bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil functionality produced by soil mixing: The role of inoculum and substrate
Authors: Kapagianni Pantelitsa D. , Papadopoulos Dimitrios , Menkissoglu‐Spiroudi Urania , Stamou George P. , Papatheodorou Efimia M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe performed a microcosm soil mixing incubation experiment to assess the functionality and composition of the microbial communities of “new” created soils. Sterilized soils from a deciduous beech forest in Taxiarchis (T) area and an evergreen sclerophyllous formation in Eleochoria (E) area (substrates) were either self‐ or cross‐inoculated with a small percentage (6%) of nonsterilized soils (inoculums) from E or T or an equal mixing of both. The control microcosms were prepared from original soil collected from E or T or an equal mixture of both. Three and 8 weeks after inoculation, the activity of soil enzymes engaged in the C (peroxidase, β‐glucosidase), N (N‐acetylglucosaminidase, urease and leucine‐aminopeptidase) and P (acid phosphomonoesterase) cycles was recorded. Also, the biomasses of different microbial groups were assessed by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) analysis. Concerning functionality, 3 weeks after inoculation, the type of inoculum was the considerable factor but after 8 weeks the substrate exerted the major influence on the enzymatic profile of the “new soils.” Concerning the composition of microbial communities, substrate had the major impact on both samplings, while the effect of inoculum depended on incubation period and type of substrate. Different inoculums in T substrate resulted in different communities after 8 weeks of incubation but in similar communities in E substrate. The control soil produced by the equal mixing of both (E + T) hosted a microbial community with new composition and functional potentials.
Human Rights in Policing: The Past, Present and Future
Authors: Poolman Sarah , Wilshaw Richard , Grace Jamie 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article seeks to demonstrate, largely from practitioners’ perspectives, the growing evolution in understanding and implementation of meaningful human rights standards within the policing context. In the early 2000s, human rights were perceived and treated as a rather restrictive framework in UK policing. They are now more readily seen as a set of tools that guide and help the police to balance the views and interests of all parties to the criminal justice process. Human rights values enable police in the UK to better endeavour to do the right thing, ‘without fear or favour’.
Dysfunctional path dependence in mid‐century butterfat dairy farming on eastern Australia's subtropical coastlands: case studies at Moruya and Copmanhurst
Authors: Holmes John 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe concept of path dependence is central to the current discourse on evolutionary approaches in regional transformations. Along the subtropical coastlands of eastern Australia, low‐input, low‐income, and labour‐intensive dairy farms were subject to prolonged dysfunction. Their creation and entrenchment serve as a potent case study of path dependence and lock‐in that were driven by mutually reinforcing attributes—behavioural, socio‐economic, cultural, political, and infrastructural. Functional rigidification and incipient dissolution were scrutinised in farm surveys undertaken from 1952 to 1954 in the Moruya and Copmanhurst districts of coastal New South Wales. At both locales, the dairy industry comprised a core of long‐term stable producers located mainly on the more accessible and productive alluvial soils, together with a fluctuating number of marginal producers motivated by a variable mix of personal, locational, and temporal influences. The demise of dairying was prolonged, in part by the industry's exceptional survival capabilities and in part by the lack of any viable alternative farming staple. The belated collapse of dairy farming in the 1960s and 1970s has facilitated the emergence and lock‐in of an alternative multifunctional pathway, driven primarily by consumption with subordinate production and protection values. The two case studies reveal synergies between the closely aligned path dependence and the multifunctional trajectory/transition concepts in yielding insights into the dynamics of rural change and in offering guidelines for further research within evolutionary economic geography.
Effect of Tea Polyphenols on the Oxidation and Color Stability of Porcine Hemoglobin
Authors: Dong Jingwen , Zhou Yaoqing , Lu Yunhao , Lv Yuanping , Chi Yuanlong , He Qiang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe oxidation and color stability of porcine hemoglobin (Hb) in the presence of tea polyphenols (TP), as well as the mechanism, were investigated using the methods of color and oxidation analyses, ultraviolet‐visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. Results indicated that TP interacted with the tryptophan and tyrosine residues of Hb through inserting into its hydrophobic pocket. This interaction showed a concentration‐dependent effect on Hb, which might lead to completely opposite results. The presence of TP (16 mg/L) disrupted Hb (16 mg/L) structure, and the exposure of heme iron facilitated the oxidation and discoloration of Hb. However, a lower level of TP should not break Hb structure but could work as an antioxidant and restrain the formation of methemoglobin. Consequently, TP (1.6 mg/L) considerably maintained the redness of Hb (16 mg/L, P < 0.05) when stored at pH 7.4 and 25 °C for 72 hr. Results may provide scientific information for the proper use of TP in blood and meat products.Practical ApplicationProper utilization of tea polyphenols (TP) in food products is beneficial to improve antioxidant capacity and nutrition quality of food. We proved that it was potential to corporate TP into blood and meat products to prevent discoloration and oxidative deterioration.
A comparison of droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative PCR and metabarcoding for species‐specific detection in environmental DNA
Authors: Wood Susanna A. , Pochon Xavier , Laroche Olivier , von Ammon Ulla , Adamson Janet , Zaiko Anastasija 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTargeted species‐specific and community‐wide molecular diagnostics tools are being used with increasing frequency to detect invasive or rare species. Few studies have compared the sensitivity and specificity of these approaches. In the present study environmental DNA from 90 filtered seawater and 120 biofouling samples was analyzed with quantitative PCR (qPCR), droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and metabarcoding targeting the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and 18S rRNA genes for the Mediterranean fanworm Sabella spallanzanii. The qPCR analyses detected S. spallanzanii in 53% of water and 85% of biofouling samples. Using ddPCR S. spallanzanii was detected in 61% of water of water and 95% of biofouling samples. There were strong relationships between COI copy numbers determined via qPCR and ddPCR (water R2 = 0.81, p < .001, biofouling R2 = 0.68, p < .001); however, qPCR copy numbers were on average 125‐fold lower than those measured using ddPCR. Using metabarcoding there was higher detection in water samples when targeting the COI (40%) compared to 18S rRNA (5.4%). The difference was less pronounced in biofouling samples (25% COI, 29% 18S rRNA). Occupancy modelling showed that although the occupancy estimate was higher for biofouling samples (ψ = 1.0), higher probabilities of detection were derived for water samples. Detection probabilities of ddPCR (1.0) and qPCR (0.93) were nearly double metabarcoding (0.57 to 0.27 marker dependent). Studies that aim to detect specific invasive or rare species in environmental samples should consider using targeted approaches until a detailed understanding of how community and matrix complexity, and primer biases affect metabarcoding data.
Tobacco smoking and trends in histological subtypes of female lung cancer at the Cancer Hospital of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences over 13 years
Authors: Zeng Qiang , Vogtmann Emily , Jia Man‐man , Parascandola Mark , Li Ji‐bin , Wu Yan‐ling , Feng Qin‐fu , Zou Xiao‐nong 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality among women in China, and incidence and mortality continue to rise despite the fact that smoking prevalence is very low among Chinese women.AimThis study investigated tobacco smoking and trends in histological subtypes of female lung cancer in a central cancer hospital in China.MethodsDemographic, smoking history and histological information on female lung cancer patients diagnosed or treated from 2000 to 2012 was collected from the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CHCAMS). The classification of histological subtypes and clinical stages were conducted using the ICD‐O‐3 and Eighth AJCC Cancer Staging Manuals. Time‐trends of histological subtypes were analyzed based on annual percentage change (APC).ResultsOverall, 5870 female cases of lung cancer were included in the analysis. The number of female lung cancer patients increased from 509 (2000–2002) to 1744 (2011–2012). The most common histological type of lung cancer was adenocarcinoma (ADC) (72.93%), followed by small cell lung cancer (SCLC) (11.06%), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (8.38%) and other (7.63%). Among smokers, the proportion of SCC decreased from 40.5% to 23.7% (P = 0.005), while ADC increased from 35.7% to 50.7% (P = 0.009). In non‐smokers, ADC increased from 63.1% to 80.6% (P = 0.006) and SCC decreased from 13.6% to 4.5% (P = 0.016). Among SCC cases, smokers made up a larger proportion of early stage (I/II: 47.1%) compared with late stages (III, 34.3%; IV, 18.6%).ConclusionThe number of female lung cancer patients has increased in CHCAMS. In both smoking and non‐smoking cases, the proportion of adenocarcinoma increased. Squamous cell carcinomas were more likely to be diagnosed in early stages among smokers.
UAV wildlife radiotelemetry: System and methods of localization
Authors: Shafer Michael W. , Vega Gabriel , Rothfus Kellan , Flikkema Paul 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

The majority of bird and bat species are incapable of carrying tags that transmit their position to satellites. Given fundamental power requirements for such communication, burdened mass guidelines and battery technology, this constraint necessitates the continued use of very high frequency (VHF) radio beacons. As such, efforts should be made to mitigate their primary deficiencies: detection range, localization time and localization accuracy.

The integration of a radiotelemetry system with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) could significantly improve the capacity for data collection from VHF tags. We present a UAV‐integrated radiotelemetry system that relies on open source hardware and software. Localization methods, including signal processing, bearing estimation based on principal component analysis, localization techniques and test results, are discussed.

Using a low‐power beacon applicable for bats and small birds, testing showed that the improved vantage of the UAV‐radiotelemetry system (UAV‐RT) provided significantly higher received signal power compared to the low‐level flights (maximum range beyond 1.4 km). Flight testing of localization methods showed median bearing errors between 2.3° and 6.8°, with localization errors of between 5% and 14% of the distance to the tag. In a direct comparison to an experienced radiotelemetry user, the UAV‐RT system provided bearing and localization estimates with 53% less error.

This paper introduces the core functionality and use methods of the UAV‐RT system, while presenting baseline localization performance metrics. An associated website hosts plans for assembly and software installation. The methods of UAV‐RT use for tag detection will be further developed in future works. For both the detection and localization problems, the mobility of a flying asset drastically reduces tracker time requirements. A 7‐min flight would be sufficient to collect five equally spaced bearing estimates over a 1‐km transect. The use of a software‐defined radio on the UAV‐RT system will allow for the simultaneous detection and localization of multiple tags.
Avoiding Misdiagnosis in Patients With Posterior Circulation Ischemia: A Narrative Review
Authors: Gurley Kiersten L. , Edlow Jonathan A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPosterior circulation strokes represent 20% of all acute ischemic strokes. Posterior circulation stroke patients are misdiagnosed twice as often compared to those with anterior events. Misdiagnosed patients likely have worse outcomes than correctly diagnosed patients because they are at risk for complications of the initial stroke as well as recurrent events due to lack of secondary stroke prevention and failure to treat the underlying vascular pathology.Understanding important anatomic variants, the clinical presentations, relevant physical examination findings, and the limitations of acute brain imaging may help reduce misdiagnosis. We present a symptom‐based review of posterior circulation ischemia focusing on the subtler presentations with a brief discussion of basilar stroke, both of which can be missed by the emergency physician. Strategies to avoid misdiagnosis include establishing an abrupt onset of symptoms, awareness of the nonspecific presentations, consideration of basilar stroke in altered patients and using a modern approach to diagnosis of the acutely dizzy patient.
Drug Policy and the Public Good: a summary of the second edition
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Caulkins Jonathan , Fischer Benedikt , Foxcroft David , Medina‐Mora María Elena , Obot Isidore , Rehm Jürgen , Reuter Peter , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Strang John 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe second edition of Drug Policy and the Public Good presents up‐to‐date evidence relating to the development of drug policy at local, national and international levels. The book explores both illicit drug use and non‐medical use of prescription medications from a public health perspective. The core of the book is a critical review of the scientific evidence in five areas of drug policy: (1) primary prevention programs in schools and other settings; (2) treatment interventions and harm reduction approaches; (3) attempts to control the supply of illicit drugs, including drug interdiction and law enforcement; (4) penal approaches, decriminalization and other alternatives; and (5) control of the legal market through prescription drug regimens. It also discusses the trend towards legalization of some psychoactive substances in some countries and the need for a new approach to drug policy that is evidence‐based, realistic and coordinated. The accumulated evidence provides important information about effective and ineffective policies. Shifting the emphasis towards a public health approach should reduce the extent of illicit drug use, prevent the escalation of new epidemics and avoid the unintended consequences arising from the marginalization of drug users through severe criminal penalties.
Oral complementary medicine use and first‐cycle in vitro fertilisation – What are the effects on the oocyte, the embryo and the pregnancy rate?
Authors: Kieu Violet , Healey Martin , Vollenhoven Beverley 
Published: July 2019

AimTo assess the effect of oral complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) on the oocyte, embryo and pregnancy rate in first‐cycle in vitro fertilisation (IVF).MethodA prospective cohort study using the International CAM Questionnaire, reviewing patient IVF outcomes. Local ethics approval was obtained.ResultsOver 18 months (October 2015 to April 2017) 25 patients were prospectively recruited, with 52% (n = 13) using herbal or dietary supplements, including Chinese medicine, fish oil, liver ‘detox’, co‐enzyme Q10, spirulina, probiotics and maca root. Comparing users to non‐users, there was no statistical difference in age, body mass index, primary infertility, gravidity or parity. Total follicle‐stimulating hormone dose was equivalent (2760 vs 2451 IU, P = 0.60), but there was a significant difference in maximum oestradiol response (4134 vs 8335, P = 0.045), on univariate analysis alone. While no difference was found in the number of follicles >11 mm (7.5 vs 11.5, P = 0.80), or eggs collected (8.0 vs 12.5, P = 0.91), there was a lower number of eggs fertilised in users (3.0 vs 4.0, P = 0.046). There was no difference in the chemical or clinical pregnancy rate.ConclusionThis small study demonstrates a high use of oral CAM in first‐cycle IVF patients, with a wide range of types. There appears to be a lower fertilisation rate in the women who used oral CAMs. It is unclear whether this is a negative effect of the CAM or selection bias. This concern about confounders supports the need for further research into unregulated herbal medicine on IVF outcomes, given that so many women are using these substances.
In overweight and obese women, fetal ultrasound biometry accurately predicts newborn measures
Authors: O'Brien Cecelia M. , Louise Jennie , Deussen Andrea , Dodd Jodie M. 
Published: July 2019

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association between fetal ultrasound and newborn biometry and adiposity measures in the setting of maternal obesity.Material and MethodsThe study population involved 845 overweight or obese pregnant women, who participated in the Standard Care Group of the LIMIT randomised trial (ACTRN12607000161426, 9/03/2007). At 36 weeks gestation, fetal biometry, estimated fetal weight (EFW) and adiposity measures including mid‐thigh fat mass (MTFM), subscapular fat mass (SSFM), and abdominal fat mass (AFM) were undertaken using ultrasound. Neonatal anthropometric measurements obtained after birth included birthweight, head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and skinfold thickness measurements (SFTM) of the subscapular region and abdomen.ResultsAt 36 weeks gestation, every 1 g increase in EFW was associated with a 0.94 g increase in birthweight (95% CI 0.88–0.99; P < 0.001). For every 1 mm increase in the fetal ultrasound measure, there was a 0.69 mm increase in birth HC (95% CI 0.63–0.75, P < 0.001) and 0.69 mm increase in birth AC (95% CI 0.60–0.79, P < 0.001). Subscapular fat mass in the fetus and the newborn (0.29 mm, 95% CI 0.20–0.39, P < 0.001) were moderately associated, but AFM measurements were not (0.06 mm, −0.03 to 0.15, P = 0.203). There is no evidence that these relationships differed by maternal body mass index.ConclusionIn women who are overweight or obese, fetal ultrasound accurately predicts neonatal HC and AC along with birthweight.
Amputations in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: a retrospective study from a single centre in the Northern Territory of Australia
Authors: Jeyaraman Kanakamani , Berhane Thomas , Hamilton Mark , Chandra Abhilash P. , Falhammar Henrik 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundLower extremity amputations (LEAs) in diabetic patients are common in the indigenous population. There is no published data from the Northern Territory.MethodsAll patients with diabetic foot ulcer, presenting for the first time to the multi‐disciplinary foot clinic at Royal Darwin Hospital, between January 2003 and June 2015, were included. These patients were followed until 2017, or death. LEA rates over the follow‐up period and the risk factors were studied.ResultsOf the 513 included patients, 62.8% were males and 48.2% were indigenous. The majority (93.6%) had type 2 diabetes with median diabetes duration of 7.0 years (interquartile range 3–12). During the follow‐up period of 5.8 years (interquartile range 3.1–9.8), a total of 435 LEAs (16.6% major; 34.7% minor) occurred in 263 patients (mean age 57.0 ± 11.8 years). In multivariate analysis, the following variables were associated with LEAs (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval)): prior LEA (4.49 (1.69–11.9)); peripheral vascular disease (2.67 (1.27–5.59)); forefoot ulcer (7.72 (2.61–22.7)); Wagner grade 2 (3.71 (1.87–7.36)); and Wagner grade 3 (17.02 (3.77–76.72)). Indigenous patients were 1.8 times more likely to have LEAs than non‐indigenous patients. Indigenous amputees were approximately 9 years younger than their non‐indigenous counterparts.ConclusionHalf of patients presenting with diabetic foot ulcer had LEA during follow‐up. Prior LEAs, peripheral vascular disease, forefoot ulcers and higher Wagner grades were independent risk factors for LEA. Indigenous patients were at higher risk for LEAs and were younger at the time of amputation.
Accurate expression of PD‐L1/L2 in lung adenocarcinoma cells: A retrospective study by double immunohistochemistry
Authors: Shinchi Yusuke , Komohara Yoshihiro , Yonemitsu Kimihiro , Sato Kensaku , Ohnishi Koji , Saito Yoichi , Fujiwara Yukio , Mori Takeshi , Shiraishi Kenji , Ikeda Koei , Suzuki Makoto 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe percentage of programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) positivity in cancer cells, named as the tumor proportion score, is considered to be a predictive biomarker for anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy in lung cancer. PD‐L1 is expressed on not only cancer cells but also on immune cells, including macrophages. Although previous studies related to PD‐L1/2 expression in cancer tissues have been generally based on single immunohistochemistry (IHC), in the present study, we attempted to evaluate accurate PD‐L1/2 expression in cancer cells in lung adenocarcinoma cells using double IHC to also evaluate macrophages. Of the 231 patients, PD‐L1 expression was negative in 169 patients (73.2%), 1%‐49% positive in 47 patients (20.3%), and ≥50% positive in 15 patients (6.5%). Interestingly, PD‐L1 positivity was decreased when using double IHC compared with the estimation by single IHC. High PD‐L1 expression was associated with high‐grade cancer cells and in higher stage cancer. PD‐L2 was negative in 109 patients (47.2%), 1%‐49% positive in 50 patients (21.6%), and ≥50% positive in 72 patients (31.2%). The number of PD‐L2‐positive patients was increased in cases that had an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation and in lower stage cancer. Thirty‐five patients (15.2%) were positive for both PD‐L1 and PD‐L2, whereas 81 patients (35.1%) were negative for both PD‐L1 and PD‐L2. Log‐rank analysis showed that progression‐free survival and overall survival were significantly the longest in the PD‐L1‐negative and PD‐L2‐positive groups (P < .0001 and P = .0120). We observed lower PD‐L1 or PD‐L2 expression in lung adenocarcinoma than previously reported. Double IHC for macrophages may help clinicians to evaluate PD‐L1 or PD‐L2 expression specifically in cancer cells.
Cognitive Correlates of the Covariance in Reading and Arithmetic Fluency: Importance of Serial Retrieval Fluency
Authors: Koponen Tuire , Eklund Kenneth , Heikkilä Riikka , Salminen Jonna , Fuchs Lynn , Fuchs Douglas , Aro Mikko 
Published: July 2019

This study examines the core predictors of the covariance in reading and arithmetic fluency and the domain‐general cognitive skills that explain the core predictors and covariance. Seven‐year‐old Finnish children (N = 200) were assessed on rapid automatized naming (RAN), phonological awareness, letter knowledge, verbal counting, number writing, number comparison, memory skills, and processing and articulation speed in the spring of Grade 1 and on reading and arithmetic fluency in the fall of Grade 2. RAN and verbal counting were strongly associated, and a constructed latent factor, serial retrieval fluency (SRF), was the strongest unique predictor of the shared variance. Other unique predictors were phonological awareness, number comparison, and processing speed. Findings highlight the importance of SRF in clarifying the relation between reading and arithmetic fluency.