bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Promoting workplace‐based training to fight youth unemployment in three EU countries: Different strategies, different results?
Authors: Marques Paulo , Hoerisch Felix 
Published: February 2019

During the economic crisis, youth unemployment grew exponentially in many European countries. It was argued that countries with a high level of firm involvement in the provision of initial vocational training were better equipped to address this problem. Boosting workplace‐based training was therefore seen as the right strategy to tackle unemployment. Using Denmark, Spain and the UK as case studies, this article analyses how countries with different skill formation systems have improved this type of training. While the UK reinforced the voluntaristic character of its training regime, Denmark improved the quality of its vocational education, and Spain made reforms to the training and apprenticeship contract. Interestingly, the countries achieved different results. To explain this divergence, it is argued that while the reforms made in the UK and Denmark were compatible with the national institutions and coordination mechanisms, this was not the case in Spain, where reforms were implemented in a non‐complementary way.Key Practitioner Message:

After the economic crisis it was argued that countries with a high level of firm involvement in the provision of initial VET were better equipped to fight youth unemployment.
The study analysed how countries with different skill formation systems improved this type of training and assessed their relative success.
The article shows that when implementing reforms policy makers must take into account the institutions and mechanisms of coordination that prevail in each country. Otherwise, reforms may be unsuccessful.
Person‐centred inpatient care – A quasi‐experimental study in an internal medicine context
Authors: Jakobsson Sofie , Eliasson Björn , Andersson Eva , Johannsson Gudmundur , Ringström Gisela , Simrén Magnus , Jakobsson Ung Eva 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate effects of person‐centred inpatient care on care processes in terms of satisfaction with care and person‐centred content in medical records, and to evaluate effects on self‐reported health and self‐efficacy.BackgroundInternal medicine inpatient care is complex, covering patients varying in age, medical conditions, health status, and other aspects. There has been limited research on the impact of person‐centred care (PCC) on satisfaction with care and health outcomes in internal medicine care environments regardless of diagnosis and care pathway.DesignA quasi‐experimental study with pre‐ and postmeasurements.MethodsAdult patients admitted to an internal medicine inpatient unit were consecutively included over 16 weeks in 2014 and 24 weeks in 2015–2016. Data were collected before a person‐centred inpatient care intervention (N = 204) and 12 months after the intervention was implemented (N = 177). Data on satisfaction with care and self‐reported health were collected at discharge and medical records were reviewed. The intervention included systematically applied person‐centred assessment, health plans, and persistent PCC.ResultsAfter the intervention, patients rated higher satisfaction with care regarding essential components of PCC and more patients had received effective pain relief. There were no differences in information on self‐care or medications, self‐rated health, or self‐efficacy.ConclusionCare focused on the foundations of person‐centredness seems to enhance both patients’ perceptions of satisfaction and symptom management. Situational aspects such as care pathways should be considered when implementing person‐centred inpatient care.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, registration number: NCT03725813
Down‐regulated lncRNA SLC25A5‐AS1 facilitates cell growth and inhibits apoptosis via miR‐19a‐3p/PTEN/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in gastric cancer
Authors: Li Xiwen , Yan Xin , Wang Feng , Yang Qian , Luo Xi , Kong Jun , Ju Shaoqing 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMounting evidence has illustrated the vital roles of long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs in gastric cancer (GC). Nevertheless, the majority of their roles and mechanisms in GC are still largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the roles of lncRNA SLC25A5‐AS1 on tumourigenesis and explore its potential mechanisms in GC. The results showed that the expressions of SLC25A5‐AS1 in GC were significantly lower than that of adjacent normal tissues, which were significantly associated with tumour size, TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. Moreover, SLC25A5‐AS1 could inhibit GC cell proliferation, induce G1/G1 cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis in vitro, as well as GC growth in vivo. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay confirmed the direct interaction between SLC25A5‐AS1 and miR‐19a‐3p, rescue experiment showed that co‐transfection miR‐19a‐3p mimics and pcDNA‐SLC25A5‐AS1 could partially restore the ability of GC cell proliferation and the inhibition of cell apoptosis. The mechanism analyses further found that SLC25A5‐AS1 might act as a competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA), which was involved in the derepression of PTEN expression, a target gene of miR‐19a‐3p, and regulate malignant phenotype via PI3K/AKT signalling pathway in GC. Taken together, this study indicated that SLC25A5‐AS1 was down‐regulated in GC and functioned as a suppressor in the progression of GC. Moreover, it could act as a ceRNA to regulate cellular behaviours via miR‐19a‐3p/PTEN/PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Thus, SLC25A5‐AS1 might be served as a potential target for cancer therapeutics in GC.
MARCH1 encourages tumour progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via regulation of PI3K‐AKT‐β‐catenin pathways
Authors: Xie Lulu , Dai Hanhan , Li Minjing , Yang Wei , Yu Guohua , Wang Xia , Wang Peiyuan , Liu Wei , Hu Xuemei , Zhao Mingdong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMembrane‐associated RING‐CH‐1 (MARCH1) is a membrane‐anchored E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in a variety of cellular processes. MARCH1 was aberrantly expressed as a tumour promoter in ovarian cancer, but the signalling about the molecular mechanism has not yet been fully illuminated. Here, we first determined that MARCH1 was obviously highly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma samples and cells. In addition, our findings demonstrated that the proliferation, migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma were suppressed, but the apoptosis was increased, as a result of MARCH1 knockdown by either siRNA targeting MARCH1 or pirarubicin treatment. Conversely, the proliferation, migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma were obviously accelerated, and the apoptosis was decreased, by transfecting the MARCH1 plasmid to make MARCH1 overexpressed. Moreover, in vivo, the results exhibited a significant inhibition of the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma in nude mice, which were given an intra‐tumour injection of siRNA targeting MARCH1. Furthermore, our study concluded that MARCH1 functions as a tumour promoter, and its role was up‐regulated the PI3K‐AKT‐β‐catenin pathways both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, our work determined that MARCH1 has an important role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and may be used as a novel potential molecular therapeutic target in the future treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
The Trio Presidency and the Efficiency of Council Decision‐Making: An Empirical Study
Authors: van Gruisen Philippe 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDoes the trio presidency system enhance efficiency in EU legislative decision‐making? Since 2007, fixed groups of three Member States have been required to set a joint 18‐month agenda, with each Member State taking 6‐month turns at the presidency. To date, however, there has been no empirical evidence that either confirms or refutes the notion that this system is efficient. In a study of the duration of Council decision‐making on 1,927 legislative proposals for the 2000–12 period, we obtain empirical support for the hypothesis that a common agenda leads to a significant decrease in the amount of time needed to reach a first agreement on regulations, directives and decisions. In addition, we show that the requirement to pre‐negotiate the agenda helps to moderate the effect of political conflict on the speed of decision‐making, thereby offering support to the recent decision to proceed with the trio presidency system until at least 2030.
Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the EmPHasis‐10 questionnaire in patients with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Odevoglu Pinar , Demir Rengin , Okumus Gulfer , Kucukoglu M. Serdar , Kuran Aslan Goksen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the EmPHasis‐10 questionnaire to ensure cultural adaptation.MethodsThis study involved translation, back translation, and cross‐cultural adaptation. One hundred and one patients who were diagnosed as having pulmonary hypertension (PH) for at least 6 months were evaluated using the Turkish version of EmPHasis‐10. Turkish version of the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) was used as gold standard to assess the validation of the Turkish version of the EmPHasis‐10 questionnaire. Relationship between MLHFQ and EmPHasis‐10 was analysed using Spearman correlation analysis to assess the validation. Cronbach alpha (internal consistency) and exploratory factor analyses were used to assess the questionnaire's reliability.ResultsThe statistical analysis showed that the EmPHasis‐10 questionnaire showed a high validity with MLHFQ (r = 0.85) (P = 0.001). Reliability analysis showed that EmPHasis‐10 had a high level of Cronbach alpha (α = 0.98) and internal consistency (ICC = 0.97).ConclusionsThe Turkish version of EmPHasis‐10 is a quality of life questionnaire specific to PH. It has a high‐level validity and reliability questionnaire that can be used by researchers and physicians.
Holographic projection for multispot structured illumination microscopy
Authors: WARD E.N. , PAL R. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThis paper describes the design and testing of a multispot structured illumination microscopy system using computer‐generated holograms to create the required excitation patterns. Furthermore, it demonstrates the use of an adapted direct search algorithm for calculating the holograms that allows for imaging across an extended field of view. The system was tested on fixed targets and live cells yielding a two times resolution increase over conventional diffraction‐limited imaging.Lay DescriptionWe present the design and testing of a multispot structured illumination microscopy system using computer‐generated holograms to create the required excitation patterns. It demonstrates the use of an adapted direct search algorithm for calculating the holograms that allows for imaging across an extended field of view. The system was tested on fixed targets and live cells yielding a two times resolution increase over conventional diffraction‐limited imaging.The results here demonstrate that holography provides an efficient means of pattern projection for MSIM imaging. It provides a significant improvement in the efficiency of pattern projection and more importantly it allows for the testing of more diverse excitation patterns than possible with amplitude‐only projection. For example, PSF engineering using phase modulation can be easily incorporated into the calculated holograms, potentially generating subdiffraction structures in the excitation pattern. The ability to incorporate PSF engineering into SIM opens up holographic MSIM as a potential method for further increasing resolution with little or no change to the imaging system.
Trabecular architecture of the great ape and human femoral head
Authors: Georgiou Leoni , Kivell Tracy L. , Pahr Dieter H. , Buck Laura T. , Skinner Matthew M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractStudies of femoral trabecular structure have shown that the orientation and volume of bone are associated with variation in loading and could be informative about individual joint positioning during locomotion. In this study, we analyse for the first time trabecular bone patterns throughout the femoral head using a whole‐epiphysis approach to investigate how potential trabecular variation in humans and great apes relates to differences in locomotor modes. Trabecular architecture was analysed using microCT scans of Pan troglodytes (n = 20), Gorilla gorilla (n = 14), Pongo sp. (n = 5) and Homo sapiens (n = 12) in medtool 4.1. Our results revealed differences in bone volume fraction (BV/TV) distribution patterns, as well as overall trabecular parameters of the femoral head between great apes and humans. Pan and Gorilla showed two regions of high BV/TV in the femoral head, consistent with hip posture and loading during two discrete locomotor modes: knuckle‐walking and climbing. Most Pongo specimens also displayed two regions of high BV/TV, but these regions were less discrete and there was more variability across the sample. In contrast, Homo showed only one main region of high BV/TV in the femoral head and had the lowest BV/TV, as well as the most anisotropic trabeculae. The Homo trabecular structure is consistent with stereotypical loading with a more extended hip compared with great apes, which is characteristic of modern human bipedalism. Our results suggest that holistic evaluations of femoral head trabecular architecture can reveal previously undetected patterns linked to locomotor behaviour in extant apes and can provide further insight into hip joint loading in fossil hominins and other primates.
The potential contribution of impaired brain glucose metabolism to congenital Zika syndrome
Authors: Gilbert‐Jaramillo Javier , Garcez Patricia , James William , Molnár Zoltán , Clarke Kieran 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Zika virus (ZIKV) became a major worldwide public concern in 2015 due to the congenital syndrome which presents the highest risk during the first trimester of pregnancy and includes microcephaly and eye malformations. Several cellular, genetic and molecular studies have shown alterations in metabolic pathways, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, immunity and dysregulation of RNA and energy metabolism both in vivo and in vitro. Here we summarise the main metabolic complications, with a particular focus on the possibility that brain energy metabolism is altered following ZIKV infection, contributing to developmental abnormalities. Brain energetic failure has been implicated in neurological conditions such as autism disorder and epilepsy, as well as in metabolic diseases with severe neurodevelopmental complications such as Glut‐1 deficiency syndrome. Therefore, these energetic alterations are of wide‐ranging interest as they might be directly implicated in congenital ZIKV syndrome. Data showing increased glycolysis during ZIKV infection, presumably required for viral replication, might support the idea that the virus can cause energetic stress in the developing brain cells. Consequences may include neuroinflammation, cell cycle dysregulation and cell death. Ketone bodies are non‐glycolytic brain fuels that are produced during neonatal life, starvation or fasting, ingestion of high‐fat low‐carbohydrate diets, and following supplementation with ketone esters. We propose that dietary ketones might alter the course of the disease and could even provide some degree of prevention of ZIKV‐associated abnormalities and potentially related neurological conditions characterised by brain glucose impairment.
Rehospitalisation rates and associated factors within 6 months after hospital discharge for patients with chronic heart failure: A longitudinal observational study
Authors: Ma Chunhua 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAims and objectivesTo examine the rate of rehospitalisation within 6 months after hospital discharge for patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and to investigate the potential factors influencing rehospitalisation.BackgroundThe rehospitalisation rates of heart failure (HF) patients show large differences from previous studies. It is not clear whether HF patients readmit due to exacerbation of HF or to comorbidities or other diseases. Although many studies have investigated the factors influencing rehospitalisation of HF patients, the impacts of depression and self‐care on rehospitalisation in this population remain unclear in China.DesignA longitudinal observational study was conducted. The study adheres to the STROBE guideline.MethodsFour hundred thirty‐two CHF inpatients were recruited by using a convenience sampling method from three tertiary teaching hospitals in Guangzhou, southern China. The scales used included the demographic and clinical questionnaires, the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Self‐Care of Heart Failure Index and the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Data were collected at two time points. A binary logistic regression was employed to determine factors associated with rehospitalisation of HF patients.ResultsThe rehospitalisation rate of CHF patients was 23.6% (n = 102) within 6 months after hospital discharge. Of those patients, 74 (72.6%) were readmitted once, 20 patients (19.6%) were readmitted twice and eight patients (7.8%) were readmitted three times. The results from logistic regression showed that CHF patients who maintained self‐care behaviours (OR = 0.763,p = 0.026) and had better self‐care management (OR = 0.516,p = 0.041) and stronger self‐care confidence (OR = 0.854,p = 0.039) were less likely to readmit. The odds of rehospitalisation were 2.239 times higher in HF patients with depressive symptoms (OR = 2.239,p = 0.013) than in those without these symptoms. Compared to patients living alone, those who lived with family members were less likely to be readmitted to hospital (OR = 0.361,p = 0.048).ConclusionsRehospitalisation commonly occurs in CHF patients within 6 months after hospital discharge in China. A lower level of self‐care, the presence of depressive symptoms and not living with family members are key determinants that influence rehospitalisation for this population.Relevance to clinical practiceEffective measures are required to improve CHF patients’ self‐care, reduce depressive symptoms and receive full support from family members.
Volume Assessment of the Effect of Obturators on Facial Form Following Surgery for Head and Neck Cancer Using Stereophotogrammetry
Authors: Coward Trevor J. , Richards Robin , Fenlon Michael R. , Scott Brendan J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPurposeTo determine if stereophotogrammetry could be used to determine the effects of obturators on facial contour in relation to the measurement of facial volumes.Materials and MethodsStereophotogrammetry images were recorded from 20 subjects with and without their obturators in place. These were converted into a stereolithographic format and overlaid. Registrations were made using the tissues on the normal areas of the face. Difference images were created, enabling surface areas and volumes to be calculated. To assess repeatability of measurement, 2 readings were recorded on each of 2 separate registrations. Data analysis between the sets of readings used correlation coefficients and paired t‐tests. Coefficients of repeatability were also calculated.ResultsA comparison of readings for the surface areas showed the method of measurement was repeatable with no significant differences between the 2 repeated readings for registration 1 (p = 0.977, coefficient of repeatability = 101 mm2), registration 2 (p = 0.085, coefficient of repeatability = 106 mm2), and the mean of the two readings for registration 1 compared with registration 2 (p = 0.355, coefficient of repeatability = 103 mm2). Similar results were found for the volume measurements with no significant differences between the repeated readings for registration 1 (p = 0.862, coefficient of repeatability = 229 mm3), registration 2 (p = 0.200, coefficient of repeatability = 209 mm3), and the mean of the 2 readings for registration 1 compared with those for registration 2 (p = 0.131, coefficient of repeatability 339 mm3). There was a statistically significant range of volumes that appeared to have been restored by the obturators (p < 0.0005).ConclusionsStereophotogrammetry is reliable in assessing the effects of obturators on facial form. In the sample of subjects, obturators generally appeared to be effective in supporting facial tissues following surgical resections of the maxilla and therefore contribute in some degree to the restoration of facial appearance.
Trust, Innocence, and Individual Responsibility: Neoliberal Dreams of a Colorblind Peace
Authors: Perez Michael J. , Salter Phia S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn his 1944 article, Prospect of a World Without Racial Conflict, W.E.B. DuBois hypothesized that we would never live in a world without racial division. With this in mind, we highlight how neoliberal ideologies promote policy, actions, and an idea of peace that upholds racial inequality in the United States. We consider how neoliberal tenets, such as free market trust and individual responsibility, reflect and promote misperceptions of racial conflict and impact colorblind perceptions of peace and justice. These perceptions promote definitions of conflict as physical violence versus systemic violence, ignore racial equality as a path to peace in favor of harmonious interaction, and highlight individuals as responsible for racial conflict as opposed to the system. In response, we argue for counter‐definitions of peace that explicitly acknowledge systemic violence and prioritize justice within the racial conflict context.
Application of the relationship between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in drug development and therapeutic equivalence: a PEARRL review
Authors: Loisios-Konstantinidis Ioannis , Paraiso Rafael L M , Fotaki Nikoletta , McAllister Mark , Cristofoletti Rodrigo , Dressman Jennifer 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Objectives
The objective of this review was to provide an overview of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models, focusing on drug-specific PK/PD models and highlighting their value added in drug development and regulatory decision-making.

Key findings
Many PK/PD models, with varying degrees of complexity and physiological understanding have been developed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of drug products. In special populations (e.g. paediatrics), in cases where there is genetic polymorphism and in other instances where therapeutic outcomes are not well described solely by PK metrics, the implementation of PK/PD models is crucial to assure the desired clinical outcome. Since dissociation between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles is often observed, it is proposed that physiologically based pharmacokinetic and PK/PD models be given more weight by regulatory authorities when assessing the therapeutic equivalence of drug products.

Summary
Modelling and simulation approaches already play an important role in drug development. While slowly moving away from ‘one-size fits all’ PK methodologies to assess therapeutic outcomes, further work is required to increase confidence in PK/PD models in translatability and prediction of various clinical scenarios to encourage more widespread implementation in regulatory decision-making.