bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cystoisospora belliinfections in humans: the past 100 years
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Almeria S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCystoisospora belliis a coccidian parasite of humans, with a direct fecal–oral transmission cycle. It is globally distributed, but mainly found in tropical and subtropical areas. Many cases ofC. belliinfections have been reported in patients with HIV, and in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplants or those treated for tumours worldwide. Unsporulated or partially sporulated oocysts ofC. belliare excreted in feces. When sporulated oocysts in contaminated water or food are ingested, asexual and sexual stages ofC. belliare confined to the epithelium of intestines, bile ducts and gallbladder. Monozoic tissue cysts are present in extra-intestinal organs (lamina propria of the small and large intestine, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver) of immunosuppressed humans. However, a paratenic host has not been demonstrated.Cystoisospora belliinfections can be persistent, lasting for months, and relapses are common; the mechanism of relapse is unknown. Recently, the endogenous stages ofC. belliwere re-examined and attention was drawn to cases of misidentification of non-protozoal structures in the gallbladder of patients asC. belli. Here, we review all aspects of the biology ofC. belli, including morphology, endogenous stages, prevalence, epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis and control.
Beyond a gut feeling: How the immune system impacts the effect of gut microbiota in neurodevelopment
Authors: Azhari Atiqah , Azizan Farouq , Esposito Gianluca 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Hooks et al. posit that gastrointestinal microbes alter the end state of development indirectly. Here, we present the immune system as the link that facilitates communication between the gut and the brain. Illustrating the case of autism spectrum disorder, we explicate the role of the immune system in responding to microbial dysbiosis by inducing an inflammatory state that affects neurodevelopment. We propose two models: directly, within the infant, and indirectly, via maternal and infant systems.
The parent-offspring microbiome and neurobehavioral development
Authors: Alberts Jeffrey R. , Harshaw Christopher , Demas Gregory E. , Wellman Cara L. , Morrow Ardythe L. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We identify the significance and typical requirements of developmental analyses of the microbiome-gut-brain (MGB) in parents, offspring, and parent-offspring relations, which have particular importance for neurobehavioral outcomes in mammalian species, including humans. We call for a focus on behavioral measures of social-emotional function. Methodological approaches to interpreting relations between the microbiota and behavior are discussed.
Why don't probiotics work?
Authors: Korte Bert Jan , Korte S. Mechiel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The conclusions reached by Hooks et al. urge the field to investigate the complex multipathway interactions between the microbiome and the gut-brain axis to understand the potential causal relationships involved. Claims in the field of microbiota-gut-brain research remain problematic without appropriate controls and adequate statistical power. A crucial question that follows from the authors' extensive review is: “Why don't probiotics work?”
The contribution of microbiology to neuroscience: More complex than it seems?
Authors: Borghi Elisa , Vignoli Aglaia , D'Agostino Armando 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The overblown, somewhat dramatic media interpretation of microbiota-gut-brain literature is highly misleading. This phenomenon is not new to neuroscience, wherein rapidly evolving research fields struggle to translate findings into clinical practice. Advances in microbiology might integrate our understanding of complex biological pathways that should be interpreted within neuropsychiatric symptom dimensions rather than specific disorders.
Rural maritime labour migration to Copenhagen and Stockholm (1700–1800)
Authors: Brock Aske Laursen , van Lottum Jelle 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFocusing on the shipping sector, this article discusses the influence of labour migrants from rural areas on economic development in Copenhagen and Stockholm during the long eighteenth century. During this period, the two cities developed in markedly different ways; Copenhagen flourished while Stockholm stagnated, and the qualitative and quantitative contribution of migrants was essential in facilitating these differences. Both capitals were maritime hubs that relied on a constant influx of mariners who originated from the two cities’ rural hinterlands. By examining different characteristics of the migrant mariners and the improvements of mariners’ human capital across the eighteenth century, this article emphasises the importance of the shipping sector as well as labour migration in the socio-economic development of Copenhagen and Stockholm.
Immigrant business proprietors in England and Wales (1851–1911)
Authors: Smith Harry , Bennett Robert J. , van Lieshout Carry 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article examines the history of immigrant business proprietors in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. The newly available electronic version of the Census (I-CeM) allows all business proprietors in each Census year to be identified, and provides birthplace information that allows entrepreneurs from different countries to be compared to each other and to business proprietors born in the United Kingdom. Immigrant populations had higher rates of business proprietorship than the English and Welsh-born population. This article argues that this was caused by labour market structure and demography rather than cultural differences between English- and foreign-born business proprietors.
Accuracy of a portable pulse oximeter in monitoring hypoxemic infants with cyanotic heart disease
Authors: Harris Bronwyn U. , Stewart Sarah , Verma Archana , Hoen Helena , Stein Mary Lyn , Wright Gail , Ramamoorthy Chandra 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjective:Infants with single ventricle physiology have arterial oxygen saturations between 75 and 85%. Home monitoring with daily pulse oximetry is associated with improved interstage survival. They are typically sent home with expensive, bulky, hospital-grade pulse oximeters. This study evaluates the accuracy of both the currently used Masimo LNCS and a relatively inexpensive, portable, and equipped with Bluetooth technology study device, by comparing with the gold standard co-oximeter.Design:Prospective, observational study.Setting:Single institution, paediatric cardiac critical care unit, and neonatal ICU.Interventions:none.Patients:Twenty-four infants under 12 months of age with baseline oxygen saturation less than 90% due to cyanotic CHD.Measurements and Results:Pulse oximetry with WristOx2 3150 with infant sensors 8008 J (study device) and Masimo LCNS saturation sensor connected to a Philips monitor (hospital device) were measured simultaneously and compared to arterial oxy-haemoglobin saturation measured by co-oximetry. Statistical analysis evaluated the performances of each and compared to co-oximetry with Schuirmann’s TOST equivalence tests, with equivalence defined as an absolute difference of 5% saturation or less. Neither the study nor the hospital device met the predefined standard for equivalence when compared with co-oximetry. The study device reading was on average 4.0% higher than the co-oximeter, failing to show statistical equivalence (p = 0.16). The hospital device was 7.4% higher than the co-oximeter and also did not meet the predefined standard for equivalence (p = 0.97).Conclusion:Both devices tended to overestimate oxygen saturation in this patient population when compared to the gold standard, co-oximetry. The study device is at least as accurate as the hospital device and offers the advantage of being more portable with Bluetooth technology that allows reliable, efficient data transmission. Currently FDA-approved, smaller portable pulse oximeters can be considered for use in home monitoring programmes.
Imagery rescripting in non-clinical paranoia: a pilot study of the impact on key cognitive and affective processes
Authors: Newman-Taylor Katherine , McSherry Pamela , Stopa Lusia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground:Paranoia is often accompanied by distressing intrusions associated with traumatic memories, yet one of the best-evidenced interventions, imagery rescripting (IR), is not routinely offered. This is likely to be due to poor understanding of the effects of IR on postulated mechanisms of change as well as the absence of a robust evidence base.Aims:This study aimed to establish proof of principle that IR impacts key cognitive-affective processes associated with distressing intrusions – memory characteristics and self-representations – and level of paranoia.Method:We used a within-subject repeated measures design to examine the effect of single-session IR on memory characteristics (level of intrusions, vividness, distress, encapsulated belief strength, emotion intensity and frequency), self-representation variables, affect and paranoia. Fifteen participants were seen once before and once after the IR session, to gather baseline and follow-up data.Results:As predicted, participants reported reductions in memory characteristics, improved self-esteem and positive affect, and reduced negative affect and paranoia, with large effect sizes. These effects were maintained at follow-up.Conclusions:While a within-subject design is useful for initial exploration of novel interventions, controlled studies are needed to determine causality. This is the first study to examine mechanisms of IR in paranoia. A controlled trial is now warranted.
Lycopene enriched tomato extract suppresses chemically induced skin tumorigenesis in mice
Authors: Koul Ashwani , Bansal Mohinder Pal , Aniqa Aniqa , Chaudhary Harsh , Chugh Neha Arora 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The present study revealed the effects of Lycopene enriched tomato extract (LycT) on chemically induced skin cancer in mice. Skin tumors were induced by topical application of 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) [500 nmol/100 ul of acetone, twice a week for two weeks] and 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) [1.7 nmol/100 ul of acetone, twice a week for eighteen weeks] and LycT (5 mg/kg b.w.) was administered orally. Male Balb/c mice were divided into four groups (n = 15 per group): control, DMBA/TPA, LycT and LycT + DMBA/TPA. The chemopreventive response of LycT to skin tumorigenesis was evident by inhibition in tumor incidence, number, size, burden and volume in LycT + DMBA/TPA group when compared to DMBA/TPA group. This was associated with inhibition of cell proliferation in LycT + DMBA/TPA group as observed by the decrease in epidermal morphometric parameters and mRNA and protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen when compared to DMBA/TPA group (p ≤ 0.05). LycT decreased (p ≤ 0.05) the mRNA and protein expression of angiogenic genes (vascular endothelial growth factor, angiopoietin-2, basic fibroblast growth factor) in LycT + DMBA/TPA group, suggesting its anti-angiogenic effects. The increase (p ≤ 0.05) in protein expression of connexin-32 and 43 in LycT + DMBA/TPA group suggests improved inter cellular communication when compared to DMBA/TPA group. Histochemical studies demonstrated that the components of extracellular matrix (fibrous proteins and mucopolysaccharides) were also modulated during skin carcinogenesis and its chemoprevention by LycT. The decrease in cell proliferation parameters and expression of angiogenesis associated genes, modulation of ECM components and increase in expression of connexins suggest that LycT improved multiple dysregulated processes during chemoprevention of skin cancer.
Daily Selection, Optimization, and Compensation Strategy Use and Innovative Performance
Authors: Breevaart Kimberley , Zacher Hannes 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Knowledge on how to improve employees’ daily innovative performance is imperative, because innovation contributes importantly to organizational competitiveness. We tested a model in which daily use of selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) strategies mediates the relationship between daily job autonomy and daily innovative performance. Moreover, we predicted that the association between daily SOC strategy use and daily innovative performance is stronger on days when time pressure is high (vs. low). Hypotheses were tested using a daily diary study in which employees filled out a short questionnaire at the end of their workday for a period of five workdays ( N = 91; 381 daily entries). Results of structural equation modeling analyses supported our mediation, but not our moderation hypothesis.
Tropical Synoptic‐Scale Waves Propagating Across the Maritime Continent and Northern Australia
Authors: Fukutomi Yoshiki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe structure and characteristics of tropical synoptic‐scale wave disturbances over the Maritime Continent (MC) and northern Australia during the Southern Hemisphere summer are analyzed. The tropical synoptic‐scale waves are identified by an extended empirical orthogonal function analysis on 2‐ to 8‐day‐filtered daily 850‐hPa meridional wind anomalies during December–February for the period 1979–2016. Extended empirical orthogonal function‐based composite analyses of various fields reveal a synoptic‐scale wave train, with a well‐organized structure, which is coupled with deep convection anomalies. The composite waves are considered to be tropical depression‐type waves that develop along a strong meridional gradient of the mean monsoon westerly flow. These waves propagate westward at approximately 8 m/s, with zonal wavelengths of about 3,000–4,000 km. Eastward amplification of wave troughs and ridges due to group propagation occurs within the synoptic‐scale wave train. Wave activity diagnostics confirm that downstream wave energy propagation facilitates the development of the synoptic‐scale wave train along the monsoon westerly flow. Rainfall is enhanced over the MC and the ocean in the vicinity of the north coast of Australia, which is associated with the passage of the wave trough. The development of this synoptic‐scale wave is found to play an important role in day‐to‐day weather variation over the MC. Extratropical forcing of the tropical synoptic‐scale waves is also explored. Southerly surges that originated in the midlatitude Indian Ocean could intensify the tropical synoptic‐scale wave trough. The southerly surges are induced by the development of midlatitude synoptic‐scale baroclinic disturbances over the eastern Indian Ocean.
Countrywide Observations of Plate Spreading and Glacial Isostatic Adjustment in Iceland Inferred by Sentinel‐1 Radar Interferometry, 2015–2018
Authors: Drouin Vincent , Sigmundsson Freysteinn 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEast‐west and vertical ground velocities for 2015–2018 are retrieved over 81% of Iceland from Sentinel‐1 radar interferometry, using satellite images from six different tracks. Only summertime images are considered, to avoid snow cover. Average line‐of‐sight velocity fields for 2015–2018 for each track are estimated using a simple approach: single master interferometry time series together with a linear component estimation for each pixel. The line‐of‐sight velocity fields are combined and their signal is decomposed to extract approximate east (near‐East) and approximate vertical (near‐Up) velocities. Only pixels passing a coherence and outlier criteria are considered, resulting in 81% coverage of Iceland. The 19% of missing coverage is mostly glaciers and farmland. We find a general agreement between the near‐East velocity field and a revised plate spreading model, and the near‐Up velocity field and a glacial isostatic adjustment model. Models and their residuals suggest a difference in rheology between the rift zones in Iceland.
Internal Drainage Has Sustained Low‐Relief Tibetan Landscapes Since the Early Miocene
Authors: Han Zhongpeng , Sinclair Hugh D. , Li Yalin , Wang Chengshan , Tao Zui , Qian Xinyu , Ning Zijie , Zhang Jiawei , Wen Yixiong , Lin Jie , Zhang Baosen , Xu Ming , Dai Jingen , Zhou Aorigele , Liang Huimin , Cao Shuo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe timing of formation of the low‐gradient, internally drained landscape of the Tibetan Plateau is fundamental to understanding the evolution of the plateau as a whole. Well‐dated sedimentary records of internal drainage of rivers into lakes are used to reveal the timing of this evolution. Here we redate the youngest continental sedimentary successions of central Tibet in the Lunpola Basin and propose a new age range of ca. 35 to 9 Ma, significantly younger than previously thought. We demonstrate long‐standing internal drainage in central Tibet since the late Eocene and stable sedimentary environments, source regions, and low topographic relief since at least the early Miocene. We suggest that sediment aggradation of internal drainage and reduction of hillslope gradients by erosion dominate the formation of low‐relief landscapes and that the late Cenozoic drainage basins in central Tibet developed in response to flow in the lower crust and/or mantle lithosphere.
Ice Nucleating Particles Carried From Below a Phytoplankton Bloom to the Arctic Atmosphere
Authors: Creamean J. M. , Cross J. N. , Pickart R. , McRaven L. , Lin P. , Pacini A. , Hanlon R. , Schmale D. G. , Ceniceros J. , Aydell T. , Colombi N. , Bolger E. , DeMott P. J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAs Arctic temperatures rise at twice the global rate, sea ice is diminishing more quickly than models can predict. Processes that dictate Arctic cloud formation and impacts on the atmospheric energy budget are poorly understood, yet crucial for evaluating the rapidly changing Arctic. In parallel, warmer temperatures afford conditions favorable for productivity of microorganisms that can effectively serve as ice nucleating particles (INPs). Yet the sources of marine biologically derived INPs remain largely unknown due to limited observations. Here we show, for the first time, how biologically derived INPs were likely transported hundreds of kilometers from deep Bering Strait waters and upwelled to the Arctic Ocean surface to become airborne, a process dependent upon a summertime phytoplankton bloom, bacterial respiration, ocean dynamics, and wind‐driven mixing. Given projected enhancement in marine productivity, combined oceanic and atmospheric transport mechanisms may play a crucial role in provision of INPs from blooms to the Arctic atmosphere.
Optical Signatures of the Outer Radiation Belt Boundary
Authors: Sivadas Nithin , Semeter Joshua , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Mrak Sebastijan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe present observations that show structured diffuse aurora (SDA) correlated with electron precipitation directly from the outer boundary of the outer radiation belt. The SDA maps to the nightside transition region (∼9–12 RE) in the magnetic‐equatorial plane during a substorm growth phase. The energy flux of 100‐ to 300‐keV electrons lost from the outer boundary of the radiation belt is ∼0.4 mW/m2, which is comparable to electron dropouts >100 keV during magnetic storms. The latitudinal dispersion of energetic electrons observed in the ionosphere with energetic electrons more equatorward suggests nonadiabatic scattering from a thinning current sheet. The GLobal airglOW (GLOW) model shows significant optical contributions (up to 46%) from electrons >30 keV within the SDA. Ground‐ and space‐based measurements are consistent with the conclusion that the SDA marks the outer radiation belt boundary during substorm growth phase.
A Black Carbon‐Tracer Method for Estimating Cooking Organic Aerosol From Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Measurements
Authors: He Yao , Sun Yele , Wang Qingqing , Zhou Wei , Xu Weiqi , Zhang Yunjiang , Xie Conghui , Zhao Jian , Du Wei , Qiu Yanmei , Lei Lu , Fu Pingqing , Wang Zifa , Worsnop Douglas R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCooking organic aerosol (COA) constitutes a considerable fraction of organic aerosol (OA) in urban environments, yet it is often challenging to resolve COA in summer through positive matrix factorization of unit mass resolution spectra of OA from aerosol mass spectrometer measurements. Here we developed a black carbon‐tracer method for estimating COA in summer. The estimated COA agreed reasonably well with those from other methods. This method can also be applied to other seasons and megacities without substantial emissions from biomass burning and coal combustion. Globally, much higher COA concentrations in China and India than those in North America and Europe were observed, while the COA contributions were comparable (15.5–20%), highlighting the importance of COA in urban areas. Considering the rapidly increased aerosol mass spectrometer measurements worldwide, this method has significant implications for a better source apportionment of OA and also benefits the health studies associated with cooking exposure.
Nonlinear Effects of Electron‐Electron Collisions on ISR Temperature Measurements
Authors: Longley William J. , Oppenheim Meers M. , Dimant Yakov S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIncoherent scatter radars (ISR) estimate the electron and ion temperatures in the ionosphere by fitting measured spectra of ion‐acoustic waves to forward models. For radars looking at aspect angles within 5° off perpendicular to the Earth's magnetic field, the magnetic field constrains electron movement and Coulomb collisions add an additional source of damping that narrows the spectra. Fitting the collisionally narrowed spectra to collisionless forward models leads to errors or underestimates of the plasma temperatures. This paper presents the first fully kinetic particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations of ISR spectra with collisional damping by velocity‐dependent electron‐electron and electron‐ion collisions. For aspect angles between 0.5° and 2° off perpendicular, the damping effects of electron‐ion and electron‐electron collisions in the PIC simulations are the same and the resulting spectra are narrower than what current theories and models predict. For aspect angles larger than 3° away from perpendicular, the simulations with electron‐ion collisions match collisionless ISR theory well, but spectra with electron‐electron collisions are narrower than theory predicts at aspect angles as large as 5° away from perpendicular. At aspect angles less than 5° the PIC simulations produce narrower spectra than previous simulations using single‐particle displacement statistics that include both electron‐ion and electron‐electron collisions. The narrowing of spectra by electron‐electron collisions in the PIC code between 3° and 5° away from perpendicular is currently neglected when fitting measured spectra from the Jicamarca and Millstone Hill radars, leading to underestimates of electron temperatures by as much as 25% at small aspect angles.
Impact of sea surface height anomalies on cyclone track
Authors: Ali M.M , Sinha Palash , Jain Sarika , Mohanty U.C 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPredicting accurate cyclone tracks is crucial for disaster management practices. The unusual westward movement of the 6-11 May 2002 Arabian Sea cyclone has been investigated through community mesoscale National Centre for Atmospheric Research model by giving different sea surface temperatures (SST) in different experiments keeping all other conditions same. In one experiment, we converted sea surface height anomalies (SSHAs) to SST. Oceanic eddies and SSHAs, representing the subsurface thermal structure, played a prominent role in the unusual westward movement of this cyclone. This is the first time that the effect of eddies and SSHAs on cyclone track has been reported.