bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standard and Advanced Imaging of Hip Osteoarthritis. What the Radiologist Should Know
Authors: Huang Brady K. , Tan Weiken , Scherer Kurt F. , Rennie Winston , Chung Christine B. , Bancroft Laura W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) of the hip is caused by degeneration of articular cartilage and the underlying bone and can be divided into two types: primary (associated with advancing age) and secondary (subsequent to fractures, avascular necrosis, infection, developmental dysplasia, and femoroacetabular impingement). Radiography remains the first-line imaging modality for diagnosing and monitoring OA, due to its accessibility, low cost, and ease of interpretation. Kellgren-Lawrence and Tönnis classification systems are radiographic OA grading systems used primarily in research, and they reflect the degree of joint space narrowing, sclerosis, cysts, deformity of the femoral head and acetabulum, and osteophytes. Unenhanced computed tomography (CT) provides detailed visualization of the hip joint segments that may be difficult to appreciate on radiographs, such as the inferoposterior and posterolateral hip joint. CT arthrography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic resonance arthrography with two-dimensional reconstructions can delineate labral abnormalities, cartilage lesions, and other intra-articular hip pathology. T2 and T2* mapping, delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage, T1rho, ultra-short echo time, and zero echo time are investigative MR techniques with promising evaluation of hip OA.
Femoroacetabular Impingement: What the Surgeon Wants to Know
Authors: Rego Paulo , Beaulé Paul E. , Ayeni Olufemi R. , Tey Marc , Marin-Peña Oliver , Dantas Pedro , Wilkin Geoffrey , Grammatopoulos George , Mafra Inês , Smit Kevin , Kurz Adrian Z. 
Published: June 2019

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for early hip degeneration in young active patients. The diagnosis depends on clinical examination and proper imaging that should be able to identify abnormal and sometimes subtle morphological changes. Labral tears and cartilage lesions rarely occur without underlying bone abnormalities. Surgical approaches to treat FAI are increasing significantly worldwide, even without a clearly defined consensus of what should be accepted as the standard imaging diagnosis for FAI morphology.Hip abnormalities encompass many variations related to the shape, size, and spatial orientation of both sides of the joint and can be difficult to characterize if adequate imaging is not available.This article presents a comprehensive review about the information orthopaedic surgeons need to know from radiologists to plan the most rational approach to a painful hip resulting from a mechanical abnormality.
Evaluation of Parasitological Homeopathic Complex in the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Peripartum Sheep
Authors: Pacheco Poliana Araújo , Marconato Michael Nunes , dos Reis Letícia Liepkaln , Katiki Luciana Morita , de Paz Cláudia Cristina Paro , da Costa Ricardo Lopes Dias 
Published: June 2019

Background The appearance of anthelmintic resistance has made it difficult to control verminosis in sheep, leading to increased research to find alternative nematode control. The use of homeopathy in veterinary medicine has been studied as an alternative for the treatment and control of some diseases. In this study, ewes received an anti-parasitic homeopathic complex medicine during the critical peripartum period of increased susceptibility to nematodes.
Methods Three randomized groups containing 16 animals each were assigned as follows: ‘H10’ received 10 g homeopathic complex added to concentrated food per day; ‘H20’ received 20 g homeopathic complex added to concentrated food per day; ‘C’ (control group) did not receive a homeopathic complex. Animals were tested to evaluate the effect of homeopathy on several health parameters during a period of 110 days.
Results The parasite that prevailed in the copro-cultures of both treatments throughout the experiment was Haemonchus contortus (78.26%). Packed cell volume averages did not present statistically significant differences between the treatments (24.5, 24.4 and 23.9% to C, H10 and H20, respectively; p < 0.05). For total white cell count, lower mean values ( ±  standard error of mean) were observed for the H20 treatment (5,490.9 ± 0.02/µL; p < 0.05), whereas the H10 (5,919.4 ± 0.02/µL) and control (6,098.5 ± 0.02/µL) presented higher and similar averages (p > 0.05). The values for erythrocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes did not show differences between treatments (p > 0.05). Body weight was greater in the H10-treated animals compared with control. For the fecal egg count (FEC) of Trichostrongylidae and Strongyloides spp., respectively, the averages of the H20 treatment (1,523.0 and 30.6) were not different from control (1,616.0 and 31.6) and H10 (1,038.0 and 27.6); for Trichostrongylidae, however, H10 presented a lower FEC than the control (p = 0.02). For Cooperia, H10- and H20-treated animals showed FEC reductions of 97% and 98%, respectively.
Conclusions H20 treatment in peripartum sheep resulted in greater body weight and lower leukocyte count. H10 was associated with lower FEC for Trichostrongylidae. Both H10 and H20 justify a label of ‘effective anthelmintic’ for Cooperia.
Advanced MRI Patterns of Muscle Disease in Inherited and Acquired Myopathies: What the Radiologist Should Know
Authors: Caetano António Proença , Alves Pedro 
Published: June 2019

Myopathies represent a heterogeneous group of skeletal muscle disorders characterized by morphological and functional changes in the muscle, such as replacement of muscle tissue by connective tissue, fatty infiltration, and/or inflammation. They can be classified as hereditary, acquired idiopathic, and secondary myopathies.Diagnosis of hereditary and acquired myopathies is challenging, with often overlapping clinical and pathologic features, and it generally relies on a multimodal approach. Current imaging modalities used in neuromuscular imaging include computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Topographical patterns of muscle involvement have been described for several myopathies, and they can be identified using whole-body MRI. Indeed, this technique has proven to be an invaluable tool for diagnostic work-up, guidance of muscle biopsy, and biochemical and genetic investigation, as well as disease monitoring and follow-up.
Red Blood Cell Transfusion Practices in the Neurointensive Care Unit: A Narrative Review
Authors: Surve Rohini M. , Bansal Sonia , Muthuchellappan Radhakrishnan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAnemia is common in neurointensive care unit (NICU) patients and is one of the common causes of systemic insults to the brain. Though the recent literature favors restrictive blood transfusion practices over liberal transfusion to correct anemia in the general ICU, whether a similar practice can be adopted in NICU patients is doubtful due to lack of strong evidence. Impairment of cerebral autoregulation and cardiac function following acute brain injury affects the body's compensatory mechanism to anemia and renders the brain susceptible to anemic hypoxia at different hemoglobin (Hb) thresholds. Hence, red blood cell transfusion (RBCT) practice based on a single Hb threshold value might be inappropriate. On the other hand, allogenic RBCT has its own risks, both in short and in long run, leading to adverse outcomes. Thus, instead of relying only on arbitrary Hb values, a better way to decide the need for RBCT in NICU patients is to target parameters based on systemic and regional cerebral oxygenation. This approach will help us to individualize RBCT practices. In this narrative review, based on the available literature, authors have discussed the impact of anemia and blood transfusion on the immediate and late neurological outcomes and the current role of regional brain monitoring in guiding blood transfusion practices. In the end, authors have tried to update on the current RBCT practices in neurosurgical and neuromedical patients admitted to the NICU.
Temporoparietal Fascia Free Flap for a Large Nasal Septal Perforation
Authors: Cuccolo Nicholas G. , Cauley Ryan P. , Sieber Brady A. , Hussain Syed M.D. , Chandler Laurel K. , Ibrahim Ahmed M.S. , Lin Samuel J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractReconstruction of large nasal septal perforations can be a considerable challenge for surgeons. Reconstructive modalities are often determined by the size of the defect and the quality of local tissue and vasculature. Local and regional flaps may not provide enough tissue to achieve successful closure in patients with large perforations and those with baseline compromise of the nasal mucosa and blood supply from prior intervention or underlying medical condition. Microvascular free tissue transfer is a possible approach to reconstruction in these patients. We report a case of a 30-year-old man who presented with a large, symptomatic, 4 × 3.5 cm perforation as a result of prior functional septoplasty at an outside hospital. Reconstruction of the defect was accomplished in this setting with a free temporoparietal fascia (TPF) flap anastomosed to the columellar branch of the labial artery and the angular vein. Postoperative follow-up visits showed successful closure of the perforation without complications. As illustrated by this case, TPF flap is a versatile tool for complex nasal reconstructions. With minimal donor-site morbidity and rich vascularity capable of promoting remucosalization without the need for prelamination, the TPF flap may be suited for the repair of large nasoseptal perforations.
Screening Young Children for Latent Tuberculosis in England: Lessons Learned from the Field
Authors: Phipps Emily , Clear Anita , Holland Margaret , Shahidi Mitra , Tamne Surinder , Cohen Jonathan , Mearkle Rachel , Morris Jill 
Published: June 2019

Objective Tuberculosis (TB) can affect young children, resulting in serious disease at a young age or reactivation later in life. Identifying cases of latent TB infection (LTBI) in children exposed to active cases is important to prevent morbidity and mortality. There is currently limited guidance on appropriate testing methods in situations involving mass screening of children in low TB incidence settings such as England. This study describes case reports of two separate occasions in which nursery-age children in England underwent LTBI screening and explores the decisions involved in choosing the most appropriate test and screening process.
Methods A literature search, review of health protection case and incident management notes, and interviews with key stakeholders were conducted.
Results Two different tests—tuberculin skin testing and interferon gamma release assay—were used in each respective screening situation and the decision between the two was taken based on cohort, organizational, and index case risk factors. Screening took place in dedicated secondary care clinics. No cases of LTBI were identified from either screening incident.
Conclusion Our study highlights the lack of definitive guidance for mass LTBI screening of young children and presents the approaches to decision making that can be adopted by others. Further research is required to test the approach suggested in this article and to ensure that evidence-based national guidance provides a consistent and effective approach to such incidents.
Dual mechanisms of posttranscriptional regulation of Tet2 by Let-7 microRNA in macrophages
Authors: Jiang Shuai , Yan Wei , Wang Shizhen Emily , Baltimore David 
Published: June 2019

Significance
Macrophages function as sentinel cells, constantly monitoring the host environment for bacterial infection. They are activated by bacterial components and then secrete proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6. This is one of the body’s most effective weapons for fighting infections but must be rigidly controlled to avoid pathologic overresponse. Many factors have been shown to act as feedback regulators of inflammatory processes. Using both knockout and myeloid cell-specific transgenic mouse models, we report here that a physiological role of the microRNA let-7adf cluster is to promote IL-6 secretion by lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages through down-regulating Tet2. This microRNA cluster represses Tet2 using two different mechanisms: direct targeting and indirect enhancement of succinate accumulation, a compound that represses Tet2.
Mangroves shelter coastal economic activity from cyclones
Authors: Hochard Jacob P. , Hamilton Stuart , Barbier Edward B. 
Published: June 2019

Significance
Mounting evidence suggests that mangrove forests protect coastal communities during tropical storm events. Yet, no large-scale analysis exists documenting these storm protection benefits globally. We provide global evidence that mangroves shelter economic activity during tropical cyclone exposure and that this sheltering prevents otherwise permanent losses to economic activity. These findings reveal that even modest mangrove forest coverage has the capacity to provide tremendous storm protection services, which highlights the need for mangrove conservation in many vulnerable coastal communities that have prior received less attention.
The Cdk1/Cdk2 homolog CDKA;1 controls the recombination landscape in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Wijnker Erik , Harashima Hirofumi , Müller Katja , Parra-Nuñez Pablo , de Snoo C. Bastiaan , van de Belt Jose , Dissmeyer Nico , Bayer Martin , Pradillo Monica , Schnittger Arp 
Published: June 2019

Significance
Cyclin-dependent kinases are the main drivers of the mitotic cell cycle. Here, we show that the activity of the main cell-cycle regulator in the model plant Arabidopsis, CDKA;1, also governs one of the most important processes in meiosis: the formation of meiotic cross-overs. We show that CDKA;1 activity especially affects the major class of meiotic cross-overs, known as class I cross-overs. We find that lowering kinase activity leads to a progressive loss of cross-overs, of which cross-overs near the chromosome ends are the last to disappear. Conversely, an increase of kinase activity increases the rate of cross-over formation.
Olfactory sensory neurons mediate ultrarapid antiviral immune responses in a TrkA-dependent manner
Authors: Sepahi Ali , Kraus Aurora , Casadei Elisa , Johnston Christopher A. , Galindo-Villegas Jorge , Kelly Cecelia , García-Moreno Diana , Muñoz Pilar , Mulero Victoriano , Huertas Mar , Salinas Irene 
Published: June 2019

Significance
Many pathogens exploit the olfactory route to gain entry into the host. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are responsible for the detection of chemical stimuli in the environment but are also continuously exposed to microorganisms. Here, we report the interaction between crypt neurons (unique OSNs present in fish) and fish rhabdoviruses, an interaction that led to fast immune responses and the recruitment of nonconventional CD8 T cells to the olfactory mucosa from the olfactory bulb. These previously unrecognized antiviral immune responses required neuronal activation and depended on the interaction between the TrkA receptor expressed by crypt neurons and the viral glycoprotein protein. Our results show the importance of sensory neurons in sensing and controlling viruses that invade the nasal mucosa.
Boundary mode lubrication of articular cartilage with a biomimetic diblock copolymer
Authors: Sun Zhexun , Feeney Elizabeth , Guan Ya , Cook Sierra G. , Gourdon Delphine , Bonassar Lawrence J. , Putnam David 
Published: June 2019

Significance
Lubricin is a glycoprotein that protects cartilage in weight-bearing joints under boundary mode conditions, which defines the conditions under which physical cartilage damage takes place. The natural expression of lubricin decreases with age, and when the joint is damaged. Replacement of lubricin by intraarticular injection reestablishes boundary mode lubrication and can protect against osteoarthritis. However, the manufacture of lubricin is difficult. We set out to create a synthetic mimetic of lubricin by mimicking its structure and functional composition. The result is a diblock copolymer that reduces the coefficient of friction on cartilage, under boundary mode conditions, to a level equivalent to native lubricin. This paper reports coefficents of friction in a boundary mode system that are equivalent to lubricin.
Hydrodynamics control shear-induced pattern formation in attractive suspensions
Authors: Varga Zsigmond , Grenard Vincent , Pecorario Stefano , Taberlet Nicolas , Dolique Vincent , Manneville Sébastien , Divoux Thibaut , McKinley Gareth H. , Swan James W. 
Published: June 2019

Significance
Flows of particulate suspensions are ubiquitous in advanced technological applications, including coating of colloidal inks and paints, manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, and oil production. When particles aggregate due to attractive forces, flow can induce giant anisotropic concentration fluctuations. Surprisingly, shear flow between parallel plates organizes these fluctuations into periodically spaced, particle-rich stripes that are aligned perpendicularly to the flow direction. We use experiments and complementary simulations to build a universal stability criterion, demonstrating that hydrodynamic interactions alone drive this process of pattern formation independent of particle size, shape, and chemical composition. Such flow-induced patterning has potential applications in the production of a broad range of anisotropic structures for use in technologies such as flexible electronics and nanocomposites, 3D printing, and flow batteries.
Adult sex ratio influences mate choice in Darwin’s finches
Authors: Grant Peter R. , Grant B. Rosemary 
Published: June 2019

SignificanceThe adult sex ratio of populations is influenced by various social and environmental forces. When those forces result in an unequal sex ratio, the minority sex has greater reproductive opportunities than the majority sex. Here, we provide evidence of a flexible mating system of Darwin’s finches living in a fluctuating environment. Finches form social bonds that are monogamous, polygynous, or polyandrous, and also engage in extrapair mating (EPM). We show that unequal sex ratios are associated with extreme weather conditions, and they influence the frequency of changing mates within a breeding season and EPM. Results largely support the conclusions of comparative phylogenetic analyses, and provide insights into the early stages of evolutionary divergence from a presumed strictly monogamous mating system.
Qualifying insults, offensive epithets, slurs and expressive expletives
Authors: Cruz Manuel Padilla 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe category of insults comprises disparaging qualifying terms, derogatory epithets, racial/ethnic slurs and participle-like expletives. All of them channel speakers’ (negative) psychological states, so they are considered expressives. Despite the enormous interest that they have aroused, research has not duly addressed whether all types of insults communicate in the same manner, share the same nature and make a similar contribution to communication. This paper ventures some answers from a relevance-theoretic perspective. Relying on theshowing-sayingcontinuum and on theconceptual-proceduraldistinction, it argues that some insults merely show speaker’s meaning, others encode some conceptual load enabling them to communicate by saying and others communicate by an admixture of both. It also contends that some insults encode conceptual content and processing instructions, but others encode instructions alone. Their output, however, is complex, as it may trigger lexical-pragmatic processes adjusting the encoded conceptual load or psychological-state representations.
Is fin-tech the new panacea for poverty alleviation and local development? Contesting Suri and Jack’s M-Pesa findings published in Science
Authors: Bateman Milford , Duvendack Maren , Loubere Nicholas 
Published: June 2019

SUMMARY
Financial technology, or simply ‘fin-tech’, is increasingly seen as one of the key tools to facilitate poverty reduction and local economic development. One article in particular by Tavneet Suri and William Jack published in the leading publication Science has played a hugely influential role in promoting the fin-tech model in the global South using the example of Kenya’s iconic M-Pesa money transfer platform. The authors’ central claim is that M-Pesa has been instrumental in facilitating a major episode of poverty reduction. Our analysis shows that their analysis and claims are extremely problematic.
Isotope harvesting at FRIB: additional opportunities for scientific discovery
Authors: Abel E Paige , Avilov Mikael , Ayres Virginia , Birnbaum Eva , Bollen Georg , Bonito Greg , Bredeweg Todd , Clause Hannah , Couture Aaron , DeVore Joe , Dietrich Matt , Ellison Paul , Engle Jonathan , Ferrieri Richard , Fitzsimmons Jonathan , Friedman Moshe , Georgobiani Dali , Graves Stephen , Greene John , Lapi Suzanne , Loveless C Shaun , Mastren Tara , Martinez-Gomez Cecilia , McGuinness Sean , Mittig Wolfgang , Morrissey David , Peaslee Graham , Pellemoine Frederique , Robertson J David , Scielzo Nicholas , Scott Matthew , Severin Gregory , Shaughnessy Dawn , Shusterman Jennifer , Singh Jaideep , Stoyer Mark , Sutherlin Logan , Visser Ate , Wilkinson John 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The upcoming Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) at Michigan State University provides a new opportunity to access some of the world’s most specialized scientific resources: radioisotopes. An excess of useful radioisotopes will be formed as FRIB fulfills its basic science mission of providing rare isotope beams. In order for the FRIB beams to reach high-purity, many of the isotopes are discarded and go unused. If harvested, the unused isotopes could enable new research for diverse applications ranging from medical therapy and diagnosis to nuclear security. Given that FRIB will have the capability to create about 80% of all possible atomic nuclei, harvesting at FRIB will provide a fast path for access to a vast array of isotopes of interest in basic and applied science investigations. To fully realize this opportunity, infrastructure investment is required to enable harvesting and purification of otherwise unused isotopes. An investment in isotope harvesting at FRIB will provide a powerful resource for development of crucial isotope applications. In 2010, the United States Department of Energy Office of Science, Nuclear Physics, sponsored the first ‘Workshop on Isotope Harvesting at FRIB’, convening researchers from diverse fields to discuss the scientific impact and technical feasibility of isotope harvesting. Following the initial meeting, a series of biennial workshops was organized. At the fourth workshop, at Michigan State University in 2016, the community elected to prepare a formal document to present their findings. This report is the output of the working group, drawing on contributions and discussions with a broad range of scientific experts.