bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual preferences for voluntary vs. mandatory vaccination policies: an experimental analysis
Authors: Meier Nicolas W , Böhm Robert , Korn Lars , Betsch Cornelia 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundMore and more countries are discussing the introduction of mandatory vaccination policies. Yet, little is known about individuals’ actual preferences for voluntary vs. mandatory vaccination policies, and the psychological processes underlying such preferences. Objective of the present research was to investigate the development of individual preferences for voluntary and mandatory vaccination policies.MethodsWe conducted a controlled laboratory study (N = 168) using a repeated interactive vaccination game with decision-contingent monetary incentives. In each round, participants decided in favour of either a voluntary or a mandatory vaccination policy, followed by the vaccination decision (voluntary policy) or vaccination (mandatory policy) which both resulted in actual (financial) consequences.ResultsWe observe large heterogeneity in participants’ preferences for the voluntary vs. mandatory policy. Under voluntary vaccination, the preference for the mandatory policy increased with decreasing vaccination rates (and increasing risk of infection). In contrast, experiencing vaccine-adverse events under mandatory vaccination increased the preference for the voluntary policy. The latter effect was larger for individuals with a negative (vs. positive) attitude toward vaccination. Overall, as individuals gathered experiences under both the voluntary and the mandatory policy, the preference for voluntary vaccination policy increased over time.ConclusionsIndividuals are more willing to accept mandatory vaccination policies when vaccination rates are low. In the long run, the occurrence of vaccine-adverse events may spark opposition to mandatory vaccination.
Healthcare access for asylum seekers and refugees in England: a mixed methods study exploring service users’ and health care professionals’ awareness
Authors: Tomkow Louise J , Kang Cara Pippa , Farrington Rebecca L , Wiggans Ruth E , Wilson Rebecca J , Pushkar Piyush , Tickell-Painter Maya C , Lee Alice R , Whitehouse Emily R , Mahmood Nadia G , Lawton Katie M , Lee Ellen C 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
With the aim of decreasing immigration, the British government extended charging for healthcare in England for certain migrants in 2017. There is concern these policies amplify the barriers to healthcare already faced by asylum seekers and refugees (ASRs). Awareness has been shown to be fundamental to access. This article jointly explores (i) health care professionals’ (HCPs) awareness of migrants’ eligibility for healthcare, and (ii) ASRs’ awareness of health services.

Methods
Mixed methods were used. Quantitative survey data explored HCPs’ awareness of migrants’ eligibility to healthcare after the extension of charging regulations. Qualitative data from semi-structured interviews with ASRs were analyzed thematically using Saurman’s domains of awareness as a framework.

Results
In total 514 HCPs responded to the survey. Significant gaps in HCPs’ awareness of definitions, entitlements and charging regulations were identified. 80% of HCP respondents were not confident defining the immigration categories upon which eligibility for care rests. Only a small minority (6%) reported both awareness and understanding of the charging regulations. In parallel, the 18 ASRs interviewed had poor awareness of their eligibility for free National Health Service care and suitability for particular services. This was compounded by language difficulties, social isolation, frequent asylum dispersal accommodation moves, and poverty.

Conclusion
This study identifies significant confusion amongst both HCP and ASR concerning eligibility and healthcare access. The consequent negative impact on health is concerning given the contemporary political climate, where eligibility for healthcare depends on immigration status.
Epithelial cell infection by Epstein–Barr virus
Authors: Chen Jia , Longnecker Richard 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is etiologically associated with multiple human malignancies including Burkitt lymphoma and Hodgkin disease as well as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinoma. Entry of EBV into target cells is essential for virus to cause disease and is mediated by multiple viral envelope glycoproteins and cell surface associated receptors. The target cells of EBV include B cells and epithelial cells. The nature and mechanism of EBV entry into these cell types are different, requiring different glycoprotein complexes to bind to specific receptors on the target cells. Compared to the B cell entry mechanism, the overall mechanism of EBV entry into epithelial cells is less well known. Numerous receptors have been implicated in this process and may also be involved in additional processes of EBV entry, transport, and replication. This review summarizes EBV glycoproteins, host receptors, signal molecules and transport machinery that are being used in the epithelial cell entry process and also provides a broad view for related herpesvirus entry mechanisms.
The last primary forests of the Tertiary relict Glyptostrobus pensilis contain the highest genetic diversity
Authors: Wu Xingtong , Ruhsam Markus , Wen Yafeng , Thomas Philip I , Worth James R P , Lin Xueying , Wang Minqiu , Li Xinyu , Chen Lu , Lamxay Vichith , Le Canh Nam , Coffman Gretchen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGlyptostrobus pensilis (Staunt.) Koch is a relict species in the Cupressaceae that previously had a global distribution but is now restricted to Southern China and two disjunct populations along the Annamite ranges in Laos and Vietnam. Using nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers (cpSSR and nSSR, respectively), we investigated the genetic diversity and divergence within and between 14 populations representing the entire range. Nuclear EST-SSR markers revealed low genetic diversity (He = 0.272) within populations and strong genetic differentiation (FST = 0.452) among populations. Populations in Laos, which represent the last primary forests of G. pensilis, contain the highest genetic diversity and are of particular conservation importance. The geographic cpSSR variation is consistent with the results from the nSSR analysis. Prolonged geographical isolation is likely to be the main reason for regional genetic patterns. Climatic changes during the Holocene, coupled with anthropogenic impacts, have further reduced its distribution and population size. The clear genetic structure suggests that at least, two refugia existed at different latitudes in Southeast Asia. Preserving and expanding its remaining habitat and increasing population sizes are likely to be the most important measures for the conservation of this species.
Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Following a New Dementia Diagnosis
Authors: Arora Kanika , Bhagianadh Divya 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Despite extensive research on lifestyle factors that influence the risk of developing dementia, limited evidence exists on whether older adults adopt healthier habits post-diagnosis in the hope of preserving their quality of life.

Method
Using panel data (1998–2014) from the Health and Retirement Study, this study investigated whether individuals who received a new dementia diagnosis were more likely to modify smoking and drinking behaviors than those without such a diagnosis. Propensity score weighting was used to adjust for observable differences between groups.

Results
Older adults with a new dementia diagnosis were 2.8 times more likely to reduce alcohol consumption than those without such a diagnosis. This result was mainly attributable to “light” drinkers at baseline and appeared to fade over time. We found no statistically significant effect of a dementia diagnosis on smoking cessation or on reduction in the number of cigarettes smoked. These results were robust to multiple sensitivity tests, including the use of cognition scores to indicate dementia onset instead of self-reported physician diagnosis.

Discussion
A new dementia diagnosis can serve as a window of opportunity that prompts some older adults to change habits related to alcohol consumption. This has important implications for clinical practice surrounding dementia diagnosis disclosure, the rates of which are currently much lower than other medical conditions.
Building capacity in mental health care in low- and middle-income countries by training primary care physicians using the mhGAP: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Spagnolo Jessica , Champagne François , Leduc Nicole , Rivard Michèle , Melki Wahid , Piat Myra , Laporta Marc , Guesmi Imen , Bram Nesrine , Charfi Fatma 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
To address the rise in mental health conditions in Tunisia, a training based on the Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) Intervention Guide (IG) was offered to primary care physicians (PCPs) working in the Greater Tunis area. Non-specialists (such as PCPs)’ training is an internationally supported way to target untreated mental health symptoms. We aimed to evaluate the programme’s impact on PCPs’ mental health knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy and self-reported practice, immediately following and 18 months after training. We conducted an exploratory trial with a combination of designs: a pretest–posttest control group design and a one-group pretest–posttest design were used to assess the training’s short-term impact; and a repeated measures design was used to assess the training’s long-term impact. The former relied on a delayed-intervention strategy: participants assigned to the control group (Group 2) received the training after the intervention group (Group 1). The intervention consisted of a weekly mhGAP-based training session (totalling 6 weeks), comprising lectures, discussions, role plays and a support session offered by trainers. Data were collected at baseline, following Group 1’s training, following Group 2’s training and 18 months after training. Descriptive, bivariate and ANOVA analyses were conducted. Overall, 112 PCPs were randomized to either Group 1 (n = 52) or Group 2 (n = 60). The training had a statistically significant short-term impact on mental health knowledge, attitudes and self-efficacy scores but not on self-reported practice. When comparing pre-training results and results 18 months after training, these changes were maintained. PCPs reported a decrease in referral rates to specialized services 18 months after training in comparison to pre-training. The mhGAP-based training might be useful to increase mental health knowledge and self-efficacy, and decrease reported referral rates and negative mental health attitudes among PCPs in Tunisia and other low- and middle-income countries. Future studies should examine relationships among these outcome variables.
Genome aging: somatic mutation in the brain links age-related decline with disease and nominates pathogenic mechanisms
Authors: Lodato Michael A , Walsh Christopher A 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAging is a mysterious process, not only controlled genetically but also subject to random damage that can accumulate over time. While DNA damage and subsequent mutation in somatic cells were first proposed as drivers of aging more than 60 years ago, whether and to what degree these processes shape the neuronal genome in the human brain could not be tested until recent technological breakthroughs related to single-cell whole-genome sequencing. Indeed, somatic single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) increase with age in the human brain, in a somewhat stochastic process that may nonetheless be controlled by underlying genetic programs. Evidence from the literature suggests that in addition to demonstrated increases in somatic SNVs during aging in normal brains, somatic mutation may also play a role in late-onset, sporadic neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In this review, we will discuss somatic mutation in the human brain, mechanisms by which somatic mutations occur and can be controlled, and how this process can impact human health.
Cytomegalovirus Genetic Diversity Following Primary Infection
Authors: Ross Shannon A , Pati Pravasini , Jensen Travis L , Goll Johannes B , Gelber Casey E , Singh Amy , McNeal Monica , Boppana Suresh B , Bernstein David I 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Infection with multiple cytomegalovirus (CMV) strains (mixed infection) was reported in a variety of hosts. As the virus genetic diversity in primary CMV infection and the changes over time remain incompletely defined, we examined CMV diversity and changes in diversity over time in healthy adolescent females who participated in a phase 2 CMV gB/MF59 vaccine trial.

Methods
CMV genetic diversity was determined by genotyping of 5 genes—gB (UL55), gH (UL75), gN (UL73), US28, and UL144—in urine, saliva, and plasma samples from 15 study subjects.

Results
At the time of primary infection, 5 of 12 (42%) urine samples had multiple virus strains, and 50% of vaccine recipients were infected with gB1 genotype (vaccine strain). Mixed infection was documented in all 15 subjects within 3 months after primary infection, and the majority had different CMV genotypes in different compartments. Changes in genotypes over time were observed in all subjects.

Conclusions
Infection with multiple CMV genotypes was common during primary infection and further diversification occurred over time. Infection with gB1 genotype in vaccine recipients suggests a lack of strain-specific protection from the vaccine. As only 5 polymorphic genes were assessed, this study likely underestimated the true genetic diversity in primary CMV infection.
When war hits home: Taiwanese public support for war of necessity
Authors: Yeh Yao-Yuan , Wu Charles K S 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWhen a war directly intrudes citizens’ living space, it becomes a war of necessity for the public to defend themselves. However, current literature on public support for war has focused exclusively on wars of choice, not of necessity. Thus, we wonder if existing indicators of war support have explanatory power in this context. In this article, we examine existing indicators in a war of necessity—a cross-Strait conflict between Taiwan and China—to study how the public in Taiwan reacts. In addition to finding support for most of our hypotheses, the new context also contributes novel findings to the literature.
Transformational Post-Secularism: An Overlooked Strand of Thought
Authors: Schewel Benjamin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article identifies an overlooked strand of post-secular thought, which I call “transformational.” Transformational post-secularism differs from other prominent post-secularisms by envisioning the emergence of a new socio-spiritual order that transcends modern secularism without abandoning its commitment to diversity. This article clarifies the main features of transformational post-secularism and identifies the historical context in which it arose. As part of this analysis, I argue that, contrary to Khaled Furani’s claim that post-secular discourse arose in the late 1990s, it actually began in the 1950s as part of a wider “crisis of man” debate. I also suggest that the axial age discourse, which crystallized at the same time and has gained significant influence in recent years, constitutes a main arena in which transformational post-secular thinking has, over the last seven decades, evolved. I conclude by considering the plausibility and potential applications of the idea of transformational post-secularism, which includes responding to Mahmood’s and Furani’s suggestion that scholars drop the term “post-secular” from their lexicon.
Helcococcus kunzii methyltransferase Erm(47) responsible for MLSB resistance is induced by diverse ribosome-targeting antibiotics
Authors: Guerin François , Rose Simon , Cattoir Vincent , Douthwaite Stephen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the mechanism of induction of erm(47) and its atypical expression in the Gram-positive opportunistic pathogen Helcococcus kunzii, where it confers resistance to a subset of clinically important macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B (MLSB) antibiotics.MethodsThe resistant H. kunzii clinical isolate UCN99 was challenged with subinhibitory concentrations of a wide range of ribosome-targeting drugs. The methylation status of the H. kunzii ribosomal RNA at the MLSB binding site was then determined using an MS approach and was correlated with any increase in resistance to the drugs.ResultsThe H. kunzii erm(47) gene encodes a monomethyltransferase. Expression is induced by subinhibitory concentrations of the macrolide erythromycin, as is common for many erm genes, and surprisingly also by 16-membered macrolide, lincosamide, streptogramin, ketolide, chloramphenicol and linezolid antibiotics, all of which target the 50S ribosomal subunit. No induction was detected with spectinomycin, which targets the 30S subunit.ConclusionsThe structure of the erm(47) leader sequence functions as a hair trigger for the induction mechanism that expresses resistance. Consequently, translation of the erm(47) mRNA is tripped by MLSB compounds and also by drugs that target the 50S ribosomal subunit outside the MLSB site. Expression of erm(47) thus extends previous assumptions about how erm genes can be induced.
A bioactive extract from Olea europaea protects newly weaned beef heifers against experimentally induced chronic inflammation1
Authors: Cangiano Lautaro R , Zenobi Marcos G , Nelson Corwin D , Ipharraguerre Ignacio R , Dilorenzo Nicolas 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWeaning is one of the most stressful periods in the life of a ruminant. Several factors entrenched within typical management practices pose challenges to the calf gastrointestinal health. Weaning is associated with losses in BW and feed intake. In addition, increasing highly fermentable carbohydrates in the diet at the expense of physically effective fiber after weaning predisposes the development of rumen acidosis and increases the concentration of endotoxin in rumen fluid and the permeability of the lower gut to luminal contents. Endotoxin translocation can elicit immune activation, shifting the metabolic priorities toward the immune system, which if sustained over time can hinder animal health and performance. Strategic supplementation of additives with anti-inflammatory capacity could represent a suitable approach to decrease systemic inflammation, restoring barrier function to luminal contents. Bioactive extracts from Olea europaea have anti-inflammatory activity and have been shown to reduce systemic inflammation in other animal models. A generalized randomized block design was used to evaluate the impact of feeding an olive oil bioactive extract (OBE) to newly weaned heifers injected intravenously with sequentially increasing doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of 36 heifers, distributed across 3 experimental periods, were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments that consisted of intravenous injection of either saline (CTL−) or with 6 sequentially increasing doses of LPS (0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 µg/kg of BW) over a 10-d period (CTL+), and CTL+ plus dietary supplementation with a low (OBE-L; 0.04% of diet DM) or a high (OBE-H; 0.16% of diet DM) dose of OBE. Feeding OBE reduced some of the negative effects of prolonged immune activation with LPS, such as improved DMI and decreased intravaginal temperature in some, but not all of the days of LPS challenge (P < 0.05). In addition, feeding OBE reduced circulating concentration of inflammatory markers such as IL-6 and haptoglobin (P < 0.05). Heifers supplemented with OBE had reduced cell surface expression of the cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) in monocyte cells (P < 0.01), a key receptor for LPS recognition, which was correlated with a faster recovery of immune cell counts in plasma. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with OBE was successful in mitigating the negative effects of sustained immune activation in newly weaned heifers.
Liver transcriptome profiling of beef steers with divergent growth rate, feed intake, or metabolic body weight phenotypes1
Authors: Mukiibi Robert , Vinsky Michael , Keogh Kate , Fitzsimmons Carolyn , Stothard Paul , Waters Sinéad M , Li Changxi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Average daily gain (ADG) and daily dry matter intake (DMI) are key determinants of beef industry profitability. These traits together with metabolic body weight (MWT) are combined as component traits to calculate residual feed intake (RFI), a common measure of feed efficiency in beef cattle. Recently, there have been significant efforts towards molecular genetic characterization of RFI through transcriptomic studies in different breeds and tissues. However, molecular mechanisms of RFI component traits still remain predominately unexplored. Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the hepatic transcriptomic profiles and their associations with ADG, DMI, and MWT in Angus, Charolais, and Kinsella Composite (KC) populations through global RNAseq analyses. In each population and for each trait, 12 steers with extreme phenotypes (n = 6 low and n = 6 high) were analyzed for differential gene expression. These animals were from 20 beef steers of each Angus, Charolais, and KC breed population that were initially selected for a transcriptome study of RFI. At a false discovery rate <0.05 and fold change >1.5, we identified 123, 102, and 78 differentially expressed (DE) genes between high- and low-ADG animals of Angus, Charolais, and KC populations, respectively. For DMI, 108, 180, and 156 DE genes were identified between high- and low-DMI from Angus, Charolais, and KC populations, respectively, while for MWT, 80, 82, and 84 genes were differentially expressed between high- and low-MWT animals in Angus, Charolais, and KC populations, respectively. The identified DE genes were largely breed specific (81.7% for ADG, 82.7% for DMI, and 83% for MWT), but were largely involved in the same biological functions across the breeds. Among the most enriched biological functions included metabolism of major nutrients (lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals), small molecule biochemistry, cellular movement, cell morphology, and cell-to-cell signaling and interaction. Notably, we identified multiple DE genes that are involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, and immune response pathways for the 3 studied traits. Thus, our findings present potential molecular genetic mechanisms and candidate genes that influence feed intake, growth, and MWT of beef cattle.
Hypermetabolism of glutathione, glutamate and ornithine via redox imbalance in methylglyoxal-induced peritoneal injury rats
Authors: Hirahara Ichiro , Kusano Eiji , Jin Denan , Takai Shinji 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPeritoneal dialysis (PD) is a blood purification treatment for patients with reduced renal function. However, the peritoneum is exposed to oxidative stress during PD and long-term PD results in peritoneal damage, leading to the termination of PD. Methylglyoxal (MGO) contained in commercial PD fluids is a source of strong oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of MGO-induced peritoneal injury using metabolome analysis in rats. We prepared peritoneal fibrosis rats by intraperitoneal administration of PD fluids containing MGO for 21 days. As a result, MGO-induced excessive proliferation of mesenchymal cells with an accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) at the surface of the thickened peritoneum in rats. The effluent levels of methionine sulfoxide, an oxidative stress marker and glutathione peroxidase activity were increased in the MGO-treated rats. The levels of glutathione, glutamate, aspartate, ornithine and AGEs were also increased in these rats. MGO upregulated the gene expression of transporters and enzymes related to the metabolism of glutathione, glutamate and ornithine in the peritoneum. These results suggest that MGO may induce peritoneal injury with mesenchymal cell proliferation via increased redox metabolism, directly or through the formation of AGEs during PD.