bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the formation by core accretion and the luminosity evolution of directly imaged planets
Authors: Marleau Gabriel-Dominique , Coleman Gavin A. L. , Leleu Adrien , Mordasini Christoph 
Published: April 2019

Context. A low-mass companion to the two-solar mass star HIP 65426 has recently been detected by SPHERE at around 100 au from its host. Explaining the presence of super-Jovian planets at large separations, as revealed by direct imaging, is currently an open question.
Aims. We want to derive statistical constraints on the mass and initial entropy of HIP 65426 b and to explore possible formation pathways of directly imaged objects within the core-accretion paradigm, focusing on HIP 65426 b.
Methods. Constraints on the planet’s mass and post-formation entropy are derived from its age and luminosity combined with cooling models. For the first time, the results of population synthesis are also used to inform the results. Then a formation model that includes N-body dynamics with several embryos per disc is used to study possible formation histories and the properties of possible additional companions. Finally, the outcomes of two- and three-planet scattering in the post-disc phase are analysed, taking tides into account for small-pericentre orbits.
Results. The mass of HIP 65426 b is found to be mp = 9.9−1.8+1.1 MJ using the hot population and mp = 10.9−2.0+1.4 MJ with the cold-nominal population. We find that core formation at small separations from the star followed by outward scattering and runaway accretion at a few hundred astronomical units succeeds in reproducing the mass and separation of HIP 65426 b. Alternatively, systems having two or more giant planets close enough to be on an unstable orbit at disc dispersal are likely to end up with one planet on a wide HIP 65426 b-like orbit with a relatively high eccentricity (≳ 0.5).
Conclusions. If this scattering scenario explains its formation, HIP 65426 b is predicted to have a high eccentricity and to be accompanied by one or several roughly Jovian-mass planets at smaller semi-major axes, which also could have a high eccentricity. This could be tested by further direct-imaging as well as radial-velocity observations.
The ALMA-PILS survey: gas dynamics in IRAS 16293−2422 and the connection between its two protostars
Authors: van der Wiel M. H. D. , Jacobsen S. K. , Jørgensen J. K. , Bourke T. L. , Kristensen L. E. , Bjerkeli P. , Murillo N. M. , Calcutt H. , Müller H. S. P. , Coutens A. , Drozdovskaya M. N. , Favre C. , Wampfler S. F. 
Published: April 2019

Context. The majority of stars form in binary or higher order systems. The evolution of each protostar in a multiple system may start at different times and may progress differently. The Class 0 protostellar system IRAS 16293–2422 contains two protostars, “A” and “B”, separated by ~600 au and embedded in a single, 104 au scale envelope. Their relative evolutionary stages have been debated.
Aims. We aim to study the relation and interplay between the two protostars A and B at spatial scales of 60 au up to ~103 au.
Methods. We selected molecular gas line transitions of the species CO, H2CO, HCN, CS, SiO, and C2H from the ALMA-PILS spectral imaging survey (329–363 GHz) and used them as tracers of kinematics, density, and temperature in the IRAS 16293–2422 system. The angular resolution of the PILS data set allows us to study these quantities at a resolution of 0.5′′ (60 au at the distance of the source).
Results. Line-of-sight velocity maps of both optically thick and optically thin molecular lines reveal: (i) new manifestations of previously known outflows emanating from protostar A; (ii) a kinematically quiescent bridge of dust and gas spanning between the two protostars, with an inferred density between 4 × 104 cm−3 and ~3 × 107 cm−3; and (iii) a separate, straight filament seemingly connected to protostar B seen only in C2H, with a flat kinematic signature. Signs of various outflows, all emanating from source A, are evidence of high-density and warmer gas; none of them coincide spatially and kinematically with the bridge.
Conclusions. We hypothesize that the bridge arc is a remnant of filamentary substructure in the protostellar envelope material from which protostellar sources A and B have formed. One particular morphological structure appears to be due to outflowing gas impacting the quiescent bridge material. The continuing lack of clear outflow signatures unambiguously associated to protostar B and the vertically extended shape derived for its disk-like structure lead us to conclude that source B may be in an earlier evolutionary stage than source A.
Peptide Modifications: Versatile Tools in Peptide and Natural Product Syntheses
Authors: Servatius Phil , Junk Lukas , Kazmaier Uli 
Published: April 2019

Peptide modifications via C–C bond formation have emerged as valuable tools for the preparation and alteration of non-proteinogenic amino acids and the corresponding peptides. Modification of glycine subunits in peptides allows for the incorporation of unusual side chains, often in a highly stereoselective manner, orchestrated by the chiral peptide backbone. Moreover, modifications of peptides are not limited to the peptidic backbone. Many side-chain modifications, not only by variation of existing functional groups, but also by C–H functionalization, have been developed over the past decade. This account highlights the synthetic contributions made by our group and others to the field of peptide modifications and their application in natural product syntheses.1	Introduction2	Peptide Backbone Modifications via Peptide Enolates2.1	Chelate Enolate Claisen Rearrangements2.2	Allylic Alkylations2.3	Miscellaneous Modifications3	Side-Chain Modifications3.1	C–H Activation3.1.1	Functionalization via Csp3–H Bond Activation3.2.2	Functionalization via Csp2–H Bond Activation3.2	On Peptide Tryptophan Syntheses4	Conclusion
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1 in Rotavirus-Associated White Matter Injury in Newborns
Authors: Yeom Jung Sook , Jo Jae-Young , Park Ji Sook , Kim Young-Soo , Chung Ju-Young , Han Tae-Hee , Seo Ji-Hyun , Park Eun Sil , Lim Jae-Young , Woo Hyang-Ok , Youn Hee-Shang , Park Chan-Hoo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRecent reports have suggested an association between rotavirus infection and a distinctive pattern of white matter injury (WMI) in neonates with seizures; however, the connection between the two is not fully understood. To evaluate the underlying mechanism, we profiled and compared eight cytokines (IL [interleukin]-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ [interferon-γ ], MCP-1 [monocyte chemoattractant protein-1], MIP-1β [macrophage inflammatory protein-1β], and TNF-α [tumor necrosis factor-α]) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 33 neonates with seizures who had no other well-known causes of seizures and 13 control patients (rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis but without seizures). Among the 33 neonates with seizures, 9 showed WMI and all were infected with rotavirus (R + W + ). Among the 24 patients without WMI, 11 were infected with rotavirus (R + W − ) and 13 were not (R − W − ).Only MCP-1 and MIP-1β were different between the groups. MCP-1 was increased in R+ W+ compared with R + W− (p < 0.01), R − W− (p < 0.01), and control (p = 0.03) patients. MIP-1β was decreased in R + W+ compared with R − W− (p < 0.01) and control (p < 0.01), but not R + W− (p = 0.23) patients. MCP-1 and MIP-1β are C-C chemokines that recruit immune cells to the site of inflammation. Our pilot study suggests MCP-1-mediated monocyte recruitment may be linked with this complication caused by rotavirus.
What guns mean: the symbolic lives of firearms
Authors: Metzl Jonathan M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article presents an overview of the symbolic tensions underlying representations of firearms and gun-related violence. The essay frames central questions that deserve further interrogation: what larger social and political contexts surround guns? How do narrations of gun rights or gun trauma map onto larger scripts about matters such as identity, bias, racism, or nationalism? What meanings do guns accrue for people and communities when these guns are not shooting bullets or causing mortal wounds? The paper lays out disciplinary terrain required to address these questions, calling on expertize from the social sciences, humanities, and arts.
Cryoprotectant-free cryopreservation of mammalian cells by superflash freezing
Authors: Akiyama Yoshitake , Shinose Masato , Watanabe Hiroki , Yamada Shigeru , Kanda Yasunari 
Published: April 2019

Significance
Cryopreservation is routinely used for the long-term storage of cells in various areas of academic, industrial, and clinical research. To keep frozen cells alive, it is necessary to vitrify (or nanocrystallize) water on the inside and outside of the cells. Vitrification is conventionally achieved by adding at least one cryoprotective agent (CPA) to the medium. However, CPAs should ideally be avoided due to their cytotoxicity and potential side effects on the cells. Herein, we demonstrate a method of CPA-free cryopreservation, in which cells are almost vitrified by ultrarapid cooling using inkjet printing. The freezing method should be generally suitable for all kinds of cells that are susceptible to CPAs, including stem cells.
Multicentury perspective assessing the sustainability of the historical harvest of seaducks
Authors: Hargan Kathryn E. , Gilchrist H. Grant , Clyde Nikolas M. T. , Iverson Samuel A. , Forbes Mark R. , Kimpe Linda E. , Mallory Mark L. , Michelutti Neal , Smol John P. , Blais Jules M. 
Published: April 2019

Significance
The paucity of monitoring data for seabird populations at suitable temporal and spatial scales challenges the development of realistic and effective conservation policies. We employ newly developed paleoenvironmental techniques at 10 key subarctic seaduck colonies to reconstruct broadscale population changes at decadal timescales through the 20th century. We show that harvesting practices in southwestern Greenland and northeastern Canada were unsustainable, timed with the advent of widespread use of shotguns and outboard motors for hunting across the North. Our historical population reconstructions, corroborated with two independent proxies (sterols and stable nitrogen isotopes), reaffirms that hunting restrictions were necessary to prevent the collapse of this subspecies.
Nanobody-based CAR T cells that target the tumor microenvironment inhibit the growth of solid tumors in immunocompetent mice
Authors: Xie Yushu Joy , Dougan Michael , Jailkhani Noor , Ingram Jessica , Fang Tao , Kummer Laura , Momin Noor , Pishesha Novalia , Rickelt Steffen , Hynes Richard O. , Ploegh Hidde 
Published: April 2019

Significance
Despite its success in treating hematological cancers, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy does not so easily eliminate solid tumors. Solid tumors generally develop in a highly immunosuppressive environment and are difficult to target, mostly due to a lack of tumor-specific antigen expression, but other factors contribute as well. This study develops a strategy to target multiple solid tumor types through markers in their microenvironment. The use of single-domain antibody (VHH)-based chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells that recognize these markers circumvents the need for tumor-specific targets. VHH-based CAR T cells that target the tumor microenvironment through immune checkpoint receptors or through stroma and ECM markers are effective against solid tumors in syngeneic, immunocompetent animal models.
Ephemeral states in protein folding under force captured with a magnetic tweezers design
Authors: Tapia-Rojo Rafael , Eckels Edward C. , Fernández Julio M. 
Published: April 2019

Significance
Mechanical signals in biology are complex and change rapidly in the millisecond timescale. Current force spectroscopy instrumentation is limited to constant forces and slowly changing ramps. Here we introduce a force spectrometer that uses a commercial tape head to create a magnetic field that can deliver large and rapidly changing force signals with submillisecond time resolution. We demonstrate the stability of this force spectrometer by measuring the folding dynamics of ultrasensitive talin protein and its speed by capturing the ephemeral molten globule states of protein L. Our instrument opens the study of protein dynamics under realistic perturbations that combine, for example, mechanical noise and periodic forces, such as those experienced in cellular mechanosensing systems.
BRCA1/BARD1-dependent ubiquitination of NF2 regulates Hippo-YAP1 signaling
Authors: Verma Sachin , Yeddula Narayana , Soda Yasushi , Zhu Quan , Pao Gerald , Moresco James , Diedrich Jolene K. , Hong Audrey , Plouffe Steve , Moroishi Toshiro , Guan Kun-Liang , Verma Inder M. 
Published: April 2019

Significance
Normal cells harbor protective mechanisms to sense DNA damage, halt cell growth, and repair chromatin lesions to maintain genomic stability. How mitogen signaling in proliferating cells is affected upon BRCA1 loss as part of these protective checkpoints is an intriguing question. This study reveals a unique finding of linking BRCA1 to Hippo signaling pathway to explain this conundrum. Our work shows that serum-responsive expression of BRCA1 is required for YAP1 stability. Ubiquitination of NF2 by BRCA1/BARD1 in proliferating cells inhibits NF2/LATS association and Hippo signaling. These findings suggest Hippo signaling activation as a protective barrier in BRCA1-deficient cells, which upon inactivation, promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.
Tropical cyclone activity affected by volcanically induced ITCZ shifts
Authors: Pausata Francesco S. R. , Camargo Suzana J. 
Published: April 2019

Significance
Volcanic eruptions can inject a large amount of aerosol particles, which interact with solar radiation and consequently can affect the climate worldwide, hence the intensity and frequency of extreme events for a few years following the eruption. However, only a handful of studies have investigated the impacts of volcanic eruptions on tropical cyclone activity. Through a set of sensitivity modeling experiments, our study demonstrates that volcanic eruptions by shifting the Intertropical convergence zone can impact tropical cyclone activity up to 4 years following the eruption. These results will prove valuable to society, allowing us to better prepare for the consequences of changes in tropical cyclone activity following large volcanic eruptions.
Vocabulary in Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Lu Cailing , Coxhead Averil 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This article reports on a corpus-based study of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) vocabulary. It first provides a vocabulary profile of English-medium Traditional Chinese Medicine textbooks and journal articles using Nation’s (2012) British National Corpus/Corpus of Contemporary American English (BNC/COCA 25,000) frequency word lists and supplementary word lists of proper nouns, abbreviations, and compounds. Then, it categorizes items outside Nation’s BNC/COCA into Chinese loan words (e.g., qi, yang) and medical lexis (e.g., cinnamomi, rehmanniae), which cover 5.93% of the TCM Corpora in total. The next analysis focuses on Schmitt and Schmitt’s (2014) high, mid, low-frequency vocabulary framework and how it differs from Western medicine. Finally, a vocabulary load analysis shows that to reach 98%, 13,000 word families plus four supplementary lists and two TCM-specific lists are needed. Together, these analyses provide us with a rounded picture of TCM vocabulary. Implications for pedagogy and suggestions for future research follow.
Desires matter! Desired attitudes predict behavioural intentions in people who think abstractly: the case of eating products without added salt / ¡Los deseos importan! Las actitudes deseadas predicen las intenciones de comportamiento en las personas que piensan de modo abstracto: El caso del consumo de alimentos sin sal añadida
Authors: Carrera Pilar , Fernandez-Sedano Itziar , Muñoz Dolores , Caballero Amparo 
Published: April 2019

Introduction. Previous research supports that congruence in the construal level between a person’s mindset and predictors enhanced the strength of predictions. Because desired attitudes are more abstract than actual attitudes, we expected that desired attitudes would better predict behavioural intentions in people who present an abstract style of thinking. Objective. We tested this matching effect between desired attitudes and abstractness by measuring the construal level as a person’s base-rate tendency. Method. Participants ( N = 105) reported their past experience and actual and desired attitudes towards eating products without added salt and their behavioural intentions. To classify participants according to an abstract or a concrete way of thinking, their first thought was coded using the linguistic category model (LCM). Results. The simple slopes analysis showed that desired attitudes significantly influenced behavioural intentions for participants with an abstract way of thinking. Conclusion. Our results support the relevance of desired attitudes in terms of behavioural predictions and extend the role of the construal level in the prediction and promotion of desirable but demanding behaviour in the framework of individual differences.
Designing stakeholder learning dialogues for effective global governance
Authors: Cashore Benjamin , Bernstein Steven , Humphreys David , Visseren-Hamakers Ingrid , Rietig Katharine 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA growing scholarship on multistakeholder learning dialogues suggests the importance of closely managing learning processes to help stakeholders anticipate which policies are likely to be effective. Much less work has focused on how to manage effective transnational multistakeholder learning dialogues, many of which aim to help address critical global environmental and social problems such as climate change or biodiversity loss. They face three central challenges. First, they rarely shape policies and behaviors directly, but work to ‘nudge’ or ‘tip the scales’ in domestic settings. Second, they run the risk of generating ‘compromise’ approaches incapable of ameliorating the original problem definition for which the dialogue was created. Third, they run the risk of being overly influenced, or captured, by powerful interests whose rationale for participating is to shift problem definitions or narrow instrument choices to those innocuous to their organizational or individual interests. Drawing on policy learning scholarship, we identify a six-stage learning process for anticipating effectiveness designed to minimize these risks while simultaneously fostering innovative approaches for meaningful and longlasting problem solving: Problem definition assessments; Problem framing; Developing coalition membership; Causal framework development; Scoping exercises; Knowledge institutionalization. We also identify six management techniques within each process for engaging transnational dialogues around problem solving. We show that doing so almost always requires anticipating multiple-step causal pathways through which influence of transnational and/or international actors and institutions might occur.
Extracellular vesicle measurements with nanoparticle tracking analysis – An accuracy and repeatability comparison between NanoSight NS300 and ZetaView
Authors: Bachurski Daniel , Schuldner Maximiliane , Nguyen Phuong‐Hien , Malz Alexandra , Reiners Katrin S , Grenzi Patricia C , Babatz Felix , Schauss Astrid C , Hansen Hinrich P , Hallek Michael , von Strandmann Elke Pogge 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTThe expanding field of extracellular vesicle (EV) research needs reproducible and accurate methods to characterize single EVs. Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) is commonly used to determine EV concentration and diameter. As the EV field is lacking methods to easily confirm and validate NTA data, questioning the reliability of measurements remains highly important. In this regard, a comparison addressing measurement quality between different NTA devices such as Malvern's NanoSight NS300 or Particle Metrix' ZetaView has not yet been conducted. To evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of size and concentration determinations of both devices, we employed comparative methods including transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and single particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensing (SP‐IRIS) by ExoView. Multiple test measurements with nanospheres, liposomes and ultracentrifuged EVs from human serum and cell culture supernatant were performed. Additionally, serial dilutions and freeze‐thaw cycle‐dependent EV decrease were measured to determine the robustness of each system. Strikingly, NanoSight NS300 exhibited a 2.0–2.1‐fold overestimation of polystyrene and silica nanosphere concentration. By measuring serial dilutions of EV samples, we demonstrated higher accuracy in concentration determination by ZetaView (% BIAS range: 2.7–8.5) in comparison with NanoSight NS300 (% BIAS range: 32.9–36.8). The concentration measurements by ZetaView were also more precise (% CV range: 0.0–4.7) than measurements by NanoSight NS300 (% CV range: 5.4–10.7). On the contrary, quantitative TEM imaging indicated more accurate EV sizing by NanoSight NS300 (% DTEM range: 79.5–134.3) compared to ZetaView (% DTEM range: 111.8–205.7), while being equally repeatable (NanoSight NS300% CV range: 0.8–6.7; ZetaView: 1.4–7.8). However, both devices failed to report a peak EV diameter below 60 nm compared to TEM and SP‐IRIS. Taken together, NTA devices differ strongly in their hardware and software affecting measuring results. ZetaView provided a more accurate and repeatable depiction of EV concentration, whereas NanoSight NS300 supplied size measurements of higher resolution.
Visuotactile synchrony of stimulation-induced sensation and natural somatosensation
Authors: Christie Breanne P , Graczyk Emily L , Charkhkar Hamid , Tyler Dustin J , Triolo Ronald J 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Objective. Previous studies suggest that somatosensory feedback has the potential to improve the functional performance of prostheses, reduce phantom pain, and enhance embodiment of sensory-enabled prosthetic devices. To maximize such benefits for amputees, the temporal properties of the sensory feedback must resemble those of natural somatosensation in an intact limb. Approach. To better understand temporal perception of artificial sensation, we characterized the perception of visuotactile synchrony for tactile perception restored via peripheral nerve stimulation. We electrically activated nerves in the residual limbs of two trans-tibial amputees and two trans-radial amputees via non-penetrating nerve cuff electrodes, which elicited sensations referred to the missing limbs. Main results. Our findings suggest that with respect to vision, stimulation-induced sensation has a point of subjective simultaneity (PSS; processing time) and just noticeable difference (JND; temporal sensitivity) that are similar to natural touch. The JND was not significantly different between the participants with upper- and lower-limb amputations. However, the PSS indicated that sensations evoked in the missing leg must occur significantly earlier than those in the hand to be perceived as maximally synchronous with vision. Furthermore, we examined visuotactile synchrony in the context of a functional task during which stimulation was triggered by pressure applied to the prosthesis. Stimulation-induced sensation could be delayed up to 111  ±  62 ms without the delay being reliably detected. Significance. The quantitative temporal properties of stimulation-induced perception were previously unknown and will contribute to design specifications for future sensory neuroprostheses.