bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Policy Diffusion: Spatial Econometric Models of Public Administration
Authors: Cook Scott J , An Seung-Ho , Favero Nathan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractInterdependence in the decision-making or behaviors of various organizations and administrators is often neglected in the study of public administration. Failing to account for such interdependence risks an incomplete understanding of the choices made by these actors and agencies. As such, we show how researchers analyzing cross-sectional or time-series-cross-sectional (TSCS) data can utilize spatial econometric methods to improve inference on existing questions and, more interestingly, engage a new set of theoretical questions. Specifically, we articulate several general mechanisms for spatial dependence that are likely to appear in research on public administration (isomorphism, competition, benchmarking, and common exposure). We then demonstrate how these mechanisms can be tested using spatial econometric models in two applications: first, a cross-sectional study of district-level bilingual education spending and, second, a TSCS analysis on state-level healthcare administration. In our presentation, we also briefly discuss many of the practical challenges confronted in estimating spatial models (e.g., weights specification, model selection, effects calculation) and offer some guidance on each.
Public Administration Theory: Normative Necessity
Authors: Weimer David L 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Intellectual and practical endeavors almost always demand theory to help make sense of the complex world. Descriptive theories seek to predict what will happen, or at least understand what has happened, in particular circumstances. Normative theories seek to inform agents about what they should want or do in particular circumstances. As professionals seeking to promote good governance, public administrators must be able to predict consequences. To do so, they can make use of any relevant descriptive theory without concern for disciplinary boundaries. I argue that this catholic approach largely, though not completely, obviates the value of unique descriptive theories specific to public administration. In contrast, public administrators require normative theories that speak to the choices they must make as members of a profession that seeks to promote the good society. Thus, although as public administration scholars we face the same pressure as our disciplinary colleagues to create descriptive theories, our most important theoretical contributions are likely to be normative.
Structural Validity of the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment in Patients With Injuries
Authors: de Graaf Max W , Reininga Inge H F , Wendt Klaus W , Heineman Erik , Moumni Mostafa El 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background
The Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA) is a widely used patient-reported outcome measure, originally having 2 elements of outcome: the function index and the bother index. In multiple studies, it has been argued that the SMFA should be scored using 3, 4, or 6 subscales instead. Therefore, there is inconsistency with the number of underlying dimensions of the SMFA.

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural validity of the various proposed subscale configurations of the SMFA in a broad range of Dutch patients with injuries.

Design
This study used a prospective cohort design.

Methods
Participants with injuries were asked to complete the Dutch SMFA (SMFA-NL) at 5 to 8 weeks postinjury. The structural validity of the 6 different factor structures that have been proposed in other studies was evaluated using confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency was analyzed using Cronbach alpha.

Results
A total of 491 patients participated (response rate = 74%). A 4-factor structure showed an acceptable fit (root-mean-square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.070, comparative fit index = 0.973, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.971). Other models, including the original 2-index structure, showed insufficient structural validity in Dutch patients with injuries. The 4-factor structure showed sufficient discriminant validity and good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha ≥ 0.83).

Limitations
It is unclear whether conclusions are generalizable across different countries, people who are elderly, and people without injuries.

Conclusion
In a broad range of patients with injuries, the SMFA-NL may be best scored and interpreted using a 4-factor structure. Other factor structures showed insufficient structural validity.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Nold Carrie Smith 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
With the incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) increasing over recent decades, wide variability in disease presentation, and a median survival of only 2 to 4 years from disease onset, timely referral is key for patients with suspected ALS. This article discusses primary care providers' roles in recognizing ALS and managing symptoms in patients whose travel to specialists can become restricted in the later stages of the disease.
Barriers and Enablers to Direct Observation of Trainees’ Clinical Performance: A Qualitative Study Using the Theoretical Domains Framework
Authors: Cheung Warren J. , Patey Andrea M. , Frank Jason R. , Mackay Meredith , Boet Sylvain 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
Direct observation is essential to assess and provide feedback to medical trainees. However, calls for its increased use in medical training persist as learners report that direct observation occurs infrequently. This study applied a theory-driven approach to systematically investigate barriers and enablers to direct observation in residency training.

Method
From September 2016 to July 2017, semistructured interviews of faculty and residents at The Ottawa Hospital were conducted and analyzed. An interview guide based on the theoretical domains framework (TDF) was used to capture 14 domains that may influence direct observation. Interview transcripts were independently coded using direct content analysis, and specific beliefs were generated by grouping similar responses. Relevant domains were identified based on the frequencies of beliefs reported, presence of conflicting beliefs, and perceived influence on direct observation practices.

Results
Twenty-five interviews (12 residents, 13 faculty) were conducted, representing 10 specialties. Ten TDF domains were identified as influencing direct observation: knowledge, skills, beliefs about consequences, social/professional role and identity, intention, goals, memory/attention/decision processes, environmental context and resources, social influences, and behavioral regulation. Discord between faculty and resident intentions, coupled with social expectations that residents should be responsible for ensuring that observations occur, was identified as a key barrier. Additionally, competing demands identified across multiple TDF domains emerged as a pervasive theme.

Conclusions
This study identified key barriers and enablers to direct observation. These influencing factors provide a basis for the development of potential strategies aimed at embedding direct observation as a routine pedagogical practice in residency training.
Quantitative Characteristics of Consecutive Lengthening Episodes in Early-onset Scoliosis (EOS) Patients With Dual Growth Rods
Authors: Agarwal Aakash , Goswami Ankur , Vijayaraghavan Govindaraja Perumal , Srivastava Abhishek , Kandwal Pankaj , Nagaraja Upendra Bidre , Goel Vijay K. , Agarwal Anand K. , Jayaswal Arvind 
Published: August 2018

Study Design.
A prospective single-center study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to record the characteristic forces and lengths observed during distraction episodes in early-onset scoliosis (EOS), and analyze their interdependencies on the key variability among the patients.

Summary of Background Data.
The goal of the growing-rod technique is to achieve deformity correction alongside maintaining growth of the spine. The deformity correction is achieved during the initial surgery, but follow-up distraction episodes are necessary to maintain the growth. The key variables, under the control of a surgeon, that affect the growth are the applied distraction forces and the distraction lengths. Since the advent of dual growth rod technique, there have been many studies exploring the relationship between these and the actual growth. However, there is sparse evidence on the actual magnitude of distraction forces, and none on its association with patient's parameters such as sex, age, and deformity.

Methods.
In a consecutive series of 47 patients implanted with dual growth rods, the distraction forces (in N) and the lengths (in mm) achieved during each distraction episode and compared against the episode-specific demographics. The values obtained from each side, that is, concave and convex sides, were averaged to calculate the mean. Statistical analysis was performed using t-distribution because for each normalized time points (distraction episode).

Results.
In cumulative, the distraction force increased by an amount of 268%, with 120% increase in the early stages (distractions episodes 1–6) and 68% increase in the later stages (distractions episodes 6–11), whereas the cumulative decrease in the length over 11 distractions episodes was 47%, with 34% and 20% in the early and later stages, respectively. The study does not identify any significant trend with respect to sex, age, and deformity.

Conclusion.
The distraction force and the length increased and decreased respectively with every consecutive distraction episode, with no correlation to sex, age, extent of deformity, or the extent of correction.

Level of Evidence: 5
Complication and Failures of Central Vascular Access Device in Adult Critical Care Settings*
Authors: Takashima Mari , Schults Jessica , Mihala Gabor , Corley Amanda , Ullman Amanda 
Published: August 2018

Objectives:
To examine the proportion and rate of central venous access device failure and complications across central venous access device types in adult intensive care.

Data Sources:
A systematic search was undertaken in the electronic databases Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health in September 2017.

Study Selection:
Included studies were of observational (prospective and retrospective) or interventional design and reported central venous access device failure and complications in adult ICU settings. Studies were excluded if they were published prior to November 2006 or not reported in English. Two reviewers independently screened articles, assessed eligibility, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias.

Data Extraction:
Data were extracted on the primary outcome, central venous access device failure, and secondary outcomes: central venous access device complications (central line-associated bloodstream infection, catheter-related bloodstream infection, catheter-related thrombosis, occlusion, catheter removal due to suspected infection, dislodgement, breakage, and local infection). Patient and device data and study details to assess the study quality were also extracted.

Data Synthesis:
A total of 63 studies involving 50,000 central venous access devices (396,951 catheter days) were included. Central venous access device failure was 5% (95% CI, 3–6%), with the highest rates and proportion of failure in hemodialysis catheters. Overall central line-associated bloodstream infection rate was 4.59 per 1,000 catheter days (95% CI, 2.31–6.86), with the highest rate in nontunneled central venous access devices. Removal of central venous access device due to suspected infection was high (17%; 20.4 per 1,000 catheter days; 95% CI, 15.7–25.2).

Conclusions:
Central venous access device complications and device failure is a prevalent and significant problem in the adult ICU, leading to substantial patient harm and increased healthcare costs. The high proportion of central venous access devices removed due to suspicion of infection, despite low overall central line-associated bloodstream infection and catheter-related bloodstream infection rates, indicates a need for robust practice guidelines to inform decision-making surrounding removal of central venous access devices suspected of infection.
Single-stage Total Cranial Vault Remodeling for Correction of Turricephaly: Description of a New Technique
Authors: Rottgers Stephen Alex , Ganske Ingrid , Citron Isabelle , Proctor Mark , Meara John G. 
Published: August 2018

Background:
Turricephaly is considered one of the most difficult cranial deformities to correct as addressing cranial height can result in increased intracranial pressure. We describe a new technique of total calvarial remodeling with bony transposition to simultaneously correct turricephaly and brachycephaly while preserving intracranial volume.

Methods:
A retrospective review of patients undergoing single-stage cranial vault remodeling by a single surgeon (J.G.M.) at a single center between 2007 and 2015 was performed. The procedure consists of a frontal bandeau followed by a 1 cm 360o axial strip craniectomy. The strip is then rotated 90 degrees into a coronal orientation and interposed between fronto-parietal and parito-occipital segments. Modification for occipital widening can also be performed.

Results:
Six patients with turribrachycephaly underwent the procedure over the 8-year period. Four patients were operated at less than 1 year of age, one patient underwent surgery at 2 years, and one at 9 years. Mean operative time was 4 hours, and mean transfusion was 300cc. There were no major complications. Mean cranial height reduction achieved was 1.6 cm (range, 1.0–2.0 cm), and mean anterior–posterior expansion was 3.4 cm (range, 2.3–4.5 cm). Patients also showed improvement in supraorbital retrusion.

Conclusion:
Single-stage cranial vault remodeling with axial strip craniectomy and coronal interposition is safe and allows for simultaneous correction of turricephaly and brachycephaly while preserving intracranial volume.
Quality of Life of the Plastic Surgeon in the Midwest of Brazil
Authors: de Arruda Fabiano Calixto , de Paula Paulo Renato , Porto Celmo Celeno 
Published: August 2018

Background:
The quality of life theme is much studied in the area of plastic surgery; however, there are few studies on the quality of life of plastic surgeons. The main aim of this study was to describe the quality of life of the plastic surgeon in Center-West of Brazil.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was performed of plastic surgeons in the greater state of Goias, Center-West of Brazil, registered until January 2015. A sample with power of 80%, 115 surgeons from 163 WHOQOL-BREF, and a social-demographic and professional questionnaire were used as instruments. The data were compared between qualitative variables of the questionnaire and WHOQOL-BREF using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Results:
One hundred sixteen surgeons answered; for WHOQOL-BREF, domain statistics were as follows: physical, 57.85; psychological, 62.9; social, 74.13; and environment, 68.56. The higher scores in each domain were related: physical: monthly income higher than US$ 11,200, more than 10 years of experience, weekly work hours lower than 40, being an associate or full member, and more than 4 surgeries/week; psychological: man, married, and having only private patients; social: man, monthly income higher than US$15,000, more than 20 years of experience, and weekly work hours lower than 40; and environment: monthly income higher than US$15,000, more than 10 years of experience, weekly work hours lower than 60, and more than 4 surgeries/week.

Conclusion:
The study demonstrates that the youngest surgeon, with a duration of less than 10 years, has the worst quality of life.
Prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis B and C viruses among haemodialysis patients: a multicentric study
Authors: Ali Niyaz , Hussain Wajid , Hayat Azam , Shah Tariq , Wen Ronghui , Zeb Ifra , Abdul Malik Attiya , Ramzan Rahdia , Rehman Mujaddad-ur , Khan Ibrar 
Published: August 2018

Background
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality among haemodialysis (HD) patients and create problems in the management of patients in the renal dialysis units, as patients with chronic renal failure do not absolutely clear these viral infections.

Aim
The aim of the study is molecular detection of HBV and HCV and their possible risk factors among the HD patients in northern Pakistan.

Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2013 to June 2014. The infections were investigated through serological and molecular techniques.

Results
The overall prevalence of HBV among the five HD centres was 7.5%. The main risk factors were HD centre (26.66%), history of blood transfusion (20%), dental procedure (13.33%) and time duration on HD (6.66%). However, the overall prevalence of HCV among the five HD centres was 19.58%. The main risk factors included HD centre (25.53%), history of blood transfusion (25.53%), dental procedure (10.64%), surgical treatment (6.38%), patients treated abroad (6.38%) and time duration on HD (4.25%).

Conclusion
The high prevalence of hepatitis viruses among HD patients of northern Pakistan indicates a close relation between HD centres and hepatitis virus transmission. Therefore, preventive control measures are essential to reduce hepatitis transmission in HD centres.
Multicenter Validation of the Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal Score as a Predictor of Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation After Neonatal Cardiac Surgery*
Authors: Cashen Katherine , Costello John M. , Grimaldi Lisa M. , Narayana Gowda Keshava Murty , Moser Elizabeth A. S. , Piggott Kurt D. , Wilhelm Michael , Mastropietro Christopher W. 
Published: August 2018

Objectives:
We sought to validate the Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal score, a novel disease severity index, as a predictor of outcome in a multicenter cohort of neonates who underwent cardiac surgery.

Design:
Retrospective chart review.

Setting:
Seven tertiary-care referral centers.

Patients:
Neonates defined as age less than or equal to 30 days at the time of cardiac surgery.

Interventions:
Ventilation index, Vasoactive-Inotrope Score, serum lactate, and Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal score were recorded for three postoperative time points: ICU admission, 6 hours, and 12 hours. Peak values, defined as the highest of the three measurements, were also noted. Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal was calculated as follows: ventilation index + Vasoactive-Inotrope Score + Δ creatinine (change in creatinine from baseline × 10). Primary outcome was prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, defined as greater than 96 hours. Receiver operative characteristic curves were generated, and abilities of variables to correctly classify prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation were compared using area under the curve values. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was also performed.

Measurements and Main Results:
We reviewed 275 neonates. Median age at surgery was 7 days (25th–75th percentile, 5–12 d), 86 (31%) had single ventricle anatomy, and 183 (67%) were classified as Society of Thoracic Surgeons-European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Congenital Heart Surgery Mortality Category 4 or 5. Prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation occurred in 89 patients (32%). At each postoperative time point, the area under the curve for prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation was significantly greater for the Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal score as compared to the ventilation index, Vasoactive-Inotrope Score, and serum lactate, with an area under the curve for peak Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal score of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.77–0.88). On multivariable analysis, peak Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal score was independently associated with prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, odds ratio (per 1 unit increase): 1.08 (95% CI, 1.04–1.12).

Conclusions:
In this multicenter cohort of neonates who underwent cardiac surgery, the Vasoactive-Ventilation-Renal score was a reliable predictor of postoperative outcome and outperformed more traditional measures of disease complexity and severity.
Modified Temporalis Muscle Flap for Eyelid Reanimation
Authors: Evrenos Mustafa Kürşat , Bali Zülfükar Ulaş , Yaman Murat , Yoleri Levent 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The reanimation of both upper and lower paralytic eyelids requires dynamic procedures for longevity of correction. Temporalis muscle ensures the criteria for reanimation and is used widely as a result. Many modifications were described to improve the success of the classical technique. One of these modifications was reported by the senior author in 1999. Twice as much muscle mass (in thickness) to the upper eyelid than the lower was taken and passed submuscularly 5 to 6 mm away from the limbus and a thinner split was passed subcutaneously beneath the lower cilia. The aim of this study was to present the outcomes of the technique after 38 operations with 37 patients and to describe deep temporalis musculofascial-fatty flap to recover depression of temporalis muscle split donor area. Seventeen lower eyelids were evaluated as mild, 12 were as moderate, and 9 were as severe ectropion. One upper eyelid was evaluated as mild, 14 were as moderate, and 23 were as severe lagophthalmos preoperatively. Mean follow-up time was 28.8 months. Five patients had mild ectropion and 2 patients had mild lagophthalmos postoperatively at last follow-up. Two patients needed medial canthal tendon reinsertion secondary to relaxation of fixation suture at medial canthus. All patients tolerated the procedure and all complaints were resolved without creating a notable cosmetic deformity.
The Coexistence of Growth Hormone-Producing Pituitary Adenoma and Rathke Cleft Cyst: How Can We Diagnosis Preoperation?
Authors: Tang Chao , Qiao Liang , Zhong Chunyu , Yang Jin , Zhu Junhao , Ma Chiyuan 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Pituitary adenoma (PA) rarely coexists with Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC). Previously, only 13 cases of patients with growth hormone (GH)-producing PA and concomitant RCC have been reported. Here, the authors report a 54-year-old female patient with a GH-secreting PA coexisting with an RCC. Acromegaly was diagnosed according to the physical examination and endocrine data. Preoperatively, the coronal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contained 2 different signal intensities, these unusually MRI findings for the intrasellar mass were rarely. According to our clinical experience for diagnosis of PA and RCC, besides GH-producing PA in this case, but the possibility of concomitant RCC should be considered. One-and-a-half nostril endoscopic transsphenoidal approach was performed. Intraoperatively, the adenoma was successfully removed and a large amount of grayish fluid from the cyst was released. The endocrine testing was normal soon after the operation and the patient remained well for a follow-up period of 3 months. The postoperative MRI (obtained 3 months after surgery) showed no intrasellar and suprasellar mass. The authors retrospectively analyzed the all 14 cases of concomitant GH-secreting PAs and RCCs and summarized MRI characteristics. When preoperative MRI contained 2 different signal intensities, one mass lesion showed low or isointense signal on the T1-weighted and T2-weighted images, whereas the other lesion showed low signal on the T1-weighted images and hyperintense on the T2-weighted images, the collision MRI features may be helpful for the preoperative diagnosis of concomitant PAs and RCCs.