bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activity-Based Training Alters Penile Reflex Responses in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Steadman Casey J. , Hoey Robert F. , Montgomery Lynnette R. , Hubscher Charles H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionMultisystem functional gains have been reported in males with spinal cord injury (SCI) after undergoing activity-based training (ABT), including increases in scoring of sexual function and reports of improved erectile function.AimThis study aims to examine the effect of daily 60-minute locomotor training and exercise in general on sexual function in a rat SCI contusion model.MethodsMale Wistar rats received a T9 contusion SCI. Animals were randomized into 4 groups: a quadrupedal stepping group (SCI + QT), a forelimb-only exercise group (SCI + FT), a non-trained harnessed group (SCI + NT), and a home cage non-trained group (SCI + HC). The 2 non-trained groups were combined (SCI) post hoc. Daily training sessions were 60 minutes in duration for 8 weeks. Urine samples were collected during bi-weekly 24-hour metabolic cage behavioral testing. Latency, numbers of penile dorsiflexion, and glans cupping were recorded during bi-weekly penile dorsiflexion reflex (PDFR) testing. Terminal electromyography (EMG) recordings of the bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM) were recorded in response to stimulation of the dorsal nerve of the penis (DNP).OutcomesABT after SCI had a significant effect on PDFR, as well as BSM EMG latency and burst duration.ResultsSCI causes a significant decrease in the latency to onset of PDFR. After 8 weeks of ABT, SCI + QT animals had a significantly increased latency relative to the post-SCI baseline. BSM EMG response to DNP stimulation had a significantly decreased latency and increase in average and maximum amplitude in SCI + QT animals. SCI animals had a significantly longer burst duration than trained animals. Time between PDFR events, penile dorsiflexion, glans cupping, and urine testosterone were not affected by ABT.Clinical ImplicationsABT has a positive influence on sexual function and provides a potential therapy to enhance the efficacy of current sexual dysfunction therapies in the male SCI population.Strengths and LimitationsSeveral significant small improvements in sexual function were found in a clinically relevant rat model of SCI using a readily available rehabilitative therapy. The limited findings could reflect insensitivity of the PDFR as a measure of erectile function.ConclusionsThese results indicate that task-specific stepping and/or loading provide sensory input to the spinal cord impacting the neural circuitry responsible for sexual function.
Modalities of the Fiscal State in Imperial China
Authors: von Glahn Richard 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn the past two decades, increasing attention has been paid to the significance of the fiscal capacity of the premodern state to promote or retard economic growth. In particular, scholarship on economic history has stressed the positive impact the emergence of the “fiscal state” had in enhancing economic growth in early modern Europe. Comparative studies have contrasted the administrative efficiency of the emerging European fiscal state with contemporary Asian empires (the Ottomans, Mughals, and the Ming and Qing empires in China). But the Ming-Qing state represents only one version of Chinese state formation under the Chinese empire. This article identifies four basic types of fiscal state that appeared between the Qin unification and the Ming-Qing era, analyzes their ideological foundations, and assesses their implications for economic growth.
“The World Will Have a New Face”: Germans and the Post-World War I Global Economic Order
Authors: Hamlin David 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWorld War I reshaped the international economy. This was, in part, the consequence of British mobilization of resources for its own war effort, which aligned producer interests around the world with those of the United Kingdom. But it was also a consequence of Western policy aimed at excluding German businessmen from global markets. German planners noted during World War I that Great Britain, in particular, was expressing an interest in continuing such exclusion after the war, with potentially enormous economic consequences for Germany. Combatting or preventing such an economic “war after the war” prompted German businessmen and politicians to support a series of policies that would have profoundly changed the institutions and norms of the prewar international economy. These policies ranged from imposing one-sided trade agreements, expanding the mark zone, and establishing German control over Eastern European industries and infrastructure, to creating shipping cartels and imposing compulsory raw material delivery agreements on the Western powers. The result of German efforts to direct trade and investment in ways preferable to the German state would have been a deeply politicized postwar international economy. The article argues that economic questions were thus a central component of German war aims, but that these were not fixed: they evolved over the course of the war in response to changes in the international economy, and they focused not on short-term emergencies but rather on longer-term structural changes.
Demonstrating the Natural Order: The Physiocratic Trials in Baden, 1770–1802
Authors: Bowler Richard 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article examines attempts to demonstrate the truth of physiocratic principles in eighteenth-century Baden. Emphasizing the importance of the so-called net yield (produit net), a surplus product understood to be created primarily in agriculture, the physiocrats advanced a new science of material prosperity and moral welfare. Despite its alleged “self-evidence,” physiocracy invited strong criticism from those who denied the force of its abstractions. Ultimately regarded as ill-fated and unconvincing, these trials were significant for their attempt to offer an experiential demonstration aimed at persuading doubters and silencing critics. The apparent failure notwithstanding, the episode illustrates how the idiom and practice of experiment served as a powerful resource for generating conviction in the eighteenth century, even in matters extending beyond the emerging natural sciences.
Driven into Suicide by the East German Regime? Reflections on the Persistence of a Misleading Perception
Authors: Grashoff Udo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe assumption that the communist dictatorship in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) drove many people to suicide has persisted for decades, and it is still evident in academic and public discourse. Yet, high suicide rates in eastern Germany, which can be traced back to the nineteenth century, cannot be a result of a particular political system. Be it monarchy, democracy, fascism, or socialism, the frequency of suicide there did not change significantly. In fact, the share of politically motivated suicides in the GDR amounts to only 1–2 percent of the total. Political, economic, or sociocultural factors did not have a significant impact on suicide rates. An analysis of two subsets of GDR society that were more likely to be affected by repression—prisoners and army recruits—further corroborates this: there is no evidence of a higher suicide rate in either case. Complimentary to a quantitative approach “from above,” a qualitative analysis “from below” not only underlines the limited importance of repression, but also points to a regional pattern of behavior linked to cultural influences and to the role of religion—specifically, to Protestantism. Several factors nevertheless fostered the persistence of an overly politicized interpretation of suicide in the GDR: the bereaved in the East, the media in the West, and a few victims of suicide themselves blamed the regime and downplayed important individual and pathological aspects. Moreover, state and party officials in the GDR unintentionally reinforced the politicization of suicide by imposing a taboo on the subject, which only fueled the flames of speculation about its root causes.
Framing Black Communist Labour Union Activism in the Atlantic World: James W. Ford and the Establishment of the International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers, 1928–1931
Authors: Weiss Holger 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe International Trade Union Committee of Negro Workers (ITUCNW) was a radical trans-Atlantic network for the propagation of black proletarian internationalism, established by the Red International of Labour Unions in 1928. Its key mastermind was James W. Ford, an African American communist labour union activist who was in charge of the organization and its operations until the autumn of 1931. This article critically highlights Ford's ambitions as well as the early phase of the organization. Both in terms of its agenda and objective as well as in its outreach among black workers in the Black Atlantic, the ITUCNW and its main propagators stressed the “class-before-race” argument of the Comintern rather than the pan-Africanist “race-before-class” approach. This is not surprising as the ITUCNW was one of the organizations that had been established when the Comintern and the RILU had started to apply the “class-against-class” doctrine, which left no room for cooperation between communists and radical pan-Africanists.
Canteens and the Politics of Working-class Diets in Industrial China, 1920–37
Authors: LEE SEUNG-JOON 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article explores how workers’ diets and meal services at factory canteens became the nucleus of labour politics in Republican Shanghai, China's industrial heartland. At the heart of Chinese labour politics was a demand for the improvement of workers’ diets, particularly for adequate meal service, which was to be provided by management at a reasonable price—if not for free—at the workplace. The purpose of this article is not only to draw attention to a lacuna in Chinese labour history, but also to shed new light on the agency of workers in their labour disputes from the perspective of food history. No other issue provided a better opportunity to unite workers, labour activists, and so-called scabs than the issue of food. In the wake of labour disputes, industrialists changed their perception of the relation between industrial health and work efficiency. With the promotion of factory canteens, the Guomidang Nationalists also began to exert unsparing efforts to garner the growing political potential of the labour force. Therefore, factory canteens evolved into a contested space in which workers, management, and the state offered different visions of workers’ diets and industrial productivity.
Zinc deficiency is an independent risk factor for prehypertension in healthy subjects
Authors: Nevárez-López Sara C. , Simental-Mendía Luis E. , Guerrero-Romero Fernando , Burciaga-Nava Jorge A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Objective: To assess whether zinc deficiency is associated with prehypertension (preHTN) in apparently healthy subjects. Design: Apparently healthy women and men, aged 20 to 60 years were enrolled into a case-control study. Individuals with and without preHTN were allocated into the case and control groups, respectively. Hypertension, liver disease, renal disease, smoking, pregnancy, diabetes, malignancy, hypernatremia, hypomagnesemia, medical treatment, and use of supplements containing zinc were exclusion criteria. PreHTN was defined by systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 120–139 mmHg and/or of 80–89 mmHg, respectively, and the zinc deficiency by serum zinc levels < 74 μg/dL in men and < 70 μg/dL in women. Results: In total, 142 subjects (90 women and 52 men) were enrolled and allocated in the case (n = 71) and control (n = 71) groups. In the overall population, the frequency of zinc deficiency was 11.1%; individuals in the case group showed significant higher frequency of zinc deficiency as compared with the control group (16.9% vs 5.5%, p = 0.04). The logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between zinc deficiency and preHTN (OR = 4.61; 95% CI: 1.24–17.12, p = 0.02). Conclusion: Our results suggest that zinc deficiency is associated with the presence of preHTN in apparently healthy subjects.
An Empirical Method to Predict Sediment Grain Size From Inorganic Geochemical Measurements
Authors: Liu Dawei , Bertrand Sébastien , Weltje Gert Jan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGrain size is one of the most fundamental properties of sediments. It is frequently used in paleoclimate, paleoceanographic, and paleoenvironmental research as a proxy for river discharge, current and wind strength, and to identify mass flow deposits. Measuring grain size is, however, time‐consuming and destructive. Given the strong influence of grain size on sediment inorganic geochemistry, single‐element variations measured by, for example, X‐ray fluorescence core scanning are increasingly used to estimate grain‐size variations at high resolution in sediment cores. This approach is however limited to a narrow grain‐size range since individual elements only monotonically relate to grain size over a narrow size range. Here, we present a simple, code‐free, multielement method based on partial least squares regression to predict sediment mean grain size from inorganic geochemical data over the range of sizes commonly encountered in sedimentary basins (clay to sand). The method was first tested using river sediment samples separated in 11 grain‐size fractions, and it was later successfully applied to two sediment cores from the Chilean fjords. Our method only requires measuring grain size on a limited number (around 10) of selected training samples, and it allows to predict mean grain size at X‐ray fluorescence core scanner resolution. This method has the potential to be applied to any lake or marine sediment core, provided sediment provenance, weathering, and diagenesis remain relatively stable through time, and we anticipate that it will result in a significant increase in the resolution of sediment proxy records of climate and environmental change.
Modeling Transient Soil Moisture Limitations on Microbial Carbon Respiration
Authors: Liu Yuchen , Lawrence Corey R. , Winnick Matthew J. , Hsu Hsiao‐Tieh , Maher Katharine , Druhan Jennifer L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSoil microorganisms are known to survive periods of aridity and to recover rapidly after wetting events, with the ability to transition between a dormant state in dry conditions and an active state in wet conditions. Though this dynamic behavior has been previously incorporated into soil carbon respiration modeling frameworks, a direct comparison between this active‐dormant transition mechanism and a more simplified first‐order model has yet to be made. Here, we demonstrate the necessary extent of model complexity needed to reproduce transient carbon respiration rates obtained from a set of soil incubation experiments implemented over a range of soil depths and time intervals. Two approaches are tested, one uses simplified first‐order kinetics, whereas the other employs a transition between active and dormant biomass. The performance of each model is evaluated using an Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) based on the accuracy with which they reproduce an experimental dataset consisting of two sets of time series soil incubations collected across a range of time and depth resolutions. Based on the AIC evaluation and model‐data comparison, we conclude that a dormancy‐enabled model featuring two distinct microbial strategists performs best for the majority of the soil profile (above 108 cm) for both high and low depth resolution and sampling frequency, despite the added parameters required. In contrast, the first‐order model achieves better AIC scores when simulating our deepest soils (112–165 cm), where moisture fluctuations are expected to be less prevalent. These results guide how and where we choose to apply more cost intensive models.
An Urban Sociohydrologic Model for Exploration of Beijing's Water Sustainability Challenges and Solution Spaces
Authors: Li Bin , Sivapalan Murugesu , Xu Xinyi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe mismatch between water demand and water availability in many megacities poses vexing water management challenges. Managers are forced to take remedial efforts to address these challenges, often with a heavy focus on infrastructure solutions such as building reservoirs or interbasin transfers to meet demand, which may in fact exacerbate the problem through unintended consequences that arise from neglect of social, economic, and environmental factors. Such a situation awaits Beijing, China, which faces major water management challenges in spite of the addition of a large interbasin transfer to meet increasing demand. In this study, a sociohydrologic model is developed for investigating Beijing's future water sustainability from a holistic and dynamic perspective. Using the model, we first explore the sociohydrologic mechanisms that contributed to Beijing's worsening water situation during 1988–2014. We then use the model to assess possible future impacts of the South to North Water Diversion Project on Beijing's water supply prospects for the 2015–2035 period. Alternative futures are explored by combining three different sustainable management strategies. The model results show that the source of Beijing's dominant water pressure experienced a transformation from productive to domestic water use over the last 30 years. They also indicate that the transfer water via South to North Water Diversion Project cannot fundamentally reverse Beijing's water shortage in the long term and that demand‐oriented management measures will be required for alleviating the city's water stress. These findings provide guidance not only for Beijing's water management but also for other less developed cities around the world.
Hydroacoustic, Seismic, and Bathymetric Observations of the 2014 Submarine Eruption at Ahyi Seamount, Mariana Arc
Authors: Tepp Gabrielle , Chadwick William W. , Haney Matthew M. , Lyons John J. , Dziak Robert P. , Merle Susan G. , Butterfield David A. , Young Charles W. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAhyi seamount, a shallow submarine volcano in the Northern Mariana Islands, began erupting on 23 April 2014. Hydroacoustic eruption signals were observed on the regional Mariana seismic network and on distant hydrophones, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) scuba divers working in the area soon after the eruption began heard and felt underwater explosion sounds. The NOAA crew observed yellow‐orange bubble mats along the shore of neighboring Farallon de Pájaros Island, but no other surface manifestations of the eruption were reported by the crew or observed in satellite data. Here, we detail the eruption chronology and its morphologic impacts through analysis of seismic and hydroacoustic recordings and repeat bathymetric mapping. Throughout the 2‐week‐long eruption, Ahyi produced several thousand short, impulsive hydroacoustic signals that we interpret as underwater explosions as well as tremor near the beginning and end of the sequence. The initial tremor, which occurred for 2 hr, is interpreted as small phreatomagmatic explosions. This tremor was followed by a 90‐min pause before the characteristic impulsive signals began. Occasional tremor (lasting up to a few minutes) during the last 1.5 days of the eruption is interpreted as more sustained eruptive activity. Bathymetric changes show that a new crater, about 150 m deep, formed near the former summit and a large landslide chute formed on the southeastern flank. Comparing to other geophysically detected submarine eruptions, we find that the signals from the 2014 Ahyi eruption were more similar to those from other shallow or at‐surface submarine eruptions than those at deep (>500 m) eruptions.
Mantle Dynamics of Western Pacific and East Asia: New Insights from P Wave Anisotropic Tomography
Authors: Ma Jincheng , Tian You , Zhao Dapeng , Liu Cai , Liu Tingting 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSeismic anisotropy records past and present tectonic deformations and provides important constraints for understanding the structure and dynamics of the Earth's interior. In this work, we use tremendous amounts of high‐quality P wave arrival times from local and regional earthquakes to determine a high‐resolution tomographic model of 3‐D P wave azimuthal anisotropy down to 1,000‐km depth beneath East Asia. Our results show that trench‐parallel fast‐velocity directions (FVDs) are visible in the shallow portion of the subducting Pacific slab (<80 km), whereas the deeper portion of the Pacific slab mainly exhibits trench‐normal FVDs, except for the stagnant slab in the mantle transition zone (MTZ) where obvious NE‐SW FVDs are revealed. The FVDs in the subslab mantle change from a subduction‐parallel trend at depths of 80–400 km to a subduction‐normal trend in the MTZ. Large‐scale low‐velocity anomalies are revealed beneath the Philippine Sea plate where the FVD is NE‐SW. The FVDs along the Izu‐Bonin arc and in a slab gap exhibit a striking anticlockwise toroidal trend. All these features may reflect complex 3‐D flows in the mantle wedge due to tearing and dehydration processes of the subducting Pacific slab. The subducting Pacific slab is split at ~300‐km depth under the Bonin arc and then penetrates into the lower mantle, whereas under East Asia the Pacific slab becomes stagnant in the MTZ and reaches the North‐South Gravity Lineament in China. The intraplate volcanoes in East Asia are caused by hot and wet upwelling flows in the big mantle wedge above the stagnant Pacific slab.
SAPS in the 17 March 2013 Storm Event: Initial Results From the Coupled Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model
Authors: Lin Dong , Wang Wenbin , Scales Wayne A. , Pham Kevin , Liu Jing , Zhang Binzheng , Merkin Viacheslav , Shi Xueling , Kunduri Bharat , Maimaiti Maimaitirebike 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSubauroral polarization stream (SAPS) is latitudinally narrow flow channels of large westward plasma drifts in the subauroral ionosphere. In this study, the global structure and dynamic evolution of SAPS are investigated by using the Coupled Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere‐Thermosphere model with ring current extension, namely, the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry‐Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model‐Rice Convection Model, to simulate the 2013 St. Patrick's Day storm event. This is the first time that the global distribution and temporal evolution of SAPS are investigated using first‐principle models. The model shows a strong westward ion drift channel formed equatorward of the auroral electron precipitation boundary on the duskside, which is identified as the SAPS structure. The simulated ion drift velocity and auroral electron precipitation sampled along the trajectory of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F18 satellite are in good agreement with the satellite measurements. SAPS initiate in the predusk sector when the interplanetary magnetic field turns southward. SAPS latitude generally decreases with magnetic local time from dusk to midnight. The SAPS channel shows wedge, inverse wedge, and crescent morphologies during the storm and becomes discontinuous when the interplanetary magnetic field is weakly southward. The SAPS mean latitude has a correlation coefficient of 0.77 with the Dst index. The mean latitude moves equatorward, and the flow channel broadens in the storm main phase. The simulation results illustrate both the global distribution and highly dynamic behavior of SAPS that are not readily apparent from the observation data.