bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of knot tightness at the molecular level
Authors: Zhang Liang , Lemonnier Jean-François , Acocella Angela , Calvaresi Matteo , Zerbetto Francesco , Leigh David A. 
Published: January 2019

SignificanceKnots and entanglements occur in proteins, DNA, and synthetic polymers and are being used to form the basis of interwoven nanomaterials. Understanding how the tautness of molecular entanglements affects properties is crucial for the future design of knotted, woven, and entangled molecules and materials. However, while there are many theoretical studies on such systems there are very few experimental studies. Here we investigate the influence of knot tightness in a range of physical and chemical properties for three knots tied in 20-, 23-, and 26-nm closed-loop strands. We find that the tightness of the molecular knots significantly affects reactivity, conformation, and the expression of chirality.
Lexical bundles from one century to the next
Authors: Allan Rachel 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This corpus study compares lexical bundles found in the language input of a selection of historical and current
English language teaching materials to see what insights they can give into changes in spoken language use. English teaching texts
published between 1905 and 1917 were used to construct a historical corpus, and a collection of English language self-study texts
published between 2004 and 2014 were used for comparison. Both groups of texts focused on spoken language. The most frequent
three-word lexical bundles extracted from each corpus varied considerably. The contemporary texts showed both a greater use of
formulaic language and more syntactic complexity within it, while the historical texts relied on simpler structures. An
exploratory analysis of the lexical bundles in the historical texts suggests, however, that viewed in conjunction with other
historical sources, they can assist in building a picture of spoken language use of the period.
Affirmatives in Early Modern English
Authors: Culpeper Jonathan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study examines the affirmativesyes, yeaandayin Early Modern English, more specifically in the period 1560 to 1760. Affirmatives have an obvious role as responses to yes/no questions in dialogues, and so this study demanded the kind of dialogical material provided by theCorpus of English Dialogues 1560–1760. I examine the meanings and contexts of usage of each affirmative: their distribution across time and text-types, their collocates and their occurrence after positive and negative questions. The results challenge a number of issues and claims in the literature, including when the “Germanic pattern” (involvingyesandyeaafter positive or negative questions) dissolved, whetheryeaoraywere dialectal, and the timing of the rise ofayand the fall ofyea.
Subjective visual vertical in posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo patients before and after Canalith repositioning maneuvers
Authors: El-Minawi Mohamed Sherif , Dabbous Abeir Osman , Medhat Mariam Magdy , El-Dessokey Madkour Lamiaa Ahmed 
Published: January 2019

Background:
The subjective visual vertical (SVV) is a measure of otolith-mediated verticality perception. The aim of this study was to test otolith function using the SVV in patients with posterior canal (PC) benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) before and after Epley’s Canalith repositioning maneuver (CRM).

Methodology:
This study included 20 PC BPPV patients and 20 healthy control subjects. SVV was tested using special equipment, at the time of BPPV diagnosis, then after CRM, and then 1 week after the resolution of vertigo and nystagmus. SVV was determined from clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) directions. The absolute average and the conventional numerical average was calculated.

Results:
Using the conventional method, there was no statistically significant difference between BPPV and their controls regarding either the CW or the CCW-SVV or the average slope. There was no statistically significant difference between CW and CCW-SVV in the patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean SVV values or the distribution of normal and abnormal results or the distribution of the SVV tilt between both-sided BPPV. Using the absolute average, SVV tilt was significantly higher in the patients than the controls. The preset angle affected the result. The mean SVV was significantly lower after resolution of BPPV than before treatment.

Conclusion:
Absolute SVV average was more accurate than numerical SVV average. There was a reduction of the SVV tilt after the CRM in BPPV patients. So, the SVV test can be used as a prognostic test for BPPV improvement after treatment.
Using Rates of Low Scores to Assess Agreement between Brief Computerized Neuropsychological Assessment Batteries: A Clinically-based Approach for Psychometric Comparisons
Authors: Ivins Brian J , Arrieux Jacques P , Schwab Karen A , Haran F J , Cole Wesley R 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Objective
To assess agreement between four brief computerized neurocognitive assessment tools (CNTs), ANAM, CogState, CNS Vital Signs, and ImPACT, by comparing rates of low scores.

Methods
Four hundred and six US Army service members (SMs) with and without acute mild traumatic brain injury completed two randomly assigned CNTs with order of administration also randomly assigned. We performed a base rate analysis for each CNT to determine the proportions of SMs in the control and mTBI groups who had various numbers of scores that were 1.0+, 1.5+, and 2.0+ standard deviations below the normative mean. We used these results to identify a hierarchy of low score levels ranging from poorest to least poor performance. We then compared the agreement between every low score level from each CNT pair administered to the SMs.

Results
More SMs in the mTBI group had low scores on all CNTs than SMs in the control group. As performance worsened, the association with mTBI became stronger for all CNTs. Most if not all SMs who performed at the worst level on any given CNT also had low scores on the other CNTs they completed but not necessarily at an equally low level.

Conclusion
These results suggest that all of the CNTs we examined are broadly similar but still retain some psychometric differences that need to be better understood. Furthermore, the base rates of low scores we present could themselves be useful to clinicians and researchers as a guide for interpreting results from the CNTs.
Annual Fire Return Interval Influences Nutritional Carrying Capacity of White-Tailed Deer in Pine–Hardwood Forests
Authors: Glow Michael P , Ditchkoff Stephen S , Smith Mark D 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPrescribed fire is a cost-effective habitat management tool in pine stands to enhance the quantity and quality of forage available for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Management recommendations typically suggest a 3- to 5-year burn rotation in mixed pine–hardwood stands to increase quality forage production, but as fire frequency increases, forb and legume biomass increases, and woody browse decreases. A more frequent burn rotation may be a viable management option for deer managers, but there is still a lack of information regarding preferred forage and nutritional carrying capacity response to prescribed fire at these intervals. We measured the production and nutritional quality of forage within mature pine–hardwood stands after a 1- or 2-year fire-return interval during three nutritionally stressful periods for deer on a 640-acre (259-hectare) enclosure located in east-central Alabama during 2014 and 2015. These stands had previously been burned annually for over 15 years, resulting in an abundance of herbaceous vegetation. We then compared forage class biomass, nutritional carrying capacity estimates, and digestible protein between burn treatments. A 1-year fire return interval improved habitat quality to a greater degree than a 2-year fire return interval by increasing the production of forage able to support greater nutritional planes. An annual burn rotation is an effective option for managers to increase protein availability in pine–hardwood stands, but other factors such as decreased cover availability and soft mast production should also be considered.
String Principal Bundles and Courant Algebroids
Authors: Sheng Yunhe , Xu Xiaomeng , Zhu Chenchang 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Just like Atiyah Lie algebroids encode the infinitesimal symmetries of principal bundles, exact Courant algebroids encode the infinitesimal symmetries of $S^1$-gerbes. At the same time, transitive Courant algebroids may be viewed as the higher analog of Atiyah Lie algebroids and the noncommutative analog of exact Courant algebroids. In this article, we explore what the “principal bundles” behind transitive Courant algebroids are, and they turn out to be principal 2-bundles of string groups. First, we construct the stack of principal 2-bundles of string groups with connection data. We prove a lifting theorem for the stack of string principal bundles with connections and show the multiplicity of the lifts once they exist. This is a differential geometrical refinement of what is known for string structures by Redden, Waldorf, and Stolz–Teichner. We also extend the result of Bressler and Chen et al. on extension obstruction involving transitive Courant algebroids to the case of transitive Courant algebroids with connections, as a lifting theorem with the description of multiplicity once liftings exist. At the end, we build a morphism between these two stacks. The morphism turns out to be neither injective nor surjective in general, which shows that the process of associating the “higher Atiyah algebroid” loses some information and at the same time, only some special transitive Courant algebroids come from string bundles.
The Second Moment of the Siegel Transform in the Space of Symplectic Lattices
Authors: Kelmer Dubi , Yu Shucheng 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Using results from spectral theory of Eisenstein series, we prove a formula for the second moment of the Siegel transform when averaged over the subspace of symplectic lattices. This generalizes the classical formula of Rogers for the second moment in the full space of unimodular lattices. Using this new formula we give very strong bounds for the discrepancy of the number of lattice points in a Borel set, which hold for generic symplectic lattices.
What should we use as a measure of malaria infection risk? Implications from infant mortality during the Liberian Civil War†
Authors: Kudo Yuya 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhat should we use as a measure of malaria infection risk when examining its impacts on socio-economic outcomes? While endemicity is a natural candidate, it is usually endogenous. An indirect risk measure relying on climatic determinants of malaria and/or vector ecology is more exogenous; however, it may not reflect all factors representing malaria risk. This study addresses this question by focusing on the Liberian civil war. Taking a difference-in-differences approach, it first shows increased infant mortality following wartime pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas, based on respondents’ full birth histories provided by the Liberian Demographic and Health Survey (2007 and 2013). This mortality effect is robust and plausible from numerous perspectives, highlighting a country’s and/or the citizens’ diminished capability to control malaria transmission in wartime. Nevertheless, this effect does not hold once malaria suitability indexes are used as a measure of malaria risk. However, these indirect measures also did not have a relationship supposed to be ‘correct’ with a community’s temperature and precipitation. Taking these findings together with those provided by prior studies, these direct and indirect measures of malaria risk may be consistent across broad regions in explaining economic outcomes, but not necessarily within a particular country. This remark may serve as an important caution, particularly when analysing countries affected by the large-scale armed conflict and the resulting population displacement.
The Veterans With Diabetes Transition Study. Veterans Experience of the Process of Transition Following Active Duty Diagnosis
Authors: Malebranche Mark , Burkard Joseph , Georges Jane , Bittleman David 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Veterans face several potential difficulties upon leaving active duty. Among these is transition of healthcare to a different setting. The transition from active duty to veteran status is often a challenging time for veterans with diabetes. Changes in healthcare have been shown to decrease diabetes care compliance and diabetes self-management resulting in exacerbation in diabetes symptoms and increased healthcare expenditure. A seamless transition in healthcare management from active duty to veteran status has the potential to maintain or increase diabetes self-management. A gap in the literature exists regarding the transition process between healthcare systems, including the DoD and VA. This paper describes the transition experience of a sample of veterans with diabetes from active duty to veteran status.

Materials and Methods
A qualitative study was designed to document the experience of veterans diagnosed with diabetes while on active duty. A semi-structured questionnaire developed for the study served to elicit each veteran participant’s general description of the transition process. Quantitative instruments S-TOFHLA and DDS were used as measurements of potential barriers to diabetes self-management and navigating or adjusting to a changed priority within a healthcare system.

Results
Two main themes, those of unplanned and undesired end of a military career and feeling prepared to leave the military, were expressed by participants. Four additional themes were also discovered. Responses to quantitative instruments lacked variability and did not allow for further analysis. Specifically, the S-TOFHLA indicated all participants had adequate health literacy and the DDS showed no distress from diabetes.

Conclusions
Study participants reported consistent compliance in diabetes self-management. Skills and attitudes obtained during military service led to participant’s desire to manage their healthcare with determination to cope with challenges accompanying diabetes. The healthcare transition process would benefit from additional exploration of veteran’s needs. Improved processes may facilitate the healthcare management transition of personnel with diabetes from active duty to veteran status.
Infant Feeding Practices, Workplace Breastfeeding/Lactation Practices, and Perception of Unit/Service Support Among Primiparous Active Duty Servicewomen
Authors: Abbott Jonathan , Carty Jenava , Batig Alison L 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Successful breastfeeding provides multiple health benefits to Servicewomen and their infants and has positive indirect benefits to the military. Workplace lactation support influences breastfeeding continuation after a Servicewoman’s return to work.

Materials and Methods
This study evaluated the breastfeeding practices and workplace breastfeeding support among primiparous women serving in the U.S. Army. The study was a subanalysis of a non-blinded randomized controlled trial designed to determine the effect of postpartum appointment timing (either 2–3 or 6–8 weeks after delivery) on breastfeeding rates 6 months post-delivery. Subanalysis results were obtained through a telephonic follow-up survey 5–6 months after delivery; Servicewomen were queried to assess their breastfeeding/lactation practices and perception of unit and service support.

Results
Eighty of the 97 (82.5%) enrolled Servicewomen participated in the survey. Among respondents, 43.8% were still breastfeeding and 93.6% of those indicated an intent to breastfeed for a duration of 6 months or longer. Among respondents who provided feedback on their workplace, unit, and Army support for breastfeeding/lactation, only 13% reported they had access to a private room, sink, and refrigerator; 53% of respondents felt “mostly” or “very” supported by their assigned unit and 50% felt “mostly” or “very” supported by the Army.

Conclusion
While almost half of the respondents were still breastfeeding and planned to continue 5–6 months postpartum and the majority of respondents felt “mostly” or “very” supported in their breastfeeding by their unit and the Army, comprehensive physical support for lactation in the workplace was inconsistent. This study provides feedback to inform ongoing implementation of the existing Army breastfeeding support directive.
The Role of Sleep in Human Performance and Well-Being
Authors: Shattuck Nita Lewis , Matsangas Panagiotis , Mysliwiec Vincent , Creamer Jennifer L. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the influence of sleep on human performance and well-being. A general discussion of the role of sleep in humans is followed by a description of the functions of various stages of sleep. The authors explore causal factors of insufficient sleep and inventory known effects of sleep restriction on human performance. They then describe the particular challenges of fatigue and sleep deprivation in military operational environments. The efficacy of fatigue countermeasures and alertness aids commonly used in military settings is presented. The chapter concludes with an argument for more deliberately protecting and promoting sleep, particularly in vulnerable populations such as shiftworkers.
Tuning in to Very Fast Events
Authors: Riess Jones Mari 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that entrainment applies to very fast events, namely sounds with high frequencies. To illustrate this, prominent approaches to pitch perception are sketched along with basic pitch perception phenomena (e.g., virtual pitch perception). In this chapter, multiple frequency components comprise a single complex sound, and people must judge the pitch of this collection of frequencies. Both a successful psychoacoustic theory of pitch perception and a dynamic attending approach offer valid explanations of various phenomena surrounding the pitch of such sounds. This suggests the potential of entrainment in describing pitch perception (i.e., entrainments at fast time scales). The perception of consonance and dissonance is also considered, where dissonance is linked to complex synchronicities termed attractors. Finally, this chapter introduces oscillator clusters, a group of endogenously entrained oscillations.
Learning Time Patterns
Authors: Riess Jones Mari 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter is important in that it lays a foundation for claims throughout this book that entrainment serves a platform for learning. In this chapter, this idea is developed in the context of learning categories of meter (e.g., duple meter vs. triple meter). The key difference is that entrainment depends on coupling parameters supplied by external driving rhythm force, whereas learning depends on a binding parameter which is strengthened simply by repeated synchronous activity of two or more oscillations. Against a backdrop of evidence indicating that musicians especially possess skill in recognizing metric categories, this chapter develops the coupling–binding distinction with the aim of showing that what people learn when exposed to metrical time patterns are global attractors instilled by learning a variety of different instances in a given metric category.
Concluding Speculations
Authors: Riess Jones Mari 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This final chapter is speculative. It addresses the entrainment assumptions of universality and resonance by reviewing the natural environments of a range of different species, from crickets to whales. The idea is that sensitivity to both rate and rhythm across different species is support for assuming natural driving rhythms exist that facilitate entrainment in a wide range of other species. Also discussed are two artifactual environments experienced by humans: namely, that of laboratory studies that artificially control stimulus timing and the contemporary machine-driven environment of computers and iPhones. The latter are speculated to lead to a sporadic habitat based on fast irregular (artifactual) driving rhythms.
Citizenship and Cyber Politics in Iran
Authors: Khiabany Gholam 
Published: January 2019

All developments in relation to the Internet and cyberspace in Iran have occurred in a highly politicized post-revolutionary environment. Yet the central issue is not the obvious and crude divide between a ‘traditional’ and ‘religious’ state and ‘modern’ technology, since that very state has adopted new information technologies. There are two more subtle lines of tension running through Internet development and digital activism in Iran. The first is the centralizing state’s desire to control expression in a ‘new technology’ environment that is highly conducive to widespread and popular participation. The second is the centralizing state’s desire to orchestrate and manage the slow development of the private sector and the inhibitions placed on entrepreneurial ICT activity in a field that has made net millionaires in other parts of the world. This chapter examines the relationship between the internet and politics in Iran. It engages with the possible lessons of digital activism, examines various organizational and media strategies, and factors in broader internal and external issues that help or hinder the growth or success of rebellion against regressive and repressive state and policies, and then moves on to explore the expansion of the Internet in the country in its wider social context.
Comparing Youth Transitions in Europe
Authors: O’Reilly Jacqueline , Leschke Janine , Ortlieb Renate , Seeleib-Kaiser Martin , Villa Paola 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines the key trends and debates concerning the rapid growth of youth unemployment and early career labor market insecurity in Europe. It discusses new forms of segmentation and the distinction between “poorly integrated youth” and those “left behind” in relation to gender, ethnicity, and class inequalities. The chapter begins by contextualizing European youth employment trends. Subsequently, it examines how European countries have performed in relation to integrating young people into work, as captured by the use of different indicators and typologies in comparative research on youth transition regimes. It points to how these types of analysis affect policy debates. Providing an overview of the contributions to this volume, it suggests that an inclusive analysis of both the sphere of social reproduction and economic production are required to improve our understanding of youth labor market transitions and insecurity since the Great Recession.