle’s virtue ethics is founded on an appeal to human nature, an appeal that is thought to be intended to provide both substantive ethical advice and justification for the demands of ethics. It is argued that it is not Aristotle’s intent, but the view is resisted that Aristotle was blind to questions of the source or justification of his ethical views. Aristotle’s views are interpreted as a ‘middle way’ between the metaphysical grounding offered by Platonists and the scepticism or subjectivist alternatives articulated by others. The commitments implicit in the nature of action figure prominently in this account: Aristotle reinterprets Socrates’ famous paradox that no one does evil willingly, taking it to mean that a commitment to pursuing the good is implicit in the very nature of action. This approach is compared to constructivism in contemporary ethics.
“Whatever Is, Is Right”
Authors: Moore Sean D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Beginning with an analysis of a painting of the slaveholding founder of the Redwood Library of Newport, Rhode Island, that shows him holding a copy of Alexander Pope’s Essay on Man, this chapter documents the reading of Alexander Pope’s works in colonial America in relation to the Atlantic slavery economy. In doing so, it provides a theory that portraiture featuring books should count as evidence of the reception of them. It shows how slavery philanthropy fueled the Rhode Island book trade and endowed its libraries, and how patriot thought and activity emerged from these libraries. In examining the fragmentary remaining circulation receipt books of the Redwood, it shows patterns of reading that suggest that members of the library were more concerned about their own political “slavery” to Britain than with the condition of the Africans they were enslaving. It also investigates Rhode Island abolitionism in figures like Samuel Hopkins.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Sean D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This Introduction shows how this book contributes to the emerging field of postcolonial book history and cultural historiography. By demonstrating its relevance to the capitalism and slavery thesis, it shows how books, too, were industrial goods capitalized by slave labor. It explains that early American proprietary subscription libraries were centers for revolutionary leadership development, and one location where colonials imbibed British political thought. In challenging the civic republicanism thesis of Caroline Robbins, J. G. A. Pocock, and Bernard Bailyn it argues that ownership of slaves was the proprietorship formative of the virtue of the republican citizen and that C. B. MacPherson’s theory of possessive individualism more accurately describes their citizenship. It maps the networks through which colonials purchased books, and gives a history of early American reading. The most popular genres among early Americans are documented, and anti-slavery is shown to be both a product of revolutionary thinking and an inspiration for it.
Human: Solving the global workforce crisis in healthcare
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The central argument of this book is that over the next decade we are heading towards a global workforce shortage in healthcare that will harm patients, citizens, and societies. Knowing what we know, we cannot simply watch this happen; Mark Britnell believes it is possible to make good this gap by orchestrating our policies and practice in a more innovative, concerted, and collaborative way. In doing so, productivity will improve in a key section of the economy and national wealth will increase, helping individual prosperity, families, communities, and social cohesion. He looks at specific countries such as Japan, Brazil, and the Netherlands to illustrate how health systems can improve worldwide if we learn from each other. He argues for gender equality for healthcare workers, increased support for them, and more sophisticated thinking on the relationship between humans and technology.
The professions—on top of their game?
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, Mark Britnell presents a sharp analysis and criticism of current healthcare systems and argues that we need to change how healthcare workers are treated to encourage them to stay and develop within their profession. He points to the recent global OECD survey of students that found that a career in the health profession was ranked first, suggesting that young people want to become healthcare workers but are often deprived of the support they need to do their job. This chapter is about how we realize that potential—through education, training, teamwork, and technology—and harness the best we can from them as individuals and in teams.
More Time
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
More Time is an extended essay on the contemporary short story focused on four recent collections: Alice Munro’s Dear Life (2012); Andre Dubus’s Dancing After Hours (1996); Joy Williams’s The Visiting Privilege (2015); and Lydia Davis’s Can’t and Won’t (2014). Each publication has appeared near the conclusion of a career devoted all but exclusively to short stories, with each defining a “late style” honed over a lifetime. As well, each diverges from others in ways that have profoundly shaped our generic conceptions, and collectively they represent the four most innovative practitioners of the past half-century (with the arguable exception of Raymond Carver). Yet in an era when writing programs, The New Yorker, and distinguished journals all promulgate the short story, it remains relatively under-examined as a major literary form. We continue to argue about what a story inherently is, ignoring how differences among practitioners enliven the field. Dubus, Munro, Williams, and Davis each defy critical efforts to identify the story form’s presumed constitution, marked by a supposedly special shape or requisite length or distinct narrative trajectory. And the very contrast among their efforts reveals the expansiveness of the genre, though few have taken such a cross-glancing interpretive approach. My effort is to open up discussion, shifting from close analysis into larger speculation about possibilities established by the most innovative ­writers in their later work.
Quantum Theory of the Electromagnetic Field
Authors: Milonni Peter W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The electromagnetic field is quantized for free space and for dispersive dielectric media. Different quantum states of the field (thermal, laser, squeezed) are discussed and their photon-statistical properties derived. The density matrix operator for the field is introduced along with a detailed discussion of the diagonal representation of the field density operator and its properties. Field commutation relations, correlation functions, and uncertainty relations are derived and discussed. Also discussed are the historically important Bohr-Rosenfeld analysis of field commutation and uncertainty relations; energy-time uncertainty relations; simultaneous (Arthurs-Kelly) measurement of non-commuting observables; and complementarity from the perspective of probability amplitudes and probabilities for distinguishable and indistinguishable processes.
Interaction Hamiltonian and Spontaneous Emission
Authors: Milonni Peter W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The atom-field interaction is formulated within the fully quantized-field theory, starting from a detailed analysis of the transformation from the fundamental minimal coupling interaction Hamiltonian to the electric dipole Hamiltonian used extensively in quantum optics. Spontaneous emission, radiative level shifts, and the natural radiative lineshape are treated in both the Schrodinger and Heisenberg pictures, with emphasis on the roles of vacuum field fluctuations, radiation reaction, and the fluctuation-dissipation relation between them. The shortcomings of semiclassical radiation theories are discussed.
Atoms and Light: Quantum Theory
Authors: Milonni Peter W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Some of the most basic aspects of the interaction of atoms with light are considered, with emphasis on distinctly quantum-electrodynamical effects. Absorption and stimulated emission are associated with interference between incident and scattered fields. The JaynesCummings model, collapses and revivals, and dressed states are discussed along with related experimental studies in cavity quantum electrodynamics. Entangled states are associated with the interference of probability amplitudes for indistinguishable processes. The no-cloning theorem is reviewed. Von Neumann’s proof concerning hidden variable theories is examined and used to introduce Bell’s theorem and its proof. Resonance fluorescence spectra and photon anti-bunching correlations are calculated and compared with experiment. Photon polarization correlations in atomic cascades are calculated from the perspectives of both source fields and entanglement, and experimental studies of these correlations and Bell inequalities are reviewed.