bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-technical skills: a review of training and evaluation in urology
Authors: Griffin Cora , Aydın Abdullatif , Brunckhorst Oliver , Raison Nicholas , Khan Muhammad Shamim , Dasgupta Prokar , Ahmed Kamran 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Purpose
With non-technical skills (NTS) deficits being recognised as a major cause for error in surgery, there is an increasing interest in their training and evaluation. A growing number of training courses are emerging and some NTS curricula have also been created. Many different training methods are described in the literature but there is still uncertainty with regards to their optimum combination within a curriculum.

Methods
A literature review of the electronic database Medline was performed. All articles published before December 2018 were screened by abstract and included if deemed relevant by the author. The included articles’ reference lists were also screened for further relevant studies.

Results
Simulation training is accepted as the most effective way to train NTS. Within simulation training, it is shown that the ‘igloo’ full immersion/distributed simulation environment is appropriate for teaching NTS in urological scenarios where a designated operating room or space is not available. The use of multiple settings, for example wards and clinics as well as the operating room, is advantageous, as is training in an interprofessional team. Classroom teaching also plays a role in NTS training as an adjunct to simulation, with evidence that it improves some parameters of NTS. All levels, including qualified surgeons, benefit from NTS training; however, adaptation to both trainee level and specialty is important. Although less time consuming, training juniors and seniors together mainly benefits juniors, and training NTS at the same time as technical skills detracts from the quality of teaching. Debriefing is an important part of training and should be well structured; there are many debriefing models in existence, allowing for choice of method based on examiner preference and participant demographic. Furthermore, examiners should be well briefed in their task and trained in NTS assessment.

Conclusion
To move forward, studies should combine tried and tested learning techniques into a curriculum covering all training levels, which should then be validated and followed up long term to ensure a positive impact on patient safety.
Photoheterotrophic growth of unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 gtr− dependent on fructose
Authors: Stebegg Ronald , Schmetterer Georg , Rompel Annette 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAlthough cyanobacteria have specialized for a photolithoautotrophic mode of life during evolution many cyanobacterial strains have been identified as being capable of photoheterotrophy or even chemoheterotrophy. The mutant strain ofSynechocystissp. PCC 6803, which lacks thegtrgene coding for the strain’s glucose/fructose permease, has been believed to be a strict photolithoautotroph in the past as it has lost the wild type’s facility to use external glucose for both photoheterotrophy and light-induced chemoheterotrophy. However, recent experiments revealed the strain’s capacity to use fructose for mixotrophic and photoheterotrophic growth, a sugar which is toxic for the wild type. Both the growth rate and the amount of fructose incorporated into the cells increased along with the fructose concentrations in the surrounding medium. Furthermore an increase of the total carbon mass of the cells within a liquid culture over a period of photoheterotrophic growth could be demonstrated. Contrary to the wild type, glucose could not be used for photoheterotrophic growth, and chemoheterotrophic growth failed with fructose as well as with glucose.Graphic abstract
Multispectral incoherent holography based on measurement of differential wavefront curvature
Authors: Jianwattananukul Kittiphot , Obara Masaki , Yoshimori Kyu 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We propose a technique of multispectral incoherent holography. The differential wavefront curvature is measured, and the principle of Fourier transform spectrometry is applied to provide a set of spectral components of three-dimensional images and continuous spectra for spatially incoherent, polychromatic objects. This paper presents the mathematical formulation of the principle and the experimental results. Three-dimensional imaging properties are investigated based on an analytical impulse response function. The experimental and theoretical results agree well.
Seismic performance of existing water tank after condition ranking using non-destructive testing
Authors: Nayak Chittaranjan B. , Thakare Sunil B. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThere has been a collaborative attempt to address the seismic vulnerability of existing structures in India after an earthquake in Bhuj, Gujarat, in 2001. Seismic diagnosis and seismic retrofit for the existing tanks have become a remarkable issue to be worked since deterioration is a cosmopolitan and natural phenomenon. It is important to know the exact reason for distress and type of distress. To manage such issues, a proper method of repair and rehabilitation with detailed plans and methodology is required. This paper is aimed at evolving systematic investigation metrology for condition ranking procedure based on the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and strengthening by various retrofitting strategies. For that case study, an existing elevated water tank is considered, which was designed according to state of the art over 40 years ago as per old Indian Standard (IS) code. The ranking assessment of the elevated service reservoir was carried out using different non-destructive tests (NDTs). DER, i.e., degree (D), extent (E) and relevancy (R) rating technique was employed to find out the condition index of the elevated service reservoir (ESR). After finding the condition ranking of the existing structure, an analysis was carried out using SAP 2000 to find the present-day seismic requirements using IS codes. After knowing the seismic demand of the water tank, various retrofitting methods were adopted for improving the drift capacity and flexural capacity of the structure. The results were finally used to address some of the critical issues of the seismic response of the retrofitted structure in terms of a time period, mode shapes, base shear, displacement, acceleration, and velocity. From the case study result of seismic retrofit for the existing elevated water tank, it is confirmed that a relatively simple seismic retrofit method is effective to keep the tank functional after an earthquake.
Experimental investigations on thermal performance characteristics of a solar cavity receiver
Authors: Bopche Santosh B. , Kumar Shobhit 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The experimentation is carried out to examine the influence of receiver aperture/opening ratio (receiver’s aperture diameter to the maximum diameter ratio, d/D), glass cover thickness and inclination angle of cavity receiver on its collection efficiency for various flow rates of ordinary water as a working fluid. Experimental tests have been conducted at lower incident energy, i.e., at lower cavity wall temperatures (less than 200 °C). The aperture ratio examined encompasses values as 0.46, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.93 for water flowing at flows of 0.8, 0.65, 0.5, and 0.4 LPM that corresponds to Reynolds numbers (Re) of 1880, 1525, 1175, and 938, respectively. The glazing thicknesses of 6, 4, and 2 mm were provided at an aperture. A modified cavity-type receiver is made inclined at angles 90°, 60°, 45°, and 30° (with 90° as down-facing receiver opening and 30° as close to sideway-facing of receiver opening). The tests have been conducted for cavity surface temperatures ranging from 90° to 180 °C. It is observed that an aperture ratio of 0.6 demonstrates maximum receiver performance for the values of Reynolds number studied, while the receiver performance exhibited reducing trend with reduction in receiver tilting angle from 90° to 30°.
Intensive weight gain therapy in patients with anorexia nervosa results in improved serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) 5a and 5b isoform protein levels
Authors: Patlaka Christina , Tubic Bojan , Lång Pernilla , Paulie Staffan , Swolin-Eide Diana , Magnusson Per , Andersson Göran 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Aim
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) exists as isoforms 5a and 5b. TRAP 5a is a biomarker of chronic inflammation and influences adipose tissue and 5b associates with bone metabolism/pathologies. The aim was to investigate the association of serum TRAP 5a/5b isoforms with fat and bone markers and anthropometric parameters in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) during weight gain therapy.

Methods
Twenty-five Swedish female AN patients, age 16–24 years, were treated for 12 weeks with a high-energy diet with six meals daily. Serum TRAP 5a/5b, markers of fat/glucose metabolism, markers of bone resorption and formation were measured. Parameters of bone and body composition were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography.

Results
BMI increased from median 15.4 kg/m2 to 19.0 kg/m2, p < 0.0001. TRAP 5a and 5a/5b ratio increased but TRAP 5b decreased during the study. TRAP Δ5a and Δ5b correlated with Δinsulin and Δadiponectin, respectively. TRAP 5b correlated with trabecular density at start but not at week 12. At 12 weeks, TRAP 5b correlated with CTX, and Δ decrease in TRAP 5b correlated to Δ increase in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase.

Conclusions
This clinical interventional study resulted in increased BMI in patients with AN. The decreased TRAP 5b protein levels confirm a role for TRAP 5b as a marker of bone resorption, whereas increased TRAP 5a seemed to derive from systemic changes in bone as well as metabolic changes. The combined detection of TRAP 5a and TRAP 5b in serum could be an indicator of improved bone metabolism.

Level of evidence
Level III, prospective interventional cohort study.
Rational Construction of Hierarchically Porous Fe–Co/N-Doped Carbon/rGO Composites for Broadband Microwave Absorption
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Xu Yingchun , Fu Ruru , Zhu Huanhuan , Jiao Qingze , Feng Tongying , Feng Caihong , Shi Daxin , Li Hansheng , Zhao Yun 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Developing lightweight and broadband microwave absorbers for dealing with serious electromagnetic radiation pollution is a great challenge. Here, a novel Fe–Co/N-doped carbon/reduced graphene oxide (Fe–Co/NC/rGO) composite with hierarchically porous structure was designed and synthetized by in situ growth of Fe-doped Co-based metal organic frameworks (Co-MOF) on the sheets of porous cocoon-like rGO followed by calcination. The Fe–Co/NC composites are homogeneously distributed on the sheets of porous rGO. The Fe–Co/NC/rGO composite with multiple components (Fe/Co/NC/rGO) causes magnetic loss, dielectric loss, resistance loss, interfacial polarization, and good impedance matching. The hierarchically porous structure of the Fe–Co/NC/rGO enhances the multiple reflections and scattering of microwaves. Compared with the Co/NC and Fe–Co/NC, the hierarchically porous Fe–Co/NC/rGO composite exhibits much better microwave absorption performances due to the rational composition and porous structural design. Its minimum reflection loss (RLmin) reaches − 43.26 dB at 11.28 GHz with a thickness of 2.5 mm, and the effective absorption frequency (RL ≤ − 10 dB) is up to 9.12 GHz (8.88–18 GHz) with the same thickness of 2.5 mm. Moreover, the widest effective bandwidth of 9.29 GHz occurs at a thickness of 2.63 mm. This work provides a lightweight and broadband microwave absorbing material while offering a new idea to design excellent microwave absorbers with multicomponent and hierarchically porous structures.
Retrospective Analysis of the Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiogram Utilization Patterns in the Emergency Department
Authors: Ferguson Craig , Low Gavin , Fung Christopher 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivesGuidelines and high-quality studies recommend using clinical decision-making (CDM) tools over clinical gestalt when evaluating a patient for pulmonary embolism. The purpose of this study is to investigate our computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) utilization patterns and identify causal factors.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of CTPA studies ordered by emergency physicians in January, April, July, and October 2017 was undertaken. All necessary information to categorize patients by Wells' score, revised Geneva score, and pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) was collected. In addition, various bloodwork, chest radiograph, and computed tomography results were collected. This data was analysed by the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical data and independent-samples t test for continuous variables.ResultsA total of 510 CTPA studies were performed, with a mean age was 61.6 and a 50.6% female population. 136 studies (26.7%) failed to appropriately follow any CDM tool. CDM tool failure rate was dependent on whether the study was ordered from a community (14.9%) or tertiary hospital (University of Alberta Hospital, 27.9% and Royal Alexandra Hospital, 24.6%) ( P = .038). Of these 136 studies, 31 were low/moderate risk and the d-dimer was negative. The remainder were either PERC-negative or low/moderate risk without d-dimer performed. The cumulative positive pulmonary embolism rate was 12.5%. With utilization of a CDM tool, the positive pulmonary embolism rate was 15.0%, compared to 5.9% when using gestalt ( P = .026).ConclusionsThis study confirms a high rate of CDM tool use failure, and a higher positive CTPA rate for CDM tools compared to clinical gestalt.
Hypoxia-Induced Phenotypic Transformation of Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle Cells After Cavernous Nerve Crush Injury by Down-Regulating P38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Expression
Authors: Chen Sixiang , Huang Xiaojun , Kong Xianghui , Sun Zhaohui , Zhao Fan , Huang Wenjie , Ye Miaoyong , Ma Ke , Tao Tingting , Lv Bodong 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Cavernosal nerve (CN) injury is commonly caused by radical prostatectomy surgery, and it might directly lead to erectile dysfunction (ED). Currently, the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family proteins in phenotypic transformation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cell (CCSMC) after CNs injury is poorly understood.

Aim
To investigate the role of p38 MAPK in hypoxia-induced phenotypic transformation of CCSMCs after CN injury.

Methods
In total, 20 Sprague–Dawley rats (male and 8 weeks of age) were randomly divided into 2 groups, including a sham group and CNCI group. In the sham group, rats were sham-operated by identifying 2 CNs without causing direct damage to the CNs. In the CNCI group, rats were subjected to bilateral CN crush injury. CCSMCs were isolated from the normal corpus cavernosum tissues of the Sprague–Dawley rat and then cultured in 21% or 1% O2 concentration context for 48 hours.

Main Outcome Measures
Intracavernous pressure/mean arterial pressure were analyzed to measure erectile response. The impact of hypoxia on penile pathology, as well as the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, and p38 MAPK, were analyzed.

Results
Compared with the sham group, the intracavernous pressure/mean arterial pressure rate and α-smooth muscle actin expression of CNCI group were decreased significantly (P = .0001; P = .016, respectively), but vimentin expression was significantly increased (P = .023). Phosphorylated p38 level in CNCI group was decreased significantly (P = .017; sham: 0.17 ± 0.005; CNCI: 0.14 ± 0.02). The CCSMCs in the normoxia group were long fusiform, whereas the morphology of CCSMCs in the hypoxia group became hypertrophic. After hypoxia for 48 hours, the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and phosphorylated p38 MAPK was decreased significantly (P = .01; P = .024, normoxia: 0.66 ± 0.18, hypoxia: 0.26 ± 0.08, respectively), and the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and collagen I was increased significantly in hypoxia group (P = .04; P = .012, respectively).

Conclusions
Hypoxia induced the phenotypic transformation of CCSMCs after CNCI might be associated with the downregulation of phosphorylated p38 MAPK.
Catalogues for an entropic collection: losses, gains and disciplinary exhaustion in the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow
Authors: PORTER DAHLIA 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis essay takes the Hunterian Museum's collections, and particularly the large collection of anatomical preparations, as a case study to isolate the role of collections in disciplinary consolidation and change. I examine a large, unstudied paper archive of catalogues and inventories that strive to organize and account for objects, but more often reveal the collection's gradual transformation through continual losses and gains. This evidence indicates that while collections provide the material basis for object-based disciplines, the end of a collection does not necessarily support established or emergent disciplinary norms. As I show, it is in fact disorder in both the documentary archive and physical collections – and especially instabilities introduced by external circumstances that individuals can exploit but cannot control – that allows a collection to be mobilized, surreptitiously, for disciplinary ends.
Stewartson-layer instability in a wide-gap spherical Couette experiment: Rossby number dependence
Authors: Hoff Michael , Harlander Uwe 
Published: September 2019

Instabilities of a viscous fluid between two fast but differentially rotating concentric spheres, the so-called spherical Couette flow, with a fixed radius ratio of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}=r_{i}/r_{o}=1/3$ are studied, where $r_{i}$ is the inner and $r_{o}$ the outer radius of the spherical shell. Of particular interest is the difference between cases where the Rossby number $Ro=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{i}-\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{o})/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{o}>0$ and cases with $Ro<0$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{i}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{o}$ are the inner- and outer-sphere angular velocities. The basic state in both situations is an axisymmetric shear flow with a Stewartson layer situated on the tangent cylinder. The tangent cylinder is given by a cylinder that touches the equator of the inner sphere with an axis parallel to the axis of rotation. The experimental results presented fully confirm earlier numerical results obtained by Hollerbach (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 492, 2003, pp. 289–302) showing that for $Ro>0$ a progression to higher azimuthal wavenumbers $m$ can be seen as the rotation rate $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{0}$ increases, but $Ro<0$ gives $m=1$ over a large range of rotation rates. It is further found that in the former case the modes have spiral structures radiating away from Stewartson layer towards the outer shell whereas for $Ro<0$ the modes are trapped in the vicinity of the Stewartson layer. Further, the mean flow excited by inertial mode self-interaction and its correlation with the mode’s amplitudes are investigated. The scaling of the critical $Ro$ with Ekman number $E=\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}/(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}_{o}\,d^{2})$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ is the kinematic viscosity and $d$ the gap width, is well within the bounds that have been established in a number of experimental studies using cylindrical geometries and numerical studies using spherical cavities. However, the present work is the first that experimentally examines Stewartson-layer instabilities as a function of the sign of $Ro$ for the true spherical-shell geometry.
Fast Stokesian dynamics
Authors: Fiore Andrew M. , Swan James W. 
Published: September 2019

We present a new method for large scale dynamic simulation of colloidal particles with hydrodynamic interactions and Brownian forces, which we call fast Stokesian dynamics (FSD). The approach for modelling the hydrodynamic interactions between particles is based on the Stokesian dynamics (SD) algorithm (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 448, 2001, pp. 115–146), which decomposes the interactions into near-field (short-ranged, pairwise additive and diverging) and far-field (long-ranged many-body) contributions. In FSD, the standard system of linear equations for SD is reformulated using a single saddle point matrix. We show that this reformulation is generalizable to a host of particular simulation methods enabling the self-consistent inclusion of a wide range of constraints, geometries and physics in the SD simulation scheme. Importantly for fast, large scale simulations, we show that the saddle point equation is solved very efficiently by iterative methods for which novel preconditioners are derived. In contrast to existing approaches to accelerating SD algorithms, the FSD algorithm avoids explicit inversion of ill-conditioned hydrodynamic operators without adequate preconditioning, which drastically reduces computation time. Furthermore, the FSD formulation is combined with advanced sampling techniques in order to rapidly generate the stochastic forces required for Brownian motion. Specifically, we adopt the standard approach of decomposing the stochastic forces into near-field and far-field parts. The near-field Brownian force is readily computed using an iterative Krylov subspace method, for which a novel preconditioner is developed, while the far-field Brownian force is efficiently computed by linearly transforming those forces into a fluctuating velocity field, computed easily using the positively split Ewald approach (J. Chem. Phys., vol. 146, 2017, 124116). The resultant effect of this field on the particle motion is determined through solution of a system of linear equations using the same saddle point matrix used for deterministic calculations. Thus, this calculation is also very efficient. Additionally, application of the saddle point formulation to develop high-resolution hydrodynamic models from constrained collections of particles (similar to the immersed boundary method) is demonstrated and the convergence of such models is discussed in detail. Finally, an optimized graphics processing unit implementation of FSD for mono-disperse spherical particles is used to demonstrated performance and accuracy of dynamic simulations of $O(10^{5})$ particles, and an open source plugin for the HOOMD-blue suite of molecular dynamics software is included in the supplementary material.
The Hybrid Discourse of the Serbian Antibureaucratic Revolution
Authors: Ivković Marjan , Petrović Trifunović Tamara , Prodanović Srđan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article investigates the discursive logic of the antibureaucratic revolution through discourse analysis of three Serbian dailies:Politika,Borba, andVečernje Novosti.We conceptualize this discursive logic as a “hybrid discourse,” employed by Slobodan Milošević’s faction of the political elite and by prominent Serbian press outlets in their discussions and reporting on the diverse Serbian protest movements of the day. The core of the hybrid discourse, as our analysis demonstrates, consisted of the symbolic interweaving of different types of citizens’ discontent in order to present them as one single demand for societal “reform” that resonated with the agenda of the Serbian political elite. We argue that the hybrid discourse and the antibureaucratic revolution itself had a structural role related to the crisis of systemic legitimacy in Yugoslavia. The hybrid discourse performed the operation of what we term the “reversing of the symbolic fixing of antagonism between the ordinary actors’ discontents and the structurally inevitable reforms,” introducing instead the discursive fusion of the two vocabularies.