bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reclassification of the serows and gorals: the end of a neverending story?
Authors: Mori Emiliano , Nerva Luca , Lovari Sandro 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTaxonomy is partly a subjective matter, but it is instrumental for ecological, behavioural and especially conservation studies. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, goat‐antelopes (Bovidae: Rupicaprini tribe) number 13 species, 62% of which are ‘Threatened’ or ‘Near Threatened’ with extinction. During recent decades, the number of extant species of goat‐antelopes – especially in endemic Asian genera (goral: six speciesNaemorhedusspp.; serow: seven speciesCapricornisspp.) – has been inflated.We have revised the taxonomy and phylogeny of the gorals and serows, for the first time using the total mitochondrial genome of all taxa.We confirm the existence of three goral and four serow species. We can find no justification for the existence ofNaemorhedus griseus(Chinese goral),Naemorhedus bedfordi(Himalayan goral) andNaemorhedus evansi(Burmese goral), which should be pooled together withinNaemorhedus goral(brown goral). Two species of mainland serow are also recognised:Capricornis rubidus(red serow) andCapricornis sumatraensis(Sumatran serow).Capricornis rubidusandNaemorhedus baileyi(red goral) are the forms more closely related to the common Pliocenic, still‐unknown ancestor. Among serows,Capricornis crispusis sister to all remaining species.Capricornis rubidusandCapricornis swinhoei(Formosan serow) are sister species, probably the remnants of an older radiation of mainland serows.
Ecological gradients drive insect wing loss and speciation: The role of the alpine treeline
Authors: McCulloch Graham A. , Foster Brodie J. , Dutoit Ludovic , Ingram Travis , Hay Eleanor , Veale Andrew J. , Dearden Peter K. , Waters Jonathan M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlpine ecosystems are frequently characterized by an abundance of wing‐reduced insect species, but the drivers of this biodiversity remain poorly understood. Insect wing reduction in these environments has variously been attributed to altitude, temperature, isolation, habitat stability or decreased habitat size. We used fine‐scale ecotypic and genomic analyses, along with broad‐scale distributional analyses of ecotypes, to unravel the ecological drivers of wing reduction in the wing‐dimorphic stonefly Zelandoperla fenestrata complex. Altitudinal transects within populations revealed dramatic wing reduction over very fine spatial scales, tightly linked to the alpine treeline. Broad biogeographical analyses confirm that the treeline has a much stronger effect on these ecotype distributions than altitude per se. Molecular analyses revealed parallel genomic divergence between vestigial‐winged (high altitude) and full‐winged (low altitude) ecotypes across distinct streams. These data thus highlight the role of the alpine treeline as a key driver of rapid speciation, providing a new model for ecological diversification along exposure gradients.
Vaginal yeast colonisation: From a potential harmless condition to clinical implications and management approaches—A literature review
Authors: Chatzivasileiou Panagiota , Vyzantiadis Timoleon‐Achilleas 
Published: May 2019

SummaryVaginal yeast colonisation is a common clinical condition in premenopausal women. The potential pathogenicity and the circumstances under which it could evolve into infection are not fully clarified. Extensive review the literature regarding the definition of the vaginal yeast colonisation, its demographic features and causes as well as the risk factors favouring infection along with the necessity of treatment. Databases, namely PubMed‐MEDLINE, Google Scholar, the University College London databases, e‐journals, e‐books and official Health Organisations websites were extensively searched in English, French, German and Greek language with no restriction in the type of publications during the last thirty years. In healthy women, vaginal yeast colonisation is an asymptomatic state with Candida albicans being the most prevalent species. Pregnant, HIV‐positive and diabetic hosts are at higher risk. Other risk factors include oral contraceptives, hormonal replacement therapy and previous antibiotic use. Colonisation does not necessitate therapeutic intervention when asymptomatic. Prophylactic therapy during the third trimester of pregnancy is often recommended for reducing the risk of neonatal candidiasis. The distinction between commensalism and vaginitis is often complicated. Clinicians should be aware of the clinical context in order to decide the indicated therapeutic approach.
Impact of heat processing on the nutritional content of Gryllus bimaculatus (black cricket)
Authors: Dobermann D. , Field L. M. , Michaelson L. V. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInsects are increasingly suggested as a potential novel solution to global nutrition challenges. However, limited research is available on the impact of processing methods on the nutritional content of edible insects. This trial examines the effect of heat processing on the nutritional profile of the black cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Adult black crickets were killed by freezing and then dried at either a low (45°C) or high (120°C) temperature followed by nutritional analysis of protein and micronutrient content. An additional set of samples was either freeze‐dried or dried at 32, 45, 72 or 120°C followed by nutritional analysis of lipid content. Analysis showed that percentage protein content was significantly higher in crickets dried at 45°C, a difference of roughly 1% of the total weight. Similarly, calcium content was also significantly higher in crickets dried at 45°C, although no other measured micronutrients were affected. Additionally, the fatty acid content was significantly influenced by higher temperature processing. Freeze‐drying black crickets conserved significantly more of the long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids than drying at 120°C. Insects hold potential as a source of essential nutrients and fatty acids; however, consideration must be given to heat processing at high temperatures as this may affect the nutritional profile.
Wholegrains and health: Many benefits but do contaminants pose any risk?
Authors: Nugent A. P. , Thielecke F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSince pre‐historic times, humans have consumed grains as part of their diet. Being rich in carbohydrates, grains typically form a key part of all food‐based dietary guidelines, with wholegrains recommended as healthy dietary choices. However, grains are also exposed to contaminants from air, soil, water, insects, animals, microbes, humans, storage and shipping containers, and handling and processing equipment and can be one of the main dietary sources of food‐borne contaminants by virtue of their frequent consumption. Recent scientific reports positively highlight wholegrains as foods with inherent health properties, which, because they provide fibre and micronutrients such as B vitamins and zinc, can improve the quality of carbohydrate intake as part of sustainable, healthy diets. This article describes potential health‐protective properties inherent to wholegrains and contends that the presence of contaminants in wholegrains, including mycotoxins, heavy metals and acrylamide, merits continued monitoring but that any such risk does not outweigh the known benefits of wholegrain consumption.
Environmental drivers for cheaters of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tropical rainforests
Authors: Gomes Sofia I. F. , van Bodegom Peter M. , Merckx Vincent S. F. T. , Soudzilovskaia NadejdaA. 
Published: May 2019

Summary

Hundreds of nonphotosynthetic mycoheterotrophic plant species cheat the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Their patchy local occurrence suggests constraints by biotic and abiotic factors, among which the role of soil chemistry and nutrient status has not been investigated.

Here, we examine the edaphic drivers predicting the local‐scale distribution of mycoheterotrophic plants in two lowland rainforests in South America. We compared soil chemistry and nutrient status in plots where mycoheterotrophic plants were present with those without these plants.

Soil pH, soil nitrate, and the interaction between soil potassium and nitrate concentrations were the best predictors for the occurrence of mycoheterotrophic plants in these tropical rainforests. Mycoheterotrophic plant occurrences decreased with a rise in each of these predictors. This indicates that these plants are associated with low‐fertility patches. Such low‐fertility conditions coincide with conditions that potentially favour a weak mutualism between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi according to the trade balance model.

Our study points out which soil properties favour the cheating of arbuscular mycorrhizal networks in tropical forests. The patchy occurrence of mycoheterotrophic plants suggests that local soil heterogeneity causes the stability of arbuscular mycorrhizal networks to vary at a very small scale.
Maternal and early‐life area‐level characteristics and childhood adiposity: A systematic review
Authors: Wilding Sam , Ziauddeen Nida , Smith Dianna , Roderick Paul , Alwan Nisreen A. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThere is a cross‐sectional evidence that physical and social environments are linked to childhood adiposity. Evidence is scarce for the role of preconception, pregnancy, and early‐life area‐level characteristics in shaping childhood adiposity. We aimed to systematically review evidence for associations between physical and social environmental conditions experienced in these periods and childhood adiposity. Published literature was identified from the CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases. Longitudinal studies linking an area‐level environmental exposure in the preconception, pregnancy, or early‐life (less than 1 year) periods and a measure of adiposity between the ages of 2 and 12 years were examined. Eight studies in the United States, Denmark, South Korea, United Kingdom, and Canada satisfied the inclusion criteria. Storm‐induced maternal stress, nitrogen oxides exposure, traffic noise, and proximity were associated with greater childhood adiposity. Frequent neighbourhood disturbances were associated with lower adiposity, while particulate matter exposure was associated with both higher and lower adiposity in childhood. Area‐level characteristics may play a role in the ongoing obesity epidemic. There is a limited evidence of longitudinal associations between preconception, pregnancy, and early‐life area‐level characteristics with childhood adiposity. Numerous factors that appear important in cross‐sectional research have yet to be assessed longitudinally, both individually and in combination.
Bone Material Properties of Human Phalanges Using Vickers Indentation
Authors: Yin Bing , Guo Jia‐liang , Wang Jian‐zhao , Li Sheng , Liu Ya‐ke , Zhang Ying‐ze 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveTo investigate the microhardness distribution throughout the human hand phalanges using the Vickers method, which can be used to directly evaluate the bone mechanical properties at tissue level and provide an alternative means to investigate bone quality.MethodsThe phalanges bones involved in this study were collected from three healthy donors; fresh‐frozen right limbs were used. The phalanges bones were dissected and cut into 3‐mm thick slices perpendicular to the long axis in the phalanges base, the phalanges shaft, and the phalanges head with a low‐speed saw and then the slices were polished with sandpaper. A microindenter fitted with a Vickers indenter point was used to measure the Vickers hardness in the plantar, dorsal, medial, and lateral sites of cortical bone in metatarsal shaft and trabecular bone in the metatarsal base and head. The indentation load and dwell time was set to 50 g and 12 s for both the cortical and cancellous tissues in this study. For each site or region, five valid values were recorded and averaged as the Vickers hardness for the site or region.ResultsIn total, 96 bone slices were harvested from the base, shaft, and head of the 15 phalanges and 1920 indentations were performed. In general, the Vickers hardness in phalanges was 34.11 ± 7.95 HV. For the 5 phalanges, the 3rd phalanx showed the highest hardness (36.74 ± 7.10 HV), closely followed by the 1st (36.46 ± 5.96 HV) and 2nd (35.28 ± 6.52 HV) phalanx. The hardness in the 4th (31.90 ± 9.15 HV) and 5th (31.19 ± 8.22 HV) phalanx were significantly lower than in the other 3 phalanges. The hardness in the phalanx shaft (38.52 ± 6.67 HV) was significantly higher than that in both the base (30.73 ± 7.46 HV) and head (30.64 ± 6.81 HV) of the phalanx (F = 300.7, P = 0.000); no statistic difference existed between the base and head of the phalanx (P = 0.996). The Vickers hardness in the proximal, middle, and distal phalanx showed statistical difference in Vickers hardness (F = 19.278, P = 0.000). The proximal phalanx showed higher Vickers hardness than the middle phalanx in the 2nd to 5th phalanges (P = 0.002).ConclusionThis study reported on the Vickers hardness distribution of the human phalanges bone and provides the theoretical basis of differences in hardness, which will benefit the placement of plates and screws in orthopaedic surgery and contribute to the research on ideal artificial bones and 3D‐printed orthopaedic implants with inner gradient distribution of hardness.
Acquired short QT syndrome in a cancer patient treated with Toad
Authors: Huang Yan , Xu Yong , Barajas‐Martinez Hector , Hu Dan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough drug‐induced short QT syndrome (SQTS) has been recognized, we currently report the first acquired SQTS case induced by bufotalinin (toad, an antineoplastic drug), which is a traditional Chinese folk prescription. It has cross reaction with digoxin and affects the Na+‐K+‐ATPase, the SR Ca2+ release from ryanodine receptor‐2 (RyR2), the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from the mitochondria. The case presented with bradycardia, extreme QT shortening, and sinoatrial block that were resolved after gastric lavage, rehydration, electrolyte (hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia) correction, and atropine injection. Clinicians should recognize a potential association between toad poisoning and SQTS from this case.
Over‐the‐needle trans‐septal access using the cryoballoon delivery sheath and dilator in atrial fibrillation ablation
Authors: Ströker Erwin , De Greef Yves , Schwagten Bruno , Kupics Kaspars , Coutiño Hugo Enrique , Takarada Ken , Abugattas Juan Pablo , Salghetti Francesca , De Cocker Jeroen , Stockman Dirk , Sieira Juan , Brugada Pedro , Chierchia Gian‐Battista , de Asmundis Carlo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn the setting of second‐generation cryoballoon (CB2) ablation, left atrial (LA) access is generally achieved using a standard sheath (SS) that is exchanged for the 15Fr cryoballoon delivery sheath (CBS) and dilator over a long wire (CBS over‐the‐wire technique, CBS‐W). Our objective was to evaluate the direct use of the CBS to gain LA access, by advancing the latter over the trans‐septal needle (CBS over‐the‐needle technique, CBS‐N), under transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) guidance.MethodsConsecutive patients who underwent CB2 ablation with the CBS‐N technique were evaluated for feasibility of gaining LA access using TEE guidance and fluoroscopy views. Complications related to the LA access were compared with a matched CBS‐W control group. Subanalysis (30 CBS‐W vs 30 CBS‐N patients) evaluated time‐to‐LA of the CBS: time from superior vena cava (with SS vs CBS) to LA insertion of the CBS, after exchange or directly, respectively.ResultsLA access could be achieved in all 505 patients of the CBS‐N group, without technique modification or additional equipment. Challenging interatrial septa were noted in 13% of these patients: previous atrial septal defect repair (1%), hypermobile (10%), aneurysmal (1%), and abnormally thickened/fibrotic (1%). Incidence of complications was similar to the CBS‐W group. Subanalysis showed a shorter time‐to‐LA in the CBS‐N versus CBS‐W group, 72 ± 46 seconds versus 293 ± 180 seconds, P < .001.ConclusionsOur study showed that the CBS‐N technique is feasible and safe under echocardiographic guidance. Without sheath exchange, it simplifies the CB2 procedure, is less costly, time sparing, and might reduce the risk of air embolism.
Ultrasound‐guided quadratus lumborum block compared to caudal ropivacaine/morphine in children undergoing surgery for vesicoureteric reflex
Authors: Sato Makoto 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundUltrasound‐guided quadratus lumborum block is a regional anesthetic technique which can provide perioperative analgesia for all age groups, including pediatric patients undergoing abdominal surgery. We hypothesized that the quadratus lumborum block would be as efficacious as a caudal block, the gold standard of pediatric lower abdominal regional anesthesia, in providing pain control after ureteral reimplantation but also have a longer duration.MethodsForty‐seven pediatric patients between the ages of 1 and 17 years undergoing bilateral ureteral reimplantation surgery via a low transverse incision were enrolled and randomized into the quadratus lumborum block and caudal block groups. All blocks were performed preoperatively under general anesthesia. We analyzed the following outcomes: the requirement for narcotic analgesics, pain score, episodes of emesis, and complications at 0, 4, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively.ResultsThe study included 44 patients after excluding three who were ineligible. The fentanyl requirement for postoperative rescue analgesia during the first 24 hours was significantly lower in the quadratus lumborum block group than in the caudal block group (median [interquartile range]: 0 [0‐1] vs 3 [0‐5], P = 0.016, 95% confidence intervals: −4 to 0) but not at 30 minutes, 4, or 48 hours. No significant difference was observed in the pain scores or the incidence of interventions to treat nausea and vomiting during the entire period. No postoperative complication was observed.ConclusionThe quadratus lumborum block was more effective in reducing the postoperative opioid requirement for rescue analgesia during the initial 24 hours than caudal ropivacaine/morphine.
The tomato Arp2/3 complex is required for resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Oidium neolycopersici
Authors: Sun Guangzheng , Feng Chanjing , Guo Jia , Zhang Ancheng , Xu Yuanliu , Wang Yang , Day Brad , Ma Qing 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe actin‐related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3 complex), a key regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, has been linked to multiple cellular processes, including those associated with response to stress. Herein, the Solanum habrochaites ARPC3 gene, encoding a subunit protein of the Arp2/3 complex, was identified and characterized. ShARPC3 encodes a 174‐amino acid protein possessing a conserved P21‐Arc domain. Silencing of ShARPC3 resulted in enhanced susceptibility to the powdery mildew pathogen Oidium neolycopersici (On‐Lz), demonstrating a role for ShARPC3 in defence signalling. Interestingly, a loss of ShARPC3 coincided with enhanced susceptibility to On‐Lz, a process that we hypothesize is the result of a block in the activity of SA‐mediated defence signalling. Conversely, overexpression of ShARPC3 in Arabidopsis thaliana, followed by inoculation with On‐Lz, showed enhanced resistance, including the rapid induction of hypersensitive cell death and the generation of reactive oxygen. Heterologous expression of ShARPC3 in the arc18 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (i.e., ∆arc18) resulted in complementation of stress‐induced phenotypes, including high‐temperature tolerance. Taken together, these data support a role for ShARPC3 in tomato through positive regulation of plant immunity in response to O. neolycopersici pathogenesis.
Bacterial infection systemically suppresses stomatal density
Authors: Dutton Christian , Hõrak Hanna , Hepworth Christopher , Mitchell Alice , Ton Jurriaan , Hunt Lee , Gray Julie E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMany plant pathogens gain entry to their host via stomata. On sensing attack, plants close these pores to restrict pathogen entry. Here, we show that plants exhibit a second longer term stomatal response to pathogens. Following infection, the subsequent development of leaves is altered via a systemic signal. This reduces the density of stomata formed, thus providing fewer entry points for pathogens on new leaves. Arabidopsis thaliana leaves produced after infection by a bacterial pathogen that infects through the stomata (Pseudomonas syringae) developed larger epidermal pavement cells and stomata and consequently had up to 20% reductions in stomatal density. The bacterial peptide flg22 or the phytohormone salicylic acid induced similar systemic reductions in stomatal density suggesting that they might mediate this effect. In addition, flagellin receptors, salicylic acid accumulation, and the lipid transfer protein AZI1 were all required for this developmental response. Furthermore, manipulation of stomatal density affected the level of bacterial colonization, and plants with reduced stomatal density showed slower disease progression. We propose that following infection, development of new leaves is altered by a signalling pathway with some commonalities to systemic acquired resistance. This acts to reduce the potential for future infection by providing fewer stomatal openings.
Engineering interaction: Structural change, locus of identification, and the formation and maintenance of cross‐unit ties
Authors: Gray Steven M. , Bunderson J. Stuart , Boumgarden Peter , Bechara John P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCross‐unit ties–relationships that facilitate discretionary information sharing between individuals from different business units–offer a range of organizational benefits. Scholars argue that organizations can promote cross‐unit ties by: (a) formally bringing together individuals from different business units into structural links (e.g., cross‐unit strategic committees) to encourage the formation of new cross unit ties and, (b) transferring individuals across units, which can increase cross‐unit interaction when ties to the prior unit are maintained. This study considers the notion that the success of these formal interventions in fostering cross‐unit interaction is contingent on identification with the local unit relative to identification with the broader organization. Specifically, we propose that structural links are more likely to foster cross‐unit ties when organizational identification is high and unit identification is low. In contrast, lateral transfers are more likely to result in cross‐unit ties when both organizational identification and unit identification are high. We find general support for these propositions in data obtained from a sample of senior leaders of a Fortune 200 agribusiness company before and after a restructuring designed to stimulate cross‐unit information sharing. Our model and results make important contributions to our understanding of the relationship between formal and informal structure and reconcile conflicting views regarding the moderating effect of unit identification on intergroup relations.
Social Accountability and Institutional Change: The Case of Citizen Oversight of Police
Authors: Ali Mir Usman , Pirog Maureen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article examines the ability of social accountability to spur gradual institutional change at the municipal level, using the case of citizen oversight agencies (COAs) for police agencies. Using the gradual change framework and the social accountability framework to guide the empirical strategy and data collected through an original survey of COAs, the authors test the impact of COAs on institutional outcomes in policing. We find that, in accordance with the gradual change framework, the degree to which a COA reduces racial disparity in policing outcomes depends on its scope of authority and the degree of discretion afforded by existing institutions to police officers. In general, the wider the scope of authority, and the broader the discretion afforded by existing institutions, the greater the likelihood of change in institutional outcomes.