bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Megaprojects - Socioeconomic and Environmental Dynamics in D. Pedro I-Tamoios Road Axis, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Cal Seixas Sônia Regina da , Moraes Hoefel João Luiz de 
Published: April 2019

Aims: Megaprojects development has generated changes in the socioeconomic and environmental structure of several regions. This paper aims to analyse socioenvironmental changes in 10 municipalities located along the D. Pedro I - Tamoios road axis, São Paulo state, Brazil, chosen for their regional relevance, and transformations caused by the roads duplication.
Study Design: Analysis on how megaprojects influence the urban structure, the environment and different social groups, focusing in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), in different productive sectors (agricultural, services and industrial), in population growth and rural and urban scenarios.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was realized in São Paulo State, Brazil, during 36 months, starting in July 2015 until July 2018, and the data used and analyzed to diverse indicators were from 1950 to 2014.
Methodology: Sociodemographic data, the expansion of industry, services, tourism development and agricultural production of these municipalities were collected in government databases and through field surveys. They were analysed through integrated methodologies with qualitative and quantitative approaches, based on temporal variations for the studied municipalities and for the average of São Paulo State, Brazil, with focus on social and environmental changes that took place in this study area.
Results: The results indicate that an intense process of industrialisation, tourism development, urban growth and population dynamics has accompanied the recent decade’s expansion of major roads in São Paulo State, Brazil, and that these processes contribute to changes that affect natural systems and may accelerate climate changes.
Conclusion: It verified that this megaproject development had not considered the sustainability of regional natural resources, in a manner that promotes environmental and living quality to the population.
Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) Assessment in Tree Species of Coimbatore Urban City, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Balasubramanian A. , Prasath C. N. Hari , Gobalakrishnan K. , Radhakrishnan S. 
Published: April 2019

Aims: Forest restoration in urbanized and polluted cities is paving the way for mitigation of climate change by reducing the air pollutants level and carbon content level in atmosphere. So, the study was conducted at Coimbatore urban city, Tamil Nadu by using twenty five tree species to know their air pollution tolerance index (APTI) level.
Study Design: The sample procedure used for assessing the APTI was stratified random sampling.
Place and Duration of Study: The leaf sample was collected from different zones of Coimbatore urban city and the sample analysis was carried out in Department of Silviculture, Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, Tamil Nadu between August 2015-April 2017.
Methodology: Five zones namely residential, industrial, commercial, heavy traffic and control zone were identified from Coimbatore city for estimating the air pollution tolerance index (APTI). In order to assess the air pollution tolerance index of tree species, the biochemical parameters like ascorbic acid content, total chlorophyll content, leaf extract pH and relative water content (RWC) were estimated.
Results: Among the 25 tree species tested, Thespesia populnea recorded highest APTI of 16.07, 15.76, 14.63 and 14.37 in heavy traffic zone, industrial zone, control zone and residential zone respectively. In commercial zone, Pongamia pinnata accounted highest APTI value of 13.96. On contrary, the lowest level of APTI was registered by Michelia champaca in industrial zone (10.21), Peltophorum pterocarpum in heavy traffic zone (10.93), Spathodea campanulata in residential zone (11.11) and Albizia saman in commercial zone (11.46).
Conclusion: On an overall, Thespesia populnea and Pongamia pinnata were performed well with highest APTI and they can be used for controlling the air pollution level in urban cities.
Modeling Climate Change Projections for Ferozpur Sub-catchment of Jhelum Sub-basin of Kashmir Valley
Authors: Ali Syed Rouhullah , N. Khan Junaid , U. Din Dar Mehraj , Bhat Shakeel Ahmad , Fazil Syed Midhat , Shah Mehlath , Mehraj Iqra 
Published: April 2019

Aims: The study aimed at modeling the climate change projections for Ferozpur subcatchment of Jhelum sub-basin of Kashmir Valley using the SDSM model.
Study Design: The study was carried out in three different time slices viz Baseline (1985-2015), Mid-century (2030-2059) and End-century (2070-2099).
Place and Duration of Study: Division of Agricultural Engineering, SKUAST-K, Shalimar between August 2015 and July 2016.
Methodology: Statistical downscaling model (SDSM) was applied in downscaling weather files (Tmax, Tminand precipitation). The study includes the calibration of the SDSM model by using Observed daily climate data (Tmax, Tmin and precipitation) of thirty one years and large scale atmospheric variables encompassing National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis data, the validation of the model, and the outputs of downscaled scenario A2 of the Global Climate Model (GCM) data of Hadley Centre Coupled Model, Version 3 (HadCM3) model for the future. Daily Climate (Tmax, Tmin and precipitation) scenarios were generated from 1961 to 2099 under A2 defined by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Results: The results showed that temperature and precipitation would increase by 0.29°C, 255.38 mm (30.97%) in MC (Mid-century) (2030-2059); and 0.67oC and 233.28 mm (28.29%) during EC (End-century) (2070-2099), respectively.
Conclusion: The climate projections for 21st century under A2 scenario indicated that both mean annual temperature and precipitation are showing an increasing trend.
Estimation of Carbon Stock in the Regenerating Tree Species of the Intact and Disturbed Forest Sites in Tanzania
Authors: Ligate Elly Josephat , Chen Can , Wu Chengzhen 
Published: April 2019

Aim: Estimation of carbon in the forests located in the coast of tropics is needed to support conservation and forest monitoring strategies. This study aimed at quantifying carbon stocks in the regenerating tree species of intact forest (IFS), disturbed by agriculture (ADS) and by livestock grazing sites (LDS) to understand the importance of coastal trees in carbon stocking as part of mitigating climate change impacts.
Methodology: Thirty-three independent measurements of tree carbon stocks were carried out on 33 tree families found in the coastal zone of Tanzania. The vegetation was inventoried by means of a floristic survey of the woody component across intact, crop agriculture and livestock disturbed land use sites. The biomass was then estimated by employing the existing allometric equations for tropical forests. Thereafter, the above ground stored carbon was quantified on the sampled tree species found in each land uses.
Results: The results showed that there were significant variations (p ≤ .05) of carbon stock values across species and land uses. The average carbon (Kg/ha) stored in the regenerated adult trees was 1200 in IFS, 600 in ADS, 400 in LDS. Saplings had 0.43 in LDS, 0.07 in ADS and 0.01 in IFS. Indeed, seedlings had the average of 0.41 in IFS, 0.22 in ADS and 0.05 in LDS.
Conclusion: These findings show that crop-agriculture highly affects the regeneration potential of trees, biomass accumulation and carbon stock than livestock grazing. To restore carbon storage potential of coastal tropical forests, crop-agriculture must be discouraged, while livestock grazing can be integrated in forest management. Indeed, further studies are required to gauge the integration levels of any anthropogenic activities, so that the natural capacity of coastal tropical forests to regenerate and stock carbon is not comprised further.
Antidiarrheal and Antimotility Activities of Stem Bark Extracts of Annona reticulata Linn. in Mice Model
Authors: Jahan Sharmin , Kar Auditi , Das Abhijit , Chowdhury Md. Ashraf Uddin , Islam Mohammad Safiqul , Hasanuzzaman Md. 
Published: April 2019

The study was aimed to evaluate the phytochemical screening, in vivo evaluation of antidiarrheal activity, and GI motility of methanolic extract as well as different organic solvent soluble fractions of bark of Annona reticulata Linn. The powdered bark of the plant was extracted with methanol using cold extraction method and fractionated with solvent-solvent partitioning using organic solvents including n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, diterpenes, carbohydrate, saponins, phenols, tannins and glycosides. The different organic solvent soluble fractions of bark were evaluated at a concentration of 200 mg/kgbw in castor oil induced diarrheal mice model. The aqueous soluble fractions of bark Annona reticulata showed highest percentage of inhibition of diarrhea (64.91 ± 1.37%), whereas methanol, n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate soluble fraction showed 26.99 ± 1.79%, 34.85 ± 1.66%, 52.71 ± 1.42% and 45.45 ± 1.54% of diarrheal inhibition, respectively. At the same time, the reference standard Loperamide (5 mg/kg) exhibited 73.21 ± 2.06% inhibition of diarrhea. In GI motility test by charcoal plug method, the 200 mg/kgbw of aqueous soluble fraction showed highest antimotility activity (68.71 ± 3.98%), whereas methanol, n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate soluble fractions showed 66.84 ± 3.38%, 52.01 ± 1.25%, 59.75 ± 3.56% and 54.70 ± 2.12% antimotility activity, respectively. The standard Loperamide (5 mg/kg) revealed 72.41 ± 1.33% inhibition of GI motility, whereas distilled water as control demonstrated 34.06 ± 1.09% of inhibition. This result indicates that the plant extracts have a significant inhibition of GI motility.
Clinical implementation of respiratory‐gated spot‐scanning proton therapy: An efficiency analysis of active motion management
Authors: Gelover Edgar , Deisher Amanda J. , Herman Michael G. , Johnson Jedediah E. , Kruse Jon J. , Tryggestad Erik J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this work is to describe the clinical implementation of respiratory‐gated spot‐scanning proton therapy (SSPT) for the treatment of thoracic and abdominal moving targets. The experience of our institution is summarized, from initial acceptance and commissioning tests to the development of standard clinical operating procedures for simulation, motion assessment, motion mitigation, treatment planning, and gated SSPT treatment delivery.Materials and methodsA custom respiratory gating interface incorporating the Real‐Time Position Management System (RPM, Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) was developed in‐house for our synchrotron‐based delivery system. To assess gating performance, a motion phantom and radiochromic films were used to compare gated vs nongated delivery. Site‐specific treatment planning protocols and conservative motion cutoffs were developed, allowing for free‐breathing (FB), breath‐holding (BH), or phase‐gating (Ph‐G). Room usage efficiency of BH and Ph‐G treatments was retrospectively evaluated using beam delivery data retrieved from our record and verify system and DICOM files from patient‐specific quality assurance (QA) procedures.ResultsMore than 70 patients were treated using active motion management between the launch of our motion mitigation program in October 2015 and the end date of data collection of this study in January 2018. During acceptance procedures, we found that overall system latency is clinically‐suitable for Ph‐G. Regarding room usage efficiency, the average number of energy layers delivered per minute was <10 for Ph‐G, 10‐15 for BH and ≥15 for FB, making Ph‐G the slowest treatment modality. When comparing to continuous delivery measured during pretreatment QA procedures, the median values of BH treatment time were extended from 6.6 to 9.3 min (+48%). Ph‐G treatments were extended from 7.3 to 13.0 min (+82%).ConclusionsActive motion management has been crucial to the overall success of our SSPT program. Nevertheless, our conservative approach has come with an efficiency cost that is more noticeable in Ph‐G treatments and should be considered in decision‐making.
Acid‐Responsive H2‐Releasing 2D MgB2 Nanosheet for Therapeutic Synergy and Side Effect Attenuation of Gastric Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Fan Mingjian , Wen Yanyuan , Ye Dien , Jin Zhaokui , Zhao Penghe , Chen Danyang , Lu Xifeng , He Qianjun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe hydrogen molecule is recognized as a high potential to attenuate toxic side effects of chemotherapy and also enhance chemotherapeutic efficacy, and the development of a novel hydrogen‐generating prodrug for facile, safe, and efficient hydrogen delivery is vitally important for combined hydrogenochemotherapy but is still challenging. Here, targeting gastric cancer, a 2D magnesium boride nanosheet (MBN) is synthesized as a new type of acid‐responsive hydrogen‐releasing prodrug by an ultrasound‐assisted chemical etching route, which is used to realize hydrogenochemotherapy by combination of facile oral administration of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‐encapsulating MBN (MBN@PVP) pills with routine intravenous injection of doxorubicin (DOX). The MBN@PVP pill has high stability in normal tissues/blood environments as well as high gastric acid‐responsiveness with sustained release behavior, which matches well with its metabolism rate in the stomach in great favor of continuous and long‐term hydrogen administration. Hydrogenochemotherapy with DOX+MBN@PVP has remarkably prolonged the survival time of gastric tumor‐bearing mice by reducing the toxic side effects of chemotherapy. The mechanism for therapeutic synergy and side effect attenuation of hydrogenochemotherapy is discovered to be derived from the selectivity of hydrogen molecules in inhibiting aerobic respiration of gastric cells but activating aerobic respiration of normal cells including marrow mesenchymal stem cells and cardiac, hepatic, and splenic cells.
Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoplatform Eliminates Cancer Stem Cells via Inhibiting the Secretion of Extracellular Heat Shock Protein 90
Authors: Liu Yajing , Suo Xiaomin , Peng Haotong , Yan Weixiao , Li Hongjuan , Yang Xinjian , Li Zhenhua , Zhang Jinchao , Liu Dandan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for malignant tumor initiation, recurrences, and metastasis. Therefore, targeting CSCs is a promising strategy for the development of cancer therapies. A big challenge for CSC‐based cancer therapy is the overexpression of therapeutic stress protein, heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), which protects CSCs from further therapeutic‐induced damage, leading to the failure of treatment. Thus, efficient strategies to target CSCs are urgently needed for cancer therapy. To this end, a multifunctional nanoparticle (MNP) for CSC‐based combined thermotherapy and chemotherapy is reported. This strategy dramatically suppresses tumor growth in breast CSC xenograft‐bearing mice. Furthermore, a new mechanism is present that the MNP exerts its striking effects on CSCs by inhibiting the secretion of extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90), resulting in the interruption of several key signaling pathways. These findings open new perspectives on the use of an MNP for effective CSC‐based cancer treatment by inhibiting the function of eHsp90.
Epitaxial Strain Control of Relaxor Ferroelectric Phase Evolution
Authors: Kim Jieun , Takenaka Hiroyuki , Qi Yubo , Damodaran Anoop R. , Fernandez Abel , Gao Ran , McCarter Margaret R. , Saremi Sahar , Chung Linh , Rappe Andrew M. , Martin Lane W. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUnderstanding and ultimately controlling the large electromechanical effects in relaxor ferroelectrics requires intimate knowledge of how the local‐polar order evolves under applied stimuli. Here, the biaxial‐strain‐induced evolution of and correlations between polar structures and properties in epitaxial films of the prototypical relaxor ferroelectric 0.68PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3–0.32PbTiO3 are investigated. X‐ray diffuse‐scattering studies reveal an evolution from a butterfly‐ to disc‐shaped pattern and an increase in the correlation‐length from ≈8 to ≈25 nm with increasing compressive strain. Molecular‐dynamics simulations reveal the origin of the changes in the diffuse‐scattering patterns and that strain induces polarization rotation and the merging of the polar order. As the magnitude of the strain is increased, relaxor behavior is gradually suppressed but is not fully quenched. Analysis of the dynamic evolution of dipole alignment in the simulations reveals that, while, for most unit‐cell chemistries and configurations, strain drives a tendency toward more ferroelectric‐like order, there are certain unit cells that become more disordered under strain, resulting in stronger competition between ordered and disordered regions and enhanced overall susceptibilities. Ultimately, this implies that deterministic creation of specific local chemical configurations could be an effective way to enhance relaxor performance.
An Enzymatic 2‐Step Cofactor and Co‐Product Recycling Cascade towards a Chiral 1,2‐Diol. Part II: Catalytically Active Inclusion Bodies
Authors: Jäger Vera D. , Piqueray Maja , Seide Selina , Pohl Martina , Wiechert Wolfgang , Jaeger Karl‐Erich , Krauss Ulrich 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOptimal performance of multi‐step enzymatic one‐pot cascades requires a facile balance between enzymatic activity and stability of multiple enzymes under the employed reaction conditions. We here describe the optimization of an exemplary two‐step one‐pot recycling cascade utilizing the thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)‐dependent benzaldehyde lyase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PfBAL) and the alcohol dehydrogenase from Ralstonia sp. (RADH) for the production of the vicinal 1,2‐diol (1R,2R)‐1‐phenylpropane‐1,2‐diol (PPD) using both enzymes as catalytically active inclusion bodies (CatIBs). PfBAL is hereby used to convert benzaldehyde and acetalydehyde to (R)‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐phenylpropanone (HPP), which is subsequently converted to PPD. For recycling of the nicotinamide cofactor of the RADH, benzyl alcohol is employed as co‐substrate, which is oxidized by RADH to benzaldehyde, establishing a recycling cascade. In particular the application of the RADH, required for both the reduction of HPP and the oxidation of benzyl alcohol in the recycling cascade is challenging, since the enzyme shows deviating pH optima for reduction (pH 6–10) and oxidation (pH 10.5), while both enzymes show only low stability at pH>8. This inherent stability problem hampers the application of soluble enzymes and was here successfully addressed by employing CatIBs of PfBAL and RADH, either as single, independently mixed CatIBs, or as co‐immobilizates (Co‐CatIBs). Single CatIBs, as well as the Co‐CatIBs showed improved stability compared to the soluble, purified enzymes. After optimization of the reaction pH, the RADH/PfBAL ratio and the co‐solvent content, we could demonstrate that almost full conversion (>90%) was possible with CatIBs, while under the same conditions the soluble enzymes yielded at most >50% conversion. Our study thus provides convincing evidence that (Co‐)CatIB‐immobilizates can be used efficiently for the realization of cascade reactions, i. e. under conditions where enzyme stability is a limiting issue.magnified image
Asymmetric Catalysis Using Modularly Designed Organocatalysts: Synthesis of Fused Tricyclic Pyrano‐Pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrrol Derivatives
Authors: Lu Xue , Zhang Yili , Wang Yichen , Chen Yuzhen , Chen Weiwen , Zhan Ruoting , Zhao John C.‐G. , Huang Huicai 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA highly enantioselective organocatalytic Michael addition‐acetalation/oxa‐Michael reaction involving aldehydes and dioxopyrrolidines has been discovered. The asymmetric reaction is mediated by modularly designed organocatalysts (MDOs) self‐assembled from cinchona alkaloid derivatives and amino acids providing a range of optically active tricyclic hexahydro‐2H‐pyrano[3′,2′:5,6]pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrrol derivatives in high yields (up to 99%) with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) under mild reaction conditions.magnified image
An Electrolytic Zn–MnO2 Battery for High‐Voltage and Scalable Energy Storage
Authors: Chao Dongliang , Zhou Wanhai , Ye Chao , Zhang Qinghua , Chen Yungui , Gu Lin , Davey Kenneth , Qiao Shi‐Zhang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractZinc‐based electrochemistry is attracting significant attention for practical energy storage owing to its uniqueness in terms of low cost and high safety. However, the grid‐scale application is plagued by limited output voltage and inadequate energy density when compared with more conventional Li‐ion batteries. Herein, we propose a latent high‐voltage MnO2 electrolysis process in a conventional Zn‐ion battery, and report a new electrolytic Zn–MnO2 system, via enabled proton and electron dynamics, that maximizes the electrolysis process. Compared with other Zn‐based electrochemical devices, this new electrolytic Zn–MnO2 battery has a record‐high output voltage of 1.95 V and an imposing gravimetric capacity of about 570 mAh g−1, together with a record energy density of approximately 409 Wh kg−1 when both anode and cathode active materials are taken into consideration. The cost was conservatively estimated at <US$ 10 per kWh. This result opens a new opportunity for the development of Zn‐based batteries, and should be of immediate benefit for low‐cost practical energy storage and grid‐scale applications.
A compatible and crosslinked poly(2‐allyl‐6‐methylphenol‐co‐2,6‐dimethylphenol)/polystyrene blend for insulating adhesive film at high frequency
Authors: Lin Yan‐Cheng , Chiang Chi‐Haw , Kuo Chih‐Cheng , Hsu Sheng‐Ning , Higashihara Tomoya , Ueda Mitsuru , Chen Wen‐Chang 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTA polymer blend consisting of poly(2‐allyl‐6‐methylphenol‐co‐2,6‐dimethylphenol) (APPE) and polystyrene (PS) with additives such as 1,2‐bis(4‐vinylphenyl)ethane, cyanate ester, and nitrile butadiene rubber was formulated as an insulating high‐frequency adhesive film. The polymer blend of APPE and PS showed very high compatibility to these additives, and the resulting thermally cured polymer blend exhibited an excellent mechanical strength, as shown by an ultimate tensile strength of 51 MPa and Young's modulus of 1.4 GPa. Moreover, the blend exhibited very good dielectric properties, with a dielectric constant of 2.3 and a dissipation factor of 0.0030 at 10 GHz. The glass‐transition temperature of the cured polymer blend was 141 °C, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry, and the 5% weight loss temperature was 372 °C, indicating relatively high thermal resistance characteristics. Furthermore, its peel strength to a copper foil reached 0.80 N/mm. The present study suggested that the thermally cured APPE/PS polymer blend with additives will have potential applications for the next‐generation high‐frequency adhesives in microelectronic circuits. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47828.