bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermonociceptive interaction: interchannel pain modulation occurs before intrachannel convergence of warmth
Authors: Cataldo Antonio , Ferrè Elisa Raffaella , Haggard Patrick 
Published: March 2019

Nonnoxious warmth reduces both perceived pain intensity and the amplitude of EEG markers of pain. However, the spatial properties of thermonociceptive interaction, and the level of sensory processing at which it occurs, remain unclear. We investigated whether interchannel warmth-pain interactions occur before or after intrachannel spatial summation of warmth. Warm stimuli were applied to the fingers of the right hand. Their number and location were manipulated in different conditions. A concomitant noxious test pulse was delivered to the middle finger using a CO2 laser. We replicated the classical suppressive effect of warmth on both perceived pain intensity and EEG markers. Importantly, inhibition of pain was not affected by the location and the number of thermal stimuli, even though they increased the perceived intensity of warmth. Our results therefore suggest that the inhibitory effect of warmth on pain is not somatotopically organized. The results also rule out the possibility that warmth affects nociceptive processing after intrachannel warmth summation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used spatial summation of warmth as a model to investigate thermonociceptive interactions. Painful CO2 laser pulses were delivered during different thermal conditions. We found that warmth inhibited pain regardless of its location. Crucially, spatial summation of multiple warm stimuli did not further inhibit pain. These findings suggest that warmth-pain interaction occurs independently of or after spatial summation of warmth.
Is natural variability in gait sufficient to initiate spontaneous energy optimization in human walking?
Authors: Wong Jeremy D. , Selinger Jessica C. , Donelan J. Maxwell 
Published: March 2019

In new walking contexts, the nervous system can adapt preferred gaits to minimize energetic cost. During treadmill walking, this optimization is not usually spontaneous but instead requires experience with the new energetic cost landscape. Experimenters can provide subjects with the needed experience by prescribing new gaits or instructing them to explore new gaits. Yet in familiar walking contexts, people naturally prefer energetically optimal gaits: the nervous system can optimize cost without an experimenter’s guidance. Here we test the hypothesis that the natural gait variability of overground walking provides the nervous system with sufficient experience with new cost landscapes to initiate spontaneous minimization of energetic cost. We had subjects walk over paths of varying terrain while wearing knee exoskeletons that penalized walking as a function of step frequency. The exoskeletons created cost landscapes with minima that were, on average, 8% lower than the energetic cost at the initially preferred gaits and achieved at walking speeds and step frequencies that were 4% lower than the initially preferred values. We found that our overground walking trials amplified gait variability by 3.7-fold compared with treadmill walking, resulting in subjects gaining greater experience with new cost landscapes, including frequent experience with gaits at the new energetic minima. However, after 20 min and 2.0 km of walking in the new cost landscapes, we observed no consistent optimization of gait, suggesting that natural gait variability during overground walking is not always sufficient to initiate energetic optimization over the time periods and distances tested in this study. NEW & NOTEWORTHY While the nervous system can continuously optimize gait to minimize energetic cost, what initiates this optimization process during every day walking is unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that the nervous system leverages the natural variability in gait experienced during overground walking to converge on new energetically optimal gaits created using exoskeletons. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that participants did not adapt toward optimal gaits: natural variability is not always sufficient to initiate spontaneous energy optimization.
Combined Inhibition of STAT3 and DNA Repair in Palbociclib-Resistant ER-Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Kettner Nicole M. , Vijayaraghavan Smruthi , Durak Merih Guray , Bui Tuyen , Kohansal Mehrnoosh , Ha Min Jin , Liu Bin , Rao Xiayu , Wang Jing , Yi Min , Carey Jason P.W. , Chen Xian , Eckols T. Kris , Raghavendra Akshara S. , Ibrahim Nuhad K. , Karuturi Meghan Sri , Watowich Stephanie S. , Sahin Aysegul , Tweardy David J. , Hunt Kelly K. , Tripathy Debu , Keyomarsi Khandan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors are currently used in combination with endocrine therapy to treat advanced hormone receptor–positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. Although this treatment doubles time to progression compared with endocrine therapy alone, about 25%–35% of patients do not respond, and almost all patients eventually acquire resistance. Discerning the mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition is crucial in devising alternative treatment strategies.

Experimental Design:
Palbociclib-resistant cells (MCF-7 and T47D) were generated in a step-wise dose-escalading fashion. Whole-exome sequencing, genome-wide expression analysis, and proteomic analysis were performed in both resistant and parental (sensitive) cells. Pathway alteration was assessed mechanistically and pharmacologically. Biomarkers of altered pathways were examined in tumor samples from patients with palbociclib-treated breast cancer whose disease progressed while on treatment.

Results:
Palbociclib-resistant cells are cross-resistant to other CDK4/6 inhibitors and are also resistant to endocrine therapy (estrogen receptor downregulation). IL6/STAT3 pathway is induced, whereas DNA repair and estrogen receptor pathways are downregulated in the resistant cells. Combined inhibition of STAT3 and PARP significantly increased cell death in the resistant cells. Matched tumor samples from patients with breast cancer who progressed on palbociclib were examined for deregulation of estrogen receptor, DNA repair, and IL6/STAT3 signaling, and results revealed that these pathways are all altered as compared with the pretreatment tumor samples.

Conclusions:
Palbociclib resistance induces endocrine resistance, estrogen receptor downregulation, and alteration of IL6/STAT3 and DNA damage response pathways in cell lines and patient samples. Targeting IL6/STAT3 activity and DNA repair deficiency using a specific STAT3 inhibitor combined with a PARP inhibitor could effectively treat acquired resistance to palbociclib.
Nationwide Increase in Complex Congenital Heart Diseases After the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
Authors: Murase Kaori , Murase Joe , Mishima Akira 
Published: March 2019

Background

After the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986, an increase in the incidence of congenital heart disease (
CHD
s) in the neighboring countries was reported. In 2011, Japan experienced the Great East Japan Earthquake and the nuclear accidents at Fukushima. However, a nationwide study of their effects has not been conducted yet.

Methods and Results

We used data covering the period between 2007 and 2014 from the annual surveys conducted by the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery, which included almost all of the operations pertaining to 46 types of
CHD
s in Japan.
CHD
s were divided into 2 groups based on complexity, the time of occurrence during heart development, and age at operation. We estimated the change in the number of the operations per 100 000 live births between pre‐ and postdisaster using a negative binomial generalized linear mixed model. Overall, a significant 14.2% (95%
CI,
9.3–19.4) increase in the number of operations for complex
CHD
s in neonates and infants per 100 000 live births was found, whereas those performed for patients of 1 to 17 years old showed no significant change during the study period.

Conclusions

The number of operations for complex
CHD
s in neonates and infants in Japan significantly increased after the massive disaster, and its level was maintained thereafter. The number of operations for complex
CHD
was not equal but closely correlated to the live birth prevalence of complex
CHD
s. Therefore, some meaningful increase in the live birth prevalence can be assumed; however, the precise cause of the increase is unknown.
Iljin in the Making
Authors: Bax Trent 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This study seeks to locate “the points of impact of social forces” regarding juvenile bullying-and-violence in South Korea. Based on the multi-informant case-file material of 20 perpetrators of school violence detained at a Juvenile Detention Centre between 2011 and 2013, this is the first qualitative study to place bullying-and-violence in South Korea within its life-course context. This novel approach is achieved by applying classic findings from developmental criminology conducted in Western societies to the South Korean case-file material. Additionally, original emoticon-based “life-course turning points diagrams” are presented as potentially offering an alternative means of conceptualising and analysing life-course trajectories. Against a binary conceptualisation of school violence, this study reveals a cyclical connection between earlier victimisation (in the home) and later offending (at school). In contrast to school-and-security-centric measures advocated and implemented by the government at the time, this study advocates more family management-centric measures.
Academic Imperialism
Authors: Zeiny Esmaeil 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
When the disintegration of Western colonies in Africa and Asia ended the formal colonialism, the structures of dependency remained intact and were mushroomed to other countries in the region. One such dependency is academic dependency in which universities in much of Asia and Africa follow the curricula introduced in the colonial era. Although scholars put a great deal of efforts in challenging this academic imperialism, this dependency has been promoted by departments such as Department of English. Whereas “World Literature in English” or “Literary Studies” is gaining momentum around the world, the English literature programmes in Iranian universities are celebrating the Anglo-American canonical literature. By drawing on Syed Hussein Alatas’ concepts of “academic dependency,” this paper examines how the English literature programmes in Iran are promoting academic imperialism, which prompts the urgency of decolonisation of English literature. It also reveals how this decolonisation can be taken to its ultimate conclusion.
The importance of protected and unprotected areas for the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise demography in northwest Morocco
Authors: Segura Amalia , Acevedo Pelayo 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Collection for the pet trade has been considered one of the major threats to the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca, since it modulates the size and structure of the species’ populations and, therefore, their demography. Maamora forest is one of the most suitable habitats for this species. The proximity of the forest to Rabat indicated the possibility of these tortoise populations being particularly sensitive to over-collecting. Population demography was studied in four populations, in protected and unprotected areas in Maamora forest. The results showed significant differences as regards population size and structure between protected and unprotected areas. They specifically highlighted: i) higher density (23-17 indiv · ha−1) balanced populations in the protected areas, in which young adults were predominant, ii) a higher body condition in the protected areas, especially the females, and iii) a low density (5.5 ind · ha−1) more unbalance population in the unprotected areas, in which older females and younger males were predominant. In addition, a survey carried out by interviewing local adults () showed that most people owned tortoises (61%, ), mainly juveniles (65%, ). The respondents stated that their tortoises had been captured in the forest (68%, ). Maamora forest is home to one of the highest density populations of Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoises documented to date, and its conservation is essential if this species is to be maintained. Our social survey suggested that one of the challenges is to change the social perception of the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise as a pet and highlight its intrinsic ecological value.
Monthly variations in crustacean zooplankton abundances in Sundarapandian Pattinam and Manamelkudi in the Palk Strait, India (9-10°N, Arabian Sea)
Authors: De los Ríos Patricio , Kalaiarasi Mariadoss , Paul Packiam , Lathasumathi Chelladurai , Stella Chelladurai 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The present investigation has been made to study the distribution of crustacean zooplankton, and its qualitative and quantitative composition, as well as for making an assessment of species abundances and of the evenness of zooplankton in two habitats along the Palk Strait, between the east coast of Tamil Nadu (India) and Sri Lanka. The sampling programme was executed from July 2005 to June 2006. The two sampling sites, Sundarapandian Pattinam (Station I) and Manamelkudi (Station II), respectively, are located in one of the most productive marine zones of the world. The various groups of crustacean zooplankton were Ostracoda, Copepoda, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Cumacea, Euphausiacea, and Decapoda. Maximum occurrences were observed during the summer and the pre-monsoon seasons, and minimum occurrences were observed during the monsoon months. The present study showed that the distribution pattern of total zooplankton fluctuated at both stations. Station II is richer in absolute abundance in comparison with Station I.
Body and Time-Space in Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Vallega-Neu Daniela 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Comparisons between Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty’s writings on the body tend to focus on the earlier works of these philosophers, i.e. on Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception, and Heidegger’s Zollikon Seminars in the context of Being and Time. This paper focuses on their later works in order to show how each philosopher respectively opens venues to think the human body non-subjectively and as emerging from being, where being includes the being also of other bodies, things, or events. This thinking of bodies “from being” articulates them in terms of spatio-temporal events. The article shows that in thinking from being, both Heidegger’s and Merleau-Ponty’s accounts harbor a sense of being with a unifying force, which is tied to meaning or sense. The article ends by questioning the possibility of accounts of bodies as spatio-temporal events not bound by a unifying force of being, bodies that may carry both sense and non-sense.
God’s Playthings: Eugen Fink’s Phenomenology of Religion in Play as Symbol of the World
Authors: Alvis Jason W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Although Eugen Fink often reflected upon the role religion, these reflections are yet to be addressed in secondary literature in any substantive sense. For Fink, religion is to be understood in relation to “play,” which is a metaphor for how the world presents itself. Religion is a non-repetitive, and entirely creative endeavor or “symbol” that is not achieved through work and toil, or through evaluation or power, but rather, through his idea of play and “cult” as the imaginative distanciation from a predictable lifeworld. This paper describes Fink’s understanding of religion and its most relevant aspects found in Spiel als Weltsymbol. The paper is organized into five sections—1: An introduction to his phenomenological approach in general, and description of the role of “play”; 2: investigations into the relation between play and world; 3: a description of his phenomenology of religion; 4: engagements in the idea of cult-play and the sacred sphere, and 5: reflection on his idea of the play of God.
Official al-Azhar versus al-Azhar Imagined: The Arab Spring and the Revival of Religious Imagination
Authors: Bano Masooda , Benadi Hanane 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWhile the impact of the Arab Spring on the political imagination of the Egyptian youth has been well documented, scholars have largely ignored how the revolutionary fervour of the time also sparked the imagination of religiously inclined young people, especially the young scholars and graduates of al-Azhar. Spurred by the revolutionary spirit of the moment, these young Azharis not only questioned the official Azhari establishment, they also established two new religious institutions: Shaykh al-ʿAmūd and Dār al-ʿImād. Both institutions credited their origin to the Arab Spring; and, while they specialised in different aspects of Islamic scholarly tradition, both shared a similar critique of al-Azhar’s loss of authentic tradition. Engaging with their critiques and approaches informs our understanding of how the Arab Spring spurred creative imagination even within the religious sphere. The article contributes to the existing scholarship on how the 1961 reforms of al-Azhar have challenged its popular legitimacy.
Is China a House of Islam? Chinese Questions, Arabic Answers, and the Translation of Salafism from Cairo to Canton, 1930-1932
Authors: Halevi Leor 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRashīd Riḍā’s six fatwas to China, disregarded by historians of China and by historians of Salafism, greatly expand our historical understanding of transnational intellectual exchanges between Muslim reformers in the interwar period. The questions that prompted the fatwas shed new light on the specific issues that divided Sino-Muslim nationalists in the republican era, when a Chinese awakening coincided with an Islamic awakening. They also reveal why a Sino-Muslim scholar, seeking external arbitration, decided to write to a Muslim authority in Cairo. The fatwas that ensued show, in turn, the care that Riḍā took to transmit his legal methods and religious values to a foreign country, where Muslims mainly followed the Ḥanafī school of law. On the basis of the fatwas, which were translated into Chinese, the article offers not an arbitrary, abstract, or ahistorical understanding of the origins of Salafism in China, but a concrete grasp of Salafism in translation.
Calliope’s Playful Touch: An Educational Paradigm in the Mitologiae of Planciades Fulgentius
Authors: Ferguson Thomas 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In his longest work, Mitologiae, Planciadus Fulgentius (the Mythographer), retells fifty Greek myths and legends. His aim is to teach students that Classical literature has educational value for the Christian. He receives inspiration from the Muse, Calliope, who appears with a mixture of gravitas and capriciousness. Under her influence, he uses etymological interpretations to uncover hidden philosophical meanings in the myths. One theme that emerges is a symbolic connection between lust and the desire for knowledge and learning. Although apparently random in presentation, the theme presents the Liberal Arts as the proper object of a student’s desire, and the work follows a trajectory that ends up rehabilitating Classical thought, and the Muse herself.
Revelation Relocated: Reflections on Jerusalem in Testimony of Truth (NHC IX,3) and the First Apocalypse of James (NHC V,3; Cod. Tch. 2)
Authors: Reaves Pamela Mullins 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article examines treatments of Jerusalem, including its temple and first-century demise, in Testimony of Truth (NHC IX,3) and the First Apocalypse of James (NHC V,3; Cod. Tch. 2). Among Nag Hammadi writings, these texts are relatively unusual in their attention to the historical, Roman presence in the city. Informed by contemporary apocalyptic traditions, Testim. Truth and 1 Apoc. Jas. cast foreign domination not as a crisis, but as a clue, specifically to seek revelation elsewhere. In this spatial sense, revelation is “relocated” in each text, yet in different ways. The article further shows how each presentation of Jerusalem aligns with other interests of Testim. Truth and 1 Apoc. Jas., including their engagement in intra-Christian debate.
A Representative Peace? Opposition Political Parties in Peace Negotiations
Authors: Ross Nicholas 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article presents four case studies in which peace was negotiated between governments and political opposition parties, and in which major armed groups involved in the conflict were excluded from some or all of the negotiations. The inclusion of opposition political parties and exclusion of some armed actors in these cases derived from the desire of mediators and some of the parties to foreground political concerns (at the expense of military considerations). Opposition political parties were able to play a role in bringing armed groups into peace settlements under some conditions, although strong international pressure and support helped to create the preconditions for this role. This evidence suggests a challenge to arguments that major armed groups must be included in peace negotiations if they are to abide by the resulting peace settlement.
Inclusive Peace Negotiations – From a Neglected Topic to New Hype
Authors: Paffenholz Thania , Zartman I. William 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The objective of this special issue on inclusive peace negotiations is to advance the debate on negotiations. It sheds light on included and excluded actors, in particular political parties, civil society, business, youth and religious actors, and those armed actors that are either excluded or included. This special issue is particularly interesting as all articles combine a conceptual introduction of the role of the discussed actor in question in peace negotiations with a case study approach. This method enriches conceptual discussion and debates on the role of the various actors through analyses of several peace negotiations, including among others, DRC, Kenya, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Guatemala, El Salvador, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia, Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and Myanmar.
A Philosophical Reconstruction of the Sublime
Authors: Zammito John H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Robert Doran claims that the sublime is all about transcendence transferred from the religious to the aesthetic domain of experience. Taken in this philosophical rather than stylistic sense, it proved crucial for the development of modern subjectivity. Doran traces the issue from Longinus through the decisive reception of Nicolas Boileau, who first distinguished le sublime from le style sublime, on to an extended engagement with Immanuel Kant. In all this he seeks its place in the rise of the modern bourgeois subject. The social-historical connections tend to be a bit overstated, first, with regard to Boileau and the idea of the honnête homme, and especially with the claim that “Burke treats aesthetic concepts as proxies for sociopolitical categories.” It is not fruitful for an understanding of Kant, either. This weakens his powerful argument for the philosophical significance of the sublime in modern thought.
Simone Weil’s Philosophy of History
Authors: Gilbert Bennett 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The philosophical and religious ideas of Simone Weil bear on theory of history and historiography in ways not previously explored. They amount to a view of history as a consequence of the original creation, but they also generally exclude theodicy. By examining these ideas we see some of the ways in which to develop a theory of history centered on a conception of moral understanding that is impartialist and universal. For Weil such understanding is both inside of and outside of history. This leads to an approach to human history that centers on the moral dilemmas and choices of historical actors and that matches the force of compassion with that of power. Under an approach inspired by Weil’s ideas, the historian’s work of understanding can be an experience of moral growth.