bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tidally Induced Morphology of M33 in Hydrodynamical Simulations of Its Recent Interaction with M31
Authors: Semczuk Marcin , Łokas Ewa L. , Salomon Jean-Baptiste , Athanassoula E. , D’Onghia Elena 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We present a hydrodynamical model of M33 and its recent interaction with M31. This scenario was previously proposed in the literature in order to explain the distorted gaseous and stellar disks of M33, as well as the increased star formation rate in both objects around 2 Gyr ago. We used an orbit integration scheme to find which estimate of the transverse velocity of M31 favors the interaction scenario more and then tried to reproduce it in our simulations. M33 was modeled as a stellar and gaseous disk embedded in a live dark matter halo, while M31 was approximated only with a live dark halo. In the simulations, the two galaxies passed each other with a pericenter distance of 37 kpc. Tides excited a two-armed spiral structure in the M33 disk, which is found to be the predominant spiral signal in the observed galaxy and has long been known as a feature easily induced by tidal interactions. We found that the gaseous warp produced by the interaction did not resemble enough the observed one, and we performed an additional simulation including the hot gas halo of M31 to show that this feature can be properly reproduced by tidal forces and ram pressure stripping acting simultaneously on the gaseous disk. In addition to the spiral arms, tidal forces produced a stellar stream similar to the one observed and triggered a star formation burst at radii similar to where it is observed.
SOFIA/FORCAST Observations of the Luminous Blue Variable Candidates MN 90 and HD 168625
Authors: Arneson Ryan A. , Shenoy Dinesh , Smith Nathan , Gehrz Robert D. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We present Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)/Faint Object infraRed CAmera for the SOFIA Telescope (FORCAST) imaging of the circumstellar dust shells surrounding the luminous blue variable candidates MN 90 and HD 168625 to quantify the mineral abundances of the dust and to constrain the evolutionary state of these objects. Our image at 37.1 μm of MN 90 shows a limb-brightened, spherical dust shell. A least-squares fit to the spectral energy distribution of MN 90 yields a dust temperature of 59 ± 10 K, with the peak of the emission at 42.7 μm. Using 2-Dust radiative transfer code, we estimate for MN 90 that mass loss occurred at a rate of (7.3 ± 0.4) × 10−7

× (v
exp/50

) to create a dust shell with a dust mass of (3.2 ± 0.1) × 10−2

. Our images between 7.7 and 37.1 μm of HD 168625 complement previously obtained mid-IR imaging of its bipolar nebulae. The SOFIA/FORCAST imaging of HD 168625 shows evidence for the limb-brightened peaks of an equatorial torus. We estimate a dust temperature of 170 ± 40 K for the equatorial dust surrounding HD 168625, with the peak of the emission at 18.3 μm. Our 2-Dust model for HD 168625 estimates that mass loss occurred at a rate of (3.2 ± 0.2) × 10−7

to create a dust torus/shell with a dust mass of (2.5 ± 0.1) × 10−3

.
Measuring the Flattening of the Outer F-corona Using STEREO-A/HI-1 Images
Authors: Stauffer Johnathan R. , Stenborg Guillermo , Howard Russell A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The white-light Fraunhofer-corona (F-corona) arises from light scattered by the circumsolar dust. Using weekly minimum background models of ST-A/HI-1 observations, we characterized the flattening of the F-corona between 5° and 24° elongation by measuring the radii of constant-intensity contours along, and at a 25° angle to, the photometric axis. The ratio of these quantities (the pseudo-flattening index

f

˜

=

R

eq

/

R
(
25
°
)
−
1

) is analogous to the definition of the flattening index (

f
=

R

eq

/

R

pol

−
1

). Measurements of the pseudo-flattening in the north and south hemispheres reveal a periodic asymmetry in the appearance of the F-corona (attributable to changes in polar brightness due to the elevation of the spacecraft from the dust symmetry surface), as well as a north/south asymmetry possibly introduced by the warped dust symmetry surface. The north/south averaged pseudo-flattening was used to infer the flattening for each weekly model. We found that the inferred flattening index (1) varies periodically with spacecraft position, reaching a maximum in the range 262° ≲ λ ≲ 290° due to a brightening along the photometric axis when the spacecraft passes through the surface of maximum dust density, and a minimum at λ ≈ 200°, and (2) slightly varies as a function of time (at least partially due to the displacement of the circumsolar dust with respect to the Sun). Comparison of the flattening index with previous works suggests a cubic dependence of the flattening index with log elongation for

∣
ϵ
∣
≲
24
°

.
Synchrotron Maser from Weakly Magnetized Neutron Stars as the Emission Mechanism of Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Long Killian , Pe’er Asaf 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The origin of fast radio bursts (FRBs) is still mysterious. All FRBs to date show extremely high brightness temperatures, requiring a coherent emission mechanism. Using constraints derived from the physics of one of these mechanisms, the synchrotron maser, as well as observations, we show that accretion-induced explosions of neutron stars with surface magnetic fields of B
* ≲ 1011 G are favored as FRB progenitors.
Barriers to using E Learning in an Advanced Way
Authors: Jokiaho Annika , May Birgit , Specht Marcus , Stoyanov Slavi 
Published: August 2018

<p><strong>E‑Learning has become a common way to teach and learn. The number of technologies for a variety of educational purposes is already quite high and constantly rising. Scientific experiments and studies increasingly confirm the usefulness of various technologies for teaching purposes. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of formal training and support of digital skills within faculty training. Studies that report the potential of E‑Learning are matched by those reporting the barriers. Universities throughout Europe have now established Learning Management Systems (LMS); instead of using these to their full potential, lecturers often just upload their syllabus and some reading material. At the same time, higher education institutions all over Europe are expected to implement innovative technologies and scenarios such as Open Educational Resources (OER) or Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), but only a small number of universities actually do so. What are the reasons for not utilizing the pedagogic potentials of E‑Learning? What findings does the current research provide on this topic? Which barriers can be derived from studies and what can be done to avoid them? What are the individual barriers of one institution or university? This contribution summarizes barriers that were identified in recent studies and discusses possible solutions to finding connections between barriers to mitigate the negative effects. It also describes a data collection method (group concept mapping) suitable for identifying the individual barriers at an institution or university using a study in the European ERASMUS+ project </strong><strong>AduLeT </strong><strong>(Advanced Use of Technologies in Higher Education) as an example.</strong></p>
Improved Energy Management Performance for Hierarchical Routing in WSNs
Authors: Rayri Yassine , Kharraz Aroussi Hatim , Mouloudi Abdelaziz 
Published: August 2018

The rapidly evolving of technology in the area of communication and information, allowed the creation of a new device called wireless sensor. This small device allows measuring physical phenomenon quantity in environment such as light, pressure, temperature and transforming it autonomously into a digital value, In order to send to one or several points of collections, which is going to be processed. However, a wireless sensor network (WSN) is a network formed by a large number of sensor nodes, which are able to acquire, aggregate compress and to transmit data towards a base station. However, several constraints complicate the deployment and management of wireless sensor networks. The economy of energy is among the major issues of these networks, and it is difficult even impossible to replace the sensors or their battery because of the location of deployment that is often inaccessible. Among Scientifics researches, we find the improvement the energy management in WSNs. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol based on clustering. The purpose is to have an equal distribution of the energy throughout the network
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nonstructural Protein 4 Cleaves Porcine DCP1a To Attenuate Its Antiviral Activity
Authors: Tao Ran , Fang Liurong , Bai Dongcheng , Ke Wenting , Zhou Yanrong , Wang Dang , Xiao Shaobo 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
As one of the most significant etiological agents in pigs, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has adversely impacted the global swine industry since it was discovered in the 1980s. The mRNA-decapping enzyme 1a (DCP1a), a regulatory factor involved in removing the 5′-methylguanosine cap from eukaryotic mRNA, has recently been identified as an IFN-stimulated gene. However, the role of DCP1a in PRRSV infection is not well understood. In this study, overexpression and knockdown of porcine DCP1a (pDCP1a) showed that pDCP1a affected PRRSV infection. Interestingly, we found that PRRSV infection significantly downregulated pDCP1a expression at the protein level by cleaving pDCP1a. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PRRSV nonstructural protein 4 (nsp4), a 3C-like proteinase, is responsible for pDCP1a cleavage, and the cleaved site is at glutamic acid 238 (E238) of pDCP1a. The mutant pDCP1a-E238A, which cannot be cleaved by nsp4, showed higher anti-PRRSV activity, and the antiviral effects of two cleavage products (pDCP1a1–238 and pDCP1a239–580) were significantly decreased compared with wild type pDCP1a. Unexpectedly, PRRSV infection or overexpression of nsp4 did not cleave monkey DCP1a, and monkey DCP1a showed a higher anti-PRRSV activity than pDCP1a. Taken together, this study reveals a new strategy evolved by PRRSV to dampen the host defense, complementing the known PRRSV-mediated immune evasion mechanisms.
The Atypical Chemokine Receptor Ackr2 Constrains NK Cell Migratory Activity and Promotes Metastasis
Authors: Hansell Christopher A. H. , Fraser Alasdair R. , Hayes Alan J. , Pingen Marieke , Burt Claire L. , Lee Kit Ming , Medina-Ruiz Laura , Brownlie Demi , Macleod Megan K. L. , Burgoyne Paul , Wilson Gillian J. , Nibbs Robert J. B. , Graham Gerard J. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Chemokines have been shown to be essential players in a range of cancer contexts. In this study, we demonstrate that mice deficient in the atypical chemokine receptor Ackr2 display impaired development of metastasis in vivo in both cell line and spontaneous models. Further analysis reveals that this relates to increased expression of the chemokine receptor CCR2, specifically by KLRG1+ NK cells from the Ackr2−/− mice. This leads to increased recruitment of KLRG1+ NK cells to CCL2-expressing tumors and enhanced tumor killing. Together, these data indicate that Ackr2 limits the expression of CCR2 on NK cells and restricts their tumoricidal activity. Our data have important implications for our understanding of the roles for chemokines in the metastatic process and highlight Ackr2 and CCR2 as potentially manipulable therapeutic targets in metastasis.
The perceived fairness of turnover tax
Authors: Gluckman Adam , Turner Magda 
Published: August 2018

The South Africa Turnover Tax system, implemented on 01 March 2009 to simplify tax for microbusinesses and to improve tax compliance had an insignificant number of registrations and research indicated that a possible reason is the fairness of the tax. The aim of this study is to explore the perceived fairness of the Turnover Tax system. By way of a literature review, criticisms and provisions of the Sixth Schedule to the Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962 were identified and used as statements on a survey questionnaire. Using the principles of a fair tax system as advanced by Adam Smith a correspondence survey which included two open-ended questions was issued to participants with knowledge of Turnover Tax to establish whether the statements corresponded to any of Adam Smith’s Maxims. The results reveal that the Turnover Tax system is not perceived as completely fair and encourage Government to relook at the legislation with the intend to simplify it further, to removing ambiguity and add detailed lists of excluded services. Education and training of taxpayers is important. A repetition of this study on taxpayers registered on the Turnover Tax system will make further contribution and add to the insight into the fairness of the Turnover Tax system provided by this article.
Innovation, learning and performance in a resource-rich emerging economy
Authors: Scott Gregory J. , Chaston Ian 
Published: August 2018

Background: This article compares the performance of firms in resource-rich sectors of the Peruvian economy with that of businesses operating in service sectors. Objectives: In so doing, the research seeks to examine whether innovation is managed differently by firms operating in different sectors of a developing-country economy and whether the performance of firms in an emerging economy may be influenced by innovation and learning practices at the sectoral level. Method: Data were acquired through a survey of overwhelmingly middle managers working in Peru. Results: According to the survey findings, the performance of firms in the resource-rich sectors appeared to be uninfluenced by innovation or involvement in organisational learning. In contrast, firms in the service sectors not only exhibited an innovation orientation and involvement in learning but also reported higher sales growth. Conclusion: The study concludes that firms operating in the resource-rich sectors of Peru’s economy do not appear to benefit from engaging in innovation or learning at this point in time, whereas such activities are advantageous for service sector businesses. Therefore, the relationship between innovation, learning and performance may be influenced not just by the type of economy but also by the sector in which the firms are operating.
Television and Totalitarianism in Czechoslovakia From the First Democratic Republic to the Fall of Communism
Authors: Štoll Martin 
Published: August 2018

The story of Czechoslovak television is in many respects typical of the cultural and political developments in Central Europe, behind the Iron Curtain. Martin Štoll, with unprecedented access to the Military Historical Archives in Prague, provides contextual insights into the issues of introducing television in the whole Socialist Bloc (save China, Mongolia and Cuba), from the introduction of television broadcasting in Czechoslovakia in 1921 through to the 1968 occupation and the Velvet revolution in 1989 – encapsulating an important point in media history within two totalitarian states.
Television and Totalitarianism in Czechoslovakia examines the variability of political interests as reflected on television in interwar Czechoslovakia, including Nazi research on television technology in the Czech borderlands (Sudetenland), the quarrel over the outcomes of this research as war booty with the Red Army, the beginning of the Czechoslovak technological journey, and, finally, the institutionalized foundation of Czechoslovak television, including the first years of its broadcasting as a manifestation of Communist propaganda.
Carbonate system distribution, anthropogenic carbon and acidification in the western tropical South Pacific (OUTPACE 2015 transect)
Authors: Wagener Thibaut , Metzl Nicolas , Caffin Mathieu , Fin Jonathan , Helias Nunige Sandra , Lefevre Dominique , Lo Monaco Claire , Rougier Gilles , Moutin Thierry 
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The western tropical South
Pacific was sampled along a longitudinal 4000 km transect (OUTPACE cruise,
18 February, 3 April 2015) for the measurement of carbonate parameters (total
alkalinity and total inorganic carbon) between the Melanesian Archipelago
(MA) and the western part of the South Pacific gyre (WGY). This paper reports
this new dataset and derived properties: pH on the total scale
(pHT) and the CaCO3 saturation state with respect to
aragonite (Ωara). We also estimate anthropogenic carbon
(CANT) distribution in the water column using the TrOCA method
(Tracer combining Oxygen, inorganic Carbon and total Alkalinity). Along the
OUTPACE transect a deeper penetration of CANT in the intermediate
waters was observed in the MA, whereas highest CANT
concentrations were detected in the subsurface waters of the WGY. By
combining our OUTPACE dataset with data available in GLODAPv2 (1974–2009),
temporal changes in oceanic inorganic carbon were evaluated. An increase of
1.3 to 1.6 µmol kg−1 a−1 for total inorganic carbon in
the upper thermocline waters is estimated, whereas CANT increases
by 1.1 to 1.2 µmol kg−1 a−1. In the MA intermediate
waters (27 kg m−3 <σθ<27.2 kg m−3) an
increase of 0.4 µmol kg−1 a−1 CANT is
detected. Our results suggest a clear progression of ocean acidification in
the western tropical South Pacific with a decrease in the oceanic
pHT of up to −0.0027 a−1 and a shoaling of the saturation
depth for aragonite of up to 200 m since the pre-industrial period.
1900-1924. La actitud de la prensa frente al nacimiento de la radio en España
Authors: Afuera-Heredero Angeles 
Published: August 2018

La llegada de la radio a España, en el primer cuarto del siglo XX, fue relatada casi día a día por la prensa de la época, que en principio consideró el nuevo invento como un juguete tecnológico ajeno al periodismo. Las primeras pruebas de transmisión de música y voz pusieron en alerta a los periódicos que cambiaron su opinión y dieron cabida en sus páginas a nuevas secciones especializadas y se hicieron eco de las peticiones de los radioaficionados. En pocos años los empresarios de la comunicación vieron en la radio una oportunidad de negocio y se implicaron definitivamente en la consolidación del nuevo medio. Este artículo hace un pormenorizado recorrido por las páginas de la prensa madrileña desde 1990 a 1925, analizando esa evolución.
Produção e bem-estar de búfalas (Bubalus bubalis) leiteiras: uma revisão
Authors: Carvalhal Dra. Monique Valéria De Lima , Costa Dra. Franciely De Oliveira 
Published: August 2018

A produção de búfalas leiteiras tem passado por uma crescente intensificação, o que tem promovido o aumento da produção de leite. Algumas das técnicas que fazem parte dessa intensificação podem expor os animais a alterações no ambiente físico, sendo potenciaiscausadoras de estresse. Tendo isso em vista, é importante ampliar o entendimento de como as rotinas de manejo podem influenciar o bem-estar e a produtividade das búfalas leiteiras, a fim de embasar recomendações de boas práticas de manejo que considerem o Comportamento e o bem-estar desses animais. Aspectos que englobam a temática do bem-estar animal têm se destacado devido à crescente pressão dos mercados consumidores mais exigentes e à preocupação com as questões éticas relacionadas à criação de animais. Portanto, nessa revisão serão apresentadas informações sobre a produção e obem-estar de búfalas leiteiras, com o objetivo de discutir a importância da avaliação de bem-estar animal nas fazendas comerciais.
Interrater Reliability of Spectral Doppler Waveform
Authors: Formosa Cynthia , Ellul Christian , Mizzi Anabelle , Mizzi Stephen , Gatt Alfred 
Published: August 2018

Background:
Spectral Doppler ultrasound examination of pedal arteries is one of the most frequently used noninvasive assessment methods by health-care professionals for the diagnosis and ongoing monitoring of people at risk for or living with peripheral arterial disease. The aim of this study was to determine the interrater reliability of the interpretation of spectral Doppler waveform analysis.

Methods:
An interrater reliability study was conducted among five experienced podiatric physicians at the University of Malta Research Laboratory (Msida, Malta). A researcher who was not a rater in this study randomly selected 229 printed spectral Doppler waveforms from a database held at the University of Malta. Each rater independently rated the qualitative spectral waveforms.

Results:
Interrater reliability of the spectral Doppler waveform interpretation was excellent among the five experienced podiatric physicians (α = 0.98). The intraclass correlation coefficient showed a high degree of correlation in waveform interpretation across raters (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates high interrater reliability in visual spectral Doppler interpretation among experienced clinicians. The current foot screening guidelines do not refer to spectral Doppler waveform analysis in their recommendations, which has been shown in studies to be an important modality for the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease when ankle-brachial pressure indexes are falsely elevated in calcified arteries. If interpreted correctly, the information obtained can provide an indication of the presence of peripheral arterial disease and facilitate early management of this condition.
Prevalence of Lower-Extremity Arterial Calcification in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Foot Disease at an Urban US Tertiary-Care Center
Authors: Cardenas Vanessa , Seo Kyung , Sheth Shyam , Meyr Andrew J. 
Published: August 2018

Background:We sought to determine the prevalence of lower-extremity arterial calcification in a cohort of patients with diabetes and associated foot pathology receiving inpatient treatment at an urban US tertiary health-care system.Methods:The primary outcome measure was defined as either radiographic evidence of vessel calcification or noninvasive vascular testing that resulted in any reporting of vessel noncompressibility or an ankle-brachial index greater than 1.1. Radiographic evidence of vessel calcification was defined as radiodense calcification in the proximal first intermetatarsal space (deep plantar perforating artery), anterior ankle (anterior tibial artery), or posterior ankle (posterior tibial artery) on dorsoplantar and lateral foot projections.Results:Of the 367 individuals included in the study, 359 underwent radiography, with radiographic evidence of calcification in 192 (53.5%). Noninvasive vascular testing was performed on 265 participants, with any reporting of noncompressibility or an ankle-brachial index greater than 1.1 observed in 153 (57.7%). Ninety-four participants (25.6%) demonstrated evidence of arterial calcification on the radiographs and noninvasive testing, meaning that 251 participants (68.4%) demonstrated evidence of arterial calcification on at least one test, including 63.6% of participants classified as black/African American race, 65.4% as white race, and 78.3% as Hispanic/Latino ethnicity.Conclusions:The results of this investigation increase the body of knowledge with respect to the evaluation and treatment of diabetic foot disease and may lead to future investigations on the topic of lower-extremity arterial calcification.