bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Problems in the Interstellar Medium
Authors: Shull J. Michael 
Published: June 2019

AbstractI review recent theoretical developments in the structure, heating, and ionization of the interstellar medium. Among the unsolved issues are: the vertical support of the gas layer; the ionization source for the H+ layer and diffuse line emission above the Galactic plane; the physics of stochastic heating of small dust grains and the resulting infrared spectra. Turbulent mixing may play an important role in the intercloud medium and diffuse emission above the disk. I conclude with some possible analogies between the intergalactic medium and the interstellar medium.
Comments on Recommendation III of the IAU Working Group on Reference Systems
Authors: Standish E.M. 
Published: June 2019

IAU Recommendations should 1) help to avoid confusion and 2) help to enhance scientific capability. Recommendation III does neither. It would create confusion while doing nothing to improve scientific results.If Recommendation III is ever implemented, the result will be sheer chaos. This recommendation proposes that the rate of the basic ephemeris time scale be changed – by an amount of nearly one-half second per year. This implies that all existing planetary, lunar, satellite, spacecraft, asteroid and comet ephemerides would be referenced to an obsolete time scale; all existing sets of orbital elements would need a modification; that epoch J2000 (JED 2451545.0) would differ from the presently defined one by nearly 15 seconds.
Highlights from the Gamma Ray Observatory Mission
Authors: Bertsch D. L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Gamma Ray Observatory was launched on April 7, 1991 for a mission expected to last several years. Its four instruments are designed to study gamma ray emission over a wide energy regime from 0.02 to over 30,000 MeV. Following a brief description of the capabilities of each instrument and their status, the viewing program and is discussed, and some very early results are presented.
The Input Catalogue Tested by the First Hipparcos Observations II. The Photometry and Variable Stars
Authors: Grenon M. , Mattei J. , Mennessier M.O. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe methods developed to predict instrumental magnitudes, to monitor the ageing of the optics, to calibrate photometrically the payload and finally to build up a high accuracy photometric reference system are tested against space observations. The quality of ephemerides for long period variables are also discussed.
Atomic Data Needed for X-ray and EUV Astronomy
Authors: Raymond John C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe astronomical X-ray and EUV satellites of the past generally had low enough spectral resolution that atomic data of modest quality was sufficient for most interpretation of the data. Typical proportional counter resolution Δ E/E ~ 1 permits a determination of the spectral shape sufficient for an estimate of the temperature of the emitting gas, but only the Fe K feature at 6.7 keV stands out as a distinct emission line. The higher spectral resolution Einstein Transmission Grating, Solid State Spectrometer, and Focal Plane Crystal Spectrometer instruments measured a score of emission lines or line blends, permitting determinations of the elemental abundances, temperature, and ionization state of the emitting gas. The higher spectral resolution and throughput of the BBXRT aboard the ASTRO mission and the instruments planned for EUVE, ASTRO-D, AXAF, and XMM will make possible a far more detailed analysis of the data. It should be possible to derive better abundances for more elements, accurate temperature distributions, electron densities, and accurate ionization states.
Heating and Momentum Deposition in Hot Stars
Authors: Castor J.I. 
Published: June 2019

The one great point of similarity between the coronae of hot and cool stars is that both are spatially extended regions of more-or-less tenuous gas that is flowing outward, and at least some of which is at a temperature in excess of 106 K. Coronae defined in this way are almost universal among stars—excepting cool supergiants—but this similarity may hide significant differences in the processes that produce coronae. There are two rather different paradigms for their origin: the cool-star paradigm and the hot star paradigm.The coronae of cool stars like the sun are of such a low density that radiative cooling is inefficient; the outward flow is weak enough that there is a fairly extended subsonic flow region. The outer corona is heated by a flux of wave energy, and some of this energy is then conducted inward to heat the inner corona. The outflow is driven by the pressure of the heated gas, assisted perhaps by wave pressure. The structure of the corona is greatly affected by the topology of the magnetic field, which channels the outflow and governs the transport of energy and momentum by waves.
Companions to High Redshift Quasars
Authors: Hu Esther M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLyman a companions to high-redshift quasars appear associated with radio activity in the quasar. Of the five known companion systems seen at typical Lα fluxes of a few x 10-16 ergs cm-2 sec-1, all are associated with quasars which are radio sources, and lie within a few arcseconds of the quasar. We summarize results of searches for the companions, and report on subsequent investigations into the spectral energy distribution and radio studies of these objects. Multi-color imaging from 3400 Å to 2.2/μ shows the companion to PKS 1614+051 possesses a blue SED similar to an irregular at that redshift. VLA observations show double-lobed structure around Q1033+137 with depolarization of the counterjet lobe.
Ovidiana
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: June 2019

Ars Am. 3. 627-30tuta quoque est fallitque oculos e lacte recentilittera (carbonis puluere tange: leges),fallet et umiduli quae fiet acumine lini,et feret occultas pura tabella notas.‘Also safe and invisible is a letter written with fresh milk (sprinkle charcoal dust over it and it will become legible), and invisible, too, will be the letter which will be made with the point of moist flax, and an unmarked tablet will bear the hidden message.’No one has ever explained how or why a letter should be written ‘with the point of moist flax’. Mr Kenney records sympathetically in his critical note Burman's declaration ‘locus sine dubio corruptas’, though he does not apply the obelus. Burman himself diffidently conjectured alumine limini in emulation of Heinsius' equally unhappy alumine nitri. Burman's note is not very illuminating, but it offers the only serious attempt I have seen to confront the problems of the passage. He assumes – and no one has questioned the assumption, which I shall later suggest may be false – that the first couplet alludes to the use of milk on paper; and he assumes, rightly, that the second couplet alludes to the use of a wax tablet. But when he suggests that the occultae notae may have been written on wood and then concealed beneath an overlay of wax, he forfeits conviction. Crispinus, the Delphin editor, expressed the opinion, which prevails in modern translations,3 that the words acumine lini allude to the use of the stalk of the flax plant in the manner of a pen; it is small wonder that he added ‘sed potiora habemus nos, quibus chartas nostras inficimus, succum puta ceparum, citreo-rum, immo lotium’. P. Brandt in his edition of 1902 contributes a mixture of irrelevance and evasion.
Braude Scholarship 2000 The effect of voluntary food intake on the postweaning growth of the pig
Authors: Edge H.L. 
Published: June 2019

Characteristically, voluntary food intake in the young pig in the days after weaning is low and very variable. Such low feed intakes can lead to reduced digestive efficiency and ultimately poorer physical performance. This is due to the digestive tract requiring a continuous supply of nutrients to maintain gut integrity and digestive capacity.The presence of this check in a young pigs growth immediately after weaning is a well documented problem of commercial significance. It is multi faceted and has been found to encompass many issues such as stocking density, mixing of litters, feeder type and space and the formulation and presentation of the feed.The Braude scholarship enabled me to travel across Europe to visit various research institutes and commercial companies in the Netherlands, Belgium and Poland including, ID-Lelystad, Institute for Animal Health, Netherlands, Rosmalen Institute for Pig Research, Netherlands and the experimental farms of the Provimi Group in Veldriel, Netherlands and Central Soya, Chelmno, Poland who were all engaged in trying to find solutions to the postweaning problem. The research they were involved in was as diverse as the problem itself appears to be.
Sustainable breeding objectives in developing countries
Authors: Cunningham E. P. 
Published: June 2019

In the developed world, the last fifty years has seen a great convergence of breeding objectives and strategies in all farmed species. This is part of the effects of globalisation, which has led to ever increasing specialisation of livestock producers. A general consequence is that breeding goals and structures of dairy, beef, pig and poultry production are now very similar throughout the developed world.After some decades of successful concentration on narrow breeding goals (yield of milk solids in the dairy sector, growth, feed conversion and lean yield in meat animals) objectives have now broadened to take in product quality, reproduction and disease traits.
Biogeochemical Dynamics in a Eutrophic Tidal Estuary Revealed by Isotopic Compositions of Multiple Nitrogen Species
Authors: Yan Xiuli , Wan Xianhui Sean , Liu Li , Xu Min Nina , Tan Ehui , Zheng Zhenzhen , Zou Wenbin , Tian Li , Li Da‐Wei , Trull Thomas W. , Kao Shuh‐Ji 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEstuaries sit at the land‐ocean boundary and act as natural reactors for nitrogen (N) transformations among numerous forms. Superimposing onto physical mixing, biological processes lead to nonconservative N behavior in estuaries. Under the coinfluences of biological alteration and multiple end‐members, however, some N species can exhibit apparent conservation. To explore N dynamics and potential mechanisms that modulate the mixing behaviors, we measured concentrations and natural isotopic compositions of multiple N species (nitrate: NO3−, nitrite: NO2−, ammonium: NH4+, and particulate nitrogen) in a typical eutrophic estuary in southern China. Additionally, N uptake and oxidation rates were measured by using isotope labelling techniques to evaluate processes potentially offsetting the conservative mixing of specific N pools. We found that NO3− followed conservative two end‐member mixing with dual isotopes varying in a narrow range (<1–2‰) due to low microbial preferences. Moreover, δ15N‐NO2− revealed a nonconservative pattern with an involvement of multiple end‐members. The dominant N transformation processes shifted downstream. In the upper estuary, ammonia oxidation (~20 μmol L−1 day−1) dominated NH4+ removal and was accompanied by NO2− accumulation. In the middle‐lower estuary, NH4+ uptake became dominant, with phytoplankton showing strong preference for it over NO3− and NO2−. Based on measured NH4+ uptake rates (9.1–12.5 μmol L−1 day−1 in the light and 0.9 μmol L−1 day−1 in the dark), short water residence time (<1 day) was required to maintain the conservative mixing. Coupling N isotopes in multiple nitrogen species with measurements of N uptake and nitrification, we successfully uncovered N dynamics and distinguished biological processes from physical mixing.
Seismic Waves Could Decrease the Permeability of the Shallow Crust
Authors: Shi Yun , Liao Xin , Zhang Da , Liu Chun‐ping 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSeveral experiments and field observations have demonstrated seismic waves‐induced permeability increases. However, a few experiments have revealed significant decreases in the permeability of fractured sandstone after shaking produced by dynamic stresses. In this paper, we analyze the tidal responses of the water level in two wells (Junan and Dingyuan) situated on and near, respectively, the Tan‐Lu fault in China. The results sampled by a single well indicate that seismic waves could both increase and decrease the permeability. In addition, our results indicate that the earthquakes that decreased the permeability in a single well were distributed in certain azimuthal zones. Given the azimuthal distribution of distant earthquakes, the observed permeability decrease could be attributed to the seismic wave‐induced clogging of fractures that compose the flow paths in the shallow crust. Our research contributes to an enhanced overall understanding of the effects of earthquakes on the permeability of the shallow crust.
Disconnect Between Hadley Cell and Subtropical Jet Variability and Response to Increased CO2
Authors: Menzel Molly E. , Waugh Darryn , Grise Kevin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe subtropical jet (STJ) is thought to coexist with the edge of the Hadley cell (HC). However, recent studies reveal that the location of the STJ is poorly correlated with the latitude of the poleward edge of the HC. Here we use output from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 to show that a weaker STJ is associated with a more poleward HC edge interannually, but there is a strengthening of the STJ and expansion of the HC in response to increased CO2. The HC expansion caused by increased CO2 is much more rapid than the strengthening of the STJ. It is suggested that the differing response times and relationships between interannual variations and increased CO2 are due to differing sensitivities of the HC and STJ to shifts in the eddy momentum fluxes.
A Global Assessment of Added Value in the SMAP Level 4 Soil Moisture Product Relative to Its Baseline Land Surface Model
Authors: Dong Jianzhi , Crow Wade , Reichle Rolf , Liu Qing , Lei Fangni , Cosh Michael H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) level 4 product provides enhanced soil moisture estimates by assimilating SMAP brightness temperature observations into a land surface model. Here, a quantitative estimate of the relative skill of SMAP Level‐4 and model‐only surface soil moisture (vs. true soil moisture) is derived using only one additional noisy (but independent) soil moisture product. The method is applied globally and verified using high‐quality, ground‐based measurements where available. Results demonstrate that assimilating SMAP brightness temperature has relatively little impact in data‐rich areas like the United States and Europe. In contrast, much larger improvement is observed in data‐sparse regions, including much of Africa and central Australia, where model‐only simulations are disproportionately impacted by low‐quality model forcing. Therefore, ground validation conducted in data‐rich areas does not adequately sample the added value of SMAP data assimilation for data‐sparse regions and substantially underestimates the added skill provided by the SMAP level 4 system.
Estimating Recharge From Recirculated Groundwater With Dissolved Gases: An End‐Member Mixing Analysis
Authors: Cook P.G. , Dogramaci S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn many hydrological systems, groundwater is pumped from the aquifer onto the land surface, and a fraction of this water subsequently infiltrates to recharge the groundwater system (recirculated groundwater). Tracers that undergo different degrees of reequilibration with the atmosphere during this recirculation process can enable ambient groundwater and recirculated groundwater to be differentiated. In this paper, the recirculated groundwater has been pumped to dewater open pit mines and discharged into ephemeral creeks. Some of this water subsequently recharged back into the aquifer. Chlorofluorocarbon‐12 (CFC‐12), 14C, and 3H are used in a four end‐member mixing analysis to differentiate between (1) ambient groundwater, (2) recirculated groundwater, (3) river recharge from natural flows prior to commencement of mining operations (in 2007), and (4) natural river recharge post‐2007. Sampling of the surface water when discharge of mine water was the only source of river flow enabled the extent of reequilibration of both CFC‐12 and 14C to be accurately determined. Since CFC‐12 reequilibrates more rapidly than 14C, recirculating groundwater had a CFC‐12 concentration that was close to modern, but a 14C activity that was higher than the original groundwater, but less than modern recharge. As 3H does not reequilibrate, it enabled easy differentiation between recirculated groundwater and infiltration of natural creek flows. Uncertainty of end‐member compositions is due to changes in the end‐member concentrations over time in the case of natural river flows, uncertainty in the extent of tracer reequilibration for the groundwater recirculation end‐member, and spatial variations in the composition of the ambient groundwater end‐member.
Testosterone imbalance may link depression and increased body weight in premenopausal women
Authors: Stanikova Daniela , Zsido Rachel G. , Luck Tobias , Pabst Alexander , Enzenbach Cornelia , Bae Yoon Ju , Thiery Joachim , Ceglarek Uta , Engel Christoph , Wirkner Kerstin , Stanik Juraj , Kratzsch Juergen , Villringer Arno , Riedel-Heller Steffi G. , Sacher Julia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAccumulating evidence supports a link between depression and being overweight in women. Given previously reported sex differences in fat accumulation and depression prevalence, as well as the likely role of sex hormones in both overweight and mood disorders, we hypothesised that the depression-overweight association may be mediated by sex hormones. To this end, we investigated the association of being overweight with depression, and then considered the role of sex hormones in relation to being overweight and depression in a large population-based cohort. We included a total of 3124 women, 970 premenopausal and 2154 postmenopausal from the LIFE-Adult cohort study in our analyses. We evaluated associations between being overweight (BMI >25 kg/m2), sex hormone levels, and depressive symptomatology according to Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scores, and explored mediation of depression in a mediation model. Being overweight was significantly associated with depressive symptoms in premenopausal but not postmenopausal women. Both premenopausal and postmenopausal overweight women had higher free testosterone levels compared with normal weight women. Premenopausal women with depressive symptomatology had higher free testosterone levels compared to women without. We found a significant mediation effect of depressive symptomatology in overweight premenopausal women through free testosterone level. These findings highlight the association between being overweight and depressed, and suggest that high free testosterone levels may play a significant role in depression of overweight premenopausal women. Based on this, pharmacological approaches targeting androgen levels in overweight depressed females, in particular when standard anti-depressive treatments fail, could be of specific clinical relevance.
A novel YAP1/SLC35B4 regulatory axis contributes to proliferation and progression of gastric carcinoma
Authors: Liu Jun , Zhao Xinhui , Wang Ke , Zhang Xiang , Yu Yanping , Lv Yongzhi , Zhang Shun , Zhang Long , Guo Yuan , Li Yunlong , Yang Angang , Zhang Rui , Li Jipeng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSolute carrier family 35 member B4 (SLC35B4), a nucleotide sugar transporter, is capable of transporting UDP-xylose and UDP-GlcNAc from the cytoplasm to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. SLC35B4 has a pivotal role in glycosylation of biological macromolecules. However, its functional roles and regulatory mechanisms in malignant diseases remain unknown. Here, using the cDNA arrays, promoter reporter assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we demonstrated that SLC35B4 is directly transactivated by YAP1–TEADs complex in gastric cancer (GC) cells. CCK-8, plate colony formation and soft agar assays revealed that SLC35B4 is essential for survival and proliferation in GC cells and nude mice models. SLC35B4 expression is markedly higher in GC tissues compared with control noncancerous tissues. Immunohistochemistry revealed that SLC35B4 expression is positively correlated with YAP1 expression in human GC tissues, and this correlation is also confirmed in the GC TCGA data set. GC patients with high levels of SLC35B4 expression have poorer prognosis than those with low levels of SLC35B4 expression. Collectively, our findings defined SLC35B4 as an important downstream oncogenic target of YAP1, suggesting that dysregulated signaling of a novel YAP1/SLC35B4 axis promotes GC development and progression, and this axis could be a potential candidate for prognosis and therapeutics in GC.
Selective recruitment of different Ca2+-dependent transcription factors by STIM1-Orai1 channel clusters
Authors: Lin Yu-Ping , Bakowski Daniel , Mirams Gary R. , Parekh Anant B. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractStore-operated Ca2+ entry, involving endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ sensing STIM proteins and plasma membrane Orai1 channels, is a widespread and evolutionary conserved Ca2+ influx pathway. This form of Ca2+ influx occurs at discrete loci where peripheral endoplasmic reticulum juxtaposes the plasma membrane. Stimulation evokes numerous STIM1-Orai1 clusters but whether distinct signal transduction pathways require different cluster numbers is unknown. Here, we show that two Ca2+-dependent transcription factors, NFAT1 and c-fos, have different requirements for the number of STIM1-Orai1 clusters and on the Ca2+ flux through them. NFAT activation requires fewer clusters and is more robustly activated than c-fos by low concentrations of agonist. For similar cluster numbers, transcription factor recruitment occurs sequentially, arising from intrinsic differences in Ca2+ sensitivities. Variations in the number of STIM1-Orai1 clusters and Ca2+ flux through them regulate the robustness of signalling to the nucleus whilst imparting a mechanism for selective recruitment of different Ca2+-dependent transcription factors.
Over 16% efficiency organic photovoltaic cells enabled by a chlorinated acceptor with increased open-circuit voltages
Authors: Cui Yong , Yao Huifeng , Zhang Jianqi , Zhang Tao , Wang Yuming , Hong Ling , Xian Kaihu , Xu Bowei , Zhang Shaoqing , Peng Jing , Wei Zhixiang , Gao Feng , Hou Jianhui 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBroadening the optical absorption of organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials by enhancing the intramolecular push-pull effect is a general and effective method to improve the power conversion efficiencies of OPV cells. However, in terms of the electron acceptors, the most common molecular design strategy of halogenation usually results in down-shifted molecular energy levels, thereby leading to decreased open-circuit voltages in the devices. Herein, we report a chlorinated non-fullerene acceptor, which exhibits an extended optical absorption and meanwhile displays a higher voltage than its fluorinated counterpart in the devices. This unexpected phenomenon can be ascribed to the reduced non-radiative energy loss (0.206 eV). Due to the simultaneously improved short-circuit current density and open-circuit voltage, a high efficiency of 16.5% is achieved. This study demonstrates that finely tuning the OPV materials to reduce the bandgap-voltage offset has great potential for boosting the efficiency.