bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Social Origins of Institutional Weakness and Change: Preferences, Power, and Police Reform in Latin America
Authors: González Yanilda 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDespite historic increases in crime and violence, Latin America’s police forces are characterized by long periods of institutional weakness punctuated by rare, sweeping reforms. To understand these patterns of institutional continuity and change, the author applies the concept of structural power, demonstrating how police leverage their control of coercion to constrain the policy options available to politicians. Within this constrained policy space, politicians choosing between continuity and reform assess societal preferences for police reform and patterns of political competition. Under fragmented societal preferences, irrespective of political competition, reform brings little electoral gain and risks alienating a powerful bureaucracy. Preference fragmentation thus favors the persistence of institutional weakness. When societal preferences converge and a robust political opposition threatens incumbents, politicians face an electoral counterweight to the structural power of police, making reform likely. Using evidence from periods of continuity and reform in Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia, the author traces both outcomes to shifts in societal preferences and political opposition. Despite the imperative to address citizens’ demands by building state capacity in security provision, these cases show that police reform is often rendered electorally disadvantageous.
The Choice between Intergovernmentalism and Nongovernmentalism: Projecting Domestic Preferences to Global Governance
Authors: Grigorescu Alexandru , Başer Çağlayan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article seeks to explain when governments are more likely to take an intergovernmental approach to resolving global collective problems rather than step back and encourage (or simply allow) nongovernmental actors to become the main global governors. The authors suggest that an important factor driving this choice is the domestic ideological leanings of powerful states toward greater or lesser government activism. Such ideologies connect domestic preferences to international ones. They also lead to the establishment of domestic institutions that, in turn, facilitate the emergence of international organizations. Using these arguments, the authors develop a set of inferences regarding the likelihood that governments will establish and join intergovernmental organizations. The authors test their hypotheses through a study of global governance in the education realm, and also apply a series of statistical analyses covering developments in all issue-areas over the last century and a half.
Historical Contingencies in the Evolution of States and Their Militaries
Authors: Bendor Jonathan , Shapiro Jacob N. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHistorians and some scholars of international relations have long argued that historical contingencies play a critical role in the evolution of the international system, but have not explained whether they do so to a greater extent than in other domains or why such differences may exist. The authors address these lacunae by identifying stable differences between war and other policy domains that render the evolution of the international system more subject to chance events than those other domains. The selection environment of international politics has produced tightly integrated organizations (militaries) as the domain’s key players to a much greater degree than other policy domains. Because there are few players, no law of large numbers holds, and because militaries are tightly integrated, microshocks can reverberate up to macro-organizational levels. The anarchic character of the international system amplifies the impact of these shocks. The authors explore these phenomena in a range of historical examples.
Radiative Heating Rates Computed With Clouds Derived From Satellite‐Based Passive and Active Sensors and their Effects on Generation of Available Potential Energy
Authors: Kato Seiji , Rose Fred G. , Ham Seung Hee , Rutan David A. , Radkevich Alexander , Caldwell Thomas E. , Sun‐Mack Sunny , Miller Walter F. , Chen Yan 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRadiative heating rates computed with cloud properties derived from passive and active sensors are investigated. Zonal monthly radiative heating rate anomalies computed using both active and passive sensors show that larger variability in longwave cooling exists near the tropical tropopause and near the top of the boundary layer between ~50°N to ~50°S. Aerosol variability contributes to increases in shortwave heating rate variability. When zonal monthly mean cloud effects on the radiative heating rate computed with both active and passive sensors and those computed with passive sensor only are compared, the latter shows cooling and heating peaks corresponding to cloud top and base height ranges used for separating cloud types. The difference of these two sets of cloud radiative effect on heating rates in the middle to upper troposphere is larger than the radiative heating rate uncertainty estimated based on the difference of two active sensor radiative heating rate profile data products. In addition, radiative heating rate contribution to generation of eddy available potential energy is also investigated. Although radiation contribution to generation of eddy available potential energy averaged over a year and the entire globe is small, radiation increases the eddy available potential energy in the northern hemisphere during summer. Two key elements that longwave radiation contribute to the generation of eddy potential energy are (1) longitudinal temperature gradient in the atmosphere associated with land and ocean surface temperatures contrasts and absorption of longwave radiation emitted by the surface and (2) cooling near the cloud top of stratocumulus clouds.
On the Interpretation of the ENSO Signal Embedded in the Stable Isotopic Composition of Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru
Authors: Hurley J. V. , Vuille Mathias , Hardy Douglas R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe δ18O signal in ice cores from the Quelccaya Ice Cap (QIC), Peru, corresponds with and has been used to reconstruct Niño region sea surface temperatures (SSTs), but the physical mechanisms that tie El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐related equatorial Pacific SSTs to snow δ18O at 5,680 m in the Andes have not been fully established. We use a proxy system model to simulate how QIC snow δ18O varies by ENSO phase. The model accurately simulates higher and lower δ18O values during El Niño and La Niña, respectively. We then explore the relative roles of ENSO forcing on different components of the forward model: (i) the seasonality and amount of snow gain and loss at the QIC, (ii) the initial water vapor δ18O values, and (iii) regional temperature. Most (more than two thirds) of the ENSO‐related variability in the QIC δ18O can be accounted for by ENSO's influence on South American summer monsoon (SASM) activity and the resulting change in the initial water vapor isotopic composition. The initial water vapor δ18O values are affected by the strength of upstream convection associated with the SASM. Since convection over the Amazon is enhanced during La Niña, the water vapor over the western Amazon Basin—which serves as moisture source for snowfall on QIC—is characterized by more negative δ18O values. In the forward model, higher initial water vapor δ‐values during El Niño yield higher snow δ18O at the QIC. Our results clarify that the ENSO‐related isotope signal on Quelccaya should not be interpreted as a simple temperature response.
Evaluation of WRF Modeling in Relation to Different Land Surface Schemes and Initial and Boundary Conditions: A Snow Event Simulation Over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Lian , Ma Yaoming , Menenti Massimo , Zhang Xinzhong , Ma Weiqiang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSnowfall and the subsequent evolution of the snowpack play important roles in the cryospheric and hydrospheric processes that occur on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Current literature provides scarce evidence covering the sensitivity of solid precipitation to land surface physics schemes and initial and boundary conditions on the TP. Six numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model were conducted to simulate a snow event over the TP in March 2017. Different land surface physics schemes, that is, Community Land Model (CLM), Noah, and Noah‐MP, and initial and boundary conditions provided by atmospheric reanalysis data sets, that is, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐FNL and ERA‐Interim data sets, were applied in sensitivity analyses. The observed near‐surface air temperature, snow depth, and snow water equivalent (SWE) values were used to evaluate each model's performance. The results demonstrate that (1) the sensitivity of the near‐surface air temperature to land surface physics schemes is greater than it is to both the initial and boundary conditions; (2) the best performance is achieved when applying WRF + CLM with a root‐mean‐square error of 8.4 °C, a mean absolute deviation of 7.3 °C, a correlation coefficient of 0.75, and a spatial correlation coefficient of ~0.5 to air temperature estimates. A potentially important factor appears to be the advanced parametrization of albedo in the CLM scheme; (3) the advanced land surface schemes in the WRF model describes the physics of cryospheric and hydrospheric processes in detail, and the land surface response is determined by multiple variables and parameters in such schemes. The spatial patterns in such variables and parameters determined the detailed spatial variabilities observed in snow cover and amount and its temporal evolution. The WRF model overestimates, however, the intensity and extent of snow depth and SWE; (4) simulations of solid precipitation are more accurate when applying CLM or Noah‐MP + ERA‐Interim in WRF; and (5) WRF performance with regard to SWE estimates clearly depends upon the discrimination of lighter from heavier snowfall.
Synchronized Two‐Station Optical and Electric Field Observations of Multiple Upward Lightning Flashes Triggered by a 310‐kA +CG Flash
Authors: Wu Bin , Lyu Weitao , Qi Qi , Ma Ying , Chen Lyuwen , Zhang Yijun , Zhu Yanan , Rakov V. A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA positive cloud‐to‐ground (+CG) lightning flash containing a single stroke with a peak current of approximately +310 kA followed by a long continuing current triggered seven upward lightning flashes from tall structures. The flashes were observed on 4 June 2016 at the Tall Object Lightning Observatory in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. The optical and electric field characteristics of these flashes were analyzed using synchronized two‐station data from two high‐speed video cameras, one total‐sky lightning channel imager, two lightning channel imagers, and two sets of slow and fast electric field measuring systems. Three upward flashes were initiated sequentially in the field of view of high‐speed video cameras. One of them was initiated approximately 0.35 ms after the return stroke of +CG flash from the Canton Tower, the tallest structure within a 12‐km radius of the +CG flash, while the other two upward flashes were initiated from two other, more distant tall objects, approximately 18 ms after the +CG flash stroke. The initiation of the latter two upward flashes could be caused by the combined effect of the return stroke of +CG flash, its associated continuing current, and K process in the cloud. Each of these three upward flashes contained multiple downward leader/upward return stroke sequences, with the first leader/return stroke sequence of the second and third flashes occurring only after the completion of the last leader/return stroke sequence of the preceding flash. The total number of strokes in the three upward flashes was 13, and they occurred over approximately 1.5 s.
A New Stochastic Model for the Boundary Layer Clouds and Stratocumulus Phase Transition Regimes: Open Cells, Closed Cells, and Convective Rolls
Authors: Khouider Boualem , Bihlo Alexander 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAdequate forecasting, nowcasting, and parameterization of fog and low clouds is still challenging despite being the focus of intensive research for a long time. Stratocumulus clouds have the ability to self‐organize into a variety of topological structures, including closed and open convection cells, convection rolls, and scattered cumulus. A lot is known about the large‐scale conditions in which shallow clouds and fog develop and decay. However, because of the various complex interactions with the environment, transitions between these various cloud regimes are hard to capture in numerical models. Recent work viewed these cloud regimes as the equilibrium states of phase transition in a stochastic model. Here we build on this idea to propose a new stochastic model based on the lattice particles‐Ising model of statistical mechanics, bringing in important improvements by allowing, for example, multiple equilibria and for direct feedback onto the large‐scale dynamics. Idealized numerical simulations demonstrate that the new model reproduces qualitatively the observed regimes of stratocumulus when the external forcing is varied. The new model forms a metastable dynamical system where transitions between extreme regimes occur dynamically, that is, within the same numerical simulation, for a large range of fixed parameter values, and sometimes lead to the co‐occurrence of mixed states with pockets of closed cells and open cells intercepted by regions of scattered cloudiness, resembling the emergence of convection rolls in nature. This is believed to be a step forward in improving the parameterization of shallow clouds in climate models.
3‐D Structure of the Northern Oman‐UAE Ophiolite: Widespread, Short‐Lived, Suprasubduction Zone Magmatism
Authors: Ambrose Tyler K. , Searle Michael P. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Oman‐United Arab Emirates (UAE) ophiolite is the most intensely studied ophiolite on Earth, is commonly used as a template for other poorly exposed and structurally complex ophiolites, and is often used as an analog for fast‐spreading mid‐ocean ridges like the East Pacific Rise. Several recent studies, including the largest ever focused on the UAE, have suggested that the pseudostratigraphy of the ophiolite in the UAE is distinct from Oman. Such interpretations have led researchers to propose that the UAE portion of the ophiolite underwent a separate magmatic and tectonic evolution. We present a profile along a new road section in the UAE that reveals continuous exposure of the entire ophiolite section and places key constraints on the internal architecture. We infer the geometry of the ophiolite thrust sheet and propose a model for the structure, pseudostratigraphy, and evolution of the ophiolite in the UAE that is simplified yet more consistent with geochemical and geochronological data. Our results indicate that (1) the architecture of ophiolite in the UAE is similar to Oman, and there is no reason to infer a different tectonic history, (2) the ophiolite is gently folded but largely intact, (3) extension and magmatism during formation of the ophiolite was broadly distributed, (4) there are no large gabbro bodies in the mantle sequence; they are all above the petrological Moho, and (5) the entire magmatic sequence was generated in a short time (~1 million years), and thus, the ophiolite cannot be compared to the long‐lasting (>100 million years) fast‐spreading East Pacific Rise.
Cosmic-ray propagation in the bi-stable interstellar medium
Authors: Commerçon Benoît , Marcowith Alexandre , Dubois Yohan 
Published: December 2018

Context. Cosmic rays propagate through the galactic scales down to the smaller scales at which stars form. Cosmic rays are close to energy equipartition with the other components of the interstellar medium and can provide a support against gravity if pressure gradients develop.
Aims. We study the propagation of cosmic rays within the turbulent and magnetised bi-stable interstellar gas. The conditions necessary for cosmic-ray trapping and cosmic-ray pressure gradient development are investigated.
Methods. We derived an analytical value of the critical diffusion coefficient for cosmic-ray trapping within a turbulent medium, which follows the observed scaling relations. We then presented a numerical study using 3D simulations of the evolution of a mixture of interstellar gas and cosmic rays, in which turbulence is driven at varying scales by stochastic forcing within a box of 40 pc. We explored a large parameter space in which the cosmic-ray diffusion coefficient, the magnetisation, the driving scale, and the amplitude of the turbulence forcing, as well as the initial cosmic-ray energy density, vary.
Results. We identify a clear transition in the interstellar dynamics for cosmic-ray diffusion coefficients below a critical value deduced from observed scaling relations. This critical diffusion depends on the characteristic length scale L of Dcrit ≃ 3.1 × 1023 cm2 s−1(L/1 pc)q+1, where the exponent q relates the turbulent velocity dispersion σ to the length scale as σ ~ Lq. Hence, in our simulations this transition occurs around Dcrit ≃ 1024–1025 cm2 s−1. The transition is recovered in all cases of our parameter study and is in very good agreement with our simple analytical estimate. In the trapped cosmic-ray regime, the induced cosmic-ray pressure gradients can modify the gas flow and provide a support against the thermal instability development. We discuss possible mechanisms that can significantly reduce the cosmic-ray diffusion coefficients within the interstellar medium.
Conclusions. Cosmic-ray pressure gradients can develop and modify the evolution of thermally bi-stable gas for diffusion coefficients D0 ≤ 1025 cm2 s−1 or in regions where the cosmic-ray pressure exceeds the thermal one by more than a factor of ten. This study provides the basis for further works including more realistic cosmic-ray diffusion coefficients, as well as local cosmic-ray sources.
Rotational rest frequencies of the low lying vibrational states of n-propyl cyanide from extensive laboratory measurements up to 506 GHz
Authors: Liu Delong , Walters Adam , Wehres Nadine , Lewen Frank , Schlemmer Stephan , Müller Holger S. P. 
Published: December 2018

Context. The spectra of four low-lying vibrational states of both anti and gauche conformers of normal-propyl cyanide were previously measured and analyzed in two spectral windows between 36 and 127 GHz. All states were then identified in a spectral line survey called Exploring Molecular Complexity with ALMA (EMoCA) toward Sagittarius B2(N) between 84.1 and 114.4 GHz with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in its Cycles 0 and 1.
Aims. We wanted to extend the measurements and analysis up to 506 GHz to provide accurate predictions over a much wider range of frequencies, quantum numbers and energies.
Methods. We carried out measurements in two additional frequency windows up to 506 GHz.
Results. For the gauche conformer, a large number of both a- and b-type transitions were identified. For the anti conformer, transitions were predominantly, but not exclusively, a-type. We hence improved molecular parameters for the ground states of both anti- and gauche-n-propyl cyanide and for excited vibrational states of the gauche conformer (v30 = 1, v29 = 1, v30 = 2, v28 = 1) and anti conformer (v30 = 1, v18 = 1, v30 = 2, v29 = 1) with high order coupling parameters determined between v18 = 1 and v30 = 2. Parameters are published for the first time for v18 = v30 = 1 of the anti conformer and for v29 = v30 = 1 of the gauche conformer.
Conclusions. In total 15385 lines have been incorporated in the fits and should allow good predictions for unperturbed lines over the whole operating range of radio-telescopes. Evidence is found for vibrational coupling for some levels above 380 GHz. The coupling between v18 = 1 and v30 = 2 of the anti conformer has been well characterized. An additional list of 740 lines showing potential but as yet unidentified coupling has been provided for astrophysical identification.
Therapie von Vorhofflimmern bei Herzinsuffizienz – sind die Leitlinien noch aktuell?
Authors: Willy Kevin , Dechering Dirk , Eckardt Lars 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungDas Verhältnis von Vorhofflimmern und Herzinsuffizienz geht über eine Koinzidenz hinaus. Vielmehr bedingen sich beide Erkrankungen pathogenetisch wechselseitig. In der jüngeren Vergangenheit hat es einige Studien gegeben, die den direkten Effekt einer Behandlung von Vorhofflimmern auf eine begleitend vorliegende Herzinsuffizienz untersucht haben. Die CASTLE-AF-Studie konnte kürzlich zeigen, dass eine katheterinterventionelle Behandlung des Vorhofflimmerns die Prognose und Symptomatik herzinsuffizienter Patienten verbessert. Deshalb könnte diese Therapie zukünftig ein effektiver Pfeiler der Herzinsuffizienztherapie sein und wird vermutlich in zukünftigen Leitlinien einen größeren Raum einnehmen. Zudem hat mit Sacubitril/Valsartan ein neuer und jetzt schon bedeutsamer Baustein der Herzinsuffizienzmedikation möglicherweise ein antiarrhythmisches Potenzial, dessen Einfluss auf Vorhofflimmern interessant zu beobachten sein wird. Insgesamt ist damit die Interaktion von Vorhofflimmern und Herzinsuffizienz nicht nur pathogenetisch relevant, sondern wahrscheinlich auch therapeutisch von großer Bedeutung.
Der tragbare Defibrillator – für wen und wie lange?
Authors: Veltmann Christian , Duncker David 
Published: December 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Verhinderung des plötzlichen Herztodes stellt weiterhin eine große und relevante klinische Herausforderung dar. Implantierbare Kardioverter/Defibrillatoren (ICD) verhindern den plötzlichen Herztod, allerdings besteht die Indikation zur primärprophylaktischen Implantation eines ICDs erst nach mindestens 3-monatiger optimierter Herzinsuffizienztherapie. Nach neu diagnostizierter Herzinsuffizienz mit schwer reduzierter linksventrikulärer Funktion besteht ein erhöhtes Risiko für den plötzlichen Herztod. In der Phase der Etablierung und Optimierung der Herzinsuffizienzmedikation und Evaluation des Risikos für einen plötzlichen Herztod kann der tragbare Defibrillator (WCD) zum Schutz vor dem plötzlichen Herztod sicher eingesetzt werden. Neben diesem klinischen Szenario kann der WCD auch bei Patienten mit etablierter ICD-Indikation zum Einsatz kommen. Sollte die Implantation eines ICDs aufgrund von Komorbiditäten oder anderen Umständen nicht möglich sein, kann der WCD zur Überbrückung der Zeit bis zur Implantation des ICD zum Schutz vor dem plötzlichen Herztod erwogen werden. Diese Übersichtsarbeit bietet eine Zusammenfassung der aktuellen Daten zur Indikation des WCDs bei Patienten mit und ohne etablierte ICD-Indikation.