bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐reported physician‐diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and spirometry patterns in Vietnam Era US Army Chemical Corps veterans: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Cypel Yasmin S. , Hines Stella E. , Davey Victoria J. , Eber Stephanie M. , Schneiderman Aaron I. 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundResearch on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and herbicide exposure in Vietnam War veterans is limited.MethodsSurvey data were collected from 3193 US Army Chemical Corps veterans on herbicide exposure and self‐reported physician‐diagnosed COPD. Three spirometric patterns were used to define airflow obstruction (AFO): (i) FEV1/FVC < 70% (“fixed ratio”); (ii) FEV1/FVC < lower limit of normal (“LLN”); and (iii) (FEV1/FVC < LLN and FVC ≥ LLN and FEV1<LLN) or (FEV1/FVC<LLN and FEV1 ≥ LLN) (“specific obstruction”). Associations between herbicide exposure and self‐reported COPD and spirometric‐AFO were determined using regression.ResultsCOPD prevalence varied (self‐reports: 20.1%; spirometry: 29.8%, 12.9%, 8.4% by fixed ratio, LLN, and specific obstruction definitions, respectively). Spirometric parameters did not differ by exposure. Self‐reported COPD and herbicide exposure were significantly associated (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.82, 95% confidence intervaI: 1.48,2.24). No association was found between spirometric‐AFO and herbicide exposure.ConclusionsA significant association was found between herbicide exposure and self‐reported physician‐diagnosed COPD but not when COPD diagnosis was based on spirometry.
Tooth grooves, occlusal striations, dental calculus, and evidence for fiber processing in an Italian eneolithic/bronze age cemetery
Authors: Sperduti Alessandra , Giuliani Maria Rita , Guida Giuseppe , Petrone Pier Paolo , Rossi Paola Francesca , Vaccaro Serena , Frayer David W. , Bondioli Luca 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectivesWe conducted a systematic macroscopic and microscopic examination of occlusal and para‐occlusal wear in a large dental sample (n = 3,014) from 217 individuals dated to the Early Bronze age site of Gricignano d'Aversa, Italy. We used macroscopic and microscopic techniques to document nondietary occlusal and para‐occlusal wear and to analyze calculus inclusions in some of the teeth. In combining an analysis of the wear with the calculus inclusions we linked the specific wear to the likely fiber that was involved in producing it.Materials and methodsTeeth and their high resolution epoxy casts were analyzed through SEM and reflected light microscopes. Nineteen individuals (fifteen with activity induced dental modifications and four as a control sample) were examined for the presence of calculus inclusions.ResultsActivity induced dental modifications (AIDMs), notches, grooves and micro‐striations, were found in the 62.2% of the adult females, in 21.2% of the adults of unknown sex and in a single male. We found the full spectrum of dental manipulations from very minor nonocclusal wear in some young individuals to severe attrition at the other extreme. The width of the striations and grooves, mostly on the upper incisors, suggests a craft activity involving fibers and thread production and manipulation. From the dental calculus of two females with grooves and striations, we extracted three fragments of fibers, identified as hemp (Cannabis, sp.). Previously from Gricignano woven hemp fibers were found on both surfaces of a metal blade associated with a male burial.DiscussionThis study found the co‐occurrence of tooth AIDMs and the actual fibers preserved in the dental calculus. As more work is done analyzing dental calculus in a variety of humans, it is apparent that this biological material holds rich resources documenting non‐dietary habits.
Do forelimb shape and peak forces co‐vary in strepsirrhines?
Authors: Fabre Anne‐Claire , Granatosky Michael C. , Hanna Jandy B. , Schmitt Daniel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectivesIn this study, we explore whether ground reaction forces recorded during horizontal walking co‐vary with the shape of the long bones of the forelimb in strepsirrhines. To do so, we quantify (1) the shape of the shaft and articular surfaces of each long bone of the forelimb, (2) the peak vertical, mediolateral, and horizontal ground reaction forces applied by the forelimb during arboreal locomotion, and (3) the relationship between the shape of the forelimb and peak forces.Materials and methodsGeometric morphometric approaches were used to quantify the shape of the bones. Kinetic data were collected during horizontal arboreal walking in eight species of strepsirrhines that show variation in habitual substrate use and morphology of the forelimb. These data were then used to explore the links between locomotor behavior, morphology, and mechanics using co‐variation analyses in a phylogenetic framework.ResultsOur results show significant differences between slow quadrupedal climbers (lorises), vertical clinger and leapers (sifaka), and active arboreal quadrupeds (ring‐tailed lemur, ruffed lemur) in both ground reaction forces and the shape of the long bones of the forelimb, with the propulsive and medially directed peak forces having the highest impact on the shape of the humerus. Co‐variation between long bone shape and ground reaction forces was detected in both the humerus and ulna even when accounting for differences in body mass.DiscussionThese results demonstrate the importance of considering limb‐loading beyond just peak vertical force, or substrate reaction force. A re‐evaluation of osseous morphology and functional interpretations is necessary in light of these findings.
A new multivariate method for determining sex of immature human remains using the maxillary first molar
Authors: Aris Christopher , Nystrom Pia , Craig‐Atkins Elizabeth 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectivesThis study investigated the use of sexually dimorphic metrics of the first permanent maxillary molar (M1) to determine sex in adult and immature individuals within and between populations.MethodsTen M1 dimensions were measured in 91 adults (19–55 years) and 58 immatures (5–18 years) from two English populations, one of documented sex (Spitalfields crypt) and another of morphologically‐assigned sex (Black Gate). Preliminary statistical analysis was undertaken to explore bilateral differences and variation by age and sex, followed by multivariate analyses to predict sex from dental metrics.ResultsBoth cross‐validated linear discriminant analysis and binary logistic regression predicted biological sex consistent with known sex in 94.6% of adults and 90.9% of immatures. When functions extracted from the Spitalfields data were used to assign sex to Black Gate adults, consistency with morphological sex varied from 83.3% to 57.7%. A new function developed on Black Gate resulted in only a 4.8% increase in maximum accuracy but reduced bias. The immature cohort comprised 19 (52.8%) males and 17 (47.2%) females.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates substantial sexual dimorphism in a single tooth which is commonly preserved in archaeological and forensic contexts. It successfully assigns biological sex to immatures from 5 years of age with substantially greater accuracy than any other morphological or metric method. We suggest that accurate cross‐population functions based on dentition require a trade‐off between accuracy and applicability, and that functions extracted from populations of documented sex can be used to assign sex to other archaeological and forensic remains.
Simultaneous Preparation of Multiple Polymer Brushes under Ambient Conditions using Microliter Volumes
Authors: Narupai Benjaporn , Page Zachariah A. , Treat Nicolas J. , McGrath Alaina J. , Pester Christian W. , Discekici Emre H. , Dolinski Neil D. , Meyers Gregory F. , Read de Alaniz Javier , Hawker Craig J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe fabrication of well‐defined, multifunctional polymer brushes under ambient conditions is described. This facile method uses light‐mediated, metal‐free atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to grow polymer brushes with only microliter volumes required. Key to the success of this strategy is the dual action of N‐phenylphenothiazine (PTH) as both an oxygen scavenger and polymerization catalyst. Use of simple glass cover slips results in a high degree of spatial and temporal control and allows for multiple polymer brushes to be grown simultaneously. The preparation of arbitrary 3D patterns and functional/emissive polymer brushes demonstrates the practicality and versatility of this novel strategy.
Selective and Catalytic Hydrocarboxylation of Enamides and Imines with CO2 to Generate α,α‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Ju Tao , Fu Qiang , Ye Jian‐Heng , Zhang Zhen , Liao Li‐Li , Yan Si‐Shun , Tian Xing‐Yang , Luo Shu‐Ping , Li Jing , Yu Da‐Gang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe first catalytic hydrocarboxylation of enamides and imines with CO2 to generate valuable α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acids is reported. Notably, excellent chemo‐ and regio‐selectivity are achieved, significantly different from previous reports on β‐carboxylation of enamides, homocoupling or reduction of imines. Moreover, this transition‐metal‐free procedure exhibits low loading of an inexpensive catalyst, easily available substrates, mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, facile scalability and easy product derivatization, providing great potential for application in organic synthesis, pharmaceutical chemistry, and biochemistry.
Verbesserung der Selektivität und Kinetik bei der photooxidativen Zyklisierung mittels supramolekularer Kontrolle
Authors: Haldar Ritesh , Diring Stéphane , Samanta Pralok K. , Muth Marius , Clancy William , Mazel Antoine , Schlabach Sabine , Kirschhöfer Frank , Brenner‐Weiß Gerald , Pati Swapan K. , Odobel Fabrice , Wöll Christof 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPhotochemische Reaktionen verlaufen typischerweise über mehrere Reaktionswege und führen zu einer Vielfalt von Produkten. Die Verbesserung ihrer Selektivität ist anspruchsvoll. Hier wird das Potential einer supramolekularen Steuerung für die photooxidative Zyklisierung eines Tetraaryleethylens (oder substituierten Stilbens) mit stereogener C=C‐Bindung demonstriert. In Lösung führt diese langsame photochemische Reaktion zu drei Phenantren‐Konstitutionsisomeren. Wird die Startverbindung in einen kristallinen Rahmen gesetzt, bildet sich nur ein Reaktionsprodukt, und die Reaktion wird erheblich beschleunigt. Entscheidend ist hier die Integration in ein SURMOF; die drastische Selektivitätszunahme wird auf die Einschränkung der Rotationsfreiheit der C=C‐Bindung zurückgeführt. Die Struktur des MOF ist verantwortlich für diesen Erfolg; die entsprechende Reaktion im Festkörper führt nicht zu einem solch starken Selektivitätsanstieg. Außerdem ist nach der photooxidativen Zyklisierung eine erhebliche Veränderung der Lumineszenzeigenschaften zu beobachten.
Metal‐ and Oxidant‐Free Alkenyl C−H/Aromatic C−H Cross‐Coupling Using Electrochemically Generated Iodosulfonium Ions
Authors: Hayashi Ryutaro , Shimizu Akihiro , Davies Jonathan A. , Ishizaki Yu , Willis Chris , Yoshida Jun‐ichi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA three‐step transformation consisting of 1) addition of electrochemically generated iodosulfonium ions to vinylarenes to give (1‐aryl‐2‐iodoethoxy)sulfonium ions, 2) nucleophilic substitution by subsequently added aromatic compounds to give 1,1‐diaryl‐2‐iodoethane, and 3) elimination of HI with a base to give 1,1‐diarylethenes was developed. The transformation serves as a powerful metal‐ and chemical‐oxidant‐free method for alkenyl C−H/aromatic C−H cross‐coupling.
Mechanische Stabilität versus ultrahohe Porosität in kristallinen Netzwerkmaterialien: ein Balanceakt!
Authors: Hönicke Ines M. , Senkovska Irena , Bon Volodymyr , Baburin Igor A. , Bönisch Nadine , Raschke Silvia , Evans Jack D. , Kaskel Stefan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEin neues mesoporöses metallorganisches Netzwerk (DUT‐60) wurde zunächst am Computer aus Zn4O6+‐Knoten sowie ditopen und tritopen Liganden entworfen, um die Stabilitätsgrenzen von Gerüstverbindungen mit ultrahoher Porosität zu untersuchen. Die robuste ith‐d‐Topologie von DUT‐60 erreicht einen mittleren Kompressions‐ und Schermodul (4.97 GPa und 0.50 GPa), eine entscheidende Voraussetzung, um ein Kollabieren der Poren während der Desolvatisierung zu unterdrücken. Hierauf wurde eine von Clustern ausgehende Route ausgearbeitet, um durch Solvothermalsynthese mit minimaler Nebenproduktbildung das neue kristalline Netzwerk (DUT‐60) herzustellen, das mit dem höchsten jemals gemessenen Porenvolumen (5.02 cm3 g−1) alle bekannten kristallinen Netzwerkmaterialien übertrifft.
Trefoil‐Shaped Porous Nanographenes Bearing a Tribenzotriquinacene Core by Three‐fold Scholl Macrocyclization
Authors: He Lisi , Ng Chun‐Fai , Li Yuke , Liu Zhifeng , Kuck Dietmar , Chow Hak‐Fun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPorous curved polycyclic aromatic compounds 6 and 14 bearing a tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) core encircled by an m,p,p,m,m,p,p,m,m,p,p,m‐cyclododecaphenylene belt were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. These trefoil hydrocarbon macrocycles were constructed in high yield using an intramolecular three‐fold Scholl macrocyclization. X‐ray crystal analysis of 14 demonstrated a large wizard‐hat‐shaped structure with three pores (radii 2.9–3.0 Å). The π‐stacking aggregation of the hexa‐n‐dodecyloxy derivative 6 a and the chloride anion binding properties of 14 were studied by NMR spectroscopy. Such stacking and anion binding properties were much weaker in the singly 11 and doubly macrocyclized products 12.
Polymer Donors for High‐Performance Non‐Fullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Fu Huiting , Wang Zhaohui , Sun Yanming 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOver the past few years, non‐fullerene organic solar cells have been a focus of research and their power conversion efficiencies have been improved dramatically from about 6 % to over 14 %. In addition to innovations in non‐fullerene acceptors, the ongoing development of polymer donors has contributed significantly to the rapid progress of non‐fullerene organic solar cell performance. This Minireview highlights the polymer donors that enable high‐performance non‐fullerene organic solar cells. We show the impressive photovoltaic devices results achieved by some of important classes of conjugated polymer systems in non‐fullerene organic solar cells. We discuss the molecular design strategies as far as developing matching polymer donors for non‐fullerene acceptors. We conclude with a brief summary and outlook for advances in donor polymers required for commercialization.
Revealing the Immunogenic Risk of Polymers
Authors: Li Bowen , Yuan Zhefan , Hung Hsiang‐Chien , Ma Jinrong , Jain Priyesh , Tsao Caroline , Xie Jingyi , Zhang Peng , Lin Xiaojie , Wu Kan , Jiang Shaoyi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugation has been the gold standard to ameliorate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and immunological profiles of proteins. PEG polymer does become immunogenic once attached to proteins, evoking PEG‐specific antibody (Ab) responses. The anti‐PEG Abs could cause PEGylated biologic treatments to fail and even result in lethal adverse reactions. Thus the zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine) (PCB) has been introduced as a PEG substitute for protein modification. Addressed herein is anti‐polymer Ab induction by conjugating PEG and PCB polymers to a series of carrier proteins with escalating immunogenicity. Results indicate that titers of PEG‐specific Abs were quantitatively correlated to the immunogenicity of carrier proteins, whereas the generation of PCB‐specific Abs was minimal and insensitive to increased protein immunogenicity. This work provides insight into the immunological properties of PEG and PCB and has far‐reaching implications for the development of polymer‐protein conjugates.
A Porous Pyrochlore Y2[Ru1.6Y0.4]O7–δ Electrocatalyst for Enhanced Performance towards the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Media
Authors: Kim Jaemin , Shih Pei‐Chieh , Qin Yao , Al‐Bardan Zaid , Sun Cheng‐Jun , Yang Hong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA robust porous structure is often needed for practical applications in electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells, batteries, and electrolyzers. While templating approach is useful for the preparation of porous materials in general, it is not effective for the synthesis of oxide‐based electrocatalysts owing to the chemical instability of disordered porous materials thus created. Now the synthesis of phase‐pure porous yttrium ruthenate pyrochlore oxide using an unconventional porogen of perchloric acid is presented. The lattice oxygen defects are formed by the mixed‐valence state of Ru4+/5+ through the partial substitution of Ru4+ with Y3+ cations, leading to the formation of mixed B‐site Y2[Ru1.6Y0.4]O7−δ. This porous Y2[Ru1.6Y0.4]O7−δ electrocatalyst exhibits a turnover frequency (TOF) of 560 s−1 (at 1.5 V versus RHE) for the oxygen evolution reaction, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the RuO2 reference catalyst (5.41 s−1).
Separation of Triacylglycerols from Edible Oil Using a Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry System with a Porous Graphitic Carbon Column and a Toluene–Isopropanol Gradient Mobile Phase
Authors: Zhang Shi‐Ding , Gong Can , Lu Yan , Xu Xu 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study presented a rapid and practical method of separating triacylglycerol (TAG) from edible oil using high‐performance liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with atmospheric‐pressure chemical ionization (APCI)/mass spectrometry (MS) system with a porous graphitic carbon column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 5 μm) and a toluene–isopropanol–formic acid mobile phase. After investigating the experimental conditions, the gradient toluene–isopropanol mobile phase containing 0.1% formic acid was changed from 50:50 to 80:20 in 30 min; the column temperature was set to 35 °C, and APCI/MS was used in the positive‐ion acquisition mode. The TAG retention displayed a special order and was summarized to fit as follows: S‐ECN (special equivalent carbon number) = 2CN (carbon number) − 3dB (double bond number) – 5uFA (unsaturated fatty‐acid number). Then, the LC–MS method was applied to separate TAG in 6 vegetable oils, resulting in the recognition of 27 TAG in corn oil, 21 TAGs in olive oil, 22 TAG in sunflower seed oil, 28 TAG in soybean oil, 25 TAG in sesame oil, and 31 TAG in peanut oil. The TAG separation through the LC–MS method was rapid, reproducible, and durable.
Neue Forschungsergebnisse zum Schutz von Bauteilen unter Pflasterbelägen
Authors: Dauberschmidt Christoph , Becker Felix 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDer Einsatz von durchlässigen Pflasterbelägen für Parkflächen z. B. in eingeschossigen Tiefgaragen ohne anstehendes Grundwasser oder im Erdgeschoss von Parkhäusern gehört mittlerweile zu den gängigsten Ausführungsvarianten, um die relativ kostenintensiven und zu beschichtenden Stahlbetonbodenplatten als Fahrbahn zu vermeiden. Wird auf eine tragende Bodenplatte verzichtet, werden die Lasten über Einzel‐ und Streifenfundamente unter dem Pflasterbelag in den Baugrund abgeleitet. Dementsprechend gelangen von PKW eingeschleppte Chloride durch den durchlässigen Pflasterbelag an die im Baugrund liegenden Bauteile. Um die Dauerhaftigkeit der Stahlbetonbauteile unter dem Pflasterbelag bei Chloridexposition zu gewährleisten, sind vom Planer entsprechende Maßnahmen vorzusehen.Die vorgestellten Untersuchungen der Hochschule München an Bestandstiefgaragen belegen, dass es sowohl an den aufgehenden Bauteilen sowie an den Fundamenten zu einer signifikanten Chloridbelastung kommt. Ferner streut die Durchlässigkeit von Pflasterbelägen stark. Die durchgeführten Laboruntersuchungen eines vom DBV geförderten Forschungsvorhabens zeigen, dass Beschichtungen von Stahlbetonbauteilen durch den Einbau des Pflasterbelags geschädigt werden können. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass nicht alle nach DAfStb‐Instandsetzungsrichtlinie (RL‐SIB) definierten Oberflächenschutzsysteme für nicht begeh‐ und befahrbare Flächen die Stahlbetonbauteile ausreichend vor Korrosion schützen.In den durchgeführten Laborversuchen zeigten sich flexibilisierte mineralische Dichtschlämmen oder OS 5b‐Systeme – welche für dauerhaft anstehendes chloridhaltiges Wasser geprüft wurden – am geeignetsten und können nach derzeitigem Kenntnisstand für den Einsatz unter Pflasterbelag empfohlen werden.
The essential neurological examination of the unconscious patient in the emergency room
Authors: Brich Jochen , Steiert Marius , Rijntjes Michel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether neurologists with long‐term experience in the emergency room are in general agreement about the essential components of the neurological examination (NE) used on unconscious patients in whom an obvious cause for coma is lacking.MethodsWe surveyed 31 board‐certified practicing neurologists who regularly examine unconscious patients in the emergency room and asked them to list the specific components of the NE that they would normally choose to apply in at least 80% of cases.ResultsTwenty‐seven neurologists rated 24 of 38 items as essential steps of the neurological examination of the unconscious patient, with a high level of agreement amongst survey participants.ConclusionsThere was a high degree of consensus amongst the neurologists surveyed about which steps are essential for the NE of the unconscious patient. These findings provide an important source of validation for teaching this particular NE to medical students, as well as nonneurologists working in an emergency setting.
A platform of genetically engineered bacteria as vehicles for localized delivery of therapeutics: Toward applications for Crohn's disease
Authors: McKay Ryan , Ghodasra Monil , Schardt John , Quan David , Pottash Alex Eli , Shang Wu , Jay Steven M. , Payne Gregory F. , Chang Matthew Wook , March John C. , Bentley William E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFor therapies targeting diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, we and others envision probiotic bacteria that synthesize and excrete biotherapeutics at disease sites. Toward this goal, we have engineered commensal E. coli that selectively synthesize and secrete a model biotherapeutic in the presence of nitric oxide (NO), an intestinal biomarker for Crohn's disease (CD). This is accomplished by co‐expressing the pore forming protein TolAIII with the biologic, granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). We have additionally engineered these bacteria to accumulate at sites of elevated NO by engineering their motility circuits and controlling pseudotaxis. Importantly, because we have focused on in vitro test beds, motility and biotherapeutics production are spatiotemporally characterized. Together, the targeted recognition, synthesis, and biomolecule delivery comprises a “smart” probiotics platform that may have utility in the treatment of CD. Further, this platform could be modified to accommodate other pursuits by swapping the promoter and therapeutic gene to reflect other disease biomarkers and treatments, respectively.