bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inequality in outcomes for adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa: a Collaborative Initiative for Paediatric HIV Education and Research (CIPHER) Cohort Collaboration analysis
Authors:   CIPHER Global Cohort Collaboration
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroductionEighty percent of adolescents living with perinatally and behaviourally acquired HIV live in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), a continent with marked economic inequality. As part of our global project describing adolescents living with perinatally acquired HIV (APH), we aimed to assess whether inequality in outcomes exists by country income group (CIG) for APH within SSA.MethodsThrough the CIPHER cohort collaboration, individual retrospective data from 7 networks and 25 countries in SSA were included. APH were included if they entered care at age <10 years (as a proxy for perinatally acquired HIV) and had follow‐up at age >10 years. World Bank CIG classification for median year of first visit was used. Cumulative incidence of mortality, transfer‐out and loss‐to‐follow‐up was calculated by competing risks analysis. Mortality was compared across CIG by Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsA total of 30,296 APH were included; 50.9% were female and 75.7% were resident in low‐income countries (LIC). Median [interquartile range (IQR)] age at antiretroviral therapy (ART) start was 8.1 [6.3; 9.5], 7.8 [6.2; 9.3] and 7.3 [5.2; 8.9] years in LIC, lower‐middle income countries (LMIC) and upper‐middle income countries (UMIC) respectively. Median age at last follow‐up was 12.1 [10.9; 13.8] years, with no difference between CIG. Cumulative incidence (95% CI) for mortality between age 10 and 15 years was lowest in UMIC (1.1% (0.8; 1.4)) compared to LIC (3.5% (3.1; 3.8)) and LMIC (3.9% (2.7; 5.4)). Loss‐to‐follow‐up was highest in UMIC (14.0% (12.9; 15.3)) compared to LIC (13.1% (12.4; 13.8)) and LMIC (8.3% (6.3; 10.6)). Adjusted mortality hazard ratios (95% CI) for APH in LIC and LMIC in reference to UMIC were 2.50 (1.85; 3.37) and 2.96 (1.90; 4.61) respectively, with little difference when restricted only to APH who ever received ART. In adjusted analyses mortality was similar for male and female APH.ConclusionsResults highlight probable inequality in mortality according to CIG in SSA even when ART was received. These findings highlight that without attention towards SDG 10 (to reduce inequality within and among countries), progress towards ensuring healthy lives and promoting wellbeing for all at all ages (SDG 3) will be hampered for APH in LIC and LMIC.
Shortening the decade‐long gap between adult and paediatric drug formulations: a new framework based on the HIV experience in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Penazzato Martina , Lewis Linda , Watkins Melynda , Prabhu Vineet , Pascual Fernando , Auton Martin , Kreft Wesley , Morin Sébastien , Vicari Marissa , Lee Janice , Jamieson David , Siberry George K 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntroductionDespite the coordinated efforts by several stakeholders to speed up access to HIV treatment for children, development of optimal paediatric formulations still lags 8 to 10 years behind that of adults, due mainly to lack of market incentives and technical complexities in manufacturing. The small and fragmented paediatric market also hinders launch and uptake of new formulations. Moreover, the problems affecting HIV similarly affect other disease areas where development and introduction of optimal paediatric formulations is even slower. Therefore, accelerating processes for developing and commercializing optimal paediatric drug formulations for HIV and other disease areas is urgently needed.DiscussionThe Global Accelerator for Paediatric Formulations (GAP‐f) is an innovative collaborative model that will accelerate availability of optimized treatment options for infectious diseases, such as HIV, tuberculosis and viral hepatitis, affecting children in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). It builds on the HIV experience and existing efforts in paediatric drug development, formalizing collaboration between normative bodies, research networks, regulatory agencies, industry, supply and procurement organizations and funding bodies. Upstream, the GAP‐f will coordinate technical support to companies to design and study optimal paediatric formulations, harmonize efforts with regulators and incentivize manufacturers to conduct formulation development. Downstream, the GAP‐f will reinforce coordinated procurement and communication with suppliers. The GAP‐f will be implemented in a three‐stage process: (1) development of a strategic framework and promotion of key regulatory efficiencies; (2) testing of feasibility and results, building on the work of existing platforms such as the Paediatric HIV Treatment Initiative (PHTI) including innovative approaches to incentivize generic development and (3) launch as a fully functioning structure.ConclusionsGAP‐f is a key partnership example enhancing North‐South and international cooperation on and access to science and technology and capacity building, responding to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 17.6 (technology) and 17.9. (capacity‐building). By promoting access to the most needed paediatric formulations for HIV and high‐burden infectious diseases in low‐and middle‐income countries, GAP‐f will support achievement of SDG 3.2 (infant mortality), 3.3 (end of AIDS and combat other communicable diseases) and 3.8 (access to essential medicines), and be an essential component of meeting the global Start Free, Stay Free, AIDS Free super‐fast‐track targets.
Fluid and stable: Dynamics of team action patterns and adaptive outcomes
Authors: Uitdewilligen Sjir , Rico Ramón , Waller Mary J. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThe current study draws on work in the areas of team adaptation, team compilation, and small groups as complex systems to predict and test relationships between time, taskwork team mental models, team action patterns, and team effectiveness. Three‐person teams performed 9 scenarios of a firefighting simulation distributed over 3 days with discontinuous task changes introduced in the fourth and seventh scenarios (N = 41 teams; 123 individuals). We applied pattern detection algorithm software to the behavioral data to identify emergent performative patterns in the team members' task‐oriented actions. We also used discontinuous growth modeling to track the development of these team action patterns and their dynamic relation to team effectiveness. The results indicate that pattern emergence increased over time. This was particularly true for teams with similar taskwork mental models, and these teams also showed a more acute decrease in action patterns after a task change. In addition, team action patterns became increasingly positively related to team effectiveness over time, but this effect was reset after the occurrence of a task change. Overall, our research provides practical guidance to managers by illustrating the value of teams having highly shared taskwork team mental models and of enhancing the effects of teams' action patterns on team adaptive outcomes.
What's Wrong with Creativity Testing?
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCreativity testing as it is now done is often based on a defective assumption that different kinds of creativity can be compressed into a single unidimensional scale. There is no reason to believe that the different kinds of creativity represent, simply, different amounts of a single unidimensional construct. The article shows how three different ways of viewing creativity lead to different ways of measuring creativity, all at variance with current unidimensional models. The point of view presented here does not suggest that current creativity tests are invalid, but rather, that care must be taken in the nature of claims made for them. Moreover, many of the same arguments could be applied to the measurement of intelligence and even wisdom as well.
Material processed with 58,000‐year‐old grindstones from Sibudu (KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa) identified by means of Raman microspectroscopy
Authors: Wojcieszak Marine 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDespite their high potential for understanding past human behaviours, the study of grindstones is limited in the literature compared with other forms of lithic tools. This paper reports the combination of optical microscopy and Raman microspectroscopy for understanding the uses of a selection of six grindstones from the post‐Howiesons Poort layers at Sibudu, South Africa, dating to 58,000 years ago. Five of the specimens exhibit numerous red haematite stains which imply red ochre processing. Nevertheless, each artefact seems to have been used for a specific task. For example, the smallest grindstone was used for a combination of tasks—ochre, bone, and organic matter processing. The distinction between use residues, sediment contamination, secondary mineral formation, modern contamination, and components included in the sandstone that the grindstones are made from is discussed.
A comparison of pulsed and continuous lasers for high‐temperature Raman measurements of anhydrite
Authors: Kirtley John , Leichner Victoria , Anderson Benjamin R. , Eilers Hergen 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOxygen carrier particles (OCPs) serve as fuel oxidant in emerging chemical looping combustion systems. However, chemical looping combustion process optimization is hindered by the lack of online sensors for measurements of OCP oxidation states at temperatures up to 1,000 °C and pressures up to 10 atm. We are investigating Raman spectroscopy as a potential solution, as this technique is known for its ability to provide noninvasive, molecularly specific information in real time in a wide variety of applications. As a case study, Raman spectra from high‐temperature (>1,000 °C) anhydrite, a potential OCP, are presented using pulsed and continuous wave excitation at 532 nm. When pulsed excitation is coupled with time‐gated detection, background signal from thermal radiation can be significantly reduced from single pulse spectra, outperforming results using an ungated detector. Also, laser heating of the sample is not observed but laser‐induced breakdown spectra increasingly appear with increasing temperature and pulse intensity. Compared with pulsed excitation, continuous wave excitation with longer acquisition time, offers higher signal to noise and avoids the risk for laser‐induced breakdown spectra but demonstrates minor sample heating. Finally, the data demonstrate practical utility by (a) providing a calibration of anhydrite's ν1 (1,017 cm−1) Raman temperature‐dependent band position and by (b) providing estimates of temperature using the ratios of the Stokes/anti‐Stokes ν1 integrated intensities. These results demonstrate the first high‐temperature, pulsed Raman spectra from anhydrite while evaluating challenges associated with high‐temperature, Raman measurements of OCP materials in general.
Quinoa bitterness: causes and solutions for improving product acceptability
Authors: Suárez‐Estrella Diego , Torri Luisa , Pagani Maria Ambrogina , Marti Alessandra 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAwareness of the several agronomic, environmental, and health benefits of quinoa has led to a constant increase in its production and consumption not only in South America, where it is a native crop, but also in Europe and the USA. However, producing wheat or gluten‐free based products enriched with quinoa alters some quality characteristics, including sensory acceptance. Several anti‐nutritional factors such as saponins are concentrated in the grain pericarp. These bitter and astringent substances may interfere with the digestion and absorption of various nutrients. Developing processes to decrease or modify the bitterness of quinoa can enhance palatability, and thus consumption, of quinoa. In addition to the production of sweet varieties of quinoa, other processes have been proposed. Some of them (i.e. washing, pearling and the combination of the two) have a direct effect on saponins, either by solubilization and/or the mechanical removal of seed layers. Others, such as fermentation or germination, are able to mask the bitterness with aroma compounds and/or sugar formation. This review presents the major sources of the undesirable sensory attributes of quinoa, including bitterness, and various ways of counteracting the negative characteristics of quinoa. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of nano‐scaled rabbit bone powder on physicochemical properties of rabbit meat batter
Authors: Li Shaobo , He Zhifei , Li Hongjun 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo explore a new method of deep processing and to improve the value of rabbit bone, we prepared a nano‐scaled rabbit bone powder by dry ball milling and compared the effect of different particle sizes of rabbit bone powder [fine‐scaled (236.01 ± 5.99 μm), superfine‐scaled (65.92 ± 1.71 μm), nano‐scaled (502.52 ± 11.72 nm)] on the nutritional characteristics, pH, color, water‐holding capacity, textural and rheological attributes of rabbit meat batter.RESULTSThe rabbit bone powder significantly affected nutritional characteristics of meat batters; in particular, the contents of calcium were increased, regardless of particle size. Additionally, the rabbit meat batter, which contained 20 g kg–1 nano‐scaled rabbit bone, had the lowest centrifugal and cooking losses among the treatments.CONCLUSIONBased on the textural and rheological attributes of the rabbit meat batters, the addition of 20 g kg–1 nano‐scaled rabbit bone was the best treatment. This represents an important finding with respect to the deep processing of rabbit bone in the rabbit meat industry. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Systematic investigation for extraction and separation of polyphenols in tea leaves by magnetic ionic liquids
Authors: Feng Xueting , Zhang Wei , Zhang Tenghe , Yao Shun 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDMagnetic separation has become a mature industrial technique in many fields and its application in the food and agricultural fields is expected for further extension. Furthermore, there has been little application of magnetic ionic liquids in the preparation of bioactive products. In the present study, 0.8 mol L–1 C3MIMFeCl4 in its aqueous solution was found to be ideal for the extraction of active constituents from tea leaves. After extraction, polyphenols, caffeine and ionic liquid were also satisfactorily separated from the crude extract by various easy operations.RESULTSThe average extraction efficiency of tea polyphenols could reach up to 185.38 g kg–1 and the recovery percent of the magnetic ionic liquid was 99.8% through an external magnetic field. The extraction process was more consistent with a pseudo‐second order kinetic model. Moreover, C3MIMFeCl4 had no effect on the stability of tea polyphenols, which was very different from ordinary ferric salt. The presence of magnetic ionic liquid had a positive effect on the antioxidant activity of the product.CONCLUSIONThe developed method had a good performance for selective extraction together with separation of tea polyphenols and caffeine, which is expected in the preparation of more similar active components from food and agricultural resources as a useful multifunctional solvent. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Number of nodes in sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer: Are surgeons still biased?
Authors: Percy Dean B. , Pao Jin‐Si , McKevitt Elaine , Dingee Carol , Kuusk Urve , Warburton Rebecca 
Published: February 2018

Background and ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the number of lymph nodes removed at SLNB, and what factors might bias a surgeon's decision to remove additional nodes.MethodsA prospectively maintained database was reviewed. All patients that had SLNB for primary treatment of breast cancer between January 2012 and March 2016 were identified. Clinicopathologic factors were used to compare the number of LNs and rates of node positivity.ResultsOne thousand six hundred and three patients were included. The average number of SLNs, non‐SLNs, and total LNs was 2.53, 0.54, 3.08, respectively. Significantly more LNs were removed in age <40 versus age >40 (3.73, 3.04 P < 0.01), invasive versus DCIS (3.13, 2.73 P < 0.001), Grade III versus Grade II (3.42, 2.99 P < 0.01), T2 versus T1 (3.40, 2.96 P < 0.01), and ER‐ versus ER+ (3.45, 3.05 P < 0.05). SLN positivity was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in invasive versus DCIS (27%, 4%), T2 versus T1 (30%. 17%), Grade II versus Grade I (42%, 18%), and ILC versus IDC (38%, 26%).ConclusionsThere was a significant difference in the number of lymph nodes removed at SLNB in certain groups however; node positivity was not necessarily higher in these groups. Surgeons must be cognizant of potential bias when performing SLNB.
In transit sentinel node drainage as a prognostic factor for patients with cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Brandão Paulo H. D. M. , Bertolli Eduardo , Doria‐Filho Eduardo , Santos Filho Ivan D. A. O. , de Macedo Mariana P. , Pinto Clovis A. L. , Duprat Neto João P. 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundMinor basin or in transit node drainage can be found in patients with cutaneous melanoma who undergo sentinel node biopsy. Its clinical impact is still unclear. Our objective is to evaluate clinical outcomes in patients who presented with in transit sentinel node (ITN) drainage.Material and MethodsRetrospective analysis of patients who underwent sentinel node biopsy (SNB) in a single Brazilian institution between 2000 and 2015.ResultsOur cohort comprised 1223 SNB. There were 64 patients (5.2%) with ITN. Melanoma of the limbs (OR 10.61, P < 0.0001) and acral subtype (OR 3.49, P < 0.0001) were associated with ITN drainage. Among these 64 patients, 14 (21.9%) had a positive SNB. The ITN was positive for metastases in five patients, four in a popliteal basin and one on the trunk. Regarding completion node dissection (CND), two patients had positive non‐sentinel nodes (NSN), both in major basins. In patients who developed recurrence, time to recurrence was shorter (mean time 18 vs 31.4 months, P = 0.001) and time to death was shorter (mean time 31.6 vs 40 months, P = 0.039) in those who had ITN drainage.ConclusionITN drainage was associated with earlier recurrences and deaths from melanoma.
Determination of ultraviolet filter compounds in environmental water samples using membrane‐protected micro‐solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Vosough Maryam , Hassanbeigi Zahra , Salemi Amir 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA method based on membrane‐protected micro‐solid‐phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry was developed for the determination of six ultraviolet filter compounds in various aqueous media. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes as the sorbent were encapsulated in a sealed polypropylene membrane packet and immersed in the sample to extract the analytes, and then dichloromethane was used for desorption purpose. The method was sensitive enough for quantitative analysis of the target analytes, with limits of quantification between 0.01 and 0.06 μg/L, and produced a linear response (R2 > 0.991) over the calibration range (0.05–6 μg/L). The obtained reproducibility was practically suitable with relative standard deviation values of less than 14% in pure water (spiked at 0.20/μg L) and less than 15% in real samples. The optimized method was applied for the analysis of real water samples with varying matrix complexity: tap, river, and dam water; geothermal spa; and sewage treatment plant effluent. Various levels and patterns of contamination were observed in the examined samples, while the sample from spa was the most contaminated, regarding the target analytes. Matrix spikes and matrix spike replicates were also analyzed to validate the technique for analysis of real aqueous samples, and satisfactory results were achieved.
Chemometrics comparison of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry Daphnia magna metabolic profiles exposed to salinity
Authors: Parastar Hadi , Garreta‐Lara Elba , Campos Bruno , Barata Carlos , Lacorte Silvia , Tauler Roma 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe performances of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and of comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry are examined through the comparison of Daphnia magna metabolic profiles. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography with mass spectrometry were used to compare the concentration changes of metabolites under saline conditions. In this regard, a chemometric strategy based on wavelet compression and multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares is used to compare the performances of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for the untargeted metabolic profiling of Daphnia magna in control and salinity‐exposed samples. Examination of the results confirmed the outperformance of comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry over gas chromatography with mass spectrometry for the detection of metabolites in D. magna samples. The peak areas of multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares resolved elution profiles in every sample analyzed by comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry were arranged in a new data matrix that was then modeled by partial least squares discriminant analysis. The control and salt‐exposed daphnids samples were discriminated and the most relevant metabolites were estimated using variable importance in projection and selectivity ratio values. Salinity de‐regulated 18 metabolites from metabolic pathways involved in protein translation, transmembrane cell transport, carbon metabolism, secondary metabolism, glycolysis, and osmoregulation.
Stabilized biomass ash as a sustainable substitute for commercial P‐fertilizers
Authors: Pasquali Michela , Zanoletti Alessandra , Benassi Laura , Federici Stefania , Depero Laura E. , Bontempi Elza 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe reuse of biomass ash as a fertilizer is generally recognized as good practice with several environmental benefits. However, the possible presence of leachable heavy metals in this ash limits the potential extent of its application and the implementation of an appropriate legal framework. For the first time, a method to stabilize wood ash based on the use of other by‐products (coal fly ash and rice husk ash) is presented. No commercial chemicals are employed in the procedure. The results show that despite the initial presence of leachable heavy metals in the ash, the final obtained material is stable. In addition, the lowering of pH (from 13.5 to approximately 7.5) due to carbonation reactions and the addition of Ca‐rich ash increases the phosphorous availability compared with the starting wood ash and makes the obtained material suitable for use in soil fertilization. The sustainability of the new proposed technology is quantitatively discussed with regard to the differences in embodied energy and CO2 footprint of phosphorous between raw materials and stabilized wood ash. This work shows that the prospects for energy saving and CO2 footprint reduction using stabilized wood ash as a substitute for inorganic commercial P‐fertilizers are significant and offer a new way to reach these objectives. The simplicity of the method and the general availability of the by‐products employed in the stabilization also render the procedure suitable for applications in developing countries.