bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Bacterial Phosphate Metabolism in Enhanced Phosphorus Removal from the Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Lötter Laurraine H. 
Published: May 2018

This study was undertaken in an attempt to gain greater insight into phosphate metabolism in relation to biological phosphorus removal. Bacterial population studies of activated sludge plants revealed the predominance of Acinetobacter spp. Studies of these isolates showed a number of strains capable of reducing nitrate to nitrogen.
Growth of Acinetobacter isolates on a variety of carbon sources showed that not only growth but also polyphosphate accumulation is stimulated by short chain carbon compounds, such as acetate and butyrate, which are products of bacterial fermentation. Assays of anaerobic zone mixed liquor samples indicated high activity of key enzymes in the formation of these compounds. Phosphate uptake under various conditions underlined the sensitivity of bacterial phosphorus metabolism to external factors. The origin of the orthophosphate released in the anaerobic zone points strongly to polyphosphate hydrolysis to orthophosphate rather than the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The anaerobic zone is seen as a qualifying zone where cells are preconditioned for optimum phosphorus removal in subsequent zones.
Exchange of Organics, Phosphate and Cations between Sludge and Water in Biological Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal Processes
Authors: Arvin E. , Holm Kristensen G. 
Published: May 2018

The stripping of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, and uptake of organic substrate and calcium was studied in the anaerobic reactors of two biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal plants. Most of the experiments were performed in batch systems simulating the function of the anaerobic reactor. Acetate-, propionate- and lactate addition to the sludge under anaerobic conditions resulted in a significant P-release. The P-release with glucose was significantly smaller. Approximate values for the ∆ P/∆COD ratios were estimated. Average ∆ K/ ∆P and ∆Mg/ ∆P values were estimated to about 0.29 and 0.25 mg/mg, respectively.
Phosphate appears to be precipitated simultaneously with the biological P-stripping. In the plant under detailed investigations, about 60% of the total phosphate is precipitated, irrespective of the total P-content in the sludge. Calcium and magnesium are the dominating counterions, the (Ca+Mg)/P molar ratio being about 1.1. Some iron appears also to be associated with the phosphate, 0.6% of the dry sludge.
Accumulation of Airborne Trace Pollutants by Arctic Plants and Soil
Authors: Thomas W. 
Published: May 2018

Plant and soil samples from 4 locations in Spitsbergen (Norway) were analysed for major ions, heavy metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and chlorinated pesticides.
The results indicate that trace amounts of these substance groups result from a number of different sources, namely from subsoil material, local emissions and long range atmospheric transport. A comparison of inorganic and organic micropollutant concentrations allows a distinction between trace substance uptake from soil or air.
The correlation of plant and air concentrations makes it obvious that elevated accumulation rates of heavy metals in plants result from low level transport of particles. PAH are very effectively retained by species with large surface areas and represent particle concentrations in the air. Benzohexachloride in plants results from precipitation water rather than from direct uptake of gaseous traces.
An Investigation of the Treatment and Recycling of Oil Refinery Wastewater
Authors: Misković D. , Dalmacija B. , Živanov Ž , Karlović E. , Hain Z. , Marić S. 
Published: May 2018

The objective of the present investigation was a high level of purification of the wastewater from an oil refinery achieved by using some improved methods yielding an effluent suitable for recycling into the process. All the investigations were carried out on a continuous laboratory pilot system consisting of the following units: dissolved air flotation (DAF), sedimentation, double-stage microbiological reactor, and adsorption columns filled with granular biologically activated carbon (GBAC).
A high degree of COD reduction close to 100% (precisely, 99.95 %), as well as removal of nitrogen compounds of 72% was achieved during a relatively short retention time within the range of 15-16.5 hrs. The DAF technique combined with gravitational separation was used to achieve the recovery of free oil matter up to 98%, without any preliminary conditioning. After the sedimentation of coagulated and flocculated dispersed oils, the microbiological oxidation of dissolved matter was accomplished by using two kinds of activated sludge for easy and hard degradable organics. Using the continuously bioregenerating GBAC, an effluent having a lowered COD value to about 9 was obtained. At the same time, the denitrification process took place. According to the obtained results the treated oil refinery wastewater can be recycled into the process, or discharged into a water recipient of a low self-purifying capacity.
History and Application of Microbiological Water Quality Standards in the Marine Environment
Authors: Salas H. J. 
Published: May 2018

The history and application of microbiological water quality standards in the marine environment for primary contact recreation and shell fish harvesting are presented. Special note is taken of recent investigations which concluded that Enterococci, as an indicator organism, provided the best correlation with gastrointestinal symptoms attributed to swimming in contaminated waters. The linear relationship developed between mean enterococcus density per 100 ml and swimming associated rate for gastrointestinal symptoms per 1000 persons is presented along with the U S Environmental Protection Agency proposal to adopt Enterococci as the primary indicator organism in lieu of total and fecal coliforms.
One school of thought which considers microbiological guidelines/standards for primary contact recreation relevant to public health protection is compared to the opposing viewpoint that such guidelines/standards are merely useful for aesthetic considerations.
International, national and local microbiological guidelines and standards in the marine environment are presented to provide a range for the water quality planner. The simple adaptation of a particular set of standards is considered inappropriate without a thorough review of local circumstances and local/ national economic factors. Also, caution should be exercised in directly applying quantitative relationships between health risk and indicator organism in other areas where the general health and immunity of the local population may be different.
Utilization of Vinasse Effluents from an Anaerobic Reactor
Authors: Costa F J. C. B. , Rocha B B. M. , Viana C. E. , Toledo A. C. 
Published: May 2018

An anaerobic reactor was developed to biodigest alcohol distillery wastes. A further post-treatment of the effluent reduced the level of pollution to the point of eventually discharging into streams and rivers. The present work also analyses the use of biodigested vinasse as a source of food for fish.
Very high efficiencies were obtained during primary and secondary treatment of vinasse effluent, as demonstrated by the greatly reduced organic load. The utilization of the treated effluent as a source of fish food presents an excellent alternative for the Brazilian alcohol industry.
Estuarine, Coastal and Ocean Pollution: EEC Policy and Research
Authors: Bourdeau P. , Barth H. 
Published: May 2018

This paper presents an overview of the policy and research of the European Community concerning estuarine, coastal and marine pollution.
The structure and implementation of the European Community marine environmental policy, intended to combat the various types of pollution of the sea, and to protect the European waterways and the marine environment are described. Particular reference is made to actions dealing with oil pollution and other harmful chemical substances released into the sea.
The environmental research programme, aimed at providing scientific support to the environmental policy of the European Community, addresses short-, mid- and long-term problems. Thus it deals mostly with pollution : its sources, detection, fate, pathways, environmental and genetic effects; and abatement and prevention of pollution by oil, wastes, fertilizers, heavy metals and other environmental chemicals. It is also increasingly concerned with improving the understanding of the functioning of estuarine, coastal and marine ecosystems.
The future orientations of the Community's marine environmental policy and research are discussed. These will stress the preventive aspects of environmental protection.
Ecological Impacts of the Construction of Dams in an Estuary
Authors: Leentvaar J. , Nijboer S. M. 
Published: May 2018

This paper deals with the ecological impacts of alternative methods of constructing dams in an estuary. The main options available were:using concrete blocks and rubbleusing only sand.
The advantages of using sand are that it is available locally and it is cheaper than concrete blocks and rubble. However, the application of sand in a tidal basin requires low current velocities. During the final closing period of the dams, these velocities can be reduced by using the storm-surge barrier (to be built in the mouth of the Eastern Scheldt estuary) in two ways: either reducing the tidal amplitude or reducing the tidal frequency. The tidal reduction influences the vertical amplitude and current velocities, thereby decreasing the intertidal area, and the biomass and production of microphytobenthos and macrozoobenthos. A reduction of the horizontal tide leads to a reduction of the exchange of water between the North Sea and the estuary, with a decrease in current velocities. These phenomena affect the concentration of suspended and dissolved material; in particular, salt concentrations decrease with possible stratification.
This paper describes the effects of different closing procedures on natural ecosystems and fisheries. The study resulted in a policy analysis and was presented to decision-making politicians.
Ecological Impact of an Oil Spill: Utilization of Biological Indicators
Authors: Glémarec M. 
Published: May 2018

One of the major difficulties for science today is still the understanding of how a whole ecosystem operates. However, perturbations affecting the normal functioning of an ecosystem can be evaluated and monitored in time, from trophic or dimensional points of view, by studying the macrofauna which is found in the middle of the trophic or dimensional hierarchies of the ecosystem. Organisms in this category are greater than 1 mm in size, and sampling is effected by means of quantitative grabs. Most of these organisms have life cycles generally ranging between 1 and 3 years. They are distinct from other fauna of larger size and longer life cycle, but they are also scattered, and are therefore difficult to sample.
The effects of the “Amoco Cadiz” oil spill on the fine sand ecosystem are evaluated by means of macrofauna which represent medium hydrodynamic conditions. Different species were classified in ecological groups according to their sensitivity to hydrocarbons and to organic matter overload. The two parameters, specific richness and abundance per square meter, indicate the structure of the macrofauna population, and a third parameter, the biomass, can also be used. The study of these factors and their evolution in time, as well as the ecological groups, enables definition of the degradation, recolonization and restructuring conditions. Finally, predators such as fish juveniles regulate these communities; six years after the “Amoco Cadiz” oil spill, even if this fine sand ecosystem reaches a new equilibrium, it is still too early for the regulation processes by predators to take place.
Sludge in Agriculture: the European Approach
Authors: Scheltinga H M. J. 
Published: May 2018

The sludge production in the European Community can be estimated to be about 6 million tons of dry matter per year. By 1990 this quantity may have doubled. About 30% of the annual production is used in agriculture. Cooperation in the field of scientific and technical research has been actively promoted by the European Community together with European Non-Member states. One of the earliest examples of such a cooperation is the Concerted Action “Treatment and use of sludge and liquid agricultural wastes” (Cost 681). Participating Non-Member states are Austria, Finland, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. Canada takes part on a somewhat different basis. The main purpose of the Cost-action is to acquire scientific and technical knowledge and to disseminate the results to the participants and others interested. Until now there was no provision for direct funding of research projects by the Commission. The Cost-action is managed by a concertation committee in which the participating countries and the Commission are represented. The action coordinates in the most flexible way, in the countries involved, all relevant research concerning sewage sludge treatment and its optimal use in agriculture, taking into account the evaluation of possible harmful effects for public health and environmental protection.
Five Working Parties were set up, dealing with the following programmes:–Assessment of the best sludge treatment techniques, and of their cost and reliability, in order to get valuable products for agricultural purposes (WP-1).–Improvement and harmonisation of sampling procedures and analytical methods for the control of organic and mineral pollutants in sludges and soils (WP-2).–Measures to be taken to prevent harmful effects to public health due to sludge spreading or storage in the environment (WP-3).–Evaluation of the agricultural value of sludges for crop and grass production, forestry and soil reclamation (WP-4).–Prevention of long- and short-term environmental risks for the atmosphere, ground water and soil micro-organisms by sludge spreading (WP-5).
Landfarming in the Treatment by Cetrel of Organic Wastes from a Petrochemical Complex – Design, Operation and Results
Authors: Alves J. O. , Valente M. C. M. , Simões M. A. P. , Santos M. G. 
Published: May 2018

In the beginning of 1983, CETREL S/A, based on the experiments carried out in other countries, put forth the idea of treating organic industrial wastes generated by COPEC, especially atoxic biodegradable sludges, through LANDFARMING. Therefore, in 1984 two “Farms” were implemented, in an area of 20 hectares.
In view of the pioneering ventures in Brazil for the disposal of industrial wastes of various sources, operation controls have been and still are a continuous learning process, stimulating research on the insertion or adaptation of governing parameters in the process.
In that connection, it is our intention to show the characteristics and procedures adopted with regard to Design, Operation, Control/Monitoring, Pilot Scale Tests and Results.
The Applicability of the Wastewater Treatment Plant in Othfresen as Scientific Documentation of the Root-Zone Method
Authors: Brix Hans 
Published: May 2018

Up to the present time documentation for the functioning of the root-zone method is almost exclusively based on data from the Othfresen plant in Western Germany, a 22.5 ha large wetland, which since 1974 has received municipal wastewater. The present paper describes the working experiences from Othfresen, and evaluates the applicability of the data from Othfresen as basis for the scientific documentation of the root-zone method in general.
It is concluded that the data from Othfresen are useless in the documentation of the root-zone method for the following reasons: (a) The loaded area has not until 1985 been well-defined, (b) the soil in the treatment plant is very atypical (old mine debris), (c) a major proportion of the wastewater does not penetrate the soil, but distributes on the surface as overland flow, (d) the quality of the water in the “defined” outlet, i.e. a well consisting of a PVC-tube, has no relation to the treatment of wastewater in the area, and (e) the true effluent to the recipient is of varying quality, especially as far as nitrogen is concerned.
It is therefore necessary to await results from well-controlled experimental treatment plants before the functioning and the applicability of the root-zone method can be properly evaluated.
Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Tanks Planted with Rooted Macrophytes: Case Study; Description of the System; Design Criteria; and Efficiency
Authors: Boutin C. 
Published: May 2018

For several years, the CEMAGREF has been interested in the study of treatment plants adapted to rural areas. In this field, “macrophyte beds”, as a new procedure in water treatment, has been closely followed.
This treatment plant is made up of a series of watertight tubes filled with gravel and rooted with aquatic plants. Since autumn of 1982, this plant has been treating the wastewater of a rehabilitation center which functions according to a scholastic calendar. Receiving loading of 28 population equivalents, the plant must be able to cope with loading variations reaching a factor of 6. The total planted surface is 63 m2, thus 2.5 m2 per population equivalent.
The different series of measurements taken during an annual plant cycle show that:–the abatement of the organic loading (COD, BOD5) reaches 85% to 90%;–the elimination rate of total nitrogen is near 50%;–the phosphorus is mineralised but is not retained by the treatment.
The samplings of effluent discharge, taken several times over a three year study period, showed that the once satisfactory discharge had degraded. The origin of this degradation should be looked into.
The first results (as described above) will be completed by those obtained during a study which is being conducted on a larger scale (500 population equivalent). This plant was put into use in September 1985 and receives a loading of domestic wastewater from an urban neighborhood.
The research project has as its aim to optimize both the economic and operational aspects of the treatment plant to answer the real needs of small rural communities.
German Experiences with Sewage Treatment Ponds
Authors: Bucksteeg K. 
Published: May 2018

In Germany there are both highly industrialized regions with large towns as well as extended rural areas with small communities. Most of these communities need regular sewage disposal systems. Sewage treatment plants have to be adapted to special situations in rural villages. Ponds fulfil the requirements in an excellent way. Many hundred of ponds are in operation and three kinds of pond systems are in use:▸facultative ponds (more than 1000 plants) for serving less than about 1000 i+ie*;▸artificially aerated ponds (more than 300 plants) for treating sewage of about 1000 to 10000 i+ie especially when food industries are connected or as an individual solution for those industries;▸ponds combined with trickling filters or rotating bio-filters (more than 100 plants) as a solution for treating preferably domestic sewage from about 1000 to 4000 i+ie.
Lay out, design figures, recommendations for construction and operation, effluent results anc costs are presented on the basis of experiences with numerous plants. Actual effluent results are considerably below German Effluent Quality Standards. Facultative ponds with 10 m2/ie specific surface area produce the following effluent quality: COD ≤ 90 mg/L, BODr ≤ 25 mg/L, NH4≤N = 15 mg/L, PO4-P ≤ 6 mg/L. Heavy algae blooms cause an increase of effluent concentrations: 100 µg Chlorophyll-α represent about 9 mg COD and 3 mg BOD5 on the average.
Reduction of Microbial Indicators and Viruses in a Cypress Strand
Authors: Scheuerman P. R. , Farrah S. R. , Bitton G. 
Published: May 2018

The fate of bacterial indicators, bacteriophages and enteroviruses was studied in a forested cypress strand treated with primary effluent from the town of Waldo, Florida. Experimental corridors (40m × 10m) were installed in a strand and were treated with pumped primary effluent. Bacterial indicators (total and fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci), bacteriophages and enteroviruses, were removed following 40m travel of sewage through the corridors. The results indicated that fecal streptococci accumulate in the sediments.
The levels of bacterial indicators, phages and enteroviruses were monitored in another strand that had been receiving sewage for 50 years. Microbial numbers were determined at stations situated at increasing distances from the sewage outfall (up to 230m). It was observed that the bacterial indicators were reduced approximately by 3 log10 units at the 230m-station. Fecal streptococci were shown to accumulate in the sediments. The reduction in the number of phages was less and was approximately one log10 unit. Enteroviruses and Salmonella spp. were detected in the cypress strand water. They were often undetectable in the sediments.
The results demonstrate the potential use of wetlands for low-energy treatment of sewage effluents.
Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) Regulation: A Way to Optimize Pollution Removal and Energy Savings in the Low Load Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Charpentier J. , Florentz M. , David G. 
Published: May 2018

Aeration represents the main part of energy consumption in the low-load activated sludge process. Because of its ability to remove the various kinds of pollution (carbonaceous, nitrogenous) with a high dependability level, this process is the most widespread throughout France, particularly in its tropical overseas regions. A previous study led the authors to set up a graph which links energy savings and effluent quality (carbonaceous and nitrogenous pollution removal). This graph appears useful as well to monitor biological phosphorus removal in the low-load activated sludge process including an anaerobic basin.
In order to optimize pollution removal and energy savings, ORP regulation has been carried out since January 1983 on the Yffiniac plant (West of France). It was preferred to dissolved oxygen (D.O.) regulation because of the low values of D.O. observed in this plant and the difficulties of operating D.O. regulation.
A laboratory and full-scale study shows that ORP regulation is possible and particularly accurate as a contribution to optimizing pollution removal, energy savings and operating conditions. Since then other ORP Regulations have been installed. The observations we made specify which cases lend themselves to successful ORP regulation.