bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced nanodrug delivery in tumors after near-infrared photoimmunotherapy
Authors: Inagaki Fuyuki F. , Furusawa Aki , Choyke Peter L. , Kobayashi Hisataka 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
To date, the delivery of nanosized therapeutic agents to cancers largely relies on the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects that are caused by the leaky nature of cancer vasculature. Whereas leaky vessels are often found in mouse xenografts, nanosized agents have demonstrated limited success in humans due to the relatively small magnitude of the EPR effect in naturally occurring cancers. To achieve the superior delivery of nanosized agents, alternate methods of increasing permeability and retention are needed. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a recently reported therapy that relies on an antibody-photon absorber conjugate that binds to tumors and then is activated by light. NIR-PIT causes an increase in nanodrug delivery by up to 24-fold compared to untreated tumors in which only the EPR effect is present. This effect, termed super-EPR (SUPR), can enhance the delivery of a wide variety of nanosized agents, including nanoparticles, antibodies, and protein-binding small-molecular-weight agents into tumors. Therefore, taking advantage of the SUPR effect after NIR-PIT may be a promising avenue to use a wide variety of nanodrugs in a highly effective manner.
A Conserved PP2A Regulatory Subunit Enforces Proportional Relationships Between Cell Size and Growth Rate
Authors: Leitao Ricardo M , Jasani Akshi , Talavera Rafael A , Pham Annie , Okobi Quincy J , Kellogg Douglas R 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCell size is proportional to growth rate. Thus, cells growing rapidly in rich nutrients can be nearly twice the size of cells growing slowly in poor nutrients. This proportional relationship appears to hold across all orders of life, yet the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In budding yeast, most growth occurs during mitosis, and the proportional relationship between cell size and growth rate is therefore enforced primarily by modulating growth in mitosis. When growth is slow, the duration of mitosis is increased to allow more time for growth, yet the amount of growth required to complete mitosis is reduced, which leads to the birth of small daughter cells. Previous studies have found that Rts1, a member of the conserved B56 family of protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunits, works in a TORC2 signaling network that influences cell size and growth rate. However, it was unclear whether Rts1 influences cell growth and size in mitosis. Here, we show that Rts1 is required for the proportional relationship between cell size and growth rate during mitosis. Moreover, nutrients and Rts1 influence the duration and extent of growth in mitosis via Wee1 and Pds1/securin, two conserved regulators of mitotic progression. Together, the data are consistent with a model in which global signals that set growth rate also set the critical amount of growth required for cell cycle progression, which would provide a simple mechanistic explanation for the proportional relationship between cell size and growth rate.
Comparison of the Full Distribution of Fitness Effects of New Amino Acid Mutations Across Great Apes
Authors: Castellano David , Macià Moisès Coll , Tataru Paula , Bataillon Thomas , Munch Kasper 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCastellano et al. provide the first comparison of the full distribution of fitness effects (including deleterious, neutral but also beneficial mutations) in the great apes. The authors investigate which aspects of the full DFE are likely...The distribution of fitness effects (DFE) is central to many questions in evolutionary biology. However, little is known about the differences in DFE between closely related species. We use &gt;9000 coding genes orthologous one-to-one across great apes, gibbons, and macaques to assess the stability of the DFE across great apes. We use the unfolded site frequency spectrum of polymorphic mutations (n = 8 haploid chromosomes per population) to estimate the DFE. We find that the shape of the deleterious DFE is strikingly similar across great apes. We confirm that effective population size (Ne) is a strong predictor of the strength of negative selection, consistent with the nearly neutral theory. However, we also find that the strength of negative selection varies more than expected given the differences in Ne between species. Across species, mean fitness effects of new deleterious mutations covaries with Ne, consistent with positive epistasis among deleterious mutations. We find that the strength of negative selection for the smallest populations, bonobos and western chimpanzees, is higher than expected given their Ne. This may result from a more efficient purging of strongly deleterious recessive variants in these populations. Forward simulations confirm that these findings are not artifacts of the way we are inferring Ne and DFE parameters. All findings are replicated using only GC-conservative mutations, thereby confirming that GC-biased gene conversion is not affecting our conclusions.
The development of participatory democracy is an important factor in improving governance in the united territorial communities
Authors: Журавель я. В. , Кравченко В. В. 
Published: September 2019

The article analyzes the problems that exist at the final stage of the decentralization reform, which, in particular, are related to the need, firstly, to stimulate the process of consolidation of territorial communities through the possible application of appropriate administrative methods, and, second, to eliminate competition between executive authorities and local authorities self-government in solving local development issues; thirdly, the application in municipal practice of such a management scheme that would ensure conditions for the participation of all members of the community in solving issues that are covered by the legislation to the sphere of local self-government. The purpose of the article is to highlight some of the issues that need to be addressed at the final stage of decentralization reform and to formulate a recommendation on improving the mechanisms of municipal governance in OTG using participative democracy tools. The authors separately stop at highlighting the factors constraining the use of different forms of participatory democracy as important tools that ensure the participation of members of the united territorial communities in the mechanism of municipal governance. Attention is drawn to the need for organizational and legal support for the implementation of the requirements of the Additional Protocol to the European Charter of Local Self-Government on the right to participate in matters of local government in the process of functioning of the united territorial communities. Taking into account the experience of European countries, proposals are made to improve the system of local self-government, and the role of statutory law for the development of such a system is indicated. It is concluded that the decisive role in creating legal mechanisms for the provision of local partisipative democracy is, as it seems, statutory law - the statutes of territorial communities that are of particular importance for the OTG. Such assertion is due to the peculiarities of the territorial organization of the OTG, which usually includes a significant number of settlements, and sometimes also all of them within the limits of the corresponding area.
Brexit: signs of disintegration of the EU customs union under the conditions of globalization
Authors: Квеліашвілі І. М. 
Published: September 2019

The processes of changing the world's space, turning it into a single zone, the unimpeded movement of goods, services, information, capital are aspects of the globalization of world economies. In this space, ideas that contribute to the development of relevant institutional formations and form their communicative connections are more freely distributed. Ukraine is on the way to solving the European integration tasks defined in the Association Agreement with the EU, the implementation of customs legislation, the purpose of which is not only the establishment and existence of a free trade zone, but also a more in-depth integration. The purpose of the article is to review possible scenarios concerning the conditions of movement of goods across the customs border, in the event of a final decision on the withdrawal of Great Britain from the EU Customs Unio Today, it has already been recognized that the integration persistence of the EU Customs Union was threatened by the name Brexit. This phenomenon, as a challenge to integration in a globalized world, gives impetus to a moderate choice of concept and form of integration for the future perspective of economic development of the member countries and candidate -countries for membership in the Community. The European integration policy of Ukraine's economic policy, along with urgent issues requiring a priority solution and fulfillment of obligations, should also be considered under the criterion of probable risks and threats to national interests. The article gives moderate arguments from UK analysts regarding the UK's exit from the EU, the urgent issues regarding the varied prospects of customs relations between the European Union and the UK, as well as the EU Customs Union. Influence of possible scenarios of "soft Brexit", "hard Brexit" on foreign economic activity of the country and its activity.
Fabrication and characterization of textured Ni–5 at.% W/Ni–9.3 at.% W/Ni–5 at.% W composite substrates via solid-clad-by-liquid method
Authors: Cui Jin , Suo Hongli , Liang Yaru , Grivel Jean-Claude , Ma Lin , Kausar Shaheen , Li Chunyan , Ji Yaotang , Liu Min , Wang Yi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Epidermal Growth Factor Ointment for Treating Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor-Induced Skin Toxicities
Authors: Kim Young Saing , Ji Jun Ho , Oh Sung Yong , Lee Suee , Huh Seok Jae , Lee Ji Hyun , Song Ki-Hoon , Son Choon Hee , Roh Mee Sook , Lee Gyeong Won , Lee Jeeyun , Kim Seung Tae , Kim Chan Kyu , Jang Joung Soon , Hwang In Gyu , Ahn Hee Kyung , Park Lee Chun , Oh So Yeon , Kim Seong-Geun , Lee Sang-Cheol , Lim Do-Hyoung , Lee Soon Il , Kang Jung Hun 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
The efficacy of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic cancer (PC), or colorectal cancer (CRC) has been demonstrated. However, dermatological reactions to these inhibitors can cause significant physical and psychosocial discomfort. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of EGF ointment for EGFR inhibitor-related skin adverse events (ERSEs).

Materials and Methods
This placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter, pilot phase III trial enrolled patients with NSCLC, PC, or CRC treated with EGFR inhibitors. Patients with grade ≥2 ERSEs were included. Patients were randomized to three treatment arms: arm 1, placebo; arm 2, 1 ppm of EGF ointment; and arm 3, 20 ppm of EGF ointment. Patients applied ointment to their skin lesions twice daily.

Results
Efficacy evaluation was available for 80 patients (9 for PC, 28 for NSCLC, and 43 for CRC). Responses were 44.4% in arm 1, 61.5% in arm 2, and 77.8% in arm 3. There was a linear correlation between EGF concentrations and responses (p = .012). Quality of life (QoL) was assessed for 74 patients. Maximum changes in composite scores by Skindex-16 after treatment were significantly different among arms (mean ± SD: −5.2 ± 8.6 for arm 1, −11.7 ± 14.2 for arm 2, and − 18.6 ± 17.7 for arm 3; p = .008). EGF arms showed significant improvement in emotions (p = .005) and functioning (p = .044) scores over the placebo arm.

Conclusion
EGF ointment is effective for managing ERSEs. It can also improve patients’ QoL compared with placebo. Clinical trial identification number. NCT02284139
Diagnostic significance of hormonal, biochemical and echographic methods of research in postmenopausal women with endometrial cancer
Authors: Garashova M. A. , Alieva E. M. 
Published: September 2019

Objective: to determine the significance of hormonal, biochemical, echographic research methods in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer.Materials and methods. Fifty patients with endometrial cancer with varying degree of severity were examined. The average age of patients with endometrial cancer was 62.4 ± 1.0 years. The study of the prevalence of the tumor process made it possible to establish that the frequency of patients with stage I was 68 %, with stage II – 30 %, and with stage III – 2 %.Results and conclusions. According to hormonal studies, the statistical significance of a decrease in the luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio (0.69 ± 0.09), an increase in prolactin levels (467.3 ± 35.1 ng/ml), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (92.9 ± 14.4 ng/ml), estrone (101.6 ± 6.29 ng/ml), progesterone (1.9 ± 0.52 ng/ml), as well as a decrease in estradiol (17.4 ± 3.4 pg/ml) and testosterone (0.5 ± 0.02 ng/ml) levels. According to echographic studies, a pathological increase in the thickness of the endometrium (24.9 ± 2.7 mm) was established with the background of increasing the size of the uterus and ovaries. Indicators of biochemical studies in patients with endometrial cancer in the postmenopausal period were within the range of physiological fluctuations.
Causes and management of bleeding during laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery
Authors: Xu Ming , Wu Weiqiang , Yang Zengqiang , Gao Feng 
Published: September 2019

<p class="Abstract">In this paper, the causes of bleeding during laparoscopic colorectal surgery and the measures to solve it are discussed. 386 cases of laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery in our hospital from January to December 2015 were selected. There were 17 cases of bleeding during surgery, which accounted for 4.4% of the total amount. 2 cases were converted to laparotomy, and 15 cases were surgery via laparoscopy. In the surgical process, improper surgery, lack of good laparoscopic anatomical structure of the cognitive level, and congenital anatomic variation may have caused the accidental bleeding during surgery. Corresponding measures should be taken to stop accidental bleeding. </p>
Extreme long survival of a patient operated with uterine leiomyosarcoma
Authors: Baranyai Zsolt , Jósa Valéria , Zaránd Attila 
Published: September 2019

<p>Leiomyosarcomas of the uterus are rare tumours that recur and metastasize early. Adjuvant chemotherapy or postoperative radiotherapy has not been proven effective in treating it. The most successful therapeutic approach seems to be repeated surgical resection and removal of metastases. The authors presented a case of a female who had metastases resections, both from the abdomen and thoracic cavity, for a total of 10 times following hysterectomy due to leiomyosarcoma of the uterus. The patient is still alive 23 years later following the first surgery. </p>
Application of New Energy Natural Gas in Ship Engineering
Authors: Yang Zhennan , Pei Liqun , Zhu Jinsheng 
Published: September 2019

<p>Traditional ships are mainly fueled by diesel or gasoline, which are produced from the oil and are non-renewable. People are now rapidly consuming oil and burning oil generates poisonous gases day and night. Because of the soaring oil prices and the deteriorating ecology, many ship-owners are seeking an alternative energy to replace oil. Among all possible candidates, the calling of natural gas is getting higher and higher. This paper discusses the application of natural gas in ship engineering, and explains in detail the advantages and disadvantages. Natural gas may not be a new energy but has rarely been used in ship engineering so far. We conclude that its application in ship engineering helps to alleviate the fuel shortage in the future. </p>
Diagnosing ovarian masses by using nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Zhang Erning 
Published: September 2019

<p class="Abstract">In the research, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to study and diagnose ovarian tumour. A total of 80 ovarian tumour patients who were admitted to the hospital from February 2014 to May 2016 were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups, 40 in the case group and 40 in the control group. The case group used NMR whereas the control group utilized B-mode ultrasound to compare the characteristics of tumor masses, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the clinical diagnosis afterwards. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and characteristics of tumour masses by NMR were 95.84%, 94.75%, 90.92%, and 100%, respectively, which were apparently higher than those of the B-mode ultrasound scanning (64.28%, 77.78%, 75.08%, and 70.83%, respectively). Difference of each index among the four between the two methods was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). Therefore, NMR is superior to ultrasound in diagnosing ovarian tumour. </p>
Clinical study of endoscopic mucosal resection for digestive tract early cancer and precancerous lesions treatment
Authors: Peng Huiji 
Published: September 2019

<p class="p1">The clinical effect of endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) on the digestive tract of early cancer and precan-cerous lesions was analyzed. 63 patients with early gastrointestinal cancer and precancerous lesions treated in our hospital from January 2013 to May 2015 were recruited for this study. Patients were randomly divided into the observation group (32 cases) and the control group (31 cases). The control group underwent conventional surgical treatment, while the observation group underwent EMR. Both groups were observed for the clinical effect. The curative resection rate was 100.0% (P &gt; 0.05). The postoperative complication rate was 3.1% (1/32) in the observation group and 25.8% (8/31) in the control group. The operation time for the observation group was significantly shorter than the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Subjects were followed up for 1 year. Both groups showed no primary tumor metastasis and recurrence (P &gt; 0.05). EMR treatment showed good effect and significantly fewer complications in patients. </p>
O PENSAR E O AGIR EM JOSUÉ DE CASTRO: DILEMAS E ESTRATÉGIAS PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DO NORDESTE AÇUCAREIRO
Authors: De Medeiro Inã Cândido 
Published: September 2019

Este trabalho versa sobre o pensar e o agir de Josué de Castro como forma de auxiliar na compreensão sobre os dilemas nacionais para lidar com o fenômeno da fome, sobretudo no Nordeste brasileiro. Ao lado do tema relativo às questões alimentares e à fome, Castro procurava destacar os aspectos fundamentais das possíveis estratégias de desenvolvimento. Seu pensamento ganhou relevância com a disseminação do debate sobre o desenvolvimento no âmbito nacional iniciado no final da década de 1940. O fio condutor do argumento do intelectual pernambucano passava pela defesa de um desenvolvimentismo social e humanista, antes que apenas focado no crescimento econômico. A partir da análise do pensamento político e social de Josué de Castro, busca-se identificar quais seus principais pressupostos analíticos, diagnósticos e estratégias desenvolvimentistas apresentadas com vistas à solução para o flagelo da fome, particularmente do Nordeste açucareiro, da Zona da Mata. Para o autor, essa região sofria os efeitos negativos de séculos de colonização ibérica pautada na exploração agrícola, no latifúndio e na monocultura. A pretensão é reconhecer através da obra Geografia da fome e do diálogo com outros intelectuais, o conteúdo da formulação de Castro, além de suas continuidades e inflexões referentes aos seus escritos ao longo de sua trajetória. Assim, a retomada do pensamento de Josué de Castro se mostra relevante não somente devido a sua importância socio-histórica, mas pelo motivo da persistência dos problemas e desafios para o desenvolvimento do Nordeste e do Brasil, os quais tornam atuais suas ideias e seus projetos.
Identificación y clonación de tres genes endógenos que pueden conferir resistencia a patógenos en cítricos incluyendo CLas y CTV
Authors: Ventura-Medina Pedro Iván , Gutiérrez-Espinosa María Alejandra , Febres Vicente , Mora-Aguilera Gustavo , Robledo-Paz Alejandrina 
Published: September 2019

<em>Candidatus</em> Liberibacter asiaticus (<em>C</em>Las), agente causal del huanglongbing (HLB), y el <em>Citrus tristeza virus</em> (CTV) constituyen amenazas para la citricultura mexicana por su condición endémica en cítricos agrios de algunas regiones del pacífico y de focos recientes de razas severas, respectivamente. La identificación y clonación de genes relacionados con la Resistencia Sistémica Adquirida (RSA) de la planta podrían coadyuvar como parte de una estrategia de manejo integrado. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo desarrollar construcciones con genes específicos inherentes a la planta como primera etapa en la generación de plantas transgénicas resistentes a <em>C</em>Las. Los genes seleccionados con base a la respuesta de cítricos a una amplia gama de patógenos, fueron <em>AZI-1</em>, 1-inductor del ácido ‘Azelaic’ y <em>CsNDR-1</em>, 1-resistencia no específica a enfermedades en cítricos, ambos genes reguladores de la señalización del ácido salicílico (SA), y el gen asociado con la síntesis de proteína 1 relacionada con la patogenicidad (<em>PR-1</em>). Los tres genes (<em>AZI-1, PR-1</em> y <em>CsNDR-1</em>) se insertaron independientemente en pUC118-FMV-Poly-2-1. Posteriormente estos tres genes fueron subclonados individualmente en el vector pCAMBIA 2301, mientras que en pCAMBIA 2201 se clonó el gen <em>AZI-1</em>. La clonación de los genes en los vectores pCAMBIA2301 y pCAMBIA2201 permitió incorporar a las construcciones un gen de selección de transformación (35S-nptII-35S) y un gen reportero (35S-GUS-NOS). La construcción <em>CsNDR-1</em> fue clonada en las cepas EHA5 y AgL1 de <em>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</em>. Los genes <em>AZI-1</em> y <em>PR-1</em> no se lograron integrar a estas cepas de <em>Agrobacterium</em>. Estas construcciones representan el primer paso para generar cítricos transgénicos como una alternativa para enfrentar a <em>C</em>Las y CTV.
Effect of Variable Saturation Exponent Upon the Evaluation of Hydrocarbon Saturation
Authors: Worthington P. F. , Pallatt N. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Petrophysical measurements on effectively clean, desaturated core plugs from different fields have shown that the assumption of a constant saturation exponent for a given sample is frequently violated, although the conventional bilogarithmic distribution of resistivity index - water saturation data is often approximately linear. These variations in saturation exponent are attributed to the effects of pore geometry, in particular the non-uniform distribution of electrolyte within a heterogeneous pore system as desaturation progresses. The data indicate that, if unrecognised, a variable saturation exponent can induce errors of over 10 saturation units in the petrophysical evaluation of water saturation. Procedures are outlined for the identification of those physico-chemical reservoir conditions which can give rise to a variable saturation exponent, and for accommodating these variations in reservoir evaluation.
Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ): Research Proposal for Translation and Validation into Sinhala Language among a Lankan cohort of women.
Authors: Patabendige Malitha 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Introduction: The Childbirth Experience Questionnaire (CEQ) is a Sweden origin, self-administered questionnaire to assess birth satisfaction of women in different aspects of their first labour and birth. It measures four main domains of the woman’s childbirth experience. Those are own capacity, professional support, perceived safety and participation, comprising of 22 items.
Objectives: To conduct a linguistic translation, to conduct a validation study and to assess the psychometric properties of the Sinhala version of the CEQ.