bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Norms for the Earth: Changing the Climate on “Climate Change”
Authors: Mitchell Ronald B , Carpenter Charli 
Published: January 2019

AbstractClimate change poses a grave security threat to national borders, habitats, and vulnerable people. Plagued by asymmetries in both states' vulnerability to climate impacts and their capacity to mitigate them, climate change presents states with a “wicked” problem that poses significant obstacles to interest-based solutions. Yet, most global climate change policy involves rationales and mechanisms grounded in an interest-based logic of consequences: information-sharing, reciprocity, and exchange. We argue that strategies that promote ethics-based discourse and policies offer considerable promise for hastening stronger global climate governance. We argue that successes in human security norm-building, including bans on land mines, cluster munitions, and nuclear weapons, provide climate scholars and practitioners with alternative governance models that rely on activating a logic of appropriateness and spearhead faster, more effective climate action. We identify five strategies that previous scholars have shown fostered efforts to promote a logic of appropriateness in human rights, humanitarian law, and disarmament. We examine the empirical experience of those strategies and particularly highlight the recent success of efforts to negotiate a treaty banning nuclear weapons. Given the success of these strategies in other issue areas, we argue scholars of climate change could fruitfully focus greater attention on political efforts that promote strong global ethical norms for climate action.
Cerebral oxygenation monitoring of ex-preterm infants during the infant car seat challenge test
Authors: Farooqui Mansoor , Srinivasan Ganesh , Ethawi Yahya , Alvaro Ruben , Baier John , Narvey Michael 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe American Academy of Pediatrics and until recently the Canadian Paediatric Society recommend preterm infants undergo an Infant Car Seat Challenge test prior to discharge to rule out systemic oxygen desaturation when placed at a 45-degree angle in a car seat. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides objective measurements of the impact of systemic oxygen (SO2) desaturation, bradycardia, or both on cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2).ObjectiveTo characterize baseline cerebral rSO2 during a car seat trial in preterm infants ready for discharge.Design/MethodsA prospective observational study was performed in 20 infants (32 ± 5 weeks [mean] at a postmenstrual age 37 ± 6 weeks [mean]). Cerebral rSO2 was continuously monitored by placing a NIRS transducer on head during Infant Car Seat Challenge (ICSC). Failure of an ICSC was defined as two SO2 desaturation events below 85% for more than 20 seconds or one event below 80% for 10 seconds.ResultsThe lowest SO2 was 70% with a lowest NIRS recording of 68%. Three infants failed their ICSC, with the lowest rSO2 in these three infants being 68%, above the lowest acceptable limit of 55%. Heart rate but not SO2 appears to influence rSO2 over the range of cerebral oxygenation seen.ConclusionsBaseline cerebral rSO2 during ICSC oscillates between 68 and 90%. There were no episodes of significant cerebral oxygen desaturation in studied infants regardless of whether they passed or failed the ICSC. We postulate that former preterm infants are capable through cerebral autoregulation, of maintaining adequate cerebral blood flow in the presence of either systemic oxygen desaturation or bradycardia when they are otherwise ready for discharge.
A Novel Tool for Quantifying and Promoting Physical Activity in Youths With Typical Development and Youths Who Are Ambulatory and Have Motor Disability
Authors: Lankhorst Kristel , van den Berg-Emons Rita J , Bussmann Johannes B J , Horemans Herwin L D , de Groot Janke F 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Several device-based instruments have been validated in the pediatric population, but none of these are clinically applicable and provide real-time feedback on actual physical activity in terms of postures and movements. A new device (Activ8) is promising for that purpose.

Objective
The objective was to investigate the criterion validity of the Activ8 for measuring static (sitting, standing) and dynamic (walking, bicycling, running) activities, and for separating postures and movements within basic and complex activities in children and adolescents (youths) with typical development (TD) and peers with motor disability (not typical development [NTD]).

Design
This was a criterion validation study.

Methods
Ten participants with TD (mean age [standard deviation] = 14 [2.5] years) and 10 participants with NTD (mean age = 12.9 [2.1] years) performed a standardized series of basic and daily life (complex) activities. The Activ8 measured postures and movements, while camera recording served as a reference. The outcome measures were the mean time differences between the Activ8 output and video data for the merged categories “static” and “dynamic” and for the separate postures and movements.

Results
For the merged categories static and dynamic, the criterion validity was found to be excellent both in participants with TD and participants with NTD within basic activities, and was found to be good to excellent in participants with TD and moderate to good in participants with NTD within complex activities. The detection of separate postures and movements was found to be poor to excellent in both groups within complex activities.

Limitations
The sample of youths with NTD was small and limited to youths who could be considered to be at least ambulatory within a household.

Conclusions
Activ8 is a valid tool when the merged categories static and dynamic are used to interpret physical activity in daily life in both youths with TD and youths with NTD and mild motor impairment. To optimize the quantification of separate postures and movements, adjustment of the existing algorithm is required.
Granulomatous Reaction to Intralesional Kenalog (Triamcinolone) Injection in Acne: A Case Report
Authors: Song Yali , Guo Ying 
Published: January 2019

Abstract:
Intralesional Kenalog (triamcinolone) injection is a useful treatment for several skin conditions. Although dermal deposition of triamcinolone has been described in the literature, histopathologic findings of foreign body reactions to it have seldom been reported. Here, we describe a case of a granulomatous reaction to the intralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of nodulocystic acne.
Tumors of the Ischiorectal Fossa: A Single-Institution Experience
Authors: Zhu Katherine J. , Lee Peter J. , Austin Kirk K. S. , Solomon Michael J. 
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND:
Ischiorectal fossa tumors are rare.

OBJECTIVE:
This study reviews a single institution’s series of ischiorectal tumors with comparison against presacral tumors and assesses the utility of preoperative biopsy and angioembolization.

DESIGN:
This is a retrospective study.

SETTINGS:
This study was conducted at a quaternary referral center.

PATIENTS:
All patients with ischiorectal tumor treated between February 1995 and April 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Tumors extending secondarily into the ischiorectal fossa and inflammatory pathologies were excluded.

INTERVENTIONS:
Preoperative biopsy, neoadjuvant therapy, angioembolization, and surgical excision of these tumors were reviewed.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Demographic, perioperative, pathological, and oncologic outcomes were evaluated.

RESULTS:
Twenty-four patients (15 female; median age 54) were identified. Two-thirds were symptomatic. Forty-six percent had a palpable mass. All patients had CT and/or MRI. Fifty percent had a preoperative biopsy, of which 83% were diagnostic, and management was altered in 50%. All patients underwent surgical excision. Fifty-five percent had local excision, 38% had radical pelvic excision, and 8% had total mesorectal excision. Two patients had preoperative angioembolization. Both had successful R0 local excision. Morbidity occurred in 25%, with 1 major complication. There was no 30-day mortality. Histopathology demonstrated 17 soft tissue tumors (3 malignant), 2 GI stromal tumors, 1 neuroendocrine tumor, 1 Merkel cell carcinoma, 1 basaloid carcinoma, 1 epidermal cyst, and 1 lipoma. R0 resection was achieved in 75%. All patients were alive after a median follow-up of 33 months. Four patients developed recurrence at a median 10 months postoperatively. All recurrences were malignant, and 75% had had a R1 resection.

LIMITATIONS:
This study is limited by its small numbers. The quaternary institution source may introduce bias.

CONCLUSIONS:
Ischiorectal fossa tumors are heterogeneous and more likely to be malignant than presacral tumors. Biopsy can be useful if a malignant diagnosis is suspected and changes management in 50% of cases. Preoperative embolization may be useful for large vascular tumors. R0 resection is important to minimize recurrence. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A779.
Autologous Partial-thickness Scleral Flap and Donor Corneal Graft in Management of Tube Erosion of Glaucoma Drainage Device
Authors: Liu Xiongfei , Law Simon K. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate the outcomes of autologous limbus-hinged partial-thickness scleral flap and half-moon-shaped split-thickness donor corneal allograft in management of tube erosion of glaucoma drainage device.

Methods:
Consecutive patients who had undergone a limbus-hinged partial-thickness scleral flap and half-moon-shaped split-thickness corneal graft were reviewed. Primary outcome was surgical success of coverage of the exposed tube without complications or additional surgeries. Secondary outcomes were visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure, number of glaucoma medications, surgical complications, and additional surgeries.

Results:
From March 1, 2016 to August 30, 2017 (18 mo), 8 consecutive cases (7 patients) of tube erosions were included for analysis. Mean follow-up and age were 16.6±5.4 months and 74.4±15.2 years, respectively. Mean number of intraocular surgeries was 4.8±1.6 (range: 3 to 6 surgeries) and intraocular glaucoma surgeries was 2.9±1.7 (range: 1 to 6 surgeries) before tube erosion. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications or recurrence of tube erosion in any patient. Differences between the preoperative and postoperative number of medications (2.6±1.8, 2.9±1.8, respectively; P=0.171) and intraocular pressure (12.9±6.9, 10.8±3.5 mm Hg, respectively; P=0.209) were not statistically significant. Preoperative and 3-month postoperative VA were identical in all eyes except in 1 eye that the VA improved from 20/300 to 20/70 after repair.

Conclusions:
Combination of limbus-hinged partial-thickness scleral flap and half-moon-shaped split-thickness corneal allograft is a viable surgical option to repair tube erosion.
Use of a Collagen Matrix Implant as an Adjuvant in Combined Surgery Involving Phacoemulsification and Nonpenetrating Deep Sclerectomy
Authors: Paletta Guedes Ricardo A. , Gravina Daniela M. , Paletta Guedes Vanessa M. , Chaoubah Alfredo 
Published: January 2019

Aim:
To assess the efficacy and safety of the Ologen collagen matrix as an adjuvant for combined phacoemulsification and nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy (Phaco-NPDS), in addition to mitomycin C (MMC).

Materials and Methods:
This was a longitudinal retrospective comparative study of eyes treated with Phaco-NPDS, with (group 1) or without (group 2) an Ologen collagen matrix implant, in addition to MMC. The main outcome measures were operative success [absolute success: intraocular pressure (IOP) <18 mm Hg and an at least 20% reduction from baseline without medication; relative success: IOP<18 mm Hg and at least 20% reduction from baseline IOP with or without medication], mean reductions (%) in IOP and medication use; number of postoperative reinterventions (goniopuncture, needling, reoperation), and number of complications.

Results:
The mean age of the study population (N=100) was 72.0±9.7 years. Groups 1 (n=51) and 2 (n=49) achieved absolute success rates of 72.5% and 55.1%, respectively (P=0.054), and relative success rates of 90.2% and 83.7%, respectively (P=0.251). From a similar baseline IOP (19.8 and 20.7 mm Hg in groups 1 and 2, respectively, P=0.527), eyes in group 1 achieved a significant lower 12-month IOP (11.7 vs. 14.5 mm Hg, respectively, P=0.002) and a lower rate of medication use (0.2 vs. 0.9, respectively, P<0.001). Eyes in group 2 presented with a higher rate of bleb failure (12.2% vs. 2.0%, P=0.028), leading to a higher rate of needling procedures (38.8% vs. 2.0%, P<0.001) during the postoperative period.

Conclusions:
The adjunctive use of Ologen collagen matrix in addition to MMC during Phaco-NPDS was associated with a higher rate of absolute success, a lower mean IOP at 12 months, a lower rate of bleb failure, and a lower rate of postoperative bleb needling.
Ziprasidone Augmentation of SSRI Antidepressants in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Hamner Mark B. , Hernandez-Tejada Melba A. , Zuschlag Zachary D. , Agbor-Tabi Deborah , Huber Michael , Wang Zhewu 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often a chronic, disabling illness for which antidepressant medications (ie, SSRI) are considered the primary psychopharmacological treatment. However, many patients remain refractory to antidepressants alone or in combination with psychotherapy. Safe and effective treatments for individuals with refractory PTSD are needed. This study aimed to examine ziprasidone augmentation of SSRI treatment of PTSD.

Methods
This was a 2-phase study. In phase 1, subjects were treated with paroxetine or sertraline for 8 weeks. Individuals refractory to the SSRI treatment then entered into phase II of the study and were randomized, in a double-blind fashion, to 8 weeks of treatment with either ziprasidone or placebo. The primary outcome measure was change in Clinician Administered PTSD Scale total scores with the intent-to-treat sample. Secondary outcome measures included Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores, measures of depression and anxiety, and safety measures.

Results
No significant differences were observed on the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, or other outcome measures between ziprasidone and placebo groups. No significant differences were observed for safety measures including metabolic profiles, extrapyramidal symptoms/movement disorder rating scales, nor study dropout.

Conclusions
Although no significant differences were noted in efficacy or safety measures between ziprasidone and placebo in this pilot study, the small sample size prevents definitive conclusions.
Correlation Between Clinical Signs and High‐resolution Manometry Data in Children
Authors: Juzaud Marine , Lamblin Marie‐Dominique , Fabre Alexandre , Alessandrini Marine , Baumstarck Karine , Bazin Camille , Esteve Clothilde , Laborde Nolwenn , Osei Lindsay , Michaud Laurent , Gottrand Frederic , Vitton Veronique 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives:High‐resolution manometry (HRM) is the gold standard for diagnosis of esophageal motility disorders. However, clinical signs associated with these disorders are nonspecific, and it is difficult to correlate clinical signs with HRM data. The main objective of our study was to assess the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of each clinical sign, as well as their sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of esophageal motility disorders.Methods:This is a bicentric retrospective cohort study based on HRM data collected between May 2012 and May 2016. The studied symptoms were weight loss, feeding difficulties, swallowing disorders, dysphagia, food blockages, vomiting, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), belching, and respiratory symptoms. HRM data were analyzed according to the Chicago Classification (3.0).Results:In total, 271 HRM data were analyzed, of which 90.4% showed abnormal results. HRM was well tolerated in 91% of the cases. The most common esophageal motility disorder was ineffective esophageal motility (38%). Weight loss was significantly associated (P = 0.003) with an abnormal HRM with a 96% PPV.Conclusions:With nonspecific clinical signs suggesting an esophageal motility disorder, weight loss was a predictive sign of abnormal HRM results. HRM was well tolerated in pediatric patients, and ineffective esophageal motility appears to be the most frequent motility disorder in our cohort, as already observed in adult patient studies.
Preterm Birth Has Effects on Gut Colonization in Piglets Within the First 4 Weeks of Life
Authors: Kamal Shamrulazhar Shamzir , Andersen Anders Daniel , Krych Lukasz , Lauridsen Charlotte , Sangild Per Torp , Thymann Thomas , Nielsen Dennis Sandris 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives:Preterm neonates have an immature gastrointestinal tract and show an altered bacterial colonization of the gut. However, it is not clear if such immature gut microbiota (GM) colonization is induced by specific delivery, diet, environment, and/or host factors related to preterm birth. Using piglets as models for infants, we hypothesized that both shortened gestational age (GA) and start of enteral feeding affect GM composition after caesarean delivery and rearing in identical environments.Methods:Caesarean‐delivered preterm and term pigs were reared in incubators and fed total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or gradually increasing early enteral feeding (EEF) for 5 days, followed by full enteral feeding with bovine milk until day 26. GM composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene‐amplicon sequencing and luminal short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by GC‐MS.Results:Both GA and EEF feeding affected GM composition on day 5, but only the GA effect persisted until day 26. On day 5, Enterobacteriaceae were dominant, with Lachnospiraceae members also being abundant. Enterobacteriaceae still dominated the GM at day 26 but with higher Akkermansia relative abundance in term pigs. Colonic concentrations of acetate and propionate were higher, and formate lower in term pigs, relative to preterm pigs on day 26.Conclusions:Preterm and term piglets, born and reared in similar ways, show differences in GM colonization during the first 4 weeks of life, which may play a role for early and later gut dysfunction resulting from preterm birth.
Long‐term Outcomes of an Interdisciplinary Tube Weaning Program
Authors: Marinschek Sabine , Pahsini Karoline , Scheer Peter Jaron , Dunitz‐Scheer Marguerite 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives:Children who become tube‐dependent need specialized treatment in order to make the transition to oral feeding. Little is known about long‐term effects of tube weaning programs. This study analyzes long‐term effects (outcome, growth, and nutrition data) in a large sample of formerly tube‐dependent children 1 to 6 years after participation in tube weaning programs, based on the “Graz model of tube weaning.”Methods:Parents of children who completed a tube weaning program between 2009 and 2014 (N = 564) were asked to complete a questionnaire on their child's growth and nutrition. Data was analyzed using SPSS V22.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL).Results:Response rate was 47.16% (N = 266). Seven children had died between completion of the program and the long‐term follow‐up. Two hundred and thirty‐nine children (92.3%) were still exclusively orally fed 1 to 6 years after completion of the weaning program, 17 children (6.6%) were partially tube‐fed. Three children were completely tube‐fed (1.1%). Growth data showed no significant changes in zBMI (World Health Organization standards z values for body mass index) between completion of weaning and long‐term follow‐up. Provided data on nutrition of fully orally fed patients showed that most children (N = 162, 68%) were eating an age‐appropriate diet, whereas a small percentage (N = 10, 4%) were fed with a high‐caloric formula, a selective diet (N = 12, 5%), or a liquid/pureed diet (N = 55, 23%).Conclusions:Many children who undergo a tube weaning program based on the “Graz model of tube weaning” are able to stay on full oral feeds in the years after completion of the wean without deterioration of growth.
Hepatic Lesions Associated With McCune Albright Syndrome
Authors: Johansen Lauren , Haller Wolfram , Thyagarajan Manigandan , Kelly Deirdre , McKiernan Patrick 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTMcCune‐Albright syndrome (MAS) results from a GNAS gene mutation. It is associated with café au lait macules, fibrous dysplasia, and several endocrinopathies to include gonadotropin‐independent precocious puberty, growth hormone excess, Cushing syndrome, thyroid disease, and renal phosphate wasting. It is recognized to be a rare cause of neonatal cholestasis. We describe the hepatic outcome of 3 children with MAS referred to a single national liver unit. All presented with high gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase cholestasis and hepatitis. Cholestasis resolved by 1 year; but hepatic inflammation persisted, and 2 children developed progressive atypical focal nodular hyperplasia and 1 developed hepatoblastoma. This the first reported malignant hepatic lesion associated with MAS. MAS should be considered part of the differential diagnosis of neonatal cholestasis and affected children should be closely monitored for the development of hepatic lesions with regular liver ultrasound and alpha fetoprotein level.
Immunohistochemistry Use by Diagnostic Category and Pathologist in 4477 Prostate Core Biopsy Sets Assessed at Two Hospitals
Authors: Bonert Michael , El-Shinnawy Ihab , Rahman Mozibur , Major Pierre , Salama Samih , Shayegan Bobby , Cutz Jean-Claude , Kapoor Anil 
Published: January 2019

Background:
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) use in prostate cores is not routinely determined and its value assessed.

Methods:
Pathology reports for cases accessioned 2011 to 2017 at two hospitals were retrieved. IHC orders by pathologist and hospital were extracted with a custom program and tabulated. The diagnostic category (and highest grade cancer if applicable) was obtained by a hierarchical (free text) string matching algorithm.

Results:
The study period contained 4477 biopsy sets. Categorized by worst pathology (% stained), the cohort was: benign: 1184 cases (42%); prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: 168 (68%); suspicious: 323 (93%); grade group 1 cancer (WHO1): 900 (78%); grade group two (WHO2): 840 (60%); WHO3 cancer: 451 (54%); WHO4 cancer: 363 (46%); WHO5 cancer: 215 (56%); cancer grade not specified: 33 (52%). The hospital was a predictor; site A(2716 biopsies) and site B(1761) accounted for 10,183 and 14,852 IHC, respectively. The cases with IHC decreased in the last 4 years (site A: 57->45%, site B: 79->73%). Thirty-five pathologists read >20 cases each and together interpreted 4418 (range, 21 to 415; median, 88). In total 24,766 IHCs were done on the 4,418 cases (5.6/case). The mean/median/SD/max/min IHCs/case for the 35 pathologists was 5.6/4.1/3.9/15.2/0.9. High IHC users (1st and 2nd quintile pathologists) called more suspicious for malignancy but not significantly more WHO1 than low IHC users.

Conclusions:
IHC use is most frequent at the benign/malignant interface, and dependent on the pathologist and hospital; however, it is independent of WHO1 cancer rate. Diagnostic rate information can inform and define appropriate and rational IHC use. We plan to follow IHC utilization retrospectively in relation to the diagnostic category going forward.