bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Too Much of a Good Thing? On the Relationship Between CSR and Employee Work Addiction
Authors: Brieger Steven A. , Anderer Stefan , Fröhlich Andreas , Bäro Anne , Meynhardt Timo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRecent research highlights the positive effects of organizational CSR engagement on employee outcomes, such as job and life satisfaction, performance, and trust. We argue that the current debate fails to recognize the potential risks associated with CSR. In this study, we focus on the risk of work addiction. We hypothesize that CSR has per se a positive effect on employees and can be classified as a resource. However, we also suggest the existence of an array of unintended negative effects of CSR. Since CSR positively influences an employee’s organizational identification, as well as his or her perception of engaging in meaningful work, which in turn motivates them to work harder while neglecting other spheres of their lives such as private relationships or health, CSR indirectly increases work addiction. Accordingly, organizational identification and work meaningfulness both act as buffering variables in the relationship, thus suppressing the negative effect of CSR on work addiction, which weakens the positive role of CSR in the workplace. Drawing on a sample of 565 Swiss employees taken from the 2017 Swiss Public Value Atlas dataset, our results provide support for our rationale. Our results also provide evidence that the positive indirect effects of organizational CSR engagement on work addiction, via organizational identification and work meaningfulness, become even stronger when employees care for the welfare of the wider public (i.e., the community, nation, or world). Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Durability of building fabric components and ventilation systems in passive houses
Authors: Feist Wolfgang , Pfluger Rainer , Hasper Wolfgang 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The passive house concept specifically improves insulation of exterior building components, utilisation of passive solar gains, airtightness and heat recovery from ventilation air. Reducing also heat losses from thermal bridges, the energy balance is improved significantly resulting in net heating demands lower than 15 kWh/(m2a) which is less than one-tenth of the typical heating energy in the average of existing buildings. The design concept can be used for every new building, and many thousand examples have so far been built for different use, in several climates and based on different construction type (e.g. concrete, timber, mixed). The very first prototype is a terraced house with four dwellings built 1990/1991 in Darmstadt. This building uses typical masonry external walls, concrete floors and a timber roof and can be seen as a representative example for highly energy-efficient construction. By monitoring all relevant energy flows through the building’s envelope during a period of more than 25 years, it has been confirmed that the energy consumption is as extraordinarily low as designed and stable over the whole period. This article especially investigates how this has affected the indoor climate, the indoor air quality and the durability of all components. By thorough investigation, an assessment of the maintenance cycles is given, which are representative for this construction type. The main characteristics of the components and the ventilation system after 25 years of performance of the pilot building have been determined; these are typical for passive house quality components; therefore, the results are indicative for the concept. The passive house concept turns out to be not only energy-saving but also most notably very durable and extraordinarily low-maintenance.
Density-dependent growth in ‘catch-and-wait’ fisheries has implications for fisheries management and Marine Protected Areas
Authors: Merder Julian , Browne Patricia , Freund Jan A. , Fullbrook Liam , Graham Conor , Johnson Mark P. , Wieczorek Alina , Power Anne Marie 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Stock enhancement activities provide an opportunity to examine density-dependent suppression of population biomass which is a fundamental issue for resource management and design of no-take-zones. We document ‘catch-and-wait’ fisheries enhancement where all but the largest lobsters are thrown back, recapturing them later after they have grown to a larger size. The residency, rate of return, and potential negative density-dependent effects of this activity are described using a combination of tagging and v-notching and by relating spatial growth patterns to population density defined with Catch Per Unit Effort. The results successfully demonstrated the concept of catch-and-wait practices. However, a density-dependent suppression of growth (in body size) was observed in male lobsters. This demonstrates a mechanism to explain differences in lobster sizes previously observed across EU fishing grounds with different stock densities. This negative effect of density could also affect individual biomass production in marine reserve or no-take zones.
Novel Graphene Biosensor Based on the Functionalization of Multifunctional Nano-bovine Serum Albumin for the Highly Sensitive Detection of Cancer Biomarkers
Authors: Zhou Lin , Wang Kun , Sun Hao , Zhao Simin , Chen Xianfeng , Qian Dahong , Mao Hongju , Zhao Jianlong 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A simple, convenient, and highly sensitive bio-interface for graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) based on multifunctional nano-denatured bovine serum albumin (nano-dBSA) functionalization was developed to target cancer biomarkers. The novel graphene–protein bioelectronic interface was constructed by heating to denature native BSA on the graphene substrate surface. The formed nano-dBSA film served as the cross-linker to immobilize monoclonal antibody against carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA mAb) on the graphene channel activated by EDC and Sulfo-NHS. The nano-dBSA film worked as a self-protecting layer of graphene to prevent surface contamination by lithographic processing. The improved GFET biosensor exhibited good specificity and high sensitivity toward the target at an ultralow concentration of 337.58 fg mL−1. The electrical detection of the binding of CEA followed the Hill model for ligand–receptor interaction, indicating the negative binding cooperativity between CEA and anti-CEA mAb with a dissociation constant of 6.82 × 10−10 M. The multifunctional nano-dBSA functionalization can confer a new function to graphene-like 2D nanomaterials and provide a promising bio-functionalization method for clinical application in biosensing, nanomedicine, and drug delivery.
Nitrogen-Doped Sponge Ni Fibers as Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhang Kaili , Xia Xinhui , Deng Shengjue , Zhong Yu , Xie Dong , Pan Guoxiang , Wu Jianbo , Liu Qi , Wang Xiuli , Tu Jiangping 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Controllable synthesis of highly active micro/nanostructured metal electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a particularly significant and challenging target. Herein, we report a 3D porous sponge-like Ni material, prepared by a facile hydrothermal method and consisting of cross-linked micro/nanofibers, as an integrated binder-free OER electrocatalyst. To further enhance the electrocatalytic performance, an N-doping strategy is applied to obtain N-doped sponge Ni (N-SN) for the first time, via NH3 annealing. Due to the combination of the unique conductive sponge structure and N doping, the as-obtained N-SN material shows improved conductivity and a higher number of active sites, resulting in enhanced OER performance and excellent stability. Remarkably, N-SN exhibits a low overpotential of 365 mV at 100 mA cm−2 and an extremely small Tafel slope of 33 mV dec−1, as well as superior long-term stability, outperforming unmodified sponge Ni. Importantly, the combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near-edge X-ray adsorption fine structure analyses shows that γ-NiOOH is the surface-active phase for OER. Therefore, the combination of conductive sponge structure and N-doping modification opens a new avenue for fabricating new types of high-performance electrodes with application in electrochemical energy conversion devices.
Magnetic Mineralogy and Petrophysical Properties of Ultramafic Rocks: Consequences for Crustal Magnetism
Authors: ter Maat Geertje W. , McEnroe Suzanne A. , Church Nathan S. , Larsen Rune B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMagnetic properties from the Reinfjord Ultramafic Complex, in northern Norway, which formed as part of a deep magmatic conduit system, have been investigated to determine the magnetic signature of ultramafic rocks now exposed at the surface and deeper in the lower crust. The dominant carriers in these ultramafic rocks are a chrome‐spinel with Fe‐rich exsolution blebs and exsolution lamellae of magnetite in clinopyroxene. Except locally, in a fault zone and in discrete small fractures, these rocks show only minor to no alteration. We infer that the magnetic oxides characterized here are representative of pristine magnetic carriers in similar rocks deeper in the crust. These oxides can be stable in lower crustal, possibly upper mantle, depths when temperatures are below the Curie temperature of magnetite, taking into account pressure effects. These ultramafic rocks are candidates for potential sources of long‐wavelength anomalies.
Comprehensive Study of Low‐Latitude Pi2 Pulsations Using Observations From Multisatellite Swarm Mission and Global Network of Ground Observatories
Authors: Thomas Neethal , Shiokawa Kazuo , Vichare Geeta 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTo understand the spatial features of low‐latitude Pi2 (6.6–25 mHz) pulsations, a comprehensive study is carried out for the first time using magnetic field measurements from a global network of low‐latitude ground stations (Mlat: ± 2° − 51°) and the Swarm multisatellites located simultaneously at day and night local times. We have investigated 1‐year data from 2014 and found 15 Pi2 events with coherent oscillations at satellite and ground. The Pi2 oscillations in the compressional, toroidal, and poloidal components at satellite and H, D, and Z components at ground are investigated by estimating its coherence, amplitude, and cross phase with respect to midnight ground H variations. The analogous pairs of magnetic field components (satellite compressional with ground H and satellite toroidal with ground D) above and below the ionosphere are found to have identical phase during night and opposite phase during day, indicating the magnetospheric and ionospheric sources for nighttime and daytime Pi2s, respectively. During nighttime, Pi2 oscillations identified in the poloidal component are found to oscillate in phase (out of phase) in the Southern (Northern) Hemisphere. At ground, the phase and amplitude of H showed significant change near the dawn terminator, whereas H oscillates mostly in phase with respect to midnight ground H at other local times. The oscillations in D component have phase reversal near midnight, dawn, dusk, and noon meridians with opposite hemispheres having opposite phase. These Pi2 characteristics observed globally at ground and at the topside ionosphere suggest that the sources for nighttime and daytime low‐latitude Pi2s are oscillating field‐aligned currents and ionospheric currents, respectively.
Determination of the Signal Fluctuation Threshold of the Temperature‐Ion Composition Ambiguity Problem Using Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Martínez‐Ledesma Miguel , Díaz Quezada Marcos Andrés 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUnambiguously estimating the plasma parameters of the ionosphere at altitudes between 130 and 300 km presents a problem for the incoherent scatter radar (ISR). At these ranges, ISR is unable to distinguish between different mixtures of molecular ions (NO+ and O2+) and atomic oxygen ions (O+). Common solutions to this problem are either to employ empirical or theoretical models of the ionosphere or to add a priori known plasma parameter information obtained from the plasma line of the ISR spectrum. Studies have demonstrated that plasma parameters can be unambiguously estimated in almost noiseless scenarios, not commonly feasible during routine monitoring. In this study, we define a theoretical framework to quantify the ambiguity problem and determine the maximum signal fluctuation levels of the ISR signal to unambiguously estimate plasma parameters. We conduct Monte Carlo simulations for different plasma parameters to evaluate the estimation performance of the most commonly used nonlinear least squares optimization algorithm. Results are shown as probability curves of valid convergence and correct estimation. We use simulations to quantify the estimation error when using ionospheric models as initial conditions of the optimization algorithm. We also determine the contribution to the estimation process of different combinations of parameters known from the plasma line, the particular contribution of each plasma parameter, and the effect of increasing the level of uncertainty of the parameters known a priori. Results suggest that knowing a priori both electron density and electron temperature parameters allows an unambiguous estimation even at high fluctuation levels.
Analysis of the Steady State Available Energy Budget in the High‐Latitude Lower Thermosphere
Authors: Kwak Young‐Sil , Richmond Arthur D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe evaluate the budgets of available energy (AE) production, transport, and loss under steady state forcing of the high‐latitude lower thermosphere during the southern summer time for weak or strong southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF,Bz = −2.0 or −10.0 nT), using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. The AE below 150‐km altitude is partitioned into commensurable reservoirs of kinetic energy (KE) and available potential energy (APE). KE density is larger than APE density above 123 km, but they are comparable below 123 km. Whereas Pedersen ion drag generates strong winds and KE, vertical winds and adiabatic cooling above 123 km tend to offset temperature perturbations caused by Joule heating, thereby reducing APE. Below 123 km Hall ion drag and associated vertical motions are important for creating temperature perturbations and APE. With increasingly negative IMFBzvalues APE density intensifies more significantly than KE density above about 123 km, while KE density intensifies more significantly than APE density below. KE is generated primarily where the ion‐drag force associated with plasma convection accelerates the neutral gas and is destroyed primarily where the ion‐drag force opposes the wind. APE is generated primarily where Joule heat is deposited in regions of elevated temperatures and destroyed where the heat is deposited in regions of reduced temperatures. Ion drag is generally more important than Joule heating for generating AE for steady‐state conditions, but the relative contribution of the ion‐drag forcing compared with heating decreases with descending altitude. AE generation by Joule heating intensifies more significantly than generation by ion drag with increasingly negative IMFBzvalues. Transport of AE by horizontal and vertical winds is a significant component of the AE budget. Conversion of APE to KE, and of KE to APE, constitutes an important part of their budgets.
Kinetic Equilibrium and Stability Analysis of Dipolarization Fronts
Authors: Fletcher Alex C. , Crabtree Chris , Ganguli Gurudas , Malaspina David , Tejero Erik , Chu Xiangning 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDipolarization fronts are typically observed with a density gradient of scale size comparable to an ion gyroradius, which naturally results in an ambipolar electric field in the direction of the gradient. Prevailing models ignore this ambipolar electric field, the separation of ion and electron scale physics, and consequent non‐Maxwellian plasma distributions with strong spatial gradients in velocity, all of which we investigate in this paper. We examine two dipolarization front events observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (one with low plasma beta, one with high plasma beta), develop a rigorous kinetic equilibrium for dipolarization fronts, analyze the linear stability, and explore the nonlinear evolution and observable signatures with kinetic simulations. There are two major drivers of instability in the lower‐hybrid frequency range: the density gradient (lower‐hybrid drift instability) and the velocity shear (electron‐ion hybrid instability). We argue the electron‐ion hybrid mode is dominant, and consequently a dipolarization front approaches a steady or saturated state through the emission of waves that relax the velocity shear. A key aspect of these shear‐driven waves is a broadband frequency spectrum that is consistent with satellite observation.
Daytime Periodic Wave‐like Structures in the Ionosphere Observed at Low Latitudes over the Asian‐Australian Sector Using Total Electron Content from Beidou Geostationary Satellites
Authors: Huang Fuqing , Otsuka Yuichi , Lei Jiuhou , Luan Xiaoli , Dou Xiankang , Li Guozhu 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDaytime periodic wave‐like structures are statistically analyzed for the first time in the low‐latitude ionosphere over the Asian‐Australian sector using total electron content from Beidou geostationary satellites during 2016–2017. These structures have periods of about 18–28 min, which frequently occur during 11:00–17:00 local time in the winter at latitudes ranging between 17 and 25°N (10–18°N magnetic latitude [MLAT]) in the Northern Hemisphere, where they have a maximum occurrence rate of 80% at ~21°N (14°N MLAT). In the Southern Hemisphere, daytime periodic wave‐like structures are also observed during 11:00–15:00 local time in the winter within latitudes ranging between 6.0 and 11.1°S (15.4–21.6°S MLAT), although the peak occurrence rate is only approximately 40%. Compared with stratospheric gravity waves (GWs), the seasonal and latitudinal variations of daytime periodic wave‐like structures are generally consistent with those of stratospheric GWs. This gives a possible argument that daytime periodic wave‐like structures in the low‐latitude ionosphere could be generated in the low‐latitude ionosphere and triggered by GWs from the lower atmosphere.
Diurnal and Seasonal Variability of Near‐Surface Oxygen in the Strait of Georgia
Authors: Wang Chuning , Pawlowicz Rich , Sastri Akash R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDissolved oxygen (O2) concentrations in waters of the ocean surface mixed layer are generally close to thermodynamic equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations. However, near‐surface O2 levels are also affected by other processes, including primary productivity, and thus measurements of near‐surface O2 can in theory be used to estimate productivity. Here we discuss variations in near‐surface O2 concentrations in the Strait of Georgia by examining a variety of data sets, focusing primarily on ferry‐based measurements over a 3‐year period (2015–2017). Both diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variations are quantified, and various fluxes into and out of the surface waters are estimated so that the degree to the measured oxygen variations representing biological activity can be assessed. On average, advective and vertical transport makes only a small negative contribution, while other budget terms show a strong seasonal cycle, lowest in winter, peaking in spring and slowly dropping to winter level during summer and autumn. For most of the year, the air‐sea flux is the largest term, but the storage term is important during the spring blooms. Diurnal variations of 5–10% saturation in measured oxygen levels must therefore largely reflect diurnal cycles in productivity and respiration. We estimate respiration effects from the rate of decay of O2 at night, which yields an average respiration rate of 459 mmol·m−2·day−1. This value is almost an order of magnitude larger than the other budget terms we have discussed, suggesting that a future focus on diurnal variations might provide most insight into biological processes in the Strait.
Precipitation Microphysics of Tropical Cyclones Over the Western North Pacific Based on GPM DPR Observations: A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Huang Hao , Chen Fengjiao 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUsing observations from the dual‐frequency precipitation radar (DPR) onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM) satellite, this study analyzes the microphysical structures and processes of tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation over the western North Pacific in terms of different precipitation efficiency indices (PEIs). The statistical results show that the mean mass‐weighted mean diameter of raindrops (Dm) at 2 km is 1.67 mm (1.37 mm) for convective (stratiform) precipitating clouds. Precipitating clouds with high PEI have higher liquid water path than nonliquid water path for both convective and stratiform clouds. The mean Dm of convective and stratiform precipitation increases as the PEI increases. The vertical profiles of Dm and reflectivity (Ze) for convective and stratiform precipitating clouds in TCs differ substantially as the PEI changes. Below the melting level, there is a clear decrease (increase) in Dm and Ze toward the surface for clouds with low (high) PEI. In general, clouds within TCs producing the most efficient precipitation are characterized by strong coalescence, not only for small droplets but also for relatively large raindrops; in contrast, the breakup of hydrometeors is the dominant process in convective and stratiform precipitating clouds with low PEI. These results will help validate and improve the hydrometeor parameterization schemes in cloud and climate models.
Abundance and Diurnal Trends of Fluorescent Bioaerosols in the Troposphere over Mt. Tai, China, in Spring
Authors: Yue Siyao , Ren Lujie , Song Tianli , Li Linjie , Xie Qiaorong , Li Weijun , Kang Mingjie , Zhao Wanyu , Wei Lianfang , Ren Hong , Sun Yele , Wang Zifa , Ellam Robert Mark , Liu Cong‐Qiang , Kawamura Kimitaka , Fu Pingqing 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPrimary biological aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the global atmosphere and can affect cloud formation, deteriorate air quality, and cause human infections. Mt. Tai (1,534 m a.s.l.) is an elevated site in the North China Plain where atmospheric aerosols reflect both regional advection and long‐range transport. In this study, we deployed a Wideband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor (WIBS‐4A) and collected total suspended particles and eight‐stage size‐segregated aerosol samples at the summit of Mt. Tai in spring from 21 March to 8 April 2017 to quantify the abundance, size distributions, and diurnal variations of fluorescent bioaerosols and to investigate the effect of different fluorescence thresholds of WIBS for ambient bioaerosol recognition. During the whole sampling period, the number concentration of fluorescent particles (>0.8 μm) was 647 ± 533 L−1, accounting for 26.9% ± 10.0% by number of the total particles in that size range. Three‐dimensional excitation‐emission matrix fluorescence of water‐soluble organic matter in size‐segregated aerosols shows that humic‐like substances (HULIS) are mainly in the fine mode (<2.1 μm) while protein‐like substances are mainly in the coarse mode (>2.1 μm). From the diurnal variation, it is shown that bioaerosols can undergo transformation during long‐range transport and contribute to HULIS. For bioaerosol recognition, we find that 6σ‐threshold can lead to better classification of fluorescent aerosol particles for fungal spores. Overall, our results constrain the abundance of primary bioaerosols in the troposphere over East Asia and elucidate the processes for their evolution via mountain/valley breezes and long‐range transport.