Effect of hyperthermia combined with opioids on cancer pain control and surgical stress in patients with gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Qian Jing , Wu Jing , Zhu Jing , Qiu Jie , Wu Chuan-Fu , Hu Cheng-Ru 
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND
Surgical palliative surgery is a common method for treating patients with middle and late stage gastrointestinal tumors. However, these patients generally experience high levels of cancer pain, which can in turn stimulate the body’s stress and undermine the effect of external surgery. Although opioid drugs have a significantly positive effect on controlling cancer pain, they can induce adverse drug reactions and potential damage to the body ’s immune function. Hyperthermia therapy produces a thermal effect that shrinks tumor tissues. However, its effect on relieving the pain of middle and late stage gastrointestinal tumors but also the stress of surgical palliative surgery remains unclear.
AIM
To investigate the effect of hyperthermia combined with opioids on controlling cancer pain in patients with middle and late stage gastrointestinal cancer and evaluate its impact on surgical palliative surgical stress.
METHODS
This was a retrospective study using the data of 70 patients with middle and late stage gastrointestinal tumors who underwent cancer pain treatment and surgical palliative surgery in the Ninth People ’s Hospital of Suzhou, China from January 2021 to June 2024. Patients were grouped according to different cancer pain control regimens before surgical palliative surgery, with n = 35 cases in each group, as follows: Patients who solely used opioid drugs to control cancer pain were included in Group S, while patients who received hyperthermia treatment combined with opioid drugs were included in Group L. In both groups, we compared the effectiveness of cancer pain control (pain score, burst pain score, 24-hour burst pain frequency, immune function, daily dosage of opioid drugs, and adverse reactions), surgical palliative indicators (surgery time, intraoperative bleeding, stress response), and postoperative recovery time, including first oral feeding time, postoperative hospital stay).
RESULTS
Analgesic treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the average pain score, burst pain score, and 24-hour burst pain frequency in both Groups L and S; however, these scores were statistically significantly lower in Group L than in Group S group (P < 0.001). Analgesic treatment also resulted in significant differences, namely serum CD4+ (29.18 ± 5.64 vs 26.05 ± 4.76, P = 0.014), CD8+ (26.28 ± 3.75 vs 29.23 ± 3.89, P = 0.002), CD4+/CD8+ (0.97 ± 0.12 vs 0.83 ± 0.17, P < 0.001), between Group L and Group S, respectively. The daily dosage of opioid drugs incidence of adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, constipation, and difficulty urinating were statistically significantly lower in Group L than those in group S (P < 0.05). Furthermore, palliative surgery time and intraoperative blood loss in Group L were slightly lower than those in Group S; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05) . On the first day after surgery, serum cortisol and C-reactive protein levels of patients in group L and group S were 161.43 ± 21.07 vs 179.35 ± 27.86 ug/L (P = 0.003) and 10.51 ± 2.05 vs 13.49 ± 2.17 mg/L (P < 0.001), respectively. Finally, the first oral feeding time and hospitalization time after surgery in group L were statistically significantly shorter than those in group S (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Our findings showed that hyperthermia combined with opioids is effective in controlling cancer pain in patients with middle and late stage gastrointestinal tumors. Furthermore, this method can reduce the dosage of opioids used and minimize potential adverse drug reactions, reduce the patient’s surgical palliative surgical stress response, and shorten the overall postoperative recovery time required.