Hodgkin Lymphoma Patients Demonstrate Evidence of Systemic Perturbation of the Monocyte-Dendritic Cell Axis
Authors: Diefenbach Catherine , Raphael Bruce G. , Grossbard Michael L. , Hymes Kenneth B. , Moskovits Tibor , Kaminetzky David , Martin Peter , Ruan Jia , McShea Megan , B'etou Leonelle , Bonakdar Maryam , Abidoglu Cem , Kozhaya Lina , Leonard John P. , Unutmaz Derya 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: In Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) the malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells comprise only a small fraction of the total cellular tumor population, which orchestrate an inflammatory microenvironment of reactive cells that propagate a permissive milieu for HL growth. This HRS cell mediated immune suppression has effects that extend beyond the direct tumor microenvironment. Previously we have shown that the circulating CD4 and CD8 T cells of relapsed (R) HL patients show high expression of the receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1), and that the central memory T cells (TCM) of both newly diagnosed (ND) and R HL patients are perturbed towards chronic activation. Here we describe immune activation and perturbation in the myeloid compartment of 20 HL patients with newly diagnosed (ND) or relapsed (R) disease. Methods: Informed consent obtained from patients with ND (n= 14) or R (n=6) HL treated since January of 2013. Blood samples were drawn pre-treatment, and at sequential time-points during and after therapy. Cryopreserved PBMCs were thawed then evaluated with multi-color flow cytometry. Cells were stained with fixable viability dye (eBioscience); then stained with fluorescent-conjugated antibodies. For intracellular staining, cells were fixed and permeabilized using FOXP3 staining kit (eBioscience) then stained with intracellular antibodies. Stained cells were analyzed using LSRII flow cytometer (BD Bioscience) and FlowJo software (Tree Star). The following anti-human antibodies were used to analyze myeloid subsets: CD3, CD19, CD16, HLA-DR, CD14, CD303, CD141. Monocytes are defined as CD14+HLA-DR+CD3-CD19-, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) as: CD303+HLA-DR+CD14-CD3-CD19-CD16-, and dendritic cells (DCs) as: HLA-DR+CD141+CD14-CD303-CD3-CD19-CD16-(Biolegend). Singlet cells were gated based on forward and side scatter properties. Dead cells were excluded based on viability dye. Patient samples were compared to normal controls matched for age and sex (n=20). Results: The median HL patient age was 38 (range: 20-90 years). Twelveof the HL subjects were male and 8 were female. All but 1 of the ND HL patients were treated with upfront ABVD +/- consolidative radiation. Two out of 6 R patients had prior allogeneic stem cell transplant (alloSCT); they were not on immunosuppression. Thirteen patients (12 ND, 1 R) responded to therapy (11 CR and 2 PR); 4 patients (1 ND, 3 R) progressed on therapy or had stable disease, 2 patients do not have disease status confirmed. We observed a decrease in the proportion of systemic circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), but not monocytes or DCs, in HL patients at baseline compared to healthy controls (Figure 1). Interestingly, the ratio of both DCs and pDCs to monocytes were greatly disturbed in HL patients compared to healthy subjects (Figure 2). After a single cycle of chemotherapy we noted an increase in pDCs, and a decrease in the ratio of monocytes to both DCs and pDCs and of DCs to pDCs in treated patients. Together these findings suggest a systemic imbalance within the monocyte-DC-pDC axis in HL patients compared to normal healthy controls, which appears to normalize after one cycle of treatment with chemotherapy. Conclusion: HL patients have evidence of perturbation in the systemic myeloid compartment, suggesting that the impact of HRS cells on their microenvironment may have systemic as well as local effects that extend to the myeloid compartment and to antigen presentation, as well as to T cell phenotypes. This underscores the rationale for understanding the role of systemic immune dysfunction in HL, and for the use of immune targeted therapies in HL. Correlation with clinical data, and functional studies to further characterize this immune dysregulation are ongoing.

Disclosures
Diefenbach: Merck: Consultancy, Research Funding; Genentech: Consultancy, Research Funding; Gillead: Equity Ownership; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding. Martin:Gilead: Consultancy, Other: travel, accommodations, expenses; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel, accommodations, expenses; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy; Teva: Research Funding; Acerta: Consultancy. Ruan:Seattle Genetics: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Pharmacyclics, LLC, an AbbVie Company: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Research Funding.