bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass Balance of the Himalayan Glaciers and Their Regional Variations
Authors: Das Sanchayita , Chakraborty Manab 
Published: March 2019

Aim: Popular methods of glacial mass balance studies are time consuming, laborious and therefore, not repetitive at yearly manner. A compact, user-friendly classification algorithm has been applied to estimate Equilibrium Line Altitude (ELA) and mass balance of mountain or valley glaciers at yearly basis using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data for a period of 2012 to 2015. Cloud cover over the glacier catchment areas was studied to identify major seasons of precipitation over the study areas. The results were also compared to study the regional characteristics of the glaciers.
Study Area: The proposed module was used to analyze data over three Himalayan glaciers, namely, Durung Drung, Gangorti and Zemu. Chhota Shigri glacier was also studied with these three glaciers to understand the regional variations of the Himalayan glaciers.
Methodology: The classification algorithm was fixed for all glaciers and also independent from season, therefore, required least user intervention. The conditional loop based logics, consist of linear equations, classified glaciated region in different physical zones. Purely backscatter based classification result produced error by mixing zones due to overlapped signatures. Altitude thresholds of accumulation zones were employed to segregate the mixing in next level. The method required calibrated ortho-rectified sigma naught dual-pol SAR imagery as primary input. The glaciated area should be provided as Area of Interest (AOI). A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) file is required for altitude threshold. The output classes are saved in separate files with Boolean values. Optical data were used to estimate cloud coverage over the catchments of the glaciers.
Results: Average mass balance of the selected glaciers is estimated as - 0.44 m w.e.a-1 during the study period. The mass balance of the glaciers are comparatively studied with variation in melting seasons, duration of melting periods, on set and cease of melting for each glacier to understand the regional pattern of mass loss.
Conclusion: Co and cross polarized SAR data are employed to derived debris size; however, cross polarized SAR backscattering has better correlation with debris size. The accuracy of the result derived from the developed method is ± 50 mm. Collection of field data on the surface topography is difficult for Mountain glaciers, especially over Himalaya. Use of satellite data can generate detailed information of glacier surface which will be further help to understand role of debris in glacier mass balance.
Role of Atmospheric Convection in Global Warming
Authors: Herndon J. Marvin 
Published: March 2019

Aims: Geophysical convection calculations can potentially obscure details necessary to understand convective-heat-transfer changes caused by changes in the adverse temperature gradient. The objective is to ascertain the functional relationship between adverse temperature gradient and convection efficiency.
Methodology: A classroom-demonstration experiment was conducted to illustrate the principle that convection efficiency is a direct function of the adverse temperature gradient.
Results: Application of this principle to climate science has profound implications for global warming. A brief period of global warming during World War ll followed by rapid global cooling afterward is attributable, not to carbon dioxide, but to particulate pollution and its generalization to post-1950 global warming. Rather than simply blocking sunlight and causing global cooling, aerosol particles are radiation absorbers that rapidly transfer heat to the surrounding atmosphere, raising its temperature relative to atmospheric temperature at Earth’s surface. Thus the reduction of the adverse temperature gradient between the upper troposphere and the surface reduces atmospheric convection and concomitantly reduces convection-driven surface heat loss, causing global warming, heating the oceans, and reducing CO2 solubility and releasing dissolved CO2 to the atmosphere.
Conclusions: Increasing levels of atmospheric CO2, rather than causing global warming, are symptomatic of particulate-pollution-caused global warming. The Anthropocene idea cannot be justified by anthropogenic CO2. Instead the Anthropocene is better characterized by anthropogenic particulate pollution. A drastic reduction in particulate-pollutant emissions will be followed by a rapid and drastic reduction in global warming, as tropospheric pollution-particulates fall to ground in days to weeks, thus increasing atmospheric convection efficiency and potentially providing a radical solution to the global climate crisis. Moreover, reduction of particulate-pollution, the greatest environmental health-threat, will potentially save millions of lives and reduce the suffering of many more.
Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Street Foods in Chittagong, Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan Mohammad Mahmudul , Begum Shajeda , Faruq Abdullah Al , Alam Mahabub , Mahmud Tareq , Islam Ariful 
Published: March 2019

Aim: The oodles raising of zoonotic multi-drug resistance (MDR) Salmonella spp. during the last decade, especially in developing countries by repeated challenges resulting from increased and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in food animals, fish and crop production, and human treatments is one of the dismal issues and might have a dire consequence in near future. The nascent MDR Salmonella may also find their way to commonly available street foods in Bangladesh. Therefore, it is imperative to find out the existence of MDR Salmonella in street foods of Bangladesh.
Study Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study to interrogate the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in street food items and the antimicrobial resistance pattern of isolated Salmonella spp.
Place and duration of Study: The study was conducted from January to June 2016 in 5 street side markets (Agrabad, Colnel Hat, Alonkar Bazar, Bohderhat Bazar and Riazuddin Bazar) of Chittagong City Corporation (CCC) area of Bangladesh.
Methodology: Standard microbiological methods were used for isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. from selected street foods. The antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by using disc diffusion method with commercially available 11 antimicrobials which are frequently used for medical and veterinary practices in Bangladesh.
Results: Prevalence of Salmonella spp. were varied from 60% to 78% among the street food items. The study revealed MDR Salmonella (resistance up to 6 of 11 tested antimicrobials) from each of the food items tested. Concerning the degree of resistance, among the isolated Salmonella, the highest resistances (100%) were detected for Ampicillin and Amoxicillin and lowest for Pefloxacin (around 13%). Moreover, the degree of resistance of Salmonella to antimicrobials also varied among the various street food items.
Conclusion: The existence of MDR Salmonella notably a high rate in the street foods cues poor hygiene in street food production and it is a major threat for the advent of foodborne zoonoses.
Pattern of Eye Disorders at the Ophthalmology Clinic of a Tertiary Health Facility in the Niger-delta Region: The Implications for Preventive Ophthalmology
Authors: Chukwuka Ireju O. , Pedro-Egbe Chinyere N. , Ejimadu Chibuike Sydney , Cookey Sotonibi A. H. , Onua Alfred A. , Briggs Damiete Elaine 
Published: March 2019

Objective: To determine the pattern of eye disorders among Nigerian Niger Delta region residents as a basis for preventive ophthalmology.
Methodology: This study was a retrospective study involving an eleven-year cumulative review of clinical records from the Ophthalmology Clinic of University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Data on eye disorders were retrieved from the Ophthalmology Clinic records and manually entered into a computer-spread sheet. Double entry check was performed to avoid errors in computer entry. The respective eye disorders from the records were summed to obtain the absolute and relative cumulative frequencies and appropriately presented using horizontal bar chart. Data analyzed with United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Epi-Info version 7 software.
Results: The cumulative total record from the Ophthalmology Clinic was 55,109 from a total of 41 eye disorders. The absolute and relative frequencies of the identified eye disorders from the clinic are presented in horizontal bar chart. The top five ocular disorders were glaucoma (26.97%), refractive error (26.06%), cataract (10.60%), allergic conjunctivitis (9.31%) and bacterial conjunctivitis (5.02%) while the least common cases seen include pan uveitis (0.08%), herpes zoster ophthalmicus (0.07%) pingueculum (0.07%), painful blind eye (0.06%) and orbital cellulitis (0.05%). The anterior segment subspecialty (34.76%) accounted for majority of cases seen followed by glaucoma subspecialty (26.97%), oculoplasty (4.04%), vitreo-retinal (2.4%), paediatric (0.74%), neuro-ophthalmology (0.7%). Cases which cut-across more than one subspecialty group accounted for 28.19%.
Conclusion: The commonest eye disorders identified in this study are among the major causes of avoidable blindness in developing countries including Nigeria. To reduce the burden of blindness and visual impairment would involve a concerted effort to tackle these disorders especially by developing the various ophthalmic subspecialties.
Local Immune‐Triggered Surface‐Modified Stem Cells for Solid Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Kim Kyoung Sub , Lee Joo Young , Han Jieun , Hwang Hee Sook , Lee Jonghwan , Na Kun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHere, described are additional treatment strategies that make use of human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC)‐based local immunotherapeutic agents for the treatment of solid tumors. Dibenzocyclooctyne‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐pheophorbide A conjugates are engineered for cell surface conjugation by copper‐free click chemistry and are subsequently conjugated to hMSC (hMSC‐DPP). hMSC‐DPP can recognize and migrate toward cancer lesions, where they secrete pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, and heat shock protein 70 in pursuance of photodynamic therapy‐mediated cell death. The secreted immune factors trigger interferon gamma, IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐12, and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, resulting in the local accumulation of T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and antigen presenting cells at the tumor site. Treatment with hMSC‐DPP induces the accumulation of cytokines at the cancer site and minimizes systemic immune‐based side effects. This strategy is expected to increase the vulnerability of cancer cells to immune cells and cytokines, thus aiding in the development of a robust treatment platform for cancer immunotherapy.
Emerging Material Technologies for Haptics
Authors: Biswas Shantonu , Visell Yon 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe sense of touch is involved in nearly all human activities, but information technologies for displaying tactile sensory information to the skin are rudimentary when compared to state‐of‐the‐art video and audio displays, or to tactile perceptual capabilities. Realizing tactile displays with good perceptual fidelity will require major advances in engineering, design, and fabrication. Research over several decades has highlighted the difficulties of meeting the required performance benchmarks using conventional devices, processes, and techniques. This has highlighted the important role that will be played by new material technologies that can bridge the electronic and mechanical domains. This must occur at the smallest scales, because of the great perceptual spatial and temporal acuity of the sense of touch. The requirements involved also furnish valuable performance benchmarks against which many emerging material technologies are being evaluated. This article highlights recent research and possibilities enabled through new material technologies, ranging from organic electronic materials, to carbon nanomaterials, and a variety of composites. Emerging material technologies are surveyed for the sense of touch, including sensory considerations and requirements, materials, actuation principles, and design and fabrication methods. A conclusion reflects on the main open challenges and future prospects for research in this area.
Iron Single Atoms on Graphene as Nonprecious Metal Catalysts for High‐Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Cheng Yi , He Shuai , Lu Shanfu , Veder Jean‐Pierre , Johannessen Bernt , Thomsen Lars , Saunders Martin , Becker Thomas , De Marco Roland , Li Qingfeng , Yang Shi‐ze , Jiang San Ping 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIron single atom catalysts (Fe SACs) are the best‐known nonprecious metal (NPM) catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), but their practical application has been constrained by the low Fe SACs loading (<2 wt%). Here, a one‐pot pyrolysis method is reported for the synthesis of iron single atoms on graphene (FeSA‐G) with a high Fe SAC loading of ≈7.7 ± 1.3 wt%. The as‐synthesized FeSA‐G shows an onset potential of 0.950 V and a half‐wave potential of 0.804 V in acid electrolyte for the ORR, similar to that of Pt/C catalysts but with a much higher stability and higher phosphate anion tolerance. High temperature SiO2 nanoparticle‐doped phosphoric acid/polybenzimidazole (PA/PBI/SiO2) composite membrane cells utilizing a FeSA‐G cathode with Fe SAC loading of 0.3 mg cm−2 delivers a peak power density of 325 mW cm−2 at 230 °C, better than 313 mW cm−2 obtained on the cell with a Pt/C cathode at a Pt loading of 1 mg cm−2. The cell with FeSA‐G cathode exhibits superior stability at 230 °C, as compared to that with Pt/C cathode. Our results provide a new approach to developing practical NPM catalysts to replace Pt‐based catalysts for fuel cells.
Material Parameter Extraction for Complex AlScN Thin Film Using Dual Mode Resonators in Combination with Advanced Microstructural Analysis and Finite Element Modeling
Authors: Parsapour Fazel , Pashchenko Vladimir , Kurz Nicolas , Sandu Cosmin Silviu , LaGrange Thomas , Yamashita Kaoru , Lebedev Vadim , Muralt Paul 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAccurate property determination of the piezoelectric thin film material Al(1−x)Sc(x)N is necessary for designing the next generation of radio frequency resonators in mobile communication, and for testing results of ab initio calculations. Sound velocity and piezoelectric coupling of both longitudinal and shear mode are evaluated from a single dual mode resonator. This assures a compatible set of coefficients. It is observed that AlScN thin films grew differently on small, isolated bottom electrodes. The investigated film starts growing with a slightly tilted, c‐textured microstructure, and switches after 200 nm to a polycrystalline film with irregularly oriented grains having c‐axis tilt angles in the range of 35°–70°, as revealed by transmission electron microscope nanodiffraction mapping. Based on this information, a finite element model (FEM) is constructed that properly reproduces the resonance behavior of the resonator. The relevant elastic and piezoelectric constants are derived by curve fitting and yield somewhat lower stiffness and higher piezoelectric coefficients than ab initio calculations published in the literature. The FEM modeling results show that the upper film part with the abnormally oriented grains is overall piezoelectric, i.e., the misoriented grains maintain the polarity projected onto the growth direction from the starting layer.
Dynamics of the Morphological Degradation of Si‐Based Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries Characterized by In Situ Synchrotron X‐Ray Tomography
Authors: Vanpeene Victor , Villanova Julie , King Andrew , Lestriez Bernard , Maire Eric , Roué Lionel 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe alloying reaction of silicon with lithium in negative electrodes for lithium‐ion batteries causes brutal morphological changes that severely degrade their cyclability. In this study, the dynamics of their expansion and contraction, of their cracking in the bulk and of their debonding at the interface with the current collector are visualized by in situ synchrotron X‐ray computed tomography and quantified from appropriate 3D imaging analyses. Two electrodes made with same silicon material having reasonable particle size distribution from an applied point of view are compared: one fabricated according to a standard process and the other one prepared with a maturation step, which consists in storing the electrode in a humid atmosphere for a few days before drying and cell assembly. All morphological degradations are significantly restrained for the matured electrode, confirming the great efficiency of this maturation step to produce a more ductile and resilient electrode architecture, which is at the origin of the major improvement in their cyclability.
Gene therapy improves brain white matter in aromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
Authors: Tseng Chih‐Hsien , Chien Yin‐Hsiu , Lee Ni‐Chung , Hsu Yung‐Chin , Peng Shinn‐Forng , Tseng Wen‐Yih I. , Hwu Wuh‐Liang 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveChildren with aromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency suffer from severe motor dysfunction. Restoration of dopamine levels in the putamen by gene therapy has led to significant improvement in motor function. This study explored brain structure changes in patients.MethodsBrain diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed before and 12 months after gene therapy. Whole‐brain tract‐specific analysis was performed to assess white matter microstructural integrity.ResultsIn the 8 patients (aged 1.67–8.42 years) enrolled in the study, gene therapy did not affect macroscopic structure. DTI before gene therapy revealed lower total mean fractional anisotropy (FA) values in patients than in the age‐matched pretreatment controls (p = 0.017; median difference = −0.0136; 95% confidence interval [CI] [−0.0319, −0.0126]). After gene therapy, total mean FA increased (p = 0.012, median difference = 0.0211, 95% CI [0.0094, 0.0456]), and the values in the patients were not different from the age‐matched posttreatment controls. Increase in total mean FA after gene therapy in patients was correlated with their increase in motor score (r = 0.846; p = 0.008), but was inversely correlated with their ages at the time of gene therapy (r = −0.754; p = 0.031). Corticospinal tracts, and the thalamic radiation and callosal fibers involving motor function, improved after gene therapy.InterpretationImprovement in the microstructural integrity of white matter tracts is associated with the improvement in motor function following gene therapy. Ann Neurol 2019;85:644–652
Strategien für kostengünstige und leistungsstarke Dual‐Ionen‐Batterien
Authors: Zhou Xiaolong , Liu Qirong , Jiang Chunlei , Ji Bifa , Ji XiuLei , Tang Yongbing , Cheng Hui‐Ming 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWiederaufladbare Lithiumionen‐Batterien (LIBs) stellen den aktuellen Stand der Technik im Hinblick auf die globalen Probleme sich verknappender und umweltschädlicher fossiler Brennstoffe dar und werden bereits umfassend in elektronischen Geräten und Elektrofahrzeugen (EVs) eingesetzt. Für EVs und große Netzenergiespeicher stehen sie direkt vor einer umfassenden Kommerzialisierung. Während die Nachfrage rasant steigt, werden allerdings die Ressourcen für Lithium und Cobalt knapp. Bei steigenden Kosten entsteht ein erheblicher Anreiz, kostengünstige wiederaufladbare Batteriesysteme zu entwickeln. Bei Dual‐Ionen‐Batterien (DIBs) nehmen sowohl Kationen als auch Anionen an der elektrochemischen Redoxreaktion teil. Diese Akkumulatoren sind gegenüber herkömmlichen Rocking‐Chair‐LIBs außerordentlich sicher und umweltfreundlich und könnten die preislichen Erwartungen für kommerzielle Anwendungen bestens erfüllen. Allerdings muss man sich im Klaren darüber sein, dass sich die DIB‐Technologie noch tief in der Grundlagenforschung befindet. Um höhere Energiedichten und Lebensdauern zu erreichen, müssen noch erhebliche Anstrengungen unternommen werden. In diesem Aufsatz wollen wir die Geschichte und den aktuellen Entwicklungsstand von DIBs erörtern. Die Reaktionskinetik wird erläutert, darunter die verschiedenen anionischen Interkalationsmechanismen an der Kathode sowie die Reaktionen an der Anode wie Interkalierung, Legierungsbildung usw. Ziel ist es, vielversprechende Strategien für kostengünstige DIBs mit hoher Leistung zu finden.
The progress in insect cross‐resistance among Bacillus thuringiensis toxins
Authors: Wei Jizhen , Zhang Yaling , An Shiheng 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBt crop pyramids produce two or more Bt proteins active to broaden the spectrum of action and to delay the development of resistance in exposed insect populations. The cross‐resistance between Bt toxins is a vital restriction factor for Bt crop pyramids, which may reduce the effect of pyramid strategy. In this review, the status of the cross‐resistance among more than 20 Bt toxins that are most commonly used against 13 insect pests was analyzed. The potential mechanisms of cross‐resistance are discussed. The corresponding measures, including pyramid RNA interference and Bt toxin, “high dose/refuge,” and so on are advised to be taken for adopting the pyramided strategy to delay the Bt evolution of resistance and control the target pest insect.
Phosphine Oxide Ligand Based Tetrahedral CoII Complexes with Field‐induced Slow Magnetic Relaxation Behavior Modified by Terminal Ligands
Authors: Yang Rui‐Chong , Wang Dan‐Ru , Liu Jun‐Liang , Wang Yu‐Fei , Lin Wei‐Quan , Leng Ji‐Dong , Zhou Ai‐Ju 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTwo isostructural mononuclear CoII complexes, [Co(xantpo)(NCE)2] (E=S (1) and O (2); xantpo=9,9‐dimethyl‐4,5‐bis(diphenylphosphoryl) xanthene), supported by a bidentate phosphine oxide ligand are reported. The cobalt complexes exhibit characteristic tetrahedral structures coordinated with two oxygen and two nitrogen atoms. Magnetic property measurements show their similar static magnetic behaviours but very different dynamic magnetic behaviours. Both complexes show field‐induced slow magnetic relaxation behaviours, but the relaxation of 2 is much slower than that of 1. Fittings to the magnetic data and ab initio CASSCF calculations reveal significant changes in the zero field splitting (ZFS) parameters (D and E), which can be attributed to the small geometrical changes of the Co ions and the different ligand field strength of the two terminal ligands.
Oral hygiene and the overall survival of head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Chang Chan‐Chi , Lee Wei‐Ting , Hsiao Jenn‐Ren , Ou Chun‐Yen , Huang Cheng‐Chih , Tsai Sen‐Tien , Chen Ken‐Chung , Huang Jehn‐Shyun , Wong Tung‐Yiu , Lai Yu‐Hsuan , Wu Yuan‐Hua , Hsueh Wei‐Ting , Wu Shang‐Yin , Yen Chia‐Jui , Chang Jang‐Yang , Lin Chen‐Lin , Weng Ya‐Ling , Yang Han‐Chien , Chen Yu‐Shan , Chang Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPoor oral hygiene is an established risk factor of head and neck cancer (HNC); however, its role in the survival of HNC patients is unclear. This study evaluated the association between oral hygiene habits, including regular dental visits, frequency of tooth brushing, and use of dental floss, and the overall survival (OS) of HNC patients using interview data collected from 740 HNC patients. In addition, the interactions between oral hygiene and the polymorphisms of TLR2 and TLR4 on the OS of HNC patients were assessed. The analysis indicated that poor oral hygiene was significantly associated with poorer OS of HNC patients (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03‐1.86). This association was modified by a single nucleotide polymorphism, rs11536889, of TLR4. A significant association between poor oral hygiene and worse survival of HNC was observed among those with the CG or CC genotype (HR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.41‐3.82) but not among those with the GG genotype (HR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.65‐1.40). Our results suggested that poor oral hygiene is not only a risk factor but may also be a prognostic factor of HNC.