bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educating Palestinian Refugees: The Origins of UNRWA’s Unique Schooling System
Authors: Irfan Anne E 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article examines the origins of the unique schooling system for Palestinian refugees run by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). Examining developments c. 1950–57, it illuminates the programme’s beginning and explores the objectives of those behind it. Using archival evidence from numerous international welfare organizations and testimonies from refugees themselves, this article argues that the parties providing education and the refugees receiving it often had conflicting objectives that were highly politicized on both sides. Despite the comparatively greater power and resources of the United Nations, the Palestinian refugees were able to make use of their limited leverage in order to shape the education system as they preferred. The UNRWA education programme thus serves as a revealing case study for explaining developmental aid to refugee populations and its inevitable intersection with politics.
Targeted search for young radio pulsars in the SMC: discovery of two new pulsars
Authors: Titus N , Stappers B W , Morello V , Caleb M , Filipović M D , McBride V A , Ho W C G , Buckley D A H 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
We report the first rotation powered pulsars discovered in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) in more than a decade. PSR J0043–73 and PSR J0052–72 were discovered during a Parkes Multi-Beam (PMB) survey of MCSNR J0127–7332, and five new, optically selected, supernova remnant (SNR) candidates identified by the XMM–Newton survey. In addition to the candidates, we adjusted the PMB rotation to include additional nine SNRs and pulsar wind nebulae. We searched for young pulsars (1–200 ms) employing a Fourier analysis with PRESTO, as well as a search for longer period pulsars (200 ms–360 s) with a fast folding algorithm. Our targeted survey had a limiting flux density of 0.039 mJy for periods greater than 50 ms. Although not the main target of this search it was also sensitive to millisecond pulsars. PSR J0043–73 has a period and dispersion measure of 937.429 37 (26) ms and 115.1 (3.4) pc cm−3, respectively, and PSR J0052–72 has a period of 191.444 328 (46) ms and a DM of 158.6 (1.6) pc cm−3.
Black hole magnetosphere with small-scale flux tubes – II. Stability and dynamics
Authors: Yuan Yajie , Spitkovsky Anatoly , Blandford Roger D , Wilkins Dan R 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
In some Seyfert galaxies, the hard X-rays that produce fluorescent emission lines are thought to be generated in a hot corona that is compact and located at only a few gravitational radii above the supermassive black hole. We consider the possibility that this X-ray source may be powered by small-scale magnetic flux tubes attached to the accretion disc near the black hole. We use three-dimensional, time-dependent, special relativistic, force-free simulations in a simplified setting to study the dynamics of such flux tubes as they get continuously twisted by the central compact star/black hole. We find that the dynamical evolution of the flux tubes connecting the central compact object and the accretion disc is strongly influenced by the confinement of the surrounding field. Although differential rotation between the central object and the disc tends to inflate the flux tubes, strong confinement from surrounding field quenches the formation of a jet-like outflow, as the inflated flux tube becomes kink unstable and dissipates most of the extracted rotational energy relatively close to the central object. Such a process may be able to heat up the plasma and produce strong X-ray emission. We estimate the energy dissipation rate and discuss its astrophysical implications.
Black hole masses of tidal disruption event host galaxies II
Authors: Wevers Thomas , Stone Nicholas C , van Velzen Sjoert , Jonker Peter G , Hung Tiara , Auchettl Katie , Gezari Suvi , Onori Francesca , Mata Sánchez Daniel , Kostrzewa-Rutkowska Zuzanna , Casares Jorge 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
We present new medium resolution, optical long-slit spectra of a sample of six ultraviolet (UV)/optical and 17 X-ray-selected tidal disruption event candidate host galaxies. We measure emission line ratios from the optical spectra, finding that the large majority of hosts are quiescent galaxies, while those displaying emission lines are generally consistent with star formation dominated environments; only three sources show clear evidence of nuclear activity. We measure bulge velocity dispersions using absorption lines and infer host black hole (BH) masses using the M – σ relation. While the optical and X-ray host BH masses are statistically consistent with coming from the same parent distribution, the optical host distribution has a visible peak near $M_{\rm BH} \sim 10^6 \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, whereas the X-ray host distribution appears flat in MBH. We find a subset of X-ray-selected candidates that are hosted in galaxies significantly less luminous (Mg ∼ −16) and less massive (stellar mass ∼ 108.5–9 M⊙) than those of optical events. Using statistical tests we find suggestive evidence that, in terms of BH mass, stellar mass, and absolute magnitude, the hard X-ray hosts differ from the UV/optical and soft X-ray samples. Similar to individual studies, we find that the size of the emission region for the soft X-ray sample is much smaller than the optical emission region, consistent with a compact accretion disc. We find that the typical Eddington ratio of the soft X-ray emission is ∼ 0.01, as opposed to the optical events which have LBB ∼ LEdd. The latter seems artificial if the radiation is produced by self-intersection shocks, and instead suggests a connection to the supermassive black hole.
Puzzling blue dips in the black hole candidate Swift J1357.2 − 0933, from ULTRACAM, SALT, ATCA, Swift, and NuSTAR
Authors: Paice J A , Gandhi P , Charles P A , Dhillon V S , Marsh T R , Buckley D A H , Kotze M M , Beri A , Altamirano D , Middleton M J , Plotkin R M , Miller-Jones J C A , Russell D M , Tomsick J , Díaz-Merced W , Misra R 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We present rapid, multiwavelength photometry of the low-mass X-ray binary Swift J1357.2-0933 during its 2017 outburst. Using several sets of quasi-simultaneous ULTRACAM/NTT (optical), NuSTAR (X-ray), XRT/Swift (X-ray), SALT (optical), and ATCA (radio) observations taken during outburst decline, we confirm the frequent optical dipping that has previously been noted both in outburst and in quiescence. We also find: (1) that the dip frequency decreases as the outburst decays, similar to what was seen in the previous outburst, (2) that the dips produce a shape similar to that in binary systems with partial disc occultations, (3) that the source becomes significantly bluer during these dips, indicating an unusual geometry compared to other LMXB dippers, and (4) that dip superposition analysis confirms the lack of an X-ray response to the optical dips. These very unusual properties appear to be unique to Swift J1357.2−0933, and are likely the result of a high binary inclination, as inferred from features such as its very low outburst X-ray luminosity. From this analysis as well as X-ray/optical timing correlations, we suggest a model with multicomponent emission/absorption features with differing colours. This could include the possible presence of a sporadically occulted jet base and a recessed disc. This source still hosts many puzzling features, with consequences for the very faint X-ray transients population.
SDSS-IV MaNGA: stellar population gradients within barred galaxies
Authors: Fraser-McKelvie Amelia , Merrifield Michael , Aragón-Salamanca Alfonso , Peterken Thomas , Masters Karen , Krawczyk Coleman , Andrews Brett , Knapen Johan H , Kruk Sandor , Schaefer Adam , Smethurst Rebecca , Riffel Rogério , Brownstein Joel , Drory Niv 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Bars in galaxies are thought to stimulate both inflow of material and radial mixing along them. Observational evidence for this mixing has been inconclusive so far, however, limiting the evaluation of the impact of bars on galaxy evolution. We now use results from the MaNGA integral field spectroscopic survey to characterize radial stellar age and metallicity gradients along the bar and outside the bar in 128 strongly barred galaxies. We find that age and metallicity gradients are flatter in the barred regions of almost all barred galaxies when compared to corresponding disc regions at the same radii. Our results re-emphasize the key fact that by azimuthally averaging integral field spectroscopic data one loses important information from non-axisymmetric galaxy components such as bars and spiral arms. We interpret our results as observational evidence that bars are radially mixing material in galaxies of all stellar masses, and for all bar morphologies and evolutionary stages.
Detection of the self-regulation of star formation in galaxy discs
Authors: Zaragoza-Cardiel Javier , Fritz Jacopo , Aretxaga Itziar , Mayya Divakara , Rosa-González Daniel , Beckman John E , Bruzual Gustavo , Charlot Stephane , Lomelí-Núñez Luis 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Stellar feedback has a notable influence on the formation and evolution of galaxies. However, direct observational evidence is scarce. We have performed stellar population analysis using MUSE optical spectra of the spiral galaxy NGC 628 and find that current maximum star formation in spatially resolved regions is regulated according to the level of star formation in the recent past. We propose a model based on the self-regulator or ‘bathtub’ models, but for spatially resolved regions of the galaxy. We name it the ‘resolved self-regulator model’ and show that the predictions of this model are in agreement with the presented observations. We observe star formation self-regulation and estimate the mass-loading factor, η = 2.5 ± 0.5, consistent with values predicted by galaxy formation models. The method described here will help provide better constraints on those models.
The Great Brandoni: A Life of Creativity and Connection
Authors: Mahoney Mike 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this article, I share the story of my work with Brandon, a long-term patient who had a significant impact on my practice. Brandon was 8 when he was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a form of childhood cancer that took his ability to walk. Beyond the hospital, family dynamics brought even more stressors to Brandon’s life. But even after his interest in my song- and instrument-based interventions dwindled, his drive toward creativity and connection with others made music therapy a vital resource for him. While I supported him, Brandon had a knack for helping me uncover new ideas, and then offering his patience as I developed them into interventions that I would use with patients in years to come. As a child, Brandon showed me how a patient’s play with toys could fit into music therapy. As an early adolescent, he set a path for my work using music technology with teens and young adults. And at the end of his life, Brandon’s family helped me understand the role of hope amidst tragedy. These three phases of music therapy are presented in detail and connected by the narrative thread of Brandon’s story. This article describes an adaptable approach to music therapy practice, helpful in strengthening relationships with patients not drawn to the clinician’s established interventions.
DEAD-box helicase eIF4A2 inhibits CNOT7 deadenylation activity
Authors: Meijer Hedda A , Schmidt Tobias , Gillen Sarah L , Langlais Claudia , Jukes-Jones Rebekah , de Moor Cornelia H , Cain Kelvin , Wilczynska Ania , Bushell Martin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The CCR4–NOT complex plays an important role in the translational repression and deadenylation of mRNAs. However, little is known about the specific roles of interacting factors. We demonstrate that the DEAD-box helicases eIF4A2 and DDX6 interact directly with the MA3 and MIF domains of CNOT1 and compete for binding. Furthermore, we now show that incorporation of eIF4A2 into the CCR4–NOT complex inhibits CNOT7 deadenylation activity in contrast to DDX6 which enhances CNOT7 activity. Polyadenylation tests (PAT) on endogenous mRNAs determined that eIF4A2 bound mRNAs have longer poly(A) tails than DDX6 bound mRNAs. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that eIF4A2 does not inhibit CNOT7 association with the CCR4–NOT complex but instead inhibits CNOT7 activity. We identified a CCR4–NOT interacting factor, TAB182, that modulates helicase recruitment into the CCR4–NOT complex, potentially affecting the outcome for the targeted mRNA. Together, these data show that the fate of an mRNA is dependent on the specific recruitment of either eIF4A2 or DDX6 to the CCR4–NOT complex which results in different pathways for translational repression and mRNA deadenylation.
Regulation of bistability in the std fimbrial operon of Salmonella enterica by DNA adenine methylation and transcription factors HdfR, StdE and StdF
Authors: García-Pastor Lucía , Sánchez-Romero María A , Jakomin Marcello , Puerta-Fernández Elena , Casadesús Josep 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBistable expression of the Salmonella enterica std operon is controlled by an AND logic gate involving three transcriptional activators: the LysR-type factor HdfR and the StdE and StdF regulators encoded by the std operon itself. StdE activates transcription of the hdfR gene, and StdF activates std transcription together with HdfR. Binding of HdfR upstream of the std promoter is hindered by methylation of GATC sites located within the upstream activating sequence (UAS). Epigenetic control by Dam methylation thus antagonizes formation of the StdE-StdF-HdfR loop and tilts the std switch toward the StdOFF state. In turn, HdfR binding hinders methylation of the UAS, permitting activation of the StdE-StdF-HdfR loop and concomitant formation of StdON cells. Bistability is thus the outcome of competition between DNA adenine methylation and the StdE-StdF-HdfR activator loop.
XAB2 depletion induces intron retention in POLR2A to impair global transcription and promote cellular senescence
Authors: Hou Shuai , Qu Dajun , Li Yue , Zhu Baohui , Liang Dapeng , Wei Xinyue , Tang Wei , Zhang Qian , Hao Jiaojiao , Guo Wei , Wang Weijie , Zhao Siqi , Wang Qi , Azam Sikandar , Khan Misbah , Zhao Haidong , Zhang Liye , Lei Haixin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractXAB2 is a multi-functional protein participating processes including transcription, splicing, DNA repair and mRNA export. Here, we report POLR2A, the largest catalytic subunit of RNA polymerase II, as a major target gene down-regulated after XAB2 depletion. XAB2 depletion led to severe splicing defects of POLR2A with significant intron retention. Such defects resulted in substantial loss of POLR2A at RNA and protein levels, which further impaired global transcription. Treatment of splicing inhibitor madrasin induced similar reduction of POLR2A. Screen using TMT-based quantitative proteomics identified several proteins involved in mRNA surveillance including Dom34 with elevated expression. Inhibition of translation or depletion of Dom34 rescued the expression of POLR2A by stabilizing its mRNA. Immuno-precipitation further confirmed that XAB2 associated with spliceosome components important to POLR2A expression. Domain mapping revealed that TPR motifs 2–4 and 11 of XAB2 were critical for POLR2A expression by interacting with SNW1. Finally, we showed POLR2A mediated cell senescence caused by XAB2 deficiency. Depletion of XAB2 or POLR2A induced cell senescence by up-regulation of p53 and p21, re-expression of POLR2A after XAB2 depletion alleviated cellular senescence. These data together support that XAB2 serves as a guardian of POLR2A expression to ensure global gene expression and antagonize cell senescence.
Evolutionary coupling analysis identifies the impact of disease-associated variants at less-conserved sites
Authors: Kim Donghyo , Han Seong Kyu , Lee Kwanghwan , Kim Inhae , Kong JungHo , Kim Sanguk 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have discovered a large number of genetic variants in human patients with the disease. Thus, predicting the impact of these variants is important for sorting disease-associated variants (DVs) from neutral variants. Current methods to predict the mutational impacts depend on evolutionary conservation at the mutation site, which is determined using homologous sequences and based on the assumption that variants at well-conserved sites have high impacts. However, many DVs at less-conserved but functionally important sites cannot be predicted by the current methods. Here, we present a method to find DVs at less-conserved sites by predicting the mutational impacts using evolutionary coupling analysis. Functionally important and evolutionarily coupled sites often have compensatory variants on cooperative sites to avoid loss of function. We found that our method identified known intolerant variants in a diverse group of proteins. Furthermore, at less-conserved sites, we identified DVs that were not identified using conservation-based methods. These newly identified DVs were frequently found at protein interaction interfaces, where species-specific mutations often alter interaction specificity. This work presents a means to identify less-conserved DVs and provides insight into the relationship between evolutionarily coupled sites and human DVs.
Functional MRI Signature of Chronic Pain Relief From Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson Disease Patients
Authors: DiMarzio Marisa , Rashid Tanweer , Hancu Ileana , Fiveland Eric , Prusik Julia , Gillogly Michael , Madhavan Radhika , Joel Suresh , Durphy Jennifer , Molho Eric , Hanspal Era , Shin Damian , Pilitsis Julie G 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Chronic pain occurs in 83% of Parkinson disease (PD) patients and deep brain stimulation (DBS) has shown to result in pain relief in a subset of patients, though the mechanism is unclear.

OBJECTIVE
To compare functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data in PD patients with chronic pain without DBS, those whose pain was relieved (PR) with DBS and those whose pain was not relieved (PNR) with DBS.

METHODS
Functional MRI (fMRI) with blood oxygen level-dependent activation data was obtained in 15 patients in control, PR, and PNR patients. fMRI was obtained in the presence and absence of a mechanical stimuli with DBS ON and DBS OFF. Voxel-wise analysis using pain OFF data was used to determine which regions were altered during pain ON periods.

RESULTS
At the time of MRI, pain was scored a 5.4 ± 1.2 out of 10 in the control, 4.25 ± 1.18 in PNR, and 0.8 ± 0.67 in PR cohorts. Group analysis of control and PNR groups showed primary somatosensory (SI) deactivation, whereas PR patients showed thalamic deactivation and SI activation. DBS resulted in more decreased activity in PR than PNR (P < .05) and more activity in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in PNR patients (P < .05).

CONCLUSION
Patients in the control and PNR groups showed SI deactivation at baseline in contrast to the PR patients who showed SI activation. With DBS ON, the PR cohort had less activity in SI, whereas the PNR had more anterior cingulate cortex activity. We provide pilot data that patients whose pain responds to DBS may have a different fMRI signature than those who do not, and PR and PNR cohorts produced different brain responses when DBS is employed.
Flavored Tobacco Product Use and Its Association With Indicators of Tobacco Dependence Among US Adults, 2014–2015
Authors: Odani Satomi , Armour Brian , Agaku Israel T 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroductionWidely marketed flavored tobacco products might appeal to nonusers and could be contributing to recent increases in tobacco product use. We assessed flavored product use among current tobacco users; and measured associations between flavored product use and dependence among US adults.MethodsData were from the 2014–2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey, a cross-sectional household-based survey of US adults ≥18 years (n = 163 920). Current users of cigarettes, cigars, pipes, hookahs, smokeless tobacco, and electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were asked whether their usual product was menthol or came in any characterizing flavors. Proportions of flavored product users were computed nationally and by state and demographic characteristics. Tobacco dependence was assessed with two proxy measures: daily use and use ≤30 minutes after waking. Associations between flavored product use and tobacco dependence were examined using logistic regression adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, and multi tobacco product use.ResultsAn estimated 41.0% of current users of any tobacco product usually used a flavored product during 2014–2015. The proportion ranged from 22.5% (Maine) to 62.1% (District of Columbia). By product, the proportion ranged from 28.3% (cigars) to 87.2% (hookah). Flavored product use was associated with: daily tobacco product use among current e-cigarette users (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.71), cigar smokers (AOR = 1.42), and cigarette smokers (AOR = 1.13); and tobacco product use ≤30 minutes after waking among current cigar smokers (AOR = 1.80), and cigarette smokers (AOR = 1.11).ConclusionsRestricting sales of flavored tobacco products and implementation of proven population-level tobacco control interventions could help reduce tobacco product use among US adults.ImplicationsDuring 2014–2015, flavored tobacco products were widely used by US adults with variations across states and demographic characteristics. Use of flavored e-cigarettes, flavored cigars, and menthol cigarettes were associated with daily tobacco use: use of flavored cigars and menthol cigarettes were associated with tobacco use within 30 minutes after waking. These findings suggest associations between flavor use and increased tobacco dependence. Prohibiting sale of flavored products can reduce access to those products, and could help reduce tobacco dependence and promote cessation behaviors among current tobacco product users.
Reversible colony formation and the associated costs in Scenedesmus obliquus
Authors: Albini Dania , Fowler Mike S , Llewellyn Carole , Tang Kam W 
Published: June 2019

AbstractGrazer-induced colony formation as a defense strategy in microalgae such as Scenedesmus species has been widely reported, but the associated costs and reversibility of the colonies are rarely studied. We experimentally showed that Scenedesmus obliquus formed chained colonies in the presence of a predator, including predators separated from the algae by a membrane, but quickly reverted to single cells after the removal of the predator—a defining characteristic of an inducible defense. We detected stress indicators—astaxanthin esters—in the algal populations in the presence of grazers but not when grazers were absent. We found significant costs associated with S. obliquus colony formation in terms of lower population growth rate, lower photosystem II efficiency and lower cellular chlorophyll a content. These results together show that colony formation as an inducible defense in S. obliquus against grazers comes at a substantial cost such that the defense must be switched off and the colonies revert to single cells when the predation risk disappears.