bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of the Spanish-to-English Proficiency Shift on the Grammaticality of English Learners
Authors: Castilla-Earls Anny , Francis David , Iglesias Aquiles , Davidson Kevin 
Published: May 2019

PurposeThe general aim of this study is to enhance our understanding of the patterns of language growth in Spanish and English during the school years. In this study, we used a longitudinal retrospective approach to explore the growth of the percentage of grammatical utterances (PGU) in both Spanish and English in 2 groups of English learners (ELs): ELs attending English-only instruction and ELs attending Spanish–English bilingual instruction.MethodThe participants included 1,080 ELs. ELs produced at least 3 story retells in both Spanish and English between kindergarten and 2nd grade. All stories were transcribed and coded for errors, and PGU was calculated for each story.ResultsAt the onset of the study, children showed higher PGU in Spanish and lower PGU in English. Growth curve analysis indicated that PGU in English improved over time, whereas PGU in Spanish declined in both instructional groups. However, those children who were in bilingual programs showed a slower rate of decline in Spanish PGU and a slower rate of improvement in English PGU. By the age of 9 years, children in English-only programs had approximately a Spanish PGU of 65% in Spanish, whereas children in bilingual instruction had an average Spanish PGU of 80%. The improvement in English PGU was steady with a small difference in the rate of growth benefiting children in English-only programs.ConclusionThe results of this study document a shift in language proficiency from Spanish to English during the school years. This study offers evidence of a temporary period of relatively low grammaticality in both languages that seems to be the result of a shift in proficiency from Spanish to English.
The Link Between Verbal Short-Term Memory and Anomia Treatment Gains
Authors: Zimmerman Reva M. , Silkes JoAnn P. , Kendall Diane L. , Minkina Irene 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
A significant relationship between verbal short-term memory (STM) and language performance in people with aphasia has been found across studies. However, very few studies have examined the predictive value of verbal STM in treatment outcomes. This study aims to determine if verbal STM can be used as a predictor of treatment success.

Method
Retrospective data from 25 people with aphasia in a larger randomized controlled trial of phonomotor treatment were analyzed. Digit and word spans from immediately pretreatment were run in multiple linear regression models to determine whether they predict magnitude of change from pre- to posttreatment and follow-up naming accuracy. Pretreatment, immediately posttreatment, and 3 months posttreatment digit and word span scores were compared to determine if they changed following a novel treatment approach.

Results
Verbal STM, as measured by digit and word spans, did not predict magnitude of change in naming accuracy from pre- to posttreatment nor from pretreatment to 3 months posttreatment. Furthermore, digit and word spans did not change from pre- to posttreatment or from pretreatment to 3 months posttreatment in the overall analysis. A post hoc analysis revealed that only the less impaired group showed significant changes in word span scores from pretreatment to 3 months posttreatment.

Discussion
The results suggest that digit and word spans do not predict treatment gains. In a less severe subsample of participants, digit and word span scores can change following phonomotor treatment; however, the overall results suggest that span scores may not change significantly. The implications of these findings are discussed within the broader purview of theoretical and empirical associations between aphasic language and verbal STM processing.
Remote Microphone System Use at Home: Impact on Child-Directed Speech
Authors: Benítez-Barrera Carlos R. , Thompson Emily C. , Angley Gina P. , Woynaroski Tiffany , Tharpe Anne Marie 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
The impact of home use of a remote microphone system (RMS) on the caregiver production of, and child access to, child-directed speech (CDS) in families with a young child with hearing loss was investigated.

Method
We drew upon extant data that were collected via Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) recorders used with 9 families during 2 consecutive weekends (RMS weekend and no-RMS weekend). Audio recordings of primary caregivers and their children with hearing loss obtained while wearing and not wearing an RMS were manually coded to estimate the amount of CDS produced. The proportion of CDS that was likely accessible to children with hearing loss under both conditions was determined.

Results
Caregivers produced the same amount of CDS when using and when not using the RMS. However, it was concluded that children with hearing loss, on average, could potentially access 12% more CDS if caregivers used an RMS because of their distance from their children when talking to them.

Conclusion
Given our understanding of typical child language development, findings from this investigation suggest that children with hearing loss could receive auditory, speech, and language benefits from the use of an RMS in the home environment.
Algorithm for fault detection and localisation in a mesh‐type bipolar DC microgrid network
Authors: Bhargav Reddipalli , Bhalja Bhavesh R. , Gupta Chandra Prakash 
Published: May 2019

This study proposes a new method to detect and locate the fault in a DC distribution system in the presence of distributed generators. As the mesh‐type network provides good continuity of service during faults and the bipolar system transmits high power at low‐voltage level to the end user, the proposed scheme has utilised 1200 V mesh‐type bipolar DC microgrid network. The proposed scheme detects a fault by comparing the calculated value of fault current and pole‐to‐pole voltage with the pre‐defined threshold values and then distinguishes internal or external fault based on an estimation of line parameters. In case of an internal fault, the estimated parameters yield the exact location of the fault. The modelling of the aforementioned DC microgrid network has been carried out in PSCAD/EMTDC environment and various faults involving pole and ground have been performed with variable fault resistance and location. The simulation results clearly indicate that the proposed technique is not only capable to detect the fault rapidly but also able to disconnect the faulty section speedily (around 1.25 ms). As the proposed method detects fault by utilising local voltages and currents, its reliability is better than the previous algorithms.
Self‐organising technique for carrier synchronisation and phase offset distribution in modular, fault‐tolerant converters
Authors: Broadmeadow Mark A. H. , Sands Kenneth D. 
Published: May 2019

Carrier interleaved pulse width modulated modular multilevel converters provide multiple benefits including increased effective switching frequency, switching frequency harmonic elimination, and reduced filter requirements. For converters comprising high numbers of switching modules, control is often distributed across multiple controllers, making carrier‐phase synchronisation challenging. This paper presents a technique for carrier‐phase synchronisation and phase offset distribution for controllers in a ring network comprising duplex serial links. The proposed method is self‐organising, with equal phase offset automatically achieved across connected nodes. A key advantage of the proposed technique is capacity to enable fault tolerance, through automatic phase offset redistribution in the case of switching modules being removed from the system. An experimental prototype is implemented and evaluated using three FPGA nodes connected via 6.25 Gbps full‐duplex fibre‐optic links, with phase offset accuracy to within 0.1 degrees demonstrated for 25 kHz pulse width modulation.
Dust absorption and scattering in the silicon K-edge
Authors: Zeegers S. T. , Costantini E. , Rogantini D. , de Vries C. P. , Mutschke H. , Mohr P. , de Groot F. , Tielens A. G. G. M. 
Published: May 2019

Context. The composition and properties of interstellar silicate dust are not well understood. In X-rays, interstellar dust can be studied in detail by making use of the fine structure features in the Si K-edge. The features in the Si K-edge offer a range of possibilities to study silicon-bearing dust, such as investigating the crystallinity, abundance, and the chemical composition along a given line of sight.
Aims. We present newly acquired laboratory measurements of the silicon K-edge of several silicate-compounds that complement our measurements from our earlier pilot study. The resulting dust extinction profiles serve as templates for the interstellar extinction that we observe. The extinction profiles were used to model the interstellar dust in the dense environments of the Galaxy.
Methods. The laboratory measurements, taken at the Soleil synchrotron facility in Paris, were adapted for astrophysical data analysis and implemented in the SPEX spectral fitting program. The models were used to fit the spectra of nine low-mass X-ray binaries located in the Galactic center neighborhood in order to determine the dust properties along those lines of sight.
Results. Most lines of sight can be fit well by amorphous olivine. We also established upper limits on the amount of crystalline material that the modeling allows. We obtained values of the total silicon abundance, silicon dust abundance, and depletion along each of the sightlines. We find a possible gradient of 0.06 ± 0.02 dex/kpc for the total silicon abundance versus the Galactocentric distance. We do not find a relation between the depletion and the extinction along the line of sight.
Endometrial Flushing Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin 2 Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Leiomyoma and Endometrioma: Comparison with Healthy Controls
Authors: Demir Mustafa , Kalyoncu Senol , Ince Onur , Ozkan Bulent , Kelekci Sefa , Saglam Gulcan , Sutcu Recep , Yilmaz Bulent 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Introduction An important open question in the literature is whether endometrial receptivity marker levels are different in infertility related diseases than healthy women. The aim of the study is to compare the levels of interleukin two (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) during the implantation window in the endometrial flushing fluid of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometrioma, leiomyoma patients with healthy controls.
Material and Methods In this case control study, after obtaining endometrial flushing fluids at mid-luteal phase of ovulatory women with PCOS (n = 20), endometrioma (n = 19), leiomyoma (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20), IL-2 and TNF-α levels were measured using ELISA kits in BioTek ELISA devices.
Results Mean TNF-α levels (ng/mL) were similar for the PCOS (305.6, p = 0.220) and the leiomyoma group (246.3, p = 0.502) compared to healthy patients (261.1). However, the levels were higher in the endometrioma group (338.2, p = 0,004) than the control group (261.1) in a statistically significant way. Mean IL-2 levels (ng/mL) were significantly lower in the PCOS (290.9, p = 0.0005), the leiomyoma (282.9, p = 0.0002) and the endometrioma patients (229.5, p = 0.0009) than the control group (416.0).
Conclusion Relative to the control group, endometrial flushing fluid TNF-α levels were significantly higher in endometrioma patients and IL-2 levels were significantly lower in PCOS, leiomyoma and endometrioma patients. In benign gynecological diseases, endometrial markers related to infertility seem to show differences in endometrial flushing fluid. Future studies might identify the reference values for these markers, and endometrial markers can be used to diagnose gynecologic disorders causing infertility.
Hygienestandards bei der ultraschallgesteuerten Stanzbiopsie an der Mamma
Authors: Heil Jörg , Hug Sarah , Martiny Heike , Golatta Michael , Feisst Manuel , Madjar Helmut , Bader Werner , Hahn Markus 
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung
Ziel Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, eine Übersicht von über die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ultraschall in der Medizin zertifizierten Experten über durchgeführte Hygienemaßnahmen bei der ultraschallgeführten Stanzbiopsie der Mamma zu erhalten, um daraus in Kenntnis der vorliegenden Literatur und mangels evidenzbasierter Leitlinien aktuelle Handlungsempfehlungen für die klinische Routine abzuleiten.
Material und Methode Es wurde eine Umfrage unter allen Mitgliedern der Stufe I–III des Arbeitskreises Mamma-Sonografie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ultraschall in der Medizin durchgeführt. Erfragt wurde die Einschätzung eines Infektionsrisikos bei der Stanzbiopsie der Mamma und welche Hygienemaßnahmen in der Praxis durchgeführt werden, um eine Infektion zu vermeiden.
Ergebnisse Das Risiko für eine Infektion nach einer Stanzbiopsie der Mamma wurde im Median auf 1 Promille geschätzt. Die häufigsten durchgeführten Hygienemaßnahmen waren eine Sprüh-Wisch-Sprüh-Desinfektion (98,1 %) und die Verwendung steriler Handschuhe (54,7 %).
Schlussfolgerungen Aufgrund des sehr geringen Infektionsrisikos empfehlen wir, in der Routine Handschuhe zu nutzen und eine adäquate Hautdesinfektion durchzuführen. Der Kontakt des Schallkopfes oder eines unsterilen Kontaktmediums mit der Biopsie-Nadel wird als äußerst unwahrscheinlich eingeschätzt und sollte vermieden werden.
Versorgung von Patienten mit peripherer arterieller Verschlusskrankheit
Authors: Freisinger Eva , Malyar Nasser , Reinecke Holger 
Published: May 2019

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGMit einer Inzidenz von weltweit mehr als 200 Millionen Menschen stellt die periphere arterielle Verschlusskrankheit (pAVK) eine ernst zu nehmende Erkrankung dar, deren Prognose oftmals unterschätzt wird. Daher ist eine frühzeitige Diagnose, verbunden mit der Einleitung optimaler therapeutischer und sekundärpräventiver Maßnahmen außerordentlich wichtig, um den Krankheitsverlauf günstig zu beeinflussen. Zum diagnostischen Screening hat sich als Standard die sog. Ankle-Brachial-Index-Messung (ABI-Messung) etabliert. Bei Nachweis einer pAVK ist eine optimale medikamentöse Therapie (Statin in allen Stadien, Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer ab Stadium IIa nach Fontaine) einzuleiten. Darüber hinaus sollte die Möglichkeit einer revaskularisierenden Therapie ab dem Stadium IIb nach Fontaine geprüft und bei kritischer Extremitätenischämie mit Ruheschmerzen und/oder akralen Ulzera und Nekrosen fachkundig durchgeführt werden. Bei der Hälfte aller pAVK-Patienten ist auch eine koronare Herzkrankheit nachweisbar, daher ist die Diagnostik und Behandlung kardiovaskulärer Co-Morbiditäten von außerordentlicher Bedeutsamkeit. Auch begleitende modifizierbare kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren wie Bluthochdruck, Diabetes sowie chronische Nieren- und Herzinsuffizienz sollten in regelmäßigen Abständen abgeklärt und kontrolliert werden. Hinzu kommt ein großer Anteil an Patienten mit gesundheitsbedenklichem Lebensstil, allem voran ein zumeist langjähriger Nikotinabusus, Übergewicht und körperliche Inaktivität. pAVK-Patienten benötigen daher eine breite interdisziplinäre Betreuung u. a. durch Angiologen, Kardiologen, Diabetologen, Nephrologen, häufig weiter ergänzt durch andere ärztliche und nicht-ärztliche Fachdisziplinen (z. B. Orthopädie, Chirurgie, Podologie, Ernährungsmedizin/Sportmedizin).
Lebensqualität und Zufriedenheit während der Teilnahme am Diabetes-Präventionsprogramm GLICEMIA: eine cluster-randomisierte, kontrollierte Studie
Authors: Schmiedel Karin , Mayr Andreas , Fießler Cornelia , Schlager Helmut , Friedland Kristina 
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Ziel der Studie war es, die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität sowie die Zufriedenheit während der Teilnahme am einjährigen Diabetes-Präventionsprogramm GLICEMIA zu erheben.
Methodik GLICEMIA besteht aus drei individuellen Beratungen sowie fünf Gruppenschulungen zur Lebensstiländerung. Im Rahmen einer cluster-randomisierten Studie wurden die Teilnehmer von GLICEMIA mit einer Kontrollgruppe verglichen, welche eine schriftliche Standardinformation erhielt. Nach 12 Monaten wurde die Entwicklung des 10-Jahres-Diabetes-Risikos der Teilnehmer mithilfe des FINDRISK beurteilt. Weiterhin wurde die Veränderung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität anhand des Short Form Health Survey SF-12 sowie die Zufriedenheit der beiden Gruppen verglichen.
Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden die Daten von 1087 Studienteilnehmern bei der Intention-to-treat-Analyse ausgewertet. Während der Teilnahme an GLICEMIA reduzierten 38,9% ihren FINDRISK, wohingegen dies von 20,9% der Kontrollgruppe erreicht wurde. Hierbei verbesserte sich die körperliche Lebensqualität in der Interventionsgruppe im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe signifikant (adjustierte Effektgröße: 2,39 Punkte; 95%-Konfidenzintervall 1,43–3,34). Die Teilnehmer von GLICEMIA, welche ihr Diabetes-Risiko reduzierten, hatten nach einem Jahr eine verbesserte psychische und körperliche Lebensqualität. Dies konnte in der Kontrollgruppe nicht beobachtet werden. Gesamtnutzen und Zufriedenheit mit dem Programm wurden in der Interventionsgruppe als sehr hoch eingestuft.
Schlussfolgerung Die Teilnehmer von GLICEMIA hatten mit einem signifikant niedrigeren 10-Jahres-Diabetes-Risiko sowie einer verbesserten körperlichen und psychischen Lebensqualität einen hohen Nutzen vom Programm. Dieser hohe Gesamtnutzen spiegelt sich auch in der Zufriedenheit der Teilnehmer wider. Ein flächendeckendes Angebot des Programms sollte angestrebt werden.
Heimdialyse
Authors: Taylan Christina , Weber Lutz Thorsten 
Published: May 2019

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn der Pädiatrie ist die Heimdialyse in Form von Peritonealdialyse seit Langem ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Behandlung und wird bei der überwiegenden Anzahl, insbesondere bei sehr kleinen Kindern, eingesetzt. Trotz der Risiken, die eine Heimdialysebehandlung beinhaltet, überwiegen die Vorteile. Die Heimhämodialyse hingegen hat aktuell keinen großen Stellenwert in der Behandlung pädiatrischer Dialysepatienten, die Gründe hierfür sind vielfältig. Sie sollte aber in Zukunft mehr Berücksichtigung finden. Der vielfach bewiesene Vorteil der intensivierten Hämodialyse, die im Gegensatz zur Zentrumsdialyse als Heimdialyse logistisch einfacher durchzuführen ist, sollte dazu führen, in Zukunft die Heimdialyseverfahren durch einfacher zu bedienende, kleinere Geräte sowie unterstützende Systeme wie, z. B. Remote-controlled Patientenmanagement-Programme, weiter zu entwickeln.
Self-organizing motors divide active liquid droplets
Authors: Weirich Kimberly L. , Dasbiswas Kinjal , Witten Thomas A. , Vaikuntanathan Suriyanarayanan , Gardel Margaret L. 
Published: May 2019

SignificanceSelf-organized and shape-changing assemblies are fundamental in living systems. However, in synthetic materials, these features remain elusive to reconstruct. Here, we construct liquid droplets out of biological proteins actin and myosin, which are fundamental cellular materials. Since the proteins form filaments, the droplets have internal structure. This structure leads to the self-organization of the protein components, where myosin finds the center of actin droplets, reminiscent of chromosome alignment in cell division. Myosin also strongly interacts with actin, leading to spontaneous shape change and droplet division. These results suggest physical mechanisms of biological processes, while inspiring strategies for soft materials design.
Design of self-assembly dipeptide hydrogels and machine learning via their chemical features
Authors: Li Fei , Han Jinsong , Cao Tian , Lam William , Fan Baoer , Tang Wen , Chen Sijie , Fok Kin Lam , Li Linxian 
Published: May 2019

Significance
Hydrogels maintain great potential for biomedical applications. However, predicting whether a chemical can form a hydrogel simply based on its chemical structure remains challenging. In this study, we developed a combinational approach to obtain a structurally diverse hydrogel library with over 2,000 peptides as a training dataset for machine learning. We calculated their chemical features, including topological and physicochemical properties, and utilized machine learning methods to predict the self-assembly behavior.
A novel approach for preparing disulfide-rich peptide-KLH conjugate applicable to the antibody production
Authors: Katayama Hidekazu , Mizuno Ryo , Mita Masatoshi 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
To produce the antiserum against a small peptide, the target peptide-keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH) conjugate is generally used as an antigen, although the disulfide-rich peptide-KLH conjugate is still difficult to prepare. In our previous study, we have developed a preparation method of the disulfide-rich peptide-KLH conjugate, and this method was applied to produce the antiserum against a relaxin-like peptide. However, this method is limited to the synthetic peptide antigen, and is not applicable to a native or a recombinant peptide. In this study, to expand the applicability of this method to wide variety of peptides, we newly designed a novel thiol probe enabling the conjugation between various peptides and KLH, and applied it to produce the antiserum against relaxin-like peptide of a starfish Asterias amurensis. The antiserum obtained here showed high antibody-titer and good specificity, strongly suggesting that the method developed in this study is applicable to various peptides.
Elucidation of biosynthetic pathway of a plant hormone abscisic acid in phytopathogenic fungi
Authors: Takino Junya , Kozaki Takuto , Ozaki Taro , Liu Chengwei , Minami Atsushi , Oikawa Hideaki 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT
Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the plant hormones that regulates physiological functions in various organisms, including plants, sponges, and humans. The biosynthetic machinery in plants is firmly established, while that in fungi is still unclear. Here, we elucidated the functions of the four biosynthetic genes, bcABA1-bcABA4, found in Botrytis cinerea by performing biotransformation experiments and in vitro enzymatic reactions with putative biosynthetic intermediates. The first-committed step is the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate to give α-ionylideneethane catalyzed by a novel sesquiterpene synthase, BcABA3, which exhibits low amino acid sequence identities with sesquiterpene synthases. Subsequently, two cytochrome P450s, BcABA1 and BcABA2, mediate oxidative modifications of the cyclized product to afford 1ʹ,4ʹ-trans-dihydroxy-α-ionylideneacetic acid, which undergoes alcohol oxidation to furnish ABA. Our results demonstrated that production of ABA does not depend on the nucleotide sequence of bcABA genes. The present study set the stage to investigate the role of ABA in infections.