bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Impacts of Forest Roads on Recreation Opportunities
Authors: Queen LLoyd P. , Vlaming Jonathan C. , Arthaud Greg J. , Lime David W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Transportation systems are one of the key components of forest recreation activities, yet they are often overlooked and seldom adequately considered in the planning process. This paper presents a road impact model (RIM) used to analyze transportation networks to determine their impact on recreation opportunities in an area. Four categories of opportunities are considered in this analysis: experiential recreation, physical recreation, transportation network, and aesthetics. The RIM model is demonstrated on a test area utilizing a geographic information system (GIS) to aid in spatial data handling. The case study presents and demonstrates an assessment framework based on simplified interpretations of the four identified opportunity classes. This spatially explicit approach will aid recreation planning through providing information on current recreation opportunities and on potential recreation opportunities driven by changes to the road or trail systems in an area. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):194-201.
Hydrologic Impacts of Logging an Appalachian Watershed Using West Virginia's Best Management Practices
Authors: Kochenderfer James N. , Edwards Pamela J. , Wood Frederica 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 39 ha gauged watershed located in north-central West Virginia near Parsons was cut to a 35.5 cm stump diameter and logged using wheeled skidders to evaluate the effectiveness of West Virginia's Best Management Practices (BMPs). Roads initially occupied 10.6% of the watershed, but this percentage is decreasing as much of the original road prism reverts to forest. Reducing basal area by 44% in stems 2.54 cm dbh and larger had a negligible effect on maximum growing season stream temperatures, apparently because the stream remained shaded by residual trees and understory shrubs growing along it. Both growing season peakflows and total stormflow had small but significant increases due to treatment. Dormant season stormflows did not increase significantly. Although mean monthly exports of suspended sediment doubled the first year when the area was being logged, they remained within the range reported for carefully managed areas in the East. Sediment exports returned to pretreatment levels by the third posttreatment year. Long-term projections of current exports rates indicate that sediment exports from harvesting operations (3 entries) during a 100 yr rotation will account for less than 5% of the total sediment exported from the study watershed. Nitrate exports increased significantly during most of the monitored posttreatment years, but fertilizer applied to the roads during grass seeding is believed to have contributed to these increases. Actual concentration values remained low, with maximum concentrations well below standards for potable water. Calcium concentrations also increased during most years, but road liming during seeding probably was responsible for most of this increase. The BMPs used in this study were effective in minimizing adverse impacts to soil and water resources. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):207-218.
Regional-Specific Algorithmic Stand Density Management Diagram for Black Spruce
Authors: Newton Peter F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A regional-specific algorithmic stand density management diagram was developed for managed upland black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) stands applicable to Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Quebec, and Ontario. Specifically, the IBM-compatible PC-based algorithm (1) graphically illustrates site-specific size-density trajectories for 8 user-specified initial density regimes, (2) calculates and subsequently tabulates periodic yield estimates from 5-50 yr by 5 yr intervals for mean dominant height, density, mean volume, total volume, total merchantable volume, quadratic mean diameter, and basal area, (3) given (2), graphically illustrates empirically derived yield production curves for total merchantable volume per hectare and number of stems per cubic meter with user-specified operability criteria superimposed, and (4) given (3), calculates and subsequently tabulates the minimum time required to attain operability status. The utility of the algorithm is demonstrated within the context of determining site-specific initial densities required to attain user-specified operability criteria. Procedures for acquiring the executable version via the Internet are also included. North. J. Appl. For. 15(2):94-97.
Financial Implications of Selling Public Forestlands in Itasca County, Minnesota
Authors: Mackay Donald G. , Ellefson Paul V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Responding to budgetary pressure, elected officials in Minnesota's Itasca County sought analysis of the financial consequences of selling all or part of the County's more than 250,000 ac of forestland to private owners. Revenues to the County from forestland were assessed through examining the private market for forestland and potential property tax revenues. Also, revenue to the County under County management was reviewed. The net present value of timber to be sold by the County and state in-lieu-of-tax payments to the County were estimated. Further, legal and institutional limits on the sale of public land were evaluated, and citizen input was gathered through a questionnaire and meetings with groups and organizations. The analysis concluded that under a variety of conditions, it is financially advantageous for the County to retain many public tracts, as long as the County continues to sell timber from them. North. J. Appl. For. 16(1):36-42.
Density Management Diagram for Northeastern Red Spruce and Balsam Fir Forests
Authors: Wilson Duncan S. , Seymour Robert S. , Maguire Douglas A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A stand-density management diagram is presented for use in northeastern red spruce and balsam fir forests. The diagram was derived from an extensive archived data set collected during the 1970s from fully stocked stands throughout northern Maine and a more recent study of precommercially thinned stands. The negative exponential relationship between mean stemwood volume per tree and stand density, commonly known as the "self-thinning rule, "was formulated to define a biological maximum stand density. The maximum size-density equation can be used to calculate the relative density of any stand and is accurate for thinned and unthinned natural stands as well as plantations. Equations for estimating quadratic mean diameter and stand top height are also derived for unthinned natural stands only. Data used to fit the self-thinning line are substantially above the A-lines on the familiar northeastern stocking guides, suggesting that these guides underestimate maximum density and thus overpredict self-thinning. Examples illustrate how to use the diagram to predict stand development under commercial and precommercial thinning scenarios, as well as natural stand development without thinning. Relevant site index and volume equations are included in an appendix. North. J. Appl. For. 16(1):48-56.
Approximation, Evaluation, and Extension of the Lake States Composite Taper and Volume Tables
Authors: Burk Thomas E. , Ek Alan R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
USDA Technical Bulletin 1104, "Composite Volume Tables for Timber and Their Application in the Lake States" by Gevorkiantz and Olsen (1955) is used extensively for prediction of individual tree stem volumes in the Lake States region of the United States. Much of the work in the bulletin was done without the aid of contemporary statistical techniques, making it difficult to accurately extend the tables contained therein. Application of cubic spline interpolation and numerical integration provides a means of efficiently utilizing the bulletin's information in modem computer systems while simultaneously extending the tables to a range of utilization standards. Close inspection of this analysis revealed some anomalies and inconsistencies in the original bulletin tables. The inspection also uncovered the implicit use of techniques attributed to more modern biometrics research. Several timber sampling aids requested by field foresters were derived using the system developed. North. J. Appl. For. 16(2):65-71.
Status and Trends of Silvicultural Practices in Minnesota
Authors: Puettmann Klaus J. , Ek Alan R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article describes the kind and extent of silvicultural practices applied in Minnesota. We surveyed land managers with respect to silvicultural systems and practices employed during 1996. Results were compared to corresponding information from 1991. The study obtained input from ownerships covering approximately 50% of the acreage and timber volume harvested in the state. The statewide harvest volume increased 8% from 1991 to 1996, and the estimated acreage subject to harvesting increased 1%. An increased emphasis on thinning was a significant factor in the rise in total acreage harvested. From 1991 to 1996, clearcutting (> 5 ac) decreased from 89 to 85% of the acreage harvested. Residuals were left on 77% of the acreage clearcut, a level nearly twice as high as in 1991. Reliance on natural versus artificial regeneration increased by 7% since 1991.At the same time, artificial regeneration efforts showed greater emphasis on site preparation rather than later release, especially on land owned by forest industry. Overall, forest management trends in Minnesota are moving toward a more intensively managed but also more diverse forest across ownerships. North. J. Appl. For. 16(4):203-210.
The Effects of Group Selection Harvest Size on Logging Productivity
Authors: Hassler Curt C. , Grushecky Shawn T. , LeDoux Chris B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Because increasing demands are being placed on industry to harvest timber by aesthetically, economically, and ecologically acceptable means, we investigated the effects of a ground-based group selection harvest on logging productivity. Results show that size of opening had little or no effect on skidding productivity. However, significant skidder operator differences existed. Some skidder operators consistently, in shorter periods of time, loaded their machine with larger payloads resulting in larger turn volumes. Group selection unit size, skidder operator, and utilization level had no statistically significant impact on delay times. Results also suggest that additional time spent training skidder operators to hook larger payloads faster could pay dividends in increased daily production and improvements in logging profitability. North. J. Appl. For. 17(2):51-56.
Estimating Management Plan Implementation in Northeast Wisconsin
Authors: Shockley Thomas , Martin A.J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest management plans were examined for a random population of nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners in eight counties in northeast Wisconsin. Implementation rates of practices (i.e., percentages of practices within each management plan that were completed, in progress, or not done), were estimated for each NIPF landowner. Only NIPF landowners participating in forest management assistance programs (Wisconsin's state forest tax law programs, or the federal Stewardship Incentive Program) were considered for the study. A total of 464 forest management plans were examined to determine numbers and types of practices prescribed, rates of implementation, and cost-sharing utilization. The results indicated that 78% of practices mandated by law within the state's tax law programs were either completed or were in progress. Other findings show that 36% of recommended practices within the state's tax law programs were either completed or were in progress. The results of the Stewardship Incentive Program study indicated that 21% of practices prescribed in those plans were either completed or were in progress. Commercial timber harvests were the most widely prescribed mandatory practices while planting prescriptions occupied the majority of recommended practices. Cost-sharing was used on 22% of mandatory tax law practices, 6.5% of recommended tax law practices, and 7% of practices in the Stewardship Incentive Program. North. J. Appl. For. 17(4):135–140.
Growth of Saplings after Selection Cutting in Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Donoso Pablo J. , Nyland Ralph D. , Zhang Lianjun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We evaluated height and diameter growth of 19 sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and 20 American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) saplings in a 22 ac northern hardwood selection system stand cut in Fall 1973 to a residual density of 73 ft²/ac, and again in Summer 1993 to 82 ft²/ac. We classified the sample trees according to the proportion of total age represented by the 19 yr period after the 1973 selection cutting: more than 80% (young trees), 67–80% (intermediate trees), and less than 67% (old trees). Young trees reached 1 in. dbh almost one decade sooner than old trees (25.7 vs. 33.8 yr), but the two age groups did not differ significantly in height when they reached that threshold diameter. Young and intermediate-aged trees grew more rapidly in height than older trees, especially during the first 10 yr after cutting (6.1 vs. 4.9 ft during the 10 yr period). Height growth of saplings for the last 9 yr of the first cutting cycle did not differ significantly from that prior to the first cutting (2.4 ft in 5 yr), but differed from the growth during the first 10 yr after the 1973 cutting (2.85 ft in 5 yr). Young trees also took 33% less time to reach 1 in. dbh during the first cutting cycle. Findings show the influence of single-tree selection cutting on the development of small trees, and highlight the importance of matching residual density and cutting cycle length in order to maintain good rates of height and diameter growth among young age classes in uneven-aged selection system stands. North. J. Appl. For. 17(4):149–152.
Survey of Shoot Damage Caused by the Exotic Pine Shoot Beetle in Michigan Pine Stands
Authors: Siegert Nathan W. , McCullough Deborah G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The exotic pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda [L.] (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is a Eurasian pest of pines that was first discovered in North America in 1992 near Cleveland, Ohio. It has since been found in at least 72 counties in Michigan, 285 additional counties in 11 other north central and eastern states, and the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. We counted injured shoots along linear transects in ten stands of Scotch (Pinus sylvestris L.), red (Pinus resinosa Aiton), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lambert) in lower Michigan (30 stands total) to estimate the frequency of shoot damage attributable to pine shoot beetle, other shoot-feeding insects, weather, and other damaging agents from 1997 to 1999. Fifteen of the stands were located in southwestern counties where pine shoot beetle has been established for at least 8 to 10 yr. The other 15 stands were in northern counties where pine shoot beetle establishment is more recent. In the southwestern stands, pine shoot beetle killed significantly more shoots in Scotch pine stands than in red or jack pine stands, and injured more shoots in Scotch pine stands than all other insects combined. Two of these Scotch pine stands were near an area with an abundance of Scotch pine brood material available to parent beetles. Damage in these two stands averaged roughly 10 to 12 shoots per m2 in 1998 and 1999, compared with 0.6 to 1.6 shoots per m2 in other Scotch pine stands, and less than 0.2 shoots per m2 in nearby red or jack pine stands. Pine shoot beetle was at very low or undetectable levels in northern stands in all years. Shoots injured by three other shoot-feeding insects were occasionally encountered, most often in red pine stands, but caused an insignificant amount of damage. With the exception of the southwestern Scotch pine stands, most of the shoot damage, particularly in northern jack pine stands, was attributable to squirrels or abiotic factors such as wind, ice or snow. North. J. Appl. For. 18(4):101–109.
Field Note—Comparison of Three Dendrometers in Measuring Diameter at Breast Height Field Note
Authors: Moran Leigh Ann , Williams Roger A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three dendrometers—d-tape, calipers, and Biltmore stick—were used to measure diameter at breast height (dbh), and discrepancies that occurred among these instruments were compared. Three methods of dbh estimation with calipers—the quadratic, arithmetic, and geometric mean of the major and minor axis diameter—were compared. Trees were grouped into four broad dbh classes of 1–5, 6–10, 11–15, and 16–20 in. and three species—northern red oak, sugar maple, and white ash—to determine the effect of tree size and species on discrepancies. The d-tape consistently recorded a larger dbh than the three caliper methods, but was not statistically different nor practically important. The differences in recorded dbh between the d-tape and calipers increased with tree size and were similar among northern red oak and sugar maple trees, but dbh differences in white ash trees were significantly less than in the other two species. The Biltmore stick's accuracy in classifying trees into the same dbh class as determined by the d-tape decreased as tree size increased. When examined by species, the Biltmore stick was less accurate in this regard with northern red oak and most accurate with sugar maple. Because the geometric principle of the d-tape assumes a tree to have a circular shape, its diameter estimation and subsequent basal area will usually be greater than the true diameter and area. The use of calipers reduces this bias, but the differences are not statistically significant.
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)-Predicted Soil Loss for Harvesting Regimes in Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Hood S.M. , Zedaker, S.M. , Aust W.M. , Smith D.W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Soil erosion from forest harvesting is a major environmental concern. While there has been research comparing soil erosion on clearcut regeneration harvests with that on uncut forests, there has been little focus on the differences among common silvicultural harvests. Forest certification standards that are currently being evaluated for adoption across the country often encourage uneven-aged systems over even-aged or two-aged systems. We estimated soil loss using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) for forest land on five harvested treatments in the southern Appalachians. Treatments included a clearcut, leave-tree harvest, shelterwood, group selection, and uncut control. Results predicted that the group selection would have approximately 10 tons/ac more soil loss over a 100 yr rotation than the other harvested treatments. The higher rate was primarily from skid trails when the treatment was reentered for harvesting. These results should be considered when weighing the benefits of uneven-aged silviculture over even-aged or two-aged silviculture.
Eastern White Pine Flowering in Response to Spray Application of Gibberellin A4/7 or Procone™
Authors: Pijut Paula M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) is an important forestry species in the northeastern and midwestern United States and in eastern Canada. Induction of early and reliable flowering and cone production will shorten the breeding cycle and aid in the development of genetically improved white pine. The objective of this study was to determine if a foliar spray application of gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) or ProCone™ would induce both male and female strobili on young grafted eastern white pine selected for white pine blister rust resistance. Trees were sprayed (500 mg L-1) weekly in 1998 during the period of rapid shoot elongation (mid-May through July), for a total of 11 applications. Flowering data were collected June 15, 1999. Twenty-five out of 53 genotypes produced male strobili. For all genotypes studied, the total number of male strobili clusters per tree (and the mean number ± SE of pollen-cones per cluster) produced with GA4/7, ProCone™, or untreated controls were: 643 (7.1 ± 0.3); 574 (7.9 ± 0.3); and 79 (8.3 ± 0.8), respectively. Twenty out of 53 genotypes produced female strobili. For all genotypes studied, the total number of female strobili per tree (and the mean number ± SE of female strobili per shoot) produced with GA4/7, ProCone™, or untreated controls were: 87 (1.1 ± 0.1); 130 (1.3 ± 0.1); and 33 (0.6 ± 0.1), respectively. Eleven genotypes produced both male and female strobili. Control trees that flowered may have been the result of spray drift. The results indicate that a foliar spray application of GA4/7 or ProCone™ at 500 mg L-1 will induce both male and female strobili, but not on all selected genotypes of eastern white pine.
Logging Options to Minimize Soil Disturbance in the Northern Lake States
Authors: Stone Douglas M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest harvesting is likely to have greater impacts on site productivity than any other activity during the rotation. We determined effects of commercial, winter-logging of four aspen-dominated stands on site disturbance and development of regeneration on clay soils in western Upper Michigan. A large skidder caused deep rutting on 20% of a site in a thinning that removed 7.8 m2 ha-1 (34 ft2 ac-1) of basal area, and on 38% of a clearcut site. After the first growing season, 45% of the clearcut had no aspen regeneration, and 82% had less than the recommended minimum of 15,000 (15 k) suckers ha-1 (6 k ac-1). Options that can be utilized to minimize logging impacts include: (1) excluding riparian areas and poorly drained inclusions from cutting units; (2) dry season harvesting; (3) plowing snow from (or packing the snow on) skid trails and landings, permitting them to freeze; (4) felling with delayed skidding until trails and landings have frozen; and (5) application of best management practices (BMP) recommendations such as progressive (back-to-front) harvesting. Each of these should have minimal effects on logging costs and may be economically advantageous. As an interim guide, a minimum of 7.5 cm (3.0 in.) of soil frost is recommended for small equipment and 15 cm (6.0 in.) for large equipment. BMP guides could be effective in communicating management objectives to foresters, sale administrators, contractors, and operators, increasing their awareness of (and sensitivity toward) soil disturbance and thus, contribute to sustaining future productivity.
Field Note–Selecting Plot Sizes When Quantifying Growing Conditions in Understories
Authors: Puettmann Klaus J. , D'Amato Anthony W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
While the importance of selecting a neighborhood size for competition studies has been documented, the choice of plot sizes has received little attention when measuring the influence of overstory trees on growing conditions of understory seedlings. Based on data from four sites, we show how plot sizes for measures of overstory cover (using a “cone” approach) and basal area (using an angle gauge) were related. The relationship was a function of the height/diameter ratio of the overstory trees, with taller trees increasing the plot sizes for “cone” plots and trees with larger diameters increasing the plot sizes for basal area plots. Further, we point out that data derived from measurements of diffuse noninterceptance (DIFN) using the “cone” approach varied with the choice of cone opening. Smaller cone openings led to a greater range in DIFN values. Linear correlations between these data and 2 yr seedling height pointed out that the optimal plot size, i.e., cone opening, differs among the sites. The lack of any obvious stand characteristics that would explain these differences indicated the need for further investigations.