bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The diachronic semantics of the Dissociative Past Completive construction in the Kikongo Language Cluster (Bantu)
Authors: Dom Sebastian , de Schryver Gilles-Maurice , Bostoen Koen 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article aims to give a semantic study of the reflexes of one specific tense/aspect form, namely the so-called*-a-B-aconstruction, in a cluster of about 40-odd Kikongo language varieties spoken in a wide area around the mouth of the Congo River in Central Africa. We first present a detailed analysis of the multiple uses of these cognate constructions at sentence level, in order to arrive at a formal and semantic reconstruction for the most recent common ancestor of the Kikongo Language Cluster, namely Proto-Kikongo. The analysis departs from the overall aspectual meaning of the linguistic expression in which the tense-aspect construction is used. Therefore, we also take into consideration the contribution of different aspectual tiers, such as lexical and grammatical aspect, adverbials and taxis constructions. Through the discussion of the multiple uses of the-a-B-aconstruction, we argue that its overall meaning is complex, combining both temporal and aspectual semantics. It is furthermore shown that a lexical-aspect distinction between states-of-affairs with transitional versus non-transitional temporal structure is crucial in order to understand the various uses of the-a-B-aconstruction. Methodologically, the formal and semantic reconstruction to Proto-Kikongo are based on a thorough comparison of a multitude of existing data sources, some of which several centuries old, as well as original fieldwork. This bottom-up approach has rarely been pursued over the past half century in Bantu grammatical reconstructions.
Style-shifting and accommodative competence in Late Middle English written correspondence: Putting Audience Design to the test of time
Authors: Hernández-Campoy Juan M. , García-Vidal Tamara 
Published: November 2018

AbstractStyle constitutes an essential component for the non-referential indexicality of speakers’ sociolinguistic behaviour in interpersonal communication. Historical Sociolinguistics applies tenets and findings of present-day research to the interpretation of linguistic material from the past, but without giving intra-speaker variation the same relevance as to inter-speaker variation. The aim of this paper is to show results obtained from the investigation of style-shifting processes in late medieval England by applying contemporary models of Audience Design to diaphasic variation from historical corpora of written correspondence. The study is carried out through the analysis of the use of the orthographic variable (TH) by male members of the Paston family from thePaston Letterscorpus when addressing recipients from different social ranks. The data show both addressee and referee-based accommodation patterns in the communicative practice of medieval individuals. In addition to tracing language variation and change in speech communities, private letters may also shed light onto the motivations and mechanisms for intra-speaker variation in individuals and their stylistic choices in past societies.
Semantic bleaching ofnuin Old Saxon
Authors: Louviot Elise 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn many Present-Day Germanic languages, reflexes of Proto-Germanic *nuhave developed pragmatic and grammatical uses: in such uses, the earlier, lexical meaning of the word (“now”, “presently”) has been weakened or lost while new meanings have appeared.Pragmatic (especially connective) uses ofnuhave been identified in several ancient Germanic languages, but in such corpora, it can be difficult to distinguish between a genuine discourse marker and mere pragmatic inferences based on the lexical meaning of a given word. Such is certainly the case for Old Saxon, wherenuseems to be used as a discourse marker in some cases, but where it is hard to determine whether such uses ever truly supplantnu’s temporal meaning. This paper systematically examinesnu’s patterns of co-occurrence to determine whethernuis showing any sign of having undergone semantic bleaching.Examination of the data shows no evidence of semantic bleaching. There is a very strong connection betweennuand markers referring to the moment of utterance or the situation of utterance more generally. Conversely, there are no cases of co-occurrence with markers whose meaning is strictly incompatible withnu’s lexical meaning and few instances of co-occurrence with markers expressing distance (temporal or otherwise) from the situation of utterance. Some patterns hint at the possibility of pragmatic uses ofnuhaving already started to conventionalize to a limited extent, but such uses seem to have co-existed withnu’s temporal meaning without ever supplanting it.
The Influence of nano-TiO2 and Nano-Silica Particles Effects on Yield and Morphological Traits of Sunflower
Authors: Sabaghnia Naser , Javanmard Abdollah , Janmohammadi Mohsen , Nouraein Mojtaba 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPresent study is performed to evaluate the effects of foliar application of salicylic acid, glycine betaine, ascorbic acid, nano-silica and nano titanium dioxide on yield and yield component of sunflower. Chlorophyll content, leaf length, leaf width, days to 50 % flowering, day to maturity, plant height, husk percentage, number of seeds per head, head number per plant, percentage of empty achenes, 1000-seed weight, kernel weight, grain length, straw yield, harvest index, grain yield and oil percent were measured. Results showed that the first two principal components accounted 49 % and 19 %, respectively of sums of squares of the TT interaction and were used to create a two-dimensional treatment by trait (TT) biplot. The vertex treatments in polygon of TT biplot were ascorbic acid, glycine betaine, nano-TiO2and control which Nano-Ti2treatment indicated high performance in chlorophyll content, day to maturity, number of seeds per head, head number per plant, kernel weight, grain length, straw yield, harvest index, grain yield and oil percent. The identification of ideal treatment, the treatment that is most favorable treatment among all treatments, showed that the nano-TiO2might be used in selecting superior traits and it can be considered as the candidate treatment. Treatments suitable for obtaining of high seed yield were identified in the vector-view function of TT biplot and displayed nano-silica and nano titanium dioxide as the best treatments suitable for obtaining of high seed yield. In short, nano-fertilizer could increase crop yields and improve the fertilizer efficiency.
Introduction of selenium and tellurium into reaction systems
Authors: Laitinen Risto S. , Oilunkaniemi Raija , Chivers Tristram 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe introduction of selenium and tellurium into both organic and inorganic compounds frequently begins with the elements. This chapter provides an overview of the main reactivity of the hexagonal allotropes of selenium and tellurium, which are the most stable form of the elements under ambient conditions. While the two elements have very similar chemical properties, there are also notable differences. Upon reduction, both elements form mono- and poly-chalcogenides, which are useful nucleophilic reagents in several reactions. The elements also react with many main group compounds as well as with transition metal complexes. They also form homopolyatomic cations upon oxidation. Both selenium and tellurium react with Grignard reagents and organyllithium compounds affording organylchalcogenolates, which upon oxidation form dichalcogenides that are themselves useful reagents in organic synthetic chemistry as well as in materials applications. This chapter provides a short introduction to the various topics that will be developed further in the subsequent chapters of this book.
Stress Distributions and Pullout Responses of Extensible and Inextensible Reinforcement in Soil Using Different Normal Loading Methods
Authors: Rahmaninezhad Seyed Mustapha , Han Jie , Kakrasul Jamal Ismael , Weldu Mehari 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In design of reinforced soil structures, pullout capacity of reinforcement in an anchorage zone is an important parameter for stability analysis. This parameter is generally quantified by conducting laboratory or field pullout tests. In the laboratory pullout test, the reinforcement is embedded in the soil mass at a normal stress, which is commonly applied by a pressurized airbag or a hydraulic jack through a rigid plate, and then a horizontal tensile force is applied to the reinforcement. This article reports an experimental study conducted to evaluate the effect of the load application method using an airbag with and without stiff wooden plates on the vertical stress distribution and the pullout capacities and deformations of extensible (geogrid) and inextensible reinforcement (steel strip) in the soil in a large pullout box. This study monitored the distributions of the vertical earth pressures at the top and bottom of the soil mass in the pullout box, and at the level of reinforcement using earth pressure cells. The measured earth pressures show that the airbag with stiff plates resulted in a nonuniform pressure distribution, whereas the tests with an airbag directly on the soil had an approximately uniform pressure distribution. The nonuniform pressure distribution resulting from the airbag with stiff plates reduced the pullout resistance of the reinforcement as compared with that using the same airbag without stiff plates. The nonuniform pressure distribution effect was more significant for narrow inextensible reinforcements than wide extensile reinforcements. The test results also show that the displacements in the cross section of the same transverse bar were not equal when the normal load was applied through stiff plates.
Hypoglycaemia is associated with increased risk of fractures in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study
Authors: Ntouva Antiopi , Toulis Konstantinos A , Keerthy Deepikshana , Adderley Nicola J , Hanif Wasim , Thayakaran Rasiah , Gokhale Krishna , Thomas G Neil , Khunti Kamlesh , Tahrani Abd A , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah 
Published: November 2018

Objective
Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of fracture. Any factor that incrementally increases this risk should be taken into account when individualising treatment. Hypoglycaemia is a common complication of antidiabetes medications and suggested as a risk factor for fractures; yet, its real-life clinical impact is unclear.

Design
A population-based, retrospective open cohort study using routinely collected data between 1st of January 1995 and 1st of May 2016 in The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database.

Methods
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with documented hypoglycaemic events were compared to randomly matched patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus without documented hypoglycaemic events matched to exposed patients on age, sex, duration of diabetes and BMI. The primary outcome was any incident fracture. Secondary outcome was incident fragility (osteoporotic) fracture.

Results
A total of 41 163 patients with type 2 diabetes were included: 14 147 patients in the exposed cohort and 27 016 patients in the unexposed cohort. Patients with a documented hypoglycaemic event were significantly more likely to sustain any fracture compared to patients with no record of hypoglycaemic events: adjusted IRR = 1.20 (95% CI: 1.12–1.30; P < 0.0001). Patients who had a documented hypoglycaemic event were significantly more likely to suffer a fragility fracture compared to controls: adjusted IRR = 1.24 (95% CI: 1.13–1.37; P < 0.0001).

Conclusions
Hypoglycaemic events are a significant risk factor for fractures in patients with diabetes mellitus. This observation is clinically relevant when individualising targets for glycaemic control and selecting antidiabetic agents.
Artificial intelligence and echocardiography
Authors: Alsharqi M. , Woodward W. J. , Mumith J. A. , Markham D. C. , Upton R. , Leeson P. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Echocardiography plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease. However, interpretation remains largely reliant on the subjective expertise of the operator. As a result inter-operator variability and experience can lead to incorrect diagnoses. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies provide new possibilities for echocardiography to generate accurate, consistent and automated interpretation of echocardiograms, thus potentially reducing the risk of human error. In this review, we discuss a subfield of AI relevant to image interpretation, called machine learning, and its potential to enhance the diagnostic performance of echocardiography. We discuss recent applications of these methods and future directions for AI-assisted interpretation of echocardiograms. The research suggests it is feasible to apply machine learning models to provide rapid, highly accurate and consistent assessment of echocardiograms, comparable to clinicians. These algorithms are capable of accurately quantifying a wide range of features, such as the severity of valvular heart disease or the ischaemic burden in patients with coronary artery disease. However, the applications and their use are still in their infancy within the field of echocardiography. Research to refine methods and validate their use for automation, quantification and diagnosis are in progress. Widespread adoption of robust AI tools in clinical echocardiography practice should follow and have the potential to deliver significant benefits for patient outcome.
Perceptions of Parental Tobacco Dependence Treatment Among a Children’s Hospital Staff
Authors: Torok Michelle R. , Lowary Michelle , Ziniel Sonja I. , Rohde Jolene , Kerby Gwendolyn S. , Hovell Melbourne F. , Winickoff Jonathan P. , Klein Jonathan D. , Wilson Karen 
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES:
To assess employee support for and knowledge of smoking cessation programs for patients’ parents and staff and employees’ level of comfort discussing smoking with patients and their families before and during a hospital-wide study of a tobacco cessation and/or exposure reduction program for inpatients’ parents who smoke.

METHODS:
Clinical staff were invited to complete online surveys at the beginning of and 19 months into a randomized controlled trial to test the efficacy of an inpatient tobacco cessation and exposure reduction program for parents of hospitalized children. The program included educating pediatric inpatient clinical staff about available resources, such as the Colorado QuitLine, and smoking cessation interventions for the parents of hospitalized children. Clinical staff were recruited via e-mail listservs, a weekly e-mail newsletter, and posted flyers. Baseline and midstudy results were compared, and χ2 tests were performed.

RESULTS:
At the baseline, 192 clinical staff responded; 235 responded midstudy. At the baseline and midstudy, at least 90% of the respondents believed that the hospital should support parents in quitting smoking, although the support for free nicotine replacement therapy was low (27% at the baseline to 35% at midstudy). One-fifth of the respondents were uncomfortable discussing smoking; this proportion decreased after educational interventions. Knowledge about hospital cessation resources had also increased at midstudy.

CONCLUSIONS:
There was strong support for helping parents and staff quit smoking. Comfort among clinical staff in addressing tobacco dependence in patients and families and awareness of cessation resources increased over the course of the study.
NICU Admissions After a Policy to Eliminate Elective Early Term Deliveries Before 39 Weeks’ Gestation
Authors: Kennedy Erin B. , Hacker Michele R. , Miedema David , Pursley DeWayne M. , Modest Anna M. , Golen Toni H. , Burris Heather H. 
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Early term infants (37–&lt;39 weeks’ gestation) are at higher risk of adverse outcomes than term infants (39–&lt;41 weeks’ gestation). We hypothesized that a policy to eliminate elective, early term deliveries would result in fewer NICU admissions and shorter lengths of stay among infants born ≥37 weeks.

METHODS:
This was a retrospective cohort study of singleton infants born ≥37 weeks at a tertiary medical center from 2004 to 2015 (preperiod: 2004–2008; postperiod: 2010–2015; washout period: 2009). We compared the incidence of early term delivery, NICU admissions (short: ≥4–&lt;24 hours, long: ≥24 hours), NICU diagnoses, and stillbirths in both periods. We used modified Poisson regression to calculate adjusted risk ratios.

RESULTS:
There were 20 708 and 24 897 singleton infants born ≥37 weeks in the pre- and postperiod, respectively. The proportion of early term infants decreased from 32.5% to 25.7% (P &lt; .0001). NICU admissions decreased nonsignificantly (9.2% to 8.8%; P = .22), with a significant reduction in short NICU stays (5.4% to 4.6%; adjusted risk ratio: 0.85 [95% confidence interval: 0.79–0.93]). Long NICU stays increased slightly (3.8% to 4.2%), a result that was nullified by adjusting for neonatal hypoglycemia. A nonsignificant increase in the incidence of stillbirths ≥37 to &lt;40 weeks was present in the postperiod (7.5 to 10 per 10 000 births; P = .46).

CONCLUSIONS:
Reducing early term deliveries was associated with fewer short NICU stays, suggesting that efforts to discourage early term deliveries in uncomplicated pregnancies may minimize mother-infant separation in the newborn period.
Delivery Room Management of Meconium-Stained Newborns and Respiratory Support
Authors: Chiruvolu Arpitha , Miklis Kimberly K. , Chen Elena , Petrey Barbara , Desai Sujata 
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Recently, the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) recommended against routine endotracheal suctioning of meconium-stained nonvigorous newborns but suggested resuscitation with positive pressure ventilation. Our purpose is to study the effects of this change in management.METHODS:In this multicenter cohort study, we compare 130 nonvigorous newborns born during the retrospective 1-year period before the implementation of new NRP guidelines (October 1, 2015, to September 30, 2016) to 101 infants born during the 1-year prospective period after implementation (October 1, 2016, to September 30, 2017).RESULTS:Endotracheal suctioning was performed predominantly in the retrospective group compared with the prospective group (70% vs 2%), indicating the change in practice. A significantly higher proportion of newborns were admitted to the NICU for respiratory issues in the prospective group compared with the retrospective group (40% vs 22%) with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–3.9). Similarly, a significantly higher proportion of infants needed oxygen therapy (37% vs 19%) with an OR of 2.5 (95% CI: 1.2–4.5), mechanical ventilation (19% vs 9%) with an OR of 2.6 (95% CI: 1.1–5.8), and surfactant therapy (10% vs 2%) with an OR of 5.8 (95% CI: 1.5–21.8). There were no differences in the incidence of other outcomes, including meconium aspiration syndrome.CONCLUSIONS:The recent NRP guideline change was not associated with an increased incidence of meconium aspiration syndrome but was associated with an increased incidence of NICU admissions for respiratory issues. Also, the need for mechanical ventilation, oxygen, and surfactant therapy increased.
PEMAHAMAN DAN PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PENGELOLAAN EKOSISTEM MANGROVE DI PESISIR LAUT ARAFURA KABUPATEN MERAUKE
Authors: Widiastuti Maria Diana , Ruata Novel , Arifin Taslim 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRAKEkosistem Mangrove mengalami tekanan dan penurunan jasa lingkungan diduga karena abrasi dan fenomena alam serta aktivitas masyarakat seperti penggalian pasir di pesisir pantai. Pemerintah telah melakukan upaya konservasi Mangrove dengan cara penanaman kembali, namun belum berhasil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengetahuan masyarakat pesisir tentang Mangrove dan tingkat partisipasinya dalam pengelolaan ekosistem Mangrove dan perencanaan program rehabilitasiekosistem Mangrove. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan instrument pertanyaan berupa angket, observasi dan wawancara secara bersamaan dengan pola terstruktur baik dalam bentuk pertanyaanterbuka dan tertutup dan dianalisis secara deskriptif tabulatif. Penentuan sampel menggunakan sistem kuota dan pemilihan responden menggunakan simple random sampling. Hasil penelitian menyatakan85 persen masyarakat pesisir paham terhadap pentingnya Mangrove bagi kehidupan mereka. Mereka paham bahwa Mangrove sebagai sumber mata pencaharian masyarakat pesisir dan pelindung pantaidari ombak dan abrasi. Mereka juga mengatakan bahwa Mangrove saat ini dalam keadaan kurang baik (53%). Mereka mengaku terlibat aktif dalam kegiatan program penanaman Mangrove (43%) namun bukan atas inisiatif sendiri. Kegiatan pelestarian Mangrove perlu melibatkan masyarakat setempat dalam bentuk pelatihan, penyuluhan atau pengawasan.Title: Community Understanding and Participation to Mangrove Ecosystem Management in the Coastal Area of Arafura Sea, Merauke DistrictsABSTRACTEcosystem Mangrove had underpressure and decreasing environmental services because of abration as natural phenomena, and unsuistainable community activities such as sand mining. The Government has made the conservation of Mangrove by replanting, but has not succeeded. This study aims to determine community knowledge and participation in management ecosystem Mangrove for rehabilitation. The collecting datamethod use a questionnaire instrument, observations and interviews simultaneously with open and closed questions and analyzed in descriptive tabulative. The sample size using the quota method and the selection of respondents used the simple random sampling. The resultshowed that 85 percent of coastal communities understand the importance of Mangrove for their lives. They understand that Mangrove as a source of livelihood of coastal communities and coastal protectionfrom waves and abrasion. They also said that the Mangrove is currently in a state of poor (53 %). They claimed active involved in Mangrove planting program (43 %), but not on their own initiative. The Mangrove conservation activities should be involvedby local community in such training, counseling or supervision.