bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality in Electron Microscopy
Authors: Bruton Tony , Chapman Steve , Harding Paul 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Does quality exist in the electron microscope laboratory? What is quality? Quality is when a product or service meets all of the customers' requirements, is delivered in the correct quantity at the required time, to the right place and at a price the customer is prepared to pay.
In an open competitive environment all of the above would apply. In an electron microscope laboratory are we totally satisfied that we have given consideration to our product? We also provide a service, are we happy that the service we provide is of a sufficiently high standard, a standard that we would expect if we were the customers in a hotel or a garage? If we follow the example of world trends in industry, then simple product and service quality, in isolation, fs no longer sufficient, and focus must be given to a total quality approach.
Vehicle Fraud Detection Using Microscopy
Authors: Kruger Joshua J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In a criminal case, such as vehicle theft or vehicle hijacking, where a vehicle has been dismantled, the forensic scientist is many times faced with the problem of establishing the history of a specific auto body part. The normal method for doing this is by performing paint analysis. There are, however, a few shortcomings to paint analysis. In this paper another technique for determining the history of a body part is discussed, namely the comparison of surface replicas.
Preparing Drosophila for Tissue Processing
Authors: McManus Connie 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
All insects have an exoskeleton made of chitin, which is a protein that is hard and impervious to moisture. To enable processing reagents to more effectively enter the body cavity, a small slit in the abdomen can be made. For very small insects, such as the fruit fly, Drosophila, micro dissecting tools can be made from commonly found items such as insulated electrical wire, double edged razor blades and wood applicator sticks.
Brightfield Illumination of Large Field Sizes
Authors: Clarke Theodore M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microscopists and scientific photographers sometimes find it desirable or necessary to record a larger field size than the lowest power objective can cover using brightfield illumination. This applies to the largest thin sections examined by biologists and geologists in transmitted light and the opaque, planar specimens examined by the materials scientist in reflected light. These needs were once well met by Leitz with their Panphot and Aristophot systems and to a lesser extent by Zeiss with their Ultraphot II.
Special Topic: Advanced Basics of Immunostaining and Antigen Retrieval
Authors: Jerome W Gray (Jay) 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The ability to immunologically link microscopic tags to specific proteins has produced major advances in all forms of microscopy. Initially researchers needed to make and label their own antibodies. This required a good working knowledge of immunology. Today's labeled antibodies are readily available from a variety of vendors. Although this has greatly facilitated the expansion of immunolabeling techniques, it has also led to their use by researchers with little or no background in immunology.
Print Your Own Organs!
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Would you believe it might be possible to build organs using an ink-jet printer? In a remarkable pair of articles, Thomas Boland and his collaborators describe a modified printer that promises to be abie to do exactly that.
The first article of this pair describes the software and hardware to arrange cells in two dimensions, just as a printer arranges droplets of ink on a fiat piece of paper. The software that normally controls the position of a drop of ink is modified to position a drop containing one or two cells in suspension onto a substrate.
Atom Probes Leap Ahead
Authors: Kelly Thomas F , Gribb Amy A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Since early times, the collective understanding of our microscopic universe has been directly tied to the quality of our microscopies. This has been true from the advent of light microscopes through to modern electron microscopes. Indeed, if one is to work on a given scale, one must be able to “see” at that scale. At the beginning of the 21st century, human inquiry is focused on the atomic scale.
Microscopy At The Ends Of The Earth
Authors: Breger Dee 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The first time you stand on the deck of a research icebreaker as it crunches its way through the Antarctic pack Ice, you're surprised at how many colors there are. Ice covers the sea everywhere you look; perhaps here and there an occasional gargantuan iceberg rises majestically above the pack. Everything between you and all three hundred and sixty degrees of the horizon is gently undulating under brilliant sunshine in unison with the sea swell. It's a January mid afternoon, the heart of the southern summer, and you're bundled up against the biting cold. You can't stop smillng.
Precision and Detection Limits for EDS Analysis in the SEM
Authors: Lifshin Eric , Gauvin Raynald 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microanalysis using an EDS on an SEM are sometimes asked whether two samples are of different composition, or if different regions in the same sample vary in composition, A best educated guess may be that differences of a few percent can be distinguished under optimized conditions that include favorable data collection times and count rates, stable instrument operation, and well prepared samples and standards that remain free of contamination. Another frequently asked question is whether it is possible to detect a given amount of a particular element in a sample.
Creating Pseudocolored Images in Photoshop
Authors: Sedgewick Jerry 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The method for creating pseudocolor in Photoshop can be done in few steps, but the image will not be colored in the conventional way. The conventional means for producing pseudocolor comes by using a look up table (LUT). This LUT is an overlay for making a range of colors according to choices provided by the software. The colors are matched to levels of brightness and darkness in the image (grayscale pixel values), typically from a short to long wavelengths. In that scenario, violet colors are matched to the black and near-black pixels and red to those dose to absolute white. Blue, yellow, green and orange become the mid-range pixel values.
Ultra Low Voltage BSE Imaging
Authors: Steigerwald Michael DG 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
LEO's field emission scanning electron microscopes are all based an the “GEMINI” principle as shown in figure 1. In order to reduce aberrations and sensitivity to interfering stray-fields the electron optical column possesses a positively biased booster that shifts the energy of the primary electrons. The incident beam is focussed by a combination of a magnetic lens with an axial gap that avoids field leakage to the specimen and an electrostatic retarding lens formed by the beam booster together with the grounded pole piece cap. Shortly before the electrons hit the specimen they are decelerated down to the desired primary energy.
Techniques for Combinatorial and High-Throughput Microscopy Part 2: Automated Optical Microscopy Platform for Thin Film Research
Authors: Kim S-W , Sehgal A , Karim A , Fasolka MJ 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
As it is in traditional materials science, microscopy is a central tool for morphology characterization in combinatorial and high-throughput (C&HT) materials research. Indeed, micrographs are naturally amenable to C&HT studies, since they enable rapid visual screening and automated quantitative analysis by a plethora of well-tested image processing routines. In this article, we present a custom-built and cost-effective automated optical microscopy (AOM) platform designed for the C&HT analysis of gradient specimens. Gradient specimens progressively vary one or more parameters with position, presenting a multitude of experimental conditions within a single sample (see Part 1 of this series).
A Polarizing Microscope for Mapping Birefringent Objects in 3D Space
Authors: Shribak Michael , Oldenbourg Rudolf 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The traditional polarizing microscope equipped with crossed linear polarizers shows a picture in which the image contrast of a birefringent object depends on both the amount of relative retardation induced by the object and the orientation of its principal axis. For example, if the orientation of the principal axis is parallel to one of the polarizers, then the birefringent object becomes invisible. For best visibility, the principal axis must be oriented at 45° to the polarizers. In addition, the image intensity of the object is proportional to the square of the sine of the relative phase shift between the ordinary and the extraordinary ray passing through the object. The addition of a waveplate as compensator to the optical train provides the opportunity to improve the contrast and measure the relative retardation, but the principal restrictions of orientation dependence and non-linear image contrast remains.
The Total Release Method for FIB In-Situ TEM Sample Preparation
Authors: Moore TM 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In 1965, Gordon Moore forecast that the microprocessor industry would continually scale to smaller feature sizes and the number of transistors would double every 18 months. Scaling below the 100nm node, combined with the implementation of copper and low dielectric constant insulators to increase the processor speed, has produced the situation in which SEM inspection no longer offers suitable resolution to image key artifacts and structures. The transmission electron microscope (TEM), once considered more of a development tool, is now in the forefront for process control and failure analysis, especially for measurements such as the thickness of semiconductor device non-planar barrier and seed layers
The Application of Electron Microscopy Techniques to the Space Shuttle Columbia Accident Investigation
Authors: Shah Sandeep , Jerman Greg 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Space Shuttle Columbia was returning from a 16-day research mission, STS-107, with nominal system performance prior to the beginning of the entry interface into earth's upper atmosphere. Approximately one minute and twenty four seconds into the peak heating region of the entry interface, an off-nominal temperature rise was observed in the left main landing gear brake line. Nearly seven minutes later, all contact was lost with Columbia. Debris was observed periodically exiting the Shuttle's flight path throughout the reentry profile over California, Nevada, and New Mexico, until its final breakup over Texas. During the subsequent investigation, electron microscopy techniques were crucial in revealing the location of the fatal damage that resulted in the loss of Columbia and her crew.
TEM of Paraffin-Embedded H&E- Stained Sections for Viral Diagnosis (An Unusual Papovavirus Case)
Authors: Estrada Januario C , Angelica Selim M , Miller Sara E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Viral infections can be focal and therefore difficult to find by electron microscopy. In addition to sampling limitations, sometimes the only specimen available for examination is tissue that has already been prepared for light microscopy (LM). We have diagnosed a papovavirus infection in skin by embedding hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections for ultrathin sectioning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Immunosuppressed patients can have unusual infections or infections in unusual locations. These agents may be difficult to identify due to their not being suspected and incorrect tests being ordered.
Imaging of the Development and Therapeutic Response of an In Vivo Fungal Catheter Biofilm
Authors: Nett Jeniel , Andes David 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The majority of human pathogens cause disease in a biofilm lifestyle. Biofilms are communities of cells that remain attached to a foreign surface and to each other. The organisms secrete and become embedded in an extracellular polysaccharide matrix. Biofilm infections occur most commonly on implanted medical devices and are quite recalcitrant to antimicrobial therapy. The most common device involved in these infections is the intravenous catheter. More than 5 million intravenous catheters are inserted into patients in the United States annually of which up to 10% become infected with biofilm producing pathogens.
Characterization of Solids from Oilfield Emulsions
Authors: Cloud Richard W , Ramsey Rebecca L , Pultz Robert A , Poindexter Michael K 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Production of crude oil is generally accompanied by several other product phases, namely water, gas and solids. Pressure drops across chokes, concomitant gas evolution (due to pressure drops) and turbulence caused by various pipeline configurations can create difficult-to-resolve emulsions. Natural crude oil surfactants and solids exacerbate the problem further by migrating to the newly created oil-water interface and stabilizing the unwanted emulsions. Once the fluids arrive at the production facilities, a variety of vessels are employed to separate the oil, gas and water. Depending on the wettability of the solids, they will exit via one or both of the liquid phases. In a worse case scenario, the solids will accumulate at the oil-water interface.
Writing Nano-Scale Patterns on Insulators Using Variable Pressure Electron-Beam Lithography
Authors: Miller Floyd , Frey David 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Electron-beam lithography offers very high resolution patterns without the need for masks. Systems based on electron microscopes offer entry into electron-beam lithography at reasonable cost. Such systems are becoming popular in research environments due to their versatility and reasonable cost.
While these systems work well they do have problems writing on insulating substrates. The insulating substrate causes charge to build up from the incident electron-beam. As the charge builds up on the surface of the insulator, the incident beam is distorted and moved in x and y. The result is a lack of positioning accuracy on the patterns as well as pattern distortion.
Bugscope: The Second Year Of A Sustainable Remote Microscope Project For K-12 Educational Outreach
Authors: Potter CS , Carragher B , Carroll L , Conway C , Grosser B , Hanlon J , Kisseberth N , Robinson S , Stone D , Thakkar U , Weber D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Bugscope is a second generation educational project in the World Wide Laboratory that provides web browser based control of scientific imaging instrumentation using the Internet. We had previously demonstrated web based remote access to sophisticated scientific imaging systems several years ago in the Chickscope project. The primary goal of the Bugscope project is to demonstrate that relatively low cost, sustainable access to an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) can be made available to K-12 classrooms.
Odd Vibration Sources
Authors: Carvalho Tina (Weatherby) 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Chasing sources of vibration seems to be a never-ending problem in microscopy. Here are the approaches we've taken to two different sources of vibration affecting our Hitachi S-800 FESEM. One of the first problems was with a window air conditioning unit in the room that was needed to augment our so called central system. The existing window unit vibrated the window, walls, and floor. One solution may have been to buy a split unit so that the compressor was outdoors, but there was a moratorium on buying new air conditioning units
On The Trail of the Fathers: The Serendipitous Santos
Authors: Alden Harry A , Galvis Alvaro E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
I am a botanist, with an expertise in plant anatomy, specifically wood anatomy. In my capacity of mkroscopist for the Smithsonian Institution, I help answer research questions developed by curators, conservators, anthropologists and archaeologists. I am typically presented with a variety of materials that range from large, entire objects from museums to small, deteriorated, fragmentary samples from archaeological digs. Many of the requests center around the questions “What is it?” and “Where did it come from?” The answers to these questions help determine the traditional materials used by a culture and the distribution of these objects through trade and cultural exchange. Of the numerous requests that I receive, one or two each year tend to stand out as captivating examples of applied optical microscopy. The one that I would like to present in this article (along with my intern for the project - Alvaro Galvis) is the early Catholic statues (santos) from Chihuahua, Mexico and southern California.
Fostering LIMS Development Through Open Standards Part II - Ontologies and Business Process
Authors: Goodblatt Avrum 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This is the second in the series of short articles about Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS). This installment will focus on two issues - looking at ontologies and at business process design. The goal is to demonstrate how LIMS is really a combination of several capabilities, and that although each capability should be looked at separately, they ultimately must all work together as seamlessly as possible.
Before diving in, I would like to thank Dr. Q. C. Yu, the director of our Biomedical Imaging Facility here in Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Penn http://www.med.upenn.edu/bmcrc/morph/?morph for his assistance, encouragement, and sponsorship of my participation in the Honolulu conference.
Brief Review: Basic Properties and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Seraphin Supapan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The first publication on the Buckminsterfullerene carbon molecule (C60) was in 1985 by Kroto et al. [1]. Not much else happened right after that since samples of C60 were not available for further study. It was the discovery of Krätschmer and Huffman's group [2] in 1990 that really opened up the field. They found a method to produce C60 in gram quantity. This made it possible for researchers around the world to investigate C60 properties and further advanced the field of nanocarbon research. Establishing the existence of a third crystalline form of carbon is one of the most exciting fundamental discoveries in science to date.
Computationally Mediated Experimental Science
Authors: Zaluzec Nestor J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The problems being addressed by today's microscopists and microanalysts are becoming increasingly complex and data intensive. Thirty five years ago, many of us were challenged by the mere process of recording a spectral profile and then using the limited resources we had at hand to analyze the data to obtain quantitative results. Today, we have within our laptop computers the processing power of yesterday's supercomputers, however, computing power alone will not be sufficient to solve the next generation of problems.
High Resolution 3-D Fluorescence Microscopy: A Comparison of Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and a wide-Field Deconvolution Technique
Authors:   Scanalytics, Inc.
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Advances in the biological sciences have given rise for the need to visualize microscopic structures of interest. As the requirement to see specific structure and sub-resolution details arise, investigators have turned to fluorescent probes to label and observe these details, which are often undetectable using conventional methods in light microscopy. Fluorescence microscopy offers many advantages for visualizing specific structure and sub-resolution details, which are often undetectable using transmitted light microscopy. Recent advances in fluorescent probe and microscope design, as well as imaging instrumentation designed for fluorescence applications, are now permitting life-science researchers to view details in regions of interest with increasing precision, accuracy, and resolution.
SEM History
Authors: Darley Jim 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Manfred von Ardenne was an EM pioneer and the first to publish a complete concept of a scanning electron microscope. A German overseas newscast reported the death of Manfred von Ardenne on 28 May. During the 1930s he was involved in cathode ray work and later lived In East Germany and did significant cancer research. Not mentioned in the newscast was his conceptual development of the SEM in the late 1930s.
He outlined the underlying principles of SEM operation: an electron probe scanning a small region of [fie specimen, the emitled electrons are captured, amplified and time-sequentially displayed on a cathode ray tube. Magnification is the ratio between the areas scanned and displayed His was the fantastic notion of a microscope without a magnifying lens.
Hold-'Em In Place
Authors: Ross Kristen R , Berens Michael E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We've used gelled agarose to cover & hold monolayer cells in place when treatment leads to cell lifting. Low-gelling temperature agarose (Type VII) (Sigma A 4018 or A 0701) can be made as a 2% stock solution in “phosphate-buffered saline” (PBS) (boiled then kept at 42° C to remain liquid). The agarose can be stored at room temperature at this time, but must be boiled and melted again before use.
A Quick Note on Freeze-Fixing Tissue in Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: Oshel Philip 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
There are two possibilites for plunge freezing in LN2: one is “normal” liquid nitrogen -- as it comes from the dewar, the other is slush nitrogen.
If using liquid nitrogen without slush, then something like isopentane, ethane, or propane (ordinary cooking propane will do) must be used. The caveat is that using these liquid gases is a serious fire and explosion hazard, especially since liquid oxygen forms at liquid nitrogen temperatures, and dissolves into the liquid hydrocarbon. These gases can be used safely (1 have done so) but they take care and understanding of what's happening, and a safe place to dispose of the cryogen.
A Quick, Economical and Gentle Method for Applying Small Volumes of Solutions to Specimens on Glass Slides
Authors: Hasenkampf Clare 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
I use immunocytochemical detection schemes that employ the use of primary and secondary antibodies for either tissue sections or whole mount preparations in order to study the in situ distribution of proteins and labeled nucleic acids. As the antibodies are either laboriously generated, or represent costly purchases. I have sought a protocol that minimizes the volume of antibody solution needed. Additionally I need a protocol that involves a quick, thorough, and gentle application and removal of the antibody solutions (mm the specimen with no danger of the specimen drying out during the one or two hour incubations. After trying many various schemes 1 have settled into the use of a procedure which very effectively retains the antibody solution on the specimen without damaging the delicate sections or whole mounts, and which is easy to add and remove.
NetSEM - Remote SEM Control
Authors: Chand Gobal 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
NetSEM for LEO 400 series microscopes makes the remote control of an SEM over the internet or telephone line a reality. Unlike current commercially available remote control applications which duplicate a Windows session on a remote PC, NetSEM presents a customizable interface which is accessed via a Web browser and uses lossy compression techniques to optimize SEM image transfer over high, variable and low bandwidth connections.