bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projecting Canadian Prairie Runoff for 2041–2070 with North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) Data
Authors: St‐Jacques Jeannine‐Marie , Andreichuk Yuliya , Sauchyn David J. , Barrow Elaine 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe South Saskatchewan River Basin (SSRB) of Alberta, Canada, is semiarid and under severe water stress due to increasing human demands. We present the first examination of projected changes in SSRB runoff from a large set of North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program regional climate models (RCMs) plus one Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment RCM. We used six different runoff estimation methods: total surface and subsurface runoff (total runoff), surface runoff, and four estimations based on Budyko functions. Most RCM estimations showed substantial biases and distribution differences when compared to observed data; thus bias correction was necessary. Total runoff was the best of the six variables in modeling observed runoff for each of the four SSRB subbasins. Projected total runoff for 2041–2070 shows a geographic gradient in the SSRB, with possible drying in the southern Oldman River subbasin and possible increased runoff in the northernmost Red Deer River subbasin. A shift to an earlier spring peak in runoff and drier late summer, with a need for increased irrigation, should be expected. In a first examination of the important question of projected changes in interannual variability, we show increasing magnitude. This result further adds to adaptation challenges over the course of this century in this basin, which is already largely closed to further allocation.
Let's talk about sex: A rigorous statistical framework to assign the sex of individuals from reduced‐representation sequencing data
Authors: Moore Jean‐Sébastien , Benestan Laura 
Published: April 2018

Molecular markers have been used to identify the sex of sampled individuals for several decades, but the time‐consuming development phase prevented their application in many systems. Recently, a growing number of papers have applied reduced‐representation sequencing (RRS) protocols to the identification of sex‐specific markers without the use of test crosses or prior genomic information. While such an approach has great advantages in terms of versatility and ease of use, the “shotgun sequencing” nature ofRRSdata sets leads to a high amount of missing data, which results in statistical challenges to the confident assignment of sex to individuals. In this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Stovall et al. (Molecular Ecology Resources, 18, 2018) provide a statistical framework to answer two questions: (1) how many individuals of one sex only must possess a genotype for this locus to be considered significantly sex‐specific? and (2) How many sex‐specific loci must an individual of unknown sex possess (in a given data set) to be confidently assigned a sex? The statistical pipeline introduced, and applied to samples of New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) to identify 90 sex‐specific loci, should be broadly applicable to a large number of species and constitutes a nice addition to the molecular ecology toolkit in the genomics era.
Radiology and biomarkers in assessing disease activity in Takayasu arteritis
Authors: Sun Ying , Huang Qingrong , Jiang Lindi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTakayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare and chronic large‐vessel vasculitis that predominantly affects aorta and its main branches. It occurs mainly in females <40 years. Precise assessment of disease activity is one of the major difficulties in the long‐term management of TA. Until now, the accuracy of traditional activity index is still controversial. During these years, due to rapid development of radiological technology and researches of pathogenesis, new measurements and biomarkers have been applied to monitor disease activity for TA. Thus, in this review, we mainly discuss the benefits and limitations of recent developments of radiology and biomarkers for disease activity assessment in TA.
Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis: are they a spectrum of the same disease?
Authors: Kermani Tanaz A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractGiant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis (TAK) are forms of large‐vessel vasculitides that affect the aorta and its branches. There is ongoing debate about whether they are within a spectrum of the same disease or different diseases. Shared commonalities include clinical features, evidence of systemic inflammation, granulomatous inflammation on biopsy, role of T‐helper (Th)‐1 and Th17 in the pathogenesis, and, abnormalities of the aorta and its branches on imaging. However, there are also several differences in the geographic distribution, genetics, inflammatory cells and responses to treatment. This review highlights the similarities and differences in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, imaging findings and treatment responses in these conditions. Current data supports that they are two distinct conditions despite the numerous similarities.
Characteristics and risk factors of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Yan Shumin , Li Mengtao , Wang Hui , Yang Xiaoxi , Zhao Jiuliang , Wang Qian , Liu Yongtai , Lai Jinzhi , Tian Zhuang , Song Hui , Zhao Yan , Zeng Xiaofeng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimTo describe baseline characteristics of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) with right heart catheterization (RHC)‐confirmed pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and explore risk factors for PAH in pSS.MethodsThis case–control study included consecutive patients hospitalized with pSS–PAH from 2007 to 2015, and pSS patients without PAH (in a 4 : 1 ratio) as controls. All patients fulfilled the 2002 American‐European Consensus Group classification criteria for pSS–PAH was defined according to RHC‐based European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society guidelines. Associated variables were analyzed by univariate binary logistic regression to identify possible risk factors for PAH.ResultsTwenty‐nine patients with RHC‐confirmed pSS‐PAH were included (mean age at onset, 38.4 ± 8.3 years; mean pSS duration, 54.6 months). PAH was the initial manifestation of pSS in 12 patients (41.4%), and shortness of breath was the most common symptom (29/29, 100%). Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 51.8 ± 10.0 mmHg, mean cardiac index was 2.3 ± 0.8 L/min/m2, and mean pulmonary vascular resistance was 13.0 ± 6.0 Wood units in this group. Treatments included immunosuppressive agents (93.1%) and PAH‐targeted therapies (86.2%). We identified four independent risk factors for PAH in pSS: Raynaud's phenomenon (odds ratio [OR] = 9.660, P = 0.000), rheumatoid factor ≥ 200 U/mL (OR = 6.691, P = 0.001), hepatic injury (OR = 3.284, P = 0.008) and pericardial effusion (OR = 3.279, P = 0.016).ConclusionsPAH can be the first manifestation of pSS. The pSS patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, high‐titer rheumatoid factor, hepatic injury or pericardial effusion should be screened for PAH.
Study on association of human leukocyte antigen‐DRB1 alleles amongst Bangladeshi patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Begum Maksuma , Sattar Humayun , Haq Syed A. , Islam Md. Nazrul , Saha Sushanta K. , Hassan M. Masudul , Saha Ritu , Kabir Md. Shahriar 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic and autoimmune disease affecting 0.5–1% of the world population. Genetic and environmental factors are already established as being involved in the development of RA. Different human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DRB1 alleles have major pathogenic effects to the development of RA.ObjectiveTo determine the HLA‐DRB1 allelic frequency of RA in one Bangladeshi tertiary care center.MethodsThis case–control study was conducted at the Microbiology and Rheumatology Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). Fifty‐two patients diagnosed as having RA and 52 healthy controls were enrolled. Buccal swabs were collected from all subjects and HLA‐DRB1 typing was carried out with polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) of low resolution. Blood was also collected for auto‐antibodies (rheumatoid factor [RF] and anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide [anti‐CCP]) detection from all subjects. RF was detected by nephelometry and anti‐CCP was detected by using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method. Statistical associations of HLA antigen between the groups were determined by chi‐square test.ResultsIn RA patients DR*04 and DR*10 were found at the DRB1 locus at higher frequencies (20.5%, P = 0.0035 and 18.3%, P = 0.0045, respectively). However, the frequency of DR*15 was significantly lower (P = 0.005) in RA cases (18.3%) than the control group (35.6%). The frequencies of autoantibodies (anti‐CCP and RF) were compared between approximate shared epitope (SE) positive and SE negative patients, and no significant association was found.ConclusionsIn this study DRB1*04 and DRB1*10 alleles were significantly associated with RA patients while DRB1*15 was found more in the control group.
PhyMet2: a database and toolkit for phylogenetic and metabolic analyses of methanogens
Authors: Michał Burdukiewicz , Gagat Przemysław , Jabłoński Sławomir , Chilimoniuk Jarosław , Gaworski Michał , Mackiewicz Paweł , Marcin Łukaszewicz 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThe vast biodiversity of the microbial world and how little is known about it, has already been revealed by extensive metagenomics analyses. Our rudimentary knowledge of microbes stems from difficulties concerning their isolation and culture in laboratory conditions, which is necessary for describing their phenotype, among other things, for biotechnological purposes. An important component of the understudied ecosystems is methanogens, archaea producing a potent greenhouse‐effect gas methane. Therefore, we created PhyMet2, the first database that combines descriptions of methanogens and their culturing conditions with genetic information. The database contains a set of utilities that facilitate interactive data browsing, data comparison, phylogeny exploration and searching for sequence homologues. The most unique feature of the database is the web server MethanoGram, which can be used to significantly reduce the time and cost of searching for the optimal culturing conditions of methanogens by predicting them based on 16S RNA sequences. The database will aid many researchers in exploring the world of methanogens and their applications in biotechnological processes. PhyMet2 with the MethanoGram predictor is available at http://metanogen.biotech.uni.wroc.pl
Present and changing trends in surgical modalities and neoadjuvant chemotherapy administration for female breast cancer in Beijing, China: A 10‐year (2006–2015) retrospective hospitalization summary report‐based study
Authors: Bao Xiaoyuan , Sun Kexin , Tian Xin , Yin Qiongzhou , Jin Meng , Yu Na , Jiang Hanfang , Zhang Jun , Hu Yonghua 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundThis study was conducted to describe present and changing trends in surgical modalities and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in female breast cancer patients in China from 2006 to 2015.MethodsData of 44 299 female breast cancer patients from 15 tertiary hospitals in Beijing were extracted from hospitalization summary reports. Surgeries were categorized into five modalities: breast‐conserving surgery (BCS), simple mastectomy (SM), modified radical mastectomy (MRM), radical mastectomy (RM), and extensive radical mastectomy (ERM).ResultsIn total, 38 471 (86.84%) breast cancer patients underwent surgery: 22.64% BCS, 8.22% SM, 63.97% MRM, 4.24% RM, and 0.93% ERM. Older patients (> 60) underwent surgery more frequently than younger patients (< 60). The proportion of patients who underwent BCS was highest in the age ≥ 80 (39.24%) and < 40 (28.69%) subgroups and in patients with papillary carcinoma (35.48%), and lowest in the age 60‐ subgroup (18.17%) and in patients with Paget's disease (19.05%). SM was most frequently performed in patients with Paget's disease (29.00%), and MRM for ductal (64.99%), and lobular (63.78%) carcinomas. During the study period, the proportion of patients who underwent MRM dropped by 29.04%, SM and BCS increased from 15.78% and 30.83%, respectively, and NACT increased in all subgroups, particularly in patients with lymph node involvement (26.72%).ConclusionsSurgical modalities varied significantly by age and histologic group. The use of BCS and SM increased dramatically, while MRM declined significantly. The proportion of patients treated with NACT has increased significantly, especially in patients with lymph node involvement.
Canadian Financial Reporting Institutions
Authors: Thornton Daniel B. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe recently published Easy Prey Investors: Why Broken Safety Nets Threaten Your Wealth lambastes virtually every aspect of Canadian financial reporting in exceptionally harsh terms. Although the authors' assertions about the implications of financial reporting violations they have seen are mostly unsubstantiated or overblown, publications like theirs are useful if they stimulate continual, thoughtful consideration of Canada's institutional arrangements. I discuss various methodologies for doing this and present some novel evidence indicating that some of the authors' assertions are simply incorrect. Canada's financial reporting institutions, like all institutions, are not perfect, so we must always listen to their critics' suggestions for reforming them; however, our institutions are in much better shape than Easy Prey Investors asserts.
The contemporary management of third molars
Authors: Hyam DM 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe management of third molars requires a significant assessment and decision process both for the patient and the clinician. The clinician must always identify the indication for third molar surgery, assess the risks of the proposed procedure, and then modify their plan to account for the patient's current and future health, their social and financial setting, and the patient's tolerance of risk. In doing this, the clinician can tailor a solution to meet the individual patient's needs. This decision to remove a third molar is made in the fluid setting of the patient's quality of life and requires regular review. This article gives the clinician the tools, the matrix, and the confidence to guide patients through this process, and outlines some of the pitfalls and common points of bias within the process.
Craniofacial disorders
Authors: Heggie AA 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe complexity of the craniofacial patient mandates the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team that can systematically evaluate each individual and ensure that a protocol‐driven pathway is undertaken for the best patient care. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons contribute to surgical care in this setting with specific knowledge of growth and development of the face. This enables optimum timing for early skeletal correction where appropriate, and definitive surgery following the cessation of growth to maximize function and aesthetics. This chapter will describe the major principles in managing patients with specific craniofacial anomalies and provide examples of the outcomes possible.
A randomized controlled trial of a gender‐focused addiction model versus 12‐step facilitation for women veterans
Authors: Najavits Lisa M. , Enggasser Justin , Brief Deborah , Federman Edward 
Published: April 2018

Background and ObjectivesSubstance use disorder (SUD) has increased among women, including military veterans, yet SUD treatment was historically designed for males. This randomized controlled trial compared 12 individual sessions of a gender‐focused SUD recovery model, A Woman's Path to Recovery (WPR) to an evidence‐based, non‐gender‐focused SUD model, 12‐Step Facilitation (TSF) for 66 women veterans with current severe SUD.MethodsThe primary outcome was substance use; secondary outcomes were associated problems (e.g., psychological); coping skills, and 12‐step attendance, with assessment at baseline, end‐of‐treatment, and 3‐month followup.ResultsSubstance use decreased over time, with no difference between conditions. Decreases occurred from baseline to end‐of‐treatment and baseline to followup and, for drug severity, also from end‐of‐treatment to followup. Effect sizes were large for alcohol and medium otherwise. Secondary outcomes were largely consistent with this pattern of improvement. Urinalysis/breathalyzer supported self‐report. Treatment attendance was 62% for WPR and 57% for TSF (not significantly different). Twelve‐step group attendance, surprisingly, did not increase in either condition.Discussion and ConclusionsWPR provides a useful addition to women's SUD treatment options, with outcomes no different than an established evidence‐based model, TSF. Both showed positive impact on substance use and related areas. Our lack of differences based on gender‐focus may reflect women veterans being acculturated to a male military environment. Limitations include lack of an untreated control, a sample limited to veterans, and use of a large effect size for power assumptions.Scientific SignificanceThis is the first RCT of a gender‐focused approach for women veterans with SUD. (Am J Addict 2018;27:210–216)
Plant biodiversity patterns along a climatic gradient and across protected areas in West Africa
Authors: Da Sié Sylvestre , García Márquez Jaime Ricardo , Sommer Jan Henning , Thiombiano Adjima , Zizka Georg , Dressler Stefan , Schmidt Marco , Chatelain Cyrille , Barthlott Wilhelm 
Published: April 2018

AbstractKnowledge of spatial patterns of biological diversity is fundamental for ecological and biogeographical analyses and for priority setting in nature conservation, particularly in West Africa where the existing high biodiversity is increasingly threatened by human activities. The maximum entropy approach was used to model the geographic distribution of 3,393 vascular plant species at a spatial resolution of 0.0833°. Species richness decreases along temperature and precipitation gradients with high species numbers in the south and lower numbers towards the north of the transect. All centres of plant species diversity are confined to humid areas in concordance with the high positive correlation between species richness and rainfall which appears to be the most important delimiter for the distribution ranges of many species in the area. The effectiveness of the existing protected areas at regional and national levels is investigated based on the proportion of species covered. Considering the whole study area, 95% of all species are covered by protected areas according to their distribution ranges. However, the proportion of species covered is considerably lower for some countries such as Benin and Togo. Our results could provide guidance for essential land use management interventions to decision‐makers and conservationists in the region.
Birth of the Modern Corporation: From Servant of the State to Semi‐Sovereign Power
Authors: Cerri Luigi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIt is widely known that large business corporations have accumulated enormous political and economic power since the early 20th century. They not only create barriers to entry to small firms in the economic domain, they also pose a serious threat to democracy by dominating public discourse and occupying a wide range of public spaces. Efforts to halt or reverse the growth of corporate power have been largely ineffective, in large part because they have been entirely reactive. In order for citizens to reclaim the economy and politics, a new strategy is necessary, one that starts by analyzing the source of corporate power. The method of analysis in this article is historical, specifically the history of changes in the United States of the legal instruments of incorporation and their relationship to emerging conditions in the economy and business. In the first half of the 19th century, corporations were chartered by state governments to carry out public benefit activities, particularly infrastructure projects. These mixed corporations lost favor during the depression of the 1840s and were replaced by private for‐profit corporations that continued using the same debt financing instruments employed by states. They were also still regulated by the states that issued their charters. When corporations sought to avoid competition by creating cartels, they had difficulty maintaining discipline and discovered they needed new rights in order to gain permanent control of markets. In the 1890s, they were granted the status of “natural persons,” with the legal protections of citizens, but they also gained the right to buy other corporations, thereby solidifying their market power and making them largely autonomous from public control. Each transition was contested, but when it was completed, it seemed to the public as if corporations had always had their new powers. In order to regain the power to hold corporations accountable to the public, those old contested issues need to be brought back into public discourse, so that citizens might decide for themselves how much power corporations should have.
Born Weak, Growing Strong: Anti‐Government Protests as a Signal of Rebel Strength in the Context of Civil Wars
Authors: Leventoğlu Bahar , Metternich Nils W. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAll rebel organizations start weak, but how do they grow and achieve favorable conflict outcomes? We present a theoretical model that allows for rebel organizations to gain support beyond their “core” and build their bargaining power during fighting. We highlight that rebel organizations need to win over crucial parts of society to generate the necessary support that allows them to attain favorable civil conflict outcomes. We find empirical support for the argument that low‐income individuals who initially fight the government (rebel organizations) have to convince middle‐class individuals to turn out against the government to gain government concessions. Empirically, we demonstrate that government concessions in the form of peace agreements and the onset of negotiations become more likely when protest occurs in the context of civil conflicts.Replication MaterialsThe data, code, and any additional materials required to replicate all analyses in this article are available on the American Journal of Political Science Dataverse within the Harvard Dataverse Network, at: http://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/MYDZNF.