bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methodology for Determining the Presence and Origin of Organic Micropollutants
Authors: Guiraud Alain , Larnicol Joseph 
Published: May 2018

The article describes the approach taken by the Water Authority for the Paris Suburbs, the Compagnie Générale des Eaux and the Seine-Normandie River Basin Agency for the determination of organic micropollutants in the Oise River.
The objective of the very pragmatic approach outlined is to locate the origin of possible micropollutants in the Oise water which may cause problems during treatment, distribution or consumption of the drinking water produced at the Méry-sur-Oise plant, whose treatment combines in an original way the whole range of existing processes, both the physico-chemical and the biological.
The conventional method of searching for organic micropollutants consists of carrying out a series of analyses in a medium to identify a certain number of undesirable substances and of following their development in the stream.
The existence of a drinking water production process, that is, a line of treatment stages, distracts from the interest in testing for a number of micropollutants, since they are removed at various stages of the treatment process.
Nevertheless, the protection of reactors and, in particular, of biological reactors, requires that certain micropollutants be eliminated even before the beginning of the treatment sequence.
And, among the micropollutants which might possibly enter the plant, those which should be looked at are those which will entail baneful effects for consumption, it being understood that drinking water standards are respected in all circumstances.
The analytical method used is gas or liquid chromatography; where identification is essential, as in the case of suspected products, a combination of mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography is used.
The notion of a chromatogram or mass spectra bank is essential.
The assumption underlying the method's validity is that the discharge(s) likely to contain in large part the substances creating problems is that which usually contains them in small part.
Although available experience is still limited, there are good reasons to believe that this method can improve the identification and above all the elimination of the sources of “problematic” micropollutants for the modern treatment of surface water intended for the production of drinking water.
Elements of the Inhibition of Nitrifying Bacteria
Authors: Martin G , Richard Y 
Published: May 2018

Laboratory experiments were conducted on ammonia bio-oxidation to nitrates by mixed cultures of nitrifiers in order to quantify the influence of mineral and organic pollutants on biokinetics parameters.
First, the inhibitory effects of various heavy metal ions were studied using laboratory scale activated sludge and submerged filter units.
Depending on the unit process and the metal involved, inhibitory effects are observed at concentrations above 1 mg/l. Results obtained provide further support for an hypothesis suggested as an explanation of the toxicity of compounds such as heavy metals: this is based on a Freunclich's adsorption law of heavy metals on nitrifying sludge. No change of inhibitory effects are obtained using fixed films in submerged filters.
The effects of organic compounds were examined using the same laboratory procedure. Inhibitory effects of organic compounds in submerged filters depend on their absorptive property. Each of the organic compounds involved may affect nitrifying bacteria.
Economic Aspects of Oil Pollution
Authors: Lühr H.-P 
Published: May 2018

The risk attending oil pollution is difficult to assess because of the different economic and ecological effects that may be caused, depending upon the geographical, hydrological and marine conditions. An enormous difference exists between estimates of oil losses from pipelines although from oil platforms the various estimates of losses are in closer agreement. On the basis of statistical data it is suggested that two or three major oil spills per year will occur in the North Sea, a major spill being one involving an oil loss of over 135 tonnes.
Supertankers carry oil at about 40% of the cost of transport in small tankers. The bigger the tanker the greater the loss of oil when an accident occurs though the frequency of accident is less. The tankers owned by oil companies have a better accident-free record than the independent carriers and tankers sailing under flags of convenience have a worse record than those under other national flags.
Oil spillages on the high seas usually causes little damage and on rocky coasts the damage is short lived. In shallow marine waters with minimal tidal effects and varied marine life the consequences could be disastrous and possibly irreversible. Beyond stating that the economic losses would be enormous under the last mentioned condition it is difficult to quantify the damage in economic terms. Consequently, a reasonable approach to an assessment of the economic costs of oil spillages is to estimate the cost of the measures that would have to be taken to prevent them and to deal with them if they occur. For instance in the AMOCO CADIZ accident resulting in a loss of about 220 000 tons of oil involved 10 000 persons in clean up operations, 4 500 metres of oil booms, 1000 vehicles, 50 vessels, aircraft and direct costs (ie. non-capital) estimated at 150 million DM, so that the primary economic damage during the year after the spillage would be 500-1000 million DM. This ignores the economic aspects of the ecological damage.
Since an analysis of the causes of tanker accidents shows that they are mostly due to human failure and vessel defects it becomes necessary to devise policies that will as far as possible prevent such accidents and their consequences. This principle of prevention is the environmental policy which the Federal Republic of Germany will follow. This policy takes into account the maximum tolerable pollution from oil, the maximum extent of oil pollution that could result from oil tanker disasters under given situations, the capital and operating costs of dealing with such emergencies and the manpower and administration required for such operations. These risks involved in oil transportation would be studied and the desirability of discouraging the use of supertankers would be taken into account.
Effect of Ionic Presence on Chlorine Disinfection of Animal Viruses
Authors: Cronier S , Scarpino P V , Wells C 
Published: May 2018

Work by Scarpino in 1972 indicated that disinfection rates are affected by ionic presence. When disinfecting coxackievirus A9 with H0C1 at pH 6.0 in the presence of 0.05M KC1 the effect is to increase the disinfection rate 50 times. Disinfection of coxackievirus A9 at pH 10.0 shows that 0.05M KC1 increases the disinfection rate 10 times. This rate difference due to 0.05M KC1 between the two pH's may be due to the charge on the hypochlorite ion, the change of charge on the surface of the virion, or to a change in the chemical equilibrium of chlorine due to the pH. Studies with poliovirus 1 and 0.05M KC1 showed the same ion effect. When the disinfection of poliovirus 1 with hypochlorous acid (H0C1) was compared with the disinfection of E.coli, the E.coli was disinfected quicker than poliovirus 1. This relationship that viruses are more resistant than the fecal indicator organism E.coli is generally accepted. However, poliovirus 1 was more sensitive to hypochlorite ion (OCl−) than E. coli, when 0.05M KC1 was present in the buffer. Whereas the ion effect was present for coxsackievirus A9 and poliovirus 1, it was not present for E.coli.
We have been pursuing this ion effect phenomenon using both chlorine and chloramines. To determine whether this ion effect was present with chloramines, similar tests were run using monochloramine (NH2C1) as the disinfectant. Again the effect held. That is, the presence of KC1 in the buffers increased the efficiency of the disinfectant. This ion-effect was dose dependent between 0.05M KC1 and 0.1M KC1, where the effect was greater with 0.1M KC1. The OCl− and NH2C1 studies were both run at pH 10.0 and at 5°C. Tests were then run to determine whether the effect held for dichloramine (NHC12) at pH 4.5. The ion-effect was present using dichloramine. However, the level of dichloramine dropped from 11.5 ppm to 6.5 ppm during the test. The chloramine loss may be due to the shift of equilibrium as represented by the following equation:
With the formation of nitrogen tri-chloride (NC13) the ion-effect could be dissipated if the addition of KC1 was made at a different time. When the chlorine species was formed in the presence of KC1 the effect was present. When the KC1 was added to the already formed specie the effect was not present in the case of monochloramine and much reduced in the case of hypochlorous acid. Therefore, the time of the KC1 addition to the system was critical to the ion-effect phenomenon.
Ocean Disposal in U.S. Coastal Waters, Philadelphia's Experience and U.S. Legislation
Authors: Guarino Carmen F , Townsend Steve 
Published: May 2018

A review of Philadelphia's Ocean Disposal Experience and studies and a review of legislation and implementing regulations pertaining to disposal of sludge at sea in the United States was performed. The experiences under the law of two major municipalities that have employed disposal at sea were studied and compared.
Major changes are shown to have taken place in the Federal approach to regulating ocean disposal. Ocean dumping regulations are shown to have produced very different current situations for two major municipalities. The City of Philadelphia, operating under rigid federal policies, successfully ended ocean disposal over a year before the statutory deadline by implementing carefully managed, but costly, land-based sludge disposal alternatives. The City of New York, in contrast, still uses the ocean for sludge disposal and has recently won a ruling in Federal District Court which may allow continued ocean disposal for many years beyond the December 31, 1981 end-date proscribed by the law.
Rapid Drainage of Coal Seams for Prevention of Acid Formation
Authors: Watson R B 
Published: May 2018

While it is generally accepted that there is no known means of preventing the acid pollution of drainage from coal mines, it has been concluded that by removing the water from a mine as soon as practicably possible, the degree of acidity is reduced.
Emphasis on improved extraction of coal reserves is resulting in more pillar extraction, longwall and opencast mining.
A number of water drainage systems or methods are available and in use, these being pumping, drainage adits and boreholes. Drainage adits show encouraging results, but well planned, adequate pumping installations could be expected to give good results in achieving the objectives of rapid removal of water from the mine.
Depending on the circumstances of each mine, it is important that an acceptable system be installed to suit the particular need on that mine.
The Prevalence of Viral Hepatitis and Other Enteric Disease in Communities Utilizing Wastewater in Agriculture*
Authors: Fattal Badri 
Published: May 2018

A retrospective epidemiological study was carried out on the association between enteric disease incidence and wastewater utilization in agriculture in 79 kibbutzim (cooperative agricultural settlements) in Israel. Medical records on disease incidence were collected directly from the patient files at the clinic of each kibbutz while environmental data was obtained from a detailed questionnaire. The kibbutzim included in the study were divided into four categories: I. thirty irrigating with wastewater effluent (population: 13,531), II. twenty-eight not utilizing effluent for any purpose (population: 11,096), III. ten using wastewater effluent as feed-water for fish ponds (population: 5,005), and IV. eleven which practiced two consecutive years of effluent utilization and another two consecutive years in which no effluent was utilized for any purpose or vice versa (population: 3,040).
The findings reported herein are part of a major research project to be published elsewhere.** The project is designed to determine the association between enteric disease and wastewater utilization in agriculture. The full study utilizes a regression type of analysis based on logistic and log linear models designed to control for the numerous confounding factors.
In this portion of the study, no excess in crude rates of viral hepatitis was found in effluent utilizing kibbutzim (categories I and III) when compared to non-effluent utilizing kibbutzim (category II). A significant (P&lt;0.1) excess of shigellosis was found in all ages in effluent irrigating kibbutzim (I) (during the irrigation period), while a significant (P&lt;0.01) excess of salmonellosis was found in kibbutzim using effluent as feed-water for fish ponds (III).
*Although the research described in this article has been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under Grant R-805174 to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, it has not been subjected to the Agency's Peer and Policy Review and it does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred.
**Forthcoming E.P.A. reports.
The Role of Free-Living Amoebae Occurring in Heated Effluents as Causative Agents of Human Disease
Authors: Shapiro Maurice A , Karol Meryl H , Keleti Georg , Sykora Jan L , Martinez A J 
Published: May 2018

It has been shown that several pathogenic organisms may be frequently found in thermal effluents and cooling systems of coal fired power plants. One of them is pathogenic Naegleria fowleri, the causative agent of an acute fatal human disease - primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). In our study two out of eight power plants investigated, harbored pathogenic N. fowleri in heated water or cooling towers. The occurrence of this organism was related to elevated temperatures. No significant correlation was found for other biological and chemical parameters. In addition, pathogenic Acanthamoeba which causes granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) was found in the tested heated effluents from coal fired power plants. Non-pathogenic strains of N. fowleri as well as other free-living and “harmless” amoebae were also very abundant in effluents from all investigated coal fired power plants and cooling towers.
It has been reported that several species of nonpathogenic amoebae were isolated from humidifiers and air conditioning systems. Serological testing of symptomatic human subjects has indicated that these organisms may be one of the causative agents of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. An experimental study performed in our laboratory involved testing of guinea pigs sensitized by injection of axenic, non-pathogenic N. gruberi. Delayed onset skin reactivity was apparent in all animals injected with the antigen. Antibodies were detected in all sensitized animals. Bronchial provocation challenge employed to investigate pulmonary hypersensitivity was also used, and yielded positive results. All the sensitized animals displayed delayed onset respiratory responses.
The results of this study indicate that not only pathogenic but also non-pathogenic free-living amoebae may be important causative agents of human disease. The occurrence of these organisms in cooling systems from coal fired power plants indicates that these facilities may be an important source of infection.
Studies on the Leaching and Weathering Processes of Coal Ashes
Authors: Leim Hay , Sandstr Magnusöm , Wallin Tom , Carne Anders , Rydevik Ulla , Thurenius Birgitta , Per-Moberg Olof 
Published: May 2018

Within the Swedish project Coal-Health-Environment (Kol-Hälsa-Mi1jö) leaching studies were made on several types of coal ashes, fly ashes, bottom ashes and scrubber sludges. Studies were made on the effects of pH, pCl, pCO3. pEDTA and pSO4, in the leaching solution on the leaching of metals from coal ashes. As a model for the leaching system, we studied the leaching of Cr, Co, Ni, tu, Zn, Mo, Se, As, Cd and Pb. The leaching of the metals was found to increase with pH for pH less than 2 and pH greater than 9, and to decrease for 2 &gt; pH &gt; 6. The metal leaching behaviour may in part be explained by the mass-action law. We have also made long-term leaching tests of several coal ashes from Danish and Finnish Power Plants using leaching water of different pH.
The dominating crystalline phases in the different coal ashes have been identified by X-ray diffraction technique. The major species in the different coal ashes were found to be mullite (3A12.2SiO2), α-quartz (Sio2) and the iron oxides magnetite and hematite.
Leaching and X-ray studies were also made on the magnetic fraction of the fly ashes.
Equilibrium analysis were made on the system Me-OH-Cl-CO32− - SO42−, where Me = Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Se, As, Cd and Pb, partly using the computer program HALTAFALL.
A model for the metal leaching from a coal ash deposit will be discussed.
Algal Based Bioassays for Heavy Metals
Authors: Jensen A 
Published: May 2018

All aquatic organisms may be influenced by heavy metals present in their environment. The effect will depend on the organism itself and its tolerance to the actual metal, on one hand, and on the species of metal, its concentration, form of occurrence and exposure time, on the other. In addition, the physiological state of the organism and its behaviour together with environmental variables such as temperature, light, and presence of other chemicals or stress factors may have significant influence on the effect of the metal. This demonstrates both the need for and the complexity of the bioassay principle, and explains why most bioassays are based on simple organisms.
Microalgae are particularly suitable for heavy metal bioassay because of rapid growth, short generation time, wide range of tolerance and efficient accumulation of many metals. Growth, metal content and physiological reactions can be used to measure effects of exposure. Various techniques used (batch-dilution systems, chemostat-dialysis culture) are discussed, and the problems of keeping conditions constant and defined are evaluated. The importance of the form of the heavy metal, presence of other metals and of chelating and complexing compounds, as well as solubility of the metal salts involved is paid special attention. Applications in both laboratory and field studies are included.
Examples of successful use of algal bioassays for heavy metals are given.
Use of macroscopic brown algae is also discussed. These algae are especially well suited for field monitoring of sublethal exposure over extended periods. The special problems connected with the use of perennial plants (individual variation, seasonal changes and differences between year classes) are discussed.
Uptake and Excretion of Chemicals by Aquatic Fauna
Authors: Zitko V 
Published: May 2018

Factors influencing the movement of chemicals across biological membranes are: solubility in lipids and in water, chemical stability, ionization, and molecular weight of the chemical.
On the part of aquatic fauna, the transport of chemicals is affected by metabolic activity and by the physiological state of the animals. Additional factors include water temperature, hardness or salinity, and presence of other chemicals. The effects of these factors will be discussed and illustrated by examples.
The uptake of highly lipid-soluble compounds by fish appears to be determined by their solubility in water, and compounds with extremely low solubility in water are not taken up in spite of their high solubility in lipids. Examples are hexabromo-benzene, highly brominated biphenyls, C24 chlorinated paraffins, and some flame retardants of the Dechlorane series. In addition to solubility in water, there may be a high molecular weight threshold, beyond which compounds are not taken up, and factors based on the chemical structure of the compounds may play a role as well. For example, Dechlorane 604, a tetrabromophenyl norbornene, is accumulated by fish to a much lesser degree than a tribromophenyl norbornene, present as a minor impurity in Dechlorane 604.
Chemical and biochemical stability of compounds are additional factors determining the extent of environmental contamination. Examples are the widespread contamination of aquatic biota by two nonachlors, present originally as relatively minor components in technical chlordane, and the contamination by some components of toxaphene.
The use of a one compartment model in studies of accumulation and excretion of chemicals by aquatic fauna, and its extension to the determination of lethality curves, will be mentioned.
Biogas Processing to Natural Gas Quality – An Alternative to Conventional Usage
Authors: Lohmann J 
Published: May 2018

The use of digester gas to cover the energy balance of waste water treatment plants is not always an economical method of operation. In this way, 70 – 80 % of the plants operating in the FRG produce their own power at more cost than if it were to be taken from outside.
For this reason, the surplus digester gas at the Gruppenklärwerk I, Mönchengladbach, is processed and fed into a public gas supply network. A comparison of the various processing alternatives shows that the absorptive separation of CO2 and H2S by pressure washing at 10 bar and subsequent regeneration of the washwater in a stripper in counter-current flow to air, under the existing marginal conditions, offers the most favourable solution. Special efforts were made to achieve high availability of the plant and consistent quality.
Problems were experienced with the gas consumption characteristic of the network, the demands of which in the summer months are principally covered by bio-gas. These problems were, inter alia, solved by the subsequent installation of pressure gasholders. As a result, the expectations in respect of profit for the first year of operation have not yet been fulfilled. The process technology, machines and measurement and control equipment cause practically no problems.
The Effect of Coastal Engineering Projects on Microgradients and Mineralization Reactions in Sediments1
Authors: Lindeboom H J , Sandee A J J 
Published: May 2018

Mineralization reactions can take place in sediments along different aerobic and anaerobic pathways. The recent introduction of microelectrodes for ecological research has enabled the determination of oxygen and sulphide gradients in situ in the sediment. These micro-gradients give insight into the actual mineralization reactions taking place, and changes in these reactions can now be rapidly recorded.
This paper describes the use of microelectrodes in the field in Lake Grevelingen. The effect of dam building on oxygen and sulphide microgradients and on mineralization reactions will be discussed.
Environmental Impact Statement on the Problem of a Fresh or Salt Lake Grevelingen
Authors: Meulen J H M v.d , Leentvaar J , de Rooy N M 
Published: May 2018

An Environmental Impact Statement has to be prepared as to whether Lake Grevelingen will remain a salt-water basin or become a fresh-water basin in the near future.
This paper describes the system analysis approach applied for obtaining the information necessary for the Environmental Impact Statement and gives an outline of the quality of the salt-water and of the fresh-water Lake Grevelingen. The effects of the quality of the ecosystem of the lake on the fulfilment of several functions such as nature conservation, recreation, fisheries and water supply for agriculture are briefly described.