bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTASI MODEL TANDUR MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA FLASHCARD DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI GUGUS 5 KECAMATAN SUNGAI TEBELIAN
Authors: Yuliana Yuliana , Sabri Tahmid , Syafruddin Syafruddin 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan implementasi model TANDUR menggunakan media flashcard dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di kelas 1 SD Negeri Gugus 5 Kecamatan Sungai Tebelian. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif, melibatkan 91 peserta didik. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi dan dokumentasi, dengan analisis data menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model TANDUR dengan media flashcard dapat meningkatkan partisipasi aktif siswa dalam pembelajaran. Media ini efektif dalam membantu siswa mengembangkan kemampuan membaca dan menulis kata dan kalimat. Faktor pendukung utama adalah profesionalisme guru dan minat siswa, sementara faktor penghambat meliputi keterampilan guru yang kurang dan kurangnya perhatian terhadap kesiapan siswa. Respon guru dan siswa terhadap pembelajaran sangat positif, dengan siswa merasa senang, antusias, dan bersemangat mengikuti pembelajaran. Kesimpulannya, model TANDUR dengan media flashcard meningkatkan pembelajaran yang lebih aktif dan menyenangkan.Kata Kunci: Model Tandur, Media Flashcard, Bahasa IndonesiaABSTRACTThis research aims to describe the implementation of the TANDUR model using flashcard media in Indonesian language learning in class 1 of SD Negeri Gugus 5, Sungai Tebelian District. The research used a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, involving 91 students. Data collection was carried out through observation and documentation, with data analysis using the Miles and Huberman model. The research results show that the TANDUR model with flashcard media can increase students' active participation in learning. This media is effective in helping students develop the ability to read and write words and sentences. The main supporting factors are teacher professionalism and student interest, while inhibiting factors include teachers' lack of skills and lack of attention to student readiness. The response of teachers and students to learning was very positive, with students feeling happy, enthusiastic and eager to participate in learning. In conclusion, the TANDUR model with flashcard media increases learning that is more active and fun.Keywords: Tandur Model, Flashcard Media, Indonesian
Quality of life in patients with traumatic brain injury-basic	issues, assessment and recommendations
Authors: Bullinger M. , the TBI Consensus Group  
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are one of the most common consequences of traffic accidents. Patients with mild, moderate or severe brain injuries suffer from physical, cognitive, behavioral, emotional and social problems. Most of these problems have been a long standing focus amongst practitioners and researchers. Only recently a development has started that took interest in the quality of life outcome of TBI patients. The international members of this consensus meeting reviewed the literature on Quality of Life assessment after TBI and discussed the applicability of different measurements to this specific patient group. Time Points: During the acute phase (T1; < 3 month after trauma) QoL it is difficult to assess due to the reduced conciousness of TBI patients. In the phase of rehabilitation (T2; < one year after trauma) and in the post-rehabilitation phase (T3) repeated assessment of QoL is recommended. Instruments: Several generic and disease-specific instruments possibly relevant to TBI patients or specifically developed for this group were assessed according to the existing evidence in the literature. Criteria for the evaluation of these intruments were: feasibility, specificity, validity, comprehensiveness, international availability, existence of norms, and psychometric quality. The cognitive impairment and the existential dimension were not sufficiently considered in most of the reviewed instruments. Group Consensus: The familiy's and relatives' view of the patient's QoL should not be used as a proxy but provides an additional source of information in the acute phase. At T2 and T3, assessment of the patient's quality of life should include a generic as well as a disease specific instrument. Among the generic instruments the SF-36, the EuroQol and the WHO-QoL should be considered. The literature about specific instruments for patients with TBI like the EBIC is scarce. Therefore, the group could hardly give an empiracally based recommendation. The need for further investigation on QoL instruments in TBI patients is strongly emphasized.
5-lipoxygenase (5LOX)-deficient mice express reduced anxiety-like	behavior
Authors: Uz Tolga , Dimitrijevic Nikola , Tueting Patricia , Manev Hari 
Published: December 2024

{\it Purpose:} 5-Lipoxygenase (5LOX) is an enzyme critical for leukotriene synthesis from arachidonic acid. In addition to its role in peripheral inflammation, this enzyme is also expressed in the brain but its functional role in the central nervous system is poorly understood. An upregulated expression of brain 5LOX, for example during aging and in multiple sclerosis, has been associated with increased vulnerability to neurodegeneration. Moreover, the 5LOX pathway has been associated with the neurotoxicity of the prion peptide. 5LOX-deficient mice [5LOX(-); B6129S$^{Alox5tm1Fun}$] and their controls (B6129SF2/J) have not been behaviorally characterized. {\it Methods:} The following behavioral tests were used for behavioral characterization of 5LOX(-) mice: elevated plus-maze, marble burying, locomotor activity, rota-road, and the spontaneous alternations in T-maze. {\it Results:} We found that in an elevated plus-maze, 5LOX(-) mice spent a shorter time in the "safe" closed arms, a longer time in the "anxiogenic" open arms, and entered the open arms more frequently. They also covered fewer marbles in the marble-burying anxiety test. No difference was observed between 5LOX(-) and 5LOX(+) mice in other tests. {\it Conclusion:} These results indicate that 5LOX(-) mice are less prone to anxiety and point to a possible role for 5LOX in affective behaviors. We propose that creating congenic 5LOX(-) mice by backcrossing into inbred strains would provide additional tools to further elucidate this putative role.
Do psychological variables modify motor recovery among patients	with mild arm paresis after stroke or traumatic brain injury who receive the	Arm Ability Training?
Authors: Platz T. , Denzler P. 
Published: December 2024

{\it Purpose:} The Arm Ability Training improves motor function among stroke and traumatic brain injury patients with mild arm paresis. There is, however, a considerable variability in motor recovery among patients receiving the Arm Ability Training. The study investigated whether psychological variables can explain the variability in motor recovery. {\it Methods:} In a sample of 33 patients receiving the Arm Ability Training both motor performance (by use of the standardised arm function test TEMPA) and cognitive functions (attention, perceptual abilities, and learning) as well as depression were assessed before training was commenced. Both univariate correlational analyses and stepwise multiple regression were used to investigate these variables' ability to predict motor improvement (TEMPA difference scores from pre to post test after 3 weeks). {\it Results:} The degree of motor dysfunction of the affected arm explained most (70%) of the variance of motor improvement scores of the standardised arm function test (TEMPA). Psychometric scores showed no or at the most weak associations with motor improvement (explaining at the most 10% of the variance). {\it Conclusions:} Psychological variables had not been critical modifiers of motor recovery among stroke and traumatic brain injury patients with mild arm paresis receiving the Arm Ability Training.
Peripheral markers of brain damage and blood-brain barrier	dysfunction
Authors: Marchi Nicola , Rasmussen Peter , Kapural Miranda , Fazio Vince , Kight Kelly , Mayberg Marc R. , Kanner Andrew , Ayumar Barbara , Albensi Ben , Cavaglia Marco , Janigro Damir 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Occurrence of brain damage is frequently associated with abnormal blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. Two brain-specific proteins, S100β and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) are released systemically in a variety of neurological diseases, but S100β levels sometimes rise in the absence of neuronal damage, suggesting that S100β is a marker of BBB rather than neuronal damage. Methods: We measured both proteins in the serum of patients undergoing iatrogenic BBB disruption with intrarterial mannitol, followed by chemotherapy. Results: Serum S100β increased significantly after mannitol infusion (p<0.05) while NSE did not. Furthermore, in a model of intracerebral hemorrhage, S100β increases in CSF did not lead to serum changes at a time when the BBB was intact. Modeling of S100β release from the CNS suggested that low (<0.34 ng/ml) serum levels of S100β are consistent with BBB opening without CNS damage, while larger increases imply synthesis and release from presumable damaged glia. Conclusions: Thus, S100β in serum is an early marker of BBB openings that may precede neuronal damage and may influence therapeutic strategies. Secondary, massive elevations in S100β are indicators of prior brain damage and bear clinical significance as predictors of poor outcome or diagnostic means to differentiate extensive damage from minor, transient impairment.
Serum S-100B protein as a molecular marker in severe traumatic	brain injury
Authors: Raabe Andreas , Kopetsch Olaf , Woszczyk Alina , Lang Josef , Gerlach Rüdiger , Zimmermann Michael , Seifert Volker 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: There is growing evidence that S-100B protein may be used as a novel biochemical marker of brain cell damage, measured by a simple blood test. In this paper, we summarize the current knowledge about S-100B serum measurements in severe head injury and address actual controversies. Methods: The material of the present analysis consists of a MEDLINE literature search for S-100 and severe head injury from 1966 to 2003. Studies of S-100B in severe head injury were reviewed for their information about the potential clinical value of this marker. Results: A total of 18 clinical studies were identified and reviewed. Peak values of serum S-100B were demonstrated to have the highest correlation to any endpoint parameter. Admission values also have a significant correlation to injury severity and outcome but show a highly time dependent temporal course. There is extracranial release of S-100B in multitrauma patients in the first 48 hours, but the impact is limited as many studies have found a clear relationship between S-100B and injury severity, imaging findings and outcome. Conclusion: S-100B belongs to a new generation of molecular serum markers of brain damage. These markers will have potential as a surrogate outcome marker or monitoring parameters for both clinical and experimental settings.
Allopregnanolone, a progesterone metabolite, enhances behavioral	recovery and decreases neuronal loss after traumatic brain injury
Authors: He Jun , Hoffman Stuart W. , Stein Donald G. 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: In the current study we investigated whether allopregnanolone, a metabolite of progesterone, could replicate progesterone's beneficial effects in promoting spatial learning ability after bilateral medial prefrontal cortex contusions in rats. Allopregnanolone has been shown to enhance GABA neurotransmission, whereas its isomer epiallopregnanolone does not have this property. Thus, epiallopregnanolone was chosen as a control substance to examine further the role of GABA transmission in post-trauma neuroprotection. Methods: After the contusion, rats were given 4 mg/kg treatment of either allopregnanolone or epiallopregnanolone for five consecutive days beginning 1hr post-injury. Control groups only received vehicle treatment at the same time points. A spatial learning task (Morris Water Maze, MWM) was performed at 7 days post-injury for 10 days. Subsequent histological analyses of brain tissue were conducted to determine quantitatively the neuronal losses in both the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MDN) and the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM). Results: Allopregnanolone-treated rats showed better performance in the MWM compared to the vehicle-treated injury group. The histological analyses also revealed that the allopregnanolone-treated injury group had less neuronal loss in both the MDN and the NBM compared to the vehicle-treated injury group. In contrast, epiallopregnanolone did not facilitate MWM performance or reduce neuronal loss in the MDN and the NBM after TBI. Conclusion: Based on our findings, we suggest that allopregnanolone may mediate the effects of progesterone in promoting cognitive and morphological recovery from TBI through, among others, its direct or indirect effects on GABA-modulated neurons in the MDN and the NBM.
Macrophage stimulation using a group B-streptococcus exotoxin	(CM101) leads to axonal regrowth in the injured optic nerve
Authors: Ohlsson Marcus , Mattsson Per , Wamil Barbara D. , Hellerqvist Carl G. , Svensson Mikael 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: A group B-streptococcus exotoxin (CM101) was administered following optic nerve injury in adult rats in order to analyze putative effects on macrophages, glial scar formation and regrowth of axons in the lesioned optic nerve. Methods: After a standardized intraorbital optic nerve crush, animals were randomized to treatment with CM101 (30 μm/kg body weight, iv, repeated every other day) or vehicle alone. Morphology (semithin sections) and immunohistochemistry directed towards macrophages (ED1), neurofilament (NF), astrocytes (GFAP) and regenerative sprouts (GAP43) were employed at different time-points up to 28 dpi. Results: A significant increase of ED1-positive macrophages (p < 0.05) was observed at 7, 14 and 28 dpi in treated animals compared to untreated, indicative of macrophage stimulation. Less degenerative structures were found in sections distal to the injury in treated animals, seemingly due to a pro-phagocytic effect. Reactive gliosis was significantly (p < 0.05) less pronounced in CM101-treated animals. The presence of GAP43-positive sprouts and neurofilament-positive neurites distal to the lesion in treated animals indicate regrowth of axons crossing the glial scar. Conclusion: Treatment with group B-streptococcus exotoxin leads to macrophage stimulation, increased phagocytosis of inhibitory debris, and a less dense reactive gliosis, which in turn allows for regrowth of axons through the glial scar.
Reorganisation of cerebral circuits in human ischemic brain	disease
Authors: Seitz Rüdiger J. , Bütefisch Cathrin M. , Kleiser Raimund , Hömberg Volker 
Published: December 2024

Animal experiments suggest that reorganisation of cerebral representations is the neurobiological basis of post-lesional recovery. In human ischemic brain disease recovery is a dynamic and sustained process beginning after stroke manifestation. The mechanisms underlying recovery can be investigated non-invasively in the human brain using functional neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In the acute stage, the mismatch area of the perfusion deficit and the impaired water diffusion as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows the brain tissue that potentially can be rescued by thrombolysis or emergency carotid endarteriectomy. Since spontaneous motor recovery is a function of the corticospinal tract integrity, early reperfusion of ischemic tissue is critical. In the subacute and chronic stage after stroke, recovery of motor function was shown to take place irrespective of a concomitant affection of the somatosensory system. Functional MRI with simultaneous recordings of the electromyogram provides evidence that the abnormal activation of motor and premotor cortical areas in both hemispheres related to finger movements has a large interindividual variability. As evident from TMS, recovery results from regression of perilesional inhibition and from remote intracortical disinhibition. Repetitive training, constraint induced training and motor imagery can augment recovery promoting a re-emerging activation in the affected hemisphere. Evolution of altered local perilesional and large-scale bihemispheric circuits appears to allow for post-lesional deficit compensation.
Lesion-induced and training-induced brain reorganization
Authors: Liepert J. , Hamzei F. , Weiller C. 
Published: December 2024

Introduction: A stroke may modulate motor cortex excitability. We examined if distinct ischemic brain lesions are associated with a specific pattern of excitability changes. We also investigated the effects of a rehabilitative therapy on motor excitability. Methods: In stroke patients, the consequences of a) a lesion in the central somatosensory system, b) a cerebellar lesion and c) a two week period of Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), on motor cortex excitability were studied. Transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) were employed. Results: Patients with a lesion in the primary somatosensory cortex or in the ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus had a decreased intracortical inhibition on the affected side. Patients with lesions in the territory of the superior cerebellar artery had a loss of intracortical facilitation and an increase of intracortical inhibition. Patients with cortical lesions undergoing CIMT had a loss of intracortical inhibition prior to therapy. After CIMT, changes of ICI were stronger in the lesioned than in the non-lesioned hemisphere but could result either in an increase of ICI or a reduction of ICI. In three patients fMRI results showed that cortical activation was less post CIMT as compared to pre-treatment activation. In parallel, ICI was reduced after treatment. Conclusions: Our results suggest that, physiologically, central somatosensory influence on the motor cortex is inhibitory. In contrast, the cerebellum normally exerts a facilitatory influence on the motor cortex. CIMT induces changes of intracortical excitability mainly in the affected hemisphere.
Specific alteration of the Bax/Bcl2 ratio and cytochrome c without	execution of apoptosis in the hippocampus of aged baboons
Authors: Thees S. , Hubbard G.B. , Winckler J. , Schultz C. , Rami A. 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: During ageing, there may be an age-associated loss of particular nerve cells in specific brain areas. Recent studies highlight the role of apoptosis in the normal ageing of the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle. Particular attention is paid to the role of cytochrome c release from mitochondria and alterations in the pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, Bax and Bcl-2, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential occurrence of apoptosis in the hippocampus of aged baboons. Methods: we have used the baboon as a potential non-human primate model for age-related pathology which afflicts the human brain. The TUNEL staining method was used to characterise the apoptotic cell death. For immunocytochemistry, antibodies directed against activated caspase-3, cytochrome c, Bcl-2 and Bax proteins were used. Results: Our results show that in hippocampi of aged baboons the immunoreactivities of the antiapoptotic agent Bcl-2 was not prominently changed, of the proapoptotic agent Bax was upregulated, of the cytochrome c was redistributed, and that caspase-3 was not activated. The TUNEL-staining method revealed no apoptotic cell death in hippocampi of aged baboons. Conclusions: This demonstrates that a specific alteration of the Bax/Bcl2 ratio occurs in the ageing baboon hippocampus which may directly influence the release of cytochrome c even without commitment to apoptosis.
Diffusion anisotrophy in the early stages of stroke can predict	motor outcome
Authors: Jang Sung Ho , Cho Sang-Hyun , Kim Yun-Hee , Han Bong Soo , Byun Woo Mok , Son Soo-Min , Kim Seong Ho , Lee Se Jin 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: This study examined whether the degree of impairment of diffusion anisotrophy in the early stages of a stroke can predict the motor function outcome. Methods: Thirty-one hemiplegic stroke patients were enrolled to this study. Diffusion anisotropy was measured by determining fractional anisotropy (FA) in the two ROIs (region of interests) at corona radiata (CR) and in the posterior limb of internal capsule (IC) during the early stages of stoke (average 7.9 days after stroke onset) and compared with motor outcome of the affected hand 3 months after stroke onset. Results: Both ROIs (CR or IC) and lesion types (hemorrhage or infarction) did not have significant effect on the SBFA (symmetry of bilateral FA) and dMRC (medical research council score improvement), either. Patients with greater initial MRC score had significantly greater SBFA and dMRC. The regression equation between the dMRC (Y axis) and the SBFA (X axis) was semi-linear and significant (P < 0.05); for CR group, Y = 3.296 - 0.1192X + 0.0015X $^{2}$ ; for IC group, Y = 2.342 - 0.0533X +0.0007 $^{2}$ . The regression lines had 'threshold points' where a minute SBFA change would make a steep increase in dMRC. Conclusion: The degree of impairment in diffusion anisotropy during the early stages of stroke appears to have the potential to predict motor outcome.
Motor recovery mechanism of diffuse axonal injury: A combined	study of transcranial magnetic stimulation and functional MRI
Authors: Jang Sung Ho , Cho Sang-Hyun , Kim Yun-Hee , You Sung H. , Kim Seong Ho , Kim Oryong , Yang Dong Suk , Son Su min 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the motor recovery mechanism following diffuse axonal injury (DAI) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional MRI (fMRI). Methods: Twenty-six hands of 13 control subjects and 14 affected hands of 8 patients (two hemiparetics and six quadriparetics) were evaluated. All the patients were initially diagnosedwith DAIand were evaluated after they had reached their maximal motor recovery. fMRI was performed at 1.5 T using a hand grasp-release movement paradigm and TMS was applied with a round coil over the vertex. Results: fMRI revealed that both normal subjects and patients with DAI showed increased contralateral primary sensori-motor cortex activation during affected hand movement.The motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of the patient group was slightly delayed in latency and significantly increased in duration and turns. The relative MEP amplitude, phase, and excitatory threshold were not significantly different between the groups. Conclusions: These findings may indicate the heterogeneity of the axons in the recovery process of the corticospinal tract. It seems that the motor recovery in patients who had suffered DAI was attributable to the recovery of the corticospinal tract.