bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Federalism and the Electoral College
Authors: Alexander Robert M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines federalism as it relates to the Electoral College. While the Framers sought to create a system safeguarding federalism, they also wanted a process that yielded a leader who could command supermajorities across the country. The Electoral College process has become increasingly democratized, as have many other features in American politics. The emergence of political parties has emphasized differences based on ideology rather than one’s location. Moreover, the protections afforded to less populated states by the Electoral College are largely exaggerated due to the attention given to swing states. Candidates limit their resources to a handful of states and rarely visit most states, including both the most populated and least populated states. This suggests the failure of the Electoral College to (1) produce campaigns appealing to smaller states and (2) produce candidates with broad national appeal.
Reform Efforts and Thoughts on the Electoral College
Authors: Alexander Robert M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter evaluates how the Electoral College performs relative to norms associated with representation. While Electoral College practices have changed considerably, many arguments applied to the body rely on original expectations of the institution. This study reveals that the Electoral College performs poorly along many dimensions associated with norms of representation. Not surprisingly, many reforms have been proposed to the body. These include making electoral votes automatic, adopting some form of proportional representation to award electoral votes, and abolishing the Electoral College in favor of a national popular vote. These reforms are discussed and evaluated relative to the criteria associated with norms of representation. Although the institution often fails to perform in many of the ways its proponents suggest, it has been resistant to change. Absent pressure from large numbers of citizens from across the political spectrum, wholesale change to the institution is unlikely to occur in the near future.
Substance and Force
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes some of the important elements of Leibniz’s theory of substance, identifying how Leibniz conceived of his theory of substance as providing a foundation for a fully natural. Leibniz provides a naturalized account of causally active finite substances within the theoretical constraints described in Part I of the book. There are two aspects of substance that will take center stage: substances are active and representational. Force and activity derive ultimately from simple substances, and substances bear meaningful relations with their histories, their futures, and all other substances. This chapter argues that Leibniz aims to provide a clear and coherent metaphysic that involves created natures that have powers in their own right. The principal maneuver made by Leibniz is to revive Aristotelian substantial forms in a modified fashion, which, he thinks, will provide an intelligible account of the individual, causally active natures of things.
Rational Beings and Animal Souls
Authors: Jorgensen Larry M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This book has been arguing that Leibniz provides a fully natural account of the mind. Some have argued that there is an unbridgeable gap between non-rational and rational minds, which would require violations of the naturalizing constraints argued for in previous chapters. However, there is a strong sense that Leibniz at least considered himself as offering a naturalized theory for even rational beings. This chapter shows that Leibniz sought to support the infinite privilege of minds within a naturalized theory of the mind. Leibniz’s writings on the generation of rational minds provides a preformation theory that would support this sort of natural theory. Therefore, the gap between non-rational and rational animals should not be regarded as an exception to naturalism.
Rethinking the Traditional Interpretation of Anti-Positivist Theories
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter challenges the traditional interpretation of classical natural law theories and Dworkinian interpretivism. It argues that these theories are best construed as explicating a different concept of law than the one positivism seeks to explicate. The concept that positivism seeks to explicate is a purely descriptive concept that applies to any norm that has been recognized, applied, or enforced in something that counts as a legal system. In contrast, the concept that classical natural law theories and interpretivism seek to explicate is more aptly construed as grounded in the descriptive concept that positivism seeks to explicate but also has evaluative content that applies only to valid norms that can be characterized as law “in the fullest sense.” Thus construed, these theories complement rather than rival positivism and are hence misleadingly characterized as “anti-positivist.”
Opening Strategy
Authors: Whittington Richard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Opening Strategy recounts the origins and development of Strategy as a profession from the middle of the last century to the present day. In particular, it focuses on how strategic planning superseded long-range planning, and the more recent rise of strategic management and open strategy. Together, these practices have contributed to growing inclusiveness and transparency in contemporary organizations. Informed by interviews with corporate strategists at leading companies around the world, eminent consultants at firms such as Bain, the Boston Consulting Group, and McKinsey & Co., and the internal archives of strategic innovators such as General Electric and Shell, this book provides vivid insights into the trials and tribulations of practice innovation in Strategy, and stresses the hard work of the little-recognized and sometimes eccentric innovators within the profession. By building on a wide range of illustrations, covering both successes and failures, the book draws out general lessons for practice innovation in Strategy. Those studying the topic will be able to set standard strategy techniques in historical and social context and develop new areas for investigation, while practising executives and consultants should gain a sense of how to innovate in Strategy—and how not to.
The Limits of Promise
Authors: Saprai Prince 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter critically assesses three ways in which promise might plausibly claim to play a ‘foundational’ or special justificatory role in contract. According to ‘justificatory necessity’, promise plays an essential or necessary role in the justification of each and every contract doctrine. According to ‘justificatory primacy’, promise defeats all conflicting principles in contract. And, finally, according to ‘justificatory presumptiveness’, the divergence of contract from promissory morality justifies an epistemic presumption that contract law is prima facie unjustified. This chapter shows how these interpretations are insufficiently sensitive to the fact of ‘normative pluralism’ in contract, and how this leads them to seriously mishandle contract doctrine. They end up either repudiating perfectly justified contract law doctrines, upholding problematic doctrines, or, finally, offering the wrong explanation of contract law rules. This chapter argues that the truth about contract law depends on reaching beyond the promise theory and its foundationalist assumptions.
Psycho-Technicians and Greedy Institutions
Authors: Mutsaers Paul 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChapter 4 focuses on police discrimination and ethnic boundaries within the police organization. A number of ethnographic cases are discussed that help to understand how biocracy—the inclusion of the whole person in the workplace—works as a holistic type of power that makes it almost impossible for officers with a migration background to combat discrimination. More specifically, the chapter approaches diversity management, personal development plans, and other psychological instruments as forms of ‘identity control’ that stretch the outer bounds of labour control. Linguistic anthropological methods are used to study how psychological discourses traverse the Dutch police and undergo metamorphosis when they move from production to consumption sites.
Plan Governance: A Hybrid Model with Both a Democratic and a Judicial Component
Authors: Tollenaar Nicolaes 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 starts by setting out that a plan provides a mechanism for democratic decision-making. In other words, the legal subjects determine the matter themselves by majority decision. In purely democratic form, it further argues, a plan is not suitable as an insolvency instrument. To be effective as an instrument for dealing with insolvency, a plan mechanism needs to be supplemented by non-democratic coercive measures imposed by judicial decision. The chapter then looks at the advantages of democratic decision-making. These include the power of self-determination, the fact that a democratic system enables a distribution in non-cash through restructuring, and the ability to obtain a certain degree of deal certainty by reaching an agreement with the requisite majorities. The chapter then discusses the rationale and system of voting in classes in more detail.
Consequences of the Nature of the Parody Exception
Authors: Jacques Sabine 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the consequences of the nature and function of the parody exception in copyright law. It first explains the ‘mechanics’ behind the parody exception, particularly as a defence to copyright infringement, before discussing the legal nature of copyright exceptions and in relation to copyright and contract laws. It then addresses the question of whether copyright exceptions, especially the parody exception, amount to rights or are more akin to interests. It also considers the principle of strict interpretation as a rule of interpretation for the parody exception and reviews recent decisions that illustrate whether the user rights approach resulted in any noticeably broader interpretation of copyright exceptions. Finally, it explores the principles underpinning freedom of contract and how judges, notwithstanding the parody exception’s procedural label as a defence, assess fair use, fair dealing, or rules of the genre in light of the right to freedom of expression.
Introduction: Six Paradigmatic Cases
Authors: Pascoe Daniel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The function of the Introduction is to set up the puzzle that the book will solve: why Thailand grants clemency to so many death row prisoners (95 per cent or more), why Singapore grants clemency to so few (0.6 per cent), and why Indonesia and Malaysia fall at points somewhere in between. The Introduction briefly describes the origins of this research project, states why it is necessary and important to compare death penalty clemency among these four jurisdictions, and ends with six short vignettes of paradigmatic cases symbolizing Southeast Asian clemency practice since 1991. These are the cases of Tong Chieng Mun in Singapore (an eighteen-year-old female rejected for clemency and executed in 1995); fishermen Leung Chi Fai, Ng Shun Wa, and Leung Kam Chuen in Thailand (each granted royal pardon in 2013); Kenneth Lee Fook Mun and Michael McAuliffe in Malaysia (providing examples of prisoners granted and denied clemency, respectively); and finally Asep Suryaman and Rodrigo Gularte in Indonesia (likewise providing examples of contrasting outcomes). These six vignettes are an important means of introducing the reader to the legal and political issues involved in death penalty clemency, through human interest stories representative of each state’s recent practice.
Sources and Methods
Authors: Pascoe Daniel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 details the comparative methodology employed throughout the book (comparing and contrasting national case studies), the challenges of comparing across national borders and legal systems, and project design choices such as the number of jurisdictions, time limits, and the substance of comparison. Moreover, given the semi-secretive criminal justice policies of the four jurisdictions under analysis (Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia), Chapter 1 also outlines the data collection methods employed—including ‘elite’ interviews conducted during fieldwork in Southeast Asia, triangulated alongside NGO documents and media reports—and their various shortcomings. Among the significant methodological challenges addressed in Chapter 1 are how to conduct quantitative analysis (e.g. calculating clemency rates) given patchy statistical data, and deducing the true reasons for clemency and pardon grants when the executive decision maker is not required to publicly provide them, and rarely does so.
Kingdom of Thailand
Authors: Pascoe Daniel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3, the first of the book’s four case study chapters, provides an outline of the death penalty laws and practice of Thailand during the period 1991–2016, describes Thailand’s clemency laws and accumulated practice in death penalty cases over the same period, and most importantly provides several theoretically supported hypotheses potentially explaining Thailand’s extremely ‘high’ clemency rate of 95 per cent or more. This structure is reprised in each of the four case study chapters, leading to a comparative analysis of the respective explanatory factors in Chapter 7. In Thailand’s case, suggested factors explaining the overwhelming likelihood of capital prisoners to obtaining capital clemency over the aforementioned twenty-six-year period are the following: Thailand’s Buddhist monarchy, headed from 1946 until October 2016 by King Bhumibol Adulyadej; the drawn-out royal pardon process leading to excessively long stays on death row; the practice of arbitrary and extrajudicial executions against criminal suspects over the years; and the special treatment enjoyed by foreign prisoners to safeguard Thailand’s international relations.
Federation of Malaysia
Authors: Pascoe Daniel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
As with Chapters 3 and 4, the case study on Malaysia begins with a thorough description of the country’s death penalty laws and practice, and Malaysia’s publicly known clemency practice over the period under analysis (1991–2016). Thereafter, for both the Malaysian (Chapter 5) and Indonesian (Chapter 6) cases, the potential explanatory factors for clemency incidence are more complex than for Thailand and Singapore, given these two jurisdictions’ more moderate rates of capital clemency and fluctuating political policies on capital punishment over time. Available statistics suggest that Malaysia’s clemency rate is moderately high, at between 55 and 63 per cent of finalized capital cases. Malaysia is a federal state where pardons are granted by the hereditary rulers or appointed state governors in state-based cases, or by the Malaysian king (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) in federal and security cases, all on the advice of specially constituted Pardons Boards. Chapter 5 presents the following two explanations for Malaysia’s restrictions on death penalty clemency: prosecutorial/judicial discretion and detention without trial in capital cases, and the Federal Attorney-General’s constitutional role on the State and Federal Pardons Boards. As to why Malaysia’s clemency rate has not then fallen to the miniscule level seen in neighbouring Singapore (with both nations closely comparable, as they were once part of the same Federation of Malaya), Chapter 5 points to the relevant paperwork placed before each Pardons Board, the merciful role played by the Malay monarchy, and the impact of excessively long stays on death row before clemency decisions are reached.
Real American Writers
Authors: Fox Brian 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on Joyce’s allusions to American literature. It will look to historicize precisely Joyce’s use of American literature within contemporary perceptions of that writing and the canon; clarifying those perceptions is the aim of the first part of this chapter. Walt Whitman was, the following section argues, an important but ultimately compromised model of a decolonized, national poet for the young Joyce. My argument in the next section, focusing on Bret Harte, emphasizes the point that Harte’s reputation in Ireland in the early twentieth century when Joyce wrote Dubliners was significantly more literary than it is today and that Joyce, like Yeats, was drawn to what appeared as a decolonized literary culture with obvious appeal for Irish writers. Finally, Washington Irving provides another focus for a discussion of allusions to writing marked by colonial histories and revolutions.
Space and Subject as Historically Contingent
Authors: Shtutin Leo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 serves as a kind of overture, introducing the book’s recurring themes and motifs: spatiality, subjecthood, embodiment, dynamics of spectatorship and reading, and so on. My purpose here is threefold: to contextualize the work of my four principal authors in relation to the fin-de-siècle period; to situate the fin de siècle itself in a broader historico-philosophical context; and, finally, to demonstrate that said practices reflect a particular, historically contingent understanding of space and subject. Opening the chapter with a discussion of Newtonian absolute space, the Cartesian ego, and the dualisms of subject/object and self/world, I evaluate the fin-de-siècle problematization of these notions with reference to my quartet of authors, and to the period’s scenographic and typographic practices generally. The aforementioned recorporealization of reader and spectator is then examined in this light.
Space Subjectivized
Authors: Shtutin Leo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The separate discussions of page and stage in Chapters 2 and 3 are followed in Chapters 4 and 5 by a more abstract investigation of parallel inverse processes—the subjectivization of space and the spatialization of the subject—manifest in both the poetry and drama of the period. As already made clear, space is presented in the works to be discussed not as objective outside but as emanation of character; by the same token, the subject does not remain fully demarcated from its surroundings, and exhibits varying degrees of spatial dispersion. Exploring various types of subjectivization and associated formal techniques such as collage, montage, and temporal telescoping, Chapter 4 focuses on Maeterlinck’s one-acts, Apollinaire’s ‘Zone’ and ‘Lundi Rue Christine’, and Jarry’s Ubu roi.
Spatialized Subjects
Authors: Shtutin Leo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 is a grand synthesis of the principal themes of the book. The previous chapter’s investigation of the blurring of boundaries between subject and space is reprised, but this time from the opposite angle (focusing on spatialization rather than subjectivization) and presented in tandem with a final discussion of the dialogue between page and stage, and between poetry, drama, and narrative, that takes place across the oeuvres of my four principal authors. The chapter consists of close readings of ‘Zone’ and ‘Lettre-Océan’ (Apollinaire), Igitur (Mallarmé), and Intérieur (Maeterlinck). Spatialization is taken to the furthest possible extreme in the Acte héraldique of Jarry’s César-Antechrist, whose dramatis personae are segments of the two-dimensional field of an escutcheon (shield).
Conclusion
Authors: Shtutin Leo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The book concludes with broader, more speculative reflections on subjecthood, spatiality, and humanism. Fin-de-siècle modes of literary, dramatic, and pictorial representation are frequently anti-humanistic in character, challenging as they do the centrality of the human form and the anthropocentric world view that elevated it to pre-eminence. But anti-humanism must not be equated with the anti-human. The relative marginalization of the human figure does not, contrary to what José Ortega y Gasset argues in The Dehumanization of Art (1925), necessarily entail a flight from ‘human contents’; as the work of Mallarmé, Apollinaire, Maeterlinck, and Jarry bears witness, those contents can be distributed into space, expressed as gaps, fragments, and fissures.
Dynamics and Optimal Control of Road Vehicles
Authors: Limebeer D. J. N. , Massaro Matteo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe broad aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive coverage of the modelling and optimal control of both two‐ and four‐wheeled road vehicles. The first focus of this book is a review of classical mechanics and its use in building vehicle and tyre dynamic models. The second is nonlinear optimal control, which is used to solve a range of minimum‐time, minimum‐fuel, and track curvature reconstruction problems. As is known classically, all thismaterial is bound together by the calculus of variations and stationary principles. The treatment of this material is supplemented with a large number of examples that highlight obscurities and subtleties in the theory. A particular strength of the book is its unified treatment of tyre, car, and motorcycle dynamics and the application of nonlinear optimal control to vehicle‐related problems within a single text. These topics are usually treated independently, and can only be found in disparate texts and journal articles. It is our contention that presentday vehicle dynamicists should be familiar with all of these topic areas. The aim in writing this book is to provide a comprehensive and yet accessible text that emphasizes particularly the theoretical aspects of vehicular modelling and control.
The Whipple Bicycle
Authors: Limebeer David J. N. , Massaro Matteo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractChapter 5 provides a comprehensive review of the bicycle model presented inWhipple’s seminal 1899 paper.The set of nonlinear differential equations that describe the general motion of a bicycle and rider are derived and then linearized to study the smallmotions about a straight-running trim condition at a given constant speed.The stability of the Whipple model is discussed and some of the handling characteristics of bicycles are analysed using control-theoretic ideas. Extensions relating to accelerating and braking vehicles, tyred vehicles, and vehicles with flexible frames are also considered.
China’s Outward Investment
Authors: Wang Hui Yao , Miao Lu 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
After the steep downturn of 2008–2009, since 2013, the world economy has continued its slow recovery. However, this growth has been uneven. Among developed countries, the US economy grew quickly while growth in the Eurozone remained sluggish. Emerging economies have also encountered headwinds as the growth momentum in most of these countries was insufficient to fuel more rapid expansion. Over this time, global cross-border investment enjoyed a period of robust growth before declining in recent years. From 2012 to 2015, global FDI inflows rose from US$ 1.33 trillion to US$ 1.92 trillion according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). However, in 2016, FDI flows contracted to US$ 1.87 trillion and fell further to US1.43 trillion in 2017. Amidst a slow global economic recovery, the Chinese economy continued to grow strongly. Economic restructuring and industrial upgrading contributed to China’s endogenous growth momentum. This ongoing transformation also drove continuous growth of overseas direct investment (ODI) by Chinese enterprises, supported by the government’s ‘Go Global’ strategy which was accelerated following the CPC’s Eighteenth National Congress in 2012.