bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sepsis in Intensive Care Unit Patients: Worldwide Data From the Intensive Care over Nations Audit
Authors: Sakr Yasser , Jaschinski Ulrich , Wittebole Xavier , Szakmany Tamas , Lipman Jeffrey , Ñamendys-Silva Silvio A , Martin-Loeches Ignacio , Leone Marc , Lupu Mary-Nicoleta , Vincent Jean-Louis ,   ICON Investigators
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Background
There is a need to better define the epidemiology of sepsis in intensive care units (ICUs) around the globe.

Methods
The Intensive Care over Nations (ICON) audit prospectively collected data on all adult (&gt;16 years) patients admitted to the ICU between May 8 and May 18, 2012, except those admitted for less than 24 hours for routine postoperative surveillance. Data were collected daily for a maximum of 28 days in the ICU, and patients were followed up for outcome data until death, hospital discharge, or for 60 days. Participation was entirely voluntary.

Results
The audit included 10069 patients from Europe (54.1%), Asia (19.2%), America (17.1%), and other continents (9.6%). Sepsis, defined as infection with associated organ failure, was identified during the ICU stay in 2973 (29.5%) patients, including in 1808 (18.0%) already at ICU admission. Occurrence rates of sepsis varied from 13.6% to 39.3% in the different regions. Overall ICU and hospital mortality rates were 25.8% and 35.3%, respectively, in patients with sepsis, but it varied from 11.9% and 19.3% (Oceania) to 39.5% and 47.2% (Africa), respectively. After adjustment for possible confounders in a multilevel analysis, independent risk factors for in-hospital death included older age, higher simplified acute physiology II score, comorbid cancer, chronic heart failure (New York Heart Association Classification III/IV), cirrhosis, use of mechanical ventilation or renal replacement therapy, and infection with Acinetobacter spp.

Conclusions
Sepsis remains a major health problem in ICU patients worldwide and is associated with high mortality rates. However, there is wide variability in the sepsis rate and outcomes in ICU patients around the globe.
On large values of L(σ,χ)
Authors: Aistleitner Christoph , Mahatab Kamalakshya , Munsch Marc , Peyrot Alexandre 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In recent years, a variant of the resonance method was developed which allowed to obtain improved Ω-results for the Riemann zeta function along vertical lines in the critical strip. In the present paper, we show how this method can be adapted to prove the existence of large values of |L(σ,χ)| in the range σ∈(1/2,1], and to estimate the proportion of characters for which |L(σ,χ)| is of such a large order. More precisely, for every fixed σ∈(1/2,1), we show that for all sufficiently large q, there is a non-principal character χ(modq) such that log|L(σ,χ)|≥C(σ)(logq)1−σ(loglogq)−σ. In the case σ=1, we show that there is a non-principal character χ(modq) for which |L(1,χ)|≥eγ(log2q+log3q−C). In both cases, our results essentially match the prediction for the actual order of such extreme values, based on probabilistic models.
Are U.S. adults reporting less sleep?: Findings from sleep duration trends in the National Health Interview Survey, 2004–2017
Authors: Sheehan Connor M , Frochen Stephen E , Walsemann Katrina M , Ailshire Jennifer A 
Published: November 2018

AbstractStudy ObjectivesTo document trends in self-reported sleep duration for the noninstitutionalized U.S. civilian population from 2004 to 2017 and examine how sleep trends vary by race/ethnicity.MethodsWe use data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for U.S. noninstitutionalized adults aged 18–84 from 2004 to 2017 (N = 398 382). NHIS respondents were asked how much they slept in a 24-hour period on average, which we categorized as ≤6 hr (short sleep), 7–8 hr (adequate sleep), and ≥9 hr (long sleep). We used multinomial logistic regression models to examine trends in self-reported sleep duration and assess race/ethnic differences in these trends. Our models statistically adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, familial, behavioral, and health covariates.ResultsThe prevalence of short sleep duration was relatively stable from 2004 to 2012. However, results from multinomial logistic regression models indicated that there was an increasing trend toward short sleep beginning in 2013 (b: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.05–0.14) that continued through 2017 (b: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.13–0.23). This trend was significantly more pronounced among Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks, which resulted in widening racial/ethnic differences in reports of short sleep.ConclusionsRecent increases in reports of short sleep are concerning as short sleep has been linked with a number of adverse health outcomes in the population. Moreover, growing race/ethnic disparities in short sleep may have consequences for racial and ethnic health disparities.
Use of thermal imaging in dairy calves: exploring the repeatability and accuracy of measures taken from different anatomical regions1
Authors: Scoley Gillian E , Gordon Alan W , Morrison Steven J 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThree experiments were undertaken to 1) quantify the repeatability and reproducibility of thermal imaging across day and operator experience and 2) assess the correlation between descriptive infrared (IR) temperature parameters from different anatomical areas and core body temperature in dairy calves under 12 wk of age. In experiment 1, a single operator captured 30 replicate images of both the left and right eyes (defined as the whole eye + 1 cm margin) and the rectal area (defined as the anus +1.5 cm margin) from each of 16 calves. In experiment 2, three operators of varying experience captured images from both the left and right eyes and the rectal area of each of 12 calves. In experiment 3, a single operator captured images of the right eye and rectal area for a period of 5 consecutive days for each of 205 calves. All images were captured between 0900 and 1300 h. Core body temperature, obtained via rectal thermometer, was recorded every day for each of the 205 calves following completion of IR image capture. Ambient temperature and relative humidity were adjusted for each thermal image prior to manual extraction of maximum, minimum, and average temperature parameters. In experiment 1, lowest error variance was found within the maximum temperature parameter and the right eye was determined as the most repeatable anatomical area, with 80.48% of the total proportion of variance attributed to the calf. Results indicated that capturing at least three replicate images would provide the precision required to identify ill-health in calves. In experiment 2, operator variance was low across anatomical areas, with values of ≤0.01°C2 for the right and left eyes and ≤0.04°C2 for the rectal area. In experiment 3, day to day variation of thermal image measurements and core body temperature were minimal across anatomical areas with values of ≤0.008°C2. Correlations ranging from 0.16 to 0.32, and from 0.31 to 0.47 were found between maximum eye and core body temperature and maximum rectal area and core body temperature, respectively. Results of the present study indicate a low level of variability and high level of repeatability within IR temperature measurements in calves under 12 wk of age, particularly within maximum temperature parameters. Providing operators of varying abilities with a basic standardized protocol is sufficient to limit between-operator variation. Further research is required to investigate whether correlation between IR and core body temperature can be improved.
Formative, multimethod case studies of learn to quit, an acceptance and commitment therapy smoking cessation app designed for people with serious mental illness
Authors: Vilardaga Roger , Rizo Javier , Ries Richard K , Kientz Julie A , Ziedonis Douglas M , Hernandez Kayla , McClernon Francis J 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Despite public health efforts, individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) still have very high rates of tobacco smoking. Innovative approaches to reach this population are needed. These series of case studies aimed to descriptively evaluate the usability, user experience (UX), and user engagement (UE) of Learn to Quit (LTQ), an acceptance and commitment therapy smoking cessation app designed for people with SMI, and to compare it with an app designed for the general population, NCI (National Cancer Institute) QuitGuide (QG). Both apps were combined with nicotine replacement therapy and technical coaching. Inspired by the ORBIT model, we implemented two case studies with crossover AB interventions, two B-phase training designs, and three bi-phasic AB single-case designs with Start-Point and Order randomization (A = QG, B = LTQ). Study outcomes were measured using the System Usability Scale, UX interviews, and background analytics. LTQ’s usability levels were above the standard cutoff and on average higher than QG. UX outcomes suggested the relative benefits of LTQ’s visual design, gamification and simple design structure. LTQ’s overall UE was high; the app was opened for an average of 14 min per day (vs. QG: 7 min). However, users showed low levels of UE with each of the app’s tracking feature. Measures of psychiatric functioning suggested the safety of LTQ in people with SMI. LTQ appears to be a usable and engaging smoking cessation app in people with SMI. An optimized version of LTQ should be tested in a Phase II study.
Varus Posteromedial Rotatory Instability of the Elbow: Injury Pattern and Surgical Experience of 27 Acute Consecutive Surgical Patients
Authors: McLean James , Kempston Michael P. , Pike Jeffrey M. , Goetz Thomas J. , Daneshvar Parham 
Published: November 2018

Objectives:
To identify associated injuries that occur in varus posteromedial rotatory instability (VPMRI) of the elbow and present their surgical management.

Design:
Level II retrospective study.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patient/Participants:
Twenty-seven patients with VPMRI injuries treated surgically over an 8-year period.

Intervention:
Open reduction and internal fixation of anteromedial coronoid facet fracture, lateral collateral ligament repair, and associated injured soft-tissue repairs.

Main Outcome Measured:
Radiographic classification, associated medial and lateral bony and soft-tissue injuries, surgical fixation method, and complications were recorded.

Results:
According to the O'Driscoll classification, there were 15 (55%) type 2-2, 11 (41%) type 2-3, and 1 (4%) type 3-1 fractures. Lateral and medial collateral ligament tears were found in 100% and 63%, respectively. Common extensor and flexor origin injuries occurred in 19 (70%) and 2 (7%) elbows, respectively. A marginal radial head fracture was found in 1 patient. Most patients were treated with a combination of fixation methods. Complications occurred in 7 (26%) patients.

Conclusions:
This study documents both associated findings and surgical fixation methods. In all cases, the lateral collateral ligament was disrupted, often in association with an injured common extensor origin. Medial collateral ligament injuries are commonly involved. Radial head fractures are rarely associated. The surgeon should have a high index of suspicion if an isolated coronoid fracture is encountered. Clinical and functional outcome scores are needed in future studies to further inform treatment of VPMRI of the elbow.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Endoscopic Ultrasound Assessment of Pancreatic Duct Diameter Predicts Neuroendocrine Tumors and Other Pancreas Masses
Authors: Gupta Nikhil , Kankotia Ravi , Sahakian Ara , Jayaram Preeth , Shindel Alex , Dong Elizabeth , Korc Paul , Eloubeidi Mohamad , Buxbaum James 
Published: November 2018

Objectives
Distinguishing neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and other pancreas lesions from adenocarcinomas via endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) requires additional tissue for special staining and processing. Our aim was to determine if main pancreatic duct (PD) diameter on EUS helps to differentiate NET and other unusual tumors from adenocarcinoma.

Methods
We evaluated 30 consecutive patients diagnosed with NET or other pancreas lesions by EUS with 90 matched patients who were found to have adenocarcinoma. Dilated PD was defined as greater than 3 mm. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between lesion type and PD diameter.

Results
Among the 30 patients with NET/other pancreas lesions, 21 had NETs, 7 had metastases, and 2 had lymphomas. A dilated PD was demonstrated in only 3.3% of pancreatic NET/other lesions but present in 88.9% of cases of primary adenocarcinoma (P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, a normal PD diameter and absence of clinical symptoms strongly predicted the presence of pancreatic NET/other versus adenocarcinoma (P < 0.01).

Conclusions
The absence of PD dilation upstream of the lesion suggests NET or other lesions rather than adenocarcinoma. This finding should prompt endosonographers to obtain additional tissue at the time of EUS to send for special studies.
Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene
Authors: Meineke Emily K. , Davies T. Jonathan , Daru Barnabas H. , Davis Charles C. 
Published: November 2018

Global change has become a central focus of modern biology. Yet, our knowledge of how anthropogenic drivers affect biodiversity and natural resources is limited by a lack of biological data spanning the Anthropocene. We propose that the hundreds of millions of plant, fungal and animal specimens deposited in natural history museums have the potential to transform the field of global change biology. We suggest that museum specimens are underused, particularly in ecological studies, given their capacity to reveal patterns that are not observable from other data sources. Increasingly, museum specimens are becoming mobilized online, providing unparalleled access to physiological, ecological and evolutionary data spanning decades and sometimes centuries. Here, we describe the diversity of collections data archived in museums and provide an overview of the diverse uses and applications of these data as discussed in the accompanying collection of papers within this theme issue. As these unparalleled resources are under threat owing to budget cuts and other institutional pressures, we aim to shed light on the unique discoveries that are possible in museums and, thus, the singular value of natural history collections in a period of rapid change.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene’.
Historical collections as a tool for assessing the global pollination crisis
Authors: Bartomeus I. , Stavert J. R. , Ward D. , Aguado O. 
Published: November 2018

There is increasing concern about the decline of pollinators worldwide. However, despite reports that pollinator declines are widespread, data are scarce and often geographically and taxonomically biased. These biases limit robust inference about any potential pollinator crisis. Non-structured and opportunistic historical specimen collection data provide the only source of historical information which can serve as a baseline for identifying pollinator declines. Specimens historically collected and preserved in museums not only provide information on where and when species were collected, but also contain other ecological information such as species interactions and morphological traits. Here, we provide a synthesis of how researchers have used historical data to identify long-term changes in biodiversity, species abundances, morphology and pollination services. Despite recent advances, we show that information on the status and trends of most pollinators is absent. We highlight opportunities and limitations to progress the assessment of pollinator declines globally. Finally, we demonstrate different approaches to analysing museum collection data using two contrasting case studies from distinct geographical regions (New Zealand and Spain) for which long-term pollinator declines have never been assessed. There is immense potential for museum specimens to play a central role in assessing the extent of the global pollination crisis.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene’.
Botanic gardens are an untapped resource for studying the functional ecology of tropical plants
Authors: Perez Timothy M. , Valverde-Barrantes Oscar , Bravo Catherine , Taylor Tyeen C. , Fadrique Belén , Hogan J. Aaron , Pardo Christine J. , Stroud James T. , Baraloto Christopher , Feeley Kenneth J. 
Published: November 2018

Functional traits are increasingly used to understand the ecology of plants and to predict their responses to global changes. Unfortunately, trait data are unavailable for the majority of plant species. The lack of trait data is especially prevalent for hard-to-measure traits and for tropical plant species, potentially owing to the many inherent difficulties of working with species in remote, hyperdiverse rainforest systems. The living collections of botanic gardens provide convenient access to large numbers of tropical plant species and can potentially be used to quickly augment trait databases and advance our understanding of species' responses to climate change. In this review, we quantitatively assess the availability of trait data for tropical versus temperate species, the diversity of species available for sampling in several exemplar tropical botanic gardens and the validity of garden-based leaf and root trait measurements. Our analyses support the contention that the living collections of botanic gardens are a valuable scientific resource that can contribute significantly to research on plant functional ecology and conservation.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene’.
The history and impact of digitization and digital data mobilization on biodiversity research
Authors: Nelson Gil , Ellis Shari 
Published: November 2018

The first two decades of the twenty-first century have seen a rapid rise in the mobilization of digital biodiversity data. This has thrust natural history museums into the forefront of biodiversity research, underscoring their central role in the modern scientific enterprise. The advent of mobilization initiatives such as the United States National Science Foundation's Advancing Digitization of Biodiversity Collections (ADBC), Australia's Atlas of Living Australia (ALA), Mexico's National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO), Brazil's Centro de Referência em Informação (CRIA) and China's National Specimen Information Infrastructure (NSII) has led to a rapid rise in data aggregators and an exponential increase in digital data for scientific research and arguably provide the best evidence of where species live. The international Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) now serves about 131 million museum specimen records, and Integrated Digitized Biocollections (iDigBio) in the USA has amassed more than 115 million. These resources expose collections to a wider audience of researchers, provide the best biodiversity data in the modern era outside of nature itself and ensure the primacy of specimen-based research. Here, we provide a brief history of worldwide data mobilization, their impact on biodiversity research, challenges for ensuring data quality, their contribution to scientific publications and evidence of the rising profiles of natural history collections.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene’.
Fungarium specimens: a largely untapped source in global change biology and beyond
Authors: Andrew Carrie , Diez Jeffrey , James Timothy Y. , Kauserud Håvard 
Published: November 2018

For several hundred years, millions of fungal sporocarps have been collected and deposited in worldwide collections (fungaria) to support fungal taxonomy. Owing to large-scale digitization programs, metadata associated with the records are now becoming publicly available, including information on taxonomy, sampling location, collection date and habitat/substrate information. This metadata, as well as data extracted from the physical fungarium specimens themselves, such as DNA sequences and biochemical characteristics, provide a rich source of information not only for taxonomy but also for other lines of biological inquiry. Here, we highlight and discuss how this information can be used to investigate emerging topics in fungal global change biology and beyond. Fungarium data are a prime source of knowledge on fungal distributions and richness patterns, and for assessing red-listed and invasive species. Information on collection dates has been used to investigate shifts in fungal distributions as well as phenology of sporocarp emergence in response to climate change. In addition to providing material for taxonomy and systematics, DNA sequences derived from the physical specimens provide information about fungal demography, dispersal patterns, and are emerging as a source of genomic data. As DNA analysis technologies develop further, the importance of fungarium specimens as easily accessible sources of information will likely continue to grow.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene’.
Museum specimens provide novel insights into changing plant–herbivore interactions
Authors: Meineke Emily K. , Davies T. Jonathan 
Published: November 2018

Mounting evidence shows that species interactions may mediate how individual species respond to climate change. However, long-term anthropogenic effects on species interactions are poorly characterized owing to a lack of data. Insect herbivory is a major ecological process that represents the interaction between insect herbivores and their host plants, but historical data on insect damage to plants is particularly sparse. Here, we suggest that museum collections of insects and plants can fill key gaps in our knowledge on changing trophic interactions, including proximate mechanisms and the net outcomes of multiple global change drivers across diverse insect herbivore–plant associations. We outline theory on how global change may affect herbivores and their host plants and highlight the unique data that could be extracted from museum specimens to explore their shifting interactions. We aim to provide a framework for using museum specimens to explore how some of the most diverse co-evolved relationships are responding to climate and land use change.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biological collections for understanding biodiversity in the Anthropocene’.