bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound
Authors: Griffin Michael O. , Kulkarni Naveen M. , O'Connor Stacy D. , Sudakoff Gary S. , Lea William B. , Tutton Sean M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) utilizes high-intensity focused ultrasound to noninvasively, thermally ablate lesions within the body while sparing the intervening tissues. Magnetic resonance imaging provides treatment planning and guidance, and real-time magnetic resonance thermometry provides continuous monitoring during therapy. Magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound is ideally suited for the treatment of extra-abdominal desmoid fibromatosis due to its noninvasiveness, lack of ionizing radiation, low morbidity, and good safety profile. Conventional treatments for these benign tumors, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, can carry significant morbidity. Magnetic resonance–guided focused ultrasound provides a safe and effective alternative treatment in this often-young and otherwise healthy patient population. While there is considerable experience with MRgFUS for treatment of uterine fibroids, painful bone lesions, and essential tremor, there are few reports in the literature of its use for treatment of benign or malignant soft tissue tumors. This article reviews the principles and biologic effects of high-intensity focused ultrasound, provides an overview of the MRgFUS treatment system and use of magnetic resonance thermometry, discusses the use of MRgFUS for the treatment of extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, and provides several case examples.
Effects of Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor on Neuronal Senescence in Ultraviolet Irradiated Skin
Authors: Moon Kyung-Chul , Lee Hyun-Su , Son Seung-Tae , Lee Jae-Sun , Dhong Eun-Sang , Jeong Seong-Ho , Han Seung-Kyu 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation affects neuronal structures of the skin and accelerates skin aging. Cytokine cascades in keratinocytes after UV irradiation may result in a paracrine inhibitory effect on nerve cells. The purpose of the present study was to determine the direct effect of cytokines induced by UV radiation on nerve cells in terms of neuronal senescence. Our group performed a preliminary study to determine cytokines induced in UV-irradiated keratinocytes. Among 40 cytokines studied, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was increased 4-fold in inflammation antibody array. The GM-CSF was added to cultured human neuroblastoma cells. To evaluate the effect of cellular senescence, the authors performed real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, immunocytochemical, and phase-contrast microscopic evaluations. Expression levels of matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells 1 (NF-κB1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and interleukin β1 (IL-β1) were assessed by RT-PCR. Expression levels of AAP and beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) related to formation of beta-amyloid were evaluated by western blot analysis. Expression levels of MMP-9, NF-κB1, iNOS, and IL-β1 after treatment with GM-CSF were significantly higher than those in the control group. Enhanced expression of AAP and BACE1 was also observed in the treatment group. Thus, GM-CSF might have a provocative effect on nerve cells in terms of neuronal senescence.
Critical Stenosis of the Internal Carotid Artery: Variability in Vertebral Artery Diameters and Areas of Cerebral Chronic Infarction in Computed Tomography
Authors: Şahan Mehmet Hamdi , Asal Neşe , Bayar Muluk Nuray , Inal Mikail , Doğan Adil 
Published: February 2019

Objectives:
We investigated unilateral and bilateral cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis according to the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) and the European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST).

Methods:
We retrospectively investigated ICA stenosis on Head&Neck Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA); and their simultaneous brain computed tomography images were also evaluated. In unilateral ICA stenosis group (n=36), 17 of them had right ICA stenosis and 19 left ICA stenosis. In bilateral stenosis group, there were 24 patients. ICA stenosis was evaluated according to NASCET and ECST methods. We also evaluated vertebral artery dimension, plaque density and cerebral infarct (Cerebral kortex, white matter, basal ganglion-thalamus).

Results:
Unilateral ICA stenosis according to the NASCET was 70.64% to 73.68% (right-left) and according to the ECTS was 65.52% to 71.15% (right–left). For bilateral stenosis, ICA stenosis according to the NASCET was 67.70 to 67.91 (right–left); according to the ECTS was 62.45% to 62.15% (right–left). Vertebral artery dimensions were 3.26 to 3.72 mm (right-left) in unilateral ICA stenosis; and 3.52 to 3.71 mm (right–left) in bilateral ICA stenosis. In bilateral stenosis group, mixt plaque; and in unilateral stenosis group, hard plaque was detected. In unilateral stenosis, white matter and basal ganglion-thalamus infarcts; in bilateral ICA stenosis, cerebral cortical infarct was detected. Left-vertebral artery diameter increased in higher L-ECTS ICA stenosis (unilateral) group.

Conclusion:
Increase in left vertebral artery diameter in unilateral L-ECTS ICA stenosis may be related to increase of the collateral flow by vertebral arteries to support brain blood-flow.
Evaluation of the Relationship Between Nasal Septum Deviation and Oxidative Stress Markers
Authors: Düzenli Ufuk , Bozan Nazim , Sonkaya Yasin , Çetin Yaser Said , Demir Halit 
Published: February 2019

Introduction:Nasal septum deviation (NSD) may lead to chronic hypoxia and increased oxidative stress.The main goal of this study was to investigate the effect of NSD on malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) levels.Methods:There were 30 patients with NSD and 30 healthy subjects in this study. Malondialdehyde, CAT, SOD, and GSH levels were determined in the control and study groups. The measurements were done preoperatively and postoperatively. Study group patients completed the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation questionnaire preoperatively and postoperatively to determine the success of the septoplasty.Results:Higher CAT, SOD, and GSH levels and lower MDA levels were found in the control group compared with the study group (P < 0.05). After septoplasty, Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scores improved significantly and CAT, SOD, and GSH levels increased significantly (all,P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde levels did not decrease significantly after surgery (P > 0.05).Conclusions:Nasal obstruction due to nasal septal deviation led to lower antioxidant enzyme levels, and correction of the septum led to an increase in antioxidant levels.
Internal Nasal Valve Expanding Graft for Middle Vault Reconstruction
Authors: Aladag Ibrahim , Songu Murat , Aslan Hale , Imre Abdulkadir , Pinar Ercan 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Various surgical techniques and approaches for addressing nasal valve collapse have been described in the literature. Still, new techniques continue to be developed and old techniques continue to be improved upon. The aim of the present study was to validate the use of the internal nasal valve expanding graft for middle vault reconstruction and to review the authors’ experience using this technique. A total of 32 patients who underwent middle vault reconstruction were retrospective reviewed. Analysis using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE)-scale was performed pre- and postoperatively. Visual Analogue Scale scores for nasal airflow per side were collected on a 10-point scale, with 1 indicating total obstruction and 10 indicating a perfect nasal airway. Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale was used to assess nasal obstruction. Minimum follow-up period was 6 months after the operation. Pre- and postoperative VAS scores were used to assess degree of nasal valve collapse according to examination findings. It was significant that there was improvement in nasal valve collapse after surgery (P < 0.05). Based upon pre- and postoperative calculations made using NOSE scores, there was significant improvement regarding nasal blockage or congestion, troubled breathing and sleeping, and air through nose during exercise, respectively (P < 0.05). No complications in terms of septal perforation, hematoma, synechiae, or infection that required further intervention were noted at postoperative follow-ups. In conclusion, internal nasal valve expanding graft has now been shown to be successful for middle vault reconstruction in a group of appropriately selected patient.
Effectiveness of Autologous Fat Grafting in Scaring After Augmentation Rhinoplasty
Authors: Xu Jing , Jiang Banghong , Shen Yan 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Augmentation rhinoplasty is a widely popularity operation in Asia, but capsular contracture and retractile scars formation are frequent negative consequences, due to various properties of the implants. Lots of studies have reported improvements in scars after autologous fat grafting, but the mechanisms are still unclear. The aim of this study is to verify whether autologous fat grafting could treat the scaring after augmentation rhinoplasty for both functional and aesthetic purposes.

Methods:
From January 2011 to May 2017, 9 patients (8 females and 1 male) who suffered capsular contracture and retractile scars after augmentation rhinoplasty were treated with autologous fat grafting in the department and these patients were discussed in this study. Preoperative examinations and postoperative follow-up included use of photo documentations and the patient and observer scar assessment scale (POSAS) at 12 to 24 months.

Results:
All 9 patients achieved nasal aesthetic and functional improvement, and reduction for pain, stiff, irregular, relief, and pliability (P < 0.05) in POSAS scores was statistically significant.

Conclusion:
Capsular contracture and retractile scar after augmentation rhinoplasty were severe complication for patients; autologous fat grafting is a minimally invasive and effective treatment for the scaring for both functional and aesthetic purposes.
Stafne Bone Defect Involving the Ascending Ramus
Authors: Lee Kevin C. , Yoon Angela J. , Philipone Elizabeth M. , Peters Scott M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The Stafne bone defect (SBD) classically presents as a well-defined, radiolucent lesion in the molar-mandibular angle region beneath the level of the mandibular canal. Due in large part to this prototypical appearance, most cases of SBDs are radiographically diagnostic without the need for tissue biopsy. A diagnostic challenge may arise, however, when the SBD occurs in other locations in the mandible. The authors report a case of a 57-year-old male who presented with a SBD of the left ascending ramus. The lesion was found incidentally on a panoramic radiograph. Additional imaging studies confirmed a lingual concavity of the mandibular bone consistent with a SBD, and a retrospective study of the patient's records revealed the presence of the lesion 5 years prior without any radiographic alterations. To date, only 10 documented cases of an SBD involving the ascending ramus have been reported. The rarity of such a presentation may obscure the diagnosis and lead to unwarranted surgical procedures. It is important to recognize atypically located SBDs, because unlike other radiolucent lesions, imaging studies are diagnostic. With proper diagnosis, additional surgical procedures and any associated morbidities can be avoided.
Evaluation of Olfactory Sensation, Acoustic Rhinometry, and Quality of Life of the Patients With Nasal Septal Deviation
Authors: Güzelküçük Akay Hatice , Bayar Muluk Nuray , Inal Mikail , Şimşek Gökçe , Kiliç Rahmi 
Published: February 2019

Objectives:
Nasal septum deviations are deformities that occur in the cartilage and bones of the septum. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the patients with septum deviation according to the acoustic rhinometry measurements in terms of changes in smell function and the effects on quality of life.

Methods:
Twenty patients with septum deviation between the ages18 to 75 years old and 20 subjects without septum deviation were included in the study. Control group consisted of the 20 subjects with no septal deviation. After ENT examinations, acoustic rhinometry measurements, the SF-36 quality of life scale, and the Brief Smell Identification Tests were applied to all patients. Type of septum deviation is classified according to Mladina classification by anterior rhinoscopy examination, nasal endoscopy, and paranasal computed tomography.

Results:
The study indicated that the most common deviation type was Mladina Type 3 (65%). Bilateral total smell score of the women in the septum straight group is significantly lower than the men in terms of total smell scores by gender (P < 0.05). The total smell score values in septum group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). According to the individual smell values, cinnamon, banana, and soap odors of the septum deviation group were seen to be significantly lower than the septum straight group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The results of the study indicated that olfactory dysfunction occurs in patients with septum deviation. Therefore, treatment of septum deviation is necessary for the improvement of nasal obstruction besides the treatment of the smell dysfunction.
A Large Scalp Defect Coverage With Pedicled Free Flap Using the Wrist as a Free Flap Carrier
Authors: Ku Inhoe , Kim Taewoon , Choi Kyujin , Na Hyoungmin , Lee Janghyuk , Jeong Euicheol C. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The absence of an adequate recipient vessel for free flap pedicle anastomosis near local defect sites discourages surgeons from performing free flap transfers over the scalp because of the challenging neck dissection and the thrombogenic potential of vein grafts for pedicle elongation. We present a case in which a large scalp defect was successfully reconstructed using the wrist as a “free flap carrier,” which is an alternative method. A 78-year-old patient with a totally occluded common carotid artery presented to our clinic with a large scalp defect. Reconstruction of the scalp defect was performed in a 2-stage procedure. In the first stage, a free latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle flap was transferred to the defect site, and the pedicle anastomosis was held at the ipsilateral wrist to provide inflow and outflow of blood through the radial artery and vena comitante and cephalic vein that were anastomosed to the flap pedicle. After subsequent split-thickness skin graft, the elevated position of the arm was achieved using a splint and sutures for 3 weeks. In the second stage, the flap was divided, and an additional skin graft over the flap division site and radial artery repair with vein graft was performed. Successful coverage of the scalp defect was confirmed on postoperative day 14 of the second procedure with no complications.
Resurfacing Large Skin Defects of the Face and Neck by Optimizing the Utilization of Expanded Forehead Axial-Pattern Flap and Cervicofacial Local Flap
Authors: Chen Hongbo , Tian Jia 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
It is very common for plastic surgeons to experience faciocervical defect, which could be quite challenging and should be processed with a good result. Expanded local flap and expanded axial-pattern flap from the forehead are both applied widely in the reconstruction of faciocervical region. It is crucial to choose appropriate techniques and treat the deformities effectively in the clinical practice. This study presented a treatment strategy for a child with multiple unit deformities in the face and neck by integrating and fully utilizing the expanded forehead axial-pattern flap combined with 2 expanded cervicofacial local flaps.
Surgical Management of the Superior Lip as a Complement in Facial Features Remodeling Surgery
Authors: Di Maggio Marcelo , Dobarro Juan Cruz , Nazar Anchorena Joaquín 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The lower 3rd of the face is an essential area to pay attention to achieve excellent results in facial features remodeling surgery (FFRS). Because of its importance in facial remodeling surgery, special care has been taken in upper lip procedures. A combination of treatments has been used for the upper lip, which include surgical and nonsurgical procedures, depending on the patient assessment. The authors use a subnasal lip lift when surgery is required. This study describes the use of lip lift in combination with FFRS.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Removal for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Less Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Best
Authors: Perloff Michael D. , Parikh Simy K. , Fiorito-Torres Franchesca , McAdams Matthew T. , Rayhill Melissa L. 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Although lumbar punctures (LPs) are used for diagnostic evaluation in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), they can also provide relief from IIH-associated headache. Conversely, low-pressure headache secondary to LP can be debilitating. Low-volume cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) removal to a “high-normal” closing pressure (CP), approximately 18–20 cm H2O, may result in relief of IIH-associated headache with a lowered frequency of post-LP headache.

Methods:
We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis from 2011 to 2016 of patients who underwent fluoroscopic LPs aiming for high-normal CPs. Inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) pre-existing diagnosis of IIH, or opening pressure (OP) and clinical findings diagnostic for IIH; 2) height and weight recorded within 1 year; 3) documented LP data parameters; and 4) one week post-LP follow-up documenting whether headache was worse, unchanged, or better.

Results:
One hundred forty-six patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 34.9 years ± 11.0, and mean body mass index was 39.2 kg/m2 ± 10.5. Mean volume removed was 9.7 mL ± 4.6. The mean CP was 17.9 cm H2O ±2.7. The mean pressure change (OP-CP) per volume removed was 1.50 cm H2O/mL ±0.6. Headache symptoms at follow-up were improved in 64% (80/125) of patients, worse in 26% (33/125), and unchanged in 10% (12/125). Eleven patients were headache-free, and 11 patients required hospital care for post-LP headache.

Conclusions:
Low-volume CSF removal to approximately 18 cm H2O resulted in relief of IIH-associated headache in most patients and a low incidence of post-LP headache. Although clinically variable, these data suggest that for every 1 mL of CSF removed, the CP decreases approximately 1.5 cm H2O.
The p21 dependent G2 arrest of the cell cycle in epithelial tubular cells links to the early stage of renal fibrosis
Authors: Koyano Takayuki , Namba Masumi , Kobayashi Tomoe , Nakakuni Kyomi , Nakano Daisuke , Fukushima Masaki , Nishiyama Akira , Matsuyama Makoto 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRenal fibrosis is accompanied with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite a number of past and ongoing studies, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains elusive. Here we explored the progression of renal fibrosis by using a mouse model, unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO). We found that in the initial stage of the progression where extracellular matrix did not deposit yet, the proximal tubular cells arrested at the G2 of the cell cycle. This G2 arrest was induced prior to activation of both DNA damage checkpoint and Wnt/β-Catenin pathway. Further analyses in vivo and in vitro indicated the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21 is involved in the G2 arrest after the damage. The newly produced monoclonal antibody against p21 revealed that the p21 levels were sharply upregulated in response to the damage during the initial stage, but dropped down toward the later stage. To examine the function of p21 in the progression of renal fibrosis, we constructed the novel p21 deficient mice by i-GONAD. Compared with wild-type mice, p21 deficient mice showed the exacerbation of the fibrosis. Thus we propose that during the initial stage of the fibrosis following the renal damage, tubular cells arrest in the G2 phase depending on p21, thereby safeguarding the kidney functions.
The impact of protein architecture on adaptive evolution
Authors: Moutinho Ana Filipa , Fontes Trancoso Fernanda , Dutheil Julien Yann 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAdaptive mutations play an important role in molecular evolution. However, the frequency and nature of these mutations at the intra-molecular level is poorly understood. To address this, we analysed the impact of protein architecture on the rate of adaptive substitutions, aiming to understand how protein biophysics influences fitness and adaptation. UsingDrosophila melanogasterandArabidopsis thalianapopulation genomics data, we fitted models of distribution of fitness effects and estimated the rate of adaptive amino-acid substitutions both at the protein and amino-acid residue level. We performed a comprehensive analysis covering genome, gene and protein structure, by exploring a multitude of factors with a plausible impact on the rate of adaptive evolution, such as intron number, protein length, secondary structure, relative solvent accessibility, intrinsic protein disorder, chaperone affinity, gene expression, protein function and protein-protein interactions. We found that the relative solvent accessibility is a major driver of adaptive evolution, with most adaptive mutations occurring at the surface of proteins. Moreover, we observe that the rate of adaptive substitutions differs between protein functional classes, with genes encoding for protein biosynthesis and degradation signalling exhibiting the fastest rates of protein adaptation. Overall, our results suggest that adaptive evolution in proteins is mainly driven by inter-molecular interactions, with host-pathogen coevolution likely playing a major role.
Measuring single cell divisions in human cancers from multi-region sequencing data
Authors: Werner Benjamin , Case Jack , Williams Marc J. , Chkhaidze Kate , Temko Daniel , Fernandez-Mateos Javier , Cresswell George D. , Nichol Daniel , Cross William , Spiteri Inmaculada , Huang Weini , Tomlinson Ian , Barnes Chris P. , Graham Trevor A. , Sottoriva Andrea 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCancer is driven by complex evolutionary dynamics involving billions of cells. Increasing effort has been dedicated to sequence single tumour cells, but obtaining robust measurements remains challenging. Here we show that multi-region sequencing of bulk tumour samples contains quantitative information on single-cell divisions that is accessible if combined with evolutionary theory. Using high-throughput data from 16 human cancers, we measured thein vivoper-cell point mutation rate (mean: 1.69×10−8bp per cell division) and per-cell survival rate (mean: 0.57) in individual patient tumours from colon, lung and renal cancers. Per-cell mutation rates varied 50-fold between individuals, and per-cell survival rates were between nearly-homeostatic and almost perfect cell doublings, equating to tumour ages between 1 and 19 years. Furthermore, reanalysing a recent dataset of 89 whole-genome sequenced healthy haematopoietic stem cells, we find 1.14 mutations per genome per cell division and near perfect cell doublings (per-cell survival rate: 0.96) during early haematopoietic development. Our analysis measuresin vivothe most fundamental properties of human cancer and healthy somatic evolution at single-cell resolution within single individuals.