bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valuing families' preferences for drug treatment: a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Shanahan Marian , Seddon Jennifer , Ritter Alison , De Abreu Lourenco Richard 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsThe burden on family members of those who are dependent on illicit drugs is largely unidentified, despite the presence of significant negative financial, health and social impacts. This makes it difficult to provide appropriate services and support. This study aimed to assess the preferences for treatment attributes for heroin dependence among family members affected by the drug use of a relative and to obtain a measure of the intangible economic benefit.DesignDiscrete choice experiment. Data were analysed using mixed logit which accounted for repeated responses.SettingAustralia.ParticipantsEligible participants were Australian residents aged 18+ years with a relative with problematic drug use. Complete data on 237 respondents were analysed; 21 invalid responses were deleted.MeasurementsParticipant preference for likelihood of staying in treatment, family conflict, own health status, contact with police and monetary contribution to a charitable organization providing treatment.FindingsAll attributes were significant, and the results suggest that there was a preference for longer time in treatment, less family discord, better own health status, less likelihood of their relative encountering police and, while they were willing to contribute to a charity for treatment to be available, they prefer to pay less, not more. In order of relative importance, participants were willing to pay an additional A$4.46 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.33–5.60] for treatment which resulted in an additional 1% of heroin users staying in treatment for longer than 3 months, A$42.00 (95% CI = 28.30–55.69) to avoid 5 days per week of family discord, A$87.94 (95% CI = 64.41–111.48) for treatment options that led to an improvement in their own health status and A$129.66 (95% CI = 53.50–205.87) for each 1% decline in the chance of police contact.ConclusionsDrug treatment in Australia appears to have intangible benefits for affected family members. Families are willing to pay for treatment which reduces family discord, improves their own health, increases time in treatment and reduces contact with police.
Analysis of genetic variation contributing to measured speed in Thoroughbreds identifies genomic regions involved in the transcriptional response to exercise
Authors: Farries G. , Gough K. F. , Parnell A. C. , McGivney B. A. , McGivney C. L. , McGettigan P. A. , MacHugh D. E. , Katz L. M. , Hill E. W. 
Published: September 2019

SummaryDespite strong selection for athletic traits in Thoroughbred horses, there is marked variation in speed and aptitude for racing performance within the breed. Using global positioning system monitoring during exercise training, we measured speed variables and temporal changes in speed with age to derive phenotypes forGWAS. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that genetic variation contributes to variation in end‐point physiological traits, in this case galloping speed measured during field exercise tests. Standardisation of field‐measured phenotypes was attempted by assessing horses exercised on the same gallop track and managed under similar conditions by a single trainer. PCA of six key speed indices captured 73.9% of the variation with principal component 1 (PC1). Verifying the utility of the phenotype, we observed thatPC1 (median) in 2‐year‐old horses was significantly different among elite, non‐elite and unraced horses (P < 0.001) and the temporal change with age inPC1 varied among horses with differentmyostatin(MSTN) g.66493737C>TSNPgenotypes. AGWASforPC1 in 2‐year‐old horses (n = 122) identified fourSNPs reaching the suggestive threshold for association (P < 4.80 × 10−5), defining a 1.09 Mb candidate region on ECA8 containing themyosin XVIIIB(MYO18B) gene. In aGWASfor temporal change inPC1 with age (n = 168), fiveSNPs reached the suggestive threshold for association and defined candidate regions on ECA2 and ECA11. Both regions contained genes that are significantly differentially expressed in equine skeletal muscle in response to acute exercise and training stimuli, includingMYO18A. AsMYO18Aplays a regulatory role in the skeletal muscle response to exercise, the identified genomic variation proximal to the myosin family genes may be important for the regulation of the response to exercise and training.
Aware and tuned to care: Children with better distress recognition and higher sympathy anticipate more guilt after harming others
Authors: Colasante Tyler , Gao Xiaoqing , Malti Tina 
Published: September 2019

Helping children recognize the distress of their victims and feel sympathy may facilitate the optimal socialization of ethical guilt. With a sample of 150 eight‐year‐olds, we tested the main and interactive relations of distress recognition and sympathy to ethical guilt after hypothetically stealing and pushing. Better fear recognition and higher sympathy were uniquely associated with higher ethical guilt. The link between fear recognition and ethical guilt was stronger in children with higher sympathy. Beyond their unique contributions, distress recognition and sympathy may work in concert to facilitate ethical guilt after harming others.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject

Children are thought to express more guilt if they recognize their victims’ distress and feel sympathy for them.

However, there is little evidence for the direct roles of distress recognition and sympathy in children's guilt, and none for their joint contribution.

What the present study adds

The link between fear recognition and guilt was stronger in children with higher sympathy. Sympathy may help children harness and translate the awareness afforded by distress recognition into feelings of accountability and regret.

This study was the first to clarify the main and additive roles of sympathy and distress recognition in children's anticipation of guilt after harming others.

Promoting distress recognition and sympathy may represent a viable two‐step approach to inducing guilt in children after they violate others’ welfare.
Antenatal screening for haemoglobinopathies: current status, barriers and ethics
Authors: Chakravorty Subarna , Dick Moira C 
Published: September 2019

SummarySickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassaemia are genetic disorders that are caused by errors in the genes for haemoglobin and are some of the most common significant genetic disorders in the world, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Great disparities exist in the outcome of these conditions between resource‐ rich and resource‐poor nations. Antenatal screening for these disorders aims to provide couples with information about their reproductive risk and enable them to make informed reproductive choices; ultimately reducing the likelihood of children being born with these conditions. This review provides an overview of the current status of antenatal, pre‐marital and population screening of SCD and thalassaemia in countries with both high‐and low prevalence of these conditions, methods of screening in use, and discusses some of the pitfalls, ethical issues and controversies surrounding antenatal screening. It also discusses outcomes of some screening programmes and recognises the need for the establishment of antenatal screening in areas where their prevalence is highest; namely sub‐Saharan Africa and India.
Variable indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase expression in acral/mucosal melanoma and its possible link to immunotherapy
Authors: Iga Natsuko , Otsuka Atsushi , Hirata Masahiro , Kataoka Tatsuki R. , Irie Hiroyuki , Nakashima Chisa , Matsushita Shigeto , Uchi Hiroshi , Yamamoto Yuki , Funakoshi Takeru , Fujisawa Yasuhiro , Yoshino Koji , Fujimura Taku , Hata Hiroo , Ishida Yoshihiro , Kabashima Kenji 
Published: September 2019

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors have improved the prognosis of advanced melanoma. Although anti–programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) is a well‐studied biomarker for response to anti–programmed death‐1 PD‐1 therapy in melanoma, its clinical relevance remains unclear. It has been established that the high expression of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) is correlated to a response to anti–CTLA‐4 treatment in melanoma. However, it is still unknown whether the IDO expression is associated with response to anti–PD‐1 therapy in advanced melanoma. In addition, acral and mucosal melanomas, which comprise a great proportion of all melanomas in Asians, are genetically different subtypes from cutaneous melanomas; however, they have not been independently analyzed due to their low frequency in Western countries. To evaluate the association of IDO and PD‐L1 expression with response to anti–PD‐1 antibody in acral and mucosal melanoma patients, we analyzed 32 Japanese patients with acral and mucosal melanomas treated with anti–PD‐1 antibody from the perspective of IDO and PD‐L1 expression levels by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Multivariate Cox regression models showed that the low expression of IDO in tumors was associated with poor progression‐free survival (HR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.13‐0.81, P = 0.016), whereas PD‐L1 expression on tumors was not associated with progression‐free survival. Significantly lower expression of IDO in tumors was found in non–responders compared to responders. Assessment of the IDO expression could be useful for the identification of suitable candidates for anti–PD‐1 therapy among acral and mucosal melanomas patients. Further validation study is needed to estimate the clinical utility of our findings.
The influence of treatment in alpine and moderate maritime climate on the composition of the skin microbiome in patients with difficult to treat atopic dermatitis
Authors: van Mierlo Minke M.F. , Totté Joan E.E. , Fieten Karin B. , van den Broek Tim J. , Schuren Frank H.J. , Pardo Luba M. , Pasmans Suzanne G.M.A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe skin microbiome, characterized by an overgrowth ofStaphylococcus aureus, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Multidisciplinary treatment in alpine climate is known for its positive effect on disease severity in children with AD and can result in a different immune response compared with moderate maritime climate. However, the effect on the composition of the skin microbiome in AD is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of treatment in alpine climate and moderate maritime climate on the microbiome for lesional and non‐lesional skin in children with difficult to treat AD.ResultsAlpine climate treatment led to a significant change in the microbiota on lesional skin, whereas no significant change was found after moderate maritime climate. On both lesional and non‐lesional skin, we observed a significant increase in Shannon diversity and a significant decrease in bothStaphylococcusabundance andS aureusload after alpine climate treatment. The decrease inS aureuswas significantly larger on lesional skin following alpine climate treatment compared with moderate maritime climate treatment.Staphylococcus epidermidisload was stable over time.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAlpine climate treatment leads to significant changes in the composition of the skin microbiome in children with AD, mainly caused by a reduction in theStaphylococcusgenus. This study shows new perspectives in the potential mode of action for therapies in AD.
Developmental bias, macroevolution, and the fossil record
Authors: Jablonski David 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA fuller understanding of the role of developmental bias in shaping large‐scale evolutionary patterns requires integrating bias (the probability distribution of variation accessible to an ancestral phenotype) with clade dynamics (the differential survival and production of species and evolutionary lineages). This synthesis could proceed as a two‐way exchange between the developmental data available to neontologists and the strictly phenotypic but richly historical and dynamic data available to paleontologists. Analyses starting in extant populations could aim to predict macroevolution in the fossil record from observed developmental bias, while analyses starting in the fossil record, particularly the record of extant species and lineages, could aim to predict developmental bias from macroevolutionary patterns, including the broad range of extinct phenotypes. Analyses in multivariate morphospaces are especially effective when coupled with phylogeny, theoretical and developmental models, and diversity–disparity plots. This research program will also require assessing the “heritability” of an ancestral bias across phylogeny, and the tendency for bias change in strength and orientation over evolutionary time. Such analyses will help find a set of general rules for the macroevolutionary effects of developmental bias, including its impact on and interactions with the other intrinsic and extrinsic factors governing the movement, expansion, and contraction of clades in morphospace.
Developmental structuring of phenotypic variation: A case study with a cellular automata model of ontogeny
Authors: Hordijk Wim , Altenberg Lee 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDevelopmental mechanisms not only produce an organismal phenotype, but they also structure the way genetic variation maps to phenotypic variation. Here, we revisit a computational model for the evolution of ontogeny based on cellular automata, in which evolution regularly discovered two alternative mechanisms for achieving a selected phenotype, one showing high modularity, the other showing morphological integration. We measure a primary variational property of the systems, their distribution of fitness effects of mutation. We find that the modular ontogeny shows the evolution of mutational robustness and ontogenic simplification, while the integrated ontogeny does not. We discuss the wider use of this methodology on other computational models of development as well as real organisms.
TRUTH AND MEANING IN HISTORICAL INTERPRETATION: A DAVIDSONIAN APPROACH
Authors: PEDEN KNOX 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThis essay argues that Donald Davidson's work in philosophy sheds light on debates about truth, meaning, and context in historical interpretation. Drawing on distinctions between Davidson's project and that of his mentor, W. V. O. Quine, I aim to show that certain ambiguities that have arisen in the methodological reflections of Quentin Skinner and Frank Ankersmit, to take representatives of contrastive approaches to intellectual history, are clarified once we reckon with Davidson's ideas. This discussion leads to a case for the broader pertinence of Davidson's work to historical writing, which insists that his focus on the centrality of truth to disagreement bears salutary consequences for thinking about what constitutes compelling historical scholarship.
APHASIA, HISTORY, AND DURESS
Authors: Hunt Nancy Rose 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThis essay celebrates the publication of Duress, explores its concepts and themes, focuses on the way Ann Stoler rejects the notion of historical forgetting and develops a heuristic of “colonial aphasia” in an ethnographic chapter on the emergence of France's Far Right near Marseille in the 1990s. The essay also tracks how postcolonial scholars are using the notion of aphasia, drawing on Stoler's colonial usages in contexts like the Netherlands and Britain as well as using the notion to periodize. Those who came to aphasia before and without Stoler are also present here, and their contributions suggest a range of ways to think through radical, countercultural, and philosophical thought. That Gilles Deleuze and Paolo Virno use aphasia in contrary ways suggests that once aphasia departs from clinical settings, its poetics are rather up for grabs even if contained within activist gestures; both rethink matters of politics, dissent, and language. The example of Kurt Goldstein is also imported to show that clinical aphasia may go with the “detours” of patients, those stricken by war, catastrophe, and these peculiar speech disorders. That “detour” is also a Deleuzian word opens wide a “minor” register to history, speech, and forms of oppression. The semantic spectrum for aphasia in histories of politics and language is wide, from Stoler's colonial version that applies most to the privileged, to Deleuze's poetic transpositions that propose aphasia as an accomplishment, a rebellious refusal of communication. Aphasia has much promise as a historical category in and outside of colonial forms of duress.
Sex‐specific association of plasma nesfatin‐1 concentrations with obesity in children
Authors: de Dios Olaya , Herrero Leticia , Gavela‐Pérez Teresa , Soriano‐Guillén Leandro , Garcés Carmen 
Published: September 2019

SummaryBackgroundNesfatin‐1, an anorexigenic peptide, has been associated with food intake and thermogenesis, with discordant findings in humans and scarce studies in children to date.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of obesity with nesfatin‐1 levels in two cohorts of children.MethodsPlasma nesfatin‐1 concentrations were analyzed in 6‐ to 9‐year‐olds (n = 140) and 12‐ to 16‐year‐old children (n = 96), including children with obesity and their sex‐ and age‐matched normal‐weight counterparts. Anthropometric measurements were assessed. Cholesterol and triglycerides were determined enzymatically, insulin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay using a commercial kit and nesfatin‐1, leptin and hs‐CRP concentrations were determined using commercial ELISA kits.ResultsNesfatin‐1 concentrations were significantly lower in younger (P = .001) and older (P = .009) girls with obesity than in their normal‐weight counterparts, without showing significant differences in boys. Nesfatin‐1 showed a negative significant (P < .010) correlation with weight and BMI in girls but not in boys. A significant positive correlation of nesfatin‐1 levels with insulin, HOMA, and leptin levels appears in girls after adjusting by age and BMI. A significant positive correlation (P = .003) was observed between nesfatin‐1 and fat mass in older children.ConclusionsOur study shows lower concentrations of nesfatin‐1 related to obesity in girls but not in boys at two different ages. The existence of a sex‐specific association between nesfatin‐1 concentrations and presence of obesity highlights the need of an analysis by gender of the relationship of nesfatin‐1 with obesity.
Efficacy and safety of the cryoballoon‐based atrial fibrillation ablation in patients aged ≥80 years
Authors: Kanda Takashi , Masuda Masaharu , Kurata Naoya , Asai Mitsutoshi , Iida Osamu , Okamoto Shin , Ishihara Takayuki , Nanto Kiyonori , Tsujimura Takuya , Okuno Shota , Matsuda Yasuhiro , Hata Yosuke , Mano Toshiaki 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) increases with age. Although the efficacy of cryoballoon ablation (CB‐A) in patients with AF has been demonstrated, data on the efficacy of this CB‐A in elderly patients are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the 1‐year efficacy and safety of CB‐A in patients aged ≥80 years compared with those less than 80 years.MethodsA total of 49 consecutive patients ≥80 years with paroxysmal AF (PAF) who underwent CB‐A were compared with 241 patients aged <80 years. AF‐free survival rate at 1 year and procedural data were compared between the groups.ResultsMedian (25th, 75th quartile) age was 83 (82, 85) years in the older group and 68 (61, 73) years in the younger group. At 1‐year follow‐up, the success rate did not significantly differ between the groups. In Cox regression analysis, age ≥80 years was not significantly related to AF recurrence. Low‐voltage areas were more frequently observed in the elderly group than the control group (39% vs 17%; P = .01). Fluoroscopy time and procedure time did not differ significantly. There was no significant difference in the occurrence rate of transient phrenic nerve palsy. No severe complications occurred in either group, including procedure‐related deaths, atrioesophageal fistula, cardiac tamponade, and cerebrovascular embolic events.ConclusionThe results of our study showed that CB‐A for PAF is a feasible and safe procedure even in elderly patients, with similar success and complication rates when compared with a younger population.
Data‐driven identification of subtypes of executive function across typical development, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Vaidya Chandan J. , You Xiaozhen , Mostofsky Stewart , Pereira Francisco , Berl Madison M. , Kenworthy Lauren 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundImpairment of executive function (EF), the goal‐directed regulation of thoughts, actions, and emotions, drives negative outcomes and is common across neurodevelopmental disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A primary challenge to its amelioration is heterogeneity in symptom expression within and across disorders. Parsing this heterogeneity is necessary to attain diagnostic precision, a goal of the NIMH Research Domain Criteria Initiative. We aimed to identify transdiagnostic subtypes of EF that span the normal to impaired spectrum and establish their predictive and neurobiological validity.MethodsCommunity detection was applied to clinical parent‐report measures in 8–14‐year‐old children with and without ADHD and ASD from two independent cohorts (discovery N = 320; replication N = 692) to identify subgroups with distinct behavioral profiles. Support vector machine (SVM) classification was used to predict subgroup membership of unseen cases. Preliminary neurobiological validation was obtained with existing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data on a subsample (N = 84) by testing hypotheses about sensitivity of EF subgroups versus DSM categories.ResultsWe observed three transdiagnostic EF subtypes characterized by behavioral profiles that were defined by relative weakness in: (a) flexibility and emotion regulation; (b) inhibition; and (c) working memory, organization, and planning. The same tripartite structure was also present in the typically developing children. SVM trained on the discovery sample and tested on the replication sample classified subgroup membership with 77.0% accuracy. Split‐half SVM classification on the combined sample (N = 1,012) yielded 88.9% accuracy (this SVM is available for public use). As hypothesized, frontal‐parietal engagement was better distinguished by EF subtype than DSM diagnosis and the subgroup characterized with inflexibility failed to modulate right IPL activation in response to increased executive demands.ConclusionsThe observed transdiagnostic subtypes refine current diagnostic nosology and augment clinical decision‐making for personalizing treatment of executive dysfunction in children.