bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Note—Comparison of Estimates of Hardwood Bole Volume Using Importance Sampling, the Centroid Method, and Some Taper Equations
Authors: Wiant Harry V. , Spangler Michael L. , Baumgras John E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Various taper systems and the centroid method were compared to unbiased volume estimates made by importance sampling for 720 hardwood trees selected throughout the state of West Virginia. Only the centroid method consistently gave volumes estimates that did not differ significantly from those made by importance sampling, although some taper equations did well for most species.
Profiling Collaborative Natural Resource Initiatives and Active Participants
Authors: Schuett Michael A. , Selin Steve 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Managers and citizens are becoming more involved in a collaborative management approach to natural resource decision-making. However, a limited amount of research has examined the profile of collaborative natural resource initiatives (CI) and its participants. The purpose of this study was to examine 30 CIs from across the United States and the “active participants” involved with the CIs. Using a mail survey, 647 stakeholders were queried about the CI including mission, size, membership, duration, motives for participation in the CI, and keys to successful collaboration. Reasons for stakeholder involvement included responsibility, concern over natural resource issues, and developing better partnerships. Keys to successful collaboration included six areas: development, information exchange, organizational support, personal communication, relationships/team building, and accomplishments. Practical information of results for stakeholders as well as resource managers involved in collaboration include: understanding participant motives, agreeing on mission, thorough and accurate communications, and developing support and relationships. Suggestions are given for future research on measuring success and including numerous perspectives on collaboration.
28-Year-Old Reproduction on Five Cutting Practices in Upland Oak1
Authors: Heiligmann Randall B. , Norland Eric R. , Hilt Donald E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Knowledge of composition and development of stands following harvesting is prerequisite to forest management decisions. Conventional harvesting in mature upland oaks stands resulted in stands substantially different than the original. Twenty-eight-year-old reproduction following complete clearcutting, commercial clearcutting, diameter-limit cutting, selection cutting, and selection cutting with timber stand improvement indicated that the higher the residual overstory density the lower the frequency, diameter, and basal area of reproduction. Generally the proportion of oak and hickory in reproduction was significantly lower than in the original stand, though enough oak was present to potentially comprise a substantial portion of the final stand. Increased amounts of red maple, particularly on north-facing slopes, were primarily responsible for this change in composition. Reproduction stem quality did not differ between treatments. This information provides a more accurate basis for predicting future stand character and potential products, and for developing alternative management strategies. North J. Appl. For. 2:17-22, Mar. 1985.
The Language of Land Use
Authors: Knopp Timothy B. , Bruder Michael D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A meaningful dialogue among those participating in land-use decisions requires a common language. Land-use terms are characteristically vague and ambiguous. Debate is often unproductive because of prolonged arguments over semantics. Research can contribute to a better understanding of what people mean when they use particular words. One study has shown that certain terms, such as "state forest" or "multiple use," are particularly prone to a wide range of perception. Environmental attributes associated with motorized forms of recreation and logging practices are subject to the most variation. These research results will permit us to better understand what others are saying, to develop more effective educational programs, and to refine the language of land use. North J. Appl. For. 2:9-11, Mar. 1985.
A Nomogram for Predicting Precommercial Thinning Costs in Overstocked Spruce-Fir Stands
Authors: Seymour Robert S. , Gadzik Charles J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A simple, graphical method is described for quickly estimating costs of precommercial thinning in dense, young spruce-fir stands using brush saws. The effects of varying stand densities, labor costs, and prior mechanical swath treatments can be analyzed. Examples from Maine's spruce-fir region illustrate the nomogram's use for prediction and sensitivity analysis of thinning costs.
North J. Appl. For. 2:37-40, June 1985.
Stand Table Projection on the Microcomputer
Authors: Fairweather Stephen E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A well-known growth modeling technique, stand table projection, can be combined with a new data management tool, the electronic spreadsheet, to provide a powerful yet simple-to-use method for predicting future stand structure. Availability of the spreadsheet on a microcomputer provides any forest manager with a means of estimating the future timber resource. Limitations of stand table projection should be kept in mind, however. North J. Appl. For. 2:55-56, June 1985.
Protecting Water Quality in the Midwest: Impact on Timber Harvesting Costs
Authors: Ellefson Paul V. , Miles Patrick D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Costs were evaluated for six forest practices designed to prevent degradation of water quality from 18 timber harvesting operations in the Midwest. Net revenue reductions ranged from 1.2% for redesigning landing and skid trail locations to 26.4% for meeting buffer strip requirements. Nine operations were profitable with application of all six practices. Limited production function information hinders such analyses. North J. Appl. For. 2:57-61, June 1985.
A Method for Predicting Gypsy Moth Defoliation from Egg Mass Counts
Authors: Gansner David A. , Herrick Owen W. , Ticehurst Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest and pest managers have been searching for a practical method for predicting gypsy moth defoliation. We have developed a simple predictor that uses easy-to-gather egg mass counts. North J. Appl. For. 2:78-79, Sept. 1985.
PNIF Management: A Social-Psychological Study of Owners in Illinois
Authors: Young Robert A. , Reichenbach Michael R. , Perkuhn Fred H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The importance of the private nonindustrial forests (PNIFs) to the total forest resources of the country is significant. It is generally recognized, however, that timber production on most PNIFs has been lower than the land's potential, despite many state and federal assistance and incentive programs. A sample of PNIF owners in Illinois was surveyed to identify owner and woodland characteristics, owners' management goals, owner attitudes and beliefs related to timber production, influential social groups, and other relevent data. Timber production ranked low in owners' objectives. Results were studied to identify barriers and incentives which affect timber production and to determine policies and programs which might increase production. North J. Appl. For. 2:91-94, September 1985.
Evaluating Growth and Resistance of Eastern and Western White Pine to White Pine Weevil and Blister Rust in the Northeast
Authors: Pike Carolyn C. , Robison Daniel J. , Maynard Charles A. , Abrahamson Lawrence P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eastern white pine is highly susceptible to damage from white pine weevil, and to some extent white pine blister rust, in the northeastern United States. Western white pine has shown resistance to the weevil, but is highly susceptible to blister rust in the West. Objectives of this study were to compare the growth and resistance of eastern and western white pine to damage from the weevil and blister rust and to identify families of western white pine suitable for planting in the East. A field trial containing 76 half-sib families of western white pine and two half-sib families of eastern white pine was established in 1983 at two sites, one each in New York and Maine. After 14 yr, tree height and diameters were measured, and resistance to weevil and rust assessed. Tree height and diameters were significantly greater for eastern white pine than western white pine. Western white pine sustained approximately fourfold less weevil damage at both sites, but was more impacted by rust at one site. Cluster and discriminant analyses were used to group families using three variables: height growth, resistance to weevil, and resistance to blister rust. One single group combined superior height growth with moderate resistance to both pests. Selections made from within these families have the most promise for planting western white pine in the East. North. J. Appl. For. 20(1):19–26.
Temporal and Spatial Use of Even-Aged Reproduction Stands by Bird Communities in Central Pennsylvania
Authors: Talbott Susan C. , Yahner Richard H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1992, the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry adopted a new forest management practice known as even-aged reproduction with reservation (EAR), which replaces clearcutting on state forestlands. The EAR guidelines mandate the retention of at least 12 trees/ha and 24–36 m2/ha of basal area, representing a diversity of overstory and understory species. During summer 1998, we compared the temporal (breeding season vs. mid-summer) and spatial (edge versus interior) use of EAR stands by birds. In addition, we compared observed vs. expected use of overstory trees in EAR stands. In each of ten representative EAR stands, we sampled birds twice per season along two-edge and two-interior transects. Total species richness and abundance (all species combined), species richness and abundance of ground-shrub foragers, and species richness of canopy-sallier foragers were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the breeding season than in mid-summer. Eight of 20 common bird species analyzed also were significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant during the breeding season (e.g., black-and-white warbler and chestnut-sided warbler), and one species was significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant during mid-summer. Total species richness, total abundance, and abundance of ground-shrub foragers were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in interiors compared to edges of EAR stands. Five species also were significantly (P < 0.05) more abundant in interiors of EAR stands, whereas no species was more common in edges. All species combined and three foraging guilds showed differential use (P < 0.05) of overstory tree species; eight species also differed significantly in their use of abundant tree species. Based on our findings, we believe that EAR stands are excellent substitutes for clearcuts on state forestlands, although we caution that our findings were based only on one yr of data. We recommend the continued retention of a diversity of overstory trees, especially snags and rough-barked trees, in both edges and interiors of EAR stands for use by a variety of bird species during both the breeding season and mid-summer. North. J. Appl. For. 20(3):117–123.
Area-Wide Analysis of Hardwood Defoliator Effects on Tree Conditions in the Allegheny Plateau
Authors: Morin Randall S. , Liebhold Andrew M. , Gottschalk Kurt W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of defoliation caused by three foliage feeding insects, the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), the cherry scallopshell moth (Hydria prunivorata), and the elm spanworm (Ennomos subsignarius), on tree mortality and crown conditions were evaluated using data collected from 1984 to 1999 in the Allegheny National Forest located in northwestern Pennsylvania. While previous studies have focused on the effects of defoliation on trees in individual stands, this study differed in that it used exhaustive maps of defoliation and an areawide network of plots to assess these effects. A geographic information system was used to map the coincidence of USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis and Forest Health Monitoring plot locations with defoliation polygons derived from aerial surveys to calculate cumulative years of defoliation for each pest. Over 85% of the Allegheny National Forest land area was defoliated at least once during the 16-year period from 1984 to 1999. Frequency of defoliation by specific defoliator species was closely associated with the dominance of their primary hosts in stands. Frequency of defoliation was often associated with crown dieback and mortality, but these relationships were not detectable in all species. These results suggest that when impacts are averaged over large areas (such as in this study) effects of defoliation are likely to be considerably less severe than when measured in selected stands (as is the approach taken in most previous impact studies).
Seedling Reproduction Established with Soil Scarification within an Oak Overwood after Overstory Removal
Authors: Zaczek James J. , Lhotka John M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We report on the density and height of seedling reproduction established with and without soil scarification in a mixed-oak two-stage shelterwood after overstory removal. In 1993, shallow soil scarification was conducted to bury recently disseminated northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) acorns collected from another site and disrupt red maple (Acer rubrum L.) seedling reproduction that dominated the understory. The shelterwood overstory was removed in the winter of 1997/1998. The following spring, seedling density decreased in response to harvest activities. However, one growing season after overstory removal, seedling density for most species or species groups had recovered to preharvest levels. At that time (5 years after soil scarification), scarified plots had 16 times more northern red oak (35,119 ha−1), 50% fewer (8,076 ha−1) red maple, and 37% more total (55,432 ha−1) seedlings compared to undisturbed control plots. Other species of oak, which generally lacked mast at the time of scarification, had significantly reduced density (59% less, at 4,405 ha−1), suggesting that scarification treatments should coincide with viable mast or net loss of oak seedlings may result. Five growing seasons after treatment, the greatest proportions of seedlings were in the tallest two height classes (33–122 cm and >122 cm) and were northern red oak. In summary, 5 years after incorporating viable mast into the soil with shallow scarification within a mixed-oak shelterwood and 1 year after overstory removal, scarified areas had more advance reproduction dominated by large and vigorously growing oak seedlings, while undisturbed areas had lower seedling density of primarily large red maple.
Case Study: 36 Years of Dwarf Mistletoe in a Regenerating Black Spruce Stand in Northern Minnesota
Authors: Baker F. A. , Knowles K. R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Current practice in dwarf mistletoe infested black spruce stands calls for eradication of all trees taller than 5 ft. In a stand harvested 36 years ago, fewer than 1 tree per acre taller than 3 ft remained. Since that time, Arceuthobium pusillum has survived and spread to new areas of the stand. From 16 infected trees per acre, the population has increased to 173 infected trees per acre in 1998. As establishment of new seedlings declines, the proportion of infected trees will increase greatly. The projected spread of dwarf mistletoe, and the resulting mortality of black spruce during the remainder of the rotation will cause unacceptable yield losses. Eradication of all black spruce after harvesting is necessary to prevent serious losses from dwarf mistletoe infestation in the new stand. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):150–153.
A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Michigan Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners
Authors: Potter-Witter Karen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Incentive and assistance programs for nonindustrial private landowners in Michigan were evaluated for their effectiveness in encouraging forest management activities. This article reports on selected results of a comparative analysis of program enrollment, landowner characteristics, and management accomplishments. The analysis was based on data from a survey of 2,230 nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) owners who were members of the Michigan Forest Association (MFA) or were enrolled in the Commercial Forest Program (CF), the Forest Stewardship Program (FSP), or the Two-Hearted River Watershed (TRW) landowner program in 2000. With a 55% overall response rate, landowners reported on present and past management activities and program enrollment. To address the question of the effectiveness of incentive programs, this comparative analysis tested the hypotheses that forest management activity reported by Michigan NIPF landowners who were enrolled in several types of incentive programs did not differ significantly by program and that management activity was not significantly explained by landowner demographics and parcel characteristics. Landowner program enrollment was compared with respect to tree-planting, timber harvesting, timber stand improvement, wildlife habitat improvement, and soil and water protection. To examine the differences, if any, between landowners who practice forest management and those who do not, explanatory demographic and parcel characteristic variables also were tested for their effect on management activity levels.North. J. Appl. For. 22(2):132–138.
Quantifying Stem Quality Characteristics in Relation to Initial Spacing and Modeling Their Relationship with Tree Characteristics in Black Spruce (Picea mariana)
Authors: Zhang S. Y. , Lei Y. C. , Bowling C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated and quantified the relationship of tree growth and stem quality characteristics with initial spacing in black spruce (Picea mariana). The study was based on the oldest and mature black spruce initial spacing trial established in 1950 in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada. Results show that initial spacing had a direct effect on tree and stem quality characteristics of individual trees. With increasing initial spacing from 1.8 × 1.8 m to 2.7 × 2.7 m, diameter at breast height (dbh), crown size, tree height, tree volume, tree taper, branch size, and clear log length show a steady increase, but the three initial spacings of 2.2 × 2.2 m, 2.0 × 2.0 m, and 1.8 × 1.8 m show no significant differences in these stem characteristics. The results suggest that black spruce may have a low capacity of responding to spacing unless spaced to 2.7 × 2.7 m. Multiple comparison tests support the results with the exception for crown width. This suggests that crown width may be the best density-size indicator for black spruce. As far as tree growth, stem quality, and initial establishment costs are concerned, this study suggests that an initial spacing such as 2.2 × 2.2 m might be optimum for wood production. In addition, this study shows that wide spacings (e.g., 2.7 × 2.7 m) can result in a significant decrease in stem quality and thus may have significant implications for product quality. Furthermore, relationships between major stem quality parameters and tree and stand-level characteristics were examined. Results of the stepwise regression analysis strongly indicate that crown width is important in determining stem quality. The stem quality parameters all have a high adjusted r2 and a low standard error of estimate when regression is made on tree or stand characteristics using the stepwise regression method.North. J. Appl. For. North. J. Appl. For. 22(2):85–93.
Abundance and Size Distribution of Cavity Trees in Second-Growth and Old-Growth Central Hardwood Forests
Authors: Fan Zhaofei , Shifley Stephen R. , Spetich Martin A. , Thompson Frank R. , Larsen David R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In central hardwood forests, mean cavity-tree abundance increases with increasing stand-size class (seedling/sapling, pole, sawtimber, old-growth). However, within a size class, the number of cavity trees is highly variable among 0.1-ha inventory plots. Plots in young stands are most likely to have no cavity trees, but some plots may have more than 50 cavity trees/ha. Plots in old-growth stands often had 25 to 55 cavity trees/ha, but individual plots ranged from 0 to 155/ha. The Weibull probability density function was used to mathematically describe the variation in cavity-tree abundance for plots in stands of differing size (or age) class. A graph of the cumulative probability of cavity-tree abundance is a particularly easy way for managers to estimate the probability that a stand of a given size class will have any specified number of cavity trees per hectare. Results for individual plots or stands can be combined to estimate cavity abundance probabilities for landscapes. Because the results are presented in terms of plot-size classes (or age classes), this approach to cavity tree estimation is compatible with relatively simple forest inventorysystems.North. J. Appl. For. 22(3):162–169.
Developing Optimal Commercial Thinning Prescriptions: A New Graphical Approach
Authors: Randolph KaDonna C. , Seymour Robert S. , Wagner Robert G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We describe an alternative approach to the traditional stand-density management diagrams and stocking guides for determining optimum commercial thinning prescriptions. Predictions from a stand-growth simulator are incorporated into multiple nomograms that graphically display postthinning responses of various financial and biological response variables (mean annual increment, piece size, final harvest cost, total wood cost, and net present value). A customized ArcView GIS computer interface (ThinME) displays multiple nomograms and serves as a tool for forest managers to balance a variety of competing objectives when developing commercial thinning prescriptions. ThinME provides a means to evaluate simultaneously three key questions about commercial thinning: (1) When should thinning occur? (2) How much should be removed? and (3) When should the final harvest occur, to satisfy a given set of management objectives? North. J. Appl. For. 22(3):170 –174.