bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conditions of life in the city: medicine and gendered relations in Maputo, Mozambique
Authors: McKay Ramah 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHow do material conditions, urban life strategies, and postcolonial medical infrastructures shape the practices of care available to patients and families in Maputo? How do global health interventions articulate with urban economies, colonial legacies, and gendered relations? Under what conditions is health made available in Mozambique's capital? This article explores these questions through the experiences of one young woman as she moves through clinical and city spaces and through changing familial and residential situations. Showing how health is shaped by gendered relations and material circumstances (or condições) as they are refracted through urban space, her experiences make clear that care both requires and creates complex material‐relational conditions rooted in clinic practice, urban forms, and gendered social and familial life. In the midst of complex medical regimes and rapidly changing urban spaces, these conditions constitute the ground on which women access medicine but also give rise to exclusions from forms of care produced by both biomedicine and social relations. Arguing for greater attention to the role of gender, urban space, economy, and exchange in theorizing health in situated urban and transnational spaces, this article advocates for accounts that go beyond biomedical and clinical framings of life, health, and well‐being and that centre relational accounts of life in the city.
Deliberate clinical inertia: Using meta‐cognition to improve decision‐making
Authors: Keijzers Gerben , Fatovich Daniel M , Egerton‐Warburton Diana , Cullen Louise , Scott Ian A , Glasziou Paul , Croskerry Pat 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDeliberate clinical inertia is the art of doing nothing as a positive response. To be able to apply this concept, individual clinicians need to specifically focus on their clinical decision‐making. The skill of solving problems and making optimal clinical decisions requires more attention in medical training and should play a more prominent part of the medical curriculum. This paper provides suggestions on how this may be achieved. Strategies to mitigate common biases are outlined, with an emphasis on reversing a ‘more is better’ culture towards more temperate, critical thinking. To incorporate such an approach in medical curricula and in clinical practice, institutional endorsement and support is required.
Stage selection for neoadjuvant radiotherapy in non‐cervical esophageal cancer: A propensity score‐matched study based on the SEER database
Authors: Ma Ke , Yang Yong , Wang Shuai , Yang Xiaodong , Lu Tao , Xi Junjie , Jiang Wei , Zhan Cheng , Zhu Yimeng , Wang Qun 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundThe effect of neoadjuvant radiotherapy (NRT) was controversial in non‐cervical esophageal cancer. The aim of this study was to identify which stage of non‐cervical esophageal cancer would get benefit from NRT using propensity score matching (PSM) and survival analysis based on the Surveillance Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.MethodsA selection process was used for case screening from the SEER database. Seven baseline variables were included in PSM. The survival analysis were based on T stage (T2 and T3) and status of lymph node involvement (N0 and N+) using Kaplan‐Meier method and log‐rank test for comparing the overall survival of patient with NRT plus surgery versus those who with surgery alone (SA).ResultsA total of 1631 cases were included in this study. After PSM, 225 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and 606 cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) were enrolled in survival analysis. We found that only T3N+ stage of EAC would got survival benefit from NRT (P = 0.0052), while NRT showed no significant benefit in overall survival in other stages of EAC and ESCC.ConclusionsNRT followed by resection had a significant survival benefit in non‐cervical EAC patients with T3N+ stage. For patients with ESCC and other EAC stages, NRT versus SA did not demonstrate a statistical significant survival difference.
FOXO are required for intervertebral disk homeostasis during aging and their deficiency promotes disk degeneration
Authors: Alvarez‐Garcia Oscar , Matsuzaki Tokio , Olmer Merissa , Miyata Kohei , Mokuda Sho , Sakai Daisuke , Masuda Koichi , Asahara Hiroshi , Lotz Martin K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIntervertebral disk (IVD) degeneration is a prevalent age‐associated musculoskeletal disorder and a major cause of chronic low back pain. Aging is the main risk factor for the disease, but the molecular mechanisms regulating IVD homeostasis during aging are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of FOXO, a family of transcription factors linked to aging and longevity, in IVD aging and age‐related degeneration. Conditional deletion of all FOXO isoforms (FOXO1, 3, and 4) in IVD using the Col2a1Cre and AcanCreER mouse resulted in spontaneous development of IVD degeneration that was driven by severe cell loss in the nucleus pulposus (NP) and cartilaginous endplates (EP). Conditional deletion of individual FOXO in mature mice showed that FOXO1 and FOXO3 are the dominant isoforms and have redundant functions in promoting IVD homeostasis. Gene expression analyses indicated impaired autophagy and reduced antioxidant defenses in the NP of FOXO‐deficient IVD. In primary human NP cells, FOXO directly regulated autophagy and adaptation to hypoxia and promoted resistance to oxidative and inflammatory stress. Our findings demonstrate that FOXO are critical regulators of IVD homeostasis during aging and suggest that maintaining or restoring FOXO expression can be a therapeutic strategy to promote healthy IVD aging and delay the onset of IVD degeneration.
Semi‐parametric small‐area estimation by combining time‐series and cross‐sectional data methods
Authors: Shokoohi Farhad , Torabi Mahmoud 
Published: July 2018

SummaryIn survey sampling, policymaking regarding the allocation of resources to subgroups (called small areas) or the determination of subgroups with specific properties in a population should be based on reliable estimates. Information, however, is often collected at a different scale than that of these subgroups; hence, the estimation can only be obtained on finer scale data. Parametric mixed models are commonly used in small‐area estimation. The relationship between predictors and response, however, may not be linear in some real situations. Recently, small‐area estimation using a generalised linear mixed model (GLMM) with a penalised spline (P‐spline) regression model, for the fixed part of the model, has been proposed to analyse cross‐sectional responses, both normal and non‐normal. However, there are many situations in which the responses in small areas are serially dependent over time. Such a situation is exemplified by a data set on the annual number of visits to physicians by patients seeking treatment for asthma, in different areas of Manitoba, Canada. In cases where covariates that can possibly predict physician visits by asthma patients (e.g. age and genetic and environmental factors) may not have a linear relationship with the response, new models for analysing such data sets are required. In the current work, using both time‐series and cross‐sectional data methods, we propose P‐spline regression models for small‐area estimation under GLMMs. Our proposed model covers both normal and non‐normal responses. In particular, the empirical best predictors of small‐area parameters and their corresponding prediction intervals are studied with the maximum likelihood estimation approach being used to estimate the model parameters. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated using some simulations and also by analysing two real data sets (precipitation and asthma).
Associations of left atrial volumes and Doppler filling indices with left atrial function in acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Henriksen Egil , Selmeryd Jonas , Hedberg Pär 
Published: July 2018

SummaryRecent findings suggest that left atrial (LA) function is more strongly related to adverse prognosis than LA volumes. We aimed to evaluate the associations between LA volumes and Doppler filling indices with LA function. Echocardiographic LA volumes (LAVs), mitral valve early (MV‐E) and late (MV‐A) peak flow velocities, and mitral atrioventricular plane tissue‐Doppler early (TD‐e′) and late (TD‐a′) peak velocities were obtained in 320 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) free from atrial fibrillation and more than moderate valvular disease. LA function was estimated as the LA emptying fraction (LAEF), that is 100× (LAVmax‐LAVmin)/LAVmax. LA reservoir volume was calculated as LAVmax‐LAVmin and LA transit volume as LV stroke volume‐reservoir volume. In restricted cubic spline regression analyses with multivariable adjustment, a reduced LAEF was strongly associated with smaller reservoir volume, larger transit volume, LAVmax, LAVpreA and especially LAVmin. MV‐E linearly increased with a lower LAEF, whereas MV‐A decreased but only below LAEF levels of approximately 45%. The resulting E/A ratio showed a sudden increase in LAEF levels below ~45%. Lower TD‐a′ was linearly associated with a lower LAEF. In conclusion, a reduced atrial function was associated with smaller LA reservoir volume, larger LA transit volume, lower TD‐a′, a non‐linear decrease in MV‐A and a non‐linear increase in E/A. Our findings are likely a reflection of the adaptation to sustain LV filling volume and counteracting a rise in pulmonary venous pressure in face of an enhanced LV end‐diastolic pressure.
Natural selection for body shape in resource polymorphic Icelandic Arctic charr
Authors: Franklin Oliver D. , Skúlason Skúli , Morrissey Michael B. , Ferguson Moira M. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractResource polymorphisms exhibit remarkable intraspecific diversity and in many cases are expected to be maintained by diversifying selection. Phenotypic trade‐offs can constrain morphologically intermediate individuals from effectively exploiting both alternate resources, resulting in ecological barriers to gene flow. Determining if and how phenotypic trade‐offs cause fitness variation in the wild is challenging because of phenotypic and environmental correlations associated with alternative resource strategies. We investigated multiple pathways through which morphology could affect organismal performance, as measured by growth rate, and whether these effects generate diversifying selection in polymorphic Icelandic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) populations. We considered direct effects of morphology on growth and indirect effects via trophic resource use, estimated by stable isotopic signatures, and via parasitism associated with trophic resources. We sampled over 3 years in (lakes) Thingvallavatn and Vatnshlíðarvatn using the extended selection gradient path analytical approach and estimating size‐dependent mortality. We found evidence for diversifying selection only in Thingvallavatn: more streamlined and terminally mouthed planktivore charr experienced greater growth, with the opposite pattern in small benthic charr. However, this effect was mediated by parasitism and nontrophic pathways, rather than trophic performance as often expected. Detection of between‐morph differences in the presence (Vatnshlíðarvatn) and direction (Thingvallavatn) of size‐dependent mortality, together with nontrophic effects of shape, suggests that a morphological trophic performance explanation for polymorphism is insufficient. This rare insight into selection during early diversification suggests that a complex of interacting local factors must be considered to understand how phenotype influences fitness, despite morphological variation reflecting intuitive trade‐off explanations.
Viruses as indicators of contemporary host dispersal and phylogeography: an example of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIVPle) in free‐ranging African lion (Panthera leo)
Authors: Kerr Tanya J. , Matthee Sonja , Govender Danny , Tromp Gerard , Engelbrecht Susan , Matthee Conrad A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMeasuring contemporary dispersal in highly mobile terrestrial species is challenging, especially when species are characterized by low levels of population differentiation. Directly transmitted viruses can be used as a surrogate for traditional methods of tracking host movement. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a species‐specific lentivirus, which has an exceptionally high mutation rate and circulates naturally in wild felids. Using samples derived from 35 lion (Panthera leo) prides, we tested the prediction thatFIVin lions (FIVPle) can be used to track the dispersal of individuals between prides. AsFIVPlesubtypes are geographically structured throughout Africa, we predicted that this marker could be used to detect phylogeographic structure of lions at smaller spatial scales. Phylogenetic analyses ofFIVPlepol‐RTsequences showed that core pride members (females and subadults) shared evolutionary close viral lineages which differed from neighbouring core prides, whereas sequences from sexually mature males associated with the same pride were always the most divergent. In six instances, natal pride associations of divergent male lions could be inferred, on the assumption thatFIVPleinfections are acquired during early life stages. Congruence between the genetic pattern ofFIVand pride structure suggests that vertical transmission plays an important role in lionFIVdynamics. At a fine spatial scale, significant viral geographic structuring was also detected between lions occurring north of the Olifants River within the Kruger National Park (KNP) and those occupying the southern and central regions. This pattern was further supported by phylogenetic analyses and the confinement ofFIVPlesubtype E to the northern region ofKNP. The study provides new insights into the use of retroviral sequences to predict host dispersal and fine‐scale contemporary geographic structure in a social felid species.
The Effect of CAD/CAM Crown Material and Cement Type on Retention to Implant Abutments
Authors: Lopes Adolfo Coelho de Oliveira , Machado Camila Moreira , Bonjardim Leonardo Rigoldi , Bergamo Edmara Tatiely Pedroso , Ramalho Ilana Santos , Witek Lukasz , Coelho Paulo Guilherme , Bonfante Estevam Augusto 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the pullout resistance of CAD/CAM implant‐supported crowns cemented with provisional and definitive cements on Ti‐base implant abutments.Materials and MethodsSixty crowns were milled for use in Ti‐base implant abutments and divided (n = 15/group) according to material, as follows: (a) [Pr] Temporary acrylic resin; (b) [Co‐Cr] Cobalt‐Chromium alloy; (c) [Zr] polycrystalline zirconia; and (d) [Ti] titanium. The cementation was performed with RelyX Temp NE (RxT) cement or RelyX U200 self‐etching resin cement, under a 50 N (5 kg) load for 10 minutes. Twenty‐four hours after cementation, the crowns were subjected to the pullout test in a universal test machine, at a 1.0 mm/min crosshead speed. The tests were performed first without cement to evaluate frictional resistance (Baseline), then with provisional cement (RelyX Temp NE without cement again (Baseline After RxT), and finally with resin cement (U200). The results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05).ResultsData evaluation as a function of cement type demonstrated the superiority of resin‐based cements relative to provisional and baseline groups (p < 0.01). While Co‐Cr crowns presented the highest pullout strength values, Pr showed the lowest values (data collapsed over cement) (p < 0.001). Retentiveness data as a function of both factors demonstrated similar pullout resistance between groups without cement (p < 0.001), except Zr baseline. Also, Co‐Cr presented higher pullout strength compared to other materials.ConclusionsSelf‐adhesive resin cement exhibited superior retention compared to temporary cement, regardless of crown material. Co‐Cr and titanium presented higher levels of retention to Ti‐base abutment after being cemented.
Feline pemphigus foliaceus in non‐specialist veterinary practice: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Coyner K. , Tater K. , Rishniw M. 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesTo characterise the signalment, clinical presentation and therapy of pemphigus foliaceus in cats treated by primary care practitioners.Materials and MethodsRetrospective evaluation of patient and treatment factors with the following case outcomes: remission (achieving remission, time to remission), treatment‐related adverse effects (number, severity) and final disease outcome (medical control, cure, death or euthanasia).ResultsData were obtained from 48 cats with biopsy‐confirmed pemphigus foliaceus managed by practitioners from six countries and 47 hospitals. Clinicians prescribed oral prednisolone most commonly for immunosuppression (median dose 2·2 mg/kg/day). Disease remission information was available in 40 cats; 90% achieved disease remission, which did not appear related to the doses of oral glucocorticoid administered in this study. Disease relapse occurred in 29 (73%) cats after achieving remission, necessitating medication adjustments. Severe treatment‐related adverse effects occurred in eight cases, including both cats treated with long‐acting injectable glucocorticoids. Of 31 cats treated with glucocorticoid monotherapy, 27 achieved remission, as did eight of 11 ciclosporin plus glucocorticoid‐treated cats. Eleven cats experienced adverse effects: five receiving ciclosporin plus glucocorticoid and six receiving glucocorticoid monotherapy.Clinical SignificancePemphigus foliaceus remission with treatment is highly likely in cats but relapse is common, necessitating close monitoring and individualised therapy modifications. Clinicians should focus on the judicious use of glucocorticoids to minimise treatment‐related adverse effects, such as avoiding injectable glucocorticoids, combining glucocorticoids with steroid‐sparing medications, and regularly rechecking patients to adjust drug dosages in response to disease status.
Explaining the birthright citizenship lottery: Longitudinal and cross‐national evidence for key determinants
Authors: Solodoch Omer , Sommer Udi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn the modern nation‐state, birthright citizenship laws – jus soli and jus sanguinis – are the two main gateways to sociopolitical membership. The vast majority of the world's population (97 percent) obtains their citizenship as a matter of birthright. Yet because comparative research has focused on measuring and explaining the multiple components of citizenship and immigration policies, a systematic analysis of birthright citizenship is lacking. We bridge this gap by analyzing the birthright component in prominent databases on citizenship policies and complementing them with original data and measures. This allows us to systematically test institutional and electoral explanations for contemporary and over‐time variation in birthright citizenship. Institutional explanations – legal codes and colonial history – are consistently associated with limitations on birthright law. As for electoral explanations, specific electoral powers – Nationalist, Socialist and Social‐Democratic parties – rather than the traditional left/right‐wing divide, are linked with reforms in birthright regimes.
Stakeholder involvement in collaborative regulatory processes: Using automated coding to track attendance and actions
Authors: Scott Tyler A. , Ulibarri Nicola , Scott Ryan P. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRegulation increasingly mandates collaborative approaches to increase stakeholder input and streamline approval processes. However, understanding how to maintain stakeholder involvement over the course of a long collaborative process is vital to optimize effectiveness. This paper observes more than 700 stakeholders involved in developing and implementing a dam operating license over 16 years. We use text mining and Bayesian hierarchical modeling to observe meeting attendance and recorded actions in meeting minutes. We find that involvement decreased after the initial planning phase, but steadily increased through license development and implementation. After the regulatory mandate to consult with external stakeholders dissolved, overall attendance declined while attendance stability increased, meaning that the non‐mandatory stage involved a smaller cadre of dedicated actors. This indicates that high‐performing mandated stakeholder involvement processes rely on a constrained group of conveners to sustain interaction and have less turnover than what might be expected given existing evidence from grassroots involvement; assumptions about group dynamics based on involvement in grassroots processes may lead to improper predictions about who will participate, and how, in processes where stakeholder involvement is mandated.
Strict vs. free word order patterns in Korean nominal phrases and Cyclic Linearization
Authors: Simpson Andrew , Park Soyoung 
Published: July 2018

AbstractKorean nominal phrases display both flexibility in their internal word order and also rigidity in the sequencing of certain elements. This paper focuses on a linear ordering constraint on the occurrence of arguments of nouns which requires a strict relative sequencing of such elements, no matter where they are distributed across different locations withinDPs. The paper suggests that the most appropriate mechanism to capture the complex patterns observed is Fox and Pesetsky's () Cyclic Linearization approach, which records and compares the linear ordering of elements across different Spell‐out domains. It is argued that the patterns found in Korean can be successfully captured in a Cyclic Linearization analysis if it is assumed that Korean nominal projections consist in two Spell‐out domains–DPandnP– in a way resembling the bi‐cyclic composition of clauses, and that Korean provides novel support from the syntax ofnominalphrases for Cyclic Linearization, originally motivated by patterns found inclausaldomains.
Stop fRETting the Target: Next-Generation RET Inhibitors Have Arrived
Authors: Iams Wade T. , Lovly Christine M. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Summary: BLU-667 is a next-generation RET inhibitor that maximizes on-target and minimizes off-target effects. It is an exemplar of genotype-driven drug development followed by multi-histology basket trial validation that is becoming a paradigm for precision oncology. Cancer Discov; 8(7); 797–9. ©2018 AACR.
See related article by Subbiah et al., p. 836.
Nasalisation in the Production of Iraqi Arabic Pharyngeals
Authors: Khattab Ghada , Al-Tamimi Jalal , Alsiraih Wasan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAim:This paper presents the auditory and acoustic investigations of pharyngeal consonants in Iraqi Arabic (IA). While the contested place and manner of articulation of these sounds have been the subject of investigation in many studies, the focus here is novel: we set out to investigate the extent to which pharyngeals in IA are accompanied by auditory nasalisation and how widespread the effect is across oral and nasal contexts.Methods:Auditory and acoustic properties of nasalization, as produced by nine male speakers of IA, were investigated in target words with oral, nasal, and pharyngeal environments.Results:When combined with oral consonants, pharyngeals exhibit little or no nasalisation; however, when pharyngeal are combined with nasals, they exhibit various degrees of nasalisation, sometimes beyond what is found for a nasal environment alone. This is especially so for voiced pharyngeals, which display more nasalisation than their voiceless counterparts. A principle component analysis combining all the acoustic correlates examined demonstrates a definite contribution of pharyngeals to the presence of nasalisation.Conclusion:The epilaryngeal constriction and variability in the articulation of pharyngeals are thought to be responsible for the nasalisation effect and may act as potential drivers for sound change in IA pharyngeals.