bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergence of hystricognathous rodents: Palaeogene fossil record, phylogeny, dental evolution and historical biogeography
Authors: Marivaux Laurent , Boivin Myriam 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough phylogenetic trees imply Asia as the ancestral homeland of the Hystricognathi clade (Rodentia: Ctenohystrica), curiously the oldest known fossil occurrences of hystricognathous rodents are not from Asia, but from Africa and South America, where they appear suddenly in the fossil record of both landmasses by the Late Middle Eocene. Here we performed cladistic and Bayesian (standard and tip-dating analyses) assessments of the dental evidence documenting early ctenohystricans, including several Asian ‘ctenodactyloids’, virtually all Palaeogene Asian and African hystricognaths known thus far and two representatives of the earliest known South American hystricognaths. Our results provide a phylogenetic context of early hystricognaths (with implications on systematics) and suggest that some Eocene Asian ‘ctenodactyloids’ could be considered as stem hystricognaths and pre-hystricognaths, although they were not recognized as such originally. However, this view does not fill the gap of the Eocene Asian hystricognath record, as the proposed results imply many ghost lineages extending back to the Middle Eocene for several Asian and African taxa. They also imply a complex early historical biogeography of the group, involving multiple dispersal events from Asia to Africa (and possibly from Africa back to Asia) and then to South America sometime during the Middle Eocene. Based on these phylogenetic considerations, we discuss the emergence of hystricognathous rodents from a morpho-anatomical perspective by analysing the differentiation of their masticatory apparatus and chewing movements, notably through the evolution of their dental patterns.
A Psychological Foundation for Team-Based Learning: Knowledge Reconsolidation
Authors: Schmidt Henk G. , Rotgans Jerome I. , Rajalingam Preman , Low-Beer Naomi 
Published: May 2019

Although team-based learning is a popular instructional approach, little is known about its psychological foundation. In this Perspective, the authors propose a theoretical account of the psychological mechanisms through which team-based learning works. They suggest a knowledge reconsolidation hypothesis to explain how the distinct phases of team-based learning enable students to learn. Knowledge reconsolidation is the process whereby previously consolidated knowledge is retrieved from memory with the purpose of actively consolidating it again. Reconsolidation aims to preserve, strengthen, and adjust knowledge that is already stored in long-term memory. This process is generally considered an important reason why people who reactivate what they have previously learned many times develop knowledge structures that are extremely stable and easily retrieved.
The authors propose that 4 psychological mechanisms enable knowledge reconsolidation, each of which is tied to a distinct phase of team-based learning: retrieval practice, peer elaboration, feedback, and transfer of learning. Before a team-based learning session, students engage in independent, self-directed learning that is often followed by at least one night of sleep. The latter is known to facilitate synaptic consolidation in the brain. During the actual team-based learning session, students are first tested individually on what they learned, then they discuss the answers to the test with a small group of peers, ask remaining “burning questions” to the teacher, and finally engage in a number of application exercises.
This knowledge reconsolidation hypothesis may be considered a framework to guide future research into how team-based learning works and its outcomes.
How Does Screw Migration or Fracture After Anterior Cervical Plate Fixation Affect the Radiographic and Clinical Outcomes?
Authors: Park Sehan , Lee Dong-Ho , Ha Jung-Ki , Hwang Saemin , Hwang Do-yon , Cho Jae Hwan , Hwang Chang Ju , Kim Sunghoo , Lee Choon Sung 
Published: June 2019

Study Design:
A retrospective cohort study.

Objective:
The objective of this article is to assess the effect of screw migration and fracture associated with anterior cervical plating on long-term radiographic and clinical outcomes.

Background Data:
Screw migration and breakage detected after anterior cervical discectomy/corpectomy and fusion with plating may cause various implant-related complications and reduce solid fusion rate. However, little is known about their long-term prognosis.

Materials and Methods:
Medical records and radiographic data of 248 consecutive patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion or anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion with a dynamic plating system and were followed up for ≥2 years were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who experienced screw migration or breakage were classified as screw failure group (SF group, n=25). Patients without screw loosening or fracture until the last follow-up were defined as the nonfailure group (NF group, n=223). Visual analogue scales for neck pain, arm pain, and neck disability index were assessed. Radiologic measurements were performed to analyze solid fusion. The solid union was defined as interspinous motion ≤1 mm on flexion/extension lateral x-rays.

Results:
A number of levels fused was significantly associated with increased risk of screw failure (P<0.01). A total of 13 patients in the SF group achieved solid fusion at final follow-up, although fusion rates at all postoperative time points were significantly lower in the SF group than in the NF group, including at final follow-up (P<0.01). Failures in 23 (92%) screw failure patients developed at the lowermost instrumented vertebra. The SF and NF groups experienced similar degrees of neck pain, arm pain, and neck disturbance index scores. There were no cases of complete screw extrusion or related complications requiring revision surgery.

Conclusion:
Although screw failure increased the incidence of pseudarthrosis, it did not aggravate postoperative arm pain, neck pain, or neck disability. As failed implants rarely migrate to an extent that endangers tracheoesophageal structures, immediate removal is rarely necessary.
Neurologic Complications of Infective Endocarditis: A Joint Model for a Septic Thromboembolism and Inflammatory Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Cantier Marie , Sabben Candice , Adle-Biassette Homa , Louedec Liliane , Delbosc Sandrine , Desilles Jean-Philippe , Journé Clément , Diallo Devy , Ou Phalla , Klein Isabelle , Chau Françoise , Lefort Agnès , Iung Bernard , Duval Xavier , Olivot Jean-Marc , Ho-Tin-Noe Benoit , Michel Jean-Baptiste , Sonneville Romain , Mazighi Mikael 
Published: May 2019

Objectives:
Embolic events from vegetations are commonly accepted as the main mechanism involved in neurologic complications of infective endocarditis. The pathophysiology may imply other phenomena, including vasculitis. We aimed to define the cerebral lesion spectrum in an infective endocarditis rat model.

Design:
Experimental model of Staphylococcus aureus or Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis. Neurologic lesions observed in the infective endocarditis model were compared with three other conditions, namely bacteremia, nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, and healthy controls.

Setting:
Research laboratory of a university hospital.

Subjects:
Male Wistar rats.

Interventions:
Brain MRI, neuropathology, immunohistochemistry for astrocyte and microglia, and bacterial studies on brain tissue were used to characterize neurologic lesions.

Measurements and Main Results:
In the infective endocarditis group, MRI revealed at least one cerebral lesion in 12 of 23 rats (52%), including brain infarctions (n = 9/23, 39%) and cerebral microbleeds (n = 8/23, 35%). In the infective endocarditis group, neuropathology revealed brain infarctions (n = 12/23, 52%), microhemorrhages (n = 10/23, 44%), and inflammatory processes (i.e., cell infiltrates including abscesses, vasculitis, meningoencephalitis, and/or ependymitis; n = 11/23, 48%). In the bacteremia group, MRI studies were normal and neuropathology revealed only hemorrhages (n = 2/11, 18%). Neuropathologic patterns observed in the nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis group were similar to those observed in the infective endocarditis group. Immunochemistry revealed higher microglial activation in the infective endocarditis group (n = 11/23, 48%), when compared with the bacteremia (n = 1/11, 9%; p = 0.03) and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis groups (n = 0/7, 0%; p = 0.02).

Conclusions:
This original model of infective endocarditis recapitulates the neurologic lesion spectrum observed in humans and suggests synergistic mechanisms involved, including thromboembolism and cerebral vasculitis, promoted by a systemic bacteremia-mediated inflammation.
Outcome Prediction in Postanoxic Coma With Deep Learning*
Authors: Tjepkema-Cloostermans Marleen C. , da Silva Lourenço Catarina , Ruijter Barry J. , Tromp Selma C. , Drost Gea , Kornips Francois H. M. , Beishuizen Albertus , Bosch Frank H. , Hofmeijer Jeannette , van Putten Michel J. A. M. 
Published: June 2019

Objectives:
Visual assessment of the electroencephalogram by experienced clinical neurophysiologists allows reliable outcome prediction of approximately half of all comatose patients after cardiac arrest. Deep neural networks hold promise to achieve similar or even better performance, being more objective and consistent.

Design:
Prospective cohort study.

Setting:
Medical ICU of five teaching hospitals in the Netherlands.

Patients:
Eight-hundred ninety-five consecutive comatose patients after cardiac arrest.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Continuous electroencephalogram was recorded during the first 3 days after cardiac arrest. Functional outcome at 6 months was classified as good (Cerebral Performance Category 1–2) or poor (Cerebral Performance Category 3–5). We trained a convolutional neural network, with a VGG architecture (introduced by the Oxford Visual Geometry Group), to predict neurologic outcome at 12 and 24 hours after cardiac arrest using electroencephalogram epochs and outcome labels as inputs. Output of the network was the probability of good outcome. Data from two hospitals were used for training and internal validation (n = 661). Eighty percent of these data was used for training and cross-validation, the remaining 20% for independent internal validation. Data from the other three hospitals were used for external validation (n = 234). Prediction of poor outcome was most accurate at 12 hours, with a sensitivity in the external validation set of 58% (95% CI, 51–65%) at false positive rate of 0% (CI, 0–7%). Good outcome could be predicted at 12 hours with a sensitivity of 48% (CI, 45–51%) at a false positive rate of 5% (CI, 0–15%) in the external validation set.

Conclusions:
Deep learning of electroencephalogram signals outperforms any previously reported outcome predictor of coma after cardiac arrest, including visual electroencephalogram assessment by trained electroencephalogram experts. Our approach offers the potential for objective and real time, bedside insight in the neurologic prognosis of comatose patients after cardiac arrest.
Drainage Seton Versus External Anal Sphincter–Sparing Seton After Rerouting of the Fistula Tract in the Treatment of Complex Anal Fistula: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Omar Waleed , Alqasaby Abdallah , Abdelnaby Mahmoud , Youssef Mohamed , Shalaby Mostafa , Anwar Abdel-Razik Mohamed , Emile Sameh Hany 
Published: June 2019

BACKGROUND:
Complex anal fistula is one of the challenging anorectal conditions. Several treatments have been proposed for complex anal fistula, yet none proved to be ideal.

OBJECTIVE:
This randomized trial aimed to assess the efficacy of external anal sphincter–sparing seton in comparison with the conventional drainage seton in the treatment of complex anal fistula.

DESIGN:
This was a prospective, randomized, single-blind controlled study.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted at the Colorectal Surgery Unit of Mansoura University Hospitals.

PATIENTS:
Adult patients of both sexes with complex anal fistula were recruited and evaluated with MRI before surgery.

INTERVENTIONS:
Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups; group 1 was treated with conventional drainage seton and group 2 was treated with external anal sphincter–sparing seton using a rerouting technique.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The duration of healing, incidence of recurrence or persistence, postoperative pain, and complications including fecal incontinence were measured.

RESULTS:
Sixty patients (56 men) with a mean age of 43 years were included. Mean operation time in group 1 was significantly shorter than group 2 (29.8 ± 4.3 vs 43.8 ± 4.5 min; p < 0.0001). The mean pain score at 24 hours in group 1 was 8.1 ± 1.6 versus 5.3 ± 1.3 in group 2 (p < 0.0001). Five patients (17%) in group 1 experienced complications versus 2 (7%) in group 2. All of the patients in group 1 required a second-stage fistulotomy versus 2 patients (7%) in group 2 (p < 0.0001). Time to complete healing in group 1 was significantly (p < 0.0001) longer than group 2 (103 ± 47 vs 46 ± 18 d). Four patients (13%) in group 1 and 1 patient (3%) in group 2 experienced persistence or recurrence of anal fistula (p = 0.35).

LIMITATIONS:
This was a single-center study with relatively small numbers in each group.

CONCLUSIONS:
Patients treated with external anal sphincter–sparing seton after rerouting of the fistula tract achieved quicker healing and less postoperative pain than those with conventional drainage seton. Postoperative complication and recurrence rates were comparable in both groups. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A963.

TRIAL REGISTRATION:
clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03636997 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03636997).
Misclassification of Sex Assigned at Birth in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and Transgender Reproductive Health
Authors: Tordoff Diana , Andrasik Michele , Hajat Anjum 
Published: June 2019

Background:
National surveys based on probability sampling methods, such as the Behavioral Risk Factor and Surveillance System (BRFSS), are crucial tools for unbiased estimates of health disparities. In 2014, the BRFSS began offering a module to capture transgender and gender nonconforming identity. Although the BRFSS provides much needed data on the this population, these respondents are vulnerable to misclassification of sex assigned at birth.

Methods:
We applied quantitative bias analysis to explore the magnitude and direction of the systematic bias present as a result of this misclassification. We use multivariate Poisson regression with robust standard errors to estimate the association between gender and four sex-specific outcomes: prostate-specific antigen testing, Pap testing, hysterectomy, and pregnancy. We applied single and multiple imputation methods, and probabilistic adjustments to explore bias present in these estimates.

Results:
Combined BRFSS data from 2014, 2015, and 2016 included 1078 transgender women, 701 transgender men, and 450 gender nonconforming individuals. Sex assigned at birth was misclassified among 29.6% of transgender women and 30.2% of transgender men. Transgender and gender nonconforming individuals excluded due to sex-based skip patterns are demographically distinct from those who were asked reproductive health questions, suggesting that there is noteworthy selection bias present in the data. Estimates for gender nonconforming respondents are vulnerable to small degrees of bias, while estimates for cancer screenings among transgender women and men are more robust to moderate degrees of bias.

Conclusion:
Our results demonstrate that the BRFSS methodology introduces substantial uncertainty into reproductive health measures, which could bias population-based estimates. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing validated sex and gender questions in health surveillance surveys. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B562.
Patients With CONgestive Heart Failure Benefit From Long-Term Treatment Effects With Novel Treatment Using Azosemide Compared With Furosemide Derived From Existing Retrospective Study Data: CONTENTED
Authors: Toyoda Shigeru , Arikawa Takuo , Inami Shu , Nishikawa Riichi , Saito Fumiya , Watanabe Ryo , Sakuma Masashi , Kanaya Tomoaki , Abe Shichiro , Inoue Teruo 
Published: June 2019

Abstract:
A long-acting loop diuretic, azosemide, has been shown to improve long-term prognosis in patients with heart failure compared with a short-acting loop diuretic, furosemide. However, the therapeutic advantages of azosemide over furosemide have not been clearly established. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed clinical outcomes and laboratory data in patients with congestive heart failure treated with furosemide or azosemide, and the efficacy of these agents was compared. First, we screened 1900 patients and selected 124 (furosemide group: n = 40; azosemide group: n = 84) as the total study population. From these patients, we next selected 72 patients for the propensity score–matched analysis (furosemide group: n = 36; azosemide group: n = 36). The incidence of all-cause death and rehospitalization due to worsening heart failure during 24 months of follow-up was similar between the furosemide and azosemide groups in both the total study population and the propensity score–matched population. However, in the propensity score–matched analysis, the estimated glomerular filtration rate time-dependently decreased during 36 months of follow-up in the furosemide group (56.5 ± 19.5–43.2 ± 16.3 mL/min/1.73 m2), whereas it did not change in the azosemide group (58.6 ± 22.0–50.3 ± 17.8 mL/min/1.73 m2) (P = 0.032). Azosemide might have some potential advantage for renal protection over furosemide in patients with congestive heart failure.
Context Association in Glaucoma Patients Using a Touch Screen
Authors: Lenoble Quentin , Rouland Jean-François 
Published: June 2019

Precis:
The results showed that people with glaucoma are able to perform with high accuracy a context-association task on a touch screen. This device could be a new possibility for communication and for clinical assessment.

Background:
The present study was designed to investigate the ability of patients with glaucoma to use a touch screen to find and associate pictures with limited text.

Methods:
Eighty-four volunteers were recruited in 3 groups and tested binocularly or monocularly. Twenty-eight patients with binocular glaucoma (M=68.5 y) were selected with a visual acuity of 0.4 log MAR or better in each eye and visual field defects, with a mean deviation equal to or less than −6 dB in each eye. Twenty-eight age-matched controls (M=68.8 y) and 28 young controls (M=22.1 y) were also recruited (normal acuity; exclusion of ocular disease). The participants had to associate, by moving their index on a 22″ touch screen, a target on the unique scene (between 3 other distractor images) with a consistent background related to the target (eg, to match a fish with the sea).

Results:
The performances of the glaucomatous patients were significantly (P<0.01) impaired in monocular vision compared with binocular vision with regard to the exploration duration (+2 s), accuracy (−3% of correct response), and peak speed (−10 cm/s). However, with binocular vision, representing daily life conditions, exploration duration, deviation, movement duration, peak speed, and accuracy were not affected by glaucoma, as demonstrated by comparison with the age-matched group.

Conclusions:
People with glaucoma are able to perform with high accuracy a context-association task on a touch screen. Many applications involving touch screen devices should provide new tools with limited text to help patients with visual disabilities.
Spirochetal Diseases and Seventh Nerve Palsy
Authors: Shaikh Sana , Peña-Garcia Jorge Isaac , Lacasse Alexandre 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Treponema pallidum and Borrelia burgdorferi may lead to seventh nerve palsy and should be suspected in the appropriate clinical context. Serologic testing for syphilis and Lyme disease (LD) is valuable but may show cross-reactivity. We describe a 20-year-old woman with left seventh nerve palsy secondary to latent syphilis of unknown duration, with complete recovery after penicillin G benzathine. In addition to reactive rapid plasma reagin and positive T. pallidum particle agglutination testing, Lyme enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was equivocal, and Lyme Western blot was positive for immunoglobulin M. In syphilis, Lyme enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay may be falsely positive, but Western blot is known to remain negative. Similarly, in LD, fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption testing may be falsely positive, but rapid plasma reagin remains nonreactive. Careful interpretation of these serologic tests is of utmost importance in differentiating between the 2, especially in areas with low prevalence of LD.
Can self-reported pain characteristics and bedside test be used for the assessment of pain mechanisms? An analysis of results of neuropathic pain questionnaires and quantitative sensory testing
Authors: Gierthmühlen Janne , Schneider Ulrike , Seemann Martina , Freitag-Wolf Sandra , Maihöfner Christian , Enax-Krumova Elena K. , Azad Shahnaz-C. , Üçeyler Nurcan , Birklein Frank , Maier Christoph , Tölle Thomas , Treede Rolf-Detlef , Baron Ralf 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Hyperalgesia and allodynia are frequent in neuropathic pain. Some pain questionnaires such as the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS) and the Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS) include self-assessment or bedside testing of hyperalgesia/allodynia. The aim of this study was to determine to what extent LANSS and NPS data are congruent with findings on quantitative sensory testing (QST). Self-reported presence of dynamic mechanical allodynia (DMA) and descriptors of hot, cold, or deep ongoing pain (the NPS and LANSS) as well as bedside findings of mechanical allodynia (LANSS) were compared with signs of DMA and thermal hyperalgesia on QST in 617 patients with neuropathic pain. Self-reported abnormal skin sensitivity (LANSS) showed a moderate concordance with DMA during bedside test (67.9%, κ = 0.391) or QST (52.8%, κ = 0.165). Receiver operating curve analysis for self-reported DMA yielded similar area-under-the-curve values for the LANSS (0.65, confidence interval: 0.59%-0.97%) and NPS (0.71, confidence interval: 0.66%-0.75%) with high sensitivity but low specificity. Self-reported deep pain intensity was higher in patients with blunt pressure hyperalgesia, but not in patients with DMA or thermal hyperalgesia. No correlations were observed between self-reported hot or cold pain quality and thermal hyperalgesia on QST. Self-reported abnormal skin sensitivity has a high sensitivity to identify patients with DMA, but its low specificity indicates that many patients mean something other than DMA when reporting this symptom. Self-reported deep pain is related to deep-tissue hypersensitivity, but thermal qualities of ongoing pain are not related to thermal hyperalgesia. Questionnaires mostly evaluate the ongoing pain experience, whereas QST mirrors sensory functions. Therefore, both methods are complementary for pain assessment.