bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
l-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1/Lat1)-Utilizing Prodrugs Can Improve the Delivery of Drugs into Neurons, Astrocytes and Microglia
Authors: Huttunen Johanna , Peltokangas Soile , Gynther Mikko , Natunen Teemu , Hiltunen Mikko , Auriola Seppo , Ruponen Marika , Vellonen Kati-Sisko , Huttunen Kristiina M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstractl-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1/Lat1) is responsible for carrying large, neutral l-amino acids as well as several drugs and prodrugs across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the BBB is not the only barrier that hinders drugs acting effectively within the brain; the brain parenchymal cell membranes represent a secondary barrier for the drugs with intracellular target sites. In this study, expression and function of Lat1 was quantified in mouse primary neuron, astrocyte and immortalized microglia (BV2) cultures. Moreover, ability of Lat1 to carry prodrugs inside these brain cells was evaluated. The results showed that Lat1 was localized at the similar level in all studied cells (3.07 ± 0.92–3.77 ± 0.91 fmol/µg protein). The transporter was also functional in all three cell types, astrocytes having the highest transport capacity and affinity for the LAT1/Lat1-substrate, [14C]-l-leucine, followed by neurons and microglia. The designed prodrugs (1-6) were able to utilize Lat1 for their cellular uptake and it was mainly much higher than the one of their parent drugs. Interestingly, improved cellular uptake was also achieved in cells representing Alzheimer’s Disease phenotype. Therefore, improved delivery and intra-brain targeting of drugs can be attained by utilizing LAT1/Lat1 and prodrug approach.
Mechanical oscillation accelerating nucleation and nuclei growth in hard-sphere colloidal glass
Authors: Nakamura Nobutomo , Nakashima Shizuka , Ogi Hirotsugu 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCrystallization from amorphous solids is generally caused by activating phonons in a wide frequency range during heat treatment. In contrast, the activation of phonons in a narrow frequency range using ultrasonic treatment also causes crystallization below the glass transition temperature. These behaviors indicate that crystallization is related to the atomic motion in the glass state, and it is suggested that the activation of specific atomic motion can cause crystallization without increasing temperature. In this study, we observe nucleation and nuclei growth caused by mechanical oscillation in a hard-sphere colloidal glass and evaluate the effect of mechanical oscillation on the structural evolution in the early stage of the crystallization. Oscillation between 5 and 100 Hz is applied to the colloidal glass, and it is observed that the nucleation rate increases under the 70 Hz oscillation, resulting in formation of stable nuclei in a short amount of time. The nuclei growth is also accelerated by the 70 Hz oscillation, whereas increases in the nucleation rate and nuclei growth were not observed at other frequencies. Finally, activation of the diffusion-based rattling of particles by caging is considered as a possible mechanism of the observations.
Mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by intranasal immunization of recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing the P97R1, P46 antigens of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: Wang Yongheng , Wang Jialu , Zhou Mengyun , Liu Peng , Zhang En , Li Yuchen , Lin Jian , Feng Zhixin , Yang Qian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the pathogen of swine enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease affecting pigs of all ages. The ciliated epithelial cells of the respiratory tract are the main target invaded and colonized by M. hyopneumoniae. Therefore, the ideal vaccine would be mucosally administered and able to stimulate suitable mucosal immunity and prevent the adherence of pathogens to mucosal cell surfaces. Currently, Bacillus subtilis as a recombinant vaccine carrier has been used for antigen delivery and proved to be effectively enhancing the innate immunity of nasal mucosa. Here, our study attempts to construct recombinant Bacillus subtilis (B.S-P97R1, B.S-P46), which can express the P97R1 or P46 antigen of M. hyopneumoniae, and to evaluate the immune responses in BALB/c mice. Initially, we respectively successfully constructed recombinant B.S-P97R1, B.S-P46 and validated the expression of antigen proteins by Western analysis. Then, recombinant B.S-P97R1 or B.S-P46 were respectively intranasally (i.n.) immunized in mice. Both strong P97R1-specific and P46-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) antibodies were induced in sera, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALs) by ELISA analysis. Moreover, the levels of specific IL-4, IFN-γ in the immunized mice were elevated, and the proliferation of lymphocytes was also enhanced. In general, intranasal inoculation of recombinant B.S-P97R1 or B.S-P46 resulted in strong mucosal immunity, cell-mediated and humoral immunity, which was a mixed Th1/Th2-type response. In addition, our results provided a potential novel strategy that may be applied to the development of vaccines against M. hyopneumoniae.
“By the Way”… How People With Aphasia and Their Communication Partners Initiate New Topics of Conversation
Authors: Leaman Marion C. , Edmonds Lisa A. 
Published: September 2019

PurposeThe ability to initiate new topics of conversation is a basic skill integral to communicative independence and agency that is susceptible to breakdown in aphasia (Barnes, Candlin, & Ferguson, 2013), yet this discourse skill has received little research attention. Healthy adults (HAs) follow 3 established patterns of structural organization to cue the conversation partner when an utterance is intended to initiate a new topic (Schegloff & Sacks, 1973;Svennevig, 1999). In addition, speakers have the option to use these mechanisms of topic initiation (TI) individually or in conjunction with one another. Occasionally, speakers do not follow these conversational macrostructure expectations, in which case TI occurs abruptly, referred to as anoncoherent TI(NC-TI;Mentis & Prutting, 1991). Understanding how TI is disrupted by aphasia requires foundational knowledge regarding the relative use/combined use of TI mechanisms and NC-TI in HAs and persons with aphasia (PWAs). The purpose of this study is to investigate how PWAs and their conversation partners initiate new topics of conversation and to determine the relationship between the number of TI methods used and communicative success (CS) in persons with mild aphasia (PWA-Mild) and persons with moderate and severe aphasia (PWA-Mod/Sev).MethodSix PWA-Mild and 4 PWA-Mod/Sev engaged in 15-min unstructured conversations with different HA partners. Utterances were coded for types of TI used by both partners and were evaluated for CS using a 4-point scale (Leaman & Edmonds, 2019) for PWAs.Results/ImplicationsPWAs used NC-TI with a much greater frequency than HAs who never used NC-TI. The rate of NC-TI was associated with increased severity of aphasia. HAs and PWA-Mild used cohesion most often as the method for TI, while PWA-Mod/Sev used it least often. CS was moderately positively correlated with the number of methods of TI used in PWA-Mod/Sev. However, no such correlation existed for PWA-Mild; this group achieved a high degree of CS on TI utterances, independent of the number of methods of TI used. Findings include the clinical implication suggesting PWA-Mod/Sev may benefit from simultaneous use of TI mechanisms to achieve better CS during conversation.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9765164
Multi-wavelength variability of the young solar analog ι Horologii
Authors: Sanz-Forcada J. , Stelzer B. , Coffaro M. , Raetz S. , Alvarado-Gómez J. D. 
Published: September 2019

Context. Chromospheric activity cycles are common in late-type stars; however, only a handful of coronal activity cycles have been discovered. ι Hor is the most active and youngest star with known coronal cycles. It is also a young solar analog, and we are likely facing the earliest cycles in the evolution of solar-like stars, at an age (~600 Myr) when life appeared on Earth.
Aims. Our aim is to confirm the ~1.6 yr coronal cycle and characterize its stability over time. We use X-ray observations of ι Hor to study the corona of a star representing the solar past through variability, thermal structure, and coronal abundances.
Methods. We analyzed multi-wavelength observations of ι Hor using XMM-Newton, TESS, and HST data. We monitored ι Hor throughout almost seven years in X-rays and in two UV bands. The summed RGS and STIS spectra were used for a detailed thermal structure model, and the determination of coronal abundances. We studied rotation and flares in the TESS light curve.
Results. We find a stable coronal cycle along four complete periods, more than covered in the Sun. There is no evidence for a second longer X-ray cycle. Coronal abundances are consistent with photospheric values, discarding any effects related to the first ionization potential. From the TESS light curve we derived the first photometric measurement of the rotation period (8.2 d). No flares were detected in the TESS light curve of ι Hor. We estimate the probability of having detected zero flares with TESS to be ~2%.
Conclusions. We corroborate the presence of an activity cycle of ~1.6 yr in ι Hor in X-rays, more regular than its Ca II H&K counterpart. A decoupling of the activity between the northern and southern hemispheres of the star might explain the disagreement. The inclination of the system would result in an irregular behavior in the chromospheric indicators. The more extended coronal material would be less sensitive to this effect.
Variability of the near-infrared extinction curve towards the Galactic centre
Authors: Nogueras-Lara F. , Schödel R. , Najarro F. , Gallego-Calvente A. T. , Gallego-Cano E. , Shahzamanian B. , Neumayer N. 
Published: September 2019

Context. Due to the extreme extinction towards the Galactic centre (AV ∼ 30 mag), its stellar population is mainly studied in the near-infrared (NIR) regime. Therefore, a proper analysis of the NIR extinction curve is necessary to fully characterise the stellar structure and population of the inner part of the galaxy.
Aims. We studied the dependence of the extinction index (αλ) in the NIR on the line of sight, wavelength, and extinction.
Methods. We used the GALACTICNUCLEUS imaging survey, a high angular resolution catalogue (0.2″) for the inner part of the Galaxy in JHKs, and studied the spatial variation in the extinction index. We also applied two independent methods based on red clump stars to compute the extinction index between different bands and its variation with wavelength.
Results. We did not detect any significant line-of-sight or extinction variation in α within the studied region in the nuclear stellar disc. The extinction index between JH and HKs differs by 0.19 ± 0.05. We obtained mean values for the extinction indices αJH = 2.43 ± 0.03 and αHKs = 2.23 ± 0.03. The dependence of the extinction index on the wavelength could explain the differences obtained for αλ in the literature since it was assumed constant for the NIR regime.
Confirmation of Brain Death with Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Ozdemir Semra , Tan Yusuf Ziya , Ozturk Fulya Koc , Battal Fatih 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAfter recent advances regarding organ transplantation, accurate and timely diagnosis of brain death has gained importance. In the diagnosis of brain death, in addition to clinical findings, various ancillary tests are very crucial. In this study, the scintigraphic imaging of the brain death of an 8-year-old girl with both Tc-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) has been presented. This case study shows that 18F-FDG positron emission tomography-computed tomography imaging can be a useful technique in evaluating brain death in patients.
Annual Nationwide Infection Trends for Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Gold Peter A. , Garbarino Luke J. , Sodhi Nipun , Anis Hiba K. , Ehiorobo Joseph O. , Kurtz Steven M. , Danoff Jonathan R. , Rasquinha Vijay J. , Higuera Carlos A. , Mont Michael A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSeveral recent intraoperative and wound management techniques have been developed and implemented in the United States over the past decade; however, it is unclear what the effects of these newer modalities have on reducing surgical site infection (SSI) rates. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to track the annual rate and trends of (1) overall, (2) deep, and (3) superficial SSIs following revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was queried for all revision TKA cases performed between 2011 and 2016, which yielded 9,887 cases. Cases with superficial and/or deep SSIs were analyzed separately and then combined to evaluate overall SSI rates. After an overall 6-year correlation and trends analysis, univariate analysis was performed to compare the most recent year, 2016, with the preceding 5 years. Correlation coefficients and chi-square tests were used to determine correlation and statistical significance. No significant correlations between combined, deep, and/or superficial SSI rates and year were noted (p > 0.05). The lowest overall SSI incidence was in 2012 (1.16%), while the greatest incidence was in 2014 (1.76%). The deep SSI incidence over the 6 years was 0.67% (66 out of 9,887 cases). Deep SSI rate decreased by 10% in 2016 compared with 2011 (0.50 vs. 0.56%, p  > 0.05). In this 6-year period, 94 cases out of 9,887 were complicated by a superficial SSI, an incidence of 0.95%. The lowest superficial SSI incidence occurred in 2015 (n = 17, 0.77%). Overall, the incidence of SSIs in revision TKA has remained fairly low with some annual variance, indicating room for improvement. These variations likely as revision surgeries can be more complex and have several associated confounding factors influencing outcomes, when compared with primary cases. Further research is needed to identify revision-specific strategies to reduce the risk of surgical site infections.
Co-teaching Chinese in middle schools and high schools
Authors: Wang Ze , Zhang Ti , Liu Jingfei , Yonke Suzanne 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the co-teaching practices implemented in Chinese language teaching in middle schools and high schools in a school district in the Midwestern United States. With the overarching question of how co-teaching with a native speaker teacher and a language expert teacher enhances the teaching and learning process of Chinese, this study examines co-teachers’ past experiences, their roles and experiences in the co-taught Chinese classes, and their perceptions of student learning and of partner teachers’ experiences, as well as students’ motivational perceptions and classroom engagement. A mixed-methods approach is used. Results suggest that some of the challenges in the co-teaching program are due to insufficient previous co-teaching experience, Chinese co-teachers’ unfamiliarity with the U.S. classroom, and lack of clarity regarding the co-teachers’ responsibilities. The co-teaching approach used in this program is “one teach, one assist.”
What makes second language perception of Mandarin tones hard?
Authors: Pelzl Eric 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMandarin Chinese tones are known to be difficult for second language learners. A large body of research has examined non-native perception of tones, and may provide useful and interesting insights about the sources of tone learning difficulty for Chinese teachers and learners. However, much of the literature is in journals that may be difficult to access or written in technical language that may be hard for non-specialists to understand. This review article aims to summarize key findings from this research in an accessible fashion. I will draw on the research to answer five broad questions: (1) Why are tones more difficult for some learners than others? (2) Why are some tones more difficult than others? (3) Why are tones in words more difficult than in meaningless syllables? (4) Why are tones in context more difficult than in isolation? (5) What can we do about tone learning difficulties?
‘Default’ translation
Authors: Halverson Sandra L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInvestigating translation and interpreting from the perspective of a non-computational theory of cognition requires continuing development of the requisite theoretical constructs. As part of the ongoing elaboration of this alternative approach, this paper proposes the construct of ‘default translation’ as a specific phase of translation production. This phase is characterized by rapid, relatively uninterrupted production and in this paper the kinds of knowledge accessed in this phase are outlined. The proposal is that default translation involves primarily bilingual linguistic knowledge (including communication norms), metalinguistic knowledge, and a specific understanding of the translation/interpreting task. The paper suggests a means of identifying the phase in process data. Finally, the construct is positioned relative to the idea of ‘literal translation’ and a proposal for terminological use is given in the concluding remarks.
Arthropod pests.
Authors: Albrigo L. G. , Stelinski L. L. , Timmer L. W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

This chapter describes the major pests of Citrus and the recent changes in their distribution. These pests include the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella), root weevil (Diaprepes abbreviatus), citrus rust mite (Phyllocoptruta oleivora), and nematodes. Some pest management techniques are also mentioned, such as chemical, biological, cultural and integrated control methods.
Diseases.
Authors: Timmer L. W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

This chapter focuses on diseases of citrus, emphasizing major problems and control measures. These include tree declines and disorders caused by bacteria, spiroplasmas, phytoplasmas, virus and virus-like agents; soil-borne diseases such as phytophthora root rot, foot rot and brown rot and other root diseases caused by fungi; diseases caused by nematodes; diseases of fruit and foliage, and postharvest decays. The control measures discussed include budwood certification, shoot-tip grafting, thermotherapy, use of resistant varieties, cultural practices and chemical control.
Species composition, stand structure, and regeneration status of tree species in dry Afromontane forests of Awi Zone, northwestern Ethiopia
Authors: Gebeyehu Getaneh , Soromessa Teshome , Bekele Tesfaye , Teketay Demel 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

Species composition, structure, and regeneration status of trees were assessed in five dry Afromontane forests. In each of the forests, trees having ≥5 cm diameter at breast height were identified and measured in 80 quadrats (20 × 20 m
2
). We compared tree species composition and similarities, stem densities, frequencies, basal area and importance value index of trees. Harvesting index was calculated to 13.3% in the least disturbed and 22.5% in highly disturbed forests. A total of 1,655 individuals representing 38 species and 28 families were recorded. The tree densities varied from 364.1 to 664.1stem ha
−1
with an average basal area of 20.7 m
2
ha
−1
. The analysis showed significant differences in basal areas of tree species between the least and highly disturbed forests. Seedling densities ranged from 2000 to 8162.5 stem ha
−1
and sapling densities ranged from 512.5 to 2562.5 stem ha
−1
. The anthropogenic disturbances revealed high degradation of population structure and regeneration statutes of the trees in the studied forest ecosystem. In conclusion, the study provided empirical results on the dominance, population structure, importance value and regeneration status of tree species, which would be instrumental for the development of successful rehabilitation strategies for the studied forests.
Period length optimization linear feedback shift register by adopting bistable multivibrator
Authors: Utomo P , Nasution M K M , Lydia M S 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) is one of the algorithms for getting keys in the form the random number that keeps changing unpredictably in cryptographic systems. But the random number generated by the algorithm has a repetitive period of numbers. Repetition of the number will reappear when the LFSR reaches the limit of maximum length and to be new period based on the previous composition of the number that generated. It will make a weakness of the cryptographic system because it will make it easier to break the key of the cryptographic system that using pseudo-random generator based the number at the previous period. Therefore, this research tries to increase the maximum length of the LFSR algorithm by adopting the bistable multivibrator system steps that applied to electronics. The bistable multivibrator has the ability to change high state to low state and vice versa when it triggered. The adoption process of the bistable multivibrator system is by interpreting high state as a value of “1” and low state as a value of “0”. The changes output of the bistable multivibrator will then be used to influence the LFSR algorithm works with XOR gate. Experiments carried out by producing pseudo-random numbers using 30-bit registers 30 times and 4-bit registers 60 times successfully increasing the maximum length with the result twice from the previous maximum period length. Thus the LFSR optimization results with bistable multivibrator have a better impact than the normal LFSR for use in cryptographic systems.
Automatic femur length measurement for fetal ultrasound image using localizing region-based active contour method
Authors: Hermawati FA , Tjandrasa H , Sugiono  , Sari GI Permata , Azis A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This research aims to apply the localizing region-based active contour (LRAC) method to acquire the femur length in an ultrasound image automatically and to determine the effect of noise removal on the segmentation accuracy. The automatic femur length measurement system includes three main steps. The first step is the denoising process to reduce speckle noise in the ultrasound image. Afterwards, the LRAC method is applied to detect and segment a local region. The segmentation process with a certain number of iterations and a weight of the smoothing terms is started at the selected initial pixel. At the final step, the femur length is measured to estimate the gestational age. The experiment results show that the accuracy of the estimated gestational age increases significantly when the noise reduction technique is employed.
Markov Chain Analysis for Predicting Help Selection in Metacognitive Help-seeking
Authors: Sumadyo M , Santoso H B , Sensuse D I , Aji R F , Hidayati A , Wahyuni R 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
One of the metacognition techniques is to provide help in solving items using help-seeking. This technique is important in improving metacognitive skills, because it contains an awareness of the need for help, monitoring knowledge and choosing a strategy to get the appropriate help and then evaluating the episode help. Metacognitive skills contain the dimension of metacognitive knowledge. Therefore help-seeking is arranged according to that dimension. However, the help-seeking series have not been able to measure whether the assistance is too excessive to meet the needs of students or even less fulfilling. This study simulates the needs of students for assistance with a help-seeking series arranged in the Markov Chain so that the assistance provided to students in a personal manner will be in accordance with the needs so that the process of finding assistance will be more efficient. The task is given to a number of students to complete the questions with hint steps in the help-seeking series. The Markov Chain are used to predict the tendency of the hint type selection to be resolved in a certain order. The results will help the education facilitator to monitor students in completing the items with the help of hints.