bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV self‐testing: breaking the barriers to uptake of testing among men and adolescents in sub‐Saharan Africa, experiences from STAR demonstration projects in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe
Authors: Hatzold Karin , Gudukeya Stephano , Mutseta Miriam N , Chilongosi Richard , Nalubamba Mutinta , Nkhoma Chiwawa , Munkombwe Hambweka , Munjoma Malvern , Mkandawire Phillip , Mabhunu Varaidzo , Smith Gina , Madidi Ngonidzashe , Ahmed Hussein , Kambeu Taurai , Stankard Petra , Johnson Cheryl C , Corbett Elizabeth L 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionSocial, structural and systems barriers inhibit uptake of HIV testing. HIV self‐testing (HIVST) has shown promising uptake by otherwise underserved priority groups including men, young people and first‐time testers. Here, we use characteristics of HIVST kit recipients to investigate delivery to these priority groups during HIVST scale‐up in three African countries.MethodsKit distributors collected individual‐level age, sex and testing history from all clients. These data were aggregated and analysed by country (Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe) for five distribution models: local community‐based distributor (CBD: door‐to‐door, street and local venues), workplace distribution (WD), integration into HIV testing services (IHTS), or public health facilities (IPHF) and during demand creation for voluntary male medical circumcision (VMMC). Used kits were collected and re‐read from CBD and IHTS recipients.ResultsBetween May 2015 and July 2017, 628,705 HIVST kits were distributed in Malawi (172,830), Zambia (190,787) and Zimbabwe (265,091). Community‐based models, the first to be established, accounted for 519,658 (82.7%) of kits distributed, with 275,419 (53.0%) used kits returned. Subsequent model diversification delivered 54,453 (8.7%) test‐kits through IHTS, 23,561 (3.7%) through VMMC, 21,183 (3.4%) through IPHF and 9850 (1.7%) through WD. Men took 294,508 (48.2%) kits, and 263,073 (43.1%) went to young people (16 to 24 years). A higher proportion of male self‐testers (65,577; 22.3%) were first‐time testers than women (54,096; 17.1%) with this apparent in Zimbabwe (16.2% vs. 11.4%), Zambia (25.4% vs. 17.7%) and Malawi (27.9% vs. 25.9%). The highest proportions of first‐time testers were in young (16 to 24 years) and older (>50 years) men (country‐ranges: 18.7% to 35.9% and 13.8% to 26.8% respectively). Most IHTS clients opted for HIVST in preference to standard HTS in each of 12 delivery sites, with those selecting HIVST having lower HIV prevalence, potentially due to self‐selection.ConclusionsHIVST delivered at scale using several different models reached a high proportion of men, young people and first‐time testers in Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe, some of whom may not have tested otherwise. As men and young people have limited uptake under standard facility‐and community‐based HIV testing, innovative male‐ and youth‐sensitive approaches like HIVST may be essential to reaching UNAIDS fast‐track targets for 2020.
Applying user preferences to optimize the contribution of HIV self‐testing to reaching the “first 90” target of UNAIDS Fast‐track strategy: results from discrete choice experiments in Zimbabwe
Authors: Sibanda Euphemia L , d'Elbée Marc , Maringwa Galven , Ruhode Nancy , Tumushime Mary , Madanhire Claudius , Ong Jason J , Indravudh Pitchaya , Watadzaushe Constancia , Johnson Cheryl C , Hatzold Karin , Taegtmeyer Miriam , Hargreaves James R , Corbett Elizabeth L , Cowan Frances M , Terris‐Prestholt Fern 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionNew HIV testing strategies are needed to reach the United Nations’ 90‐90‐90 target. HIV self‐testing (HIVST) can increase uptake, but users’ perspectives on optimal models of distribution and post‐test services are uncertain. We used discrete choice experiments (DCEs) to explore the impact of service characteristics on uptake along the testing cascade.MethodsDCEs are a quantitative survey method that present respondents with repeated choices between packages of service characteristics, and estimate relative strengths of preferences for service characteristics. From June to October 2016, we embedded DCEs within a population‐based survey following door‐to‐door HIVST distribution by community volunteers in two rural Zimbabwean districts: one DCE addressed HIVST distribution preferences; and the other preferences for linkage to confirmatory testing (LCT) following self‐testing. Using preference coefficients/utilities, we identified key drivers of uptake for each service and simulated the effect of changes of outreach and static/public clinics’ characteristics on LCT.ResultsDistribution and LCT DCEs surveyed 296/329 (90.0%) and 496/594 (83.5%) participants; 81.8% and 84.9% had ever‐tested, respectively. The strongest distribution preferences were for: (1) free kits – a $1 increase in the kit price was associated with a disutility (U) of −2.017; (2) door‐to‐door kit delivery (U = +1.029) relative to collection from public/outreach clinic; (3) telephone helpline for pretest support relative to in‐person or no support (U = +0.415); (4) distributors from own/local village (U = +0.145) versus those from external communities. Participants who had never HIV tested valued phone helplines more than those previously tested. The strongest LCT preferences were: (1) immediate antiretroviral therapy (ART) availability: U = +0.614 and U = +1.052 for public and outreach clinics, respectively; (2) free services: a $1 user fee increase decreased utility at public (U = −0.381) and outreach clinics (U = −0.761); (3) proximity of clinic (U = −0.38 per hour walking). Participants reported willingness to link to either location; but never‐testers were more averse to LCT. Simulations showed the importance of availability of ART: ART unavailability at public clinics would reduce LCT by 24%.ConclusionsFree HIVST distribution by local volunteers and immediately available ART were the strongest relative preferences identified. Accommodating LCT preferences, notably ensuring efficient provision of ART, could facilitate “resistant testers” to test while maximizing uptake of post‐test services.
Argininosuccinate neurotoxicity and prevention by creatine in argininosuccinate lyase deficiency: An in vitro study in rat three‐dimensional organotypic brain cell cultures
Authors: Diez‐Fernandez Carmen , Hertig Damian , Loup Marc , Diserens Gaelle , Henry Hugues , Vermathen Peter , Nuoffer Jean‐Marc , Häberle Johannes , Braissant Olivier 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe urea cycle disorder (UCD) argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) deficiency, caused by a defective ASL enzyme, exhibits a wide range of phenotypes, from life‐threatening neonatal hyperammonemia to asymptomatic patients, with only the biochemical marker argininosuccinic acid (ASA) elevated in body fluids. Remarkably, even without ever suffering from hyperammonemia, patients often develop severe cognitive impairment and seizures. The goal of this study was to understand the effect on the known toxic metabolite ASA and the assumed toxic metabolite guanidinosuccinic acid (GSA) on developing brain cells, and to evaluate the potential role of creatine (Cr) supplementation, as it was described protective for brain cells exposed to ammonia. We used an in vitro model, in which we exposed three‐dimensional (3D) organotypic rat brain cell cultures in aggregates to different combinations of the metabolites of interest at two time points (representing two different developmental stages). After harvest and cryopreservation of the cell cultures, the samples were analyzed mainly by metabolite analysis, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. ASA and GSA were found toxic for astrocytes and neurons. This toxicity could be reverted in vitro by Cr. As well, an antiapoptotic effect of ASA was revealed, which could contribute to the neurotoxicity in ASL deficiency. Further studies in human ASL deficiency will be required to understand the biochemical situation in the brain of affected patients, and to investigate the impact of high or low arginine doses on brain Cr availability. In addition, clinical trials to evaluate the beneficial effect of Cr supplementation in ASL deficiency would be valuable.
Avoiding bias and fallacy in survey research: A behavioral multilevel approach
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMuch like researchers in general management and organization theory interested in organization‐level phenomena, operations management researchers theorize and analyze entire operational systems, such as factories, supply chains, airports, or hospital wards. In discussing threats to measurement validity, we tend to focus on motivational factors such as social desirability, acquiescence, and other self‐serving biases. In this paper, I seek to complement these discussions by examining the broader question of how individual‐level responses can provide information on system‐level traits. In an empirical illustration, I apply multilevel factor analysis to examine the factor structure of organizational commitment in a sample of 2,355 informants embedded within 265 manufacturing plants. The conclusion is that understanding the multilevel essence of theoretical concepts is crucial and that confounding levels may lead to inferences that are not only biased but—much worse—fallacious.
Pre‐operative prediction of soft tissue balancing in knee arthoplasty part 1: Effect of surgical parameters during level walking
Authors: Viceconti Marco , Ascani Daniele , Mazzà Claudia 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTAn important reason for poor functional outcome of Total Knee Arthroplasty is inadequate soft tissue balancing. Custom‐made cutting guides or computer‐aided surgical navigation make possible to accurately achieve what is planned; the challenge is to perform a pre‐operative planning that properly accounts for soft‐tissue balancing. The first step in the development of a patient‐specific computer model that can predict during pre‐operative planning the post‐operative soft‐tissue balancing is a better understanding of the role that cutting heights and angles have on the balancing of the soft tissues after TKA as the patient perform the more common daily tasks. In the present study, we conducted a sensitivity analysis of the ligament elongations during level walking due to TKA as a function of position and orientation of the cutting guides, by means of a validated patient‐specific dynamic model of the post‐TKA knee biomechanics. The results suggest a considerable sensitivity of the collateral ligaments elongation to the surgical variables, and in particular to the varus‐valgus angles of both tibia and femur. This complete elongation map can be used as a baseline for the development of reduced‐order models to be integrated in pre‐operative planning environments. © 2019 The Authors Journal of Orthopaedic Research. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:1537–1545, 2019.
Impact of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on strawberry polyphenols
Authors: Balasooriya Himali N , Dassanayake Kithsiri B , Seneweera Saman , Ajlouni Said 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe strawberry cultivars ‘Albion’ and ‘San Andreas’ (‘SA’) were grown under various combinations of day temperature (25 and 30 °C) and carbon dioxide [CO2] (400, 650 and 950 μmol mol−1) conditions. The influence of different growth combinations on the polyphenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin, antioxidant, and individual phenolic compound content of fresh strawberry fruits was studied. The content of individual phenolic compounds of fresh strawberry fruits was quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography – ultraviolet (HPLC‐UV).RESULTSElevated [CO2] and higher temperature caused significant increases in total polyphenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and antioxidants in both strawberry cultivars when compared with plants grown under ambient conditions. Results of HPLC‐UV analysis also revealed that individual phenolic compounds of fruits were also increased with increasing [CO2] and temperature. However, the responses were significantly altered by the interaction of elevated [CO2] and higher temperature. The individual and interaction effects of [CO2] and temperature were also significantly cultivar dependent. The largest amounts of flavonoid (482 ± 68 mg kg−1 FW) and antioxidant (19.0 ± 2.1 μmol g−1 FW) were detected in ‘Albion’ grown at 30 °C and under 950 μmol mol−1, and total polyphenol (3350 ± 104 mg GAE kg−1 FW) and anthocyanin (332 ± 16 mg kg−1 FW) in ‘San Andreas’ grown at 25 °C and 950 μmol mol−1.CONCLUSIONStrawberry fruit was rich with polyphenols and antioxidants when grown under elevated [CO2] and higher temperature. There were also interactions between [CO2] and temperature affecting the fruits' content. An increase in the polyphenol and antioxidant content in strawberry fruits would be highly beneficial to human health. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid return to function and stability with dual mobility components cemented into an acetabular reconstructive cage for large osseous defects in the setting of periacetabular metastatic disease
Authors: Plummer Darren , Passen Edward , Alexander John , Vajapey Sravya , Frantz Travis , Niedermeier Steven , Pettit Robert , Scharschmidt Thomas 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLarge acetabular defects secondary to metastatic disease frequently require extensive acetabular reconstruction. Techniques of acetabular reconstruction have been described, but no consensus for the management of these defects has been reached so far. We present our technique and patient outcomes for acetabular reconstruction by cementing a dual mobility cup into an acetabular cage.MethodsWe reviewed 152 total hip arthroplasties and identified 19 patients with periacetabular metastatic disease and large defects who required acetabular reconstruction utilizing a dual mobility cup cemented into an acetabular reconstructive cage. The following outcomes were evaluated: pain relief, functional improvement, postoperative complications.ResultsMean follow‐up was 3 years, with 13 of the 19 patients eligible for 2‐year follow‐up. Patients reported a significant improvement in both pain and functional outcomes. There were no dislocations or signs of loosening. Two patients developed postoperative infections. One patient required hemipelvectomy 16 months postop due to recurrence of metastatic disease.ConclusionsCementing a dual mobility cup into an acetabular cage provides a highly stable and durable option for patients with periacetabular metastatic disease and large defects. Patients are able to return to immediate full weight bearing with significant improvement in both function and pain at 2 years.
Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Symptom Trajectories Following the Fatal 2011 Christchurch, New Zealand Earthquake
Authors: Jones Hannah , Dorahy Martin J. , Britt Eileen , Rowlands Amy , Renouf Charlotte , Carter Janet D. , Hanna Donncha 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPeople respond differently to potentially traumatic events. To explore predictors of a chronic and delayed trajectory of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) after a natural disaster, we analyzed psychometric data collected from 412 residents of Christchurch, New Zealand after a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck in February 2011. Participants from suburbs with different levels of socioeconomic status (SES) and earthquake impact completed a door‐to‐door survey 4–7 months after the earthquake (Time 1; N = 600) and again 10–11 months after the earthquake (Time 2; N = 412). The survey included the Acute Stress Disorder Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire's nine‐item Depression subscale, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 scale, along with single‐item measures of variables including aftershock anxiety and family tension. Hobfoll's conservation of resources theory was used to guide data interpretation. High levels of depression, odds ratio (OR) = 1.24, and anxiety, OR = 1.24, at Time 1 significantly predicted membership in the chronic trajectory. Predictors of a delayed onset of symptoms included increased aftershock anxiety, OR = 1.29, and family tension, OR = 1.35, over time, as well as living in an area defined as being of low, OR = 5.36, or medium, OR = 11.39, SES. Results highlight risk factors for elevated PTSS and resources that individuals can use to offset threatened loss. These findings have implications for service providers, agencies, and the public.
Carbon debris and fiber cleaving: Effects on potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate laser energy and chorioallantoic membrane model vessel coagulation
Authors: Tracy Lauren F. , Kobler James B. , Van Stan Jarrad H. , Burns James A. 
Published: March 2019

Objectives/HypothesisPhotoangiolytic precision afforded by the 532‐nm potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate (KTP) laser relies on predictable energy delivery. Inadequate energy output can cause vessel rupture, and excessive energy can cause thermal damage. The quality of the cleaved surface and carbon deposits from ablated tissue are two factors that could negatively impact fiber performance. The effects of these on energy output and blood vessel coagulation were assessed using a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model.Study DesignComparative analysis.MethodsLaser fibers with carbon debris, optimal fiber cleaving, and suboptimal cleaving were inspected at three times magnification, and the light dispersion pattern of each fiber was rated. The average energy output from consecutive pulses through each fiber configuration was recorded. The effect of these fiber conditions on clinical efficacy was estimated by measuring vessel coagulation versus rupture in the CAM model. Repeated measures analysis of variance compared results.ResultsCarbon debris and suboptimal cleaving resulted in decreased energy output in comparison to optimal cleaving ([−Δ244 mJ, d = 4.31, P < .001] and [−Δ195 mJ, d = 6.04, P < .001]). Optimal cleaving resulted in immediate coagulation of vessels. Fibers with suboptimal cleaving and carbon debris had unpredictable outcomes, requiring multiple pulses for coagulation or causing vessel rupture.ConclusionsKTP laser fiber function is significantly affected by fiber tip condition. Carbon debris and suboptimal cleaving create significant attenuation of energy, which results in an unpredictable angiolytic effect, as demonstrated by increased vessel rupture in the CAM model. Optimal recleaving of KTP laser fibers restores prior energy output and predictable coagulation. Care should be taken to avoid carbon debris on laser‐fiber tips and to cleave fibers properly.Level of EvidenceNALaryngoscope, 129:2244–2248, 2019
Preoperative characteristics of over 1,300 functional septorhinoplasty patients
Authors: Justicz Natalie , Gadkaree Shekhar K. , Fuller Jennifer C. , Locascio Joseph J. , Lindsay Robin W. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveTo identify characteristics of patients presenting preoperatively for functional septorhinoplasty associated with increased Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scores.Study DesignRetrospective analysis of a prospective cohort at a tertiary medical center. Only baseline assessments were analyzed in this cross‐sectional study.Methods1,338 patients completed baseline nasal evaluation, resulting in 1,034 NOSE scores. Demographics, medical history, surgical history, and physical exam findings were recorded.ResultsThe average preoperative NOSE score was 59.8 out of 100 (standard deviation: 24.9). Fifty‐four percent (578 per 1,074) of respondents were female, although sex did not affect baseline NOSE score (P = 0.7). Forty‐five percent (404 per 896) reported prior nasal surgery. History of rhinoplasty was not associated with a difference in baseline NOSE score (P = 0.1924); however, history of septoplasty (P = 0.0390) was associated with an increased baseline NOSE score. Snoring was also both associated with higher baseline NOSE score (P = 0.0003). All 12 septal/nasal valve measurements were associated with higher preoperative NOSE score, whereas the internal nasal valve narrowing variables retained significance in multivariate analysis (left: P = .0490; right: P = .0077).ConclusionPatients presenting for nasal airway obstruction were evaluated. Sex was not associated with difference in NOSE score. History of septoplasty was associated with higher baseline NOSE score, as were snoring and internal nasal valve narrowing at rest.Level of Evidence2C Laryngoscope, 130:25–31, 2020
Our data, our society, our health: A vision for inclusive and transparent health data science in the United Kingdom and beyond
Authors: Ford Elizabeth , Boyd Andy , Bowles Juliana K.F. , Havard Alys , Aldridge Robert W. , Curcin Vasa , Greiver Michelle , Harron Katie , Katikireddi Vittal , Rodgers Sarah E. , Sperrin Matthew 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe last 6 years have seen sustained investment in health data science in the United Kingdom and beyond, which should result in a data science community that is inclusive of all stakeholders, working together to use data to benefit society through the improvement of public health and well‐being.However, opportunities made possible through the innovative use of data are still not being fully realised, resulting in research inefficiencies and avoidable health harms. In this paper, we identify the most important barriers to achieving higher productivity in health data science. We then draw on previous research, domain expertise, and theory to outline how to go about overcoming these barriers, applying our core values of inclusivity and transparency.We believe a step change can be achieved through meaningful stakeholder involvement at every stage of research planning, design, and execution and team‐based data science, as well as harnessing novel and secure data technologies. Applying these values to health data science will safeguard a social licence for health data research and ensure transparent and secure data usage for public benefit.
Free‐breathing quantification of regional ventilation derived by phase‐resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI
Authors: Klimeš F. , Voskrebenzev A. , Gutberlet M. , Kern A. , Behrendt L. , Kaireit T.F. , Czerner C. , Renne J. , Wacker F. , Vogel‐Claussen J. 
Published: March 2019

PurposeTo test the feasibility of regional fully quantitative ventilation measurement in free breathing derived by phase‐resolved functional lung (PREFUL) MRI in the supine and prone positions. In addition, the influence of T2* relaxation time on ventilation quantification is assessed.MethodsTwelve healthy volunteers underwent functional MRI at 1.5 T using a 2D triple‐echo spoiled gradient echo sequence allowing for quantitative measurement of T2* relaxation time. Minute ventilation (ΔV) was quantified by conventional fractional ventilation (FV) and the newly introduced regional ventilation (VR), which corrects volume errors due to image registration. ΔVFV versus ΔVVR and ΔVVR versus ΔVVR with T2* correction were compared using Bland–Altman plots and correlation analysis. The repeatability and physiological plausibility of all measurements were tested in the supine and prone positions.ResultsOn global and regional scales a strong correlation was observed between ΔVFV versus ΔVVR and ΔVVR versus ΔVVRT2* (r > 0.93); however, regional Bland–Altman analysis showed systematic differences (p < 0.0001). Unlike ΔVVRT2*, ΔVVR and ΔVFV showed expected physiologic anterior–posterior gradients, which decreased in the supine but not in the prone position at second measurement during 3 min in the same position. For all quantification methods a moderate repeatability (coefficient of variation <20%) of ventilation was found.ConclusionA fully quantified regional ventilation measurement using ΔVVR in free breathing is feasible and shows physiologically plausible results. In contrast to conventional ΔVFV, volume errors due to image registration are eliminated with the ΔVVR approach. However, correction for the T2* effect remains challenging.