bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do policy instruments matter? Governments’ choice of policy mix and higher education performance in Western Europe
Authors: Capano Giliberto , Pritoni Andrea , Vicentini Giulia 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGovernments pursue their goals by adopting various mixes of policy instruments. This article proposes a specific operationalisation of these mixes and applies it to the analysis of reforms that many Western European governments have pursued, as they have adopted a similar policy design in their higher education systems (HESs) over the last 20 years. In fact, although these policies have similar templates, performance indicators exhibit remarkable variation between countries. Thus, by applying Qualitative Comparative Analysis to a large data set containing all changes in policy instruments undertaken in the last 20 years in 12 HESs in Western Europe, this article explores the possibility that differences in performance across national HESs could be associated –ceteris paribus– with different policy mixes. This article finds not only that the common template has been applied through very different national policy mixes but also that only a few instruments are regularly linked to good teaching performance, regardless of the other components of the actual policy mix.
Characterizing the social diversity of bilingualism using language entropy
Authors: Gullifer Jason W. , Titone Debra 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBilingual and multilingual individuals exhibit variation in everyday language experience. Studies on bilingualism account for individual differences with measures such as L2 age of acquisition, exposure, or language proficiency, but recent theoretical perspectives posit that the relative balance between the two or more languages throughout daily life (i.e.,interactional context) is a crucial determinant for language representation, access, and control. We propose an innovative measure to characterize this construct by usingentropyto estimate the social diversity of language use. Language entropy is computed from commonly-collected language history data and generalizes to multilingual communicative contexts. We show how language entropy relates to other indices of bilingual experience and that it predicts self-report L2 outcome measures over and above classic measures of language experience. Thus, we proffer language entropy as a means to characterize individual differences in bilingual (and multilingual) language experience related to the social diversity of language use.
A systematic review of food pantry-based interventions in the USA
Authors: An Ruopeng , Wang Junjie , Liu Junyi , Shen Jing , Loehmer Emily , McCaffrey Jennifer 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveFood pantries play a critical role in combating food insecurity. The objective of the present work was to systematically review and synthesize scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of food pantry-based interventions in the USA.DesignKeyword/reference search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library and CINAHL for peer-reviewed articles published until May 2018 that met the following criteria. Setting: food pantry and/or food bank in the USA; study design: randomized controlled trial (RCT) or pre–post study; outcomes: diet-related outcomes (e.g. nutrition knowledge, food choice, food security, diet quality); study subjects: food pantry/bank clients.ResultsFourteen articles evaluating twelve distinct interventions identified from the keyword/reference search met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Five were RCT and the remaining seven were pre–post studies. All studies found that food pantry-based interventions were effective in improving participants’ diet-related outcomes. In particular, the nutrition education interventions and the client-choice intervention enhanced participants’ nutrition knowledge, cooking skills, food security status and fresh produce intake. The food display intervention helped pantry clients select healthier food items. The diabetes management intervention reduced participants’ glycaemic level.ConclusionsFood pantry-based interventions were found to be effective in improving participants’ diet-related outcomes. Interventions were modest in scale and usually short in follow-up duration. Future studies are warranted to address the challenges of conducting interventions in food pantries, such as shortage in personnel and resources, to ensure intervention sustainability and long-term effectiveness.
Association between extrauterine growth restriction and changes of intestinal flora in Chinese preterm infants
Authors: Zhang J. , Dai Y. , Fan S. , Zhang K. , Shuai C. , Bian X. , Hui L. , Wu Z. , Zhang J. , Guo Z. , Deng F. , Guo M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate any association between extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) and intestinal flora of <30-week-old preterm infants. A total of 59 preterm infants were assigned to EUGR (n=23) and non-EUGR (n=36) groups. Intestinal bacteria were compared by using high-throughput sequencing of bacterial rRNA. The total abundance of bacteria in 344 genera (7568v.13,760;P<0.0001) and 456 species (10,032v.18,240;P<0.0001) was significantly decreased in the EUGR group compared with the non-EUGR group. After application of a multivariate logistic model and adjusting for potential confounding factors, as well as false-discovery rate corrections, we found four bacterial genera with higher and one bacterial genus with lower abundance in the EUGR group compared with the control group. In addition, the EUGR group showed significantly increased abundances of six species (Streptococcus parasanguinis,BacteriumRB5FF6, twoKlebsiellaspecies andMicrobacterium), but decreased frequencies of three species (oneAcinetobacterspecies,Endosymbiont_of_Sphenophorus_levand oneEnterobacter_species) compared with the non-EUGR group. Taken together, there were significant changes in the intestinal microflora of preterm infants with EUGR compared to preterm infants without EUGR.
The Formation of a Dry‐Belt in the North Side of Central Himalaya Mountains
Authors: Wang Yan , Yang Kun , Zhou Xu , Wang Binbin , Chen Deliang , Lu Hui , Lin Changgui , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSouth Asian monsoon crosses the Himalayan Mountains (HMs) and brings moisture for precipitations in the South Tibetan Plateau. A distinct dry‐belt was found in the north of the central HM region, where there are the highest and steepest mountains in the world. Through in situ and remote‐sensing observations and convection‐permitting numerical experiments, the current study demonstrates that the formation of the dry‐belt is mainly due to the depletion of water vapor when the monsoonal flow climbs the steep south slope of the HMs. The foehn phenomenon is notable over the north slope of the HMs, but the hot and dry downslope flow does not significantly reduce the amount of the precipitation; instead, it can delay the peak of the diurnal precipitation in the north side of the HMs.
A Measurement‐Model Fusion Approach for Improved Wet Deposition Maps and Trends
Authors: Zhang Yuqiang , Foley Kristen M. , Schwede Donna B. , Bash Jesse O. , Pinto Joseph P. , Dennis Robin L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAir quality models provide spatial fields of wet deposition (WD) and dry deposition that explicitly account for the transport and transformation of emissions from thousands of sources. However, many sources of uncertainty in the air quality model including errors in emissions and meteorological inputs (particularly precipitation) and incomplete descriptions of the chemical and physical processes governing deposition can lead to bias and error in the simulation of WD. We present an approach to bias correct Community Multiscale Air Quality model output over the contiguous United States using observation‐based gridded precipitation data generated by the Parameter‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model and WD observations at the National Atmospheric Deposition Program National Trends Network sites. A cross‐validation analysis shows that the adjusted annual accumulated WD for NO3−, NH4+, and SO42− from 2002 to 2012 has less bias and higher correlation with observed values than the base model output without adjustment. Temporal trends in observed WD are captured well by the adjusted model simulations across the entire contiguous United States. Consistent with previous trend analyses, WD NO3− and SO42− are shown to decrease during this period in the eastern half of the United States, particularly in the Northeast, while remaining nearly constant in the West. Trends in WD of NH4+ are more spatially and temporally heterogeneous, with some positive trends in the Great Plains and Central Valley of CA and slightly negative trends in the south.
Impact of Assimilating Himawari‐8‐Derived Layered Precipitable Water With Varying Cumulus and Microphysics Parameterization Schemes on the Simulation of Typhoon Hato
Authors: Lu Jiazheng , Feng Tao , Li Jun , Cai Zelin , Xu Xunjian , Li Li , Li Jinlong 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUnderstanding moisture information ahead of tropical cyclone (TC) convection is very important for predicting TC track, intensity, and precipitation. The advanced Himawari imager onboard the Japanese Himawari‐8/‐9 satellite can provide high spatial and temporal resolution moisture information. Three‐layered precipitable water (LPW) with its three water vapor absorption infrared bands can be assimilated to generate better understanding and prediction of TC evolution. The impacts of LPW assimilation in the Weather Research and Forecasting model with nine combinations of physical parameterization schemes, including three cumulus parameterization (CP) and three microphysics parameterization (MP) schemes on TC prediction, have been comprehensively analyzed using Typhoon Hato as a case study. The results indicate that LPW assimilation reduces the average track error and speed up TC movement by better adjustment of the atmospheric circulation fields via changing the vertical structure of moisture and thermal profile. The track forecasts retain sensitivity to CP schemes after LPW assimilation. Also, LPW assimilation improves TC intensity prediction because the latent heat release process is accurately adjusted. It has been revealed that LPW assimilation can weaken the intensity sensitivity to MP schemes more than to CP schemes. Skill scores were used to evaluate precipitation forecasts after Hato's landfall. The results indicate that heavy precipitation forecasts are more sensitive to the choice of MP schemes. After LPW assimilation, the equitable threat scores among different results become similar and all forecast skills are increased. In addition, group statistic results with different initial time show the same conclusions.
Broadband Characteristics of Chaotic Pulse Trains Associated With Sequential Dart Leaders in a Rocket‐Triggered Lightning Flash
Authors: Pu Yunjiao , Qie Xiushu , Jiang Rubin , Sun Zhuling , Liu Mingyuan , Zhang Hongbo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBased on simultaneous measurements of fast E‐field change, very high frequency radiation and channel mapping, channel base current, and high‐speed video, the characteristics of chaotic pulse trains (CPTs) during propagation of dart leaders in a rocket‐triggered lightning were analyzed. The triggered lightning involved 16 subsequent leader‐return strokes traversing in the same grounding channel. At least five dart leaders showed significant CPT signals during its propagation, with much larger intensity than that in normal leader stage at broadband of low‐frequency–medium‐frequency, very high frequency, and visible light band. All CPTs occurred in the final stage of the leader development, within 150 μs prior to the return strokes. The leader velocity and the charge transfer are both related to the instantaneous intensity of CPT, but the relationship is not always solid when the two parameters are considered individually. Nevertheless, the large product of return stroke charge to 1 ms and the velocity of the leader (QV) could be a reliable proxy/indicator for CPT. All CPTs correspond to a larger local QV with a threshold higher than 1 × 107 C · m/s when CPT is determined as chaotic electric field pulses with magnitude larger than 3 std of the magnitude of E‐fluctuation waveform of the whole flash.
Linking the North American Dipole to the Pacific Meridional Mode
Authors: Ding Ruiqiang , Li Jianping , Tseng Yu‐heng , Sun Cheng , Li Yang , Xing Nan , Li Xiaofeng 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe North American dipole (NAD) represents a meridional dipole of sea level pressure anomalies over the western tropical North Atlantic and northeastern North America. This study demonstrates that the NAD is intimately linked to the development of the Pacific meridional mode (PMM). In addition to the North Pacific Oscillation, the NAD provides another important remote forcing source to trigger the PMM. The NAD influences the PMM through both direct and indirect pathways. The direct effect is that the winter NAD influences the sea surface temperature (SST) and surface winds over the northeastern subtropical Pacific (NESP) through concurrent anticyclonic flow associated with the NAD, which tends to generate a weak initial warming over the NESP region during late winter and early spring. The indirect effect is that the NAD first induces SST cooling over the northern tropical Atlantic during spring, and the northern tropical Atlantic SST cooling then generates a low‐level anticyclonic flow anomaly over the NESP, which further strengthens the surface warming over the NESP, thereby causing the development of the PMM in the following months. The NAD can also exert an influence on the El Niño–Southern Oscillation through its effects on the PMM. In particular, El Niño episodes led by the combined NAD‐PMM events tend to take the form of the central Pacific El Niño, rather than the canonical eastern Pacific El Niño. We suggest that a better understanding of the NAD‐PMM‐El Niño–Southern Oscillation dynamic link could be useful for the prediction of different types of El Niño event.
Comparing Seawater Temperature Proxy Records for the Past 90 Myrs From the Shallow Shelf Record Bass River, New Jersey
Authors: de Bar M. W. , de Nooijer L. J. , Schouten S. , Ziegler M. , Sluijs A. , Reichart G.‐J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe present a multiproxy (foraminifer Mg/Ca, δ18O, ∆47, and Sr/Ca, and biomarker TEX86H, MATmrs) low‐resolution paleotemperature record based on seven sets of high‐resolution time series from the late Cretaceous to Miocene from the Ocean Drilling Program Bass River site, New Jersey Shelf, North Atlantic. Along with insight into long‐term climate evolution, this allows testing for internal consistency between proxies. The bottom water temperatures (BWTs) reconstructed using benthic δ18O and Mg/Ca values show good agreement in recorded trends with the TEX86Hsea surface and shallow subsurface temperature record, and with the stacked global benthic oxygen isotope record. The Mg/Ca‐based BWTs are higher than the δ18O‐based BWTs, likely due to uncertainty in the assumptions associated with the Mg/Ca calibration to seawater Mg/Ca. Absolute δ18O‐based BWT reconstructions are supported by clumped isotope paleothermometry. The agreement in main trends of the independent paleotemperature proxies indicates that the underlying assumed mechanisms for the different proxy relations to temperature stayed largely intact back to at least 90 Ma. Consistent differences in absolute temperature values highlight, however, that a better understanding of the individual proxies is required in order to achieve accurate absolute temperature reconstructions
The Timing and Style of Oblique Deformation Within New Zealand's Kaikōura Ranges and Marlborough Fault System Based on Low‐Temperature Thermochronology
Authors: Collett C. M. , Duvall A. R. , Flowers R. M. , Tucker G. E. , Upton P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe ~150‐km‐wide dextral Marlborough Fault System and adjacent Kaikōura Mountains accommodate oblique convergence between the Pacific and Australian plates at the NE end of the South Island, New Zealand. Low‐temperature thermochronology from this region places new limits on the timing and style of Marlborough faulting and mountain building. We sampled rocks for apatite and zircon (U‐Th/He) and apatite fission track dating from a range of elevations spanning ~2 km within the Kaikōura Ranges, which stand high above the active Marlborough dextral faults. The data reveal Miocene cooling localized to hanging wall rocks, first along the Clarence Fault in the Inland Kaikōura Range, then along the Jordan Thrust in the Seaward Kaikōura Range, followed by widespread, rapid cooling reflected in all samples across the study area starting at ~5 Ma. Our results suggest that topographic relief in this region predates the onset of dextral faulting and that portions of the Marlborough Faults were once thrust faults that coincided with the early development of the transpressive plate boundary. We relate Pliocene to present rapid exhumation across the field site, including at low‐elevation sample sites in Marlborough Fault foot walls, to seaward translation and overthrusting of crust atop the downgoing slab by dextral Marlborough Fault motion. Our results show that spatial and temporal patterns in exhumation reflect a complex and evolving deformation field in the Marlborough Fault System over the past ~25 million years of Kaikōura orogeny.
Extreme Rainfall Associated With Hurricane Maria Over Puerto Rico and Its Connections to Climate Variability and Change
Authors: Keellings David , Hernández Ayala José J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHurricane Maria was associated with record‐breaking rainfall over Puerto Rico and caused unprecedented flooding and landslides. Here we analyze the extreme rainfall produced by Hurricane Maria using 35 stations with daily precipitation data from 1956–2016. A covariate‐based extreme value analysis point process approach that accounts for natural climate variability and long‐term climate change influences on extreme rainfall is applied. Hurricane Maria produced the single largest maximum rainfall event since 1956 and had the highest total averaged precipitation of 129 storms that have impacted the island since 1956. Return periods for an event of Hurricane Maria's precipitation magnitude decreased in 48.6% of stations across Puerto Rico and at least halved when averaged across the island. Within the most affected areas it is likely that the probability of precipitation of Maria's magnitude has increased by a factor greater than 1 (best estimate 4.85) as a result of long‐term climate trends.
Vertical Structure of Terdiurnal Tides in the Antarctic MLT Region: 15‐Year Observation Over Syowa (69°S, 39°E)
Authors: Liu Huixin , Tsutsumi Masaki , Liu Hanli 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe terdiurnal tide (TDT) in the Antarctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere region is poorly known. This study examines TDT using neutral wind observations at Syowa during years of 2004–2018. TDT is found to be a significant tidal component with distinct vertical structures and seasonal evolution. (1) It shows a prominent height‐dependent seasonal variation with phase reversal at 94 km. (2) The vertical wavelength in summer is ∼40 km shorter than in winter. These features differ largely from those in the Arctic, indicating hemispheric asymmetry. The phase structure reveals a dominant upward propagating mode in local summer but superposition of more than one mode in other seasons. A downward propagating mode above 94 km in winter suggests Joule heating/ion drag as additional tidal sources to lower atmosphere ones. These results provide new constrains and benchmarks for model simulations that seek to understand terdiurnal tidal forcing mechanisms in polar regions.
Sleep increases chromosome dynamics to enable reduction of accumulating DNA damage in single neurons
Authors: Zada D. , Bronshtein I. , Lerer-Goldshtein T. , Garini Y. , Appelbaum L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSleep is essential to all animals with a nervous system. Nevertheless, the core cellular function of sleep is unknown, and there is no conserved molecular marker to define sleep across phylogeny. Time-lapse imaging of chromosomal markers in single cells of live zebrafish revealed that sleep increases chromosome dynamics in individual neurons but not in two other cell types. Manipulation of sleep, chromosome dynamics, neuronal activity, and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) showed that chromosome dynamics are low and the number of DSBs accumulates during wakefulness. In turn, sleep increases chromosome dynamics, which are necessary to reduce the amount of DSBs. These results establish chromosome dynamics as a potential marker to define single sleeping cells, and propose that the restorative function of sleep is nuclear maintenance.
Sites of high local frustration in DNA origami
Authors: Kosinski Richard , Mukhortava Ann , Pfeifer Wolfgang , Candelli Andrea , Rauch Philipp , Saccà Barbara 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe self-assembly of a DNA origami structure, although mostly feasible, represents indeed a rather complex folding problem. Entropy-driven folding and nucleation seeds formation may provide possible solutions; however, until now, a unified view of the energetic factors in play is missing. Here, by analyzing the self-assembly of origami domains with identical structure but different nucleobase composition, in function of variable design and experimental parameters, we identify the role played by sequence-dependent forces at the edges of the structure, where topological constraint is higher. Our data show that the degree of mechanical stress experienced by these regions during initial folding reshapes the energy landscape profile, defining the ratio between two possible global conformations. We thus propose a dynamic model of DNA origami assembly that relies on the capability of the system to escape high structural frustration at nucleation sites, eventually resulting in the emergence of a more favorable but previously hidden state.
A gRNA-tRNA array for CRISPR-Cas9 based rapid multiplexed genome editing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zhang Yueping , Wang Juan , Wang Zibai , Zhang Yiming , Shi Shuobo , Nielsen Jens , Liu Zihe 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWith rapid progress in DNA synthesis and sequencing, strain engineering starts to be the rate-limiting step in synthetic biology. Here, we report a gRNA-tRNA array for CRISPR-Cas9 (GTR-CRISPR) for multiplexed engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using reported gRNAs shown to be effective, this system enables simultaneous disruption of 8 genes with 87% efficiency. We further report an accelerated Lightning GTR-CRISPR that avoids the cloning step in Escherichia coli by directly transforming the Golden Gate reaction mix to yeast. This approach enables disruption of 6 genes in 3 days with 60% efficiency using reported gRNAs and 23% using un-optimized gRNAs. Moreover, we applied the Lightning GTR-CRISPR to simplify yeast lipid networks, resulting in a 30-fold increase in free fatty acid production in 10 days using just two-round deletions of eight previously identified genes. The GTR-CRISPR should be an invaluable addition to the toolbox of synthetic biology and automation.