bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normal saline bolus use in pediatric emergency departments is associated with poorer pain control in children with sickle cell anemia and vaso‐occlusive pain
Authors: Carden Marcus A. , Brousseau David C. , Ahmad Fahd A. , Bennett Jonathan , Bhatt Seema , Bogie Amanda , Brown Kathleen , Casper Theron Charles , Chapman Laura L. , Chumpitazi Corrie E. , Cohen Daniel , Dampier Carlton , Ellison Angela M. , Grasemann Hartmut , Hickey Robert W. , Hsu Lewis L. , Leibovich Sara , Powell Elizabeth , Richards Rachel , Sarnaik Syana , Weiner Debra L. , Morris Claudia R. ,   on behalf of the Sickle Cell Disease Arginine Study Group and the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN)
Published: March 2019

AbstractVaso‐occlusive pain events (VOE) are the leading cause of emergency department (ED) visits in sickle cell anemia (SCA). This study assessed the variability in use of intravenous fluids (IVFs), and the association of normal saline bolus (NSB), on pain and other clinical outcomes in children with SCA, presenting to pediatric emergency departments (PED) with VOE. Four‐hundred charts of children age 3‐21 years with SCA/VOE receiving parenteral opioids at 20 high‐volume PEDs were evaluated in a retrospective study. Data on type and amount of IVFs used were collected. Patients were divided into two groups: those who received NSB and those who did not. The association of NSB use on change in pain scores and admission rates was evaluated. Among 400 children studied, 261 (65%) received a NSB. Mean age was 13.8 ± 4.9 years; 46% were male; 92% had hemoglobin‐SS. The IVFs (bolus and/or maintenance) were used in 84% of patients. Eight different types of IVFs were utilized and IVF volume administered varied widely. Mean triage pain scores were similar between groups, but improvement in pain scores from presentation‐to‐ED‐disposition was smaller in the NSB group (2.2 vs 3.0, P = .03), while admission rates were higher (71% vs 59%, P = .01). Use of NSB remained associated with poorer final pain scores and worse change in pain scores in our multivariable model. In conclusion, wide variations in practice utilizing IVFs are common. NSB is given to >50% of children with SCA/VOE, but is associated with poorer pain control; a controlled prospective trial is needed to determine causality.
MYH9‐related disease mutations cause abnormal red blood cell morphology through increased myosin‐actin binding at the membrane
Authors: Smith Alyson S. , Pal Kasturi , Nowak Roberta B. , Demenko Anastasiya , Zaninetti Carlo , Da Costa Lydie , Favier Remi , Pecci Alessandro , Fowler Velia M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
MYH9‐related disease (MYH9‐RD) is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in MYH9, the gene encoding the actin‐activated motor protein non‐muscle myosin IIA (NMIIA). MYH9‐RD patients suffer from bleeding syndromes, progressive kidney disease, deafness, and/or cataracts, but the impact of MYH9 mutations on other NMIIA‐expressing tissues remains unknown. In human red blood cells (RBCs), NMIIA assembles into bipolar filaments and binds to actin filaments (F‐actin) in the spectrin‐F‐actin membrane skeleton to control RBC biconcave disk shape and deformability. Here, we tested the effects of MYH9 mutations in different NMIIA domains (motor, coiled‐coil rod, or non‐helical tail) on RBC NMIIA function. We found that MYH9‐RD does not cause clinically significant anemia and that patient RBCs have normal osmotic deformability as well as normal membrane skeleton composition and micron‐scale distribution. However, analysis of complete blood count data and peripheral blood smears revealed reduced hemoglobin content and elongated shapes, respectively, of MYH9‐RD RBCs. Patients with mutations in the NMIIA motor domain had the highest numbers of elongated RBCs. Patients with mutations in the motor domain also had elevated association of NMIIA with F‐actin at the RBC membrane. Our findings support a central role for motor domain activity in NMIIA regulation of RBC shape and define a new sub‐clinical phenotype of MYH9‐RD.
Clinical exome sequencing in 509 Middle Eastern families with suspected Mendelian diseases: The Qatari experience
Authors: Al‐Dewik Nader , Mohd Howaida , Al‐Mureikhi Mariam , Ali Rehab , Al‐Mesaifri Fatma , Mahmoud Laila , Shahbeck Noora , El‐Akouri Karen , Almulla Mariam , Al Sulaiman Reem , Musa Sara , Al‐Marri Ajayeb Al‐Nabet , Richard Gabriele , Juusola Jane , Solomon Benjamin D. , Alkuraya Fowzan S. , Ben‐Omran Tawfeg 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundClinical exome sequencing (CES) is rapidly becoming the diagnostic test of choice in patients with suspected Mendelian diseases especially those that are heterogeneous in etiology and clinical presentation. Reporting large CES series can inform guidelines on best practices for test utilization, and improves accuracy of variant interpretation through clinically‐oriented data sharing.MethodsThis is a retrospective series of 509 probands from Qatar who underwent singleton or trio CES either as a reflex or naïve (first‐tier) test from April 2014 to December 2016 for various clinical indications.ResultsThe CES diagnostic yield for the overall cohort was 48.3% (n = 246). Dual molecular diagnoses were observed in 2.1% of cases; nearly all of whom (91%) were consanguineous. We report compelling variants in 11 genes with no established Mendelian phenotypes. Unlike reflex‐WES, naïve WES was associated with a significantly shorter diagnostic time (3 months vs. 18 months, p < 0.0001).ConclusionMiddle Eastern patients tend to have a higher yield from CES than outbred populations, which has important implications in test choice especially early in the diagnostic process. The relatively high diagnostic rate is likely related to the predominance of recessive diagnoses (60%) since consanguinity and positive family history were strong predictors of a positive CES.
Additive Effects on Copper‐Catalyzed Tandem Reactions
Authors: Wu Fengtian , Ma Mingyang , Xie Jianwei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroduction of a suitable additive to copper‐catalyzed tandem reactions during heterocyclic synthesis is an efficient strategy. This short review mainly describes the results obtained over the period of January 2014 to December 2018 in the area of copper‐catalyzed intramolecular tandem reactions to synthesize heterocyclic compounds. Five types of additives that can be used to improve reactivity and selectivity of these tandem reactions were highlighted. Particular attention is paid to demonstrate the importance of additives by comparing results obtained in its absence and presence, and the probable mechanistic role of the additive is discussed based on original articles.
Effects of the recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers on the rigid polyurethane foam
Authors: Cheng Jia‐Ji , Li Shao‐Xiang , Zhang Feng , Wang Yong , Qu Wen‐Juan , Liu Meng , Wang Dong , Zhou Yue 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTRecycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), subjected to the treatment with the flame retardant first, was used to reinforce the rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs). Different loadings of PET fibers (3–12 wt %) of different lengths (5, 10, 15, and 20 mm) were added into RPUF. The mechanical properties of composites were studied by compressive strength test and shear stress test. The flame‐retardant properties were evaluated by cone calorimeter and limited oxygen index test. The results showed that the proper addition of PET fibers could improve the mechanical and flame‐retardant properties of the material. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47758.
Immobilization of carbonic anhydrase on polyethylenimine/dopamine codeposited membranes
Authors: Sun Jing , Wang Caihong , Wang Yanzi , Ji Shuxin , Liu Wenfang 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTCarbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzing CO2 hydration has an important application in carbon capture, and its immobilization is very significant. Here, CA was covalently linked by glutaraldehyde (GA) to the surface of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and polyethylene (PE) membranes, which were previously modified via a simple codeposition of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and dopamine (DA). The effects of the modification conditions were investigated, and the membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The immobilization process was optimized, and the catalytic properties of immobilized CA were studied. The results show that the optimal mass ratio of PEI and DA was 1:1 and the deposition time was 10–12 h, at which the surface amino group density could reach 1.278 × 10−7 and 1.397 × 10−7 mol/cm2 for PVDF and PE, respectively. For enzyme immobilization, the optimal CA and GA concentrations were 0.2 mg/mL and 0.1 wt %, and a maximum activity recovery of about 53% and 76% could be achieved for PVDF‐attached CA and PE‐attached CA, respectively. Their Km values were 10.62 mM and 8.6 mM, and the corresponding Kcat/Km values were 132.2 M−1 s−1 and 312.9 M−1 s−1. After immobilization, the storage stability and reusability of CA were much improved. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47784.
Enhanced Programmed Death 1 and Diminished Programmed Death Ligand 1 Up‐Regulation Capacity of Post‐Activated Lupus B Cells
Authors: Stefanski Ana‐Luisa , Wiedemann Annika , Reiter Karin , Hiepe Falk , Lino Andreia C. , Dörner Thomas 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the expression of programmed death 1 (PD‐1), PD ligand 1 (PD‐L1), and PD‐L2 by B cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at baseline and after in vitro stimulation and to analyze their functional relationship to B cell proliferation.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 29 SLE patients and 27 healthy donors were stimulated with interleukin‐2 (IL‐2)/IL‐10, anti–B cell receptor (anti‐BCR), CpG, and CD40L alone or in combination. Expression of PD‐1, PD‐L1, and PD‐L2 on defined B cell subsets as well as on CD3+ T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry at baseline and after 48 hours of stimulation. Additionally, after 48 hours of stimulation, CD71 was evaluated as a proliferation marker on CD19+CD20+ B cells.ResultsIncreased PD‐1 expression was characteristic of unstimulated lupus B cells and T cells. Upon stimulation of B cells with IL‐2/IL‐10, anti‐BCR, CpG, and CD40L for 48 hours, the capacity of SLE B cells to up‐regulate PD‐L1 expression was substantially diminished (P = 0.0006) along with reduced B cell proliferation (P = 0.0039). Reduced PD‐L1 expression was inversely correlated with the presence of the interferon signature (r = –0.8571, P < 0.0001) and the clinical SLE Disease Activity Index score (r = –0.5696, P = 0.0087).ConclusionPost‐activated, hyporesponsive lupus B cells are characterized by a phenotype of increased PD‐1, functionally diminished PD‐L1 up‐regulation capacity, and reduced proliferation upon stimulation.
Constraints on the number of X‐ray pulsars in IC 10 from a deep XMM‐Newton observation
Authors: Yang J. , Laycock S. G. T. , Wik D. R. 
Published: March 2019

We report the most sensitive search yet for X‐ray pulsars in the dwarf starburst galaxy IC 10, which is known to contain a population of young, high‐mass X‐ray binaries. We searched for pulsations in 207 point‐like X‐ray sources in the direction of IC 10 by a 2012 XMM‐Newton observation with a total exposure time of 134.5 ks. Pulsation searches in faint objects can be sensitive to the energy bands of the light curves, as well as the source and background extraction areas. We analyzed separately the PN and metal–oxide–semiconductor barycenter corrected 0.2–12 keV data, with good time interval filtering. Different schemes for source and background extraction were compared, and the search was repeated in the narrower 0.5–8 keV energy band to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio. For the most conservative parameters, five point sources produced significant peaks in the Lomb–Scargle periodogram (99% significance, single trial, assuming white noise). A similar number of different candidates result from alternative analyses. A ∼4,100 s period seen in all three instruments for the black hole (BH) + Wolf–Rayet binary IC 10 X‐1 is probably due to red noise of astrophysical origin. Considering the periods, luminosities, and spatial distribution of the pulsar candidates in the direction of IC 10, they do not belong to the same distribution as the ones in the Magellanic Clouds and Milky Way. This result holds even if the candidates are spurious, since if the Small Magellanic Cloud were placed at the distance of IC 10, we would expect to see nearly five pulsars at Lx > 1036 erg s–1 inside the D25 contour, and their periods would be of order 100 s, rather than the mostly ∼1 s periods for the candidates reported here, which lie outside the main body of the galaxy.
Tidal disruption events: Past, present, and future
Authors: Saxton R. , Motch C. , Komossa S. , Lira P. , Read A. , Alexander K. , Descalzo M. , Koenig Ö. , Freyberg M. 
Published: March 2019

The tidal disruption of a star by a nuclear supermassive black hole was predicted in the 1970s and first confirmed by soft X‐ray flares seen from quiescent galaxies in the ROSAT all‐sky survey. We report here on the discovery of a new candidate tidal disruption event, 1RXS J075908.8 + 074835, from the ROSAT bright source catalog, which faded by a factor > 100 in 20 years. Similar events have continued to be found in XMM‐Newton and Chandra data and more recently, flares in large‐area hard X‐ray, ultraviolet (UV) and optical transient surveys have also been attributed to the same phenomenon. Each of these spectral components, sometimes complemented by radio and IR activity, have their own timescale and possibly physical mechanism. Current models and simulations revolve around trying to explain how the energy released by the fall back of stellar debris in the gravitational well of the black hole is converted into radiation in each wave band. We look at the connection between optical, UV, and X‐ray emission and illustrate a dichotomy between X‐ray and optically dominated tidal disruption event (TDE), which is currently unexplained. We look at the observations that are needed to make further breakthroughs in the field and assess the optimum follow‐up strategies needed for events discovered in future large survey missions such as extended Roentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array (eROSITA), the Einstein Probe, and Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). HIgh‐energy LIght‐curve GeneraTor (HILIGT), a useful new tool for comparing fluxes and upper limits between missions, is presented.
Recent Progress in Defective Carbon‐Based Oxygen Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Zink‐Air Batteries
Authors: Wang Sidi , Jiang Hongliang , Song Li 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn recent years, rechargeable Zn‐air batteries put forward higher requirements on oxygen electrode materials in terms of their bifunctional properties, stability, and economic cost. As an eligible candidate, defective carbon‐based nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention since substantial progresses in oxygen evolution reaction and/or oxygen reduction reaction have been reported sequentially. This review briefly summarizes the recent advancements towards defective carbon‐based oxygen electrode materials, mainly focusing on the structure‐designing strategies and characterization techniques of active centers, as well as the understanding of structure‐property relationships by the combination of experimental result and theoretical calculation for rechargeable Zn‐air batteries. Besides, the current challenges and opportunities in high‐performance carbon electrodes are discussed with an emphasis on future probable solutions.
Role of synergy and immunostimulation in design of chemotherapy combinations: An analysis of doxorubicin and camptothecin
Authors: Pusuluri Anusha , Krishnan Vinu , Wu Debra , Shields C. Wyatt , Wang Li W. , Mitragotri Samir 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCombination chemotherapy is often employed to improve therapeutic efficacies of drugs. However, traditional combination regimens often utilize drugs at or near‐their maximum tolerated doses (MTDs), elevating the risk of dose‐related toxicity and impeding their clinical success. Further, high doses of adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapies can cause myeloablation, which compromises the immune response and hinders the efficacy of chemotherapy as well as accompanying treatments such as immunotherapy. Clinical outcomes can be improved if chemotherapy combinations are designed to reduce the overall doses without compromising their therapeutic efficacy. To this end, we investigated a combination of camptothecin (CPT) with doxorubicin (DOX) as a low‐dose treatment option for breast cancer. DOX‐CPT combinations were synergistic in several breast cancer cell lines in vitro and one particular ratio displayed extremely high synergy on human triple negative breast cancer cells (MDA‐MB‐231). This combination led to excellent long‐term survival of mice bearing MDA‐MB‐231 tumors at doses roughly five‐fold lower than the reported MTD values of its constituent drugs. Impact of low dose DOX‐CPT treatment on local tumor immune environment was assessed in immunocompetent mice bearing breast cancer (4T1) tumors. The combination was not only superior in inhibiting the disease progression compared to individual drugs, but it also generated a more favorable antitumor immunogenic response. Engineering DOX and CPT ratios to manifest synergy enables treatment at doses much lower than their MTDs, which could ultimately facilitate their translation into the clinic as a promising combination for breast cancer treatment.
Starch hydrolysis kinetics of intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium) flour and its effects on the unit chain profile of its resistant starch fraction
Authors: Zhong Yingxin , Mogoginta Juan , Gayin Joseph , Annor George Amponsah 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground and objectivesIntermediate wheatgrass (IWG) is an environmentally sustainable perennial crop with potential food applications. This study investigated the starch hydrolysis kinetics of IWG grown in Roseau (IWG‐RS) and Rosemount (IWG‐RM), Minnesota, USA, and the molecular structure of their residual (resistant) starch after 2 hr hydrolysis. Hard red wheat (HRW) and Jasmine rice (JR) were compared to the IWG samples. Molecular size distribution and unit chain profiles of the RS fraction of raw starches after enzymatic hydrolysis were determined with gel permeation chromatography and high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography, respectively.FindingsIntermediate wheatgrass flour had significantly lower total starch, lower rapidly digestible starch, and higher lipid contents compared to JR and HRW. JR flour had the highest eGI (49.2), with IWG‐RM recording the lowest (40.6). Significant differences were observed in the glucan chain lengths of the RS fraction. JR had the shortest average chain length (DP = 4.75) compared to HRW (DP = 7.46), IWG‐RS (DP = 5.72), and IWG‐RM (DP = 4.85).ConclusionsIntermediate wheatgrass flour had slower starch hydrolysis kinetics compared to JR and HRW flour. The RS fraction of the samples consisted mostly of short chains. The glucan chain length of IWG‐RS fraction was also significantly affected by location.Significance and noveltyIntermediate wheatgrass could potentially be exploited for the preparation of foods with lower glycemic responses.
Optimization of Process Conditions for Styrene Epoxidation Based on the Artificial Intelligence Method
Authors: Huang Kai , Lv Fei , Wu Dongfang , Wang Zhili 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA novel prediction and optimization method based on improved generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is proposed to optimize the process conditions for styrene epoxidation to achieve higher yields. This model was designed to optimize the five input parameters reaction temperature and time as well as catalyst, solvent, and oxidant dosage. The output of the improved GRNN was given to the PSO algorithm to optimize the process conditions. The optimal smoothing parameter σ of GRNN was chosen from the training sample with a minimum cross validation error. Under the five optimized process conditions the maximum yield reached 95.76 %. This innovative model of improved GRNN hybrid PSO algorithm proved to be a useful tool for optimization of process conditions for styrene epoxidation.
Water boils at 100 degree Celsius and has an angle
Authors: Barke Hans‐Dieter 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDozenten verwenden meistens einen „Laborjargon“ in ihren Vorlesungen oder Seminaren – eine unpräzise Sprache, die unter Experten verstanden wird. Wenn sie formulieren, dass „Benzin aus langen Kohlenstoffketten besteht“, dann denken sie an „Benzin‐Moleküle, in denen viele C‐Atome miteinander zu einer langen Kette verknüpft sind“ – und andere Kollegen wissen, dass dieser Zusammenhang gemeint ist. Die jungen Lernenden mögen sich allerdings bei der Jargon‐Aussage fragen, in welcher Weise in farblosem Benzin „schwarzer Kohlenstoff in Form von Ketten“ enthalten sein soll – denn sie kennen Kohlenstoff sehr gut als Substanz, sind aber ungeübt im Interpretieren solcher Aussagen auf der Submikro‐Ebene der kleinsten Teilchen. Zwei Untersuchungen sollen aufzeigen, dass das Festhalten an Substanzen bei der Erklärung von chemischen Phänomenen noch immer überwiegt und zu Problemen im Chemieunterricht führt, dass die jungen Lernenden aufgrund des Laborjargons gar fehlerhafte Modellvorstellungen entwickeln.
Habitat explains patterns of population decline for an invasive crayfish
Authors: Larson Eric R. , Kreps Timothy A. , Peters Brett , Peters Jody A. , Lodge David M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractInvasive nonindigenous species are defined by their impacts: they substantially change native communities or ecosystems. Accordingly, invasive species might transform their habitats in ways that eventually become unfavorable to them, causing population declines or even extirpations. Here we use over 40 yr of systematically collected data on the abundance of the invasive rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus from 17 lakes in northern Wisconsin, USA to explore whether population declines of this invader are related to the prevalence of rocky habitat, which shelters crayfish from predators and is unchanged by crayfish. We predicted that lakes with rock‐dominated substrates would be resistant to F. rusticus population declines, whereas lakes lacking rock‐dominated substrates would experience F. rusticus declines due to crayfish destruction of shelter‐providing macrophytes. We found that in nearly one‐half (47%) of the study lakes, F. rusticus experienced population declines over the study time period, and these lakes had significantly lower proportions of rock substrate than lakes that did not experience population declines. We recommend that more studies should investigate the potential for invasive species‐mediated community or ecosystem feedbacks to eventually contribute to their own population declines.