bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grotius’s Sources of Ius Gentium Slavery
Authors: van Nifterik Gustaaf 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Grotius’s discussion on slavery exhibits a dual character, as it is based on natural law on the one hand, and on ius gentium on the other. This article focuses on the sources used by Grotius in his search for the rules of ius gentium on war slavery, and compares Grotius’s insights with the works of some of his contemporaries. After briefly discussing Grotius’s introduction to ius gentium and its sources, his references to three themes concerning war slavery are analyzed. The research shows that, if need be, Grotius works according to his own rules even though it seems difficult for him to leave Greco-Roman antiquity and Europe behind; it also shows that he is content with flimsy evidence. In addition, analyzing his sources informs us about Grotius’s personal input regarding the legitimacy of war and slavery. It turns out that with regard to one of the most far-reaching principles concerning war slavery, Grotius’s insight is consistent with what seems to have been generally accepted among (European) scholars from antiquity to his own time. Another lesson learned: natural rights are not safe with Grotius, since ius gentium as presented by him is a serious threat to such rights.
Doubts on the Attribution of al-Waraqāt to Imām al-Ḥaramayn al-Juwaynī: Materials for Pseudepigrapha Studies in an Islamic Context
Authors: Amharar Ilyass 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Pseudepigraphy, namely the attribution of texts to people other than their authors, is a fascinating but complex area of philology. It involves carefully examining historical and literary evidence to determine the authenticity of attributions, a process that can be likened to traversing a winding road full of uncertainties. This article discusses reservations about the attribution of one of the most famous manuals of legal theory, al-Waraqāt fī uṣūl al-fiqh, to Imām al-Ḥaramayn al-Juwaynī (d. 478 AH / 1085 CE). The article serves as a modest roadmap for philologists venturing into the labyrinth of pseudepigraphy in Islamic texts and aims to illustrate that pseudepigraphy is far from being a binary proposition. On the contrary, it offers a range of doubts, highlighting the variability of the arguments and the need for a nuanced analysis. More broadly, this contribution also provides an opportunity for further reflection on the relationship between a text and its author.
The Influence of Lateral Spreading upon Solitary Wave Formation by Internal Tides
Authors: Li Kehan , Sutherland Bruce R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
As internal tides propagate in the ocean, they carry and dissipate energy over hundreds and even thousands of kilometers. In relatively shallow seas, the low-vertical-mode internal tide can evolve to form solitary waves whose surface signature can be detected by satellites as regions of high and low surface reflectance. To gain insight into what processes lead to the observation of internal solitary waves by satellites, we perform fully nonlinear simulations in three dimensions to examine the evolution of horizontally propagating, vertical mode 1 internal tides as it depends on wave amplitude, ocean depth, and the spanwise extent of the waves. The background stratification is set up according to measurements in the South China Sea. The spanwise evolution of the three-dimensional waves is examined in terms of the lateral spreading, radius of curvature, and sea surface signature corresponding to a threshold in the surface horizontal convergent and divergent flow. We find that the lateral spreading of the waves varies little with initial wave amplitude and ocean depth but decreases exponentially with increasing initial lateral extent. The relative deepening of isopycnals associated with solitary wave formation is greater if the initial wave amplitude is larger, but the deepening is less for waves in deeper water and if their initial lateral extent is smaller resulting in more rapid lateral spreading. Thus, for solitary waves to create a sea surface signature visible to satellites, they must be generated with sufficiently large amplitude and a sufficiently large initial lateral extent before propagating in a sufficiently shallow ocean.
Outpatient characteristics in a pediatric otolaryngology department during COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective study
Authors: Noda Masao , Koshu Ryota , Sugimoto Hisashi , Yoshizaki Tomokazu , Nomura Akihiro , Ito Makoto 
Published: November 2024

Objectives To investigate the characteristics of outpatients in the pediatric otolaryngology department of a tertiary Japanese hospital before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods In this retrospective study conducted at a tertiary center in Japan, pediatric patients aged 0–15 years who visited the pediatric otolaryngology department between 2017 and 2022 were included. The number of outpatients in the department was compared between before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (January 2017–December 2022) by year, age, sex, and the disease for which the patient was examined. Additionally, the diseases that most substantially contributed to the change in outpatient visits were evaluated in detail regarding their severity. Results Among a total of 9219 outpatients, there were no significant differences between 2017–2019 and 2020–2022 (4650 vs. 4569). In contrast, the number of new outpatients decreased by 27.5% (from 1242 to 900) in each of the three years during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, the number of patients aged 1–6 years decreased as did that of male patients. Of eight disease categories, oral cavity- and pharyngeal- related diseases decreased the most significantly, by approximately 50%, and the decrease in the number of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is thought to have had an impact on the decrease in the number of patients. Furthermore, in cases in which polysomnography testing was performed for OSA, the proportion of patients with moderate and severe categories showed a significant decrease. Conclusions The number of new pediatric ORL patients, particularly those with severe OSA, reduced during the COVID 19 pandemic. These results may provide indications about the characteristics of OSA incidence and exacerbations.
Green Versus Gray Initial Public Offerings: Ownership, Withdrawal, and Post-IPO Performance
Authors: Cleverley Freddie , Diaz-Rainey Ivan , Helbing Pia , Zhang Renzhu 
Published: November 2024

Using a unique European dataset, we examine “green” (renewable energy) and “gray” (non-renewable energy) IPOs in terms of ownership characteristics, withdrawal probability, post-withdrawal survival, and post-IPO performance. We find greater private equity and venture capital involvement and higher levels of retained ownership for green IPOs. Gray firms prefer London’s AIM, known for lighter regulation. Green firms are less likely to withdraw in recent years, survive longer, and are less likely to be sold post-withdrawal. These results, indicating a positive market and “insider” sentiment toward green firms, suggest insiders of gray firms are more often motivated by “exit” desires. Initially, green IPOs underperform with more negative BHARs and lower alphas. However, over time, this underperformance decreases due to increased institutional ownership and a higher return “reward” for greater business risk. JEL Classification: G24, G34, Q56
A diffusion kurtosis imaging study of the relationship between whole brain microstructure and cognitive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Matsumoto Nanae , Sugimoto Taiki , Yamashita Fumio , Mori Futoshi , Kuroda Yujiro , Fujita Kosuke , Uchida Kazuaki , Kishino Yoshinobu , Sasaki Makoto , Arai Hidenori , Sakurai Takashi 
Published: November 2024

Background The association of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) with microstructure of individual regions across the entire brain remains unexplored. Purpose To investigate the relationship between cognitive function and the microstructure of each brain region in the gray matter using diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is the transitional stage before the onset of dementia. Material and Methods DKI and MMSE were obtained for 34 older adults with MCI and 16 cognitively normal (CN) individuals aged 65–85 years. The DKI parameters were measured from 31 distinct regions of interest in the gray matter. A multiple regression analysis was used to examine the association between DKI parameters and MMSE scores; subsequently, interactions between the DKI parameters and the groups (MCI and CN) were examined. Results The mean (±SD) MMSE score for the MCI group was 27.67 ± 1.90. Significant positive correlations were observed between MMSE score and mean kurtosis (MK) in the superior frontal, middle frontal, inferior frontal, precentral, postcentral, angular, middle temporal, and inferior occipital gyri, and superior parietal lobe for the MCI group. In addition, the interaction term of the MK in the middle frontal, precentral, postcentral, and angular gyri, and the groups was statistically significant. Conclusion Older adults with MCI may exhibit histological damage in certain regions of the brain, such as the middle frontal and angular gyri, as observed in this study. The findings could provide insights into understanding the pathophysiology of cognitive decline in this population group.
Impact of individually tailored contrast medium on vascular attenuation in chest CT: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Henning Mette Karen , Aaløkken Trond Mogens , Martinsen Anne Catrine , Pripp Are Hugo , Johansen Safora 
Published: November 2024

Background Individually tailored contrast medium (CM) may improve vascular image quality in chest computed tomography (CT). Purpose To evaluate vascular attenuation in chest CT by comparing CM dose calculations using lean body mass (LBM) and body surface area (BSA) with a fixed-dose protocol. Material and Methods Patients referred for contrast-enhanced chest CT were categorized as either normal, muscular, or overweight. Patients were accordingly randomized into three CM dosing protocols: fixed-dose group (n = 87), LBM group (n = 92), and BSA group (n = 93). Results Of the patients, 94% in the fixed-dose group, 99% in the LBM group, and 98% in the BSA group achieved optimal vascular attenuation. In the overweight category, lower attenuation was demonstrated in the fixed-dose group compared to the LBM group ( P = 0.032) and the BSA group ( P = 0.010). In the fixed-dose group, vascular attenuation showed a negative correlation with total body weight for all body composition categories. In the LBM group, a positive correlation was observed between attenuation and total body weight in the muscular category ( P = 0.041), while a negative correlation was noted for the overweight category in the BSA group ( P = 0.049). Conclusion Fixed-dose CM protocol exhibited larger variations in vascular attenuation between patients of various body weights and body compositions compared to tailored CM doses based on LBM and BSA.
A Novel Description of Medial Meniscus Vascularization: A Multicenter Study Introducing the “Medial Meniscal Artery”
Authors: Śmigielski Robert , Azua Eric , Gursoy Safa , Khan Zeeshan A. , Mameri Enzo S. , Ciszkowska-Łysoń Beata , Ciszek Bogdan , Hevesi Mario , Piękoś Jakub , Zielińska Aleksandra , Zarins Bertram , Chahla Jorge 
Published: November 2024

Background: The microvasculature of the human meniscus has been previously described by Arnoczky and Warren. However, to date, the qualitative and quantitative extra-articular vascular anatomy of the medial meniscus has not been characterized. Purposes: To perform a qualitative and quantitative anatomic study of the extra-articular medial meniscal vasculature and to introduce the novel “medial meniscal artery” (MMA), potentially providing future guidelines for the treatment of meniscal abnormalities. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: A total of 33 unpaired, frozen human cadaveric knees were dissected. The femoral artery was identified and cannulated using an angiocatheter. The arteries were perfused with a red acrylic paint solution, allowing for improved visualization. Artery dimensions and distances were measured using a digital caliper. Perfused specimens were imaged using computed tomography and segmented using 3D reconstruction software to identify vessels and repeat artery measurements digitally. Results: The MMA was consistently identified in all specimens. In 27 (82%) of 33 specimens, the MMA branched directly from the popliteal artery; in 5 (15%), the MMA shared a common trunk with the inferior medial genicular artery; and in 1 specimen (3%), the MMA shared a common branch with the inferior lateral genicular artery. The MMA was easily distinguishable from the superior, inferior, and middle genicular arteries, given its direct course to the medial joint line with terminal branches to the posterior horn of the medial meniscus and deep to the semimembranosus tendon. The MMA exhibited a consistently smaller vessel diameter relative to the genicular arteries. Conclusion: This is the first study to identify and quantitatively describe the MMA in the human knee. The MMA can be identified consistently on gross anatomic dissection in cadaveric donors of varying demographics. Further research is needed to identify and characterize the artery in vivo and to determine the MMA’s role in meniscus preservation surgery. Clinical Relevance: The findings of this study will provide future avenues of research toward understanding medial meniscus vascularization and the genesis of potential degenerative changes when vascularization is poor. This will help to further refine diagnostic and treatment options for meniscus revascularization and compartment preservation. Additionally, this study may help define safe zones in the knee during posterior approaches and expand the base of knowledge for emerging vascular procedures such as genicular artery embolization.
A Systematic Literature Review of the Relationships Between Social and Interpersonal Factors and Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Authors: Park Jeong-Hui , Prochnow Tyler , Vigil Jacqueline A. , Smith Matthew Lee 
Published: November 2024

Objective This systematic literature review’s purpose was to examine the social factors (e.g., social network, social support, social interaction, loneliness, and social environmental factors) associated with PA among older adults. Data Source Electronic databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science) were used in this study. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Studies published in English focusing on individuals aged 65+ that assess social and intrapersonal factors influencing PA, with quantitative data on these relationships, were included, regardless of the PA measurement method. Data Extraction Two independent reviewers extracted data using a standardized form, capturing study design, sample size, participant characteristics, social factors assessed, and their relationship to PA behavior. Data Synthesis A descriptive summary of study characteristics and methodological quality was conducted. Results 1560 articles were identified and 34 were included. Wider social networks, social support, social cohesion, social norms towards PA, and positive social interactions were positively associated with PA among older adults, whereas obstructive factors (e.g., loneliness and social isolation) of the social environment were negatively associated with PA. Conclusions The findings indicate that the social environment plays a strong role in determining PA levels among older adults. Interventions targeting PA enhancement in this population should prioritize strengthening social support and networks related to PA. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanisms through which social factors impact PA in older adults.
Amelioration of Neuronal Deficits in Aged Rats Via Ganoderma lucidum Extract Alone and Combination with Alpha Lipoic Acid
Authors: Kumar Harish , Bansal Seema , Chaudhary Rishabh , Sharma Sheenam , Gupta Sumeet , Choudhary Sunayna 
Published: November 2024

Background Ageing is associated with progressive neuronal deficits, leading to cognitive decline and increased vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, there is no permanent treatment available which can cure ageing and associated neuronal deficits. Objectives The purpose of this investigation was to examine the neuroprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE), both alone and in combination with alpha lipoic acid (ALA), on age-related neuronal deficits in old rats. Materials and Methods Eight groups of rats were used in this investigation. GLE and ALA were administered alone and in combination for 90 days orally. After 90 days, various physiological, behavioural, oxidative stress and histopathological parameters were assessed. Results Treatment with GLE and ALA significantly and dose-dependently modulates the neuronal deficits of aged rats. GLE 100 with ALA 50 showed synergistic effects on aged rats. Conclusion New recent data supports the benefits of GLE for cognitive deficits in aged rats.
Development and validation of a Comprehensive Level-Based Framework for Neurogenic communication disorders (CLFN)
Authors: Subudhi Nikita M , Anil Malavika Anakkathil , Mohan Megha , Bhat Jayashree S 
Published: November 2024

Background Acquired neurogenic communication disorders are neurological disorders’ most commonly observed consequences. Profiling communication characteristics are a sensitive indicator in the tertiary centre that helps individualised management strategy to improve the quality of life in individuals with neurogenic communication disorders. Objective The research aimed to develop and validate a Comprehensive Level-based Framework for Neurogenic communication disorders (CLFN) by profiling the communication characteristics of individuals with acquired neurogenic communication disorders in a tertiary care centre. Methods The research followed a cross-sectional design and used a convenient sampling process for sample collection. A total of 76 participants were recruited for the research based on selection criteria. The initial administration of CLFN was documented as pre-levels for each domain for all the participants. A re-administration of CLFN was performed after 10 sessions over 7 days of intervention which was documented as post-levels. Results A greater proportion of participants were from the middle-aged group than in the older age group, and males were observed to have a higher frequency occurrence of neurogenic communication disorders than females. Pairwise comparison between pre-levels and post-levels was statistically significant for speech intelligibility, cognitive-communication orientation, cognitive-communication memory, cognitive-communication executive function, communication, spoken language expression, spoken language comprehension, repetition, naming, and writing domains. Conclusions The CLFN for Neurogenic communication disorders can serve as a reference for the holistic assessment of individuals with neurogenic communication disorders in a tertiary care centre. This will monitor the progress evaluation and plan the intervention program before the manifestation of any significant neurogenic impairment, which would improve individuals’ quality of life.
Genetic Variability of IRF6 Polymorphisms in Non-Syndromic Cleft Lip/Palate: A Meta-Analysis Across Diverse Populations
Authors: Muruganantham Jethendra Kumar , Veerabathiran Ramakrishnan 
Published: November 2024

Common congenital malformations known as orofacial clefts include cleft lip, cleft lip and palate, and cleft palate. They present significant public health challenges globally due to their medical, psychological, and socioeconomic impacts. Genetic and environmental factors mostly influence the genesis of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate. A meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the association between IRF6 polymorphisms (rs2235371, rs2235373, and rs2235375) and NSCL/P. PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase were systematically searched for relevant articles. Studies meeting predefined inclusion criteria included case-control designs, genotype data, and statistical measures (odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals). Seventeen research papers were chosen based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale criteria for worth evaluation. The meta-analysis included 1809 NSCL/P cases and 3164 controls from diverse populations, including Chinese Han, Brazilian, South Indian, Northeast Chinese, Uyghur, Indonesian, Vietnamese, Mesoamerican, and Iranian groups. However, in our analysis, only specific IRF6 SNPs—rs2235371 and rs2235373—showed significant associations in the allelic and dominant models, respectively, while other SNPs, including rs2235375, showed no significant association. These findings underscore the genetic heterogeneity of NSCL/P across various ethnic groups. This meta-analysis emphasizes the complex role of IRF6 polymorphisms in the genetic susceptibility to NSCL/P. While significant associations were identified in several populations, the lack of association in others suggests that genetic factors contributing to NSCL/P vary widely. Further research is needed to elucidate additional genetic determinants and their interfaces with environmental factors in the pathogenesis of NSCL/P.
Low Rate of Teriparatide Supplementation for the Treatment of Osteoporotic Pelvic Fractures in Elderly Females
Authors: Novikov David , Kelley Mary Grace , Kain Michael S. , Tornetta Paul 
Published: November 2024

Background Osteoporotic pelvic fractures in the elderly lead to pain and immobility resulting in decreased quality of life and worsening frailty. Teriparatide has been shown to shorten time to fracture union, diminish pain, and improve mobilization. At our hospital, this medication is prescribed by an outpatient endocrinologist or geriatrician. We hypothesize that elderly female patients sustaining low energy lateral compression (LC) pelvic fractures are not given Teriparatide. This study reports rates of successful Teriparatide initiation and looks for areas of improvement. Materials and Methods A retrospective chart review of stable LC pelvic fractures admitted to a single urban academic level 1 trauma center from January 2012 to February 2021 was conducted. Females over 60 years old with stable LC pelvic fractures were included. Males and those aged less than 60 were excluded. Results 118 females with mean age of 79.1 ± 10.5 were included. Fourteen patients were not eligible for Teriparatide due to medical history, leaving 104 eligible patients. Twenty-eight patients (23.7%) had previous dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans with mean T-scores of −3.14 ± 1.1 and 61% had Medicare insurance. Orthopaedic services recommended Teriparatide in 100% of cases. Geriatricians or endocrinologists documented evaluations for Teriparatide in 18 (17%), prescribed in 10 (9.6%), and initiated in 7 (6.7%) patients. Insurance type did not significantly differ among those that initiated Teriparatide and those that did not ( p-0.10). Insurance did not approve the medication in 2 instances and in 1 instance it was discontinued at follow-up. Conclusion Despite level 1 evidence of Teriparatide’s benefit for elderly osteoporotic women with low energy LC pelvic fractures, we failed to initiate treatment in 93% of eligible patients. Barriers to initiation included low rates of medical evaluation for its use and failure of insurance coverage. There are opportunities for multidisciplinary collaboration to increase evaluation for and initiation of Teriparatide. Level of Evidence Cohort Retrospective (level III evidence).