bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of an extruded animal protein‐free diet on fecal microbiota of dogs with food‐responsive enteropathy
Authors: Bresciani Francesca , Minamoto Yasushi , Suchodolski Jan S. , Galiazzo Giorgia , Vecchiato Carla G. , Pinna Carlo , Biagi Giacomo , Pietra Marco 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundDietary interventions are thought to modify gut microbial communities in healthy individuals. In dogs with chronic enteropathies, resolution of dysbiosis, along with remission of clinical signs, is expected with treatment.Hypothesis/ObjectiveTo evaluate changes in the fecal microbiota in dogs with food‐responsive chronic enteropathy (FRE) and in healthy control (HC) dogs before and after an elimination dietary trial with an animal protein‐free diet (APFD).AnimalsDogs with FRE (n = 10) and HC (n = 14).MethodsDogs were fed the APFD for 60 days. Fecal microbiota was analyzed by Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsA significantly lower bacterial alpha‐diversity was observed in dogs with FRE compared with HC dogs at baseline, and compared with FRE dogs after the trial. Distinct microbial communities were observed in dogs with FRE at baseline compared with HC dogs at baseline and compared with dogs with FRE after the trial. Microbial communities still were different in FRE dogs after the trial compared with HC dogs at baseline. In HC dogs, the fecal microbiota did not show a significant modification after administration of the APFD.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceOur results suggest that, in FRE dogs, treatment with the APFD led to a partial recovery of the fecal microbiota by significantly increasing microbiota richness, which was significantly closer to a healthy microbiota after the treatment. In contrast, no changes were detected in the fecal microbiota of HC dogs fed the same APFD.
Sexual dimorphism and heightened conditional expression in a sexually selected weapon in the Asian rhinoceros beetle
Authors: Zinna Robert , Emlen Douglas , Lavine Laura C. , Johns Annika , Gotoh Hiroki , Niimi Teruyuki , Dworkin Ian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAmong the most dramatic examples of sexual selection are the weapons used in battles between rival males over access to females. As with ornaments of female choice, the most “exaggerated” sexually selected weapons vary from male to male more widely than other body parts (hypervariability), and their growth tends to be more sensitive to nutritional state or physiological condition compared with growth of other body parts (“heightened” conditional expression). Here, we use RNAseq analysis to build on recent work exploring these mechanisms in the exaggerated weapons of beetles, by examining patterns of differential gene expression in exaggerated (head and thorax horns) and non‐exaggerated (wings, genitalia) traits in the Asian rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus. Our results suggest that sexually dimorphic expression of weaponry involves large‐scale changes in gene expression, relative to other traits, while nutrition‐driven changes in gene expression in these same weapons are less pronounced. However, although fewer genes overall were differentially expressed in high‐ vs. low‐nutrition individuals, the number of differentially expressed genes varied predictably according to a trait's degree of condition dependence (head horn > thorax horn > wings > genitalia). Finally, we observed a high degree of similarity in direction of effects (vectors) for subsets of differentially expressed genes across both sexually dimorphic and nutritionally responsive growth. Our results are consistent with a common set of mechanisms governing sexual size dimorphism and condition dependence.
Local adaptation of phenology revealed in outcrosses between spawning segments of a salmonid population
Authors: Manhard Christopher V. , Adkison Milo D. , Hard Jeffrey J. , Smoker William W. , Gharrett Anthony J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLocal adaptation has been demonstrated in spatially or temporally distant animal populations but seldom in proximate populations. To address the scale of local adaptation in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), two generations of hybrids between temporally separated spawning segments were made in a population of pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) and compared with controls to evaluate the genetic architecture underlying adult migration time and to test for declines in marine survival that resulted from outbreeding depression. Bayesian mixed‐effects models revealed that adult migration times in hybrid lines were intermediate to those of controls and that additive sources of genetic variation were significant, thereby indicating that local adaptation has acted on additive genetic variation in shaping this trait. Similarly, a line cross analysis revealed that an additive model best described the genetic architecture of adult migration time. In contrast, marine survival was generally similar between control and hybrid lines, which suggested that the effect of outbreeding upon marine survival was minimal at such a fine scale of genetic divergence. The implications of these results are that (a) local adaptation can facilitate genetic divergence of life history traits between proximate subpopulations; (b) artificial relaxation of natural barriers to gene flow can cause maladaptive shifts in life history traits; and (c) wild populations may harbour fine‐scale adaptive variation that supports productivity and sustainability.
Aphid effector Me10 interacts with tomato TFT7, a 14‐3‐3 isoform involved in aphid resistance
Authors: Chaudhary Ritu , Peng Hsuan‐Chieh , He Jiangman , MacWilliams Jacob , Teixeira Marcella , Tsuchiya Tokuji , Chesnais Quentin , Mudgett Mary Beth , Kaloshian Isgouhi 
Published: October 2018

Summary

We demonstrated previously that expression of Macrosiphum euphorbiae salivary protein Me10 enhanced aphid reproduction on its host tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). However, the mechanism of action of Me10 remained elusive.

To confirm the secretion of Me10 by the aphid into plant tissues, we produced Me10 polyclonal antibodies. To identify the plant targets of Me10, we developed a tomato immune induced complementary DNA yeast two‐hybrid library and screened it with Me10 as bait. Immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays were performed to validate one of the interactions in planta, and virus‐induced gene silencing was used for functional characterization in tomato.

We demonstrated that Me10 is secreted into the plant tissues and interacts with tomato 14‐3‐3 isoform 7 (TFT7) in yeast. Immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that Me10 and its homologue in Aphis gossypii, Ag10k, interact with TFT7 in planta. Further, BiFC revealed that Me10 interaction with TFT7 occurs in the plant cell cytoplasm. While silencing of TFT7 in tomato leaves did not affect tomato susceptibility to M. euphorbiae, it enhanced longevity and fecundity of A. gossypii, the non‐host aphid.

Our results suggest the model whereby TFT7 plays a role in aphid resistance in tomato and effectors of the Me10/Ag10k family interfere with TFT7 function during aphid infestation.
Catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation using high‐density mapping‐guided substrate modification
Authors: Zhou Wei , Wang Long , Zhou Bo , Wu Lirong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of substrate modification in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) patients prior to circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI).MethodsPatients without left atrial low‐voltage and/or scar areas were defined as Group A. Patients with left atrial low‐voltage and/or scar areas underwent regular CPVI (Group B) or substrate modification after CPVI (Group C). The procedural success rate and differences in the left atrial diameter (LAD) among groups were compared at 1 year postoperatively.ResultsThe procedural success rate in Group C was comparable to that in Group A (P > 0.05) and was significantly higher than that in Group B (P < 0.01). The LAD of patients in Groups A and C significantly decreased at 1 year postoperatively compared to that prior to the surgery (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was noted in Group B.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that substrate modification could contribute to the single catheter ablation surgery success rate in patients with paroxysmal AF and narrow LAD.
Cartesian prejudice: Gender, education and authority in Poulain de la Barre
Authors: Schmitter Amy M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe 17th century author François Poulain de la Barre was both an important contributor to the history of feminist thought and a thoroughgoing Cartesian. Poulain borrows from many of Descartes's doctrines, including his dualism, distrust of epistemic authority, accounts of imagination, and passion, and at least some aspects of his doxastic voluntarism; here, I examine how he uses a Cartesian notion of prejudice for an anti‐essentializing philosophy of women's education and the formation of the tastes, talents, and interests of individuals. “Prejudice” remains Descartes's notion of an entrenched, yet self‐imposed doxastic commitment, but also takes on the sense of social‐political group bias, founded on custom, transmitted through education, serving interests, and forming social expectations. Poulain also expands on the Cartesian notion and themes by emphasizing widespread yet unjustified social opinions in favor of the status quo in both epistemic practices and epistemic authorities, while considering how biased beliefs about sexual difference and gender identity can be internalized even by those who suffer most from them. At the same time, he shows how powerful Cartesian concepts can be for feminist methodology.
The ethics of autism
Authors: Hens Kristien , Robeyns Ingrid , Schaubroeck Katrien 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe diagnosis of autism is on the rise. Autistic people, parents, professionals, and policy makers alike face important questions about the right approach toward autism. For example, there are questions about the desirability of early detection, the role and consequences of underlying cognitive theories, and whether autism is a disorder to be treated or an identity to be respected. How does the fact that autism is a heterogeneous concept affect the answers to these questions? Who has the authority or knowledge to speak on behalf of people with autism? In this paper, we describe a cluster of research topics which should be on the agenda of the emerging field of autism ethics. These topics include the very concept of autism itself, the question whether autism is primarily an identity or a disorder, the ethical questions that parents of autistic children face, metaethical questions, the ethical consequences of epistemological questions, and a cluster of questions related to social justice, stigma, and paternalism.
Short interpregnancy intervals and adverse perinatal outcomes in high‐resource settings: An updated systematic review
Authors: Ahrens Katherine A. , Nelson Heidi , Stidd Reva L. , Moskosky Susan , Hutcheon Jennifer A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThis systematic review summarises association between short interpregnancy intervals and adverse perinatal health outcomes in high‐resource settings to inform recommendations for healthy birth spacing for the United States.MethodsFive databases and a previous systematic review were searched for relevant articles published between 1966 and 1 May 2017. We included studies meeting the following criteria: (a) reporting of perinatal health outcomes after a short interpregnancy interval since last livebirth; (b) conducted within a high‐resource setting; and (c) estimates were adjusted for maternal age and at least one socio‐economic factor.ResultsNine good‐quality and 18 fair‐quality studies were identified. Interpregnancy intervals <6 months were associated with a clinically and statistically significant increased risk of adverse outcomes in studies of preterm birth (eg, aOR ≥ 1.20 in 10 of 14 studies); spontaneous preterm birth (eg, aOR ≥ 1.20 in one of two studies); small‐for‐gestational age (eg, aOR ≥ 1.20 in 5 of 11 studies); and infant mortality (eg, aOR ≥ 1.20 in four of four studies), while four studies of perinatal death showed no association. Interpregnancy intervals of 6‐11 and 12‐17 months generally had smaller point estimates and confidence intervals that included the null. Most studies were population‐based and few included adjustment for detailed measures of key confounders.ConclusionsIn high‐resource settings, there is some evidence showing interpregnancy intervals <6 months since last livebirth are associated with increased risks for preterm birth, small‐for‐gestational age and infant death; however, results were inconsistent. Additional research controlling for confounding would further inform recommendations for healthy birth spacing for the United States.
Reproducibility of endometrial cytology using cytobrush technique and agreement for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis between five predefined endometrial sites
Authors: Pothmann Harald , Müller Jessica , Pothmann Isabella , Tichy Alexander , Drillich Marc 
Published: October 2018

ContentsThe objectives of this study were as follows: (a) to assess the reproducibility of polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) cell counts at five predefined endometrial sites (corpus uteri, left horn base, right horn base, left horn tip and right horn tip) and (b) to determine the agreement for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis (SE) between the different endometrial sites. Forty milking cows between 28 and 34 days post‐partum were enrolled for endometrial sampling using cytobrush technique. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to evaluate the reproducibility of PMN counts at different sites. The right horn base was found to have the greatest agreement of PMN counts with the other endometrial sites (ICC = 0.66–0.85). Twenty‐eight of 40 cows showed no signs of clinical endometritis and were used for evaluation of agreement for the diagnosis of SE, analysed by using Cohen´s kappa (κ) statistics. Agreement for SE diagnosis with PMN cut‐off ≥5% was greatest between the right horn base and the right horn tip (κ = 0.84), and with PMN cut‐off ≥18% between the right horn base and left horn tip (κ = 1.0), respectively. The results indicate that the right horn base can be regarded as suitable for cytobrush sampling. The probability to detect an animal positive for SE (PMN ≥ 5%) with a single cytobrush sampling was 51.0%; thus, a second sampling is recommended to improve the accuracy.
Comparison of universal prophylaxis and preemptive approach for cytomegalovirus associated outcome measures in renal transplant patients: A meta‐analysis of available data
Authors: Caskurlu Hulya , Karadag Fatma Y. , Arslan Ferhat , Cag Yasemin , Vahaboglu Haluk 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous latent human virus that often causes complications in renal transplantation recipients. Universal prophylaxis and preemptive therapy are alternative strategies to prevent CMV associated complications. This meta‐analysis aimed to assess available data comparing the effectiveness of prophylaxis and preemptive therapy for preventing adverse outcomes. We searched the PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Open Grey databases using a combination of keywords. Random effects models along with the Paule‐Mandel estimator were used to synthesize pooled effect estimates. Eleven studies were eligible for the final analysis. Universal prophylaxis was better at preventing CMV disease than the preemptive approach (risk difference = −0.0459; confidence intervals = −0.0791, −0.0127; P‐value = 0.0067; number needed to treat [NNT] = 22 [1/0.0459]; high, 79 [1/0.0127] patients; low, 13 [1/0.0791] patients). Subgroup analysis revealed a more consistent effect among studies published after 2010, with negligible between‐study heterogeneity. The NNT for universal prophylaxis to prevent one excess CMV disease concerning preemptive therapy was 16 (1/0.0630) patients (high, 25 [1/0.0394]; low, 12 [1/0.0867] patients) in the subgroup of studies performed after 2010. We detected no significant difference between the two strategies regarding acute rejection and graft loss, with negligible variability due to heterogeneity between studies. Although universal prophylaxis performed better than the preemptive strategy for the prevention of CMV disease, the high NNT value may discourage the use of CMV prophylaxis. Since there were no differences between the strategies concerning acute rejection and graft loss, this study supports the use of the preemptive approach as an alternative to universal prophylaxis.
UK neonatal resuscitation survey
Authors: Charles Elinor , Hunt Katie , Murthy Vadivelam , Harris Christopher , Greenough Anne 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundPrevious surveys have demonstrated that neonatal resuscitation practices on the delivery suite vary between UK units, particularly according to the hospital’s neonatal unit’s level. Our aim was to determine if recent changes to the Resuscitation Council guidelines had influenced clinical practice.MethodsSurveys of resuscitation practices at UK delivery units carried out in 2012 and 2017 were compared.ResultsComparing 2017 with 2012, initial resuscitation using air was more commonly used in both term (98% vs 75%, p<0.001) and preterm (84% vs 34%, p<0.001) born infants. Exhaled carbon dioxide monitoring was more frequently employed in 2017 (84% vs 19%, p<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in practices according to the level of neonatal care provided by the hospital.ConclusionThere have been significant changes in neonatal resuscitation practices in the delivery suite since 2012 regardless of the different levels of neonatal care offered.
Longitudinal changes in corneal leucocyte density in vivo following transplantation
Authors: Hau Scott , Clarke Bronagh , Thaung Caroline , Larkin Daniel F P 
Published: October 2018

AimsTo prospectively evaluate the changes in corneal leucocyte density with in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) following transplantation and to determine if leucocyte density post-transplant is an indicator of graft rejection risk.MethodsIVCM imaging of cornea pre-transplant and post-transplant at 1 week, 1, 3 and 12 months. The changes in leucocyte density associated with diagnosis, vascularisation, type of keratoplasty, topical steroid and immunosuppression treatment, allograft rejection and failure within 4 years post-transplant were analysed.ResultsSub-basal nerve plexus total central leucocyte density (SBNP-TCLD) varied with diagnosis (p<0.001), interval post-transplant (p<0.001), degree of vascularisation (p=0.001) and rejection episodes in eyes off topical steroid (p=0.01). The highest SBNP-TCLD was found in eyes with inflammation pre-transplant. Mean 12-month SBNP-TCLD in eyes which had rejection episodes was almost double that in eyes which did not (79.0 and 39.8 cells/mm2, respectively). SBNP-TCLD >63.5 cells/mm2was associated with a higher risk of rejection within 1 year (p=0.04) and 4 years (p=0.007). Changes in leucocyte density on the donor endothelium significantly differed between penetrating keratoplasty and deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty grafts (p<0.01) and in those in which rejection episodes were observed (p<0.001).ConclusionsLeucocyte density varies with corneal diagnosis, extent of vascularisation and interval post-transplant. Topical steroid treatment is associated with reduced leucocyte density and risk of graft rejection. Higher endothelium leucocyte density correlates significantly with previous or subsequent rejection episodes. Leucocyte density measurement by IVCM may be useful in identifying transplants at risk of rejection.
Genetic risk, incident stroke, and the benefits of adhering to a healthy lifestyle: cohort study of 306 473 UK Biobank participants
Authors: Rutten-Jacobs Loes CA , Larsson Susanna C , Malik Rainer , Rannikmäe Kristiina ,   MEGASTROKE consortium,   International Stroke Genetics Consortium, Sudlow Cathie L , Dichgans Martin , Markus Hugh S , Traylor Matthew 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the associations of a polygenic risk score and healthy lifestyle with incident stroke.DesignProspective population based cohort study.SettingUK Biobank Study, UK.Participants306 473 men and women, aged 40-73 years, recruited between 2006 and 2010.Main outcome measureHazard ratios for a first stroke, estimated using Cox regression. A polygenic risk score of 90 single nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with stroke was constructed at P<1×10−5to test for an association with incident stroke. Adherence to a healthy lifestyle was determined on the basis of four factors: non-smoker, healthy diet, body mass index <30 kg/m2, and regular physical exercise.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 7.1 years (2 138 443 person years), 2077 incident strokes (1541 ischaemic stroke, 287 intracerebral haemorrhage, and 249 subarachnoid haemorrhage) were ascertained. The risk of incident stroke was 35% higher among those at high genetic risk (top third of polygenic score) compared with those at low genetic risk (bottom third): hazard ratio 1.35 (95% confidence interval 1.21 to 1.50), P=3.9×10−8. Unfavourable lifestyle (0 or 1 healthy lifestyle factors) was associated with a 66% increased risk of stroke compared with a favourable lifestyle (3 or 4 healthy lifestyle factors): 1.66 (1.45 to 1.89), P=1.19×10−13. The association with lifestyle was independent of genetic risk stratums.ConclusionIn this cohort study, genetic and lifestyle factors were independently associated with incident stroke. These results emphasise the benefit of entire populations adhering to a healthy lifestyle, independent of genetic risk.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and risk of lung cancer: population based cohort study
Authors: Hicks Blánaid M , Filion Kristian B , Yin Hui , Sakr Lama , Udell Jacob A , Azoulay Laurent 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), compared with use of angiotensin receptor blockers, is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer.DesignPopulation based cohort study.SettingUnited Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink.ParticipantsA cohort of 992 061 patients newly treated with antihypertensive drugs between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2015 was identified and followed until 31 December 2016.Main outcome measuresCox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals of incident lung cancer associated with the time varying use of ACEIs, compared with use of angiotensin receptor blockers, overall, by cumulative duration of use, and by time since initiation.ResultsThe cohort was followed for a mean of 6.4 (SD 4.7) years, generating 7952 incident lung cancer events (crude incidence 1.3 (95% confidence interval 1.2 to 1.3) per 1000 person years). Overall, use of ACEIs was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (incidence rate 1.6v1.2 per 1000 person years; hazard ratio 1.14, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.29), compared with use of angiotensin receptor blockers. Hazard ratios gradually increased with longer durations of use, with an association evident after five years of use (hazard ratio 1.22, 1.06 to 1.40) and peaking after more than 10 years of use (1.31, 1.08 to 1.59). Similar findings were observed with time since initiation.ConclusionsIn this population based cohort study, the use of ACEIs was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. The association was particularly elevated among people using ACEIs for more than five years. Additional studies, with long term follow-up, are needed to investigate the effects of these drugs on incidence of lung cancer.