bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Diameter Distribution Model for Unmanaged Slash Pine Plantations in East Texas
Authors: Coble Dean W. , Lee Young-Jin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A parameter recovery procedure for the Weibull distribution function based on four percentile equations was used to develop a new diameter distribution yield prediction model for unmanaged slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations in East Texas. This new model was similar in structure to the model of Lee and Coble (Lee, Y.J., and D.W. Coble. 2006. A new diameter distribution model for unmanaged loblolly pine plantations in east Texas. South. J. Appl. For. 30(1):13–20) in their work with East Texas loblolly pine plantations. The new model was compared with the diameter distribution model of Lenhart (Lenhart, J.D. 1988. Diameter distribution yield prediction system for unthinned loblolly and slash pine plantations on non-old-fields in east Texas. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):239–242. 1988), which was developed for slash pine plantations in East Texas, as well as to two other models developed using iterative techniques suggested and inspired by Cao (Cao, Q. 2004. Predicting parameters of a Weibull function for modeling diameter distribution. For. Sci. 50(5):682–685). The model developed in this study was preferred over Lenhart (Lenhart 1988) and the other two models in prediction of total trees per acre, basal area per acre, quadratic mean diameter, and cubic-foot volume per acre (wood and bark, excluding stump). An example also is provided to show users how to use this new yield prediction system. We recommend that the model developed in this study be used to estimate growth and yield of East Texas slash pine plantations.
Validation of an Integrated Estimation of Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) Leaf Area Index (LAI) Using Two Indirect Optical Methods in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Iiames John S. , Congalton Russell , Pilant Andrew , Lewis Timothy 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Quality assessment of satellite-derived leaf area index (LAI) products requires appropriate ground measurements for validation. Since the National Aeronautics and Space Administration launch of Terra (1999) and Aqua (2001), 1-km, 8-day composited retrievals of LAI have been produced for six biome classes worldwide. The evergreen needle leaf biome has been examined at numerous validation sites, but the dominant commercial species in the southeastern United States, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), has not been investigated. The objective of this research was to evaluate an in situ optical LAI estimation technique combining measurements from the Tracing Radiation and Architecture of Canopies (TRAC) optical sensor and digital hemispherical photography (DHP) in the southeastern US P.taeda forests. Stand-level LAI estimated from allometric regression equations developed from whole-tree harvest data were compared to TRAC–DHP optical LAI estimates at a study site located in the North Carolina Sandhills Region. Within-shoot clumping, (i.e., the needle-to-shoot area ratio [γE]) was estimated at 1.21 and fell within the range of previously reported values for coniferous species (1.2–2.1). The woody-to-total area ratio (α = 0.31) was within the range of other published results (0.11–0.34). Overall, the indirect optical TRAC–DHP method of determining LAI was similar to LAI estimates that had been derived from allometric equations from whole-tree harvests. The TRAC–DHP yielded a value 0.14 LAI units below that retrieved from stand-level whole-tree harvest allometric equations. DHP alone yielded the best LAI estimate, a 0.04 LAI unit differential compared with the same allometrically derived LAI.
Avian Community Response to Midrotation Herbicide Release and Prescribed Burning in Conservation Reserve Program Plantations
Authors: Sladek Brandon , Burger L. , Munn Ian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Former agricultural lands converted to pine (Pinus spp.) plantations in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) have potential to provide early successional (ES) habitat for many regionally declining pine/grassland and shrub-successional bird species if actively managed with appropriate disturbance regimes. One such regime is use of the selective herbicide Imazapyr (Arsenal Applicators Concentrate) and prescribed burning, which is permitted on CRP lands and cost share payments are available. This study quantified combined effects of Imazapyr and prescribed fire on the breeding season avian community characteristics and pine volume growth in thinned, midrotation afforested loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) plantations in Mississippi. Herbicide treatments were applied in fall of 2002 and winter burns were conducted during winter and early spring of 2002–2003. ES bird species richness was significantly greater in the treated plots compared with controls for both 2003 and 2004. Ten individual species exhibited treatment effects. These responses by ES bird species indicate that midrotation CRPplantations can provide needed ES habitat if treated with appropriate disturbance regimes.
A Stand-Development Approach to Oak Afforestation in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley
Authors: Lockhart Brian Roy , Gardiner Emile , Leininger Theodor , Stanturf John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Oak (Quercus spp.) afforestation in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley has involved planting 1-year-old bareroot seedlings on a relatively wide spacing in single-species stands or planting light-seeded species with oaks to form mixed-species stands. In the former case, the developing single-species stands have limited future management options because they do not provide structures that favor quality wildlife habitat or quality sawtimber production. In the latter case, species mixtures are being planted with little knowledge of subsequent stand development, leading to an inability to predict future stand composition for management purposes. In this article, we present a system to determine bottomland tree planting mixtures that will create single-cohort, mixed-species stands with a component of high-quality bottomland oak. Using individual species ecological life-history characteristics, such as early height growth pattern, relative twig diameter and durability, and developmental patterns in natural stands, bottomland species are rated for their ability to provide beneficial training effects that will lead to the development of quality oak boles. Incorporating such a system to determine species value in mixtures should provide an increased number of future options to meet explicit management objectives and promote improved restoration of bottomland hardwood ecosystems.
Genetic Variation of Wood Density and Its Relationship with Drill Resistance in Shortleaf Pine
Authors: Gwaze David , Stevenson Aaron 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Wood density is an important wood quality trait, but inexpensive, reliable, and rapid methods for assessing it are lacking. A new device called the Resistograph has the potential for rapid assessment wood density of standing trees. The relationship between wood density and drill resistance measured by a Resistograph was investigated in a shortleaf pine (Pinus echinataMill.) population in Missouri at the age of 25 years. At the individual-tree level the linear relationship between wood density and drill resistance (amplitude) was weak and positive (R2= 0.23) but was stronger (R2 = 0.47) at the family mean level. Genetic relationship between the two traits was moderately strong (r A = 0.74). Individual-tree heritability estimates for both traits were high (h2 = 0.47 for wood density and h2 = 0.64 for amplitude). The efficiency of using the Resistograph to indirectly select for improvement of wood density was 86% at individual-tree level, suggesting that the Resistograph could reliably be used to assess wood density in live shortleaf pine trees.
Estimating Forest Site Productivity Using Spatial Interpolation
Authors: Bridges Christopher A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Highly productive timberland is threatened in many areas throughout the Southeastern United States. Tools are needed that can provide reliable, landscape-level estimates of forest site productivity. This technical note describes a simple technique that integrates Forest Inventory and Analysis data with spatial interpolation methods to map regional forest site productivity. A case study of West Tennessee timberland indicates that highly productive forest sites may be associated with the conditions of West Tennessee bottomlands. Results illustrate the applicability of this method for the study of timber supply, land resource analysis, and regional forest conservation planning. Future research will evaluate the consistency between this and other methods of site assessment.
Sensitivity Analysis on Long-Term Fiber Supply Simulations in Georgia
Authors: Liu Shangbin , Cieszewski Chris J. , Lowe Roger , Zasada Michal 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We used long-term simulation analysis in a spatially explicit forest management model called OPTIONS to investigate the impact of the rotation age, intensive management practices, and harvesting limits on wood production, harvesting opportunities, and long-term resource sustainability. The initial forest inventory is compiled from data sets of the US Forest Service Forest Inventory Analysis Unit, various GIS data, Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper imagery, and simplified assumptions about the spatial distribution of different forest cover types. We determined the parameters of the model from published and unpublished literature and from interviews with experts in the area of forest management in the southeastern United States. The sensitivity analyses reveal the impacts of the individual factors of the rotation age, intensive management practices, and harvesting limits and of the interaction of these factors on the sustainability of the forest resources. The results of the analyses suggest that the current timberland in Georgia can easily sustain the current level of harvesting with the current level of intensive management practices for different choices of the rotation ages. The volume available for harvesting would increase with an increasing rate of transition to intensively managed plantations (IMPs) regardless of the level of harvesting limits and rotation age. To ensure sustainability of forest resources under an increasing harvest scenario, part of new plantations would be required to convert to intensive management. The higher the harvesting limit, the more intensively managed plantations needed. The patterns of the changes in the volume available for harvesting by species groups were different for cases of keeping current harvesting limits and IMP levels versus applying increasing harvesting limits and an increasing transition rate to IMPs. Harvestable volumes are significantly different among each level of the three analyzed factors: transition rate to IMPs, rotation age, and harvesting limits. The study informs land use and policy decisionmakers about potential sensitivities of Georgia forest resource productivities to changes in forest practices-related rules and regulations.
Quantitative and Qualitative Measures of Decomposition: Is There a Link?
Authors: Eaton Robert J. , Sanchez Felipe G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Decomposition rates of loblolly pine coarse woody debris (CWD) were determined by mass loss and wood density changes for trees that differed in source of mortality (natural, girdle-poison, and felling). Specifically, three treatments were examined: (1) control (CON): natural mortality; (2) CD: 5-fold increase in CWD compared with the CON; and (3) CS: 12-fold increase in snags compared with the CON. The additional CWD in the CD treatment plots and the additional snags in the CS plots were achieved by felling (for the CD plots) or girdling followed by herbicide injection (for the CS plots) select trees in these plots. Consequently, mortality on the CD plots is due to natural causes and felling. Likewise, mortality on the CS plots is due to natural causes and girdle-poison. In each treatment plot, mortality due to natural causes was inventoried since 1997, whereas mortality due to girdle-poison and felling were inventoried since 2001. No significant difference was detected between the rates of decomposition for the CWD on these treatment plots, indicating that source of the tree mortality did not influence rates of decomposition once the tree fell. These experimental measures of decomposition were compared with two decay classification systems (three- and five-unit classifications) to determine linkages. Changes in wood density did not correlate to any decay classification, whereas mass loss had a weak correlation with decay class. However, the large degree of variation limits the utility of decay classification systems in estimating mass loss.
Estimating Fuel Consumption for the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina
Authors: Goodrick Scott L. , Shea Dan , Blake John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recent changes in air quality regulations present a potential obstacle to continued use of prescribed fire as a land management tool. Lowering of the acceptable daily concentration of particulate matter from 65 to 35 μg/m3 will bring much closer scrutiny of prescribed burning practices from the air quality community. To work within this narrow window, land managers need simple tools to allow them to estimate their potential emissions and examine trade-offs between continued use of prescribed fire and other means of fuels management. A critical part of the emissions estimation process is determining the amount of fuel consumed during the burn. This study combines results from a number of studies along the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina to arrive at a simple means of estimating total fuel consumption on prescribed fires. The result is a simple linear relationship that determines the total fuel consumed as a function of the product of the preburn fuel load and the burning index of the National Fire Danger Rating System.
Evaluation of Loblolly Pine Management Regimes in Mississippi for Biomass Supplies: A Simulation Approach
Authors: Guo Zhimei , Grebner Donald , Sun Changyou , Grado Stephen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Alternative management regimes of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations were evaluated and compared for joint production of timber and biomass and exclusively for biomass production in Mississippi. The PTAEDA3.1 computerized yield simulator was used to predict growth effects of various site preparation techniques, initial planting densities, and thinning activities. Evaluation criteria included land expectation values (LEVs) and mean annual increment. Results indicated that sites with a site index of 50–70 (base age 25) yielded average annual stem residues of 0.86–1.20 tons/ac, from which 39.8–47.4 gallons of ethanol could be produced. Inclusion of pulpwood as a feedstock would approximately double biofuel production. Culminating sustainable annual outputs of total stem biomass exclusively for biofuel production using intensive site preparation was unprofitable on all sites because of high site preparation costs and low biomass prices. Sensitivity analyses indicated that LEVs and optimal management strategies were sensitive to changes in price of biomass relative to that of sawtimber. The rise of the relative biomass price would increase woody biomass availability for biofuels. It would also boost intensive management practices, such as intensive site preparation, closer initial tree spacings, earlier thinnings, and shorter rotation ages.
Growth of Longleaf and Loblolly Pine Planted on South Carolina Sandhill Sites
Authors: Cram Michelle M. , Outcalt Kenneth W. , Zarnoch Stanley J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Performance of longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) were compared 15–19 years after outplanting on 10 different sites in the sandhills of South Carolina. The study was established from 1988 to 1992 with bareroot seedlings artificially inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) or naturally inoculated with mycorrhizae in the nursery. A containerized longleaf pine treatment with and without Pt inoculation was added to two sites in 1992. Effects of the Pt nursery treatment were mixed, with a decrease in survival of bareroot longleaf pine on two sites and an increase in survival on another site. The containerized longleaf pine treatment substantially increased survival, which led to greater volume compared with bareroot longleaf pine. Loblolly pine yielded more volume than longleaf pine on all sites but one, where survival was negatively affected by fire. Depth of sandy surface horizon affected mean annual height growth of both loblolly and longleaf pine. Height growth per year decreased with an increase in sand depth for both species. Multiple regression analysis of volume growth (ft3/ac per year) for both species indicated a strong relationship to depth of sandy soil and survival. After 15–19 years, loblolly pine has been more productive than longleaf pine, although longleaf pine productivity may be equal to or greater than that of loblolly pine on the soils with the deepest sandy surface layers over longer rotations.
Economic Impacts of Projecting Horizontal Angles to the Wrong Height When Conducting Point Sampling
Authors: VanderSchaaf Curtis L. , Jordan Lewis 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Horizontal point sampling selects sample trees by projecting horizontal angles. In many inventories, angles are to be projected to dbh, or the diameter at 4.5 ft, but because of user error, angles are often projected to heights other than breast height. Thus, errors are made as to which trees should be sampled, probabilities of sampling individual trees are incorrect, and the basal area estimate does not truly correspond to dbh. The objective of this study was to determine the potential economic impacts of projecting angles at heights other than breast height when breast height is the desired height. Projections for two planting densities (400 and 1,000 seedlings per acre) and two ages (20 and 30) were used to establish virtual plantations, and sampling was conducted using 10 and 20 basal area factor prisms by projecting horizontal angles to four heights, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, and 6.0 ft. A taper equation was used to estimate changes in diameter along the stem. For the stand conditions examined in this study, incorrectly projecting angles to heights other than breast height reduced timber appraisals by as much as $190/ac. Across many acres and stands, this type of nonsampling error can result in serious errors in valuing stumpage.
Longleaf Pine Root System Development and Seedling Quality in Response to Copper Root Pruning and Cavity Size
Authors: Sayer Mary Anne Sword , Sung Shi-Jean Susana , Haywood James D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cultural practices that modify root system structure in the plug of container-grown seedlings have the potential to improve root system function after planting. Our objective was to assess how copper root pruning affects the quality and root system development of longleaf pine seedlings grown in three cavity sizes in a greenhouse. Copper root pruning increased seedling size, the allocation of root system dry weight to the taproot, and the fraction of fibrous root mass allocated to secondary lateral roots compared with primary lateral roots. It decreased the allocation of root system dry weight to primary lateral roots and led to a distribution of root growth potential that more closely resembled the root growth of naturally sown seedlings. These effects of copper root pruning may benefit longleaf pine establishment. However, because copper root pruning increased competition for cavity growing space among the taproot and fibrous roots, we suggest that recommendations regarding cavity size and seedling quality parameters be tailored for copper-coated cavities.
Coarse Woody Debris in Southern United States Loblolly Pine Plantations: From Stand-Level to Regional Scales
Authors: Wang Huei-Jin , Radtke Philip J. , Prisley Stephen P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Broad-scale estimates of coarse woody debris (CWD) yield across landscapes are somewhat rare, despite the importance of CWD in ecosystem functioning and its potential role in terrestrial carbon cycles. Yields of CWD were estimated at regional scales by linking a stand-level predictive model with regional forest inventory data for 11 states in the southern United States. We estimated that the accumulation of CWD in late-rotation loblolly pine plantations across the South totals 48.67 million metric tons of dry wood necromass, the carbon equivalent of 24.33 million metric tons. This represents annual CO2 emissions of 21 coal-fired power plants, or the amount of carbon sequestered each year in 7 million ha of pine forests. Confidence intervals for CWD dry weight per hectare generally did not exceed ±25% of the estimated values. Although county-level estimates were of higher uncertainty, the spatial pattern appeared to be relatively consistent with the extent of loblolly pine, with low yields near the extremes of the species' natural range and high yields in extensively forested portions of its range. Quantifying regional carbon stores of CWD with respect to stand-level management activities may improve accuracy of regional estimates and provide further insight into management effects on the carbon pool and the carbon cycle.
Nursery Weed Control with Herbicides or Fumigation—An Economic Evaluation
Authors: South David B. , Gjerstad Dean H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ten experiments conducted at seven southern nurseries over a 4-year period demonstrate that control of annual weeds with methyl bromide fumigation is economically unjustified. Total weed control costs with methyl bromide were 4 to 16 times more expensive than herbicides. Without exception, herbicides reduced weeding times, while fumigation reduced weeding times only in seven experiments. Methyl bromide fumigation can be justified when controlling pathogens or high populations of herbicide-resistant weed species.
The Effects of Root-Curling on Loblolly Pine
Authors: Hunter Serena C. , Maki T. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pines with roots deliberately curled back at the time of planting performed comparably in survival and growth with properly slit-planted seedlings after 24 growing seasons in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Curled roots still maintained an abnormal external and internal appearance at age 7.
Deer Habitat on the Ocala National Forest: Improvement Through Forest Management
Authors: Harlow R. F. , Sanders B. A. , Whelan J. B. , Chappel L. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Because of a presumed decline in the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herd on the Ocala National Forest in central Florida, mast and available forage were assessed in the forest's two major habitats: sand pine-scrub oak (SP-SO) and longleaf pine-turkey oak (LLP-TO). Deer food was most abundant in young stands of SP-SO and LLP-TO and least abundant in 25- to 40-year-old stands of SP-SO and mature stands of turkey oak. Phosphorus was much lower in simulated diets from all SP-SO stands than the dietary requirement thought necessary for adult deer, perhaps partially accounting for the low reproductive rate on the forest. Availability of deer food can be increased in SP-SO habitat by thinning closed-canopy stands more than 30 years old and, in LLP-TO habitat, by prescribed burning of longleaf pine stands at least once every three years and by removing low-mast producers from mature stands of turkey oak.