bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Isolated Pipeline Crossing Techniques to Mitigate Sediment Impacts on Brook Trout Streams
Authors: Reid Scott M. , Stoklosar Scott , Metikosh Serge , Evans Jim 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Stream populations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) are sensitive to sediment-caused changes to habitat, i.e., increased embeddedness of bed material. The use of watercourse crossing techniques (dam and pump, and flume methods) that isolate the construction site by diverting flow around the crossing has often been promoted as a means of controlling the amount of sediment released, particularly for those watercourses with sensitive fish species or habitats. However, few case studies have evaluated the effectiveness of isolated crossing construction techniques to mitigate the effects of instream construction activities. We measured suspended sediment concentrations during six isolated pipeline crossings of brook trout streams in Minnesota, Nova Scotia and Ontario. In addition, sediment deposition rates, riffle habitats and fish abundance were monitored upstream and downstream of four of the crossings. Results of our monitoring studies indicate that isolated techniques can be very effective at: (1) minimizing increases to downstream suspended sediment concentrations during instream construction; and, (2) preventing sediment-induced effects on habitat and fish abundance downstream of pipeline water crossings. For sensitive watercourses, isolated crossing techniques are an effective alternative to trenchless crossing techniques (e.g., horizontal directional drilling).
Herbicides in Alberta Rainfall as Affected by Location, Use and Season: 1999 to 2000
Authors: Hill Bernard D. , Harker K. Neil , Hasselback Paul , Inaba Dan J. , Byers Susan D. , Moyer Jim R. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A study of herbicides in Alberta rainfall was conducted at 17 locations in 1999 and 18 locations in 2000. Rainfall samples (bulk deposition) were collected using a funnel and glass bottle at weekly to biweekly intervals from April to September. Samples were analyzed for 13 herbicides in 1999 and 19 herbicides in 2000 using a MSD-GC method. Herbicides were detected in the rainfall on most sample dates at every location. The herbicides detected in the highest amounts (in order) were: 2,4-D, MCPA, bromoxynil, dicamba and mecoprop. Detections were quite consistent between years. Herbicide amounts over the season were lowest at the remote locations (21–96 µg/m2 2,4-D), intermediate in the City of Lethbridge (82–109 µg/m2 2,4-D) and highest in the farming areas (44–315 µg/m2 2,4-D). The highest herbicide concentrations (17–53 µg/L 2,4-D) occurred when there was a small rainfall (0.1-0.2 mm) during the agricultural spraying season. Herbicide concentrations occasionally exceeded the Canadian Drinking Water Guidelines and frequently exceeded the Aquatic Life Guidelines. In general, herbicide levels in rainfall reflected agricultural use (sales) patterns. The highest 2,4-D detections occurred in southern Alberta, the highest MCPA detections were in central Alberta. In a side-by-side test, our funnel method of collecting rainfall yielded herbicide amounts that were nine times higher than a wet-only automated MIC sampler. Most previous Canadian studies used the MIC sampler and therefore may have underestimated levels of herbicides in rainfall. A more expansive study is needed to determine the levels of herbicides in rainfall across the Canadian Prairies.
Water Quality of Surface Runoff from Grazed Fescue Grassland Watersheds in Alberta
Authors: Mapfumo Emmanuel , Willms Walter D. , Chanasyk David S. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A study was conducted at Stavely Research Station, Alberta, to determine the quantity and quality of surface runoff from small grassland watersheds under three grazing intensities, viz. ungrazed, heavy grazing (2.4 animal unit months per hectare, AUM ha-1) and very heavy grazing (4.8 AUM ha-1). The volume of surface runoff varied each year (1998, 1999 and 2000) and also differed across watersheds, with lower runoff in the ungrazed compared with the heavy and very heavy grazed watersheds. Total dissolved solids in surface runoff water ranged between 34 to 360 mg L-1, and that for runoff from the very heavy grazed watershed was greater than that from other watersheds. Electrical conductivity increased with increased grazing intensity on the watershed. In two of three years the very heavy grazed watershed had greater nitrate concentrations than the other two watersheds. In all three years the levels of nitrate were lower than the maximum acceptable level for drinking water (10 mg L-1 as nitrogen). Levels of orthophosphate (PO43-) in surface runoff from all three watersheds and the three years of study were less than 1 mg L-1, and mostly within the range considered typical for rivers and streams. Total carbon (up to 500 mg L-1) was greater than the amounts considered typical for streams and rivers, and most of it was organic carbon. Nuisance organisms such as algae, nematodes, Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and rotifers were detected in some surface runoff samples. However, no crustaceans were detected. The results of a canonical correlation analysis indicated that the dominant external forcing factors (meteorological and management) in influencing water quality were year of study, water temperature and grazing. Surface runoff discharge did not influence water quality measurements. The dominant water quality parameters were found to be total carbon, organic carbon, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity. Overall, this study indicated that during the three years, the surface runoff volumes from the watersheds were small and grazing of these watersheds posed little risk of nutrient (e.g., nitrate, ammonia and orthophosphate) contamination of adjacent streams, but organic carbon loading and dissolved solids may be of concern. The presence of parasites was detected in two or less runoff water samples each year, and thus pose little risk of contamination of adjacent streams. However, it may be necessary to monitor parasites especially in areas under cow-calf operations.
Water Table Management as a Natural Bioremediation Technique of Nitrate Pollution
Authors: Elmi Abdirashid A. , Madramootoo Chandra , Egeh Mohamud , Dodds Georges , Hamel Chantal 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) pollution of water resources is a worldwide problem. Field trials were conducted from 1997 to 1998 to investigate the combined impacts of water table management (WTM) and N fertilization rate on soil NO3--N level and concentration of NO3--N in drainage water. Treatments consisted of two water table treatments: free drainage (FD) with open drains at a 1.0-m depth from the soil surface and subirrigation (SI) with a design water table of 0.6 m below the soil surface, and two N fertilizer rates: 200 kg N ha-1 (N200) and 120 kg N ha-1 (N120) in a split-plot design. Subirrigation reduced NO3--N concentration in the soil compared to FD by 37% in the spring of 1997 but not significantly (2%) in 1998; and 45% and 19% in the fall of 1997 and 1998, respectively. Higher rates of fertilization (N200) resulted in greater levels of NO3--N in the soil profile than the N120. Nitrate-N concentrations in drainage water from SI were 74% and 80% lower than those from FD in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Water table management can effectively reduce NO3--N pollution of water.
Improving Filtrate Quality Using Agrobased Materials as Coagulant Aid
Authors: Raghuwanshi Pramod Kumar , Mandloi Monika , Sharma Arvind J. , Malviya Hanumat S. , Chaudhari Sanjeev 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In the present study, an evaluation of agrobased materials (ABM) as a coagulant aid in conjunction with alum has been conducted to determine their efficacy in water treatment. The agrobased materials evaluated are Surjana seed (Moringa oleifera), Nirmali seed (Strychnos potatorum) and maize (Zeemays). Experiments have been conducted simulating a conventional water treatment train consisting of coagulation-flocculation-settling and granular media filtration. Emphasis has been given to the filtration aspect of the treatment train using synthetic turbid water. The filter performance was defined by water quality and head loss development across the filter bed. When Nirmali seed or maize was used as a coagulant aid, the alum dose required was 25 and 15 mg/L, respectively, and the filtrate turbidity achieved was less than 0.2 NTU, whereas alum alone with a dose of 45 mg/L achieved filtrate turbidity levels higher than 1 NTU. Thus, the use of ABM improved the filtrate quality. Head loss in filter with Surjana seed and Maize as coagulant aids was comparable to that of alum alone, whereas it was higher when Nirmali seed was used as a coagulant aid.
Feldspar for the Treatment of As(III) Contaminated Water
Authors: Singh Dhirendra B. , Tiwary Rajani K. , Tewary Brajendra K. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This paper addresses the treatment of arsenic(III) contaminated water by adsorption technique using an unconventional adsorbent, feldspar. The removal of As(III) is dependent on contact time, concentration, pH and temperature of the solution, particle size of the feldspar and the agitation rate of the system. The maximum adsorption, i.e., 90.19%, was achieved after 100 min at the arsenic concentration 13.35 µmol L-1, with 40 g L-1 of feldspar of particle size ≈200 µm at pH 6.5, temperature 20 ± 0.5 °C and agitation rate 125 rpm. The pH of the system has played a key role in the uptake, and pH 6.5 has been determined as optimum. The process of uptake is exothermic and follows the first-order adsorption rate expression. The applicability of the Langmuir isotherm was tested for the As(III)-feldspar system at optimum conditions. The diffusion coefficients as well as thermodynamic parameters have been determined to explain the results. A model has been developed to predict the uptake capacity of the adsorbent under certain given conditions.
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Fecal Indicator Bacteria within the Oldman River Basin of Southern Alberta, Canada
Authors: Hyland Romney , Byrne James , Selinger Brent , Graham Thomas , Thomas James , Townshend Ivan , Gannon Victor 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Fecal coliform (FC) and Escherichia coli (EC) concentrations in the Oldman River and its tributaries, and in irrigation canals in southern Alberta, Canada, were monitored during 1998, 1999 and 2000. High FC and EC counts were found in drainages from agricultural lands in all years and in the Oldman River downstream of the City of Lethbridge wastewater treatment plant (WTP) during 1998. A significant decrease in the FC and EC concentrations downstream from the Lethbridge WTP was observed in 1999, after an upgrade to the WTP, which included a UV disinfection system. Spikes in FC and EC concentrations were observed in surface waters following heavy rainfall events. It is possible that a decrease in precipitation was responsible for decreases in the FC and EC concentrations observed in the Oldman River over the three years of the study. The increase in FC and EC counts in the tributaries and irrigation canals during this same period presumably reflects greater waste inputs from agricultural lands.
A Conceptual Model for Cryptosporidium Transport in Watersheds
Authors: Park Chan Hee , Huck Peter M. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This paper describes a conceptual model to estimate Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst transport from source to water treatment plant intake. The intent of the model is ultimately to be able to predict oocyst concentrations at an intake to an order-of-magnitude level. The transport and fate mechanisms included are: oocyst detachment from waste or soil, generation of runoff, overland transport, reservoir and in-stream transport, and oocyst die-off. The model is formulated in finite difference form, and deals with both non-point sources from manure-applied areas, and point sources from wastewater treatment plants. An important contribution of this work is the recognition that the settling rates of free and floc- or particle-associated oocysts can be considerably different. This has important implications for their transport.
A finite difference scheme was developed for five sections of a hypothetical watershed: a point source, a lake or reservoir (which can be modelled as either a continuous stirred tank reactor or an ideal rectangular setting tank), the section of stream channel from the outlet of the lake or reservoir to the confluence with another stream, a tributary with a non-point source, and the stream section from the confluence to a water treatment plant intake. The stream confluence is handled with a simple mass and flow balance. It would be very expensive to collect the necessary data to test the model. Because an appropriate data set was not available, the model was tested by means of a sensitivity analysis for the hypothetical watershed, using reasonable parameter settings for the base case.
The major contribution of the model is in defining the mechanisms involved in oocyst transport within a watershed. It gives important insights into the significance of various factors, provides a basis for data collection, and identifies areas where experimental investigations are required to avoid the need for simplifying assumptions. At its current state of development, the model cannot be used to provide quantitative predictions, but defines a base from which further detailed modelling can be developed to aid in decisionmaking for pathogen control. Using the framework that this model provides, contributions from other sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts such as domestic animals and combined sewage overflows could also be modelled.
Actinomycetes in the Elbow River Basin, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Zaitlin Beryl , Watson Susan B. , Dixon Jamieson , Steel Deborah 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Actinomycetes can produce significant amounts of the earthy-muddy odour compounds geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB). These filamentous bacteria are found in both terrestrial and aquatic environments, and are particularly abundant in soil. They can enter freshwater systems via terrestrial runoff and subsequently cause taste and odour outbreaks in drinking water. Since it is well known that actinomycete growth and odour production is modified strongly by environmental factors such as moisture and nutrient levels, we hypothesized that watershed and stream characteristics should influence the potential odour impact of soil runoff on surface water. In this study, 1) the relationship between actinomycete abundance and characteristics such as stream discharge, turbidity and Escherichia coli levels was investigated, and 2) actinomycetes from contrasting terrestrial sources were examined for differences in their geosmin and MIB production. Actinomycetes and stream characteristics were sampled from the Elbow River, an important drinking water source for the City of Calgary (Alberta, Canada), and three tributary streams. Actinomycetes from forested regions and agricultural land were tested for taste and odour compound production. Actinomycete levels in streams were found to correlate closely with E. coli levels and to a lesser extent with turbidity, suggesting that actinomycetes are particularly abundant in runoff from terrestrial sources with fecal contamination. Most of the 18 actinomycete isolates tested were able to produce geosmin and/or MIB regardless of their terrestrial sources, suggesting that taste and odour outbreaks due to actinomycetes may be more influenced by differences in abundance than differences in source.
New Microcystin Concerns in the Lower Great Lakes
Authors: Murphy Tom , Irvine Kim , Guo Jay , Davies John , Murkin Henry , Charlton Murray , Watson Susan 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Water samples were collected in the summer of 2001 for microcystin analysis, nutrients and algal enumeration from Hamilton Harbour (Lake Ontario), Wendt Beach (Lake Erie) and Presque Isle (Lake Erie). Microcystin concentrations varied largely and were present at acute toxicity levels only in some wind-concentrated scums of blue-green algae (&gt;90% Microcystis, primarily M. botrys, M. viridis and some M. wesenbergii) in Hamilton Harbour. In Hamilton Harbour, microcystin-RR was the main microcystin with microcystin-YR and -LR also present. The two samples of August 17 and September 7, taken during the peak of the cyanobacterial bloom, contained 60 and 400 μg/L, respectively. A few dying birds were seen in the Hamilton scums. The concentrations of microcystins at the Lake Erie sites were less than 1 μg/L, yet dead birds were common. The major limitation with this approach is that current analysis (ELISA and HPLC) methods are unable to measure covalently bound microcystins, the form that is assimilated into the food chain.
Innovative Biological Treatment Processes for Wastewater in Canada
Authors: Mulligan Catherine N. , Gibbs Bernard F. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Biological treatment of wastewater has been employed successfully for many types of industries. Aerobic processes have been used extensively. Production of large amounts of sludge is the main problem and methods such as biofilters and membrane bioreactors are being developed to combat this phenomenon. Anaerobic waste treatment has undergone significant developments and is now reliable with low retention times. The UASB, the original high rate anaerobic reactor, is now becoming less popular than the EGSB reactor. New developments such as the Annamox process are highly promising for nitrogen removal. For metal removal, processes such as biosorption and biosurfactants combined with ultrafiltration membranes are under development. Biosurfactants have also shown promise as dispersing agents for oil spills. If space is available, wetlands can be used to reduce biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), nutrients and heavy metals. These innovative processes are described in this paper in terms of applications, the stage of development, and future research needs particular to Canada.
Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Ontario Slimy Sculpin (Cottus cognatus) to Sediment from the Athabasca Oil Sands Area
Authors: Tetreault Gerald R. , McMaster Mark E. , Dixon D. George , Parrott Joanne L. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate whether a laboratory exposure of reference fish to oil sands sediment could produce biochemical responses (increases in 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase [EROD] activity and decreases in vitro steroid production capacity) similar to fish caught in the Athabasca Oil Sands area. Sediment samples from the Steepbank River, Alberta, were collected outside of the oil sands area at a reference site (S-Ref), within the oil sands areas where oil sand compounds leach naturally into the surface water (S-Nat), and within the natural-leach deposit areas, but also adjacent to anthropogenic mining activity (S-Dev). In the laboratory, an Ontario reference population of slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) were exposed to sediment concentrations of 10 or 20 g/L, for 4 and 8 d. A period of 4 d was sufficient to induce EROD activity in this species by these sediments. The EROD activity measured in exposed fish was comparable to that measured in fish native to the oil sands area. This study was not capable of predicting a reduced ability of gonadal tissue of exposed fish to produce steroid hormones in vitro, as was demonstrated in the wild fish assessment of 1999 and 2000. The short-term laboratory bioassay exposing slimy sculpin to sediment from the Athabasca Oil Sands area was not a suitable surrogate for field studies, however it could be an important tool in identifying MFO-inducing compounds in Athabasca Oil Sands sediment using a Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE).
Adsorption of Cadmium from Aqueous Solutions by Edible Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus and Lentinus edodes)
Authors: Mathialagan Thyagarajan , Viraraghavan Thiruvenkatachari , Cullimore Denis Roy 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Fungal organisms can remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Macro fungi such as Agaricus bisporus and Lentinus edodes (shiitake), commonly called mushrooms, are edible and are grown commercially. Laboratory batch studies were conducted at room temperature (21 ± 1°C) to determine the potential of these fungal biomasses for adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solutions containing 1 mg/L cadmium. Results from batch studies showed that biomasses prepared from A. bisporus and L. edodes had good potential for removing cadmium from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity of A. bisporus and L. edodes for uptake of cadmium from aqueous solutions was 2.08 and 0.716 mg/g, respectively. The equilibrium time for adsorption was found to be 6 and 1 h for A. bisporus and L. edodes, respectively. 68% cadmium removal was achieved with A. bisporus and 45% with L. edodes. The optimum initial pH was found to be 6.0 and 5.0 for A. bisporus and L. edodes, respectively. Isotherm studies suggested that cadmium adsorption by both the mushrooms followed the Freundlich isotherm. Desorption of cadmium from mushrooms by dilute HCl was minimal (19%), but rapid.
Improvement of Anaerobic Sludge Digestion by Disintegration of Activated Sludge using Vacuum Process
Authors: Abbassi Bassim E. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The amount of excess sludge production from wastewater treatment plants is continuously increasing. Therefore, minimization of excess sludge is becoming increasingly important. The aim of bacterial cell disintegration is the release of the cell contents as an aqueous extract. This accelerates the cell hydrolysis that is usually considered to be the rate-limiting step in the sludge stabilization. Vacuum disintegration can activate the biological hydrolysis process and therefore, significantly increase the stabilization rate of the secondary sludge. It has been shown that when subjecting the sludge to 30 min of vacuuming, the COD concentration in the supernatant increased from 120 mg/L to more than 300 mg/L. Sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant and lime have been used in different concentrations to enhance the hydrolysis process. The results show an additional increase in the supernatant COD concentration. For disintegrated excess sludge, an improved and accelerated anaerobic digestion is detected. The digestion process is characterized by higher degradation with increased disintegration.
An Investigation of Effect of Stepped Chutes with End Sill on Aeration Performance
Authors: Emiroglu M. Emin , Baylar Ahmet 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Dissolved oxygen is essential to healthy streams and lakes. The dissolved oxygen level is an indication of how polluted the water is and how well the water can support aquatic plant and animal life. A higher dissolved oxygen level indicates better water quality. There is a significant oxygen transfer associated with most hydraulic structures because the air entrained into the flow is split into small bubbles, which greatly increases the surface area for transfer. Stepped chutes are a particular instance of this, and the aeration efficiency of such structures has not been studied in the laboratory and field. In this paper, the aeration performance of the stepped chutes with and without end sill was investigated in a large laboratory stepped chute. An empirical correlation predicting the oxygen transfer efficiency was developed for stepped chutes. The results indicated that l/h and s/h had a significant effect on the aeration efficiency of stepped chutes.