bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excavations at Pindakas in Chios
Authors: Boardman John 
Published: June 2019

Pindakas is a small and low hill lying about 1·5 km. from the harbour at Emporio in South Chios. It is at the foot of the hills which divide the modern town of Pyrgi from the Emporio valley, but it also commands access to the adjacent valley to the north, that leading to modern Kalamoti (see Figs, 1 and 2). The position is, however, one which is better called convenient than strategic. The name must derive from πίδαξ, ‘spring’ or ‘fountain’, and, although there is no water on the hill itself, an excellent well lies close to its slopes on the west. Ano- and Kato-Pindakas have been distinguished, but the distinction is lost today, and Ano-Pindakas, rather nearer Emporio, is as bare of human habitation as Kato-Pindakas, which is our site.Today the flat top of the hill is bare and rocky with scattered olive trees, though the fields around are rich in corn and mastika. Zolotas had noted antiquities there but it is the great polygonal walls at the west which make two terraces of the hill-top that are the most conspicuous remains (Plate 72a–b). It was on these two terraces that excavations were conducted by the writer in July 1954, in the course of the British School at Athens' excavations at Emporio. Sections were cut east–west through the upper and lower terraces, and north–south through the upper terrace (Figs. 3 and 4, AA and BB) and these, with minor trenches and some ground observation, tell a clear story of the site's history and buildings.
Certificats présentés en cour par le Ministère des Affaires extérieures: La pratique canadienne
Authors: Hardy Vincent 
Published: June 2019

J’ai eu l’occasion de consulter de façon exhaustive, au cours de l’été 1976 les dossiers du Ministère canadien des Affaires extérieures susceptibles de contenir des certificats destinés à être présentés en Gour. Je me propose de donner ici un bref résumé des principes qui en guident l’émission, ainsi qu’un aperçu de la forme qu’ils revêtent.1. Les principesUn certificat du Ministère des Affaires extérieures est un document émis par le Secrétaire d’Etat aux Affaires extérieures ou par un fonctionnaire du Ministère, établissant l’existence de certains faits et dans certains cas de certaines règles de droit qui y sont liées, dont le Ministère est susceptible d’avoir connaissance de par ses attributions. Normalement, la Cour ne mettra pas en doute le contenu du certificat, dont elle prendra connaissance judiciaire.
Unitary Taxation in the United States of America
Authors: Castel J.-G. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireL'auteur soutient que les États des États-Unis d'Amérique violent le droit international lorsqu'ils imposent les sociétés qui font affaires chez eux sur la base du revenu global du groupe de sociétés auxquelles elles appartiennent. Une formule spéciale permet d'attribuer un certain montant de ce revenu global à la société qui fait affaires dans un État qui a adopté ce système et qui en tiendra compte pour l'imposer. Le système de répartition des revenus imposables aboutit à une double imposition contraire aux traités signés par les États-Unis avec un grande nombre de pays y compris le Canada. Dans une certaine mesure, il est aussi contraire à la Constitution des États-Unis et aux règles coutumières du droit international se rapportant à la compétence législative des États. Sans aucun doute, le système unitaire constitue un obstacle aux investissements étrangers.
The “New Thinking” in Soviet International Law: Soviet Doctrines and Practice in the Post-Tunkin Era
Authors: McWhinney Edward 
Published: June 2019

SommaireLa “nouvelle pensée” (Novoe Mishlenie) en droit international soviétique représente l'application juridique concrète de la conception-clé d'un renouvellement compréhensive (Perestroika) de la société russe, achevé par la voie d'une ouverture politique-intêllectuelle (Glas-nost). Bâtie sur la théorie de la Coexistence pacifique des systèmes juridiques différents élaborée à la fin des années 50e par le grand savant russe, Gregory Tunkin, et codifiée dans la Résolution célèbre de l'Assemblée Générale de l'Onu en octobre 1970, la “nouvelle pensée” a abandonné la notion d'un conflit inévitable et nécessaire entre ces systèmes, et a mis son emphase sur la coopération et la réciprocité mutuelle. La "nouvelle pensée" implique, concretement, la primauté juridique de l'Onu dans le règlement des différends interétatiques, l'augmentation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour internationale, et aussi l'accélération du processus de désarmement nucléaire et général et le renoncement du recours à la force armée sauf avec l'autorité préalable et sous l'égide et aussi la surveillance directe de l'Onu.
State Succession and State Reponsibility
Authors: Czaplinski Wladyslaw 
Published: June 2019

SommaireLe problème de la succession d'Etats en matière de responsabilité internationale ne fut pas codifié lors du processus de codification sur la succession d'États et sur la responsabilité internationale. L'auteur s'interroge sur la pratique des États et sur l'existence de normes coutumières en ce domaine.Plusieurs accords internationaux concernant cette question furent conclus au dix-neuvième siècle (les cas de dissolution du Royaume de Westphalie et de l'Union de Colombie). Les dettes résultant de délits internationaux y furent acceptées par les successeurs.La pratique diplomatique n'est pas claire. On peut observer une tendance à nier le transfert en matière de responsabilité internationale. Toutefois dans plusieurs cas d'annexion, les paiements ex gratia ont été acceptés.La jurisprudence des tribunaux arbitraux rejette le passage de la responsabilité sur l'État successeur (les affaires R. E. Brown et les prétentions de Hawaii). La décision dans l'affaire Collas et Michel confirme la responsabilité internationale du successeur, mais le fondement de cette responsabilité n'est pas évident. Le successeur y fut aussi déclaré responsable pour ses propres actes.Se référant maintenant à la jurisprudence interne des États, le passage de la responsabilité a été accepté sans condition dans un seul jugement qui se basait sur un accord international dont les termes étaient exprès sur ce point.Malgré sa décision initiale de 1963, la CDI a exclu la succession en matière de responsabilité internationale de son mandat sur la succession d'États et de gouvernements. Elle a estimé que la succession en matière de dettes délictuelles devait être considérée dans le cadre de la responsabilité internationale. Les rapporteurs dans ce dernier domaine ont aussi exclu cette question spéciale. La doctrine n'est pas unanime sur le passage ou non de la responsabilité internationale sur l'État successeur. De plus, la pratique internationale sur le transfert des prétentions relatives à des délits internationaux est aussi contradictoire.En conclusion, il ne semble pas exister de normes coutumières dans le domaine de la succession d'Etats en matière de responsabilité internationale.
Dispute Settlement under the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Hage Robert 
Published: June 2019

SommaireL'adoption de dispositions sur le règlement des différends commerciaux binationaux était un objectif fondamental du Canada lors des négociations de l'Accord de libre-échange avec les États-Unis. Les articles inclus au chapitre 18 de l'Accord à la suite des négociations constituent un compromis qui a recours à un processus de prévention initiale des différends et qui s'appuie ensuite sur la constitution de Groupes spéciaux présentant des recommandations au niveau politique, en l'occurrence, la Commission mixte du commerce canado-américain. Les deux premières affaires étudiées par des Groups spéciaux portant sur des allégations de restrictions commerciales à l'exportation du saumon et du hareng canadiens de la côte du Pacifique et à l'importation du homard canadien vers les États-Unis ont fourni une première occasion de vérifier le fonctionnement du processus de règlement des différends. Dans cette note de recherche, l'auteur examine comment une affaire est mise en état et présentée selon les procédures convenues, à partir de l'entente sur le mandat du Groupe spécial jusqu'à la présentation de son rapport à la Commission. L'auteur décrit certaines des difficultés rencontrées, particulièrement dans le cas de différends commerciaux qui ont eu beaucoup d'impact et il propose des mesures pour atténuer ces difficultés. Il conclut que même si l'on commence seulement à utiliser ce processus, il est manifeste que la diversité des mécanismes auxquels le Canada peut recourir pour régler ses différends commerciaux avec les États-Unis répond aux objectifs canadiens.
The Developing Relationship between Superior and Subordinate Political Bodies at the International Level: A Note on the Experience of the United Nations and the Organization of American States
Authors: MacDonald R.St.J. 
Published: June 2019

Speaking in the general debate at the Eighteenth Session of the United Nations General Assembly on September 19, 1963, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson made the following observation:
The United Nations will inevitably remain the central world forum for international discussion and recommendation on a wide range of subjects. We already have on the other hand, regional groupings of states — in Europe, Africa and Latin America. Other groupings conceivably may be formed. The time may have to come to correlate the activities of these regional groupings more closely with those of the United Nations. It is possible to envisage a stage in the evolution of the UN when regional assemblies may be used with regional problems in search of local solutions or in the preparation for broader treatment at the United Nations. The Charter acknowledges the part to be played by regional arrangements or agencies in the conduct of international relations. In the economic and social field there is a growing tendency to delegate responsibility and authority to the UN Regional Commissions. Why not adopt a similar approach to some, though obviously not all, of the political questions which may face us in the United Nations?
The Expanding Role of the Supreme Court of Canada in International Law Issues
Authors: La Forest Gérard V. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe rapid globalization that marks our era has resulted in increasing demands for the legal resolution of disputes arising out of interstate activities. National courts throughout the world have been significantly affected by this development. This article describes the recent expansion of the work of the Supreme Court of Canada in relation to transnational legal issues, including issues of public and private international law, human rights, admiralty law, and issues of private law having international ramifications. It traces the Court's evolving approach to international law issues and its willingness to reformulate its principles to meet modern conditions and to foster compliance with its norms. The more cosmopolitan attitude thereby generated has worked in concert with the Court's increasing willingness to rely on comparative law techniques in assuting in the resolution of issues of a localized character.
Consular Immunity: Alleged Criminal Activities of a Consular Officer
Authors: Lee Edward G. , Shidlowski Alvin J. , Roy Julian K. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryA recent decision of the Ontario Court of Justice (Provincial Division) involving criminal charges of perjury and attempting to obstruct justice against a consular officer posted in Toronto was the occasion for a comprehensive review of the scope and application of consular immunity in Canada. Contrary to the arguments presented by the attorney general of Ontario and the evidence and opinion of the secretary of state for External Affairs, Canada, the court ruled that the consular officer was immune from the criminal jurisdiction of the Court. The Court concluded that the consular officer’s actions were performed in the exerdse of consularfunctions and that while the impugned acts occurred outside the geographical consular district, the immunity was not compromised. The authors conclude that relief through diplomatic channels, rather than criminal prosecution, is the appropriate mechanism for addressing consular misconduct.
Using Treaties in Canadian Courts
Authors: van Ert Gibran 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIncreasingly, litigants are seeking to rely on international treaties before domestic courts. The difficulties they face, together with the judges hearing these cases, are great. Public international law is unknown territory for the vast majority of Canadian lawyers, both at the bar and on the bench. Moreover, the rules according to which international treaties take effect in Canadian domestic law engage a wide variety of legal sources, including ancient common law jurisprudence, unwritten constitutional rules, federalism, and the provisions of theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedomsand other Canadian human rights instruments. The object of this article is to describe in a comprehensive manner how international treaties may be used in Canadian courts. The disparate and seemingly unrelated norms informing the Anglo-Canadian law of treaty reception, including the implementation requirement, the treaty presumption, the rule inLabour Conventions, and the landmark decision inBakerv.Canada, are depicted as internally-consistent manifestations of the guiding principles of the Canadian reception system: self-government and respect for international law.
Regulatory Expropriation and State Intent
Authors: Byrne Katharina A. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article examines whether the characterization of a regulatory measure as expropriatory depends upon the objective intent of the state in enacting that measure. The issue of regulatory expropriation is of particular importance, given the fact that a number of recent multilateral investment treaties, including the North American Free Trade Agreement, grant investors a right of direct action against a foreign state for losses arising out of measures that are “tantamount” to expropriation.This article will first consider the respective approaches of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal and the United States to regulatory expropriation. These approaches will be then briefly contrasted with the unique jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice and the European Court of Human Rights. Next, the role of intent in municipal law as a means of categorization will be addressed and a case made as to why this approach is equally viable on the international plane. In conclusion, reasons will be given as to why a test based on intent is to be preferred over other theories.
Peut-on justifier l’intervention de l’OTAN au Kosovo sur le plan humanitaire? Analyse de la politique occidentale et ses conséquences en Macédoine
Authors: Barutciski Michael 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIt is generally accepted that NATO’s military intervention against Yugoslavia did not conform to recognized rules of legal positivism. For most western observers, the justification relies on its legitimacy rather than its legality. This moral argument is based on the belief that the humanitarian plight of the Albanian populations in Kosovo was exceptionally grave. While the situation on the ground prior to NATO’s bombing campaign warranted western involvement, the article shows that it was not exceptional in relation to other armed conflicts around the world.Western diplomacy in this Balkan crisis reflects an element of selectivity concerning respect for public international law that will have negative consequences on the future of international relations. The result in the immediate region is a change in the balance of power accompanied by general destabilization. Despite the large international military and civilian presence, Kosovo has been transformed into an almost homogeneous Albanian territory and neighbouring Macedonia is threatened by an extension of the Albanian insurrection. This international intervention confirms the relevance of established legal norms on the use of force because they allow better chances for action guided by reason rather than one-sided media pressure.
Parallel Proceedings — Converging Views: The Westec Appeal
Authors: Walker Janet 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe flexibility afforded by the new rules in Canada for jurisdiction and judgments creates opportunities for opposing parties to commence parallel proceedings against one another in different jurisdictions. As litigants begin to take advantage of these opportunities, Canadian courts are faced with the special concerns associated with parallel proceedings and the potential for inconsistent results. Various mechanisms have been developed in other legal systems for addressing these concerns but some of these mechanisms do not prevent the “race to judgment” or the “race to file.” A review of the experiences with these mechanisms, and of the Canadian decisions to date, can help in formulating rules that accord with the Canadian appreciation of comity and that seek to prevent abuse without compromising fairness.
Obligatory Negotiations in International Organizations
Authors: Kass Stephen L. 
Published: June 2019

Article 26 of the Mandate by which Great Britain administered Palestine required disputes between league members to be submitted to the Permanent Court if they “cannot be settled by negotiation.” In the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case, Great Britain contended that discussions with Greece, the complainant, had been so brief as not to amount to negotiations, insisting that in negotiations parties must at least define their positions and consider each other's views. Although intergovernmental exchanges had not reached this point, the Court held that prior discussions between Mavrommatis and British authorities had so defined the relevant issues that the Greek government could rely on these talks, in conjunction with its own protests, to satisfy the negotiations requirement.Judge Moore, in dissent, believed that negotiations should be limited to intergovernmental discussions because issues raised by individuals cannot define the positions open to governments. Moreover, negotiations should proceed in an ordered, even rational manner.
The ICJ, Advisory Opinions, and the Judicial Function: Between Adjudication and Consultation
Authors: Savoie Pierre-Olivier 
Published: June 2019

SummaryLegal commentators have not always considered advisory opinions as a legitimate judicial function. Under both national and international law, it is often considered that only ripe controversies can be legitimately decided by a court of law. Under international law, advisory opinions are also criticized for undermining sovereignty when consent is not obtained from all states affected by the matter. By examining the International Court of Justice’s (ICJ) advisory opinions in light of comparative law, the author argues that this criticism underestimates the evolution of the judicial function, as much in international as in national law. The advisory opinion is a mode of social ordering that stands somewhere between consultation and adjudication. The advisory opinion not only adopts most of adjudication’s characteristics but abo has the added flexibility of consultation because it can consider a wider spectrum of opinions than can adversary procedures. The ICJ’s advisory opinions can almost be assimilated to adjudication. Considering that they have also greatly contributed to the development of international law, the ICJ’s advisory opinions remain an integral and legitimate part of the court’s judicial function.
Regional Arrangements and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security: The Role of the African Union Peace and Security Council
Authors: Majinge Charles Riziki 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article examines the role of regional arrangements under the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter) in the maintenance of international peace and security. The African Union Peace and Security Council (AU PSC), the organ within the AU charged with addressing threats to international peace and security on the African continent, is used as a case study. The author contends that the major challenges facing regional arrangements in exercising mandates under Article 53 of the UN Charter of the United Nations have more to do with inadequate financial and logistical resources than the nature of those mandates. Taking the AU’s role in Somalia, Sudan, and other African countries as examples, the article demonstrates that the AU PSC has failed to achieve its objective of maintaining peace and security precisely because the United Nations (UN) Security Council — a more powerful and better resourced organ — has failed to live up to its responsibility of extending the assistance necessary to enable the AU PSC to perform its functions. Consequently, the author concludes that the UN Security Council, when delegating powers to regional arrangements to maintain international peace and security, should provide adequate resources to such regional arrangements, especially those that will otherwise have minimal or no capacity to fulfil their mandate effectively.
The International Legal Status of Formosa
Authors: Kirkham D. Barry 
Published: June 2019

We consider that the isolation of Communist China from a large part of normal international relations is dangerous. We are prepared to accept the reality of the victory in mainland China in 1949…. We consider, however, that the effective political independence of Taiwan is a political reality too.—THE HONORABLE PAUL MARTINThe International Legal Status of Formosa has long been a subject of vigorous political and academic debate. Twenty-three years after the termination of the Second World War the matter remains completely unresolved; yet it is of fundamental importance. As one writer has stated, “The question of the international status of Taiwan has been the central issue of dispute between the People’s Republic of China and a number of western states and has constituted the primary obstacle to the establishment of formal relations between mainland China and Canada.” In the words of another scholar:The Formosa problem is perhaps the most important cause of the hostile relationship between the United States and Communist China. Its prolonged unsettlement creates a highly dangerous situation in the Far East. As a result, many international problems, such as Chinese recognition, the seating of Communist China and disarmament remain unsolved. Accordingly, an early settlement of the Formosan problem is necessary.
The World Court: Reform or Re-Appraisal
Authors: Dalfen Charles M. 
Published: June 2019

In sharp contrast to the high hopes raised by the reconstitution of the International Court of Justice in 1946, its subsequent record has been somewhat less than inspiring; and its impact as an organ for the settlement of disputes has been anything but spectacular. Established as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, it broods at The Hague in idle splendour, waiting hopefully for the occasional suit to be taken before it. Despite the hopes, the promise and the optimism, recourse to adjudication is exceptional, infrequent, and limited to disputes of minor importance.Writings on the Court are suffused with lamentations over the chasm between the idealized aspirations of its founders and its actual performance. From the depths, however, the call is heard; the vision of the jurists becomes the burden of the reformers — the burden of recasting the machinery of world order. Political theorists, lawyers and institutional reformers are all prepared to shoulder the burden, and each considers it his duty to add to the literature on the Court yet another “epilogue for the improvement….”