bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward an Understanding of Capping Molecules on Pt Nanoparticles for Hydrogenation: the Key Role of Hydroxyl Groups
Authors: Li Yueting , Hou Fang , Sun Xiaoqing , Xiao Zhourong , Zhang Xiangwen , Li Guozhu 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPreparation of active and stable platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) for hydrogenation is of great importance. Herein, a joint experimental and theoretical study has been conducted to investigate the role of capping molecules on Pt NPs for hydrogenation. Both small biomolecules of adenine, D‐ribose, adenosine, and 2′‐deoxyadenosine and macromolecule of dextran have been studied as capping agents of Pt NPs. Kinetic data are collected and fitted for deep insight and clear comparison of Pt activity. TEM, SEM, XRD, nitrogen adsorption‐desorption were employed to characterize the obtained catalysts. DFT calculations have been carried out to investigate the exact interactions in this system. A volcano plot is obtained between the adsorption energy of 4‐NP on various Pt NPs against reaction rate constant (k), which is in accordance with the Brønsted‐Evans‐Polanyi (BEP) relation. Moreover, active and stable catalyst (Pt/rGO) has been prepared using dextran as capping agent and rGO as support. The hydrogenation of 4‐NP over Pt/rGO can reach 100% conversion in only 2 min. The catalyst can still maintain its activity after solvent removal and long‐time storage.
Construction of High‐Nuclear CuxSy Nanocrystalline Catalyst from High‐Nuclear Copper Cluster
Authors: Chen Xueli , Cui Shizhong , Zhang Yingying , Chen Kongyao , Li Gaojie , Chen Weihua , Mi Liwei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA multi‐nuclear copper sulfide CuxSy with micro‐snowflake structure derived from a known four‐core copper cluster C28H36Cl6Cu4N4O5 was fabricated by hydrothermal method in mild condition. The growing process of the snowflake structure experienced from particles, to sheets and flowers, which depended on the reaction time. The prepared materials of high‐nuclear copper sulfide in different shapes were taken as catalysts for methylene blue and rhodamine B degradation. The degradation degree of the methylene blue reached up to 97.7% after 13 minutes and it needed 16 minutes for that of the rhodamine B up to 98.2%, which demonstrated that the snowflakes‐like CuxSy exhibited excellent photo‐catalytic property. Moreover, the high stability of the catalysts was confirmed by cycle experiments and SEM images.
Formation of Branched Ruthenium Nanoparticles for Improved Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Poerwoprajitno Agus R. , Gloag Lucy , Benedetti Tania M. , Cheong Soshan , Watt John , Huber Dale L. , Gooding J. Justin , Tilley Richard D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBranched nanoparticles are one of the most promising nanoparticle catalysts as their branch sizes and surfaces can be tuned to enable both high activity and stability. Understanding how the crystallinity and surface facets of branched nanoparticles affect their catalytic performance is vital for further catalyst development. In this work, a synthesis is developed to form highly branched ruthenium (Ru) nanoparticles with control of crystallinity. It is shown that faceted Ru branched nanoparticles have improved stability and activity in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) compared with polycrystalline Ru nanoparticles. This work achieves a low 180 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 for hours, demonstrating that record‐high stability for Ru nanocrystals can be achieved while retaining high activity for OER. The superior electrocatalytic performance of faceted Ru branched nanoparticles is ascribed to the lower Ru dissolution rate under OER conditions due to low‐index facets on the branch surfaces.
Bifacial Contact Junction Engineering for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 21%
Authors: Wu Wu‐Qiang , Liao Jin‐Feng , Jiang Yong , Wang Lianzhou , Kuang Dai‐Bin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOrdered 1D metal oxide structure is desirable in thin film solar cells owing to its excellent charge collection capability. However, the electron transfer in 1D electron transporting layer (ETL)‐based devices is still limited to a submicrometer‐long pathway that is vertical to the substrate. Here, an innovative closely packed rutile TiO2 nanowire (CRTNW) network parallel to the facet of fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate is reported, which can serve as a 1D nanoscale electron transport pathway for efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The PSC constructed using newly prepared CRTNW ETL achieves an impressive power conversion efficiency of 21.10%, which can be attributed to the facilitated electron extraction induced by the favorable junctions formed at FTO/ETL and ETL/perovskite interfaces and also the suppressed charge recombination originating from improved perovskite morphology with large grains, flat surface, and good surface coverage. The bifacial contact junctions engineering also enables large‐area device fabrication. The PSC with 1 cm2 aperture yields an efficiency of 19.50% under one sun illumination. This work highlights the significance of controlling the orientation and packing density of the ordered 1D oxide nanostructured thin films for highly efficient optoelectronic devices in a large‐scale manner.
Public perceptions of climate change: a case study with school teachers and undergraduate students in Brazil
Authors: Fernandino Gerson , Elliff Carla Isobel , de Oliveira Sousa João Henrique , Frutuoso Gabriela Amado , Gama Guilherme Santiago , Albuquerque Isabela Santos 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe scientific consensus on the subject of climate change has not eliminated the existence of climate change denial. In this study we investigate how two distinct demographics perceive climate change. Questionnaires were employed to assess whether, following lectures on the subject, participants maintained their original position or reconsidered their stance on climate change. Most participants’ beliefs were in accordance with scientific findings. No participant denied that global warming is a reality. After being presented with an up‐to‐date scientific overview of the subject, the majority of participants disagreed that mass media communications regarding climate change constituted a reliable source of information. The demographics evaluated in this study are potential opinion‐makers and it is therefore of paramount importance to evaluate their level of knowledge about such a serious and urgent issue.
Determination of the shear viscosity of the sclera
Authors: Frolova Ksenia P. , Vilchevskaya Elena N. , Bauer Svetlana M. , Müller Wolfgang H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAt present information about viscous properties of the eye's sclera is scarce, the main reason being that direct measurements cause technical problems. Nevertheless, coefficients of the sclera viscosity are of paramount interest for biomechanics and ophthalmologists. This paper investigates a method for determining the shear viscosity of the sclera based on a comparison of results from mathematical modeling with estimated experimental data from measurements of the IntraOcular Pressure (IOP) over a long time after an intravitreal injection (injection into the vitreous body of the eyeball) into enucleated eyes. In order to model the IOP behavior we consider a viscoelastic spherical layer subjected to a centrally symmetric load as follows. The excess pressure is considered, hence, the external pressure is absent and a displacement of the inner boundary is specified in order to take the intravitreal injection volume into account. We assume that during the experiment the volume of the eyeball remains constant and that the material of the sclera obeys linear transversely isotropic elasticity. The function for the IOP, which is based on fitted experimental data presented in the literature, decreases up to a limit value. As a result, we obtain a value for the shear viscosity of the sclera corresponding to the best adjustment between experimental data and theoretical prediction.
Patterns of animal–enrichment interaction in captive brown bears
Authors: Soriano Ana I. , Vinyoles Dolors , Maté Carme 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe studied the behavioral responses of three brown bears (Ursus arctos) to different types of enrichment devices to assess the predominant pattern of animal–enrichment interaction (PAI) to each type of enrichment. We assessed the bears' responses to feeding, sensory, and occupational enrichments over nine sessions. Using Pearson's correlation (r) and the coefficient of variation (CV)—we describe four models of PAIs: habituation, increasing, continuous, and fluctuating. The habituation model (r < 0 andp < 0.05; CV (%) > 0) consists of a loss of interest in the device over time and it occurred with the occupational device. The increasing model (r > 0 andp < 0.05; CV (%) > 0) consists of a sustained interest in the device over time and it was not observed for any device of this study. The continuous model (0 > r > 0 andp > 0.05; CV (%) < 100) consists of a consistent and unchanging interaction over time and it occurred with the feeding enrichments used in this study. The fluctuating PAI (0 > r > 0 andp > 0.05; CV (%) ≥ 100) consists of wide oscillations in the degree of interaction over time and we observed this pattern with sensory devices. Review of previous literature supports these classes of PAI, and suggests similar relationships between PAIs and the type of enrichment as we observed in this study.
Every doctor needs a&nbsp;wife: An old adage worth reexamining
Authors: Winkel Abigail Ford 
Published: March 2019

Half of medical school graduates are women, but female doctors experience significant professional tensions. Low numbers of women in leadership roles, high burnout and attrition, and continued harassment suggest a culture that undermines the contributions of women. This manuscript explores research from sociology, business and medicine through a personal lens. Understanding the way gender influences the complex state of women in medicine suggests changes are needed in the architecture of the modern medical workforce. Individuals, mentors and organizations can make changes that would improve the way that the working environment cultivates a diverse workforce to reach its full potential.
Activity of Deep and Superficial Pelvic Floor Muscles in Women in Response to Different Verbal Instructions: A Preliminary Investigation Using a Novel Electromyography Electrode
Authors: Aljuraifani Rafeef , Stafford Ryan E. , Hall Leanne M. , Hodges Paul W. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Verbal instructions are used clinically to encourage activation of the pelvic floor muscles (PFM). Whether separate layers of PFM activate differently in response to instructions remains unknown.

Aim
To test the hypotheses that (i) instructions that aimed to bias activity of a specific muscle layer would increase activation of the targeted layer to a greater extent than the other layer, (ii) activity of individual PFM layers would differ between instructions, and (iii) PFM activity would be symmetrical for all instructions.

Method
PFM electromyography (EMG) was recorded using custom-designed surface electrodes in 12 women without PFM dysfunction. The electrode included 4 pairs of recording surfaces orientated to measure EMG from deep and superficial PFM on each side. 3 submaximal contractions were performed for 5 seconds in response to 7 verbal instructions. Root-mean-squared EMG amplitude was calculated for 1 second during the period when participants most closely matched the target activation level. A repeated-measures anova was used to test whether PFM EMG differed between instructions and between regions. The EMG increase of individual muscles relative to that of the reference muscle [deep/right PFM] was compared to no change with t-tests for single samples.

Main Outcome Measure
PFM EMG amplitude.

Results
Superficial PFM EMG was greater than deep PFM for all instructions (P = .039). 2 instructions induced the greatest amplitude of EMG for the superficial PFM: “squeeze the muscles around the vaginal opening as if to purse lips of your mouth” and “draw the clitoris in a posterior direction” (P = .036). Asymmetry was found in the deeper PFM in 3 instructions designed to bias the superficial PFM.

Strength & Limitations
This preliminary study recorded activation of deep and superficial PFM layers in females with a custom-designed novel electrode. Some cross-talk of recording between muscle layers is possible but unlikely to impact the major findings.

Conclusion
Verbal instructions used to teach PFM contractions can influence their pattern of activity. This study provides preliminary evidence that, in a selection of verbal instructions, the superficial PFM activates more than the deep PFM, and that the deep PFM can have asymmetrical activation.
A Descriptive Analysis of Sexual Problems in Long-Term Heterosexual Relationships
Authors: Sutherland Siobhan E. , Rehman Uzma S. , Fallis Erin E. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
Although much research has described individual sexual dysfunctions, few studies to date have examined the types of problems that couples consider most significant in their sexual relationships.

Aim
To clarify the types of relational sexual problems that are most common and most severe in the sexual lives of individuals in long-term romantic relationships.

Methods
A community sample of 117 mixed-sex couples completed this in-lab study. Members of each couple separately completed a demographics questionnaire and a measure of their relational sexual problems, the Sexual Problems Questionnaire (SPQ). Descriptive analyses (eg, examination of means, frequency counts) were conducted to determine the most common and severe sexual problems reported by participants. t-Tests were performed to examine gender differences in mean severity ratings for each SPQ item. Qualitative data were examined by conducting a frequency count on the SPQ items that participants reported to be most important in their sexual relationships. Results of all frequency counts were divided by the total sample size and are reported as percentages.

Main Outcome Measures
Participants reported on the severity of their sexual problems using the 25-item SPQ.

Results
Quantitative analyses revealed that the most common and problematic sexual problems endorsed by both sexes were frequency of sex, sexual initiation, and showing interest. A frequency count of participants’ qualitative reports also revealed that frequency of sex (women = 36%; men = 39%), sexual initiation (women = 33%; men = 32%), and showing interest (women and men = 25%) were the most important sexual issues for most individuals.

Clinical Implication
The most pressing relational sexual problems for couples in long-term romantic relationships are consistent between sexes and pertain to the domain of sexual desire.

Strength & Limitations
The current study used an expanded measure of sexual problems, which allowed participants to report on a broad range of issues in their sexual relationships. The direction of such relational sexual problems (eg, desiring more or less sexual frequency) was not explored.

Conclusion
The key problems in sexual relationships center on the theme of sexual desire, and men and women consider these issues to be problematic to a similar extent.
Comparison of the Effects of Tadalafil and α1-Adrenoceptor Antagonists on Spontaneous Seminal Emission and Electrical Field Stimulation-Induced Seminal Vesicle Contraction in Rats
Authors: Yoshinaga Ryohei , Fukui Tomomi , Yoshifuji Mayuko , Fujimura Mai , Oyama Tatsuya , Oka Michiko 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
Although numerous reports have shown that α1-adrenoceptor (α1-AR) antagonists, which are used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), can cause ejaculatory disorders, few studies have investigated whether the phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor tadalafil has such adverse effects. In this study, we compared the effects of tadalafil and α1-AR antagonists on seminal emission and their mechanisms of action.

Aim
To evaluate in normal rats the possible effects of tadalafil on spontaneous seminal emission (SSE) and seminal contraction evoked by hypogastric nerve stimulation.

Methods
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. To assess SSE, plastic corsets were fitted around the thorax and upper abdomen of male Sprague–Dawley rats to prevent genital autogrooming. Rats were treated orally with tadalafil or an α1-AR antagonist (silodosin, naftopidil, or tamsulosin) for 3 days and housed in wire-bottomed cages. Ejaculatory plugs dropped on the bottoms of the cages were counted and weighed. To assess the intraluminal pressure of seminal vesicles, the hypogastric nerve of urethane-anesthetized rats was isolated and electrically stimulated. After stabilization of seminal vesicle contraction, the rats were intravenously administered test drugs. The expression of PDE5, endothelial nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS), and neuronal NOS (nNOS) in the seminal vesicle and vas deferens were measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Main Outcome Measure
The number and weight of the ejaculatory plugs produced by corset-fitted rats and the intraluminal pressure of the seminal vesicle were evaluated.

Results
Tadalafil did not affect the number or weight of the ejaculatory plugs of corset-fitted rats, whereas all α1-AR antagonists decreased both in a dose-dependent manner. The α1-AR antagonists, but not tadalafil, inhibited the seminal vesicle contraction evoked by electrical stimulation of the hypogastric nerve. The seminal vesicle and vas deferens expressed higher levels of PDE5 and eNOS mRNA and lower levels of nNOS mRNA relative to the urethra.

Clinical Implications
Tadalafil can be a treatment option in cases where there is concern about negative effects on seminal emission.

Strengths and Limitations
We demonstrated different effects of tadalafil and 3 α1-AR antagonists on rat SSE and their mechanisms of action by measuring seminal vesicle contractility in vivo. A limitation is that we used normal rats, not BPH model rats, and so our results might not apply to human BPH patients.

Conclusion
Tadalafil did not inhibit spontaneous seminal emission or electrical field stimulation–induced seminal vesicle contraction in normal rats. The NO–cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway is unlikely to be involved in the inhibition of seminal vesicle contraction in normal rats.
A SELF-REFLEXIVE PRAXIS: CHANGING ATTITUDES TOWARDS MANUSCRIPT AND TEXT IN EARLY CHINA
Authors: Krijgsman Rens 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article examines the attitudes of Warring States textual witnesses to the increase in presence of and reliance on bamboo manuscripts in communicating knowledge. Based on a rereading of transmitted materials and four manuscript texts (*Wuwang JianzuoA and B,*Baoxun, and theZhou Wuwang you ji) from the Warring States period, I analyze how contemporaries dealt with questions about the status of (manuscript) texts, their use and transmission, their trustworthiness, and their ability to preserve knowledge. These are texts that talk about themselves. They remark upon the physicality of text and the act of writing, the problem of oral and written transmission, and the differences in the ability of memory and manuscripts to store, hide, and reveal knowledge. I argue that these different reflections reveal a change in the predominant medium of communicating knowledge towards an increased reliance on bamboo manuscripts gradually and partially replacing traditional knowledge practices.
Free and Unfree Labor in Atlantic and Indian Ocean Port Cities (Seventeenth–Nineteenth Centuries)
Authors: Brandon Pepijn , Frykman Niklas , Røge Pernille 
Published: March 2019

AbstractColonial and postcolonial port cities in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions functioned as crucial hubs in the commodity flows that accompanied the emergence and expansion of global capitalism. They did so by bringing together laboring populations of many different backgrounds and statuses – legally free or semi-free wage laborers, soldiers, sailors, and the self-employed, indentured servants, convicts, and slaves. Focusing on the period from the seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries, a crucial moment in the establishment of the world market, the transformation of colonial states, and the reorganization of labor and labor migration on a transoceanic scale, the contributions in this special issue address the consequences of the presence of these “motley crews” on and around the docks and the neighborhoods that stretched behind them. The introduction places the articles within the context of the development of the field of Global Labor History more generally. It argues that the dense daily interaction that took place in port cities makes them an ideal vantage point from which to investigate the consequences of the “simultaneity” of different labor relations for questions such as the organization of the work process under developing capitalism, the emergence of new forms of social control, the impact of forced and free migration on class formation, and the role of social diversity in shaping different forms of group and class solidarity. The introduction also discusses the significance of the articles presented in this special issue for three prevailing but problematic dichotomies in labor historiography: the sharp borders drawn between so-called free and unfree labor, between the Atlantic and the Indian oceans, and the pre-modern and modern eras.
History Below the Waterline: Enslaved Salvage Divers Harvesting Seaports’ Hinter-Seas in the Early Modern Atlantic
Authors: Dawson Kevin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article considers how enslaved salvage divers cooperated and conspired with slaveholders and white employers to salvage shipwrecks and often smuggle recovered goods into homeports, permitting them to exchange their expertise for semi-independent lives of privileged exploitation. Knowing harsh treatment could preclude diving, white salvagers cultivated reciprocal relationships with divers, promoting arduousness by avoiding coercive discipline while nurturing a sense of mutual obligation arising from collective responsibilities and material rewards. Enslaved salvagers were, in several important ways, treated like free, wage-earning men. They were well fed, receiving daily allowances of fresh meat. Most resided in seaports, were hired out, and received equal shares of recovered goods, allowing many to purchase their freedom and that of family members. Divers produced spectacular amounts of wealth for their mother countries, owners, and colonial governments, especially in the maritime colonies of Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Cayman Islands. Their expertise was not confined to maritime colonies. Even as plantation slavery was taking root during the mid-seventeenth century, salvage divers provided an important source of income for planter-merchants.
Afterword: Reflections on the Motley Crew as Port City Proletariat
Authors: Rediker Marcus 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis essay reflects on the workers in Atlantic and Indian Ocean port cities who made possible the rapidly expanding system of global capitalism between 1650 and 1850. In all of the ports treated in this volume, a mixture of multi-ethnic, male and female, unskilled, often unwaged laborers collectively served as the linchpins that connected local hinterlands (and seas) to bustling waterfronts, tall ships, and finally the world market. Although the precise combination of workers varied from one port to the next, all had an occupational structure in which half or more of the population worked in trade or the defense of trade, for example in shipbuilding/repair, the hauling of commodities to and from ships, and the building of colonial infrastructure, the docks and roads instrumental to commerce. This “motley crew” – a working combination of enslaved Africans, European/Indian/Chinese indentured servants, sailors, soldiers, convicts, domestic workers, and artisans – were essential to the production and worldwide circulation of commodities and profits.