bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A molecular phylogenetic approach for unravelling the taxonomic status of Basilaphelenchus persicus n. gen., n. sp. (Aphelenchoididae: Tylaphelenchinae)
Authors: Pedram Majid , Kanzaki Natsumi , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Pourjam Ebrahim 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBasilaphelenchus persicusn. gen., n. sp. is described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies. The new genus belongs to the family Aphelenchoididae and is characterised mainly by the small body size of females (297-393 μm) and males (304-331 μm), high cephalic region in both sexes, fine 5.5-7.8 μm long stylet that is barely visible in mounted specimens yet clear in fresh individuals, stylet with a linear conus and weak shaft ending in three elongate, posteriorly directed, knobs, small spherical metacorpus with posteriorly located (at 72-75% of metacorpus) weak but distinct valve, monodelphic-prodelphic reproductive system with a long post-vulval uterine sac containing large rounded sperm cells, a vulva lacking any flap apparatus, conical tail of female usually ventrally bent at tip and male tail ventrally bent as in the female, lacking the P1 supplement, but with three pairs of caudal papillae, and small arcuate spicules with rounded condylus and small pointed rostrum. The new genus is similar to bothTylaphelenchusandPseudaphelenchusin the possession of a raised cephalic region and a small spherical metacorpus, placing it in the subfamily Tylaphelenchinae. It is also typologically similar toAphelenchoides. Molecular phylogenetic studies using both SSU and LSU rRNA gene sequences (both partial) revealed that the new genus formed a robustly supported sister clade withPseudaphelenchusspp. and had a basal placement to this clade and, probably, to all other aphelenchoidids.Tylaphelenchus grosmannaeis transferred to the new genus asB. grosmannaen. comb. andA. christinaen. comb. (= T. christinae) is proposed. The taxonomic status ofTylaphelenchusis discussed andT. sinodendronin. comb. (= A. sinodendroni) proposed.
Bursaphelenchus geraerti n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) found in packaging wood from the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Wang Xuan , Maria Munawar , Gu Jianfeng , Fang Yiwu , Wang Jincheng , Li Hongmei 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBursaphelenchus geraertin. sp., isolated in Tianjin, P.R. China, from packaging wood made ofPinussp. imported from the United Arab Emirates, is described. It is characterised by the lateral field with three lines, a stylet 13-14 μm long with small basal swellings, excretory pore located posterior to nerve ring, spicule mitten-shaped, ventrally arcuate with lamina smoothly tapering towards distal tip, with a distinct bend near 60% of total length, condylus elongated with rounded tip, rostrum conical with finely rounded tip, and cucullus weakly developed or absent. The bursal flap is wide and spade-like with the posterior margin truncate or rounded and starts posterior to P6 gland papillae. A vulval flap is absent and the tail is conical, strongly ventrally curved with the terminus pointed and sometimes appearing as a mucron. The new species is characterised by morphological and molecular analysis and is close toB. decraemerae,B. gerberaeandB. sakishimanus.
Visual Diplomacy: Reflections on Diplomatic Spectacle and Cinematic Thinking
Authors: Constantinou Costas M. 
Published: March 2018

Summary
In engaging the visual aspects of public diplomacy, this article has three objectives. First, it introduces the notion of visual diplomacy — the ways and means by which images are used by plural diplomatic actors to transmit ideas to audiences, producing and circulating meanings that serve particular purposes, with the aim of influencing, shaping and transforming relations between actors and across publics. Second, it examines how the spectacle of diplomacy is enacted by focusing on a particular case of commissioned cinematography of Cypriot public diplomacy. Third, it engages visual diplomacy cinematically, employing Deleuze’s insights on the cinematic apparatus, and by producing an essay film, The Blessed Envoy, linked to this article. The film reuses, through creative montage, nine official documentaries of Cypriot public diplomacy, revealing the key narratives and hidden transcripts that the visual material disseminates, thus encouraging a reflexive focus on the use of imagery in diplomacy.
Regulating the Activities of Multinational Corporations in Nigeria: A Case for the African Union?
Authors: Ekhator Eghosa Osa 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Due to the ineffectiveness of the extant regulatory framework (not limited to home country, host country and international law) governing the activities of multinational corporations (mncs), new regulatory paradigms have been advocated by scholars. Arguably, the African Union (au) (and its mechanisms) can be the basis of mnc regulation in Africa. However, regulation of the activities of mncs operating in Africa appears not to be among the major or pressing priorities of the au and its institutions. There is no normative and institutional framework at the au level regulating the activities of mncs in Africa. There are, however, moves to design measures to redress this anomaly. This article will focus on the development of recent strategies by the au and its institutions to ‘regulate’ the activities of mncs in Africa and its implications in Nigeria.
A PDRMIP Multimodel Study on the Impacts of Regional Aerosol Forcings on Global and Regional Precipitation
Authors: Liu L. , Shawki D. , Voulgarakis A. , Kasoar M. , Samset B. H. , Myhre G. , Forster P. M. , Hodnebrog Ø. , Sillmann J. , Aalbergsjø S. G. , Boucher O. , Faluvegi G. , Iversen T. , Kirkevåg A. , Lamarque J.-F. , Olivié D. , Richardson T. , Shindell D. , Takemura T. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAtmospheric aerosols such as sulfate and black carbon (BC) generate inhomogeneous radiative forcing and can affect precipitation in distinct ways compared to greenhouse gases (GHGs). Their regional effects on the atmospheric energy budget and circulation can be important for understanding and predicting global and regional precipitation changes, which act on top of the background GHG-induced hydrological changes. Under the framework of the Precipitation Driver Response Model Intercomparison Project (PDRMIP), multiple models were used for the first time to simulate the influence of regional (Asian and European) sulfate and BC forcing on global and regional precipitation. The results show that, as in the case of global aerosol forcing, the global fast precipitation response to regional aerosol forcing scales with global atmospheric absorption, and the slow precipitation response scales with global surface temperature response. Asian sulfate aerosols appear to be a stronger driver of global temperature and precipitation change compared to European aerosols, but when the responses are normalized by unit radiative forcing or by aerosol burden change, the picture reverses, with European aerosols being more efficient in driving global change. The global apparent hydrological sensitivities of these regional forcing experiments are again consistent with those for corresponding global aerosol forcings found in the literature. However, the regional responses and regional apparent hydrological sensitivities do not align with the corresponding global values. Through a holistic approach involving analysis of the energy budget combined with exploring changes in atmospheric dynamics, we provide a framework for explaining the global and regional precipitation responses to regional aerosol forcing.
Eastern Pacific ITCZ Dipole and ENSO Diversity
Authors: Xie Shang-Ping , Peng Qihua , Kamae Youichi , Zheng Xiao-Tong , Tokinaga Hiroki , Wang Dongxiao 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The eastern tropical Pacific features strong climatic asymmetry across the equator, with the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) displaced north of the equator most of time. In February–April (FMA), the seasonal warming in the Southern Hemisphere and cooling in the Northern Hemisphere weaken the climatic asymmetry, and a double ITCZ appears with a zonal rainband on either side of the equator. Results from an analysis of precipitation variability reveal that the relative strength between the northern and southern ITCZ varies from one year to another and this meridional seesaw results from ocean–atmosphere coupling. Surprisingly this meridional seesaw is triggered by an El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) of moderate amplitudes. Although ENSO is originally symmetric about the equator, the asymmetry in the mean climate in the preceding season introduces asymmetric perturbations, which are then preferentially amplified by coupled ocean–atmosphere feedback in FMA when deep convection is sensitive to small changes in cross-equatorial gradient of sea surface temperature. This study shows that moderate ENSO follows a distinct decay trajectory in FMA and southeasterly cross-equatorial wind anomalies cause moderate El Niño to dissipate rapidly as southeasterly cross-equatorial wind anomalies intensify ocean upwelling south of the equator. In contrast, extreme El Niño remains strong through FMA as enhanced deep convection causes westerly wind anomalies to intrude and suppress ocean upwelling in the eastern equatorial Pacific.
Fall determinants and home modifications by occupational therapists to prevent falls
Authors: Maggi Patrick , de Almeida Mello Johanna , Delye Sam , Cès Sophie , Macq Jean , Gosset Christiane , Declercq Anja 
Published: March 2018

Background. Approximately one third of older people over 65 years fall each year. Home modifications may decrease occurrence of falls. Purpose. This study aims to determine the risk factors of falls for frail older persons and to evaluate the impact of home modifications by an occupational therapist on the occurrence of falls. Method. We conducted a longitudinal study using a quasiexperimental design to examine occurrence of falls. All participants 65 years of age and older and were assessed at baseline and 6 months after the intervention. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression models were used to study the risk factors of falls and the effect of home modifications on the incidence of falls. Findings. The main predictors of falls were vision problems, distress of informal caregiver, and insufficient informal support. Home modifications provided by an occupational therapist showed a significant reduction of falls. Implications. Informal caregivers and their health status had an impact on the fall risk of frail older persons. Home modifications by an occupational therapist reduced the fall risk of frail older persons at 6-months follow-up.
Moral Identity and Its Links to Ethical Ideology and Civic Engagement
Authors: Sunil Soorya , Verma Sunil K. 
Published: March 2018

The study explored the role of moral identity (internalization and symbolization) in the civic engagement (attitude and behaviour) of youth through ethical ideology (idealism). A total of 217 individuals ( M = 22.5, SD = 3.4) comprising of 104 girls and 113 boys completed three scales, namely, moral identity scale, ethics position questionnaire (EPQ) and civic engagement scale. The results showed that moral identity internalization significantly predicted civic engagement attitude and moral identity symbolization significantly predicted civic engagement behaviour. Furthermore, idealism partially mediated the relationship between moral identity and civic engagement (attitude).
Rule of Law, Violence and Exception: Deciphering the Indian State in the Thangjam Manorama Inquiry Report
Authors: Lokaneeta Jinee 
Published: March 2018

In this article, I draw on Nasser Hussain’s conceptualizations on rule of law, violence, and exception to read the Inquiry Commission Report on the torture and murder of Thangjam Manorama in 2004. While clearly the Commission strongly condemns the torture and murder of Manorama, it continues to represent one of the most serious tensions that exist in the context of the rule of law and emergency that Hussain mentions in British colonial times. The Commission report attempts to resolve the tension between political exigencies and rule of law by restricting itself to being a procedural effort to deal with what is essentially a political and national security regime that ends up being curiously reminiscent of colonial reports. In other words, rather than recognizing the role of extraordinary laws such as AFSPA (Armed Forces Special Powers Act) in creating such situations, the report primarily recognizes procedural violations as responsible for the violence against Manorama. The report then ends up being a paternalistic symbolic act that fails to acknowledge the political authority of the state in conflict areas and the regime of impunity created by the very existence of the laws such as the AFSPA. However, I note that in the postcolonial context, the contestations of hyperlegality also reflect a tension between a rejection of emergency provisions for the Northeast and an inability to embrace excessive violence that the Constitution otherwise prohibits. I argue that the postcolonial state is unable to contain this tension successfully between political exigencies and the rule of law in the Thangjam Manorama case due to the continued demands for accountability by those resisting this law and protesting her and other deaths. Regardless of the intent of the author, the report following this particular death appears to have generated a fissure in the postcolonial legal narrative that reveals the excessive violence embedded in the AFSPA regime that cannot be easily embraced and yet cannot be denied and becoming increasingly difficult to contain and legitimize.
Clinical pulmonary infection score and a spot serum procalcitonin level to guide discontinuation of antibiotics in ventilator-associated pneumonia: a study in a single institution with high prevalence of nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli infection
Authors: Wongsurakiat Phunsup , Tulatamakit Sirapat 
Published: March 2018

Background We wanted to determine the impact of combined Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) and a spot serum procalcitonin (PCT)-guided protocol to shorten the duration of antibiotic treatment in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), mainly caused by nonfermentative gram-negative bacilli (NF-GNB). Methods Patients with VAP who received appropriate antibiotics for 7 days, temperature ⩽ 37.8°C, without shock, and CPIS ⩽ 6 were allocated to the PCT group or conventional group according to the treating physicians’ decisions. In the PCT group, antibiotics were stopped if the PCT level on day 8 < 0.5 ng/ml. In the conventional group, antibiotics were stopped according to physicians’ discretion. Results There were 24 patients in the PCT group and 26 patients in the conventional group. NF-GNB were responsible for VAP in 79.2% of the PCT group and 65.4% of the conventional group. PCT group had a greater number of antibiotic-free days alive during the 28 days after VAP onset than the conventional group (14.6 ± 5.4 days versus 5.9 ± 5.7 days, respectively; p <.001). In the multivariate, propensity score-adjusted analysis, the PCT group [coefficient = −9.1 (–12.2 to −6); p <.001] and extrapulmonary infections [coefficient = 6.4 (3.3–9.5); p <.001] were independent predictors of total antibiotic exposure days. There was no relapse in both groups. Meanwhile, 12.5% of the PCT group and 26.9% of the conventional group subsequently developed recurrent VAP compatible with superinfections. Conclusions CPIS and a spot serum PCT level appeared effective and safe to guide discontinuation of antibiotic treatment in patients with VAP caused by NF-GNB. Trial registration: TCTR20160726002
Pilot Study of Personalized Video Visit Summaries for Patients With Cancer
Authors: Krauss John C. , Sahai Vaibhav , Kirch Matthias , Simeone Diane M. , An Lawrence 
Published: March 2018

Purpose The treatment of cancer is complex, which can overwhelm patients and lead to poor comprehension and recall of the specifics of the cancer stage, prognosis, and treatment plan. We hypothesized that an oncologist can feasibly record and deliver a custom video summary of the consultation that covers the diagnosis, recommended testing, treatment plan, and follow-up in < 5 minutes. The video summary allows the patient to review and share the most important part of a cancer consultation with family and caregivers. Methods At the conclusion of the office visit, oncologists recorded the most important points of the consultation, including the diagnosis and management plan as a short video summary. Patients were then e-mailed a link to a secure Website to view and share the video. Patients and invited guests were asked to respond to an optional survey of 15 multiple-choice and four open-ended questions after viewing the video online. Results Three physicians recorded and sent 58 video visit summaries to patients seen in multidisciplinary GI cancer clinics. Forty-one patients logged into the secure site, and 38 viewed their video. Fourteen patients shared their video and invited a total of 46 visitors, of whom 36 viewed the videos. Twenty-six patients completed the survey, with an average overall video satisfaction score of 9 on a scale of 1 to 10, with 10 being most positive. Conclusion Video visit summaries provide a personalized education tool that patients and caregivers find highly useful while navigating complex cancer care. We are exploring the incorporation of video visit summaries into the electronic medical record to enhance patient and caregiver understanding of their specific disease and treatment.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind? Measuring the Relationship between Privatization and Medicaid Self-Reporting
Authors: Tallevi Ashley 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Privatization has grown exponentially, both in salience and in form, over the past several decades. This shifting of administrative authority away from the state can make it difficult for program recipients to link their use of a federal program back to government, a disconnect known as “submerging” the state. However, privatization is a process that occurs in degrees, and not all privatization initiatives look alike. This study leverages variation in the implementation of Medicaid managed care, which is the most widespread form of Medicaid privatization, to examine how privatization maps onto state submersion and affects state visibility. This analysis shows that, although Medicaid managed care enrollment, at large, does not relate to recipients' self-reported Medicaid enrollment, when privatized Medicaid plans introduce administrative designs that obscure the role of government, Medicaid self-reporting declines. These findings demonstrate that policy recipients are less able to recognize both the personal relevance of a specific public program and the public nature of this interaction when privatized programs utilize design features that attenuate signals of government involvement. In highlighting this disconnect, this article shows how privatization makes it more difficult for policy recipients to engage in the civic sphere as informed advocates for their self-interest.
How Intense Policy Demanders Shape Postreform Politics: Evidence from the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Rocco Philip , Haeder Simon F. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has been a politically volatile process. The ACA's institutional design and delayed feedback effects created a window of opportunity for its partisan opponents to launch challenges at both the federal and state level. Yet as recent research suggests, postreform politics depends on more than policy feedback alone; rather, it is shaped by the partisan and interest-group environment. We argue that “intense policy demanders” played an important role in defining the policy alternatives that comprised congressional Republicans' efforts to repeal and replace the ACA. To test this argument, we drew on an original data set of bill introductions in the House of Representatives between 2011 and 2016. Our analysis suggests that business contributions and political ideology affected the likelihood that House Republicans would introduce measures repealing significant portions of the ACA. A secondary analysis shows that intense policy demanders also shaped the vote on House Republicans' initial ACA replacement plan. These findings highlight the role intense policy demanders can play in shaping the postreform political agenda.
State-Level Community Benefit Regulation and Nonprofit Hospitals' Provision of Community Benefits
Authors: Singh Simone R. , Young Gary J. , Loomer Lacey , Madison Kristin 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Do nonprofit hospitals provide enough community benefits to justify their tax exemptions? States have sought to enhance nonprofit hospitals' accountability and oversight through regulation, including requirements to report community benefits, conduct community health needs assessments, provide minimum levels of community benefits, and adhere to minimum income eligibility standards for charity care. However, little research has assessed these regulations' impact on community benefits. Using 2009–11 Internal Revenue Service data on community benefit spending for more than eighteen hundred hospitals and the Hilltop Institute's data on community benefit regulation, we investigated the relationship between these four types of regulation and the level and types of hospital-provided community benefits. Our multivariate regression analyses showed that only community health needs assessments were consistently associated with greater community benefit spending. The results for reporting and minimum spending requirements were mixed, while minimum income eligibility standards for charity care were unrelated to community benefit spending. State adoption of multiple types of regulation was consistently associated with higher levels of hospital-provided community benefits, possibly because regulatory intensity conveys a strong signal to the hospital community that more spending is expected. This study can inform efforts to design regulations that will encourage hospitals to provide community benefits consistent with policy makers' goals.
Influence of Estradiol Status on Physical Activity in Premenopausal Women
Authors: MELANSON EDWARD L. , LYDEN KATE , GIBBONS ELLIE , GAVIN KATHLEEN M. , WOLFE PAMELA , WIERMAN MARGARET E. , SCHWARTZ ROBERT S. , KOHRT WENDY M. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to determine the effects of 5 months of ovarian hormone suppression in premenopausal women on objectively measured physical activity (PA).

Methods
Participants (age, 35 ± 8 yr; body mass index, 27 ± 6 kg·m−2) received monthly intramuscular injections of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHAG) therapy, which suppresses pituitary gonadotropins and results in suppression of ovarian sex hormones. Women were randomized to receive concurrent transdermal E2 (GnRHAG + E2; n = 30) or placebo (GnRHAG + PL, n = 31). PA was assessed for 1 wk before and during each month of the 5-month intervention using a hip-worn accelerometer (Actical, Mini Mitter Co., Inc., Bend, OR). Estimates of time spent in sedentary, light, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were derived using a previously published equation. Subsets of participants in each group were also randomized to a supervised progressive resistance exercise training program.

Results
Total MVPA tended toward being higher (P = 0.08) in the GnRHAG + E2 group at month 4. There were no significant effects of intervention or time in sedentary or light PA. In the subset of women who did not participate in structured exercise training for which Actical data were obtained (n = 16 in each group), total MVPA was higher at month 4 (P = 0.01).

Conclusions
PA levels seem to be maintained at a higher level in women undergoing pharmacological suppression of ovarian function with E2 add-back when compared with women treated with placebo. These data provide proof-of-concept data that E2 contributes to the regulation of PA in humans. However, given the exploratory nature of this study, future confirmatory investigations will be necessary.