bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing Sweep Efficiency by Shutting Off Water Flow Through Thief Zones in a Heterogeneous Reservoir
Authors: Matveev Sergei , Gazizov Aidar , Gazizov Almaz , Garipov Renat , Galaktionova Lydia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
With high reservoir heterogeneity in terms of permeability and fluid properties, substantial amounts of oil are produced along with water. At water cuts higher than 96–98%, wells become uneconomic and are shut in or undergo water shut-off treatments. For this reason, shutting off water flow through thief zones in flooded reservoirs to prevent it from entering wells is one of the biggest technical challenges in enhancing oil recovery from mature multi-reservoir oil fields.
As the water cut increases, water flow through thief zones must be reduced, along with the amount of water entering the well, to enhance sweep efficiency in lower-permeability portions of the reservoir. A new technology employing polymer dispersed systems (PDS) shuts off formation and injected water flows by increasing flow resistance in thief zones. This process redistributes the energy of the injected water in the reservoir and helps produce oil from unswept zones, thus increasing flooding efficiency and oil recovery. PDSs do not require drastic changes in existing development systems and are employed together with conventional water-flooding methods.
This paper presents studies of basic and modified PDS versions for oil recovery enhancement adapted for conditions existing in the Vyatka area of the Arlan oil field containing poorly continuous reservoirs with lithofacies heterogeneity. This depleted area had a stable, high water cut.
The new method for enhancing water flooding efficiency using polymer dispersed systems presented in the paper selectively increases flow resistance in the thief zones of productive formations with a resulting increase in sweep efficiency.
Usage of Data Science to Predict String Integrity Failures
Authors: Singh Rahul , Baidya Dipayan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This paper discusses about the various approaches that has been taken to reduce downtime in Coal bed methane (CBM) wells by predicting the string integrity failure in advance. Various approaches such as the Principal component analysis (PCA) based T-statistics approach and the Bag of Features approach have been taken to find a solution. These approaches fall under the classical classification approach of supervised learning. The power and usefulness of these approaches are fuelled and limited by the number and richness of annotations and sensors at the Well site. These approaches used on the CBM wells gave very encouraging results, thereby proving the helpfulness of this approach in enhancing the well efficiency and decreasing the well downtime by planning based on the failure prediction of the model.
Estimation of Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient in Volve Field, Norwegian North Sea
Authors: Sen Souvik , Ganguli Shib Sankar 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Maintaining a stable borehole and optimizing drilling are still considered to be vital practice for the success of any hydrocarbon field development and planning. The present study deliberates a case study on the estimation of pore pressure and fracture gradient for the recently decommissioned Volve oil field at the North Sea. High resolution geophysical logs drilled through the reservoir formation of the studied field have been used to estimate the overburden, pore pressure, and fracture pressure. The well-known Eaton’s method and Matthews-Kelly’s tools were used for the estimation of pore pressure and fracture gradient, respectively. Estimated outputs were calibrated and validated with the available direct downhole measurements (formation pressure measurements, LOT/FIT). Further, shear failure gradient has been calculated using Mohr-Coulomb rock failure criterion to understand the wellbore stability issues in the studied field. Largely, the pore pressure in the reservoir formation is hydrostatic in nature, except the lower Cretaceous to upper Jurassic shales, which were found to be associated with mild overpressure regimes. This study is an attempt to assess the in-situ stress system of the Volve field if CO2 is injected for geological storage in near future.
Water-Flood Management in a Mature Field Through Pilot Approach
Authors: Thapliyal Anil , Kundu Sudeb , Chowdhury Suparna , Singh Harjinder 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A successful water injection management is a key to increase or stabilize oil production and to maximize oil recovery from a mature field. This paper describes an approach to draw maximum benefit through existing set up of a water injection in a mature offshore carbonate field of India. Water injection initiated after the six years of oil production and field is under water flood since last 28 years. The field witnessed favorable water flood condition and almost negligible aquifer support. During its long production period most of the producers had been sideracked from one to three times to target better saturation areas which has led to uneven subsurface water distribution. The field has also suffered less voidage compensation for quite some time.
To understand and mitigate the problem, a small pilot area within a field has been selected for implementing a good surveillance and monitoring program with pattern injection and possible intervention strategy. It was decided that based on the success of this pilot, the concept would be developed for implementation in step by step manner for entire field. The importance of multidisciplinary team has been recognized and detailed SWOT analysis was done for effective implementation of plan. Initially pilot area comprised of 15 oil producers and 4 water injectors. Conversion of one producer to water injector and restoration of water injection in 3 injectors were done as per plan and optimized injection rate (in this case maximum 3000 bbl per day) per injector were implemented. Peripheral pattern for pilot area with 5 injectors and 5 spot inverted patterns from rest 3 injectors were decided.
After one year of the implementation a thorough performance analysis of the pilot has been carried out which indicates the overall improvement of liquid and oil production rates along with reduction in GOR and decreasing trend of oil decline rates of producers.
The pilot approach has certainly helped to understand the Reservoir conformance in short duration of time. Encouraging results of this methodology guides to extent and implement this approach in other parts of field to cover the entire field in phased manner.
Exploring the Capability of Temperature-Only Analysis for Zonal Flow Quantification
Authors: Dutta Shaktim , Kumar Apoorva , Mishra Siddharth 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Temperature logs have been used to monitor producing wells since the early 1930s. Normally, analysis of the temperature log is viewed as secondary to that of the spinner flowmeter, which gives flow velocity directly, and temperature is conventionally used only as an indicator of fluid entry/exit with the production logging tool (PLT). The main disadvantage of the PLT is that if spinner flowmeter data are not good due to tool problems, then flow quantification is jeopardized. Additionally, in recent years, the cost of production logging has increased considerably because many wells are now drilled horizontally through the reservoir, and the PLTs must be conveyed on coiled tubing or well tractors, and, in some cases (subsea wells), even this may not be possible. Consequently, alternative technologies become viable if they can be used for flow quantification using just temperature data. This paper presents a new flow quantification model using temperature data acquired using production logging or a distributed temperature sensor (DTS) system.
The model presented in this paper can handle multiple production zones with their zonal fluid properties as input to give corresponding zonal flow rates as output. The said model is applicable for single-phase oil and gas producer wells as well as water injection wells in both onshore and offshore environments. There are two modes of flow calculation for each answer product-steady state or transient. The model is integrated into easy-to-use software, and it has options for forward simulation as well as optimization. The forward simulation calculates temperature distribution along the wellbore for any given production profile, which is critical for model calibration for any reservoir. After the model has been validated for a reservoir, it can be used for zonal flow quantification using any temperature survey. The objective of the optimization option is to allow the user to fit the model output temperature curve to a selected temperature curve by means of a genetic fitting algorithm that will adjust one or two user-selected reservoir parameters, such as permeability, pressure, skin, gas-oil ratio (GOR), temperature, or water-cut, until a fit is achieved.
The model has been extensively tested against synthetic, literature and field examples and good agreements have been obtained, confirming the robustness of this novel approach.
Application of Pulsed Neutron Logging in Open Hole Environment
Authors: Shiwang Rahul , Banerjee Anirban , Ramaswamy Vijay , Malik Sonia , Deshpande Chandrashekhar , Kumar Sanjeev , Chadha A. K 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The identification of fluid saturations in depleted reservoir sands is critical to understand the reservoir potential and field life. However, in case of water flooding, the formation water salinity of the reservoirs sands might be altered and fluid saturations from conventional petrophysical analysis can be misleading. This will have direct impact on the field economics. A salinity independent saturation computation from Carbon/Oxygen (C/O) log becomes a necessity in such development wells– a first of such application in a field under secondary recovery for this basin.
C/O well logging has been extensively used in cased hole environments to determine saturation behind casing. They are used essentially to determine oil saturation in cased hole conditions for depleted reservoirs. While their cased hole applications have been well established; for the study well, a pulsed neutron tool was used in an open hole environment to determine the fluid saturations to compare against the saturations computed from conventional resistivity logs. This study helped in the determination of fluid saturations in mixed salinity reservoir sands, which were to be explored from subsequent wells in the field.
The hydrocarbon-bearing sands in the field were water injected in nearby wells to enhance recovery. Development wells drilled in the field relied on petrophysical evaluation from conventional open hole data and pressure testing and fluid sampling depths were determined accordingly. A pulsed neutron tool was deployed in an open hole well after operational constraints were encountered with the formation testing tool. As an alternative, the pulsed neutron data were acquired in the well to compute salinity independent water saturation based on C/O log response as against the fluid saturation computation from resistivity logs. The determination of fluid saturations from C/O helped in determination of altered salinity for the sand intervals in the field. For the study well, C/O-derived water saturation was found to be higher than that from resistivity log computation. This was significant in identification of water breakthrough in the bottom interval of the reservoir sands.
This paper details the method and findings of C/O logging in open hole environment from Western Onland Basin in India. The critical solutions provided for the reservoir sands in the field and enabled the operator to save significant well cost and rig time by making informed decision of not lowering the casing in this well section.
A Case Study on Identification & Mitigation of Surges in a Cluster of Composite Well Flow Line Network
Authors: Gupta M K , Sukanandan J N , Singh V K , Bansal R , Pawar A S , Deuri Budhin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This paper discusses a case study of one of the onshore field of ONGC where while processing well fluid, frequent surge has been observed leading to shutdown of the SDVs creating severe operational problems and loss of production. It was imperative to find out the problematic wells/lines located in clusters which contribute for surge formation and mitigation approach with minimum modifications.
A transient complex network of sixty five wells flowing with a different lift mode such as intermittent gas lift, continuous gas lift etc were developed in a dynamic multiphase flow simulator OLGA. Time cycle of each well were introduced for intermittent lift wells. Simulation study reveals pulsating transient trends of liquid flow, pressure which was matched with the real time data of the plant and hence confirms the accuracy of the model. After verifying the results, different scenarios were created to determine the causes of surge formation. After finding the cause, a low cost approach was considered for surge mitigations.
An integrated rigorous simulation was carried out in OLGA, by feeding more than 12,000 data points to obtain model match. Several scenarios were also created such as optimization of lift gas quantity, optimization of elevation and size. Trend obtained after each scenario was pulsating behaviour and it matched with the real time data appearing in the SCADA system of the field. After rigorous simulation with each scenario, it was established that the cause of surge forming wells/pipelines. Once the root cause of surge has been confirmed then quantum of liquid generated due to surge was determined. Adequacy checks of the existing separators were carried out to estimate the handling capacity of the existing separators at prevalent operating condition. After adequacy check it was found that existing separators cannot handle the surge generated in that time interval leading to cross the high-high safety level, resulting closure of shut down valve (SDV). After establishment of root cause of the surge, a low cost solution with small modification in pipelines and control system/valves was adopted to arrest the surges. It was first of its kind simulation carried out for a huge network of wells/ pipelines by feeding more than 12,000 data to analyze the surge formation cause and capture its dynamism owing to wide array of suspected causes. This will help to address the challenges of efficiently reviewing the entire pipeline network while designing new well pad/GGS and will also help to arrest surge by adopting a low cost solution wherever such situation arises.
Overturning the Rapid Production Decline of a New Infill Well Using a Permanent Downhole Gauge
Authors: Abdulhadi Muhammad , Tran Toan Van , Chin Hon Voon , Jacobs Steve , Wahid Muhammad Izad , Usop Mohammad Zulfiqar , Zamzuri Dzulfahmi , Dolah Khairul Arifin , Abdussalam Khomeini , Munandai Hasim , Yusop Zainuddin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Infill Well B-23, which was recently drilled in the CIII-2 reservoir located in the Balingian Province, experienced a rapid pressure and production decline. The production decreased from 2,200 to 600 BLPD within 1 year. Analysis of the permanent downhole gauge (PDG) data revealed that Well B-23 production was actually influenced by two other wells, B-20 and B-18, each located 2,000 ft away. This paper discusses the ensuing analysis and optimization efforts that helped reverse the Well B-23 pressure decline and restored its production to 2,200 BLPD.
Based on the typical causes of rapid production and pressure decline, operators initially believed Well B-23 was located in a small, separate compartment compared to Wells B-18 and B-20. Additionally, the Well B-23 behavior differed significantly from Wells B-18 and B-20. PDG data analysis provided clear evidence of well interference despite the significant distance between the well locations. Changes in the other wells immediately affected the Well B-23 pressure, thus leading to the conclusion that production from Wells B-20 and B-18 impeded the pressure support for Well B-23. To optimize Well B-23 production, Well B-20 was shut in while Well B-18 was produced at a reduced rate because of a mechanical issue.
The optimization initially resulted in more than 500 BOPD incremental oil from Well B-23. The well pressure decline was reversed, with PDG data showing a continuous increase of bottomhole pressure (BHP) despite an increase in the production rate. Subsequently, production was fully restored from 600 to 2,200 BLPD, and reservoir pressure returned to its predrill pressure. Going forward, the optimum withdrawal rate from the CIII-2 reservoir will be determined to ensure maximum oil recovery from both Wells B-18 and B-23. The case study proved the significant benefit of PDG data, which helped identify well interference as the actual cause of the rapid decline in Well B-23, instead of a reservoir or geological issue. Through in-depth analysis and thorough understanding of the reservoir, the operator restored what initially appeared to be a poor well to full production.
This case study shows the clear and strong effect of well interference and highlights how the subsequent results of the optimization effort were rapidly obtained. A comprehensive understanding of the reservoir behavior could not have been achieved at minimum cost without the pair of PDGs installed. The analysis and lessons learned from the Well B-23 PDG data provide valuable insight regarding the impact of well completions to the field of reservoir engineering.
Three-Dimensional 3D Lithofacies Identification and Modeling Using 3D Seismic Attribute and Well Data Calibration
Authors: Roy Samiran , Saikia Kalyan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Seismic attributes play an important role during reservoir characterization and three-dimensional (3D) lithofacies modeling by providing indirect insight of the subsurface. Using seismic attributes for such studies has always been challenging because it is difficult to determine a realistic relationship between hard data points (i.e., well information) and a 3D volume of seismic attributes. However, a probability-based approach for 3D seismic attribute calibration with well data provides better results of lithofacies modeling and spatial distribution of reservoir properties. This paper presents a probability-based seismic attribute calibration technique that has been described for 3D lithofacies modeling and distribution. This approach helps in subsurface reservoir characterization and provides a realistic lithofacies distribution model. This approach also helps reduce uncertainty of lithofacies prediction compared to conventional methods of simply using geostatistical algorithms.
Revisiting Old Sands with a Different Perspective – A Pragmatic Approach for Maximizing Recovery from Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Devshali Sagun , Manchalwar Vinod , Deuri Budhin , Malhotra Sanjay Kumar , Prasad Bulusu V.R.V. , Yadav Mahendra , Kumar Avinav , Uniyal Rishabh 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The paper describes the feasibility of revisiting old sands, for improving the recovery factors and enhancing production, which otherwise were already abandoned. The paper also outlines the systematic methods for predicting the onset of liquid loading in gas wells, evaluation of completions for optimization and comparison of various deliquification techniques. ONGC is operating in two gas fields in eastern and western regions in India. Earlier in both the fields, many sands had to be closed/isolated after the wells ceased to flow due to liquid loading in the absence of continuous deliquification. In order to predict liquid loading tendencies and identify opportunities for production enhancement, performance of 150 gas wells has been analyzed. To select most suitable deliquification technique for the present condition, all technically feasible methods have been evaluated and compared in order to get the maximum ultimate gas recovery possible.
After an extensive study, 3 wells were identified in the preliminary stage and SRP was selected as the most suitable Deliquification technique. Initially, two non-flowing wells, which had ceased due to liquid loading and were about to be abandoned, were selected. After SRP installation and sustained unloading of water for about 30 days, these wells started producing 12000 SCMD gas. In the third well, one of the top sands had earlier been isolated due to liquid loading and production history indicated that the isolated sand had a very good potential. Also, production from the well was declining in the current bottom operating sand as well due to liquid loading. Encouraged by the results that deliquification had yielded in the initial two gas wells, the isolated sand interval in the third well was opened again with the aim to revive production. The well was re-completed with SRP with both the reservoirs open. Before deliquification, the well was producing about 15000 SCMD gas from the bottom sand. After SRP installation and continuous deliquification, the well started producing gas at a stabilized rate of 45000 SCMD, thereby resulting in an additional gas recovery of 30000 SCMD for nearly one year as on date. The approach of putting in place continuous deliquification techniques has not only helped in enhancing production from the existing reservoirs, but has also opened up new avenues to revisit the earlier isolated / abandoned reservoirs for possible enhanced recoveries.