bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building integration of stator‐augmented PowerWindow, a linear cascade wind turbine
Authors: Jafari Seyed AmirHosein , Hassanli Sina , Kwok Kenny , Safaei Farzad , Kosasih Buyung , Zhao Ming 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study investigates power generation capacity of stator‐augmented PowerWindow, a linear cascade wind turbine, when installed in through‐building openings of a tall building. By employing a new approach, referred to as equivalent momentum sink method, the flow characteristics of the ducted flow, such as its pressure, velocity, and turbulence intensity are predicted when subjected to different wind directions in presence of a wind turbine. This study shows that a properly designed layout maintains the velocity in the through‐building openings for a wide range of wind directions and enhances the power generation by 50%‐80% in comparison with the free‐stream wind turbine installed at the same elevation. This study also compares the power generation of stator‐augmented PowerWindow with a conventional horizontal axis wind turbine, Ampair 300, installed in the same through‐building openings. The results show that the power generation of the ducted stator‐augmented PowerWindow is close to that of the ducted Ampair 300 in certain wind directions. However, it can also effectively generate power at those wind directions that the ducted Ampair 300 is unable to operate. The analysis shows that this advantage significantly increases the annual power generation probability of the building‐integrated stator‐augmented PowerWindow. As a case study, it is shown that by embedding four through‐building openings integrated with stator‐augmented PowerWindow in a tall building in Sydney area, a portion (0.55‐8.07 KW) of the electricity consumption of the building facilities can be supplied 72% of times.
Detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology and provenance of the Neoproterozoic Lower Roan Group, Chambishi Basin, North‐eastern Zambia: Implication for rift evolution of the Congo Craton
Authors: Liu Chun‐Fa , Zhang Jing , Tang Li , Yang Fan , Guo Jiang‐Tao , Zhou Cong , Cai Zhen‐Wang , Bian Xiao‐Long 
Published: March 2019

Zambia Copperbelt hosts numerous world‐class, high‐grade sediment‐hosted stratiform Cu deposits. The Lower Roan Group of the Katanga Supergroup is the main ore host and mainly comprises clastic rocks. In this study, we conducted laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detrital zircon dating on the sedimentary rocks of the Lower Roan Group in the Chambishi Basin, in order to investigate the Neoproterozoic rift evolution of the Congo Craton. Our results reveal that the main zircon age population (97.1%) falls within 2.1–1.7 Ga (peaks at 1.95 and 1.88 Ga), and minor age populations fall into the Archaean (2.7–2.4 Ga), Palaeoproterozoic (2.3–2.1 Ga), and Mesoproterozoic (1.5–1.05 Ga). Detrital zircons from the Lower Roan Group have distinct oscillatory zoning in cathodoluminescence images, high Th/U ratios (mostly 0.5–2.0), and are sub‐angular, suggesting close detrital provenance. Provenance of the Lower Roan group may have been mainly the Lufubu Metamorphic Complex, Bangweulu Block, and Muva Supergroup, and minor the nearby granitoids of the Irumide Belt. The south‐eastern Congo Craton likely underwent two Neoproterozoic rifting events: the first rift cycle lasted from 880 to 820 Ma when the Lower Roan and Upper Roan groups were deposited in the Roan Basin. After an uplift, the Mwashia, Nguba, and Kundelungu groups of the Katanga Supergroup were likely deposited during the second rift basin development (765–635 Ma). The similar detrital zircon age spectra suggested that the Mwashia Group may have derived from the Lower Roan Group.
Use of new and uncommon synthetic psychoactive drugs among a nationally representative sample in the United States, 2005–2017
Authors: Palamar Joseph J. , Le Austin 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesThis study aims to examine patterns and first mentions of reported use of new or uncommon drugs across 13 years, among nationally representative samples in the United States.MethodsParticipants (ages ≥12) in the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (2005–2017, N = 730,418) were provided opportunities to type in names of new or uncommon drugs they had ever used that were not specifically queried. We examined self‐reported use across survey years and determined years of first mentions.ResultsFrom 2005 to 2017, there were 2,343 type‐in responses for use of 79 new or uncommon synthetic drugs, and 54 were first‐ever mentions of these drugs. The majority (65.8%) of mentions were phenethylamines (e.g., 2C‐x, NBOMe), which were also the plurality of new drug mentions (n = 22; 40.7%). Mentions of 2C‐x drugs in particular increased from 30 mentions in 2005 to 147 mentions in 2013. We estimate an upward trend in use of new or uncommon drugs between 2005 and 2017 (p < 0.001).ConclusionAlthough type‐in responses on surveys are limited and underestimate prevalence of use, such responses can help inform researchers when new compounds are used. Continued surveillance of use of new and uncommon drugs is needed to inform adequate public health response.
The vertical influence of temperature and precipitation on snow cover variability in the Central Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China
Authors: Wu Senyao , Zhang Xueliang , Du Jinkang , Zhou Xiaobing , Tuo Ye , Li Runjie , Duan Zheng 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSeasonal snow cover in mountainous regions will affect local climate and hydrology. In this study, we assessed the role of altitude in determining the relative importance of temperature and precipitation in snow cover variability in the Central Tianshan Mountains. The results show that: (a) in the study area, temperature has a greater influence on snow cover than precipitation during most of the time period studied and in most altitudes. (b) In the high elevation area, there is a threshold altitude of 3,900 ± 400 m, below which temperature is negatively correlated whereas precipitation is positively correlated to snow cover, and above which the situation is the opposite. Besides, this threshold altitude decreases from snow accumulated period to snow stable period and then increases from snowmelt period to snow‐free period. (c) Below 2,000 m, there is another threshold altitude of 1,400 ± 100 m during the snow stable period, below (above) which precipitation (temperature) is the main driver of snow cover.
Comparative analysis of Alzheimer's disease classification by CDR level using CNN, feature selection, and machine‐learning techniques
Authors: Khagi Bijen , Kwon Goo‐Rak , Lama Ramesh 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain needs an impeccable analysis to investigate all its structure and pattern. This analysis may be a sharp visual analysis by an experienced medical professional or by a computer aided diagnosis system that can help to predict, what may be the recent condition. Similarly, on the basis of various information and technique, a system can be designed to detect whether a patient is prone to Alzheimer's disease or not. And this task of detection of abnormalities at an initial stage from brain MRI is a major challenge in the field of neurosciences. The main idea behind our research is to utilize the deep layers feature extraction benefited from deep neural network architecture, without extensive hardware resource training, and classifying the image on a basis of simple machine‐learning algorithm with selected best features in order to reduce work load, classification error and hardware utilization time. We have utilized convolution neural network (CNN) layer using similar architecture like that of Alexnet with some parametric change, for the automatic extraction of features of images obtained from slice extraction of whole brain MRI whereas 13 manual features based on gray level co‐occurrence matrix were also extracted to test the impact of this features on ranking. If we had only classified using CNN network, the misclassification rate was much higher. So, feature selection is achieved with feature ranking algorithms like Mutinffs, ReliefF, Laplacian and UDFS and so on and also tested with different machine‐learning techniques like Support Vector Machine, K‐Nearest Neighbor and Subspace Ensemble under different testing condition. The performance of the result is satisfactory with classification accuracy around 98% to 99% with 7:3 ratio of random holdout partition of training to testing image sets and also with fivefolds of cross‐validation on the same set using a standardized template.
Towards causal estimates of children's time allocation on skill development
Authors: Caetano Gregorio , Kinsler Josh , Teng Hao 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIn this paper we examine how children's time allocation affects their accumulation of cognitive skill. Children's time allocation is endogenous in a model of skill production since it is chosen by parents and children. We apply a recently developed test of exogeneity to search for specifications that yield causal estimates of the impact time inputs have on child skills. The test exploits bunching in time inputs induced by a nonnegativity time constraint and it has power to detect a variety of sources of endogeneity. We find that with a sufficiently rich set of controls we are unable to reject exogeneity in our most detailed production function specifications. The estimates from these specifications indicate that active time with adult family members, such as parents and grandparents, are the most productive in generating cognitive skill.
Bioprocess development for (2R,3R)‐butanediol and acetoin production using very high polarity cane sugar and sugarcane molasses by a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain
Authors: Maina Sofia , Mallouchos Athanasios , Nychas George‐John E , Freire Denise MG , de Castro Aline Machado , Papanikolaou Seraphim , Kookos Ioannis K , Koutinas Apostolis 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDEfficient production of (2R,3R)‐2,3‐butanediol (BDO) and acetoin using the GRAS strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from very high polarity (VHP) cane sugar and sugarcane molasses could lead to the development of a sustainable industrial process.RESULTSThe effect of initial substrate concentration, nitrogen source, temperature, inoculum size and pH were evaluated in shake flask cultures. Batch bioreactor cultures showed that (2R,3R)‐BDO production (up to 28 g L−1) with high yield (up to 0.43 g g−1) and productivity (up to 0.93 g L−1 h−1) was favored at low kLa values (17–49 h−1). Increasing kLa values (63–104 h−1) initiated acetoin production (up to 25.6 g L−1) with yields up to 0.4 g g−1 and productivities up to 1.42 g L−1 h−1. Fed‐batch fermentation carried out at kLa value of 49 h−1 with VHP cane sugar resulted in mixed production (127.3 g L−1) of (2R,3R)‐BDO, (2R,3S)‐BDO and acetoin at 122 h with high yield (0.50 g g−1) and productivity (1.04 g L−1 h−1). In a similar fed‐batch fermentation with sugarcane molasses, mainly (2R,3R)‐BDO production (48.7 g L−1 with purity of 87.8%) was achieved at 59 h with yield of 0.4 g g−1 and productivity of 0.83 g L−1 h−1. At 130 h, (2R,3R)‐BDO was converted mainly into acetoin (55.4 g L−1).CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrates that kLa manipulation could be used in batch cultures to divert the bacterial metabolism towards either (2R,3R)‐BDO or acetoin production. Fed‐batch cultures with sugarcane molasses could lead to either (2R,3R)‐BDO or acetoin production with negligible by‐product formation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Improving the production of nanofibrillated cellulose from bamboo pulp by the combined cellulase and refining treatment
Authors: Yuan Zhaoyang , Wei Weiqi , Wen Yangbing 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDNanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) has shown great potential for wide applications in various fields and industries such as food, coatings, daily chemicals, superabsorbent high‐strength materials, and other high‐value products. Bamboo, with a chemical composition and fibre properties comparable to wood, is considered as an ideal nonwood material for the production of high‐quality NFC. However, the normally used two‐step process [TEMPO‐mediated oxidation and high‐pressure homogenization (HPH)] not only requires high amounts of energy, but also results in high heterogeneity of the resultant nanocellulose products.RESULTSIn this study, we proposed a sequential treatment method combining cellulase treatment followed by mechanical refining to improve the process for NFC production from bleached bamboo kraft pulp. The results showed that cellulase treatment using an enzyme dosage of 7 U g−1 cellulose followed by mechanical refining for 5000 revolutions increased the content of carboxyl group in treated pulp from 0.46 to 0.90 mmol g−1cellulose following TEMPO‐mediated oxidation. The effect of cellulase treatment and mechanical refining on the fibre properties was investigated in terms of freeness, fibre length, water retention value, pore volume and other fibrillation characteristics, such as the diameter of the NFC fibrils. Finally, we also found that, using the above‐proposed process, ca. 85 g high‐quality NFC could be produced from 100 g bleached bamboo pulp.CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrated that the combination of cellulase treatment and mechanical refining is a promising strategy to produce high‐quality NFC with short fibril diameter while increasing NFC yield and reducing energy consumption during HPH. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A liver‐humanized mouse model of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1‐deficiency
Authors: Srinivasan Raghuraman C. , Zabulica Mihaela , Hammarstedt Christina , Wu Tingting , Gramignoli Roberto , Kannisto Kristina , Ellis Ewa , Karadagi Ahmad , Fingerhut Ralph , Allegri Gabriella , Rüfenacht Véronique , Thöny Beat , Häberle Johannes , Nuoffer Jean‐Marc , Strom Stephen C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA liver‐humanized mouse model for CPS1‐deficiency was generated by the high‐level repopulation of the mouse liver with CPS1‐deficient human hepatocytes. When compared with mice that are highly repopulated with CPS1‐proficient human hepatocytes, mice that are repopulated with CPS1‐deficient human hepatocytes exhibited characteristic symptoms of human CPS1 deficiency including an 80% reduction in CPS1 metabolic activity, delayed clearance of an ammonium chloride infusion, elevated glutamine and glutamate levels, and impaired metabolism of [15N]ammonium chloride into urea, with no other obvious phenotypic differences. Because most metabolic liver diseases result from mutations that alter critical pathways in hepatocytes, a model that incorporates actual disease‐affected, mutant human hepatocytes is useful for the investigation of the molecular, biochemical, and phenotypic differences induced by that mutation. The model is also expected to be useful for investigations of modified RNA, gene, and cellular and small molecule therapies for CPS1‐deficiency. Liver‐humanized models for this and other monogenic liver diseases afford the ability to assess the therapy on actual disease‐affected human hepatocytes, in vivo, for long periods of time and will provide data that are highly relevant for investigations of the safety and efficacy of gene‐editing technologies directed to human hepatocytes and the translation of gene‐editing technology to the clinic.
Magnetization transfer saturation imaging of human calf muscle: Reproducibility and sensitivity to regional and sex differences
Authors: Romero Ignacio O. , Sinha Usha 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundMagnetization transfer saturation (MTsat) derives a semiquantitative index of magnetization transfer in faster acquisition times than quantitative magnetization transfer; the potential of MTsat for muscle imaging has not yet been explored.PurposeTo evaluate the potential of MTsat to identify regional and sex differences in calf muscle.Study TypeProspective cohort study.Phantom/SubjectsVials with different agar and nickel nitrate concentrations providing a range of macromolecular fraction and T1. Seven male subjects (25 ± 7 years) and seven female subjects (28 ± 14 years); three subjects were scanned in three separate sessions to assess reproducibility.Field Strength/Sequence3T, 3D fast low angle shot (FLASH) sequence with and without a magnetization transfer pulse; acquisition time of 4.12 minutes.AssessmentThe effectiveness of two methods of fat suppression was evaluated using the fat unsuppressed sequence as the reference and MTsat maps derived with and without transmit field inhomogeneity corrections were compared. Statistical evaluation of MTsat differences between calf muscles and between male and female cohorts was made.Statistical TestsBland–Altman plots were used to assess fat suppression and B1+ correction. The coefficient of variation (CV) and the repeatability coefficient (RC) were calculated from the repeat sessions. Sex and regional differences were assessed using two‐way factorial analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with Bonferroni‐adjusted independent sample t‐tests for post‐hoc analyses.ResultsIn phantoms, MTsat increased linearly with agar concentration and MTsat was independent of T1 (P = 0.229) evaluated in phantoms with two T1s. The CV and RC of MTsat ranged between 2.65 to 5.03% and 0.13 to 0.38, respectively, in the different calf muscles. MTsat of the tibialis anterior was significantly higher than other muscles (P < 0.05). MTsat in male subjects was significantly higher than in female subjects (P = 0.009).Data ConclusionMTsat maps of calf muscle acquired under 5 minutes may have the potential to detect regional and sex differences.Level of Evidence: 2Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1227–1237.
Elaia, Pergamon's maritime satellite: the rise and fall of an ancient harbour city shaped by shoreline migration
Authors: Seeliger Martin , Pint Anna , Feuser Stefan , Riedesel Svenja , Marriner Nick , Frenzel Peter , Pirson Felix , Bolten Andreas , Brückner Helmut 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThroughout human history, communication and trade have been key to society. Because maritime trade facilitated the rapid transportation of passengers and freight at relatively low cost, harbours became hubs for traffic, trade and exchange. This general statement holds true for the Pergamenian kingdom, which ruled wide parts of today's western Turkey during Hellenistic times. Its harbour, located at the city of Elaia on the eastern Aegean shore, was used extensively for commercial and military purposes. This study reconstructs the coastal evolution in and around the ancient harbour of Elaia and compares the observed environmental modifications with archaeological and historical findings. We use micropalaeontological, sedimentological and geochemical proxies to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental dynamics and evolution of the ancient harbour. The geoarchaeological results confirm the archaeological and historical evidence for Elaia's primacy during Hellenistic and early Roman times, and the city's gradual decline during the late Roman period. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that Elaia holds a unique position as a harbour city during ancient times in the eastern Aegean region, because it was not greatly influenced by the high sediment supply associated with river deltas. Consequently, no dredging of the harbour basins is documented, creating exceptional geo‐bioarchives for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions.
Investigation of cell wall polysaccharides from flour made with waste peel from unripe banana (Musa sapientum) biomass
Authors: Marenda Flávia Roberta B , Colodel Cristiane , Canteri Maria Helene G , de Olivera Müller Carmen Maria , Amante Edna R , de Oliveira Petkowicz Carmen Lúcia , de Mello Castanho Amboni Renata Dias 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe peel from unripe banana biomass is an agroindustrial waste. The present study aimed: (i) to extract pectin from enzymatically‐treated waste peel from unripe banana biomass (WPUBB) using a Box–Behnken design to optimize the extraction conditions (temperature, pH and extraction time) and obtain a maximum yield and (ii) to fractionate the polysaccharides from WPUBB employing sequential extractions using different solvents.RESULTSThe optimized product was obtained at 86 °C, pH 2.00, for 6 h and it presented a yield of 11.63%. The optimized product had low galacturonic acid content and a high amount of glucose (82.3%), suggesting the presence of starch (as confirmed by the bi‐dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR spectrum). All of the fractionated polysaccharides had a high glucose content. Low amounts of pectin were found in the water, chelating and diluted alkali‐soluble fractions. The fractions extracted using NaOH indicated the presence of glucuronoarabinoxylans.CONCLUSIONGlucose was the main monosaccharide found in all the fractions extracted from the WPUBB. Although the present study suggests that WPUBB is still not suitable for pectin extraction using current technologies, other compounds, such as resistant starch and glucuronoarabinoxylans, were found, suggesting that WPUBB could be used in the development of food formulations. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Tourists' space–time behavior in heritage places: Comparing guided and nonguided visitors
Authors: Galí Nuria , Aulet Silvia 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper analyzes guided tourists' space–time behavior in heritage sites and compares the results with the behavior of nonguided tourists. Data from 127 guided visitors from 127 different local tours and 1,242 nonguided tourists visiting the historic town city of Girona (Spain) were gathered from participant observation, GPS tracking, and questionnaires. Findings demonstrate that guided tourists have a more qualitative experience (less walking time, more time spent visiting monuments, more information, and sometimes privileged information) than have nonguided tourists. Despite this, results also suggest that tourists who take guided tours, and those who do not, show a very similar behavior pattern.
Rate constants and vibrational distributions for water‐forming reactions of OH and OD radicals with thioacetic acid, 1,2‐ethanedithiol and tert‐butanethiol
Authors: Butkovskaya N. I. , Setser D. W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractReactions of OH and OD radicals with CH3C(O)SH, HSCH2CH2SH, and (CH3)3CSH were studied at 298 K in a fast‐flow reactor by infrared emission spectroscopy of the water product molecules. The rate constants (1.3 ± 0.2) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for the OD + CH3C(O)SH reaction and (3.8 ± 0.7) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for the OD + HSCH2CH2SH reaction were determined by comparing the HOD emission intensity to that from the OD reaction with H2S, and this is the first measurement of these rate constants. In the same manner, using the OD + (C2H5)2S reference reaction, the rate constant for the OD + (CH3)3CSH reaction was estimated to be (3.6 ± 0.7) × 10−11 cm3 molecule−1 s−1. Vibrational distributions of the H2O and HOD molecules from the title reactions are typical for H‐atom abstraction reactions by OH radicals with release of about 50% of the available energy as vibrational energy to the water molecule in a 2:1 ratio of stretch and bend modes.