bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cuba
Authors: Rudel Thomas K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Cuba became the pre-eminent producer of sugarcane during the early twentieth century through the development of input-intensive, industrial sugarcane plantations. Pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary plantations became extraordinarily reliant on imported inputs like chemical fertilizers to support high levels of production. Favorable trade deals with Soviet bloc countries assured Cubans of a market for their high-priced sugarcane. With the collapse of the Soviet bloc in the early 1990s, this market disappeared, and Cuba no longer had the foreign exchange it needed to purchase foodstuffs for Cuban citizens and chemical fertilizers for sugarcane plantations. Cuban citizens responded to the dearth of food through repeasantization. People began cultivating gardens in cities, and the state began to encourage the creation of small farms. Agro-ecological farming became the favored method of agricultural production because it did not require expensive, imported chemical inputs.
Radical Environmental Reforms in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Rudel Thomas K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Comparative historical analyses of the four instances of national-scale reform and the incipient global-scale reform underline several patterns. Both focusing and leveling events played important roles in mobilizing reform-minded encompassing coalitions that pushed through the radical reforms. These events seemed especially effective if they underlined the caged nature of people harmed by the events. Caged people seem easier for states and activists to mobilize, and the reforms themselves further cage people. Two important caveats temper these conclusions. First, the reforms did not occur as part of a wave of environmental reforms, as occurred in the early 1970s. Second, the private sector, corporations in particular, did not play significant roles in these processes of reform.
Migration for Mission
Authors: Johnson Mary , Wittberg Patricia , Gautier Mary , Do Thu 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This book presents quantitative and qualitative data from the first-ever national study of international Catholic sisters in the United States, the Trinity Washington University/CARA Study. International sisters are defined as those born outside the United States and currently ministering, studying, or in residence in this country. The book begins with a chapter that locates current international sisters in the long line of sisters who have come to this country since the eighteenth century. The book identifies the sisters of today, describes the pathways they used to come here, their levels of satisfaction, their concerns and contributions, the issue of immigration status, the challenges of sister students, and the role and mission of Catholic organizations assisting immigrants in general, and international sisters in particular. The book ends with implications of the research and recommendations regarding resources, ministries, and structures of support for international sisters.
Introduction
Authors: Goedde Petra 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The introduction lays out the main theme, argument, and structure of the book. It states that this study explores the emerging politics of peace, both as an ideal and as a pragmatic aspect of international relations during the early Cold War. By tracing the myriad ways in which a broad spectrum of people involved in and affected by the Cold War used, altered, and fought over this seemingly universal concept, it deconstructs the assumed binary between realist and idealist foreign policy approaches generally accepted among contemporary policymakers. It argues that a politics of peace emerged in the 1950s and ’60s as a result of the gradual convergence between idealism and realism. A transnational politics of peace succeeded only when idealist objectives met the needs of realist political ambition. It maps three dynamic arenas that together shaped the global discourse on peace: Cold War states, nongovernmental peace advocacy groups, and anticolonial liberationists. The gradual development of a politics of peace at the grassroots level paved the way for a more pragmatic politics of peace among political leaders. The politicization of peace thus both obstructed and advanced the cause of peace.
“If You Want Peace, Prepare for War”
Authors: Goedde Petra 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The first chapter of The Politics of Peace provides an analysis of peace within the context of the diplomatic relationship between East and West. Between the late 1940s and early 1960s, both sides in the Cold War battle used the rhetoric of peace to advance their own domestic and international political agendas. By repeating the narrative of their failure to prevent World War II, US and Western European governments promoted a strategy of peace through strength and military preparedness. The United States in particular regarded peace advocates as a threat to national security and often accused them of being either communist agents or naïve idealists who had been duped into becoming puppets of international communism. While the Soviet Union and its allies followed a similar strategy of military preparedness, they linked the rhetoric of peace to internationalism, often institutionalizing peace activism within the bureaucratic machinery of the Communist Party.
Old and New Left Internationalism and the Search for World Peace
Authors: Goedde Petra 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the trajectory of the political Left’s international peace agenda. It argues that differences over how to implement a politics of peace caused a rift between Old and New Leftists. Committed communists saw capitalism and imperialism as the root cause of war. Only the elimination of these twin evils and the triumph of international communism, they reasoned, could guarantee peace. Noncommunist leftists, and eventually the New Left, saw peace as a precondition for achieving all other political objectives of the Left, including ending poverty, promoting development in the Third World, equalizing economic opportunity, and ultimately producing a social-democratic world order that permitted the free and open exchange of ideas.
War on Peace
Authors: Goedde Petra 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The emergence of decolonization and national liberation movements in the Global South in the 1950s and 1960s exposed the limits of pacifism and nonviolent movement strategies. In a strange twist that escaped most cold warriors, it was the Third World liberationists’ language of freedom and liberation that made some peace advocates question their adherence to nonviolence. Sympathetic to the demands for independence in Asia and Africa, they condemned the violence with which colonial regimes and ruling elites backed by former colonial powers maintained control over indigenous populations. The level of violence from above called into question the precept of nonviolence as the best and only acceptable strategy. Nonviolence and pacifism became increasingly marginalized in the antiwar discourse as the 1960s drew to a close, contributing to the radicalization and ultimate fragmentation of the protest movements.
The Politics of Peace
Authors: Goedde Petra 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The last chapter examines the migration of a politics of peace from the margins to the centers of political power. As leading antinuclear and peace advocates became increasingly marginalized by the student and antiwar movements, their efforts were beginning to bear fruit in the arena of international politics. They were helped by a popular groundswell of sentiment that saw the arms race and the political ideology of nuclear deterrence as increasingly absurd. Absurdist writers, filmmakers, and philosophers of the 1950s and 1960s creatively underscored the absurdist nature of Cold War politics through works such as Joseph Heller’s Catch-22, Stanley Kubrick’s science fiction film Dr. Strangelove, and the fictional secret government Report from Iron Mountain. Together, they helped pave the way for political leaders, including Nixon in the United States, and Willy Brandt in West Germany, to develop a more pragmatic politics of peace.
Prolegomena
Authors: Briggman Anthony 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Irenaeus has been characterized as incapable of sound reasoning, not a good thinker, naïve, and unable to construct a sophisticated theology. He was said to have little to no interest in philosophical reasoning and to strictly oppose theological speculation. Each of these narratives opposes the study of Irenaeus’ understanding of God and its bearing on the divine economy. This chapter consists of three essays that challenge these narratives, thereby establishing an understanding of Irenaeus and his theological method that sustains the chapters that follow. The first essay challenges the narrative that Irenaeus was unintelligent or incompetent by demonstrating his knowledge of literary and rhetorical theory and, thus, arguing he enjoyed a thorough rhetorical education. The second argues that he is not strictly opposed to theological speculation. The third shows that he recognizes a natural knowledge of God which, in turn, establishes a basis for the theological appropriation of philosophical insights.
God
Authors: Briggman Anthony 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines Irenaeus’ understanding of the divine being, his theology proper. Since the propositions fundamental to Irenaeus’ doctrine of God bear upon his understanding of the Word-Son and the work of Christ, this chapter also prepares for the chapters to come. To be specific, this chapter examines the two propositions upon which Irenaeus founds his conception of the divine being: God is infinite and God is simple. Both propositions have philosophical roots. Moreover, they sustain several corollaries that further define the divine being: transcendence, incomprehensibility, immanence, immateriality, and atemporality. Once these propositions and their corollaries are addressed, this chapter discusses Irenaeus’ identification of God as Spirit, an identification which has a biblical basis as well as a philosophical one. It concludes by considering the implications of Irenaeus’ theology proper for understanding his thought more generally, as well as particular implications for the remaining chapters of this study.
Christological Union
Authors: Briggman Anthony 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The aim of Chapter 4 is to explain how Irenaeus conceives of the union between the divine Word-Son and humanity in the person of Jesus Christ, thereby preparing the way for a study of the work of Christ in Chapter 5. To that end, this chapter contends that Irenaeus uses Stoic mixture theory to conceptualize the Christological union, including the relationship between the human and divine in the experiences and activities of Christ. This chapter demonstrates that Irenaeus used Stoic mixture theory to explain the interaction of the soul and body in human beings, the salvific joining of human beings to the Word of God, and the union of and interaction between the divine and human in Jesus. It concludes by highlighting the connection Irenaeus draws between the person of Christ and the mixed cup of the Eucharist.
Referential Null Subjects in Early English
Authors: Rusten Kristian A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis book offers a large-scale quantitative investigation of referential null subjects as they occur in Old, Middle, and Early Modern English. Using corpus linguistic methods, and drawing on five corpora of early English, the book empirically addresses the occurrence of subjectless finite clauses in more than 500 early English texts, and excerpts of texts, spanning nearly 850 years of the history of English. The book gives an in-depth quantitative analysis of c.80,000 overt and null referential pronominal subjects in 181 Old English texts. On the basis of this substantial data material, the book re-evaluates previous conflicting claims concerning the occurrence and distribution of null subjects in Old English. The book critically addresses the question of whether the earliest stage of English can be considered a canonical or partial pro-drop language. It also provides an empirical examination of the role played by central licensors of null subjects proposed in the theoretical literature, including verbal agreement and Aboutness topicality. The predictions of two important pragmatic accounts of null arguments are also tested. In order to provide a longitudinal perspective, results are provided from an investigation of c.139,000 overt and null referential pronominal subjects occurring in more than 300 Middle and Early Modern English texts and text samples. Throughout, the book builds its arguments by means of powerful statistical tools, including generalized fixed-effects and mixed-effects logistic regression modelling, and is the most comprehensive examination so far provided of null subjects in the history of English.
Introduction
Authors: Rusten Kristian A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces the issues to be investigated in the book. It defines the concept of referential null subject, and gives an outline of previous statements concerning the status of such subjects in Old English, as well as a presentation of the null subject phenomenon as it manifests itself in the wider Old Germanic context. Previous works on null subjects in Old English have reached widely diverging conclusions: some scholars say that null subjects did not occur in Old English, while others state that Old English was a canonical pro-drop language. Walkden (2013) suggested the compromise that null subjects are a case of diatopic variation. The question of the possibility of null subjects in Old English, and the diverging descriptions and explanations of this phenomenon, are presented as the main motivations for the book. The chapter also introduces the data material and methods used.
Do Anglian dialects of Old English have a partial pro-drop property?
Authors: Rusten Kristian A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChapter 3 deals with the question of whether Anglian dialects of Old English, in contrast to the West Saxon literary standard, had a partial pro-drop property. The chapter investigates this ‘dialect-split hypothesis’ by means of descriptive statistics and inferential statistical modelling. It is also noted that what has been interpreted as diatopic variation could also be representative of other types of variation, and consequently the variables of translation status, period, and genre are also investigated, in addition to dialect. The primary analytical techniques used in this chapter are generalized fixed-effects logistic regression modelling and random forests of conditional inference trees. The chapter concludes that the dialect-split hypothesis must be considered falsified.
The morphosyntactic characteristics of null subjects in Old English
Authors: Rusten Kristian A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChapter 4 provides an in-depth quantitative investigation of the morpohsyntactic characteristics of null subjects in Old English. The distribution of overt and null subjects is presented according to the structural variables of clause type, the position of the finite verb, person, and number. Attempts are made to fit an explanatory generalized mixed-effects logistic regression model incorporating these linguistic variables, as well as those non-linguistic variables which emerged as significant in Chapter 3. It is demonstrated that correlations between the occurrence of null subjects and such variables are extremely weak when both genre and the individual text are taken into account: only minuscule influence on the odds of having a null subject instead of an overt one is exercised by these variables. It is argued that this strengthens the view of null subjects in Old English as linguistic ‘residue’.
What could have sanctioned null subjects in Old English?
Authors: Rusten Kristian A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChapter 5 investigates the question of what could have sanctioned null subjects in Old English. It tests the empirical validity for the Old English data of central syntactic models attempting to account for the appearance of null subjects. It is shown that the predictions made by these analyses are not borne out in Old English, and it is argued that analysing the omitted subjects in terms of ellipsis is more fruitful than construing them as an active canonical or partial pro-drop grammar. The stance is taken that referential null subjects do not represent a productive grammatical feature of Old English, and it is again noted that the occurrence could instead be considered linguistic ‘residue’. Such an analysis would not be at odds with work which analyses pro-drop as argument ellipsis cross-linguistically.
Humility’s Destiny
Authors: Dunnington Kent 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
If Christian humility sets as a regulative ideal complete unconcern for one’s own distinctive importance, the challenge is to say why anyone would consider Christian humility a disposition of human flourishing. The experience of one’s distinctive importance is often felt to be an important, if not essential, aspect of the good life. This chapter shows how Christian humility requires for its intelligibility a different account of what an excellent self is like, and a different account of what human flourishing is like. The Christian themes of crucifixion, Trinity, and beatitude are shown seriously to revise customary assumptions about human selfhood and human flourishing. The chapter shows how a distinctively Christian eschatology and anthropology grounds a distinctively Christian view of humility.
Becoming Humble
Authors: Dunnington Kent 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Monastic directives to humility have been dismissed by most contemporary theorists as remnants of a lamentable past. But, if radical Christian humility as envisioned by the early monastic tradition is a legitimate view of humility, there should be something to learn from their many directives. This chapter interprets monastic wisdom about the pursuit of humility, showing how ascetic practices are consistent with the claim that humility is a gift of grace. It argues that the monastics were right to think that genuine Christian humility is unattainable apart from experiences of humiliation. Ascetic regimes can promote humility by training practitioners to go on loving in the midst of humiliations that sabotage their quests for personal importance. Such practices “position” devotees to be recipients of supernatural love, which enables persons to go on without falling back on proper pride as a source of moral energy.
Dynastic Marriage Diplomacy, Parliamentary Conflict, Peace and War, 1621–1629
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Some of the more successful historical writing on the early Stuart period deals with an apparent rise of parliamentary influence over and against the court. But it can equally well be argued that the 1620s saw a failure of parliaments as the crown’s dynastic strategy eventually took precedence over the concerns of, especially, Protestant-minded representatives of the people. The conflict between the two modes of doing politics can be picked up from the reactions caused by, for example, the brief period when it seemed that the prince of Wales might marry a Spanish infanta. That conflict was not resolved by the Anglo-French dynastic marriage treaty of 1625. After the death of James I, Charles found himself at war with Spain and, then, briefly with France as well. Domestic politics was convulsed by the perceived corruption of the Caroline court, dominated by the ubiquitous favourite, the duke of Buckingham.
Making a Large Universe Visually Perceptible
Authors: Croze Denis 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
As it is the case for most intellectual property rights, trademarks have been experiencing an extension of their scope of protection in new domains and today more and more IP offices are registering non-traditional trademarks (NTTMs). However, because of the lack of internationally accepted definition of NTTMs, the absence of international instrument harmonizing their registration and protection at the multilateral level—which leads to a diversity of national legal regimes and practices—their trademark owners often experience uncertainty in their protection. Although WIPO treaties have not specifically regulated NTTMs, their development has been extensively discussed at WIPO meetings and diplomatic conferences. This chapter details the discussions and documents produced by the WIPO at the request of the Standing Committee of Trademarks (SCT) which provide a thorough analysis of the challenges, practices, methods of representation, and description of NTTMs, as well as possible areas of convergence which have been agreed upon by WIPO Member States.
What Should Constitute Infringement of a Non-Traditional Mark?
Authors: Handler Michael 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Various “defensive doctrines” might be employed to create space for third parties wishing to make legitimate use of features of registered non-traditional marks. This chapter explores one such doctrine: a requirement that infringing use be “use as a trademark.” This doctrine, as it has been developed in countries such as Australia and New Zealand in cases involving non-traditional marks, is more complex than is often appreciated. At times it has been stretched to accommodate worthy policy considerations, which has caused tensions with other aspects of the registration system. At other times it has been applied too restrictively, unduly limiting the scope of permissible third party use of product features. The chapter offers suggestions as to how “trademark use” might be recalibrated to manage the full range of concerns raised by non-traditional marks, in a manner that affords owners adequate protection while leaving sufficient breathing room for third party users.
Hands Off “My” Colors, Patterns, and Shapes! How Non-Traditional Trademarks Promote Standardization and May Negatively Impact Creativity and Innovation
Authors: Calboli Irene 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter criticizes the protection of non-traditional trademarks (NTTMs) by focusing on three specific examples from the fashion industry: Louboutin, Gucci, and Bottega Veneta. In particular, besides repeating that granting exclusive rights to NTTMs equates in foreclosing competitors and third parties from using any identical and similar product design and products feature, this chapter highlights an additional problem related to the protection of NTTMs. Notably, that, by recognizing and protecting as marks elements that are product design and aesthetic product features, protecting these marks supports a system of intellectual property protection that promotes standardization, rather than creativity and innovation, in product development. In turn, in the view of the author, protecting NTTMs has a twofold negative impact. First, it induces businesses to standardize the aesthetic features of their products and repeatedly use them on their products to acquire the level of necessary market recognition (distinctiveness) to be protected as trademarks. Second, protecting NTTMs may lead to less investment not only in product and design innovation but also in product quality. Notably, securing and enforcing NTTMs allows businesses to capitalize on, and extract value from, the attractive power of the marks, which can be a short-term more viable means to attract consumers toward purchasing their products rather than investment in long-term product quality. This situation could be avoided, in the view of the author, by effectively curtailing the protection of these marks, which remain product designs and, albeit being appealing, valuable, and frequently distinctive, are not meant to be protected for a virtually unlimited period of time as trademarks.