bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The genetic aetiology of somatic distress
Authors: GILLESPIE N. A. , ZHU G. , HEATH A. C. , HICKIE I. B. , MARTIN N. G. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Somatoform disorders such as neurasthenia and chronic fatigue syndrome are characterized by a combination of prolonged mental and physical fatigue. This study aimed to investigate the heritability of somatic distress and determine whether this dimension is aetiologically distinct from measures of depression and anxiety.Method. Measures of anxiety, depression, phobic anxiety, somatic distress and sleep difficulty were administered in a self-report questionnaire to a community-based sample of 3469 Australian twin individuals aged 18 to 28 years. Factor analysis using a Promax rotation, produced four factors: depression, phobic anxiety, somatic distress and sleep disturbance. Multivariate and univariate genetic analyses of the raw categorical data scores for depression, phobic anxiety and depression were then analysed in Mx1.47.Results. Univariate genetic analysis revealed that an additive genetic and non-shared environmental (AE) model best explained individual differences in depression and phobic anxiety scores, for male and female twins alike, but could not resolve whether additive genes or shared environment were responsible for significant familial aggregation in somatic distress. However, multivariate genetic analysis showed that an additive genetic and non-shared environment (AE) model best explained the covariation between the three factors. Furthermore, 33% of the genetic variance in somatic distress was due to specific gene action unrelated to depression or phobic anxiety. In addition, 74% of the individual environmental influence on somatic distress was also unrelated to depression or phobic anxiety.Conclusion. These results support previous findings that somatic symptoms are relatively aetiologically distinct both genetically and environmentally from symptoms of anxiety and depression.
The genetic epidemiology of parental discipline
Authors: WADE TRACEY D. , KENDLER KENNETH S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous studies of parental discipline have identified little influence of heritability on
parental control, and some influence of gene–environment correlations, shared environment and
child temperament.Method. Using interview data from 2003 female twins from a population-based twin registry and
1472 of their parents, we examined reports of parental discipline from four perspectives: (1) father
and mother reporting separately on the type of discipline they provided for their offspring; (2) each
twin reporting on the type of discipline they received from their parents; (3) each parent reporting
on the discipline provided by their spouse; and, (4) each twin reporting on the discipline they
provided for their own offspring. Using factor analysis and univariate structural equation
modelling, we examined the structure of parental discipline, and the genetic and environmental
influences thereon.Results. The seven discipline items yielded two factors, physical discipline and limit setting, which
were moderately positively correlated. Parents perceived discipline as largely a common
environmental experience for the twins, whereas the twins indicated that discipline was influenced
by unique environmental factors and the genotype of the child. Twins as parents indicated no
influence of shared environment on discipline, with the majority of influence accounted for by non-
shared environment and parental genotype.Conclusions. Parents recall providing similar discipline to their children, whereas children emphasize
the differences in parental discipline. Sources of individual variation in parental discipline vary
according to which family member report is examined. In total, parental discipline is partially
influenced by the genotype of both the parent and child, and by environmental factors shared by
the twins and unique to the individual.
Prevalence, 20-month incidence and outcome of
unipolar depressive disorders in a community sample
of adolescents
Authors: OLDEHINKEL A. J. , WITTCHEN H.-U. , SCHUSTER P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This article presents prospective longitudinal findings on prevalence, incidence,
patterns of change and stability of depressive disorders in a community sample of 1228 adolescents.Methods. Data were collected at baseline and follow-up (20 months later) in a representative
population sample of 1228 adolescents, aged 14–17 at baseline. Diagnostic assessment was based on
the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI).Results. The overall cumulative lifetime incidence of any depressive condition was 20·0% (major
depressive disorder (MDD), 12·2%; dysthymia, 3·5%; subthreshold MDD, 6·3%), of which about
one-third were incident depressions in the period between baseline and follow-up. Depressive
disorders rarely started before the age of 13. Females were about twice as likely as males to develop
a depressive disorder. Overall, the 20-month outcome of baseline depression was unfavourable.
Dysthymia had the poorest outcome of all, with a complete remission rate of only 33% versus 43%
for MDD and 54% for subthreshold MDD. Dysthymia also had the highest number of depressive
episodes, and most psychosocial impairment and suicidal behavioural during follow-up. Treatment
rates were low (8–23%). Subthreshold MDD associated with considerable impairment had an
almost identical course and outcome as threshold MDD.Conclusions. DSM-IV MDD and dysthymia are rare before the age of 13, but frequent during
adolescence, with an estimated lifetime cumulative incidence of 14%. Only a minority of these
disorders in adolescence is treated, and more than half of them persist or remit only partly.
Typologies of anxiety, depression and somatization
symptoms among primary care attenders with no
formal mental disorder
Authors: PICCINELLI M. , RUCCI P. , ÜSTÜN B. , SIMON G. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Typologies of anxiety, depression and somatization symptoms were investigated in
individuals with no formal mental disorders, making no a priori assumptions about symptom
distribution and inter-relationship.Method. The subjects were 1617 adult primary care attenders from the WHO Collaborative Project
on Psychological Problems in General Health Care, with at least three symptoms of anxiety,
depression and/or somatization, but with no formal ICD-10 disorders. Analyses were based on the
grade of membership model, a multivariate statistical procedure exploring indistinct boundaries
between disease categories and preserving the heterogeneity of clinical picture within each category.Results. Six prototype categories (or pure types) best described the structure of symptoms included
in analyses. Pure type I included the full set of somatization symptoms. Pure type II was
characterized by most anxiety and depression symptoms. Pure type III resembled generalized
anxiety disorder. Pure type IV consisted of individuals reporting sporadic symptoms of anxiety,
depression or somatization. Pure type V defined individuals with sleep problems. Finally, pure type
VI was characterized by anxiety symptoms, including panic-like symptoms.Conclusions. These findings provide support to the existence of a mixed anxiety–depression
category crossing the diagnostic boundaries of current anxiety and depression disorders. Moreover,
criteria of anxiety and somatization disorders may be re-examined to assess whether lower
diagnostic thresholds can be identified that both preserve the symptom profile and clinical features
of current diagnostic categories and allow for a better characterization of individuals with
substantial psychopathology though not meeting the high symptom thresholds required for a
diagnosis of formal mental disorders.
The number of stable periodic solutions of time-dependent Hamiltonian systems with one degree of freedom
Authors: ORTEGA RAFAEL 
Published: July 2002

Let $F:{\Bbb R}^2 \to {\Bbb R}^2$ be a mapping that is analytic and area preserving. If $F\neq \hbox{\it identity}$, then every stable fixed point is isolated.This result can be applied to prove that the number of stable periodic solutions of a fixed period of certain Hamiltonian systems is finite.
Jamming conditions for multiple peg-in-hole assemblies
Authors: Sathirakul Korntham , Sturges Robert H. 
Published: July 2002

Reliable flexible assembly workstations depend ultimately on the physics of assembly tasks performed. Multiple-peg insertions, as a practical assembly class, is complicated by the large number and kind of interaction between mating parts.In this article, geometric and quasi-static analyses of multiple-peg insertions are presented. First, a possible contact-state enumeration, geometric conditions for each contact-state, and the force-moment equations for static-equilibrium states of two
dimensional dual-peg insertions are derived. The jamming diagrams and the taxonomy of dual-peg insertions are obtained. Then, an experiment to verify the analysis is presented.
Prediction of crop yield in Sweden based on mesoscale meteorological analysis
Authors: Foltescu Valentin L 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a prediction system for regional crop growth in Sweden, recently set up at SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute). The system includes a state‐of‐the‐art crop growth model, WOFOST (WOrld FOod STudies) and inputs from meteorological mesoscale analysis. The simulated crops are spring barley, spring rape, oats and winter wheat, and the period of investigation is 1985–98. The simulated water‐limited grain yield is used as a predictor in the yield prediction procedure. The technological time trend describing the yearly increase of the production level is accounted for as well. Yield prediction based on crop growth modelling is justified since the ability to forecast the yield is higher compared to that using the technological time trend alone. The prediction errors are of the order of 8 to 16%, with the lowest errors for winter wheat and spring barley. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Use of potential vorticity fields, Meteosat water vapour imagery and pseudo water vapour images for evaluating numerical model behaviour
Authors: Georgiev Christo G , Martín Francisco 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDuring November and December 1998, ten cyclonic disturbances over the North Atlantic and Mediterranean area were studied. Features in potential vorticity (PV) fields were tracked in the analyses and short‐range forecasts of the Spanish version of the HIRLAM model (HIRLAM‐INM) and the ECMWF model. They were superimposed on the corresponding Meteosat water vapour (WV) images with the aim of ascertaining the qualitative relationship between Meteosat WV imagery and PV fields that might be used to assess NWP model behaviour. Two cases predicted incorrectly by HIRLAM‐INM were studied in detail: a rapidly deepening depression over the Atlantic (26–27 November 1998) and a cut‐off low process over the western Mediterranean (3–4 December 1998). For evaluating HIRLAM‐INM model behaviour, absolute vorticity at 2 PVU surface, positive PV anomalies at 500 hPa as well as pseudo WV images were compared with Meteosat WV pictures. Being synthetic products of the numerical model, the pseudo WV images were used to indicate the strength of the relationship between the Meteosat WV imagery and the PV fields, and to indicate whether any mismatches correspond to real NWP model errors. It is demonstrated that the HIRLAM‐INM phase error at 3–4 December 1998 was clearly seen in the comparison between Meteosat and pseudo WV images. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Long waves around South America and precipitation in Argentina
Authors: Alessandro Adelia P 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this paper the position and intensity of the long waves around South America are related to the precipitation in Argentina. For this purpose indices of zonal and meridional circulation as well as of the curvature of geopotential height at 1000 and 500 hPa were selected. The daily 12 UTC analyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Forecast for 1980 to 1988 were used, averaged over at least five days. A strong positive (negative) anomaly of the meridional index at 1000 and 500 hPa is associated with a negative (positive) anomaly of precipitation. Positive (negative) anomalies of the zonal index at both levels are related to negative (positive) deviations of rainfall. Positive (cyclonic) anomalies of the curvature at 500 and 1000 hPa correspond to enhanced precipitation over the central‐eastern part of the country, while over the central‐western part the correspondence is of opposite sign. Once methods for forecasting long wave behaviour are available, including for the region around South America, the results may be used to produce medium‐range and long‐range forecasts of precipitation anomalies over Argentina. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
In search of mountain sites suitable for wind farms in the Mediterranean area using a diagnostic wind model
Authors: Gazzilli G , Palmieri S , Siani A M , Casale G R 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA mesoscale diagnostic wind model, based on mass conservation, is utilised to develop a wind climatology for the southern Appennines in Italy, with the aim of identifying areas suitable for wind energy production plants. The model includes the kinematic effects of the high ground, anabatic and katabatic flows along mountain slopes as well as blocking effects. The climatological analysis carried out appears quite effective in selecting favourable areas where a more detailed investigation based on boundary layer models and observational field studies may lead to the final specification of locations suitable for mountain wind farms. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Use of dynamical concepts in weather forecasting
Authors: Carroll E B 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA divergence‐based procedure for diagnosing development, based on a two‐layer model of the atmosphere, is discussed. It is pointed out that thinking in terms of vorticity advection and thermal advection is directly equivalent to considering divergence due to advective and isallobaric components of the ageostrophic wind. It is shown that such an approach is similar in basis to the quasi‐geostrophic omega equation, but it is argued that it is more suitable for subjective application. However, simply estimating vertical velocity or instantaneous pressure tendency from synoptic charts is of questionable accuracy and little operational use, especially since such diagnostics are much more reliably obtained from NWP models. It is necessary to think in terms of the development and movement of features in the flow of the upper as well as the lower troposphere, and their vertical interactions. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
On studying the structure of synoptic systems
Authors: Davies Huw C , Wernli Heini 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThere are several extant techniques for diagnosing the dynamics and structure of synoptic‐scale flow. The essence of three of these approaches (the Q‐field diagnosis, Lagrangian airstreams and the PV‐perspective) is outlined, and their relative characteristics illustrated by examining two synoptic cases. It is shown that the three approaches can independently reveal key features of the events, and that the views they offer are complementary. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
A Fine Physical Map of the Rice Chromosome 4
Authors: Zhao Qiang , Zhang Yu , Cheng Zhukuan , Chen Mingsheng , Wang Shengyue , Feng Qi , Huang Yucheng , Li Ying , Tang Yesheng , Zhou Bo , Chen Zhehua , Yu Shuliang , Zhu Jingjie , Hu Xin , Mu Jie , Ying Kai , Hao Pei , Zhang Lei , Lu Yiqi , Zhang Lei S. , Liu Yilei , Yu Zhen , Fan Danlin , Weng Qijun , Chen Ling , Lu Tingting , Liu Xiaohui , Jia Peixin , Sun Tongguo , Wu Yongrui , Zhang Yujun , Lu Ying , Li Can , Wang Rong , Lei Haiyan , Li Tao , Hu Hao , Wu Mei , Zhang Runquan , Guan Jianping , Zhu Jia , Fu Gang , Gu Minghong , Hong Guofan , Xue Yongbiao , Wing Rod , Jiang Jiming , Han Bin 
Published: July 2002

As part of an international effort to completely sequence the rice genome, we have produced a fine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based physical map of the Oryza sativa japonicaNipponbare chromosome 4 through an integration of 114 sequenced BAC clones from a taxonomically related subspecies O. sativa indica Guangluai 4 and 182 RFLP and 407 expressed sequence tag (EST) markers with the fingerprinted data of the Nipponbare genome. The map consists of 11 contigs with a total length of 34.5 Mb covering 94% of the estimated chromosome size (36.8 Mb). BAC clones corresponding to telomeres, as well as to the centromere position, were determined by BAC-pachytene chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). This gave rise to an estimated length ratio of 5.13 for the long arm and 2.9 for the short arm (on the basis of the physical map), which indicates that the short arm is a highly condensed one. The FISH analysis and physical mapping also showed that the short arm and the pericentromeric region of the long arm are rich in heterochromatin, which occupied 45% of the chromosome, indicating that this chromosome is likely very difficult to sequence. To our knowledge, this map provides the first example of a rapid and reliable physical mapping on the basis of the integration of the data from two taxonomically related subspecies.[The following individuals and institutions kindly provided reagents, samples, or unpublished information as indicated in the paper: S. McCouch, T. Sasaki, and Monsanto.]
Genetic Manipulation of the Metabolism of Polyamines in Poplar Cells. The Regulation of Putrescine Catabolism
Authors: Bhatnagar Pratiksha , Minocha Rakesh , Minocha Subhash C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We investigated the catabolism of putrescine (Put) in a non-transgenic (NT) and a transgenic cell line of poplar (Populus nigra × maximowiczii) expressing a mouse (Mus musculus) ornithine (Orn) decarboxylase (odc) cDNA. The transgenic cells produce 3- to 4-fold higher amounts of Put than the NT cells. The rate of loss of Put from the cells and the initial half-life of cellular Put were determined by feeding the cells with [U-14C]Orn and [1,4-14C]Put as precursors and following the loss of [14C]Put in the cells at various times after transfer to label-free medium. The amount of Put converted into spermidine as well as the loss of Put per gram fresh weight were significantly higher in the transgenic cells than the NT cells. The initial half-life of exogenously supplied [14C]Put was not significantly different in the two cell lines. The activity of diamine oxidase, the major enzyme involved in Put catabolism, was comparable in the two cell lines even though the Put content of the transgenic cells was severalfold higher than the NT cells. It is concluded that in poplar cells: (a) exogenously supplied Orn enters the cells and is rapidly converted into Put, (b) the rate of Put catabolism is proportional to the rate of its biosynthesis, and (c) the increased Put degradation occurs without significant changes in the activity of diamine oxidase.
Subcellular Localization of Spinach Cysteine Synthase Isoforms and Regulation of Their Gene Expression by Nitrogen and Sulfur
Authors: Takahashi H. , Saito K. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Subcellular localization and regulation of the spinach (Spinacia oleracea) cysteine synthase (O-acetyl-L-serine[thiol]-lyase, EC 4.2.99.8) isoforms (CysA, CysB, and CysC) were determined in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and in spinach cell cultures. The 5[prime] regions of CysB and CysC encoding the chloroplastic (CysB-TP) and the putative mitochondrial (CysC-TP) transit peptide (TP) sequences were fused to a bacterial β-glucuronidase gene (gus) and expressed in tobacco under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Subcellular fractionation of transgenic tobacco showed transportation of β-glucuronidase proteins to chloroplasts by CysB-TP and to mitochondria by CysC-TP, respectively, indicating that both presequences were sufficient to act specifically as chloroplastic and mitochondrial TPs in vivo. The mRNA expression patterns of CysA (cytoplasmic form), CysB, and CysC genes under nitrogen- and sulfur-starved conditions were characterized in spinach cells cultures. In sulfur-starved cells, only slight differences (approximately 1.2- to 1.5-fold) in the mRNA levels of CysA and CysB were observed during the short-term (0–24 h) cultivation periods compared with cells growth in Murashige-Skoog medium. However, under nitrogen and nitrogen/sulfur double-deficient stress conditions, mRNA levels of CysC increased up to 500% of the original level within 72 h.
Mechanism of Proton Permeation through Chloroplast Lipid Membranes
Authors: Fuks B. , Homble F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Electrical measurements were carried out to investigate the contribution of chloroplast lipids to the passive proton permeability of both the thylakoid and inner-envelope membranes. Permeability coefficient and conductance to protons were measured for solvent-free bilayers made from monogalactosyldiglyceride:digalactosyldiglycerid:sulfoquinovosyldiglyceride :phosphatidylglycer ol (2:1:0.5:0.5, w/w) in the presence of a pH gradient of 7.4/8.1. The permeability coefficient for protons in glycolipids was 5.5 [plus or minus] 1.1 x 10–4 cm s-1 (n = 14). To determine whether this high H+ permeability could be explained by the presence of lipid contaminants such as weak acids, we investigated the effects of (a) bovine serum albumin, which can remove some amphiphilic molecules such as free fatty acids, (b) 6-ketocholestanol, which increases the membrane dipole potential, (c) oleic acid, and (d) chlorodecane, which increases the dielectric constant of the lipid bilayer. Our results show that free fatty acids are inefficient protonophores, as compared with carbonylcyanide-m-chlorphenylhydrazone, and that the hypothesis of a weak acid mechanism is not valid with glycolipid bilayers. In the presence of deuterium oxide the H+ conductance was reduced significantly, indicating that proton transport through the glycolipid matrix could occur directly by a hydrogen bond process. The passive transport of H+ through the glycolipid matrix is discussed with regard to the activity of the thylakoid ATP synthase and the inner-envelope H+-ATPase.
Enhancement of Oxidative Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Overproducing Fe-Superoxide Dismutase in Chloroplasts
Authors: Van Camp W. , Capiau K. , Van Montagu M. , Inze D. , Slooten L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A chimeric gene consisting of the coding sequence for chloroplastic Fe superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) from Arabidopsis thaliana, coupled to the chloroplast targeting sequence from the pea ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit, was expressed in Nicotiana tabacum cv Petit Havana SR1. Expression of the transgenic FeSOD protected both the plasmalemma and photosystem II against superoxide generated during illumination of leaf discs impregnated with methyl viologen. By contrast, overproduction of a mitochondrial MnSOD from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia in the chloroplasts of cv SR1 protected only the plasmalemma, but not photosystem II, against methyl viologen (L. Slooten, K. Capiau, W. Van Camp, M. Van Montagu, C. Sybesma, D. Inze [1995] Plant Physiol 107: 737–750). The difference in effectiveness correlates with different membrane affinities of the transgenic FeSOD and MnSOD. Overproduction of FeSOD does not confer tolerance to H2O2, singlet oxygen, chilling-induced photoinhibition in leaf disc assays, or to salt stress at the whole plant level. In nontransgenic plants, salt stress led to a 2- to 3-fold increase in activity, on a protein basis, of FeSOD, cytosolic and chloroplastic Cu/ZnSOD, ascorbate peroxidase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase. In FeSOD-overproducing plants under salt stress, the induction of cytosolic and chloroplastic Cu/ZnSOD was suppressed, whereas induction of a water-soluble chloroplastic ascorbate peroxidase isozyme was promoted.