bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do patients and carers make sense of renal dietary advice? A qualitative exploration
Authors: Lambert Kelly , Mansfield Kylie , Mullan Judy 
Published: September 2018

SUMMARYBackgroundDietary modification is an integral part of chronic kidney disease (CKD) management. However, adherence to the renal diet is often suboptimal.MethodsThe aims of this study were to (i) describe the experiences of patients with CKD and their carers in their process of interpreting and implementing renal dietary advice; (ii) to explore strategies they used to make sense of and apply renal diet information and (iii) to develop recommendations for improved clinical practice. To achieve these aims, individual semi‐structured interviews with 26 patients and 10 carers were conducted, using interview questions guided by Sensemaking theory.FindingsSix themes emerged from the data which did not differ according to CKD stage, geographic location or renal replacement therapy (RRT) type. The renal diet was perceived by patients and carers to be overwhelming, frustrating and emotionally demanding; as well as being complex and challenging. To help make sense of and apply renal dietary advice, participants highly valued the input of the dietitian; and patients believed that their carer support was important. Individual problem‐solving strategies were developed by participants to help them make sense of the renal diet, and many of them expressed a desire for additional resources and/or support.ConclusionsThis study highlights that learning to make sense of renal diet information is an emotionally challenging journey for patients and carers. In addition to utilising the expertise of dietitians, carer support was perceived to be integral to learning and using renal dietary advice. The study describes a number of important problem‐solving strategies utilised by patients and carers, as well as recommendations to help improve sensemaking and adherence to the renal diet.
Surgical findings and clinical outcome after bilateral repair of apparently unilateral perineal hernias in dogs
Authors: Bernardé A. , Rochereau P. , Matres‐Lorenzo L. , Brissot H. 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesTo report the short‐ and long‐term outcomes and recurrence rate in dogs treated for apparently unilateral perineal hernia with bilateral herniorrhaphy, castration, colopexy, vas deferens pexy with or without cystopexy in single‐stage procedures.Materials and MethodsThirty‐one client‐owned dogs with apparently unilateral perineal hernia were included. Perineal hernias were repaired bilaterally, incorporating internal obturator muscle transposition and the sacro‐tuberal ligament, combined with colopexy, vas deferens pexy with or without cystopexy. Preoperative pattern of defaecation, pattern of micturition and rectal alignment were recorded. Surgical time, bilateral surgical perineal findings, postoperative complications, short‐, middle‐ and long‐term (>24 months) scores and recurrence rate were documented.ResultsA hernia with ectopic tissue and weakness of the pelvic diaphragm was identified bilaterally in all dogs despite the unilateral clinical presentation. The procedure combination was achieved uneventfully in all dogs in 56 to 113 minutes (mean 73 minutes). Complication rate was low, consisting mostly of urinary disorders, most of which resolved within a few days. In all, 93% of dogs were free of clinical signs related to perineal hernia at long‐term follow‐up (mean 27 months). Recurrence rate was 0%.Clinical SignificanceOur surgical findings suggest that perineal hernia in dogs might be considered a bilateral disease, even when the presentation is of apparently unilateral signs. Recurrence is rare following bilateral herniorrhaphy combined with colopexy and deferens pexy with or without cystopexy.
An appetite for ambivalence: Pope studies in the twenty‐first century
Authors: Jones Emrys D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article provides an overview of scholarship on Alexander Pope since the turn of the millennium, concentrating on the theme of his ambivalence as it manifests in a range of contexts. The author examines Pope's approaches to philosophy, poetics, and politics, and his overarching concern with the concepts of private and public life. The article argues that focusing on Pope's capacity for ambivalence and equivocation as a poet has proven far from a critical dead end and that there is still the promise of much intellectual excitement in this area of study.
What can discrete choice experiments do for you?
Authors: Cleland Jennifer , Porteous Terry , Skåtun Diane 
Published: September 2018

ContextIn everyday life, the choices we make are influenced by our preferences for the alternatives available to us. The same is true when choosing medical education, training and jobs. More often than not, those alternatives comprise multiple attributes and our ultimate choice will be guided by the value we place on each attribute relative to the others. In education, for example, choice of university is likely to be influenced by preferences for institutional reputation, location, cost and course content; but which of these attributes is the most influential? An understanding of what is valued by applicants, students, trainees and colleagues is of increasing importance in the higher education and medical job marketplaces because it will help us to develop options that meet their needs and preferences.MethodsIn this article, we describe the discrete choice experiment (DCE), a survey method borrowed from economics that allows us to quantify the values respondents place on the attributes of goods and services, and to explore whether and to what extent they are willing to trade less of one attribute for more of another.ConclusionsTo date, DCEs have been used to look at medical workforce issues but relatively little in the field of medical education. However, many outstanding questions within medical education could be usefully addressed using DCEs. A better understanding of which attributes have most influence on, for example, staff or student satisfaction, choice of university and choice of career, and the extent to which stakeholders are prepared to trade one attribute against another is required. Such knowledge will allow us to tailor the way medical education is provided to better meet the needs of key stakeholders within the available resources.
Ail provides multiple mechanisms of serum resistance to Yersinia pestis
Authors: Thomson Joshua J. , Plecha Sarah C. , Krukonis Eric S. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryAil, a multifunctional outer membrane protein of Yersinia pestis, confers cell binding, Yop delivery and serum resistance activities. Resistance to complement proteins in serum is critical for the survival of Y. pestis during the septicemic stage of plague infections. Bacteria employ a variety of tactics to evade the complement system, including recruitment of complement regulatory factors, such as factor H, C4b‐binding protein (C4BP) and vitronectin (Vn). Y. pestis Ail interacts with the regulatory factors Vn and C4BP, and Ail homologs from Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis recruit factor H. Using co‐sedimentation assays, we demonstrate that two surface‐exposed amino acids, F80 and F130, are required for the interaction of Y. pestis Ail with Vn, factor H and C4BP. However, although Ail‐F80A/F130A fails to interact with these complement regulatory proteins, it still confers 10,000‐fold more serum resistance than a Δail strain and prevents C9 polymerization, potentially by directly interfering with MAC assembly. Using site‐directed mutagenesis, we further defined this additional mechanism of complement evasion conferred by Ail. Finally, we find that at Y. pestis concentrations reflective of early‐stage septicemic plague, Ail weakly recruits Vn and fails to recruit factor H, suggesting that this alternative mechanism of serum resistance may be essential during plague infection.
Influencing Student Teacher Grammar Cognitions: The Case of the Incongruous Curriculum
Authors: GRAUS JOHAN , COPPEN PETER–ARNO 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study explored the role teacher education plays in influencing student teachers’ pedagogical grammar cognitions—defined as what student teachers know, think, and believe regarding grammar instruction—on the premise that investigating the impact of teacher education (or lack thereof) is more fruitful when considering it the result of complex interactions between various teacher education influences (and prior cognitions) rather than the outcome of individual courses. An instrumental case study was conducted to examine how a TEFL (teaching English as a foreign language) bachelor degree program in the Netherlands attempted to impact student teacher cognitions on grammar instruction. For this purpose, various groups of stakeholders (16 student teachers, 10 teacher educators, and 6 school placement mentors) were interviewed, 30 hours of teaching were observed, and multiple data sources were triangulated. The outcomes demonstrate how several manifestations of incongruence, in secondary education as well as in teaching practice, fostered instead of challenged student teachers’ traditional pedagogical grammar cognitions, which were further consolidated and reinforced—albeit unintentionally—in teacher education as a result of inconsistencies in the curriculum, incongruent teaching models, and confusion arising from the dichotomy between disciplinary knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge.
Neurotrophic factors in enteric physiology and pathophysiology
Authors: Liu Sumei 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNeurotrophic factors are traditionally recognized for their roles in differentiation, growth, and survival of specific neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. Some neurotrophic factors are essential for the development and migration of the enteric nervous system along the fetal and post‐natal gut. Over the last two decades, several non‐developmental functions of neurotrophic factors have been characterized. In the adult gastrointestinal tract, neurotrophic factors regulate gut sensation, motility, epithelial barrier function, and protect enteric neurons and glial cells from damaging insults in the microenvironment of the gut. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Fu et al demonstrate that brain‐derived neurotrophic factor plays a role in the pathogenesis of distention‐induced abdominal pain in bowel obstruction. In light of this interesting finding, this mini‐review highlights some of the recent advances in understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of neurotrophic factors in the adult gut.
Revisiting the evolutionary origins of obesity: lazy versus peppy‐thrifty genotype hypothesis
Authors: Reddon H. , Patel Y. , Turcotte M. , Pigeyre M. , Meyre D. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThe recent global obesity epidemic is attributed to major societal and environmental changes, such as excessive energy intake and sedentary lifestyle. However, exposure to ‘obesogenic’ environments does not necessarily result in obesity at the individual level, as 40–75% of body mass index variation in population is attributed to genetic differences. The thrifty genotype theory posits that genetic variants promoting efficient food sequestering and optimal deposition of fat during periods of food abundance were evolutionarily advantageous for the early hunter–gatherer and were positively selected. However, the thrifty genotype is likely too simplistic and fails to provide a justification for the complex distribution of obesity predisposing gene variants and for the broad range of body mass index observed in diverse ethnic groups. This review proposes that gene pleiotropy may better account for the variability in the distribution of obesity susceptibility alleles across modern populations. We outline the lazy‐thrifty versus peppy‐thrifty genotype hypothesis and detail the body of evidence in the literature in support of this novel concept. Future population genetics and mathematical modelling studies that account for pleiotropy may further improve our understanding of the evolutionary origins of the current obesity epidemic.
The ipRGC‐driven pupil response with light exposure and refractive error in children
Authors: Ostrin Lisa A 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPurposeThe intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) signal environmental light, control pupil size and entrain circadian rhythm. There is speculation that ipRGCs may be involved in the protective effects of light exposure in myopia. Here, the ipRGC‐driven pupil response was evaluated in children and examined with light exposure and refractive error.MethodsChildren ages 5–15 years participated. Subjects wore an actigraph device prior to the lab visit for objective measures of light exposure and sleep. For pupillometry, the left eye was dilated and presented with stimuli, and the consensual pupil response was measured in the right eye. Pupil measurements were preceded by 5 min dark adaptation. In Experiment 1 (n = 14), 1 s long wavelength light (‘red,’ 651 nm, 167 cd m−2) and 10 increasing intensities of 1 s short wavelength light (‘blue,’ 456 nm, 0.167–167 cd m−2) were presented with a 60 s interstimulus interval. A piecewise two‐segment regression was fit to the stimulus response function to determine the functional melanopsin threshold. Pupil responses were analysed with light exposure over the previous 24 h. For Experiment 2 (n = 42), three 1 s red and three 1 s blue alternating stimuli were presented with a 60 s interstimulus interval. Following an additional 5‐min dark adaption, the experiment was repeated. Pupil metrics included peak constriction, the 6 s and 30 s post‐illumination response (PIPR), early and late area under the curve (AUC). Following pupil measurements, cycloplegic refractive error and axial length were measured.ResultsFor Experiment 1, PIPR metrics demonstrated a graded response to increasing intensity blue stimuli, with a mean functional melanopsin threshold of 6.2 ± 4.5 cd m−2 (range: 0.84–16.7 cd m−2). The 6 s PIPR and early AUC were associated with 24‐h light exposure for high intensity stimuli (33.3 and 83.3 cd m−2, p < 0.005 for both). For Experiment 2, there were no associations between pupil metrics and refractive error. The 6 s PIPR and early AUC to blue stimuli were significantly increased for Trial 2 compared to Trial 1.ConclusionsThe ipRGC‐driven pupil responses in children were robust and similar to responses previously measured in an adult population. The 6 s PIPR and early AUC to high intensity blue stimuli were associated with previous light exposure. There were no associations between the ipRGC‐driven pupil response and refractive status in this cohort.
Detrimental effects of sediment on attachment, survival and growth of the brown alga Sargassum thunbergii in early life stages
Authors: Gao Xu , Lee Jung Rok , Park Seo Kyoung , Kim Nam Gil , Choi Han Gil 
Published: September 2018

SUMMARYSediment loading by human activities has increased in recent years and sedimentation in coastal areas is problematic because it removes seaweed forests. In this study, we examined the effects of different sediment quantities (0, 2, 4, and 6 mg cm−2) and particles sizes (<100, 100–250, and 250–600 μm) on zygote attachment, and germling survival and growth of Sargassum thunbergii, an economically and ecologically important species. Zygote attachment was negatively correlated with increased sediment quantities. However, it was not significantly different among sediment particle sizes. In addition, survival and growth of germlings were significantly inhibited by increased sediment quantity. Smaller particle size (< 100 μm) had greater negative impact on the survival and growth than bigger ones. Results of the present study suggest that early development of S. thunbergii is significantly inhibited by sediment. This might be a vital factor that results in forest depletion in Korea.
Neurocognitive mechanisms of emotion‐related impulsivity: The role of arousal
Authors: Pearlstein Jennifer G. , Johnson Sheri L. , Modavi Kiana , Peckham Andrew D. , Carver Charles S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPrior research suggests that a traitlike tendency to experience impulsivity during states of high emotion is robustly associated with many forms of psychopathology. Several studies tie emotion‐related impulsivity to response inhibition deficits, but these studies have not focused on the role of emotion or arousal within subjects. The present study tested whether arousal, measured by pupil dilation, amplifies deficits in response inhibition for those high in emotion‐related impulsivity. Participants (N = 85) completed a measure of emotion‐related impulsivity, underwent a positive mood induction procedure that reduced heterogeneity in mood states, and completed a response inhibition task. Pupil dilation was used to index arousal during the response inhibition task. Generalized linear mixed effect modeling yielded the hypothesized interaction between arousal (pupil dilation) and emotion‐related impulsivity in predicting response inhibition performance at the trial level. Emotion‐related impulsivity relates to more difficulties with response inhibition during moments of high arousal.
Judaism was a civilization: Toward a reconstruction of ancient Jewish peoplehood
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractContemporary scholars of ancient Judaism struggle to describe Jewishness, recognizing that ancient Jewish concepts of social collectivity do not fully correspond with modern understandings of ethnicity, nationality, race, or even religion. But despite current efforts, categorical anachronism may be inherently inescapable. Scholars should therefore evaluate modern descriptive terms based on their analytic utility. By this standard, scholars would do well to consider embracing an obviously anachronistic—but nevertheless utilitarian—term to understand ancient Jewishness: “peoplehood.” Mordecai Kaplan's conceptions of “civilization” and “peoplehood” were developed as conscious rejections of more limited (and Protestant) understandings of religion. Kaplan proposed a more nuanced understanding of Jewishness, straddling the same divides (between ethnicity, nationality, and religion) that confound scholars of ancient Judaism today. Kaplan's understanding of the Jewish civilization—land, language, folkways, sanctions, institutions, and arts—presents a striking (if inexact) articulation of the way scholars of ancient Judaism discern Jewishness in our ancient evidence. This in turn justifies utilizing “peoplehood” as an analytic category for the understanding of ancient Jewishness.
Combining Quantitative Risk Assessment of Human Health, Food Waste, and Energy Consumption: The Next Step in the Development of the Food Cold Chain?
Authors: Duret Steven , Hoang Hong‐Minh , Derens‐Bertheau Evelyne , Delahaye Anthony , Laguerre Onrawee , Guillier Laurent 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe preservation of perishable food via refrigeration in the supply chain is essential to extend shelf life and provide consumers with safe food. However, electricity consumed in refrigeration processes has an economical and an environmental impact. This study focuses on the cold chain of cooked ham, including transport, cold room in supermarket, display cabinet, transport by consumer, and domestic refrigerator, and aims to predict the risk for human health associated with Listeria monocytogenes, the amount of food wasted due to the growth of spoilage bacteria, and the electrical consumption to maintain product temperature through the cold chain. A set of eight intervention actions were tested to evaluate their impact on the three criteria. Results show that the modification of the thermostat of the domestic refrigerator has a high impact on food safety and food waste and a limited impact on the electrical consumption. Inversely, the modification of the airflow rate in the display cabinet has a high impact on electrical consumption and a limited impact on food safety and food waste. A cost–benefit analysis approach and two multicriteria decision analysis methods were used to rank the intervention actions. These three methodologies show that setting the thermostat of the domestic refrigerator to 4 °C presents the best compromise between the three criteria. The impact of decisionmaker preferences (criteria weight) and limitations of these three approaches are discussed. The approaches proposed by this study may be useful in decision making to evaluate global impact of intervention actions in issues involving conflicting outputs.
Addressing Challenges to Building Resilience Through Interdisciplinary Research and Engagement
Authors: Berke Philip R. , Quiring Steven M. , Olivera Francisco , Horney Jennifer A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractResilient communities are less affected by, and recover faster from, natural disasters. To be resilient in rapidly changing contemporary environments subject to the effects of complex factors such as climate change and urbanization, communities must effectively and efficiently adapt to new conditions to minimize future risks. To develop resilience, the hazards to which the community is exposed and vulnerable (i.e., future hurricanes, subsidence, salt water intrusion) must be accurately assessed, the systems (i.e., natural, built, and social) must be well understood, and the community must be engaged in the proactive planning and priority setting process. An approach to building resilience that utilizes the adaptive capacity of planning highlights opportunities to work collaboratively across disciplines to incorporate models and data from different disciplines to reduce uncertainty. We present one interdisciplinary group's approach to addressing challenges to building resilience through proactive planning, including: (1) characterizing hazards more accurately; (2) improving understanding of the vulnerability of natural (e.g., climate and infrastructure) systems subject to hazards; and (3) capturing potential synergies from interactions between planning and policies that govern decisions about the design of human settlements in hazardous areas.
Growth in fragile states in Africa: Conflict and post‐conflict capital accumulation
Authors: Nkurunziza Janvier D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article analyses the pattern of capital accumulation in Africa and its interaction with political fragility. Political fragility, defined as armed conflict or civil war, retards or reverses gains with respect to capital accumulation, slowing long‐term economic growth. Many countries experience negative rates of capital accumulation, particularly during periods of acute political instability. In post‐war periods, countries generally continue to experience capital destruction, lending support to the “war ruin hypothesis.” This has implications for long‐term economic growth in view of the strong association between capital accumulation and economic performance. The main policy implication of the analysis is that African countries and their international partners should pay more attention to capital accumulation, including capital reconstruction after periods of political instability, to lay the foundations for sustainable economic growth.