bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of Stormwater Treatment by Conventional and Lamellar Settling With and Without Polymeric Flocculant Addition
Authors: Wood Jim , Dhanvantari Samir , Yang Mingdi , Rochfort Quintin , Chessie Patrick , Marsalek Jiri , Kok Sandra , Seto Peter 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Stormwater treatment by lamellar and conventional clarification, with and without flocculant addition, was investigated in Toronto, Ontario, using a pilot-scale rectangular clarifier vessel with removable lamellar plates. During the 2001 to 2003 field seasons, 76 stormwater runoff events were characterized with respect to flow and quality, and further investigated for stormwater treatment. Most stormwater constituent concentrations at this site exceeded those for the U.S. NURP median urban site. A cationic polymeric flocculant dosed at 4 mg/L, with lamellar clarification, provided the best results with a total suspended solids (TSS) removal of 83% at total vessel surface loads up to 36 m/h. The clarification processes produced a concentrated sludge, which was strongly polluted by heavy metals and would require special disposal procedures.
Receiving Water Response to a Master Plan for Wet Weather Flow Management Developed for the City of Toronto
Authors: D'Andrea Michael , Snodgrass William J. , Chessie Patrick D. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The City of Toronto has development a Wet Weather Flow Management Master Plan incorporating a new philosophy in wet weather flow management where rainwater is recognized as a resource. Wet weather flows are to be managed on a watershed basis, and a hierarchical approach to wet weather flow management is to be used, starting with at source, followed by conveyance and finally end-of-pipe control measures. The study area extended across the City of Toronto, encompassing six major watersheds and the waterfront. The Plan development followed the planning principles of Ontario's Environmental Assessment Act and incorporated broad public and agency consultation. A series of 13 objectives was identified and grouped into four major categories: water quality, water quantity, natural areas and wildlife, and sewer system. An innovative approach was used which integrated hydrologic, hydraulic and water quality predictions from land-based, watershed and lake models, respectively, to assess the effectiveness of various strategies.
The receiving water response indicated that source controls and conveyance controls were insufficient to achieve the receiving water objectives of the Plan. This was only possible through the implementation of a comprehensive set of measures consisting of: source controls, conveyance controls, end-of-pipe controls, basement flooding protection works, stream restoration works, shoreline management, enhanced municipal operations and an enhanced public education and community outreach program. Overall benefits expected through the Plan include: swimmable waterfront beaches, control of combined sewer overflows in compliance with legislative requirements, basement flooding protection, protection of the City's infrastructure from stream erosion, restoration of degraded local streams and aquatic habitat and the reduction of algal growth along the waterfront, and improved stream water quality in area watercourses. The cost of the Plan over the 25 years is estimated to be $1.047 billion with an additional $233 million in operational and maintenance costs.
UV Spectrophotometry as a Non-parametric Measurement of Water and Wastewater Quality Variability
Authors: Thomas Olivier , Baurès Estelle , Pouet Marie-Florence 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The composition of water and wastewater, varying temporally and spatially, depends on factors such as environmental context, types of pollution sources, weather conditions leading to dilution or solids transportation, length of sewer network, etc. Because quantitative parameters are often not adapted for the characterization of wastewater quality variability, a non-parametric measurement is proposed, based on comparison of the UV absorption spectra of samples. The presence of isosbestic points, occurring in the set of spectra either directly or indirectly after normalization, allows quantification of the variability of a given water or effluent. A normalization step is used when dilution exists in the case of a mixture of water types (discharge or rain). Several examples show how to calculate the variability or to estimate the dilution factor from UV spectra data, even without results of physicochemical parameters.
Contamination métallique de Mytilus galloprovincialis et des sédiments au niveau de l'estuaire de Bouregreg (Maroc)
Authors: Tahiri Latifa , Bennasser Laila , Idrissi Larbi , Fekhaoui Mohammed , Abidi Abdallah El , Mouradi Aziza 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Le présent travail consiste à évaluer le degré de contamination de lestuaire de Bouregreg (Maroc) à travers le suivi spatio-temporel des teneurs de certains éléments métalliques (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb et Zn) au niveau des sédiments et chez la moule Mytilus galloprovincialis. L'écosystème est soumis à de nombreux rejets complexes d'origine diverse. Une situation qui se complique davantage au niveau de l'estuaire par le jeu des marées rendant difficile l'évacuation aisée de la charge polluante résultant de l'activité anthropique.
Les résultats obtenus font état d'une contamination métallique généralisée le long de l'estuaire, importante pendant l'été au niveau des sédiments et pendant lhiver chez la moule. Le degré de contamination le plus élevé correspond au plomb avec des taux quatre fois supérieurs aux normes de la CEE. La consommation de la moule provenant de l'estuaire de Bouregreg reste redoutable et dangereuse quant aux risques toxicologiques que peut induire sa contamination.
Use of Activated Oil Shale for the Removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenol from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Al-Asheh Sameer , Banat Fawzi , Masad Asmahan 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Sorption of the phenolic compound 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) by pyrolyzed and different forms of treated residue of Jordanian oil shale was examined. Pyrolyzed oil shale was prepared using a fluidized bed reactor at 520ºC in the presence of nitrogen. Physical activation was carried out by treating the resultant pyrolyzed oil shale with CO2 at 830ºC, while chemical activation of oil shale was carried out using KOH and ZnCl2 as impregnating agents. Uptake of 2,4-DCP onto the different types of sorbents increased in the order ZnCl2-OS &gt; Pyr-OS &gt; CO2-OS, with minimal uptake when KOH-OS was used. The process was found to be exothermic in nature. An increase in the initial pH of the solution negatively influenced the sorption of 2,4-DCP. The isotherm experimental data fitted reasonably to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Paterson models. According to kinetics studies, the rate of 2,4-DCP sorption onto ZnCl2-OS was faster than that by Pyr-OS. Three kinetics models, namely the Morris-Weber model, Lagergren model, and pseudo-second-order model (PSOM), were applied to represent the experimental results for both pyrolyzed and ZnCl2-oil shale sorbents.
Three Decades of Swedish Experience Demonstrates the Need for Integrated Long-Term Monitoring of Fish in Marine Coastal Areas
Authors: Sandström Olof , Larsson Åke , Andersson Jan , Appelberg Magnus , Bignert Anders , Ek Helene , Förlin Lars , Olsson Mats 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The first attempts to monitor coastal fish in Sweden were made in the 1960s and 1970s. Ecological, physiological, biochemical and environmental chemistry data were collected in separate projects. When the National Marine Monitoring Programme was revised in 1992, a new strategy was introduced for assessments of long-term trends in coastal fish communities. Annual integrated monitoring of contaminants, biomarkers and population and community indicators of ecosystem health was started in selected areas using common sentinel species. Data from one monitoring area at the coast of the Baltic proper are analyzed in this paper. The results have shown a shift in fish community structure indicating changes in ecosystem productivity. Trends have been detected in growth rate (positive) and relative gonad size (negative) in perch (Perca fluviatilis), suggesting a metabolic disturbance according to the predictive response model developed for interpretations. One factor which may have contributed to the reduced GSI was a decrease in mean age of sampled fish during the period of study. Chemical exposure was indicated by a 3-fold increase of EROD activity during the monitored 15-year period. However, concentrations of most measured contaminants in perch have decreased during the same period. The experience of the integrated approach has shown that a tentative analysis of cause and environmental significance could be made, improving the assessment, but there still remain unsolved questions to be answered in follow-up studies. The analysis has also shown the importance of long-term monitoring at several levels of biological organization to distinguish between natural variation and low-level effects on ecosystems.
Snowmelt and Growing Season Phosphorus Flux in an Agricultural Watershed in South-Central Alberta, Canada
Authors: Ontkean Gerald R. , Chanasyk David S. , Bennett D. Rodney 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A three-year study was conducted to examine the spatial and temporal variability of phosphorus concentrations and mass loads within four sub-basins in the Crowfoot Creek watershed in southern Alberta, Canada. Monitoring was carried out at the inflows and outflows of the four sub-basins from mid-March until the end of October in 1997 to 1999. Data were collected on flow, total phosphorus (TP) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP). The TP and TDP concentrations increased and were greatest during spring snowmelt and rainfall runoff events. Median TP concentrations varied from 0.022 to 1.141 mg L-1 and median TDP concentrations varied from 0.005 to 1.031 mg L-1. Within the sub-basins, phosphorus concentrations generally increased between inflow and outflows. The presence of grassland and well-developed crop cover adjacent to the watercourses generally resulted in a greater proportion of TDP in runoff. The proportion of TP as TDP varied from 31 to 97% and appeared to be affected by the timing of the storm and antecedent moisture conditions of the soil. The proportion of phosphorus exported during events made up from 1 to 83% of the total phosphorus load during the post-spring runoff period. Phosphorus concentrations exceeded Alberta surface water quality guidelines most of the time; however, the addition of irrigation return flow water generally improved water quality in Crowfoot Creek.
Application of CCME Procedures for Deriving Site-Specific Water Quality Guidelines for the CCME Water Quality Index
Authors: Khan Amir Ali , Tobin Annette , Paterson Renée , Khan Haseen , Warren Richard 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Since its development in 2001, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Water Quality Index (WQI) has established itself as a valuable tool for communicating ambient water quality data. Due to the high natural background levels of particular parameters in water bodies throughout the country it is often necessary to use Site-Specific Water Quality Guidelines (SS-WQGs) as opposed to generic national Water Quality Guidelines (WQGs) or provincial Water Quality Objectives (WQOs) in the CCME WQI model to obtain truly representative rankings. SS-WQGs have only been developed for a limited number of ambient water quality sites and this has been a major hurdle to the widespread use and acceptance of the CCME WQI. This paper presents the adaptation and implementation of an existing CCME-approved SS-WQGs derivation method called the background concentration (BC) procedure into a Site-Specific Water Quality Index (SS-WQI) calculator and tool. It discusses the application of the SS-WQI calculator to compute water quality indices for five pristine ambient water quality sites in Newfoundland and Labrador. The effects of using five different BC-based SS-WQGs (mean; median; mean ± one standard deviation; mean ± two standard deviations; 90th and 10th percentile) are examined. The paper also discusses the challenges and benefits of using this methodology and provides recommendations for further testing.
Characterization of Particles in Fresh and Primary-Treated Log Sort Yard Runoff
Authors: Doig Peter , van Poppelen Paul , Baldwin Susan A. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Runoff from three southwest British Columbia (B.C.), Canada (Sunshine Coast), log sort yards was characterized to determine the colloidal and particulate fraction structures and the distribution of organic and metal constituents. Runoff from these sites, resulting from rainfall and on-site sprinkling, contains suspended and colloidal particles that are largely organic. At one log sort yard, the runoff receives primary treatment in a lagoon, whereas at the other sites, at the time of the study, runoff was directly discharged into the aquatic environment. The fresh runoff contained a high strength of organic compounds as determined by chemical oxygen demand (COD) analyses, which ranged from 346 to 3690 mg L-1. For a rainfall-generated runoff sample, particulates (particles greater than 1–2 µm) contributed up to 52% of the total COD and colloids (particles between 20 nm and 1–2 µm) 39%. Following primary treatment in the lagoon, organic compounds present were mostly colloidal. In both samples (fresh and primary-treated) zinc and aluminum concentrations exceeded the B.C. Approved Water Quality Guidelines. Primary treatment experiments revealed that 27 to 54% of the COD could be removed by settling, depending on the initial concentration. An additional 33% of COD was removed, probably due to biological degradation during the settling time. Chemical oxygen demands of the final treated effluents remained relatively high (378–533 mg L-1) showing that not all the suspended material could be removed through settling and biodegradation and that other treatments are required.
Kinetics and Mass Transfer Studies on the Adsorption of Arsenic onto Activated Alumina and Iron Oxide Impregnated Activated Alumina
Authors: Singh Tony Sarvinder , Pant Kamal K. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The present investigation deals with the uptake of As(III) and As(V) ions from aqueous solution by activated alumina and a new laboratory-prepared sorbent—iron oxide impregnated activated alumina. Iron oxide impregnation onto activated alumina significantly increased the percent arsenic removal and adsorption capacity for As(III) and As(V) ions. The maximum As(III) and As(V) removals were 96.8% and 98.4%, respectively, by iron oxide impregnated activated alumina (IOIAA). Maximum As(III) and As(V) removal of 94.2% and 96.1% was observed over activated alumina. Kinetic studies were performed at different initial sorbate concentrations to determine the mechanism of mass transfer of sorbate onto this sorbent. The maximum removal of As(III) and As(V) by activated alumina and iron oxide impregnated alumina takes place within 6 h and attains equilibrium within 12 h. First-order Lagergren kinetics explained the adsorption of arsenic over activated alumina whereas a pseudo-second order rate equation explained the behaviour of As(III) adsorption over iron oxide impregnated activated alumina. Diffusional effects in solid pellets were also investigated to understand the mechanism of adsorption. These results indicate that the mechanism of arsenic adsorption is complex on both sorbents as both pore diffusion and surface diffusion contribute to the arsenic removal. During the initial period, surface diffusion was predominant but as the adsorption progresses, pore diffusion dominated the rate of adsorption.
Iron-Coated Sponge as Effective Media to Remove Arsenic from Drinking Water
Authors: Nguyen Tien Vinh , Vigneswaran Saravanamuthu , Ngo Huu Hao , Pokhrel Damodar , Viraraghavan Thiruvenkatachari 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination in drinking water is a serious problem in a number of countries in the world, especially in small communities and developing countries. Arsenic is related to many health diseases. Several technologies such as coagulation, adsorption, ion exchange and membrane processes, etc., are used in removing arsenic from water. In this study, a new material, namely iron-coated sponge (IOCSp), was developed and used to remove As, and it was found that IOCSp has a high capacity for removing both As(V) and As(III). Each gram of IOCSp adsorbed about 160 µg of As upon a 9-h contact of IOCSp with As solution. A dynamic filter column conducted showed that even a small quantity of IOCSp (8 g) could reduce As from 156 µg/L to a concentration of less than 50 µg/L while treating 75 L of groundwater contaminated with arsenic. Both the filtration rate and the size of the sponge had an effect on effluent quality, and the amount of water treated to the acceptable quality.
Arsenic Adsorptive Media Technology Selection Strategies
Authors: Westerhoff Paul , De Haan Michelle , Martindale Alan , Badruzzaman Mohammad 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
More stringent arsenic regulations are requiring water utilities of all sizes to install treatment systems on wells which historically only had chlorination. A case study is presented for evaluating arsenic adsorption media at a well site in Mesa, Arizona, but the approach and methodological conclusions are transferable to any arsenic treatment system. The goal of this project is to develop a comprehensive, cost-effective and rapid approach for selecting arsenic adsorptive media. Batch laboratory tests, labscale continuous flow column tests and pilot-scale tests were conducted to evaluate removal efficiency, robustness, operational benefits and cost effectiveness of eight different commercially available adsorbents. Batch tests conducted at multiple pH levels provided limited benefit when compared against continuous flow rapid small-scale column tests (RSSCTs) to evaluate arsenic removal capability by different media. Breakthrough curves of arsenic, vanadium, silica and other trace metals corresponded well between lab-scale RSSCT and field-based pilot scale, suggesting that RSSCTs offer a timesaving approach for adsorptive media selection. Leaching tests on spent media verified that media could be safely disposed and high-resolution microscopic analysis indicated that calcium and silica accumulate on media surfaces and affect the longevity of arsenic removal systems.
An AlgaSORB Column for the Quantitative Sorption of Arsenic(III) from Water Samples
Authors: Prasad Bhim Bali , Banerjee Souri , Lakshmi Dhana 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This study examines a new Scytonema-based biosorbent (AlgaSORB-scy) using column chromatography for the biosorption of total inorganic arsenic [As(III) and As(V)] from aquatic samples. The AlgaSORB-scy was prepared by immobilizing a cyanobacterial biofilm (Scytonema-dimethyl-formamide slurry) over a polymer-modified silica gel and then characterized for stability and sorption/elution conditions under dynamic equilibrations followed by differential pulse polarographic detection. The sorbent exhibited a 100% affinity for As(III) in a multi-elemental solution [in the absence of As(V)] at pH 6.9 and a flow rate of 1 mL min-1 giving rise to a preconcentration factor as high as 44-fold. The interference caused by As(V) in the sorption of As(III) on AlgaSORB-scy necessitated the pre-reduction of As(V) into As(III) by sodium sulfite. The biosorbent was found to be suitable for total arsenic enrichment in the form of As(III) species and demonstrated a better endurance with a recyclability of up to 59 cycles of sorption-elution. The polymeric spacer between the cyanobacterial biofilm and the silica gel enabled the biofilm monolayer to be held firmly onto a solid support and be accessible for quantitative arsenic uptake without encountering any problems of interfacial overlapping, re-adsorption, or matrix effects in the drinking water supplied.
Development of a Fluorescent Multiwell Assay for Evaluating the Capacity of the Ciliated Protozoan Tetrahymena for Bacterivory in Water Samples
Authors: Power Mary E. , Sotornik Dana , Pinheiro Marcel D.O. , Dayeh Vivian R. , Butler Barbara J. , Slawson Robin , Lee Lucy E.J. , Lynn Denis H. , Bols Niels C. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Bacterivory by ciliates in various water ecosystems, both natural and artificial, plays a significant role on the microbial population composition and consequently affects water quality. A convenient, rapid and inexpensive methodology to evaluate the capacity of the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila for bacterivory was developed utilizing fluorescent protein expressing bacteria (FPEB) in a microtitre plate fluorimeter. Bacterivory was correlated with a loss in fluorescence measured in the fluorimeter and confirmed by fluorescence microscopy showing that the FPEB were engulfed during the assay and subsequently lost their fluorescence, whereas Cytochalasin B, a known inhibitor of phagocytosis, prevented a decrease in relative fluorescence units (RFUs). The ciliate bacterivory (CB) assay has a great dynamic range allowing the assay to be performed with a variety of predator:prey concentrations. A model toxicant, CuCl2, known to have a toxicological impact on protozoa and often present in different types of wastewater, resulted in measurable decreases in bacterivory. As well, starvation of Tetrahymena for 24 h resulted in reduced bacterivory. In the future, the CB assay could be developed for water monitoring purposes to rapidly assess water samples for the capacity to support bacterivory as an indicator of ecosystem health.
Comparison of Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Tributyltin in Hyalella azteca and Five Other Freshwater Invertebrates
Authors: Bartlett Adrienne J. , Borgmann Uwe , Dixon D. George , Batchelor Suzanne P. , Maguire R. James 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This study evaluates the suitability of using Hyalella azteca as a predictor of the risk that tributyltin (TBT) poses to freshwater invertebrates by comparing the toxicity and bioaccumulation of TBT in H. azteca to five species: Hexagenia limbata, Physella gyrina, Tubifex tubifex, Chironomus riparius and Daphnia magna. Young from each species were added to aquaria containing sediment spiked with TBT concentrations of 0,28.6, 258 and 1900 ng Sn/g dry weight. Chironomus riparius data could not be quantified reliably due to poor control survival. Bioaccumulation of TBT in the five remaining species was similar at sediment concentrations of 258 ng Sn/g, and the bioaccumulation relationships of P. gyrina and H. azteca were virtually identical. No toxicity was evident in any test species at body concentrations of 1100 to 1800 ng Sn/g. Body concentrations of 4000 to 6000 ng Sn/g were associated with significant (p &lt; 0.05) mortality in H. limbata, P. gyrina, T. tubifex and D. magna, but not in H. azteca. However, bioaccumulation of TBT in H. azteca was comparable and can be used in predicting the effects of environmental TBT concentrations on these four species of freshwater invertebrates.