bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explanation needs and ethical demands: unpacking the instrumental value of XAI
Authors: Alpsancar Suzana , Buhl Heike M. , Matzner Tobias , Scharlau Ingrid 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe call for XAI rests on a normative claim: ‘Good AI is explainable AI’ or even the stronger claim: ‘Only explainable AI is good AI.’ However, this valorization runs the risk of being overgeneralized because explanations are not per se useful, appropriate, or demanded. Explainability should not be seen as a value in itself but as a means to certain ends. In this paper, we put the valorization of explainability into question, which is discursively connected to the idea of ‘users’ needs’ and the will to design and develop ethically aligned AI systems. By making the instrumental character of the value of explainability explicit, we address two key issues that necessitate more theoretical attention: (i) to analyze the link between explainability and its presumed purpose; and (ii) to clarify the conceptions of these presumed purposes, namely users’ needs and ethical principles XAI is meant to promote. From a philosophical and from a psychological perspective, we constructively criticize the undertheorized and undercomplex way of talking about ‘users’ needs’ and ethical demands. We plea to carefully differentiate the value of explainable AI in social contexts and signal further need for research.
High temperature performance of recycled fine concrete
Authors: Algourdin N. , Bideux C. , Mesticou Z. , Si Larbi A. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe objective of this study is to explore the physical and mechanical behaviour of concretes comprising four different ratios of recycled fine (RF), namely (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) along with that of a reference concrete (Cref-0%), under three different heating–cooling cycles (200 °C, 400 °C and 600 °C). The thermal properties of concrete during heating and cooling (20 °C – 600 °C – 20 °C) were also investigated. It was determined that the physical properties (mass loss and ethanol porosity) of recycled concrete (RC) with 5% of recycled fine (RC-5%) were similar to those of Cref-0%. At ambient temperatures, the higher the ratio of recycled fines, the lower the residual compressive strength and residual elastic modulus of the recycled concrete. After thermal loading at 600 °C, the residual mechanical properties of all types of concrete were equivalent, regardless of the content recycled fine.
Meta-Morphosis of Copyright and User-Generated Content: Can East Asia’s Emerging Policies Navigate through the Metaverse?
Authors: Karimov Elnur 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSocial-creative metaverses, which foster user creativity and encourage user-generated content, promise a revolution in digital creativity. However, metaverse developers often enforce strict regulations on user-generated content through user terms and conditions, restricting or permitting its reuse. These rules place an artificial barrier between users and their copyright, often waiving moral rights and making economic rights subject to mandatory licences. Using Second Life as a case study, this article demonstrates how metaverse regulations undermine users’ intellectual property rights and control over their creations. Furthermore, it examines emerging intellectual property policies in Japan, South Korea, and China, noting a lack of awareness regarding the impact of these regulatory layers on user creativity. Highlighting the importance of the external regulation of user terms and conditions, the article proposes potential policies and strategies for East Asia and beyond to protect users’ copyright ownership and mitigate the negative effects of restrictive metaverse terms and conditions.
Individual claims reserving using the Aalen–Johansen estimator
Authors: Bladt Martin , Pittarello Gabriele 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWe propose an individual claims reserving model based on the conditional Aalen–Johansen estimator, as developed in Bladt and Furrer ((2023a) arXiv:2303.02119.). In our approach, we formulate a multi-state problem, where the underlying variable is the individual claim size, rather than time. The states in this model represent development periods, and we estimate the cumulative density function of individual claim sizes using the conditional Aalen–Johansen method as transition probabilities to an absorbing state. Our methodology reinterprets the concept of multi-state models and offers a strategy for modeling the complete curve of individual claim sizes. To illustrate our approach, we apply our model to both simulated and real datasets. Having access to the entire dataset enables us to support the use of our approach by comparing the predicted total final cost with the actual amount, as well as evaluating it in terms of the continuously ranked probability score.
Big pictures after Dawn: ‘ontology’ for historians and utopians
Authors: Tresch John 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis essay approaches the history of science's ‘big pictures’ through the study of cosmograms, or concrete representations of the universe as a whole. It draws on two recent developments in anthropology: first, Graeber and Wengrow's sweeping overview of social forms in The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity, and second, the controversial ‘ontological turn,’ which takes seriously ethnographic reports of alternate realities, refusing any shared metaphysical baseline for evaluation. Both approaches have a utopian bent and claim radical political implications, yet they clash in fundamental ways. Combining these approaches produces a tension between the general and the particular. I suggest that historians of science may productively and thoughtfully inhabit this tension by studying cosmopolitics, political ontology and cosmograms – big pictures in action.
Coherent turbulent structures in a rapid contraction
Authors: Alhareth Abdullah A. , Mugundhan Vivek , Langley Kenneth R. , Thoroddsen Sigurður T. 
Published: December 2024

The coherent vortical structures in turbulent flow through a strong 16 : 1 three-dimensional contraction are studied using time-resolved volumetric measurements. Visualization using the vorticity magnitude criterion shows the emergence of long, stretched cylindrical vortices aligned with the mean flow. This alignment is quantified by probability density functions (p.d.f.s) of the direction cosines. We propose two measures to quantify the alignment, the peak height in the probability and a coefficient from the moment of the p.d.f., both of which reaffirm the strong streamwise alignment. The root mean square streamwise vorticity grows within the contraction to become 4.5 times larger than the transverse component, at the downstream location where the contraction ratio is

$C=11$

. The characteristic vortices become as long as the measurement volume, or more than 4 times the integral scale at the entrance to the contraction. We also characterize the vorticity enhancement along individual vortices, measuring 65 % strengthening over the distance where

$C$

goes from 4 to 11. The prevalence of these coherent structures is estimated from 700 000 measured volumes, showing that near the outlet, it is more likely to have one or two of these structures present than none.
Carbon farming initiative: a national-scale public-private partnership to promote regenerative agriculture in Brazil
Authors: Cherubin Maurício Roberto , Pinheiro Junior Carlos Roberto , Alves Lucas Aquino , Bayer Cimélio , Cerri Carlos Eduardo P. , Barioni Luís Gustavo , Peper Alberto , Anselmi Adriano A. 
Published: December 2024

Summary
Climate change (CC) challenges food and climate through reduced crop yields and increasing production risk. Regenerative agriculture (RA) emerged as a pivotal strategy for enhancing crop productivity and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration, contributing to agriculture’s CC mitigation and resilience. Nevertheless, expanding RA’s main challenges is providing sufficient science-based decision support for farmers and other stakeholders. In this context, we present herein the largest public-private partnership in Brazil to conduct research in a multidisciplinary collaborative scientific network on RA and describe the Carbon Farming Program approaches. Bayer SA leads the initiative, which also includes 11 partner institutions (i.e., Universities, Research Institutions and Foundations, and Farmers organisations). The programme aims to assess the benefits of improvement of cropland management, intensified and biodiverse crop rotation plans on SOC, soil health, crop productivity, and profitability in a no-till system. The programme has a multi-scale approach with three main steps (‘Research Partners’, ‘On-Farm Research Sites’, and ‘Carbon Program at Scale’). In total, it encompasses 1,906 farmers and 232 000 hectares across the Brazilian edaphoclimatic conditions. The programme has gathered a large database, integrating SOC and fertility determinations, and crop yields, to derive a quantitative evaluation of the impacts of sustainable agricultural land management practices adoption. Moreover, the programme enabled breaking through the gap of quantitative knowledge for the development of a novel mathematical model to predict SOC dynamics for tropical agroecosystems. This is worth supporting assertive decisions along the specific planning to promote scalability in the insertion of Brazilian agriculture in the global C market.
The Franciscan Missionaries of the Divine Motherhood and the Provision of Healthcare in Provincial Ireland, 1942–1970
Authors: Casey Brian 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The Franciscan Missionaries of the Divine Motherhood (FMDM) arrived in Ireland in 1942, to establish and run Portiuncula Hospital in Ballinasloe, county Galway. This was not without its challenges and this article explores many of those challenges in the context of the construction and management of the hospital between 1942 and 1970. FMDM sisters were women in a patriarchal church and needed to also negotiate their place within the similar frameworks of the medical profession, civil service, and government, while being subject to gossip as to the work they were doing. The article is a revealing case-study of some of the global changes in medicine that had been taking place since the 1920s. It is also an example of how modern methods of healthcare were having an impact on the Irish healthcare system, with medically trained Catholic religious sisters at the forefront. The story of women religious in twentieth-century global Catholicism is a relatively unattended one. This case-study allows historians of religion to better understand the internationality of Catholic religious congregations, examining concepts of unity and disharmony, and the various efforts they made to confront but also comply with the patriarchal structures in which they found themselves.
To move or not to move: Is focus on the edge?
Authors: Jiménez-Fernández Ángel L. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A discourse-syntax interface-based approach to three types of focus – Information Focus, Corrective or Contrastive Focus, and Mirative Focus – is discussed in this paper. In my approach, I address the role of discourse/agreement features in the syntactic process of Agree in the Minimalist Program as well as their possible combination with an Edge Feature to trigger attraction of each discourse category, comparing Spanish and English. The data I examine are taken from experimental work, based on two original experiments that test the grammaticality/acceptability of sentences with fronted and in situ focus by native speakers of English and Spanish. The parametric variation detected in the two languages is accounted for by an analysis based on the availability of inheritance of discourse features in the relevant language alongside the activation of an Edge Feature, triggering movement of the relevant discourse category.
Test particle acceleration in resistive torsional spine magnetic reconnection using laboratory plasma parameters
Authors: Chesny D.L. , Hatfield K.W. , Moffett M.B. 
Published: December 2024

Magnetic reconnection is a basic particle acceleration mechanism in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas. Two-dimensional models have been critical to understanding the onset of reconnection in laboratory experiments, but are fundamentally limited in diagnosing ion acceleration along open magnetic field lines. These shortcomings have opened the way to three-dimensional (3-D) models of torsional reconnection, where localized rotational perturbations to a fan-spine magnetic null point topology have demonstrated bulk particle acceleration along open magnetic field lines. Previous computational studies of the torsional fan reconnection mode using both solar and laboratory parameters demonstrated collimated jet formation and acceleration along the spine axis, wherein the bulk particle final kinetic energy spectra were shown to fall within a relatively narrow range (

${\sim }2$

keV). This paper introduces typical laboratory plasma parameters in the torsional spine mode of 3-D reconnection models to diagnose its efficacy in inducing rapid ion acceleration. Using laboratory-scale length helium plasma parameters typical of capacitive discharges (singly ionized helium), we solve for relativistic particle trajectories using solutions to the steady-state, resistive, kinematic magnetohydrodynamic equations in the fan-spine topology. We find that particle acceleration at the reconnection site is highly dependent on the injection radius, and the peak accelerated particles (

$\approx$

3 keV) are trapped about the magnetic null point. While a jet is formed by ions injected close to the peak fan plane perturbation radius, their final ion kinetic energies are an order of magnitude lower (

$\approx$

0.3 keV) than the mirrored particles. Analysing the time dependence of their limited representative energy spectra shows the torsional spine mode particles follow an evolution much different than the narrow spectra of the torsional fan mode. These results have implications for diagnostic expectations of future laboratory plasma experiments designed to induce the torsional spine reconnection mode.
Inferring a ‘dispute’ from state silence
Authors: Azaria Danae 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A dispute’s existence can be a requirement for establishing the jurisdiction of numerous international courts and tribunals. It requires that a state opposes the claim of another state. Yet, when a state is silent in response to a claim directed at it, there is ambiguity about the silent state’s view. This article argues that opposition and a dispute can be inferred from state silence under specific cumulative conditions: when a claim has been made in circumstances that call for the silent state’s reaction; when the silent state is aware of the claim; and when reasonable time of silence passed. Because it prevents tactical silences from undermining international justice, the inference must be encouraged. The conditions, under which the inference can be made, should also be retained in international adjudication, because they perform primarily an evidentiary function, as well as a cautionary and a channelling function.
HARMONIC RESONANCE OF SHORT-CRESTED GRAVITY WAVES ON DEEP WATER: ON THEIR PERSISTENCY
Authors: COLÓN USECHE SIREL C. , PAUL SYLVERT , IOUALALEN MANSOUR 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Three-dimensional short-crested water waves are known to host harmonic resonances (HRs). Their existence depends on their sporadicity versus their persistency. Previous studies, using a unique yet hybrid solution, suggested that HRs exhibit sporadic instability, with the domain of instability exhibiting a bubble-like structure which experiences a loss of stability followed by a re-stabilization. Through the calculation of their complete multiple solution structures and normal forms, we discuss the particular harmonic resonance (2,6). The (2,6) resonance was chosen, not only because it is of lower order, and thus more likely to be significant, but also because it is representative of a fully developed three-dimensional water wave field. Its appearance, growth rate and persistency are discussed. On our converged solutions, we show that, at an incidence angle for which HR (2,6) occurs, the associated superharmonic instability is no longer sporadic. It was also found that the multiple solution operates a subcritical pitchfork bifurcation, so regardless of the value of the control parameter, the wave steepness, a stable branch of the solution always exists. As a result, the analysis reveals two competing processes that either provoke and enhance HRs, or inhibit their appearance and development.
“The streaming eyes of all the many men”: Revisiting male weeping in British commemoration of the First World War
Authors: Lichau Karsten 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article argues that commemoration practices performed in the aftermath of the First World War, on occasion of the British Armistice Day, and during the two minutes’ silence in particular, served as incubators for a change in feeling rules for the British population. It will show how British society engaged with, challenged, and finally shifted what the “emotional regime” of the period – commonly referred to as the “stiff upper lip” – commanded them to feel. A very short lapse of time – two minutes – turned into a moment where a fundamental change in an important subset of feeling rules specifying this emotional regime became manifest: those applied to male weeping. The two minutes encapsulated a challenge to the harsh contempt for expressive mourning through the shedding of tears, a verdict that was inherited from the nineteenth century but increasingly seemed inappropriate, not the least in the wake of the emotional turmoil that Britons had faced during the “Great” War.
Understanding Tidal Jet Vortices Over Complex Bathymetry via Numerical Modeling and Drone Observation: Match and Mismatch in the Vortex Dynamics Under Idealized and Realistic Topographic Settings
Authors: Hwang Sooncheol , Na Byoungjoon , Son Sangyoung 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe formation and evolution of tidal jet vortices over complex bathymetry were investigated using numerical modeling and in situ observation. Delft3D FM simulation on an unstructured grid system, complemented by field measurements using recreational drones captured tidal dynamics in the Uldolmok Strait, known for its strong tidal currents up to 6.0 m/s and turbulent whirlpool formation. This study particularly focused on temporal changes in whirlpools near their narrowest points. Modeling across the entire strait showed current velocity fields consistent with field observations, revealing significant temporal and spatial variability influenced by strait geometry and bathymetry. Whirlpools induced by tides were identified by setting a swirl strength threshold, with their centroids and equivalent spherical diameters pinpointed. It was observed that larger whirlpools, upon reaching critical size, were entrained and shifted with the tidal jet at about half its maximum velocity, while smaller vortices separated from the nearshore boundary layer remained nearly stationary. Focusing on the initiation of whirlpools and their relations with the coastline and bathymetry, a targeted field survey using a recreational drone measured surface flow fields in detail near the strait's narrowing region. During the ebb phase, shallow regions exhibited numerous smaller eddies due to increased energy dissipation, showing a dual power‐law scaling in the size distribution of eddies, contrasting with the single scaling exponent observed during the flood phase. The study underscored the role of coastline and bathymetry in developing whirlpools and shaping their dynamics, providing insights into complex tidal interactions in the natural coast.
Reservoir Regulation Changed Terrestrial Particulate Organic Carbon Transport and Burial Processes off the Yellow River Mouth
Authors: Xu Jinya , Wang Houjie , Wu Xiao , Cong Shuai , Lu Taian , Jiang Li , Hu Limin , Bi Naishuang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe dynamic behavior of particulate organic carbon (POC) is crucial for understanding biogeochemical carbon cycling in coastal and oceanic environments. However, intense watershed human activities have significantly altered the POC transport and burial in the estuary‐coast continuum. Here, we developed a novel parameterization scheme that incorporates grain‐size constraints to investigate the dispersal and accumulation processes of POC off the Yellow River mouth during the water‐sediment regulation scheme (WSRS) using a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model (FVCOM). The result shows that the model successfully captures the offshore transport and hydrodynamic sorting of POC, which leads to a progressive increase in POC content with offshore dispersion and significant variations in POC and sediment deposition across different isobaths. Rapid fluctuations in river discharge and sediment composition during WSRS stages result in noticeable differences in sedimentation patterns for sediment and POC. At the Water‐regulation stage, distinct differences are observed in the distribution of riverine POC and sediment across various isobaths. In contrast, during the Sediment‐regulation stage, these differences are significantly reduced due to the finer riverine sediment. Compared to the sediment‐regulation, the Water‐regulation plays a crucial role in enhancing the effective burial of POC. Coarse‐grained sediment can form an armored layer that protects OC from disturbance. Additionally, increased runoff during this stage promotes the offshore transport of POC to a less energetic environment (>10 m in depth). This study provides valuable insights into POC dynamics in high‐turbidity estuarine and coastal environments. It underscores the importance of employing comprehensive modeling approaches to elucidate these complex processes.