bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Text Writing within Simple Sentences: A Writing Fluency Intervention for Students with High‐Incidence Disabilities
Authors: Datchuk Shawn M. , Rodgers Derek B. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGood sentence construction, the act of writing multiple words into sentence types that make semantic and syntactic sense, is needed for clear and meaningful written expression. The present study investigated the effects of a multi‐component writing intervention, sentence instruction and frequency building to a performance criterion, on the simple sentence construction of intermediate‐grade level students with high‐incidence disabilities. Four special education teachers delivered intervention to small groups of two students, a total of eight students, and assessed for retention. Overall results were positive but inconsistent across the small groups. Three of the four small groups improved their text writing within simple sentences during and following intervention, and moderate to large Tau‐U values for correct word sequences and for incorrect word sequences, respectively, were found. Results suggest that postinstruction writing fluency practice can be an effective part of writing intervention for intermediate‐grade level students with high‐incidence disabilities.
On morphological borrowing
Authors: Gardani Francesco 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFor virtually as long as linguists have studied contact‐induced grammatical change, the borrowing of morphological formatives and patterns has been considered a relatively infrequent phenomenon—a view which is reflected in all well‐known borrowability scales. Yet all those scales have been constructed from limited data sets, thus producing rather intuitive generalizations, for example, that inflection is more resistant to borrowing than derivation. In reality, we do not have a precise idea of the global extent of the phenomenon. In particular, the borrowing of compounding techniques is a virtually uninvestigated topic. In recent years, linguists have more intensively pursued a line of research that identifies in the study of contact‐induced change a source of evidence for the theory of grammar and aims to show that different degrees of borrowability reflect fine‐grained distinctions between subcomponents of morphology. The ever‐growing availability of comprehensive grammars and detailed case studies has supplied an adequate empirical basis to reach this goal.
Spectral properties and mineral compositions of acapulcoite–lodranite clan meteorites: Establishing S‐type asteroid–meteorite connections
Authors: Lucas Michael P. , Emery Joshua P. , Hiroi Takahiro , McSween Harry Y. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractExcept for asteroid sample return missions, measurements of the spectral properties of both meteorites and asteroids offer the best possibility of linking meteorite groups with their parent asteroid(s). Visible plus near‐infrared spectra reveal distinguishing absorption features controlled mainly by the Fe2+ contents and modal abundances of olivine and pyroxene. Meteorite samples provide relationships between spectra and mineralogy. These relationships are useful for estimating the olivine and pyroxene mineralogy of stony (S‐type) asteroid surfaces. Using a suite of 10 samples of the acapulcoite–lodranite clan (ALC), we have developed new correlations between spectral parameters and mafic mineral compositions for partially melted asteroids. A well‐defined relationship exists between Band II center and ferrosilite (Fs) content of orthopyroxene. Furthermore, because Fs in orthopyroxene and fayalite (Fa) content in olivine are well correlated in these meteorites, the derived Fs content can be used to estimate Fa of the coexisting olivine. We derive new equations for determining the mafic silicate compositions of partially melted S‐type asteroid parent bodies. Stony meteorite spectra have previously been used to delineate meteorite analog spectral zones in Band I versus band area ratio (BAR) parameter space for the establishment of asteroid–meteorite connections with S‐type asteroids. However, the spectral parameters of the partially melted ALC overlap with those of ordinary (H) chondrites in this parameter space. We find that Band I versus Band II center parameter space reveals a clear distinction between the ALC and the H chondrites. This work allows the distinction of S‐type asteroids as nebular (ordinary chondrites) or geologically processed (primitive achondrites).
The Influence of Social Contagion Within Education: A Motivational Perspective
Authors: Burgess Laura G. , Riddell Patricia M. , Fancourt Amy , Murayama Kou 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThis article provides an overview of research on social contagion in the context of education. We highlight the importance of students' social interactions in school, considering contagion between peers and contagion from teachers to students, using a motivation perspective. The framework of contagion is introduced broadly, followed by a focused review on social contagion in school environments, both peer and teacher related. Then we introduce methodology for mapping behavior change to networks that are a direct representation of school cohorts. We argue that these different lines of research can be coherently interpreted from a motivation perspective, suggesting the critical role of motivation in social contagion, in the context of education. We highlight the limited amount of research on positive contagion effects and we call for further investigation into ways in which to increase the contagion of positive, academic behaviors. Finally, the neuroscience behind social contagion, both for the mechanisms and the interactions, is discussed.
Polyamine‐independent growth and biofilm formation, and functional spermidine/spermine N‐acetyltransferases in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Li Bin , Maezato Yukari , Kim Sok Ho , Kurihara Shin , Liang Jue , Michael Anthony J. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryPolyamines such as spermidine and spermine are primordial polycations that are ubiquitously present in the three domains of life. We have found that Gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis have lost either all or most polyamine biosynthetic genes, respectively, and are devoid of any polyamine when grown in polyamine‐free media. In contrast to bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Campylobacter jejuni and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which absolutely require polyamines for growth, S. aureus and E. faecalis grow normally over multiple subcultures in the absence of polyamines. Furthermore, S. aureus and E. faecalis form biofilms normally without polyamines, and exogenous polyamines do not stimulate growth or biofilm formation. High levels of external polyamines, including norspermidine, eventually inhibit biofilm formation through inhibition of planktonic growth. We show that spermidine/spermine N‐acetyltransferase (SSAT) homologues encoded by S. aureus USA300 and E. faecalis acetylate spermidine, spermine and norspermidine, that spermine is the more preferred substrate, and that E. faecalis SSAT is almost as efficient as human SSAT with spermine as substrate. The polyamine auxotrophy, polyamine‐independent growth and biofilm formation, and presence of functional polyamine N‐acetyltransferases in S. aureus and E. faecalis represent a new paradigm for bacterial polyamine biology.
Floral uniformity through evolutionary time in a species‐rich tree lineage
Authors: Vasconcelos Thais N. C. , Chartier Marion , Prenner Gerhard , Martins Aline C. , Schönenberger Jürg , Wingler Astrid , Lucas Eve 
Published: October 2018

SummaryChanges in floral morphology are expected across evolutionary time and are often promoted as important drivers in angiosperm diversification. Such a statement, however, is in contrast to empirical observations of species‐rich lineages that show apparent conservative floral morphologies even under strong selective pressure to change from their environments.Here, we provide quantitative evidence for prolific speciation despite uniform floral morphology in a tropical species‐rich tree lineage. We analyse floral disparity in the environmental and phylogenetic context ofMyrcia(Myrtaceae), one of the most diverse and abundant tree genera in Neotropical biomes.Variation in floral morphology amongMyrciaclades is exceptionally low, even among distantly related species. Discrete floral specialisations do occur, but these are few, present low phylogenetic signal, have no strong correlation with abiotic factors, and do not affect overall macroevolutionary dynamics in the lineage.Results show that floral form and function may be conserved over large evolutionary time scales even in environments full of opportunities for ecological interactions and niche specialisation. Species accumulation in diverse lineages with uniform flowers apparently does not result from shifts in pollination strategies, but from speciation mechanisms that involve other, nonfloral plant traits.
Soil fertility in boreal forest relates to root‐driven nitrogen retention and carbon sequestration in the mor layer
Authors: Kyaschenko Julia , Ovaskainen Otso , Ekblad Alf , Hagenbo Andreas , Karltun Erik , Clemmensen Karina E. , Lindahl Björn D. 
Published: October 2018

Summary

Boreal forest soils retain significant amounts of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in purely organic layers, but the regulation of organic matter turnover and the relative importance of leaf litter and root‐derived inputs are not well understood.

We combined bomb 14C dating of organic matter with stable isotope profiling for Bayesian parameterization of an organic matter sequestration model. C and N dynamics were assessed across annual depth layers (cohorts), together representing 256 yr of organic matter accumulation. Results were related to ecosystem fertility (soil inorganic N, pH and litter C : N).

Root‐derived C was estimated to decompose two to 10 times more slowly than leaf litter, but more rapidly in fertile plots. The amounts of C and N per cohort declined during the initial 20 yr of decomposition, but, in older material, the amount of N per cohort increased, indicating N retention driven by root‐derived C.

The dynamics of root‐derived inputs were more important than leaf litter dynamics in regulating the variation in organic matter accumulation along a forest fertility gradient. N retention in the rooting zone combined with impeded mining for N in less fertile ecosystems provides evidence for a positive feedback between ecosystem fertility and organic matter turnover.
Macrophage polarization in human gingival tissue in response to periodontal disease
Authors: Zhou Li‐Na , Bi Chun‐Sheng , Gao Li‐Na , An Ying , Chen Fang , Chen Fa‐Ming 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveAlthough accumulating evidence indicates that macrophages are central players in the destructive and reparative phases of periodontal disease, their polarization states at different stages of periodontal inflammation remain unclear.MethodsWe collected gingival biopsies from patients with chronic periodontitis (P group), gingivitis (G group), or periodontally healthy individuals (H group). Polarized macrophages were identified through immunofluorescence. M1‐ and M2‐related cytokines were detected by immunohistochemistry.ResultsCompared with the H group, the P group had more M1 cells (higher M1/M2 ratio) and significantly higher TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐6, and IL‐12 levels. Although the G group also exhibited higher TNF‐α and IL‐12 levels than the H group, they had similar M1/M2 ratios. The M1/M2 ratio and IFN‐γ and IL‐6 levels were significantly higher in the P than the G group. Among M2‐related cytokines, IL‐4 levels were significantly higher in the G than the H group. The M1/M2 ratio was positively correlated with clinical probing depth (PD), and both were positively correlated with IFN‐γ and IL‐6. PD was negatively correlated with IL‐4.ConclusionMacrophage polarization in gingival tissue may be responsible for the development and progression of inflammation‐induced tissue destruction, and modulating macrophage function may be a potential strategy for periodontal disease management.
Efficacy of house dust mite sublingual tablet in the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis: A randomized trial in a pediatric population
Authors: Okamoto Yoshitaka , Fujieda Shigeharu , Okano Mitsuhiro , Hida Hideaki , Kakudo Shinji , Masuyama Keisuke 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe efficacy and safety of 300 index of reactivity (IR) tablets of house dust mite (HDM) allergen extracts in Japanese pediatric (5‐16 years old) patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) were assessed in a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study (JAPIC CTI‐152981).MethodsPatients were randomized 1:1 to HDM sublingual tablets or placebo once daily for 52 weeks. The primary end‐point was average adjusted symptom score (AASS; average of daily Rhinitis Total Symptom Scores, comprising sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and nasal pruritus, adjusted for rescue medication use), analyzed during Weeks 48‐52 (mixed‐effects model for repeated measures).ResultsOf 438 patients randomized, 403 (92%; 193 active, 210 placebo) completed the study. AASS (least‐squares [LS] mean [SE]) during Weeks 48‐52 was significantly (P = 0.0005) lower in the active group compared with placebo (6.32 [0.20] vs 7.27 [0.19]; relative LS mean difference, −13%). Immunological responses (IgE and IgG4 antibodies specific to antigens of two HDM species) were significantly greater in the active group compared with placebo (P < 0.0001). Almost all patients experienced mild or moderate adverse events (AEs). The most common treatment‐related AEs were oral pruritus, mouth edema, throat irritation, and ear pruritus. One patient experienced serious pseudocroup (subglottic laryngitis) that recovered. There were no deaths or anaphylaxis requiring the use of injectable adrenaline.ConclusionsThe HDM tablet significantly improved symptoms of HDM‐induced perennial AR and was associated with a significant immunological response. The safety profile in pediatric patients was consistent with that in adults, with no new safety concerns.
A fish and tetrapod fauna from Romer's Gap preserved in Scottish Tournaisian floodplain deposits
Authors: Otoo Benjamin K. A. , Clack Jennifer A. , Smithson Timothy R. , Bennett Carys E. , Kearsey Timothy I. , Coates Michael I. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe end‐Devonian mass extinction has been framed as a turning point in vertebrate evolution, enabling the radiation of tetrapods, chondrichthyans and actinopterygians. Until very recently ‘Romer's Gap’ rendered the Early Carboniferous a black box standing between the Devonian and the later Carboniferous, but now new Tournaisian localities are filling this interval. Recent work has recovered unexpected tetrapod and lungfish diversity. However, the composition of Tournaisian faunas remains poorly understood. Here we report on a Tournaisian vertebrate fauna from a well‐characterized, narrow stratigraphic interval from the Ballagan Formation exposed at Burnmouth, Scotland. Microfossils suggest brackish conditions and the sedimentology indicates a low‐energy debris flow on a vegetated floodplain. A range of vertebrate bone sizes are preserved. Rhizodonts are represented by the most material, which can be assigned to two taxa. Lungfish are represented by several species, almost all of which are currently endemic to the Ballagan Formation. There are two named tetrapods, Aytonerpeton and Diploradus, with at least two others also represented. Gyracanths, holocephalans, and actinopterygian fishes are represented by rarer fossils. This material compares well with vertebrate fossils from other Ballagan deposits. Faunal similarity analysis using an updated dataset of Devonian–Carboniferous (Givetian–Serpukhovian) sites corroborates a persistent Devonian/Carboniferous split. Separation of the data into marine and non‐marine partitions indicates more Devonian–Carboniferous faunal continuity in non‐marine settings compared to marine settings. These results agree with the latest fossil discoveries and suggest that the Devonian–Carboniferous transition proceeded differently in different environments and among different taxonomic groups.
Anesthetic management of thoracoscopic resection of lung lesions in small children
Authors: Mohtar Sanah , Hui Theresa W. C. , Irwin Michael G. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryBackgroundVideo‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery has dramatically increased over the last decade because of both medical and cosmetic benefits. Anesthesia for video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery in small children is more challenging compared to adults due to the considerable problems posed by small airway dimensions and ventilation. The optimal technique for one‐lung ventilation has yet to be established and the use of remifentanil infusion in this setting is not well described.AimsThis study investigated the use of extraluminal bronchial blocker placement for one‐lung ventilation and the effect of infusion of remifentanil in infants and small children undergoing video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the technique of one‐lung ventilation and the hemodynamic effects of remifentanil infusion in 31 small children during elective video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery for congenital lung lesions under anesthesia with sevoflurane or isoflurane, oxygen, and air. Patients’ heart rate, blood pressure, and endtidal carbon dioxide at baseline (after induction of anesthesia), immediately after one‐lung ventilation, during carbon dioxide insufflation, and at the end of one‐lung ventilation were extracted from the database and analyzed. The use of vasopressors or dexmedetomidine was also recorded and analyzed.ResultsExtraluminal placement of a bronchial blocker alongside the tracheal tube was successfully performed in 90.3% of cases (28 patients) without any serious complications or arterial oxygen desaturation. There was no significant rise in blood pressure or heart rate even with the rise of endtidal carbon dioxide concentration during video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery. In 58% of patients (18 patients), phenylephrine was administered to maintain the blood pressure within 20% of the baseline value. There was no significant change in the heart rate of all patients at each time point.ConclusionOne‐lung ventilation with an extraluminal parallel blocker was used effectively in this series of young children undergoing thoracoscopic excision of congenital pulmonary lesions. Remifentanil infusion attenuated surgical stress effectively in infants and small children undergoing video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery.
Diagnosis and perioperative management in pediatric sleep‐disordered breathing
Authors: Scalzitti Nicholas J. , Sarber Kathleen M. 
Published: October 2018

SummarySleep‐disordered breathing has a prevalence of 12% in the pediatric population. It represents a spectrum of disorders encompassing abnormalities of the upper airway that lead to sleep disruption, including primary snoring, obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, and sleep‐related hypoventilation. Sleep‐disordered breathing is the most common indication for adenotonsillectomy, one of the most common procedures performed in children. In recent years, the American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery, American Academy of Pediatrics, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists have crafted guidelines to help safely manage children with sleep‐disordered breathing. Each organization recommends in‐laboratory polysomnography for definitive diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea in certain cases. However, because this test is both costly and inconvenient, there has been significant interest in alternative methods for diagnosing clinically significant sleep‐disordered breathing. Accurate diagnosis is critical because sleep‐disordered breathing confers certain perioperative risks and increased mortality in some instances. Recent studies have elucidated the danger of anesthesia and opioids in worsening obstructive sleep apnea, and recommendations for alternative analgesia are being created. In addition, determining the most appropriate level and duration of monitoring in the postoperative period is actively being evaluated. This article presents an overview of the recent literature on the perioperative care of pediatric patients with sleep‐disordered breathing. It highlights innovative modalities and limitations in diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea, the importance of a tailored anesthetic/analgesic approach to children with obstructive sleep apnea, and the need for postoperative monitoring. It also brings to focus that further studies on the perioperative care of these children are necessary.
Frontiers in pigment cell and melanoma research
Authors: Filipp Fabian V. , Birlea Stanca , Bosenberg Marcus W. , Brash Douglas , Cassidy Pamela B. , Chen Suzie , D'Orazio John A. , Fujita Mayumi , Goh Boon‐Kee , Herlyn Meenhard , Indra Arup K. , Larue Lionel , Leachman Sancy A. , Le Poole Caroline , Liu‐Smith Feng , Manga Prashiela , Montoliu Lluis , Norris David A. , Shellman Yiqun , Smalley Keiran S. M. , Spritz Richard A. , Sturm Richard A. , Swetter Susan M. , Terzian Tamara , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Weber Jeffrey S. , Box Neil F. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn this perspective, we identify emerging frontiers in clinical and basic research of melanocyte biology and its associated biomedical disciplines. We describe challenges and opportunities in clinical and basic research of normal and diseased melanocytes that impact current approaches to research in melanoma and the dermatological sciences. We focus on four themes: (1) clinical melanoma research, (2) basic melanoma research, (3) clinical dermatology, and (4) basic pigment cell research, with the goal of outlining current highlights, challenges, and frontiers associated with pigmentation and melanocyte biology.Significantly, this document encapsulates important advances in melanocyte and melanoma research including emerging frontiers in melanoma immunotherapy, medical and surgical oncology, dermatology, vitiligo, albinism, genomics and systems biology, epidemiology, pigment biophysics and chemistry, and evolution.
Effects of Vitamin D levels and supplementation on atopic dermatitis: A systematic review
Authors: Huang Christina M. , Lara‐Corrales Irene , Pope Elena 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting 5%‐20% of children worldwide. Studies suggested both a correlation between serum vitamin D (VD) levels and AD severity and a therapeutic potential role for VD supplementation.ObjectivesTo determine whether serum VD levels correlate with AD severity and the effects of supplementation for disease improvement in children.Data SourcesOvid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched.Study SelectionPublications with children 0‐18 years old with AD and data evaluating effects of VD levels or supplementation on AD severity were included.Data ExtractionAuthor, year, inclusion criteria, study design, location, age, VD levels, VD supplementation regimens, and baseline and final disease severities were extracted.ResultsOf the 21 included publications, 15, 5, and 1 evaluated VD level, VD supplementation, and both factors with disease severity, respectively. There were 4 randomized control trials (RCTs), 5 cohort, 6 case‐control, and 6 cross‐sectional studies. A significant inverse correlation between VD level and severity was described in 62.5% (10/16) of studies. There were 67% (4/6) that reported a significant improvement in AD severity with supplementation.LimitationsStudies meeting inclusion criteria were limited. Furthermore, papers were heterogeneous in terms of location, season, and VD supplementation regimen. Language and publication bias was another potential limitation.ConclusionIn children, the majority of existing literature confirmed a link between serum VD levels and AD severity. Weak evidence was found supporting improvement of AD with VD supplementation. Future large‐scale studies are needed to support our findings.