bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of erythropoietic colonies in a human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line
Authors: Hoffman R , Murnane MJ , Benz EJ Jr , Prohaska R , Floyd V , Dainiak N , Forget BG , Furthmayr H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The ability of cells derived from the K562 cell line to generate erythropoietic colonies was studied. The K562 cell line was derived from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia 8 yr ago by Lozzio and Lozzio. Rare benzidine-positive colonies formed when these cells were cloned in plasma clots (3 +/- 1/10(4) cells), and their number was not substantially increased by the addition of erythropoietin (9.5 +/- 1/10(4) cells). Sodium butyrate was capable of markedly enhancing the number of benzidine-positive colonies (19.5 +/- 1/10(4) cells) formed, while the combination of sodium butyrate plus erythropoietin exerted a synergistic effect on erythropoietic colony formation (57 +/- 4/10(4) cells). The K562 cell line is a long-term culture system that contains human erythropoietic stem cells. This cell line should be useful in future studies on the cellular and molecular events associated with human erythroid cell differentiation.
Analytical Review: Conversion Factors and Accelerators in the Formation of Thrombin
Authors: STEFANINI MARIO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Prothrombin and fibrinogen represent the fundamental materials in the formation of the solid clot. During the process of blood coagulation, prothrombin is converted to thrombin, and this enzyme, in turn, clots fibrinogen.
The formation of thrombin is the essential step in the clotting of blood. Besides prothrombin, at least five other agents participate in the reaction. They may be divided into: a) conversion factors, agents actively participating and indispensable for the formation of thrombin, at least for physiologic needs; and b) accelerators, which increase the speed of the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and the yield of this enzyme once the process has been initiated. The first group includes thromboplastin, calcium and a plasma prothrombin conversion factor (PPCF); the second, a serum accelerator and a platelet accelerator. Platelets may also supply a factor which accelerates the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen.
Thrombin, once formed, is able to accelerate its own production (autocatalysis), thus determining an "explosive" formation of fibrin. This mechanism is of great importance in assuring efficient hemostasis. Adsorption of the thrombin on the fibrin clot and neutralization of the enzyme by the natural plasma antithrombin when it is slowly released during the retraction of the clot are two known mechanisms by which the organism protects itself from any undue extension of the intravascular thrombus.
Hermatologic Changes with ACTH and Cortisone Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: FINCH STUART C. , CROCKETT CHARLES L. , Ross JOSEPH F. , BAYLES THEODORE B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Detailed hematologic observations, bone marrow aspirations and blood volume determinations were made on 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and allied disorders before, during and after the administration of either ACTH or cortisone.
2. Significant reticulocytosis occurred in every patient during therapy, but its magnitude was poorly correlated with either the initial degree of anemia or subsequent increase in circulating red cell mass.
3. There was an increase in hematocrit and total circulating red cell mass of all anemic patients who responded clinically to either ACTH or cortisone. There was little or no improvement of anemia when the clinical response was poor.
4. Polycythemia did not occur in any patient during prolonged therapy or with repeated courses of either ACTH or cortisone.
5. Hemodilution and hemoconcentration were much more profound during and after ACTH administration than they were with cortisone.
6. Bone marrow studies revealed moderate depression of the erythroid series before treatment. At the end of therapy erythroid elements were normal.
7. Significant polymorphonuclear leukocytosis occurred its all patients during therapy while lymphopenia was inconstant and unsustained. Circulating eosinophils were depressed more with ACTH than with cortisone treatment.
8. Before treatment eosinophils and their precursors were present in the bone marrow its normal or increased numbers. During therapy the number of these cells was unchanged in the marrow, even when there was profound peripheral eosinopenia
9. The role of ACTH and cortisone in the physiologic mechanism of hematopoiesis is discussed.
10. The improvement in the anemia associated with inflammatory disease in response to ACTH or cortisone therapy probably is a reflection of the control of the underlying disease rather than a primary "stimulation" of the bone marrow.
The Rhesus Antibody Anti-E in Pregnancy and Blood Transfusion
Authors: MALONE R. H. , DUNSFORD I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Twelve cases of immunization by pregnancy or blood transfusion in which the Rhesus antibody anti-E was found, to the exclusion of anti-D or any other Rh antibody are reported.
2. Two hundred and fifty Rh antibodies were discovered in this laboratory during 1949 in 37,972 antenatal cases not previously tested, i.e., 1 in 152. Seven of these were pure anti-E, i.e., 2.8 per cent. This frequency is considerably higher than any previously reported.
3. All of the anti-E sera tested possessed to some degree, and 5 of them to a marked degree, the property of distinguishing cells with a double from those with a single dose of the antigen E.
4. The presence, in cells of various genotypes, of tine antigen D in association with the antigen E reduced their agglutinability with the same anti-E serum in such a manner as to suggest that the agglutinability of these cells depends upon the relative quantities of the E and D anitigens present.
5. By means of parallel titrations with a genotyping anti-E serum, against cells of known and unknown genotypes, it was possible to distinguish E/E from E/e cells in the presence or absence of associated D and, as a corollary, to distinguish D/D from D/d cells in the presence of associated E/E or E/e.
6. These results fit the hypothesis that the specific Rhesus antigens C, D and E are produced from a limited amount of "basic raw material" by the activity of the three genes: that the genes act independently and in competition and that the amount of each antigen produced is proportional to the dosage and "competitive value" of the corresponding gene.
Observations on Erythrocyte and Plasma Cholinesterase Activity in Dyscrasias of the Blood
Authors: SCUDAMORE HAROLD H. , VORHAUS LOUIS J. , KARK ROBERT M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase activities of the blood were determined by Michel’s potentiometric method in 20 healthy individuals and in 20 patients ill with various blood dyscrasias.
2. The mean erythrocyte cholinesterase activity in the blood of healthy individuals was 0.71 ± 0.11 Δ pH/hr. and the mean plasma cholinesterase activity was 0.98 ± 0.17 Δ pH/hr.
3. Low erythrocyte cholinesterase activity was found in the blood of patients ill with pernicious anemia or ill with hypoplastic anemia.
4. High erythrocyte cholinesterase activity was found in the blood of patients suffering with anemia secondary to hemorrhage and of patients ill with pernicious anemia or macrocytic anemia of nontropical sprue in early remission.
5. The plasma cholinesterase activity of blood from patients ill with blood dyscrasias usually reflected the general clinical status of the patients and, in general, was related to the albumin concentration in the serum.
6. The low erythrocyte cholinesterase activity increased following multiple blood transfusions and during a reticulocyte response in a case of hypoplastic anemia, whereas the plasma cholinesterase activity remained unchanged.
7. The erythrocyte cholinesterase activity in patients ill with pernicious anemia or macrocytic anemia of nontropical sprue increased rapidly during therapy beginning with the reticulocyte response and continuing during the period of increased erythropoietic activity. The plasma cholinesterase activity increased slowly parallel to improvement in hematologic and clinical status.
8. The possible relationships between alterations in erythrocyte cholinesterase activity in blood dyscrasias and reticulocytosis and erythropoiesis are discussed.
Urethane-Caused Blood and Bone Marrow Changes in Agranulocytosis and Panmyelopathy of the Cat
Authors: MOESCHLIN S. , BODMER A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The investigations reported in the present paper deal with the behavior of the peripheral blood and the bone marrow in urethane-produced agranulocytosis and panmyelopathy in the cat. The principal conclusions follow:
1. A severe panmyelopathy can be produced regularly in cats by the administration of relatively small doses of urethane: viz., 0.05 to 0.1 Gm. per Kg. per day. The panmyelopathy is still reversible if the urethane is stopped early enough and if the animal is maintained with antibacterial therapy.
2. The time required for recovery of the bone marrow after cessation of urethane administration depends on the total dosage of the drug. After small doses recovery occurs rapidly; after large doses much more slowly. Individual sensitivity of the experimental animal also plays a role, however.
3. The effect of smaller doses of urethane (0.05 Gm./Kg./day) on the bone marrow is to produce inhibition of maturation of granulocytopoiesis, and, to a lesser degree, of thrombocytopoiesis. To a still lesser extent, there is also inhibition of maturation of the red cell series.
4. The effect of larger doses of urethane (0.1 Gm./Kg./day) on the bone marrow, the effect on maturation is overshadowed by a generalized depletion of all marrow cells. Part of this effect is due to a decrease in the number of mitoses, with reduction of the mitotic index; as well as qualitative alterations in the mitotic patterns. It is probable that the effect on mitoses results in the formation of cells which are incapable of life as well as in an overall decrease in the formation of cells.
5. In the cat, the neutrophilic granulocytes are most sensitive to the action of urethane. The lymphocytes are next most sensitive; then the megakaryocytes, finally the erythroblasts. The eosinophils were remarkably insensitive.
6. The normal plasmacellular reticulum cells are relatively insensitive to urethane. This is in contrast to the neoplastic myeloma cells in human beings which have been reported to be sensitive to urethane.
7. The administration of folic acid or of vitamin B6 to the experimental animals had no effect on the course of urethane agranulocytosis.
8. The normal granulocytopoiesis of the cat is about as sensitive towards urethane as the pathologic granulocytopoiesis of chronic myeloid leukoses of human beings. This is in contrast to the findings in other animals, and to normal granulocytopoiesis of man. The variation in behavior possibly indicates variations in enzyme systems in the various types of granulocytopoiesis, with only certain enzymes being affected by urethane.
9. Further experiments are in progress to determine if the effect of urethane on the bone marrow can be counteracted by means of other growth substances. It is hoped that better insight may thus be gained into the mechanism of action of urethane.
The Inheritance of the Sickling Phenomenon, with Particular Reference to Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: NEEL JAMES V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The manner of inheritance of the sickling phenomenon has been investigated in 75 kindreds, with hematologic observations on 465 persons.
2. Data are presented to support the contention that with a possible rare exception, the differential diagnosis between the sickle cell trait and sickle cell anemia is readily made.
3. The hematologic findings pertinent to a decision as to the mode of heredity of the sickle cell trait and sickle cell disease are as follows:
a. Out of a total of 94 parents of children with sickle cell disease, 93 have shown the sickle cell trait.
b. The incidence of sickle cell disease in segregating sibships would appear to lie between 0.18 and 0.26.
c. In sibships segregating for sickle cell disease, the ratio of sickle cell trait to normal is approximately 2:1, but in sibships resulting from the marriage of a normal person with an individual with the sickle cell trait, the ratio of sickle cell trait to normal is significantly less than 1:1.
d. Of the 4 children in this series who have a parent with sickle cell disease, all have the sickle cell trait.
4. The most reasonable hypothesis which will render the above data intelligible is that the sickling phenomenon is due to a gene which in single dose (heterozygous condition) produces only the sickle cell trait, and in double dose (homozygous condition), sickle cell disease. The chief and only discrepancy between theory and fact at the present time appears to lie in a deficiency of individuals with the sickle cell trait in certain types of matings.
5. No clear cut differences between normal and sickle cell trait were observed with respect to erythrocyte number, hemoglobin level, hematocrit, the cell constants, the leukocyte number or the differential count.
6. Certain minor hematologic abnormalities encountered in the kindreds under study and not obviously related to the sickling phenomenon are described.
Methods: Demonstration of the "L. E." Cell without Use of Anticoagulants
Authors: EPPES WILLIFORD , LUDOVIC ETHEL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
"L. E." cells and rosettes were demonstrated in the blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without the use of anticoagulants. Concentration technics using defibrinated blood and unmodified blood in silicone coated tubes were employed.
The Effect of Massive Doses of Cortisone on the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of the Mouse
Authors: QUITTNER HOWARD , WALD NIEL , SUSSMAN LEON N. , ANTOPOL WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The subcutaneous administration of a single massive dose of cortisone to mature male albino mice produces: (1) A prompt and prolonged fall in the level of circulating lymphocytes and eosinophils which persists as long as nine days after the administration of the hormone. (2) A granulocytopenia which resolves at two days and is accompanied by a period of bone marrow blocking followed by resumption of delivery and myeloid hyperplasia.
2. No inhibitory effect of cortisone on cell proliferation is seen in the bone marrow.
3. There is no change in hemoglobin concentration following cortisone treatment.
4. Adult male albino mice are satisfactory animals for serial observations of the effect of cortisone on the circulating blood elements and the bone marrow.
Relation of Methemoglobin to Hemolysis
Authors: CLARK BYRON B. , MORRISSEY ROBERT W. , BLAIR DOROTHY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Experiments are described which attempt to define the relation of methemoglobin to hemolysis. A comparison was made in vitro of the resistance of erythrocytes containing chiefly oxyhemoglobin or methemoglobin to hemolysis by saponin, hypotonic saline, bile salts and lysolecithin. These data are interpreted to indicate that intracorpuscular methemoglobin does not alter the resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis by these lysins, although there are certain peculiarities in the results with bile salts and lysolecithin.
In the case of bile salts and lysolecithin, oxyhemoglobin or methemoglobin may have an equal or different inhibitory effect on hemolysis depending upon the conditions of pH and temperature.
Chronic methemoglobinemia in dogs maintained by the administration of sodium nitrite does not produce an anemia.
These data suggest that the formation of methemoglobin is an independent effect and not a part of the hemolytic action of certain chemical agents.
Analytical Review: Certain Hemolytic Mechanisms in Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: PONDER ERIC 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The factors which normally limit the life of the red cell are described as being a continuous metabolic process involving the enzymatic oxidation of Hb and a terminal event, which may be hemolysis, fragmentation or phagocytosis.
A number of lytic substances, such as soaps, lipids and lysolecithin-like substances can be extracted from plasma and from tissues. These substances are associated with inhibitors and accelerators to form complexes. The activity of these naturally occurring hemolytic complexes tends to be small, although it can increase to such an extent that appreciable red cell destruction results. Instances are given in which hemolysis in vivo results from the concentration of one of these lysins increasing (as when fat is fed), from an accelerator of one of the lysins being introduced (usually as a drug), and from the concentration of inhibitory material being reduced (as by a low cholesterol diet).
Most hemolytic episodes are due to the establishment of a new hemolytic mechanism, which may appear after the introduction of a drug, of an agglutinin such as silicic acid or ricin, of an immune agglutinin which is not itself a hemolysin or of an agglutinin which is a lysin in the presence of complement. The various mechanisms which may result in hemolysis are discussed. The case in which the agglutinin becomes a lysin in the presence of complement presents no difficulty; in other cases the mechanism of hemolysis is not so clear, nor is it clear whether red cell destruction depends primarily on hemolysis or primarily on phagocytosis.
Special processes are involved in the destruction of red cells which have intrinsic defects of structure. The abnormally thick red cells of congenital hemolytic icterus are selectively sequestered in the spleen, where there are a number of hemolytic mechanisms which can destroy them the more readily because of their abnormal shape. The sickle cell, with its poor osmotic properties, its reduced mechanical fragility, and its tendency to lose part of its structure as filaments at each disk-sickle transformation, is destroyed by processes which are probably hemolytic but less easy to specify. The flat red cells of Mediterranean disease are abnormally prone to fragmentation. In all these diseases the abnormal shape of the red cell seems to be accompanied by peculiarities in its contained hemoglobin, an observation which requires further study before its significance is clear.
An Improved Technic of Bone Marrow Aspiration
Authors: PROPP SIMON 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The original Arinkin technic of sternal puncture has been modified to include iliac, spinous process and tibial marrow aspiration.
2. There has been a need for improvement and standardization of the method of handling aspirated bone marrow.
3. An improved technic of marrow aspiration is described which combines direct Arinkin type smears with marrow particle and concentrate preparations. Fixed sections may also be obtained. An important innovation is the use of a dilute solution of sodium heparin in the aspirating syringe to prevent clotting so that all marrow obtained may be utilized.
4. The "pure" marrow fragment or particle smear is the most valuable for diagnostic purposes. Smears prepared from concentrated marrow cells and directly from the mixed aspirate are also studied routinely but are chiefly of value when marrow particle smears either can not be obtained or are unsatisfactory. Section of marrow particles is rarely indicated. Surgical trephine biopsy of the sternum is still performed when repeated aspirations fail to procure adequate marrow.
5. A gradual transition from the Arinkin method to the use of marrow fragments and concentrate smears is advisable because of the differences in cellular content and appearance of the preparations. A knowledge of the normal is essential.
6. The use of this combined technic of marrow aspiration has resulted in improved knowledge of normal and abnormal marrow obtained by the puncture method. It is of great value in the study of cells of the lymphocytic, plasmocytic and megakaryocytic series, and in routine search for the "L. E." cell. A higher degree of accuracy has been attained in diagnosis than was possible by the Arinkin technic. The procedure is especially valuable in the diagnosis of lymphosarcoma, plasma cell myeloma, thrombocytopenic purpura, leukopenic and pancytopenic states, hypoplastic and aplastic anemias and aleukemic leukemias.
The Dilution of Blood Plasma by Calcium-Combining Anticoagulants
Authors: ADAMS ALDEN ROSS , MOSHER WILLIAM A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
When used in equimolar concentrations, five different calcium-combining anticoagulants produced uniform dilution of a given blood sample.
The potassium anticoagulants seem to exert a hemolytic effect on the erythrocytes.
The plasma dilution caused by a given concentration of the calcium-combining anticoagulants ranged from 8 to 20 per cent in the bloods examined. This shows the importance of using serum or unoxalated plasma for comparing the plasma protein concentrations of individual blood samples.
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: MEACHAM GORDON C. , ORBISON J. LOWELL , HEINLE ROBERT W. , STEELE HOWARD J. , SCHAEFER J. ALPERT 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Two patients with a syndrome of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura and arteriolar occlusions are described.
2. In one patient, a long remission followed splenectomy, and improvement for ten days followed the administration of ACTH. No claim is made that either form of therapy induced the remission, but trial of these procedures in other cases is indicated.
3. Evidence is presented that the primary vascular lesion is a degenerative process in the arteriolar and capillary walls rather than thrombus formation in the lumen of the vessel. The occurrence of aneurysms in arterioles and precapillanes was a striking observation.
4. The histologic changes suggest a relationship to the so-called collagen group of diseases.
5. It is suggested that the term, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, be retained until further study of the conditions permits application of a more suitable name.
The Clot Accelerating Effect of Dilution on Blood and Plasma. Relation to the Mechanism of Coagulation of Normal and Hemophilic Blood
Authors: TOCANTINS L. M. , CARROLL R. T. , HOLBURN R. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Dilution with physiologic saline solution and other fluids accelerates the coagulation of properly collected normal and hemophilic blood and plasma in silicone coated vessels, with or without the aid of activating agents such as platelets, thromboplastin, cephalin, glass particles or plasma euglobulin fractions. When normal plasma is diluted under a concentration of about 20 per cent, its rate of clotting is prolonged, principally because of diminution in prothrombin.
Regardless of the activating agent used, the rate of coagulation of hemophilic plasma can be made equal to that of normal plasma by appropriate dilution. These findings speak against the existence in hemophilic blood or plasma of a deficiency in any procoagulant factor, and support the concept of the presence in excess of a stabilizing inhibitor which slows the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by one or both of the following mechanisms: (1) reducing or inactivating the effect of released coagulants (antithromboplastin activity) (2) conjugation with a procoagulant thereby maintaining it in an inactive form (anti Ac-globulin activity).