bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry screening method for urinary metabolites of primary hyperoxaluria
Authors: Woodward G , Pryke R , Hoppe B , Rumsby G 
Published: October 2018

Background The primary hyperoxalurias are inherited disorders of glyoxylate metabolism that lead to overproduction of oxalate, urolithiasis and renal failure. Delays in diagnosis can be costly in terms of preserving renal function. Here we present a rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry screening method for the analysis of metabolites (primary hyperoxaluria metabolites) produced in excess by primary hyperoxaluria patients that include glycolate, glycerate and 2,4-dihydroxyglutarate. Methods Assay performance was compared to our existing gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method and clinical utility established by analysis of urine samples from patients with confirmed primary hyperoxalurias (11 PH1, 12 PH2 and 8 PH3) and controls ( n = 12). An additional 67 urine samples from patients with PH3 were used postvalidation to confirm the derived 2,4-dihydroxyglutarate cut-off. Results Glycolate, glycerate and 2,4-dihydroxyglutarate showed a mean bias of 3.3, −22.8 and 5.7%, respectively, compared to our previously published gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. The mean total imprecision for glycolate, glycerate and 2,4-dihydroxyglutarate was shown to be 6.4, 10 and 11%, respectively. Clinical assessment confirmed that mean urinary glycolate, glycerate and 2,4-dihydroxyglutarate excretion were significantly elevated in patients with PH1, PH2 and PH3, respectively. The greatest sensitivity and specificity for PH1, PH2 and PH3 was achieved at cut-offs of 193, 100 and 4.9 μmol/mmol for glycolate, glycerate and 2,4-dihydroxyglutarate, respectively. Conclusions A rapid screening method for the identification and differentiation of patients with suspected PH1, PH2 and PH3 is presented that allows focussing of genetic testing, saving time, money and, with earlier treatment, potential preservation of renal function for these patients.
Network-based and cohesion-based social capital and variations in depressive symptoms among Taiwanese adults
Authors: Wu Yun-Hsuan , White Kellee , Fleischer Nancy L , Cai Bo , Chen Shing-Chia , Moore Spencer 
Published: October 2018

Background: Network- and cohesion-based social capital may play an important role in improving mental health. However, there is limited understanding about these relationships among adults in Taiwan. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the association between individual-level network and cohesion-based social capital and depressive symptoms among a population-based sample of Taiwanese adults. Methods: Data were obtained from the 1997 Taiwan Social Change Survey ( n = 2,598). The 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale was used to measure depressive symptom scores; ⩾16 represented high depressive symptoms. Network-based social capital was measured using a position generator. Two dimensions of cohesion-based social capital were assessed: cognitive (perceived neighborhood trust and reciprocity) and structural (local community participation and organizational participation). Multivariable log-binomial regression models, weighted to account for the complex sampling design and adjusted for confounders, estimated prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to examine the association between each social capital measure and depressive symptoms. Results: In this study, 29.6% of respondents were classified as having high depressive symptom scores. Higher scores of composite cognitive social capital (adjusted Prevalence Ratios (aPR)  = 0.92, 95% CI = [0.90, 0.95]) and structural social capital (aPR = 0.80, 95% CI = [0.65, 0.99]) were associated with a lower likelihood of high depressive symptom scores after controlling for confounders. However, there was no association between network social capital and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the relationship between social capital and depressive symptoms in Taiwan differs according to the specific dimension of social capital assessed. Differentiating between network- and cohesion-based social capital merits greater attention to inform our understanding of building social capital to promote and improve mental health outcomes.
Dropped gallstones causing abdominal wall abscess and pleural empyema: a case series
Authors: McPherson Iain , McSorley Stephen T , Cannings Elizabeth , Shearer Christopher J , Crumley Andrew BC 
Published: October 2018

Introduction Dropped gallstones are gallstones lost in the abdominal cavity during cholecystectomy. They are a rare occurrence and often cause minimal long-term issues. However, it is recognised that dropped stones can cause intra- or extra-abdominal sepsis. We present three cases below which highlight this. Cases All three cases describe patients presenting for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Cases 1 and 2 post-gallstone pancreatitis and Case 3 for gallbladder stones. Cases 1 and 3 presented nine months and five years post-operatively, respectively, with flank abscess. Both received CT scans, with incision and drainage performed to remove gallstone. Case 2 presented six weeks post-operatively with cough and breathlessness. CT scan showed pleural effusion with communication to subphrenic collection. Pus and gallstone fragments were drained. Conclusion The above cases highlight that despite the majority of patients remaining asymptomatic, dropped gallstones should be considered amongst the differential in patients presenting with intra- or extra-abdominal abscess post-cholecystectomy, with timely intervention key to management.
The Governing Left in Uruguay (2005–2015): A Participatory Democratic Experiment
Authors: Bentancur Nicolás , Busquets José Miguel 
Published: October 2018

An account of the first 10 years of government of a leftist party in Uruguay—the Frente Amplio—focusing on a mode of designing public policies that prioritized participation by civil society organizations suggests that this strategy distinguishes it from the preceding traditional party administrations and challenges the “liberal-democratic” label assigned to it by some of the high-profile specialized literature. Este análisis de los primeros diez años de gobierno de un partido de izquierda—el Frente Amplio—en Uruguay, hace foco en una modalidad de construcción de las políticas públicas que incorporó de manera jerarquizada la participación de la sociedad civil. Se argumenta que representa una estrategia alternativa a la desarrollada por los gobiernos de centro-derecha que le precedieron, que no encaja bien en la categoría “liberal democrática” en la que la sitúa parte de la literatura especializada.
What to Teach, and how to Teach Urology?
Authors: Giertz Gustav 
Published: October 2018

L'illustre amico. Prof. Gustav Giertz, direttore della Clinica Urologica della Università di Stoccolma, Karolinska Sjukhuset, ci ha gentilmente inviato un articolo, da lui scritto in altra occasione e pubblicato nel fascicolo di giugno 1971 dell'Urology Digest. Accettiamo volentieri di pubblicare, del famoro urologo scandinavo, la parte dell'articolo che interessa la discussione da noi iniziata nel fascicolo 2/1971 della nostra rivista. The famous Prof. Gustav Giertz, head of the Urological Clinic of the University Medical School of Stokholm, Karolinska Sjukhuset, in sending us a paper, that he wrote in other occasion, and published in the number of June 1971 of Urology Digest. However the paper illustrates new points of views, about the teaching and training of urologists, tee are glad to publish the part concerning the discussion we began in Nr. 2/1971 of our review.
Tools for managing feline problem behaviours: Environmental and behavioural modification
Authors: Halls Vicky 
Published: October 2018

Practical relevance: Problem feline behaviour can be managed successfully by early diagnosis and intervention, good first-aid advice in veterinary practice and then, if necessary, a referral to a suitably qualified behaviourist for those cases that are complex. There are a number of tools available to assist in the resolution of problem feline behaviour and this article will cover environmental modification and behavioural modification. Clinical challenges: Problem feline behaviours are not uncommon and the veterinary team often have to rely on their own knowledge to assist clients if a specialist behaviourist is not available. Evidence base: There is a lack of evidence-based information regarding how best to work-up and treat cases of problem feline behaviour in practice; therefore, some recommendations within this article are based on the author’s experience of treating cases in a cat-specific behaviour referral practice over the past 20 years. However, there is evidence available regarding how best to enrich a cat’s environment and how to ensure a cat’s environmental needs are met. Audience: Any veterinarians, veterinary nurses or technicians who are involved in the diagnosis or treatment of problem feline behaviour in practice would benefit from understanding the principles of environmental and behavioural modification.
Development of an Ex Vivo Murine Osteochondral Repair Model
Authors: van Schaik Thomas J. A. , Gaul Florian , Dorthé Erik W. , Lee Emily E. , Grogan Shawn P. , D’Lima Darryl D. 
Published: October 2018

Objective Mouse models are commonly used in research applications due to the relatively low cost, highly characterized strains, as well as the availability of many genetically modified phenotypes. In this study, we characterized an ex vivo murine osteochondral repair model using human infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) progenitor cells. Design Femurs from euthanized mice were removed and clamped in a custom multidirectional vise to create cylindrical osteochondral defects 0.5 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm deep in both condyles. The IPFP contains progenitors that are a promising cell source for the repair of osteochondral defects. For proof of concept, human IPFP-derived progenitor cells, from osteoarthritic (OA) patients, cultured as pellets, were implanted into the defects and cultured in serum-free medium with TGFβ3 for 3 weeks and then processed for histology and immunostaining. Results The custom multidirectional vise enabled reproducible creation of osteochondral defects in murine femoral condyles. Implantation of IPFP-derived progenitor cells led to development of cartilaginous tissue with Safranin O staining and deposition of collagen type II in the extracellular matrix. Conclusions We showed feasibility in creating ex vivo osteochondral defects and demonstrated the regenerative potential of OA human IPFP-derived progenitors in mouse femurs. The murine model can be used to study the effects of aging and OA on tissue regeneration and to explore molecular mechanisms of cartilage repair using genetically modified mice.
Disaster Nursing Knowledge and Competencies Among Nursing University Students Participated in Relief Activities Following the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes
Authors: Satoh Miho , Iwamitsu Hiroko , Yamada Eiko , Kuribayashi Yoshiko , Yamagami-Matsuyama Taeko , Yamada Yasuko 
Published: October 2018

Objective This study examined disaster nursing knowledge and competencies among university nursing students who participated in relief activities following the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes. Methods Participants were university nursing students involved in disaster relief activities. Of the 260 individuals to whom a self-report questionnaire was distributed at nursing universities and hospitals located in Kyushu, southwestern Japan, 201 participants returned the questionnaires by mail (response rate 77.3%), of which 108 questionnaires were complete (valid response rate 41.5%). Questions involved experiences related to their volunteer activities, their motive for volunteering, type of relief activities performed, and use of disaster nursing knowledge and competencies. Results We identified four categories of disaster nursing competencies: “understanding and implementation of assistance to victims in collaboration with other members of the disaster response team,” “understanding the natural disaster’s influence on victims,” “ethical practice in a disaster recovery area,” and “understanding of their role within the disaster relief organization.” Those who had completed a disaster nursing program had superior measures of performance across all four competencies compared with those who had not yet completed the program. Conclusions Four domains of disaster nursing knowledge and competencies used by university nursing students during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake relief activities were identified. Those who had completed a disaster nursing program had higher competencies than were those who were either currently or not yet enrolled in it.
Assessment of Recovery From Geriatric Ankle Fracture Using the Life Space Mobility Assessment (LSA)
Authors: Ahearn Briggs , Mueller Claire , Boden Stephanie , Mignemi Danielle , Tenenbaum Shay , Bariteau Jason 
Published: October 2018

Background: The Life Space Assessment (LSA) is a validated outcomes measure that aims to assess the level of mobility and physical functioning within one’s own environment following a medical event. We sought to study the recovery of geriatric ankle fracture patients utilizing the LSA. We hypothesized that the LSA would provide improved assessment of these patients and help identify key differences in operative and nonoperatively treated patients. Methods: Prospective observational study of geriatric patients age 65 years and older with an ankle fracture with 1-year follow-up. Operative versus nonoperative intervention was determined by the attending physician on a patient-specific basis. The LSA, Short Form–36 (SF-36), and visual analog pain scale (VAPS) were administered at predetermined intervals postinjury and scores were analyzed for significance. Results: 20 patients were enrolled in this study. 11 underwent surgery whereas 9 were treated nonoperatively. Regardless of treatment, the preinjury LSA score was 86.7. This significantly dropped to 20.6 at 6 weeks and recovered to 73.6 at 12 months. In the operative cohort, the LSA scores preinjury were 91.4 and improved to 87.6 after 1 year. The nonoperative group recorded 80.9 preinjury and only improved to 59.5 at 1 year ( P = 0.007). There was no statistically significant difference when comparing the results of the SF-36 and VAPS to the LSA. Conclusion: The LSA was effective in assessing recovery in geriatric ankle fracture patients. A severe deficit in mobility was seen for the first 6 months of recovery regardless of treatment. Operative patients ultimately returned to their baseline LSA at 1 year while nonoperative patients did not. Outcomes from the VAS and SF-36 mirrored the LSA but were not found to be statistically significant. Level of Evidence: Level II.
Unique dependence on Sos1 in KrasG12D-induced leukemogenesis
Authors: You Xiaona , Kong Guangyao , Ranheim Erik A. , Yang David , Zhou Yun , Zhang Jing 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
We and others have previously shown that KrasG12D is a much more potent oncogene than oncogenic Nras in hematological malignancies. We attributed the strong leukemogenic activity of KrasG12D at least partially to its unique capability to hyperactivate wild-type (WT) Nras and Hras. Here, we report that Sos1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, is required to mediate this process. Sos1 is overexpressed in KrasG12D/+ cells, but not in NrasQ61R/+ and NrasG12D/+ cells. KrasG12D proteins form a complex with Sos1 in vivo. Sos1 deficiency attenuates hyperactivation of WT Nras, Hras, and the downstream ERK signaling in KrasG12D/+ cells. Thus, Sos1 deletion ameliorates oncogenic Kras-induced myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) phenotypes and prolongs the survival of KrasG12D/+ mice. In contrast, Sos1 is dispensable for hyperactivated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling in NrasQ61R/+ cells, and Sos1−/− does not affect MPN phenotypes in NrasQ61R/+ mice. Moreover, the survival of KrasG12D/+; Sos1−/− recipients is comparable to that of KrasG12D/+ recipients treated with combined MEK and JAK inhibitors. Our study suggests that targeting Sos1-oncogenic Kras interaction may improve the survival of cancer patients with KRAS mutations.
Assessment of parasite clearance following treatment of severe malaria with intravenous artesunate in Ugandan children enrolled in a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Byakika-Kibwika Pauline , Nyakato Patience , Lamorde Mohammed , Kiragga Agnes N. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Background
Malaria control largely depends on availability of highly efficacious drugs, however, over the years, has been threatened by emergence of drug resistance. It is, therefore, important to monitor the impact of recurrent anti-malarial treatment on the long-term efficacy of anti-malarial regimens, especially in sub-Saharan African countries with high malaria transmission. Evaluation of parasite clearance following treatment of severe malaria with intravenous artesunate among patients in Eastern Uganda, was performed, as a contribution to monitoring anti-malarial effectiveness.

Methods
Parasite clearance data obtained from a clinical trial whose objective was to evaluate the 42-day parasitological treatment outcomes and safety following treatment of severe malaria with intravenous artesunate plus artemisinin-based combination therapy among patients attending Tororo District Hospital in Eastern Uganda, were analysed. Serial blood smears were performed at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24 h, followed by 6-hourly blood smears post start of treatment until 6 h post the first negative blood smear when parasite clearance was achieved. Study endpoints were; parasite clearance half-life (the time required for parasitaemia to decrease by 50% based on the linear portion of the parasite clearance slope) and parasite clearance time (time required for complete clearance of initial parasitaemia).

Results
One hundred and fifty participants with severe malaria were enrolled. All participants were treated with intravenous artesunate. All study participants tolerated artesunate well with rapid recovery from symptoms and ability to take oral mediation within 24 h. No immediate adverse events were recorded. The median (IQR) number of days to complete parasite clearance was of 2 (1–2). The median (IQR) time to clear 50% and 99% parasites was 4.8 (3.61–7.10) and 17.55 (14.66–20.66) h, respectively. The median estimated clearance rate constant per hour was 0.32. The median (IQR) slope half-life was 2.15 (1.64, 2.61) h.

Conclusion
Parasite clearance following treatment with intravenous artesunate was rapid and adequate. This finding provides supportive evidence that resistance to artemisinins is unlikely to have emerged in this study area. Continuous monitoring of artemisinin effectiveness for malaria treatment should be established in high malaria transmission areas in sub-Saharan Africa where spread of resistance would be disastrous.
Trial registration The study was registered with the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry (PACTR201110000321348). Registered 7th October 2011, http://www.pactr.org/)
Metabolic features of cancer cells
Authors: Wang Yugang , Xia Yan , Lu Zhimin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCancer cells uniquely reprogram their cellular activities to support their rapid proliferation and migration and to counteract metabolic and genotoxic stress during cancer progression. In this reprograming, cancer cells’ metabolism and other cellular activities are integrated and mutually regulated, and cancer cells modulate metabolic enzymes spatially and temporally so that these enzymes not only have altered metabolic activities but also have modulated subcellular localization and gain non‐canonical functions. This review and several others in this issue of Cancer Communications discuss these enzymes’ newly acquired functions and the non‐canonical functions of some metabolites as features of cancer cell metabolism, which play critical roles in various cellular activities, including gene expression, anabolism, catabolism, redox homeostasis, and DNA repair.
Improving full-waveform inversion by wavefield reconstruction with the alternating direction method of multipliers
Authors: Aghamiry Hossein S. , Gholami Ali , Operto Stéphane 
Published: October 2018

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is an iterative nonlinear waveform matching procedure subject to wave-equation constraint. FWI is highly nonlinear when the wave-equation constraint is enforced at each iteration. To mitigate nonlinearity, wavefield-reconstruction inversion (WRI) expands the search space by relaxing the wave-equation constraint with a penalty method. The pitfall of this approach resides in the tuning of the penalty parameter because increasing values should be used to foster data fitting during early iterations while progressively enforcing the wave-equation constraint during late iterations. However, large values of the penalty parameter lead to ill-conditioned problems. Here, this tuning issue is solved by replacing the penalty method by an augmented Lagrangian method equipped with operator splitting (iteratively refined WRI [IR-WRI]). It is shown that IR-WRI is similar to a penalty method in which data and sources are updated at each iteration by the running sum of the data and source residuals of previous iterations. Moreover, the alternating direction strategy exploits the bilinearity of the wave-equation constraint to linearize the subsurface model estimation around the reconstructed wavefield. Accordingly, the original nonlinear FWI is decomposed into a sequence of two linear subproblems, the optimization variable of one subproblem being passed as a passive variable for the next subproblem. The convergence of WRI and IR-WRI is first compared with a simple transmission experiment, which lies in the linear regime of FWI. Under the same conditions, IR-WRI converges to a more accurate minimizer with a smaller number of iterations than WRI. More realistic case studies performed with the Marmousi II and the BP salt models indicate the resilience of IR-WRI to cycle skipping and noise, as well as its ability to reconstruct with high-fidelity, large-contrast salt bodies and subsalt structures starting the inversion from crude initial models and a 3 Hz starting frequency.
Gene Signature of the Human Pancreatic ε Cell
Authors: Dominguez Gutierrez Giselle , Kim Jinrang , Lee Ann-Hwee , Tong Jenny , Niu JingJing , Gray Sarah M , Wei Yi , Ding Yueming , Ni Min , Adler Christina , Murphy Andrew J , Gromada Jesper , Xin Yurong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe ghrelin-producing ε cell represents the fifth endocrine cell type in human pancreatic islets. The abundance of ε cells in adult pancreas is extremely low, which has hampered the investigation on the molecular pathways regulating the development and the function of this cell type. In this study, we explored the molecular features defining the function of pancreatic ε cells isolated from adult nondiabetic donors using single-cell RNA sequencing technology. We focus on transcription factors, cell surface receptors, and genes involved in metabolic pathways that contribute to regulation of cellular function. Furthermore, the genes that separate ε cells from the other islet endocrine cell types are presented. This study expands prior knowledge about the genes important for ε cell functioning during development and provides a resource to interrogate the transcriptome of this rare human islet cell type.