bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability to psychosocial disability in psychosis
Authors: Griffiths S. L. , Wood S. J. , Birchwood M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPsychosocial disability affects a number of individuals with psychosis and often begins years before the formal onset of disorder. This suggests that for many, their psychosocial disability is enduring, and targeted interventions are therefore needed earlier in their developmental trajectories to ensure that psychosocial disability does not become entrenched. Poor psychosocial functioning also affects individuals with a range of different emerging mental health problems, putting these young people at risk of long-term social marginalisation and economic disadvantage; all of which are known risk factors for the development of psychosis. Identification of the markers of poor psychosocial functioning will help to inform effective treatments. This editorial will discern the early trajectories and markers of poor psychosocial outcome in psychosis, and highlight which individuals are most at risk of having a poor outcome. This editorial will also discuss whether early interventions are currently being targeted appropriately and will propose how intervention and preventative strategies can be implemented, to restore psychosocial trajectories in a way that enables young people to maximise their life chances.
Antiphospholipid syndrome – an update
Authors: Linnemann Birgit 
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoantibody-mediated acquired thrombophilia. It is characterized by the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APL) that are directed against phospholipid-binding plasma proteins, such as beta-2-glycoprotein I (b2GPI). Its main manifestations are recurrent vascular thromboses (so-called “thrombotic APS”) and pregnancy complications (“obstetric APS”). According to the current consensus criteria, a persistently positive functional lupus anticoagulant (LA) assay and/or the presence of anti-b2GPI and/or anti-cardiolipin antibodies, together with clinical symptoms, is mandatory for the diagnosis of APS. Other clinical features, such as thrombocytopenia, Coombs-positive haemolytic anaemia, heart valve disease, renal microangiopathy and neurologic disorders are also common in APL-positive patients. APS can be associated with other autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. In rare cases, catastrophic APS (CAPS) occurs, with the development of excessive thrombosis at multiple sites, usually affecting small vessels and leading to multi-organ dysfunction and organ failure. Treatment usually comprises antithrombotic therapy using antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents. However, there is no consensus concerning the intensity or duration of therapy. Despite apparently adequate anticoagulation, the risk of recurrent thrombosis remains high. For patients with CAPS, a combined therapeutic approach that includes anticoagulation, glucocorticoids, plasma exchange and/or intravenous immunoglobulin seems to be the best treatment option. Keywords: Antiphospholipid syndrome, lupus anticoagulants, anti-cardiolipin, anti-beta-2-glycoprotein I, vascular thrombosis, pregnancy complication
The Incorporation of Field Portable Instrumentation Into Human Planetary Surface Exploration
Authors: Young K. E. , Bleacher J. E. , Rogers A. D. , Schmitt H. H. , McAdam A. C. , Garry W. B. , Whelley P. L. , Scheidt S. P. , Ito G. , Knudson C. A. , Graff T. G. , Bleacher L. V. , Whelley N. , Evans C. A. , Hurtado J. M. , Glotch T. D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractField portable instrumentation, such as in situ geochemical analyzers or broader field of view instruments like multispectral imagers or other imaging capabilities, has the potential to dramatically increase the science return of a planetary surface exploration mission. However, more work is needed to determine how emerging portable technologies should be designed and implemented into evolving mission architectures. This work summarizes the efforts of the RIS4E (Remote, In Situ and Synchrotron Studies for Science and Exploration) SSERVI (Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute) team in investigating how field portable instruments should be including into planning for future exploration EVAs (extravehicular activities). EVA crews of geologists and astronauts tested a variety of portable and handheld technologies at both the December 1974 lava flow, Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, and Kilbourne Hole, New Mexico, both of which are planetary analog sites. The timeline data gathered during instrument deployment were then mapped onto EVA timelines used in large‐scale NASA planetary surface exploration analog missions. Results and recommendations for future instrument hardware and software development are discussed, as is the operational framework necessary for incorporating in situ analytical capabilities into future planetary surface exploration.
Quantifying Uncertainty in Cumulative Surface Slip Along the Cucamonga Fault, a Crustal Thrust Fault in Southern California
Authors: McPhillips Devin , Scharer Katherine M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractStudies of historic earthquake ground surface ruptures show that displacements along strike are spatially variable. As a result, latest Quaternary slip rates developed from a spatially restricted set of cumulative displacement measurements may not accurately represent fault velocity. Here we examine the uncertainties associated with slip on the Cucamonga Fault, which is part of a network of faults that have generated damaging historical earthquakes in and around Los Angeles, California. Numerous scarps along its ~25‐km length are well expressed on alluvial fans. We make 310 measurements of vertical separation across the scarps using lidar data. We show that the dispersion of the vertical separations cannot be explained by our best estimates of analytical uncertainties alone. Additional epistemic uncertainties are required. We find that the magnitude of the required epistemic uncertainty is typically larger than analytical uncertainty by a factor of 3 and typically about 22% of the maximum vertical separation. These relationships appear to hold at several spatial scales. We examine three potential sources of epistemic uncertainty and find that none among surface age uncertainty, fault dip, and anthropogenic landscape alteration is likely sufficient to explain the overdispersion of the data, which suggests differences in cumulative strain along the strike of the fault. We calculate a range of dip‐slip rates between 0.4 and 2.6 mm/year. In light of our results, we suggest that future thrust‐fault slip‐rate studies adopt an epistemic uncertainty of 22% of the maximum value for vertical separation measurements, unless there are sufficient data to demonstrate otherwise.
Autophagy regulates vinorelbine sensitivity due to continued Keap1-mediated ROS generation in lung adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Wu Yan-Wei , Lin Chiou-Feng , Lin Yee-Shin , Su Wu-Chou , Chiu Wei-Hsin 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Autophagy is one of the induced mechanisms in metastatic cancer to escape death due to starvation, hypoxia, metabolic stresses, chemotherapy, and radiation. Some publications have revealed that chemotherapy combined with autophagy inhibitor will overcome drug resistance. We modified AS2 cells with PTEN overexpression, mTOR knockdown, or Keap1 knockdown, and made modification of A549 cells with PTEN knockdown, Atg5 knockdown, and Keap1 overexpression. Our study was aimed toward an exploration of how autophagy modulates Keap1, ROS generation, and vinorelbine-induced apoptosis in these cell lines. We found that lung cancer PC14PE6/AS2 (AS2) had higher mTOR and Akt and also lower PTEN expression than A549 cells. Descended autophagy was demonstrated with more decreased p62 accumulation and LC3 II conversion in AS2 cells as compared to A549 cells. The A549 cells had lower Keap1/Nrf2 and more active anti-oxidant response element (ARE) activity than the AS2 cells. We modified AS2 cells with PTEN overexpression, mTOR knockdown, Keap1 knockdown, and revealed amplified p62 and LC3 expression accompanied with decreased Akt, Keap1, ROS, and vinorelbine-induced apoptosis. Declined p62, LC3 expression were accompanied with increased Akt, Keap1, ROS, and vinorelbine-induced apoptosis after modification of A549 cells with PTEN knockdown, Atg5 knockdown, and Keap1 overexpression. Keap1 overexpression lowered ARE levels in A549 cells, and ARE level exhibited up-growth in Keap1 knockdown AS2 cells. The autophagy inhibitor caused more ROS generation and vinorelbine-induced apoptosis in the A549 and CL1-5 cells. According to these findings, autophagy regulates vinorelbine sensitivity by continuing Keap1-mediated ROS generation in lung adenocarcinoma cells.
Transport evidence for a sliding two-dimensional quantum electron solid
Authors: Brussarski Pedro , Li S. , Kravchenko S. V. , Shashkin A. A. , Sarachik M. P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIgnited by the discovery of the metal-insulator transition, the behaviour of low-disorder two-dimensional (2D) electron systems is currently the focus of a great deal of attention. In the strongly interacting limit, electrons are expected to crystallize into a quantum Wigner crystal, but no definitive evidence for this effect has been obtained despite much experimental effort over the years. Here, studying the insulating state of a 2D electron system in silicon, we have found two-threshold voltage-current characteristics with a dramatic increase in noise between the two threshold voltages. This behaviour cannot be described within existing traditional models. On the other hand, it is strikingly similar to that observed for the collective depinning of the vortex lattice in type-II superconductors. Adapting the model used for vortexes to the case of an electron solid yields good agreement with our experimental results, favouring the quantum electron solid as the origin of the low-density state.
Towards global data products of Essential Biodiversity Variables on species traits
Authors: Kissling W. Daniel , Walls Ramona , Bowser Anne , Jones Matthew O. , Kattge Jens , Agosti Donat , Amengual Josep , Basset Alberto , van Bodegom Peter M. , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Denny Ellen G. , Deudero Salud , Egloff Willi , Elmendorf Sarah C. , Alonso García Enrique , Jones Katherine D. , Jones Owen R. , Lavorel Sandra , Lear Dan , Navarro Laetitia M. , Pawar Samraat , Pirzl Rebecca , Rüger Nadja , Sal Sofia , Salguero-Gómez Roberto , Schigel Dmitry , Schulz Katja-Sabine , Skidmore Andrew , Guralnick Robert P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEssential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) allow observation and reporting of global biodiversity change, but a detailed framework for the empirical derivation of specific EBVs has yet to be developed. Here, we re-examine and refine the previous candidate set of species traits EBVs and show how traits related to phenology, morphology, reproduction, physiology and movement can contribute to EBV operationalization. The selected EBVs express intra-specific trait variation and allow monitoring of how organisms respond to global change. We evaluate the societal relevance of species traits EBVs for policy targets and demonstrate how open, interoperable and machine-readable trait data enable the building of EBV data products. We outline collection methods, meta(data) standardization, reproducible workflows, semantic tools and licence requirements for producing species traits EBVs. An operationalization is critical for assessing progress towards biodiversity conservation and sustainable development goals and has wide implications for data-intensive science in ecology, biogeography, conservation and Earth observation.
Sigmoidal Acquisition Curves Are Good Indicators of Conformist Transmission
Authors: Smaldino Paul E. , Aplin Lucy M. , Farine Damien R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe potential for behaviours to spread via cultural transmission has profound implications for our understanding of social dynamics and evolution. Several studies have provided empirical evidence that local traditions can be maintained in animal populations via conformist learning (i.e. copying the majority). A conformist bias can be characterized by a sigmoidal relationship between a behavior’s prevalence in the population and an individual’s propensity to adopt that behavior. For this reason, the presence of conformist learning in a population is often inferred from a sigmoidal acquisition curve in which the overall rate of adoption for the behavior is taken as the dependent variable. However, the validity of sigmoidal acquisition curves as evidence for conformist learning has recently been challenged by models suggesting that such curves can arise via alternative learning rules that do not involve conformity. We review these models, and find that the proposed alternative learning mechanisms either rely on faulty or unrealistic assumptions, or apply only in very specific cases. We therefore recommend that sigmoidal acquisition curves continue to be taken as evidence for conformist learning. Our paper also highlights the importance of understanding the generative processes of a model, rather than only focusing solely on the patterns produced. By studying these processes, our analysis suggests that current practices by empiricists have provided robust evidence for conformist transmission in both humans and non-human animals.Arising from: Acerbi, A. et al. Sci. Rep. 6, 36068 (2016); https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36068.
Orbitropic Effect in Superfluid 3He B-phase Boundaries
Authors: Arrayás Manuel , Haley Richard P. , Pickett George R. , Zmeev Dmitry 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this work, we study the influence of orbital viscosity on the evolution of the order-parameter and texture in the B phase of superfluid 3He near a moving boundary. From the redistribution of thermal quasiparticles within the texture, we develop a model which confers a substantial effective mass on the interface, and provides a new mechanism for friction as the boundary moves. We have tested the model against existing data for the motion of an A-B interface whose motion was controlled by a magnetic field. The model allows us to make predictions for the behaviour in experimental situations which involve texture rearrangement arising from motion of the B-phase boundary.
Social Structure Facilitated the Evolution of Care-giving as a Strategy for Disease Control in the Human Lineage
Authors: Kessler Sharon E. , Bonnell Tyler R. , Setchell Joanna M. , Chapman Colin A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHumans are the only species to have evolved cooperative care-giving as a strategy for disease control. A synthesis of evidence from the fossil record, paleogenomics, human ecology, and disease transmission models, suggests that care-giving for the diseased evolved as part of the unique suite of cognitive and socio-cultural specializations that are attributed to the genusHomo. Here we demonstrate that the evolution of hominin social structure enabled the evolution of care-giving for the diseased. Using agent-based modeling, we simulate the evolution of care-giving in hominin networks derived from a basal primate social system and the three leading hypotheses of ancestral human social organization, each of which would have had to deal with the elevated disease spread associated with care-giving. We show that (1) care-giving is an evolutionarily stable strategy in kin-based cooperatively breeding groups, (2) care-giving can become established in small, low density groups, similar to communities that existedbeforethe increases in community size and density that are associated with the advent of agriculture in the Neolithic, and (3) once established, care-giving became a successful method of disease control across social systems, even as community sizes and densities increased. We conclude that care-giving enabled hominins to suppress disease spread as social complexity, and thus socially-transmitted disease risk, increased.
Improved high temperature radiation damage tolerance in a three-phase ceramic with heterointerfaces
Authors: Ohtaki Kenta K. , Patel Maulik K. , Crespillo Miguel L. , Karandikar Keyur K. , Zhang Yanwen , Graeve Olivia A. , Mecartney Martha L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractRadiation damage tolerance for a variety of ceramics at high temperatures depends on the material’s resistance to nucleation and growth of extended defects. Such processes are prevalent in ceramics employed for space, nuclear fission/fusion and nuclear waste environments. This report shows that random heterointerfaces in materials with sub-micron grains can act as highly efficient sinks for point defects compared to grain boundaries in single-phase materials. The concentration of dislocation loops in a radiation damage-prone phase (Al2O3) is significantly reduced when Al2O3 is a component of a composite system as opposed to a single-phase system. These results present a novel method for designing exceptionally radiation damage tolerant ceramics at high temperatures with a stable grain size, without requiring extensive interfacial engineering or production of nanocrystalline materials.
Hemodialysis-related changes in phenotypical features of monocytes
Authors: Liakopoulos Vassilios , Jeron Andreas , Shah Aneri , Bruder Dunja , Mertens Peter R. , Gorny Xenia 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHemodialysis (HD) patients exhibit chronic inflammation and leukocyte activation. We investigated the surface-marker profile of monocytes by flow cytometry to assess the chronic effect of uremia and the acute effect of dialysis on their phenotypical and functional features in 16 healthy controls (CON) and 15 HD patients before and after a polysulfone-based dialysis session. Median fluorescence intensities were analyzed indicating expression of CD14, CD16, integrins (CD11b, CD18), chemokine receptors (CCR2, CX3CR1), scavenger receptors (CD36, CD163) and Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2). Before and after dialysis, HD patients harbour 0.9-fold less CD14++CD16− (Mo1), 1.8-fold more CD14++CD16+ (Mo2) and CD14+CD16++ (Mo3) monocytes than CON. HD patients’ Mo1 showed elevated expression of CD11b (1.7-fold), CD18 (1.2-fold) and CD36 (2.1-fold), whereas CD163 expression was reduced in Mo1 and Mo2 (0.6-fold) compared to CON. These markers remained unaffected by dialysis. CX3CR1 expression on Mo2 and Mo3 was lower in HD patients before (0.8-fold) and further diminished after dialysis (0.6-fold). Stimulation of monocytes resulted in diminished responses in HD patients compared to CON. In conclusion, a systematic analysis of the expression of particular surface markers on distinct monocyte subsets may help to distinguish between uremia and/or dialysis induced effects and to evaluate the functionality of monocytes and biocompatibility of HD.
Large muscles are beneficial but not required for improving thermogenic capacity in small birds
Authors: Milbergue Myriam S. , Blier Pierre U. , Vézina François 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIt is generally assumed that small birds improve their shivering heat production capacity by developing the size of their pectoralis muscles. However, some studies have reported an enhancement of thermogenic capacity in the absence of muscle mass variation between seasons or thermal treatments. We tested the hypothesis that an increase in muscle mass is not a prerequisite for improving avian thermogenic capacity. We measured basal (BMR) and summit (Msum) metabolic rates of black capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) acclimated to thermoneutral (27 °C) and cold (−10 °C) temperatures and obtained body composition data from dissections. Cold acclimated birds consumed 44% more food, and had 5% and 20% higher BMR and Msum, respectively, compared to individuals kept at thermoneutrality. However, lean dry pectoralis and total muscle mass did not differ between treatments, confirming that the improvement of thermogenic capacity did not require an increase in skeletal muscle mass. Nevertheless, within temperature treatments, Msum was positively correlated with the mass of all measured muscles, including the pectoralis. Therefore, for a given acclimation temperature individuals with large muscles do benefit from muscle size in term of heat production but improving thermogenic capacity during cold acclimation likely requires an upregulation of cell functions.
Reduction in the levels of CoQ biosynthetic proteins is related to an increase in lifespan without evidence of hepatic mitohormesis
Authors: Rodríguez-Hidalgo María , Luna-Sánchez Marta , Hidalgo-Gutiérrez Agustín , Barriocanal-Casado Eliana , Mascaraque Cristina , Acuña-Castroviejo Darío , Rivera Margarita , Escames Germaine , López Luis C. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMitohormesis is an adaptive response induced by a mild mitochondrial stress that promotes longevity and metabolic health in different organisms. This mechanism has been proposed as the cause of the increase in the survival in Coq7+/− (Mclk1+/−) mice, which show hepatic reduction of COQ7, early mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress. Our study shows that the lack of COQ9 in Coq9Q95X mice triggers the reduction of COQ7, COQ6 and COQ5, which results in an increase in life expectancy. However, our results reveal that the hepatic CoQ levels are not decreased and, therefore, neither mitochondrial dysfunction or increased oxidative stress are observed in liver of Coq9Q95X mice. These data point out the tissue specific differences in CoQ biosynthesis. Moreover, our results suggest that the effect of reduced levels of COQ7 on the increased survival in Coq9Q95X mice may be due to mitochondrial mechanisms in non-liver tissues or to other unknown mechanisms.
The Shape of Native Plant Cellulose Microfibrils
Authors: Kubicki James D. , Yang Hui , Sawada Daisuke , O’Neill Hugh , Oehme Daniel , Cosgrove Daniel 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDetermining the shape of plant cellulose microfibrils is critical for understanding plant cell wall molecular architecture and conversion of cellulose into biofuels. Only recently has it been determined that these cellulose microfibrils are composed of 18 cellulose chains rather than 36 polymers arranged in a diamond-shaped pattern. This study uses density functional theory calculations to model three possible habits for the 18-chain microfibril and compares the calculated energies, structures, 13C NMR chemical shifts and WAXS diffractograms of each to evaluate which shape is most probable. Each model is capable of reproducing experimentally-observed data to some extent, but based on relative theoretical energies and reasonable reproduction of all variables considered, a microfibril based on 5 layers in a 34443 arrangement is predicted to be the most probable. A habit based on a 234432 arrangement is slightly less favored, and a 6 × 3 arrangement is considered improbable.