bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religious Change as a Challenge: Sociological Approaches in the Interpretation and Explanation of Religion
Authors: Gärtner Christel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractI will demonstrate how religious change repeatedly confronts the sociology of religion with new problems of interpretation and explanation. In the first part (I), I will take a closer look at these problems at a macro sociological level. In doing so, I will provide a brief historical outline and link this to the respective problems of interpretation and explanation. This historical development allows us to discuss the various explanatory models. In the second part (II), I will take a different perspective and switch to the micro sociological level. I will show how responding to the question of meaning is still possible in secular societies, where the answers handed down by religious traditions are no longer accepted as a matter of course. In this part, I will take up the problems of explanation previously outlined and trace in particular the transformation of church-based religion into subjective forms of religiosity. My paper focuses on the following questions: How are social developments and religious change interwoven? How do theories in the sociology of religion explain religious change? What does social modernization and functional differentiation mean for the individual? What effects does modernity have on religion and in particular on the religiosity of individuals?
Colloidal Physicochemical Properties and Variation Mechanisms of Lithium Complex Grease under Limited Operating Temperature
Authors: Pan Jiabao , Cao Shuai , Wang Jianping 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the colloidal physicochemical properties and variation mechanisms of lithium complex grease after heating at a limited operating temperature (180°C). Experimental lubricating grease samples were prepared by static heating in the laboratory for different times to simulate the limited operating temperature. The variations in grease mass loss and consistence were studied. Rheological behavior tests were carried out to explore the structural strength and structural recovery properties of all grease samples by using a continuous shear and oscillatory shear rheometry model of rotational rheometer. The fibrous microstructure was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope, and infrared spectra were recorded using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. A structural evolution model of grease colloidal dispersion system was established and used to elucidate the variation mechanism of grease colloidal physicochemical properties under limited operating temperature conditions. The colloidal property of lithium complex grease gradually changed with prolonged heating time. The consistence of grease increased with increasing heating time. The typical shear yield phenomenon became less obvious, and the structural recovery property evidently weakened obviously with prolonged heating time. The variation mechanism of grease colloidal physicochemical properties could be mainly attributed to the thickener oxidation of grease. Results provide experimental support for grease application and failure analysis under harsh conditions.
The Prediction of Road Cracks through Acoustic Signature: Extended Finite Element Modeling and Experiments
Authors: Fedele Rosario , Praticò Filippo Giammaria , Pellicano Gianfranco 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Traffic produces vibrations and noise that affect the livability and structural integrity of the built environment. Despite the fact that many studies focused on traffic-induced vibrations and noise, there is a lack of studies linking the vibrations propagating into the road pavement and the related acoustic response (or acoustic signature) as a means to assess the structural health status. Indeed, monitoring this response can lead to an estimation of the road layer structural condition and an identification of cracks that occurred because of the traffic. Consequently, the objectives of this study are to (i) model the involved phenomena through a Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis; (ii) compare data and simulations; and (iii) set up an Extended Finite Element Model (EXFEM) that is able to forecast the change of the road acoustic signature over time because of the presence of occurred cracks. Loads and sound-related phenomena (generation, transmission, interaction with cracks) were simulated through an EXFEM software. In addition, in order to estimate the effectiveness of the study, the aforementioned simulations were compared with real data gathered from a Dense Graded Friction Course road pavement in different and controlled structural conditions through a specially designed, microphone-based electronic system. Even if further studies are needed to better fix the measurement chain and better carry out the FEM analyses, preliminary results show that the EXFEM model is able to reproduce, with good approximation, the measured signals and that this model can be used to forecast the effects of different types of cracks on the propagation of vibration into road pavements.
DrosophilaBruton's Tyrosine Kinase Regulates Habituation Latency and Facilitation in Distinct Mushroom Body Neurons
Authors: Roussou Ilianna G. , Papanikolopoulou Katerina , Savakis Charalambos , Skoulakis Efthimios M. C. 
Published: September 2019

Habituation is the adaptive behavioral outcome of processes engaged in timely devaluation of non-reinforced repetitive stimuli, but the neuronal circuits and molecular mechanisms that underlie them are not well understood. To gain insights into these processes we developed and characterized a habituation assay to repetitive footshocks in mixed sexDrosophilagroups and demonstrated that acute neurotransmission from adult α/β mushroom body (MB) neurons prevents premature stimulus devaluation. Herein we demonstrate that activity of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase dBtk protein is required within these neurons to prevent premature habituation. Significantly, we also demonstrate that the complementary process of timely habituation to the repetitive stimulation is facilitated by α′/β′ MB neurons and also requires dBtk activity. Hence our results provide initial insights into molecular mechanisms engaged in footshock habituation within distinct MB neurons. Importantly, dBtk attenuation specifically within α′/β′ neurons leads to defective habituation, which is readily reversible by administration of the antipsychotics clozapine and risperidone suggesting that the loss of the kinase may dysregulate monoamine receptors within these neurons, whose activity underlies the failure to habituate.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHabituation refers to processes underlying decisions to attend or ignore stimuli, which are pivotal to brain function as they underlie selective attention and learning, but the circuits involved and the molecular mechanisms engaged by the process therein are poorly understood. We demonstrate that habituation to repetitive footshock involves two phases mediated by distinct neurons of theDrosophilamushroom bodies and require the function of the dBtk non-receptor tyrosine kinase. Moreover, habituation failure upon dBtk abrogation in neurons where it is required to facilitate the process is readily reversible by antipsychotics, providing conceptual links to particular symptoms of schizophrenia in humans, also characterized by habituation defects and ameliorated by these pharmaceuticals.
Circuit-Specific Early Impairment of Proprioceptive Sensory Neurons in the SOD1G93AMouse Model for ALS
Authors: Seki Soju , Yamamoto Toru , Quinn Kiara , Spigelman Igor , Pantazis Antonios , Olcese Riccardo , Wiedau-Pazos Martina , Chandler Scott H. , Venugopal Sharmila 
Published: September 2019

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease in which motor neurons degenerate, resulting in muscle atrophy, paralysis, and fatality. Studies using mouse models of ALS indicate a protracted period of disease development with progressive motor neuron pathology, evident as early as embryonic and postnatal stages. Key missing information includes concomitant alterations in the sensorimotor circuit essential for normal development and function of the neuromuscular system. Leveraging unique brainstem circuitry, we showin vitroevidence for reflex circuit-specific postnatal abnormalities in the jaw proprioceptive sensory neurons in the well-studied SOD1G93Amouse. These include impaired and arrhythmic action potential burst discharge associated with a deficit in Nav1.6 Na+channels. However, the mechanoreceptive and nociceptive trigeminal ganglion neurons and the visual sensory retinal ganglion neurons were resistant to excitability changes in age-matched SOD1G93Amice. Computational modeling of the observed disruption in sensory patterns predicted asynchronous self-sustained motor neuron discharge suggestive of imminent reflexive defects, such as muscle fasciculations in ALS. These results demonstrate a novel reflex circuit-specific proprioceptive sensory abnormality in ALS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeurodegenerative diseases have prolonged periods of disease development and progression. Identifying early markers of vulnerability can therefore help devise better diagnostic and treatment strategies. In this study, we examined postnatal abnormalities in the electrical excitability of muscle spindle afferent proprioceptive neurons in the well-studied SOD1G93Amouse model for neurodegenerative motor neuron disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Our findings suggest that these proprioceptive sensory neurons are exclusively afflicted early in the disease process relative to sensory neurons of other modalities. Moreover, they presented Nav1.6 Na+channel deficiency, which contributed to arrhythmic burst discharge. Such sensory arrhythmia could initiate reflexive defects, such as muscle fasciculations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as suggested by our computational model.
Posterior Hippocampal Spindle Ripples Co-occur with Neocortical Theta Bursts and Downstates-Upstates, and Phase-Lock with Parietal Spindles during NREM Sleep in Humans
Authors: Jiang Xi , Gonzalez-Martinez Jorge , Halgren Eric 
Published: September 2019

Human anterior and posterior hippocampus (aHC, pHC) differ in connectivity and behavioral correlates. Here we report physiological differences in humans of both sexes. During NREM sleep, the human hippocampus generates sharpwave ripples (SWRs) similar to those which in rodents mark memory replay. We show that while pHC generates SWRs, it also generates approximately as many spindle ripples (SSR: ripples phase-locked to local spindles). In contrast, SSRs are rare in aHC. Like SWRs, SSRs often co-occur with neocortical theta bursts (TBs), downstates (DSs), sleep spindles (SSs), and upstates (USs), which coordinate cortico-hippocampal interactions and facilitate consolidation in rodents. SWRs co-occur with these waves in widespread cortical areas, especially frontocentral. These waves typically occur in the sequence TB-DS-SS-US, with SWRs usually occurring before SS-US. In contrast, SSRs occur ∼350 ms later, with a strong preference for co-occurrence with posterior-parietal SSs. pHC-SSs were strongly phase-locked with parietal-SSs, and pHC-SSRs were phase-coupled with pHC-SSs and parietal-SSs. Human SWRs (and associated replay events, if any) are separated by ∼5 s on average, whereas ripples on successive SSR peaks are separated by only ∼80 ms. These distinctive physiological properties of pHC-SSR enable an alternative mechanism for hippocampal engagement with neocortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRodent hippocampal neurons replay waking events during sharpwave ripples (SWRs) in NREM sleep, facilitating memory transfer to a permanent cortical store. We show that human anterior hippocampus also produces SWRs, but spindle ripples predominate in posterior. Whereas SWRs typically occur as cortex emerges from inactivity, spindle ripples typically occur at peak cortical activity. Furthermore, posterior hippocampal spindle ripples are tightly coupled to posterior parietal locations activated by conscious recollection. Finally, multiple spindle ripples can recur within a second, whereas SWRs are separated by ∼5 s. The human posterior hippocampus is considered homologous to rodent dorsal hippocampus, which is thought to be specialized for consolidation of specific memory details. We speculate that these distinct physiological characteristics of posterior hippocampal spindle ripples may support a related function in humans.
Perlindungan Mutasi Guru dengan Berlakunya Undang-undang No 23 tahun 2014 Pemerintahan Daerah
Authors: Kurniawan Itok Dwi , Al Muchtar Suwarma 
Published: September 2019

Indonesia is a country based on the rule of law, this is in accordance with the mandate of the constitution. Citizens, in this case especially teachers must get protection in order to be able to carry out their rights and obligations comfortably. After the enactment of Law Number 32 Year 2004 to Law Number 23 Year 2014, secondary education became a provincial affair so there were a lot of teacher mutations. To anticipate this, the government issued a Circular Letter of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 120/5935 / SJ dated October 16, 2015 concerning the Acceleration of the Implementation of Affairs Under Act Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. The aim of this research is to determine the protection of teacher mutations by the enactment of local government laws. Teachers' protection according to this study can be divided into two, namely preventive (cancellation of regulations / Perbup / Perwali) and repressive (lawsuit of the State Administrative Court). Legal protection for teachers can be done preventively and repressively. Preventively, it could be through the governor's authority as a representative of the government to overturn the decision and repressively, the teacher could submit a claim to the State Administrative Court to cancel the letter of its decision. The existence of this law is expected to improve the welfare of teachers throughout Indonesia.Negara Indonesia adalah negara yang berdasarkan pada aturan hukum, hal ini sesuai dengan amanah konstitusi. Warga negara, dalam hal ini khususnya guru harus mendapatkan perlindungan agar bisa menjalankan hak dan kewajibannya dengan nyaman. Setelah berlakunya UU Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 ke UU Nomor 23 Tahun 2014, pendidikan menengah menjadi urusan provinsi sehingga banyak sekali terjadi mutasi guru. Untuk mengantisipasi hal tersebut, pemerintah mengeluarkan Surat Edaran Menteri Dalam NegeriÂ Nomor 120/5935/SJ tanggal 16 Oktober 2015 tentang PercepatanÂ Pelaksanaan Pengalihan Urusan Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Tujuan peneitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perlindungan mutasi guru dengan berlakunya undang-undang pemerintah daerah. Perlindungan bagi guru menurut penelitian ini dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu preventif (pembatalan perda/perbup/perwali) dan represif (gugatan Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara). Perlindungan hukum terhadap guru bisa dilakukan secara preventif danÂ represif. Secara preventif, bisa melalui kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah untuk membatalkan keputusan tersebut dan secara represif, guru bisa mengajukan tuntutan kepada pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara untuk membatalkan surat keputusan mutasinya. Dengan adanya undang-undang tersebut diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan para guru di seluruh Indonesia.
ISLAMIC LAW AND BUSINESS ETHICS PERSPECTIVES TOWARDS BURNING FOREST AS METHOD TO LAND CLEARING
Authors: Arrisman Arrisman 
Published: September 2019

Burning forest as one method to clear land has made many losses not only to the welfare of the people in Indonesia, but also to the environment. However, studies examined these issues from the perspectives of the government’s laws, the Islamic Law and the business ethics have been limited. For that reason, this study aims at discussing the perspectives of the government’s law, the Islamic law and business ethics toward forest burning as a method to land clearing. The method used is by undertaking doctrinal research. The sources of the data were from primary and secondary legal materials. The study found that there have been government’s laws and regulations to ban forest burning activity. These laws include the Law No. 32 of 2009 on the Protection and Environmental Management, the Law No. 41 of 1999 on Forestry, the Law No. 18 Year 2013 on the Prevention and Eradication of forest destruction, and the Law No. 39 of 2014 on Plantations to name only four laws. The Islamic law has given guidance to human beings in managing the natural resources. These guidance have been highlighted in Surah Albaqarah 2:30 and Surah Al-Ghashiyah 88:17. Also, it is argued that compliance with the existence of business ethics will be a strong reason for the establishment of a close relationship between the company and the community. The public will be very pleased with the company in running its operations in accordance with business ethics. For this reason, it is suggested that the business plantations and other corporations should comply with the business ethics. This aims simply to maintain harmony between business activities and the nature. So that, the corporations will be able to sustain their business activities, while at the same time the people will have certainty to have healthy environment.
HPV Vaccine Delivery Practices by Primary Care Physicians
Authors: Kempe Allison , O’Leary Sean T. , Markowitz Lauri E. , Crane Lori A. , Hurley Laura P. , Brtnikova Michaela , Beaty Brenda L. , Meites Elissa , Stokley Shannon , Lindley Megan C. 
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
To examine, among pediatricians and family physicians (FPs) (1) human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine delivery practices, (2) delivery experiences, and (3) attitudes regarding new 2-dose HPV vaccination schedules.

METHODS:
We surveyed nationally representative networks of pediatricians and FPs by Internet or mail from July 2018 to September 2018. Multivariable regression was used to assess factors associated with refusal or deferral rates of ≥50% among 11- to 12-year-old patients.

RESULTS:
The response rate was 65% (302 pediatricians and 228 FPs included). Pediatricians who strongly recommended the HPV vaccine ranged from 99% for patients ≥15 years old (female) to 83% for those 11 to 12 years old (male); FPs ranged from 90% for patients ≥15 years old (female) to 66% for those 11 to 12 years old (male) (P &lt; .0001 between specialties). Sixty-five percent of pediatricians and 42% of FPs always or almost always used presumptive style when discussing the HPV vaccine (P &lt; .0001). Overall, 40% used standing orders and 42% had electronic alerts. Among pediatricians, the proportion reporting a refusal or deferral rate ≥50% was 19% for female patients and 23% for male patients 11 to 12 years old; FPs reported 27% and 36%, respectively. In the multivariable regression (both sexes), refusal or deferral was associated with physicians not strongly recommending the HPV vaccine to 11- to 12-year-old patients, not using a presumptive style, perceiving less resistance when introducing the HPV vaccine to a 13-year-old patient versus an 11- or 12-year-old patient, and anticipating an uncomfortable conversation when recommending the HPV vaccine to an 11- or 12-year-old patient. Eighty-nine percent of pediatricians and 79% of FPs reported that more adolescents &lt;15 years old are completing the HPV series now that only 2 doses are recommended.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although most physicians strongly recommend the HPV vaccine to 11- to 12-year-old patients, our data reveal areas for improvement in recommendation and delivery methods. Most physicians perceive that the 2-dose schedule is resulting in higher HPV completion rates.
Neuroprotective Effect, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potentials of Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) Fruit Extracts
Authors: GEZİCİ Sevgi 
Published: September 2019

I
ntroduction: Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) is a traditional edible-plant in the Anatolia. The leaves and fruits of sumac have been
extensively used in folk medicine and alternative therapeutic approaches, because of the presence of many bioactive
phytochemicals. Material and Methods: In this study, we aimed to investigate in vitro neuroprotective, antimicrobial and
antioxidant properties of sumac extracts that were extracted with water, methanol, n-hexane, and dichloromethane. Results
and Discussion: According to research results, almost all the tested extracts of sumac remarkable biological activities in a
time and dose-dependent manner. Among the extracts, aqueous and methanolic extracts were demonstrated the highest
cholinesterase inhibitory activity on both AChE and BChE enzymes, values ranging from 16.16±0.18 to 41.08±0.02% at
200µg/mL concentration. Regarding of MIC assay, all the extracts exhibited more growth-inhibitory effects against gramnegative bacteria strains than gram-positive bacteria strain, and MIC values in range of 3.9-62.5 µg/mL. In terms of DPPH
radical scavenging activity, all the tested extracts demonstrated significant antioxidant capacity, methanol extract of
sumac seemed to possess stronger scavenging activity (56.11±1.08% at 100 µg/mL concentration) than the other extracts.
Conclusion: These findings provide contributions to medicinal uses of sumac in nervous system disorders and microbial
diseases as alternative therapeutic agents, along with traditional uses of sumac.
Length‐Scale‐Dependent Relationships between VS30 and Topographic Slopes in Southern California
Authors: Lin Jessica , Moon Seulgi , Yong Alan , Meng Lingsen , Davis Paul 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn engineering seismology, the time‐averaged shear‐wave velocity (VS) of the upper 30 m of the crust (VS30) is the primary parameter used in ground‐motion models to predict seismic site effects. VS30 is typically derived from in situ recordings of VS, although proxy‐based approaches (using geologic and/or geomorphometric classifications) are provisionally adopted when measurement‐based VS30 are sparse or not readily available. Despite the acceptance of proxy approaches, there are limited studies that examine the empirical relationships between VS30 and topographic attributes measured from various length scales and different resolutions of the digital elevation model. In this study, we examine the relationships between compiled VS30 measurements from 218 sites in southern California and topographic metrics of slope and relief measured over various length scales. We find that the correlations between topographic metrics and VS30 are weak but statistically significant. The correlations are improved when topographic slopes and relief are measured over length scales longer than typical hillslopes and VS30 sites are separated by different geologic groups. This is likely because VS30, especially on the rock sites, is better reflected in topographic metrics that capture large‐scale topographic relief, as well as landscape positions such as hilltops and valley bottoms.