bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stand-Level Height-Diameter Equations for Young Ponderosa Pine Plantations in Neuquén, Patagonia, Argentina: Evaluating Applications of Equations Developed in the Western United States
Authors: Gonda Héctor E. , Maguire Douglas A. , Cortés Gustavo O. , Tesch Steven D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two linear and two nonlinear height-diameter models commonly used in the western United States were tested for the young ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) plantations of northern Patagonia, where it is the most widely planted species. The equations were fitted to each of 127 plots, located throughout the geographic range of the plantations in Neuquén province. The four equations were compared using Furnival's (1961) index of fit. Even though there were no important differences among models tested, the nonlinear model previously applied by Wykoff et al. (1982), H = 1.3 + exp(β0 + (β1/(D + 2.54))) + β was preferable because it converged more efficiently than the other nonlinear equation and was more flexible than the linear functions. Differences in the behavior of plot-level and regionwide equations demonstrated the biases possible if regionwide equations are applied to estimate missing heights within a plot. The coefficients for the two nonlinear models fitted to trees growing in several regions in the western United States generally overestimated the height of Neuquén trees. West. J. Appl. For. 19(3):202–210.
A Multiaged Stocking Model for Black Hills Ponderosa Pine
Authors: O'Hara Kevin L. , Nagel Linda M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stand growth and leaf area data from the Black Hills National Forest were used to calibrate a Multiaged Stocking Assessment Model (MASAM) for multiaged ponderosa pine stands. Stands with one to four cohorts were sampled, and the resulting model can guide the design of stand structures with up to four cohorts. Internet links are provided for users to access the model. West. J. Appl. For. 19(4):242–244.
Ponderosa Pine Mortality from Spring, Summer, and Fall Crown Scorching
Authors: Harrington Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mortality was compared among ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) with various degrees of crown damage sustained during fall, spring, and summer prescribed burns. After 5 years, 12% of the trees scorched in the fall had died compared to 26% scorched in the spring, and 29% scorched in the summer. Eighty-five percent of this mortality occurred in trees less than 7 in. dbh. Scorch damage of up to 90% of the crown caused minimal mortality regardless of season. West. J. Appl. For. 2:14-16, Jan. 1987.
Early Comparison of an Idaho and a Coastal Source of Western White Pine on Vancouver Island
Authors: Bower R. C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height and survival of 11-yr-old F2 blister-rust resistant western white pine (Pinus monticola) from Idaho was compared with a locally collected seedlot from Vancouver Island, British Columbia. There were no differences in total height or survival between the two sources. Blister-rust infection of both sources was minimal. This suggests that material from Idaho could be used as an immediate source of resistant planting stock for coastal B.C., until a blister-rust resistance breeding program is producing adequate quantities of seed in B.C. West. J. App. For. 2:20-21, Jan. 1987.
Allocating Joint Costs in Applied Forestry
Authors: Rideout Douglas , Hof John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two cost allocation techniques, "separable costs-remaining benefits" and the "simple Shapley value," are discussed and evaluated. The evaluation is performed relative to basic principles of cost allocation: that separable costs should be covered and that allocations should not exceed respective benefits. Two examples demonstrate that neither allocation technique is always consistent with the principles. The paper also discusses conditions under which each technique conforms to the principles, in part and in full. West. J. Appl. For. 2(2):45-48, April 1987.
Evaluating the Economic Efficiency of Wildfire Rehabilitation Treatments
Authors: Sullivan Jay , Omi Philip N. , Dyer A. Allen , Gonzáles-Cabán Armando 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The success of emergency wildfire rehabilitation treatments applied on USDA Forest Service land is rarely documented. Though based partially on economic efficiency criteria, treatments are often applied with little consideration of the risks involved. A decision-tree approach incorporates such risks in the rehabilitation decision process through the calculation of an expected value. This approach was applied to documented rehabilitation projects conducted on Forest Service land in the Pacific Northwest and northern Rocky Mountains from 1976 to 1981. The evaluation of past projects showed that a number of inefficient projects have been applied even without considering risk. When the risks of applying treatments are included, the efficiency of nearly all of the rehabilitation efforts becomes suspect. West. J. Appl. For. 2(2):58-61, April, 1987.
Load-Carrying Capacity of Second-Growth Douglas-Fir Stump Anchors
Authors: Pyles Marvin R. , Stoupa Joan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In order to quantify the stump anchor capacity of small second-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb]. Franco) trees, load tests to failure were conducted on 18 stumps from trees 7 to 16.5 in dbh. The tests produced ultimate loads that varied as the square of the tree diameter. However, the ultimate load typically occurred at stump system deformations that were far in excess of that which would be considered failure of a stump anchor. A hyperbolic equation was used to describe the load-deformation behavior of each stump tested and was generalized to describe all the test results. West. J. Appl. For. 2(3):72-80, July 1987.
An Individual-Tree Mortality Model for Complex Stands of Southeastern British Columbia
Authors: Temesgen Hailemariam , Mitchell Stephen J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An individual-tree mortality model was developed for major tree species in complex stands (multi-cohort, multiaged, and mixed species) of southeastern British Columbia (BC), Canada. Data for 29,773 trees were obtained from permanent sample plots established in BC. Average annual diameter increment and mortality rates ranged from 0.08 to 0.17 cm/year and from 0.3 to 2.6%, respectively. Approximately 70% of the trees were used for model development and 30% for model evaluation. After evaluating the model, all 29,773 trees were used to fit the final model. A generalized logistic model was used to relate mortality to tree size, competition, and relative position of trees in a stand. The evaluation test demonstrated that the model appears to be well behaved and robust for the tree species considered in this study. For the eight tree species, the average deviation between observed and predicted annual mortality rates varied from −0.5 to 0.7% in the test data. West. J. Appl. For. 20(2):101–109.
The Effects of Juvenile Spacing on 7-Year-Old Lodgepole Pine in Central British Columbia
Authors: Johnstone Wayne D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of spacing 7-year-old second-growth lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) are reported 20 growing seasons after treatment. Five spacing levels of 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, and 2,500 trees per hectare, plus unspaced controls, were established on plots in central British Columbia. Both individual-tree and per-hectare data were analyzed. Spacing had a significant effect on all of the individual-tree characteristics examined, but its effect on per-hectare values was mixed. Although this report only provides short-term information on the effects of juvenile spacing on the growth and yield of lodgepole pine, it does indicate the need to optimize individual-tree growth rates with levels of growing stock to maximize yield per unit area. West. J. Appl. For. 20(3):160–166.
Applying the Decision Support System, TRACER, to Forest Road Design
Authors: Akay Abdullah E. , Sessions John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A three-dimensional forest road alignment model, TRACER, was developed to assist a forest road designer with rapid evaluation of alternative road paths. The objective is to design a route with the lowest total cost considering construction, maintenance, and transportation costs, while conforming to design specifications, environmental requirements, and driver safety. The model integrates two optimization techniques: a linear programming for earthwork allocation and a heuristic approach for vertical alignment selection. The model enhances user efficiency through automated horizontal and vertical curve fitting routines, cross-section generation, and cost routines for construction, maintenance, and vehicle use. The average sediment delivered to a stream from the road section is estimated using the method of a GIS-based road erosion/delivery model. It is anticipated that the development of a design procedure incorporating modern graphics capability, hardware, software languages, modern optimization techniques, and environmental considerations will improve the design process for forest roads. West. J. Appl. For. 20(3):184–191.
Development of Tree and Understory Vegetation in Young Douglas-Fir Plantations in Western Oregon
Authors: Puettmann Klaus J. , Berger Carrie A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The prevalence of young even-aged Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands in Oregon and Washington has led to concerns about a landscape being dominated by stands in the stem exclusion phase. In this context, our study documented the development of two aspects important for the diversity of plant and wildlife habitat: tree characteristics and understory vegetation. Using a chronosequence approach, we measured conditions in 39 plantations ranging from 6 to 20 years. Results confirmed intuitive trends, but the quantification indicated that some of these trends develop earlier than commonly assumed. Tree growth in young stands was positively related to stand density, but this trend reversed fairly early. Crown characteristics were influenced very early by stand density, indicating that maintaining a long-lived crown in typical plantations can only be accomplished by lowering stand density through precommercial thinning. Understory herb cover was reduced throughout time, while shrub cover increased. Species compositions were quite complex, with an initial strong presence of invader species and later dominance of species usually associated with mature forests; however, there were many exceptions and early successional species were still present after 20 years. The study showed that this early stage is very complex, that the dynamics vary for different characteristics, and that a finer resolution of the stand initiation stage may be warranted for plantations.
Economatic: A New Tool that Integrates Financial Analysis with Forest Management Simulations
Authors: Zobrist Kevin W. , Comnick Jeffrey M. , McCarter James B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Financial analysis is important for forest managers. Several good computer tools are available for quickly computing common measures of forestry financial performance. A new tool called Economatic is now available that offers unique analysis capabilities through its integration with growth and treatment models through the Landscape Management System. Harvest volume information is imported directly from the growth model, rather than requiring estimates from outside sources. This simplifies and automates the setup needed to run the analysis, and it ensures consistent assumptions for comparative analysis between alternatives. Costs and other parameters can be completely customized. Stand and landscape level financial outcomes are given in a series of tables and charts, which can be compared with other Landscape Management System outputs for comprehensive analyses. West. J. Appl. For. 21(3):134–141.
Residual Stand Damage from Cut-to-Length Thinning of a Mixed Conifer Stand in Northern Idaho
Authors: Froese Karl , Han Han-Sup 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We collected residual stand-damage data from a mixed conifer stand in northern Idaho that had been commercially thinned with a cut-to-length harvesting system. The stand composition after harvesting was 76% grand fir (Abies grandis); 14% Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca); 5% western redcedar (Thuja plicata); and 5% lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), western white pine (Pinus monticola), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). For all crop trees, damage to the bole, roots, and crown was assessed using systematic sampling with a random start and fixed area plots. Wounding occurred on 37.4% of the remaining trees, but the severity of wounding varied significantly by species (P < 0.05). Eighty-four percent of wounding for all species combined was considered as small size (<194 cm2). The greatest average amount of damage to a bole occurred along the first 2 m up from the ground (67.2%) and also within 4 m of the forwarder centerline (67.7%). Gouges were present on 41% of all scars. Tree location to forwarder trail appears to have a significant effect on the number and height of scars on a tree (P < 0.05). We estimated that throughout a 20-year period, volume losses for grand fir because of decay would be 2.57% compared to 1.31% in an undamaged stand of similar composition. West. J. Appl. For. 21(3): 142–148.
Fire Climbing in the Forest: A Semiqualitative, Semiquantitative Approach to Assessing Ladder Fuel Hazards
Authors: Menning Kurt M. , Stephens Scott L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ladder fuels carry fire from the forest floor to the canopy and thereby may turn low-intensity fires into severe canopy fires. Attempts at assessing ladder fuels have been either expensive and spatially limited quantified approaches or unrepeatable and variable expert opinion strategies. We have developed a mixed semiquantitative, semiqualitative approach using a flow chart that systematizes observations and constrains judgments and decisionmaking. The ladder fuel hazard assessment (LaFHA) approach leads to ladder hazard ratings and some quantified observed data; it can be repeated across a very large area at relatively low cost and, because of the systematic and constrained approach, produces results that are mostly consistent and repeatable. Key attributes assessed are clumping of low aerial fuels, height to live crown base, and maximum gaps in vertical fuel ladders. Three field seasons of testing and implementing the LaFHA approach resulted in almost 4,000 observations. For the study area in the northern Sierra Nevada, California, more than a quarter of sites were rated high hazard and about 40% more were moderate risk. Data are presented on heights to live crown base and maximum gaps for each of the rated hazard categories.
Cone Collecting Techniques for Whitebark Pine
Authors: Murray Michael P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.), a common long-lived tree of high elevation and timberline forests in much of western North America, is declining because of insect infestation, fire exclusion, and the introduced white pine blister rust disease. Restoration treatments relying on nursery production of seedlings for artificial regeneration are quickly developing. Cone collecting techniques are a critical step in this process. The aim of this study was to describe common and emerging techniques for cone collection used at Crater Lake National Park in 2005. Recommendations are offered to guide managers and fieldworkers in efficient, safe, and effective cone collection.
Microsite Influences on Variability in Douglas-Fir Seedling Development
Authors: Burney Owen , Wing Michael G. , Rose Robin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We examined the microsite characteristics of 6,048 Douglas-fir seedlings at three regeneration sites in Washington state. Our objective was to determine the microsite characteristics that were most influential on seedling growth change over time. We analyzed microsite influences both individually and in concert with one another through regression-based techniques. Microsite parameters included soil impedance, topographic, and physical parameter measurements that were recorded at each seedling's location. Akaike's information criterion (AIC) was used to determine combinations of microsite parameters that were most strongly correlated with seedling growth. Multiparameter models explained between 15 and 39 percent of the variance in diameter growth. Prevalent terms from the strongest multiparameter models included soil penetration, log presence, stump presence, skid road presence, and topography. Individual microsite parameters for each regeneration site were also assessed for importance in explaining diameter growth using two additional methods. The first approach was to isolate the parameters that appeared in the strongest multiparameter models and to sum and contrast the AIC weights of all models in which they appeared. The second approach was to regress single parameters against seedling diameter growth. Results varied by site for both methods. AIC weight sums revealed that topographical depression and berms, the presences of logs and stumps, and soil penetration (pounds per square inch) as measured by a penetrometer were most influential, with values ranging from 0.31 (berm) to 0.82 (log). Regression analysis revealed that topographical depression, log presence, and soil penetration were significantly related to diameter growth, explaining between 6 and 29 percent of the variance in diameter growth. Combined results from the three regeneration sites suggest that preferred planting locations are near berms, in the transition zone associated with skid roads, and in soil that is neither too loose nor too compacted. Results from the Randle and Orting sites indicate that planting in topographical depressions should be avoided. Results from Orting indicate that seedlings should not be placed near logs, and Randle findings suggest not planting next to stumps.
Taper Equations for Five Major Commercial Tree Species in Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Klos Ryan J. , Wang G. Geoff , Dang Qing-Lai , East Ed W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Kozak's variable exponent taper equation was fitted for balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in Manitoba. Stem taper variability between two ecozones (i.e., Boreal Shield and Boreal Plains) were tested using the F-test. Regional differences were observed for trembling aspen, white spruce, and jack pine, and for those species, separate ecozone-specific taper equations were developed. However, the gross total volume estimates using the ecozone-specific equations were different from those of the provincial equations by only 2 percent. Although the regional difference in stem form was marginal within a province, a difference of approximately 7 percent of gross total volume estimation was found when our provincial taper equations were compared with those developed in Alberta and Saskatchewan. These results suggest that stem form variation increases with spatial scale and that a single taper equation for each species may be sufficient for each province.
Coast Redwood Regeneration Survival and Growth in Mendocino County, California
Authors: Jameson Marc J. , Robards Timothy A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three stands of second-growth redwood forest were clearcut, and the logging slash in two of the units was broadcast burned following logging. Three types of redwood seedlings (plug, plug-one, and 2-year bareroot) were planted following logging and burning. Seedling survival rates were high, and there were no significant differences between survival and growth of stock types after 9 years. The native redwood sprouts were substantially larger than the planted seedlings, in both height and diameter, which could affect future growth of some seedlings. The status and dimensions of seedlings and native regeneration were periodically checked. The burned units were fully occupied by a dense, tall growth of brush within a few years, and the brush became re-established after a successful initial herbicide treatment.
Estimating Suppression Expenditures for Individual Large Wildland Fires
Authors: Gebert Krista M. , Calkin David E. , Yoder Jonathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The extreme cost of fighting wildland fires has brought fire suppression expenditures to the forefront of budgetary and policy debate in the United States. Inasmuch as large fires are responsible for the bulk of fire suppression expenditures, understanding fire characteristics that influence expenditures is important for both strategic fire planning and onsite fire management decisions. These characteristics then can be used to produce estimates of suppression expenditures for large wildland fires for use in wildland fire decision support or after-fire reviews. The primary objective of this research was to develop regression models that could be used to estimate expenditures on large wildland fires based on area burned, variables representing the fire environment, values at risk, resource availability, detection time, and National Forest System region. Variables having the largest influence on cost included fire intensity level, area burned, and total housing value within 20 mi of ignition. These equations were then used to predict suppression expenditures on a set of fiscal year 2005 Forest Service fires for the purpose of detecting “extreme” cost fires—those fires falling more than 1 or 2 SDs above or below their expected value.
Effects of Alternative Silvicultural Treatments on Cable Harvesting Productivity and Cost in Western Washington
Authors: Hartley Damon S. , Han Han-Sup 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Increasingly, alternative silvicultural methods have been considered to meet the demand for nontimber values such as visual quality and biodiversity in the Pacific Northwest. The successful implementation of these alternative silviculture treatments requires careful consideration of economics and operational efficiencies in timber harvesting. This study used detailed time study and shift-level data to assess the effect of alternative silvicultural treatments on the production and cost of cable harvesting in western Washington. Four silvicultural treatments were examined: clearcut, two-age, patch cut and thin, and group selection. Silvicultural treatments greatly affected the production and cost of timber harvesting, especially in felling and yarding processes. The average yarding cycle time (3.74 minutes/cycle) in the clearcut unit was shorter than those in other partial cutting treatment units because there were no residual trees to work around and higher harvest volumes per acre, compared with the partial cut units. The average tree size greatly affected yarding cost: the clearcut unit had the second-highest yarding cost ($52.38/thousand board feet [mbf]) because of the smallest piece size (69.6 board feet/piece). Stump-to-truck cost for this study ranged from $70.49/mbf for the patch cut and thin to $120.19/mbf for the group selection. Carriage types and yarding direction also had an impact on yarding productivity.