bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precise spatial restriction of BMP signaling in developing joints is perturbed upon loss of embryo movement
Authors: Singh Pratik Narendra Pratap , Shea Claire A. , Sonker Shashank Kumar , Rolfe Rebecca A. , Ray Ayan , Kumar Sandeep , Gupta Pankaj , Murphy Paula , Bandyopadhyay Amitabha 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Dynamic mechanical loading of synovial joints is necessary for normal joint development, as evidenced in certain clinical conditions, congenital disorders and animal models where dynamic muscle contractions are reduced or absent. Although the importance of mechanical forces on joint development is unequivocal, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. Here, using chick and mouse embryos, we observed that molecular changes in expression of multiple genes analyzed in the absence of mechanical stimulation are consistent across species. Our results suggest that abnormal joint development in immobilized embryos involves inappropriate regulation of Wnt and BMP signaling during definition of the emerging joint territories, i.e. reduced β-catenin activation and concomitant upregulation of pSMAD1/5/8 signaling. Moreover, dynamic mechanical loading of the developing knee joint activates Smurf1 expression; our data suggest that Smurf1 insulates the joint region from pSMAD1/5/8 signaling and is essential for maintenance of joint progenitor cell fate.
RNA tales – how embryos read and discard messages from mom
Authors: Despic Vladimir , Neugebauer Karla M. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Following fertilization, embryos develop for a substantial amount of time with a transcriptionally silent genome. Thus, early development is maternally programmed, as it solely relies on RNAs and proteins that are provided by the female gamete. However, these maternal instructions are not sufficient to support later steps of embryogenesis and are therefore gradually replaced by novel products synthesized from the zygotic genome. This switch in the origin of molecular players that drive early development is known as the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). MZT is a universal phenomenon among all metazoans and comprises two interconnected processes: maternal mRNA degradation and the transcriptional awakening of the zygotic genome. The recent adaptation of high-throughput methods for use in embryos has deepened our knowledge of the molecular principles underlying MZT. These mechanisms comprise conserved strategies for RNA regulation that operate in many well-studied cellular contexts but that have adapted differently to early development. In this Review, we will discuss advances in our understanding of post-transcriptional regulatory pathways that drive maternal mRNA clearance during MZT, with an emphasis on recent data in zebrafish embryos on codon-mediated mRNA decay, the contributions of microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins to this process, and the roles of RNA modifications in the stability control of maternal mRNAs.
Hematopoietic stem cells from induced pluripotent stem cells – considering the role of microRNA as a cell differentiation regulator
Authors: Ferreira Aline F. , Calin George A. , Picanço-Castro Virgínia , Kashima Simone , Covas Dimas T. , de Castro Fabiola A. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Although hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) therapy for hematological diseases can lead to a good outcome from the clinical point of view, the limited number of ideal donors, the comorbidity of patients and the increasing number of elderly patients may limit the application of this therapy. HSCs can be generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which requires the understanding of the bone marrow and liver niches components and function in vivo. iPSCs have been extensively applied in several studies involving disease models, drug screening and cellular replacement therapies. However, the somatic reprogramming by transcription factors is a low-efficiency process. Moreover, the reprogramming process is also regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), which modulate the expression of the transcription factors OCT-4 (also known as POU5F1), SOX-2, KLF-4 and MYC, leading somatic cells to a pluripotent state. In this Review, we present an overview of the challenges of cell reprogramming protocols with regard to HSC generation from iPSCs, and highlight the potential role of miRNAs in cell reprogramming and in the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells.
Regulation of profibrotic responses by ADAM17 activation in high glucose requires its C-terminus and FAK
Authors: Li Renzhong , Wang Tony , Walia Khyati , Gao Bo , Krepinsky Joan C. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Glomerular matrix accumulation is the hallmark of diabetic nephropathy. The metalloprotease ADAM17 mediates high glucose (HG)-induced matrix production by kidney mesangial cells through release of ligands for the epidermal growth factor receptor. Here, we study the mechanism by which HG activates ADAM17. We find that the C-terminus is essential for ADAM17 activation and the profibrotic response to HG. In the C-terminus, Src-mediated Y702 phosphorylation and PI3K–MEK–Erk-mediated T735 phosphorylation are crucial for ADAM17 activation, both are also required for the HG-induced increase in cell surface mature ADAM17. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase FAK is a central mediator of these processes. These data not only support a crucial role for the C-terminus in ADAM17 activation and downstream profibrotic responses to HG, but also highlight FAK as a potential alternative therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy.
Inflachromene inhibits autophagy through modulation of Beclin 1 activity
Authors: Kim Young Hun , Kwak Man Sup , Shin Jae Min , Hayuningtyas Ria Aryani , Choi Ji Eun , Shin Jeon-Soo 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
Autophagy is a central intracellular catabolic mechanism that mediates the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles, and regulation of autophagy is essential for homeostasis. HMGB1 is an important sepsis mediator when secreted and also functions as an inducer of autophagy by binding to Beclin 1. In this study, we studied the effect of inflachromene (ICM), a novel HMGB1 secretion inhibitor, on autophagy. ICM inhibited autophagy by inhibiting nucleocytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 and by increasing Beclin 1 ubiquitylation for degradation by enhancing the interaction between Beclin 1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF216. These data suggest that ICM could be used as a potential autophagy suppressor.
Radiation repair models for clinical application
Authors: Dale Roger G 
Published: February 2018

A number of newly emerging clinical techniques involve non-conventional patterns of radiation delivery which require an appreciation of the role played by radiation repair phenomena. This review outlines the main models of radiation repair, focussing on those which are of greatest clinical usefulness and which may be incorporated into biologically effective dose assessments. The need to account for the apparent “slowing-down” of repair rates observed in some normal tissues is also examined, along with a comparison of the relative merits of the formulations which can be used to account for such phenomena. Jack Fowler brought valuable insight to the understanding of radiation repair processes and this article includes reference to his important contributions in this area.
Evaluation of Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis for biological control of Ralstonia wilt of tomato
Authors: Yendyo Shiva , G.C. Ramesh , Pandey Binayak Raj 
Published: February 2018

Background:Ralstoniaspp. is a major pathogenic microbe for tomato, which invades the roots of diverse plant hosts and colonizes xylem vessels causing wilt, especially in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions.Ralstoniaspp.produces several virulence factors helping it to invade the plant’s natural defense mechanism. Native isolates ofTrichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescensandBacillus subtiliscan be used as biocontrol agents to control the bacterial wilt and combined application of these beneficial microbes can give better results.Methods:Bacterial wilt infection in the field was identified by field experts and the infected plant part was used to isolateRalstoniaspp.in CPG media and was positively identified. Subsequently, the efficacy of the biocontrol agents was tested and documented using agar well diffusion technique and digital microscopy. 2ml of the microbial concentrate (109cells/ml) was mixed in one liter of water and was applied in the plant root at the rate of 100 ml per plant as a treatment method.Results:It was observed that the isolatedTrichodermaspp. AA2 andPseudomonas fluorescensPFS were most potent in inhibiting the growth ofRalstoniaspp.,showing ZOI 20.67 mm and 22.33 mm, respectively. Digital microscopy showed distinct inhibitory effect on the growth and survival ofRalstoniaspp.The results from the field data indicated thatTrichodermaspp. andPseudomonas fluorescensalone were able to prevent 92% and 96% of the infection and combination of both were more effective, preventing 97% of infection. Chemical control methods prevented 94% of infection.Bacillus subtiliscould only prevent 84 % of the infection. Conclusions:Antagonistic effect againstRalstonia spp.shown by native isolates ofTrichodermaspp. andP. fluorescensmanifested the promising potential as biocontrol agents. Combined application gave better results. Results shown byBacillus subtiliswere not significant.
Optimal Revelation of Life-Changing Information
Authors: Schweizer Nikolaus , Szech Nora 
Published: February 2018

Information about the future may be instrumentally useful yet scary. For example, many patients shy away from precise genetic tests about their dispositions for severe diseases. They are afraid that a bad test result could render them desperate as a result of anticipatory feelings. We show that partially revealing tests are typically optimal when anticipatory utility interacts with an instrumental need for information. The same result emerges when patients rely on probability weighting. Optimal tests provide only two signals, which renders them easily implementable. While the good signal is typically precise, the bad one remains coarse. This way, patients have a substantial chance to learn that they are free of the genetic risk in question. Yet even if the test outcome is bad, they do not end in a situation without hope. This paper was accepted by Manel Baucells, decision analysis.
Spirituality among family caregivers in palliative care: an integrative literature review
Authors: Lalani Nasreen , Duggleby Wendy , Olson Joanne 
Published: February 2018

Background: Family caregivers experience spiritual and existential concerns while caring for their terminally ill family members. Aim: To evaluate and synthesise studies on spirituality among family caregivers in palliative care. Design: An integrative literature review of peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2016. Sample: Participants were family caregivers (parents, spouses, relatives or friends) caring for an adult (age>18 years) family member with a terminal illness in a palliative care setting. Results: Data from 26 published research papers were systematically analysed. Five themes were identified regarding spirituality and family caregiving: a close and meaningful connection, spirituality as a way of coping, spiritual needs and expressions among family caregivers, spirituality to transcend fears, and spirituality in family caregivers' decision-making. Implications for Practice: Nurses are encouraged to explore the spirituality and spiritual experiences of family caregivers to support their spiritual wellbeing while caring for their terminally ill family members.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF PENICILLIN IN SYNOVIAL CAVITIES
Authors: Jones G. Blundell 
Published: February 2018

1. The behaviour of penicillin injected locally into knee joints is investigated and found to be the only satisfactory way of using the drug in joint wounds and infections. 2. Penicillin persists within the joint for forty-eight hours after injection unless the effusion is being actively absorbed. 3. The additional administration of penicillin by intramuscular injection is recommended when other considerations demand it.
PLASMA CELL TUMOURS
Authors: Lumb George , Prossor T. M. 
Published: February 2018

1. Fifteen new cases of plasma cell tumour are reported with a review of the literature. 2. Case examples are quoted to show the gradual merging of the different clinical and pathological syndromes into one entity. 3. A comprehensive analysis of the various manifestations of the disease is made. 4. An attempt is made to correlate the widely differing features of the disease-process and a classification is given. 5. It is considered that metastasis plays no part in this condition. 6. The variety of forms of plasma cell tumours are shown as gradations of an essentially similar disease-process, and are not regarded as separate conditions.
THE MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE CIRCULATORY FAILURE IN AN INJURED LIMB
Authors: Griffiths D. Ll. 
Published: February 2018

Ischaemia threatening an injured limb gives rise to the syndrome of pain, pallor, paralysis, and pulselessness. It is due to arterial injury by laceration, compression, intra-mural rupture or contusion, or to arterial spasm with or without demonstrable local arterial damage. The differentiation of spasm without local injury from organic obstruction is not possible by clinical methods. The suggested plan of treatment and of management is: 1. General systemic investigation (blood-pressure, blood-count, coagulation time, etc.). 2. Removal of all external pressure. 3. Resuscitation. 4. Direct attempt to relieve the obstruction by operation. 5. Post-operative care. The operative procedure recommended is: 1. Manipulative reduction of the fracture if possible. 2. Proximal control of the artery. 3. Arteriography. 4. Exposure of the occluded artery (unless contra-indicated by time factors and by the anatomy of the collateral circulation), liberation and mobilisation of the vessel, repair by suture where such is necessary and possible, and arterectomy only forirreparable local damage. 5. The provision of sympathetic block by injection or by sympathectomy. The important elements of post-operative care are: 1. To maintain the blood-pressure while cooling the limb and heating the patient.
TRAUMATIC DISLOCATION OF THE HIP JOINT
Authors: Armstrong J. R. 
Published: February 2018

1. One hundred patients with dislocation of the hip joint have been reviewed, many having been re-examined at intervals ranging from two to five years after injury. 2. There were forty-six simple dislocations, forty-three dislocations with fracture of the acetabular rim, seven dislocations with fracture of the acetabular floor, and five dislocations with fracture of the femoral head. 3. Complete recovery, as judged by clinical and radiographic examination, was observed in 76 per cent. of simple dislocations, 63 per cent. of dislocations with fracture of the acetabular rim, and 40 per cent. of dislocations with fracture of the femoral head; in no case of dislocation with fracture of the acetabular floor was recovery complete. 4. Only in one case did myositis ossificans develop, and that was the only case treated by "massage and movements" throughout the first ten weeks after injury. 5. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head was recognised in a smaller proportion of patients than had been expected, but since the follow-up review extended only to four years after injury the results, in this respect, are unreliable. The incidence of this complication after injury to the hip joint cannot be assessed unless the follow-up period is at least five to ten years. 6. Early traumatic arthritis developed in 26 per cent. of patientsâin 15 per cent. of simple dislocations, 25 per cent. of dislocations with fracture of the acetabular margin, 60 per cent. of dislocations with fracture of the femoral head, and 100 per cent. of dislocations with fracture of the acetabular floor. 7. When central or posterior dislocations are accompanied by fracture of the acetabular floor, early arthrodesis is the treatment of choice. 8. Displacement of marginal acetabular fragments is usually corrected by manipulative reduction or by traction. 9. Sciatic paralysis in dislocation of the hip joint is nearly always due to damage of the nerve by a displaced acetabular fragment. In such cases, if the fragment is not replaced accurately by manipulation or traction, operative reduction is urgently indicated.
THE INTERVERTEBRAL LIGAMENTS AS A SOURCE OF SEGMENTAL PAIN
Authors: Sinclair D. C. , Feindel W. H. , Weddell G. , Falconer Murray A. 
Published: February 2018

1. The work of Kellgren (1939) and Lewis and Kellgren (1939) on the production of segmental pain by stimulation of structures near the mid-line of the back has been reviewed, and! a number of experiments have been carried out with the object of testing the validity of their conclusions. 2. On both anatomical and experimental grounds there is reason to believe that pain produced in this manner does not arise, as was assumed by Lewis and Kellgren, from irritation of the interspinous ligaments, but is rather due to the stimulation of nerve trunks in the vicinity. The views of Kellgren (1941, 1942) on the etiology of pain in certain cases of sciatica, and on the part played by intervertebral ligaments in the production of pain in the back, have been discussed. They have been shown to rest on an inadequate foundation. 3. The importance in investigations of this kind of a detailed anatomical survey has been emphasized.
BENIGN GIANT-CELL SYNOVIOMA AND ITS RELATION TO "XANTHOMA"
Authors: Stewart M. J. 
Published: February 2018

Benign giant-cell synovioma, the most frequent example of which is the well-known myeloid tumour of tendon sheaths, is used as a text for the discussion of the true significance of the so-called "xanthoma" cell. These cells are the result of the phagocytosis of cholesterol esters and are of varied histogenesis. Some are undoubtedly of neoplastic origin; most of them are not, being usually histiocytic, fibrocytic, serosal or endothelial. There is no such thing as a specific xanthoma cell. The term "xanthosis" might well be used to designate this process of infiltration of tissue with cholesterol fat, and the prefix "xantho-" or the adjective "xanthic" in tumour terminology, as for example in "fibro-xantho-sarcoma," "xanthic neurofibroma," and so on.
OPEN WOUNDS OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS
Authors: Brooks Donal M. 
Published: February 2018

1. In the first 1600 of the series of peripheral nerve injuries treated during the years 1940-45 at the Peripheral Nerve Injuries Unit, Oxford, 52 per cent. were due to penetrating wounds, and 6 per cent. of these involved the brachial plexus. 2. A specific method of grouping and grading recovery is described: Group Iâlesions of the roots and trunk of C.5, 6; Group IIâlesions of the posterior cord; Group IIIâlesions of C.8, T.1, and the medial cord. 3. The recovery of cases in Group I was good, in Group II fair, and in Group III poor. 4. The brachial plexus was explored on twenty-two occasions. Only in four instances was there interruption of continuityâwhich is in striking contrast with the frequency in more distal degenerative nerve lesions in open wounds. 5. There is no evidence to suggest that neurolysis influenced motor or sensory recovery, but on one occasion it relieved persistent pain in the limb. In general the correlation between operative findings and prognosis was not precise. 6. With one exception, no recovery of consequence took place in the small muscles of the hand after a lesion in continuity, although galvanic stimulation to all paralysed muscles had been given regularly. 7. There is evidence to suggest that innervation of the biceps may not always be limited to C.5 and 6 and that in a proportion of cases C.7 may make a substantial contribution. 8. In five cases (12 per cent.) Horner's syndrome was present; the causation is discussed. 9. In every case of damage to a main vessel there was a marked tendency to joint stiffness, particularly in the hand, but on one occasion only was there evidence of ischaemic changes in the muscles and nerves. 10. The good spontaneous recovery which occurred in Groups I and II; the poor recovery in Group III even in cases where there was an apparently favourable lesion in continuity; the rarity with which division of nerves was found at operation; and the discouraging results of repair in three cases; make it necessary to conclude that routine exploration of open wounds of the brachial plexus is neither profitable nor justifiable.
DE QUERVAIN'S DISEASE
Authors: Keon-Cohen Bryan 
Published: February 2018

1. In patients who develop de Quervain's disease variations from the standard pattern of tendons at the wrist are the rule rather than the exception. 2. Conservative treatment is of no value. 3. Adequate exposure, allowing full recognition of all anatomical structures in the region, is advisable, but branches of the radial nerve must be treated with respect. 4. The extensor pollicis brevis tendon is normally small and may pass through a separate osteofibrous canal. 5. Though incision only of the stenosing tendon sheaths may be sufficient, thorough excision is more certain and does no harm.
ISCHIO-FEMORAL ARTHRODESIS BY THE POSTERIOR APPROACH
Authors: Cholmeley J. A. , Nangle E. J. 
Published: February 2018

1. The indications for ischio-femoral arthrodesis are considered. 2. The technique of operation through an open posterior approach is described. 3. Indications for the modified Trumble operation are given. 4. The results of ischio-femoral arthrodesis in a series of forty-seven patients (mostly suffering from tuberculous hip disease) are presented. 5. The writers consider that ischio-femoral arthrodesis is the operation of choice in tuberculous disease of the hip, especially in children.
TENDER HEEL DUE TO PAGET'S DISEASE
Authors: Murray J. G. 
Published: February 2018

1. Two cases of Paget's disease of the calcaneum are reported; in both, the primary complaint was of pain in the heel. 2. In the first case there were no demonstrable lesions elsewhere, but in the second the typical radiographic appearances of Paget's disease were shown in other bones. 3. The literature on the subject is briefly reviewed.
ON THE TENDON OF THE SUBCLAVIUS MUSCLE
Authors: Cave A. J. E. , Brown R. Warwick 
Published: February 2018

1. The descriptive anatomy of the tendinous component of the subclavius muscle is amplified. 2. The subclavius tendon comprises a shorter, medial pars libera, continuous with a longer, narrower, more lateral pars paramuscularis. This last may be prolonged further laterally by two or three tendinous fasciculi. 3. Both parts of the subclavius tendon are constant. By tenodesis they provide, on the average, one and a half to two inches of material eminently suitable for employment in the functional replacement of a damaged costo-clavicular ligament.