bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability of piperacillin sodium-tazobactam sodium and ranitidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection during simulated Y-site administration
Authors: Choi Jun-Shik , Burm Jin-Pil , Jhee Stanford S. , Chin Alfred , Ulrich Robert W. , Gill Mark A. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The stability of piperacillin sodium plus tazobactam sodium and ranitidine hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection during simulated Y-site administration was studied.
Triplicate test solutions of piperacillin 40 mg/mL plus tazobactam 5 mg/mL (as the sodium salts) or piperacillin 80 mg/mL plus tazobactam 10 mg/mL (as the sodium salts) were mixed 1:1 with ranitidine 0.5 and 2.0 mg/mL (as the hydrochloride salt). The solutions were stored at 23°C, and samples were removed at zero, one, two, and four hours for measurement of drug concentration by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography. At the time of sampling and before any dilution, each sample was visually inspected for color and precipitation, and pH was determined.
At all sampling times, the concentrations of piperacillin, tazobactam, and ranitidine were &gt; 90% of initial concentrations. There were no substantial changes in pH or color.
Tazobactam 5 mg/mL (as the sodium salt) and ranitidine 0.5 and 2 mg/mL (as the hydrochloride salt) in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were stable for up to four hours during simulated Y-site administration. Piperacillin 80 mg/mL plus tazobactam 10 mg/mL (as the sodium salts) and ranitidine 0.5 and 2 mg/mL (as the hydrochloride salt) were stable for up to four hours during simulated Y-site administration.
The Modern State and Its Monopoly on Violence
Authors: Anter Andreas 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Weber defines the state as a political institution that claims successfully on the monopoly of violence. The chapter shows that this definition is a result of Weber’s historical studies revealing the monopoly as the decisive criterion, which distinguishes the modern occidental state from all other historical forms of domination. The monopolization of violence by the occidental state was the result of a long-term process in which the local holders of powers were expropriated by a central force. Comparing the worldwide situation of present political communities, however, the Weberian state is rather the exception than the rule. State-free territories are facing political communities with a high degree of statehood. The chapter points out that particularly for democracies the maintaining of the monopoly of violence is of fundamental importance since it guarantees that legitimate decisions have the chance to be enforced.
Is There a Future for Bourgeois Liberalism?
Authors: Antonio Robert J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Distinguished by extreme, systematized rationalism, Weber argued, bourgeois culture makes the social world in some ways more predictable and more comfortable but precludes a widely shared good life and social justice. He stressed emphatically that free-market capitalism, by maximizing formal rationality oriented to capital accounting and profitability, produces substantively “irrational” consequences that undermine the sociocultural and material fabric needed to sustain it. More than forty years of neoliberal restructuring, designed to accelerate capital accumulation at almost any cost, has generated massive corporate scandals, extreme economic inequalities, and global environmental problems that threaten its political legitimacy and social and ecological foundations. This chapter explores how Weber anticipated the types of substantive irrationalities suffered by today’s neoliberal regimes.
State Constitutional Analysis in School Finance Litigation
Authors: Thro William E. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Although education is not a fundamental right under the U.S. Constitution, every state constitution has a provision mandating, at a minimum, that the state provide a system of free public schools. In school finance litigation, the plaintiffs claim that the state legislature has violated the state constitution by failing to fund the public schools in an equitable (“equity suit”) or adequate (“adequacy suit”) manner. Despite scores of cases and a significant amount of academic commentary, “there are few certainties in the school funding litigation process.”
This chapter explores, in three parts, how courts have analyzed state constitutional provisions in school finance litigation. The first part demonstrates how states finance the public schools and why there are often disparities between school districts. The second part discusses state constitutional theories behind school finance litigation. The third part examines considerations involved in the jurisdictional, merits, and remedial phases of school finance litigation.
Equality, Liberty, and Education
Authors: Kiel Daniel 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the arc of American education, describing how the tension between liberty and equality has shaped education law and policy every step of the way. The chapter begins by exploring the origins of American education, including the equality-minded adoption of compulsory education and common schools and the liberty-minded desire for parents to control elements of their children’s education. Next, the chapter expands to consideration of equality and liberty in the education of groups. This includes the equality revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s during which schooling became more inclusive of multiple groups of students, and also the liberty-based backlash to those revolutions pursuing greater local control and self-determination. The chapter then highlights the liberty and equality-based tensions impacting contemporary education reform, such as the standards and choice movements. Finally, the chapter looks to the future, arguing that advances in technology, increasing student diversity, and unprecedented flux in the structure of American education will force continued balancing of the values of liberty and equality. Ultimately, the chapter argues that these core democratic impulses—liberty and equality—form a double helix at the core of many of the conflicts in American education law and policy and that management of the relationship between them will continue to drive how Americans respond to educational challenges of the future.
Adaptive Expertise
Authors: Bohle Carbonell Katerina , van Merrienboer Jeroen J. G. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe increasing number of changes at the workplace created through automation, political upheavals, and new technology frequently exposes individuals to unfamiliar situations. Mastering these situations requires individuals to possess adaptive expertise. By being an adaptive expert, individuals are able to deal with novel situations and remain performing at their original level. By drawing on recent literature, the goal of this chapter is to describe what adaptive expertise is. We contrast it with routine expertise to clarify when adaptive expertise produces superior performance to routine expertise. Subsequently we compare adaptive expertise to other expertise concepts. Following this, we describe how adaptive expertise can be developed and measured. The chapter ends with a number of recommendations of how individuals can be stimulated to develop adaptive expertise.
Expertise in STEM Disciplines
Authors: Feldon David F. , Jeong Soojeong , Franco Joana 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Enhancing expertise in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is vital to promoting both the intellectual and economic development of a modern society. This chapter synthesizes relevant studies on the acquisition and development of STEM expertise from different areas of research, including cognitive psychology, the psychology of science, sociology and anthropology, and educational research. Specifically, first, the structure of relevant STEM disciplines in conceptualizing the domain of expertise are discussed. Then the fundamental mechanisms of thinking and problem-solving practices in science and engineering that underlie expert performance within these disciplines are presented. Issues pertaining to assessment and recognition of expertise in STEM fields are also examined. Lastly, evidence pertaining to the impact of training and education on the development of STEM expertise is reviewed. The chapter closes with a critical analysis of STEM expertise research to date and identifies unanswered critical questions and new directions for future research.
A Cognitive Examination of Skill and Expertise in Word Games and Puzzles
Authors: Mueller Shane T. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, word game expertise will be examined from a cognitive perspective. First, a general taxonomic space of word games where the primary organizing axis distinguishes letter versus meaning-centered games will be proposed. Next, crosswords and SCRABBLE will be the focus, and aspects of game expertise will be examined by summarizing past research and news reports, including tournament and practice records. Finally, the results of a number of expert–novice comparison studies that have examined the cognitive differences between word game experts and non-experts will be summarized. The chapter will conclude with the hypothesis that word game expertise is supported by both practice and prior skills and ability, and will suggest predisposition-opportunity may be a fruitful framework for understanding skilled performance in this domain.
Survey of cow-calf producer perspectives on management strategies and industry challenges. Part 2. Marketing and selection decisions1
Authors: Martin Miriam S , Grau Scott A , Rutherford Burt W , Grandin Temple , Edwards-Callaway Lily N 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe objective of this study was to benchmark how cow-calf producers were marketing their calves, their priorities when selecting replacements, and if producers saw value in a quality assessment focusing on animal handling and care. A total of 1,414 responses from cow-calf producers in 44 states were collected through a survey conducted in partnership with BEEF. Thirty questions were asked of respondents to gather demographic information, establish at what age and through what avenue respondents were marketing their calves, and gauge respondent perspectives on selection decisions, pain management and a quality assessment outlining handling and care guidelines. The percentage of respondents who marketed their calves at certain ages varied by herd size (P &lt; 0.001). Respondents with 50 head or less or more than 1,000 head most commonly retained their calves through finishing and respondents with 51 to 200 head and 201 head to 500 head more frequently backgrounded and then sold their calves. Respondents’ top priorities when selecting bulls were calving ease, followed by growth and feed efficiency traits. When selecting females, top priorities were reproductive efficiency, followed by mothering ability. The percentage of respondents using pain management differed by whether a veterinarian had offered to administer a drug for pain management (P &lt; 0.001). 13.5% of respondents answered yes, and a veterinarian had offered to administer a drug for pain management when castrating or dehorning. Of those 13.5% who responded yes pain management had been offered, and 54.55% of respondents chose to use a pain relief method. A higher percentage of respondents that precondition also more frequently indicated that they used a pain relief method when castrating or dehorning, though it was still a low percentage (P = 0.006). Overall, 46.3% of respondents saw value in handling and care guidelines and 54.9% of respondents saw value in a program including source and age verification, a vaccination plan, and handling and care guidelines. Respondents who were Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) certified had a beef cow inventory of 501 to 1,000 head, who preconditioned their calves and backgrounded them before selling, and who lived in the West most commonly saw value in a quality assessment outlining handling and care guidelines.
Variation in multicomponent recognition cues alters egg rejection decisions: a test of the optimal acceptance threshold hypothesis
Authors: Hanley Daniel , López Analía V. , Fiorini Vanina D. , Reboreda Juan C. , Grim Tomáš , Hauber Mark E. 
Published: February 2019

The optimal acceptance threshold hypothesis provides a general predictive framework for testing behavioural responses to discrimination challenges. Decision-makers should respond to a stimulus when the perceived difference between that stimulus and a comparison template surpasses an acceptance threshold. We tested how individual components of a relevant recognition cue (experimental eggs) contributed to behavioural responses of chalk-browed mockingbirds,Mimus saturninus, a frequent host of the parasitic shiny cowbird,Molothrus bonariensis. To do this, we recorded responses to eggs that varied with respect to two components: colour, ranging from bluer to browner than the hosts' own eggs, and spotting, either spotted like their own or unspotted. Although tests of this hypothesis typically assume that decisions are based on perceived colour dissimilarity between own and foreign eggs, we found that decisions were biased toward rejecting browner eggs. However, as predicted, hosts tolerated spotted eggs more than unspotted eggs, irrespective of colour. These results uncover how a single component of a multicomponent cue can shift a host’s discrimination threshold and illustrate how the optimal acceptance threshold hypothesis can be used as a framework to quantify the direction and amount of the shift (in avian perceptual units) of the response curve across relevant phenotypic ranges.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.
Stereotactic system for accurately targeting deep brain structures in awake head-fixed mice
Authors: Katz Yonatan , Sokoletsky Michael , Lampl Ilan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDeep brain nuclei, such as the amygdala, nucleus basalis, and locus coeruleus, play a crucial role in cognition and behavior. Nonetheless, acutely recording electrical activity from these structures in head-fixed awake rodents has been very challenging due to the fact that head-fixed preparations are not designed for stereotactic accuracy. We overcome this issue by designing the DeepTarget, a system for stereotactic head-fixation and recording, which allows for accurately directing recording electrodes or other probes into any desired location in the brain. We then validated it by performing intracellular recordings from optogenetically-tagged amygdalar neurons followed by histological reconstruction, which revealed that it is accurate and precise to within ∼100 μm. Moreover, in another group of mice we were able to target both the mammillothalamic tract and subthalamic nucleus. This approach can be adapted to any type of extracellular electrode, fiber optic or other probe in cases where high accuracy is needed in awake, head-fixed rodents.Highlights> The Deep Target, new system for accurately targeting deep nuclei in head-fixed animals for electrophysiology and optogenetics.> Accurate and precise to within 100 μm following a one-time alignment.> Validation: Opto-tagged Vm recordings in the amygdala of awake mice.> Validation: Targeting multiple deep brain structures in the same mouse.
Deep conservation of response element variants regulating plant hormonal responses
Authors: Michal Lieberman-Lazarovich , Chen Yahav , Alon Israeli , Idan Efroni 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPhytohormones regulate many aspects of plant life by activating transcription factors (TF) that bind sequence-specific response elements (RE) in regulatory regions of target genes. Despite their short length, REs are degenerate with a core of just 3-4bps. This degeneracy is paradoxical, as it reduces specificity, and REs are extremely common in the genome. To study whether RE degeneracy might serve a biological function we developed an algorithm for the detection of regulatory sequence conservation, and applied it to phytohormones REs in 45 angiosperms. Surprisingly, we found that specific RE variants are highly conserved in core hormone response genes. Experimental evidence showed that specific variants act to regulate the magnitude and spatial profile of hormonal response in Arabidopsis and tomato. Our results suggest that hormone-regulated TFs bind a spectrum of REs, each coding for a distinct transcriptional response profile. Our approach is applicable for precise editing and rational promoter design.
Comparative analysis of corrected tiger genome provides clues to their neuronal evolution
Authors: Mittal Parul , Jaiswal Shubham , Vijay Nagarjun , Saxena Rituja , Sharma Vineet K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe availability of completed and draft genome assemblies of tiger, leopard, and other felids provides an opportunity to gain comparative insights on their unique evolutionary adaptations. However, genome-wide comparative analyses are very sensitive to errors in genome sequences and thus require accurate genomic assemblies for reliable evolutionary insights. In this study, while analyzing the tiger genome, we found almost one million erroneous substitutions in the coding and non-coding region of the genome affecting 4,472 genes, hence, biasing the current understanding of tiger evolution. Moreover, these errors produced several misleading observations in previous studies. Thus, to gain insights into the tiger evolution, we corrected the erroneous bases in the genome assembly and gene set of tiger, which was also validated by resequencing of a Bengal tiger genome and transcriptome. A comprehensive evolutionary analysis was performed using 10,920 orthologs from nine mammalian species including the corrected gene sets of tiger and leopard, and using five different methods at three hierarchical levels i.e. felids, Panthera, and tiger. The unique genetic changes in tiger revealed that the genes showing the signatures of adaptation in tiger were enriched in development and neuronal functioning. Specifically, the genes belonging to Notch signalling pathway, which is among the most conserved pathways involved in embryonic and neuronal development, were found to be significantly diverged in tiger in comparison to the other mammals. Our findings suggest the role of adaptive evolution in neuronal functions and development processes, which correlates well with the presence of exceptional traits such as sensory perception, strong neuro-muscular coordination, and hypercarnivorous behavior in tiger.
Differential Principal Components Reveal Patterns of Differentiation in Case/Control Studies
Authors: Lengerich Benjamin J. , Xing Eric P. 
Published: February 2019

Dimensionality reduction is an important task in bioinformatics studies. Common unsupervised methods like principal components analysis (PCA) extract axes of variation that are high-variance but do not necessarily differentiate experimental conditions. Methods of supervised discriminant analysis such as partial least squares (PLS-DA) effectively separate conditions, but are hamstrung by inflexibility and overfit to sample labels. We would like a simple method which repurposes the rich literature of component estimation for supervised dimensionality reduction.We propose to address this problem by estimating principal components from a set of difference vectors rather than from the samples. Our method directly utilizes the PCA algorithm as a module, so we can incorporate any PCA variant for improved components estimation. Specifically, Robust PCA, which ameliorates the deleterious effects of noisy samples, improves recovery of components in this framework. We name the resulting method Differential Robust PCA (drPCA). We apply drPCA to several cancer gene expression datasets and find that it more accurately summarizes oncogenic processes than do standard methods such as PCA and PLS-DA. A Python implementation of drPCA and Jupyter notebooks to reproduce experimental results are available at www.github.com/blengerich/drPCA.
Rich-Club organization: an important determinant of functional outcome after acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Schirmer Markus D. , Ktena Sofia Ira , Nardin Marco J. , Donahue Kathleen L. , Giese Anne-Katrin , Etherton Mark R. , Wu Ona , Rost Natalia S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the rich-club organization, essential for information transport in the human connectome, is an important biomarker of functional outcome after acute ischemic stroke (AIS).MethodsConsecutive AIS patients (N=344) with acute brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (<48 hours) were eligible for this study. Each patient underwent a clinical MRI protocol, which included diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). All DWIs were registered to a template on which rich-club regions have been defined. Using manual outlines of stroke lesions, we automatically counted the number of affected rich-club regions and assessed its effect on the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS; obtained at 90 days post-stroke) scores through ordinal regression.ResultsOf 344 patients (median age 65, inter-quartile range 54-76 years) with a median DWI lesion volume (DWIv) of 3cc, 64% were male. We established that an increase in number of rich-club regions affected by a stroke increases the odds of poor stroke outcome, measured by NIHSS (OR: 1.77, 95%CI 1.41-2.21) and mRS (OR: 1.38, 95%CI 1.11-1.73). Additionally, we demonstrated that the OR exceeds traditional markers, such as DWIv (ORNIHSS 1.08, 95%CI 1.06-1.11; ORmRs 1.05, 95%CI 1.03-1.07) and age (ORNIHSS 1.03, 95%CI 1.01-1.05; ORmRs 1.05, 95%CI 1.03-1.07).ConclusionIn this proof-of-concept study, the number of rich-club nodes affected by a stroke lesion presents a translational biomarker of stroke outcome, which can be readily assessed using standard clinical AIS imaging protocols and considered in functional outcome prediction models beyond traditional factors.
How the initiating ribosome copes with (p)ppGpp to translate mRNAs
Authors: Vinogradova Daria S. , Kasatsky Pavel , Maksimova Elena , Zegarra Victor , Paleskava Alena , Konevega Andrey L. , Milón Pohl 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDuring host colonization, bacteria use the alarmone (p)ppGpp to reshape its proteome by acting pleiotropically on RNA and protein synthesis. Here, we elucidate how the translation Initiation Factor 2 (IF2) senses the cellular ppGpp to GTP ratio and regulates the progression towards protein synthesis. Our results show that the affinity of GTP and the inhibitory concentration of ppGpp for 30S-bound IF2 vary depending on the programmed mRNA. Highly translated mRNAs enhanced GTP affinity for 30S complexes, resulting in fast transitions to elongation of protein synthesis. Less demanded mRNAs allowed ppGpp to compete with GTP for IF2, stalling 30S complexes until exchange of the mRNA enhances the affinity for GTP. Altogether, our data unveil a novel regulatory mechanism at the onset of protein synthesis that tolerates physiological concentrations of ppGpp, and that bacteria can exploit to modulate its proteome as a function of the nutritional shift happening during infection.