bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting future distributions of lanternfish, a significant ecological resource within the Southern Ocean
Authors: Freer Jennifer J. , Tarling Geraint A. , Collins Martin A. , Partridge Julian C. , Genner Martin J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimLanternfish (Myctophidae) are one of the most abundant and ecologically important families of pelagic teleosts, yet how these species will respond to climate change is unclear, especially within polar regions. The aim of this study was to predict the impact of climate change on the distribution of Southern Ocean lanternfish and to relate these predicted responses to species traits.LocationCircumpolar, 35–75°S.MethodsWe used MaxEnt ecological niche models to estimate the present and predict the future distributions of 10 biomass‐dominant lanternfish species throughout the region. Future conditions were simulated using eight climate models, in both stabilizing (RCP 4.5) and rising (RCP 8.5) emission scenarios, for the time periods 2006–2055 and 2050–2099. Species responses were then related to their realized thermal niche (i.e., thermal tolerance range), latitudinal preference and body size.ResultsDespite large variation between climate model simulations, all but one species are consistently predicted to undergo a poleward distribution shift. Species show contrasting projections relating to a gain or loss of suitable habitat which was best explained by their thermal niche. Overall, high‐latitude Antarctic species were found to have narrower thermal niches and a higher likelihood of losing habitat than sub‐Antarctic species.Main conclusionsThe direction of a species response was dependent on the interplay between physiology (realized thermal niche) and biogeography (latitudinal preference). Antarctic species with restricted thermal niches and limited available habitat in which to disperse will be the most vulnerable group of Southern Ocean lanternfish in the face of climate change. Predicted range shifts may alter the size structure of the myctophid community as smaller, sub‐Antarctic species reach further south. This could have implications for trophic interactions and thus the wider Southern Ocean ecosystem.
Effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban and warfarin for prevention of major adverse cardiovascular or limb events in patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Baker William L. , Beyer‐Westendorf Jan , Bunz Thomas J. , Eriksson Daniel , Meinecke Anna‐Katharina , Sood Nitesh A. , Coleman Craig I. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimsTo assess the effectiveness and safety of rivaroxaban versus warfarin for the prevention of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).Materials and methodsUsing MarketScan data from January 2012 to December 2017, we identified oral anticoagulant‐naïve patients with NVAF and comorbid T2D and ≥12 months of insurance coverage prior to rivaroxaban or warfarin initiation. Differences in baseline covariates between cohorts were adjusted for using inverse probability of treatment weights based on propensity scores (absolute standardized differences <0.1 achieved for all covariates after adjustment). Patients were followed until a MACE, MALE or major bleeding event, oral anticoagulant discontinuation/switch, insurance disenrolment or end of data availability. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing the cohorts were calculated using Cox regression.ResultsWe identified 10 700 rivaroxaban users (24.1% received a reduced dose) and 13 946 warfarin users. The median (25%, 75% range) age was 70 (62, 79) years, CHA2DS2‐VASc score was 4 (3, 5) and duration of available follow‐up was 1.4 (0.6, 2.7) years. Eleven percent of patients had peripheral artery disease, 5.1% had coronary artery disease, and 5.1% had a prior MALE, at baseline. Rivaroxaban was associated with a 25% (95% CI 4‐41) reduced risk of MACE and a 63% (95% CI 35–79) reduced risk of MALE compared to warfarin. Major bleeding risk did not significantly differ between cohorts (HR 0.95).ConclusionsAmong patients with NVAF and T2D treated in routine practice, rivaroxaban was associated with lower risks of both MACE and MALE versus warfarin, with no significant difference in major bleeding.
Long‐term risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (UKPDS 85)
Authors: Maddaloni Ernesto , Coleman Ruth L. , Pozzilli Paolo , Holman Rury R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimsLatent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is diagnosed in up to 12% of adults with clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes (T2D). LADA tends to have healthier cardiovascular (CV) risk profiles than T2D, but it remains uncertain whether the risk of CV events differs between the two. We examined the risk of CV events in patients enrolled in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) according to LADA status.Materials and methodsDiabetes autoantibodies (AAb) were measured in 5062 UKPDS participants. The incidence of major adverse CV events (MACE), defined as CV death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction or non‐fatal stroke, was compared in those with LADA (≥1 AAb test positive) and those without LADA (AAb negative).ResultsThere were 567 participants (11.2%) with LADA. Compared with participants with T2D, they were younger, with higher mean HbA1c and HDL‐cholesterol values, and with lower body mass index and total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure values (all P < 0.01). After a median (25th, 75th percentile) 17.3 (12.6–20.7) years of follow‐up, MACE occurred in 157 (17.4 per 1000 person‐years) participants with LADA and in 1544 (23.5 per 1000 person‐years) participants with T2D (HR, 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62–0.86; P < 0.001). However, after adjustment for confounders, this difference was no longer significant (HRadj, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.76–1.07; P = 0.22).ConclusionsIn adults thought to have newly diagnosed T2D, the long‐term risk of MACE was lower in those with LADA. However, this did not differ after adjustment for traditional CV risk factors, suggesting that measurement of AAb in addition to traditional CV risk factors will not aid in stratification of CV risk in clinically diagnosed T2D.
Mediating role of cognitive biases, resilience and depressive symptoms in the relationship between childhood trauma and psychotic‐like experiences in young adults
Authors: Mętel Dagmara , Arciszewska Aleksandra , Daren Artur , Pionke Renata , Cechnicki Andrzej , Frydecka Dorota , Gawęda Łukasz 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesThe present study aimed to test a hypothetical model where causally linked and ordered cognitive biases, resilience and depressive symptoms serve as mediators of the relationship between early traumatic life events and psychotic‐like experiences (PLEs) in the general population of young adults.MethodsTwo thousand six hundred and fourteen people (1673 females) took part in the online survey. Participants completed self‐report questionnaires measuring exposure to early traumatic life events, PLEs, cognitive biases, resilience and depressive symptoms. Correlation and multiple mediation analyses were performed.ResultsAll three mediators turned out to be significantly correlated with early trauma, PLEs and with each other. Mediational analysis demonstrated that hypothesized model of causally linked mediators was significant (P ≤ .001) and accounted for 33% (P < .001) of the explained variance in PLEs in comparison to 11% (P ≤ .001) without mediators.ConclusionsFirst, our results provide evidence for significant associations between early traumatic life events, cognitive biases, depressive symptoms, psychological resilience and PLEs. Second, they indicate significant indirect effects of early trauma exposure on PLEs through a path consisted of cognitive biases, psychological resilience and depressive symptoms that suggest a possible importance of interventions bolstering resilience in young people in order to minimize the severity of depressive and psychotic psychopathology.
What is Lesson Study?
Authors: Elliott John 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article addresses the conceptual question “what is lesson study?” as an issue that arises in the context of the globalisation of lesson study as a method for improving teaching and learning beyond its presumed origins in the Japanese education system. To what extent can adaptations of the method in different national settings be interpreted as faithful representations of its practically significant “critical features” in the country of origin? In order to address this question, the article begins by examining the comparative classroom research by Stigler and Hiebert that culminated in the publication of The Teaching Gap. This work is generally acknowledged to have been seminal for the global development of lesson study as a method for improving teaching and learning. Sponsored by the 1997 TIMMS testing programme, the research sought to explain pronounced differences in measured educational attainment between students of all ages in Japan, and the US and Germany. In the process Stigler and Hiebert discovered the extensive use of lesson study in Japanese primary schools as a school‐based research method for securing consistency between learning goals and teaching methods. In doing so, they identified six principles which underpinned the method and pinpointed its practical significance. In this article, the author claims that the principles identified by Stigler and Hiebert can be used as a framework for assessing adaptations of lesson study in the context of globalisation, and connecting it to related methodological ideas that are internationally circulating. In particular, the author stresses links between lesson study, the tradition of classroom action research forged by Lawrence Stenhouse and his colleagues at the University of East Anglia, UK and the theory of variation developed in Sweden and Hong Kong by Ference Marton, Lo Mun Ling and others. Such links can deepen a theoretical understanding of “lesson study” and safe‐guard it against a “cherry‐picking” approach to its implementation in a context of globalisation. The article particularly highlights the importance of understanding the ways in which the organisational cultures of schooling in many countries shape and distort the implementation of lesson study. It argues for the greater involvement of school leaders and administrators in a form of second‐order action research aimed at transforming the organisational context of teachers’ work in classrooms and creating more space for them to spend less time as test data managers and more time as lesson researchers in accordance with the six principles outlined.
Leaf leachates have the potential to influence soil nitrification via changes in ammonia‐oxidizing archaea and bacteria populations
Authors: Chen Wei‐Bin , Chen Bao‐Ming , Liao Hui‐Xuan , Su Jin‐Quan , Peng Shao‐Lin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSoil nitrogen (N) transformation is mainly controlled by microorganisms. Different plant species have specific effects on soil ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB). Furthermore, plant secondary metabolites have dramatic influences on soil N transformation and soil ammonia‐oxidizers. However, no study has directly linked the changes in soil AOA and AOB communities to N transformation due to different plant species' leaf leachates, including comparing invasive versus native plants. We selected three invasive species, Wedelia trilobata, Ipomoea cairica and Mikania micrantha, and two native species, Wedelia chinensis and Merremia hederacea, and incubated soil with high and low concentrations of leaf leachates from the five species. Soil N transformation and ammonia oxidizer communities (based on quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA high‐throughput sequencing) were determined. Leaf leachates significantly affected soil N transformation and soil AOA and AOB abundance, and the effects were dependent on the plant species and leachate concentration. The leachate of W. chinensis increased soil net nitrification rates (NNR), whereas that of M. micrantha increased soil nitrate (NO3−) and NNR. The leachate of M. micrantha increased AOB amoA genes, whereas that of M. hederacea decreased AOA amoA genes. At the higher concentration, all leachates showed inhibitory effects on the relative abundance of all AOA taxonomic groups. Phenolics, flavonoids and organic carbon in leaf leachates had a negative correlation with soil NO3−, NNR and the amoA genes of AOA and AOB, whereas NH4+ and NO3− in leachates showed a positive correlation. Among the five species, the invasive species M. micrantha had the strongest positive effect on soil N transformation and AOB abundance. The altered soil ammonia oxidizer communities and modified N process rates induced by leaf leachates provide an explanatory mechanism for the differential effects of plant species on N cycling.Highlights

Link changes in soil AOA and AOB to N cycling due to leaf leachates.
Specific plants can dramatically alter soil ammonia‐oxidizer presence and abundance.
Effects of invasive plants on soil N and AOB are mainly driven by M. micrantha.
High concentrations of plant leachates reduced the relative abundance of AOA groups.
To mate or not to mate, and subsequent host search by a haplodiploid female parasitoid wasp
Authors: Chhan Stephanie , Morse Douglass H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMated females of haplodiploid species can vary the sex ratio of their offspring, but virgin or sperm‐depleted females can produce only males. Depending on the costs and benefits, the theory of constrained sex allocation states that female haplodiploids may vary in their propensity to mate, with important implications for the populations’ sex ratio. Unmated female parasitoid wasps Alabagrus texanus (Braconidae) have been observed to reject matings with males, even under highly confined spatial conditions. We performed field trials to determine whether unmated female A. texanus would mate. We then compared the preferences of the resulting unmated (constrained) and mated (unconstrained) female wasps for shelters constructed and occupied by their hosts, fern moth caterpillars Herpetogramma theseusalis (Crambidae) on fern fronds. We presented the wasps with pairs of shelters collected from the field that differed in size, as well as freshness, fern species, and presence or absence of caterpillars. Unconstrained females searched small shelters more frequently than did constrained females and tended to favor senesced (old) shelters over fresher ones. They did not differ in choice between shelters on marsh and sensitive ferns or between shelters containing caterpillars and empty shelters. The preference for small shelters by the unconstrained wasps may enhance their rate of contacting favorable hosts, but the foraging regime of the constrained females should expose them to caterpillars at sites infrequently searched by the unconstrained females.
Diagnosis, management and prognosis of small colon impactions
Authors: Reid Hanson R. , Schumacher J. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryCommon causes of obstruction of the small colon and rectum include diffuse faecal impaction, enterolithiasis, faecalithiasis, phytobezoar, trichobezoar, phytotrichobezoar, phytoconglobate, foreign body, intramural haematoma and retained meconium. Poor dentition, poor‐quality hay, lack of adequate water, parasite damage and lack of exercise are risk factors for the development of small colon impactions. Clinical signs of small colon obstruction develop slowly because a large space proximal to the obstruction allows ingesta, gas and fluid to accumulate. Medical management of horses with faecal impaction of the small colon involves improvement of hydration, stimulation of colonic motility, softening the impaction by the administration of osmotic laxatives or lubricants, and control of pain. Surgical intervention is indicated when medical management fails to resolve the impaction or when intractable pain and a deteriorating cardiovascular status ensues.
CO2 emissions from an undrained tropical peatland: Interacting influences of temperature, shading and water table depth
Authors: Hoyt Alison M. , Gandois Laure , Eri Jangarun , Kai Fuu Ming , Harvey Charles F. , Cobb Alexander R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEmission of CO2 from tropical peatlands is an important component of the global carbon budget. Over days to months, these fluxes are largely controlled by water table depth. However, the diurnal cycle is less well understood, in part, because most measurements have been collected daily at midday. We used an automated chamber system to make hourly measurements of peat surface CO2 emissions from chambers root‐cut to 30 cm. We then used these data to disentangle the relationship between temperature, water table and heterotrophic respiration (Rhet). We made two central observations. First, we found strong diurnal cycles in CO2 flux and near‐surface peat temperature (<10 cm depth), both peaking at midday. The magnitude of diurnal oscillations was strongly influenced by shading and water table depth, highlighting the limitations of relying on daytime measurements and/or a single correction factor to remove daytime bias in flux measurements. Second, we found mean daily Rhet had a strong linear relationship to the depth of the water table, and under flooded conditions, Rhet was small and constant. We used this relationship between Rhet and water table depth to estimate carbon export from both Rhet and dissolved organic carbon over the course of a year based on water table records. Rhet dominates annual carbon export, demonstrating the potential for peatland drainage to increase regional CO2 emissions. Finally, we discuss an apparent incompatibility between hourly and daily average observations of CO2 flux, water table and temperature: water table and daily average flux data suggest that CO2 is produced across the entire unsaturated peat profile, whereas temperature and hourly flux data appear to suggest that CO2 fluxes are controlled by very near surface peat. We explore how temperature‐, moisture‐ and gas transport‐related mechanisms could cause mean CO2 emissions to increase linearly with water table depth and also have a large diurnal cycle.
Patient and caregiver experience with delayed discharge from a hospital setting: A scoping review
Authors: Everall Amanda C. , Guilcher Sara J. T. , Cadel Lauren , Asif Maliha , Li Joyce , Kuluski Kerry 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundDelayed hospital discharge occurs when patients are medically cleared but remain hospitalized because a suitable care setting is not available. Delayed discharge typically results in reduced levels of treatment, placing patients at risk of functional decline, falls and hospital‐related adverse events. Caregivers often take on an active role in hospital to mitigate these risks.ObjectiveThis scoping review aimed to summarize the literature on patient and caregiver experiences with delayed hospital discharge.Search strategySeven electronic databases and grey literature were searched using keywords including alternate level of care, delayed discharge, patients, caregivers and experiences.Inclusion criteriaIncluded articles met the following criteria: (a) patient or caregiver population 18 years or older; (b) delayed discharge from a hospital setting; (c) included experiences with delayed discharge; (d) peer‐reviewed or grey literature; and (e) published between 1 January 1998 and 16 July 2018.Data extractionData were extracted from the seven included articles using Microsoft Excel 2016 to facilitate a thorough analysis and comparison.Main resultsStudy themes were grouped into five elements of the delayed discharge experience: (1) overall uncertainty; (2) impact of hospital staff and physical environment; (3) mental and physical deterioration; (4) lack of engagement in decision making and need for advocacy; and (5) initial disbelief sometimes followed by reluctant acceptance.ConclusionThis review provides a foundation to guide future research, policies and practices to improve patient and caregiver experiences with delayed hospital discharge, including enhanced communication with patients and families and programmes to reduce deconditioning.
Health information behaviour of rare disease patients: seeking, finding and sharing health information
Authors: Stanarević Katavić Snježana 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundRare disease patients find independent health information seeking necessary due to the general lack of knowledge on rare diseases and inadequate information provision by health care professionals.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to describe distinctive aspects of health information behaviour of rare disease patients and specific challenges they face when seeking health information.MethodsA qualitative research approach was employed including semi‐structured interviews that were analysed using thematic analysis. Fifteen respondents suffering from three different rare diseases participated in the study.ResultsHealth information behaviour of rare disease patients is characterised by independent and continuous health information seeking and sharing. Connecting with other patients and getting realistic insight into the condition after diagnosis, advice for everyday life, comfort and hope and confirmation that their symptoms are ‘normal’ are of particular importance. Lack of specific advice for daily life, inaccessible new knowledge, lack of information about drugs and encountering severe health information are common challenges patients face due to insufficient support from health care professionals.ConclusionHealth information seeking and sharing are important aspects of rare disease patients’ everyday life. Challenges they face could be overcome in cooperation with patient support groups, health care professionals and health information professionals.
CD4 recovery following antiretroviral treatment interruptions in children and adolescents with HIV infection in Europe and Thailand
Authors:   The European Pregnancy and Paediatric HIV Cohort Collaboration (EPPICC) Study Group in EuroCoord
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to explore factors associated with CD4 percentage (CD4%) reconstitution following treatment interruptions (TIs) of antiretroviral therapy (ART).MethodsData from paediatric HIV‐infected cohorts across 17 countries in Europe and Thailand were pooled. Children on combination ART (cART; at least three drugs from at least two classes) for > 6 months before TI of ≥ 30 days while aged < 18 years were included. CD4% at restart of ART (r‐ART) and in the long term (up to 24 months after r‐ART) following the first TI was modelled using asymptotic regression.ResultsIn 779 children with at least one TI, the median age at first TI was 10.1 [interquartile range (IQR) 6.4, 13.6] years and the mean CD4% was 27.3% [standard deviation (SD) 11.0%]; the median TI duration was 9.0 (IQR 3.5, 22.5) months. In regression analysis, the mean CD4% was 19.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 18.3, 20.1%] at r‐ART, and 27.1% (26.2, 27.9%) in the long term, with half this increase in the first 6 months. r‐ART and long‐term CD4% values were highest in female patients and in children aged < 3 years at the start of TI. Long‐term CD4% was highest in those with a TI lasting 1 to <3 months, those with r‐ART after year 2000 and those with a CD4% nadir ≥ 25% (all P < 0.001). The effect of CD4% nadir during the TI differed significantly (P = 0.038) by viral suppression at the start of the TI; in children with CD4% nadir < 15% during TI, recovery was better in those virally suppressed prior to the TI; viral suppression was not associated with recovery in children with CD4% nadir ≥ 25%.ConclusionsAfter restart of ART following TI, most children reconstituted well immunologically. Nevertheless, several factors predicted better immunological reconstitution, including younger age and higher nadir CD4% during TI.