bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design Things
Authors: Binder Thomas , De Michelis Giorgio , Ehn Pelle , Jacucci Giulio , Linde Per , Wagner Ina 
Published: January 2019

A new perspective on design thinking and design practice: beyond products and projects, toward participatory design things.
Design Things offers an innovative view of design thinking and design practice, envisioning ways to combine creative design with a participatory approach encompassing aesthetic and democratic practices and values. The authors of Design Things look at design practice as a mode of inquiry that involves people, space, artifacts, materials, and aesthetic experience, following the process of transformation from a design concept to a thing.
Design Things, which grew out of the Atelier (Architecture and Technology for Inspirational Living) research project, goes beyond the making of a single object to view design projects as sociomaterial assemblies of humans and artifacts—“design things.” The book offers both theoretical and practical perspectives, providing empirical support for the authors' conceptual framework with field projects, case studies, and examples from professional practice. The authors examine the dynamics of the design process; the multiple transformations of the object of design; metamorphing, performing, and taking place as design strategies; the concept of the design space as “emerging landscapes”; the relation between design and use; and the design of controversial things.
Flexibility in Engineering Design
Authors: de Neufville Richard , Scholtes Stefan 
Published: January 2019

A guide to using the power of design flexibility to improve the performance of complex technological projects, for designers, managers, users, and analysts.
Project teams can improve results by recognizing that the future is inevitably uncertain and that by creating flexible designs they can adapt to eventualities. This approach enables them to take advantage of new opportunities and avoid harmful losses. Designers of complex, long-lasting projects—such as communication networks, power plants, or hospitals—must learn to abandon fixed specifications and narrow forecasts. They need to avoid the “flaw of averages,” the conceptual pitfall that traps so many designs in underperformance. Failure to allow for changing circumstances risks leaving significant value untapped. This book is a guide for creating and implementing value-enhancing flexibility in design. It will be an essential resource for all participants in the development and operation of technological systems: designers, managers, financial analysts, investors, regulators, and academics.
The book provides a high-level overview of why flexibility in design is needed to deliver significantly increased value. It describes in detail methods to identify, select, and implement useful flexibility. The book is unique in that it explicitly recognizes that future outcomes are uncertain. It thus presents forecasting, analysis, and evaluation tools especially suited to this reality. Appendixes provide expanded explanations of concepts and analytic tools.
Standards
Authors: Busch Lawrence 
Published: January 2019

An investigation into standards, the invisible infrastructures of our technical, moral, social, and physical worlds.
Standards are the means by which we construct realities. There are established standards for professional accreditation, the environment, consumer products, animal welfare, the acceptable stress for highway bridges, healthcare, education—for almost everything. We are surrounded by a vast array of standards, many of which we take for granted but each of which has been and continues to be the subject of intense negotiation. In this book, Lawrence Busch investigates standards as “recipes for reality.” Standards, he argues, shape not only the physical world around us but also our social lives and even our selves.
Busch shows how standards are intimately connected to power—that they often serve to empower some and disempower others. He outlines the history of formal standards and describes how modern science came to be associated with the moral-technical project of standardization of both people and things. Busch suggests guidelines for developing fair, equitable, and effective standards. Taking a uniquely integrated and comprehensive view of the subject, Busch shows how standards for people and things are inextricably linked, how standards are always layered (even if often addressed serially), and how standards are simultaneously technical, social, moral, legal, and ontological devices.
The Environmental Advantages of Cities
Authors: Meyer William B. 
Published: January 2019

An analysis that offers evidence to challenge the widely held assumption that urbanization and environmental quality are necessarily at odds.
Conventional wisdom about the environmental impact of cities holds that urbanization and environmental quality are necessarily at odds. Cities are seen to be sites of ecological disruption, consuming a disproportionate share of natural resources, producing high levels of pollution, and concentrating harmful emissions precisely where the population is most concentrated. Cities appear to be particularly vulnerable to natural disasters, to be inherently at risk from outbreaks of infectious diseases, and even to offer dysfunctional and unnatural settings for human life. In this book, William Meyer tests these widely held beliefs against the evidence.
Borrowing some useful terminology from the public health literature, Meyer weighs instances of “urban penalty” against those of “urban advantage.” He finds that many supposed urban environmental penalties are illusory, based on commonsense preconceptions and not on solid evidence. In fact, greater degrees of “urbanness” often offer advantages rather than penalties. The characteristic compactness of cities, for example, lessens the pressure on ecological systems and enables resource consumption to be more efficient. On the whole, Meyer reports, cities offer greater safety from environmental hazards (geophysical, technological, and biological) than more dispersed settlement does. In fact, the city-defining characteristics widely supposed to result in environmental penalties do much to account for cities' environmental advantages.
As of 2008 (according to U.N. statistics), more people live in cities than in rural areas. Meyer's analysis clarifies the effects of such a profound shift, covering a full range of environmental issues in urban settings.
Efficient generation of human primordial germ cell-like cells from pluripotent stem cells in a methylcellulose-based 3D system at large scale
Authors: Wang Xiaoman , Liao Tingting , Wan Cong , Yang Xiaoyu , Zhao Jiexiang , Fu Rui , Yao Zhaokai , Huang Yaping , Shi Yujia , Chang Gang , Zheng Yi , Luo Fang , Liu Zhaoting , Wang Yu , Mao Xinliang , Zhao Xiao-Yang 
Published: January 2019

Background
The mechanisms underlying human germ cell development and infertility remain largely unknown due to bioethical issues and the shortage of experimental materials. Therefore, an effective in vitro induction system of human primordial germ-like cells (hPGCLCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) is in high demand. The current strategies used for the generation of hPGCLCs are not only costly but also difficult to perform at a large scale, thereby posing barriers to further research. In this study, we attempted to solve these problems by providing a new 3D culture system for hPGCLC differentiation.

Methods
The efficiency and relative yield of a methylcellulose (MC)-based 3D hPGCLC induction system were first compared with that of a conventional U96 system. Then, we examined the gene expression of germ cell marker genes and the key epigenetic modifications of the EpCAM-/INTEGRINα6-high cells from the 3D MC induction system and the U96 system via quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence. Finally, the reliability of the MC-based 3D hPGCLC induction system was evaluated via the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from the testicular cells of one patient with obstructive azoospermia (OA) and followed by the subsequent differentiation of iPSCs into the germ cell lineage.

Results
In the present study, we demonstrated that the 3D MC induction system combined with low-cell attachment plates facilitated the generation of hPGCLCs at a large scale. We found that the hPGCLCs generated via the MC system shared similar characteristics to that via the U96 system in terms of the gene expression profiles, germ cell-specific markers, epigenetic modification states and cellular states. In addition, hPGCLCs from iPSCs derived from one OA patient were generated with high efficiency via the present 3D MC induction system.

Discussion
The in vitro induction of hPGCLCs from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)/human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has significant implications in exploring the underlying mechanisms of the origin and specification of hPGCs and the epigenetic programming of the human germ line as well as treating male infertility. Here, we developed a simple and efficient 3D induction system to generate hPGCLCs from hESCs/hiPSCs at a large scale, which facilitated the study of human germ cell development and stem cell-based reproductive medicine.
First record ofPhyllorhizasp. (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in a Chinese coastal aquaculture pond
Authors: Dong Zhijun , Morandini André C. , Schiariti Agustin , Wang Lei , Sun Tingting 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundIt has been suggested that aquaculture ponds on the Chinese coast could act as breeding grounds for scyphozoans. Here, we present the first record of the scyphomedusaPhyllorhizasp. in an aquaculture pond on the coast of the southern Yellow Sea, based on a combination of morphological characteristics and mitochondrial 16S DNA sequence data.MethodsA field survey was performed on June 29, 2017 in a pond used for culturing the shrimpPenaeus japonicus, located in the southern Yellow Sea, China. Jellyfish specimens were collected for morphological and genetic analysis. The morphological characters of the jellyfish specimens were compared to taxonomic literature. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial 16S fragments of these specimens were also conducted.ResultsThese specimens had the following morphological characters: hemispherical umbrella without scapulets; J-shaped oral arms; a single larger terminal club on each arm; bluish colored with a slightly expanded white tip; and mouthlets present only in the lower half to one-third of each arm. These morphological features of the medusae indicated that the specimens found in the shrimp culture ponds belong to the genusPhyllorhizaAgassiz, 1862, but did not match with the description of any of the known species of the genusPhyllorhiza.Phylogenetic analyses of the mtDNA 16S regions revealed that these specimens, together withPhyllorhizasp. from Malaysian coastal waters, belong to a sister group ofPhyllorhiza punctata. Juveniles and ephyrae ofPhyllorhizasp. were observed in the aquaculture pond. The mean density ofPhyllorhizasp. medusa in the surface water within the pond was estimated to be 0.05 individuals/m2.DiscussionBased on our observations of the gross morphology and molecular data, we state that the specimens collected in the aquaculture pond can be identified asPhyllorhizasp. This is the first record ofPhyllorhizasp. in Chinese seas. Large scale dispersal through ballast water or the expansion of jellyfish aquarium exhibitions are possible pathways of invasion, but this needs to be confirmed in further studies.
Carabid community structure in northern China grassland ecosystems: Effects of local habitat on species richness, species composition and functional diversity
Authors: Tsafack Noelline , Rebaudo François , Wang Hui , Nagy Dávid D. , Xie Yingzhong , Wang Xinpu , Fattorini Simone 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundMost carabid beetles are particularly sensitive to local habitat characteristics. Although in China grasslands account for more than 40% of the national land, their biodiversity is still poorly known. The aim of this paper is to identify the main environmental characteristics influencing carabid diversity in different types of grassland in northern China.MethodsWe investigated the influence of vegetation (plant biomass, cover, density, height and species richness), soil (bulk density, above ground litter, moisture and temperature) and climate (humidity, precipitation and temperature) on carabid community structure (species richness, species composition and functional diversity—measured as body size, movement and total diversity) in three types of grasslands: desert, typical and meadow steppes. We used Canonical correspondence analysis to investigate the role of habitat characteristics on species composition and eigenvector spatial filtering to investigate the responses of species richness and functional diversities.ResultsWe found that carabid community structure was strongly influenced by local habitat characteristics and particularly by climatic factors. Carabids in the desert steppe showed the lowest richness and functional diversities. Climate predictors (temperature, precipitation and humidity) had positive effects on carabid species richness at both regional and ecosystem levels, with difference among ecosystems. Plant diversity had a positive influence on carabid richness at the regional level. Soil compaction and temperature were negatively related to species richness at regional level. Climatic factors positively influenced functional diversities, whereas soil temperature had negative effects. Soil moisture and temperature were the most important drivers of species composition at regional level, whereas the relative importance of the various environmental parameters varied among ecosystems.DiscussionCarabid responses to environmental characteristics varied among grassland types, which warns against generalizations and indicates that management programs should be considered at grassland scale. Carabid community structure is strongly influenced by climatic factors, and can therefore be particularly sensitive to ongoing climate change.
Interplay between Structural and Thermoelectric Properties in Epitaxial Sb2+xTe3 Alloys
Authors: Cecchi Stefano , Dragoni Daniele , Kriegner Dominik , Tisbi Elisa , Zallo Eugenio , Arciprete Fabrizio , Holý Václav , Bernasconi Marco , Calarco Raffaella 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn recent years strain engineering is proposed in chalcogenide superlattices (SLs) to shape in particular the switching functionality for phase change memory applications. This is possible in Sb2Te3/GeTe heterostructures leveraging on the peculiar behavior of Sb2Te3, in between covalently bonded and weakly bonded materials. In the present study, the structural and thermoelectric (TE) properties of epitaxial Sb2+xTe3 films are shown, as they represent an intriguing option to expand the horizon of strain engineering in such SLs. Samples with composition between Sb2Te3 and Sb4Te3 are prepared by molecular beam epitaxy. A combination of X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, together with dedicated simulations, allows unveiling the structural characteristics of the alloys. A consistent evaluation of the structural disorder characterizing the material is drawn as well as the presence of both Sb2 and Sb4 slabs is detected. A strong link exists among structural and TE properties, the latter having implications also in phase change SLs. A further improvement of the TE performances may be achieved by accurately engineering the intrinsic disorder. The possibility to tune the strain in designed Sb2+xTe3/GeTe SLs by controlling at the nanoscale the 2D character of the Sb2+xTe3 alloys is envisioned.
A Nanoprobe for Diagnosing and Mapping Lymphatic Metastasis of Tumor Using 3D Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography Owing to Aggregation/Deaggregation Induced Spectral Change
Authors: Wu Yinglong , Chen Junjie , Sun Lihe , Zeng Fang , Wu Shuizhu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLymphatic metastasis of tumor is one of leading causes of cancer‐related death, and diagnosing lymphatic metastasis is of significance in terms of optimal disease management and possible better outcomes for patients. Herein a turn‐on optoacoustic nanoprobe is reported for noninvasively diagnosing and locating lymphatic metastasis in vivo. A positively charged tricyanofuran‐containing polyene chromophore (TCHM) with high extinction coefficient is designed, synthesized, and allowed to form the nanoprobe with a negatively charged hyaluronan. The TCHMs take an aggregated state within the nanoprobe and exhibit weak absorption at 882 nm, the overexpressed hyaluronidase in cancer cells specifically degrades hyaluronan into small fragments and disaggregates TCHMs, thereby greatly enhancing the absorption at 882 nm and generating prominent optoacoustic signals. For multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) imaging in vivo, mice models with subcutaneous tumor and orthotopic bladder tumor are imaged first to demonstrate the nanoprobe's capability for detecting HAase‐overexpressing tumors. A mouse model of lymphatic metastasis of tumor is then established and the lymphatic metastasis is successfully imaged and tracked optoacoustically. The imaging results were verified using multiple biochemical assays. Moreover, 3D MSOT renderings are obtained for precisely locating and tracking the metastasis of tumor in lymphatic system in a spatiotemporal manner.
Tribotronics for Active Mechanosensation and Self‐Powered Microsystems
Authors: Zhang Chi , Bu Tianzhao , Zhao Junqing , Liu Guoxu , Yang Hang , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTribotronics has attracted great attention as a new research field that encompasses the control and tuning of semiconductor transport by triboelectricity. Here, tribotronics is reviewed in terms of active mechanosensation and human–machine interfacing. As a fundamental unit, contact electrification field‐effect transistors are analyzed, in which the triboelectric potential can be used to control electrical transport in semiconductors. Several tribotronic functional devices have been developed for active control and information sensing, which has demonstrated triboelectricity‐controlled electronics and established active mechanosensation for the external environment. In addition, the universal triboelectric power management strategy and the triboelectric nanogenerator‐based constant sources are also reviewed, in which triboelectricity can be managed by electronics in the reverse action. With the implantation of triboelectric power management modules, the harvested triboelectricity by various kinds of human kinetic and environmental mechanical energy can be effectively managed as a power supply for self‐powered microsystems. In terms of the research prospects for interactions between triboelectricity and semiconductors, tribotronics is expected to demonstrate significant impact and potential applications in micro‐electro‐mechanical systems/nano‐electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS), flexible electronics, robotics, wireless sensor network, and Internet of Things.
Exosome Biochemistry and Advanced Nanotechnology for Next‐Generation Theranostic Platforms
Authors: Yang Bowen , Chen Yu , Shi Jianlin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRecent marked technological advances in the field of exosome nanotechnology have provided unprecedented opportunities to bloom the developments of exosome‐related biology, chemistry, pathology, and therapeutics, which have laid a solid basis for scientific community to design exosome‐based nanotheranostic platforms. The unique structural/compositional/morphological characteristics of exosomes as natural nanocarriers, as well as their fascinating physicochemical/biochemical properties, which underpin their special physiopathological roles, have triggered the concept that these cell‐derived nanovesicles with intrinsic biological functions can be highly competent for the establishment of next‐generation nanomedicine. Herein, efforts are made to give a comprehensive overview on the recent advances of exosome nanotechnology based on the representative examples of the current state of the art of exosome‐based research, ranging from their formation, biological function, preparation, and characterization to their extensive nanomedical applications. It is highly expected that the better and clearer elucidation of the fundamental principles for advanced nanotechnology in constructing exosome‐based theranostic nanoplatforms, as well as integrating the intrinsic advantages of exosomes as endogenous cell‐derived nanocarriers with the advanced design methodology of traditional nanomedicine, will help to unlock the innate powers of exosomes for the establishment of next‐generation theranostic nanoplatforms.
Controlled Carbon Doping in Anatase TiO2 (101) Facets: Superior Trace‐Level Ethanol Gas Sensor Performance and Adsorption Kinetics
Authors: Raghu Appu Vengattoor , Karuppanan Karthikeyan K. , Pullithadathil Biji 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA facile mild thermal decomposition method is adopted to synthesize carbon‐doped TiO2 (C‐TiO2)(101) facets for development of highly performance ethanol gas sensor with low power consumption at reducing working temperature. Controlled carbon doping provides a favorable pathway for constructing more oxygen vacancies and active functional groups on the TiO2 surface. The estimation of work functions based on Kelvin probe force microscopy reveals that there is a significant change in the energy band states during controlled carbon doping on TiO2. Both substitutional and interstitial carbon doping in TiO2 lattice introduce more surface active sites which significantly enhance the ethanol gas sensing performance (34.8%) compared to undoped TiO2 (8.5%) with rapid response/recovery time (2 and 2.8 s) at reduced operating temperature (150 °C) and possess negligible noise to signal ratio. The interfacial reaction mechanism between the ionosorbed species during ethanol gas sensing demonstrates that presence of ionosorbed oxygen species and oxygen vacancies formed in the anatase TiO2 lattice during C‐doping is found to have profound roles in the redox reactions. Carbon doping in TiO2 lattice can be therefore considered as an effective method for the fabrication of gas sensors with pronounced sensing performances at reduced working temperature for real‐time applications.
Emerging Memory Devices for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Upadhyay Navnidhi K. , Jiang Hao , Wang Zhongrui , Asapu Shiva , Xia Qiangfei , Joshua Yang J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA neuromorphic computing system may be able to learn and perform a task on its own by interacting with its surroundings. Combining such a chip with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)‐based processors can potentially solve a variety of problems being faced by today's artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Although various architectures purely based on CMOS are designed to maximize the computing efficiency of AI‐based applications, the most fundamental operations including matrix multiplication and convolution heavily rely on the CMOS‐based multiply–accumulate units which are ultimately limited by the von Neumann bottleneck. Fortunately, many emerging memory devices can naturally perform vector matrix multiplication directly utilizing Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's law when an array of such devices is employed in a cross‐bar architecture. With certain dynamics, these devices can also be used either as synapses or neurons in a neuromorphic computing system. This paper discusses various emerging nanoscale electronic devices that can potentially reshape the computing paradigm in the near future.