bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detailed dust modelling in the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model of galaxy formation
Authors: Vijayan Aswin P , Clay Scott J , Thomas Peter A , Yates Robert M , Wilkins Stephen M , Henriques Bruno M 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We implement a detailed dust model into the L-Galaxies semi-analytical model which includes: injection of dust by type II and type Ia supernovae (SNe) and AGB stars; grain growth in molecular clouds; and destruction due to supernova-induced shocks, star formation, and reheating. Our grain growth model follows the dust content in molecular clouds and the inter-cloud medium separately, and allows growth only on pre-existing dust grains. At early times, this can make a significant difference to the dust growth rate. Above z ∼ 8, type II SNe are the primary source of dust, whereas below z ∼ 8, grain growth in molecular clouds dominates, with the total dust content being dominated by the latter below z ∼ 6. However, the detailed history of galaxy formation is important for determining the dust content of any individual galaxy. We introduce a fit to the dust-to-metal (DTM) ratio as a function of metallicity and age, which can be used to deduce the DTM ratio of galaxies at any redshift. At z ≲ 3, we find a fairly flat mean relation between metallicity and the DTM, and a positive correlation between metallicity and the dust-to-gas (DTG) ratio, in good agreement with the shape and normalization of the observed relations. We also match the normalization of the observed stellar mass–dust mass relation over the redshift range of 0–4, and to the dust mass function at z = 0. Our results are important in interpreting observations on the dust content of galaxies across cosmic time, particularly so at high redshift.
Herbivory alters thermal responses of algae
Authors: Tseng Michelle , Yangel Evgeniya , Zhou Yi Lin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe temperature-size rule (TSR) describes the widespread pattern in which organisms grown at higher temperatures mature at smaller adult sizes, or exhibit smaller cell sizes in the case of microbes. Although the TSR has been shown in a wide range of taxa, most TSR studies have been conducted in the absence of species interactions such as competitors, parasites or predators. Given that these interactions are ubiquitous in nature, here we examine how the presence of a live herbivore (Daphnia pulex) affects the response of a cosmopolitan green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus) to the thermal environment. In the absence of direct herbivory, algae exhibited the characteristic TSR, exhibiting smaller cells, and smaller colonies at higher temperatures. However, in the presence of Daphnia herbivory, we saw no evidence of the TSR. Rather, both cell and colony size were uniform across the three rearing temperatures. These results suggest that Daphnia consume larger-sized algae at cooler temperatures, and smaller-sized algae at higher temperatures. Overall this study demonstrates that species interactions such as herbivory can alter the response of primary producers to the thermal environment, and suggests that the TSR may be readily modified in the natural world, where predators, herbivores and competitors abound.
Variation in Preoperative and Postoperative Physical Therapist Management of Patients Opting for Elective Abdominal Surgery
Authors: van Beijsterveld Christel A , Heldens Aniek F , Bongers Bart C , van Meeteren Nico L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Evidence about the role of physical therapy in perioperative care pathways to improve postoperative outcomes is growing. However, it is unclear whether research findings have been translated into daily practice.

Objective
The objectives of this study were to describe the current content and between-hospital variability of perioperative physical therapist management for patients undergoing colorectal, hepatic, or pancreatic resection in the Netherlands and to compare currently recommended state-of-the-art physical therapy with self-reported daily clinical physical therapist management.

Design
This was a cross-sectional survey study.

Methods
Hospital physical therapists were asked to complete an online survey about pre- and postoperative physical therapy at their hospital. To explore the variability of perioperative physical therapist management between hospitals, frequency variables were clustered to determine the level of uniformity. Latent class analysis was performed to identify clusters of hospitals with certain homogeneous characteristics on a 19-item dichotomous scale.

Results
Of 82 eligible Dutch hospitals, 65 filled out the survey (79.3%). Preoperative physical therapy was performed in 34 hospitals (54.0%; 2/65 responding hospitals were excluded from the data analysis). Postoperative physical therapy was performed in all responding hospitals, focusing mainly on regaining independent physical functioning. Latent class analysis identified a 3-class model. Hospitals in classes I and II were more likely to provide preoperative physical therapist interventions than hospitals in class III.

Limitations
The use of self-reported answers can lead to bias.

Conclusions
There was a wide degree of variability between hospitals regarding pre- and postoperative clinical physical therapist practice for patients opting for major abdominal surgery. Three different classes of daily practice were identified. Further translation of key research findings into clinical physical therapist practice is advised, especially for hospitals in which the physical therapist is not involved preoperatively. Moreover, improving uniformity by developing up-to-date clinical guidelines is recommended.
Human osteoarthritic synovial fluid increases excitability of mouse dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons: an in-vitro translational model to study arthritic pain
Authors: Chakrabarti Sampurna , Jadon Deepak R , Bulmer David C , Smith Ewan St. John 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Knee OA is a leading global cause of morbidity. This study investigates the effects of knee SF from patients with OA on the activity of dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons that innervate the knee (knee neurons) as a novel translational model of disease-mediated nociception in human OA.

Methods
Dissociated cultures of mouse knee neurons were incubated overnight or acutely stimulated with OA-SF (n = 4) and fluid from healthy donors (n = 3, Ctrl-SF). Electrophysiology and Ca2+-imaging determined changes in electrical excitability and transient receptor potential channel function, respectively.

Results
Incubation with OA-SF induced knee neuron hyperexcitability compared to Ctrl-SF: the resting membrane potential significantly increased (F(2, 92) = 5.6, P = 0.005, ANOVA) and the action potential threshold decreased (F(2, 92) = 8.8, P = 0.0003, ANOVA); TRPV1 (F(2, 445) = 3.7, P = 0.02) and TRPM8 (F(2, 174) = 11.1, P < 0.0001, ANOVA) channel activity also increased. Acute application of Ctrl-SF and OA-SF increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration via intra- and extracellular Ca2+ sources.

Conclusion
Human OA-SF acutely activated knee neurons and induced hyperexcitability indicating that mediators present in OA-SF stimulate sensory nerve activity and thereby give rise to knee pain. Taken together, this study provides proof-of-concept for a new method to study the ability of mediators present in joints of patients with arthritis to stimulate nociceptor activity and hence identify clinically relevant drug targets for treating knee pain.
News Media Trends in the Framing of Immigration and Crime, 1990–2013
Authors: Harris Casey T , Gruenewald Jeff 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFew social problems engender as much public and political debate as the alleged link between immigration and crime. Contrary to the findings of much empirical literature, the majority of the public believe that immigration increases crime and that the foreign born are especially prone to offending. Among many factors, the way prominent news media describe the immigration-crime link may help explain the disconnectedness of scholarship and public opinion over the past several decades. Using a unique database of over 2,200 news stories drawn from among the highest circulation national papers for 1990 through 2013, the current study employs time-series trend analyses to examine the prevalence of different media frames used to explain the immigration-crime link and whether those frames have changed systematically over time. Our results reveal that most immigration-crime news stories describe immigrants as especially crime-prone or as increasing aggregate crime rates. Moreover, this framing has increased in prevalence over time, as have narratives inaccurately describing undocumented immigration as a crime itself, while framing immigrants as victims of crime has declined significantly over the 1990–2013 period. These changes occurred systematically in only some newspapers. We discuss implications for research, policy, and the public engagement of scientific evidence.
Overexpression of PtrbHLH, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor from Poncirus trifoliata, confers enhanced cold tolerance in pummelo (Citrus grandis) by modulation of H2O2 level via regulating a CAT gene
Authors: Geng Jingjing , Wei Tonglu , Wang Yue , Huang Xiaosan , Liu Ji-Hong 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors (TFs) plays a crucial role in regulating plant response to abiotic stress by targeting a large spectrum of stress-responsive genes. However, the physiological mechanisms underlying the TF-mediated stress response are still poorly understood for most of the bHLH genes. In this study, transgenic pummelo (Citrus grandis) plants overexpressing PtrbHLH, a TF previously identified from Poncirus trifoliata, were generated via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In comparison with the wild-type plants, the transgenic lines exhibited significantly lower electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content after cold treatment, thereby resulting in a more tolerant phenotype. Meanwhile, the transgenic lines accumulated dramatically lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, consistent with elevated activity and expression levels of antioxidant enzymes (genes), including catalase (CAT), peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. In addition, PtrbHLH was shown to specifically bind to and activate the promoter of PtrCAT gene. Taken together, these results demonstrated that overexpression of PtrbHLH leads to enhanced cold tolerance in transgenic pummelo, which may be due, at least partly, to modulation of ROS levels by regulating the CAT gene.
Validation of a Photonumeric Assessment Scale for Grading the Slope of the Asian Forehead
Authors: Yu Chao Yates Yen , Chhabra Chiranjiv , Corduff Niamh , Fabi Sabrina Guillen , Hornfeldt Carl S. , Kerscher Martina , Lam Stephanie , Pavicic Tatjana , Peng Peter H.L. , Pooth Rainer , Rzany Berthold , Seo Kyle , Suwanchinda Atchima , Tseng Fang-Wen , Geister Thorin L. 
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND
As the number of aesthetic treatments has grown, so have the number of photonumeric assessment scales used to compare the effectiveness of these aesthetic treatments in specific anatomical areas; however, these are primarily based on Caucasian features.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the validity of the first aesthetic scale for assessing the slope of the Asian forehead. A secondary objective was to correlate this scale with subject demographics and baseline characteristics.

METHODS
During 2 validation sessions, 13 raters assessed full frontal and lateral facial images of female (n = 28; 56.0%) and male (n = 22; 44%) subjects. For each subject, the severity of forehead sloping was graded from 0 (convex forehead, optimal forehead volume) to 4 (concave forehead, very severe sloping). Raters also assessed the age of each subject and the estimated aesthetic treatment effort required to treat each subject.

RESULTS
Inter-rater reliability was “substantial” with scores of 0.67 and 0.68 for the first and second validation sessions, indicating high reliability. BMI showed the highest correlation with the scale and was a significant predictor in the final regression model.

CONCLUSION
This photonumeric assessment scale will be useful for assessing the slope of the Asian forehead in both clinical and research settings.
Exploring Experiences of Organizational Socialization Among Physical Therapy and Athletic Training Junior Faculty Members
Authors: Barrett Jessica L. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Rizzo Jon J. 
Published: July 2019

Introduction.
Organizational socialization is a process by which institutions assist new faculty members' transition to their expected roles. These may include orientation sessions, mentoring pairings, and ongoing faculty development opportunities. There is a paucity of research identifying the experiences and perceptions of organizational socialization for physical therapy and athletic training junior faculty members. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the organizational socialization process for these two groups.

Subjects.
Junior faculty members in the fields of physical therapy (13) and athletic training (13) participated in this phenomenological qualitative study.

Methods.
Data were collected in a single phone interview, which was digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed following the steps of Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. Expert review, multiple analyst triangulation, and member checking served to ensure trustworthiness of the findings.

Results.
Organizational socialization of junior faculty in athletic training and physical therapy revolves around the components of orientation activities and collegial workplace environments. Orientation activities are part of the onboarding process and usually include a formal session to learn about roles and responsibilities. Orientation can positively impact a faculty member's understanding of their role and integration to the culture of their institution. Collegial work environments are those where experienced faculty play an active role in supporting junior members. Because they provide junior faculty some freedom and flexibility in choice of mentor, informal mentoring relationships seem to be integral to this collegial environment.

Conclusion.
Though these areas may form an important foundation for organizational socialization, additional solutions are needed to optimize the processes by which new faculty are trained. Administrators and institutions should strive to create innovative orientation and onboarding programs that aid newly hired educator's integration.
Effect of Oval Window Blockage on Bone Conduction in Cadaver Heads
Authors: Chen Keguang , Chen Yongzheng , Lyu Huiying , Yin Dongming , Yang Lin , Zhang Tianyu , Dai Peidong 
Published: July 2019

Objective:
This study aimed to explore the feasibility of medical adhesive in the molding of oval window (OW) blockage in cadaver heads and to study the effect on bone conduction (BC).

Methods:
Four cadaver heads were selected to establish OW blockage model. The daub type of medical adhesive was used to immobilize OW. The vibration properties of the round window membrane (VRWM) in response to the acoustic stimulation, and the vibration properties of the round window membrane and cochlear promontory (VCP) in response to the BC transducer B-71 stimulation were assessed by laser Doppler vibrometer in both pre-OW blockage and post-OW blockage.

Results:
After blocking the oval window, the mean values of the sound-induced velocities amplitude responses of the round window membrane by air conduction were decreased significantly beyond 30 dB in all measured frequencies (p < 0.05). The round window membrane relative velocity (VRWM/VCP) shows a decrease of about 1 dB at 1 and 3 kHz frequencies and a slight increase of around 0.5 dB from 4 to 8 kHz frequencies in post-OW blockage. However, it should also be noted that the VRWM/VCP is a significant decrease of 1.2 dB at 3 kHz in post-OW blockage compared with pre-OW blockage (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Medical adhesive was available for the immobilization of oval window. In cadaver heads, the effect of OW blockage on the BC was the notching at 3 kHz.
The endoscopically assisted transcrestal sinus floor elevation with platelet-rich fibrin at an immediate implantation of periapical lesion site
Authors: Wang Hanchi , Wang Jia , Guo Tianqi , Ding Xinxin , Yu Wanqi , Zhao Jinghui , Zhou Yanmin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Rationale:
The traditional maxillary sinus floor elevation has serious postoperative complications and long healing periods, for patients with insufficient residual bone height (RBH). The endoscopic technique improves the blind nature of the sinus floor elevation procedure. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) can promote tissue healing and prevent perforation.

Patient concern:
A 25-year-old female with residual roots in the maxillary right second molar visited our hospital for dental implants.

Diagnose:
CBCT results showed a low-density shadow at the root tip, and the height of the periapical distance from the maxillary sinus floor was less than 1 mm.

Intervention:
Patient was immediately subjected to implant after root extraction. Two-step sinus floor elevation was performed under endoscopy. A 12 mm-long implant was installed.

Outcomes:
At 10 months after surgery, the hard and soft tissues were stable, and a full-ceramic crown was placed.

Lessons:
Immediate implant and endoscope-guided sinus floor elevation through a transcrestal approach by using PRF as the only grafting material is viable in periapical infected sites with a RBH of less than 1 mm.
Medical Practice Consolidation and Physician Shared Patient Network Size, Strength, and Stability
Authors: O’Hanlon Claire E. , Whaley Christopher M. , Freund Deborah 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Properties of social networks and shared patient networks of physicians are associated with important outcomes, including costs, quality, information exchange, and organizational effectiveness.

Objectives:
To determine whether practice consolidation affects size, strength, and stability of US practice-based physician shared patient networks.

Research Design:
We used a dynamic difference-in-differences (event study) design to determine how 2 types of vertical consolidation (hospital and health system practice acquisition) and 2 types of horizontal consolidation (medical group membership and practice-practice mergers) affect individual shared patient network characteristics, controlling for physician fixed effects and geographic market (metropolitan statistical area).

Subjects:
Practice-based US physicians whose practices consolidated 2009–2014 are identified via health system, hospital, and medical group affiliation information and appearance/disappearance of listed practice affiliations in the SK&A Physician Database.

Measures:
Outcomes measured were network size (number of individual physicians with whom a physician shares patients within 30 d), strength (average number of shared patients within those relationships), and stability (percent of shared patient relationships that persist in the current and prior year), all generated from Medicare Shared Patient Patterns (30-d) data.

Results:
Shared patient network stability increases significantly after acquisition of practices by horizontal practice-practice mergers [β
t=1=0.041 (P<0.001), β
t=2=0.047 (P<0.001), β
t=3=0.041 (P<0.001), β
t=4=0.031 (P<0.05), where t is the number of years after the consolidation event]. These effects were robust to sensitivity analyses. Shared patient network size and strength are not observably associated with practice consolidation events.

Conclusions:
Practice consolidation can increase the stability of physician networks, which may have positive implications for organizational effectiveness.
Eye Movements of Drivers with Glaucoma on a Visual Recognition Slide Test
Authors: Lee Samantha Sze-Yee , Black Alex A. , Wood Joanne M. 
Published: July 2019

SIGNIFICANCE
Glaucoma has been shown to impair hazard detection ability and increase crash risk compared to controls. Differences in visual search behavior of the driving scene may explain these differences; however, there has been limited investigation of this issue with inconsistent findings.

PURPOSE
Through eye movement tracking of older drivers with glaucoma, we explored their visual search behavior in comparison with controls while performing the DriveSafe, a slide recognition test purported to predict fitness to drive.

METHODS
Thirty-one drivers with glaucoma (mean age, 71.7 ± 6.3 years; average better-eye mean defect,−3 dB; average worse-eye mean defect,−12 dB) and 25 age-matched controls underwent measurements of their visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual fields, and useful field of view (visual processing speeds). Participants' eye movements were recorded while they completed the DriveSafe test, which consists of brief presentations of static, real-world driving scenes containing various road users (pedestrians, bicycles, vehicles). Participants reported the types, positions, and direction of travel of road users in each image; the score was the total number of correctly reported items (maximum, 128).

RESULTS
Drivers with glaucoma had significantly worse DriveSafe scores (P = .03), fixated on road users for shorter durations (P < .001), and exhibited smaller saccades (P = .02) compared with controls. For all participants, longer fixation times on road users (P < .001) was the eye movement measure most strongly associated with better DriveSafe scores; this relationship was not significantly different between groups. Useful field-of-view divided attention was the strongest visual predictor of DriveSafe scores.

CONCLUSIONS
Eye movement changes in the glaucoma group may reflect increased difficulty in identifying relevant objects in the visual scene, which may be related to their lower DriveSafe scores. Given the DriveSafe’s potential utility in assessing drivers with visual impairment before on-road testing, further investigations on how DriveSafe performance and eye movement patterns compare to those during on-road driving are warranted.