bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the low‐frequency electrode dielectric response based on transformer equivalent oil‐paper insulation model
Authors: Zhang Mingze , Liu Ji , Jia Haifeng , Chen Qingguo , Lv Jialu , Chen Xin 
Published: February 2019

The oil‐impregnated transformer is an important part of the power system. The ageing degree of the internal oil‐paper insulation determines the service life of the transformer. The low frequency of the frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy can effectively characterise the ageing degree of transformer oil‐paper insulation. For accurately and quantitatively evaluate the aging state of oil‐paper insulation of transformer, the physical process of low‐frequency electrode polarisation is theoretically analysed in this work. Considering the polarisation of the low‐frequency electrode, the theoretical expression of the dielectric response of the equivalent XY model of the transformer is obtained. Meanwhile, to verify the rationality of the theoretical expression, the accelerated thermal ageing test of the oil‐paper insulation samples were carried out under laboratory conditions. The DC conductivity, ion mobility and FDS tests of oil‐paper insulation samples were tested on ageing 5, 10 and 15 days, respectively. The test results were combined with the theoretical expression of the low‐frequency dielectric response. It is found that the difference between the calculated result and the measured result is small. Therefore, the theoretical expression of the transformer equivalent XY model can be applied to calculate the dielectric parameters of the oil‐paper insulation at low‐frequency.
Ringworm: The New Psora
Authors: Madsen Ruy 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn Sankaran's miasmatic classification, the Psora—Hahnemann's fundamental miasm—is reduced to a few drugs. The similarities between the patterns of psora and ringworm suggest that they are the same miasm. This hypothesis is confirmed by the understanding of the alternating pattern of the remedies still considered psoric.
Long-Term Outcomes of Carinal Sleeve Resection in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Sezen Celal Bugra , Kocaturk Celalettin Ibrahim , Bilen Salih , Kalafat Cem Emrah , Cansever Levent , Dincer Seyyit Ibrahim , Bedirhan Mehmet Ali 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Background Carinal resections for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) invading the carina are challenging cases that require a therapeutic strategy. The aim of this study was to compare the oncologic outcomes and complications of patients who underwent carinal resection.
Methods Sixty-four patients who underwent carinal resection between 2005 and 2016 were evaluated. Data were retrospectively reviewed for indications, complications, and factors influencing long-term survival.
Results The study included 51 patients (79.7%) who underwent sleeve pneumonectomy (sP) and 13 patients who underwent carinal sleeve lobectomy (csL) as a curative therapy. Nine patients (14.1%) received induction chemotherapy. Complications were observed in 31 patients (48.8%), including 24 patients (47.1%) in the sP group and 7 patients (53.8%) in the csL group (p = 0.662). Six patients (9.4%) developed bronchopleural fistula. The 30-day mortality rate was 10.9% (n = 7). The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 42.2 and 23.1%, respectively. N2 and R1 were identified as factors affecting survival (p = 0.029 and p = 0.047).
Conclusion Carinal resections have acceptable morbidity, mortality, and long-term survival outcomes in central NSCLC. The main factors affecting survival are complete resection and nodal status. The results of csL were similar to those of sP. Therefore, we believe that csL should be performed in all eligible patients.
Rapidly declining remarkability of temperature anomalies may obscure public perception of climate change
Authors: Moore Frances C. , Obradovich Nick , Lehner Flavio , Baylis Patrick 
Published: February 2019

SignificanceClimate change exposes people to conditions that are historically unusual but that will become increasingly common over time. What kind of weather do people think of as normal or unusual under these changing conditions? We use the volume of social media posts about weather to measure the remarkability of different temperatures and show that remarkability changes rapidly with repeated exposure to unusual temperatures. The reference point for normal conditions appears to be based on weather experienced between 2 and 8 y ago. This rapidly shifting normal baseline means warming noticed by the general public may not be clearly distinguishable from zero over the 21st century, with potential implications for both the acceptance of global warming and public pressure for mitigation policies.
Self-organized dynamics and the transition to turbulence of confined active nematics
Authors: Opathalage Achini , Norton Michael M. , Juniper Michael P. N. , Langeslay Blake , Aghvami S. Ali , Fraden Seth , Dogic Zvonimir 
Published: February 2019

Significance
Topological defects are a ubiquitous feature of diverse materials ranging from superconductors to liquid crystals. In contrast to conventional materials where defects produce static field configurations, topological defects in energy-consuming active matter acquire motility. In bulk active nematic liquid crystals, motile defects drive turbulent-like dynamics. We show that confining a model experimental active nematic converts bulk chaotic motion into coherent circulatory flows. This observation suggests the possibility of exploiting geometric design to encode the spatiotemporal dynamics of topological defects, thereby endowing synthetic materials with the self-organized capabilities heretofore mainly found in living organisms. Furthermore, qualitative differences between experimental observations and numerical solutions of hydrodynamic equations suggest improvements to widely studied but incomplete theoretical models.
Translation and political engagement
Authors: Ghessimi Hamed 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The activist aspect of translation that has illocutionary and perlocutionary dimensions is a sort of speech act that rouses, inspires, bears witness, mobilizes and incites to rebellion, actually participating in social movement and political change. In this way, translators are the producers of new knowledge signifying the assertion of power by choosing deliberately to subvert the traditional allegiance of translation and also interjecting their own world view and politics into their work, and these translators undertake the work they do because they believe the texts they produce will benefit humanity or impact positively upon the receptor culture in ways that are broadly ideological. This paper investigates the issue of an Islamic Marxist translators’ agency applying Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological concepts (habitus, field, capital) in the socio-political context of Iran in the 1960s and 1970s. This study surveys how based on his habitus Ali Shariati, an Islamic Marxist translator and thinker, translated some texts to transfer new knowledge to society as cultural capital which intensified the initiation and facilitation of social reform and political change in Iran in the 1970s. The paper peruses some texts translated by Ali Shariati to show that he wielded his own politics in translation to illuminate Iranians’ thought against the imperial regime to stimulate them to subvert the Pahlavi dynasty.
Cocaine Hydroxy Metabolites in Hair: Indicators for Cocaine Use Versus External Contamination☆
Authors: Scholz Clementine , Quednow Boris B , Herdener Marcus , Kraemer Thomas , Baumgartner Markus R 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Given that external contamination must be considered in hair analysis, there is still a demand for reliable tools to differentiate between incorporation of drugs into the hair as a result of drug consumption and of the hair shaft by external contamination. With the aim of establishing alternative discrimination parameters, some of the hydroxy metabolites of cocaine i.e., para- and meta-hydroxycocaine and para- and meta-hydroxybenzoylecgonine were measured together with cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, and norcocaine in five seized street cocaine samples and in hair samples from different cohorts: cohort 1 (in vivo external contamination study, n = 28), cohort 2 (individuals with self-reported cocaine use, n = 92), and cohort 3 (individuals with suspected cocaine use or contamination, n = 198). Statistical evaluation of the data of cohort 1 and 2 using ROC curves yielded metabolic ratios indicating cocaine use. Based on these results, a decision workflow was established for the discrimination between cocaine use and external contamination. The power of this approach was finally statistically validated across the different cohorts.
Oxford Handbook of Urology
Authors: Reynard John , Brewster Simon F. , Biers Suzanne , Neal Naomi Laura 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The Oxford Handbook of Urology, fourth edition, is a comprehensive, yet concise, textbook summarizing the background, clinical presentation, investigation, and treatment of a wide spectrum of urological conditions. It is an essential tool for urologists, general surgeons, accident and emergency doctors, general practitioners, nurses, and medical students involved in the care of patients with urological conditions. It covers medical and surgical aspects of kidney, ureteric, bladder, urethral, prostate, and genitoscrotal disorders, and has proven to be an excellent revision guide for urology examinations, including the FRCS. The Oxford Handbook of Urology continues to provide a valuable overview of many different urological subjects, including lower urinary tract symptoms, bladder outlet obstruction, incontinence, haematuria, emergencies, trauma, cancers, infections, children’s disorders, andrology, infertility, problems in pregnancy, neurourology, renal transplant, basic science, and kidney stone disease. For this new edition, national and international guidelines have been comprehensively reviewed and updated, new technologies and techniques included, new topics added, and current urological controversies highlighted in order to keep urological knowledge and practice current and relevant.
Hypotonia
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of the multiple disorders causing congenital hypotonia. The differential diagnosis of various types of hypotonic syndromes includes chromosome anomalies, metabolic myopathies, peroxisomal disorders, brain malformations, congenital lower motor neuron diseases, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, congenital disorders of glycosylation, and multiple congenital anomaly single gene syndromes such as Kabuki syndrome and Bohring-Opitz syndrome. Recommendations for evaluation and management include discussion of key neurologic findings in the physical exam, biochemical and other laboratory screening, targeted single gene testing, panels for clinically heterogeneous disorders and exome sequencing. The clinical consult features an infant with congenital myotonic dystrophy.
Teratogenic Agents
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence and epidemiology of common teratogenic agents, including prescription medications and congenital infections such as LCMV, parvovirus, TORCH, syphilis, and Zika. The characteristic fetal effects of in utero exposure to ACE inhibitors, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, folic acid antagonists, immunosuppresants, and Vitamin A derivatives are reviewed. The teratogenic effects associated with chronic maternal disorders, such as gastric bypass surgery, hyperemesis gravidarum, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, and maternal phenylketonuria are discussed. The differential diagnosis includes Mendelian disorders with similar phenotypes. The chapter includes recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with first-trimester exposure to misoprostol (Cytotec).
Macrocephaly and Megalencephaly
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews isolated and syndromic causes of macrocephaly and megalencephaly. The two terms are usually but not always interchangeable. The differential diagnosis of macrocephaly includes familial macrocephaly, chromosome duplications and deletions, metabolic disorders and complex somatic mosaic conditions including CLOVES, MCAP and MPPH. Single gene disorders with macrocephaly include those in the Noonan syndrome spectrum (RASopathies). Syndromes with hemimegalencephaly, including linear nevus sebaceous and tuberous sclerosis are briefly reviewed. Many syndromes with macrocephaly have associated overgrowth and are covered in the Overgrowth chapter as well, including Weaver, Sotos and Malan syndromes. A clinical case presentation features an infant with basal cell nevus syndrome.
Microcephaly
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic microcephaly. The differential diagnosis of microcephaly includes multiple teratogenic agents such as alcohol, hyperthermia, maternal PKU, and new and old congenital infections as well as specific chromosome aneuploidies such as 4p- and 5p- where microcephaly is almost universally seen. Metabolic disorders include congenital disorders of glycosylation and pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency. Multiple autosomal recessive primary microcephaly syndromes (MCPH) are being delineated. Important syndromes with microcephaly include Cornelia de Lange and Smith Lemli Opitz syndromes but many other complex genetic syndromes include microcephaly. A clinical case presentation features an infant with autosomal recessive primary microcephaly with an unknown genetic cause.
Cerebellar Anomalies
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic cerebellar hypoplasia, agenesis and dysgenesis, cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, Dandy Walker malformation and other cerebellar anomalies. The relationship between isolated unilateral cerebellar lesions and in utero infarction or vascular disruption is described. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of cerebellar anomalies summarizes common causes, including teratogenic agents (CMV, Herpes), chromosome anomalies (aneuploidy, copy number variants), metabolic disorders and Mendelian traits associated with malformations in other parts of the CNS and in other organ systems, including the ciliopathies. The chapter offers recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with rhombocephaosynapsis, aqueductal stenosis, and biparietal alopecia caused by Gomez–Lopez–Hernandez syndrome.
Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, family history, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic neural tube defects. The various subtypes of NTD are described including common, lethal and rare presentations such as sacral agenesis and anterior meningomyelocele. Prenatal therapy with in utero surgery is addressed. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of neural tube defects summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents, chromosome anomalies (trisomy 18), and Mendelian disorders that cause isolated NTDs and syndromic NTDs that are associated with malformations in other organ systems. The chapter gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with a lumbosacral meningomyelocele caused by valproic acid embryopathy.
Gastroschisis
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, epidemiology, and distinctive anatomy of gastroschisis. This abnormality is much more common in the offspring of young mothers and the overall incidence continues to rise worldwide. Other risk factors include short intrapregnancy intervals, smoking and several medications such as aspirin and ibuprophen. Associated abnormalities most frequently include intestinal atresias and strictures although other vascular disruptive defects, particularly the amyoplasia form of arthrogryposis, are seen in 3-10%. Distinquishing this defect from omphalocele is usually not difficult although a ruptured omphalocele may cause confusion. Ruling out limb-body wall disruption is important as the prognosis is vastly different. The clinical case presentation features an infant with amyoplasia and gastroschisis.
Omphalocele
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic omphalocele. The distinct anatomy of omphalocele is contrasted with other types of abdominal wall defects such as umbilical hernia, gastroschisis, cloacal exstrophy, and limb-body wall complex. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of omphalocele summarizes its common causes, including environmental and teratogenic agents (ART, maternal diabetes, SSRI, valproic acid), chromosome anomalies (aneuploidy, tetrasomy 12p, UPD14), and single gene disorders that feature multiple congenital anomalies. The chapter gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with omphalocele and a narrow bell shaped thorax with “coat hanger” ribs caused by paternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 14.
Clubfoot
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, sex ratio, risk factors, including CVS and early amniocentesis, family history, consanguinity, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of clubfoot. The distinctive rigidity of clubfoot is compared with the more common position anomalies of the foot (metatarsus adductus) and congenital vertical talus. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of clubfoot summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents, chromosome anomalies, including copy number variants, and Mendelian disorders that involve associated malformations in the neuromuscular, skeletal, and connective tissue systems, and it gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with Loeys–Dietz syndrome.
Lower Extremity Anomalies
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the incidence, epidemiology, genetics, and anatomical varieties of congenital anomalies of the lower extremity. Defects can be transverse, longitudinal, intercalary, or central and involve the femur, tibia, or fibula and there are combined defects and conditions affecting both upper and lower extremity. Isolated transverse defects are less common in the lower extremity than the upper but amniotic band disruption sequence can affect both upper and lower limbs. Adams Oliver syndrome affects both upper and lower limbs. Femoral facial syndrome is the most common lower extremity syndrome. Split hand/split foot is clinically heterogeneous and complex albeit with several well characterized syndromes including those caused by variants in TP63 and the 17p1.3. chromosome duplicaton syndrome . The clinical case presentation features an infant with fibular aplasia, tibial campomelia, and oligosyndactyly due to FATCO syndrome, a condition whose genetic cause is unknown.
Skeletal Dysplasias
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the more common viable skeletal dysplasias. The disorders discussed here include the less severe type II collagenopathies, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia and Kniest dysplasia. The many types of chondrodysplasia punctata, both the environmental and genetic types are reviewed. Syndromes and disorders with vertebral abnormalities are enumerated including spondylothoracic dysplasia. Important metaphyseal dysplasias with immune dysfunction such as Cartilage-hair hypoplasia are covered as well a few of the skeletal ciliopathies including Jeune syndrome and Ellis Van Creveld syndrome. Diastrophic dysplasia and the underdiagnosed Three M syndrome are discussed. The clinical approach and testing strategies are reviewed. The clinical case presentation features an infant, born to a mother with mixed connective tissue disease, with chondrodysplasia punctata caused by transplacental passage of maternal autoantibodies
Skeletal Dysplasias
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the incidence, genetics, and classification of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) and other bone fragility syndromes that can present with fractures in the newborn. A few rare recessive disorders including Stuve Wiedemann syndrome are discussed briefly. Distinquishing clinical features are highlighted. The utility of gene panels in the differential diagnosis of these disorders is presented. Therapeutic advances including the use of bisphosphonates and asfotase alfa in disorders with increased fracture risk can be expected to increase. Non-accidental injury, is discussed briefly as is the differential diagnosis of rickets, including that associated with prematurity. The clinical case presentation features an infant with osteogenesis imperfecta type IV.
Skin
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews miscellaneous congenital skin disorders, including albinism, pigmentary dysplasias, and cutis aplasia. Oculocutaneous albinism I is the form of albinism most likely to be diagnosed in the neonate. Other forms present later in infancy or childhood. Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome children are frequently hypopigmented due to involvement of the OCA2 locus. Localized hypopigmentation is seen in several forms of Waardenburg syndrome. Cutis aplasia can have a myriad of causes, some benign and others associated with serious chromosomal disorders or syndromes. Pigmentary mosaicism for chromosomal abnormalities or single gene variantschanges cause streaky pigmentarytion changes previously termed hypomelanosis of Ito. Microarray, gene sequencing panels or single gene testing in a tissue other than blood may establish the diagnosis in those syndromes that are mosaic. A clinical case presentation features an infant with oculocutaneous albinism type I.