bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation and performance of adaptive mesh refinement in the Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM v4.14)
Authors: dos Santos Thiago Dias , Morlighem Mathieu , Seroussi Hélène , Devloo Philippe Remy Bernard , Simões Jefferson Cardia 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Accurate projections of the evolution of ice sheets in a changing climate
require a fine mesh/grid resolution in ice sheet models to correctly capture
fundamental physical processes, such as the evolution of the grounding line,
the region where grounded ice starts to float. The evolution of the grounding
line indeed plays a major role in ice sheet dynamics, as it is a fundamental
control on marine ice sheet stability. Numerical modeling of a grounding line
requires significant computational resources since the accuracy of its
position depends on grid or mesh resolution. A technique that improves
accuracy with reduced computational cost is the adaptive mesh refinement
(AMR) approach. We present here the implementation of the AMR technique in
the finite element Ice Sheet System Model (ISSM) to simulate grounding line
dynamics under two different benchmarks: MISMIP3d and MISMIP+. We test
different refinement criteria: (a) distance around the grounding line, (b) a
posteriori error estimator, the Zienkiewicz–Zhu (ZZ) error estimator, and
(c) different combinations of (a) and (b). In both benchmarks, the ZZ error
estimator presents high values around the grounding line. In the MISMIP+ setup,
this estimator also presents high values in the grounded
part of the ice sheet, following the complex shape of the bedrock geometry.
The ZZ estimator helps guide the refinement procedure such that AMR
performance is improved. Our results show that computational time with AMR
depends on the required accuracy, but in all cases, it is significantly
shorter than for uniformly refined meshes. We conclude that AMR without an
associated error estimator should be avoided, especially for real glaciers
that have a complex bed geometry.
Atmospheric conditions of extreme precipitation events in western Turkey for the period 2006–2015
Authors: Akkoyunlu Bulent Oktay , Baltaci Hakki , Tayanc Mete 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. This paper investigates the precipitation types and background physical
mechanisms of extreme precipitation events (EPEs) over western Turkey during
the period 2006–2015. The EPEs are described as the precipitation values
above the 90th percentile obtained from the hourly precipitation dataset, which has high spatial resolution. Precipitation types associated with EPEs are
identified by using radar outputs and the Lamb weather type (LWT) approach. It is
found that EPEs occurred more frequently in the Marmara and Aegean regions
during autumn and winter months. In Marmara, mainly 21 %, 17 %, and 15 %
of total autumn EPEs show convective, cyclonic, and sea-effect precipitation characteristics, respectively. While convective EPEs are seen more commonly in
the southern portions, cyclonic and sea-effect-originated EPEs mainly affect
the southwest and northeastern parts of Marmara. Among these three
precipitation types, convective mechanisms generally produce more intense
daily precipitation (66.1 mm on average) in the Marmara Region under the
proper synoptic conditions (high-pressure center over the Balkan Peninsula and
low-pressure center over the eastern Mediterranean). Based on the hourly
observations, convective types of extreme precipitation (EP) show two peak
values during afternoon and evening times of the day and are linked to
diurnal heating. In terms of the Aegean Region, cyclone-originated EP, which
includes 65 % of the total winter EPEs, is more common in the whole
territory and reaches its peak value during the early hours of the day.
Armed On-board Protection of Italian Ships: From an Apparent Hybrid Model to a Regulated Rise of Private Contractors
Authors: Bevilacqua Giorgia 
Published: January 2019

Armed On-board Protection of Italian Ships: From an Apparent Hybrid Model to a Regulated Rise of Private Contractors
The sharp increase of piracy attacks in the last two decades was followed by a parallel increase of demand in the maritime security sector. A plenty of flag States around the world have started to authorize the deployment of armed security guards, either military or private, aboard commercial ships. In 2011, Italy also introduced the possibility of embarking armed security services to protect Italian flagged ships sailing in dangerous international waters. Like the other flag States’ legal systems, the newly adopted Italian legislation aims to preserve the domestic shipping industry which was particularly disrupted by modern-day pirates. On the other hand, the doubling of approaches of the Italian legal and regulatory framework, initially privileging military personnel and then opting for the private solution, took the author to investigate the main relevant features of the Italian model of regulation and to analyze the recent developments of the domestic legal practice on counterpiracy armed security services, focusing on the role that customary and treaty obligations of international law played for the realization at national level of on-board armed protection of Italian ships. The use of lethal force at sea and the relationship between the shipmaster and the security guards will receive specific attention in this article.
Radiografía Económico-Financiera de las pequeñas empresas familiares españolas
Authors: Terrón Ibáñez Sara , Gómez-Miranda María Elena , Miras Rodríguez María del Mar , Rodríguez Ariza Lázaro 
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study is to determine whether there are statistically significant differences between small Spanish companies according to their family or non-family nature, in terms of their main economic and financial indicators. The study data analysed correspond to the years 2003, 2007 and 2013, which enabled us to examine whether the characteristics observed and any differences between these companies persisted during a period featuring three different economic scenarios. The study sample was composed of 21,192 small family firms and 4,449 small non-family firms.
The results obtained show that, regardless of the national economic situation, there were statistically significant differences between the two types of companies for certain economic and financial indicators. We conclude that the family nature of a company has a negative impact on productivity, the number of employees and levels of investment and turnover. Moreover, family firms face higher costs of external financing than do non-family businesses.
En el presente trabajo se analiza, en primer lugar, si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las pequeñas empresas familiares y no familiares españolas en relación a sus principales indicadores económico-financieros. Se estudian datos referidos a los años 2003, 2007 y 2013, lo que nos permite analizar si las posibles diferencias se mantienen en tres escenarios económicos distintos, para 21192 pequeñas empresas familiares y 4449 pequeñas empresas no familiares.
Las conclusiones obtenidas demuestran que, con independencia de la situación económica nacional, entre ambos tipos de empresas se han detectado diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el valor determinados indicadores económico-financieros. Concluimos que es el carácter familiar de las organizaciones el factor que afecta negativamente a la productividad de las organizaciones, al número de trabajadores, a la inversión y a la cifra de negocios. En cuanto al coste de la financiación ajena, las empresas familiares presentan valores más elevados que las empresas no familiares.
Evaluando los stakeholders de la Economía del Bien Común
Authors: Mora Rodríguez Alejandro , López Monllor Carlos , Hilliard Ivan 
Published: January 2019

La Economía del Bien Común (EBC) propone medir el éxito de una organización en función de cómo trata en sus relaciones a sus distintos stakeholders: proveedores, financiadores, trabajadores, clientes y entorno social. La importancia o peso relativo de cada stakeholder en la organización variará con el tiempo, dependiendo de las circunstancias y prácticas que se lleven a cabo en cada momento concreto. Este artículo presenta tres metodologías para cuantificar este peso relativo de cada stakeholder en la organización. Cada metodología se fundamenta en una magnitud, o una unidad de medida de la relación stakeholder-organización, diferente. Estas magnitudes, que son precios de mercado, horas de trabajo, y horas de trabajo ajustadas medioambientalmente, son las que definen lo que significa “aportar” en la relación establecida entre la organización y el stakeholder. Para el precio de mercado la aportación viene definida por el coste de la relación y se mide en dinero; para las horas de trabajo la aportación es la parte de vida dedicada, aportada a la relación, y se mide en horas; las horas de trabajo ajustadas medioambientalmente ajusta las horas de trabajo mediante un corrector medioambiental. Además, en esta publicación se presenta una novedosa forma de estudiar la importancia de cada uno de los proveedores de cada uno de los eslabones de las cadenas de aprovisionamiento de la organización.
Carbon‐Based Metal‐Free ORR Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Yang Lijun , Shui Jianglan , Du Lei , Shao Yuyan , Liu Jun , Dai Liming , Hu Zheng 
Published: January 2019

AbstractReplacing precious platinum with earth‐abundant materials for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells has been the objective worldwide for several decades. In the last 10 years, the fastest‐growing branch in this area has been carbon‐based metal‐free ORR electrocatalysts. Great progress has been made in promoting the performance and understanding the underlying fundamentals. Here, a comprehensive review of this field is presented by emphasizing the emerging issues including the predictive design and controllable construction of porous structures and doping configurations, mechanistic understanding from the model catalysts, integrated experimental and theoretical studies, and performance evaluation in full cells. Centering on these topics, the most up‐to‐date results are presented, along with remarks and perspectives for the future development of carbon‐based metal‐free ORR electrocatalysts.
Hollow Functional Materials Derived from Metal–Organic Frameworks: Synthetic Strategies, Conversion Mechanisms, and Electrochemical Applications
Authors: Cai Ze‐Xing , Wang Zhong‐Li , Kim Jeonghun , Yamauchi Yusuke 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHollow materials derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), by virtue of their controllable configuration, composition, porosity, and specific surface area, have shown fascinating physicochemical properties and widespread applications, especially in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Here, the recent advances in the controllable synthesis are discussed, mainly focusing on the conversion mechanisms from MOFs to hollow‐structured materials. The synthetic strategies of MOF‐derived hollow‐structured materials are broadly sorted into two categories: the controllable synthesis of hollow MOFs and subsequent pyrolysis into functional materials, and the controllable conversion of solid MOFs with predesigned composition and morphology into hollow structures. Based on the formation processes of hollow MOFs and the conversion processes of solid MOFs, the synthetic strategies are further conceptually grouped into six categories: template‐mediated assembly, stepped dissolution–regrowth, selective chemical etching, interfacial ion exchange, heterogeneous contraction, and self‐catalytic pyrolysis. By analyzing and discussing 14 types of reaction processes in detail, a systematic mechanism of conversion from MOFs to hollow‐structured materials is exhibited. Afterward, the applications of these hollow structures as electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries, hybrid supercapacitors, and electrocatalysis are presented. Finally, an outlook on the emergent challenges and future developments in terms of their controllable fabrications and electrochemical applications is further discussed.
Diluted Oxide Interfaces with Tunable Ground States
Authors: Gan Yulin , Christensen Dennis Valbjørn , Zhang Yu , Zhang Hongrui , Krishnan Dileep , Zhong Zhicheng , Niu Wei , Carrad Damon James , Norrman Kion , von Soosten Merlin , Jespersen Thomas Sand , Shen Baogen , Gauquelin Nicolas , Verbeeck Johan , Sun Jirong , Pryds Nini , Chen Yunzhong 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe metallic interface between two oxide insulators, such as LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO), provides new opportunities for electronics and spintronics. However, due to the presence of multiple orbital populations, tailoring the interfacial properties such as the ground state and metal‐insulator transitions remains challenging. Here, an unforeseen tunability of the phase diagram of LAO/STO is reported by alloying LAO with a ferromagnetic LaMnO3 insulator without forming lattice disorder and at the same time without changing the polarity of the system. By increasing the Mn‐doping level, x, of LaAl1−xMnxO3/STO (0 ≤ x ≤ 1), the interface undergoes a Lifshitz transition at x = 0.225 across a critical carrier density of nc = 2.8 × 1013 cm−2, where a peak TSC ≈255 mK of superconducting transition temperature is observed. Moreover, the LaAl1−xMnxO3 turns ferromagnetic at x ≥ 0.25. Remarkably, at x = 0.3, where the metallic interface is populated by only dxy electrons and just before it becomes insulating, a same device with both signatures of superconductivity and clear anomalous Hall effect (7.6 × 1012 cm−2 < ns ≤ 1.1 × 1013 cm−2) is achieved reproducibly. This provides a unique and effective way to tailor oxide interfaces for designing on‐demand electronic and spintronic devices.
Hydrophilic, Red‐Emitting, and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter for Time‐Resolved Luminescence Imaging by Mitochondrion‐Induced Aggregation in Living Cells
Authors: Ni Fan , Zhu Zece , Tong Xiao , Zeng Weixuan , An Kebin , Wei Danqing , Gong Shaolong , Zhao Qiang , Zhou Xiang , Yang Chuluo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have provided new strategies for time‐resolved luminescence imaging (TRLI); however, the development of hydrophilic TADF luminophores for specific imaging in cells remains a substantial challenge. In this study, a mitochondria‐induced aggregation strategy for TRLI is proposed with the design and utilization of the hydrophilic TADF luminophore ((10‐(1,3‐dioxo‐2‐phenyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[de]isoquinolin‐6‐yl)‐9,9‐dimethyl‐9,10‐dihydroacridin‐2‐yl)methyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (NID‐TPP). Using a nonconjugated linker to introduce a triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) group into the 6‐(9,9‐dimethylacridin‐10(9H)‐yl)‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐benzo[de]isoquinoline‐1,3(2H)‐dione (NID) TADF luminophore preserves the TADF emission of NID‐TPP. NID‐TPP shows clear aggregation‐induced delayed fluorescence enhancement behavior, which provides a practical strategy for long‐lived delayed fluorescence emission in an oxygen‐containing environment. Finally, the designed mitochondrion‐targeting TPP+ group in NID‐TPP induces the adequate accumulation of NID‐TPP and results in the first reported TADF‐based time‐resolved luminescence imaging and two‐photon imaging of mitochondria in living cells.
Refining the Primrose syndrome phenotype: A study of five patients with ZBTB20 de novo variants and a review of the literature
Authors: Cleaver Ruth , Berg Jonathan , Craft Emily , Foster Alison , Gibbons Richard J. , Hobson Emma , Lachlan Katherine , Naik Swati , Sampson Julian R. , Sharif Saba , Smithson Sarah ,   Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, Parker Michael J. , Tatton‐Brown Katrina 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPrimrose syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition caused by heterozygous missense variants within ZBTB20. Through an exome sequencing approach (as part of the Deciphering Developmental Disorders [DDD] study) we have identified five unrelated individuals with previously unreported, de novo ZBTB20 pathogenic missense variants. All five missense variants targeted the C2H2 zinc finger domains. This genotype‐up approach has allowed further refinement of the Primrose syndrome phenotype. Major characteristics (>90% individuals) include an intellectual disability (most frequently in the moderate range), a recognizable facial appearance and brain MRI abnormalities, particularly abnormalities of the corpus callosum. Other frequent clinical associations (in 50–90% individuals) include sensorineural hearing loss (83%), hypotonia (78%), cryptorchidism in males (75%), macrocephaly (72%), behavioral issues (56%), and dysplastic/hypoplastic nails (57%). Based upon these clinical data we discuss our current management of patients with Primrose syndrome.
ADHD risk genes involved in dopamine signaling and metabolism are associated with reduced estimated life expectancy at young adult follow‐up in hyperactive and control children
Authors: Barkley Russell A. , Smith Karen Müller , Fischer Mariellen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractADHD is associated with an elevated risk of mortality and reduced estimated life expectancy (ELE) by adulthood. Reduced life expectancy is substantially related to the trait of behavioral disinhibition; a correlate of both ADHD and of several dopamine genes related to dopamine signaling and metabolism. We therefore hypothesized that several ADHD risk genes related to dopamine might also be predictive of reduced ELE. Using a longitudinal study of 131 hyperactive children and 71 control cases followed to young adulthood, we examined whether several polymorphisms involving DRD4, DAT1, and DBH were related to ELE. The homozygous 9/9 allele of DAT1 and the heterozygous allele of DBH TaqI were associated with 5‐ and 2‐year reductions, respectively, in total ELE. They did not operate on ELE through any relationships to ADHD specifically or behavioral disinhibition more generally. Instead, they showed links to alcohol use (DBH), reduced education, smoking, and reduced exercise (DAT1) employed in the computation of ELE. We conclude that polymorphisms of two dopamine genes are linked to reductions in ELE independently of their association with ADHD.
Synthesis of Cobalt Sulfide Multi‐shelled Nanoboxes with Precisely Controlled Two to Five Shells for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Xiao , Chen Ye , Fang Yongjin , Zhang Jintao , Gao Shuyan , Lou Xiong Wen (David) 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe report the synthesis of cobalt sulfide multi‐shelled nanoboxes through metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based complex anion conversion and exchange processes. The polyvanadate ions react with cobalt‐based zeolitic imidazolate framework‐67 (ZIF‐67) nanocubes to form ZIF‐67/cobalt polyvanadate yolk‐shelled particles. The as‐formed yolk‐shelled particles are gradually converted into cobalt divanadate multi‐shelled nanoboxes by solvothermal treatment. The number of shells can be easily controlled from 2 to 5 by varying the temperature. Finally, cobalt sulfide multi‐shelled nanoboxes are produced through ion‐exchange with S2− ions and subsequent annealing. The as‐obtained cobalt sulfide multi‐shelled nanoboxes exhibit enhanced sodium‐storage properties when evaluated as anodes for sodium‐ion batteries. For example, a high specific capacity of 438 mAh g−1 can be retained after 100 cycles at the current density of 500 mA g−1.
Ethanol‐Precipitable, Silica‐Passivated Perovskite Nanocrystals Incorporated into Polystyrene Microspheres for Long‐Term Storage and Reusage
Authors: Liang Xiao , Chen Mei , Wang Qian , Guo Shaojun , Yang Huai 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPerovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) are emerging luminescent materials due to their fascinating physic‐optical properties. However, their sensitive surface chemistry with organic polar solvents, oxygen, and moisture greatly hinders their developments towards practical applications. Herein we promote silica‐passivated PNCs (SP‐PNCs) by in situ hydrolyzing the surface ligands of (3‐aminopropyl) triethoxysilane. The resultant SP‐PNCs possesses a high quantum yield (QY) of 80 % and are precipitable by polar solvents, such as ethanol and acetone, without destroying their surface chemistry or losing QY, which offers an eco‐friendly and efficient method for separation, purification, and phase transfer of PNCs. Moreover, we further promoted a swelling–deswelling encapsulation process to incorporate the as‐made SP‐PNCs into non‐crosslinked polystyrene microspheres (PMs), which can largely increase the stability of the SP‐PNCs against moisture for long‐term storage.
Sensitive spectrofluorometric method for the determination of ascorbic acid in pharmaceutical nutritional supplements using acriflavine as a fluorescence reagent
Authors: Abd Ali Layth I. , Qader Aryan F. , Salih Musher I. , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAn easily performed, specific, sensitive, rapid, reliable and inexpensive procedure for the spectrofluorometric quantitation of ascorbic acid was proposed using acriflavine as a fluorescence quenching reagent. The procedure was based on the determined quenching effect of ascorbic acid on the natural fluorescence signal of acriflavine and the reaction between ascorbic acid and acriflavine in Britton–Robinson buffer solution (pH 6) to produce an ion‐associated complex. The reduction in acriflavine fluorescence intensity was detected at 505 nm, while excitation occurred at 265 nm. The relationship between quenching fluorescence intensity (∆F) and concentration of ascorbic acid was linear (R2 = 0.9967) within the range 2–10 μg/ml and with a detection limit of 0.08 μg/ml. No significant interference was detected from other materials often found in pharmaceutical nutritional tablets. The obtained results were compared with those from high‐performance liquid chromatography and appeared in good agreement, with no important differences in precision or accuracy. The proposed spectrofluorimetric method was used to determine the amount of ascorbic acid in a number of commercial pharmaceutical nutritional supplement tablets with a 95% confidence performance.
Utility of the fluorogenic characters of benzofurazan for analysis of tigecycline using spectrometric technique; application to pharmacokinetic study, urine and pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Salman Baher I. , Ali Marwa F.B. , Marzouq Mostafa A. , Hussein Samiha A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTigecycline (TIGE) is the newest tetracycline derivative antibiotic with low toxicity, it is used for management of infectious diseases caused by Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Hence, an efficient, selective and sensitive method was developed for analysis of TIGE in commercial formulations, human plasma and urine. The spectrofluorimetric technique based on the reaction of secondary amine moiety in TIGE with 4‐chloro‐7‐nitrobenzofurazan (NBD‐Cl) in slightly alkaline medium producing a highly fluorescent product measured at 540 nm (λex at 470 nm) after heating for 15 min at 75°C. The proposed strategy was upgraded and approved by ICH rules and bio‐analytical validated using US‐FDA recommendations. A linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and TIGE concentration was observed over the concentration range 40–500 ng mL−1 with limit of quantification (LOQ) 21.09 ng mL−1 and limit of detection (LOD) 6.96 ng mL−1.The ultra‐affectability and high selectivity of the proposed strategy permits analysis of TIGE in dosage form, human plasma and urine samples with good recovery ranged from 97.23% to 98.72% and from 99.36% to 99.80% respectively, without any interfering from matrix components. Also, the developed strategy was used to examine the stability of TIGE in human plasma and applied for pharmacokinetic investigation of TIGE.