bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing nurses’ knowledge acquisition of diabetes care and its management: A qualitative study
Authors: Alotaibi Abdulellah , Gholizadeh Leila , Al‐Ganmi Ali Hussein Alek , Perry Lin 
Published: May 2018

AimTo identify and explore the factors nurses perceive as influencing their knowledge acquisition in relation to diabetes care and its management in Saudi Arabia.BackgroundDiabetes continues to pose major healthcare challenges despite advances in diabetes management. Nurses have a crucial role in diabetes care, but diabetes knowledge deficits deter effective collaboration with other healthcare providers in educating patients about diabetes self‐management.DesignAn exploratory descriptive qualitative design.MethodThis qualitative study recruited 16 nurses from different specialty areas at a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia. Data were obtained through semistructured interviews and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThree main themes emerged: (a) diabetes care and education, (b) barriers affecting nurses’ acquisition of diabetes knowledge and (c) factors to support nurses’ acquisition of diabetes knowledge.ConclusionTo pursue the goal of continued improvement in diabetes management in the challenging settings of acute care, there is a need to develop good practice in diabetes care among nursing professionals. Understanding of the complexity of factors that influence nurses’ knowledge acquisition in relation to diabetes care and its management provides clinical nurses and nursing managers with directions for future education, policy development and research.Relevance to clinical practiceA range of suggestions are proposed to support the development of nursing education and practice in diabetes, including organisational and individual‐level strategies to offer and enable access to education programmes to maintain up‐to‐date knowledge and skills in diabetes and effective communication for optimal diabetes self‐management.
Gender differences in temporomandibular disorders in adult populational studies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bueno C. H. , Pereira D. D. , Pattussi M. P. , Grossi P. K. , Grossi M. L. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryThe objective of this study was to systematically evaluate gender differences in the prevalence of TMD. A systematic review was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and LILACS in duplicate by two independent reviewers. The inclusion criteria were cross‐sectional studies that reported the prevalence of TMD for men and women and that used the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) Axis I group diagnostic criteria:(group I = muscle disorders; group II = disc displacements; group III = arthralgias/arthritis/arthrosis).To be eligible for inclusion, studies must include adult individuals (>18 years) from a non‐clinical population (ie without pre‐diagnosis of TMD); in other words, from population‐based studies. There were no restrictions on the year and language of publication. The quality of the articles was assessed by an adapted version of the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale(NOS), and the publication bias was assessed by a funnel plot graph. Data were quantitatively analysed by meta‐analysis using odds ratio (OR) as the measure effect. The electronic search retrieved a total of 6104 articles, of which 112 articles were selected for full‐text reading according to the eligibility criteria. By means of manual search, one study was retrieved. Five articles were selected for meta‐analysis with a combined sample of 2518 subjects. Women had higher prevalence of TMD in all RDC/TMD diagnostic groups. The meta‐analysis yielded the following results: (a) OR = 2.24 for global TMD (groups I, II and III combined), (b) OR = 2.09 for group I, (c) OR = 1.6 for group II and (d) OR = 2.08 for group III. The importance of gender in the development of TMD has been demonstrated, with a two times greater risk of women to develop it as compared to men.
Frontier Kantianism: Autonomy and Authority in Ralph Waldo Emerson and Joseph Smith
Authors: Davis Ryan W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRalph Waldo Emerson is often seen as the early American prophet of autonomy. This essay suggests a perhaps surprising fellow traveler in this prophetic call: Joseph Smith. Smith opposed religious creeds for the same reason that Emerson denounced them, namely that creeds represent a threat to the autonomy of a person's beliefs. Smith and Emerson also forward similar defenses of individual autonomy in action. Furthermore, they encounter a shared problem: how can autonomy be possible in a society where other individuals hold some kind of authority? I propose that each thinker resolves this tension through an insight with a Kantian echo. A suitably qualified version of authority can sometimes count as an expression of, rather than hindrance to, autonomy. I describe the overlap in Emerson and Smith as a “frontier” version of Kantianism. They favor determining one's own beliefs and actions in a way that looks forward to an open future of possibility.
Point‐of‐care lung ultrasound in paediatric critical and emergency care
Authors: Dominguez Anna , Gaspar Heloisa A , Preto Marcela , Ejzenberg Fernanda E 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUltrasound techniques have been developed since the past century and are becoming more useful in different areas of medical knowledge. More recently, lung ultrasound gained importance throughout artefacts analysis to help clinical evaluation at bedside and became subject of interest in the paediatric intensive care and emergency department settings for both procedural and diagnostic purposes. The normal pattern of lung ultrasound is defined by the presence of lung sliding associated with A‐lines whereas B‐lines may be representative of pathologic findings. This review focuses on some of the most common pulmonary conditions, their respective sonographic features and clinical implications in the emergency department and paediatric intensive care unit.
Poly(ethylene carbonate)-containing polylactic acid microparticles with rifampicin improve drug delivery to macrophages
Authors: Priemel Petra A , Wang Yingya , Bohr Adam , Water Jorrit J , Yang Mingshi , Mørck Nielsen Hanne 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Objective
Pulmonary delivery of antibiotics will decrease the required dose for efficient treatment of lung infections and reduce systemic side effects of the drug. The objective was to evaluate the applicability of poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC) for the preparation of inhalable, antibiotic-containing particles.

Methods
Rifampicin (RF)-loaded microparticles were prepared by electrospraying a carrier matrix of polylactic acid (PLA) with 0%, 5% and 10% PEC.

Key findings
Prepared particles had an aerodynamic diameter between 4 and 5 μm. Within 60 min, PEC-containing particles released 35–45% of RF, whereas PLA particles released only 15% of RF. Irrespective of particle composition, uptake of RF by macrophages was improved to 40–60% when formulated in microparticles compared to 0.4% for RF in solution, and intracellular localisation of particles was confirmed using confocal microscopy. Effect on macrophage and alveolar cell viability was similar for all particles whereas the minimal inhibitory concentrations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli for RF-containing PEC particles were twofold lower than for PLA particles, explained by the faster release of RF from PEC-containing particles.

Conclusions
The inclusion of PEC in PLA microparticles increased the release of RF and the inhibitory effect against two bacteria species while displaying physical particle properties similar to PLA particles.
Anti‐inflammatory character of Phelligridin D modulates periodontal regeneration in lipopolysaccharide‐induced human periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Kim J.‐E. , Takanche J.‐S. , Yun B.‐S. , Yi H.‐K. 
Published: May 2018

Background and ObjectivePhelligridin D is a hispidin analogue from the mushroom Phellinus baumii that is widely used as a food source in East Asia. This study tested phelligridin D for the anti‐inflammatory effect and mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs). The objective of this study was to clarify whether the anti‐inflammatory function of phelligridin D affects periodontal regeneration for supporting the HPDLCs of teeth.Material and MethodsPrimary HPDLCs were isolated from healthy teeth and then cultured. The anti‐inflammatory function, mechanism and differentiation molecules were verified with reactive oxygen species generation and western blot analysis in LPS‐induced HPDLCs.ResultsHPDLCs showed increased inflammatory molecules (intracellular adhesion molecule‐1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1) and decreased osteogenic proteins (bone morphogenetic protein‐7, Osterix and runt‐related transcription factor 2) by LPS treatment. Phelligridin D decreased inflammatory molecules and increased osteogenic molecules via downregulation of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and c‐jun N‐terminal kinases pathway among the mitogen‐activated protein kinase, followed by blocking of nuclear factor kappa‐B translocation from cytosol to nucleus. In addition, phelligridin D showed antioxidant properties by reducing reactive oxygen species activity. Finally, the anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant function of phelligridin D promoted the periodontal differentiation of HPDLCs.ConclusionThese results suggest that phelligridin D supports teeth on the alveolar bone against outside stress, and may be used as an anti‐inflammatory compound for the prevention of periodontitis or periodontal regenerative related disease.
Real‐world effectiveness of elbasvir/grazoprevir In HCV‐infected patients in the US veterans affairs healthcare system
Authors: Kramer J. R. , Puenpatom A. , Erickson K. F. , Cao Y. , Smith D. , El‐Serag H. B. , Kanwal F. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryElbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) is an all‐oral direct‐acting antiviral agent (DAA) with high sustained virologic response (SVR) in clinical trials. This study's primary objective was to evaluate effectiveness of EBR/GZR among HCV‐infected patients in a real‐world clinical setting. We conducted a nationwide retrospective observational cohort study of HCV‐infected patients in the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) using the VA Corporate Data Warehouse. The study population included patients with positive HCV RNA who initiated EBR/GZR from February 1 to August 1, 2016. We calculated the 95% confidence interval for binomial proportions for SVR overall and by demographic subgroups. Clinical and demographic characteristics were also evaluated. We included 2436 patients in the study cohort. Most were male (96.5%), African American (57.5%), with mean age of 63.5 (SD = 5.9) and 95.4% infected with genotype (GT) 1 [GT1a (34.7%), GT1b (58.6%)]. Other comorbidities included diabetes (53.2%), depression (57.2%) and HIV (3.0%). More than 50% had history of drug or alcohol abuse (53.9% and 60.5%, respectively). 33.2% of the cohort had cirrhosis. A total of 95.6% (2,328/2,436; 95% CI: 94.7%‐96.4%) achieved SVR. The SVR rates by subgroups were: male, 95.5% (2245/2350); female, 96.5% (83/86); GT1a, 93.4%, GT1b, 96.6%, GT4, 96.9%, African American, 95.9% (1,342/1,400); treatment‐experienced, 96.3% (310/322); cirrhosis, 95.6% (732/766); stage 4‐5 CKD, 96.3% (392/407); and HIV, 98.6% (73/74). SVR rates were high overall and across patient subgroups regardless of gender, race/ethnicity, cirrhosis, renal impairment or HIV. This study provided important data regarding the effectiveness of EBR/GZR in a large clinical setting.
Comparison of effectiveness and discontinuation of interferon‐free therapy for hepatitis C in prison inmates and noninmates
Authors: Marco A. , Roget M. , Cervantes M. , Forné M. , Planella R. , Miquel M. , Ortiz J. , Navarro M. , Gallego C. , Vergara M. ,   In and Out of Prison Study Group
Published: May 2018

SummaryChronic hepatitis C treatment with direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy during incarceration is an attractive option, due to its short duration and to the possibility of directly observed treatment or supervision. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness and rates of discontinuation of DAA treatment in prisoners and nonprisoners. We studied all patients treated in the 10 prisons of Catalonia and at 3 public hospitals in the Barcelona area between 1 January 2015 and 30 April 2016. We analysed sustained viral response (SVR) and rates of discontinuation through intention‐to‐treat and modified‐intention‐to‐treat analyses, the latter excluding discontinuations due to release from prison. One hundred and eighty‐eight inmates and 862 noninmates were included. Prisoners were significantly younger than nonprisoners, with higher proportions of men, drug users, HIV infection, genotypes 1a and 3 and more treatment with psychiatric drugs. Overall, 98.4% of patients completed treatment. The discontinuation rate was low, but higher in inmates (3.7% vs 1.2% noninmates; P = .003) and in community patients >65 years old (2.8% vs 1.2% in under 65 seconds; P = .008). Among the inmates, 7 (42.8%) discontinuations were due to release. SVR was 93.1% in inmates vs 96.5% in noninmates (P = .08) by intention‐to‐treat and 95.1% vs 96.5% (P = .37) by modified intention‐to‐treat. Virologic failure rates were similar (3.8% vs 3% in noninmates; P = .60). SVR, virologic failure and discontinuation rates were similar in inmates and noninmates. Currently, prisons are considered a priority for the implementation of DAA. Improved coordination between penitentiary and community health systems would help to ensure therapeutic continuity in released prisoners.
Safety and efficacy of vesatolimod (GS‐9620) in patients with chronic hepatitis B who are not currently on antiviral treatment
Authors: Agarwal K. , Ahn S. H. , Elkhashab M. , Lau A. H. , Gaggar A. , Bulusu A. , Tian X. , Cathcart A. L. , Woo J. , Subramanian G. M. , Andreone P. , Kim H. J. , Chuang W. L. , Nguyen M. H. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryVesatolimod is an oral agonist of toll‐like receptor 7 designed to minimize systemic exposure and side effects. We assessed the safety and efficacy of vesatolimod in viremic chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients not currently on oral antiviral treatment (OAV) in a phase 2, multicentre, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study. A total of 192 patients stratified by HBeAg status and alanine aminotransferase level were randomized 2:2:2:1 to receive oral vesatolimod (1‐, 2‐ or 4‐mg) or placebo once weekly for 12 weeks; tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (300‐mg daily) was administered daily for 48 weeks. Efficacy was assessed by quantitative serum HBsAg decline at Week 24 from baseline. In addition to safety assessments, changes in whole‐blood interferon‐stimulated gene (ISG) transcripts and serum cytokines were explored. Most patients were male (64.1%) and HBeAg‐negative (60.9%) at baseline. Among vesatolimod‐treated patients, most (60.4%‐69.1%) experienced ≥1 treatment‐emergent adverse event; the majority were mild or moderate in severity. No clinically meaningful differences in HBsAg changes from baseline were observed between treatment groups. No patients experienced HBsAg loss, while 3 patients experienced HBeAg loss and hepatitis B e‐antibody seroconversion at week 48. HBV DNA suppression rates were similar across all treatment arms at Week 24. ISG15 induction was dose‐dependent and did not correlate with HBsAg changes. A small proportion of patients exhibited dose‐dependent interferon‐α induction that correlated with grade of influenza‐like adverse events. Overall, vesatolimod is safe and well tolerated in CHB patients. Although consistent dose‐dependent pharmacodynamic induction of ISGs was demonstrated, it did not result in clinically significant HBsAg decline.
Evolution of the testis and spermatozoon in mice and rats (Subfamily Murinae) in the absence of sperm competition
Authors: Peirce E. J. , McLennan H. J. , Tuke J. , Leigh C. M. , Breed W. G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis study explores the potential effects of interspecific differences in breeding systems on testis organisation and sperm morphology of native murid rodents. It poses the question – what are the effects of depressed levels of intermale sperm competition, as indicated by small relative testes mass, on the morphology of testes and spermatozoa in murine rodents? Species from three separate murine tribes, those of the Hydromyini, Rattini and Arvicanthini, were investigated with low relative testes mass being used as a proxy for low, or non‐existent, levels of intermale sperm competition. The findings show that in only one of the tribes with low relative testes mass, that of the Hydromyini, was there a reduced testicular area occupied by seminiferous tubules, but in two of the tribes significantly smaller seminiferous tubule diameters were present. In all three tribes, most species with low relative testes mass had a highly derived sperm morphology that, unlike in species with large relative testes mass, had spermatozoa where the head lacked an apical hook, was highly variable in form, often had a very large acrosome overlying the apical region of the nucleus which suggests divergent processes of sperm–egg interaction at the time of fertilisation, and a significantly shorter tail. It is therefore hypothesised that, unlike in species with a large relative testes mass where high levels of intermale sperm competition maintain a streamlined sperm head with an apical hook to aid in zona penetration, in most species of murine rodents with low relative testes mass there is greater reliance on enzymatic digestion of the extracellular matrix around the egg, and especially that of the zona pellucida, to facilitate sperm penetration at the time of fertilisation.
Friendly foxes: the relationship between steroid hormones and social behaviour in a monogamous African canid
Authors: de Bruin P. R. , Ganswindt A. , Laver P. , le Roux A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAside from some studies on cooperatively breeding species, we know little about the underlying endocrine mechanisms of social behaviour in the order Carnivora. We investigated the correlations between steroid hormones and social behaviour in a socially monogamous canid, the bat‐eared fox (Otocyon megalotis). We collected faecal and observational data over 15 and 22 months, respectively, from 14 wild bat‐eared foxes in the Kalahari Desert, South Africa. These data were used to describe the relationship between faecal hormone metabolite concentrations and social behaviour. Faecal androgen metabolite (fAM) concentration differed by sex and mating season and was positively associated with faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) levels. Male foxes had substantially higher fAM concentrations (median: 9.99 μg g−1 org. content, IQR = 7.39–11.62 μg g−1 org. content) than females (median: 1.93 μg g−1 org. content, IQR = 1.68–2.56 μg g−1 org. content). Higher fAM concentrations were associated with more social tolerance in female but not male foxes. Concentrations of fAM were positively associated with rate of inter‐group encounters in female foxes. Furthermore, fAM concentrations were also positively associated with the overall rate of negative social interactions for females. Finally, fAM concentrations were positively associated with scent‐marking behaviour in male, but not female foxes. There was no association between fGCM concentrations and any of the observed social behaviours in male foxes. Female foxes had a negative relationship between fGCM concentration and marking behaviour as well as social tolerance. There was no difference in fGCM concentration between female (median: 0.19 μg g−1 org. content, IQR = 0.16–0.23 μg g−1 org. content) and male (median: 0.22 μg g−1 org. content, IQR = 0.19–0.31 μg g−1 org. content) foxes. Our study is the first to describe the endocrine correlates of aggressive and affiliative behaviour in the monogamous bat‐eared fox. Androgens play an important role in mating behaviour in monomorphic, monogamous species where females might drive sexual selection.
Interactivity of language
Authors: Spevack Samuel C. , Falandays J. Benjamin , Batzloff Brandon , Spivey Michael J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn previous decades, the language sciences made important advances by dividing language into its different information formats, such as phonetics, semantics, and syntax. Such division generally implied that language processing is divorced from context. In more recent decades, however, important advances in the language sciences have been made in understanding how linguistic information interacts with context. These contextual influences stem from a broad range of sources. They include linguistic and non‐linguistic processes within and between individuals. This brief review touches on experimental results from both behavioral and neural measures, and from both individuals processing prepared linguistic stimuli and dyads sharing unscripted conversation. Overall, the findings generally support a view of language processing that must somehow allow for the different information formats of language to retain their unique labels but also accommodate the fact that they frequently interact and overlap with other, even non‐linguistic, formats of information.
Consistent patterns of high alpha and low beta diversity in tropical parasitic and free‐living protists
Authors: Lentendu Guillaume , Mahé Frédéric , Bass David , Rueckert Sonja , Stoeck Thorsten , Dunthorn Micah 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTropical animals and plants are known to have high alpha diversity within forests, but low beta diversity between forests. By contrast, it is unknown whether microbes inhabiting the same ecosystems exhibit similar biogeographic patterns. To evaluate the biogeographies of tropical protists, we used metabarcoding data of species sampled in the soils of three lowland Neotropical rainforests. Taxa–area and distance–decay relationships for three of the dominant protist taxa and their subtaxa were estimated at both theOTUand phylogenetic levels, with presence–absence and abundance‐based measures. These estimates were compared to null models. High local alpha and low regional beta diversity patterns were consistently found for both the parasitic Apicomplexa and the largely free‐living Cercozoa and Ciliophora. Similar to animals and plants, the protists showed spatial structures between forests at theOTUand phylogenetic levels, and only at the phylogenetic level within forests. These results suggest that the biogeographies of macro‐ and micro‐organismal eukaryotes in lowland Neotropical rainforests are partially structured by the same general processes. However, and unlike the animals and plants, the protistOTUs did not exhibit spatial structures within forests, which hinders our ability to estimate the local and regional diversity of protists in tropical forests.
“Service‐learning makes it real”
Authors: SCHALGE SUSAN , PAJUNEN MATTHEW , BROTHERTON JACLYN 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAt Minnesota State University, Mankato, the Anthropology Department pursued service‐learning as a means of educating and engaging diverse publics. An assessment of the service‐learning program began after it became clear that standard course evaluations provided an inadequate assessment of service‐learning's efficacy. We employed a mixed‐ method, multiperspective approach, combining interview data gathered from students, faculty, community partners, and program coordinators to complement existing archival and survey data. Through these interviews and participant observation, we explore the pedagogy of service‐learning, its effectiveness, and the relationship among anthropological theory and practice. Our research identified three forms of value regarding student and community partner motivation. Additionally, we consider the role of culture in what constitutes value. One emergent theme, “realness,” was vital for enhancing student outcomes through providing embodied examples of concepts and practical experience in field methods. Service‐learning enhances comprehension through practical application, demonstrating the relevance of anthropology while improving students’ learning outcomes.