bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Word stress
Authors: Özçelik Öner 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes word stress in Turkish, examining both regular (word-final) and exceptional (non-final) cases, with a focus on the well-known phenomena of pre-stressing and autostressed suffix driven exceptions, as well as some less-known facts, such as the behavior of a group of pre-pre-stressing suffixes and the native reduplicative prefix. All of these exceptional cases, along with regular cases, are accounted for via the same machinery and in a unified manner. In this analysis, the Turkish phonology cannot parse syllables into feet. That is, there is no algorithm for the Turkish grammar to assign foot structure; regular final “stress” is thus argued to be intonational prominence, and not “stress,” falling on the final syllables of prosodic words. On the other hand, certain morphemes—those that drive exceptional stress—are underlyingly footed, and are, thus, footed in the surface representation as well, because of faithfulness to the underlying information. The underlying foot edges are then turned into well-formed binary feet by the grammar/constraint ranking. Crucially, the information that is prespecified is not stress or a well-formed foot, but instead the edges of a foot, with no restrictions imposed on their shape underlyingly, thereby maximally satisfying the Richness of the Base.
Powering the ‘Developmental State’
Authors: Lavers Tom , Terrefe Biruk , Gebresenbet Fana 
Published: November 2024

AbstractLimited progress with industrialization during the 2000s led the Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) to launch the two five-year Growth and Transformation Plans that consolidated what the government described as its ‘developmental state’ strategy focused on maintaining rapid growth rates and finally achieving the structural transformation of the economy. This chapter examines this upsurge in ambition and, in doing so, highlights a central contradiction in the EPRDF’s ‘developmental state’ project. This is that, unlike the East Asian states on which the government modelled itself, Ethiopia struggled to build and empower the technical and bureaucratic expertise required to deliver on the political elite’s developmental ambitions. The result in the electricity sector was that political pressure for ever-more rapid progress combined with reliance on foreign contractors to bypass technical input, resulting in a series of increasingly risky and inefficient projects.
Designing the Blue Nile Dam
Authors: Lavers Tom 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis chapter tackles the question of why the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) bears little resemblance to any previous proposal for a Blue Nile dam over the preceding century. While the GERD occupies one of the sites long identified for a Blue Nile dam, the dam is far larger than any other previously considered anywhere in the basin. This chapter argues that the answer lies in two main factors. First, the antagonistic nature of Nile hydropolitics has meant that dam building—from Egypt’s High Aswan Dam through to Ethiopia’s GERD—has been used to establish control over the river’s waters within national territory and to maximize national benefits while disregarding the interests of other riparians. Second, the GERD’s enormous installed capacity reflects the Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front’s over-ambitious, politically driven design process that has shaped the design of most of its dams, albeit on a larger scale.
Ethiopia’s Renaissance, Dams, and State-Led Development in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Lavers Tom 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis final chapter summarizes the book’s key arguments, highlighting, in particular, how the centralization of political power under the Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front was essential to overcome the multi-scalar political barriers that had constrained dam building under past regimes and undermined the planning process by bypassing technical input into decision making. In doing so, the chapter emphasizes the utility of the multi-scalar approach to the analysis of the politics of dam building. Moreover, the chapter highlights the book’s contributions to the three literatures noted in Chapter 1. Ethiopia has been held up as a leading example of state-led development, one of the main protagonists in the twenty-first-century wave of dam building, and as a potential leader in the transition to renewable energy. The Ethiopian experience is certainly of great significance to each of these debates. However, analysis of Ethiopia’s ‘developmental state’ reveals notable failings alongside high-profile achievements.
Introduction
Authors: Hanley Ryan Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Love is often seen by lovers as a concept that resists analysis—something we feel in our hearts, not something we think in our heads. Yet the very vastness and intensity of love render it impossible for us not to consider it philosophically, insofar as this vastness and intensity bring love into all spheres of our lives: ethical, political, spiritual, and physical. Love then is impossible for philosophers to ignore—which explains, at least in part, why love has been so central a concept of philosophical inquiry over the last several millennia, in the West and beyond. The aim of this volume is to bring to the fore, and thereby tell the story, of some of the most significant moments in the history of how philosophers have thought about love over the course of this period.
“The rearing of a reformer”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 chronicles Higginson’s first job as a teacher at a boys’ academy, his decision to return to Harvard for a period of further study, and his courtship of and eventual marriage to Mary Thatcher, a distant kinswoman several years his senior. After briefly considering a career in the law, Higginson opted instead to become a minister and accepted the pulpit at Newburyport’s Unitarian First Society Church. As Higginson’s sermons grew ever more radical and critical of the businessmen who filled his pews, the church elders asked for his resignation.
“Is there no such thing as honor among Confederates?”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Already infamous in the eyes of federal authorities and Southern whites for his role in the Anthony Burns case, Higginson’s aid for John Brown, who was awaiting trial in western Virginia, earned him the reputation as the second most radical white man in America. Alone among the “secret six,” Higginson refused to flee the country or go into hiding and patiently waited to be arrested for complicity in the failed raid on Harpers Ferry. At the Brown family’s request, Higginson attempted to take Mary Ann Brown to Charlestown to see her husband before his hanging. The chapter ends with Higginson’s reluctant endorsement of Free Soiler Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party in 1860, a practical decision that won him the criticism of some immediatist abolitionists.
“The women’s hour”
Authors: Egerton Douglas R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
After regaining his health and resigning his commission, Higginson returned to the convention circuit, this time devoting all of his time to women’s rights. Following a fight with Susan B. Anthony, Higginson and his old friend Lucy Stone organized the American Women’s Suffrage Association. With Stone, he coedited the Woman’s Journal. Higginson briefly traveled throughout Britain, speaking on women’s rights and dining with celebrities such as Charles Darwin. He returned home due to Mary’s failing health, and the chapter ends with the death of his first wife.
Supply and Demand for Innovation
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chapter reviews the determinants of innovation from an economics supply–demand perspective, recognizing that this view neglects the importance of luck and chance, factors that are less amenable to policy. Supply factors reviewed are technological opportunity, availability of inventors, absorptive capacity, appropriability of returns, and financing costs. Demand factors include market size, consumer taste, regulatory mandates, and the needs for defense and war. Similar factors determine the direction of innovation. We illustrate the role of these factors with some examples: the development of COVID-19 vaccines, human flight, and the CRISPR technology. The chapter also discusses the frequency of simultaneous invention and reasons why this is a common occurrence.
Strategic Patenting, Patent Portfolio Races, and Patent Thickets
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H. , Helmers Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the strategic use of patents, that is, the use of patents to gain competitive advantage beyond the exclusivity granted by a patent. The chapter explains how strategic patenting allows firms to extract additional value from treating patents as business assets. Strategic patenting is particularly important in information and communication technologies, and the chapter presents evidence for this fact. The many motives for strategic patenting such as bargaining and defensive blocking are discussed along with their consequences in the form of ownership fragmentation and patent thickets. A final section reviews the impact of ownership fragmentation and thickets on litigation cost, entry, and innovation.
Antiblackness in the Policies of Policing
Authors: Davis Kenneth 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The essay “Antiblackness in the Policies of Policing” examines the historical ties between American policing and its origins in slave patrols and Jim Crow laws, illustrating how these roots have shaped discriminatory practices against Black communities. It outlines the evolution of policing, noting the influence of historical legislation and judicial decisions in reinforcing racial biases. Despite civil rights progress, systemic discrimination persists within law enforcement strategies, highlighting a continuous cycle of racial injustice. The chapter argues for significant reforms in policing policies to address these deep-rooted issues. By examining the legacy of slavery and its impact on modern policing, the essay emphasizes the urgent need for change to dismantle the lasting effects of anti-Blackness, advocating for a society that prioritizes equity and justice in its policing practices.
The Right to Be Here but Still Marginalized
Authors: Evans Renée 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how too many times African Americans exhibit sound competencies and expertise in their areas of focus only to be marginalized in a way that screams that they do not belong or don’t deserve to be in their positions or work settings. Equally, qualified people of color are oftentimes not afforded opportunities for upward mobility in their careers as a result of being marginalized, although they have the right to be in those workspaces. This chapter, “The Right to Be Here But Still Marginalized,” discusses ways in which being marginalized still impacts people of color in the workplace. Stanley (2006) discussed the necessity for faculty of color to create coping skills as a result of varied experiences in being marginalized in their university settings. Too many times African Americans exhibit sound competencies and expertise, in their areas of focus, to only be marginalized in a way that screams that they do not belong, or deserve to be in their positions or work settings. Equally, qualified people of color are often times not afforded opportunities for upward mobility in their careers as a result of being marginalized although they have the right to be in those work spaces. This chapter will discuss ways in which being marginalized still impacts people of color in the workplace.
Food Justice
Authors: Watson Karen E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
“Food Justice: At the Intersection of Policy and Culture” explains the link between policy on nutrition and the role of culture in shaping people’s behaviors. Public health policies can fail when policymakers do not understand consumer behavior in the populations those policies are intended to serve. In the United States, Black and Brown communities are targeted by predatory marketing while being failed by local, state, and national policymakers. In this chapter, communications strategist Karen E. Watson makes use of vibrant first-hand accounts, compelling new research, and entertaining anecdotes to argue for a market data-driven approach to nutrition equity. She draws the conclusion that to put the “public” back into “public health” and the “justice” back into “food justice” requires using consumer data, the latest research, and proven approaches borrowed from marketing and behavioral psychology.
Environmental Racism in Rural America
Authors: Jones Shannon Z. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chapter “Environmental Racism in Rural America” explores the environmental inequities experienced by African Americans and other people of color living in rural America. People of color are often disproportionately impacted by pollution and are more likely to live near polluting industries. This holds true in both urban and rural regions around the country. The chapter focuses on the personal experiences of the author, as they were raised near a heavily polluting industry and recognized Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site. These lived experiences have stimulated the author’s research interest in toxicology and environmental justice. The chapter also examines the biological, physical, and psychological impacts of living in regions with polluted air, soil, and water.
Authentic Allyship
Authors: Fuller Mazella 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
“Authentic Allyship: A Call to Action” examines how authentic allyship has manifested in the contributor’s life. This chapter explores how during her formative years in a predominately Black community, the author’s family attempted to prepare her for the systemic racism she was destined to encounter in the wider society. The author proclaims that but for the persons related to her by birth and the Black and White persons who shared a communal identity with her, she would have been less prepared to perform professional roles traditionally held by Whites particularly by White males. For this reason alone, this chapter includes the narratives of two White allies who describe how they center Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC). Because authentic allies are action-driven advocates who fight for diversity, equity, and inclusion, the contributors to this chapter issue a call to action to authentic allies and those who are considering allyship.
Authentic Allyship Through Cross-Cultural Mentoring
Authors: Neal Crutcher Betty 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the chapter “Authentic Allyship Through Cross-Cultural Mentoring,” the author, who has served as presidential spouse at two majority White universities, shares personal experiences. A Black educator’s comment, “I see more in you than you see in yourself,” inspired her to challenge those who expect less. The author was inspired by Patricia Harris, the first Black female cabinet member, who became a distant role model. Through a best practice later named “the three Vs,” Black and White mentors give examples on listening, belonging, building trust, and serving others. All of this developing strength is used to help find allies to support the descendants of Black men in the infamous U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study in Tuskegee and Macon County. This outreach leads to work in fighting health care disparities through mentoring underrepresented students for careers in medicine and health care, helping to create conditions for the community.
Our Path to Authentic Allyship
Authors: Acle Ashley , Davis Alyssa , John Claire St. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
“Our Path to Authentic Allyship: Examining Beliefs and Actions to Provide Client Care” demonstrates how reflexivity and positionality shape authentic allyship in health care, told through the narratives of a Black dietitian, a Multiracial therapist, and a White dietitian. The contributors delve into the complexity of antiracist identity, citing nuance, intersectionality, and context as critical factors in developing self-awareness and a sense of self. They offer their lived experiences to illustrate how trust, tension, comfort, and voice impact allyship in helping relationships. The authors encourage health care professionals to approach allyship in an intimately personal and relational way, adopting antiracism as a way of being, to take on the struggle of disadvantage. The chapter also discusses opportunities for authentic allyship within provider–client and supervisor–supervisee relationships and the importance of persistence in effecting change.
The First Wartime President
Authors: Stagg J. C. A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the Second Inaugural Address of James Madison. The president’s immediate problem was: how to justify continuing a war under such unpromising circumstances, and how might the United States emerge victorious? There is no evidence that Madison ever considered ending the war; his goal remained to obtain a peace treaty that addressed all the grievances he had outlined in June 1812. Ultimately, much of his Second Inaugural was devoted to justifying the war on the grounds that it was essential to protect all American mariners from impressment, regardless of their country of origin, and particularly to safeguard British subjects who had enlisted in the American armed forces and had become prisoners of war from the threat of treason trials. Otherwise, the address said little else about the grievances Madison had cited in his June 1, 1812, message.
Andrew Johnson’s Address upon Assuming the Office of President of the United States
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents Andrew Johnson’s Inaugural Address upon assuming the office of president of the United States. It mentions the notion of rebellion that must be regarded as a guarantee of the future. The speech includes Johnson’s determination to establish and perpetuate the principles of free government, which is the foundation of his political creed. Johnson believes that the government, in passing through its present perils, will settle down upon principles consonant with popular rights more permanent and enduring. In his address, Johnson also asked listeners to rely on oneself and others in carrying the government through its present perils.
On Opposite Ends
Authors: Benedict Michael Les 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Andrew Johnson’s Inaugural Address upon assuming the office of president of the United States. It explains that the speech was delivered when Vice President Andrew Johnson took over the presidential office after Abraham Lincoln was shot the night before. Regardless of how short the notice and how unprepared he was, Johnson harkened the basic myths of American political identity concerning free government and popular rights. The chapter notes that Republicans, who broke with him, violated the principle undergirding popular government. According to Johnson, keeping Southern states out of the Union in a fanatic effort to protect the rights of freed slaves was a flagrant violation of constitutional democracy.
“Errors of Judgement, Not of Intent”
Authors: Marszalek John F. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the Second Inaugural Address of Ulysses S. Grant, who was simultaneously the commanding general of the Union Army and the president of the United States. After Abraham Lincoln’s assassination and Andrew Johnson’s impeachment, Grant was the only American for nearly a century to hold two terms in office as president. Grant had to deal with numerous post–Civil War problems and was often cited as being corrupt and running a corrupt administration. In the Second Inaugural Address, Grant highlighted the major problem of the nation's suffering as Black people did not yet enjoy their rightful social equality. The chapter notes that the Second Inaugural Address indicated Grant’s willingness to serve another term in office and continue his good work for the nation's benefit.
The Imperial Presidency
Authors: Nichols Christopher McKnight 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the Second Inaugural Address of William McKinley. It explains that McKinley was mostly consumed with foreign relations, even though currency, the economy, and tariffs were significant during his first term. McKinley’s second inaugural speech focused largely on foreign policy successes and areas remaining to be not simply addressed but resolved, while also touching on the major economic and revenue progress made in his first term. However, he could not see the conclusion to his reform changes after his assassination in September 1901. The chapter mentions that the McKinley assassination helped to consolidate federal power and propelled anti-radical sentiment and police action.
The Bully Pulpit
Authors: Yarbrough Jean M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Theodore Roosevelt’s Inaugural Address. It explains that Roosevelt rose to the presidency following the assassination of McKinley. During his first term, Roosevelt was determined not to antagonize the Republican party power brokers to prevent jeopardizing his nomination for a second term. The chapter considers the theme of American exceptionalism, foreign affairs, domestic affairs, and the novelty of problems confronting his generation. Moreover, Roosevelt’s speech sought to turn Americans away from their preoccupation with rights. The chapter mentions that Roosevelt inveighed against the crass vulgarity of the Gilded Age, as he insisted that American ideals rested on nobler grounds, rather than mere business expediency.
Between Giants
Authors: Lurie Jonathan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the Inaugural Address of William Howard Taft. During the inaugural speech, Taft immediately distanced himself from Theodore Roosevelt even though he repeatedly lauded the former president’s accomplishments. Taft promised to call Congress into a special session specifically to confront the tariff issue. The chapter details how Taft revealed his innate racial bias. It notes that Taft’s inaugural address reflected the prejudices of his time and the potential for change within its context, referencing that the results of the Taft administration were barely hinted at in the address. The address reflected some aspects of progressive thought, but its remainder revealed more conservative nuances.
Woodrow Wilson’s Second Inaugural Address
Authors: Singh Yuvraj 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the Second Inaugural Address of Woodrow Wilson. It reviews Wilson's previous administration before acknowledging the inevitability of war. According to Wilson, the war inevitably set its mark, from the beginning, upon the people’s minds, industries, commerce, politics, and social action. The address indicates that Wilson stood firm with armed neutrality to demonstrate what the nation can do and what it cannot forget. Before urging the people to stand together, Wilson assured them that all nations are equally interested in the peace of the world and in the political stability of free peoples, and equally responsible for their maintenance.