bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tablets, Ring, Injections as Options (TRIO) study: what young African women chose and used for future HIV and pregnancy prevention
Authors: van der Straten Ariane , Agot Kawango , Ahmed Khatija , Weinrib Rachel , Browne Erica N , Manenzhe Kgahlisho , Owino Fredrick , Schwartz Jill , Minnis Alexandra ,   on behalf of the TRIO Study Team
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionPreventing HIV and unintended pregnancies are key global health priorities. To inform product rollout and to understand attributes of future multipurpose prevention technologies (MPT) associated with preference and use, we evaluated three placebo delivery forms: daily oral tablets, a monthly vaginal ring, and two monthly intramuscular injections in TRIO, a five‐month study among young Kenyan and South African women.MethodsHIV‐negative, sexually active, non‐pregnant women aged 18 to 30 were enrolled and randomized to use each placebo delivery form for one month (stage 1). Then, participants chose one product to use for two additional months (stage 2). We assessed safety, product ranking, choice, and use. We examined demographic and behavioural correlates of choice and, reciprocally, unwillingness to use in the future with logistic regression models.Results277 women enrolled, 249 completed stage 1 and 246 completed stage 2. Median age was 23 years, 49% were Kenyan and 51% were South African. Three participants became pregnant during the study and one participant HIV‐seroconverted. There were 18 product‐related adverse events, six tablets‐related, 11 ring‐related, and one injection‐related. After trying each product, 85% preferred a TRIO product over condoms. Injections were chosen most (64%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 58%, 70%; p < 0.001), and by more South Africans than Kenyans (odds ratio (OR) 2.01, 95% CI: 1.17, 3.43; p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in choosing tablets versus ring (21%, 95% CI: 16%, 26% vs. 15%, 95% CI: 11%, 20%; p = 0.11). Tablet and ring adherence, based on direct observations and self‐reports, improved over time. However, participants’ self‐reported use of tablets did not match objective data from the electronic dose monitoring device. Participants were fully compliant with injections.ConclusionIn this population at risk for HIV and pregnancy, all participants agreed to choose and use a placebo MPT delivery form. A majority of participants preferred TRIO products to male condoms, an existing MPT. Injections were most liked and best used, however, they are years away from reaching the clinics. In the meantime, expanding the availability of tablets and giving access to rings can begin to fulfill the promise of choice for HIV prevention technologies and inform the development of suitable delivery forms as MPT.
LI‐RADS 2017: An update
Authors: Kielar Ania Z. , Chernyak Victoria , Bashir Mustafa R. , Do Richard K. , Fowler Kathryn J. , Mitchell Donald G. , Cerny Milena , Elsayes Khaled M. , Santillan Cynthia , Kamaya Aya , Kono Yuko , Sirlin Claude B. , Tang An 
Published: April 2018

The computed tomography / magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) Liver Imaging Reporting & Data System (LI‐RADS) is a standardized system for diagnostic imaging terminology, technique, interpretation, and reporting in patients with or at risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Using diagnostic algorithms and tables, the system assigns to liver observations category codes reflecting the relative probability of HCC or other malignancies. This review article provides an overview of the 2017 version of CT/MRI LI‐RADS with a focus on MRI. The main LI‐RADS categories and their application will be described. Changes and updates introduced in this version of LI‐RADS will be highlighted, including modifications to the diagnostic algorithm and to the optional application of ancillary features. Comparisons to other major diagnostic systems for HCC will be made, emphasizing key similarities, differences, strengths, and limitations. In addition, this review presents the new Treatment Response algorithm, while introducing the concepts of MRI nonviability and viability. Finally, planned future directions for LI‐RADS will be outlined.Level of Evidence: 5Technical Efficacy: Stage 5J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:1459–1474.
Simultaneous pH‐sensitive and oxygen‐sensitive MRI of human gliomas at 3 T using multi‐echo amine proton chemical exchange saturation transfer spin‐and‐gradient echo echo‐planar imaging (CEST‐SAGE‐EPI)
Authors: Harris Robert J. , Yao Jingwen , Chakhoyan Ararat , Raymond Catalina , Leu Kevin , Liau Linda M. , Nghiemphu Phioanh L. , Lai Albert , Salamon Noriko , Pope Whitney B. , Cloughesy Timothy F. , Ellingson Benjamin M. 
Published: April 2018

PurposeTo introduce a new pH‐sensitive and oxygen‐sensitive MRI technique using amine proton CEST echo spin‐and‐gradient echo (SAGE) EPI (CEST‐SAGE‐EPI).MethodspH‐weighting was obtained using CEST estimations of magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry (MTRasym) at 3 ppm, and oxygen‐weighting was obtained using
measurements. Glutamine concentration, pH, and relaxation rates were varied in phantoms to validate simulations and estimate relaxation rates. The values of MTRasym and
in normal‐appearing white matter, T2 hyperintensity, contrast enhancement, and macroscopic necrosis were measured in 47 gliomas.ResultsSimulation and phantom results confirmed an increase in MTRasym with decreasing pH. The CEST‐SAGE‐EPI estimates of R2,
, and
varied linearly with gadolinium diethylenetriamine penta‐acetic acid concentration (R2 = 6.2 mM−1·sec−1 and
= 6.9 mM−1·sec−1). The CEST‐SAGE‐EPI and Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill estimates of R2 (R2 = 0.9943) and multi‐echo gradient‐echo estimates of
(R2 = 0.9727) were highly correlated. T2 lesions had lower
and higher MTRasym compared with normal‐appearing white matter, suggesting lower hypoxia and high acidity, whereas contrast‐enhancement tumor regions had elevated
and MTRasym, indicating high hypoxia and acidity.ConclusionThe CEST‐SAGE‐EPI technique provides simultaneous pH‐sensitive and oxygen‐sensitive image contrasts for evaluation of the brain tumor microenvironment. Advantages include fast whole‐brain acquisition, in‐line B0 correction, and simultaneous estimation of CEST effects, R2,
, and
at 3 T.
Prevalence and Determinants of Engagement with Obesity Care in the United States
Authors: Stokes Andrew , Collins Jason M. , Grant Bethany F. , Hsiao Chia‐Wen , Johnston Stephen S. , Ammann Eric M. , Berry Kaitlyn M. , Tong Cindy , Scamuffa Robin F. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveMedical management of obesity can result in significant weight loss and reduce the burden of obesity‐related complications. This report employs a new conceptual model to quantify engagement with obesity care and associated determinants in the US adult population.MethodsEngagement with obesity care was conceptualized as a cascade comprising 5 successive steps: perceiving oneself as overweight, desiring to lose weight, attempting weight loss, seeking care from a health care professional for obesity, and seeking care from a physician specifically.ResultsAmong adults with obesity, 7.3% did not perceive themselves as overweight, 1.5% perceived themselves as overweight but had no desire to lose weight, 29.9% wanted to lose weight but did not try in the last year, 51.3% tried to lose weight but did not consult a health professional, and 6.4% sought help for weight loss from a health professional but not a physician, implying that 96.4% of the population with obesity had an unmet need for obesity care.ConclusionsThis analysis provides new insight into the most common points along the cascade at which disengagement occurs and can inform efforts to improve uptake of obesity‐related health care services.
Rigid polyurethane foams reinforced with disilanolisobutyl POSS: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Hebda Edyta , Bukowczan Artur , Ozimek Jan , Raftopoulos Konstantinos N. , Wroński Sebastian , Tarasiuk Jacek , Pielichowski Jan , Leszczyńska Agnieszka , Pielichowski Krzysztof 
Published: April 2018

This work reports the synthesis of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams modified by disilanolisobutyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (DSIPOSS). This open‐cage nanostructure silsesquioxane has 2 hydroxyl groups and therefore can be chemically built directly in the PU backbone to form hybrid polyurethane‐POSS foam. Synthesis procedure using polymeric 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, polyetherol, and DSIPOSS has been elaborated, and the influence of POSS on the cell structure, closed cell content, apparent density, thermal conductivity, and compression strength of the rigid polyurethane composites has been evaluated. The hybrid composite foams containing 1.5 and 2.0 wt% DSIPOSS showed a reduced number of cells and an increased average area of foam cells in comparison with the unmodified PU, while the addition of 0.5wt% of DSIPOSS causes an increase in the number of cells of the foam as compared with the reference and thus a reduction in the average area of cells. X‐ray microtomography provided data on the porous structure of polyurethane hybrid materials, including reduction of the pore surface area. Scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis revealed a good homogenization of DSIPOSS in polyurethane matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis results have shown that incorporation of POSS nanoparticles into PU foam does not significantly change the degradation process. The compressive strength of PUF‐POSS hybrids in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the direction of foam rise is greater than the strength of the reference foam already for the lowest DSIPOSS content.
Changes in overactive bladder symptoms after sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor administration to patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Shikuma Junpei , Ito Rokuro , Sasaki‐Shima Junko , Teshima Akiko , Hara Kazuo , Takahashi Tomono , Sakai Hiroyuki , Miwa Takashi , Kanazawa Akira , Odawara Masato 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the changes in overactive bladder symptoms after selective sodium glucose cotransporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitor administration to patients with type 2 diabetes.Outpatients with type 2 diabetes who consented to participate in this study between September 2014 and August 2015 were included. Overactive bladder assessments were conducted before and one month after SGLT2 inhibitor administration using the Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS).Fifty‐eight patients were enrolled. OABSSs indicated that 17.2% of the subjects had overactive bladder. Comparison of OABSSs before and after SGLT2 inhibitor administration indicated that Q1 (daytime frequency) and total scores increased significantly. Post‐hoc analysis indicated that in the group without overactive bladder according to pre‐administration OABSSs, statistically significant increases were observed for Q1 (daytime frequency), Q3 (urgency), and total scores. Conversely, in the group with overactive bladder, there were no significant differences. The mean score for Q1 (daytime frequency) increased, whereas that for Q3 (urgency) decreased.It was concluded that SGLT2 inhibitor administration to patients with type 2 diabetes, but without overactive bladder, caused significant increases in daytime frequency but not in night‐time frequency. However, in patients with overactive bladder prior to SGLT2 inhibitor administration, blood glucose control was possible without worsening overactive bladder. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons.
Crystal structures of amyloidogenic segments of human transthyretin
Authors: Saelices Lorena , Sievers Stuart A. , Sawaya Michael R. , Eisenberg David S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAmyloid diseases are characterized by the deposition of proteins in the form of amyloid fibrils, in organs that eventually fail. The development of effective drug candidates follows from the understanding of the molecular processes that lead to protein aggregation. Here, we study amyloidogenic segments of transthyretin (TTR). TTR is a transporter of thyroxine and retinol in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. When mutated and/or as a result of aging, TTR aggregates into amyloid fibrils that accumulate in organs such as the heart. Recently, we reported two amyloidogenic segments that drive amyloid aggregation. Here, we report the crystal structure of another six amyloidogenic segments of TTR. We found that the segments from the C‐terminal region of TTR form in‐register steric‐zippers with highly‐interdigitated, wet interfaces, whereas the β‐strand B from the N‐terminal region of TTR forms an out‐of‐register assembly, previously associated with oligomeric formation. Our results contribute fundamental information for understanding the mechanism of aggregation of TTR.
Incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in Shandong Province in 2012
Authors: Fu Zhentao , Li Guigang , Sun Jandong , Zhai Yuting , Zhang Jiyu , Lu Zilong , Chu Jie , Zhang Gaohui , Guo Xiaolei , Xu Aiqiang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractStomach cancer is common in the Chinese population. The present study aimed to analyze the incidence and mortality as a result of stomach cancer in Shandong Province, in order to provide a reference for cancer prevention and control. We analyzed the incidence and mortality data of stomach cancer collected from 15 cancer registries in 2012. We calculated the crude, age‐standardized, and truncated incidence and mortality rates for the registered population, and estimated the numbers of new cases and deaths that might have occurred in the total provincial population by applying the age‐specific rates to the corresponding populations. The estimated numbers of new cases and deaths of stomach cancer were 36 796 and 25 343, respectively, among the total Shandong population in 2012. Both the incidence and mortality rates were higher in men than in women. The incidence in rural areas was similar with that in urban areas, whereas mortality was markedly higher in rural than in urban areas. Age‐specific incidence and mortality of stomach cancer increased with age, particularly after 40 years‐of‐age and peaked at 80–84 or ≥85 years‐of‐age. Stomach cancer is common in Shandong province, particularly among men and residents in rural areas. Targeted prevention, early detection, and treatment programs should be carried out.
Can low‐dose radiotherapy volumes be one of the contributing factors to early relapses in lung cancer patients?
Authors: Kiziltan Huriye Senay , Mayadagli Alpaslan , Tekce Ertuğrul , Eris Ali Hikmet , Kablan Ozgur , Altinok Sut Pelin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveSeveral studies have shown that low‐dose radiotherapy (RT) might increase tumor invasion and metastases. Whereas multiple RT fields that increase low‐dose RT areas are often used to prevent damage to organs at risk. We carried out a clinical trial with the concern that low‐dose RT sites could increase invasions or metastases when multiple sites were used.MethodsA clinical retrospective study was carried out on 50 lung cancer patients with stage II–IIIB cancer, who underwent RT and/or chemotherapy, had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performances 1–3, were aged 45–87 years, and without metastases. RT was carried out for 5 days with 180–200 cGy fractions per day with a total dose of 54–66 Gy. The radiation dose volume areas V5, V10, V20, V40, V50, and V60 of lung were calculated and analyzed by Mann–Whitney U‐test and L par test on disease‐free and overall survival statistically.ResultsIt was determined that V5, V10, and V20, which constitute the low RT dose areas of the lung, positively affected the recurrence‐free and overall survival minimally according to r correlation values.ConclusionLow‐dose RT volumes were positively affected minimally by recurrence‐free survival and overall survival in the present study. The effects of low‐dose radiation must be evaluated more clearly in studies.
Classic paper: Are the chickenpox virus and the zoster virus identical?
Authors: Kruger Detlev H. , Mertens Thomas 
Published: April 2018

SummaryAs early as 1943, the German physician Helmut Ruska visualized the virus of varicella and zoster (at that time, he was not completely certain whether the virus was the same) by the newly developed electron microscope; he is regarded as the discoverer of this virus. Here, we present a translation of his classical paper into the English language. In our introduction and commentary to his paper, we discuss the significance of Helmut Ruska's work for the development of virology, his distinction between the varicella, zoster, and herpes virus group on one hand and poxviruses on the other, as well as the development of imaging techniques which have refined or substituted for electron microscopy of viruses and virus‐infected cells.
Opportunistic remote sensing of rainfall using microwave links from cellular communication networks
Authors: Uijlenhoet Remko , Overeem Aart , Leijnse Hidde 
Published: April 2018

Microwave backhaul links from cellular communication networks provide a valuable “opportunistic” source of high‐resolution space–time rainfall information, complementing traditional in situ measurement devices (rain gauges, disdrometers) and remote sensors (weather radars, satellites). Over the past decade, a growing community of researchers has, in close collaboration with cellular communication companies, developed retrieval algorithms to convert the raw microwave link signals, stored operationally by their network management systems, to hydrometeorologically useful rainfall estimates. Operational meteorological and hydrological services as well as private consulting firms are showing an increased interest in using this complementary source of rainfall information to improve the products and services they provide to end users from different sectors, from water management and weather prediction to agriculture and traffic control. The greatest potential of these opportunistic environmental sensors lies in those geographical areas over the land surface of the Earth where the densities of traditional rainfall measurement devices are low: mountainous and urban areas and the developing world. This article provides a nonexpert summary of the history, theory, challenges, and opportunities toward continental‐scale rainfall monitoring using microwave links from cellular communication networks.This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Methods
Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Advances in computer‐assisted syndrome recognition by the example of inborn errors of metabolism
Authors: Pantel Jean T. , Zhao Max , Mensah Martin A. , Hajjir Nurulhuda , Hsieh Tzung‐Chien , Hanani Yair , Fleischer Nicole , Kamphans Tom , Mundlos Stefan , Gurovich Yaron , Krawitz Peter M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSignificant improvements in automated image analysis have been achieved in recent years and tools are now increasingly being used in computer‐assisted syndromology. However, the ability to recognize a syndromic facial gestalt might depend on the syndrome and may also be confounded by severity of phenotype, size of available training sets, ethnicity, age, and sex. Therefore, benchmarking and comparing the performance of deep‐learned classification processes is inherently difficult. For a systematic analysis of these influencing factors we chose the lysosomal storage diseases mucolipidosis as well as mucopolysaccharidosis type I and II that are known for their wide and overlapping phenotypic spectra. For a dysmorphic comparison we used Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome as another inborn error of metabolism and Nicolaides‐Baraitser syndrome as another disorder that is also characterized by coarse facies. A classifier that was trained on these five cohorts, comprising 289 patients in total, achieved a mean accuracy of 62%. We also developed a simulation framework to analyze the effect of potential confounders, such as cohort size, age, sex, or ethnic background on the distinguishability of phenotypes. We found that the true positive rate increases for all analyzed disorders for growing cohorts (n = [10...40]) while ethnicity and sex have no significant influence. The dynamics of the accuracies strongly suggest that the maximum distinguishability is a phenotype‐specific value, which has not been reached yet for any of the studied disorders. This should also be a motivation to further intensify data sharing efforts, as computer‐assisted syndrome classification can still be improved by enlarging the available training sets.
Effects of the density of the invasive macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata and root competition on growth of one native macrophyte in different sediment fertilities
Authors: Silveira Márcio José , Alves Diego Corrêa , Thomaz Sidinei Magela 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe occurrence of non‐native species at high densities may generate competition for resources and possibly exclude native species in various environments. We evaluated the effects of increased densities of the non‐native invasive macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata on the growth of the native species Egeria najas in different sediment types and with only root interactions or root + shoot interactions. We tested the hypothesis that the effect of the invasive on the native species is density dependent and that it is greater when competition for light and nutrients occurs (root + shoot interactions). The results of these experiments demonstrated that increased density of the invasive species H. verticillata significantly decreased the growth of the native species independent of sediment type (sand or mud sediments). When plants competed for water and sediment resources (root + shoot interactions), the native species was more impacted by the invasive than when they competed only for water resources (only shoots interacting). Our results show that E. najas is probably unable to colonize sites highly colonized by hydrilla, and this applies to both sand and mud sediments. This outcome suggests that H. verticillata is a threat for E. najas and likely other native submerged species in South America.
Elevation induced variation in the breeding traits of a nectar‐feeding non‐flying mammal
Authors: Goldingay Ross L. , Rueegger Niels 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFactors that influence reproduction in nectar‐feeding non‐flying mammals are poorly described. We investigated factors that may influence the breeding traits of the eastern pygmy‐possum (Cercartetus nanus), a small (25 g) nectar‐feeding marsupial from eastern Australia. Females at our coastal site produced 1–3 litters (frequently of 5–6 young) over an 8‐month period within the flowering period of the dominant food plant (Banksia ericifolia). The number of lactating females over time was highly correlated (R = 0.9) with the abundance of flowers on B. ericifolia, suggesting that flower availability has a substantial influence on breeding. To assess the generality of these findings and investigate whether elevation or latitude influence breeding in this species, we examined the breeding traits previously described at three other locations. Females on the tableland 70 km away produced one litter of 3–4 young over a 4‐month period within the flowering period of B. ericifolia, the dominant food plant. At other coastal and tableland locations 500 km away, coastal females produced larger numbered litters more often than tableland females. A hypothesis relating to minimum temperature appears the most plausible explanation for this pattern that reflects elevation but not latitude. The mean minimum temperature drops below 5 °C for 2–5 months each year at the tableland locations but not at all at the coastal locations. Low temperatures are known to reduce nectar secretion in the dominant food plants. Thus, although the breeding traits of the eastern pygmy‐possum are influenced by flowering in their dominant food plants, low temperature appears to impose a constraint on reproductive output.