bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Philosophy Between Peace and War
Authors: Mara Gerald M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 revisits the classical Greeks. I argue that while Thucydides and Plato appear to take different positions on whether peace or war should be the controlling frame of reference for political theory, their texts frustrate attempts to see either perspective as dominant. Thucydides’s description of his book a possession forever does not establish his text as a conclusive last word, but marks it as a resource to be continually consulted. In parallel, Plato’s Republic represents a kind of conversation able to take Thucydides’s book seriously. These thematic convergences suggest neither war nor peace can be identified as the dominant frame of reference for political theory. The need to take both prospects seriously makes a dialogic approach to Western political philosophy attractive. I recommend reading the philosophical statements considered throughout the book not as systematic arguments to be proven or refuted, but as diverse voices to be critically interpreted.
Perception from Action
Authors: Buzsáki György 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The outside-in framework inevitably poses the question: What comes between perception and action? The homunculus with its decision-making power produces unavoidable logical consequences from the separation of perception from action. I promote the alternative view that things and events in the world can acquire meaning only through brain-initiated actions. In this process, the brain builds a simplified, customized model of the world by encoding the relationships of events to each other. I introduce the concept of “corollary discharge,” the main physiological mechanism that grounds the sensory input to make it an experience. This is a comparator mechanism that allows the brain to examine the relationship between a true change in the sensory input and a change due to self-initiated movement of the sensors.
Seeing the Southern Ocean Ecosystem
Authors: Antonello Alessandro 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates how the marine ecosystem came to be the central object of conservation in the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources of 1980. This was a novel move in international law, because the protection of an entire ecosystem had never before been enshrined in a treaty. In the 1960s the Soviet Union began to investigate the potential of krill and other fisheries in the Antarctic. This worried other treaty parties and environmentalists because over-exploitation of krill would have flow-on effects on its predators. While the Soviet Union, joined by Japan and others, was resolutely pro-exploitation, other nations, led by the United States and Britain, were more pro-conservation, particularly focusing on protecting the ecosystem as a whole. The eventual codification of ecosystem protection demonstrated the power of the pro-conservation states at that time.
Epilogue
Authors: Wempe Sean Andrew 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the decade-long, rather tempestuous relationship between Colonial Germans, the colonial lobbies, and the Nazi Party (NSDAP), and takes a brief glimpse into German engagement with the postcolonial world in the late twentieth century. Although there was a significant amount of mutual flirtation between the Nazi regime and some opportunistic Colonial Germans who continued the pursuit of colonial restitution by any means, there were a fair number of Colonial Germans who did not find the Nazi Party appealing. Ultimately, all Colonial Germans and their ambitions would be disappointed as their organizations were absorbed by Nazi centralization schemes. The colonial legacy was appropriated to serve the Nazi state’s specific propaganda needs, often contradicting German colonialists’ aims. On January 13, 1943, late in the Battle of Stalingrad, Hitler and Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels ordered the cessation of all colonial and colonialist activities in Germany. Even this, however, was not the end of Germany’s colonial legacy, as Colonial Germans continued to adapt and insert themselves into new careers and international debates well into the second half of the twentieth century.
The Burden of Mental Disorders
Authors: Eaton William W. , Bienvenu O. Joseph , Nestadt Gerald , Volk Heather E. , Anthony James C. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes seventeen important mental disorders and reviews studies of the prevalence of the disorders from around the world, presenting median and interquartile ranges for more than four hundred research studies. The range of prevalences is below 0.5% for eating disorders and schizophrenia, and above 5% for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder, phobias, personality disorders, and dementia. The chapter discusses methods for judging the disability adjusted life years (DALYs) for the disorders and compares estimates to other diseases considered in the Global Burden of Disease study. Mental and substance use disorders account for more than 160 million of the total DALYs in the world, or about 7% of the total. Major depressive disorder is the leading causes of DALYs among the mental and substance use disorders.
Psychiatric Nosology
Authors: Nestadt Paul S. , Seymour Karen E. , Potash James B. , McHugh Paul R. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces and compares three prominent systems for the classification of mental illness, recognizing that no one system is ideal for all purposes and that there is a complicated historical context for each. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders arose in response to a troubling lack of consistent and reliable diagnostic definitions among both mental health researchers and clinicians. The Perspectives of Psychiatry framework represents a comprehensive approach to mental disorders that begins with the understanding that they can stem from combinations of one’s biology, behaviors, temperament, and personal experiences. The Research Domain Criteria framework is of particular value to scientists investigating the biological underpinnings of mental illness, arranging mental phenomenology along neuropsychological dimensions that can be broken down into proposed mechanisms building from genes to physiology to symptoms.
Global Mental Health Issues
Authors: Bass Judith K. , Haroz Emily E. , Sartorius Norman 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews cultural and contextual influences on the presentation and prevalence of mental health problems in low- and middle-income countries. “Culture” is defined as shared norms, beliefs, values, and attitudes, while “context” refers to resource availability and political/social situation. The chapter includes discussion of the local “emic” and universal “etic” approaches to understanding mental health and shows the ways in which cultural and contextual variation influences the understanding, presentation, and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders. Research on understanding the effects of culture on differences in diagnosis and prevalence of mental disorders, as well as processes of recovery, is reviewed as well as guidelines developed by the World Health Organization. The way in which cultural and contextual differences affect choice and implementation of treatment and prevention programs is discussed.
An Introduction to Quantitative Methods Relevant for Public Mental Health
Authors: Stuart Elizabeth A. , Leoutsakos Jeannie-Marie Sheppard , Musci Rashelle , Gross Alden , Andrews Ryan M. , Eaton William W. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to some of the epidemiologic and statistical methods for, and challenges to, gathering and analyzing the data that underlie the research presented in this volume and in the field of public mental health as a whole. The chapter is not intended as a general introduction to epidemiologic and statistical methods, but focuses more specifically on some of the data and methodological complexities particularly common in public mental health research. Three fundamental types of questions relevant to public mental health are discussed in particular: (1) estimating rates of disorders in a population across people, places, and time; (2) examining risk and protective factors associated with particular disorders; and (3) exploring and understanding the effects of interventions to prevent disorders or to treat them once they emerge.
The Population Dynamics of Mental Disorders
Authors: Eaton William W. , Kessler Ronald C. , Mortensen Preben Bo , Rebok George W. , Roth Kimberly 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter concerns the natural history of mental disorders from onset of disorder throughout the remaining life course. Data are presented from population-based cohort studies in the United States and in Denmark. Mental disorders start before midlife and are persistent, with long episodes and recurrences for as many as a 20%–30% of those who meet criteria for the disorders. The cumulative incidence proportion is above 30%. Early identification of mental disorders via precursor signs and symptoms has the potential to contribute to prevention of full episodes. Comorbidity is common among mental disorders both for other mental disorders, and for later-occurring physical disorders. Most mental disorders are associated with raised mortality risk.
Public Mental Health and the Brain Across the Life Span
Authors: Carlson Michelle C. , Moored Kyle , Rebok George W. , Eaton William W. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to brain structures that are hypothesized to be associated with mental and behavioral disorders. The focus is on the prefrontal-limbic and prefrontal-parietal-striatal networks as regulators of cognitive and emotional responses to internal and external stressors. These networks are increasingly understood as being plastic over the entire life course. The development of these systems from early childhood to old age is discussed, with focus on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, mood disorders, and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroimaging tools and blood biomarkers that may help understand and prevent these disorders, as well as predict responses to therapies, are becoming increasingly useful.
Pathways to Care
Authors: Mojtabai Ramin , Murray Sarah , Eaton William W. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the gap between the need for mental health care and the actual receipt of such care, and the barriers that contribute to this gap. These barriers include attitudes such as stigma, negative attitudes about the benefits of mental health treatments, and lack of perceived need for care. Another set of barriers is related to the structure of services such as scarcity of providers, geographical distance, and inadequate health insurance coverage of mental health services. The chapter describes theoretical models used to understand the process of treatment-seeking and examples of initiatives that have been used to overcome barriers to care. Among these initiatives, public campaigns aimed at increasing awareness and recognition of mental disorders and at reducing stigma, and legislative initiatives aimed at increasing insurance coverage for mental health care have received public attention. Future initiatives to improve access to services and reduce the treatment gap would benefit from a better understanding of the process of treatment-seeking and barriers to mental health treatment.
Mental Health Systems Around the World
Authors: Saxena Shekhar , Kane Jeremy , Krawczyk Noa , Bass Judith K. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concepts, definitions, measurement instruments, and sources of data bearing on global mental health and mental illness. The discussion reveals the limited use of system-level instruments and readily comparable global data to help guide international public mental health policy. The chapter includes selected data on mental health systems around the world and gives an overview of mental health–related activities by leading international agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, the United Nations Interagency Task Force (UNIATF) on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, the United Nations International Children’s Educational Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), and a range of international research consortia. The presence or absence of mental health policy, the presence of law relevant to mental health, and the presence of mental health care facilities around the world are reviewed.
The Logic and Practice of the Prevention of Mental Disorders
Authors: Mendelson Tamar , Pas Elise T. , Lee-Winn Angela E. , Bradshaw Catherine P. , Rebok George W. , Leis Julie A. , Mandell Wallace 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history and future of prevention of mental disorders. The history of successful prevention efforts includes important disorders such as scurvy, pellagra, delirium tremens, and general paresis. The three-tiered approach of the Institute of Medicine is used (universal, selective, and indicated prevention). Successful prevention programs for the entire range of mental and behavioral disorders are reviewed at the levels of the individual, small group, family, school, workplace, community, and society. Separate sections review programs to prevent depression, schizophrenia, and cognitive decline. The Internet provides new opportunities for disseminating interventions, and integration of social, genetic, and biological predictors of mental disorders will enhance preventive efforts in the future.
Insurgent Truth
Authors: Maxwell Lida 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Insurgent Truth argues for the importance of outsider truth-telling to democratic politics and reads Chelsea Manning as an important contemporary outsider truth-teller. Outsider truth-tellers such as Manning tell or enact unsettling truths from a position of social illegibility. Often dismissed as in-credible by their societies, this book argues that their acts and writings reveal problems with dominant models of truth and truth-telling in politics, which often look to truth to offer a prepolitical stable common ground and align credibility with gendered, classed, and raced traits. Focusing on how outsider truth-tellers reveal this supposedly prepolitical common ground to reflect the power and reality of elites, Insurgent Truth argues that outsider truth-telling enacts an important, if risky democratic role in three ways: 1) revealing oppression and violence that the dominant class would otherwise not see; 2) revealing, in their truth-telling, the possibility of another way of living; and 3) disclosing an alternative form of stability via outsider solidarity. Insurgent Truth develops this argument through reading Chelsea Manning’s actions in conjunction with a cohort of other outsider truth-tellers: especially Virginia Woolf, Bayard Rustin, Audre Lorde, and Anna Julia Cooper.
Telling the Truth, Changing the World
Authors: Maxwell Lida 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 argues that Manning’s leaking of the Collateral Murder video may have changed, or be at work in changing, the world. Mobilizing a reading of Virginia Woolf’s use of war photographs in Three Guineas, the contention of the chapter is that leaking or displaying images of war may not have its primary impact through assuring accountability of elites but rather through changing the world: transforming various functional sites (offices, sitting rooms, work computers) into sites of truth-telling and empowerment. As an example, the chapter discusses the story of Ethan McCord, an infantryman who appears in the Collateral Murder video rushing to pick up the children injured by the shooting from the army helicopter. Seeing his own image in the video prompted McCord to take responsibility for his actions and to begin a broader anti-war campaign.
“I used to only know how to write memos”
Authors: Maxwell Lida 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues against seeing our contemporary moment as part of a “post-truth era” and instead situates Trump’s dismissal of facts as one nodal point in a broader crisis of the modern ideal of dispassionate speakers of rational truth. Viewed in this way, we may see our contemporary moment as containing sites of political danger and political promise. In this context, the chapter argues that outsider truth-telling offers a set of alternative precedents of possibly more democratic or emancipatory models of truth-telling that help us rethink what truth-telling does, and might do, for politics. Through a reading of Manning’s prison writings, I argue that outsider truth-telling is not only unsettling but also creates an alternative form of stability as creative solidarity.
The Field of Art
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that matter flows and folds into affects, affects are conjoined into images, and images are arranged or ordered together in an aesthetic field, or art. This is the third concept of kinesthetics. If flows of matter intersect and folds of affect periodically cycle, then aesthetic fields organize them all in a continuous feedback loop. This chapter provides a theory of how conjoined flows become organized according to distinct patterns or fields of art. The author develops a theory of synesthesia, fluxions, emotion, experience, and knot works. This chapter concludes part I of this book and the kinesthetic exposition of the minimal features of the image and its motion. If the image can truly be said to be in motion today more than ever before, it must at least be capable of flowing, folding, and circulating across a field. Kinesthetics gives the theory of the moving image its own proper concepts.
The Generative Image
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
simply valorize the digital or even the generative The generative arts have invented a new artistic pedesis and laid the ground for a new materialist aesthetics of the image. The chapter discusses the various forms that the generative arts have taken, including the ordered and disordered. In particular, disordered forms of contemporary images discussed here are the visual arts, literary, plastic, and sonic forms. The argument is not that the generative arts are the only or best forms of art. Their function has been to blaze a trail that shows us what all the arts have already been doing, to one degree or another. The challenge now is to unfold the consequences of this discovery in the arts, to draw our attention to what the contemporary image shows us about the image more generally and what it is capable of today.
Taxonomy and Pauline Uniqueness
Authors: Eyl Jennifer 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 establishes the two primary theoretical approaches of the book. First, the chapter argues for polythetic classification as a more nuanced and accurate approach to understanding Paul’s divination and wonderworking. This approach moves us away from the notion of Chrsitian uniqueness and toward a historically plausible context for divination and divine power. Second, the chapter argues for thinking in terms of modes of religiosity to better understand Paul as a religious figure. I argue that Paul moves in and out of various modes of religiosity that include practical, mundane understandings of the gods, as well as the theoretical, conceptual, and counterintuitive. He participates in dual modes of religiosity simultaneously, and the seamless overlap broadens his ability to reach his audience. Academic theologians themselves operate usually in the secondary mode of religiosity, which further explains why practices of divination and wonderworking have been disparaged, rejected, or ignored. Addressing the issues of taxonomy and modes of religiosity is critical to the entire project.
Epistemological Foundations
Authors: Garfield Jay L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses Hume’s commitments both to a naturalistic Pyrrhonism and to an empirical approach to understanding knowledge and morality. It also discusses Hume’s account of ideas and of meaning. In that discussion we will see how his nominalism often leads him to the conclusion that we can be mistaken in thinking that have ideas that we take ourselves to have; we can fail to have any idea that corresponds to a word we correctly use. It also shows how his nominalism grounds a communitarian understanding of meaning and thought. The chapter concludes with attention to Hume’s initial discussions of our knowledge of the external world and our use of causal reasoning.
Of Skepticism with Regard to the Senses
Authors: Garfield Jay L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses Treatise 1.4.2. It explains the argument in detail, showing again that Hume’s account of custom is central to his understanding both of why skepticism with regard to the senses is justified and of how we come to trust our senses nonetheless. This chapter demonstrates just how robust Hume takes the role of custom to be in our psychological lives. Hume does not argue that we are not entitled to a belief in the external world, or that we are not entitled to trust our senses. Instead, he asks about the grounds of that entitlement, and locates it in custom.
Making a Rebel Group Work
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Popularity can cause problems for an armed group’s human resource wing. On one hand, the group’s ranks swell. But the group also has to ensure that such an influx does not decrease the overall quality of its labor force, because a good organization with good benefits attracts more than just dedicated fighters. To do this, armed groups impose additional unproductive costs on fighters in return for membership in the group. To ensure they get only the most trustworthy and loyal fighters, the most organized and successful groups present prospective fighters with a condition: adherence to a strict set of requirements that have no direct effect on fighting. Groups need to at least try to explain the rationale behind those restrictions to their members. Ideology—in the case of the Syrian civil war, Islamist ideology—comes in handy for that purpose.
Managing Ideology
Authors: Mironova Vera 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Even if a rebel group could mitigate the threat posed by group members interested in ideology, doing so would take significant time and resources away from the main group’s objective. As a result, well-organized groups in the rebel bloc need to find a delicate balance between using ideology as a screening mechanism and preventing it from becoming a fighter’s top priority. To achieve that, armed groups need to be very clear about their true goals to avoid any misunderstanding among potential recruits. Another helpful tactic is to have a small but more radical non-independent armed group in the rebel bloc to draw such fighters away from the main mother group while still keeping them in the rebel bloc to fight the enemy. Highly dedicated foreign fighters can join the smaller group, thus still pursuing the overall war goals without threatening the mother group and its leadership.