bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embracing Sensation
Authors: Curtis Cathy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
For many months after Dilys’s departure, Nell was inconsolable. Then, when painter Carolyn Harris entered her life, Nell began a long-lasting relationship. Her ongoing concern was hiring, training, and retaining aides. Many women attempted the job, with little success. It was not until the arrival of Jestina Forrester in 1976 that the turnover stopped. But Jestina’s personality and Nell’s demands made for a volatile combination. Carolyn’s own role—lover, studio assistant, cook, and sometime aide—was not an easy one. Her studio time was severely circumscribed by Nell’s needs. The two women would have many serious quarrels, which Nell tried to analyze. During these years, summer visits to the homes of friends in Vermont and upstate New York, and to a rented cottage in Gloucester, yielded many new paintings. Nell’s mother died in 1970, leaving her surprised daughter a nest egg, but her financial situation remained dire throughout the decade.
Introduction
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The introductory chapter provides an overview of the book, the level of interest in the subject, and how shariah crimes and penalties feature in the larger discourse of Islamic revivalism/resurgence. Then it offers a bird’s-eye view of the major themes and outstanding issues in the book. It also discusses how the Muslim masses experience public sensitivity about scriptural issues. These factors present limitations for researchers generally, with a greater effect perhaps in some Muslim countries more than others.
Ḥudūd in the Qur’an, Sunnah, and Fiqh
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the hypothesis that the juristic concept of ḥadd and ḥudūd in the fiqh expositions differ from what they mean in the Qur’an. Some contend that the rigidities attendant in the juristic doctrines are not Qur’anic. The chapter is presented in five sections, discussing ḥudūd in the Qur’an, the Sunnah, and fiqh. It is stated at the outset that nowhere has the Qur’an used ḥudūd in the sense of punishment, fixed or otherwise. Two other sections that follow discuss the role of repentance and remorse in ḥudūd.
Banditry and Terrorism (Ḥirābah, also Qaṭʿ al-Tarı̄q)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Beginning with the meaning and definition of the Qur’anic concept of ḥirābah, the chapter proceeds to examine its meaning in the hadith. Then it discusses juristic discourse on how Muslim scholars understood and interpreted the source data on ḥirābah and the impact of repentance on its punishment thereon. Since ḥirābah is the nearest shariah concept to contemporary terrorism, the chapter also examines contemporary global terrorism and its manifestations, such as suicide bombing, and how Muslim thinkers have responded to these developments. The chapter ends with a fresh assessment of ḥirābah in the Qur’an.
Issues over Apostasy (Riddah)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Three issues are addressed in this chapter: one concerns the definition and scope of apostasy, which is so broad as to clash with basic freedoms of religion and belief. The second issue involves reducing the Qur’anic provision on repentance (tawbah) in the fiqh works to a mere mechanical exercise. And the third issue asks whether apostasy is a prescribed (ḥudūd) crime at all.
Discretionary Punishment of Taʿzīr
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Juridically, taʿzīr signifies unquantified punishment for wrongdoing that is not included in ḥudūd and retaliation (qiṣāṣ) offences. This chapter highlights the uses and abuses of taʿzīr in a legal system that subscribes to the principle of legality. It also explains the limits of taʿzīr and proposes reforms for its contemporary applications.
Judicious Policy (Siyāsah Sharʿiyyah)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Siyāsah sharʿiyyah is a broad doctrine of Islamic public law that authorises the ruler to determine the best manner in which shariah can be administered. The ruler often considers a variety of other considerations, some even outside shariah, to realise the objective of good government and justice. There are a set of guidelines, however, in the textual sources and juristic doctrine that signify the correct objectives of siyāsah sharʿiyyah.
Just Retaliation (Qiṣāṣ)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Qiṣāṣ under Islamic law applies to a murderer who kills with the intention to kill or to cause grievous bodily injury. Issues addressed in this chapter relate to how qiṣāṣ is often said to be obsolete, that it is juristically classified as a private law matter, and that a certain gap has developed between scripture and juristic doctrine and whether any reforms may be needed to the law of qiṣāṣ.
Blood Money and Financial Compensation (Diya)
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Whereas qiṣāṣ is the principal punishment for murder, payment of blood money (diya) is the principal punishment for unintentional killing and culpable homicide. Diya can also be paid in murder cases in which the relatives of the victim waive their right to qiṣāṣ and choose to receive blood money. Issues relating to diya arise in the context of modern conditions, especially pertaining to its related concepts of ʿaqīlah and qasamah, quantity of diya, and how is it applied in modern laws.
Hudud Bill of Kelantan 1993
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The discussion of Islamic criminal law in Malaysia presented in this part is based mainly on a detailed review and analysis of the two State Enactments introduced by the states of Kelantan (1993) and Terengganu (2002). No other state of Malaysia (which consists of a total of thirteen states and a federal territory) has introduced Islamic criminal law, an Islamic state, or ḥudūd. The four short chapters in this part are: chapter XIX, “Hudud Bill of Kelantan 1993: Issues in Rape and Zina, Witnesses, and Confession”; chapter XX, “Hudud and Qisas Bill of Terengganu 2002”; chapter XXI, “Problematics of the Hudud Bills”; and chapter XXII, “The Hudud Debate Continued: An Update 2012–2017.”
Problematics of the Hudud Bills
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on problems that the two Hudud bills of Kelantan and Terengganu pose: constitutional issues, position of non-Muslim residents of those states, PAS Islamic party splits and a splinter party (Amanah) emerges, suggestions for amendments are voiced by the politicians, yet debates over issues continued and unresolved issues still remain.
Shariah Penal Code in the Islamic Sultanate of Brunei Darussalam
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In October 2013, the sultan of Brunei made a widely publicised announcement that he would introduce a shariah penal code in Brunei. The announcement became a worldwide media event. The sultan added that punishments could include amputation for theft, stoning for adultery, and flogging for violations ranging from abortion to consumption of alcohol. As time went by, the initial rigour of these announcements was toned down and a more gradual approach was subsequently put in place.
Shariah Punishments in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Iran’s experience of Islamic criminal law is closely connected with Ayatollah Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution of 1979. A new constitution and a set of criminal and civil laws were introduced in the early 1980s and eventually culminated in introduction of the Islamic Penal Code 2013. This chapter provides an overview of that code and its provisions on Islamic punishments, the controversies it has generated, and how the legislative bodies and the government took measures to address them.
Islamic Criminal Law in Republic of Nigeria
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The story of Islamic criminal law in Nigeria is one of uneasy coexistence between the constitution and the state shariah penal codes, especially since 2000 when Zamfara introduced such a code and was followed by other Muslim states in the north. The anomalies are also reflective of the dual legal heritage (Islamic and colonial) of Nigeria. Challenges thus remain on how to harmonise the two systems and communities without infringing on the general interests of the nation and the country’s constitution.
Shariah Punishments in Republic of Sudan
Authors: Kamali Mohammad Hashim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Although the Muslim influence on Sudanese law remained important, British colonial rule left the country with a mixed legal system. The primary legal influence remained British, yet the constitution of Sudan 1973 proclaimed shariah as the principal source of legislation. The 1998 constitution only adopted Islam as the state religion, which was followed by Nimeiri’s Penal Code 1983 episode. Al-Bashīr announced new amendments to Islamic criminal law, yet court sentences imposing shariah punishments often remained unenforced.
Conclusion
Authors: Nassauer Anne 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Conclusion discusses the implications of the book’s findings. It highlights the crucial role of situational interactions, interpretations, and emotions for surprising social outcomes. A section on external validity discusses whether other researchers in the field found similar patterns when examining brawls, atrocities, or revolutions. A second section discusses theoretical implications of the findings regarding the role of motivations versus situations, emotions versus rationality, collective and individual decision-making and reinterpretations, expectations and culture, as well as human inhibition to violence. A section on research implications reflects on what findings mean in particular for future research on protest policing, forward panics, other types of protests, and the roots of violent action. Lastly, a section on everyday life and the fear of violence discusses the social implications of the findings.
Empires of the Senses
Authors: Rotter Andrew J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This book offers a sensory history of the British in India from the formal imposition of their rule to its end and the Americans in the Philippines from annexation to independence. A social and cultural history of empire, it focuses on quotidian life. It analyzes how the senses created mutual impressions of the agents of imperialism and their subjects and highlights connections between apparently disparate items, including the lived experience of empire, the otherwise unremarkable comments (and complaints) found in memoirs and reports, the appearance of lepers, the sound of bells, the odor of excrement, the feel of cloth against skin, the first taste of a mango or meat spiced with cumin. Men and women in imperial India and the Philippines had different ideas from the start about what looked, sounded, smelled, felt, and tasted good or bad. Both the British and the Americans saw themselves as the civilizers of what they judged backward societies and believed that a vital part of the civilizing process was to put the senses in the right order of priority and to ensure them against offense or affront. People without manners who respected the senses lacked self-control; they were uncivilized and thus unfit for self-government. Societies that looked shabby, were noisy and smelly, felt wrong, and consumed unwholesome food in unmannerly ways were not prepared to form independent polities and stand on their own. It was the duty of allegedly more sensorily advanced westerners to put the senses right before withdrawing the most obvious manifestations of their power.
Introduction
Authors: Rotter Andrew J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The introductory chapter of Empires of the Senses looks at the meaning of empire. Empire means many different things at different times: economics, geopolitics, a desire for greatness but also violence, an imposition of control, and resistance. This book, the introduction explains, argues that all human relationships, including imperial ones, are shaped by all five senses; how we understand others, also how we feel about them, and thus how we act toward them. The introduction outlines the arguments presented in the rest of the book. The chapters are organized by sense, but they also overlap in their treatment of the senses and empire.
The Senses and Civilization
Authors: Rotter Andrew J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea of how the senses were important to Britons arriving in India and Americans arriving in the Philippines. It provides examples of reactions in terms of sensual responses to illustrate this. British and American senses told them many things about their hosts. Indians and Filipinos were, they believed, different from themselves, or, in other words, fundamentally Other. The chapter asks what this Other was to the new arrivals. Violations of sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste represented to the westerners a lack of refinement and decency in those they encountered. They construed difference in several ways, but most of all as racial ones. They recoiled in fear and sought to distance themselves from those whose habits reflected their crudeness and terrified them so.
Nourishing
Authors: Rotter Andrew J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that taste is in many respects the most malleable of all the senses. Food plays an important part in shaping new encounters of empire. Along with smell, taste is an intimate sense, one drawn deep into the body by its presence in the mouth and through the nose. It profoundly affected the perceptions of the Others encountered by Britons and Americans. Metaphors of empire were haptic, as the previous chapter argues, but many were also gustatory. This chapter looks at the tastes in Britain and the United States in the late nineteenth century and how they relate to empire in India and the Philippines.
Conclusion
Authors: Rotter Andrew J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter asks: how does a nation leave its imperial possessions when the period of empire ends? There are complicated logistics involved in this. The main focus of the conclusion is what happens when the conquerors leave the conquered—in other words, when empire is over. It gives an historical account of how independence occurred in each of the two countries, and relates the history of the end to the senses. The end of empire in India and the Philippines brought changes to the Britons and Americans that were in their own ways as profound as those felt by its subjects.
Cases and Concepts
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. , Vaidyanathan Brandon , Matthews Kirstin R. W. , Lewis Steven W. , Thomson Robert A. , Di Di 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
There are many ways to define religion, such as a system of beliefs about God, higher powers, or other supernatural or superhuman entities, or an organized belief system taught and shared by a specific community. Scientist respondents in this study provided various understandings and definitions of religion as well as their understandings of spirituality. Respondents came from the disciplines of biology and physics. These disciplines are considered classic natural-science disciplines, and some consider them to be at the top of the hierarchy of science. In addition, religion interacts with each discipline in specific and meaningful ways. Each of the eight nations and regions was chosen for inclusion in the study for scholarly and practical reasons with characteristics of religion and science in each country heavily influencing case selection. Religion in the scientific workplace and comparing scientists with the general public were central to studying religion and science in each context.
Italy
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. , Vaidyanathan Brandon , Matthews Kirstin R. W. , Lewis Steven W. , Thomson Robert A. , Di Di 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Italy is an overwhelmingly Catholic nation. Roman Catholicism is pervasive in Italy and an integral part of Italian culture. Because of this, most Italian scientists are of the same faith background, at least raised nominally Catholic. The majority of Italian scientists identify as Roman Catholic and also see themselves as at least slightly religious. The majority of scientists also believe in God or some form of higher power. They see Catholicism as relatively free from conflict with science, but are critical of what they see as its occasional intrusions into science-related policies. Most Italian scientists also see religion as totally separate from science. Nevertheless, the Italian context also provides opportunities for dialogue between science and religion, which could be a model for other countries.
India
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. , Vaidyanathan Brandon , Matthews Kirstin R. W. , Lewis Steven W. , Thomson Robert A. , Di Di 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
India’s unique brand of secularism is accommodating to religion and diverse forms of religious expression, including within the scientific workplace. Religion is deeply ingrained in cultural and social life in India, and thus it plays a significant role in family life, even for those who do not consider themselves religious. Although most scientists view religion and science as belonging to separate realms, religious is a pervasive presence in Indian society, and extends its influence even into scientific institutions. Most scientists do not view religion in science as negative, but instead as a normal part of life.
Traditionalism and Universalism
Authors: Manis R. Zachary 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with some remarks about what traditionalism, for all its difficulties, gets right, and why orthodox Christians are rightly reticent to abandon it. The author then moves on to universalism, first identifying what he takes to be its most plausible variety and then presenting select arguments on its behalf that are especially powerful and that pose the greatest challenge to anti-universalists. The most basic and fundamental argument in support of universalism is that the salvation of all persons seems to follow from two theological assumptions that are central to orthodox theism: that God is perfectly loving and that God is perfectly sovereign. Some further arguments from two of the foremost defenders of universalism, Marilyn Adams and Thomas Talbott, are given special consideration.
All the State’s Proxies in Turkey and Russia
Authors: Biberman Yelena 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the applicability of the balance-of-interests framework beyond South Asia with cases drawn from Turkey (1984–1999) and Russia (1994–96 and 1999–2002). Despite their differences, these states behaved very similarly to Pakistan and India. When, in the mid-1980s, the Kurdish rebels came to dominate the Kurdish countryside, the Turkish army allied with nationalist clans. Once a rough balance of local power was achieved, opportunists joined the counterinsurgency. Then, as in Kashmir, the rebels relocated. This prompted the Turkish army to ally with Islamist militants operating in the rebel-controlled urban areas. It was not until the Russian army achieved parity with the Chechen rebels that the likes of Bislan Gantamirov and Akhmad Kadyrov opportunistically joined the Russian side. The former, a convicted criminal, helped Moscow recapture the capital city of Grozny. The latter, a former rebel leader, and his son, Ramzan Kadyrov, helped Moscow regain control of Chechnya.
The Twentysomething Soul
Authors: Clydesdale Tim , Garces-Foley Kathleen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Few realize how much Americans’ journey through their twenties has changed during the past half-century or understand how incorrect popular assumptions about young adults’ religious, spiritual, and secular lives are. Today’s twentysomethings have been labelled the “lost generation”—for their presumed inability to identify and lead fulfilling lives, “kidults”—for their alleged refusal to “grow up” and accept adult responsibilities, and the “least religious generation”—for their purported disinterest in religion and spirituality. These characterizations are not only unflattering, they are deeply flawed. The Twentysomething Soul tells an optimistic story about American twentysomethings. Drawing on hundreds of interviews and a survey of thousands across America, it introduces readers to the full spectrum of American young adults, many of whom live purposefully, responsibly, and reflectively. Some prioritize faith and spirituality. Others reject their childhood religion to explore alternatives and practice a personal spirituality. Still others sideline religion and spirituality until their lives get settled or reject organized religion completely. There is change occurring in the religious and spiritual lives of young adults, but little of it is among the 1 in 4 American twentysomethings who have consistently prioritized religious commitment during the past half-century. The change is rather among the now 3 in 10 young adults who, though intentionally unaffiliated with religion, affirm a variety of religious, spiritual, and secular beliefs. The Twentysomething Soul will change the way readers view contemporary young adults, giving an accurate—and refreshing—understanding of their religious, spiritual, and secular lives.
Invisibility and Hypervisibility
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 analyzes the class composition of golf clubs, demonstrating that class dynamics cannot be solely reduced to economic relations. The first part shows how players commonly framed the broader golf community in terms of similarities. This, however, does not mean that all golfers and golf clubs were regarded as equal. There are tensions and antagonism, particularly among players situated at the extreme ends of the internal socioeconomic hierarchy, i.e., between golfers belonging to the least expensive and most exclusive clubs. The second part examines how clubs erected firm social boundaries with the outside world, creating spaces that are invisible to the larger city but hypervisible to the internal group. This analysis demonstrates how class dynamics modified spatial perceptions. The chapter ends by illustrating how gender intertwines with the class system, creating a class- as much as gender-based privileged space.
Caddies
Authors: Cerón-Anaya Hugo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 uses the racialization-of-class thesis to demonstrate how the exclusion of caddies is based on class and racial dynamics, which are commonly conveyed through spatial arrangements. The analysis starts by showing how caddies’ low status is linked to their working-class origins as much as a narrative that justifies their impoverished condition on racialized grounds. The analysis then explains that although caddying offers a higher salary than most other working-class jobs, there are still multiple mechanisms that perpetuate caddies’ economic subordination. Interviewed club members constantly articulated a racialized discourse to speak about the spaces that caddies occupied. The chapter reveals how in a country that assumes that race (as a concept) and racism (as its manifestation) do not exist, space and spatial dynamics are highly effective ways to convey racialized hierarchies without the need to openly verbalize them.