bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal Smoking and Hospital Treatment During Pregnancy
Authors: Wallin Hanna P , Gissler Mika , Korhonen Päivi E , Ekblad Mikael O 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Previous research suggests that young maternal age, smoking, hospitalization during a previous pregnancy, and poor self-rated health could be risk factors for prenatal hospitalization.

Methods
The objective of this retrospective observational register study was to investigate if maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with mother’s need for hospital treatment during pregnancy. The study population consists of all singleton pregnancies (n = 961 127) in 1999–2015 in Finland. Information on maternal smoking was received from the Medical Birth Register in three classes: nonsmoker, quit smoking in the first trimester, and continued smoking throughout the pregnancy. These data were linked with the Hospital Discharge Register data and analyzed according to ICD-10 chapters.

Results
10.7% of women continued to smoke after the first trimester. After adjusting for confounding factors women in both smoking groups had more hospital treatment compared with nonsmokers. Especially outpatient treatment was more common among mothers who continued to smoke compared to those who quit smoking in the first trimester in several ICD-10 chapters. Compared to non-smokers, aOR for mental and behavioral disorders (F00–F99) was 2.14 (95% confidence interval 2.00–2.30) in the quit smoking group and 3.88 (3.71–4.06) in the continued smoking group. Similarly, aOR for respiratory diseases (J00–J99) was 1.26 (1.15–1.39) and 1.61 (1.52–1.71), respectively and aOR for genitourinary diseases (N00–N99) was 1.10 (1.03–1.17) and 1.29 (1.23–1.35), respectively. Some similar findings were made also in inpatient care. Some similar findings were made also in inpatient care.

Conclusions
Women who smoke during pregnancy seem to require more hospital care for various reasons. These findings emphasize the importance of actions for smoking cessation during pregnancy and women should be encouraged to quit as early as possible.

Implications
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with greater rates of both outpatient and inpatient hospital care during pregnancy. Women who quit smoking had a similar risk for hospital care during pregnancy with nonsmokers in certain diagnosis chapters, which is very motivational and could be used as an informational tool in prenatal clinics to encourage smoking cessation as it is never too late to quit smoking during pregnancy.
Implementing a Comprehensive Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Clinic Within a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clinic: A Model of Care for HCV Microelimination
Authors: Rizk Christina , Miceli Janet , Shiferaw Bethel , Malinis Maricar , Barakat Lydia , Ogbuagu Onyema , Villanueva Merceditas 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundAmong the 1.2 million people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the United States, 25% are coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). The availability of effective direct acting antivirals (DAAs) makes the goal of HCV elimination feasible, but implementation requires improvements to the HCV treatment cascade, especially linkage to and initiation of treatment in underserved populations.MethodsIn this retrospective review, a cohort of patients receiving care at a hospital-based HIV clinic in New Haven, Connecticut (January 1, 2014–March 31, 2017) with chronic HCV infection not previously treated with DAAs were followed longitudinally. Patients were referred to a colocated multidisciplinary team. Standardized referral and treatment algorithms and electronic medical record templates were developed, monthly meetings were held, and a registry was created to review progress.ResultsOf 173 patients, 140 (80.9%) were 50–70 years old, 115 (66.5%) were male, 99 (57.2%) were African American, 43 (24.9%) were white, and 23 (13.3%) were Hispanic. Comorbidities included the following: cirrhosis (25.4%), kidney disease (17.3%), mental health issues (60.7%), alcohol abuse (30.6%), and active drug use (54.3%). Overall, 161 (93.1%) were referred, 147 (85%) were linked, 122 (70.5%) were prescribed DAAs, and 97 (56.1%) had sustained viral response at 12 weeks posttreatment or cure (SVR12). Comparison between those with SVR12 and those unsuccessfully referred, linked, or treated, showed that among those not engaged in HCV care, there was a higher proportion of younger (mean age 54.2 vs 57 years old, P = .022), female patients (P = .001) and a higher frequency of missed appointments.ConclusionsEstablishing a colocated HCV clinic within an HIV clinic resulted in treatment initiation in 70.5% of patients and SVR12 in 56.1%. This success in a hard-to-treat population is a model for achieving microelimination goals set by the World Health Organization.
First Human Trial of Stem Cell Transplantation in Complex Arrays for Stroke Patients Using the Intracerebral Microinjection Instrument
Authors: Zhang GuangZhu , Cunningham Miles , Zhang HongTian , Dai YiWu , Zhang Ping , Ge GuangZhi , Wang BeiBei , Bai MiaoChun , Hazel Thomas , Johe Karl , Xu RuXiang 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
In preclinical studies, the Intracerebral Microinjection Instrument (IMI) has demonstrated the ability to deliver therapeutics within the brain in 3-dimensional arrays from a single overlying penetration while incurring minimal localized trauma.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and performance of the IMI in its first use in humans to deliver stem cells in complex configurations within brain regions affected by ischemic injury.

METHODS
As part of a phase 1 study, 3 chronically hemiparetic motor stroke patients received intracerebral grafts of the therapeutic stem cell line, NSI-566, using the IMI and its supporting surgical planning software. The patients were 37 to 54 yr old, had ischemic strokes more than 1 yr prior to transplantation, and received Fugl-Meyer motor scale scores of 17-48 at screening. During a single surgical procedure, patients received several neural grafts (42 ± 3) within the peri-infarct region targeted strategically to facilitate neural repair.

RESULTS
The IMI enabled multiple cellular deposits to be safely placed peripheral to stroke lesions. The procedure was well tolerated, recovery was uneventful, and there occurred no subsequent complications. The IMI performed reliably throughout the procedures without evident targeting errors. One year after transplantation, all 3 subjects displayed significant clinical improvement, and imaging analysis demonstrated occupation of infarct cavities with new tissue without tumor formation.

CONCLUSION
IMI technology permits unprecedented numbers of injections to be tactically placed in 3-dimensional arrays safely and reliably in human subjects.
This advanced methodology can optimize the benefits of novel therapeutics by enabling versatile 3-dimensional intracerebral targeting.
Comparative Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals a Decay of ABA Signaling in Barley Embryos during After-Ripening
Authors: Ishikawa Shinnosuke , Barrero Jos� M , Takahashi Fuminori , Nakagami Hirofumi , Peck Scott C , Gubler Frank , Shinozaki Kazuo , Umezawa Taishi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAbscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone and a major determinant of seed dormancy in plants. Seed dormancy is gradually lost during dry storage, a process known as ‘after-ripening’, and this dormancy decay is related to a decline in ABA content and sensitivity in seeds after imbibition. In this study, we aimed at investigating the effect of after-ripening on ABA signaling in barley, our cereal model species. Phosphosignaling networks in barley grains were investigated by a large-scale analysis of phosphopeptides to examine potential changes in response pathways to after-ripening. We used freshly harvested (FH) and after-ripened (AR) barley grains which showed different ABA sensitivity. A total of 1,730 phosphopeptides were identified in barley embryos isolated from half-cut grains. A comparative analysis showed that 329 and 235 phosphopeptides were upregulated or downregulated, respectively after ABA treatment, and phosphopeptides profiles were quite different between FH and AR embryos. These results were supported by peptide motif analysis which suggested that different sets of protein kinases are active in FH and AR grains. Furthermore, in vitro phosphorylation assays confirmed that some phosphopeptides were phosphorylated by SnRK2s, which are major protein kinases involved in ABA signaling. Taken together, our results revealed very distinctive phosphosignaling networks in FH and AR embryos of barley, and suggested that the after-ripening of barley grains is associated with differential regulation of phosphosignaling pathways leading to a decay of ABA signaling.
A Darwinian Uncertainty Principle
Authors: Gascuel Olivier , Steel Mike 
Published: August 2019

AbstractReconstructing ancestral characters and traits along a phylogenetic tree is central to evolutionary biology. It is the key to understanding morphology changes among species, inferring ancestral biochemical properties of life, or recovering migration routes in phylogeography. The goal is 2-fold: to reconstruct the character state at the tree root (e.g., the region of origin of some species) and to understand the process of state changes along the tree (e.g., species flow between countries). We deal here with discrete characters, which are “unique,” as opposed to sequence characters (nucleotides or amino-acids), where we assume the same model for all the characters (or for large classes of characters with site-dependent models) and thus benefit from multiple information sources. In this framework, we use mathematics and simulations to demonstrate that although each goal can be achieved with high accuracy individually, it is generally impossible to accurately estimate both the root state and the rates of state changes along the tree branches, from the observed data at the tips of the tree. This is because the global rates of state changes along the branches that are optimal for the two estimation tasks have opposite trends, leading to a fundamental trade-off in accuracy. This inherent “Darwinian uncertainty principle” concerning the simultaneous estimation of “patterns” and “processes” governs ancestral reconstructions in biology. For certain tree shapes (typically speciation trees) the uncertainty of simultaneous estimation is reduced when more tips are present; however, for other tree shapes it does not (e.g., coalescent trees used in population genetics).
Effect of Mootral—a garlic- and citrus-extract-based feed additive—on enteric methane emissions in feedlot cattle
Authors: Roque Breanna M , Van Lingen Henk J , Vrancken Hilde , Kebreab Ermias 
Published: August 2019

Abstract:
Enteric methane (CH4) production is the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock globally with beef cattle contributing 5.95% of total global greenhouse gas emissions. Various mitigation strategies have been developed to reduce enteric emissions with limited success. In vitro studies have shown a reduction in CH4 emissions when using garlic and citrus extracts. However, there is paucity of data regarding in vivo studies investigating the effect of garlic and citrus extracts in cattle. The objective of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the response of Angus × Hereford cross steers consuming the feed additive Mootral, which contains extracts of both garlic and citrus, on CH4 yield (g/kg dry matter intake [DMI]). Twenty steers were randomly assigned to two treatments: control (no additive) and Mootral supplied at 15 g/d in a completely randomized design with a 2-wk covariate and a 12-wk data collection periods. Enteric CH4 emissions were measured using the GreenFeed system during the covariate period and experimental weeks 2, 6, 9, and 12. CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) by steers remained similar in both treatments for weeks 2 to 9. In week 12, there was a significant decrease in CH4 yield (23.2%) in treatment compared to control steers mainly because the steers were consuming all the pellets containing the additive. However, overall CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) during the entire experimental period was not significantly different. Carbon dioxide yield (g/kg DMI) and oxygen consumption (g/kg DMI) did not differ between treatments during the entire experimental period. DMI, average daily gain, and feed efficiency also remained similar in control and supplemented steers. The in vivo results showed that Mootral may have a potential to be used as a feed additive to reduce enteric CH4 production and yield in beef cattle but needs further investigation under various dietary regimen.
Oscillating and static dietary crude protein supply. I. Impacts on intake, digestibility, performance, and nitrogen balance in young Nellore bulls1
Authors: Menezes Ana Clara B , Valadares Filho Sebastião C , Pacheco Marcos V C , Pucetti Pauliane , Silva Breno C , Zanetti Diego , Paulino Mário F , Silva Fabyano F , Neville Tammi L , Caton Joel S 
Published: August 2019

Abstract:
Effects of dietary crude protein (CP) supply on intake, digestibility, performance, and N balance were evaluated in young Nellore bulls consuming static or oscillating CP concentrations. Forty-two young bulls (initial BW of 260 ± 8.1 kg; age of 7 ± 1.0 mo) were fed ad libitum and were randomly assigned to receive one of six diets with different CP concentrations for 140 d: 105 (LO), 125 (MD), or 145 g CP /kg DM (HI), and LO to HI (LH), LO to MD (LM), or MD to HI (MH) oscillating CP at a 48-h interval for each feed. At the end of the experiment, bulls were slaughtered to evaluate carcass characteristics. Linear and quadratic effects were used to compare LO, MD, and HI, and specific contrasts were applied to compare oscillating dietary CP treatments vs. MD (125 g CP/kg DM) static treatment. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P &gt; 0.26) by increasing or oscillating dietary CP. As dietary N concentration increased, there was a subsequent increase in apparent N compounds digestibility (P = 0.02), and no significant difference (P = 0.38) was observed between oscillating LH and MD. Daily total urinary and fecal N increased (P &lt; 0.01) in response to increasing dietary CP. Significant differences were observed between oscillating LM and MH vs. MD, where bulls receiving the LM diet excreted less (P &lt; 0.01; 71.21 g/d) and bulls fed MH excreted more (P &lt; 0.01) urinary N (90.70 g/d) than those fed MD (85.52 g/d). A quadratic effect was observed (P &lt; 0.01) for retained N as a percentage of N intake, where the bulls fed LO had greater N retention than those fed HI, 16.20% and 13.78%, respectively. Both LH and LM had greater (P &lt; 0.01) daily retained N when compared with MD. Performance and carcass characteristics were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by increasing or oscillating dietary CP. Therefore, these data indicate that although there is no alteration in the performance of growing Nellore bulls fed with oscillating CP diets vs. a static level of 125 g CP/kg DM, nor static low (105 g CP/kg DM) and high (145 g CP/kg DM) levels; there may be undesirable increases in environmental N excretion when the average dietary CP content is increased. The results suggest that dietary CP concentrations of 105, 125 g/kg DM, or within this range can be indicated for finishing young Nellore bulls, since it reaches the requirements, reduces the environmental footprint related to N excretion, and may save on costs of high-priced protein feeds.
ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Megabirnaviridae
Authors: Sato Yukiyo , Miyazaki Naoyuki , Kanematsu Satoko , Xie Jiatao , Ghabrial Said A. , Hillman Bradley I. , Suzuki Nobuhiro ,   ICTV Report Consortium
Published: August 2019

Megabirnaviridae is a family of non-enveloped spherical viruses with dsRNA genomes of two linear segments, each of 7.2–8.9 kbp, comprising 16.1 kbp in total. The genus Megabirnavirus includes the species Rosellinia necatrix megabirnavirus 1, the exemplar isolate of which infects the white root rot fungus (Rosellinia necatrix) to which it confers hypovirulence. Megabirnaviruses are characterized by their bisegmented genome with large 5′-untranslated regions (1.6 kb) upstream of both 5′-proximal coding strand ORFs, and large protrusions on the particle surface. This is a summary of the ICTV Report on the family Megabirnaviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/megabirnaviridae.
This Profile is dedicated to the memory of our valued colleague Professor Said A. Ghabrial.
Integrin α6β4 is downregulated in mutant IDH1 oligodendrogliomas, promotes glioma growth, and associates with a worse outcome in glioma patients
Authors: Stewart Rachel L. , Chen Min , Mulkearns-Hubert Erin E. , Lathia Justin , O’Connor Kathleen L. , Horbinski Craig 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe integrin α6β4 is a laminin receptor that associates with aggressive behavior in many cancers, though its significance in gliomas has not been established. Mutations inisocitrate dehydrogenase 1and2(IDHmut) are common in gliomas, especially 1p/19q co-deleted oligodendrogliomas, and correlate with improved patient survival. We sought to determine whether there is a link between integrin β4 and malignant behavior in gliomas. An inverse relationship was identified between IDHmutand integrin β4 expression in a glioma TMA (P< 0.0001) and in TCGA grade II-IV gliomas (P< 0.0001). Methylation of CpG sites in theITGB4promoter is significantly higher in IDHmutgliomas when compared to wild-type tumors, and bothITGB4methylation and reducedITGB4mRNA are not only most prominent in the 1p/19q co-deleted subset of IDHmuttumors, but fully account for the lowerITGB4expression observed in IDHmutgliomas. In fact,ITGB4is one of the most downregulated genes in IDHmut1p/19q co-deleted gliomas compared to IDHmut1p/19q intact gliomas (P= 3.2×10-39). In patient-derived glioma cells, we found that integrin β4 is enriched in the stem-like population, and that knockdown of integrin β4 slows glioma growthin vitro(P< 0.001) andin vivo (P= 0.01). LowerITGB4mRNA levels were also associated with longer overall survival in multiple patient cohorts (P= 0.0005;P< 0.0001). These data suggest that integrin β4 increases glioma malignancy, and that its relative paucity may contribute to the better prognosis inIDH1/2mutant, 1p/19q co-deleted oligodendrogliomas.
Contextualising UK moorland burning studies: geographical versus potential sponsorship-bias effects on research conclusions
Authors: Brown Lee E. , Holden Joseph 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIt has recently been claimed that geographical variability resulted in false conclusions from some studies examining the impacts of prescribed moorland burning, including the Effects of Moorland Burning on the Ecohydrology of River basins (EMBER) project. We provide multiple lines of evidence to contradict these claims and show that the EMBER results are reliable.A systematic review of the literature also confirms that EMBER conclusions were not out of line with the majority of other published UK studies on responses to prescribed burning ofSphagnumgrowth/abundance, soil properties, hydrological change, or peat exposure and erosion.We suggest that sponsorship-bias is associated with some recent research conclusions related to moorland burning. Thus, it is of grave concern when sponsorship or other potential conflicts of interest are not declared on publications related to moorland burning.We show that sponsorship and other conflicts of interest were not declared on a recent publication that criticised the EMBER project, thereby entirely undermining that critical assessment.Policy implications:The EMBER findings are robust. Our study suggests that publications on moorland burning that have been funded by pro-burning groups should be treated with extreme caution by the policy community. Publications that have been shown to have failed to declare conflicts of interest from the outset, when first submitted to a journal, should be disregarded by the policy community because peer reviewers and editors may have been unable to evaluate those pieces of work properly.
Effects of forest management on the phenology of early-flowering understory herbs
Authors: Willems Franziska M. , Scheepens J.F. , Ammer Christian , Block Svenja , Bucharova Anna , Schall Peter , Sehrt Melissa , Bossdorf Oliver 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMany organisms respond to anthropogenic environmental change through shifts in their phenology. In plants, flowering is largely driven by temperature, and therefore affected by climate change. However, on smaller scales climatic conditions are also influenced by other factors, including habitat structure. A group of plants with a particularly distinct phenology are the understorey herbs in temperate forests. In these forests, management alters tree species composition and stand structure and, as a consequence, light conditions and microclimate. Forest management should thus also affect the phenology of understorey herbs. To test this, we recorded the flowering phenology of 20 early-flowering herbs on 100 forest plots varying in management intensity, from near-natural to intensely managed forests, in Central and Southern Germany. We found that in forest stands with a high management intensity the plants flowered on average about two weeks later than in unmanaged forests. This was largely because management also affected microclimate (e.g. spring temperatures of 5.9 °C in managed coniferous, 6.7 in managed deciduous and 7.0 °C in unmanaged deciduous plots), which in turn affected phenology, with plants flowering later on colder and moister forest stands (+4.5 days per −1°C and 2.7 days per 10 % humidity increase). Among forest characteristics, the main tree species as well as the age, overall crown projection area, structural complexity and spatial distribution of trees had the greatest influence on microclimate. Our study demonstrates that forest management alters plant phenology, with potential far-reaching consequences for the ecology and evolution of understorey communities. More generally, our study suggests that besides climate change other drivers of environmental change, too, can influence the phenology of organisms.
THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF BASAL INFECTION RESISTANCE VS DIVERSE IMMUNE PRIMING RESPONSES IN AN INSECT
Authors: Prakash Arun , Agashe Deepa , Khan Imroze 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTIn insects, basal pathogen resistance and immune priming can evolve as mutually exclusive strategies, with distinct infection outcomes. However, the evolutionary drivers of such diverse immune functions remain poorly understood. Here, we addressed this key issue by systematically analyzing the differential fitness costs and benefits of priming vs. resistance evolution in Tribolium beetle populations infected with Bacillus thuringiensis. Surprisingly, resistant beetles had increased post-infection reproduction and a longer lifespan under both starving as well as fed conditions, with no other measurable costs. In contrast, priming reduced offspring early survival, development rate and reproduction. Priming did improve post-infection survival of offspring, but this added trans-generational benefit of immune priming might not compensate for its pervasive costs. Resistance was thus consistently more beneficial. Our work represents the first report of experimentally evolved trans-generational priming, and a detailed comparison of the complex fitness consequences of evolved priming vs resistance.HIGHLIGHTSDivergent costs and benefits of experimentally evolved immune priming vs resistanceIncreased reproduction and lifespan in resistant populationsNo other hidden costs of resistanceIn contrast, reduced juvenile fitness and reproduction in primed populationsFirst evidence for experimentally evolved trans-generational immune priming