bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classes sociales européennes à l’épreuve du logement comparaison Danemark, Espagne, France et Royaume-Uni
Authors: Bugeja-Bloch Fanny 
Published: September 2019

À partir des données du panel EU-SILC, cet article vise à étudier le lien entre positions de classe sur le marché du travail (définie selon la nomenclature ESeG) et positions résidentielles (selon deux dimensions : statuts d’occupation et taux d’effort pour se loger) dans quatre pays d’Europe (Danemark, Espagne, France et Royaume-Uni), choisis pour leur appartenance à des modèles de logement différents. Après une présentation des modèles en question, l’analyse empirique s’appuie sur des indicateurs de liaisons statistiques et une régression. Si les inégalités face au coût du logement dépendent davantage du revenu des ménages que de leurs positions sociales, il y a néanmoins partout un lien hiérarchique entre statut d’occupation et position sociale. Les inégalités face au coût du logement touchent le plus souvent les peu qualifiés et les petits entrepreneurs, avec des distinctions entre pays en lien avec les contextes politiques et institutionnels.
Les mots pour (ne pas) le dire. L’expression des hiérarchies et des différences sociales
Authors: Hugrée Cédric , de Verdalle Laure 
Published: September 2019

Nous analysons les univers lexicaux mobilisés pour catégoriser l’espace socioprofessionnel aujourd’hui en France à partir des matériaux originaux issus d’un dispositif expérimental confrontant 547 enquêtés à un « jeu de cartes ». Il leur était demandé de classer des professions puis de formuler librement des noms pour désigner les groupes ainsi constitués. Dans une première partie, nous décrivons la grande diversité des lexiques utilisés par les enquêtés. L’identification des lexiques les plus courants permet d’interroger la proximité et les écarts qui existent entre les deux activités (classement et dénomination). Dans un second temps, nous analysons l’espace des dénominations des groupes socioprofessionnels en interrogeant les manières dont ont été dites ou tues les hiérarchies. Cela nous conduit à discuter la permanence du vocable des groupes professionnels pour exprimer ces différenciations sociales et à analyser les rapports entre les taxinomies pratiques mobilisées par les individus et les nomenclatures officielles, au premier rang desquelles les PCS. Nous mettons alors en évidence l’émergence d’un vocable de la responsabilité et de l’encadrement, et discutons de la présence de registres moraux ou critiques, moins normés, mobilisés par certains de nos enquêtés.
Entre ordonnancement hiérarchisé des professions et regroupement des métiers par domaine d’activité. La double asymétrie des représentations ordinaires
Authors: Amossé Thomas , Penissat Étienne 
Published: September 2019

À partir d’un dispositif d’enquête sur tablette numérique, cet article étudie les représentations ordinaires de l’espace social. Comment les individus délimitent‑ils deux milieux sociaux dans un ensemble fermé de 11 professions appartenant à une fraction limitée de l’espace social ? Réalisés successivement sur des professions classiquement considérées comme relevant du « haut » et du « bas » de l’espace social, les classements des enquêtés démontrent en premier lieu la force toujours actuelle de l’opposition entre les professions d’employés et d’ouvriers : comme point saillant, elle délimite le principal clivage interne aux classes populaires. Pour les professions de cadres et de chefs d’entreprise ensuite, trois représentations (positionnelle, statutaire et fonctionnelle) se dégagent des classements réalisés, dont la première est clairement hiérarchisée. L’opposition selon le secteur public ou privé se retrouve dans les deux séquences de façon transversale. L’article conclut à une double asymétrie des représentations ordinaires : les hiérarchies professionnelles et sociales sont plus souvent évoquées pour et par les individus occupant une position élevée dans la société, alors que ce sont davantage des oppositions transversales (statutaires ou fonctionnelles) qui sont utilisées pour et par ceux situés plus bas dans l’échelle des emplois et des positions sociales.
Le temps du paysage. La représentation de la nature dans l’œuvre de Poussin
Authors: de Negroni Barbara 
Published: September 2019

Poussin a utilisé de façon très subtile ce genre pictural qu’est le paysage, en jouant sur toutes les possibilités qu’il offre. Il réussit ainsi à raconter des histoires : les éléments narratifs sont traduits par des éléments du paysage – chemins, monuments, ciels plus ou moins paisibles, diversité des arbres ; les hommes eux-mêmes apparaissent comme des parties de la nature, dont le comportement et les actions répondent également à des lois. Le paysage devient ainsi un moyen plastique extraordinaire qui offre au spectateur l’occasion d’un déchiffrage patient pour pouvoir être pris ensuite par la force d’une expérience sensible, par le plaisir d’une composition d’ensemble, des couleurs et de la lumière.
Le métier de paysagiste
Authors: Benech Louis , de Negroni Barbara 
Published: September 2019

Louis Benech s’est formé au métier de paysagiste en faisant d’abord un travail d’ouvrier horticole, et il garde une grande passion pour tout ce qui relève de la botanique, du jardinage et de la culture des jardins. Paysagiste de renommée internationale aujourd’hui, il considère que jardiner est le plus beau métier du monde, et sa passion pour son métier donne un éclairage fondamental à ce qu’est un paysage : le paysage relève à la fois de la nature et du travail des hommes, il se définit tout autant par ses caractéristiques géographiques que par toutes les aventures historiques qu’il a pu connaître.
Applications of the GPR Technique to indoor, bridge deck and pier structures: case studies in Turkey
Authors: Drahor Mahmut G. , Öztürk Caner , Ongar Atilla , Berge Meriç A. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of three ground‐penetrating radar case studies applied to indoor, bridge deck, and pier construction types in Turkey. In these studies, 270‐MHz and 1600‐MHz anten‐nas were employed to determine the ability limits for construction materials and diagnostic problems associated with the materials. In addition, the importance of the selected survey direction was tested during measurement. Analysing the significance of the migration technique during the data processing stage was another important goal of these case studies. The first case study analyses the indoor applications (e.g., house, villa, and fabric) of ground‐penetrating radar and aims to identify possible cracks, structural defects, and corrosion damage. The second case applies ground‐penetrating radar to a bridge deck. The third case investigates pier construction by establishing the layout of the construction materials. Identifying possible defects, including structural problems within the pier structure, was another goal. These case studies provide interesting results in terms of physically characterizing the concrete structure and the locations of rebar and slab conditions; the work also reveals the moisture and corrosion effects inside the construction materials on indoor, bridge and pier applications of ground‐penetrating radar.
Demonstrating the contribution of dielectric permittivity to the in‐phase EMI response of soils: example from an archaeological site in Bahrain
Authors: Benech Christophe , Lombard Pierre , Rejiba Fayçal , Tabbagh Alain 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTElectromagnetic induction instruments (also called loop–loop, dipole–dipole, or Slingram) are now commonly used in archaeological prospecting. They are truly light instruments, which are able to measure both the apparent electrical conductivity and the apparent magnetic susceptibility of the ground. During a field test in Bahrain Island where the soil has a high clay content and a high salt content, surprisingly high values of in‐phase response were obtained at all inter‐coil spacings using CMD “Mini‐Explorer” (GF Instruments Ltd., Brno, Czech Republic) at 30 kHz, in both horizontal coplanar and vertical coplanar configurations, and the horizontal coplanar and vertical coplanar susceptibility variations were in total opposition. This apparent discrepancy is explained by considering the in‐phase responses to be dominated by the relative dielectric permittivity. Using the raw and in‐phase vertical coplanar and horizontal coplanar data, it is possible to determine and map the apparent permittivity and apparent magnetic susceptibility. For this case of slated soils with high clay content, the relative permittivity is strong but in agreement with both experimental data at lower frequencies and theoretical models reported in the literature.
Higher‐order correlative stacking for seismic data denoising based on the multiple‐domain combination
Authors: Li Jinghe , Qi Rui , Zhang Yujie , Xiong Bin 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTTo improve the denoising performance of seismic data contaminated with random and coherent noises, a hybrid denoising scheme is proposed in this paper. It aims to whiten the random noise and identify the coherent noise for the preserved or prominent seismic features. Using the wavelet and curvelet basis functions in curvelets alternately, the hybrid denoising scheme utilises the representation of edges and singularities along curves. Then it adapts the wavelet‐based higherorder correlative stacking denoising method from seismic exploration sequentially. With regard to seismic records for bedrock surface detection after the artificial backfill, the noisy data are significantly improved both in terms of denoising and improving fidelity. To illustrate the advantage of the hybrid denoising scheme, a comparison of the performances between the different individual denoising methods, including the higher‐order correlative stacking method and curvelets with wavelet and curvelet basis functions, has been presented for the complex seismic records contaminated with different noises. Numerical case studies and a field data analysis have been used to show that the proposed hybrid denoising scheme is more effective for seismic data containing complex features than the individual denoising methods.
High‐resolution reflection seismic imaging for the planning of a double‐train‐track tunnel in the city of Varberg, southwest Sweden
Authors: Dehghannejad Mahdieh , Malehmir Alireza , Svensson Mats , Lindén Mattias , Möller Henrik 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTA newly developed broadband digital‐based seismic landstreamer system was employed for the planning of a double‐train‐track tunnel in the city of Varberg, southwest Sweden. Twenty‐five seismic profiles, totalling more than 7.5 km of data, were acquired using a 2‐ to 4‐m receiver and source spacing. At places where it was not possible to move the streamer such as road crossings, wireless recorders connected to 28‐Hz geophones were used. In addition to the earlier refraction data analysis and first‐break traveltime tomographic modelling, reflection processing of the data was considered in this study, given the realisation of reflections in raw shot gathers and their good quality. Bedrock is strongly reflective in most cases but is not evident in the sections when it gets near the surface. Bedrock undulation is noticeable in most reflection sections, and at one occasion, strong diffraction is observed in the bedrock or near to it. The diffraction is originated, not known during the survey, from a 400‐m3 cylindrical (of about 3‐m‐height and 13‐m‐diameter) concrete‐made fire‐protection water tank situated in the bedrock and used in emergency situations. Reflection seismic data greatly complement the tomographic models and support deep bedrock where the excavation of the tunnel is planned in downtown Varberg. This interpretation implies different reinforcements and tunnel construction methods (e.g., roofed concrete) at this section of the tunnel. In addition, weakness zones associated with fracture systems are inferred from the reflection characteristics and in conjunction with the velocity models requiring verification by additional boreholes.
Magnetic imaging of the Kurungnakh Island ice complex upper layer structure, Lena Delta, Russia
Authors: Tsibizov Leonid , Rusalimova Olga 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTGround‐based detailed magnetic surveys have so far been minimally used in permafrost research but they have a great potential to explore near‐surface structures and to reveal their hidden features. This study presents the results of a two‐elevation magnetic survey on a Pleistocene ice complex covered by Holocene deposits and penetrated by ice wedges. A polygonal pattern, which is not distinctly visible on the surface, is successfully identified in the anomalous magnetic field. Obtained data allow to allocate confidently the polygon distribution and to discriminate the ice wedges of different thicknesses. Typical values of total magnetic field anomalies related to ice wedges and frozen sediments in between are about several nanoteslas measured at the elevations of 0.4 and 1.15 m above the surface. Magnetic susceptibility of the permafrost samples is on the order of 10‐4. Observed data were modelled using a numerical magnetic model to estimate quantitatively geometrical and magnetic parameters of the ice complex structure. The best‐fitting model provides the following results: the upper part of the Pleistocene and Holocene ice wedges shows a thickness of 8 and 3 m, respectively, and the upper boundary of the Pleistocene ice wedges where they contact with Holocene wedges rests at 1 m depth. The magnetic susceptibility of frozen sediments between ice wedges is about 0.14 × 10‐3. An anomalously high vertical gradient within the study area has been observed. The presumable sources for this anomaly were considered. Our results suggest that detailed magnetometry could be efficient as it is a rapid and non‐invasive reconnaissance permafrost research.
Unique insight into the seasonal variability of geophysical properties of field soils: practical implications for near‐surface investigations
Authors: Boddice Daniel , Metje Nicole , Chapman David 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTElectromagnetic wave propagation methods are extensively used in geophysical prospecting, such as in archaeological and utility surveys. The signal penetration and attenuation of electromagnetic waves depend strongly on the apparent permittivity and electrical conductivity of the soil, which vary on a seasonal basis, affecting the detection of buried features, especially their detected depth. Nevertheless, there is a significant lack of high‐quality long‐term seasonal field monitoring data of electromagnetic properties in different soil conditions to aid the understanding of how these properties vary in field conditions. The results reported in this paper will contribute to addressing this scarcity of data. Long‐term data are presented and analysed from bespoke time‐domain reflectometry monitoring stations designed to enable collection of apparent relative dielectric permittivity, bulk electrical conductivity, and temperature data at a high temporal resolution (hourly) from three remote sites with different soils over an extended period of time (16–23 months). In addition to providing an extensive dataset, the data highlight the importance of using accurate electromagnetic soil data for geophysical prospecting. The greatest changes in geophysical properties for all sites are detected in the near‐surface soils (< 0.5 m), where many buried utilities are generally found, with rapid wetting events and slower drying events greatly affecting both the apparent relative dielectric permittivity and the bulk electrical conductivity. However, the most critical factor for determining these properties is the soil water holding capacity, which, in turn, is a function of the clay mineralogy and content. An analysis of the ratio of energy loss to energy storage shows that the optimum time for ground penetrating radar surveying is during the dry periods and when the soil temperature is low, displaying the significance of soil temperature on survey outcomes, due to its significant effect on the bulk electrical conductivity. The results from this paper will aid survey planning, thereby ensuring a better underground target detection rate.
Self‐potential for monitoring soil remediation by smouldering: a proof of concept
Authors: Ebrahimzadeh Mehrnoosh , Tsourlos Panagiotis , Gerhard Jason I. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTNear‐surface soils contaminated with non‐aqueous phase liquids, such as coal tar, crude oil, and chlorinated solvents, remain a serious problem. Smouldering remediation is a technique now being applied in the field for in situ destruction of non‐aqueous phase liquids. Based on a self‐sustaining exothermic reaction, smouldering remediation generates a hot region (>400 °C) that propagates through the subsurface. Self‐potential is here considered for the first time as a non‐destructive means for monitoring the smouldering remediation process. First, a series of sandbox experiments were conducted to investigate the magnitude of the thermoelectric coupling coefficient () for different sand sizes, water contents, and heat sources. Measured values ranged from ‐0.47 mV/°C for coarse, water‐saturated sand to ‐0.05 mV/°C for fine sand with a saturation of 30%. Next, self‐potential measurements were conducted during several laboratory smouldering remediation experiments, examining the response as a function of both space and time. A significant self‐potential anomaly was observed on the surface during the smouldering period. Moreover, the magnitude of the self‐potential anomaly was demonstrated to be highly correlated to the separation distance between the (moving) reaction front and the (stationary) self‐potential electrode positions. Overall, this research suggests that the self‐potential method has a significant promise as a non‐invasive monitoring tool for in situ smouldering remediation of contaminated sites.
Tuning, interference and false shallow gas signatures in geohazard interpretations: beyond the rule
Authors: Barrett Bonita J. , Huws Dei G. , Booth Adam D. , Wergeland Øystein , Mattias Green J.A. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTShallow gas presents a significant geohazard for drilling operations, with implications for costly well deviations and inherent blowout risks. The archetypal seismic signature of shallow gas—a “bright spot”—can be falsely induced by tuning, whereby reflections from closely separated horizons stack and constructively interfere. According to established guidelines, maximum constructive interference is typically expected where horizons are separated by one‐quarter wavelength of the seismic wavelet. Here, we test the circumstances in which false gas signatures can be induced from tuning and the conditions in which the guidelines for interference become problematic. We simulate normal‐incidence seismic data for a variety of reflectivity models, incorporating different contrasts in reflectivity magnitude and polarity. We simulate acoustic impedance by supplying initial geological parameters to Gassmann’s rock physics equations, allowing bulk density and compressional (P‐) wave velocity to vary between 1200–2100 kg/m3 and 1460–1670 m/s, respectively, for non‐gassy sediments and 1160 kg/m3 and 170–200 m/s for gassy sediments. Tuning is considered for a Ricker wavelet source pulse, having both peak frequency and effective bandwidth of 60 Hz. Tuning effects are able to mask a gas pocket, corresponding to a “false negative” signature that represents a significant hazard for drilling operations. Furthermore, the widely adopted assumption for constructive interference is not always valid as the brightest seismic responses can appear for thicker and thinner beds, depending upon the stratigraphy. Similar observations are made both qualitatively and quantitatively for real seismic responses, in which reflections from a series of dipping clinoforms interfere with those from an overlying unconformity. We conclude that greater attention should be paid to the interpretation of shallow gas risk; specifically, the effect of reflector geometries should not be overlooked as a means of producing or masking seismic amplitudes that could be indicative of a hazardous gas accumulation.
Identifying and mitigating against potential seafloor and shallow drilling hazards at a complex Gulf of Mexico Deepwater site using HR3D seismic and AUV data
Authors: Kassarie Kern , Mitchell Stephen , Albertin Martin , Hill Andrew , Carney Robert 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an integrated and iterative approach to the identification and understanding of seafloor and shallow geohazards at a complex geologic setting in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The approach, focusing on geophysical data gathering and processing, allowed continuous improvement in the understanding of individual geohazard risks ahead of any eventual selection of wildcat drilling locations.The progressive development of increased image resolution has included the use of the following data types: exploration 3D, autonomous underwater vehicle seabed clearance, short‐offset 3D, a full‐waveform inversion velocity model, HR3D acquisition, HR3D, autonomous underwater vehicle high‐resolution sonar, and seabed photographic transects.Data have assisted in revealing the presence and the understanding of, numerous seafloor and sub‐seafloor geologic features that could potentially affect the choice of well location, well trajectory, and final drilling practices. Features that have been defined have included active benthic communities, widespread seafloor faulting, multi‐scale active seabed expulsion features, slope‐failure scarps, mass transport complexes, shallow gas, and various effects from the presence and transmission of shallow overpressure towards the seafloor.The final, integrated geologic model that is developed will allow selection of well surface locations and trajectories that meet local regulatory requirements for safe drilling and environmental protection, as well as the adoption of safe drilling practices to mitigate identified hazards.
A petrophysical approach to the investigation of shallow marine geology
Authors: Andrew Buckley Francis , Cottee Lewis 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTInterpretations of commercial marine shallow seismic data are generally limited to a prognosis of lithologies based on sparse ground truth data and regional stratigraphic models and a probability assessment of encountering perceived geohazards. However, an approach based on analyses of available petrophysical data can provide a more robust assessment of shallow marine lithologies and a more confident interpretation of shallow gas and overpressured formations. Generation of well‐ and borehole‐log acoustic impedance curves provides the starting point for these investigations and, although not all of the requisite data may be present in shallow section wireline suites, the Faust and Gardner equations, and other empirically derived relationships, can supply acceptable mathematical approximations. Impedance inversions of reflection seismic data facilitate more confident interpretations of lithological units, especially when combined with additional datasets such as gamma‐ray, resistivity, porosity, and S‐wave sonic, as elastic and extended elastic inversions. Anomalous seismic events interpreted to represent a probability of encountering shallow gas using traditional interpretation methods may be further investigated using amplitude‐versus‐offset cross‐plotting techniques, including fluid factor calculations, and the potential for overpressured gas accumulations or flow sands may be estimated from velocity‐derived pore pressure calculations. Geological and synthetic seismic modelling exercises provide the opportunity to test petrophysical interpretations in the absence of ground truth control data.