bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Update in the Use of JJ Stents
Authors: Ortiz Zableh Ana María , Bastidas Rosas Danielle , López Ramos Hugo 
Published: October 2018

Introduction Ureteral stents are widely used tools in the daily practice of the urologist due to the fact that they solve the endo- and extraluminal ureteral obstructions, enabling an adequate urine flow. They are the preferred tool because they are easy to insert and versatile, and are used to treat various urologic pathologies; nonetheless, they are not exempt from complications.
Objectives To present an update in the use of JJ stents, describing their main associated symptoms and complications, indications and newest developments.
Materials and Methods We performed a literature review in the Embase, Pubmed and Google Scholar databases, with the following terms and cross-references: ureteral stent; diagnosis; treatment; and urology, restricting the search to the past 7 years. A total of 428 articles were found, and 49 were used in the revision.
Results We described the symptoms and complications associated with the use of JJ stents and their prevention, their use in the treatment of lithiasis and oncologic diseases, the utility of metallic stents, and new designs and improvements in their development.
Conclusions JJ stents remain a very useful tool in the daily practice of the urologist, but are not exempt from having adverse effects and complications. There have been advances that decrease the adverse effects associated with their use, mainly infection, symptoms associated to the insertion, and risk of incrustation.
Long-Term Outcome after Joint Bleeds in Von Willebrand Disease Compared to Haemophilia A: A Post Hoc Analysis
Authors: van Galen Karin , Timmer Merel , de Kleijn Piet , Leebeek Frank , Foppen Wouter , Schutgens Roger , Eikenboom Jeroen , Meijer Karina , Fijnvandraat Karin , Laros-van Gorkom Britta , Twisk Jos , Mauser-Bunschoten Eveline , Fischer Kathelijn ,   on behalf of the WiN Studygroup
Published: October 2018

AbstractLong-term outcome after joint bleeds in von Willebrand disease (VWD) (von Willebrand factor activity ≤ 30 IU/dL) could differ from moderate or severe haemophilia A (HA) (factor VIII [FVIII] 1–5 IU/dL or FVIII < 1 IU/dL). We performed a post hoc analysis on Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS, 0–124), X-ray Pettersson scores (PS, 0–13/joint) and the Haemophilia Activities List (HAL, 0–100), using multivariable regression to adjust for age (rate ratio [RR] or odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval]). We included 48 VWD (median age, 47 years, type 3 VWD, n = 19), 39 moderate HA (median, 39 years) and 59 severe HA patients (median, 25 years) with documented joint bleeds. VWD patients suffered repeated bleeding (lifetime > 5/joint) less often than moderate and severe HA patients (52% vs. 77% vs. 98%). HJHS and PS in VWD were similar to moderate HA (median HJHS 5 vs. 6, RR 0.9 [0.5–1.4] and PS > 3 of ≥ 1 joint OR 0.3 [0.1–1.4]), but better than in severe HA patients (median HJHS 5 vs. 9, RR 1.8 [1.1–2.9]; PS > 3 in any joint OR 0.1 [0.0–0.3]). Self-reported limitations in activities were comparable across VWD, moderate HA (HAL score < 95: 67% vs. 49%; OR 1.4 [0.5–3.6]) and young adults with severe HA (67% vs. 48%; OR 1.7 [0.7–4.4]). Despite fewer joint bleeds, joint outcome after joint bleeds was similar in VWD and moderate HA patients. Type 3 VWD patients had worst joint outcome, comparable to younger intensively treated severe HA patients. Limitations in activities occurred as often in VWD as in both moderate and severe HA.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): A Review
Authors: Gupta Ram Rattan , Gupta Manu , Bhickta Shivani 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn the late 1950's free radicals and antioxidants were almost unheard of in the clinical and biological sciences but chemists had known about them for years in the context of radiation, polymer and combustion technology. Daniel Gilbert, Rebeca Gerschman and their colleagues related the toxic effects of elevated oxygen levels on aerobes to those of ionizing radiation, and proposed that oxygen toxicity is due to free radical formation.
Philately and Radiology
Authors: Kapila Rishabh , Subash B 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInformation can be transmitted to the public in various ways. Postage stamps act as one of them. The information that they carry may be direct in the form of color and subject of the stamp or indirect through repeated sublime exposures. Postage stamps depicting various aspects of radiologic science ranging from theoretical radiation physics to clinical radiologic imaging and treatment are illustrated in this article.
Correlating Dental Caries with Tooth Brushing Frequency, Type of Toothpaste and Dental Visits
Authors: Munjal Vaibhav , Jindal Ritu , Dua Rohini , Garewal Ripin , Bathla Parveen 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Aim: This study was done to evaluate correlation of Dental Caries status with frequency of tooth brushing, type of toothpaste and regular dental visits in children. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out randomly on 2500 school children of two age groups viz. 12 and 15 years, and caries examination was done using WHO (World Health organization) 1997 criteria in order to correlate with various risk factors viz. brushing frequency, use of fluoridated/non-fluoridated toothpaste and frequency of child's visit to dental clinic. Results: In both the age groups brushing frequency and type of toothpaste used insignificantly affected caries while evidence that frequency of child's visit to dental clinic reduces caries risk was also not substantial. Conclusion: The present study implicates that due to complex multifactorial nature of dental caries, its prevention still remains an enigma for the dental professional and society.
Management of Dental Radiographic Waste
Authors: Koneru Jyothirmai , Mahajan Neha , Mahalakshmi Mallika 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRadiographs are used by the dentists for the diagnosis, and/or treatment of patients in the majority of the cases. These radiographs have become a third eye to the dentist. Even with the advent of digital imaging there are a large number of dental offices that use conventional methods to obtain the radiographic images. Unfortunately, the conventional radiographic procedures generate certain substances that present as potential challenge to the environment. Although individual dentists generate only small amount of environmentally hazardous wastes, the accumulated waste produced by the profession may have a significant environmental impact, which in turn may pose a risk to the human health. Thus, it becomes extremely important for the proper disposal of materials originated from conventional radiographic methods, in order to minimize the negative environmental impact. This paper addresses the environmental impact of dental radiographic waste and describes measures that can be taken by dentists and their team to reduce the production of potentially harmful wastes.
The Battle in Endodontics: A Review
Authors: Kaur Artinder , Chaudhary Devendra , Kukreja Navneet , Bansal Abhishek , Bansal Jyoti , Kukreja Urvashi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNickel titanium rotary shaping files fundamentally changed everything in endodontics; conceptually, procedurally and economically as well. NiTi rotary files made root canal therapy more accessible and kind of fun for dentists, and dental companies were loved for making files that cost four times more than stainless steel hand files but delivered a ten times improvement. The single file systems need no disinfecting, cleaning, sterilizing and organizing the NiTi files, provide optimal cutting efficiency along with better control of file breakage and thus increased patient safety and no risk for cross contamination.
Evaluation and Applicability of Moyers Mixed Dentition Arch Analysis in Himachal Population
Authors: Kaur Avninder , Singh Reetu , Mittal Sudhir , Sharma Sunila , Bector Aditi , Awasthi Surabhi 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Introduction: The determination of a tooth-size to arch length discrepancy in mixed dentition requires an accurate prediction of the mesiodistal width of the unerupted permanent teeth. The Moyers mixed dentition space analysis is the non-radiographic method for detecting tooth-size arch length discrepancies. Moyers analysis was developed for North American children. Anthropological studies reveal that tooth size varies among different races and ethnicities. Aim: The present study was aimed to determine the applicability of Moyers mixed dentition arch analysis in children of Baddi, Himachal Pradesh. Materials and methods: Dental study models of 120 children in age group of 13- 16 years, were analysed who presented with complete eruption of permanent mandibular incisors, maxillary and mandibular canines & premolars. All dentitions were required to be free of any signs of dental pathology or anomalies. Measurements of the mesiodistal dimensions of the mandibular and maxillary teeth were made using a digital caliper with a Vernier scale that was calibrated to the nearest 0.01mm. The values were then subjected to statistical analysis. Results: All tooth groups showed highly significant differences (p<0.001) between mesiodistal widths in male and female subjects. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between actual widths and the Moyers tables at almost all percentile levels, including the recommended 75%. Conclusion: The differences noted between predicted values from the Moyers tables and that of the present investigation might be the result of racial and ethnic diversity.
Mixed Dentition Analysis: A Revised Equation for New Generation
Authors: Dua Varun , Kaur Avninder , Kaur Manjeet 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Abstract: Aim: Racial difference is an important factor in tooth size variability. The present study was thus aimed to assess the applicability of Tanaka and Johnston method for predicting the mesiodistal dimensions of canine and premolars in children of Panchkula, Haryana. Methods: Dental study models of 200 children were analysed to check the applicability of Tanaka and Johnston method of mixed dentition analysis. Results: Differences have been found in the means of actual dimensions of canine & premolars and values derived by regression equation of Tanaka and Johnston by Student’s t-test and therefore formulated a new equation. Conclusion: Tooth size differences amongst races are an important variable that must be considered before the formulation of prediction equation. The proposed new prediction equations derived in the present study are possibly more appropriate to be used for mixed dentition analysis in a population of Panchkula, Haryana.
Plastisch-rekonstruktive Therapieoptionen bei Verätzung nach Betonexposition
Authors: Könneker Sören , Paprottka Felix , Hebebrand Detlev , Ahmadli Gulschan , Vogt Peter M. , Ipaktchi Ramin 
Published: October 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Im beruflichen und privaten Bereich ist Zement nach wie vor ein häufig verwendetes Baumaterial. In unseren Kliniken stellen sich immer wieder
Patienten mit Verätzungen nach Betonexposition vor. Unser Ziel war es unsere gesammelten Fälle zu analysieren und Empfehlungen zur Behandlung bei Exposition und
deren Folgen zu geben.
Patienten und Methoden Im Zeitraum von 2013–2017 wurden in zwei deutschen plastisch-chirurgischen Kliniken insgesamt 7 Patienten, welch nach Beton-,
Zement- oder Estrich-Exposition Verätzungen in unterschiedlichen Körperregionen entwickelten, behandelt. Hierbei erfolgte im Verlauf eine systematische
retrospektive Analyse der Patientendaten.
Ergebnisse Bei allen Fällen war eine chirurgische Behandlung erforderlich. Die mittlere stationäre Behandlungsdauer betrug 9,8 Tage (n = 6). Die
durchschnittliche Operationsdauer für eine Spalthautdefektdeckung belief sich auf 1:04 Stunden (n = 5). Es wurden im Rahmen der chirurgischen Behandlung im
Durchschnitt 1,4 Operationen durchgeführt (n = 7). In allen Fällen erfolgte eine nachhaltige Wundheilung.
Schlussfolgerung Bei Betonverätzungen ist eine schnelle und kompetente Erstbehandlung erforderlich, um einem Nachtiefen in den exponierten Arealen
erfolgreich entgegenwirken zu können. Diese chirurgisch therapiebedürftigen seltenen Verätzungsverletzungen sollten demnach nur in speziellen
Verbrennungskliniken therapiert werden.
How Burkina Faso used evidence in deciding to launch its policy of free healthcare for children under five and women in 2016
Authors: Ridde Valéry , Yaméogo Pierre 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn March 2016, the newly elected government of Burkina Faso decided on a major change in health financing policy: it abolished direct payment for healthcare for women and children under five. Unlike other countries in Africa, this decision took a long time, given that the first pilot projects for this policy instrument date from 2008. This article describes that political process and presents a reflexive analysis by two authors who were at the heart of events between 2008 and 2018. The analysis shows that, while the decision took a long time and certainly amounted to a policy paradigm shift, it was the result of a complex series of events and activities whose specific contributions are difficult to identify. Crucial to the decision was long-term funding of pilot projects to test the new policy instrument, associated with the generation of evidence mobilised through a myriad of knowledge transfer activities. Moreover, it took the continued mobilisation of advocacy coalitions, action to counter preconceived notions about this instrument, and the emergence of an essential window of opportunity—the 2014 popular uprising—for the decision to be possible. In this discussion, we generalise to the conceptual and theoretical levels, but also share practical lessons learned for those interested in engaging in evidence-informed decision-making. The main lessons are: recruit, train, and mobilise people and/or services responsible for knowledge transfer activities; identify and partner with political entrepreneurs early and regularly; be persistent and consistent in producing rigorous and useful knowledge; favour independent evaluation teams using mixed methods; train researchers in policy decision-making processes and decision-makers in knowledge production issues; adapt (content, format, vocabulary, language, etc.) the evidence to the needs of the knowledge users in close collaboration with researchers and disseminate it to target audiences; understand the sometimes different logics of researchers and decision-makers and encourage their interaction; to seize opportunities, regularly analyse the political decision-making processes specific to the national context as well as the social and political contexts favourable (or not) to decision-making.
Gender, work, non-work and the invisible migrant: au pairs in contemporary Britain
Authors: Cox Rosie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCampaigns by Uber drivers, Deliveroo riders and McDonalds workers have highlighted problems with the new world of platform economies and zero-hour contracts. At the same time, the Brexit process has opened up debates about the UK’s dependence on low-waged workers from the EU. Together these trends raise questions about who is going to do low-paid, labour intensive work in the future and what their rights will be. Within these debates, au pairs have been largely invisible despite the fact that they are EU workers who are depended upon by perhaps 100,000 families in the UK, and the fact that their status excludes them from protections available to other workers. This paper explores the current UK situation to examine how this invisibility is related to the gendering of the work au pairs do. While traditionally masculine jobs, such as construction work, have tended to be reimagined as self-employment, au pairing is an example of the way that traditionally feminine tasks are produced by policy discourses as ‘help’. Despite this invisibility au pairs do large amounts of work, on average working 37.8 h per week for ‘pocket money’ at about half the level of the National Minimum Wage and they are increasingly taking on tasks, such as the care for very young children, that would have been done by qualified nannies in the past. In addition to the current debates over the rights of workers in new ‘platform’ economies, and the possible problems arising from Brexit, we need a broader conversation about work, what it is and how gendered assumptions inform government policy and curtail the rights of workers.
Faith or Ideology? Religiosity, Political Islam, and Anti-Americanism in Iran
Authors: Asadzade Peyman 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Middle East, particularly the Islamic Republic of Iran, has a reputation for harboring very strong forms of anti-Americanism. Why are some individuals more hostile to the United States than others? What factors are associated with anti-American sentiments? This article offers the first systematic study of anti-Americanism in Iran, a country in which anti-Americanism has been a guiding policy of the government since the 1979 revolution. Based on original survey data from 2016, I seek to explain how religiosity and political Islam influence public attitudes toward the United States. Distinguishing between political and cultural anti-Americanism, I find that, while support for political Islam is significantly associated with both types of anti-Americanism, religiosity predicts only cultural anti-Americanism. The findings challenge the literature that associates anti-American sentiments with religiosity in the Islamic world.
A Survey on Fever Monitoring and Management in Patients With Acute Brain Injury: The SUMMA Study
Authors: Picetti Edoardo , Oddo Mauro , Prisco Lara , Helbok Raimund , Taccone Fabio Silvio 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Fever is common in patients with acute brain injury and worsens secondary brain injury and clinical outcomes. Currently, there is a lack of consensus on the definition of fever and its management. The aims of the survey were to explore: (a) fever definitions, (b) thresholds to trigger temperature management, and (c) therapeutic strategies to control fever.

Materials and Methods:
A questionnaire (26 items) was made available to members of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine via its website between July 2016 and December 2016.

Results:
Among 231 respondents, 193 provided complete responses to the questionnaire (84%); mostly intensivists (n=124, [54%]). Body temperature was most frequently measured using a bladder probe (n=93, [43%]). A large proportion of respondents considered fever as a body temperature >38.3°C (n=71, [33%]). The main thresholds for antipyretic therapy were 37.5°C (n=74, [34%]) and 38.0°C (n=86, [40%]); however, lower thresholds (37.0 to 37.5°C) were targeted in cases of intracranial hypertension and cerebral ischemia. Among first-line methods to treat fever, ice packs were the most frequently utilized physical method (n=90, [47%]), external nonautomated system was the most frequent utilized device (n=49, [25%]), and paracetamol was the most frequently utilized drug (n=135, [70%]). Among second-line methods, intravenous infusion of cold fluids was the most frequently utilized physical method (n=68, [35%]), external computerized automated system was the most frequently utilized device (n=75, [39%]), and diclofenac was the most frequently utilized drug (n=62, [32%]). Protocols for fever control and shivering management were available to 83 (43%) and 54 (28%) of respondents, respectively.

Conclusions:
In this survey we identified substantial variability in fever definition and application of temperature management in acute brain injury patients. These findings may be helpful in promoting educational interventions and in designing future studies on this topic.
Comparison of Pain-reducing Effect After Selective Nerve Root Block According to the Type of Lumbar Foraminal Stenosis
Authors: Ko Sangbong , Kwon Jaibum , Lee Youngsik , Chae Seungbum , Choi Wonkee 
Published: October 2018

Study Design:
This was a nonrandomized controlled cohort study (level 3).

Objective:
This study was designed to compare the differences in clinical features among patients with various degrees of lumbar foraminal stenosis (LFS), and the therapeutic effect of selective nerve root block (SNRB).

Summary of Background Data:
Symptomatic improvement rate was lower in grade IV (0.377) than in other grades (1T: 0.612, 2:0.527, 3:0.551), with statistical significance (P=0.03).

Patients and Methods:
A total of 233 patients with radiating pain, concurrent with neurological and radiologic findings, were assigned to receive SNRB for at least 1 level, and screened for ≥6 months. The degree of foraminal stenosis was classified by perineural fat obliteration, and the degree of radiating pain was assessed by visual analog scale. After SNRBs were performed, symptomatic improvement was assessed after 2, 12, and 24 weeks after injection.

Results:
There were no significant differences in visual analog scale with regard to the degree of stenosis. Improvements were significantly higher after 2 weeks (P=0.030), and there were no significant differences in symptomatic improvement rates over time except LFS grade 1V. At 2 weeks after injection, there was no significant difference in the extent of symptomatic improvement between the grades. At 12 and 24 weeks after injection, patients with LFS grade 1T, 2, 3 showed significantly higher symptomatic improvement rates than patients with LFS grade 1V.

Conclusions:
Among the patients with LFS, SNRB reduced pain by 51% after 2 weeks. At after 12 weeks, SNRBs were more effective in patients with LFS grade 1T, 2, 3, compared with patients with grade 1V. All patients showed persistent symptomatic relief, whereas those with grade 1T showed a reduced degree of symptomatic relief after 2 weeks.
Ventricular fibrillation recorded and analysed within an area the size of a mobile phone: could it enable cardiac arrest recognition?
Authors: Syväoja Sakari , Rissanen Tuomas T. , Hiltunen Pamela , Castren Maaret , Mäntylä Pirjo , Kivelä Antti , Uusaro Ari , Jäntti Helena 
Published: October 2018

Background
Recognition of out-of-hospital-cardiac arrests (OHCAs) at emergency medical communication centres is based on questions of OHCA symptoms, resulting in 50–80% accuracy rates. However, OHCAs might be recognized more promptly using ‘rhythm-based’ recognition, whereby a victim’s cardiac rhythm is recorded with mobile phone technology that analyses and transmits recordings to emergency medical communication centres for further interpretation.

Objective
To examine whether the quality of normal cardiac rhythm and the rhythm with the best prognosis in OHCA, ventricular fibrillation (VF), is sufficient for ‘rhythm-based’ OHCA recognition when recorded within a mobile phone-sized device.

Patients and methods
mid-sternum within an area the size of a mobile phone and analysed by automated external defibrillator (AED) software and two cardiologists. The rhythms were categorized as shockable or nonshockable. The cardiologists assessed the quality of the recordings.

Results
The AED software correctly analysed all normal rhythms and 15 of 22 VF rhythms. The VF duration was too short for automatic detection in seven cases. The cardiologists analysed all the normal rhythms and VF sequences correctly and graded them as high quality.

Conclusion
The recordings of normal ECG rhythm and VF within an area the size of a mobile phone are of sufficient quality and could be used in ‘rhythm-based’ OHCA recognition. The VF period was too short for an accurate analysis by the AED software in some cases.