bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional difference in intestinal drug absorption as a measure for the potential effect of P-glycoprotein efflux transporters
Authors: Ashmawy Shimaa M , El-Gizawy Sanaa A , El Maghraby Gamal M , Osman Mohamed A 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this research was to assess regional difference in the intestinal absorption of ranitidine HCl as an indicator for the potential effect of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporters.

Methods
In situ rabbit intestinal perfusion was used to investigate absorption of ranitidine HCl, a substrate for P-gp efflux from duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. This was conducted both in the presence and absence of piperine as P-gp inhibitor.

Key findings
Ranitidine HCl was incompletely absorbed from rabbit intestine. The length normalized absorptive clearance (PeA/L) of ranitidine HCl was ranked as colon &gt; duodenum &gt; jejunum &gt; ileum. This is the reverse order of the magnitude of P-gp expression. Coperfusion of piperine with ranitidine HCl significantly increased the PeA/L of ranitidine HCl from jejunum and ileum with no significant change on the absorption from duodenum and colon. This was confirmed by significant reduction in the length required for complete ranitidine HCl absorption from jejunum and ileum in presence piperine.

Conclusions
The results indicate that P-gp transporters play a major role in determining regional difference in intestinal absorption of ranitidine HCl. Thus, the regional absorption of drugs may be taken as an indirect indication for the role of P-gp in intestinal absorption.
The construction of people with mental health problems as risk objects: Findings of a case study inquiry
Authors: Felton Anne , Repper Julie , Avis Mark 
Published: October 2018

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

Risk assessment and management in mental health services are contested and perceived as problematic by both professionals and service users.

There is substantial emphasis on risk as a core component of professional practice. However, recovery for people with mental health problems emphasizes self‐determination which seems to conflict with risk management.

A critique is emerging of risk assessment and management. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence which seeks to explore how professionals manage the conflicts between recovery orientated practice and risk management.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

The paper reports on qualitative research which highlights people with mental health problems are objectified and frequently associated with the potential for harm.

Risk dominates the work of mental health professionals and undermines individualized care.

Service users are subject to increased surveillance and medication as a result.

What are the implications for practice?

Service users’ subjective experiences need to be prioritized in mental health care by renewed focus on the relationship between professionals and service users.

Mental health professionals should question the centrality of risk to their practice.

AbstractIntroductionThe emergence of recovery, alongside significant focus on risk management, creates potential for conflicting influences in mental health care. Although evidence has critiqued risk assessment, there is a lack of research that seeks to explore how professionals make decisions within these apparently incompatible agendas.AimTo explore how practitioners, experience potential tensions arising from delivering recovery‐orientated care and enforcing containment.MethodThis paper reports on a case study inquiry, using interviews with mental health professionals and observations in an acute ward and an assertive outreach team.ResultsRisk governed the practice of mental health professionals to such an extent it defined how service users were understood and treated. Service users were constructed as objects of risk, first by being objectified and secondly by creating a link between that object and harm.DiscussionHilgartner's (1992, Organizations, uncertainties and risk (pp. 39–53). Boulder, CO: Westview Press) theory of risk explains how risk dominates the identity of people with mental health problems at the cost of recovery. This results in increased monitoring, surveillance and medication to enact control.Implications for practiceTo undermine the dominance of risk, professionals should reconnect with the subjective experiences of people with mental health problems and challenge the acceptance of risk as central to their role.
Hair and saliva test fails to identify allergies in dogs
Authors: Coyner K. , Schick A. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesSeveral companies offer saliva and/or hair tests for food and environmental allergies in companion animals, but provide no validation of test accuracy. We examined one such hair and saliva allergy test to determine whether it could reliably differentiate between a normal dog and an allergic dog, and to examine test repeatability.Materials and MethodsTen fur and saliva samples were submitted from a known allergic dog and a normal, non‐allergic dog. Five fake fur samples and water were also submitted to determine whether the test could differentiate between a real dog and toy animal. The company performed testing for 128 food and environmental allergens. Statistical analyses were performed to determine whether the response distribution differed significantly between dogs, using the Pearson chi‐square coefficient, as well as to determine test–retest reliability by calculating Cohen's kappa for each allergen.ResultsThe distribution of test results from samples obtained from allergic, non‐allergic or fake dogs was not different from that expected due to random chance. Test–retest reproducibility was poor to slight.Clinical SignificanceHair and saliva testing should not be used to diagnose allergies and is not a substitute for veterinary‐directed allergy evaluation and diagnostics.
Vertical gradient in bryophyte diversity and species composition in tropical and subtropical forests in Yunnan, SW China
Authors: Shen Ting , Corlett Richard T. , Song Liang , Ma Wen‐Zhang , Guo Xin‐Lei , Song Yu , Wu Yi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractQuestionsWe sampled epiphytic bryophytes along the entire vertical gradient, from tree base to upper canopy, in tropical and subtropical forests in order to answer the following questions: (a) how do diversity, composition and life forms differ between forests; (b) how do communities change along the vertical gradient in each forest; (c) what are the likely environmental drivers of this; and (d) what is the conservation significance of the results?LocationCanopy crane sites in tropical lowland seasonal rain forest (TRF) and subtropical montane moist forest (STF) in Yunnan, southwest China.MethodsBryophytes were sampled from 1,600–2,400 cm2 of bark surface in 14 vertical segments in three canopy layers on 142 trees, using canopy cranes. Microclimate was measured at five levels on the crane towers. Diversity was compared within and between forests using ANOVA. NMDS was used to compare species composition and assess potential drivers.ResultsIn total, 184 species were recorded in 106 genera and 39 families. STF had a richer bryoflora than TRF. More species occurred in the canopy than the sub‐canopy and understorey in both sites. The fan life form was dominant in the lower two layers of both forests, while mats were more common in the canopy of TRF and tall turfs in STF. The main axis of variation in species composition was associated with the vertical gradient of declining humidity and vapour pressure, and increasing temperature, light and wind speed.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the value of canopy cranes for complete sampling of the epiphytic bryoflora in complex forests. Both forest types had very high species richness, reflecting the diversity of microhabitats along the vertical gradient. Observed and projected climate change may threaten this bryoflora as a result of rising temperatures and, in some areas, declining rainfall and fog frequency.
Microclimate and demography interact to shape stable population dynamics across the range of an alpine plant
Authors: Oldfather Meagan F. , Ackerly David D. 
Published: October 2018

Summary

Heterogeneous terrain in montane systems results in a decoupling of climatic gradients. Population dynamics across species’ ranges in these heterogeneous landscapes are shaped by relationships between demographic rates and these interwoven climate gradients. Linking demography and climate variables across species’ ranges refines our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of species’ current and future ranges.

We explored the importance of multiple microclimatic gradients in shaping individual demographic rates and population growth rates in 16 populations across the elevational distribution of an alpine plant (Ivesia lycopodioides var. scandularis). Using integral projection modeling, we ask how each rate varies across three microclimate gradients: accumulated degree‐days, growing‐season soil moisture, and days of snow cover.

Range‐wide variation in demographic rates was best explained by the combined influence of multiple microclimatic variables. Different pairs of demographic rates exhibited both similar and inverse responses to the same microclimatic gradient, and the microclimatic effects often varied with plant size. These responses resulted in range‐wide projected population persistence, with no declining populations at either elevational range edge or at the extremes of the microclimate gradients.

The complex relationships between topography, microclimate and demography suggest that populations across a species’ range may have unique demographic pathways to stable population dynamics.
Maternal helminth infections and the shaping of offspring immunity
Authors: Dewals Benjamin G. , Layland Laura E. , Prazeres da Costa Clarissa , Horsnell William G. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryHelminth infections leave a long‐lasting immunological footprint on their hosts. Clinical studies have provided first evidence that maternal helminth infections can result in an altered immune profile in their offspring which can potentially shape how they respond to conditions throughout life. This can relate to changes in offspring induction of immune responses against other diseases. However, whether these changes result in actual changes in offspring ability to control disease is unclear. Our understanding of which immune mechanisms are altered and how they are changed is limited. In this review, we highlight what we know from human and mouse studies about this important context of helminth exposure. Moreover, we discuss how mechanisms such as antibody transfer, antigen exposure, maternal cell uptake, chimerism and epigenetics are all likely to be functional contributors to the striking changes that are seen in offspring born or nursed by helminth exposed mothers.
Identification of sperm motility markers in bovine transition protein genes
Authors: Hirenallur Maheshwarappa Yathish , Kumar Subodh , Chaudhary Rajni , Mishra Chinmoy , Ayyar Sivakumar , Kumar Amit , Chauhan Anuj , Ghosh Subrata Kumar , Panigrahi Manjit , Mitra Abhijit 
Published: October 2018

ContentsTransition proteins (TNPs) are essential in chromatin condensation during spermiogenesis, and hence, they are the candidate genes for identifying sperm motility markers. Coding and in silico predicted promoter regions of these genes were investigated in crossbred and purebred cattle, and also, their mRNA quantification was done to explore its use as a diagnostic tool of infertility. PCR‐SSCP analysis revealed two band patterns in fragment III of TNP1 and fragment II of TNP2 gene. Sequence analysis revealed a deletion of “G” nucleotide in 3′UTR region of TNP1 and C>T SNP in intronic region of TNP2 gene. Least square analysis of variance did not reveal any significant influence of nucleotide deletion on any sperm motility parameters in both crossbred and purebred cattle. However, C>T SNP had a significant effect on initial progressive motility (p < 0.05) in purebred cattle and post‐thaw motility in overall cattle population. RT‐qPCR analysis did not reveal any significant variation in TNP1 and TNP2 gene expression among poorly motile and good quality spermatozoa of Vrindavani bulls.
Morality of Discontent: The Constitution of Political Establishment in the Swedish Rural Press
Authors: Nilsson Bo , Lundgren Anna Sofia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSwedish media regularly indicate that people’s confidence in politicians is low. This distrust in or discontent with politicians is often related to rural politics. This paper focuses on the populist tendencies in the representations of politicians in the Swedish rural press during the parliamentary election year of 2014. A discourse analysis of the press material illustrates three closely related and critical themes; politicians are regarded as being urban centred, as doing anything for power, and as acting in an autocratic manner and misusing their power. The discourse analysis also reveals how the critical press material is linked to a moral geography relating space to a specific moral order. Drawing on theories on rural populism, the article shows how the media’s references to a rural‐based victimhood, and to an alleged inequality between urbanity and rurality, can morally legitimate and bluntly express their contempt for ‘scandalous’ politicians, and they can present their critique as rational and justified.
Esophageal Mycobacterium avium‐intracellulare infection in a bone marrow transplant patient: Case report and literature review
Authors: Hou Rong , Nayak Ravi , Pincus Steven M. , Lai Jinping , Omran Louay M. , Alkaade Samer , Abate Getahun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMycobacterium avium‐intracellulare complex (MAC) is the most common cause of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease in humans. We report a case of esophageal MAC disease in a patient who had allogeneic bone marrow transplant for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Although pulmonary MAC in immunocompromised host is not uncommon, there are only a few cases of NTM‐associated esophageal mass reported. Our report and literature review highlight the importance of considering MAC in the differential diagnosis of dysphagia or odynophagia.
Trajectories of women's physical and psychosocial health following obstetric fistula repair in Uganda: a longitudinal study
Authors: El Ayadi Alison M. , Barageine Justus , Korn Abner , Kakaire Othman , Turan Janet , Obore Susan , Byamugisha Josaphat , Lester Felicia , Nalubwama Hadija , Mwanje Haruna , Tripathi Vandana , Miller Suellen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo explore trajectories of physical and psychosocial health, and their interrelationship, among women completing fistula repair in Uganda for 1 year post‐surgery.MethodsWe recruited a 60‐woman longitudinal cohort at surgical hospitalisation from Mulago Hospital in Kampala Uganda (Dec 2014–June 2015) and followed them for 1 year. We collected survey data on physical and psychosocial health at surgery and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months via mobile phone. Fistula characteristics were abstracted from medical records. All participants provided written informed consent. We present univariate analysis and linear regression results.ResultsAcross post‐surgical follow‐up, most women reported improvements in physical and psychosocial health, largely within the first 6 months. By 12 months, urinary incontinence had declined from 98% to 33% and general weakness from 33% to 17%, while excellent to good general health rose from 0% to 60%. Reintegration, self‐esteem and quality of life all increased through 6 months and remained stable thereafter. Reported stigma reduced, yet some negative self‐perception remained at 12 months (mean 17.8). Psychosocial health was significantly impacted by the report of physical symptoms; at 12 months, physical symptoms were associated with a 21.9 lower mean reintegration score (95% CI −30.1, −12.4).ConclusionsOur longitudinal cohort experienced dramatic improvements in physical and psychosocial health after surgery. Continuing fistula‐related symptoms and the substantial differences in psychosocial health by physical symptoms support additional intervention to support women's recovery or more targeted psychosocial support and reintegration services to ensure that those coping with physical or psychosocial challenges are appropriately supported.
Research on Creep Analysis of Alloy 617 in AUSC Turbine Components
Authors: Hu Yifeng , Sun Lingen , Chen Gang 
Published: October 2018

With the increasing demand of environmental protection, the development of highest efficiency fossil power plants to reduce the CO2 emissions has become a top priority. So the live steam parameters of AUSC unit will be increased to 700°C and 350bar. To achieve the desired operating hours at this temperature the application of nickel base materials is necessary for the main components such as rotors, inner casings and valves. Alloy 617 is selected for forged component.
The creep behavior of Alloy 617 is quite different from Cr steel’s, the design experience of USC units can’t be completely adopted in the AUSC unit. The work presented in this paper, aims to predict the creep strain of Alloy 617 in AUSC turbine components. Several material models for creep in Alloy are compared. Base on the notched specimens’ experimental results, the models of the tertiary creep stage and the multiaxial behavior of turbine component are discussed.
An Introduction to the New ASME Standards on Nonmetallic Pressure Piping Systems
Authors: Henley Charles L. , Eisenman Jeffrey D. 
Published: October 2018

Design requirements for nonmetallic piping systems are significantly different from those applicable to piping made of steel and other metals, and the development of rules for nonmetallic materials requires a unique set of expertise. While other piping standards have tried to address the use of nonmetallic materials in industrial piping, they do not provide adequate requirements to cover the service limitations, design, materials, fabrication, installation, fusing or joining, and quality control which are unique to nonmetallic piping systems.
To address this gap, ASME assembled the Committee on Nonmetallic Pressure Piping Systems (NPPS) in 2011 to develop standard rules for the construction of nonmetallic pressure piping systems. Over the last 7 years, the NPPS Committee has developed three new standards which are scheduled to be published in 2018: ASME NM.1 Standard on Thermoplastic Piping, ASME NM.2 Standard on Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Piping, and ASME NM.3 Standard on Nonmetallic Materials. These standards cover the design, manufacture, fabrication, installation, examination, testing, and inspection of thermoplastic and glass fiber reinforced thermosetting resin piping systems suitable for pressure applications. They will also cover specifications for nonmetallic materials for piping components including material design values and limits on the use of nonmetallic materials.
Evaluation of Risk From Carbon Macro-Segregation in Large Pressure Retaining Forged Nuclear Components
Authors: Gamble Ronald , Hardin Timothy 
Published: October 2018

Regions of higher-than-normal carbon content due to carbon macro-segregation have been found in large, pressure retaining forged ferritic steel components in some nuclear reactors. Higher carbon content in ferritic steel can decrease the resistance to fracture from the presence of flaws in the material. Acceptable margins against failure of pressurized components in nuclear safety systems must be maintained throughout their service life to ensure core integrity for all operational and postulated transient loading events. Should carbon macro-segregation substantially reduce the material resistance to fracture in safety components, then the margins against through-wall flaw propagation may fall below those specified by regulatory requirements to ensure adequate component and reactor core integrity.
Probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) analyses were performed to assess the risk and structural significance of postulated carbon macro-segregation in large, forged pressure retaining components in pressurized water reactors (PWRs). The risk assessment was performed to evaluate several forged components and two classes of loading events. The forged components include the ring and head forgings in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV), steam generator (S/G) and pressurizer. The loading events used in the risk evaluation include pressurized thermal shock (PTS) transient events and a normal RPV cooldown event. The analyses included a range of component dimensions, surface and embedded flaw distributions, various levels of carbon macro-segregation up to and beyond the maximum measured values for the components, and the effects of neutron irradiation, including the effects of potential copper and phosphorus co-segregation. The PFM analyses were performed using the software, Fracture Analysis of Vessels, Oak Ridge (FAVOR).
The results from the risk assessment indicate that: acceptable margins against failure are maintained through an 80-year operating interval even if carbon macro-segregation were to be present in RPV, S/G and pressurizer ring and head forgings in PWRs; and the risk associated with the presence of carbon macro-segregation in PWR ring and head forgings is significantly lower than regulatory risk related acceptance criteria.
Limit Load Solution of Non-Aligned Multiple Flaws
Authors: Iwamatsu Fuminori , Miyazaki Katsumasa , Saito Koichi 
Published: October 2018

Limit load solutions have been applied to estimate the collapse load of a component made of ductile material. Worldwide maintenance codes for power plants, such as ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessels Code, Section XI, and JSME fitness-for-service code, describe limit load solutions under the assumption of a single flaw. Detected flaws are, however, not always a single flaw, and adjacent flaws due to stress corrosion cracking have been detected in power plants. Thus, development of a limit load solution to estimate the collapse load in the case of multiple flaws remains an issue of structural integrity evaluation. Under the aim of developing a method for evaluating the effect of multiple flaws on collapse load as a part of a limit load solution, fracture tests of flat plates and pipes with multiple flaws were conducted. Although experimental approaches have been attempted to establish the evaluation method, further efforts are required to incorporate the evaluation procedure into a code rule.
Effective parameters for considering reduction of collapse load on the basis of test results for specimens with multiple flaws were identified. Test results clearly show a correlation between collapse load and ratios of net-section areas. This correlation leads to the conclusion that distance parameters and flaw length of a smaller flaw determine the existence of an effect on the collapse load by multiple flaws. To investigate the physical sense of the correlation, finite element analysis (FEA) was performed. The FEA results show that strain distributions at the flaw tip under several conditions correspond at the time of maximum load of the fracture tests regardless of the effect of multiple flaws. Also according to the FEA results, the extent of the strain field is linearly proportional to flaw length. These FEA results are consistent with the correlation obtained by the test results.