bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preservation of the Moringa oleifera Constituents by Freeze-drying
Authors: Do N. Silva Semirames , A. C. Almeida Francisco , Gomes Josivanda P. , Santos Newton C. , Gomes Damião J. , Barros Sâmela L. , Almeida Raphael L. J. , Wanderley Roberta S. O. , Ribeiro Victor H. A. , Silva Virgínia M. A. 
Published: May 2019

Aims: Moringa oleifera is an edible plant. A wide variety of nutritional and medicinal virtues have been attributed to its roots, barks, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. The objective of this research was to evaluate the preservation of the constituents of the powder obtained from the moringa seeds by freeze-drying comparing it with the in natura (natural extract).
Place and Duration of Study: The work was conducted at the Laboratory of Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil, in the period from August to November 2018.
Methodology: The seeds were peeled and macerated manually. Freeze-drying was done in a Liotop® L101 benchtop freeze drier. After dehydration the samples were disintegrated and the physical and physico-chemical constituents were evaluated before and after freeze-drying in terms of apparent density, real density, porosity, compacted density, compressibility index, Hausner factor, solubility, moisture content and activity, ash, titratable total acidity, pH, protein, lipids and carbohydrates.
Results: The in natura powder presented better results for the physical analyzes of the densities: apparent, real and compacted, however, it was observed that for the other physical parameters and physicochemical constituents the freeze-drying promoted the preservation of these in front of the in natura. Freeze-drying caused a significant reduction in moisture content, pH and lipid activity, making the powders more stable and contributing to the maintenance of their physico-chemical qualities. The inverse was observed for the ash, protein and carbohydrate contents, where freeze-drying promoted increases in their contents.
Conclusion: Freeze-drying presents as an appropriate method in the preservation of moringa constituents, with emphasis on physicochemical.
Concentrations and Risk Evaluation of Selected Heavy Metals in Amaranthus (L.) Leaf Cultivated in Katsina State, North West Nigeria
Authors: Yaradua A. I. , Alhassan A. J. , Nasir A. , Matazu K. I. , Usman A. , Idi A. , Muhammad I. U. , Yaro S. A. , Muhammad Y. Y. 
Published: May 2019

Bioaccumulation of seven heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn) in Amaranthus leaf cultivated in Katsina state Nigeria were measured using atomic absorption spectrometer. The health risks to the local inhabitants from the consumption of the Amaranthus leaf were evaluated based on the Target Hazard Quotient. The possibility of cancer risks in the Amaranthus (L.) leaf through the intake of carcinogenic heavy metals was estimated using the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk. The target hazard quotient was (THQ)>1, indicating that the Amaranthus leaf cultivated may pose a non-carcinogenic risk for all the studied metals. Hazard index (HI) was low. The incremental cancer risk (ILCR) for Cd violated the threshold risk limit (>10−4) and ILCR for Pb reached the moderate risk limit (>10−3) in all the studied samples in adults, While in children ILCR for both Pb in samples from Dabai, Daura, Funtua, Matazu and Zango and Cd for all samples have reached the moderate risk limit (>10−3), while the ILCR for Pb in samples from Birchi, Dutsinma, Kafur, Katsina and Malunfashi are beyond the moderate risk level (>10−2). The study suggests that consumption of Amaranthus leaf cultivated in Katsina may contribute to the population cancer burden.
Use of Micafungin for the Management of a Cluster of Invasive Aspergillosis in Children with Cancer
Authors: Caselli Désirée , Galli Luisa , Tondo Annalisa , Cuzzubbo Daniela , Casini Tommaso , Simone Lorena Di , Tamburini Angela , Bambi Franco , Tucci Fabio , Aricò Maurizio 
Published: May 2019

Background: Progressive increase of the capacity to cure children with cancer makes their rescue from life-threatening infectious complications, such as invasive fungal infections, a compelling challenge. Local outbreak among patients at risk may occur, and the optimal strategy for their management, including prophylactic regimens, is not defined.
Purpose: We describe our experience in the use of micafungin to break a cluster of invasive aspergillosis in children and adolescent with cancer.
Methods: Since study start, all in-patients who had severe neutropenia (<500/mm3) received prophylaxis with micafungin (1 mg/kg; ≤50 mg) daily i.v. until discharge. Serial testing of galactomannan was used as screening test for invasive aspergillosis; lung computed tomography was performed in patients who tested positive at repeated assay.
Results: Among 27 patients enrolled, one was excluded due to breakthrough invasive aspergillosis diagnosed on day 2. The remaining 26 patients were observed for a minimum of 90 days. Four patients had one positive galactomannan test; this was confirmed at second (but not at third) serial assay in a single patient. None of the patients developed invasive aspergillosis. The drug was very well tolerated, with no side effects related to micafungin administration. The total cost of the drug used for this “prophylaxis” in the study patients was €30.451, with a mean cost per patient of €1.133.
Conclusions: “Prophylactic” use of micafungin was safe, feasible and turned out to be associated with breaking the cluster of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic patients exposed to an environmental risk. The pharmaco-economic evaluation also turned to be highly favorable.
Structural Characterization of Mint (Mentha x villosa Huds) Stem and Leaf
Authors: Bezerra Ana Carolina , Barbosa Luana da Silva , Flávio Cardoso Zuza José , Forte de Oliveira Agda Malany , Azevedo Camila Firmino de 
Published: May 2019

Aims: The objective of this study was to identify the structural characteristics of the shoots of Mentha x villosa Huds and also, identify the main structures responsible for the production of active principles.
Methodology: The analyzes were performed with stems and leaves from adult and healthy plants, which presented a uniform morphological pattern. The materials selected for the anatomical analyzes were fixed in FAA for 24 hours and after this period conditioned in 70% alcohol. Cross-sections and paradermic sections were manually made with a cutting blade. For sections analysis, 1% sodium hypochlorite was used for discoloration and safranine 10% dye for tissue staining.
Results: The leaf of Mentha x villosa Huds presents asymmetric mesophyll, formed by palisade and lacunar parenchyma, and uniseriate epidermis. The diacytic stomata are located on the abaxial surface of the leaves with different sizes, all having a substomatal chamber. On both sides of leaves, glandular trichomes were observed in great quantity. The leaf midrib is formed by a large vascular bundle, with xylem facing the adaxial surface and phloem facing the abaxial surface. The stem presents uniseriate epidermis and below it can be found one or two layers of colenchyma. The vascular bundle consists of four main xylem points, and externally to it is found the phloem, which gives the quadrangular shape to the stem. Mentha x villosa Huds has characteristics that are common to aromatic species of the Lamiaceae family, which makes its characterization and differentiation difficult, as for example, its secretory structures which do not have taxonomic importance for differentiation on this species, since they are similar in other species of the same family.
Conclusion: However, Mentha x villosa has a larger number of cell layers in the lacunar parenchyma, which is an important characteristic for the differentiation of species.
STEM Revisited: A Paradigm Shift in Teaching and Learning the Science Related Disciplines
Authors: Koutsopoulos K. C. 
Published: May 2019

For an appropriate way to deal with teaching and learning the Science Related Disciplines (SRD) there is an axiomatic need to accept an integrated-holistic approach both in terms of the way we regard them and of how we practice them. As a result of that need, this paper presents a multi-prong proposition to substantiate that teaching and learning of the SRD have recently undergone a paradigm shift from a Relational Literacies approach, based on searching for knowledge, and which in turn has replaced the traditional Independent Disciplines approach, based on transmitting knowledge, towards an integrated-holistic approach, bringing education into the new Integrated Competences paradigm, which is based on formulating knowledge and which should be understood as representing the confrontation of the Science Related Disciplines with the real world and its conditions.
Effect of Boiling and Fermentation on Physicochemical Properties, Fatty Acid and Micronutrients Composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) Seeds
Authors: Chukwu Charles Nnanna , Ogunka-Nnoka Charity Uchechi , Akaninwor Joyce Oronne 
Published: May 2019

Aim: To ascertain the effects of boiling and fermentation on the physicochemical properties, fatty acid, mineral and vitamin composition of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) seeds.
Study Design: Completely randomized design
Place and Duration of Study: Rivers and Anambra states, Nigeria, between February and September, 2018.
Methodology: Two portions of 200 grams of HS seeds each were subjected to boiling and fermentation. The three samples were designated HSR, HSB and HSF for raw, boiled and fermented HS seeds respectively. Standard methods were used in determining the physicochemical properties and micronutrient composition, while fatty acid constituents were identified using a gas chromatography.
Results: The acid, free fatty acid, peroxidase values and specific gravity were significantly increased (p<0.05), while iodine value was significantly reduced (p<0.05) after boiling and fermentation. Saponification value showed a mixed trend, while refractive index was not significantly (p>0.05) altered. Lauric (5.51–33.79%), palmitic (27.23–30.87%) and myristic (12.69–35.00%) acids were the predominant saturated fatty acids in HSR, HSB and HSF samples respectively. Oleic, linoleic, alpha-linolenic and arachidonic acids were the unsaturated fatty acids present in the samples. Boiling increased oleic acid level, while fermentation caused a drastic reduction (>90%) in its amount. Linoleic acid level improved up to 43% after fermentation. Magnesium, iron and sodium amounts significantly (p<0.05) reduced after boiling and fermentation, while zinc, calcium and molybdenum levels were significantly (p<0.05) improved after boiling. Na/K ratios for all the samples were greater than 0.60, while Ca/Mg values ranged between 0.82 and 3.46, below the recommended value (1.0). Vitamins B1, B3, B12 and D were significantly reduced (p<0.05) after boiling and fermentation, while fermentation significantly increased (p<0.05) vitamins B2, A, E and K levels.
Conclusion: HS seeds were shown to possess good physicochemical properties that can enhance its utility in the industry. Boiling and fermentation maximized the usefulness of HS seeds as quality nutritional plant.
ANALISIS KESALAHAN PENGGUNAAN SINONIMI KATA KERJA DALAM KALIMAT BAHASA TIONGHOA PADA MAHASISWA SASTRA TIONGHOA UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN PETRA
Authors: Salim Melisia , Markali Alpin Gadman , Wijaya Liejanto 
Published: May 2019

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis jenis kesalahan dan penyebab kesalahan dalam menggunakan sinonimi kata kerja ke dalam kalimat bahasa Tionghoa pada mahasiswa Program Studi Sastra Tionghoa angkatan 2015, Universitas Kristen Petra Surabaya.Pada proses pembelajaran seringkali timbul kesalahan dalam memadukan objek serta kegunaannya dari sinonimi kata kerja bahasa Tionghoa dalam kalimat, sehingga mendorong penulis untuk menganalisis lebih lanjut terhadap kesalahan penggunaan serta penyebabnya yang didasarkan pada teori sinonim bahasa Tionghoa oleh Xing dan Wang (2009). Data penelitian didapat dari tes dan wawancara. Hasil analisis tes menunjukkan bahwa subjek penelitian masih belum dapat dengan baik menentukan sasaran objek dari sinonimi tersebut apakah diikuti objek benda atau manusia. Melalui wawancara juga diketahui kesalahan didominasi oleh kesalahan interlingual. Kesalahan ini semakin jelas terlihat saat siswa menterjemahkan sinonimi bahasa Tionghoa ke dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan tidak memperhatikan batasan objek sehingga timbul kesalahan. Faktor lain datang dari siswa melakukan overgeneralisasi, mengabaikan kaidah bahasa, penerapan kaidah yang kurang sempurna, faktor dari materi pengajaran dan pengajar serta dari diri siswa.Dapat diketahui bahwa penggunaan dari sinonimi kata kerja bahasa Tionghoa masih terdapat kesulitan, selain memiliki kemiripan makna, penggunaannya juga tidak semua dapat saling menggantikan, hal ini yang dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya kesalahan penggunaan.
THE TRANSFORMATION OF EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY AMERICA
Authors: MIDDLETON SIMON 
Published: July 2002

Contested boundaries: itinerancy and the shaping of the colonial
American religious world. By Timothy D. Hall. Durham: Duke University Press, 1994.
Pp. x+196. ISBN 0-8223-1522-X. £10.97.Original meanings: politics and ideas in the making of the Constitution.
By Jack N. Rakove. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. Pp. xvi.+439.
ISBN 0-394-57858-9 £19.26.Parades and the politics of the street: festive culture in the early American
republic. By Simon P. Newman. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1997.
Pp. xiv+271. ISBN 0-8122-3399-9. £24.42.Transatlantic radicals and the early American republic. By Michael Durey.
Kansas: University of Kansas, 1997. Pp. xi+425. ISBN 0-7006-0823-0 £25.71.
Influences of yearly weather variation and fertilizer
rate on bread-making quality in Swedish grown wheats
containing HMW glutenin subunits 2+12 or 5+10
cultivated during the period 1990–96
Authors: JOHANSSON E. , SVENSSON G. 
Published: July 2002

The effects of weather and nitrogen application rate on bread volume, protein concentration and
gluten strength were investigated in spring and winter wheats in Sweden during 1990–96. The
investigation was carried out in wheats containing the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin
subunit combinations 2+12 or 5+10.The results showed that a warm (c. 20°C mean dry temperature) and dry grain-filling period, as
during 1994 and 1995, led to high gluten strength. As a relatively gentle dough mixing is normally
applied in Sweden when baking bread, excessively high gluten strength results in low bread volumes.
Wheat cultivars containing HMW glutenin subunits 5+10 generally had higher gluten strength than
those containing subunits 2+12. However, not all the cultivars containing subunits 5+10 showed
overstrong gluten properties, whereas some cultivars containing subunits 2+12 were overstrong
during 1994 and 1995. Different cultivars produced the highest gluten strength in different years.
Generally, cultivars containing HMW subunits 2+12 gave higher bread volumes than those
containing subunits 5+10. This is probably due to the Swedish baking method, where the dough is
given a relatively gentle mixing for a fixed period of time.Increased fertilizer rates led to increased protein concentration and decreased gluten strength.
However, during certain years, for example 1994, the gluten strength was only decreased slightly by
increased fertilizer rates, particularly in cultivars containing HMW glutenin subunits 5+10.
Effects of Striga hermonthica on yield components in maize
Authors: ADETIMIRIN V. O. , AKEN'OVA M. E. , KIM S. K. 
Published: July 2002

A split-plot experiment was conducted in 1992 and 1993 at Mokwa in the southern Guinea savanna
zone of Nigeria to determine the responses of maize yield components to infestation by parasitic weed
Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. and identify the most important yield components under Striga
parasitism. Infestation treatments (infested v. non-infested) and hybrids [9022-13 (highly tolerant),
8644-31 (moderately tolerant), 8321-21 (moderately susceptible) and 8338-1 (highly susceptible)] were
the main and subplots, respectively.Striga significantly reduced grain yield and all the yield components considered. Pre-flowering
stress due to Striga parasitism was higher than post-flowering stress and resulted in higher reduction
for ears per plant (44%) than reductions for other yield components (12–29%). The numbers of yield
components for which the hybrids exhibited the highest percentage reduction increased with the
degree of susceptibility to Striga. Thus, 8338-1, the highly susceptible hybrid, suffered more severe
reductions in a larger number of yield components than the other hybrids. Number of ears per plant
was a major yield component and accounted for an overwhelming proportion (R2 = 0·95) of the
variation in grain yield under Striga. Reductions in maize grain yield and its components were more
severe under the moisture stress that occurred in 1992.
Thermal stability of acid proteinases
Authors: WALSH MARIE K. , LI XIAOSHAN 
Published: July 2002

Milk-clotting enzymes are used during the production of cheese to coagulate the
casein, allowing the formation of a three-dimensional network that entraps the milk
fat. Commercially available milk-clotting enzymes differ with respect to source,
specificity, optimum pH and thermostability. All are acid proteinases that can cleave
κ-casein resulting in the coagulation of milk. Chymosin (EC 3.4.23.4) is specific for
the Phe–Met bond in κ-casein at the natural pH of milk (6·7). Recombinant chymosin
is available commercially from a variety of sources and has a maximum activity at
40 °C. Recombinant chymosins are purified from the fermentation of recombinant
strains of Aspergillus niger, Asp. oryzae or Kluyveromyces marxianus. These enzyme
preparations are chemically and functionally identical to calf chymosin. Rennets are
purified from the abomasum of bovines and can contain from 60 to 100% chymosin
with the remainder being primarily bovine pepsin (Wigley, 1996). Microbial
proteinases (EC 3.4.23.6) are generally more proteolytic than chymosin, with varying
heat stability. These enzymes liberate more non-protein N from casein and can
cleave α- and β-casein as well as κ-casein at the natural pH of milk. Acid proteinases
from Cryphonectria parasitica are more heat labile than those from Rhizomucor
miehei, which are characterized as thermostable (Ernstrom & Wong, 1974).The objective of this research was to characterize milk-clotting enzymes with
respect to thermal inactivation in skim milk. This information has applications in
milk and whey processing.
Effect of feed availability on post-milking standing time in dairy
cows
Authors: TYLER JEFF W. , FOX LARRY K. , PARISH STEVEN M. , SWAIN JOHN , JOHNSON DENNIS L. , GRASSESCHI HELEN A. , GANT RODERICK 
Published: July 2002

Control programmes for contagious mastitis pathogens, primarily

Streptococcus
agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus, consisting of milking

hygiene, treatment or
isolation of infected cows and post-milking teat disinfection are relatively

effective
(McDonald, 1970; Natzke, 1977; Fox & Gay, 1993). Similar control programmes
are
often ineffective in the prevention of intramammary infections caused by

environmental bacteria (Eberhart, 1977; Smith et al.
1985; Erskine et al. 1991; Smith
& Hogan, 1993). This disparity of success relates to the fact that
the
principal source of environmental mastitis pathogens is the cow's
environment,
rather than another
cow with an intramammary infection (Eberhart, 1977; Smith et al.

1985). Infections
of environmental origin are particularly noteworthy because they may remain

common in well managed herds, and these infections often cause severe clinical
signs
and high case fatality rates (Eberhart, 1977; Smith et al. 1985;

Erskine et al. 1991; Smith & Hogan, 1993).Control programmes for environmental mastitis usually include premilking
teat
disinfection, decreased use of water in udder preparation, increased
concentrations of
dietary vitamin E and selenium, improved sanitation of the environment
and
modification of cow behaviour in the post-milking period (Eberhart, 1977;
Smith
et al. 1984, 1985; Weiss et al. 1990; Erskine
et al. 1991; Smith & Hogan, 1993).
Environmental infections are thought to result when bacteria lacking specific

virulence factors penetrate the teat sphincter (Eberhart
et al. 1979; Smith et al.
1985). The bulk of these exposures are thought to occur between milkings.
Control
of these infections is problematic because the cow's teat sphincter

remains open after
mechanical milking (McDonald, 1975a). Presumably, cows are predisposed
to
intramammary infections when the open teat sphincter is exposed when cows
lie
down. Hence, dairy managers are advised to offer fresh feed to cows immediately

after milking to increase the likelihood that the teat sphincter will close
at least
partly before cows become recumbent.The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of feed availability

on post-milking behaviour in dairy cows. Specifically, the measured
dependent variable was
the length of time that cows remained standing after leaving the milking
parlour.
Peter's Throne and Augustine's Chair: Rome and Canterbury
from Baldwin (1184–90) to Robert Winchelsey (1297–1313)
Authors: SAYERS JANE 
Published: July 2002

The arrival of St Augustine in England from Rome in 597 was an
event of profound significance, for it marked the beginnings of
relations between Rome and Canterbury. To later generations this
came to mean relations between the papacy in its universal role, hence the
throne of St Peter, and the metropolitical see of Canterbury and the
cathedral priory of Christ Church, for the chair of St Augustine was
the seat of both a metropolitan and an abbot. The archiepiscopal see and
the cathedral priory were inextricably bound in a unique way.Relations with Rome had always been particularly close, both between
the archbishops and the pope and between the convent and the pope. The
cathedral church of Canterbury was dedicated to the Saviour (Christ
Church) as was the papal cathedral of the Lateran. Gregory had sent the
pallium to Augustine in sign of his metropolitan rank. There had been
correspondence with Rome from the first. In Eadmer's account of the old
Anglo-Saxon church, it was built in the Roman fashion, as Bede testifies,
imitating the church of the blessed Peter, prince of the Apostles, in which
the most sacred relics in the whole world are venerated. Even more
precisely, the confessio of St Peter was copied at Canterbury. As Eadmer
says, ‘From the choir of the singers one went up to the two altars (of Christ
and of St Wilfrid) by some steps, since there was a crypt underneath, what
the Romans call a confessio, built like the confessio of St Peter.’ (Eadmer
had both visited Rome in 1099 and witnessed the fire that destroyed the
old cathedral some thirty years before in 1067.) And there, in the confessio,
Eadmer goes on to say, Alfege had put the head of St Swithun and there
were many other relics. The confessio in St Peter's had been constructed
by Pope Gregory the Great and contained the body of the prince of the
Apostles and it was in a niche here that the pallia were put before the
ceremony of the vesting, close to the body of St Peter. There may be, too,
another influence from Rome and old St Peter's on the cathedral at
Canterbury. The spiral columns in St Anselm's crypt at Canterbury,
which survived the later fire of 1174, and are still standing, were possibly
modelled on those that supported St Peter's shrine. These twisted
columns were believed to have been brought to Rome from the Temple
of Solomon. At the end of the sixth century, possibly due to Gregory the
Great, they were arranged to form an iconostasis-like screen before the
apostle's shrine. Pope Gregory III in the eighth century had added an
outer screen of six similar columns, the present of the Byzantine Exarch,
of which five still survive. They are practically the only relics of the old
basilica to have been preserved in the new Renaissance St Peter's.