bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
22-Year Growth of Four Planted Hardwoods
Authors: Stout Susan Laurane 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Planting of northern hardwood species interests forest landowners and managers who wish to continue growing pure or nearly pure stands of high-value species, enhance old-field conversion to preferred species, or reforest areas where natural regeneration has failed. Little data on planted hardwoods can be found, however. This paper reports on 22 years of growth of a northern hardwood plantation established in 1961 containing red maple, black cherry, sugar maple, and white ash. The data show that plantings of these species can succeed on good sites with weed control over the first few years, protection from animal predators, and close initial spacing. North. J. Appl. For. 3:69-72, June 1986.
A Vegetative Propagation System for Tamarack
Authors: Farmer Robert E. , Foster Heather A. , Bakowsky Olenka , MacDonald Brian , O'Reilly Gwenoth , Reinholt Ronald 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Greenwood cuttings from greenhouse-produced tamarack seedlings and 3- to 10-year-old tamarack wildlings transplanted from natural stands in north-western Ontario were rooted under mist in peat-vermiculite. Eighty-five percent of cuttings from seedlings rooted; treatment with indolebutyric acid increased number of roots per cutting, but not rooting percent. At 6 weeks after planting, rooting of cuttings from wildlings averaged 66%, and at 12 weeks, 91%. Twelve-week rooting percent of cuttings from individual ortets ranged from 12 to 100, but cuttings from the majority of ortets exhibited 100% rooting. Nearly all rooted cuttings survived overwintering outdoors and initiated normal shoot growth after forcing in mid-winter. The described propagation system is recommended for production of container stock for tamarack plantations. North. J. Appl. For. 3:91-93, Sept. 1986.
Site Damage from Mechanized Thinning in Southeast Alaska
Authors: Sidle Roy C. , Laurent Thomas H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Damage to the site was assessed in a second-growth stand of western hemlock and Sitka spruce on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, after thinning with a Menzi-Muck walking backhoe. The qualitative procedure used to assess disturbance of forest soils with organic horizons is outlined. Almost half of the area in thinning roads received some level of disturbance, but less than 1% of the total thinned area was heavily disturbed (mineral soil exposed) or heavily compacted during felling-bunching operations. Approximately 90% of the leave trees had some stem or root abrasion, although only 5% of these scars were >1 ft2. The most probable infection courts for fungi were split or severed roots, which occurred on 10% of the leave trees. Most soil disturbance, compaction, and root damage was caused by the metal pads on the front legs of the machine, or by abrasion by logs during bunching. North. J. Appl. For. 3:94-97, Sept. 1986.
Growth Response of a Boreal Black Spruce Stand to Fertilizer Treatments
Authors: Foster Neil W. , Morrison Ian K. , Swan H. S. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Results are reported for a fertilizer field trial with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers in a 100-yr-old black spruce stand in the Lake Nipigon region of northern Ontario. A comparison of four levels of N (0, 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha) revealed significant effects (p = .05) of treatment on diameter growth. In a comparison of N (112 and 224 kg/ha) in combination with K and PK (74 and 93 kg/ha, respectively) the volume growth of fertilized trees, at the end of 5 and 10 years, was generally greater than that of controls, but not significantly greater (p = .05). The best 10- year growth response was to 224 kg N/ha, which produced 7.4 m3/ha of extra wood over controls. No additional growth was realized when K and PK were added with N. North. J. Appl. For. 3:142-144, Dec. 1986.
Northeastern Forest Survey Site Index Equations and Site Productivity Classes
Authors: Scott Charles T. , Voorhis Nancy G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Forest Inventory and Analysis project of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station estimates site productivity as part of its survey of the forest resources. Site productivity is defined as the growth rate of a fully stocked stand at the age of maximum mean annual increment. It is assumed that site productivity is related to site index and can be estimated from it. Polymorphic site index equations for 19 species found in the Northeast are presented for use in determining site productivity class. The equations were developed from existing site index tables or equations and are intended to facilitate the analysis of forest growth and potential productivity. North. J. Appl. For. 3:144-148, Dec. 1986.
Managing Saratoga Spittlebug in Pine Plantations by Suppressing Sweetfern
Authors: Heyd Robert L. , Murray Ronald L. , Wilson Louis F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The herbicides Roundup® and Krenite® were tested to control sweetfern in red and jack pine plantations. Both significantly reduced sweetfern and other herbaceous plants the first year, but Roundup® at 1 qt/ac and 2 qt/ac dosages gave the best performance during the entire period. Krenite® at a 3 gal/ac dosage also satisfactorily controlled plants, but this dosage burned the pine foliage and was expensive. North. J. Appl. For. 4:16-17, Mar. 1987.
Larch Plantation Management in the Northeast
Authors: Carter Katherine K. , Selin L. Oscar 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The potential productivity of native and exotic larch plantations in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada is summarized. Attainment of high productivity over short rotations depends on the application of silvicultural practices that differ from those that are commonly applied to other, more tolerant, northern conifers. Practices leading to the successful establishment and management of larch plantations are discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 4:18-20, Mar. 1987.
Reliability of Ethanol Flotation for Testing Tamarack Seed
Authors: Eavy A. Lee , Houseweart Mark W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The reliability of assessing tamarack seed quality using 95% ethanol to separate empty and full seed was tested using two different methods. X-radiography analysis and germination trials indicated that ethanol flotation of tamarack seed results in the loss of 30-40% of the full seed and over 52% of the germinable seed if floating seed is considered empty and subsequently discarded. Seeds infested by the seed chalcid consistently floated and were removed with the floating seed. X-radiography is the most appropriate method for evaluating tamarack seed quality. North. J. Appl. For. 4:69-72, June 1987.
Bark Stripping by White-Tailed Deer in West Virginia
Authors: Michael Edwin D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper reports on deer girdling trees by stripping bark. This behavior was documented in a small portion of Monongalia County, West Virginia, and was restricted to slippery elm. Fifty-six percent of all slippery elm examined had bark stripped from trunk or roots. Thirty-five percent of the trees with stripped bark had 90-100% of the trunk girdled. Girdling of the trunk reached as high as 7 ft above ground level. Stripping of bark from roots extended as far as 9 ft from the trunk. This behavior was first noted in 1981 and appears to be increasing. A serious economic impact may result if deer begin stripping bark from commercially valuable trees. North. J. Appl. For. 4:96-97, June 1987.
Acorn Usage by Deer: Significance of Oak Management
Authors: Pekins Peter J. , Mautz william W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fall food habits and food availability of four lead white-tailed deer were studied in hardwood seedling-sapling areas, cut-over mixed hardwood areas, and an oak sawtimber site in southern New Hampshire in 1979 and 1980. Red or white oak acorns were the single most consumed foods in both years. Acorns and/or oak leaves comprised over one-half the fall diet. Individual foods representing 10% or more of the diet were red oak acorns, red oak leaves, and yellow birch leaves in early fall, and red oak and white oak acorns, and red oak leaves in late fall. Management implications and recommendations are discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 4:124-128, Sept. 1987.
White Spruce Plantations in the Upper Great Lakes Region: Status and Problem-Solving Needs
Authors: Rauscher H. Michael 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper summarizes discussions on the status of white spruce plantations of knowledgeable forest managers and researchers representing federal, state, county, university, and private organizations. These discussions cover such topics as the establishment, intermediate silviculture, final harvest, and growth and yield of white spruce plantations. Also included is an extensive list of major problem areas relevant to the management of white spruce plantations. North. J. Appl. For. 4:146-149, Sept. 1987.
Predicting Timber Harvests on Private Forests in Southwest Wisconsin
Authors: Bliss John C. , Grassl Mark J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A procedure for predicting timber harvest occurrence on nonindustrial private forests correctly predicted harvests on 87% of the properties used for model development, and 71% of the properties in a separately collected data set. The procedure requires limited, easily obtained data and little computation, yet it approximates logistic regression analysis. The study utilized historical timber harvest data on 84 properties in the Kickapoo River watershed of Vernon County, Wisconsin. Tract size and farm status was significantly related to timber harvest occurrence on the properties studied; owner residency was not. The procedure can help field foresters identify potential users of timber harvest assistance. North. J. Appl. For. 4:152-154, Sept. 1987.
The Reporting of Timber Market Prices
Authors: Michie Bruce R. , Kametz Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Timber market price reports make useful information available to private landowners. Insights regarding what information to include are discussed as well as what sources should provide that information. Basic definitions, explanations of how to interpret price data, and a description of local timber markets, would be helpful to landowners. Sawmills appear to be the most reliable source of Pennsylvania stumpage price data. North. J. Appl. For. 4:160-161, Sept. 1987.
Yellow-Poplar Site Quality Related to Slope Type in Mountainous Terrain
Authors: McNab W. Henry 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Site index and topographic variables were measured on 112, ¼-ac sample plots with yellow-poplar overstory in the Blue Ridge Province of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The plots were grouped by slope type—nose, side, or head—and multiple regression analysis was used to develop equations for predicting height at 50 years. Estimated site index was significantly less on side slopes than on head slopes. Stand age was the most important variable in both equations, followed by aspect and land surface shape. The equations accounted for 79% of the variation of yellow-poplar height on head slopes and 84% on side slopes. North. J. Appl. For. 4:189-192, Dec. 1987.
Possible Misinterpretations of Equivalent Annual Incomes in Inflationary Times
Authors: Klemperer W. David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equivalent annual incomes (EATs) are often computed to compare investments with similar size but different lives. One common form of EAT fails to readily illustrate that before-tax present values of new projects should not change with inflationary expectations, given the same real interest rate. This type of EAI also fails to reflect reduction in after-tax present value of new projects as expected inflation rises. An EAI formulation is suggested that eliminates these problems and assures correct project rankings regardless of the inflation rate. North. J. Appl. For. 4:210-211, December 1987.
A Guide to Using Regression Equations for Estimating Tree Biomass
Authors: Crow Thomas R. , Schlaegel Bryce E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tree biomass is most commonly estimated using regressions of green or dry weight to tree dimensions. Rarely is it feasible for managers to develop their own predictive equations, so they must rely on published regressions and weight tables developed from those regressions. A guide is presented that will help each manager select the most appropriate equation available for a given situation. We also provide common regression models currently in use, statistics for comparing published equations, and practical examples of their application. Sources of weight tables and biomass regressions for northern species are also noted.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:15-22, March 1988.
Silvicultural Opportunities Ten Years After Clearcutting Central Hardwoods
Authors: Myers Charles C. , Buchman Roland G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Natural reproduction in central hardwoods 8 to 13 years after clearcutting is assessed for stands in southern Illinois. Abundant reproduction for management of valuable hardwoods is present on all sites. There are more valuable hardwood stems per acre on the dry sites, with smaller average dbh, than on the mesic sites. Better oak reproduction is found on the dry sites. There are an average of 202 dominant or codominant oak stems per acre on the dry sites compared to 42 on the mesic sites. Valuable timber species reproduction can provide most of the crop trees and trainers; TSI will generally be required on mesic and dry sites.
North J Appl For 5 22-25, March 1988
Management Impacts on Christmas Tree Returns
Authors: Howard Theodore E. , Walkowiak John T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Existing Christmas tree production cost and return models do not link the number and average price of merchantable trees to management practices. This model simulates number and price as functions of specific management practices accomplished within a rotation. The model allows evaluation of the trade-offs between additional management costs and resulting revenues. Using average production costs, investment of typical and intensive management scenarios in Northern New England were simulated. Real rates of return from 6 to 18% were obtained depending on the management regime and market prices.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:51-55, March 1988.
Changes in Forest Condition Associated With Gypsy Moth on New Frontiers of Infestation
Authors: Herrick Owen W. , Gansner David A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Changes in forest condition associated with gypsy moth have now been measured for two infestations: northeastern Pennsylvania (1971-79) and central Pennsylvania (1978-85). Despite the variation in changes inflicted across both affected areas, average damage levels were very similar in these case studies. Measurements taken before and after infestation indicate that changes in average plot volume were 8 and 9%, respectively. Before outbreaks in the respective areas, 87 and 86% of the plots were fully stocked or overstocked; afterward, 79 and 83% were in this condition but with a reduced oak component.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:59-61, March 1988.
Natural Resource Characteristics Preferred by Woodland Buyers in Northern Minnesota
Authors: Baughman Melvin J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Persons who bought woodland in northern Minnesota in 1983-84 were surveyed to determine what natural resources were important in their choice of property to buy. Woodland preferred by the greatest number of buyers had the following traits: paved road access, upland, lake or stream access, excellent fishing, abundant wildlife, mix of hardwoods and conifers, 40 to 100% tree cover, and trees over 9 in. diameter or a mix of sizes.
North. J. Appl. For. 5:69-70, March 1988.
State and Local Regulation of Private Forestry in the East
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Siegel William C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
State and local regulation of private forestry in the eastern United States is increasing. A number of statewide laws regulate the practice of forestry in some fashion. Many local governments in the northeastern states and a few in the South have enacted or considered ordinances governing logging operations, primarily to prevent property damage or to preserve amenity values. The trend toward disjointed local regulation may prompt renewed calls from the forestry sector for uniform state forest practice laws. North. J. Appl. For. 5:103-108, June 1988.
Farm Tractor Skidding Costs in Relation to Profitability of a Fuelwood Harvesting System
Authors: Turner Terry L. , Huyler Neil K. , Bousquet Daniel W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The need to improve forest management on small private woodlands has stimulated interest in using smaller skidding tractors for tree removal. A Massey Ferguson four-wheel drive farm tractor being used for fuelwood removals was observed for one year to assess its productive potential. On a range of site conditions the tractor produced 1.04 cords per scheduled hour. At full-time tractor operation of 1800 scheduled hours per year, producing 1872 cords, the machine cost was $5.40 per cord for an average skidding distance of 878 ft. This is a very favorable skidding cost, but it is not realistic. Examination of a model fuelwood harvesting system in which this machine might operate showed that machine cost is much higher in actual practice because the tractor is only used for part of each workday. The modal system produced wood at the rate of 2 cords per day for a 200-day year with the skidding tractor producing 1.57 cords per scheduled hour at a 529 ft skid distance. The system was capable of producing only 400 cords per year, thus reducing scheduled hours necessary for tractor use to 255. The machine cost under these conditions was $18 per cord because fixed machine cost per cord was higher. North. J. Appl. For. 5:207-210, Sept. 1988.
Effects of Frequency of Chemical Weed Control on Growth and Quality of Christmas Trees1
Authors: Brown James H. , Spetich Martin A. , Heiligmann Randall B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Effective weed control is essential to the production of high-quality Christmas trees on most planting sites. Many growers use herbicides applied along rows of trees, in combination with mowing between rows, to control competing grasses and broadleaved weeds. This study evaluated one-time, biannual, and annual applications of herbicide during a 6-year period on growth and quality of different Christmas tree species planted on moderately dry and moist planting sites. Increased height growth from more frequent applications was limited primarily to the drier site, and even on that site rotation length would have been reduced by only 1 year. Christmas tree quality, as reflected by foliage density and tree weights, generally improved on both areas as herbicides were applied more frequently. Colorado spruce, Douglas-fir, and Fraser fir benefited more than Scotch and white pines. North. J. Appl. For. 6:15-17, March 1989.
Response of American Beech Regeneration to Selection Cutting of Northern Hardwoods in New York
Authors: Jones Robert H. , Nyland Ralph D. , Raynal Dudley J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Root sprout and seedling regeneration of American beech was sampled in two maple-dominated northern hardwood stands 13-14 years after single-tree selection cutting. The largest stems had been advance regeneration, and seedlings comprised a substantial and well-distributed portion of these. Among stems established after the cut, root sprouts outnumbered seedlings. Total beech regeneration abundance was correlated with basal area of overstory beech. For long-term beech control, it may be useful to reduce beech seedling populations before selection cutting, and to cut large diameter beech trees. North. J. Appl. For. 6:34-36, March 1989.
Twenty Years of Black Walnut Genetic Improvement at Purdue University
Authors: Beineke Walter F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1967 a black walnut tree improvement program was initiated by Purdue University for the state of Indiana. Techniques of superior tree selection, grafting, controlled pollination, close-spaced progeny testing, and early second-generation selection were developed. The success of this program has been demonstrated by the establishment of 40 acres of clonal and seedling black walnut seed orchards and the production of 30,000 improved seedlings in 1986 and 1987. Nine patented clones, the first patents granted for timber purposes, were released to private industry for production and sale. Based on selections presently in the state seed orchards, improvement was 2, 5, 13, and 12% for height, diameter, volume, and stem form, respectively, over nursery-run checks.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:68-71, June 1989.
Aspen Stand Development Following Harvest in the Lake States Region
Authors: Bates Peter C. , Blinn Charles R. , Alm Alvin A. , Perala Donald A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper summarizes the literature that reports factors influencing the development of aspen stands following harvest. It is intended primarily for forest managers in the Lake States region, although some work done in the western United States is included.
Aspen stands generally regenerate to dense sucker stands after harvest. Competition, disease, and other injurious agents aid natural thinning in maturing stands. Although competition among stems is the primary cause of mortality in many stands, in some stands mortality caused by disease and injury may reduce expected yield. Forest managers should be aware of the factors that can affect aspen stand development, particularly when evaluating regeneration densities and rotation length, and when planning thinning operations.
North. J. Appl. For. 6:178-183, December 1989
The Fungus
Chondrostereum purpureum as a Silvicide to Control Stump Sprouting in Hardwoods
Authors: Wall Ron E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cultures of the fungus Chondrostereum purpureum (Fr.)Pouzar were applied to cut surfaces of hardwood stumps immediately after the trees were felled in late spring and summer and the stumps monitored for fungus infection and adventitious sprouting during the ensuing 2 years. Hardwood species inoculated were red maple, sugar maple, yellow birch, paper birch, pin cherry, trembling aspen, and beech. The fungus was applied as wheat bran cultures in a mineral oil slurry or by inverting petri dish cultures on the stump. All treatments resulted in development of sporophores of the fungus on the stump within 2 years and a concomitant reduction, as compared to the uninoculated controls, of the number of stump sprouts. The speed of stump invasion by the fungus and reduction of sprouting varied both among and within species. The feasibility of using this fungus as a biological control of regrowth after stand cleaning is discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):17-19, March 1990.
Tank Mixing Roundup® with Adjuvants and Other Herbicides for Striped Maple Control
Authors: Horsley Stephen B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The possibility of increasing Roundup® activity on striped maple was evaluated by tank mixing 1 qt/ac of Roundup with one of eight adjuvants or other herbicides and comparing each tank mix with Roundup alone. Control of striped maple was evaluated 1 and 2 years after treatment. Two years were required to obtain the full effect of the treatments. Spray distribution in tree crowns was an important factor in determining herbicide effectiveness. Trees 10 to 20 ft tall that received the main air blast of herbicide spray had the highest kill. None of the tank mixes resulted in control that was significantly better than Roundup alone. Tank mixes of Roundup with either Sorbicide Herbicide Adjuvant or 2,4-D significantly reduced control of striped maple. Thus, using both spray equipment that adequately covers tree crowns from the ground to a height of about 20 ft and compatible adjuvants are important for successful control of striped maple in Allegheny hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 7(1):19-22, March 1990.