bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Higher education participation in “high-income” universal higher education systems
Authors: Wright Ewan , Horta Hugo 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
Global participation in higher education has expanded greatly since the late twentieth century. The implications for the cultural, social, and economic fabric of societies have been substantial. To explain transitions from elite to mass higher education systems, theoretical insights from Technical-functionalism, Neo-institutionalism, World Academic System, and Credentialism perspectives have been put forward. It is the contention of this paper that there are emerging and complementary factors driving steadily growing participation in “high-income” universal higher education systems. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
With reference to Ulrich Beck’s concept of the “risk society”, it is discussed how higher education participation is increasingly a response by young people (and their families) seeking to mitigate heightened instability in work and employment under a “risk regime”. Publicly available data from national and supra-national organisations are used to evidence trends and support the arguments put forward by this paper.

Findings
Participation is perceived as quasi-compulsory to “survive” amid concern that those without higher education attainment are being “left behind” in modern labour markets. This environment has contributed to more students from more diverse backgrounds viewing higher education as the only viable option to secure a livelihood regardless of rising private costs of participation and rising uncertainty over graduate employment outcomes. The expansion of higher education has therefore potentially developed a self-perpetuating dynamic as the perceived cost of non-participation escalates.

Originality/value
It is shown that to better understand higher education participation in “high-income” countries with universal higher education systems, one needs to consider the conceptual idea of “survivalism”, that underlines risk and the vulnerabilities of modern societies.
The development of Malaysian higher education
Authors: Wan Chang-Da , Sirat Morshidi 
Published: February 2018

PurposeUniversities in Malaysia, particular public universities, have been tasked not only with the traditional focus on the pursuit of knowledge, but also the important role of nation-building. The purpose of this paper is to explore the nation-building agenda in the development of Malaysian higher education in the globalisation era.Design/methodology/approachGrounded within the literature of nation-building and globalisation and neoliberalism, the approach of this paper examines the development of higher education in Malaysia across time.FindingsTwo particular aspects in the Malaysian higher education that have seen tension and changes emerging from the interaction between globalisation and nation-building are: the medium of instruction and hybridisation in universities.Originality/valueThe paper illustrates the ways in which universities have adapted in terms of the medium of instruction between the Malay language and English, as well as hybridisation that has taken place as a result of globalisation on the local vision, structure and characteristics of Malaysian universities.
In dialogue with science’s social contract with society
Authors: Kuo Yu-Ching , Chan Sheng-Ju 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The science policy has been at the core business of contemporary nations, and determining how to establish a constructive contract between the wider society and the science/academia community has become a continuous challenge and major task. The purpose of this paper is to draw on Bush’s (1945) classical works and other scholarly stances in an attempt to reveal how research funding discourses and practices in Taiwanese universities have taken shape and been implemented.

Design/methodology/approach
Against this broader context, the authors examine the main elements of official documents and significant statistical evidence from recent years.

Findings
In summary, basic research investment has comparatively underperformed while the business sector has contributed relatively higher expenditures to the university sector at the international level. A strong state-led approach has been identified as the key characteristics of research funding policy for industrial development/economic growth or social problem solving. Although not making an effort to “save the nation,” the state has been dominant in steering the direction of priority areas and issues for university research in order to achieve better international competitiveness and, in turn, nation building.

Research limitations/implications
The authors examine the impact of the interplay between science’s social contract with society and rhetorical devices on the institutionalization of the university research funding policy framework in Taiwan. The exploration of this interplay leads the authors to elaborate tensions between the government, industry, universities, and research communities in Taiwan. As in other contexts, the race between social accountability and academic autonomy has evolved to be a significant element of these tensions in Taiwan. For better reflecting the public needs or social demands, a greater autonomy for the science community is desirable and favorable for long-term development.

Originality/value
The science policy is a rarely addressed but critical issue for the past two decades. Along with the increasing demand on value for money publicly funded research, societal accountability, and the international competition caused by league tables and cutting-edge technology innovation, this paper draws on classical and current mainstream discourses of science’s contract with society by investigating into Taiwanese research funding in the higher education sector. All findings are highly original for theoretical and practical implications.
Natal dispersal of tree sloths in a human‐dominated landscape: Implications for tropical biodiversity conservation
Authors: Garcés‐Restrepo Mario F. , Pauli Jonathan N. , Peery M. Zachariah 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHabitat loss and fragmentation caused by the conversion of tropical forests are among the most important threats to biodiversity globally. Habitat specialists and species with low dispersal capacity are expected to be the most sensitive to such changes. Relatively little is known, however, about how habitat change and life history interact to impact natal dispersal and population viability in tropical species.Here, we characterized natal dispersal patterns, habitat selection and survival rates in two‐toed (Choloepus hoffmanni) and three‐toed (Bradypus variegatus) sloths within a human‐dominated tropical landscape in Costa Rica consisting of a shade‐grown cacao plantation surrounded by riparian forests and cattle pastures.Radio‐marked individuals of both species preferentially selected tropical forests during natal dispersal and were commonly observed using riparian forest buffers for dispersal. The more specialized and sedentary three‐toed sloth, however, avoided both pastures and shade‐grown cacao for dispersal, whereas two‐toed sloths only avoided pastures.Juvenile survival was lower for three‐toed than two‐toed sloths, and was lowest immediately following maternal independence for both species. However, despite interspecific differences, juvenile survival was high and sufficient to maintain stable populations of both species.Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that tropical forest conversion is more likely to impact the natal dispersal success of specialized and dispersal‐limited species. Moreover, riparian forest buffers appear to provide critical corridors for maintaining such species, and biodiversity more broadly, in modified tropical landscapes.
Acclimation of leaf traits in seasonal light environments: Are non‐native species more plastic?
Authors: Martinez Kelsey A. , Fridley Jason D. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

In temperate deciduous forests, understorey light environments vary dramatically throughout spring, summer and autumn due to tree canopy leaf display. This variability in light level is a physiological challenge for understorey species that produce sun‐adapted leaves in the spring before being shaded by the tree canopy. Similarly, some understorey species display leaves late into autumn after the tree canopy senesces.

Many species in North American deciduous forests with extended leaf display are not native to North America. Since many non‐native species have been shown to have greater plasticity than natives, we hypothesized that leaves of non‐native species may be more plastic with respect to seasonal light changes than natives, and that this plasticity may allow them to assimilate more carbon in the same environment.

We measured leaf traits and photosynthetic capacity of 17 native and 13 non‐native understorey shrub species in a common garden in Syracuse, New York, during spring, summer and autumn. We tested for the contribution of seasonal mean and variance (plasticity) of leaf traits to a species’ average photosynthetic rate and total leaf production. We also analysed the extent to which leaf adjustments depended on whether plants continued to produce new leaves over the growing season.

Leaf traits of both native and non‐native species varied seasonally, but plasticity varied in extent and contribution to overall carbon gain. Non‐native species had the highest seasonal plasticity, but, contrary to our hypothesis, such plasticity did not contribute to their overall carbon gain. However, leaf trait plasticity was adaptive for native species that continued to produce leaves throughout the year, primarily due to increases in quantum efficiency and electron transport rate in leaves produced mid‐year compared to leaves produced early in the year.

Synthesis. Despite large adjustments in leaf traits across seasonal light environments for both native species and non‐native species, we found little evidence that leaf‐level plasticity drives non‐native invasion or contributes strongly to annual carbon gain or productivity in understorey species. Instead, differences in mean leaf traits across seasons are sufficient to explain carbon gain advantages of non‐native woody species in deciduous forests.
Integration of Emerging Biomedical Technologies in Meat Processing to Improve Meat Safety and Quality
Authors: Ravensdale Joshua T. , Coorey Ranil , Dykes Gary A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractModern‐day processing of meat products involves a series of complex procedures designed to ensure the quality and safety of the meat for consumers. As the size of abattoirs increases, the logistical problems associated with large‐capacity animal processing can affect the sanitation of the facility and the meat products, potentially increasing transmission of infectious diseases. Additionally, spoilage of food from improper processing and storage increases the global economic and ecological burden of meat production. Advances in biomedical and materials science have allowed for the development of innovative new antibacterial technologies that have broad applications in the medical industry. Additionally, new approaches in tissue engineering and nondestructive cooling of biological specimens could significantly improve organ transplantation and tissue grafting. These same strategies may be even more effective in the preservation and protection of meat as animal carcasses are easier to manipulate and do not have the same stringent requirements of care as living patients. This review presents potential applications of emerging biomedical technologies in the food industry to improve meat safety and quality. Future research directions investigating these new technologies and their usefulness in the meat processing chain along with regulatory, logistical, and consumer perception issues will also be discussed.
Telomere length was similar in school‐age children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and allergic asthma
Authors: Henckel E , Svenson U , Nordlund B , Berggren Broström E , Hedlin G , Degerman S , Bohlin K 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimInflammation is a major factor in the pathophysiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and it contributes to accelerated telomere shortening and cellular ageing. This study aimed to determine its effect on telomere length and lung function in school‐aged children born preterm with BPD.MethodsWe examined 29 children with BPD, born preterm in Stockholm county 1998–99, along with 28 children with allergic asthma born at term matched for age and gender. At 10 years of age, we measured relative telomere length (RTL) in blood by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, lung function by spirometry and inflammation by fractional exhaled nitric oxide and blood cytokines.ResultsRTL was not different in preterm born with BPD compared to term born children with asthma. The gender effect was strong in both groups; girls had significantly longer median RTL than boys (1.8 versus 1.5, p < 0.01). Short RTL was associated with low forced expiratory flow, also after adjusting for gender, but was not affected by severity of BPD or ongoing inflammation.ConclusionTelomere length was similar in 10‐year‐old children born preterm with a history of BPD and term born children with allergic asthma. However, impaired lung function and male gender were associated with short telomeres.
Common challenges managing bed and staff availability on labor and delivery units in the United States: A qualitative analysis
Authors: Plough Avery , Henrich Natalie , Galvin Grace , Shah Neel T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundManagers of labor and delivery units need to ensure that their limited supply of beds and nursing staff are adequately available, despite uncertainty with respect to patient needs. The ability to address this challenge has been associated with patient outcomes; however, best practices have not been defined.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of 96 interviews with nurse and physician managers from 48 labor and delivery units across the United States. Included units represented a diverse range of characteristics, but skewed toward higher volume teaching hospitals. The prior study scored management practice based on their proactiveness (ability to mitigate challenges before they occur). Based on emerging themes, we identified common challenges in managing bed and staff availability and performed an analysis of positive deviants to identify an additional criterion for effective management performance.ResultsWe identified four key challenges common to all labor and delivery units, (1) scheduling planned cases, (2) tracking patient flow, (3) monitoring bed and staff availability in the moment, and (4) adjusting bed and staff availability in the moment. We also identified “systematicness” (ability to address challenges in a consistent and reliable manner) as an emerging criterion for effective management. We observed that being proactive and systematic represented distinct characteristics, and units with both proactive and systematic practices appeared best positioned to effectively manage limited beds and staffing.DiscussionLabor and delivery unit managers should distinctly assess both the proactiveness and systematicness of their existing management practices and consider how their practices could be modified to improve care.
Are the Fama French factors treated as risk? Evidence from CEO compensation
Authors: Bertomeu Jeremy , Cheynel Edwige , Liu‐Watts Michelle 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAsset pricing theory postulates that a risk factor correlates with individuals' marginal utility of consumption. Hence, under plausible preferences, individuals should become more risk tolerant given favorable factor returns. We show that this wealth effect predicts a positive association between performance pay and factor returns. Our results support the hypothesized relationship for the market, book‐to‐market and momentum factors. Factors constructed from bond prices are positively associated to incentives, incrementally to the Fama French factors, but we obtain mixed evidence for higher‐order market factors, liquidity factors or factors constructed from national income accounts, including pricing kernels.
Zen and deep evolution: The optical delusion of separation
Authors: Allendorf Fred W. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe Buddha taught that everything is connected and constantly changing. These fundamental observations of the world are shared by ecology and evolution. We are living in a time of unprecedented rates of extinction. Science provides us with the information that we need to address this extinction crisis. However, the problems underlying extinction generally do not result from a lack of scientific understanding, but they rather result from an unwillingness to take the needed action. I present mindfulness and meditative aspects of Zen practice that provide the deeper “knowing,” or awareness that we need to inspire action on these problems.
Small intestinal adenomatous polyps resulting in chronic obstruction in a 3‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding
Authors: Younkin J. T. , Kim I. J. , Lutter J. D. , Ganta C. K. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryA 3‐year‐old, Quarter Horse gelding was admitted to Kansas State University Veterinary Health Center with a primary complaint of colic. The horse had a 3‐month history of recurrent colic and progressive weight loss. On physical examination, the horse was quiet, alert and responsive. The horse's mucous membranes were pink and capillary refill time was 2 s. His rectal temperature was 37.6°C (99.6°F), heart rate was 56 beats/min and respiration rate was 16 breaths/min. Rectal palpation revealed an approximately 5 cm dilated, firm, tubular, mass traversing from left caudal abdomen to mid abdomen. Nasogastric intubation obtained 6 L net reflux. A 5 cm diameter small intestinal intraluminal mass was detected by abdominal ultrasound. Complete blood count, serum chemistry and peritoneal fluid analysis were performed and all results were unremarkable. The horse was humanely euthanised due to pain and financial constraints. Post‐mortem examination and histopathology revealed a 15 × 5 × 5 cm polyp with multiple smaller satellite polyps that obstructed the distal duodenum. Colic was considered secondary to small intestinal obstruction and luminal distension caused by the adenomatous polyps. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report to include ultrasound images of a small intestine adenomatous polyp that caused small intestinal obstruction and colic in a 3‐year‐old horse.
Surgical approaches to the equine abdomen
Authors: Tóth F. , Schumacher J. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryFactors to consider when deciding on a surgical approach to explore the abdomen of a horse include facilities and equipment available, experience of the surgeon, temperament of the horse and the necessity for cosmesis. An approach performed with the horse standing may be necessary when anaesthesia or recovery from anaesthesia is considered risky or when the owner imposes a financial limitation that does not allow surgery to be performed with the horse anaesthetised. Approaches performed with the horse standing include the flank and colpotomy approaches. Each approach has benefits and risks inherent to it.
Translating the terrestrial mitigation hierarchy to marine megafauna by‐catch
Authors: Milner‐Gulland E J , Garcia Serge , Arlidge William , Bull Joseph , Charles Anthony , Dagorn Laurent , Fordham Sonya , Graff Zivin Joshua , Hall Martin , Shrader Jeffrey , Vestergaard Niels , Wilcox Chris , Squires Dale 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn terrestrial and coastal systems, the mitigation hierarchy is widely and increasingly used to guide actions to ensure that no net loss of biodiversity ensues from development. We develop a conceptual model which applies this approach to the mitigation of marine megafauna by‐catch in fisheries, going from defining an overarching goal with an associated quantitative target, through avoidance, minimization, remediation to offsetting. We demonstrate the framework's utility as a tool for structuring thinking and exposing uncertainties. We draw comparisons between debates ongoing in terrestrial situations and in by‐catch mitigation, to show how insights from each could inform the other; these are the hierarchical nature of mitigation, out‐of‐kind offsets, research as an offset, incentivizing implementation of mitigation measures, societal limits and uncertainty. We explore how economic incentives could be used throughout the hierarchy to improve the achievement of by‐catch goals. We conclude by highlighting the importance of clear agreed goals, of thinking beyond single species and individual jurisdictions to account for complex interactions and policy leakage, of taking uncertainty explicitly into account and of thinking creatively about approaches to by‐catch mitigation in order to improve outcomes for conservation and fishers. We suggest that the framework set out here could be helpful in supporting efforts to improve by‐catch mitigation efforts and highlight the need for a full empirical application to substantiate this.
Will Money Talk? Firm Bribery and Credit Access
Authors: Qi Shusen , Ongena Steven 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWe investigate whether corruption impedes firm growth by limiting access to bank credit. Our estimates demonstrate that access to credit tightens when a firm is more frequently involved in bribery practices and that bribery (most likely) causes this loss of access. We also find that the detrimental impact is mainly driven by supply‐side rather than demand‐side factors and that the loss of access is particularly strong when there are fewer foreign banks in the vicinity of the firm or when competition is either very low or very high in the local banking market. Finally, the bribery‐driven increase in financing obstacle significantly impedes future firm growth.
Compartment model analysis of intravenous contrast‐enhanced dynamic computed tomography in hepatic hemodynamics: A validation study using intra‐arterial contrast‐enhanced computed tomography
Authors: Komatsu Daisuke , Yamada Akira , Suzuki Takeshi , Kurozumi Masahiro , Fujinaga Yasunari , Ueda Kazuhiko , Kadoya Masumi 
Published: February 2018

AimTo verify the utility of the 2‐in‐1‐out‐compartment model analysis (CMA) of intravenous contrast‐enhanced dynamic computed tomography (IV‐CT) for evaluating hepatic arterial and portal venous flow using intra‐arterial contrast‐enhanced CT (IA‐CT).MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 49 consecutive patients who underwent IV‐CT and were radiologically or histologically diagnosed as having hepatic malignant lesion (51 classical hepatocellular carcinomas [HCC], 4 early HCC, 3 cholangiolocellular carcinomas, 1 mixed HCC, 3 cholangiocellular carcinomas). As a gold standard for hepatic arterial and portal blood flows, we defined the normalized enhancement in CT values on CTAP (nCTAP) and CTHA (nCTHA). The hepatic arterial (k1a) and portal venous inflow velocity (k1p) constants in hepatic lesions and surrounding liver parenchyma were obtained from the CMA of IV‐CT with various outflow velocity constant (k2) limits using the nonlinear least square method. The correlation coefficient between the normalized enhancement in IA‐CT and CMA of IV‐CT was statistically evaluated according to various k2 limits.ResultsThe highest mean correlation coefficient between k1a and nCTHA (r = 0.65, P < 0.0001) was observed when k2≦0.035. The highest mean correlation coefficient between k1p and nCTAP (r = 0.69, P < 0.0001) was observed when k2≦0.045. The decrease in correlation coefficient was significant when the upper k2 limit was lower than 0.03 or higher than 0.07 compared to the best mean correlation coefficient (P < 0.05).ConclusionHepatic arterial and portal venous flows can be evaluated quantitatively to some extent with appropriate outflow velocity constant limits using the CMA of IV‐CT.