bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Almost Identical, Almost Innocent
Authors: Hawley Katherine 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn his 1991 book, Parts of Classes, David Lewis discusses the idea that composition is identity, alongside the idea that mereological overlap is a form of partial identity. But this notion of partial identity does nothing to help Lewis achieve his goals in that book. So why does he mention it? I explore and resolve this puzzle, by comparing Parts of Classes with Lewis's invocation of partial identity in his 1993 paper ‘Many But Almost One’, where he uses it to address Unger's problem of the many. I raise some concerns about this way of thinking of partial identity, but conclude that, for Lewis, it is an important defence against accusations of ontological profligacy.
Compatibilism, Indeterminism, and Chance
Authors: Mackie Penelope 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMany contemporary compatibilists about free will and determinism are agnostic about whether determinism is true, yet do not doubt that we have free will. They are thus committed to the thesis that free will is compatible with both determinism and indeterminism. This paper explores the prospects for this version of compatibilism, including its response to the argument (traditionally employed against incompatibilist accounts of free will) that indeterminism would introduce an element of randomness or chance or luck that is inimical to free will and moral responsibility.
Spaces of Possibility
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe care not just how things are but how they could have been otherwise – about possibility and necessity as well as actuality. Many philosophers regard such talk as beyond the reach of respectable science, since observation tells us how things are but (allegedly) not how they could have been otherwise. I argue that, on the contrary, such criticisms are ill-founded: possibility and necessity are studied in natural science, for example through phase spaces, abstract mathematical representations of the possible states of a physical system. The possibility is objective, not merely epistemic, though it may be more restricted than pure metaphysical possibility. The elements of a phase space are very similar to Kripke's possible worlds, despite being time slices rather than total histories. The absence of explicit modal operators in the mathematical models used by scientists does not show science to be non-modal; rather, it manifests reliance on a mathematical framework for theorizing about objective possibility similar to the mathematical framework of possible worlds model theory.
In Situ Analysis of Opal in Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Rapin W. , Chauviré B. , Gabriel T. S. J. , McAdam A. C. , Ehlmann B. L. , Hardgrove C. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Rondeau B. , Dehouck E. , Franz H. B. , Mangold N. , Chipera S. J. , Wiens R. C. , Frydenvang J. , Schröder S. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSilica enrichments resulting in up to ~90 wt% SiO2 have been observed by the Curiosity rover's instruments in Gale crater, Mars, within the Murray and Stimson formations. Samples acquired by the rover drill revealed a significant abundance of an X‐ray amorphous silica phase. Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) highlights an overall correlation of the hydrogen signal with silica content for these Si‐enriched targets. The increased hydration of the high‐silica rocks compared to the surrounding bedrock is also confirmed by active neutron spectroscopy. Laboratory LIBS experiments have been performed to calibrate the hydrogen signal and show that the correlation observed on Mars is consistent with a silica phase containing on average 6.3 ± 1.4 wt% water. X‐ray diffraction and LIBS measurements indicate that opal‐A, amorphous hydrated silica, is the most likely phase containing this water in the rocks. Pyrolysis experiments were also performed on drilled samples by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument to measure volatile content, but the data suggests that most of the water was released during handling prior to pyrolysis. The inferred low‐temperature release of water helps constrain the nature of the opal. Given the geological context and the spatial association with other phases such as calcium sulfates, the opal was likely formed from multiple diagenetic fluid events and possibly represents the latest significant water‐rock interaction in these sedimentary rocks.
A Southwest Pacific Perspective on Long‐Term Global Trends in Pliocene‐Pleistocene Stable Isotope Records
Authors: Patterson M. O. , McKay R. , Naish T. , Bostock H. C. , Dunbar R. , Ohneiser C. , Woodard S. C. , Wilson G. , Caballero‐Gill R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractContinuous stable isotope records from marine sediment cores spanning the Pliocene have been used to assess the oceans' response to major perturbations in the climate system as the oceans play an integral role in regulating the global distribution of heat and gases. The Early to mid‐Pliocene has previously been characterized as a time of relative warmth followed by Late Pliocene Southern Hemisphere cooling and bipolar glaciation at ~2.7 Ma. Previous studies have predominantly focused on the Atlantic and Equatorial Pacific Oceans. In this study, we extended the deep water benthic foraminifera stable isotope record from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1123 in the southwest Pacific, back to the warm Early Pliocene. This is a high‐latitude site at the gateway where the abyssal waters enter the Pacific Ocean and provides information about the connection between the Southern Ocean and the Pacific. We identify a dichotomy between the deep southwest Pacific and South Atlantic δ13C records spanning the mid‐Pliocene and suggest that this is most likely the result of variations in the relative contributions of Northern versus Southern Hemisphere deep waters to the different basins. At 3.6 Ma, δ13C values start to decrease; this is interpreted to represent alteration in preformed values as a result of increased remineralization of carbon caused by a reduction in deep ocean ventilation in the Southern Ocean. This is likely the consequence of a greater extent and seasonal duration of sea ice in the Southern Ocean from Antarctic Ice Sheet expansion and cooling.
Spatial Correlation of Contact Angle and Curvature in Pore‐Space Images
Authors: AlRatrout Ahmed , Blunt Martin J. , Bijeljic Branko 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe study the in situ distributions of contact angle and oil/brine interface curvature measured within millimeter‐sized rock samples from a producing hydrocarbon carbonate reservoir imaged after waterflooding using X‐ray microtomography. We analyze their spatial correlation combining automated methods for measuring contact angles and interfacial curvature (AlRatrout et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.07.018), with a recently developed method for pore‐network extraction (Raeini et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.96.013312). The automated methods allow us to study image volumes of diameter approximately 1.9 mm and 1.2 mm long, obtaining hundreds of thousands of values from a data set with 435 million voxels. We calculate the capillary pressure based on the mode oil/brine interface curvature value and associate this value with a nearby throat in the pore space. We demonstrate the capability of our methods to distinguish different wettability states in the samples studied: water‐wet, weakly oil‐wet, and mixed‐wet. The contact angle and oil/brine interface curvature are spatially correlated over approximately the scale of an average pore. There is a wide distribution of contact angles within a single pore. A range of local oil/brine interface curvature is found with both positive and negative values. There is a correlation between interfacial curvature and contact angle in trapped ganglia, with ganglia in water‐wet patches tending to have a positive curvature and oil‐wet regions seeing negative curvature. We observed a weak correlation between average contact angle and pore size, with the larger pores tending to be more oil‐wet.
LncRNA KCNQ1OT1 regulates proliferation and cisplatin resistance in tongue cancer via miR-211-5p mediated Ezrin/Fak/Src signaling
Authors: Zhang Shanyi , Ma Hanyu , Zhang Daming , Xie Shule , Wang Weiwei , Li Qunxing , Lin Zhaoyu , Wang Youyuan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNumerous findings have demonstrated that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) dysregulation plays a key role in many human neoplasms, including tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), yet the potential mechanisms of lncRNAs in chemo-resistance remain elusive. Our research showed that the lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 was upregulated in chemo-insensitive TSCC tissues compared with chemo-sensitive TSCC specimens. Meanwhile, high KCNQ1OT1 expression was closely correlated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, KCNQ1OT1 promoted TSCC proliferation and conferred TSCC resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Using online database analysis, we predicted that the lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 facilitates tumor growth and chemo-resistance by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to modulate the expression of miR-211-5p. And miR-211-5p upregulation significantly impaired TSCC proliferation and resumed TSCC chemo-sensitivity, which is contrary to the function of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1. Luciferase experiments confirmed that miR-211-5p harbor binding sites for the 3′-UTRof Ezrin mRNA, and Ezrin/Fak/Src signaling was activated in cisplatin-resistant TSCC cells. Finally, miR-211-5p inhibition in sh-KCNQ1OT1-expressing TSCC cells rescued the suppressed cell proliferation and cisplatin resistance induced by KCNQ1OT1 knockdown. In summary, our study has elucidated the role of the oncogenic lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 in TSCC growth and chemo-resistance, which may serve as a new target for TSCC therapy.
A Plasmodium berghei sporozoite-based vaccination platform against human malaria
Authors: Mendes António M. , Machado Marta , Gonçalves-Rosa Nataniel , Reuling Isaie J. , Foquet Lander , Marques Cláudia , Salman Ahmed M. , Yang Annie S. P. , Moser Kara A. , Dwivedi Ankit , Hermsen Cornelus C. , Jiménez-Díaz Belén , Viera Sara , Santos Jorge M. , Albuquerque Inês , Bhatia Sangeeta N. , Bial John , Angulo-Barturen Iñigo , Silva Joana C. , Leroux-Roels Geert , Janse Chris J. , Khan Shahid M. , Mota Maria M. , Sauerwein Robert W. , Prudêncio Miguel 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThere is a pressing need for safe and highly effectivePlasmodium falciparum(Pf) malaria vaccines. The circumsporozoite protein (CS), expressed on sporozoites and during early hepatic stages, is a leading target vaccine candidate, but clinical efficacy has been modest so far. Conversely, whole-sporozoite (WSp) vaccines have consistently shown high levels of sterilizing immunity and constitute a promising approach to effective immunization against malaria. Here, we describe a novel WSp malaria vaccine that employs transgenic sporozoites of rodentP. berghei(Pb) parasites as cross-species immunizing agents and as platforms for expression and delivery ofPfCS (PbVac). We show that both wild-typePbandPbVac sporozoites unabatedly infect and develop in human hepatocytes while unable to establish an infection in human red blood cells. In a rabbit model, similarly susceptible toPbhepatic but not blood infection, we show thatPbVac elicits cross-species cellular immune responses, as well asPfCS-specific antibodies that efficiently inhibitPfsporozoite liver invasion in human hepatocytes and in mice with humanized livers. Thus,PbVac is safe and induces functional immune responses in preclinical studies, warranting clinical testing and development.
Role of the Renin Angiotensin System in Blood Pressure Allostasis-induced by Severe Food Restriction in Female Fischer rats
Authors: de Souza Aline Maria Arlindo , West Crystal A. , de Abreu Aline Rezende Ribeiro , Pai Amrita V. , Mesquita Laura Batista Tavares , Ji Hong , Chianca Deoclécio , de Menezes Rodrigo Cunha Alvim , Sandberg Kathryn 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSevere food restriction (FR) is associated with blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular dysfunction. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulates BP and its dysregulation contributes to impaired cardiovascular function. Female Fischer rats were maintained on a control (CT) or severe FR (40% of CT) diet for 14 days. In response to severe FR, BP allostasis was achieved by up-regulating circulating Ang-[1–8] by 1.3-fold through increased angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity and by increasing the expression of AT1Rs 1.7-fold in mesenteric vessels. Activation of the RAS countered the depressor effect of the severe plasma volume reduction (≥30%). The RAS, however, still underperformed as evidenced by reduced pressor responses to Ang-[1–8] even though AT1Rs were still responsive to the depressor effects of an AT1R antagonist. The aldosterone (ALDO) response was also inadequate as no changes in plasma ALDO were observed after the large fall in plasma volume. These findings have implications for individuals who have experienced a period(s) of severe FR (e.g., anorexia nervosa, dieters, natural disasters) and suggests increased activity of the RAS in order to achieve allostasis contributes to the cardiovascular dysfunction associated with inadequate food intake.
Propagule size and structure, life history, and environmental conditions affect establishment success of an invasive species
Authors: Tabak Michael A. , Webb Colleen T. , Miller Ryan S. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPopulation dynamics of species that are recently introduced into a new area, e.g., invasive species and species of conservation concern that are translocated to support global populations, are likely to be dominated by short-term, transient effects. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa, or wild boar) are pulsed-resource consumers of mast nuts that are commonly introduced into new areas. We used vital rate data (i.e., survival and fecundity) for wild pigs in Germany under varying forage conditions to simulate transient population dynamics in the 10-years following introduction into a new environment. In a low forage environment (i.e., conditions similar to their native range), simulated wild pig populations maintained a stable population size with low probability of establishment, while in environments with better quality forage (i.e., conditions similar to parts of their invasive range), high juvenile fecundity and survival facilitated rapid population growth and establishment probability was high. We identified a strategy for simulating population dynamics of species whose reproduction and survival depend on environmental conditions that fluctuate and for predicting establishment success of species introduced into a new environment. Our approach can also be useful in projecting near-term transient population dynamics for many conservation and management applications.
A tRNS investigation of the sensory representation of time
Authors: Mioni G. , Grondin S. , Mapelli D. , Stablum F. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe understanding of the mechanisms underlying the representation of temporal intervals in the range of milliseconds/seconds remains a complex issue. Different brain areas have been identified as critical in temporal processing. The activation of specific areas is depending on temporal range involved in the tasks and on the modalities used for marking time. Here, for the first time, transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) was applied over the right posterior parietal (P4) and right frontal (F4) cortex to investigate their role in intra- and intermodal temporal processing involving brief temporal intervals (<1 sec). Eighty University students performed a time bisection task involving standard durations lasting 300 ms (short) and 900 ms (long). Each empty interval to be judged was marked by two successive brief visual (V) or auditory (A) signals defining four conditions: VV, VA, AV or AA. Participants were assigned to one of these four conditions. Half of the participants received tRNS over P4 and half over F4. No effect of stimulation was observed on temporal variability (Weber ratio). However, participants that were stimulated over P4 overestimated temporal intervals in the random condition compared to the sham condition. In addition to showing an effect of tRNS on perceived duration rather than on temporal variability, the results of the present study confirm that the right posterior parietal cortex is involved in the processing of time intervals and extend this finding to several sensory modality conditions.
Physiological costs of infection: herpesvirus replication is linked to blood oxidative stress in equids
Authors: Costantini David , Seeber Peter A. , Soilemetzidou Sanatana-Eirini , Azab Walid , Bohner Julia , Buuveibaatar Bayarbaatar , Czirják Gábor Á. , East Marion L. , Greunz Eva Maria , Kaczensky Petra , Lamglait Benjamin , Melzheimer Jörg , Uiseb Kenneth , Ortega Alix , Osterrieder Nikolaus , Sandgreen Ditte-Mari , Simon Marie , Walzer Chris , Greenwood Alex D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractViruses may have a dramatic impact on the health of their animal hosts. The patho-physiological mechanisms underlying viral infections in animals are, however, not well understood. It is increasingly recognized that oxidative stress may be a major physiological cost of viral infections. Here we compare three blood-based markers of oxidative status in herpes positive and negative individuals of the domestic horse (Equus ferus caballus) and of both captive and free-ranging Mongolian khulan (Equus hemionus hemionus) and plains zebra (Equus quagga). Herpes positive free-ranging animals had significantly more protein oxidative damage and lower glutathione peroxidase (antioxidant enzyme) than negative ones, providing correlative support for a link between oxidative stress and herpesvirus infection in free-living equids. Conversely, we found weak evidence for oxidative stress in herpes positive captive animals. Hence our work indicates that environment (captive versus free living) might affect the physiological response of equids to herpesvirus infection. The Mongolian khulan and the plains zebra are currently classified as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Thus, understanding health impacts of pathogens on these species is critical to maintaining viable captive and wild populations.
Structural analysis of influenza vaccine virus-like particles reveals a multicomponent organization
Authors: McCraw Dustin M. , Gallagher John R. , Torian Udana , Myers Mallory L. , Conlon Michael T. , Gulati Neetu M. , Harris Audray K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractInfluenza virus continues to be a major health problem due to the continually changing immunodominant head regions of the major surface glycoprotein, hemagglutinin (HA). However, some emerging vaccine platforms designed by biotechnology efforts, such as recombinant influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) have been shown to elicit protective antibodies to antigenically different influenza viruses. Here, using biochemical analyses and cryo-electron microscopy methods coupled to image analysis, we report the composition and 3D structural organization of influenza VLPs of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus. HA molecules were uniformly distributed on the VLP surfaces and the conformation of HA was in a prefusion state. Moreover, HA could be bound by antibody targeting conserved epitopes in the stem region of HA. Taken together, our analysis suggests structural parameters that may be important for VLP biotechnology such as a multi-component organization with (i) an outer component consisting of prefusion HA spikes on the surfaces, (ii) a VLP membrane with HA distribution permitting stem epitope display, and (iii) internal structural components.
Live imaging analysis of the growth plate in a murine long bone explanted culture system
Authors: Hirota Keisho , Yasoda Akihiro , Kanai Yugo , Ueda Yohei , Yamauchi Ichiro , Yamashita Takafumi , Sakane Yoriko , Fujii Toshihito , Inagaki Nobuya 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSkeletal growth in mammals, which owes the growth of an individual, occurs at the growth plate and to observe and analyze its dynamic growth is of high interest. Here we performed live imaging analysis of the growth plate of a fetal murine long bone organ culture using two-photon excitation microscopy. We could observe a dynamic growth of the growth plate of explanted fetal murine ulna, as well as the resultant linear elongation of the explants. As for the factors contributing to the elongation of the growth plate, the displacement length of each chondrocyte was larger in the prehypertrophic or hypertrophic zone than in the proliferative zone. The segmented area and its extracellular component were increased in both the proliferative and prehypertrophic-hypertrophic zones, whereas an increase in cellular components was only seen in the prehypertrophic-hypertrophic zone. C-type natriuretic peptide, a known positive stimulator of endochondral bone growth mainly targeting prehypertrophic-hypertrophic zone, augmented all of the factors affecting growth plate elongation, whereas it had little effect on the proliferation of chondrocytes. Collectively, the axial trajectory of each chondrocyte mainly owes cellular or extracellular expansion especially in prehypertrophic-hypertrophic zone and results in growth plate elongation, which might finally result in endochondral bone elongation.
Transoral Spine Surgery – an Update
Authors: Castein Jens , Hoffmann Christoph-Heinrich , Kandziora Frank 
Published: July 2018

AbstractEven though in recent years the number of transoral spinal interventions has decreased in Europe and North America – mainly because of the progress in the drug therapy of rheumatism, there are still pathologies that can only be addressed by a transoral approach. The classical transoral approach can be expanded in collaboration with oral-maxillofacial surgery and ear, nose and throat surgery, but this is rarely necessary. The transoral approach is now mainly used for resection of pathological tissue. Additional stabilisation is often necessary and is performed in Europe and North America via a posterior approach, due to the lack of availability of anterior plate systems. Anterior plate systems are still used in India and China. In these countries, the numbers of transoral operations are generally still increasing. Today the indications for transoral spinal surgery consist mainly of infections and tumours, and more rarely of trauma and congenital malformations of the craniocervical junction. The numbers of surgical interventions for these indications has remained constant in recent years. The most recent advancement is the use of endoscopes and transnasal access. With these techniques, additional alternatives and supplements are available for further reducing the morbidity of transoral surgery. Despite the low number of cases, surgical therapy of the corresponding pathologies can be offered to patients with a calculable risk.