bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermo-Convective Flow of a Yield-Stress Fluid Between Two Horizontal Plates for Rayleigh Numbers Greater Than the Critical Value
Authors: Mkacher Hakim , Ayadi Abdelhak 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this paper, two-dimensional unsteady simulations of yield-stress fluids in the Poiseuille–Rayleigh–Bénard flow between two horizontal plates were performed. The laminar flow of these fluids is characterized by the existence of high- and low-viscous zones. The thermal and hydrodynamic behaviors were studied in the case where the convective instability was developed, and the high-viscous zones were minimized. The commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package fluent was adopted to perform the different simulations. The average Nusselt number over time of the two plates was chosen to characterize the thermal transport, while the average of the maximum vertical velocity component over time in the horizontal mid-plane described the hydrodynamics of the flow. It was found that the fluid behaved according to a range of viscosities with the same order of magnitude as the plastic viscosity. The effect of the dimensionless numbers on the flow showed that the yield-stress fluid could mimic a Newtonian behavior in the pre-described conditions. Although, the fluid still held the non-Newtonian character distinguished by the dependency on the Bingham number Bn. This returned to the increase of the apparent viscosity with Bn which contributed to the weakening of the convective streams, and consequently, reduced convective thermal transport.
Exploring Synergy Among New Generation Technologies—Small Modular Reactor, Energy Storage, and Distributed Generation: A Strong Case for Remote Communities
Authors: Joshi K. A. , Poudel B. , Gokaraju R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
With a steady rise in power demand in the remote communities in Canada, utilities are looking for new options to provide a reliable supply of electricity. While distributed generation is a promising option, scaling and firming up the capacity of distributed generators is essential. Alternatively, small modular reactors (SMRs) can be used as a prime local source of electricity for remote feeders provided they are flexible enough to respond to the fluctuations in demand. Electrical energy storage (EES) can be used as a buffer to absorb fluctuations in demand and generation, and as a critical back-up for the SMR on-site power supply system by replacing the diesel-generator sets. The synergy of SMR-EES-distributed generation can be an all-inclusive alternative with win-win situation for both the utility and remote communities. This paper discusses the technical feasibility of the proposed synergy using an example of an existing remote feeder in Saskatchewan, Canada. The integral pressurized water reactor is considered along with the photovoltaic (PV) generation in an existing remote feeder in Northwest Saskatchewan to estimate the plant load factor (LF) of the SMR with and without the PV generation and EES. The results quantify the benefit of having EES to support the SMR in hosting more PV generation in remote communities. EES when used in support of the SMR to host 60% PV penetration, the plant load factor improves by as much as 5%.
High Spatial Resolution Crack Monitoring in Concrete Structures Using a Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor
Authors: Li Kevin (Wenhai) , Gaudet Michel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method to monitor the mechanical behavior and identify crack location and growth in a concrete structure element using a distributed fiber optic sensor (FOS) system is demonstrated experimentally by testing concrete specimens in four-point bending. The sensor system consisted of an optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) interrogator unit paired with an all-grating sensing fiber that was bonded to the surface of the concrete test specimen. Strain measurements with high spatial resolution of <10 mm were obtained at various points along a single fiber cable. Large strain values at the crack locations indicated strain concentrations that could be used to assess the crack growth. The distributed sensing system demonstrated the capability to detect localized, early stage cracks, with crack width smaller than 0.1 mm, well before they become observable by visual inspection.
Experimental Investigation on Flash Evaporation Related to Pipe Leakage
Authors: Cai Benan , Zhang Qi , Weng Yu , Gu Hongfang , Wang Haijun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Pipelines such as the surge line and main pipe are easily subjected to thermal stratification and thermal fatigue as a result of the nonuniform temperature distribution in the nuclear power plants. When the surge line or main pipe subjected to thermal stratification and thermal fatigue keeps operating for long time, the pipe leakage may happen due to the existence of pipeline crack. When the fluids with high temperature and pressure leak in the crack, the water will evaporate quickly, which means this process belongs to spray flash evaporation process. The flash evaporation related to pipe leak was experimentally studied in the paper. The experiment was carried out under high temperature and high pressure with low spray rate. The temperature and relative humidity (T&H) variations over time were monitored in the experiment with installing T&H detectors. The T&H variations at different measurement positions and with different spray rates were analyzed, respectively. In addition, the effect of the dimensionless parameters including the Weber number and Jakob number was also investigated. Results indicated that the response speed increased with the increase of the spray flow rate. Higher Weber number and higher Jakob number led to higher evaporation rate. The slight pipe leakage can be predicted by using the (T&H) in the hazardous areas.
Complex Solutions for Complex Problems? Exploring the Role of Design Task Choice on Learning, Design for Additive Manufacturing Use, and Creativity
Authors: Prabhu Rohan , Miller Scarlett R. , Simpson Timothy W. , Meisel Nicholas A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The integration of additive manufacturing (AM) processes in many industries has led to the need for AM education and training, particularly on design for AM (DfAM). To meet this growing need, several academic institutions have implemented educational interventions, especially project- and problem-based, for AM education; however, limited research has explored how the choice of the problem statement influences the design outcomes of a task-based AM/DfAM intervention. This research explores this gap in the literature through an experimental study with 175 undergraduate engineering students. Specifically, the study compared the effects of restrictive and dual (restrictive and opportunistic) DfAM education, when introduced through design tasks that differed in the explicit use of design objectives and functional and manufacturing constraints in defining them. The effects of the intervention were measured through (1) changes in participant DfAM self-efficacy, (2) participants' self-reported emphasis on DfAM, and (3) the creativity of participants' design outcomes. The results show that the choice of the design task has a significant effect on the participants' self-efficacy with, and their self-reported emphasis on, certain DfAM concepts. The results also show that the design task containing explicit constraints and objectives results in participants generating ideas with greater uniqueness compared with the design task with fewer explicit constraints and objectives. These findings highlight the importance of the chosen problem statement on the outcomes of a DfAM educational intervention, and future work is also discussed.
Computational Design of a Single Heater Convective Polymerase Chain Reaction for Point-of-Care
Authors: Shu Jung Il , Baysal Oktay , Qian Shizhi , Qiu Xianbo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Recently, researchers have started working to develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) devices as a means for point-of-care (POC) applications. Among the requirements are portability, affordability, and performing reliably and quickly. Proposed by the present study is a process to design a convective-PCR (CPCR) device with only a single heater. It is assumed that such a design developed using microfluidics and capillary tube should help make a CPCR to be portable and more economical for POC use. One of the challenges is to achieve steadily the prerequisite three temperature zones with a single heater. It is demonstrated that this can be done with the present methodology. The underlying physics of the convection driving the CPCR function is mathematically modeled, then verified by our experimental results. In search of better designs, the following parameters that affect the CPCR performance are considered: the heater's height, and the diameter, the height, and the wall thickness of the capillary tube. A large design space consisting of design candidates is defined by combining the values within the range of each of these parameters. The results of the corresponding design cases are obtained from our mathematical model, and the performance of each case is evaluated by their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) doubling time. The two best CPCR performing reactors are selected and discussed. It is, therefore, demonstrated that the present methodology is capable of enhancing the CPCR reactor performance with a single heater.
Shell-Side Condensation Characteristics of R410A on Horizontal Enhanced Tubes
Authors: Tang Weiyu , Li Wei 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An experimental investigation into heat transfer characteristics during condensation on two horizontal enhanced tubes (EHTs) was conducted. All the tested EHTs s have similar geometries with an outer diameter of 12.7 mm, and a plain tube was also tested for comparison. Investigated enhanced surfaces consist of dimples, protrusions, and grooves, which may produce more flow turbulence and enhanced the liquid drainage effect. The effects of mass fluxes and vapor quality were compared and analyzed. Test conditions were as follows: saturation temperature fixed at 45 °C, mass flux varying from 100 to 200 kg m−2 s−1, and vapor quality ranging from 0.3 to 0.8. The heat transfer coefficient was presented, and the results show that the proposed enhanced surfaces seem to have worse performance than the conventional tubes when the mass flux is less than 150 kg m−2 s−1, while one of the enhanced tubes (2EHT-1) produce an enhanced ratio of 1.03–1.14 when G = 200 kg m−2 s−1. Besides, it was found that the heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing vapor quality, which can be attributed to the increasing diffusion resistance. Mass flux seems to have little effect on the heat transfer performance of smooth tubes, while that of 1EHT increases obviously with increasing mass flux, especially for high vapor qualities.
Particle-Based Modeling of Electron–Phonon Interactions
Authors: Sabatti Flavio F. M. , Goodnick Stephen M. , Saraniti Marco 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAn important challenge in particle-based modeling of electron–phonon interactions is the large difference in the statistical weight of the particles in the two simulated populations. Each change in the state of a simulated phonon during scattering is statistically representative of an interaction with multiple simulated electrons, which results in a large numerical burden accurately represent both populations. We developed two stochastic approaches to mitigate this numerical problem. The first approach is based on Poisson modeling of the scattering processes coupled with a thinning algorithm, which works effectively at steady-state, but it is prone to statistical errors in the energy during the transient regime. The second approach is based on point process (PP) modeling of the scattering, allowing stochastical book-keeping, which corrects the energy error. Here, we present a mathematical description of the problem and the two stochastic approaches along with the numerical results we obtained for the synchronous transient simulation of the electron and phonon populations.
Heat Transfer Prediction From Large Eddy Simulation of a Rotating Cavity With Radial Inflow
Authors: Onori Michel , Amirante Dario , Hills Nicholas J. , Chew John W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper describes a large eddy simulation (LES) conducted for a nonadiabatic rotating cavity with a radial inflow introduced from the shroud. The dimensionless mass flowrate of the radial inflow is Cw = 3500 and the rotational Reynolds number, based on the cavity outer radius, is equal to Reθ=1.2×106. The time-averaged local Nusselt number on the heated wall is compared with the experimental data available from the literature, and with those derived from the solution of two unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) eddy viscosity models, namely, the Spalart–Allmaras and the k−ω shear stress transport (SST) model. It is shown that the Nusselt number is underpredicted in the lower part of the disk and overpredicted in the outer region by both URANS models, whereas the LES provides a much better agreement with the measurements. The behavior results primarily from a different flow structure in the source region, which, in the LES, is found to be considerably more extended and show localized buoyancy phenomena that the URANS models investigated do not capture.
Hydraulic Simulation for Calcasieu Lake Area With Small Rivers Using an Immersed Boundary Method
Authors: Yadav Arun , Zhang Ning 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A coupled one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model for small rivers and streams on a large background area using an immersed boundary method (IBM) was developed and implemented for a simple flooding case in a previously published study. In this study, the IBM model was applied for simulations on a real geographical area, the Calcasieu Lake and its surrounding area in Southwest Louisiana. The simulation area ranges from the city of Lake Charles on the north to Gulf of Mexico on the south, and two National Wildlife Refuges (NWR) on the east and west side of Calcasieu Lake. A small change in the natural state of Calcasieu Lake, i.e., the change in the water surface elevation or flooding, can have a drastic impact on the ecosystem of its surrounding wetlands. The flooding to the wetlands is mainly through small rivers connected to the lake. In order to study the effects of coastal flooding to the wetlands, the IBM 1D–2D coupled model was implemented in the simulation package. The main purposes of this study are to: (1) determine the appropriate number of immersed boundary points to be used for this simulation and (2) test the applicability and validate the IBM model for an actual geographical region. Due to the lack of measurement data for the small rivers, the validation was conducted by comparing simulated results from IBM to the results from a non-IBM approach (i.e., manually carved rivers). Data from NOAA and USGS were used for the boundary conditions for the 2D model.
Courageous conversations in supervision
Authors: Davys Allyson 
Published: October 2019

INTRODUCTION: Courageous conversations, commonly identified as conversations which are associated with some form of emotion, are features of many social workers’ daily routine. In supervision, such conversations are typically required to address issues of supervisee professional competence, ethical issues or the supervision relationship and/or process. These conversations, which are challenging, are at times avoided and, at other times, may be poorly handled.APPROACH: Following identification of the obstacles which may impede addressing challenging issues in professional practice, this article focuses the supervisor’s role in courageous conversations. The importance of building a supervision environment which can support robust conversations is highlighted. Here the contracting process, where the expectations of supervision are negotiated and the power inherent in the supervision relationship can be identified, is considered foundational. The skills and attributes needed by the supervisor to manage these difficult encounters are explored and three kinds of interventions are identified as helpful: relational, reflective, and confrontational. A framework for a courageous conversation is provided which highlights the need for clarity about the motivation, purpose and desired goals. Finally, a structure for the proposed conversations is presented.IMPLICATIONS: With an understanding of the dynamics and of the skills required, supervisors can better prepare themselves for courageous conversations. When supervision relationships are based on negotiation and shared understanding about power, difference and expectations, hard issues can be raised and honestly confronted and at the same time the integrity of all involved can be maintained.
Implementing the integrated model of supervision: A view from the training room
Authors: Sturt Penny , Rothwell Bridget 
Published: October 2019

The integrated model remains fit for purpose as a framework for supervision which is under significant pressure in an environment of austerity and heightened demand. It will only realise its potential if the power of integration is understood and the influence of context is sufficiently recognised. Successful implementation relies fundamentally on two things: the capacity of both supervisor and supervisee to engage in a relationship, and the availability of systemic support for both that relationship and what it is designed to do.This viewpoint explains the model, how we use it as trainers and some of the challenges to effective supervision practice we hear being discussed. Social work in the United Kingdom (UK) seems to be grappling with retaining the social when so much focus is on individualised approaches or, as we see them, fragmentary, partial understanding of context. We have summarised this fragmentation as being symbolised by 4Rs, and it remains our view that these elements need to be, and can be, integrated within the supervisory model. In the UK there has been a resurgence in strengths-based approaches, most recently, restorative practice. Arguably, being restorative has always been part of supervisory intention: we think the model supports this quite explicitly. Much emphasis is currently given to the (sometimes misunderstood concept of) resilience of practitioners and we believe the extrinsic elements of this need reiterating. The ability to reflect on the impact practitioners have on others, particularly those using their services, remains key. Finally, the issue of recording needs re-examination.
A manager’s challenge: Is external supervision more valuable than increased training money for staff?
Authors: Holz Craig 
Published: October 2019

INTRODUCTION: Supervision is regarded as an integral necessity for the development and maintenance of professional standards in social workers and is also common practice in other health professions. There is debate, however, about the relative strengths of external and internal supervision. External supervision is recommended but there is a significant financial cost in contracting external supervisors. Also, some argue that internal supervision better manages staff and simplifies communication.METHODS: This article provides a case study of an agency considering changing its supervision systems and the relative benefits and risks that need to be considered.FINDINGS: Each agency needs to consider how to get the best from staff development resources considering the time or finances available. External supervision can offer wider choice to staff with more ethical issues debated. However, this may limit other staff development funding.CONCLUSION: It is recommended that every agency regularly review how to get the best supervision for its staff.
Diabetic ketoacidosis at the onset of disease during a national awareness campaign: a 2-year observational study in children aged 0–18 years
Authors: Rabbone Ivana , Maltoni Giulio , Tinti Davide , Zucchini Stefano , Cherubini Valentino , Bonfanti Riccardo , Scaramuzza Andrea 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveAfter a previous survey on the incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at onset of type 1 diabetes in children in 2013–2014 in Italy, we aimed to verify a possible decline in the incidence of DKA at onset during a national prevention campaign.DesignProspective observational study.SettingMulticentre study throughout Italy.InterventionNational awareness campaign started in November 2015 and held until December 2017.PatientsDuring 2016 and 2017 we collected data on all patients aged 0–18 years with new-onset diabetes.Main outcome measuresDKA (pH <7.30), severe DKA (pH <7.1), DKA in children below 6 years and DKA treatment according to the Italian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (ISPED) protocol were evaluated.ResultsRecords (n=2361) of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes were collected from 58 out of 68 (85.3%) centres of the original survey participants and 100% of the previously surveyed tertiary centres. Overall, DKA was observed in 1124 patients, with an increased rate when compared with the previous survey (47.6% vs 38.5%, p=0.002), and severe DKA in 15.3%. In children below 6 years, DKA was observed in 323 out of 617 (52.5%) and severe DKA in 16.7%; in this age group, occurrence of DKA reduced by 21.3% (p=0.009). DKA treatment according to the ISPED guidelines was adopted in 95% of the centres, with a 27% improvement (p=0.025).ConclusionsDuring a 2-year awareness campaign, DKA at onset of diabetes in children and adolescents 0–18 years is still common and increased when compared with the 2013–2014 survey.
Milk and resistance exercise intervention to improve muscle function in community-dwelling older adults at risk of sarcopenia (MIlkMAN): protocol for a pilot study
Authors: Granic Antoneta , Hurst Christopher , Dismore Lorelle , Davies Karen , Stevenson Emma , Sayer Avan A , Aspray Terry 
Published: October 2019

IntroductionSarcopenia is a progressive muscle disorder characterised by decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength and function leading to adverse health outcomes, including falls, frailty, poor quality of life and death. It occurs more commonly in older people and can be accelerated by poor diet and low physical activity. Intervention studies incorporating higher dietary protein intakes or protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise (RE) have been shown to limit muscle function decline. However, less is known about the role of whole foods in reducing the risk of sarcopenia. Milk is a source of high-quality nutrients, which may be beneficial for skeletal muscle. This pilot study examines the feasibility and acceptability of milk consumption with RE to improve muscle function in community-dwelling older adults at risk of sarcopenia.Methods and analysis30 older adults aged ≥65 years will be randomly allocated to three groups: ‘whole milk+RE’, ‘skimmed milk+RE’ or ‘control drink+RE’. Assessments will take place in participants’ homes, including screening (milk allergies, grip strength, walking speed), baseline and postintervention health and function. All participants will undertake a structured RE intervention twice a week for 6 weeks at a local gym, followed by the consumption of 500 mL of whole or skimmed milk (each ~20 g of protein) or an isocaloric control drink and another 500 mL at home. Participants’ views about the study will be assessed using standardised open-ended questions. The primary outcomes include feasibility and acceptability of the intervention with recruitment, retention and intervention response rates. Analyses will include descriptive statistics, exploration of qualitative themes and intervention fidelity.Ethics and disseminationOutputs include pilot data to support funding applications; public involvement events; presentation at conferences and peer-reviewed publication.Trial registration numberISRCTN13398279; Pre-results.