bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exercise Reduces Dopamine D1R and Increases D2R in Rats: Implications for Addiction
Authors: ROBISON LISA S. , SWENSON SABRINA , HAMILTON JOHN , THANOS PANAYOTIS K. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Exercise has been shown to be effective for preventing and treating substance abuse in both clinical and preclinical studies. Less is known, however, regarding the underlying neurobiological mechanisms driving these changes in drug-seeking behavior. One possibility is that exercise may alter the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in such a way that makes drugs of abuse less salient and/or rewarding.

Methods
To examine possible exercise-induced changes in dopamine signaling, male and female Lewis rats were split into exercise and sedentary groups at 8 wk of age. Exercise rats were run on a treadmill at 10 m·min−1, 5 d·wk−1, for 6 wk, whereas sedentary rats remained in their home cage. Rats were killed after the 6 wk of treatment, and their brains were used for in vitro autoradiography using [3H]SCH 23,390, [3H]Spiperone, and [3H]WIN55,428 ligands to quantify dopamine type 1-like receptor (D1R)-like, dopamine type 2-like receptor (D2R)-like, and dopamine transporter binding, respectively.

Results
Exercised rats had 18% and 21% lower D1R-like binding levels compared to sedentary rats within the olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens shell, respectively. In addition, male and female exercise rats showed greater D2R-like binding levels within the dorsomedial caudate putamen (30%), ventrolateral caudate putamen (24%), and ventromedial caudate putamen (27%), as well as the olfactory tubercle (19%). Greater D2R-like binding in the nucleus accumbens core (24%) and shell (25%) of exercised rats compared with sedentary rats approached significance. No effects were found for dopamine transporter binding.

Conclusions
These findings support the hypothesis that aerobic exercise results in changes in the mesolimbic pathway that could mediate exercise-induced attenuation of drug-seeking behavior.
Characterization of proximal femoral anatomy in the skeletally-immature patient
Authors: Beutel B. G. , Girdler S. J. , Collins J. A. , Otsuka N. Y. , Chu A. 
Published: April 2018

Purpose The morphology of the proximal femur has been extensively studied in the adult population. However, no literature providing a comprehensive evaluation of the anatomy in paediatric patients exists. The current study aims to characterize such anatomy in skeletally-immature patients, examine potential differences between genders, and analyze how these anatomical parameters change with age. Methods Cadaveric femurs from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection were examined. Specimens with open physes and no skeletal disease or deformity were included for analysis. Age and gender were recorded for each specimen. Each femur was photographed in standardized modified axial and anteroposterior views. In all, 14 proximal femoral anatomical parameters were measured from these photographs. Comparisons between genders and age were calculated. Results A total of 43 femurs from ages four to 17 years met inclusion criteria. The majority were female (56%); no difference existed in age between genders (p = 0.62). The specimens had a neutral mean neck-shaft angle (130.7º) and anteversion (12.8º), and the sphericity of the ossified femoral heads was symmetrical. Male specimens had significantly higher alpha angles (p = 0.01), posterior offset (p = 0.02), neck width (p = 0.04) and head-neck length ratio (p = 0.02) values than female specimens. Strong positive correlations exist between length/size parameters and age, while negligible correlations were noted for angular measurements. Conclusions This study establishes reference values for a comprehensive list of anatomical parameters for the skeletally-immature ossified proximal femur. It highlights gender differences in morphology and demonstrates that angular characteristics remain relatively stable while length parameters generally increase with age. Level of Evidence Level III Diagnostic
Evaluating pre-pregnancy dietary diversity vs. dietary quality scores as predictors of gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Authors: Kronsteiner-Gicevic Selma , Gaskins Audrey J. , Fung Teresa T. , Rosner Bernard , Tobias Deirdre K. , Isanaka Sheila , Willett Walter C. 
Published: April 2018

Background
Dietary diversity scores (DDS) are considered as metrics for monitoring the implementation of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, but they need to be rigorously evaluated.

Objective
To examine two DDS, the Food Groups Index (FGI), and the Minimum Dietary Diversity-Women (MDD-W), alongside two dietary quality scores, the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI-2010) and the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS), with risks of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDPs).

Design
The analysis included 21,312 (GDM) and 19,917 (HDPs) singleton births reported in the Nurses’ Health Study II cohort (1991–2001), among women without major chronic disease or GDM/HDPs. Scores were derived using prepregnancy diet collected by a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable models were utilized to calculate relative risks (RR) and confidence intervals (95%CIs).

Results
Incident GDM (n = 916) and HDPs (n = 1,421) were reported. The MDD-W and FGI were not associated with risk of GDM or HDPs, but the AHEI-2010 and PDQS were associated with a lower risk of GDM and marginally lower risk of HDP. The RR’s of GDM comparing the highest vs. lowest quintiles were 1.00 (95%CI: 0.79, 1.27; p-trend = 0.82) for MDD-W, 0.96 (95%CI: 0.76, 1.22; p-trend = 0.88) for FGI, 0.63 (95%CI: 0.50, 0.81; p-trend <0.0001) for the AHEI-2010 and 0.68 (95%CI: 0.54, 0.86; p-trend = 0.003) for the PDQS. Similarly, the RR’s of HDPs were 0.92 (95%CI: 0.75, 1.12, p-trend = 0.94) for MDD-W, 0.97 (95%CI: 0.79, 1.17; p-trend = 0.83) for FGI, 0.84 (95%CI: 0.70, 1.02; p-trend = 0.07) for AHEI-2010 and 0.89 (95%CI: 0.74, 1.09; p-trend = 0.07) for PDQS.

Conclusions
MDD-W and FGI did not predict the risk of GDM and HDPs. These DDS should not be widely used as metrics for achieving dietary goals in their present form. The Prime Diet Quality Score warrants further testing as a promising measure of a sustainable and healthy diet on a global scale.
TRANSPLANTE AUTÓLOGO NO TRATAMENTO DE MIELOMA MÚLTIPLO
Authors: Araújo Maria Iara Alves , Silva Brenda Lacerda da , Xavier Francisco Allyson Lopes , Araújo Itamar Alves 
Published: April 2018

Introdução: O mieloma múltiplo é uma patologia maligna de células asmocitárias incurável mesmo com as terapias atualmente disponíveis. O transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas está incluso na estratégia terapêutica para a maioria dos pacientes. Além de ser um avanço na terapia do mieloma múltiplo, o transplante autólogo é um procedimento viável e seguro. Objetivo: Explanar sobre o transplante autólogo como tratamento de mieloma múltiplo. Método: Revisão sistemática baseada em matérias publicadas em artigos disponíveis nas bases de dados SciELO e LILACS. Os descritores usados na busca (em português e inglês) foram: mieloma múltiplo, transplante autólogo e tratamentos de mieloma múltiplo; sendo pesquisados no DeCS. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos sobre o mieloma múltiplo, tipos de tratamento e transplante autólogo como terapia para mieloma múltiplo; e os de exclusão: matérias direcionadas para transplante alogênico e estudos que não fossem com humanos. Ademais, artigos publicados, independentemente da data, foram relevantes para a extração de dados. Foram encontrados 86 artigos. Desse total, foram apurados com base nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultado: Com base nas informações apuradas, constata-se que existem várias terapias para o paciente com mieloma múltiplo. Ademais, o transplante autólogo obteve um avanço notável na terapia introdutória de quimioterapia de alta, com elevada taxa de respostas completas e sobrevida global média maior do que com a quimioterapia convencional. Desse modo, o transplante serve para intensificar o tratamento e melhorar o bem-estar do paciente. Portanto, o transplante autólogo é uma opção para pacientes com menos de 65 anos de idade, em condições fisiológicas adequadas; mas, para casos em que a doença volta mesmo após o tratamento quimioterápico não é mais uma opção.
REVISÃO SISTEMATICA SOBRE O USO DE DICLORETO DE RÁDIO NA TERAPEUTICA DO CÂNCER DE PRÓSTATA
Authors: Furtado Maria Isabel Fernandes Peixoto , Sousa Ênio Lima , Torres Larissa Moreira , Neves Samya De Araujo 
Published: April 2018

Resumo: Atualmente está sendo feito o uso do Dicloreto de Rádio no tratamento do Câncer de Próstata em pacientes que não respondem a redução dos hormônios masculinos (castração) associado a metástases ósseas, que não apresentam metástases sistêmicas e que estão sintomáticos. Este estudo pretende avaliar o potencial terapêutico do Dicloreto de Rádio, assim como os riscos e benefícios do seu uso no tratamento do Câncer de Próstata metastático resistente a castração. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática da literatura acerca da temática de terapias inovadoras e uso de radiofarmacos no tratamento de cânceres, com enfoque no Dicloreto de Rádio usado na terapêutica do Câncer de Próstata metastático resistente a castração. Os dados foram coletados nas bases de dados Scielo, Pubmed e Lilacs no período de Fevereiro de 2018, com os seguintes descritores em inglês: ''radio chloride oncology therapy'', ''radio dichloride of prostate cancer''. Foram encontrados 12 artigos, publicados entre 2014 e 2018, dos quais 4 foram selecionados por maior adequação à proposta pesquisada. A terapia com o radiofarmaco Dicloreto de Rádio mostrou resultados animadores. Sua segurança e eficácia foram avaliadas pelo estudo ALSYMPCA que revelou o aumento da sobrevida global dos pacientes tratados com o Dicloreto de Rádio em comparação com o grupo de pacientes que foram submetidos à terapia com placebo. Homens com Câncer de Próstata metastático resistente a castração apresentam pouca sobrevida, apesar da terapia intensiva. Esse fato levou a avanços recentes na terapia destinada a tratar metástases ósseas resultantes dessa patologia. Nesse contexto, o uso de Dicloreto de Rádio se mostrou eficaz. Estudos internacionais e nacionais em diversos centros oncológicos mostraram redução da chance de morte em 30% dos pacientes. Essa terapia envolve o uso de radiação direcionada à metástase óssea, diminuindo consideravelmente os sintomas como a dor e os efeitos colaterais por focar com precisão na destruição das células malignas.
Crítica e patologia social: ambivalências da relação entre psicanálise e teoria social
Authors: Campello Filipe 
Published: April 2018

Com o enfoque na apropriação da psicanálise no contexto da teoria crítica, o presente artigo discute possíveis ambivalências na conexão entre conceitos psicanalíticos e a teoria social. Para tanto, desdobro a exposição em quatro passos. Inicialmente, pretendo mostrar como Adorno, ao mesmo tempo que encontra em Freud as vantagens de uma perspectiva de descentramento do sujeito, também expõe a crítica a um possível inflacionamento de categorias psicanalíticas no âmbito da sociologia (1). A partir dessa breve reconstrução, discuto em que medida o vínculo entre categorias psicanalíticas e sociais pode permanecer produtivo, considerando o problema do estatuto epistemológico da psicanálise (2). Em um terceiro passo, apresento, de forma sucinta, a recente interlocução com a psicanálise proposta por Axel Honneth, sugerindo que conceitos como reconhecimento e patologia social apontam para um sentido específico de limites à uma teoria social (3). Concluo sugerindo uma distinção entre três sentidos de sofrimento e terapia, cuja tipologia exemplifica de maneira paradigmática uma delimitação recíproca entre psicanálise e teoria social (4).
Tasso Fragoso: Uma nova fronteira para a pesquisa arqueológica no Maranhão
Authors: Bandeira Arkley Marques 
Published: April 2018

Resumo: O artigo aborda as pesquisas realizadas na porção sul do Maranhão, precisamente no município de Tasso Fragoso, em que se está consolidando um conhecimento arqueológico inédito para essa região do estado desde 2008, no âmbito de um projeto de turismo sustentável fomentado pelo Sebrae – MA – Unidade de Balsas, além de outras pesquisas realizadas mais recentemente. A ênfase do trabalho relaciona-se ao universo empírico dos sítios rupestres, principalmente quanto a sua distribuição espacial, inserção na paisagem, suporte rochoso e composição figurativa. Além disso, especial atenção é dada à correlação desses sítios com outros elementos da cultura material, principalmente com os vestígios arqueológicos depositados em superfície.

Abstract:The article analyzes the research carried out in the southern portion of Maranhão, precisely in the municipality of Tasso Fragoso, where an unprecedented archaeological knowledge for this region of the State has been consolidated since 2008, within the scope of a sustainable tourism project fomented by Sebrae - MA – Unit at Balsas, in addition to other more recent surveys. The emphasis of the work is related to the empirical universe of rock art sites, mainly regarding its spatial distribution, insertion in the landscape, rocky support and figurative composition. In addition, special attention was given to the correlation of these sites with other elements of the material culture, mainly with the archeological vestiges deposited in surface.
Las lagunas costeras y su rol en la ocupación de las tierras bajas: El caso de Laguna de Rocha
Authors: Villarmarzo Eugenia 
Published: April 2018

Resumen: Se presenta aquí un avance de las investigaciones arqueológicas que realizamos en el Paisaje Protegido Laguna de Rocha. Se trata particularmente de una segunda etapa de investigaciones que habilitó continuar las prospecciones arqueológicas e identificar nuevos sitios arqueológicos, así como realizar intervenciones estratigráficas. Estas permiten una caracterización de los sitios, que se suma a los datos ya existentes para sitios arqueológicos de la costa atlántica del Uruguay. Por otra parte, permiten también integrar los resultados al Plan de Manejo del Área Protegida. Si bien, por el momento no ha sido posible obtener fechados radiocarbónicos de los sitios de Laguna de Rocha, su distribución tomando en cuenta las investigaciones previas sobre la evolución de la línea de costa, indica que los sitios prehistóricos se encontraban hacia el 2500 AP en la línea del borde lagunar. Los resultados de los análisis de materiales arqueológicos (líticos y cerámicos) son coincidentes con los recuperados en otros sitios de la región que indican el aprovechamiento de materias primas locales y tecnologías expeditivas al menos desde el Holoceno medio.

Resumo: Neste artigo apresenta-se uma prévia da pesquisa arqueológica realizada na Paisagem Protegida Laguna de Rocha. É apresentado particularmente um segundo estágio da pesquisa que permitiu continuar prospecções e identificar novos sítios arqueológicos, além de realizar intervenções estratigráficas. Estes permitem uma caracterização dos sítios, somando-se aos sítios arqueológicos existentes para a costa atlântica do Uruguai. Além disso, os resultados também permitem integrar ao Plano de Manejo da Área Protegida. Enquanto, até agora não foi possível obter datações de sites de Laguna de Rocha, a distribuição tendo em conta as pesquisas anteriores sobre a evolução da linha de costa, indica que sítios pré-históricos eram por volta de 2500 AP linha de aresta lagunar. Os resultados da análise de materiais arqueológicos (líticos e cerâmicos) coincidem com os recuperados em outros sitios da região que indicam o uso de matérias-primas locais e tecnologias expeditas, pelo menos, do Holoceno médio.
Frontal Eye Field Inactivation Reduces Saccade Preparation in the Superior Colliculus but Does Not Alter How Preparatory Activity Relates to Saccades of a Given Latency
Authors: Dash Suryadeep , Peel Tyler R. , Lomber Stephen G. , Corneil Brian D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA neural correlate for saccadic reaction times (SRTs) in the gap saccade task is the level of low-frequency activity in the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (iSC) just before visual target onset: greater levels of suchpreparatoryiSC low-frequency activity precede shorter SRTs. The frontal eye fields (FEFs) are one likely source of iSC preparatory activity, since FEF preparatory activity is also inversely related to SRT. To better understand the FEF’s role in saccade preparation, and the way in which such preparation relates to SRT, in two male rhesus monkeys, we compared iSC preparatory activity across unilateral reversible cryogenic inactivation of the FEF. FEF inactivation increased contralesional SRTs, and lowered ipsilesional iSC preparatory activity. FEF inactivation also reduced rostral iSC activity during the gap period. Importantly, the distributions of SRTs generated with or without FEF inactivation overlapped, enabling us to conduct a novel population-level analyses examining iSC preparatory activity just before generation of SRT-matched saccades. When matched for SRTs, we observed no change during FEF inactivation in the relationship between iSC preparatory activity and SRT-matched saccades across a range of SRTs, even for the occasional express saccade. Thus, while our results emphasize that the FEF has an overall excitatory influence on preparatory activity in the iSC, the communication between the iSC and downstream oculomotor brainstem is unaltered for SRT-matched saccades.
Clustering of Gephyrin at GABAergic but Not Glutamatergic Synapses in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons
Authors: Craig Ann Marie , Banker Gary , Chang Weiru , McGrath Maureen E. , Serpinskaya Anna S. 
Published: April 2018

The molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of a postsynaptic receptor mosaic on CNS neurons are poorly understood. One protein thought to be involved is gephyrin, a peripheral membrane protein that binds to the inhibitory glycine receptor and functions in clustering this receptor at synapses in cultured rat spinal cord neurons. We investigated the possible association of gephyrin with synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons, where glutamate and GABA but not glycine are the principal transmitters. Gephyrin immunoreactivity was detected in axons as well as dendrites, changing from a predominantly axonal to a more dendritic distribution with time in culture. Gephyrin staining was not distributed uniformly, but always took the form of clusters. Small clusters of gephyrin (0.2 μm2), present throughout development, were distributed widely and not restricted to synaptic sites. Larger clusters of gephyrin (0.4–10.0 μm2, sometimes composed of groups of small clusters), which developed in older cells, were localized to a subset of contacts between axons and dendrites. These large clusters were not present at glutamatergic synapses (marked by immunostaining for GluR1), but were closely associated with GABAergic synapses (marked by immunostaining for GABA and glutamic acid decarboxylase). These results, together with previous findings, suggest that gephyrin may function to anchor GABA and glycine receptors, but not glutamate receptors, at postsynaptic sites on central neurons. They also raise the possibility that gephyrin has additional functions, independent of its role at synapses.
The Ganglionic Eminence May Be an Intermediate Target for Corticofugal and Thalamocortical Axons
Authors: Métin Christine , Godement Pierre 
Published: April 2018

In the nervous system of many species, growing axons associate transiently with cellular groupings along their path. Whether this mechanism applies to the development of corticothalamic and thalamocortical projections is unknown. Using carbocyanine dyes, we studied the early growth of both corticofugal and thalamocortical fibers in hamster embryos. At embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), corticofugal fibers invade the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE), and thalamocortical fibers invade the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). At this age, both sets of fibers are not yet in contact with each other. At the same time, neurons in each subdivision of the GE grow toward the cortex and thalamus. During the next 24 hr, corticofugal and thalamocortical fibers remain within the confines of the GE, where they course at different radial levels and bear large and complex growth cones. In the LGE, corticofugal fibers are often found in close association with cells that are likely to be neuronal. Starting on E13.5, both early projections from the GE decrease, and corticothalamic and thalamocortical fibers invade their definitive target regions. To test whether the GE specifically orients the growth and trajectories of cortical fibers even in the absence of the reciprocal thalamic projection, we cocultured explants of cortex and GE from either hamster or mouse embryos. These experiments showed that the GE, but not other tested brain regions, is able specifically to orient the growth of cortical axons. We therefore suggest that the GE may be an intermediate target in the pathfinding of axons between the cortex and the thalamus.
Experience-Dependent Plasticity of Binocular Responses in the Primary Visual Cortex of the Mouse
Authors: Gordon Joshua A. , Stryker Michael P. 
Published: April 2018

An activity-dependent form of synaptic plasticity underlies the fine tuning of connections in the developing primary visual cortex of mammals such as the cat and monkey. Studies of the effects of manipulations of visual experience during a critical period have demonstrated that a correlation-based competitive process governs this plasticity. The cellular mechanisms underlying this competition, however, are poorly understood. Transgenic and gene-targeting technologies have led to the development of a new category of reagents that have the potential to help answer questions of cellular mechanism, provided that the questions can be studied in a mouse model. The current study attempts to characterize a developmental plasticity in the mouse primary visual cortex and to demonstrate its relevance to that found in higher mammals. We found that 4 d of monocular lid suture at postnatal day 28 (P28) induced a maximal loss of responsiveness of cortical neurons to the deprived eye. These ocular dominance shifts occurred during a well-defined critical period, between P19 and P32. Furthermore, binocular deprivation during this critical period did not decrease visual cortical responses, and alternating monocular deprivation resulted in a decrease in the number of binocularly responsive neurons. Finally, a laminar analysis demonstrated plasticity of both geniculocortical and intracortical connections. These results demonstrate that an activity-dependent, competitive form of synaptic plasticity that obeys correlation-based rules operates in the developing primary visual cortex of the mouse.