bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative finance: a historical perspective
Authors: Chambers David , Saleuddin Rasheed , Mcmahon Craig 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInnovations in the world of alternative finance such as online consumer lending, fund-raising platforms and cryptocurrencies are proceeding apace. In this article, we examine three historical case studies of newly emerged non-bank financial markets and discuss the possible implications for today's alternative finance markets. The first insight is that the private sector can generally be counted on to meet previously unmet needs. Moneylenders filled a gap unaddressed by the banking system of the day. Junior market IPOs provided access to funds for smaller companies that might otherwise have struggled to raise external finance. Private currencies replaced sovereign coins in transactions at various points in history. The second insight, however, is that new financial markets and instruments eventually attract the attention of regulators. Finally, these examples are a warning to industry not to take for granted that an initially laissez-faire regulatory regime precludes a stronger response at some point in the future. In all three cases, tougher regulation – in some cases even to the point of shutting down the products and markets concerned – arrived after long periods of observation and deliberation by the state.
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Analysis of an Object Larger and Sharper than the AFM Tip
Authors: Chen Zhe , Luo Jiawei , Doudevski Ivo , Erten Sema , Kim Seong H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) is typically used for analysis of relatively flat surfaces with topographic features smaller than the height of the AFM tip. On flat surfaces, it is relatively easy to find the object of interest and deconvolute imaging artifacts resulting from the finite size of the AFM tip. In contrast, AFM imaging of three-dimensional objects much larger than the AFM tip height is rarely attempted although it could provide topographic information that is not readily available from two-dimensional imaging, such as scanning electron microscopy. In this paper, we report AFM measurements of a vertically-mounted razor blade, which is taller and sharper than the AFM tip. In this case, the AFM height data, except for the data collected around the cutting edge of the blade, reflect the shape of the AFM tip. The height data around the apex area are effectively the convolution of the AFM tip and the blade cutting edge. Based on computer simulations mimicking an AFM tip scanning across a round sample, a simple algorithm is proposed to deconvolute the AFM height data of an object taller and sharper than the AFM tip and estimate its effective curvature.
Confederate Statues and Their Dirty Laundry
Authors: Wright Ben 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSince 2015, America has witnessed a profound shift in aggregate public sentiments toward Confederate statues and symbols. That shift was keenly felt on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin (UT), culminating in the removal of four such statues in 2015 and 2017. However, an inquiry into their creation points to an equally significant shift in sentiments during the 1920s. UT's statues were commissioned in 1919 by George Littlefield, a Confederate veteran and university regent, as part of a larger war memorial. The ostensible purpose of that memorial was to commemorate veterans of both the Civil War and World War I. However, during the 1920s, a new generation of university leaders rejected Littlefield's design—and with it the assertion that the services of Civil and World War veterans were morally congruent and united in a common historical trajectory. This article tracks the ways in which they quietly and yet profoundly undermined the project, causing it to be significantly delayed and then extensively altered. Meanwhile, students and veterans improvised their own commemorative practices that were in stark contrast to the Confederate generation—the latter wanted to remember, while the former wanted to forget.
Conflict as Communion: Toward an Agonistic Ecclesiology
Authors: Lambelet Kyle B.T. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThough Anglican theologians, clergy, and laypeople have written and spoken extensively about the current status of the Anglican Communion, the conceptualization and practice of conflict has itself remained largely unexamined. This essay argues for the necessity of a better theology of conflict, one rooted in a Trinitarian account of unity through difference. It shows that Anglicans have tended to think of conflict-as-sin or conflict-as-finitude. The essay commends a semantic shift that develops conflict-as-communion. Conflict is a means of grace that animates the divine life of the Trinity, enables God’s work of salvation in history, and is a natural part of good human sociality. This theology of conflict can allow generative relational practices, some of which are already in use across the Anglican Communion.
Forecasting the Rates of Future Aftershocks of All Generations Is Essential to Develop Better Earthquake Forecast Models
Authors: Nandan Shyam , Ouillon Guy , Sornette Didier , Wiemer Stefan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCurrently, one of the best performing earthquake forecasting models relies on the working hypothesis that the “locations of past background earthquakes reveal the probable location of future seismicity.” As an alternative, we present a class of smoothed seismicity models (SSMs) based on the principles of the epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model, which forecast the location, time, and magnitude of all future earthquakes using the estimates of the background seismicity rate and the rates of future aftershocks of all generations. Using the Californian earthquake catalog, we formulate six controlled pseudo‐prospective experiments with different combinations of three target magnitude thresholds: 2.95, 3.95, or 4.95 and two forecasting time horizons: 1 or 5 years. In these experiments, we compare the performance of (1) the ETAS model with spatially homogenous parameters, or GETAS; (2) the ETAS model with spatially variable parameters, or SVETAS; (3) three declustering‐based SSMs; (4) a simple SSM based on undeclustered data, and (5) a model based on strain rate data, in forecasting the location and magnitude of all (undeclustered) target earthquakes during many testing periods. In all conducted experiments, the SVETAS model comes out with consistent superiority compared to all the competing models. Consistently better performance of the SVETAS model with respect to declustering‐based SSMs highlights the importance of forecasting the future aftershocks of all generations for developing better earthquake forecasting models. Among the two ETAS models themselves, accounting for the optimal spatial variation of the parameters leads to stronger improvements in forecasting performance.
Fifty Years of Plate Tectonics: Afterthoughts of a Witness
Authors: Le Pichon Xavier 
Published: July 2019

AbstractI suggest that the Earth Sciences in the mid‐1950s entered a state of supercooling where the smallest input could lead to the simultaneous crystallization of new ideas. In 1959, I joined the Lamont Geological Observatory, one of the hotbeds where the Plate Tectonic revolution germinated. This paper is not an exhaustive history from an unbiased outside observer. It is a report of one of the participants who interacted with quite a few of the main actors of this revolution and who, 50 years later, revisits these extraordinary times. I emphasize the state of confusion and contradiction but also of extraordinary excitement in which we, earth scientists, lived at this time. I will identify several cases of what I consider to be simultaneous appearances of new ideas and will describe what now appear to be incomprehensible failures to jump on apparently obvious conclusions, based on my own experience.
Depth Migration of Seismovolcanic Tremor Sources Below the Klyuchevskoy Volcanic Group (Kamchatka) Determined From a Network‐Based Analysis
Authors: Soubestre J. , Seydoux L. , Shapiro N. M. , de Rosny J. , Droznin D. V. , Droznina S. Ya. , Senyukov S. L. , Gordeev E. I. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe present a method for automatic location of dominant sources of seismovolcanic tremor in 3‐D, based on the spatial coherence of the continuously recorded wavefield at a seismic network. We analyze 4.5 years of records from the seismic network at the Klyuchevskoy volcanic group in Kamchatka, Russia, when four volcanoes experienced tremor episodes. After enhancing the tremor signal with spectral whitening, we compute the daily cross‐correlation functions related to the dominant tremor sources from the first eigenvector of the spectral covariance matrix and infer their daily positions in 3‐D. We apply our technique to the tremors beneath Shiveluch, Klyuchevskoy, Tolbachik, and Kizimen volcanoes and observe the yearlong preeruptive volcanic tremor beneath Klyuchevskoy from deep to shallow parts of the plumbing system. This observation of deep volcanic tremor sources demonstrates that the cross‐correlation‐based method is a very powerful tool for volcano monitoring.
Absolute Primary Pressure Scale to 120 GPa: Toward a Pressure Benchmark for Earth's Lower Mantle
Authors: Murakami Motohiko , Takata Noriko 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSelf‐consistent absolute primary pressure scale available to whole Earth's lower mantle pressure regime was established by the simultaneous measurement of densities and acoustic wave velocities of NaCl‐B2 phase up to ~120 GPa without any use of prior pressure standards. While our pressure scale shows excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions, some of the previous secondary pressure scales constructed based on the prior pressure standard by the shock wave data significantly deviate from our primary scale reaching around 10 GPa at most within lower mantle pressure regime, which corresponds to ~170‐km difference in depth. Our newly established pressure scale would thus be a new benchmark to deal with the controversy on the depth of the boundaries of Earth's layered structure, such as magnesium‐silicate postperovskite phase transition boundary at the bottom of the Earth's mantle which might represent the D″ seismic discontinuity.
The Impact of the Direct Effect of Aerosols on Meteorology and Air Quality Using Aerosol Optical Depth Assimilation During the KORUS‐AQ Campaign
Authors: Jung Jia , Souri Amir H. , Wong David C. , Lee Sojin , Jeon Wonbae , Kim Jhoon , Choi Yunsoo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTo quantify the impact of the direct aerosol effect accurately, this study incorporated the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) aerosol optical depth (AOD) into a coupled meteorology‐chemistry model. We designed three model simulations to observe the impact of AOD assimilation and aerosol feedback during the KORUS‐AQ campaign (May–June 2016). By assimilating the GOCI AOD with high temporal and spatial resolutions, we improve the statistics from the comparison AOD and AERONET data (root‐mean‐square error: 0.12, R: 0.77, index of agreement: 0.69, mean‐absolute error: 0.08). The inclusion of the direct effect of aerosols produces the best model performance (root‐mean‐square error: 0.10, R: 0.86, index of agreement: 0.72, mean‐absolute error: 0.07). AOD values increased as much as 0.15, which is associated with an average reduction in solar radiation of ‐31.39 W/m2, a planetary boundary layer height (‐104.70 m), an air temperature (‐0.58 °C), and a surface wind speed (‐0.07 m/s) over land. In addition, concentrations of major gaseous and particulate pollutants at the surface (SO2, NO2, NH3,
,
,
, and PM2.5) increase by 7.87–34%, while OH concentration decreases by ‐4.58%. Changes in meteorology and air quality appear to be more significant in high‐aerosol loading areas. The integrated process rate analysis shows decelerated vertical transport, resulting in an accumulation of air pollutants near the surface and the amount of nitrate, which is higher than that of sulfate because of its response to reduced temperature. We conclude that constraining aerosol concentrations using geostationary satellite data is a prerequisite for quantifying the impact of aerosols on meteorology and air quality.
Mean Velocity and Shear Stress Distribution in Floating Treatment Wetlands: An Analytical Study
Authors: Li Shuolin , Katul Gabriel , Huai Wenxin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFloating treatment wetlands (FTWs) are efficient at wastewater treatment; however, data and physical models describing water flow through them remain limited. A two‐domain model is proposed dividing the flow region into an upper part characterizing the flow through suspended vegetation and an inner part describing the vegetation‐free zone. The suspended vegetation domain is represented as a porous medium characterized by constant permeability thereby allowing Biot's Law to be used to describe the mean velocity and stress profiles. The flow in the inner part is bounded by asymmetric stresses arising from interactions with the suspended vegetated (porous) base and solid channel bed. An asymmetric eddy viscosity model is employed to derive an integral expression for the shear stress and the mean velocity profiles in this inner layer. The solution features an asymmetric shear stress index that reflects two different roughness conditions over the vegetation‐induced auxiliary bed and the physical channel bed. A phenomenological model is then presented to explain this index. An expression for the penetration depth into the porous medium defined by 10% of the maximum shear stress is also derived. The predicted shear stress profile, local mean velocity profile, and bulk velocity agree with the limited experiments published in the literature.
New source for L-iditol and taxanes
Authors: Xi-Kui Liu , Jian-Jun Liu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe describe the first report of the recovery of L-iditol and Taxane from an angiosperm- Yunnanopilia longistaminata (W.Z.Li) C.Y.Wu et D.Z.Li (Opiliaceae). Two taxane compounds and L-iditol were isolated from the tender burgeon of Yunnanopilia longistaminata, and their structure were identified as Taxayunnansin B, Taxumairol E and L-iditol on the basis of NMR and MS spectrum, respectively. It is a new plant source for L-iditol and taxanes.
Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Motion-Induced Blindness
Authors: Libedinsky Camilo , Savage Tristram , Livingstone Margaret 
Published: July 2019

AbstractVisual disappearance illusions - such as motion-induced blindness (MIB) - are commonly used to study the neural underpinnings of visual perception. In such illusions a salient visual target becomes perceptually invisible. Previous studies are inconsistent regarding the role of primary visual cortex (V1) in these illusions. Here we provide physiological and psychophysical evidence supporting a role for V1 in generating MIB.
Lattice Parameters of Calcite in the PT-Plane to 7.62 Kb and 800 K
Authors: Bucknum Michael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLattice parameters (a & c) of powdered, polycrystalline calcite in the trigonal-hexagonal system have been determined as a function of pressure and temperature using a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (DAC), that has been separately described, and a synchrotron x-ray source. Diffraction data was collected using white synchrotron radiation in an energy dispersive technique (EDXRD). Temperature in the resistance heated hydrothermal DAC was measured by thermocouples to a maximum temperature of 800 K, and pressure was measured by the equation of state (EOS) of water, in which powdered calcite was immersed, to a maximum pressure of 7.62 Kb. The resulting study is an attempt to explore the potential of calcite as a double (P & T) internal x-ray standard for high temperature-high pressure (HTHP) crystallographic studies.
Visual perception of colourful petals reminds us of classical fragments
Authors: Rhizopoulou Sophia , Argiropoulos Apostolis , Spanakis Emmanuel , Gikas Demetris , Alexandredes Nikos , Koukos Danae , Anglos Demetrios 
Published: July 2019

AbstractColour has attracted the interest and attention of many of the most gifted intellects of all time. Ideas of early thinkers were not -and could not have been- grasped on a scientific level without knowledge of a kind that lay far in the future. One character that is being considered is the colourful surfaces of living tissues, which could hardly have been visualized without a corresponding reference to the microscale parallel. Millions of years before man made manipulated synthetic structures, biological systems were using nanoscale architecture to produce striking optical effects. Here we show the microsculpture of the adaxial surface of flower petals from the asphodel, the Stork's-bill and the common poppy by using optical, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy. Microsculpture has been studied in leaves and pollen grains of higher plants. To the best of our knowledge imaging and nanoscale morphometry of petals has not been reported hitherto. Our findings on flower petals' microsculpture may be linked with aspects on colour revealed from ancient literature.
Modulation of interferon-[alpha] secretion by activated platelets in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: Duffau Pierre , Seneschal Julien , Nicco Carole , Viallard Jean-François , Pellegrin Jean-Luc , Weill Bernard , Moreau Jean-François , Batteux Frédéric , Blanco Patrick 
Published: July 2019

AbstractType I interferons play a key role in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis as an "IFN signature" is found in the majority of patients with active SLE. Immune complexes are internalized by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC) via Fc-[gamma] ReceptorIIA, reach the endosomal compartment and activate IFN-[alpha] secretion through TLR7/9-dependent pathways. Naturally occurring differences in expression of the TLR7/9 gene as well as factors that modulate TLR7/9 expression, including CD154 could therefore contribute to SLE pathogenesis. Although its origin is not elucidated CD154 is hyperexpressed in SLE patients, and is important for the differentiation of autoantibody-secreting cells. We hypothesized that platelets which are an abundant source of CD154, and which can mediate proinflammatory effects could be an actor involved in SLE pathogenesis. Platelets from SLE patients are activated in vivo by circulating immune complexes which are abundant in SLE sera, via a CD32-dependent mechanism. Activated platelets formed aggregates with antigen-presenting cells in SLE patients and enhanced interferon-[alpha] secretion induced by immune-complexes stimulated plasmacytoid DCs. Finally, in vivo depletion of platelets and megakaryocytes in NZBxNZW(F1) lupus prone mice improved all parameters assessing disease activity, whereas transfusion of activated platelets worsened the disease course. Altogether, these data identify platelets as a mediator of SLE pathogenesis and a new therapeutical target.
A Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals Significant Overlap of Transcription and DNA Repair in Stationary Phase Yeast
Authors: de Morgan Aviv , Brodsky Leonid , Ronin Yefim , Nevo Eviatar , Korol Abraham , Kashi Yechezkel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe association between transcription and DNA repair is acknowledged as a player in the generation of mutations in a non-random fashion in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Previous studies demonstrated that the transcription complex is capable of directing DNA repair to sites of transcription. This process is especially important to growth-arrested cells, in which many DNA repair capacities are diminished; it may also lead to mutations preferentially in transcribed genes. Using microarray analysis of growth-arrested yeast cultures, we demonstrated on a genomic scale, the co-localization of a DNA-turnover marker, indicative of DNA-repair-associated DNA synthesis, with genes persistently transcribed during stationary phase. This may serve as a clue regarding the non-random manner in which non-dividing cells may potentially mutate in the absence of replication, solely as a result of their inherent, transcriptional stress response.
Dual expression recombinase based (DERB) single vector system for high throughput screening and verification of protein interactions in living cells
Authors: Lu Jian-Ping , Beatty Laura , Pinthus Jehonathan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIdentification of novel protein interactions and their mediators is fundamental in understanding cellular processes and is necessary for protein-targeted therapy. Evidently high throughput formatting of these applications in living cells would be beneficial, however no adequate system exists. We present a novel platform technology for the high throughput screening and verification of protein interactions in living cells. The platform’s series of Dual Expression Recombinase Based (DERB) destiny vectors individually encode two sets of recombinase recognizable sequences for inserting the protein open reading frame (ORF) of interest, two sets of promoters and reporter tags in frame with the ORFs for detecting interactions. Introduction into living cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) enables the detection of protein interactions by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) or bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). The DERB platform shows advantages over current commercialized systems by introducing recombinase based cloning and compatible accepting vectors validated through proof-of-principle experiments and the identification of an unknown interaction.
Global Eradication of Lymphatic Filariasis: The Value Of Chronic Disease Control in Parasite Elimination Programs
Authors: Michael Edwin , Malecela Mwele , Zervos Mihail , Kazura James 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe ultimate goal of the global programme against lymphatic filariasis is eradication through irrevocable cessation of transmission using 4 to 6 years of annual single dose mass drug administration. The costs of eradication, and logistical and managerial impediments to executing national and regional control programmes, and scientific uncertainty about transmission endpoints, are challenges to the success of this effort, especially in areas of high endemicity where financial resources are limited. We used a combined analysis of empirical community data describing the association between infection and chronic disease prevalence, mathematical modelling, and economic analyses to identify and evaluate the feasibility of setting an infection target level at which the chronic pathology attributable to lymphatic filariasis - lymphoedema of the extremities (elephantiasis) and hydroceles - becomes negligible in the face of continuing transmission as a first stage option in achieving the elimination of this parasitic disease. The results show that microfilaria prevalences below a threshold of 3.55% at a blood sampling volume of 1 ml could constitute readily achievable and sustainable targets to control disease due to lymphatic filariasis. They also show that as a result of the high marginal cost of curing the last few individuals to achieve elimination, maximal benefits can occur at the disease control threshold. Indeed, a key finding from our coupled economic and epidemiological analysis is that when initial uncertainty regarding eradication occurs and prospects for improving information to resolve such uncertainty over time exist, it is economically beneficial to adopt a flexible, sequential, eradication strategy based on controlling chronic disease initially. These results suggest that it may be optimal to set phased targets for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis, starting with disease control followed by intensified efforts to eradicate transmission as better knowledge regarding transmission dynamics and issues of implementation feasibility becomes evident. They also illustrate the importance of taking explicit accounts of uncertainties, multi-staged endpoints, and the value of embedding flexibility in the decision making process when determining optimal parasite eradication strategies.