bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary biogeography of the terrestrial biota of the Marquesas Islands, one of the world's remotest archipelagos
Authors: Hembry David H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimHere I review phylogenetic studies concerning the biogeography of the Marquesas Islands, an oceanic hotspot archipelago in the Pacific Ocean formed <5.5 Ma, and compare patterns (particularly pertaining to colonization and diversification) within the archipelago to those reported from the Hawaiian and Society Islands.LocationMarquesas Islands, French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean).MethodsI reviewed 37 phylogenetic studies incorporating Marquesas‐endemic taxa. I asked the following questions: (a) where are the sister‐groups of Marquesas lineages distributed? (b) are Marquesas‐endemic “radiations” monophyletic or polyphyletic? (c) what major between‐island phylogeographic barriers are seen in the Marquesas? (d) what evidence exists for diversification within islands? (e) how old is the Marquesas biota compared to the archipelago's age? Finally, these patterns are compared with those seen in the Society Islands and Hawaii.ResultsMost Marquesan lineages have their closest known relatives on other Pacific plate archipelagos (particularly the Society, Hawaiian, and Austral islands). Most Marquesas‐endemic radiations are found to be monophyletic, and among‐island diversification appears to be common. There is limited evidence for within‐island diversification. Some radiations may be consistent with a weak progression rule in which younger lineages are on younger islands. Crown ages of no Marquesas radiations appear to be older than the age of the archipelago (with one exception).Main conclusionsDiversification of the Marquesas biota resembles that of the Hawaiian Islands more than that of the Society Islands. Many radiations are monophyletic and some appear to diversify in parallel with the formation of the archipelago.
Scale‐dependency of the environmental influence on fish β‐diversity: Implications for ecoregionalization and conservation
Authors: Garcia Jessica , Pelletier Dominique , Carpentier Liliane , Roman William , Bockel Thomas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimTo determine the ecoregions (spatial marine areas with similar environmental and physical conditions associated with relatively homogeneous fish assemblages) for shallow reef fish assemblages based on predictive models of beta diversity (β‐diversity) that account for both large‐scale environmental factors and local habitat characteristics. We assessed the influence of a spatial scale to rank the importance of these factors.LocationNew Caledonian (south‐west Pacific Ocean, 17–24° S, 158–172° W) Exclusive Economic Zone, Coral Sea Marine Park.TaxonFish.MethodsFish and habitat data that were collected at 13 sites around New Caledonia using unbaited rotating underwater video (285 sampling stations) were analysed. Gradient forest modelling was used to predict the fish β‐diversity along the gradients of environmental factors. Ecoregions were obtained by applying clustering methods to gradient forest predictions.ResultsThe gradient forest models of β‐diversity retained 59 species (total: 206 fish species) with R² > 0, including 19 fish species with R² from 0.03% to 69%. For these 19 species, the models explained up to 26% of the variance. At a large scale, β‐diversity was significantly explained by nutrient concentrations, sea surface salinity and temperature. Among the eight ecoregions that were delineated based on the β‐diversity predictions, three regions corresponded to remote sites under oceanic influence where human pressures are low and the surface nutrient concentrations are high. On the local scale, the benthic habitat explained β‐diversity better than the physical and chemical parameters, particularly in the areas subject to anthropogenic pressures.Main conclusionsOn the local scale, the respective importance of environmental factors (physical and chemical parameters versus benthic habitat) differed according to ecosystem health. Our findings suggest that nutrient enrichment due to avifauna may have a positive effect on fish β‐diversity when an ecosystem is healthy. The ecoregions reflect fish species composition in relation to a large set of environmental parameters.
In vivo virulence and genomic comparison of infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus isolates from Atlantic Canada
Authors: LeBlanc Francis , Leadbeater Steven , Laflamme Mark , Gagné Nellie 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) is capable of causing a significant disease in Atlantic salmon, which has resulted in considerable financial losses for salmon farmers around the world. Since the first detection of ISAV in Canada in 1996, it has been a high priority for aquatic animal health management and surveillance programmes have led to the identification of many genetically distinct ISAV isolates of variable virulence. In this study, we evaluated the virulence of three ISAV isolates detected in Atlantic Canada in 2012 by doing in vivo‐controlled disease challenges with two sources of Atlantic salmon. We measured viral loads in fish tissues during the course of infection. Sequences of the full viral RNA genomes of these three ISAV isolates were obtained and compared to a high‐virulence and previously characterized isolate detected in the Bay of Fundy in 2004, as well as a newly identified ISAV NA‐HPR0 isolate. All three ISAV isolates studied were shown to be of low to mid‐virulence with fish from source A having a lower mortality rate than fish from source B. Viral load estimation using an RT‐qPCR assay targeting viral segment 8 showed a high degree of similarity between tissues. Through genomic comparison, we identified various amino acid substitutions unique to some isolates, including a stop codon in the segment 8 ORF2 not previously reported in ISAV, present in the isolate with the lowest observed virulence.
Subordinated Knowledge as a Tool for Creative Maladjustment and Resistance to Racial Oppression
Authors: Adams Glenn , Salter Phia S. , Kurtiş Tuğçe , Naemi Pegah , Estrada‐Villalta Sara 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn his address to the APA, King (1968) suggested that critical consciousness about racism, based on realities of African American experience, could serve as a tool for creative maladjustment: resistance to collective delusions and refusal to assimilate to pathological norms of a racist society. In this article, we summarize a program of research that applies decolonial perspectives of cultural psychology and a focus on the intentionality of everyday worlds to the topic of creative maladjustment. In particular, we consider the potential of critical historical consciousness, rooted in the experience of racially subordinated communities, as a resource for perception of injustice and support for policies designed to restore social justice. Hegemonic knowledge institutions (including psychological science) have evolved via cultural selection to protect White comfort and to promote White ignorance. An anti‐racist response requires investment in knowledge forms that challenge White delusions and afford creative maladjustment to systems of oppression—a task that King highlighted for psychologists more than 50 years ago.
Reaffirming King's Vision: The Power of Participation in Inclusive Diversity Efforts to Benefit Intergroup Outcomes
Authors: Brannon Tiffany N. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn 1967, Martin Luther King, Jr. reaffirmed a vision of integration as “an opportunity to participate in the beauty of diversity.” Drawing inspiration from King's vision, across two datasets with White and Asian college students (N = 1,957, N = 1,324), this article finds support for the power of participation in inclusive diversity efforts associated with underrepresented groups (i.e., Latina/o and African Americans) to benefit intergroup attitudes. Specifically, participating in an academic course or activity that involves Latina/o/x or African American culture is related to greater outgroup closeness and more supportive perceptions of policies that address inequality. Perceptions of policies included attitudes toward the merits of affirmative action, use of multicultural (vs. colorblind) approaches to diversity, and endorsement of structural (vs. individual) explanations for inequality. These results held controlling for other types of contact (i.e., outgroup friendships, roommates, interactions), college‐level demographic diversity, and prior intergroup attitudes and diversity exposure. The importance of engagement in inclusive diversity efforts for achieving integration is discussed.
Emotional Distress, Bullying Victimization, and Protective Factors Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adolescents in City, Suburban, Town, and Rural Locations
Authors: Eisenberg Marla E. , Gower Amy L. , McMorris Barbara J. , Rider G. Nicole , Coleman Eli 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPurposeUnderstanding the root causes of the substantial disparities in risk and protective factors among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) adolescents is essential to the development and expansion of resources and supports for this vulnerable population. This study examines differences in emotional distress, bullying victimization, and protective factors among TGD high school students in city, suburban, town, and rural locations.MethodsData come from a statewide school‐based survey conducted in Minnesota in 2016 (n = 2,168 TGD youth). Analysis of covariance models were used to predict the prevalence of multiple indicators of emotional distress, bullying victimization, and protective factors across the 4 location categories, with multiple adjustments.FindingsSignificant linear trends were observed for 2 emotional distress outcomes and 2 bullying victimization outcomes, with urban TGD students having the lowest rates and rural having the highest prevalences. Additional significant differences in emotional distress were noted, with unexpectedly high rates of depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation among suburban students.ConclusionsHelping TGD adolescents in all types of locations identify resources and supportive professionals is critical to supporting this population.
Compositional variability on the surface of 1 Ceres revealed through GRaND measurements of high‐energy gamma rays
Authors: Lawrence David J. , Peplowski Patrick N. , Beck Andrew W. , Feldman William C. , Prettyman Thomas H. , Russell Chris T. , Toplis Michael J. , Wilson Jack T. , Ammannito Eleonora , Castillo‐Rogez Julie C. , DeSanctis M. C. , Mest Scott C. , Neesemann Adrian 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHigh‐energy gamma rays (HEGRs) from Ceres’s surface were measured using Dawn's Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND). Models of cosmic‐ray‐initiated gamma ray production predict that the HEGR flux will inversely vary with single‐layer hydrogen concentrations for Ceres‐like compositions. The measured data confirm this prediction. The hydrogen‐induced variations in HEGR rates were decoupled from the measurements by detrending the HEGR data with Ceres single‐layer hydrogen concentrations determined by GRaND neutron measurements. Models indicate that hydrogen‐detrended HEGR counting rates correlate with water‐free average atomic mass, which is denoted as <A>*. HEGR variations across Ceres’s surface are consistent with <A>* variations of ±0.5 atomic mass units. Chemical variations in the CM and CI chondrites, our closest analogs to Ceres’s surface, suggest that <A>* variations on Ceres are primarily driven by variations in the concentration of Fe, although other elements such as Mg and S could contribute. Dawn observations have shown that Ceres’s interior structure and surface composition have been modified by some combination of physical (i.e., ice‐rock fractionation) and/or chemical (i.e., alteration) processes that has led to variations in bulk surface chemistry. Locations of the highest inferred <A>* values, and thus possibly the highest Fe and least altered materials, tend to be younger, less cratered surfaces that are broadly associated with the impact ejecta of Ceres’s largest craters.
On the carrier phase of the “planetary” noble gases: TEM, Raman, and stepped combustion data for acid‐resistant residues from the Saratov (L4) meteorite
Authors: Fisenko Anatolii V. , Verchovsky Alexander B. , Shiryaev Andrei A. , Semjonova Luba F. , Averin Alexey A. , Vasiliev Alexander L. , Nickolsky Maximilian S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAcid‐resistant residues (ARR) were separated from the Saratov (L4) meteorite with the aim to shed more light on the origin of the planetary noble gases (the Q‐gases) in meteorites and the nature of their carrier phase (Q‐phase). Eleven fractions were obtained by HCl and HCl+HF etching, ultrasonication, and subsequent density separation of the ARR in isopropanol and isopropanol+NaOH. Two aliquots of the fractions were also treated with H2O2 and HNO3 to investigate any influence of the oxidizing agent on the Q‐gases retention. The separated ARR fractions have been analyzed for C, N, and noble gases using step combustion. Raman and TEM analyses of the carbonaceous phase structures have also been applied for some of the fractions. This appears to be one of the most detailed investigations of the ARR fractions so far. The important observation made for the ARR fraction studied by TEM is the presence of abundant curved graphene stacks with a variable number of layers. Significant amounts of single‐ and bilayer graphenes and nanosized chromite grains partly covered with graphene layers are also observed. The principal features of the Q noble gases in the studied ARR fractions are the following. (1) Elemental composition of the Q‐gases depends on the extraction protocol. The most interesting is that upon H2O2 oxidation, the noble gases are retained in the sequence Xe<Ar≪He, while after HNO3 it is in the sequence He≪Xe<Ar. (2) The resistance of the Q‐phase against the thermochemical treatment is lower than for the graphite‐like phase. The results of the current work together with literature data suggest that nongraphitizing curved graphene‐like carbon sheets are the most plausible carrier of the Q‐gases.
Summanen, a new meteorite impact structure in Central Finland
Authors: Plado Jüri , Hietala Satu , Kreitsmann Timmu , Lerssi Jouni , Nenonen Jari , Pesonen Lauri J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Summanen structure (62°39.0′N, 25°22.5′E) is located within the Paleoproterozoic Central Finland Granite Belt, Fennoscandian Shield. The structure is hidden under Lake Summanen and not directly observable. It owes its discovery to low‐altitude airborne geophysical data, which revealed a circular, ~2.6 km wide electromagnetic in‐phase, and resistivity, anomalies. Two field campaigns were conducted in 2017 to search for impact signatures. The fieldwork concentrated on the southeastern side of the lake following the ice flow direction of the latest (Weichselian) glaciation. In addition, the islands and the SE peninsulas of the mainland were investigated for outcrops and glacial erratics. A few tens of erratic boulders with shatter cones and striated features, and a few brecciated rocks were discovered. Lamposaari Island in the eastern part of the lake revealed one fractured outcrop containing in situ porphyritic granite with converging striated features. Microscopic shock metamorphic features in two shatter‐cone‐bearing samples of porphyritic granite were found. These are planar deformation features (PDFs; up to two sets) in quartz and kink bands in biotite. Based on these geological, geophysical, and petrographic results, we suggest that Lake Summanen hides a relatively small, probably simple, meteorite impact structure, the twelfth confirmed one in Finland, of so far unknown age.
Composition, petrology, and chondrule‐matrix complementarity of the recently discovered Jbilet Winselwan CM2 chondrite
Authors: Friend Pia , Hezel Dominik C. , Barrat Jean‐Alix , Zipfel Jutta , Palme Herbert , Metzler Knut 
Published: June 2018

AbstractJbilet Winselwan (JW) is a recently found CM2 chondrite breccia containing two lithologies. A study of 508 chondrules provides the first statistically reliable size distribution for CM chondrite chondrules, which is about log normal with a mean chondrule size of 149 μm (lithology I) and 141 μm (lithology II). Chondrules are surrounded by fine‐grained rims. Apparent chondrule diameters and their apparent rim thicknesses are positively correlated with slopes of 0.12 (lithology II) and 0.18 (lithology I), the latter typical of CM chondrites. The CM chondrites are generally primitive and parts of JW experienced only mild aqueous alteration. Bulk JW element ratios are solar (=CI chondritic), e.g., Si/Mg (1.12), Fe/Mg (1.80–1.83), Ti/Al (0.053), and about solar for Ca/Al. The 26 chemically studied chondrules have subchondritic Si/Mg (0.88) and Fe/Mg ratios (0.21). Matrix and the fine‐grained chondrule rims on the other hand have superchondritic Si/Mg ratios with means of 1.34 and 1.41, respectively. The Fe/Mg ratios are also superchondritic, with means of 2.41 (matrix) and 2.61 (fine‐grained rims). The refractory element ratios in chondrules are superchondritic (Ti/Al: 0.106; Ca/Al: 1.64), and subchondritic in the JW matrix (Ti/Al: 0.031; Ca/Al: 0.71) and in the fine‐grained rims (Ti/Al: 0.023; Ca/Al: 0.68). These complementary element ratios require formation of chondrules and matrix/rims from the same reservoir in order to obtain a chondritic bulk composition. Most chondrules are mineralogically zoned, with olivine in the core and low‐Ca pyroxene in the rim; hence, CM chondrules were open systems, exchanging material with the surrounding gas.
Evaluation of a new T2 Magnetic Resonance assay for rapid detection of emergent fungal pathogen Candida auris on clinical skin swab samples
Authors: Sexton D. Joseph , Bentz Meghan L. , Welsh Rory M. , Litvintseva Anastasia P. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryCandida auris is a multidrug‐resistant pathogenic yeast whose recent emergence is of increasing public‐health concern. C. auris can colonise multiple body sites, including patients’ skin, and survive for weeks in the health care environment, facilitating patient‐to‐patient transmission and fueling health care‐associated outbreaks. Rapid and accurate detection of C. auris colonisation is essential for timely implementation of infection control measures and to prevent transmission. Currently, axilla/groin composite swabs, used to assess colonisation status, are processed using a culture‐based method that is sensitive and specific but requires 14 days. This delay limits the opportunity to respond and highlights the need for a faster alternative. The culture‐independent T2 Magnetic Resonance (T2MR) system is a rapid diagnostic platform shown to detect target pathogens of interest from unprocessed blood samples in <5 hours. In this study, a new C. auris‐specific T2 assay was evaluated for screening of the skin surveillance samples. Inclusivity and limit of detection of the T2 C. auris assay were assessed with spiked samples in a representative skin flora background. The T2 C. auris assay recognised isolates from each of the 4 known clades of C. auris and consistently detected cells at 5 CFU/mL. Finally, 89 clinical axilla/groin swab samples were processed with the T2 C. auris assay. The culture‐based diagnostic assay was used as a gold standard to determine performance statistics including sensitivity (0.89) and specificity (0.98). Overall, the T2 C. auris assay performed well as a rapid diagnostic and could help expedite the detection of C. auris in patient skin swabs.
Polyclonal antibodies to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis are able to recognise antigens from different strains from Paracoccidioides species complex, including Paracoccidioides lutzii LDR2
Authors: Lenhard‐Vidal Adriane , Assolini João P. , Chiyoda Franciele A. S. , Ono Mário A. , Sano Ayako , Itano Eiko N. 
Published: June 2018

SummarySince the new species Paracoccidioides lutzii emerged in 2009, much has been researched on strains previously considered atypical. Still, there is no consensus about recognition of antigens from P. lutzii by antibodies directed to other Paracoccidioides species, which can have great impact on Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) diagnosis. Current research investigated soluble protein/carbohydrate epitopes from P. lutzii LDR2, Paracoccidioides restrepiensis B339 and Paracoccidioides americana LDR3 recognised by IgG directed to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Cell free antigens (CFA) were analysed by: (a)silver and periodic acid‐Schiff staining of SDS‐PAGE; (b)immunoblot (IB) with rabbit IgG anti‐P. brasiliensis Pb18; (c)IB and ELISA with a pool of PCM patients’ sera before and after treatment with sodium metaperiodate (SMP) to oxidise carbohydrate epitopes. Both rabbit and human immune sera recognised several antigens of P. lutzii LDR2, P. restrepiensis B339 and P. americana LDR3. P. lutzii's gp43 was not observed in IB or silver/PAS staining. SMP treatment affected reactions with all 3 CFAs, but more intensely with antigens from P. lutzii LDR2. In conclusion, antibodies directed to P. brasiliensis recognised antigens from P. lutzii LDR2. The use of any of the recognised antigens in a broad spectrum diagnostic model for Paracoccidioides species complex needs to be further investigated.
Climate change leads to accelerated transformation of high‐elevation vegetation in the central Alps
Authors: Lamprecht Andrea , Semenchuk Philipp Robert , Steinbauer Klaus , Winkler Manuela , Pauli Harald 
Published: June 2018

Summary

High mountain ecosystems and their biota are governed by low‐temperature conditions and thus can be used as indicators for climate warming impacts on natural ecosystems, provided that long‐term data exist.

We used data from the largest alpine to nival permanent plot site in the Alps, established in the frame of the Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA) on Schrankogel in the Tyrolean Alps, Austria, in 1994, and resurveyed in 2004 and 2014.

Vascular plant species richness per plot increased over the entire period, albeit to a lesser extent in the second decade, because disappearance events increased markedly in the latter period. Although presence/absence data could only marginally explain range shift dynamics, changes in species cover and plant community composition indicate an accelerating transformation towards a more warmth‐demanding and more drought‐adapted vegetation, which is strongest at the lowest, least rugged subsite.

Divergent responses of vertical distribution groups of species suggest that direct warming effects, rather than competitive displacement, are the primary causes of the observed patterns. The continued decrease in cryophilic species could imply that trailing edge dynamics proceed more rapidly than successful colonisation, which would favour a period of accelerated species declines.