bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role Of Annealing On Biodegradation Behavior Of Mg-Zn-Ca Alloy Prepared From Commercial Mg Sacrificial Anode
Authors: Setiawan Asep Ridwan , Basuki Arif 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys offers great potential application for biodegradable implant due to its low corrosion resistance, high biocompatibility, favorable mechanical properties, and young modulus similar to bone. However, there are still many challenges to be solved. In this work, Mg-Zn-Ca alloy were prepared from commercial Mg sacrificial anode, Mg-Ca master alloy, and pure Zn (99%) through casting process. Melting and alloying operations were conducted in a graphite crucible, using a home made melting facility. The influence of annealing treatment on the alloys performance were studied. Microstructure observations of the alloys were conducted using optical and scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The microhardness of the alloys were evaluated using Brinell hardness indentation. In vitro biodegradation behaviors of Mg-Zn-Ca alloy were evaluated through immersion test in Ringer Laktat solution. The results show that Mg-Zn-Ca alloy fabricated in our work exhibit minimum corrosion rates. Annealing treatment at 300 °C (8 hour, air cooling) alter the microstructure of Mg-Zn-Ca alloy. The microhardness of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys slightly increased from 43 (as cast) to 53 BHN (as annealed). The corrosion rate of the alloys was increased from 8 mm/year (as cast) to 17 mm/year (as annealed). This is suspected due to grain refinement and extensive formation of needle structures causing anodic couples with the matrix.
Effect of Annealing Cycle on Drawability and Microstructure of Cold Rolled Steel Sheet
Authors: Muda Iskandar , Dunne Druce P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The effect of the annealing cycle on microstructure, mechanical properties and draw ability of aluminium killed steel sheets at three different heating rates and holding times were investigated. Tensile test, hardness test, optical microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques were utilized. The results of samples for different times in laboratory experiments were compared with the production samples. The results for these experiments showed that lower heating rates (12 °C/h) occurred at a lower annealing temperature, increase draw ability. This effect is attributable to the longer time available to initiate nucleation at the lowest heating rate. However, for all three heating rates (12 °C/h, 24 °C/h and 36 °C/h), the aluminium and nitrogen combine to form atmospheres or pre-precipitation clusters at polygonised sub-grains and as rolled boundaries, modifying the development of the recrystallized structure. Different amounts of AlN were precipitated prior to recrystallization for each heating rate resulting in different final recrystallized grain sizes, mechanical properties and drawabilities. The heating rate strongly influences recrystallization and drawability with a lower heating rate reducing both the temperature of the start of recrystallization and the recrystallized grain size. It is inferred that the lower rate promotes nucleation of recrystallization overgrowth of recrystallized. The effect of holding time on mechanical properties was to: (i) decrease tensile strength, yield strength and hardness and (ii) increase drawability, elongation and grain size. Tensile strength and hardness results from laboratory experiments were lower than those for production samples, but the trends were similar.
Failure Analysis of Blade on Coconut Shell Crusher Machine
Authors: Surasno  , Ihlas Apriardi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Blade mounted on coconut shell crusher machine was frequently having damaged while being operated in making of coconut shell powder at small and medium industries. This took place repeatedly during the operation, therefore blade repairing and replacement has to be done for every 16 hours at the wear rate of 24.28%. A research was carried out to find out the cause of damage to the metal blade material on the coconut shell crusher machine. The scope of this research included the observation on visual examination, dimensions examination, chemical composition, hardness, and metallography. The results of observations and tests showed that blade was broken due to abrasion and deformation during operation. The metal material used for the blade was low carbon steel. Chemical composition of the metal content of the blade were: C (0.103 up to 0.144 %) and Mn (0.657 up to 1.400 %). Hardness value of blade metal materials were 146 up to 148 Hv. Microstructure consisted of ferrite and pearlite. This low carbon steel material is not suitable to be used as a blade on coconut shell crusher machines for producing of coconut shell. Repairing and maintenance of welding coating methods on blades using low carbon electrodes does not give increased significant value of hardness. Blade replacement in coconut shell crusher machines must comply with the requirements of tool steel with suitable heat treatment or the use of low carbon steel with the carburization process.
Choice, Expectations, and the Placebo Effect for Sleep Difficulty
Authors: Yeung Valerie , Sharpe Louise , Geers Andrew , Colagiuri Ben 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Choice has been found to facilitate placebo effects for single-session treatments where standard placebo treatment without choice failed to elicit a placebo effect. However, it is unknown whether choice can enhance the placebo effect for treatments occurring over a period of days and where placebo effects are readily established without choice.

Purpose
We tested whether single or daily choice between two (placebo) treatments enhanced the placebo effect for sleep difficulty relative to no choice and no treatment over a 1 week period.

Methods
One-hundred and seventeen volunteers self-identifying with sleep difficulty were recruited under the guise of a hypnotic trial and randomized to one of the four groups. Self-reported outcomes included insomnia severity, fatigue, total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), perceived sleep quality (PSQ), and treatment satisfaction. Objective TST and SOL were assessed in a subsample via actigraphy.

Results
Overall, placebo treatment significantly improved insomnia severity, fatigue, and PSQ, confirming a placebo effect on these outcomes. However, both traditional and Bayesian analysis indicated no benefit of choice on the placebo effect on any sleep outcome. Mediation analysis of the overall placebo effect indicated that expectancy completely mediated the placebo effects for insomnia severity and PSQ and partially mediated the placebo effect for fatigue.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that choice does not enhance the placebo effect over longer treatment periods (up to 7 days) when placebo effects are readily established without choice. As such, any benefit of choice on placebo effects may be confined to quite specific circumstances.

Clinical Trials Registration
ACTRN12618001199202.
Estimating the Intracluster Correlation Coefficient for the Clinical Sign “Trachomatous Inflammation—Follicular” in Population-Based Trachoma Prevalence Surveys: Results From a Meta-Regression Analysis of 261 Standardized Preintervention Surveys Carried Out in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nigeria
Authors: Macleod Colin K , Bailey Robin L , Dejene Michael , Shafi Oumer , Kebede Biruck , Negussu Nebiyu , Mpyet Caleb , Olobio Nicholas , Alada Joel , Abdala Mariamo , Willis Rebecca , Hayes Richard , Solomon Anthony W 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Sample sizes in cluster surveys must be greater than those in surveys using simple random sampling in order to obtain similarly precise prevalence estimates, because results from subjects examined in the same cluster cannot be assumed to be independent. Therefore, a crucial aspect of cluster sampling is estimation of the intracluster correlation coefficient (ρ): the degree of relatedness of outcomes in a given cluster, defined as the proportion of total variance accounted for by between-cluster variation. In infectious disease epidemiology, this coefficient is related to transmission patterns and the natural history of infection; its value also depends on particulars of survey design. Estimation of ρ is often difficult due to the lack of comparable survey data with which to calculate summary estimates. Here we use a parametric bootstrap model to estimate ρ for the ocular clinical sign “trachomatous inflammation—follicular” (TF) among children aged 1–9 years within population-based trachoma prevalence surveys. We present results from a meta-regression analysis of data from 261 such surveys completed using standardized methods in Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Nigeria in 2012–2015. Consistent with the underlying theory, we found that ρ increased with increasing overall TF prevalence and smaller numbers of children examined per cluster. Estimates of ρ for TF were independently higher in Ethiopia than in the other countries.
Visual and Olfactory Attributes of Artificial Nests
Authors: Rangen Sheila A. , Clark Robert G. , Hobson Keith A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Artificial nests are commonly used to investigate relative rates of nest predation in birds, but several methodological considerations need to be addressed before results from natural and artificial nests can be compared. Using field and laboratory experiments, we examined responses of predators to visual and olfactory cues that were associated with wicker nests and their contents. Avian predators did not discriminate between wicker nests dipped in mud and those covered by a camouflage fabric, whereas mammalian predators showed a weak tendency to depredate camouflaged nests. Nests containing plasticine eggs were depredated more often than nests containing only quail eggs and finch eggs, although no response to number of plasticine eggs in nests was found. The higher predation of nests with plasticine eggs may have resulted because small mammals, relying on olfactory cues, comprised a large portion of the predator assemblage. Field results were supported in tests where captive deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) were attracted to assortments of egg types that included plasticine. Time required by captive deer mice to penetrate quail eggs and finch eggs versus plasticine eggs varied as a function of egg size and shell thickness and strength. Overall, domestic finch eggs provided a better alternative to quail eggs because they were small enough to allow detection of predation events by small mammals and did not have an unnatural odor like plasticine. Potential problems with nest concealment, egg visibility, egg odors, and other factors must be resolved to enhance the design and reliability of artificial nest experiments.
Fledging Success as an Index of Recruitment in Red-Winged Blackbirds
Authors: Weatherhead Patrick J. , Dufour Kevin W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We used data from an 11-year study of Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) to test the hypothesis that fledging success is a reliable index of recruitment at the population and the individual level. Natal philopatry was only 2.37% overall (3.51% for males and 1.49% for females) in our study population. However, the number of fledglings that returned as breeding adults from an annual fledgling cohort was significantly correlated with the size of the cohort. The correlation was also significant when males and females were analyzed separately, despite sex differences in natal philopatry, age of first breeding, and probable differences in mortality factors. Recruitment increased disproportionately with the size of the fledgling cohort. Thus, years of high production produced proportionately more breeding adults. At the individual level, the number of fledglings sired by a male in his lifetime was significantly correlated with the number of his descendants that eventually returned to breed in the study population. These results support the widely held assumption in avian field studies that fledging success is a reliable index of fitness.
Observational Learning in Hummingbirds
Authors: Altshuler Douglas L. , Nunn Andrea M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Migratory hummingbirds forage on diverse assemblages of flowers varying in shape, color, and accessibility. Do hummingbirds learn to feed from flowers by observing other hummingbirds? Learning abilities of Ruby-throated (Archilochus colubris), Broad-tailed (Selasphorus platycercus), and Rufous (S. rufus) hummingbirds were studied in the presence or absence of a knowledgeable tutor. In two sequential trials hummingbirds learned to feed from artificial feeders of increasing complexity. Feeders in the first trial had easy access and were colored red at the nectar spout. In this initial trial, hummingbirds attempted to feed from the artificial feeder regardless of tutor presence, but tutored birds learn to feed more quickly. Feeders in the second trial were uncolored and the nectar spout was surrounded by a long artificial corolla. Tutored birds again learned to feed more quickly than their solitary counterparts. However, both untutored and tutored hummingbirds learned to feed more quickly in the second trial than the first, suggesting that the initial task of identifying a novel feeding resource is more difficult than learning how to access an identified resource.
Evidence of Differential Migration by Sex in White-Throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia Albicollis)
Authors: Jenkins Kendell D. , Cristol Daniel A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Differential migrants are species in which one population class migrates farther than another. White-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis), which migrate into the southern United States each autumn in large numbers, have been proposed as a candidate differential migrant (Cristol et al. 1999). Using Bird Banding Lab data, we tested for latitudinal variation in the sex ratio of White-throated Sparrows in the Atlantic and central flyways. We found that the proportion of females increases with decreasing latitude in at least the Atlantic flyway, strongly suggesting that females migrate farther than males. Sex ratios calculated from those banding data were compared to those of museum specimens collected at the same latitudes, as well as single-season population samples at three latitudes in the heart of the winter range. Broad agreement was found using the three independent methods of sampling the sex ratio, so we conclude that White-throated Sparrows are differential migrants.
Stories Less Told: Parenting Strengths and Family-of-Origin Experiences amongst Parents Involved with Child Protective Services
Authors: Yoo Hana , Abiera Kelsey 
Published: September 2019

AbstractStrengths-based child welfare practice emphasises the importance of acknowledging clients’ capacities and potentials when addressing their presenting issues of child maltreatment. However, the child welfare literature has focused more on parents’ risk factors and deficits whilst giving limited attention to positive parenting practices that they may have employed. Based on semi-structured interviews with parents involved with child protective services (CPS), this study explored these parents’ self-identified parenting strengths in light of their family-of-origin experiences. Results of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) revealed that participants identified parenting strengths in the areas of provision, protection, emotional care and relational support, and parental guidance and discipline. All demonstrated a strong desire to provide their children with a better upbringing than their own and shared what they believed they had done well in parenting. Interestingly, participants seemed to have parented most intentionally in the areas in which they felt most deprived in their own childhood, which may have played a role in creating deficits in other areas of parenting. Implications for practice include the need for a ‘both/and’ approach that attends to parents’ strengths as well as areas for growth and the importance of family-of-origin work in child welfare practice.
Care Leavers and Children’s Services: Exploring the Utility of Communities of Practice in Theorising Transition
Authors: Turner Lynda , Percy-Smith Barry 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article considers the application of Communities of Practice theory to understand transition into, through and out of care, arguing that a sense of belonging and identity emerges from participation in supportive communities. We consider the influence of community on looked after children and care leavers’ sense of identity, engagement and well-being in transition. We also focus on the ways in which service policy and provision shapes professional practice. In doing so, we move beyond the argument for supportive relationships to examine some of the practices which mediate the interpersonal and reflect on the need to understand the meanings of disengagement. We discuss some of the ways practices within and across different communities affect young people’s trajectories and professionals’ responses, such as developing resilience, preparation for leaving care and achieving independence. Whilst current policy and provision focuses on preparation for independence, the article claims that resilience emerges through community and considers the importance of developing supportive social ecologies for cared for children to sustain them in their transition from care. It also calls for an examination of assumptions of accountability and measurement in policy and the importance of hearing the voices of professionals and developing dynamic and responsive practices.
Fixed Dosing of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Morbidly Obese Individuals
Authors: Wasmann Roeland E , Smit Cornelis , van Dongen Eric P H , Wiezer René M J , Adler-Moore Jill , de Beer Yvo M , Burger David M , Knibbe Catherijne A J , Brüggemann Roger J M 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this prospective study, we examined the pharmacokinetics of 1 and 2 mg/kg liposomal amphotericin B in 16 morbidly obese individuals (104–177 kg). Body size had no effect on clearance. We recommend a fixed dose in patients ≥100 kg (ie, 300 or 500 mg rather than the current dose of 3 and 5 mg/kg, respectively).Clinical Trials Registration NCT02320604.
Second-growth and small forest clearings have little effect on the temporal activity patterns of Amazonian phyllostomid bats
Authors: Rocha Ricardo , López-Baucells Adrià , Farneda Fábio Z , Ferreira Diogo F , Silva Inês , Acácio Marta , Palmeirim Jorge M , Meyer Christoph F J 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSecondary forests and human-made forest gaps are conspicuous features of tropical landscapes. Yet, behavioral responses to these aspects of anthropogenically modified forests remain poorly investigated. Here, we analyze the effects of small human-made clearings and secondary forests on tropical bats by examining the guild- and species-level activity patterns of phyllostomids sampled in the Central Amazon, Brazil. Specifically, we contrast the temporal activity patterns and degree of temporal overlap of 6 frugivorous and 4 gleaning animalivorous species in old-growth forest and second-growth forest and of 4 frugivores in old-growth forest and forest clearings. The activity patterns of frugivores and gleaning animalivores did not change between old-growth forest and second-growth, nor did the activity patterns of frugivores between old-growth forest and clearings. However, at the species level, we detected significant differences for Artibeus obscurus (old-growth forest vs. second-growth) and A. concolor (old-growth forest vs. clearings). The degree of temporal overlap was greater than random in all sampled habitats. However, for frugivorous species, the degree of temporal overlap was similar between old-growth forest and second-growth; whereas for gleaning animalivores, it was lower in second-growth than in old-growth forest. On the contrary, forest clearings were characterized by increased temporal overlap between frugivores. Changes in activity patterns and temporal overlap may result from differential foraging opportunities and dissimilar predation risks. Yet, our analyses suggest that activity patterns of bats in second-growth and small forest clearings, 2 of the most prominent habitats in humanized tropical landscapes, varies little from the activity patterns in old-growth forest.
Tritrophic Interactions Between an Invasive Weed (Lepidium latifolium), an Insect Herbivore (Bagrada hilaris), and a Plant Pathogenic Fungus (Albugo lepidii)
Authors: Tofangsazi Nastaran , Hogg Brian N , Portman Scott L , Pratt Paul D 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Perennial pepperweed, Lepidium latifolium L. (Brassicales: Brassicaceae), is an invasive weed that can form dense stands and displace native species. Bagrada hilaris Burmeister (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a serious economic pest of Brassicaceae vegetable crops. Bagrada bug also feeds on L. latifolium and may interact with the plant fungal pathogen Albugo lepidii S.I. (Peronosporales: Albuginaceae) to affect biological control of L. latifolium. A series of laboratory experiments, including Y-tube olfactometer and host-choice tests, were conducted to investigate B. hilaris host-preference behavior. Adults were attracted to the odor of healthy L. latifolium compared with A. lepidii-infected leaves. Bagrada hilaris consistently preferred to feed on healthy L. latifolium when offered both healthy and A. lepidii-infected plants. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of A. lepidii-infected L. latifolium on B. hilaris survival and development. Survival of all B. hilaris immature stages and adults was markedly reduced for those reared on A. lepidii-infected leaves. Total development time and stage-specific development were faster on healthy L. latifolium leaves compared with A. lepidii-infected leaves. In addition, the ability of B. hilaris adults to passively transmit the rust was studied. Our data demonstrated that B. hilaris could acquire the rust spores while feeding, but it did not passively transmit the pathogen to healthy plants.
The Influence of Fathers and Mothers Equally Sharing Childcare Responsibilities on Children’s Cognitive Development from Early Childhood to School Age: An Overlooked Mechanism in the Intergenerational Transmission of (Dis)Advantages?
Authors: Keizer Renske , van Lissa Caspar J , Tiemeier Henning , Lucassen Nicole 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
There is increasing awareness that the intergenerational transmission of (dis)advantages is filtered through intra-familial dynamics, in particular, parenting practices. Surprisingly, few studies have investigated what role the extent to which fathers and mothers equally share childcare responsibilities plays in this transmission. Using data from 2,027 families in a Dutch prospective cohort study, our structural equation modelling analyses showed direct effects of equally sharing responsibilities for playful activities on children’s cognitive development. Additionally, our study yielded some evidence for the hypothesis that equally sharing responsibilities for playful activities mediates the impact of parents’ educational attainment on children’s cognitive development. This suggests that the extent to which fathers and mothers equally share childcare responsibilities functions as an underlying mechanism for maintaining social class disparities in children’s cognitive development. Our findings also suggest that policies and programmes that encourage fathers and mothers to equally share playful activities may help promote children’s cognitive development.