bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL CONCETTO DI INTERESSE: DALL'EUFEMISMO ALLA TAUTOLOGIA
Authors: Hirschman Albert O. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIl concetto di «interesse» o «interessi» è uno dei piò centrali e controversi in economia e, piò in generale, nelle scienze sociali e nella storia. è anche un concetto con molti sensi, per non dire ambiguo, e il suo significato ha subito via via grossi spostamenti. Da quando è entrato nel linguaggio comune di diversi paesi europei, attorno alla metà del XVI secolo, come termine di derivazione latina (intérêt, interest, ecc.), il concetto ha indicato le forze fondamentali, basate sulla spinta dell'autoconservazione e all'auto-accrescimento, che motivano o dovrebbero motivare le azioni del principe o dello Stato, dell'individuo, e poi di gruppi di persone che occupano una posizione sociale o economica omogenea (classi, gruppi d'interesse). Quando è riferito all'individuo, il concetto ha assunto talvolta un significato assai ampio, inglobando per esempio l'interesse per l'onore, la gloria, l'amor proprio, e persino per l'aldilà. In altre epoche, al contrario, si è limitato ad indicare esclusivamente la ricerca di un vantaggio economico. In maniera analoga, l'espressione « perseguire i propri interessi» può ricoprire — fino ad essere una tautologia — tutto l'insieme delle azioni umane, ma spesso servirà, piò utilmente, ad indicare un modo specifico ostiledi condotta, variamente concepito come azione « razionale » o « strumentale». Anche la stima in cui è tenuto il comportamento motivato dall'interesse ha subito considerevoli variazioni. Il termine entrò originariamente in uso, già alla fine del Medioevo, come eufemismo inteso a rendere rispettabile una data attività, quella di percepire un interesse sui prestiti, da tempo considerata contraria alla legge divina e conosciuta come il peccato dell'usura. Nella sua accezione piò ampia, ha acquistato talvolta un grande prestigio come chiave di un ordine sociale realizzabile, pacifico e progressista. E tuttavia è stato anche attaccato come concetto che degrada lo spirito umano ed è suscettibile di distruggere e di corrodere pericolosamente le fondamenta della società. Indagare su questi molteplici significati e su queste molteplici valutazioni significa di fatto esplorare buona parte della storia economica e in particolare della storia delle dottrine economiche e politiche occidentali nell'arco degli ultimi quattro secoli.
LA PARTECIPAZIONE DEI MILITARI NEI NUOVI AUTORITARISMI. IL CILE IN UNA PROSPETTIVA COMPARATA
Authors: Huneeus Carlo , Olave Jorge 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneTra il colpo di stato in Brasile ai primi di aprile del 1964 e quello in Argentina nel marzo del 1976, in America Latina si é delineato un processo di crollo di molti governi democratici e di instaurazione di regimi autoritari capaci di sopravvivere lunghi anni. Solo la Colombia, il Venezuela e il Costa Rica, hanno resistito a questo processo, mentre sono cadute democrazie con alle spalle una lunga e solida tradizione di libertà, come l'Uruguay e il Cile.
The Design and Application of a Track-type Autonomous Inspection Robot for Electrical Distribution Room
Authors: Cheng Min , Xiang Dao 
Published: May 2019

SummaryElectrical distribution equipment inspection is crucial for the electric power industry. With the rapid increase in the number of electrical distribution rooms, an unattended inspection method, for example, autonomous inspection robot, is eagerly desired by the industry to make up for the deficiencies of traditional manual inspection in effectiveness and validity. Existing inspection robots designed for indoor substations are generally lack of practicality, due to the factors such as inspection requirements and robot weight. To bridge the gap between prototype and practicality, in this work, we design the first completely autonomous robotic system, LongSword, which provides a satisfying technical solution for equipment inspection with an optical zoom camera, a thermal imaging camera or a partial discharge detector. Firstly, we design a novel and flexible hardware architecture which allows the robot to move, lift, and rotate in the station to reach any desired position. Secondly, we develop an intelligent software framework which consists of several modules to achieve accurate equipment recognition and reliable failure diagnosis. Thirdly, we achieve an apposite integration of the existing technologies to implement an applicable robotic system that can fulfill the requirements of indoor equipment inspection. There are over 200 LongSwords currently serving about 160 electrical distribution rooms, some of which have been working for more than 1 year. The average precision of device status recognition is up to 99.70%, and the average inspection time of a single device is as short as 13.5 s. The feedback from workers shows that LongSword can significantly improve the efficiency and reliability of equipment inspection, which accelerates the process of setting up unmanned stations.
A Study on Vibrations of Hexarot-Based High-G Centrifugal Simulators
Authors: Pedrammehr Siamak , Asadi Houshyar , Nahavandi Saeid 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThis paper investigates the vibrations of hexarot simulators. The generalized modeling of kinematics and dynamics formulation of a hexarot mechanism is addressed. This model considers the flexible manipulator with the base motion. The dynamic formulation has been developed based on the principle of virtual work. The dynamic model consists of the stiffness of the different parts of the mechanism, the effects of gravity and inertia, torque and force related to the joints viscous friction. Finally, the response of the end effector at various frequencies has been presented, and the vibrations of the mechanism and the dynamic stability index have been investigated.
Remote sensing of the Tay Estuary using visible and near-infrared data: mapping of the inter-tidal zone
Authors: Cracknell A. P. , Hayes L. W. B. , Keltie G. F. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe coastal zone is being seen increasingly as a major resource requiring the planning of its use to accommodate the many and frequently conflicting demands placed upon it. In the U.K. this planning is complicated by the difficulties arising from the scale, map projection and quality of information provided by the different mapping agencies. These difficulties are compounded because the representation of information concerning the littoral is quickly outdated by the dynamic coastal processes operating in this zone. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the use of digital remote sensing and mapping techniques, using data from a set of LANDSAT MSS scenes corresponding to different tidal states, for mapping within the coastal zone where regular and possibly cyclic map revision is required.
The nature and distribution of the suspended load of the middle Tay Estuary
Authors: Hubbard Fred H. , Hashim Majid H. A. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe suspended loads at three stations in the middle estuary of the River Tay have been analysed monthly, at low and high water of the spring tides, over the period June 1983 to May 1984. Major mineral modal analyses were derived from bulk and mineral oxide analyses. The concentrations in the suspended loads of the trace metals Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined. An efficient circulatory system operates within the middle estuary which largely retains the suspended loads acquired from the inner estuary, even at seasonal periods of high influx. The major mineral assemblage is quartz, chlorite, illite and kaolinite. There is some preferential landward return of quartz and chlorite. Chromium has an association with chlorite, while copper, lead and zinc seem linked with suspended particulate organic matter which, at least in part, is derived from sewage disposal into the estuary. Dissolved zinc is associated with dissolved organic matter.
The physical geography and geology of the estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Browne Michael A. E. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe Upper Palaeozoic bedrock, which is of sedimentary and volcanic origin, is briefly described. The origin of the Forth as a series of depressions in the bedrock surface probably owes much to erosion of a pre-existing Tertiary landscape during phases of Quaternary glaciation. The late Quaternary history of the area is described, relating the distribution of the sediments deposited in the Forth to climatic events and changes in relative sea-level. Since the acme of the last main glaciation about 20,000 years ago, late Devensian marine and estuarine sediments have been deposited on the underlying glacial till sheet at altitudes ranging from more than 120 m below O.D. to at least 46 m above O.D. Similarly, raised and buried beaches and their deposits occur at altitudes from 40 m above O.D. down to around 10 m below O.D. in the estuary. During the Flandrian, sea-level has fluctuated, reaching its maximum (about 11 to 15 m above O.D.) about 6500 years ago. The typical deposit of this period is the carse clay which forms a series of extensive, fertile raised mudflats around the estuary. The calcareous marine faunas of the carse clay and older deposits are outlined.
Water circulation in the Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Dyke P. P. G. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe Firth of Forth, in terms of physical oceanography, is part of the North Sea. The general circulation pattern in the firth must be regarded as largely speculative. There have been insufficient measurements of insufficient quality, and what evidence exists leads to the view that what circulation there is, is sluggish and varies from season to season and from year to year.A description is given of the three principal mechanisms that contribute to circulation. Tides, due initially to astronomical forces, manifest themselves in the Firth of Forth through the rise and fall of the adjacent open sea. This rise and fall, periodic in mid ocean, is no longer strictly so in the firth and neither are the tidal currents. The wind-driven currents in the sea are influenced by the earth's rotation. In the Firth of Forth, some of this influence is retained. Naturally, wind-driven currents are larger near the surface. Finally, when water of different densities meets, overturning causes convection currents. All of these effects are present to some extent in the Firth of Forth. In addition, specific account has to be taken of complicated coastal and bottom topography and river outflow. Some attempt to bring together these effects and available measurements is made in this paper. Lastly, several theoretical models are proposed which account for the magnitudes and directions of the observed steady circulation. Mathematical details are given in appendices.
Contamination and effects of hydrocarbons on the Forth ecosystem, Scotland
Authors: Elliott M. , Griffiths A. H. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisSince 1924 the Forth has received effluent from Scotland's major petrochemical industry and refinery in addition to hydrocarbon inputs from many other sources. The firth shows no major effects of this, but the history of inputs, together with the estuary's physical characteristics, have created a large residue of hydrocarbon contaminants especially in its sediments. This paper gives the degree and gradients of contamination in several components and describes the effect of hydrocarbon contaminants on the ecosystem structure.The major inputs have produced localised lethal effects, in that productive estuarine intertidal habitat has been lost or its functioning altered. The changes are primarily due to organic enrichment with only very near-field toxic effects. Some of the effects result from historical contamination, but existing discharges continue to have a deleterious effect. New petrochemical discharges in both firth and estuary appear to have a minimal impact, although the historical contamination makes it difficult to assess their effects.
The intertidal benthos and sediments of particulate shores in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, with particular reference to waste water discharges
Authors: Read Paul 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe paper summarises and briefly discusses published and unpublished data relating to the physicochemical characteristics of the sediments and the occurrence and distribution of the intertidal macrobenthos of paniculate shores in the Firth of Forth. In general, the shores described are poor faunistically and in some areas this results partly from the influence of waste water discharges. Detailed information is available for only a limited number of the numerous beaches in the Firth of Forth. In consequence, this paper focusses attention on the results of a long term study of four beaches along the south shore of the firth which was undertaken as part of an environmental impact assessment in relation to the introduction of improved sewage treatment and disposal for the City of Edinburgh. Edinburgh Sewage Scheme and the firth into which it discharges are briefly described and data pertaining to changes in the intertidal sediments and the intertidal macrobenthic communities, which occurred in the Seafield Bay area of the firth following pollution abatement, are presented and discussed.
Fishery studies in the estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Poxton M. G. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisRecent fishery studies in the estuary and Firth of Forth stem from the late 1970s and have largely been carried out by the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, the Forth River Purification Board and Heriot-Watt University. This paper briefly reviews these studies, which may loosely be divided into work done at power stations, general demersal and pelagic studies of the estuarine fish populations, studies on particular species (lamprey, eelpout, whiting, cod and flatfish, especially the plaice), pollution- orientated studies (hydrocarbons in flatfish and mercury in eelpout) and more general work including ichthyoplankton surveys. Most work has been done on the ecology of flatfish, especially the plaice and it is examined in most detail.A total of fifty species of fish have been recorded of which thirty-six occurred in the estuary and thirty-nine in the firth. Others are however known to occur. Of the twenty-eight species entrained into the intakes of local power stations, the sprat, herring, whiting and sand goby were most numerous, while other common species were sandeels, eelpout and pogge. Sand gobies, whiting, common dabs and sprats were the most numerous species taken by Agassiz trawling with herring, cod, eelpout, butterfish, pogge, flounders and plaice also commonly taken. Only herring, sprat, whiting, cod and fatherlasher were recorded using a midwater trawl and only the clupeoids occurred in all the catches. The catches of the 2 m beam trawl used in sandy bays in the firth were dominated by plaice, common dabs, sand gobies and sandeels. The ichthyoplankton surveys undertaken in 1986 have caught twenty-three species as eggs and twelve species as larvae. The majority of the eggs were those of the common dab, whiting, flounder, rock ling and sprat, while the majority of larvae were sandeels and clupeoids.
Selection and management of sites of nature conservation importance in the Forth estuary and Firth, Scotland
Authors: Gordon Nancy J. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe Forth is of great importance for nature conservation. More than half of the coastline of the estuary and the Firth of Forth is assessed to be sufficiently important for designation as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). The basis of the selection of these sites is discussed. The SSSIs are then described, including those which are managed as nature reserves. Wider aspects of conservation in the Forth are referred to. The main threats to wildlife sites and species are indicated, together with possible solutions, and opportunities for conservation.
Scotland's energy demands
Authors: Miller D. J. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe main features of energy demand in Scotland are described and compared, in respect of total energy use and the shares supplied by the different fuels, with the figures for the United Kingdom and other countries. Recent trends in demand are examined to illustrate how the present position has been reached and factors likely to influence each fuel's share in the future are outlined. The role of the energy industries themselves is discussed and the scope for new initiatives by these industries indicated.
The availability of gas
Authors: Probert W. R. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThis paper considers market fundamentals rather than privatisation, which is largely about organisation. During the last ten years there has been significant growth in the size of the world's remaining proven gas reserves. The proven reserve production ratio has been growing and is now sixty years. Beyond proven reserves there are reserves in the “probable” and “possible” categories. Within Western Europe, gas reserves are principally located in Norway, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Additional reserves are accessible to Western Europe. For the United Kingdom, gas supplies are probably ample in the short to medium term. In the longer term there is likely to be a need for imports but there are various potential suppliers. At the Church House debate in 1976 many were obsessed with “energy gaps”; today's conventional wisdom is “market forces”. Energy forecasts have proved inaccurate, but gas demand has been fairly close to projections. Over the last ten years the role of gas in energy markets has been growing, such that gas is now the major fuel in non-transport energy demand. Gas now dominates the domestic market for energy in Britain. Growth in customers continues in Scotland and the rest of Britain. Nevertheless, there is fierce competition in the domestic market with millions of decisions taken on acquiring and replacing appliances each year. The growing role of gas in Scottish and British industrial and commercial markets is discussed, with faster growth overall in demand in Scotland than Britain as a whole. The recession has had its effect but gas suffered less than some other fuels. Growth in gas demand from industry has resumed. Great emphasis is placed upon improving the efficiency of gas use. Used wisely, an availability of gas is foreseen on a long term basis.
Radiation studies
Authors: Curran Samuel 
Published: May 2019

Our President, Sir Alwyn Williams, asked me to act for him in this last element of our Symposium and he stressed that I should tell you how unhappy he was to be absent today.I found myself reflecting on some possible reasons for the invitation to me to deputise. The most obvious is perhaps my seniority as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. I have been a Fellow for almost forty years. In addition, and more pertinent to my immediate task, for over fifty years I have been involved in research, or close to research, in nuclear science and particularly concerned with research on penetrating radiation. I trust this qualifies me to discuss some important trends.
Comparison of contrast sensitivity in macaque monkeys and humans
Authors: Ridder William H. , Zhang Kai Ming , Karsolia Apoorva , Engles Michael , Burke James 
Published: May 2019

AbstractContrast sensitivity functions reveal information about a subject’s overall visual ability and have been investigated in several species of nonhuman primates (NHPs) with experimentally induced amblyopia and glaucoma. However, there are no published studies comparing contrast sensitivity functions across these species of normal NHPs. The purpose of this investigation was to compare contrast sensitivity across these primates to determine whether they are similar. Ten normal humans and eight normal NHPs (Macaca fascicularis) took part in this project. Previously published data from Macaca mulatta and Macaca nemestrina were also compared. Threshold was operationally defined as two misses in a row for a descending method of limits. A similar paradigm was used for the humans except that the descending method of limits was combined with a spatial, two-alternative forced choice (2-AFC) technique. The contrast sensitivity functions were fit with a double exponential function. The averaged peak contrast sensitivity, peak spatial frequency, acuity, and area under the curve for the humans were 268.9, 3.40 cpd, 27.3 cpd, and 2345.4 and for the Macaca fascicularis were 99.2, 3.93 cpd, 26.1 cpd, and 980.9. A two-sample t-test indicated that the peak contrast sensitivities (P = 0.001) and areas under the curve (P = 0.010) were significantly different. The peak spatial frequencies (P = 0.150) and the extrapolated visual acuities (P = 0.763) were not different. The contrast sensitivities for the Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, and Macaca nemestrina were qualitatively and quantitatively similar. The contrast sensitivity functions for the NHPs had lower peak contrast sensitivities and areas under the curve than the humans. Even though different methods have been used to measure contrast sensitivity in different species of NHP, the functions are similar. The contrast sensitivity differences and similarities between humans and NHPs need to be considered when using NHPs to study human disease.
Excitability and irritability in preschoolers predicts later psychopathology: The importance of positive and negative emotion dysregulation
Authors: Vogel Alecia C. , Jackson Joshua J. , Barch Deanna M. , Tillman Rebecca , Luby Joan L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEmotion dysregulation is a risk factor for the development of a variety of psychopathologic outcomes. In children, irritability, or dysregulated negative affect, has been the primary focus, as it predicts later negative outcomes even in very young children. However, dysregulation of positive emotion is increasingly recognized as a contributor to psychopathology. Here we used an exploratory factor analysis and defined four factors of emotion dysregulation: irritability, excitability, sadness, and anhedonia, in the preschool-age psychiatric assessment collected in a sample of 302 children ages 3–5 years enriched for early onset depression. The irritability and excitability factor scores defined in preschoolers predicted later diagnosis of mood and externalizing disorders when controlling for other factor scores, social adversity, maternal history of mood disorders, and externalizing diagnoses at baseline. The preschool excitability factor score predicted emotion lability in late childhood and early adolescence when controlling for other factor scores, social adversity, and maternal history. Both excitability and irritability factor scores in preschoolers predicted global functioning into the teen years and early adolescence, respectively. These findings underscore the importance of positive, as well as negative, affect dysregulation as early as the preschool years in predicting later psychopathology, which deserves both further study and clinical consideration.