bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dread and Risk Elimination Premium for the Value of a Statistical Life
Authors: Olofsson Sara , Gerdtham Ulf G. , Hultkrantz Lars , Persson Ulf 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe value of a statistical life (VSL) is a widely used measure for the value of mortality risk reduction. As VSL should reflect preferences and attitudes to risk, there are reasons to believe that it varies depending on the type of risk involved. It has been argued that cancer should be considered a “dread disease,” which supports the use of a “cancer premium.” The objective of this study is to investigate the existence of a cancer premium (for pancreatic cancer and multiple myeloma) in relation to road traffic accidents, sudden cardiac arrest, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Data were collected from 500 individuals in the Swedish general population of 50–74‐year olds using a web‐based questionnaire. Preferences were elicited using the contingent valuation method, and a split‐sample design was applied to test scale sensitivity. VSL differs significantly between contexts, being highest for ALS and lowest for road traffic accidents. A premium (92–113%) for cancer was found in relation to road traffic accidents. The premium was higher for cancer with a shorter time from diagnosis to death. A premium was also found for sudden cardiac arrest (73%) and ALS (118%) in relation to road traffic accidents. Eliminating risk was associated with a premium of around 20%. This study provides additional evidence that there exist a dread premium and risk elimination premium. These factors should be considered when searching for an appropriate value for economic evaluation and health technology assessment.
Words have bounded width in
Authors: Avni Nir , Meiri Chen 
Published: June 2019

We prove two results about the width of words in $\operatorname{SL}_{n}(\mathbb{Z})$. The first is that, for every $n\geqslant 3$, there is a constant $C(n)$ such that the width of any word in $\operatorname{SL}_{n}(\mathbb{Z})$ is less than $C(n)$. The second result is that, for any word $w$, if $n$ is big enough, the width of $w$ in $\operatorname{SL}_{n}(\mathbb{Z})$ is at most 87.
Phosphorylation in two discrete tau domains regulates a stepwise process leading to postsynaptic dysfunction
Authors: Teravskis Peter J. , Oxnard Breeta R. , Miller Eric C. , Kemper Lisa , Ashe Karen H. , Liao Dezhi 
Published: June 2019

Key points
Tau mislocalization to dendritic spines and associated postsynaptic deficits are mediated through different and non‐overlapping phosphorylation sites.
Tau mislocalization to dendritic spines depends upon the phosphorylation of either Ser396 or Ser404 in the C‐terminus.
Postsynaptic dysfunction instead depends upon the phosphorylation of at least one of five residues in the proline‐rich region of tau.
The blockade of both glycogen synthetase kinase 3β and cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 is required to prevent P301L‐induced tau mislocalization to dendritic spines, supporting redundant pathways that control tau mislocalization to spines.
AbstractTau protein consists of an N‐terminal projection domain, a microtubule‐binding domain and a C‐terminal domain. In neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia, the hyperphosphorylation of tau changes its shape, binding partners and resulting function. An early consequence of tau phosphorylation by proline‐directed kinases is postsynaptic dysfunction associated with the mislocalization of tau to dendritic spines. The specific phosphorylation sites leading to these abnormalities have not been elucidated. Here, using imaging and electrophysiological techniques to study cultured rat hippocampal neurons, we show that postsynaptic dysfunction results from a sequential process involving differential phosphorylation in the N‐terminal and C‐terminal domains. First, tau mislocalizes to dendritic spines, in a manner that depends upon the phosphorylation of either Ser396 or Ser404 in the C‐terminal domain. The blockade of both glycogen synthetase kinase 3β and cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 prevents tau mislocalization to dendritic spines. Second, a reduction of functional AMPA receptors depends upon the phosphorylation of at least one of five residues (Ser202, Thr205, Thr212, Thr217 and Thr231) in the proline‐rich region of the N‐terminal domain. This is the first report of differential phosphorylation in distinct tau domains governing separate, but linked, steps leading to synaptic dysfunction.
Evaluating the Use of Virtual Reality to Teach Introductory Concepts of Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Ostrander John K. , Tucker Conrad S. , Simpson Timothy W. , Meisel Nicholas A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Limited academic course offerings and high barriers to incorporate industrial additive manufacturing (AM) systems into education has led to an underserved demand for a highly skilled AM workforce. In this research, virtual reality (VR) is proposed as a medium to help teach introductory concepts of AM in an interactive, scalable manner. Before implementing VR as a standard tool to teach introductory concepts of AM, we must evaluate the effectiveness of this medium for the subject. We test the hypothesis that VR can be used to teach students introductory concepts of AM in a way that is as effective as teaching the same concepts in a real-world physical setting. The research also explores differences in learning between participants who engage in a hands-on interactive lesson and participants who engage in a hands-off passive lesson. The study assesses participants’ AM knowledge through pre-/post-AM lesson evaluation. AM conceptual knowledge gained and changes in self-efficacy are evaluated to make an argument for the effectiveness of VR as an AM learning tool. Our findings in this research indicate that both interactive and passive VR may be indeed used to effectively teach introductory concepts of AM; we also found advantages to using interactive VR for improving AM self-efficacy.
Exploring the Fracture Toughness of Tessellated Materials With the Discrete-Element Method
Authors: Abid Najmul , Hannard Florent , William Pro J. , Barthelat Francois 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Architectured materials contain highly controlled structures and morphological features at length scales intermediate between the microscale and the size of the component. In dense architectured materials, stiff building blocks of well-defined size and shape are periodically arranged and bonded by weak but deformable interfaces. The interplay between the architecture of the materials and the interfaces between the blocks can be tailored to control the propagation of cracks while maintaining high stiffness. Interestingly, natural materials such as seashells, bones, or teeth make extensive use of this strategy. While their architecture can serve as inspiration for the design of new synthetic materials, a systematic exploration of architecture-property relationships in architectured materials is still lacking. In this study, we used the discrete element method (DEM) to explore the fracture mechanics of several hundreds of 2D tessellations composed of rigid “tiles” bonded by weaker interfaces. We explored crack propagation and fracture toughness in Voronoi-based tessellations (to represent intergranular cracking in polycrystalline materials), tessellations based on regular polygons, and tessellations based on brick-and-mortar. We identified several toughening mechanisms including crack deflection, crack tortuosity, crack pinning, and process zone toughening. These models show that periodic architectures can achieve higher toughness when compared with random microstructures, the toughest architectures are also the most anisotropic, and tessellations based on brick and mortar are the toughest. These findings are size independent and can serve as initial guidelines in the development of new architectured materials for toughness.
Association of changes in red meat consumption with total and cause specific mortality among US women and men: two prospective cohort studies
Authors: Zheng Yan , Li Yanping , Satija Ambika , Pan An , Sotos-Prieto Mercedes , Rimm Eric , Willett Walter C , Hu Frank B 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the association of changes in red meat consumption with total and cause specific mortality in women and men.

Design
Two prospective cohort studies with repeated measures of diet and lifestyle factors.

Setting
Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, United States.

Participants
53 553 women and 27 916 men without cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline.

Main outcome measure
Death confirmed by state vital statistics records, the national death index, or reported by families and the postal system.

Results
14 019 deaths occurred during 1.2 million person years of follow-up. Increases in red meat consumption over eight years were associated with a higher mortality risk in the subsequent eight years among women and men (both P for trend<0.05, P for heterogeneity=0.97). An increase in total red meat consumption of at least half a serving per day was associated with a 10% higher mortality risk (pooled hazard ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.17). For processed and unprocessed red meat consumption, an increase of at least half a serving per day was associated with a 13% higher mortality risk (1.13, 1.04 to 1.23) and a 9% higher mortality risk (1.09, 1.02 to 1.17), respectively. A decrease in consumption of processed or unprocessed red meat of at least half a serving per day was not associated with mortality risk. The association between increased red meat consumption and mortality risk was consistent across subgroups defined by age, physical activity, dietary quality, smoking status, or alcohol consumption.

Conclusion
Increases in red meat consumption, especially processed meat, were associated with higher overall mortality rates.
What are the perceived target groups and occasions for wines and beers labelled with verbal and numerical descriptors of lower alcohol strength? An experimental study
Authors: Vasiljevic Milica , Couturier Dominique-Laurent , Marteau Theresa M 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesAlcohol consumption is the fifth leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. The development and promotion of lower strength alcohol products may help reduce alcohol consumption and associated harms. This study assessed what a sample of UK weekly drinkers perceived to be the target groups and occasions for drinking wines and beers labelled with different verbal and numerical descriptors of lower alcohol strength.Design and participants3390 adults (1697 wine and 1693 beer drinkers) were sampled from a nationally representative UK panel, and participated in a between-subjects experiment in which participants were randomised to 1 of 18 groups with one of three levels of verbal descriptor (Lowvs.Super Lowvs.No verbal descriptor) and six levels of %ABV (five levels varying for wine and beer, and no level given).MeasuresThe study gauged participants’ perceptions of the type of person that would find the randomised beverage appealing and the type of occasion on which the beverage is likely to be drunk at.ResultsA principal component analysis showed that participants perceived pregnant women, sportspeople and those aged 6–13 years old were the target groups for products labelled with 0%ABV or the verbal descriptorsLoworSuper Low, whereas men, women, and those aged above 18 were perceived as the target groups for products labelled with higher %ABV. Participants also rated the products labelled with 0%ABV or the verbal descriptorsLoworSuper Lowas targeting consumption on weekday lunches, whereas products labelled with higher %ABV were rated as targeting dinner/evening occasions, including parties, holidays and celebrations.ConclusionsLower strength products were seen as targeting non-traditional consumers (pregnant women) and occasions (weekday lunchtimes), suggesting these products may be perceived as extensions to regular strength alcoholic drinks rather than as substitutes for them.
Trends in kidney function testing in UK primary care since the introduction of the quality and outcomes framework: a retrospective cohort study using CPRD
Authors: Feakins Benjamin , Oke Jason , McFadden Emily , Aronson Jeffrey , Lasserson Daniel , O’Callaghan Christopher , Taylor Clare , Hill Nathan , Stevens Richard , Perera Rafael 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesTo characterise serum creatinine and urinary protein testing in UK general practices from 2005 to 2013 and to examine how the frequency of testing varies across demographic factors, with the presence of chronic conditions and with the prescribing of drugs for which kidney function monitoring is recommended.DesignRetrospective open cohort study.SettingRoutinely collected data from 630 UK general practices contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.Participants4 573 275 patients aged over 18 years registered at up-to-standard practices between 1 April 2005 and 31 March 2013. At study entry, no patients were kidney transplant donors or recipients, pregnant or on dialysis.Primary outcome measuresThe rate of serum creatinine and urinary protein testing per year and the percentage of patients with isolated and repeated testing per year.ResultsThe rate of serum creatinine testing increased linearly across all age groups. The rate of proteinuria testing increased sharply in the 2009–2010 financial year but only for patients aged 60 years or over. For patients with established chronic kidney disease (CKD), creatinine testing increased rapidly in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008, and proteinuria testing in 2009–2010, reflecting the introduction of Quality and Outcomes Framework indicators. In adjusted analyses, CKD Read codes were associated with up to a twofold increase in the rate of serum creatinine testing, while other chronic conditions and potentially nephrotoxic drugs were associated with up to a sixfold increase. Regional variation in serum creatinine testing reflected country boundaries.ConclusionsOver a nine-year period, there have been increases in the numbers of patients having kidney function tests annually and in the frequency of testing. Changes in the recommended management of CKD in primary care were the primary determinant, and increases persist even after controlling for demographic and patient-level factors. Future studies should address whether increased testing has led to better outcomes.
Nash-wo-Numa(childhood growth & development) study protocol: factors that impact linear growth in children 9 to 15 years of age in Matiari, Pakistan
Authors: Campisi Susan C , Wasan Yaqub , Soofi Sajid , Monga Suneeta , Korczak Daphne J , Lou Wendy , Soder Olle , Vandermorris Ashley , Humayun Khadija N , Mian Ayesha , Szatmari Peter , Bhutta Zulfiqar A 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionAdolescence is a time of significant physical and emotional change, and there is emerging concern that adolescents living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) may face substantial challenges in relation to linear growth and mental health. Data on the global burden of stunting after 5 years of age are limited, but estimates suggest up to 50 per cent of all adolescents in some LMIC are stunted. Additionally, many LMIC lack robust mental health care delivery systems. Pakistan has one of the world’s largest populations of adolescents (10 to 19 years) at approximately 40 million. The Nash-wo-Numa study’s primary objective is to assess the prevalence and risk factors for stunting among early adolescents in rural Pakistan. The study also aims to determine the prevalence of poor mental health and identify factors associated with common mental health concerns during the childhood to adulthood transition.MethodsThis cross-sectional study will include girls (n= 738) 9.0 to 14.9 years of age and boys (n=687) 10.0 to 15.9 years of age who live in the rural district of Matiari, Pakistan. Participants will be assessed for anthropometrical measures, puberty development, nutritional biomarkers as well as symptoms of depression, anxiety and trauma using validated scales.Ethics and disseminationThe proposed study aims to complete the picture of child and adolescent health concerning linear growth and mental health by including puberty indicators. Ethics approval has been granted by the Ethics Review Committee at the Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan, #5251-WCH-ERC-18 and Research Ethics Board at SickKids Hospital, Toronto, Canada, #:1000060684. Study results will be presented at relevant conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT03647553; Pre-results.
The safety and efficacy of using large woven stents to treat vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia
Authors: He Xuying , Duan Chuanzhi , Zhang Jianbo , Li Xifeng , Zhang Xin , Li Zhenjun 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesTo characterize the safety and efficacy of large woven stents in the treatment of vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia (VBD).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 19 consecutive patients with VBD treated with large woven intracranial stent (Leo stents) between January 2016 and December 2018. The clinical symptoms and angiograms of all the patients were recorded.ResultsThe patients were treated with 1–3 large Leo stents (5.5 mm x 75 mm, 5.5 mm x 50 mm, or 4.5 mm x 40 mm), with or without coiling. They had follow-up angiography and MRI between 3 months and 1 year. Digital subtraction angiography showed 16 patients with complete reconstruction of the target vessels, one patient with almost complete reconstruction, and two patients with partial reconstruction. All patients had symptomatic improvement shortly after treatment, but two patients developed recurrent dysphagia at 8 and 18 months, respectively.ConclusionsDeployment of woven stents with or without supportive coiling may offer symptom relief and reconstruction in patients with VBD.
The geoengineering approach to the study of rivers and reservoirs
Authors: Corbett Patrick W. M. , Owen Amanda , Hartley Adrian J. , Pla-Pueyo Sila , Barreto Daniel , Hackney Chris , Kape Stephanie J. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This Special Publication contains contributions for two meetings held to explore the links between geoscience and engineering in rivers and reservoirs (surface and subsurface). The first meeting was held in Brazil and, as a result, the volume contains many contributions from Brazil. The second was held in Edinburgh, and produced contributions from modern rivers in the USA, China, India and Scotland. The geological record from Carboniferous to Recent is represented. A range of outcrop techniques are presented along with statistical techniques used to identify patterns in the time series and spatial sense. The book is intended to cover the cross-disciplinary interest in rivers and their sediments, and will interest geologists, geomorphologists, civil, geotechnical and petroleum engineers, and government agencies. Some of the papers collected here demonstrate longer term impacts of human activity on rivers and how these might change the future geological record and, more importantly in the short term, impact on the UN Global Sustainability Goals.
Analysis of soil following a police-led open area search and the recovery of a cold-case homicide grave
Authors: Donnelly L. J. , Cassella J. , Pirrie D. , Dawson L. , Blom G. , Davidson A. , Arnold P. , Harrison M. , Hope C. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Police in the UK received information that a person had been reported as missing. Despite a diligent search and investigation, the person was not found. Several years later police received intelligence giving the location of a grave believed to contain the remains of the person previously reported as missing and now believed to be a victim of homicide. This new information suggested the missing person had been murdered and their remains were buried in a shallow, unmarked grave. Following a systematic search, the murder victim's body was found at a shallow depth, less than 1 m. Following the forensic recovery of the body, soil samples were collected at, beneath the floor of the grave, along the strike of the grave, downslope and upslope. Analysis of the soil samples showed elevated levels of putrescine, at nearly 150 ppb in the soils beneath, downslope and for several metres upslope from the body at localities where detector dogs had showed an ‘interest’ before the grave was discovered. The mineralogical analysis, using integrated automated mineralogy and petrology detected the presence of diagenetic calcite in the soil profile beneath the grave. Additionally, the organic analysis detected the presence of elevated stanols at the grave and down slope.
Revealing Cluster Hierarchy in Gate-level ICs Using Block Diagrams and Cluster Estimates of Circuit Embeddings
Authors: Cakir Burcin , Malik Sharad 
Published: June 2019

Contemporary integrated circuits (ICs) are increasingly being constructed using intellectual property blocks (IPs) obtained from third parties in a globalized supply chain. The increased vulnerability to adversarial changes during this untrusted supply chain raises concerns about the integrity of the end product. The difference in the levels of abstraction between the initial specification and the final available circuit design poses a challenge for analyzing the final circuit for malicious insertions.
Reverse engineering presents one way to help reduce the difficulty of circuit analysis and inspection. In this work, we provide a framework that given (i) a gate-level netlist of a design and (ii) a block diagram for the design with relative sizes of the blocks, outputs a matching between the partitions of the circuit and blocks in the block diagram. We first compute a geometric embedding for each node in the circuit and then apply a clustering algorithm on the embedding features to obtain circuit partitions. Each partition is then mapped to the high-level blocks in the block diagram. These partitions can then be further analyzed for malicious insertions with much reduced complexity in comparison with the full chip. We tested our algorithm on different designs with varying sizes to evaluate the efficacy of algorithm, including the open-source processor OpenSparc T1, and showed that we can successfully match over 90% of gates to their corresponding blocks.
Case Studies in Physiology: Temporal changes in determinants of aerobic performance in individual going from alpine skier to world junior champion time trial cyclist
Authors: Rønnestad Bent R. , Hansen Joar , Stensløkken Lars , Joyner Michael J. , Lundby Carsten 
Published: June 2019

This paper reports temporal changes in physiological measurements of exercise performance in a young man transitioning from alpine skiing until he became a world junior champion time trial cyclist after only 3 yr of bike-specific training. At the time he became World Champion he also achieved among the highest reported maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) value, 96.7 ml·min−1·kg−1, or 7,397 ml/min in absolute terms at 76.5 kg, which had increased by 29.6% from 74.6 ml·min−1·kg−1 pre-bike-specific training. After 15 mo with almost no structured exercise training, V̇o2max returned to 77.0 mL·min−1·kg−1 and was similar to the value reported before specific bike training, albeit with absolute term (6,205 ml/min) still being 11.3% higher. Part of the explanation for his athletic achievements is likely also related to the up to 20.9% improvement in Power@4 mmol/l (W). Although genetic profiles of endurance athletes have not generated data suggesting a shared genetic signature associated with elite endurance performance, this case study highlights the importance of intrinsic biological factors in elite endurance performance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows that very high V̇o2max values (>70 ml·min−1·kg−1) can be found in individuals not previously specializing in aerobic training and that values of >90 ml·min−1·kg−1, as well as a cycling world junior champion title, can be achieved in such individuals with just 3 yr of dedicated exercise training.