bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Organs 2018: A Year in Review
Authors: Malchesky Paul S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this Editor's Review, articles published in 2018 are organized by category and summarized. We provide a brief reflection of the research and progress in artificial organs intended to advance and better human life while providing insight for continued application of these technologies and methods. Artificial Organs continues in the original mission of its founders “to foster communications in the field of artificial organs on an international level.” Artificial Organs continues to publish developments and clinical applications of artificial organ technologies in this broad and expanding field of organ Replacement, Recovery, and Regeneration from all over the world. Peer‐reviewed special issues this year included contributions from the 13th International Conference on Pediatric Mechanical Circulatory Support Systems and Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Perfusion edited by Dr. Akif Undar, and the 25th Congress of the International Society for Mechanical Circulatory Support edited by Dr. Marvin Slepian. Additionally, many editorials highlighted the worldwide survival differences in hemodialysis and perspectives on mechanical circulatory support and stem cell therapies for cardiac support. We take this time also to express our gratitude to our authors for offering their work to this journal. We offer our very special thanks to our reviewers who give so generously of time and expertise to review, critique, and especially provide meaningful suggestions to the author's work whether eventually accepted or rejected. Without these excellent and dedicated reviewers the quality expected from such a journal could not be possible. We also express our special thanks to our Publisher, John Wiley & Sons for their expert attention and support in the production and marketing of Artificial Organs. We look forward to reporting further advances in the coming years.
The Implementation and Adaptation of the Balanced Scorecard in a Government Agency
Authors: Zawawi Nur Haiza Muhammad , Hoque Zahirul 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDespite considerable progress in understanding the adoption and practice of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a performance management tool in government organisations, how a well‐designed BSC can become a sustainable organisational practice remains under explored and of central importance. Through a qualitative field study carried out within a government agency (Alpha), this paper demonstrates that Alpha's senior management implemented a BSC framework because they believed it would benefit the agency to realise its broader organisational and socio‐economic goals, namely sustainable organisational efficiency and social status. We conclude that an organisation's performance management systems can travel across internal organisational boundaries over time and could be assimilated by organisational actors to become a sustained internal control mechanism in a complex socio‐political setting.
Treatment of exudative age‐related macular degeneration with aflibercept combined with pranoprofen eye drops or nutraceutical support with omega‐3: A randomized trial
Authors: Semeraro Francesco , Gambicordi Elena , Cancarini Anna , Morescalchi Francesco , Costagliola Ciro , Russo Andrea 
Published: January 2019

AimsThe aim of this study was to determine whether a combination of intravitreal aflibercept (IVA) and pranoprofen eyedrops or nutraceutical support provides additional benefit over IVA monotherapy for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age‐related macular degeneration.MethodsThis was a prospective, randomized, pilot study in 60 patients with treatment‐naïve CNV. Patients were randomized 1:1:1 into three groups: aflibercept monotherapy (AM), aflibercept plus pranoprofen (AP) or aflibercept plus nutraceutical (AN) tablets containing multivitamin antioxidant and mineral supplementation plus omega‐3.ResultsAt 12 months, all groups showed significant improvement in both best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT). The mean BCVA change from baseline to 12 months was −0.26 ± 0.06 LogMAR, −0.30 ± 0.06 LogMAR and −0.24 ± 0.04 LogMAR in the AM, AP and AN groups, respectively. The mean CRT change from baseline to 12 months was −76.9 ± 10.9 μm, −129 ± 19.9 μm and −105 ± 11.6 μm in the AM, AP and AN groups, respectively. The AN group required one less IVA injection than the AM group.ConclusionsCompared with AM, both combination groups acted synergistically, although no significant benefits in BCVA were found over AM. Nutraceutical support with omega‐3 leads to a reduced need for IVA.
Stages of life: A new metaphysics of conceptionism
Authors: Efird David , Holland Stephen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhen a human being comes into existence is crucial in bioethics. Conceptionism is the view that a human being comes into existence at conception. The twinning argument is an influential objection to this view. All versions of the twinning argument rely on a metaphysics of material objects, namely, endurantism. Given this, a strategy for defending conceptionism against the twinning argument is to deny endurantism and adopt an alternative metaphysics of material objects. A version of this strategy which has been debated in this journal is to adopt perdurantism, or the ‘multiple occupancy view’, on which monozygotic twins share the zygote region as a temporal part. We present a novel version of this strategy: conceptionists can evade the twinning argument by adopting an exdurantist metaphysics of material objects. We suggest reasons for thinking that this is a plausible and, indeed, preferable way for conceptionists to avoid the twinning argument.
Unlocking data: Where is the key?
Authors: C. Sánchez María , Sarría‐Santamera Antonio 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHealth‐related data uses and data sharing have been in the spotlight for a while. Since the beginning of the big data era, massive data mining and its inherent possibilities have only increased the debate about what the limits are. Data governance is a relevant aspect addressed in ethics guidelines. In this context, the European project BRIDGE Health (BRidging Information and Data Generation for Evidence‐based Health policy and research) strove to achieve a comprehensive, integrated and sustainable EU health‐information system.One of the aims of the project was to evaluate the requirements to construct a data‐linkage infrastructure for the secure management of health information. In a blueprint provided for this infrastructure, the topics ethics and the intimately related governance occupied a whole section, where the recent ethics guidelines by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) and the World Medical Association (WMA) were referenced.We explore what has changed in the latest versions of the ethics documents adopted by CIOMS and WMA regarding the management of health data and human tissues, the appropriateness of their application in new forms of research and infrastructures as the proposed in the BRIDGE Health project, and whether society should be so concerned about this topic, in the digital era of social exchange.
Expressivity in children's drawings of themselves for adult audiences with varied authority and familiarity
Authors: Burkitt Esther , Watling Dawn , Message Hannah 
Published: January 2019

This study investigated whether children's expressive drawings of themselves vary as a function of audience authority and familiarity. One hundred and seventy‐five children, 85 boys and 90 girls, aged between 8 years 1 months and 9 years 2 months (M = 8 years 5 months) were allocated into seven groups: a reference group (n = 25), where no audience was specified, and six audience groups (n = 25 per group) varying by audience type (policeman vs. teacher vs. man) and familiarity (familiar vs. unfamiliar). They drew baseline then happy and sad drawings of themselves, rated affect towards drawings type, and rated perceived audience authority. Audience familiarity and authority impacted expressive drawing strategy use and this varied by gender. There was higher overall expressive strategy use for happy drawings and for girls, and influences of affect type, familiarity, and authority were found. The implications of children's perceptions of audience type on their expressive drawings are discussed.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Children vary their happy and sad expressive drawings for familiar peer and adult audiences.

They show more positive expressivity to familiar peer and adult audiences.

Children perceive authority differently depending on professional roles.

What does this study add?

Children's expressive drawings differ depending on audience familiarity and professional role.

Greater expressivity for familiar than unfamiliar audiences, with difference varying by perceived authority.

For policemen, boys showed more sad expression when unfamiliar and girls showed more happy expression when familiar.
Highlighted mechanistic aspects in the chemical biology of reactive sulfur species
Authors: Nagy Péter , Schwarz Günter , Kopriva Stanislav 
Published: January 2019

Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Chemical Biology of Reactive Sulfur Species. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.4/issuetoc
Abnormal composition of gut microbiota contributes to delirium‐like behaviors after abdominal surgery in mice
Authors: Zhang Jie , Bi Jiang‐Jiang , Guo Guo‐Jun , Yang Ling , Zhu Bin , Zhan Gao‐Feng , Li Shan , Huang Nian‐Nian , Hashimoto Kenji , Yang Chun , Luo Ai‐Lin 
Published: January 2019

SummaryAimsAnesthesia and surgery can cause delirium‐like symptoms postoperatively. Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota is a physiological regulator of the brain. Herein, we investigated whether gut microbiota plays a role in postoperative delirium (POD).MethodsMice were separated into non‐POD and POD phenotypes after abdominal surgery by applying hierarchical clustering analysis to behavioral tests. Fecal samples were collected, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was performed to detect differences in gut microbiota composition among sham, non‐POD, and POD mice. Fecal bacteria from non‐POD and POD mice were transplanted into antibiotics‐induced pseudo‐germ‐free mice to investigate the effects on behaviors.Resultsα‐diversity and β‐diversity indicated differences in gut microbiota composition between the non‐POD and POD mice. At the phylum level, the non‐POD mice had significantly higher levels of Tenericutes, which were not detected in the POD mice. At the class level, levels of Gammaproteobacteria were higher in the POD mice, whereas the non‐POD mice had significantly higher levels of Mollicutes, which were not detected in the POD mice. A total of 20 gut bacteria differed significantly between the POD and non‐POD mice. Interestingly, the pseudo‐germ‐free mice showed abnormal behaviors prior to transplant. The pseudo‐germ‐free mice that received fecal bacteria transplants from non‐POD mice but not from POD mice showed improvements in behaviors.ConclusionsAbnormal gut microbiota composition after abdominal surgery may contribute to the development of POD. A therapeutic strategy that targets gut microbiota could provide a novel alterative for POD treatment.
Life‐history traits and the fate of translocated populations
Authors: Ducatez Simon , Shine Rick 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAttempts to identify predictors and mechanisms of invasion success have been weakened by poor data quality, mostly because monitoring does not begin immediately after introduction events. To overcome this issue, we used data from conservation translocations of threatened bird species. We analyzed information on >1200 translocation events of >150 bird species to investigate how life‐history traits affect population establishment measured based on rates of survival and reproduction. Species position along the slow–fast life‐history continuum was a key predictor of translocation success. Species with fast‐paced life histories were less likely to survive (over both short‐ and mid‐term) and more likely to breed successfully than species with slow life histories. The temporal partitioning of reproductive effort (number of clutches per year) also affected the probability of successful reproduction. Our results illustrate how conservation‐motivated reintroduction programs can provide proxies for the initial stages of the invasion process, enabling empirical tests of predictions from life‐history theory and informing management.
Filaggrin gene mutations in hand eczema patients in the Indian subcontinent: A prospective case‐control study
Authors: Handa Sanjeev , Khullar Geeti , Pal Arnab , Kamboj Parul , De Dipankar 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundThere are no Indian studies on the association between filaggrin gene (FLG) mutations and any dermatosis, including hand eczema.ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of FLG mutations in Indian hand eczema patients, and examine associations between such mutations and any aetiological type of hand eczema.Materials and MethodsA total of 163 patients and 86 controls were included. Patients were categorized into aetiological subtypes of hand eczema. FLG polymorphisms (S2889X, 2282del4, R501X, and Q2417X) were determined in patients and controls, and correlated with subtypes.ResultsThe prevalences of FLG mutations were 33.7% in cases and 3.5% in controls. Mutations in S2889X constituted 96.4% of all FLG mutations. No carrier of R501X and Q2417X mutations was identified. Among 55 patients with mutations, irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) with or without atopy was found in 22 patients, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) with or without atopy was found in 12, and idiopathic hand eczema was found in 12. There was a significant association of FLG mutations with ICD with or without atopy, ACD without atopy, and idiopathic subtypes. FLG mutations were associated with more severe hand eczema.ConclusionsS2889X mutation is commoner in patients than in controls. FLG polymorphisms are associated with specific subtypes of hand eczema and severe disease.
Does In Vitro Cytochrome P450 Downregulation Translate to In Vivo Drug‐Drug Interactions? Preclinical and Clinical Studies With 13‐cis‐Retinoic Acid
Authors: Stevison Faith , Kosaka Mika , Kenny Jane R. , Wong Susan , Hogarth Cathryn , Amory John K. , Isoherranen Nina 
Published: January 2019

All‐trans‐retinoic acid (atRA) downregulates cytochrome P450 (CYP)2D6 in several model systems. The aim of this study was to determine whether all active retinoids downregulate CYP2D6 and whether in vitro downregulation translates to in vivo drug–drug interactions (DDIs). The retinoids atRA, 13cisRA, and 4‐oxo‐13cisRA all decreased CYP2D6 mRNA in human hepatocytes in a concentration‐dependent manner. The in vitro data predicted ~ 50% decrease in CYP2D6 activity in humans after dosing with 13cisRA. However, the geometric mean area under plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) ratio for dextromethorphan between treatment and control was 0.822, indicating a weak induction of dextromethorphan clearance following 13cisRA treatment. Similarly, in mice treatment with 4‐oxo‐13cisRA–induced mRNA expression of multiple mouse Cyp2d genes. In comparison, a weak induction of CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes translated to a weak in vivo induction of CYP3A4. These data suggest that in vitro CYP downregulation may not translate to in vivo DDIs, and better understanding of the mechanisms of CYP downregulation is needed.
Impact of examining additional deeper sections on the pathological diagnosis of endoscopically resected early gastric cancer
Authors: Kumei Shinsuke , Nakayama Toshiyuki , Watanabe Tatsuyuki , Kumamoto Keiichiro , Noguchi Hirotsugu , Shibata Michihiko , Kume Keiichiro , Yoshikawa Ichiro , Harada Masaru 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesThe pathological diagnosis of endoscopically resected early gastric cancer (EGC) is performed by evaluating a few representative sections from the specimen. We aimed to determine whether evaluating twice as many sections as usual by essentially cutting the original sections in half could improve the pathological diagnosis of EGC.MethodsWe retrospectively investigated 85 EGC in 82 patients who had undergone endoscopic resection at our hospital from August 2008 to October 2012. EGC without indications of curative resection were excluded. We re‐examined the original paraffin blocks after shaving away approximately half their original thickness, and evaluated whether the pathological diagnoses were affected. This technique essentially doubled the number of sections examined.ResultsTen pathological diagnoses of 68 EGC (14.7%) were changed from curative resection to non‐curative resection when we evaluated twice as many sections as in the standard method. The median tumor size was 25 mm in the changed diagnosis group versus 14.5 mm in the no change group (P = 0.03). The univariate analysis also showed that tumor size was a significant predictor of changed diagnosis (P = 0.015). Both the changed diagnosis group and no change group had no recurrence during follow up.ConclusionsHistological evaluation of twice as many sections as usual changed the initial pathological diagnosis of EGC, although the clinical implication of an additional deeper section was controversial because there was no recurrence. Our analysis also emphasized the importance of detailed histological evaluation to confirm a radical cure in endoscopic resection, especially in the case of larger EGC.
Taurine potentiates the anticonvulsive effect of theGABAAagonist muscimol and pentobarbital in the immature mouse hippocampus
Authors: Winkler Paula , Luhmann Heiko J. , Kilb Werner 
Published: January 2019

SummaryObjectiveThe high incidence of epileptic seizures in neonates and their frequent refractoriness to pharmacologic therapies require identification of new therapeutical options. Therefore, we investigated whether the modulatory effect of taurine on γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)Areceptors can enhance the anticonvulsive potential of theGABAAreceptor agonist muscimol and of the barbiturate pentobarbital.MethodsWe performed field potential recordings in in toto hippocampus preparations of immature (postnatal days 4‐7) C57Bl/6 mouse pups. Spontaneous epileptiform activity was induced by the continuous presence of the potassium channel blocker 4‐aminopyridine and the glycinergic antagonist strychnine in Mg2+‐free solutions.ResultsBath application of 0.1 μmol/L muscimol increases the occurrence of recurrent epileptiform discharges, whereas they are significantly attenuated in a dose‐dependent manner by muscimol in concentrations between 0.5 and 5 μmol/L. Taurine at concentrations between 0.1 and 0.5 mmol/L induces a proconvulsive effect, but upon coapplication, it significantly augments the anticonvulsive effect of moderate muscimol doses (0.5‐1 μmol/L). In addition, the anticonvulsive effect of 100 and 200 μmol/L pentobarbital is increased significantly in the presence of 0.5 μmol/L taurine.SignificanceThese observations demonstrate that taurine can indeed enhance the anticonvulsive effects of muscimol and pentobarbital, suggesting that taurine may act as a positive modulator onGABAAreceptors. Thus, interfering with the modulatory taurine binding site ofGABAAreceptors or the interstitial taurine concentration may provide new therapeutical options for anticonvulsive therapies in neonates.
Butterflies embrace maladaptation and raise fitness in colonizing novel host
Authors: Singer Michael C. , Parmesan Camille 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe illustrate an evolutionary host shift driven by increased fitness on a novel host, despite maladaptation to it in six separate host‐adaptive traits. Here, local adaptation is defined as possession of traits that provide advantage in specific environmental contexts; thus individuals can have higher fitness in benign environments to which they are maladapted than in demanding environments to which they are well adapted. A population of the butterfly Euphydryas editha adapted to a long‐lived, chemically well‐defended host, Pedicularis, had traditionally been under natural selection to avoid the ephemeral, less‐defended Collinsia. The lifespan of Collinsia was so short that it senesced before larvae entered diapause. After logging killed Pedicularis in clear‐cut patches and controlled burning simultaneously extended Collinsia lifespan, insect fitness on Collinsia in clearings suddenly became higher than on Pedicularis in adjacent unlogged patches. Collinsia was rapidly colonized and preference for it evolved, but insects feeding on it retained adaptations to Pedicularis in alighting bias, two aspects of postalighting oviposition preference, dispersal bias, geotaxis, and clutch size, all acting as maladaptations to Collinsia. Nonetheless, populations boomed on Collinsia in clearings, creating sources that fed pseudosinks in unlogged patches where Pedicularis was still used. After c. 20 years, butterfly populations in clearings disappeared and the metapopulation reverted to Pedicularis‐feeding. Here we show, via experimental manipulation of oviposition by local Pedicularis‐adapted and imported Collinsia‐adapted butterflies, that the highest survival at that time would have been from eggs laid in clearings by butterflies adapted to Collinsia. Second highest were locals on Pedicularis. In third place would have been locals on Collinsia in clearings, because local females maladaptively preferred senescent plants. Collinsia had been colonized despite maladaptation and, after successional changes, abandoned because of it. However, the abandoned Collinsia could still have provided the highest fitness, given appropriate adaptation. The butterflies had tumbled down an adaptive peak.
Vacuum effects on fatigue crack growth in submicrometre‐thick freestanding copper films
Authors: Kondo Toshiyuki , Shin Akihiro , Akasaka Masaya , Hirakata Hiroyuki , Minoshima Kohji 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTo clarify vacuum effects on fatigue crack growth in freestanding metallic thin films, experiments were conducted on approximately 500‐nm‐thick copper films inside a field emission scanning electron microscope. Fatigue crack growth accompanied by intrusion/extrusion formation occurred in vacuum, and da/dN was smaller than in air in the middle‐ΔK region (ΔK ≈ 1.7‐3.1 MPam1/2). Conversely, in the low‐ΔK region (ΔK ≲ 1.7 MPam1/2), da/dN was larger in vacuum than in air. Further, fatigue crack growth in vacuum occurred below the fatigue threshold in air (ΔKth,air). A nonpropagating crack after reaching ΔKth,air continued to propagate in vacuum when the environment changed from air to vacuum. This indicates that fatigue crack growth resistance is smaller in vacuum than in air under the same effective driving force. The fatigue damage area near the crack paths in vacuum in the low‐ΔK region became wider, suggesting that the nucleation of fatigue damage was enhanced in vacuum.