bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involvement of transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 in intra‐oral incisional pain
Authors: Urata K , Shinoda M , Ikutame D , Iinuma T , Iwata K 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveTo examine whether transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) contributes to the changes in intra‐oral thermal and mechanical sensitivity following the incision of buccal mucosa.Materials and MethodsBuccal mucosal pain threshold was measured after the incision. Changes in the number of TRPV2‐immunoreactive (IR) trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons which innervate the whisker pad skin and buccal mucosa, changes in the number of isolectin B4‐negative/isolectin B4‐positive TRPV2‐IR TG neurons which innervate the whisker pad skin and the buccal mucosa, and the effect of peripheral TRPV2 antagonism on the pain threshold of incisional whisker pad skin and buccal mucosa were examined after these injuries.ResultsBuccal mucosal pain hypersensitivities were induced on day 3 following the incision. The total number of TRPV2‐IR TG neurons and the number of isolectin B4‐negative TRPV2‐IR TG neurons which innervate the whisker pad skin and buccal mucosa were increased. Buccal mucosal TRPV2 antagonism completely suppressed the heat and mechanical hypersensitivities, but not cold hypersensitivity. TRPV2 antagonist administration to the incisional whisker pad skin only partially suppressed pain hypersensitivities.ConclusionThe increased expression of TRPV2 in peptidergic TG neurons innervating the incisional buccal mucosa is predominantly involved in buccal mucosal heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia following buccal mucosal incision.
Trans‐species synthetic gene design allows resistance pyramiding and broad‐spectrum engineering of virus resistance in plants
Authors: Bastet Anna , Lederer Baptiste , Giovinazzo Nathalie , Arnoux Xavier , German‐Retana Sylvie , Reinbold Catherine , Brault Véronique , Garcia Damien , Djennane Samia , Gersch Sophie , Lemaire Olivier , Robaglia Christophe , Gallois Jean‐Luc 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTo infect plants, viruses rely heavily on their host's machinery. Plant genetic resistances based on host factor modifications can be found among existing natural variability and are widely used for some but not all crops. While biotechnology can supply for the lack of natural resistance alleles, new strategies need to be developed to increase resistance spectra and durability without impairing plant development. Here, we assess how the targeted allele modification of the Arabidopsis thaliana translation initiation factor eIF4E1 can lead to broad and efficient resistance to the major group of potyviruses. A synthetic Arabidopsis thaliana eIF4E1 allele was designed by introducing multiple amino acid changes associated with resistance to potyvirus in naturally occurring Pisum sativum alleles. This new allele encodes a functional protein while maintaining plant resistance to a potyvirus isolate that usually hijacks eIF4E1. Due to its biological functionality, this synthetic allele allows, at no developmental cost, the pyramiding of resistances to potyviruses that selectively use the two major translation initiation factors, eIF4E1 or its isoform eIFiso4E. Moreover, this combination extends the resistance spectrum to potyvirus isolates for which no efficient resistance has so far been found, including resistance‐breaking isolates and an unrelated virus belonging to the Luteoviridae family. This study is a proof‐of‐concept for the efficiency of gene engineering combined with knowledge of natural variation to generate trans‐species virus resistance at no developmental cost to the plant. This has implications for breeding of crops with broad‐spectrum and high durability resistance using recent genome editing techniques.
Orchid seed removal by ants in Neotropical ant‐gardens
Authors: Morales‐Linares J. , García‐Franco J. G. , Flores‐Palacios A. , Valenzuela‐González J. E. , Mata‐Rosas M. , Díaz‐Castelazo C. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Most plants that inhabit ant‐gardens (AGs) are cultivated by the ants. Some orchids occur in AGs; however, it is not known whether their seeds are dispersed by AG ants because most orchid seeds are tiny and dispersed by wind.

We performed in situ seed removal experiments, in which we simultaneously provided Azteca gnava ants with seeds of three AG orchid species and three other AG epiphyte species (Bromeliaceae, Cactaceae and Gesneriaceae), as well as the non‐AG orchid Catasetum integerrimum.

The seeds most removed were those of the bromeliad Aechmea tillandsioides and the gesneriad Codonanthe uleana, while seeds of AG orchids Coryanthes picturata, Epidendrum flexuosum and Epidendrum pachyrachis were less removed. The non‐AG orchid was not removed. Removal values were positively correlated with the frequency of the AG epiphytes in the AGs, and seeds of AG orchids were larger than those of non‐AG orchids, which should favour myrmecochory.

Our data show that Azt. gnava ants discriminate and preferentially remove seeds of the AG epiphytes. We report for the first time the removal of AG orchid seeds by AG ants in Neotropical AGs.
Early life stage bottlenecks of carnivorous molluscs under captivity: a challenge for their farming and contribution to seafood production
Authors: Uriarte Iker , Astorga Marcela , Navarro Juan Carlos , Viana María Teresa , Rosas Carlos , Molinet Carlos , Hernández Jorge , Navarro Jorge , Moreno‐Villoslada Ignacio , Amthauer Rodolfo , Kausel Gudrun , Figueroa Jaime , Paredes Enrique , Paschke Kurt , Romero Alex , Hontoria Francisco , Varó Inmaculada , Vargas‐Chacoff Luis , Toro Jorge , Yáñez Alejandro , Cárdenas Leyla , Enriquez Ricardo , Olivares Alberto , Rey Manuel , Izquierdo Marisol , Sorgeloos Patrick , Soto Doris , Farías Ana 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis work brings together the view of different specialists in the areas of larviculture, physiology, ecology, nutrition and animal health, regarding how to deal with the aquaculture farming of species with complex life cycles in a multidisciplinary way, using as models the octopus and the muricidC. concholepas, with the aim of reducing the gap between the experimental and the industrial culture of species that are relevant for the diversification of aquaculture, particularly in Chile. Although these species are similar in their difficulty to reach the terminal planktonic phase prior to juvenile, they differ in the bottlenecks they have to overcome to reach it. Relevant aspects of study to achieve juvenile production from early life stages rearing, whether for repopulation or for ongrowing, are as follows: (i) Replacement or supplementation of live diets with inert diets to achieve significant survival values over the first stages of life. (ii) Physiological approaches to establish cultivation conditions evaluating the individual responses to several rearing conditions, specially the interaction between temperature, dissolved oxygen and acidity. Studies of urgent character due to the global warming scenario. (iii) Genomic studies associated with the effect of ontogenetic development, environment, health and nutrition on gene expression to understand, in an integrated way, the key processes for the development and growth of immature stages. (iv) Studies on the control of reproduction, the quality control of the ova, the genetic structure of reproductive populations and the characterization of diseases are also necessary to achieve efficient hatchery technologies.
Altered expression of IL‐18 binding protein and IL‐18 receptor in basophils and mast cells of asthma patients
Authors: Wang Zhiyun , Liu Zhining , Wang Ling , Wang Junling , Chen Liping , Xie Hua , Zhang Huiyun , He Shaoheng 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIL‐18 is likely to contribute to asthma. However, little is known regarding the role of IL‐18 binding protein (BP) and IL‐18 receptor (R) in asthma. Because the action of IL‐18 in the body is regulated by IL‐18BP and mast cells and basophils are key cell types involved in asthma, we investigated the expression of IL‐18, IL‐18BP and IL‐18R in basophils and mast cells using flow cytometry and a mouse asthma model. We found that among basophils, approximately 53% and 51% were IL‐18+, 85% and 81% were IL‐18BP+ basophils, and 19.8% and 8.6% were IL‐18R+ in healthy control (HC) and asthmatic blood, respectively. The allergens tested had little effect on the expression of IL‐18 and related factors. Only 3.5%, 14.3% and 2.4% of dispersed mast cells expressed IL‐18, IL‐18BP and IL‐18R, respectively, in asthmatic sputum. In a mouse asthma model, OVA‐sensitized mice exhibited decreased IL‐18BP+ but increased IL‐18R+ basophils in their blood. IL‐18 increased the number of basophils but eliminated IL‐18BP+ basophils in mouse blood. IL‐18 increased the number of mast cells and IL‐18R+ mast cells in the lung as well as increased the mast cell numbers and IL‐18BP+ mast cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of OVA‐sensitized mice. Thus, basophils and mast cells may be involved in asthma pathogenesis via an IL‐18‐associated mechanism.
Red Lights and Handcuffs: The Effect of Arrests on the Fear of Crime*
Authors: Fernandes April 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesDespite decreasing rates of violent victimization, the fear of neighborhood crime continues to rise and is often exaggerated. This project explores the role of arrests on the fear of crime and perceived neighborhood safety. The visual nature of arrests—flashing red lights, blaring sirens, and apprehension of a suspect—provides residents with an observable proxy for crime, elevating their fear. Alternately, arrests can serve as a signal of police effectiveness and the decreasing threat of victimization.MethodsI use multilevel modeling to investigate the unique relationship between two forms of neighborhood concern and arrests.ResultsResults show that the number of arrests increases the fear of violent crime. Perceived neighborhood safety is influenced more by crime rates than arrests.ConclusionsThese results have implications for the role of police in managing the fear of crime among community residents, especially surrounding violent crime.
Skin Tone and Assimilation*
Authors: Richey Sean , Carlin Ryan E. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveWe test one untested influence on whether Hispanics will assimilate into American society in a “straight line” or remain “segmented.” The type of assimilation hinges on both how non‐Hispanics treat Hispanics and whether Hispanics desire assimilation. We argue that these behaviors depend on the social construction of Hispanics’ identity, which in turn may depend in part on their skin tone.MethodsWe compare these two theoretical competing models in two ways. First, to a nationally representative sample, we randomly assign four images of Hispanic males who are two standard deviations apart in skin tone and gauge respondents’ social acceptance of them. Second, using objective skin‐tone measures from the 2012 ANES oversample of Hispanics, we determine if skin tone correlates with beliefs over assimilation.ResultsFor the experimental evidence, we discover that whites and blacks do not discriminate across this range of skin tone for Hispanics. For the ANES data, we find no evidence that skin tone affects Hispanics willingness to assimilate into America.ConclusionThus, the typical skin tones of Hispanics do not affect the assimilation ideas of either non‐Hispanics or Hispanics.
Price‐level co‐movements within currency unions: An alternative integration metric
Authors: Whitten Gregory W. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper analyses currency union integration by testing whether price levels in member countries possess a common stochastic trend. The trace statistic test for cointegration proposed by (Johansen, 1995) demonstrates the presence of such a trend for most unions. A disaggregated analysis identifies a common stochastic trend for several though fewer than half of country pairs within a union. Some unions such as the Eurozone have small shares of cointegrated country pairs. Yet, the share of cointegrated country pairs is large relative to countries outside currency unions. Comparison to a control group (country pairs where one country belongs to a given union and the other country does not) indicates that the cointegration found within a currency union is a union‐specific trait and not a feature of the individual countries within the union. These results provide an alternative metric to intraunion trade for gauging the extent of currency union integration.
An update on clinical biochemical RIs of rabbits with special consideration for age, gender, and size
Authors: Korn Anne K. , Bauer Natali , Moritz Andreas , Erhardt Georg 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundLiterature regarding the impact of age and breed size on clinical biochemical measurands in rabbits is scarce.ObjectivesWe aimed to establish clinical biochemical measurand RIs for rabbits bred and kept under standard conditions and to evaluate the impact of gender, age, and breed size on the results using a Nova CRT8 analyzer (Nova Biomedical GmbH) and an ABX Pentra 400 analyzer (ABX Horiba, Axonlab).MethodsSerum samples were available from 122 adult rabbits (56 males, 66 females) of 10 different breeds and crossbreds with a mean age of 264 ± 21 days. The impact of age was evaluated by sampling 48 rabbits at weaning (8 weeks of age) and when they reached adulthood.ResultsSignificantly higher median values were obtained for ALT, glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), and potassium in adult males compared with adult female rabbits. Total bilirubin, cholesterol, creatinine, and urea were significantly higher in adult females than adult males. Juvenile animals at weaning revealed significantly higher median values for ALP, cholesterol, GGT, GLDH, glucose, phosphate, and triglycerides compared with their adulthood values. In contrast, lower median albumin, ALT, chloride, creatinine, globulin, ionized calcium, magnesium, potassium, total protein, urea, and calcium‐phosphate ratios were seen at the time of weaning compared with adulthood values. Significantly lower median CK, creatinine, and ALT were found in dwarf/small rabbit breeds compared with intermediate/large breeds.ConclusionsThese RIs are especially useful for rabbit production and experimental studies. Age should be considered when evaluating clinical biochemical measurands. Creatinine, CK, and ALT are affected by organ mass.
Reference intervals for the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of healthy canines
Authors: Kopanke Jennifer H. , Chen Annie V. , Brune Jourdan E. , Brenna Amanda C. , Thomovsky Stephanie A. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundLactate dehydrogenase (LD) exists as 5 isoenzymes (LD‐1 throughLD‐5) that are expressed throughout the body and can be detected in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).LDand its isoenzymes have been relatively unstudied in veterinary medicine, although studies in human medicine have demonstrated that changes in totalLDactivity and atypical isoenzyme patterns can indicate disease processes, including neurologic abnormalities.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to establishRIs forLDand its isoenzymes in the serum andCSFof clinically healthy dogs. By establishing a definitiveRIfor this enzyme in healthy canines, further study of the clinical and diagnostic usefulness ofLDcan be undertaken.MethodsSerum and atlantoaxialCSFwere collected from clinically healthy dogs. TotalLDactivity was measured spectrophotometrically immediately after collection. Isoenzyme distributions were also determined within 8 hours of collection using the QuickGelLDIsoenzyme technique and a densitometric scanner.ResultsThe median serum totalLDin healthy canines was 69.0 U/L (n = 41; range: 21.0‐217.0 U/L), while the medianCSFtotalLDwas 10.0 U/L (n = 40; range: 6.0‐19.3 U/L).LD‐5 is the predominant isoenzyme in canine serum (n = 40), contributing over half of the total enzyme activity. Conversely, in canineCSF(n = 42),LD‐1 is the predominant isoenzyme, followed byLD‐2 andLD‐3.ConclusionsKnowledge of the distribution and concentration ofLDin the serum andCSFof healthy dogs will set the foundation for future studies of canineLDas a potentially clinically useful biomarker.
The vulnerability of spinal motoneurons and soma size plasticity in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Dukkipati S. Shekar , Garrett Teresa L. , Elbasiouny Sherif M. 
Published: March 2018

Key points
Motoneuron soma size is a largely plastic property that is altered during amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) progression.
We report evidence of systematic spinal motoneuron soma size plasticity in mutant SOD1‐G93A mice at various disease stages and across sexes, spinal regions and motoneuron types.
We show that disease‐vulnerable motoneurons exhibit early increased soma sizes.
We show via computer simulations that the measured changes in soma size have a profound impact on the excitability of disease‐vulnerable motoneurons.
This study reveals a novel form of plasticity in ALS and suggests a potential target for altering motoneuron function and survival.
Abstractα‐Motoneuron soma size is correlated with the cell's excitability and function, and has been posited as a plastic property that changes during cellular maturation, injury and disease. This study examined whether α‐motoneuron somas change in size over disease progression in the G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a disease characterized by progressive motoneuron death. We used 2D‐ and 3D‐morphometric analysis of motoneuron size and measures of cell density at four key disease stages: neonatal (P10 – with earliest known disease changes); young adult (P30 – presymptomatic with early motoneuron death); symptom onset (P90 – with death of 70–80% of motoneurons); and end‐stage (P120+ – with full paralysis of hindlimbs). We additionally examined differences in lumbar vs. sacral vs. cervical motoneurons; in motoneurons from male vs. female mice; and in fast vs. slow motoneurons. We present the first evidence of plastic changes in the soma size of spinal α‐motoneurons occurring throughout different stages of ALS with profound effects on motoneuron excitability. Somatic changes are time dependent and are characterized by early‐stage enlargement (P10 and P30); no change around symptom onset; and shrinkage at end‐stage. A key finding in the study indicates that disease‐vulnerable motoneurons exhibit increased soma sizes (P10 and P30). This pattern was confirmed across spinal cord regions, genders and motoneuron types. This extends the theory of motoneuron size‐based vulnerability in ALS: not only are larger motoneurons more vulnerable to death in ALS, but are also enlarged further in the disease. Such information is valuable for identifying ALS pathogenesis mechanisms.
Diagnosis of Zika Virus Infection by Peptide Array and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Mishra Nischay , Caciula Adrian , Price Adam , Thakkar Riddhi , Ng James , Chauhan Lokendra V. , Jain Komal , Che Xiaoyu , Espinosa Diego A. , Montoya Cruz Magelda , Balmaseda Angel , Sullivan Eric H. , Patel Jigar J. , Jarman Richard G. , Rakeman Jennifer L. , Egan Christina T. , Reusken Chantal B. E. M. , Koopmans Marion P. G. , Harris Eva , Tokarz Rafal , Briese Thomas , Lipkin W. Ian 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTZika virus (ZIKV) is implicated in fetal stillbirth, microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, and ocular anomalies following vertical transmission from infected mothers. In adults, infection may trigger autoimmune inflammatory polyneuropathy. Transmission most commonly follows the bite of infectedAedesmosquitoes but may also occur through sexual intercourse or receipt of blood products. Definitive diagnosis through detection of viral RNA is possible in serum or plasma within 10 days of disease onset, in whole blood within 3 weeks of onset, and in semen for up to 3 months. Serological diagnosis is nonetheless critical because few patients have access to molecular diagnostics during the acute phase of infection and infection may be associated with only mild or inapparent disease that does not prompt molecular testing. Serological diagnosis is confounded by cross-reactivity of immune sera with other flaviviruses endemic in the areas where ZIKV has recently emerged. Accordingly, we built a high-density microarray comprising nonredundant 12-mer peptides that tile, with one-residue overlap, the proteomes of Zika, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Ilheus, Oropouche, and chikungunya viruses. Serological analysis enabled discovery of a ZIKV NS2B 20-residue peptide that had high sensitivity (96.0%) and specificity (95.9%) versus natural infection with or vaccination against dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, West Nile, tick-borne encephalitis, or Japanese encephalitis virus in a microarray assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of early-convalescent-phase sera (2 to 3 weeks after onset of symptomatic infection).IMPORTANCEThe emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) as a teratogen is a profound challenge to global public health. Molecular diagnosis of infection is straightforward during the 3-week period when patients are viremic. However, serological diagnosis thereafter of historical exposure has been confounded by cross-reactivity. Using high-density peptide arrays that tile the proteomes of a selection of flaviviruses to identify a ZIKV-specific peptide, we established two assays that enable sensitive and specific diagnosis of exposure to ZIKV. These assays may be useful in guiding clinical management of mothers at risk for potential exposure to ZIKV and enable insights into the epidemiology of ZIKV infections.