bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of Medication‐Related Harm in Older Adults After Hospital Discharge: A Systematic Review
Authors: Parekh Nikesh , Ali Khalid , Page Amy , Roper Tom , Rajkumar Chakravarthi 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesTo determine the incidence, severity, and preventability of and risk factors for medication‐related harm (MRH) in community‐dwelling older adults after hospital discharge.DesignSystematic review.SettingA search of Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library was undertaken without time restrictions.ParticipantsOlder adults (average age ≥65) participating in observational studies investigating postdischarge adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or adverse drug events (ADEs) within a defined follow‐up period.MeasurementsOne author screened abstracts of all articles to exclude obviously irrelevant articles. Two authors independently screened the remaining articles for inclusion. Two authors independently extracted data, including study characteristics, MRH incidence, and risk factors; a third reviewer critically appraised and verified the data. Disagreements were resolved through discussion.ResultsFrom 584 potentially relevant articles, 8 studies met our inclusion criteria: 5 North American and 3 European. Most of the included studies were of moderate quality. There was a wide range in MRH incidence, from 0.4% to 51.2% of participants, and 35% to 59% of MRH was preventable. MRH incidence within 30 days after discharge ranged from 167 to 500 events per 1,000 individuals discharged (17–51% of individuals). There is substantial methodological heterogeneity across multiple domains of the studies, including ADR and ADE definitions, characteristics of recruited populations, follow‐up duration after discharge, and data collection.ConclusionMRH is common after hospital discharge in older adults, but methodological inconsistencies between studies and a paucity of data on risk factors limits clear understanding of the epidemiology. There is a need for international consensus on conducting and reporting MRH studies. Data from large, multicenter studies examining a range of biopsychosocial risk factors could provide insight into this important area of safety.
Establishment of a sensory lexicon for dried long pasta
Authors: Irie Kentaro , Maeda Tatsuro , Kazami Yukari , Yoshida Mitsuru , Hayakawa Fumiyo 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPasta is a common and popular food all over the world. However, neither a detailed sensory profile nor sensory lexicon of pasta quality has been reported. In this study, a lexicon for describing the sensory attributes of cooked, dried long pasta was developed using a large sample set of pasta. One hundred twelve pasta samples were prepared and then classified into four groups according to similarities in their sensory characteristics. Among them, 50 samples were selected as representative samples. A highly experienced and trained panel generated expressions following a sensory evaluation of the 50 pasta samples. The final lexicon consisted of 35 terms (5 for appearance, 11 for aroma/flavor, and 19 for texture). Definitions and references were determined for each term. Each descriptor was ranked according to its frequency of use by the sensory evaluation and discussion. Eight samples that were selected from each group as representative samples made in Italy were evaluated using the lexicon in a trial evaluation. The results show that the descriptors were appropriate for differentiating the sensory qualities among the samples.Practical applicationsA lack of clarity of words and insufficiency of common terms in the sensory evaluation of cooked pasta result in communication gaps. Precise and objective evaluations based on the lexicon described herein will enable clear descriptions of subtle differences in the qualities of various long pastas. Improving the evaluation system will lead to enhanced quality control of existing products and the development of new, high‐quality products. This will also be beneficial for buyers and consumers when choosing products. As the definitions and references for the terms are provided in the lexicon, it will facilitate a common understanding of the evaluation descriptors between sections within companies, between companies, and between countries.
The symmetry of competitive interactions in mixed Norway spruce, silver fir and European beech forests
Authors: Mina Marco , del Río Miren , Huber Markus O. , Thürig Esther , Rohner Brigitte 
Published: July 2018

AbstractQuestionsWe aim for a better understanding of the different modes of intra‐ and inter‐specific competition in two‐ and three‐species mixed‐forests. How can the effect of different modes of competitive interactions be detected and integrated into individual tree growth models? Are species interactions in spruce–fir–beech forests more associated with size‐symmetric or size‐asymmetric competition? Do competitive interactions between two of these species change from two‐ to three‐species mixtures?LocationTemperate mixed‐species forests in Central Europe (Switzerland).MethodsWe used data from the Swiss National Forest Inventory to fit basal area increment models at the individual tree level, including the effect of ecological site conditions and indices of size‐symmetric and size‐asymmetric competition. Interaction terms between species‐specific competition indices were used to disentangle significant differences in species interactions from two‐ to three‐species mixtures.ResultsThe growth of spruce and fir was positively affected by increasing proportions of the other species in spruce–fir mixtures, but negative effects were detected with increasing presence of beech. We found that competitive interactions for spruce and fir were more related to size‐symmetric competition, indicating that species interactions might be more associated with competition for below‐ground resources. Under constant amounts of stand basal area, the growth of beech clearly benefited from the increasing admixture of spruce and fir. For this species, patterns of size‐symmetric and size‐asymmetric competitive interactions were similar, indicating that beech is a strong self‐competitor for both above‐ground and below‐ground resources. Only for silver fir and beech, we found significant changes in species interactions from two‐ to three‐species mixtures, but these were not as prominent as the effects due to differences between intra‐ and inter‐specific competition.ConclusionsSpecies interactions in spruce–fir–beech, or other mixed forests, can be characterized depending on the mode of competition, allowing interpretations of whether they occur mainly above or below ground level. Our outcomes illustrate that species‐specific competition indices can be integrated in individual tree growth functions to express the different modes of competition between species, and highlight the importance of considering the symmetry of competition alongside competitive interactions in models aimed at depicting growth in mixed‐species forests.
Corticotrophin‐releasing factor‐mediated effects of DA‐9701 in Postoperative Ileus Guinea Pig Model
Authors: Jo S. Y. , Hussain Z. , Lee Y. J. , Park H. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative ileus (POI) is abdominal surgery‐induced impaired gastrointestinal (GI) motility. We aimed to investigate the effects of DA‐9701, a prokinetic agent formulated from Pharbitis Semen and Corydalis tuber, likely mediated via corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF) pathways, in a POI model.MethodsA laparotomy with cecal manipulation was performed to induce POI in guinea pigs. GI transit was measured based on charcoal migration after intragastric administration of DA‐9701 1, 3, and 10 mg kg−1. CRF1 receptor antagonist, CP‐154 526 (subcutaneous) or agonist, human/rat (h/r) CRF (intraperitoneal) was injected. Then, plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were measured, and the average intensity of the CRF expression was analyzed in the proximal colon and hypothalamus, and c‐Fos in the hypothalamus.Key ResultsDA‐9701 significantly increased delayed GI transit in POI in a dose‐dependent manner and decreased plasma ACTH levels at 10 mg kg−1. CP‐154 526 significantly decreased plasma ACTH levels but was not as effective on GI transit as DA‐9701 was. h/r CRF did not significantly affect GI transit and plasma ACTH levels. No significant difference was observed in GI transit and plasma ACTH levels in both groups administered DA‐9701 with h/r CRF and h/r CRF alone. CRF expression in the proximal colon decreased after DA‐9701 administration, but not significantly, compared with levels in POI alone. However, CRF expression in the hypothalamus was significantly lower in the DA‐9701‐pretreated POI than in the untreated POI.Conclusions and InferencesThe DA‐9701‐induced improvement in GI transit and inhibition of plasma ACTH levels was mediated by the central CRF pathway.
Constituency Size and Responsiveness to Sectoral Interests: The Case of Japan and the Trans‐Pacific Partnership
Authors: Hearn Eddie 
Published: July 2018

To build a political economy of trade, it is important to understand not only the demand for protection but also the supply of trade policy. The policy preferences of the public and special interest groups are filtered through political institutions creating winners and losers in trade policy formation. This article examines the impact of constituency size on the supply of trade protection. Although a number of political economy models make assumptions about the effect of constituency size on policy makers, recent studies testing the microfoundations of the theory have failed to find support for the claim that smaller constituencies produce higher levels of trade protection. It is argued that the main effect of constituency size is creating responsiveness to regional interests. It is found that electoral pressure from import‐competing sectors drives policy makers from small constituencies' preferences toward the Trans‐Pacific Partnership in Japan. Furthermore, legislators from small constituencies are more responsive to regional sectoral interests than legislators from large constituencies. These finding lend support for the constituency size hypothesis.Related Articles

De Lombaerde, Philippe. 2015. “.” Politics & Policy 43 (): 855‐886. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12140/abstract

Anderson, Bret,
Brian S. Krueger, and
Ping Xu. 2016. “” Politics & Policy 44 (): 677‐711. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12167/abstract

Muir, Edward. 1998. “.” Politics & Policy 26 (): 571‐591. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2008.00165.x/abstract
Related MediaDetailed Results of 2009 Japanese General Election by District (in Japanese). http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/election/shugiin2009/Information about the Japan Agriculture Co‐op. https://www.zenchu-ja.or.jp/engVideos Related to Japan and TPP:A series of videos showing the production process at a small rice farm in Japan. It demonstrates both the labor intensity and relative limited scale of many farms in Japan. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjowwYOVJgQA recording of the “Special Committee on Trans‐Pacific Partnership Agreement” held on November 4, 2016. The meeting is quite contentious demonstrating the political division over the TPP in the Diet (in Japanese). http://www.shugiintv.go.jp/en/index.php?ex=VL&u_day=20161104
In a PICL: The sedimentary deposits and facies of perennially ice‐covered lakes
Authors: Rivera‐Hernandez Frances , Sumner Dawn Y. , Mackey Tyler J. , Hawes Ian , Andersen Dale T. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPerennially ice‐covered lakes can have significantly different facies than open‐water lakes because sediment is transported onto the ice, where it accumulates, and sand grains preferentially melt through to be deposited on the lake floor. To characterize the facies in these lakes, sedimentary deposits from five Antarctic perennially ice‐covered lakes were described using lake‐bottom observations, underwater video and images, and sediment cores. One lake was dominated by laminated microbial mats and mud (derived from an abutting glacier), with disseminated sand and rare gravel. The other four lakes were dominated by laminated microbial mats and moderately well to moderately sorted medium to very coarse sand with sparse granules and pebbles; they contained minor interstitial or laminated mud (derived from streams and abutting glaciers). The sand was disseminated or localized in mounds and 1 m to more than 10 m long elongate ridges. Mounds were centimetres to metres in diameter; conical, elongate or round in shape; and isolated or deposited near or on top of one another. Sand layers in the mounds had normal, inverse, or no grading. Nine mixed mud and sand facies were defined for perennially ice‐covered lakes based on the relative proportion of mud to sand and the style of sand deposition. While perennially ice‐covered lake facies overlap with other ice‐influenced lakes and glaciomarine facies, they are characterized by a paucity of grains coarser than granules, a narrow range in sand grain sizes, and inverse grading in the sand mounds. These facies can be used to infer changes in ice cover through time and to identify perennially ice‐covered lakes in the rock record. Ancient perennially ice‐covered lakes are expected on Earth and Mars, and their characterization will provide new insights into past climatic conditions and habitability.
Antimicrobial Resistance among Staphylococci of Animal Origin
Authors: Schwarz Stefan , Feßler Andrea T. , Loncaric Igor , Wu Congming , Kadlec Kristina , Wang Yang , Shen Jianzhong 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance among staphylococci of animal origin is based on a wide variety of resistance genes. These genes mediate resistance to many classes of antimicrobial agents approved for use in animals, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides, phenicols, aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols, pleuromutilins, and diaminopyrimidines. In addition, numerous mutations have been identified that confer resistance to specific antimicrobial agents, such as ansamycins and fluoroquinolones. The gene products of some of these resistance genes confer resistance to only specific members of a class of antimicrobial agents, whereas others confer resistance to the entire class or even to members of different classes of antimicrobial agents, including agents approved solely for human use. The resistance genes code for all three major resistance mechanisms: enzymatic inactivation, active efflux, and protection/modification/replacement of the cellular target sites of the antimicrobial agents. Mobile genetic elements, in particular plasmids and transposons, play a major role as carriers of antimicrobial resistance genes in animal staphylococci. They facilitate not only the exchange of resistance genes among members of the same and/or different staphylococcal species, but also between staphylococci and other Gram-positive bacteria. The observation that plasmids of staphylococci often harbor more than one resistance gene points toward coselection and persistence of resistance genes even without direct selective pressure by a specific antimicrobial agent. This chapter provides an overview of the resistance genes and resistance-mediating mutations known to occur in staphylococci of animal origin.
Large Noncoding RNAs in Bacteria
Authors: Harris Kimberly A. , Breaker Ronald R. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT

Bacterial noncoding RNA (ncRNA) classes longer than 200 nucleotides are rare but are responsible for performing some of the most fundamental tasks in living cells. RNAs such as 16S and 23S rRNA, group I and group II introns, RNase P ribozymes, transfer-messenger RNAs, and coenzyme B
12
riboswitches are diverse in structure and accomplish biochemical functions that rival the activities of proteins. Over the last decade, a number of new classes of large ncRNAs have been uncovered in bacteria. A total of 21 classes with no established functions have been identified through the use of bioinformatics search strategies. Based on precedents for bacterial large ncRNAs performing sophisticated functions, it seems likely that some of these structured ncRNAs also will prove to carry out complex functions. Thus, determining their roles will provide a better understanding of fundamental biological processes. A few studies have produced data that provide clues to the purposes of some of these recently found classes, but the true functions of most classes remain mysterious.
Sad1 Spatiotemporally Regulates Kinetochore Clustering To Ensure High-Fidelity Chromosome Segregation in the Human Fungal Pathogen
Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Yadav Vikas , Sanyal Kaustuv 
Published: July 2018

The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is present in fungi, animals, and plants. It performs diverse functions in animals, and its role(s) have recently been explored in plants. In ascomycetous yeast species, the role of the LINC complex in spindle pole body function and telomere clustering during meiosis has been determined. However, nothing is known about the LINC complex in the fungal phylum of Basidiomycota. In this study, we identified the role of the LINC complex in kinetochore dynamics as well as in nuclear migration in a basidiomycetous yeast,
Cryptococcus neoformans
, a human pathogen. Unlike most other yeast species, kinetochores remain unclustered during interphase but gradually cluster during mitosis in
C. neoformans
. We report that the LINC complex is required for timely onset of kinetochore clustering and high-fidelity chromosome segregation in
C. neoformans
. Thus, our study identifies a novel factor required for kinetochore clustering during mitosis in yeast species.
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in South Africa: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Pheiffer Carmen , Pillay-van Wyk Victoria , Joubert Jané D , Levitt Naomi , Nglazi Mweete D , Bradshaw Debbie 
Published: July 2018

IntroductionType 2 diabetes mellitus is a major source of morbidity and mortality in South Africa, spurred by increased urbanisation and unhealthy lifestyle factors. Local epidemiological data are required to inform health planning and policy. The purpose of this systematic review is to identify, collate and synthesise all studies reporting the prevalence of diabetes in South Africa. A secondary aim is to report the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose, conditions which are associated with an increased risk of progression to overt diabetes, and the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes.Methods and analysisMultiple databases will be searched for diabetes prevalence studies conducted in South Africa between 1997 and 2018. Two authors will independently select studies that meet the inclusion criteria, extract data and appraise studies using a risk of bias tool for prevalence studies. Studies with low or moderate risk of bias will be included. Sources of heterogeneity will be explored using subgroup analysis.Ethics and disseminationThe systematic review does not require ethics clearance since published studies with non-identifiable data will be used. This review will provide best estimates to inform the Second National Burden of Disease study which can guide health and policy planning.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017071280
Impact of urology simulation boot camp in improving endoscopic instrument knowledge
Authors: Hanchanale Vishwanath , Kailavasan Mithun , Rajpal Sanjay , Koenig Philip , Yiasemidou Marina , Palit Victor , Rogawski Karol , Eardley Ian , Terry Tim , Jain Sunjay , Myatt Andrew , Biyani Chandra Shekhar 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveEducation and training of surgeons has traditionally focused on the development of individual knowledge, technical skills and decision making. Knowledge about endoscopic instruments is one of the core elements of urological training. We assessed the precourse knowledge of newly appointed urology trainees and the impact of boot camp in improving their knowledge.MethodsNewly appointed specialty trainees in urology took part in a pilot 5-day urology simulation boot camp (USBC). The aim of the USBC was to improve their confidence, procedural performance and non-technical skills, with one of the modules looking at the trainees’ knowledge about common endoscopic instruments in urology. Delegates were first asked to identify and assemble the instruments, followed by one-to-one teaching about the instruments. An Objective Structured Assessment Tool was used to assess their knowledge in the identification and assembly of the cystoscope, resectoscope and optical urethrotome, before and at the end of the course.ResultsData of two successive boot camps were collected to assess knowledge of instruments of newly appointed urology trainees. Majority of the trainees had good precourse knowledge of the cystoscopy kit, with 84% able to correctly identify the parts. Seventy-six per cent of candidates were able to identify the resectoscope equipment, but only approximately a third of trainees were able to correctly identify the urethrotome kit. The assembly of cystoscope, resectoscope and urethrotome was performed correctly in 74%, 42% and 32% at baseline and 94%, 90% and 77% postcourse, respectively. Overall performance improved significantly in the postcourse assessment (<0.001).ConclusionThis urology boot camp has addressed gaps in trainees’ core equipment knowledge and guided them to improve their knowledge with respect to identification and assembly of cystoscope, resectoscope and urethrotome.
Effects of a one-time application of bentonite on soil enzymes in a semi-arid region
Authors: Mi Junzhen , Gregorich Edward G. , Xu Shengtao , McLaughlin Neil B. , Liu Jinghui 
Published: July 2018

Soil enzymes play a key role in many soil processes that affect soil health and which may be adversely affected under a changing climate. We investigated the short- and long-term effects of bentonite amendments on soil catalase, invertase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activity in a field experiment in a semi-arid region in northern China. Treatments included six rates of bentonite amendments (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 Mg ha−1) applied only once in 2011. Addition of bentonite had a significant (P < 0.01) effect on the activity of each enzyme at different layers and days after millet sowing. Observed increases in catalase, invertase, urease, and alkaline phosphatase activities were up to 42%, 46%, 58%, and 50%, respectively, and they were approximately linear with increasing bentonite rate up to 24 Mg ha−1over the 5 yr experimental period. Averaged over 5 yr, the 24 Mg ha−1rate of bentonite amendment led to the largest effect on soil enzyme activity in all soil layers at five growth stages over the growing season. The observed increased enzyme activity suggests that bentonite can help maintain and improve soil health to support plant growth and contribute to sustainable agriculture production in a semi-arid environment.