bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lactate Dehydrogenases of Hemopoietic Cells
Authors: STARKWEATHER W. H. , SPENCER H. H. , SCHOCH H. K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In summary we have demonstrated that hemopoietic stem cells of man contain all five isoenzymes, and not a single pure type. Our data and the results of others obtained from fetal tissue also indicate that embryonic LDH of man exists as multiple forms. We have demonstrated that differentiation, with respect to LDH isoenzymes, of stem cells along erythrocytic, granulocytic, and lymphocytic lines, occurs in different sequences. It appears that LDH-1 synthesis is necessary in mitotic granulocytic cells, but ceases at the metamyelocyte level where LDH-5 synthesis begins. LDH-5 synthesis occurs in early erythroid cells and probably ceases at the reticulocyte level.27 This is not accompanied by stimulation of LDH-1 synthesis. The maturation of lymphocytes is characterized by a stimulation of LDH-5 synthesis, which is not diminished in the normal circulating cell. Lymphocytes obtained from normal individuals and cultured in vitro in the presence of phytohemagglutinin demonstrate reversion of LDH patterns to those seen in acute leukemias. Our data further indicate that the isoenzyme pattern obtained from hemopoietic cells are indicative of the degree of cellular differentiation, and substantiate the concept of a defective differentiation and maturation process in acute leukemic cells.
The Influence of Hypoxemia and Cobalt on Erythropoietin Production in the Isolated Perfused Dog Kidney
Authors: FISHER JAMES W. , LANGSTON J. W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Isolated dog kidneys were perfused with blood at normal and reduced oxygen tensions with and without cobalt. Erythropoietin titers were found to be significantly increased in the blood perfusates from kidneys perfused with blood at lowered oxygen tensions, while no change in erythropoietin was seen when kidneys were perfused with blood at a normal oxygen tension. Cobalt produced significant increases in erythropoietin levels in the perfusates with normal as well as reduced oxygen tension blood, but its effect was more marked when the kidneys were perfused with hypoxic blood. Renal blood flows were higher when the dogs’ own lungs were used to oxygenate the blood than when a bubble oxygenator was used in the system. However, hypoxic blood resulted in significant increases in erythropoietin production in both systems. In studies of the kidney histology from both perfusion systems with hypoxic and normal oxygen tension blood, most of the kidneys demonstrated varying degrees of glomerular congestion. No correlation was found between erythropoietin elaboration and renal congestion or other degenerative cellular changes in the kidney. Therefore, it does not seem likely that erythropoietin produced in the isolated perfused kidney is due to histologic damage to renal cells. These findings support the concept that increased erythropoietin production in the isolated perfused kidney in response to cobalt or hypoxic blood is a direct effect of these stimuli on the kidney.
RNA Metabolism of Normal and Leukemic Leukocytes
Authors: SILBER ROBERT , UNGER KENNETH W. , KELLER JOAN , BERTINO JOSEPH R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ribonuclease has been partially purified from human leukocytes and its properties investigated. The enzyme has a pH optimum between 6 and 6.5. It is equally active with RNA prepared from various sources, attacking phosphodiester bonds adjacent to pyrimidine bases. Activity in myeloblasts or lymphocytes is about one-tenth that of mature granulocytes.
Malic and Lactic Dehydrogenase Isozymes of Normal and Leukemic Leukocytes Separated on Glass Bead Columns
Authors: RABINOWITZ YALE , DIETZ ALBERT A. , Wilhite Betty A. , Lubrano Tina 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Five LDH and two MDH isozyme bands were obtained with acrylamide gel electrophoresis of leukocyte extracts. Normal lymphocytes showed a high total H-LDH (heart type) activity (67 per cent) with 25 per cent in LDH-1 and only 3.5 per cent in LDH-5. Lymphocytes from chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) and lymphosarcoma leukemia (LSA-LL) had less LDH-1, and more LDH-3 and LDH-4, than normal lymphocytes. The H-LDH fell to 60.5 per cent in CLL and 56 per cent in LSA-LL. PMN leukocytes had low H-LDH activity (38.8 per cent) with 3.3 per cent in LDH-1 and 25.8 per cent in LDH-5. In myelogenous leukemia, myeloblasts had the most LDH-1 and H-LDH, while mature PMN had the least. PMN leukocytes isolated from CLL, LSA-LL, and myelogenous leukemia had LDH patterns like the normal. Monocytes from acute monocytic leukemia were low in LDH-1 and LDH-5, but had a high total enzyme content. They evidently were rich in LDH-2, 3, and 4.
Lymphocytes had less MDH-1 (60 per cent) than PMN leukocytes (78 per cent). In CLL, lymphocyte MDH-2 increased. In myelogenous leukemia, myeloblasts had the most MDH-2 and mature PMN the least. Monocytes from monocytic leukemia contained a little more MDH-2 than PMN leukocytes.
In general, white cell immaturity and/or ability to divide was associated with high levels of LDH-1, total H-LDH, and MDH-2.
Hematologic Effects of Splenic Implants
Authors: TARNUZI ACHMAD , SMILEY R. KENNEDY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Splenectomy in the rat results in a marked elevation in the number of circulating leukocytes and platelets.
2. Transient suppression of the leukocytosis may result from the presence of a 10 per cent splenic implant, either free in the peritoneal cavity or enclosed in a Millipore diffusion chamber.
3. Marked and persistent suppression of postsplenectomy thrombocytosis results from the presence of a 10 per cent splenic implant, whether free or enclosed in a 0.45 µ Millipore diffusion chamber.
4. The results provide indirect evidence of a humoral substance produced by rat spleen which influences platelet levels; presumably this substance acts by suppressing thrombopoiesis.
Cyclic Neutropenia in Grey Collie Dogs
Authors: LUND JOHN E. , PADGETT GEORGE A. , OTT RICHARD L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cyclic neutropenia in a grey collie dog was first diagnosed at 10 weeks of age and has persisted 12 months. The average cycle length was 10.6 days with a range of 8 to 12 days. The condition was found in 2 other dogs of the type described and appears to be inherited along with a grey (silver) coat. The peripheral neutropenia results from a cyclic maturation arrest in the bone marrow at the level of differentiation from the stem cell.
In Vitro Development of Bone Marrows from Patients with Neutropenia
Authors: LAU PETER , BRODY JEROME I. , BEIZER LAWRENCE H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Bone marrows from patients with neutropenia, characterized morphologically by a paucity of mature neutrophils, underwent normal maturation when removed from the body and grown in tissue culture. In addition, certain leukopenic plasmas appeared to stimulate development of normal bone marrows under similar circumstances. These observations suggest that the granulocytic elements in benign forms of neutropenia are innately capable of normal sequential growth and that sustained peripheral neutropenia may distort the normal feedback mechanism which regulates leukopoiesis.
Special Article: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia—an Accumulative Disease of Immunologically Incompetent Lymphocytes
Authors: DAMESHEK WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, far from being simply a very chronic, very dull disease, has many facets which may help to illuminate the pathogenesis of a variety of immunologic aberrations. It appears likely that this is an accumulative disease of lymphocytes rather than one which is due to rapid proliferation, as was originally thought. The abnormal lymphocytes of the disease—with their various indications of metabolic but, more particularly, immunologic incompetency and their reduced ability to transform with both PNA and antigenic stimulation—eventually accumulate in large masses throughout the body. In the course of time, a host of disorders develop, including reduced immunity of both humoral and cellular varieties, autoimmunity, and extreme reactions to viruses and insects, numerous infections and wasting, finally leading to death. A striking response to corticosteroids is characteristic of the disease. On the other hand, large doses of x-ray or alkylating agents may result in violent and often fatal autoimmune reactions. Many future studies are indicated to demonstrate the nature of the metabolic defect in the lymphocyte and its pathogenesis, whether genetic or on some other basis. The possibility of modifying the tendency of the abnormal lymphocyte to accumulate, perhaps with the judicious use of corticosteroids, in association with other methods deserves intensive study.
Comparative Response of Normal Human Thymus and Lymph Node Cells to Phytohemagglutinin in Culture
Authors: WINKELSTEIN ALAN , CRADDOCK CHARLES G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Human thymocytes, in short-term tissue culture, show a proliferative activity distinct from that observed by either lymph node or blood lymphocytes. As expected, the behavior of lymph node lymphocytes in culture is very similar to that of peripheral blood lymphocytes. The only difference between these 2 groups of cells was the finding of spontaneous proliferation by normal lymph node cells after 3 days in culture without phytohemagglutinin (PHA).
Whereas blood and lymph node lymphocytes show a negligible uptake of H3T in the basal state, approximately 10 per cent of thymus cells incorporate H3T, indicating significant autonomous proliferation. This is unaffected by PHA and is unassociated with globulin synthesis as judged by immunofluorescent technics. After 3 days in culture, there are significantly more transformed cells and more cells which incorporate H3T into DNA in thymus cell cultures containing PHA than in the control cultures. However, the labeling index of stimulated thymus cultures is less than either the basal rate of proliferation of thymocytes or 3-day cultures of PHA stimulated blood and lymph node lymphocytes. These observations suggest that the normal human thymus contains at least two populations of lymphoid cells: a major component which shows autonomous and unsustained proliferative activity and does not respond to PHA, and a second and probably minor cellular component which transforms and proliferates in response to PHA.
Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia with Two Philadelphia Chromosomes and Prominent Peripheral Lymphadenopathy
Authors: DUVALL CHARLES P. , CARBONE PAUL P. , BELL WILLIAM R. , WHANG JACQUELINE , TJIO J. H. , PERRY SEYMOUR 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Three adults with CML, 2 Ph1 chromosomes, and marked peripheral lymphadenopathy are described.
2. In each instance node enlargement was thought to be due to leukemic infiltration rather than a supervenient lymphomatous process.
3. Marked adenopathy is an unfavorable prognostic sign in CML, particularly if caused by myeloblastic infiltration. Such infiltration can precede myeloblastic involvement of the peripheral blood and bone marrow.
4. Karyotype analysis and touch preparations of extramedullary tumor tissue in CML will aid in accurate diagnosis and may help to answer more basic questions regarding the pathogenesis of this malignancy.
The Demonstration of Dehydrogenases and Diaphorases in Cells of Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow
Authors: ROZENSZAJN L. , SHOHAM DAVIDIA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked dehydrogenases, SDH, NADH and NADPH diaphorases were assayed with cytochemical methods in white blood cells in bone marrow cells using tetrazolium salts, Nitro-BT and MTT. In unfixed smears specific enzymatic activity was demonstrated for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and NADH diaphorase. In fixed smears the activity of lactic dehydrogenase and succinic dehydrogenase was shown. The action of NADH and NADPH diaphorases was demonstrated in the fixed smears only in the presence of NADH and NADPH. Supravital methods are inadequate for demonstration of specific enzymatic activity.
Lactic dehydrogenase activity in cells was estimated in a semiquantitative way. The enzymatic action of the dehydrogenases and the diaphorases was stronger in younger cells and decreased progressively with their maturation.
The Philadelphia Chromosome and Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyl Transferase
Authors: WANG MAY Y. F. W. , DESFORGES JANE F. , Downes Jean 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Because galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase has been reported to be elevated in the blood of patients with mongolism (21 trisomy), assay of this enzyme in the erythrocytes and leukocytes was performed in patients with the Philadelphia chromosome. Twenty normal individuals and 16 patients with the Ph1 chromosome were studied; 15 of the latter had chronic myelogenous leukemia and 1 had an unusual myeloproliferative disorder. The mean leukocyte enzyme level in the Ph1 group was not different from that in the normal group. The mean erythrocyte enzyme level in the Ph1 group was higher than that in the normal group; this difference might have been due to a younger population of red cells in the Ph1 patients.
To interpret the results, three postulates are presented. First, the relationship between chromosome 21 and this enzyme activity may be obscured by other controlling factors. Second, the long arm of this chromosome may play no role in transferase activity. Third, there may be no reduction of genetic material in a Ph1 karyotype.
Bleeding Syndrome in a Patient with IgA Myeloma: Interaction of Protein and Connective Tissue
Authors: VIGLIANO EDWARD M. , HOROWITZ HERBERT I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A bleeding diathesis in a case of IgA myeloma was found to be associated with at least two abnormalities in the hemostatic mechanism. Both were related to the presence of the abnormal myeloma protein and improved with plasmapheresis and with response to tryptophane mustard therapy. The first abnormality stems from interference with fibrinogen polymerization and is responsible for prolonging the clotting time, acting as an anticoagulant on addition of the patient’s serum to normal blood, and giving rise to the gelification phenomenon noted on clotting. This abnormality is partially, but not completely, corrected by calcium; it has previously been described in other patients with multiple myeloma. The second abnormality results from coating of collagen (as well as other surfaces) by the abnormal protein and causes the prolonged bleeding time and poor in vivo adhesion of platelets. This abnormality has not been previously described and appears to be partially responsible for the patient’s bleeding.
Delivery of Co57B12 to Erythrocytes from α and β Globulin of Normal, B12-Deficient, and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Serum
Authors: RETIEF FRANCOIS P. , GOTTLIEB CHESTER W. , HERBERT VICTOR , Go Le Teng , Lee Melody , Farrelly John 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In a study of Co57B12 uptake by reticulocyte-rich erythrocytes, transfer from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) serum was less efficient than from normal serum. Decreased transfer of Co57B12 was not due to excessive transfer of endogenous B12 (which is normally elevated in CML) but was associated with an α-globulin B12-binder (isolated from "baby" DEAE columns) unable to normally deliver B12 to erythrocytes. Delayed plasma clearance of intravenously injected B12 in CML may be due to this phenomenon.
B12-deficient serum delivered slightly more added Co57B12 to erythrocytes than did normal serum, possibly due to less interference by endogenous B12. α- and β-globulin B12 binders from B12-deficient serum transferred bound Co57B12 as efficiently as did normal serum α- and β-binders; the β-binders delivered more than the α-binders. CML β-binder delivered as well as did β- binder from pernicious anemia and normal serum. These findings suggest that the α-binder of CML serum is physiologically and therefore chemically different from the α-binder in normal and pernicious anemia serum.
Reticulocyte-rich, B12-deficient erythrocytes from pernicious anemia patients took up Co57B12 less well than did B12-sufficient reticulocyte-rich erythrocytes. This may partially explain delayed plasma clearance of B12 in B12 deficiency.
Rat liver homogenate uptake of Co57B12 was much greater when B12 was transferred from normal serum than from normal gastric juice or saline. Preliminary investigations showed that both α- and β-binders from normal serum transferred B12 to liver homogenate but CML α-binder transferred poorly.
Laboratory Studies on a Family with a Father and Son Affected by Acute Leukemia
Authors: TWOMEY J. J. , LEVIN W. C. , MELNICK M. B. , TROBAUGH F. E. , ALLGOOD J. W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A family was studied in which two members died from leukemia, two died from cancer, and two others had hereditary telangiectasia. Slight immunoglobulin abnormalities and cytogenetic mosaicisms were found among their apparently normal relatives. The neoplastic potential of these findings can only be inferred from their previous association with similar malignancies. Their occult nature is compatible with the dearth of information concerning susceptibility toward malignant diseases. An analysis of the literature indicates that a possible predisposition toward familial leukemia is directed toward malignancy in the broad sense rather than toward any specific variety. Useful information about leukemogenesis may be forthcoming from further similar studies.
IRREVERSIBLE TOXIC "INCLUSION BODY" ANEMIA
Authors: FERTMAN M. H. , DOAN CHARLES A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. "Inclusion bodies," distinguishable from the Howell-Jolly bodies, were observed in the red blood cells of a patient with a severe refractory fatal anemia, who had been receiving erythrol tetranitrate over a period of one year.
2. "Bodies" with similar staining characteristics were reproduced in cats with large oral doses of erythrol tetranitrate and other nitrates. These were generally accompanied by a temporary fall in the red cell count, followed by recovery upon withdrawal of the drug.
Effect of Erythropoietin on DNA Synthesis by Erythroblasts in Vitro
Authors: POWSNER EDWARD R. , BERMAN LAWRENCE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The tentative interpretations about the action of erythropoietin in vitro, based on consideration of our present studies, are (1) that erythropoietin increases heme synthesis in bone marrow cultures as a whole, and probably in individual erythroblasts as well, and (2) that erythropoietin induces DNA synthesis by erythroblasts. On the basis of these limited data we cannot make a statement about the relation between these two effects.
"A"-Antigen Variation in Pigeon Erythrocytes
Authors: HIERHOLZER JOHN C. , SCHEINBERG S. L. , HANSEN P. A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Experiments were carried out on the nature of "A"-inagglutinable cells. The effect of x-rays on the inagglutinable cell frequency was determined in pigeons by comparing the frequency before and after irradiation. Initial results in the treated birds were highly variable. Considerable reduction in the variability of response was obtained by control of dose, agglutinogen titer, breed, age and sex. Data was also obtained showing that there were individual differences in response to irradiation.
Significant increases in the frequency of the inagglutinable cells over that of the controls were obtained for both males and females at 2 and 4 months following irradiation with 360 r.
The relation of cell age to inagglutinability was tested by comparing the inagglutinable cell frequency of isolated young cells with that of the total cell population. The comparable frequencies which were observed indicate that cell age is not related to "A"-inagglutinability.
"A"-Antigen Variation in Pigeon Erythrocytes
Authors: HIERHOLZER J. C. , SCHEINBERG S. L. , HANSEN P. A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Experiments were carried out for testing selection effects against the "A"-inagglutinable red cells. Three birds picked at random and not exposed to x-irradiation showed decreases in the number of inagglutinable cells in a Cr51-labeled cell population at 7 days. Two of these decreases were quite large, being >5-fold, and the three averaged an ICF change of -3.57-fold. The substantial reduction in survival of the "A"-inagglutinable cells was attested by the lowered inagglutinable cell frequency at 7 days postinfusion.
Seven birds uniform in titer and in their negative response to previous irradiation (360 r) averaged a 3.75-fold decrease in ICF at 8 days postinfusion. Four birds of a similar group but which had been very responsive to previous irradiation were treated in identical fashion. At 8 days postinfusion the average change in ICF was +0.80. This change is not significant, being within the experimental error of ±1.5-fold.
The marked difference in results between the "low-response" group (-3.75 ±0.56) and the "high-response" group (+0.80 ±0.88) was interpreted to be due to negative selection operating strongly in the former group.
Myeloma Proteins, Bence Jones Proteins and Normal Immunoglobulins in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: CAGGIANO VINCENT , CUTTNER JANET , SOLOMON ALAN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The relationship between the anomalous and normal immunoglobulins was studied through measurement of myeloma protein (MP), Bence Jones protein (BJP), and the normal γG, γA, γM and γD-globulin levels in a large group of patients with multiple myeloma. These determinations were made prior to and after initiation of three different therapeutic protocols.
Thirteen out of 18 patients had at least a 25 per cent reduction in MP or BJP within 6 months. This response was characterized by considerable variation both in the rate and period of time before the anomalous proteins decreased. The type of response was independent of (1) light chain type (K or L) of G or A-MP, (2) heavy chain subgroup or genetic (Gm) factors of G-MP, and (3) electrophorectic mobility of the MP. The ratio among multiple components of heterogenous G or A-MP was not altered by therapy. The initial level of MP, in the case of patients with G-MP, may be one factor in the type of response observed.
The rate of reduction of MP and BJP was extremely rapid in patients who received prednisone in conjunction with melphalan. It appeared that synthesis of anomalous γ-globulin components was completely suppressed with this treatment regimen. This type of response was not observed in patients treated with melphalan alone.
The mean values for each of the normal immunoglobulin (IG) classes (γG, γA, γM and γD-globulin) were reduced below normal. Two classes, γA and γD-globulin, were particularly low. Prior to therapy, however, the extent of reduction of each IG class varied in an individual patient. An inverse relationship was found for γM-globulin and G-MP levels. Part of the normal γG-globulin in patients with G-MP was determined by measurement of Vi (γ2c) levels. Different patterns of response to therapy were noted for each class of IG. More commonly, the response of a normal IG was independent of the response of the anomalous protein and furthermore, could not be related to a particular treatment schedule. In some instances, therapy contributed to further suppression of normal IG levels.