bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of the small intestine and pancreas of the pig weaned at 21 days of age and the effects of exogenous glucocorticoids before weaning
Authors: Needham D. , Fletcher J. M. 
Published: June 2019

Although natural weaning in the pig occurs at 6 to 8 weeks of age it is common commercial practice to wean at 3 to 4 weeks. This abrupt and early weaning is often associated with a more or less prolonged check in growth, frequent occurrence of gastrointestinal disease and a significant mortality. The transition from a milk diet to a solid diet in the post-weaning period necessitates complex digestive and metabolic adaptations in the piglet. Experiments in small animals have shown that some of the changes brought about by weaning are at least partially controlled by hormones from the adrenal cortex (Henning, 1981).We have investigated the changes that occur in the mucosa of the small intestine and in the pancreas of pigs weaned at 21 days of age. In addition we have investigated the effects of an orally administered synthetic glucocorticoid (dexamethasone; DEX) given before weaning, on the development of the intestine and pancreas.Two pigs from each of six litters were killed at 18 days of age, half of the remaining pigs were given DEX (0.4mg/kg ) suspended in agar (0.5%). This dose was divided into four equal aliquots and given by stomach tube on days 19 and 20. Controls received an equivalent volume of agar. Pigs were weaned at 21 days, two control and two DEX treated pigs were killed on the day of weaning and at 28, 35 and 42 days. After weaning pigs were allowed ad libitum access to a commercial starter diet.
Nutritional needs of sheep in the hills and uplands
Authors: Milne J. A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCurrent knowledge of the potential nutrient supply that can be derived from indigenous and sown pasture is described and related to classically derived nutrient requirements. From this information, nutrient deficits can be identified for specific times in the ewe's cycle of production. Whilst nutrient deficits have been clearly identified in late pregnancy and early lactation, responses to nutrients and nutrient supply from autumn pasture have not yet been adequately described for the ewe over the mating period.Nutrient deficits can be met by a combination of tissue catabolism and the provision of supplementary feeding. The dearth of knowledge of the factors influencing tissue catabolism and of the effects of supplementary feeding on herbage intake limits quantification of the amount and type of supplementary feeding to offer.The principles concerning supplementary feeding in late pregnancy in some circumstances still require elucidation because of the interactions between mid- and late-pregnancy nutrition and this will be illustrated with reference to sheep grazing a predominantly heather hill. However, the principles governing supplementary feeding in early lactation are relatively well understood in relation to sown pastures below 4 cm in sward surface height and these are outlined. Information on the relative importance of milk and herbage in the diet of the lamb to weaning is discussed. The dependence of one part of the annual cycle on the nutrition in other parts of the cycle is stressed.
Welfare in livestock markets
Authors: Pack B. S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLivestock markets are under constant pressure from a variety of sources as regards animal welfare. Their openness to the public helps to ensure that only acceptable welfare practices are operated. These practices are set out in the Welfare of Animals at Markets Order 1990, supplemented by a Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals in Livestock Markets. These ‘rules’ represent minimum standards and there is a continuing pressure to further improve welfare in auction marts. This comes from the market operators themselves, from consumers via the large retail outlets, and from a small but vociferous minority who oppose the production of livestock for food. All concerned with any part of the food chain have a rôle to play in ensuring a continuing improvement in animal welfare.
An investigation into whether a significant correlation exists between feed pH and faecal pH of horses fed a variety of different diets
Authors: Wheeler R 
Published: June 2019

Previous work has shown that an increase in readily fermentable carbohydrates (CHO) in the diet of pigs is reflected by a decrease in faecal pH (Canh et al., 1998). It is well documented that a similar increase in CHO in the diet of equids is reflected by a decrease in caecal pH (McLean et al., 2000). Little work has been undertaken to determine if such a relationship exists in equids or indeed if there is a correlation between dietary pH and faecal pH.The feed pH and faecal pH of six groups, each of 8 horses, receiving a variety of diets were examined. The dietary groups covered a wide range of feeds from purely forage based to predominantly concentrate based. Diet 1 consisted of 100% Hay (Hy), diet 2 of 100% grass (Gr), diet 3 of a 70:30 mix of Haylage (Hg) and grass (Gr): stud nuts, diet 4 of a 50:50 mix of haylage and competition mix, diet 5 a 30:70 mix of haylage to race mix and diet 6 a 60:40 mix of haylage, alfalfa and sugar beet pulp: rolled oats.
The attached algae of the Clyde and Garnock Estuaries
Authors: Wilkinson Martin , Fuller Ian , Rendall David 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisDuring the period of severe sewage pollution of the Clyde Estuary and severe industrial pollution of the Garnock Estuary, these two estuaries could be distinguished by unusual abundances of one particular alga in each estuary, respectivelyMelosira nummuloidesandRosenvingiella polyrhiza.However, in terms of species presence data alone these estuaries did not differ from others in the British Isles. The unusual abundances of these two algal species might be ascribed to their special characteristics, related to the polluted conditions in the estuaries.
The response of store lambs to protein supplementation of alkali treated straw based diets
Authors: Marchment Susan M. , Miller E.L. 
Published: June 2019

Factors affecting voluntary food intake (VFI) in ruminants are well documented and suggest that both physical and chemical factors are involved. An understanding of VFI controls is important for the formulation of economical diets to achieve maximum levels of production.The effect of protein supply on VFI is unclear. While the need for rumen degradable protein (RDP) to maximise microbial activity and consequently VFI is clearly established ARC (1960), the effect of undegraded dietary protein (UDP) on VFI is equivocal.
The effect of silage dry matter content and protein supplementation on the intake and performance of housed store lambs
Authors: Stone C R , Appleton M 
Published: June 2019

Silage based diets fed to store lambs have often produced unsatisfactory growth rates. The factors affecting silage dry matter intake and the utilisation of silage by store lambs are not clearly understood.In each of two years 1981/2 and 1982/3 spring born store lambs (initial liveweight 31 kg) were housed from October until January. Three types of silage were fed ad-libitum:-1. Unwilted + additive (UN + A).2. Wilted + additive (W + A).3. Wilted without additive (W).Two groups of 23 lambs were fed on each type of silage; one group without supplementation (Nil) and the other at 60 g white fishmeal per lamb per day (WFM).
The Effect of Extended Photoperiod in Winter on the Growth and Coat Characteristics of Heifer Calves
Authors: Bourne R.A. , Trump P.R. , Kirk J.A. 
Published: June 2019

Additional daily artificial illumination during winter has been reported to increase growth rates in both cattle and sheep.In an experiment conducted at Seale-Hayne College between September 22, 1982 and March 29, 1983, 20 Hereford x Friesian heifer calves (approximately 7 days of age at the start of the trial) were randomly allocated to either a natural daylength treatment or an artificially supplemented 16L:8D photoperiod. Animals were weaned at 5 weeks of age and then fed on a restricted concentrate ration (2.5 kg/head/day) with hay provided ad libitum. Body weight, girth and height at shoulder measurements were taken at 2-week intervals. Hair samples (4 cm2) were taken from the mid-flank on January 13.
An intraruminal soluble glass bolus containing melatonin — a potential system for early lamb production
Authors: Poulton A.L. , Symons A.M. , Kelly M.I. , Arendt J. 
Published: June 2019

Seasonal changes in daylength (photoperiod) are effectively monitored by the eye transmitting a neural signal to the pineal gland which responds by secreting a hormone, melatonin, during the hours of darkness. Decreasing daylength is accompanied by an increase in the duration of melatonin secretion and stimulates breeding activity in sheep.It has been demonstrated that both timed (afternoon feeding and injection) and continuous (subcutaneous and vaginal implant) administration of supplementary melatonin to ewes in mid-summer mimics the effect of short or decreasing photoperiod and can advance the onset of breeding activity. Such treatments can also increase relative fecundity at early mating by phase-advancing the mid-breeding season peak in ovulation rate. As the U.K. is not sufficient in lamb production and bearing in mind the economic pressure for early lamb marketing, effective melatonin treatment offers considerable potential for commercial application.
Level of wheat bran and saturation of lipid on fibre digestibility in the pig
Authors: Stebbens H R , Morgan C A , Whittemore C T 
Published: June 2019

The recent renewed interest in the feeding of fibrous feedstuffs to pigs has been precipitated by a number of economic and welfare issues. To reduce the costs of pig meat production, farmers have increased the use of cheaper ingredients which tend to contain a high proportion of fibre. The feeding of finely ground cereals in intensive systems has been linked with high rates of mortality resultant from gastric lesions. Adding materials rich in fibre can be beneficial in this respect through its effects on the gut environment.The addition of fibrous feeds to a diet will however have the effect of diluting the energy concentration of the diet and it is likely that counterbalancing levels of high energy materials will need to be added in order to maintain energy levels.Fibre digestion in the ruminant is known to be depressed by the addition of lipid to a diet and it may be that fermentation in the hind gut of the pig is similarly affected. Tallow, a saturated fat, and maize oil, an unsaturated oil, were used to investigate the effect of saturation of lipid on the digestibility of fibre from wheat bran. The effect of level of wheat bran on fibre digestibility was also examined.
Arctic 2.0: How Artificial Intelligence Can Help Develop a Frontier
Authors: Lin Patrick , Allhoff Fritz 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTechnology has an outsized impact on the modern world; it is how we have tamed our frontiers. But that role is largely ignored when it comes to the Arctic frontier. Emerging technologies, especially AI, can enable desperately needed services and infrastructure—but they can also challenge ethics, law, and policy, as they usually do. For instance, autonomous icebreaker ships pose a dual-use dilemma since they can be used for both humanitarian and military purposes. As a lesson for other frontiers, this article will broadly introduce the potential role of AI in the changing Arctic and some of the ethical concerns that deserve attention before that future arrives.
Decolonizing Global Ethics: Thinking with the Pluriverse
Authors: Hutchings Kimberly 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis essay examines the idea of the pluriverse as one response to recent calls for the decolonization of international and global ethics. It argues that taking pluriversality seriously challenges prevailing understandings of global ethics as the acquisition and application of moral expertise. Instead of aiming to know the meaning of global justice and then apply it to particular contexts, a pluriversal ethics addresses the question of how to cultivate a practical ethic of coexistence and collaboration with others in an ontologically plural and radically hierarchical world.
Development of international genetic evaluations of dairy cattle for sustainable breeding programs
Authors: Fikse W.F. , Philipsson J. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryA large proportion of dairy foods consumed by humans are produced using milk from commercial dairy breeds. The result of high selection intensities, narrow breeding objectives and ignoring inbreeding in past decades is that much attention now needs to be given to conserving these commercial breeds to maintain and increase food production and meet future demands. The characteristics of a sustainable breeding program are broad breeding objectives, measures to control inbreeding rates and continuous genetic improvement to keep populations competitive. It is necessary to include traits in the breeding objectives that reduce the cost price of products in addition to traits that increase the output of products. Breeding objectives differ between countries (production environments), and together with genotype-environment interaction for single traits (e.g. milk yield) the implication is that ranking of animals for local breeding goals differs between countries (production environments). Acknowledging this in selection programs leads to larger number of selected animals - at least on a global level, adding to the global diversity in commercial dairy cattle populations. Interbull provides international comparisons of bulls from six dairy breeds for most of the economically important traits, thereby enabling global selection for broad breeding objectives in many countries around the world.
Back to the future. How scenarios of future globalisation, biotechnology, disease and climate change can inform present animal genetic resources policy development
Authors: Drucker A.G. , Hiemstra S.J. , Louwaars N. , Oldenbroek J.K. , Tvedt M.W. , Hoffmann I. , Awgichew K. , Kehedé S. Abegaz , Bhat P.N. , da Silva Manante A. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryWith the aim of assessing how exchange practices regarding Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (AnGR) affect the various stakeholders in the livestock sector and to identify policies and regulatory options that could guide the global exchange, use and conservation of AnGR, an exploration of future scenarios was used as a complementary approach to reviewing the current situation, as well as to identify stakeholders’ views on AnGR policy development.Four 2050 future scenarios were developed and included:1. Globalization and regionalization.2. Biotechnology development.3. Climate change and environmental degradation.4. Diseases and disasters.Having developed the scenarios, these were then used as an input point for a wide range of stakeholder consultations.The findings show that such an approach has been a useful analytical tool. The ‘far’ future perspective appeared to make people less defensive, especially in a situation where current exchange problems were not yet particularly visible or well documented. Many interviewees broadly considered that it was not a question of ‘if’ the scenarios would happen, but rather a question of ‘when’. This implies that we might do well to consider the need to respond to future challenges through the proactive development of new policies or regulations. Such a finding is partly in contrast with the general perception of the current regulatory situation being broadly acceptable.
The impact on adolescents of a Transtheoretical Model-based programme on fruit and vegetable consumption
Authors: Gur Kamer , Erol Saime , Kadioglu Hasibe , Ergun Ayse , Boluktas Rukiye 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjective:The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of a Transtheoretical Model-based programme titled ‘Fruit &amp; Vegetable-Friendly’ on the fruit and vegetable (F&amp;V) consumption of adolescents.Design:A quasi-experimental study. The ‘Fruit &amp; Vegetable-Friendly’, a multicomponent intervention based on the Transtheoretical Model, was completed in eight weeks. The data were collected one week before the intervention, one week after the completion of the intervention and six months after the post-test with an F&amp;V intake questionnaire and the stages of change, processes of change (α = 0·91), situational self-efficacy (α = 0·91) and decisional balance (α = 0·90 for pros, α = 0·87 for cons) scales. Data were analysed with the Friedman, Wilcoxon and marginal homogeneity tests.Setting:A public secondary school in Istanbul, Turkey.Participants:Seven hundred and two adolescents.Results:The mean (sd) F&amp;V intake of adolescents in the passive stages rose from the daily average at the time of the pre-test of 3·40 (1·79) portions to 5·45 (2·54) portions on the post-test and to 5·75 (2·70) portions on the follow-up test (P &lt; 0·01). While the students in the passive stages represented 41·6 % of the participants prior to the programme, this rate fell to 23·7 % at the post-test and to 22·7 % at the follow-up. Students in the active stages first represented 58·5 % of the participants; this rate rose to 76·4 % at the post-test and to 77·2 % at the follow-up test.Conclusions:The programme was effective in increasing the amount of F&amp;V the adolescents consumed on a daily basis.
Annexin A2 Enhances the Progression of Colorectal Cancer and Hepatocarcinoma via Cytoskeleton Structural Rearrangements
Authors: He Huimin , Xiao Li , Cheng Sinan , Yang Qian , Li Jinmei , Hou Yifan , Song Fengying , Su Xiaorong , Jin Huijuan , Liu Zheng , Dong Jing , Zuo Ruiye , Song Xigui , Wang Yanyan , Zhang Kun , Duan Wei , Hou Yingchun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAnnexin A2 (ANXA2) is reported to be associated with cancer development. To investigate the roles ANXA2 plays during the development of cancer, the RNAi method was used to inhibit the ANXA2 expression in caco2 (human colorectal cancer cell line) and SMMC7721 (human hepatocarcinoma cell line) cells. The results showed that when the expression of ANXA2 was efficiently inhibited, the growth and motility of both cell lines were significantly decreased, and the development of the motility relevant microstructures, such as pseudopodia, filopodia, and the polymerization of microfilaments and microtubules were obviously inhibited. The cancer cell apoptosis was enhanced without obvious significance. The possible regulating pathway in the process was also predicted and discussed. Our results suggested that ANXA2 plays important roles in maintaining the malignancy of colorectal and hepatic cancer by enhancing the cell proliferation, motility, and development of the motility associated microstructures of cancer cells based on a possible complicated signal pathway.
THE QUOTIENT ALGEBRA OF COMPACT-BY-APPROXIMABLE OPERATORS ON BANACH SPACES FAILING THE APPROXIMATION PROPERTY
Authors: TYLLI HANS-OLAV , WIRZENIUS HENRIK 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe initiate a study of structural properties of the quotient algebra ${\mathcal{K}}(X)/{\mathcal{A}}(X)$ of the compact-by-approximable operators on Banach spaces $X$ failing the approximation property. Our main results and examples include the following: (i) there is a linear isomorphic embedding from $c_{0}$ into ${\mathcal{K}}(Z)/{\mathcal{A}}(Z)$, where $Z$ belongs to the class of Banach spaces constructed by Willis that have the metric compact approximation property but fail the approximation property, (ii) there is a linear isomorphic embedding from a nonseparable space $c_{0}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E4})$ into ${\mathcal{K}}(Z_{FJ})/{\mathcal{A}}(Z_{FJ})$, where $Z_{FJ}$ is a universal compact factorisation space arising from the work of Johnson and Figiel.
Stress and feelings in mothers and fathers in NICU: identifying risk factors for early interventions
Authors: Ionio Chiara , Mascheroni Eleonora , Colombo Caterina , Castoldi Francesca , Lista Gianluca 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimsThe aims of this study were to explore parents’ stress levels and negative feelings after premature births and to identify the risk factors related to parents’ stress and negative feelings during their children’s neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay.BackgroundPreterm birth is a multi-problematic event that may put the babies in danger for both their medical and neurophysiological conditions and could have a negative impact on both the mother–father relationship and the parent–child interactions.MethodsThe study involved 43 mothers and 38 fathers of preterm infants. All participants filled out the Parental Stressor Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and the Profile of Mood States.FindingsThe results revealed significant differences between mothers’ and fathers’ responses to preterm births in terms of both stress and negative feelings. We found that, for mothers, their own young age and the baby’s need for respiratory support were significant predictors of stress; for fathers, their own young age and the baby’s lower gestational age and worse condition at birth were significant predictors of stress and negative feelings. The NICU may be a stressful place both for mothers and fathers. Identifying which mothers and fathers are at risk immediately after their children are born could help to direct specific interventions that can reduce these parents’ stress and prevent them from negative feelings.
Environmental impacts of livestock production
Authors: Cumby T. R. , Phillips V. R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLivestock production under Northern European conditions can affect water, air and soil. Examples of the possible environmental effects on water are fish kills or microbial contamination, if solid manure, slurry, “dirty water” or silage effluent are collected, stored, handled or spread inappropriately. Examples of the possible environmental effects on air are emissions of ammonia (which can lead to acidification and, after subsequent deposition, to eutrophication), the greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide, odours and particulates.In the case of water pollution, good management practices using existing technology are usually adequate for preventing most environmental impacts. This often requires storage during periods when conditions are unsuitable for spreading, followed by carefully controlled application. However, for relatively dilute effluents (such as dairy farm “dirty water”), it may be more cost-effective to use different approaches, such as waste minimisation and/or continuous treatment and land spreading. Recent research results are reviewed and compared in this paper, to identify ways in which farmers can prevent water pollution at least cost. The potential implications of such measures on further reductions in the annual numbers of pollution incidents are discussed in conjunction with the impacts of different regulatory and punitive approaches.In the case of preventing air pollution, although good management can achieve much, there is a need for new technology to back it up. Existing ammonia abatement techniques are mostly expensive and farmer-unfriendly. In the longer term, changes to the animals' diet should hold the greater potential for abatement, not only of ammonia emissions but also of methane emissions. Reducing one form of pollution can often increase another, so an integrated approach to solving pollution problems is necessary.
Hipparcos – Activities of the Data Reduction Consortia
Authors: Lindegren L. , Kovalevsky J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe complete reduction of data from the ESA astrometry satellite Hipparcos, from some 1012 bits of photon counts and ancillary data to a catalogue of astrometric parameters and magnitudes for the 100 000 programme stars, will be independently undertaken by two scientific consortia, NDAC and FAST. This approach is motivated by the size and complexity of the reductions and to ensure the validity of the results. The end product will be a single, agreed-upon catalogue. This paper describes briefly the principles of reduction and the organisation and status within each consortium.