bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevation change of Fedchenko Glacier, Pamir Mountains, from GNSS field measurements and TanDEM-X elevation models, with a focus on the upper glacier
Authors: LAMBRECHT A. , MAYER C. , WENDT A. , FLORICIOIU D. , VÖLKSEN C. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTFedchenko Glacier experienced a large thickness loss since the first scientific investigations in 1928. As the largest glacier in the Pamir Mountains, this glacier plays an important role for the regional glacier mass budget. We use a series of Global Navigation Satellite Systems observations from 2009 to 2016 and TanDEM-X elevation models from 2011 to 2016 to investigate recent elevation changes. Accounting for radar wave penetration minimizes biases in elevation that can otherwise reach up to 6 m in dry snow on Fedchenko Glacier, with mean values of 3–4 m in the high accumulation regions. The seasonal elevation changes reach up to ±5 m. The glacier surface elevation decreased along its entire length over multi-year periods. Thinning rates increased between 2000 and 2016 by a factor of 1.8 compared with 1928–2000, resulting in peak values of 1.5 m a−1. Even the highest accumulation basins above 5000 m elevation have been affected by glacier thinning with change rates between −0.2 and −0.4 m a−1 from 2009 to 2016. The estimated glacier-wide mass-balance rates are −0.27 ± 0.05 m w.e. a−1 for 2000 to 2011 and −0.51 ± 0.04 m w.e. a−1 between 2011 and 2016.
The Case for Space
Authors: Cleaver A. V. 
Published: June 2018

It is a big honour to be invited to give this lecture in memory of that great engineer, Sir Henry Royce, but particularly so for anyone who happens to work in the Company of which he was co-founder and which of course represents the best memorial for which he could have wished.I am very conscious of all this tonight but also, and with a distinct unease, that the Grand Old Man might be something less than sympathetic to my theme. The traditions of quality, craftsmanship and meticulous attention to detail design for which Royce is rightly famous, find, of course, their extreme justification in the construction of complex space vehicles, with their critical dependence on reliability. (There were about 15 million parts which had to work in the whole Apollo system, nearly half in the vehicle itself.) There is no doubt that he could have made immense contributions to space propulsion, as he did for land and air.
Operating Aircraft Engines in the Royal Air Force
Authors: Disbrey W. D. 
Published: June 2018

It is a great honour, and of considerable personal pleasure to me, to be asked to give this lecture—pleasurable for a number of reasons.First, this is a unique occasion: this is the first time that a serving officer of the RAF has been asked to give the Sir Henry Royce Memorial Lecture and it is most appropriate that this should coincide with the 50th Anniversary Year of the RAF.Secondly, I have always taken a great interest in aeroengines, with which I have been closely associated throughout my service career as both pilot and engineer. My early apprentice training was done on the Rolls-Royce Condor engine.
Coupled Librational Motion of an Axi-Symmetric Satellite in a Circular Orbit
Authors: Modi V. J. , Shrivastava S. K. 
Published: June 2018

The review of the literature suggests that the planar motion of a rigid satellite in a gravity gradient field has been the subject of considerable investigation during the past ten years. In contrast the dynamic study of a satellite executing librational motion out of the orbital plane has received comparatively little attention. Such an investigation is important because as pointed out by Kane, for large amplitudes the transverse motion is strongly coupled with that in the plane.The lack of information may be due to the complex nature of the problem. The non-linear, non-autonomous, coupled equations of motion involving a large number of parameters are not amenable to simple, concise analysis. Some simplification may be achieved by restricting the satellite motion to a circular orbit. For this case, as indicated by Auelmann, closed zero-velocity curves exist under certain conditions which limit the amplitude of motion.
Reply
Authors: Quarmby Alan 
Published: June 2018

It is quite true that MacMillan gave corrections for both the wall effect and the shear effect. I did not say that MacMillan gave no results for the wall effect but it appears, however, that Patel took notice of a correction which did not include the wall effect.Thus Patel puts the effective centre of the pitot tube at a distance from the wall y=½Kd and by consideration of a model consisting of a linear sublayer, a transition zone and a fully turbulent region derives a value for K of 1·30 and values for the constants in the logarithmic law profile, A= 5·5 and B=5·45.
Comparison of Predicted and Measured Wall Temperatures in a Turbulent Boundary layer with Arbitrary Pressure Gradients
Authors: Hay N. 
Published: June 2018

The problem of the prediction of wall and fluid temperature with a turbulent boundary layer can appear in two forms:
(a)the prediction of wall heat transfer with specified wall temperature;(b)the prediction of wall and fluid temperature with specified wall heat flux.Because the differential equations governing heat flow in the turbulent boundary layer are linear, it is sufficient to be able to predict theoretically either the heat transfer rate consequent upon a step function of temperature or the temperature distribution following a step function of wall heat flow rate. Such predictions will then permit the treatment of the more general situations (a) and (b) by superposition.
The Choice Between One Engine or Two for Tactical Strike/Close Support Aircraft
Authors: Higgins R. W. 
Published: June 2018

The problem as to which engine configuration—single or twin—is most suited to the close support/tactical strike class of aircraft has faced both designers and Air Force personnel for many years. The inherent human choice on safety grounds is two engines. But, many aircraft built today are powered by one engine and good reasons for this choice have been produced. The basic arguments for one engine are the lower initial cost and better maintainability.A comprehensive view of the overall costs incurred by selecting one layout as opposed to the other is a rarity, and yet it is possible to produce a definite indication, albeit by a broad brush, as this paper will show.
Management Development
Authors: Henson G. S. 
Published: June 2018

Professor A. D. Baxter opened the discussion and outlined how the 1964 Industrial Training Act had led to increased awareness of the need for trained and professional skill in management. The Central Training Council set up a Management Training and Development Committee, whose recent booklet “Management Training and Development” (HMSO) was the subject of discussion. There is now, for the first time, a national policy for producing better managers supported by financial sticks and carrots. It was the intention that this new move should lead to a massive scale of training of existing and future managers thereby improving managerial effectiveness, the usage of national resources and thereby the financial situation of firms and of the country.During the evening no one criticised the national policy, except to say that it was expressed in such broad terms, in the form of a “child's guide”, whose benefits would depend, therefore, on how the policy was interpreted by the Industrial Training Boards. It was too early to say yet whether it would be well interpreted and resolve the special problems of highly technical industries such as aerospace.
Law for Aerospace Activities 1966-2066
Authors: Caplan H. 
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this prologue is to outline how I have approached the arrogant and impossible task of surveying an unborn century of law. I may also be able to illustrate that the nature and quality of the task is completely different from that attempted in the preceding papers.In the whole paper I have done little more than infer repeatedly, in different ways(a)that the shape of the future so far as law is concerned will be determined by the methods of communication adopted between sectors of the aerospace community and between the aerospace community and society at large, and(b)that the search for effective methods of communication is urgent.But my target is not the lawyers of our community—who I am not qualified to advise. I write for the other members of the Royal Aeronautical Society and I return to the task of persuading them that they have a role to play in evolving future laws for aerospace activities.
Meteorological Research Satellites—NIMBUS D
Authors: Porter R. W. 
Published: June 2018

The Missile and Space Division of the General Electric Company, under contract to NASA, is responsible for the following aspects of the NIMBUS Programme:Integration and test of the sensor ring and the power and attitude control housing;Design, fabrication and test of vehicle structure;Design, fabrication and test of thermo-control, wiring harness, paddle unfold, and spacecraft separation sub-systems;Ground station operations and maintenance at Valley Forge, Pa;Technical support at the launch site;Spacecraft operations at Goddard Space Flight Center during orbit;Systems definition study for NIMBUS E and F.Interest in meteorological research by means of artificial earth satellites began in the United States during the period of the IGY (1956-58) when two US experimenters, W. Stroud and V. Suomi, respectively developed experiments for elementary cloud photography and infra-red energy balance measurements to be orbited in IGY satellites.
The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics—15
Authors: Black Joseph 
Published: June 2018

“Man's curiosity searches past and futureAnd clings to that dimension. But to apprehendThe point of intersection of the timelessWith time, is an occupation for the saint.”The Dry Salvages—T. S. EliotWhy include the topic of education and training, it could be asked, in a series devoted to predicting ahead to the Second Century of the Society. It is obvious that in the other fields covered there is bound to be great technological progress but men, it might be thought, will teach, and learn, and study much as they do today, and as they did yesterday. Thus we could advise our student engineer that “the acquirements which are necessary to enable the individual to distinguish himself, or even to practise his profession with a moderate chance of success are partly abstract and theoretical, and partly experimental or practical.
Development of the Buccaneer
Authors: Boot R. D. 
Published: June 2018

Development of the Buccaneer began in 1955, leading to the first flight of the Mark 1 in 1958 and of the Mark 2 in 1963. It was one of the first British aviation projects to operate the Weapons System Concept and to utilise the Development Batch principle.Development specifically for the low-level high subsonic speed attack, with the requirement for maximum range very much to the fore, required a new approach. The flying qualities and structure produced for the initial design have been utilised with progressive developments in power-plant and equipment to give large improvements in performance, reliability and effectiveness at relatively low cost.
The Second Century Papers—Looking Ahead in Aeronautics
Authors: Allen John E. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThis paper introduces the series of Second Century papers which will appear in the Journal during 1968. The reasons which led the Publications Committee to arrange this series is explained and the authors and the titles of their papers are listed. The papers consider possible changes in aeronautical science, engineering and operations from now until a century ahead on many topics including Propulsion, Aerodynamics, Computing, Navigation, Control, Space Flight, Hovercraft, Aeronautical Education and Law for Aerospace.This paper sets the scene for the others by reviewing how the aeronautical future looked to Cayley in the early nineteenth century, to those attending the 1893 International Conference, to Lanchester, Thurston and Roxbee Cox. The changing nature of forecasting is illustrated by the Lockheed SST market study of 1965 which is given as an example of present-day predictive techniques using computers.
STOL Aircraft—A Perspective
Authors: Hiscocks R. D. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe interest in Canada in the design and manufacture of utility aircraft with a short take-off and landing (STOL) performance may be traced back to the difficulties of surface transport in the early development of the country and the widespread use of bush aircraft.The leading characteristics of the STOL aircraft are examined with particular reference to design features essential to a short take-off and landing. The choice of powerplants and lifting systems is discussed with emphasis on the requirements for powered lift in the larger sizes of aircraft. The augmentor-wing is described as an example of an integrated propulsion lifting system with promise of a high performance.The phases of the take-off, transition, climb and landing manoeuvre are reviewed to illustrate the relative importance of various parameters in design and operation. The importance is stressed of good stability characteristics and effective controls for manoeuvring in a confined air space and a consistent landing performance.The requirements of a para-military mobile force tor a rapid response, deployment overseas and transportation in an area are examined. Some estimates are given of the probability of finding suitable airstrips in a particular region and the cost of constructing new airfields in a dynamic situation. The operating environment in potentially troubled areas of the world is examined briefly to provide guidance in design. The costs of a military supply system are discussed using various modes of transport which include trucks, helicopters, STOL and conventional transport aircraft with results which suggest that the system employing STOL aircraft in the tactical theatre has advantages in cost and effectiveness.Attention is drawn to the growing requirement for shorthaul, commuter and air taxi aircraft with STOL characteristics. Reference is made to the increases in air travel and the widespread use of large transport aircraft which have encouraged the movement of airports from urban centres at a time when city growth and congestion render surface transport increasingly difficult. The relative costs of commercial systems using the helicopter and STOL aircraft are examined. It is shown that the cost of STOL ports is not an excessive portion of total system costs when all factors are taken into account. Some forecasts are made as to future development trends in transport systems using STOL aircraft.
ESRO II Satellite On-Board Equipment
Authors: Ducamus P. M. 
Published: June 2018

The various systems developed by, or under the responsibility of Engins MATRA, and which are related to the dynamics of the satellite, i.e.: the de-spin system, the precession damper, and the spin-up system will be described as well as the Attitude Control of the ESRO II spacecraft.Before discussing these particular subjects, the general characteristics of the ESRO II satellite will be recalled:The orbit is nearly polar (approximately 98° inclined to the equator) and has perigee at 350 km and apogee at 1200 km; the orbital plane precessions, in the retrograde sense, by about 1° per day; the orbit is thus synchronous with the sun's apparent motion. The launch time was chosen at 6 pm so that the orbital plane be, and remain, perpendicular to the sun's direction, at least in a first approximation. This is assuming a polar orbit and neglecting the angle between the plane of the Ecliptic and the plane of the Equator.
Coupled Modes in the Buckling of Panels with Z-Section Stringers in Compression
Authors: Rothwell A. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryA method of analysis is presented for the interaction between the local and torsional modes of instability of a stiffened panel in compression. Numerical results are produced for the particular case of a panel with Z-section stringers, and the influence of the flange width on the buckling stress is illustrated.
A Theory for the Side Force produced in Two-Dimensional Nozzles by Secondary Gas Injection
Authors: Neilson John H. , Gilchrist Alastair , Lee Chee K. 
Published: June 2018

Summary:This work is concerned with the side force produced in rocket nozzles by secondary gas injection. A new theory for determining the side force is presented for two-dimensional flow and this is considered to be an important step towards a theory applicable to three-dimensional flow. The proposed theory is based on a double wedge model for the separated region upstream of the secondary port. The principal feature of the model is that it accounts tor the fact that the angle of the shock wave, originating from the separated region, is observed to increase with increase in secondary mass flow rate. Theoretical side force results are shown to compare favourably with experimental results obtained using two-dimensional nozzles and a comparison is made between the proposed theory and the theories of other workers.
A Convenient Way of Taking Wing (and Fuselage) Flexibility into Account in Calculating Undercarriage Loads
Authors: Williams D. 
Published: June 2018

The crudest way of taking account of the airframe superstructure in calculating undercarriage performance is to represent it by a single concentrated mass. Crude as this method is, it is often used by aircraft firms because the only alternative known to them, apparently, is something they hesitate to face. And no wonder, because it means having to represent the wing-fuselage system by a large number of lumped masses and springs, each of which means an extra degree of freedom. This complicated dynamic system has then to be integrated with the undercarriage system, itself complicated by its non-linear characteristics.The natural approach that suggests itself is not to consider the w/f (wing-fuselage) structure ab initio but to make use of its (usually known) normal modes and frequencies. But this is just what cannot be done by existing techniques—hence the present impasse.
Problems of Guidance, in Particular— Inertial Guidance
Authors: Mattin R. B. 
Published: June 2018

The function of any guidance system selected for the Europa rocket is to generate steering demands in such a way that—(a)the trajectory flown results in a minimum consumption of fuel and(b)the required orbital velocity and height at injection are achieved with the maximum accuracy.If a system can be devised which enables these two aims to be realised, useful payload will not be sacrificed to place a satellite in its desired orbit.
Some Remarks on Vortex Drag and its Spanwise Distribution in Incompressible Flow
Authors: Garner H. C. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryTheoretical data from lifting-surface theory are presented to illustrate(i) that the vortex drag factor is closely related to the half-wing spanwise centre of pressure on simple planforms without camber or twist,(ii) that lifting-line theory is useless for predicting the spanwise distribution of vortex drag on swept wings,(iii) that recent numerical improvements in lifting-surface theory help to reconcile the concepts of wake energy and leading-edge suction in relation to vortex drag.
The Slender Wing with a Half Body of Revolution Mounted Beneath
Authors: Portnoy H. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe slender-body theory of Ward is applied to a configuration consisting of a slender, pointed wing, carrying directly beneath it a pointed half-body of revolution divided along a meridian plane.Expressions for lift and drag due to incidence are found which are valid in both subsonic and supersonic flow if the flow is attached. The lift result can be used to find pitching moment. For the supersonic case the drag at zero incidence is also found and the expressions for a conical configuration are developed so that a limiting form of these can be compared with the results of ref. 3.
The Development and Future of Air Cargo
Authors: Milward Anthony 
Published: June 2018

In delivering the 1968 British Commonwealth Lecture I am conscious of the honour bestowed upon me by the Council of the Royal Aeronautical Society and mindful of the responsibilities attached to addressing such an eminent body as are assembled here tonight.My subject—The Development and Future of Air Cargo—is, I believe, worthy of our attention at this particular time, not only because it is in itself an interesting special aspect of the general history of civil and military aviation, but because we have reached a critical point in that development at the very moment when air cargo service is beginning to show its potential contribution to the expansion of World Trade, including the badly needed expansion of Britain's own export trade. As we proceed, we shall see that the big expansion in air cargo has only recently begun. The formative years of aviation were more concerned with development of the vehicle, in creating public acceptability of this new form of transport and in fostering the growth of the more immediately profitable passenger traffic.
The Second Century Papers: Looking Ahead in Aeronautics—13
Authors: Hafner R. 
Published: June 2018

Having been delivered about 3 years ago of a paper for the Society's Centenary Journal on the subject of rotorcraft in retrospect—without, apparently, undue birth pains—I was led to think some months ago, when I was asked to write a similar paper—this time on the prospect for rotorcraft in the next 100 years—that the process would perhaps be equally painless. However, unwittingly, I had made one grave logical mistake: I did not realise that this time I was involved with an altogether different bairnie!In looking backwards one is concerned with collecting and collating factual matter from various sources, comparing present views with the views held at the time, and with such hindsight arriving at fairly positive conclusions, a more or less routine logical process, the quality of which is mainly measured by the care taken in considering all important factors in sufficient detail to ensure valid conclusions.
Measurement of Skin Friction using a Rectangular Mouthed Preston Tube
Authors: Quarmby Alan , Das H. K. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryMeasurements of skin friction were made with a set of rectangular mouthed pitot tubes of constant thickness ratio. The results gave a unique calibration between skin friction and pressure recorded by the tube when plotted after the method of Preston it the outside thickness is taken as the representative length. The calibration curve differs from that for circular Preston tubes when the effective centre of the pitot mouth lies within the sublayer.
Electric Propulsion Development. Part I.
Ion Thrusters
Authors: Openshaw P. R. 
Published: June 2018

Although an interest in electric propulsion has existed
in the UK for a considerable time, it is only in the
past few years that it has been considered
worthwhile to undertake the development of hardware
and produce detailed systems studies. The practical
developments can be divided into two categories: —
1. The
development of comparatively large thrusters (in
the region of ½ kW power, giving 10-20 milli
Newtons of thrust), for producing major movements
in a satellite's
position.2. The
development of micro-thruster systems for the
maintenance of a satellite's attitude and position
against the small disturbing forces and torques it
normally experiences in
orbit.