bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Involvement of the Octadecanoid Pathway and Protein Phosphorylation in Fungal Elicitor-Induced Expression of Terpenoid Indole Alkaloid Biosynthetic Genes in Catharanthus roseus
Authors: Menke Frank L.H. , Parchmann Stefanie , Mueller Martin J. , Kijne Jan W. , Memelink Johan 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Two key genes in terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis,Tdc and Str, encoding tryptophan decarboxylase and strictosidine synthase, respectively, are coordinately induced by fungal elicitors in suspension-culturedCatharanthus roseus cells. We have studied the roles of the jasmonate biosynthetic pathway and of protein phosphorylation in signal transduction initiated by a partially purified elicitor from yeast extract. In addition to activating Tdc andStr gene expression, the elicitor also induced the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid. The jasmonate precursor α-linolenic acid or methyl jasmonate (MeJA) itself induced Tdc andStr gene expression when added exogenously . Diethyldithiocarbamic acid, an inhibitor of jasmonate biosynthesis, blocked both the elicitor-induced formation of jasmonic acid and the activation of terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic genes. The protein kinase inhibitor K-252a abolished both elicitor-induced jasmonate biosynthesis and MeJA-induced Tdc and Strgene expression. Analysis of the expression of Strpromoter/gusA fusions in transgenic C. roseus cells showed that the elicitor and MeJA act at the transcriptional level. These results demonstrate that the jasmonate biosynthetic pathway is an integral part of the elicitor-triggered signal transduction pathway that results in the coordinate expression of the Tdc and Str genes and that protein kinases act both upstream and downstream of jasmonates.
Extracellular Carbonic Anhydrase Facilitates Carbon Dioxide Availability for Photosynthesis in the Marine DinoflagellateProrocentrum micans
Authors: Nimer Nabil A. , Brownlee Colin , Merrett Michael J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
This study investigated inorganic carbon accumulation in relation to photosynthesis in the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans. Measurement of the internal inorganic carbon pool showed a 10-fold accumulation in relation to external dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Dextran-bound sulfonamide (DBS), which inhibited extracellular carbonic anhydrase, caused more than 95% inhibition of DIC accumulation and photosynthesis. We used real-time imaging of living cells with confocal laser scanning microscopy and a fluorescent pH indicator dye to measure transient pH changes in relation to inorganic carbon availability. When steady-state photosynthesizing cells were DIC limited, the chloroplast pH decreased from 8.3 to 6.9 and cytosolic pH decreased from 7.7 to 7.1. Re-addition of HCO3− led to a rapid re-establishment of the steady-state pH values abolished by DBS. The addition of DBS to photosynthesizing cells under steady-state conditions resulted in a transient increase in intracellular pH, with photosynthesis maintained for 6 s, the amount of time needed for depletion of the intracellular inorganic carbon pool. These results demonstrate the key role of extracellular carbonic anhydrase in facilitating the availability of CO2 at the exofacial surface of the plasma membrane necessary to maintain the photosynthetic rate. The need for a CO2-concentrating mechanism at ambient CO2 concentrations may reflect the difference in the specificity factor of ribulose-1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in dinoflagellates compared with other algal phyla.
Identification of the Soluble Starch Synthase Activities of Maize Endosperm1
Authors: Cao Heping , Imparl-Radosevich Jennifer , Guan Hanping , Keeling Peter L. , James Martha G. , Myers Alan M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study identified the complement of soluble starch synthases (SSs) present in developing maize (Zea mays) endosperm. The product of thedu1 gene, DU1, was shown to be one of the two major soluble SSs. The C-terminal 450 residues of DU1 comprise eight sequence blocks conserved in 28 known or predicted glucan synthases. This region of DU1 was expressed in Escherichia coli and shown to possess SS activity. DU1-specific antisera detected a soluble endosperm protein of more than 200 kD that was lacking in du1- mutants. These antisera eliminated 20% to 30% of the soluble SS activity from kernel extracts. Antiserum against the isozyme zSSI eliminated approximately 60% of the total soluble SS, and immunodepletion of du1- mutant extracts with this antiserum nearly eliminated SS activity. Two soluble SS activities were identified by electrophoretic fractionation, each of which correlated specifically with zSSI or DU1. Thus, DU1 and zSSI accounted for the great majority of soluble SS activity present in developing endosperm. The relative activity of the two isozymes did not change significantly during the starch biosynthetic period. DU1 and zSSI may be interdependent, because mutant extracts lacking DU1 exhibited a significant stimulation of the remaining SS activity.
Membrane Lipid Integrity Relies on a Threshold of ATP Production Rate in Potato Cell Cultures Submitted to Anoxia1
Authors: Rawyler André , Pavelic Danijela , Gianinazzi Christian , Oberson Jacques , Braendle Roland 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In this paper we report on our study of the changes in biomass, lipid composition, and fermentation end products, as well as in the ATP level and synthesis rate in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) cells submitted to anoxia stress. During the first phase of about 12 h, cells coped with the reduced energy supply brought about by fermentation and their membrane lipids remained intact. The second phase (12–24 h), during which the energy supply dropped down to 1% to 2% of its maximal theoretical normoxic value, was characterized by an extensive hydrolysis of membrane lipids to free fatty acids. This autolytic process was ascribed to the activation of a lipolytic acyl hydrolase. Cells were also treated under normoxia with inhibitors known to interfere with energy metabolism. Carbonyl-cyanide-4-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone did not induce lipid hydrolysis, which was also the case when sodium azide or salicylhydroxamic acid were fed separately. However, the simultaneous use of sodium azide plus salicylhydroxamic acid or 2-deoxy-d-glucose plus iodoacetate with normoxic cells promoted a lipid hydrolysis pattern similar to that seen in anoxic cells. Therefore, a threshold exists in the rate of ATP synthesis (approximately 10 μmol g−1 fresh weight h−1), below which the integrity of the membranes in anoxic potato cells cannot be preserved.
The AG Dinucleotide Terminating Introns Is Important but Not Always Required for Pre-mRNA Splicing in the Maize Endosperm1
Authors: Lal Shailesh , Choi Jae-Hyuk , Hannah L. Curtis 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPrevious RNA analysis of lesions within the 15 intron-containingSh2(shrunken2) gene of maize (Zea mays) revealed that the majority of these mutants affect RNA splicing. Here we decipher further two of these mutants, sh2-i(shrunken2intermediate phenotype) andsh2-7460. Each harbors a G-to-A transition in the terminal nucleotide of an intron, hence destroying the invariant AG found at the terminus of virtually all nuclear introns. Consequences of the mutations, however, differ dramatically. In sh2-i the mutant site is recognized as an authentic splice site in approximately 10% of the primary transcripts processed in the maize endosperm. The other transcripts exhibited exon skipping and lacked exon 3. A G-to-A transition in the terminus of an intron was also found in the mutantsh2-7460, in this case intron 12. The lesion activates a cryptic acceptor site downstream 22 bp within exon 13. In addition, approximately 50% ofsh2-7460 transcripts contain intron 2 and 3 sequences.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Mutants Abnormal in Their Responses to Phosphorus Deprivation1
Authors: Shimogawara Kosuke , Wykoff Dennis D. , Usuda Hideaki , Grossman Arthur R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
P-starved plants scavenge inorganic phosphate (Pi) by developing elevated rates of Pi uptake, synthesizing extracellular phosphatases, and secreting organic acids. To elucidate mechanisms controlling these acclimation responses in photosynthetic organisms, we characterized the responses of the green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii to P starvation and developed screens for isolating mutants (designated psr[phosphorus-stress response]) abnormal in their responses to environmental levels of Pi. Thepsr1-1 mutant was identified in a selection for cells that survived exposure to high concentrations of radioactive Pi. psr1-2 andpsr2 were isolated as strains with aberrant levels of extracellular phosphatase activity during P-deficient or nutrient-replete growth. The psr1-1 andpsr1-2 mutants were phenotypically similar, and the lesions in these strains were recessive and allelic. They exhibited no increase in extracellular phosphatase activity or Pi uptake upon starvation. Furthermore, when placed in medium devoid of P, the psr1 strains lost photosynthetic O2evolution and stopped growing more rapidly than wild-type cells; they may not be as efficient as wild-type cells at scavenging/accessing P stores. In contrast, psr2 showed elevated extracellular phosphatase activity during growth in nutrient-replete medium, and the mutation was dominant. The mutant phenotypes and the roles of Psr1 and Psr2 in P-limitation responses are discussed.
Biosynthesis of Ascorbic Acid in Kidney Bean.l-Galactono-γ-Lactone Dehydrogenase Is an Intrinsic Protein Located at the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane1
Authors: Siendones Emilio , González-Reyes José A. , Santos-Ocaña Carlos , Navas Plácido , Córdoba Francisco 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Hypocotyls of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) accumulated ascorbate after preincubation with a number of possible precursors, mainlyl-galactono-γ-lactone (l-GL) andl-gulono-γ-lactone. The increase in the intracellular ascorbate concentration was parallel to the high stimulation of thel-GL dehydrogenase (l-GLD) activity measured in vitro using l-GL as a substrate and cytochromec as an electron acceptor. Cell fractionation using a continuous linear Percoll gradient demonstrated that l-GLD is associated with mitochondria; therefore, pure mitochondria were isolated and subjected to detergent treatment to separate soluble from membrane-linked proteins. l-GLD activity was mainly associated with the detergent phase, suggesting that a membrane-intrinsic protein is responsible for the ascorbic acid biosynthetic activity. Subfractionation of mitochondria demonstrated that l-GLD is located at the inner membrane.
Changes in Cell Wall Polysaccharides of Green Bean Pods during Development
Authors: Stolle-Smits Trinette , Beekhuizen Jan Gerard , Kok Matthieu T.C. , Pijnenburg Mary , Recourt Kees , Derksen Jan , Voragen Alphons G.J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe changes in cell wall polysaccharides and selected cell wall-modifying enzymes were studied during the development of green bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) pods. An overall increase of cell wall material on a dry-weight basis was observed during pod development. Major changes were detected in the pectic polymers. Young, exponentially growing cell walls contained large amounts of neutral, sugar-rich pectic polymers (rhamnogalacturonan), which were water insoluble and relatively tightly connected to the cell wall. During elongation, more galactose-rich pectic polymers were deposited into the cell wall. In addition, the level of branched rhamnogalacturonan remained constant, while the level of linear homogalacturonan steadily increased. During maturation of the pods, galactose-rich pectic polymers were degraded, while the accumulation of soluble homogalacturonan continued. During senescence there was an increase in the amount of ionically complexed pectins, mainly at the expense of freely soluble pectins. The most abundant of the enzymes tested for was pectin methylesterase. Peroxidase, β-galactosidase, and α-arabinosidase were also detected in appreciable amounts. Polygalacturonase was detected only in very small amounts throughout development. The relationship between endogenous enzyme levels and the properties of cell wall polymers is discussed with respect to cell wall synthesis and degradation.
Purification and Characterization ofS-Adenosyl-l-Methionine: Desoxyhemigossypol-6-O-Methyltransferase from Cotton Plants. An Enzyme Capable of Methylating the Defense Terpenoids of Cotton
Authors: Liu Jinggao , Benedict Chauncey R. , Stipanovic Robert D. , Bell Alois A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Cotton contains a unique group of terpenoids including desoxyhemigossypol, hemigossypol, gossypol, hemigossypolone, and the heliocides that are part of the plant's defense system against pathogenic fungi and insects. Desoxyhemigossypol is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of these compounds. We have isolated, purified, and characterized from cotton stele tissue infected with Verticillium dahliae a methyltransferase (S-adenosyl-l-Met: desoxyhemigossypol-6-O-methyltransferase) that specifically methylates the 6-position of desoxyhemigossypol to form desoxyhemigossypol-6-methyl ether with a K mvalue of 4.5 μm for desoxyhemigossypol and aK cat/K m of 5.08 × 104 s−1 (mol/L)−1. The molecular mass of the native enzyme is 81.4 kD and is dissociated into two subunits of 41.2 kD on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels. The enzymatic reaction does not require Mg+2 and is inhibited 98% with 10 mm p-chloromercuribenzoate. Desoxyhemigossypol-6-methyl ether leads to the biosynthesis of methylated hemigossypol, gossypol, hemigossypolone, and the heliocides, which lowers their effectiveness as phytoalexins and insecticides.
Expression of Water Channel Proteins in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum
Authors: Kirch Hans-Hubert , Vera-Estrella Rosario , Golldack Dortje , Quigley Francoise , Michalowski Christine B. , Barkla Bronwyn J. , Bohnert Hans J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We have characterized transcripts for nine major intrinsic proteins (MIPs), some of which function as water channels (aquaporins), from the ice plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum. To determine the cellular distribution and expression of these MIPs, oligopeptide-based antibodies were generated against MIP-A, MIP-B, MIP-C, or MIP-F, which, according to sequence and functional characteristics, are located in the plasma membrane (PM) and tonoplast, respectively. MIPs were most abundant in cells involved in bulk water flow and solute flux. The tonoplast MIP-F was found in all cells, while signature cell types identified different PM-MIPs: MIP-A predominantly in phloem-associated cells, MIP-B in xylem parenchyma, and MIP-C in the epidermis and endodermis of immature roots. Membrane protein analysis confirmed MIP-F as tonoplast located. MIP-A and MIP-B were found in tonoplast fractions and also in fractions distinct from either the tonoplast or PM. MIP-C was most abundant but not exclusive to PM fractions, where it is expected based on its sequence signature. We suggest that within the cell, MIPs are mobile, which is similar to aquaporins cycling through animal endosomes. MIP cycling and the differential regulation of these proteins observed under conditions of salt stress may be fundamental for the control of tissue water flux.
Pattern of Aluminum-Induced Secretion of Organic Acids Differs between Rye and Wheat
Authors: Li Xiao Feng , Ma Jian Feng , Matsumoto Hideaki 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Al-Induced secretion of organic acids from the roots has been considered as a mechanism of Al tolerance, but the processes leading to the secretion of organic acids are still unknown. In this study, the secretion pattern and alteration in the metabolism of organic acids under Al stress were examined in rye (Secale cereale L. cv King) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Atlas 66). Al induced rapid secretion of malate in the wheat, but a lag (6 and 10 h for malic and citric acids, respectively) between the exposure to Al and the secretion of organic acids was observed in the rye. The activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and malate dehydrogenase were not affected by Al in either plant. The activity of citrate synthase was increased by the exposure to Al in the rye, but not in the wheat. The secretion of malate was not suppressed at low temperature in the wheat, but that of citrate was stopped in the rye. The Al-induced secretion of citrate from roots of the rye was inhibited by the inhibitors of a citrate carrier, which transports citrate from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. All of these results suggest that alteration in the metabolism of organic acids is involved in the Al-induced secretion of organic acids in rye, but only activation of an anion channel seems to be responsible for the rapid secretion of malate in the wheat.
Emission of Isoprene from Salt-Stressed Eucalyptus globulus Leaves
Authors: Loreto Francesco , Delfine Sebastiano 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Eucalyptus spp. are among the highest isoprene emitting plants. In the Mediterranean area these plants are often cultivated along the seashore and cope with recurrent salt stress. Transient salinity may severely but reversibly reduce photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of Eucalyptus globulusleaves but the effect on isoprene emission is not significant. When the stress is relieved, a burst of isoprene emission occurs, simultaneously with the recovery of photosynthetic performance. Later on, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and isoprene emission decay, probably because of the onset of leaf senescence. Isoprene emission is not remarkably affected by the stress at different light intensities, CO2 concentrations, and leaf temperatures. When CO2 was removed and O2 was lowered to inhibit both photosynthesis and photorespiration, we found that the residual emission is actually higher in salt-stressed leaves than in controls. This stimulation is particularly evident at high-light intensities and high temperatures. The maximum emission occurs at 40°C in both salt-stressed and control leaves sampled in ambient air and in control leaves sampled in CO2-free and low-O2 air. However, the maximum emission occurs at 45°C in salt-stressed leaves sampled in CO2-free and low-O2 air. Our results suggest the activation of alternative non-photosynthetic pathways of isoprene synthesis in salt-stressed leaves and perhaps in general in leaves exposed to stress conditions. The temperature dependence indicates that this alternative synthesis is also under enzymatic control. If this alternative synthesis still occurs in the chloroplasts, it may involve a thylakoid-bound isoprene synthase.
Isolation of Medicago truncatula Mutants Defective in Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation
Authors: Nakata Paul A. , McConn Michele M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Plants accumulate crystals of calcium oxalate in a variety of shapes, sizes, amounts, and spatial locations. How and why many plants form crystals of calcium oxalate remain largely unknown. To gain insight into the regulatory mechanisms of crystal formation and function, we have initiated a mutant screen to identify the genetic determinants. Leaves from a chemically mutagenized Medicago truncatula population were visually screened for alterations in calcium oxalate crystal formation. Seven different classes of calcium oxalate defective mutants were identified that exhibited alterations in crystal nucleation, morphology, distribution and/or amount. Genetic analysis suggested that crystal formation is a complex process involving more than seven loci. Phenotypic analysis of a mutant that lacks crystals, cod 5, did not reveal any difference in plant growth and development compared with controls. This finding brings into question the hypothesized roles of calcium oxalate formation in supporting tissue structure and in regulating excess tissue calcium.
Cell Surface Expansion in Polarly Growing Root Hairs ofMedicago truncatula
Authors: Shaw Sidney L. , Dumais Jacques , Long Sharon R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Fluorescent microspheres were used as material markers to investigate the relative rates of cell surface expansion at the growing tips of Medicago truncatula root hairs. From the analysis of tip shape and microsphere movements, we propose three characteristic zones of expansion in growing root hairs. The center of the apical dome is an area of 1- to 2-μm diameter with relatively constant curvature and high growth rate. Distal to the apex is a more rapidly expanding region 1 to 2 μm in width exhibiting constant surges of off-axis growth. This middle region forms an annulus of maximum growth rate and is visible as an area of accentuated curvature in the tip profile. The remainder of the apical dome is characterized by strong radial expansion anisotropy where the meridional rate of expansion falls below the radial expansion rate. Data also suggest possible meridional contraction at the juncture between the apical dome and the cell body. The cell cylinder distal to the tip expands slightly over time, but only around the circumference. These data for surface expansion in the legume root hair provide new insight into the mechanism of tip growth and the morphogenesis of the root hair.
STUNTED PLANT 1 Mediates Effects of Cytokinin, But Not of Auxin, on Cell Division and Expansion in the Root of Arabidopsis
Authors: Beemster Gerrit T.S. , Baskin Tobias I. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Plants control organ growth rate by adjusting the rate and duration of cell division and expansion. Surprisingly, there have been few studies where both parameters have been measured in the same material, and thus we have little understanding of how division and expansion are regulated interdependently. We have investigated this regulation in the root meristem of the stunted plant 1(stp1) mutation of Arabidopsis, the roots of which elongate more slowly than those of the wild type and fail to accelerate. We used a kinematic method to quantify the spatial distribution of the rate and extent of cell division and expansion, and we compared stp1 with wild type and with wild type treated with exogenous cytokinin (1 μm zeatin) or auxin (30 nm 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). All treatments reduced average cell division rates, which reduced cell production by the meristem. Auxin lowered root elongation by narrowing the elongation zone and reducing the time spent by a cell in this zone, but did not decrease maximal strain rate. In addition, auxin increased the length of the meristem. In contrast, cytokinin reduced root elongation by lowering maximal strain rate, but did not change the time spent by a cell within the elongation zone; also, cytokinin blocked the increase in length and cell number of the meristem and elongation zone. The cytokinin-treated wild type phenocopied stp1 in nearly every detail, supporting the hypothesis that cytokinin affects root growth via STP1. The opposite effects of auxin and cytokinin suggest that the balance of these hormones may control the size of the meristem.