bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Trinexapac‐Ethyl, Surfactant, and Nitrogen Fertilization on Bermudagrass Water Use
Authors: Schiavon Marco , Orlinski Pawel , Petelewicz Pawel , Pudzianowska Marta , Baird James H. 
Published: October 2019

Persisting drought conditions in California are limiting water allocation for golf course irrigation. A study was conducted at the University of California, Riverside to determine if products including trinexapac‐ethyl (TE), a surfactant (Revolution), and nitrogen (N) fertilizer [Gro‐Power (5–3–1); SeaBlend (12–4–5) + StressRX (6–0–2) + XP Extra Protection (5–0–0); YaraLiva (15.5–0–0); Turf Royale (21–7–14); each applied at 25 g N m−2 yr−1) could enhance quality of ‘Princess 77’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) irrigated at 53 or 92% turfgrass evapotranspiration (ETc) under fairway conditions. Product and irrigation treatments were applied from May through October 2016 and 2017. Every 2 wk, plots were evaluated for visual quality, normalized difference vegetation index, soil volumetric water content using time domain reflectometry, and percent green cover using digital image analysis. Root samples were collected in November of both years, and fall color retention and spring green‐up were assessed using digital image analysis. At 92% ETc replacement, visual quality was highest in plots that received TE and surfactant. Although no differences were found among fertilizer treatments, fertilization alone was able to sustain visual quality at a minimally acceptable level at 92% ETc. Surfactant had the greatest positive effect on turf irrigated at 53% ETc, whereas TE did not improve visual quality on the same plots. Overall, results indicate that regular applications of either Revolution surfactant or SeaBlend + StressRX + XP Extra Protection can sustain bermudagrass visual quality at 53% ETc.Core Ideas

Surfactants could substantially reduce irrigation requirements on bermudagrass turf.
Fertilizers with low burning potential should be used in case of water restrictions.
Deficit irrigation results in loss of quality during the summer months.
Severe drought has an effect on bermudagrass root morphology.
Chemically Induced Flow in Contaminated Unsaturated Soil
Authors: Pasut Chiara , Salandin Paolo , Maggi Federico 
Published: October 2019

Core IdeasChemically induced water movement in unsaturated sand is due mainly to matric gradients.A secondary cause is osmotic gradients.Physico‐chemical (matric) and osmotic effects were included in Richards’ equation.Mechanistic modeling and thermodynamic analyses support results on net flow direction.Sensitivity analysis indicates hydraulic parameters as the main contributors to observations.Laboratory experiments and numerical modeling were conducted to assess the effects of glycerol concentration gradients on water flow through an unsaturated loamy sand (Yellow bush sand, Australia) at 46% glycerol mass fraction and 12.5% volumetric water content. When the contaminated and uncontaminated experimental soil sections were placed into contact, two opposite mechanisms were found to drive the flow: (i) the matric potential gradient affected by concentration‐dependent surface tension, viscosity, and density repelled contaminated water; and (ii) the osmotic potential gradient had an opposite effect. Experiments demonstrated that the tested sand did not exhibit the complete semipermeable characteristic necessary to induce pure osmotic flow. Rather, physicochemical effects caused by dissolved glycerol were more relevant for water flow than those induced by the osmotic potential. We confirmed our experimental finding by numerical modeling that explicitly accounted for these effects compared with our experiments and earlier experiments conducted with 7% butanol–water mixtures as benchmarks. Our results were finally confirmed by a thermodynamic interpretation of matric and osmotic potentials. Experiments suggest that a rapid transient condition occurred on the first day and that equilibrium was recovered only after >60 d. The results support the hypothesis that chemically induced water flow in the vadose zone is contributed mainly by matric and only secondarily by osmotic effects, which have displaced 3 to 10% water during the initial transient condition. Predictive tools of contaminant hydrology in unsaturated soil may have to account for the osmotic effects in particular applications that involve soil with high osmotic efficiency.
Microstructural controls on the chemical heterogeneity of cassiterite revealed by cathodoluminescence and elemental X-ray mapping
Authors: Bennett Jason M. , Kemp Anthony I.S. , Roberts Malcolm P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Quantitative X-ray element maps of cassiterite crystals from four localities show that Ti, Fe, Nb, Ta, and W define oscillatory zonation patterns and that the cathodoluminescent response is due to a complex interplay between Ti activated emission paired with quenching effects from Fe, Nb, Ta, and W. Sector zonation is commonly highlighted by domains of high Fe, incorporated via a substitution mechanism independent of Nb and Ta. A second form of sector zonation is highlighted by distributions of W separate to the Fe-dominant sector zone. Both sector zones show quenched cathodoluminescence and are indistinguishable under routine SEM CL imaging. For cassiterite already high in Fe (and Nb or Ta), such as in pegmatitic or granitic samples, the internal structure of the grain may remain obscured when imaged by cathodoluminescence techniques, regardless of the presence of sector zonation. Careful petrogenetic assessments using a combination of panchromatic and hyperspectral CL, aided by quantitative elemental X-ray mapping, is a prerequisite step to elucidate cassiterite petrogenetic history and properly characterize these grains for in situ microanalysis. The absence of a clear petrogenetic framework may lead to unknowingly poor spot selection during in situ analyses for geochronology and trace element geochemistry, and/or erroneous interpretations of U-Pb and O isotopic data.
The role of clay minerals in formation of the regolith-hosted heavy rare earth element deposits
Authors: Li Martin Yan Hei , Zhou Mei-Fu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRare earth elements (REEs) have become increasingly important to our modern society due to their strategical significance and numerous high technological applications. Regolith-hosted heavy rare earth element (HREE) deposits in South China are currently the main source of the HREEs, but the ore-forming processes are poorly understood. In these deposits, the REEs are postulated to accumulate in regolith through adsorption on clay minerals. In the Zudong deposit, the world's largest regolith-hosted HREE deposit, clay minerals are dominated by short, stubby, nanometer-scale halloysite tubes (either 10 or 7 Å) and microcrystalline kaolinite in the saprolite and lower pedolith and micrometer-sized vermicular kaolinite in the humic layer and upper pedolith. A critical transformation of the clay minerals in the upper pedolith is coalescence and unrolling of halloysite to form vermicular kaolinite. Microcrystalline kaolinite also transformed to large, well-crystalline vermicular kaolinite. This transformation could result in significant changes in different physicochemical properties of the clay assemblages. Halloysite-abundant clay assemblages in the deep regolith have specific surface area and porosity significantly higher than the kaolinite-dominant clay assemblages in the shallow soils. The crystallinity of clay minerals also increased, exemplified by decrease in Fe contents of the kaolinite group minerals (from ~1.2 wt% in the lower saprolite to ~0.35 wt% in the upper pedolith), thereby indicative of less availability of various types of adsorption sites. Hence, halloysite-abundant clay minerals of high adsorption capacity in deep regolith could efficiently retain the REEs released from weathering of the parent granite. Reduction in adsorption capacity during the clay transformation in shallow depth partially leads to REE desorption, and the released REEs would be subsequently transported to and adsorbed at deeper part of the soil profile. Hence, the clay-adsorbed REE concentration in the lower pedolith and saprolite (~2500 ppm on average) is much higher than the uppermost soils (~400 ppm on average). Therefore, weathering environments that favor the release of the REEs in the shallow soils but preservation of halloysite in the deep regolith can continuously adsorb REEs in the clay minerals to form economically valuable deposits.
Imaging trace-element zoning in pyroxenes using synchrotron XRF mapping with the Maia detector array: Benefit of low-incident energy
Authors: Barnes Stephen J. , Paterson David , Ubide Teresa , Schoneveld Louise E. , Ryan Chris , Le Vaillant Margaux 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Trace-element zoning in igneous phenocrysts and cumulus phases is an informative record of magmatic evolution. The advent of microbeam X-ray fluorescence (XRF) mapping has allowed rapid chemical imaging of samples at thin section to decimeter scale, revealing such zoning patterns. Mapping with synchrotron radiation using multidetector arrays has proved especially effective, allowing entire thin sections to be imaged at micrometer-scale resolution in a matter of hours. The resolution of subtle minor element zoning, particularly in first-row transition metals, is greatly enhanced in synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) images by scanning with input beam energy below the FeKα line. In the examples shown here, from a phenocryst rich trachybasalt from Mt Etna (Italy) and from a Ni-Cu-PGE ore-bearing intrusion at Norilsk (Siberia), the zoning patterns revealed in this way record aspects of the crystallization history that are not readily evident from XFM images collected using higher incident energies and that cannot be obtained at comparable spatial resolutions by any other methods within reasonable scan times. This approach has considerable potential as a geochemical tool for investigating magmatic processes and is also likely to be applicable in a wide variety of other fields.
Hygiene practices of mothers of hospitalized neonates at a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit in Zambia
Authors: Park Jason H. , Mwananyanda Lawrence , Servidone Maria , Sichone Jean , Coffin Susan E. , Hamer Davidson H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRisk of neonatal mortality secondary to infections such as pneumonia and diarrhoeal diseases can be influenced by maternal hygiene, but little information is known about current maternal hygiene practices in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to assess the hygiene practices of mothers of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients in Lusaka, Zambia and associated epidemiological factors. A cross-sectional survey of the mothers of hospitalized neonates at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka was conducted. Study nurses orally administered questionnaires to mothers in their local languages about their hygiene practices related to newborn care. Of the 201 mothers surveyed, self-reported hygiene practice was associated with literacy (p = 0.013) and income (p &lt; 0.0001). In contrast, adherence to recommended hygienic newborn care was less common, with only 36% of mothers practising recommended cord care practices. Forgetfulness (32%) and lack of hygiene resources (13%) were the major barriers to hygienic behaviours. Surveyed Zambian women who delivered babies requiring NICU care self-reported adequate hygienic practices and apparently faced difficulty practising them due to forgetfulness and a lack of hygiene resources. Future efforts should focus on improving cord care education, reinforcement of the importance of hygienic behaviours, and the supply of affordable antiseptic tools.
Quantification of eco-compensations based on a bidirectional compensation scheme in a water environment: a case study in the Jiangsu Province, China
Authors: Wang Jianjian , Zhou Jie , Zhao Qiaohua , Jiang Hong , Wang Zixuan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study delineates adjustments to the eco-compensation pilot work of the Taihu Lake Basin and the Huaihe River Basin. The number and location of original compensation sites were adjusted based on the characteristics of the river network and of the water pollution status. A bidirectional eco-compensation system based on water quality exceeding multiple was then implemented. Under this scheme, the eco-compensation payments of each city under three different compensation standards were calculated. A suitable unified short-term compensation standard for the whole province is determined among several compensation payment schemes. The results obtained after implementing the most relevant scheme reveal that (1) the bidirectional eco-compensation system is highly flexible and is viable economically, as the payment of fiscal expenditures used to pay eco-compensation is reasonable. (2) In the southern Jiangsu Province, the ratio of pollutant flux at each compensation site to the total regional flux is relatively high and may, therefore, accurately reflect the water quality condition of the main rivers flowing into the Taihu Lake. (3) The ratio of pollutant flux in the northern Jiangsu Province is low, which highlights the need for further improving the number and location of eco-compensation sites, as well as the compensation methods and standards.
Recognition Sites for Cancer-targeting Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Guan Siyu , Zhang Qianqian , Bao Jianwei , Hu Rongfeng , Czech Tori , Tang Jihui 
Published: October 2019

Background:Target-homing drug delivery systems are now gaining significant attention for use as novel therapeutic approaches in antitumor targeting for cancer therapy. Numerous targeted drug delivery systems have been designed to improve the targeting effects because these systems can display a range of favorable properties, thus, providing suitable characteristics for clinical applicability of anticancer drugs, such as increasing the solubility, and improving the drug distribution at target sites. The majority of these targeting systems are designed with respect to differences between cancerous and normal tissues, for instance, the low pH of tumor tissues or overexpressed receptors on tumor cell membranes. Due to the growing number of targeting possibilities, it is important to know the tumor-specific recognition strategies for designing novel, targeted, drug delivery systems. Herein, we identify and summarize literature pertaining to various recognition sites for optimizing the design of targeted drug delivery systems to augment current chemotherapeutic approaches.Objective:This review focuses on the identification of the recognition sites for developing targeted drug delivery systems for use in cancer therapeutics.Method:We have reviewed and compiled cancer-specific recognition sites and their abnormal characteristics within tumor tissues (low pH, high glutathione, targetable receptors, etc.), tumor cells (receptor overexpression or tumor cell membrane changes) and tumor cell organelles (nuclear and endoplasmic reticular dysregulation) utilizing existing scientific literature. Moreover, we have highlighted the design of some targeted drug delivery systems that can be used as homing tools for these recognition sites.Results and Conclusion:Targeted drug delivery systems are a promising therapeutic approach for tumor chemotherapy. Additional research focused on finding novel recognition sites, and subsequent development of targeting moieties for use with drug delivery systems will aid in the evaluation and clinical application of new and improved chemotherapeutics.
Integrative Exome Sequencing Analysis in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer in Chinese Population
Authors: Hao Lifang , Li Hui , Zhang Su , Yang Yanlei , Xu Zhenzhen , Zhang Yanfen , Liu Zhongcheng 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) is a fatal disease with rapid growth.
The malignancy usually presents with metastasis and poor prognosis, and causes 100% mortality. Therefore,
the treatment of CRPC is extremely challenging, and its pathogenesis need to be elucidated urgently.

Objective:
The high throughput sequencing technology was used to sequence the whole exome associated
with CRPC, to explore the molecular mechanism of CRPC, and to find the potential therapeutic targets.

Methods:
We performed whole-exome sequencing of FFPE tissue from 11 Chinese adult male patients.
Genomic DNA was fragmented and enriched for whole-exome sequencing using the QiAamp
DNA FFPE Tissue KIT, sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq2000 platform, and the relevant genes were
analyzed using biological information. Finally, immunohistochemistry method was used to detect the
phosphorylation level of LATS1 in CRPC tissues of MST1 mutant and non-mutant patients.

Results:
We have screened 85 significant mutant genes with relatively high mutation rates of TP53,
AR, KMT2, DMAPK1, PIK3R1, SH2B3, WHSC1, KMT2D, MST1 and MAPK1. We first found that
MST1 has multiple mutations in CRPC patients, and the MST1 plays an important role in the Hippo
pathway. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the phosphorylation level of LATS1 in the mutant
patients was significantly lower than that in the non-mutant patients.

Conclusion:
We speculate that MST1 would be a new potential target for the treatment of CRPC by
regulating Hippo signaling pathway. The results provided an important clue to the molecular mechanism
of CRPC.
Relationship between SNP rs1764391 and Susceptibility, Risk Factors, Gene-environment Interactions of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Guangxi Han Chinese Population
Authors: Li Jun , Qin Rui , Wang Wei , Huang Zhou , Huang Dong-Ling , Li Tian , Wang Fan , Zeng Xiang-tao , Sun Zhong-yi , Liu Xue-feng , Huang Feng , Guo Tao 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Large-scale population studies showed that the SNP rs1764391 of Connexin37
gene also known as Cx37 gene may play a pivotal role in the occurrence and development of
acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Published results, however, are highly controversial.

Objective:
This study aimed to examine the association between SNP rs1764391 of Cx37 and diseasesusceptibility,
several risk factors, and gene-environment interactions of AMI in Guangxi Han Chinese
population.

Methods:
In this study, 344 healthy controls and 344 AMI patients of Han Chinese population were
enrolled. The TaqMan assay was implemented to identify genotypes of Cx37 and allele frequencies of
SNP rs1764391 in both the AMI and control groups.

Results:
Significant differences were detected in TT genotype frequencies of SNP rs1764391 between
the AMI and control groups (P < 0.05). In the context of gender stratification, the result was also statistically
different in women (P < 0.05). Each variable such as age, BMI, diabetes, high blood pressure,
smoking and TC was a risk factor and correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with the development of
AMI. HDL-C correlated negatively with the risk of AMI (P < 0.001). BMI, smoking or alcohol consumed
interacts significantly (P < 0.017) with the presence of the SNP rs1764391 CC genotype.

Conclusions:
Evidences were presented that Cx37 rs1764391 variation may contribute to the risk for
AMI, especially in women and this genetic variant may prove to be a potential biomarker for AMI risk
stratification and may prove to be a useful target for therapeutic intervention to further improve prognosis
in high-risk patients.
Design and Biological Evaluation of 3-Aryl-4-alkylpyrazol-5-amines Based on the Target Fishing
Authors: Ma Shuchao , Ouyang Ben , Wang Linan , Yao Lei 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Pyrazol-5-amine derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic compounds.
However, there are less 4-alkyl substituted pyrazoles reported.

Objective:
Here reported are the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-aryl-4-
alkylpyrazol-5-amines derivatives.

Methods:
A serials of 3-aryl-4-alkylpyrazol-5-amines were designed and the biological action targets
were screened by target fishing function of Discovery Studio software. The synthesis route involved
3-oxo-3-arylpropanenitrile formation, alkylation, pyrazole formation, and amides formation.
The antitumor activities of these compounds were carried out by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide
(MTT) method using U-2 OS (osteosarcoma) and A549 (lung cancer) tumor cells.

Results:
Eight 3-aryl-4-alkylpyrazol-5-amines were synthesized, and their structures were verified
by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS. Thirteen pharmacophores were mapped out by target fishing.
Compound 5h showed anti-proliferation activities against U-2 OS and A549 tumor cell with IC50
value of 0.9 μM and 1.2 μM, respectively.

Conclusion:
Compound 5h might represent a promising scaffold for the further development of
novel antitumor drugs.
Using the Chou’s Pseudo Component to Predict the ncRNA Locations Based on the Improved K-Nearest Neighbor (iKNN) Classifier
Authors: Wu Chengyan , Li Qianzhong , Xing Ru , Fan Guo-Liang 
Published: October 2019

Background:
The non-coding RNA identification at the organelle genome level is a
challenging task. In our previous work, an ncRNA dataset with less than 80% sequence identity
was built, and a method incorporating an increment of diversity combining with support vector
machine method was proposed.

Objective:
Based on the ncRNA_361 dataset, a novel decision-making method-an improved
KNN (iKNN) classifier was proposed.

Methods:
In this paper, based on the iKNN algorithm, the physicochemical features of nucleotides,
the degeneracy of genetic codons, and topological secondary structure were selected to represent
the effective ncRNA characters. Then, the incremental feature selection method was utilized to optimize
the feature set.

Results:
The results of iKNN indicated that the decision-making method of mean value is distinctly
superior to the traditional decision-making method of majority vote the Increment of Diversity
Combining Support Vector Machine (ID-SVM). The iKNN algorithm achieved an overall accuracy
of 97.368% in the jackknife test, when k=3.

Conclusion:
It should be noted that the triplets of the structure-sequence mode under reading
frames not only contains the entire sequence information but also reflects whether the base was
paired or not, and the secondary structural topological parameters further describe the ncRNA secondary
structure on the spatial level. The ncRNA dataset and the iKNN classifier are freely available
at http://202.207.14.87:8032/fuwu/iKNN/index.asp.