bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the relative abundance of C4 plants on the Chinese Loess Plateau since the Last Glacial Maximum and its implications
Authors: Jiang Wenqi , Wu Jianyu , Wu Haibin , Li Qin , Lin Yating , Yu Yanyan 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the distribution of C3 and C4 plants and its forcing mechanisms since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is important for anticipating their possible response to future climate change. The spatiotemporal pattern of C4 plant abundance on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) is complex and the dominant causal factors are contentious. Here, we use δ13C records of organic matter in paleosols from the CLP to reconstruct changes in the representation of C4 plants since the LGM. The results indicate that the relative abundance of C4 plants increased after the LGM, reaching a maximum during 10–6 ka bp, and then decreased. Spatially, the representation of C4 plants was characterized by increasing values from north‐west to south‐east. In addition, the smallest spatial difference (∼10%) in the representation of C4 plants between the north‐west and south‐east parts of the CLP was during the LGM, and the largest difference (∼30%) was during the early Holocene. We combined our findings with output from the BIOME4 model to study the sensitivity of C4 plants to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration. The results suggest that increasing temperature was the dominant factor driving C4 plant expansion on the CLP since the LGM.
Coastal lake records add constraints to the age and magnitude of the Younger Dryas ice‐front oscillation along the Skagerrak coastline in southern Norway
Authors: Romundset Anders , Lakeman Thomas R. , Høgaas Fredrik 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTBasal records from nine lake basins, located within a small area inside the Younger Dryas Ra moraine in southern Norway, were analysed and radiocarbon dated. Six reworked shell fragments from the lowermost facies in five different basins date to the Bølling–Allerød chronozone and are interpreted to represent an ice‐free coastline before a Younger Dryas ice sheet readvance of at least 8 km. The widespread shell fragments within the Younger Dryas ice margin but pre‐dating the Younger Dryas are demonstrated using a systematic survey of the lowermost strata in a collection of lake basins. A further 13 dated samples, mostly in situ articulated bivalves found in clayey silt overlying the basal facies, yielded overlapping ages close to the Younger Dryas–Holocene boundary. The 13 shell dates, along with two additional similar ages obtained on terrestrial plant macrofossils from basal strata in two basins near the marine limit, provide a minimum‐limiting age of 11.6k cal a BP for ice sheet retreat from the Ra moraine. This suggests that the ice sheet in south‐east Norway retreated from its Younger Dryas maximum position nearly a thousand years later than previously assumed. Similar systematic approaches may lead to improved ice sheet reconstructions from other formerly glaciated coastlines.
Submarine Lateglacial lake deposits from the Kattegat, southern Scandinavia
Authors: Wiberg‐Larsen Peter , Bennike Ole , Jensen Jørn Bo 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTLateglacial submarine lake sediments are reported for the first time from the Kattegat Sea in southern Scandinavia. The Lateglacial sediments were collected from a vibrocore that contained, from top to bottom, Holocene marine muddy sand, Holocene brackish‐water mud, Early Holocene peat with remains of Betula pubescens and telmatic plants, Lateglacial lake deposits that are the focus of this paper, and homogenous sand. Radiocarbon dating of terrestrial plant remains from the Lateglacial sediments gave ages between 12 400 and 12 800 cal a bp, corresponding to the Younger Dryas. The Lateglacial sediments contain remains of Betula nana and other plants indicating a tundra‐like open landscape with dwarf shrub heaths, which is typical for the region. Remains of macrolimnophytes indicate shallow carbonate‐rich, cool lake waters. Remains of larvae of Trichoptera and Chironomidae dominate the invertebrate fauna and indicate a fairly species‐rich fauna. Half of the trichopteran taxa today have their distribution north of Denmark or show a generally northern distribution in Europe. The lake sediments are found at ∼ 24 m below sea level, and the presence of lake sediments shows that this part of Kattegat had not been transgressed by the sea during the Younger Dryas.
SCUBA Medicine for otolaryngologists: Part I. Diving into SCUBA physiology and injury prevention
Authors: Mallen Jonathan R. , Roberts Daniel S. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesIntroduce pertinent self‐contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) physiology and corresponding terminology. Appreciate the scope of diving and related otolaryngological injury. Illustrate pathophysiologic mechanisms for diving injuries. Summarize strategies for ear, paranasal sinus, and lung barotrauma prevention, including medical optimization and autoinsufflation techniques.MethodsWe conducted a review of the available medical and diving literature in English, German, Spanish, Italian Turkish, and French to determine the degree of evidence or lack thereof behind recommendations for treating SCUBA divers. The databases of PubMed, Ovid Medline, and the Cochrane library, as well available textbooks, were queried for relevant data.ResultsDivers are subjected to large pressure gradients within the first few meters of descent. This can lead to gas embolism formation as well as barotrauma secondary to gas expansion/compression in potential closed spaces such as the middle ear, paranasal sinuses, and lungs. Physicians can minimize the risk of injury by counseling patients regarding proper equalization and descent/ascent techniques, and optimizing sinonasal and eustachian tube function. The use of decongestants is controversial.ConclusionsDiving is an increasingly popular sport with predominantly otolaryngologic manifestations of injury and disease. Treating SCUBA divers requires a firm understanding of how physiology is altered underwater. This review presents the relevant background information using illustrations to understand the environmental forces acting on divers and how to prevent injury. Laryngoscope, 130:52–58, 2020
A Szegő limit theorem for translation‐invariant operators on polygons
Authors: Pfirsch Bernhard 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe prove Szegő‐type trace asymptotics for translation‐invariant operators on polygons. More precisely, consider a Fourier multiplier on with a sufficiently decaying, smooth symbol . Let be the interior of a polygon and, for , define its scaled version . Then we study the spectral asymptotics for the operator , the spatial restriction of A onto : for entire functions h with we provide a complete asymptotic expansion of as . These trace asymptotics consist of three terms that reflect the geometry of the polygon. If P is replaced by a domain with smooth boundary, a complete asymptotic expansion of the trace has been known for more than 30 years. However, for polygons the formula for the constant order term in the asymptotics is new. In particular, we show that each corner of the polygon produces an extra contribution; as a consequence, the constant order term exhibits an anomaly similar to the heat trace asymptotics for the Dirichlet Laplacian.
Synthesis of Polyphosphate‐Loaded Nanoparticles Using Inverse Miniemulsion Polymerization for Sustained Delivery to the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Borges Fernando T. P. , Papavasiliou Georgia , Teymour Fouad 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPolyphosphate salts, such as sodium hexametaphosphate (PPi), are effective in the attenuation of collagenase and biofilm production and prevention of anastomotic leak in mice models. However, systemic administration of polyphosphate solutions to the gut presents a series of difficulties such as uncontrolled delivery to target and off‐site tissues. In this article a process to produce PPi‐loaded poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel nanoparticles through miniemulsion polymerization is developed. The effects of using a polyphosphate salt, as compared to a monophosphate salt, is investigated through cloud point measurements, which is then translated to a change in the required HLB of the miniemulsion system. A parametric study is developed and yields a way to control particle swelling ratio and mean diameter based on the surfactant and/or initiator concentration, among other parameters. Finally, release kinetics of two different crosslink density particles shows a sustained and tunable release of the encapsulated polyphosphate.
Leveraging single‐objective heuristics to solve bi‐objective problems: Heuristic box splitting and its application to vehicle routing
Authors: Matl Piotr , Hartl Richard F. , Vidal Thibaut 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAfter decades of intensive research on the vehicle routing problem (VRP), many highly efficient single‐objective heuristics exist for a multitude of VRP variants. But when new side‐objectives emerge—such as service quality, workload balance, pollution reduction, consistency—the prevailing approach has been to develop new, problem‐specific, and increasingly complex multiobjective (MO) methods. Yet in principle, MO problems can be efficiently solved with existing single‐objective solvers. This is the fundamental idea behind the well‐known ϵ‐constraint method (ECM). Despite its generality and conceptual simplicity, the ECM has been largely ignored in the domain of heuristics and remains associated mostly with exact algorithms.In this article, we dispel these preconceptions and demonstrate that ϵ‐constraint‐based frameworks can be a highly effective way to directly leverage the decades of research on single‐objective VRP heuristics in emerging MO settings.
Furthering the Diverse Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Carbon Bond Dissociation of Amino Acids under Vacuum Ultraviolet
Authors: Guo Mengdi , Wu Haiming , Zhang Hanyu , Luo Zhixun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and bond dissociation of amino acids are studied utilizing a customized vacuum ultraviolet laser ionization mass spectrometer (VUV‐LIMS). Three typical molecules (glycine, threonine and cysteine) which have similar structures but a minor difference by having one or two bonds associated with Cα or having a sulfhydryl were select in this study. As results, glycine finds a simplex dissociation pathway by producing CNH4+ (m/z 30) indicative of direct bond cleavage of Cα‐C1 (C1 stands for the carbon atom of the carboxyl group here). Threonine bears two bonds associated with Cα and they both dissociate under VUV excitation, giving rise to three major mass peaks at m/z 30 (CNH4+), 44 and 75 respectively along with selective HAT process. Interestingly, cysteine also bears two dissociative bonds associated with Cα, however, the dominant HAT for producing NH3, CNH4+ or CO2 was found to be dramatically restrained by the production of H2S which is known as an important gasotransmitter in biological nervous system. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations, an in‐depth analysis is conducted to show the thermodynamics and reaction kinetics in forming these fragments with or without a HAT process. It is demonstrated that the HAT‐accommodated structure relaxation and incidental elongation of the bonds associated with Cα, depending on the residual energies after ionization, bring forth competitive and cooperative effect in determining the selectivity of alpha‐beta carbon chemistry.
The choice of female or male parent affects some biochemical characteristics of fruit or seed of kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta)
Authors: Stasiak Agnieszka , Latocha Piotr , Drzewiecki Jerzy , Hallmann Ewelina , Najman Katarzyna , Leontowicz Hanna , Leontowicz Maria , Łata Barbara 
Published: February 2019

AbstractKiwiberry (Actinidia arguta) is dioecious species which is now commercially grown in several countries worldwide. A study was conducted to determine the influence of five pollen sources derived fromA. arguta(three cultivars),A. argutavar.purpurea‘Rot’ andA. chinensisvar.deliciosa‘Tomuri’ on fruit and seed characteristics for three femaleA. argutacultivars. Average fruit weight and biochemical features—fruit total phenolic concentration (TPC), ascorbate (ASC), pigments, total antioxidant activity and seed proteins profile were evaluated. TPC was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent assay. ASC, individual phenolic compounds and pigments composition were analysed using HPLC technique. Seed protein composition was analysed based on SDS-PAGE. Fruit phenolic and dry matter contents were influenced to a large degree by pollen sources while ASC content did not. The type of male and female parents used in the study were found to have a considerable effect on these parameters. The biggest differences in fruit phytocompound contents were found between female parents. The ‘Geneva’ cultivar showed the highest concentration of the most bioactive compounds tested. Four phenolic acids and five flavonoids were present in the highest concentrations in tested kiwiberry fruit.Actinidia chinensisvar.deliciosa‘Tomuri’ pollen clearly modified the seed protein spectrum with a 17 and 23 kDa protein. The obtained results indicate that to achieve desired fruit biochemical characteristics, the pollen source (male vines) should be selected individually for particular female cultivars, especially in the case of polyphenol content. Our findings suggest that not onlyA. argutabut alsoA. argutavar.purpureaandA. chinensisvar.deliciosa‘Tomuri’ males may be suitable as pollinizers for kiwiberry fruit production.
L’Esprit de l’ours contre la station de ski : l’argumentation juridique face à un conflit épistémologique et ontologique
Authors: Gingras Yves , Larregue Julien 
Published: February 2019

RésuméCet article analyse un jugement de la Cour suprême du Canada rendu en 2017, en le comparant à un cas semblable survenu en 2002 en Nouvelle-Zélande. La première cause visait à accorder une protection juridique à « l’esprit de l’ours Grizzly » habitant un mont de Colombie-Britannique sur lequel des promoteurs voulaient construire une station de ski et la seconde visait à protéger une créature spirituelle vivant dans les eaux du ruisseau. Dans les deux cas, la question posée aux juges revient à statuer sur l’existence de créatures métaphysiques, et donc à trancher un conflit ontologique. Les juges canadiens et néo-zélandais vont refuser d’étendre le domaine d’application du droit à la protection des objets de ces croyances. Leur conclusion peut se comprendre à la lumière du fait que le mode d’argumentation juridique, de par sa nature rationaliste et naturaliste, n’est pas en mesure de penser les entités métaphysiques à partir du cadre conceptuel que lui a légué la révolution scientifique du XVIIe siècle.
Opportunities to bridge gaps between respiratory protection guidance and practice in US health care
Authors: Braun Barbara I. , Tschurtz Brette A. , Hafiz Hasina , Novak Debra A. , Montero Maria C. , Alexander Cynthia M. , Fauerbach Loretta Litz , Gruden MaryAnn , Isakari Marcia T. , Kuhar David T. , Pompeii Lisa A. , Swift Melanie D. , Radonovich Lewis J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHealthcare organizations are required to provide workers with respiratory protection (RP) to mitigate hazardous airborne inhalation exposures. This study sought to better identify gaps that exist between RP guidance and clinical practice to understand issues that would benefit from additional research or clarification.
Assessing the potential of photogrammetry to monitor feed intake of dairy cows
Authors: Bloch Victor , Levit Harel , Halachmi Ilan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe address the hypothesis that individual cow feed intake can be measured in commercial farms through the use of a photogrammetry method. Feed intake and feed efficiency have a significant economic value for the farmer. A common method for measuring feed mass in research is a feed mass weighing system, which is excessively expensive for commercial farms. However, feed mass can be estimated by its volume, which can be measured by photogrammetry. Photogrammetry applies cameras along the feed-lane, photographing the feed before and after the cow visits the feed-lane, and calculating the feed volume. In this study, the precision of estimating feed mass by its volume was tested by comparing measured mass and calculated volume of feed heaps. The following principal factors had an impact on the precision of this method: camera quality, lighting conditions, image resolution, number of images, and feed density. Under laboratory conditions, the feed mass estimation error was 0·483 kg for heaps up to 7 kg, while in the cowshed the estimation error was 1·32 kg for up to 40 kg. A complementary experiment showed that the natural feed compressibility causes about 85% of uncertainty in the mass estimation error.
Identifying gaps in the food security safety net: the characteristics and availability of summer nutrition programmes in California, USA
Authors: Turner Lindsey , O’Reilly Nicole , Ralston Katherine , Guthrie Joanne F 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe US Department of Agriculture’s Summer Food Service Program and Seamless Summer Option (summer nutrition programmes (SNP)) aim to relieve food insecurity for children and teens during summer months. More needs to be known about when and where SNP are available, and how availability varies by community characteristics, particularly in rural areas where food insecurity and reduced food access are more prevalent.DesignThe present study examined the geographic availability of SNP and summer meal uptake rates in 2016, using state-wide administrative claims data.SettingPublic schools and SNP in California, USA.ParticipantsSchools (n8842) and SNP (n4685).ResultsUrban counties were more likely than rural counties to have higher summer uptake rates, calculated as the percentage of summer meals served relative to eligible students utilizing school meal programmes during the academic school year, but uptake overall was low at 18·2 % of target populations. Geographic availability analyses showed that 63·9 % of public urban schools had an SNP available within 1·6 km (1 mile), but availability was significantly higher within the proximity of larger, higher-poverty high schools with diverse or majority non-White students, and those with higher school-year breakfast participation rates. Availability of an SNP within 16 km (10 miles) of rural schools averaged 68·1 % but was significantly higher around larger schools, higher-poverty schools and those with diverse or majority non-White students.ConclusionsWhile many communities have SNP available, much more work is needed to increase the availability of these programmes to reduce summer food insecurity for children, particularly in rural communities.
Selected Area Electron Beam Induced Deposition of Pt and W for EBSD Backgrounds
Authors: Osborn William A. , McLean Mark J. , Bush Brian 
Published: February 2019

AbstractApplying high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) to materials without regions that are amenable to the acquisition of backgrounds for static flat fielding (background subtraction) can cause analysis problems. To address this difficulty, the efficacy of electron beam induced deposition (EBID) of material as a source for an amorphous background signal is assessed and found to be practical. Using EBID material for EBSD backgrounds allows single crystal and large-grained samples to be analyzed using HR-EBSD for strain and small angle rotation measurement.
Evaluating alternative approaches for predicting pension benefits and incentives
Authors: Knapp David , Lis Maciej , Lee Jinkook , Phillips Drystan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn an effort to promote comparative research on pensions, the Gateway to Global Aging Data is developing harmonized cross-national panel data on pension benefits and retirement incentives. Past research has varied in how it predicts pension benefits for individuals who have not yet claimed their benefits when administrative data on earnings histories is unavailable. We use the Gateway data to evaluate several alternative approaches to computing prospective pension benefits using common survey questions and validate them against matched administrative data. We find that in some settings naïve measures of pension benefit growth from continued work and delayed benefit claiming can perform as well as measures based on administrative data. We also find that prospective benefit levels are sensitive to the heterogeneity of lifecycle earnings dynamics, resulting in substantial measurement error even after accounting for work history.
Final Closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and Onset of Subduction of Paleo‐Pacific Ocean: Constraints From Early Mesozoic Magmatism in Central Southern Jilin Province, NE China
Authors: Wang Feng , Xu Wen‐Liang , Xing Kai‐Chen , Wang Yi‐Ni , Zhang Hai‐Hong , Wu Wei , Sun Chen‐Yang , Ge Wen‐Chun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWhen the Paleo‐Asian Ocean closed and the Paleo‐Pacific subduction started in NE China remains controversial. To constrain these key issues, we carried out zircon U‐Pb‐Hf isotopic and whole‐rock geochemical studies of Early Mesozoic igneous rocks in central southern Jilin Province, NE China. Early Mesozoic igneous rocks in region were formed at three stages: the middle Triassic (246 Ma), the late Triassic (219–220 Ma), and the early Jurassic (172–194 Ma). Middle Triassic trachyandesites in southern Jilin Province were solely generated through partial melting of ancient lower crust of the North China Craton (NCC), implying ongoing southward subduction of Paleo‐Asian Ocean Plate beneath the NCC at this time. Late Triassic trachyandesites in southern Jilin Province were derived from the magma mixing/mingling of the NCC lithospheric mantle and juvenile eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt crustal sources. Late Triassic hornblende gabbros in central Jilin Province were derived from depleted lithospheric mantle previously metasomatized by subduction‐related fluids. Coeval adakitic granodiorites were likely produced through the partial melting of thickened juvenile lower crust. Spatially, these rocks occurred on both sides of the Solonker‐Xra‐Moron‐Changchun Suture Zone and record N–S directed extension accompanied by the final closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean. Early Jurassic andesites were produced through mixing/mingling between partial melts derived from eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt lithospheric mantle and ancient NCC crust. In contrast, Early Jurassic felsic rocks, including A‐type granites, were derived from the partial melting of Neoproterozoic accreted lower crust, jointly implying an extensional setting as the result of the initial subduction from Paleo‐Pacific Plate at this time.