bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM TINJAUAN EPISTEMOLOGI, ISI, DAN MATERI
Authors: Mahmudi Mahmudi 
Published: July 2019

This paper presents two terms which have differences, namely Islamic religious education and Islamic education. To see these two terms, the author reviews them from two interrelated aspects, namely the epistemological aspect as the theory of knowledge and aspects of content or material which is one of the important points in understanding the curriculum. Meanwhile, in terms of epistemology, Religious Education is more inclined to apply in educating in the context of Islam. While Islamic education speaks at the source level, in theory, the principle recorded is the forerunner of the Islamic Religious Education material itself. As for content or material, basically between Islamic Education with Islamic education as in an epistemological view, there is no difference which means that the terms contained in Islamic Education include aqidah, worship, and morals which are explained in terms of an introduction to Allah SWT, potential, human functions, and morals. Keywords: Education, Islamic Education, Epistemology This paper presents two terms which have differences, namely Islamic religious education and Islamic education. To see these two terms, the author reviews them from two interrelated aspects, namely the epistemological aspect as the theory of knowledge and aspects of content or material which is one of the important points in understanding the curriculum. Meanwhile in terms of epistemology, Religious Education is more inclined to apply in educating in the context of Islam. While Islamic education speaks at the source level, in theory, the principle recorded is the forerunner of the Islamic Religious Education material itself. As for content or material, basically between Islamic Education with Islamic education as in an epistemological view, there is no difference which means that the terms contained in Islamic Education include aqidah, worship, and morals which are explained in terms of introduction to Allah SWT, potential, human functions, and morals. Keywords: Education, Islamic Education, Epistemology
Amsonia orientalis’de 6-Benzilaminopürin Destekli In vitro Sürgün Çoğaltımı Üzerine Kuraklık Stresinin Morfolojik ve Fizyolojik Etkileri
Authors: ACEMİ Arda , TOYGAR Halil , YÜZÜGÜLLÜ KARAKUŞ Yonca , AVCI DUMAN Yonca , ÖZEN Fazıl 
Published: July 2019

Bu çalışmada Amsonia orientalis Decne.’nin 6-benzilaminopürin (BAP) destekli in vitro sürgün çoğaltımı aşamasında
uygulanmış kuraklık stresi etkisinin morfolojik ve bazı fizyolojik etkileri
incelenmiştir. Kültürlerin
inkübasyon sürelerinin sonunda sürgünlerin ortalama uzunluk ve sayıları, H2O2
(hidrojen peroksit) ve MDA (malondialdehit) seviyeleri ile SOD (süperoksit
dismutaz), POD (peroksidaz) ve CAT (katalaz) enzimlerinin aktiviteleri analiz
edilmiştir. Polietilen glikol
(PEG-6000) kullanılarak elde edilen -0,15, -0,49, -1,03 ve -1,76 MPa osmotik
potansiyeller sürgünler üzerinde BAP ilaveli ve ilavesiz olmak üzere iki
kontrol grubu kullanılarak test edilmiştir.
Ortalama sürgün sayısı düşen osmotik potansiyelle birlikte BAP ilaveli
kontrole kıyasla azalsa da BAP ilavesiz kontrol değeriyle istatistiki olarak
aynı düzeyde kalmıştır. Ortalama
sürgün uzunluğu ise sadece en şiddetli kuraklık uygulaması sonucu BAP ilavesiz
kontrol değerinin altına düşmüştür. SOD
aktivitesi artan kuraklığa bağlı olarak kontrol değerlerine göre önemli ölçüde
azalırken şiddetli kuraklıkta
kontrol değerine kadar yükselmiştir. POD
ve CAT aktivitelerinde de düşüş gözlenmiş ancak CAT aktivitesindeki azalmanın
daha belirgin olduğu görülmüştür. Artan
kuraklık etkisinde H2O2 ve MDA seviyelerinin benzer olarak
arttığı bulunmuştur. Buna karşın bu
artış düşük seviyelerde gerçekleşmiştir.
Kuraklık stresi uygulanmamışken antioksidan enzim aktivitelerinin daha
yüksek bulunması fakat düşen osmotik potansiyellerde beklenenin aksine azalması
durumu A. orientalis’te BAP
uygulamasının hücresel osmotik düzenleyicilerin görev aldığı enzimatik olmayan
savunma mekanizmasını uyardığını ve daha etkin kullanılmasına imkân verdiği
sonucunu düşündürmüştür. Bu nedenle bitkide kuraklık stresinde BAP
uygulamasının moleküler ve fizyolojik işleyişinin detaylı olarak ortaya konması
gerekmektedir. BAP uygulaması doğada A.
orientalis’in kuraklık stresine maruz kalması durumunda kuraklığın
sürgünler üzerindeki olası olumsuz etkilerini hafifletmek için tercih
edilebilir.
Bazı Çeltik Çeşitlerinin Besleme Değerinin Tespiti
Authors: AYAŞAN Tugay , ÜLGER İsmail , ÖZSOY Bülent 
Published: July 2019

Bu çalışma, 5
farklı çeltik çeşidine (Efe, Yatkın, Halilbey, Kızıltan, Osmancık-97) ait
tohumların besin değerlerinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Araştırma 2018 yılında yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonucunda, çeltik çeşitleri
arasında, kuru madde (KM), ham protein (HP) ve ham yağ (HY) içerikleri
istatistiki anlamda önemli düzeyde (P&lt;0.05) farklılıklar tespit edilirken;
ham kül (HK) içerikleri bakımından istatistiki anlamda bir farklılık
bulunmamıştır. Çeltik çeşitleri arasında asit deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (ADF),
nötr deterjanda çözünmeyen lif (NDF), ham selüloz (HS) ve fiber olmayan
karbonhidrat (FOK) içeriklerinin ayrıca toplam sindirilebilir besin maddesi
(TSBM), sindirilebilir enerji (SE), metabolik enerji (ME) ve net enerji
laktasyon (NEL) değerlerinin istatistiki anlamda önemli olmadığı tespit
edilmiştir. Çeltik çeşitleri arasında en yüksek HP %7.56 ile Halilbey ve %7.24
ile Kızıltan çeşidinde tespit edilmiştir. Çeltik çeşitlerinin HY oranları
%1.90-2.07 arasında değişim göstermiştir.
Kayısı (Prunus armeniaca) ve Sandaloz Ağacı (Pistacia lentiscus) Sakızları Eksüdalarının Spektroskopik Karakterizasyonu ve Karşılaştırılması
Authors: ÇANLI Murat 
Published: July 2019

Bu çalışmada, kayısı (Prunus armeniaca) ve sandaloz (Pistacia lentiscus) ağacı sakızlarının
fizikokimyasal kimyasal bileşimleri belirlenmiştir. Bu polimerik yapıların
yapısal bileşen analizleri; UV-Vis spektrofotometreyle, FT-IR ve GC-MS ile
yapılmıştır. Sonuçta, her iki sakızında bileşiminde de benzer oranlarda arabinoz,
ksilitol, galaktoz, ramnoz, mannoz ve üronik asit bulunmuştur. Protein ve
terpenoid çeşitleri belirlenmiştir. Birbirlerine göre karşılaştırıldıklarında
kayısı sakızı eksüdasının sandaloz sakızı eksüdasına göre daha çok çeşit
protein ve terpenoide sahip olduğu görülmüştür.
Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve Uzaktan Algılama Yöntemleri ile Arazi Örtüsü/Alan Kullanım Değişimlerinin Belirlenmesi: Bingöl Kent Merkezi Örneği
Authors: ŞENYİĞİT DOĞAN Sülem , YILMAZ Sevgi 
Published: July 2019

Geçmişi çok eski tarihlere dayanan
kentleşme, sanayi devrimi ve gelişen teknolojik faaliyetlerle birlikte çok
hızlı bir değişim sergilemiştir. En kalıcı değişim ise yanlış alan kullanımdan
kaynaklı olarak arazi örtüsü üzerinde gerçekleşmektedir. Bu nedenle kentlerin
sağlıklı bir şekilde büyüyebilmesi için sahip oldukları arazi örtüsünün
sürdürülebilir kullanımını sağlayacak şekilde yönetilmesi ve planlanması
gerekmektedir. Günümüzde zamanla gerçekleşen bu hızlı ve dinamik değişimi
analiz edebilmek için Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve Uzaktan Algılama yöntemleri etkin
bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu amaçla çalışmada 1985-2017 yılları arasındaki
yaklaşık 32 yıllık süre içerisinde Bingöl kent merkezinde arazi örtüsü/alan
kullanımında meydana gelen değişim uydu görüntüleri kullanılarak incelenmiştir.
1985 ve 2000 yıllarına ait 30m konumsal çözünürlüğe sahip Landsat 4-5 TM ve
2017 yılına ait 10m konumsal çözünürlüğü olan Sentinel-2 uydu görüntüleri ile
birlikte Arcgis 10.4.1 ve Erdas İmagine 2014 yazılımları kullanılarak değişim
süreci değerlendirilmiştir. Uydu görüntülerine kontrollü sınıflandırma yöntemi
uygulanmış ve yöntem için kentsel alan, tarım alanı, yeşil alan, su kütleleri
ve boş alan olmak üzere 5 ana sınıf belirlenmiştir. Sınıflandırma sonucu elde
edilen görüntülere doğruluk analizi uygulanmış ve 1985 yılına ait
sınıflandırılmış görüntü için %95, 2000 yılına ait sınıflandırılmış görüntü
için %96, 2017 yılına ait sınıflandırılmış görüntü için ise %92 doğruluk
sonuçları elde edilmiştir. Bulgular sonucunda 1985 yılından 2017 yılına kadar
Bingöl kent merkezinde kentsel alanlarda 512 ha miktarında bir artış olduğu
gözlemlenmiştir. Su varlığında 54 ha ve boş alanlarda 712 ha azalma, yeşil alan
miktarında 231 ha ve tarım alanlarında 13 ha artış yaşandığı sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır. Arazi örtüsü üzerinde hangi alan
kullanımlarının geliştiği belirlenmiş ve gelişim yönleri tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar
doğrultusunda gelecekteki büyümesi beklenen kent merkezi ile ilgili
sürdürülebilir alan kullanımına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
KAJIAN ANALISIS KETIDAKPASTIAN TLD POSTAL IAEA/WHO SEBAGAI STANDAR PROGRAM AUDIT DOSIS
Authors: Nazaroh Nazaroh 
Published: July 2019

<p>The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and World Health Organization (WHO) operate the IAEA/WHO TLD postal dose audit programme using thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLDs) for Secondary Standard<br />Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) and user every year. As National Reference Laboratory in the field of radiation metrology, PTKMR – BATAN always participates in the postal dose audit programme on therapy level for 60Co<br />beam. On the postal dose audit programme, the uncertainties in the dose determination from TLD measurements have been evaluated by IAEA, which is comprises of uncertainties in the calibration coefficient of the TLD system<br />and uncertainties in factors correcting for dose response non linearity, fading of TL signal, energy response, and influence of TLD holder. The individual uncertainties then have been combined to estimate the total uncertaintiy in<br />the dose evaluated from TLD measurements. The combined relative standard uncertainty in the dose determined from TLD measurements has been estimated to be 1.2% for irradiation with 60Co gamma rays and 1.6% for<br />irradiation with high-energy X-rays. Results from irradiations by Bureau Internationale des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Primary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (PSDL), and SSDL compare favourably with the estimated<br />uncertainties, whereas TLD results of radiotherapy centres show higher standard deviations than those derived theoretically. This paper presented the result of TLD postal dose audit for 60Co beam owned by PTKMR-BATAN<br />in the year of 2006-2008.</p>
PENGUJIAN SUHU LEMARI ES DENGAN METODE TERINTEGRASI FUZZYFAILURE MODE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS (FUZZY-FMEA)
Authors: Widianti Tri , Firdaus Himma 
Published: July 2019

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) banyak diimplementasikan untuk analisis risiko baik di bidang manufaktur maupun jasa. Permasalahan yang sering timbul pada implementasi FMEA yaitu sulitnya menentukan peringkat risiko karena kesamaan nilai RPN. Samanya nilai RPN menimbulkan kesulitan bagi pengambil keputusan untuk memprioritisasi risiko yang harus ditindaklanjuti. Logika fuzzy merupakan logika matematis yang dapat digunakan untuk memperbaiki kelemahan FMEA. Sehingga, tujuan penelitian ini adalah integrasi FMEA dengan logika fuzzy sebagai upaya perbaikan terhadap metode FMEA. Tujuan lainnya adalah implementasi integrasi Fuzzy-FMEA pada lingkup pengujian suhu lemari es. Implementasi Fuzzy-FMEA pada pengujian ini dilakukan sebagai tindakan pencegahan terhadap risiko kegagalan pada pengujian yang dipersyaratkan oleh SNI ISO/IEC 17025:2008. Studi kasus pengujian suhu pada lemari es ini dipilih karena lemari es merupakan salah satu produk yang diwajibkan untuk memperoleh Sertifikat Produk Penggunaan Tanda SNI (SPPT-SNI) yang mengacu pada standar SNI IEC 60335-2-7:2009. Selain itu, penerapan Fuzzy-FMEA pada konteks pengujian sampai saat ini belum ditemukan. Hasil analisis dengan Fuzzy-FMEA menunjukkan bahwa risiko kegagalan paling tinggi pada proses pengujian suhu lemari es paling tinggi terjadi pada mode kegagalan: power source tibatiba shut down dengan nilai RPN 5,8887.
The influence of socioeconomic characteristics and family support on the quality of life and well-being of the elderly in Jambi Province, Indonesia
Authors: Hardiani Hardiani , Prihanto Purwaka Hari , Junaidi Junaidi 
Published: July 2019

This study aims to analyze: 1) family support for the elderly in Jambi Province; 2) the quality of life and subjective well-being of the elderly; 3) the influence of socio-economic factors and family support on the quality of life and welfare of the elderly in Jambi Province.The data used is primary data based on interviews with selected elderly respondents. Family support, quality of life and subjective well-being of the elderly were measured quantitatively using a Likert scale and they were analyzed descriptively. The influence of socioeconomic factors and family support on the quality of life and welfare of the elderly were analyzed using structural equation modeling partial least square (SEM-PLS). The study found that: 1) Family support for elderly people in Jambi Province is relatively good. The dominant type of support is appreciation/recognition support while the lowest support is financial support; 2) The quality of life of the elderly in Jambi Province is relatively good. Social relationships quality has the highest quality score, while psychological quality has the lowest quality score; 3) Socio-economic characteristics of elderly families and the characteristics of elderly individuals have a significant effect on family support for the elderly. The quality of life of the elderly is directly influenced by family support. Furthermore, the elderly welfare is directly influenced by the quality of life of the elderly, family support and dan characteristics of elderly individuals.
Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 6, Issue-3: 63-74
Nurses Perception of Practical Environment Relationship with Patient Satisfaction in Government Hospital Lahore
Authors: Hameed Sobia , Hussain M. 
Published: July 2019

Introduction: The practical environment is described as the surrounding environments in which an employee works. Nurses practical environment control the delivery of nursing care. It is also important for nurses to develop a awareness about their own perception about working environment that have a positive impact on their performance and enhance the patients’ satisfaction.
Objective: The objective of the study is to evaluate Nurses perception of practical environment relationship with patient satisfaction in Government Hospital Lahore.
Methodology: Descriptive correlational study design used for study.
Sample size Sixty nurses (n=60) and one thirty-three patients (n=133) were selected for study. The tool used for this study included a demographic data, Practice Environment scale Nurse Work Index (PES-NWI) developed by Dr. Eileen Lake (2002), and 2nd tool for patient satisfaction the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Provides and Systems (HCAHPS) survey for patients developed by (Long, 2012) used for the study. Results: The results of the study showed the significance positive correlation between the nurse perception and patients’ satisfaction about practical environment.
Conclusion: This study concludes that the nurse's perception about nurse practical environment and patient satisfaction from hospital environment show positive relationship. The perception of nurses and patients significantly correlated with practical environment. Healthy environment positive effect on patient satisfaction. Good nursing care enhance patient satisfaction by hospital environment and they will cure early.
Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 6, Issue-3: 75-81
KAJIAN SIFAT KIMIA DAN ORGANOLEPTIK PANGAHA BUNGA PADA BERBAGAI PERSENTASE PENAMBAHAN BUBUR RUMPUT LAUT
Authors: Juiban Juiban , Saputrayadi Adi , Marianah Marianah 
Published: July 2019

Pangaha bunga merupakan produk makanan kecil atau jajanan yang banyak beredar di masyarakat Bima. Pangaha bunga memiliki rasa gurih salah satu bentuk pengolahan pangaha bunga untuk meningkatkan daya gunanya yaitu dengan rumput laut. Dalam pengolahan pangahn bunga dengan penambahan rumput laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sifat kimia dan organoleptik pangaha bunga pada berbagai penambahan bubur rumput laut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalam metode eksperimental dengan pecobaan di Laboratorium. Penelitian ini dirancang dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan satu faktor yaitu pengaruh penambahan bubur rumput laut terhadap beberapa komponen pangaha bunga yang terdiri atas 6 perlakuan yaitu T1 = 0% bubur rumput laut (0 g) + 100% beras ketan (250 g) T2 = 10% bubur rumput laut (25 g) + 90% beras ketan (225 g) T3 = 20% bubur rumput laut (50 g) + 80% beras ketan 200 g) T4 = 30% bubur rumput laut (75 g) + 70% beras ketan (175 g) T5 = 40% bubur rumput laut (75 g) 70% beras ketan (175 g) T5 = 40% bubur rumput laut (100 g) 60% beras ketan (150 g) dan T6 = 50% bubur rumput laut (125 g) + 50% bubur rumput laut (125 g) + 50% beras ketan (125 g) + 50% beras ketan (125 g) masing-masing perlakuan diulang 3 kali sehangga di peroleh 18 unit percobaan dan hasi pengamatan dianalisis dengan analisis keragaman (analysis 0f variance) pada taraf nyata 5 % . Bila ada perlakuan yang berpengaruh secara nyata maka diuji lanjut menggunakan Uji Beda Nyata Jujur (BNJ) pada taraf nyata yang sama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan bubur rumput laut berpengaruh secara nyata terhadap semua parameter sifat kimia dan organoleptik pangaha bunga (kadar air, kadar pati, kadar serat, kadar abu, warna, rasa, aroma, dan tekstur). Semakin tinggi penambahan bubur rumput laut yang digunakan maka kadar air, kadar serat dan kadar abu semakin tinggi, sedangkan kadar pati semakin menururn. Semakin tinggi penambahan bubur rumput laut yang digunakan maka skor nilai rasa, aroma dan tekstur cendrung semakin meningkat dan disukai oleh panelis, sedangkan skor nilai warna cenderung semakin menurun. Perlakuan yang paling disukai oleh panelis yaitu pada perlakuan kelima (T6) dengan 50% bubur rumput laut (125 g) + 50% beras ketan (125 g).
PERANAN FITOREMEDIASI PADA LAHAN BEKAS TAMBANG EMAS DI KECAMATAN JONGGAT KABUPATEN LOMBOK TENGAH
Authors: Munawarah Fitriatul , Wiryono Budy , Muliatiningsih Muliatiningsih 
Published: July 2019

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peranan Amonium thiosulfat dan Sodium thiosulfat sebagai bahan pengkhelat pada proses Fitoremediasi dengan menggunakan tanaman Paspalum conjugatum (Rumput Paitan). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimental yang dilakukan di lapangan pada bulan Mei sampai Juli 2017. Penelitian dirancang menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan variasi perlakuan: PAT1 = pemberian Amonium thiosulfat sebanyak 1 gr, PAT2 = pemberian Amonium thiosulfat sebanyak 2 gr, PST1 = pemberian Sodium thiosulfat sebanyak 1 gr, PST2 = pemberia Sodium thiosulfat sebanyak 2 gr. Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 3 kali sehingga diperoleh 12 unit percobaan. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini meliputi konsentrasi Hg pada tanaman, berat berangkasan, dan tinggi tanaman. Data hasil pengamatan dianalisis dengan menggunakan standar deviasi mean. Bahan pengkhelat Amonium thiosulfat lebih tinggi mengikat Hg di bandingkan dengan Sodium thiosulfat. Konsentrasi kadar total Hg tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan Amonium thiosulfat dosis 2 gr/15 liter sebesar 1137,87 ppm. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi Hg pada tanah mengakibatkan pertumbuhan tanaman terhambat.Abstract: Ammonium thiosulfate and Sodium thiosulfate as chelating material in the Phytoremediation process using Paspalum conjugatum (Paitan Grass). The method used in this study is an experimental method conducted in the field from May to July 2017. The study was designed using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with a variety of treatments: PAT1 = giving 1 gr Ammonium thiosulfate, PAT2 = giving 2 gr Ammonium thiosulfate giving, PST1 = giving 1 gr Sodium thiosulfate, PST2 = giving 2 grams of Sodium thiosulfate. Each treatment was repeated three times to obtain 12 experimental units. The parameters observed in this study include the concentration of Hg in plants, the weight of stature, and plant height. Observation data were analyzed using the standard deviation of the mean. The chelating agent Ammonium thiosulfate is higher in binding to Hg compared to Sodium thiosulfate. The highest concentration of total Hg was found in Ammonium thiosulfate treatment with a dose of 2 gr / 15 liters of 1137.87 ppm. The higher the concentration of Hg on the soil resulted in stunted plant growth.
THE USE OF GENRE-BASED APPROACH TO IMPROVE WRITING SKILL IN NARRATIVE TEXT AT THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMA ETHIKA PALEMBANG
Authors: Haryanti Haryanti , Sari Farnia 
Published: July 2019

Objective of this research was to find out significant difference of reading achievement between students The objective of this study was to find out whether or not there was a significant improvement in students' skill in writing narrative texts after they were taught by using Genre-Based Approach. The method of this study was experimental design. The experimental group received a genre-based approach while the control group received the conventional method. The population was the eleventh-grade students of SMA Ethika Palembang. The sample was 60 students which was selected by cluster random technique . The data collection was a writing test. The data were analyzed by using paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test. It indicated that there was a significant difference in writing skill between the students who were taught using GBA and those who were not. Based on the result of data, it was interpreted that all aspects of writing are increased after taught by using GBA Approach. The best-achieved writing aspect was style and quality expression. It assumed the use of words: phrases, sentences, and paragraphs in expressing the ideas were clear and effective in writing style. Further, the study provided evidence for the effectiveness of using the genre-based approach in improving the students' writing skill in narrative text.
CULTURE SHOCK AMONG FOREIGN STUDENTS: A CASE-STUDY OF THAI STUDENTS STUDYING AT UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH PALEMBANG
Authors: Sulaiman Masagus , Saputri Kurnia 
Published: July 2019

The phenomenon of culture shock has some impacts on foreigners (i.e. psychological impact and intellectual impact), especially for foreign students studying in a new country. This research is aimed at figuring out the dominant aspects of culture shocks faced by the three Thai students studying at Universitas Muhammadiyah Palembang and how they cope with it. Descriptive-qualitative method was used in this research.To collect the data, the researchers used interview and questionnaire. Coding technique was used in analyzing the data. The results showed two dominant aspects of culture shocks found, namely: academic shocks (i.e teacher’s role and attitude, poorly organized program and classroom organization, and local students’ attitude). and social shocks (i.e.women-men relationship, community bonding, habits in social gathering). Generally, the three Thai students coped with the shock by preparing mental and psychology, as well as learning academic destination.