bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction and Characterization of Thermosensitive Hydrogel Loaded with Donepezil Nanosuspension and its Application for Transnasal Delivery
Authors: Wang Linlin , Lu Yanan , Li Haihong , Lin Jie , Li Guixia , Sun Yiying , Cui Nan , Zhu Qiang , Wang Aiping 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDonepezil (DPZ) is a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD), while with disadvantages such as gastrointestinal side effects after oral administration and poor adherence in the elderly. The purpose of this study was to develop a thermosensitive hydrogels loaded with donepezil nanosuspension (DPZ‐NS‐gel) for transnasal administration to improve brain targeting and reduce peripheral toxicity. The results of powder X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter showed that the crystal type of DPZ changed from form II to form C during the grinding process. DPZ‐NS‐gel was obtained by mixing DPZ‐NS into the blank thermosensitive hydrogel constructed with poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188. DPZ‐NS‐gel was in sol state at 25 °C and formed gel at 33 °C. Compared with DPZ‐NS, the in vitro release of DPZ‐NS‐gel showed the sustained release profile. In vivo studies indicated that DPZ‐NS‐gel by nasal administration may increase the amount of drug entering into the brain. The in vivo safety evaluation showed no severe inflammatory response and pathological change when DPZ‐NS‐gel was administered by nasal administration. This study provided a promising strategy for clinical application in improving the bioavailability of DPZ in the brain, avoiding oral‐induced gastrointestinal side effects and improving medication adherence in the elderly.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Ions on BSA‐Binding Properties of Novel Quinoxaline Bridged Bis(Benzimidazolium) Salts
Authors: Hanifi Şahan Mehmet , Düşünceli Serpil Demir , Kaloğlu Murat , Özdemir İsmail , Üstün Elvan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMagnesium and calcium play crucial roles in many physiological processes and have been carried by serum albumin in blood plasma. This protein also helps to regulate the distribution of these ions in cells and tissues. Serum albumin also carries many compounds such as drugs, hormones, and fatty acids. Therefore, binding regime of a drug with albumin may affect the serum albumin level and a certain amount of calcium and magnesium in plasma. Also, the calcium and magnesium concentrations of blood influence the binding properties of all transported materials. Quinoxalines have a significant potential in pharmaceutical chemistry. In this study, we reported the synthesis and characterization of novel quinoxaline bridged bis(benzimidazolium) salts with trifluoromethyl substituents. New compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and IR spectroscopy. The interactions of quinoxaline bridged bis(benzimidazolium) salts with BSA were investigated. The changes of the interactions with the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were also studied. The binding constants in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ are approximately 104 level. Additionally, the interactions between the optimized molecules and BSA were detailed with molecular docking methods. The highest interaction was detected for 2c with −8.33 kcal/mol binding affinity. The binding affinities of other molecules are listed as 2a > 2e > 2d > 2b. H‐bonds were detected for all molecules.
Design, Synthesis, and Screening for Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities of New Dihydropyridine‐Anchored Pyrazole and 1,2,3‐Triazole Hybrids
Authors: Chevula Kishan , Patnam Nagesh , Chennamsetti Prasad , Kashetti Vaeshnavi , Thumma Vishnu , Bollempally Prashanth , Manga Vijjulatha 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTwo new libraries of diethyl and dimethyl dihydropyridines‐based pyrazole and 1,2,3‐triazole hybrids (7a–g and 7h–n) were synthesized via a series of reactions involving click chemistry, pyrazole synthesis, and multicomponent reaction. All the new compounds were screened for their in vitro anticancer activity and antimicrobial activities. The 4‐chloro substituted analogue (7i) in dimethyl ester series showed an excellent activity against all three, namely, human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF‐7), human cervical cancer (HeLa), and human breast cancer triple‐positive (BT‐474) cell lines with IC50 values of 0.119 ± 0.58 µM, 0.135 ± 0.13 µM, and 0.163 ± 0.31 µM, respectively compared to abemaciclib. Molecular docking studies performed on the best active compound 7i against crystal structure of CDK6 revealed its best binding score and interactions. Additionally, these libraries were screened for their antimicrobial activities and determined their MIC. Compounds with ─Cl (7b), ─OMe (7d), ─Me (7a) substitution, and without substitution (7e) significantly showed better MIC values in comparison to ampicillin and nystatin.
Hydroxyapatite/Chondroitin Sulphate Nanocomposite Infused with Black Seed Oil for Bone Tissue Applications: Physicochemical Characterizations and In Vitro Screening
Authors: Fatima Tooba , Jolly Reshma , Mushahid Fariha , Khan Nazoora , Umar Mohd Saad , Owais Mohammad , Shakir Mohammad 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMorbidities associated with natural bone have highlighted the need of advanced bioactive implants for the replacement of damaged bone. Known for their beneficial bioactivity and biocompatibility, Nigella sativa seeds (kalonji/black seed) are traditionally used in many medications. This research focuses on the positive impact of black seed extract on the chondroitin sulfate‐based hydroxyapatite nanocomposite for bone tissue regeneration applications. Novel nanocomposites with varied concentrations of black seed extract (0, 1, 2, and 3 wt%) were fabricated through a coprecipitation approach and analyzed for physicochemical and biological applications. The results of X‐ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy revealed that the HCSK3 nanocomposite was successfully developed with appreciably strong molecular interactions among their components. HCSK3 nanocomposite exhibits higher rough surface morphology (Ra −1.13 µm and Rz −4.8 µm), uniform particle distribution (average particle size −9.9 nm), and good thermal stability with total weight loss of 13%. It also provides better nucleation sites for apatite formation and protein adsorption stimulating cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Moreover, HCSK3 nanocomposite showed excellent cell viability, higher ARS/ALP activities, better antibacterial property, and nonhemolytic property (below 3%). Thus, it can be concluded that HCSK3 nanocomposite manifested the highest biocompatibility and negligible cell toxicity. Therefore, it can be employed as an ideal bone implant in the bone tissue restoration phenomenon.
Water‐Driven Stacking Structure Transformation of Ultrathin Ru Nanosheets for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Ma Hengrui , Hao Cong , Peng Yuhang , Zhang Zhiming , Liu Qi , Ning Ruoxin , Jiang Qiaorong , Lin Haixin , Xie Zhaoxiong 
Published: November 2024

AbstractUltrathin crystalline materials are a class of popular materials that can potentially exhibit fascinating physical and chemical properties dictated by their unique stacking freedom. However, it is challenging to achieve the controllable synthesis over their stacking structure for ultrathin crystalline materials. Herein, water is employed as a key regulatory factor to realize phase engineering in ultrathin nanosheets (NSs), thereby altering stacking faults to achieve distinct stacking arrangements. Ruthenium (Ru) NSs with consistent specific surface areas but different stacking manners are fabricated through the systematic regulation of water. Based on this, it is demonstrated that the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance can be significantly influenced by their stacking structures. Further in‐depth investigations reveal that the distinct stacking structures of Ru NSs, featuring a limited area of side facets, will influence the energy barrier of sluggish Volmer step in HER. Ru NSs with ABC stacking exhibit an accelerated Volmer process with outstanding catalytic activity, demonstrating a remarkably low overpotential (25 mV at 10 mA cm−2) and Tafel slope (29 mV dec−1) than most of the reported HER catalysts. The work will advance the understanding of controllable synthesis methods and illuminate the structure‐activity relationships in ultrathin crystalline nanomaterials.
Phase Transition of Wax Enabling CRISPR Diagnostics for Automatic At‐Home Testing of Multiple Sexually Transmitted Infection Pathogens
Authors: Zhou Hu , Cai Yixuan , He Liang , Li Tao , Wang Zhijie , Li Li , Hu Ting , Li Xi , Zhuang Liang , Huang Xiaoyuan , Li Ying 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSexually transmitted infections (STIs) significantly impact women's reproductive health. Rapid, sensitive, and affordable detection of these pathogens is essential, especially for home‐based self‐testing, which is crucial for individuals who prioritize privacy or live in areas with limited access to healthcare services. Herein, an automated diagnostic system called Wax‐CRISPR has been designed specifically for at‐home testing of multiple STIs. This system employs a unique strategy by using the solid‐to‐liquid phase transition of wax to sequentially isolate and mix recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and CRISPR assays in a microfluidic chip. By incorporating a home‐built controlling system, Wax‐CRISPR achieves true one‐pot multiplexed detection. The system can simultaneously detect six common critical gynecological pathogens (CT, MG, UU, NG, HPV 16, and HPV 18) within 30 min, with a detection limit reaching 10−18 M. Clinical evaluation demonstrates that the system achieves a sensitivity of 96.8% and a specificity of 97.3% across 100 clinical samples. Importantly, eight randomly recruited untrained operators performe a double‐blinded test and successfully identified the STI targets in 33 clinical samples. This wax‐transition‐based one‐pot CRISPR assay offers advantages such as low‐cost, high‐stability, and user‐friendliness, making it a useful platform for at‐home or field‐based testing of multiple pathogen infections.
Ultralow‐Power Programmable 3D Vertical Phase‐Change Memory with Heater‐All‐Around Configuration
Authors: Hur Namwook , Kim Yechan , Park Beomsung , Yoon Sohui , Kim Seunghwan , Lim Dong‐Hyeok , Jeong Hongsik , Kwon Yoongwoo , Suh Joonki 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRecent advancements in phase‐change memory (PCM) technology have predominantly stemmed from material‐level designs, which have led to fast and durable device performances. However, there remains a pressing need to address the enormous energy consumption through device‐level electrothermal solutions. Thus, the concept of a 3D heater‐all‐around (HAA) PCM fabricated along the vertical nanoscale hole of dielectric/metal/dielectric stacks is proposed. The embedded thin metallic heater completely encircles the phase‐change material, so it promotes highly localized Joule heating with minimal loss. Hence, a low RESET current density of 6–8 MA cm−2 and operation energy of 150–200 pJ are achieved even for a sizable hole diameter of 300 nm. Beyond the conventional 2D scaling of the bottom electrode contact, it accordingly enhances ≈80% of operational energy efficiency compared to planar PCM with an identical contact area. In addition, reliable memory operations of ≈105 cycles and the 3‐bits‐per‐cell multilevel storage despite ultrathin (<10 nm) sidewall deposition of Ge2Sb2Te5 are optimized. The proposed 3D‐scaled HAA‐PCM architecture holds promise as a universally applicable backbone for emerging phase‐change chalcogenides toward high‐density, ultralow‐power computing units.
Systematic analysis of search strategies for Lμ − Lτ gauge bosons at Belle II
Authors: Brown Connor , Fiaschi Juri , Fischer Oliver , Teubner Thomas 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Extensions of the Standard Model with masses at or below the GeV scale are motivated by searches for dark matter and precision measurements in the quark and lepton flavour sectors, including that of the muon anomalous magnetic moment. An excellent experimental environment to test such light new physics is given by the Belle II experiment, which foresees to take up to 50 ab−1 of data. Here we consider a model with an additional gauged $$ \textrm{U}{(1)}_{L_{\mu }-{L}_{\tau }} $$
U

1

L
μ

−

L
τ

symmetry that introduces a neutral gauge boson, a Dark Photon, with possibly large couplings to muon- and tau-flavored leptons, including neutrinos. Dark Photon mixing with the Standard Model photon is loop induced, allowing it to couple to electrically charged fermions other than muons and taus. We systematically investigate the possible search strategies for Dark Photons with four fermion final states. We identified search channels with muons as the most promising ones, and we analyse the kinematic distributions to obtain cuts that optimise the sensitivity of Belle II searches for the Dark Photon. Summarising the sensitivities from the most promising search channels we provide a comprehensive overview of future searches at Belle II.
The open effective field theory of inflation
Authors: Salcedo Santiago Agüí , Colas Thomas , Pajer Enrico 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In our quest to understand the generation of cosmological perturbations, we face two serious obstacles: we do not have direct information about the environment experienced by primordial perturbations during inflation, and our observables are practically limited to correlators of massless fields, heavier fields and derivatives decaying exponentially in the number of e-foldings. The flexible and general framework of open systems has been developed precisely to face similar challenges. Building on previous work, we develop a Schwinger-Keldysh path integral description for an open effective field theory of inflation, describing the possibly dissipative and non-unitary evolution of the Goldstone boson of time translations interacting with an unspecified environment, under the key assumption of locality in space and time. Working in the decoupling limit, we study the linear and interacting theory in de Sitter and derive predictions for the power spectrum and bispectrum that depend on a finite number of effective couplings organised in a derivative expansion. The smoking gun of interactions with the environment is an enhanced but finite bispectrum close to the folded kinematical limit. We demonstrate the generality of our approach by matching our open effective theory to an explicit model. Our construction provides a standard model to simultaneously study phenomenological predictions as well as quantum information aspects of the inflationary dynamics.
Q-operators are ’t Hooft lines
Authors: Costello Kevin , Gaiotto Davide , Yagi Junya 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We study ’t Hooft lines in four-dimensional holomorphic-topological Chern-Simons theory. We relate them to Q-operators in the theory of integrable systems. We give a physical interpretation of the fundamental TQ and QQ relations satisfied by Q-operators and conventional transfer matrices.
Ground State Energy of Dense Gases of Strongly Interacting Fermions
Authors: Fournais Søren , Ruba Błażej , Solovej Jan Philip 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe study the ground state energy of a gas of N fermions confined to a unit box in d dimensions. The particles interact through a two-body potential with strength scaled in an N-dependent way as $$N^{-\alpha }v$$

N

-
α

v

, where $$\alpha \in \mathbb {R}$$

α
∈
R

and v is a function of positive type satisfying a mild regularity assumption. Our focus is on the strongly interacting case $$\alpha <1-\frac{2}{d}$$

α
<
1
-

2
d

. We contrast our result with existing results in the weakly interacting case $$\alpha >1-\frac{2}{d}$$

α
>
1
-

2
d

and the transition happening at the mean-field scaling $$\alpha =1-\frac{2}{d}$$

α
=
1
-

2
d

. Our proof is an adaptation of the bosonization technique used to treat the mean-field case.
In-Stent Restenosis in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Ultra-High-Resolution Photon-Counting Versus Third-Generation Dual-Source Energy-Integrating Detector CT Phantom Study in Seven Different Stent Types
Authors: Dachs Theresa-Marie , Hauck Sven R. , Kern Maximilian , Klausenitz Catharina , Hoffner Maximilian , Schernthaner Melanie , Abdel-Rahman Hanaa , Hannover Albert , Strassl Andreas , Steiner Irene , Loewe Christian , Funovics Martin A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Purpose
The visualization of peripheral in-stent restenosis using energy-integrating detector CT is challenging due to deficient spatial resolution and artifact formation. This study compares the first clinically available photon-counting detector CT to third-generation dual-source energy-integrating detector CT.

Materials and Methods
Nylon cylinders with central bores (4 mm, 2 mm), mimicking 75% and 95% stenoses, were placed inside seven different 8-mm diameter stents and filled with diluted contrast medium. Phantoms were scanned with photon-counting detector CT at slice thicknesses of 0.2 mm (available only in this scanner type), 0.5 mm, and 1.0 mm versus 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm in energy-integrating detector CT at matched CT dose indices. Contrast-to-noise ratios were calculated from attenuation rates. Residual lumen size was measured as full width at half-maximum. Subjective image quality was assessed by two independent blinded raters.

Results
Mean contrast-to-noise ratio was lowest in photon-counting detector CT at 0.2 mm slice thickness (0%, 75%, and 95% in-stent restenosis: 6.11 ± 0.6, 5.27 ± 0.54, and 5.02 ± 0.66) and highest at 1.0 mm slice thicknesses with similar measurements in photon-counting detector CT and energy-integrating detector CT (11.46 ± 1.08, 9.94 ± 1.01, 8.26 ± 1.0 vs. 3.34 ± 1.0, 9.92 ± 0.38, 7.94 ± 1.07). Mean full width at half-maximum measurements in photon-counting detector CT at 0.2 mm slice thickness for 0%, 75%, and 95% in-stent restenosis were 8.00 ± 0.37, 3.98 ± 0.34, and 1.92 ± 0.16 mm. Full width at half-maximum was least precise in 95% in-stent restenosis at 1.0 mm slice thickness with similar measurements between scanners (1.57 ± 0.33 vs. 1.71 ± 0.15 mm). Interrater correlation coefficient was 0.75 [95% CI: [0.53; 0.86]; subjective scores were best at 0.2 mm slice thickness in photon-counting detector CT (19.43 ± 0.51 and 19.00 ± 0.68).

Conclusion
In phantom in-stent restenosis in 8 mm stents, we observed similar full width at half-maximum for photon-counting detector CT and energy-integrating detector CT in 0% and 75% in-stent restenosis, but at 95% in-stent restenosis, FWHM tended to be more accurate in smaller slice thicknesses in both scanners. Subjective image assessment yielded best results at 0.2 mm slice thickness in photon-counting detector CT despite lower contrast-to-noise ratio.

Graphical Abstract
A critical comparative study of the performance of three AI-assisted programs for bone age determination
Authors: Pape Johanna , Rosolowski Maciej , Pfäffle Roland , Beeskow Anne B. , Gräfe Daniel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To date, AI-supported programs for bone age (BA) determination for medical use in Europe have almost only been validated separately, according to Greulich and Pyle (G&P). Therefore, the current study aimed to compare the performance of three programs, namely BoneXpert, PANDA, and BoneView, on a single Central European population.

Materials and methods
For this retrospective study, hand radiographs of 306 children aged 1–18 years, stratified by gender and age, were included. A subgroup consisting of the age group accounting for 90% of examinations in clinical practice was formed. The G&P BA was estimated by three human experts—as ground truth—and three AI-supported programs. The mean absolute deviation, the root mean squared error (RMSE), and dropouts by the AI were calculated.

Results
The correlation between all programs and the ground truth was prominent (R
2 ≥ 0.98). In the total group, BoneXpert had a lower RMSE than BoneView and PANDA (0.62 vs. 0.65 and 0.75 years) with a dropout rate of 2.3%, 20.3% and 0%, respectively. In the subgroup, there was less difference in RMSE (0.66 vs. 0.68 and 0.65 years, max. 4% dropouts). The standard deviation between the AI readers was lower than that between the human readers (0.54 vs. 0.62 years, p < 0.01).

Conclusion
All three AI programs predict BA after G&P in the main age range with similar high reliability. Differences arise at the boundaries of childhood.

Key Points

Question

There is a lack of comparative, independent validation for artificial intelligence-based bone age estimation in children.

Findings

Three commercially available programs estimate bone age after Greulich and Pyle with similarly high reliability in a central European cohort.

Clinical relevance

The comparative study will help the reader choose a software for bone age estimation approved for the European market depending on the targeted age group and economic considerations.
From coordinate subspaces over finite fields to ideal multipartite uniform clutters
Authors: Abdi Ahmad , Lee Dabeen 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTake a prime power q, an integer $$n\ge 2$$

n
≥
2

, and a coordinate subspace $$S\subseteq GF(q)^n$$

S
⊆
G
F

(
q
)

n

over the Galois field GF(q). One can associate with S an n-partite n-uniform clutter $$\mathcal {C}$$
C
, where every part has size q and there is a bijection between the vectors in S and the members of $$\mathcal {C}$$
C
. In this paper, we determine when the clutter $$\mathcal {C}$$
C
is ideal, a property developed in connection to Packing and Covering problems in the areas of Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization. Interestingly, the characterization differs depending on whether q is 2, 4, a higher power of 2, or otherwise. Each characterization uses crucially that idealness is a minor-closed property: first the list of excluded minors is identified, and only then is the global structure determined. A key insight is that idealness of $$\mathcal {C}$$
C
depends solely on the underlying matroid of S. Our theorems also extend from idealness to the stronger max-flow min-cut property. As a consequence, we prove the Replication and $$\tau =2$$

τ
=
2

Conjectures for this class of clutters.
Perspectives on the quality of climate information for adaptation decision support
Authors: Baldissera Pacchetti Marina , Dessai Suraje , Risbey James S. , Stainforth David A. , Thompson Erica 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe summarise the contributions to the Topical Collection on quality of climate information for adaptation decision support. Based on these contributions, we draw some further lessons for the development of high-quality climate information and services, bridging between a “credibility-first” paradigm (exemplified by top-down information provision from systematic downscaling or impact projections) and a “salience-first” paradigm (exemplified by user-led tailored information products or storylines) by looking to identify their respective strengths and use cases. We emphasise that a more nuanced collective understanding of the dimensions of information quality in climate information and services would be beneficial to users and providers and ultimately support more confident and effective climate adaptation decisions and policy-making.