bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction with the Labcor® stentless valved pulmonary conduit
Authors: Jussli-Melchers Jill , Scheewe Jens , Hansen Jan Hinnerk , Grothusen Christina , Steer Julia , Voges Inga , Logoteta Jana , Dütschke Peter , Kramer Hans-Heiner , Attmann Tim 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction is a common necessity in congenital cardiac surgery. As homograft availability is limited, alternatives need to be evaluated. The Labcor® conduit consists of a porcine tricomposite valve assembled inside a bovine pericardium tube. This study presents intermediate-term results for its utilization for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction.

METHODS
Labcor conduits were implanted in 53 patients (February 2009–July 2016). We analysed perioperative data, freedom from conduit failure and risk factors for conduit dysfunction.

RESULTS
The most common diagnosis was Tetralogy of Fallot (n = 20, 37.7%). The median age at surgery was 10.0 [interquartile range (IQR) 4.9–14.3] years. Pulmonary artery plasty (n = 37, 69.8%) and augmentation of the right ventricular outflow tract (n = 16, 30.2%) were often part of the procedure. The median conduit size was 21 (range 11–25) mm. There was no in-hospital death. The median follow-up after surgery was 4.6 (IQR 3.4–5.6) years. Fourteen patients (27.5%) developed conduit failure with stenosis being the main cause. Freedom from conduit failure was 98.0% at 2 and 80.5% at 5 years. The median longevity of the conduit was 7.4 years (95% confidence interval 5.1–9.8 years). Younger age and smaller conduit size were related to conduit failure.

CONCLUSIONS
Utilization of the Labcor conduit revealed acceptable intermediate-term results. The conduit appeared to be functioning sufficiently well within the first 5 years in the majority of patients. The higher rate of failure concerning smaller conduits might be associated with somatic outgrowth; however, conduit degeneration as common and long-term outcome still needs to be evaluated.
Integrating Multiple Biomarkers to Increase Sensitivity for the Detection of Onchocerca volvulus Infection
Authors: Bennuru Sasisekhar , Oduro-Boateng Georgiette , Osigwe Chinweoke , Del Valle Priscilla , Golden Allison , Ogawa Guilherme Maerschner , Cama Vitaliano , Lustigman Sara , Nutman Thomas B 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Serological assessments for human onchocerciasis are based on IgG4 reactivity against the OV-16 antigen, with sensitivities of 60-80%. We have previously identified 7 novel proteins that could improve serodiagnosis.

Methods
IgG4 responses to these 7 proteins were assessed by luciferase immunoprecipitation (LIPS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) immunoassays.

Results
OVOC10469 and OVOC3261 were identified as the most promising candidates by IgG4-based immunoassays with sensitivities of 53% for rOVOC10469 and 78% for rOVOC3261 while specificity for each was &gt;99%. These 2 antigens in combination with OV-16 increased the sensitivity for patent infections to 94%. The kinetics of appearance of these IgG4 responses based on experimentally infected non-human primates indicated that they were microfilarial- driven. Further, the IgG4 responses to both OVOC10469 and OVOC3261 (as well as to OV-16) drop significantly (p&lt;0.05) following successful treatment for onchocerciasis. A prototype lateral flow rapid diagnostic test to detect IgG4 to both Ov-16 and OVOC3261 was developed and tested demonstrating an overall 94% sensitivity.

Conclusion
The combined use of rOVOC3261 with OV-16 improved serologic assessment of O. volvulus infection, a current unmet need toward the goal of elimination of transmission of O. volvulus.
Seeking care from a traditional healer after injury in Sudan: an exploratory cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Abdalla Safa , Abdel Aziz Muna , Basheir Igbal ,   Sudan Household Health Survey 2010 national management team
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Seeking care from traditional healers for injury is a common practice in low- and middle-income countries, including Sudan. As little is known about specific patterns of the practice in the country, we aimed to investigate associated factors and the role of professional injury care availability.

Methods
We used Sudan Household Health Survey 2010 data from a national stratified multistage cluster sample of 15 000 households. A multivariable Poisson regression (PR) model with robust variance was used to test potential associations of receiving care from a traditional healer in the first week after injury with age, gender, urban/rural residence, wealth index, educational attainment, cause of injury, time of injury occurrence and state-level injury-care bed density.

Results
Of 1432 injured participants who sought some form of healthcare, 38% received care from a traditional healer. A significant negative association was found with educational attainment, age and wealth. The association between injury-care bed density and receiving care from a traditional healer was consistently evident only when the injury was caused by a road traffic accident (PR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.85 to 0.96).

Conclusions
Merely increasing the affordability or availability of injury care facilities may not impact reliance on traditional healers for all causes of injury. Therefore, injury care policies need to consider the role of traditional healers as part of the healthcare system.
Metabolic adaptation to glycolysis is a basic defense mechanism of macrophages for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
Authors: Osada-Oka Mayuko , Goda Nobuhito , Saiga Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Masahiro , Takeda Kiyoshi , Ozeki Yuriko , Yamaguchi Takehiro , Soga Tomoyoshi , Tateishi Yu , Miura Katsuyuki , Okuzaki Daisuke , Kobayashi Kazuo , Matsumoto Sohkichi 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Macrophages are major components of tuberculosis (TB) granulomas and are responsible for host defenses against the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We herein showed the strong expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in TB granulomas and more rapid death of HIF-1α-conditional knockout mice than wild-type (WT) mice after M. tuberculosis infection. Although interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a critical host-protective cytokine against intracellular pathogens, HIF-1-deficient macrophages permitted M. tuberculosis growth even after activation with IFN-γ. These results prompted us to investigate the role of HIF-1α in host defenses against infection. We found that the expression of lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDH-A) was controlled by HIF-1α in M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages IFN-γ independently. LDH-A is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to lactate and we found that the intracellular level of pyruvate in HIF-1α-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) was significantly higher than in WT BMDMs. Intracellular bacillus replication was enhanced by an increase in intracellular pyruvate concentrations, which were decreased by LDH-A. Mycobacteria in phagosomes took up exogenous pyruvate more efficiently than glucose, and used it as the feasible carbon source for intracellular growth. These results demonstrate that HIF-1α prevents the hijacking of pyruvate in macrophages, making it a fundamental host-protective mechanism against M. tuberculosis.
False positive amphetamines and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine immunoassays in the presence of metoprolol—two cases reported in clinical toxicology
Authors: Leclercq Marion , Soichot Marion , Delhotal-Landes Brigitte , Bourgogne Emmanuel , Gourlain Hervé , Mégarbane Bruno , Labat Laurence 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAmphetamines, frequently used recreational drugs with high risk of toxicity, are commonly included in urine drug screens. This screening is based on enzyme immunoassay, which is a quick and easy-to-perform technique, but may lack specificity resulting from cross-reactivity with other compounds, causing false positive results. We present two cases of presumed false positive MULTIGENT® amphetamine/methamphetamine and MULTIGENT® ecstasy (Abbott®) immunoassays with the beta-blocker metoprolol. Both metoprolol-poisoned patients presented positive urine screening despite no history of drug abuse. No confirmation for amphetamine molecular structures was found with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The cross-reactivity was further investigated by doping urine samples with metoprolol and its two major phase-I metabolites. Metoprolol showed positive results for both amphetamine and MDMA tests at low concentrations (200 and 150 μg/mL, respectively). Metoprolol metabolites cross-reacted with the amphetamines immunoassay only, but at higher concentrations (i.e., 2000 μg/mL for α-hydroxymetoprolol and 750 μg/mL for O-demethylmetoprolol). In conclusion, false positive results in amphetamines and MDMA immunoassays are possible in the presence of metoprolol. Toxicologists should be aware of frequent analytical interferences with immunoassays and a detailed medication history should be taken into consideration for interpretation. In vitro investigation of suspected cross-reactivity should include not only the parent drug but also its related metabolites.
Body mass influences maternal allocation more than parity status for a long-lived cervid mother
Authors: Michel Eric S , Demarais Stephen , Strickland Bronson K , Belant Jerrold L , Castle Larry E 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMothers should balance the risk and reward of allocating resources to offspring to optimize the reproductive value of both offspring and mother while maximizing lifetime reproductive success by producing high-quality litters. The reproductive restraint hypothesis suggests maternal allocation should peak for prime-aged mothers and be less for younger mothers such that body condition is not diminished to a level that would jeopardize their survival or future reproductive events. We assessed if reproductive tactics varied by maternal body mass and parity status in captive female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to determine if prime-aged mothers allocate relatively more resources to reproduction than primiparous mothers. Maternal body mass, not parity status, positively affected maternal allocation, with heavier mothers producing both heavy litters and heavy individual offspring. Conversely, maternal body mass alone did not affect litter size, rather the interaction between maternal body mass and parity status positively affected litter size such that maternal body mass displayed a greater effect on litter size for primiparous than multiparous mothers. Our results suggest that heavy white-tailed deer mothers allocate additional resources to current year reproduction, which may be an adaptation allowing mothers to produce high-quality litters and increase their annual reproductive success because survival to the next reproductive attempt is not certain.
Mitochondrial phylogeography of kinkajous (Procyonidae, Carnivora): maybe not a single ESU
Authors: Ruiz-García Manuel , Jaramillo Maria Fernanda , Shostell Joseph Mark 
Published: June 2019

AbstractKnowledge of how a species is divided into different genetic units, and the structure among these units, is fundamental to the protection of biodiversity. Procyonidae was one of the families in the Order Carnivora with more success in the colonization of South America. The most divergent species in this family is the kinkajou (Potos flavus). However, knowledge of the genetics and evolution of this species is scarce. We analyzed five mitochondrial genes within 129 individuals of P. flavus from seven Neotropical countries (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia). We detected eight different populations or haplogroups, although only three had highly significant bootstrap values (southern Mexico and Central America; northern Peruvian, Ecuadorian, and Colombian Amazon; and north-central Andes and the southern Amazon in Peru). Some analyses showed that the ancestor of the southern Mexico–Central America haplogroup was the first to appear. The youngest haplogroups were those at the most southern area analyzed in Peru and Bolivia. A “borrowed molecular clock” estimated the initial diversification to have occurred around 9.6 million years ago (MYA). All the spatial genetic analyses detected a very strong spatial structure with significant genetic patches (average diameter around 400–500 km) and a clinal isolation by distance among them. The overall sample and all of the haplogroups we detected had elevated levels of genetic diversity, which strongly indicates their long existence. A Bayesian Skyline Plot detected, for the overall sample and for the three most significant haplogroups, a decrease in the number of females within the last 30,000–50,000 years, with a strong decrease in the last 10,000–20,000 years. Our data supported an alignment of some but not all haplogroups with putative morphological subspecies. We have not discounted the possibility of a cryptic kinkajou species.
Expression of Blood Cells Associated CD Markers and Cardiovascular Diseases: Clinical Applications in Prognosis
Authors: Haybar Habib , Maleki Behzad Masumeh , Shahrabi Saeid , Ansari Narges , Saki Najmaldin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of mortality worldwide. The results of various studies have shown that abnormality in the frequency and function of blood cells can be involved in CVD complications. In this review, we have focused on abnormalities in the expression of the CD (cluster of differentiation) markers of blood cells to assess the association of these abnormalities with CVD prognosis.MethodsWe identified the relevant literature through a PubMed search (1990–2018) of English-language articles using the terms “Cardiovascular diseases”, “CD markers”, “leukocytes”, “platelets”, and “endothelial cells”.ResultsThere is a variety of mechanisms for the effect of CD-marker expressions on CVDs prognosis, ranging from proinflammatory processes to dysfunctional effects in blood cells.ConclusionConsidering the possible effects of CD-marker expression on CVDs prognosis, particularly prognosis of acute myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis, long-term studies in large cohorts are required to identify the prognostic value of CD markers and to target them with appropriate therapeutic agents.
NMR solution and X-ray crystal structures of a DNA molecule containing both right- and left-handed parallel-stranded G-quadruplexes
Authors: Winnerdy Fernaldo Richtia , Bakalar Blaž , Maity Arijit , Vandana J Jeya , Mechulam Yves , Schmitt Emmanuelle , Phan Anh Tuân 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAnalogous to the B- and Z-DNA structures in double-helix DNA, there exist both right- and left-handed quadruple-helix (G-quadruplex) DNA. Numerous conformations of right-handed and a few left-handed G-quadruplexes were previously observed, yet they were always identified separately. Here, we present the NMR solution and X-ray crystal structures of a right- and left-handed hybrid G-quadruplex. The structure reveals a stacking interaction between two G-quadruplex blocks with different helical orientations and displays features of both right- and left-handed G-quadruplexes. An analysis of loop mutations suggests that single-nucleotide loops are preferred or even required for the left-handed G-quadruplex formation. The discovery of a right- and left-handed hybrid G-quadruplex further expands the polymorphism of G-quadruplexes and is potentially useful in designing a left-to-right junction in G-quadruplex engineering.
Exposure to Multimedia Tobacco Marketing and Product Use Among Youth: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Choi Kelvin , Rose Shyanika W , Zhou Yitong , Rahman Basmah , Hair Elizabeth 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Tobacco companies continue to reach youth through direct-to-consumer marketing, which has been associated with overall tobacco use. We examine how exposure to these marketing activities influences product-specific use behaviors.

Methods
We analyzed data from 10 081 youth (aged 12–18 years) who participated in Waves 1 and 2 (2013–2015) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Participants reported past 6-month tobacco coupon receipt and online tobacco marketing engagement, and susceptibility to ever and current use of cigarette, e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and hookah. Weighted multivariable logistic regression examined Wave 1 predictors of coupon receipt at Wave 2, and associations between coupon receipt, online engagement, and past 30-day use of different tobacco products.

Results
Youth received tobacco coupons at one (9.7%) or both waves (1.2%) and 11.1% engaged with online tobacco marketing. Coupon receipt and online marketing engagement at Wave 1 predicted Wave 2 coupon receipt among susceptible-never, ever-but-not-current, and current tobacco users (p &lt; .05). Coupon receipt and online engagement at Wave 1 was positively associated with past 30-day use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and hookah at Wave 2 (p &lt; .05). The relationships were stronger for those who received coupons at both waves or engaged with more sources of online marketing.

Conclusions
Tobacco direct-to-consumer marketing is reaching youth. Repeated exposure to these marketing activities within and across media is associated with use of different tobacco products. New policies and strong enforcement of existing regulations prohibiting these illegal marketing tactics are critical to protect youth from future tobacco use.

Implications
Tobacco companies utilize coupons and online engagement activities to increase brand awareness, knowledge, and sales of their products. These kinds of marketing activities can be influential among youth at a time when they may develop tobacco use behaviors. Our findings suggest that tobacco companies may be targeting at-risk youth through cross-media marketing activities. The findings also indicate that exposure to these marketing activities predicts subsequent use of different tobacco products, with suggestive dose–response relationships. Increased regulations are needed to protect youth from these marketing activities.
Foreign Relations Law
Authors: Knop Karen 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The two starting points for this chapter are that fields of law are inventions, and that fields matter as analytical frames. All legal systems deal with foreign relations issues, but few have a field of “foreign relations law.” As the best-stocked cabinet of issues and ideas, U.S. foreign relations law would be likely to generate the field elsewhere in the process of comparison. But some scholars, particularly outside the United States, see the nationalist or sovereigntist strains of the U.S. field, and perhaps even just its use as a template, as demoting international law. The chapter begins by asking whether this apprehension can be alleviated by using international law or an existing comparative law field to inventory the foreign relations issues to be compared. Finding neither sufficient, it turns to the U.S. field as an initial frame and sketches three types of anxieties that the U.S. experience has raised or might raise for international law. The chapter concludes by suggesting how Campbell McLachlan’s allocative conception of foreign relations law might be adapted so as to turn such anxieties about international law into opportunities.
The Expansion of LGBT Rights in Latin America and the Backlash
Authors: Corrales Javier 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
After two and a half decades of progress, the struggle for LGBT rights in Latin America started to experience a new form of backlash in the mid-2010s. Backlashes against LGBT progress are not new, but the current backlash in Latin America has a new element: the entry of evangelical churches as powerful veto players. This chapter discusses how religious groups, in particular evangelicals, are taking advantage of institutions of liberal democracy to block progress on LGBT rights. It applies theories of collective action and social movement to demonstrate how evangelicals have become the most powerful actors blocking progress.
LGBT Rights, Sexual Citizenship, and Blacklighting in the Anglophone Caribbean
Authors: Grey Cornel , Attai Nikoli A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes up questions of sexual citizenship by examining the desire for and impact of LGBT rights discourses in the Anglophone Caribbean. The chapter works through the difficulties and aspirations of queer politics in the Caribbean to articulate a vision of citizenship and/or freedom that is not overdetermined by white Anglocentric models. Popular measurements of homophobia tell a partial story of queer life and sexual politics in the Caribbean, and this chapter attempts to fill that gap by pointing to the ways that queer people engage, challenge, redefine, and dissociate from laws and policies that mark their sexuality as antagonistic to nationhood. The chapter draws on Rinaldo Walcott’s mobilization of homopoetics to contextualize the political and cultural tensions between LGBT rights organizations in the Global North and organizers in the Caribbean. It offers blacklighting as a way to name the processes by which organizations and governments in the Global North doubly impose LGBT rights frameworks and forward antiblack narratives about Caribbean citizens. In closing, the chapter asks for a return to the question of LGBT rights and its deployment in the Caribbean and proposes a means of engagement that holds blackness alongside sexuality in matters of rights and citizenship.
Early Advocacy for the Public Recognition of Sexual Diversity
Authors: Rayside David 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Political activism focused on sexual diversity was first publicly visible at the turn into the twentieth century, mostly in Germany but extending to other large cities in Europe. A second activist wave emerged in the late 1940s, this time in the United States as well as Europe. Movement formation was still based on subcultures more likely in socioeconomic contexts such as those, where men and women were able to live separately from the families and communities in which they were reared. A third wave exploded more dramatically at the very end of the 1960s, this time in a broader range of countries (including Latin America). From that time into the 1980s, activist groups included radical challenges to existing institutional systems, alongside demands for legal rights. As social movement organizing spread, it was shaped by regional contexts but also marked by important cross-country similarities, in part a result of commonalities in the oppressiveness that sexual minorities experienced. In all settings, there have been differences over goals and strategy, as well as concerns about the underrepresentation of women and ethnoracial minorities in movement leadership and priorities. Internal conflict was a recurrent result, though homophobic mobilization by religious conservatives usually forged a degree of unity on the need to resist, blurring boundaries between radicalism and reform. In the process, activists were laying the groundwork for political gains in later decades, even in the face of the AIDS epidemic and a religious right itself more linked than ever in transnational networks.
Adam Smith and the Study of Ethics in a Commercial Society
Authors: Haeffele Stefanie , Storr Virgil Henry 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Over time, the fields of economics and ethics have become more distinct with economics focusing on the rationality of actors, the incentives they face, and the outcomes of interacting within an amoral market setting. However, in the real world, economics and ethics are more interconnected. Humans are social and ethical beings regardless of setting. Recent studies have shown that individuals reward trustworthiness, punish dishonesty, and can develop meaningful social bonds within markets. Economists, seeking to better understand the world, should incorporate ethics into their economics. We argue that Adam Smith is an exemplar of pursuing a fuller approach to social science, and utilize his arguments on both economics and ethics to advance a study of ethical markets.