bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropometric variations in different BMI and adiposity levels among children, adolescents and young adults in Kolkata, India
Authors: Kryst Łukasz , Żegleń Magdalena , Wronka Iwona , Woronkowicz Agnieszka , Bilińska-Pawlak Inez , Das Rituparna , Saha Rana , Das Sukanta , Dasgupta Parasmani 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe objective of the study was to analyse selected anthropometric features of children, adolescents and young adults from middle-class families in Kolkata, India, by BMI and adiposity categories. Standardized anthropometric measurements of 4194 individuals (1999 male and 2195 female) aged 7–21 were carried out between the years 2005 and 2011. The results were compared by BMI and adiposity categories. Statistical significance was assessed using two-way-ANOVA and linear regression analysis was performed. The study population could be differentiated in terms of BMI and adiposity categories for all examined anthropometric characteristics (p≤ 0.001). After taking age into consideration, differences were observed for males in the case of body height and humerus breadth in BMI and adiposity categories, and for femur breadth in the case of adiposity categories. For females, differences were noted in body height measurements in BMI and adiposity categories, a sum of skinfold thicknesses in BMI categories, and upper-arm and calf circumferences in adiposity categories. The patterns of differences in the BMI categories were found to be similar to those in adiposity categories. The linear regression analysis results showed that there was a significant relationship between BMI and body fat ratio in the examined population. Underweight individuals, and those with low adiposity, were characterized by lower extremity circumferences and skeletal breadths. These features reached highest values in overweight/obese persons, characterized by high body fat. However, the differences observed between each BMI and adiposity category, in most cases, were only present in early childhood.
Generation of large-scale magnetic fields due to fluctuating in shearing systems
Authors: Jingade Naveen , Singh Nishant K. , Sridhar S. 
Published: December 2018

We explore the growth of large-scale magnetic fields in a shear flow, due to helicity fluctuations with a finite correlation time, through a study of the Kraichnan–Moffatt model of zero-mean stochastic fluctuations of the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$parameter of dynamo theory. We derive a linear integro-differential equation for the evolution of the large-scale magnetic field, using the first-order smoothing approximation and the Galilean invariance of the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$-statistics. This enables construction of a model that is non-perturbative in the shearing rate$S$and the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$-correlation time$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$. After a brief review of the salient features of the exactly solvable white-noise limit, we consider the case of small but non-zero$\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$. When the large-scale magnetic field varies slowly, the evolution is governed by a partial differential equation. We present modal solutions and conditions for the exponential growth rate of the large-scale magnetic field, whose drivers are the Kraichnan diffusivity, Moffatt drift, shear and a non-zero correlation time. Of particular interest is dynamo action when the$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$-fluctuations are weak; i.e. when the Kraichnan diffusivity is positive. We show that in the absence of Moffatt drift, shear does not give rise to growing solutions. But shear and Moffatt drift acting together can drive large-scale dynamo action with growth rate$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\propto |S|$.
Microscopy of crustacean cuticle: formation of a flexible extracellular matrix in moulting sea slaters Ligia pallasii
Authors: Štrus J. , Tušek-Žnidarič M. , Repnik U. , Blejec A. , Summers A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractStructural and functional properties of exoskeleton in moulting sea slaters Ligia pallasii from the Eastern Pacific coast were investigated with CT scanning and electron microscopy. Ultrastructure of preecdysial and postecdysial cuticular layers was described in premoult, intramoult and postmoult animals. Cuticle is a flexible extracellular matrix connected to the epidermal cells through pore channels. During premoult epicuticle and exocuticle are formed and during intramoult and postmoult endocuticular lamellae are deposited and the cuticle is progressively constructed by thickening and mineralization. Cuticle permeability, flexibility and waterproofing capacity change accordingly. Elaboration of epicuticular scales connected to an extensive network of nanotubules, establish its anti-adhesive and hydrophobic properties. Labelling with gold conjugated WGA lectins on Tokuyashu thawed cryosections exposes differences in chitin content between exocuticle and endocuticle. Histochemical staining of cuticle shows presence of acidic carbohydrates/glycoconjugates and lipoproteins in epicuticular layer. Chitin microfibrils are formed at the microvillar border of epidermal cells with abundant Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles. Numerous spherules associated with nanotubules were observed in the ecdysial space in intramoult animals. The mineral component of the cuticle as visualized with CT scanning indicates progressive mineral resorption from the posterior to the anterior half of the body in premoult animals, its translocation from the anterior to posterior part during intramoult and its progressive deposition in the posterior and anterior exoskeleton during postmoult. Cuticle of sea slaters is a unique biocomposite and biodynamic material constantly reconstructed during frequent moults, and adapted to specific physical and biotic conditions of the high intertidal rocky zone.
Hippocampal subfields and visuospatial associative memory across stages of schizophrenia-spectrum disorder
Authors: Wannan Cassandra M. J. , Cropley Vanessa L. , Chakravarty M. Mallar , Van Rheenen Tamsyn E. , Mancuso Sam , Bousman Chad , Everall Ian , McGorry Patrick D. , Pantelis Christos , Bartholomeusz Cali F. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundWhile previous studies have identified relationships between hippocampal volumes and memory performance in schizophrenia, these relationships are not apparent in healthy individuals. Further, few studies have examined the role of hippocampal subfields in illness-related memory deficits, and no study has examined potential differences across varying illness stages. The current study aimed to investigate whether individuals with early and established psychosis exhibited differential relationships between visuospatial associative memory and hippocampal subfield volumes.MethodsMeasurements of visuospatial associative memory performance and grey matter volume were obtained from 52 individuals with a chronic schizophrenia-spectrum disorder, 28 youth with recent-onset psychosis, 52 older healthy controls, and 28 younger healthy controls.ResultsBoth chronic and recent-onset patients had impaired visuospatial associative memory performance, however, only chronic patients showed hippocampal subfield volume loss. Both chronic and recent-onset patients demonstrated relationships between visuospatial associative memory performance and hippocampal subfield volumes in the CA4/dentate gyrus and the stratum that were not observed in older healthy controls. There were no group by volume interactions when chronic and recent-onset patients were compared.ConclusionsThe current study extends the findings of previous studies by identifying particular hippocampal subfields, including the hippocampal stratum layers and the dentate gyrus, that appear to be related to visuospatial associative memory ability in individuals with both chronic and first-episode psychosis.
Native-like processing of prominence cues in L2 written discourse comprehension: Evidence from font emphasis
Authors: LEE EUN-KYUNG , FRAUNDORF SCOTT 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTUnderstanding alternatives to prominent information contributes to successful native language discourse comprehension. Several past studies have suggested that the way second language (L2) learners encode and represent an alternative set in L2 speech is not exactly native-like. However, because these studies involved contrastive pitch accents in running speech, these native language–second language differences may reflect the demands of comprehending running speech in L2 rather than intrinsic deficit in discourse processing per se. Here, we tested L2 learners’ discourse encoding and representation using a different cue to prominence: font emphasis in self-paced reading. We found that, in this temporally less demanding modality, L2 learners’ encoding of salient alternatives became native-like. Font emphasis facilitated L2 learners’ memory for the discourse by ruling out salient alternatives, just as how it facilitates native speakers’. L2 learners were also similar to native speakers in using the situation model to constrain an alternative set. The results suggest that L2 learners can show native-like processing of prominence and that previous underuse of contrastive accents in L2 comprehension could reflect cognitive demands of processing running speech in L2.
A Novel Framework for Multi-Agent Systems Using a Decentralized Strategy
Authors: Güzel Mehmet Serdar , Ajabshir Vahid Babaei , Nattharith Panus , Gezer Emir Cem , Can Serhat 
Published: December 2018

SummaryThis work addresses a new framework that proposes a decentralized strategy for collective and collaborative behaviours of multi-agent systems. This framework includes a new clustering behaviour that causes agents in the swarm to agree on attending a group and allocating a leader for each group, in a decentralized and local manner. The leader of each group employs a vision-based goal detection algorithm to find and acquire the goal in a cluttered environment. As soon as the leader starts moving, each member is enabled to move in the same direction by staying coordinated with the leader and maintaining the desired formation pattern. In addition, an exploration algorithm is designed and integrated into the framework so as to allow each group to be able to explore goals in a collaborative and efficient manner. A series of comprehensive experiments are conducted in order to verify the overall performance of the proposed framework.
THE EQUALITY NORM MEETS THE EVOLUTION OF PROPERTY IN THE LAW OF “TAKINGS”
Authors: Rose Carol M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract:A norm of equal treatment is cited regularly in the American jurisprudence of property “takings” under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution, as a benchmark of fair treatment of owners. According to an increasingly prevalent version of this equality norm, courts should look to parity of treatment among property owners in investigating whether particular regulations “take” property. This essay argues, however, that such an equality norm is misplaced, and that courts should judge fairness by the criterion of expectation—including reasonable expectations of regulation.A norm of equality becomes problematic in the face of the economic theory of the evolution of property. This theory posits that as resources become more congested, their uses carry increasing common pool costs or “externalities”—a scenario that should predictably result in more stringent resource management—up to and including the establishment of regulatory regimes as well as property rights themselves. This evolutionary pattern, however, places earlier and later resource users in different positions vis-à-vis both common pool externalities and regulatory responses, and their different temporal positions fragment the meaning of equal treatment and destabilize it as a jurisprudential norm. This essay argues that while equal treatment may be a benchmark for special or invidious cases, like those relating to civil rights, the great bulk of takings cases involve regulatory responses to congesting resources, where a norm of equal treatment breaks down. Thus, in seeking fair treatment, takings jurisprudence should downplay equality and instead look to the understanding of property as a basis of expectations—but those expectations should include the anticipation of reasonable regulatory responses to resource congestion.
UNDERSTANDING NORMS AND CHANGING THEM
Authors: Muldoon Ryan 
Published: December 2018

Abstract:It is crucial for policymakers to focus their attention on social norms if they want to improve policy outcomes, but doing so brings in new normative questions about the appropriate role of the state. Indeed, I argue that efforts to reduce coercion at the state level can create potentially pernicious and difficult to eliminate forms of coercion at the informal level. This creates a new normative challenge for thinking about the broader regulatory apparatus, and complicates our approach in utilizing social norms for democratic policy ends. I will distinguish between two forms of social norms orientations in policy: a diagnostic approach and a design approach. We will see that the diagnostic approach better models a Humean approach to supporting social norms, and a design approach has a more Millian character. While it is easier to justify a design approach in the abstract, as it has very little room for abuses of state authority, if Mill is right that social norms can be a source of coercive power that runs afoul of the harm principle, then a design approach will sometimes be necessary to counter this form of tyranny. However, this latter approach is complex, and as such we may want to take a recommendation from Mockus to focus on deliberative approaches to norm change.
A COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR THEORIES OF NORM COMPLIANCE
Authors: Morris Adam , Cushman Fiery 
Published: December 2018

Abstract:Humans often comply with social norms, but the reasons why are disputed. Here, we unify a variety of influential explanations in a common decision framework, and identify the precise cognitive variables that norms might alter to induce compliance. Specifically, we situate current theories of norm compliance within the reinforcement learning framework, which is widely used to study value-guided learning and decision-making. This framework offers an appealingly precise language to distinguish between theories, highlights the various points of convergence and divergence, and suggests novel ways in which norms might penetrate our psychology.
Atypical coronary artery aneurysms due to Kawasaki disease in Noonan syndrome with a novel PTPN11 mutation
Authors: Takai Shiori , Takasawa Kei , Doi Shozaburo 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe report a 3-year-old boy with giant and atypical coronary artery aneurysms in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease, despite appropriate therapeutic intervention, in Noonan syndrome with a novel heterozygous PTPN11 mutation, c. 907 G>A (p.Asp303Asn). We hypothesised that this PTPN11 mutation might affect both hyperinflammation caused by Kawasaki disease and vascular fragility in the coronary artery, resulting in coronary artery aneurysms.
Survey of multinational surgical management practices in tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Hussain Sara , Al-Radi Osman , Yun Tae-Jin , Hua Zhongdong , Rahmat Budi , Rao Suresh , Qi An , Fraser Charles , d’Udekem Yves , Ibrahim Quazi , Copland Ingrid , Whitlock Richard , Van Arsdell Glen 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundA wide variety of surgical strategies are used in tetralogy of Fallot repair. We sought to describe the international contemporary practice patterns for surgical management of tetralogy of Fallot.MethodsSurgeons from 18 international paediatric cardiac surgery centres (representing over 1800 tetralogy of Fallot cases/year) completed a Research Electronic Data Capture-based survey. Participating countries include: China (4), India (2), Nepal (1), Korea (1), Indonesia (1), Saudi Arabia (3), Japan (1), Turkey (1), Australia (1), United States of America (2), and Canada (1). Summary measures were reported as means and counts (percentages). Responses were weighted based on case volume/centre.ResultsPrimary repair is the prevalent strategy (83%) with variation in age at elective repair (range). Approximately 47% of sites use patient age as a factor in determining the strategy, with age <3 months being the common cut-off for staged repair. In addition, patient weight of <3 kg is an indication for staged repair in 80% of participating institutions. Trans-atrial ventricular septal defect closure is the preferred approach in 62% of sites. Approximately 70% of responders reported using pulmonary valve z-score to guide right ventricular outflow tract management technique with the most prevalent cut-off for annulus preservation being a z-score of −3. Estimated incidence of annulus preservation is 53%. Minimal trans-annular incision is performed in >90% of all trans-annular repairs.ConclusionsIn this cohort representing 11 countries, there is variation in tetralogy of Fallot surgical management with no consensus on standard of practice. A large international prospective cohort study would allow analysis of impact of underlying anatomy and repair strategy on early and late outcomes.
A process for academic societies to develop scientific statements and white papers: experience of the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society
Authors: Reddy Sushma , Polito Angelo , Staveski Sandra , Dalton Heidi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThere are substantial knowledge gaps, practice variation, and paucity of controlled trials owing to the relatively small number of patients with critical heart disease. The Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society has recognised this knowledge gap as an area needing a more comprehensive and evidence-based approach to the management of the critically ill child with heart disease. To address this, the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society created a scientific statements and white papers committee. Scientific statements and white papers will present the current state-of-the-art in areas where controversy exists, providing clinicians with guidance in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, particularly where evidence-based data are lacking. This paper provides a template for other societies and organisations faced with the task of developing scientific statements and white papers. We describe the methods used to perform a systematic literature search and evidence rating that will be used by all scientific statements and white papers emerging from the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society. The Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society aims to revolutionise the care of children with heart disease by shifting our efforts from individual institution-based practices to national standardised protocols and to lay the ground work for multicentre high-impact research directions.
Anakinra as rescue therapy for steroid-dependent idiopathic recurrent pericarditis in children: case report and literature review
Authors: Rodriguez-Gonzalez Moises , Ruiz-Gonzalez Estefania , Castellano-Martinez Ana 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn approximately 5% of patients with idiopathic recurrent pericarditis, the disease usually follows a chronic relapsing course, and children can develop dependence and side effects of prolonged high-dose corticosteroid regimens. In this setting anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 competitive receptor antagonist that blocks the biologic effects of interleukin-1, thereby reducing systemic inflammatory responses, appears to be one of the most promising strategies. We report an adolescent with steroid-dependent idiopathic recurrent pericarditis that was successfully treated with anakinra, highlighting that this therapeutic option seems to be an effective, rapidly acting, steroid-sparing, and relatively safe agent for the treatment of this entity in children.
Genotypic variation in leaf epicuticular wax quantity in a large faba bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasm collection
Authors: Khazaei Hamid , Santanen Arja , Street Kenneth , Stoddard Frederick L. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAmong grain legumes, faba bean is reputed to be relatively sensitive to drought stress. Epicuticular wax (ECW) quantity is considered as an important drought adaptation strategy in plant species. This study aimed to define variation in leaf ECW concentration as a drought-adaptive trait in 197 faba bean accessions under well-watered conditions. The relationship between ECW and stomatal characteristics was also investigated. Highly significant differences were found in the ECW concentration, which ranged from 0.680 to 2.104 mg/dm2. No relationships were found between ECW and any measure of stomatal morphology and function. This study provides evidence of the wide variation in ECW in faba bean germplasm, which is independent of stomatal characteristics and leaf water content. This variation may allow the genetic improvement of ECW as a drought-adaptive character in faba bean breeding programs aiming at the economical use of water.
Analysis of financial events under an assumption of complexity
Authors: Li Yifei , Evans John 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe financial system can be shown to be a complex adaptive system consisting primarily of a federation of systems and systems of systems. There are significant similarities between the characteristics of natural systems and financial systems suggesting that the type of analysis employed in understanding natural systems could have application in financial system analysis. Cladistics analysis has been used extensively for analysis of biological systems and has accordingly been used in the social sciences for some years but a rigorous justification for adopting the analysis has not been undertaken. This paper discusses the appropriateness of applying cladistics analysis to financial systems, and then considers the appropriate methodology to be adopted for analysis of different financial events.
Turnip Tolerance to Preplant Incorporated Trifluralin
Authors: Chaudhari Sushila , Jennings Katherine M. , Culpepper Stanley , Batts Roger B. , Bellinder Robin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractField research was conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Georgia, New York, and North Carolina to evaluate the effect of trifluralin PPI on turnip root production. Treatments included trifluralin PPI at 0, 0.42, 0.56, 0.84, 1.12, 1.68, 2.24, and 3.36 kg ai ha−1. Aboveground injury to turnip varied by location and increased from 0% to 85% as trifluralin rate increased from 0.42 to 3.36 kg ha−1. Trifluralin at 0.42 to 0.84 kg ha−1caused ≤7% injury, except at Clayton, NC, and Freeville, NY, where injury ≤32%. Trifluralin at 0.42 to 0.84 kg ha−1reduced turnip root yield ≤11% at all locations, except Clinton, NC, where yield was reduced 29% and 43% by 0.56 and 0.84 kg ha−1, respectively. Turnip roots were not injured internally by trifluralin. Our research results suggest that up to 0.84 kg ha−1trifluralin PPI is safe to use in turnip roots.