bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipoplex‐Mediated Single‐Cell Transfection via Droplet Microfluidics
Authors: Li Xuan , Aghaamoo Mohammad , Liu Shiyue , Lee Do‐Hyun , Lee Abraham P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWhile lipoplex (cationic lipid‐nucleic acid complex)‐mediated intracellular delivery is widely adopted in mammalian cell transfection, its transfection efficiency for suspension cells, e.g., lymphatic and hematopoietic cells, is reported at only ≈5% or even lower. Here, efficient and consistent lipoplex‐mediated transfection is demonstrated for hard‐to‐transfect suspension cells via a single‐cell, droplet‐microfluidics approach. In these microdroplets, monodisperse lipoplexes for effective gene delivery are generated via chaotic mixing induced by the serpentine microchannel and co‐confined with single cells. Moreover, the cell membrane permeability increases due to the shear stress exerted on the single cells when they pass through the droplet pinch‐off junction. The transfection efficiency, examined by the delivery of the pcDNA3‐EGFP plasmid, improves from ≈5% to ≈50% for all three tested suspension cell lines, i.e., K562, THP‐1, Jurkat, and with significantly reduced cell‐to‐cell variation, compared to the bulk method. Efficient targeted knockout of the TP53BP1 gene for K562 cells via the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)–CAS9 (CRISPR‐associated nuclease 9) mechanism is also achieved using this platform. Lipoplex‐mediated single‐cell transfection via droplet microfluidics is expected to have broad applications in gene therapy and regenerative medicine by providing high transfection efficiency and low cell‐to‐cell variation for hard‐to‐transfect suspension cells.
Beyond Global Charge: Role of Amine Bulkiness and Protein Fingerprint on Nanoparticle–Cell Interaction
Authors: Burnand David , Milosevic Ana , Balog Sandor , Spuch‐Calvar Miguel , Rothen‐Rutishauser Barbara , Dengjel Jörn , Kinnear Calum , Moore Thomas L. , Petri‐Fink Alke 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAmino groups presented on the surface of nanoparticles are well‐known to be a predominant factor in the formation of the protein corona and subsequent cellular uptake. However, the molecular mechanism underpinning this relationship is poorly defined. This study investigates how amine type and density affect the protein corona and cellular association of gold nanoparticles with cells in vitro. Four specific poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐N‐vinylamine) copolymers are synthesized containing primary, secondary, or tertiary amines. Particle cellular association (i.e., cellular uptake and surface adsorption), as well as protein corona composition, are then investigated. It is found that the protein corona (as a consequence of “amine bulkiness”) and amine density are both important in dictating cellular association. By evaluating the nanoparticle surface chemistry and the protein fingerprint, proteins that are significant in mediating particle–cell association are identified. In particular, primary amines, when exposed on the polymer side chain, are strongly correlated with the presence of alpha‐2‐HS‐glycoprotein, and promote nanoparticle cellular association.
Efficient Self‐Driven Photodetectors Featuring a Mixed‐Dimensional van der Waals Heterojunction Formed from a CdS Nanowire and a MoTe2 Flake
Authors: Lu Ming‐Yen , Chang Yung‐Ting , Chen Hsin‐Ju 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHeterojunctions formed from low‐dimensional materials can result in photovoltaic and photodetection devices displaying exceptional physical properties and excellent performance. Herein, a mixed‐dimensional van der Waals (vdW) heterojunction comprising a 1D n‐type Ga‐doped CdS nanowire and a 2D p‐type MoTe2 flake is demonstrated; the corresponding photovoltaic device exhibits an outstanding conversion efficiency of 15.01% under illumination with white light at 650 µW cm−2. A potential difference of 80 meV measured, using Kelvin probe force microscopy, at the CdS–MoTe2 interface confirms the separation and accumulation of photoexcited carriers upon illumination. Moreover, the photodetection characteristics of the vdW heterojunction device at zero bias reveal a rapid response time (<50 ms) and a photoresponsivity that are linearly proportional to the power density of the light. Interestingly, the response of the vdW heterojunction device is negligible when illuminated at 580 nm; this exceptional behavior is presumably due to the rapid rate of recombination of the photoexcited carriers of MoTe2. Such mixed‐dimensional vdW heterojunctions appear to be novel design elements for efficient photovoltaic and self‐driven photodetection devices.
Atomic‐Scale Valence State Distribution inside Ultrafine CeO2 Nanocubes and Its Size Dependence
Authors: Hao Xiaodong , Yoko Akira , Chen Chunlin , Inoue Kazutoshi , Saito Mitsuhiro , Seong Gimyeong , Takami Seiichi , Adschiri Tadafumi , Ikuhara Yuichi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAtomic‐scale analysis of the cation valence state distribution will help to understand intrinsic features of oxygen vacancies (VO) inside metal oxide nanocrystals, which, however, remains a great challenge. In this work, the distribution of cerium valence states across the ultrafine CeO2 nanocubes (NCs) perpendicular to the {100} exposed facet is investigated layer‐by‐layer using state‐of‐the‐art scanning transmission electron microscopy‐electron energy loss spectroscopy. The effect of size on the distribution of Ce valence states inside CeO2 NCs is demonstrated as the size changed from 11.8 to 5.4 nm, showing that a large number of Ce3+ cations exist not only in the surface layers, but also in the center layers of smaller CeO2 NCs, which is in contrast to those in larger NCs. Combining with the atomic‐scale analysis of the local structure inside the CeO2 NCs and theoretical calculation on the VO forming energy, the mechanism of size effect on the Ce valence states distribution and lattice expansion are elaborated: nano‐size effect induces the overall lattice expansion as the size decreased to ≈5 nm; the expanded lattice facilitates the formation of VO due to the lower formation energy required for the smaller size, which, in principle, provides a fundamental understanding of the formation and distribution of Ce3+ inside ultrafine CeO2 NCs.
Detecting instrumental icing using automated double anemometry
Authors: Swytink‐Binnema Nigel , Godreau Charles , Arbez Cédric 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we propose several improvements to the standard double anemometry method for ice detection. In the double anemometry method, the wind speed measurement from a heated reference anemometer is compared with that of an unheated anemometer. A lower measurement from the unheated sensor suggests the presence of ice. First, we propose using a wind speed difference (not a ratio), because anemometers should not deviate significantly at any wind speed under ice‐free conditions. Second, the threshold should vary with ambient temperature to account for cup anemometer slowdown caused by thickening bearing grease. Finally, sensitive thresholds should be used to overdetect ice and false events removed during postprocessing. We created an algorithm to automatically determine the required thresholds and tested it on seven wind turbines during a full winter at a cold climate site. When compared with ice thickness measurements from cameras, the algorithm was equal to or outperformed the manual double anemometry method across all seven turbines.
Hecke relations in rational conformal field theory
Authors: Harvey Jeffrey A. , Wu Yuxiao 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe define Hecke operators on vector-valued modular forms of the type that appear as characters of rational conformal field theories (RCFTs). These operators extend the previously studied Galois symmetry of the modular representation and fusion algebra of RCFTs to a relation between RCFT characters. We apply our results to derive a number of relations between characters of known RCFTs with different central charges and also explore the relation between Hecke operators and RCFT characters as solutions to modular linear differential equations. We show that Hecke operators can be used to construct an infinite set of possible characters for RCFTs with two independent characters and increasing central charge. These characters have multiplicity one for the vacuum representation, positive integer coefficients in theirqexpansions, and are associated to a two-dimensional representation of the modular group which leads to non-negative integer fusion coefficients as determined by the Verlinde formula.
Physical models and embodied cognition
Authors: Stegmann Ulrich E. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPhilosophers have recently paid more attention to the physical aspects of scientific models. The attention is motivated by the prospect that a model’s physical features strongly affect its use and that this suggests re-thinking modelling in terms of extended or distributed cognition. This paper investigates two ways in which physical features of scientific models affect their use and it asks whether modelling is an instance of extended cognition. I approach these topics with a historical case study, in which scientists kept records not only of their findings, but also of some the mental operations that generated the findings. The case study shows how scientists can employ a physical model (in this case diagrams on paper) as an external information store, which allows alternating between mental manipulations, recording the outcome externally, and then feeding the outcome back into subsequent mental manipulations. The case study also demonstrates that a models’ physical nature allows replacing explicit reasoning with visuospatial manipulations. I argue, furthermore, that physical modelling does not need to exemplify a strong kind of extended cognition, the sort for which external features are mereological parts of cognition. It can exemplify a weaker kind, instead.
The Existential Crisis of Citizenship of the European Union:The Argument for an Autonomous Status
Authors: GARNER Oliver 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article argues for the (re)construction of citizenship of the European Union as an autonomous status. As opposed to the current legal regime, whereby individuals with nationality of a Member State are automatically granted citizenship of the Union, under this proposal individuals would be free to choose whether or not to adopt the status of citizen of an incipient European polity. At present, thetelosand essence of citizenship of the Union is contested. It may be argued that the status is partial or incomplete. This has informed competing normative perspectives. ‘Maximalist’ positions praise the judicial construction of Union citizenship as destined to be the ‘fundamental status’ for all Member State nationals. By contrast, ‘minimalist’ positions argue that the status should remain ‘additional to’ Member State nationality, and the rights created therein should remain supplementary to the status and rights derived from national citizenship. This article will argue for a new approach to the dilemma. By emancipating the condition for acquisition of EU citizenship from nationality of a Member State, and reconstructing it as an autonomous choice for individuals, it is tentatively suggested that a new constitutional settlement for Europe may be generated.
From insertion to removal: A multicenter survival analysis of an admitted cohort with peripheral intravenous catheters inserted in the emergency department
Authors: Carr Peter J. , Rippey James C.R. , Cooke Marie L. , Higgins Niall S. , Trevenen Michelle , Foale Aileen , Rickard Claire M. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundMost patients admitted to the hospital via the emergency department (ED) do so with a peripheral intravenous catheter/cannula (PIVC). Many PIVCs develop postinsertion failure (PIF).ObjectiveTo determine the independent factors predicting PIF after PIVC insertion in the ED.MethodsWe analyzed data from a prospective clinical cohort study of ED-inserted PIVCs admitted to the hospital wards. Independent predictors of PIF were identified using Cox proportional hazards regression modeling.ResultsIn 391 patients admitted from 2 EDs, the rate of PIF was 31% (n=118). The types of PIF identified were infiltration, occlusion, pain and/or peripheral intravenous assessment score >2 (ie, the hospital’s assessment of PIVC phlebitis), and dislodgement (ie, accidental securement device failure or purposeful removal). Of the PIVCs that failed, infiltration and occlusion combined were the most common causes of PIF (n=55, 47%). The median PIVC dwell time was 28.5 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 17.4–50.8 hours). The following variables were associated with increased risk of PIF: being an older patient (for a 1-year increase, hazard ratio [HR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.03;P=.0001); having an Australian Triage Scale score of 1 or 2 compared to a score of 3, 4, or 5 (HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.39–3.01;P=.0003); having an ultrasound-guided PIVC (HR, 6.52; 95% CI, 2.11–20.1;P=.0011); having the PIVC inserted by a medical student (P=.0095); infection prevention breaches at insertion (P=.0326); and PIVC inserted in the ante cubital fossa or the back of hand compared to the upper arm (P=.0337).ConclusionPIF remains at an unacceptable level in both traditionally inserted and ultrasound-inserted PIVCs.Clinical trial registrationAustralian and New Zealand Trials Registry (ANZCTRN12615000588594).
Response to Perkins and Murmann: Pay Attention to What Is and Isn't Unique about Tesla
Authors: MacDuffie John Paul 
Published: September 2018

Perkins and Murmann (2018) advance a provocative thesis, based on Tesla Motors, that ‘a well-funded company could develop a new electric vehicle (EV) from scratch and move it into production within 3 to 5 years. . . .’ This thesis of feasibility – indeed likelihood – of more new entrant EV automakers is at odds with my recent work (e.g., Jacobides, MacDuffie, & Tae, 2016; MacDuffie, 2013) which argues that automotive OEMs have been able to prevent extensive value migration to suppliers and new entrants due to their structural role as system integrators with the capabilities to manage a primarily integral product and organizational architecture. This role is bolstered by societal demands for OEMs to meet regulatory requirements for safety and handle legal liability claims. These structural features have helped automotive OEMs avoid the fate of IBM, which saw massive value migration, after introducing the modular PC, to Intel and Microsoft (suppliers of key components). These same features, I argue, will position these OEMs for continued centrality, forestalling a wave of successful new entrants despite many new, disruptive changes in technology and business models.
Voter uncertainty, political institutions, and legislative turnover
Authors: Krupnikov Yanna , Shipan Charles R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe level of legislative turnover in a polity can have significant political consequences. Low turnover may increase the number of legislators who are out of touch with constituents, while high turnover can limit a legislature’s ability to fulfill its duties. Focusing on separation of powers arrangements, a factor overlooked by previous studies, we identify institutional conditions that affect turnover. When the executive and legislature are equally responsible for budgetary outcomes, we argue, this creates ambiguous contexts, leaving voters more likely to re-elect incumbents, thereby lowering turnover. We test our predictions using US state-level data.
Late Glacial Atmospheric Radiocarbon Variations Recorded in Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Wood from KwiatkÓw, Central Poland
Authors: Krąpiec Marek , Michczyńska Danuta J , Michczyński Adam , Piotrowska Natalia , Goslar Tomasz , Szychowska-Krąpiec Elżbieta 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTOur project aimed to construct a Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) chronology for part of the Late Glacial and reconstruct changes in the 14C concentrations during this period. Kwiatków (Kolska Basin, central Poland) proved to be very prospective site, in which wood from the end of Allerød was recognized. A level of organic deposits with so-called fossil forest was encountered within the late-Vistulian terrace of the low valley of the Warta river. Dendrochronological analysis of over 267 samples complying to the requirements of the method allowed, at the present stage of the research, to construct a chronology spanning 265 yr. Fifty-two samples (5 consecutive rings each) were subjected to α-cellulose extraction and 14C measurements. Ninety-six results and the wiggle-matching technique anchor the chronology to the period 13,821–13,561 cal BP (Acomb=141.6%) according to the D_Sequence procedure and the IntCal13 calibration curve or to 13,800–13,540 cal BP according to the wiggle-matching technique using the χ2 test and raw data, i.e. the Heidelberg tree-ring sequence.
The protein-sparing effect of α-lipoic acid in juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus: effects on lipolysis, fatty acid β-oxidation and protein synthesis
Authors: Shi Xiao-chen , Jin Ai , Sun Jian , Tian Jing-jing , Ji Hong , Chen Li-qiao , Du Zhen-yu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTo investigate the protein-sparing effect of α-lipoic acid (LA), experimental fish (initial body weight: 18·99 (sd 1·82) g) were fed on a 0, 600 or 1200 mg/kg α-LA diet for 56 d, and hepatocytes were treated with 20 μm compound C, the inhibitor of AMP kinase α (AMPKα), treated for 30 min before α-LA treatment for 24 h. LA significantly decreased lipid content of the whole body and other tissues (P<0·05), and it also promoted protein deposition in vivo (P<0·05). Further, dietary LA significantly decreased the TAG content of serum and increased the NEFA content of serum (P<0·05); however, there were no significant differences among all groups in the hepatopancreas and muscle (P>0·05). Consistent with results from the experiment in vitro, LA activated phosphorylation of AMPKα and notably increased the protein content of adipose TAG lipase in intraperitoneal fat, hepatopancreas and muscle in vivo (P<0·05). Meanwhile, LA significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of genes involved in fatty acid β-oxidation in the same three areas, and LA also obviously down-regulated the mRNA expression of genes involved in amino acid catabolism in muscle (P<0·05). Besides, it was observed that LA significantly activated the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in muscle of experimental fish (P<0·05). LA could promote lipolysis and fatty acid β-oxidation via increasing energy supply from lipid catabolism, and then, it could economise on the protein from energy production to increase protein deposition in grass carp. Besides, LA might directly promote protein synthesis through activating the mTOR pathway.
Response of canopy structure, light interception and grain yield to plant density in maize
Authors: Li J. , Xie R. Z. , Wang K. R. , Hou P. , Ming B. , Zhang G. Q. , Liu G. Z. , Wu M. , Yang Z. S. , Li S. K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGood canopy structure is essential for optimal maize (Zea maysL.) production. However, creating appropriate maize canopy structure can be difficult, because the characteristics of individual plants are altered by changes in plant age, density and interactions with neighbouring plants. The objective of the current study was to find a reliable method for building good maize canopy structure by analysing changes in canopy structure, light distribution and grain yield (GY). A modern maize cultivar (ZhengDan958) was planted at 12 densities ranging from 1.5 to 18 plants/m2at two field locations in Xinjiang, China. At the silking stage (R1), plant and ear height increased with plant density as well as leaf area index (LAI), whereas leaf area per plant decreased logarithmically. The fraction of light intercepted by the plant (F) increased with increasing plant density, but the light extinction coefficient (K) decreased linearly from 0.61 to 0.39. Taking the optimum value ofF(95%) as an example, and using measured values ofKfor each plant density at R1 and the equation from Beer's law, the corresponding (theoretical) LAI for each plant density was calculated and optimum plant density (9.72 plants/m2) obtained by calculating the difference between theoretical LAIs and actual observations. Further analysis showed that plant density ranging from 10.64 to 11.55 plants/m2yielded a stable GY range. Therefore, taking into account the persistence time for maximum LAI, the plant density required to obtain an ideal GY maize canopy structure should be increased by 10–18% from 9.72 plants/m2.
Survival and growth of tuataraSphenodon punctatusfollowing translocation from the Cook Strait to warmer locations in their historic range
Authors: Price Stephanie J. , Grayson Kristine L. , Gartrell Brett D. , Nelson Nicola J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPost-translocation monitoring is fundamental for assessing translocation success and identifying potential threats. We measured outcomes for four cohorts of tuataraSphenodon punctatustranslocated to warmer climates outside of their ecological region, to understand effects of climate warming. Translocation sites were on average 2–4 °C warmer than the source site. We used three short-term measures of success: survival, growth and reproduction. Data on recaptures, morphometric measurements, and reproduction were gathered over 2.5 years following release. Although decades of monitoring will be required to determine long-term translocation success in this species, we provide an interim measure of population progress and translocation site suitability. We found favourable recapture numbers, growth of founders and evidence of reproduction at most sites, with greater increases in body mass observed at warmer, less densely populated sites. Variable growth in the adult population at one translocation site suggested that higher population density, intraspecific competition, and lower water availability could be responsible for substantial weight loss in multiple individuals, and we make management recommendations to reduce population density. Overall, we found that sites with warmer climates and lower population densities were potentially beneficial to translocated tuatara, probably because of enhanced temperature-dependent and density-dependent growth rates. We conclude that tuatara could benefit from translocations to warmer sites in the short term, but further monitoring of this long-lived species is required to determine longer-term population viability following translocation. Future vulnerability to rising air temperatures, associated water availability, and community and ecosystem changes beyond the scope of this study must be considered.
Detecting tropical wildlife declines through camera-trap monitoring: an evaluation of the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring protocol
Authors: Beaudrot Lydia , Ahumada Jorge , O'Brien Timothy G. , Jansen Patrick A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIdentifying optimal sampling designs for detecting population-level declines is critical for optimizing expenditures by research and monitoring programmes. The Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) network is the most extensive tropical camera-trap monitoring programme, but the effectiveness of its sampling protocol has not been rigorously assessed. Here, we assess the power and sensitivity of the programme's camera-trap monitoring protocol for detecting occupancy changes in unmarked populations using the freely available application PowerSensor!. We found that the protocol is well suited to detect moderate (≥ 5%) population changes within 3–4 years for relatively common species that have medium to high detection probabilities (i.e. p > 0.2). The TEAM protocol cannot, however, detect typical changes in rare and evasive species, a category into which many tropical species and many species of conservation concern fall. Additional research is needed to build occupancy models for detecting change in rare and elusive species when individuals are unmarked.