bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inventory of the vases and other Objects from the cemetery
Authors: Hood Sinclair , Huxley George , Sandars Nancy 
Published: June 2019

I. 1. Rhyton (Fig. 26, Plate 54c). Ht. 0·364. Ht. incl. handle 0·405. Diam. at tip 0·104. Diam. of spout 0·02. Broken but complete; the paint is slightly worn and the rim chipped. The painting is in orange and brown, with linear decoration on the lower part of the cone and interlocking zigzags above. The lip and the outer edges of the handle are outlined. The handle is of the raised metallic type and the lip overhangs slightly; the tip of the spout is offset a little to the rear. The buff clay without slip forms the ground for the decoration.The shape of the vase corresponds with Furumark's Type 199 (MP 71–72). The rhyton may be compared with the example from Palaikastro (Palaikastro 104 fig. 87a) and belongs to the L.M. IIIA 1 phase. For the zigzags cf. MP 182.I. 2. Piriform Jug (Fig. 26, Plate 54a, d). Ht. 0·29. Max. diam. 0·18. Diam. of base 0·06. Broken but complete, with well preserved black and brown decoration. The base is splaying and flat. A repeated S-pattern is incised at the base of the neck moulding. The lip is cut away above the handle. Argonauts are arranged in series around the shoulder, and a fish has been painted below the base of the handle. Bands around the neck join to form a chevron at the front. The edges of the handle are outlined. The argonaut is a development of the L.M. IA type and lacks tentacles.
Cyclops Meets the Privy Council: The Conflict in the Conflict of Laws
Authors: Morgan Ed 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn the Showlag case, the Privy Council had to decide which of two conflicting foreign judgments it was to enforce, the first-in-time or the last-in-time. The “Cyclops” chapter in James Joyce’s Ulysses presents a modernized reenactment of the epic encounter between Odysseus and the cave dwelling one-eyed monster. The author explores the relationship between the legal conflict and the dramatic conflict, together with the judicial resolution and the literary resolution of the problems at hand. The article focuses on the nature of argument as displayed and worked through in the case law and in the novel, and points out the difficulty law has in overcoming intractably conflicting rules. In doing so, the author highlights the struggle in international law between national independence and national submission to law — the voices of sovereignty and the voices of internationalism.
Le droit des peuples: l’autodétermination dans le contexte canadien
Authors: Binette André 
Published: June 2019

SommaireProfessor Cassese’s latest book is a major contribution to the study of the Law and the practice of self-determination of peoples. This work is particularly relevant for the jurist who is trying to analyze the cases of the Québécois and the Native peoples of Canada within the present debate on the evolution of the right of self-determination. Although the author’s views will not be shared by all, they will remain an indispensable reference for many years to come.
La conclusion d’accords internationaux par les provinces canadiennes à la lumière du droit comparé
Authors: Morin Jagques-Yvan 
Published: June 2019

Voilà Près D’un Siècle qu‘est apparu dans les Etats fédéraux le problème de l’attribution du pouvoir de conclure des traités. Considéré par maints publicistes comme l’un des attributs essentiels de la souveraineté de l’Etat, le jus tractatuum doit-il ressortir uniquement aux organes centraux de la fédération ou peut-il appartenir également aux Etats-membres? Après avoir éludé cette question pendant trente ans, le Canada doit désormais, à son tour, tenter d’y apporter une réponse.A l'époque où furent établies les premières fédérations modernes, les Etats-Unis et la Suisse, les traités portaient sur des objets qui intéressaient principalement les gouvernements centraux, tels que les alliances, le commerce et le tarif; en outre, les traités multilatéraux étaient peu fréquents et les “traités-lois” rarissimes. Néanmoins, la Constitution américaine de 1787, après avoir prescrit que les traités relevaient des organes fédéraux et interdit aux Etats de l'Union de “conclure aucun traité, alliance ou confédération,” ne leur défendit point de conclure des “accords ou pactes” avec les Puissances étrangères, à condition qu’ils aient obtenu l’autorisation du Congrès. De même, les cantons suisses conservèrent exceptionnellement, dans la Constitution de 1848, le droit de conclure des “traités” avec les Etats étrangers sur des objets concernant l’économie publique ainsi que les rapports de voisinage et de police, pourvu que ces accords ne contiennent rien de contraire à la Confédération. Nous aurons l’occasion d’étudier la portée de ces textes de loi par la suite; il suffit, pour l’instant, de noter que les constituants de ces premiers Etats fédéraux reconnurent la possibilité pour les Etats-membres d’établir des rapports conventionnels avec l’étranger dans certains domaines, toutes précautions étant prises, par ailleurs, pour que les accords ainsi conclus soient compatibles avec l’existence des liens fédératifs.
Transboundary Environmental Disputes along the Canada-US Frontier: Revisiting the Efficacy of Applying the Rules of State Responsibility
Authors: Gray Kevin R. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe efficacy of the rules of state responsibility for transboundary environmental harm can be questioned in light of recent disputes between Canada and the United States. Stemming from the “no-harm” principle, the obligation to prevent transboundary damage represents an integral part of international environmental law. It is reflected in a wide body of international treaties, mirroring state practice. It also forms the basis for international cooperation on transboundary and global environmental issues. This article examines how the rules of state responsibility regarding transboundary environmental damage are applied by two states that share a long contiguous border and a legacy of amicable relations. Upon examination, the limits of such rules are increasingly becoming evident in light of some recent disputes. Attempts to overlook the rules of state responsibility, paralleled with the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction, have undermined the status of the rules of state responsibility. Moreover, these phenomena highlight the difficulty of applying loosely defined international legal principles to practical situations where vested interests beyond those of the states involved are at play.
Obeying Restraints: Applying the Plea of Superior Orders to Military Defendants before the International Criminal Court
Authors: Penny Christopher K. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article addresses the content and ramifications of the unique plea of superior orders, illustrating the complexities of absolving wartime behaviour on this basis as well as the legitimate rationale for doing so in certain cases. The article discusses the general legal obligation for soldiers to obey commands; outlines the historical development and legal content of the corresponding plea of superior orders, including its incorporation into theRome Statute of the International Criminal Court(ICC); and assesses the potential future application by the ICC of this specialized “mistake of law” doctrine. The author argues that in light of its moral and practical ramifications it should be considered by the court as both a full defence and a factor in mitigation of sentence, in a manner conceptually distinct from duress. However, the author cautions that the ICC must be careful to encourage, rather than discourage, individual moral autonomy, to the extent possible. A full defence should remain open to soldiers only when they have acted under a reasonable albeit mistaken belief in the legality of their orders. Especially on the modern battlefield, soldiers must continue to act and be judged as “reasoning agents” and not as mere automatons.
The International Labour Organization and Its Contribution to the Protection of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Yupsanis Athanasios 
Published: June 2019

SummaryFrom its very inception, the International Labour Organization (ILO) has been a pioneer in addressing indigenous peoples’ issues, albeit initially from a culturally biased, integrationist perspective. Its contributions have progressed from the preparation of studies on the working conditions of indigenous peoples in the 1920s, to the elaboration of recommendations and conventions on indigenous labour rights in the early 1940s and 1950s, and most recently to the adoption of legally binding instruments recognizing a broader range of indigenous rights, such as those pertaining to land and resources, which are at the top of indigenous peoples’ agendas. This article reviews and assesses these developments with a particular focus on ILO Convention nos. 107 (1957) and 169 (1989). The author concludes that, setting aside its initially assimilationist orientation, the ILO has made invaluable contributions in partial satisfaction of indigenous demands and has succeeded in establishing a solid floor of basic, minimum prerequisites for the safeguarding of the dignity and rights of these most disadvantaged, both historically and presently, peoples.
Interferometric Studies on Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 Lunar Glass Objects
Authors: Tolansky S. 
Published: June 2019

A review of results obtained by an examination with optical interferometry of a variety of glassy objects found in lunar fines from Apollo 11 and 12. Glassy spheres, cylinders, chips and fragments have been examined. It is established that many spherules show(a) evidence of shock;(b) evidence of impact with a small particle;(c) very high specularity.Some small pieces of lunar glass reveal the characteristic step pattern shown by glass shattered in the laboratory.
Convection in the Moon
Authors: Runcorn S. K. 
Published: June 2019

It is natural to inquire whether thermal convection is occurring in the Moon through solid state creep processes. The primary evidence is the departure of the Moon from the figure of hydrostatic equilibrium, but certain difficulties in the thermal history of the Moon are eased by assuming heat transfer by convection. If convection exists in the Moon it must have a second harmonic pattern, otherwise the lunar moments of inertia would not differ.Two important predictions of the marginal theory of convection: the existence of a core of radius 0.06–0.3 of the lunar radius (for a second ergee harmonic) and the value of 0.4 for the ratio of the dynamical to surface ellipticities now have support, the latter from the data of the heights of the lunar surface. The former prediction is compatible with the value of the moment of inertia factor now found if the Moon's interior is ‘hot’.Further the existence of a fluid iron core 3400 m.y. ago seems required as a result of the remanent magnetization of the crystalline rocks of the maria basins inferred from the remanent magnetization of the returned Apollo samples and the fields measured by the Apollo 12 and Explorer magnetomers.
The Bulge-Halo transition region
Authors: Ibata Rodrigo , Gilmore Gerard 
Published: June 2019

The Baade's Window bulge is a metal-rich, rotationally supported entity, whereas the solar neighbourhood halo is metal-poor and non-rotating; what is the connection between these two spheroid components?We present results of a spectroscopic survey of 847 K-giants from 3 low absorption windows at (5,-12), (-5,-12) and (-25,-12). This is a seven times larger sample than has been previously studied in this region.
The Shape of Soft X-ray Spectra of Quasars
Authors: Schwartz D. A. , Qian Y. , Tucker W. H. 
Published: June 2019

Several lines of evidence suggest that the x-ray spectra of quasars are not simple, exact power laws: 1. when Wilkes and Elvis (1987) analyzed quasars as power laws they found an absorption less than that due to our galaxy; 2. The mean 0.3 to 3.5 keV spectral index is steeper than the mean for the 2 to 20 keV range; 3. although several lines of evidence argue that AGN provide a significant portion (perhaps all) of the x-ray background, the diffuse background spectrum does not agree with the x-ray power-law indices measured for quasars or Seyfert galaxies. Schwartz and Tucker (1988) have suggested that all the above conflicts are reconciled if the slope in the Log(flux density) vs. Log(energy) plot flattens continuously with increasing energy. In this paper we utilize one particular parameterization suggested for the flux density, which we call the “log-slope” model:
where f is the flux density, K a normalization parameter which is not of interest here, and a and b are the two parameters of our fit.
Radio Observations of Moderately Compact Steep Spectrum Sources
Authors: Akujor Chidi , Browne I.W.A. , Wilkinson P.N. 
Published: June 2019

It is now common practice for objects with a steep radio spectrum and compact radio structure to be lumped together and called compact steep spectrum (CSS) sources (Peacock and Wall, 1982; van Breugel, 1984 Fanti et al. 1985). This rather arbitrary categorisation results in the class containing sources with a wide range of structures, from core-jet or complex (e.g. 3C147,3C48), small classical doubles (e.g. 3C237, 3C241), to VLBI compact doubles (e.g. CTD93; Phillips and Mutel, 1982). Some of the questions we are asking include:
(a)Are compact sources intrinsically small, or do they appear small because they are seen in projection?(b)Why are structures in compact radio galaxies and compact radio quasars different? Wilkinson et al. (1984) and Spencer et al (1988, in preparation)have shown that there appears to be a ‘clear-cut’ difference in morphology between quasar CSS and galaxy CSS, with quasars showing more distortions while galaxies tend to be doubles. But is this trend present even in their slightly more-extended counterparts?
The Multichannel Spectrum Analyzer
Authors: Peterson A. M. , Chen K. S. , Linscott I. R. 
Published: June 2019

The MCSA is a special-purpose digital signal processor. Its main function is to filter a wide-band signal into many narrower bands, so that each of the output bands has a bandwidth that is a better match to the signal being searched for.The basic MCSA provides simultaneous output bandwidths of approximately 1 HZ, 32 Hz, 1024 Hz, and 74 kHz over a spectrum that is about 8 MHz wide. The input to the MCSA consists of a complex signal sampled at 10 MHz, and the outputs consist of either complex samples or power (square-law-detected) samples. In addition, the MCSA provides an accumulator for taking the integral of the power of the output bands for periods up to 1000 sec.The MCSA hardware is constructed using wire-wrap technology. The implementation of the hardware is done with the aid of a computer program developed specifically for the design of the MCSA. Care has been taken in the MCSA design to ensure that engineering tradeoffs do not adversely affect the performance of the system.
The international atomic time, definition, realization
Authors: Guinot B. 
Published: June 2019

The International Atomic Time TAI is a realized time scale which is ultimately used for comparisons between the observations and dynamical theories. Its definition should tell us unambiguously what an ideal TAI should be. It is also important know the uncertainties of the implementation of this definition.Concerning the definition, there is an apparent divergence between the physicists for whom TAI is a coordinate-time and the astronomers who often consider it as a proper time. This matter should be clarified and it might be advisable that IAU adopts a recommendation on this topic, based on the already existing CCDS and CCIR definitions, but completed for the specific uses in astronomy. The present TAI definition refers to the geoid. Some years will elapse before the tidal effects be observable. Nevertheless, it is desirable to have some exchanges of views on an improved definition.The accuracy (conformity with the definition), stability and precision of reading of TAI are progressively improving. Present and past properties will be briefly reported.
Radial Velocities of Remote Globular Clusters
Authors: Peterson Ruth C. 
Published: June 2019

Radial velocities good to 25 km/s have been measured for the remote globular clusters Eridanus, NGC 2419, Palomar 3, Palomar 4, Palomar 5, Palomar 14, and Palomar 15. Spectra with a resolution of 3.0 A were recorded for 4 to 10 stars at a time in each cluster, using an aperture plate with the KPNO 4m telescope, R-C spectrograph, Simmons camera, and baked IIIaJ plates. Radial velocities for each star were determined from the position of the night-sky emission feature near 4360A with respect to several strong atomic features in the vicinity.For two remote systems, Eridanus and Palomar 14, the radial velocity transformed to the galactic rest frame is large enough to suggest a total mass for the Galaxy of 1012 M⊙, and a comparable mass is indicated from the average rest-frame velocities of the remote systems. A full presentation of the measurements and results will appear in the October 1, 1985, issue of the Astrophysical Journal.
Solar diameter and solar rotation during the Maunder minimum
Authors: Ribes E. , Ribes J.C. , Barthalot R. 
Published: June 2019

The Paris observatory is in possession of a 53 y record of solar diameters and sunspot positions during the Maunder minimum (1666–1719). For the period (1666 to 1684), the solar diameter was 32′9″ and slowly decreased down to 32′6″ when sunspot activity had resumed. Nowadays, the solar diameter is 32′2″ when taking into account of the solar irradiance. During the same period, the sunspot rotation was smaller than the present one (3% less near the equator), and the differential rotation was greater.The two phenomena (a larger Sun and a slower rotation) suggest that the Sun undergoes a cyclic expansion and contraction, on timescale of several centuries.
A photometric search for ‘5-min’ oscillations in the components of Alpha Centauri and two other double stars
Authors: Balona L. A. , Marang F. 
Published: June 2019

The discovery of global solar 5-min oscillations has prompted the search for such oscillations in other stars. The main problem in detecting these variations is their expected small amplitude (in the sun it is less than 1 m/s in velocity and 10−6 in integrated light). Two recent studies by Fossat et al. (1984) and Noyes et al. (1984) have suggested that the 5-min oscillations in α Cen and ε Eri may have been detected.We attempted to detect these oscillations by means of conventional broad-band photometry in the components of three double star systems (α Cen, HR4677 and HR5568). We selected these stars because they cover a wide range of spectral types (F2V to M2V). It was hoped that there may be a region where the pulsation amplitudes are particularly large. By using one component of a double star system to correct for transparency variations in the other, we also expected to obtain a larger signal-to-noise ratio.
The H2O maser proper motions of RT Vir and VX Sgr
Authors: Yates Jeremy , Richards Anita , Gray Malcolm 
Published: June 2019

We have measured significant proper motions using the water maser clouds in the outflows from RT Vir (6 epochs) and VX Sgr (2 epochs). In both cases proper motions are measured in the bright emission found perpendicular to the OH emission. This strongly suggests latitude dependent mass-loss with the water masers tracing a dense equatorial outflow and the OH emission tracing a less dense polar outflow. In both cases the rotational velocities are < 1 km s−1 thus ruling out a strongly rotating circumstellar envelope. This suggests the outflow is not shaped by an orbiting companion. In the case of VX Sgr the proper motions are contained in a wedge perpendicular to the measured magnetic field axis, thus strongly suggesting that the magnetic field is helping to shape the mass outflow.The proper motion results have thrown up a puzzle. For VX Sgr the material is being radially accelerated and material enters the water maser zone at 4 km s−1. This is consistent with the mass loss model of Bowen (1988). However the RT Vir proper motion results show no such radial acceleration. The masers have already received their acceleration before they reach the water maser zone at 3-AU (our numerical models seem to support the small radius). This was probably done in the pulsation zone. The acceleration mechanism is unclear for this source.
Globular Clusters and Planetary Nebula Kinematics in NGC 5128 (Cen A)
Authors: Peng Eric W. , Ford Holland C. , Freeman Kenneth C. 
Published: June 2019

We have conducted a wide-field optical survey of NGC 5128 (Cen A), the nearest large elliptical galaxy (3.5 Mpc). From UBVRI imaging and spectroscopic follow-up, we have identified and obtained kinematics for 125 new globular clusters out to a projected radius of 40 kpc. We also extend our survey of field star kinematics in NGC 5128, and now possess a total of 736 radial velocities for planetary nebulae out to a projected radius of 80 kpc.•The PNe sample along the photometric major axis shows significant rotational support out to 80 kpc.•The blue globular clusters seem to possess little or no angular momentum.•The kinematics of the red globular cluster sample show some evidence for rotation around an axis common to that of the field stars.
Observational Foundations of Inhomogeneous Universe
Authors: Flin P. , Machalski J. , Maslowski J. , Urbanik M. , Zieba A. , Zieba S. 
Published: June 2019

Using new observational data at optical (Jagiellonian Field) and radio (GB region) frequencies, the distributions of galaxies and radio sources are analysed.The results of the analysis show that there is a significant non-random surface distribution of galaxies irrespective of the scale of the field investigated. The observed clumpiness does not allow us to introduce discrete hierarchical structures. The distribution of galaxies shows rather a continuous hierarchical structure and for the description of the distribution of galaxies, some density indices should be used instead of imprecisely defined clusters of galaxies.In the radio domain, the distribution of radio sources in the GB region and the number-flux density relations which come from the different sub-regions are investigated. The results of our investigation show that the surface density of radio sources at several flux density levels and the number-flux density relations vary from place to place in the GB region and the significance level of the observed variations is at least 1%.The most important conclusion which can be drawn from the GB data is that results obtained from the observations of a single selected region of the sky cannot be generalized to obtain information about the whole population of radio sources in a given flux density range, and in addition the region itself – even chosen at random – ought not to be considered as a typical one.
uvby Colours of Cepheid Variables
Authors: Bell R. A. 
Published: June 2019

Synthetic stellar spectra have been computed for Cepheids and supergiant F and G stars, using flux constant model atmospheres. These spectra have been used to compute theoretical uvby and UBV colours which may be compared with the observed colours. The supergiant α Per is used to establish the zero points of the theoretical colours. The colour comparison can be used to determine the temperatures, gravities and metal abundances of the stars as well as an estimate of the interstellar reddening. The reddening determinations are carried out by arguing that the temperature and gravity values obtained from U – B and B – V must match those obtained from c1 and b – y.A more detailed account of this work will be given elsewhere.