bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Durability of glycaemic control with dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, compared with saxagliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor, in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bailey Clifford J. , Del Prato Stefano , Wei Cheryl , Reyner Daniel , Saraiva Gabriela 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDapagliflozin is associated with greater reductions in HbA1c and weight than saxagliptin in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present post hoc analyses compared the durability of these effects over short‐ and long‐term follow‐up in patients with T2DM who were inadequately controlled with metformin (≥1500 mg/day) and who were receiving either dapagliflozin (10 mg/day) or saxagliptin (5 mg/day). Failure of glycaemiccontrol was assessed using the slope of the change in HbA1c from baseline‐over‐time regression line (coefficient of failure [CoF]). CoF was compared directly (dapagliflozin vs saxagliptin) over the short term (NCT01606007, 24 weeks) and indirectly (placebo‐adjusted) over the long term (NCT00528879 and NCT00121667, 102 weeks). A low CoF value indicated greater durability. CoF was lower for dapagliflozin versus saxagliptin over 18–24 weeks (−1.38%/year; 95% CI, −2.41 to −0.35; P = .009) and 20–102 weeks (−0.37%/year; 95% CI, −0.73 to −0.02; P = .04). Fewer dapagliflozin‐treated patients versus saxagliptin‐treated patients required rescue medication or discontinued the study because of failure to achieve glycaemic control at 24 weeks (3.4% vs 9.4%; P = .0191). In patients with T2DM who were inadequately controlled with metformin, dapagliflozin was associated with greater durability of glycaemic control than saxagliptin over 18–24 and 20–102 weeks.
Glycaemic variability: The under‐recognized therapeutic target in type 1 diabetes care
Authors: Wilmot Emma G. , Choudhary Pratik , Leelarathna Lalantha , Baxter Mike 
Published: July 2019

AbstractType 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) remains one of the most challenging long‐term conditions to manage. Despite robust evidence to demonstrate that near normoglycaemia minimizes, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of complications, its achievement has proved almost impossible in a real‐world setting. HbA1c to date has been used as the gold standard marker of glucose control and has been shown to reflect directly the risk of diabetes complications. However, it has been recognized that HbA1c is a crude marker of glucose control. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides the ability to measure and observe inter‐ and intraday glycaemic variability (GV), a more meaningful measure of glycaemic control, more relevant to daily living for those with T1DM. This paper reviews the relationship between GV and hypoglycaemia, and micro‐ and macrovascular complications. It also explores the impact on GV of CGM, insulin pumps, closed‐loop technologies, and newer insulins and adjunctive therapies. Looking to the future, there is an argument that GV should become a key determinant of therapeutic success. Further studies are required to investigate the pathological and psychological benefits of reducing GV.
Effect of once‐weekly dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in people with type 2 diabetes and different baseline glycaemic patterns: A post hoc analysis of the AWARD‐2 clinical trial
Authors: Giorgino Francesco , Yu Maria , Haupt Axel , Milicevic Zvonko , García‐Pérez Luis‐Emilio 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist dulaglutide acts by stimulating insulin secretion and reducing glucagon levels in a glucose‐dependent manner both in the fasting and postprandial states, resulting in reductions of both fasting glucose (FG) and postprandial glucose (PPG). In contrast, the main mechanism of action of basal insulin is to reduce elevated FG by inhibiting hepatic glucose production. The aim of the present post hoc analysis of the phase 3 AWARD‐2 trial was to investigate whether specific baseline glycaemic patterns respond differentially to dulaglutide compared to insulin glargine (glargine). We categorized participants into four subgroups based on prespecified glucose thresholds and their baseline FG and daily 2‐hour mean PPG: low FG/low PPG; low FG/high PPG; high FG/low PPG; and high FG/high PPG. Changes in glycaemic measures in response to treatment with dulaglutide or glargine were evaluated in each subgroup. At 52 weeks, significant reductions from baseline in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were observed in all subgroups with dulaglutide 1.5 mg and with glargine (all P < .05), except in patients with low FG/low PPG who received glargine. Greater HbA1c reductions were observed with dulaglutide 1.5 mg compared to glargine in all subgroups (all P ≤ .05), except in the low FG/high PPG subgroup.
Interspecific plant functional variation prevails over intraspecific variation in driving spider beta diversity
Authors: Gusmão Paulo H. P. , Sena Pedro H. A. , Bernabé Tiago N. , Ouchi‐Melo Lilian S. , Gonçalves‐Souza Thiago 
Published: July 2019

1. Non‐trophic interactions between plants and animals can affect community structure and species trait composition. However, it is unclear how changes in intra‐ and interspecific morphological traits of plant species affect non‐trophic interactions at a metacommunity scale. Additionally, whether plant evolutionary history determines taxonomic and functional diversity of plant‐dwelling predators is an open question.2. To address these gaps, this study used a published dataset with spiders dwelling exclusively on bromeliads to investigate if: (i) intra‐ and interspecific variability in host plant morphological traits affects spider taxonomic and functional diversity; and (ii) bromeliad trait evolution determines present‐day patterns of spider trait diversity.3. Spider and bromeliad traits were measured, and a new statistical framework was used to quantify the response of spider beta diversity to intra‐ and interspecific variation in bromeliad traits. In addition, bromeliad traits were decomposed across its phylogenetic tree to check whether the current variation in morphological traits of bromeliads is a result of either ancestral or recent diversification.4. Bromeliad intraspecific variation did not affect spiders, but leaf length variation between bromeliad species had a positive effect on spider functional beta diversity. Interestingly, the most ancestral split between two subfamilies explained most of the variation in bromeliad species, which suggests that spider functional diversity could represent an outcome of bromeliad evolutionary history.5. Overall, the results of this study suggest that interactions between plants and organisms that do not feed directly on their tissues could be shaped by plant evolutionary history, which in turn suggests that non‐trophic interactions can be maintained over time.
Effect of endomorphin‐2 on orofacial pain induced by orthodontic tooth movement in rats
Authors: Liu Sixin , Liu Lu , Jiang Yanlu , Zhou Jing , Hu Huimin , Wu Zhouqiang , Long Hu , Lai Wenli 
Published: July 2019

Endomorphin‐2 demonstrates potent antinociceptive effects in various pain models. The objectives of the present study were to explore the role of endomorphin‐2 in the modulation of orofacial pain induced by orthodontic tooth movement in rats. An orthodontic pain model was established in male Sprague‐Dawley rats by ligating coiled springs to mimic orthodontic force (40 g). On days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 following orthodontic tooth movement, bite force was recorded as a surrogate measure of orthodontic pain. Ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia, trigeminal nucleus caudalis, and periodontal tissues were harvested for immunostaining. Endomorphin‐2, endomorphin‐2 + naloxone (a non‐selective opioid receptor antagonist), naloxone, and saline were injected into trigeminal ganglia and periodontal tissues to explore the role of endomorphin‐2 on orthodontic pain. The results showed that following orthodontic tooth movement, endomorphin‐2 expression levels in trigeminal ganglia were elevated on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Orthodontic pain levels were increased on days 1, 3, and 5. The administration of endomorphin‐2 into both trigeminal ganglia and periodontal tissues alleviated orthodontic pain. Moreover, the effects of endomorphin‐2 could be blocked by naloxone completely in trigeminal ganglia but only partially in periodontal tissues. Therefore, endomorphin‐2 plays an important role in the modulation of orthodontic pain both centrally and peripherally, probably through different pathways.
Expert opinion on the status and stressors of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, in Ontario
Authors: Haxton Tim , Ball Helen , Armstrong Kim 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOntario supports a vast fisheries resource with an abundance of lakes, rivers and streams. A landscape approach to management informed by a broad‐scale monitoring programme has been initiated to assess the status of fisheries within lakes. However, not all species are assessed by this programme, and there is no provincial monitoring of species inhabiting rivers and streams. As such, changes in the status of a species such as brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), could be entirely missed. Brook trout is a highly valued and sought after species by anglers within the province, but there are concerns the species is declining. Given the paucity of broad, empirical data, the status and trends of brook trout across the province have been based on expert opinion at multiple local scales. In 2016, a online questionnaire was sent to brook trout experts to determine status, stressors, management approaches and assess risks (magnitude and probability) to lake and river/stream populations in different geographic areas of Ontario. A Bayesian network was used to analyse responses and develop a risk assessment based on expert opinion for brook trout at multiple scales within the province.
Critical Disability Studies: Looking Back and Forward
Authors: Fine Michelle 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis epilogue is written in three voices. I reflect back, in conversation with Adrienne Asch, on the history of critical disability studies in psychology; then I thank Kathleen R. Bogart and Dana S. Dunn as I review the magnificent set of articles in the volume centering the construct ableism, and finally I write to the next generation of dis/crit scholars on how we might democratize, decolonize, and curate psychological inquiries on ableism and in solidarity with disability justice. Drafted as a love letter to the late Adrienne Asch, the essay considers where we have come, and where we have yet to go, as a field that takes seriously and takes to task the role that professional psychology has played in constructing, and segregating, disabled persons. The essay ends with ethical and epistemological musings about our obligation to animate a radically engaged, intersectional, critical, participatory, and provocative assemblage of research that is at once anti‐ableist and crafted toward disability justice.
Clinical characteristics and outcome of dogs with presumed primary renal lymphoma
Authors: Taylor A. , Finotello R. , Vilar‐Saavedra P. , Couto C. G. , Benigni L. , Lara‐Garcia A. 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesTo characterise the presentation, clinicopathologic data and outcome of 29 dogs with presumed primary renal lymphoma.Materials and MethodsRetrospective analysis of medical records of dogs with suspected primary renal lymphoma from 11 institutions.ResultsAll dogs were substage b, and lethargy and gastrointestinal signs were common presenting complaints, as were azotaemia (n=25; 86%) and erythrocytosis (n=15; 51%) on biochemical testing. Ultrasonography typically revealed bilateral renal lesions (n=23; 79%), renomegaly (n=22; 76%) and abdominal lymphadenopathy (n=14; 48%). Chemotherapy was the only treatment in 23 dogs, of which 11 responded, all considered partial responses. For all dogs the median progression‐free survival and median overall survival times were 10 days (range: 1 to 126) and 12 days (range: 1 to 212), respectively, and for dogs that responded to chemotherapy 41 days (range: 10 to 126) and 47 days (range: 10 to 212), respectively.Clinical SignificancePrimary renal lymphoma in dogs appears to be associated with a poor prognosis and short‐lived response to chemotherapy.
Signal coordination before, during and after stomatal closure in response to drought stress
Authors: Huber Annika E. , Melcher Peter J. , Piñeros Miguel A. , Setter Tim L. , Bauerle Taryn L. 
Published: July 2019

Summary

Signal coordination in response to changes in water availability remains unclear, as does the role of embolism events in signaling drought stress.

Sunflowers were exposed to two drought treatments of varying intensity while simultaneously monitoring changes in stomatal conductance, acoustic emissions (AE), turgor pressure, surface‐level electrical potential, organ‐level water potential and leaf abscisic acid (ABA) concentration. Leaf, stem and root xylem vulnerability to embolism were measured with the single vessel injection technique.

In both drought treatments, it was found that AE events and turgor changes preceded the onset of stomatal closure, whereas electrical surface potentials shifted concurrently with stomatal closure. Leaf‐level ABA concentration did not change until after stomata were closed. Roots and petioles were equally vulnerable to drought stress based on the single vessel injection technique. However, anatomical analysis of the xylem indicated that the increased AE events were not a result of xylem embolism formation. Additionally, roots and stems never reached a xylem pressure threshold that would initiate runaway embolism throughout the entire experiment.

It is concluded that stomatal closure was not embolism‐driven, but, rather, that onset of stomatal closure was most closely correlated with the hydraulic signal from changes in leaf turgor.
The changing landscape of the philosophy of medicine
Authors: Delehanty Megan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe philosophy of medicine is an area that has experienced significant growth and change in the last decade or so. While usually thought to be distinct from bioethics, the philosophy of medicine addresses a wide range of questions having to do with epistemology, metaphysics, and values. In this survey, I use the concept of the reference class to draw connections between a number of questions of longstanding and of more recent concern in the philosophy of medicine. By focusing on the way in which the reference class plays a role in questions and approaches that sometimes seem to be at odds with one another, I hope to illustrate the ways in which these oppositions are less complete than they might at first appear, and to show how the connections between different problems are being redrawn.
Contrastivism and non‐contrastivism in scientific explanation
Authors: Shan Yafeng 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe nature of scientific explanation is controversial. Some maintain that all scientific explanations have to be contrastive in nature (contrastivism). However, others argue that no scientific explanation is genuinely contrastive (non‐contrastivism). In addition, a compatibilist view has been recently devloped. It is argued that the debate between contrastivism and non‐contrastivism is merely a linguistic dispute rather than a genuine disagreement on the nature of scientific explanation. Scientific explanations are both contrastive and non‐contrastive in some sense (compatibilism). This paper examines the debate between contrastivism and non‐contrastivism in scientific explanation. It begins with a critical review of the arguments for contrastivism, for non‐contrastivism, and for compatibilism and concludes with some remarks on the prospect of the issue.
Influence of green light at night on Juvenile hormone in the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Kim Kil‐Nam , Sin Un‐Chol , Jo Yun‐Chol , Huang Zhi‐Juan , Hassan Ali , Huang Qiu‐Ying , Lei Chao‐Liang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe oriental armyworm Mythimna separata is an agricultural insect pest in Eastern Asia. Mythimna separata moths have a high phototactic response to green (520 nm) light. The biological characteristics of insects living under light of a specific wavelength at night can change and, accordingly, Juvenile hormone (JH) levels may be influenced by this light. The present study evaluates changes in the total JH levels at different developmental stages (larvae, pupae and adults) of M. separata reared under green light with different exposure periods at night (or dark period). The results show that, when the exposure time per day of the green light at night is extended, the JH levels in the final‐instar larvae (22 days) and older age pupae (8 days) are significantly reduced, and the JH levels in earlier age pupae (4 days) and adults (3, 6 and 9 days) are significantly increased, compared with groups not exposed to green light. Additionally, the JH level of male moths significantly differs from that of the female moths. We suggest that the JH level of M. separata insects could be regulated by the green light at night (or dark period). The findings of the present study will help to explain the relationship between the light environment and biological characteristics in nocturnal moths.
Risks of preterm birth among non‐Hispanic black and non‐Hispanic white women: Effect modification by maternal age
Authors: Keiser Amaris M. , Salinas Yasmmyn D. , DeWan Andrew T. , Hawley Nicola L. , Donohue Pamela K. , Strobino Donna M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundPreterm birth (PTB) disproportionately affects African American compared with Caucasian women, although reasons for this disparity remain unclear. Some suggest that a differential effect of maternal age by race/ethnicity, especially at older maternal ages, may explain disparities.ObjectiveTo determine whether the relationship between maternal age and preterm birth varies by race/ethnicity among primiparae non‐Hispanic blacks (NHB) and non‐Hispanic whites (NHW).MethodsA cross‐sectional study of 367 081 singleton liveborn first births to NHB and NHW women in California from 2008 to 2012 was conducted. Rate ratios (RR) were estimated for PTB and its subtypes—spontaneous and clinician‐initiated—after adjusting for confounders through Poisson regression. Universal age/race reference groups (NHW, 25‐29 years) and race‐specific reference groups (NHW or NHB, 25‐29 years) were used for comparisons.ResultsAmong all women, RR of PTB was highest at the extremes of age (<15 and ≥40 years). Among NHBs, the risk of PTB was higher than among NHWs at all maternal ages (adjusted RR of PTB 1.38‐2.93 vs 0.98‐2.38). However, using race‐specific reference groups, the risk of PTB for NHB women (RR 0.91‐1.88) vs NHW women (RR 0.98‐2.39) was nearly identical at all maternal ages, with overlapping confidence intervals. Analyses did not demonstrate substantial divergence of risk with advancing maternal age. PTB, spontaneous PTB, and clinician‐initiated PTB demonstrated similar risk patterns at younger but not older maternal ages, where risk of clinician‐initiated PTB increased sharply for all women.ConclusionsPrimiparae NHBs demonstrated increased risk of PTB, spontaneous PTB, and clinician‐initiated PTB compared with NHWs at all maternal ages. However, RRs using race‐specific reference groups converged across maternal ages, indicating a similar independent effect of maternal age on PTB by race/ethnicity. A differential effect of maternal age does not appear to explain disparities in preterm birth by race/ethnicity.
Does Good Performance Reduce Bad Behavior? Antecedents of Ethnic Employment Discrimination in Public Organizations
Authors: Guul Thorbjørn Sejr , Villadsen Anders R. , Wulff Jesper N. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Equal treatment is a key feature of modern bureaucracy. However, several studies have shown that public organizations discriminate against ethnic and racial minorities to different degrees. Which organizational features explain differences in discrimination is largely unknown. This article proposes that organizational performance relates to an organization's likelihood of engaging in employment discrimination and argues that poor‐performing organizations tend to be less open to new ideas and that decision makers in such organizations are more prone to stereotyping behavior. The study combines a field experiment in which applications were sent to real job vacancies in 71 Danish public schools with administrative data on the schools. Bayesian analyses show that minority applicants generally faced discrimination but that they experienced a higher callback rate from better‐performing schools than from poorer‐performing schools. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Rule‐takers, rule‐makers, or rule‐promoters? Turkey and Mexico's role as rising middle powers in global economic governance
Authors: Aydin Umut 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRising middle powers play increasingly active international roles, yet so far we lack systematic analyses of their aspirations and impact on global economic governance. This paper addresses this gap. I argue that the role that rising middle powers assume in global economic governance depends on the degree of alignment of their regulatory preferences with those of established powers, and on the strength of their regulatory institutions. If their preferences are aligned and they develop high regulatory capacity in an issue area, they will aspire to promote existing global rules in their own region. They will engage in regional rule‐promotion because of growing economic ties to their region, and also because their regulatory agencies are socialized into these rules within transgovernmental networks. I explore these arguments empirically through case studies of two rising middle powers, Turkey and Mexico, in the global governance of competition law and policy.
Reform of the UK Financial Policy Committee
Authors: Duncan Alfred , Nolan Charles 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe argue that: The FPC should have a wider remit; a much broader membership (covering many specialisms); should be wholly independent of Government and outside the Bank of England; its aim should be to comment publicly and authoritatively on any possible areas of risk to financial stability while itself controlling few, if any, levers of policy. The rationale for these conclusions is that: Macroprudential/financial risks come from many sources; many of these sources are structural and outside of the Bank’s regulatory purview/competence; in a sense, the Bank gets to mark its own homework as regards issues such as the SMR, resolution, appropriateness of capital, effectiveness of ring‐fencing etc.; many aspects of macroprudential actions have distributional implications, and hence, politicians, not the Bank or any other body, should take and justify, or not, these decisions.