bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sponge diversity in Eastern Tropical Pacific coral reefs: an interoceanic comparison
Authors: Carballo José Luis , Cruz-Barraza José Antonio , Vega Cristina , Nava Héctor , Chávez-Fuentes María del Carmen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSponges are an important component of coral reef communities. The present study is the first devoted exclusively to coral reef sponges from Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP). Eighty-seven species were found, with assemblages dominated by very small cryptic patches and boring sponges such as Cliona vermifera; the most common species in ETP reefs. We compared the sponge patterns from ETP reefs, Caribbean reefs (CR) and West Pacific reefs (WPR), and all have in common that very few species dominate the sponge assemblages. However, they are massive or large sun exposed sponges in CR and WPR, and small encrusting and boring cryptic species in ETP. At a similar depth, CR and WPR had seven times more individuals per m2, and between four (CR) and five times (WPR) more species per m2 than ETP. Perturbation, at local and large scale, rather than biological factors, seems to explain the low prevalence and characteristics of sponge assemblages in ETP reefs, which are very frequently located in shallow water where excessive turbulence, abrasion and high levels of damaging light occur. Other factors such as the recurrence of large-scale phenomena (mainly El Niño events), age of the reef (younger in ETP), isolation (higher in ETP), difficulty to gain recruits from distant areas (higher in ETP), are responsible for shaping ETP sponge communities. Such great differences in sponge fauna between the three basins might have consequences for coral reef structure and dynamics.
Rats deficient in α-galactosidase A develop ocular manifestations of Fabry disease
Authors: Miller James J. , Aoki Kazuhiro , Reid Christopher A. , Tiemeyer Michael , Dahms Nancy M. , Kassem Iris S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of α-galactosidase A. Ocular findings, such as cornea verticillata, cataracts, and retinal vascular tortuosity, serve as important diagnostic markers. We aimed to evaluate ocular phenotypes in α-galactosidase A-deficient (Fabry) rats and hypothesized that these rats would manifest ocular signs similar to those observed in patients. Slit lamp biomicroscopy was used to evaluate the cornea and lens, and retinal vasculature was examined by fluorescein angiography in WT and Fabry rats. Mass spectrometry was used to characterize and quantify ocular glycosphingolipids, and histology and electron microscopy revealed the location of the glycosphingolipid storage. We found that Fabry rats developed corneal and lenticular opacities to a statistically greater degree than WT rats. Retinal vascular morphology did not appear grossly different, but there was vascular leakage in at least one Fabry rat. Fabry rat eyes accumulated substrates of α-galactosidase A, and these α-galactosyl glycoconjugates were found in corneal keratocytes, lens fibers, and retinal vascular endothelial cells. Electron-dense lamellar inclusions were observed in keratocytes. Because Fabry rats recapitulate many ocular phenotypes observed in patients, they can be used to study disease pathogenesis and determine whether ocular findings serve as noninvasive indicators of therapeutic efficacy.
Intracellular Zn2+ transients modulate global gene expression in dissociated rat hippocampal neurons
Authors: Sanford Lynn , Carpenter Margaret C. , Palmer Amy E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractZinc (Zn2+) is an integral component of many proteins and has been shown to act in a regulatory capacity in different mammalian systems, including as a neurotransmitter in neurons throughout the brain. While Zn2+ plays an important role in modulating neuronal potentiation and synaptic plasticity, little is known about the signaling mechanisms of this regulation. In dissociated rat hippocampal neuron cultures, we used fluorescent Zn2+ sensors to rigorously define resting Zn2+ levels and stimulation-dependent intracellular Zn2+ dynamics, and we performed RNA-Seq to characterize Zn2+-dependent transcriptional effects upon stimulation. We found that relatively small changes in cytosolic Zn2+ during stimulation altered expression levels of 931 genes, and these Zn2+ dynamics induced transcription of many genes implicated in neurite expansion and synaptic growth. Additionally, while we were unable to verify the presence of synaptic Zn2+ in these cultures, we did detect the synaptic vesicle Zn2+ transporter ZnT3 and found it to be substantially upregulated by cytosolic Zn2+ increases. These results provide the first global sequencing-based examination of Zn2+-dependent changes in transcription and identify genes that may mediate Zn2+-dependent processes and functions.
Conventional and Specific-Pathogen Free Rats Respond Differently to Anesthesia and Surgical Trauma
Authors: Letson Hayley L. , Morris Jodie , Biros Erik , Dobson Geoffrey P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSpecific-pathogen free (SPF) animals were introduced in the 1960s to minimize disease and infection as variables in biomedical research. Our aim was to examine differences in physiological response in rat colonies bred and housed in a conventional versus SPF facility, and implications for research. Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and catheterized for blood and pressure monitoring, and electrocardiogram (ECG) leads implanted. Hematology was assessed, and coagulation profile using rotational thromboelastometry. Health screening was outsourced to Cerberus Sciences. SPF rats had significantly lower pulse pressure (38% decrease), arrhythmias and prolonged QTc (27% increase) compared to conventional rats. No arrhythmias were found in conventional rats. SPF rats had significantly higher white cell, monocyte, neutrophil and lymphocyte counts, and were hyperfibrinolytic, indicated by EXTEM maximum lysis >15%. Independent assessment revealed similar pathogen exclusion between colonies, with the exception of Proteus in SPF animals. Returning to a conventional facility restored normal host physiology. We conclude that SPF animals displayed an abnormal hemodynamic, hematological and hemostatic phenotype in response to anesthesia and surgery, and provide a number of recommendations to help standardize research outcomes and translation.
Cell population heterogeneity driven by stochastic partition and growth optimality
Authors: Fernandez-de-Cossio-Diaz Jorge , Mulet Roberto , Vazquez Alexei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA fundamental question in biology is how cell populations evolve into different subtypes based on homogeneous processes at the single cell level. Here we show that population bimodality can emerge even when biological processes are homogenous at the cell level and the environment is kept constant. Our model is based on the stochastic partitioning of a cell component with an optimal copy number. We show that the existence of unimodal or bimodal distributions depends on the variance of partition errors and the growth rate tolerance around the optimal copy number. In particular, our theory provides a consistent explanation for the maintenance of aneuploid states in a population. The proposed model can also be relevant for other cell components such as mitochondria and plasmids, whose abundances affect the growth rate and are subject to stochastic partition at cell division.
Pharmacological analysis of transmission activation of two aphid-vectored plant viruses, turnip mosaic virus and cauliflower mosaic virus
Authors: Berthelot Edwige , Macia Jean-Luc , Martinière Alexandre , Morisset Alexandre , Gallet Romain , Blanc Stéphane , Khelifa Mounia , Drucker Martin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTurnip mosaic virus (TuMV, family Potyviridae) and cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV, family Caulimoviridae) are transmitted by aphid vectors. They are the only viruses shown so far to undergo transmission activation (TA) immediately preceding plant-to-plant propagation. TA is a recently described phenomenon where viruses respond to the presence of vectors on the host by rapidly and transiently forming transmissible complexes that are efficiently acquired and transmitted. Very little is known about the mechanisms of TA and on whether such mechanisms are alike or distinct in different viral species. We use here a pharmacological approach to initiate the comparison of TA of TuMV and CaMV. Our results show that both viruses rely on calcium signaling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) for TA. However, whereas application of the thiol-reactive compound N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) inhibited, as previously shown, TuMV transmission it did not alter CaMV transmission. On the other hand, sodium azide, which boosts CaMV transmission, strongly inhibited TuMV transmission. Finally, wounding stress inhibited CaMV transmission and increased TuMV transmission. Taken together, the results suggest that transmission activation of TuMV and CaMV depends on initial calcium and ROS signaling that are generated during the plant’s immediate responses to aphid manifestation. Interestingly, downstream events in TA of each virus appear to diverge, as shown by the differential effects of NEM, azide and wounding on TuMV and CaMV transmission, suggesting that these two viruses have evolved analogous TA mechanisms.
The medical AI insurgency: what physicians must know about data to practice with intelligent machines
Authors: Miller D. Douglas 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMachine learning (ML) and its parent technology trend, artificial intelligence (AI), are deriving novel insights from ever larger and more complex datasets. Efficient and accurate AI analytics require fastidious data science—the careful curating of knowledge representations in databases, decomposition of data matrices to reduce dimensionality, and preprocessing of datasets to mitigate the confounding effects of messy (i.e., missing, redundant, and outlier) data. Messier, bigger and more dynamic medical datasets create the potential for ML computing systems querying databases to draw erroneous data inferences, portending real-world human health consequences. High-dimensional medical datasets can be static or dynamic. For example, principal component analysis (PCA) used within R computing packages can speed & scale disease association analytics for deriving polygenic risk scores from static gene-expression microarrays. Robust PCA of k-dimensional subspace data accelerates image acquisition and reconstruction of dynamic 4-D magnetic resonance imaging studies, enhancing tracking of organ physiology, tissue relaxation parameters, and contrast agent effects. Unlike other data-dense business and scientific sectors, medical AI users must be aware that input data quality limitations can have health implications, potentially reducing analytic model accuracy for predicting clinical disease risks and patient outcomes. As AI technologies find more health applications, physicians should contribute their health domain expertize to rules-/ML-based computer system development, inform input data provenance and recognize the importance of data preprocessing quality assurance before interpreting the clinical implications of intelligent machine outputs to patients.
Discovery of piperidine-substituted thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives as potent and orally bioavailable HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Authors: Kang Dongwei , Zhao Tong , Wang Zhao , Feng Da , Zhang Heng , Huang Boshi , Wu Gaochan , Wei Fenju , Zhou Zhongxia , Jing Lanlan , Zuo Xiaofang , Tian Ye , Poongavanam Vasanthanathan , Kongsted Jacob , De Clercq Erik , Pannecouque Christophe , Zhan Peng , Liu Xinyong 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHIV-1 reverse transcriptase offers a key target for antiviral therapy. However, the rapid emergence of drug-resistant mutations in reverse transcriptase as well as the poor pharmacokinetic properties of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) limits their clinical use. Starting from a previous piperidine-substituted thiophene[3,2-d]pyrimidine compound (K-5a2), here we explore the chemical space around the thiophene ring located in the solvent-exposed regions of the NNRTI binding pocket in detail. Bioisosterism-based structural modification leads to the discovery of a number of compounds as potent in vitro reverse transcriptase inhibitors, providing improved drug resistance profiles compared to the listed drug Etravirine. Furthermore, 14a and 19a are identified as lead compounds with good solubility, appropriate ligand efficiency, and lower cytochrome P450 liability. Compound 19a exhibits useful in vivo pharmacokinetic properties in rat and safety in mice, suggesting that it may have the potential to be an effective drug candidate for treating AIDS.
Quantum teleportation-based state transfer of photon polarization into a carbon spin in diamond
Authors: Tsurumoto Kazuya , Kuroiwa Ryota , Kano Hiroki , Sekiguchi Yuhei , Kosaka Hideo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractQuantum teleportation is a key principle for quantum information technology. It permits the transfer of quantum information into an otherwise inaccessible space, while also permitting the transfer of photon information into a quantum memory without revealing or destroying the stored quantum information. Here, we show reliable quantum state transfer of photon polarization into a carbon isotope nuclear spin coupled to a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond based on photon-electron Bell state measurement by photon absorption. The carbon spin is first entangled with the electron spin, which is then permitted to absorb a photon into a spin-orbit correlated eigenstate. Detection of the electron after relaxation into the spin ground state allows post-selected transfer of arbitrary photon polarization into the carbon memory. The quantum state transfer scheme allows individual addressing of integrated quantum memories to realize scalable quantum repeaters for long-haul quantum communications, and distributed quantum computers for large-scale quantum computation and metrology.
Association of smoking with coronary artery disease in Nepalese populations: a case control study
Authors: Basnet Til Bahadur , Xu Cheng , Mallah Manthar Ali , Indayati Wiwik , Shi Cheng , Xu Jin , Gu Aihua 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThere are well-known traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Among them, smoking is one of the most prominent and modifiable risk factors. This study aims to determine the magnitude of smoking as a risk factor for CAD in the Nepalese population. A hospital-based age- and sex-matched case–control study was carried out with a total of 612 respondents. Bivariate analysis showed that the risk of developing CAD in ex-smokers and current smokers was higher (odds ratio (OR): 1.81 (confidence interval (CI): 1.21–2.7) and OR: 5.2 (CI: 3.4–7.97)), with p-values less than 0.004 and &lt;0.00001, respectively, compared to the risk in never smokers. From stratified socio-demographic, cardio-metabolic, behavioural and psychosocial risk factor analysis, smoking was found to be associated with CAD in almost all subgroups. In the subsequent multivariate analysis, adjustment for socio-demographic, cardio-metabolic and psychosocial risk factors showed a steady increase in risk. However, further adjustment for behavioural risk factors (alcohol use and physical activity) showed that the risk was attenuated by 59% in current smokers. After adjusting for the covariates, current smokers and ex-smokers had an increased risk of CAD (OR: 6.64, 95% CI: 3.64–12.12, p &lt; 0.00001; OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.08–3.31, p &lt; 0.012, respectively) compared with non-smokers. In conclusion, smoking was found to increase the risk of CAD in the Nepalese population.
Book Club Experiences, Engagement, and Reading Support Use by People With Aphasia
Authors: Knollman-Porter Kelly , Julian Samantha K. 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundPeople with chronic aphasia often exhibit a decrease in social engagement and reading ability that negatively influences quality of life. Book clubs can provide a supportive environment that facilitates both socialization and reading. However, limited data exist examining the use of book clubs for individuals with chronic aphasia.PurposeThe purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to describe the experiences, engagement, and reading supports used by people with aphasia participating for the 1st time in a book club.Method and ProcedureTen people with chronic aphasia and co-occurring reading deficits engaged in 7 book club sessions. Participants first completed a questionnaire about pre- and poststroke reading experiences. Individualized interviews with participants during and post–book club explored the experiences, preferences, and reading comprehension strategies used within the structure of the book club.ResultsThree main categories of findings emerged from the data analysis: (a) perceived changes in attitudes regarding reading and club participation post–book club,(b) variations in use of reading supports and strategies across participants, and (c) perceived social benefits of the book club.ConclusionThe current study provides evidence that people with varying types and severities of chronic aphasia and reading comprehension challenges can successfully increase reading and social engagement through book club participation. The results from this study highlight the need to provide evidence to support services that extend beyond standard rehabilitation protocols and identify engaging ways to facilitate active participation in functional reading activities for people with chronic aphasia.
Gesture Frequency and Function in Infants With Fragile X Syndrome and Infant Siblings of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Hughes K. R. , Hogan Abigail L. , Roberts Jane E. , Klusek Jessica 
Published: June 2019

PurposeInfant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASIBs) and infants with fragile X syndrome (FXS) are both at risk for developing autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and communication disorders; however, very few studies have examined 1 of the earliest forms of intentional communication in infants from these groups: gestures. This study examined the frequency and function of gesture use across 12-month-old infant ASIBs, infants with FXS, and low-risk controls.MethodParticipants included 23 ASIBs who did not later meet diagnostic criteria for ASD, 18 infants with FXS, and 21 low-risk controls. Gestures were coded from a semistructured play-based interaction.ResultsOverall, infants with FXS displayed fewer gestures than low-risk infants, whereas ASIBs did not differ from the FXS or low-risk groups in overall gesture frequency. In terms of the communicative function of the gestures used, the FXS and ASIB groups displayed significantly fewer social interaction gestures than the low-risk controls, with large effect sizes.ConclusionThis study contributes to scant knowledge of early communication phenotypes of infant ASIBs who do not meet criteria for ASD and infants with FXS. Results indicated that gesture function, not frequency, best discriminated at-risk infants from low-risk infants at 12 months of age. Findings have implications for the clinical evaluation and treatment of infants at high risk for ASD and communication disorders.
Vocal and Tactile Input to Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Authors: Abu-Zhaya Rana , Kondaurova Maria V. , Houston Derek , Seidl Amanda 
Published: June 2019

Purpose
Caregivers may show greater use of nonauditory signals in interactions with children who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH). This study explored the frequency of maternal touch and the temporal alignment of touch with speech in the input to children who are DHH and age-matched peers with normal hearing.

Method
We gathered audio and video recordings of mother–child free-play interactions. Maternal speech units were annotated from audio recordings, and touch events were annotated from video recordings. Analyses explored the frequency and duration of touch events and the temporal alignment of touch with speech.

Results
Greater variance was observed in the frequency of touch and its total duration in the input to children who are DHH. Furthermore, touches produced by mothers of children who are DHH were significantly more likely to be aligned with speech than touches produced by mothers of children with normal hearing.

Conclusion
Caregivers' modifications in the input to children who are DHH are observed in the combination of speech with touch. The implications for such patterns and how they may impact children's attention and access to the speech signal are discussed.
A joint XMM-NuSTAR observation of the galaxy cluster Abell 523: Constraints on inverse Compton emission
Authors: Cova F. , Gastaldello F. , Wik D. R. , Boschin W. , Botteon A. , Brunetti G. , Buote D. A. , De Grandi S. , Eckert D. , Ettori S. , Feretti L. , Gaspari M. , Ghizzardi S. , Giovannini G. , Girardi M. , Govoni F. , Molendi S. , Murgia M. , Rossetti M. , Vacca V. 
Published: June 2019

Aims. We present the results of a joint XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observation (200 ks) of the galaxy cluster Abell 523 at z = 0.104. The peculiar morphology of the cluster radio halo and its outlier position in the radio power P(1.4 GHz) – X-ray luminosity plane make it an ideal candidate for the study of radio and X-ray correlations and for the search of inverse Compton (IC) emission.
Methods. We constructed bi-dimensional maps for the main thermodynamic quantities (i.e., temperature, pressure and entropy) derived from the XMM observations to describe the physical and dynamical state of the cluster’s intracluster medium (ICM) in detail. We performed a point-to-point comparison in terms of surface brightness between the X-ray and radio emissions to quantify their morphological discrepancies. Making use of NuSTAR’s unprecedented hard X-ray focusing capability, we looked for IC emission both globally and locally after properly modeling the purely thermal component with a multi-temperature description.
Results. The thermodynamic maps obtained from the XMM observation suggest the presence of a secondary merging process that could be responsible for the peculiar radio halo morphology. This hypothesis is supported by the comparison between the X-ray and radio surface brightnesses, which shows a broad intrinsic scatter and a series of outliers from the best-fit relation, corresponding to those regions that could be influenced by a secondary merger. The global NuSTAR spectrum can be explained by purely thermal gas emission, and there is no convincing evidence that an IC component is needed. The 3σ upper limit on the IC flux in the 20−80 keV band is in the [2.2−4.0] × 10−13 erg s−1 cm−2 range, implying a lower limit on the magnetic field strength in the B >  [0.23 − 0.31] μG range. Locally, we looked for IC emission in the central region of the cluster radio halo finding a 3σ upper limit on the 20−80 keV nonthermal flux of 3.17 × 10−14 erg s−1 cm−2, corresponding to a lower limit on the magnetic field strength of B ≳ 0.81 μG.