bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Downsides of Dominance
Authors: Williams Timothy P. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Since the end of the 1994 genocide, Rwanda’s government has charted an audacious development project aimed at social and economic transformation. Formal education has featured prominently in this project. It has introduced policies to improve enrolment at the primary and secondary level. But recent evidence has shown that many students failed to meet basic reading and arithmetic standards. Dropout, repetition, completion, and transition rates have not fared well. Given the ruling party’s commitment to delivering development, why has it not introduced reforms that have improved educational standards? This chapter draws from policy analysis and fieldwork across two districts to explore the interaction between Rwanda’s political settlement and the education policy domain, to shed light on its surprising inability to improve learning. This failure is surprising because the Rwandan political elite has demonstrated both capacity and willingness to undertake and implement reforms it has deemed necessary to deliver development in other sectors.
Political Transformation and Education Sector Performance in South Africa
Authors: Levy Brian , Cameron Robert , Hoadley Ursula , Naidoo Vinothan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how political and institutional constraints influenced education policymaking and implementation in South Africa at national, provincial, and school levels. Stark differences between the Eastern and Western Cape provinces offer a natural experiment for exploring how context matters. The Eastern Cape’s socio-economic, political, and institutional legacy resulted in a low-level equilibrium trap—one where multiple political patronage networks were mirrored by a factionalized, fragmented bureaucracy. The Western Cape, by contrast, enjoyed a more supportive environment for the operation of public bureaucracy. However, bureaucracy need not be destiny. The research also found that strong hierarchy can result in formal compliance and a low-level equilibrium of mediocrity. Participatory school-level governance potentially can improve outcomes. Whether this potential is realized depends on the relative strength of developmentally oriented and predatory actors, with the outcomes not foreordained by local context, but contingent and cumulative.
Capabilities and Age Discrimination
Authors: Alon-Shenker Pnina 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the particular relevance and usefulness of the capabilities approach (CA) to age discrimination in the workplace. It argues that the CA provides a fresh theoretical framework for addressing significant barriers experienced by older workers in the labour market. First, the obstacles to attaining and maintaining decent work posed by ageism are examined against Sen’s idea of the real substantive freedom to lead lives we have reason to value and Nussbaum’s idea of core entitlements implicit in the notion of life worthy of the dignity of a human being. Second, the CA provides a strong critique of the popular view that age discrimination is a reasonable way of ordering our society by distributing benefits and burdens over a lifespan. Third, the CA’s sensitivity to variations in need highlights heterogeneity within the group of older workers and advances the consideration of intersectionality issues. Finally, the CA is useful in justifying positive action policies that shift responsibility back to governments.
Optimism, Traffic, and the Historic City in Post-War British Planning
Authors: Saumarez Smith Otto 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The first chapter introduces the way architectural and planning ideas were conceived and perceived as responses to concurrent British concerns and ambitions. A widespread optimism about Britain’s economic future led planners to revise many of their assumptions about planning that had been formed in the aftermath of the Second World War. This chapter stresses the centrality of the growth of traffic for architectural thinking in the period, while also showing how architect-planners were influenced by a cross-cultural reinvestment in distinctly urban values, often centred on the slippery term ‘urbanity’. Planners developed an approach to the buildings of the past, where what was at stake was providing a new environment to a selected number of historical buildings, often at the expense of the more mundane built fabric of cities.
Planning for Affluence
Authors: Saumarez Smith Otto 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the architect-planner Graeme Shankland. Shankland’s planning practice is understood through the influence of the political culture and concerns of the British Left in this period. The chapter charts his formation as a planner for the London County Council, especially through his work on the unrealized New Town of Hook in Hampshire. The chapter details Shankland’s notorious plan for Liverpool city centre, showing how, despite its radical forms, it was inspired by a deep love of the city. The chapter goes on to look at Shankland’s plan for Bolton, in which he developed a much more sensitive appreciation of the qualities of a northern townscape.
The Trajectory of Central-Area Redevelopment
Authors: Saumarez Smith Otto 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The final chapter looks at the way that the very planning and political elites who had been at the heart of the changes came to disavow the ideas that they had espoused only a few years before. The chapter argues that architecture ceased to be the dominant profession in the planning profession. It traces the widespread disillusionment with modernist planning, showing the disavowal of modernist approaches from the perspective of planning and political elites, including a section on the Labour politician Richard Crossman. A new set of priorities for cities was indicated by the emergence of the term ‘inner city’, which saw urban decision makers tackling problems centred around the persistence of poverty rather than affluence.
Seizing the “Point Imaginary”
Authors: Hyman Wendy Beth 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
“Seizing the ‘Point Imaginary’ ” follows erotic poets as they grapple with the elusive concept of nothingness. The pervasive quips about a woman’s “nothing” within Renaissance literature belie the fact that virginity is in several respects a genuine paradox. Although countless attempts upon the “point imaginary” were merely sexual in nature, others make of the hymen the ultimate sign of mystery and impossibility: a tympan between materiality and immateriality, the cusp between the known and unknown. The hymen, like the Lucretian atom or the draftsman’s mathematical horizon of sight, sometimes functions as the poet’s conceptual limit point. Worth pursuing for its own sake, this vanishing point of the female body further beckons the poet with the tantalizing threshold of knowledge that it emblematizes. A seemingly trivial seduction narrative such as Christopher Marlowe’s Hero and Leander thereby re-emerges as a site for wrestling with the epistemological and ontological problems that this paradoxical bit of material represents. This chapter traces these operations in the works of several authors, including Shakespeare, Richard Crashaw, Abraham Cowley, Ben Jonson, John Davies, and Thomas Wyatt. “Nothing,” for these poets, may initially refer to the woman and her questionable virginity, but also becomes attached to more portentous unknowables and supersigns. Such “impossible” thoughts were not wholly containable within the airy realm of paradox. They had implications for how early moderns understood the limits of knowledge in relation to both bodily and poetic form.
Good Governance
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Good governance is a legal concept and a cornerstone of the modern state. It is the most modern of the three cornerstones of the state, whereas the rule of law and democracy concepts are the more classical yet still lively cornerstones. The legal system of the state requires further specification by norms and enforcement and the concept of good governance plays an important role. Three steps can be distinguished in the positivation of the concept: the identification, the internalization, and the enforcement of good governance. There is a direct link between good governance and human rights which can be illustrated by different articles in international human rights treaties. The latest developments are related to the right to good governance. Important also are the development of most of the originally unwritten principles by the judiciary which are later more or less codified and the internationalization of national administrative law by the development of principles of good governance including principles of good administration.
Principles of Good Governance
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The theoretical foundation of the principles of good governance has been created by developing a strong relationship with the discussion between Dworkin and Hart about the position of the notion of principles in the concept of law. Another relationship has been worked out between law and values and the link between justice and morality, especially in the context of public law. In the context of good governance, the discussion is focused on whether good governance is a norm for the administration (or the government from a broader perspective) or a citizen’s right. A difference between Dworkin’s and Alexy’s approach to rules and principles has been recognized and finally we bridge the gap between principles and values.
The Principle of Transparency
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The most fundamental reason to have a principle of transparency is the need for legitimacy of the government. But transparency also assists internal accountability and enhances the opportunity for outside comment. Several developments have caused the increasing need for transparency. First, rules have become more technical and the bureaucracy has expanded. Thus, the idea that transparency and accountability flourish when the administration is more rule-bound is not necessarily true. As rules have become more intricate, the public at large finds itself often defeated by this technical language. The enlarged bureaucracy created an enormous number of rules, which is out of the scope of the Parliament. Further, more and more experts are hired. But experts cannot be relied upon to know what is good for us. Here, protection by means of the principle of transparency is needed. Second, national law in general and administrative law are increasingly influenced by international and regional legal institutions. Transparency has declined because of the opacity of international law-making and policymaking processes. Apart from this kind of internationalization, states increasingly cooperate by means of ad hoc agreements as to certain activities. The legitimacy question then requires further-reaching transparency. Third, competences are more frequently transferred to regulatory agencies that hold a considerable degree of discretion. These institutions should inform the public about their regulations and policies under the principle of transparency. Finally, the increasing number of private finance initiatives and public-private partnerships make it necessary to think about the actual transparency of these activities.
Implementation of Good Governance Principles on the European Level
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter the focus is on the implementation of the principles of good governance by the European Union administrative institutions and the controlling institutions like the European Court of Justice and the European Ombudsman. The Treaty of Lisbon contains rules and obligations in respect of the implementation of these principles. The principle of transparency has found its expression in article 1 paragraph 2 TFEU. The principles of political participation are embodied in article 11 TEU. The right of access to documents of the Union’s institutions is a fundamental rule in article 15 TFEU. Furthermore, according to article 16 paragraph 8 TEU, the European Council of ministers must meet in public when acting as a legislator. These Treaty principles are complemented by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union which has entered into force with the final ratification of the Lisbon Treaty and its chapter on citizen’s rights like the right to good administration in article 41. In search for a better quality of administrative proceedings, a code on good administrative practise, a soft law instrument based on the logic of best practise has ultimately been adopted.
Computational Science and Its Effects
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A new kind of scientific revolution is described, one called an emplacement revolution. Emplacement revolutions are contrasted with Kuhnian revolutions and Hacking revolutions. The concept of the anthropocentric predicament is introduced and the associated concept of the interface problem. Each provides a challenge in understanding the world from the perspective of computational science. The central concept of epistemic opacity is described and connected to the interface problem. Some reasons why computational science is new are given, arguments are provided for why philosophy of science should not restrict itself to in principle results, and the fact that contemporary science is inextricably entwined with technological advances is explored.
The Philosophical Novelty of Computer Simulation Methods
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Reasons are given to justify the claim that computer simulations and computational science constitute a distinctively new set of scientific methods as compared to traditional analytic methods and that these computational methods introduce new issues in the philosophy of science. These issues are both epistemological and methodological in kind. Definitions of epistemic opacity and essential epistemic opacity are given, the syntactic and semantic accounts of theories are shown to address different problems than those addressed by computational science, the important role of concrete dynamics in simulations is stressed, and differences between in principle approaches and in practice approaches to philosophy of science are explored.
How Properties Emerge
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A framework for representing a specific kind of emergent property instance is given in terms of the fusion of property instances. A solution to a generalized version of the exclusion argument is then provided to show that this is not restricted to physical and mental events, and it is shown that upward and downward causation is unproblematical for that kind of emergence. One real example of this kind of emergence is briefly described and the suggestion made that emergence may be more common than current opinions allow. Throughout, reasons to be skeptical of an ontology containing sharply divided levels are given.
Why Propensities Cannot Be Probabilities
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Propensities are often taken to provide an interpretation for probability theory that is congenial to single-case probabilities. An argument is provided to show that propensities cannot be correctly represented by conditional probabilities because they do not in general satisfy Bayes’ theorem or the multiplication principle. The first section of the chapter provides an informal version of the argument, indicating how the causal nature of propensities cannot be adequately represented by standard probability theory. In the second section, a full version of the argument is given so that the assumptions underlying the informal account can be precisely identified. The third section examines those assumptions and deals with objections that could be raised against the argument and its conclusion. The fourth and final section draws out some rather more general consequences of accepting the main argument.
Probability Theory and Its Models
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This paper argues for the status of formal probability theory as a mathematical, rather than a scientific, theory. Some remarks are made about the historical transition from Hilbert’s view of probability as a scientific theory to Kolmogorov’s view of probability as a mathematical theory. A process is provided that bridges abstract probability theory with concrete systems via mathematical models. This demonstrates that empirical content is injected into formal models via the mapping from those formal models on to elements of the concrete systems. David Freedman and Philip Stark’s concept of model-based probabilities is examined and is used as a bridge between the formal theory and applications.
Gregory Palamas and the Making of Palamism in the Modern Age
Authors: Russell Norman 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
‘Palamism’ is not a neutral term. It was devised in the early twentieth century by a Roman Catholic scholar, Martin Jugie, to indicate a system of thought developed in the fourteenth century by Gregory Palamas and validated by several Orthodox Church councils that Jugie considered erroneous and therefore indicative of the fallibility of Orthodox teaching. In opposition to Jugie, Orthodox scholars, principally John Meyendorff, proposed a different interpretation of Palamism that in many ways was just as ideologically motivated. The first part of this book examines the debates generated by Meyendorff’s classic Introduction à l’étude de Grégoire Palamas and the new directions that have been taken since then by both Western and Orthodox scholars. The second part, in response to a call by Robert Sinkewicz to raise ‘the larger questions’, explores the issues raised by the controversy initiated by Barlaam of Calabria in 1340 with his denunciation of Palamas as a ‘Messalian’ heretic. These issues concern the nature of doctrinal development, the sense in which a human being can participate in God, the meaning of grace, the character of symbols, and the context of divine–human communion. Palamas developed his distinction between the divine essence and the energies precisely in order to defend the reality of such communion as deification. It is argued that he did not reify the distinction but at the same time held that it was more than merely notional. Finally, it is suggested that Palamas has a valuable contribution to make to current debates on the relationship between divine transcendence and divine immanence.
John Meyendorff’s response to Jugie
Authors: Russell Norman 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Meyendorff was the first to attempt an account of Palamas and Palamite theology based on a thorough investigation of the sources, both edited and unedited. On its publication in 1959, his Introduction was widely acclaimed. Two Western scholars who welcomed it warmly were Eric Mascall and Louis Bouyer, but a reaction set in the 1970s. This chapter follows the debate initiated by the Dominican journal Istina and continued in the pages of St Vladimir’s Theological Quarterly and the Eastern Churches Review, and shows how behind it lay the Roman Catholic struggle between conservatives and progressives after the Second Vatican Council. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how Meyendorff abandoned the much-criticized dichotomies of his Introduction but did not alter his fundamental perspective.
Introduction: a sign of contradiction
Authors: Russell Norman 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Palamas is still regarded in the West with suspicion, partly because of Jugie’s persuasive construction of Palamism as a ‘near-heresy’, and partly because of the role of Palamas in Orthodox identity politics. The history of the reception of Palamas in the Orthodox world is traced in outline up to the imiaslavie controversy just before the First World War. The response to Jugie came from members of the Russian emigration, especially Meyendorff, who wished not only to defend Palamas but also to delineate an Orthodox identity in its new Western environment. The reception of Meyendorff’s work is discussed together with the new areas of research that he opened up. In a recent article on Palamas, Robert Sinkewicz declared that it was now time to raise the larger questions. These questions, concerning the coherence and significance of Palamas’ work on the philosophical and theological levels, are addressed in Part II of the book.
A Dilemma for Internalism
Authors: Weatherson Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The previous chapter argued that symmetry between factual and moral ignorance is not ultimately intuitive. This chapter argues that even if it is intuitive, it must be rejected. Or, at least, symmetry between all types of ignorance must be rejected, and without that universal symmetry, symmetry between factual and moral ignorance is not motivated. Universal symmetry must fail because without it we have to say positive things about people who are violating both the correct principles and their own principles, but who think their actions comply with the principles they think they have. After surveying some options, it is argued that there is no plausible positive thing to say about these folks, so symmetry fails.
Akrasia
Authors: Weatherson Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that epistemic akrasia is rationally permissible. The first task is to describe just what akrasia comes to. Loosely speaking, it is having a belief and thinking one should not have this belief, but there are three importantly different ways to make this precise. Unlike in the previous chapter, there is a systematic reason why none of these will pose a problem to normative externalism. There is no kind of akrasia that is licensed by normative externalism that is not made independently plausible by the failure of evidence to be, in Timothy Williamson’s sense, luminous. All of the arguments against akrasia work equally well, or perhaps we should say equally poorly, as arguments against the luminosity of evidence. The chapter ends with a discussion of the desire as belief arguments, and in particular with an argument that luminosity failures threaten the idea that expected values can be in any way guiding.
Evil in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Newsom Carol A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In ancient Israelite literature sustained intellectual reflection on evil occurs mainly in the wisdom literature, focused on the respective fates of the righteous and the wicked. These reflections can helpfully be brought into conversation with modern philosophy through the work of Susan Neiman, who frames the problem of evil in relation to the question of the intelligibility of the world. The Israelite wisdom literature takes a variety of positions on the issue, ranging from a relative confidence in the intelligibility of the world (Proverbs) to a tragic perception of moral rationality as central to human existence but not necessarily to God’s creation (Job) to an ironic despair that since the rationality that governs the cosmos cannot be grasped by humans, even the fundamental relationship between acts and their consequences is rendered unreliable, so that there is finally no clear difference in the fates of the righteous and the wicked (Ecclesiastes).
The Early History of Satan
Authors: Hamori Esther J. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
ha-satan (the adversary) is an ambiguous figure in the earliest Hebrew texts. Far from being the malevolent, majestic embodiment of pure evil imagined by Milton, the figure we confront in the Hebrew Bible can sometimes be a source of assistance around the heavenly court. Conversely, and even more surprisingly, Yahweh is depicted in some of these texts as having a moral character that is not wholly good. This Reflection assesses the way the depiction of ha-satan evolves across various parts of the Hebrew Bible, and relates it to the way the character of the devil is depicted in Christianity.