bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing intake of dietary soluble nutrients affects digesta passage rate in the stomach of growing pigs
Authors: Schop Marijke , Jansman Alfons J. M. , de Vries Sonja , Gerrits Walter J. J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe passage rate of solids and liquids through the gastrointestinal tract differs. Increased dietary nutrient solubility causes nutrients to shift from the solid to the liquid digesta fraction and potentially affect digesta passage kinetics. We quantified: (1) the effect of three levels of dietary nutrient solubility (8, 19 and 31 % of soluble protein and sucrose in the diet) at high feed intake level (S) and (2) the effect of lowv.high feed intake level (F), on digesta passage kinetics in forty male growing pigs. The mean retention time (MRT) of solids and liquids in the stomach and small intestine was assessed using TiO2and Cr-EDTA, respectively. In addition, physicochemical properties of digesta were evaluated. Overall, solids were retained longer than liquids in the stomach (2·0 h,P<0·0001) and stomach+small intestine (1·6 h,P<0·001). When S increased, MRT in stomach decreased by 1·3 h for solids (P=0·01) and 0·7 h for liquids (P=0·002) but only at the highest level of S. When F increased using low-soluble nutrients, MRT in stomach increased by 0·8 h for solids (P=0·041) and 0·7 h for liquids (P=0·0001). Dietary treatments did not affect water-binding capacity and viscosity of digesta. In the stomach of growing pigs, dietary nutrient solubility affects digesta MRT in a non-linear manner, while feed intake level increases digesta MRT depending on dietary nutrient solubility. Results can be used to improve predictions on the kinetics of nutrient passage and thereby of nutrient digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.
Purified winged bean protease inhibitor affects the growth ofBactrocera cucurbitae
Authors: Kaur A.P. , Sohal S.K. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe melon fruit fly,Bactrocera cucurbitae(Coquillett), is a serious agricultural pest which has defied the various control measures employed against it. Protease inhibitors present in plants which have the potential to inhibit the growth and development of associated insect pests can be a possible alternative which can be manipulated for developing resistance in plants to the pest. In the present study, winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) protease inhibitor isolated through affinity chromatography was explored for its potential to disrupt the development of melon fruit fly,B. cucurbitae. Different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg ml−1) of the winged bean protease inhibitor (WBPI) were incorporated into the artificial diet of the second instar (64–72 h old) larvae ofB. cucurbitae. The WBPI significantly delayed the larval, pupal, and total development period. The percentage pupation and adult emergence of the treated larvae was reduced as compared with control. The activities of major digestive enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, leucine aminopeptidase, and elastase) decreased significantly in the larvae treated with different concentrations (50, 100, 200, and 400 µg ml−1) of WBPI. The findings reveal that the inhibitor holds considerable promise for the management of the melon fruit fly.
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF WHEAT GENOTYPES TO HEAT STRESS DURING GRAIN FILLING
Authors: RANGAN PARIMALAN , FURTADO AGNELO , HENRY ROBERT 
Published: December 2018

SUMMARYClimatic change affects global agriculture and is a severe threat to global food security due to variability of the three factors measuring climate change (CO2, temperature and precipitation) with temperature being the most crucial one. Wheat is severely affected by high temperatures with reproductive and grain-filling phases being most sensitive, impacting grain number, size and weight. Seed size and weight are the key agronomic traits subjected to artificial selection and involved in the domestication process since the origin of agriculture. Three genotypes Banks, EGA Gregory and Fang-60 with the latter known to be heat tolerant were grown under glass house conditions and subjected to heat stress for 3 days during early- (11–14 dpa – days post anthesis) and late- (27–30 dpa) grain filling stages in a mutually exclusive fashion. The impact of heat stress during early- and late- grain filling on the four major grain characteristics, thousand grain weight (TGW), grain length, grain width and grain thickness was assessed. The tolerant genotype Fang-60 exhibited significantly higher TGW during early-grain filling heat stress than the control possibly due to an ability to exploit the accelerated release of fertilizer under high temperature. Banks and EGA Gregory were moderately tolerant to susceptible to heat stress, respectively, at early- and late-grain filling with Fang-60 being tolerant to both early- and late- grain filling heat stress. This study confirms the availability of significant genetic variation in heat stress response in wheat that might be exploited to adapt wheat to higher growth temperatures.
SUAS: A Novel Soft Underwater Artificial Skin with Capacitive Transducers and Hyperelastic Membrane
Authors: Muscolo Giovanni Gerardo , Moretti Giacomo , Cannata Giorgio 
Published: December 2018

SummaryThe paper presents physical modeling, design, simulations, and experimentation on a novel Soft Underwater Artificial Skin (SUAS) used as tactile sensor. The SUAS functions as an electrostatic capacitive sensor, and it is composed of a hyperelastic membrane used as external cover and oil inside it used to compensate the marine pressure. Simulation has been performed studying and modeling the behavior of the external interface of the SUAS in contact with external concentrated loads in marine environment. Experiments on the external and internal components of the SUAS have been done using two different conductive layers in oil. A first prototype has been realized using a 3D printer. The results of the paper underline how the soft materials permit better adhesion of the conductive layer to the transducers of the SUAS obtaining higher capacitance. The results here presented confirmed the first hypotheses presented in a last work and opened new ways in the large-scale underwater tactile sensor design and development. The investigations are performed in collaboration with a national Italian project named MARIS, regarding the possible extension to the underwater field of the technologies developed within the European project ROBOSKIN.
Maritime Archaeology and Underwater Cultural Heritage in the Disputed South China Sea
Authors: Perez-Alvaro Elena , Forrest Craig 
Published: December 2018

Abstract:China’s broad geopolitical strategy and positioning for global influence includes its averred legal position in relation to its sovereignty and jurisdiction in the South China Sea. A response to this legal position was the Philippines’ initiation of arbitral proceedings constituted under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Despite the non-participation of China in these proceedings, the arbitral decision of 2016 clarified a number of legal provisions pertinent to the ongoing territorial and maritime disputes in the South China Sea. This decision impacted directly on China’s assertion of sovereign and jurisdictional historical title or rights, which, in part, relies on evidence obtained from underwater cultural heritage and the associated maritime archaeology. This article critically evaluates China’s maritime archaeology program and its policy with respect to underwater cultural heritage in light of the 2016 arbitral decision and the underlying international law of the sea. While recognizing that China’s policy is not inconsistent with its broader heritage policy, and its national approach to the protection of underwater cultural heritage, this article argues that this cannot be used to support China’s South China Sea claims and is not only misplaced, such as to pose a risk to the archaeological record, but also inconstant with international developments in the form of the 2001 United Nations Convention of the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PRECLASSIC AND PROTOCLASSIC BURIAL PRACTICES AT IZAPA AND IN SOUTHEASTERN MESOAMERICA
Authors: Lieske Rosemary 
Published: December 2018

AbstractExtensive investigation at the archaeological site of Izapa in southern Chiapas, Mexico, by the New World Archaeological Foundation yielded few burials at the site's core ceremonial precinct. Those found were located on the acropolis that supports Mound 30a and defines the north side of Izapa Group B. The majority of caches found in this zone date to the Protoclassic Hato and Itstapa phases (100b.c.–a.d.250). The shift in mortuary practices ca. 100b.c.was accompanied by several changes to the site's occupation and architectural patterns. Study of these mortuary traditions provides important insights regarding the reconfiguration of Izapa's political organization at the turn of the millennium. Comparisons of mortuary practices at Izapa with those of neighboring civic-ceremonial centers El Ujuxte, Takalik Abaj, and Kaminaljuyu during the Preclassic and Protoclassic transitions contextualizes the practices found at Izapa at a regional level.
Regulating Genome Editing: For an Enlightened Democratic Governance
Authors: CAVALIERE GIULIA , DEVOLDER KATRIEN , GIUBILINI ALBERTO 
Published: December 2018

Abstract:How should we regulate genome editing in the face of persistent substantive disagreement about the moral status of this technology and its applications? In this paper, we aim to contribute to resolving this question. We first present two diametrically opposed possible approaches to the regulation of genome editing. A first approach, which we refer to as “elitist,” is inspired by Joshua Greene’s work in moral psychology. It aims to derive at an abstract theoretical level what preferences people would have if they were committed to implementing public policies regulating genome editing in a context of ethical pluralism. The second approach, which we refer to as the democratic approach, defended by Francoise Baylis and Sheila Jasanoff et al., emphasizes the importance of including the public’s expressed attitudes in the regulation of genome editing. After pointing out a serious shortcoming with each of these approaches, we propose our own favored approach—the “enlightened democracy” approach—which attempts to combine the strengths of the elitist and democratic approaches while avoiding their weaknesses.
Working Together to Make the World a Healthier Place: Desiderata for the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: LEISINGER KLAUS M. , CHATFIELD KATE 
Published: December 2018

Abstract:Cross-sectorial, dynamic, and innovative partnerships are essential to resolve the challenges of humankind in the 21st century. At the same time, trust in each other’s integrity and good will is a precondition for the solution of any complex problem, and certainly for the success of the United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda. Experience shows that a nation’s economic and social success is at its greatest if, and when, there is cooperation and even cocreation involving a fair division of labor and responsibility among the different societal stakeholders. This paper uses Ralf Dahrendorf’s seminal work on obligations, as well as the European Commission’s Science with and for Society unit’s definition of responsible research and innovation (RRI), to motivate industry responsibilities to make the world a healthier place.
“Go Ask Alice”: The Case for Researching Schedule I Drugs
Authors: ISERSON KENNETH V. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract:The available treatments for disorders affecting large segments of the population are often costly, complex, and only marginally effective, and many have numerous side effects. These disorders include dementias, debilitating neurological disorders, the multiple types of drug addiction, and the spectrum of mental health disorders.Preliminary studies have shown that a variety of psychedelic and similar U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration Schedule I drugs may offer better treatment options than those that currently exist and pose potentially the same or even less risk than do legal psychoactive (alcohol, caffeine, nicotine) and nonpsychoactive (aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen) substances. The pharmaceutical industry and academia, however, have largely avoided this avenue of research.Fairness to the affected populations demands that these drugs be adequately studied and, if they or their congeners are shown to be effective, made available with the proper caveats, instructions, and protections that other potentially abused medications (e.g., narcotics) receive. These substances may prove to relieve patients’ struggles with less effective treatments and decrease mortality from nontreatment of some conditions.
Effects of Low-Dose Flumioxazin and Metribuzin Postemergence Applications on Soybean
Authors: Stephenson Daniel O. , Spivey Todd A. , Deliberto Michael A. , Blouin David C. , Woolam Brandi C. , Buck Trace B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAll herbicides will move off-target to sensitive crops when not applied correctly. Therefore, low-dose applications of flumioxazin and metribuzin were evaluated in soybean at the unifoliate, V2, and V4 growth stages. Rates evaluated were 12.5%, 25%, and 50% of the labeled use rates of 72 and 316 g ai ha−1 of flumioxazin and metribuzin, respectively. Flumioxazin injury was characterized by necrosis and visible height and width reduction. Injury increased with rate 3 d after treatment (DAT), with unifoliate, V2, and V4 soybean injured 15% to 30%, 18% to 27%, and 5% to 8%, respectively. Unifoliate and V4 soybean were injured more than V4 soybean 3 to 14 DAT, but injury decreased to <5% by 42 DAT. Soybean yields in the flumioxazin study were 92% to 96% of the nontreated, resulting in a yield loss of 196 to 393 kg ha−1 and a revenue loss of 71 to 141 US$ ha−1. Metribuzin injury was primarily chlorosis with necrosis and a visible reduction in soybean height and width. Soybean at the V2 growth stage was injured 14% more than V4 soybean 3 DAT, regardless of metribuzin rate. Injury to V2 and V4 soybean was similar 14 DAT, with injury of 21% to 40% across rates. Soybean injury when treated at the V2 and V4 growth stages was 6% to 29% 42 DAT compared to unifoliate soybean at 0 to 17%. Soybean yields in the metribuzin study yields were 96% to 98% of the nontreated. However, a 2% to 4% reduction equates to a loss of 90 to 180 kg ha−1 and a revenue loss of 32 to 65 US$ ha−1. Unifoliate and V2 soybean are more sensitive to a low dose of flumioxazin POST, and V2 and V4 soybean are more sensitive to a low dose of metribuzin POST. Injury and the impact on soybean growth could potentially cause economic loss for a soybean producer.
Wirksamkeit eines angeleiteten kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Selbsthilfeprogramms zur Be­handlung der Binge-Eating-Störung
Authors: Wyssen Andrea , Forrer Felicitas , Meyer Andrea H. , Munsch Simone 
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung. Das Hauptmerkmal der Binge-Eating-Störung (BES) sind Essanfälle, bei denen Betroffene das Gefühl des Kontrollverlusts erleben und große Mengen an Nahrung in einem abgrenzbaren Zeitraum zu sich nehmen. Essanfälle sind bei der BES nicht gefolgt von ­Kompensationsverhalten, führen zu einem hohen Leidensdruck und sind in vielen Fällen assoziiert mit Übergewicht. Manualisierte kognitiv-­verhaltenstherapeutische Behandlungsprogramme im Einzel- und Gruppensetting zur Therapie der BES haben sich in kontrollierten Studien als wirksam erwiesen. Auf der Grundlage eines etablierten Behandlungsmanuals wurde ein Selbsthilferatgeber für Betroffene publiziert und in der vorliegenden Studie in Rahmen eines buchbasierten angeleiteten Selbsthilfeprogramms (ASH-Programm) unter natürlichen klinischen ­Rahmenbedingungen überprüft. 22 Patienten (21 Frauen, 1 Mann; Durchschnittsalter 35.82 Jahre (SD = 10.35 Jahre)) nahmen am 8-wöchigen ­ASH-Programm zur Behandlung der BES gefolgt von drei Auffrischungssitzungen über 6 Monate teil. Zwei Patienten (9.1 %) beendeten das ­ASH-Programm während der aktiven Behandlungsphase vorzeitigt (Dropout). Die Anzahl wöchentlicher Essanfälle und die Essstörungspsychopathologie (restriktives Essverhalten, Figursorgen, Gewichtssorgen, essensbezogene Sorgen) reduzierten sich bis zum Ende der aktiven Behandlungsphase signifikant. In den Auffrischungssitzungen konnte eine Stabilisierung der erreichten Abnahme an wöchentlichen Essanfällen und Essstörungspsychopathologie verzeichnet werden. Bis zum Ende der Auffrischungssitzungen, 1, 3 und 6 Monate nach dem Ende der aktiven Behandlungsphase nahm zudem auch die allgemeine Psychopathologie (depressive- und Angstsymptomatik) signifikant ab. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass das vorliegende ASH-Programm wirksam für die Behandlung der BES ist.
An Instrument Anomaly in the Mars Exploration Rover Pancam 1,009‐nm Filter (R7): Characterization, Simulation, Correction, and Preliminary Verification
Authors: Jakobsen Simone J. , Kinch Kjartan M. , Madsen Morten Bo , Bell James F. , Wellington Danika , Dajose Lorinda , Alizai Khaled 
Published: December 2018

During pre‐flight calibration of the panoramic camera (Pancam) instrument on board the Mars Exploration Rovers MER A (Spirit) and MER B (Opportunity), a discrepancy was noted between 11‐band spectra extracted from Pancam images of the camera's radiometric calibration target and reflectance spectra obtained with a spectrometer. This discrepancy was observed in the longest‐wavelength filter of the camera (the longpass R7 filter with system λeff = 1,009 nm) and consisted of a reduction in contrast between bright and dark regions. Here we describe and characterize this effect. We propose that the effect arises because long‐wavelength photons close to the silicon band‐gap at 1,100 nm are allowed through the R7 filter, pass through the bulk charge‐coupled device, scatter from the backside, pass through the charge‐coupled device again, and are registered in a pixel other than the pixel through which they originally entered. Based on this hypothesis we develop a model capable of accurately simulating the effect, and correct for it. We present preliminary results from testing this correction on preflight, as well as in‐flight, images. The effect is small, but in some specific cases in small regions of high contrast, the effect is significant. In in‐flight images of Martian terrain we observed the signal in dark shadows to be artificially inflated by up to ∼ 33% and analysis of early‐mission calibration target images indicated that the reduced contrast due to the artifact is equivalent to >100 DN (full well = 4095 DN) for a hypothetical perfectly dark pixel.
A Deep Learning Parameterization for Ozone Dry Deposition Velocities
Authors: Silva S. J. , Heald C. L. , Ravela S. , Mammarella I. , Munger J. W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe loss of ozone to terrestrial and aquatic systems, known as dry deposition, is a highly uncertain process governed by turbulent transport, interfacial chemistry, and plant physiology. We demonstrate the value of using Deep Neural Networks (DNN) in predicting ozone dry deposition velocities. We find that a feedforward DNN trained on observations from a coniferous forest site (Hyytiälä, Finland) can predict hourly ozone dry deposition velocities at a mixed forest site (Harvard Forest, Massachusetts) more accurately than modern theoretical models, with a reduction in the normalized mean bias (0.05 versus ~0.1). The same DNN model, when driven by assimilated meteorology at 2° × 2.5° spatial resolution, outperforms the Wesely scheme as implemented in the GEOS‐Chem model. With more available training data from other climate and ecological zones, this methodology could yield a generalizable DNN suitable for global models.
Low‐Density Cell of the Thermosphere at High Latitudes Revisited
Authors: Guo Dongjie , Lei Jiuhou , Ridley Aaron , Ren Dexin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe density cell structure in the high‐latitude thermosphere is referred to as the density enhancement or depletion with respect to the surrounding area. Previous simulation results showed that the density cells are only observed below about 350 km. In the present work, the global ionosphere‐thermosphere model is used to investigate the mechanism for the absence of the isolated density cell in the high‐altitude thermosphere during geomagnetic quiet time. The simulation results indicate that the ion convection tends to drive a neutral cyclonic flow on the dawnside of the Magnetic Pole in both the low‐ and high‐altitude thermosphere. Around the center of the cyclonic flow, a downward wind is formed as a consequence of mass conservation. It is interesting that under the influence of the downward flow, a density depletion relative to the background density with the same magnitude is generated inside the cyclone, which is independent of altitude. In the low‐altitude thermosphere, this density depletion is shown as an isolated low‐density cell. However, in the high‐altitude thermosphere, the ion drag‐driven density depletion turns to be an insignificant structure, as compared to the strong day‐night gradient of the background neutral density. Consequently, the isolated low‐density cell does not stand out in the high‐altitude thermosphere.
The Atmospheric Radiation Interaction Simulator (AtRIS): Description and Validation
Authors: Banjac Saša , Herbst Konstantin , Heber Bernd 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe present the Atmospheric Radiation Interaction Simulator (AtRIS), a newly developed GEANT4‐based code tailored specifically to enable parametric studies of radiation propagation through various (exo)planetary atmospheres. Its main purpose is to model the altitude‐dependent atmospheric secondary particle environment and to calculate the ion pair production rates, which are a mandatory input for atmospheric chemistry models in order to, for example, directly characterize the habitability of the modeled planet. Similar codes have been developed previously (e.g., PLANETOCOSMICS; Desorgher, et al., ); however, until now, none possesses the necessary flexibility in the specification of the atmosphere and the regolith that is necessary to model planets outside our solar system. Here we provide a detailed description of AtRIS and its validation against earthbound measurements. For validation, we show comparisons against Earth measurements. Thereby, the focus is on the atmospheric altitude‐dependent ionization, the surface muon, and the neutron fluxes, as well as the primary proton fluxes. Furthermore, a comparison of the computed energy losses of monoenergetic protons based on AtRIS and PLANETOCOSMICS is shown. Our aim is to demonstrate the validity of AtRIS and its importance for future studies on, for example, potential (Earth‐like) exoplanets.