Abstract 1106: A synthetic pre-metastatic niche mimic alters the primary tumor and tumor microenvironment
Authors: Aguado Brian A. , Hartfield Rachel M. , Bushnell Grace G. , Decker Joseph T. , Azarin Samira M. , Nanavati Dhaval , Schipma Matthew J. , Rao Shreyas S. , Oakes Robert S. , Zhang Yining , Jeruss Jacqueline S. , Shea Lonnie D. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Background: Immune cells at the primary tumor (PT) and pre-metastatic niche (PMN) sites are critical to metastasis progression. Recently, synthetic biomaterial scaffolds used as PMN mimics were shown to capture both immune and metastatic tumor cells in vivo (1-3). The redirection of tumor cells toward the implant also reduces tumor burden and provides a survival benefit in orthotopic breast cancer mouse models (4). Given the scaffold reduces tumor burden, we hypothesized the scaffold modulates PT and immune cell phenotypes to generate an invasion-suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME).
Methods: Female NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice inoculated with tdTomato+ MDA-MB-231BR cells in the mammary fat were used as orthotopic human breast cancer models. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds were implanted in the intraperitoneal fat pad 7 days post-tumor inoculation (3). Mock surgery mice did not receive an implant. After 28 days, mock vs. scaffold PTs were harvested, digested, and live-cell sorted to obtain tdTomato+ tumor cells and CD45+ immune cells. The PT cell transcriptome was analyzed using RNAseq and GO analysis was performed in Metascape. CD45+ immune cells were cultured to obtain conditioned media (CM) for secretomics analysis, in vitro tumor cell invasion assays, and transcription factor activity arrays (2). Immune cells, specifically tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) (5), were characterized using flow cytometry and RT-PCR.
Results: RNAseq analysis identified 892 differentially expressed genes in tumor cells in response to the scaffold implant, and Metascape GO analysis revealed signaling pathways relevant to invasion. The scaffold immune-CM decreased tumor cell invasion more than two-fold relative to mock CM. Secretomics analysis showed an increase in the pan-metastasis inhibitor decorin and a decrease in invasion-promoting CCL2 in the scaffold immune cell CM relative to mock CM. Reduced NFkB, SRF, and RAR transcription factor activity in tumor cells treated with scaffold CM relative to mock CM indicate immune secreted factors contribute to the invasion-suppressive scaffold-influenced TME. Finally, analysis of PT immune cells identified a recruited TAM population whose transcriptomic profile may contribute to the invasion-suppressive TME in scaffold bearing mice.
Discussion: We demonstrate that implanted scaffolds can distally modulate secretomic and transcriptional profiles of immune cells in the TME and may reduce PT cell invasion. Our work suggests scaffolds have an active role in modulating tumor burden and may provide a foundation for developing an effective implantable therapeutic tool.
References: (1) Aguado et al, Acta Biomater 33, 13-24, 2016. (2) Aguado et al, Sci Rep 5, 17566, 2015. (3) Azarin et al, Nat Commun 6, 8094, 2015. (4) Rao et al, Cancer Res 76, 5209-5218, 2016. (5) Franklin et al, Science 344, 921-925, 2014.
Citation Format: Brian A. Aguado, Rachel M. Hartfield, Grace G. Bushnell, Joseph T. Decker, Samira M. Azarin, Dhaval Nanavati, Matthew J. Schipma, Shreyas S. Rao, Robert S. Oakes, Yining Zhang, Jacqueline S. Jeruss, Lonnie D. Shea. A synthetic pre-metastatic niche mimic alters the primary tumor and tumor microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1106.