bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language use difference and social group differentiation: Immigrants’ negotiation of an imposed category oflauin bilingual Guangzhou
Authors: Huang Jing 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study is situated in a bilingual community of Guangzhou where the local speech Cantonese used to have comparable power to the Chinese common language Putonghua regarding the range of domains, but recently a local concern has emerged over the declining status of Cantonese in association with the large number of immigrants and the vigorous implementation of the state language policy of Putonghua Promotion. This concern has been demonstrated in Guangzhou locals’ boundary-making practices and the categorization of immigrants in relation to language practices. This study aims to investigate the ways in which immigrants take up stances (Du Bois 2007; Alexandra, Jaffe. (ed.). 2009.Stance: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.) to negotiate their identities in response to an imposed category oflau. Immigrants’ narratives of and comments on language use in their interactions with natives are analysed, at both semantic and formal levels, from a perspective of Critical Discourse Studies (e.g. Martin, Reisigl & Ruth Wodak. 2015. In Ruth Wodak & Michael Meyer (eds.).Methods of critical discourse studies, 3rd edn. 23–61. London: Sage, Fairclough, Norman. 2015.Language and power3rd edn. London: Routledge.). As the analysis shows, immigrants negotiate the imposed identity category through coming to terms with the underlying language beliefs, negatively evaluating the social actors who categorize them, recontextualising the category, and combining Putonghua and Cantonese in one language unit to indicate the symbolic oppositions between social groups and languages.
Enhancement of molecular weight reduction of natural rubber in triphasic CO2/toluene/H2O systems with hydrogen peroxide for preparation of biobased polyurethanes
Authors: Duereh Alif , Boonchuay Chokchai , Buahom Piyapong , Areerat Surat 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMolecular weight reduction of natural rubber (NR) with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) oxidizing agent is limited in biphasic water-toluene systems that is attributed to mass transfer. In this work, CO2was applied to the (aqueous H2O2)-(toluene-NR) systems with the objective of improving reaction efficiency. Experiments were performed on the reaction system with CO2at 12 MPa and at reaction temperatures and times of 60°C–80°C and 1 h–10 h to evaluate the reaction kinetics. CO2could enhance the NR molecular weight reduction by lowering the activation energy (from 121 kJ·mol−1to 38 kJ·mol−1). The role of CO2in the reaction system seems to be the formation of oxidative peroxycarbonic acid intermediate and promotion of mass transport due to the reduction in the toluene-NR viscosity and interfacial tension. The epoxidized liquid NRs (M̅n=4.9×103g·mol−1) obtained from NR molecular weight reduction was further processed to prepare hydroxyl telechelic NR (M̅n=1.0×103g·mol−1) and biobased polyurethane.
Effect of Cl on Softening and Melting Behaviors of BF Burden
Authors: Lan Chenchen , Lyu Qing , Liu XiaoJie , Qie Yana , Zhang Shuhui 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The high-temperature simulation tests of softening and melting zone under different w(Cl-) were carried out, and based on the density functional theory, the influence mechanisms of chlorine on softening and melting behaviors of BF burden were analyzed. The results show that with the increase of w(Cl-) which bring in by sinter, the softening start temperature and softening end temperature of BF increase, and the softening temperature range becomes small, the melting start temperature increases, the dropping temperature decreases, the melting temperature range becomes small too. The softening and melting zone of BF narrows. With the increase of w(Cl-), the maximum pressure difference and the comprehensive permeability index both decrease, the permeability of the softening and melting zone enhances. The main reason for the increase of permeability is that the chlorine atom makes the Fe-O bond length increase, the stability of the structure is destroyed, the adsorption capacity of CO molecule on FeO surface is promoted, the reducing speed of FeO increases. Although chlorine can effectively reduce the reduction degradation of sinter in the BF and improve the permeability of the softening and melting zone, the metallurgical enterprises should still eliminate or reduce the chlorine element into the BF.
Influence of Pressure on Fundamental Characteristics in Gas Fluidized Beds of Coarse Particle
Authors: Nie Wei , Dong Libo , Hao Zhenhua , Cheng Zhonghu 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to investigate fluidization fundamentals of coarse particle using nitrogen as the fluidizing gas at high pressure. The particle under study was falling in Geldart’s group B/D. A 60-mm-dia. cylindrical Perspex model, a two-dimensional jetting fluidized bed, a 200-mm-semicircular jetting fluidized bed and a 200-mm-dia. cylindrical bed were used in the experiments. The fundamentals of high pressure fluidization examined in this study include minimum fluidization velocity and bed expansion. Empirical correlations were developed for determining minimum fluidization velocity and bed expansion. With the same excess fluidizing-gas velocity, bed expansion generally increases with the operating pressure, but the influence of pressure on bed expansion becomes weaker at higher pressure.
Crystal structure of bis(2-methoxy-6-((2-(pyrimidin-2-yl)hydrazono)methyl)phenolato-κ3
N,N′,O)iron(III) perchlorate, C24H22N8O8ClFe
Authors: Song Jun-Ying , Wang Zi-Chuang , Zhang Juan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
C24H22N8O8ClFe, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 10.4568(4) Å, b = 10.5977(4) Å, c = 12.0793(6) Å, α = 82.119(4)°, β = 83.277(4)°, γ = 87.206(3)°, Z = 2, V = 1316.11(9) Å3, R
gt(F) = 0.0565, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1609, T = 173(10) K.
Crystal structure of (20R)-20,25-epoxy-dammaran-3,12-dione, C30H48O3
Authors: Deng Jian-Qiang , Mu Xiao-Dong , Zhao Ruo-Lin , Liu Zhi , Tang Hang-Jun , He Meng , Meng Qing-Guo 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
C30H48O3, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 7.8710(16) Å, b = 13.800(28) Å, c = 24.561(49) Å, V = 2667.9(9) Å3, Z = 4. Rgt(F) = 0.0488, wRref(F2) = 0.1264, T = 293(2) K.
Evaluating a Nonprofit Health Index as a Policy Tool
Authors: Kushner Roland J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper examines possible ways to reduce and synthesize information regarding the health of the U.S. nonprofit sector, exploring how a national “Nonprofit Health Index” might inform policymakers and the public by illuminating key indications of the continuing sustainability of the sector. The paper draws on the experiences of producing the National Arts Index. The paper examines the overall construct of nonprofit health, suggests an impact model based on the Balanced Scorecard, and explores the appropriate level of analysis. The challenges in resolving the nature of the nonprofit health construct make a national index impractical, but policy indexes targeted at locales and industries are more likely to benefit policymakers and inform the public.
CO2-based hydrogen storage – formic acid dehydrogenation
Authors: Zell Thomas , Langer Robert 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Changing demands on the energy landscape are causing the need for sustainable approaches. The shift toward alternative, renewable energy sources is closely associated with new demands for energy storage and transportation. Besides storage of electrical energy, also storage of energy by generating and consuming hydrogen (H2) is possible and highly attractive. Notably, both secondary energy vectors, electric energy and hydrogen, have practical advantages so that one should not ask “which one is better?” but “which one fits better the specific application?”
Molecular hydrogen can be stored reversibly in form of formic acid (FA, HCOOH). In the presence of suitable catalysts, FA can be selectively decomposed to hydrogen and carbon dioxide (CO2). A CO2-neutral hydrogen storage cycle can be achieved when carbon dioxide serves as starting material for the production of the FA. Examples of CO2 hydrogenation to FA are known in the literature. Herein, the formal reverse reaction, the decomposition of FA to H2 and CO2 by different catalyst systems is reviewed and selected examples for reversible storage applications based on FA as hydrogen storage compound are discussed.
The environmental fate of synthetic organic chemicals
Authors: Mill Theodore , Patel Jay M. , Tebes-Stevens Caroline 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This article focuses on the routes of transport and abiotic processes involved in the environmental transformation of synthetic organic chemicals and how molecular structure controls the products and lifetimes of several important classes of organic chemicals. The chapter also discusses the current methods to reliably determine the rates and products of degradation of new chemicals based on combinations of chemical structure and environmental processes as well as use of laboratory and field measurements. Methods are also discussed for use of structure activity relations for this purpose.
Effect of sulfate on sorption of Eu(III) by Na-montmorillonite
Authors: Patel Madhuri A. , Kar Aishwarya Soumitra , Kumar Sumit , Das Mrinal Kanti , Raut Vaibhavi V. , Tomar Bhupendra S. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Smectite-rich natural clay is being evaluated as the backfill and buffer material in the Indian repository program for the nuclear high level waste disposal. In the natural clay, montmorillonite is one of the major mineral component governing the sorption behavior of various radionuclides. In the present work, influence of sulfate anion on sorption of Eu(III) by Na-montmorillonite has been investigated. The effect of pH and sulfate concentration on Eu(III) sorption by Na-montmorillonite was used to understand the mechanism of sorption process. The Eu(III) sorption by clay at varying pH was virtually pH independent at lower pH (<4), with ion exchange as the dominant mode for Eu(III) sorption. In the pH region of 4–6.5, sharp increase in sorption indicates surface complexation as predominant mechanism. At pH>6.5, the sorption attained a constant value. To deduce the mechanism of sorption of Eu(III) on Na-montmorillonite surface in presence of sulfate, ATR-FTIR spectroscopic investigations has been carried out which indicate the presence of sulfate bearing species on Na-montmorillonite surface. Using spectroscopic findings as a guide, the surface complexation modeling, in absence and presence of sulfate, was successfully carried out.
Photon activation analysis of sand samples from Antalya in Turkey with a clinical electron linear accelerator
Authors: Eke Canel , Boztosun Ismail , Segebade Christian 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of elemental analysis of sand samples by photon activation induced by high energy bremsstrahlung photons at an end point energy of 18 MeV from a clinical electron linear accelerator. The γ-ray spectra of the activated samples were collected using a high resolution spectrometer. Qualitative analysis of major and trace components of the samples (12 in total) was carried out whilst the spectra of eight of the samples were evaluated quantitatively. The contents of elements obtained by photon activation analysis were compared with values obtained by X-ray fluorescence.
When does the ritual of mythic symbolic type start and when does it end?
Authors: Meir Dviri Mina 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Mythic symbolic type is a unique cultural structure that permits no exit to the one who has lost his “self” to it. The semi-commune Little Home housed a community of mythic symbolic types which engendered a ritual of their own in which the men trapped within the type moved between its two edges, purity and impurity. But since there is no exit from the type, the question is how and when the ritual begins and ends? What kind of ritual is the mythic symbolic type’s? As an answer, the following article presents an ethnography of the ritual in the semi-commune Little Home where mythic symbolic type was found, and a conceptual map of this world with the help of Bateson’s play paradox and a self-correcting model.
Cardiovascular Effects of Compression Garments During Uncompensable Heat Stress
Authors: Bautz Joshua , Hostler David , Khorana Priya , Suyama Joe 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Bautz, J, Hostler, D, Khorana, P, and Suyama, J. Cardiovascular effects of compression garments during uncompensable heat stress. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1058–1065, 2021—This study examined the potential hemodynamic benefits of wearing lower extremity compression garments (CGs) beneath thermal protective clothing (TPC) worn by wildland firefighters, while exercising in a heated environment. Using in a counterbalanced design, 10 male subjects ([mean ± SD] age 27 ± 6 years, height 1.78 ± 0.09 m, body mass 74.8 ± 7.0 kg, body fat 10.6 ± 4.2%, and V̇o
2max 57.8 ± 9.3 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed control (no CG) and experimental (CG) conditions in randomly assigned order. Protocols were separated by a minimum of 3 days. Subjects exercised for 90 minutes (three, 30-minute segments) on a treadmill while wearing wilderness firefighter TPC and helmet in a heated room. Venous blood was drawn before and after exercise to measure hemoglobin (Hgb), hematocrit (Hct), serum osmolarity (OSM), and serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Vital signs and perceptual measures of exertion and thermal comfort were recorded during the protocol. Data were analyzed by the paired t-test. There were no differences in the change in heart rate (84 ± 27 vs. 85 ± 14 b·min−1, p = 0.9), core temperature rise (1.8 ± 0.6 vs. 1.9 ± 0.5° C, p = 0.39), or body mass lost (−1.72 ± 0.78 vs. −1.77 ± 0.58 kg, p = 0.7) between the conditions. There were no differences in the change in Hgb (0.49 ± 0.66 vs. 0.33 ± 1.11 g·dl−1, p = 0.7), Hct (1.22 ± 1.92 vs. 1.11 ± 3.62%, p = 0.9), OSM (1.67 ± 6.34 vs. 6.22 ± 11.39 mOsm·kg−1, p = 0.3), or CPK (22.2 ± 30.2 vs. 29.8 ± 19.4 IU·L−1, p = 0.5). Total distance walked (3.9 ± 0.5 vs. 4.0 ± 0.5 miles, p = 0.2), exercise interval (88.6 ± 3.5 vs. 88.4 ± 3.6 minutes, p = 0.8), and perceptual measures were similar between conditions. Compression garments worn beneath TPC did not acutely alter the physiologic response to exertion in TPC. With greater use in the general public related to endurance activities, the data neither encourage nor discourage CG use during uncompensable heat stress.
Fit to Teach?—Cardiorespiratory Capacity, Vitamin D3, and Ferritin in Physical Education Teachers With Specialization in Dance
Authors: Schmidt Mike , Ohlendorf Daniela , Groneberg David A. , Wanke Eileen M. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Schmidt, M, Ohlendorf, D, Groneberg, DA, and Wanke, EM. Fit to teach?—Cardiorespiratory capacity, vitamin D3, and ferritin in physical education teachers with specialization in dance. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1156–1164, 2021—Numerous studies have shown that good cardiorespiratory capacity is of great importance for a healthy and long-term professional career as a dancer. Although the cardiorespiratory demands during teaching can reach into the submaximal intensity range, current data on the objective physical fitness of this occupational group are still missing. The aim of this pilot project was to determine selected cardiorespiratory parameters. In addition, measurements of the vitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) and iron balance as well as a subjective assessment of dance teachers' (DTs) fitness were performed. Twenty-one DTs (f: n = 18, m: n = 3) aged 48.2 ± 9.3 years were examined for cardiorespiratory performance within the framework of maximum bicycle spiroergometry. In addition, the self-perception of DTs' fitness was examined as well as the serum vit D3 levels and ferritin concentration in the blood. The cardiorespiratory fitness of DTs can be assessed as average (maximal oxygen consumption, V̇o
2max = 29.5 ± 7.1 ml·k−1·min−1; physical working capacity, PWCmax = 165.0 ± 44.4). The DTs seemed to underestimate or overestimate their own capacity. Laboratory diagnostics showed that the 25(OH)D3 levels (21.8 ± 8.5 ng·ml−1) and serum ferritin values (102.4 ± 35.0 g·dl−1) were not optimal for almost the entire sample. In view of the physical occupational requirements, an increase in aerobic cardiorespiratory fitness by endurance-oriented basic training for DTs seems advisable. In addition, the substitution of vit D3 is worth being discussed.
Effects of Lower-Body Muscular Fatigue on Vertical Jump and Balance Performance
Authors: Cooper Christina N. , Dabbs Nicole C. , Davis Judith , Sauls Nicole M. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Cooper, CN, Dabbs, NC, Davis, J, and Sauls, NM. Effects of lower-body muscular fatigue on vertical jump and balance performance. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2903–2910, 2020—Lower-body fatigue can lead to a decline in vertical jump (VJ) and balance performance due to decreased motor control and coordination. The purpose is to determine the effects of lower-body fatigue on VJ and balance performance. Twenty-four recreationally trained individuals participated in a single 1-hour familiarization and testing session. Participants were familiarized with balance, countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ), and static vertical jump (SVJ) using the Vertec. Three trials of static and dynamic balance tests were completed. Three trials of a SVJ and CMVJ were completed in a randomized order pre/post fatigue protocol. Three trials of double-leg and single-leg tests were performed. Dependent t tests analyzed differences between pre/post fatigue protocol for jumping and balance measures. There was a significant (p < 0.001) difference between pre/post measures for SVJ-H (height), CMVJ-H, and CMVJ peak power (PP). Results showed an interaction (p < 0.05) for group by time for CMVJ-H, CMVJ-peak force (PF), SVJ-PF, and SVJ-PP. There were no main effects (p > 0.05) for time or group for SVJ-rate of velocity development and SVJ-impact force (IF). There were no interactions, time effects, and group effects for balance variables (p > 0.05). Bosco protocol decreased VJ height and PF in SVJ, and VJ height and PF, IF, peak velocity, and PP for CMVJ potentially due to decreased muscle control, coordination, and force-generating capacity after fatigue. Practitioners should consider fatiguing effects on individuals performing jumping motions but it seems that fatigue has no effect on balance.
Sex Differences and Patterns of Muscle Stiffness in the Knee Flexor and Extensor Musculature Through Analysis of Isolated Bellies
Authors: Martín-San Agustín Rodrigo , Benítez-Martínez Josep C. , Medina-Mirapeix Francesc , Casaña-Granell José 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Martín-San Agustín, R, Benítez-Martínez, JC, Medina-Mirapeix, F, and Casaña-Granell, J. Sex differences and patterns of muscle stiffness in the knee flexor and extensor musculature through analysis of isolated bellies. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1044–1049, 2021—Muscle stiffness (MS) is one of the key factors in joint control. The purpose of this study was to determine sex differences in the MS of 5 isolated muscle bellies (biceps femoris [BF], semitendinosus [ST], rectus femoris [RF], vastus medialis [VM], and vastus lateralis [VL]) and in the pattern of differences among their respective MS. Twenty female and 20 male recreational athletes participated. Muscle stiffness was measured by tensiomyography using maximum radial deformation (Dm) as an indirect indicator of MS. Sex differences were observed only in the Dm of RF (mean difference = 2.07 mm, p < 0.05) when values were adjusted by body mass and stature. Males and females showed a similar pattern in the Dm between the muscle bellies: within the hamstrings, ST had a significantly higher Dm than BF in females (3.02 mm) and males (4.28 mm); within the quadriceps, RF also had a significantly higher value than VL and VM in females (6.50 and 7.38 mm, respectively) and males (4.87 and 4.82 mm, respectively). Sex differences in patterns were found between BF and the vastus muscles: the BF of females had a significantly higher Dm than VL (3.78 mm) and VM (4.51 mm), but this was not observed in males. Differences may imply different involvement of the bellies in countering the movements of the lower extremities. Our results can help to direct exercises to improve the MS in certain muscular bellies.
Power-Force-Velocity Profiling of Sprinting Athletes: Methodological and Practical Considerations When Using Timing Gates
Authors: Haugen Thomas A. , Breitschädel Felix , Samozino Pierre 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Haugen, TA, Breitschädel, F, and Samozino, P. Power-force-velocity profiling of sprinting athletes: Methodological and practical considerations when using timing gates. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1769–1773, 2020—The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of timing gate setup on mechanical outputs in sprinting athletes. Twenty-five male and female team sport athletes (mean ± SD: 23 ± 4 years, 185 ± 11 cm, 85 ± 13 kg) performed two 40-m sprints with maximal effort. Dual-beamed timing gates covered the entire running course with 5-m intervals. Maximal horizontal force (F0), theoretical maximal velocity (v0), maximal horizontal power (Pmax), force-velocity slope (SFV), maximal ratio of force (RFmax), and index of force application technique (DRF) were computed using a validated biomechanical model and based on 12 varying split time combinations, ranging from 3 to 8 timing checkpoints. When no timing gates were located after the 20-m mark, F0 was overestimated (mean difference, ±90% confidence level: 0.16, ±0.25 to 0.33, ±0.28 N·kg−1; possibly to likely; small), in turn affecting SFV and DRF by small to moderate effects. Timing setups covering only the first 15 m displayed lower v0 than setups covering the first 30–40 m of the sprints (0.21, ±0.34 to 0.25, ±0.34 m·s−1; likely; small). Moreover, poorer reliability values were observed for timing setups covering the first 15–20 m vs. the first 25–40 m of the sprints. In conclusion, the present findings showed that the entire acceleration phase should be covered by timing gates to ensure acceptably valid and reliable sprint mechanical outputs. However, only 3 timing checkpoints (i.e., 10, 20, and 30 m) are required to ensure valid and reliable outputs for team sport athletes.
The Mechanical Properties of Naturally Deposited Soft Soil under True Three-Dimensional Stress States
Authors: Sun Hong , Wang Hailin , Wu Gang , Ge Xiurun 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Foundation instability and collapse accidents often occur during construction in soft soil regions. The mechanical properties of naturally deposited soft soil in Shanghai were discussed in light of experimental observations from a series of major principal strain-controlled true triaxial undrained shearing tests performed on cubical undisturbed soft soil specimens. The results show that the three-dimensional stress state has a strong influence on the stress and pore pressure properties of soft soil. The initial gradients of deviator stress–strain curves and strength of soft soil obviously increase with the increasing intermediate principal stress and confining pressure. The measured mechanical responses of soft soil are subject to the influence of stress path effects, changes in the initial mean effective stress, and relative magnitudes of intermediate principal stress b. The effective stress paths are manifested by concave or convex shape caused by excess pore pressure, which increases with the increasing b value. The failure envelopes in the p′- q space are a series of straight lines with various slopes at various b values that intersect at the same point in the p′-axis. Considering the effects of the intermediate principal stress and structural characteristics, the failure function with a shape function g(b) for Shanghai soft soil is presented. The results calculated by the equation g(b) presented are in good agreement with experimental data.