bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Synthesis of Polycycles, Heterocycles, and Macrocycles via Strategic Utilization of Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Meshram Milind , Dommaraju Yuvaraj 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this perspective, we summarize new synthetic approaches for the construction of various polycyclic compounds involving ring‐closing metathesis as a key step. In this regard, we used ring‐closing metathesis in combination with other popular reactions like Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling, Claisen rearrangement, Fischer indolization, Grignard addition, Diels‐Alder reaction, and [2+2] cycloaddition reaction etc. To this end, a variety of functional molecules such as α‐amino acids, cyclophanes, heterocycles, propellanes, spirocycles, and macrocycles have been prepared. The strategies developed and the molecules prepared here play a key role in designing new materials and also act as lead compounds in drug design. The strategies and tactics developed here are useful to design polycycles, macrocycles, and heterocycles of diverse ring systems.
Organochlorine pesticide residues in human breast tissue and their relationships with clinical and pathological characteristics of breast cancer
Authors: Ellsworth Rachel E. , Kostyniak Paul J. , Chi Lai‐Har , Shriver Craig D. , Costantino Nicholas S. , Ellsworth Darrell L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAgricultural pesticides are abundant environmental contaminants worldwide, prompting interest in studying their possible detrimental health effects. We examined organochlorine residues by quadrant (n = 245) in breast adipose tissues from 51 women with various stages of breast health to determine patterns of bioaccumulation within the breast and to assess relationships with patient clinical characteristics. Three organochlorine residues—2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dichloroethylene (p,p′‐DDE), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and mirex—assayed by high resolution gas chromatography were abundant in breast tissue. p,p′‐DDE (745 ± 1054 ng/g lipid) was the most prevalent residue, comprising 97.5% of the total chemical burden. Mean levels of p,p′‐DDE and HCB were significantly correlated (P < .001) with patient age at mastectomy, and levels of p,p′‐DDE were correlated (P < .05) with BMI. Pesticide concentrations did not differ significantly by breast quadrant and were not different in the quadrant(s) where the primary tumor was located compared to other cancer‐free quadrants. In invasive cancer patients, organochlorine levels differed significantly based on clinical characteristics of the primary carcinoma, including stage, grade, ER status, and HER2 status, indicating that body burden of organochlorines may influence the development of specific subtypes of breast cancer. Potentially carcinogenic organochlorines were present at high levels within the human breast warranting further research to determine the impact of organochlorines in the etiology of breast cancer.
Effects of tebuconazole on cytochrome P450 enzymes, oxidative stress, and endocrine disruption in male rats
Authors: Yang Jr‐Di , Liu Shing‐Hwa , Liao Mei‐Hsiu , Chen Ruei‐Ming , Liu Pei‐Yu , Ueng Tzuu‐Huei 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe major objective of the present study was to determine the ability of a triazole fungicide tebuconazole to induce cytochrome P450‐dependent monooxygenases, oxidative stress, and endocrine‐disrupting activity using male rats treated with tebuconazole at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg p.o. once daily for 28 days. In liver, tebuconazole dose‐dependently increased microsomal contents of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 and the activities of NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase, 7‐ethoxyresorufin O‐deethylase, methoxyresorufin O‐demethylase, pentoxyresorufin O‐dealkylase, 7‐ethoxycoumarin O‐deethylase, aniline hydroxylase, and erythromycin N‐demethylase. In kidney, tebuconazole increased 7‐ethoxycoumarin O‐deethylase activity without affecting other monooxygenase activities. In marked contrast to liver and kidney, tebuconazole decreased testicular 7‐ethoxyresorufin O‐deethylase, methoxyresorufin O‐demethylase, 7‐ethoxycoumarin O‐deethylase, aniline hydroxylase, and erythromycin N‐demethylase activities. The results of immunoblot analysis of liver microsomes of controls and tebuconazole‐treated rats revealed that tebuconazole induced CYP1A1/2, CYP2B1/2, CYP2E1, and CYP3A proteins in liver. Additions of tebuconazole to liver microsomes inhibited microsomal 7‐ethoxycoumarin O‐deethylase activity in vitro (IC50 = 1.50–1.69 µM). Treatment of rats with tebuconazole decreased glutathione content and increased glutathione S‐transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in liver; increased superoxide dismutase activities in kidney and testis; but decreased glutathione S‐transferase activity in testis. Treatments with tebuconazole decreased serum testosterone concentration and cauda epididymal sperm count. The present study demonstrates that tebuconazole induces a multiplicity of CYPs and oxidative stress in liver; inhibits testicular P450 and glutathione S‐transferase activities; and produces anti‐androgenic effects in male rats.
Positive youth development: An experimental trial with unattached adolescents
Authors: Hull Darrell M. , Saxon Terrill F. , Fagan Marcus A. , Williams Lincoln O. , Verdisco Aimee E. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTAdolescents who are unemployed and do not attend school or other education face a variety of short‐ and long‐term challenges ranging from economic instability to increased drug and alcohol abuse to loss of quality adjusted life years. Intervention programs that reinforce positive youth behaviors may provide more effective solutions to adolescent challenges than programs that attempt to curb maladaptive behaviors. We conducted a longitudinal randomized trial of a residential positive youth development program including a six‐month job internship with youth in Jamaica (N = 785, 59.3% Female, Mean Age = 18.3, SD = 1.7), which revealed significant main effects on the acquisition of workplace skills and career self‐efficacy. Smaller effects were noted for youth assets in unattached Jamaican adolescents based on follow‐up six months post treatment.
Correlation of Measurements of the Prearthritic Hip Between Plain Radiography and Computed Tomography
Authors: Air Mary E. , Harrison Julian R. , Nguyen Joseph T. , Kelly Bryan T. , Bogner Eric A. , Moley Peter J. 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundPrevious studies have compared radiographic and computed tomography (CT) imaging for the evaluation of prearthritic hip pain. However, the intermodality, interrater, and intrarater consistencies of those parameters have not been investigated.ObjectiveTo determine whether radiographs with an anteroposterior pelvis view and 45°‐Dunn lateral view reliably correlate with CT in the context of lateral center edge (LCE), Tonnis, alpha, and beta angle measurements for femoroacetabular impingement or hip dysplasia diagnosis.DesignRetrospective study.SettingAcademic orthopedic institution.PatientsFifty consecutive participants with hip pain in the institutional hip registry with radiographs and CT imaging on file were evaluated between 2013 and 2014.Materials and MethodsRadiologic data (50 CTs and 50 radiographs) were evaluated by 3 physicians. LCE, Tonnis, alpha, and beta angles were measured on radiographs and CTs in 2 rounds of readings. In round 1, the center of rotation on CT imaging was standardized by 1 rater. In round 2, individual raters chose CT images using a quadrant method, and reproducibility was assessed. Reliability statistics were operationalized with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).Main Outcome MeasurementsIntermodality, intrarater, and interrater reliability of CT vs radiographic measurements.ResultsThe intermodality reliability for all raters was excellent (ICC [95% CI]: 0.84 [0.76‐0.90] to 0.97 [0.96‐0.98]). Intrarater reliability for both modalities showed excellent reliability (ICC = 0.75‐0.96). Interrater reliability of CT measures of LCE, Tonnis, and alpha angles demonstrated excellent agreement (ICC ≥ 0.88). Beta angle measures demonstrated good agreement (ICC [95% CI] = 0.68 [0.49‐0.81]). Interrater reliability of radiographic measures showed excellent agreement (ICC = 0.82‐0.94).ConclusionEquivalent angle measurement readings on CT and radiographs were consistent among physicians. CT measurements correlated well with radiographic measurements. This suggests that if a standardized procedure is used to find the center of the femoral head, a positive correlation among LCE, alpha, beta, and Tonnis angles measured on CT can be obtained between multiple readers.Level of EvidenceIII
Metabolic Demand of Hiking in Wildland Firefighting
Authors: Sol Joseph A. , Ruby Brent C. , Gaskill Steven E. , Dumke Charles L. , Domitrovich Joseph W. 
Published: June 2018

Introduction The objective of this study was to document characteristics of hiking during wildland firefighter (WLFF) training and wildfire suppression. For the first time, the overall physical demands during wildland firefighting were evaluated in the field using global positioning systems coupled with wireless physiological monitoring and load carriage prediction models. Methods Male (n=116) and female (n=15) interagency hotshot crew and type II WLFFs on wildfires volunteered for this direct observation study. Participants’ heart rate, internal temperature, speed, and elevation gain were monitored throughout training and during wildfire suppression. The Pandolf and Santee equations were used to predict metabolic rate to estimate oxygen consumption of uphill and downhill hiking. Results Equipment weight varied by crew type (type II: 24±9 kg and interagency hotshot crew: 28±6 kg; P<0.05). Grade of terrain was steepest during training hikes, and ingress hikes were statistically different from egress and training hikes (ingress: 4±9%, shift: 4±9%, egress: 1±8%, training hikes: 10±9%; P<0.01). Estimated oxygen consumption was highest during ingress hikes and was significantly different from all other hike types on fire assignments (ingress: 22±12, shift: 19±12, egress: 19±12 mL·kg-1·min-1; P=0.01). Oxygen consumption was higher during training hikes (34±14 mL·kg-1·min-1) than during job-related hikes ( P<0.01). Conclusions The greatest metabolic demand during wildfire assignments occurred during ingress hikes. On average, this was close to the estimated metabolic demand of the job qualification arduous pack test. However, greater metabolic demand occurred for periods during both shift (on the job) and training hikes. These data quantify the demands associated with actual wildland performance of WLFFs and can help define future work capacity testing and training procedures.
Balancing legal, operations and community conflict: A tale of two SME’s
Authors: Quilty Terry , Murphy Lyn 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the performance of two similar small businesses in seeking resource consent to expand their operations. The proposed developments are examples of locally unwanted land use. Why did one project proceed as planned, and the other project experience expensive delays? The different outcomes are examined from three perspectives: stakeholder theory, the NIMBY phenomena and the legislative framework. The paper then suggests approaches to address the growing problem of community resistance that can threaten small business development. The paper contributes to the literature by providing new insights into the complex relationship between stakeholder theory, the NIMBY phenomena and the legislative framework.
FOURIER-TYPE TRANSFORMS ON REARRANGEMENT-INVARIANT QUASI-BANACH FUNCTION SPACES
Authors: HO KWOK-PUN 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe establish the mapping properties of Fourier-type transforms on rearrangement-invariant quasi-Banach function spaces. In particular, we have the mapping properties of the Laplace transform, the Hankel transforms, the Kontorovich-Lebedev transform and some oscillatory integral operators. We achieve these mapping properties by using an interpolation functor that can explicitly generate a given rearrangement-invariant quasi-Banach function space via Lebesgue spaces.
Effects of tributyrin supplementation on short-chain fatty acid concentration, fibrolytic enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility and methanogenesis in adult Small Tail ewes
Authors: Ren Q. C. , Xuan J. J. , Hu Z. Z. , Wang L. K. , Zhan Q. W. , Dai S. F. , Li S. H. , Yang H. J. , Zhang W. , Jiang L. S. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn vivo and in vitro trials were conducted to assess the effects of tributyrin (TB) supplementation on short-chain fatty acid (SFCA) concentrations, fibrolytic enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility and methanogenesis in adult sheep. Nine 12-month-old ruminally cannulated Small Tail ewes (initial body weight 55 ± 5.0 kg) without pregnancy were used for the in vitro trial. In vitro substrate made to offer TB at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/kg on a dry matter (DM) basis was incubated by ruminal microbes for 72 h at 39°C. Forty-five adult Small Tail ewes used for the in vivo trial were randomly assigned to five treatments with nine animals each for an 18-d period according to body weight (55 ± 5.0 kg). Total mixed ration fed to ewes was also used to offer TB at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/kg on a DM basis. The in vitro trial showed that TB supplementation linearly increased apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre, and enhanced gas production and methane emissions. The in vivo trial showed that TB supplementation decreased DM intake, but enhanced ruminal fermentation efficiency. Both in vitro and in vivo trials showed that TB supplementation enhanced total SFCA concentrations and carboxymethyl cellulase activity. The results indicate that TB supplementation might exert advantage effects on rumen microbial metabolism, despite having an enhancing effect on methanogenesis.
Are solo infections of the diphyllobothriidean cestodeSchistocephalus solidusmore virulent than multiple infections?
Authors: Heins David C. , Moody Kristine N. , Miller Sophia 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe performed a long-term natural experiment investigating the impact of the diphyllobotriidean cestodeSchistocephalus soliduson the body condition and clutch size (CS) of threespine sticklebackGasterosteus aculeatus, its second intermediate host, and the growth of larval parasites in host fish. We tested the hypothesis that singleS. solidusinfections were more virulent than multiple infections. We also asked whether the metrics of mean and total parasite mass (proxies for individual and total volume, respectively) were consistent with predictions of the resource constraints or the life history strategy (LHS) hypothesis for the growth of, hence exploitation by, larval helminths in intermediate hosts. The samples were drawn from Walby Lake, Alaska in eight of 11 years. Host body condition and CS (egg number per spawning bout) decreased significantly with intensity after adjustments for host size and parasite index. Thus, infections have an increasingly negative impact on measures of host fitness with greater intensity, in contrast to the hypothesis that single infections are more harmful than multiple infections. We also found that mean parasite mass decreased with intensity while total parasite mass increased with intensity as predicted by the LHS hypothesis.
Leishmania, microbiota and sand fly immunity
Authors: Telleria Erich Loza , Martins-da-Silva Andrea , Tempone Antonio Jorge , Traub-Csekö Yara Maria 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this review, we explore the state-of-the-art of sand fly relationships with microbiota, viruses andLeishmania, with particular emphasis on the vector immune responses. Insect-borne diseases are a major public health problem in the world. Phlebotomine sand flies are proven vectors of several aetiological agents including viruses, bacteria and the trypanosomatidLeishmania, which are responsible for diseases such as viral encephalitis, bartonellosis and leishmaniasis, respectively. All metazoans in nature coexist intimately with a community of commensal microorganisms known as microbiota. The microbiota has a fundamental role in the induction, maturation and function of the host immune system, which can modulate host protection from pathogens and infectious diseases. We briefly review viruses of public health importance present in sand flies and revisit studies done on bacterial and fungal gut contents of these vectors. We bring this information into the context of sand fly development and immune responses. We highlight the immunity mechanisms that the insect utilizes to survive the potential threats involved in these interactions and discuss the recently discovered complex interactions among microbiota, sand fly,Leishmaniaand virus. Additionally, some of the alternative control strategies that could benefit from the current knowledge are considered.
“The Most Common Sickness of Our Time”: Tocqueville on Democratic Restlessness
Authors: Stauffer Dana Jalbert 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn volume 1 ofDemocracy in America, Tocqueville argues that the energy unleashed by democracy is one of democracy's greatest benefits. In volume 2, his portrait of democracy turns darker, and he recasts the dynamism of American society as an expression of an underlying restlessness. In this paper, I argue that restlessness (inquiétude) is a key element of Tocqueville's mature view of democratic man. Whereas previous scholarship on Tocqueville's view of restlessness either treats the theme instrumentally, by subordinating it to other themes, or seeks to illuminate Tocqueville's debt to other thinkers, this paper examines Tocqueville's treatment of restlessness as an important theme in its own right. Treating this theme in full requires examining his discussions of materialism, envy, democratic morality, and democratic peoples’ experiences of literature and art. Through this examination we see how, in Tocqueville's view, democracy, for all its merits, obstructs the path to human happiness.
WHERE ARE WE NOW?
Authors: Shlomowitz Matthew 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article offers generalised reflections on current aesthetic interests and values within the field of new music. Critical composition and postmodernism are considered for the relevance these historic positions might hold today. Then two important trends of the past decade are presented: first, music that draws attention toward the sounding shape and act of listening, reflecting the recent surge of interest in materialism across academic and artistic disciplines; and second, pieces that include aspects such as physical action, lighting and theatrical approaches to expand the possibilities of concert hall work beyond the purely sonic.
PERFORMANCE OF SMARTPHONE-BASED DIGITAL IMAGES FOR CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN A LOW-RESOURCE CONTEXT
Authors: Tran Phuong Lien , Benski Caroline , Viviano Manuela , Petignat Patrick , Combescure Christophe , Jinoro Jeromine , Herinianasolo Josea Lea , Vassilakos Pierre 
Published: June 2018

Objectives:Colposcopes are expensive, heavy, and need specialized technical service, which may outreach the capacity of low-resource settings. Our aim was to assess the performance of smartphone-based digital images for the detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+).Methods:Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive women recruited through a cervical cancer screening campaign had VIA/VILI assessment (visual inspection after application of acetic acid/lugol's iodine). Cervical digital images were captured with a smartphone camera, randomly coded with no prior selection and distributed on an online database (Google Forms) for evaluation. Healthcare providers were invited to evaluate the images and identify CIN2+. The gold standard was the histopathological diagnosis. The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of CIN2+ was assessed for each reader and reported with the 95 percent confidence interval (Clopper-Pearson method).Results:One hundred twenty-five consecutive HPV-positive women were included, with 19 CIN2+ (15.2 percent). Forty-five gynecologists completed the assessment, one-third were considered as experts (>50 colposcopies) and two-thirds as novices (<50 colposcopies). The sensitivity and specificity for CIN 2+ detection was 71.3 percent (67.0–75.7 percent) and 62.4 percent (57.5–67.4 percent), respectively. The performance of novices and experts was similar. The readers assessed 73.1 percent of images as acceptable for diagnostic.Conclusion:Smartphone-based digital images, with its high portability, have a great potential for the diagnosis of CIN2+ in low-resource context.
Produce-associated foodborne disease outbreaks, USA, 1998–2013
Authors: Bennett S. D. , Sodha S. V. , Ayers T. L. , Lynch M. F. , Gould L. H. , Tauxe R. V. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe US Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) gives food safety regulators increased authority to require implementation of safety measures to reduce the contamination of produce. To evaluate the future impact of FSMA on food safety, a better understanding is needed regarding outbreaks attributed to the consumption of raw produce. Data reported to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System during 1998–2013 were analysed. During 1998–2013, there were 972 raw produce outbreaks reported resulting in 34 674 outbreak-associated illnesses, 2315 hospitalisations, and 72 deaths. Overall, the total number of foodborne outbreaks reported decreased by 38% during the study period and the number of raw produce outbreaks decreased 19% during the same period; however, the percentage of outbreaks attributed to raw produce among outbreaks with a food reported increased from 8% during 1998–2001 to 16% during 2010–2013. Raw produce outbreaks were most commonly attributed to vegetable row crops (38% of outbreaks), fruits (35%) and seeded vegetables (11%). The most common aetiologic agents identified were norovirus (54% of outbreaks), Salmonella enterica (21%) and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (10%). Food-handling errors were reported in 39% of outbreaks. The proportion of all foodborne outbreaks attributable to raw produce has been increasing. Evaluation of safety measures to address the contamination on farms, during processing and food preparation, should take into account the trends occurring before FSMA implementation.
Use of gender distribution in routine surveillance data to detect potential transmission of gastrointestinal infections among men who have sex with men in England
Authors: Mook P. , Gardiner D. , Kanagarajah S. , Kerac M. , Hughes G. , Field N. , McCarthy N. , Rawlings C. , Simms I. , Lane C. , Crook P. D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDetecting gastrointestinal (GI) infection transmission among men who have sex with men (MSM) in England is complicated by a lack of routine sexual behavioural data. We investigated whether gender distributions might generate signals for increased transmission of GI pathogens among MSM. We examined the percentage male of laboratory-confirmed patient-episodes for patients with no known travel history for 10 GI infections of public health interest in England between 2003 and 2013, stratified by age and region. An adult male excess was observed forShigellaspp. (annual maximum 71% male); most pronounced for those aged 25–49 years and living in London, Brighton and Manchester. An adult male excess was observed every year forEntamoeba histolytica(range 59.8–76.1% male),Giardia(53.1–57.6%) andCampylobacter(52.1–53.5%) and for a minority of years for hepatitis A (max. 69.8%) and typhoidal salmonella (max. 65.7%). This approach generated a signal for excess male episodes for six GI pathogens, including a characterised outbreak ofShigellaamong MSM. Stratified analyses by geography and age group were consistent with MSM transmission forShigella. Optimisation and routine application of this technique by public health authorities elsewhere might help identify potential GI infection outbreaks due to sexual transmission among MSM, for further investigation.