bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do children's number words begin noisy?
Authors: Wagner Katie , Chu Junyi , Barner David 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHow do children acquire exact meanings for number words like three or forty‐seven? In recent years, a lively debate has probed the cognitive systems that support learning, with some arguing that an evolutionarily ancient “approximate number system” drives early number word meanings, and others arguing that learning is supported chiefly by representations of small sets of discrete individuals. This debate has centered around the findings generated by Wynn's (, ) Give‐a‐Number task, which she used to categorize children into discrete “knower level” stages. Early reports confirmed Wynn's analysis, and took these stages to support the “small sets” hypothesis. However, more recent studies have disputed this analysis, and have argued that Give‐a‐Number data reveal a strong role for approximate number representations. In the present study, we use previously collected Give‐a‐Number data to replicate the analyses of these past studies, and to show that differences between past studies are due to assumptions made in analyses, rather than to differences in data themselves. We also show how Give‐a‐Number data violate the assumptions of parametric tests used in past studies. Based on simple non‐parametric tests and model simulations, we conclude that (a) before children learn exact meanings for words like one, two, three, and four, they first acquire noisy preliminary meanings for these words, (b) there is no reliable evidence of preliminary meanings for larger meanings, and (c) Give‐a‐Number cannot be used to readily identify signatures of the approximate number system.
Enhancing the language development of toddlers in foster care by promoting foster parents’ sensitivity: Results from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Raby Kenneth Lee , Freedman Emily , Yarger Heather A. , Lind Teresa , Dozier Mary 
Published: September 2018

AbstractYoung children in foster care are at increased risk for problematic language development, making early intervention a critical tool in enhancing these children's foundational language abilities. This study examined the efficacy of an early preventative intervention, Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch‐up for Toddlers (ABC‐T), in improving the receptive vocabulary abilities of toddlers placed in foster care. All the children had been removed from their biological parents’ care and placed into foster care. When children were between 24 and 36 months old, foster parents were contacted by research staff and consented to participate. Parents were randomly assigned using a random number generator to receive either ABC‐T (n = 45), which aimed to promote sensitive parenting for children who have experienced early adversity, or a control intervention (n = 43). Foster children's receptive vocabulary skills were assessed post‐intervention using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, Third Edition, when children were between 36 and 60 months old. Children whose foster parents received ABC‐T demonstrated more advanced receptive vocabulary abilities than children whose foster parents received the control intervention. The positive effect of ABC‐T on foster children's receptive vocabulary was mediated by increases in foster parents’ sensitivity during parent–child interactions. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01261806.
Cognitive functioning and structural brain abnormalities in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Mankovsky B. , Zherdova N. , van den Berg E. , Biessels G.‐J. , de Bresser J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimsType 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with cognitive dysfunction, but the underlying structural brain correlates are uncertain. This study examined the association between cognitive functioning and structural brain abnormalities in people with long‐standing Type 2 diabetes.MethodsNinety‐three people with Type 2 diabetes (age 62.3 ± 5.4 years, diabetes duration 9.7 ± 6.7 years; HbA1c65 ± 10 mmol/mol, 8.1 ± 1.3%) were included. Cognitive functioning was assessed by a test battery covering the domains memory, processing speed and executive functioning. Brain tissue volumes and white matter hyperintensity volumes were automatically determined onMRI. Linear regression analyses were performed adjusted for age, sex and education.ResultsIn people with Type 2 diabetes, increased white matter hyperintensity volume was associated with decreased processing speed [regressionBcoefficient = −0.22 (−0.38 to −0.06),P = 0.009], but not with memory or executive function (P > 0.05). Brain tissue volumes were not significantly related to cognitive functioning (P > 0.05).ConclusionsIn people with long‐standing, less strictly controlled Type 2 diabetes, white matter hyperintensities volumes were associated with decreased processing speed. This suggests that cerebral small vessel disease is an underlying disease mechanism of cognitive dysfunction in these individuals.
Certified testosterone immunoassays for hyperandrogenaemia
Authors: Luque‐Ramírez Manuel , Jiménez‐Mendiguchia Lucía , García‐Cano Ana , Fernández‐Durán Elena , de Dios Rosa Verónica , Nattero‐Chávez Lia , Ortiz‐Flores Andrés E. , Escobar‐Morreale Héctor F. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundTestosterone (T) measurement in women is problematic leading to initiatives aiming to improve laboratory standardization of commercial assays. We assessed the impact on the clinical diagnosis of functional hyperandrogenic disorders of a total T immunoassay recently certified by the Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC).MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study including 263 consecutive adult premenopausal women presenting with functional ovarian hyperandrogenism—including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)—and 73 nonhyperandrogenic female volunteers who served to define reference ranges. Total T was measured by a local routine direct radioimmunoassay and by a CDC‐certified immunochemiluminescence assay. The main outcome measures were total and calculated free T concentrations and percentage of patients with hyperandrogenaemia.ResultsBoth assays showed a poor concordance for total and calculated free T measurements. Hence, 147 (56%) and 109 (41%) of women had hyperandrogenaemia with the routine and CDC‐certified assays, respectively [κ (95%CI): 0.538 (0.441‐0.634)]. Free T levels calculated from total T using both assays showed similar correlations with metabolic variables. Women showing hyperandrogenaemia by both methods had the worst metabolic profiles, yet women presenting with hyperandrogenaemia only when using the CDC‐certified assay did not show any significant difference compared to nonhyperandrogenic women in anthropometric or metabolic variables. Those women with hyperandrogenaemia only when using the routine assay were more obese and insulin resistant than normoandrogenaemic hirsute patients.ConclusionsAn isolated androgen measurement, even a very specific one, is unlikely to identify the hyperandrogenic milieu that characterizes patients with functional ovarian hyperandrogenism and PCOS.
Why we love bees and hate wasps
Authors: Sumner Seirian , Law Georgia , Cini Alessandro 
Published: September 2018

1. Bees and wasps are important facets of natural capital to be valued by human societies: bees pollinate wild flowers and agricultural crops; wasps regulate arthropod populations, including insect vectors of human diseases and crop pests. Despite the importance of both taxa, bees are universally loved whilst wasps are universally despised. This study explores some of the reasons behind this.2. Here data are presented from almost 750 members of the public on their perceptions of insects, including bees and wasps. In addition, an analysis is conducted of researcher effort on bees and wasps, using publication numbers of peer‐reviewed papers over the last 37 years, and unpublished conference proceedings at specialist international conferences over the last 16 years.3. The results show that wasps are indeed universally disliked by the public and moreover are unpopular research taxa among researchers. Words used to describe wasps are emotive and negative, whilst those describing bees are functional and positive. A low level of interest in nature and a lack of knowledge (among the public) and research effort (among scientists) regarding the ecosystem services of wasps are likely to be at the root of the negative perception. Whilst the ecosystem services of bees are well understood by the public, those provided by wasps are poorly understood.4. Positive action to promote research on wasps and to overhaul the public image of wasps via outreach and the media could help to reset the imbalance in appreciation of two of the world's most ecologically important taxa. Cultural shifts to a more positive attitude towards wasps could be pivotal in working with these facets of natural capital, rather than against them.
Down‐regulated SHARPIN may accelerate the development of atopic dermatitis through activating interleukin‐33/ST2 signalling
Authors: Tang Lingjie , Wang Jiaman , Zhu Jingna , Liang Yanhua 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSHARPIN is an important component of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC). Loss of function of SHARPIN results in eosinophilic inflammation in multiple organs including skin with Th2‐dominant cytokines and dysregulated development of lymphoid tissues in mice. The clinicopathological features are similar to atopic dermatitis (AD) in humans. In order to investigate the potential role of SHARPIN in the pathogenesis of AD, we performed genetic association study of the genotypes and haplotypes as well as SHARPIN's expression between AD cases and controls. We found three mutations (g.480G>A, g.4576A>G and g.5070C>T) in patient group, and significantly decreased expression in AD lesions, suggesting a primary role of SHARPIN during AD development. Lentivirus‐mediated in vitro assays identified that knockdown of SHARPIN can induce elevated expression of IL‐33 and its orphan receptor ST2, FLG and STAT3 and NF‐κB inactivation in HaCaT keratinocytes, which has been widely evidenced in regulating AD development. ST2 expression was highly induced in SHARPIN‐silenced HaCaT keratinocytes after the combined stimulation of IL‐4 and IL‐13. Our in vivo and in vitro findings implicated that SHARPIN may be a novel participant in the pathogenesis and/or new therapeutic target of AD.
Trade‐offs for data‐limited fisheries when using harvest strategies based on catch‐only models
Authors: Walsh Jessica C. , Minto Cóilín , Jardim Ernesto , Anderson Sean C. , Jensen Olaf P. , Afflerbach Jamie , Dickey‐Collas Mark , Kleisner Kristin M. , Longo Catherine , Osio Giacomo Chato , Selig Elizabeth R. , Thorson James T. , Rudd Merrill B. , Papacostas Katherine J. , Kittinger John N. , Rosenberg Andrew A. , Cooper Andrew B. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMany of the world's fisheries are unassessed, with little information about population status or risk of overfishing. Unassessed fisheries are particularly predominant in developing countries and in small‐scale fisheries, where they are important for food security. Several catch‐only methods based on time series of fishery catch and commonly available life‐history traits have been developed to estimate stock status (defined as biomass relative to biomass at maximum sustainable yield: B/BMSY). While their stock status performance has been extensively studied, performance of catch‐only models as a management tool is unknown. We evaluated the extent to which a superensemble of three prominent catch‐only models can provide a reliable basis for fisheries management and how performance compares across management strategies that control catch or fishing effort. We used a management strategy evaluation framework to determine whether a superensemble of catch‐only models can reliably inform harvest control rules (HCRs). Across five simulated fish life histories and two harvest‐dynamic types, catch‐only models and HCR combinations reduced the risk of overfishing and increased the proportion of stocks above BMSY compared to business as usual, though often resulted in poor yields. Precautionary HCRs based on fishing effort were robust and insensitive to error in catch‐only models, while catch‐based HCRs caused high probabilities of overfishing and more overfished populations. Catch‐only methods tended to overestimate B/BMSY for our simulated data sets. The catch‐only superensemble combined with precautionary effort‐based HCRs could be part of a stepping stone approach for managing some data‐limited stocks while working towards more data‐moderate assessment methods.
Comparative study of alpha‐ and beta‐pinene effect on PTZ‐induced convulsions in mice
Authors: Felipe Cícero Francisco Bezerra , Albuquerque Aline Mirely Sousa , de Pontes João Luis Xavier , de Melo José Ítalo Vieira , Rodrigues Teresa Carolliny Moreira Lustoza , de Sousa Ada Mirtes Pereira , Monteiro Álefe Brito , Ribeiro Ana Elisa da Silva , Lopes Janice Pereira , de Menezes Irwin Rose Alencar , de Almeida Reinaldo Nóbrega 
Published: September 2018

AbstractConvulsions occur in response to a loss of balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, and the treatment for this condition consists in restore such lost balance. Many anticonvulsant drugs present side effects which may limit their use. This fact has stimulated the search for new sources of treatment from aromatic plants. Many monoterpenes commonly present in essential oils are known because of their anticonvulsant properties. The anticonvulsant effect of α‐ and β‐pinene, two structural isomers, is still little studied. Thus, the present work evaluated the anticonvulsant effect of α‐ and β‐pinene in pentylenetetrazole‐induced convulsions model. Initially, the oral LD50 for α‐ and β‐pinene was estimated. Following the oral administration, a mild sedation was observed and no deaths were recorded; the LD50 estimated for both monoterpenes was greater than 2 000 mg/kg, p.o. Further, animals were orally treated with α‐pinene (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg), β‐pinene (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and the equimolar mixture of α‐ and β‐pinene (400 mg/kg) and subjected to the pentylenetetrazole‐induced convulsions model. In this model, only the dose of 400 mg/kg of the compounds was able to significantly decrease the seizure intensity. The latency of first convulsion was significantly increased by the mixture of α‐ and β‐pinene (400 mg/kg). In addition, β‐pinene and the mixture of the two monoterpenes, both at a dose of 400 mg/kg, significantly increased the time of death of animals. The treatment with β‐pinene and the equimolar mixture of the two monoterpenes significantly reduced hippocampal nitrite level and striatal content of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Taken together, the results suggest that α‐pinene appears to be devoid of anticonvulsant action. This fact, however, seems to be dependent on the chemical structure of the compound, since pretreatment with the β‐pinene increased the time of death pf PTZ‐treated mice, which seems to depend on the ability of the compound to reduce nitrite concentration and NE and DA content, during the pentylenetetrazole‐induced seizure.
Fire severity effects on soil carbon and nutrients and microbial processes in a Siberian larch forest
Authors: Ludwig Sarah M. , Alexander Heather D. , Kielland Knut , Mann Paul J. , Natali Susan M. , Ruess Roger W. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFire frequency and severity are increasing in tundra and boreal regions as climate warms, which can directly affect climate feedbacks by increasing carbon (C) emissions from combustion of the large soil C pool and indirectly via changes in vegetation, permafrost thaw, hydrology, and nutrient availability. To better understand the direct and indirect effects of changing fire regimes in northern ecosystems, we examined how differences in soil burn severity (i.e., extent of soil organic matter combustion) affect soil C, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) availability and microbial processes over time. We created experimental burns of three fire severities (low, moderate, and high) in a larch forest in the northeastern Siberian Arctic and analyzed soils at 1, 8 days, and 1 year postfire. Labile dissolved C and N increased with increasing soil burn severity immediately (1 day) postfire by up to an order of magnitude, but declined significantly 1 week later; both variables were comparable or lower than unburned soils by 1 year postfire. Soil burn severity had no effect on P in the organic layer, but P increased with increasing severity in mineral soil horizons. Most extracellular enzyme activities decreased by up to 70% with increasing soil burn severity. Increasing soil burn severity reduced soil respiration 1 year postfire by 50%. However, increasing soil burn severity increased net N mineralization rates 1 year postfire, which were 10‐fold higher in the highest burn severity. While fires of high severity consumed approximately five times more soil C than those of low severity, soil C pools will also be driven by indirect effects of fire on soil processes. Our data suggest that despite an initial increase in labile C and nutrients with soil burn severity, soil respiration and extracellular activities related to the turnover of organic matter were greatly reduced, which may mitigate future C losses following fire.
Basaltic and Solution Reference Materials for Iron, Copper and Zinc Isotope Measurements
Authors: Li Jin , Tang Suo‐han , Zhu Xiang‐kun , Li Zhi‐hong , Li Shi‐Zhen , Yan Bin , Wang Yue , Sun Jian , Shi Yao , Dong Aiguo , Belshaw Nick S. , Zhang Xingchao , Liu Sheng‐ao , Liu Ji‐hua , Wang Deli , Jiang Shao‐yong , Hou KeJun , Cohen Anthony S. 
Published: September 2018

Iron, Cu and Zn stable isotope systems are applied in constraining a variety of geochemical and environmental processes. Secondary reference materials have been developed by the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS), in collaboration with other participating laboratories, comprising three solutions (CAGS‐Fe, CAGS‐Cu and CAGS‐Zn) and one basalt (CAGS‐Basalt). These materials exhibit sufficient homogeneity and stability for application in Fe, Cu and Zn isotopic ratio determinations. Reference values were determined by inter‐laboratory analytical comparisons involving up to eight participating laboratories employing MC‐ICP‐MS techniques, based on the unweighted means of submitted results. Isotopic compositions are reported in per mil notation, based on reference materials IRMM‐014 for Fe, NIST SRM 976 for Cu and IRMM‐3702 for Zn. Respective reference values of CAGS‐Fe, CAGS‐Cu and CAGS‐Zn solutions are as follows: δ56Fe = 0.83 ± 0.07 and δ57Fe = 1.20 ± 0.13, δ65Cu = 0.57 ± 0.06, and δ66Zn = −0.79 ± 0.12 and δ68Zn = −1.65 ± 0.24, respectively. Those of CAGS‐Basalt are δ56Fe = 0.15 ± 0.07, δ57Fe = 0.22 ± 0.10, δ65Cu = 0.12 ± 0.08, δ66Zn = 0.17 ± 0.13, and δ68Zn = 0.34 ± 0.26 (2s).
Movements of female Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus during incubation recess
Authors: Dudko Jonathan E. , Coates Peter S. , Delehanty David J. 
Published: September 2018

We combined GPS data‐loggers, VHF transmitters and DVR video‐monitoring to measure fine‐scale movement patterns during daily incubation recesses by female Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus, a species with uniparental incubation that has experienced widespread population decline and distributional contraction. Most (69.6%) Sage Grouse recess activity was highly localized within a core recess area averaging 2.58 ± 0.64 ha, and females remained within 242.3 ± 30.0 m from the nest during recesses (total recess areas were 11.06 ± 2.27 ha). Visually conspicuous Sage Grouse movements near nests at the start and end of recesses and consistent occupation of core recess areas point to a mechanism for newly abundant predators such as the Northern Raven Corvus corax to detect and depredate Sage Grouse nests. Our methods apply to other avian species of scientific interest and conservation concern.
Innate development of acoustic signals for host parent–offspring recognition in the brood‐parasitic Screaming CowbirdMolothrus rufoaxillaris
Authors: Rojas Ripari Juan M. , Ursino Cynthia A. , Reboreda Juan C. , De Mársico María C. 
Published: September 2018

Young birds communicate their need to parents through complex begging displays that include visual and acoustic cues. Nestlings of interspecific brood parasites must ‘tune’ into these communication channels to secure parental care from their hosts. Various studies show that parasitic nestlings can effectively manipulate host parental behaviour through their begging calls, but how these manipulative acoustic signals develop in growing parasites remains poorly understood. We investigated the influence of social experience on begging call development in a host‐specialist brood parasite, the Screaming CowbirdMolothrus rufoaxillaris. Screaming Cowbird nestlings look and sound similar to those of the primary host, the Greyish BaywingAgelaioides badius. This resemblance is likely to be adaptive because Baywings discriminate against fledglings unlike their own and provision nests at higher rates in response to Baywing‐like begging calls than to non‐mimetic begging calls. By means of cross‐fostering and playback experiments, we tested whether the acoustic cues that elicit recognition by Baywings develop innately in Screaming Cowbird nestlings or are acquired through social experience with host parents or nest mates. Our results suggest that begging call structure was partially modulated by experience because Baywing‐reared Screaming Cowbird and host nestlings were acoustically more similar as age increased, whereas acoustic similarity between cross‐fostered and Baywing‐reared Screaming Cowbird nestlings decreased from 4–5 to 8–10 days of age. Cross‐fostered Screaming Cowbirds developed begging calls of lower minimum frequency and broader bandwidth than those of Baywing‐reared Screaming Cowbirds by the age of 8–10 days. Despite the observed differences in begging call structure, however, adult Baywings responded similarly to begging calls of 8‐ to 10‐day‐old cross‐fostered and Baywing‐reared Screaming Cowbirds, suggesting that these were functionally equivalent from the host's perspective. These findings support the idea that, although rearing environment can influence certain begging call parameters, the acoustic cues that serve for offspring recognition by Baywings develop in young Screaming Cowbirds independently of social experience.
Efferocytosis: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological perspectives
Authors: Gheibi Hayat Seyed Mohammad , Bianconi Vanessa , Pirro Matteo , Sahebkar Amirhossein 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDuring the life of a human being, several tons of apoptotic cells and debris are produced. These apoptotic particles should be cleared quickly and accurately from the body, as they may lose their membrane integrity with the probability of leakage of cytotoxic materials and other intracellular antigens into the environment. The action of removing apoptotic particles occurs by a process called efferocytosis. Efferocytosis is a highly regulated balance among a set of find‐me, eat‐me and don't‐eat‐me signals. Efferocytosis is accompanied by a suppression of the immune system that can explain its negative role in cancer. Additionally, defects in this process can lead to different diseases. In this review, we aim to describe the mechanism of efferocytosis and evaluate its association with the development of autoimmune diseases, airway inflammation, atherosclerosis and cancer to open a new window for the treatment of these diseases.