bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Pediatric Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: What a Difference a Few Decades Make
Authors: Tran Lieu T. , Mazariegos George V. , Damian Daniela , Davis Peter J. 
Published: October 2018

BACKGROUND:
Liver transplantation in children is often associated with coagulopathy and significant blood loss. Available data are limited. In this observational retrospective study, we assessed transfusion practices in pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation at a single institution over the course of 9 years.

METHODS:
Data were retrospectively collected from patient medical records at the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. All patients who underwent liver transplantation from January 2008 to June 2017 were included. Primary and secondary outcomes were volume of red blood cells (RBCs) transfused and mortality, respectively.

RESULTS:
From January 2008 to June 2017, there were 278 liver transplants in 271 patients. The number of primary transplants were 259, second retransplants 15, and third retransplants 4. Average age at transplantation was 6.9 years. Biliary atresia, maple syrup urine disease, urea cycle defect, and liver tumor were the leading indications accounting for 66 (23.7%), 45 (16.2%), 24 (8.6%), and 23 (8.3%) of transplants, respectively. Seventy-six cases (27.3%) did not require RBC transfusions. Among those transfused, 181 (89.6%) of the cases required <1 blood volume (BV). The median BV transfused among all cases was 0.21 (range, 0–9; Q1, 0; Q3, 0.45). There is a trend toward higher volume transfusions among infants (median, 0.46 BV) compared to children >12 months of age (0.12 BV). By diagnosis, the group requiring the highest median volume transfusion was patients with total parenteral nutrition–related liver failure (3.41 BV) followed by patients undergoing repeat transplants (0.6 BV). Comparison of primary versus repeat transplants shows a trend toward higher volume transfusions in third transplants (median, 2.71 BV), compared to second transplants (0.43 BV) and primary transplants (0.18 BV). Four of 271 patients (1.5%) died during admission involving liver transplantation. Nine of 271 patients (3.3%) died subsequently. Total mortality was 4.8%.

CONCLUSIONS:
In contrast to historically reported trends, evaluation of current transfusion practices reveals that most patients undergoing liver transplantation receive <1 BV of packed RBCs. More than 1 in 4 transplantations require no transfusion at all. Risk factors for greater transfusion need include younger age, total parenteral nutrition–related liver failure, and repeat transplantation.
Witchcrafts of Color
Authors: Magloire Marina 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This essay argues that the anticolonial efforts of Martinican intellectuals like Aimé Césaire and Frantz Fanon often established a strict dichotomy between a violated, abject, and feminized Martinique and a masculine and authoritative France. In this way, they reify and perpetuate a tradition of colonial literature that establishes Martinican women of color, like the island itself, as both sexually available to the colonizer and resigned to exploitation and abandonment. Through an analysis of two French West Indian women writers—Mayotte Capécia and Suzanne Césaire, both writing during the Vichy occupation of Martinique in the 1940s—the essay suggests that the seemingly monolithic trope of the sexually inviting Martinican woman contains a loophole that could lead to its own dismantling. More specifically, I argue that the element of the supernatural that is often imbedded in the colonial lore of female shapeshifters and sorceresses provides a counterreading to the beautiful and subservient woman of color of colonial fantasies. By situating West Indian femininity in a genealogy of supernatural camouflage, subterfuge, and transformation, Capécia and Césaire undermine misogynist colonial fantasies by revealing teeth, fangs, and venomous hearts beneath the seemingly obliging flesh of the Martinican woman of color.
The Aftereffects of Slavery
Authors: Stitt Jocelyn Fenton 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The relationship of the enslaved past to the present has been an ongoing topic within African diaspora studies generally, and within Black feminist studies specifically. This essay traces a Black feminist genealogy rooted in Saidiya Hartman’s Lose Your Mother: A Journey along the Atlantic Slave Route (2007) and her essay “Venus in Two Acts” (2008). These are arguably two of the most influential works of scholarship in African American feminist studies of the past decade. Hartman’s attempt to use the archive to rescue those lost within, particularly girls and women, is a project also taken up in the three texts discussed here: Tina Campt’s Listening to Images (2017), Michelle D. Commander’s Afro-Atlantic Flight: Speculative Returns and the Black Fantastic (2017), and Christina Sharpe’s In the Wake: On Blackness and Being (2016). One of Hartman’s most important contributions is in juxtaposing the absences of the enslaved in the archive with the very real and present repercussions of what she calls the “aftereffects” of slavery on contemporary Black people, such as being subject to state violence. Hartman’s extraordinary work carries its own aftereffects in its influence on the writing of contemporary scholars of the Black diaspora. Campt, Commander, and Sharpe amplify her claim of the importance of the enslaved past to understanding contemporary Black lives.
Loss of CAMSAP3 promotes EMT via the modification of microtubule–Akt machinery
Authors: Pongrakhananon Varisa , Wattanathamsan Onsurang , Takeichi Masatoshi , Chetprayoon Paninee , Chanvorachote Pithi 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays pivotal roles in a variety of biological processes, including cancer invasion. Although EMT involves alterations of cytoskeletal proteins such as microtubules, the role of microtubules in EMT is not fully understood. Microtubule dynamics are regulated by microtubule-binding proteins, and one such protein is CAMSAP3, which binds the minus-end of microtubules. Here, we show that CAMSAP3 is important to preserve the epithelial phenotypes in lung carcinoma cells. Deletion of CAMSAP3 in human lung carcinoma-derived cell lines showed that CAMSAP3-deficient cells acquired increased mesenchymal features, mostly at the transcriptional level. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying these changes demonstrated that tubulin acetylation was dramatically increased following CAMSAP3 removal, leading to the upregulation of Akt proteins (also known as protein kinase B proteins, hereafter Akt) activity, which is known to promote EMT. These findings suggest that CAMSAP3 functions to protect lung carcinoma cells against EMT by suppressing Akt activity via microtubule regulation and that CAMSAP3 loss promotes EMT in these cells.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Effect of anatomical change on dose distribution during radiotherapy for maxillary sinus carcinoma: passive scattering proton therapy versus volumetric-modulated arc therapy
Authors: Narita Yuki , Kato Takahiro , Ono Takashi , Oyama Sho , Komori Shinya , Arai Kazuhiro , Abe Yoshitomo , Harada Takaomi , Nakamura Tatsuya , Wada Hitoshi , Kikuchi Yasuhiro , Murakami Masao , Hosokawa Yoichiro 
Published: October 2018

Objective:
Maxillary sinus carcinomas are anatomically situated next to many organs at risk (OARs), and anatomical change is often observed during radiotherapy. We analyzed the effect of anatomical change on dose distribution of passive scattering proton therapy (PSPT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for 20 patients.

Methods:
The first plans were generated based on the first CT images. The second CT images were acquired after 3 weeks, and the second plans were generated by copying the first plans to the second CT images. The effect of anatomical change was estimated by comparing both plans.

Results:
Target volume change was observed in all cases, however, the influence on dose coverage of clinical target volume tended to be small. Alternatively, the doses to almost all OARs were increased. In particular, the increase in the dose to brainstem (p &lt; 0.001) and optic chiasm (p &lt; 0.001) was significantly higher in the second PSPT plan than in the first PSPT plan. Although PSPT is sensitive to anatomical change, the dose to OARs remained significantly lower in PSPT plans than that in VMAT plans.

Conclusion:
PSPT was confirmed to be more effective than VMAT even the effect of anatomical change was taken into account. Therefore, it is expected that the contralateral vision can be preserved reliably while optimal target coverage is provided.

Advances in knowledge:
PSPT allowed significant sparing of OARs even in the result of the second plans affected by the anatomical change. PSPT offers benefits over VMAT in reducing dose to several OARs.
Learning from Mixed Signals in Online Innovation Communities
Authors: Riedl Christoph , Seidel Victor P. 
Published: October 2018

We study how contributors to innovation contests improve their performance through direct experience and by observing others as they synthesize learnable signals from different sources. Our research draws on a 10-year panel of more than 55,000 individuals participating in a firm-hosted online innovation community sponsoring creative t-shirt design contests. Our data set contains almost 180,000 submissions that reflect signals of direct performance evaluation from both the community and the firm. Our data set also contains almost 150 million ratings that reflect signals for learning from observing the completed work of others. We have three key findings. First, we find a period of initial investment with decreased performance. This is because individuals struggle to synthesize learnable signals from early performance evaluation. This finding is contrary to other studies that report faster learning from early direct experience when improvements are easiest to achieve. Second, we find that individuals consistently improve their performance from observing others’ good examples. However, whether they improve from observing others’ bad examples depends on their ability to correctly recognize that work as being of low quality. Third, we find that individuals can successfully integrate signals about what is valued by the firm hosting the community, not just about what is valued by the community. We thus provide important insights into the mechanisms of how individuals learn in crowdsourced innovation and provide important qualifications for the often-heralded theme of “learning from failures.”The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2018.1219 .
Age and HIV stage at initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy determine non-reversal of stunting at 3 years of treatment
Authors: Vedaswari Putu Diah , Wati Ketut Dewi Kumara , Sidiartha I Gusti Lanang , Pratiwi I Gusti Ayu Putu Eka , Santoso Hendra , Witarini Komang Ayu 
Published: October 2018

Background Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been reported to improve growth, especially in the first 2 years of treatment. It is not clear whether catch up growth is maintained after 2 years of HAART.
Objective To assess growth in stunted children with HIV after 3 years of HAART and analyze possible risk factors for non-reversal of stunting.
Methods This study was done from May 2016 to April 2017 to follow children with HIV who started HAART between January 2009 and April 2014, and continued for 3 years. Inclusion criteria were children with HIV, aged < 18 years, compliance to the regimen, and stunting. Exclusion criteria were patients lost to follow up or who died prior to 3 years of HAART. Non-reversal of stunting was defined as HAZ ≤ -2SD after 3 years of HAART. Possible risk factors for non-reversal were analyzed using Chi-square test with P<0.05, as well as risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results Of 150 HIV-infected pediatric patients, 115 were on HAART and 55 (47.8%) were stunted at HAART initiation. Of the 55 stunted and HAART-treated children, 31 (56.4%) were male. Baseline median age was 3.6 years (interquartile range 0.37-8.48). Non-reversal occurred in 32 (58.2%) subjects. Multivariate Cox regression model analysis showed predictors of non-reversal after 3 years of HAART to be age >2 years (RR 16.05; 95%CI 2.89 to 89.02; P=0.002) and HIV stage III-IV (RR 8.93; 95%CI 1.47 to 54.37; P=0.017).
Conclusion HAART initiation at age >2 years and HIV clinical stage III-IV at diagnosis are risk factors for non-reversal of stunting after 3 years of HAART.
Valproate use and thyroid dysfunction in children with idiopathic epilepsy
Authors: Sibarani Josephine Juliana , Deliana Melda , Saing Johannes H. 
Published: October 2018

Background Long-term administration of valproic acid (VPA) has side effects, including thyroid dysfunction. Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) identified by elevated serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations with normal thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), or normal free thyroxine (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) has been demonstrated in idiopathic epilepsy patients receiving VPA.
Objective To evaluate for associations between age at initiation of VPA treatment and duration of treatment with thyroid dysfunction.
Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2012 to May 2013 in Haji Adam Malik and Pirngadi Hospitals, Medan, North Sumatera. Subjects were children ranging from 0 and below 18 years who had been diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy. Blood specimens were taken to evaluate serum T3, T4, and TSH levels in all subjects. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate analyses.
Results A total of 49 subjects were included in the study. Age of ≤ 4 years at initiation of VPA was found to be a significant risk factor for SCH in the bivariate analysis (OR 6.67; 95%CI 1.215 to 36.594, P=0.036). Three factors had P values <0.25 in the bivariate analysis and were subsequently analyzed by stepwise multivariate regression test: age at initiation of VPA, duration of treatment, and drug dosage. The VPA initiation at age <4 years had 6.67 times the risk of SCH than the age of >4 years (95%CI 1.215 to 36.594; P=0.029). Duration of treatment and VPA dosage were not significantly associated with SCH on multivariate analysis
Conclusion Age ≤ 4 years old at the initiation of VPA is associated with thyroid dysfunction. However, no significant association was found between duration of treatment as well as drug dosage with thyroid dysfunction.
Social media and Higher Education: FOMO (fear of missing out) or does digitally enabled learning have a place in Law Schools?
Authors: Curro Gina , Ainsworth Nussen 
Published: October 2018

Recently embraced by the legal profession to make justice more accessible, social media (SM) is fast becoming the primary tool of communication for the courts. In Australia today The Supreme Court of Victoria uses SM to share judgments, media releases, publications, speeches and other information. On the County Court of Victoria home page one can read the Court's Twitter feed. These innovations have led to the expectations for Australian law schools to adopt 21st century technology, and enhance student engagement in the classroom. While there are studies which have investigated the use of SM as an educational tool in general, research specifically addressing its application to Law curricula is scant. In this article we propose that introducing SM into curricula will create learning opportunities to develop the awareness of responsible usage of SM platforms, thereby ensuring successful communication outcomes for Law graduates. We discuss the challenge of online scholarly/academic identity, and also the social capital benefits. A brief account of SM and the legal industry is presented next. Because of the impact of policy imperatives, VU Blended Learning Strategy and Graduate Capabilities for 21st century have been included. Examples of SM applications in the Australian Law classroom, including the use of the meme, an image with a text phrase that is distributed via SM, are discussed. The complex and contested nature of SM, leads the authors conclude that it is possible to successfully implement digitally enabled learning in the Australian Law classroom, but not without certain pedagogical caveats.
Lived Experiences of New Faculty: Nine Stages of Development Toward Learner-Centered Practice
Authors: Lane Jill O'Shea 
Published: October 2018

Community college faculty development programs need to be designed to help faculty move beyond content experience and become learner-centered instructors. The purpose of this qualitative study with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach was to explore the experiences of new faculty participating in a systematic dialogue about learner-centered instruction in a community college setting. Specifically, this research project was designed to answer the following question: How do new faculty experience participation in a semester-long faculty development program focused on learner-centered instruction? Interviews with faculty experiencing a learner-centered training program revealed common themes as well as nine stages of faculty development related to moving toward a learner-centered approach to teaching. Keywords: community college faculty preparation, learner-centered instruction, professional development for faculty, barriers to learner-centered instruction.
Boundary Layer Effects on Ionic Flows Via Classical Poisson-Nernst-Planck Systems
Authors: Zhang Mingji 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
A quasi-one-dimensional steady-state Poisson-Nernst-Planck model of two oppositely charged ion species through a membrane channel is analyzed. The model problem is treated as a boundary value problem of a singularly perturbed differential system. Our analysis is based on the geometric singular perturbation theory but, most importantly, on specific structures of this concrete model. The existence and (local ) uniqueness of solutions to the boundary value problem is established. In particular, an approximation of both the individual flux and the I-V (current-voltage) relation are derived explicitly from the zeroth order approximation (in ") solutions, from which the boundary layer effects on ionic flows are studied in great details.
Effect of MgO Injection on Smelting in a Blast Furnace
Authors: Chen Shujun , Lyu Qing , Li Jianpeng , Liu Xiaojie , Liu Kai 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The effects of the simultaneous injection of MgO and magnesite powder on the combustion of coals, properties of the primary slag, and softening-melting properties of the burden were investigated. There were four aspects to the results that we obtained. First, MgO showed catalytic activity for dehydrogenation and carboxyl group removal from coal; as a result, with increasing MgO, the combustion ratio and pyrolysis ratio of the coal investigated improved. Notably, when the content of MgO increased from 0% to 3.21%, the combustion ratio increased from 67.75% to 75.73%. Secondly, the MgO distribution in the slag sample was close to that in the standard slag after melting for 10 min. After 50 min, the difference in MgO content between the slag and standard slag samples was less than 1%. Thirdly, with an increase in the content of MgO, the short-slag feature of the slag was obvious, the viscosity fluctuated wildly, and the melting temperature increased significantly. It is proposed that the properties of the primary slag could be improved by decreasing the MgO content. Finally, with the increase in the MgO added to the burden, the softening-melting properties of the burden degraded. When the MgO content was 0.86%, ΔP
max was only 2.04 kpa, and S 59 kPa·°C. However, when the MgO content was 2.61%, ΔP
max was 20.00 kPa, and S 1349 kPa·°C. Therefore, the technology of MgO injection into tuyeres with pulverized coal was beneficial for blast furnace operation.
Importance and health hazards of nanoparticles used in the food industry
Authors: Naseer Bazila , Srivastava Gaurav , Qadri Ovais Shafiq , Faridi Soban Ahmad , Islam Rayees Ul , Younis Kaiser 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Nanoparticles are considered magic bullets because of their unique properties. Nowadays, the use of nanoparticles has emerged in almost every field of science and technology, owing to its potential of revolutionizing specific fields. In the field of food science and technology, the use of nanoparticles is being studied in diverse areas, starting with the harvesting of crops up to final food consumption. With the increased usage of nanoparticles in day-to-day life, concern over their safety has arisen in everyone’s mind. There is an imbalance between the increase in research to identify new nanoparticle applications and their safety, and this has triggered pressure on scientists to identify the possible effects of nanoparticles on human health. There are numerous studies on the use of nanotechnology in food and the effect of nanoparticles on human health, but there is a vacuum in the literature in terms of the combined analysis of such studies. This review is an attempt to present and analyze different studies on the use and the safety of nanoparticles in food.
Facile synthesis of multi-layer graphene by electrochemical exfoliation using organic solvent
Authors: Das Swapan , Ghosh Chandan K. , Sarkar Chandan K. , Roy Sunipa 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper presents a facile method of producing graphene nanosheets by organic liquid-assisted electrochemical exfoliation using tetramethyleammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as organic electrolyte. The process involves low-cost copper as ground electrode and carbon block as anode or cathode. The application of organic electrolyte eliminates the presence of unwanted metal ions on the graphene nanosheets. To the best of our knowledge, this is a maiden effort of producing graphene with pure organic electrolyte using TMAH with low-cost copper electrode. By the use of TMAH, conformal large-area graphene nanosheets of 4.3 nm thickness with an average sheet diameter of 3–4 μm have been obtained. Graphene nanosheets are characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Raman characterization confirms the conservation of the intrinsic nature of few-layer graphene. Graphene nanosheets are dissolved in a polar aprotic solvent dimethylformamide and are drop coated on the Si/SiO2 substrate to make a thin film of graphene. Films are annealed to remove any residual solvent attached to it. Different annealing temperatures (50–200°C) were reported. Sheet resistances were measured before and after annealing, with a remarkable decrease afterward. Current-voltage characteristics were studied to evaluate the conductivity of the graphene nanosheets produced.