bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Displacement
Authors: Guevara Tomás Alejandro 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In an increasingly urbanized world, population displacement is a recurrent issue in the framework of neoliberal urbanism, matching even that of rural settings. The approaches the literature uses to study these processes can be divided into two main perspectives: gentrification processes and large urban projects. Both perspectives underline the displacement phenomenon as one of the major urban issues of today in connection with ensuring the right to the city for large majorities.
Divided Cities
Authors: Gaffikin Frank 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
While the world is becoming more urban, the urban in many parts is becoming more “transnational” in its ethnic mix, diversity, and difference, thus producing greater urban division. Two forms of divided city can be distinguished: first, where “normal” cleavages around class, status, and power are evident; second, where these contests around pluralism and equity are interpenetrated by disputes around sovereignty, identity, and territory. In both cases, the politics of identity and bonding find spatial expression in disputed territories. Learning to live with difference is a challenge for many cities in the future.
Do It Yourself Urbanism
Authors: Douglas Gordon C. C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
“Do it yourself” (DIY) urbanism describes a group of related spatial cultural practices, generally aimed at making informal physical alterations to the urban built environment. It has been used to refer both to interventions that are explicitly functional and those that may be more radical, political, or artistic. Though informal urbanisms occur all over the world, DIY urbanism is often used in the context of the contemporary cities of the Global North. Actions can range from subtle and innocuous local improvements to potentially dangerous and illegal provocations, and some have become associated with mainstream planning trends. Some argue that these ostensibly populist activities actually reproduce their own social inequalities.
Drugs and Violence
Authors: Zaluar Alba 
Published: April 2019

AbstractViolence is a means used by humans against humans to cause not only bodily but also emotional harm. In this entry, mind‐altering drugs are considered in social settings, and understood in socioeconomic or political models. Apart from the importance of the context of use, chronic substance abuse and predispositions increase the risk of aggression. The entry examines illicit drugs and the illegality of production, distribution, and use in microsocial as well as macrosocial contexts. It also discusses state policies, and considers the costs of prohibition for a drug‐free world and the possible effects of legalization.
Entrepreneurial City
Authors: Jessop Bob 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis entry defines the entrepreneurial city, considers its past and present significance, and comments on its relation to recent shifts in the dynamic of capital accumulation on a world scale. Drawing on the work of Joseph Schumpeter, it suggests five kinds of strategy that can be pursued by an entrepreneurial city; it relates these to changing discourses of competitiveness and entrepreneurialism; and it considers the conditions in which a city can be treated as an entrepreneurial agent. Also discussed are the limits of urban entrepreneurial strategies, their effects on social exclusion, and the treadmill effect of constant interurban competition.
Favelas
Authors: Saborio Sebastian , Spesny Sara León 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFavelasis the word used in Brazil to designate areas commonly known as slums. However, the term suggests more than territories defined by scarcity, lack of basic services, and poor housing. Favelas expanded as a colonial legacy of slavery and of the growing divide between the urban haves and have‐nots. Today they are present in most metropolises in the country; although varying in size and location, they shape the urban and social landscape of Brazilian cities. Largely interpreted by simplistic dichotomic categories, such as formal/informal, legal/illegal, security/insecurity, hillside/asphalt, favelas should be analyzed through more comprehensive and historically situated approaches that integrate stigmatization, marginalization, and otherness.
Feminist Interventions: French Connections
Authors: Louargant Sophie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Gender theories and studies in geography first appeared in France 20 years ago. Largely connected to work in French‐speaking Quebec and North America as a whole, researchers (of both sexes) committed to such approaches built up a singular corpus on gender relations to space in a wide range of fields. Analysis of their work has revealed many transatlantic connections but also the major results they achieved (women's strategies in the face of domination, gendered use of urban space, bodily stigma). Looking back at the contributions of pioneering women geographers in France, while highlighting past and present sources of resistance, this paper reviews in chronological order the effects of the French connection on urban and territorial thinking.
Feminist Interventions: Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Timár Judit 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFeminist perspectives were introduced into urban and regional studies in Central and Eastern Europe only after the fall of state socialism and seem to be taking a long time to become widespread in the region. Mapping gendered space was a typical means of introduction in a number of countries. Analyses of new social roles that evolved, as well as spatial processes such as suburbanization that emerged and gathered momentum in the postsocialist era, were other common types of “early” research with a gender perspective. Researchers, mainly of a younger generation, have been addressing issues like urban spaces and representations of the body, homosexuality, heteronormativity, or fear since the 2000s. The number of studies presenting the gendered nature of space and society as a matter‐of‐course phenomenon is on the rise.
Feminist Interventions: Voices from the South
Authors: Bhattacharya Sayan , Konitshek Hale , Nagar Richa 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis entry surveys feminist interventions under way across three major continents and demonstrates their lasting impacts on regional and urban development studies. Chalo Nagpur of South Asia, indigenous resistance of Latin America, and Feminist Africa together interrogate the monolingualism of academic feminisms, and complicate how we come to know the proverbial “Global South” amid the privileged locations of the “Global North.”
Feminist Interventions: Anglophone World
Authors: Kern Leslie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Feminist interventions explore and theorize gendered experiences of urban life, and conceptualize the complex relationship between urban space and social relations of difference and inequality. Addressing urban themes such as housing, labor, planning, safety, transportation, care work, social reproduction, and the public/private distinction, anglophone feminists have illustrated the significance of gender in shaping cities over time. Methodological innovations in qualitative as well as quantitative research have developed a rich empirical body of work addressing difference, power, and agency. Concern with both representation and redistribution is a hallmark of anglophone feminist work. As this scholarship moves forward, increased attention to the Global South and non‐anglophone research will help to break down geographic and conceptual barriers in feminist interventions.
Flash Mobs
Authors: Nicholson Judith A. , Daley Rachelle 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe flash mob is a global cultural phenomenon with numerous forms, and yet questions about its purpose, appeal, and significance persist. This entry defines the classic flash mob and compares it to other flash mobs with different purposes, including branded flash mobs, flash robs, vote mobs, cash mobs, and Mass mobs. As a revolt against the status quo, the flash mob's appeal is linked to how it challenges the commercialization of public spaces through appropriating them for performance. As a conformist practice, the flash mob's appeal is linked to its imbrication with social media. The significance of the flash mob is read through a brief genealogy of other mob performances, such as Critical Mass Ride and Zombie Walk, and through a variety of scholarly studies including performance studies, media studies, and mobilities studies.
Gated Communities (
CID
)
Authors: McKenzie Evan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The term “gated community” is used generically to describe private common interest housing known as “CIDs,” and specifically to describe neighborhoods with entry controls, hardened perimeters, and internal surveillance. CIDs, including gated communities, have become the predominant form of new housing construction in the United States and many other countries. The academic literature on these communities focuses on the ways in which their private governance structures depart from liberal‐democratic norms, and how they are related to increasing segregation by income. There is an emerging literature on their financial sustainability.
Gated Urbanism
Authors: Pow C. P. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Gated urbanism is often traced to the spread of enclosed urban developments, the most vilified being gated communities. In much of the critical urban studies literature, such gated forms of development are often treated as the products of neoliberalism that allegedly transform cities everywhere into urban fortresses. To the extent that these critiques have become the dominant narratives, they also risk foreclosing critical debates on gated urbanism by overgeneralizing without carefully contextualizing when, where and how gating takes place in differing urban contexts. As such, it is necessary to unpack these well‐worn arguments on gated urbanism and offer a more nuanced perspective that underscores the differentiating dynamics and contingent nature of urban gating.
G
eddes,
P
atrick
Authors: Paba Giancarlo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Patrick Geddes (1854–1932), Scottish biologist, sociologist, and planner, was one of the fathers of urban and regional planning. His career as theorist and planner spread from Edinburgh and Britain to Europe, the United States, the Middle East, and India. A generalist, scholar of a number of human and natural sciences, and advocate of the unity of knowledge, Geddes developed a planning practice that put together a creative vision of urban and regional evolution, the reading of historical and geographical contexts, sensitivity toward the social aspects of urban life, and confidence in the possibility of improving the city based on the active involvement of its inhabitants.
Gendered Space
Authors: Myrdahl Tiffany Muller 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Gendered space refers to the myriad ways in which space in all its forms – material, discursive, metaphorical, emotional, and the like – is produced by and productive of gender norms and relations. Like other social relations, gender is a sociospatial phenomenon that becomes material through enactments which reinforce and/or challenge dominant norms and relations. Because the meaning of gender changes over time and space, understanding the spatial manifestations of gender provides a powerful window into how categories of gender are defined, embodied, and imbued with specific characteristics and significance. The gendering of space has specific, material consequences for people's daily lives, their mobility, and their sense of identity.
Global
S
outh/
N
orth
Authors: Lemanski Charlotte 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A variety of labels are used to categorize the world: First/Third, East/West, developing/developed, and recently Global South/North. While most urban theory derives from Global North cities, contemporary urbanization is primarily situated in the Global South. This urban theory/practice spatial divergence has been critiqued by postcolonial scholars. Furthermore, while urban theory based on examples and empirical trends from the Global North are framed around modernity and innovation, the Global South city is overwhelmingly conceptualized through a development lens. This entry outlines the postcolonial call to internationalize urban studies via three different approaches: Southern urbanism, the ordinary city, and comparative urbanism.
Globalization
Authors: Schoenecker Amy Beth 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In a relatively short period of time we have become accustomed to connecting with friends and relatives instantaneously regardless of location. Despite this, a strong connection to place persists. Globalization, the very set of processes that reduce the importance of location, has also created a renewed emphasis on place by prioritizing urban and regional areas as sites of global capital and production. The changes have created uneven results – from deindustrialization and urban blight, to swelling populations in megacities, to global cities marked by both wealth and poverty. This entry explores both the urban constraints and opportunities of globalization.
Globopolis
Authors: Rozpedowski Joanna K. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
There is an established scholarly view that cities of multiethnic and multicultural and therefore contemporary cosmopolitan character distinguish themselves from global hubs by being both democratic and inclusive, allowing the civil society to avoid the pitfalls of gentrification, exercise sufficient control over urban planning, participate in the city's political process, and take an active part in governance. The entry traces the philosophical origins of contemporary accounts of cosmopolitanism and its material manifestations in the global city – that is, the globopolis – paradigm.
Glurbanization
Authors: Matusitz Jonathan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAs an urban model, glurbanization – a combination of the words “global” and “urbanization” – postulates that important urban transformations and reconfigurations through rescaling processes (called interscalar strategies) are taking place and are greatly enhancing the status and potential of cities (and their regions) so as to increase global competitive advantages. An essential premise of glurbanization is that large cities on the planet, called “global cities,” eventually come to have the same attributes (i.e., cityscapes, skyscrapers, financial districts, cultural hubs, etc.). This occurs as a result of major urban developments that take place.
G
urgaon
Authors: Narain Vishal , Singh Aditya Kumar 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Gurgaon is located in the northwest Indian state of Haryana. It has been growing since the 1980s as a recreation, residential, and outsourcing hub. This has been led predominantly by private initiative, though the state has provided a policy environment conducive to this. This process was shaped by the acquisition of agricultural land and water resources from the periphery; this has spawned debates about the equity and justice implications of such growth. Village settlement areas coexist with urban high rises. The city has expanded beyond its carrying capacity; water resources are overstressed and infrastructure falls way short of the requirements.
Heterotopia
Authors: Dehaene Michiel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHeterotopia is a term coined by Michel Foucault and literally means “other space.” The term is used to refer to spaces that constitute a break with normal spaces and can accommodate practices that cannot exist in these normalized situations. The exact interpretation is contested. Discussions typically include the relationship to utopia; the nature of what makes these spaces other; the interpretation of space; and the relative position of other spaces to normalized space. The term is particularly popular in the field of urban studies. It offers a site and interpretative framework to a broad range of interdisciplinary discussions.
HOPE VI
Authors: Williams Cameron 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

In 1992, the
US
Department of Housing and Urban Development (
HUD
) created the Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere (
HOPE VI
) program to help revitalize the nation's aging and declining subsidized housing stock. The program strove to improve the nation's aging housing stock by demolishing or rehabilitating the worst units and redeveloping some into mixed‐income developments. The mixed‐income developments that were built contain a mix of deeply subsidized, affordable, and market‐rate units. The goal of
HOPE VI
was to integrate public housing developments into the surrounding communities to end the decades‐long isolation of residents living in concentrated poverty. The framers of
HOPE VI
claimed that an end to social isolation, living near middle‐class families, and more amenities would provide public housing residents with the resources they needed to become self‐sufficient. The program also increased the allocation of Housing Choice Vouchers to help relocated residents to rent apartments in the private market.
Housing Estates
Authors: van Kempen Ronald , Bolt Gideon 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Housing estates should not be seen by definition as the worst places in the city. Although quite a number of these estates do suffer from very bad stigmatization and heavy concentrations of all kinds of social and socioeconomic problems, other estates function very well and have an important housing function in the housing market and for those with lower incomes. Processes of urban restructuring have physically improved a number of estates in the past decade or two, although this did not automatically lead to social improvements. At the same time, research has indicated that many residents of large housing estates are fairly satisfied with, or even take some pride in, living there.
Land and Housing Tenure
Authors: Mejica María Soledad Arqueros , Ostuni Fernando 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis entry focuses on how the problem of land and housing tenure has been addressed by different scholars and academic traditions. Revisiting the inputs of critical urban studies, the entry presents private property as a key aspect that needs to be considered when analyzing land and housing tenure within the capitalist city. In addition, Latin American urban research has shown how the characteristics of cities in this region, caught in the tension between development and dependent capitalism, is inevitably related to urban informality while addressing the topic of urban land tenure, ownership, and tenure security.
Image of the City
Authors: King Colby R. , Leandres Samantha 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The image of the city is an ever‐evolving representation of a city's character, unique for each observer, and is socially constructed based on the observer's mental maps of both objectively and subjectively observed characteristics of the city. A term originally coined by Kevin Lynch, the “image of the city” is comprised of both the stationary elements of design and the mobile elements represented by the people and social activities within the city. With globalization, cities increasingly compete to construct images, through place branding, to attract businesses, tourism, and other economic investment.
Immigrant Residential Segregation
Authors: Barbosa Guillermo Yrizar 
Published: April 2019

AbstractImmigrant residential segregation is the physical or geographic separation of two or more socially constructed groups into residential spaces, usually neighborhoods, and when at least one of the groups is constituted by international migrants in comparison to another group, usually the native nonimmigrant majority. This is a form of segregation that sorts immigrant groups into different social and urban spaces across cities, regions, or metropolitan areas. The residential patterns of immigrant groups in receiving contexts has been a field of continuous interest and research for social scientists in contemporary North American and Western European societies. Since the 1960s, the growing urbanization and ethnoracial diversity of foreign‐born migrants and their offspring have raised empirical questions and theoretical frameworks about their spatial distribution and socioeconomic or demographic characteristics compared to native‐born populations. Immigrant residential segregation varies across and within countries and social groups, and happens for several reasons, including housing market discrimination and individual choices.
Informal Economy
Authors: Coletto Diego 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The informal economy is huge: recent estimates have confirmed its importance in terms of employment and gross domestic product in many countries in the Global North and South. Over the years many attempts have been made to define and explain the informal economy. While the past approaches were essentially based on dichotomies, in recent years attention has shifted to the continuum between formal and informal economy and to informality's segmentation. Although knowledge about the informal economy has improved over the years, some dilemmas are still unresolved, and the relationship between informality and globalization processes seems to demand more empirical research in order to understand how informality works in different contexts.
Informal Settlements
Authors: Jimenez‐Huerta Edith Rosario 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Most people in developing countries have to house themselves, because neither the market nor the public sector is offering affordable land or housing to cover their needs. Informal settlements are the largest physical feature of cities throughout the developing world, housing between 30 and 70 percent of the urban population. Public policies designed to reduce their number have failed, and the global trend is actually rising. In some countries, including China and India, single informal settlements can house millions. Today overurbanization is making it increasingly difficult for inhabitants to find a secure place to live and to consolidate their settlements. Current debate suggests that ambiguous terms such as the widely employed “informal settlements” should be discarded. Instead these areas of the city should be considered simply as what they are: socially produced spaces. The definition of these settlements is complex and elusive and their characteristics change over time, by region, by country, and even within a single city. However, the central question of informal settlements is that their informality, and all its synonyms, stem from a definition of property rights according to civil law, where individual rights prevail over social rights.
Informality
Authors: Bardhan Ronita , Jana Arnab , Sarkar Sayantani 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe progress of urbanization in the developing world has had various consequences. Of these, informality is one of the most significant. The complex demographic makeup of the developing world has made the difference between formality and informality vague. In this entry, urban informality is examined by looking at evidence from the city of Mumbai. Mumbai's urban fabric is a complex mosaic of formal and informal spaces. The study analyzes the phenomenon of informality from various aspects of the urban system of Mumbai city, such as settlement and socioeconomic setup, and shows that the existing informality extends to the multi‐tiered cultural strata of the city. Therefore, to manage informality, it becomes necessary to understand the nature and extent of this phenomenon and also to identify the significant role that it plays in the development process of the city.