bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sitka Spruce and Western Hemlock Stand and Tree Growth 10 Years after Precommercial Thinning in Southeast Alaska
Authors: Newton Mike , Cole Liz 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ten years after precommercially thinning 16–18-year-old naturally regenerated stands of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr.) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla [Raf.] Sarg.) in southeast Alaska, neither species responded in height growth to spacing. Spruce diameter growth increased significantly following all thinning treatments, and among thinning treatments, there was a weak but increasing trend toward more rapid diameter growth at the wider spacings. Spruce basal areas increased almost twice as fast after thinning as without thinning, and radial growth continued to increase, whereas unthinned stands grew at a slower but steady rate. Western hemlock also showed a trend for increased diameter, but growth response was less than for spruce. Shrub control to enhance understory plant development for deer forage did not improve growth of either tree species. Branch diameter of Sitka spruce increased with spacing. Pruning led to epicormic sprouting in the 3 years following pruning with numbers inversely related to spacing. Sprouts developed and persisted in stands thinned to 200 or fewer stems per acre. Overall, pruning led to a small reduction in diameter growth at breast height.
Cost Efficiency of Pruning Black Hills Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Smith Richard C. , Kurtz William B. , Johnson Thomas E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Trees pruned in stands of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) managed at several growing stock levels were used to determine the number of years for pruning wounds to heal. The mean time for pruning wounds to heal was 11 years. Costs and returns from pruning the butt log of trees to be retained to final harvest were analyzed. Pruning to a height of 8.5 ft cost $0.58 per tree; pruning to a height of 17.5 ft cost $1.78 per tree. Trees pruned to 17.5 ft for production of clear grades of lumber in 16-ft lengths would earn real internal rates of return ranging from 7.8 to 14.0% for several stand conditions and management regimes. Trees pruned to a height of 8.5 ft, to produce 8-ft lumber, earned IRRs somewhat higher, 8.6 to 16.1%. Outcomes are best on productive sites if pruning costs are kept low and if high-valued products are anticipated. West. J. Appl. For. 3(1):10-14, January 1988.
Protection of Disease-Resistant Western White Pine Seed from Insect Damage
Authors: Haverty Michael I. , Shea Patrick J. , Stipe Lawrence E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Seed produced in blister rust-resistant western white pine (Pinus monticola Douglas) seed orchards is in high demand. The fir coneworm, Dioryctria abietivorella (Groté), and the lodgepole pine coneworm, Eucosma recissoriana (Heinrich), cause considerable damage to seed crops in the Moscow Arboretum seed orchard. Single (May or June) and repeated (May and June) applications of 0.025% fenvalerate, and repeated applications (May and June) of 0.0125% fenvalerate, a synthetic botanical insecticide, were evaluated in 1986 for protection of cone crops. Results in 1986 confirm results in 1984 (Haverty et al. 1986): an application of 0.025% fenvalerate in May and June significantly reduces insect damage, regardless of the relative abundance of cones or insects. The decision to use a single or repeated application depends on demand for seed, projected seed crop and insect populations, and socioeconomic costs of the treatment. West. J. Appl. For. 3(1):18-20, January 1988.
Shrub Response to High and Low Severity Burns Following Clearcutting in Northern Idaho
Authors: Morgan Penelope , Neuenschwander Leon F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Early seral shrub community development following clearcutting is documented for fall broadcast burns aged 0-5 and 15 years on a western redcedar (Thuja plicata)/beadlilly (Clintonia uniflora) habitat type. Shrub cover was dominated by redstem ceanothus (Ceanothus sanguineus), blackberry (Rubus ursinus), thimbleberry (R. parviflorus), common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), and 8 other shrub species. Frequency of occurrence differed significantly (P < 0.05) with burn severity (6 of 12 species), but not with burn age (10 of 12 species) up to 15 years after fire. Percent canopy cover of seedlings and sprouts, summed over species, differed with burn severity on burns less than 4 years old. There was greater total cover of rhizomatous shrub sprouts (P < 0.01) on low severity burns. Cover of shrub seedlings was significantly less (P = 0.03) on low severity than on high severity burns. However, there was no difference (P = 0.60) in cover of nonrhizomatous sprouts on high and low severity burns. West. J. Appl. For. 3(1):5-9, January 1988.
Timber-Harvesting Mechanization in the Western United States: An Industry Survey
Authors: Schuh Donald D. , Kellogg Loren D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A survey of mechanized harvesting operations in the western United States located more than 140 timber companies and logging contractors using nontraditional manufacturing or transportation equipment during 1985. The operations ranged from small contractors owning a single feller-buncher to completely mechanized firms operating delimbers, debarkers, chippers, and felling machines. Most of the mechanized logging was found in Washington, Oregon, and Montana. Equipment breakdowns were the most critical harvesting problem cited by the loggers, followed by decreased production on steep terrain. Few contractors provide formal training for their equipment operators, a factor that may increase the frequency, duration, and severity of equipment downtime. Monetary incentive bonuses were used to spur production by approximately 35% of the responding firms. West. J. Appl. For. 3(2):33-36, April 1988.
Western Spruce Budworm Damage to Sprayed and Unsprayed Young Douglas-Fir
Authors: Alfaro Rene I. , Wegwitz Emil 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Defoliation, mortality, and top-kill were measured in 40-year-old, open-grown Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) under attack by the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis [Freeman]) in the interior of British Columbia, in control trees and trees treated with ground sprays of the insecticide Sevin. In untreated trees that sustained repeated defoliation of 50 to 90% of the total crown foliage, tree mortality began after four years and had reached 29% after eight years. Thirty-four percent of the survivors in this group suffered top-kill, which averaged 1.0 m at the end of eight years. No mortality and only negligible top-kill occurred in trees, sprayed or not, which sustained less than 50% defoliation. A regression model of the probability of tree mortality based on the defoliation is presented. West. J. Appl. For. 3(2):44-46, April 1988.
Quantifying Marketplace Characteristics for Use in Timber Stumpage Appraisal
Authors: McQuillan Alan G. , Johnson-True Candace 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Regression-based models for predicting stumpage price have received attention in recent years for use in transactions evidence timber appraisal, forest planning, and valuation of timber inventories. These models usually use individual sale characteristics in conjunction with broad measures of product demand to explain variation in sale value. Local variation in markets due to mill capacity and concentration are either ignored, or separate models are generated for local market areas. The authors attempted to improve the specification of stumpage-price prediction models by incorporating new variables designed to reflect important aspects of local market conditions. This type of model has the potential to improve prediction of stumpage price and, in addition, to facilitate estimation of price impacts caused by changes in local mill capacity and concentration. West. J. Appl. For. 3(3): 66-69, July 1988.
Yields of Southwestern Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands
Authors: Smith Frederick W. , Schuler Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Site quality and growth-growing stock relations were developed for southwestern woodlands of pinyon (Pinus edulis) and one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) or Utah juniper (J. osteosperma). Anamorphic height-age site index curves for pinyon were developed from a regional sample of 60 woodlands. Site index was unaffected by variation in stocking and was correlated with woodland yield when used in conjunction with density. Pinyon and juniper PAI, when taken separately, were highly correlated with stand density and pinyon site index. Pinyon was twice as productive as juniper at similar stand densities. Pinyon and juniper yields in woodlands of average density and site index were estimated at 0.29 and 0.15 m3ha-1y-1. At high densities pinyon and juniper yields increased to 0.61 and 0.31 m3ha-1y-1 Pinyon and juniper yields appeared independent of the density of the other species in an individual woodland. Maximum yield of dense mixed species woodlands on average sites was 0.78 m3ha-1y-1, and occurred when pinyon constituted 65% of woodland density. West. J. Appl. For. 3(3):70-74, July 1988.
A Generalized Height-Diameter Equation for Coastal California Species
Authors: Krumland Bruce E. , Wensel Lee C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The equation H = Hm exp [-b(D-c - Dm-c)] is proposed for estimating the total height of trees on growth and inventory plots. This estimator requires only the computation of average dbh (Dm) and average total height (Hm) of a sample of trees selected from the upper one-fifth of the stand diameter distribution. The procedure is also efficient because this stand component is also used to estimate site index. With small samples, these equations were found to be accurate in local volume table construction. Results are illustrated using redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) data from northern California. West. J. Appl. For. 3(4):113-115, October 1988.
Growth Rates after Fertilizing Lodgepole Pine
Authors: Cochran P. H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Heavy application rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) to thinned lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) produced responses in volume increment directly related to increased tree nutrition that lasted no more than 8 years. An indirect response in volume increment, resulting from increased levels of stocking after fertilization, continued for a longer period. Resulting increases in yields probably cannot economically justify operational fertilizing in similar stands. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1):18-20, January 1989.
Suppression of Spruce Beetle Attacks by MCH Released from Bubble Caps
Authors: Lindgren B. Staffan , McGregor Mark D. , Oakes Robert D. , Meyer Hubert E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The attack density of the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), was reduced to 10-25% of that on untreated felled Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) trees, when the trees were treated with 9-15 bubble cap release devices, each releasing the aggregation inhibitor MCH at 1-3 mg/24 h at 20°C. In the first experiment, deterioration of many release devices reduced the suppression effect. In the second experiment, MCH reduced attacks by 85%, and total brood production by 79-88%. The attacks on the MCH treated trees occurred late, as evidenced by the early stage of development of galleries and brood on these trees. Semiochemical-baited traps at untreated, or MCH-treated, felled trees caught few beetles, and had no effect on the attack density. The results show that manually applied MCH can be used operationally to reduce attacks by the spruce beetle on small groups of wind thrown trees. Mass trapping of spruce beetles is not feasible with currently known semiochemicals. West. J. Appl. For. 4(2):49-52, April 1989.
Ponderosa Pine Habitat Types as an Indicator of Site Quality in the Dixie National Forest, Utah
Authors: Verbyla David L. , Fisher Richard F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest habitat types have been purported to be useful indicators of site quality. This is generally true for habitat types with different dominant tree species. However, few have studied the site indicator value of habitat types with the same dominant tree species. We measured site index (base age 25) from 172 randomly selected plots within the ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) zone of the Dixie National Forest, Utah. The range of site index within any one habitat type was broad. Poor sites occurred on all five habitat types. However, the best sites occurred only on the Pinus ponderosa/Symphoricarpos oreophilus and Pinus ponderosa/Quercus gambelii habitat types. Therefore, habitat type may be useful in predicting the best sites, but only if other site information is used in addition to habitat type. West. J. Appl. For. 4(2):52-54, April 1989.
Precommercial Thinning in a Ponderosa Pine Stand affected by Armillaria Root Disease: 20 Years of Growth and Mortality in Central Oregon
Authors: Filip Gregory M. , Goheen Donald J. , Johnson David W. , Thompson John H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A naturally regenerated stand of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) was thinned in 1966 to determine the effects of spacing on crop-tree mortality caused by Armillaria root disease in central Oregon. After 20 years, crop-tree mortality in unthinned plots exceeded that in the thinned plots (1.6 vs. 0.8 trees/ac/yr). Crop-tree diameter growth, however, was greater in thinned plots (0.2 vs. 0.1 in./yr). Forest managers should not defer thinning of similar stands because of Armillaria root disease. West J. Appl. For. 4(2):58-59, April 1989.
A Simulation/Linear Programming Approach to Timber Supply Modeling
Authors: McKillop William , Krumland Bruce 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A growth and yield simulator was combined with a forest inventory processor and a linear programming model to analyze and project timber inventory, growth and harvest for industrial and nonindustrial lands in each of five regions in California. Harvest priorities for each stand type were chosen by maximization of conifer output over alternative periods of time subject to volume, species, and inventory constraints. Results indicated that timber harvest from forest industry land would decline in the next several decades, but that this decline would be offset by increased output from nonindustrial holdings. A substantial buildup of hardwood inventories on small private ownerships is anticipated. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):80-84, July 1989.
Relative Abundance of Ambrosia Beetles in an Old-Growth Western Hemlock/Pacific Silver Fir Forest and Adjacent Harvesting Areas
Authors: McLean John A. , Salom Scott M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Semiochemical-baited multiple-funnel traps were set out in two new logging areas and in mature forest on northeastern Vancouver Island near Kelsey Bay, British Columbia. The large numbers of ambrosia beetles captured indicated that Trypodendron lineatum and Gnathotrichus sulcatus are distributed along logging rights-of-way as well as in the surrounding forest. Results suggest that logs must be removed as soon as possible after felling in order to minimize degrade of the logs and to prevent the transport of ambrosia beetles from the harvesting areas to dryland sorting areas, booming grounds, and sawmills. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):132-136, October 1989.
Spacing and Shrub Competition Influence 20-Year Development of Planted Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Oliver William W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth and stand development of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) were monitored for 20 years after planting at five different square spacings (6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 ft) in the presence or absence of competing shrubs on the westside Sierra Nevada. Mean tree size was positively correlated and stand values negatively correlated with spacing in the absence of competing shrubs. Trees growing with competing shrubs attained 76% of the diameter, 80% of the height, and 58% of the cubic volume of trees free of shrub competition when all spacings were combined. This study suggests that the major effect of shrub competition in ponderosa pine plantations on good sites is to lengthen the rotation. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):79-82, July 1990.
Manual Release Contracting: Production Rates, Costs, and Future
Authors: Fiddler Gary O. , McDonald Philip M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Manual release, primarily accomplished through the use of service contracts, is increasingly used by silviculturists for controlling competing vegetation in the West, particularly in California. Over 60 recent manual release contracts on four National Forests and one Bureau of Land Management Resource Area in California were analyzed for production rate and cost relationships. Mean number of acres completed per workday was 0.11-0.50 and the average cost of release was $174-$310 per acre. Grubbing or cutting costs were $0.44-$0.86 per seedling regardless of radius treated. Cutting and grubbing combined cost $0.63-$0.71 per seedling for 3-5 ft radii, and $1.19 for a 6-ft radius. The increased costs resulting from more realistic bidding and the projected unavailability of crews to do the work mean that many acres needing manual release will go untreated. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):83-85, July 1990.
Response of Underplanted Douglas-Fir to Herbicide Injection of Sclerophyll Hardwoods in Southwest Oregon
Authors: Helgerson Ole T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) container-grown plug (1-0) and nursery-grown bareroot (2-0) seedlings were planted in southwest Oregon beneath sclerophyll hardwoods injected with triclopyr amine or left untreated. Sixty percent of the hardwood canopy was killed by injection. Seedlings beneath treated hardwoods experienced greater daytime moisture stress but lower predawn moisture stress. Plugs grew more in the first year than bareroots. Five-year survival averaged 100% and 96% for plugs and bareroots under treated hardwoods, 83% and 73% under untreated hardwoods. Herbicide injection of hardwoods was associated with increased height, diameter, and volume growth rates in the underplanted Douglas-fir and seems necessary for establishing Douglas-fir in this environment. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):86-89, July 1990.
Recent Experiences with End Result Contracting on National Forestlands in the West
Authors: Wright Pamela J. , Rideout Douglas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The cost effectiveness of USDA Forest Service end result contracts (ERCs), also known as "stewardship" contracts, was compared with similar information from conventional service contracts. Bid data from 18 ERCs were examined, and Forest Service costs were compared with service contracts and timber sale contracts on the Umpqua and Winema National Forests in Oregon. We found generally that ERCs are still in an initial stage of development, but at this point costs of ERCs compared well with service contracts. The results of this study indicate that where regeneration is typically successful, ERCs can be used to address a variety of forest management objectives. ERCs are a management tool that deserves further experimentation and analysis. West. J. Appl. For. 5(4):00-00, October 1990.
The Impact of Federal and State Income Taxes on Timber Income in the West Following the 1986 Tax Reform Act
Authors: Bettinger Pete , Haney H. L. , Siegel W. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nineteen eighty-eight federal and state income tax liabilities for a hypothetical nonindustrial private forest landowner case were calculated for 13 western states. The state portion of the total income tax liability for the passive case (without timber sale revenue) ranged from 15% in Arizona, California, and Colorado to 25% in Hawaii for the medium income level. It ranged from 12% in Arizona and Colorado to 20% in Hawaii for the high income level. The state portion for the active case (with timber sale revenue) ranged from 12% in Arizona and Colorado to 21% in Hawaii, and from 10% in Arizona to 19% in Hawaii for the medium and high income levels, respectively. Federal income tax deductions, capital gain exclusions, and tax rates are the most important state provisions affecting state income tax liability. The installment sale method of reporting timber sale revenue was used as one alternative tax planning strategy. Timber sale revenue was spread over a 2-year period to reduce the amount of taxable income subject to higher marginal rates. In the Oregon hypothetical case, the landowners who elected to use the installment sale method would save $1,240 and $616 at the medium and high income levels, respectively. West. J. Appl. For. 6(1):15-20.
Effects of Storage, Planting Date, and Shelter on Engelmann Spruce Containerized Seedlings in the Central Rockies
Authors: Roberts Scott D. , Long James N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Containerized Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) seedlings were treated with different nursery storage methods, planting dates, and amounts of overstory shelter after planting. Third-year survival of seedlings stored in refrigeration did not differ from that of seedlings maintained in a lathhouse prior to planting. Survival of seedlings planted in mid-June was about 70% compared to 48% for seedlings planted in late July. Survival was only 52% within strip shelterwood units and more than 72% in the more protected environment of uniform shelterwood units. Seedlings within strip shelterwood units were slightly taller after 3 years than those under a uniform shelterwood. West. J. Appl. For. 6(2):36-38.
Estimating and Comparing Demand Functions for Personal Use Christmas Tree Cutting at Seven Utah Sites
Authors: Daniels Steven E. , Johnson Rebecca , Markstrom Donald C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The travel cost model of recreation demand analysis was applied to seven USDA Forest Service Ranger Districts in Utah. The objectives were to (1) estimate consumers' surplus and total willingness to pay values for the recreational component of personal use Christmas tree gathering, and (2) compare these Utah results with each other and with the Markstrom and Donnelly (1988) results from Colorado, the only other travel cost analysis of Christmas tree gathering from public lands. The results were that per-trip consumer' s surplus estimates ranged from $6.71 to $31.17, compared to Markstrom and Donnelly's (1988) estimate of $10.05. There is sufficient intersite variation that the demand functions from any site cannot be readily applied to any other. West. J. Appl. For. 6(2):42-46.
Survival of Sapling and Pole-Sized Conifers near True Fir Stumps with Annosus Root Disease in Northern California1
Authors: Slaughter G. W. , Parmeter J. R. , Kliejunas J. T. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mixed conifer saplings and small poles near 870 large, true fir (Abies spp.) stumps with annosus root disease caused by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. were studied in 1984 to evaluate mortality. Of 3035 trees adjacent to stumps, 24 were dead (0.8%), and none showed symptoms of annosus root disease. Of 1102 trees adjacent to 71 true fir stumps revisisted 3 and 6 years later, 31 were dead (2.8%), and none showed annosus symptoms. The rarity of annosus-caused conifer mortality associated with infected stumps could be due to variations in pathogenicity, host specificity of H. annosum isolates, decline of inoculum in roots of stumps, or to a combination of these factors. West. J. Appl. For. 6(4):102-105.