bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arabidopsis HUA ENHANCER 4 delays flowering by upregulating the MADS-box repressor genes FLC and MAF4
Authors: Ortuño-Miquel Samanta , Rodríguez-Cazorla Encarnación , Zavala-Gonzalez Ernesto A. , Martínez-Laborda Antonio , Vera Antonio 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe adaptive success of flowering plants is largely due to their ability to align floral production with optimal conditions. InArabidopsis thaliana, MADS-box repressors of the FLC/MAF-clade prevent flowering under non-inductive conditions, although the role of some members is not yet clearly defined. Using a genetic strategy, we identified the KH-domain geneHEN4, previously shown to be involved in MADS-box floral homeotic gene regulation, as a modulator of flowering time. Loss-of-functionhen4mutants are early-flowering, and their response to low growth-temperature (16 °C) and day-length is altered. Interestingly,hen4plants showed dramatic reduction ofFLCandMAF4transcripts, whereas other flowering repressors of the same clade (FLM, MAF2, MAF3, MAF5) remained unaltered. We also determined thathen4, partly due to loss ofFLC, accelerates the vegetative phase-change. This report provides insight into flowering time control and highlights the potential of versatile regulators such asHEN4to coordinate the juvenile-to-adult transition and floral timing.
Learning curves and teaching when acquiring nut-cracking in humans and chimpanzees
Authors: Boesch Christophe , Bombjaková Daša , Meier Amelia , Mundry Roger 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHumans are considered superior to other species in their tool using skills. However, most of our knowledge about animals comes from observations in artificial conditions with individuals removed from their natural environment. We present a first comparison of humans and chimpanzees spontaneously acquiring the same technique as they forage in their natural environment. We compared the acquisition of thePandanut-cracking technique between Mbendjele foragers from the Republic of Congo and the Taï chimpanzees from Côte d’Ivoire. Both species initially acquire the technique slowly with similar kinds of mistakes, with years of practice required for the apprentice to become expert. Chimpanzees more rapidly acquired the technique when an apprentice, and reached adult efficiency earlier than humans. Adult efficiencies in both species did not differ significantly. Expert-apprentice interactions showed many similar instances of teaching in both species, with more variability in humans due, in part to their more complex technique. While in humans, teaching occurred both vertically and obliquely, only the former existed in chimpanzees. This comparison of the acquisition of a natural technique clarifies how the two species differed in their technical intelligence. Furthermore, our observations support the idea of teaching in both species being more frequent for difficult skills.
New world goat populations are a genetically diverse reservoir for future use
Authors: Paim Tiago do Prado , Faria Danielle Assis , Hay El Hamidi , McManus Concepta , Lanari Maria Rosa , Esquivel Laura Chaverri , Cascante María Isabel , Alfaro Esteban Jimenez , Mendez Argerie , Faco Olivardo , Silva Kleibe de Moraes , Mezzadra Carlos Alberto , Mariante Arthur , Paiva Samuel Rezende , Blackburn Harvey D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWestern hemisphere goats have European, African and Central Asian origins, and some local or rare breeds are reported to be adapted to their environments and economically important. By-in-large these genetic resources have not been quantified. Using 50 K SNP genotypes of 244 animals from 12 goat populations in United States, Costa Rica, Brazil and Argentina, we evaluated the genetic diversity, population structure and selective sweeps documenting goat migration to the “New World”. Our findings suggest the concept of breed, particularly among “locally adapted” breeds, is not a meaningful way to characterize goat populations. The USA Spanish goats were found to be an important genetic reservoir, sharing genomic composition with the wild ancestor and with specialized breeds (e.g. Angora, Lamancha and Saanen). Results suggest goats in the Americas have substantial genetic diversity to use in selection and promote environmental adaptation or product driven specialization. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining goat conservation programs and suggest an awaiting reservoir of genetic diversity for breeding and research while simultaneously discarding concerns about breed designations.
Enabling New Articulatory Gestures in Children With Persistent Speech Sound Disorders Using Ultrasound Visual Biofeedback
Authors: Cleland Joanne , Scobbie James M. , Roxburgh Zoe , Heyde Cornelia , Wrench Alan 
Published: February 2019

Purpose
This study evaluated ultrasound visual biofeedback treatment for teaching new articulations to children with a wide variety of speech sound disorders. It was hypothesized that motor-based intervention incorporating ultrasound would lead to rapid acquisition of a range of target lingual gestures with generalization to untreated words.

Method
Twenty children aged 6–15 years with a range of mild to severe speech disorders affecting a variety of lingual targets enrolled in a case series with replication. Of these, 15 children completed the intervention. All of the children presented with a variety of errors. We therefore employed a target selection strategy to treat the most frequent lingual error. These individual speech targets were treated using ultrasound visual biofeedback as part of ten to twelve 1-hr intervention sessions. The primary outcome measure was percentage of target segments correct in untreated wordlists.

Results
Six children were treated for velar fronting; 3 children, for postalveolar fronting; 2 children, for backing alveolars to pharyngeal or glottal place; 1 child, for debuccalization (production of all onsets as [h]); 1 child, for vowel merger; and 2 children, for lateralized sibilants. Ten achieved the new articulation in the 1st or 2nd session of intervention, despite no children being readily stimulable for their target articulation before intervention. In terms of generalization, effect sizes for percentage of target segments correct ranged from no effect (5 children), small effect (1 child), medium effect (4 children), and large effect (5 children).

Conclusions
Ultrasound visual biofeedback can be used to treat a wide range of lingual errors in children with various speech sound disorders, from mild to severe. Visual feedback may be useful for establishing new articulations; however, generalization is more variable.
Chromatic dispersion tolerance of high‐speed and spectral‐efficient optical signal converted from terahertz‐wave signal
Authors: Takiguchi K. 
Published: February 2019

Transmission characteristics of an optical signal, which is converted from a high‐speed terahertz‐wave signal with high spectral efficiency, are investigated and reported. A Nyquist time division multiplexing 40 Gbit/s on–off keying signal in the terahertz band is generated with high‐speed photo‐mixing. The generated terahertz‐wave signal is again converted into an optical signal with heterodyne detection, optical intensity modulation, and optical filtering. Then the chromatic dispersion tolerance of the converted optical signal is investigated in order to obtain knowledge for realising the connection between the fibre‐optic and the wireless links. After briefly explaining the conversion method, some related experimental results are reported. The results include evaluation of chromatic dispersion tolerance with regard to the optical signal at the final stage. As a sequel to bit error rate measurement, the optical signal can be transmitted to a 9 km‐long single‐mode fibre without chromatic dispersion compensation.
Evolution of superclusters in the cosmic web
Authors: Einasto J. , Suhhonenko I. , Liivamägi L. J. , Einasto M. 
Published: February 2019

Aims. We investigate how properties of the ensemble of superclusters in the cosmic web evolve with time.
Methods. We performed numerical simulations of the evolution of the cosmic web using the Λ cold dark matter model in box sizes L0 = 1024, 512, 256 h−1 Mpc. We found supercluster ensembles of models for four evolutionary stages, corresponding to the present epoch z = 0, and to redshifts z = 1, z = 3, and z = 10. We calculated fitness diameters of superclusters defined from volumes of superclusters divided by filling factors of over-density regions. Geometrical and fitness diameters of largest superclusters, and the number of superclusters as functions of the threshold density were used as percolation functions to describe geometrical properties of the ensemble of superclusters in the cosmic web. We calculated the distributions of geometrical and fitness diameters and luminosities of superclusters, and followed the time evolution of percolation functions and supercluster distributions. We compared percolation functions and supercluster distributions of models and samples of galaxies of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS).
Results. Our analysis shows that fitness diameters of superclusters have a minimum at a certain threshold density. Fitness diameters around minima almost do not change with time in co-moving coordinates. Numbers of superclusters have maxima which are approximately constant for all evolutionary epochs. The geometrical diameters of superclusters decrease during the evolution of the cosmic web, and the luminosities of superclusters increase during this evolution.
Conclusions. Our study suggests that evolutionary changes occur inside supercluster cells of dynamical influence. The stability of fitness diameters and numbers of superclusters during the evolution is an important property of the cosmic web.
Sectoral r modes and periodic radial velocity variations of Sun-like stars
Authors: Lanza A. F. , Gizon L. , Zaqarashvili T. V. , Liang Z.-C. , Rodenbeck K. 
Published: February 2019

Context. Radial velocity (RV) measurements are used to search for planets orbiting late-type main-sequence stars and to confirm the transiting planets.
Aims. The most advanced spectrometers are now approaching a precision of ~10 cm s−1, which implies the need to identify and correct for all possible sources of RV oscillations intrinsic to the star down to this level and possibly beyond. The recent discovery of global-scale equatorial Rossby waves in the Sun, also called r modes, prompted us to investigate their possible signature in stellar RV measurements. These r modes are toroidal modes of oscillation whose restoring force is the Coriolis force; they propagate in the retrograde direction in a frame that co-rotates with the star. The solar r modes with azimuthal orders 3 ≤ m ≲ 15 were identified unambiguously because of their dispersion relation and their long e-folding lifetimes of hundreds of days.
Methods. In this paper, we simulate the RV oscillations produced by sectoral r modes with 2 ≤ m ≤ 5 by assuming a stellar rotation period of 25.54 days and a maximum amplitude of the surface velocity of each mode of 2 m s−1. This amplitude is representative of the solar measurements except for the m = 2 mode, which has not yet been observed on the Sun.
Results. Sectoral r modes with azimuthal orders m = 2 and 3 would produce RV oscillations with amplitudes of 76.4 and 19.6 cm s−1 and periods of 19.16 and 10.22 days, respectively, for a star with an inclination of the rotation axis to the line of sight i = 60°. Therefore, they may produce rather sharp peaks in the Fourier spectrum of the radial velocity time series that could lead to spurious planetary detections.
Conclusions. Sectoral r modes may represent a source of confusion in the case of slowly rotating inactive stars that are preferential targets for RV planet search. The main limitation of the present investigation is the lack of observational constraints on the amplitude of the m = 2 mode on the Sun.
Future Aspects of Clinical Osteoarthritis Therapies in the Continuum of Translational Research
Authors: Schrenker Steffen , Gao Liang , Cucchiarini Magali , Madry Henning 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) affects a significant number of the worldʼs adult population. In recent years different causal approaches to treat OA based on new translational knowledge have been developed. This review article provides, a brief overview of new findings on the pathophysiology and genetics and the interplay between biomechanics, pain and body weight. Current pharmacological and reconstructive surgical treatment options as well as studies on novel regenerative and molecular therapies of OA, such as applying NGF, FGF-18, TNF-α, Wnt signaling pathway inhibitors, and TGF-β1 gene therapy are discussed. The basis of this work is a selective literature search in PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. Selected new findings are discussed in the clinical perspective of OA.
Effect of the Extract and Constituents From Hancornia speciosa Fruits in Osteoclasts
Authors: Alves e Silva Micena , Pacheco Cinthia , Madeira Mila , Saraiva Adriana , de Freitas Elisângela , Valverde Thalita , Gomes José , de Pádua Rodrigo , Kitten Gregory , Alves Sandra , Braga Fernão , da Silva Tarcília 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Hancornia speciosa is a medicinal species traditionally used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat a variety of conditions. Compounds isolated from the leaves, bark, and trunk of this plant have shown therapeutic properties, but only recently have the fruits of H. speciosa been explored for potential pharmacological applications. The present study investigated the effects of an ethanolic extract from the fruits, fractions, and compounds thereof in bone resorbing cells. Primary osteoclast cultures from bone marrow cells and osteoclasts derived from a monocyte/macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, were incubated with different concentrations of the ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction, water fraction, quinic acid, and L-(+)-bornesitol. In RAW 264.7 cell cultures, quinic acid significantly reduced osteoclast formation. In bone marrow cell-derived osteoclasts, the ethyl acetate fraction induced a decrease in the number of osteoclasts, promoting a remarkable reduction in the mean area of those cells and in their resorption activity. The compounds quinic acid and bornesitol also affected bone marrow cell-derived osteoclasts. In both cell cultures, the substances tested did not affect cell viability/proliferation. In conclusion, components extracted from H. speciosa fruit affected the cells responsible for bone resorption, making them promising tools for interference in osteoclastogenesis.
Risk Factors for Tibial Component Oversizing in Total Knee Arthroplasty among African Americans
Authors: Padmanabha Anand , Li Michael T. , Tybor David J. , Smith Eric L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIncidences and risk factors for tibial component oversizing in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) have been well described, predominantly in Caucasian samples. Component oversizing has been linked to variations in proximal tibial shape and morphology, which has been found to be objectively different in African Americans compared with Caucasians. These anthropometric differences may affect the conformity of modern TKA systems to the anatomy of African Americans undergoing TKA. We sought to investigate the incidence and risk factors for tibial baseplate oversizing in an exclusively African American population undergoing TKA with a symmetric tibial baseplate. We reviewed the records of self-reported African American patients who had undergone a primary TKA at a single academic institution between 2005 and 2016. The primary outcome was incidence of tibial baseplate oversizing in the coronal and sagittal planes as determined by a single set of appropriately rotated postoperative orthogonal radiographs. Logistic regression models identified trends in oversizing within the population based on age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and TKA model. Among all 525 knees being evaluated, the occurrences of medial and lateral overhang were 14.2 and 15.2%, respectively. Increase in age was associated with lower risk of medial tibial overhang (odds ratio = 0.97 for each 1-year increase in age). Simple linear regression models described a linear relationship between BMI and overhang, with every one-unit increase in BMI, medial tibial overhang is 0.031 mm higher and posterior tibial overhang is 0.062 mm higher. Mediolateral oversizing was approximately twice more likely in females than males. Among TKA models used, the Stryker Triathlon had the least risk for mediolateral oversizing and the P.F.C. SIGMA demonstrated the least propensity for anteroposterior oversizing. To conclude, incidence of mediolateral tibial oversizing in this population was common. Previously identified variables affecting proximal tibial morphology, including age, body morphotype, and gender, may be equally applicable to the conformity of tibial baseplates in this population. Surgeons must pay particular attention to avoid mediolateral tibial oversizing in this population, especially in obese and older patients.
Fibrin Modulates Shear-Induced NETosis in Sterile Occlusive Thrombi Formed under Haemodynamic Flow
Authors: Yu Xinren , Diamond Scott 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNeutrophils can release extracellular traps (NETs) in infectious, inflammatory and thrombotic diseases. NETs have been detected in deep vein thrombosis, atherothrombosis, stroke, disseminated intravascular coagulation and trauma. We have previously shown that haemodynamic forces trigger rapid NETosis within sterile occlusive thrombi in vitro. Here, we tested the effects of thrombin, fibrin and fibrinolysis on shear-induced NETosis by imaging NETs with Sytox Green during microfluidic perfusion of factor XIIa-inhibited or thrombin-inhibited human whole blood over fibrillar collagen (±tissue factor). For perfusions under venous pressure drops (19 mm Hg/mm-clot), thrombin generation did not alter the near-zero level of NET generation. In contrast, production of thrombin/fibrin led to a twofold reduction in neutrophil accumulation and a sixfold reduction in NET generation after 30 minutes of arterial perfusion (163 mm Hg/mm-clot). Exogenously added tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) drove robust fibrinolysis; however, tPA did not trigger NETosis under venous flow. In contrast, tPA did enhance NET generation in clots subjected to arterial pressure drops. After 45 minutes of arterial perfusion, clots treated with 30 nM tPA had a threefold increase in total NET production and a twofold increase in normalized NET generation (measured as deoxyribonucleic acid:neutrophil) compared with fibrin-rich clots. Blocking fibrin polymerization resulted in similar level of NET release seen in tPA-treated clots, whereas ε-aminocaproic acid abolished the NET-enhancing effect of tPA. Therefore, fibrin suppresses NET generation and the absence of fibrin promotes NETs. We demonstrated that shear-induced NETosis was strongly inversely correlated with fibrin in sterile occlusive clots.
4.3.15 Bismuth Compounds (Update 2018)
Authors: Gagnon A. , Benoit E. , Le Roch A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of organobismuth compounds and their use in organic synthesis. Organobismuth compounds are organometallic species that contain a carbon-bismuth bond. These species have been used as catalysts and reagents in various reactions that lead to the formation of carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, carbon-oxygen, carbon-sulfur, and carbon-selenium bonds.
33.1.4.2 Alk-1-enesulfinic Acids and Derivatives (Update 2018)
Authors: Kawęcki R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the preparation of alk-1-enesulfinates and alk-1-enesulfinamides and their applications in organic synthesis. This update focuses on methods published since 2004.
37.3 Oxetanes and Oxetan-3-ones
Authors: Croft R. A. , Bull J. A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis is a completely revised chapter on the synthesis of oxetanes and oxetan-3-ones, covering the literature up to early 2018. The last 10 years has seen many new approaches to the synthesis of oxetanes, prompted by increased interest in the use of oxetane derivatives in medicinal chemistry. Developments include cyclization methods for ring formation, as well as functionalization of oxetane-containing building blocks.
Same stimuli, same subjects, different perception
Authors: Sloos Marjoleine , Lei Wang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBelieved dialect influences speech perception by linguistically naïve speakers. How much accent-induced bias affects perception of linguistically trained speakers is still unclear. This study experimentally investigates the influence of believed dialect on plosive perception by subjects who were phonetically and phonologically trained. Identical syllables were presented twice to each subject. In one session, the subjects were informed that the variety was a Mandarin dialect which has voiceless unaspirated and aspirated voiceless stops; and in the other session that it was a Wu dialect, which has voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, and breathy stops. More breathy stops were reported if Wu was the believed dialect. Plosive phonation in Wu is related to lexical tone, and we show that lexical tone causes another bias to plosive perception. This suggests that linguistically trained transcribers are susceptible to higher order linguistic knowledge and it demonstrates the difficulty of avoiding biased perception when the coder forms a belief about the variety that he/she transcribes. We also advocate speech perception models which include a component that accounts for the role ofexpectedsounds.
Personality and social foraging tactic use in free-living Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus)
Authors: Fülöp Attila , Németh Zoltán , Kocsis Bianka , Deák-Molnár Bettina , Bozsoky Tímea , Barta Zoltán 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGroup-foraging individuals often use alternative behavioral tactics to acquire food: some individuals, the producers, actively search for food, whereas others, the scroungers, look for opportunities to exploit the finders’ discoveries. Although the use of social foraging tactics is partly flexible, yet some individuals tend to produce more, whereas others largely prefer to scrounge. This between-individual variation in tactic use closely resembles the phenomenon of animal personality; however, the connection between personality and social foraging tactic use has rarely been investigated in wild animals. Here, we studied this relationship in free-living Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus) during 2 winters. We found that in females, but not in males, social foraging tactic use was predicted by personality: more exploratory (i.e., more active in a novel environment) females scrounged more. Regardless of sex, the probability of scrounging increased with the density of individuals foraging on feeders and the time of feeding within a foraging bout, that is, the later the individual foraged within a foraging bout the higher the probability of scrounging was. Our results demonstrate that consistent individual behavioral differences are linked, in a sex-dependent manner, to group-level processes in the context of social foraging in free-living tree sparrows, suggesting that individual behavioral traits have implications for social evolution.