bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
C-TODOS: an automatic tool for office system conceptual design
Authors: Pernici B. , Barbic F. , Maiocchi R. , Fugini M. G. , Rames J. R. , Rolland C. 
Published: July 2002

Designers of office information systems, which share various features with information systems and software development, need to carefully consider special issues such as document and communication flows, user roles, user interfaces, and available technology.
The ESPRIT Project, Automatic TOols for Designing Office Information Systems (TODOS), proposes an integrated environment for office design with tools for requirements collection and analysis, conceptual design, rapid prototyping, and architecture selection.
Conceptual design is a central phase of office system design: It provides correct and complete functional requirements from which the office prototype will be developed and the final architecture chosen. C-TODOS, the conceptual design support tool developed within TODOS, is presented in this paper. The purpose of C-TODOS is to give the designer tools for supporting conceptual modeling activities with the goal of obtaining correct, consistent, and good quality office-functional specifications.
This paper presents C-TODOS within the TODOS development environment and describes the basic features of the tool: the TODOS Conceptual Model, the Specification Database, and the Modeling, Query and Consistency Checking Modules. The use of C-TODOS, through illustration of the development of a test case, and possible future research are discussed.
VOLCANISM AND TECTONICS ON VENUS
Authors: Nimmo F. , McKenzie D. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  We review recent developments in the study of volcanism and tectonics on Venus. Venus's crust is basaltic, dry, and probably about 30 km thick. The mantle convects, giving rise to plumes, and has a similar composition and mean temperature (∼1300°C), but a higher viscosity (∼1020 Pa s), than that of the Earth. Inferred melt generation rates constrain the lithospheric thickness to between 80 and 200 km. The elastic thickness of the lithosphere is about 30 km on average. The present-day lack of plate tectonics may be due to strong faults and the high viscosity of the mantle. Most of the differences between Earth and Venus processes can be explained by the absence of water. Venus underwent a global resurfacing event 300–600 Ma ago, the cause and nature of which remains uncertain. The present-day surface heat flux on Venus is about half the likely radiogenic heat generation rate, which suggests that Venus has been heating up since the resurfacing event.
THEROLE OFVITAMINAINMAMMALIANREPRODUCTION ANDEMBRYONICDEVELOPMENT
Authors: Clagett-Dame Margaret , DeLuca Hector F. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Since the late 1980s, there has been an explosion of information on the molecular mechanisms and functions of vitamin A. This review focuses on the essential role of vitamin A in female reproduction and embryonic development and the metabolism of vitamin A (retinol) that results in these functions. Evidence strongly supports that in situ–generated all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) is the functional form of vitamin A in female reproduction and embryonic development. This is supported by the ability to reverse most reproductive and developmental blocks found in vitamin A deficiency with atRA, the block in embryonic development that occurs in retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type 2 null mutant mice, and the essential roles of the retinoic acid receptors, at least in embryogenesis.Early studies of embryos from marginally vitamin A–deficient (VAD) pregnant rats revealed a collection of defects called the vitamin A–deficiency syndrome. The manipulation of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) levels in the diet of VAD female rats undergoing a reproduction cycle has proved to be an important new tool in deciphering the points of atRA function in early embryos and has provided a means to generate large numbers of embryos at later stages of development with the vitamin A–deficiency syndrome. The essentiality of the retinoid receptors in mediating the activity of atRA is exemplified by the many compound null mutant embryos that now recapitulate both the original vitamin A–deficiency syndrome and exhibit a host of new defects, many of which can also be observed in the VAD-atRA-supported rat embryo model and in retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type 2 (RALDH2) mutant mice. A major task for the future is to elucidate the atRA-dependent pathways that are normally operational in vitamin A–sufficient animals and that are perturbed in deficiency, thus leading to the characteristic VAD phenotypes described above.
Electrophysiological Evidence for the Modulation of Retrieval Orientation by Depth of Study Processing
Authors: Rugg Michael D. , Allan Kevin , Birch Claire S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were employed to investigate whether brain activity elicited by retrieval cues in a memory test varies according to the encoding task undertaken at study. Two recognition memory test blocks were administered, preceded, in one case, by a “shallow” study task (alphabetic judgement) and, in the other case, by a “deep” task (sentence generation). ERPs elicited by the new words in each test block differed, the ERPs elicited in the block following the shallow study task exhibiting the more positive-going waveforms. This finding was taken as evidence that subjects adopt different “retrieval sets” when attempting to retrieve items that had been encoded in terms of alphabetic versus semantic attributes. Differences between the ERPs elicited by correctly classified old and new words (old/new effects) also varied with encoding task. The effects for deeply studied words resembled those found in previous ERP studies of recognition memory, whereas old/new effects for shallowly studied words were confined to a late-onsetting, right frontal positivity. Together, the findings indicate that the depth of study processing influences two kinds of memory-related neural activity, associated with memory search operations, and the processing of retrieved information, respectively.
Motor and Visual Imagery as Two Complementary but Neurally Dissociable Mental Processes
Authors: Sirigu A. , Duhamel J. R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Recent studies indicate that covert mental activities, such as simulating a motor action and imagining the shape of an object, involve shared neural representations with actual motor performance and with visual perception, respectively. Here we investigate the performance, by normal individual and subjects with a selective impairment in either motor or visual imagery, of an imagery task involving a mental rotation. The task involved imagining a hand in a particular orientation in space and making a subsequent laterality judgement. A simple change in the phrasing of the imagery instructions (first-person or third-person imagery) and in actual hand posture (holding the hands on the lap or in the back) had a strong impact on response time (RT) in normal subjects, and on response accuracy in brain-damaged subjects. The pattern of results indicates that the activation of covert motor and visual processes during mental imagery depends on both top-down and bottom-up factors, and highlights the distinct but complementary contribution of covert motor and visual processes during mental rotation.
Mechanisms Underlying Spatial Representation Revealed through Studies of Hemispatial Neglect
Authors: Behrmann Marlene , Ghiselli-Crippa Thea , Sweeney John A. , Matteo Ilaria Di , Kass Robert 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The representations that mediate the coding of spatial position were examined by comparing the behavior of patients with left hemispatial neglect with that of nonneurological control subjects. To determine the spatial coordinate system(s) used to define “left” and “right,” eye movements were measured for targets that appeared at 58,108, and 158 to the relative left or right defined with respect to the midline of the eyes, head, or midsaggital plane of the trunk. In the baseline condition, in which the various egocentric midlines were all aligned with the environmental midline, patients were disproportionately slower at initiating saccades to left than right targets, relative to the controls. When either the trunk or the head was rotated and the midline aligned with the most peripheral position while the eyes remained aligned with the midline of the environment, the results did not differ from the baseline condition. However, when the eyes were rotated and the midline aligned with the peripheral position, saccadic reaction time (SRT) differed significantly from the baseline, especially when the eyes were rotated to the right. These findings suggest that target position is coded relative to the current position of gaze (oculocentrically) and that this eye-centered coding is modulated by orbital position (eye-in-head signal). The findings dovetail well with results from existing neurophysiological studies and shed further light on the spatial representations mediated by the human parietal cortex.
Processing Syntactic Relations in Language and Music: An Event-Related Potential Study
Authors: Patel Aniruddh D. , Gibson Edward , Ratner Jennifer , Besson Mireille , Holcomb Phillip J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn order to test the language-specificity of a known neural correlate of syntactic processing [the P600 event-related brain potential (ERP) component], this study directly compared ERPs elicited by syntactic incongruities in language and music. Using principles of phrase structure for language and principles of harmony and key-relatedness for music, sequences were constructed in which an element was either congruous, moderately incongruous, or highly incongruous with the preceding structural context. A within-subjects design using 15 musically educated adults revealed that linguistic and musical structural incongruities elicited positivities that were statistically indistinguishable in a specified latency range. In contrast, a music-specific ERP component was observed that showed antero-temporal right-hemisphere lateralization. The results argue against the language-specificity of the P600 and suggest that language and music can be studied in parallel to address questions of neural specificity in cognitive processing.
Effects of Background Color on the Global and Local Processing of Hierarchically Organized Stimuli
Authors: Michimata Chikashi , Okubo Matia , Mugishima Yosuke 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Recent studies have shown that (1) the global precedence effects in processing the hierarchically organized stimulus can be attenuated by eliminating the low spatial frequencies contained in the stimulus and (2) the human magnocellular pathway is responsible for processing low spatial frequencies and the pathway can be attenuated by imposing a red background on the stimulus. In the present study, a reaction-time experiment was conducted to examine the effect of background color of the stimulus to the processing of the hierarchically organized stimulus. The result showed that although the control condition (a green background) produced a prototypical asymmetric global interference, a red background that was equiluminant to the green background produced a symmetrical interference. It was concluded that the human magnocellular pathway is at least partially responsible in producing the global precedence effects.
Frames of Reference for Mapping Tactile Stimuli in Brain-Damaged Patients
Authors: Aglioti Salvatore , Smania Nicola , Peru Andrea 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Twelve normal controls, twelve left-brain-damaged patients, and thirty-six right-brain-damaged patients with or without tactile extinction or tactile neglect were asked to report light touches delivered to the left or the right hand or simultaneously to both hands. The hands could be in anatomic position or one hand could cross over the other. Moreover, the two hands could be in the left or the right hemispace or across the corporeal midline. Controls and nontactile-extinction groups performed better when the hands were in anatomical than in crossed position. By contrast, patients with tactile extinction detected contralesional stimuli with higher accuracy in crossed than in anatomical position. This result suggests that, in these patients, impairments in detecting contralesional stimuli can be due not only to sensory but also to spatial factors contingent upon the position of the hands. There was no interaction between the effect of crossing the hands and the hemispace where the crossing took place. This suggests that coding the position of a hand as left or right does not necessarily occur in relation to the bodily midline, but it may arise from the computation of the position of the other hand.
Electrophysiological Evidence for Two Steps in Syntactic Analysis: Early Automatic and Late Controlled Processes
Authors: Hahne Anja , Friederici Angela D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In this study we examined the properties of the processes involved in the structural analysis of sentences using event-related brain potential measures (ERP). Previous research had shown two ERP components to correlate with phrase structure violations: an early left anterior negativity (ELAN), which is assumed to reflect first-pass parsing processes, and a late parietally distributed positivity (P600), assumed to reflect second-pass parsing processes. We hypothesized that the first-pass parsing processes are highly automatic, whereas second-pass parsing processes are more controlled. To test this hypothesis we varied the proportion of correct sentences and sentences containing phrase structure violations with incorrect sentences being either of a low (20% violation) or a high (80% violation) proportion. Results showed that the early left anterior negativity was elicited and equally pronounced under both proportion conditions. By contrast, the late positivity was elicited for a low proportion of incorrect sentences only. This data pattern suggests that first-pass parsing processes are automatic, whereas second-pass parsing processes are under participants' strategic control.
A Model to Support the Design of Multiplayer Games
Authors: Zagal José Pablo , Nussbaum Miguel , Rosas Ricardo 
Published: July 2002

Extensive research has shown that the act of play is extremely important in the lives of human beings. It is thus not surprising that games have a long and continuing history in the development of almost every culture and society. The advent of computers and technology in general has also been akin to the need for entertainment that every human being seeks. However, a curious dichotomy exists in the nature of electronic games: the vast majority of electronic games are individual in nature whereas the nonelectronic ones are collective by nature. On the other hand, recent technological breakthroughs are finally allowing for the implementation of electronic multiplayer games. Because of the limited experience in electronic, multiplayer game design, it becomes necessary to adapt existing expertise in the area of single-player game design to the realm of multiplayer games. This work presents a model to support the initial steps in the design process of multiplayer games. The model is defined in terms of the characteristics that are both inherent and special to multiplayer games but also related to the relevant elements of a game in general. Additionally, the model is used to assist in the design of two multiplayer games. “One of the most difficult tasks people can perform, however much others may despise it, is the invention of good games …”
The KidsRoom: A Perceptually-Based Interactive and Immersive Story Environment
Authors: Bobick Aaron F. , Intille Stephen S. , Davis James W. , Baird Freedom , Pinhanez Claudio S. , Campbell Lee W. , Ivanov Yuri A. , Schütte Arjan , Wilson Andrew 
Published: July 2002

The KidsRoom is a perceptually-based, interactive, narrative playspace for children. Images, music, narration, light, and sound effects are used to transform a normal child's bedroom into a fantasy land where children are guided through a reactive adventure story. The fully automated system was designed with the following goals: (1) to keep the focus of user action and interaction in the physical and not virtual space; (2) to permit multiple, collaborating people to simultaneously engage in an interactive experience combining both real and virtual objects; (3) to use computer-vision algorithms to identify activity in the space without requiring the participants to wear any special clothing or devices; (4) to use narrative to constrain the perceptual recognition, and to use perceptual recognition to allow participants to drive the narrative; and (5) to create a truly immersive and interactive room environment. We believe the KidsRoom is the first multi-person, fully-automated, interactive, narrative environment ever constructed using non-encumbering sensors. This paper describes the KidsRoom, the technology that makes it work, and the issues that were raised during the system's development. 1 1 A demonstration of the project, which complements the material presented here and includes videos, images, and sounds from each part of the story is available at .
JOHN CHRYSOSTOM AS A RHETORICAL CRITIC: THE HERMENEUTICS OF AN EARLY FATHER
Authors: Thurén Lauri 
Published: July 2002

AbstractModern rhetorical investigations of the New Testament are based on either ancient or modern rhetorical textbooks, but pursued without due consideration of the way in which the early Christian writers, who were trained in rhetoric, studied the texts of the New Testament. Thus it is useful to ask, how did John Chrysostom understand the biblical rhetoric, and how did he utilize his own rhetorical education in the exegesis? He was well trained in rhetoric and thus probably had a natural way of reading the texts, without misinterpreting the persuasive elements. This provides us with a critical perspective on modern rhetorical and theological analyses. Do they match with the reading of Chrysostom? If not, it is important to lay bare the reasons for the difference. It turns out that Chrysostom sees the text as a means of persuading the addressees more than just displaying static dogmatic ideas. The theology must be sought through comprehension of the devices and tactics. Surprisingly, Chrysostom provides a strictly text-based interpretation. For example, he emphasizes Paul's sharp message condemning any positive use of the Law. Moreover, Chrysostom utilizes his knowledge in order to clarify the interactive functions of the author's expressions, instead of focussing on technical details. Compared with most exegetes of the past millennium, Chrysostom's comments on the communicative aspect in Galatians display a fresh perspective on the text.
"HEAR THIS WORD AGAINST YOU": A FRESH LOOK AT THE ARRANGEMENT AND THE RHETORICAL STRATEGY OF THE BOOK OF AMOS
Authors: Möller Karl 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article suggests a fresh understanding of the arrangement and the rhetorical of the book of Amos. It proposes that its 'dialogical dimension' reflects a deliberate design by the redactors who intended to present 'a prophet in debate'. It is that the book is best understood as an attempt by the redactors to persuade readers to learn from the failure of Amos' original audience to respond appropriately to his message. In particular, the recipients are induced not to repeat the stubborn attitude and self-assured behaviour of Amos' original addressees. Looking especially at Am. iii, the hymn fragments and the Amaziah narrative, this article seeks to that their place and function in the book are best explained by interpreting them within the framework of the presentation of the debate between Amos his eighth-century audience.
Life history, population characteristics and conservation of the Hungarian meadow viper (Vipera ursinii rakosiensis)
Authors: Korsós Zoltán , Újvári Beáta , Péchy Tamás 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDuring a continuous population study of Vipera ursinii rakosiensis, 79 specimens were measured in the field, between 1993 and 1997. Body length and body mass of six juveniles were compared to those of 43 more specimens which were kept during their first winter in terraria. Significant differences were found in favour of the juveniles kept in captivity, whereas a comparison with earlier data from 1953 showed a strong decline in juvenile body mass. Based on body size, three age classes could be distinguished in the study population. The annual activity and reproductive cycle of the Hungarian meadow viper is described for the first time. A comparison to other European populations of Orsini′s viper revealed a remarkably higher clutch size in Vipera ursinii rakosiensis, which is explained by the larger body size of females in the particular population.
MICROGEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN CORN BUNTING (MILIARIA CALANDRA) SONG: QUANTITATIVE AND DISCRIMINATION ASPECTS
Authors: Latruffe Claire , McGregor Peter , Tavares José , Mota Paulo Gama 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Geographic variation in bird song that is described as local song dialects refers to a mosaic pattern of distribution of songs in a population within the dispersal capacities of the species. Corn buntings (Miliaria calandra) in the region of Alentejo, Portugal, show such local dialects. However, an interesting aspect of this population is that song types are restricted to sub - groups of males within each dialect rather than all males singing all song types as in other populations. After describing the pattern of song type variation qualitatively (i.e. classifying spectrograms by eye), we used cross - correlation of spectrograms in quantitative comparisons. This confirmed the qualitative classification of songs into song type categories and showed a tendency for neighbouring males to have most similar songs. Males did not respond significantly more or less strongly to playback of different song types; however males clearly discriminated between different song types in a habituation paradigm.
Identification of cyst forming nematodes of the genus Heterodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) based on the ribosomal DNA-RFLP
Authors: Subbotin Sergei , Waeyenberge Lieven , Moens Maurice 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Amplified ITS region products of rDNA from 25 valid species and one
unidentified species from the genus Heterodera and from Meloidodera alni
were digested by 26 restriction enzymes. A combination of seven enzymes
clearly separated the agriculturally most important species from each other
and from their sibling species. Species specific digestion profiles of ITS
regions and a table with approximate sizes of digested fragments for several
identification enzymes are given. Heterogeneity of ITS regions was revealed
for some cyst forming nematode species. Des fragments amplifiés de la région
de l’ITS du rDNA de 25 espèces valides et d’une espèce non identifiée du
genre Heterodera et de Meloidodera alni ont été soumis à une digestion par
26 enzymes de restriction. La combinaison de sept enzymes a permis une
séparation nette des espèces les plus importantes en agriculture, tant les
unes par rapport aux autres que par rapport aux espèces jumelles. Sont
donnés les profils spécifiques de digestion des régions de l’ITS et un
tableau regroupant les tailles approximatives des fragments digérés pour
plusieurs enzymes d’identification. L’hétérogénéité des régions de l’ITS a
été révélée chez quelques espèces de nématodes à kyste.