bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social patterning of acute respiratory illnesses in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study 2014–2015
Authors: Malosh Ryan E. , Noppert Grace A. , Zelner Jon , Martin Emily T. , Monto Arnold S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSocial patterning of infectious diseases is increasingly recognised. Previous studies of social determinants of acute respiratory illness (ARI) have found that highly educated and lower income families experience more illnesses. Subjective social status (SSS) has also been linked to symptomatic ARI, but the association may be confounded by household composition. We examined SSS and ARI in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) Study in 2014–2015. We used SSS as a marker of social disadvantage and created a workplace disadvantage score for working adults. We examined the association between these measures and ARI incidence using mixed-effects Poisson regression models with random intercepts to account for household clustering. In univariate analyses, mean ARI was higher among children <5 years old (P < 0.001), and females (P = 0.004) at the individual level. At the household level, mean ARI was higher for households with at least one child <5 years than for those without (P = 0.002). In adjusted models, individuals in the lowest tertile of SSS had borderline significantly higher rates of ARI than those in the highest tertile (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–1.92). Households in the lowest tertile of SSS had significantly higher ARI incidence in household-level models (IRR 1.46, 95% CI 1.05–2.03). We observed no association between workplace disadvantage and ARI. We detected an increase in the incidence of ARI for households with low SSS compared with those with high SSS, suggesting that socio-economic position has a meaningful impact on ARI incidence.
Each p[ɚ]son does it th[εː] way: Rhoticity variation and the community grammar
Authors: Blaxter Tam , Beeching Kate , Coates Richard , Murphy James , Robinson Emily 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper examines individual differences in constraints on linguistic variation in light of Labov's (2007) proposal that adult change (diffusion) disrupts systems of constraints and Tamminga, MacKenzie, and Embick's (2016) typology of constraints. It is shown that, in pooling data from multiple speakers, some of the complexity in structured community variation may be overlooked. Data on rhoticity from speakers of Bristol English are compared to 34 previous studies of rhoticity in varieties of English around the world. Constraints found to be consistent across varieties are also found to be consistent across speakers of Bristol English, whereas those that differ between varieties also differ between individuals, implying that only those which differ are truly part of the grammar, and that these are indeed disrupted by diffusion.
Assessment of airway abnormalities in patients with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and major aortopulmonary collaterals
Authors: Wise-Faberowski Lisa , Irvin Matthew , Sidell Douglas R. , Rajashekara Sheila , Asija Ritu , Chan Frandics P. , Hanley Frank L. , McElhinney Doff B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground:Children with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and major aortopulmonary collaterals (TOF/MAPCAs) are at risk for post-operative respiratory complications after undergoing unifocalisation surgery. Thus, we assessed and further defined the incidence of airway abnormalities in our series of over 500 children with TOF/MAPCAs as determined by direct laryngoscopy, chest computed tomography (CT), and/or bronchoscopy.Methods:The medical records of all patients with TOF/MAPCAs who underwent unifocalisation or pulmonary artery reconstruction surgery from March, 2002 to June, 2018 were reviewed. Anaesthesia records, peri-operative bronchoscopy, and/or chest CT reports were reviewed to assess for diagnoses of abnormal or difficult airway. Associations between chromosomal anomalies and airway abnormalities – difficult anaesthetic airway, bronchoscopy, and/or CT findings – were defined.Results:Of the 564 patients with TOF/MAPCAs who underwent unifocalisation or pulmonary artery reconstruction surgery at our institution, 211 (37%) had a documented chromosome 22q11 microdeletion and 28 (5%) had a difficult airway/intubation reported at the time of surgery. Chest CT and/or peri-operative bronchoscopy were performed in 234 (41%) of these patients. Abnormalities related to malacia or compression were common. In total 35 patients had both CT and bronchoscopy within 3 months of each other, with concordant findings in 32 (91%) and partially concordant findings in the other 3.Conclusion:This is the largest series of detailed airway findings (direct laryngoscopy, CT, and bronchoscopy) in TOF/MAPCAS patients. Although these findings are specific to an at-risk population for airway abnormalities, they support the utility of CT and /or bronchoscopy in detecting airway abnormalities in patients with TOF/MAPCAs.
High Tourniquet Failure Rates Among Non-Medical Personnel Do Not Improve with Tourniquet Training, Including Combat Stress Inoculation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Tsur Avishai Michael , Binyamin Yaara , Koren Lena , Ohayon Sharon , Thompson Patrick , Glassberg Elon 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground:The rate of failing to apply a tourniquet remains high.Hypothesis:The study objective was to examine whether early advanced training under conditions that approximate combat conditions and provide stress inoculation improve competency, compared to the current educational program of non-medical personnel.Methods:This was a randomized controlled trial. Male recruits of the armored corps were included in the study. During Combat Lifesaver training, recruits apply The Tourniquet 12 times. This educational program was used as the control group. The combat stress inoculation (CSI) group also included 12 tourniquet applications, albeit some of them in combat conditions such as low light and physical exertion. Three parameters defined success, and these parameters were measured by The Simulator: (1) applied pressure ≥ 200mmHg; (2) time to stop bleeding ≤ 60 seconds; and (3) placement up to 7.5cm above the amputation.Results:Out of the participants, 138 were assigned to the control group and 167 were assigned to the CSI group. The overall failure rate was 80.33% (81.90% in the control group versus 79.00% in the CSI group; P value = .565; 95% confidence interval, 0.677 to 2.122). Differences in pressure, time to stop bleeding, or placement were not significant (95% confidence intervals, −17.283 to 23.404, −1.792 to 6.105, and 0.932 to 2.387, respectively). Tourniquet placement was incorrect in most of the applications (62.30%).Conclusions:This study found high rates of failure in tourniquet application immediately after successful completion of tourniquet training. These rates did not improve with tourniquet training, including CSI. The results may indicate that better tourniquet training methods should be pursued.Tsur, AM, Binyamin, Y, Koren, L, Ohayon, S, Thompson; P, Glassberg, E. High tourniquet failure rates among non-medical personnel do not improve with tourniquet training, including combat stress inoculation: a randomized controlled trial.Prehosp Disaster Med.2019;34(3):282–287.
Safety and Efficacy of Prehospital Diltiazem for Atrial Fibrillation with Rapid Ventricular Response
Authors: Rodriguez Alexa , Hunter Christopher L. , Premuroso Caitlin , Silvestri Salvatore , Stone Amanda , Miller Stacie , Zuver Christian , Papa Linda 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Atrial fibrillation (AFIB) with rapid ventricular response (RVR) is a common tachydysrhythmia encountered by Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Current guidelines suggest rate control in stable, symptomatic patients.Problem:Little is known about the safety or efficacy of rate-controlling medications given by prehospital providers. This study assessed a protocol for prehospital administration of diltiazem in the setting of AFIB with RVR for provider protocol compliance, patient clinical improvement, and associated adverse events.Methods:This was a retrospective, cohort study of patients who were administered diltiazem by providers in the Orange County EMS System (Florida USA) over a two-year period. The protocol directed a 0.25mg/kg dose of diltiazem (maximum of 20mg) for stable, symptomatic patients in AFIB with RVR at a rate of &gt;150 beats per minute (bpm) with a narrow complex. Data collected included patient characteristics, vital signs, electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm before and after diltiazem, and need for rescue or additional medications. Adverse events were defined as systolic blood pressure &lt;90mmHg or administration of intravenous fluid after diltiazem administration. Clinical improvement was defined as a heart rate decreased by 20% or less than 100bmp. Original prehospital ECG rhythm interpretations were compared to physician interpretations performed retrospectively.Results:Over the study period, 197 patients received diltiazem, with 131 adhering to the protocol. The initial rhythm was AFIB with RVR in 93% of the patients (five percent atrial flutter, two percent supraventricular tachycardia, and one percent sinus tachycardia). The agreement between prehospital and physician rhythm interpretation was 92%, with a Kappa value of 0.454 (P &lt;.001). Overall, there were 22 (11%) adverse events, and 112 (57%) patients showed clinical improvement. When diltiazem was given outside of the existing protocol, the patients had higher rates of adverse events (18% versus eight percent; P = .033). Patients who received diltiazem in adherence with protocols were more likely to show clinical improvement (63% versus 46%; P = .031).Conclusion:This study suggests that prehospital diltiazem administration for AFIB with RVR is safe and effective when strict protocols are followed.Rodriguez A, Hunter CL, Premuroso C, Silvestri S, Stone A, Miller S, Zuver C, Papa L. Safety and efficacy of prehospital diltiazem for atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response.Prehosp Disaster Med.2019;34(3):297–302.
Urban birth and risk of schizophrenia: a worrying example of epidemiology where the data are stronger than the hypotheses
Authors: McGrath John , Scott James 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThere is robust and consistent evidence from epidemiological studies showing that urban birth is associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia. Evidence suggests that this exposure may be associated with a sizeable proportion of cases. To date the candidate exposures underlying the urban birth risk factor have included infectious agents, low prenatal vitamin D, toxins associated with pollution, and stress. However, in general, the hypotheses proposed to explain the urban birth risk factor have been unsatisfying. In light of the general trend towards increasing urbanization, it is feasible that the attributable fraction of schizophrenia associated with urban birth may increase. The psychiatric research community should have a sense of urgency in exploring the mechanisms linking urban birth and risk of schizophrenia.
Why factors rooted in the family may solely explain the urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk estimates
Authors: Pedersen Carsten Bøcker , Bo Mortensen Preben 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMany studies have identified urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk. The underlying cause(s) may hypothetically include toxic exposures, diet, infections, and selective migration. In a recent study, we concluded that some of the cause(s) responsible for the urban-rural differences in schizophrenia risk are rooted in families, but some might also be rooted in individuals. First, we describe temporality as a potential methodological pitfall within this line of research, then we review studies not subject to this pitfall, and finally, we describe why factors rooted in the family may solely explain the urban-rural differences. Although other potential explanations for these differences exist, we focus on this hypothesis as it has not previously been discussed in detail. To determine the cause(s) responsible for the urban-rural differences, we need direct measurements of genetic and/or environmental factors related to urban life.
Depression and stroke: an up-to-date review
Authors: Politi Pierluigi , Sciarini Paola , Lusignani Giovanni Segagni , Micieli Giuseppe 
Published: May 2019

SummaryAims – To define the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Post Stroke Depression (PSD) and to evaluate treatment options. Methods – Systematic search using Medline electronic database limited to studies published from year 2000 to 2004, was carried out. Manual search was also performed. Results – Depression after stroke is a common event. The same, stroke incidence in depressed patients is more frequent than by chance. Risk of underdiagnosing a patient with former stroke is high. Disability after stroke is frequent, with compromission of quality of life of patients and relatives. Antidepressants are efficacious in PSD treatment, even if complete remission is difficult to obtain. Conclusions – There is enough evidence concerning epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical and therapy to justify psychiatrists' interest on relationship between stroke and depression.Declaration of Interest: in the past two years PP, GSL, PS have received no fees or other financial support from pharmaceutical companies, GM has received speaker fees from Sanofi-Aventis, Lundbeck, Bayer Health Care, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novo Mordisk.
What is the impact of socio-economic inequalities on the use of mental health services?
Authors: Amaddeo Francesco , Jones Julia 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAmartya Sen, who received the Nobel Prize for Economics, has demonstrated that the incidence of deprivation, in terms ofcapability, can be surprisingly high even in the most developed countries of the world. The study of socio-economic inequalities, in relation to the utilisation of health services, is a priority for epidemiological research. Socio-economic status (SES) has no universal definition. Within the international research literature, SES has been related to social class, social position, occupational status, educational attainment, income, wealth and standard of living. Existing research studies have shown that people from a more deprived social background, with a lower SES, are more likely to have a higher psychiatric morbidity. Many studies show that SES influences psychiatric services utilization, however the real factors linking SES and mental health services utilisation remain unclear. In this editorial we discuss what is currently known about the relationship between SES and the use of mental health services. We also make an argument for why we believe there is still much to uncover in this field, to understand fully how individuals are influenced by their personal socio-economic status, or the neighbourhood in which they live, in terms of their use of mental health services. Further research in this area will help clarify what interventions are required to provide greater equality in access to mental health services.
Enhanced Himalayan Glacial Melting During YD and H1 Recorded in the Northern Bay of Bengal
Authors: Weldeab Syee , Rühlemann Carsten , Bookhagen Bodo , Pausata Francesco S. R. , Perez‐Lua Fabiola M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOcean‐land thermal feedback mechanisms in the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) domain are an important but not well understood component of regional climate dynamics. Here we present a δ18O record analyzed in the mixed‐layer dwelling planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides ruber (sensu stricto) from the northernmost Bay of Bengal (BoB). The δ18O time series provides a spatially integrated measure of monsoonal precipitation and Himalayan meltwater runoff into the northern BoB and reveals two brief episodes of anomalously low δ18O values between 16.3±0.4 and 16±0.5 and 12.6±0.4 and 12.3±0.4 thousand years before present. The timing of these events is centered at Heinrich event 1 and the Younger Dryas, well‐known phases of weak northern hemisphere monsoon systems. Numerical climate model experiments, simulating Heinrich event‐like conditions, suggest a surface warming over the monsoon‐dominated Himalaya and foreland in response to ISM weakening. Corroborating the simulation results, our analysis of published moraine exposure ages in the monsoon‐dominated Himalaya indicates enhanced glacier retreats that, considering age model uncertainties, coincide and overlap with the episodes of anomalously low δ18O values in the northernmost BoB. Our climate proxy and simulation results provide insights into past regional climate dynamics, suggesting reduced cloud cover, increased solar radiation, and air warming of the Himalaya and foreland areas and, as a result, glacier mass losses in response to weakened ISM.
Winter Extratropical Cyclones as a Potential Driver of a Long‐Term Decline of Bacterial Production in the Sargasso Sea Near Bermuda
Authors: Kim Hyewon , Lee Dong Eun , Ducklow Hugh W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAnalysis of plankton data sets from the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study site (31°40′N, 64°10′W) demonstrates a long‐term decreasing trend of marine heterotrophic bacterial production (BP) in winter (November–February) over the past 24 years (1989–2012). We propose winter extratropical cyclones (storms) as a potential driver of the observed BP trend. Stormy winters were characterized by significantly enhanced phytoplankton biomass and productivity as well as organic carbon pools, as storms induce deeper convective mixing and increased nitrate fluxes into upper mixed‐layer. Counter to expectation, BP was lower by 24% due to storm‐mediated entrainment of cold water into upper mixed‐layer. The frequency of storm‐impacted months has increased over time, driven by a decline of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. Our findings suggest that a NAO‐induced southward shift of winter storm tracks contributes to the decreasing BP trend, via temperature‐dependent decoupling of bacteria from phytoplankton, ultimately impacting carbon fluxes and cycling near Bermuda.
Simulated Changes in the Particulate Carbon Export Efficiency due to Diel Vertical Migration of Zooplankton in the North Atlantic
Authors: Gorgues Thomas , Aumont Olivier , Memery Laurent 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDiel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton has been recognized to influence the biological pump by releasing carbon and nutrients at depth. However, uncertainties regarding the magnitude, spatial occurrence, and variability of this “active transport,” as well as its impact on the carbon export, remain. To tackle these questions, a cost‐effective parameterization of the DVM is included into a regional biogeochemical model simulating the North Atlantic. In addition to a reference simulation in which no DVM is simulated, two relative biomasses of migrating zooplankton (30% and 60%) have been tested. It leads to an active to passive export ratio in agreement with published estimations and to an increase in the carbon export efficiency at 1,000 m between 20% and 40%. However, this effect is partially canceled out by a simulated primary production decrease. DVM differently impacts contrasted North Atlantic regions with the largest effect on export efficiency found in the subtropical area.
Effect of Low‐Harmonic Magnetosonic Waves on the Radiation Belt Electrons Inside the Plasmasphere
Authors: Yu J. , Li L. Y. , Cui J. , Cao J. B. , Wang J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we presented two observational cases and simulations to indicate the relationship between the formation of butterfly‐like electron pitch angle distributions and the emission of low‐harmonic (LH) fast magnetosonic (MS) waves inside the high‐density plasmasphere. In the wave emission region, the pitch angle of relativistic (>1 MeV) electrons becomes obvious butterfly‐like distributions for both events (near‐equatorially mirroring electrons are transported to lower pitch angles). Unlike relativistic (>1 MeV) electrons, energetic electrons (<1 MeV) change slightly, except that relatively low‐energy electrons (<~150 keV) show butterfly‐like distributions in the 21 August 2013 event. In theory, the LH MS waves can affect different‐energy electrons through the bounce resonance, Landau resonance, and transit time scattering. By performing the Fokker‐Planck diffusion simulations, we demonstrate that the bounce resonance with the LH MS waves mainly leads to the butterfly pitch angle distribution of MeV electrons, whereas the Landau resonance and transit time scattering mainly affect energetic electrons in the high‐density region.
The Utility of Infrequent Snow Depth Images for Deriving Continuous Space‐Time Estimates of Seasonal Snow Water Equivalent
Authors: Margulis Steven A. , Fang Yiwen , Li Dongyue , Lettenmaier Dennis P. , Andreadis Konstantinos 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSnow water equivalent (SWE), particularly in mountains regions, has been an elusive hydrologic measurement. We examine the utility of a data assimilation approach to generate space‐time continuous estimates of SWE from more readily available snow depth (SD) measurements. A multitemporal lidar data set provides a unique opportunity to assimilate single SD images and verify posterior estimates against SD images at nonassimilation times. Application over three water years shows significant improvement in the posterior estimates with an average correlation between estimated and measured SD fields of 0.88 compared to 0.52 for prior estimates that do not benefit from the assimilated SD data. We also show that posterior estimates are consistent with independent in situ SWE and streamflow measurements. This work demonstrates that using high‐resolution/high‐accuracy, but infrequent, SD measurements combined with a data assimilation framework could make significant inroads toward the goal of spatially distributed SWE and snowmelt estimates at the global scale.
How Does Temporal Resolution Influence Geomagnetic Reversal Statistics?
Authors: Buffett B. , Avery M. S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPolarity intervals from marine magnetic anomalies exhibit variability that departs from a Poisson process. The deficit of short polarity intervals is well represented by a Weibull distribution with a shape parameter k>1. Polarity intervals from a stochastic model also obey a Weibull distribution, but the shape parameter is controlled by the temporal averaging used to approximate the resolution of the marine record. Reducing the time averaging yields polarity intervals that are well described by a distribution with k<1, suggesting that short polarity intervals are missing from the marine record. All of these missing polarity intervals are expected to occur when the dipole field is weak relative to the time average, often during transition states. We associate many of these short polarity intervals with frequent changes in the sign of the dipole during the transition. These short polarity intervals should be detectable in high‐resolution observations of magnetic directions.