bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sediment-landform assemblages in southern Michigan: Implications for basal processes of the Saginaw Lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet
Authors: Kehew Alan E. , Esch John M. , Karki Sita 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
Lobes, or ice streams, of the southern Laurentide ice sheet readvanced periodically during their overall retreat after the Last Glacial Maximum in the Great Lakes region. The Saginaw Lobe readvanced around 20 ka to form a prominent moraine, the Sturgis moraine, near the Michigan-Indiana border. Detailed mapping of nineteen 7½ min quadrangles at a scale of 1:24,000 in and adjacent to Calhoun County, Michigan, supports the interpretation that a large drumlin field behind the moraine was formed at this time, when the basal drainage of the glacier was distributed with high basal pore pressure. During retreat, after moraine construction, the drainage mode switched to a conduit-type system, in which meltwater drained to recessional ice-marginal positions through tunnel valleys. We mapped at least three discontinuous ice-marginal positions on the basis of coarse-grained, subaerial fans beginning at the ends of the tunnel valleys. There is a close association of kames with the tunnel valleys at these locations, suggesting that supraglacial meltwater contributed to the subglacial drainage.
Our results support a model in which the drumlins were produced by deformation of the basal diamicton during ice advance prior to the formation of the tunnel valleys during ice retreat. This hypothesis rebuts a previously proposed model for this area in which the drumlins and tunnel valleys, along with boulder gravel deposits, were attributed to formation during a single, catastrophic subglacial sheetflood.
Taboos, stowaways, and chief scientists: A brief history of women in oceanography
Authors: Lewandowski Katherine 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
Before the mid-to-late twentieth century, women were not welcome on research vessels conducting oceanographic research. Thus, women interested in oceanography in the early twentieth century had to make their mark in ways that did not rely on doing oceanographic fieldwork. Three American women oceanographers made huge impacts in the field prior to the ban of women on ships being lifted in the 1960s: Mary Sears, Elizabeth T. Bunce, and Marie Tharp. Their contributions to oceanography in the first half of the twentieth century helped advance the science, as well as to provide role models for the next generation of women who wanted to be oceanographers.
Participation of women in oceanography in the late twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century is assessed using the lists provided by the Deep-Sea Drilling Project, the Ocean Drilling Program, the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, and the International Ocean Discovery Program Initial Reports volumes that are publicly available online. Each participant of the shipboard scientific party was evaluated to be male or female, based on the person’s first name. Participation of women over the nearly fifty-year history of this ocean drilling program has increased from an average of 10% to 32% by early 2017, with women serving 45 times as co-chiefs on expeditions.
Visibility of women working in oceanography is improving. The stories of women like Marie Tharp are told on the Internet and in books for both children and adults. More of these stories need to be told. Today, women hold important positions within academia and professional organizations, proving that women can play an important role in the discipline, acting as advocates for their science and their gender.
Katherine Greacen Nelson: Advocate for the public appreciation of earth science
Authors: Kluessendorf Joanne , Mikulic Donald G. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
Katherine Greacen Nelson (1913–1982) achieved many firsts in her career, but sharing her enthusiasm for geology was first and foremost to her.
As the first child born into a military family in 1913, Katherine Fielding Greacen was exposed to nature and travel at an early age. By 1934, she received her bachelor degree from Vassar College, winning a prize for excellence in geology. Just four years later, she received the first Ph.D. in geology from Rutgers University and was the first woman awarded a doctorate in any discipline at that school. Soon after, Katherine was hired by Milwaukee-Downer College as the geology/geography department and curator of its Greene Museum. She left campus for the Texas oilfields in 1943 to do her part for the war effort, working as a petroleum geologist and paleontologist. Having returned to Milwaukee-Downer in 1946, she left again in 1954. The newly founded University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (UWM) acquired the Milwaukee-Downer campus in 1956, and Katherine became the first faculty member and chair of the geology department. She later brokered the purchase of the Greene collection for UWM and established a public education program at the museum. Serving many professional societies and lay organizations throughout her life, Nelson was the first woman president of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters in 1952, and the first woman to receive the Neil Miner Award from the National Association of Geology Teachers in 1978.
Throughout her career, Katherine’s mission was to help people understand their surroundings, appreciate geologic time and processes, and feel awe for all that has gone before. To these ends, she put her effort and energy into reaching the widest audience by presenting public lectures, helping geology hobbyists, giving museum tours to schoolchildren, writing popularized articles, and giving media interviews. She even explained the importance of Wisconsin’s glacial features to politicians to help establish the Ice Age National Scientific Reserve. Katherine especially enjoyed taking students into the field, many for their first exposure to the landscape. As a result, she inspired generations of students to share their (and her) knowledge and enthusiasm, which continues to support her goal of putting the appreciation of geology and the landscape on par with cultural pursuits.
Pioneers in Antarctic research: Lois Jones and her all-woman science team explore the geochemistry of the Dry Valleys
Authors: Lewandowski Katherine 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
Today, women make up about one-third of all scientists who go to Antarctica for research. However, it was just under fifty years ago that the first woman principal investigator was funded by the then United States Antarctic Research Program, which today is known as the United States Antarctic Program (USAP). Colin Bull, Director of the Institute for Polar Studies (today called Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center or BPCRC), had advocated for women to be allowed in Antarctica since 1959. At the time, female graduate students worked on Antarctic research, but were not able to conduct their own fieldwork; thus they relied on men to collect samples and gather the data they needed up until the ban was lifted. One such woman was Lois Jones, whose Ph.D. adviser was The Ohio State University geochemist Dr. Gunter Faure. Once she completed her dissertation on the geochemistry of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, she submitted a proposal for fieldwork in Antarctica to be funded by the USAP. Her proposal was approved and she and her field party of three other women went to Antarctica during the austral summer of 1969–1970. In addition to fieldwork in the Dry Valleys, they gained the honor of being four of the first six women to make it to the South Pole. While the women faced many challenges and chauvinism, their field season was successful. This has led to a legacy of women in Antarctica. Faculty, alumna, and staff from The Ohio State University figure prominently in this story, due to the affiliation of the Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center with Ohio State.
Reflections on an interdisciplinary geoscience career
Authors: Olson C. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
This is one of several chapters based on a themed oral session on “Women and Geology: Who Are We; Where Have We Come From; and Where Are We Going?” presented at the Geological Society of America Annual Meeting in 2015. In this chapter, I will attempt to describe why I chose geology as a profession, how it has influenced my career, and what I perceive to be major changes in the geoscience field and more broadly science in general. In addition, I will touch on what has and hasn’t changed and what needs to happen to effect change as well as some ideas with which we can all identify and perhaps make conscious decisions to improve upon. A few lessons learned are interspersed with the hope that some may be useful to those beginning their scientific careers. I chose a career in federal government research rather than academia and that has taken me to places I never would have dreamed possible. A few references are provided to underscore my remarks and personal opinions but in no way are they intended to provide a comprehensive review of the subjects discussed nor do they reflect the views of any federal agency.
Hollywood representations of women in geology: Women geoscientists in film (1986–2016)
Authors: Johnson Beth A. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
Thirty-six theatrically released movies containing characters identified as geologists were analyzed in order to see if Hollywood casting practices reflected real-life demographics of women in geology between 1986 and 2016. Forty-eight actors portrayed geologists in these movies, with fifteen of them women (31%). This figure is only slightly lower than the percentage of members of the Geological Society of America self-identifying as women, which is 34%, as well as the percentage of geoscience jobs in the U.S. workforce being held by women, also at 34%, according to data from the National Science Foundation. Although the percentage of women entering the geologic workforce has increased over the thirty-year period, this analysis finds that the number of women portraying fictional geologists has not.
To determine the likelihood of the one of these characters leaving a positive impression on the viewer, the gender demographics of the actors were compared with the movies’ ratings by professional film critics on RottenTomatoes.com. Only three of the fourteen movies featuring women geologists received the highest rating possible compared to thirteen of the twenty-eight movies featuring male geologists. (Movies with both men and women are included in both totals.) The Fresh ratings for the women range between 85%–96%, a potential proxy for their character’s likability.
The final metric used to estimate public perceptions of female geologist characters was to look at the box office success for these movies. Nine of the fourteen movies featuring women geologists were considered box office successes in their time, including some films that had received low ratings from professional critics (i.e., 1997’s Dante’s Peak).
By understanding how fictional women in geology are perceived by the public, it is possible to effect change to present more positive representations of such characters on screen. Suggestions include using the Bechdel-Wallace Test and the Finkbeiner Test to create accurate, intelligent, capable characters that could serve as positive role models. Such representation could allow the public to see themselves as geologists, which may result in support or participation by members of the public.
How we look and what we see: Twenty years of women in GSA Today
Authors: Kimball Mindy A. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
In the 1960s and 1970s, Dr. Erving Goffman conducted gender studies on images and roles in advertising that established a framework for analyzing gender displays in print publications. Current efforts to increase diversity in professions advocate for media outreach to represent diverse populations so the groups they want to attract can imagine themselves fitting in. GSA Today, whether deliberately or not, is doing just that. This paper adapts Goffman’s “gender advertisements” methodology to analyze the portrayal of women in volumes 5 through 25 of GSA Today, the last full twenty years of monthly publications on news and information for the Geological Society of America. Two forms of gender identity are explored: photographs containing people and authors of content articles. While the number of women GSA members increased over the past 20 years, the representation of women in the Society’s publication also increased. In January 1995, women comprised 22% of people pictured in GSA Today and 17% of named authors providing written content. By December 2015, women accounted for 56% of individuals in photos and 36% of content authors. Trends demonstrate periods of rapid increase in representation and plateaus. Shifts in percentages did not correlate directly with changes in Society leadership or GSA Today editorial staff. Thanks to the ease of access to archived publications, future work can provide further insights assessing efforts to inspire career choices in geology and to encourage women to feel valued and welcomed in this profession.
Progress of women in the geosciences: Insight from a small liberal arts university
Authors: Eifert Helen A. , Stewart Alexander K. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
Women have historically been underrepresented in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, specifically within geosciences. St. Lawrence University (SLU; ~2400 undergraduates) is bucking that trend with a 19th ranking by Forbes magazine for best colleges for women and minorities in STEM (~60% of majors are female). Specifically, SLU’s geology program has been distinguished for decades due to the individual support and real-world opportunities provided for its students. These characteristics can lend themselves more broadly to improvements for female participation in the geosciences. From the 898 geology graduates since 1950, we analyzed patterns of female involvement using geology department alumnae/i records. Our particular focus was on the top three cohorts of peak female graduation rates: 1978–1982 (n = 60), 1997–2001 (n = 28), and 2012–2016 (n = 28). These data show increased female participation in research within the most recent cohort (2012–2016) with women averaging 71% of senior theses compared to 32% (1997–2001) and 16% (1978–1982). Moreover, the likelihood of women in the department to complete a senior thesis has increased from 13% to 43%, supported by a new fellowship program. These results were qualitatively verified by personal observations of the current geology student body. All geology department students are privileged with opportunities for research, travel, and individual attention. These experiences, combined with our close-knit group of professors and students, are positive aspects of the SLU Geology Department used to construct an applicable model. Current SLU female geology enrollment continues to be strong, showing that this model may strengthen the undergraduate experience and inspire increased female geoscience participation.
Late Pleistocene deltas in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, USA
Authors: Luehmann Michael D. , Schaetzl Randall J. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Monograph 53 by Frank Leverett and Frank Taylor identified more than 20 deltas of late Pleistocene age in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. To that list, we add many additional deltas discovered during the course of our research. These “relict” deltas are important proxies for paleoenvironmental conditions, particularly wave energies, as well as prevailing wind and longshore drift directions. If dated, they can help to constrain the chronologies of ice retreat and proglacial lake stages. In plan view, relict delta morphologies usually protrude from a paleolake shoreline and are often elongate or cuspate shaped. Most of the deltas identified by Leverett and Taylor have this morphology and are located at the junction of a major present-day river and a relict paleolake shoreline. In this chapter, we map and discuss these deltas, first identified by Leverett and Taylor, while also identifying and describing the other, newly found deltas. All of these deltas formed during the marine isotope stage 2 ice retreat, roughly 28–13 ka. To identify and characterize them, we utilized a variety of data within a geographic information system, mainly a statewide USGS 7.5′ digital raster graphic, a 10 m digital elevation model (DEM), county-level Natural Resources Conservation Service soil data, and schematic lithologic depth profiles interpreted from descriptive water well and oil/gas logs. DEMs were particularly useful, because they can be “flooded” to various elevations of paleolakes. Maps of soil wetness and textural characteristics were also useful in detecting and delineating deltas. In sum, we mapped 61 deltas; 27 had been known from previous works, whereas 34 are newly reported in this study. Most are composed of sandy, well-drained sediments and have smooth, graded longitudinal profiles. Of these, most are perched above a relatively low-relief, poorly drained lake plain. However, unlike several deltas recognized by Leverett and Taylor, we found that many of the newly reported deltas are (1) adjacent to one or more formerly unknown shorelines, (2) not associated with a modern river, (3) complex, and/or (4) broad, coalesced features, deposited by more than one river, with fan-like morphologies. The methods that we used to identify and delineate these deltas can be applied to other regions. Mapping like the kind reported here will aid in a better understanding of the paleocoastal and terrestrial conditions during the late Pleistocene.
Characterizing glacial sediments and features in northeast Illinois using electrical resistivity and seismic-reflection profiling
Authors: Jason F. Thomason , Larson Timothy R. , Ismail Ahmed , Sargent Steve 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
Thick successions of glacial sediments are important components of shallow aquifer systems, wetland ecologies, and aggregate resources in northeast Illinois. Multiscale mapping studies have often utilized single surface geophysical methods to locally characterize and map geologic units. In this study, two-dimensional (2-D) electrical resistivity methods were combined with high-resolution shear-wave seismic-reflection methods to better characterize glacial sediments and interpret geologic settings. Study sites were associated with sediments of a Wisconsinan phase of glaciation in northeast Illinois and included a regional bedrock valley, a buried tunnel valley, a pitted outwash fan, and an ice-marginal alluvial fan. Electrical resistivity methods were valuable tools with which to characterize textural relationships within geologic units, and they complement the seismic data with regard to stratigraphic boundaries. The seismic data indicated internal architectural features that were not resolvable with electrical resistivity methods. Thus, the combination of electrical methods and seismic methods improved both the detailed geologic characterization of natural resources as well as understanding of local glacial sedimentology.
Thermal conductivity changes in subducting basalt, Nankai subduction zone, SW Japan: An estimation from laboratory measurements under separate high-pressure and high-temperature conditions
Authors: Lin Weiren , Tadai Osamu , Kinoshita Masataka , Kameda Jun , Tanikawa Wataru , Hirose Takehiro , Hamada Yohei , Matsubayashi Osamu 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
Knowledge of rock thermal conductivity is necessary to understand the thermal structure in active seismogenic zones such as the Nankai Trough subduction zone, SW Japan. To estimate in situ thermal conductivity at the oceanic crust surface in the seismogenic zone, we measured the thermal conductivity of a basaltic basement core sample retrieved from subducting oceanic basement at the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment input site C0012 under high temperature (maximum 160 °C) and high pressure (maximum effective pressure 100 MPa), respectively. These conditions correspond to the in situ temperature and pressure at the oceanic crust surface in the updip limit of the Nankai seismogenic zone (~7 km below the seafloor). Thermal conductivity of the oceanic basalt is both temperature and pressure dependent. In contrast to other rock types such as sandstone and granite, for which thermal conductivity decreases with increasing temperature, the thermal conductivity of the oceanic basalt increased with increasing ambient temperature. The thermal conductivity of the basalt also increased with increasing effective pressure; however, the rate of increase was much lower than that for other rocks. These new temperature and pressure effect data for oceanic crust basalt fill a gap in the research. The estimated thermal conductivity of the basalt at in situ temperature and pressure conditions was less than ~2 W m–1 K–1, although deformation and alteration associated with subduction could decrease pore spaces in the basalt, leading to enhanced thermal conductivity. This value is significantly lower than that typically assumed for thermal structure simulations in the Nankai subduction zone.
Lithostratigraphic controls on dewatering and fluid pressure in the western Nankai subduction zone: Implications for the drainage behavior and consolidation state of the underthrust sequence
Authors: Hüpers A. , Saffer D.M. , Kopf A.J. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
In subduction zones, fluid-pressure generation in the underthrusting section is of particular interest because it governs the effective stress conditions of the footwall lining the plate interface. Only a few studies have systematically explored the role of lithological heterogeneity of underthrust sediment on the resulting fluid pressure and its distribution. We used a coupled loading and pore-pressure dissipation model with a new compilation of sand properties to investigate the role of such heterogeneity on the drainage state beneath the plate interface in the western Nankai subduction zone offshore Japan, where the incoming sediment sequence hosts numerous sand layers with a total thickness of up to ~210 m within a matrix of hemipelagic mud. Our results show that sand layers act as important conduits for both pressure translation and solute transport from greater depth to the trench and seaward. The simulated pore pressure is mainly controlled by aggregate sand-layer transmissivity, and to second order by sand-layer depth, which affects the ability of fluids to access permeable sands from the surrounding less-permeable mudstone matrix. Modeled sand permeability in the outer subduction system is in the range of previous estimates for décollement zone permeability (10–13 to 10–16 m2) and evolves to approximately three orders of magnitude lower permeability in the inner subduction system. The enhanced drainage leads to 15% lower excess pore pressures in models with sands than without sands. Thus, differences in the lithostratigraphy of the subducting sediment should have implications for the mechanical behavior along the Nankai subduction system.