bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting health status in the first year after trauma
Authors: de Munter L , Polinder S , van de Ree C L P , Kruithof N , Lansink K W W , Steyerberg E W , de Jongh M A C 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundAlthough mortality rates following major trauma are continuing to decline, a growing number of patients are experiencing long-term disability. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with health status in the first year following trauma and develop prediction models based on a defined trauma population.MethodsThe Brabant Injury Outcome Surveillance (BIOS) study was a multicentre prospective observational cohort study. Adult patients with traumatic injury were included from August 2015 to November 2016 if admitted to one of the hospitals of the Noord-Brabant region in the Netherlands. Outcome measures were EuroQol Five Dimensions 5D-3L (EQ-5D™ utility and visual analogue scale (VAS)) and Health Utilities Index (HUI) 2 and 3 scores 1 week and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after injury. Prediction models were developed using linear mixed models, with patient characteristics, preinjury health status, injury severity and frailty as possible predictors. Predictors that were significant (P &lt; 0·050) for one of the outcome measures were included in all models. Performance was assessed using explained variance (R2).ResultsIn total, 4883 patients participated in the BIOS study (50·0 per cent of the total), of whom 3366 completed the preinjury questionnaires. Preinjury health status and frailty were the strongest predictors of health status during follow-up. Age, sex, educational level, severe head or face injury, severe torso injury, injury severity, Functional Capacity Index score, co-morbidity and duration of hospital stay were also relevant in the multivariable models predicting health status. R2 ranged from 35 per cent for EQ-VAS to 48 per cent for HUI 3.ConclusionThe most important predictors of health status in the first year after trauma in this population appeared to be preinjury health status and frailty.
Nontarget metabolomics profiling of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
Authors: Deng Jun , Xia Zhiwei , Qiu Dongxu , Jiao Xiao , Xiao Bo , Zhou Wenbin , Yang Huan , Li Jing 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTo investigate the characteristic of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, UHPLC–MS was used to identify metabolites by metabolite extraction and on‐machine detection. Multivariate analysis methods were used to complete differential metabolite screening and metabolic pathway analysis. The content of eight substances, such as tryptophan and l‐glutamic acid in the plasma of NMOSD patients, was higher than that of the healthy control group. Moreover, no differential metabolite was found in the plasma of patients with AQP‐4 antibody‐positive and antibody‐negative NMOSD. The content of five substances including 3‐hydroxybutyric acid in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with NMOSD was reduced. We demonstrated that the distribution of metabolites in plasma between NMOSD patients and healthy counterparts was significantly different. However, there is no significant difference in plasma metabolites between AQP‐4 antibody positive and negative NMOSD. There were some differences in metabolites between the cerebrospinal fluid of NMOSD patients and that of healthy controls. A variety of amino‐acid abnormalities, sphingomyelin dysfunction, energy metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in the pathogenesis of NMOSD.
Microsurgical clipping of an unruptured superiorly projecting ACoM aneurysm in a rotated ACoM complex
Authors: Glauser Gregory , Choudhri Omar A. 
Published: March 2019

Key Clinical MessageThis case illustrates surgical technique for wide neck aneurysm clipping in a rotated complex and how to manage intraoperative aneurysm rupture while maintaining hemostasis (Cai et al., Anterior communicating artery aneurysm morphology and the risk of rupture. World Neurosurg. 2018;109:119 and Dehdashti et al., The implication of anterior communicating complex rotation and 3‐dimensional computerized tomography angiography findings in surgical approach to anterior communicating artery aneurysms. World Neurosurg. 2016;91:34).
Mordenite Nanorods Prepared by an Inexpensive Pyrrolidine‐based Mesoporogen for Alkane Hydroisomerization
Authors: Bolshakov Aleksei , Romero Hidalgo Douglas E. , van Hoof Arno J. F. , Kosinov Nikolay , Hensen Emiel J. M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe report the synthesis of hierarchical mordenite zeolite nanorods in one step using inexpensive mono‐quaternary ammonium N‐cetyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium (C16NMP) as mesoporogen to the synthesis gel. The presence of a small amount of C16NMP results in the formation of 0.6–1 μm rods‐like crystals oriented along the c‐axis with a high mesoporous volume (0.12 cm3 g−1) and external surface area (∼90 m2 g−1) compared to bulk mordenite. Acidity characterization shows that the presence of C16NMP during mordenite formation leads to a redistribution of aluminum in the zeolite framework: the amount of Brønsted acid sites in the side‐pockets (8MR channels) is increased at the expense of those in the 12MR main channels. As these latter acid sites are the ones involved in the conversion of alkene intermediates in bifunctional hydroconversion of alkanes, an optimized hierarchical mordenite prepared with C16NMP displays a more ideal hydrocracking selectivity than bulk MOR prepared solely with sodium.
Characterization of Type IV Carboxylate Reductases (CARs) for Whole Cell‐Mediated Preparation of 3‐Hydroxytyrosol
Authors: Horvat Melissa , Fritsche Susanne , Kourist Robert , Winkler Margit 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFragrance and flavor industries could not imagine business without aldehydes. Processes for their commercial production raise environmental and ecological concerns. The chemical reduction of organic acids to aldehydes is challenging. To fulfill the demand of a mild and selective reduction of carboxylic acids to aldehydes, carboxylic acid reductases (CARs) are gaining importance. We identified two new subtype IV fungal CARs from Dichomitus squalens CAR (DsCAR) and Trametes versicolor CAR (Tv2CAR) in addition to literature known Trametes versicolor CAR (TvCAR). Expression levels were improved by the co‐expression of GroEL‐GroES with either the trigger factor or the DnaJ‐DnaK‐GrpE system. Investigation of the substrate scope of the three enzymes revealed overlapping substrate‐specificities. Tv2CAR and DsCAR showed a preferred pH range of 7.0 to 8.0 in bicine buffer. TvCAR showed highest activity at pH 6.5 to 7.5 in MES buffer and slightly reduced activity at pH 6.0 or 8.0. TvCAR appeared to tolerate a wider pH range without significant loss of activity. Type IV fungal CARs optimal temperature was in the range of 25–35 °C. TvCAR showed a melting temperature (Tm) of 55 °C indicating higher stability compared to type III and the other type IV fungal CARs (Tm 51–52 °C). Finally, TvCAR was used as the key enzyme for the bioreduction of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid to the antioxidant 3‐hydroxytyrosol (3‐HT) and gave 58 mM of 3‐HT after 24 h, which correlates to a productivity of 0.37 g L−1 h−1.
Hydrodynamic Characteristics in the Counter‐Flow Total Spray Tray
Authors: Tao Jinliang , Shi Zhicheng , Ling Yanli , Wei Feng 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe capacity of a column is limited by the distribution of gas and liquid, especially in case of large‐diameter cross‐flow trays. In order to solve the bottleneck, a new counter‐flow tray named total spray tray (TST) was put forward. Taking air/water as medium, the hydrodynamic behavior, including the pressure drop, weeping, entrainment, and clear liquid height, was investigated, in comparison with the CTST, which had a higher capacity. Based on experimental data, the correlations of the TST pressure drop were established by regression analysis method. The experimental results show that the TST has a lower wet pressure drop and less weeping. More interestingly, its clear liquid height can be self‐adjusting with the variation of the gas kinetic energy factor, which is beneficial to improving the capacity.
Preparation of High‐Purity 2,6‐Naphthalenedicarboxylic Acid from Coal Tar Distillate
Authors: Ban Heng , Cheng Youwei , Wang Lijun , Li Xi , Zhou Xiaoye , Zhang Xinjian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUsing coal tar distillate as the starting material, a novel high‐purity 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (2,6‐NDA) preparation method was developed. Firstly, the 2,6‐dimethylnaphthalene (2,6‐DMN) precursor was separated by successive vacuum distillation, melt crystallization, and solvent crystallization from the 250–270 °C fraction of the coal tar distillate. Then, over Co‐Mn‐Br as catalysts, oxidation of 2,6‐DMN was carried out in acetic acid to produce crude 2,6‐NDA with molecular oxygen. By high‐temperature hydrogenation, the crude 2,6‐NDA was further purified to obtain high‐purity 2,6‐NDA. From the coal tar distillate to pure 2,6‐NDA, the operation parameters and reaction conditions of each process were optimized and evaluated, indicating that the proposed 2,6‐NDA synthesis method has great potential for industrial application to create cheap feedstock in viable yields.
Ionic Conductivity over Metal/Water Interfaces in Ionomer‐Free Fuel Cell Electrodes
Authors: Hu Leiming , Zhang Muxing , Komini Babu Siddharth , Kongkanand Anusorn , Litster Shawn 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIon conduction and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics at metal/water interfaces are important in determining the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the coupled ion transport and electrochemical reactions in ionomer‐free domains of catalyst layers are still unclear. In this work, we deconvolute the ion transport and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by studying metal/water interfaces of platinum (Pt) and gold (Au) ionomer‐free porous cathodes. In our experiments, a conventional membrane electrode assembly (MEA) was used for electrochemical characterization of ionomer‐free electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and polarization curve measurements at different relative humidity (RH) conditions show that active surface area and ORR current density increases with RH. We also use microstructured electrode scaffold (MES) apparatus for measurement of the ionic conductivity in the cathode. The results show that the ionic conductivity increases with the RH and water coverage. The potential dependence of ionic conductivity for Au approximately follows the classical Guoy‐Chapman electrical double layer (EDL) behavior, while the ionic conductivity of the Pt electrode did not show a strong potential dependence, indicating that it could also be affected by other mechanisms, such as formation of surface oxide and diffusion of adsorbed hydrogen on its surface.
Gallium “Shears” for C=N and C=O Bonds of Isocyanates
Authors: Dodonov Vladimir A. , Chen Weixing , Zhao Yanxia , Skatova Alexandra A. , Roesky Peter W. , Wu Biao , Yang Xiao‐Juan , Fedushkin Igor L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDigallane [L1Ga−GaL1] (1, L1=dpp‐bian=1,2‐[(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)NC]2C12H6) reacts with RN=C=O (R=Ph or Tos) by [2+4] cycloaddition of the isocyanate C=N bonds across both of its C=C−N−Ga fragments to afford [L1(O=C−NR)Ga−Ga(RN−C=O)L1] (R=Ph, 3; R=Tos, 4). The reactions with both isocyanates result in new C−C and N−Ga single bonds. In the case of allyl isocyanate, the [2+4] cycloaddition across one C=C−N−Ga fragment of 1 is accompanied by insertion of a second allyl isocyanate molecule into the Ga−N bond of the same fragment to afford compound [L1Ga−Ga(AllN− C=O)2L1] (5) (All=allyl). In the presence of Na metal, the related digallane [L2Ga−GaL2] (2; L2=dpp‐dad=[(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)NC(CH3)]2) is converted into the gallium(I) carbene analogue [L2Ga:]− (2 A), which undergoes a variety of reactions with isocyanate substrates. These include the cycloaddition of ethyl isocyanate to 2 A affording [Na2(THF)5]{L2Ga[EtN−C(O)]2GaL2} (6), cleavage of the N=C bond with release of 1 equiv. of CO to give [Na(THF)2]2[L2Ga(p‐MeC6H4)(N−C(O))2−N(p‐MeC6H4)]2 (7), cleavage of the C=O bond to yield the di‐O‐bridged digallium compound [Na(THF)3]2[L2Ga‐(μ‐O)2‐GaL2] (8), and generation of the further addition product [Na2(THF)5][L2Ga(CyNCO2)]2 (9). Complexes 3–9 have been characterized by NMR (1H, 13C), IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Their electronic structures have been examined by DFT calculations.
Assessing color performance of whole‐slide imaging scanners for digital pathology
Authors: Cheng Wei‐Chung , Saleheen Firdous , Badano Aldo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe color performance of two commercial whole‐slide imaging (WSI) scanners was compared against the ground truth and a hypothetical monochrome scanner. Three biological tissue slides were used to test the WSI scanners. A multispectral imaging system was developed to obtain the color truth of the biological tissue slides at the pixel level. The hypothetical monochrome scanner was derived from the color truth as a lower bound for comparison. The CIEDE2000 formula was used to measure color errors. Results show that color errors generated by the modern commercial WSI scanner, the legacy commercial WSI scanner, and the monochrome WSI scanner are in the range of [8.4, 13.0], [18.0, 26.33], and [17.4, 17.6] ΔE00, respectively. The legacy commercial WSI scanner was outperformed by not only the modern commercial WSI scanner but also by the hypothetical monochrome scanner.
The Effect of the Phospholipid Bilayer Environment on Cholesterol Crystal Polymorphism
Authors: Varsano Neta , Beghi Fabio , Dadosh Tali , Elad Nadav , Pereiro Eva , Haran Gilad , Leiserowitz Leslie , Addadi Lia 
Published: March 2019

AbstractInvited for this month's cover are the group of Prof. Lia Addadi at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel and collaborators at the Università Degli Studi di Milano, Italy, and the ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Spain. The front cover shows how cholesterol crystals form in macrophage cells and in lipid bilayers of different compositions. Cholesterol monohydrate stable triclinic crystals form in vitro as rhomb‐shaped plates, whereas the monoclinic crystals fold into tubular or helical shapes. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.201800632.
Coolade. A Low‐Foaming Surfactant for Organic Synthesis in Water
Authors: Lee Nicholas R. , Cortes‐Clerget Margery , Wood Alex B. , Lippincott Daniel J. , Pang Haobo , Moghadam Farbod A. , Gallou Fabrice , Lipshutz Bruce H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSeveral types of reduction reactions in organic synthesis are performed under aqueous micellar‐catalysis conditions (in water at ambient temperature), which produce a significant volume of foam owing to the combination of the surfactant and the presence of gas evolution. The newly engineered surfactant “Coolade” minimizes this important technical issue owing to its low‐foaming properties. Coolade is the latest in a series of designer surfactants specifically tailored to enable organic synthesis in water. This study reports the synthesis of this new surfactant along with its applications to gas‐involving reactions.
Post‐Disaster least loaded lightpath routing in elastic optical networks
Authors: Ashraf M. Waqar , Idrus Sevia M. , Butt Rizwan Aslam , Iqbal Farabi 
Published: March 2019

SummaryDisaster events directly affect the physical topology of core networks and may lead to simultaneous failure of multiple lightpaths leading to massive service outages for network operators. To recover from such a failure scenario, the existing routing algorithms running on network nodes (routers or switches) typically attempt to reestablish the connections over new routes with shortest distances and hop count approach. However, this approach may result in congestion on some links, while other links may have the unutilized capacity. Hence, intelligent lightpath computing techniques are required to efficiently route network traffic over the new routes by considering traffic load of each link in addition to distance and hop count to minimize network congestion. In this paper, we have proposed a capacity‐constrained maximally spatial disjoint lightpath algorithm to tackle the provisioning and restoration of disrupted lightpaths in a postdisaster scenario in the context of elastic optical networking. This algorithm computes an alternate least loaded lightpath for disrupted primary lightpath using capacity‐constrained shortest lightpath. Alternate lightpath selection is based on a criteria parameter for a lightpath to be least loaded and constrained by either the length or the spatial distance between primary and alternate lightpaths. The spatial distance between lightpaths enables to reestablish the disrupted connection request away from disaster proximity. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated through simulation for several parameters like blocking probability, network utilization, connection success rates, and minimum spatial distance.
Enhancing spectral efficiency of FSO system using adaptive SIM/M‐PSK and SIMO in the presence of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors
Authors: Al‐Nahhal Mohamed , Ismail Tawfik 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThis paper proposes an adaptive transmission modulation (ATM) technique for free‐space optical (FSO) links over gamma‐gamma turbulence channels.The ATM technique provides efficient utilization of the FSO channel capacity for improving spectral efficiency, by adapting the order of the phase‐shift keying modulation scheme, according to the channel conditions and the required bit error rate (BER). To overcome the channel degradation resulting from the turbulence effects as well as the pointing errors (PEs), single‐input multiple‐output (SIMO) system with maximal ratio combining (MRC) is proposed. Exact closed‐form expressions of BER and upper bound of the capacity are derived and verified by Monte Carlo simulations. The numerical results show that the proposed adaptive technique improves the spectral efficiency (SE) five times higher than the nonadaptive technique at the same BER threshold (10−3).This improvement is achieved at signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) equals 27 and 42 dB in the case of atmospheric turbulence without and with PE, respectively. Furthermore, this SE could be obtained while the SNR = 30 dB by using (1 × 4) SIMO scheme with MRC and PE and having the same transmitting optical power.
Extinction vortex dynamics of top predators isolated by urbanization
Authors: Benson John F. , Mahoney Peter J. , Vickers T. Winston , Sikich Jeff A. , Beier Paul , Riley Seth P. D. , Ernest Holly B. , Boyce Walter M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractExtinction risk is elevated in small, isolated populations due to demographic and genetic interactions. Therefore, it is critical to model these processes realistically in population viability analyses (PVA) to inform local management and contribute to a greater understanding of mechanisms within the extinction vortex. We conducted PVA's for two small mountain lion populations isolated by urbanization in southern California to predict population growth, extinction probability, and loss of genetic diversity with empirical data. Specifically, we (1) provide the first PVA for isolated mountain lions in the Santa Ana Mountains (SAM) that considers both demographic and genetic risk factors and (2) test the hypothesis that variation in abundance and mortality between the SAM and Santa Monica Mountains (SMM) result in differences in population growth, loss of heterozygosity, and extinction probability. Our models predicted 16–21% probability of local extinction in the SAM due purely to demographic processes over 50 yr with current low levels or no immigration. Our models also predicted that genetic diversity will further erode in the SAM such that concern regarding inbreeding depression is warranted unless gene flow is increased, and that if inbreeding depression occurs, rapid local extinction will be highly likely. Dynamics of the two populations were broadly similar, but they also exhibited differences driven by larger population size and higher mortality in the SAM. Density‐independent scenarios predicted a rapidly increasing population in the SMM, whereas growth potential did not differ from a stable trend in the SAM. Demographic extinction probability and loss of heterozygosity were greater in the SMM for density‐dependent scenarios without immigration. However, higher levels of immigration had stronger, positive influences on both demographic viability and retention of genetic diversity in the SMM driven by lower abundance and higher adult survival. Our results elucidate demographic and genetic threats to small populations within the extinction vortex, and how these vary relative to demographic structure. Importantly, simulating seemingly attainable increases in connectivity was sufficient to greatly reduce extinction probability. Our work highlights that conservation of large carnivores is achievable within urbanized landscapes, but requires land protection, connectivity, and strategies to promote coexistence with humans.
Drivers of forest cover changes in the Chocó‐Darien Global Ecoregion of South America
Authors: Fagua J. Camilo , Baggio Jacopo A. , Ramsey R. Douglas 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTropical rain forests are suffering the highest deforestation and reforestation ever recorded. Interactions between direct (proximate or direct causes) and indirect (underling or indirect causes) drivers could cluster these forest cover changes forming hotspots (areas that exhibit significant spatial correlation of deforestation or reforestation transitions). Using land use–land cover maps and global (I) and local (Ii) Moran's tests, we identified these hotspots in the Chocó‐Darien Global Ecoregion (CGE) of South America, a natural region that was declared one of the top 25 hotspots for conservation priorities in the world. Subsequently, we tested and studied the effects and interactions between deforestation and reforestation hotspots and their direct and indirect drivers using Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling (Bayesian SEM). We found that deforestation and reforestation were spatially auto‐correlated forming hotspots (I = 0.49,P = 0.001 for deforestation transitions andI = 0.48,P = 0.001 for reforestation transitions). Also, hotspots of deforestation and reforestation were auto‐correlated within municipality borders (I = 0.5,P = 0.001 for deforestation transitions;I = 0.49,P = 0.001 for reforestation transitions). Eighteen municipalities located on the border between Colombia and Ecuador showed significant aggregations of deforestation hotspots, while thirty‐four municipalities in three areas of Colombia and the area between the Colombian and Ecuadorian border showed significant clustering of reforestation hotspots. Eleven of these municipalities presented significant clustering of both reforestation and deforestation hotspots. The Bayesian SEM for deforestation showed that population growth and road density were indirect drivers of deforestation hotspots (0.191 and 0.127 standard deviation units). The Bayesian SEM for reforestation found that armed conflicts, Gross Domestic Product, and average annual rain were indirect drivers related to reforestation hotspots (0.228, 0.076, and 0.081 standard deviation units, respectively). Our assessment shows a novel methodology to study interactions among direct and indirect drivers of forest change and their potential dissimilar effects on forest transitions.