bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Presumed Drought Impacted Soils through Phospholipid Fatty Acid (PLFA) Biomarkers in the Sahel Region
Authors: Muhammad Bello, Zainab , Muhammad Sanusi, , Aliero Adamu, Aliyu , Dabai Aliyu, Ibrahim , Rabani Adamou, 
Published: December 2024

Aims: The aim of this study is to utilize biomarkers to detect drought induced changes in soil microbial communities within presumed drought impacted soils in selected regions of the Sahel.
Study Design: A correlational study design was used to examine the influence of soil pH in relation to other soil properties (e.g., organic carbon, nitrogen and Phosphorus), while PLFA biomarkers were analysed using principal component analysis and descriptive statistics.
Place and Duration of Study: The study, conducted from May to October 2021, focused on the Sahel region of sub-Saharan Africa, specifically within the territorial boundaries of Nigeria and the Niger Republic.
Methodology: A study using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers investigated drought-induced changes in soil microbial communities in the Sahel region. Analysis of 90 soil samples revealed significant correlations between PLFA profiles and soil properties.
Results: The study highlights the significance of site-specific soil management techniques, particularly in regions characterized by low nutrient levels and depleted soil organic matter (SOC) and carbon (SOM). In such regions, targeted applications of organic and inorganic amendments can be necessary to improve soil fertility. While sandy soils in G/Doki (87.1%) would benefit from organic additions for better water retention and nutrient-holding capability, Nkonni's high clay concentration could necessitate better drainage management to avoid waterlogging. Certain PLFA indicators are linked to bacteria and fungi, including C18:1cis9 and C18:1ω9. PLFA biomarkers are impacted by drought's alteration of soil microbial populations. To promote soil health and fertility conservation, it is essential to monitor soil microbial dynamics and implement sustainable agricultural methods.
Conclusion: Soil microbial populations are greatly impacted by drought, which alters PLFA indicators. While certain biomarkers, like C18:0 and C18:1, suggest broad microbial activity, others, including C18:1ω9 and C18:1cis9, are linked to fungi. The following markers are linked to Gram-positive bacteria: i15:0, a15:0, i16:0, i17:0, and cy17:0 for Gram-negative bacteria, which are useful tools for evaluating the effects of soil management techniques, environmental stressors, and climatic variability on agricultural soils. These changes demonstrate the potential of PLFA analysis to connect soil microbial dynamics with soil health and fertility. Drought affects soil microbial communities, affecting soil pH. Higher pH increases organic carbon, organic matter, and calcium levels, while nitrogen and phosphorus levels are minimally affected.
Genetic mapping of cell type specificity for complex traits
Authors: Watanabe Kyoko , Umićević Mirkov Maša , de Leeuw Christiaan A. , van den Heuvel Martijn P. , Posthuma Danielle 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSingle-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data allows to create cell type specific transcriptome profiles. Such profiles can be aligned with genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to implicate cell type specificity of the traits. Current methods typically rely only on a small subset of available scRNA-seq datasets, and integrating multiple datasets is hampered by complex batch effects. Here we collated 43 publicly available scRNA-seq datasets. We propose a 3-step workflow with conditional analyses within and between datasets, circumventing batch effects, to uncover associations of traits with cell types. Applying this method to 26 traits, we identify independent associations of multiple cell types. These results lead to starting points for follow-up functional studies aimed at gaining a mechanistic understanding of these traits. The proposed framework as well as the curated scRNA-seq datasets are made available via an online platform, FUMA, to facilitate rapid evaluation of cell type specificity by other researchers.
Materialistic values and green apparel purchase intention among young Vietnamese consumers
Authors: Nguyen Mai Thi Tuyet , Nguyen Linh Hoang , Nguyen Hung Vu 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
Nowadays, the issues related to pro-environmental, sustainable and green consumption behaviors are attracting significant attention from both scholars and practitioners. However, in the context of emerging countries, less research effort has been invested in this topic, especially in investigating young consumer purchase behavior. The purpose of this study is to investigate factors driving young adult Vietnamese consumers’ purchase intention toward green apparel products with emphasis on the role of materialistic values.

Design/methodology/approach
In this research, a conceptual framework is proposed integrating the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model with an important consumer value, materialism. To test the research model and hypotheses, a survey of a sample of 245 young adults (under 25 years old) was conducted in Hanoi, the capital city and one of the two most populous cities in Vietnam. All the scales used in this study were established in the literature, and the scales’ reliability and validity were assessed through Cronbach’s alpha and confirmatory factor analysis. The structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed model and hypotheses.

Findings
In this study, six hypotheses were tested and five out of six received support from the data. Specifically, the results of SEM showed that all three antecedents from the TPB model (i.e. attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control) were positive contributors to green apparel purchase intention, of which subjective norms were found to be the most influential predictor of purchase intention. With regard to the roles of the three components of materialism, the findings provided empirical evidence for supporting the positive impact of “success” and the negative impact of “centrality” on the attitude toward green apparel purchase, while “happiness” component was not found to have a significant impact on attitude. In this study, income as a control variable was found to be positively related to purchase intention toward green apparel products.

Originality/value
There is a little research on the relationship between specific values and environment-friendly behaviors, especially in the context of emerging economies such as Vietnam. In addition, it has been suggested that the relationship between materialistic values and green purchase behavior is still unclear. Thus, it is important to have a deeper understanding of the role of materialistic values in green apparel purchase among young adult consumers in the context of Vietnam, an Asian emerging country where only modest research effort has been given to explore this important topic.
The Formation of Urinary Calculi
Authors: Joly J. Swift 
Published: July 2019

Normal urine is always grossly super-saturated in regard to the stone-forming salts, which are kept in solution by the action of the colloids. This action is best explained by the theory of adsorption. The amount of the stone-forming salts which can be held in solution depends on the surface area of the colloid, and therefore on its state of subdivision. Precipitation of these salts is due to failure of the colloid to hold them in solution. It may be due to an insufficient quantity, but is more probably due to coagulation of the colloid. When precipitation occurs in the urinary passages, the crystals are usually retained in the lower calyx of the kidney. A crystalline deposit tends to grow into crystalline concretions under the action of surface energy, thus forming true primary calculi. Stones of this type soon irritate the wall of the cavity in which they are contained and cause a reactionary exudate. The laminated stone is formed by continued deposition of crystals, coupled with rhythmic precipitation of a foreign colloid derived from the exudate. Stones originating in infected media are formed in a similar manner.
President's Address
Authors: Kidd Frank 
Published: July 2019

Twenty-four cases of purpura of the urinary tract are discussed and analysed.Purpura of the kidney may be a cause of painless hæmaturia. In some cases nephrectomy may be necessary to check the bleeding.Purpura of the bladder is a cause of painful hæmaturia. In such cases the diagnosis can be made with the cytoscope.A number of the cases appear to be caused by a streptococcal infection of throat, teeth or bowel.The exhibition of horse serum by the mouth usually has an immediate effect in checking the bleeding tendencySplenectomy should be considered in severe chronic recurrent cases.Purpura is a symptom and not a disease. It can attack the kidney or bladder in any type of case. The attacks may be simple, recurrent or fulminating. In many cases no cause can be discovered, in others it is associated with acute rheumatism. In a number of cases a proximate cause can be discovered, in the nature of a bacterial infection, a chemical poison, a thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, or the deprivation of some vitamin.
Season and Disease
Authors: Stallybrass C. O. 
Published: July 2019

The seasonal variations in disease, as is the case in the spread of infective diseases generally, depend upon three primary factors: (1) the presence of the micro-organisms of adequate virulence and infectivity; (2) the means of transmission to (3) the susceptible tissues of the susceptible individual. All other factors, in this relation largely climatic, can act directly only through these three primary factors and are therefore termed secondary. The paper is largely an attempt to express the effect of the variations in the secondary factors in terms of the alterations they produce in the primary factors. The total effect of the three primary factors in the spread of infection is termed “dispersability” and a ratio or measure of dispersability is described. This ratio emphasizes occurrences in the pre-epidemic period. The relationship of temperature and humidity to the alimentary, respiratory and percutaneous diseases and to the ectodermoses, is investigated. In the autumnal group of infections, attention is drawn to the action of carriers in causing a rise in dispersability in the spring and the frequent occurrence of a double wave of dispersability. The effect of climatic changes is often cumulative, and this is most evident in the autumnal group of infections, the seasonal occurrence of which cannot be directly explained by temperature changes, or even by the action of light on phagocytes. The possibility of vitamin deficiency or excess producing cumulative effects is considered. Secular changes in seasonal periodicities are investigated and these are associated with other changes, such as the intrinsic periodicities, mode of spread, etc., the combined changes being described by the terms aggradation and degradation of disease. Slides covering the majority of the infective diseases of temperate climates and exhibiting the secular changes in Liverpool, and various geographical differences, in some 175 curves displayed.
Discussion on the Treatment of Urethral Stricture and Fistulæ by Excision
Authors: Kidd Frank 
Published: July 2019

For hard tunnel strictures and in cases of perineal fistula we should be bolder to adopt the principle of excision rather than that of mere external urethrotomy. A preliminary suprapubic cystotomy is advised, and also the avoidance, as far as possible, of the indwelling catheter. All fistulæ should be excised completely, not merely opened, scraped and drained. The operator should not be in too great a hurry to pass sounds of too large a calibre after the operation, as in many cases there is little tendency to re-formation of the stricture.
Unsolved Problems in Salmonella Food Poisoning
Authors: Savage William G. 
Published: July 2019

Salmonella groups of organisms are recognized as predominant in food poisoning outbreaks, but knowledge of the primary source of Salmonella bacilli and of paths of infection to implicated food is incomplete.—Unsolved problems discussed.—Food animals suffering from Salmonella infection are common in Germany but comparatively rare in this country and in most outbreaks the original food is shown to have been sound.—Infection of food from a human carrier is extremely rare. Detailed study of individual outbreaks brings out the striking fact that the Salmonella strains which cause food poisoning are just those types capable of causing disease in both man and animals. The hypothesis which best explains bacterial causation of most outbreaks is that the source of infection is derived, in most cases, from animals suffering from Salmonella disease or acting as carriers of these bacilli. Many facts favour this view, including the widespread extent of Salmonella infections in animals associated with food. Examples: Cows suffering from Salmonella infections with these bacilli in the milk; the widespread prevalence of such infections in rats and mice; the considerable extent to which pigs are infected with Salmonella bacilli.—Attention is directed to the presence of specific agglutinins in the blood of food animals such as bullocks and pigs, also to the fact that while in man a carrier condition for food-poisoning bacilli is extremely rare and at best a transient condition in animals. It is a well attested phenomenon. The causes of this difference are worthy of further study. Not only are there numerous types within the Salmonella group but these types exhibit characteristic and definite differences of pathological behaviour. Bacillus paratyphosus B and Bacillus aertrycke furnish a good illustration and these two types are critically contrasted. While our present knowledge is imperfect, it is suggested that the types in this group fall into three groups, i.e., ( a) Strains pathogenic to man but not to animals; ( b) strains pathogenic to animals but harmless to man; ( c) strains pathogenic both to man and to animals. Only the last group cause food-poisoning outbreaks and represent the original and less specialized types. Varying virulence of Salmonella strains and problems thus raised in relation to food poisoning outbreak are discussed.
Discussion on Vertigo
Authors: Scott Sydney 
Published: July 2019

Symptoms revealing a state of consciousness, attributable to incoördination of afferent impulses connected with the vestibular system—disturbances of muscle-sense—vestibular ocular tracks—vestibular-spinal tracks. Different Vertigo-Complexes.—Destructive lesions of labyrinth, or of vestibular tracks, partial or complete.—Heterogeneous stimulations of the paired intact vestibular-end organs.—The hypersensitive labyrinth.—Clinical manifestations of vertigo, associated with nausea, headache, visual disturbances, nystagmus, diplopia, staggering gait, vasomotor and cardiovascular symptoms, pallor, flushing, sweating, dyspnœa, fainting, vomiting and diarrhœa. Objective Examination.—The tympanic membrane.—Middle-ear track.—Upper air passages.—Hearing tests.—Oculomotor tests.—Labyrinthine reactions.—Postural, caloric, galvanic tests.—Differentiation between destructive and non-destructive disturbances of labyrinth.—Discrimination between peripheral and central lesions.—Vertigo associated with acute, non-perforative otitis media, with chronic otitis media, with labyrinthine fistula, with otosclerosis, post-suppurative adhesions; with peripheral nerve deafness, gun deafness; with rhinitis, ethmoiditis, sinusitis, nasal polypi, postnasal catarrh and dental infections.—Influence of general health on recurrent vertigo and vice versa.—Other factors. Syphilis, malaria, etc. Principles of Treatment.—Seek the cause, which, if peripheral, may be removed by operations on the ear, nose, throat, or even by extraction of dead teeth.—If central, by intracranial surgery, decompression, or by neuropathic medical treatment. Controversial Problems.—(1) Medicinal treatment: Iodide, bromides, atropine, quinine. (2) Attention to upper air-passages. (3) Fenestration of tympanic membrane. (4) Possible value of Küster's operation in certain cases. (5) Exploration of the saccus-endolymphaticus. (6) Fenestration of the external semicircular canal. (7) Indications for destroying the labyrinth.
Bilateral Urinary Calculi
Authors: Joly J. Swift 
Published: July 2019

Cases in which stones are found on both sides at the same time are alone considered. They form 9·4% of the admissions for stone in the upper urinary tract at St. Peter's Hospital. Figures from Continental clinics vary from 11% to 14%, while those obtained from post-mortem records are nearly 50%. Four groups of cases are considered: (1) Calculi due to a special diathesis, e.g., cystine stones. (2) Aseptic bilateral calculi. (3) Infected bilateral calculi. (4) Cases complicated by anuria. (1) Cystinuria should be treated medically, by diet and alkalis, but stones may form, in spite of treatment. They can be passed easily, and operation is only indicated when impaction occurs. (2) The calculi are comparatively small, and it is rare to find more than one on each side. If the renal function is approximately the same on both sides, simultaneous removal is advisable. When this is impossible, the interval between the two operations should not exceed fourteen days. When the function is unequal, the first operation should be performed on the more damaged kidney. (3) When both sides are infected, the calculi are often very large, and the kidneys severely damaged. Infection is usually the primary factor, but its source cannot always be determined. The symptoms are slight, often merely persisting pyuria. If the value of both kidneys is the same: (a) no operation may be possible; (b) pelvic stones should be removed; (c) “stag horn” calculi are best left alone, unless there is evidence of fluid distension of the kidneys. When the function is unequal, an absolutely useless pyonephrotic kidney should be removed or drained, but if urine is secreted by both it is advisable to operate on the better kidney first. (4) In cases of calculous anuria, the obstruction is usually found in the upper portion of the ureters. An attempt should be made to relieve it by passing ureteric catheters. If it fails, or if the anuria recurs, immediate operation is necessary. The kidney last obstructed should be drained. The stones should be removed as soon as the effects of the anuria have passed.
The Psychopathology of Sexual Perversions
Authors: Bennet E. A. 
Published: July 2019

Current views on causation of sexual perversion. An alternative to these, based on the relationship of the pervert with others, is put forward. Sexual perversions and psychoneuroses are not positive and negative aspects of infantile sexual components. Verbatim extracts from the analysis of a patient with sexual perversion are given to illustrate and support the following views: ( a) The emotional relationship between the pervert and others is an essential element in the condition. ( b) The physical aspects of the perversion are of secondary importance to the mental. ( c) The perversion indicates a failure in personal and social integration; and an effort is made to alter this by means of aggressiveness, adopted child-like conduct, and perversions. ( d) The perversions were manifold in type but uniform in purpose. ( e) The policy of the illness was to regain a satisfying personal and social life. ( f) The same policy is found in the psychoneuroses.
The Physiological Basis of the Neuroses
Authors: Ashby W. Ross 
Published: July 2019

In many ways in physiology and psychology one sees evidences of “patterns.” Sensory stimuli are usually received as a pattern and most motor responses take the form of a clear-cut pattern of movements. The majority of the reactions in the central nervous system are concerned with patterns of impulses rather than a single nerve impulse. It is suggested that when two patterns meet, the interaction is subject to two definite laws:— (1) Similar patterns integrate and become one pattern, the differences between them building up to a new pattern. (2) Dissimilar patterns are dealt with by the complete acceptance or establishment of one pattern and the total rejection of the other. Examples are given to illustrate these two laws. It is suggested that whether two patterns are treated as similar or dissimilar will depend on: (1) The nature of the patterns themselves and; (2) the state or type of the nervous system. It is suggested that in the neuroses, what is really happening is that the person is treating as dissimilar certain patterns which are usually considered to be similar. Clinical applications are discussed.
Anæsthesia in Gynæcology
Authors: Fairlie H. P. 
Published: July 2019

The operations of gynæcology are divided into two classes: (1) Minor: including perineal repairs, colporrhaphies, vaginal hysterectomies, dilatations and curettings, etc., and (2) Major: abdominal sections. For both groups routine premedication is a combination of morphia and nembutal, the former in ⅙-grain, and the latter in 3-grain doses. For Group 1 three methods of anæsthesia are described: ( a) Ethylene and oxygen, producing in nearly all cases an adequate depth of anæsthesia without the addition of ether. A safe type of anæsthesia and one from which recovery takes place quickly. ( b) Planocaine in 20% solution, made up with sodium bisulphate, as a spinal anæsthetic, described by Mr. Dickson Wright. The dose usually injected is 0·5 c.c. ( c) Sodium evipan given intravenously, though rather uncertain in action seems to serve well for such minor operations as curettage and insertion of radium. In Group 2 (major operations), the author's choice is between ( a) ether administered with a little additional oxygen to counteract the asphyxial tendency which the Trendelenburg position occasions, and ( b) spinal anæsthesia with percaine. For intra-abdominal pelvic surgery the latter is a very safe method for two reasons: (1) The dose required is comparatively small, and (2) the Trendelenburg position helps materially to prevent the fall of blood-pressure which a spinal anæsthetic tends to produce.
The Smallpox Pandemic of 1870–1874
Authors: Rolleston J. D. 
Published: July 2019

The Vaccination Act of 1853 inspired by the Epidemiological Scoiety of London was the cause of the incidence and fatality of the pandemic being less in the United Kingdom than in foreign countries. Origin of pandemic in France before outbreak of Franco-Prussian War. Its spread through the country. Vaccination state of civilian population and army in France in 1870. Incidence, fatality and characteristics of the pandemic in England and Wales, London, Scotland and Ireland and foreign countries with special reference to Germany and German army. Lack of hospital accommodation for smallpox cases in London. M.A.B. hospitals opened. Absence of ambulance service. Aerial convection of smallpox. Smallpox fatality in the various Metropolitan boroughs. Incidence and fatality of smallpox heavy in civilian population in Germany as compared with the well-vaccinated army, but lower in Southern German States, where primary vaccination was compulsory, than in Prussia and Saxony which had no vaccination laws. Further statistics illustrating difference in smallpox fatality in different countries and groups of individuals according to their vaccination state.