bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re. I. Understanding galaxy sizes, associated luminosity densities, and the artificial division of the early-type galaxy population
Authors: Graham Alister W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFor decades, the deceptive simplicity of the radius

$R_{\rm e}$

, enclosing an arbitrary 50% of a galaxy’s light, has hamstrung the understanding of early-type galaxies (ETGs). Half a century ago, using these ‘effective half-light’ radii from de Vaucouleurs’

$R^{1/4}$

model, Sérsic reported that bright ETGs follow the relation

$\mathfrak{M}_B\propto2.5\log R_{\rm e}$

; and consequently, one has that

$\langle\mu\rangle_{\rm e}\propto2.5\log R_{\rm e}$

and

$\mu_{\rm e}\propto2.5\log R_{\rm e}$

, where

$\mu_{\rm e}$

and

$\langle\mu\rangle_{\rm e}$

are the effective surface brightness at

$R_{\rm e}$

and the mean effective surface brightness within

$R_{\rm e}$

, respectively. Sérsic additionally observed an apparent transition which led him to advocate for a division between what he called dwarf and giant ETGs; a belief frequently restated to occur at

$\mathfrak{M}_B \approx -18$

mag or

$n\approx 2.5$

. Here, the location of this false dichotomy in diagrams using ‘effective’ parameters is shown to change by more than 3 mag simply depending on the arbitrary percentage of light used to quantify a galaxy’s size. A range of alternative radii are explored, including where the projected intensity has dropped by a fixed percentage plus a battery of internal radii, further revealing that the transition at

$\mathfrak{M}_B
\approx -18$

mag is artificial and does not demark a boundary between different physical processes operating on the ETG population.The above understanding surrounding the effective radius

$R_{\rm e}$

is of further importance because quantities such as dynamical mass

$\sigma^2R/G$

, gravitational-binding energy

$GM^2/R$

, acceleration

$GM/R^2$

, and the ‘Fundamental Plane’ also depend on the arbitrary percentage of light used to define R, with implications for dark matter estimates, galaxy formation theories, compact massive galaxies, studies of peculiar velocity flows, and more. Finally, some of the vast literature which has advocated for segregating the ETG population at

$\mathfrak{M}_B \approx -18$

mag (

$M\approx1$

–

$2\times10^{10}\,{\rm M}_{\odot}$

) is addressed, and it is revealed how this pervasive mindset has spilled over to influence both the classical bulge versus pseudobulge debate and recently also correlations involving supermassive black hole masses.
Stratigraphic and geomorphologic evidence of three MIS 2 glacial advances in the South Fork Hoh River valley, Olympic Mountains, Washington, USA
Authors: Wyshnytzky Cianna E. , Rittenour Tammy M. , Thackray Glenn D. , Shulmeister James 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe geomorphology and stratigraphy of the South Fork Hoh River (SF Hoh), Olympic Mountains, Washington, allow for greater understanding of Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 2 (MIS 2) ice fluctuations, glacial dynamics, and sedimentation. Age control from optically stimulated luminescence and radiocarbon dating constrains deposited sediments associated with four Late Pleistocene ice-marginal positions that formed under reduced ice volume conditions compared with MIS 3–5 glaciers in the same drainage. The earliest MIS 2 ice margin extended into the main Hoh River valley (pre–SF 1, 28 ka to >23.0 ka). After retreat, the ice occupied three closely spaced ice-marginal positions (SF 1–3) that range in age from 22.0 ka to shortly after 18.7 ka. While the SF 1 and SF 3 positions were previously identified as the Twin Creeks I and II positions, the intermediate SF 2 position had not been recognized. Moraines are composed of poorly sorted, but stratified, sediment and few tills. Diamicton units show evidence of water reworking. This research documents a detailed record of MIS 2 glaciation in a maritime setting in western North America and provides evidence of rapid MIS 2 ice-marginal fluctuations that likely reflect responses to millennial-scale climatic fluctuations and may be relevant to understanding other complex MIS 2 moraine sequences.
The 1953–1965 rise in Atmospheric bomb 14C in Central Norway
Authors: Svarva Helene , Grootes Pieter , Seiler Martin , Stene Sølvi , Thun Terje , Værnes Einar , Nadeau Marie-Josée 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTSub-annual measurements, eight increments per year, of cellulose in a Scots pine tree growing in central Norway are presented as a proxy for tropospheric 14CO2 at biweekly to monthly resolution. The results are validated by comparison to direct atmospheric measurements in the years 1959–1965, and a new dataset is obtained for 1953–1958. In this period, our cellulose measurements deviate from the Bomb 13 NH1 calibration curve, which is derived from single-year measurements of tree rings. This is due to seasonal cycles in tropospheric radiocarbon (14C) concentrations, caused by the first series of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests.
Increased adiposity by feeding growing rats a high-fat diet results in iron decompartmentalisation
Authors: Lobo Alexandre R. , Gaievski Eduardo H. S. , de Mesquita Carlos Henrique , De Carli Eduardo , Teixeira Pryscila Dryelle S. , Pereira Rosa M. R. , Borelli Primavera , de Sá Lilian R. M. , Colli Célia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe present study reports the effects of a high-fat (HF) diet of over 8 weeks on the Fe status of growing rats. Tissue Fe levels were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and whole-body adiposity was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Histopathology and morphometry of adipose tissue were performed. Liver homogenates were used for measuring ferroportin-1 protein levels by immunoblotting, and transcript levels were used for Fe genes measured by real-time PCR. Tissue Fe pools were fit to a compartmental biokinetic model in which Fe was assessed using fourteen compartments and twenty-seven transfer constants (kj,ifrom tissue ‘i’ to tissue ‘j’) adapted from the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 69. Tenkj,iwere calculated from the experimental data using non-linear regression, and seventeen were estimated by allometry according to the formula${k_{i,j}} = a \times {M^b}$. Validation of the model was carried out by comparing predicted and analysed Fe pool sizes in erythrocytes, the liver and the spleen. Body adiposity was negatively associated with serum Fe levels and positively associated with liver Fe stores. An inferred increase in Fe transfer from bone marrow to the liver paralleled higher hepatic Fe concentrations and ferritin heavy-chain mRNA levels in the HF diet-fed animals, suggesting that liver Fe accumulation occurred at least in part due to a favoured liver erythrocyte uptake. If this feeding condition was to be prolonged, impaired Fe decompartmentalisation may occur, ultimately resulting in dysmetabolic Fe overload.
Political Effectiveness, Negative Externalities, and the Ethics of Economic Sanctions
Authors: Peksen Dursun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAs part of the roundtable “Economic Sanctions and Their Consequences,” this essay discusses whether economic sanctions are morally acceptable policy tools. It notes that both conventional and targeted sanctions not only often fail to achieve their stated objectives but also bring about significant negative externalities in target countries. Economic dislocation and increases in political instability instigated by sanctions disproportionately affect the well-being of opposition groups and marginalized segments of society, while target elites and their support base remain insulated from the intended costs of foreign pressure. Sanctions might also incentivize target governments to use repressive means to consolidate their rule and weaken the opposition. Given these serious shortcomings, I argue that sanctions are ethically problematic tools of foreign policy. Nonetheless, this does not mean that sanctions should be rejected outright, as there might be cases where sanctions are the only viable option, and they might work effectively under certain circumstances. Rather, the essay suggests that policymakers should apply more caution in considering the use of sanctions given their low probability of success, and should be more concerned with the delicate balance between political gain and civilian pain before levying sanctions, whether comprehensive or targeted.
Distinction, Necessity, and Proportionality: Afghan Civilians’ Attitudes toward Wartime Harm
Authors: Dill Janina 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHow do civilians react to being harmed in war? Existing studies argue that civilian casualties are strategically costly because civilian populations punish a belligerent who kills civilians and support the latter's opponent. Relying on eighty-seven semi-structured interviews with victims of coalition attacks in Afghanistan, this article shows that moral principles inform civilians’ attitudes toward their own harming. Their attitudes may therefore vary with the perceived circumstances of an attack. Civilians’ perception of harm as unintended and necessary, in accordance with the moral principles of distinction and necessity, was associated with narratives that cast an attack as relatively more legitimate and with a partial or full release of the coalition from blame. The principle of proportionality, which requires that civilian casualties are caused in pursuit of a legitimate war aim, informed their abstract attitudes toward civilian casualties in Afghanistan. Two rules of international law, which accord with the moral principles of distinction and necessity, were reflected in the civilians’ attitudes. The legal rule of proportionality, which diverges from the namesake moral principle, failed to resonate with the civilians. The article explores whether compliance with the legal rules of distinction and necessity can contribute to mitigating the strategic costs of civilian casualties.
Civilian Immunity Without the Doctrine of Double Effect
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak , Burri Susanne 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCivilian Immunity (‘Immunity’) is the legal and moral protection that civilians enjoy against the effects of hostilities under the laws of armed conflict and according to the ethics of killing in war. Immunity specifies different permissibility conditions fordirectly targeting civilianson the one hand, and forharming civilians incidentallyon the other hand. Immunity is standardly defended by appeal to the Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE). We show that Immunity's prohibitive stance towards targeting civilians directly, and its more permissive stance towards harming them incidentally, can be defended without appealing to the DDE if agents suffer fromoverconfidence. Overconfidence is a cognitive bias that affects agents who are required to make decisions in the presence of significant uncertainty.
Morality in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review
Authors: Dempsey E. E. , Moore C. , Johnson S. A. , Stewart S. H. , Smith I. M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMoral reasoning and decision making help guide behavior and facilitate interpersonal relationships. Accounts of morality that position commonsense psychology as the foundation of moral development, (i.e., rationalist theories) have dominated research in morality in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Given the well-documented differences in commonsense psychology among autistic individuals, researchers have investigated whether the development and execution of moral judgement and reasoning differs in this population compared with neurotypical individuals. In light of the diverse findings of investigations of moral development and reasoning in ASD, a summation and critical evaluation of the literature could help make sense of what is known about this important social-cognitive skill in ASD. To that end, we conducted a systematic review of the literature investigating moral decision making among autistic children and adults. Our search identified 29 studies. In this review, we synthesize the research in the area and provide suggestions for future research. Such research could include the application of an alternative theoretical framework to studying morality in autism spectrum disorder that does not assume a deficits-based perspective.
The regulation of competition and procurement in the National Health Service 2015–2018: enduring hierarchical control and the limits of juridification
Authors: Osipovič Dorota , Allen Pauline , Sanderson Marie , Moran Valerie , Checkland Kath 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSince 1990, market mechanisms have occurred in the predominantly hierarchical National Health Service (NHS). The Health and Social Care Act 2012 led to concerns that market principles had been irrevocably embedded in the NHS and that the regulators would acquire unwarranted power compared with politicians (known as ‘juridification’). To assess this concern, we analysed regulatory activity in the period from 2015 to 2018. We explored how economic regulation of the NHS had changed in light of the policy turn back to hierarchy in 2014 and the changes in the legislative framework under Public Contracts Regulations 2015. We found the continuing dominance of hierarchical modes of control was reflected in the relative dominance and behaviour of the sector economic regulator. But there had also been a limited degree of juridification involving the courts. Generally, the regulatory decisions were consistent with the 2014 policy shift away from market principles and with the enduring role of hierarchy in the NHS, but the existing legislative regime did allow the incursion of pro market regulatory decision making, and instances of such decisions were identified.
Manipulate Me
Authors: Thissen Alica , Spinath Frank M. , Becker Nicolas 
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The cube construction task represents a novel format in the assessment of spatial ability through mental cube rotation tasks. Instead of selecting the correct answer from several response options, respondents construct their own response in a computerized test environment, leading to a higher demand for spatial ability. In the present study with a sample of 146 German high-school students, we tested an approach to manipulate the item difficulties in order to create items with a greater difficulty range. Furthermore, we compared the cube task in a distractor-free and a distractor-based version while the item stems were held identical. The average item difficulty of the distractor-free format was significantly higher than in the distractor-based format ( M = 0.27 vs. M = 0.46) and the distractor-free format showed a broader range of item difficulties (.02 ≤ pi ≤ .95 vs. .37 ≤ pi ≤ .63). The analyses of the test results also showed that the distractor-free format had a significantly higher correlation with a broad intelligence test ( r = .57 vs. r = .17). Reasons for the higher convergent validity of the distractor-free format (prevention of response elimination strategies and the broader range of item difficulties) and further research possibilities are discussed.
Wrench‐Related Dome Formation and Subsequent Orogenic Syntax Bending in a Hot Orogen (Variscan Ibero‐Armorican Arc, the Ouessant Island, France)
Authors: Authemayou Christine , Le Gall Bernard , Caroff Martial , Bussien Grosjean Denise 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDuring the Carboniferous collision stage, the West European Variscan orogen was affected by oblique convergence, wrenching, plate‐scale oroclinal bending, and widespread exhumation of the deep crust. One of these exhumed units forms the Léon dome located on the northern flank of the Ibero‐Armorican Arc in the western part of the Armorican massif. Structural field data from the Ouessant Island reveal kinematic changes between 330 and 300 Ma that affected the northwestern margin of the Léon dome. This margin underwent two ductile deformation phases with opposite strike‐slip shear senses. Dextral strike‐slip wrenching combined with orogen‐normal shortening, orogen‐parallel stretching, and local top‐to‐the‐NE shearing occurred during the Léon dome formation and exhumation of its gneissic core at 330–310 Ma. During tightening of the Ibero‐Armorican Arc at ~300 Ma, more localized sinistral wrenching reactivated the northwestern boundary of the Léon dome. The resulting N70°E trending sinistral Porspoder‐Ouessant shear zone together with its conjugate dextral South Armorican shear zone controlled the lateral escape of the Léon‐North‐Central Armorican rigid tectonic wedge triggered by indentation of the Cantabrian orocline at the core of the Ibero‐Armorican Arc.
Reply to Comment by Tsurutani et al. on “First Observation of Mesosphere Response to the Solar Wind High‐Speed Streams”
Authors: Yi Wen , Xue Xianghui , Reid Iain M. , Murphy Damian J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn our recent paper, Yi, Reid, Xue, Younger, Spargo, et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024446, hereinafter Y17A), we presented a first analysis of 9‐ and 6.75‐day periodic oscillations observed in the Earth's neutral mesospheric density during 2005 and 2006. These observations reveal a direct coupling between the Sun's upper atmosphere and the Earth's mesosphere. Tsurutani et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022499, hereinafter T19) have commented on T19 by way of suggesting possible physical mechanisms for Y17A's observations (Y17A do not address possible mechanisms in their paper).
Energetic Ion Dynamics in the Perturbed Electromagnetic Fields Near Europa
Authors: Breer Benjamin R. , Liuzzo Lucas , Arnold Hannes , Andersson Peter N. , Simon Sven 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe model the dynamics of energetic magnetospheric ions in the perturbed electromagnetic fields near Jupiter's moon Europa. The inhomogeneities in the fields near Europa are generated by the induced dipole field from the moon's subsurface ocean as well as the Alfvénic plasma interaction with its ionosphere and induced field. Inhomogeneities in Europa's ionosphere at various length scales generate substantial asymmetries in the mass loading process that further complicate the structure of the moon's electromagnetic environment. In our study, the electromagnetic fields near Europa are obtained from an established hybrid model, whereas a particle tracing tool is applied to analyze the precipitation of the three most abundant energetic ion species (hydrogen, oxygen, and sulfur) onto the moon's surface at various energies from 1 keV up to 5 MeV. To isolate the contributions of the induced dipole and ionospheric mass loading to the field perturbations and the resulting precipitation patterns, we consider multiple field configurations of successively increasing complexity. For ion energies in the kiloelectron volt regime, magnetic field line draping effectively shields large portions of Europa's surface against energetic ion impacts and drastically alters the shape of the precipitation patterns, compared to uniform fields. The fine structure of these patterns strongly depends on the complexity of the applied ionosphere model. Only in the megaelectron volt regime, the precipitation patterns are qualitatively similar for uniform and draped fields. However, the precipitation of megaelectron volt ions onto Europa is still not homogeneous, since the strong magnetospheric field keeps ion gyroradii much smaller than the moon's radius.
Three‐Dimensional Representation of Large‐Scale Structures Based on Observations in Atmospheric Surface Layers
Authors: Liu Hongyou , Wang Guohua , Zheng Xiaojing 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLarge amounts of synchronous multipoint measurement data were acquired from long‐term observations in high‐Reynolds‐number atmospheric surface layers (Reτ∼O(106)) at the Qingtu Lake observation array site. Based on these experimental data, the general shapes of three‐dimensional (3‐D) large‐scale coherent structures are constructed coupled with the symmetry of two‐point streamwise velocity correlations in the spanwise direction, where the spanwise symmetry is confirmed to be applicable in the atmospheric surface layer flow by experimental verification. The full extent of the 3‐D structure is much larger than a 2‐D slice at the condition point and increases significantly with the reference height in the logarithmic region. Moreover, the streamwise length and the spanwise width of the horizontal section are found to vary systematically with the relative height to the condition point. These variations are parametrized and can subsequently be used to infer the horizontal section at different relative heights. Then, a plausible empirical model is proposed by taking into consideration the streamwise shift caused by the inclination angle, and the 3‐D structure can be predicted by this model using the primary flow parameters and location information. This study contributes to a better understanding of dominant structures in the outer region of wall turbulence at high Reynolds numbers.
Physical Mechanisms Controlling the Offshore Propagation of Convection in the Tropics: 1. Flat Island
Authors: Coppin David , Bellon Gilles 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAn idealized convection‐permitting simulation is performed to investigate the physical mechanisms responsible for the nighttime offshore propagation of convection around tropical islands. An idealized island is placed in the middle of a long, nonrotating channel oceanic domain with constant sea surface temperature. A strong diurnal cycle typical of a tropical island is simulated, with a thermally forced sea breeze in daytime and the associated inland propagation of precipitation. Offshore propagation of a land breeze and its associated convection is simulated every night but with varying extent. Gravity waves of first and second baroclinic modes trigger convection far from the coast if the offshore conditions are favorable. This accelerates the propagation speed of the land breeze as it reduces the onshore wind associated with the lower branch of the overturning large‐scale circulation. Higher‐order modes may trigger convection or reinforce existing convection but less systematically. The distance of propagation is particularly sensitive to humidity and temperature at the top of the boundary layer, with occasional incursions of a dry anomaly at the top of the boundary layer near the island preventing convection from developing far from the island.