bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Properties of Oils from Various Parts of Three Varieties of Pears Consumed in South East Nigeria
Authors: Agomuo Emmanuel , Amadi Peter 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the nutrient properties of parts of Dacryodes edulis (DE), Persea americana (PA) and Canarium schweinfurthii (CS) oils using standard methods. Pulp oils of DE and PA had the least moisture, melting point, acid, and saponification values. Occurrence of C10-12 fatty acids was between 0 and 1.46%, and C22-26 between 0 and 4.3%. Anthocyanins, epicatechin, and ribalinidine were undetected in CS seed oils, while oils from the pulp and peels of PA showed the highest amounts for catechins (57.73µg/ml) and kaempferol (57.91µg/ml) respectively. The pulp oils contained higher amounts of Na, K, Zn, Ca, vit A and D. This study has shown that the seed oils suits industrial needs, and the pulp oils for therapeutic purposes.
Cloning, Expression and Characterization of an Esterase Gene in a Metagenomic Library of Traditional Fermented Food
Authors: Ye Mao , Deng Maocheng 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Esterase is an industrial enzyme that is widely used in food, medicine, fine chemicals. The total genomic DNA was extracted from traditional fermented food in China to construct a metagenomic library that included a novel esterase gene (est_115). Sequence homology analysis showed that the highest homology with the carboxylester hydrolase from Pseudomonas lutea was 38%, indicating that esterase belongs to a new class of esterases. Then, an est_115 gene recombinant expression vector was constructed and expressed. The Est_115 had higher catalytic activity to p-nitrophenol ester, with a short acyl-carbon chain. The enzyme can maintain high catalytic activity and salt tolerance in 10%–18% NaCl, suggesting that this novel esterase can be used in processing food using high osmotic pressure.
Effects of Carbohydrates, Prebiotics and Salts on Survival of Saccharomyces boulardii During Freeze-Drying
Authors: Shu Guowei , Yang Xin , Lei Zhangteng , Huang Dan , ZHAI Yaling 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Saccharomyces boulardii, as a probiotic yeast, had been commonly used in food, medicine and feed to treat diarrhea in humans or livestock. However, there are few researches focusing on the preparation of its freeze-drying S.boulardii powder. In this study, the effect of carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose, lactose, mannose and trehalose), prebiotics (isomalto-oligosaccharide, xylo-oligosaccharide, raffinose, stachyose, inulin, galacto-oligosaccharide and fructo-oligosaccharide) and salts (NaHCO3, MgSO4, sodium glutamate, sodium ascorbate, and phosphate buffer) on the freeze-dried survival of S. boulardii were investigated to screen the cryoprotectant by using single factor experiments. As the result, trehalose and XOS had better protective effect, the survival rate was 23.72% and 20.70% respectively, the number of viable cells reached 0.91×1010 CFU/g and 0.85×1010 CFU/g respectively; the addition amount of NaHCO3 was 0.3%, the freeze-dried survival rate reached the maximum value of 12.92%. The phosphate buffer additive amount and the bacterial sludge weight were 0.8:1, the freeze-dried survival rate reached a maximum of 14.14%, the freeze-dried survival rate of sodium glutamate, sodium ascorbate and MgSO4 groups was increasing, reaching a maximum of 20.26%, 16.47% and 6.29% when the addition amount was 2%, 10%, 0.5%.
Application of the Simplex Method to Create A Weekly Menu Planner
Authors: Hadzhikolev Emil , Hadzhikoleva Stanka 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Organized meals for different groups - students, servicemen, employees working in specific businesses and organization of work - is invariably care for people’s health. An important task in this process is the preparation of menu plans that correspond to the norms for full, balanced and healthy nutrition for the respective age group and working conditions. They must provide the energy and nutrients necessary for the organism - proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, fats (of animal and plant origin), etc. In some cases, menu planning must be consistent with the use of available food products or the use of interchangeable or similar foods. Problems arise when it comes to assessment and proving compliance with the quality and quantity standards of the products in the weekly menu plan. A commonly used solution is through the formal substitution of food products from the menu plan with the basic products defined by the norms. The mathematical model we offer creates an optimal solution that leaves minimal quantities of unchanged products.
Matlab tool REGCONT2: effective source depth estimation by means of Tikhonov’s regularized downwards continuation of potential fields
Authors: Pašteka Roman , Kušnirák David , Karcol Roland 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Transformation based on downward continuation of potential fields is an important tool in their interpretation – depths of shallowest important sources can be determined by means of stable downward continuation algorithms. We analyse here selected properties of one from these algorithms (based on Tikhonov’s regularization approach) from the scope of two most important discretization parameters – dimensions of the areal coverage of the interpreted field and the sampling interval size. Estimation of the source depth is based on the analysis of computed LP-norms for various continuation depths. A typical local minimum of these norms disappears at the source depth. We show on several synthetic bodies (sphere, horizontal cylinder, vertical rod) and also real-world data-sets (results from a magnetic survey for unexploded ordnance detection) that there is a need for relatively large surroundings around the interpreted anomalies. Beside of this also the sampling step plays its important role – grids with finer sampling steps give better interpretation results, when using this downward continuation method. From this point of view, this method is more suitable for the interpretation of objects in near surface and mining geophysics (anomalies from cavities, unexploded ordnance objects and ore bodies). Anomalies should be well developed and separable, and densely sampled. When this is not valid, several algorithms of interpolation and extrapolation (grid padding methods) can improve the interpretation properties of studied downward continuation method.
Structural setting of the Koum sedimentary basin (north Cameroon) derived from EGM2008 gravity field interpretation
Authors: Shandini Yves , Kouske Patrice Arnaud , Nguiya Severin , Marcelin Mouzong Pemi 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This study is a contribution to the planning of hydrocarbon exploration program of the Koum sedimentary basin in North Cameroon. 3D modeling of WGM2012 gravity data derived from EGM2008 geopotential model in the Koum basin was used together with existing geological and spectral analysis information to give structural picture of the basin. The 3D model of the Koum basin confirms that the basin is developed as a half graben bounded by sub-vertical faults. The thickness of the Cenozoic sediments is about 1.5 km in the eastern part and reaches 4.5 km in the western part of the basin. Gravity lineaments computed by multi-scale analysis revealed structural trends in the E–W, NW–SE, NE–WS and N–S directions. The faults in the sedimentary terrain reach 6 km depth and have a predominant NW–SE trend with E–W trending faults along the contact between the sedimentary section and the basement complex in the northern edge.
Estimation of Bouguer correction density based on underground and surface gravity measurements and precise modelling of topographic effects – two case studies from Slovakia
Authors: Zahorec Pavol , Papčo Juraj 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We present a simple and straightforward method for estimating the mean density of topographic masses based on underground gravity measurements along with topography modelling. Two examples under different conditions are given, the first coming from a railway tunnel passing through a Mesozoic karst area and the second from an active coal mine situated in a Neogene sedimentary basin. Relative gravity measurements were processed and corrected by topographic effect modelling based on high-precision airborne LiDAR-derived elevation models. In addition, detailed mining tunnel gravimetric modelling based on terrestrial laser scanning data is presented. Resulted mean (bulk) densities are compared with those obtained from detailed surface gravity measurements as well as with available rock-samples density analysis.
The National Network of Seismic Stations of Slovakia – Current state after 13 years in operation from the project of modernization and enhancement
Authors: Csicsay Kristián , Cipciar Andrej , Fojtíková Lucia , Kristeková Miriam , Gális Martin , Srbecký Miroslav , Chovanová Zuzana , Bystrický Erik , Kysel Róbert 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We present the state of the modernized, upgraded and enhanced National Network of Seismic Stations (NNSS) of Slovakia at the end of the year 2017 and the importance of the Project: Modernization and enhancement of the National Network of Seismic Stations which took place in years 2001–2004. In this period some stations were modernized and upgraded and several new stations were built in various places in Slovakia to increase ability to localize seismic events on the territory of Slovakia and adjacent areas. Before the year 2001 the average number of localized earthquakes on the territory of Slovakia was only 7 per year. The breakthrough occurred in the year 2005 with the fully operational network when the number of localized earthquakes with epicentre on the territory of Slovakia was increased up to 50. Now this number is approximately 70–90 earthquakes per year. We present the changes in the NNSS in the last 13 years, obtained results (some of them are preliminary), advantages and weaknesses of the NNSS and future plans toward further improvements of our seismic network system.
Determination of Humectants in Tobacco Filler by High Performance Chromatography/Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Xizheng Yan , Valentín-Blasini Liza , Watson Clifford , Cardenas Roberto Bravo 
Published: January 2019

Summary
Glycerol, and 1,2-propylene glycol are the humectants most commonly used by the tobacco industry. They are found in a variety of tobacco products and are often present at high levels (~2–5 % w/w). While humectants are generally considered safe, they may serve as precursors in the formation of harmful carbonyl compounds. A selective, precise, and sensitive method for the quantification of several humectants in cigarette filler was developed. The method’s sample clean-up is a two-step process consisting of a mechanical extraction, followed by solid phase extraction. Individual humectants are separated, identified, and measured using liquid chromatography coupled to a single quadrupole mass spectrometer as the detector (LC/MS). Detection limits were 0.105, 0.575, and 0.039 mg/cigarette for glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol and triethylene glycol, respectively. The quantification range for these analytes was 0.4–75.0 mg/cigarette. Twenty-seven brands of domestic commercial cigarettes were evaluated to assess typical levels of humectants in the tobacco filler.
Determination of Hydrogen Cyanide in Cigarette Smoke by Continuous Flow Analysis Method Using Safer Chemistry
Authors: Maranna Manjunatha Chinnaiahnapalya , Saikrishnan Lalgudy Mahadevan , Dinesh Tarur Konikkaledom , Tyagi Kamal Kumar 
Published: January 2019

Summary
A new safe and sensitive method to determine hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in cigarette smoke using continuous flow analyser (CFA) has been developed and validated. The use of highly toxic potassium cyanide (KCN) as a standard necessitates the development of a safer method for the determination of HCN in cigarette smoke. In this described method KCN is replaced by less toxic potassium tetracyanozincate (Lethal Dose LD50 oral is 7.49 mg/kg for KCN and 2000 mg/kg for potassium tetracyanozincate). Furthermore, the new method uses isonicotinic acid-barbituric acid (coupling reagent) instead of pyridine-pyrazolone as a reagent for the determination of HCN, and hence eliminates the use of pyridine. In this method HCN is trapped on both the Cambridge Filter Pad, then extracted with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, and in an impinger containing the same solution. The solution thus extracted is oxidised to cyanogen chloride by Chloramine-T and treated with coupling reagent, the resulting stable chromophore was measured colorimetrically at 600 nm. The regression equation was linear in the range of 1 to 25 μg/mL for cyanide with a correlation coefficient (R2) > 0.9998. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.76 μg/cig and the overall relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method was less than 10%. Excellent recoveries of cyanide were obtained in the range from 92% to 112% and the HCN yields from the Kentucky Reference Cigarette 3R4F obtained from the newly developed method are in good agreement with those from the conventional KCN method. The proposed method is robust, reliable, selective and safer than any of the existing methods for determination of hydrogen cyanide in mainstream as well as in sidestream cigarette smoke.
Of counterfeits and delusions: Revisiting Ryle on skepticism and the impossibility of global deceit
Authors: McDermid Douglas 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Consider the following proposition: (Q) It is possible that all of our perceptual experiences are ‘delusive.’ According to Gilbert Ryle, (Q) is demonstrably absurd. In this paper I address four questions: (1) What is Ryle’s argument against (Q)?; (2) How persuasive is it?; (3) What positions are ruled out if (Q) is absurd?; and (4) How does Ryle’s position compare with contemporary work on skepticism?
Baier and Cottingham on the meaning of life
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
I examine two recent books by analytic philosophers that address the underexplored topic of whether the meaning of life depends on the existence of a supernatural realm including God and a soul. John Cottingham’s On the Meaning of Life defends a supernaturalist conception of life’s meaning, whereas Kurt Baier’s Problems of Life and Death defends the opposite, naturalist perspective. I show that their respective arguments are worth serious consideration, indicate some potential weaknesses in them, and suggest some other argumentative strategies that those interested in this fascinating topic might pursue elsewhere in more depth.
Flanagan and Cartesian free will: a defense of agent causation
Authors: Lemos John 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In a recent book, The Problem of the Soul, Owen Flanagan discusses the Cartesian, or agent causation, view of free will. According to this view, when a person acts of his own free will his action is not caused by antecedent events but is caused by the agent himself, and in acting the agent acts as an uncaused cause. Flanagan argues at length that this view is false. In this article, I defend the agent causation view against Flanagan’s criticisms and I go on to critically address his own ‘neo-compatibilist’ alternative to the agent causation view. In doing so, I hope to exhibit some common misconceptions about the nature of the agent causation view and to show that this is a view that deserves more serious consideration.
Yablo’s Paradox and Beginningless Time
Authors: Luna Laureano 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The structure of Yablo’s paradox is analysed and generalised in order to show that beginningless step-by-step determination processes can be used to provoke antinomies, more concretely, to make our logical and our ontological intuitions clash. The flow of time and the flow of causality are usually conceived of as intimately intertwined, so that temporal causation is the very paradigm of a step-by-step determination process. As a consequence, the paradoxical nature of beginningless step-by-step determination processes concerns time and causality as usually conceived.
Commitment: some formal interpretations
Authors: Rönnedal Daniel 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We often use sentences that seem conditional in nature when we reason about normative issues, e.g. ‘If you have promised to do something, you should keep your promise’ and ‘If you have done something bad, you should apologize’. We seem to think that promise-making in some sense commits us to promise-keeping and that acting bad in some sense creates an obligation to apologize. It is, however, not obvious how we should symbolize such sentences in a formal language. The purpose of this essay is to investigate some different possible formalizations of different conditional obligation sentences. I consider seven different interpretations of the concept of commitment or conditional obligation and I say something about the logical properties of these different interpretations.
Opacity, Know-How States, and their Content
Authors: Toribio Josefa 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The main goal of this paper is to defend the thesis that the content of know-how states is an accuracy assessable type of nonconceptual content. My argument proceeds in two stages. I argue, first, that the intellectualist distinction between types of ways of grasping the same kind of content is uninformative unless it is tied in with a distinction between kinds of contents. Second, I consider and reject the objection that, if the content of know-how states is non-conceptual, it will be mysterious why attributions of knowing how create opaque contexts. I show that the objection conflates two distinct issues: the nature of the content of know-how states and the semantic evaluability of know-how ascriptions.
Why Theories of Concepts Should Not Ignore the Problem of Acquisition
Authors: Carey Susan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA theory of conceptual development must provide an account of the innate representational repertoire, must characterize how these initial representations differ from the adult state, and must provide an account of the processes that transform the initial into mature representations. InThe Origin of Concepts(Carey 2009), I defend three theses: (1) the initial state includes rich conceptual representations, (2) nonetheless, there are radical discontinuities between early and later developing conceptual systems, (3) Quinean bootstrapping is one learning mechanism that underlies the creation of new representational resources, enabling such discontinuity. Here I argue that the theory of conceptual development developed inThe Origin of Conceptsconstrains our theories of concepts themselves, and addresses two of Fodor’s challenges to cognitive science; namely, to show how learning could possibly lead to an increase in expressive power and to defeat Mad Dog Nativism, the thesis that all concepts lexicalized as mono-morphemic words are innate. In response to Fodor, I show that, and how, new primitives in a language of thought can be learned, that there are easy routes and hard ones to doing so, and that characterizing the learning mechanisms in each illuminates how conceptual role partially determines conceptual content.
Dummett’s Legacy: Semantics, Metaphysics and Linguistic Competence
Authors: Vignolo Massimiliano 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Throughout his philosophical career, Michael Dummett held firmly two theses: (I) the theory of meaning has a central position in philosophy and all other forms of philosophical inquiry rest upon semantic analysis, in particular semantic issues replace traditional metaphysical issues; (II) the theory of meaning is a theory of understanding. I will defend neither of them. However, I will argue that there is an important lesson we can learn by reflecting on the link between linguistic competence and semantics, which I take to be an important part of Dummett’s legacy in philosophy of language. I discuss this point in relation to Cappelen and Lepore’s criticism of Incompleteness Arguments.
What it is to be an Intentional Object
Authors: Spinelli Nicola 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This paper is about a certain view of intentionality, a problem faced by the view, and two ways in which, it has been proposed, the problem might be solved. The view is that every intentional state has an intentional object. The problem is that the putative intentional objects of some intentional states do not, or even cannot, exist. The two strategies to solve the problem and secure the view are those implemented by Tim Crane in his article “Intentional Objects” (2001). In this paper I argue that both Crane’s implementations and the strategies in general are unsuccessful. By way of (partial) overview, I also discuss other ways in which the problem has been addressed.
Pragmatism. Propositional Priority and the Organic Model of Propositional Individuation
Authors: Frápolli María J. , Villanueva Neftalí 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We identify two senses of ‘pragmatics’ and related terms that give rise to two different methods of propositional individuation. The first one is the contextualist approach that essentially acknowledges contextual information to take part in the determination of what is said by the utterance of a sentence. In this sense, Pragmatics relies on the Principle of Compositionality and interprets propositions as structured entities. It epitomises the Building-block Model of Propositional Individuation. The general approach that makes what the agents do the grounding level of philosophical and linguistic analysis characterizes the second sense, Pragmatism. It finds its clearest expression in Peirce’s Pragmatist Maxim, and it relies on (a particular interpretation of) the Fregean Principle of Context, and supports a view of propositions as unstructured entities. This is the Organic Model of Propositional Individuation. There is a test, the Analytic Equivalence Test, that tells apart the two models. According to it, the answer to the question whether a theory makes room for different but analytically equivalent propositions determines the model the theory belongs in. A positive answer classifies the theory as belonging to the building-block model; a negative answer allocates the theory within the organic model.
Can the Unconscious Image Save “No Overflow”?
Authors: D’Aloisio-Montilla Nicholas 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The question of whether phenomenal consciousness is limited to the capacity of cognitive access remains a contentious issue in philosophy. Overflow theorists argue that the capacity of conscious experience outstrips the capacity of cognitive access. This paper demonstrates a resolution to the overflow debate is found in acknowledging a difference in phenomenological timing required by both sides. It makes clear that the “no overflow” view requires subjects to, at the bare minimum, generate an unconscious visual image of previously presented items if it is to explain performance in the change detection paradigm. It then demonstrates that conscious imagery should support better task performance than unconscious imagery because of a necessary difference in representational strength. However, this contradicts empirical findings, and so a new argument for overflow is presented without requiring the premise that subjects need to obtain a specific phenomenology of presented items during change detection.