bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financial planning required to keep elephants in zoos in the United Kingdom in accordance with the Secretary of State's Standards of Modern Zoo Practice for the next 30 years
Authors: Sach F. , Fitzpatrick M. , Masters N. , Field D. 
Published: March 2019

In June 2017, the Secretary of State's Standards of Modern Zoo Practice (SSSMZP) were updated with an appendix relating specifically to elephants (Appendix 8.8: Elephants). This update was published to bring elephant management standards in line with recognized advancing best practice. All zoos in the UK holding elephants are inspected against the new appendix, in accordance with the Zoo Licensing Act 1981, by dedicated Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)‐appointed inspectors. Achieving the standards set out within the new appendix will require financial investment and careful planning from all the zoos holding elephants within the UK. At the time of writing, the annual cost of keeping a breeding group of elephants at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo, UK, was calculated from data collected over the last 10 years and the financial investment required to achieve SSSMZP compliance was estimated. The commercial benefit that elephants bring to ZSL Whipsnade Zoo was also quantified using feedback from visitor surveys. The cost of keeping a breeding herd of elephants at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo was estimated at £593 021–£641 863 per year, excluding indirect staffing costs, ground rent and contributions made by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) to field‐conservation projects. Costs for achieving SSSMZP compliance will be considerably greater with substantial capital investment required. The commercial benefit was found to be extensive; with predicted significant increased visitor dwell time and secondary spend in the presence of elephants. Using ZSL Whipsnade Zoo as an example, this paper aims to consider holistically the financial costs when planning and implementing an optimum, welfare‐centred, sustainable future for elephants in zoos.
Ergodicity of fine‐grained canonical relaxor ferroelectric (Bi0.5Na0.5)1‐xBaxTiO3 films
Authors: Salazar Norberto , Pérez‐Mezcua Dulce , Calzada M. Lourdes , Gil Adriana , Ricote Jesús 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe drastic reduction in dimensions in thin films, together with the low crystallization temperatures used, normally results in a large reduction in the grain size. It has been reported that relaxor ferroelectric states are stabilized at room temperature for fine‐grained ceramics and films that behave as normal ferroelectrics for large grains. In this work, the effects of the grain size reduction on the relaxor characteristics are analyzed for a composition that is already a canonical relaxor with a nonergodic state at room temperature: (Bi0.5Na0.5)1‐xBaxTiO3 (BNBT). The comparison of the local polar ordering within BNBT grains studied with piezoresponse force microscopy on large‐grained ceramics and fine‐grained thin films shows that the development of stable long‐range ferroelectric order with the application of an electric field is hampered due to the small grain size of the grains. The ergodic character of the high‐temperature phase is thus stabilized at room temperature, following a similar mechanism as the one discussed for other noncanonical relaxors.
Association between illegal use of substances and suicidal behavior in school students: An integrative review of empirical data
Authors: Karanikola Maria , Zisimou Prodromoula , Nystazaki Maria , Koutrouba Anna , Severinsson Elisabeth 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeInvestigation of the association between type of suicidal behavior and type and frequency of illegal use of substances (IUS) among school students (aged between 12 and 18 years), with a focus on gender differences.Design and MethodsA systematic review in PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, and Scopus was performed. Identified articles were published between 2007 and 2018.ResultsTwenty empirical studies confirmed the association between IUS and suicidality, strongly differentiated between males and females, highlighting the importance of gender‐specific mediating factors.ConclusionsMental health nurses need to document gender factors, frequency, and motivation of IUS when screening adolescents experiencing suicidal behavior and IUS.
Influence of host use adaptation on the dispersal propensity of Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: Bergeron Paul E. , Clary Steven J. , Mercader Rodrigo J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLocal adaptation can lead to significant differences in host use that may influence population growth and spread. Here, we test the potential for adaptation of one behavioural component (host acceptance) to lead to cross‐adaptation for a separate behavioural component (dispersal propensity) using the cowpea seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus. C. maculatus originating from the same source population were subjected to selection for host use by rearing them for over 40 generations on either the preferred host of the ancestral population, Vigna radiata, or a marginal host for the ancestral population, Cicer arietinum. Host acceptance was then assayed using four choice and no‐choice oviposition assays including a low‐quality host, Lens culinaris, a marginal host, C. arietinum, and two high‐quality hosts, V. radiata and V. unguiculata. Dispersal was assayed in interconnected arenas containing one of three different hosts: V. radiata, V. unguiculata or C. arietinum. As expected, differences in host acceptance were present, in this case consisting of greater acceptance of the lower quality hosts in the C. arietinum population, but no significant differences in host preference hierarchy. Dispersal propensity in the C. arietinum population was significantly lower than in the V. radiata population, despite the absence of any difference in selection pressures for dispersal. Furthermore, significant differences in dispersal propensity in arenas containing different hosts were present in the V. radiata population, but not in the C. arietinum population. Results highlight the need to consider local adaptation when developing management recommendations, even for behaviours for which selection pressures are not directly apparent.
Decreased expression of cell polarity protein Scribble correlated with altered subcellular localization of the Crumbs homologue 3 protein in human adenomyotic endometrial cells
Authors: Wu Xiaoyi , Zuo Weiwen , Liu Haiou , Wang Zehua , Xu Congjian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimPrevious studies have revealed that loss of cell apical‐basal polarity contributed to the early stages of tumorigenesis. Adenomyosis involves a down‐growth and aberrant implantation of the endometrial basalis into the myometrium. This study discovered aberrant expression of polarity protein Scribble (Scrib) and Crumbs homologue 3 protein (CRB3) in epithelial cells of diffuse adenomyosis.MethodsThis was a case‐controlled study, including 39 patients with histologic evidence of adenomyosis, and 48 patients with carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix without adenomyosis or endometriosis as control. Adenomyotic foci, eutopic endometrium of adenomyotic patients as well as normal endometrium were collected. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT‐PCR), Immunoreactivity, confocal microscopy and immune electron microscopy were conducted to evaluate Scribble expression and localization of Scribble and CRB3.ResultsScrib was screen out as an abnormally expressed polarity protein in adenomyotic eutopic endometrium (ADM‐EU) at messenger RNA (mRNA) level. The ADM‐EU and adenomyotic ectopic endometrium showed a significantly decreased expression of Scrib compared with normal endometrium (all P‐values <0.05). Scrib decreased significantly in ADM‐EU than normal endometrium only in patients at proliferative phase and with severe dysmenorrhea (P‐values <0.01, P‐values <0.001 respectively). In ADM‐EU, Scrib expression significantly lowered in patients with severe dysmenorrhea than mild dysmenorrhea (P‐values <0.05). Aberrant redistribution of CRB3 from apical to basal lateral membrane portion was also detected in experiments by confocal microscopy immune electron microscopy (all P‐values <0.01).ConclusionBasolateral polarity protein Scrib was found decreased significantly in endometrial cells of adenomyosis at mRNA and protein level, compared with normal endometrium. Menstrual phase and severity of dysmenorrhea has an impact on Scrib expression. Scrib decrease was accompanied by aberrant redistribution of CRB3 from apical to basal lateral membrane portion.
A Document Review of Exclusionary Practices in the Context of Australian School Education Policy
Authors: Iacono Teresa , Keeffe Mary , Kenny Amanda , McKinstry Carol 
Published: March 2019

AbstractInternationally, there is a commitment to inclusive education for students with disability. In Australia, equality of access to mainstream schools is a key policy feature, with educational exclusion of children with disability being unlawful. In this review, the aim was to identify and analyze contemporary documents that point to failures in inclusive policy and legislation in Australia and the state of Victoria by demonstrating educational exclusion of school students with disability. A search of the gray literature was conducted to identify relevant documents from 2010 to 2017. Reference lists of retrieved documents were also searched for other sources. The review included 23 documents and findings demonstrated that the needs of children and families are often not met, with a disconnection evident between inclusive educational policy, legislation, and practices that exclude children with disability from mainstream education. Restrictive practices and gatekeeping act to dissuade families from enrolling children in mainstream education, with many seeking enrolment in special schools. However, concerns with special school practices, such as the use of restrictive interventions have been documented. Parents have resorted to homeschooling, with associated emotional and economic consequences. Tensions between schools and parents were evident, with parents not always having the opportunity to be fully involved in decision‐making processes and planning. The key finding of this review was a clear gap between policy and legislative intentions and practices in schools. Lack of clarity on reasonable adjustments and an underpinning research evidence base to policy results in schools being left to develop their own practices. Strong leadership is needed from principals, and a whole of school commitment, to traverse policy practice gaps that continue to impact on the ability of children with disability to be well‐supported in accessing mainstream schools.
The influence of vitamin D supplementation on local and systemic inflammatory markers in periodontitis patients: A pilot study
Authors: Meghil Mohamed M. , Hutchens Lance , Raed Anas , Multani Neha A. , Rajendran Mythilypriya , Zhu Haidong , Looney Stephen , Elashiry Mahmoud , Arce Roger M. , Peacock Mark E. , Dong Yanbin , Cutler Christopher W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesVitamin D deficiency/insufficiency is a worldwide public health issue that has been linked to numerous inflammatory disorders, including periodontitis. There is increasing support for a role for adequate vitamin D levels in overall health. Populations with darker skin color have a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency and periodontitis. The purpose of this small pilot study was to investigate the influence of 12 weeks of 25(OH)D vitamin D supplementation (VDS) on mediators of systemic inflammation in dark‐skinned, periodontitis patients.Materials and MethodsA total of 23 patients with moderate to severe periodontitis were randomly assigned to the vitamin D group or placebo group and received intensive single visit scaling and root planning to elicit a systemic inflammatory response.ResultsVitamin D supplementation increased serum 25(OH)D levels approximately 2‐fold over baseline levels; moreover, VDS group had reduced peripheral blood CD3 and CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTLs) counts and reduced pro‐inflammatory salivary cytokines. In contrast, VDS group had higher levels of the autophagy‐related proteins and other proteins crucial for anti‐microbial autophagy in whole blood PBMCs.ConclusionIn conclusion, VDS has multiple benefits for reducing systemic inflammation and promoting induction of autophagy‐related proteins related to anti‐microbial functions.
Agent Causation and the Phenomenology of Agency
Authors: Clarke Randolph 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSeveral philosophers claim that the phenomenology of one's own agency conflicts with standard causal theories of action, couched in terms of causation by mental events or states. Others say that the phenomenology isprima facieincompatible with such a theory, even if in the end, a reconciliation can be worked out. Here, it is argued that the type of action theory in question is consistent with what can plausibly be said to be presented to us in our experience of our agency. Several routes to a claim that there is nevertheless aprima facieincompatibility are examined, and all are found wanting. The phenomenology of agency, it is argued, is no threat to a standard causal theory of action.
EEG predictors of dreaming outside of REM sleep
Authors: Zhang Jing , Wamsley Erin J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe stream of human consciousness persists during sleep, albeit in altered form. Disconnected from external input, the mind and brain remain active, at times creating the bizarre sequences of thought and imagery that comprise “dreaming.” Yet despite substantial effort toward understanding this unique state of consciousness, no reliable neurophysiological indicator of dreaming has been discovered. Here, we identified electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of dreaming using a within‐subjects design to characterize the EEG preceding awakenings from sleep onset, REM (rapid eye movement) sleep, and N2 (NREM Stage 2) sleep from which participants were asked to report their mental experience. During the transition into sleep, compared to periods during which participants reported thinking, emergence of dream imagery was associated with increased absolute power below 7 Hz. During later N2, dreaming conversely occurred during periods of decreased relative power below 1 Hz, accompanied by an increase in relative power above 4 Hz. No EEG predictors of dreaming were identified during REM. These observations suggest an inverted‐U relationship between dreaming and the prevalence of low‐frequency EEG rhythms, such that dreaming first emerges in concert with EEG slowing during the sleep‐wake transition, but then disappears as high‐amplitude slow oscillations come to dominate the recording during later N2 sleep.
Dynamic Tax Evasion with Habit Formation in Consumption*
Authors: Bernasconi Michele , Levaggi Rosella , Menoncin Francesco 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe model the optimal intertemporal decision of an agent who chooses tax evasion and consumption, over an infinite lifetime horizon, where consumption is driven by habits. We find the following: (i) tax evaders reduce consumption in the early stages of habit accumulation and increase it over time; (ii) habit formation has a dampening effect on tax evasion; (iii) neglecting tax evasion can lead to habit overestimation; (iv) the effect of the tax rate on tax evasion is ambiguous; (v) heavy fines are more efficient than frequent controls in reducing tax evasion.
Flash glucose monitoring improves glycemia in higher risk patients: a longitudinal, observational study under real-life settings
Authors: Jangam Sujit , Dunn Timothy , Xu Yongjin , Hayter Gary , Ajjan Ramzi A 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the role of flash glucose monitoring in early and late changes in glycemic markers under real-life conditions.Research design and methodsDeidentified glucose results from 6802 flash glucose monitors were analyzed after dividing into high, medium and low-risk groups based on tertiles of time spent in hypoglycemia (min/day <70 mg/dL) or hyperglycemia (hours/day >240 mg/dL). Groups were further subdivided into tertiles of glucose scanning frequency and glycemic measures analyzed in the first 14 days and over 6 months.ResultsImprovement in dysglycemia mainly occurred in the first month of device use. Comparing first and last 14 study days, high-hyperglycemic-risk individuals showed reduced time >240 mg/dL (mean±SEM) from 6.07±0.06 to 5.73±0.09 hours/day (p<0.0001). High-frequency scanners showed 0.82 hours/day reduction in hyperglycemia (p<0.0001) whereas low-frequency scanners failed to demonstrate a benefit. High-hypoglycemic-risk individuals showed reduction in time ≤54 mg/dL from 90±1 to 69±2 min/day (p<0.0001) comparing first and last 14 study days. This reduction was evident in both low and high-frequency scanners but with reduced hyperglycemic exposure in the latter group.ConclusionsUnder real-world conditions, flash monitoring is associated with rapid and sustained reduction in dysglycemia with high-frequency scanners demonstrating more significant reduction in hyperglycemia.
Exposure to work stress and use of psychotropic medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Milner Allison , Scovelle Anna J , King Tania L , Madsen Ida 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundThere is good evidence that job stressors are prospectively related to mental health problems, particularly depressive symptoms. This review aimed to examine whether job stressors were also related to use of psychotropic medications.MethodsUsing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses approach, we examined seven electronic databases that indexed literature from a wide range of disciplines. Inclusion criteria were (1) the study included a job stressor or psychosocial working condition as an exposure, and (2) psychotropic medication was an outcome. All effect-size estimates were considered but needed to present either a SE or 95% CIs to be included in meta-analyses. Data were pooled between studies using the relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% CIs.ResultsThere were 18 unique studies with non-overlapping exposures eligible for inclusion in the quantitative meta-analysis. High job demands were associated with a statistically significant increased risk of psychotropic medication use (RR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.31). There was also an elevated RR in relation to work–family conflict (RR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.48). In studies reporting OR, high job demands were associated with an OR of 1.39 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.71).ConclusionsThe findings of this review highlight the need for policy and programme attention to reduce harmful exposure to psychosocial job stressors. Health-service use measures should be considered as outcomes and may represent more severe mental health conditions.
Factors affecting diversity and distribution of threatened birds in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Jagan Nath , Bhattarai Bishnu Prasad , Thapa Tej Bahadur 
Published: March 2019

Factors affecting diversity and distribution of globally threatened birds were studied by dividing Chitwan National Park (CNP) into five study blocks consisting of 17 birding routes. CNP provides major habitats for the feeding and breeding of a large number of migratory birds from many parts of the globe and also plays a vital role in the conservation of threatened species. We recorded a total of 437 individuals of globally threatened birds belonging to 19 species of nine families and eight orders. There was considerable variation (F=2.94, df=44.43, p=0.05) in species diversity of threatened birds in different study blocks: the highest diversity was in Block E (Pithauli, Amaltari, and Narayani Island area; H=2.108), followed by Block C (Kasara to Sukibhar area; H=2.047), Block B (Barandabhar Corridor Forest; H=2.033), Block A (Khagendra Malli, Kathar, Sauraha to Old Padampur; H=1.744), and Block D with the least diversity (Madi area; H=1.69). The higher dominance index was found in blocks A (D=0.2407) and D (0.2361) compared to other blocks. The lower diversity of threatened birds was reported in those blocks (A & D) located nearer to human settlements that experienced higher disturbance. Presence of livestock and people caused significantly negative effects on species richness and abundance of threatened birds, mainly in Block A. Distance from roads and villages also had a negative effect on the diversity and abundance of most of the threatened birds. This study suggests that human disturbance caused a significantly negative impact on the presence, distribution, diversity, and abundance of threatened birds in CNP and adjoining areas.
Observations on the female flowers and fruiting of Tape Grass Enhalus acoroides from South Andaman Islands, India
Authors: Patankar Vardhan , Wagh Tanmay , Tyabji Zoya 
Published: March 2019

Documenting phenologic events is crucial in obtaining deeper insights into the life cycle of seagrasses. We documented and compared the flowering and fruiting of the seagrass Enhalus acoroides from multispecies seagrass meadows at two sites, Henry Lawrence and Tarmugli islands located inside the marine national parks in South Andaman Islands. At these two locations, the average density of shoots ranged between 30.9/m2 and 18.16/m2, fruits between 5/m2 and 2.33/m2, and flowers between 6.7/m2 and 3.83/m2, whereas the mean length of the peduncles ranged from 40.59cm at Henry Lawrence to 32.44cm at Tarmugli Island. We observed significant differences between the densities of shoots and fruits and peduncle lengths in the two sites. The density of flowers, however, did not vary significantly. These observations of fruiting and flowering in E. acoroides establish an important reproductive stage in the life cycle of the species and open avenues for further seagrass research in the Andaman Islands. We describe the findings and emphasize on the need to establish a long-term phenology monitoring program for E. acoroides in the Andaman Archipelago.
A new species of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae), with keys to S. striatum species-group from India
Authors: Anbalagan Sankarappan , Vijayan Suruliyandi , Balachandran Chellapandian , Dinakaran Sundaram 
Published: March 2019

Simulium (Simulium) yanaense sp. nov. is described based on the male, larva, and pupa. It is characterized by having a maxillary palp with a small sensory vesicle, and the subcosta and basal portion of the radius bare in the male; the gill with 10 short slender filaments and short common basal stalk in the pupa; and the thorax and abdomen without a pair of dorsolateral protuberances in the larva. Keys are provided to the species of the S. striatum species group of the subgenus Simulium known from India.
New host records of polyphagous Lepidoptera on Ban Oak Quercus leucotrichophora A. Camus (Fabaceae) in the Garhwal Himalaya, India
Authors: Singh Arun Pratap , Bahuguna Kalpana , Ramola Gaurav Chand 
Published: March 2019

The paper provides information on the life history stages of 12 species of Lepidoptera recorded for the first time feeding on Ban Oak Quercus leucotrichophora in Garhwal Himalaya, supported by images along with their distribution range and host plants recorded across the globe. A comprehensive list of all the Lepidoptera recorded so far feeding on Q. leucotrichophora is also provided.