bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating PVT Data of Complex Fluid Systems with the Regional Geology of the Northern Oman Fahud and Ghaba Salt Basins: Examples from the Haima Supergroup of Oman
Authors: Al Amri S. S. , Van Jaarsveld J. , Bell A. , El-Azhary A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An integrated analysis of fluid property data of deep tight gas-condensate stacked reservoirs was coupled with regional petroleum system analysis across North-Central Oman to investigate variations observed in PVT data. The study, focused on the lower Haima reservoirs of the Haima Supergroup, aims to identify the broad links between the petroleum system and the PVT properties in order to delineate areas of varying properties within the basin and develop a common Equation of State (EoS) fluid model for modelling purposes.
The approach is based on investigating fluid property variation observed from PVT lab reports across multiple fields and reservoirs. Data trends were plotted against a range of key subsurface parameters for multiple fluid samples. A comparison of the fluid property data from PVT with the maturity and temperature history of the basin was carried out to understand property variation and link it with the regional geology. The process links PVT trends to Geochemistry by investigating HC maturity and mixing of Hydrocarbon sources. It also dives into the reservoirs’ temperature and maturity history within the basin.
The study focused on ensuring that the developed approach can help in understanding fluid property variation within the subsurface by integrating PVT Lab data with the charge history. While it was anticipated that reservoir stratigraphy and depth would have a direct relationship with fluid density and composition, the findings revealed that the complexity of charge history, hydrocarbon mixing, and temperature history significantly influence the observed variability. However, coming to this understanding can aid in identifying areas with potential for development, such as delineating uncertainty range of the fluid properties & CGR across the basins. Despite these insights, the common EoS model was found to be reasonably effective across the area of interest.
This workflow has provided good insights into the fluid history of the basin by linking PVT data trends and variation with observations from charge history understanding. It has also assisted in understanding the limitations of PVT modelling across complex reservoir fluid systems.
The Use of Bio-Distillate Marine Fuel To Decarbonize Marine Operations - Sea-Trial Experiment on A Small-Scale Vessel
Authors: Heyberger B. , Callu C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Biodiesel blend is one of the multiple solutions that will contribute reaching the Carbon Footprint Reduction ambitions of the marine activities.
However, field experience has shown issues with the use of FAME due to its hydroscopic behavior, resulting in filter blocking, increase of maintenance, injectors fouling… These issues are mainly linked to microbiological contamination.
The objective of this test is to mitigate the risk of using biodiesel blends in small-scale vessels, representative of fishing and Exploration & Production activities, i.e. with engines from 150kW to 7 MW.
To demonstrate the possibility of using biodiesel blends on small-scale vessels, a sea-trial was performed on a rescue ship equipped with two twin engines, Iveco Cursor (346 kW). The fuel tanks were isolated to dedicate one tank to one engine. Tanks and piping were cleaned, and filters replaced before the sea trial. One tank contained DMA the other one DFA with 30% FAME. The engines were instrumented with lubricant and fuel sensors as well as emissions sensors. In parallel, DMA and DFA were submitted to an ageing in specific lab conditions to follow a microbiological growth if any.
The rescue ship is running on DMA (marine distillate) and DFA (marine distillate containing FAME) since July 2023 without any issue. The NOx emissions sensors don't emphasize any significant difference when the engine is running on DMA or DFA whereas the particulates matter emissions are reduced up to 50% at full load on the engine fueled with the DFA containing 30% of FAME. The crew didn't observe any dysfunction nor maintenance increase. The FAME content was increased to 50% without any issue so far.
The ageing study to follow the microbiological growth is performed on the first production of DMA and DFA. DMA and DFA were spiked with 1% of contaminated water and the DFA sample is considered without and with an additive package containing a bacteriostatic molecule. ASTM D7687 is performed on a monthly basis and ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) was not detected in any of the samples.
The demonstration of the smooth use of biodiesel blends on a small-scale vessel, with no adverse effect on-board the ship or in terms of pollutants emissions, is the essential step before developing a reliable and cost-efficient supply chain of biodiesel blends for offshore activities to reduce its carbon footprint. This solution can be implemented without any modification except a careful pre-cleaning of the tanks, fuel piping and filters onboard.
Decarbonising a Gas Processing Facility: Optimisation through Innovative Solar Thermal Technology in Northern Africa
Authors: Abdalla H. , Abdeljawed F. , Kriechbaum L. , Von Moy C. G. , Trofaier N. , Hunyadi-Gall M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Integrating power from renewable energy sources (RES) into existing gas processing facilities to reduce their electricity and fuel consumption plays a crucial role in decarbonising the industry. However, the volatile nature and seasonal intensity fluctuations of RES introduce significant uncertainties when designing or optimising process facilities for technological and cost effectiveness to achieve the highest possible fuel and CO2 emission reduction. Detailed models and simulations based on historical weather and operational data supported by traditional engineering approaches and tools are required for this multidisciplinary iterative optimisation.
With the initial project goal to create a technology blueprint for decarbonisation initiatives in the gas processing industry, a comprehensive case study focusing on the integration of an innovative solar thermal technology into the gas processing facility of the Nawara gas field in Tunisia was conducted. The study's novel core technology is an inflatable concentrating solar thermal collector of proprietary design that is made of recyclable plastics suitable for sunbelt conditions. The primary objective was to demonstrate the engineering approach required for its optimal integration into the facility's existing process heat supply system, consisting of a single gas-fired heater and multiple consumers at various temperature levels, to reduce overall fuel consumption and increase economic viability. Thermodynamic models of the solar thermal farm and its integration into the process heat cycle were developed for performing time series calculations based on hourly resolved historical heat demand and solar radiation data to investigate optimal system tie-in, sizing, and operation. Additionally, design-relevant parameters like media temperatures and volume flows were determined to assist a projected basic engineering phase.
As the study showed, the substitution of heat from the natural gas-powered heater with energy from a solar thermal source is highly dependent on the design of the collector farm, its tie-in point, and the operational flexibility of the existing process heat supply system. During the evaluation of the various scenarios with different equipment sizes and integration approaches, fuel savings between 13 and 29% were attainable even without the implementation of a thermal energy storage unit for operation during nighttime. A follow-up risk assessment based on the study's results provided crucial insights into the operational aspects of the integration of the considered solar thermal technology, enabling significant risk reduction potential for the future development of respective assets. The case study is the first to examine the integration of solar thermal energy into a gas processing facility and is also the first commercial demonstration of the inflatable solar thermal collector technology at megawatt-scale.
Analyzing Limited Steam Chest Collapse in Thermal Oil Recovery: Insights from Field Data
Authors: Riyami Hamed , Chelladurai Samuel , Siyabi Majid 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Steam injection has played a pivotal role in the evolution of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques, significantly enhancing hydrocarbon extraction from reservoirs. Applied mainly in heavy oil reservoirs where other forms of EOR are less effective, steam injection has proven to be a mainstay EOR method since the 1960s. However, developments are still being taken to understand the intricacies of the steam injection process in the field.
The findings presented are derived from extensive field data analysis on a steam injection field in Oman with more than 40 years of history, where steam is continuously injected in an inverted nine spot pattern steam drive project. The analytical evaluation of producers-injector communication reveals novel insights into the performance, efficiency, and optimization of steam injection for optimal extraction of hydrocarbons.
It was found that the behavior of water cut in producers can be adversely affected by shutting in nearby communicating injectors, especially, when an injector is shut in for a short duration and then started again. This does not allow enough time for the condensed water in the channels between the injector and producer to be withdrawn. This results in a waterfront development from this unflushed water which gets pushed from the injector to the producer, significantly increasing the water cut.
Field behavior has shown, the stopping of a steam injector can, in some cases, increase the water cut of nearby communicating producers. Steam injectors form pathways to producers, these pathways get heated and retain that heat as long as steam is injected. Both steam and oil flow in these channels. Intermittent shut ins of steam injectors interrupt the steam propagation within these pathways and introduces an imbalance in the system. Cooling the fluids in the reservoir will condense the steam and without the pressure drive from the injector, the water remains in the reservoir until the injection starts again. Once injection is started again, the pressure drive pushes the condensed water into the producer. The unfavorable mobility ratio of oil resulting from reservoir cooling, yield more water production compared to when the injector was running continuously.
The study investigates the physics behind the intermitting steam interruption and its implications on well and reservoir management, especially, steam injection strategy and how to minimize oil loss from intermittent steam injector shut in.
Cybersecurity in Oil & Gas 4.0: A Systematic Literature Review of Challenges, Threats, and Mitigating Measures
Authors: Alsalama Ahmed M. , Alzahrani Mona S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Oil & Gas 4.0 refers to the journey of the oil and gas industry toward digital transformation as part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Enterprises around the globe are adopting technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Cloud Computing, Virtual and Augmented reality to boost overall business productivity. The oil and gas industry is an essential part of the energy sector that plays a vital role in the global economy. Like most international enterprises, this sector is susceptible to cyber-attacks due to its reliance on technology and digital systems. Cyberattacks on oil and gas facilities can cause significant damage to critical infrastructure such as pipelines, refineries, and drilling rigs. These attacks can disrupt the supply of energy resources and lead to environmental disasters. The oil and gas industry deals with sensitive data including information about reserves, production volumes, planned expansions, financial information, and intellectual property related to innovation and research. Cyberattacks can compromise this data leading to financial losses and reputational damage. For all oil and gas companies that are committed to the Oil & Gas 4.0 journey, cybersecurity presents complex challenges and major threats to the business. This systematic literature review aims to identify and analyze the cybersecurity challenges, threats, and mitigations in the oil and gas industry. This review includes comprehensive research of relevant literature published between 2014 and 2023. The findings reveal that the oil and gas industry is facing various cybersecurity challenges, including a significant increase of cyberattacks, a lack of awareness among employees, and inadequate cybersecurity measures. The review also highlights the different types of cyber threats faced by the industry, such as malware attacks, phishing scams, and ransomware attacks. These cyber threats present substantial challenges to the progress of oil and gas companies in implementing digital transformation strategies. This paper provides valuable insights into the current state of cybersecurity in the oil and gas industry and offers recommendations for improving cybersecurity practices to ensure a smooth digital transformation.
Well Integrity Analysis to Assess SCP Inside Hig Temperature Gas Wells
Authors: Ramasamy R. , Siew C. , Shaleh F. Arief , Prakaash M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Frequent cases of high temperature (HT) gas wells experiencing annulus pressure have driven the development and implementation of advanced modelling and analyses techniques to assess the severity of the sustained casing pressure (SCP), its impacts on to the wells' cement and casings. The potential root cause of this build-up is also identified and rationalized. Two case studies are presented here based on their individual nature of the SCP incident and severity, and the most effective mitigations have been proposed and successfully implemented to maintain continuous productions without any need for any additional costly well intervention activities.
Real-time pressure and temperature data are heavily relied upon to provide data to assess the SCP issues affecting the wells. Based on the obtained data, the impact of the annulus pressure magnitude and frequency of the build-up are assessed against the casings' allowable material limits. Once the casing integrity is confirmed and mapped against the maximum pressure limits, the cyclic pressure ranges are evaluated to assess the casing fatigue capacity and to determine the pressure bleeding intervals. The cement integrity checks are carried out based on the obtained data to check the annulus pressure magnitude and if the casing-cement interface (or cement bond) are breached. This will also help streamline potential root causes for the pressure build-up and provide insights into any remedial measures which can be taken or if the in-operation mitigations are still an effective option.
For the two HT gas wells being assessed, the root causes are identified with sound rationalisations provided by the real-time data coupled with the analyses which are carried out. The mitigation plan to bleed-out on weekly basis is also found to be effective and safe which maintains the casings' fatigue life throughout the wells' intended production life, whilst having adequate load resistance to prevent any structural failures.
The introduction of advanced numerical modelling to evaluate annulus cement integrity during SCP events have proved to be crucial in determining the remaining effectiveness of the anulus cement, in addition to obtaining the extent of the cement damage / cracks from the prediction during the continuous pressure build-up and subsequent bleeding-out cycles which may occur as rapid as every week. This has proven to provide insights and confidence into safe continuous production without needing for costly interventions etc.
Virtual Voyages: Exploring the Potential of VR/AR in Marine Education and Training
Authors: Naqvi Syeda Mahwish , Rasool Shahzad , Haider Fakiha , Naqvi Faiza , Zehra Mehkar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objective
Technology is revolutionizing every sphere of life and marine education, and training is also expecting a change. This study explores the potential of Virtual and Augmented Reality in marine education and training, aiming to look into investigate the various stakeholders' perspectives and experiences on the use of this new technology. The use of VR/AR technologies provides interactive and immersive experiences, revolutionizing traditional approaches of learning and education within the marine-related fields. By conducting informal interviews and discussions with marine trainers, educators, students, industry professionals, and VR/AR developers, this study explores the perceptions, needs, opportunities and challenges surrounding the use of VR/AR in marine education and training.

Procedure
Study employed a qualitative approach, allowing for in-depth exploration and analysis of insights and perspectives of the participants. Participants are selected on the basis of their expertise in marine-related fields, making sure a diverse range of perspectives and insights are captured. Data is collected through informal interviews with stakeholders, during which note-taking is conducted to capture the responses, observations and reflections of the selected participants. These notes provided detailed accounts of opinions, experiences, and suggestions of stakeholders regarding the use of VR/AR technologies in marine education and training.

Results
Findings from the study offered a wide range of insights with regard to regarding the use of VR/AR in marine education and training. Participants articulate eagerness for the potential of these technologies to boost the learning outcomes, engagement, and practical skills acquisition in marine-related disciplines. However, challenges such as technological barriers, cost considerations and the need for customized content and training modules are also identified. Stakeholders also emphasize the significance of innovation, collaboration and ongoing professional development to capitalize on the benefits of VR/AR within the context of marine education and training.

Novelty/Contribution
By and large, this study contributes important qualitative insights into the current knowledge stream and future directions of VR/AR integration in marine education and training. By capitalizing on the perspectives and experiences of stakeholders, educators, trainers, policymakers and technology developers can make informed decisions; develop targeted interventions, andcultivate collaboration to exploit the full potential of VR/AR technologies in advancing marine education and training initiatives.
Generative AI Powered Virtual Data Rooms for Energy
Authors: Tishechkin D. , Gubanov Y. , Gibson R. , Tribbey S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the ever-evolving Oil & Gas (O&G) industry, National Oil Companies (NOCs) are central to the management and distribution of critical energy resources. A key aspect of their operations involves conducting bidding rounds to attract investments and forge partnerships for the exploration and development of oil and gas fields. Historically, this process required physical data rooms where interested parties could access confidential information related to the bids. However, with the rise of cloud technology, this practice has been transformed by the introduction of virtual data rooms (VDRs), which offer "a faster, more cost-effective, and efficient way to manage data and information during licensing and bidding rounds" (1).
Generative AI, a subset of artificial intelligence, involves models that can generate new data based on patterns learned from existing data. This technology presents remarkable potential in various applications and could "transform the human-machine interaction in the oil and gas industry" (3). When applied to Virtual Data Rooms, Generative AI augments existing processes by extracting summaries from automated document analysis. Gen AI will enhance search and retrieval of data, compared to traditional keyword-based search. Generative AI search functionality significantly improves by understanding data context and intent, allowing for more accurate and relevant search results. Organizing and categorizing documents in a VDR can be a daunting task, particularly during large transactions where the volume of data is overwhelming. Generative AI assists by automatically categorizing and organizing documents based on their relevance.
Optimized Water Management Life Cycle Strategy for a Giant Offshore Field
Authors: Chen Peng , Alyan Mohand Ahmed , AlHarbi Manal Saeed 
Published: November 2024

Water management plays a vital role in the oil and gas industry since it is an important injectant to maintain reservoir pressure in addition to being a by-product of oil crude production which needs to be separated. Optimal water management is critical for maximizing production profitability and hence minimizing total water life-cycle costs. This paper presents an integrated water management life cycle strategy for one of the largest offshore oilfields in the world.
The subject field is currently injecting seawater under matrix injection mode. Reservoir souring, scale modelling, core-flood tests, etc. were conducted to evaluate water compatibility, scaling risk and water specification required for properly designing the surface facilities to process raw seawater for injection without negatively affecting reservoir performance.
The field's rock quality varies in different regions: permeability is higher in the east region and gradually deteriorates towards the west area. Different water injection strategies are applied to address the variance based on lab study results: in the east part, sea water is filtered down to 2µm before injecting to subsurface to avoid formation damage. Whereas in the west part average permeability is around 1mD which poses huge difficulties in terms of water injectivity and its development. The traditional approach of wellbore cleaning and stimulation coupled with an innovative solution of removing sulphate from the seawater to reduce SrSO4 scale risk are implemented to address these sea water injection complications.