bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absence of a Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation–Induced Lower Limb Corticomotor Response Does Not Affect Walking Speed in Chronic Stroke Survivors
Authors: Sivaramakrishnan Anjali , Madhavan Sangeetha 
Published: July 2018

Background and Purpose—
Transcranial magnetic stimulation is used to measure the functional integrity of the corticomotor system via motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in stroke. The association between corticomotor mechanisms and walking recovery is still not completely understood. This study determined the association between transcranial magnetic stimulation–induced MEPs and walking outcomes and examined the contribution of the contralesional hemisphere to walking recovery.

Methods—
Contralateral and ipsilateral transcranial magnetic stimulation responses from the contralesional and ipsilesional hemispheres were collected from 61 chronic stroke survivors. Clinical assessments included gait speeds, 6-minute walk distance, Timed Up and Go test, Fugl Meyer lower extremity scale, and strength measurements.

Results—
Stroke participants were classified based on the presence (MEP+ [n=28]) or absence (MEP− [n=33]) of MEPs in the paretic tibialis anterior and rectus femoris muscles. A between-group analyses showed no significant differences for any gait variable. MEP+ group showed significantly higher Fugl Meyer lower extremity and ankle dorsiflexor strength. Ipsilateral conductivity was not significantly different between groups. Finally, in the MEP+ group, MEP parameters did not predict gait recovery.

Conclusions—
Our study investigated the association between walking outcomes and neurophysiological parameters of lower limb function in a large cohort of stroke survivors. We did not find an associations between transcranial magnetic stimulation–induced tibialis anterior and rectus femoris MEPs and walking speeds. Further work is required to develop more comprehensive models in stroke for predicting walking recovery.
Treatment and Long-Term Outcomes of Primary Central Nervous System Vasculitis
Authors: de Boysson Hubert , Arquizan Caroline , Touzé Emmanuel , Zuber Mathieu , Boulouis Grégoire , Naggara Olivier , Guillevin Loïc , Aouba Achille , Pagnoux Christian 
Published: July 2018

Background and Purpose—
We aimed to analyze the long-term outcomes of patients with primary central nervous system vasculitis according to the different therapeutic strategies used to induce remission.

Methods—
We assessed the rate of prolonged remission (defined by the absence of relapse at ≥12 months after diagnosis) and the functional status at last follow-up in patients with primary central nervous system vasculitis included in the French cohort, who achieved a first remission according to the 3 main groups of treatments administered: glucocorticoids only (group 1); induction treatment with glucocorticoids and an immunosuppressant, but no maintenance (group 2); and combined treatment with glucocorticoids and an immunosuppressant for induction followed by maintenance therapy (group 3). Good functional status was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score ≤2 at the last follow-up.

Results—

Remission was achieved with the initial induction treatment in 106 (95%) of the 112. Prolonged remission without relapse was observed in 70 (66%) patients after 57 (12–198) months of follow-up. A good functional status at last follow-up (ie, modified Rankin Scale score ≤2) was observed in 63 (56%) patients. Overall mortality was 8%. The initial severity and the radiological presentations were comparable in the 3 treatment groups. More prolonged remissions (
P
=0.003) and a better functional status at the last follow-up (
P
=0.0004) were observed in group 3. In multivariate analysis, the use of maintenance therapy was associated with prolonged remission (odds ratio, 4.32 [1.67–12.19];
P
=0.002) and better functional status (odds ratio, 8.09 [3.24–22.38];
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—
This study suggests that maintenance therapy with an immunosuppressant combined with glucocorticoids lead to the best long-term clinical and functional outcomes in patients with primary central nervous system vasculitis after having achieved remission with either glucocorticoids alone or in combination with another immunosuppressant.
Influences of the discourse on language endangerment and multilingualism on young European language minorities members
Authors: Dołowy-Rybińska Nicole 
Published: July 2018

Influences of the discourse on language endangerment and multilingualism on young members of European language minoritiesThis article provides an analysis of the discourse on language endangerment used by the young members of European language minorities. The narratives come from a 100 interviews with young people who are engaged in activities on behalf of minority languages such as Kashubian in Poland, Upper Sorbian in Germany, Breton in France and Welsh in the UK. The way they formulate ideas on language endangerment and arguments they choose to encourage others to use these languages bears a strong resemblance to the discourse produced by international organizations, researchers and publicists. The analysis concerns three aspects of the discourse of young minority activists: appropriation of the dominant discourse of language endangerment and its role; constructing a collective identity as a part of a language movement through the discourse of responsibility for the future of the languages; discursive strategies of presenting the advantages of multilingualism and, in so doing, of learning and using a minority language. Wpływ dyskursu zagrożenia języków i wielojęzyczności na młodych przedstawicieli europejskich mniejszości językowychArtykuł przedstawia analizę dyskursu zagrożenia języków, używanych przez młodych przedstawicieli mniejszości językowych Europy. Wypowiedzi pochodzą ze stu wywiadów z młodymi ludźmi, którzy są zaangażowani w działania na rzecz języków mniejszościowych, takich jak kaszubski w Polsce, górnołużycki w Niemczech, bretoński we Francji oraz walijski w Wielkiej Brytanii. Sposób, w jaki formułują oni myśli dotyczące zagrożenia języków i argumenty, które wybierają, żeby zachęcić innych do używania tych języków, bardzo przypomina dyskurs używany przez organizacje międzynarodowe, badaczy i publicystów. Analiza dotyczy trzech aspektów dyskursu młodych aktywistów językowych: internalizacji dominującego dyskursu zagrożenia języków i jego roli; konstruowania zbiorowej tożsamości jako części ruchu na rzecz języków poprzez zakorzenianie dyskursu odpowiedzialności za przyszłość tych języków; dyskursywnych strategii przedstawiania zalet wielojęzyczności i, w związku z tym, uczenia się i używania języków mniejszościowych.
Pijąc wódkę z antysemitami. Case study „relacji polsko-żydowskich” współcześnie
Authors: Zawadzka Anna 
Published: July 2018

Drinking vodka with anti-Semites. A case study of ‘Polish-Jewish relations’ todayThis text analyzes the events that occurred between December 31, 2016 and January 6, 2017, namely the ‘scandal’ at the Café Foksal pub in Warsaw and its ramifications, as well as the simultaneous attacks on the Prince Kebab shop in Ełk. Both events were local or, many would venture to say, marginal. It is not my intention to attribute great importance to them. I rather treat them as meaningful case studies which exemplify how anti-Semitism operates in Polish culture at present and, probably more importantly, the roadblock encountered when problematizing anti-Semitism. These allegedly insignificant events from the turn of 2016–2017 are an excellent illustration of the conditions that Jews and other individuals perceived to be non-Polish have to accept in order to ensure relative safety to themselves. I discuss these events as a certain spectacle, whose actors played either the roles they chose or the only roles available to them (perpetrator, victim, bystander, and mediator). I also suggest viewing these events from the point of view of certain elements of Polish history. Pijąc wódkę z antysemitami. Case study „relacji polsko‑żydowskich” współcześnieTekst stanowi analizę zdarzeń, które miały miejsce między 31 grudnia 2016 a 6 stycznia 2017: „afery” w warszawskiej Cafe Foksal i jej następstw oraz dziejących się równolegle ataków na bar Prince Kebab w Ełku. Zdarzeń o charakterze lokalnym, a wielu powiedziałoby także: marginalnym. Moim celem nie jest przypisywanie im wielkiego znaczenia. Traktuję je natomiast jako symptomatyczne case study, na przykładzie którego widać funkcjonowanie antysemityzmu w polskiej kulturze dzisiaj i – co może bardziej istotne – blokady, na jakie napotyka jego problematyzowanie. Te pozornie nieistotne zdarzenia z przełomu 2016–2017 znakomicie pokazują, na jakie warunki muszą przystać Żydzi i inne jednostki postrzegane jako nie-polskie, by zapewnić sobie względne bezpieczeństwo. Omawiam te zdarzenia jako swoisty spektakl, podczas którego określone podmioty wchodziły w wybrane lub w jedyne dostępne im role (sprawcy, ofiary, świadka, rozjemcy). Proponuję także, by na zdarzenia te spojrzeć przez pryzmat wybranych elementów polskiej historii.
The dilemmas of a gardener: discussing the arguments against language revitalisation
Authors: Mętrak Maciej 
Published: July 2018

The dilemmas of a gardener: discussing the arguments against language revitalisationThe article restates and comments on the most common arguments against language maintenance and revitalisation found in popular texts and discussion articles from academic journals. By grouping them and assessing their validity we may better see which objections must be faced and which are based on easily disproven misconceptions. The described counterarguments are divided into four groups and based on the ideas of linguistic natural selection, peaceful death of a language, reductionist approach to the language, and sociopolitical factors. Most of them seem to use overgeneralisations and fail to recognise the deeper causes behind language obsolescence. The most valid, depending on the individual situation, are the arguments based on socio-political reasons. Generalisations and essentialising discourse, however, are also found in the opinions of the proponents of language maintenance. The author claims that the truly universal arguments in favour of language maintenance are in fact only those based on the subjective convictions of the people involved, as all rational arguments can be undermined in certain contexts. Dylematy ogrodnika: dyskusja z argumentami przeciwko rewitalizacji językowejW artykule streszczone i skomentowane zostały najczęstsze argumenty przeciwko rewitalizacji języków zagrożonych obecne w mediach niespecjalistycznych i czasopismach naukowych. Usystematyzowanie i analiza tych opinii pozwala stwierdzić, które zastrzeżenia oparte są na błędnych założeniach i łatwe do zakwestionowania, a które należy traktować jako rzeczywiste wyzwanie. Kontrargumenty, podzielone na cztery główne grupy, opierają się na redukcjonistycznym stosunku do języka, koncepcjach językowego doboru naturalnego i spokojnej śmierci, oraz czynnikach społeczno-politycznych. Większość z nich posługuje się daleko idącą generalizacją i nie bierze pod uwagę głębszych przyczyn wymierania języków. Najbardziej zasadne w konkretnych sytuacjach okazują się zazwyczaj argumenty odwołujące się do kwestii społeczno-politycznych. Ponieważ łatwe do zanegowania tezy, bazujące na uproszczeniach i dyskursie esencjalistycznym, są obecne również w opiniach zwolenników rewitalizacji, jedynymi prawdziwie uniwersalnymi argumentami na rzecz lingwistyki zaangażowanej wydają się być argumenty idealistyczne, oparte na subiektywnych przekonaniach konkretnych osób.
Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology in Spain: A snapshot of current situation
Authors: Sosa Barrios R Haridian , Ibeas Jose , Roca Tey Ramon , Ceballos Guerrero Manuel , Betriu Bars Angels , Cornago Delgado Ignacio , Lanuza Luengo Manuel , Paraíso Cuevas Vicente , Quirós Ganga Pedro L , Rivera Gorrín Maite E 
Published: July 2018

Background: Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology has been a rising field in recent years worldwide. Catheter insertion, renal biopsy, renal ultrasound, and peritoneal dialysis catheter or permanent dialysis catheter insertion are vital to our specialty. At present, many of these procedures are delegated to other specialties, generating long waiting lists and limiting diagnosis and treatment. Methods: An online survey was emailed to all Nephrology departments in Spain. One survey response was allowed per center. Results: Of 195 Nephrology departments, 70 responded (35.8%). Of them, 72.3% (52) had ultrasound equipment, 77.1% insert temporary jugular catheters, and 92.8% femoral. Up to 75.7% (53 centers) perform native renal biopsies, of which 35.8% (19) are real-time ultrasound guided by nephrologists. Transplant kidney biopsies are done in 26 centers, of which 46.1% (12) by nephrologists. Tunneled hemodialysis catheters are inserted in 27 centers (38.5%), peritoneal catheter insertion in 18 (31.6%), and only 2 centers (2.8%) perform arteriovenous fistulae angioplasty. In terms of ultrasound imaging, 20 centers (28.5%) do native renal ultrasound and 16 (22.8%) transplanted kidneys. Of all units 71.4% offer carotid ultrasound to evaluate cardiovascular risk, only in 15 centers (21%) by nephrologists. AVF ultrasound scanning is done in 55.7% (39). Conclusion: Diagnostic and Interventional Nephrology is slowly spreading in Spain. It includes basic techniques to our specialty, allowing nephrologists to be more independent, efficient, and reducing waiting times and costs, overall improving patient care. Nowadays, more nephrologists aim to perform them. Therefore, appropriate training on different techniques should be warranted, implementing an official certification and teaching programs.
Novel agents for primary central nervous system lymphoma: evidence and perspectives
Authors: Illerhaus Gerald , Schorb Elisabeth , Kasenda Benjamin 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare aggressive extranodal non- Hodgkin lymphoma. Although high remission rates can be achieved with high-dose methotrexate–based immunochemotherapy, risk of relapse and associated death is still substantial in at least a third of patients. Novel agents for treating lymphoid malignancies have substantially enriched treatment options for PCNSL. We herein systematically review the existing clinical evidence of novel agents in treatment of PCNSL, summarize ongoing studies, and discuss perspectives. The body of evidence for novel agents is still limited to noncomparative studies, but the most promising approaches include Bruton kinase inhibition with ibrutinib and immunomodulatory treatment (eg, with lenalidomide). Targeting the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway does not seem to have a meaningful clinical benefit, and evidence of checkpoint inhibition with nivolumab is limited to anecdotal evidence. Future studies should embrace the concept of induction and maintenance therapy as well as the combination of drugs with different mechanisms of action. Selection of patients based on molecular profiling and relapse patterns should be another aspect informing future comparative trials, which are urgently needed to improve prognosis for patients with PCNSL.
A tiling array-based comparative genomic hybridization approach to predict copy number variations between Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from the Indian Sub-continent
Authors: Pandey Isha , Kaur Ramandeep , Subudhi Amit Kumar , Boopathi P.A , Mugasimangalam Raja C. , Rao Sudha N. , Aiyaz Mohammed , Kochar Sanjay , Kochar Dhanpat , Das Ashis 
Published: July 2018

Background: There are several techniques to analyse copy number variation in both research and clinical settings, such as whole genome amplification (sWGA), SNP arrays and one of the most commonly used techniques, array based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). In the latter, copy number comparison is obtained between differentially labelled target and reference DNAs by measuring ratio of fluorescence intensity of probes indicating loss or gain in the chromosomal region. Methods: Here we carry out a comparative analysis between two Plasmodium falciparum parasite isolates (Pf-isolate-2 and Pf-isolate-1) causing malaria using array CGH. The array contains approximately 418,577, 60mer custom-designed probes with an average probe spacing of 56 bp. The significant major variations (amplifications and deletions) copy number variations (CNV) in Pf-isolate-2 (Pf-2) in comparison with Pf-isolate-1 (Pf-1), are reported. Results: CNVs have been seen in all the chromosomes in Pf-2, most of the deletions have been seen mostly in sub-telomeric and telomeric regions of the chromosomes that comprises of variant surface antigen family genes. Apart from the subtelomeric regions other parts of the chromosomes have also shown CNVs. Novel variations , like continuous amplification of 28kb region (249817-278491) of chromosome-8, which covers for 3 genes two of which codes for conserved Plasmodium proteins with unknown function (MAL8P1.139, PF08_0122) and tRNA pseudouridine synthase, putative (PF08_0123). Amplifications in regions harboring genes like GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH-1, PFL1155W) and ribosomal protein, L24, putative (PFL1150C) of chromosome 12 were seen. Conclusion: Other than known variations reported earlier, some novel variations have also been seen in the chromosomes of Pf-2. This is an experimental case study reporting major amplifications and deletions in Pf-isolate-2 in comparison with Pf-isolate-1 using a tiling array based comparative genomic hybridization approach.
Chemical characterization of bamboo leaves (Gigantochloa albociliata and Dracaena surculosa) by sodium hydroxide treatment
Authors: Ameram Nadiah , Afiq Che Agoh Muhammad , Idris Wan Farhana W. , Ali Arlina 
Published: July 2018

Background: Dracaena surculosa and Gigantochloa albociliata leaves are different in morphology and appearance. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers. NaOH is used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers, and this treatment is needed to identify the characteristics of leaves. This study was conducted in order to investigate the characteristics of D. surculosa and G.albociliata species under NaOH treatment. Methods: NaOH was applied to the leaves for 8 hours. Treated and untreated bamboo leaves were analysed using FTIR analysis, in order to identify the presence of functional groups in the leaves. Results: It was observed that these two species not only differ physically, but also chemically. The presence of OH, CH and alkynes functional groups in the leaf sample indicates that the species share similar properties but have a slight difference in the molecular bonds. From the morphological observation of D. surculosa and G. albociliata leaves, they are slightly different in terms of leaf appearance and characteristics. G. albociliata have thicker leaves compared to D. surculosa, and NaOH treatment shows that D. surculosa leaves are harder to dissolve into the solvent. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of these two species shows the initial structure of fibres in the leaves are intact but after NaOH treatment, the fibres are ruptured and appear in non-uniform shapes. Conclusions: The initial morphology of G. albociliata and D.surculosa is different in color and appearance. However after NaOH treatment, the color becomes almost the same. Regarding SEM analysis, after NaOH treatment the morphology of the bamboo leaves completely changes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the process of hemicellulose removal had occurred during treatment. The results show that lignin has been removed by NaOH treatment to enhance the characteristics of the bamboo leaves from different species.
The inhibition of checkpoint activation by telomeres does not involve exclusion of dimethylation of histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me2)
Authors: Audry Julien , Wang Jinyu , Eisenstatt Jessica R. , Berkner Kathleen L. , Runge Kurt W. 
Published: July 2018

DNA double-strand (DSBs) breaks activate the DNA damage checkpoint machinery to pause or halt the cell cycle. Telomeres, the specific DNA-protein complexes at linear eukaryotic chromosome ends, are capped DSBs that do not activate DNA damage checkpoints. This “checkpoint privileged” status of telomeres was previously investigated in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe lacking the major double-stranded telomere DNA binding protein Taz1. Telomeric DNA repeats in cells lacking Taz1 are 10 times longer than normal and contain single-stranded DNA regions. DNA damage checkpoint proteins associate with these damaged telomeres, but the DNA damage checkpoint is not activated. This severing of the DNA damage checkpoint signaling pathway was reported to stem from exclusion of histone H4 lysine 20 dimethylation (H4K20me2) from telomeric nucleosomes in both wild type cells and cells lacking Taz1. However, experiments to identify the mechanism of this exclusion failed, prompting our re-evaluation of H4K20me2 levels at telomeric chromatin. In this short report, we used an extensive series of controls to identify an antibody specific for the H4K20me2 modification and show that the level of this modification is the same at telomeres and internal loci in both wild type cells and those lacking Taz1. Consequently, telomeres must block activation of the DNA Damage Response by another mechanism that remains to be determined.
A revised genus­level taxonomy for Trimezieae (Iridaceae) based on expanded molecular and morphological analyses
Authors: Lovo Juliana , Winkworth Richard C. , Santos Bragança Gil André dos , Amaral Maria do Carmo E. , Bittrich Volker , Mello-Silva Renato 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTrimezieae is a Neotropical tribe of Iridaceae. It is widely distributed in Central and South America with species diversity centered on Brazil. Previous studies have consistently found that although the tribe itself is monophyletic, as currently recognized three of the four genera within it are not. Using an enlarged sampling of taxa, molecular markers and morphological characters, the present study further improves our understanding. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses confirm the broad­scale relationships observed in earlier studies. That is, four principal clades are well supported but links between them remain uncertain. A broad morphological survey identified diagnostic characters for several clades; these were primarily vegetative, including features of the underground stems, leaves and flowering stems. Based on these findings we present a new genericlevel classification that recognizes groups that were well supported in phylogenetic analyses and are clearly distinguished on morphological grounds. This framework requires new circumscriptions for three of the existing generic­level taxa, as well as the recognition of a new genus within the tribe.
Fortificación del siglo XX: sistema, arquitectura y patrimonio. El dispositivo de la orilla norte del estrecho de Gibraltar
Authors: Atanasio Guisado Alberto , Arévalo Rodríguez Federico 
Published: July 2018

La fortificación ejecutada al finalizar la Guerra Civil Española en la orilla norte del estrecho de Gibraltar, en una franja litoral de más de cien kilómetros entre Conil de la Frontera y San Roque, tenía por objetivos controlar la navegación entre el Atlántico y el Mediterráneo, bloquear el Peñón de Gibraltar, y defenderse de un posible desembarco enemigo. Dada la capacidad de destrucción y el alcance de la artillería, la progresiva dispersión de los elementos convierte a la fortificación en un verdadero sistema fortificado, un conjunto compuesto por diversas redes o subsistemas con una importante componente territorial.En este artículo se pone el acento en esos subsistemas, entendiendo que tanto ellos como las arquitecturas que los componen se vinculan con lo patrimonial y muestran una sugerente relación con el paisaje.