bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dominant tree species drive beta diversity patterns in western Amazonia
Authors: Draper Frederick C. , Asner Gregory P. , Honorio Coronado Eurídice N. , Baker Timothy R. , García‐Villacorta Roosevelt , Pitman Nigel C. A. , Fine Paul V. A. , Phillips Oliver L. , Zárate Gómez Ricardo , Amasifuén Guerra Carlos A. , Flores Arévalo Manuel , Vásquez Martínez Rodolfo , Brienen Roel J. W. , Monteagudo‐Mendoza Abel , Torres Montenegro Luis A. , Valderrama Sandoval Elvis , Roucoux Katherine H. , Ramírez Arévalo Fredy R. , Mesones Acuy Ítalo , Del Aguila Pasquel Jhon , Tagle Casapia Ximena , Flores Llampazo Gerardo , Corrales Medina Massiel , Reyna Huaymacari José , Baraloto Christopher 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe forests of western Amazonia are among the most diverse tree communities on Earth, yet this exceptional diversity is distributed highly unevenly within and among communities. In particular, a small number of dominant species account for the majority of individuals, whereas the large majority of species are locally and regionally extremely scarce. By definition, dominant species contribute little to local species richness (alpha diversity), yet the importance of dominant species in structuring patterns of spatial floristic turnover (beta diversity) has not been investigated. Here, using a network of 207 forest inventory plots, we explore the role of dominant species in determining regional patterns of beta diversity (community‐level floristic turnover and distance‐decay relationships) across a range of habitat types in northern lowland Peru. Of the 2,031 recorded species in our data set, only 99 of them accounted for 50% of individuals. Using these 99 species, it was possible to reconstruct the overall features of regional beta diversity patterns, including the location and dispersion of habitat types in multivariate space, and distance‐decay relationships. In fact, our analysis demonstrated that regional patterns of beta diversity were better maintained by the 99 dominant species than by the 1,932 others, whether quantified using species‐abundance data or species presence–absence data. Our results reveal that dominant species are normally common only in a single forest type. Therefore, dominant species play a key role in structuring western Amazonian tree communities, which in turn has important implications, both practically for designing effective protected areas, and more generally for understanding the determinants of beta diversity patterns.
Governance of zero deforestation cocoa in West Africa: New forms of public–private interaction
Authors: Carodenuto Sophia 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn March 2017, twelve of the world's leading cocoa and chocolate companies made a collective commitment to end the deforestation associated with the global cocoa supply chain. This marks one of the latest forms of transnational business governance, whereby state actors share the regulation of environmental and social externalities with private authority. This paper responds to the call for more contextual research into the complex policy ecosystems in which zero deforestation commitments are implemented and how transnational private authority is interacting with, and possibly being reconfigured by, domestic governance and territory. Combining policy analysis, field work on cocoa farms, focus groups, and over 45 interviews, this paper provides empirical evidence to explain how business commitments to zero deforestation cocoa interact with domestic political processes to reduce deforestation in key cocoa‐producing countries. The focus is on three top cocoa producer countries in West Africa, where smallholder cocoa farming causes environmental degradation due to deforestation, and socioeconomic progress for smallholders is difficult to achieve. In these countries, the private sector's commitment to reduce deforestation is situated in government‐led programs to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The findings show that a codependent relationship is evolving between corporate and state‐led efforts to reduce deforestation, where the success of zero deforestation cocoa relies on synergistic public–private interaction. Cocoa intensification without expansion, supply chain traceability, and jurisdictional commodity sourcing are the three main areas of future collaboration identified.
Differences between intravenous iron products: focus on treatment of iron deficiency in chronic heart failure patients
Authors: Martin‐Malo Alejandro , Borchard Gerrit , Flühmann Beat , Mori Claudio , Silverberg Donald , Jankowska Ewa A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIron deficiency is the leading cause of anaemia and is highly prevalent in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Iron deficiency, with or without anaemia, can be corrected with intravenous (i.v.) iron therapy. In heart failure patients, iron status screening, diagnosis, and treatment of iron deficiency with ferric carboxymaltose are recommended by the 2016 European Society of Cardiology guidelines, based on results of two randomized controlled trials in CHF patients with iron deficiency. All i.v. iron complexes consist of a polynuclear Fe(III)‐oxyhydroxide/oxide core that is stabilized with a compound‐specific carbohydrate, which strongly influences their physico‐chemical properties (e.g. molecular weight distribution, complex stability, and labile iron content). Thus, the carbohydrate determines the metabolic fate of the complex, affecting its pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile and interactions with the innate immune system. Accordingly, i.v. iron products belong to the new class of non‐biological complex drugs for which regulatory authorities recognized the need for more detailed characterization by orthogonal methods, particularly when assessing generic/follow‐on products. Evaluation of published clinical and non‐clinical studies with different i.v. iron products in this review suggests that study results obtained with one i.v. iron product should not be assumed to be equivalent to other i.v. iron products that lack comparable study data in CHF. Without head‐to‐head clinical studies proving the therapeutic equivalence of other i.v. iron products with ferric carboxymaltose, in the highly vulnerable population of heart failure patients, extrapolation of results and substitution with a different i.v. iron product is not recommended.
Lung ultrasound integrated with clinical assessment for the diagnosis of acute decompensated heart failure in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pivetta Emanuele , Goffi Alberto , Nazerian Peiman , Castagno Davide , Tozzetti Camilla , Tizzani Pietro , Tizzani Maria , Porrino Giulio , Ferreri Enrico , Busso Valeria , Morello Fulvio , Paglieri Cristina , Masoero Monica , Cassine Elisa , Bovaro Federica , Grifoni Stefano , Maule Milena M. , Lupia Enrico ,   on behalf of the Study Group on Lung Ultrasound from the Molinette and Careggi Hospitals
Published: January 2019

AimsAlthough acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a common cause of dyspnoea, its diagnosis still represents a challenge. Lung ultrasound (LUS) is an emerging point‐of‐care diagnostic tool, but its diagnostic performance for ADHF has not been evaluated in randomized studies. We evaluated, in patients with acute dyspnoea, accuracy and clinical usefulness of combining LUS with clinical assessment compared to the use of chest radiography (CXR) and N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) in conjunction with clinical evaluation.Methods and resultsThis was a randomized trial conducted in two emergency departments. After initial clinical evaluation, patients with acute dyspnoea were classified by the treating physician according to presumptive aetiology (ADHF or non‐ADHF). Patients were subsequently randomized to continue with either LUS or CXR/NT‐proBNP. A new diagnosis, integrating the results of both initial assessment and the newly obtained findings, was then recorded. Diagnostic accuracy and clinical usefulness of LUS and CXR/NT‐proBNP approaches were calculated. A total of 518 patients were randomized. Addition of LUS had higher accuracy [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.95] than clinical evaluation alone (AUC 0.88) in identifying ADHF (P < 0.01). In contrast, use of CXR/NT‐proBNP did not significantly increase the accuracy of clinical evaluation alone (AUC 0.87 and 0.85, respectively; P > 0.05). The diagnostic accuracy of the LUS‐integrated approach was higher then that of the CXR/Nt‐proBNP‐integrated approach (AUC 0.95 vs. 0.87, p < 0.01). Combining LUS with the clinical evaluation reduced diagnostic errors by 7.98 cases/100 patients, as compared to 2.42 cases/100 patients in the CXR/Nt‐proBNP group.ConclusionIntegration of LUS with clinical assessment for the diagnosis of ADHF in the emergency department seems to be more accurate than the current diagnostic approach based on CXR and NT‐proBNP.
Further Evidence on the Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) During Refining of Olive Pomace Oil
Authors: Kiralan S. Sezer , Toptancı İsra , Tekin Aziz 
Published: January 2019

Influences of chemical refining parameters on the removal of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a list of 16 EPA‐priority pollutant PAHs are investigated. For this purpose, various process conditions for each refining stages (degumming, neutralization, bleaching, and deodorization) are applied to crude olive pomace oil and the changes in PAH concentrations are monitored using a high performance liquid chromatography with florescence detector. Results show that total PAH content of the oil is reduced effectively through all refining stages. Degumming has considerable effects on removal of individual PAHs depending upon water or acid application while the most significant reduction in total PAH is achieved when 1% water is used. Neutralization has a significant impact on removal of PAHs from the oil, however, washing steps have limited effects. Using various amounts (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9%) of activated carbon in 3% of bleaching earth are more effective on the reduction of total and heavy PAHs from the oil and the most reduction is achieved when 0.9% activated carbon is used. Deodorization is effective mainly on decreases in light PAHs while temperature incrementation does not have any significant impact on the reduction in total PAH content.Practical Applications: Olive pomace oil may include high amounts of PAHs. Because of their potential carcinogenic character, removal of PAHs from the oils has a great importance for oil acceptability. Results of this study provide information about the effects of process conditions of degumming, neutralization, bleaching, and deodorization on PAH reduction in olive pomace oil. These results might open up new process strategies in production of high quality olive pomace oil via refining.Crude olive pomace oil may include high amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are carcinogenic and mutagenic, depending upon drying conditions of olive pomace before extraction. They need to be removed from the oil before consumption. In this study, effects of chemical refining parameters are investigated on the removal of 15 PAHs from olive pomace oil. All refining steps, mainly neutralization and active carbon application in bleaching, have significant impacts on reducing PAHs in the oil while increasing temperature during deodorization do not have considerable effect.
Nonstationarity in peaks‐over‐threshold river flows: A regional random effects model
Authors: Eastoe E. F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractUnder the influence of local‐ and large‐scale climatological processes, extreme river flow events often show long‐term trends, seasonality, interyear variability, and other characteristics of temporal nonstationarity. Properly accounting for this nonstationarity is vital for making accurate predictions of future floods. In this paper, a regional model based on the generalised Pareto distribution is developed for peaks‐over‐threshold river flow data sets when the event sizes are nonstationary. If observations are nonstationary and covariates are available, then extreme‐value (semi)parametric regression models may be used. Unfortunately, the necessary covariates are rarely observed, and if they are, it is often not clear which process, or combination of processes, to include in the model. Within the statistical literature, latent process (or random effects) models are often used in such scenarios. We develop a regional time‐varying random effects model that allows identification of temporal nonstationarity in event sizes by pooling information across all sites in a spatially homogeneous region. The proposed model, which is an instance of a Bayesian hierarchical model, can be used to predict both unconditional extreme events such as them‐year maximum and extreme events that condition on being in a given year. The estimated random effects may also tell us about likely candidates for the climatological processes that cause nonstationarity in the flood process. The model is applied to UK flood data from 817 stations spread across 81 hydrometric regions.
Comparison of textural properties and structure of gels prepared from cooked rice grain under different conditions
Authors: Sasaki Tomoko , Matsuki Junko , Yoza Koichi , Sugiyama Junichi , Maeda Hideo , Shigemune Akiko , Tokuyasu Ken 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of rice variety, water content, and preparation temperature on the textural properties of gels processed from cooked rice grains via high‐speed shear homogenization. Rice gels were prepared from seven high‐amylose rice varieties. The results demonstrated the significant differences in rice gel hardness and hardening rates during storage based on the rice variety used. The proportion of short chains of amylopectin was negatively correlated with the hardness of the rice gel. The sample temperature before shear treatment also influenced the rice gel hardness. Rice gels prepared from cooked rice maintained at 75°C prior to homogenization showed a higher breaking force than those from cooked rice at 25°C. Observation using scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the tendency of the cooked rice sample maintained at 75°C to form a finer gel network after homogenization than those at 25°C from the same rice variety.
Study of flow field, heat transfer, and entropy generation of nanofluid turbulent natural convection in an enclosure utilizing the computational fluid dynamics‐artificial neural network hybrid method
Authors: Sepehrnia Mojtaba , Sheikhzadeh Ghanbarali , Abaei Golnoush , Motamedian Mahdi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this study, the turbulent natural convection of Ag‐water nanofluid in a tall, inclined enclosure has been investigated. The main objective of this study is finding the optimized angle of the enclosure with operational boundary condition in cooling from ceiling utilizing the computational fluid dynamics‐artificial neural network (CFD‐ANN) hybrid method, which has not been noticed in previous studies. To achieve this, we proposed two approaches. First, the simulations have been done with a deviation angle of 0 to 90° by using water and Ag‐water nanofluid. And second, a new prediction approach is proposed based on radial basis function artificial neural networks (RBF‐ANN) to predict the mean Nusselt number and entropy generation with the variation of Rayleigh numbers, deviation angles, and volume fractions as inputs. The results from the first approach indicate that the Rayleigh number has a considerable function in the determination of optimized angle. The results from the second approach, which used the first approach simulation results as training data set, could predict the mean Nusselt number and entropy generation with 1.4577e−022 and 1.552e−015 mean square error, respectively. Moreover, a new set of data for Rayleigh numbers, deviation angles, and volume fractions were used to test the performance of the prediction model, which shows promising and superior prospects for RBF‐ANN.
Study of magnetohydrodynamic convection between two rotating cylinders filled with casson fluid and the viscous dissipation effect
Authors: Vatsa Vanita , Kumar Anand 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe have studied the forced convection of a viscous incompressible and electrically conducting non‐Newtonian Casson fluid between two rotating cylinders with viscous dissipation effect. An angular velocity and gives to inner and outer cylinders, respectively, and constant heat flux presented on the inner cylinder surface. Also, the outer cylinder is taken as insulated. Here, we have discussed three cases: (i) The inner cylinder is rotating with a constant angular velocity while the outer cylinder is at rest; (ii) Both the cylinders rotate in the identical direction with equal angular velocity; and (iii) Both the cylinders are rotating with equal angular speed but the outer cylinder rotates in the opposite direction of the inner cylinder. The governing equations are solved by numerical techniques using MATLAB Software and the results are obtained graphically.
Water reuse as an incentive to promote sustainable agriculture in Lebanon: Stakeholders’ perspectives
Authors: Massoud May A , Terkawi Malakeh , Nakkash Rima 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

While technical and economic feasibility of water reuse projects is requisite for implementation, issues in relation to cultural values, public acceptability, and perceptions should not be marginalized. This research focuses on examining the Lebanese stakeholders’ knowledge, perception, and attitude toward the reuse of treated wastewater and on exploring potential enabling factors. Accordingly, in-depth interviews were conducted with stakeholders from concerned ministries, Lebanese Farmers Syndicate, farmers, and religious figures. The reported perceived barriers are categorized into ethical, religious, social, and economical. Various enabling factors that can ameliorate the management of potential perceived barriers are recommended, including enforcing laws, setting new regulations and quality standards, involving the public all through the project process, ensuring regular monitoring and evaluation, and developing financial policies and mechanisms. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:000–000. © 2019 SETAC
Middle School Students’ Analysis of Political Memes to Support Critical Media Literacy
Authors: Elmore Patricia G. , Coleman Julianne M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPolitical memes are argumentative visual texts commonly encountered on social media. Through the strategic combination of imagery and captions, a political meme presents information as fact about a topic, an individual, or a specific group. The power of political memes can be attributed to their viral nature and their effects on public discourse and perceptions. To critically read a political meme, students must be equipped with critical media literacy skills. This article describes how action researchers engaged 56 middle school students in the rhetorical analysis of political memes with the goal of supporting critical media literacy skills through practical application. The two‐week study took place in the Southeastern United States at a rural school. Students determined that the political memes created false binaries, appealed to group identities, drew on macro and micro sociopolitical contexts, and used strategic visual arrangements to form an argument. Critical media literacy is imperative given the prevalent and viral nature of media and its effects on people and public policy.
Electronic cigarette liquid exposure induces flavor‐dependent osteotoxicity and increases expression of a key bone marker, collagen type I
Authors: Otero Claire E. , Noeker Jacob A. , Brown Mary M. , Wavreil Florence D.M. , Harvey Wendy A. , Mitchell Kristen A. , Heggland Sara J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractElectronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) are nicotine delivery devices advertised as a healthier alternative to conventional tobacco products, but their rapid rise in popularity outpaces research on potential health consequences. As conventional tobacco use is a risk factor for osteoporosis, this study examines whether exposure to electronic liquid (e‐liquid) used in e‐cigarettes affects bone‐forming osteoblasts. Human MG‐63 and Saos‐2 osteoblast‐like cells were treated for 48 hours with 0.004%‐4.0% dilutions of commercially available e‐liquids of various flavors with or without nicotine. Changes in cell viability and key osteoblast markers, runt‐related transcription factor 2 and Col1a1, were assessed. With all e‐liquids tested, cell viability decreased in a dose‐dependent manner, which was least pronounced in flavorless e‐liquids, most pronounced in cinnamon‐flavored e‐liquids and occurred independently of nicotine. Col1a1, but not runt‐related transcription factor 2, mRNA expression was upregulated in response to coffee‐flavored and fruit‐flavored e‐liquids. Cells treated with a non‐cytotoxic concentration of fruit‐flavored Mango Blast e‐liquid with or without nicotine showed significantly increased collagen type I protein expression compared to culture medium only. We conclude that the degree of osteotoxicity is flavor‐dependent and occurs independently of nicotine and that flavored e‐liquids reveal collagen type I as a potential target in osteoblasts. This study elucidates potential consequences of e‐cigarette use in bone.
Heterotopic Ossification: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Meyers Carolyn , Lisiecki Jeffrey , Miller Sarah , Levin Adam , Fayad Laura , Ding Catherine , Sono Takashi , McCarthy Edward , Levi Benjamin , James Aaron W 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTHeterotopic ossification (HO) is a diverse pathologic process, defined as the formation of extraskeletal bone in muscle and soft tissues. HO can be conceptualized as a tissue repair process gone awry and is a common complication of trauma and surgery. This comprehensive review seeks to synthesize the clinical, pathoetiologic, and basic biologic features of HO, including nongenetic and genetic forms. First, the clinical features, radiographic appearance, histopathologic diagnosis, and current methods of treatment are discussed. Next, current concepts regarding the mechanistic bases for HO are discussed, including the putative cell types responsible for HO formation, the inflammatory milieu and other prerequisite “niche” factors for HO initiation and propagation, and currently available animal models for the study of HO of this common and potentially devastating condition. © 2019 The Authors.JBMR Pluspublished by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.