bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cadmium‐Alloyed Zinc Oxide Nanocrystals in the Quantum Confinement Region with Intense Visible Luminescence
Authors: Yang Yuetao , Liu Xiaojun 
Published: April 2018

AbstractVia an ultrasonic assisted sol‐gel method, cadmium‐alloyed zinc oxide nanocrystals in the quantum confinement region are firstly prepared. The nanocrystals show a wurtzite structure over all compositions. The homogenous structures of the samples are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, infrared and Raman analyses. With the increase of Cd/Zn mole ratio from 0 to 2.0, the band gap values of the samples first shift red then shift blue, and shift red again. The variation of band gap values for the samples is explained based on the compositions and crystallite sizes. The samples exhibit intense visible luminescence. The maximum of the visible luminescence systematically shifts to the lower wavelength with the decrease of the crystallite size. It is found that both the ultrasonic treatment and the coordination ability of triethylene glycol play important roles in the current sol‐gel preparation.
Cryptanalysis and improvement of 2 mutual authentication schemes for Session Initiation Protocol
Authors: Qiu Shuming , Xu Guoai , Guo Yanhui , Zhang Miao 
Published: April 2018

SummaryRecently, Chaudhry et al and Kumari et al proposed an advanced mutual authentication protocol for Session Initiation Protocol on the basis of the protocol of Lu et al. The authors claimed that their schemes can be resistant to various attacks. Unfortunately, we observe some important flaws in their respective schemes. We point out that their schemes are prone to off‐line password guessing and privileged insider attacks. To remedy their protocols's drawbacks, in this paper, we present a new improved authentication scheme keeping apart the threats encountered in the design of the schemes of Chaudhry et al and Kumari et al. Furthermore, the security analysis illustrates that our proposed scheme not only removes these drawbacks in their schemes but also can resist all known attacks and provide session key security. We give a heuristic security analysis and also provide the security analysis of the proposed scheme with the help of widespread Burrows‐Abadi‐Needham Logic. Finally, our scheme is compared with the previously proposed schemes on security and performance.
Pathophysiology‐based phenotyping in type 2 diabetes: A clinical classification tool
Authors: Stidsen Jacob V. , Henriksen Jan E. , Olsen Michael H. , Thomsen Reimar W. , Nielsen Jens S. , Rungby Jørgen , Ulrichsen Sinna P. , Berencsi Klara , Kahlert Johnny A. , Friborg Søren G. , Brandslund Ivan , Nielsen Aneta A. , Christiansen Jens S. , Sørensen Henrik T. , Olesen Thomas B. , Beck‐Nielsen Henning 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundType 2 diabetes may be a more heterogeneous disease than previously thought. Better understanding of pathophysiological subphenotypes could lead to more individualized diabetes treatment. We examined the characteristics of different phenotypes among 5813 Danish patients with new clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes.MethodsWe first identified all patients with rare subtypes of diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA), secondary diabetes, or glucocorticoid‐associated diabetes. We then used the homeostatic assessment model to subphenotype all remaining patients into insulinopenic (high insulin sensitivity and low beta cell function), classical (low insulin sensitivity and low beta cell function), or hyperinsulinemic (low insulin sensitivity and high beta cell function) type 2 diabetes.ResultsAmong 5813 patients diagnosed with incident type 2 diabetes in the community clinical setting, 0.4% had rare subtypes of diabetes, 2.8% had LADA, 0.7% had secondary diabetes, 2.4% had glucocorticoid‐associated diabetes, and 93.7% had WHO‐defined type 2 diabetes. In the latter group, 9.7% had insulinopenic, 63.1% had classical, and 27.2% had hyperinsulinemic type 2 diabetes. Classical patients were obese (median waist 105 cm), and 20.5% had cardiovascular disease (CVD) at diagnosis, while insulinopenic patients were fairly lean (waist 92 cm) and 17.5% had CVD (P = 0.14 vs classical diabetes). Hyperinsulinemic patients were severely obese (waist 112 cm), and 25.5% had CVD (P < 0.0001 vs classical diabetes).ConclusionsPatients clinically diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are a heterogeneous group. In the future, targeted treatment based on pathophysiological characteristics rather than the current “one size fits all” approach may improve patient prognosis.
Ecological niche modeling for a cultivated plant species: a case study on taro (Colocasia esculenta) in Hawaii
Authors: Kodis Mali'o , Galante Peter , Sterling Eleanor J. , Blair Mary E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUnder the threat of ongoing and projected climate change, communities in the Pacific Islands face challenges of adapting culture and lifestyle to accommodate a changing landscape. Few models can effectively predict how biocultural livelihoods might be impacted. Here, we examine how environmental and anthropogenic factors influence an ecological niche model (ENM) for the realized niche of cultivated taro (Colocasia esculenta) in Hawaii. We created and tuned two sets of ENMs: one using only environmental variables, and one using both environmental and cultural characteristics of Hawaii. These models were projected under two different Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) for 2070. Models were selected and evaluated using average omission rate and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). We compared optimal model predictions by comparing the percentage of taro plots predicted present and measured ENM overlap using Schoener's D statistic. The model including only environmental variables consisted of 19 Worldclim bioclimatic variables, in addition to slope, altitude, distance to perennial streams, soil evaporation, and soil moisture. The optimal model with environmental variables plus anthropogenic features also included a road density variable (which we assumed as a proxy for urbanization) and a variable indicating agricultural lands of importance to the state of Hawaii. The model including anthropogenic features performed better than the environment‐only model based on omission rate, AUC, and review of spatial projections. The two models also differed in spatial projections for taro under anticipated future climate change. Our results demonstrate how ENMs including anthropogenic features can predict which areas might be best suited to plant cultivated species in the future, and how these areas could change under various climate projections. These predictions might inform biocultural conservation priorities and initiatives. In addition, we discuss the incongruences that arise when traditional ENM theory is applied to species whose distribution has been significantly impacted by human intervention, particularly at a fine scale relevant to biocultural conservation initiatives.
Selective and context‐dependent effects of chemical stress across trophic levels at the basis of marine food webs
Authors: Mensens Christoph , De Laender Frederik , Janssen Colin R. , Rivera Frances Camille , Sabbe Koen , De Troch Marleen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHuman activities increasingly impact the functioning of marine food webs, but anthropogenic stressors are seldom included in ecological study designs. Diet quality, as distinct from just diet quantity, has moreover rarely been highlighted in food web studies in a stress context. We measured the effects of metal and pesticide stress (copper and atrazine) on the contribution of a benthic intertidal diatom community to two processes that are key to the functioning of intertidal systems: biomass (diet quantity) and lipid (diet quality) production. We then examined if stressors affected diatom functioning by selectively targeting the species contributing most to functioning (selective stress effects) or by changing the species’ functional contribution (context‐dependent effects). Finally, we tested if stress‐induced changes in diet quality altered the energy flow to the diatoms’ main grazers (harpacticoid copepods). Diatom diet quantity was reduced by metal stress but not by low pesticide levels due to the presence of an atrazine‐tolerant, mixotrophic species. Selective effects of the pesticide reduced diatom diet quality by 60% and 75% at low and high pesticide levels respectively, by shifting diatom community structure from dominance by lipid‐rich species toward dominance by an atrazine‐tolerant, but lipid‐poor, species. Context‐dependent effects did not affect individual diatom lipid content at low levels of both stressors, but caused diatoms to lose 40% of their lipids at high copper stress. Stress‐induced changes in diet quality predicted the energy flow from the diatoms to their copepod consumers, which lost half of their lipids when feeding on diatoms grown under low and high pesticide and high metal stress. Selective pesticide effects were a more important threat for trophic energy transfer than context‐dependent effects of both stressors, with shifts in diatom community structure affecting the energy flow to their copepod grazers at stress levels where no changes in diatom lipid content were detected.
Phenological responses to nitrogen and water addition are linked to plant growth patterns in a desert herbaceous community
Authors: Huang Gang , Li Chen‐hua , Li Yan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIncreases in nitrogen (N) deposition and variation in precipitation have been occurring in temperate deserts; however, little information is available regarding plant phenological responses to environmental cues and their relationships with plant growth pattern in desert ecosystems. In this study, plant phenology and growth of six annuals in response to N and water addition were monitored throughout two consecutive growing seasons in 2011 and 2012 in a temperate desert in northwestern China. The effects of N and water addition on reproductive phenology differed among plant species. N and water addition consistently advanced the flowering onset time and fruiting time of four spring ephemerals; however, their effects on two spring‐summer annuals were inconsistent, with advances being noted in one species and delays in another. N and water addition alone increased plant height, relative growth rate, leaf number, flower number, and individual biomass, while their combinative effects on plant growth and reproductive phenology were dependent on species. Multiple regression analysis showed that flowering onset time was negatively correlated with relative growth rate of two species, and negatively correlated with maximum plant height of the other four species. Our study demonstrates that phenological responses to increasing precipitation and N deposition varied in annuals with different life histories, whereby the effects of climate change on plant growth rate were related to reproductive phenology. Desert annuals that were able to accelerate growth rate under increasing soil resource availability tended to advance their flowering onset time to escape drought later in the growing season. This study promotes our understanding of the responses of temperate desert annuals to increasing precipitation and N deposition in this desert.
Genetic rescue in a plant polyploid complex: Case study on the importance of genetic and trait data for conservation management
Authors: Schmidt‐Lebuhn Alexander N. , Marshall David J. , Dreis Brad , Young Andrew G. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractKnowledge of the biology of rare plant species is indispensable to aid their survival and to inform efficient conservation actions, but in many cases relevant data are lacking. In addition, while studies of conservation genetics have provided a wealth of information on the considerations arising from inbreeding, mate limitation, or local adaptation, the impact of intraspecific polyploidy remains understudied. In this study, we examined the breeding system of the rare Australian daisy Rutidosis lanata (Asteraceae) and screened ten of its populations for their ploidy level to develop recommendations for management actions, in particular, with regard to seed sourcing and genetic rescue. We found R. lanata to represent a polyploid complex, with tetraploid, pentaploid and hexaploid individuals coexisting in the same species. Crossing experiments confirmed R. lanata to be self‐incompatible. Mate availability varied from c. 49% to c. 76% across populations. Most populations showed mate availability of c. 50%–70%, suggesting that mate limitation resulting from a lack of local genetic diversity may cause or at least contribute to reduced seed set. Crossing between populations resulted in significantly higher reproductive success for all populations except one, suggesting the possibility of genetic rescue through population mixing. However, the crossing experiments also showed that pentaploids suffer from a severely reduced paternal reproductive fitness. Any additional hybrids between tetraploids and pentaploids, as would be created by mixing populations with different genome copy numbers during conservation work, would consequently exacerbate mate limitation and thus reduce population viability. We conclude that seed set and thus population viability can be maximized by mixing populations with the same number of genome copies, but that populations with different numbers should be kept spatially separated. The case of Rutidosis lanata provides an example and a potential template for examining the conservation genetics of other species that may constitute polyploid complexes.
Climate variability and forest fires in central and south‐central Chile
Authors: Urrutia‐Jalabert Rocío , González Mauro E. , González‐Reyes Álvaro , Lara Antonio , Garreaud René 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper evaluates the relationship between fire occurrence (number and burned area) and climate variability (precipitation and maximum temperatures) across central and south‐central Chile (32°–43° S) during recent decades (1976–2013). This region sustains the largest proportion of the Chilean population, contains ecologically important remnants of endemic ecosystems, the largest extension of forest exotic plantations, and concentrates most of the fire activity in the country. Fire activity in central Chile was mainly associated with above‐average precipitation during winter of the previous year and with dry conditions during spring to summer. The later association was particularly strong in the southern, wetter part of the study region. Maximum temperature had a positive significant relationship with burned area across the study region, with stronger correlations toward the south. Fires in central Chile were significantly related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation, through rainfall anomalies during the year previous to the fire season. The Antarctic Oscillation during winter through summer was positively related to fires across the study area due to drier/warmer conditions associated with the positive polarity of this oscillation. Climate change projections for the region reveal an all‐season decrease in precipitation and increases in temperature, that may likely result in an increment of the occurrence and the area affected by fires, as it has been observed during a multi‐year drought afflicting central Chile since 2010.
Induced CNS expression of CXCL1 augments neurologic disease in a murine model of multiple sclerosis via enhanced neutrophil recruitment
Authors: Grist Jonathan J. , Marro Brett S. , Skinner Dominic D. , Syage Amber R. , Worne Colleen , Doty Daniel J. , Fujinami Robert S. , Lane Thomas E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIncreasing evidence points to an important role for neutrophils in participating in the pathogenesis of the human demyelinating disease MS and the animal model EAE. Therefore, a better understanding of the signals controlling migration of neutrophils as well as evaluating the role of these cells in demyelination is important to define cellular components that contribute to disease in MS patients. In this study, we examined the functional role of the chemokine CXCL1 in contributing to neuroinflammation and demyelination in EAE. Using transgenic mice in which expression of CXCL1 is under the control of a tetracycline‐inducible promoter active within glial fibrillary acidic protein‐positive cells, we have shown that sustained CXCL1 expression within the CNS increased the severity of clinical and histologic disease that was independent of an increase in the frequency of encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 cells. Rather, disease was associated with enhanced recruitment of CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils into the spinal cord. Targeting neutrophils resulted in a reduction in demyelination arguing for a role for these cells in myelin damage. Collectively, these findings emphasize that CXCL1‐mediated attraction of neutrophils into the CNS augments demyelination suggesting that this signaling pathway may offer new targets for therapeutic intervention.
Microglial MHC class II is dispensable for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cuprizone‐induced demyelination
Authors: Wolf Yochai , Shemer Anat , Levy‐Efrati Liron , Gross Mor , Kim Jung‐Seok , Engel Adrien , David Eyal , Chappell‐Maor Louise , Grozovski Jonathan , Rotkopf Ron , Biton Inbal , Eilam‐Altstadter Raya , Jung Steffen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMicroglia are resident immune cells in the CNS, strategically positioned to clear dead cells and debris, and orchestrate CNS inflammation and immune defense. In steady state, these macrophages lack MHC class II (MHCII) expression, but microglia activation can be associated with MHCII induction. Whether microglial MHCII serves antigen presentation for critical local T‐cell restimulation in CNS auto‐immune disorders or modulates microglial signaling output remains under debate. To probe for such scenarios, we generated mice harboring an MHCII deficiency in microglia, but not peripheral myeloid cells. Using the CX3CR1CreER‐based approach we report that microglial antigen presentation is obsolete for the establishment of EAE, with disease onset, progression, and severity unaltered in mutant mice. Antigen presentation‐independent roles of microglial MHCII were explored using a demyelination model induced by the copper chelator cuprizone. Absence of microglial I‐Ab did not affect the extent of these chemically induced white matter alterations, nor did it affect microglial proliferation or gene expression associated with locally restricted de‐ and remyelination.
Comparison of Commercial and Lab‐made MWCNT Buckypaper: Physicochemical Properties and Bioelectrocatalytic O2 Reduction
Authors: Chen Xiaohong , Gross Andrew J. , Giroud Fabien , Holzinger Michael , Cosnier Serge 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBuckypapers have emerged as an important material for the construction of enzyme‐based electrodes and biofuel cells for energy harvesting. In this work, commercial and lab‐made buckypapers have been compared to establish their properties for future use as advanced bioelectrodes. The physical properties of the paper‐like carbon nanotube films were characterised by electron microscopy, four‐point probe conductivity, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties were investigated by voltammetry in the absence and presence of redox probes. Bioelectrocatalytic oxygen reduction was evaluated with iron‐protoporphyrin modified buckypapers after immobilisation of bilirubin oxidase. Lab‐made buckypaper exhibited a wider potential window, lower background capacitance, and cleaner voltammetry compared to commercial buckypaper. The catalytic current of lab‐made buckypaper was 10‐fold larger due to factors which include the 10‐fold larger BET surface area, higher enzyme loading, more defective structure, and the smaller nanotube diameters. The presence of porphyrin groups enhanced the catalytic current in O2‐saturated solution up to 0.5 mA cm−2 and 1.3 mA cm−2 for commercial and lab‐made buckypaper, respectively. This work sheds new light on the effects of various physicochemical properties on the electrochemical and DET‐type bioelectrocatalytic activity of buckypapers, and promises to be important for the development of bioelectronics devices.
Why Keep Hatcheries? Weighing the Economic Cost and Value of Fish Production for Public Use and Public Trust Purposes
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T , Whelan Gary E , Bowker James D 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Resource allocation for fisheries management and conservation in the United States has not grown substantially in recent years, and there is ongoing debate over how limited resources should be used to create, maintain, or restore fisheries. Hatcheries have been in existence in North America since 1848, but their organization and role in fisheries management are not widely understood or appreciated. The continuing debate about hatcheries has painted them in broad strokes, with critics suggesting that hatcheries are altogether ineffective, unnecessary, too costly to operate, or do more harm than good to wild populations. Such characterizations fail to capture the diversity of hatchery operations and do not acknowledge the hatchery reform initiatives of the past 20 years or public expectations and legal requirements that influence the production and use of hatchery-origin fish. In this paper, we describe the current number and distribution of fish hatcheries operated for public purposes in North America, provide insights on the costs and benefits of hatcheries operated for public use and other public trust purposes, provide initial cost comparisons to habitat rehabilitation or restoration, and consider the role of hatcheries into the future as a fisheries management tool.
MCL1 gene co‐expression module stratifies multiple myeloma and predicts response to proteasome inhibitor‐based therapy
Authors: Samo Ayaz Ali , Li Jiuyi , Zhou Min , Sun Yingyu , Yang Yuan , Zhang Yunqiu , Li Jing , van Duin Mark , Lu Xuzhang , Fan Xiaolong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic cancer, characterized by abnormal accumulation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. The extensive biological and clinical heterogeneity of MM hinders effective treatment and etiology research. Several molecular classification systems of prognostic impact have been proposed, but they do not predict the response to treatment nor do they correlate to plasma cell development pathways. Here we describe the classification of MM into two distinct subtypes based on the expression levels of a gene module coexpressed with MCL1 (MCL1‐M), a regulator of plasma cell survival. The classification system enabled prediction of the prognosis and the response to bortezomib‐based therapy. Moreover, the two MM subtypes were associated with two different plasma cell differentiation pathways (enrichment of a preplasmablast signature versus aberrant expression of B cell genes). 1q gain, harboring 63 of the 87 MCL1‐M members including MCL1, was found in about 80% of the MM with upregulated MCL1‐M expression. Clonal analysis showed that 1q gain tended to occur as an early clonal event. Members of MCL1‐M captured both MM cell‐intrinsically acting signals and the signals regulating the interaction between MM cells with bone marrow microenvironment. MCL1‐M members were co‐expressed in mouse germinal center B cells. Together, these findings indicate that MCL1‐M may play previously inadequately recognized, initiating role in the pathogenesis of MM. Our findings suggest that MCL1‐M signature‐based molecular clustering of MM constitutes a solid framework toward understanding the etiology of this disease and establishing personalized care.Article Summary: A pathogenic mechanism‐guided molecular classification would facilitate treatment decision and etiology research of multiple myeloma. On the basis of the expression levels of a gene module coexpressed with MCL1, we have established a classification scheme assigning multiple myeloma into two subtypes with distinct prognosis, treatment responses and pathogenic backgrounds.