bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron–Proton Co‐doping‐Induced Metal–Insulator Transition in VO2 Film via Surface Self‐Assembled l‐Ascorbic Acid Molecules
Authors: Li Bowen , Xie Liyan , Wang Zhaowu , Chen Shi , Ren Hui , Chen Yuliang , Wang Chengming , Zhang Guobin , Jiang Jun , Zou Chongwen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCharge doping is an effective way to induce the metal–insulator transition (MIT) in correlated materials for many important utilizations, which is however practically limited by problem of low stability. An electron–proton co‐doping mechanism is used to achieve pronounced phase modulation of monoclinic vanadium dioxide (VO2) at room temperature. Using l‐ascorbic acid (AA) solution to treat VO2, the ionized AA− species donate electrons to the adsorbed VO2 surface. Charges then electrostatically attract surrounding protons to penetrate, and eventually results in stable hydrogen‐doped metallic VO2. The variations of electronic structures, especially the electron occupancy of V 3d/O 2p hybrid orbitals, were examined by synchrotron characterizations and first‐principle theoretical simulations. The adsorbed molecules protect hydrogen dopants from escaping out of lattice and thereby stabilize the metallic phase for VO2.
High‐Performance Nucleic Acid Sensors for Liquid Biopsy Applications
Authors: Das Jagotamoy , Kelley Shana O. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCirculating tumour nucleic acids (ctNAs) are released from tumours cells and can be detected in blood samples, providing a way to track tumors without requiring a tissue sample. This “liquid biopsy” approach has the potential to replace invasive, painful, and costly tissue biopsies in cancer diagnosis and management. However, a very sensitive and specific approach is required to detect relatively low amounts of mutant sequences linked to cancer because they are masked by the high levels of wild‐type sequences. This review discusses high‐performance nucleic acid biosensors for ctNA analysis in patient samples. We compare sequencing‐ and amplification‐based methods to next‐generation sensors for ctDNA and ctRNA (including microRNA) profiling, such as electrochemical methods, surface plasmon resonance, Raman spectroscopy, and microfluidics and dielectrophoresis‐based assays. We present an overview of the analytical sensitivity and accuracy of these methods as well as the biological and technical challenges they present.
Compensation of London Dispersion in the Gas Phase and in Aprotic Solvents
Authors: Pollice Robert , Fleckenstein Felix , Shenderovich Ilya , Chen Peter 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe importance of London dispersion for structure and stability of molecules with less than about 200 atoms has been established in recent years but the quantitative understanding is still largely based on computations because of a persistent lack of suitable experimental data. We herein report a comprehensive computational and experimental study of the compensation of London dispersion in proton‐bound dimer dissociations showing that total compensation is largely invariant in both polar and nonpolar aprotic solvents spanning a wide range of bulk polarizabilities. Additionally, we find that compensation by solvent (which is about 40–80 %) largely dominates over compensation in the gas phase (which is about 0–40 %) for typical experimental temperatures.
A Conjugated Polymeric Supramolecular Network with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Enhancement: An Efficient Light‐Harvesting System with an Ultrahigh Antenna Effect
Authors: Xu Linxian , Wang Zaiyu , Wang Rongrong , Wang Lingyun , He Xuewen , Jiang Huanfeng , Tang Hao , Cao Derong , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSuperior artificial light‐harvesting systems (ALHSs) require exceptional capacity in harvesting light and transferring energy. In this work, we report a novel strategy to build ALHSs with an unprecedented antenna effect (35.9 in solution and 90.4 in solid film). The ALHSs made use of a conjugated polymeric supramolecular network (CPSN), a crosslinked network obtained from the self‐assembly of a pillar[5]arene‐based conjugated polymeric host (CPH) and conjugated ditopic guests (Gs). The excellent performance of the CPSN could be attributed to the following factors: 1) The “molecular wire effect” of the conjugated polymeric structure, 2) aggregation‐induced enhanced emission (AEE) moieties in the CPH backbone, and 3) high capacity of donor–acceptor energy transfer, and 4) crosslinked structures triggered by the host–guest binding between Gs and CPH. Moreover, the emission of the CPSN could be tuned by using different Gs or varying the host/guest ratio, thus reaching a 96 % sRGB area.
Formulation of Blended‐Lithium‐Salt Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Xu Gaojie , Shangguan Xuehui , Dong Shanmu , Zhou Xinhong , Cui Guanglei 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBlended‐salt electrolytes showing synergistic effects have been formulated by simply mixing several lithium salts in an electrolyte. In the burgeoning field of next‐generation lithium batteries, blended‐salt electrolytes have enabled great progress to be made. In this Review, the development of such blended‐salt electrolytes is examined in detail. The reasons for formulating blended‐salt electrolytes for lithium batteries include improvement of thermal stability (safety), inhibition of aluminum‐foil corrosion of the cathode current collector, enhancement of performance over a wide temperature range (or at a high or low temperature), formation of favorable interfacial layers on both electrodes, protection of the lithium metal anode, and attainment of high ionic conductivity. Herein, we highlight key scientific issues related to the formulation of blended‐salt electrolytes for lithium batteries.
Asymmetric Catalytic [2,3] Stevens and Sommelet–Hauser Rearrangements of α‐Diazo Pyrazoleamides with Sulfides
Authors: Lin Xiaobin , Yang Wei , Yang Wenkun , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCatalytic enantioselective [2,3] Stevens and Sommelet–Hauser rearrangements of α‐diazo pyrazoleamides with sulfides were achieved by utilizing chiral N,N′‐dioxide/nickel(II) complex catalysts. These rearrangements proceeded well under mild reaction conditions, providing rapid and facile access to a series of functionalized 1,6‐dicarbonyls or sulfane‐substituted phenylacetates with high to excellent enantioselectivities. The catalytic system shows excellent stereocontrol, discriminating between the heterotopic lone pairs of sulfur and controlling both the 1,3‐proton transfer and the [2,3]‐σ rearrangement.
Enhanced Raman Scattering by ZnO Superstructures: Synergistic Effect of Charge Transfer and Mie Resonances
Authors: Ji Wei , Li Linfang , Song Wei , Wang Xinnan , Zhao Bing , Ozaki Yukihiro 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA remarkable enhancement of Raman scattering is achieved by submicrometer‐sized spherical ZnO superstructures. The secondary superstructures of ZnO particles with a uniform diameter in the range of 220–490 nm was formed by aggregating ca. 13 nm primary single crystallites. By engineering the superstructure size to induce Mie resonances, leading to an electromagnetic contribution to the SERS enhancement. Meanwhile, a highly efficient charge‐transfer (CT) contribution derived from the primary structure of the ZnO nanocrystallites was able to enhance the SERS signals as well. The highest Raman enhancement factor of 105 was achieved for a non‐resonant molecule by the synergistic effect of CT and Mie resonances. The Mie resonances scattered near‐field effect investigated in the present study provides not only an important guide for designing novel SERS‐active semiconductor substrates, but also a coherent framework for modelling the electromagnetic mechanism of SERS on semiconductors.
Coordination Assisted Distal C−H Alkylation of Fused Heterocycles
Authors: Ramakrishna Kankanala , Biswas Jyoti Prasad , Jana Sadhan , Achar Tapas Kumar , Porey Sandip , Maiti Debabrata 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDistal C−H bond functionalization of heterocycles remained extremely challenging with covalently attached directing groups (DG). Lack of proper site for DG attachment and inherent catalyst poisoning by heterocycles demand alternate routes for site selective functionalization of their distal C−H bonds. Utilizing non‐productive coordinating property to hold the heterocycle into the cavity of a template system in a host–guest manner, we report distal C−H alkylation (C‐5 of quinoline and thiazole, C‐7 of benzothiazole and benzoxazole) of heterocycles. Upon complexation with heterocyclic substrate, nitrile DG in template directs the metal catalyst towards close vicinity of the specific distal C−H bond of the heterocycles. Our hypothesized pathway has been supported by various X‐ray crystallographically characterized intermediates.
The influence of protection and temperature on subtropical reef fish assemblages in Cape Byron Marine Park
Authors: Hammerton Zan , Bucher Daniel , Page Andrew 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Diver‐held video transect surveys at a subtropical reef complex in eastern Australia documented a significant difference in the fish assemblages eight years after the area was closed to fishing.
Average sea temperatures at depth were 1–3°C warmer during the second survey period, and autumn averaged 5–6°C warmer than spring.
Large differences in fish assemblages between the seasons in 2006 were not observed in subsequent 2014 surveys. Rather than any general shift towards greater topicalisation of the assemblage in warmer conditions, the difference between the assemblage sampled in the coldest sample period and the three warmer periods was a lower frequency of occurrence of both tropical and non-tropical species and decreased asymptotic species richness.
Species that were otherwise rare, which consisted of a higher proportion of tropical species, were more likely to be absent in colder conditions. This was particularly so at the deepest and coldest location.
Therefore, in this region warmer waters tend to increase the richness and abundance of most fish, but particularly rare tropical species.
Protection from fishing since 2005 also contributed to the inter‐year differences with increased abundance of most fishery‐targeted species regardless of climatic affinities in 2014.
Beyond one bone: Interdisciplinarity to assess nativeness of the tench (Tinca tinca) in Spain
Authors: Clavero Miguel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

The native or non‐native status of a species can be difficult to discern when it has been present in a territory for a long time. To solve these conflicting cases it is often important to integrate the knowledge from multiple disciplines, because narrow‐focused approaches can produce misleading perceptions around nativeness.
The tench (Tinca tinca) is thought to be native in Spain, and officially considered so, only because of putative Bronze Age remains of the species from a single archaeological site.
This putative prehistoric record is here revisited and put into context using evidence from other approaches and disciplines, to show that the native status of the tench in Spain is solely based on an arguably erroneous identification of the remains of a single bone.
Biogeographical and genetic patterns solidly support the non‐native status of the tench, and historical documents contain explicit records of the importation of the species to Spain in the sixteenth century. The tench must thus be considered a non‐native species in Spain and managed as such.
This review shows how weak observations and errors can be entrenched in the scientific literature as established truths through repeated uncritical citations, with pervasive effects both for knowledge building and for the management of natural resources.
Virtual Reconstruction and Comparative Analyses of the Middle Pleistocene Apidima 2 Cranium (Greece)
Authors: Bräuer Günter , Pitsios Theodoros , Säring Dennis , von Harling Maximilian , Jessen Frederik , Kroll Angelika , Groden Christoph 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThe Apidima 2 fossil cranium from South Peloponnese is one of the most important hominin specimens from Southeast Europe. Nevertheless, there has been continuous controversy as to whether it represents a so‐called Preneandertal/Homo heidelbergensis such as, for example, the Petralona cranium from Northern Greece or a more derived Neandertal. Recent absolute dating evidence alone cannot clarify the issue because both classifications would be possible during the respective Middle Pleistocene time span. Since only limited data were available on the cranium, there have been repeated claims for the need of a broader comparative study of the hominin. The present article presents a CT‐based virtual reconstruction including corrections of postmortem fractures and deformation as well as detailed metrical and morphological analyses of the specimen. Endocranial capacity could be estimated for the first time based on virtual reconstruction. Our multivariate analyses of metric data from the face and vault revealed close affinities to early and later Neandertals, especially showing the derived facial morphometrics. In addition, comparative analyses of Apidima 2 were done for many derived Neandertal features. Here again, a significant number of Neandertal features could be found in the Apidima cranium but no conditions common in Preneandertals. In agreement with a later Middle Pleistocene age Apidima is currently the earliest evidence of a hominin in Europe with such a derived Neandertal facial morphology. The place of Apidima in the complex process of Neandertal evolution as well as its taxonomic classification are discussed as well. Anat Rec, 303:1374–1392, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Spontaneous Complexation of Fullerene Aggregates on Nanodiamond Aggregates and Their Enhanced Photocurrent Generation
Authors: Umeyama Tomokazu , Okawada Yohei , Ohara Tomoya , Imahori Hiroshi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSupramolecular composites composed of fullerene C60 and carbon nanodiamond (ND) were constructed through spontaneous complexation of C60 aggregates onto the surface of ND aggregates in N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP). The resulting C60‐ND composite was assembled onto a nanostructured SnO2 electrode by an electrophoretic deposition method. Formation of the C60‐ND composite was confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The C60‐ND composite on the SnO2 electrode showed high incident photon‐to‐current efficiencies (IPCEs) in the visible region as compared with the single component system of C60 or ND. The improved photocurrent generation of the C60‐ND composite may result from the photoinduced charge separation at the interface between C60 and ND. These results obtained here will provide valuable information on the design of optoelectronic devices based on all‐nanocarbon materials.
Time perception and autistic spectrum condition: A systematic review
Authors: Casassus Martin , Poliakoff Ellen , Gowen Emma , Poole Daniel , Jones Luke Anthony 
Published: July 2019

Problems with timing and time perception have been suggested as key characteristics of autism spectrum condition (ASC). Studies and personal accounts from clinicians, parents, caregivers, and self‐reports from autistic people themselves often refer to problems with time. Although a number of empirical studies have examined aspects relating to time in autistic individuals, there remains no clear consensus on whether or how timing mechanisms may be affected in autism. A key reason for this lack of clarity is the wide range of timing processes that exist and subsequently the wide range of methodologies, research paradigms, and samples that time‐based studies have used with autism populations. In order to summarize and organize the available literature on this issue, a systematic review was conducted. Five electronic databases were consulted. From an initial 597 records (after duplicates were removed), 45 papers were selected and reviewed. The studies are reviewed within different sections based on the different types of timing ability that have been explored in the neurotypical (NT) population: time sensitivity, interval timing, and higher‐order time perception. Within each section cognitive models, methodologies, possible clinical implications, and research results are discussed. The results show different consistency across studies between the three types of timing ability. The highest consistency of results showing atypical time perception abilities is found in high‐level time perception studies. It remains unclear if autism is characterized by a fundamental time perception impairment. Suggestions for future research are discussed.Autism Res2019, 12: 1440–1462. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryThis systematic review examines the different types of timing and time perception behavior that have been investigated in autism. Overall, there are a number of studies that show differences between autistic and non‐autistic individuals, but some studies do not find such differences. Group differences are more consistent across studies using complex tasks rather than simpler more fundamental timing tasks. We suggest that experiments across a range of timing tasks would be fruitful to address gaps in our knowledge.
Genetic variants in GRHL3 and risk for neural tube defects: A case–control and case–parent triad/control study
Authors: Yang Wenlei , Xiao Yanhui , Tian Tian , Jin Lei , Wang Linlin , Ren Aiguo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundNeural tube defects (NTDs) are the most common severe birth defects with complex etiologies. Previous studies conducted on animals have suggested that the Grhl3 gene is essential for closure of the spinal neural tube, but little evidence from human studies on the variants of GRHL3 gene has been provided, especially the common genetic variants.MethodsTo investigate the relationship between common genetic variants of GRHL3 and the risk for NTDs, we performed a case–control study and a case–parent triad/control study. Fast‐target enrichment sequencing was performed to screen exon regions from 503 NTD cases, and three tag SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms, including rs12030057, rs2486668, and rs545809) were selected according to the sequencing results. Then, Sequenom MassARRAY genotyping was performed in 757 case parents and 519 controls to obtain genotype information of the target variant sites among all NTD triads and controls.ResultsThe genotype distributions of all SNPs were in accordance with Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) in the control population. In the case–control study, significant associations were found between C27G genetic variants on rs2486668 and risk for spina bifida and encephalocele, respectively, under different genetic models. Consistently, in the case–parent triad/control study, GG genotype on rs2486668 was associated with increased risk for spina bifida, with a RR of 2.15 (95% CI: 1.20–3.83). However, no parent‐of‐origin effect was found for any tag SNPs.ConclusionThe GRHL3 C67G missense variant may increase the risk for spina bifida and encephalocele phenotypes.
Financing climate change mitigation: An assessment of the private sector investment opportunities in Ghana
Authors: Ahenkan Albert 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe funding required for climate mitigation in Africa is estimated at 10 billion U.S. dollars annually. Unfortunately, the contributions by advanced countries will not be enough to meet the mitigation needs of developing countries. Emerging economies like Ghana have low financial capacity to effectively mitigate the harsh impacts of climate change. However, the proportion of private sector investment for climate change mitigation (CCM) keeps increasing—making it a major source of climate change finance. The paper examined the investment opportunities in CCM for private firms in Ghana. The study used qualitative research approach through in‐depth interviews with 25 private sector organisations, key development partners, and climate change experts and policy makers. The study found a number of opportunities for private sector investment in energy, agriculture, transport, waste, industry, and buildings in Ghana. The private sector has competencies, which can make a unique contribution to climate mitigation through investment in innovative technology and capacity building. The study revealed a number of barriers, which are hindering the private sector from investing in CCM in Ghana. The paper urged the government to create awareness of the investment opportunities and provide incentives to attract the private firms to scale up climate change financing and investment in Ghana.
Historical vs. modern hard red spring wheat: Analysis of the chemical composition
Authors: Simsek Senay , Budak Bilge , Schwebach Catherine Suzanne , Ovando‐Martínez Maribel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground and objectivesTo evaluate possible changes in wheat composition due to breeding practices, the composition of thirty historical and modern hard red spring (HRS) wheat cultivars (released between 1910 and 2013) that were grown in North Dakota, USA, was determined.FindingsCultivars showed significant differences (p < .05) in the lipids, arabinoxylan, and dietary fiber contents; however, such differences were not related to the release year. The arabinose/xylose (A/X) ratio showed significant differences (p < .05), and this parameter was genotype‐dependent and related to the release year. Minerals showed significant differences (p < .05) between genotypes, and phosphorus, potassium, and zinc, which were significantly (p < .001) correlated with the release year.ConclusionsOverall, only A/X ratio and the minerals phosphorus, potassium, and zinc were related to the release year among genotypes. Our findings indicate that wheat breeding strategies did not seem to affect the composition of modern cultivars as compared to historical wheat cultivars.Significance and noveltyThe results obtained in this study will help to refute negative claims about wheat breeding practices and the healthfulness of wheat. The study of the composition of these historical and modern wheat cultivars supports the hypothesis that wheat breeding has not caused changes to the wheat, which would negatively influence human health.
Present bias and financial behavior
Authors: Xiao Jing Jian , Porto Nilton 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPresent bias is an important term in the theory of self‐control in behavioral finance. Empirical research finds that present bias is associated with undesirable spending, borrowing, and saving behaviors. Unlike previous research that focuses on one domain of financial behavior, the purpose of this study is to examine associations between present bias and a set of financial behaviors in various domains: spending, borrowing, saving, and money management. With data from a national urban sample in China, results show that some behavioral patterns are consistent with theoretical predictions that present biased consumers are more likely to spend in the present and less likely to save for the future. The findings have implications for further research on present bias and help researchers better understand this important concept. The results are also informative for financial planners to better serve their clients.