bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Armillaria Root Disease-Caused Tree Mortality following Silvicultural Treatments (Shelterwood or Group Selection) in an Oregon Mixed-Conifer Forest: Insights from a 10-Year Case Study
Authors: Filip Gregory M. , Maffei Helen M. , Chadwick Kristen L. , Max Timothy A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 2005, the 10-year effects of two silvicultural treatments (group-selection and shelterwood) on tree-growth loss and mortality caused by Armillaria ostoyae were compared with no treatment in a mixed-conifer forest in south-central Oregon. Ten years after treatment, Armillaria-caused mortality varied by species and was greatest in Shasta red fir (38% of trees per acre) and white fir (31%) and much less in Douglas-fir (3%) and ponderosa pine (0%). Ten years after harvesting, leave-tree mortality caused by Armillaria root disease was not significantly different in treated than in the unharvested units, nor was there significant diameter-growth response to the harvesting even in large ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. The silvicultural treatments did have some benefits: (1) leave-tree mortality appeared, at least, not to be exacerbated by harvesting; (2) more disease-resistant pine, cedar, and larch seedlings and saplings survived in the shelterwood-harvest stands and group-selection openings than in comparable areas that were not harvested; and (3) living wood fiber was recovered from the treated stands, as well as dying and dead fuels that could exacerbate wildfire losses. Insights into host-pathogen interactions and recommendations for silvicultural options are presented. This is a case study from a single site and should be interpreted as such.
Evaluation of Techniques to Protect Aspen Suckers from Ungulate Browsing in the Black Hills
Authors: Kota Andrew M. , Bartos Dale L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Excessive browsing by cattle (Bos taurus L.) and wild ungulates, particularly elk (Cervus elaphus L.), sometimes inhibits growth and maturity of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) suckers in Western North America. In areas where aspen stands are in poor condition or declining, protecting suckers from ungulates may be necessary. This study compared the utility of livestock fences, complete wildlife exclosures, barriers created from slash debris, and tree hinging during 2004 and 2005 in the Black Hills of South Dakota. All of the barriers significantly reduced percentage browsing of aspen suckers compared with the pretreatment average (78%) and posttreatment control (79%). Slash treatments andlivestock fences decreased ungulate browsing by 19%, hinge treatments decreased it by 39%, and wildlife fences eliminated nearly allincidences of sucker browsing. The average length removed per terminal stem for aspen suckers decreased from 20.8 to 14.4 cm across all treatments. After 1 year, the mean number of suckers above 100 cm height in both the hinge and slash treatments were significantly greater than both the fence treatments and control. Data showed that autumn and winter browsing was primarily by wild ungulates. Slash barriers can replace livestock fences where cattle affect aspen suckers. Hinge barriers are more useful than both slash barriers and livestock fences in areas where wild ungulates are the primary browsers.
Distribution of Three Dwarf Mistletoe Species within Their Host Tree Crowns
Authors: Baker Fred A. , Guyon John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We examined the distribution of dwarf mistletoes within the crowns of Douglas-firs, ponderosa pines, and lodgepole pines. Stand structure and host species had no effect on the proportion of trees within each dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR) class, nor did it affect the distribution of dwarf mistletoe within crown thirds for a given DMR. Dwarf mistletoe tended to infect the lower third of the crown first in all three species. Regardless of DMR, dwarf mistletoe usually intensified in the lowest crown third before doing so in the other thirds. These results are consistent with the distributions of dwarf mistletoe among crown thirds assumed in the Forest Vegetation Simulator for even-aged stands and are also appropriate for uneven-aged stands of Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine. Relationships between percentage of plot infection and DMR and dwarf mistletoe index were strong.
Reforestation of a Salvage-Logged High-Elevation Clearcut: Engelmann Spruce Seedling Response to Tree Shelters after 11 Growing Seasons
Authors: Jacobs Douglass F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
High-elevation clearcut sites in the southern Rocky Mountains are difficult to reforest successfully and many sites remain poorly stocked decades after harvest. This article presents results after 11 growing seasons of a project designed to examine use of tree shelters to provide initial shade for planted Engelmann spruce (Picea englemannii Parry ex Engelm.) seedlings. Seedlings were planted in 1996 on a 48-ha site at an elevation of approximately 3,273 m in southwestern Colorado, with different shelter colors providing various shading levels. A control, consisting of shading using debris within the site, was also included. Results after 2 years were presented previously. To examine seedling response to tree shelter removal after seedling establishment, half of shelters were removed in 2000 and seedlings were reassessed in 2007. Control seedlings had lower survival (35%) than any other treatment (ranging from 59 to 78%). Shelter removal in the lightest two shelter color treatments did not reduce survival, suggesting that seedlings can grow in full sun after 4 years of shading. The best overall seedling development (i.e., survival, absolute height, and root collar diameter) occurred in the lightest shelter color with shelters removed. Tree shelters offer a viable means to restore high-elevation spruce-fir sites where past reforestation has proven difficult.
Growth and Mortality of Residual Douglas-Fir after Regeneration Harvests under Group Selection and Two-Story Silvicultural Systems
Authors: Garber Sean , Lam Tzeng Yih , Maguire Douglas A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Complex management objectives for many publicly owned Douglas-fir forests have prompted renewed interest in silvicultural systems other than clearcutting. The College of Forestry Integrated Research Project at Oregon State University was implemented to test for differences in economic, biological, and human responses to group selection and two-story silvicultural systems. Three separate blocks were established and treated between 1989 and 1991. Trees were measured immediately after the harvest treatments (1991 or 1992) and after the 2004 growing season. Responses of residual overstory trees to initial group selection and two-story treatments were tested relative to untreated controls units in terms of (1) gross basal area and stem volume growth of all residual trees and of the 10 largest trees per acre; (2) gross basal area and stem volume growth conditional on initial basal area and stem volume, respectively, of all residual trees and of the 10 largest trees per acre; and (3) mortality of all overstory trees. Basal area and volume growth were greatest in the control and least in the two-story treatment, but volume growth conditional on initial volume did not differ significantly among treatments. Mortality was significantly greater in the two-story treatment. Overstory growth release in residual Douglas-fir may require 10 years or more to appear after regeneration cuts on some sites, and the possibility of increased overstory mortality complicates attainment of desired long-term structure under two-story silvicultural systems.
Stand Development and Population Dynamics of Curlleaf Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.) Woodlands in Utah's Bear River Mountains
Authors: Ex Seth A. , DeRose R. Justin , Long James N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Curlleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.) is a little-studied woodland tree that occurs in pure stands throughout the Intermountain West. Stand development and population dynamics of this species are poorly understood, despite their relevance to management. We describe here the development of stand age structures and population dynamics of mahogany woodlands in northern Utah using tree ages and measurements representing five structurally diverse stands. Establishment periods in all stands lasted decades, and regeneration continued intermittently in the absence of stand-replacing disturbance, eventually creating multiaged structure. Height, crown size, and basal area varied among older mahogany, which may reflect more intense intraspecific competition or increased likelihood of crown damage in older stands. Mahogany woodland managers face significant challenges. It is difficult to characterize historic stand conditions using current age structures because aging mature trees is generally unfeasible. Furthermore, there is little precedent for regenerating mahogany using silvicultural methods. Results suggest that the biggest risk in regenerating mahogany woodlands is low seedling survival, leading to the prolonged absence of mature trees. Consequently, multiaged methods that retain mature trees are recommended.
Mesoscale Variation in Snag and Hardwood Densities and Sizes in Old-Growth Forests in Western Oregon
Authors: Ares Adrian , Bright Cheryl , Puettmann Klaus 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Snags and hardwoods contribute to biological, structural, and functional diversity in old-growth forests. In the US Pacific Northwest, only general knowledge about regional patterns is available to determine target density of snags and hardwood trees. To investigate their variability at relevant scales for silviculture, we examined snag and hardwood densities and sizes in 20 old-growth units in northern and southern aspects in the Coast Range and the Willamette Valley foothills of Oregon. Snag densities varied largely between subregions and aspects, with aspect affecting densities more than subregion. In the Coast Range, snag density was 2.8 times greater on northern aspects than on southern aspects, whereas in the Willamette Valley foothills snag density was 1.4 times greater on northern aspects than on southern aspects. Density of snags larger than 101.6 cm in diameter was very low. Hardwood densities were also greater on northern aspects than on southern aspects. The negative exponential distribution of hardwood density frequency by size classes could be explained by cohort growth under a wide range of competitive pressures or repeated-recruitment events. Aspect and subregion should be taken into account when defining management targets. Allowing for flexibility at these smaller spatial scales would better reflect the variability in ecological conditions and land use history that led to the development of old-growth stands.
Inoculum Reduction Measures to Manage Armillaria Root Disease in a Severely Infected Stand of Ponderosa Pine in South-Central Washington: 35-Year Results
Authors: Shaw Charles G. , Omdal D.W. , Ramsey-Kroll A. , Roth L.F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A stand of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) severely affected by Armillaria root disease was treated with five different levels of sanitation by root removal to reduce root disease losses in the regenerating stand. Treatments included the following: (1) all trees pushed over by machine, maximum removal of roots by machine ripping, and visible remaining roots removed by hand; (2) all trees pushed over by machine and maximum removal of roots by machine ripping; (3) all trees pushed over by machine with no further removal of roots; (4) smaller trees pushed over by machine but large stumps left, otherwise maximum removal of roots by machine ripping; and (5) all trees felled and removed by skidding, area cleared of slash, sod scalped, and no removal of roots. After 35 years, we found that the more intense and thorough root-removal treatments were generally more effective in reducing the occurrence of Armillaria root disease. However, even the most intensive treatment (treatment 1), which experienced significantly less disease than most other treatments, had 23% of the area expressing mortality. The only operationally feasible treatment (treatment 3) also reduced levels of mortality, but not significantly (40% mortality versus 52% in the control, treatment 5). Although these results support the concept that inoculum removal can reduce root disease levels, the treatment necessary to provide a meaningful reduction in disease loss does not seem to warrant its cost.
Ten-Year Growth Response of a California Red and White Fir Sawtimber Stand to Several Thinning Intensities
Authors: Oliver William W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 100-year-old stand of California red fir (Abies magnifica) and California white fir (Abies concolor) of near normal density was commercially thinned from below to 6 basal area stand densities. Growth was analyzed after 10 years. Periodic annual increments (PAI) of diameter, height, total volume, and gross basal area were correlated with reserve stand basal area, but merchantable volume and net basal area were not. Mortality resulted in considerable variation in net PAI. As much as 50% of the stand basal area was removed with negligible loss in total net volume production. When economically feasible, commercial thinning in similar stands can leave a vigorous reserve with rapid growth potential. West. J. Appl. For. 3(2):41-43, April 1988.
Fire Suppression's Effects on Forest Succession within a Central Idaho Wilderness
Authors: Barrett Stephen W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In south-central Idaho, fire-scar and tree regeneration patterns in the Salmon River Breaks portion of the Frank Church River of No Return Wilderness suggest that primarily surface fires occurred frequently in semiarid ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa)/Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) forests. Efficient fire suppression since about 1935 has markedly reduced area fire frequency and has altered fuel succession, contributing to recent crown fire behavior in north- and east-facing stands. Prescribed fires might now be difficult to contain in these communities, but burning would help return fuels to pre-1935 conditions. West. J. Appl. For. 3(3):76-80, July 1988.
Costs of Prescribed Burning in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Wood D. B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The costs of prescribed burning in ponderosa pine residual fuels vary widely among national forest districts in northern Arizona; costs ranged from less than $3. to over $30. per acre. Most of the variability was due to the time required for burning. Five high-cost districts averaged 114.4 person-hours to complete a medium-sized burning project whereas seven low-cost districts required an average of only 29.1 person-hours. Sensitivity testing showed that burning block size, burning crew size, fireline preparation time, and travel time can also have significant impacts on costs. Costs generally declined with increases in block size and crew size and with reductions in preparation and travel time. West. J. Appl. For. 3(4):115-119, October 1988.
Total and Merchantable Volume Equations and Taper Functions for Southwestern Ponderosa Pine
Authors: McTague J. P. , Stansfield W. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Total outside and inside bark cubic foot volume equations are presented for southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) that are functions of total tree height, diameter breast height, and Girard form class. These equations are appropriate for trees of any size or age, and no distinction is made between "blackjack" and "yellow pine" trees. Equations are included to predict merchantable volume to any upper stem diameter or merchantable height. Taper and merchantable height functions are indirectly derived from the merchantable volume equations. West. J. Appl For. 3(4):123-125, October 1988.
Timing of Trunk-Implanted Acephate for Protection of Douglas-Fir from Defoliation by the Western Spruce Budworm
Authors: Koerber Thomas W. , Sandquist Roger E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effectiveness of implanting acephate in boles of superior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) to protect them from defoliation by western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) and spruce cone-worm (Dioryctria reniculelloides) was investigated. April treatment afforded greater foliage protection than May treatment. November treatment was as effective as April in protecting trees from defoliation. Treatment in fall would be more efficient than in spring because of better road access and more favorable weather conditions. West. J. Appl. For. 3(4):126-128, October 1988.
Black Bears Prefer Urea-Fertilized Trees
Authors: Nelson E. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Feeding damage by black bears (Ursus americanus) to urea-fertilized 25-yr-old Douglas-firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the Mount Hood National Forest, Oregon, resulted in tree mortality four times as severe as among unfertilized trees. Damage was most apparent following application of urea at 448 kg N/ha in 1972, and 224 kg N/ha in 1977. Only Douglas-fir, the dominant species in the stand, was attacked. Attacked trees were somewhat larger than the stand average, but the difference was not significant. Bears appeared to be attracted to the more vigorous trees, which were on fertilized plots. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1):13-15, January 1989.
Seasonal Browsing of Douglas-Fir Seedlings by Sheep
Authors: Leininger Wayne C. , Sharrow Steven H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Controlled sheep grazing is being prescribed in the United States and elsewhere for the biological control of unwanted vegetation in regenerating conifer plantations. Efficient use of livestock to control brush and herbaceous species requires a thorough understanding of the potential for damage to the tree crop by the grazing animal. Sheep browsing and mechanical damage to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were evaluated in 1981 and 1982 in the Coast Range of Oregon. Sheep browsing of Douglas-fir was greatest in May, soon after bud break. Little browsing generally occurred during July and August. Percent of study trees with browsed terminal shoots decreased as seedling height increased above 90 cm. Less than 3% of the study trees were trampled or received other mechanical impacts by sheep. Our data suggest that Douglas-fir forests can be grazed by sheep with little or no damage to conifer regeneration, except in younger plantations in spring. Extra care must be exercised, during this season, when grazing plantations that have seedlings with terminal shoots less than 1.2 m in height. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):73-76, July 1989.
Embargoes On and Off: Some Effects of Ending the Export Ban on Federal Logs and Halting Exports of State-Owned Logs
Authors: Flora Donald F. , McGinnis Wendy J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Congress is considering two policy changes that would greatly affect the northwest's timber economy through old-growth exports. One, permitting export of federal logs, would expand high-grade log exports about 630 million bd. ft. annually (about 50%), raising high-grade log prices about $100/mbf and reducing export prices of high-grade logs by about $100/mbf. The other change, allowing states to regulate exports of their logs, would reduce high-grade exports by about 35%, trimming their domestic prices by about $50/mbf and raising their export prices about $150/mbf, assuming the northwest states would end export sales. Lower grade log markets would be affected to a much lesser degree under either proposal. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):77-79, July 1989.
Expert Opinions on the Future Production of Five Manufactured Wood Products in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Rule Lita C. , O'Laughlin Jay 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A panel of 21 experts provided their opinions on future production levels of manufactured wood products in the Pacific Northwest. Their projections covered a 50-year span for five groups of products: softwood lumber, plywood and panels, woodpulp, export chips, and log exports. Explanations for three projection levels—low, median, and high—are described for each product group and then converted into an aggregated estimate of total roundwood timber consumption forecasts. Aggregate totals reveal that over the next 50 years, only the high-level scenario indicates a return to the historic peak production levels of the 1970s. No significant change in the relative product group proportions of aggregate roundwood consumption is expected under any of the three projection levels. This means that lumber and woodpulp, presently constituting two-thirds of total roundwood consumption, are expected to remain as the leading manufactured wood products during the next 50 years. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):92-98, July 1989
Highlead Yarding Productivity and Costs in Coastal British Columbia: Predicted vs. Actual
Authors: Howard Andrew F. , Dodic Dusan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A production equation taken from the literature was used to estimate productivity and costs for an ongoing highlead yarding operation. The equation was encoded in a deterministic simulation program, which was used to predict production rates and costs for a contractor yarding second-growth timber in coastal British Columbia. The equation yielded estimates of scheduled time and total costs within 3.4% of actual costs experienced by the contractor for two tracts of timber. The findings suggest that published production equations might have wider application than generally thought. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):98-101, July 1989.
Effect of Controlled-Release Fertilizers on Growth and Mycorrhizae in Container-Grown Engelmann Spruce
Authors: Hunt Gary A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two controlled-release NPK formulations (Osmocote and Nutricote) and one micronutrient formulation (Micromax) were added as supplements to soluble fertilizer and evaluated for their effects on seedling growth and mycorrhizal development of 1-0 container-grown seedlings of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii). Seedlings supplemented with Osmocote or Nutricote had lower root weight, but greater shoot length, stem caliper, and total weight than controls receiving only soluble fertilizer. Addition of Micromax did not alter growth compared to controls, but Micromax plus Osmocote decreased shoot length and shoot:root ratio compared to Osmocote alone. Micromax plus Nutricote increased shoot length compared to Nutricote alone. Five types of mycorrhizal fungi established naturally during the study. Osmocote was most detrimental to mycorrhizal intensity and diversity; nonsupplemented controls had highest mycorrhizal diversity. Modest reductions in fertility can be used to increase root weight and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):129-131, October 1989.
Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Douglas-Fir in the Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon
Authors: Means Joseph E. , Sabin Thomas E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
On the Siuslaw National Forest in the central Oregon Coast Range we performed stem analysis of 55 trees selected with the criteria used by the forest. Height growth patterns of these trees were significantly different (α = 0.05) from commonly used regional height growth curves. Height growth patterns also differed significantly among groups of floristically similar plant associations in the Siuslaw National Forest. We constructed height growth and site index curves for two classes of plant associations having different height growth curve forms and for the combined data. Forest managers should consider building local height-growth and site-index curves if these are important in estimating stand yield or site productivity. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):136-142, October 1989