bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone resorption triggered by high radial stress: The mechanism of screw loosening in plate fixation of long bone fractures
Authors: Feng Xiaoreng , Lin Guanghu , Fang Christian X. , Lu William W. , Chen Bin , Leung Frankie K. L. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTScrew loosening is a common complication in plate fixation. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. This study investigated screw loosening mechanisms by finite element analysis (FEA) simulation and clinical X‐ray feature analysis. Two FEA models incorporated bone heterogeneity and orthotropy, representing fracture fixation using dynamic compression plate (DCP) and locking compression plate (LCP), were developed. These models were used to examine the volume of bone exceeding a certain stress value around each screw under physiologically‐relevant loading conditions. These damaged bone was then separated and compared by the axial stress and radial stress of each screw. In addition, features of patients’ X‐ray images showing screw loosening were analyzed to validate the loosening features simulated by the models. The FEA study showed that more damaged bone was found at the central two screws which gradually decreased toward the two end screws in all groups. More bone was damaged by the radial stress of each screw than by the axial stress. The radiological analysis of screw loosening showed that bone loss occurred at the screw closest to the fracture line first then subsequent bone loss at the screws further away from the fracture line occurred. This study found that the two screws nearest to the fracture line are more vulnerable to loosening. The radial stress of the screw plays a larger role in screw loosening than the axial stress. Bone resorption triggered by the high radial stress of screws is indicated as the mechanism of screw loosening in the diaphyseal plate fixation. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1498–1507, 2019.
Effect of cavity preparation and bone mineral density on bone‐interface densification and bone‐implant contact during press‐fit implantation of hip stems
Authors: Bätz Johanna , Messer‐Hannemann Philipp , Lampe Frank , Klein Anke , Püschel Klaus , Morlock Michael M. , Campbell Graeme M. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTImplant loosening and periprosthetic fracture are two major revision causes for uncemented hip stems. The chosen method of cavity preparation could play a key role for both failure mechanisms. The aim of this study was to determine the dependence of the broach type as well as patient bone mineral density (BMD) on densification and contact conditions at the bone‐implant interface. Hip stems were implanted into cadaveric femora using compaction, blunt extraction or sharp extraction broaches with computed tomography scans performed prior to broaching, after broaching and after stem implantation. Proximal periprosthetic bone densification as well as press‐fit, contact area and stem seating relative to the last broach were determined. Median bone densification was higher with the compaction and blunt extraction broaches compared to sharp extraction broaches (181% and 177%, respectively, p = 0.002). The bone densification of femora prepared with compaction broaching increased with higher BMD (R2 = 0.183, p = 0.037), while stem seating decreased with higher BMD for all broach types (R2 = 0.259, p = 0.001). Incomplete seated prostheses were associated with smaller press‐fit and bone‐implant contact area (R2 = 0.249, p = 0.001; R2 = 0.287, p < 0.001).Clinical Significance: The results suggest that compaction broaching maximizes bone densification in patients with higher bone density. However, there appears to be an increased risk of insufficient stem seating in high‐density bone that could limit the benefits for primary stability. For lower quality bone, the broach type appears to play a lesser role, but care must be taken to limit extensive stem seating which might increase periprosthetic fracture risk. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1580–1589, 2019.
Impact of Gastrostomy Tube Placement on Short‐Term Weight Gain in Hospitalized Premature Infants
Authors: Puia‐Dumitrescu Mihai , Benjamin Daniel K. , Smith P. Brian , Greenberg Rachel G. , Abuzaid Nada , Andrews Winsome , Chellani Kris , Gupta Anjali , Price Douglas , Williams Ciara , Malcolm William F. , Clark Reese H. , Zimmerman Kanecia O. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundGastrostomy tube (G‐tube) placement is a long‐term alternative to oral or nasogastric feeding for premature infants who cannot safely feed orally or need supplemental nutrition for adequate growth.MethodsWe compared daily weight changes for G‐tube infants 14 and 30 days preplacement and postplacement, excluding the first 7 days post–G‐tube insertion. Infants <37 weeks of gestation without major congenital anomalies and discharged from 327 United States neonatal intensive care units (2004–2013) were included. Incidence of in‐hospital outcomes including hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3 or 4, necrotizing enterocolitis, and patent ductus arteriosus ligation was examined. Additionally, we estimated a treatment effect model in which infants with a G‐tube were matched 1:1 to untreated controls based on propensity scores; main outcome was the average treatment effect (weight gain) for treated infants during the 7, 14, or 30 days immediately prior to discharge.ResultsOf 329,254 infants, 1393 (0.4%) received a G‐tube, increasing from 0.2% in 2004 to 0.6% in 2013. Daily weight gain was significantly less during days 8–14 postplacement compared with 14 days preplacement but was similar between 30 days preplacement and 8–30 days postplacement. After matching, G‐tube infant weight gain during the 7 days predischarge was less than among controls, but there was no difference in weight gain between treated and control patients for 14 days and 30 days predischarge.ConclusionsThe prevalence of G‐tube placement has increased. G‐tube use in infants was not associated with improved short‐term daily weight gain.
Reduction of phytic acid, aflatoxins and other mycotoxins in wheat during germination
Authors: Pakfetrat Sara , Amiri Sedigheh , Radi Mohsen , Abedi Elahe , Torri Luisa 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundWheat grains are susceptible to infection by various toxigenic fungal species that produce toxic metabolites called mycotoxins. This makes wheat one of the most important daily dietary sources of mycotoxins for consumers. As germination is popularly used to improve the nutritional quality of grains, the present study was carried out to understand its effect on the toxin content of wheat seeds. For this purpose, wheat grains were spiked with ochratoxin A (OTA; 5 μg kg−1), aflatoxins B2 and G2 (5 μg kg−1), zearalenone (ZEA; 20 μg kg−1), aflatoxins B1 and G1 (20 μg kg−1) and deoxynivalenol (DON; 50 μg kg−1) in separate experiments. Thereafter, the grains were germinated and analyzed for toxin content during 14 days of germination using a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.ResultsZEA content did not change significantly until 14 days. The maximum reductions of DON, OTA and aflatoxins at days 10–14 of germination were 39, 38, 41 (B1), 60 (B2), 33 (G1) and 62% (G2) respectively. A 63% reduction of phytic acid at 14 days was observed, according to Fe2+ bioavailability. For all toxins (except ZEA), there were no significant differences in reduction after day 10.ConclusionGermination for 10 days might be sufficient to achieve an appropriate decrease in toxin content. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrasound in the Assessment of Parotid Duct Stenosis
Authors: Goncalves Miguel , Mantsopoulos Konstantinos , Schapher Mirco , Iro Heinrich , Koch Michael 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesParotid duct stenosis may occur with or without accompanying ductal anomalies, with associated differences in their pathogenesis and management. By identifying the characteristics of a stenosis, ultrasound (US) can assist in tailored management of parotid duct stenosis. The objective of this study was therefore to describe the US characteristics of parotid duct stenoses and to evaluate criteria for whether and in what ways these can be distinguished from each other by using US.MethodsA total of 108 patients who presented with parotid duct stenoses (130 parotid glands) were examined with high‐resolution US between 2014 and 2017. The stenoses were assessed for duct dilatation, location, signs of ductal anomalies (circular encroachments/webs, duct bending/kinking, and presence of a megaduct) and the echogenicity of the gland parenchyma.ResultsUltrasound was able to distinguish between stenoses associated with ductal anomalies and those without anomalies. Webs (82.5% versus 7.8%; P < .001), kinking (75.0% versus 3.3%; P < .001), and a megaduct (87.50% versus 15.63%; P < .001) and a tendency toward normal echogenicity in the gland parenchyma (77.5% versus 25.6%; P < .001) were significantly associated with ductal anomalies. Stenoses associated with ductal anomalies also had significantly larger duct diameters in comparison with those without anomalies (mean ± SD, 9.19 ± 3.65 versus 3.27 ± 2.17 mm; P < .001).ConclusionsThis study describes US parameters that allow more detailed characterization of parotid stenoses with or without accompanying ductal anomalies. Differentiating between these at an early stage may be helpful for decision making on the further management in these patients.
The importance of advertising skepticism for brand extension appeals
Authors: Hernandez José Mauro da Costa , Wright Scott A. , Affonso Felipe M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAccording to existing research, ad persuasiveness decreases as advertising skepticism (i.e., the tendency to disbelieve advertising claims) increases. What remains unclear, however, is whether or not this effect extends to brand extension appeals. We suggest that the effect may vary according to brand extension similarity. Three studies test this assertion while providing process evidence and boundary conditions for the proposed effect. According to the findings, consumers automatically transfer associations from parent brands to highly similar extensions or automatically block these associations in the case of highly dissimilar extensions—reducing the impact of advertising skepticism on ad persuasiveness. At moderate levels, however, extension similarity is less predictive of the transfer process, increasing the negative effect of advertising skepticism on persuasion. Consistent with this account, the results identify brand transfer (i.e., the ability of the parent brand to make the extension) as the underlying mechanism explaining the advertising skepticism effect for moderately similar brand extension appeals. Furthermore, the results show how marketers can reduce these effects, and increase extension success, by emphasizing extension attributes that are shared with the parent brand. Collectively, these results provide a unique theoretical view, improving our understanding of advertising skepticism and the drivers of brand extension success.
Functional analysis of haplotypes and promoter activity at the 5′ region of the human GABRB3 gene and associations with schizophrenia
Authors: Liu Yi , Ding Mei , Liu Yong‐ping , Zhang Xi‐cen , Xing Jia‐xin , Xuan Jin‐feng , Xia Xi , Yao Jun , Wang Bao‐jie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study investigated the effects of haplotypes T‐G and C‐A derived from NG_012836.1:g.4160T>C and NG_012836.1:g.4326G>A on protein expression levels in vitro and identified the functional sequence in the regulatory region of the GABRB3 gene linked to possible associations with schizophrenia.MethodsRecombinant plasmids with haplotypes T‐G and C‐A and 10 recombinant vectors containing deletion fragments from the GABRB3 gene 5′ regulatory region were transfected into HEK‐293, SK‐N‐SH, and SH‐SY5Y cells. The relative fluorescence intensity of the two haplotypes and different sequences was compared using a dual luciferase reporter assay system.ResultsThe relative fluorescence intensity of haplotype C‐A was significantly lower than that of T‐G. We shortened the core promoter sequence of the GABRB3 gene 5′ regulation region from −177 bp to −18 bp (ATG+1). We also found an expression suppression region from −1,735 bp to −1,638 bp and an enhanced regulatory region from −1,638 bp to −1,335 bp. Multiple inhibitory functional elements were identified in the region from −680 bp to −177 bp.ConclusionWe demonstrated that haplotype C‐A might increase the risk of schizophrenia and found multiple regulatory regions that had an effect on GABRB3 receptor expression.
Experimental and numerical study of the damage process inRCbeam‐column sub‐assemblages during a progressive collapse scenario
Authors: Chen Wen , Forquin Pascal 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIn the present paper, the collapse resistance of reinforced concrete (RC) beam‐column sub‐assemblages subjected to a middle column removal scenario is investigated on the basis of experimental tests and numerical calculations. For the experimental programme, three one‐third scale substructures are designed with two types of longitudinal steel rebar to observe the influence of rebar detailing on the global structural behaviour. The structure under consideration is composed of a two‐bay beam, and a middle column lies on two sliding‐pin connections to prevent a catenary action mechanism. A digital image correlation (DIC) technique was employed with the experiments to observe the growth of cracks. In addition, numerical simulations using the finite element method (FEM) were also done. The Denoual‐Forquin‐Hild (DFH) anisotropic damage model is used to simulate the behaviour of the concrete, whereas a plasticity model is used for the steel rebars. The numerical simulations are compared with experimental data in terms of structural yield strength, change in stiffness and crack propagation, and better agreement is observed when a weakening of the concrete due to beam stirrups is taken into account.
Simulation of discrete cracks driven by nearly incompressible fluid via 2D combined finite‐discrete element method
Authors: Lei Zhou , Rougier Esteban , Munjiza Antonio , Viswanathan Hari , Knight Earl E. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIn this work, we propose a novel hydraulic solver in order to simulate key mechanisms that control fluid‐driven cracks in the framework of the combined finite‐discrete element method (FDEM). The main innovative aspect of the present work is the independence of the fluid's critical time step size with the fracture opening. This advantage is extremely important because it means that very fine meshes can be used around areas of interest, such as boreholes, without penalizing the computational cost as fractures propagate (ie, open) and the fluid flows through them. This is a great advantage over other recently introduced approaches that exhibit a dependency of the time step in the form of Δtcrit ∝ (l/a)2 where l is the element size and a is the fracture aperture. This paper presents a series of benchmark cases for the proposed solver. The rationale adopted by the authors was to benchmark and validate the implementation of the hydraulic solver in an incremental fashion, starting from the simplest cases and building in complexity. The results shown in this work clearly demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to reproduce analytical results for fluid flow through a single crack. The results presented in this paper also demonstrate that the new approach is robust enough to deal with complex fracture patterns and complex geometries; the obtained fluid‐driven fracture patterns in the vicinity of a borehole certainly stand to the scrutiny of human visual perception.
The accuracy of date of death recording in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD database in England compared with the Office for National Statistics death registrations
Authors: Gallagher Arlene M. , Dedman Daniel , Padmanabhan Shivani , Leufkens Hubert G. M. , de Vries Frank 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeIt is not clear whether all deaths are recorded in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) or how accurate a recorded date of death is. Individual‐level linkage with national data from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) in England offers the opportunity to compare death information across different data sources.MethodsAge‐standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) standardised to the European Standard Population (ESP) 2013 for CPRD were compared with figures published by the ONS, and crude mortality rates were calculated for a sample population with individual linkage between CPRD, ONS, and HES data. Agreement on the fact of death between CPRD and ONS was assessed and presented over time from 1998 to 2013.ResultsThere were 33 997 patients with a record of death in the ONS data; 33 389 (98.2%) of these were also identified in CPRD. Exact agreement on the death date between CPRD and the ONS was 69.7% across the whole study period, increasing from 53.4% in 1998 to 78.0% in 2013. By 2013, 98.8% of deaths were in agreement within ±30 days.ConclusionsFor censoring follow‐up and calculating mortality rates, CPRD data are likely to be sufficient, as a delay in death recording of up to 1 month is unlikely to impact results significantly. Where the exact date of death or the cause is important, it may be advisable to include the individually linked death registration data from the ONS.
The diversion of nonscheduled psychoactive prescription medications in the United States, 2002 to 2017
Authors: Kurtz Steven P. , Buttram Mance E. , Margolin Zachary R. , Wogenstahl Kevin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeSystematic studies of the diversion of nonscheduled drugs, except for gabapentin, are not apparent. We searched diversion case reports of all other nonscheduled psychoactive prescription drugs in the Researched Abuse, Diversion, and Addiction‐Related Surveillance (RADARS) System.MethodsCase report data are drawn from a quarterly survey of prescription drug diversion completed by a national sample of law enforcement and regulatory agencies. Rates of diversion per 100 000 population were calculated for each year from 2002 to 2017 for prescription medications with greater than 400 reported cases during the period.ResultsCyclobenzaprine, quetiapine, and trazodone met criteria for analysis. We found a significant and steady increase in the diversion of each drug over the period. The 2017 annual rates of diversion per 100 000 population for the three medications range from 0.0428 to 0.0726. Although these rates of diversion are much lower than the rate for total opioid analgesics, they are all more than five times higher in 2017 compared with 2002. While diversion rates for opioids have decreased in recent years, rates for cyclobenzaprine, quetiapine, and trazodone have continued to increase.ConclusionsA common attribute of the three nonscheduled drugs studied here is that all are used for the treatment and/or self‐treatment of opioid withdrawal symptoms, and the increasing diversion of these drugs may be related to the ongoing opioid epidemic and to increasing levels of control over pharmaceutical opioid availability in the United States. Prescribers need to be aware of illicit markets for these medications and prescribe to their patients with appropriate caution.
Design of low‐concentration static III‐V/Si partial CPV module with 27.3% annual efficiency for car‐roof application
Authors: Sato Daisuke , Lee Kan‐Hua , Araki Kenji , Masuda Taizo , Yamaguchi Masafumi , Yamada Noboru 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA low‐concentration static III‐V/Si partial concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) module for area‐limited car roofs was designed and experimentally demonstrated. The concentrator lens geometry was optimized for an incidence‐angle dependency of annual global irradiance on a car‐roof (horizontal‐flat) surface by considering arbitrary car orientations. The designed lens with a geometrical concentration ratio of 3.5× for III‐V triple‐junction (3‐junction) cells can collect 46.6% and 36.4% of the annual irradiation onto a III‐V 3‐juction and Si cells, respectively, which are located under the III‐V cell. The module design was validated by indoor and outdoor tests using a prototype submodule. The results show that the present module can potentially achieve up to 27.3% annual module efficiency, as projected from the actual daily submodule efficiency of 20.8% assuming state‐of‐the‐art record cell efficiency. Furthermore, the outdoor test on a real curved car roof demonstrated that the effect of the curved surface on the power generation performance is comparable with that of a conventional PV module.
PROMIS Physical and Emotional Health Scores Are Worse in Musculoskeletal Patients Presenting to Physiatrists than to Other Orthopedic Specialists
Authors: Cheng Abby L. , Calfee Ryan , Colditz Graham , Prather Heidi 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundPhysiatrists’ unique training in person‐centered biopsychosocial management of complex problems may influence musculoskeletal patients’ expectations and self‐ and/or physician‐referral patterns to physiatrists. Consequently, average patient complexity and need for multi‐disciplinary services may be increased in physiatric patients.ObjectiveTo compare musculoskeletal patients’ self‐reported physical and emotional health according to provider specialty. Researchers tested the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores between patients who present to physiatrists in comparison to other musculoskeletal specialists.DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingOrthopedic department of a tertiary academic medical center.PatientsParticipants included 31 791 new adult patients (mean age 52.6 ± 16.2 years) who presented for initial elective evaluation of a musculoskeletal problem by an orthopedic surgeon or sports medicine trained emergency medicine, family medicine, pediatric, or physiatric physician.MethodsPatients completed the PROMIS computer adaptive test (CAT) Physical Function, Pain Interference, Anxiety, and Depression domains at department check‐in prior to the physician encounter. Score differences by provider type were assessed using Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests.Main Outcome MeasurementsMean PROMIS score in each domain subdivided by physiatric, surgical, and other nonsurgical provider type.ResultsIn total, 2081 patients presented to physiatrists, 28 267 presented to surgeons, and 1443 presented to other nonsurgical providers. For each respective provider type, average PROMIS scores were Physical Function 38.9 ± 8.2, 41.5 ± 9.5, and 43.5 ± 8.2; Pain Interference 62.6 ± 7.2, 60.9 ± 7.7, and 59.2 ± 6.8; Anxiety 54.5 ± 10.4, 51.9 ± 10.6, and 49.8 ± 9.8; and Depression 49.3 ± 10.4, 47.0 ± 10.0, and 44.2 ± 8.7. Physiatric patients had significantly worse average scores for all domains compared to surgical (P < .001) and other nonsurgical patients (P < .001).ConclusionsAverage PROMIS Physical Function, Pain Interference, Anxiety, and Depression scores were worse in musculoskeletal patients who presented to physiatrists in comparison to surgical or other nonsurgical providers. This suggests that some patients who choose to see or are referred to see physiatrists may have more or be more willing to endorse having biopsychosocial impairments.Level of EvidenceIII