bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Вопросы суммирования арифметических функций, родственных функции Чебышева
Authors: Деза Елена Ивановна , Варухина Лидия Владимировна 
Published: January 2019

Многие вопросы теории чисел связаны с исследованием {\it рядов Дирихле}$f(s)=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty} a_nn^{-s}$ и {\it сумматорных функций} $\Phi(x)=\sum\limits_{n\leq x} a_n$ ихкоэффициентов. Наиболее известным примером ряда Дирихле является {\it дзета-функция Римана} $\zeta(s)$, определенная для любого комплексногочисла $s=\sigma+it$ с действительной частью $\Re s=\sigma> 1$ как$\zeta(s)=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n^s}.$Квадрат дзета-функции$\zeta^{2}(s)=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\tau(n)}{n^s}, \,\,\Re s >1,$связян с {\it функцией делителей}$\tau(n)=\sum\limits_{d|n}1$, дающей число натуральных делителейнатурального числа $n$. Сумматорной функцией ряда Дирихле $\zeta^2(s)$ является функция $D(x)=\sum\limits_{n\leq x}\tau(n)$, вопросы асимптотической оценки которой известны как {\it проблема делителей Дирихле}.В общем случае,$\zeta^{k}(s)=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\tau_k(n)}{n^s}, \,\,\Re s>1,$ где функция $\tau_k(n)=\sum\limits_{n=n_1\cdot ...\cdot n_k}1$ дает число представлений натурального числа $n$ в виде произведения $k$ натуральных сомножителей. Cумматорной функцией ряда Дирихле $\zeta^k(s)$ является функция $D_k(x)=\sum\limits_{n\leq x}\tau_k(n)$. Ее изучение - это {\it многомерная проблема делителей Дирихле}. Логарифмическая производная $\frac{\zeta^{'}(s)}{\zeta(s)}$ дзета-функции представима ввиде $\frac{\zeta^{'}(s)}{\zeta(s)}=$ $=-\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{\Lambda(n)}{n^s},$ $\Re s >1.$Здесь $\Lambda(n)$ - {\em функция Мангольдта}, котораяопределяется как $\Lambda(n)=\log p$, если $n=p^{k}$ для простого$p$ и натурального $k$, и как $\Lambda(n)=0$, иначе.Таким образом, {\em функция Чебышева}$\psi(x)=\sum\limits_{n\leq x}\Lambda(n)$является сумматорной функцией коэффициентов ряда Дирихле$\sum\limits_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{\Lambda(n)}{n^s}$, соответствующегологарифмической производной $\frac{\zeta^{'}(s)}{\zeta(s)}$дзета-функции Римана. Она хорошо известна в аналитической теории чисел и связана со многими классическими задачами, прежде всего, с {\it асимптотическим законом распределения простых чисел}.В частности, хорошо известно представление функции $\psi(x)$ по нулям дзета-функции:$\psi(x)=x-\sum\limits_{|\Im \rho|\leqT}\frac{x^{\rho}}{\rho}+O\left(\frac{x\ln^{2}x}{T}\right),$ где $x=n+0,5$, $n \in\mathbb{N}$, $2\leq T \leq x$, и $\rho=\beta+i\gamma$ - {\it нетривиальные нули} дзета-функции Римана, то есть нули $\zeta(s)$, лежащие в {\em критической полосе} $0< \Re s<1$.Мы получаем аналогичные представления, связанные с нетривиальными нулями дзета-функции Римана, для двух арифметических функций, родственных функции Чебышева:$$\psi_{1}(x)=\sum\limits_{n\leq x}(x-n)\Lambda(n) \, \mbox{ и } \,\psi_{2}(x)=\sum\limits_{n \leq x}\Lambda(n)\ln\frac{x}{n}.$$Аналогичные результаты можно получить и для других функций, родственныхфункции Чебышева, если использовать логарифмические производные $L$-функций Дирихле.
О взаимосвязи констант Никольского для тригонометрических полиномов и целых функций экспоненциального типа
Authors: Горбачёв Дмитрий Викторович , Мартьянов Иван Анатольевич 
Published: January 2019

Для $0<p<\infty$ мы изучаем взаимосвязь между константой Никольского длятригонометрических полиномов порядка не больше $n$\[\mathcal{C}(n,p)=\sup_{T_{n}\ne 0}\frac{\|T_{n}\|_{\infty}}{\|T_{n}\|_{p}}\]и константой Никольского для целых функций экспоненциального типа небольше~$1$\[\mathcal{L}(p)=\sup_{f\ne 0}\frac{\|f\|_{\infty}}{\|f\|_{p}}.\]Недавно Е.~Левин и Д.~Любинский доказали, что\[\mathcal{C}(n,p)=\mathcal{L}(p)n^{1/p}(1+o(1)),\quad n\to \infty.\]М.~Ганзбург и С.~Тихонов обобщили этот результат на случай константНикольского--Бернштейна.Мы доказываем неравенства\[n^{1/p}\mathcal{L}(p)\le \mathcal{C}(n,p)\le (n+\lceilp^{-1}\rceil)^{1/p}\mathcal{L}(p),\quad n\in \mathbb{Z}_{+},\quad 0<p<\infty,\]которые уточняют результат Левина и Любинского. Доказательство следует нашемустарому подходу, основанному на свойствах интегрального ядра Фейера. С помощьюэтого подхода ранее были доказаны оценки при $p=1$\[n\mathcal{L}(1)\le \mathcal{C}(n,1)\le (n+1)\mathcal{L}(1).\]Данные неравенства позволяют оценить константу $\mathcal{L}(p)$, приближенновычисляя $\mathcal{C}(n,p)$ для больших $n$. Чтобы это сделать мы используемнедавние результаты В.В.~Арестова и М.В.~Дейкаловой, которые выразили константуНикольского $\mathcal{C}(n,p)$ при помощи алгебраического полинома $\rho_{n}$,наименее уклоняющегося от нуля в пространстве $L^{p}$ на отрезке $[-1,1]$ свесом $(1-t)v(t)$, где $v(t)=(1-t^{2})^{-1/2}$~--- вес Чебышева. Как следствие,мы уточняем оценки для константы Никольского $\mathcal{L}(1)$ и находим, что\[1.081<2\pi \mathcal{L}(1)<1.082.\]Для сравнения предыдущие оценки были $1.081<2\pi \mathcal{L}(1)<1.098$.
Об условии удвоения для положительно определенных функций на полуоси со степенным весом
Authors: Горбачёв Дмитрий Викторович , Иванов Валерий Иванович 
Published: January 2019

Непрерывные неотрицательные положительно определенные функции удовлетворяютследующему свойству:\[\int_{-R}^{R}f(x)\,dx\le C(R)\int_{-1}^{1}f(x)\,dx,\quad R\ge 1,\tag{$*$}\]где наименьшая положительная константа $C(R)$ не зависит от $f$. При $R=2$ этосвойство хорошо известно как условие удвоения в нуле. Данные неравенства имеютприложения в теории чисел.В одномерном случае неравенство~($*$) изучалось Б.Ф.~Логаном (1988), а такженедавно А.~Ефимовым, М.~Гаалом и Сц.~Ревешем (2017). Было доказано, что$2R-1\le C(R)\le 2R+1$ для $R=2,3,\ldots$, откуда следует, что $C(R)\sim 2R$.Вопрос о точных константах здесь открыт.Многомерный вариант неравенства ($*$) для евклидова пространства$\mathbb{R}^{n}$ исследовался Д.В.~Горбачевым и С.Ю.~Тихоновым (2018). Вчастности доказано, что для непрерывных положительно определенных функций$f\colon \mathbb{R}^{n}\to \mathbb{R}_{+}$\[\int_{|x|\le R}f(x)\,dx\le c_{n}R^{n}\int_{|x|\le 1}f(x)\,dx,\]где $c_{n}\le 2^{n}n\ln n\,(1+o(1))(1+R^{-1})^{n}$ при $n\to \infty$. Отсюда нарадиальных функциях получаем одномерное весовое неравенство\[\int_{0}^{R}f(x)x^{n-1}\,dx\le c_{n}R^{n}\int_{0}^{1}f(x)x^{n-1}\,dx,\quad n\in \mathbb{N}.\]Мы изучаем следующее естественное весовое обобщение данных неравенств:\[\int_{0}^{R}f(x)x^{2\alpha+1}\,dx\leC_{\alpha}(R)\int_{0}^{1}f(x)x^{2\alpha+1}\,dx,\quad \alpha\ge -1/2,\]где $f\colon \mathbb{R}_{+}\to \mathbb{R}_{+}$~--- произвольная четнаянепрерывная положительно определенная функция относительно веса$x^{2\alpha+1}$. Это понятие было введено Б.М.~Левитаном (1951) и означает, чтодля произвольных $x_{1},\ldots,x_{N}\in \mathbb{R}_{+}$ матрица$(T_{\alpha}^{x_i}f(x_j))_{i,j=1}^{N}$ неотрицательно определенная. Здесь$T_{\alpha}^{t}$~--- оператор обобщенного сдвига Бесселя--Гегенбауэра. Левитандоказал аналог классической теоремы Бохнера для таких функций, согласнокоторому $f$ имеет неотрицательное преобразование Ганкеля (в смысле меры).Мы доказываем, что для каждого $\alpha\ge -1/2$\[c_{1}(\alpha)R^{2\alpha+2}\le C_{\alpha}(R)\le c_{2}(\alpha)R^{2\alpha+2},\quadR\ge 1.\]Нижняя оценка тривиально достигается на функции $f(x)=1$. Для доказательстваверхней оценки мы применяем нижние оценки сумм вида$\sum_{k=1}^{m}a_{k}T^{x_{k}}\chi(x)$, где $\chi$~--- характеристическаяфункция отрезка $[0,1]$, а также свойства свертки Бесселя.
LA ENTREVISTA EN LA INVESTIGACIÓN SOCIAL. UNA PERSPECTIVA DESDE EL ENFOQUE CUALITATIVO
Authors: Satriano Cecilia R. 
Published: January 2019

Este trabajo destaca la importancia de la instrumentación metodológica empleada en la investigación sobre los Efectos de la Ley de Protección Integral a Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes en las instituciones públicas (Psicología, Secretaría Ciencia y Tecnología, UNR)[1]. La utilización de esta técnica de indagación respondió a los intereses del proyecto; y posibilitó identificar los aspectos más relevantes de lo generado por la norma. El primer propósito de recurrir a este método fue porque permite establecer una perspectiva y un procedimiento cualitativo. Las entrevistas es un dispositivo que sirve para la construcción de los datos; y permite conocer las opiniones y actitudes de las personas frente a un tema determinado. En este caso, uno de los objetivos fue destacar los aspectos subjetivos de los entrevistados. Esto significó además, establecer un modelo que posibilite una relación entre entrevistador e informante. Se perfiló como una investigación cualitativa, considerando que el investigador es el principal instrumento de recolección y análisis de los datos. Su función es guiar las preguntas que integran los elementos conceptuales que forman el objeto en estudio. La modalidad cualitativa permitió analizar e interpretar las unidades de sentido y la significación de las analogías que se utilizan en su elaboración, mediante los procesos resultantes de la interacción mencionada. Resultados: A partir de la textualización de los testimonios de los entrevistados, se conoció las interpretaciones que se hacen del nuevo modelo de ley. También las modalidades de las prácticas que se realizan en las instituciones. Obtenido esto, se aplicó el método de comparación constante entre los distintos grupos. [1] El objetivo general de la investigación fue conocer el efecto de esta ley 12967 en las instituciones de Rosario, con el propósito de analizar los cambios que se produjeron a partir de esta implementación, y su evaluación respecto del paradigma anterior.
Effect of Calcium and Fluoride Addition to Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching Gel On Tooth Diffusion, Color, and Microhardness
Authors: Torres CRG , Zanatta RF , Silva TJ , Borges AB 
Published: January 2019

SUMMARY

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of calcium and fluoride addition to a 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) bleaching gel with regard to its diffusion through the tooth structure, enamel microhardness, and bleaching efficacy.

Methods and Materials:
Eighty specimens (6 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height; 1 mm/enamel and 1 mm/dentin) were obtained from bovine incisors that were polished and divided into four groups (n=20) according to the remineralizing agent added to the gel: Ca = 0.5% calcium gluconate; F = 0.2% sodium fluoride; Ca+F = 0.5% calcium gluconate and 0.2% sodium fluoride; and control = no agent. Initial microhardness and color were assessed. The samples were positioned over simulated pulpal chambers filled with acetate buffer solution to capture the HP. Gels were applied over enamel for 30 minutes, and HP diffusion was assessed by spectrophotometry two hours after bleaching. Microhardness was measured immediately after bleaching and then the specimens were immersed into artificial saliva for seven days for final color assessment. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey test.

Results:
Bleaching reduced microhardness for all groups (p=0.0001), but the Ca+F and F groups showed lower reductions after bleaching. The addition of Ca, F, and Ca+F decreased the peroxide penetration through the tooth structure (p=0.0001), but there were no differences in color change for ΔL (p=0.357), Δa (p=0.061), Δb (p=0.823), and ΔE (p=0.581).

Conclusion:
The addition of calcium and fluoride in the gel did not affect bleaching efficacy, but it was able to reduce both the peroxide diffusion and the bleached enamel microhardness loss.
STRENGTHENING OF “POWER VERTICAL”: ALLOCATION AND PROMOTION OF REGIONAL LEADERS IN MODERN CHINA
Authors: Zuenko I. Yu. 
Published: January 2019

The article is dedicated to the one of the most important trends in current political process in China in period between 18th and 19th Communist party of China national congresses (2012–2017). The trend is characterized with the desire of current national leader Xi Jinping to provide support of regions by appointment of loyal regional leaders. That can be explained by the situation before 2012 when most of regional leaders were potentially opposite to Xi Jinping and his “faction”. It led to resistance to Xi’s policy in social and economic spheres and made Xi’s measures not so effective. As result, to strengthen “power vertical” (term referred to Russia initially but fit to China’s realities as well) current Xi Jinping initiated large-scale anti-graft campaign and change of regional leadership using practice of officials rotation. This process began after 2012 but culminated in 2015–17. Finally, before 19th CPC National Congress in October, 2017, the task has been fulfilled. Regional leadership in China now includes new leaders representing a row of new “factions” and “cliques” united by their loyalty to Xi Jinping. It lets Xi hope for more effective realization of his political course during next five years, as well as strengthening of his personal power at the expense of “collective leadership” practice. The article uses wide range of original sources representing official documents of Communist party of China Central Committee and regional governments, statistical and biography materials. It is first publication on the topic of regional leadership change under rule of Xi Jinping in Russian academic science.
The Practice of Russian Conservatism of the Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Shevchenko M. M. 
Published: January 2019

Russian conservatism as a current social thought, consistently turned into political action is formed at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. The goal of its constant aspirations and efforts was creative protection that meant adaptation, modernization, development of the historical Russian autocracy as a response to the liberal-egalitarian challenges of the time. N.M. Karamzin, who went through the accumulation, comprehension and generalization of the empirics of domestic historical experience, developed a system of apology for an autocratic monarchy, which, combined with the atmosphere of the patriotic upsurge of 1812, led to the abolition of the liberal political agenda initiated by Alexander I. The era of Nicholas I was the longest experience of a stable and progressive conservative domestic and foreign policy that ended with the death of her symbol and realizer because of the accumulated contradictions, mistakes and omissions that destroyed her prestige in Russian public opinion. The policy of the liberation reforms of Alexander II in the short term strengthened the autocracy, but in the long term generated social and political dynamism that bore the constant threat of its fall with catastrophic consequences for Russia as a whole. The conservative turn of Alexander III was an imperfect attempt, without losing the prospect of economic progress and the consolidation of the Russian great power in the rapidly changing world of modernity, to take the path of long-term sociopolitical stabilization. After the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, which resulted from both the grave strategic mistake of Nicholas II and the uncorrected systemic errors of his predecessors, the discrediting of the autocracy took an avalanche character.
Predictably Unpredictable Trade Policy – the United States versus All Others
Authors: DMITRIEV S. S. 
Published: January 2019

The article explores the Trump administration’s trade policy, characterized by: attempts to rewrite the rules of international trade according to the regulations established by the American side, “skepticism” with respect to the international regulatory institutions of foreign trade, a course on the renegotiation of the existing agreements. In a relationship with a number of countries, manifestations of “ultimatizm” – the desire to negotiate with them from a position of strength are becoming increasingly evident. Relapses of economic isolationism under the slogan “Restore the Greatness of America” periodically are being transformed into concrete protectionist actions. The number of imposed import restrictions is growing, and their arsenal is expanding. It is concluded, that tightening of the market access to the domestic market for foreign suppliers is unlikely to lead to a significant reduction in the US trade deficit. Bet on abandoning multilateral arrangements in favor of bilateral trade agreements, conscious downplaying of the role and importance of the WTO and other international institutions can also be counterproductive. Focus on dominance in the sphere of foreign economic activity apparently will remain the main direction of Trump trade policy until the end of the term of his administration. However, under pressure from competitors, and because of the lack of real allies, the United States will be forced to demonstrate greater flexibility and pragmatism, the propensity to compromise and to establishment of temporary or permanent blocs with their main trading partners. The idea of “normality”, refraining from populism, will gradually begin to return to the trade policy of this country. If, however the Trump government will continue to act in isolation, without taking into account the opinion of the world community, an increasing number of partners of the United States will perceive it not as a leader, but as a violator of the rules of international trade. Under certain circumstances, such a policy can provoke local and global trade conflicts. In addition, the United States not necessarily will have to be the winner in them.
Metamorphoses of the African American Identity in Post-segregation Era and the Theory of Afrocentrism
Authors: BONDARENKO D. M. , KHOKHOLKOVA N. E. 
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the issue of African American identity in the post-segregation period (after 1968). The problem of African Americans’ “double consciousness”, marked for the first time yet in the late 19th – early 20th century, still remains relevant. It is that descendants of slaves, who over the centuries have been relegated to the periphery of the American society, have been experiencing and in part are experiencing an internal conflict, caused by the presence of both American and African components in their identities. The authors focus on Afrocentrism (Afrocentricity) – a socio-cultural theory, proposed by Molefi Kete Asante in 1980 as a strategy to overcome this conflict and to construct a particular form of “African” collective identity of African Americans. This theory, based on the idea of Africa and all people of African descent’s centrality in world history and culture, was urged to completely decolonize and transform African Americans’ consciousness. The Afrocentrists proposed African Americans to re- Africanize their self-consciousness, turn to African cultural roots in order to get rid of a heritable inferiority complex formed by slavery and segregation. This article presents a brief outline of the history of Afrocentrism, its intellectual sources and essential structural elements, particularly Africology. The authors analyze the concepts of racial identity, “black consciousness” and “black unity” in the contexts of the Afrocentric theory and current social realities of the African American community. Special attention is paid to the methodology and practice of Afrocentric education. In Conclusion, the authors evaluate the role and prospects of Afrocentrism among African Americans in the context of general trends of their identities transformations.
Budget Innovations at the Period of Trump’s Presidency: Social Dimension
Authors: LEBEDEVA L. F. 
Published: January 2019

Tax cuts and spending cuts go hand in hand at the beginning of the Trump epoch. The paper focuses on the social effects of the tax reform and new budget priorities which come along with steps aimed to move more people from welfare into the workforce. For a vast majority of Americans, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act will lower their federal tax bill in the coming years due to the new rates, new tax brackets, much larger standard deductions, expanded child tax credit. The high quintiles pay the biggest share of the tax burden, so they will receive the largest volume in tax cuts. Income tax cuts, coming along with growing defense and infrastructure spending may significantly increase the budget deficit and national debt in the nearest future, and require huge slashing federal spending which would affect welfare programs for the low-income Americans. There are nо plans to cut Social Security benefits as the main driver of federal spending; but social expenditures which comprise cash benefits, direct in-kind provision of goods and services are proposed to being cut. The category of funding targeted by the Trump plan covers a wide rangeof basic services, from medical care to education programs, child care, housing assistance for low-income families.
External effects of US monetary policy
Authors: GOLOVNIN M. Yu. 
Published: January 2019

The article focuses on the changes in US monetary policy since the beginning of the 21st century and reveals the impact of this policy on the national economies of other countries, especially emerging markets. The US monetary policy influenced the emerging markets both through the real and financial channels. Through the latter, the main impact was on the Treasury bills rates and on the exchange rates. At the same time, the influence on different countries varied in different periods. For example, interest rates in Thailand, Mexico and Pakistan before the global economic and financial crisis in general followed the cycle of US monetary policy. The “quantitative easing” policy, the statements and the follow-up actions to abolish it, have influenced cross-border capital flows to emerging markets. A number of countries, including Russia, experienced the impact of US monetary policy through the dynamics of oil prices. Emerging markets face restrictions on their monetary policy from the US monetary policy, but in practice they seek to circumvent them through exchange rate regulation, restrictions on crossborder capital flows and the pursuit of an independent monetary policy, not following the cycles of interest rate changes in the US.
Penggunaan Teknologi UV-Vis Spectroscopy untuk Membedakan Jenis Kopi Bubuk Arabika Gayo Wine dan Kopi Bubuk Arabika Gayo Biasa
Authors: Supriyanti Eny , Suhandy Diding , Yulia Meinilwita , Waluyo Sri 
Published: January 2019

Salah satu kopi spesialti Indonesia adalah kopi Arabika Gayo wine yang merupakan varietas hasil seleksi yang dikembangkan oleh petani Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk membangun dan menguji model diskriminasi untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengklasifikasikan kopi bubuk Arabika Gayo wine dan kopi bubuk Arabika Gayo biasa. Komposisi bahan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 1 gram dengan jumlah 100 sampel kopi bubuk Gayo wine, dan 100 sampel kopi bubuk Gayo biasa. Pengujian dilakukan pada bubuk kopi berukuran 0,297 milimeter (mesh 50). Setiap sampel diekstraksi menggunakan air aquades dengan suhu 90-98ºC, kemudian disaring dan diencerkan menggunakan aquades dengan perbandingan 1:20. Pengambilan spektra pada sampel hasil ekstraksi dilakukan sebanyak 2 kali pengulangan untuk setiap sampel menggunakan Spektrometer UV-Vis Genesis 10s pada rentang panjang gelombang 190-1100 nm. Data spektra diolah menggunakan metode PCA untuk melihat pengelompokkan semua data. Setelah itu, untuk model diskriminasi dibangun menggunakan metode SIMCA untuk spektra original dan petreatment. Hasil klasifikasi terbaik yaitu pada metode multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) dan moving average 9s yang menjelaskan nilai keragaman data dengan nilai PC1 97% dan PC2 3%. Sedangkan untuk klasifikasi data diperoleh nilai akurasi (AC) 100%, spesifisitas (SP) 100%, dan sensitivitas (S) 100%, dengan nilai eror (FP) 0%. Berdasarkan hasil ini pada semua pengujian. maka model SIMCA yang dibangun dapat mengidentifikasi dan mengklasifikasikan sampel kopi prediksi ke dalam kelas yang sesuai dengan baik. Kata Kunci: Kopi Arabika Gayo biasa, kopi Arabika Gayo wine, UV-Vis spectroscopy, PCA, SIMCA.