bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and temperature analysis of tree-shaped nanosheet FET for analog and RF applications
Authors: U Gowthami , M Durga Prakash , Patta Supraja , Sreenivasulu V Bharath 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
An innovative breakthrough that addresses the shortcomings of FinFET is the use of tree-shaped Nanosheet FET. This study examines the temperature dependence of the performance of 12 nm Tree-shaped NSFET on DC and analog/RF properties using a gate stack of high-k HfO2 and SiO2. From 200 K to 350 K, a detailed DC performance analysis was performed, including the transfer characteristics (ID vs VGS), output characteristics (ID versus VDS), subthreshold swing (SS), and ION/IOFF ratio. Additionally, we examined how temperature influence power consumption, dynamic power, and the ON–OFF performance metric (Q). Having the off current lesser than nA at all the temperatures, the proposed device shows good ION/IOFF switching performance. At an LG of 12 nm, the cutoff frequency (fT) is found to be in the Tera Hz region, and the Q varies from 0.9 to 5.1 μS-dec mV−1 at temperatures between 200 K and 350 K. Additionally, the impact of IB height (HIB) is investigated at 15–25 nm with the step of 5 nm and the impact of IB width (WIB) is investigated at 3–5 nm on Tree-shaped NSFET and the impact of variation in the work function is also done in this paper. The effect of scaling with different gate lengths from 20 nm down to 10 nm and its DC characteristics are examined in this paper. The power consumption of the Tree-shaped NSFET increases with temperature. From all these results, the proposed Tree-shaped NSFET shows great potential as a high-frequency competitor at the nanoscale.
High-power 1176 nm vortex beam generated in a Nd:YVO4 self-Raman laser via annular pumping
Authors: Liu Jinyan , Wang Liming , Feng Yandong , Lu Qingye , Shen Weihao , Fan Li , Zhu Jun , Hu Youyou 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Optical vortices carrying orbital angular momentum are of marked importance for a myriad of practical applications. We demonstrate the direct generation of high-power (watt-level) Laguerre–Gaussian vortex beam (LG01 with radial index p = 0 and azimuthal index l = 1) in a continuous-wave Nd:YVO4 self-Raman laser at 1176 nm with annular pumping by an axicon. Under an absorbed pump power of 17.17 W, a maximum vortex Raman output of 1.43 W was achieved with an optical conversion efficiency of 8.3%. The Stokes output beam has a stable helical wavefront with well-determined handedness at high pump power. Furthermore, selective generation of LG01 modes with opposite handedness can be realized simply by breaking azimuthal symmetry by tilting the output coupler. The results show that the annular pumping by an axicon has great potential in the development of compact Raman vortex laser systems with high power, high beam quality and versatile laser wavelengths.
High-burn-up structure evolution in polycrystalline UO2: Phase-field modeling investigation
Authors: Sun 孙 Dan 丹 , Jiang 姜 Yanbo 彦博 , Tang 唐 Chuanbao 传宝 , Xin 辛 Yong 勇 , Sun 孙 Zhipeng 志鹏 , Liu 柳 Wenbo 文波 , Li 李 Yuanming 垣明 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Understanding the evolution of microstructures in nuclear fuels under high-burn-up conditions is critical for extending fuel refueling cycles and enhancing nuclear reactor safety. In this study, a phase-field model is proposed to examine the evolution of high-burn-up structures in polycrystalline UO2. The formation and growth of recrystallized grains were initially investigated. It was demonstrated that recrystallization kinetics adhere to the Kolmogorov–Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (KJMA) equation, and that recrystallization represents a process of free-energy reduction. Subsequently, the microstructural evolution in UO2 was analyzed as the burn up increased. Gas bubbles acted as additional nucleation sites, thereby augmenting the recrystallization kinetics, whereas the presence of recrystallized grains accelerated bubble growth by increasing the number of grain boundaries. The observed variations in the recrystallization kinetics and porosity with burn-up closely align with experimental findings. Furthermore, the influence of grain size on microstructure evolution was investigated. Larger grain sizes were found to decrease porosity and the occurrence of high-burn-up structures.
Charity and the Spirituality of Reciprocity
Authors: Teubner Jonathan D 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 addresses how practices of Christian charity can also be the normative basis for a just social or political practice. The chapter argues that Augustine internalizes wealth as a matter of pride or humility, but far from being a paean to the wealthy, this internalization of wealth proves to transform the broader society, even undermining entrenched social customs and popular political rituals associated with “pagan” Rome. This chapter offers readings of De civitate Dei 10 and 21, De trinitate 4, and several Enarrationes in Psalmos and through them addresses questions of wealth in the context of Augustine’s strife with “Pelagians.” It argues that solidarity or social cohesion is best understood, for Augustine, as a communal relation formed by entering into the practice of giving and receiving forgiveness.
Biotechnology, Gestation, and the Law
Authors: Romanis Elizabeth Chloe 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Gestation is the process of which each of us are the result. The very nature of human gestation, however, has shifted and will continue to shift as a result of technology. Uterus transplantation, the transplant of a functioning uterus into the body of a person absent a uterus, enables a person who was previously unable to sustain a pregnancy to do so. Gestation as we have known it has been confined to the uterus of a person assigned female at birth. Uterus transplantation makes imaginable pregnancies in bodies that were not assigned female at birth, such as cis men. Thus, it has the capacity to ‘unsex’ pregnancy. Ectogestation, the partial or complete facilitation of gestation in an artificial device (outside the body), more drastically alters the nature of gestation as we know it: by enabling gestation without pregnancy, that is, gestation beyond the body. These novel possibilities raise important conceptual questions. Are pregnancy and gestation the same thing? Who are these technologies for and when? Who are the parents when novel forms of gestation are used? How do these technologies disrupt our notions of reproductive biosex? And are they tools of emancipation? In exploring these and other questions, this book explores the implications of novel technologies enabling gestation.
Introduction
Authors: Romanis Elizabeth Chloe 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 first outlines technologies enabling gestation—surrogacies, uterus transplantation, and ectogestation. The technologies described range from practices that are not rare in occurrence today (gestational surrogacies) to those that remain, at present, confined to the realms of science fiction (complete ectogestation). This begs the question of when, why, and how we should engage in speculation about procreative futures. Therefore, this chapter provides a defence and account of speculative methodology. It engages in speculation not only as a form of anticipatory reflection but also to examine what speculative procreative futures reveal about the values that underpin concepts in and surrounding the generative work in procreation that are underexplored. The chapter then reflects on the nature and sociality of human procreation, specifically, the importance of referring to procreation rather than reproduction, and the realities of procreation as a social activity and, therefore, of considering social context in ethical and legal reflection on procreative technologies. Finally, the chapter outlines the approach taken in this book and the content of the substantive chapters.
Ontologies of Gestation
Authors: Romanis Elizabeth Chloe 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses both what pregnancy and birth are and what the law takes pregnancy and birth to be. First, it elucidates the distinction between pregnancy (a state of being) and gestation (a procreative process of becoming) and why this distinction is material. Second, it reflects on models of pregnancy in contemporary debates in the metaphysics of pregnancy and explains why a parthood model should be adopted. It argues, however, that the law adopts different models of pregnancy in different contexts, and this always disadvantages pregnant people because their needs are considered less material in each context. Ontological premises in law (across different contexts) enable the unstable (and sometimes inaccurate) framing of legal, ethical, social, and political questions. Finally, this chapter interrogates the metaphysical and legal distinction between birthing and being born that has been the subject of much contemporary debate. Unpicking the phenomena of pregnancy, gestation, and birth—for what they are metaphysically are and what the law takes as its ontological premises surrounding these phenomena—is a critical prerequisite to the consideration of the social, ethical, and legal implications of novel technologies enabling gestation.
Parenthood
Authors: Romanis Elizabeth Chloe 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Gestation and birthing are at the heart of how legal parents are identified in English law. Most of the critique of gestation as a criterion in the attribution of motherhood focuses on whether the attribution of motherhood in a given context is right. Chapter 6 does something much narrower: it explores why we use gestation to attribute legal motherhood (and parenthood) and whether the reasons to use gestation change if the nature of gestation changes. First, the chapter problematizes the conception of the legal rule ‘mater semper certa est’ as historically rooted. Second, it illustrates that the justification for treating gestation as determinative of legal motherhood has changed over time and that the potential justifications for centring gestation in the attribution of parental status are neither clear nor wholly persuasive. Most notably, the chapter suggests that the uncritical adoption of gestation as the criterion attributing legal motherhood propagates biological essentialism that conscripts pregnant people. Finally, this chapter argues that technologies enabling gestation introduce a number of novel conceptual challenges to the operation of the rule ‘mater semper certa est’—divisible gestation, unsexed gestation, and disembodied gestation.
The Influence Economy
Authors: Sytch Maxim 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This book explores supplier-induced demand in professional services, examining the conditions under which consulting, marketing, banking, and legal firms sell products and services that are unrelated to the buyer’s needs. In the weak form of supplier-induced demand, procuring an additional service may result in no change in the buyer’s outcome relative to not doing so; in the strong form, the buyer may be left worse off. The book unveils supplier-induced demand as a subtle but powerful influence by service providers stemming from the enabling market conditions, evolving professional identities, and the intricacies of buyer–seller relationships. The conditions that give rise to supplier-induced demand are increasingly characteristic of today’s broader economy, with significant implications for managerial control, vertical integration, and the economics of agglomeration. Employing econometric research, in-depth interviews, and an extensive review of existing literature, the author lays the groundwork for a more systematic understanding of the contemporary influence economy and identifies potential strategies for organizations and policymakers to counteract its adverse effects.
Labor Export, Industrial Policy, and State Capacity
Authors: Lee Suzy K 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the reasons for the different outcomes experienced by South Korea and the Philippines and what they suggest about the possibilities and limits of labor export as a development strategy. In Korea, a coherent industrial policy focusing on heavy and chemical industries enabled the chaebols to capitalize on the opportunities created by labor export. In the Philippines, similar opportunities were wasted due to a disorganized and discordant development policy. These differences can be attributed to the different relationships these states had with their economic elites. In Korea, a working developmental partnership—or at least a détente—between state and capital permitted the state to coordinate economic policy effectively. No such partnerships existed in the Philippines, where an oligarchic elite’s capital-accumulation strategy was based primarily on its political ability to monopolize rent-seeking opportunities.
Fiscal Federalism
Authors: Rangarajan C , Srivastava D K 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights the basic tenets of fiscal federalism, making a distinction between the traditional focus on the link between decentralization and welfare to its more modern-day extensions. The idea of fiscal federalism is couched in the belief that multi-level governments can augment the pursuit of efficiency and equity in the provision of public and merit goods through cooperation, competition, and coordination among central and sub-national governments. India’s constitution provides for an independent body, namely the Finance Commission, for this purpose. The constitutional arrangements imply an asymmetry in the assignment of resources and responsibilities between the central and the sub-national governments. This has resulted in the centre having a larger share of resources, and the states having larger responsibilities. The system is brought in balance by a suitable scheme of transfers from the centre to the states. The challenge is to design a scheme of fiscal transfers that provides the right incentives and facilitates comparable standards of public and merit services throughout the country. In this chapter, the modern extensions of the idea of fiscal federalism are also extensively discussed. These deal mainly with five aspects, viz. fiscal competition among jurisdictions, political economy aspects of fiscal federalism, market-preserving fiscal federalism, environmental federalism, and fiscal decentralization and growth. These are all aspects of federalism that have a bearing on the evolution of fiscal federalism in India and are often reflected in the changing terms of reference of the Finance Commissions.
Resolving Vertical and Horizontal Imbalances in India
Authors: Rangarajan C , Srivastava D K 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter brings together the ideas developed based on theoretical considerations, and the Canadian and Australian examples, to comprehensively examine the design of fiscal transfers in India in resolving vertical and horizontal imbalances. With respect to the vertical dimension, we note that in India, there has been long-term stability, at least up to the Twelfth Finance Commission, in the shares of the centre and the states in the combined tax revenues of the system after tax devolution. This chapter also shows that, subject to certain assumptions, tax revenue sharing under an axiomatic framework will result in transfers that will be consistent with the concept of revenue side equalization as used in Canada. The difference is that in the Indian case, a macro base rather than a tax-by-tax approach is followed on the revenue side. A major issue in following a criteria-based tax devolution approach relates to objectively determining weights attached to different criterion. We have suggested an axiomatic framework for this. It is also argued that for determining grants, the revenue gap approach leads to significant adverse incentives. This should be replaced by a suitable norm-based approach. The volume of fiscal transfers and the extent of borrowing are interdependent. With respect to borrowing, it is important to develop a sustainability framework. A healthy and stable system of fiscal transfers requires that borrowing by the central and state governments is kept at sustainable levels.
Fiscal Deficits and Government Debt in India
Authors: Rangarajan C , Srivastava D K 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the impact of fiscal deficits on savings, investment, and growth in the light of the theoretical literature on the subject in the context of the fiscal deficit and debt on the combined account of the central and state governments. Fiscal deficits, when these have accumulated into higher debt, lead to higher revenue deficits through higher interest payments. Revenue deficits amount to a reduction in government savings, which may not be fully offset by a corresponding rise in private savings, leading to a fall in the overall savings rate. The impact of fiscal deficit on investment arises both from its impact on private investment and government investment. The adverse effects on private investment occur if fiscal deficits put pressure on interest rates and if private investment is sensitive to the interest rate. The effect on government capital expenditure is through committed interest payments, which rise if the debt-GDP ratio rises and/or the interest rate rises. When fiscal deficits are high in magnitude relative to the GDP and largely structural in nature, the ability of the government to mount counter-cyclical interventions is compromised, particularly when growth is below the trend levels. The Twelfth Finance Commission had recommended that the centre’s intermediation for state borrowing, except for external loans be discontinued. Further, the Commission prepared a sustainability framework to be followed both by the central and state governments and provided for large debt relief for the states, linked to their adopting the prescribed fiscal responsibility framework.
Origins
Authors: Anooshahr Ali 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by focusing on a set of key statements and dates that are provided by Jawhar. These show that he was a child slave who was captured by Mughals in 1535. This would have been during the Gujarat campaigns of Emperor Humayun where slaves are mentioned among the Gujarati army, especially those who were brought by the Ottoman captain Mustafa Bayram. By retracing Mustafa Bayram’s path to Gujarat, we can suggest that Jawhar was most likely a child captive from Eastern Europe. He found his way into the personal retinue of the Ottoman admiral Selman Reis and brought out into the Indian Ocean world during his wars with the Portuguese. When Selman Reis was murdered by some of his sailors in a mutiny, the admiral’s nephew Mustafa Bayram brought Jawhar and some others to South Asia.
Embodiment in Microscopical Print and Practice
Authors: Kennedy Meegan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Victorian microscopists use tropes of wonder and skepticism to direct the entangled embodiment of observer, instrument, and object during microscopical observation. Metaphor deeply informs these Victorian theories of microscopy. While the microscope was advertised as, and is often discussed as, a primarily visual tool, Victorians understood microscopy as an embodied practice. Historians and literary critics writing on Victorian science often emphasize a conflict between the romantic attitude of wonder and the realist one of skepticism, but in microscopy these approaches were seen as complementary forms of embodiment; work at the microscope was both difficult and delightful. By distinguishing wonder (an affective experience) from imagination (an intellectual one), we can see how both wonder and skepticism solicit particular forms of embodied practice. Victorian microscopical writing demonstrates surprising commonalities with contemporary theorists of actor–network theory, agential realism, and affect theory, among others.
The Limits, Pleasures, and Persistence of Wonder
Authors: Kennedy Meegan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Victorians’ efforts to place limits on wonder (as with the scorn for “oh law” objects) were persistently, if unevenly, counterposed with the visceral pleasures of microscopical work. Victorian microscopists demonstrate an ambiguous relation to the exhaustive, painstaking practices of mechanical objectivity that Daston and Galison have identified in nineteenth-century British science. Overall, while microscopy was important to the work of Victorian scientific naturalists, their preference for secular and material explanations of natural phenomena did not eliminate wonder from the practice of Victorian research microscopy. Indeed, the leaders of the Microscopical Society of London generally shared a reluctance to embrace strict materialism and were well placed to model a sustained role for beauty, mystery, wonder, and pleasure in British microscopical practice.
Trained Judgment and Appreciation
Authors: Kennedy Meegan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Victorian microscopists used skeptical tropes to define the educated judgment that encourages accurate rather than speculative or hasty interpretations. Microscopy poses uniquely difficult interpretive challenges, from the mental gyrations of optical sectioning involved in the discernment of structure, to the theoretical and practical discipline required to decipher the puzzling optical “ghosts” of diffraction. Like the physiological psychologists, Victorian microscopists debated how attention and automatic action (such as Carpenter’s concept of unconscious cerebration) affected observation and interpretation, and how training and habit might best aid their efforts to achieve an educated judgment. The trope of appreciation rewrites difficulty as achievement.
Minute Description
Authors: Kennedy Meegan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Although printed illustrations were increasingly available in Victorian scientific texts, microscopists developed skeptical textual strategies that enabled them to share the image textually for readers as well. Such written representations were valuable as reference objects and to instruct readers in microscopical practice. Authors use diverse forms of minute description, with varying relation to the exhaustive approach of mechanical objectivity, in an attempt to capture the microscopical image, archive it, and share it with others to experience virtually and later reproduce. Schacht sought to standardize detailed note-taking as a form of inductive reasoning; Beale urged observers to select only the most pertinent details of observation and leave room for doubt, to benefit the microscopical community. Minute description is anything but static; it collates an accumulated set of observations or reproduces a dynamic, developing image emerging from a mobile attention and a varied process of observation.