bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anal incontinence and unrecognized anal sphincter injuries after vaginal delivery - A cross-sectional study
Authors: Berg Matilde Risopatron , Sahlin Ylva Ingrid 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background Aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of postpartum anal incontinence among women who delivered vaginally, and to assess the extent to which obstetric injuries to the anal sphincters are missed. Methods All women who delivered vaginally and received any kind of sutures in the perineal area at Innlandet Hospital Trust Elverum between January 1, 2015 and June 30, 2016 were nvited to answer a questionnaire on St. Mark’s incontinence score and to participate in a clinical examination of the pelvic floor including endoanal sonography. Results 52.3% of the invited women participated in the study. Mean St. Mark’s score was 1.8 points (95% CI 1.4 to 2.1), and none of the participants suffered from weekly fecal leakage. 11.7% (95% CI 7.1 to 16.3) experienced fecal urgency, and 8.7% (95%CI 5.1 to 12.8) had weekly involuntary leakage of flatus. Nine women (9.3%, 95% CI 4.1 to 15.5) had a previously undetected third degree obstetric anal sphincter injury. Conclusion The prevalence of anal incontinence among women who have delivered vaginally and received sutures due to 1st and 2nd degree perineal lacerations is low. Some obstetric anal sphincter injuries remain unrecognized at the time of delivery, but the symptoms of anal incontinence due to these injuries are in the lower half of the St. Mark’s incontinence score. Women with persistent symptoms like fecal urgency or leakage of gas and/or feces should be referred to evaluation by a colorectal surgeon in order to achieve optimal treatment.
Relationship between bodyweight and spinopelvic alignment in Chinese adult people: A pilot study
Authors: Zhang QingXi , Gao FuQiang , Wang YunTing , Li ZiRong , Koji Ozaki , Sun Wei 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background The purpose of this study is to evaluate the correlation between spinal alignment and the obesity parameters in healthy Chinese adult volunteers.Methods This pilot study included 100 Chinese healthy adult volunteers, 36 males and 64 females. The obesity parameters measured were BMI, waist circumference (WC), sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), transverse abdominal diameter (TAD) and RR (the ratio of SAD to TAD). The sagittal spinopelvic parameters included pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), pelvic angulation (PA), sacral slope (SS), sacral inclination (SI), lumbar lordosis (LL) and the disc angle of L5/S1. The coronal spinopelvic parameters included the Cobb angel of the major curve of the spine, lumbar scoliosis (LS) and pelvic obliquity (PO).Results The mean BMI of the males and females was 28.7 ± 3.7 kg/m2 and 26.8 ± 2.3 kg/m2 respectively; mean WC, 88.39 ± 9 cm and 82.6 ± 2.7 cm respectively. In the females, strong correlation was found between BMI and PI, WC and PT, and WC and PI. In the males, no strong correlation was found between the obesity and spinopelvic alignment parameters. RR showed a positive linear correlation with PA and PT in both groups. None of the coronal spinopelvic parameters showed a correlation with the obesity parameters in either group.Conclusions BMI and WC had a strong influence on some spinopelvic parameters, but only in females. In individuals with abdominal obesity, the sagittal spinopelvic alignment is likely to change, however there is little effect on the coronal spinopelvic.
Respiratory healthcare resource allocation in rural hospitals in Hunan, China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Jiang Juan , He Ruoxi , Yin Huiming , Li Shizhong , Li Yuanyuan , Liu Yali , Qiu Fei , Hu Chengping 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background Rural hospitals in China provide respiratory health service for about 600 million people, but the current situation of respiratory healthcare resource allocation in rural hospitals has never been reported.Methods In the present study, we designed a survey questionnaire, and collected information from 48 rural hospitals in Hunan Province, focusing on their respiratory medicine specialty, basic facilities and equipment, clinical staffing and available medical techniques.Results The results showed that 58.3% of rural hospitals established an independent department of respiratory medicine, 50% provided specialized outpatient service, and 12.5% had an independent respiratory intensive care unit. Among these hospitals, 72.9% were equipped with pulmonary function test laboratories, 54.2% had bronchoscopy rooms, 64.6% had non-invasive ventilators, 43.8% had invasive ventilators, while less than 15% had set up sleep laboratories and atomization therapeutic rooms. The overall physician-to-bed ratio and nurse-to-bed ratio were 1:11.1 and 1:13.6, respectively. Mechanical ventilation, diagnostic bronchoscopy, therapeutic bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, percutaneous lung biopsy, transbronchial needle aspiration and bronchial artery embolism were applicable in 66.7%, 47.9%, 6.3%, 18.8%, 20.8%, 8.3% and 8.3% of rural hospitals, respectively. Rural hospitals without an independent department of respiratory medicine showed significant disadvantages in facilities and equipment, clinical staffing and medical techniques over the other hospitals.Conclusions Respiratory healthcare system in rural areas of China are facing great challenges, including a serious shortage of basic facilities and equipment, necessary medical techniques and high-quality workforce. Besides, disparity of respiratory healthcare resources has been increasing among rural hospitals. More financial and political support from the government are needed to improve the access to and the quality of respiratory health service for rural residents.
Designing a pediatric emergency triage and action program
Authors: Mogi Tsunetoshi , Kodama Kazuhiko , Doi Naoki , Konishi Yasuhiko , Nishigori Hiroshi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
BACKGROUND In Japan, non-pediatricians face many instances in which they must see children, partly due to the uneven distribution of pediatricians among urban and rural areas. We aimed to develop and examine the effect of a model simulation-based training program in pediatric primary care for non-pediatric medical and ancillary personnel who express misgivings about seeing pediatric patients in an emergency setting due to their perception of their lack of training in this area.METHODS We instituted a series of workshops on common pediatric emergency situations, first with physicians, and later also including ancillary personnel, as a form of interprofessional education. The entire program was constructed around Design-based Research.RESULTS Feedback from attendees and facilitators was mostly positive, leading us to open the workshops to ancillary personnel.CONCLUSIONS From a training point of view, this epistemological investigation was successful in mitigating anxieties in individuals about seeing pediatric emergency patients. The effects on patient care remain to be studied.
A Simplified Convolutional Network for Soil Pore Identification Based on Computed Tomography Imagery
Authors: Han Qiaoling , Zhao Yandong , Liu Lei , Chen Yuhong , Zhao Yue 
Published: September 2019

Core Ideas
Deep learning has significant performance for identifying soil pore structure.
The SCN method provides an intelligent technique to the soil micromorphology tool set.
The necessity to improve existing methods for pore structure identification is explained.
Advances of X‐ray computed tomography (CT) in soil micromorphology have motivated researchers to examine the internal structure of soil, particularly the geometry and spatial distribution of the pores. The effectiveness of CT data to characterize pore structures depends on how accurately the soil grayscale image is converted to the binary image. Therefore, the objective of this study was to propose a simplified convolutional network (SCN) to automatically identify the solids and pore structures. To establish the pore identification model and assess the performance of the SCN, we obtain the correction image of pore structures by manual labeling. With automatic learning of the shallow features and the deep features of pore structures, the SCN can accurately identify the irregular boundary and complex structure from the complex hierarchical organization of soil. Compared with four commonly used identification methods in the literature, promising results were obtained with soil samples under different physical conditions. The SCN achieves an identification accuracy of 99.82%, an identification precision of 99.61%, and an identification recall of 99.93%, which are 1.20, 22.47, and 0.82% higher than that of the suboptimal method (fuzzy C‐means method), respectively. Overall, the experimental data illustrate that the SCN method can accurately identify the pore structures for soil CT imagery under different physical conditions. Moreover, this paper introduced state‐of‐the‐art artificial intelligent technology into the soil field, which will provide an intelligent technique to the soil micromorphology tool set.
Hormonal Contraception and the Brain: Examining Cognition and Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Laird Stephanie , Ney Luke J. , Felmingham Kim L. , Gogos Andrea 
Published: September 2019

Background:The combined oral contraceptive pill (OC), containing synthetic estrogens and progestins, is used by millions of women worldwide, yet little is known about its effects on cognition or on psychiatric disorders. The progestin component of OCs determines their androgenicity, i.e. whether the OC has androgen binding components with masculinising effects or antiandrogenic components with feminising effects.Objective:The present review discusses the literature surrounding OC use and cognition in healthy women. Given the important role that sex hormones play in psychiatric disorders, we also consider the influence of OCs on symptoms of schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders and indirectly, sleep quality.Results:Research has shown that while there are no differences between OC users and non-users, androgenic OCs enhance visuospatial ability and anti-androgenic OCs enhance verbal fluency. Little is known about OCs effects on other cognitive domains, such as memory and executive function. There is little research examining OC use in schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder and anxiety disorders. There is some evidence that OC use is associated with depression, however the exact causality of this association remains to be verified.Conclusion:We maintain that future studies need to address several methodological limitations, such as separating OCs based on androgenicity to avoid the masking effects that occur when various OCs are considered as one group. As this review highlights several significant effects of OC use on the brain, the implications of OC use needs to be considered in future research.
Recent Patents on Magnetic Encoder and its use in Rotating Mechanism
Authors: Wang Lei , Ren Qimin , Jiang Jingang , Zhang Hongxin , Zhang Yongde 
Published: September 2019

Background:
The application of magnetic encoder relieves the problem of reliable application
of servo system in vibration field. The magnetic encoder raises the efficiency and reliability of the
system, and from structural considerations, the magnetic encoder is divided into two parts: signal conversion
and structural support.

Objective:
In order to improve the accuracy of the magnetic encoder, its structure is constantly improving.
To evaluate a magnetic encoder, the accuracy is a factor, meanwhile, the structure of magnetic encoder
is one of the key factors that make difference in the accuracy of magnetic encoder. The purpose of
this paper is to study the accuracy of different structures of magnetic encoder.

Methods:
This paper reviews various representative patents related to magnetic encoder.

Results:
The differences in different types of magnetic encoders were compared and analyzed and the
characteristics were concluded. The main problems in its development were analyzed, the development
trend forecasted, and the current and future developments of the patents on magnetic encoder were discussed.

Conclusion:
The optimization of the magnetic encoder structure improves the accuracy of magnetic encoder.
In the future, for wide popularization of magnetic encoder, modularization, generalization, and
reliability are the factors that practitioner should pay attention to, and more patents on magnetic encoder
should be invented.
The impact of internal audit in the activation of risk management under the governance of banks
Authors: Alimoradi Afsar Ali , Ahmad Chya Kareem 
Published: September 2019

The research aims to measure and evaluate the impact of internal audit on the efficiency of risk management under the principles of the bank governance in a sample of banks. Thus, internal audit is an important function of controlling financial and administrative performance. It has the impact of evaluating and measuring the efficiency of the use of available resources and strengthening the so-called governance as well as contributing to the assessment and management of risks, which enhances the opportunities of economic units and banks in the optimal use of resources.Internal Audit assists senior management and the board in the process of theidentifying, assessing and responding to risks, by providing various assurance and advisory services during the implementation of the risk management process.
In order to achieve the objectives of the study and test its hypotheses, the study was based on primary and secondary data and the questionnaire was designed and the researchers used the Statistical Program (SPSS) to analyze the data.
It was concluded during the research that there is a clear impact of the internal audit profession on the risk management by improving its effectiveness and efficiency under the principles of bank governance shows through the internal audit has a prominent position in banks and because it is linked to the highest levels of management as an independent control and advisory tool.
The researchers present a set of recommendations, the most important of which is the need to provide adequate financial and human resources for internal auditing in banks.
The study also recommended to strengthen the components of the independence of the internal auditor in order to be able to perform his duties to the fullest.
Key words : Internal Audit , Risk Management , Banking Governance, Internal Auditor.
Gender Perspectives on Social Norms Surrounding Teen Pregnancy: A Thematic Analysis of Social Media Data
Authors: Barker Kathryn M , Subramanian S V , Selman Robert , Austin S Bryn 
Published: September 2019

Background
Social concern with teen pregnancy emerged in the 1970s, and today’s popular and professional health literature continues to draw on social norms that view teen pregnancy as a problem—for the teen mother, her baby, and society. It is unclear, however, how adolescents directly affected by teen pregnancy draw upon social norms against teen pregnancy in their own lives, whether the norms operate differently for girls and boys, and how these social norms affect pregnant or parenting adolescents.

Objective
This research aims to examine whether and how US adolescents use, interpret, and experience social norms against teen pregnancy.

Methods
Online ethnographic methods were used for the analysis of peer-to-peer exchanges from an online social network site designed for adolescents. Data were collected between March 2010 and February 2015 (n=1662). Thematic analysis was conducted using NVivo software.

Results
American adolescents in this online platform draw on dominant social norms against teen pregnancy to provide rationales for why pregnancy in adolescence is wrong or should be avoided. Rationales range from potential socioeconomic harms to life-course rationales that view adolescence as a special, carefree period in life. Despite joint contributions from males and females to a pregnancy, it is primarily females who report pregnancy-related concerns, including experiences of bullying, social isolation, and fear.

Conclusions
Peer exchange in this online forum indicates that American adolescents reproduce prevailing US social norms of viewing teen pregnancy as a social problem. These norms intersect with the norms of age, gender, and female sexuality. Female adolescents who transgress these norms experience bullying, shame, and stigma. Health professionals must ensure that strategies designed to prevent unintended adolescent pregnancy do not simultaneously create hardship and stigma in the lives of young women who are pregnant and parent their children.
“Future Patient” Telerehabilitation for Patients With Heart Failure: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Dinesen Birthe , Dittmann Lars , Gade Josefine Dam , Jørgensen Cecilia Klitgaard , Hollingdal Malene , Leth Soeren , Melholt Camilla , Spindler Helle , Refsgaard Jens 
Published: September 2019

Background
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 13%-15% of all deaths. Cardiac rehabilitation has poor compliance and adherence. Telerehabilitation has been introduced to increase patients’ participation, access, and adherence with the help of digital technologies. The target group is patients with heart failure. A telerehabilitation program called “Future Patient” has been developed and consists of three phases: (1) titration of medicine (0-3 months), (2) implementation of the telerehabilitation protocols (3 months), and (3) follow-up with rehabilitation in everyday life (6 months). Patients in the Future Patient program measure their blood pressure, pulse, weight, number of steps taken, sleep, and respiration and answer questions online regarding their well-being. All data are transmitted and accessed in the HeartPortal by patients and health care professionals.

Objective
The aim of this paper is to describe the research design, outcome measures, and data collection techniques in the clinical test of the Future Patient Telerehabilitation Program for patients with heart failure.

Methods
A randomized controlled study will be performed. The intervention group will follow the Future Patient Telerehabilitation program, and the control group will follow the traditional cardiac rehabilitation program. The primary outcome is quality of life measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes are development of clinical data; illness perception; motivation; anxiety and depression; health and electronic health literacy; qualitative exploration of patients’, spouses’, and health care professionals’ experiences of participating in the telerehabilitation program; and a health economy evaluation of the program. Outcomes were assessed using questionnaires and through the data generated by digital technologies.

Results
Data collection began in December 2016 and will be completed in October 2019. The study results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences. Results from the Future Patient Telerehabilitation program are expected to be published by the spring of 2020.

Conclusions
The expected outcomes are increased quality of life, increased motivation and illness perception, reduced anxiety and depressions, improved electronic health literacy, and health economics benefits. We expect the study to have a clinical impact for future telerehabilitation of patients with heart failure.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03388918; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03388918

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
DERR1-10.2196/14517
Lower Fixed Retainers: Bonded On All Teeth Or Only On Canines?A Systematic review
Authors: Moda Larissa Barbosa , da Silva Barros Ana Luiza Correa , Fagundes Nathalia Carolina Fernandes , Normando David , Maia Lucianne Cople , dos Anjos Mendes Sissy Maria 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo evaluate the stability after orthodontic treatment between two types of lower fixed retainers: those bonded onto all anterior teeth or those bonded only onto the canines.Materials and MethodsThe following electronic databases were consulted: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, OpenGrey, ClinicalTrials, and Google Scholar. No restriction of language or year were applied. After selection of studies, risk-of-bias evaluation and qualitative synthesis of the included studies were performed using The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for randomized studies and the “Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions” (ROBINS-I) tool for nonrandomized studies, and a summary of the overall strength of evidence was presented using the “Grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation” tool.ResultsAmong the 180 studies retrieved from the searches, five were included in this review. Three of them showed a low risk of bias, while two presented a high risk of bias. With regard to stability, two studies reported better stability for retainers bonded to all six teeth, while the other three showed no difference. The retainer bonded to all teeth presented a higher breakage rate in one study.ConclusionsStability seems better with lower fixed retainers bonded on all anterior teeth. The breakage rate may not change according to the bonding. However, studies with greater methodological soundness are necessary to reach a more reliable conclusion.
Mahremiyet Korumalı Büyük Veri Yayınlama İçin Kavramsal Model Önerileri
Authors: CANBAY Yavuz , VURAL Yılmaz , SAĞIROĞLU Şeref 
Published: September 2019

Teknolojinin
gelişmesi ile beraber veri üretim ve işleme hızı artmış, bunun sonucu olarak
hacim, hız, çeşitlilik ve değer gibi bileşenlere sahip büyük veri kavramı
ortaya çıkmıştır. Büyük verilerden elde edilecek faydayı arttırmak için bu
verilerin mahremiyetini koruyarak paylaşmak veya yayınlamak gerekir. Literatür
incelendiğinde, büyük verinin mahremiyetini koruyarak yayınlanmasını kolaylaştıran
herhangi bir modelin olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Mahremiyet Korumalı Büyük Veri
Yayınlama (Privacy Preserving Big Data Publishing – PPBDP) modellerinin
oluşturulması, büyük veri mahremiyeti koruma sürecindeki tüm tarafların doğru
bir şekilde yönlendirilmesi ve gereksinimlerinin doğru karşılanması, doğru alt
yapı ve hizmetlerin oluşturulması adına önemlidir. Ayrıca, bu modelleri
oluştururken maliyet ve güvenlik gibi faktörleri de göz önünde bulundurmak
gerekir.

Bu çalışmada,
mahremiyet korumalı geleneksel veri yayınlama modelleri araştırılmış, çeşitli
kriterlere göre karşılaştırılarak mahremiyet risk seviyeleri değerlendirilmiş
ve bu risk seviyelerini de dikkate alan büyük veri temelli yeni kavramsal modeller
ilk defa önerilmiştir. Önerilen bu modeller senaryo temelli olarak
oluşturulmuş, üstünlükleri ve dezavantajları sunulmuştur. Önerilen modellerin,
büyük verilerin mahremiyetinin korunarak yayınlanması, mahremiyet risklerinin
minimize edilmesi ve büyük veriden maksimum faydanın sağlanması gibi pek çok konuda
katkılar sağlayacağı değerlendirilmektedir.
As teorias de letramento aplicadas ao ensino bíblico: o estado da questão
Authors: Domingues dos Santos Rodrigues João Carlos , Artuso Vicente 
Published: September 2019

Este estudo apresenta, o estado da questão sobre a teoria do letramento aplicada ao ensino bíblico no contexto da Igreja Católica no Brasil. Expõe a origem e princípios da teoria do letramento. Constata no contexto eclesial os desafios de superação de uma leitura parafrástica para uma leitura polissêmica das Escrituras. Grandes passos foram dados com a aplicação de novos métodos e especialmente com o método da leitura popular. A teoria do letramento contribui para uma aproximação mais frutuosa do leitor fiel aos textos sagrados. Apresentadas as preocupações e desafios para superar a leitura fundamentalista o artigo mostra a relação entre leitura popular e teoria do Letramento. Há uma relação de complementariedade no método quando destaca o leitor no seu contexto e intertexto, o que na leitura popular corresponde a ligação da Bíblia com a Vida. Em ambos o leitor é sujeito interpretante.