bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
iCAMS
Authors: Beier Meghan , Alschuler Kevin , Amtmann Dagmar , Hughes Abbey , Madathil Renee , Ehde Dawn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background:
This study aimed to develop a Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) tablet application, “iCAMS,” and examine equivalency between the original paper-based and the tablet-based assessments.

Methods:
This study enrolled 100 participants with physician-confirmed multiple sclerosis (MS). Interrater reliability, parallel forms reliability, and concurrent validity were evaluated by incorporating two test administrators in each session: one scoring participant responses with the original paper assessments and the other with iCAMS. Although the participant was exposed to the material only once, responses were recorded on both administration methods. In addition to the standard test procedures, each research assistant used a stopwatch to measure the amount of time required to administer and score each version of BICAMS.

Results:
Pearson correlation coefficients (r) revealed strong and significant correlations for all three tests. Excellent agreement was observed between iCAMS and paper versions of the BICAMS tests, with all intraclass correlation coefficients exceeding 0.93. The scores from all the cognitive tests were not statistically significantly different, indicating no proportional bias. Including scoring, administration of the iCAMS application saved approximately 10 minutes over the paper version.

Conclusions:
Preliminary findings suggest that the tablet application iCAMS is a reliable and fast method for administering BICAMS.
Substrate‐Dependent Molecular and Nanostructural Orientation of Nafion Thin Films
Authors: Kushner Douglas I. , Kusoglu Ahmet , Podraza Nikolas J. , Hickner Michael A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe effects of film thickness and substrate composition on the ionomer structure in porous electrodes are critical in understanding pathways toward developing higher performance electrochemical devices, including fuel cells and batteries. Insights are gained into the molecular and nanostructural orientation dependence for thin Nafion films (12–300 nm thick) on gold, platinum, and SiO2 model substrates. Molecular orientation is determined from the birefringence measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry, while the nanostructural orientation of the ionic domains is measured using grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering. Density functional theory calculations for the molecular polarizability of the Nafion backbone and side chain show complimentary contributions to the measured birefringence values for the material. Nafion films prepared on SiO2 substrates exhibit a nearly isotropic molecular and nanostructural orientation. Films on gold and platinum display parallel backbone orientations, relative to the substrate, with decreasing film thickness. However, a birefringence transition toward molecular isotropy is observed for 30 nm thick films on Au and Pt; while the ionic nanostructured domains continuously align parallel to the substrate. This apparent isotropic molecular orientation with increasing domain orientation highlights the difference between the backbone and side chain orientation, a key finding for elucidating transport in confined films at the interfaces.
Bioinspired Electro‐Thermo‐Hygro Reversible Shape‐Changing Materials by 4D Printing
Authors: Le Duigou Antoine , Chabaud Guillaume , Scarpa Fabrizio , Castro Mickael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHygromorph composites are moisture‐induced shape‐changing materials that are increasingly studied to develop autonomously actuated deployable structures. The morphing mechanism is based on the high affinity for moisture and the hygroexpansive nature of at least one component, combined with a bilayer microstructure. Among available hygromorphs, those consisting of cellulosic or hydrogel material‐based actuators trigger fast responses to moisture. Their stiffness however decreases significantly with the moisture content and that restricts their potential application as soft actuators. This work proposes a novel 4D printed multistimuli‐responsive structural material based on conductive carbon reinforcements and combined with a moisture sensitive polymer. These 4D printed materials possess a microstructure that provides the capability of natural actuators like pine cones. The actuation of these functional materials could be either triggered passively by the variation of the ambient moisture, or by electroheating, with the latter leading to the control of the moisture content in initially wet samples via Joule effects. This new class of functional materials shows an increase of the actuation speed by a factor 10 compared to other existing hygromorphs with the same responsiveness. When the electrical heating is turned off, passive cooling and moisture driven actuation is triggered in a full reversible mode.
Morphodynamic Tissues via Integrated Programmable Shape Memory Actuators
Authors: Kalashnikov Nikita , Moraes Christopher 
Published: July 2019

AbstractManipulating the shape of preformed living tissues can present a novel fabrication route toward complex biological architectures. However, external manipulation of tissues can be challenging to implement robustly at multiple length scales and with high degrees of freedom, particularly in soft fibrous tissue constructs. Here, a versatile platform is developed to drive soft tissue morphodynamics using embeddable shape memory actuators that generate multiscale, repetitive, and highly customized tissue deformation on demand. To achieve this, a thermally isolating coating technique is designed and developed for programmable shape memory wires, which protects surrounding biological materials from cytotoxic heating effects during wire actuation. The coated tissue actuators (CTAs) can then be embedded in engineered tissues and activated to produce both large‐ and small‐scale tissue deformations in a highly customized and reproducible manner. Using this strategy, tissues can be forced to adopt specified shapes, with precise control over cell elongation and orientation within an encapsulating matrix. Furthermore, the system can produce predictable, highly localized, and customizable strains within fibrous matrices, capable of elongating cells and biasing their orientation within degrees of a desired direction. This strategy may hence have broad applicability in both applied tissue biofabrication and for fundamental studies of cell–matrix interactions.
An Adaptable Tough Elastomer with Moisture‐Triggered Switchable Mechanical and Fluorescent Properties
Authors: Zhou Xing , Wang Libing , Wei Zichao , Weng Gengsheng , He Jie 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSmart materials with coupled optical and mechanical responsiveness to external stimuli, as inspired by nature, are of interest for the biomimetic design of the next generation of soft machines and wearable electronics. A tough polymer that shows adaptable and switchable mechanical and fluorescent properties is designed using a fluorescent lanthanide, europium (Eu). The dynamic Eu‐iminodiacetate (IDA) coordination is incorporated to build up the physical cross‐linking network in the polymer film consisting of two interpenetrated networks. Reversible disruption and reformation of Eu‐IDA complexation endow high stiffness, toughness, and stretchability to the polymer elastomer through energy dissipation of dynamic coordination. Water that binds to Eu3+ ions shows an interesting impact simultaneously on the mechanical strength and fluorescent emission of the Eu‐containing polymer elastomer. The mechanical states of the polymer, along with the visually optical response through the emission color change of the polymer film, are reversibly switchable with moisture as a stimulus. The coupled response in the mechanical strength and emissive color in one single material is potentially applicable for smart materials requiring an optical readout of their mechanical properties.
Hall Effect in Polycrystalline Organic Semiconductors: The Effect of Grain Boundaries
Authors: Choi Hyun Ho , Paterson Alexandra F. , Fusella Michael A. , Panidi Julianna , Solomeshch Olga , Tessler Nir , Heeney Martin , Cho Kilwon , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Rand Barry P. , Podzorov Vitaly 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHighly crystalline thin films in organic semiconductors are important for applications in high‐performance organic optoelectronics. Here, the effect of grain boundaries on the Hall effect and charge transport properties of organic transistors based on two exemplary benchmark systems is elucidated: (1) solution‐processed blends of 2,7‐dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT) small molecule and indacenodithiophene‐benzothiadiazole (C16IDT‐BT) conjugated polymer, and (2) large‐area vacuum evaporated polycrystalline thin films of rubrene (C42H28). It is discovered that, despite the high field‐effect mobilities of up to 6 cm2 V−1 s−1 and the evidence of a delocalized band‐like charge transport, the Hall effect in polycrystalline organic transistors is systematically and significantly underdeveloped, with the carrier coherence factor α < 1 (i.e., yields an underestimated Hall mobility and an overestimated carrier density). A model based on capacitively charged grain boundaries explaining this unusual behavior is described. This work significantly advances the understanding of magneto‐transport properties of organic semiconductor thin films.
Nonvolatile, Multicolored Photothermal Writing of Block Copolymer Structural Color
Authors: Eoh Hongkyu , Kang Han Sol , Kim Min Ju , Koo Min , Park Tae Hyun , Kim Yeongsik , Lim Hanwhuy , Ryu Du Yeol , Kim Eunkyoung , Huh June , Kang Youngjong , Park Cheolmin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn spite of efforts to fabricate stimuli‐sensitive structural colors (SCs) of self‐assembled block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystals (PCs) with potential applications in displays, media boards, and sensors, few studies have demonstrated BCP PCs suitable for high‐density nonvolatile information storage. Herein, a simple but robust route for multilevel nonvolatile information recording using a BCP PC is presented. The proposed method is based on the spatially controlled crosslinking of microdomains of a BCP PC induced by photothermal conversion. Photothermal SC writing is accomplished via time‐ and position‐controlled laser exposure on thin poly(styrene‐block‐quaternized 2‐vinyl pyridine) (PS‐b‐QP2VP) PC films deposited on a layer of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with tosylate (PP‐PEDOT). Upon near‐infrared (NIR) irradiation of this structure, the PP‐PEDOT underlayer converts the NIR light into thermal energy in the locally irradiated region, which is subsequently transferred to the BCP top layer consisting of alternating in‐plane PS and QP2VP lamellar stacks. The QP2VP layers are vulnerable to thermal crosslinking, giving rise to locally programmable SCs. The degree of crosslinking of the QP2VP domains depends on the laser power and exposure time, which allows for multi‐SC recording per spot, leading to a novel multilevel optical recording medium based on BCP PCs.
Co and Fe Codoped WO2.72 as Alkaline‐Solution‐Available Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalyst to Construct Photovoltaic Water Splitting System with Solar‐To‐Hydrogen Efficiency of 16.9%
Authors: Chen Huayu , Song Lizhu , Ouyang Shuxin , Wang Jianbo , Lv Jun , Ye Jinhua 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOxygen evolution electrode is a crucial component of efficient photovoltaic‐water electrolysis systems. Previous work focuses mainly on the effect of electronic structure modulation on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance of 3d‐transition‐metal‐based electrocatalyst. However, high‐atomic‐number W‐based compound with complex electronic structure for versatile modulation is seldom explored because of its instability in OER‐favorable alkaline solution. Here, codoping induced electronic structure modulation generates a beneficial effect of transforming the alkaline‐labile WO2.72 (WO) in to efficient alkaline‐solution‐stable Co and Fe codoped WO2.72 (Co&Fe‐WO) with porous urchin‐like structure. The codoping lowers the chemical valence of W to ensure the durability of W‐based catalyst, improves the electron‐withdrawing capability of W and O to stabilize the Co and Fe in OER‐favorable high valence state, and enriches the surface hydroxyls, which act as reactive sites. The Co&Fe‐WO shows ultralow overpotential (226 mV, J = 10 mA cm−2), low Tafel slope (33.7 mV dec−1), and good conductivity. This catalyst is finally applied to a photovoltaic‐water splitting system to stably produce hydrogen for 50 h at a high solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency of 16.9%. This work highlights the impressive effect of electronic structure modulation on W‐based catalyst, and may inspire the modification of potential but unstable catalyst for solar energy conversion.
Hydraulic conductance, resistance, and resilience: how leaves of a tropical epiphyte respond to drought
Authors: North Gretchen B. , Brinton Erin K. , Browne Marvin G. , Gillman Madeline G. , Roddy Adam B. , Kho Tiffany L. , Wang Emily , Fung Vitor A. , Brodersen Craig R. 
Published: July 2019

PremiseBecause of its broad range in the neotropical rainforest and within tree canopies, the tank bromeliad Guzmania monostachia was investigated as a model of how varying leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) could help plants resist and recover from episodic drought. The two pathways of Kleaf, inside and outside the xylem, were also examined to determine the sites and causes of major hydraulic resistances within the leaf.MethodsWe measured leaf hydraulic conductance for plants in the field and laboratory under wet, dry, and rewetted conditions and applied physiological, anatomical, and gene expression analysis with modeling to investigate changes in Kleaf.ResultsAfter 7 d with no rain in the field or 14 days with no water in the glasshouse, Kleaf decreased by 50% yet increased to hydrated values within 4 d of tank refilling. Staining to detect embolism combined with modeling indicated that changes outside the xylem were of greater importance to Kleaf than were changes inside the xylem and were associated with changes in intercellular air spaces (aerenchyma), aquaporin expression and inhibition, and cuticular conductance.ConclusionsLow values for all conductances during drying, particularly in pathways outside the xylem, lead to hydraulic resilience for this species and may also contribute to its broad environmental tolerances.
How does genome size affect the evolution of pollen tube growth rate, a haploid performance trait?
Authors: Reese John B. , Williams Joseph H. 
Published: July 2019

PremiseMale gametophytes of most seed plants deliver sperm to eggs via a pollen tube. Pollen tube growth rates (PTGRs) of angiosperms are exceptionally rapid, a pattern attributed to more effective haploid selection under stronger pollen competition. Paradoxically, whole genome duplication (WGD) has been common in angiosperms but rare in gymnosperms. Pollen tube polyploidy should initially accelerate PTGR because increased heterozygosity and gene dosage should increase metabolic rates. However, polyploidy should also independently increase tube cell size, causing more work which should decelerate growth. We asked how genome size changes have affected the evolution of seed plant PTGRs.MethodsWe assembled a phylogenetic tree of 451 species with known PTGRs. We then used comparative phylogenetic methods to detect effects of neo‐polyploidy (within‐genus origins), DNA content, and WGD history on PTGR, and correlated evolution of PTGR and DNA content.ResultsGymnosperms had significantly higher DNA content and slower PTGR optima than angiosperms, and their PTGR and DNA content were negatively correlated. For angiosperms, 89% of model weight favored Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck models with a faster PTGR optimum for neo‐polyploids, whereas PTGR and DNA content were not correlated. For within‐genus and intraspecific‐cytotype pairs, PTGRs of neo‐polyploids < paleo‐polyploids.ConclusionsGenome size increases should negatively affect PTGR when genetic consequences of WGDs are minimized, as found in intra‐specific autopolyploids (low heterosis) and gymnosperms (few WGDs). But in angiosperms, the higher PTGR optimum of neo‐polyploids and non‐negative PTGR‐DNA content correlation suggest that recurrent WGDs have caused substantial PTGR evolution in a non‐haploid state.
Higher‐Order Cycloaddition of N‐Aromatic Zwitterions and Ketenes to Access Diazepine Derivatives
Authors: Lee Ju Young , Kim Jiyoung , Lee Ji Hye , Hwang Hyonseok , Yoo Eun Jeong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA series of N‐aromatic zwitterions that could undergo higher‐order dipolar cycloadditions were prepared by a rhodium(II)‐catalyzed reaction between heteroaromatic compounds and 1‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles. NICS(0) and structural calculations revealed a strong correlation between the aromaticity and stability of N‐aromatic zwitterions. The initial success of [5+2] cycloadditions of N‐aromatic zwitterions and ketene is expected to advance their application in medicinal chemistry.
Visible‐Light Photoredox‐Catalyzed Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling of Tetrahydroisoquinolines with 3‐Fluorooxindoles
Authors: Ji Jian , Chen Ling‐Yan , Qiu Zi‐Bin , Ren Xinfeng , Li Ya 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe 3‐fluorooxindole and tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffolds are both important structures because of their associated biological and pharmaceutical activities. Herein, we report a highly diastereoselective synthesis of 3‐fluorooxindoles fully substituted at the 3‐position and containing a tetrahydroisoquinoline fragment, through the visible‐light photoredox‐catalyzed cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of tetrahydroisoquinolines with 3‐fluorooxindoles. The protocol featured a wide substrate scope: N‐alkyl‐, N‐haloalkyl‐, N‐aryl‐, N‐allyl‐, N‐propargyl‐, and NH 3‐fluorooxinloles were all able to be used to form the desired coupling products in up to 92% yield and 99 : 1 anti/syn.
Gait analysis with wearables predicts conversion to Parkinson disease
Authors: Del Din Silvia , Elshehabi Morad , Galna Brook , Hobert Markus A. , Warmerdam Elke , Suenkel Ulrike , Brockmann Kathrin , Metzger Florian , Hansen Clint , Berg Daniela , Rochester Lynn , Maetzler Walter 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveQuantification of gait with wearable technology is promising; recent cross‐sectional studies showed that gait characteristics are potential prodromal markers for Parkinson disease (PD). The aim of this longitudinal prospective observational study was to establish gait impairments and trajectories in the prodromal phase of PD, identifying which gait characteristics are potentially early diagnostic markers of PD.MethodsThe 696 healthy controls (mean age = 63 ± 7 years) recruited in the Tubingen Evaluation of Risk Factors for Early Detection of Neurodegeneration study were included. Assessments were performed longitudinally 4 times at 2‐year intervals, and people who converted to PD were identified. Participants were asked to walk at different speeds under single and dual tasking, with a wearable device placed on the lower back; 14 validated clinically relevant gait characteristics were quantified. Cox regression was used to examine whether gait at first visit could predict time to PD conversion after controlling for age and sex. Random effects linear mixed models (RELMs) were used to establish longitudinal trajectories of gait and model the latency between impaired gait and PD diagnosis.ResultsSixteen participants were diagnosed with PD on average 4.5 years after first visit (converters; PDC). Higher step time variability and asymmetry of all gait characteristics were associated with a shorter time to PD diagnosis. RELMs indicated that gait (lower pace) deviates from that of non‐PDC approximately 4 years prior to diagnosis.InterpretationTogether with other prodromal markers, quantitative gait characteristics can play an important role in identifying prodromal PD and progression within this phase. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:357–367
Exploration of a Chiral Cobalt Catalyst for Visible‐Light‐Induced Enantioselective Radical Conjugate Addition
Authors: Zhang Kai , Lu Liang‐Qiu , Jia Yue , Wang Ying , Lu Fu‐Dong , Pan Fangfang , Xiao Wen‐Jing 
Published: July 2019

AbstractChiral catalysts tolerating photochemical reactions are in great demand for the vast development of visible‐light‐induced asymmetric synthesis. Now, chiral octahedral complexes based on earth‐abundant metal and chiral N4 ligands are reported. One well‐defined chiral CoII‐complex is shown to be an efficient catalyst in the visible‐light‐induced conjugated addition of enones by alkyl and acyl radicals, providing synthetically valued chiral ketones and 1,4‐dicarbonyls in 47–>99 % yields with up to 97:3 e.r.
Photo‐Driven Ion Transport for a Photodetector Based on an Asymmetric Carbon Nitride Nanotube Membrane
Authors: Xiao Kai , Tu Bin , Chen Lu , Heil Tobias , Wen Liping , Jiang Lei , Antonietti Markus 
Published: July 2019

AbstractConventional photosensing devices work mainly by electron processing and transport, while visual systems in intelligence work by integrative ion/electron signals. To realize smarter photodetectors, some photoionic device or the combination of ionic and electronic devices are necessary. Now, an ion‐transport‐based self‐powered photodetector is presented based on an asymmetric carbon nitride nanotube membrane, which can realize fast, selective, and stable light detection while being self‐powered. Local charges are continuously generated at the irradiated side of the membrane, and none (fewer) at the non‐irradiated side. The resulting surface charge gradient in carbon nitride nanotube will drive ion transport in the cavity, thus realizing the function of ionic photodetector. With advantages of low cost and easy fabrication process, the concept of ionic photodetectors based on carbon nitride anticipates wide applications for semiconductor biointerfaces.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective, Lewis Base Catalyzed, Cascade Sulfenoacetalization of Alkenyl Aldehydes
Authors: Matviitsuk Anastassia , Denmark Scott E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA catalytic, enantio‐, and diastereoselective formation of sulfenyl acetals bearing multiple stereogenic centers is reported. Alkenyl aldehydes undergo a chiral thiiranium ion initiated cascade starting with intramolecular capture by a formyl group and termination by capture with HFIP solvent. This method provides a one‐pot synthesis of dihydropyran and 1,3‐disubstituted isochroman acetals in good to excellent yield and with high levels of diastereo‐ (up to >99:1 dr) and enantiocontrol (up to 99:1 er).
Isoelectronic Aluminium Analogues of Carbonyl and Dioxirane Moieties
Authors: Anker Mathew D. , Coles Martyn P. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe report the anion [Al(NONAr)(Se)]−(NONAr=[O(SiMe2NAr)2]2−, Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3), which is an isoelectronic Group 13 metal analogue of the carbonyl group containing an aluminium–selenium multiple bond. It was synthesized in a single step from the reaction of the aluminyl anion [Al(NONAr)]−with elemental selenium. Spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational analysis confirmed multiple bonding between aluminium and selenium. Addition of a second equivalent of selenium afforded the diselenirane, [Al(NONAr)(κ2‐Se2)]−, which is an isoelectronic analogue of the dioxirane group.