bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sourcing Innovation: On Feedback in Contests
Authors: Mihm Jürgen , Schlapp Jochen 
Published: May 2018

It is notoriously difficult to provide outside parties with adequate incentives for innovation. Contests—in which solvers compete for a prize offered by the contest holder—have been shown to be an effective incentive mechanism. Despite considerable interest in this concept, we lack a thorough understanding of important aspects of contests; in particular, feedback from the contest holder to the solvers has received only limited attention. This paper discusses how contest holders can improve contest outcomes by devising an optimal information structure for their feedback policies. We first identify when, and when not, to give feedback as well as which type of feedback to give: public (which all solvers can observe) or private (which only the focal solver can observe). We uncover a nontrivial relationship between contest characteristics and optimal feedback choices. Second, we examine whether the contest holder should mandate interim feedback or instead allow solvers to seek feedback at their own discretion. Third, we discuss how changing the granularity of feedback information affects its value to solvers.This paper was accepted by Ashish Arora, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Interbank Networks and Backdoor Bailouts: Benefiting from Other Banks’ Government Guarantees
Authors: Eisert Tim , Eufinger Christian 
Published: May 2018

This paper explains why banks derive a benefit from being highly interconnected. We show that when banks are protected by government guarantees, they can significantly increase their expected returns by channeling funds through the interbank market before these funds are invested in real assets. If banks that are protected by implicit or explicit government guarantees act as intermediaries between other banks and real investments, there is the possibility that these intermediary banks will be rescued by their governments if the real assets fail. This additional hedge increases the likelihood that banks and their creditors are repaid relative to a direct investment in those same real assets. We show that this incentive to exploit the government guarantees of other banks leads to long intermediation chains and a degree of interconnectedness that is above the welfare-optimal level, which justifies regulatory intervention. This paper was accepted by Amit Seru, finance.
A Maquinação Virtual: da subjetividade egoica à subjetividade incondicionada da técnica moderna
Authors: Sendra de Assis André 
Published: May 2018

O presente trabalho discute o processo paulatino da virtualização do mundo a partir da exposição de Martin Heidegger sobre a era da técnica moderna. Para tanto, será acompanhado o trabalho do filósofo na descrição dos elementos fundamentais do pensamento moderno, a saber, o advento da subjetividade egoica e o posicionamento do mundo como pura representabilidade do sujeito, até o momento no qual ocorre a autonomização de tal esquema posicionador, para além do sujeito e do objeto, de modo a instituir o caráter essencial do mundo contemporâneo: a subjetividade incondicionada. Acompanhando este processo, o trabalho visa trazer à tona a determinação específica de um mundo no qual tudo vira nada e, consequentemente, tudo se torna passível de ser produzido pela maquinação (Machenschaft). Neste ponto, a ciência cibernética ocupa um lugar central, pois é a partir dela que pode ocorrer, às últimas consequências, a produção de um mundo virtual.
Parents' experiences of clinical care during second trimester miscarriage
Authors: Cullen Sarah , Coughlan Barbara , McMahon Anne , Casey Brenda , Power Sheila , Brosnan Mary 
Published: May 2018

Background Second trimester miscarriage is defined as pregnancy loss after 12 weeks and before 24 weeks gestation. The care that parents receive has been shown to greatly influence the woman's recovery after pregnancy. Aims To explore parents' experiences of hospital care during a second trimester miscarriage, from the time of diagnosis through to follow-up care. Methods A focused ethnographic design to conduct semi-structured interviews with 14 bereaved parents before thematic data analysis. Findings Parents highlighted the need for effective medical care in relation to medical treatment, pain relief and length of hospital stay, going home to prepare for the delivery and follow-up care. Parents emphasised the importance of appropriate facilities and being separate from other parents and babies. Clear communication and finding a cause for their miscarriage was also important for parents. Conclusion Second trimester miscarriage is a significant life event for parents. Effective, individualised clinical care is needed to meet the medical needs of bereaved parents.
Spasticity management with botulinum toxin: A comparison of UK physiotherapy and rehabilitation medicine injectors
Authors: Ashford Stephen , Nair Ajoy , Williams Heather , Esdon James , Steed Aideen , Nyein Kyaw , Turner-Stokes Lynne 
Published: May 2018

Background/Aims: To compare patient outcomes following botulinum toxin (BoNT) injection by either physiotherapy or rehabilitation medicine (medical) professionals over a 3-year period. Methods: A retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted in a specialised rehabilitation service providing spasticity management including BoNT injection and physical therapy (group therapy, individual therapy, self-exercise, and physical management programmes). Individualised goals were established before treatment using goal attainment scaling (GAS) by the multidisciplinary team. The Arm Activity measure (ArmA) was used to evaluate upper limb function and the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) used to evaluate spasticity. Findings: A total of 262 patients were injected. Mean GAS T-score after treatment for the group was 50.2 ± 6.7. GAS T-score for physiotherapy injectors (n=214 (82% of participants)) was 50.2 ± 6.4 and for rehabilitation medicine injectors (n=48 (18%)) 50.3 ± 7.9. No significant differences were identified in terms of goal achievement, upper limb passive function, or spasticity reduction between physiotherapy and rehabilitation medicine injectors. Differences were identified at both baseline (physiotherapist mean 49.7; rehabilitation medicine mean 46.6) and follow-up for active function (physiotherapist mean=49.7; rehabilitation medicine mean=47.8) (ArmA active function subscale; p=0.03). No reportable adverse effects were recorded. No difference in the complexity of injection (such as complex clinical presentation, anticoagulation, or technical difficulty) between the injector groups was identified. Conclusions: Clinical outcomes were comparable between physiotherapy and rehabilitation medicine injectors. No difference in side effect profile or complexity of injection was identified. In this cohort, injection of BoNT by a physiotherapist was as effective in terms of GAS as that undertaken by a rehabilitation medicine physician.
Management of recurrent wheeze in pre-school children with a high risk of developing asthma
Authors: Moore-Crouch Rachael 
Published: May 2018

Wheeze occurs in around one-third of children under 5 years. Rachael Moore-Crouch explains how to manage wheeze in children at a high risk of developing asthma Wheeze is common in pre-school children, with up to one-third of all children developing symptoms. Of these children, one-third will go on to develop asthma by school age. Asthma is difficult to diagnose in pre-school children due to the inability to undertake reliable assessments of lung function to demonstrate reversible airflow obstruction or airway inflammation. The lack of objective testing can lead to over-diagnosis of asthma and inappropriate treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. Where asthma is highly suspected, treatment should be commenced with a carefully observed trial focusing on managing current symptoms with the lowest dose and minimal treatment. Parents should receive clear education and plans for escalation of care.
Robot-assisted surgical ward rounds: virtually always there
Authors: Croghan Stefanie M. , Carroll Paul , Ridgway Paul F. , Gillis Amy E. , Reade Sarah 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundWhile an explosion in technological sophistication has revolutionised surgery within the operating theatre, delivery of surgical ward-based care has seen little innovation. Use of telepresence allowing offsite clinicians communicate with patients has been largely restricted to outpatient settings or use of complex, expensive and static devices. We designed a prospective study ascertaining feasibility and face validity of a remotely controlled mobile audiovisual drone (LUCY) to access inpatients. This device is, uniquely, lightweight, freely mobile and emulates ‘human’ interaction by swiveling and adjusting height to patients’ eye-level.MethodsRobot-assisted ward rounds (RASWRs) were conducted over 3 months. A remotely located consultant surgeon communicated with patients/bedside teams via encrypted audiovisual telepresence robot (DoubleRobotics, Burlingame, CA). Likert-scale satisfaction questionnaires, incorporating free-text sections for mixed-methods data collection, were disseminated to patient and staff volunteers following RASWRs. The same cohort completed a linked questionnaire following conventional (gold-standard) rounds, acting as a control group. Data were paired and non-parametric analysis was performed.ResultsRASWRs are feasible (>90% completed without technical difficulty). The RASWR (n= 52 observations) demonstrated face validity with strong correlations (r> 0.7; Spearman,p-value < 0.05) between robotic and conventional ward rounds among patients and staff on core themes, including dignity/confidentiality/communication/satisfaction with management plan. Patients (96.08%,n= 25) agreed RASWR were a satisfactory alternative when consultant physical presence was not possible. There was acceptance of nursing/non-consultant hospital doctor cohort [100% (n= 11) willing to regularly partake in RASWR].ConclusionRASWRs receive high levels of patient and staff acceptance, and offer a valid alternative to conventional ward rounds when a consultant cannot be physically present.
Dialect comprehension and identification in L2 Spanish: Familiarity and type of exposure
Authors: Schoonmaker-Gates Elena 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Previous work has shown that both native and nonnative listeners’ production and perception of regional variation changes with an individual’s residential history, social ties, and exposure to different dialects. The present study investigates the relationship between L2 learners’ dialect familiarity and their ability to understand and identify regional varieties in the read speech of native speakers from six different regions. The source and depth of participants’ past dialect exposure, as well as a measure of their proficiency in Spanish, were also accounted for in this investigation of 60 L1 English speakers’ performance on a transcription task and a dialect identification task. Results revealed that familiarity was a significant predictor of learners’ dialect identification regardless of level, and it also predicted the dialect comprehension of more advanced students. Comprehension but not identification was also more accurate when multiple types of exposure were reported and when exposure was through native instructors, study abroad, and media from a specific region. Ultimately, the present findings shed light on second language learners’ comprehension and identification of different regional varieties of Spanish with and without prior exposure to each dialect, including the effects of different sources of exposure on participants’ perception.
Short-Term Plasticity Combines with Excitation–Inhibition Balance to Expand Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Dynamic Range
Authors: Grangeray-Vilmint Anais , Valera Antoine M. , Kumar Arvind , Isope Philippe 
Published: May 2018

The balance between excitation (E) and inhibition (I) in neuronal networks controls the firing rate of principal cells through simple network organization, such as feedforward inhibitory circuits. Here, we demonstrate in male mice, that at the granule cell (GrC)-molecular layer interneuron (MLI)-Purkinje cell (PC) pathway of the cerebellar cortex, E/I balance is dynamically controlled by short-term dynamics during bursts of stimuli, shaping cerebellar output. Using a combination of electrophysiological recordings, optogenetic stimulation, and modeling, we describe the wide range of bidirectional changes in PC discharge triggered by GrC bursts, from robust excitation to complete inhibition. At high frequency (200 Hz), increasing the number of pulses in a burst (from 3 to 7) can switch a net inhibition of PC to a net excitation. Measurements of EPSCs and IPSCs during bursts and modeling showed that this feature can be explained by the interplay between short-term dynamics of the GrC-MLI-PC pathway and E/I balance impinging on PC. Our findings demonstrate that PC firing rate is highly sensitive to the duration of GrC bursts, which may define a temporal-to-rate code transformation in the cerebellar cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSensorimotor information processing in the cerebellar cortex leads to the occurrence of a sequence of synaptic excitation and inhibition in Purkinje cells. Granule cells convey direct excitatory inputs and indirect inhibitory inputs to the Purkinje cells, through molecular layer interneurons, forming a feedforward inhibitory pathway. Using electrophysiological recordings, optogenetic stimulation, and mathematical modeling, we found that presynaptic short-term dynamics affect the balance between synaptic excitation and inhibition on Purkinje cells during high-frequency bursts and can reverse the sign of granule cell influence on Purkinje cell discharge when burst duration increases. We conclude that short-term dynamics may play an important role in transforming the duration of sensory inputs arriving on cerebellar granule cells into cerebellar cortical output firing rate.
R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 Are Essential for Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Survival for Correct Myelination in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Sanz-Rodriguez Miriam , Gruart Agnès , Escudero-Ramirez Juan , de Castro Fernando , Delgado-García José María , Wandosell Francisco , Cubelos Beatriz 
Published: May 2018

Rapid and effective neural transmission of information requires correct axonal myelination. Modifications in myelination alter axonal capacity to transmit electric impulses and enable pathological conditions. In the CNS, oligodendrocytes (OLs) myelinate axons, a complex process involving various cellular interactions. However, we know little about the mechanisms that orchestrate correct myelination. Here, we demonstrate that OLs express R-Ras1 and R-Ras2. Using female and male mutant mice to delete these proteins, we found that activation of the PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2-MAPK pathways was weaker in mice lacking one or both of these GTPases, suggesting that both proteins coordinate the activity of these two pathways. Loss of R-Ras1 and/or R-Ras2 diminishes the number of OLs in major myelinated CNS tracts and increases the proportion of immature OLs. InR-Ras1−/−andR-Ras2−/−-null mice, OLs show aberrant morphologies and fail to differentiate correctly into myelin-forming phenotypes. The smaller OL population and abnormal OL maturation induce severe hypomyelination, with shorter nodes of Ranvier inR-Ras1−/−and/orR-Ras2−/−mice. These defects explain the slower conduction velocity of myelinated axons that we observed in the absence of R-Ras1 and R-Ras2. Together, these results suggest that R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 are upstream elements that regulate the survival and differentiation of progenitors into OLs through the PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2-MAPK pathways for proper myelination.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn this study, we show that R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 play essential roles in regulating myelinationin vivoand control fundamental aspects of oligodendrocyte (OL) survival and differentiation through synergistic activation of PI3K/Akt and Erk1/2-MAPK signaling. Mice lacking R-Ras1 and/or R-Ras2 show a diminished OL population with a higher proportion of immature OLs, explaining the observed hypomyelination in main CNS tracts.In vivoelectrophysiology recordings demonstrate a slower conduction velocity of nerve impulses in the absence of R-Ras1 and R-Ras2. Therefore, R-Ras1 and R-Ras2 are essential for proper axonal myelination and accurate neural transmission.
Prednisolone is associated with a worse bone mineral density in primary adrenal insufficiency
Authors: Frey Kathrin R , Kienitz Tina , Schulz Julia , Ventz Manfred , Zopf Kathrin , Quinkler Marcus 
Published: May 2018

ContextPatients with primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) or congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) receive life-long glucocorticoid (GC) therapy. Daily GC doses are often above the physiological cortisol production rate and can cause long-term morbidities such as osteoporosis. No prospective trial has investigated the long-term effect of different GC therapies on bone mineral density (BMD) in those patients.ObjectivesTo determine if patients on hydrocortisone (HC) or prednisolone show changes in BMD after follow-up of 5.5 years. To investigate if BMD is altered after switching from immediate- to modified-release HC.Design and patientsProspective, observational, longitudinal study with evaluation of BMD by DXA at visit1, after 2.2 ± 0.4 (visit2) and after 5.5 ± 0.8 years (visit3) included 36 PAI and 8 CAH patients. Thirteen patients received prednisolone (age 52.5 ± 14.8 years; 8 women) and 31 patients received immediate-release HC (age 48.9 ± 15.8 years; 22 women). Twelve patients on immediate-release switched to modified-release HC at visit2.ResultsPrednisolone showed significantly lower Z-scores compared to HC at femoral neck (−0.85 ± 0.80 vs −0.25 ± 1.16,P < 0.05), trochanter (−0.96 ± 0.62 vs 0.51 ± 1.07,P < 0.05) and total hip (−0.78 ± 0.55 vs 0.36 ± 1.04,P < 0.05), but not at lumbar spine, throughout the study. Prednisolone dose decreased by 8% over study time, but no significant effect was seen on BMD. BMD did not change significantly after switching from immediate- to modified-release HC.ConclusionsThe use of prednisolone as hormone replacement therapy results in significantly lower BMD compared to HC. Patients on low-dose HC replacement therapy showed unchanged Z-scores within the normal reference range during the study period.
Tissue-Specific Transcriptome for Poeciliopsis prolifica Reveals Evidence for Genetic Adaptation Related to the Evolution of a Placental Fish
Authors: Jue Nathaniel K , Foley Robert J , Reznick David N , O’Neill Rachel J , O’Neill Michael J 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The evolution of the placenta is an excellent model to examine the evolutionary processes underlying adaptive complexity due to the recent, independent derivation of placentation in divergent animal lineages. In fishes, the family Poeciliidae offers the opportunity to study placental evolution with respect to variation in degree of post-fertilization maternal provisioning among closely related sister species. In this study, we present a detailed examination of a new reference transcriptome sequence for the live-bearing, matrotrophic fish, Poeciliopsis prolifica, from multiple-tissue RNA-seq data. We describe the genetic components active in liver, brain, late-stage embryo, and the maternal placental/ovarian complex, as well as associated patterns of positive selection in a suite of orthologous genes found in fishes. Results indicate the expression of many signaling transcripts, “non-coding” sequences and repetitive elements in the maternal placental/ovarian complex. Moreover, patterns of positive selection in protein sequence evolution were found associated with live-bearing fishes, generally, and the placental P. prolifica, specifically, that appear independent of the general live-bearer lifestyle. Much of the observed patterns of gene expression and positive selection are congruent with the evolution of placentation in fish functionally converging with mammalian placental evolution and with the patterns of rapid evolution facilitated by the teleost-specific whole genome duplication event.
Sex Determination in Ceratopteris richardii Is Accompanied by Transcriptome Changes That Drive Epigenetic Reprogramming of the Young Gametophyte
Authors: Atallah Nadia M , Vitek Olga , Gaiti Federico , Tanurdzic Milos , Banks Jo Ann 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The fern Ceratopteris richardii is an important model for studies of sex determination and gamete differentiation in homosporous plants. Here we use RNA-seq to de novo assemble a transcriptome and identify genes differentially expressed in young gametophytes as their sex is determined by the presence or absence of the male-inducing pheromone called antheridiogen. Of the 1,163 consensus differentially expressed genes identified, the vast majority (1,030) are up-regulated in gametophytes treated with antheridiogen. GO term enrichment analyses of these DEGs reveals that a large number of genes involved in epigenetic reprogramming of the gametophyte genome are up-regulated by the pheromone. Additional hormone response and development genes are also up-regulated by the pheromone. This C. richardii gametophyte transcriptome and gene expression dataset will prove useful for studies focusing on sex determination and differentiation in plants.
A hagyományos kínai fitoterápia értelmezése és beillesztése a nyugati típusú orvoslásba az emberi genom ismeretének birtokában
Authors: Blázovics Anna 
Published: May 2018

Abstract: The terminology of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is hardly interpretable in the context of human genome, therefore the human genome program attracted attention towards the Western practice of medicine in China. In the last two decades, several important steps could be observed in China in relation to the approach of traditional Chinese and Western medicine. The Chinese government supports the realization of information databases for research in order to clarify the molecular biology level to detect associations between gene expression signal transduction pathways and protein–protein interactions, and the effects of bioactive components of Chinese drugs and their effectiveness. The values of TCM are becoming more and more important for Western medicine as well, because molecular biological therapies did not redeem themselves, e.g., in tumor therapy. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(18): 696–702.
Gyógynövénykivonatok fémelemtartalom-vizsgálatának jelentősége adjuváns terápiában
Authors: Szentmihályi Klára 
Published: May 2018

Abstract: The consumption of herbal teas is becoming more and more popular nowadays both as luxury foods and a complementary part of medical therapy. Beside the organic agents of medicinal plants, the presence of inorganic ions is also relevant in exerting the favorable pharmacological effect. The author briefly summarizes the importance of some essential metal ions and their quantitative values in teas applied in the adjuvant therapy of diabetes and used as diuretics. The common feature of teas used in diabetes is that they contain a measurable amount of chromium and the concentration of most essential elements (such as K, Mg, Mn and Zn) is significant, which can be considered as a mineral source for some metal ions. Diuretic herbs have an outstanding K content, but from the point of view of diuresis, the large K/Na molar ratio above 50 is relevant. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(18): 713–719