bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diminishing activity of recent solar cycles (22–24) and their impact on geospace
Authors: Kakad Bharati , Kakad Amar , Ramesh Durbha Sai , Lakhina Gurbax S. 
Published: January 2019

This study examines the variation of different energies linked with the Sun and the Earth’s magnetosphere-ionosphere systems for solar cycles (SCs) 22–24 for which the gradual decrease in the solar activity is noticed. Firstly, we investigated the variation of solar magnetic energy density (SMED) for SCs 21–24 and its relation to the solar activity. We observed distinct double peak structures in SMED for the past four SCs, 21–24. This feature is consistent with noticeable asymmetry in their two peaks. For SCs 22–24 a significant decrease is observed in the integrated SMED of each SC. This reduction is 37% from SCs 22 to 23 and 51% from SCs 23 to 24, which indicates substantial weakening of Sun’s magnetic field for SC 24. Also, the magnetic, kinetic, and thermal energy densities at the Earth’s bow-shock nose are found to be considerably low for the SC 24. We examined the solar wind Alfven speed, magnetosonic Mach number, solar wind-magnetosphere energy coupling parameter (ε), and the Chapman-Ferraro magnetopause distance (LCF) for the SCs 22–24. The estimated maximum stand-off magnetopause distance is larger for SC 24 (LCF ≤ 10.6 RE) as compared to SC 23 (LCF ≤ 10.2 RE) and SC 22 (LCF ≤ 9.8 RE). The solar wind Alfven speeds during SCs 22 and 23 are in the same range and do not exceed ≈73 km/s whereas, it is below 57 km/s for SC 24. A lower bound of solar wind magnetosonic Mach number for SC 24 is larger (M ≥ 6.9) as compared to SC 22 (M ≥ 5.9) and SC 23 (M ≥ 6). We noticed weakening in the energy coupling parameter for SC 24, which resulted in substantial (15%–38%) decrease in average strength of high latitude ionospheric (AE), low latitude magnetospheric (Dst) and equatorial ionospheric (EEJ) current systems in comparison with SC 23. Subsequently, a reduction of ≈30% is manifested in the high latitude Joule heating for SC 24. Overall this study indicates the significant step down in various energies at Sun, Earth’s bow-shock, and near Earth environment for current SC 24, which will have important implication on our Earth’s atmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere system.
Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody for Pefloxacin and mechanism study of antibody recognition
Authors: Zhang Xiuyuan , He Kuo , Zhang Donghao , Huang Zhihong 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT
In this report, an artificial antigen (PFLX–BSA: Pefloxacin connected bovine serum albumin) was successfully prepared. The monoclonal antibody against pefloxacin was produced and characterized using a direct competitive ELISA. The linear range of detection was 0.115–6.564 µg/L. The limit of detection defined as IC15 was 0.170 ± 0.05 µg/L and the IC50 was 0.902 ± 0.03 µg/L. The antibody variable region genes were amplified, assembled, and sequenced. A three–dimensional structural model of the variable region was constructed to study the mechanism of antibody recognition using molecular docking analysis. Three predicted essential amino acids, Thr53, Arg97 of heavy chain and Thr52 of light chain, were mutated to verify the theoretical model. Three mutants lost binding activity signiﬁcantly against pefloxacin as predicted. These may provide useful insights for studying antigen–antibody interaction mechanisms to improve antibody affinity maturation in vitro.
Assessing the Impact of a Vi-polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine in Preventing Typhoid Infection Among Bangladeshi Children: A Protocol for a Phase IIIb Trial
Authors: Theiss-Nyland Katherine , Qadri Firdausi , Colin-Jones Rachel , Zaman K , Khanam Farhana , Liu Xinxue , Voysey Merryn , Khan Arifuzzaman , Hasan Nazmul , Ashher Fahim , Farooq Yama G , Pollard Andrew J , Clemens John D 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundTyphoid fever illnesses are responsible for more than 100 000 deaths worldwide each year. In Bangladesh, typhoid fever is endemic, with incidence rates between 292–395 per 100 000 people annually. While considerable effort has been made to improve access to clean water and sanitation services in the country, there is still a significant annual typhoid burden, which particularly affects children. A typhoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TCV) was recently prequalified by the World Health Organization and recommended for use, and offers the potential to greatly reduce the typhoid burden in Bangladesh.MethodsThis study is a double-blind, cluster-randomized, controlled trial of Vi-TCV in a geographically defined area in Dhaka, Bangladesh. At least 32 500 children from 9 months to &lt;16 years of age will be vaccinated and followed for 2 years to assess the effectiveness and safety of Vi-TCV in a real-world setting. All cluster residents will also be followed to measure the indirect effect of Vi-TCV in this community.Ethics and DisseminationThis protocol has been approved by the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; a University of Oxford research review; and both ethical review committees. Informed written consent and assent will be obtained before enrollment. Vi-TCV has been shown to be safe and effective in previous, smaller-scale studies. The results of this study will be shared through a series of peer-reviewed journal articles. The findings will also be disseminated to the local government, stakeholders within the community, and the population within which the study was conducted.ConclusionsThis trial is the largest and only cluster-randomized control trial of Vi-TCV ever conducted, and will describe the effectiveness of Vi-TCV in an endemic population. The results of this trial may provide important evidence to support the introduction of TCVs in countries with a high burden of typhoid.Clinical Trials RegistrationISRCTN11643110.
Salmonella Typhi From Blood Cultures in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A 10-Year Surveillance
Authors: Tack Bieke , Phoba Marie-France , Van Puyvelde Sandra , Kalonji Lisette M , Hardy Liselotte , Barbé Barbara , Van der Sande Marianne A B , Monsieurs Elise , Deborggraeve Stijn , Lunguya Octavie , Jacobs Jan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Background
This study gives an overview of a decade (2007–2017) of hospital-based Salmonella Typhi bloodstream infection (BSI) surveillance in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), at 4 main sampling sites.

Methods
Blood cultures were sampled in hospital-admitted patients with suspected BSI, according to standardized clinical indications. The results of the surveillance period 2015–2017 were compiled with those of previous surveillance periods (2007–2010 and 2011–2014). Whole genome sequencing of isolates with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility (DCS) was performed.

Results
Salmonella Typhi was isolated in 1.4% (531/37 388) and 10.3% (531/5177) of suspected and culture-confirmed BSI episodes, respectively. Salmonella Typhi ranked first among the BSI pathogens in adults (n = 220), but was mostly (n = 301 [56.7%]) isolated from children, of which 72.1% (217/301) and 31.6% (95/301) were &lt;10 years and &lt;5 years old, respectively. Multidrug resistance (MDR), DCS, and combined MDR/DCS were found in 38.3% (n = 180), 24.5% (n = 115), and 11.9% (n = 56) of 470 first isolates, respectively. MDR and DCS rates had increased since 2007, but remained stable during 2015–2017 with no geographical clustering at the province level. Most (91/93 [97.8%]) DCS isolates sequenced belonged to Genotyphi genotype 2.5.1, and gyr S83 was the most frequent DCS mutation (76/93 [81.7%]). Infections occurred perennially, but increased during the rainy season.

Conclusions
Salmonella Typhi was a frequent cause of BSI in adults and children in DRC, with high rates of antibiotic resistance. Sustainable surveillance and implementation of vaccination are compelling.
The Pronephros; a Fresh Perspective
Authors: de Bakker B S , van den Hoff M J B , Vize P D , Oostra R J 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Contemporary papers and book chapters on nephrology open with the assumption that human kidney development passes through three morphological stages: pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. Current knowledge of the human pronephros, however, appears to be based on only a hand full of human specimens. The ongoing use of variations in the definition of a pronephros hampers the interpretation of study results. Because of the increased interest in the anamniote pronephros as a genetic model for kidney organogenesis we aimed to provide an overview of the literature concerning kidney development and to clarify the existence of a pronephros in human embryos. We performed an extensive literature survey regarding vertebrate renal morphology and we investigated histological sections of human embryos between 2 and 8 weeks of development. To facilitate better understanding of the literature about kidney development, a referenced glossary with short definitions was composed. The most striking difference between pronephros versus meso- and metanephros is found in nephron architecture. The pronephros consists exclusively of non-integrated nephrons with external glomeruli, whereas meso- and metanephros are composed of integrated nephrons with internal glomeruli. Animals whose embryos have comparatively little yolk at their disposal and hence have a free-swimming larval stage do develop a pronephros that is dedicated to survival in aquatic environments. Species in which embryos do not have a free-swimming larval stage have embryos that are supplied with a large amount of yolk or that develop within the body of the parent. In those species the pronephros is usually absent, incompletely developed, and apparently functionless. Non-integrated nephrons were not identified in histological sections of human embryos. Therefore, we conclude that a true pronephros is not detectable in human embryos although the most cranial part of the amniote excretory organ is often confusingly referred to as pronephros. The term pronephros should be avoided in amniotes unless all elements for a functional pronephros are undeniably present.
Legal Sanction, International Organisations and the Bangladesh Accord
Authors: Croucher Richard , Houssart Mark , Miles Lilian , James Philip 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We use recent research and two 2018 arbitration cases to argue that the 2013 Bangladesh Accord on Fire and Building Safety represents a regulatory model that is in principle worthy of extension to other countries and sectors. It has achieved considerable membership from purchasing multinationals and other stakeholders, and has successfully secured major improvements to building safety so far. It implicitly challenges arguments in favour of non-legally supported approaches. We argue that its legal basis is the crucial underlying component of its success and has in significant respects been strengthened in its revised 2018 iteration. In view of the weakness of local worker voice, the involvement of the Global Union Federations, acting in collaboration with non-governmental organisations, was important in securing the benefits achieved. Such an alliance appears a necessary condition for the model’s extension.
Investigating data accessibility of personal health apps
Authors: Kim Yoojung , Lee Bongshin , Choe Eun Kyoung 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Objective
Despite the potential values self-tracking data could offer, we have little understanding of how much access people have to “their” data. Our goal of this article is to unveil the current state of the data accessibility—the degree to which people can access their data—of personal health apps in the market.

Materials and Methods
We reviewed 240 personal health apps from the App Store and selected 45 apps that support semi-automated tracking. We characterized the data accessibility of these apps using two dimensions—data access methods and data types.

Results
More than 90% of our sample apps (n = 41) provide some types of data access support, which include synchronizing data with a health platform (ie, Apple Health), file download, and application program interfaces. However, the two approachable data access methods for laypeople—health platform and file download—typically put a significant limit on data format, granularity, and amount, which constrains people from easily repurposing the data.

Discussion
Personal data should be accessible to the people who collect them, but existing methods lack sufficient support for people in accessing the fine-grained data. Lack of standards in personal health data schema as well as frequent changes in market conditions are additional hurdles to data accessibility.

Conclusions
Many stakeholders including patients, healthcare providers, researchers, third-party developers, and the general public rely on data accessibility to utilize personal data for various goals. As such, improving data accessibility should be considered as an important factor in designing personal health apps and health platforms.
A general review of the biomechanics of root anchorage
Authors: Stubbs Christopher J , Cook Douglas D , Niklas Karl J 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWith few exceptions, terrestrial plants are anchored to substrates by roots that experience bending and twisting forces resulting from gravity- and wind-induced forces. Mechanical failure occurs when these forces exceed the flexural or torsional tolerance limits of stems or roots, or when roots are dislodged from their substrate. The emphasis of this review is on the general principles of anchorage, how the mechanical failure of root anchorage can be averted, and recommendations for future research.
Assessing the Response of Small RNA Populations to Allopolyploidy Using Resynthesized Brassica napus Allotetraploids
Authors: Martinez Palacios Paulina , Jacquemot Marie-Pierre , Tapie Marion , Rousselet Agnès , Diop Mamoudou , Remoué Carine , Falque Matthieu , Lloyd Andrew , Jenczewski Eric , Lassalle Gilles , Chévre Anne-Marie , Lelandais Christine , Crespi Martin , Brabant Philippe , Joets Johann , Alix Karine 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Allopolyploidy, combining interspecific hybridization with whole genome duplication, has had significant impact on plant evolution. Its evolutionary success is related to the rapid and profound genome reorganizations that allow neoallopolyploids to form and adapt. Nevertheless, how neoallopolyploid genomes adapt to regulate their expression remains poorly understood. The hypothesis of a major role for small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) in mediating the transcriptional response of neoallopolyploid genomes has progressively emerged. Generally, 21-nt sRNAs mediate posttranscriptional gene silencing by mRNA cleavage, whereas 24-nt sRNAs repress transcription (transcriptional gene silencing) through epigenetic modifications. Here, we characterize the global response of sRNAs to allopolyploidy in Brassica, using three independently resynthesized Brassica napus allotetraploids originating from crosses between diploid Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa accessions, surveyed at two different generations in comparison with their diploid progenitors. Our results suggest an immediate but transient response of specific sRNA populations to allopolyploidy. These sRNA populations mainly target noncoding components of the genome but also target the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in response to stresses and in metabolism; this suggests a broad role in adapting to allopolyploidy. We finally identify the early accumulation of both 21- and 24-nt sRNAs involved in regulating the same targets, supporting a posttranscriptional gene silencing to transcriptional gene silencing shift at the first stages of the neoallopolyploid formation. We propose that reorganization of sRNA production is an early response to allopolyploidy in order to control the transcriptional reactivation of various noncoding elements and stress-related genes, thus ensuring genome stability during the first steps of neoallopolyploid formation.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on Treatment Options for Adults With Multiple Metastatic Brain Tumors
Authors: Ammirati Mario , Nahed Brian V , Andrews David , Chen Clark C , Olson Jeffrey J 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

TARGET POPULATION
These recommendations apply to adult patients newly diagnosed with multiple (more than 1) brain metastases.

QUESTION 1
In what circumstances should whole brain radiation therapy be recommended to improve tumor control and survival in patients with multiple brain metastases?

RECOMMENDATION

Level 2: It is recommended that whole brain radiation therapy can be added to stereotactic radiosurgery to improve local and distant control keeping in mind the potential for worsened neurocognitive outcomes and that there is unlikely to be a significant impact on overall survival.

QUESTION 2
In what circumstances should stereotactic radiosurgery be recommended to improve tumor control and survival in patients with multiple brain metastases?

RECOMMENDATIONS

Level 1: In patients with 2 to 3 brain metastases not amenable to surgery, the addition of stereotactic radiosurgery to whole brain radiation therapy is not recommended to improve survival beyond that obtained with whole brain radiation therapy alone.

Level 3: The use of stereotactic radiosurgery alone is recommended to improve median overall survival for patients with more than 4 metastases having a cumulative volume < 7 cc.

QUESTION 3
In what circumstances should surgery be recommended to improve tumor control and survival in patients with multiple brain metastases?

RECOMMENDATION

Level 3: In patients with multiple brain metastases, tumor resection is recommended in patients with lesions inducing symptoms from mass effect that can be reached without inducing new neurological deficit and who have control of their cancer outside the nervous system.
The full guideline can be found at https://www.cns.org/guidelines/guidelines-treatment-adults-metastatic-brain-tumors/chapter_6.
Sodium Channels and Pain
Authors: Cummins Theodore R. , Waxman Stephen G. , Wood John N. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Electrical excitability in nerve and muscle depends on the action of voltage-gated sodium-selective ion channels. It is now known that there are nine such ion channels; intriguingly, three of them, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9, are found relatively selectively in peripheral damage-sensing neurons. Local anesthetics are sodium channel blockers that have proved to be excellent analgesics. However, their systemic use is limited by side effects. Because it is known that peripheral damage-sensing sensory neurons are required to drive most pain conditions, there have been many attempts to target peripheral sodium channels for pain relief. Human genetic advances have supported the idea that multiple sodium channel subtypes are good analgesic drug targets. Human monogenic gain-of-function mutations in Nav1.7, Nav1.8, and Nav1.9 cause ongoing pain conditions, while loss-of-function Nav1.7 mutations produce insensitivity to pain. This compelling genetic evidence has inspired a large number of drug development programs aimed at developing analgesic subtype-selective sodium channel blockers. This article reviews the structure and physiological role of voltage-gated sodium channels and describes recent advances in understanding the contribution of sodium channel isoforms to different pain states. Also described are mechanistic studies aimed at better understanding routes to drug development and the potential of gene therapy in therapeutic approaches to pain control. Two decades of sodium channel–targeted drug development have yet to produce a clinical breakthrough, but recent progress holds promise that useful new analgesics are on the horizon.
Ellipsis and Discourse
Authors: Kehler Andrew 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDespite the considerable attention paid to elliptical phenomena in the literature, the conditions under which a representation of an utterance may serve as a suitable antecedent for interpreting a subsequent ellipsis remain highly contentious and poorly understood. Focusing primarily on VP-ellipsis, this chapter surveys evidence that informs this debate, focusing on issues bearing on the discourse context in its role of making meanings available for ellipsis recovery. It argues that the evidence more strongly favors discourse-based explanations over syntactic ones, although problems for discourse-based theories do remain.
Movement and Islands
Authors: Abels Klaus 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses two strands of research where the interaction of ellipsis with movement has been used to construct arguments pertaining to the implementation of movement in the grammar, the architecture of the grammar, and the nature of the grammar more broadly. Both lines of research discussed in this chapter take as their empirical starting point asymmetries in the behavior of moved constituents depending on whether movement originates within an ellipsis site or not. Movement from an ellipsis site is sometimes less restricted than movement from an overt phrase hypothesized to correspond to the silent structure at the ellipsis site and sometimes more restricted. The overall conclusions that can be drawn from the phenomena sampled here are that syntactic structure is present at the ellipsis site, that locality constraints are most likely not lifted within the ellipsis site, and that the identity condition on ellipsis is semantic/pragmatic rather than syntactic.
Aphasia and Acquisition
Authors: Grodzinsky Yosef , Deschamps Isabelle , Shapiro Lewis P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter reports studies of parallelism in VP-ellipsis in two populations whose linguistic ability is lacking. First, a complex comprehension experiment was conducted with individuals with Broca’s aphasia, said to suffer from a specific syntactic deficit that some view as restricted to the deletion of traces of movement, while others argue is related to “complexity.” Though still at a preliminary stage, the experimental record suggests that parallelism, as evinced by the patients’ ability to reconstruct elided VPs, is relatively intact for these patients, indicating that their deficit is restricted. Second, a similar study was run with normally developing, 4–5-year-old children, whose linguistic abilities are not yet fully manifested. Nevertheless, these children use parallelism in an adult-like fashion, and correctly reconstruct elided material in comprehension. We also provide evidence that 3-year-olds use elided VPs in spontaneous language production. Both studies are used to argue for fine deficit analyses, and against generic, “complexity”-based accounts of language development and language loss.
Parsing Strategies
Authors: Yoshida Masaya 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn order to successfully comprehend sentences involving ellipsis, the online sentence-processing mechanism must be able to identify the ellipsis site, find its antecedent, and recover the content of the ellipsis site by referring to the antecedent. The psycholinguistic study of ellipsis aims to reveal aspects of the mechanism of online sentence processing by studying how ellipsis constructions are processed online. In this chapter, the following questions are asked. What structure does the parser build in the ellipsis site? How does the parser build the structure of ellipsis? When does the parser recognize ellipsis? Where does the parser find the antecedent of ellipsis? By answering these questions, this chapter tries to reveal what parsing strategies are employed in the online processing of ellipsis constructions.