bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sport, Olympism and Two Lifestyles
Authors: Bednář Miloš 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. The study analyses two lifestyles: asceticism and hedonism. Spiritual and moral dimension of our lives form a wider background and the field of sport, especially renewed olympism, affect the closer one of our reflections. Research aims were to compare both lifestyles and to make the character of their relation clear; to map the real role of asceticism in the sports sphere and to integrate both lifestyles into a certain meaningful whole.Research methods. Our methodology is philosophical, involving conceptual analysis and the application of the outcomes to sports practice.Research results. Both concepts have usually been considered as contrary or polar. Yet our analysis leads into persuasion that they are in dialectic relation with many mediations and “bridges” between them. Spiritual and moral dimensions play an important role in the topical reflections.Discussion and conclusions. Many authors warn about the close junction between sports and asceticism. The role of hedonism is analyzed much less. We tried to find some balanced position within the framework of the integrated whole. The final part of the study tries to show that the topic ought to be joined with a horizon of meanings. Promoting “reasonable asceticism” can be one aspect of raison d´être of today’s sport in this postmodern world with the supremacy of hedonistic orientation.Keywords: asceticism, Pierre de Coubertin’s attitudes, hedonism, meaning of life
The Analysis of Objectively Measured Weekly Physical Activity of Adolescent Boys
Authors: Maciulevičienė Edita , Sadzevičienė Rita , Gruodytė Rita 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. The objective methods for measuring PA are used more and more widely in various research studies all over the world. To our best knowledge, this pilot study is the first attempt in Lithuania to objectively assess physical activity of adolescents with an ambition to develop a more accurate methodology in assessing physical activity. Research aim of this study was to analyze the objectively measured weekly physical activity results of adolescent boys.Research methods. The PA of schoolboys was measured using Tri-axis ActiTrainer Activity Monitors. Boys were asked to wear the monitors for the whole week. The level of the intensity of PA was determined by calculating energy consumption in METs. Based on the frequency of vigorous and moderate PA per week, the participants of this study were devided into PA groups. Research results. All of the schoolboys experienced LPA on each of the assessed days. MPA on each day was experienced by 59.6 % of the boys. No participants achieved VPA on a daily basis. The frequency of MPA and VPA experienced most often was 5–7 and 1–3 days per week, respectively. The total PA measured during the week was largely comprised by LPA, i. e. 79.8%; MPA and VPA were 18.8 and 1.4%, respectively.Discussion and conclusion. Boys who achieve VPA, have a greater total PA during the week than those boys who do not experience VPA. If boys achieve VPA on more than 2 days during the week, even if it is just for 10 min, there is a significant increase in the total amount of weekly PA as well as a decrease in their body mass index (BMI). Boys’ who do not experience MPA at least for 6 days/week, the total amount of weekly PA decreases.Keywords: PA frequency, PA intensity, PA volume.
Interdependence-Based Model of Consistency among Competition, Cooperation and Collaboration
Authors: Armas Audrius , Šniras Šarūnas 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. Social interdependence is evident in everyday human life situations; sports industry is based on it as well. Athletes often compete for higher achievements; however, a possibility for cooperation can be envisioned in competitions as well. The research problem is as follows: is it possible to harmonize social interrelations which manifest in competition, cooperation and collaboration at the same time, and how this consistency can be achieved. The research aim was to elaborate the conceptual model of consistency among competition, cooperation and collaboration based on the premise of social interdependence.Research methods were theoretical analysis and synthesis. The results of theoretical analysis were generalized and incorporated into the conceptual model.Discussion and conclusions. Scientific literature suggested a few insights. First, social interaction may occur at two levels: intra-group (group level) and inter-group (community level). Second, the nature of social interdependence depends on the level of goals being achieved; three levels of goals can be distinguished: individual goals, group goals, and community goals. Third, based on the type of the interaction and the level of goals, individuals tend to engage into a particular form of interrelation: competition, cooperation, or collaboration; moreover, the form of interdependence is not restricted – a combination of a few (or even all) forms is possible. Based on scientific literature, an implication can be made that interrelation among competition, cooperation, or collaboration can result in coopetition as a higher form of interdependence.Keywords: coopetition, social interaction, social interrelations.
Differences of Age and Gender Related Posture in Urban and Rural Schoolchildren Aged 7 to 10
Authors: Dudonienė Vilma , Šakalienė Rasa , Švedienė Ligija , Petrauskienė Inga Musteikytė 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. Postural disorders appear to be one of the biggest health threats in Lithuania. Especially significant alterations in children’s health-related behaviour emerge when they start going to school. These changes in their daily routine are often faulty and may lead to the deteriorating health condition. Postural abnormalities need to be corrected as early as possible before they become permanent. According to some authors, rural children are more physically active compared to city children, therefore it is interesting to identify is there is any difference in body posture in rural and urban schoolchildren.Research aim was to assess and compare posture in urban and rural schoolchildren aged 7 to 10. Research sample: 248 schoolchildren (109 – from urban area; 139 – from rural area).Research methods. Posture of rural and urban schoolchildren was assessed using W. K. Hoeger’s method. Alignment of ten body segments was visually evaluated in a frontal (head, shoulders, spine, hips, knees and ankles) and sagittal (neck and upper back, trunk, abdomen, lower back, legs) planes. Research results. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in total posture score between girls (41.80 ± 6.87) and boys (40.62 ± 7.13). Girls and boys from the rural area had significantly (p < 0.05) higher total posture score than their counterparts from the urban area.Discussion and conclusions. There were no significant differences in total posture score between girls and boys. Regardless of age and gender, schoolchildren from rural area had better posture than children from urban area.Keywords: alignment of body segments, area of residence, children’s posture.
Expression of Career Self-Efficacy of Students Enrolled In University Physical Education and Sports Study Programmes
Authors: Malinauskas Romualdas , Stankevičius Žilvinas 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. An assumption that the fourth-year students of university physical education and sports study programmes have greater career self-efficacy than the first-year students is made in the article.Research aim was to reveal peculiarities of the expression of the career self-efficacy of the students enrolled in university physical education and sports study programmes.Research methods. The random sample size consisted of 278 first and fourth-year full time students of physical education and sports study programmes from Lithuanian Sports University and Šiauliai University. Two methods were used to carry out the survey: Career Self-Efficacy Sources Scale (CSESS) and Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (CDMSE-SF).Research results. The research showed that there was a statistically significant difference (t (276) = –1.96; p < 0.05) between the first and fourth-year students of university physical education and sports study programmes in respect of the level of career self-efficacy. The fourth-year students were able to make a better use of occupational information (4.08 ± 0.54) than the first-year students (3.95 ± 0.56). It was determined that indicators of goal selection and career planning were higher (p < 0.05) in the case of the fourth-year students than in the case of the first-year students.Discussion and conclusions. It was determined that, in comparison with the first-year students, the career self-efficacy of the fourth-year students of university physical education and sports study programmes was more based (p < 0.05) on the following sources: vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and performance accomplishments. Comparison of the levels of career self-efficacy of the first and fourth-year students of university physical education and sports study programmes revealed that the fourth-year students had greater career self-efficacy (p < 0.05) and that indicators of the components of their career self-efficacy – occupational information, goal selection and career planning were higher (p < 0.05) than those of the first-year students.Keywords: career education, self-efficacy, career self-efficacy, university studies, physical education and sports.
Differences in Muscle Strength of the Dominant and Non-Dominant Leg of High Performance Female Athletes
Authors: Zarembienė Roberta Sadauskaitė , Šermukšnienė Renata Žumbakytė , Mickevičius Mantas 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. According research literature, the imbalance of hip muscles in the dominant and non-dominant leg can cause wear and tear of the knee joint or tendinitis. Therefore the study was carried out to determine whether there were differences in muscle strength and if muscle differences had influence on knee joints of dominant and non-dominant legs for high performance women athletes. Research aim was to compare muscle strength of knee flexor, extensor and hip abductor, adductor muscles of the dominant and non-dominant legs for high performance female athletes.Research methods. There were 53 high performance female athletes participating in the study, whose maximum strength of flexor and extensor muscles of knee, as well as abductor and adductor muscles of hip had been measured using a dynamometer MMT – Manual Muscle Tester. Research results. The strength of flexor and extensor muscles of knee of the non-dominant leg was significantly higher than that of the dominant leg. There was no statistically significant difference in strength of abductor and adductor muscles of the dominant and non-dominant leg.Discussion and conclusions. The strength of flexor and extensor muscles of knee of non-dominating leg for high performance female athletes was significantly greater than muscle strength of the dominant leg. There was no statistically significant difference in the strength of the abductor and adductor muscles of hip of the dominant and non-dominant leg. It is advisable to develop exercises to strengthen these muscle groups in order to prevent knee injury in the future.Keywords: knee ﬂexors, knee extensors, hip abductors, hip adduction.
Yoga Practice Has Minor Influence on Respiratory Function at Rest in Men and Women
Authors: Zaičenkovienė Kristina , Stasiulis Arvydas , Aleksandravičienė Roma , Stasiulevičienė Loreta 
Published: May 2019

Research background and hypothesis. Hatha yoga breathing has the potential of training the respiratory system in such a way that it helps an individual to cope with the respiratory demand (Ray et al., 2011).Research aim was to compare pulmonary function variables between physically inactive subjects and the ones practicing hatha yoga and to evaluate changes after 6 months of yoga practice in the latter group. Research methods. Pulmonary function was measured by means of the gas analyser “Oxycon Mobile” (Germany) before and after 6 months of yoga training in men (n = 11) (age – 30.8 (7.06), BMI – 25.6 (2.6)) and women (n = 11) (age – 28.9 (6.86), BMI – 22.5 (2.3)) practicing yoga and control subjects (n = 22) of similar age. Measurements included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiration volume in one second (FEV(1)), forced inspiratory volume in one second FIV1, vital capacity (VC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory flow rate (FEF (25–75)%), forced inspiratory flow at 50% of the vital capacity (FIF50%), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), vital capacity (VC MAX), peak inspiratory flow (PIF), etc.Research results. Pulmonary function measures FEF 75/85 (L/s) (p = 0.036), total volume inspired FVC IN (L) (p = 0.014), FIV1 (L) (p = 0.045) were significantly higher in the group practicing yoga than in the control group of women, and VC MAX (%) (p = 0.018), FEV 1 (%) (p = 0.041), FEF 25 (L/s) (p = 0.017), FVC IN (L) (p = 0.002) in men practicing yoga, than in men not practicing yoga. They also demonstrated higher values of MVV (L/min) (p = 0.068) and FVC (L) (p = 0.050). After 6 months of practicing yoga we found higher FEF 50 (L/s) (p = 0.003), FEF 50% (L/s) (p = 0.003) in women’s group and VCMAX (%) (p = 0.028) in men’s group. We also found a tendency of the increase of VCMAX (L) (p = 0.053), PIF (L/s) (p = 0.051), FVC IN (L) (p = 0.061), FIVI (L) (p = 0.064) indexes in men and PIF (L/s) (p = 0.072), FVC IN (L) (p = 0.076) in women.Discussion and conclusions. Yoga practice appeared to have minor influence on respiratory function at rest in men and women of middle age. Additional studies examining various yoga practices are warranted to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of yoga techniques on pulmonary functions.Keywords: pulmonary function at rest, yoga training, yoga breathing.
Effect of Electrical Stimulation on Blood Flow in Calf Muscles in Different Body Positions
Authors: Dovydaitis Julius , Grūnovas Albinas 
Published: May 2019

Background. In most studies on cardiovascular system, testing of subjects was performed in a horizontal position. With the change of the body position, certain functional changes occur in the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on arterial and venous blood flows.Methods. Eighteen athletes aged 19–23 performed two sessions of tests in horizontal and sitting positions. Changes in arterial and venous blood flows were recorded before and after EMS. In each session two occlusions were performed. In the horizontal position, the initial occlusion pressure of 20 mmHg was applied and as the balance in arterial and venous blood flow rates was reached, the additional pressure of 20 mmHg (40 mmHg in total). In the sitting position, the occlusion pressure of 40 and 20 mmHg was applied respectively (60 mmHg in total). In both sessions EMS was performed using the electrical stimulator Mioritm 021.Results. In both horizontal and vertical positions, the effect of EMS on arterial blood flow, venous reserve capacity and venous elasticity was insignificant. Arterial and venous blood flows was affected significantly by the change of the body position. In the sitting position, arterial blood flow was significantly (p < .05) lower compared to the horizontal position. Similar results were recorded in venous reserve capacity.Conclusion. The study suggests that blood flow in the calf muscles is affected by the body position and hydrostatic pressure; arterial blood flow increases in the horizontal body position.Keywords: electrical muscle stimulation (EMS), arterial blood flow, venous reserve capacity, venous elasticity
Impact of Single Bout of Physical Exercise on Adolescents’ Strength and Balance Abilities
Authors: Kreivėnaitė Lina , Streckis Vytautas , Raizgytė Sandra , Lileikienė Asta 
Published: May 2019

Background. There is evidence of physical exercise effect on the adolescents’ balance and strength; however it is not known how aforementioned variables respond to physical exercise with different loads and intensities. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the impact of single bout of physical exercise of different intensity on adolescents’ body balance and muscular strength.Methods. Thirty healthy, physically active 11–13-year-old adolescents were randomly allocated to one of the two groups. Both groups performed single bout of physical exercise of high- or low-intensity climbing up and down-stairs. Postural sway and maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) were assessed before and after physical exercise. Results. No statistically significant impact of low or high intensity exercise was found at adolescents’ MVC. High intensity exercise influenced bigger postural sway with eyes closed compared to eyes open ( p < .05). After high-intensity exercise there was a significantly greater postural sway with eyes closed than with eyes open (p < .05). Conclusions. High and low intensity physical exercise had no impact on the adolescents’ maximum voluntary contraction, whereas high intensity exercise deteriorated body balance with eyes closed.Keywords: adolescence, physical exercise, MVC, balance
Indicators of Body Reserve Opportunities for Young Gymnasts as One of the Factors for Successful Development of Initial Specialized Training
Authors: Kuznetsova Zinaida , Dauletshin Ilshat , Kuznetsov Stanislav 
Published: May 2019

Background. The article deals with the problem of selection in gymnastics and the reasons why it is necessary to research that. Artistic gymnastics carries the heaviest losses on the initial stages of specialized training, which explains the lack of science-based regulatory requirements in the gymnastics system, allowing diagnosing, assessing and predicting the development of the main indicators of physical condition and fitness of athletes in complex.Research aim was to develop additional criteria of young gymnasts’ selection at the initial stage of specialized training on the basis of the indicators of human body reserve opportunities.Methods. Experimental work was carried out with gymnasts aged 9 years (n = 15) and 10 years (n = 16) in the research laboratory of Povolzhskaya State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism and sports complex “Yar Chally” in Naberezhnye Chelny, Republic of Tatarstan (Russia).Results. Gymnasts aged 9–10 years had a harmonious type of power supply of the body: more gymnasts had aerobic-anaerobic type of muscular activity power supply. Gymnasts who qualified in the obligatory program of category 3 on pommel horse equally represented only the second and the third biological groups.The results of correlation analysis suggest that for gymnasts aged 9 years, the most significant factors affecting their special physical and technical fitness included aerobic capacity source of muscle activity energy supply and general metabolic capacity and for gymnasts aged 10 years – capacity and anaerobic power glycolytic sources of energy and muscular activity.Discussion and conclusions. Obtained information on the preferred for gymnastics bioenergy groups can help coaches in predicting abilities of young gymnasts.Keywords: sportspeople, gymnasts, selection, model descriptions, indicators of reserve opportunities.
Does Similar Whole Body Cooling Induce Gender-Specific Attention Stability Deterioration?
Authors: Solianik Rima , Skurvydas Albertas , Brazaitis Marius 
Published: May 2019

Background. There is evidence of greater whole body cooling induced unpredictable task switching and memory deterioration in men than in women; however, it is not known how whole body cooling affects attention stability. This study aimed at identifying if there are any gender-specific differences in the effect of cold water immersion-induced stress on attention stability.Methods. Thirteen men and thirteen women were exposed to acute cold stress by immersion in 14°C water until rectal temperature reached 35.5°C or for a maximum of 170 min. Thermoregulatory response (i.e. changes of body temperature and metabolic heat production) and attention stability response (i.e. Schulte table (less cognitively demanding task) and Schulte-Gorbov table (more cognitively demanding task)) were monitored.Results. During cold stress, body temperature variables decreased (p < .05) and did not differ between genders. Metabolic heat production was greater (p < .05) in men than in women. Body cooling significantly increased (p < .05) the duration of Schulte table performance for both genders, whereas an increase (p < .05) of the duration of Schulte-Gorbov table performance was observed only in men. Conclusion. This is the first study to find the evidence supporting the idea of gender-specific and task-dependent attention stability response after whole body cooling. Whole body cooling induced stress had similar influence on simple attention stability task in men and women, whereas more complex task was adversely affected only in men. This greater men’s decrement of complex task performance can be associated with their greater catecholamines-induced metabolic heat production.Keywords: men, women, cognitive performance, metabolic heat production, shivering.
Fiziškai aktyvių asmenų, greičio ir ištvermės šakų sportininkų kvėpavimo rodikliai ramybės metu ir nuosekliai didinant krūvį
Authors: Stasiulis Arvydas , Kilikevičius Audrius , Dubininkaitė Loreta , Venckūnas Tomas , Raubaitė Sandra 
Published: May 2019

Tyrimo tikslas — palyginti ﬁ ziškai aktyvių asmenų, greičio ir ištvermės šakų sportininkų kvėpavimo rodiklius ramybės būsenoje ir nuosekliai greitėjančio bėgimo metu. Buvo tiriami 19—30 metų amžiaus ﬁ ziškai aktyvūs asmenys (n = 11, ˙VO 2max — 49,95 (7,53)), ištvermės (n = 11, ˙VO 2max — 67,91 (5,24)) ir greičio (n = 11, ˙VO 2max — 56,53 (5,10)) šakų sportininkai. Kvėpavimo ir dujų apykaitos rodikliai buvo registruojami naudojant nešiojamą dujų analizatorių „Oxycon Mobile“ (Jaeger, Vokietija). Nuosekliai didinamas krūvis (NDK) buvo atliekamas bėgtakiu LE 200 CE (VIASYS, Vokietija). Po 3 min bėgimo 7 km / h greičiu bėgimo greitis kas 6 s buvo didinamas 0,1 km / h esant 1% takelio įkalnei. Pasiekus 20 km / h greitį kas 6 s toliau buvo didinama įkalnė po 0,05%. Tarp grupių kvėpavimo funkcijos rodiklių (gyvybinės plaučių talpos (GPT), forsuoto iškvėpimo talpos (FIT), maksimalios valingos ventiliacijos (MVV) ir kt.) ramybės metu reikšmingo skirtumo nebuvo. Visų grupių tiriamieji, pasiekę maksimalų kvėpavimo tūrį (KT) panaudodavo dau-giau nei pusę FIT, atitinkamai ﬁ ziškai aktyvūs asmenys, ištvermės ir greičio šakų sportininkai — jų KT max siekdavo 57,75 (9,68), 55,14 (11,53) ir 53,71 (9,46)% FIT. Krūvio metu didžiausias kvėpavimo dažnumas (KD) vidutiniškai siekdavo 57,33 (15,96), 58,13 (22,56) ir 54,13 (15,92)% KD, pasiekto 10 s trukmės MVV metu. NDK metu ištvermės šakų sportininkų santykinė plaučių ventiliacija ties ventiliaciniais slenksčiais ir ˙VE max didesnė (p < 0,05) negu ﬁ ziškai aktyvių asmenų. Tai jie pasiekia dažniau kvėpuodami (p < 0,05). Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad kvėpavimo funkcijos rodikliai ramybės metu tarp ﬁ ziškai aktyvių asmenų, ilgųjų ir trumpųjų nuotolių bėgikų nesiskiria, o ištvermės šakų sportininkų plaučių ventiliacijos ir kvėpavimo dažnio rodikliai didesni nuosekliai didinamo krūvio metu.Raktažodžiai: plaučių ventiliacija, nuosekliai greitėjantis bėgimas, sporto treniruotės poveikis.