bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Sonographic Head Circumference and Cerebral Ventricle Width Measurements Before and After Open Fetal Myelomeningocele Repair – Prediction of Shunting During the First Year of Life
Authors: Vonzun Ladina , Winder Franziska Maria , Meuli Martin , Moerlen Ueli , Mazzone Luca , Kraehenmann Franziska , Huesler Margareth , Zimmermann Roland , Ochsenbein Nicole 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to describe the sonographic evolution of fetal head circumference (HC) and width of the posterior horn of the lateral ventricle (Vp) after open fetal myelomeningocele (fMMC) repair and to assess whether pre- or postoperative measurements are helpful to predict the need for shunting during the first year of life.
Patients & Methods All 30 children older than one year by January 2017 who previously had fMMC repair at the Zurich Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy were included. Sonographic evolution of fetal HC and Vp before and after fMMC repair was assessed and compared between the non-shunted (N = 16) and the shunted group (N = 14). ROC curves were generated for the fetal HC Z-score and Vp in order to show their predictive accuracy for the need for shunting until 1 year of age.
Results HC was not an independent factor for predicting shunting. However, the need for shunting was directly dependent on the preoperative Vp as well as the Vp before delivery. A Vp > 10 mm at evaluation for fMMC repair or > 15 mm before delivery identifies 100 % of the infants needing shunt placement at a false-positive rate of 44 % and 25 %, respectively. All fetuses with a Vp > 15 mm at first evaluation received a shunt.
Conclusion Fetuses demonstrating a Vp of > 15 mm before in utero MMC repair are extremely likely to develop hydrocephalus requiring a shunt during the first year of life. This compelling piece of evidence must be appropriately integrated into prenatal counseling.
Creating Value in Plastic Surgery
Authors: Jalalabadi Faryan , Izaddoost Shayan , Reece Edward 
Published: October 2018

AbstractValue is defined as the worth, utility, or importance something holds. It can be derived from a variety of goods and services and is relative to a given industry or population. This article will discuss elements of plastic surgery that hold value as to how it pertains to the key players in a medical transaction. It will also discuss strategies for identifying and generating value. Roles of the different members in a plastic surgery transaction were analyzed, specifically the patient, the surgeon, and the facility. Different factors that generated value for all parties were identified throughout the literature. Factors identified that created value included the following: the surgeon's knowledge, experience, and decision-making ability; and technical skill/speed, restoration of life, restoration of form and function, restoration of psychological deficit, instant surgical results, convenience of access, outcomes, cost accounting, research, compassion, and bedside manner. Plastic surgeons can gear their practice to provide the system and their patients with services that hold value. We present several factors that can generate value for the patient, surgeon, and hospital system.
Activity-Based Costing
Authors: Jalalabadi Faryan , Milewicz Allen , Shah Sohail , Hollier Larry , Reece Edward 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCost allocation for health care professionals can be an enigma within the health care system. Activity-based costing (ABC) is an accounting tool that allocates costs incurred through a company's practice of providing goods and services to the consumer. ABC can provide insight into inefficiencies across the supply chain and unlock excess capacity. This, in turn, can drive services provided toward generating more value for the hospital system. ABC can be tailored to focus upon a unit of measurement that holds value as it pertains to production. With time-driven ABC (Td-ABC), we look to use the advantages of both the fee-for-service and capitation model to transition to a value-based system. Providers are rewarded based on efficiencies and successful outcomes in patient care while disincentivizing poor outcomes and superfluous volume/expenditures. ABC, however, does not come without its own risks and disadvantages, and the user must exercise caution in applying this cost-allocating tool to avoid detriment to its practice. A review of the literature was conducted to analyze the implementation, medical application, and advantages and disadvantages of Td-ABC.
Calculating the homology and intersection form of a 4-manifold from a trisection diagram
Authors: Feller Peter , Klug Michael , Schirmer Trenton , Zemke Drew 
Published: October 2018

Significance
When trying to prove that two topological spaces are distinct, one often associates algebraic invariants such as groups, rings, and matrices to topological spaces. For manifolds, in dimension four, the homology and intersection form are especially useful invariants. Here, we describe how they can be computed using the information contained in a trisection diagram and provide some applications.
Cocaine reward is reduced by decreased expression of receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase D (PTPRD) and by a novel PTPRD antagonist
Authors: Uhl George R. , Martinez Maria J. , Paik Paul , Sulima Agnieszka , Bi Guo-Hua , Iyer Malliga R. , Gardner Eliot , Rice Kenner C. , Xi Zheng-Xiong 
Published: October 2018

Significance
Substance-use disorders damage individuals and communities, providing large societal costs. For stimulant-use disorders, there are no Food and Drug Administration-approved medications. Human genetic associations with common variants in the gene encoding the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase D (PTPRD) make this cell-adhesion molecule/synaptic specifier gene an interesting target for new addiction therapeutic agents. We now report results of cocaine self-administration in heterozygous PTPRD-KO mice, discovery that 7-butoxy illudalic acid analog (7-BIA) inhibits PTPRD’s phosphatase with in vitro potency and specificity, and discovery that 7-BIA reduces cocaine reward in self-administration and conditioned place-preference models. PTPRD’s phosphatase is a target for antiaddiction medication development, and 7-BIA is a lead compound.
Extensile motor activity drives coherent motions in a model of interphase chromatin
Authors: Saintillan David , Shelley Michael J. , Zidovska Alexandra 
Published: October 2018

Significance Statement
While the sequence of the human genome has been known for two decades, its 3D dynamic organization inside the cell nucleus has remained elusive. Experiments by displacement correlation spectroscopy (DCS) reveal the existence of slow coherent chromatin motions occurring on micrometer-second scales, which are ATP-dependent but have yet to be explained. Using a coarse-grained computational model for the chromatin as a flexible polymer chain acted upon by active force dipoles representing the action of ATP-powered enzymes, we explore the microscopic mechanisms for the emergence of coherent dynamics via hydrodynamic interactions. Extensile dipolar activity is found to drive large-scale chain motions akin to experimental observations through microstructural reconfigurations of the chromatin chain by long-ranged nucleoplasmic flows.
Median nerve stimulation induces analgesia via orexin-initiated endocannabinoid disinhibition in the periaqueductal gray
Authors: Chen Yi-Hung , Lee Hsin-Jung , Lee Ming Tatt , Wu Ya-Ting , Lee Yen-Hsien , Hwang Ling-Ling , Hung Ming-Shiu , Zimmer Andreas , Mackie Ken , Chiou Lih-Chu 
Published: October 2018

SignificancePain remains an unmet medical need due to the ineffectiveness or significant side effects of current pain therapies. Peripheral neurostimulation has been used to relieve pain for decades, but its mechanism(s) remain unsettled. Here, we established an animal model of median nerve stimulation by electrically stimulating the PC6 (Neiguan) acupoint of mice (MNS-PC6). We found MNS-PC6 can release an endogenous neuropeptide (orexin) from the hypothalamus to inhibit pain responses in mice through an endocannabinoid (an endogenous lipid functioning like chemicals from cannabis) that reduces the inhibitory (GABAergic) control in a midbrain pain-control region (the periaqueductal gray). Importantly, MNS-PC6–induced pain relief is endogenous opioid independent. Thus, MNS-PC6 may provide an alternative strategy for pain management in opioid-tolerant patients.
Poleward migration of the destructive effects of tropical cyclones during the 20th century
Authors: Altman Jan , Ukhvatkina Olga N. , Omelko Alexander M. , Macek Martin , Plener Tomas , Pejcha Vit , Cerny Tomas , Petrik Petr , Srutek Miroslav , Song Jong-Suk , Zhmerenetsky Alexander A. , Vozmishcheva Anna S. , Krestov Pavel V. , Petrenko Tatyana Y. , Treydte Kerstin , Dolezal Jiri 
Published: October 2018

SignificanceLong-term variability in tropical cyclone (TC) activity is of high relevance for the development of adaptation and mitigation strategies; however, our current knowledge is based mostly on short-term records, with strong discrepancies among various datasets. We used tree-ring records of past forest disturbances to show rapid increases in the destructive effects of TCs during the 20th century. Long-term changes in TC activity imply that the recent poleward migration of TCs is not within the range of long-term natural variability and may be associated with climate change. Our findings are important, as affected regions were formerly situated at the edge of areas affected by TCs, and these areas are more sensitive to TC hazards because of a lack of experience-based adaptation strategies.
Intestinal barrier dysfunction orchestrates the onset of inflammatory host–microbiome cross-talk in a human gut inflammation-on-a-chip
Authors: Shin Woojung , Kim Hyun Jung 
Published: October 2018

Significance
Identification of the trigger of human intestinal inflammation can be a compelling clinical strategy for developing effective and target-specific antiinflammatory therapeutics. The pathomimetic “gut inflammation-on-a-chip” inspired by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis models in mice enabled the independent uncoupling of complex inflammatory cross-talks and the combinatorial recoupling of individual contributing factors one at a time to identify the initiator of inflammatory responses. Our discovery suggests that an intact epithelial barrier is necessary to maintain the “homeostatic tolerance” in response to physiological host–gut microbiome cross-talks. We also expound an insight of probiotic therapy that the undamaged epithelial barrier is a prerequisite for eliciting the probiotic efficacy. Finally, the gut inflammation-on-a-chip verifies how microphysiological systems can be successfully implemented to dissect the mechanisms of gastrointestinal diseases.
Parental evidence of impact of policy on worst forms of child labour in rural and urban Ghana
Authors: Adonteng-Kissi Obed 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper aimed to ascertain parental evidence of impact of policy on worst forms of child labour (WFCL) in rural and urban Ghana amongst 460 participants: I utilised 400 survey participants whose children were/were not involved in child labour and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques and applying the Stata Version 13 software. I also utilised 60 government officials; NGO representatives; and both parents whose children were/were not involved in child labour. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents (10), stakeholders (10), focus groups (30); and participant observation techniques (10) were utilised to gather the needed data and purposively sampled across rural areas (Ankaase, Anwiankwanta and Kensere), and urban areas (Jamestown, Korle Gonno and Chorkor) in Ghana. Interviews were recorded, transcribed utilising a framework approach as the main qualitative data analysis method. Parental evidence suggests that new laws, legislative reforms, programmes and activities have helped to reduce WFCL in Ghana.
Design of half-car active suspension system for passenger riding comfort
Authors: Susatio Y , Oktaviana L , Rizki N K , Listijorini E , Biyanto T R 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In this paper, the active suspension system is designed to reduce vibration on the passenger seat caused by change in road-surface shapes or disturbance. PID control is utilized in the design of this active suspension system, and Direct Synthesis method is proposed to tune PID parameters. Direct Synthesis method optimize PID tuning parameters to achieve desired output response in different road surface. In this study, three interference signals are used as disturbance from surface road i.e step, impulse, and sinus. The aim of the suspension control design is to obtain the control parameters that conform to ISO 2631. The simulation results show that value of τc 0.0002 for step disturbance provide aRMS 0.086 m/s2 and damping ratio 0.21. For impulse input the value of τc 0.002 provide aRMS 0.112 m/s2 and damping ratio of 0.22. For sinus input value of τc 0.00005 provide aRMS 0.09 m/s2.
Risk Factors for Unnecessary Antibiotic Therapy: A Major Role for Clinical Management
Authors: Roger Pierre-Marie , Montera Eve , Lesselingue Diane , Troadec Nathalie , Charlot Patrick , Simand Agnès , Rancezot Agnès , Pantaloni Olivier , Guichard Thomas , Dautezac Véronique , Landais Cécile , Assi Frédéric , Levent Thierry ,   Collaborators, Viguier Thierry , Tournoud Serge , Borrédon Gaelle , Peyrard Ingrid , Letonturier Nathalie , Peyrad Isabelle , Bouchard Odile , Guardia Marc della , Cammas Sophie , Déroudhiles Gilles , Tiako Félix , Massa Camille , Desnoyers Vincent 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
Assessment of antimicrobial use places an emphasis on therapeutic aspects of infected patients. Our aim was to determine the risk factors for unnecessary antibiotic therapy (UAT).

Methods
This was a prospective, multicenter study evaluating all curative antibiotic therapies prescribed over 2 consecutive days through the same electronic medical records. Each item that could participate in these prescriptions was collected from the computerized file (reason for hospitalization, comorbid conditions, suspected or definitive diagnosis of infection, microbial analyses). UAT was defined as the recognition of noninfectious sydromes (NIS), nonbacterial infections, use of redundant antimicrobials, and continuation of empirical broad-spectrum antimicrobials.

Results
Four hundred fifty-three antibiotic therapies were analyzed at 17 institutions. An infectious disease was the reason for hospitalization in 201 cases (44%). An unspecified diagnosis of infection was observed in 104 cases (23%). Microbial samples were taken in 296 cases (65%), allowing isolation of a pathogen in 156 cases (53%). Unspecified diagnosis was associated with the absence of a microbial sample compared to patients with a diagnosis: (56/104 [54%] vs 240/349 [69%]; P = .005). A total of 158 NIS were observed (35%). UAT was observed in 169 cases (37%), due to NIS in 106 cases. In multivariate analysis, the modifiable risk factors for UAT were unspecified diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–3.20) and absence of a blood culture (AOR, 5.26; 95% CI, 2.56–10.00).

Conclusions
UAT is associated with an unspecified diagnosis and the absence of microbial testing. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should focus on diagnostic difficulties and microbial testing, the latter facilitating antibiotic reassessment and therapeutic interruption.
Mycoplasma genitalium Infections in Women Attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic in New Orleans
Authors: Lillis Rebecca A , Martin David H , Nsuami M Jacques 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundMycoplasma genitalium has been significantly and nonsignificantly associated with cervicitis, urethritis, or vaginal discharge. This study examined the associations of M. genitalium with selected sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors among women attending a sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in New Orleans.MethodsWomen aged ≥18 years who presented to the New Orleans STD clinic provided sociodemographic data and sexual behavior; STI, obstetric, and gynecologic history; and urine, vaginal, endocervical, and rectal specimens. Specimens were tested for M. genitalium, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma species, and yeast. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) was diagnosed by Nugent score, and cervicitis was defined as ≥30 polymorphonuclear leukocytes per high-power microscopic field on a cervical Gram stain or yellow mucopus on an endocervical swab.ResultsAmong 400 women studied, M. genitalium was independently significantly associated with age <25 years (P < .03) and with ≥2 sexual partners in the last 12 months (P < .003). Neisseria gonorrhoeae (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.75; P = .103), C. trachomatis (AOR, 1.43; P = .247), and T. vaginalis (AOR, 1.60; P = .120) independently increased the odds of infection with M. genitalium. Controlling for other STIs and BV, there was a positive trend for M. genitalium to predict cervicitis (AOR, 3.18 [95% confidence interval, .99–10.2]; P = .05).ConclusionsMycoplasma genitalium in our study displayed the clinical features of C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae, the 2 organisms that drive research agendas in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of bacterial STIs.
Do soil bacterial communities respond differently to abrupt or gradual additions of copper?
Authors: McTee Michael , Bullington Lorinda , Rillig Matthias C , Ramsey Philip W 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTMany experiments that measure the response of microbial communities to heavy metals increase metal concentrations abruptly in the soil. However, it is unclear whether abrupt additions mimic the gradual and often long-term accumulation of these metals in the environment where microbial populations may adapt. In a greenhouse experiment that lasted 26 months, we tested whether bacterial communities and soil respiration differed between soils that received an abrupt or a gradual addition of copper or no copper at all. Bacterial richness and other diversity indices were consistently lower in the abrupt treatment compared to the ambient treatment that received no copper. The abrupt addition of copper yielded different initial bacterial communities than the gradual addition; however, these communities appeared to converge once copper concentrations were approximately equal. Soil respiration in the abrupt treatment was initially suppressed but recovered after four months. Afterwards, respiration in both the gradual and abrupt treatments wavered between being below or equal to the ambient treatment. Overall, our study indicates that gradual and abrupt additions of copper can yield similar bacterial communities and respiration, but these responses may drastically vary until copper concentrations are equal.
Sources of parental knowledge about the safety of vaccinations in Poland
Authors: Kowalska Małgorzata , Gajda Maksymilian , Barański Kamil , Braczkowska Bogumiła 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
There has been a recent increase in the number of parents refusing vaccination for their children in many European countries, including Poland. This observation necessitates the need to understand parental knowledge in regard to mandatory vaccination of children in these countries. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2016 on 1239 parents or legal guardians of preschool and school children in the Silesian Voivodship (Poland) to evaluate their hesitancy in acquiescing to their children mandatory immunization and the relation to this habit in regard to the use of informational sources on children vaccination system in Poland. Medical doctors often provide the basic source of information about vaccination to parents. About one-third (29%) of the respondents from the survey deemed the qualification system for vaccination as either inadequate or bad. 16.9% of the respondents surveyed declared that information received from physicians regarding vaccinations were either incomplete or unconvincing. Results of multivariable analyses confirmed that respondents are less likely to seek information about mandatory vaccinations from medical professionals and more often to misjudged vaccination’s qualification system. Participants who used less informative sources (e.g. leaflets) and those with a lower level of education were more likely to avoid vaccination. Greater emphasis on the quality of information provided by medical professionals is crucial in order to avoid doubts about vaccination and to create proper attitudes and adherence to vaccination schedules.
Independence
Authors: Twomey Anne 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the notion of ‘independence’ in the Australian context. In Australia, there was no definitive act in creating an independent nation, as in other countries. There is no ‘Independence Day’ to celebrate, as no one knows exactly when the balance tipped from being a dependency of the British Crown or a self-governing Dominion, to an independent sovereign nation. Independence was administered in small doses—sometimes sought, sometimes imposed, and often neglected. The chapter discusses the ways in which Australia had attained independence depending on what definition of the term is used—when Australia attained its separate Crown, when it began exercising independence, when it ceased being dependent on the British Crown, and so on. In addition, the chapter explores the ways in which Australia does not quite meet the definition of independence, as it still retains some links to its colonial past.
International Law
Authors: Donaghue Stephen 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on issues associated with international treaty obligations within the Australian constitutional context. It first examines the established principle of the common law of England that the provisions of a treaty do not form part of domestic law unless incorporated into domestic law by statute, before discussing the drafting history of the Constitution as well as the ramifications of that history. The chapter then turns to the power of the Commonwealth Parliament to enact legislation to implement Australia's treaty obligations. It also briefly addresses the relevance of international law to the interpretation of the Constitution itself. Finally, this chapter examines the role that international law plays in the interpretation of legislation that wholly or partly incorporates international obligations into domestic law, and the effect of such obligations on administrative action taken pursuant to such statutes.
Techniques of Adjudication
Authors: Hanks Peter , Ciolek Olaf 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the original jurisdiction of the High Court of Australia in constitutional matters, how that jurisdiction can be invoked, and the steps by which the High Court can remit all or part of a constitutional matter to a lower court. It examines the procedures and techniques by which the High Court may determine the factual context within which constitutional doctrine is applied to resolve disputes. The chapter also considers the rules developed by the High Court to control the commencement of constitutional litigation and the participation of others in that litigation. The High Court’s appellate jurisdiction in constitutional matters is also studied. Finally, the chapter turns to the forms and styles of advocacy before the High Court, as well as the composition of its bench in constitutional matters.