bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The trend of adult mortality in England and the United States
Authors: Pedoe Arthur 
Published: June 2019

‘The death rate is a fact; anything beyond this is an inference.’Ever since as a student I noted the remarks of a reviewer in the Journal tracing the effects of the Boer War in one of the English Life Tables, I have regarded the population mortality tables of a country as reflecting its political and social life. It is from this viewpoint that the mortality tables of England and the United States of America are examined. The subject of international comparisons is one fraught with difficulty, and in the following paper I have ever held before me William Farr's dictum at the head of this paper.
Merchant seamen during the war
Authors: Elderton William P. 
Published: June 2019

The paper deals with the mortality and sickness of merchant seamen and with certain other matters that were connected in one way or another with the main subject.The work underlying the paper was undertaken for the Ministry of War Transport (now the Ministry of Transport) and a report differing little from the present paper was completed in March 1946. I am much indebted to the Minister of Transport for leave to publish the information and for his interest in the work. I should also like to put on record the encouragement I received at an earlier stage from his predecessor and throughout from Sir Cyril Hurcomb, the Secretary (Director General) of the Ministry. Though I am, of course, responsible for the statistical analysis, I have had much help and criticism from the Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen, Mr W. J. Killingback, M.B.E. Both he and the office of the Registrar-General of Shipping and Seamen at Cardiff, especially Mr C. F. Knight, have given me valuable information and advice without which I should have been in still greater difficulty in understanding and interpreting the statistics. Mr E. A. J. Heath, F.I.A., who was an Assistant Statistical Adviser at the Ministry, made the analyses of the discharges on grounds of ill health which are given in paragraphs 15–18 and in Tables 6 and 7. His experience of permanent sickness insurance was a valuable asset; he also helped in other ways in connexion with the work.
The Taxation of Annuities
Authors: Ogborn M. E. 
Published: June 2019

(1) The proper method of taxation of annuities has been a subject of contention for many years, and it seems a suitable time to discuss what are the correct principles to be applied.(2) It seems illogical that life annuities should be taxed on a different principle from annuities payable for a fixed period not dependent on life. It also seems wrong that, whereas a person who has saved capital on which to live in old age may draw on the capital from time to time without being taxed on it, the same person if he buys an annuity so as to equalize the payments throughout the remainder of life has to pay tax on the capital content of the annuity.(3) Various methods(1) have been devised in other countries as practical measures giving some allowance for the capital content of annuity payments, but those methods that I have seen suffer to my mind from being founded on arbitrary rules rather than on principle. It should be noted that the practice of each country is bound up with the definition of taxable income and the treatment of wasting assets in that country. In Great Britain it is possible so to word an annuity contract that part of the annuity is not taxable, but personally I think the question of principle should be faced, and not avoided by rewriting the contracts in some other form.
The Effects on Mortality of Recent Advances in Treatment
Authors: Conybeare John 
Published: June 2019

Mortality statistics have now been available for the population of Great Britain for just over a hundred years and during this period there has been a steady and sustained decrease in mortality at all ages and in both sexes, though the extent of the decrease has been progressively less with increasing age.The main part of the improvement in mortality during the latter half of the nineteenth century was due to improvements in sanitation and hygiene and above all the provision, at any rate in cities, of a reasonably safe water supply. Cholera which occurred in severe epidemic form in London between 1832 and 1866 had disappeared completely well before the beginning of the twentieth century. The widespread epidemics of typhoid fever which occurred as a result of water supplies becoming contaminated with sewage ceased when adequate precautions were taken to safeguard the sources and transmission of water in cities. It is true that small and localized epidemics of typhoid still occur, but these are all found to be due to contamination of food or water by ‘typhoid carriers’. A recent epidemic in Wales, in which some 150 cases of typhoid occurred, was shown to have been caused by the eating of ice-cream which was handled and sold by a man in perfect health but who, following an attack of typhoid many years previously, had continued to pass virulent typhoid organisms in the stools. Fortunately the notification of cases of the disease enables the public health authorities rapidly to track down carriers in this type of epidemic.
The valuation of sickness benefits for non-standard and standard periods
Authors: Hymans J. C. S. , Lane R. C. B. 
Published: June 2019

Sickness tables for non-standard periods are often encountered in Friendly Society practice—more often than may generally be expected. For example, in a substantial Order recently valued by the authors, the first fifty-six lodges were found to be using altogether forty-two such tables.How to treat these benefits actuarially is quite a formidable problem, for no valuation factors are available for non-standard periods and none of the substitutes in general use is entirely satisfactory. For instance, the actuary can either use valuation factors for suitably chosen standard periods and make a rough over-all adjustment or he can turn to tables, such as those prepared by Rhodes,* and toil through the construction of the appropriate commutation columns. The first method is of doubtful accuracy and is very sensitive to variations in the age distribution, while the second involves an amount of labour which is generally quite unacceptable.
On the Error introduced into Mortality Tables by Summation Formulas of Graduation
Authors: King George 
Published: June 2019

The controversy which took place a few years ago (J.I.A. xxvi, 77 and 420 ; xxix, 59, 232 and 236) between Dr. Sprague and the late Mr. Woolhouse on Summation Formulas for the graduation of mortality tables, and more particularly on that of Mr. Woolhouse himself, left the question in a very unsatisfactory state, as a few extracts from the writings of these two great, but divergent, authorities will sufficiently show:Dr. Sprague, xxvi, 111, said, “We must include in one “general condemnation all such graduation formulas as “Mr. Woolhouse's, Mr. Higham's, and Mr. Ansell's. They all “have a tendency to distort the true law of the facts”; and, again, xxix, 61, “I see no sufficient reason for distinguishing “between his (Mr. Woolhouse's) formula, and others of a like “kind ; and I include them all in one general condemnation.”In contradiction of this, Mr. Woolhouse, xxvi, 424, said, “The method (his own) stands alone, as systematically based on “rational principles”; and, again, xxix, 241, “I emphatically” repeat that, with practicable data, the application of my system “of adjustment to a mortality table will always give the best ”possible results.”
An Investigation into the Mortality among Scandinavian Emigrants to the Congo
Authors: Bergholm Paul 
Published: June 2019

In September 1905, at the request of Director Sven Palme, 1 began an investigation into the mortality among Scandinavian emigrants to the Congo, based upon a portion of the Statistical Reports contained in a work entitled “Scandinavians in the Congo”, published in the summer of 1905 by the Danish Lieut.-Colonel H. Jenssen-Tusch. I submit herewith the following account of the manner in which the investigation in question was carried out.The material is gathered from the “Chronological Record” respecting 922 Scandinavian Congo Emigrants 1878-1904” contained in “Supplement No. 1” to “Scandinavians in the Congo.” This record gives the number, nationality, name, occupation and date of entry for all Scandinavians emigrating to the Congo in each of the years from 1878 to 1904. The records as to date of birth and date of exit from the material for observation have been obtained partly, and to the greater extent, from “Scandinavians in the Congo”, further from the “Swedish Mission Society's” Register of Missionaries sent out, and, finally, from official statements prepared ministerially by the General Secretariat of the Congo State.The whole material is thus constituted of 922 persons, of whom 236 died during the period of observation—of these, 24 during the journey home from the Congo or later on as a result of residence in the Congo. From this material the whole number of entrants in the year 1904 has been separated-altogether 60 persons—because for these, with the exception of information as to the date of entry, the other necessary data were wanting in nearly every case.
Notes on Summation Formulas of Graduation, with certain new Formulas for consideration
Authors: King George 
Published: June 2019

The main object of my paper on the Error introduced into Mortality Tables by Summation Formulas of Graduation, published at page 54 of the present volume of the Journal, has already been to a large extent fulfilled; and the admirable papers which it has called forth from Messrs. Lidstone and Spencer are a liberal reward for my labours. That object was, to show that the theoretical error in question is so small as to be quite insignificant; and thereby to bring summation formulas up again for discussion, with a view to ascertain which of them are the best as means of graduation pure and simple, and how they can be used most effectively.In the concluding sentences of the paper I spoke of a graduation by summation, to be followed, in order to gain smoothness, by one by the graphic method; and in the reply to the discussion I casually threw out the idea of correcting the theoretical error by means of the fourth central difference; but these suggestions were only concessions to the misgivings of weaker brethren, and were not put forward seriously as being in my own opinion either necessary or desirable. I am convinced that we have now summation formulas which give as smooth graduations as need be desired, and the results of which conform with close accuracy to the original facts; and, emphasizing what has already been said, my own view is that the theoretical error they introduce is so minute as to be unworthy of consideration for a moment.
On the Construction of Mortality Tables from Census Returns and Records of Deaths
Authors: King George 
Published: June 2019

In forming mortality tables from the experience of assurance or annuity societies or analogous institutions, we deal with individual lives, tracing each throughout his recorded history, from the moment he comes under observation, until he is removed either by death or withdrawal,—and here the word “withdrawal” includes not only lapse or surrender, but the termination of the contract in any other way, as also the closing of the observations at some determined point of time. We therefore have something approaching to accuracy, and the deaths take place among the lives actually observed, there being close relationship between those who are exposed to risk and those who die. With tables of this class the mortality function which first presents itself is the rate of mortality, qx.With mortality tables formed from census returns and death registers the case is different. We know nothing of individuals, but deal solely with fluctuating groups, and take the lives in the aggregate; and many of the recorded deaths are not those of persons included in the enumerations. For instance, the English Life Table No. 2 was based on the population of England and Wales enumerated at the census of 6 June 1841, and the deaths recorded in the seven years 1838 to 1844; so that many of the deaths took place before the date of the census, and could not have been deaths among the population counted.
On Reversionary Bonuses as affected by Expenses and Variations in Rates of Mortality
Authors: Austin H. H. 
Published: June 2019

In venturing to submit a paper on the subject of bonuses to the Institute, I feel that a word of explanation is necessary as to the reasons that led me to take up this investigation, and as a preliminary to this, I would first call attention to some results presented by previous writers.In 1887 the late Mr. Sunderland read a paper (J.I.A., vol. xxvi) dealing with Whole-Life Assurances, and he followed this up by a further paper (J.I.A., vol. xxviii) dealing with Endowment Assurances. A valuable set of tables was given with each paper, based on a HM 3 per-cent valuation, showing, among other things, the bonus arising from surplus interest margins of ½, 1, 1½, and 2 per-cent for whole-life, and 1 and 1½ per-cent for endowment assurances.He also gave the bonuses arising from an annual surplus margin of premium of 10s. at the various experience rates of interest, and showed that bonus from surplus premium in any year is proportional to the amount of such surplus premium. Dealing with mortality, he showed the results of experiencing Sprague's Select Mortality under whole life policies, and gave an illustration of the effect of experiencing a favourable mortality under a 25-year endowment assurance. The papers were practically independent, and did not aim at comparing bonuses under the two classes, although so far as interest and loading profits were concerned, they gave the means of doing so.
On the Mortality of Female Assured lives, with graduated tables deduced from the British Offices’ Experience, 1863—1893
Authors: Kenchington Charles William 
Published: June 2019

The Mortality of Female Assured Lives has not been, so far as I am aware, the main subject under discussion at a sessional meeting of this Institute since February 1875, when the late Mr. Cornelius Walford read extracts from his exhaustive article on “Female Life”, which was subsequently published in the Insurance Cyclopedia. It is hoped, therefore, that in bringing forward this subject as the main theme for consideration, a useful purpose may be served by eliciting the current views of the profession in regard to assurances on Female Lives, and that the tables now submitted may prove of value in practice.A secondary object of the paper is to bring under notice a new summation formula of graduation, and it is hoped that some part of the discussion may centre round the method adopted in graduating the tables.Although the subject of Female Mortality has not received exclusive consideration at a sessional meeting of the Institute for nearly 35 years, it has incidently been mentioned in papers read in this Hall, and has been the topic of valuable contributions to the Journal.The paper by Mr. G. F. Hardy on the mortality of assured lives and annuitants in France (J.I.A., vol. xxxiii, p. 485), and Mr. Ackland's paper on “The British Offices' Life Tables, 1893” (J.I.A., vol. xxxvii, p. 113), both deal at some length with the subject. Mr. G. H. Ryan's editorial remarks on the practice of Life Offices in regard to Female Assurances (J.I.A., vol. xxix, p. 75), with tables showing the experience of four French and twenty-three German Companies, and Dr. T. B. Sprague's observations on the Mortality of Healthy Female Lives insured with the Scottish Equitable Life Assurance Society (J.I.A., vol. xxxi, p. 2213) are also valuable contributions.
Some Observations on Currency and Credit and their Influence on Trade and Exchange
Authors: May Walter Thomas 
Published: June 2019

The subject of my paper to-night is, I fear, outside the range of problems usually discussed at the Institute, but I do not ask any indulgence on this account as I am sure we all feel the importance of the question and its intimate bearing on the prosperity of the country. I only wish it was in more able hands.I do not think it would be an exaggeration to say that the dawn of civilization was heralded by the advent of a medium of exchange, and I suppose that one of the greatest boons to mankind that has happened since has been the further simplification of the exchange of commodities made possible by the use of credit.I propose to divide the subject up under several headings, and to consider within the limits of time available the principal functions money has to fulfil both as the measure and standard of value, and as the medium of exchange, and in order to avoid ambiguity when using the word money, I will endeavour to confine my reference to coin and instruments of exchange which actually pass “current” from hand to hand without limitations, such as bank notes.
On the Extension of Existing Valuation Methods of Grouping Policies by the Employment of a System of Weights
Authors: King Albert E. 
Published: June 2019

The advances which have been made in valuation methods were brought home very forcibly to my
mind when perusing the records of a valuation made many years ago.During the past 50 or 60 years the valuation of complicated benefits has been, generally speaking, rendered a comparatively easy task, thanks to the energies of members of this and of other Actuarial Institutes—the Law of Makeham, to take one instance, has been the means of simplifying the solutions of a great number of difficult problems—and the numerous approximations to various intricate expressions, which have appeared from time to time in the pages of the Journal, have further lightened the labour of valuations.
On the application of quantum mechanics to mortality tables
Authors: Anderson R. D 
Published: June 2019

If you have had your attention directed to the novelties in thought in your own lifetime, you will have observed that almost all really new ideas have a certain aspect of foolishness when they are first produced. Prof. A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World.1. Quantum Mechanics is a portentous name; the alternative—Wave Mechanics—is almost as bad. The mathematics are formidable, the literature large and growing rapidly, and the subjectmatter dealt with is the behaviour of physical things, such as electrons, protons, atoms, and so on. Why, then, should actuaries as such take any interest in the subject?
Biomass and distribution of the red octopus (Octopus maya) in the north-east of the Campeche Bank
Authors: Avendaño Otilio , Velázquez–Abunader Iván , Fernández–Jardón Carlos , Ángeles–González Luis Enrique , Hernández-Flores Alvaro , Guerra Ángel 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe regulatory framework of the red octopus (Octopus maya) fishery includes total allowable catches (TAC), which are based on studies conducted on the population that occurs in shallow waters. In fact, most of the biological studies of this species refer to the fraction of the population that occupies waters less than 30 m deep; however,O. mayacan occur up to a 60 m depth. The aim of this study is to assess the stock ofO. mayathat occupies waters between 30 m and 60 m deep. Four research cruises were carried out during the closed and fishing seasons, from May 2016 to January 2017. An average of 29 sampling sites were surveyed in each cruise (±2 sampling sites) using a commercial vessel with a uniform sampling effort. In each sampling site, the swept area, the total number of octopuses captured, the total weight of the catch, and the individual weight of octopuses were recorded. Biomass was obtained with four methods: stratified random method, swept area method, geostatistical biomass model, and an unpublished method of weighted swept area. The four methods provided consistent results. The distribution pattern of species was in patches, although before the fishing season started it was more homogeneous. The fraction of the population that occurs between 30 m and 60 m deep consisted mostly of adult organisms, so it could be contributing significantly to the recruitment of the entire population, even to the fraction that is exploited.
The A,B,C of the Higher Analysis
Authors: Aiyar V. Ramaswami 
Published: June 2019

When Algebra, fair Daughter of King Arithmetic, is nearing her age of adolescence her eyes fall on Prince Limit, and there cometh a change upon her. Her tender heart goes forth to him, and in her lithe and nimble frame she feels a torture from end to end as it would fall to pieces. She is in love, and the Prince reciprocates her love.Happily they are wedded. The King gave away his Daughter, the Angels witnessed it, and all was joy. The marriage was performed with the Hymn of the Transcendent Number and Ratio, preceded by the Song of Limits, and followed by the Chorus of Continuity and Convergence.
IV. MSS. Cecil Bendall II. Fragments en écriture Gupta du Nord
Authors: Poussin Louis de la Vallée 
Published: June 2019

C'est à l'ingénieuse patience d'un ami désintéressé que je dois de pouvoir présenter ici une transcription complète de ces fragments; les notes aussi, dans l'ensemble, lui appartiennent.Le premier morceau (A), quatre feuillets numérotés 26–29, met en scène les Bouddhas de tout le cosmos, avec leurs Bodhisattvas et leurs Śrāvakas. Ces saints personnages vont se rendre dans notre univers (Sahā) où Śākyamuni leur révélera la dhāraṇī Dharmahṛdayasamucchrayavidhvaṁsaṇī. “Ne craignez pas de ne pas trouver place dans la Sahā”, expliquent les Bouddhas à leurs auditeurs, “car Sākyamuni possēde le pouvoir de faire tenir sur un grain de poussière tout l'élément ‘terre’ de tous les univers”, etc. Nous ne sommes pas, que je sache, renseignés ailleurs sur ce pouvoir magique de praveśa.
The Significance of the Mucoprotein Content on the Survival of Homografts of Cartilage and Cornea
Authors: Bacsich P. , Wyburn G. M. 
Published: June 2019

According to Borst (1913) each individual should be regarded as a specific biochemical system, and within this common background the different organs and tissues work together whilst preserving their own characteristics. On such a foundation, strengthened by the results of his own extensive experiments, Loeb (1930,1945) has built up his conception of the biological basis of individuality. According to his thesis the individuality of a tissue is a summation and integration of qualities in respect of its identity as a particular tissue or organ, in respect of the organism of which it is a part, and in respect of the species and order of this organism. The autograft is attuned to the biochemical system of the organism and is therefore accepted as a transplant, but the host reacts to the homograft (and more so to the heterograft) and makes an effort to destroy it. While the extent of the host reaction depends on many factors—e.g. genetical relationship, age of host and donor, etc.—the ability of different organs and tissues to survive as homografts varies considerably. It is, for example, well known that homografts of cartilage and cornea survive within the host long after homografts of other tissues and organs have been destroyed.To regard the more prolonged survival of homografts of cartilage and cornea as evidence of low tissue specificity (Loeb, 1930, 1945) still leaves undetermined the real reason why these particular tissues are less readily overwhelmed by those of the host.