bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coral Reef Drag Coefficients—Surface Gravity Wave Enhancement
Authors: Lentz S. J. , Churchill J. H. , Davis K. A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA primary challenge in modeling flow over shallow coral reefs is accurately characterizing the bottom drag. Previous studies over continental shelves and sandy beaches suggest surface gravity waves should enhance the drag on the circulation over coral reefs. The influence of surface gravity waves on drag over four platform reefs in the Red Sea is examined using observations from 6-month deployments of current and pressure sensors burst sampling at 1 Hz for 4–5 min. Depth-average current fluctuations U′ within each burst are dominated by wave orbital velocities uw that account for 80%–90% of the burst variance and have a magnitude of order 10 cm s−1, similar to the lower-frequency depth-average current Uavg. Previous studies have shown that the cross-reef bottom stress balances the pressure gradient over these reefs. A bottom stress estimate that neglects the waves (ρCdaUavg|Uavg|, where ρ is water density and Cda is a drag coefficient) balances the observed pressure gradient when uw is smaller than Uavg but underestimates the pressure gradient when uw is larger than Uavg (by a factor of 3–5 when uw = 2Uavg), indicating the neglected waves enhance the bottom stress. In contrast, a bottom stress estimate that includes the waves [ρCda(Uavg + U′)|Uavg + U′|)] balances the observed pressure gradient independent of the relative size of uw and Uavg, indicating that this estimate accounts for the wave enhancement of the bottom stress. A parameterization proposed by Wright and Thompson provides a reasonable estimate of the total bottom stress (including the waves) given the burst-averaged current and the wave orbital velocity.
Terrain-Trapped Airflows and Orographic Rainfall along the Coast of Northern California. Part II: Horizontal and Vertical Structures Observed by a Scanning Doppler Radar
Authors: Valenzuela Raul A. , Kingsmill David E. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This study documents the mean properties and variability of kinematic and precipitation structures associated with orographic precipitation along the coast of Northern California in the context of terrain-trapped airflows (TTAs). TTAs are defined as relatively narrow air masses that consistently flow in close proximity and approximately parallel to an orographic barrier. Seven land-falling winter storms are examined with observations from a scanning X-band Doppler radar deployed on the coast at Fort Ross, California. Additional information is provided by a 915-MHz wind-profiling radar, surface meteorology, a GPS receiver, and balloon soundings. The composite kinematic structure during TTA conditions exhibits a significant horizontal gradient of wind direction from the coast to approximately 50 km offshore and a low-level jet (LLJ) that surmounts a weaker airflow offshore corresponding to the TTA, with a zone of enhanced precipitation evident between ~5 and 25 km offshore and oriented nearly parallel to the coastline. Conversely, the composite kinematic structure during NO-TTA conditions exhibits a smaller offshore horizontal gradient of wind direction and precipitation structures are generally enhanced within km of the coastline. Interstorm variability analysis reveals significant variations in kinematic structures during both TTA and NO-TTA conditions, whereas significant variations in precipitation structures are only evident during TTA conditions. The interstorm analysis also illustrates more clearly how LLJ vertical structures evident during NO-TTA conditions exhibit ascent along the coast and over the coastal mountains, which is in contrast to TTA conditions where the ascent occurs offshore and over the TTA.
The Multiple-Vortex Structure of the El Reno, Oklahoma, Tornado on 31 May 2013
Authors: Bluestein Howard B. , Thiem Kyle J. , Snyder Jeffrey C. , Houser Jana B. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This study documents the formation and evolution of secondary vortices associated within a large, violent tornado in Oklahoma based on data from a close-range, mobile, polarimetric, rapid-scan, X-band Doppler radar. Secondary vortices were tracked relative to the parent circulation using data collected every 2 s. It was found that most long-lived vortices (those that could be tracked for ≥15 s) formed within the radius of maximum wind (RMW), mainly in the left-rear quadrant (with respect to parent tornado motion), passing around the center of the parent tornado and dissipating closer to the center in the right-forward and left-forward quadrants. Some secondary vortices persisted for at least 1 min. When a Burgers–Rott vortex is fit to the Doppler radar data, and the vortex is assumed to be axisymmetric, the secondary vortices propagated slowly against the mean azimuthal flow; if the vortex is not assumed to be axisymmetric as a result of a strong rear-flank gust front on one side of it, then the secondary vortices moved along approximately with the wind.
Methodology for quantitative assessment of combat casualty care
Authors: Xynidis Michael A. , Goldiez Brian F. , Norfleet Jack E. , Rothstein Nina 
Published: May 2018

Evaluating proficiency in simulation-based combat casualty training includes the assessment of hands-on training with mannequins through instructor observation. The evaluation process is error-prone due to high student–instructor ratios as well as the subjective nature of the evaluation process. Other logistical inconsistencies, such as the short amount of time to observe individual student performance, can lessen training effectiveness as well. The simulation-based methodology described in this article addresses these challenges by way of quantitative assessment of training effectiveness in combat casualty training. The methodology discusses adaptation of Lempel–Ziv (LZ) complexity indexing to quantify psychomotor activity that is otherwise only subjectively estimated by an instructor. LZ indexing has been successfully used to assess proficiency in related studies of simulation-based training conducted by Bann et al. at the Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine in London, and more recently by Watson at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This type of analysis has been applied to using simulation as a tool to assess not only mastery of a task, but as a method to assess whether a particular simulator and training approach actually works. Data have been gathered from nearly 100 military combat medic trainees at Joint Base Lewis McChord Medical Simulation Training Center. Participant hand-acceleration data from an emergency surgical cricothyrotomy reveals a statistically significant difference in ability between expertise levels. The higher the LZ scores and self-reported expertise level, the better the participant performed. The results show that when presented with demographic and video performance-based data, it is possible to gauge experience by applying LZ scoring to motion data. The methodology provides an objective measure that complements the subjective component of simulation-based cricothyrotomy training assessments. Further study is needed to determine whether this methodology would provide similar assessment advantages in other medical training in which speed and accuracy would be significant factors in determining procedural expertise.
Can heterogeneous compression textile design reshape skin pressures? A fundamental study
Authors: Liu Rong , Lao Terence T , Little Trevor J , Wu Xinbo , Ke Xiao 
Published: May 2018

Textile-based compression interventions (e.g. compression stockings and bandages), as an essential “source of pressure”, have impacted the effectiveness of pressure dosage delivery. The homogeneous structures of traditional compression shells generate highly uneven pressure distributions around leg geometrics in a passive mode, resulting in side effects and uncomfortable wearing perception. With this in mind, new heterogeneous compression sleeves with hybrid elastic properties were fabricated utilizing advanced three-dimensional seamless knitting technology and a unique laid-in structural design. PicoPress pressure assessment revealed in vivo that the developed heterogeneous compression shells with appropriate configurations for the lower limbs demonstrated the capability to proactively reshape skin pressures around leg cross-sections via calibrated proportions of segments with hybrid elastic moduli. The reduced anterior peak focal pressures and increased pressures at muscle-dominated posterior calves together provided a promising measure to enhance pressure function and user compliance in practice. The results will contribute to the development of a new generation of heterogeneous compression stockings with “bi-axial” pressure profiles for improved compression performance in extensive applications.
Using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess distal-limb perfusion on venoarterial (V-A) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patients with femoral cannulation
Authors: Patton-Rivera Killian , Beck James , Fung Kenmond , Chan Christine , Beck Matthew , Takayama Hiroo , Takeda Koji 
Published: May 2018

Background: Patients requiring V-A ECMO who receive femoral cannulation have an associated risk of distal, lower-limb hypoperfusion and ischemia of the cannulated leg. This pilot study evaluated the usefulness of non-invasive lower-limb oximetry, using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to detect limb ischemia. Methods: Between June 2016 and January 2017, 25 patients receiving femoral V-A ECMO were continuously monitored using the CASMED Fore-Sight Elite (CAS Medical Systems Inc., Branford, CT) tissue oximeter. A retrospective pilot study was conducted to review the correlation between NIRS tissue saturations (StO2) and clinical indications of limb ischemia. Patients were monitored for StO2s less than 50% for more than four minutes or StO2 differentials between the cannulated and non-cannulated legs greater than 15%. Results: Twenty-five patients (age 22-78) were monitored with NIRS. Six patients had clinical indications of lower-limb ischemia: cold limb, mottled skin and pulseless Doppler ultrasound. All six patients had StO2s below 50% that persisted for longer than four minutes. Of the 25 patients, one patient had a false-positive indication of hypoperfusion with StO2 below 50% for more than four minutes due to a venous saturation below 30%. Another patient had a false-positive pulseless Doppler ultrasound caused by high doses of pressor support. The StO2 was greater than 60%, which confirmed the clinical determination of adequate perfusion. Five patients had StO2s below 50% for less than four minutes and none of these patients had clinical indications of lower-limb hypoperfusion. All patients with cannula-related obstruction of flow to the distal portion of the leg had StO2 differentials greater than 15%. No patients without cannula-related obstruction to flow had StO2 differentials greater than 15%. Conclusion: Advancements in NIRS technology seem to have improved its accuracy for continuous, non-invasive monitoring of regional tissue and may provide clinicians with an additional metric to protect the distal portion of the cannulated leg.
Can interactive parental education impact health care utilization in pediatric asthma: A study in rural Texas
Authors: Agusala Vijay , Vij Priyanka , Agusala Veena , Dasari Vivekanand , Kola Bhargavi 
Published: May 2018

Objective It is well known that parent/patient education helps to reduce the burden of asthma in urban areas, but data are scarce for rural areas. This study explored the impact of asthma education in Ector County, a rural part of Health Services Region 9 in Texas, which has one of the highest prevalence rates of asthma in the state. Methods This prospective study investigated an interactive asthma education intervention in pediatric patients aged 2–18 years and their caregivers. Change in parental/caregiver knowledge about their child’s asthma along with frequency of missed school days, emergency department (ED) visits and hospital admissions was obtained via telephone surveys before and after the educational intervention was delivered. Results The study enrolled 102 pediatric patients and their parents/caregivers. Asthma education was associated with significantly fewer school absences, ED visits and hospitalizations. Parents/caregivers reported feeling better educated, knowing what triggers an asthma exacerbation, identifying the signs of a severe asthma attack in their child, feeling confident about managing asthma and feeling that the asthma was under control. Conclusion Asthma education of caregivers and children was associated with better symptom management and fewer acute exacerbations, pointing to the relevance and importance of asthma education among pediatric patients in rural areas.
Serum melatonin levels are associated with mortality in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction
Authors: Lorente Leonardo , Martín María M. , Abreu-González Pedro , Pérez-Cejas Antonia , Ramos Luis , Argueso Mónica , Solé-Violán Jordi , Cáceres Juan J. , Jiménez Alejandro , García-Marín Victor 
Published: May 2018

Objectives Lower serum melatonin levels are found in patients with ischaemic stroke compared with healthy controls. This study aimed to determine whether serum melatonin levels are associated with peroxidation status, antioxidant status, and mortality in patients with ischaemic stroke. Methods Patients with severe malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (MMCAI), defined as a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score lower than 9, were included. Serum levels of melatonin, malondialdehyde (to assess lipid peroxidation), and total antioxidant capacity at the time of diagnosing MMCAI were determined. We chose 30-day mortality as the endpoint of the study. Results We found significantly higher serum levels of melatonin, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde in non-survivors (n = 32) than in survivors (n = 32) with MMCAI. Serum melatonin levels were associated with 30-day mortality (odds ratio = 2.205; 95% confidence interval = 1.294–3.759) after controlling for GCS score and age. We found a positive association between serum melatonin levels and total antioxidant capacity (rho = 0.36), and between serum melatonin and malondialdehyde levels (rho = 0.35). Conclusions Our study shows that serum melatonin levels are associated with peroxidation status, antioxidant status, and mortality in patients with MMCAI.
International perspective on factors influencing the performance of housework: a scoping review
Authors: Arnold Susan , Mackenzie Lynette , James Carole , Millington Michael 
Published: May 2018

Introduction Occupational therapists provide care opinions when assessing a person's capacity to perform housework. This skill requires occupational therapists to understand healthy populations' attitude towards housework. Method A scoping review was undertaken using keyword and MeSH terms. Thirty articles were identified as meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Each article was reviewed allowing thematic development of factors that influenced a person's decision to perform housework. Results Studies present data from 34 countries, many of which are classified as high- or upper-middle-income countries. The results indicated that housework is primarily performed by women. The time range was 11.5 hours/week to 27 hours/week. Impacting factors included the employment, marital and parental status of the household, the earning and education level of each person as well as their peer group attitudes, women's involvement in national legislation along with the social class and cultural attitudes towards women. In addition, the presence of children aged under 15 years or adults over 74 years in the household increased levels of housework performance. Conclusion The study reveals there is no single predictive factor on who performs housework, how long it will take nor the selection of tasks. This supports the occupational therapy philosophy of considering the individual's requirements when making care decisions.
Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) activation causes migraine-like pain behaviors in mice
Authors: Hassler Shayne N , Ahmad Fatima B , Burgos-Vega Carolina C , Boitano Scott , Vagner Josef , Price Theodore J , Dussor Gregory 
Published: May 2018

Background Pain is the most debilitating symptom of migraine. The cause of migraine pain likely requires activation of meningeal nociceptors. Mast cell degranulation, with subsequent meningeal nociceptor activation, has been implicated in migraine pathophysiology. Degranulating mast cells release serine proteases that can cleave and activate protease activated receptors. The purpose of these studies was to investigate whether protease activated receptor 2 is a potential generator of nociceptive input from the meninges by using selective pharmacological agents and knockout mice. Methods Ratiometric Ca++ imaging was performed on primary trigeminal and dural cell cultures after application of 2at-LIGRL-NH2, a specific protease activated receptor 2 agonist. Cutaneous hypersensitivity and facial grimace was measured in wild-type and protease activated receptor 2−/− mice after dural application of 2at-LIGRL-NH2 or compound 48-80, a mast cell degranulator. Behavioral experiments were also conducted in mice after dural application of 2at-LIGRL-NH2 (2AT) in the presence of either C391, a selective protease activated receptor 2 antagonist, or sumatriptan. Results 2at-LIGRL-NH2 evoked Ca2+ signaling in mouse trigeminal neurons, dural fibroblasts and in meningeal afferents. Dural application of 2at-LIGRL-NH2 or 48-80 caused dose-dependent grimace behavior and mechanical allodynia that were attenuated by either local or systemic application of C391 as well as in protease activated receptor 2−/− mice. Nociceptive behavior after dural injection of 2at-LIGRL-NH2 was also attenuated by sumatriptan. Conclusions Functional protease activated receptor 2 receptors are expressed on both dural afferents and fibroblasts and activation of dural protease activated receptor 2 produces migraine-like behavioral responses. Protease activated receptor 2 may link resident immune cells to meningeal nociceptor activation, driving migraine-like pain and implicating protease activated receptor 2 as a therapeutic target for migraine in humans.
Non-invasive dural stimulation in mice: A novel preclinical model of migraine
Authors: Burgos-Vega Carolina Christina , Quigley Lilyana D , Trevisan dos Santos Gabriela , Yan Flora , Asiedu Marina , Jacobs Blaine , Motina Marina , Safdar Nida , Yousuf Hayyan , Avona Amanda , Price Theodore John , Dussor Greg 
Published: May 2018

Background Migraine is characterized by a collection of neurological symptoms in the absence of injury or damage. However, several common preclinical migraine models require significant damage to the skull to stimulate the dura mater, the likely source of afferent signaling leading to head pain. The goal of this study was to determine whether dural stimulation can be performed in mice using an injection that does not cause injury or damage. Methods Using mice, injections of stimuli were administered to the dura mater through the soft tissue at the intersection between the lambdoidal and sagittal sutures. This technique did not require a permanent cannula nor did it cause damage to the skull or dura. Following injection of noxious stimuli, migraine-like behaviors were measured including cutaneous allodynia and facial grimace. The retrograde tracer fluorogold was applied onto the dura using the same injection technique to label trigeminal ganglion cell bodies, which were then testing in vitro using patch-clamp electrophysiology. Results Dural injection of allyl-isothiocyanate, low pH, interleukin-6, or inflammatory soup but not vehicles, led to cephalic/extracephalic allodynia. Facial grimace responses were also observed with allyl-isothiocyanate, pH 6.0, and interleukin-6. Stimulation with interleukin-6 causes priming to normally subthreshold pH 7.0 stimulation of the dura following resolution of the initial interleukin-6 behavior. Systemic injection of sumatriptan at the time of dural stimulation with inflammatory soup decreased the resulting cutaneous hypersensitivity. Trigeminal ganglion cell bodies retrogradely labeled from the dura had low pH-evoked currents similar to those generated by acid-sensing ion channels. Conclusion Non-invasive dural stimulation in mice can be used as a model of migraine in the absence of injury.
Volume and shape of subcortical grey matter structures related to headache: A cross-sectional population-based imaging study in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study
Authors: Husøy Andreas Kattem , Pintzka Carl , Eikenes Live , Håberg Asta K , Hagen Knut , Linde Mattias , Stovner Lars Jacob 
Published: May 2018

Background The relationship between subcortical nuclei and headache is unclear. Most previous studies were conducted in small clinical migraine samples. In the present population-based MRI study, we hypothesized that headache sufferers exhibit reduced volume and deformation of the nucleus accumbens compared to non-sufferers. In addition, volume and deformation of the amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen and thalamus were examined. Methods In all, 1006 participants (50–66 years) from the third Nord-Trøndelag Health Survey, were randomly selected to undergo a brain MRI at 1.5 T. Volume and shape of the subcortical nuclei from T1 weighted 3D scans were obtained in FreeSurfer and FSL. The association with questionnaire-based headache categories (migraine and tension-type headache included) was evaluated using analysis of covariance. Individuals not suffering from headache were used as controls. Age, sex, intracranial volume and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used as covariates. Results No effect of headache status on accumbens volume and shape was present. Exploratory analyses showed significant but small differences in volume of caudate and putamen and in putamen shape between those with non-migrainous headache and the controls. A post hoc analysis showed that caudate volume was strongly associated with white matter hyperintensities. Conclusion We did not confirm our hypothesis that headache sufferers have smaller volume and different shape of the accumbens compared to non-sufferers. No or only small differences in volume and shape of subcortical nuclei between headache sufferers and non-sufferers appear to exist in the general population.
In vitro effects of two major phenolic compounds from the family Lamiaceae plants on the human gastric carcinoma cells
Authors: Günes-Bayir Ayse , Kocyigit Abdurrahim , Güler Eray Metin 
Published: May 2018

Phenolic compounds of essential oils from the family Lamiaceae are commonly used substances in the food industry because of their flavouring, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. In this context, it has become important to have healthy and safe products for consumers who are exposed to these phenolic compounds. The present study was aimed to investigate the toxic effects of carvacrol, thymol and their mixture on human gastric carcinoma (AGS) cells. Cells were analyzed after 24 h of exposure to different concentrations of carvacrol, thymol and their mixture by the ATP cell viability, 2′,7′ dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA), reducte glutatione/oxide glutathione ((GSH)/GSSG-Glo) and comet assays. Apoptosis induction was studied by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and western blotting. Carvacrol, thymol and their mixture induced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, apoptosis, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased GSH levels after 24 h of their exposure in a dose-dependent manner. A close negative relationship was found between cell viability and ROS generation. We examined dose-dependent cytotoxic effects of carvacrol, thymol and their mixture in human AGS cells. Increased intracellular ROS causes oxidative stress in cells. The results indicated that these compounds should be used carefully in the food industry.