bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective Electroreduction of CO2 to C2 Products over Cu3N‐Derived Cu Nanowires
Authors: Mi Yuying , Shen Sibo , Peng Xianyun , Bao Haihong , Liu Xijun , Luo Jun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of CO2 to value‐added multicarbon products, which can be used as fuels or indirectly as fuel precursors, is a promising approach to reduce CO2 levels and mitigate the energy crisis. However, poor product selectivity is still a major obstacle in the development of CO2 reduction. Here, Cu3N‐derived Cu nanowires, with a high density of grain boundaries, are synthesized and demonstrated as an efficient electrocatalyst for electrochemical reduction CO2 to C2 products. The as‐prepared catalyst exhibits excellent activity and selectivity for the production of C2 products, with a maximum faradaic efficiency of 86 % at −1.0 V, and long‐term stability throughout 28 h of electrolysis.
Experimental Methods in Chemical Engineering: Particle Size Distribution by Laser Diffraction—PSD
Authors: Li He , Li Jingwen , Bodycomb Jeffrey , Patience Gregory S. 
Published: February 2019

Particle size is the top cited physical property researchers report in The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering and among the top properties in all science disciplines.
[1] Techniques to measure particle size distribution (PSD) include physical operations like sieving and sedimentation, and spectroscopic techniques like laser diffraction image analysis based on optical and electron microscopy, and elecro‐zone instruments. Here we concentrate on laser diffraction analysis (LDA) and review its basic principles, operations, limitations, uncertainties, and mention how it compares to other techniques. LDA is an instantaneous, user‐friendly, convenient, and non‐destructive method to assess PSD of inorganic powders. It measures the scattering angle and intensity of light after it passes through diluted particle dispersions suspended in either a gas or liquid. The Mie theory is an exact solution to resolve the diffraction intensity of light caused by particles that applies to while the Fraunhoffer approximation applies only to particles greater than 20 m. The 95 % confidence interval of five measurements of 56 m and 0.1 m irregularly shaped polyhedrons was . Based on a bibliometric analysis of LDA of the top 10 000 cited articles in 2016 and 2017, the major research clusters are: particle measurement, powder behaviour, pharmacy, comminution, and adsorption. Future work will continue to introduce more laser sources, combine multiple technologies, implement mobile light sources (dynamic light scattering), and better define characterize irregularly shaped particles.
Acid‐Catalysed Conversion of Carbohydrates into Furan‐Type Molecules in Zinc Chloride Hydrate
Authors: Bodachivskyi Iurii , Kuzhiumparambil Unnikrishnan , Williams D. Bradley G. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAcid‐catalysed conversion of biomass, specifically cellulose, holds promise to create value‐added, renewable replacements for many petrochemical products. We investigated an unusual acid‐catalysed transformation of cellulose and cellobiose in the biphasic solvent system zinc chloride hydrate (ionic liquid)/anisole. Here, furyl hydroxymethyl ketone and furfural are obtained as major products, which are valuable but less commonly formed in high yields in transformations of cellulosic substrates. We explored this chemistry in small‐scale model reactions and applied the optimised methods to the conversion of cellulose in bench‐scale processes. The optimum reaction system and preferred reaction conditions are defined to select for highly desirable furanoid products in the highest known yields (up to 46 %) directly from cellulose or cellobiose. The method avoids the use of added catalysts: the ionic solvent zinc chloride hydrate possesses the intrinsic acidity required for the hydrolysis and chemical transformation steps. The process involves inexpensive media for the catalytic conversion of cellulose into high‐value products under mild processing conditions.
Efficient Synthesis of Quinazolinones by Transition‐Metal‐Free Direct Aerobic Oxidative Cascade Annulation of Alcohols witho‐Aminoarylnitriles
Authors: Wang Qi , Lv Miao , Liu Jianping , Li Yang , Xu Qing , Zhang Xu , Cao Hongen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA mild and atom‐economic method was developed for direct and efficient synthesis of quinazolinones through a transition‐metal‐free aerobic oxidative cascade annulation reaction of widely availableo‐aminoarylnitriles and alcohols. Air could be employed as an effective oxidant under mild conditions, generating water as the only byproduct. Possibly owing to the “cesium effect”, the water‐soluble base CsOH was found to be crucial in all key steps of the reaction mechanism. Because a wide range of substrates can be used to prepare substituted quinazolinones without contamination by transition‐metal residues, this method may be of interest for application in pharmaceutical synthesis. Possible reaction paths were also proposed according to control reactions.
The co‐predictive value of a cardiovascular score for CV outcomes in diabetic patients with no atrial fibrillation
Authors: Patti Giuseppe , Sticchi Alessandro , Pasceri Vincenzo , Ricci Fabrizio , Renda Giulia , Hamrefors Viktor , Melander Olle , Sutton Richard , Engström Gunnar , De Caterina Raffaele , Fedorowski Artur 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundRisk factors included in the cardiovascular (CHA2DS2‐VASc) score, currently used for atrial fibrillation (AF), may predispose to cardiovascular events whether or not AF is present. The aim was to explore the predictive role of CHA2DS2‐VASc score on cardiovascular outcomes in diabetic patients without AF.MethodsWe accessed individual data from 610 diabetic patients without AF at baseline included in the prospective cohort of the Malmö Diet and Cancer study. Main outcome measure was the occurrence of cardiovascular events (stroke, coronary events) and death. Mean follow‐up was 14.5 ± 5 years (8845 person/years).ResultsThe CHA2DS2‐VASc score significantly predicted the risk of all outcome measures. There was a significant increase in stroke, coronary events, and death risk by each point of CHA2DS2‐VASc score elevation [stroke: adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.43, 95% CI 1.14‐1.79, P = 0.001; coronary events: aHR 1.55, 95% CI 1.34‐1.80, P < 0.0001; death: aHR 1.94, 95% CI 1.71‐2.21, P < 0.0001]. A CHA2DS2‐VASc score ≥4 was associated with higher incidence of ischemic stroke (aHR 1.47, 95% CI 1.18‐1.82; P = 0.001), coronary events (aHR 1.32; 95% CI 1.11‐1.58; P = 0.002), and death (aHR 1.36; 95% CI 1.20‐1.54; P < 0.001).ConclusionsIn this population‐based study on diabetic patients without AF, the CHA2DS2‐VASc score was an independent predictor of ischemic stroke, coronary events, and overall mortality. Regardless of the AF status, the CHA2DS2‐VASc score might represent a rapid and user‐friendly tool for clinical assessment of diabetic patients at higher cardiovascular risk.
Analytical examination for the stability of a competent stratum and implications for longwall coal mining
Authors: Li Yingchun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRational estimation of the mechanical state of a competent rock layer is of prime importance for structural and support design in longwall coal mining. This paper analytically examines the stability of a voussoir‐structured stiff rock by considering it acting as a symmetric flat arch with discontinuities at the abutments and midspan. Three typical failure modes including snap through, midspan crush and sliding failure are inspected. The solution assumes that the shape of the compressive arch obeys a parabolic variation as the voussoir beam deflects downwards with large‐deformation. The crush failure due to stress concentration in the beam hinge is predicted by relating the squeezing area with the beam rotation, which is absent in previous studies. The proposed approach can examine the voussoir beam stability without cumbersome iteration. Primarily, this work facilitates the evaluation of the support requirements to reinforce roof beds in longwall panels. After accounting for the total loads of the overlying rock layers, the stability assessment developed in this paper can further be utilized to predict the span limit of the main roof above a longwall panel and to estimate the critical width which governs the magnitude of mining subsidence.
Changes in the wind‐wave field and related salt‐marsh lateral erosion: inferences from the evolution of the Venice Lagoon in the last four centuries
Authors: Tommasini Laura , Carniello Luca , Ghinassi Massimiliano , Roner Marcella , D'Alpaos Andrea 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSalt marshes are crucially important ecosystems at the boundary between the land and the sea, that are experiencing significant losses worldwide mainly dictated by the erosion of their margins. Improving our understanding of the mechanisms controlling marsh edge erosion is a key step to address conservation issues and salt‐marsh response to changes in the environmental forcing. Here we have employed a complete, coupled Wind‐Wave Tidal Model (WWTM) to analyse the temporal evolution of the wave field, and in particular of the mean wave‐power density, in the Venice Lagoon over the past four centuries (from 1611 to 2012). We have then related wave‐field changes to the observed erosion patterns determined by comparing recent aerial photographs (1978–2010) and historical bathymetric data. The results of our analyses from the Venice Lagoon show that, while wave‐fields did not significantly change from 1611 to 1901, a rapid increase in wave‐power densities occurred in the last century. This is suggested to depend on the positive feedback between relevant morphological evolutions and changes in the wave field, both influenced by natural forcing and anthropogenic pressures. We also emphasize the existence of a strong positive linear relationship between the volumetric marsh erosion rate and mean wave‐power density. We thus suggest that relating salt‐marsh lateral erosion rates to properly computed mean wave‐power densities provides a valuable tool to address long‐term tidal morphodynamics. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochar Immobilizes and Degrades 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol in Soils
Authors: Cui Liqiang , Yin Chuntao , Chen Tianming , Quan Guixiang , Ippolito James A. , Liu Benzhi , Yan Jinlong , Hussain Qaiser 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Soil contamination by chlorophenol compounds, such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), is of great concern because they are environmentally persistent, are difficult to degrade, and can lead to cancer. Thus, means of degrading these compounds in situ are desperately needed. Biochar was investigated as a material to sequester, reduce downward transport, and aid in soil 2,4,6-TCP degradation. In 2 column studies, wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.)–derived biochar (pyrolyzed at 450 °C) application to soil (up to 5% by wt) improved soil water and soil organic carbon content. Biochar reduced 2,4,6-TCP downward transport, likely attributable to improved soil water mobility and retention, allowing 2,4,6-TCP to be more easily transported and sorbed to organic functional groups on biochar, leading to enhanced degradation. The 2,4,6-TCP was rapidly degraded into a combination of benzene derivatives and low-molecular weight organic compounds in the first 2 mo following biochar application. The present study provides evidence that biochars can be used to improve environmental quality by lessening the downward transport and enhancing the degradation of organochlorine compounds such as 2,4,6-TCP. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1364–1371. © 2019 SETAC
Framework of new landfill GHG policy in developing countries: Case study of Serbia
Authors: Mihajlović Marina A. , Pešić Radmilo V. , Jovanović Mića B. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper deals with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions originating from changes in the waste sector in developing and transitional economies. Using a Serbian case study, the effects of different waste disposal techniques on GHG emissions were analyzed in three scenarios: the current one, the worst one, and the best one. According to the Serbian national‐waste management strategy, a large number of dumpsites and unsanitary landfills should be merged into several regional sanitary landfills. Results obtained from the SWM‐GHG Calculator have shown potentially higher emissions from modern regional landfills than from dumpsites. Related environmental policy should therefore be analyzed in detail and applied. Environmental policy options are analyzed using the SWOT technique. The policy option to be implemented depends on country‐specific circumstances, such as the adequate functioning of institutions, the effectiveness of the judicial system, the established legal framework, and the general level of competence in the waste management sector. If all of these conditions are in place, the ‘polluter pays’ option is the superior one. However, if the level of knowledge and capacity in waste sector is low, and if there are no adequate institutions, or if the judicial system is inefficient, the first option appears to be the right one. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aquaporin‐4‐independent volume dynamics of astroglial endfeet during cortical spreading depression
Authors: Rosic Alexander Brana , Dukefoss Didrik B. , Åbjørsbråten Knut Sindre , Tang Wannan , Jensen Vidar , Ottersen Ole Petter , Enger Rune , Nagelhus Erlend A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCortical spreading depression (CSD) is a slowly propagating wave of depolarization of gray matter. This phenomenon is believed to underlie the migraine aura and similar waves of depolarization may exacerbate injury in a number of neurological disease states. CSD is characterized by massive ion dyshomeostasis, cell swelling, and multiphasic blood flow changes. Recently, it was shown that CSD is associated with a closure of the paravascular space (PVS), a proposed exit route for brain interstitial fluid and solutes, including excitatory and inflammatory substances that increase in the wake of CSD. The PVS closure was hypothesized to rely on swelling of astrocytic endfeet due to their high expression of aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) water channels. We investigated whether CSD is associated with swelling of endfeet around penetrating arterioles in the cortex of living mice. Endfoot cross‐sectional area was assessed by two‐photon microscopy of mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in astrocytes and related to the degree of arteriolar constriction. In anesthetized mice CSD triggered pronounced endfoot swelling that was short‐lasting and coincided with the initial arteriolar constriction. Mice lacking AQP4 displayed volume changes of similar magnitude. CSD‐induced endfoot swelling and arteriolar constriction also occurred in awake mice, albeit with faster kinetics than in anesthetized mice. We conclude that swelling of astrocytic endfeet is a robust event in CSD. The early onset and magnitude of the endfoot swelling is such that it may significantly delay perivascular drainage of interstitial solutes in neurological conditions where CSD plays a pathophysiological role.
Dietary supplementation of sunflower oil and quebracho tannins in sheep feeding: in vivo nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization and in vitro ruminal degradation kinetics
Authors: Kamel Hosam EM , Al‐Dobaib Soliman N , Salem Abdelfattah ZM 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe effect of the inclusion of sunflower oil (SF) and quebracho tannin (QT) in a sheep diet was evaluated. Nutrient digestibility and nitrogen (N) utilization, as well as in vitro ruminal degradation kinetics, were evaluated at three levels [0, 20 and 40 g kg−1 of diet dry matter] of SF and QT in a 32 arrangement. The treatments were 0 (control); 20 and 40 g of QT and/or SF kg−1 of the diet. Four intact male sheep (45 ± 1.3 kg) for each treatment were used in the digestibility trial and kept individually in metabolic cages.RESULTSNutrient digestibility and N balance were not affected by SF. However, QT at 40 g kg−1 of dry matter decreased (P < 0.05) nutrient digestibility and also increased the proportion of absorbed N. Both SF and QT reduced (P < 0.05) the slowly degraded fraction and rate for organic matter and N. Even though the QT had a negative (P < 0.05) effect on nutrient digestibility, this effect was mild (P > 0.05) when SF was included in the QT‐added diets. Moreover, an interaction (P < 0.05) of SF × QT was observed on the synchronization index as an indicator of the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis.CONCLUSIONSupplementation of either SF or QT to sheep diets reduced ruminal organic matter and N degradability, reflecting the compensatory digestion in the post‐ruminal track for organic matter feed utilization. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Nutritional properties of organic and conventional beef meat at retail
Authors: Ribas‐Agustí Albert , Díaz Isabel , Sárraga Carmen , García‐Regueiro Jose A , Castellari Massimo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDConsumers perceive that organic meat has superior nutritional properties compared to conventional meat, although the available evidence from commercial samples is very scarce. The present study compared the nutritional composition of organic and conventional beef meat sold at retail, including, for the first time, the bioactive compounds coenzyme Q10, carnosine, anserine, creatine and taurine. Sampling comprised two muscles: longissimus thoracis and supraspinatus.RESULTSOrganic beef had 17% less cholesterol, 32% less fat, 16% less fatty acids, 24% less monounsaturated fatty acids, 170% more α‐linolenic acid, 24% more α‐tocopherol, 53% more β‐carotene, 34% more coenzyme Q10 and 72% more taurine than conventional beef. Differences between organic and conventional samples were clearly dependent on the muscle because longissimus thoracis and supraspinatus showed different patterns of compound accumulation.CONCLUSIONTo our knowledge, a higher amount of bioactive compounds in organic beef meat is reported for the first time in the present study. Retail organic beef had a higher nutritional value than retail conventional beef, which resulted from better‐balanced lipid and bioactive compound contents. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Value of Ultrasound‐Guided Closed Reduction and Minimally Invasive Fixation in the Treatment of Metacarpal Fractures
Authors: Shen Suhong , Wang Xiaohui , Fu Zhuo 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesTo investigate the value of ultrasound‐guided closed reduction and minimally invasive fixation in the treatment of metacarpal fractures.MethodsTwenty‐four patients with acute metacarpal fractures were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, with 12 patients in each group. Ultrasound‐guided closed reduction and fixation were performed in the experimental group, whereas C‐arm fluoroscopy‐assisted fixation was performed in the control group. Patients in both groups were followed to compare the treatment efficacy.ResultsThe success rates of ultrasound‐guided closed reduction of fractures were 75.00% (9 of 12) in the experimental group and 83.33% (10 of 12) in the control group, and the difference was not statistically significant (χ2 = 0.253; P = .615) between the groups. The mean numbers of C‐arm fluoroscopy‐assisted procedures ± SD were 1.50 ± 0.67 times in the experimental group and 2.50 ± 0.80 in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (t = –3.317; P = .003). The mean healing times of fractures were 5.47 ± 0.67 weeks in the experimental group and 5.73 ± 0.81 weeks in the control group; the excellence rates of total active motion were 83.33% (10 of 12) in the experimental group and 91.67% (11 of 12) in the control group; the mean grip strength values were 31.78 ± 3.13 kg in the experimental group and 33.43 ± 3.30 kg in the control group. There were no significant differences in those 3 parameters between the groups (P > .05 in each comparison).ConclusionsUltrasound‐guided closed reduction and minimally invasive fixation is an effective treatment of metacarpal fractures and can reduce exposure to x‐ray radiation.
Role definition is key—Rapid qualitative ethnography findings from a team‐based primary care transformation
Authors: Brown‐Johnson Cati , Shaw Jonathan G. , Safaeinili Nadia , Chan Garrett K. , Mahoney Megan , Asch Steven , Winget Marcy 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPurposeImplementing team‐based care into existing primary care is challenging; understanding facilitators and barriers to implementation is critical. We assessed adoption and acceptability of new roles in the first 6 months of launching a team‐based care model focused on preventive care, population health, and psychosocial support.MethodsWe conducted qualitative rapid ethnography at a community‐based test clinic, including 74 hours of observations and 28 semi‐structured interviews. We identified implementation themes related to team‐based care and specifically the integration of three roles purposively designed to enhance coordination for better patient outcomes, including preventive screening and mental health: (1) medical assistants as care coordinators; (2) extended care team specialists, including clinical pharmacist and behavioral health professional; and (3) advanced practice providers (APPs)—ie, nurse practitioners and physician assistants.ResultsAll stakeholders (ie, patients, providers, and staff) reported positive perceptions of care coordinators and extended care specialists; these roles were well defined and quickly implemented. Care coordinators effectively managed care between visits and established strong patient relationships. Specialist colocation facilitated patient access and well‐supported diabetes services and mental health care. We also observed unanticipated value: Care coordinators relayed encounter‐relevant chart information to providers while scribing; extended care specialists supported informal continuing medical education. In contrast, we observed uncertain definition and expectations of the APP role across stakeholders; accordingly, adoption and acceptability of the role varied.ConclusionsPractice redesign can redistribute responsibility and patient connection throughout a team but should emphasize well‐defined roles. Ethnography, conducted early in implementation with multistakeholder perspectives, can provide rapid and actionable insights about where roles may need refinement or redefinition to support ultimate physical and mental health outcomes for patients.
Constructing Artificial Light‐Harvesting Systems by Covalent Alignment of Aggregation‐Induced Emission Molecules
Authors: Liu Shengda , Jiang Shan , Xu Jiayun , Huang Zupeng , Li Fei , Fan Xiaotong , Luo Quan , Tian Wenjing , Liu Junqiu , Xu Bin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe characteristics of chloroplasts harvesting solar energy and conducting energy transfer have inspired chemists to mimic similar processes. However, accurate manipulation to gain regularly displayed antenna chromophores in mimicking chloroplasts is a great challenge. Herein, a rational design is presented that combines orderly arranged chromophores with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) to develop artificial light‐harvesting systems. Tetraphenyl ethylene (TPE) molecules, which exhibited strong AIE properties, are considered as building blocks to fabricate high emissive 2D nanosheets and nanovesicles, respectively. Furthermore, the well‐aligned TPE molecules are also developed as donor chromophores in light‐harvesting processes. After subsequent surface modification by porphyrin molecules as acceptor chromophores, an efficient light‐harvesting system has been integrally constructed. This study demonstrates a novel strategy to utilize AIE feature to mimic chloroplasts process in nature.