bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coral reef ecology in the Anthropocene
Authors: Williams Gareth J. , Graham Nicholas A. J. , Jouffray Jean‐Baptiste , Norström Albert V. , Nyström Magnus , Gove Jamison M. , Heenan Adel , Wedding Lisa M. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We are in the Anthropocene—an epoch where humans are the dominant force of planetary change. Ecosystems increasingly reflect rapid human‐induced, socioeconomic and cultural selection rather than being a product of their surrounding natural biophysical setting. This poses the intriguing question: To what extent do existing ecological paradigms capture and explain the current ecological patterns and processes we observe?

We argue that, although biophysical drivers still influence ecosystem structure and function at particular scales, their ability to offer predictive capacity over coupled social–ecological systems is increasingly compromised as we move further into the Anthropocene.

Traditionally, the dynamics of coral reefs have been studied in response to their proximate drivers of change rather than their underlying socioeconomic and cultural drivers. We hypothesise this is limiting our ability to accurately predict spatial and temporal changes in coral reef ecosystem structure and function.

We propose “social–ecological macroecology” as a novel approach within the field of coral reef ecology to a) identify the interactive effects of biophysical and socioeconomic and cultural drivers of coral reef ecosystems across spatial and temporal scales; b) test the robustness of existing coral reef paradigms; c) explore whether existing paradigms can be adapted to capture the dynamics of contemporary coral reefs; and d) if they cannot, develop novel coral reef social–ecological paradigms, where human dynamics are part of the paradigms rather than the drivers of them.

Human socioeconomic and cultural processes must become embedded in coral reef ecological theory and practice as much as biophysical processes are today if we are to predict and manage these systems successfully in this era of rapid change. This necessary shift in our approach to coral reef ecology will be challenging and will require truly interdisciplinary collaborations between the natural and social sciences.

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Converting the DriveSafe subtest of DriveSafe DriveAware for touchscreen administration
Authors: Cheal Beth , Bundy Anita , Patomella Ann‐Helen , Scanlan Justin Newton , Wilson Christopher 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundDriveSafe measures awareness of the driving environment. It is one subtest of DriveSafe DriveAware, a cognitive fitness‐to‐drive screening instrument. We converted DriveSafe to a touchscreen format for ease of administration; this necessitated the development of an automatic data collection and scoring system to reflect the decision that would otherwise have been made by an expert rater. We applied a structured process to determine what constituted ‘correct’ scores. We then examined the resulting scoring parameters to determine if these discriminated at‐risk drivers from a comparison sample.MethodsThirty at‐risk older drivers and 30 younger drivers took touchscreen DriveSafe. Following presentation of images containing between one and four objects/hazards for 4 seconds, participants indicated their recall of object/hazard characteristics (type, location and direction of movement) by touching the screen. We analysed responses via descriptive statistics to compare spread, accuracy and consistency; and via a Fisher's exact test to determine whether the set scoring parameters could discriminate between at‐risk and comparison drivers.ResultsFisher's exact test results indicated 24 of 28 location zones and 18 of 28 direction ranges discriminated at‐risk drivers from the comparison group (P < 0.05). Frequency of missed or incorrectly identified hazards was much higher for the at‐risk group for all variables. At‐risk drivers missed or misidentified significantly (P < 0.00) more object types (34%), directions (47%), and locations (36%) than the comparison group (≤4% for each variable). At‐risk drivers entered 31 additional responses for objects/hazards not displayed; the comparison group entered no additional responses.ConclusionThe automatic variable data collection and scoring system reflected decisions that would have been made by an expert rater. This systematic process provided automated scoring decisions that enabled us to discriminate at‐risk drivers from a comparison group. Psychometric evaluation of data gathered with touchscreen DriveSafe is required prior to use in clinical practice.
Managing food insecurity through informal networks of care: an ethnography of youth practices in the North of England
Authors: Laverty Louise 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFood insecurity in the UK is a pressing concern that is associated with poor health outcomes. Research to date has focused on the challenges for adults in providing food for families. However, there is little evidence showing how children and young people experience food insecurity, particularly outside of the home and school. This paper, drawing on 14 months of ethnography in a youth club in the North of England, explores how young people manage food insecurity. In this youth club, the circulation of takeaway food is part of an informal network where boys purchase, share and receive food. This practice allows the boys to participate meaningfully within their peer groups whilst also providing stable access to food. This peer practice, however, was not available to everyone. This was a gendered practice that for the girls held little benefit due to their concerns about eating and pressure to provide for others. Instead, some girls depend on romantic relationships for food provision that is equated with affection and care. The findings will be discussed through a ‘materialities of care’ perspective to explore the complex ways in which food as a practice of care is part of everyday routines embedded within local places.
County‐level access to opioid use disorder medications in medicare Part D (2010‐2015)
Authors: Abraham Amanda J. , Adams Grace Bagwell , Bradford Ashley C. , Bradford William D. 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveTo identify geographic disparities in access to opioid use disorder (OUD) treatment medications and county demographic and economic characteristics associated with access to buprenorphine and oral naltrexone prescribers in Medicare Part D.Data Sources/Study SettingWe utilized data from the Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Event Standard Analytic File (2010‐2015).Study Design/Data CollectionWe used logistic regression to examine county‐level access to OUD medication prescribers.Principal FindingsThere was a 5.6 percentage point increase in counties with access to an OUD prescriber over the study period. However, in 2015, 60 percent of US counties lacked access to a Medicare Part D buprenorphine prescriber and over 75 percent lacked access to an oral naltrexone prescriber. Increased access to OUD prescribers was largely concentrated in urban counties. Results of logistic regression indicate regional differences and potential racial disparities in access to OUD prescribers.ConclusionsTo improve access to buprenorphine and naltrexone treatment for Medicare Part D enrollees, CMS may consider implementing educational and training initiatives focused on OUD treatment, offering training to obtain a buprenorphine waiver at no cost to providers, and sending targeted information to providers in low OUD treatment capacity areas.
Iguratimod ameliorates bleomycin‐induced alveolar inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in mice by suppressing expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9
Authors: Zhao Like , Mu Bingyao , Zhou Rongwei , Cheng Yongjing , Huang Cibo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate the potential therapeutic efficacy of iguratimod (IGU) on bleomycin (BLM)‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice.MethodsA total of 75 C57BL/6 mice were randomly and evenly divided into control group, BLM (5 mg/kg) group, BLM + IGU (90 mg/kg) group, BLM + methylprednisolone (MP, 10 mg/kg) group and BLM + pirfenidone (PF, 100 mg/kg) group. The mice were sacrificed on day 7, 14 and 28. The lung tissue was examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and Masson staining to evaluate the degree of alveolitis and fibrosis, and serum cytokines were measured.ResultsHistopathological results showed that IGU attenuated BLM‐induced alveolar inflammation and decreased collagen deposition in lung tissue from day 7 till day 28. Both the pathological alveolitis and fibrosis scores in the drug‐treated groups (IGU group, MP group and PF group) were decreased dramatically compared with the BLM group on day 7, 14 and 28 (P < 0.05). There were no statistical significances among these three groups. Cytokine profile showed that IGU decreased the level of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐1, IL‐6 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 which were up‐regulated by BLM on day 7, 14 and 28 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between the severity of pulmonary fibrosis and serum MMP‐9 levels.ConclusionIGU can decrease BLM‐induced pulmonary fibrosis, and the anti‐fibrotic effect of IGU is mediated partly via inhibition of MMP‐9, which suggests that IGU could potentially be an effective therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis.
Scutellarin suppresses proliferation and promotes apoptosis in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells via AKT/mTOR/4EBP1 and STAT3 pathways
Authors: Cao Pikun , Liu Bin , Du Feng , Li Dong , Wang Yongzheng , Yan Xiaoyan , Li Xiao , Li Yuliang 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundScutellarin (SCU), a flavonoid isolated from Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand.‐Mazz., increases autophagy and apoptosis in the adenocarcinoma A549 cell line, which is resistant to cisplatin. However, whether SCU alone has antitumor activity against non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unknown.MethodsCell Counting Kit‐8, flow cytometry, colony formation, Hoechst 33258 staining, and Western blot analyses were used to examine the proliferation and apoptosis of A549 cells treated with SCU and the possible molecular mechanisms.ResultsThe cell viability assay indicated that SCU markedly suppressed the proliferation of A549 cells in concentration and time‐dependent manners. SCU caused significant G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis, as evidenced by flow cytometric analyses, Hoechst 33258 staining, and Western blot analyses of cyclin D1, cyclin E, BCL‐2, cleaved‐caspase‐3, and BAX. Furthermore, SCU treatment reduced the level of pan‐AKT, phosphorylated (p)‐mTOR, mTOR, BCL‐XL, STAT3, and p‐STAT3, and increased the level of 4EBP1.ConclusionsSCU can suppress proliferation and promote apoptosis in A549 cells through AKT/mTOR/4EBP1 and STAT3 pathways. This suggests that SCU may be developed into a promising antitumor agent for treating NSCLC.
Management of anlotinib‐related adverse events in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer: Experiences in ALTER‐0303
Authors: Si Xiaoyan , Zhang Li , Wang Hanping , Zhang Xiaotong , Wang Mengzhao , Han Baohui , Li Kai , Wang Qiming , Shi Jianhua , Wang Zhehai , Cheng Ying , Shi Yuankai , Chen Weiqiang , Wang Xiuwen , Luo Yi , Nan Kejun , Jin Faguang 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundAnlotinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, fibroblast growth factor receptor, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor, and stem cell factor receptor (c‐Kit). In the phase III ALTER‐0303 trial (Clinical Trial Registry ID: NCT 02388919), anlotinib significantly improved overall survival versus placebo in advanced non‐small cell lung cancer patients who had received at least two previous chemotherapy and epidermal growth factor receptor/anaplastic lymphoma kinase targeted therapy regimens. This study summarized adverse event management in this trial.MethodsPatients were randomized (2:1) to anlotinib or placebo up to progression or intolerable toxicity. Adverse events were graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0 and managed by investigators. Key strategies for preventing and managing the most common adverse events included patient education, supportive care, and dose modification.ResultsBetween February 2015 and August 2016, 294 patients received anlotinib. A total of 170 (57.8%) patients received antihypertensive medications for hypertension, 53 (18.0%) patients received levothyroxine for hypothyroidism, 24 (8.2%) patients received fibrates for hypertriglyceridemia, 11 (3.7%) patients took cortisone cream for hand‐foot syndrome, and 38 (12.9%) patients received anti‐diarrheal medications for diarrhea. Dose reduction and drug discontinuation were required in 24 (8.16%) and 31 (10.54%) patients in the anlotinib group, respectively.ConclusionAnlotinb‐related adverse events could be controlled by patient education, prophylactic measures, early and active intervention, and dose modification.
Prolonged febrile seizures induce inheritable memory deficits in rats through DNA methylation
Authors: Dai Yun‐Jian , Wu Deng‐Chang , Feng Bo , Chen Bin , Tang Yang‐Shun , Jin Miao‐Miao , Zhao Hua‐Wei , Dai Hai‐Bin , Wang Yi , Chen Zhong 
Published: January 2019

SummaryAimsFebrile seizures (FSs) are the most common types of seizures in young children. However, little is known whether the memory deficits induced by early‐life FSs could transmit across generations or not.MethodsThe memory functions of different generations of FS rats were behaviorally evaluated by morris water maze, inhibitory avoidance task, and contextual fear conditioning task. Meanwhile, molecular biology and pharmacological methods were used to investigate the role of DNA methylation in transgenerational transmission of memory defects.ResultsProlonged FSs in infant rats resulted in memory deficits in adult and transgenerationally transmitted to next generation, which was mainly through mothers. For these two generations, DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 was upregulated, leading to transcriptional inhibition of the synaptic plasticity protein reelin but not the memory suppressor protein phosphatase 1. DNMT inhibitors prevented the high expression of DNMT1 and hypermethylation of reelin gene and reversed the transgenerationally memory deficits. In addition, enriched environment in juvenile rats rescued memory deficits induced by prolonged FSs.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated early experience of prolonged FSs led to memory deficits in adult rats and their unaffected offspring, which involved epigenetic mechanisms, suggesting early environmental experiences had a significant impact on the transgenerational transmission of neurological diseases.
NT‐4/5 antagonizes the BDNF modulation of corticostriatal transmission: Role of the TrkB.T1 receptor
Authors: Torres‐Cruz Francisco M. , César Vivar‐Cortés Israel , Moran Isaac , Mendoza Ernesto , Gómez‐Pineda Victor , García‐Sierra Francisco , Hernández‐Echeagaray Elizabeth 
Published: January 2019

SummaryNeurotrophins are related to survival, growth, differentiation and neurotrophic maintenance as well as modulation of synaptic transmission in different regions of the nervous system. BDNF effects have been studied in the striatum due to the trophic role of BDNF in medium spiny neurons; however, less is known about the effects of NT‐4/5, which is also present in the striatum and activates the TrkB receptor along with BDNF. If both neurotrophins are present in the striatum, the following question arises: What role do they play in striatal physiology? Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the physiological effect of the sequential application and coexistence of BDNF and NT‐4/5 on the modulation of corticostriatal synapses. Our data demonstrated that neurotrophins exhibit differential effects depending on exposure order. BDNF did not modify NT‐4/5 effect; however, NT‐4/5 inhibited the effects of BDNF. Experiments carried out in COS‐7 cells to understand the mechanisms of this antagonism, indicated that NT‐4/5 exerts its inhibitory effect on BDNF by upregulating the TrkB.T1 and downregulating the TrkB‐FL isoforms of the TrkB receptor.
Predictive validity of objective measures of physical fitness for the new onset of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults
Authors: Tacchi Mary Jane , Heggelund Jorn , Scott Jan 
Published: January 2019

AimTo systematically review evidence that objectively assessed level of physical fitness is associated with future risk of adverse mental health outcomes during the peak age range for onset of adult mental disorders.MethodsSearches of Electronic databases (EBSCOhost, SPORTDISCUS, EMBASE, MedLINE, Cochrane database, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and Dissertation Abstracts), supplemented by hand searches of journals, conference proceedings and citations. Random‐effects meta‐analysis models were used to pool the intervention effects.ResultsEight studies of adolescents and young adults were included in the qualitative review and six studies derived from four independent cohorts were included in the statistical analyses. Most publications reported on large samples (including >1 million), but male conscripts were over‐represented in the study cohorts; quality of included studies was modest, and heterogeneity was significant. Meta‐analytic estimates were conducted for different adverse mental health outcomes, but all showed an inverse association between fitness and incidence of mental disorders or suicidality. Overall, higher level of physical fitness was associated with lower rates of onset of mental health problems (odds ratio: 0.59; 95% confidence intervals: 0.54, 0.65).ConclusionsAll eligible studies were undertaken since 2010, suggesting this is an emerging but unfinished field of research. The study design and methodological limitations indicate that the reported results should be treated with caution. However, if the meta‐analytic findings are reliably replicated for new cohorts of males and females, they have implications for research into the prevention of non‐communicable diseases, as our review suggests that interventions should target physical and mental health in equal measure.
Effectiveness of a professional development training program in increasing knowledge of mental health clinicians specializing in early psychosis
Authors: Macneil Craig , Foster Frances , Nicoll Amanda , Monfries Richard , Coulson Lucas , Osman Helen , Grainger Michelle , Cotton Sue 
Published: January 2019

AimFor early psychosis services to be effective, it is essential to have staff that are trained in evidence‐based interventions in this area. In this paper, we report on research undertaken by The Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre's Statewide Services (ESW) team. The focus was on assessing knowledge acquisition in early psychosis clinicians that had attended ESW's specialist training.MethodsBetween October 2012 and October 2017, data were collected from a large cohort of clinicians that had attended 46 ESW workshops covering topics identified in international guidelines as key components of early psychosis service provision. Participants were asked to complete between 3 and 11 pre‐ and post‐workshop short answer and/or multiple choice questions that related to learning outcomes for the workshop. The percentage of correct responses before and after the workshop was compared for each participant, with a cumulative measure taken to provide information regarding knowledge acquisition across each workshop.ResultsParticipant compliance was high (89.7%) with 962 completed questionnaires being collected from 1073 attendees across the workshops. Results showed that the ESW training led to a statistically significant increase in clinician knowledge from pre‐training scores of 47.2% correct, to 83.5% correct answers at the conclusion of training (pre M = 47.2%, SD = 28.8; post M = 83.5%, SD = 23.7; t[890] = −35.66, P < 0.001).ConclusionsTraining that utilized adult learning principles had a strong focus on evidence‐based interventions, and used clinical examples to embed core principles, led to a statistically significant increase in early intervention clinician knowledge.
Effects of microwave and water bath heating on the interactions between myofibrillar protein from beef and ketone flavour compounds
Authors: Han Zhong , Cai Meng‐jie , Cheng Jun‐Hu , Sun Da‐Wen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis paper presents the effects of microwave on the structure changes of myofibrillar protein compared with traditional water bath heating method. Under microwave or water bath heating conditions, α‐helix conformation of myofibrillar protein was converted into β‐turn, β‐sheet and randomly coiled structures gradually. T	he fluorescence intensity of myofibrillar protein exhibited a marked red shift of the maximum absorption wavelength after microwave or water bath treatment. Total sulfhydryls groups and surface hydrophobicity contents were increased with progressing microwave or water bath treatment time. Results indicated that the thermal effects of microwave dominated the structure changes of myofibrillar protein, and microwaving also had an apparent influence on myofibrillar protein structure compared with water bath heating due to its nonthermal effects, and thus affecting the retention and release of ketone flavour compounds.
The relationship between work‐related musculoskeletal disorders, chronic occupational fatigue, and work organization: A multi‐hospital cross‐sectional study
Authors: Younan Lina , Clinton Michael , Fares Souha , Jardali Fadi El , Samaha Helen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimsTo identify the prevalence of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders, levels of chronic occupational fatigue, and how they vary with individual and work organization factors.DesignA multi‐hospital cross‐sectional survey.MethodsNurses from 39 hospitals completed self‐reported questionnaires from June to September 2015. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize hospitals and nurses’ characteristics, fatigue levels and prevalence, and type of musculoskeletal disorders. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to identify correlational factors.ResultsThe results revealed that 71.3% of participants reported a work‐related musculoskeletal disorder in the previous 12 months, mainly back pain. The reported musculoskeletal disorders were significantly correlated with years of experience, nurse to patient ratios, and chronic occupational fatigue. Higher chronic occupational fatigue levels were associated with education, age, years of experience, nurse to patient ratio, and model of care.ConclusionPreventive work organization strategies are needed to ensure healthier occupational environment for nurses.