bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dejudicialization of International Politics?
Authors: Abebe Daniel , Ginsburg Tom 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFor many, the growing judicialization of international relations is the next step in the process toward the complete legalization of international politics. We draw on the literature in comparative judicial politics to examine the limits of the phenomenon. The domestic literature on judicialization portrays the process as something of a one-way ratchet. In an increasingly juridified world, judges have been asked to take on greater roles in global governance, and they seem to be doing so with aplomb. This in turn incentivizes individuals and interest groups to frame their policy claims in legal terms, providing ever-more fuel for judicial governance. Yet many courts and other legal institutions, both domestic and international, have had their jurisdiction constrained, with some areas of law removed from judicial purview. Might the dynamics of constraint and backlash lead to the dejuridification of an area that has been judicialized? We conceptualize the possibility of what we call dejudicialization, situate it in the context of the literature on backlash, and delimit its potential scope and implications. While dejudicialization is empirically rare, we argue that its very possibility suggests that judicialization should not be considered a teleological process.
Frequent Detection of Pituitary-Derived PrPres in Human Prion Diseases
Authors: Honda Hiroyuki , Matsumoto Masaki , Shijo Masahiro , Hamasaki Hideomi , Sadashima Shoko , Suzuki Satoshi O , Aishima Shinichi , Kai Keita , Nakayama Keiichi I , Sasagasako Naokazu , Iwaki Toru 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Human prion diseases including sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), inherited prion diseases, and acquired human prion diseases are lethal neurodegenerative diseases. One of the major sources of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was human growth hormone (hGH-iCJD) derived from contaminated cadaveric pituitaries. The incidence of hGH-iCJD has decreased since changing from growth hormone extracted from human cadaveric pituitaries to recombinant pituitary hormones. However, extensive analysis on the localization and detecting of abnormal prion protein in the pituitary gland are limited. In this study, we examined 9 autopsied brains and pituitary glands from 6 patients with prion disease (3 Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, 2 sCJD, and 1 dura mater graft-associated CJD) and 3 individuals with nonprion diseases. Western blot analysis of pituitary samples demonstrated unique glycoforms of normal cellular prion protein with molecular weights of 30–40 kDa, which was higher than the typical 25–35 kDa prion protein in brains. Proteomic analysis also revealed prion protein approximately the molecular weight of 40 kDa in pituitary samples. Moreover, proteinase K-resistant Prion protein was frequently detected in pituitary samples of the prion diseases. Immunohistochemistry for Prion protein revealed mosaic cellular distribution preferentially in growth hormone- or prolactin-producing cells.
NGTS-6b: an ultrashort period hot-Jupiter orbiting an old K dwarf
Authors: Vines Jose I , Jenkins James S , Acton Jack S , Briegal Joshua , Bayliss Daniel , Bouchy François , Belardi Claudia , Bryant Edward M , Burleigh Matthew R , Cabrera Juan , Casewell Sarah L , Chaushev Alexander , Cooke Benjamin F , Csizmadia Szilárd , Eigmüller Philipp , Erikson Anders , Foxell Emma , Gill Samuel , Gillen Edward , Goad Michael R , Jackman James A G , King George W , Louden Tom , McCormac James , Moyano Maximiliano , Nielsen Louise D , Pollacco Don , Queloz Didier , Rauer Heike , Raynard Liam , Smith Alexis M S , Soto Maritza G , Tilbrook Rosanna H , Titz-Weider Ruth , Turner Oliver , Udry Stéphane , Walker Simon R , Watson Christopher A , West Richard G , Wheatley Peter J 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of a new ultrashort period hot Jupiter from the Next Generation Transit Survey. NGTS-6b orbits its star with a period of 21.17 h, and has a mass and radius of $1.330^{+0.024}_{-0.028}$MJ and $1.271^{+0.197}_{-0.188}$RJ, respectively, returning a planetary bulk density of $0.711^{+0.214}_{-0.136}$ g cm−3. Conforming to the currently known small population of ultrashort period hot Jupiters, the planet appears to orbit a metal-rich star ([Fe/H] = +0.11 ± 0.09 dex). Photoevaporation models suggest the planet should have lost 5 per cent of its gaseous atmosphere over the course of the 9.6 Gyr of evolution of the system. NGTS-6b adds to the small, but growing list of ultrashort period gas giant planets, and will help us to understand the dominant formation and evolutionary mechanisms that govern this population.
Photospheric nitrogen abundances and carbon 12C/13C ratios of red giant stars
Authors: Takeda Yoichi , Omiya Masashi , Harakawa Hiroki , Sato Bun’ei 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nitrogen abundances and carbon isotope ratios (12C$/$13C) in the atmospheres of red giants are known to be influenced by dredge-up of H-burning products, and serve as useful probes to study the nature of evolution-induced envelope mixing. We determined the [N/Fe] and 12C$/$13C ratios for 239 late-G/early-K giant stars by applying the spectrum-fitting technique to the 12CN and 13CN lines in the ∼8002–8005 Å region, with the aim of investigating how these quantities are related to other similar mixing-affected indicators which were already reported in our previous work. It was confirmed that [N/Fe] values are generally supersolar (typically by several tenths of a dex, though widely differing from star to star), anti-correlated with [C/Fe], and correlated with [Na/Fe], as expected from theory. As seen from their dependence upon stellar parameters, it appears that mixing tends to be enhanced with an increase of stellar luminosity (or mass) and rotational velocity, which is also reasonable from the theoretical viewpoint. In contrast, the resulting 12C$/$13C ratios turned out to be considerably diversified in the range of ∼5–50 (with a peak around ∼20), without showing any systematic dependence upon C or N abundance anomalies caused by the mixing of CN-cycled material. It thus appears that our understanding of the photospheric 12C$/$13C ratios in red giants is still incomplete, requiring more observational studies.
Liver Inflammatory Injury Initiated by DAMPs-TLR4-MyD88/TRIF-NFκB Signaling Pathway Is Involved in Monocrotaline-Induced HSOS
Authors: Huang Zhenlin , Chen Minwei , Wei Mengjuan , Lu Bin , Wu Xiaojun , Wang Zhengtao , Ji Lili 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) causes considerable morbidity and mortality in clinic. Up to now, the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of HSOS still remain unclear. Here, we report that hepatic inflammation initiated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) plays a critical role in the development of HSOS. Monocrotaline (MCT) belongs to pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Monocrotaline-induced HSOS in mice and rats was evidenced by the increased serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST) activities, the elevated hepatic metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) expression, and results from liver histological evaluation and scanning electron microscope observation. However, MCT-induced HSOS was markedly attenuated in myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) and toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) knock-out mice. Monocrotaline increased liver myeloperoxidase activity, serum contents of proinflammatory cytokines, hepatic aggregation of immune cells, and nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor κB (NFκB). However, these inflammatory responses induced by MCT were all diminished in MyD88, TRIF, and TLR4 knock-out mice. Monocrotaline elevated serum contents of DAMPs including high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) both in mice and in rats. HSOS was markedly exacerbated and serum contents of HMGB1 and HSP60 were elevated in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) knock-out mice treated with MCT. Our findings indicate that hepatic inflammatory injury mediated by DAMPs-initiated TLR4-MyD88/TRIF-NFκB inflammatory signal pathway plays an important role in HSOS development.
Choroid plexus APP regulates adult brain proliferation and animal behavior
Authors: Arnaud Karen , Moreira Vanessa Oliveira , Vincent Jean , Dallerac Glenn , Le Poupon Chantal , Richter Max , Müller Ulrike C. , Rondi-Reig Laure , Prochiantz Alain , Di Nardo Ariel A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractElevated amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression in the choroid plexus suggests an important role for extracellular APP metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid. Despite widespreadAppbrain expression, we hypothesized that specifically targeting choroid plexus expression could alter animal physiology. Through various genetic and viral approaches in the adult mouse, we show that choroid plexus APP levels significantly impacted proliferation in both subventricular zone and hippocampus dentate gyrus neurogenic niches. Given the role of Aβ peptides in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis, we also tested whether favoring the production of Aβ in choroid plexus could negatively affect niche functions. After AAV5-mediated long-term expression of human mutatedAPPspecifically in the choroid plexus of adult wild type mice, we observe reduced niche proliferation, behavioral defects in reversal learning, and deficits in hippocampal long-term potentiation. Our findings highlight the unique role played by the choroid plexus in regulating brain function, and suggest that targeting APP in choroid plexus may provide a means to improve hippocampus function and alleviate disease-related burdens.
SGID: a comprehensive and interactive database of the silkworm
Authors: Zhu Zhenglin , Guan Zhufen , Liu Gexin , Wang Yawang , Zhang Ze 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAlthough the domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an important model and economic animal, there is a lack of comprehensive database for this organism. Here, we developed the silkworm genome informatics database, SGID. It aims to bring together all silkworm related biological data and provide an interactive platform for gene inquiry and analysis. The function annotation in SGID is thorough and covers 98% of the silkworm genes. The annotation details include function description, gene ontology, KEGG, pathway, subcellular location, transmembrane topology, protein secondary/tertiary structure, homologous group and transcription factor. SGID provides genome scale visualization of population genetics test results based on high depth resequencing data of 158 silkworm samples. It also provides interactive analysis tools of transcriptomic and epigenomic data from 79 NCBI BioProjects. SGID is freely available athttp://sgid.popgenetics.net. This database will be extremely useful to silkworm research in the future.
Can Bitcoin become money? The monetary rule problem
Authors: Cachanosky Nicolás 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe growing literature on Bitcoin can be divided into two groups. One performs an economic analysis of Bitcoin focusing on its monetary characteristics. The other one takes a financial look at the price of Bitcoin. Interestingly, both of these groups have not given much more than passing comments to the problem of whether or not Bitcoin has the right monetary rule in order to become a well‐established currency. This paper argues that Bitcoin in particular, and cryptocurrencies in general, do not have a good monetary rule and that this shortcoming seriously limits its prospect of becoming widely used money.
Geographic variation in the use of lymphadenectomy and external‐beam radiotherapy for endometrial cancer: a cross‐sectional analysis of population‐based data
Authors: White B , Nordin A , Fry A , Ahmad A , McPhail S , Roe C , Rous B , Smittenaar R , Shelton J 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveTo quantify geographic variation in the use of lymphadenectomy and/or external‐beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for endometrial cancer in England.DesignCross‐sectional analysis of population‐based data.SettingEnglish cancer registry data, linked to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hospital episodes statistics data.PopulationTwenty‐two thousand four hundred and eighty‐three women with endometrial cancer presenting without clinical or radiological evidence of distant metastatic spread, diagnosed in England from 2013 to 2016.MethodsProportions of patients receiving lymphadenectomy and/or EBRT were compared across 19 Cancer Alliances, to identify variations in clinical practice. Two separate logistic regression models assessed the impact on variation of adjustment for tumour and patient characteristics.Main outcome measuresReceipt of lymphadenectomy, receipt of EBRT.ResultsThere was substantial variation by Cancer Alliance in the adjusted proportion of women with endometrial cancer receiving lymphadenectomy (range 5% [95% CI 4–6%] to 48% [95% CI 45–52%]) and EBRT (range 10% [95% CI 7–12%] to 31% [95% CI 28–33%]), after adjusting for variation in pathological grade, age, comorbidities, deprivation, ethnic group and (EBRT only) FIGO stage. Different approaches to clinical practice were identified; (i) one Cancer Alliance had significantly higher than average lymphadenectomy and significantly lower than average EBRT use, (ii) three had high use of both lymphadenectomy and EBRT, (iii) one had low lymphadenectomy use and high EBRT use, and (iv) three had low use of both lymphadenectomy and EBRT.ConclusionsLymphadenectomy is probably used to triage for EBRT when lymphadenectomy use is high and EBRT use is low. This is probably a result of variation in local endometrial cancer management guidelines, suggesting that UK recommendations should be clarified.Tweetable abstractThere is geographic variation in England in the use of lymphadenectomy and radiotherapy to treat endometrial cancer.
The “sequential cues hypothesis”: a conceptual model to explain host location and ranking by polyphagous herbivores
Authors: Silva Rehan , Clarke Anthony R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSuccessfully locating a host plant is crucial for an insect herbivore to feed and/or oviposit. However, locating a host within a complex environment that may contain an array of different plant species is a difficult task. This is particularly the case for polyphagous herbivores, which must locate a host within environments that may simultaneously contain multiple suitable and unsuitable hosts. Here we review the mechanisms of host selection used by polyphagous herbivores, as well as exploring how prior experience may modify a generalist's response to host cues. We show that recent research demonstrates that polyphagous herbivores have the capacity to detect both common cues from multiple host species, as well as specific cues from individual host species. This creates a paradox in that generalists invariably rank hosts when given a choice, a finding at odds with the “neural limitations” hypothesis that says generalist insect herbivores should not have the neural capacity to identify cues specific to every possible host. To explain this paradox we propose a model, akin to parasitoid host location, that postulates that generalist herbivores use different cues sequentially in host location. We propose that initially common host cues, associated with all potential hosts, are used to place the herbivore within the host habitat and that, in the absence of any other host cues, these cues are sufficient in themselves to lead to host location. As such they are true “generalist” cues. However, once within the host habitat, we propose that the presence of a smaller group of cues may lead to further host searching and the location of preferred hosts: these are “specialist” cues. This model explains the current conflict in the literature where generalists can respond to both common and specific host‐plant cues, while also exhibiting specialist and generalist host use behavior under different conditions.
Mung Bean Protein Hydrolysate Modulates the Immune Response Through NF‐κB Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide‐Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Diao Jingjing , Chi Zhiping , Guo Zengwang , Zhang Liping 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of mung bean protein hydrolysate (MBPH) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW 264.7 cells and discuss the possible immune regulatory mechanism. MBPH was prepared by alcalase, trypsin, neutrase, and flavourzyme. The 3‐h alcalase‐hydrolyzed hydrolysate with a molecular weight less than 1,450 Da was selected for the immunological tests. Results showed that MBPH possessed strong suppressing activity to proinflammatory mediators in a dose‐dependent manner. Compared to the LPS alone group, MBPH (200 µg/mL) significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin (IL)‐6, and IL‐1β secretion levels by 52.6%, 53.2%, 48.4%, and 49.7%, respectively, in LPS‐induced macrophages. It also enhanced IL‐10 secretion from 789 to 3,678 pg/mL. MBPH blocked nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) translocation in LPS‐induced macrophages through the prevention of IκBα phosphorylation, and this process further prevented p65 translocation into the nucleus. A possible mechanism of MBPH is that it regulated the expression of inflammatory factors via the NF‐κB pathway, thus inhibiting inflammatory reactions. The results suggested that MBPH is of application potential in the development of immunomodulatory functional food to ameliorate immunosuppression.
Wheat Qu and Its Production Technology, Microbiota, Flavor, and Metabolites
Authors: Zhang Kaizheng , Li Qiong , Wu Wenchi , Yang Jiangang , Zou Wei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChinese rice wine (CRW) is an ancient wine with a moderate alcohol content; it has been prized in China for its color, sweet flavor profile, and is a national beverage typically used in banquets. Wheat Qu is the starter used to make CRW, and plays a vital role in the quality and flavor profile. This review details the raw materials and the wheat Qu manufacturing process, and recent information on wheat Qu microbiotas. The volatile compounds in wheat Qus and its flavor are also reviewed. Finally, the enzymes, and metabolites contained in wheat Qu, such as biogenic amines, are also discussed.
Optimizing the genetic composition of a translocation population: Incorporating constraints and conflicting objectives
Authors: Bragg Jason G. , Cuneo Peter , Sherieff Ahamad , Rossetto Maurizio 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTranslocations of threatened species can reduce the risk of extinction from a catastrophic event. For plants, translocation consists of moving individuals, seeds, or cuttings from a native (source) population to a new site. Ideally a translocation population would be genetically diverse and consist of fit founding individuals. In practice, there are challenges to designing such a population, including constraints on the availability of material, and tradeoffs between different goals. Here, we present an approach for designing a translocation population that identifies sets of founders that are optimized according to multiple criteria (e.g., genetic diversity), while also conforming to constraints on the representation of different founders (e.g., propagation success). It uses flexible inputs, including SNP genotypes, matrices of similarity between individuals, and vectors of phenotype data. We apply the approach to a critically endangered plant,Hibbertia puberulasubsp.glabrescens(Dilleniaceae), which was genotyped at thousands of SNP loci. The goals of minimizing genetic similarity among the founding individuals and maximizing genetic diversity were largely complementary: populations optimized for one of these criteria were near‐optimal for the other. We also performed analyses in which we minimized genetic similarity among founding individuals while imposing selection (against hypothetical deleterious alleles, and against undesirable phenotypes, respectively), and here characterized sharp tradeoffs. This was useful in allowing the benefits of selection to be weighed against costs in terms of genetic similarity. In summary, we present an approach for designing a translocation population that allows flexible inputs, the imposition of realistic constraints, and examination of conflicting goals.
Effective Orchestration? The 1540 Committee and theWMDTerrorism Regime Complex
Authors: Kienzle Benjamin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn 2004, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1540, the central international tool to prevent terrorism with Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). In spite of the resolution's strong mandate, its implementation body, the 1540 Committee, has remained weak in terms of enforcement powers, budget allocation and human resources. This article addresses this gap between mandate and implementation capacity. It examines specifically how the 1540 Committee has tried to overcome its structural constraints to achieve its objectives. This has led to two important findings: first, building upon theoretical insights from the management of regime complexes, the article shows that the 1540 Committee has resorted to the orchestration of intermediary actors in the form of other international organizations belonging to the so‐calledWMDterrorism regime complex. This demonstrates that – contrary to what the current literature suggests – orchestration is used on a large scale in high profile cases of international security. Second, the analysis of the performance of the process of orchestration reveals significant variation. While a large number of intermediary actors have integrated the provisions of Resolution 1540 in their own agendas, the coordination of these actors by the 1540 Committee has remained largely ad hoc and lacked the systematic exchange of relevant information.
The impact of sealer extrusion on endodontic outcome: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Aminoshariae Anita , Kulild James C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this systematic review was to qualify and quantify the evidence regarding the effect of extruded sealers on endodontic treatment outcomes. Two reviewers independently conducted a comprehensive literature search. The EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane, PubMed databases, bibliographies, grey literature of all relevant articles and textbooks were searched. Six articles met the inclusion criteria with a moderate risk of bias and were analysed for qualitative and quantitative synthesis. There was moderate‐certainty evidence that sealer extrusion can contribute to non‐healing outcomes, 95% confidence interval, risk ratio 1.32 (1.12–1.54) and P < 0.05. This indicates that the current authors are somewhat confident the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect. Sealer extrusion had a 32% higher risk of contributing to a non‐healing outcome than no extrusion. However, well‐conducted research would need to be conducted to confirm this causality claim.