bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of organic resources before soil incorporation in semi-arid regions improves resilience to El Niño, and increases crop production and economic returns
Authors: Smith Jo , Nayak Dali , Albanito Fabrizio , Balana Bedru , Black Helaina , Boke Shiferaw , Brand Alison , Byg Anja , Dinato Mengistu , Habte Mulugeta , Hallett Paul , Lemma Argaw Thomas , Mekuria Wolde , Moges Awdenegest , Muluneh Alemayehu , Novo Paula , Rivington Mike , Tefera Tewodros , Vanni May , Yakob Getahun , Phimister Euan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The use of limited organic resources to build resilience to drought in semi-arid regions was investigated using systems modelling. The study focused on Halaba in Ethiopia, drawing on biophysical and socio-economic data obtained from a survey of farms before, during and after the 2015/16 El Niño event. Using a simplified weather dataset to remove noise from weather fluctuations, a ten yearly El Niño was demonstrated to cause significant long-term degradation of soil, reducing crop yields by 9%–14% and soil carbon by 0.5%–4.1%; more frequent droughts would increase this impact. Farmers in Halaba usually apply manures to soils untreated. Counteracting the impact of El Niño on soil degradation is possible by increasing application of untreated manure, but would result in a small net cost due to loss of dung as fuel. By composting manure its recalcitrance increases, allowing soil degradation to be counteracted without cost. The best option investigated, in terms of both food and fuel security, for households with access to water and finances needed for anaerobic digestion (500–2000 US$), is to use manure to produce biogas and then apply the nutrient-rich bioslurry residue to the soil. This will result in a significant benefit of over 5000 US$ per decade from increased crop production and saved fuel costs. However, many households are limited in water and finances; in that situation, the much cheaper pyrolysis cook-stove (50 US$) can provide similar economic benefits without the need for water. The biochar residue from pyrolysis is highly recalcitrant, but pyrolysis results in loss of nutrients, so may result in lower yields than other uses of manures. This may be countered by using biochar to capture nutrients from elsewhere in the farm, such as from animal housing or compost pits; more work is needed to quantify the impact of treated biochar on crop yields.
Activated carbon characteristics of tabah bamboo that physically activated under different activation time
Authors: Negara D N K P , Nindhia T G T , Surata I W , Sucipta M , Hidajat F 
Published: June 2019

AbstractActivated carbon is a versatile porous material that widely applied to purify, deodorize, decolorize, remove or reduce some gases harmful constituents and storage of gas. For different application different characteristics of activated carbon is required. This paper concerns to find out the characteristics of activated carbons derived from tabah bamboo (Gigantochloc nigrociliata) that physically activated with different activation holding time. Prepared tabah bamboo was carbonized by heating up to the temperature of 800 °C for two hours. The char produced was powdered and then activated physically by heating up to 800 °C, soaked at that temperature during each 1, 1.5 and 2 hours under 100 mL/min N2flow. Activated carbons manufactured were characterized by proximate and ultimate analyses and SEM observation. The results show that the highest fix carbon (82.52%) and lowest ash (5.91 %) was obtained at 1 hour soaking time with moisture and volatile contents were 3.56% and 8.00 % respectively; the highest carbon (C) content of 84.16 % was yielded at soaked time of 1.5 hours; SEM observation shows that there were significant differences of morphology structure between raw material and activated carbons for all of the soaking time variations. The pores structures have been formed in the activated carbons produced.
Experimental study on combustion characteristics of an indirect injection diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel blends
Authors: Ghurri A , Keun S K 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the performance of an indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine using diesel (D100) and diesel-biodiesel blends (BD25, BD45, BD65) separately. The engine was run in various engine loads at constant engine speed ranging from 1000 to 2400 rpm with an interval 200 rpm. The results showed that the maximum pressure inside a cylinder of D100 is slightly higher than that of BD65 and other biodiesel blends. The biodiesel blends exhibited higher pressure change rate at a moment before peak pressure inside the combustion chamber. It was also clearly observed that the heat release rate of D100 is higher than those of biodiesel blends. This result is consistent with the higher engine power delivered by D100 compared to the biodiesel blends. In related to the combustion period, it was recorded that BD65 started the combustion slightly earlier than that of D100. This resulted in the shorter ignition delay of BD65 compared to D100. On the other hand, from the burnt mass data it was found that the BD65 ended the combustion later than the D100. This means the combustion duration of biodiesel blends are longer than that of diesel fuel which is worse combustion condition.
Sea water absorption on corrosion and hardness properties of lining brake with hybrid particulates composites
Authors: Subagia I D G A , Suardana N P G 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis work is focused on study water absorption behavior on hybrid particle reinforcement for phenolic resin composites. This experiment works subjected to investigates corrosion and hardness properties effect of seawater absorption. Hybrid composites were constructed by three types of particles such as basalt, seashell, and alumina were mixed for reinforcement, and the phenolic resin was employed as a matrix. Specimens were manufactured by using the hot-press process on temperatures and pressure of 150°C and 2000N. Water absorption test was carried out by immersing specimens in seawater at room temperature for different time durations (3, 14, 24, 30, and 60 days) according to ASTM D 570 standard. The morphology of hybrid particles composites was investigated by SEM. The result showed that the increasing weight fraction of basalt powder has increased the hardness of specimens. Water absorption was shown monotonous trend on all hybrid composites configuration. In addition, hybrid composite immersion in seawater made hybrid particle composites corrosive.
Utilization plastic waste using pyrolysis fixed bed
Authors: Swamardika I B A , Winaya I N S , Hartati R S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This investigative research aims to convert urban non-organic waste fuels such as plastic waste into energy using fixed bed pyrolysis technology. Pyrolysis fixed bed (PFB) is one of the most efficient technologies for converting various types of undegradable solid waste into thermal energy and liquid fuels with high efficiency. The study was conducted on a lab-scale PFB reactor with dimensions of 15 cm and 55 cm in diameter and bed height respectively. The reactor is equipped with a cooling and decomposition system to accommodate liquid and gas products. Reactor temperature variations using an external heater were tested and quartz sands were selected as a bed material to improve the temperature function of the PFB reactor so as the maximum quality and quantity of liquid product were obtained. The fuel properties of the derived oil were tested including their physical properties, calorific value, elemental measurement (CHNOS) analysis. The results of the study showed that the increase in temperature resulted in an increased pyrolysis performance which was indicated by the increased volume and liquid caloric value.
Two water wheels performance in series for empowerment of irrigation
Authors: Asral  , Huda F , Akbar M 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Irrigation system especially in Riau Province are widely available in around of agriculture area. The water flow of irrigation seems to provide continuous energy however many people ignored. The source can be used to drive some water wheels to generate electricity. The head of flow is relatively low with long enough area as the reason many water wheel in series like undershot type was appropriate to apply. This study aims to investigate the possibility of using many water wheels in a canal by installing two units of water wheel together i.e picohydro with series. Then, doubling the amount of energy might be utilized from the resources. For manufacture the corrosion resistant and lightweight material are selected to maintain the wheel from damage. The water wheel was tested from the ground up irrigation keep constant, various level of water to determine the characteristics of water wheel achievement. Power output and efficiency of the water wheel are among other of the results present in this study. Single water wheel produce that the maximum electrical power of about 1300 Watt. However the installation of two water wheel in series caused a decrease the total output power of the system approximately 1065 watt.
The effect of fiber volume fraction on tensile and impact properties of eleusine indica grass reinforced polypropylene bio composite
Authors: Lokantara I P , Suardana N P G , Surata I W , Winaya I N S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this research was to investigate the tensile strength and impact strength of eleusine indica grass fiber-reinforced polypropylene recycle composite. In this study, the fiber was treated with alkali at 5% NaOH for 2 hours. The eleusine indica grass fiber cut with a length of 3 cm and the matrix used recycle polypropylene. In this research, the volume fraction of eleusine indica grass fiber varied by 20%, 25%, and 30% respectively. The composite molded with a hot press at temperature 200°C with a holding time for 2 hours. Tensile test used ASTM D3039 and impact test used ASTM D256. The highest tensile and impact strength results on fiber volume fraction 30%.
Smoldering combustion propagation of subtropic peat; case study on pelalawan peat
Authors: Martin A , Orion H , Sandhyavitri A , Palamba P , Nugroho Y S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Smoldering combustion was categorized as a very dangerous combustion and considered as a main cause to haze problem during wildland fires in Sumatera, Indonesia. This study aims to determine the characterized of the spread of peat fire, so the mitigation can be done. This study was used experimental methods. In this case, peat from Riau were analyzed and the samples to be used were peat that has been dried in the oven during 24 hours at 100 °C of temperature, moisture content after interaction with air was 7.09%;. This study was resulted the maximum combustion temperature of 508.72 °C. The rate of propagation of peat fires was determine from the difference of time when the combustion temperature reaches 300°C and 365°C. The rate of smoldering propagation at temperature of 300°C of 14.3 cm/h on the vertical direction and 6.31 cm/h on horizontal direction. The rate of smoldering propagation at temperature of 365oC of 19.76 cm/h on the vertical direction and 5.17 cm/h on horizontal direction.
Analysis of transient elastohydrodynamic lubrication of point contact subjected to sinusoidal dynamic loads
Authors: Cupu D R P , Stratmann A , Jacobs G 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Vibration is inevitable from all machine elements operations since the load, surface velocities or contact radii change in time. In the case of a ball bearing application, the load changes as the ball elements rotate around the track. This change will be more rapidly when the external load changes. The vibrations induce a sinusoidal dynamic load working on the contact. On the other hand, the imperfect waviness on the contacting surfaces causes the vibration effects on the film thickness to become more pronounced. This paper numerically investigates the influence of the sinusoidal varying loads due to vibrations on the film thickness and pressure profile of the isothermal, elastohydrodynamically lubricated point contact with a wavy surface. For that purpose, a single contact between ball element and inner raceway is modeled as a contact between a spherical ball and a flat plate. The results reveal that the external sinusoidal dynamic load induces the modulations on the film thickness and pressure profile. The waviness on one contacting surface causes the changes in the EHL behaviors to become more pronounced.
Central processing unit based on cascade straight heat pipe
Authors: Septiadi W N , D Wulandari I G A A , Ula W A W , Tnunay I A , Wirawan I K G , Murti M R , Putra N 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Smart technologies are the scientific knowledge application that develops into computer technology. Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a computer hardware that carries out the computer program instructions. The CPU technology development is very fast with the impression of smaller dimensions yet maintain its performance and efficiency, this results in a heat flux or overheating that should be reduced and even removed from the CPU system to maintain the CPU performance and life because the overheating could potentially damage and slow down the computer work. To solve the CPU heat flux problem, we use heat pipes as the cooling system, because of its ability to transfer heat and contribute to the high outlet temperature in the condenser. The cascade heat pipe design is made by combining two heat pipes into one. The design is expected to be able to reduce the processor temperature by 2.74°C at the idle condition, 1.48°C at maximum conditions, and condenser section by 14.94°C at the idle condition, and 21.12°C at maximum condition. Cascade heat pipe with double condenser reduce processor temperature by 3.89°C at the idle condition, 4.24°C at the maximum condition, condenser section by 17.12°C at the idle condition and 24.16°C at maximum condition lower than the non-cascade cooling system.
Experimental investigation on the effect of resonator shapes on the temperature characteristic of thermoacoustic cooling device
Authors: Agustina D , Sabri  , Purnama S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Thermoacoustic refrigerator has emerged as one of new alternative ways of cooling. The use of this technology which converts sound energy to heat energy has not been popular despite its environmentally friendly and simple construction. A laboratory scale thermoacoustic cooling device has been constructed to conduct experiments on three different shapes of resonators that results in temperature difference occurring at its stack ends. Geometry of the device parts is one of the parameter that holds importance to its characteristic. The device applied a different shape of resonator for each experiment and record temperature data at stacks ends. The experiments were conducted with variations in resonator which are square tube, cylinder tube and tapered tube. The material of resonator is acrylic and its inner volume remains unchanged.
THE EFFECT OF COMPOSITION OF PLASTIC WASTE LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (LDPE) WITH SAND TO PRESSURE STRENGTH AND DENSITY OF SAND/LDPE COMPOSITES
Authors: Susila I M , Suardana N P G , Kencanawati C I P K , Thanaya I N A , Adnyana I W B 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Plastic waste especially plastic bags have not been widely reused or recycled so that the amount increases polluting the environment every day. One way to overcome this problem is by utilizing plastic waste into paving blocks as a substitute for cement. The problem is how the composition of plastic and sand. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of using LDPE waste into a mixture of sand with ratios of 1:3, 1:5, and 1:7 with heating temperature of 200°C to the compressive strength and density of sand/LDPE composites. Based on the results of the study, the highest average compressive strength was resulted by the sample which has a ratio of 1:3 plastic and sand with 3mm sand grain and a heating temperature of 200°C which is equal to 32.7MPa. While the lowest average compressive strength was obtained by the sample which has a ratio of 1:7 plastic and sand, 3mm granules and temperature 200°C with a compressive strength of 12.0 (MPa). Increasing the mixture of plastic and sand 1:3, 1:5, 1:7 in which of the followed by increasing of density of the sample.
Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon/poly-o-phenylenediamine composites for high-performance hybrid supercapacitor electrodes
Authors: Xu Hao , Yan Xiang-Hui , Meng Ziwei , Xue Tong , Li Dong , Fang Guoli , Shen Hongfang 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon/poly-o-phenylenediamine composites (denoted as N-MC/PoPD) were successfully synthesized by sacrificial hard template method followed by in situ oxidation polymerization initiated by FeCl3. It is revealed that the resultant N-MC/PoPD composites still remained original graphitization structure and narrow pore size distributions (centered at ∼3.8 nm) but suffered visibly monotonical decrease in specific surface area after oPD was increasingly polymerized onto N-MC with an increase of the mass ratio of PoPD to N-MC from 1:1 to 5:1. As supercapacitor electrode measured by galvanostatic charge-discharge in 6 mol L−1 KOH, a volcano curve was found when plotting specific capacitance of the N-MC/PoPD versus the mass ratio of N-MC to oPD; the N-MC/PoPD(2:1) with moderate surface area and the highest electrochemical conductivity delivered the highest specific capacitance of 229 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, which is twice of that obtained on the single N-MC with the maximum surface area. The remarkable enhancement in specific capacitance could be ascribed to the synergistic effect between two components of N-MC and PoPD.
Flood Insurance and Claims: The Impact of the Community Rating System
Authors: Frimpong Eugene , Petrolia Daniel R , Harri Ardian , Cartwright John H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Community Rating System (CRS) was introduced to encourage community‐level flood mitigation and increase household‐level flood insurance uptake through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). Using historical data of policies‐in‐force and flood damage claims from 1998–2014 for all NFIP communities in Alabama and Mississippi, we estimate the relationship between community participation in the CRS and the number of policies‐in‐force, as well on flood damage claims. We find a significant, positive, and generally increasing effect of CRS participation on insurance uptake. Reduced flood damage claims are found to be limited to communities with a very high level of CRS participation (Class 5) only.
Fits, faints, falls and funny turns: cost and capacity savings in Queensland from the accelerated transient attack pathway initiative (ATAP)
Authors: Blythe Robin , Kularatna Sanjeewa , White Nicole , Graves Nicholas , Clark Kevin , Middleton Hayley , Grimley Rohan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
falls, seizures, syncope and transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) are common presentations to emergency departments sharing overlapping clinical features and diagnostic uncertainties. These transient attacks can be markers of serious adverse outcomes and are associated with high admission rates. We evaluated the effects of an integrated suite of pathways for transient attacks designed to improve adherence to best practices and reduce costs through fewer admissions.

Methods
a suite of clinician-designed pathways based on initial presenting diagnosis was developed to support ambulant care in a large hospital in Queensland, Australia. We performed a set of regression analyses to identify the differences in total cost and length of stay (LOS) before and after implementation. We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the cost savings of the freed capacity in the patient cohort.

Results
pathway implementation was associated with reduced admitted LOS and costs. Falls patients admitted LOS declined by 32.5%, and admission costs by 19.5%. Syncope, seizure, and TIA patients admitted LOS declined by 22% with no change in admitted costs. Despite a small increase in 90-day representations, total emergency department LOS was unchanged. Emergency department costs were similar between falls and non-falls patients. The Monte Carlo analysis showed that the most likely outcome was a cost savings in freed capacity of $71 per patient episode.

Conclusion
the ATAP suite of pathways was associated with reduction in LOS, release of capacity and reduction in costs. Further study is needed to evaluate mechanisms and clinical outcomes in this vulnerable population.
Metformin Treatment and Cancer Risk: Cox Regression Analysis, With Time-Dependent Covariates, of 320,000 Persons With Incident Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Dankner Rachel , Agay Nirit , Olmer Liraz , Murad Havi , Keinan Boker Lital , Balicer Ran D , Freedman Laurence S 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
There is conflicting evidence regarding the association between metformin use and cancer risk in diabetic patients. During 2002–2012, we followed a cohort of 315,890 persons aged 21–87 years with incident diabetes who were insured by the largest health maintenance organization in Israel. We used a discrete form of weighted cumulative metformin exposure to evaluate the association of metformin with cancer incidence. This was implemented in a time-dependent covariate Cox model, adjusting for treatment with other glucose-lowering medications, as well as age, sex, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, smoking (for bladder and lung cancer), and parity (for breast cancer). We excluded from the analysis metformin exposure during the year before cancer diagnosis in order to minimize reverse causation of cancer on changes in medication use. Estimated hazard ratios associated with exposure to 1 defined daily dose of metformin over the previous 2–7 years were 0.98 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82, 1.18) for all-sites cancer (excluding prostate and pancreas), 1.05 (95% CI: 0.67, 1.63) for colon cancer, 0.98 (95% CI: 0.49, 1.97) for bladder cancer, 1.02 (95% CI: 0.59, 1.78) for lung cancer, and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.56, 1.39) for female breast cancer. Our results do not support an association between metformin treatment and the incidence of major cancers (excluding prostate and pancreas).
Origin and evolution of sound production in Serrasalmidae
Authors: Mélotte Geoffrey , Raick Xavier , Vigouroux Régis , Parmentier Eric 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAmong piranhas, sound production is known in carnivorous species, whereas herbivorous species were thought to be mute. Given that these carnivorous sonic species have a complex sonic apparatus, we hypothesize that intermediate forms could be found in other serrasalmid species. The results highlight the evolutionary transition from a simple sound-producing mechanism without specialized sonic structures to a sonic mechanism involving large, fast-contracting sonic muscles. Hypaxial muscles in basal herbivores primarily serve locomotion, but some fibres cause sound production during swimming accelerations, meaning that these muscles have gained a dual function. Sound production therefore seems to have been acquired through exaptation, i.e. the development of a new function (sound production) in existing structures initially shaped for a different purpose (locomotion). In more derived species (Catoprion and Pygopristis), some fibres are distinguishable from typical hypaxial muscles and insert directly on the swimbladder. At this stage, the primary function (locomotion) is lost in favour of the secondary function (sound production). In the last stage, the muscles and insertion sites are larger and the innervation involves more spinal nerves, improving calling abilities. In serrasalmids, the evolution of acoustic communication is characterized initially by exaptation followed by adaptive evolution.