bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective Investigation of Incidence and Co-Occurrence of Dysphagia, Dysarthria, and Aphasia Following Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Stipancic Kaila L. , Borders James C. , Brates Danielle , Thibeault Susan L. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
The high incidence of swallowing and communication disorders following stroke is well documented. However, many of these studies have used retrospective chart reviews to make estimates of incidence and co-occurrence. The current study prospectively examined the incidence and co-occurrence of dysphagia, dysarthria, and aphasia following a 1st occurrence of ischemic stroke at an academic medical center hospital.

Method

One hundred patients who experienced their 1st ischemic stroke were recruited for participation in this study. All participants received a clinical swallowing evaluation to assess for dysphagia, administration of the Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment–Second Edition (
Enderby & Palmer, 2008
) and Western Aphasia Battery–Revised (
Kertesz, 2006
) to screen for the presence of dysarthria and aphasia, respectively.

Results
Incidence rates of dysphagia, dysarthria, and aphasia were 32%, 26%, and 16%, respectively. Forty-seven percent of participants had at least 1 of these disorders, 28% had 2 of these disorders, and 4% had all 3. Although the incidence rates in this study were smaller in magnitude than incidence rates in previous research, the pattern of results is broadly similar (i.e., dysphagia had the highest incidence rate, followed by dysarthria and, lastly, aphasia).

Conclusions
This prospective study yielded slightly lower incidence rates than have been previously obtained from retrospective chart reviews. The high incidence and co-occurrence of devastating swallowing and communication disorders post–ischemic stroke provides clear motivation for speech-language pathology involvement in the early phase of stroke rehabilitation.
Open Mouth-Maximal Isometric Press: Development and Norms for Clinical Swallowing Evaluations and Treatment
Authors: Curtis James A. , Langenstein Jonelyn , Troche Michelle S. , Laus Joey , Schneider Sarah L. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
The aims of this study were to (a) describe the development and utility of the Open Mouth-Maximal Isometric Press (OM-MIP), a tool designed for the quantitative assessment of suprahyoid–infrahyoid muscle strength; (b) examine the effects of age and sex on the OM-MIP; and (c) establish age- and sex-based OM-MIP norms.

Method
Two hundred sixteen healthy male and female volunteers were recruited. Participants performed the OM-MIP, and the maximum of 3 trials that were within 10% of each other was recorded. Rest between each trial was allowed to avoid fatigue. Multiple regression examined the influence of age and sex on the OM-MIP. Descriptive statistics outlined normative OM-MIP values for young adult (aged 18–39 years), middle-aged adult (aged 40–59 years), old adult (aged 60–79 years), and very old adult (aged ≥ 80 years) men and women. Two-way analysis of variance determined if normative data differed significantly between the age and sex groups.

Results

Age and sex significantly influenced the OM-MIP, although no significant interaction effect was identified. Women had lower mean OM-MIPs when compared with men (
p
< .0005), and very old adults had lower mean OM-MIPs when compared with young (
p
= .001), middle-aged (
p
< .0005), and old (
p
= .013) adults.

Conclusions
This study establishes age- and sex-based OM-MIP norms and outlines its potential utility during clinical swallowing evaluations and treatment. By providing these norms, clinicians can begin to quantitatively measure suprahyoid and infrahyoid strength, individualize resistance training programs to patients' OM-MIP 1 repetition maximum, and track strength changes over time in response to therapeutic interventions.
Referential Cohesion in the Narratives of Bilingual and Monolingual Children With Typically Developing Language and With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Fichman Sveta , Altman Carmit 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
The study explores referential cohesion in the narratives of bilingual preschool children with typical language development (TLD) and with specific language impairment (SLI). Referential cohesion requires integration of multiple discourse factors and is expected to pose a challenge for children with bilingual SLI due to weak proficiency in both languages.

Method
Narratives were elicited from 45 bilinguals speaking Russian as the home language (L1) and Hebrew as the societal language (L2; 15 with SLI), 20 Hebrew-speaking monolinguals (10 with SLI), and 20 Russian-speaking monolinguals (10 with SLI) using a story retelling procedure. Bilinguals were tested in both languages. Analyses examined the effect of impairment (SLI vs. TLD) in bilinguals and monolinguals. Language effects were examined in cross-language comparisons of bilinguals (L1 vs. L2) and in differences between monolingual groups (Russian vs. Hebrew speakers) for the use of referential expressions.

Results

Bilingual children with SLI used a higher proportion of pronouns for character introduction and had fewer pronouns, which have been described as “adequate” (
Colozzo & Whitely, 2014
) than bilingual children with TLD. No language effect emerged for bilinguals, who performed similarly in their L1 and L2, but a significant cross-linguistic difference emerged in the monolingual data: Russian-speaking children mainly used nouns to introduce and maintain characters, whereas Hebrew-speaking children mainly used pronouns for introduction and maintenance of characters.

Conclusion
The difficulty of children with SLI in creating a referential connection between a pronoun and a noun phrase is discussed in light of the interaction of local and global processes in narratives, which is shown to be weaker in children with SLI.
An M/G/1 retrial queue with single working vacation under Bernoulli schedule
Authors: Li Tao , Zhang Liyuan , Gao Shan 
Published: January 2019

In this paper, an M/G/1 retrial queue with general retrial times and single working vacation is considered. We assume that the customers who find the server busy are queued in the orbit in accordance with a first-come-first-served (FCFS) discipline and only the customer at the head of the queue is allowed access to the server. During the normal period, if the orbit queue is not empty at a service completion instant, the server begins a working vacation with specified probabilityq(0 ≤ q ≤ 1), and with probability 1 − q, he waits for serving the next customer. During the working vacation period, customers can be served at a lower service rate. We first present the necessary and sufficient condition for the system to be stable. Using the supplementary variable method, we deal with the generating functions of the server state and the number of customers in the orbit. Various interesting performance measures are also derived. Finally, some numerical examples and cost optimization analysis are presented.
Effects of the interpreter’s political awareness on pronoun shifts in political interviews
Authors: Guo Yijun 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This paper investigates the critical role of the interpreter’s political awareness in interpreting high-level political interviews in China, and its effects on pronoun shifts. Using former Chinese Premier Zhu’s debut press conference in 1998 as a case study, the study examines in detail the pronoun shifts of a China’s Foreign Ministry senior interpreter prompted by her political awareness. It identifies four types of pronoun shifts: (1) from first-person singular pronoun (“I”) to first-person plural pronoun (“we”); (2) from active voice with first-person plural pronoun as subject to passive voice; (3) from pronoun to a third-party noun; and (4) replacement of a noun with an interactant pronoun. The paper considers implications of these findings in relation to relevant studies and to the macro-social institutional context in which the political interpreting is conducted. The paper argues that this type of political awareness is a form of socio-institutional cognition inculcated and developed through the interpreter’s diplomatic identity, their understanding of socio-institutional requirements, strict training and a large quantity of supervised practice.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Primary Care Setting: Summary of Recommended Care
Authors: Spottswood Margaret , Fortney John , Chen Jessica A. , Davydow Dimitry , Huang Hsiang 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs following acute threatening events in approximately 12.5% of the primary care population.

Objective
The aim of this article is to advance evidence-based clinical practice and collaborative care approaches to PTSD by summarizing targeted-care guidelines.

Method
This narrative literature review addresses important aspects of PTSD and management options, in conjunction with expert opinion when indicated. Guidelines were included if they targeted treatment of PTSD in the primary care setting or if the treatments described could be provided in the primary care setting.

Results
The implications regarding PTSD, comorbidities, differential diagnosis, screening tools, and treatment are presented.

Conclusion
Primary care providers can diagnose and offer initial management of PTSD. Future research should delineate therapies helpful for complex PTSD, including group therapies, those increasing self-compassion, and other optimally effective collaborative care interventions.
Prognostic value of international normalized ratio to albumin ratio among critically ill patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Gao Feng , Cai Meng-Xing , Lin Miao-Tong , Xie Wei , Zhang Ling-Zhi , Ruan Qian-Zi , Huang Zhi-Ming 
Published: January 2019

Background and aim
Critically ill patients with cirrhosis are at an increased risk of mortality. Our study aimed to externally validate the ability of the prothrombin time–international normalized ratio to albumin ratio (PTAR), an objective and simple scoring system, to predict 90-day mortality in critically ill patients with cirrhosis.

Patients and methods
A total of 865 patients were entered into the study, and all the participants were followed up for at least 90 days. Clinical parameters on the first day of intensive care unit admission were included to compare survivors with nonsurvivors.

Results
After multivariable adjustment, the association between the risk of 90-day mortality and PTAR remained statistically significant with a hazard ratio of 2.71 (95% confidence interval: 1.99–3.68). The PTAR score showed good discrimination ability for predicting 90-day mortality with an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.72 (95% confidence interval: 0.68–0.75). To improve its feasibility, we regrouped the PTAR scores into three levels of risk (low risk: <0.55, intermediate risk: 0.55–1.00, and high risk: ≥1.00); the 90-day mortality rates were 20.1% (74/368), 41.7% (168/403), and 73.4% (69/94), respectively.

Conclusion
The PTAR score system is a convenient and practical tool for predicting the prognosis of critically ill patients with cirrhosis.
Competing risks and cause-specific mortality in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Li Zhuyin , Du Shuai , Feng Wei , Zhang Weibo , Li Guochuang , Wei Junfeng , Zhang Guoqing , Zhao Longshuan 
Published: January 2019

Background and objective
Currently, there are no competing risk analyses of cause-specific mortality in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Materials and methods
We estimated a cumulative incidence function for cause-specific mortality. The first nomogram for predicting cause-specific mortality was constructed using a proportional subdistribution hazard model, validated using bootstrap cross-validation, and evaluated with decision curve analysis.

Results
Sex, age, positive lymph node status, metastasis, surveillance, epidemiology, and end results historic stage, grade, and surgery strongly predicted cause-specific mortality. The discrimination performance of Fine–Gray models was evaluated using the c-index, which was 0.864. In addition, the calibration plot of the developed nomogram demonstrated good concordance between the predicted and actual outcomes. Decision curve analysis yielded a range of threshold probabilities (0.014–0.779) at which the clinical net benefit of the risk model was greater than that in hypothetical all-screening or no-screening scenarios.

Conclusion
Our nomogram allows selection of a patient population at high risk for cancer-specific mortality and thus facilitates the design of prevention trials for the affected population.
Mafic glass compositions: a record of magma storage conditions, mixing and ascent
Authors: Cashman Katharine V. , Edmonds Marie 
Published: January 2019

The trans-crustal magma system paradigm is forcing us to re-think processes responsible for magma evolution and eruption. A key concept in petrology is the liquid line of descent (LLD), which relates a series of liquids derived from a single parent, and therefore tracks the inverse of the crystallization path. It is common practice to attribute multiple magma compositions, and/or multiple melt compositions (from melt inclusions and matrix glass), to a single LLD. However, growing evidence for rapid, and often syn-eruptive, assembly of multiple magma components (crystals and melts) from different parts of a magmatic system suggests that erupted magma and melt compositions will not necessarily represent a single LLD, but instead may reflect the multiple paths in pressure–temperature space. Here, we use examples from mafic magmatic systems in both ocean island and arc settings to illustrate the range of melt compositions present in erupted samples, and to explore how they are generated, and how they interact. We highlight processes that may be deduced from mafic melt compositions, including the mixing of heterogeneous primitive liquids from the mantle, pre-eruptive magma storage at a range of crustal and sub-Moho depths, and syn-eruptive mixing of melts generated from these storage regions. The relative dominance of these signatures in the glasses depends largely on the water content of the melts. We conclude that preserved melt compositions provide information that is complementary to that recorded by the volatile contents of crystal-hosted melt inclusions and coexisting mineral compositions, which together can be used to address questions about both the pre- and syn-eruptive state of volcanic systems.
This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Magma reservoir architecture and dynamics’.
Thoughts on the criteria to determine the origin of volcanic unrest as magmatic or non-magmatic
Authors: Pritchard M. E. , Mather T. A. , McNutt S. R. , Delgado F. J. , Reath K. 
Published: January 2019

As our ability to detect volcanic unrest improves, we are increasingly confronted with the question of whether the unrest has a magmatic origin (magma on the move) or a non-magmatic origin from a change in the hydrothermal system (fluids that are not magma on the move) or tectonic processes. The cause of unrest has critical implications for the potential eruptive hazard (e.g. used in constructing Bayesian Event Trees), but is frequently the subject of debate, even at well-studied systems. Here, we propose a set of multi-disciplinary observations and numerical models that could be used to evaluate conceptual models about the cause of unrest. These include measurements of gas fluxes and compositions and the isotopic signature of some components (e.g. H2, He, C, SO2, H2O, CH4and CO2), the spatial and temporal characteristics of ground deformation, thermal output, seismicity, changes in gravity, and whether there is topographic uplift or subsidence spanning hundreds to thousands of years. In several volcanic systems, both magmatic and non-magmatic unrest is occurring at the same time. While none of these observations or models is diagnostic on its own, we illustrate several examples where they have been used together to make a plausible conceptual model of one or more episodes of unrest and whether eruptions did or did not follow the unrest.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Magma reservoir architecture and dynamics’.
Time scales and temperatures of crystal storage in magma reservoirs: implications for magma reservoir dynamics
Authors: Cooper Kari M. 
Published: January 2019

The thermal and therefore physical state of magma bodies within the crust controls the processes and time scales required to mobilize magmas before eruptions, which in turn are critical to hazard assessment. Crystal records can be used to reconstruct magma reservoir histories, and the resulting time and length scales are converging with those accessible through numerical modelling of magma system dynamics. The goal of this contribution is to summarize constraints derived from crystal chronometry (radiometric dating and modelling intracrystalline diffusion durations), in order to facilitate use of these data by researchers in other fields. Crystallization ages of volcanic minerals typically span a large range (10
4
–10
5
years), recording protracted activity in a given magma reservoir. However, diffusion durations are orders of magnitude shorter, indicating that the final mixing and assembly of erupted magma bodies is rapid. Combining both types of data in the same samples indicates that crystals are dominantly stored at near- or sub-solidus conditions, and are remobilized rapidly prior to eruptions. These observations are difficult to reconcile with some older numerical models of magma reservoir dynamics. However, combining the crystal-scale observations with models which explicitly incorporate grain-scale physics holds great potential for understanding dynamics within crustal magma reservoirs.

This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Magma reservoir architecture and dynamics’.
Consequences of a crystal mush-dominated magma plumbing system: a mid-ocean ridge perspective
Authors: Lissenberg C. Johan , MacLeod Christopher J. , Bennett Emma N. 
Published: January 2019

Crystal mush is rapidly emerging as a new paradigm for the evolution of igneous systems. Mid-ocean ridges provide a unique opportunity to study mush processes: geophysical data indicate that, even at the most magmatically robust fast-spreading ridges, the magma plumbing system typically comprises crystal mush. In this paper, we describe some of the consequences of crystal mush for the evolution of the mid-ocean ridge magmatic system. One of these is that melt migration by porous flow plays an important role, in addition to rapid, channelized flow. Facilitated by both buoyancy and (deformation-enhanced) compaction, porous flow leads to reactions between the mush and migrating melts. Reactions between melt and the surrounding crystal framework are also likely to occur upon emplacement of primitive melts into the mush. Furthermore, replenishment facilitates mixing between the replenishing melt and interstitial melts of the mush. Hence, crystal mushes facilitate reaction and mixing, which leads to significant homogenization, and which may account for the geochemical systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). A second consequence is cryptic fractionation. At mid-ocean ridges, a plagioclase framework may already have formed when clinopyroxene saturates. As a result, clinopyroxene phenocrysts are rare, despite the fact that the vast majority of MORB records clinopyroxene fractionation. Hence, melts extracted from crystal mush may show a cryptic fractionation signature. Another consequence of a mush-dominated plumbing system is that channelized flow of melts through the crystal mush leads to the occurrence of vertical magmatic fabrics in oceanic gabbros, as well as the entrainment of diverse populations of phenocrysts. Overall, we conclude that the occurrence of crystal mush has a number of fundamental implications for the behaviour and evolution of magmatic systems, and that mid-ocean ridges can serve as a useful template for trans-crustal mush columns elsewhere.
This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Magma reservoir architecture and dynamics'.
Tumors escape immunosurveillance by overexpressing the proteasome activator REGγ
Authors: Boulpicante Mathilde , Darrigrand Romain , Pierson Alison , Salgues Valerie , Gaudineau Benoit , Khaled Mehdi , Cattaneo Angela , Bachi Angela , Cascio Paolo , Apcher Sébastien 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe success of CD8+ T cell based cancer immunotherapy emphasizes the importance of understanding the mechanisms of generation of MHC-I peptide ligands and possible pathways of tumor cell escape from immunosurveillance. Recently, we showed that peptides generated in the nucleus during the pioneer round of mRNA translation (pioneer translation products, or PTPs) can be a potentially important source of tumor specific peptides, given the presence of aberrant splicing and transcription associated with oncogenesis. Here we show that cancer cells up-regulation of the REGγ proteasome regulator results in increased destruction of PTP-derived peptides in the nucleus thus subverting immunosurveillance. These findings add to understanding of the role of REGγ in antigen processing and identify it as a druggable target for improving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.SignificanceWith the clear success of CD8+ T cell based immunotherapy, it is critical to understand i) how tumor cells generate MHC-I peptide antigens? and ii) the various mechanisms used by cancer cells to evade immunosurveillance. One of them is to up-regulate the REGγ proteasome regulator which results in an increase destruction of MHC-I peptides in the nucleus thus subverting immunosurveillance.
A contractile acto-myosin belt promotes growth anisotropy during the early stages of pectoral fin development in zebrafish
Authors: Kardash Elena , Nguyen Hanh , Behrndt Martin , Heisenberg Carl-Philipp , Peyriéras Nadine , Gonzalez-Gaitan Marcos 
Published: January 2019

SummaryThe zebrafish pectoral fin is anin vivomodel for vertebrate limb formation, well suited to investigate the integration of molecular and cellular dynamics, the results of which translate into shaping the limb bud. We used the ratio between the lengths of the anterior-posterior (AP) and dorso-ventral (DV) axes as the descriptor of how fin shape changes over time. We showed that fin shape transitions from close to hemi-spherical (ratio 1. 36 ± 0.11) to semi-ellipsoid (ratio 1.64 ± 0.04) between 33 and 46 hours post fertilization (hpf). This shape transition coincided with the formation of a contractile “actin belt” at the distal rim of the fin bud along its AP axis. The actin belt emerged from a central position and expanded on both sides along the distal rim of the fin, thus marking the DV boundary between two rows of ectodermal cells. Formation of the actin belt depended on Rac protein activity, as suggested by FRET measurements using a Rac biosensor. 3D+time imaging of the developing fin in Rac-deficient embryos showed that anisotropic growth of the fin depends on the actin belt. Indeed, actin belt formation was dramatically reduced or even absent in the embryos without proper Rac activity. This correlated with isotropic growth of the fin bud from normal shape at 33 hpf to quasi hemispherical shape with AP/DV ratio ~1 13 hours later, without affecting cell number and overall bud volume. We propose that the formation of a contractile acto-myosin belt is essential to drive the pectoral fin’s early anisotropic growth.