bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Economic Growth to Wellbeing Economics
Authors: Dalziel Paul , Saunders Caroline , Saunders Joe 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe primary purpose of economics is to contribute to enhanced wellbeing of persons. Economists have often assumed this is best achieved through high economic growth. Nevertheless, experience shows that the pursuit of growth for its own sake can result in policies that harm the wellbeing of large numbers of people. Threats of global climate change, as well as other environmental and social damage caused by current patterns of economic growth, intensify this concern. This first chapter argues for a new framework—wellbeing economics—to guide private and public sector efforts for expanding the capabilities of persons to lead the kinds of lives they value and have reason to value. The wellbeing economics framework focuses on seven types of capital investment at seven levels of human choice. This typology provides the structure for the book’s remaining chapters.
The Wellbeing Economics Framework
Authors: Dalziel Paul , Saunders Caroline , Saunders Joe 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis chapter summarises key points in the wellbeing economics framework and illustrates how it can be used to guide decision-making. The first section lists the 24 propositions that emerged as key points in the analysis of the preceding eight chapters. The second section introduces a diagram that integrates inputs into wellbeing capabilities (7 types of capital stock) with outputs of wellbeing capabilities (11 wellbeing indicators developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). The diagram is called the wellbeing fabric. The remainder of the chapter illustrates how the wellbeing fabric can be applied at different levels of human choices, before a brief conclusion.
Five-dimensional vector multiplets in arbitrary signature
Authors: Gall L. , Mohaupt T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe start developing a formalism which allows to construct supersymmetric theories systematically across space-time signatures. Our construction uses a complex form of the supersymmetry algebra, which is obtained by doubling the spinor representation. This allows one to partially disentangle the Lorentz and R-symmetry group and generalizes symplectic Majorana spinors. For the case where the spinor representation is complex-irreducible, the R-symmetry only acts on an internal multiplicity space, and we show that the connected groups which occur are SO(2), SO0(1, 1), SU(2) and SU(1, 1).As an application we construct the off-shell supersymmetry transformations and supersymmetric Lagrangians for five-dimensional vector multiplets in arbitrary signature (t,s). In this case the R-symmetry groups are SU(2) or SU(1, 1), depending on whether the spinor representation carries a quaternionic or para-quaternionic structure. In Euclidean signature the scalar and vector kinetic terms differ by a relative sign, which is consistent with previous results in the literature and shows that this sign flip is an inevitable consequence of the Euclidean supersymmetry algebra.
Percutaneous ozone nucleolysis for lumbar disc herniation
Authors: Ezeldin Mohamed , Leonardi Marco , Princiotta Ciro , Dall’olio Massimo , Tharwat Mohammed , Zaki Mohammed , Abdel-Wanis Mohamed E. , Cirillo Luigi 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Purpose
All percutaneous minimally invasive disc treatments are typically indicated to contained disc herniations. Our study’s aim is to evaluate prospectively the efficacy of ozone nucleolysis in the treatment of either contained or uncontained lumbar disc herniations.

Methods
Fifty-two patients, aged 27–87 years, with symptomatic herniated lumbar discs, without migration, sequestration, or severe degenerative disc changes, who failed conservative treatment, were included in our study. The patients underwent fluoroscopic-guided intradiscal oxygen-ozone mixture injection (5 ml) at a concentration of 27–30 μg/ml and periradicular injection of the same O2-O3 mixture (10 ml), steroid (1 ml), and local anesthetic (1 ml). Clinical outcomes were evaluated, based on the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and pain intensity (0–5) scale results, obtained initially and at 2- and 6-month controls. Our results were analyzed by ANOVA and chi-squared (χ
2) tests.

Results
Our initial results obtained at 2-month control were promising, indicating a significant decrease in pain disability and intensity in 74% (37) and 76% (38) of the patients respectively, and minimally increased to 76% (38) and 78% (39) at 6-month control (P < 0.001 and CI 99.9%). The mean preprocedure ODI and pain intensity scores were 35 ± 14.36 and 2.38 ± 0.90, respectively, which were reduced to 19.36 ± 13.12 and 1.04 ± 0.92 at 6-month control. Our failure had been mostly related to long symptoms duration of more than 1 year. No complications were recorded.

Conclusion
Ozone nucleolysis is a safe cost-effective minimally invasive technique for treatment of contained and uncontained lumbar disc herniations.
Family factors mediate discrimination related stress and externalizing symptoms in rural Latino adolescents
Authors: Ponting Carolyn , Lee Steve S. , Escovar Emily L. , Rapp Amy M. , Camacho Alvaro , Calderon Ignacio , Chavira Denise A. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTIntroductionExternalizing disorders are more prevalent in rural than urban settings and account for disproportionately high mental health service costs for rural adolescents. Although cultural stressors such as discrimination have been associated with externalizing problems in ethnic minority youth broadly, this relationship is understudied in Latinos, particularly those in rural settings. Further, though the associations of family processes such as familism and family conflict have been studied in relation to youth externalizing symptoms, whether these processes change in the face of adolescent discrimination stress remains unknown.MethodsA moderated multiple mediation model was used to examine the association between perceived discrimination, externalizing symptoms, and the indirect effect of family factors (familism, and family conflict) in a large sample (n = 455) of rural Latino youth. We also evaluated whether indirect and direct effects of discrimination on externalizing symptoms differed in boys versus girls.ResultsFamilism and family conflict each independently mediated the relationship between discrimination related stress and externalizing symptoms. However, discrimination had a direct effect on externalizing symptoms for boys only. In girls, this association held only when family factors were accounted for. Post‐hoc analyses reveal that the moderating effect of sex on discrimination is driven by differences in rule‐breaking behavior, as opposed to aggressive behavior.ConclusionFindings suggest that discrimination is associated with changes in the family environment which in turn invoke elevated risk for externalizing problems. Further, family‐focused interventions that address externalizing problems may be especially effective for adolescent girls.
Factors that influence the self-reported confidence of pediatric residents as team leaders during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: AlSohime Fahad , NurHussen Akram , Temsah Mohamad-Hani , Alabdulhafez Majed , Al-Eyadhy Ayman , Hasan Gamal M , Al-Huzaimi Abdullah , AlKanhal Abdulrahman , Almanie Deemah 
Published: September 2018

Objective:
The leadership skills of pediatric residents during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may have major impacts on their performance. These skills should be addressed during the pediatric residency training program. Therefore, we aimed to identify the perceptions of residents regarding their level of confidence in providing or leading a real pediatric CPR code, and to identify different factors that might influence their self-confidence when assuming the role of a team leader during a real CPR.

Design & setting:
Cross-sectional paper-based and online electronic surveys were conducted in February 2017, which included all Saudi pediatric residency program trainees.

Interventions:
A survey questionnaire was distributed to Saudi pediatric residency trainees throughout the Kingdom. The main aim was to assess their perceived level of confidence when running a real pediatric CPR code either as a team leader or as a team member.

Results:
The survey was distributed and sent by email to 1052 residents, where it was received by 640 and 231 responded (response rate = 36%). Almost one-fifth of the respondents (19.5%) did not have a valid pediatric advanced life support (PALS) certificate. The most frequently reported obstacles to life support training were lack of time (45.8%) and its financial cost (22.7%). The mean self-reported confidence as a CPR team member was reported significantly more frequently than being a CPR team leader (mean standard deviation, SD) = 7.8 (2.1) and 6.7 (2.4) respectively, P < .001). The self-reported confidence as a CPR team leader was reported significantly more frequently in males compared with female respondents (mean ± SD = 6.7 ± 2.4 and 5.9 ± 2.4, respectively; P < .013). There was a significant positive effect of recent attendance at a real CPR event on the perceived self-rated confidence of residents as a CPR team leader (P < .001). Residents who reported that they had often assumed a real CPR leadership role had significantly greater perceived self-confidence compared with those who assumed a member role (P < .05). Furthermore, residents without a valid PALS certificate had significantly less confidence in leading CPR teams than their peers who were recently certified (P< .05).

Conclusions:
The self-reported confidence as team leader during CPR was higher among residents who were certified in life support courses, exposed to CPR during their training, and those who assumed the role of a team leader during CPR. Our findings suggests the need to incorporate life support training courses and simulation-based mock code programs with an emphasis on the leadership in the curriculum of the pediatric residency training program.
Hepatitis C core antigen highly correlated to HCV RNA
Authors: Chang Christine , Hung Chao‐Hung , Wang Jing‐Houng , Lu Sheng‐Nan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHepatitis C virus core antigen (HCV‐Ag) immunoassay has been proposed as a more cost and time efficient one‐step alternative to the current two‐step screening and diagnostic process. This study investigates the correlation between the HCV‐Ag immunoassay and the current gold standard of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecular assay. Stored sera of 221 consecutive treatment‐naive patients tested anti‐HCV positive were selected to undergo both HCV‐Ag immunoassay and HCV RNA molecular assay. Active infection status and HCV genotype were determined using both assays, and correlation was calculated using a logarithmic scale. Among 221 anti‐HCV‐positive sera, 197 were positive for both HCV Ag (≥3 fmol/L) and HCV RNA (>15 IU/mL), 22 were negative for both tests, while 2 were positive to HCV RNA only. The sensitivity and specificity for HCV Ag in predicting HCV RNA were 99% and 100%, respectively. Out of 199 patients (90%) tested positive for HCV viremia, 107 (56%) were of genotype 1, 77 (38.7%) of genotype 2 and 15 of other genotypes. Analysis of 221 anti‐HCV‐positive patient sera found a strong positive correlation between HCV RNA and HCV‐Ag (r = 0.960, p < 0.001). Genotype 1 (log [HCV RNA] = 0.988 x log [HCV‐Ag] + 2.768), with correlation coefficient 0.945, exhibited a stronger correlation than genotype 2 (log [HCV RNA] = 0.859 x log [HCV‐Ag] + 2.859; r = 0.862). Given the strong positive correlation between HCV‐Ag immunoassay and HCV RNA molecular assay in genotyping affected individuals, we propose that HCV‐Ag immunoassay is a more cost and time efficient alternative to the current two‐step diagnostic process.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Femoral Cartilage, Achilles Tendon, and Plantar Fascia in Young Women Wearing High‐Heeled Shoes
Authors: Mezian Kamal , Ata Ayşe M. , Kara Murat , Şahin Onat Şule , Gürçay Eda , Çalışkan Aslı , Simoes Maria I.T. , Akıncı Ayşen , Özçakar Levent , Franchignoni Franco 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundSpecific attention on the musculoskeletal impact of wearing high‐heeled shoes (HHS) has mainly focused on knee osteoarthritis and the literature is limited to biomechanical changes. The distal femoral cartilage has not been morphologically studied. Additionally, although heel elevation is coupled with a shear stress at the heel and overloaded calf muscles, Achilles tendon (AT) and plantar fascia (PF) thicknesses have not been assessed either.ObjectiveTo investigate whether the distal femoral cartilage, AT, and PF were different in women wearing HHS and flat‐heeled shoes (FHS) and specifically, different in terms of AT/PF and distal femoral cartilage thicknesses.DesignCross‐sectional observational study.SettingTertiary care center.ParticipantsThere were 34 women (mean age; 31.1 ± 6.4, body mass index [BMI]; 21.6 ± 2.4 kg/m2) in the HHS group and 54 women (mean age; 29.5 ± 7.2 years, BMI 22.5 ± 2.9 kg/m2) in the FHS group (P = .271, P = .102, respectively). Women wearing shoes with a heel height of >5 cm were enrolled in the HHS group, and those wearing shoes with a heel height of <1.4 cm were included in the FHS group.Main Outcome MeasurementsDistal femoral cartilage from the lateral condyle, intercondylar area and medial condyle (MFC), AT and PF thicknesses, and any abnormalities were evaluated bilaterally by ultrasound.ResultsWithin‐group comparisons yielded thicker right MFC (P = .022) and left AT (P = .028) only in the HHS group. Between‐group comparisons yielded thicker left AT in the HHS group (P = .040). PF thicknesses were similar both within and between group comparisons (all P > .05). Right AT thickness was positively correlated with right (r = .469, P = .005) and left (r = .402, P = .018) PF thicknesses only within the HHS group. Only calcaneal irregularity/spur was found to be common in the HHS group (P = .038).ConclusionsWe found thickening of the right MFC and left AT in those wearing HHS, whereas PF thickness was not significantly different between those wearing HHS and those wearing FHS.Level of EvidenceIII
Risk factors associated with acute in-hospital delirium for patients
diagnosed with a hip fracture in the emergency department
Authors: Thompson Cameron , Brienza Vince J.M. , Sandre Aislinn , Caine Sean , Borgundvaag Bjug , McLeod Shelley 
Published: September 2018

CLINICIAN’S CAPSULEWhat is known about the topic?Delirium, or acute confusion, occurs in up to 62% of patients who have experienced a
hip fracture.What did this study ask?What risk factors are associated with acute in-hospital delirium for ED patients
diagnosed with a hip fracture?What did this study find?History of neurodegenerative disease or dementia, age>75 years, and absence of
analgesia in the ED were associated with acute in-hospital delirium.Why does this study matter to clinicians?Although many variables associated with delirium may not be easily modified, more
careful attention to ED pain management and the provision of better analgesia are
important.
Activity types and child-directed speech: a comparison between French, Tunisian Arabic and English
Authors: Glas Ludivine , Rossi Caroline , Hamdi-Sultan Rim , Batailler Cédric , Bellemmouche Hacene 
Published: September 2018

AbstractQuantity and quality of input affect language development, but input features also depend on the context of language emission. Previous research has described mother-child interactions and their impact on language development according to activity types like mealtimes, book reading, and free play. Nevertheless, few studies have sought to quantify activity types in naturalistic datasets including less-studied languages and cultures. Our research questions are the following: we ask whether regularities emerge in the distribution of activity types across languages and recordings, and whether activities have an impact on mothers' linguistic productions. We analyse input for two children per language, at three developmental levels. We distinguish three activity types: solitary, social and maintenance activities, and measure mothers' linguistic productions within each type. Video-recorded activities differ across families and developmental levels. Linguistic features of child-directed speech (CDS) also vary across activities – notably for measures of diversity and complexity – which points to complex interactions between activity and language.
Late to the Party: On the Prolonged Partisan Socialization Process of Second-Generation Americans
Authors: Carlos Roberto F. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article posits that the key to understanding the low levels of political involvement within contemporary immigrant communities, such as Asian and Latino communities, requires a closer examination of the partisan socialization process of the native-born children of immigrants. This article finds that many native-born children of immigrants, otherwise known as second-generation Americans, experience what I call a “prolonged partisan socialization process.” In the absence of parental partisan transmission, many second-generation Americans are left to find their own path to partisan attainment. The consequences of this are that many second-generation Americans eventually come to find their partisan identity outside of the home and much later in life. These findings disrupt the traditional partisan attainment story, which assumes that partisanship is the product of a process of socialization led by parents. Accounting for this prolonged socialization process provides significant insight into why partisan identification, and by extension political participation, among many second-generation Americans, such as Latinos and Asians appears muted. Therefore, while it will likely take some time for many within these contemporary immigrant communities to reach “partisan maturity,” we should not mistake the prolonged socialization process to mean that these individuals are destined to be politically disengaged.
Patterns and predictors of food texture introduction in French children aged 4–36 months
Authors: Demonteil Lauriane , Ksiazek Eléa , Marduel Agnès , Dusoulier Marion , Weenen Hugo , Tournier Carole , Nicklaus Sophie 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe aims of this study were to describe which and when food textures are offered to children between 4 and 36 months in France and to identify the associated factors. An online cross-sectional survey was designed, including questions about 188 food texture combinations representing three texture levels: purées (T1), soft small pieces (T2) and hard/large pieces and double textures (T3). Mothers indicated which combinations they already offered to their child. A food texture exposure score (TextExp) was calculated for all of the texture levels combined and for each texture level separately. Associations between TextExp and maternal and child characteristics and feeding practices were explored by multiple linear regressions, per age class. Answers from 2999 mothers living in France, mostly educated and primiparous, were analysed. Over the first year, children were mainly exposed to purées. Soft and small pieces were slowly introduced between 6 and 22 months, whereas hard/large pieces were mainly introduced from 13 months onwards. TextExp was positively associated with children’s number of teeth and ability to eat alone with their finger or a fork. For almost all age classes, TextExp was higher in children introduced to complementary feeding earlier, lower for children who were offered only commercial baby foods and higher for those who were offered only home-made/non-specific foods during the second year. Our study shows that until 12 months of age the majority of French children were exposed to pieces to a small extent. It provides new insights to further understand the development of texture acceptance during a key period for the development of eating habits.
Influences on the Number and Gender of Candidates in Canadian Local Elections
Authors: Breux Sandra , Couture Jérôme , Koop Royce 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe explore influences on the number of candidates, and female candidates in particular, who contest mayoral elections in Canada. We draw on an original cross-national data set of election results from mayoral elections in Canada's 100 largest cities between 2006 and 2017. An average of 4.96 candidates contested mayoral elections in this period, and 16 per cent of all candidates were women. Density and mayoral prestige were related to higher numbers of candidates; in contrast, incumbent candidates and the availability of other elected positions were related to lower numbers. Notably, the presence of a female incumbent was related to higher numbers of women running for the position of mayor; in contrast, higher mayoral salaries were associated with an increase in the number of male but not female candidates. This analysis enhances our understanding of the factors underlying contested local elections, as well as the factors that appear to facilitate women contesting local elections.
Mental health and well-being trends among children and young people in the UK, 1995–2014: analysis of repeated cross-sectional national health surveys
Authors: Pitchforth Jacqueline , Fahy Katie , Ford Tamsin , Wolpert Miranda , Viner Russell M. , Hargreaves Dougal S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundThere is a growing concern about the mental health of children and young people (CYP) in the UK, with increasing demand for counselling services, admissions for self-harm and referrals to mental health services. We investigated whether there have been similar recent trends in selected mental health outcomes among CYP in national health surveys from England, Scotland and Wales.MethodsData were analysed from 140 830 participants (4–24 years, stratified into 4–12, 13–15, 16–24 years) in 36 national surveys in England, Scotland and Wales, 1995–2014. Regression models were used to examine time trends in seven parent/self-reported variables: general health, any long-standing health condition, long-standing mental health condition; Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Score (WEMWBS), above-threshold Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire Total (SDQT) score, SDQ Emotion (SDQE) score, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) score.ResultsAcross all participants aged 4–24, long-standing mental health conditions increased in England (0.8–4.8% over 19 years), Scotland (2.3–6.0%, 11 years) and Wales (2.6–4.1%, 7 years) (all p < 0.001). Among young children (4–12 years), the proportion reporting high SDQT and SDQE scores decreased significantly among both boys and girls in England [SDQE: odds ratio (OR) 0.97 (0.96–0.98), p < 0.001] and girls in Scotland [SDQE: OR 0.96 (0.93–0.99), p = 0.005]. The proportion with high SDQE scores (13–15 years) decreased in England [OR 0.98 (0.96–0.99), p = 0.006] but increased in Wales [OR 1.07 (1.03–1.10), p < 0.001]. The proportion with high GHQ scores decreased among English women (16–24 years) [OR 0.98 (0.98–0.99), p = 0.002].ConclusionsDespite a striking increase in the reported prevalence of long-standing mental health conditions among UK CYP, there was relatively little change in questionnaire scores reflecting psychological distress and emotional well-being.