bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single‐Column Modeling of Convection During the CINDY2011/DYNAMO Field Campaign With the CNRM Climate Model Version 6
Authors: Abdel‐Lathif Ahmat Younous , Roehrig Romain , Beau Isabelle , Douville Hervé 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA single‐column model (SCM) approach is used to assess the CNRM climate model (CNRM‐CM) version 6 ability to represent the properties of the apparent heat source (Q1) and moisture sink (Q2) as observed during the 3 month CINDY2011/DYNAMO field campaign, over its Northern Sounding Array (NSA). The performance of the CNRM SCM is evaluated in a constrained configuration in which the latent and sensible heat surface fluxes are prescribed, as, when forced by observed sea surface temperature, the model is strongly limited by the underestimate of the surface fluxes, most probably related to the SCM forcing itself. The model exhibits a significant cold bias in the upper troposphere, near 200 hPa, and strong wet biases close to the surface and above 700 hPa. The analysis of the Q1 and Q2 profile distributions emphasizes the properties of the convective parameterization of the CNRM‐CM physics. The distribution of the Q2 profile is particularly challenging. The model strongly underestimates the frequency of occurrence of the deep moistening profiles, which likely involve misrepresentation of the shallow and congestus convection. Finally, a statistical approach is used to objectively define atmospheric regimes and construct a typical convection life cycle. A composite analysis shows that the CNRM SCM captures the general transition from bottom‐heavy to mid‐heavy to top‐heavy convective heating. Some model errors are shown to be related to the stratiform regimes. The moistening observed during the shallow and congestus convection regimes also requires further improvements of this CNRM‐CM physics.
COMP report: CPQR technical quality control guidelines for brachytherapy remote afterloaders
Authors: Frenière Normand 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists (COMP), in close partnership with the Canadian Partnership for Quality Radiotherapy (CPQR) has developed a series of Technical Quality Control (TQC) guidelines for radiation treatment equipment. These guidelines outline the performance objectives that equipment should meet in order to ensure an acceptable level of radiation treatment quality. The TQC guidelines have been rigorously reviewed and field tested in a variety of Canadian radiation treatment facilities. The development process enables rapid review and update to keep the guidelines current with changes in technology (the most updated version of this guideline can be found on the CPQR website). This particular TQC details recommended quality control testing of brachytherapy remote afterloaders.
Polydopamine‐Grafted Graphene Oxide Composite Membranes with Adjustable Nanochannels and Separation Performance
Authors: Zhang Wenzheng , Jia Jin , Qiu Yuanyou , Pan Kai 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) is a unique 2D material that can form nanochannels between adjacent nanosheets, and has attracted concentrated interests in the field of molecule sieving. However, the size of the nanochannels is fixed and hard to change, which is undesirable when using GO‐based membranes for separation. Herein, a strategy for controllable adjusting the microstructure of GO nanosheets and size of nanochannels by grafting polydopamine (PDA) on GO is reported. A series of PDA‐g‐GO composite membranes with different PDA loading are successfully fabricated by simple vacuum filtration. The composite membranes are used to separate 70 wt% ethanol–H2O mixture and 70 wt% isopropyl alcohol–H2O mixture by pervaporation, respectively. The results demonstrate that by grafting PDA on GO, the size of nanochannels can be adjusted effectively. Compared with the original GO membrane, the PDA‐g‐GO composite membranes show markedly different separation performance. This strategy may significantly extend the applications of GO membranes with fine‐tuned nanochannels in various separation fields.
A Self‐Powered Lantern Based on a Triboelectric–Photovoltaic Hybrid Nanogenerator
Authors: Cao Ran , Wang Jiaona , Xing Yi , Song Weixing , Li Nianwu , Zhao Shuyu , Zhang Chi , Li Congju 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe solar cell is widely used to convert sunlight into electric energy. However, its ability in harvesting energy is limited because it exclusively depends on sunlight. Inspired by a lantern swaying in the wind, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is introduced to fabricate a triboelectric–photovoltaic hybrid nanogenerator, which is capable of harvesting both wind and solar energy with high efficiency. Moreover, a soft lithium battery (SLB) with designable shape and high capacity is adapted to instantly store the electric energy and guarantee stable output for the light‐emitting diodes inside the lantern. The hybrid nanogenerator exhibits high performance with a short‐circuit current about 150 µA at the rotation speed of 200 rpm and light intensity of 2 mW, illustrating the additive effect of the TENG and dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Besides, after being charged by the hybrid nanogenerator for 0.88 h, the following discharge of the SLB at 10 µA can last 4.12 h, which is much longer compared with each component. The high integration of the TENG, DSSC, and SLB successfully makes a self‐powered lantern reality, which is a further step for multiple energy harvesting and self‐powered systems.
Interbirth intervals in wild baboons: Environmental predictors and hormonal correlates
Authors: Gesquiere Laurence R. , Altmann Jeanne , Archie Elizabeth A. , Alberts Susan C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesInterbirth intervals (IBIs) are a key metric of female reproductive success; understanding how they are regulated by environmental, social, and demographic factors can provide insight into sources of variance in female fitness.Materials and MethodsUsing 36 years of reproductive data on 490 IBIs for 160 wild female baboons, we identified sources of variance in the duration of IBIs and of their component phases: postpartum amenorrhea (PPA), sexual cycling, and pregnancy. We also examined how body fat and fecal hormone concentrations varied during female IBIs.ResultsWe found that IBIs tended to be shorter (reproduction was accelerated) when female traits and environmental variables promoted energy acquisition, but with different specific effects for different component phases of the IBI. We also found that females lost a substantial amount of body fat during PPA, indicating that PPA imposes accumulating energetic costs as it progresses. Prior to cycle resumption females began to regain body fat; body fat was stable across the cycling phase and increased throughout most of pregnancy. However, body fat scores per se were not associated with the duration of any of the component phases. Finally, we found that fecal glucocorticoid concentrations decreased as PPA progressed, suggesting a decline in energetic stress over this phase. Fecal progestogen and estrogen concentrations changed over time during sexual cycling; the direction of these changes depended on the phase of the sexual cycle (luteal versus early or late follicular phases).DiscussionOur study lends insight into the energetic constraints on female primate reproduction, revealing how female environments, changes in body fat, and steroid hormone concentrations relate to IBI duration and to reproductive readiness.
Dentine morphology of Atapuerca‐Sima de los Huesos lower molars: Evolutionary implications through three‐dimensional geometric morphometric analysis
Authors: Hanegraef Hester , Martinón‐Torres María , Martínez de Pinillos Marina , Martín‐Francés Laura , Vialet Amélie , Arsuaga Juan Luis , Bermúdez de Castro José María 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesThis study aims to explore the affinities of the Sima de los Huesos (SH) population in relation to Homo neanderthalensis, Arago, and early and contemporary Homo sapiens. By characterizing SH intra‐population variation, we test current models to explain the Neanderthal origins.Materials and MethodsThree‐dimensional reconstructions of dentine surfaces of lower first and second molars were produced by micro‐computed tomography. Landmarks and sliding semilandmarks were subjected to generalized Procrustes analysis and principal components analysis.ResultsSH is often similar in shape to Neanderthals, and both groups are generally discernible from Homo sapiens. For example, the crown height of SH and Neanderthals is lower than for modern humans. Differences in the presence of a mid‐trigonid crest are also observed, with contemporary Homo sapiens usually lacking this feature. Although SH and Neanderthals show strong affinities, they can be discriminated based on certain traits. SH individuals are characterized by a lower intra‐population variability, and show a derived dental reduction in lower second molars compared to Neanderthals. SH also differs in morphological features from specimens that are often classified as Homo heidelbergensis, such as a lower crown height and less pronounced mid‐trigonid crest in the Arago fossils.DiscussionOur results are compatible with the idea that multiple evolutionary lineages or populations coexisted in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene, with the SH paradigm phylogenetically closer to Homo neanderthalensis. Further research could support the possibility of SH as a separate taxon. Alternatively, SH could be a subspecies of Neanderthals, with the variability of this clade being remarkably higher than previously thought.
Eco‐geographic adaptations in the human ribcage throughout a 3D geometric morphometric approach
Authors: García‐Martínez Daniel , Nalla Shahed , Ferreira Maria Teresa , Guichón Ricardo A. , D'Angelo del Campo Manuel D. , Bastir Markus 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectivesAccording to eco‐geographic rules, humans from high latitude areas present larger and wider trunks than their low‐latitude areas counterparts. This issue has been traditionally addressed on the pelvis but information on the thorax is largely lacking. We test whether ribcages are larger in individuals inhabiting high latitudes than in those from low latitudes and explored the correlation of rib size with latitude. We also test whether a common morphological pattern is exhibited in the thorax of different cold‐adapted populations, contributing to their hypothetical widening of the trunk.Materials and methodsWe used 3D geometric morphometrics to quantify rib morphology of three hypothetically cold‐adapted populations, viz. Greenland (11 individuals), Alaskan Inuit (8 individuals) and people from Tierra del Fuego (8 individuals), in a comparative framework with European (Spain, Portugal and Austria; 24 individuals) and African populations (South African and sub‐Saharan African; 20 individuals).ResultsPopulations inhabiting high latitudes present longer ribs than individuals inhabiting areas closer to the equator, but a correlation (p < 0.05) between costal size and latitude is only found in ribs 7–11. Regarding shape, the only cold adapted population that was different from the non‐cold‐adapted populations were the Greenland Inuit, who presented ribs with less curvature and torsion.ConclusionsSize results from the lower ribcage are consistent with the hypothesis of larger trunks in cold‐adapted populations. The fact that only Greenland Inuit present a differential morphological pattern, linked to a widening of their ribcage, could be caused by differences in latitude. However, other factors such as genetic drift or specific cultural adaptations cannot be excluded and should be tested in future studies.
Semiconducting Polymer Nanoenzymes with Photothermic Activity for Enhanced Cancer Therapy
Authors: Li Jingchao , Xie Chen , Huang Jiaguo , Jiang Yuyan , Miao Qingqing , Pu Kanyi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractRegulation of enzyme activity is fundamentally challenging but practically meaningful for biology and medicine. However, noninvasive remote control of enzyme activity in living systems has been rarely demonstrated and exploited for therapy. Herein, we synthesize a semiconducting polymer nanoenzyme with photothermic activity for enhanced cancer therapy. Upon near‐infrared (NIR) light irradiation, the activity of the nanoenzyme can be enhanced by 3.5‐fold to efficiently digest collagen in the tumor extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to enhanced nanoparticle accumulation in tumors and consequently improved photothermal therapy (PTT). This study thus provides a promising strategy to remotely regulate enzyme activity for cancer therapy.
Highly Enantioselective Tandem Michael Addition of Tryptamine‐Derived Oxindoles to Alkynones: Concise Synthesis of Strychnos Alkaloids
Authors: He Weigang , Hu Jiadong , Wang Pengyan , Chen Le , Ji Kai , Yang Siyu , Li Yin , Xie Zhilong , Xie Weiqing 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA highly enantioselective tandem Michael addition of tryptamine‐derived oxindoles to alkynones was developed by taking advantage of a chiral N,N′‐dioxide Sc(OTf)3 catalyst. The reaction enables the facile preparation of enantioenriched spiro[pyrrolidine‐3,3′‐oxindole] compounds, which provides a novel strategy for the synthesis of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids. As a demonstration, the asymmetric synthesis of strychnos alkaloids [(−)‐tubifoline, (−)‐tubifolidine, (−)‐dehydrotubifoline] was achieved in 10–11 steps.
Preparation of BiVO4/MIL‐125(Ti) composite with enhanced visible‐light photocatalytic activity for dye degradation
Authors: Yang Zhiquan , Ding Jie , Feng Jinna , He Chong , Li Ying , Tong Xiaowen , Niu Xiaojun , Zhang Hongguo 
Published: February 2018

Because of their desired features, including very specific surface areas and designable framework architecture together with their possibility to be functionalized, Metal Framework (MOF) is a promising platform for supporting varied materials in respect of catalytic applications in water treatment. In this work, a novel visible‐light‐responsive photocatalyst that comprised BiVO4 together with MIL‐125(Ti), was synthesized by a two‐step hydrothermal approach. The characterization of as‐obtained samples as performed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet‐visible diffuse reflection spectra. Rhodamine B was selected being a target for the evaluation of the photocatalytic function of as‐developed photocatalyst. The photocatalytic reaction parameters, for example, the content of BiVO4 as well as initial concentration of Rhodamine B was researched. The composite photocatalyst possessing Bi:Ti molar ratio of 3:2 brought to light the fact that the greatest photocatalytic activity had the ability to degrade 92% of Rhodamine B in 180 min. In addition to that, the BiVO4/MIL‐125(Ti) composite could keep its photocatalytic activity during the recycling test. The phenomenon of disintegration of the photo‐generated charges in the BiVO4/MIL‐125(Ti) composite was brought to discussion as well.
Innervation of the Long Head of the Triceps Brachii in Humans—A Fresh Look
Authors: Wade Michael D. , McDowell Arthur R. , Ziermann Janine M. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThe triceps brachii muscle occupies the posterior compartment of the arm in humans and has three heads. The lateral and medial heads originate from the humerus and the long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. All heads form a common tendon that inserts onto the olecranon and the deep antebrachial fascia on each side of it. Each head receives its own motor branch, which all are thought to originate from the radial nerve. However, several studies reported that the motor branch of the long head of the triceps (LHT) arises from the axillary nerve or the posterior cord. Here, we dissected 27 triceps in 15 cadavers to analyze the innervation of the LHT and found only radial innervation, which contradicts those studies. We examined studies reporting that the motor branch to the LHT in humans does not arise from the radial nerve as well as studies of the triceps in primates. Occasional variations of the innervation of skeletal muscles are normal, but a change of principal motor innervation from radial to axillary nerve has important implications. This is because the axillary nerve is often involved during shoulder injuries. The precise identification of the prevalence of axillary versus radial innervation is therefore clinically relevant for surgery, nerve drafting, and occupational and physical therapy. We conclude that the primary motor branch to the LHT arises from the radial nerve but axillary/posterior cord innervations occur occasionally. We suggest the development of a standard methodology for further studies. Anat Rec, 301:473–483, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why Do Knuckle‐Walking African Apes Knuckle‐Walk?
Authors: Simpson Scott W. , Latimer Bruce , Lovejoy C. Owen 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTAmong living mammals, only the African apes and some anteaters adopt knuckle‐walking as their primary locomotor behavior. That Pan and Gorilla both knuckle‐walk has been cited as evidence of their common ancestry and a primitive condition for a combined Homo, Pan, and Gorilla clade. Recent research on forelimb ontogeny and anatomy, in addition to recently described hominin fossils, indicate that knuckle‐walking was independently acquired after divergence of the Pan and Gorilla lineages. Although the large‐bodied, largely suspensory orangutan shares some aspects of the African ape bauplan, it does not regularly knuckle‐walk when terrestrial. While many anatomical correlates of knuckle‐walking have been identified, a functional explanation of this unusual locomotor pattern has yet to be proposed. Here, we argue that it was adopted by African apes as a means of ameliorating the consequences of repetitive impact loadings on the soft and hard tissues of the forelimb by employing isometric and/or eccentric contraction of antebrachial musculature during terrestrial locomotion. Evidence of this adaptation can be found in the differential size and fiber geometry of the forearm musculature, and differences in torso shape between the knuckle‐walking and non‐knuckle‐walking apes (including humans). We also argue that some osteological features of the carpus and metacarpus that have been identified as adaptations to knuckle‐walking are consequences of cartilage remodeling during ontogeny rather than traits limiting motion in the hand and wrist. An understanding of the functional basis of knuckle‐walking provides an explanation of the locomotor parallelisms in modern Pan and Gorilla. Anat Rec, 301:496–514, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mouse Hind Limb Skeletal Muscle Functional Adaptation in a Simulated Fine Branch Arboreal Habitat
Authors: Rupert Joseph E. , Joll J. Ethan , Elkhatib Wiaam Y. , Organ Jason M. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThe musculoskeletal system is remarkably plastic during growth. The purpose of this study was to examine the muscular plasticity in functional and structural properties in a model known to result in significant developmental plasticity of the postcranial skeleton. Fifteen weanling C57BL/6 mice were raised to 16 weeks of age in one of two enclosures: a climbing enclosure that simulates a fine branch arboreal habitat and is traversed by steel wires crossing at 45° relative to horizontal at multiple intersections, and a control enclosure that resembles a parking deck with no wires but the same volume of habitable space. At killing, ex vivo contractility properties of the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were examined. Our results demonstrate that EDL muscles of climbing mice contracted with higher specific forces and were comprised of muscle fibers with slower myosin heavy chain isoforms. EDL muscles also fatigued at a higher rate in climbing mice compared to controls. SOL muscle function is not affected by the climbing environment. Likewise, mass and architecture of both EDL and SOL muscles were not different between climbing and control mice. Our data demonstrate that functional adaptation does not require concomitant architectural adaptation in order to increase contractile force. Anat Rec, 301:434–440, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Leg Muscle Architecture in Primates and Its Correlation with Locomotion Patterns
Authors: Marchi Damiano , Leischner Carissa L. , Pastor Francisco , Hartstone‐Rose Adam 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTBone biomechanical studies indicate that leg bone structure can be related to different locomotor patterns. The osteological correlates of extant primates’ locomotion patterns and substrate use are important to consider when estimating corresponding behaviors of extinct primates. Here, we test if these same patterns are seen in the differences in leg muscular architecture. Muscle mass, fascicle lengths (FL), physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA), reduced PCSA (RPCSA) and tendon‐to‐muscle belly ratio were studied in 33 primate species (6 strepsirrhines, 14 platyrrhines and 13 catarrhines). Muscles were grouped into toe and ankle flexors and extensors and studied for phylogenetic and functional signals. All variables strongly correlate with body mass: strength variables (mass, PCSA and RPCSA) scale with positive allometry, whereas the speed/stretch measure (FL) trend toward negative allometry. Thus, larger primates are relatively stronger than smaller species, but they have relatively shorter leg muscle fibers than smaller primates. The strongest functional signal emerged when comparing belly‐muscle tendon unit (MTU) length ratio in leaping and non‐leaping primates. Leapers show significantly smaller plantarflexor belly‐MTU ratio. Surprisingly, no significant results reflect a correlation between muscle architecture and substrate and locomotor groups. However, several trends suggest that a larger sample and more fine‐grained defined categories could produce significant results. These results show the complex relation between leg bone biomechanics and muscle architecture and demand for further studies on this topic. Anat Rec, 301:515–527, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How the Brain May Have Shaped Muscle Anatomy and Physiology: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Muchlinski Magdalena N. , Hemingway Holden W. , Pastor Juan , Omstead Kailey M. , Burrows Anne M. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTSkeletal muscle fibers are often used to evaluate functional differences in locomotion. However, because there are energetic differences among muscle fiber cells, muscle fiber composition could be used to address evolutionary questions about energetics. Skeletal muscle is composed of two main types of fibers: Type I and II. The difference between the two can be reduced to how these muscle cells use oxygen and glucose. Type I fibers convert glucose to ATP using oxygen, while Type II fibers rely primarily on anaerobic metabolic processes. The expensive tissue hypothesis (ETH) proposes that the energetic demands imposed on the body by the brain result in a reduction in other expensive tissues (e.g., gastrointestinal tract). The original ETH dismisses the energetic demands of skeletal muscle, despite skeletal muscle being (1) an expensive tissue when active and (2) in direct competition for glucose with the brain. Based on these observations we hypothesize that larger brained primates will have relatively less muscle mass and a decrease in Type I fibers. As part of a larger study to test this hypothesis, we present data from 10 species of primates. We collected body mass, muscle mass, and biopsied four muscles from each specimen for histological procedures. We collected endocranial volumes from the literature. Using immunohistochemistry, a muscle fiber composition profile was created for each species sampled. Results show that larger brained primates have less muscle and fewer Type I fibers than primates with smaller brains. Results clarify the relationship between muscle mass and brain mass and illustrate how muscle mass could be used to address energetic questions. Anat Rec, 301:528–537, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.