bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Acquisition of a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Diverse Influenza H5N1 Clade 2.2 Sub-clades
Authors: Niman Henry , Aly Mona , Arafa Abdel-Satar , El-Sayed Nasr , Nayel Ahmed , Abdelghani Ahmed , Esmat Hala , Raczniak Gregory , Agyen-Frempong Mensah , Ampofo William , Boynton Bruce 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHighly pathogenic Influenza A H5N1 was first identified in Guangdong Province in 1996, followed by human cases in Hong Kong in 1997 1,2. The number of confirmed human cases now exceeds 300 and the associated Case Fatality Rate exceeds 60% 3. The genetic diversity of the serotype continues to increase. Four distinct clades or sub-clades have been linked to human cases 4-7. The gradual genetic changes identified in the sub-clades have been attributed to copy errors by viral encoded polymerases that lack an editing function, thereby resulting in antigenic drift 8. We report here the concurrent acquisition of the same polymorphism by multiple, genetically distinct, clade 2.2 sub-clades in Egypt, Russia, Kuwait, and Ghana. These changes are not easily explained by the current theory of “random mutation” through copy error, and are more easily explained by recombination with a common source. The recombination role is further supported by the high fidelity replication in swine influenza 9 and aggregation of single nucleotide polymorphisms in H5N1 clade 2.2 hemagglutinin 10.
Persisters show heritable phenotype and generate bacterial heterogeneity and noise in protein expression
Authors: Jacob Jaison 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPersisters are a small subpopulation of bacteria that survive a lethal concentration of antibiotic without antibiotic resistance genes. Isolation of persisters from normally dividing population is considered difficult due to their slow growth, low numbers and phenotypic shift i.e. when re-grown in antibiotic free medium, they revert to parent population. Inability to isolate persisters is a major hindrance in this field of research. Here we reject the ‘phenotypic shift’ phenomenon exhibited by persisters. Persisters, on the other hand, exhibit a heritable phenotype and can be easily isolated from a normally dividing population that allows their selective growth. Rather than a single subset, they comprise many distinct subgroups each exhibiting different growth rates, colony sizes, antibiotic tolerance and protein expression levels. Clearly, they are one of the sources of bacterial heterogeneity and noise in protein expression. Existence of persisters in normally dividing population can explain some of the unsolved puzzles like antibiotic tolerance, post-antibiotic effect and viable but non-culturable bacterial state. We hypothesize that persisters are aging bacteria.
Strategies for recovering exact structure of neural circuits with broadly targeted fluorescent connectivity probes
Authors: Mishchenko Yuriy 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe present a framework for reconstructing structure of complete neural circuitsin the brain using collections of independent measurements of connectivityperformed with existing anatomical or functional fluorescent probes, anddesigned to provide complementary information about neural circuit’s structureby targeting slightly different its parts either in deterministic or stochasticsuccession. We discuss specific implementation of this procedure usingsynaptic fluorescent marker GRASP and Cre/Lox system Brainbow to collectensemble of observations of the sets of synapses between stochastically labeledsamples of neurons. By representing such measurements mathematically asweak constraints on circuit’s connectivity matrix and by solving a constrainedoptimization problem, we are able to exactly deduce the wiring diagram in C.Elegans in an in-silico experiment from only ~10,000 measurements. Thisoffers possibility for routinely reconstructing complete connectivity in smallerorganisms, such as C. Elegans, using exclusively light microscopy instrumentsover the span of single weeks.
Skeletal Evidence for Leprosy in India by the Second Millenium B.C.
Authors: Robbins Gwendolyn , Tripathy Veena , Misra VN , Mohanty RK , Shinde VS , Gray Kelsey , Schug Malcolm 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLeprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that affects almost 500,000 people worldwide^1^. The timing of first infection, geographic origin, and pattern of transmission of the disease are unknown^1-3^. Comparative genomics research has recently suggested M. leprae evolved in East Africa or South Asia before spreading to Europe and the rest of the World^4-5^. The earliest accepted textual evidence indicates that leprosy existed in India by at least 600 B.C. and was known in Europe by 400 B.C.^6-7^. The earliest skeletal evidence was dated 300-200 B.C. in Egypt^8^ and Thailand^9^. Here, we report the presence of lepromatous leprosy in skeletal remains from Balathal, a Chalcolithic site (2300-1550 B.C.) in India^10-11^. A middle aged adult male skeleton demonstrates manifestations of facies leprosa and rhinomaxillary syndrome, degenerative joint disease, infectious involvement of the tibia (periostitis), and injury to the peripheral skeleton, often the result of skin anaesthesia. Paleopathological analysis indicates that lepromatous leprosy was present in India by 1800 B.C., a result which supports some translations of the Atharva Veda that reference leprosy and its treatment in hymns composed before the first millennium B.C.^12^. The presence of leprosy in Chalcolithic India suggests M. leprae may have been transmitted during the second or third millennium B.C., at a time when there was substantial interaction between South Asia, West Asia, and Northeastern Africa^13^. This evidence should be impetus to look for additional skeletal and molecular evidence of leprosy in human remains from this time period in India and Africa to confirm the origin of the disease.
Limiting effect of diazepam on Lewis lung carcinoma metastasis in anxious male mice
Authors: Kaledin Vasily , Ilnitskaya Svetlana , Nikolin Valery , Popova Nelly , Smagin Dmitry , Kudryavtseva Natalia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAim: It has been shown previously that chronic social defeat stress produces development of strong anxiety and increases intensity of experimental metastasis in the losers in comparison with the control mice. The question was: is it possible to decrease the number of metastases in the losers by chronic or acute diazepam treatment.

Materials and Methods.

Sensory contact model was used for generating male mice with repeated experience of social defeats or victories in daily agonistic interactions. Lewis Lung Carcinoma cells (LLC) were injected into the tail vein of animals after 10 days of agonistic interactions. Then mice were treated acutely or chronically (7 days) with diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p). Number of metastases in the lung was calculated in 16 days after tumor cell transplantation.

Results.

Chronic diazepam treatment produced decrease of number of LLC metastases in anxious losers, whereas in the winners and control mice diazepam was ineffective. Conclusion: Diazepam may decrease intensity of metastasis in anxious mice.
Cattle Egrets and dry fish business in coastal areas
Authors: Seedikkoya Kotta , Azeezpa PA 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCattle Egret is one of the common wetland birds in India known for its efficiency to make use of human interfered habitats. The present study is an attempt to document maggots of houseflies and calliphorids in the coastal sun drying fish yards and the role of the species in containing the vector species. The number of flies and maggots were found related with the visit of cattle egrets, demonstrating the importance of the species in controlling the vectors.
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Body Mass Index: Issues in Model Specification
Authors: Tiruneh Gizachew 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
*Objective:*
To investigate the best statistical models that describe the effect of physical activity on BMI.*Design:* Cross-sectional analyses of physical activity and BMI data.

Subjects:
107 obese, overweight, and healthy college students (mean duration of physical activity for the normal, overweight, and obese students: 89, 59, and 24 months, respectively; mean BMI for the normal, overweight, and obese students: 21.61, 27.07, and 35.54 kg/m^2^, respectively).*Measurements:* Inverse linear, inverse logarithmic, and inverse logistics models were used to analyze survey data for physical activity (measured by both frequency and duration of exercise) and BMI. Gender, age, and physical intensity variables were also statistically controlled.

*Results:*
Coefficients of determination, r-squared, showed the inverse logarithmic model is more accurate in describing the effect of physical activity on BMI than is the inverse linear model. The inverse logistic method also showed physical activity affects BMI.

*Conclusions:*
Although the inverse logarithmic method can be used in some cases, the inverse logistic model seems to be theoretically and empirically best suited in describing the relationship between physical activity and body weight.
Dysbindin-1 in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia cases is reduced in an isoform-specific manner unrelated to altered dysbindin-1 gene expression
Authors: Tang Junxia , LeGros Robert , Louneva Natalia , Yeh Lilly , Cohen Julia , Hahn Chang-Gyu , Blake Derek , Arnold Steven , Talbot Konrad 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDTNBP1 (dystrobrevin binding protein 1) remains one of the top candidate genes in schizophrenia. Reduced expression of this gene and the protein it encodes, dysbindin-1, has been reported in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of schizophrenia cases. It has not been established, however, if all dysbindin-1 isoforms are reduced in the DLPFC or if the reduction is associated with reduced DTNBP1 gene expression. Using Western blotting of whole-tissue lysates of the DLPFC with antibodies differentially sensitive to the three major isoforms of this protein (dysbindin-1A, -1B, and -1C), we found no significant differences between our schizophrenia cases and matched controls in dysbindin-1A or -1B, but did find a mean 46% reduction in dysbindin-1C in 71% of 28 case-control pairs (p = 0.022). This occurred in the absence of the one DTNBP1 risk haplotype for schizophrenia reported in the US and without alteration in levels of dysbindin-1C transcripts. Conversely, the absence of changes in the dysbindin-1A and -1B isoforms was accompanied by increased levels of their transcripts. We thus found no correspondence between alterations in dysbindin-1 gene and protein expression, the latter of which might be due to posttranslational modifications such as ubiquitination. Reduced DLPFC dysbindin-1C in schizophrenia probably occurs in PSDs, where we find dysbindin-1C to be heavily concentrated in the human brain. Given known postsynaptic effects of dysbindin-1 reductions in the rodent homolog of the prefrontal cortex, these findings suggest that reduced dysbindin-1C in the DLPFC may contribute to cognitive deficits of schizophrenia by promoting NMDA receptor hypofunction.
A Reaction Route Approach to Flux Balance Analysis
Authors: Fishtik Ilie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background:
Flux balance and network-based pathway analyses are theoretical tools aimed to find optimal steady state flux distributions in a metabolic network subject to additional constraints on the rates of the reaction steps. Although these methods are mathematically accurate, there are several physicochemical and computational aspects that are questionable and misleading. In particular, it is well known that the flux balance analysis may result in multiple flux distributions for the same objective function.

Results:
The flux balance and network-based pathway analyses are reformulated in terms of reaction routes (RRs), a theoretical framework that has been developed by Horiuti over 50 years ago. Not only does the theory of RRs provide the most general and rigorous definition of a pathway, but it also relates the steady state rates of the reaction steps with the rates along RRs or pathways. In this work, we employ the simple relation between the steady state rates of the reaction steps and the rates along RRs (fluxes) established by Horiuti to eliminate the steady state constraints.	Conclusion: The newly proposed RR approach represents a powerful tool for a deeper understanding of optimal flux distributions in metabolic reaction systems. Application of the RR approach to several typical systems from the literature surprisingly reveals that an infinite number of flux distributions for the same optimal objective function may be a rule rather than the exception
Vision senses number directly
Authors: Ross John , Burr David 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe have recently suggested that numerosity is a primary sensory attribute, showing that it is strongly susceptible to adaptation. Here we use the Method of Single Stimuli (MSS) to show that observers can extract a running average of the numerosity of a succession of stimuli and hold it in mind for use as a standard of comparison for subsequent stimuli. Accuracy and precision of judgments are high and not reduced by potentially misleading variables like texture density or display area.
Single cell fertilizer (SCF): Evidence to prove that bio-molecules are potent nutrient for plant growth
Authors: Sen Sribir , Roy Amit Kr. , Choudhury Sayan , Ghosh Shibu , Das Somenath , Roy Sohini , Ghosh Rajib , Dey Dipankar , Pathak Deben , Upadhyay Sanjeev , Chattopadhya Isita 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFertilizers of various kinds are used for the cultivation of crop plants for hyper production of plant based food materials. The study used bio-molecules made in a bacterial cell. The experimental results showed tremendous effect on plant growth. These cellular molecules were made by treating the bacterial cells with lysozyme and protenase K. The wet/weight was increased in multiple folds compared to that of control sets. The fold of increase was 4.79 for rice, 2.77 for wheat, 1.89 for gram and 1.89 for pea when bacterial cellular molecules were used as fertilizer.
Range-based techniques for discovering optimality and analyzing scaling relationships in neuromechanical systems
Authors: Alicea Bradly 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this paper, a method for decoupling the neuromuscular function of a set of limbs from the role morphology plays in regulating the performance of an activity is introduced. This method is based on two previous methods: the rescaled range analysis specific to time series data, and the use of scaling laws. A review of the literature suggests that limb geometry can either facilitate or constrain performance as measured experimentally. Whether limb geometry is facilitatory or acts as a constraint depends on the size differential between arm morphology and the underlying muscle. "Changes in size and shape" are theoretically extrapolations of morphological geometry to other members of a population or species, to other species, or to technological manipulations of an individual via prosthetic devices. Three datasets are analyzed using the range-based method and a Monte-Carlo simulation, and are used to test the various ways of executing this analysis. It was found that when performance is kept stable but limb size and shape is scaled by a factor of .25, the greatest gain in performance results. It was also found that introducing force-based perturbations results in 'shifts' in the body geometry/performance relationship. While results such as this could be interpreted as a statistical artifact, the non-linear rise within a measurement class and linear decrease between measurement classes suggests an effect of scale in the optimality of this relationship. Overall, range-based techniques allow for the simulation and modeling of myriad changes in phenotype that result from biological and technological manipulation.
Ultrasonicated synthesis of 1-(2-hydroxyaryl)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-prop-2-en-1-ones and their antimicrobial screening
Authors: Shelke Sharad , Sonawane Mahendra , Karale Bhausaheb , Gill Charnshing 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAbstract: A facile synthesis of title compounds has been carried out under ultrasound irradiation. The main advantages of the present procedure are shorter reaction time and higher yield. Products have been characterized by IR, PMR, CMR, GCMS study and screened for their antimicrobial activity.
Evaluation and Validation of clinical 4.23 T sodium MRI in animals and human: Application of oblique multi-slice spin-echo pulse sequence
Authors: Sharma Rakesh , Katz Jose 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Objective:
Application of high-field 4.23 T MRI clinical imager was demonstrated for sodium-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data acquisition. Primary hypothesis: Sodium [Na] in brain is MR visible. Secondary hypothesis was, if, application of multislice spin echo (MSSE) pulse sequence at selected scan parameters can sufficiently visualize the total sodium signal as indicator of sub-clinical activity. Material and Methods: MSSE pulse sequence technique was used to simulate sodium images of human brain. For validation purpose, inversion recovery pulse sequence was validated by optimization of scan inversion time (TI). Phantom of sodium and rat brain were imaged. Sodium images were validated and compared with proton MRI images.

Results:
MSSE pulse technique enabled to visualize the sodium signal at optimized scan parameters. Specifically, MSSE pulse technique enabled the identification of different sodium rich areas due to their subphysiological activity in the brain, comparable with proton MRI images. Reconstruction images of brain further enhanced the power to classify the brain tissue. Intracellular sodium images of agarose-saline solution filled-tube phantom were generated by use of inversion recovery pulse sequence. Conclusion: Using MSSE pulse sequence at 4.23 T, in vivo sodium images can be generated within acceptable scan time for routine clinical brain examination for achieving better sub-physiological information as obtained from proton MRI.
Myosin II isoforms with separate but linked functions determine the fate of lamellipodia extension during cell spreading
Authors: Betapudi Venkaiah 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNon-muscle myosin II role has been implicated in the extension of lamellipodia, a critical step in the initiation of directed cell migration, invasion and other cellular processes, but the mechanistic details are limited to driving retrograde actin filaments. The present study reveals distinct localization of myosin IIA and IIB with an unexpected opposite mechanical roles in mediating lamellipodia extension during spreading. Attachment of cells to matrix is impaired in the absence of either isoforms, but differential regulation of focal contacts formation occurs in myosin IIA^-^; and IIB^-^; cells. Spreading cells expressing both isoforms display an organized actin network consisting of retrograde filaments, arcs and central filaments. Loss of actin arcs and central filaments occurs upon depletion of either myosin IIA or IIB, but myosin IIB^-^; cells displayed long parallel actin filaments elongated from cell edge. From these studies, a model for myosin IIA and IIB with separate, but linked mechanical roles in mediating lamellipodia extension is developed.
A new mathematical model for radiation cell killing mechanism: Target cumulating model
Authors: Liang Zhao , Shixiu Wu , Congyin Xie , Li Zhang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere are numerous mathematical or statistical models have been given out for radiation cell killing mechanism. Unfortunately, none of the model could explain the mechanism perfectly. The more advanced model for it is still necessary to be researched. Following common assumption, a new theoretical model named "target cumulating" model is induced from the molecular and particle physics level. The result of theoretical calculation gives the equation of cell survival rate corresponding to delivered dose and other sensitivity parameters. In addition to fit the cell survival curve well, the new model showed advantages with comparing to previous models. Also, the new model predicts or explains some phenomenon that had been observed in laboratory (e.g. dose rate effect and low dose hypersensitivity).
ER localized bestrophin1 activates Ca2+ dependent ion channels TMEM16A and SK4
Authors: Barro-Soria René , AlDehni Fadi , Almaça Joana , Ousingsawat Jiraporn , Witzgall Ralph , Schreiber Rainer , Kunzelmann Karl 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBestrophins form Ca2+ activated Cl- channels and regulate intercellular Ca2+ signaling1. We demonstrate that bestrophin 1 is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it physically interacts with stromal interacting molecule 1 (Stim1), the ER-Ca2+ sensor2,3. Intracellular Ca2+ transients in HEK293 cells elicited by stimulation of purinergic P2Y2-receptors were augmented but more transient after expression of hBest1, in contrast to dominant negative hBest1-R218C, which attenuated Ca2+ increase. The p21-activated protein kinase Pak2 was found to phosphorylate hBest1, thereby enhancing Ca2+ signaling and activation of Ca2+ dependent Cl- (TMEM16A)4 and K+ (SK4)5 channels. Lack of bestrophin 1 expression in respiratory epithelial cells of mBest1 knockout mice caused expansion of ER cisterns and induced Ca2+ deposits. We propose that hBest1 is important for Ca2+ handling of the ER store, probably by controlling the function of Stim1 and by acting as a counter-ion channel to balance transient membrane potentials occurring through inositol trisphosphate (IP3) induced Ca2+ release and refill of the ER-Ca2+ store. Thus bestrophin 1 controls activation of Ca2+ dependent ion channels by regulation of compartmentalized Ca2+ signaling.
Cooperative effect of ribosomal protein s19 and Pim-1 kinase on murine c-Myc expression and myeloid/erythroid cellularity
Authors: Frojmark Anne-Sophie , Badhai Jitendra , Klar Joakim , Thuveson Maria , Schuster Jens , Dahl Niklas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDiamond Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a bone marrow failure syndrome associated with heterozygous mutations in the ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) gene in a subgroup of patients. One of the interacting partners with RPS19 is the oncoprotein PIM-1 kinase. We intercrossed Rps19+/- and Pim-1-/- mice strains to study the effect from the disruption of both genes. The double mutant (Rps19+/-Pim-1-/-) mice display normal growth with increased peripheral white- and red blood cell counts when compared to the w.t. mice (Rps19+/+Pim-1+/+). Molecular analysis of bone marrow cells in Rps19+/-Pim-1-/- mice revealed up-regulated levels of c-Myc and the anti-apoptotic factors Bcl2, BclXL and Mcl-1. This is associated with a reduction of the apoptotic factors Bak and Caspase 3 as well as the cell cycle regulator p21. Our findings suggest that combined Rps19 insufficiency and Pim-1 deficiency promotes murine myeloid cell growth through a deregulation of c-Myc and a simultaneous up-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl proteins.