bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Media
Authors: Möhring Wiebke 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLocal communication plays a key role in people's daily life. With the development of professional media, forms of local reporting emerged and evolved. Nowadays media systems in nearly all countries show – alongside national and regional media – various types of local media as well. Local media is an umbrella term for a variety of different news outlets, which cover all categories of news topics. Local media represent their area and enable people to be active citizens of their municipality as well as to identify with it and to orient themselves in their neighbourhood.
New Urban Poverty
Authors: Benassi David , Morlicchio Enrica 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe urban concentration of deprived masses is the basic mechanism for the reproduction of social disadvantage: space matters indeed. Although large areas of chronic rural poverty exist, especially in the less developed countries, it is the urban environment that has mostly attracted academic as well as political attention to poverty in industrialized countries. Moreover, it was in the urban context that the concept of absolute and relative poverty had been set as a universal standard by which to estimate the extension of the phenomenon. Social and economic transformations during the past few decades have led to the reemergence of severe forms of impoverishment in practically all cities of the industrialized world, helping to maintain this focus.
New York City
Authors: Halle David 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
New York City's population of 8.4 million in 2015 makes this city by far the largest one in the United States, over twice as large as the second and third largest cities, Los Angeles (3.9 million in 2012) and Chicago (2.7 million in 2012). As a global city, New York typically ranks first worldwide. For example, on the five metrics of business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement, New York scores as high as, or higher than, all its global city rivals; only London comes close to it. The next ranking global cities are Paris, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Los Angeles, Chicago, Singapore, Beijing, and Washington, DC.
Place
Authors: Paulsen Krista E. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Place refers to specific locations that have been made meaningful and useful by human beings. This entry articulates how location, locale, and sense of place are used to develop the concept of place and how disciplines such as geography, sociology, and anthropology understand and use the concept (including its distinction from
space
). Particular attention is paid to how places develop meaning through deliberate and informal means and to how individuals' status and identity inform their understandings of places. Sense of place and place distinction are covered in detail. Scholarly and practical applications of place are discussed, including the connection of place to urban power and conflict, its relevance for processes of gentrification, complications related to increased mobility and technology, and connections to consumption.
Public Sphere
Authors: Roberts John Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This entry maps out some of the key debates in defining the public sphere. After a brief definition of this term as comprising a space in society for people to engage in debate and discussion on a range of subjects, the entry goes on to outline some of the main theoretical perspectives on the public sphere. In particular, the entry discusses some of the early and later ideas of the leading theorist of the public sphere, Jürgen Habermas, alongside a similar school of thought known as deliberative democracy. Following this, the entry notes some problems with the deliberative model of the public sphere. Alternative theories of the public sphere are then presented that highlight the inherently conflictual nature of society. Specifically, the entry outlines some of the ideas associated with theories of counterpublics and agonistic publics, especially those related to Nancy Fraser and Chantal Mouffe.
Public/Private Space
Authors: Opazo Daniel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The radical distinction between public and private space today is arguably problematic. Both the processes of privatization of the production of space and the plurality of modes of public encounter and social engagement tend to blur the once allegedly strict boundaries between those spaces and categories. There are also different approaches to these categories within urban studies and beyond, which emphasize sociopolitical, technical, or design issues as the main focus while conceiving of the aforementioned distinction. This diversity questions the binary opposition between public and private space and poses methodological and theoretical challenges to scholars who specialize in this field.
Social Cohesion
Authors: Atkinson Rob 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The notion of social cohesion has taken on increasing prominence in contemporary societies, yet it has a long history dating back to the development of modern societies in the seventeenth century and the problem of order. In recent years the concept has taken on a renewed significance as contemporary societies have experienced a range of fundamental transformations leading to high levels of long‐term unemployment, growing inequality, and fragmentation. The concept is related to, and its meaning is constituted through, a range of other concepts such as social integration, social exclusion, solidarity, and social capital. It also has social and cultural dimensions which further complicate its definition and meaning. More recently, attention has turned to the impacts of (ethnic) diversification on social cohesion as well as its implications for sustainable development – all of which means it is a contested concept.
Mediterranean City
Authors: Leontidou Lila 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis entry focuses on postwar research on the Mediterranean city and on relevant changes to this topic and its treatment over time. It is structured on the basis of a periodization that starts with the sixteenth‐century shift of the Mediterranean Sea, from acting as a bridge across civilizations to being a border between them. Major dimensions of the topic include the analysis of cultures of urbanism; modernity, informal economy, and housing; Islamic cities and segregation; and transformations brought about by globalization – outlining divided and multicultural cities, urban competition, and digital societies until the 2010s, when migrations and a domino of social movements (from the Arab Spring to the Indignados movement in Spain and the movement of the piazzas in Greece) had a profound effect on cities around the Mediterranean.
Compact City
Authors: Jenks Mike 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe compact city is an urban form that has claims to sustainability. Typically compact urban forms have higher densities that are contained and reduce urban sprawl, protect agricultural and amenity land, and make more efficient use of the existing urban land. There is a mixture of uses in close proximity, claimed to encourage sustainable modes of travel such as walking, cycling, and the use of public transport. Environmental, social, and economic benefits are suggested to accrue, because there would be less dependency on cars and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Mixed uses and more people living and working in the same place would give rise to social and cultural vitality, with facilities within easy reach of everybody. Higher densities and close proximity of a larger population would mean that local businesses become more viable. Compact city concepts have had a widespread influence on planning policy worldwide. However, evidence for success is mixed, and there are different physical forms and cultural contexts to consider and trade‐offs to be made.
Cosmopolitan Canopy
Authors: Duck Waverly 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Elijah Anderson describes the “cosmopolitan canopy” as a venue where people from diverse backgrounds set aside their own racial and ethnic identities, as well as those of others, to communicate in more civil and cosmopolitan ways in urban public spaces. According to Anderson, cosmopolitan canopies offer a respite from the tensions of urban life and an opportunity for diverse peoples to come together. Under the canopy, people engage in what Anderson calls “folk ethnography,” a form of people‐watching that allows them to informally gather evidence in support of their own viewpoints, or that transforms their commonsense understandings of social life. Key theoretical concepts developed in Anderson's
The Cosmopolitan Canopy
include
ethnos
and
cosmos
, the
white space
, the
“nigger moment
,
” provisional status
, and the
iconic ghetto
.
Home/House
Authors: Kusenbach Margarethe , Paulsen Krista E. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Home encompasses a distinct set of experiences and processes that, while typically associated with houses and dwellings, need not be. People may feel at home in places that are not houses, and within their own dwelling may lack a sense of home. The entry discusses distinct dimensions of the meaning and conception of home that are relevant for urban and community scholars, such as culture, identity, practice, emotion, and belonging. Home can be understood as a set of practices, informed by culture, that facilitates certain emotional experiences and allows individuals to express personal and collective identities in their private dwellings and beyond. Studies of home typically rely on qualitative methods and examine the making of home under challenging circumstances. Increasingly, home and belonging are investigated in relation to mobility and migration while fostering connections with other areas of study.
Pregnancy, Periods, and “The Pill”: Exploring the Reproductive Experiences of Women with Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Birru Talabi Mehret , Eudy Amanda M. , Jayasundara Malithi , Haroun Tayseer , Nowell W. Benjamin , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Crow‐Hercher Rachelle , White C. Whitney , Ginsberg Seth , Clowse Megan E. B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveWomen with inflammatory arthritis appear to have fewer children as compared with healthy women, but few studies have assessed how patients' attitudes and decision making influence their family sizes. Little is also known about how patients experience other aspects of their reproductive lives, such as menstruation and contraception.MethodsWe partnered with ArthritisPower, a patient‐powered research network, and its associated online patient community, CreakyJoints, to create and disseminate a survey among female members aged 18‐50 years with inflammatory arthritis.ResultsWomen in the final sample (n = 267) were 40 years old on average; most had rheumatoid arthritis (79%) and were predominantly white and college educated. Many women chose to limit childbearing because of their arthritis (58%); they feared that their arthritis was heritable, their diseases and medications could directly harm a fetus, they would be incapable of physically caring for a child, and arthritis could cause premature death, preventing them from raising their children. Infertility affected 40% of the sample. Half of women experienced subjective arthritis flares around the time of menstruation. Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) did not worsen disease activity for most women and even prevented menstrual‐associated arthritis flares for a subset of women.ConclusionOur findings suggest that infertility, but also potentially outsized fear and anxiety related to their diagnoses, may affect the family sizes of women with inflammatory arthritis. The observation that menstruation worsens disease activity for some women requires additional study, and OCP use should be explored as a possible treatment for menstrual‐associated arthritis. Clinicians may wish to consider how they communicate patients' individual pregnancy‐associated risks, reassure patients when appropriate, and help to guide and support patients to make well‐informed reproductive decisions.
Advances in Microfluidics‐Based Technologies for Single Cell Culture
Authors: García Alonso Daniel , Yu Mengchao , Qu Haijun , Ma Liang , Shen Feng 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSingle cell culture has been considered one of the fundamental tools for single cell studies. Complex biological systems evolve from single cells, and the cells within biological systems are intrinsically heterogeneous. Therefore, culturing and understanding the behaviors of single cells are of great interest for both biological research and clinical studies. In recent years, advances in microfluidics‐based technologies have demonstrated unprecedented capabilities for single cell studies, and they have made high‐throughput single cell cultures possible. Microfluidic systems enable precise control of the microenvironment for single cell culture and monitoring of the behavior of single cells in real time. In addition, microfluidic devices can consist of upstream cell sorting and cell isolation, and they can also be seamlessly integrated with various downstream analysis methods. Therefore, microfluidic technologies can obtain data about the performance at the single‐cell level, providing information that cannot be achieved by studying the ensemble behavior of cell colonies. In this review, the recent developments in droplet‐based microfluidics, microwell‐based microfluidics, trap‐based microfluidics and SlipChip‐based microfluidics for the study of single cell culture is focused on. Perspectives on future improvement regarding single cell culture and its related research opportunities are also provided.
Sequence‐Optimized Peptide Nanofibers as Growth Stimulators for Regeneration of Peripheral Neurons
Authors: Schilling Corinna , Mack Thomas , Lickfett Selene , Sieste Stefanie , Ruggeri Francesco S. , Sneideris Tomas , Dutta Arghya , Bereau Tristan , Naraghi Ramin , Sinske Daniela , Knowles Tuomas P. J. , Synatschke Christopher V. , Weil Tanja , Knöll Bernd 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThere is an urgent need for biomaterials that support tissue healing, particularly neuronal regeneration. In a medium throughput screen novel self‐assembling peptide (SAP) sequences that form fibrils and stimulated nerve fiber growth of peripheral nervous system (PNS)‐derived neurons are identified. Based on the peptide sequences and fibril morphologies and by applying rational data‐mining, important structural parameters stimulating neuronal activity are elucidated. Three SAPs (SAP1e, SAP2e, and SAP5c) enhance adhesion and growth of PNS neurons. These SAPs form 2D and 3D matrices that serve as bioactive scaffolds stimulating cell adhesion and growth. The newly discovered SAPs also support the growth of CNS neurons and glia cells. Subsequently, the potential of SAPs to enhance PNS regeneration in vivo is analyzed. For this, the facial nerve driving whisker movement in mice is injured. Notably, SAPs persist for up to 3 weeks in the injury site indicating highly adhesive properties and stability. After SAP administration, more motor neurons incorporating markers for successive regeneration are observed. Recovery of whisker movement is elevated in SAP‐injected mice. In summary, short peptides that form fibrils are identified and the adhesion, growth, and regeneration of neurons have been efficiently enhanced without the necessity to attach hormones or growth factors.
A Versatile Biocompatible Antibiotic Delivery System Based on Self‐Assembling Peptides with Antimicrobial and Regenerative Potential
Authors: Koch Franziska , Ekat Katharina , Kilian David , Hettich Timm , Germershaus Oliver , Lang Herrmann , Peters Kirsten , Kreikemeyer Bernd 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPeriodontitis is a chronic inflammatory and tissue‐destructive disease. Since the polymicrobiome in the oral cavity makes it difficult to treat, novel therapeutic strategies are required. Hydrogels based on self‐assembling peptides (SAP) can be suitable candidates for periodontal therapy due to their injectability, biocompatibility, cargo‐loading capacity, and tunable physicochemical and mechanical properties. In this study, two SAP hydrogels (P11‐4 and P11‐28/29) are examined for their intrinsic antimicrobial activity, regenerative potential, and antibiotic delivery capacity. A significant antibacterial effect of P11‐28/29 hydrogels on the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and a less pronounced effect for P11‐4 hydrogels is demonstrated. The metabolic activity rates of human dental follicle stem cells (DFSCs), which reflect cell viability and may thus indicate the regenerative capacity, are similar on tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) and on P11‐4 hydrogels after 14 days of culture. Noticeably, both SAP hydrogels strengthen the osteogenic differentiation of DFSCs compared with TCPS. The incorporation of tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and doxycycline does not affect fibril formation of either SAP hydrogel and results in favorable release kinetics up to 120 h. In summary, this study reveals that P11‐SAP hydrogels combine many favorable properties required to make them applicable as prospective novel treatment strategy for periodontal therapy.
Role of Lone‐Pairs in Driving Ferroelectricity of Perovskite Oxides: An Orbital Selective External Potential Study
Authors: Shen Yang , Cai Jia , Ding Hang‐Chen , Shen Xin‐Wei , Fang Yue‐Wen , Tong Wen‐Yi , Wan Xian‐Gang , Zhao Qingbiao , Duan Chun‐Gang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe orbital selective external potential (OSEP) method, recently developed by the authors, allows the energy level of a specific atomic orbital to be shifted, thus allowing for the identification of the role of this orbital in the chemical and physical properties of the system. Using OSEP, the origins of ferroelectricity in two classic ferroelectric perovskites, BaTiO3 and PbTiO3, are systematically revisited. The fact that the hybridization between the Ti 3d state and the O 2p state is essential for the formation of ferroelectricity in both BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 is reproduced, which validates this method. Particularly, for PbTiO3, the Pb 6s lone‐pair electron states can also be tuned using the OSEP method, and its influence on the ferroelectricity is unveiled in detail. Surprisingly, it is found that the electric dipoles formed by lone‐pair lobes contribute only slightly to the overall ferroelectric polarization, whereas the concomitant ionic displacements and lattice distortions are prominently favorable for ferroelectricity. Indeed, it is found that the Pb–O hybridization plays an important role in the ferroelectricity of PbTiO3, which makes the polarization of PbTiO3 significantly larger than that of BaTiO3. This study provides a simple yet straightforward way to demonstrate the mechanisms of ferroelectricity in perovskite oxides, which can be applied to the study of ferroelectric mechanism in other relevant materials.
Mapping Sub‐Surface Structure of Thin Films in Three Dimensions with an Optical Near‐Field
Authors: Fenwick Oliver , Mauthoor Soumaya , Cacialli Franco 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSubsurface mapping is crucial to understanding many biological systems as well as structured thin films for (opto)electronic or photonic applications. A non‐invasive method is presented to map subsurface nanostructures from scanning near‐field optical microscopy images. The Bethe–Bouwkamp model is used to simulate imaging of buried nano‐objects or subsurface slanted planar interfaces, and it is shown how to determine their depth and size, or the interface inclination, from just one image. It is shown that the steep optical field gradient makes near‐field microscopy a particularly sensitive depth probe for thin films.
Unraveling Photocatalytic Mechanism and Selectivity in PET‐RAFT Polymerization
Authors: Seal Prasenjit , Xu Jiangtao , De Luca Sergio , Boyer Cyrille , Smith Sean C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe photoredox catalysts pheophorbide a (PheoA) and zinc tetraphenylporphine (ZnTPP) under illumination display strong selectivity toward reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents containing thiocarbonylthio groups, namely dithiobenzoates, xanthates, and trithiocarbonates. The underlying mechanism for the process—whether via energy or electron transfer from the photoexcited catalyst to RAFT agent—has remained unclear, as has the reason for the remarkable selectivity. Quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics calculations are utilized to provide strong evidence that none of the common energy‐transfer mechanisms (Förster resonance energy transfer; Dexter electron exchange; or internal conversion followed by vibrational energy transfer) are likely to facilitate polymerization, let alone explain the observed selectivities. In contrast, extensive quantum chemical characterizations of the excited‐state orbitals associated with the catalyst–RAFT agent complexes uncover a clear selectivity pattern associated with charge‐transfer states that is highly consistent with experimental findings. The results shed light on the intrinsic catalytic role of the photocatalysts and provide a strong indication that a reversible electron/charge‐transfer mechanism underpins the remarkable photocatalytic selectivity.
Tracking temporal shifts in area, biomes, and pollinators in the radiation ofSalvia(sages) across continents: leveraging anchored hybrid enrichment and targeted sequence data
Authors: Kriebel Ricardo , Drew Bryan T. , Drummond Chloe P. , González‐Gallegos Jesús G. , Celep Ferhat , Mahdjoub Mohamed M. , Rose Jeffrey P. , Xiang Chun‐Lei , Hu Guo‐Xiong , Walker Jay B. , Lemmon Emily M. , Lemmon Alan R. , Sytsma Kenneth J. 
Published: April 2019

Premise of the StudyA key question in evolutionary biology is why some clades are more successful by being widespread geographically, biome diverse, or species‐rich. To extend understanding of how shifts in area, biomes, and pollinators impact diversification in plants, we examined the relationships of these shifts to diversification across the mega‐genusSalvia.MethodsA chronogram was developed from a supermatrix of anchored hybrid enrichment genomic data and targeted sequence data for over 500 of the nearly 1000Salviaspecies. Ancestral areas and biomes were reconstructed using BioGeoBEARS. Pollinator guilds were scored, ancestral pollinators determined, shifts in pollinator guilds identified, and rates of pollinator switches compared.Key ResultsA well‐resolved phylogenetic backbone ofSalviaand updated subgeneric designations are presented.Salviaoriginated in Southwest Asia in the Oligocene and subsequently dispersed worldwide. Biome shifts are frequent from a likely ancestral lineage utilizing broadleaf and/or coniferous forests and/or arid shrublands. None of the four species diversification shifts are correlated to shifts in biomes. Shifts in pollination system are not correlated to species diversification shifts, except for one hummingbird shift that precedes a major shift in diversification near the crown of New World subgen.Calosphace. Multiple reversals back to bee pollination occurred within this hummingbird clade.ConclusionsSalviadiversified extensively in different continents, biomes, and with both bee and bird pollinators. The lack of tight correlation of area, biome, and most pollinator shifts to the four documented species diversification shifts points to other important drivers of speciation inSalvia.