bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of method of alkali treatment on straw digestion by cattle
Authors: Ferreiro H.M. , Sutton J.D. , Boodoo A. , Napper D.J. 
Published: June 2019

Alkali treatment increases the digestibility of straw but processing methods and the effectiveness differ widely. The aim of this study was to compare an on-farm method producing chopped straw (C) with an industrial process producing coarsely ground straw (Viton) (G) (Wilson and Brigstocke, 1967).Four dry Friesian cows, each with a large rumen cannula and a simple cannula in the proximal duodenum, were given (kg dry matter (DM)/day): 3.4 concentrate (180 g crude protein/kg DM) and 3.1 C or G alkali-treated straws in one meal daily in a simple change-over design. A single batch of spring barley straw was used and was treated with about 40 g NaOH/kg either by an on-farm process giving particles about 10 cm long (C) or by an industrial process giving coarsely-ground straw in a pellet (Viton) (G). Spot samples of digesta were taken from the duodenum for measurement of digestion in the stomach, using chromic oxide paper, and for measurement of the rate of passage of indigestible residues using magenta-stained straw. Eating behaviour and reticular movements were measured by use of balloons (Balch, 1971). Straw DM digestibility was measured over 48 h in vitro and by dacron bags (in situ) (Ørskov and McDonald, 1979).
Effect of dietary monensin and tetronasin on rumen fermentation in sheep
Authors: Newbold C. J. , Wallace R. J. 
Published: June 2019

Tetronasin is an ionophore which improves feed conversion efficiency in ruminants (Bartleet al, 1988). Its nutritional effects are at least partly derived from its influence on nitrogen and energy metabolism in the rumen. The mode of action of tetronasin is therefore similar to monensin and although it is more potent than monensin, it has a similar spectrum of antimicrobial activity (Newboldet al, 1988). The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of the inclusion of tetronasin or monensin in the diet on the rumen fermentation.Three mature sheep weighing approximately 50 kg and fitted with rumen cannulae were fed 1 kg/d of a mixed diet of hay, barley, molasses, fishmeal and vitamins/minerals (500, 299.5, 100, 91 and 9.5 g/kg dry matter respectively) in two equal meals. A control diet (no addition, C), tetronasin (10 ppm in the diet, T) or monensin (33 ppm, M) were compared in a 3 x 3 Latin square. Periods were 28 days long with samples taken on two consecutive days during the last 5 days. Samples of rumen fluid were withdrawn at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after the morning feed for the determination of pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) L-lactic acid and ammonia concentrations.
Evaluation of the use of a small leaved clover as an alternative to fertiliser-N on tetraploid and diploid perennial ryegrass swards grazed to controlled sward heights by ewes and lambs
Authors: Vipond J.E. , Swift G. , FitzSimons J. , McClelland T.H. , Milne J.A. , Hunter E.A. 
Published: June 2019

Lamb performance at grass falls in July/August on upland farms. Allowing sward height to rise has been recognised as having an ameliorating effect [Keeling, 1987). The objective of this trial was to determine the influence of both sward quantity (sward height) and sward quality [sward type) on ewe and lamb performance from mid April to September. A further objective was the evaluation of clover as an alternative to nitrogen fertiliser.Three contrasting perennial ryegrass based swards were established in May 1987 for use in 1988 and 1989: a late heading diploid variety (D). CONTENDER and a late heading tetraploid variety [T) CONDESA sown alone or with S184 small leaved white clover [TO]. [D] swards represent the control being the normal upland pasture type. [T] companion ryegrass varieties have higher palatability and intake characteristics and, producing fewer tillers, are a compatible companion grass to white clover. Small leaved white clover was used owing to its higher persistency and dry matter production under continuous sheep grazing.
Effect of a B agonist on the Partition of protein between wool and other tissues in sheep
Authors: Nash J E , Greenhalgh J F D , Birnie M 
Published: June 2019

In growing lambs a high proportion of protein retained (0.2-0.3) may be stored in wool. Protein retention is known to be increased by treating sheep with B agonists and there are indications that the extra protein is stored mainly in the carcass (Williams, 1987; Fiems, 1987). Wool growth rate at any time is determined by the relative availability of nutrients to all body tissues and is affected by, for example, pregnancy. It is also dependent on the kinetics of all competing biochemical reactions, which are altered by hormones (Black and Reis, 1979).To investigate the partition of protein between wool and other body tissues, a nitrogen balance trial was carried out with lambs fed on a diet with or without the B agonist, Cimaterol (Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, West Germany).
Agronomical and environmental implications of soil enrichment with p and k and heavy metals from animal slurries
Authors: de Haan F.A.M. 
Published: June 2019

A few decades ago in The Netherlands in the same way as in a number of other West-European countries a development started of excessive growth of animal husbandry. While in former agricultural production where animals were involved more or less a balance existed between the number of animals to be held on a certain farm, and the area available for feed and fodder production, this balance was now disturbed by the import of huge quantities of feed and raw materials for feed production. This has led to the situation that a mineral excess from animal manure exists for The Netherlands as a whole. In specific parts of the country, especially the sandy area, mineral availability has grown to excessive amounts. The environmental problems involved are related to:-leaching of nitrate to groundwater at a concentration level which causes unsuitability for drinking water purposes;-accumulation of phosphorus in the soil profile, and in case of P-saturation of the soil, leaching to groundwater and surface water, thus inducing eutrophlcation problems;-leaching of K to groundwater at a concentration level exceeding the potassium standard;-accumulation of heavy metals in soil, especially Cd, Cu and Zn, at a level which may induce malfunctioning of soil, both with respect to water quality, and to crop yield and crop
composition.
Effect of level of concentrate feeding on the intakes and digestion of grass silages differing in cutting date
Authors: McAllan A B , Sutton J D , Beever D E , Napper D J 
Published: June 2019

The accurate prediction of the replacement rate of forages by concentrate supplements together with digestive changes induced is essential for the prediction of responses in milk components to changes in feed input. Generalised hypothesis suggest that one feed substitutes for another in proportion to the amounts voluntarily consumed when given alone (Blaxter, 1980) but this is not always the case (Thomas, et al 1981). Little information is available on the metabolic constraints on intake or the effect of supplements on digestive factors that may be limiting intake. The present experiments were designed to study digestive factors that may be limiting the intake of different grass silages in cows given different levels of supplements.Two formic acid (3 1/tonne) treated silages were prepared from perennial ryegrass harvested in the first week of June (early cut, EC) and at the end of June (late cut, LC). Four diets consisting of the two silages each supplemented with 3 kg (EC3; LC3) or 9 kg (EC9; LC9) dry matter of a dairy concentrate were offered to four lactating Friesian cows in a four by four Latin Square arrangement. The cows were fitted with a large (10cm u.d.) rumen cannula with a simple cannula in the proximal duodenum. The concentrates, which included (kg/tonne) 370 barley, 183 wheat, 139 wheat middlings and 139 maize gluten feed were given in two equal portions/d with silage available ad libitum.
Education in temperate countries
Authors: Morris T.R. 
Published: June 2019

This paper is about training young people to serve in agriculture and related industries (including food storage, preparation and distribution) in developing countries. Two types of training are considered: that needed by graduates who are citizens of the European Community (EC) to fit them to work in tropical countries and that needed by students coming from developing countries (predominantly, but not exclusively, tropical or sub-tropical) to take postgraduate courses in the UK.It is assumed that postgraduate students coming from overseas will return home at the end of their training and will contribute to the improvement of agricultural production in their own country. However, it has to be admitted that this assumption is not always well founded. Some candidates regard escaping from their own harsh environment as a primary objective when seeking funds for overseas study. On completion of his course the student may seek to stay in the UK or to find work in another developed country, though immigration rules and the conditions attached to most studentships are designed to prevent this happening.
Effect of pre-mating nutritional status and post mating progesterone supplementation on early pregnancy in Large White gilts
Authors: Ashworth C. J. 
Published: June 2019

A rising plane of nutrition prior to mating increases ovulation rate in pigs (Anderson and Melampy, 1972), but this potential for increased Utter size is negated by the subsequent detrimental effect of high plane feeding on embryo survival. The mechanism underlying this effect may involve an increased rate of steroid clearance from the liver in animals on a high plane of nutrition (Symonds and Prime, 1989). The resultant lower circulating steroid levels would be expected to elevate pituitary gonadotrophin levels and consequently increase ovulation rate. However, after mating, such low steroid (particularly progesterone) concentrations may compromise embryo survival.A further factor which may affect the ability of a gilt to carry a large number of fetuses to term is the spacing of fetuses within the uterus. Dzuik (1985) proposed that a uniform distribution of fetuses would optimise litter size, fetal growth and survival.
Effects of feeding silage and sugar beet pulp, separately, mixed or in an ensiled blend, upon milk production in british friesian dairy cows
Authors: Ferris C. P. , Mayne C. S. 
Published: June 2019

There is increasing interest in the addition of dry feed materials to grass at ensiling, primarily as a means of reducing effluent production, although other benefits claimed include improvements in silage fermentation and animal performance.A large number of studies have demonstrated lower effluent outputs and improvements in silage fermentation due to the inclusion of materials such as cereals and sugar beet pulp, although experiments examining the effects on animal performance are limited.Recently, Jones and Jones (1988) observed higher liveweight gains from beef steers fed silage produced by ensiling grass with molassed beet feed compared to animals fed the same quantity of beet feed mixed with silage produced from untreated grass at the point of feeding. The major objectives of the present study were to evaluate the possible use of sugar beet pulp as an absorbent material in silage making and to examine the effects of its inclusion with grass at ensiling on animal performance.
The effect of a bacterial inoculant on the digestibility of grass silage and energy intake by young growing cattle
Authors: Ready T. W. J. , Steen R. W. J. 
Published: June 2019

In a series of studies undertaken at Hillsborough involving both small scale and production experiments with growing cattle and dairy cattle, an inoculant based on a single strain of Lactobacillus plantarum (Ecosyl), has produced considerable benefits in terms of silage intake and animal performance. The present studies were designed to evaluate the same inoculant using difficult to ensile herbage due to the use of high rates of nitrogen application and the use of permanent pasture.Nine silages were harvested using double chop forage harvesters from the second regrowth of three swards, namely permanent pasture which had received 100 kg N/ha (PP) and perennial ryegrass which had received either 100 (100) or 150 (150) kg N/ha. Herbages from each sward were treated with either no additive (C), formic acid (F) (2.5 1/t) (850 g/kg Add-F) or the inoculant (I) (3 1/t) (Ecosyl) (10-6C.F.U/g grass) and were ensiled in 126 mini silos of 0.7 t capacity. The silages were offered to 36 three month old Friesian entire male calves (mean initial liveweight 130 kg) in a change-over design experiment consisting of three 3 week periods.
Effects of dietary yeast and protein supplementation on growth and fibre characteristics of british angora goats
Authors: Deaville E R , Galbraith H 
Published: June 2019

The growing need to diversify animal production in the UK has Increased the interest in indigenous fibre production. Mohair production from Angora goats 1n this country dates back as recently as 1981 with the Importation of 15 Angora does and 3 bucks from New Zealand (Ryder, 1987). To date this production remains a very small enterprise producing less than 0.2% of the world's mohair production (Fisher, 1989) and is compared with an estimated 40% of the world's mohair Imported annually in the UK, valued at approximately £35 million (Fisher, 1989).There is relatively little information available concerning the nutritional requirements of British Angora goats in relation to mohair production. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of feeding basal diets supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yea -Sacc, Alltech, Europe) and additional protein on growth performance, selected blood metabolites and fibre (mohair) growth 1n Angora goats.
The economic assessment of technological and management changes on welsh dairy farms by computerised spreadsheet analysis
Authors: Willis R.W.M. , Thomas T.H. , Phillips C.J.C. , Bright G.A. , Howarth R.W. 
Published: June 2019

The computerised spreadsheet model which forms the basis of this study, describes two representative Welsh Dairy farms. Its purpose is to critically evaluate the economic effects of technological and management changes within the Welsh dairy sector, and to assess their applicability at a farm level.To provide the physical and financial parameters for the model, a statistical analysis of the physical and financial data on Welsh dairy farms held on the Welsh Farm Management Survey Database was performed. From this information two representative farms were modelled. Farm Type 1 (S) is a 32ha holding with a milk quota of 129,000 litres, and Farm Type 2 (L) a 67ha holding with a quota of 407,840 litres. Both rear their own heifers as well as some store cattle, and have small flocks of breeding ewes. Farm type 2. also grows feed barley for use on the farm.
Urea treated whole crop wheat for dairy cattle
Authors: J.Hill  , Leaver J.D. 
Published: June 2019

Urea treated Whole Crop Wheat (WCW) provides a stable, alkaline high DM forage, which is a potential replacement for, or complement to grass silage. Harvesting at about 600 g DM/kg facilitates both optimum crop DM production and energy concentration within the crop. Urea treatment (40 kg/t DM) at harvest prevents fermentation during storage, and may increase the crop digestibility. The nitrogen status of the forage as ammonia is also increased. The aim of these experiments was to investigate the feeding value of WCW for dairy cattle, when offered as the sole basal feed.A spring wheat crop (var. Axona) was cut at about 600 .g DM/kg (hard	dough stage), chopped using a conventional forage harvester and stored in an outdoor clamp silo. Urea was added at 40 kg/t DM during harvesting. After rolling, the clamp was sheeted with polythene for 125 days until feed out.
Response by dairy cows to a change in concentrate energy supply with equal supply of concentrate crude protein
Authors: Smith E.J. , Emmans G.C. , Friggens N. , Oldham J.D. , Whitaker D.A. , Aitchison K. , Kelly J.M. 
Published: June 2019

When concentrate allowance is changed the allowances of both energy and crude protein change. In this experiment, which was part of a larger series, concentrate energy supply was increased at a constant supply of crude protein.Sixteen Ayrshire and Friesian cows were given either 4kg/d of a high protein concentrate (321g/kg DM), T4, or 8kg/d of a low protein concentrate (173g/kg DM), T8, as well as ad. libitum access to silage through Calan-Broadbent gates (pH 3.8, DM 220g/kg, ME 10.1 MJ/kg DM, CP 147g/kg DM, NH3-N 43g/kg total N). There were two periods of 8 weeks starting three weeks after calving. Performance in week two was used as a covariate. The treatments in the two periods were: T4/T4, T4/T8, T8/T4 and T8/T8. Milk yields and silage intakes were recorded daily; milk composition was measured weekly and cows were weighed twice weekly by weighband.
Characterisation of nitrogen fractions during ensilage of fresh and additive treated ryegrass
Authors: Williams A P , Cockbum J E , Tweed J K S 
Published: June 2019

The conservation of herbage as silages results in a reduction in the nutritive value of the crop as a result of extensive proteolysis. Measurement of the major end products of proteolysis such as ammonia and amino acids has been studied extensively e.g. Oshima el al. (1979). Considerably less attention has been given to the fate of plant proteins during ensilage (Fairbairn et al., 1988). Since this may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in proteolysis and thus to improvement in its control the present study was designed to follow changes in the major nitrogenous constituents, particularly proteins and peptides, through time course sampling of silages made from perennial ryegrass with and without additives.Perennial ryegrass (23% dry matter) was ensiled in laboratory silos (1 kg fresh matter), either untreated (UT) or treated with formic acid (FA) (ADD-F, BP Chemicals, UK: 3.3 l/tonne) or a cellulase enzyme preparation (E) (FSO-1), Forum Feeds, Finland; 0.22 1/tonne).
The effect of biological additives on the composition and nutritive value of silage
Authors: Gonzalez Yanez M , Mcginn R , Anderson D H , Henderson A R , Phillips P 
Published: June 2019

It Is claimed that the use of the correct enzyme system as an additive on grass silage will satisfactorily control the fermentation and reduce the cell-wall fibre content, thus preserving the nutrients In the silage and aiding their utilisation by the animal (Henderson and McDonald, 1977; Huhtanen et al, 1985; Raurama et al, 1987; Chamberlain and Robertson, 1989; Gordon, 1989;).The aim of the present experiment was to assess the effect of biological additives, enzymes or a combination of enzymes with an Inoculum of lactic acid bacteria, on the composition of silage and on its nutritive value when offered to store lambs as the sole constituent of their diet.On 1st June 1988, first cut perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) at pre-ear emergence was ensiled direct cut untreated (U), treated with a commercial enzyme (E) or with a commercial inoculum of lactic acid bacteria with enzymes (I) in 6t capacity bunker silos. The grass was cut with a mower and lifted with a New Holland precision chop forage harvester. The additives were pumped onto the grass using a dribble bar sited over the pick-up drum.
Effect of stage of growth and conservation procedure on the ruminal n degradability of perennial ryegrass
Authors: Siddons R C , Paradine J , de Faria V , Wilkinson J M 
Published: June 2019

The N fraction of fresh grasses, silages and hays is generally considered to be extensively degraded in the rumen. However published N degradability values for each type of material vary over quite a wide range. This may, at least in part, be due to an effect of the stage of growth of the harvested material since with increasing maturity there are marked changes in chemical composition and botanical features. Accordingly the ruminal N degradability characteristics of perennial ryegrass, harvested at different stages of growth and conserved as hay or silage, were determined using the polyester bag procedure.Crops of young primary growth (C1), first regrowth (C2) second regrowth (C3) and mature primary growth (C4) were harvested from a field of perennial ryegrass c.v.S23. For each crop the fresh grass was stored frozen, conserved as field-cured hay and conserved by ensiling in laboratory silos either directly or after wilting and in both cases with or without formic acid addition (3l/tonne). The silos were opened after 90d and the silages subsequendy stored frozen.
Determination of digestible energy, metabolisable energy and oil digestibility of triple-low rapeseed products for growing and finishing pigs
Authors: Agunbiade J.A. , Wiseman J. , Cole D.J.A. 
Published: June 2019

The use of full-fat rapeseed in non-ruminant animal feeding has for long been limited by the presence of anti-nutritive components. However, triple-low varieties have a considerable potential as a source of both protein and dietary energy in diets, although there is the need for precise information on the relative nutritive value of full-fat rapeseed and the resulting extracted oils and meals before they may be effectively and economically incorporated into animal diets.The rapeseed products evaluated comprised ground full-fat rapeseed (FFRS) extracted rapeseed meal (RSM) and rapeseed oil (RSO) all from a triple-low variety, Brassica campestris SVO 333, obtained from Dalgety-Panmure Co. Angus, U.K. The RSO, RSO plus RSM (ORSM) and FFRS were included to give levels of added oil of 40, 80 and 120 g/kg at the expense of the energy-yielding ingredients of the basal diet (Table 1). The RSM was incorporated into the basal at the same rates as in ORSM. All experimental diets were fed to 13 Landrace x (Landrace x Large White) gilts of 46kg average initial live weight in a metabolism trial conducted over four successive time periods. A ten-day acclimatisation in holding pens preceded a 5-day total collection of faeces (using indigo carmine as marker) and urine (facilitated by indwelling bladder catheter) in metabolism crates. The rapeseed products, diets, oven-dried faeces and freeze-dried urine were analysed for gross energy (GE) and (except urine) for oil content. Apparent digestible energy (DE) of test materials were derived by regression analysis. DE of oil was also derived indirectly as a product of oil digestibility and oil GE.