bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inferring transient dynamics of human populations from matrix non‐normality
Authors: Nicol‐Harper Alex , Dooley Claire , Packman David , Mueller Markus , Bijak Jakub , Hodgson David , Townley Stuart , Ezard Thomas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn our increasingly unstable and unpredictable world, population dynamics rarely settle uniformly to long‐term behaviour. However, projecting period‐by‐period through the preceding fluctuations is more data‐intensive and analytically involved than evaluating at equilibrium. To efficiently model populations and best inform policy, we require pragmatic suggestions as to when it is necessary to incorporate short‐term transient dynamics and their effect on eventual projected population size. To estimate this need for matrix population modelling, we adopt a linear algebraic quantity known as non‐normality. Matrix non‐normality is distinct from normality in the Gaussian sense, and indicates the amplificatory potential of the population projection matrix given a particular population vector. In this paper, we compare and contrast three well‐regarded metrics of non‐normality, which were calculated for over 1000 age‐structured human population projection matrices from 42 European countries in the period 1960 to 2014. Non‐normality increased over time, mirroring the indices of transient dynamics that peaked around the millennium. By standardising the matrices to focus on transient dynamics and not changes in the asymptotic growth rate, we show that the damping ratio is an uninformative predictor of whether a population is prone to transient booms or busts in its size. These analyses suggest that population ecology approaches to inferring transient dynamics have too often relied on suboptimal analytical tools focussed on an initial population vector rather than the capacity of the life cycle to amplify or dampen transient fluctuations. Finally, we introduce the engineering technique of pseudospectra analysis to population ecology, which, like matrix non‐normality, provides a more complete description of the transient fluctuations than the damping ratio. Pseudospectra analysis could further support non‐normality assessment to enable a greater understanding of when we might expect transient phases to impact eventual population dynamics.
Patient Satisfaction after Total Knee Replacement: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kahlenberg Cynthia A. , Nwachukwu Benedict U. , McLawhorn Alexander S. , Cross Michael B. , Cornell Charles N. , Padgett Douglas E. 
Published: June 2018

Background: The quality and state of satisfaction reporting after total knee replacement (TKR) is variable. Questions/Purposes: The purposes of this systematic review were (1) to examine the available literature on patient satisfaction after TKR, (2) to evaluate the quality of available evidence, and (3) to identify predictors of patient satisfaction after TKR. Methods: A systematic review of the MEDLINE database was performed. The initial search yielded 1219 studies. The inclusion criteria were English language, clinical outcome study with primary outcome related to TKR for osteoarthritis, and patient-reported satisfaction included as an outcome measure. Studies were assessed for demographics, methodology for reporting satisfaction, and factors influencing satisfaction. Results: Two hundred eight studies, including 95, 560 patients who had undergone TKR, met all inclusion and exclusion criteria; 112 (53.8%) of these studies were published in the past 3 years. Satisfaction was most commonly measured using an ordinal scale. Twenty-seven studies (13%) used a validated satisfaction survey. Eighty-three percent of studies reported more than 80% satisfaction. The most commonly reported predictor of satisfaction was post-operative patient-reported functional outcome. Pre-operative anxiety/depression was the most common pre-operative predictor of dissatisfaction. Conclusion: There are numerous studies reporting patient satisfaction after TKR, and publication on the topic has been increasing over the past decade. However, the majority of studies represent lower levels of evidence and use heterogeneous methods for measuring satisfaction, and few studies use validated satisfaction instruments. In general, the majority of studies report satisfaction rates ranging from 80 to 100%, with post-operative functional outcome and relief of pain being paramount determinants for achieving satisfaction.
The Association Between Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor Use and Risk of Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Liu Bing , Zhu Linxin , Zhong Jingxiang , Zeng Guohua , Deng Tuo 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Introduction
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) are first-line drugs for erectile dysfunction. Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) has been linked with PDE5-I use. However, no meta-analysis or conclusive review has explored the association between NAION and PDE5-I use.

Aim
To investigate the association between PDE5-I use and risk of NAION.

Methods
A comprehensive literature search was conducted using online databases in October 2017 to obtain studies researching the association between PDE5-I application and occurrence of NAION. Summarized unadjusted risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were calculated for the strength of this association. This study was conducted in accordance to Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines and registered in PROSPERO under number CRD42017080865.

Main Outcome Measures
The strength of association between PDE5-I use and risk of NAION was assessed through pooled unadjusted RRs and 95% CIs.

Results
5 original articles with 6 clinical observations were included in the meta-analysis. No significant higher risk of NAION was observed after the use of PDE5-Is within a 1-month period (RR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.98-1.39, P = .09). Subgroup analyses indicated 2 PDE5-Is were significantly related to NAION (tadalafil: RR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.20–3.84, P = .01; sildenafil: RR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.29–3.94, P = .004).

Conclusions
Although we found no association between NAION and PDE5-I use, our results should be interpreted cautiously because we included only observational studies and could not control for potential confounders. Because NAION is a rare ocular disease and difficult to diagnose, this association should be confirmed in prospective comparative studies with larger samples and more rigorous designs.
Rear Tip Extenders and Penile Prosthesis Rigidity: A Laboratory Study of Coloplast Prostheses
Authors: Thirumavalavan Nannan , Cordon Billy H. , Gross Martin S. , Taylor Jeffrey , Eid Jean-Francois 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Background
Rear tip extenders (RTEs) are used commonly in penile prostheses, but their effect on erectile rigidity has not been extensively studied.

Aim
To determine whether RTEs affect erectile rigidity in inflatable penile prostheses and determine what length of RTE should be used for a given corporal length—in this case, 22 cm.

Methods
To assess the effect of RTEs on erectile rigidity, we created a penile model simulating 2 corpora cavernosa that accommodated cylinders of varying lengths. Once the cylinders were inflated, a 200-g weight was then uniformly placed on the tip of the cylinders and deflection was measured using a ruler. Measurements were repeated for varying cylinder/RTE lengths to total 22 cm of overall corporal length.

Outcomes
Differences in rigidity and angular deflection based on RTE length were assessed.

Results
Increasing the length of RTEs increased the deflection in our model, indicative of decreased axial rigidity.

Clinical translations
The current work implies that having additional RTEs may decrease penile rigidity and in turn, patient satisfaction.

Strengths and limitations
Though assessing effect of RTEs on erectile rigidity is novel, the exact ability of our model to predict in-vivo behavior is unknown.

Conclusion
An inflatable penile prosthesis represents a heterogeneous beam given that it is composed of a non-inflatable rear combined to an inflatable cylinder. In this model greater bending deflection was associated with more RTE length. Greater RTE length decreases the size of the inflatable device that can be implanted. The erect penis is subject to axial stress and bending deflection. Though further work is needed, these data support the notion that maximizing inflatable length by minimizing RTEs will improve overall erectile rigidity dynamics.
Clinical adverse events in prehospital patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction transported to a percutaneous coronary intervention centre by basic life support paramedics in a rural region
Authors: Bussières Sylvain , Bégin François , Leblanc Pierre-Alexandre , Tanguay Alain , Paradis Jean-Michel , Hébert Denise , Fleet Richard 
Published: June 2018

CLINICIAN’S CAPSULEWhat is known about the topic?ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients transported by ambulance are at risk for adverse events.What did this study ask?What is the impact of transport time on the occurrence of adverse events in the presence of basic life support paramedics?What did this study find?Transport time is not associated with a higher risk of adverse events.Why does this study matter to clinicians?Largest investigation of adverse events in a Canadian cohort of STEMI patients transported by ambulance.
Measurement and analysis of K-shell lines of silicon ions in laser plasmas
Authors: Han Bo , Wang Feilu , Zhong Jiayong , Liang Guiyun , Wei Huigang , Yuan Dawei , Zhu Baojun , Li Fang , Liu Chang , Li Yanfei , Zhao Jiarui , Zhang Zhe , Wang Chen , Xiong Jun , Jia Guo , Hua Neng , Zhu Jianqiang , Li Yutong , Zhao Gang , Zhang Jie 
Published: June 2018

We present laboratory measurement and theoretical analysis of silicon K-shell lines in plasmas produced by Shenguang II laser facility, and discuss the application of line ratios to diagnose the electron density and temperature of laser plasmas. Two types of shots were carried out to interpret silicon plasma spectra under two conditions, and the spectra from 6.6 Å to 6.85 Å were measured. The radiative-collisional code based on the flexible atomic code (RCF) is used to identify the lines, and it also well simulates the experimental spectra. Satellite lines, which are populated by dielectron capture and large radiative decay rate, influence the spectrum profile significantly. Because of the blending of lines, the traditional $G$ value and $R$ value are not applicable in diagnosing electron temperature and density of plasma. We take the contribution of satellite lines into the calculation of line ratios of He-$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ lines, and discuss their relations with the electron temperature and density.
High-Resolution Dating of a Medieval Multiple Grave
Authors: Rose Helene Agerskov , Meadows John , Bjerregaard Mikael 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTMultiple burial in medieval burial grounds are often interpreted as a result of disease, but it is difficult to test such hypotheses, as most acute infectious diseases leave no visible evidence on skeletal material. Scientific dating can potentially associate multiple burials with historically documented epidemics, but the precision required to exclude alternative explanations would normally be attainable only by dendrochronology. Here, we argue that by combining archaeological, osteological and paleodiet research in a Bayesian framework, we can exploit differences in dietary reservoir effects to refine the dates of multiple burials, and potentially date such events to within a range of <20 years. We present new radiocarbon (14C) and stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N) results from a medieval multiple grave at St Alban’s Odense, on the island of Funen in central Denmark. We show the ca. 150-yr spread in14C ages of the five juveniles is compatible with differences in the amount of fish they consumed. Our chronological model, which combines marine reservoir effect correction with calendar age offsets based on osteological evidence, dates the multiple burial tocal AD 1425–1445(95% probability), an interval in which two plague epidemics took place in Denmark.
REPUBLIC 585B–D: ARGUMENT AND TEXT
Authors: Aufderheide Joachim 
Published: June 2018

The so-called ‘Olympian’ proof in Plato's Republic contains one of the first explicit distinctions between the nature of intellectual and bodily pleasures. The argument for the superiority of the former rests on a) identifying pleasure and pain with certain kinds of filling and emptying (583b1–585a7), and b) differentiating between bodily and intellectual pleasures according to the kind of filling:
(i)Bodily depletions differ from depletions of the soul in the kind of lack and, accordingly, in the kind of thing that fills the lack: hunger and thirst are bodily lacks which food and drink can cure, whereas ignorance and folly are cured by intelligence (585a8–b8).Thus, (ii), the kind of lack (belonging to the soul vs belonging to the body), together with the kind of filler (‘food’ for the soul vs food for the body), and derivatively the method of filling (eating vs learning) determine the kind of filling.(iii)Kinds of filling differ in truth: filling A is truer than filling B if and only if the kind of fillers used in A are more than the kind of fillers used in B and the kind of thing filled via A is more than the kind of thing filled via B (cf. 585d7–10).(iv)Fillers of the soul are more than bodily fillers (585b11–d4).(v)The soul is more than the body (585d5–6).Therefore, (vi), filling of the soul is truer than bodily filling, that is, filling of the soul is more really a filling (585d7–10).
VOICE, ORALITY, AND THE PERFORMANCE OF POLITICAL COUNSEL IN EARLY MODERN SPAIN
Authors: MARTÍNEZ BERMEJO SAÚL 
Published: June 2018

AbstractOrality had an important role in many aspects of early modern experience, and political institutions and counsel are no exceptions. Conversational manners, voice, style of speech, wit, and erudition were all key elements in counselling and for the self-representation of counsellors. Moreover, oral communication was crucial at court and contemporaries aimed to influence and control the distribution of such information to different ends. Scholars have extensively used documentation produced by councils as the basis for minute recreations of political events and administrative changes, but the oral practices of counsel have been largely ignored. This article examines the orality of Habsburg councils and focuses on actual modes of performing counsel. In particular, it reconstructs the complex process of production of written documentation as part of a broader communicative flow and aims to show that notions of style and voice affected the ways in which councils were perceived as instruments for government. Finally, it analyses how conversations were regulated, obstructed, or manipulated and the value attributed to voting procedures, consensus, and dissent within an aristocratic and hierarchical notion of council.
Roman Anglesey: Recent Discoveries
Authors: Hopewell David 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTA series of projects by Gwynedd Archaeological Trust has identified two significant sites on the island of Anglesey. The first is a trading settlement on the shore of the Menai Strait which provides evidence for a hitherto unknown level of Romanisation in the remote west of the province. The second is a late first- to early second-century fortlet on the northern coast of the island that probably functioned as both a navigational aid and a point of strength at a landing place. The presence of a fourth-century watchtower on Carmel Head was also confirmed by excavation and its role in the late Roman coastal defence system is considered.
Factors associated with poor satisfaction with treatment and trial discontinuation in chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Schoemaker Joep H. , Vingerhoets Ad J.J.M. , Emsley Robin A. 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionDespite consistently high discontinuation rates due to withdrawal of consent (WOC) and insufficient therapeutic effect (ITE) in schizophrenia trials, insight into the underlying factors contributing to poor satisfaction with treatment and dropout is limited. A better understanding of these factors could help to improve trial design and completion rates.MethodsUsing data from 1,136 trial participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, we explored associations between predictor variables with (1) dropout due to WOC and ITE and (2) satisfaction with treatment among patients and investigators by means of hierarchic multiple regression analyses.ResultsITE was associated with poor clinical improvement, poor investigator satisfaction with treatment, and poor patient insight into their own disease, whereas WOC only showed a meaningful association with poor patient satisfaction with treatment. Investigator satisfaction with treatment appeared most strongly associated with Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) positive factor endpoint scores, whereas patient satisfaction with treatment was best predicted by the endpoint score on the PANSS emotional distress factor. The occurrence of severe side effects showed no meaningful association to satisfaction with treatment among investigators and patients, and neither did a patient’s experienced psychopathology, nor their self-rating of functional impairment.ConclusionsWhereas trial discontinuation due to ITE is associated with poor treatment effectiveness, a patient’s decision to withdraw from an antipsychotic trial remains unpredictable and may occur even when the investigator observes a global clinical improvement and is satisfied with the treatment.
The Midlatitude Trough and the Plasmapause in the Nighttime Ionosphere Simultaneously Observed by DEMETER During 2006–2009
Authors: Chen C. Y. , Liu Tiger J. Y. , Lee I. T. , Rothkaehl H. , Przepiorka D. , Chang Loren C. , Matyjasiak B. , Ryu K. , Oyama K.‐I. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper concurrently investigates the midlatitude trough and the plasmapause positions in the ionosphere by colocated measurements of the electron density, electron temperature, and whistler count probed by DEMETER (Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) satellite in the nighttime at 2230 LT (local time; 1900–0100 MLT, magnetic local time, mainly in the premidnight period) during the 4‐year period of 2006–2009. More than 13,000 Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions orbits of the electron density and the electron temperature are used to search the trough position, while the same amount of the whistler count is employed to determine the plasmapause position at the satellite altitude. The plasmapause is more sensitive to solar activity, which moves equatorward 1.0–1.2° form the low to high solar activity of the study period. On the other hand, the midlatitude trough is more sensitive to seasonal variation, which shifts poleward 1.7–2.5° from the winter to summer month in the study period. The midlatitude trough usually appears in the poleward side of the plasmapause during the study period. Both of the midlatitude trough and the plasmapause move equatorward during the magnetic disturbed condition. For the magnetic disturbed Kp ≥ 6−, the midlatitude trough can appear in the equatorward side of the plasmapause.
Shear Wave Tomography Beneath the United States Using a Joint Inversion of Surface and Body Waves
Authors: Golos E. M. , Fang H. , Yao H. , Zhang H. , Burdick S. , Vernon F. , Schaeffer A. , Lebedev S. , van der Hilst R. D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractResolving both crustal and shallow‐mantle heterogeneity, which is needed to study processes in and fluxes between crust and mantle, is still a challenge for seismic tomography. Body wave data can constrain deep features but often produce vertical smearing in the crust and upper mantle; in contrast, surface wave data can provide good vertical resolution of lithospheric structure but may lack lateral resolution and are less sensitive to the deeper Earth. These two data types are usually treated and inverted separately, and tomographic models therefore do not, in general, benefit from the complementary nature of sampling by body and surface waves. As a pragmatic alternative to full waveform inversions, we formulate linear equations for teleseismic S wave traveltimes and surface wave phase velocities and solve them simultaneously for variations in shear wave speed anomalies in the crust and upper mantle. We apply this technique to data from USArray and permanent seismic networks and present a model of seismic shear wave speed anomalies beneath the continental United States. Our joint model fits the individual data sets almost as well as separate inversions but provides a better explanation of the combined data set. It is generally consistent with previous models but shows improvements over both body wave‐only and surface wave‐only tomography and can lead to refinements in interpretation of features on the scale of the lithosphere and mantle transition zone.
Crustal Radial Anisotropy and Linkage to Geodynamic Processes: A Study Based on Seismic Ambient Noise in Southern Madagascar
Authors: Dreiling Jennifer , Tilmann Frederik , Yuan Xiaohui , Giese Jörg , Rindraharisaona Elisa J. , Rümpker Georg , Wysession Michael E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe determined radial anisotropy in the crust of southern Madagascar from the differences between the speeds of vertically and horizontally polarized shear waves (VSV and VSH), which we derived from Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion determined from seismic ambient noise correlations. The amalgamated Precambrian units in the east and the Phanerozoic Morondava basin in the west of southern Madagascar were shaped by different geodynamic processes. The crystalline basement was strongly deformed and metamorphosed to varying degrees during the assembly of Gondwana in the Pan‐African Orogeny, whereas the Morondava basin was completed with the separation of Africa and Madagascar. The different developments are reflected in first‐order differences in the radial anisotropy patterns. In the Precambrian domains, positive anisotropy (VSV<VSH) is found in the upper and lower crust, with a layer of negative anisotropy (VSV>VSH) sandwiched in between. The upper crustal anisotropy may reflect shallowly dipping layering within the Archean and adjacent imbricated nappe stacks, whereas the lower crustal anisotropy likely represents fossilized crustal flow during the postorogenic or synorogenic collapse of the Pan‐African Orogen. The negative anisotropy layer may have preserved vertically oriented large shear zones of late Pan‐African age. Within the Morondava basin, negative anisotropy in the uppermost ∼5 km could have been generated by steep normal faults, jointing, and magmatic dike intrusions. The deeper sediments and underlying crustal basement are characterized by positive anisotropy. This is consistent with horizontal bedding in the sediments and with fabric alignment in the basement created by extension during the basin formation.