bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of metapopulation colonization rates from disturbance history and occurrence‐pattern data
Authors: Fabritius H. , Singer A. , Pennanen J. , Snäll T. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOccurrence patterns of many sessile species in dynamic landscapes are not in equilibrium due to their slow rates of metapopulation colonization and extinction. Colonization–extinction data enable the estimation of colonization rates for such species, but collecting the necessary data may require long waiting times between sampling years. Methods for estimating colonization rates of nonequilibrium metapopulations from single occurrence‐pattern data have so far relied on additional data on patch ages and on past patch connectivities. We present an approach where metapopulation colonization rates are estimated from occurrence‐pattern data and from disturbance history data that inform of past patch dynamics and that can be collected together with occurrence‐pattern data. We estimated parameter values regulating patch and metapopulation dynamics by simulating patch network and metapopulation histories that result in present‐like patch network configurations and metapopulation occurrence patterns. We tested our approach using occurrence‐pattern data of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in Fennoscandian forests, and fire‐scar data that inform of the 400‐yr history of fires and host tree dynamics in the same landscapes. The estimated model parameters were similar to estimates obtained using colonization–extinction data. The projected L. pulmonaria occupancy into the future also agreed with the respective projections that were made using the model estimated from colonization–extinction data. Our approach accelerates the estimation of metapopulation colonization rates for sessile species that are not in metapopulation equilibrium with the current landscape structure.
Allium vegetable consumption and health: An umbrella review of meta‐analyses of multiple health outcomes
Authors: Wan Qianyi , Li Ni , Du Liang , Zhao Rui , Yi Mengshi , Xu Qiushi , Zhou Yong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPreviously, our meta‐analysis and other studies have suggested that allium vegetable consumption is beneficial for health, but no umbrella review has been conducted to assess the evidence of the various health benefits of allium vegetable consumption. Therefore, we conducted this umbrella review on this topic. This umbrella review included a total of 16 meta‐analyses with 50 unique outcomes. The most beneficial cancer‐related outcome was shown for gastric cancer (risk ratio 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67–0.91). In addition, only 8 weeks of garlic consumption significantly decreased serum total cholesterol (weighted mean differences −17.20 mg/dl; 95% CI −23.10 to −11.30), and patients with dyslipidemia who consumed garlic experienced more benefits than the whole population. Diabetic patients with longer durations of garlic intake experienced more benefits in terms of fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbA1c, and serum fructosamine than healthy participants, and garlic intake was associated with blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients but not in normotensive participants. Limited side effects of garlic, such as garlic odor and gastrointestinal complaints, were reported among the included meta‐analyses. Our results suggested that allium vegetables might be beneficial for cancer prevention. In particular, garlic was comparatively safe and is recommended as a long‐term dietary component for patients with dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension.
Myelin degeneration induced by mutant superoxide dismutase 1 accumulation promotes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Kim Suhyun , Chung Ah‐Young , Na Ji E. , Lee Se J. , Jeong Sang H. , Kim Eunmi , Sun Woong , Rhyu Im J. , Park Hae‐Chul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMyelin is a specialized membrane that wraps around nerve fibers and is essential for normal axonal conduction in neurons. In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes are responsible for myelin formation. Recent studies have reported pathological abnormalities in oligodendrocytes in human patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and a mouse model of ALS expressing the G93A mutation of the human superoxide dismutase 1 (mtSOD1). However, it is unclear whether oligodendrocyte pathology in ALS represents the primary dysfunction induced by mtSOD1 and how mtSOD1 contributes to oligodendrocyte degeneration and ALS pathogenesis. We analyzed GAL4‐VP16‐UAS transgenic zebrafish selectively expressing mtSOD1 in mature oligodendrocytes. We observed that mtSOD1 directly induced oligodendrocyte degeneration by disrupting the myelin sheath and downregulating monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), thereby causing spinal motor neuron degeneration. Pathological changes observed in this transgenic zebrafish were similar to the pathology observed in the SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS, which is characterized by expression of mtSOD1 in all cells. In addition, oligodendrocyte dysfunction induced by mtSOD1 was associated with anxiety‐related behavioral abnormalities, learning impairments, and motor defects in the early symptomatic stage. We also found that treatment with potassium channel inhibitors rescued behavioral abnormalities without rescuing MCT1 expression, suggesting that myelin disruption induces behavioral abnormalities independently of MCT1. These results indicate that mtSOD1‐induced dysfunction of mature oligodendrocytes is sufficient to induce motor neuron degeneration, thus informing future therapeutic strategies targeted at oligodendrocytes in ALS.
Spatial specificity of alpha oscillations in the human visual system
Authors: Popov Tzvetan , Gips Bart , Kastner Sabine , Jensen Ole 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlpha oscillations are strongly modulated by spatial attention. To what extent, the generators of cortical alpha oscillations are spatially distributed and have selectivity that can be related to retinotopic organization is a matter of continuous scientific debate. In the present report, neuromagnetic activity was quantified by means of spatial location tuning functions from 30 participants engaged in a visuospatial attention task. A cue presented briefly in one of 16 locations directing covert spatial attention resulted in a robust modulation of posterior alpha oscillations. The distribution of the alpha sources approximated the retinotopic organization of the human visual system known from hemodynamic studies. Better performance in terms of target identification was associated with a more spatially constrained alpha modulation. The present findings demonstrate that the generators of posterior alpha oscillations are retinotopically organized when modulated by spatial attention.
A cadaveric study quantifying the anatomical landmarks of the facial artery and its parapharyngeal branches for safe transoral surgery
Authors: Mohamed Aziza , Paleri Vinidh , George Ajith 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundHemorrhage remains a major potential risk when performing any form of transoral surgery. This is the first study to focus on the location of the facial artery “bulb” (FaB) and its tonsillar branches within the parapharyngeal space (PPS) from the perspective of the transoral surgeon.MethodA total of 44 hemi‐sections were dissected via the transoral approach with endoscopic assistance: 26 from fresh‐frozen specimens and 18 formalin‐fixed hemi‐sections. The distance from the superior apex of the FaB to the pterygoid hamulus (PH) was recorded, and the arterial branching variations described.ResultsThe average distance from the PH to the FaB was 4.17 ± 0.4 cm. In 90.9% of cases, the two tonsillar artery branches passed between styloglossus muscle (SGM) and stylopharyngeus muscle (SPM).ConclusionUnderstanding the FaB location and its branching patterns offers the surgeon confidence dissecting in the PPS transorally.
Improving adrenaline autoinjector adherence: A psychologically informed training for healthcare professionals
Authors: Mahoney Béré , Walklet Elaine , Bradley Eleanor , O'Hickey Steve 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundClinicians draw on instructional approaches when training patients with anaphylaxis to use adrenaline autoinjectors, but patient use is poor. Psychological barriers to these behaviours exist but are not considered routinely when training patients to use autoinjectors. Health Psychology principles suggest exploring these factors with patients could improve their autoinjector use.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of a 90‐minute workshop training clinicians in strategies and techniques for exploring and responding to psychological barriers to autoinjector use with patients. Attendees’ knowledge, confidence and likelihood of using the strategies were expected to improve.MethodsImpact was evaluated using a longitudinal mixed‐method design. Twenty‐nine clinicians (general and specialist nurses, general practitioners, and pharmacists) supporting patients with anaphylaxis in UK hospitals and general practice attended. Self‐rated knowledge, confidence, and likelihood of using the strategies taught were evaluated online 1 week before, 1 to 3, and 6 to 8 weeks after the workshop. Clinicians were invited for telephone interview after attending to explore qualitatively the workshop impact.Resultsχ2 analyses were significant in most cases (P < .05), with sustained (6‐8 weeks) improvements in knowledge, confidence, and likelihood of using the strategies taught. Thematic analysis of interview data showed the workshop enhanced attendees’ knowledge of the care pathway, understanding of patient's experience of anaphylaxis as psychological not purely physical, and altered their communication with this and other patient groups. However, interviewees perceived lack of time and organisational factors as barriers to using the strategies and techniques taught in clinical contexts.ConclusionTraining clinicians in psychologically informed strategies produce sustained improvements in their confidence and knowledge around patient autoinjector education, and their likelihood of using strategies in clinical practice.Clinical RelevanceExploring psychological barriers should be part of training patients with anaphylaxis in autoinjector use.
Mimicking the Brain Extracellular Matrix in Vitro: A Review of Current Methodologies and Challenges
Authors: Rauti Rossana , Renous Noa , Maoz Ben M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe brain's extracellular matrix (ECM), a 3‐dimensional macromolecular network that supports cell growth and viability, has crucial roles in homeostasis and disease. Accurate recapitulation of the chemical, structural, and mechanical properties of the ECM in brain cell cultures is essential for the development of translatable in vitro models; however, thus far, this task has proven highly challenging. This review provides an in‐depth discussion of this challenge, including an overview of the properties of the ECM that in vitro models should endeavour to capture, a survey of ECM analogues that are currently used for this purpose, and a discussion of the main hindrances to developing more effective ECM‐like coating materials.
Sitagliptin promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in human SH‐SY5Y cells by increasing the expression of PGC‐1α/NRF1/TFAM
Authors: Weng Guohu , Zhou Bo , Liu Tao , Huang Zhengxin , Yang Hua 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Sitagliptin is a dipeptidyl‐peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor that has been approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). In the current study, we report that sitagliptin increased the expression of PGC‐1α, NRF1, and TFAM in human SH‐SY5Y neuronal cells. Notably, our data indicate that sitagliptin promoted mitochondrial biogenesis by increasing the amount of mtDNA, the levels of mitochondria‐related genes such as TOMM20, TOMM40, TIMM9, NDUFS3, ATP5C1, and the expression of oxidative phosphorylation subunits complex I and complex IV. Additionally, we found that sitagliptin induced a “gain of mitochondrial function” in SH‐SY5Y cells by increasing the mitochondrial respiratory rate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Significantly, our results demonstrate that sitagliptin activated the transcriptional factor CREB by inducing its phosphorylation at Ser133. Inhibition of CREB using its specific inhibitor H89 abolished the effects of sitagliptin on the expression of PGC‐1α, NRF1, and TFAM, as well as an increase in mtDNA amount and ATP production. These findings suggest that sitagliptin could become a potential agent for the treatment of neurological disorders.
Imaging depth variations in hyperspectral imaging: Development of a method to detect tumor up to the required tumor‐free margin width
Authors: Kho Esther , de Boer Lisanne L. , Post Anouk L. , Van de Vijver Koen K. , Jóźwiak Katarzyna , Sterenborg Henricus J.C.M. , Ruers Theo J.M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHyperspectral imaging is a promising technique for resection margin assessment during cancer surgery. Thereby, only a specific amount of the tissue below the resection surface, the clinically defined margin width, should be assessed. Since the imaging depth of hyperspectral imaging varies with wavelength and tissue composition, this can have consequences for the clinical use of hyperspectral imaging as margin assessment technique. In this study, a method was developed that allows for hyperspectral analysis of resection margins in breast cancer. This method uses the spectral slope of the diffuse reflectance spectrum at wavelength regions where the imaging depth in tumor and healthy tissue is equal. Thereby, tumor can be discriminated from healthy breast tissue while imaging up to a similar depth as the required tumor‐free margin width of 2 mm. Applying this method to hyperspectral images acquired during surgery would allow for robust margin assessment of resected specimens. In this paper, we focused on breast cancer, but the same approach can be applied to develop a method for other types of cancer.
The connected partition lattice of a graph and the reconstruction conjecture
Authors: Thatte Bhalchandra D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPreviously we showed that many invariants of a graph can be computed from its abstract induced subgraph poset, which is the isomorphism class of the induced subgraph poset, suitably weighted by subgraph counting numbers. In this paper, we study the abstract bond lattice of a graph, which is the isomorphism class of the lattice of distinct unlabelled connected partitions of a graph, suitably weighted by subgraph counting numbers. We show that these two abstract posets can be constructed from each other except in a few trivial cases. The constructions rely on certain generalisations of a lemma of Kocay in graph reconstruction theory to abstract induced subgraph posets. As a corollary, trees are reconstructible from their abstract bond lattice. We show that the chromatic symmetric function and the symmetric Tutte polynomial of a graph can be computed from its abstract induced subgraph poset. Stanley has asked if every tree is determined up to isomorphism by its chromatic symmetric function. We prove a counting lemma, and indicate future directions for a study of Stanley's question.
Comparative analysis of afferent loop obstruction between laparoscopic and open approach in pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Song Ki Byung , Yoo Daegwang , Hwang Dae Wook , Lee Jae Hoon , Kwon Jaewoo , Hong Sarang , Lee Jong Woo , Youn Woo Young , Hwang Kyungyeon , Kim Song Cheol 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundAfferent loop obstruction (ALO) is a rare mechanical complication of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality.MethodsData from patients who underwent PD between May 2007 and July 2017 at a single large‐volume center were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsOf the 3,223 patients who underwent PD, 67 developed ALO. More patients in the laparoscopic PD (LPD) group had developed ALO due to internal herniation than did those in the open PD (OPD) group (46.2 vs. 4.7%, P < 0.001). Patients in the LPD group also showed earlier occurrence of ALO (ALO occurrence within 60 days: 76.9 vs. 22.2%, P < 0.001) and more frequent requirement for surgical treatment (76.9 vs. 18.9%, P < 0.001) than did those in the OPD group.ConclusionsThe characteristics of ALO were significantly different between patients who had received LPD and OPD. The most common cause of ALO in the LPD group was internal herniation occurring in the early postoperative period. Internal herniation following LPD may be prevented by routine closure of mesocolic window and should be treated by emergency surgery if it occurs.
Appropriateness of proton pump inhibitor use in patients admitted under the general medical unit
Authors: Yap Meng H. , Yip Gary , Edwards Alex , D'Intini Vincent , Tong Erica 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundProton pump inhibitors (PPI) are extensively prescribed internationally and in Australia. However, minimal information is available on the appropriateness of PPI use in the general medical population.AimThis study determined the proportion of general medical unit (GMU) inpatients taking a PPI on admission and evaluated the appropriateness of these PPI prescriptions.MethodsA single‐centre prospective observational study was conducted from 6 June to 11 July 2016. Consecutive patients were screened, and those taking a PPI prior to admission were included, whereas those not taking a PPI formed the control cohort. Appropriateness of PPI use was evaluated by: (1) reviewing for concordance with the Australian Therapeutic Guidelines and National Prescribing Service Guidelines on PPI use in gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease; (2) assessment of indication, dose and treatment duration by an expert panel consisting of two general physicians and one senior pharmacist.ResultsAmong 440 consecutive GMU patients, 198 (45.0%) were taking a PPI on admission. Of these, 66.2% had an inappropriate indication, dose or treatment duration. The largest category of inappropriate PPI use was excessive treatment duration (43.4%). In terms of comorbid conditions, PPI users had a higher prevalence of osteoporosis and/or history of fracture (42.9% vs 27.2%; p < 0.001) and hypomagnesaemia (10.6% vs 3.4%; p = 0.003).ConclusionInappropriate PPI use is highly prevalent among GMU inpatients. Given the potential for adverse effects, unnecessary health expenditure and pill burden, strategies should be developed to aid clinicians to consistently consider the utility of continuing long‐term PPI prescriptions in each patient's situation.
Expanding the war on waste: recycling cancer drugs
Authors: Gilbar Peter J. , Sung James , Brown Vanessa J. , Kondalsany‐Chennakesavan Srinivas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundCancer drug expenditure is enormous and rising rapidly. There is potential for the waste of parenteral cancer drugs, ordered from external compounding companies, if patients are delayed or have treatment discontinued. Unused drugs can be orphaned and potentially reused in the future, for the same or other patients, up to their expiry date.AimThis study evaluated the amount and cost of waste that could occur from orphaned cancer drugs having to be discarded, determined the amount and cost of waste that can be prevented by reuse, and identified strategies to prevent waste and optimise recycling.MethodsA prospective study over 6 months was undertaken to document information on all drugs orphaned. Doses, expiry dates, purchase costs, reasons for orphaning, how drugs were reused and why drugs were discarded were recorded.ResultsOf 3379 drugs purchased, 412 were orphaned (12.2%), with 357 of these recycled (86.7%). The potential cost of orphaned drugs that could have been wasted was A$334,111. Of this, A$303,951 (91%) was saved via recycling, equating to 9.8% of the total expenditure on cancer drug products over 6 months.ConclusionThis study has important consequences for the health sector, demonstrating that significant cost savings can be realised by recycling cancer drugs. This directly affects the budgets of Australian hospitals using external compounding companies, and reduces claims on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. The study highlights the amount of wastage that can occur, and identifies strategies to prevent and reduce waste.
Linking dissolved organic matter composition and bacterioplankton communities in an Amazon floodplain system
Authors: de Melo Michaela L. , Kothawala Dolly N. , Bertilsson Stefan , Amaral João Henrique , Forsberg Bruce , Sarmento Hugo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDissolved organic matter (DOM) is the main substrate for aquatic prokaryotes, fuelling their metabolism and controlling community composition. Amazonian rivers transport and process large fluxes of terrestrial DOM, but little is known about the link between DOM composition and heterotrophic bacteria in the Amazon basin. The aims of this study were to characterize DOM composition and investigate the coupling between DOM and bacterial community composition (BCC) during a complete hydrological cycle in an Amazon floodplain system (lake Janauacá). Our study revealed a clear seasonal pattern in DOM composition through the flood pulse, which affected the amounts of autochthonous and allochthonous inputs and consequently the extent of humification, molecular weight, and aromaticity of the DOM. BCC was tightly coupled to DOM fluorescence, which was also driven by differences over the hydrological cycle, with distinct components and operational taxonomic units being simultaneously more abundant and correlating with a specific season. This coupling was particularly well reflected for three of the four identified fluorescence components, two terrestrial humic‐like components (C1 and C3) and an autochthonous component (C4). Despite clear changes in DOM composition, dissolved organic carbon concentrations tended to be relatively stable throughout the year. Overall, our results suggest that BCC shifts were associated with DOM quality but not with its quantity (that remains relatively constant throughout the year), and that bacteria preferably use labile and freshly produced DOM in lake Janauacá.
Evolution of a Radical‐Triggered Polymerizing High Internal Phase Emulsion into an Open‐Cellular Monolith
Authors: Li Chenhui , Jin Ming , Wan Decheng 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe time and manner by which initially discrete cells in a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) become highly interconnected by windows during/after polymerization (polyHIPE) remain a controversy. Water‐in‐oil HIPE with styrene/divinylbenzene as the oil phase is one of the most widely studied systems. Here, new evidence is presented on the evolution of polyHIPE with the aid of a macrosurfactant and new instruments. The macrosurfactant has a branched polyethylenimine as the hydrophilic head and polystyrene chains as the hydrophobic tail. It can stabilize HIPE within a wide range of dosages and lead to different polyHIPE morphologies, all of which are proven to be of open‐cellular monolith. At a low macrosurfactant dosage, the windows that interconnect the cells are sparse but large and can be effectively detected with a 3D optical microscope (3DOM) and a 2D photothermal infrared (2D PTIR) spectrometer in an open environment. 3DOM detection supports the claim that windows form during HIPE polymerization. Tests involving the extraction of pre‐colored water droplets of the polymerizing HIPE also lend support to the formation of an open‐cellular structure during polymerization. 2D PTIR provides evidence on phase separation on the surface once covered by the macrosurfactant, which favors window development.