bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SENSITIVITY OF CO2 EMISSIONS UNDER A CARBON TAX TO ALTERNATIVE BASELINE FORECASTS
Authors: CHEN YUNGUANG , GOULDER LAWRENCE H. , HAFSTEAD MARC A. C. 
Published: March 2018

Future carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions under a carbon tax depend on the time-path of the economy under baseline (business-as-usual) conditions as well as the extent to which the policy reduces emissions relative to the baseline. Considerable uncertainties surround the baseline forecasts for fuel prices, energy efficiency (energy-GDP ratios), and GDP, as evidenced by the significant ranges in the forecasts by government agencies and research institutions in the U.S. This paper assesses the significance of these uncertainties to the path of CO2 emissions under a carbon tax. We do this by examining the emissions levels and quantities of abatement that result from the E3 general equilibrium model under a range of alternative baseline forecasts for fuel prices, energy efficiency, and GDP, where the different baselines are produced through suitable changes to key model parameters. In addition, we consider how the time-profile of the carbon tax needed to achieve specified CO2 abatement targets is affected by such forecast-linked changes in parameters. We find that the sensitivity of baseline emissions to alternative forecasts depends on the particular forecasted variable under consideration. Baseline CO2 emissions are highly sensitive to alternative scenarios related to the rate of energy efficiency improvements in the nonenergy sector and the rate of general economic growth. In contrast, such emissions are much less sensitive to alternative scenarios related to the productivity of fossil fuel production. The extent of abatement from the baseline is generally fairly insensitive to changes in the scenarios for time-paths of fuel prices, energy-efficiency and GDP. We also find that short-term emissions targets can be achieved with relatively moderate carbon taxes under all of the baseline scenarios considered.
Task-set generator for schedulability analysis using the TACLebench benchmark suite
Authors: De Bock Yorick , Altmeyer Sebastian , Huybrechts Thomas , Broeckhove Jan , Hellinckx Peter 
Published: March 2018

Currently, real-time embedded systems evolve towards complex systems using new state of the art technologies such as multi-core processors and virtualization techniques. Both technologies require new real-time scheduling algorithms. For uniprocessor scheduling, utilization-based evaluation methodologies are well-established. For multi-core systems and virtualization, evaluating and comparing scheduling techniques using the tasks' parameters is more realistic. Evaluating such scheduling techniques requires relevant and standardised task sets. Scheduling algorithms can be evaluated at three levels: 1) using a mathematical model of the algorithm, 2) simulating the algorithm and 3) implementing the algorithm on the target platform. Generating task sets is straightforward in the case of the first two levels; only the parameters of the tasks are required. Evaluating and comparing scheduling algorithms on the target platform itself, however, requires executable tasks matching the predefined standardised task sets. Generating those executable tasks is not standardized yet.
Therefore, we developed a task-set generator that generates reproducible, standardised task sets that are suitable at all levels. Besides generating the tasks' parameters, it includes a method that generates executables by combining publicly available benchmarks with known execution times. This paper presents and evaluates this task-set generator.
Similarity between carotid and coronary artery responses to sympathetic stimulation and the role of α1-receptors in humans
Authors: van Mil Anke C.C.M. , Tymko Michael M. , Kerstens Thijs P. , Stembridge Mike , Green Daniel J. , Ainslie Philip N. , Thijssen Dick H. J. 
Published: March 2018

Carotid artery (CCA) dilation occurs in healthy subjects during cold pressor test (CPT), while the magnitude of dilation relates to cardiovascular risk. To further explore this phenomenon and mechanism, we examined carotid artery responses to different sympathetic tests, with and without α1-receptor blockade and assessed similarity to these responses between carotid and coronary arteries. In randomized order, 10 healthy participants (25 ± 3 yr) underwent sympathetic stimulation using the CPT (3-min left-hand immersion in ice-slush) and lower-body negative pressure (LBNP). Before and during sympathetic tests, CCA diameter and velocity (Doppler ultrasound) and left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery velocity (echocardiography) were recorded across 3 min. Measures were repeated 90 min following selective α1-receptor blockade via oral prazosin (0.05 mg/kg body wt). CPT significantly increased CCA diameter, LAD maximal velocity, and velocity-time integral area-under-the-curve (all P < 0.05). In contrast, LBNP resulted in a decrease in CCA diameter, LAD maximal velocity, and velocity time integral (VTI; all P < 0.05). Following α1-receptor blockade, CCA and LAD velocity responses to CPT were diminished. In contrast, during LBNP (−30 mmHg), α1-receptor blockade did not alter CCA or LAD responses. Finally, changes in CCA diameter and LAD VTI responses to sympathetic stimulation were positively correlated ( r = 0.66, P < 0.01). We found distinct carotid artery responses to different tests of sympathetic stimulation, where α1 receptors partly contribute to CPT-induced responses. Finally, we found agreement between carotid and coronary artery responses. These data indicate similarity between carotid and coronary responses to sympathetic tests and the role of α1 receptors that is dependent on the nature of the sympathetic challenge. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We showed distinct carotid artery responses to cold pressor test (CPT; i.e., dilation) and lower-body negative pressure (LBNP; i.e., constriction). Blockade of α1-receptors significantly attenuated dilator responses in carotid and coronary arteries during CPT, while no changes were found during LBNP. Our findings indicate strong similarity between carotid and coronary artery responses to distinct sympathetic stimuli, and for the role of α-receptors.
A novel partial gravity ground-based analog for rats via quadrupedal unloading
Authors: Mortreux Marie , Nagy Janice A. , Ko Frank C. , Bouxsein Mary L. , Rutkove Seward B. 
Published: March 2018

Musculoskeletal deconditioning is a well-known consequence of microgravity. However, the effects of partial gravity, such as that experienced on the moon (0.16 g) or Mars (0.38 g), on musculoskeletal health remain relatively unexplored. Because Mars is being increasingly viewed as the likely next extraterrestrial site for human exploration, there is an increasing need for Earth-based models that can replicate the long-term physiological effects of microgravity. These models would also offer the opportunity to explore the potential impact of partial artificial gravity (as would be achieved by centrifugation). In this study, we describe a novel partial gravity model that can be employed in rats over extended periods of time. We demonstrate that 2 wk of partial weight bearing at 20, 40, or 70% of normal loading affects the musculoskeletal health of the animals, as evidenced by decreased trabecular bone density (ranging from −7.5 ± 2.7% at 70% of normal loading to −27.9 ± 2.9% at 20%), hindlimb muscle mass, and impaired muscle function as characterized by grip force. This new model will facilitate studies of the physiological changes occurring in partial gravity and allow for the design of potential countermeasures to mitigate these changes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This research article describes the first quadrupedal unloading model in rats that is sustainable for investigating the physiological alterations occurring in partial gravity environments, providing a new and adaptable model for ground-based research for future space exploration.
The Pancreatic Cancer Microbiome Promotes Oncogenesis by Induction of Innate and Adaptive Immune Suppression
Authors: Pushalkar Smruti , Hundeyin Mautin , Daley Donnele , Zambirinis Constantinos P. , Kurz Emma , Mishra Ankita , Mohan Navyatha , Aykut Berk , Usyk Mykhaylo , Torres Luisana E. , Werba Gregor , Zhang Kevin , Guo Yuqi , Li Qianhao , Akkad Neha , Lall Sarah , Wadowski Benjamin , Gutierrez Johana , Kochen Rossi Juan Andres , Herzog Jeremy W. , Diskin Brian , Torres-Hernandez Alejandro , Leinwand Josh , Wang Wei , Taunk Pardeep S. , Savadkar Shivraj , Janal Malvin , Saxena Anjana , Li Xin , Cohen Deirdre , Sartor R. Balfour , Saxena Deepak , Miller George 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
We found that the cancerous pancreas harbors a markedly more abundant microbiome compared with normal pancreas in both mice and humans, and select bacteria are differentially increased in the tumorous pancreas compared with gut. Ablation of the microbiome protects against preinvasive and invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), whereas transfer of bacteria from PDA-bearing hosts, but not controls, reverses tumor protection. Bacterial ablation was associated with immunogenic reprogramming of the PDA tumor microenvironment, including a reduction in myeloid-derived suppressor cells and an increase in M1 macrophage differentiation, promoting TH1 differentiation of CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T-cell activation. Bacterial ablation also enabled efficacy for checkpoint-targeted immunotherapy by upregulating PD-1 expression. Mechanistically, the PDA microbiome generated a tolerogenic immune program by differentially activating select Toll-like receptors in monocytic cells. These data suggest that endogenous microbiota promote the crippling immune-suppression characteristic of PDA and that the microbiome has potential as a therapeutic target in the modulation of disease progression.
Significance: We found that a distinct and abundant microbiome drives suppressive monocytic cellular differentiation in pancreatic cancer via selective Toll-like receptor ligation leading to T-cell anergy. Targeting the microbiome protects against oncogenesis, reverses intratumoral immune tolerance, and enables efficacy for checkpoint-based immunotherapy. These data have implications for understanding immune suppression in pancreatic cancer and its reversal in the clinic. Cancer Discov; 8(4); 403–16. ©2018 AACR.
See related commentary by Riquelme et al., p. 386.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 371
Influence of Visceral Fat in the Outcomes of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Goulart André , Malheiro Nuno , Rios Hugo , Sousa Nuno , Leão Pedro 
Published: March 2018

<b><i>Aim:</i></b> To determine the relationship of visceral fat (VF) with the surgical outcome of the patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) submitted to curative surgery. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Retrospective analysis of all patients submitted to CRC surgery during 3 years with a minimum of 5 years of follow-up. We assessed the length of hospital stay, complications, pathologic reports, surgical re-interventions and hospital re-admissions, relapses, survival time and disease-free time. VF was calculated based on patients’ pre-operative CT-scan. The patients were divided into quartiles according to the VF area. Linear regression models and logistic regression models were used to establish a relationship between VF and all data collected. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The study included 199 patients (129 with colon cancer [CC] and 70 with rectal cancer). The average area of VF was 115.7 cm<sup>2</sup>. Patients with CRC revealed a direct relationship between VF and postoperative complications (<i>p</i> = 0.043), anastomotic leakage (<i>p</i> = 0.009) and re-operation (<i>p </i>= 0.005). The subgroup of patients with CC had an inverse association between VF and lymph nodes harvested (<i>p</i> = 0.027). Survival analyses did not reveal significant differences. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> VF has an influence on postoperative complications, anastomotic leakage and re-operation. A negative influence of VF on lymph nodes harvested was observed on CC patients.
Аналіз методів оцінки та впливу полірованості композитних матеріалів на функціональний прогноз реставрацій
Authors: Kostenko S. B. , Hangur I. Y. , Sorokopud I. V. , Goncharuk-Khomyn M. Y. , Nakashidze G. N. 
Published: March 2018

Summary. Among the proposed USPHS criteria approved by FDI, the level of gloss and polishing of restorations plays a key role in preventing not only such complications as disocorporations or changes in their texture in the future, but also preventing secondary caries and sealing disintegration, since areas with high roughness play the role of retention points for the accumulation of bacterial plaque and the further progression of the above-described complications.The aim of the study – to analyze the methods for assessing the quality of polishing composite restorations and to determine the role of influence roughness factor of their surface on the prediction of their functioning and change of color stability parameters, formation of biofilm and shine.Materials and Methods. Search of publications related to the topic of this analysis was conducted by the Google Scholar search engine by the keywords "roughness", "polishing", "composite restorations" and their analogues in English. The depth of search, taking into account the age of key articles, determined by the level of their citation in later periodicals, did not exceed 15 years. In order to organize the received data, Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Office) table editor was used to group pre-selected articles based on the results of the provided content analysis.Results and Discussion. In the course of the analysis, it was established that the basic laboratory methods for assessing the roughness of the restoration surface, as an indicator of the quality of polishing, are atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and profilometry. Most often, in order to verify the aforementioned parameter in the analyzed studies, the Ra value of mean arithmetic deviation of the profile was used, on the basis of which analysis it was possible to determine the dependence of the possibilities for achieving the corresponding level of restoration polishing on the structure of the composite material used, the system and phases of polishing, and the tribological nature of the interaction of the polishing system and the surface of the restoration.Conclusions. The results of the analysis show that the data obtained in the course of previous clinical and laboratory studies dedicated to the effect of polishing on various restoration parameters are debatable and a more specific systematization is required, with the selection of the investigated aspects of brightness, roughness, color stability and functional prediction changes due to the polishing method in separate independent subjects for research, with further phased combination of them after obtaining unambiguous numerical data, subjected to appropriate objective interpretation.
Вплив хемо-механічної обробки кореневого каналу на мікротвердість дентину
Authors: Sydorak Kh. T. 
Published: March 2018

Summary. Dentin and enamel microhardness is one of the main characteristics when studying mechanical qualities of the tooth and chewing function, and serves as an indicator of hard tissue functional stability and strength. Irrigating and shaping of root canal during the endodontic treatment, cause changes of dentin properties and are the main reasons of tooth cracks and vertical root fractures.The aim of the study – to check the dentin mechanical properties, namely microhardness, after using the improved irrigation protocol during the root canal chemo-mechanical treatment.Materials and Methods. This comparative study researches the changes of root-dentin microhardness before and after the root canal chemo-mechanical treatment using the improved irrigation protocol. Study was performed with a Vickers Hardness Tester. Totally 48 specimens were divided into 4 groups (n=12): 1) vital teeth; 2) necrotic teeth; 3) previously treated teeth obturated with gutta-percha; 4) previously treated teeth obturated with resorcinol-formaldehyde. In each group 6 specimens were tested before and 6 after the root canal treatment. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using statistical hypothesis testing method based on the comparison of the distribution by Student.Results and Discussion. The average data of root dentin microhardness before and after root canal chemo-mechanical treatment using the improved irrigation protocol were determined. Under the conditions of the current study, in all groups, no negative effect when continuously using alternation of irrigants during the chemo-mechanical treatment was found, although root dentin microhardness was reduced. Data outcome showed root dentin microhardness changes in permissible limits and doesn’t contradict with previous studies.Conclusions. Alternating the use of 6 % NaOCl and 17 % EDTA with Sodium Thiosulfate in between during chemo-mechanical treatment reduces root dentin microhardness in permissible limits and doesn’t have harmless effect on tooth.
Chronic Intake of the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Fluoxetine Enhances Atherosclerosis
Authors: Rami Martina , Guillamat-Prats Raquel , Rinne Petteri , Salvermoser Melanie , Ring Larisa , Bianchini Mariaelvy , Blanchet Xavier , Megens Remco T.A. , Döring Yvonne , Walzog Barbara , Soehnlein Oliver , Weber Christian , Faussner Alexander , Steffens Sabine 
Published: March 2018

Objective—
Cardiovascular diseases and depression are the leading causes of disability in Western countries. Clinical data on potential cardiovascular effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the most commonly used antidepressant drugs, are controversial. In addition to blocking serotonin reuptake transporter in the brain, SSRIs deplete the major peripheral serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) storage by inhibiting serotonin reuptake transporter–mediated uptake in platelets. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of chronic SSRI intake on the development of atherosclerosis.

Approach and Results—
Treatment of apolipoprotein E–deficient mice with the SSRI fluoxetine for 2, 4, or 16 weeks increased atherosclerotic lesion formation, with most pronounced effect during early plaque development. Intravital microscopy of carotid arteries revealed enhanced myeloid cell adhesion on fluoxetine treatment. Mechanistically, we found that fluoxetine augmented vascular permeability and increased chemokine-induced integrin-binding activity of circulating leukocytes. In vitro stimulation of murine blood demonstrated that fluoxetine, but not 5-HT, could directly promote β1 and β2 integrin activation provided C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 was also present. Similar effects were observed with the SSRI escitalopram. Enhanced C-C motif chemokine ligand 5–induced integrin activation by fluoxetine was also confirmed in a human neutrophil-like cell line. In contrast to the proatherogenic properties of fluoxetine, pharmacological inhibition of the peripheral 5-HT synthesizing enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 1 did not promote atherosclerosis, suggesting that the proatherogenic effect of fluoxetine occurs independent of peripheral 5-HT depletion.

Conclusions—
SSRI intake may promote atherosclerosis and therefore potentially increase the risk for acute cardiovascular events by a mechanism that is independent of 5-HT depletion.
Parvins Are Required for Endothelial Cell–Cell Junctions and Cell Polarity During Embryonic Blood Vessel Formation
Authors: Pitter Bettina , Werner Ann-Cathrin , Montanez Eloi 
Published: March 2018

Objective—
During vascular development, integrin-mediated signaling regulates the formation and stabilization of cell–cell junctions, which are required for endothelial cell (EC) apical–basal polarity and proper deposition of the vascular basement membrane. Parvins are actin-binding proteins that facilitate the interaction of integrins with the actin cytoskeleton. The endothelium expresses 2 parvin isoforms: α-pv (α-parvin) and β-pv (β-parvin). Recently, we have shown that α-pv is critical for vessel growth and vessel stability at late embryonic developmental stages. The role of parvins during early embryonic development is unknown.

Approach and Results—

To investigate the role of endothelial parvins in the developing vasculature, we generated mice with ECs lacking both parvin isoforms by deleting α-pv in ECs in global β-pv
−/−
mice (α-pv
ΔEC
;β-pv
−/−
mice). Here, we show that α-pv
ΔEC
;β-pv
−/−
mice die around embryonic day 11.5 and exhibit hemorrhages, immature capillary beds, and severe vascular defects in the central nervous system, including reduced vessel branching, increased vessel diameter, and balloon-like hemorrhagic clusters of ECs. Vessels in α-pv
ΔEC
;β-pv
−/−
embryos display disorganized cell–cell junctions, impaired endothelial apical–basal polarity, and discontinuous basement membranes. These vascular defects are accompanied by defective pericyte–vessel interaction.

Conclusions—
Our results show that parvins are critical for the organization of endothelial cell–cell junctions, the establishment of endothelial apical–basal polarity, and the integrity of the basement membrane.
Long-Term Morphological Changes of Symptomatic Lacunar Infarcts and Surrounding White Matter on Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Loos Caroline M.J. , Makin Stephen D.J. , Staals Julie , Dennis Martin S. , van Oostenbrugge Robert J. , Wardlaw Joanna M. 
Published: March 2018

Background and Purpose—
Insights into evolution of cerebral small vessel disease on neuroimaging might advance knowledge of the natural disease course. Data on evolution of sporadic symptomatic lacunar infarcts are limited. We investigated long-term changes of symptomatic lacunar infarcts and surrounding white matter on structural magnetic resonance imaging.

Methods—
From 2 nonoverlapping, single-center, prospective observational stroke studies, we selected patients presenting with lacunar stroke symptoms with a recent small subcortical (lacunar) infarct on baseline structural magnetic resonance imaging and with follow-up magnetic resonance imaging available at 1 to 5 years. We assessed changes in imaging characteristics of symptomatic lacunar infarcts and surrounding white matter.

Results—
We included 79 patients of whom 32 (41%) had complete and 40 (51%) had partial cavitation of the index lesion at median follow-up of 403 (range, 315–1781) days. In 42 of 79 (53%) patients, we observed a new white matter hyperintensity adjacent to the index infarct, either superior (white matter hyperintensity cap, n=17), inferior (white matter hyperintensity track, n=13), or both (n=12).

Conclusions—
Half of the sporadic symptomatic lacunar infarcts developed secondary changes in superior and inferior white matter. These white matter hyperintensity caps and tracks may reflect another aspect of cerebral small vessel-related disease progression. The clinical and prognostic values remain to be determined.