bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugar-sweetened beverage taxation in 2017: a commentary on the reasons behind their quick spread in the EU compared with the USA
Authors: Hagenaars Luc L , Jeurissen Patrick PT , Klazinga Niek S 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the final issue of Public Health Nutrition in 2017, Kathryn Backholer and colleagues provide a clear overview of the spread of taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) in 2017, and a useful overview of opposing arguments and their counterpoints. Backholer et al. argue that much of the action was concentrated in the USA, but in the present commentary we point out that the recent sweep of SSB tax policy announcements in the EU seems much more promising. Policy makers in EU countries seem to learn from neighbouring countries, while political ideologies do not appear to stand in the way. This could have international spillover effects as the default tax thresholds of 5 and 8 g sugar/100 ml, used in EU cases, provide clear incentives for the multinational soda industry to reduce sugar levels across the board, although it is not yet clear whether the tiered tax designs used in the EU are actually more effective than the flat rate tax designs used in the USA. Scholars may contribute to the policy momentum by comparing the effectiveness and feasibility of both designs in different policy contexts, including lower- and middle-income countries. The spread of SSB taxes in the USA will nevertheless most likely be limited so long as it remains a local policy and ‘no-go’ for the Republican Party. We explain the differences between the EU and USA by comparing the level of fiscal decentralization, the political context and the use of framing strategies.
Subclinical thiamine deficiency identified by preoperative evaluation in an ovarian cancer patient: Diagnosis and the need for preoperative thiamine measurement
Authors: Onishi Hideki , Ishida Mayumi , Uchida Nozomu , Shintani Daisuke , Nishikawa Tadaaki , Hasegawa Kosei , Fujiwara Keiichi , Akechi Tatsuo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveAlthough thiamine deficiency (TD) and Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) are not rare in cancer patients, the cases reported to date developed TD and/or WE after treatment had started.MethodFrom a series of cancer patients, we report a patient diagnosed with TD without the typical clinical symptoms of WE at the preoperative psychiatric examination.ResultA 43-year-old woman with ovarian cancer was referred by her oncologist to the psycho-oncology outpatient clinic for preoperative psychiatric evaluation. Her tumor had been growing rapidly before the referral. Although she did not develop delirium, cerebellar signs, or eye symptoms, we suspected she might have developed TD because of her 2-month loss of appetite as the storage capacity of thiamine in the body is approximately 18 days. The diagnosis of TD was supported by abnormally low serum thiamine levels.Significance of resultsCancer therapists need to be aware that thiamine deficiency may occur even before the start of cancer treatment. In cases with a loss of appetite of more than 2 weeks’ duration, in particular, thiamine deficiency should be considered if the tumor is rapidly increasing, regardless of the presence or absence of delirium.
Evaluation of Freshwater Flow From Rivers to the Sea in CMIP5 Simulations: Insights From the Congo River Basin
Authors: Santini Monia , Caporaso Luca 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDespite the multisectoral importance of water resources in the context of climate change, it remains still difficult to correctly simulate the terrestrial water cycle via general circulation and Earth system models. While existing model evaluation efforts from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) are mainly focused on atmospheric variables, we considered here the simulated freshwater flux into the ocean for the river Congo by 20 CMIP5 models. We found that many advancements are still required in global modeling to satisfactorily reproduce the discharge, at least for Congo River. Only the distribution of intermonthly and interannual anomalies of simulated flow, calculated as percent deviations from the respective long‐term average, appears not significantly different from that found in observations. Conversely, most of the models appear to largely overestimate the streamflow seasonal cycle, up to 4–5 times for some months. Further, when looking at severer anomalies in terms of abnormal low‐flow periods (hydrological droughts), the models seem to underestimate their frequency and magnitude while overestimating the duration of deficit conditions with respect to hypothetical water demand. These overall discrepancies between models and observations could propagate in reproducing the land‐ocean feedbacks, as discharge is known to affect sea surface salinity and temperature and, thus, the regional to global ocean circulation and climate. Moreover, biased model‐based discharge simulations could wrongly support water management and infrastructure planning for large river basins, especially when using models instead of measurements, as in case of ungauged rivers, or however when clarification of models' uncertainty is missed.
Late Holocene Structural Style and Seismicity of Highly Transpressional Faults in Southern Haiti
Authors: Wang Jiannan , Mann Paul , Stewart Robert R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe devastating 2010 Haiti earthquake (Mw 7.0) was caused by rupture of the Léogâne, blind, thrust fault located 5 km north of the 1,200‐km‐long, left‐lateral, Enriquillo‐Plantain Garden fault zone (EPGFZ). Unexpectedly, the EPGFZ remained largely quiescent or slightly reactivated during the 2010 earthquake. Nevertheless, the EPGFZ still formed a major, crustal boundary between a coseismically uplifted lowland north of the EPGFZ and a subsided area in the highlands south of the fault. Here we use high‐resolution sonar data from two Haitian Lakes that straddle the EPGFZ to demonstrate the presence of a 10‐ to 15‐km‐wide, 120‐km‐long, late Holocene fold‐thrust belt which deforms clastic, lowland basins along the northern edge of the EPGFZ. In the eastern part of the study area, sonar results from Lake Azuey show that the linear trace of the EPGFZ cutting the Holocene lake bed is more deeply buried and less active than the adjacent, newly discovered, northwest striking, northeast dipping Jimani thrust fault that is part of the adjacent, transpressional belt of en echelon thrusts and folds. This structural relationship between a less active EPGFZ and more recently active, transpression‐related Jimani thrust is remarkably similar to the 2010 epicentral area 70 km to the west between the less active EPGFZ and seismogenic, northeast‐dipping, Léogâne thrust during the 2010 Haiti earthquake. In this complex transpressional zone, we propose that coseismic deformation alternates at recurrence intervals of centuries between oblique, transpression‐related structures (Léogâne, Jimani, and Trois Baies thrusts) and the main strike‐slip, plate boundary fault zone (EPGFZ).
Experimental Investigation of the Pressure of Crystallization of Ca(OH)2: Implications for the Reactive Cracking Process
Authors: Lambart S. , Savage H. M. , Robinson B. G. , Kelemen P. B. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMineral hydration and carbonation can produce large solid volume increases, deviatoric stress, and fracture, which in turn can maintain or enhance permeability and reactive surface area. Despite the potential importance of this process, our basic physical understanding of the conditions under which a given reaction will drive fracture (if at all) is relatively limited. Our hydration experiments on CaO under uniaxial loads of 0.1 to 27 MPa show that strain and strain rate are proportional to the square root of time and exhibit negative, power law dependence on uniaxial load, suggesting that (1) fluid transport via capillary flow is rate limiting and (2) decreasing strain rate with increasing confining pressure might be a limiting factor in reaction driven cracking at depth. However, our experiments also demonstrate that crystallization pressure due to hydration exceeds 27 MPa (consistent with a maximum crystallization pressure of 153 MPa for the same reaction, Wolterbeek et al., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440‐017‐0533‐5). As a result, full hydration can be achieved at crustal depths exceeding 1 km, which is relevant for engineered fracture systems.
Optimization of a Laser Ablation‐Single Collector‐Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometer (Thermo Element 2) for Accurate, Precise, and Efficient Zircon U‐Th‐Pb Geochronology
Authors: Pullen Alex , Ibáñez‐Mejia Mauricio , Gehrels George E. , Giesler Dominique , Pecha Mark 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMany applications specific to detrital mineral U‐Th‐Pb geochronology in the Earth sciences necessitate large numbers of age observations to be made from samples and require accurate and precise isotope measurements across wide dynamic ranges in elemental concentrations and signal intensities. This implies that the laser system and mass spectrometer cannot be tuned between individual analyses as to optimize measurements based on the isotope composition and concentrations of samples and that intensity matching between the unknowns to be dated and the reference material(s) used for fractionation correction is impossible to ensure. We describe methodologies for optimization of laser ablation‐single collector‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometer for the accurate determination of initial‐Pb‐corrected (using measured 204Pb) U‐Th‐Pb zircon ages, taking full advantage of the high sensitivity provided by the Thermo Element 2 ICP‐MS instruments fitted with a high‐performance low ultimate vacuum Jet interface. “We describe an approach that corrects for nonlinearity of the detector—the primary obstacle avoided with sample‐specific tuning—as well as element‐ and mass‐dependent fractionation and instrumental drift by using a suite of three zircon reference materials with known isotopic ratios from isotope dilution‐thermal ionization mass spectrometry measurements but with differing U and Pb concentrations.” This approach allows for (experimentally) determining an instrumental fractionation versus ion beam intensity curve used for standard‐sample bracketing, thus taking into consideration an important instrumental variable that is commonly ignored in most applications of U‐Pb dating using laser ablation‐single collector‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometer. We show that these methodologies yield uncertainties and age offsets typically better than ±2.0% for individual measurements of small (e.g., 10‐μm depth × 20‐μm diameter) volumes of material.
Enhanced Airglow Signature Observed at Titan in Response to its Fluctuating Magnetospheric Environment
Authors: Royer E. M. , Esposito L. W. , Crary F. , Wahlund J.‐E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOn rare occasions Titan has been observed in the magnetosheath, where the solar wind interferes with the regular magnetic field generated by Saturn. This particular orbital position allows for a deeper investigation of Titan's upper atmosphere response to its highly energetic magnetospheric environment. Although solar extreme ultraviolet radiation is known to be the main source of ionization in Titan's upper atmosphere, magnetospheric particle precipitation can also account for about 10% of the ionization process. We are reporting here on ultraviolet observations of Titan airglow enhancements occurring while the spacecraft and Titan are known to have been exposed to the magnetosheath environment. Using remote sensing Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph observations of Titan in correlation with in situ Cassini Plasma Spectrometer measurements, we present evidence of Titan's upper atmosphere response to an electron burst crossing the magnetosheath at the time of the T32 flyby, on 13 June 2007.
Partitioning Evapotranspiration Over the Continental United States Using Weather Station Data
Authors: Rigden Angela J. , Salvucci Guido D. , Entekhabi Dara , Short Gianotti Daniel J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAccurately characterizing evapotranspiration is critical when predicting the response of the hydrologic cycle to climate change. Although Earth system models estimate similar magnitudes of global evapotranspiration, the magnitude of each contributing source varies considerably between models due to the lack of evapotranspiration partitioning data. Here we develop an observation‐based method to partition evapotranspiration into soil evaporation and transpiration using meteorological data and satellite soil moisture retrievals. We apply the methodology at 1,614 weather stations across the continental United States during the summers of 2015 and 2016. We evaluate the method using vegetation indices inferred from satellites, finding strong spatial correlations between modeled transpiration and solar‐induced fluorescence (r2 = 0.87), and modeled vegetation fraction and leaf area index (r2 = 0.70). Since the sensitivity of evapotranspiration to environmental factors depends on the contribution of each source component, understanding the partitioning of evapotranspiration is increasingly important with climate change.
Retreat of the Western Cordilleran Ice Sheet Margin During the Last Deglaciation
Authors: Darvill C. M. , Menounos B. , Goehring B. M. , Lian O. B. , Caffee M. W. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe timing of Cordilleran Ice Sheet deglaciation along the central coast of British Columbia, Canada, informs climate forcing and early human migration. Thirty‐two 10Be exposure ages from glacial erratics and local bedrock on the western margin of the former ice sheet represent the earliest exposure ages for the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation. These data show the western ice margin was retreating by 18.1 ± 0.2 ka, consistent with the global record of ice mass loss. In contrast, parts of the southern margin reached a maximum at ca. 17.6–16.6 ka, and our data demonstrate a diachronous response of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during deglaciation. We also show that a low altitude site was exposed by at least 17.7 ± 0.3 ka, implying that numerous ice‐free areas existed along the coastal margin by this time, providing a viable route for the first humans entering the Americas.
Variations of Earth Magnetic Field Intensity for the Past 5 Myr Derived From Marine Magnetic Anomalies in a Slow‐to‐Intermediate Spreading South Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Li Yuanjie , Liu QingSong , Wei Dongping , Li Sanzhong , Yu Yongjae 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe investigated sea‐surface magnetic anomaly data for the past 5 Myr in the slow‐to‐intermediate spreading South Atlantic Ridge. After error analysis and signal processes, the sea surface magnetic anomaly profiles were downward continued to 1.5 km below sea level, and then the distance from spreading axis was converted to time by matching the observed anomalies with forward models of known polarity reversals. The stacked anomaly profiles from South Atlantic Ridge exhibit short‐wavelength wiggles superimposed on the first‐order variations of magnetic anomalies. The stacked anomaly profiles were first compared with commonly used geomagnetic palaeointensity data synthesized from sedimentary relative intensity records in the past and were further correlated with other available magnetic profiles derived from Central Indian Ridge, East Pacific Rise, and Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge. We found that short wavelength variations in the South Atlantic Ridge can be ascribed to geomagnetic intensity variations from excursions or short polarity events. Spectral analysis of marine magnetic anomalies records reveals that there is no obvious dominant periodicity for the geomagnetic field behavior during the past 5 Myr.
Reconstructed Precipitation Tritium Leads to Overestimated Groundwater Recharge
Authors: Li Zhi , Si Bingcheng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTime series of precipitation tritium contents are often used for groundwater recharge estimation based on the tritium mass ratio of the (un) saturated zones to precipitation. But records of the precipitation tritium measurements are sparse and often need to be reconstructed. Uncertainties associated with reconstructed records can affect the recharge estimates, but this has received little attention. Here we leverage four >15 m deep, exceptionally well preserved unsaturated zone tritium profiles to quantify the uncertainty in Tritium mass balance from precipitation tritium reconstruction. The tritium profiles have bomb tritium peaks at 7.2–10.5 m below the surface and peaks ranging from 46 to 235 tritium unit. We first estimate the diffuse recharge by the tritium peak method. Since this method is independent of any precipitation tritium reconstruction, the estimated recharge was used as truth to evaluate four precipitation tritium reconstruction methods: two interpolation methods and two reference curve methods. Direct comparison between the observed and simulated precipitation tritium showed that the reference curve methods performed more poorly than the interpolation methods. Indirect evaluation by comparing the recharge rates estimated by the tritium storage method with our truth measurements showed that tritium storage method overestimated recharge by 100% to 200%. Our results suggest that the atmospheric tritium flux was greatly underestimated, especially by the reference curve methods. As such, groundwater recharge at our sites would be overestimated. This has implications for using these standard approaches elsewhere.
Hurricane Warm‐Core Retrievals from AMSU‐A and Remapped ATMS Measurements with Rain Contamination Eliminated
Authors: Zou Xiaolei , Tian Xiaoxu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDue to a shorter effective integration time for each field of view of the Advanced Microwave Temperature Sounder (ATMS) onboard the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (S‐NPP) satellite than that for the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐A (AMSU‐A) onboard previous National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) polar‐orbiting satellites NOAA‐15 to NOAA‐19, ATMS temperature‐sounding channels have higher observational resolutions and larger noise equivalent differential temperatures than the corresponding AMSU‐A channels. The high resolution of the ATMS allows hurricane rainband features that are not resolvable by AMSU‐A to be captured. But the larger noise equivalent differential temperature of ATMS weakens this capability through the significant impact of observational noise on warm‐core retrievals. In this study, a remapping algorithm is applied to obtain AMSU‐A‐like ATMS fields of view to suppress this noise. A modified warm‐core retrieval algorithm, which consists of two sets of training coefficients for clear‐sky and cloudy conditions, is applied to limb‐corrected ATMS and AMSU‐A measurements using collocated Global Positioning System radio occultation observations in the previous month of the targeted hurricanes as training data sets. ATMS channels 5, 6, and 7 (AMSU‐A channels 4, 5, and 6) are excluded when training the coefficients for cloudy conditions to avoid cloud/rain contamination. As a result, the abnormal cold core in the low and middle troposphere and the banded warm structures in phase with rainbands are both successfully removed. The warm‐core evolution of Hurricane Matthew (2016) during its entire life span is temporally consistent on intensity as obtained from NOAA‐15, NOAA‐18, and MetOp‐B AMSU‐A observations and S‐NPP ATMS observations.
Wildfire Smoke Cools Summer River and Stream Water Temperatures
Authors: David Aaron T. , Asarian J. Eli , Lake Frank K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTo test the hypothesis that wildfire smoke can cool summer river and stream water temperatures by attenuating solar radiation and air temperature, we analyzed data on summer wildfire smoke, solar radiation, air temperatures, precipitation, river discharge, and water temperatures in the lower Klamath River Basin in Northern California. Previous studies have focused on the effect of combustion heat on water temperatures during fires and the effect of riparian vegetation losses on postfire water temperatures, but we know of no studies of the effects of wildfire smoke on river or stream water temperatures. Wildfire smoke is difficult to quantify, but we successfully used a newly available daily high‐resolution (1 km) data set of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) derived from satellite imagery to represent smoke density during 6 years with extensive wildfire activity (2006, 2008, and 2012–2015). Smoke reduced solar radiation by 121 W m−2 per 1.0 AOT relative to clear‐sky conditions. Linear mixed‐effects models showed that on average, smoke cooled daily maximum and mean air temperatures by 0.98 °C and 0.47 °C per 1.0 AOT, respectively, across 19 remote automated weather stations. Smoke had a cooling effect on water temperatures at all 12 river and stream locations analyzed. On average, smoke cooled daily maximum and mean water temperatures by 1.32 °C and 0.74 °C per 1.0 AOT, respectively. This smoke‐induced cooling has the potential to benefit cold‐water adapted species, particularly because wildfires are more likely to occur during the warmest and driest years and seasons.
Apolipoprotein A-IV binds αIIbβ3 integrin and inhibits thrombosis
Authors: Xu Xiaohong Ruby , Wang Yiming , Adili Reheman , Ju Lining , Spring Christopher M. , Jin Joseph Wuxun , Yang Hong , Neves Miguel A. D. , Chen Pingguo , Yang Yan , Lei Xi , Chen Yunfeng , Gallant Reid C. , Xu Miao , Zhang Hailong , Song Jina , Ke Peifeng , Zhang Dan , Carrim Naadiya , Yu Si-Yang , Zhu Guangheng , She Yi-Min , Cyr Terry , Fu Wenbin , Liu Guoqing , Connelly Philip W. , Rand Margaret L. , Adeli Khosrow , Freedman John , Lee Jeffrey E. , Tso Patrick , Marchese Patrizia , Davidson W. Sean , Jackson Shaun P. , Zhu Cheng , Ruggeri Zaverio M. , Ni Heyu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPlatelet αIIbβ3 integrin and its ligands are essential for thrombosis and hemostasis, and play key roles in myocardial infarction and stroke. Here we show that apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) can be isolated from human blood plasma using platelet β3 integrin-coated beads. Binding of apoA-IV to platelets requires activation of αIIbβ3 integrin, and the direct apoA-IV-αIIbβ3 interaction can be detected using a single-molecule Biomembrane Force Probe. We identify that aspartic acids 5 and 13 at the N-terminus of apoA-IV are required for binding to αIIbβ3 integrin, which is additionally modulated by apoA-IV C-terminus via intra-molecular interactions. ApoA-IV inhibits platelet aggregation and postprandial platelet hyperactivity. Human apoA-IV plasma levels show a circadian rhythm that negatively correlates with platelet aggregation and cardiovascular events. Thus, we identify apoA-IV as a novel ligand of αIIbβ3 integrin and an endogenous inhibitor of thrombosis, establishing a link between lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular diseases.