bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Sea Ice Constrain the Breeding Schedules of High Arctic Northern Fulmars?
Authors: Mallory Mark L. , Forbes Mark R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) is a pelagic seabird that breeds across 25° of latitude, from the boreal to the high Arctic oceanographic zones. We examined the breeding schedule of fulmars in the remote Cape Vera colony in the Canadian high Arctic, a marine region covered by sea ice much of the year, to determine if the timing of breeding and colony attendance patterns of birds differed from the breeding phenology of fulmars in colonies farther south. Cape Vera fulmars arrived at the colony later in the year, spent less time at the colony before egg-laying, and took a significantly longer prelaying exodus from the colony compared to fulmars nesting in more southerly colonies. After egg-laying, however, patterns of colony attendance by fulmars in the high Arctic were similar to patterns for fulmars in southern colonies; this part of the fulmar breeding schedule may be inflexible. The differences in breeding schedules across the species' range might reflect behavioral adaptations by arctic-nesting birds to accommodate the physical and biological limitations imposed by extensive sea ice near arctic colonies, particularly early in the breeding season. Given that climate warming and corresponding reductions in sea ice are taking place in the Arctic, it remains to be determined whether fulmars in the high Arctic have the behavioral flexibility in their breeding phenology to compensate for rapidly occurring changes in their environment.
A Small Representative of the Phalacrocoracoidea (Cormorants and Anhingas) from the Late Oligocene of Germany
Authors: Mayr Gerald 
Published: September 2019

AbstractI describe a skeleton of a cormorant-like bird from Enspel, a late Oligocene (24.7 mya) fossil site in Germany, which is assigned to a new species, ?Borvocarbo stoeffelensis, sp. nov. The specimen constitutes the earliest described and most completely preserved fossil record of the Phalacrocoracoidea, the clade including Anhingidae (anhingas) and Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants). ?B. stoeffelensis shares derived features with cormorants that are absent in anhingas. Despite its cormorant-like overall morphology, an assignment to the stem lineage of Phalacrocoracidae is not straightforward, because the new species is also distinguished from crown group representatives of the clade (Anhingidae + Phalacrocoracidae) by presumably plesiomorphic features. The morphology displayed by ?B. stoeffelensis places a caveat on the assignment to the Phalacrocoracidae of other less completely known Paleogene and early Neogene taxa. Plesiomorphic features shared by ?B. stoeffelensis and extant “microcormorants” (sensu Siegel-Causey 1988) support a sister group relationship between “Microcarbo” spp. and all other extant Phalacrocoracidae.
Genetic Variability and Taxonomic Status of the Nihoa and Laysan Millerbirds
Authors: Fleischer Robert C. , Slikas Beth , Beadell Jon , Atkins Colm , McINTOSH Carl E. , Conant Sheila 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Millerbird (Acrocephalus familiaris) is an endemic Northwestern Hawaiian Islands reed warbler that existed until about 1923 on Laysan Island (A. f. familiaris) and currently occurs in a small population on Nihoa Island (A. f. kingi). The two populations are described as separate subspecies or species on the basis of size and plumage differences. We assessed genetic variation in blood samples from 15 individuals in the modern Nihoa population using approximately 3000 base pairs (bp) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence and 14 microsatellite loci. We also obtained up to 1028 bp of mtDNA sequence from the fragmented DNA of museum specimens of three birds collected on Nihoa in 1923 and five birds collected on Laysan in 1902 and 1911 (ancient samples). Genetic variation in both marker types was extremely low in the modern Nihoa population (nucleotide diversity [π]  =  0.00005 for mtDNA sequences; observed heterozygosity was 7.2% for the microsatellite loci). In contrast, we found three mtDNA haplotypes among the five Laysan individuals (π  =  0.0023), indicating substantially greater genetic variation. The Nihoa and Laysan taxa differed by 1.7% uncorrected mtDNA sequence divergence, a magnitude that would support designation at the subspecies, and perhaps species, level relative to other closely related Acrocephalus species pairs. However, in light of strong ecological similarity between the two taxa, and a need to have additional populations to prevent extinction from stochastic effects and catastrophes, we believe these genetic differences should not deter a potential translocation of individuals from Nihoa to Laysan.
Song Learning After Isolation in the Open-Ended Learner the European Starling: Dissociation of Imitation and Syntactic Development
Authors: Chaiken Martha Leah , BÖHNER JÖRG 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We performed two studies to test whether the ability of open-ended learners to acquire new songs as adults depends on their having learned normal songs as juveniles. European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were kept in isolation for their first year. In the first study the birds were housed in a group with a wild-caught adult male following isolation. The subjects imitated each other but not the wild male and failed to develop normal phonology or syntax. In the second study each yearling was housed individually with a wild-caught adult male following isolation. These subjects developed good phonology and syntax but copied few or no song motifs from the wild adults. Taken together, the two studies indicate that starlings are capable of imitating new motifs and of acquiring species-typical phonology and syntax after a year of isolation. The contrasting results of the two studies suggest that imitation and the development of syntax are independent processes subject to different influences.
A trajectory mechanics approach for the study of wave propagation in an anisotropic elastic medium
Authors: Vasco D W , Nihei Kurt T 
Published: September 2019

SUMMARYWe derive equations describing the path and traveltime of a coherent elastic wave propagating in an anisotropic medium, generalizing expressions from conventional high-frequency asymptotic ray theory. The methodology is valid across a broad range of frequencies and allows for subwavelength variations in the material properties of the medium. The primary difference from current ray methods is the retention of a term that is neglected in the derivation of the eikonal equation. The additional term contains spatial derivatives of the properties of the medium and of the amplitude field, and its presence couples the equations governing the evolution of the amplitude and phase along the trajectory. The magnitude of this term provides a measure of the validity of expressions based upon high-frequency asymptotic methods, such as the eikonal equation, when modelling wave propagation dominated by a band of frequencies. In calculations involving a layer with gradational boundaries, we find that asymptotic estimates do deviate from those of our frequency-dependent approach when the width of the layer boundaries become sufficiently narrow. For example, for a layer with boundaries that vary over tens of meters, the term neglected by a high-frequency asymptotic approximation is significant for frequencies around 10 Hz. The visible differences in the paths of the rays that traverse the layer substantiate this conclusion. For a velocity model derived from an observed well log, the majority of the trajectories calculated using the extended approach, accounting for the frequency-dependence of the rays, are noticeably different from those produced by the eikonal equation. A suite of paths from a source to a specified receiver, calculated for a range of frequencies between 10 and 100 Hz, define a region of sensitivity to velocity variations and may be used for an augmented form of tomographic imaging.
Diabetes epidemics: inequalities increase the burden on the healthcare system
Authors: Santamaría-Ulloa Carolina , Montero-López Melina , Rosero-Bixby Luis 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Diabetes is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and represents a source of demands on already constrained healthcare systems in Latin America and the Caribbean. We estimate inequalities in diabetes incidence, prevalence and mortality and assess the economic burden on the healthcare system in Costa Rica. The main source of data is the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study, a longitudinal nationally representative survey of the elderly population (n = 2827). Data analyses include descriptive statistics, multiple regression models and survival analysis models. More than a fifth of Costa Rican elderly experience diabetes. Incidence is estimated at 5 per 1000 person-years in the population 30+. Gender and geographical inequalities were found. Men have a significantly lower prevalence (16.51% vs 24.02%, P < 0.05) and incidence (4.3 vs 6.0 per 1000 person-years, P < 0.05), but higher mortality (hazard ratio = 1.31, P < 0.01). Longer time to the closest facility translates into a lower probability of having the condition diagnosed [odds ratio (OR) = 0.77, P < 0.05]. The diabetic as compared to the non-diabetic population imposes a larger economic burden on the healthcare system with a higher probability of using outpatient care (OR = 3.08, P < 0.01), medications (OR = 3.44, P < 0.01) and hospitalizations (OR = 1.24, P > 0.05). Individuals living in the Metro Area have a significantly lower probability of being hospitalized (OR = 0.72, P < 0.05), which may be evidence of better access to primary care that prevents hospitalization. Along the same line, women have higher utilization rates of outpatient care (OR = 2.02, P < 0.01) and medications (OR = 1.73, P < 0.01), which may contribute to lower odds of hospitalization (OR = 0.61, P < 0.01). Aligned with the aim of attaining Sustainable Development Goals, this study highlights the importance of generating health policies focused on prevention of diabetes that take into consideration gender and geographical inequalities. Strategies should booster preventive healthcare utilization by men and aim to make healthcare services accessible to all, regardless of geographical location.
Transcendental Liouville Inequalities on Projective Varieties
Authors: Gasbarri Carlo 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Let $p$ be an algebraic point of a projective variety $X$ defined over a number field. Liouville inequality tells us that the norm at $p$ of a non-vanishing integral global section of a hermitian line bundle over $X$ is zero or it cannot be too small with respect to the $\sup $ norm of the section itself. We study inequalities similar to Liouville’s for subvarietes and for transcendental points of a projective variety defined over a number field. We prove that almost all transcendental points verify a good inequality of Liouville type. We also relate our methods to a (former) conjecture by Chudnovsky and give two applications to the growth of the number of rational points of bounded height on the image of an analytic map from a disk to a projective variety.
The Impact of Actotoxumab Treatment of Gnotobiotic Piglets Infected With Different Clostridium difficile Isogenic Mutants
Authors: Danz Hillary R , Lee Sangun , Chapman-Bonofiglio Susan P , Ginese Melanie , Beamer Gillian , Girouard Donald J , Tzipori Saul 
Published: September 2019

AbstractNosocomial infections with Clostridium difficile are on the rise in the Unites States, attributed to emergence of antibiotic-resistant and hypervirulent strains associated with greater likelihood of recurrent infections. In addition to antibiotics, treatment with Merck anti-toxin B (TcdB) antibody bezlotoxumab is reported to reduce recurrent infections. However, treatment with anti-toxin A (TcdA) antibody actotoxumab was associated with dramatically increased disease severity and mortality rates in humans and gnotobiotic piglets. Using isogenic mutants of C. difficile strain NAPI/BI/027 deficient in TcdA (A−B+) or TcdB (A+B−), and the wild type, we investigated how and why treatment of infected animals with anti-TcdA dramatically increased disease severity. Contrary to the hypothesis, among piglets treated with anti-TcdA, those with A+B− infection were disease free, in contrast to the disease enhancement seen in those with wild-type or A−B+ infection. It seems that the lack of TcdA, through either deletion or neutralization with anti-TcdA, reduces a competitive pressure, allowing TcdB to freely exert its profound effect, leading to increased mucosal injury and disease severity.
Surface Proteome of Plasma Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers for Pneumonia and Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Jung Anna Lena , Møller Jørgensen Malene , Bæk Rikke , Griss Kathrin , Han Maria , Auf Dem Brinke Kristina , Timmesfeld Nina , Bertrams Wilhelm , Greulich Timm , Koczulla Rembert , Hippenstiel Stefan , Suttorp Norbert , Schmeck Bernd 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) represent a major burden of disease and death and their differential diagnosis is critical. A potential source of relevant accessible biomarkers are blood-borne small extracellular vesicles (sEVs).

Methods
We performed an extracellular vesicle array to find proteins on plasma sEVs that are differentially expressed and possibly allow the differential diagnosis between CAP and AECOPD. Plasma samples were analyzed from 21 healthy controls, 24 patients with CAP, and 10 with AECOPD . The array contained 40 antibodies to capture sEVs, which were then visualized with a cocktail of biotin-conjugated CD9, CD63, and CD81 antibodies.

Results
We detected significant differences in the protein decoration of sEVs between healthy controls and patients with CAP or AECOPD. We found CD45 and CD28 to be the best discrimination markers between CAP and AECOPD in receiver operating characteristic analyses, with an area under the curve >0.92. Additional ensemble feature selection revealed the possibility to distinguish between CAP and AECOPD even if the patient with CAP had COPD, with a panel of CD45, CD28, CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4), tumor necrosis factor–R-II, and CD16.

Conclusion
The discrimination of sEV-associated proteins is a minimally invasive method with potential to discriminate between CAP and AECOPD.
The Pselaphini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) of the Subantarctic and Chatham Islands of New Zealand; Description of Five Species and One Genus
Authors: Owens Brittany E , Leschen Richard A B , Carlton Christopher 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe staphylinid subfamily Pselaphinae is generally depauperate at high latitudes. We examine one exception, the tribe Pselaphini, at the southern extreme of its global distribution, the New Zealand subantarctic islands and the Chatham Islands, an archipelago farther north. Currently, only two species are known from remote Campbell Island (Pselaphotheseus hippolytae Park and P. ihupuku Carlton and Leschen). A new genus, Pselaphopluteum gen. nov. (type species, Pselaphopluteum motumaha sp. nov.) and two new species, Pselaphopluteum motumaha sp. nov. and Pselaphaulax dracophyllum sp. nov., from the Auckland Islands, are added to the subantarctic fauna. Pselaphophus atriventris Westwood, introduced from Australia, is currently the only species known from the Chatham Islands, although several unidentified species were noted by Emberson (Emberson, R. M. 2002. The beetle (Coleoptera) fauna of the Chatham Islands: additions and corrections. N.Z. Entomol. 25: 69–77.). Three new species are described from the Chatham islands: Pselaphaulax caeruleus sp. nov., Pselaphaulax flavus sp. nov., and Pselaphaulax traversi sp. nov. Potential biogeographic implications of these new taxa are discussed within the context of the overall New Zealand fauna of Pselaphini, which is the subject of ongoing study.
Beyond ‘African Solutions to African Problems’ at the Extraordinary African Chambers and ‘Distant Justice’ at the International Criminal Court
Authors: Bouwknegt Thijs B 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The trial of Chad’s former President Hissène Habré in 2015 was heartily anticipated and then heralded as an ‘African solution to African problems’. In myriad ways, the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) in Senegal’s court system indeed picketed a momentous transitional justice experience. It was simultaneously international, regional and local. It applied the universal jurisdiction principle. It judged a former and foreign head of state. It dealt with a ‘cold case’ from the Cold War. This was unprecedented in Africa and elsewhere. Crucially, the Habré trial departed from a ‘distant’, alienating trend of symbolic justice for African atrocities promised by the International Criminal Court (ICC). In Dakar, justice was pursued, performed and profited by those indirectly and directly victimized by the accused, while the passionate courtroom dynamics were palatably and transparently broadcasted. Notwithstanding these topical novelties, this article traces a more complex, more remote, and at times forgotten genealogy of transitional justice in Africa. By historicizing, contextualizing and exemplifying the Habré trial in light of unseen precedents from, inter alia, Congo Free State, Namibia, Equatorial Guinea and Ethiopia, it seeks to add historical layers of complexity to portrayals of Africa as passive object in the evolution of international criminal justice.
The Malabo Protocol, the ICC, and the Idea of ‘Regional Complementarity’
Authors: Nimigan Sarah 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The African Union (AU) has taken steps to regionalize international criminal law through the expansion of the African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJHR) vis-à-vis the Malabo Protocol. The principle of complementarity is a cornerstone of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). The Rome Statute crystallizes a complementary relationship between the ICC and domestic legal systems under Article 17 but makes no mention of regional or ad hoc jurisdictions. Prospects for including regional jurisdictions within the principle of complementarity are contingent upon a positive judicial interpretation of the principle and clearly established obligations at each level. It will necessarily require funding and support by states. Such an approach will contribute to the ongoing development of a robust system of international criminal justice. In order to effectively resolve the issue of competing mandates and effective domestic implementation, a cooperative model needs to be espoused. Although hypothetical at present, the idea of ‘regional complementarity’ is one worth thinking about in the context of constructive reform at the ICC. The prospective ACJHR offers a useful framework to analyse the potential role of regional mechanisms within the international criminal law project, broadly considered.
PL2.1 Exploiting the DNAM-1 system for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy of glioblastoma
Authors: Weiss T , Meister H , Weller M , Sentman C , Roth P 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Cancer immunotherapy with genetically engineered T cells that express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has led to impressive responses in extracranial malignancies and is also explored against glioblastoma. However, CAR T cell strategies that are currently being explored against glioblastoma target single tumor antigens, which are non-homogeneously expressed and are prone to antigen escape. Furthermore, the immunosuppressive brain tumor microenvironment hampers anti-tumor efficacy.

METHODS
By immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, we investigated the expression of CD155 and CD112, which are ligands to the activating immune cell receptor DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1), in human and mouse glioma cell lines as well as in human glioblastoma samples. To understand their functional role, we generated CD155 or CD112 knock-out glioma cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 and studied proliferation, sensitivity to irradiation or temozolomide as well as migration. To exploit the promiscuous binding features of DNAM-1, we generated different first or second-generation CAR T cells that use DNAM-1 as a tumor-binding domain. Subsequently, we investigated their anti-tumor activity in vitro in co-culture assays and in vivo in syngeneic orthotopic murine glioma models.

RESULTS
CD155 and CD112 are homogenously expressed in human and mouse glioma cell lines and human glioblastoma tissues. Knock-out of these ligands affected the migration of tumor cells, but did not affect proliferation or sensitivity to irradition or temozolomide. DNAM-1-based CAR T cells demonstrated high cytolytic activity and effector cytokine secretion in vitro. In vivo, DNAM-1 based CAR T cells reached to the tumor site in the brain upon intravenous administration, prolonged survival of orthotopic glioma-bearing mice and led to a durable anti-tumor response in a fraction of mice. The treatment was tolerated without toxicities.

CONCLUSION
We elucidated the tumor-intrinisic role of CD155 and CD112 and provide the first systematical preclincal assessment of DNAM-1 CAR T cells against glioma. These findings provide a rationale to test this immunotherapeutic strategy also in human glioma patients.