bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gidsen voor het wetgeven in de Benelux en Latijns Europa – een poging tot een rechtsculturele benadering
Authors: Konijnenbelt W. 
Published: March 2018

Gidsen voor het wetgeven in de Benelux en Latijns Europa – een poging tot een rechtsculturele benadering
De 25 jaar oude Aanwijzingen voor de regelgeving (Ar) gaan terug op een VAR-rapport uit 1948. Ze zijn grotendeels overgenomen in Suriname, Aruba, Curaçao en Sint Maarten. De Belgische ‘Beginselen van de wetgevingstechniek’, opgesteld door de Raad van State, zijn doorgaans veel gedetailleerder dan de Ar en bevatten vaak uitleggende beschouwingen. Ze betreffen uitsluitend de wetgevingstechniek en de keus tussen de vele typen wettelijke regelingen die het land kent. Luxemburg heeft geen officiële gids voor het regelgeven, maar wel een ‘traité’ van de hand van de secretaris-generaal van de Raad van State met praktische en overzichtelijke regelgevingstechnische aanwijzingen, geïnspireerd door de Belgische ‘Beginselen’ en de Franse wetgevingspraktijk. Frankrijk heeft een gids voor de legistiek in de vorm van een omvangrijke digitale ‘kaartenbak’, samengesteld door de Raad van State en het secretariaat-generaal van de regering. Het gaat over zaken als verstandig regelgeven, de keus voor een bepaald type regeling en wetgevingstechniek. Veel zaken zijn hier, evenals in België, een stuk ingewikkelder dan in Nederland. Italië heeft een heel beknopte set van 37 wetgevingstechnische regels, vastgesteld door de kanselarij en overgenomen door beide Kamers, die een heel andere wetgevingscultuur verraden dan wij gewend zijn. Spanje ten slotte kent ongeveer honderd richtlijnen voor de wetgevingstechniek, vastgesteld door de regering, aangenaam duidelijk en beknopt. Een Spaanse wettelijke regeling is in beginsel strak gestructureerd, maar kent vaak diverse ‘loshangende’ slotbepalingen. Er is veel aandacht voor eenvoudige en duidelijke taal. Afgesloten wordt met enkele rechtsculturele indrukken en enige aan de besproken buitenlandse gidsen ontleende suggesties voor verdere verbetering van de Ar.
100 Ideeën en 1 suggestie voor de Aanwijzingen
Authors: Corver D. 
Published: March 2018

100 Ideeën en 1 suggestie voor de Aanwijzingen
Voor de meeste gemeentejuristen is het schrijven van regelgeving iets dat ze er slechts sporadisch bij doen. Het is dan ook een goede zaak dat hun een helpende hand wordt toegestoken met de 100 Ideeën voor de gemeentelijke regelgever, opgesteld door Willem Konijnenbelt en uitgegeven door de VNG. In deze bijdrage wordt eerst kort nader ingegaan op de 100 Ideeën, alvorens drie verschillen tussen de 100 Ideeën en de Aanwijzingen voor de regelgeving (Ar) te bespreken en twee punten van kritiek ten aanzien van de 100 Ideeën. Tot slot volgt ook nog een suggestie ter verdere verbetering van de Ar.
Managing human impacts across diverse marine environments
Authors: Robson Laura M , Carter Anita J , Last Ellen , Peckett Frances J , Hill Elly 
Published: March 2018

As an island nation, the UK is surrounded by water, spanning from the coast and intertidal, to the circalittoral and deep-sea. Understanding the changing condition and resilience of marine biodiversity within these vastly different water masses is of key importance to understanding both the impacts of, and how to best manage, human activities whilst enabling continued sustainable development.
One of the biggest challenges to understanding biodiversity state is the lack of time-series data, particularly in areas where long-term monitoring has not yet been implemented around our offshore (>12nm) and deep-sea waters. To manage this, the UK’s Joint Nature Conservation Committee are further developing spatial mapping proxy methods, gathering data on human activity presence, pressures caused by these activities, and the associated sensitivity of biodiversity to these pressures, to understand key areas of risk. Whilst evidence for these assessments is becoming more widely available for offshore waters, there is a large evidence gap on deep-sea biodiversity sensitivity, and understanding how to manage this little-studied environment. With ongoing pressures from fishing and oil and gas activity, and future threats from deep-sea mining, this is a key area of research which is urgently needed to help develop effective and sustainable management measures.
Recent Progress in Organic Electrodes for Li and Na Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Lee Sechan , Kwon Giyun , Ku Kyojin , Yoon Kyungho , Jung Sung‐Kyun , Lim Hee‐Dae , Kang Kisuk 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOrganic rechargeable batteries, which use organics as electrodes, are excellent candidates for next‐generation energy storage systems because they offer design flexibility due to the rich chemistry of organics while being eco‐friendly and potentially cost efficient. However, their widespread usage is limited by intrinsic problems such as poor electronic conductivity, easy dissolution into liquid electrolytes, and low volumetric energy density. New types of organic electrode materials with various redox centers or molecular structures have been developed over the past few decades. Moreover, research aimed at enhancing electrochemical properties via chemical tuning has been at the forefront of organic rechargeable batteries research in recent years, leading to significant progress in their performance. Here, an overview of the current developments of organic rechargeable batteries is presented, with a brief history of research in this field. Various strategies for improving organic electrode materials are discussed with respect to tuning intrinsic properties of organics using molecular modification and optimizing their properties at the electrode level. A comprehensive understanding of the progress in organic electrode materials is provided along with the fundamental science governing their performance in rechargeable batteries thus a guide is presented to the optimal design strategies to improve the electrochemical performance for next‐generation battery systems.
Metal–Organic Frameworks for Separation
Authors: Zhao Xiang , Wang Yanxiang , Li Dong‐Sheng , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSeparation is an important industrial step with critical roles in the chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and nuclear industries, as well as in many other fields. Although much progress has been made, the development of better separation technologies, especially through the discovery of high‐performance separation materials, continues to attract increasing interest due to concerns over factors such as efficiency, health and environmental impacts, and the cost of existing methods. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a rapidly expanding family of crystalline porous materials, have shown great promise to address various separation challenges due to their well‐defined pore size and unprecedented tunability in both composition and pore geometry. In the past decade, extensive research is performed on applications of MOF materials, including separation and capture of many gases and vapors, and liquid‐phase separation involving both liquid mixtures and solutions. MOFs also bring new opportunities in enantioselective separation and are amenable to morphological control such as fabrication of membranes for enhanced separation outcomes. Here, some of the latest progress in the applications of MOFs for several key separation issues, with emphasis on newly synthesized MOF materials and the impact of their compositional and structural features on separation properties, are reviewed and highlighted.
Uniaxial Alignment of Conjugated Polymer Films for High‐Performance Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Khim Dongyoon , Luzio Alessandro , Bonacchini Giorgio Ernesto , Pace Giuseppina , Lee Mi‐Jung , Noh Yong‐Young , Caironi Mario 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPolymer semiconductors have been experiencing a remarkable improvement in electronic and optoelectronic properties, which are largely related to the recent development of a vast library of high‐performance, donor–acceptor copolymers showing alternation of chemical moieties with different electronic affinities along their backbones. Such steady improvement is making conjugated polymers even more appealing for large‐area and flexible electronic applications, from distributed and portable electronics to healthcare devices, where cost‐effective manufacturing, light weight, and ease of integration represent key benefits. Recently, a strong boost to charge carrier mobility in polymer‐based field‐effect transistors, consistently achieving the range from 1.0 to 10 cm2 V−1 s−1 for both holes and electrons, has been given by uniaxial backbone alignment of polymers in thin films, inducing strong transport anisotropy and favoring enhanced transport properties along the alignment direction. Herein, an overview on this topic is provided with a focus on the processing–structure–property relationships that enable the controlled and uniform alignment of polymer films over large areas with scalable processes. The key aspects are specific molecular structures, such as planarized backbones with a reduced degree of conformational disorder, solution formulation with controlled aggregation, and deposition techniques inducing suitable directional flow.
Controllable Photoluminescent and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Polymerizable Carbon Dots and Their Arbitrary Copolymerized Gel Glasses
Authors: Ren Junkai , Sun Xingming , Wang Yunfeng , Song Rui , Xie Zheng , Zhou Shuyun , Chen Ping 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this work, an efficient method is developed to prepare silane‐functionalized red‐emissive carbon dots and carbon dots gel glasses with arbitrary loading fraction (0–100%). The as‐prepared materials possess strong photoluminescence and significant third‐order nonlinear optical performances. The optical properties can be tuned by either changing solvents and pH of the solution or adjusting the loading fractions of carbon dots in gel glasses. In particular, the photoluminescence of the carbon dots and their polymerized glasses can be linearly modulated from yellow to red emission by increasing the loading fraction of carbon dots or the polarity of solvent. It is also found that the chemical copolymerization leads to superior optical properties of gel glasses to that of the carbon dots solution, because the copolymerization endows stable immobilization of carbon dots in a rigid matrix. This study provides a feasible method to prepare optoelectronic hybrid materials and devices.
Selective Activation of a Prodrug by Thioredoxin Reductase Providing a Strategy to Target Cancer Cells
Authors: Li Xinming , Hou Yanan , Meng Xianke , Ge Chunpo , Ma Huilong , Li Jin , Fang Jianguo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractElevated reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense systems have been recognized as one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. As a major regulator of the cellular redox homeostasis, the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is increasingly considered as a promising target for anticancer drug development. The current approach to inhibit TrxR predominantly relies on the modification of the selenocysteine residue in the C‐terminal active site of the enzyme, in which it is hard to avoid the off‐target effects. By conjugating the anticancer drug gemcitabine with a 1,2‐dithiolane scaffold, an unprecedented prodrug strategy is disclosed that achieves a specific release of gemcitabine by TrxR in cells. As overexpression of TrxR is frequently found in different types of tumors, the TrxR‐dependent prodrugs are promising for further development as cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
Development of new extraction method based on liquid–liquid–liquid extraction followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for extraction of three tricyclic antidepressants in plasma samples
Authors: Farajzadeh Mir Ali , Abbaspour Maryam 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn the present study, a new extraction method based on a three–phase system, liquid–liquid–liquid extraction, followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction has been developed and validated for the extraction and preconcentration of three commonly prescribed tricyclic antidepressant drugs – amitriptyline, imipramine, and clomipramine – in human plasma prior to their analysis by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection. The three phases were an aqueous phase (plasma), acetonitrile and n–hexane. The extraction mechanism was based on the different affinities of components of the biological sample (lipids, fatty acids, pharmaceuticals, inorganic ions, etc.) toward each of the phases. This provided high selectivity toward the analytes since most interferences were transferred into n–hexane. In this procedure, a homogeneous solution of the aqueous phase (plasma) and acetonitrile (water–soluble extraction solvent) was broken by adding sodium sulfate (as a phase separating agent) and the analytes were extracted into the fine droplets of the formed acetonitrile. Next, acetonitrile phase was mixed with 1,2–dibromoethane (as a preconcentration solvent at microliter level) and then the microextraction procedure mentioned above was performed for further enrichment of the analytes. Under the optimum extraction conditions, limits of detection and lower limits of quantification for the analytes were obtained in the ranges of 0.001–0.003 and 0.003–0.010 μg mL−1, respectively. The obtained extraction recoveries were in the range of 79–98%. Intra– and inter–day precisions were < 7.5%. The validated method was successfully applied for determination of the selected drugs in human plasma samples obtained from the patients who received them.
Unusual Circularly Polarized and Aggregation‐Induced Near‐Infrared Phosphorescence of Helical Platinum(II) Complexes with Tetradentate Salen Ligands
Authors: Song Jintong , Wang Man , Zhou Xiangge , Xiang Haifeng 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA series of chiral and helical PtII‐Salen complexes with 1,1′‐binaphthyl linkers were synthesized and characterized. Owing to the restriction of intramolecular motions of central 1,1′‐binaphthyls, the complexes exhibit unusual near‐infrared aggregation‐induced phosphorescence (AIP). The (R)/(S) enantiopure complexes were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, circular dichroism spectra, time‐dependent density functional theory calculations, and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). The present work explores the use of tetradentate ligands that can be easily prepared from commercially available enantiopure compounds, and the subsequent preparation of stable CPL‐active square planar PtII complexes with AIP effect that may have interest in many applications.
Experimental versus theoretical log D7.4, pKa and plasma protein binding values for benzodiazepines appearing as new psychoactive substances
Authors: Manchester Kieran R. , Maskell Peter D. , Waters Laura 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe misuse of benzodiazepines as new psychoactive substances is an increasing problem around the world. Basic physicochemical and pharmacokinetic data is required on these substances to interpret and predict their effects upon humans. Experimental log D7.4, pKa and plasma protein binding values were determined for 11 benzodiazepines that have recently appeared as new psychoactive substances (3‐hydroxyphenazepam, 4′‐chlorodiazepam, desalkylflurazepam, deschloroetizolam, diclazepam, etizolam, flubromazepam, flubromazolam, meclonazepam, phenazepam, and pyrazolam) and compared with values generated by various software packages (ACD/I‐lab, MarvinSketch, ADMET Predictor and PreADMET). ACD/I‐LAB returned the most accurate values for log D7.4 and plasma protein binding while ADMET Predictor returned the most accurate values for pKa. Large variations in predictive errors were observed between compounds. Experimental values are currently preferable and desirable as they may aid with the future ‘training’ of predictive models for these new psychoactive substances.
Long‐term persistence of horse fecalDNAin the environment makes equids particularly good candidates for noninvasive sampling
Authors: King Sarah R. B. , Schoenecker Kathryn A. , Fike Jennifer A. , Oyler‐McCance Sara J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFecalDNAcollected noninvasively can provide valuable information about genetic and ecological characteristics. This approach has rarely been used for equids, despite the need for conservation of endangered species and management of abundant feral populations. We examined factors affecting the efficacy of using equid fecal samples for conservation genetics. First, we evaluated two fecal collection methods (paper bag vs. ethanol). Then, we investigated how time since deposition and month of collection impacted microsatellite amplification success and genotyping errors. Between May and November 2014, we collected feral horse fecal samples of known age each month in a feral horse Herd Management Area in western Colorado and documented deterioration in the field with photographs. Samples collected and dried in paper bags had significantly higher amplification rates than those collected and stored in ethanol. There was little difference in the number of loci that amplified per sample between fresh fecal piles and those that had been exposed to the environment for up to 2 months (in samples collected in paper bags). After 2 months of exposure, amplification success declined. When comparing fresh (0–2 months) and old (3–6 months) fecal piles, samples from fresh piles had more matching genotypes across samples, better amplification success and less allelic dropout. Samples defecated during the summer and collected within 2 months of deposition had highest number of genotypes matching among samples, and lowest rates of amplification failure and allelic dropout. Due to the digestive system and amount of fecal material produced by equids, as well as their occurrence in arid ecosystems, we suggest that they are particularly good candidates for noninvasive sampling using fecalDNA.
Exposure to national flags reduces tax evasion: Evidence from the United States, Australia, and Britain
Authors: Chan Eugene Y. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThere have been numerous theories from numerous academic fields explaining why individuals engage in tax evasion. Drawing broadly on Social Identity Theory, we predict that exposure to one's national flag can reduce tax evasion by making salient one's national identity, motivating one to sacrifice one's self‐interests for one's country—which would presumably include paying one's fair share of taxes. In three experiments, we found that exposure to American, Australian, and British flags reduced Americans', Australians', and Britons' tax evasion in financially incentivized tasks (Experiments 1, 3) and increased tax‐paying attitudes (Experiment 2). The effects arose because flag primes made salient participants' national identities that then motivated them to help their country. We ruled out social norms and trust in authorities as alternative explanations. As such, flag primes might reduce tax evasion and in doing so improve the economic and societal welfare of a country.
Ordered Mesoporous Carbons Loading on Sulfonated Graphene by Multi‐Components Co‐Assembly for Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Lu Suhui , Guo Kunkun , Xie Yi , Ning Jiale 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOrdered mesoporous carbons (OMC) loading on sulfonated graphene (OMC/SG) have been fabricated by multi‐components co‐assembly followed by thermal polymerization and carbonization. OMC/SG composites possess the hierarchically ordered hexagonal mesostructure with the lattice unit parameter and porous diameter about 10 nm and 4 nm, respectively. Sulfonated graphene is integrated into the interpenetrated network structures via covalent bonding and hydrogen bonding, as well as is highly dispersed in OMC matrix. OMC/SG composite shows a specific surface area high up to 1708.78 m2 g−1, and a mesoporous ratio as high as 80 %. Meanwhile, the obtained OMC/SG exhibits a specific capacitance as high as 314.2 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1, while OMC based electrode is only 196.6 F g−1. In addition, the resultant OMC/SG composites display good rate capability (70 % of the capacitance retained at current density high up to 100 A g−1), and an excellent cycling stability (no capacitance loss over 5000 cycles). In particular, the surface capacitance of OMC/SG (Cs) increases up to 18.4 μF cm−2 at 1 A g−1. These optimized interconnected porous structures in the OMC/SG composites are favorable to the accessibility, rapid diffusion of aqueous electrolytes, while sulfonated graphene can also facilitate the transport of electrons and provide better interface wettability of electrodes with electrolytes, thereby leading to an excellent energy storage performance.
Using the applied element method for modelling calcium silicate brick masonry subjected to in‐plane cyclic loading
Authors: Malomo Daniele , Pinho Rui , Penna Andrea 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe response of calcium silicate unreinforced masonry construction to horizontal cyclic loading has recently become the focus of experimental and numerical research, given its extensive use in some areas of the world that are now exposed to induced earthquakes (eg, north of the Netherlands). To assess the seismic behaviour of such construction, a relatively wide range of modelling methodologies are available, amongst which the discrete elements approach, which takes into account the intrinsic heterogeneity of a brick‐mortar assembly, can probably be deemed as the most appropriate computational procedure. On the other hand, however, since discrete elements numerical methods are based on a discontinuum domain, often they are not able to model every stage of the structural response adequately, and because of the high computational burden required, the analysis scale should be chosen carefully. The applied element method is a relatively recent addition to the discrete elements family, with a high potential for overcoming the aforementioned limitations or difficulties. Initially conceived to model blast events and concrete structures, its use in the earthquake engineering field is, of late, increasing noticeably. In this paper, the use of the applied element method to model the in‐plane cyclic response of calcium silicate masonry walls is discussed and scrutinised, also through the comparison with experimental results of in‐plane cyclic shear‐compression tests on unreinforced masonry walls.
Multiproxy records of Holocene millennial‐scale climatic variations from the aeolian deposit in eastern Horqin dune field, northeastern China
Authors: Liu Bing , Jin Heling , Sun Liangying , Niu Qinghe , Zhang Caixia , Xue Wenping , Liu Zhengyu 
Published: March 2018

The record of the Holocene millennial‐scale climate variations from the aeolian deposit around the monsoonal boundary zone in northern China is poorly understood because the desert sediments are usually scattered and geological archives are discontinuous. Here, we conducted magnetic, sedimentological, and geochemical analyses of the palaeosol‐aeolian sand sequence from the eastern Horqin dune field in northeastern China, which documented the detailed history of climatic variations during the past 7.0 ka. The results indicate that the climate became more humid around 7.0−5.0 ka and approached an optimal humid condition around 5.0–3.6 cal ka BP. Afterward, the moisture condition clearly declined in 3.6–1.3 cal ka BP and was replaced by dry climate at the end. Additionally, we discovered that 10 periodically dry events that punctuated the overall pattern of climatic variations in the region, with times of more than 7.0, 5.7–5.5, 5.5–5.0, 4.6–4.2, 4.2–3.7, 3.6, 3.5–3.3, and 1.3 cal ka BP. These intervals were not only very consistent with the dry/cold events in the monsoonal boundary zone of northern China, owing to weak summer monsoonal strength forced by solar radiation, but were also accordant with the increased Asian winter monsoon strengths induced by environment variations of the high latitude area. This phenomenon probably implies the antiphase relationship between Asian summer and winter monsoons on the Holocene millennial‐scale around the monsoonal boundary zone of northern China.