bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid modeling of cometary plasma environments
Authors: Alho M. , Wedlund C. S. , Nilsson H. , Kallio E. , Jarvinen R. , Pulkkinen T. I. 
Published: March 2019

Context. The ESA Rosetta probe has not seen direct evidence of a fully formed bow shock at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). Ion spectrometer measurements of cometary pickup ions measured in the vicinity of the nucleus of 67P are available and may contain signatures of the large-scale plasma environment.
Aims. The aim is to investigate the possibility of using pickup ion signatures to infer the existence or nonexistence of a bow shock-like structure and possibly other large-scale plasma environment features.
Methods. A numerical plasma model in the hybrid plasma description was used to model the plasma environment of a comet. Simulated pickup ion spectra were generated for different interplanetary magnetic field conditions. The results were interpreted through test particle tracing in the hybrid simulation solutions.
Results. Features of the observed pickup ion energy spectrum were reproduced, and the model was used to interpret the observation to be consistent with a shock-like structure. We identify (1) a spectral break related to the bow shock, (2) a mechanism for generating the spectral break, and (3) a dependency of the energy of the spectral break on the interplanetary magnetic field magnitude and bow shock standoff distance.
Searching for g modes
Authors: Appourchaux T. , Corbard T. 
Published: March 2019

Context. The recent claims of g-mode detection have restarted the search for these potentially extremely important modes. The claimed detection of g modes was obtained from the analysis of the power spectrum of the time series of round-trip travel time of p modes.
Aims. The goal of this paper is to reproduce these results on which the claims are based for confirming or invalidating the detection of g modes with the method used to make the claims.
Methods. We computed the time series of round-trip travel time using the procedure given in Fossat et al. (2017, A&A, 604, A40), and used different variations of the times series for comparison. We used the recently calibrated GOLF data (published in Paper I) with different sampling, different photomultipliers, different length of data for reproducing the analysis. We also correlated the power spectrum with an asymptotic model of g-mode frequencies in a similar manner to Fossat and Schmider (2018, A&A, 612, L1). We devised a scheme for optimising the correlation both for pure noise and for the GOLF data.
Results. We confirm the analysis performed in Fossat et al. (2017) but draw different conclusions. Their claims of detection of g modes cannot be confirmed when changing parameters such as sampling interval, length of time series, or photomultipliers. Other instrument such as GONG and BiSON do not confirm their detection. We also confirm the analysis performed in Fossat and Schmider (2018), but again draw different conclusions. For GOLF, the correlation of the power spectrum with the asymptotic model of g-mode frequencies for l = 1 and l = 2 show a high correlation at lag=0 and at lag corresponding to the rotational splitting νl, but the same occurs for pure noise due to the large number of peaks present in the model. In addition, other very different parameters defining the asymptotic model also provide a high correlation at these lags. We conclude that the detection performed in Fossat and Schmider (2018) is an artefact of the methodology.
Einführung von INPULS an einer Uniklinik
Authors: Greshake Susanne , Baum Margit 
Published: March 2019

ZusammenfassungEine von derzeit 26 Kliniken, die INPULS® als
Leistungserfassungssystem einsetzen, ist die Charité – Universitätsmedizin
Berlin. Die Einführung übernahm eine dreiköpfige Projektgruppe. Innerhalb eines
Jahres sollte die Einführung vollständig abgeschlossen sein. Projektleiterin
Susanne Greshake und INPULS-Beauftragte Margit Baum berichten über Anspruch und
Herausforderungen bei der Implementierung von INPULS.
Pflegeleistungen auswerten und vergleichen
Authors: Sund Andreas 
Published: March 2019

ZusammenfassungMit INPULS® standen der Charité 2016 erstmals genaue Daten zum
tatsächlichen Pflegeaufwand auf den Intensivstationen zur Verfügung. Im nächsten
Schritt ging es darum, diese auszuwerten und miteinander zu vergleichen – um
daraus letztendlich eine angemessene Personalbesetzung abzuleiten.
Relationships Between Thyroid Hormones, Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 and Antioxidant Levels in Hypothalamic Amenorrhea and Impact on Bone Metabolism
Authors: Mancini Antonio , Vergani Edoardo , Bruno Carmine , Barini Angelina , Silvestrini Andrea , Meucci Elisabetta , Messana Calogero , Romualdi Daniela , Apa Rosanna , Lanzone Antonio 
Published: March 2019

AbstractReduced bone mineral density (BMD) in Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA) is mainly related to hypoestrogenism, but other hormonal derangement (reduced conversion of T4–T3 and GH resistance) can play a role. These hormones are involved in antioxidant systems regulation. We evaluated the impact of hormonal alterations, with special focus on low T3 and IGF-1 levels, on antioxidant systems as a link with osteoporosis in FHA. Forty-three FHA patients, 15–34 years, with BMI range 17.3–23.4 kg/m2, were divided in 2 groups according to fT3 levels; group A (n=22), low fT3 (<2.4 pg/ml) and group B (n=21), normal fT3 (≥ 2.4 pg/ml). We evaluated hormonal parameters (fT3, fT4, TSH, IGF-1, FSH, LH, estradiol, DHEAS, testosterone, cortisol), bone metabolism (calcium, phosphorus, 25-OH Vitamin D, PTH, β-crosslaps, bone alkaline phosphatase) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), expressed as LAG (latency time in radical species appearance using spectrophotometric method). BMD was assessed by DEXA. Group A patients exhibited significantly lower levels of IGF-1 (159.76±14.79 vs. 220.05±15.25 ng/ml) and osteocalcin (17.51±1.14 vs. 21.49±1.56 ng/ml); LAG values were significantly higher in A (66.33±1.74 s) vs. B (54.62±1.74 s). A significant direct correlation was found between both IGF-1 and fT3 with osteocalcin (r²=0.22, p=0.0049 and r²=0.34, p=0.0001, respectively). No difference in LAG between groups according to IGF-1 were found. These data show a correlation between altered bone turnover and low fT3, which is highly prevalent in FHA. Low fT3 levels may contribute to reduced BMD. Oxidative stress could be the link underlying different bone turnover pattern and endocrine dysfunction in FHA.
Free Tissue Transfer for Upper Extremity Reconstruction
Authors: Dibbs Rami , Grome Luke , Pederson William 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWith the advent of the Industrial Revolution, traumatic injuries of the upper extremity increased exponentially. As a result, surgeons began to reevaluate amputation as the standard of care. Following the Second World War, local and regional pedicled flaps became common forms of traumatic upper extremity reconstruction. Today, microsurgery offers an alternative when options lower on the reconstructive ladder have been exhausted or will not produce a desirable result. In this article, the authors review the use of free tissue transfer for upper extremity reconstruction. Flaps are categorized as fasciocutaneous, muscle, and functional tissue transfers. The thin pliable nature of fasciocutaneous flaps makes them ideal for aesthetically sensitive areas, such as the hand. The radial forearm, lateral arm, scapula, parascapular, anterolateral thigh, and temporoparietal fascia flaps are highlighted in this article. Muscle flaps are utilized for their bulk and size; the latissimus dorsi flap serves as a “workhorse” free muscle flap for upper extremity reconstruction. Other muscle flaps include the rectus abdominis and serratus anterior. Lastly, functional tissue transfers are used to restore active range of motion or bony integrity to the upper extremity. The innervated gracilis can be utilized in the forearm to restore finger flexion or extension. Transfer of vascularized bone such as the fibula may be used to correct large defects of the radius or ulna. Finally, replacement of “like with like” is embodied in toe-to-thumb transfers for reconstruction of digital amputations.
Free Tissue Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Dibbs Rami , Trost Jeff , DeGregorio Valerie , Izaddoost Shayan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFree tissue transfer serves as a modern workhorse for breast reconstruction. Advancements in microsurgical technique have allowed for the development of free flap procedures that produce an aesthetic breast while minimizing donor site morbidity. Here, the authors review the use of different free flap procedures for breast reconstruction with a focus on the preferred and most commonly used flap, the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. Each flap has its advantages and drawbacks, and certain patient risk factors increase postoperative complications. Other techniques of breast reconstruction including pedicled flaps and adjunctive fat grafting are also briefly discussed.
Effect of the Centre of Rotation in Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy on Quadriceps Tensile Force: An Ex Vivo Study in Canine Cadavers
Authors: Ochi Yoshiyuki , Ichinohe Tom , Hakozaki Takaharu , Suzuki Shuji , Harada Yasuji , Yogo Takuya , Hara Yasushi , Kanno Nobuo 
Published: March 2019

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the centre of rotation in tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) on the tensile force of the quadriceps.
Materials and Methods Tibial plateau levelling osteotomy was performed on the left pelvic limbs from 20 normal adult Beagle cadavers. To replicate the tensile force of the quadriceps, gastrocnemius and stifle flexor muscles, these muscles were replaced with wires. The tensile force of each wire, cranial tibial displacement and internal tibial rotation were measured under the following conditions: intact cranial cruciate ligament, transected cranial cruciate ligament, ideally centred osteotomy TPLO (ICO group) and distally centred osteotomy TPLO (DCO group). The ratios of the tensile forces for the wires divided by the vertical force were used for analyses.
Results The mean intact and post-TPLO tibial plateau angles (TPA) in the ICO group were 30.3° ± 1.9° and 6.1° ± 1.6°, respectively, and those in the DCO group were 29.8° ± 2.4° and 6.8° ± 0.9°, respectively. The mean quadriceps tensile force after TPLO was significantly greater in the DCO group (3.9 ± 0.3) than the ICO group (3.3 ± 0.4) (p = 0.006). Both groups exhibited tibial caudal displacement after TPLO.
Clinical Relevance The tensile force of the quadriceps muscles changed in accordance with the centre of the osteotomy in TPLO. The DCO group had increased tensile force, which may cause patellar ligament thickening after TPLO. Setting the postoperative TPA at 6° may cause excessive rotation in patients with a normal tensile force of the stifle flexor muscles.
Microsurgical Reconstruction of the Lower Extremity
Authors: Grome Luke , Pederson William 
Published: March 2019

AbstractReconstruction of bony and soft tissue defects of the lower extremity has been revolutionized by the advent of microsurgical tissue transfer. There are numerous options for reconstruction. Possibilities include transfer of soft tissue, composite (bone and soft tissue) tissue, and functional muscle. Many lower extremity reconstructions require staged procedures. Planning is of paramount importance especially in regard to vascular access when multiple free flaps are required. Soft tissue reconstruction of the lower extremity may be accomplished with muscle flaps such as the rectus femoris and latissimus dorsi covered with a skin graft. Fasciocutaneous flaps such as the anterolateral thigh flap may be more appropriate in a staged reconstruction which requires later elevation of the flap. Loss of a significant portion of bone, such as the tibia, can be difficult to manage. Any gap greater than 6 cm is considered a reasonable indication for vascularized bone transfer. The contralateral free fibula is the donor site of choice. Functional reconstruction of the anterior compartment of the leg may be performed with a gracilis muscle transfer, effectively eliminating foot drop and providing soft tissue coverage. Muscle tensioning is critical for effective excursion and dorsiflexion of the foot. Long-term results of microsurgical reconstruction of the lower extremity show good results and reasonable rates of limb salvage.
Basic Standard Procedure of Abdominal Hysterectomy: Part 1
Authors: Hiramatsu Yuji 
Published: March 2019

Total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) is commonly referred to as extrafascial hysterectomy. This article explains the basic surgical procedure of TAH as taught to residents. TAH is an operation to remove the uterus with the outer wall of the uterus, and is a fundamental operation that gynecologists must master. Possible complications during TAH include ureteral injury, intestinal damage, and bladder injury. To avoid operative complications, it is important to follow the correct release layer procedure and ensure that “the uterus has been naturally removed.”The two most important points of the authors' method to avoid complications are as follows: (1) cut sequentially from the ligament away from the ureter which moves the ureter further away from the cervix with each transection stage; (2) cut the parametrial tissue along the circumference of the cervix in the next three steps:First step: clamping and cutting the uterine artery and upper part of the cardinal ligament; second step: clamping and cutting the sacrouterine ligament and the posterior half of the cardinal ligament; third step: clamping and cutting the vesicouterine ligament and anterior half of the cardinal ligament.
Staged Repair of Concomitant Aortic Regurgitation and Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Malik Aamna , Nawaytou Omar , Nasir Abdul , Harrington Deborah , Field Mark , Oo Aung , Kuduvali Manoj 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDescending thoracic aortic (DTA) aneurysms causing left main bronchus compression can be surgically repaired under left heart bypass (LHB). Safe LHB requires a competent aortic valve. Some patients present with concomitant DTA aneurysms and severe aortic regurgitation (AR), precluding LHB as an adjunct for aortic surgery. The authors present such a case and outline the management. AR can safely be addressed first in an immediate staged surgical approach, providing adequate left ventricular function.
Mechanisms and Treatments of Pruritus in Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Authors: Shah Raj , Kowdley Kris 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPruritus is a frustrating and sometimes debilitating symptom that commonly accompanies primary biliary cholangitis (PBC). The mechanism by which this symptom manifests remains elusive but extensive research has now shown that the itch is not just “weak pain” as had been the commonly held belief for decades. As this research now shines a light on the many diverse paths by which pruritus might be experienced, the necessity for a comprehensive approach to the symptom becomes clear. Understanding the interplay between the pathophysiology of PBC and delicately balanced neural circuitry is paramount to guiding the search for definitive treatment. Most relevant to providers today is the efficacy of currently available treatments and the side effects that may accompany them. Anion exchange resins, while remaining an important element in therapy, are no longer the only available medication to arrest pruritus. Rifampin, opioid antagonists, and other adjunctive therapies have quickly become a mainstay. Newer therapies such as the molecular adsorbent recycling system now also have a role in treatment. Increased recognition of these modalities may serve to alleviate the often debilitating pruritus experienced by patient suffering from PBC and might ultimately allow them to live more meaningful lives.
Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Clinical and Pathological Correlates
Authors: Datta Sanjit , Sinha Annika , Kapoor Baljendra 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NETs), previously classified as carcinoid tumors, are rare cancers that arise from cells of the diffuse endocrine system of the gastrointestinal tract. These tumors most commonly arise from the bronchus, jejunoileum, or colon/rectum. They produce peptide products that can lead to identifiable clinical syndromes such as carcinoid syndrome, which is classically associated with diarrhea, flushing, and heart disease. The latest classifications of GI-NETs include pancreatic NETs, which can produce a wide range of pancreatic hormones leading to syndromes such as Zollinger–Ellison's syndrome. The prognosis for patients with GI-NETs varies widely depending on the size, location, and presence of metastatic disease, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 0 to 15% for poorly differentiated NETs and 10-year survival rates of up to 100% for patients with insulinomas smaller than 2 cm. A wide range of treatment modalities is commonly used to treat GI-NETs, including surgical and endoscopic resection, locoregional therapies, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and somatostatin receptor targeted therapy. The goal of this review is to detail the classification, epidemiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, and staging of these tumors and to provide an overview of management strategies.
Comparative Anatomy of the Forearm and Hand of Wildcat (Leopardus geoffroyi), Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and Jaguar (Panthera onca)
Authors: Sánchez H. , Rafasquino M. , Portiansky E. 
Published: March 2019

Introduction The thoracic limbs of cats facilitate jumping and represent one of their main ways for pursuing and capturing prey. The main muscles and nerves involved in these activities are present in the region of the forearm and of the hand. The scant anatomical reference availabe on South American cats species justifies the present comparative study.
Materials and Methods The forelimbs of wildcat, ocelot and jaguar wild felines were fixed. Images of the dissected limbs were captured using a digital camera. Measurements were made using a caliper.
Results The long and short heads of the extensor carpi radialis muscle of the ocelot and of the jaguar showed a great development in comparison with those of the wildcat. The flexor digitorum profundus muscle in the three felines is formed by five heads. In the jaguar, the radial or deep head presented two sesamoid bones. The brachioradialis muscle of the jaguar and of the ocelot is inserted medially at the distal end of the radius and at the proximal row of the carpus by a thick and flattened tendon. The pronator teres muscle of the jaguar extended to the carpal region. In the wildcat and in the ocelot, this muscle was less developed
Conclusions The main variations observed between the forearms and the hands of these South American cats were found between the supinator and the pronator muscles, presenting a variation in the size of their bellies and tendons. Our study of the muscular characteristics represents a contribution to the homologies and differences of the forearm and hand muscles of each of these species of felines.
Anteromedial Labral Tears: Surgical Prevalence and Relationship with Chondral Damage of the Hip
Authors: Dwyer Maureen , Lee Jo Ann , McCarthy Joseph C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractStructural abnormalities of the hip joint have been identified as a common cause of labral and chondral lesions of the hip joint. However, labral and chondral damage can occur in the absence of structural abnormalities. The authors examined the incidence of anteromedial (AM) labral lesions, occurring in a nonimpinging region of the hip joint, and determined if the prevalence and location of concomitant chondral lesions differ between patients with AM lesions and those without. Between 2001 and 2013, they assessed 2,080 hips (1,818 patients) undergoing hip arthroscopy for the presence of AM labral lesions (between 4 and 6 o'clock position) and documented incidence of these lesions. The articular cartilage of the posterior, superior, and anterior regions of the acetabulum and femoral head was assessed. The degree of damage was classified as absent, mild (grades I/II), or severe (grades III/IV). The prevalence and severity of lesions in each region were compared between patients with AM lesions and those without. The authors identified 1,140 hips (1,028 patients) (55%) with labral tears in the AM region of the acetabulum. The cohort consisted of 689 females and 328 males, with an average age of 37.9 ± 12 years. Chondral lesions were present in all regions of the femoral head and acetabulum in both patients with AM lesions and those without. There is a relationship between the presence of AM lesion and prevalence of chondral lesions in the posterior and anterior femoral head and acetabulum, with a higher prevalence of lesions observed in patients without AM tears. Their findings show that lesions in the AM region of the acetabular labrum can occur with high prevalence in patients. These lesions are often associated with concomitant injuries to the anterior chondral surfaces, which may differ from lesions in the impingement zone. A thorough evaluation of all regions of the hip joint is warranted during arthroscopy to identify and treat all potential lesions.
Composable security in relativistic quantum cryptography
Authors: Vilasini V , Portmann Christopher , del Rio Lídia 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Relativistic protocols have been proposed to overcome certain impossibility results in classical and quantum cryptography. In such a setting, one takes the location of honest players into account, and uses the signalling limit given by the speed of light to constraint the abilities of dishonest agents. However, composing such protocols with each other to construct new cryptographic resources is known to be insecure in some cases. To make general statements about such constructions, a composable framework for modelling cryptographic security in Minkowski space is required. Here, we introduce a framework for performing such a modular security analysis of classical and quantum cryptographic schemes in Minkowski space. As an application, we show that (1) fair and unbiased coin flipping can be constructed from a simple resource called channel with delay; (2) biased coin flipping, bit commitment and channel with delay through any classical, quantum or post-quantum relativistic protocols are all impossible without further setup assumptions; (3) it is impossible to securely increase the delay of a channel, given several short-delay channels as ingredients. Results (1) and (3) imply in particular the non-composability of existing relativistic bit commitment and coin flipping protocols.
Estimating the error variance in a high-dimensional linear model
Authors: Yu Guo , Bien Jacob 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThe lasso has been studied extensively as a tool for estimating the coefficient vector in the high-dimensional linear model; however, considerably less is known about estimating the error variance in this context. In this paper, we propose the natural lasso estimator for the error variance, which maximizes a penalized likelihood objective. A key aspect of the natural lasso is that the likelihood is expressed in terms of the natural parameterization of the multi-parameter exponential family of a Gaussian with unknown mean and variance. The result is a remarkably simple estimator of the error variance with provably good performance in terms of mean squared error. These theoretical results do not require placing any assumptions on the design matrix or the true regression coefficients. We also propose a companion estimator, called the organic lasso, which theoretically does not require tuning of the regularization parameter. Both estimators do well empirically compared to pre-existing methods, especially in settings where successful recovery of the true support of the coefficient vector is hard. Finally, we show that existing methods can do well under fewer assumptions than previously known, thus providing a fuller story about the problem of estimating the error variance in high-dimensional linear models.