bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Moral Values the Highest of All Values?
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Plutarch’s Cato was an ancient moralist who had no doubt about the priority of moral evaluations to whatever conflicted with them. Montaigne was a politically experienced magistrate, legislator, and mediator who knew from personal experience that moral, personal, political, and religious evaluations often conflict. Montaigne thought that there were circumstances in which moral evaluations should be reasonably overridden by non-moral evaluations. Cato denied it. Intransigence led Cato to undermine the Roman Republic he was morally committed to defend. Montaigne’s prudent counsel was a moderating influence in the civil war that raged in sixteenth-century France. The hard question is whether or not there are limits beyond which we could not reasonably go in overriding moral evaluations. The chapter compares how good were the reasons Cato and Montaigne gave for their conflicting answers to this hard question. That should lead us to consider how we in our circumstances should resolve conflicts between our own moral, personal, political, and religious evaluations. And we should be aware of the dangers of dogmatic moralizing that suppresses contrary personal, political, religious, and other evaluations.
Introduction
Authors: Rudel Thomas K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
“Business-as-usual” conditions during the last three decades of global warming have enabled special interests associated with fossil fuels to dominate the political economy of energy in most states. Gradual adoption of cleaner fuels from wind and the sun, a form of ecological modernization, has occurred, but in a context of growing demands for energy, the adoption of cleaner fuels has not reduced the use of fossil fuels, so the warming of the earth through greenhouse gas emissions has continued unabated. Alarmed observers have responded by urging radical changes in energy use. This book describes how these changes have occurred in the few twentieth-century cases of radical environmental reform.
Radical Environmental Reforms
Authors: Rudel Thomas K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Socio-ecological processes occur either as presses or as pulses. Changes in press-like processes occur in small increments, and this dynamic encourages political domination by “business-as-usual” special interests. Changes in pulse-like processes occur suddenly, and they encourage the formation of encompassing coalitions that challenge rule by special interests. Pulses mobilize people by calling attention to a problem. Focusing events facilitate mobilizations for sustainability to a greater degree in larger political arenas than they do in smaller political arenas. Pulses also mobilize people by underlining sharp physical limits in the situations of people and the degraded resource. These caged conditions on islands, in common pool resources, and in other sharply limited human habitats underscore the limits of human exploitation and make it easier to mobilize people to reform or eliminate natural resource–degrading practices.
The Great Plains
Authors: Rudel Thomas K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
When the last great North American frontier, the Great Plains, closed three decades into the twentieth century, farmers could no longer replace the exhausted soils on their farms with fertile, uncultivated lands elsewhere. The closing of the frontier caged American farmers. The fall in the prices of agricultural products after World War I, coupled with widespread soil exhaustion, deepened rural poverty during the 1920s. The Depression impoverished rural peoples even further, and it discredited the capitalist class. In a political-economic sense, the Depression leveled some elements of inequality. The Dust Storms of the mid-1930s provided graphic, visual evidence of environmental degradation on farms, and they focused popular attention on the need for more sustainable practices. Franklin D. Roosevelt responded, with support from the large New Deal coalition, pushing through reforms in soil conservation and forest restoration that have shaped natural resource practices in the United States for almost a century.
England
Authors: Rudel Thomas K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Amidst a worldwide globalization of markets in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, England became dependent on overseas sources for grains and for timber. These trends gradually reduced English agriculture to providing dairy products. During the interwar years, English farming declined still further when real estate developers, with the stimulus provided by the spread of automobiles, began to convert fields alongside roads into lots for new homes. The shock of World War II and the German submarine campaign to starve the British into submission focused the public and policymakers’ attention on food security. To assure their access to food in the event of another war, the English established green belts reserved for agricultural land uses around major English cities during the 1950s and 1960s. These regulations made cities more compact and reduced energy consumption among urban residents.
Coastal Maine
Authors: Rudel Thomas K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Fishers for lobsters in coastal Maine cluster in groups or “gangs” around the harbors where they fish and moor their boats. The State of Maine began regulating the capture of lobsters in the late nineteenth century with the passage of laws limiting the capture of both very large and small lobsters, but fishers rarely complied with the laws, so they had little effect. A lobster bust occurred in the 1920s and 1930s when both the size of the catch and the price of lobster declined. After the bust, compliance with the laws increased and, with active support from the fishers, the state established local management of the fishery with limits on the number of fishers and traps within each management zone. Focusing events played a less prominent role in the environmental reforms in this smaller political arena than they did in the larger political arenas in the Great Plains, United Kingdom, and Cuba.
The World
Authors: Rudel Thomas K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Comparable environmental reforms have never occurred at the global scale of governance. Segments of the dynamic described in the four case studies have taken place at the global scale. A focusing event, World War II, spurred the creation of a global governance institution, the United Nations, which later became the organizational sponsor for the ongoing international effort to counter climate change. Different kinds of focusing events, extreme weather in the form of droughts or storms, have over time contributed to an increase in the number of nations advocating for radical reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. These changes suggest that, over time, an international “climate club” could emerge. These trends, while fragmentary and so far unsuccessful in producing mandatory global-scale reforms, are consistent with the theoretical dynamic that has driven the national-scale reforms analyzed in the case studies.
Conclusion
Authors: Rudel Thomas K. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Radical reforms tend to occur in polycentric ways, in multiple arenas at the same time. They also occur in polymorphous ways. In large political arenas, the shock of a focusing event almost immediately mobilizes citizens and leaders, so coalitions assemble without prolonged dialog. In smaller political arenas, labor-intensive persuasion by word of mouth has built the support necessary to enact the reforms. Although the link between radical reforms and eco-authoritarian politics seems plausible, the reforms examined here did not generate eco-authoritarian regimes. The reforms did encourage a corporativist style of governance in which local reform efforts worked in conjunction with reform efforts in larger political arenas. These experiences suggest that corporatism may provide particular advantages as a political strategy for confronting the challenges of climate change.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the Trinity Washington University/CARA (Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate) study of international sisters. By definition, an international sister is a Catholic sister who was born outside the United States and currently works, studies, or resides in the United States. The study located over 4,000 international sisters from 83 countries on six continents living in the United States at the present time. Quantitative and qualitative data describe the demographics of the international sisters, their pathways to the United States, their satisfactions, concerns, challenges, and contributions. The story of the international sisters is embedded in the wider historical and contemporary narratives of immigration to the United States. Archival data on the lives of two international sisters in the United States a century ago illustrate the historical dimension of the narrative, and recent quantitative data on global migration patterns point to the broader significance of this study.
A Diverse Presence
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a look at the demographics of Catholic international sisters in the United States today. The demographics highlight the immense diversity of these sisters. Multiple questions examine facets of the identity of international sisters, such as their continent of origin, year of arrival in the United States, ethnic/cultural background, native language, age distribution and age of arrival in the United States, level of education, and legal status. Other questions explore their current ministry status (active or retired), the various ministries in which they are involved, their current living situation, their type of housing, and the resources that aid them in adjusting to life in the United States.
Bonds of Belonging
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the level of satisfaction that Catholic international sisters have regarding various aspects of their life in the United States. Those aspects include issues such as food, transportation, healthcare, financial support, community life, the welcome they received, and other social and spiritual support. These aspects are analyzed in relation to other variables, including living arrangements, ministry, and ethnic/cultural background. In general, the international sisters are satisfied with the various aspects of their lives, but satisfaction is somewhat higher among European, Australian, and Canadian respondents than it is among sisters from other areas of the world. Sisters living with members of their own institute tend to be more satisfied than sisters living alone or with sisters from other institutes.
Intercultural Challenges
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on issues of concern to Catholic international sisters. These issues involve structural, social, and emotional concerns. Some of these relate to language. Others relate to issues of health and social connectedness. The survey questions asked for the sisters’ concerns about specific individual health issues (i.e., illness, anxiety, tiredness, depression, weight issues, overwork), or about social connectedness (e.g., loneliness, a sense of belonging, ability to participate in the life of the respondent’s own institute). Data are analyzed relative to variables including living arrangements, ethnic/cultural background, and age. These concerns varied by the ethnic backgrounds of the sisters and by their current living arrangements.
Vows and Visas
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
International sisters have several options available to stay legally in the United States, including U.S. citizenship and legal permanent residency. This chapter describes the various visa statuses of the international sisters studied in this book, the impact of their legal status on their ministry and life, and some avenues of legal support available to international sisters. The chapter describes some of their challenges with obtaining legal status and provides an introduction to a sample of national Catholic organizations whose mission is to serve immigrants, and in some cases, international sisters. The chapter also includes an introduction to several national ethnic- and racially specific organizations of sisters as well as institutions of higher education that provide support for the international sisters.
International Sister Students Today
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides demographic data on international sisters who are currently studying in the United States. It describes how U.S. Catholic colleges and universities and institutes of women religious collaborate in providing education for these sisters by using two types of qualitative data. The chapter includes interviews with administrators of Catholic universities and religious institutes. It also includes some data from the survey of international sisters who are students in the United States. The chapter describes pathways to the universities and the types of support resources that international sisters receive from universities and religious institutes. It describes the impact that international sisters have on fellow students and, upon their return, on their home countries.
“Bridges of Reconciliation”
Authors: Goedde Petra 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A host of religious individuals and groups became politically active on behalf of world peace at the height of the Cold War. Those groups tried to add a religious dimension to the debates about Cold War international relations, while at the same time pushing the religious conceptualization of peace into the political realm. The Cold War turned religious groups and individuals into political activists. These activists still promulgated peace as an internal state of spiritual harmony, common to many of the world’s largest religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Hinduism. But they added a new dimension that stressed its communal, political, and global aspirations. They merged the ideals of peace activism and ecumenism in the postwar world by relying on the universal code enshrined in the global human rights agenda, doing so a decade before the secular human rights revolution erupted in the 1970s.
Gendered Peace, Women’s Peace
Authors: Goedde Petra 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
During the early years of the Cold War, women were active participants in all major peace advocacy groups, and they continued to work in traditional women’s peace organizations, such as the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). They also created new groups, such as the Women’s International Democratic Federation (WIDF), Women Strike for Peace (WSP), and Another Mother for Peace (AMfP). Some groups relied heavily on their identity as women and mothers, others not at all. Regardless of how much or little they emphasized a special feminine disposition toward peace, these activists believed that their common experiences as women and mothers united them across national, ideological, and religious divides. Gendered language in the Cold War discourse on peace reinforced the notion that women had a special predisposition toward peace. The gendering of peace empowered women in the political realm, but it also allowed male-dominated political elites to marginalize peace as a women’s issue.
Word-Son
Authors: Briggman Anthony 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 investigates the standing of the Word-Son in relation to God the Father. The first section explores the contours of Irenaeus’ doctrine of reciprocal immanence and identifies features left unexplained. The second section explains these features by studying the logic that appears in the earlier polemical arguments of Against Heresies 2. The third section continues examining the polemical arguments of AH 2, but now with a focus upon the comments Irenaeus makes about the production of a simple, spiritual substance—his comments about divine production. Taken together these sections further establish Irenaeus’ understanding of the intra-Trinitarian relationship of the Word-Son to the Father, including the nature and generation of the Word-Son. In contrast to characterizations of Irenaeus’ theology as economic or modalistic, we see that Irenaeus affirmed an eternal and distinct coexistence of the Word-Son with God the Father as the one God.
Communal Religious Rights or Majoritarian Oppression
Authors: Evans Carolyn , Baker Timnah Rachel 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which the tensions around proselytization and conversion highlight some of the conceptual difficulties of liberal theory formulations of religious freedom and the way in which different cultures and religious groups are reinterpreting the traditional conception of religious freedom to better fit their own cultural context. Using case-studies from India and Malaysia, the chapter demonstrates the way in which the indeterminate and open-ended language of international conventions on religious freedom can be both a strength (allowing for areas of cultural difference in a flexible way) and a weakness (with no strong determinate boundaries around acceptable behaviour). The language of ‘public order’ in particular, generally included in both international law and in domestic constitutions as a legitimate limitation to religious freedom, is often invoked to legitimize a religious/ethnic majoritarian agenda.
Radical Christian Humility
Authors: Dunnington Kent 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
After clarifying how central proper pride is to a low concern account of humility, this chapter elucidates the sense in which pride and humility are “concerned” with the self. “Self”-language is sprawling and imprecise, so a significant portion of the chapter is spent clarifying different senses of “self” that are relevant to the question of whether or not humility requires “unselfing.” The chapter argues that pride and humility are specifically about an orientation toward an ego ideal, which is a self-representation focused specifically on one’s distinctive importance over and against others. The chapter then offers an account of radical Christian humility that proscribes proper pride, including any concern one might have with one’s own distinctive importance. The chapter concludes by showing that the account, which is dubbed a no concern account, need not bring with it any of the so-called vices of humility.
Humility and its Discontents
Authors: Dunnington Kent 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The most powerful critique of a radical Christian view of humility is the Humean critique, according to which proper pride is an essential aspect of moral formation and consistent moral action over time. The critique has been taken up with particular force by contemporary feminist and womanist theologians who implicate Christian humility in the history of patriarchal subjugation of women. This chapter addresses the feminist critique. It accepts much of the critique, but shows how the rejection of radical Christian humility does not follow from the critique. What follows, instead, is that radical Christian humility cannot be mandated as normative for members of subjected groups, or for anyone for that matter. Hume is right that proper pride is essential to moral formation, but he is wrong that proper pride is essential for consistent moral action over time. Thus radical Christian humility may be sought voluntarily by one who would like to conform more perfectly to the holiness of Jesus.
The Accession of James Stuart and the Kingdom of Great Britain, 1603–1610
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The accession of James VI of Scotland as James I of England and Great Britain triggered a series of negotiations as to what the new British polity would be like and how far the Elizabethan settlement of religion might be subject to alteration. James manipulated the agendas of a range of interest groups in order to remodel both the court and, in some sense, to remake the (British) State. One crucial aspect of that process was the making of peace with Spain and an attempt to shadow the major European royal houses without getting drawn into the political conflicts which replaced the wars which had concluded in 1598. But the attempt to maintain a quasi-nonconfessional mode of politics inevitably encountered a Protestant critique of the king and court which James sought to defuse by tacking his public pronouncements on papal authority to his, arguably, absolutist readings of royal power.
The Jacobean Polity and the Failure of Via Media Politics, 1611–1620
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
After the assassination of Henry IV of France, the resulting weakness of the French regency government and the proposal for a Franco-Spanish dynastic treaty meant that King James was compelled to look to an overtly Protestant foreign (dynastic) alliance; the result was the Anglo-Palatine marriage treaty of 1612. That there was a British dimension to the resulting fractures in the Jacobean polity could be picked up from troubles in Ireland where there was more than one prescription for guaranteeing civil peace and national security. These fractures became even more apparent when war threatened and then actually commenced in central Europe over the Bohemian succession. James was at risk of being dragged into the conflict because his son-in-law Frederick V had accepted the Bohemian crown after the Archduke Ferdinand was deposed. This left James faced with calls to prosecute a war on behalf of his European Protestant friends while he himself tended to think that dynastic diplomacy was a better bet.
Non-Traditional Trademarks
Authors: Adams Mitchell , Scardamaglia Amanda 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a twenty-year retrospective on non-traditional trademarks, using the European Union, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Japan, and Australia as case studies. It presents findings from an empirical study on the application and registration of non-traditional marks in these jurisdictions from 1996 to present day. It assesses whether the appetite for non-traditional marks differs across jurisdictions and what impact, if any, differing regulatory regimes have on filing and registration activity. The study also canvasses the micro-trends emerging from these data in order to test prevailing assumptions about non-traditional marks. The policy implications of these findings will also be touched upon and contextualized against growing concerns about trademark depletion, which have to date focused on the diminishing number of available words and colors as trademarks, but may well extend to non-traditional marks more generally.
Yellow Dictionaries, Red Banking Services, Some Candies, and a Sitting Bunny
Authors: Kur Annette 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Colors and product designs face increasingly high hurdles against registration in the EU. However, such marks exist and continue to be registered, not least on the national level. Measuring the scope of protection of such signs therefore remains a key issue in EU trademark law. The appraisal is informed by a number of legal principles and guidelines which are neither completely clear nor uniform in their application by the national courts and authorities. The recent EU trademark law reform has added complexity to the picture by introducing a new limitation permitting to (fairly) use a non-distinctive sign. The meaning and effect of this novel clause still have to be tested in practice.