bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remediation of suspended solids and turbidity by improved settling tank design in a small‐scale, free‐standing toilet system using recycled blackwater
Authors: Hawkins Brian T. , Sellgren Katelyn L. , Cellini Enzo , J. D. Klem Ethan , Rogers Tess , Lynch Brendon J. , Piascik Jeffrey R. , Stoner Brian R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOur research is focused on the development of decentralized waste water treatment technologies enabling onsite water reuse. Accumulation of solids with recycling of treated blackwater increases the energy required for disinfection with an electrochemical process. We hypothesized that improving the preprocess settling of blackwater by increasing the tortuosity of the liquid flow path would reduce this energy demand by reducing particle‐associated chemical oxygen demand (COD). This approach successfully reduced the total suspended solids and turbidity in the process liquid accumulated per user‐day equivalent. A modest reduction in the apparent steady‐state accumulation of COD was also observed, likely because of the retention of COD associated with larger particles in the settling tanks. Interestingly, these improvements did not improve the energy efficiency of the electrochemical disinfection process, as predicted. These observations suggest that improving the energy efficiency of electrochemical disinfection will require remediation of dissolved COD.
Performance evaluation of different membrane types in the textile mercerization wastewater treatment
Authors: Zebić Avdičević Maja , Košutić Krešimir , Dobrović Slaven 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study investigates the performance of three ultrafiltration membranes, i.e. a submerged polyethylene (PE) hollow fibre membrane, a multibore polyethersulfone (PES) membrane and a tubular multichannel ceramic membrane in the textile mercerization wastewater treatment. Experiments were carried out on two laboratory dead end membranes and on a cross flow membrane set‐up using wastewater with and without the addition of MgCl2 as a coagulant. Investigation into energy consumption was also carried out. According to the obtained results, the submerged membrane could be used as the pretreatment of mercerization wastewater to significantly reduce the amount of suspended solids, to remove organic carbon and to decrease turbidity. The results showed that the tested membranes could be used for the treatment of wastewater from the textile mercerization process in terms of permeate quality. The cross‐flow ultrafiltration consumes far more energy than the dead‐end process.
The
Effects of Combustor Cooling Features on Nozzle Guide Vane Film Cooling
Experiments
Authors: Holgate Nicholas
E. , Ireland Peter
T. , Romero Eduardo 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Recent advances in experimental methods have allowed researchers to study nozzle guide vane (NGV) film cooling in the presence of combustor dilution ports and endwall films. The dilution injection creates nonuniformities in temperature, velocity, and turbulence, and an understanding of the vane film cooling performance is complicated by competing influences. In this study, dilution port temperature profiles have been measured in the absence of vane film cooling and compared to film effectiveness measurements in the presence of both films and dilution, illustrating the effects of the dilution port turbulence on film cooling performance. It is found that dilution port injection can create significant effectiveness benefits at the difficult-to-cool vane stagnation region due to the more turbulent hot mainstream enhancing the mixing of film coolant jets that have left the airfoil surface. Also explored are the implications of endwall film cooling for infrared (IR) vane surface temperature measurements. The reduced endwall temperatures reduce the thermal emissions from this surface, so reducing the amount of extraneous radiation reflected from the vane surface where measurements are being made. The results of a detailed calibration show that the maximum local film effectiveness measurement error could be up to 0.05 if this effect were to go unaccounted for.
Size
Effect on Thermal Characteristic of Tubular Heat Exchanger at Miniscale and
Microscale
Authors: Tharkar Ankush
D. , Mahulikar Shripad
P. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The scope for the heat transfer enhancement in the tubular heat exchanger is high due to its unique property of having two separate convective heat transfer coefficients. The variation of diameter and annular space has a direct effect on the value of convective heat transfer coefficients due to their inverse relation. Thus, the strong emphasis must be given on the influence of diameter and annular space on the thermal characteristics of the tubular heat exchanger. In this numerical analysis, peculiarities in the improvement of the performance parameters are studied with the variation in the value of inlet velocities of the fluids (cold and hot), inner pipe diameter, and annular space for the combination of dimensional range such as miniscale and microscale range. The inner tube diameter is observed to be sensitive to the improvement in the performance parameter. The growth in the performance parameter of the tubular micro heat exchanger is found to be higher when both the values of diameter and annular space are in the microscale range.
Prevalence and burden of hepatitis D virus infection in the global population: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Hai-Yan , Shen Dan-Ting , Ji Dong-Ze , Han Pei-Chun , Zhang Wei-Ming , Ma Jian-Feng , Chen Wen-Sen , Goyal Hemant , Pan Shiyang , Xu Hua-Guo 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveHepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective virus that completes its life cycle only with hepatitis B virus (HBV). The HBV with HDV super-infection has been considered as one of the most severe forms of the chronic viral hepatitis. However, there is a scarcity of data on the global burden of HDV infection.DesignWe searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases from 1 January 1977 to 31 December 2016. We included studies with a minimum sample size of 50 patients. Our study analysed data from a total of 40 million individuals to estimate the prevalence of HDV by using Der-Simonian Laird random-effects model. The data were further categorised according to risk factors.ResultsFrom a total of 2717 initially identified studies, only 182 articles from 61 countries and regions met the final inclusion criteria. The overall prevalence of HDV was 0.98% (95% CI 0.61 to 1.42). In HBsAg-positive population, HDV pooled prevalence was 14.57% (95% CI 12.93 to 16.27): Seroprevalence was 10.58% (95% CI 9.14 to 12.11) in mixed population without risk factors of intravenous drug use (IVDU) and high-risk sexual behaviour (HRSB). It was 37.57% (95% CI 29.30 to 46.20) in the IVDU population and 17.01% (95% CI 10.69 to 24.34) in HRSB population.ConclusionWe found that approximately 10.58% HBsAg carriers (without IVDU and HRSB) were coinfected with HDV, which is twofold of what has been estimated before. We also noted a substantially higher HDV prevalence in the IVDU and HRSB population. Our study highlights the need for increased focus on the routine HDV screening and rigorous implementation of HBV vaccine programme.
B-type natriuretic peptide, disease progression and clinical outcomes in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Inohara Taku , Kim Sunghee , Pieper Karen , Blanco Rosalia G , Allen Larry A , Fonarow Gregg C , Gersh Bernard J , Ezekowitz Michael D , Kowey Peter R , Reiffel James A , Naccarelli Gerald V , Chan Paul S , Mahaffey Kenneth W , Singer Daniel E , Freeman James V , Steinberg Benjamin A , Peterson Eric D , Piccini Jonathan P 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveThe association with B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), disease progression and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been thoroughly investigated.MethodsWe evaluated the association between BNP levels and outcomes, including AF progression, composite outcome of major adverse cardiovascular or neurological events (MACNE) and major bleeding, via pooled logistic regression and Cox frailty models in Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation II registry. AF progression was defined as either paroxysmal becoming persistent or permanent, or persistent becoming permanent at any follow-up.ResultsAmong 13 375 patients with AF, 2797 with BNP values at baseline (median age (IQR), 72.0 (63.0–80.0) years; 43.0% women; median BNP, 238 (102–502) ng/L; 42.3% prior heart failure) were included in the models evaluating the association between BNP levels and MACNE or major bleeding. Of these, 1282 patients with paroxysmal or persistent AF at baseline were analysed in AF progression model. The likelihood of AF progression (adjusted OR, 1.11 for every 100 ng/mL; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.19) and MACNE (adjusted HR, 1.11 for every doubling in BNP values; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.22) increased with BNP concentration, while the elevated BNP values were not associated with increased risks of major bleeding. BNP values improved the risk prediction of AF progression and MACNE when added to conventional risk estimates.ConclusionsBNP levels are associated with increased risk of AF progression and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with AF. Further studies are required to assess whether biomarker-based risk stratification improves patient outcomes.Clinical trial registrationNCT01701817.
Core needle biopsy as an alternative to whole section in IHC4 score assessment for breast cancer prognostication
Authors: Liu Ming , Tang Shao-Xian , Tsang Julia Y S , Shi Yu-Jie , Ni Yun-Bi , Law Bonita K B , Tse Gary M K 
Published: September 2018

AimsIHC4 score, based on expression of four routine markers (oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and proliferation marker, Ki67), is a recently developed, cost-effective prognostic tool in breast cancer. Possibly, the score may be useful also in advanced diseases where only core needle biopsy (CNB) is available and neoadjuvant therapy. However, its studies on CNB are scant. This study examined whether IHC4 score assessment on CNB is comparable to that from whole section (WS).MethodsImmunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was performed for ER, PR, HER2 and Ki67 on 108 paired CNB and WS to evaluate IHC4 score (with follow-up range 1–230 months and 5 relapse/death). Concordance between the two was examined. Factors that affected the concordance were analysed. Additionally, IHC4 score was compared with Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI).ResultsThere was moderate concordance between IHC4 score on CNB and WS (all cases: κ=0.699, p<0.001; ER+ cases: κ=0.595, p<0.001). Among the IHC4 components, concordance for HER2 was the poorest (κ=0.178, p<0.001 in all cases; ER+ cases: κ=0.082, p<0.097). Significant factors affecting concordance between CNB and WS included number of cores, total core length and percentage of tumour cells in cores (p≤0.030), indicating the importance of sufficient sampling. Interestingly, the concordance was also affected by patients’ age (p=0.039). There was poor agreement between IHC4 score and NPI (κ≤0.160).ConclusionOur results suggested that IHC4 score can be used on adequately sampled CNB. Its poor agreement with NPI highlights the independence of the two factors.
Are There Differences in Toxicity and Efficacy between Various Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Strains in Bladder Cancer Patients? Analysis of 844 Patients
Authors: Krajewski Wojciech  , Matuszewski Michal , Poletajew Sławomir , Grzegrzółka Jędrzej , Zdrojowy Romuald , Kołodziej Anna 
Published: September 2018

<b><i>Purpose:</i></b> To evaluate if there are differences in toxicity and efficacy between different Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) stains used for intravesical immunotherapy in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We retrospectively analysed a group of 844 patients who received TICE, RIVM and Moreau BCG strains. The allocation of the strain to each patient was random, stemming from differences in supply and distribution. The patients were analysed in terms of toxicity, recurrence-free (RFS), progression-free (PFS), cancer-specific (CSS) and overall survival (OS). <b><i>Results:</i></b> In the survival analysis, statistical significance was not reached in any tumour group for any clinical event. TICE caused more local and mild adverse effects and severe complications were mainly associated with RIVM strain. In a group in which the strain was changed during the course of the therapy, significantly more severe complications were observed and, in most of these cases, complications appeared right after the strain change. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> There were no differences in terms of RFS, PFS, CSS and OS after use of TICE, RIVM and Moreau strains. The complication profile differed statistically between used strains with TICE causing mostly mild complications. Also, strain change during the therapy course was associated with the increased risk of moderate to severe toxicity occurrence.
Copy Number Alterations with Prognostic Potential in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Maruschke Matthias , Koczan Dirk , Ziems Björn , Hakenberg Oliver W. 
Published: September 2018

<b><i>Objectives:</i></b> To detect chromosomal aberrations in a genome-wide manner with potential value for prognosis in groups of patients with different histopathological grading in clear cell renal carcinoma (ccRCC). <b><i>Material and Methods:</i></b> We performed a copy number alteration analysis using the Affymetrix platform and SNP 6.0 mapping arrays with samples from 48 ccRCC-patients. The data analysis was done using 3 different Software Platforms: Affymetrix Genotyping Console (version 4.1.3.840) and 2 open-source packages for validation: PennCNV and PICNIC. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Consistent changes were found to divide the tumors into 4 groups: first group showed typical losses on 3p, second group losses on 3p plus gains on 5q, third group gains on chromosome 7 plus losses on chromosome 8; fourth group did not show any major changes. We selected the affected genes with the highest consistency and identified 13 different genes mapping in the SNP 6.0 results and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Remarkable for further consideration were the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, BRAF, MET, EGLN1; growth factors, for example, HGF, PGF and TGFB2. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> A multimodal approach with a well-defined workflow for detecting genomic aberrations by using array technologies and comparing the findings with different comprehensive databases may provide insights into functional tumor processes and help to identify potential new targets for more individualized future treatment.
Effects of Intensive Systolic Blood Pressure Lowering on Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus on Standard Glycemic Control and in Those Without Diabetes Mellitus: Reconciling Results From ACCORD BP and SPRINT
Authors: Beddhu Srinivasan , Chertow Glenn M. , Greene Tom , Whelton Paul K. , Ambrosius Walter T. , Cheung Alfred K. , Cutler Jeffrey , Fine Lawrence , Boucher Robert , Wei Guo , Zhang Chong , Kramer Holly , Bress Adam P. , Kimmel Paul L. , Oparil Suzanne , Lewis Cora E. , Rahman Mahboob , Cushman William C. 
Published: September 2018

Background

Intensive systolic blood pressure (
SBP
) lowering significantly reduced cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) events in SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial) but not in ACCORD BP (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Blood Pressure).

Methods and Results

SPRINT
tested the effects of intensive (<120 mm Hg) versus standard (<140 mm Hg)
SBP
goals on
CVD
events and all‐cause mortality. Using 2×2 factorial design,
ACCORD BP
tested the same
SBP
intervention in addition to an intensive versus standard glycemia intervention. We compared the effects of intensive
SBP
lowering on the composite
CVD
end point and all‐cause mortality in
SPRINT
with its effects within each of the glycemia arms in
ACCORD BP
. Intensive
SBP
lowering decreased the hazard of the composite
CVD
end point similarly in
SPRINT
(hazard ratio: 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.64–0.89) and in the
ACCORD BP
standard glycemia arm (hazard ratio: 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.95; interaction
P
=0.87). However, the effect of intensive
SBP
lowering on the composite
CVD
end point in the
ACCORD BP
intensive glycemia arm (hazard ratio: 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.83–1.29) was significantly different from
SPRINT
(interaction
P
=0.023). Patterns were similar for all‐cause mortality.

Conclusions

The effects of intensive
SBP
control on
CVD
events and all‐cause mortality were similar in patients without diabetes mellitus and in those with diabetes mellitus on standard glycemic control. An interaction between intensive
SBP
lowering and intensive glycemic control may have masked beneficial effects of intensive
SBP
lowering in
ACCORD BP
.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers:
NCT
01206062,
NCT
00000620.
The Moral Priorities of Rap Listeners
Authors: Nzinga Kalonji L.K. , Medin Douglas L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA cross-cultural approach to moral psychology starts from researchers withholding judgments about universal right and wrong and instead exploring what the members of a community subjectively perceive to be moral or immoral in their local context. This study seeks to identify the moral concerns that are most relevant to listeners of hip-hop music. We use validated psychological surveys including the Moral Foundations Questionnaire (Graham, Haidt, & Nosek 2009) to assess which moral concerns are most central to hip-hop listeners. Results show that hip-hop listeners prioritize concerns of justice and authenticity more than non-listeners and deprioritize concerns of respecting authority. These results suggest that the concept of the “good person” within hip-hop culture is fundamentally a person that is oriented towards social justice, rebellion against the status quo, and a deep devotion to keeping it real. Results are followed by a discussion of the role of youth subcultures in moral socialization.
Procedural Justice and the Fair Trial in Contemporary Chinese Criminal Justice
Authors: Nesossi Elisa , Trevaskes Susan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis review examines the literature on procedural justice and the fair trial over the past two decades in the People’s Republic of China. Part 1 gives a wide-angle view of the key political events and developments that have shaped the experience of procedural justice and the fair trial in contemporary China. It provides a storyline that explains the political environment in which these concepts have developed over time. Part 2 examines how scholars understand the legal structures of the criminal process in relation to China’s political culture. Part 3 presents scholarly views on three enduring problems relating to the fair trial: the presumption of innocence, interrogational torture, and the role of lawyers in the criminal trial process.Procedural justice is a particularly pertinent issue today in China, because Xi Jinping’s yifa zhiguo 依法治国 (governing the nation in accordance with the law) governance platform seeks to embed a greater appreciation for procedural justice in criminal justice decision-making, to correct a politicolegal tradition overwhelmingly focused on substantive justice. Overall, the literature reviewed in this article points to the serious limitations in overcoming the politicolegal barriers to justice reforms that remain intact in the system, despite nearly four decades of constant reform.
Drug‐Induced Sleep Computed Tomography–Directed Upper Airway Surgery for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lee Li‐Ang , Wang Chao‐Jan , Lo Yu‐Lun , Huang Chung‐Guei , Kuo I‐Chun , Lin Wan‐Ni , Hsin Li‐Jen , Fang Tuan‐Jen , Li Hsueh‐Yu 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveA surgical response to upper airway (UA) surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) depends on adequate correction of collapsible sites in the UA. This pilot study aimed to examine the surgical response to UA surgery directed by drug‐induced sleep computed tomography (DI‐SCT) for OSA.Study DesignProspective case series.SettingTertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsThis study recruited 29 OSA patients (median age, 41 years; median body mass index, 26.9 kg/m2) who underwent single‐stage DI‐SCT‐directed UA surgery between October 2012 and September 2014. DI‐SCT was performed with propofol for light sedation with a bispectral monitor before and after UA surgery. Nonresponders were defined as those with a reduction in apnea‐hypopnea index <50% after 6 months following UA surgery.ResultsDI‐SCT showed that 28 (97%) patients had collapses at multiple sites, all of whom underwent multilevel UA surgery accordingly. The apnea‐hypopnea index decreased from 53.6 to 26.8 (P <. 001). There were 18 (62%) nonresponders and 11 (38%) responders. Multiple‐site collapses could not predict surgical response (P >. 99). The nonresponders had significant improvements in velopharyngeal, oropharyngeal lateral wall, and tongue collapses (all P <. 05), whereas the responders had significant improvements in velopharyngeal and oropharyngeal lateral wall collapses (both P ≤. 05).ConclusionDespite multilevel OSA surgery, residual UA obstruction in nonresponders likely occurs due to multiple mechanisms. DI‐SCT may help to elucidate the reasons for a nonresponse.
Outcomes in Bilateral Vocal Fold Immobility: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis
Authors: Gadkaree Shekhar K. , Gelbard Alexander , Best Simon R. , Akst Lee M. , Brodsky Martin , Hillel Alexander T. 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that the etiologies of bilateral vocal fold mobility impairment (BLVFI), bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP), and posterior glottis stenosis (PGS) have distinct clinical outcomes. To identify patient‐specific and procedural factors that influence tracheostomy‐free survival.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingJohns Hopkins Medical Center from 2004 to 2015.Subjects and MethodsCase series with chart review of 68 patients with PGS and 17 patients with BVFP. Multiple logistic regression analysis determined factors associated with airway prosthesis dependence at last follow‐up and the procedural burden (defined as number of operative procedures per year).ResultsPGS comprised the majority of BLVFI (76%). PGS injury arose primarily after endotracheal intubation (91%), while BVFP most commonly was due to iatrogenic surgical injury to bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerves (88%, P <. 001). Overall in BLVFI, 66% were tracheostomy free at last follow‐up (62% in PGS, 82% in BVFP). Of those who underwent an operative intervention to be decannulated, 88% were decannulated (90% PGS, 80% BVFP). Patients with PGS required higher procedural burden to achieve decannulation compared with the BVFP cohort (3.1 ± 5.2 vs 0.71 ± 1.4, P =. 002). In multivariate analysis of PGS, smoking was a risk factor for tracheostomy dependence (P =. 026).ConclusionsBLVFI is primarily an iatrogenic complication. There are high rates of tracheostomy dependence in BLVFI, with procedural intervention needed for decannulation. Compared with BVFP, patients with PGS had a higher procedural burden overall and to achieve decannulation. Patients with PGS should be counseled that smoking, a modifiable risk factor, may increase the risk of tracheostomy dependence.