bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated interleukin-8 serum concentrations in beta-thalassemia and graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Uguccioni M , Meliconi R , Nesci S , Lucarelli G , Ceska M , Gasbarrini G , Facchini A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Neutrophil chemotactic and functional defects occur in beta-thalassemia and in patients after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a novel chemotactic and activating peptide for neutrophils and can be detected in the circulation. IL-8 serum concentrations were evaluated in 30 beta-thalassemic patients before and after BMT. Serial samples from 16 patients were also studied. Fourteen sera from healthy children, 43 patients with chronic viral hepatitis, 16 patients on chronic transfusion treatment for various hematologic disorders, and 28 healthy adults were studied as controls. IL-8 was evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients with beta-thalassemia had higher IL-8 concentrations than did normal controls, patients with liver disease, and patients on chronic transfusion. beta-Thalassemic patients with severe liver siderosis and fibrosis had the highest IL-8 concentrations. After BMT in patients with successful engraftment, IL-8 concentrations decreased significantly. In contrast, in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), IL-8 concentrations were not statistically different from the concentrations found before BMT and were higher than in patients with no complications and patients with graft rejection. IL-8 may play a part in the immune dysregulation that occurs in beta-thalassemia and may be involved in the immune mechanisms leading to GVHD.
Myeloblastic leukemia cells conditionally blocked by myc-estrogen receptor chimeric transgenes for terminal differentiation coupled to growth arrest and apoptosis
Authors: Selvakumaran M , Liebermann D , Hoffman-Liebermann B 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Conditional mutants of the myeloblastic leukemic M1 cell line, expressing the chimeric mycer transgene, have been established. It is shown that M1 mycer cells, like M1, undergo terminal differentiation coupled to growth arrest and programmed cell death (apoptosis) after treatment with the physiologic differentiation inducer interleukin-6. However, when beta-estradiol is included in the culture medium, M1 mycer cells respond to differentiation inducers like M1 myc cell lines, where the differentiation program is blocked at an intermediate stage. By manipulating the function of the mycer transgene product, it is shown that there is a 10-hour window during myeloid differentiation, from 30 to 40 hours after the addition of the differentiation inducer, when the terminal differentiation program switches from being dependent on c-myc suppression to becoming c-myc suppression independent, where activation of c-myc has no apparent effect on mature macrophages. M1 mycer cell lines provide a powerful tool to increase our understanding of the role of c-myc in normal myelopoiesis and in leukemogenesis, also providing a strategy to clone c-myc target genes.
Phenotypic and functional characterization of competitive long-term repopulating hematopoietic stem cells enriched from 5-fluorouracil- treated murine marrow
Authors: Szilvassy SJ , Cory S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Lymphomyeloid stem cells from the bone marrow of C57BL/6 mice treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) were characterized with respect to 12 parameters using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and a competitive long-term repopulation assay. Stem cells were larger than lymphocytes and exhibited side light-scatter characteristic of blast cells. Most expressed low levels of Thy-1.2, high levels of Sca-1 (Ly6-A/E), H-2Kb, and AA4.1 antigens and stained brightly with rhodamine-123. Significantly, most long-term repopulating cells also expressed CD4, some at high density. In addition, a significant proportion displayed low to medium levels of the “lineage-specific” markers CD45R (B220), Gr- 1, and TER-119. A simple and rapid multiparameter sorting procedure enriched the stem cells 100-fold and substantially removed most other clonogenic cell types, including day 12 spleen colony-forming cells. Cells able to generate cobblestone colonies on stromal cells in vitro were co-enriched. Lethally irradiated mice transplanted with limiting numbers of the sorted stem cells did not survive unless cotransplanted with “compromised” marrow cells prepared by prior serial transplantation and shown to be depleted of long-term repopulating activity. A significant number of recipients transplanted with 25 to 100 sorted cells contained donor-derived B and T lymphocytes and granulocytes in their peripheral blood for at least 6 months. Limiting dilution analysis in vivo indicated that the frequency of competitive long-term repopulating units (CRU) in the sorted population was at least 1 in 60 cells. The calculated frequency of CRU was largely independent of the time of recipient analysis between 10 and 52 weeks, indicating that highly enriched stem cells can be recruited relatively early in certain transplant settings. This simple enrichment and assay strategy for repopulating hematopoietic stem cells should facilitate further analysis of their regulation in vivo.
Retrovirus-mediated transfer and expression of an allogeneic major histocompatibility complex class II DRB cDNA in swine bone marrow cultures
Authors: Emery DW , Shafer GE , Karson EM , Sachs DH , LeGuern C 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The possibility of inducing transplantation tolerance by somatic gene transfer is under investigation in our miniature swine model. As a crucial step in this project, we have used a retroviral vector engineered to express both a drug-resistance gene (Neo) and a swine class II DRB cDNA to transduce porcine bone marrow (BM) cells. Analysis of cultured swine fibroblasts exposed to high-titer viral supernatants demonstrated that drug resistance had been conferred and that transferred vector sequences were transcribed appropriately. Similar transduction studies with swine BM demonstrated the transfer of drug resistance to as high as 14% of colony-forming unit-granulocyte- macrophage (CFU-GM). Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of cDNA, vector-derived allogeneic DRB transcripts were detected in colonies derived from primitive CFU-Mix and high proliferative potential-colony- forming cell (HPP-CFC), as well as in drug-resistant GM colonies grown from transduced bone marrow (BM) maintained in long-term BM cultures (LTBMCs) for up to 5 weeks. These results indicate that a significant proportion of both colony-forming progenitors and LTBMC-initiating cells were transduced with the DRB-recombinant retroviral vector and that both vector-derived genes were expressed in the differentiated progeny of these cells.
Hematologic and immunomodulatory effects of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist coinfusion during low-dose endotoxemia in healthy humans
Authors: Granowitz EV , Porat R , Mier JW , Orencole SF , Callahan MV , Cannon JG , Lynch EA , Ye K , Poutsiaka DD , Vannier E 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Endotoxin is a component of gram-negative bacteria that causes hematologic and immunologic changes through its induction of cytokines. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is a naturally occurring inhibitor of IL-1 that competes with IL-1 for occupancy of cell-surface receptors but possesses no agonist activity. We investigated the ability of human recombinant IL-1Ra to block the effects of low-dose endotoxin. Fourteen healthy male volunteers between 18 and 30 years old were injected intravenously with 3 ng/kg Escherichia coli endotoxin. Concurrent with the injections, nine volunteers received a 3-hour continuous intravenous infusion of IL-1Ra. The other five subjects were given a 3-hour infusion of saline. Volunteers injected with endotoxin experienced a threefold increase in circulating neutrophils over baseline. This neutrophilia was significantly reduced by 48% in subjects administered endotoxin plus IL-1Ra (P = .0253). Ex vivo mitogen-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation decreased by greater than 60% at 3 and 6 hours after endotoxin injection (P = .0053). This endotoxin-induced reduction in mitogen response was reversed in subjects coinjected with IL-1Ra (P = .0253). Endotoxin-induced symptoms, fever, and tachycardia were unaffected by IL-1Ra. IL-1 appears to be an important mediator in endotoxemia because some of its hematologic and immunomodulatory effects can be blocked by IL-1Ra.
Severe congenital neutropenia: abnormal growth and differentiation of myeloid progenitors to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) but normal response to G-CSF plus stem cell factor
Authors: Hestdal K , Welte K , Lie SO , Keller JR , Ruscetti FW , Abrahamsen TG 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of severe congenital neutropenia (SCN); however, the mechanism(s) still remains unknown. In particular, clinical observations suggest that abnormal responsiveness of myeloid progenitors to hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) is a possible mechanism. Therefore, to better define the status of hematopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow (BM) of patients with SCN, the responsiveness of myeloid progenitors to HGFs from two SCN patients was compared with the responsiveness of progenitors from healthy individuals. BM cells (BMCs) from the first SCN patient required higher (10- to 100-fold) concentrations of granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (G-CSF) to achieve maximal and half-maximal colony growth in vitro compared with BMCs from controls. In contrast, the dose- response of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM- CSF) in colony formation was normal. Interestingly, IL-3, GM-CSF, and G- CSF at optimal doses showed reduced ability to induce neutrophil differentiation of BMCs from a SCN patient compared with BMCs from controls. Despite an abnormal responsiveness of mature myeloid progenitors to G-CSF in this SCN patient, myeloid progenitors responsive to the combination of stem cell factor (SCF) and G-CSF showed normal dose-response. In contrast to G-CSF alone, the combination of G-CSF and SCF induced the formation of neutrophils almost to the same extent compared with cultures of normal BMCs. Furthermore, also on BM progenitor cells obtained from the second patient with SCN, SCF highly synergized with G-CSF to promote neutrophil progenitor cell growth and differentiation in vitro. Thus, these results indicate that one mechanism of the pathogenesis in SCN patients is reduced responsiveness of neutrophil progenitor cells to G- CSF and that SCF can enhance the responsiveness of these cells to G-CSF.
Severe thrombocytopenia in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient associated with pentamidine-dependent antibodies specific for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
Authors: Christie DJ , Sauro SC , Cavanaugh AL , Kaplan ME 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Severe thrombocytopenia developed in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome during treatment with intravenous pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The patient's bone marrow contained adequate numbers of megakaryocytes, suggesting peripheral platelet destruction. Platelet counts ranged between less than 3 and 20 x 10(9)/L for 2 weeks despite cessation of pentamidine, platelet transfusions, high-dose intravenous IgG, and 2 mg/kg/d prednisone. Thereafter, the platelet count increased to prepentamidine levels (95 x 10(9)/L0, permitting rapid withdrawal of steroids. Testing by immunofluorescence disclosed a high-titer, pentamidine-dependent IgG antibody in the patient's acute-phase serum that almost entirely disappeared by the time the patient's platelet count returned to baseline levels. This antibody reacted only with platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa as shown by antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies specific for various GPs, and was absorbable by normal, but not by GPIIb/IIIa-deficient platelets (from a patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia). The pentamidine-dependent antibody could not be demonstrated by immunoprecipitation using the patient's serum and 125I-labeled normal platelets, although a separate pentamidine-independent antibody was detected by this method. This latter antibody reacted with two GPs having molecular weights consistent with GPIIb/IIIa, and was present in postrecovery as well as acute-phase sera. However, only the pentamidine-dependent antibody was temporally associated with the severe thrombocytopenia. Therefore, we believe that these studies demonstrate, for the first time, that intravenous pentamidine therapy can provoke formation of drug-dependent antibodies that induce immunologic thrombocytopenia.
The novel subset of CD14+/CD16+ blood monocytes is expanded in sepsis patients
Authors: Fingerle G , Pforte A , Passlick B , Blumenstein M , Strobel M , Ziegler- Heitbrock HW 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Staining with CD14 and CD16 monoclonal antibodies will identify two monocyte subpopulations in human blood: a major population of regular monocytes, which strongly expresses the CD14 antigen (CD14++), and a minor population with weak expression of CD14 and expression of the CD16 antigen (CD14+/CD16+ cells). As shown herein, the latter cells account for 45 +/- 22 cells/microL and 9% +/- 5% of the monocytes in healthy control donors (n = 35). In septicemia patients, the CD14+/CD16+ cells can become a major population, with more than 50% of all monocytes in 3 of 18 patients and with more than 500 cells in 4 of 18 cases. There was no correlation of CD14+/CD16+ cells to any clinical parameter except for CD14+/CD16+ percentage and body temperature (P = .013). The CD14++ regular monocytes showed a substantial decrease in CD14 antigen density in 9 of 11 patients. Three-color immunofluorescence shows that the CD14+/CD16+ monocytes in septicemia patients when compared with the CD14++ monocytes exhibit a higher level of class II antigen and a lower level of CD11b and CD33 antigens, consistent with a more mature nature of the CD14+/CD16+ cells. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) were increased in septicemia patients; 3 of 5 patients with high numbers of CD14+/CD16+ cells (> 200/microL) had high levels of IL-6 (> 250/U/mL). These data suggest that septicemia may lead to substantial changes in blood monocyte composition and this may be related to elevated levels of cytokines such as IL-6.
Recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration to healthy volunteers: induction of immunophenotypically and functionally altered neutrophils via an effect on myeloid progenitor cells
Authors: Kerst JM , de Haas M , van der Schoot CE , Slaper-Cortenbach IC , Kleijer M , von dem Borne AE , van Oers RH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We performed a detailed kinetic study on the in vivo effect of a single subcutaneous dose of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; 300 micrograms) in four healthy individuals on the expression and function of neutrophil Fc gamma receptors (Fc gamma R). G-CSF did not induce Fc gamma RI (CD64) on circulating neutrophils. However, neutrophils newly formed in response to G-CSF were Fc gamma RI positive and were able to perform antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in an Fc gamma RI- dependent way. Fc gamma RII (CD32) expression was not changed significantly. Fc gamma RIII (CD16, phosphatidylinositol-linked) expression, slightly increased immediately (30 minutes) postinjection, was found to be strongly decreased on the newly formed population. For comparison, we studied the expression of the PI-linked proteins leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (LAP) and CD14. Intracellular levels of LAP mirrored the biphasic expression pattern as membrane-bound Fc gamma RIII. In contrast, CD14 expression on neutrophils was initially constant, followed by high levels on the newly formed neutrophils. Soluble CD14 levels were found to be elevated transiently, whereas peak levels of soluble Fc gamma III were observed as late as 6 days postinjection. In conclusion, we have shown that G-CSF results in an immunophenotypically and functionally altered neutrophil population for an important part as a result of its effect on myeloid precursor cells.
Persistence of human multilineage, self-renewing lymphohematopoietic stem cells in chimeric sheep
Authors: Srour EF , Zanjani ED , Cornetta K , Traycoff CM , Flake AW , Hedrick M , Brandt JE , Leemhuis T , Hoffman R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We have previously reported the ability of uncharacterized human bone marrow (BM) cells to engraft into preimmune fetal sheep, thereby creating sheep-human chimera suitable for in vivo examination of the properties of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Adult human bone marrow CD34+ HLA-DR- cells have been extensively characterized in vitro and have been demonstrated to contain a number of primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells (PHPC). However, the capacity of such highly purified populations of human marrow CD34+ HLA-DR- cells to undergo in vivo self-renewal and multipotential lymphohematopoietic differentiation has not been previously demonstrated. To achieve that, human CD34+ HLA-DR- cells were transplanted in utero into immunoincompetent fetal sheep to investigate the BM-populating potential of these cells. Long-term chimerism, sustained human hematopoiesis, and expression of human cells belonging to all human blood cell lineages were demonstrated in two animals for more than 7 months' posttransplantation. Chimeric BM contained erythroid, granulocytic/monocytic, and megakaryocytic hematopoietic progenitor cells, as well as the primitive high proliferative potential colony- forming cell (HPP-CFC). Under a variety of in vitro experimental conditions, chimeric BM cells gave rise to human T cells expressing T- lymphocyte-specific markers, human natural killer (NK) cells, and human IgG-producing B cells. In vivo expansion and possibly self-renewal of transplanted PHPC was confirmed by the detection in chimeric BM 130 days' posttransplantation of CD34+ HLA-DR- cells, the phenotype of human cells constituting the stem-cell graft. These studies demonstrate not only the BM-populating capacity, multipotential differentiation, and most likely self-renewal capabilities of human CD34+ HLA-DR- cells, but also that this BM population contains human HSC. Furthermore, it appears that this animal model of xenogeneic stem-cell transplantation is extremely useful for in vivo examination of human hematopoiesis and the behavioral and functional characteristics of human HSC.
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks chemokine production in the mixed lymphocyte reaction
Authors: Lukacs NW , Kunkel SL , Burdick MD , Lincoln PM , Strieter RM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) has previously been used to elucidate pathways of cytokine activation and T-lymphocyte proliferation and is regarded as a model that simulates responses in allograft rejection. Studies have indicated that interleukin-1 (IL-1), a potent inflammatory cytokine, may have an important activating role in the MLR response. The discovery of a naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) has renewed interest in control of IL-1--dependent responses both in vitro and in vivo. MLR cultures were used to study the role of IL-1 and IRAP in the regulation of subsequent cytokines during a T-lymphocyte-mediated alloantigen response. The temporal expression of IL-1 and IRAP during 5-day one-way MLR assays suggested antagonistic production of the two cytokines. IL-1 was produced early in the response, peaking at 4 hours through day 2, subsequently declining to near-background levels on day 5 of culture. In contrast, production of IRAP was delayed until day 2, steadily increased on days 3 and 4, and peaked on day 5 of culture, which correlated with the declining levels of IL-1. The addition of graded doses of IRAP (25 to 1,000 ng/mL) to MLR cultures decreased IL-1 production but had no effect on T-lymphocyte proliferative response. In addition, IRAP had little effect on the production of either IL-2 or tumor necrosis factor. The addition of 25 ng/mL of IRAP to MLR assays showed significantly decreased levels of two potent chemotactic cytokines, IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), at peak chemokine production on day 5 of culture. The levels of IL-8 and MIP-1 alpha could be restored by the addition of IL-1 to the IRAP-treated cultures. IL-8 and MIP-1 alpha represent the two different families of chemotactic cytokines, C-X-C (IL-8) and C-C (MIP-1 alpha), and potentially play important roles in the recruitment of leukocytes to a site of immune allogeneic response. These studies indicate that regulation of IL-1 by IRAP does not significantly reduce T-lymphocyte activation but can regulate the production of chemokines involved in leukocyte recruitment.
Cross-linking of the beta-glucan receptor on human monocytes results in interleukin-1 receptor antagonist but not interleukin-1 production
Authors: Poutsiaka DD , Mengozzi M , Vannier E , Sinha B , Dinarello CA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The beta-glucan receptor, found on monocytes and neutrophils, binds glucose polymers derived from fungi. Ligands for the receptor have various immunomodulatory effects, including increased microbicidal killing activity. We have investigated the effect of beta-glucans on the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and its naturally occurring inhibitor, the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Particulate beta- glucan induced IL-1Ra production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but did not stimulate IL-1 beta synthesis or gene expression in these same cells. Monomeric (soluble) beta-glucan did not induce IL-1Ra production. However, when preincubated with PBMC, monomeric beta-glucan significantly (P <.01) reduced particulate beta- glucan induction of IL-1Ra by 40%, suggesting that crosslinking of beta- glucan receptors is required for induction of IL-1Ra. In support of this, monomeric beta-glucan immobilized on plastic surfaces stimulated IL-1Ra production. Vitamin D3, which increases the functional capacity of beta-glucan receptors, increased IL-1Ra production induced by particulate beta-glucan, whereas dexamethasone suppressed IL-1Ra synthesis. Because of their differential effects on cytokine production, beta-glucans may be used to therapeutic advantage in the diseases in which IL-1 is implicated.