bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enamel Etching for Universal Adhesives: Examination of Enamel Etching Protocols for Optimization of Bonding Effectiveness
Authors: Wong J , Tsujimoto A , Fischer NG , Baruth AG , Barkmeier WW , Johnson EA , Samuel SM , Takamizawa T , Latta MA , Miyazaki M 
Published: June 2019

SUMMARY

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether different enamel etching methods with reduced etching times would improve the bonding effectiveness of universal adhesives.

Methods and Materials:
Three enamel etching methods, phosphoric acid ester monomer (PPM) etching, phosphoric acid (PPA) etching, and polyalkenoic acid (PLA) etching, and three universal adhesives, G-Premio Bond (GP), Prime&Bond elect (PE), and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (SU), were evaluated. Initial bond strengths and fatigue strengths of universal adhesives to ground enamel and ground enamel etched for less than one, five, 10, and 15 seconds using different etching methods were determined. The bonded fatigue specimens were loaded using a sine wave at a frequency of 20 Hz for 50,000 cycles or until failure occurred with a staircase method. Atomic force micrograph (AFM) observations along with measurements of surface Ra roughness and modified surface area of enamel with different etching protocols were also conducted.

Results:
The bond fatigue durability of universal adhesives to enamel with PPA etching from less than one to 15 seconds and PLA etching for 15 seconds was significantly higher than that to ground enamel. The bond fatigue durability to enamel with PPM etching was not increased compared with ground enamel. The surface Ra roughness and surface area obtained with AFM of enamel increased after PPA and PLA etching, and those values were significantly higher than those of ground enamel. Furthermore, surface Ra roughness and surface area with PPA etching were significantly higher than those with PLA etching. However, surface Ra roughness and surface area of enamel with PPM etching were similar to those of ground enamel regardless of etching time.

Conclusion:
PPA etching for less than one to 15 seconds and PLA etching for 15 seconds improve universal adhesive bonding, surface Ra roughness, and surface area of enamel. However, PPM etching is not effective, regardless of etching time, in improving bonds strengths, increasing surface roughness, and increasing surface area.
COMPARISON OF BIT ERROR RATE OF OFDM-SYSTEM WITH BPSK MODULATION AND CO-OFDM
Authors: Nanda Yogita , Singh Shivendra 
Published: June 2019

In the current circumstance, the assumption about the nature of signs in remote correspondence is as high as could reasonably be expected. This quality issue is reliant upon the distinctive correspondence parameters. A standout amongst the most critical issues is to decrease the bit blunder rate (B.E.R) to improve the execution of the framework. The staggering development of remote specialized apparatuses has raised the quantity of portable supporters from just about 700 million in 2000 to more than 4 billion in 2009. The gigantic number of endorsers has prompted a few issues with how administration is given. The high client request has constrained engineers to defeat the issues of the old simple frameworks and to present OFDM as a promising method that can satisfy clients’ levels of popularity. This strategy coordinates well with high information rate association and gives a higher ability to the subscriber’s’ use. The OFDM, as a multi-carrier, is more intricate than the single bearer transmission plan. Be that as it may, the OFDM procedure keeps up better execution for high information rate as far as bit blunder rate (BER). In this proposal an examination has been introduced between the multi-carrier OFDM and the single transporter to demonstrate, in a recreation frame, the hypothetical perspective. In spite of the upsides of utilizing the OFDM plan, there are a few downsides. One of these negatives is the high top to normal force proportion (PAPR). In this paper we talk about various calculations of OFDM furthermore examine about pervious exploration elements and disadvantages.
In this paper we give a relative investigation on the premise of parameter bit mistake rate (B.E.R). We
have analyzed the bit blunder rates (B.E.R) for various number of subcarriers in OFDM framework for BPSK adjustment plan. We have taken 8 variations of information subcarriers with a specific end goal to investigate this correlation. For this four variations of BPSK and four variations of AM are taken. We have tentatively concentrated on and looked at the bit blunder rate at various ghostly productivity of different PSK adjusted got OFDM flag and bit mistake rate for shifting otherworldly proficiency if there should be an occurrence of AM based gotten OFDM flag and think about the piece mistake rate (BER) estimation strategies for cognizant optical orthogonal recurrence division multiplexing transmission.
A REVIEW ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Authors: Kushwaha Shobha , Tomar Deepak , Chandravanshi Kamlesh 
Published: June 2019

A wireless sensors network (WSNs) is a collection of a large number of small, spatially distributed, and autonomous devices. These devices are known as sensor nodes. The Advancement in wireless communication leads to develop wireless sensor networks (WSN). It consists of small devices. These devices amass information by coordinating with each other. These tiny devices are known as a sensor node which consists of CPU (for data processing), memory (for data storage), battery (for energy) and transceiver (for receiving and sending signals or information from one node to further).
The use of WSN is increasing day by day and at the same instance facing quandary of energy constraints in terms of short battery lifetime. Every node depends on the battery resource for assorted activities; this has becoming a most important concern in wireless sensor networks .so in this paper we are providing issues allied to sink repositioning that help to augment battery life time and also we provided information related to various approach for energy competent wsns.
Time Synchronization Techniques in Wireless Network : A Survey
Authors: Malviya Ravi Prakash , Chugh Achint 
Published: June 2019

The time synchronization procedure is very important for power saving in wireless ad hoc network and method used by the synchronization that method chooses a particular node and gives priority for transmitting a signal to that node. All the Other nodes synchronize to the selected node according to Time Synchronization Function. Here increasing research focus on designing synchronization algorithms specifically for sensor networks. This paper look for reviews of time synchronization problem and the need for synchronization in sensor networks, then presents in detail time synchronization methods explicitly designed and proposed for sensor networks and AD-HOC networks.
Changes in soft tissue facial profile of class II skeletal malocclusion patients with retrognathic mandible treated with twin block appliance
Authors: Lin Ng Hui , Soemantri Eky Setiawan Soeria , Gayatri Gita 
Published: June 2019

Introduction: The soft tissue aspect in orthodontics treatment has gained attention in the last few years. The soft tissue profile is said to reflect the underlying skeletal profile, which causes a convex profile in patients with class II skeletal malocclusion. This research was aimed to determine the changes in the soft tissue facial profile of class II skeletal malocclusion patients with retrognathic mandible after twin block treatment. Methods: The type of research used in this study was retrospective descriptive research with paired t-test. The population was children aged 10-13 years old with class II skeletal malocclusion that were treated with twin block appliance in the Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia. The results of soft tissue changes before and after twin block treatment were compared. Results: There was an insignificant increase in soft tissue profile angle and Holdaway’s soft tissue angle after twin block treatment (p > 0.05). Whereas, Holdaway’s H-angle was decreasing and Merrifield’s Z-angle was increasing after twin block treatment, with statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There was a decrease of H-angle, indicates a reduction in facial convexity and improvement of the facial profile after twin block treatment, but no difference in soft tissue profile angle and Holdaway’s soft tissue angle after twin block treatment. Keywords: Facial soft tissue profile, class II skeletal malocclusion, retrognathic mandible, twin block appliance
Implementasi layanan bimbingan dan konseling di sekolah dasar untuk mengembangkan kemandirian siswa
Authors: Suryahadikusumah Ahmad Rofi , Dedy Adrianus 
Published: June 2019

<p>Penelitian dilakukan untuk menemukan pola implementasi dari pelayanan bimbingan dan konseling di SD Xaverius 7, khususnya dalam mengembangkan kemandirian anak. Metode yang digunakan adalah <em>collaborative</em> <em>action research</em>, yaitu peneliti beserta guru berkolaborasi dalam pelaksanaan laynan bk yang terintegrasi dengan PBM. Penelitian dilakukan dalam tiga siklus kegiatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 1) layanan bimbingan dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan berbagai bentuk permainan yang dilakukan sebelum / sesudah pembelajaran, 2) Jurnal harian siswa (mencatat dan menilai kegiatan harian siswa) dilakukan sebagai strategi manajemen kelas dalam mengembangkan kemandirian, 3) Layanan Konseling tetap harus dilakukan oleh Konselor profesional. Setelah implementasi, taraf kemandirian berada pada kategori inisiatif. Kunci keberhasilan dari layanan bimbingan ialah kemampuan guru dalam membangun dialog interaktif selama permaianan maupun evaluasi jurnal harian (catatan kegiatan siswa). </p><p> </p><p> </p>
KEPERCAYAAN LOKAL DALAM PEMALI BANJAR DI KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Yulianto Agus 
Published: June 2019

Pemali adalah pantangan atau larangan berdasarkan adat, kebiasaan, dan biasanya selalu dikaitkan dengan mitos. Pemali ini juga hidup dalam masyarakat Banjar di Kalimantan Selatan sebagai bentuk kearifan lokal dari masyarakat setempat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah bentuk-bentuk kepercayaan lokal orang Banjar yang terdapat di dalam pemalinya serta fungsi pemali tersebut di tengah masyarakat pendukungnya. Adapun masalah penelitian ini adalah bentuk-bentuk kepercayaan lokal apa saja yang terdapat dalam pemali Banjar serta fungsi pemali tersebut bagi masyarakat pendukungnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Adapun teknik yang digunakan adalah teknik studi pustaka. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, dapat diketahui bahwa kepercayaan lokal yang terdapat dalam pemali Banjar terdiri atas kepercayaan terhadap alam gaib dan religi.
DESAIN SISTEM POMPA AIR SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (SPV) 125 WATT DI DESA RAMBAT, KECAMATAN GEYER, KABUPATEN GROBOGAN
Authors: Harmini Harmini , Nurhayati Titik 
Published: June 2019

<p> In this research will be designing a prototype of a water pump system using solar photovoltaic (SPV) that is designing a SPV in accordance with the needs of PV with the capacity of water pump. The power generated by the photovoltaic system will be used to drive the water pump. One of the areas in Central Java region that have not received water source is Dusun satreyan, Rambat Village Geyer Subdistrict Grobogan District. The solar photovoltaic (SPV) water pump system is de-signed using SPV panels, Solar Charge Controller, Battery and Inverter for the needs of 1 family head with water capacity per day is 300 Liter. The water pump capacity is 125 Watt, the number of SPV panels of 2 each with a capacity of 100 Wp, battery capacity, solar charge controller and inverter is 60 Ah, 10.42 Ampere and 12 volts DC 220 VAC. The average effi-ciency rating of the SPV water pump system as a whole is 61.18%</p><p>Keywords: MPPT,Solar Photovoltaic, Tracking. </p>
STUDI EVALUASI MODEL DISCREPANCY PELAKSANAAN LAYANAN BIMBINGAN DAN KONSELING BIDANG PRIBADI SOSIAL
Authors: Umar Nur Fadhillah 
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this research was 1) understanding a discrepancy between the ideal standards and the result of implementations in the self-social field on SMKN 11 Malang. 2) Understanding how counselor’s teaching process on guidance units effectively on SMKN 11 Malang. 3) Undertanding counselor’s coup with the intention of school sopports for implementing the self-social services effectively on SMKN 11 Malang. Research metode which has used discrepancy evaluation model. It consisted of four stages such as planning, designing, implementing, and evaluating. The Result of the research shows that need assessment implementations in the self-social field has done successfully. However, in the implementation aspects, there were some parts which have not conducted. In the Collaboration aspects, most of school’s people got involved in the BK’s programs although collaboration between counselors and parents were not implemented superiorly
Lozan Mübadelesi’nin etkileri: Çatalca örneği
Authors: GÜRÇAY Serdar 
Published: June 2019

Göç, canlıların hayatta kalmak için
gerçekleştirdikleri yegâne ortak faaliyetlerden biridir. İnsanlar da diğer
canlılar gibi mevsimsel, ekonomik, güvenlik vb. gerekçelerle tarih boyunca
çeşitli göçler yaşamışlardır. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti de, fazlaca göç hadisesine
tanıklık etmiş ülkelerden biridir. Türk ve Rumların zorunlu göçünü esas alan
mübadele ise bahse konu göçlerden sadece biridir. I. Dünya Savaşı’nın
bitiminden sonra değişen dünya düzeni ve sınırlar neticesinde Türkiye ile
Yunanistan arasında nüfus değişimi gerekmektedir. 30 Ocak 1923 tarihinde
imzalanan Türk ve Rum Ahalinin Mübadelesine
Dair Mukavelename
ve Buna Bağlı Protokol ile Anadolu’da yaşayan Ortodoks
Rumların Yunanistan’a ve Batı Trakya hâricinde kalan Türklerin Anadolu’ya
gönderilmeleri karar altına alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul’un bir ilçesi
olan Çatalca’da gerçekleştirilen saha çalışmasının verileri ışığında Büyük
Mübadele’ye (1923-1925) şahitlik etmiş ya da müşahitlerin yakınları tarafından
aktarılan, göç esnasında ve sonrasında yaşanan zorluklar ele alınacaktır.
Çalışmanın amacı, hâlen hayatta olan veya onların akrabalarının konu hakkındaki
yaşanmışlıklarını öğrenmek ve bu bilgileri Nüfus Mübadelesini yorumlarken
kullanmaktır. Bu yönüyle mübadelenin demografik, sosyo-kültürel, siyasi/politik
yönleri ortaya çıkarılmaktadır. Mübadele sürecinin baştan aşağı her iki taraf
için de trajedi konusu olduğu gerçeği gözler önüne serilmektedir.
New Concept of Animal Underpass - Green Bridge
Authors: Karas Slawomir Wojciech 
Published: June 2019

In Poland, the ecological corridor map overlaps with forests, as well as with the road network. The police have recorded near a 100% increase in animal mortality over the last decade. In most cases, bridges automatically serve as passages for animals, even if they have not been considered and designed for such a role. The following facts are importand: silence is positive for animals, natural guides are better then fences and walls, gentle lighting moderates car lights at night. Therefore, the semi-transparent canopy-type noise screens should be used, as well as olfactory tracks. The solution proposed here is beneficial for both the environment and road users. For the proper functioning of the bridge, it is crucial to take into consideration that animals are more efficiently guided by their smell than by channelling fences. However, the commonly used fences would also be provided. Olfactory traces can come in two kinds: animal faecal matter and mating scents. In a natural habitat, decreasing the immediate proximity between animals and humans should also be considered. A multi-criteria analysis was conducted to prove benefits both in terms of bridge maintenance effort and the impact on the environment. The criteria were selected on the basis of expert opinions.
Soils of Alpine, Subalpine Meadows and Meadow Steppes of Azerbaijan and the Peculiarities of Their Assimilation Potential in Relation to Organic Pollutants
Authors: Nadjafova Samira Imamyar , Keyseruxskaya F. Sh. 
Published: June 2019

Azerbaijan is a country with a huge range of different soil types, which is due to its geographical location. The country is located in two climatic thermal zones, subboreal and subtropical, characterized by a peculiar hydrothermal regime, diverse vegetation and soil fauna. For proper zoning of the soil cover of bioclimatic landscape zones and the development of effective organization of management systems, assessment of assimilation potential is of great importance, i.e. self-cleaning potential. The purpose of our research was to assess the actual assimilation capacity and self-cleaning ability of alpine and subalpine meadow soils and meadow steppes in case of their contamination with organic pollutants based on a comprehensive system analysis of biogenic and abiogenic factors. The collected material was comprehensively analyzed from the standpoint of the biogenicity and self-purification capacity of soils of various bioclimatic landscape zones from the standpoint of the danger of soil contamination with organic matter, based on the natural features of the soil and biogenic and abiogenic factors, and appropriately grouped according to the landscape feature. The analysis of the obtained data allows us to position the soils of the Alpine and subalpine meadows and meadow steppes on the growth of the assimilation potential in relation to organic pollutants in the following sequence:Mountain-meadow chernozem-like> Mountain-forest meadow> Mountain-meadow steppe> Mountain-meadow sod
UPAYA OPTIMALISASI MAHARAH KITABAH MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS PROYEK PADA MATERI AL-JUMLAH
Authors: HASTANG HASTANG 
Published: June 2019

This study aims to optimize the ability of students to write Arabic sentences (maharah kitabah) through project-based learning models in al-Jumlah material. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The subjects of the study were students at the second semester of IAIN Bone, which were from class PBA1, PBA2, PBA3, PS6, PGMI4, and PGMI 5. Data was collected through tests, observations, and interviews with instrument performance, observation guidelines, and interview guidelines. The data collected from the results of this study will be analyzed using qualitative data analysis.The results of the study show: 1) The application of project-based learning models in al-quantity material is carried out in several stages, starting from determining the theme of writing, determining sources, collecting material (writing rules) and mufradat (vocabulary), compiling sentences and discussing them collaboratively with members team, up to presenting in front of other teams. 2) Students are generally able to make al-Jumlah based on the elements of the sentence that have been learned. For example, making al-Jumlah Ismiyah consisting of mubtada' and khabar, al-Jumlah al-Fi'liyah consisting of fi'il, fa'il, and maf'ul by using sentences that are in accordance with the attached image and also able to write with the correct writing and harakat. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the project-based learning model can optimize the student achievement of high-level students in al-Jumlah material.
Los microsatélites revelan una alta diferenciación genética entre las poblaciones nativas de Geoffroea decorticans en el desierto de Atacama chileno
Authors: Contreras Roberto , Porcile Vincenzo , Aguayo Fernanda 
Published: June 2019

Introducción y objetivos: Las condiciones extremas en el Desierto de Atacama de Chile son un obstáculo importante para la supervivencia de cualquier organismo. A pesar de esto, varias poblaciones de leguminosas de Geoffroea decorticans han prosperado en este entorno hostil y severo durante siglos. Aquí, tratamos de determinar la variabilidad genética en poblaciones de G. decorticans, dada su amplia distribución a través del Desierto de Atacama, el desierto más seco y antiguo de la Tierra. Los objetivos específicos del presente estudio fueron determinar el nivel de diversidad genética y evaluar la estructura genética en ocho poblaciones de G. decorticans del Desierto de Atacama chileno.M&M: Ochenta y cuatro individuos G. decorticans fueron seleccionados para muestreo en ocho localidades en el norte de Chile. Se utilizaron cinco microsatélites para analizar la diversidad genética, la diferenciación entre poblaciones, la estructura de la población y el flujo de genes.Resultados: La mayoría de las poblaciones analizadas del Desierto de Atacama mostraron una alta diversidad genética, con la excepción de PACH. Las poblaciones de G. decorticans (chañar) también mostraron una alta diferenciación genética y un flujo genético moderado dado por la barrera natural impuesta por el Desierto de Atacama. Las ocho poblaciones de chañar estudiadas se separaron en grupos de las regiones norte y sur.
Maxillofacial injuries managed at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal: a 7 year retrospective study
Authors: K.C. Krishna , Shrestha Jayan Man 
Published: June 2019

Introduction: Of all the facial injuries, maxillofacial region is one most frequently involved. The maxillofacial region is most prone to trauma owing to its prominent position in the skull which gets involved easily in case of trauma. Facial injuries can have long term consequences in terms of esthetics and function. Few series have been studied in terms of incidence of facial trauma in Nepal.
Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of all the patients admitted and treated at the surgery and dental department of the Tribhuvan University teaching hospital with the diagnosis of facial injuries over the period of 8 years (2008 to 2016). The characteristics of these injuries were analyzed. The causes of injury were classified as follows: traffic accidents, assaults, animal attacks, falls, sports and related to the disaster. Anatomically, fractures of the mandible were classified into following regions: symphysis, parasymphysis, canine, body, angle, condyle and fractures more than one site (multiple sites). Midface fractures were classified according to the Le fort classification into Le fort I, Le Fort II, Le fort III and ZMC.
Results: A total of 133 patients with facial fractures were treated between 2008 and 2016 which were retrospectively analyzed. The male: female ratio was 2:1 and the largest subgroup of patients were between 16 and 30 years of age. The most common cause of injury was road traffic accidents (62.4%) involving motorcycles or automobiles. Other common causes included, in descending order, falls (5.2%), animal attacks (5.2%) assaults (3.7%) and sports. Isolated mandibular fractures were most common (50.4%), followed by isolated Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures (18.8%). The percentage of fractures involving Le fort I was 8.3%, and that of isolated alveolar fractures was 9%.
Conclusion: RTAs remains the main cause for maxillofacial injuries where males were predominately affected, condition of the roads, traffic regulations and adverse weathers all contribute to the TRAs in developing countries like Nepal.