bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative influence of biotic and abiotic processes on travertine fabrics, Satono‐yu hot spring, Japan
Authors: Shiraishi Fumito , Eno Yuki , Nakamura Yuki , Hanzawa Yusaku , Asada Jiro , Bahniuk Anelize Manuela 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe relative influences of biotic and abiotic processes on travertine fabrics are still not well understood, despite increasing interest in the last decade to better understand the record of ancient microbial life and sedimentary fabrics in microbial hydrocarbon reservoirs. This study examines travertines at Satono‐yu hot spring in Japan (the temperature of water flowing over the travertine was ca 35°C), to better understand the interaction between depositional, hydrochemical and microbial parameters at different flow settings. Characteristics of the bulk hydrochemistry, mineralogy (exclusively aragonite) and the driving force for precipitation (primarily abiotic CO2 degassing with some photosynthetic microbial contribution) were similar among all of the flow settings. Conversely, the increase in flow velocity suppressed the influence of photosynthesis and enhanced the abiotic precipitation due to the thinner diffusive boundary layer at the travertine surface–water interface. Additionally, the increase in flow velocity changed the microbial composition and decreased the bacterial diversity by reflecting their adhesion efficiency on the travertine substrate. The acidity of the cyanobacterial sheaths controls the aragonite nucleation rate and the resulting calcification, even at significantly high equilibrium CO2 partial pressure (ca 22 to 28 matm), high dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (ca 35 to 38 mmol l−1), and elevated aragonite saturation state (ca 20‐fold to 34‐fold). Therefore, the increase in flow velocity suppresses the microbial influence with respect to the increase in the saturation state, the nucleation site supply and pore space generation. Overall, this results in the predominance of abiotic precipitation under high flow velocities. Consequently, a sparse‐micritic fabric with abundant interlamina porosity forms under lower flow velocity where the microbial influence is effective, while a dense‐sparitic fabric with little inter‐crystalline porosity forms under higher flow velocity where abiotic precipitation prevails. These findings provide an essential base for assessing the formation processes of ancient travertines and comparable deposits from petrological fabrics.
Buying well‐being: Spending behavior and happiness
Authors: Aknin Lara B. , Wiwad Dylan , Hanniball Katherine B. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe relationship between money and happiness is complex. While a large literature demonstrates a small but significant positive association between overall income and well‐being, a relatively new area of research explores the emotional consequences of everyday spending choices. Here we review this recent but rapidly growing area of investigation. We begin by briefly summarizing the link between money and happiness. Then, through the lens of 2 dominant models of human happiness, we suggest that seemingly inconsequential spending choices may provide an underappreciated and underutilized route to greater well‐being. Finally, we review new empirical evidence demonstrating that individuals can use their disposable income to increase their happiness by investing in experiential (rather than material) purchases, more free time, routine, self‐expression, and generosity.
Online teaching and biblical studies
Authors: Ascough Richard , Barreto Eric D. , Birch Bruce C. , Pilarski Ahida Calderón , Reese Ruth Anne 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis Forum emerges from a session initiated by the Professional Development Committee at the 2017 conference of the Society of Biblical Literature in Boston. A panel of five Bible scholars, from both theological education and undergraduate contexts, provide brief descriptions and analyses of a specific course they have taught online. They describe creative assignments such as role play, online field trips, evaluating web sites, and staged debates. They analyze the opportunities for developing undergraduates' critical thinking skills as well as seminarians' formation for ministry. A comparison of online and face‐to‐face teaching contexts reveals shifts in our understanding of how learning happens and our own identities as teachers. The Forum concludes with questions from the floor, which turn the conversation toward institutional support for pedagogical and technological hurdles.
Understanding Echinocandin Resistance in the Emerging Pathogen Candida auris
Authors: Kordalewska Milena , Lee Annie , Park Steven , Berrio Indira , Chowdhary Anuradha , Zhao Yanan , Perlin David S. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Candida auris
has simultaneously emerged on five continents as a fungal pathogen causing nosocomial outbreaks. The challenges in the treatment of
C. auris
infections are the variable antifungal susceptibility profiles among clinical isolates and the development of resistance to single or multiple classes of available antifungal drugs. Here, the
in vitro
susceptibility to echinocandin antifungal drugs was determined and
FKS1
sequencing was performed on 106
C. auris
clinical isolates. Four isolates were identified to be resistant to all tested echinocandins (MIC ≥ 4 mg/liter) and harbored an S639F mutation in
FKS1
hot spot region 1. All remaining isolates were
FKS1
wild type (WT) and echinocandin susceptible, with micafungin being the most potent echinocandin (MIC
50
= 0.125 mg/liter). Antifungal susceptibility testing with caspofungin was challenging due to the fact that all
FKS1
WT isolates exhibited an Eagle effect (also known as the paradoxical growth effect), which occurred at various intensities. To assess whether the Eagle effect resulted in pharmacodynamic resistance, 8 representative isolates were evaluated for their
in vivo
drug response in a murine model of invasive candidiasis. All isolates were susceptible to caspofungin at a human therapeutic dose, except for those harboring the S639F mutation. The data suggest that only isolates carrying mutations in
FKS1
are echinocandin resistant and that routine
in vitro
testing of
C. auris
isolates for susceptibility to caspofungin by the broth microdilution method should be viewed cautiously or avoided.
Imidazopyridine Compounds Inhibit Mycobacterial Growth by Depleting ATP Levels
Authors: O'Malley Theresa , Alling Torey , Early Julie V. , Wescott Heather A. , Kumar Anuradha , Moraski Garrett C. , Miller Marvin J. , Masquelin Thierry , Hipskind Philip A. , Parish Tanya 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

The imidazopyridines are a promising new class of antitubercular agents with potent activity
in vitro
and
in vivo
. We isolated mutants of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
resistant to a representative imidazopyridine; the mutants had large shifts (>20-fold) in MIC. Whole-genome sequencing revealed mutations in Rv1339, a hypothetical protein of unknown function. We isolated mutants resistant to three further compounds from the series; resistant mutants isolated from two of the compounds had single nucleotide polymorphisms in Rv1339 and resistant mutants isolated from the third compound had single nucleotide polymorphisms in QcrB, the proposed target for the series. All the strains were resistant to two compounds, regardless of the mutation, and a strain carrying the QcrB T313I mutation was resistant to all of the imidazopyridine derivatives tested, confirming cross-resistance. By monitoring pH homeostasis and ATP generation, we confirmed that compounds from the series were targeting QcrB; imidazopyridines disrupted pH homeostasis and depleted ATP, providing further evidence of an effect on the electron transport chain. A representative compound was bacteriostatic against replicating bacteria, consistent with a mode of action against QcrB. The series had a narrow inhibitory spectrum, with no activity against other bacterial species. No synergy or antagonism was seen with other antituberculosis drugs under development. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that the imidazopyridine series functions by reducing ATP generation via inhibition of QcrB.
Draft Genome Sequence of the 1,4-Dioxane-Degrading Bacterium Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans BERK-1
Authors: Ramos-Garcia Angel A. , Shankar Vijay , Saski Christopher A. , Hsiang Tom , Freedman David L. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Pseudonocardia dioxanivorans
strain BERK-1 grows aerobically with 1,4-dioxane as its sole substrate. Reported here is its draft genome sequence, with a size of 7.1 Mbp. Key genes are highlighted in this article. BERK-1 exhibits a reduced level of cell aggregation and adherence to surfaces compared to those of
P. dioxanivorans
CB1190, giving it an apparent advantage for movement through soil.
Ultrasound guidance for internal jugular vein cannulation in PICU: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: de Souza Tiago Henrique , Brandão Marcelo Barciela , Santos Thiago Martins , Pereira Ricardo Mendes , Nogueira Roberto José Negrão 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveWe investigated whether ultrasound guidance was advantageous over the anatomical landmark technique when performed by inexperienced paediatricians.DesignRandomised controlled trial.SettingA paediatric intensive care unit of a teaching hospital.Patients80 children (aged 28 days to <14 years).InterventionsInternal jugular vein cannulation with ultrasound guidance in real time or the anatomical landmark technique.Main outcome measuresSuccess rate, success rate on the first attempt, success rate within three attempts, puncture time, number of attempts required for success and occurrence of complications.ResultsWe found a higher success rate in the ultrasound guidance than in the control group (95% vs 61%, respectively; p<0.001; relative risk (RR)=0.64, 95% CI (CI) 0.50 to 0.83). Success on the first attempt was seen in 95% and 34% of venous punctures in the US guidance and control groups, respectively (p<0.001; RR=0.35, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.54). Fewer than three attempts were required to achieve success in 95% of patients in the US guidance group but only 44% in the control group (p<0.001; RR=0.46, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.66). Haematomas, inadvertent arterial punctures, the number of attempts and the puncture time were all significantly lower in the ultrasound guidance than in the control group (p<0.015 for all).ConclusionsCritically ill children may benefit from the ultrasound guidance for internal jugular cannulation, even when the procedure is performed by operators with limited experience.Trial registration numberRBR-4t35tk.
Incidence and risk factors of first-line antiretroviral treatment failure among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study
Authors: Sisay Malede Mequanent , Ayele Tadesse Awoke , Gelaw Yalemzewod Assefa , Tsegaye Adino Tesfahun , Gelaye Kassahun Alemu , Melak Melkitu Fentie 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the incidence and risk factors of treatment failure among HIV/AIDS-infected children who were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia.MethodsA retrospective follow-up study was conducted from January 2010 to March 2016. A total of 824 children under the age of 15 who had started ART were included in the study. Data were collected from children’s medical charts and ART registration logbook using a standard checklist. A Weibull regression model was used to identify the risk factors of treatment failure. Adjusted HRs (AHRs) with 95% CIs were used to declare statistical significance.ResultsThe mean (±SD) age of the children was 6.4±3.6 years, with a median (IQR) follow-up of 30.5 (14.6–51.4) months. Sixty-three children (7.7%, 95% CI 5.8 to 9.5) developed treatment failure, 17 (27.0%) of whom were immunological and 46 (73.0%) were clinical failures. The incidence rate of treatment failure was 22.1/10 000 person-months. The cumulative probability of failure was 0.4, with 28 562.5 person-month observations. Lack of disclosure (AHR=4. 4, 95% CI 1.8 to 11.3), opportunistic infections during initiation of ART (AHR=2.3, 95% CI 1.3 to 4.1) and prolonged follow-up (AHR=0.06, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.18) were the main predictors of treatment failure.ConclusionThis study revealed that the incidence of treatment failure remains a significant public health concern in Ethiopia. Undisclosed HIV status to children, the presence of opportunistic infections during initiation of ART and prolonged follow-up were found to be the main predictors of treatment failure. Hence, early detection of treatment failure and further studies on viral monitoring need to be considered.
HIV-1 disease progression in immune-competent HIV-1-infected and breastfeeding mothers participating in the ANRS 12174 clinical trial in Burkina Faso, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia: a cohort study
Authors: Somé Eric Nagaonle , Engebretsen Ingunn M S , Nagot Nicolas , Meda Nicolas Yelbomkan , Vallo Roselyne , Kankasa Chipepo , Tumwine James K , Singata-Madliki Mandisa , Harper Kim , Hofmeyr G Justus , Van de Perre Philippe , Tylleskär Thorkild 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveWe have assessed HIV-1 disease progression among HIV-1-positive mothers in relation to duration of any or exclusive breast feeding in the context of ANRS 12174 trial.MethodsThe analysis was completed on 203, 212, 272 and 529 HIV-1-positive and lactating mothers with CD4 count >350 cells/µL from Burkina Faso, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia, respectively. The trial compared lamivudine and lopinavir/ritonavir as a peri-exposure prophylaxis during a 50-week follow-up time. A multiple logistic regression model was run with the mothers’ weight, CD4 count and HIV-1 viral load as separate dependent variables, then combined into a dependent composite endpoint called HIV-1 disease progression where HIV-1 viral load was replaced by the HIV-1 clinical stage. Exclusive or predominant breast feeding (EPBF) and any breastfeeding duration were the key explanatory variables.ResultsIn the adjusted model, the associations between EPBF duration and weight change, CD4 cell count and the HIV-1 viral load were consistently insignificant. The CD4 cell count was associated with a significantly higher mothers’ body mass index (BMI; a mean increase of 4.9 (95% CI 2.1 to 7.7) CD4 cells/µL per each additional kilogram per square metre of BMI) and haemoglobin concentration (19.4 (95% CI 11.4 to 27.4) CD4 cells/µL per each additional gram per decilitre of haemoglobin concentration). There was no significant association between EPBF duration and HIV-1 disease progression. A higher education level was a factor associated with a slower HIV-1 disease progression.ConclusionBreast feeding was not a risk factor for a faster progression of HIV-1 disease in mothers of this cohort with a baseline CD4 cell count >350 cells/µL.Trial registration numberNCT0064026; Post-results.
Impact of multimorbidity count on all-cause mortality and glycaemic outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Chiang Jason I , Furler John , Mair Frances S , Jani Bhautesh , Nicholl Barbara I , Jenkins Alicia , Condron Patrick , O’Neal David , Manski-Nankervis Jo-Anne 
Published: April 2018

IntroductionType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a leading health priority worldwide. Multimorbidity (MM) is a term describing the co-occurrence of two or more chronic diseases or conditions. The majority of people living with T2D have MM. The relationship between MM and mortality and glycaemia in people with T2D is not clear.Methods and analysisMedline, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Complete, The Cochrane Library, and SCOPUS will be searched with a prespecified search strategy. The searches will be limited to quantitative empirical studies in English with no restriction on publication date. One reviewer will perform title screening and two review authors will independently screen the abstract and full texts using Covidence software, with disagreements adjudicated by a third reviewer. Data will be extracted using a using a Population, Exposure, Comparator and Outcomes framework. Two reviewers will independently extract data and undertake the risk of bias (quality) assessment. Disagreements will be resolved by consensus. A narrative synthesis of the results will be conducted and meta-analysis considered if appropriate. Quality appraisal will be undertaken using the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale and the quality of the cumulative evidence of the included studies will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. This protocol was prepared in adherence to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols guidelines to ensure the quality of our review.Ethics and disseminationThis review will synthesise the existing evidence about the impact of MM on mortality and glycaemic outcomes in people living with T2D and increase our understanding of this subject and will inform future practice and policy. Findings will be disseminated via conference presentations, social media and peer-reviewed publication.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017079500.
ECI-Cache
Authors: Ahmadian Saba , Mutlu Onur , Asadi Hossein 
Published: April 2018

In recent years, high interest in using Virtual Machines (VMs) in data centers and Cloud computing has significantly increased the demand for high-performance data storage systems. A straightforward approach to provide a high performance storage system is using Solid-State Drives (SSDs). Inclusion of SSDs in storage systems, however, imposes significantly higher cost compared to Hard Disk Drives (HDDs). Recent studies suggest using SSDs as a caching layer for HDD-based storage subsystems in virtualization platforms. Such studies neglect to address the endurance and cost of SSDs, which can significantly affect the efficiency of I/O caching. Moreover, previous studies only configure the cache size to provide the required performance level for each VM, while neglecting other important parameters such as cache write policy and request type, which can adversely affect both performance-per-cost and endurance.
In this paper, we present a new high-Endurance and Cost-efficient I/O Caching (ECI-Cache) scheme for virtualized platforms, which can significantly improve both the performance-per-cost and endurance of storage subsystems as opposed to previously proposed I/O caching schemes. Unlike traditional I/O caching schemes which allocate cache size only based on reuse distance of accesses, we propose a new metric, Useful Reuse Distance (URD), which considers the request type in reuse distance calculation, resulting in improved performance-per-cost and endurance for the SSD cache. Via online characterization of workloads and using URD, ECI-Cache partitions the SSD cache across VMs and is able to dynamically adjust the cache size and write policy for each VM. To evaluate the proposed scheme, we have implemented ECI-Cache in an open source hypervisor, QEMU (version 2.8.0), on a server running the CentOS 7 operating system (kernel version 3.10.0-327). Experimental results show that our proposed scheme improves the performance, performance-per-cost, and endurance of the SSD cache by 17%, 30% and 65%, respectively, compared to the state-of-the-art dynamic cache partitioning scheme.
Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase as a cataplerotic pathway in the small intestine
Authors: Potts Austin , Uchida Aki , Deja Stanislaw , Berglund Eric D. , Kucejova Blanka , Duarte Joao A. , Fu Xiaorong , Browning Jeffrey D. , Magnuson Mark A. , Burgess Shawn C. 
Published: April 2018

Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is a gluconeogenic enzyme that is highly expressed in the liver and kidney but is also expressed at lower levels in a variety of other tissues where it may play adjunct roles in fatty acid esterification, amino acid metabolism, and/or TCA cycle function. PEPCK is expressed in the enterocytes of the small intestine, but it is unclear whether it supports a gluconeogenic rate sufficient to affect glucose homeostasis. To examine potential roles of intestinal PEPCK, we generated an intestinal PEPCK knockout mouse. Deletion of intestinal PEPCK ablated ex vivo gluconeogenesis but did not significantly affect glycemia in chow, high-fat diet, or streptozotocin-treated mice. In contrast, postprandial triglyceride secretion from the intestine was attenuated in vivo, consistent with a role in fatty acid esterification. Intestinal amino acid profiles and13C tracer appearance into these pools were significantly altered, indicating abnormal amino acid trafficking through the enterocyte. The data suggest that the predominant role of PEPCK in the small intestine of mice is not gluconeogenesis but rather to support nutrient processing, particularly with regard to lipids and amino acids.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The small intestine expresses gluconeogenic enzymes for unknown reasons. In addition to glucose synthesis, the nascent steps of this pathway can be used to support amino acid and lipid metabolisms. When phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, an essential gluconeogenic enzyme, is knocked out of the small intestine of mice, glycemia is unaffected, but mice inefficiently absorb dietary lipid, have abnormal amino acid profiles, and inefficiently catabolize glutamine. Therefore, the initial steps of intestinal gluconeogenesis are used for processing dietary triglycerides and metabolizing amino acids but are not essential for maintaining blood glucose levels.
Spontaneous and α-adrenoceptor-induced contractility in human collecting lymphatic vessels require chloride
Authors: Mohanakumar Sheyanth , Majgaard Jens , Telinius Niklas , Katballe Niels , Pahle Einar , Hjortdal Vibeke , Boedtkjer Donna 
Published: April 2018

Human lymphatic vessels are myogenically active and respond to sympathetic stimulation. The role of various cations in this behavior has recently been investigated, but whether the anion Cl− is essential is unclear. With ethical approval and informed consent, human thoracic duct and mesenteric lymphatic vessels were obtained from surgical patients. Spontaneous or norepinephrine-induced isometric force production from isolated vessels was measured by wire myography; the transmembrane Cl− gradient and Cl− channels were investigated by substitution of extracellular Cl− with the impermeant anion aspartate and inhibition of Cl− transport and channels with the clinical diuretics furosemide and bendroflumethiazide as well as DIDS and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid. The molecular expression of Ca2+-activated Cl− channels was investigated by RT-PCR, and proteins were localized using immunoreactivity. Spontaneous and norepinephrine-induced contractility in human lymphatic vessels was highly abrogated after Cl− substitution with aspartate. About 100–300 µM DIDS or 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid inhibited spontaneous contractile behavior. Norepinephrine-stimulated tone was furthermore markedly abrogated by 200 µM DIDS. Furosemide lowered only spontaneous constrictions, whereas bendroflumethiazide had nonspecific inhibitory effects. Consistent expression of transmembrane member 16A [TMEM16A (anoctamin-1)] was found in both the thoracic duct and mesenteric lymphatic vessels, and immunoreactivity with different antibodies localized TMEM16A to lymphatic smooth muscle cells and interstitial cells. The significant change in contractile function observed with inhibitors and anion substitution suggests that Cl− movement over the plasma membrane of lymphatic myocytes is integral for spontaneous and α-adrenoceptor-evoked contractility in human collecting lymphatic vessels. Consistent detection and localization of TMEM16A to myocytes suggests that this channel could play a major functional role. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we report the first observations of Cl− being a critical ionic component of spontaneous and agonist-evoked contractility in human lymphatics. The most consistently expressed Ca2+-activated Cl− channel gene in the human thoracic duct and mesenteric lymphatic vessels appears to be transmembrane member 16A, suggesting that this channel plays a major role.