bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the benefit of well-managed protected areas for threatened species conservation
Authors: Kearney Stephen G. , Adams Vanessa M. , Fuller Richard A. , Possingham Hugh P. , Watson James E. M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractProtected areas are central to global efforts to prevent species extinctions, with many countries investing heavily in their establishment. Yet the designation of protected areas alone can only abate certain threats to biodiversity. Targeted management within protected areas is often required to achieve fully effective conservation within their boundaries. It remains unclear what combination of protected area designation and management is needed to remove the suite of processes that imperil species. Here, using Australia as a case study, we use a dataset on the pressures facing threatened species to determine the role of protected areas and management in conserving imperilled species. We found that protected areas that are not resourced for threat management could remove one or more threats to 1,185 (76%) species and all threats to very few (n = 51, 3%) species. In contrast, a protected area network that is adequately resourced to manage threatening processes within their boundary could remove one or more threats to almost all species (n = 1,551; c. 100%) and all threats to almost half (n = 740, 48%). However, 815 (52%) species face one or more threats that require coordinated conservation actions that protected areas alone could not remove. This research shows that investing in the continued expansion of Australia's protected area network without providing adequate funding for threat management within and beyond the existing protected area network will benefit few threatened species. These findings highlight that as the international community expands the global protected area network in accordance with the 2020 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity, a greater emphasis on the effectiveness of threat management is needed.
Birkenmajer's Copernicus: Historical Context, Original Insights, and Contributions to Current Debates
Authors: Goddu André 
Published: May 2018

ArgumentLudwik Antoni Birkenmajer (1855-1929), following along the paths pioneered by Leopold Prowe, Maximilian Curtze, Franz Hipler, and J. L. E. Dreyer, joined them as trailblazers of Copernican scholarship in the nineteenth century. Educated in the classics and mathematics, Birkenmajer began by examining more closely the Cracow background to Copernicus's development and studying his works and annotations in books he owned or read. Birkenmajer contributed many discoveries that eventually became common knowledge, and his studies loomed over Polish research on Copernicus into the 1970s. Focusing on historical context and his original insights, the essay reminds readers of his contributions (sections 1–2), relates them to discussions of Copernicus's precursors (section 3), to the debate about Maragha precedents (section 4), his reading of theUppsala Notebook(sections 2 and 5), and his account of the origin of Copernicus's heliocentrism (section 6). By means of a more critical assessment of his interpretation, the essay revises earlier accounts, rescuing the original insights that mark Birkenmajer's most important contributions to current debates and his efforts to reconstruct Copernicus's path to heliocentrism.
Pharmacologic therapy with flecainide for asymptomatic Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome in an infant with severe left ventricular dyssynchrony
Authors: Suzuki Sayo , Hokosaki Tatsunori , Iwamoto Mari 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSome asymptomatic patients with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome have severe left ventricular dyssynchrony and dysfunction. We describe a patient who was given a diagnosis of Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome in infancy and had a complete response to pharmacologic therapy with flecainide. Our findings suggest that flecainide is a suitable resynchronisation therapy for such infants.
Balun bandpass filter on slot-line resonators with intrinsic balanced performance in amplitude and phase
Authors: Feng Lin-Ping , Zhu Lei 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this paper, a novel class of balun bandpass filters is presented on slot-line resonator (SLR) toward intrinsic balanced performance in amplitude and phase. The proposed balun filter consists of three inductive-coupled SLRs in the middle, one single-ended unbalanced port, and one balanced port with two terminals. According to the distinct field conversion from the slotline to the microstrip feeding line, good balanced performance in amplitude, and phase performance can be intrinsically realized over a wide frequency range. To validate the proposed technique, a prototype third-order balun filter is designed, fabricated, and measured. Both the simulated and measured results have demonstrated that the proposed balun filter can not only achieve good frequency selectivity but also exhibit intrinsic balanced performance in amplitude and phase.
Benotung und Autonomieförderung – (k)‍ein Widerspruch in sich!?
Authors: Hofferber Natalia , Basten Melanie , Wilde Matthias 
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung. Gemäß der Selbstbestimmungstheorie der Motivation kann die intrinsische Motivation von Schülerinnen und Schülern durch autonomieförderliches Lehrerverhalten begünstigt werden. Autonomieförderliches Verhalten ist unter anderem durch den Verzicht auf externe Anreizbedingungen gekennzeichnet. Eine Umsetzung derartigen Lehrerverhaltens erweist sich im Regelunterricht als schwierig. Noten stellen einen festen Bestandteil des deutschen Schulsystems dar und werden oft als externe Anreizbedingungen bezeichnet. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, zu untersuchen, ob sich Benotung in einem autonomieförderlichen Lernsetting destruktiv auf die intrinsische Motivation der Schülerinnen und Schüler auswirkt. Dazu wurden drei unterschiedliche Treatments konzipiert: autonomieförderliches Lehrerverhalten in einer unbenoteten Lernumgebung (A), autonomieförderliches Lehrerverhalten in einer benoteten Lernumgebung (A+B) sowie kontrollierendes Lehrerverhalten in einer benoteten Lernumgebung (K+B). An der Untersuchung nahmen insgesamt 483 Schülerinnen und Schüler der sechsten Jahrgangsstufe (MAlter = 11.28 Jahre, SDAlter = 0.57 Jahre) teil, die jeweils in einer kurzen Sequenz von drei Stunden unterrichtet wurden. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass Benotung bei autonomieförderlichem Lehrerverhalten praktisch keine demotivierende Wirkung hat.
Freundschaften im Klassenzimmer und deren Bedeutung für einen adaptiven individuellen Umgang mit Fehlern
Authors: Tulis Maria , Reindl Marion , Dresel Markus 
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung. Erfolgreiches Lernen aus Fehlern setzt einen adaptiven Umgang mit Fehlern voraus: Als affektiv-motivational adaptiv wird die Aufrechterhaltung der Motivation sowie günstiger Lernemotionen angesehen, während sich handlungsadaptive Fehlerreaktionen auf geeignete Lernhandlungen und -strategien zur tieferen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Fehler und dessen Korrektur beziehen. Neben individuellen Merkmalen des Lernenden wird ein solch adaptiver Umgang mit Fehlern maßgeblich vom sozialen Kontext mitbestimmt. Obwohl Klassenkamerad_innen einen wesentlichen Bestandteil des sozialen Lernkontextes von Jugendlichen ausmachen, wurde in Forschungsarbeiten zum Fehlerklima bisher vorrangig das Lehrkraftverhalten (im Umgang mit Mitschülerreaktionen) in den Blick genommen. Demgegenüber stehen empirische und entwicklungspsychologische Evidenzen, dass Peerbeziehungen insbesondere im Jugendalter eine zentrale Stellung – auch für die Übernahme schulischer Überzeugungen und Verhaltensweisen – einnehmen. Basierend auf einer Stichprobe von 270 Schüler_innen der 5. – 7. Jahrgangsstufe wurde untersucht, inwiefern dyadische reziproke Freundschaften innerhalb der Klasse im Zusammenhang mit dem Umgang mit Fehlern und somit auch indirekt mit der Leistung von Schüler_innen stehen. Dazu wurde von jeder_m Jugendlichen die beste Freundin bzw. der beste Freund innerhalb der Klasse nominiert und alle Schüler_innen mittels eines standardisierten Fragebogens zu deren individuellem Umgang mit Fehlern in Mathematik und Englisch befragt. Als Leistungsmaß wurde die Schulaufgabennote in beiden Unterrichtsfächern herangezogen. Ergebnisse von Strukturgleichungsmodellen ergaben positive Zusammenhänge zwischen dem adaptiven Fehlerumgang befreundeter Jugendlicher, sowie indirekte Effekte auf die Leistung. Die Ergebnisse zeigten sich in beiden Unterrichtsfächern und ergänzen bisherige Erkenntnisse zu den sozialen Faktoren, die das schulische Lernverhalten beeinflussen.
Planetary Period Oscillations in Saturn's Magnetosphere: Cassini Magnetic Field Observations Over the Northern Summer Solstice Interval
Authors: Provan G. , Cowley S. W. H. , Bradley T. J. , Bunce E. J. , Hunt G. J. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe determine properties of Saturn's planetary period oscillations from Cassini magnetic measurements over the ~2‐year interval from September 2015 to end of mission in September 2017, spanning Saturn northern summer solstice in May 2017. Phases of the northern system oscillations are derived over the whole interval, while those of the southern system are not discerned in initial equatorial data due to too low amplitude relative to the northern, but are determined once southern polar data become available from inclined orbits beginning May 2016. Planetary period oscillation periods are shown to be almost constant over these intervals at ~10.79 hr for the northern system and ~10.68 hr for the southern, essentially unchanged from values previously determined after the periods reversed in 2014. High cadence phase and amplitude data obtained from the short‐period Cassini orbits during the mission's last 10 months newly reveal the presence of dual modulated oscillations varying at the beat period of the two systems (~42 days) on nightside polar field lines in the vicinity (likely either side) of the open‐closed field boundary. The modulations differ from those observed previously in the equatorial region, indicative of a reversal in sign of the radial component oscillations, but not of the colatitudinal component oscillations. Brief discussion is given of a possible theoretical scenario. While weak equatorial beat modulations indicate a north/south amplitude ratio >5 early in the study interval, polar and equatorial region modulations suggest a ratio ~1.4 during the later interval, indicating a significant recovery of the southern system.
Dual color optogenetic control of neural populations using low-noise, multishank optoelectrodes
Authors: Kampasi Komal , English Daniel F. , Seymour John , Stark Eran , McKenzie Sam , Vöröslakos Mihály , Buzsáki György , Wise Kensall D. , Yoon Euisik 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOptogenetics allows for optical manipulation of neuronal activity and has been increasingly combined with intracellular and extracellular electrophysiological recordings. Genetically-identified classes of neurons are optically manipulated, though the versatility of optogenetics would be increased if independent control of distinct neural populations could be achieved on a sufficient spatial and temporal resolution. We report a scalable multisite optoelectrode design that allows simultaneous optogenetic control of two spatially intermingled neuronal populations in vivo. We describe the design, fabrication, and assembly of low-noise, multisite/multicolor optoelectrodes. Each shank of the four-shank assembly is monolithically integrated with 8 recording sites and a dual-color waveguide mixer with a 7 × 30 μm cross-section, coupled to 405 nm and 635 nm injection laser diodes (ILDs) via gradient-index (GRIN) lenses to meet optical and thermal design requirements. To better understand noise on the recording channels generated during diode-based activation, we developed a lumped-circuit modeling approach for EMI coupling mechanisms and used it to limit artifacts to amplitudes under 100 μV upto an optical output power of 450 μW. We implanted the packaged devices into the CA1 pyramidal layer of awake mice, expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 in pyramidal cells and ChrimsonR in paravalbumin-expressing interneurons, and achieved optical excitation of each cell type using sub-mW illumination. We highlight the potential use of this technology for functional dissection of neural circuits.
Polysulfurating reagent design for unsymmetrical polysulfide construction
Authors: Xiao Xiao , Xue Jiahui , Jiang Xuefeng 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFrom life science to material science, to pharmaceutical industry, and to food chemistry, polysulfides are vital structural scaffolds. However, there are limited synthetic methods for unsymmetrical polysulfides. Conventional strategies entail two pre-sulfurated cross-coupling substrates, R–S, with higher chances of side reactions due to the characteristic of sulfur. Herein, a library of broad-spectrum polysulfurating reagents, R–S–S–OMe, are designed and scalably synthesized, to which the R–S–S source can be directly introduced for late-stage modifications of biomolecules, natural products, and pharmaceuticals. Based on the hard and soft acids and bases principle, selective activation of sulfur-oxygen bond has been accomplished via utilizing proton and boride for efficient unsymmetrical polysulfuration. These polysulfurating reagents are highlighted with their outstanding multifunctional gram-scale transformations with various nucleophiles under mild conditions. A diversity of polysulfurated biomolecules, such as SS−(+)-δ-tocopherol, SS-sulfanilamide, SS-saccharides, SS-amino acids, and SSS-oligopeptides have been established for drug discovery and development.
Estimating geological CO2 storage security to deliver on climate mitigation
Authors: Alcalde Juan , Flude Stephanie , Wilkinson Mark , Johnson Gareth , Edlmann Katriona , Bond Clare E. , Scott Vivian , Gilfillan Stuart M. V. , Ogaya Xènia , Haszeldine R. Stuart 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCarbon capture and storage (CCS) can help nations meet their Paris CO2 reduction commitments cost-effectively. However, lack of confidence in geologic CO2 storage security remains a barrier to CCS implementation. Here we present a numerical program that calculates CO2 storage security and leakage to the atmosphere over 10,000 years. This combines quantitative estimates of geological subsurface CO2 retention, and of surface CO2 leakage. We calculate that realistically well-regulated storage in regions with moderate well densities has a 50% probability that leakage remains below 0.0008% per year, with over 98% of the injected CO2 retained in the subsurface over 10,000 years. An unrealistic scenario, where CO2 storage is inadequately regulated, estimates that more than 78% will be retained over 10,000 years. Our modelling results suggest that geological storage of CO2 can be a secure climate change mitigation option, but we note that long-term behaviour of CO2 in the subsurface remains a key uncertainty.
In vivo production of RNA nanostructures via programmed folding of single-stranded RNAs
Authors: Li Mo , Zheng Mengxi , Wu Siyu , Tian Cheng , Liu Di , Weizmann Yossi , Jiang Wen , Wang Guansong , Mao Chengde 
Published: May 2018

AbstractProgrammed self-assembly of nucleic acids is a powerful approach for nano-constructions. The assembled nanostructures have been explored for various applications. However, nucleic acid assembly often requires chemical or in vitro enzymatical synthesis of DNA or RNA, which is not a cost-effective production method on a large scale. In addition, the difficulty of cellular delivery limits the in vivo applications. Herein we report a strategy that mimics protein production. Gene-encoded DNA duplexes are transcribed into single-stranded RNAs, which self-fold into well-defined RNA nanostructures in the same way as polypeptide chains fold into proteins. The resulting nanostructure contains only one component RNA molecule. This approach allows both in vitro and in vivo production of RNA nanostructures. In vivo synthesized RNA strands can fold into designed nanostructures inside cells. This work not only suggests a way to synthesize RNA nanostructures on a large scale and at a low cost but also facilitates the in vivo applications.
On the impact of different approaches to classify age-related macular degeneration: Results from the German AugUR study
Authors: Brandl Caroline , Zimmermann Martina E. , Günther Felix , Barth Teresa , Olden Matthias , Schelter Sabine C. , Kronenberg Florian , Loss Julika , Küchenhoff Helmut , Helbig Horst , Weber Bernhard H. F. , Stark Klaus J. , Heid Iris M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWhile age-related macular degeneration (AMD) poses an important personal and public health burden, comparing epidemiological studies on AMD is hampered by differing approaches to classify AMD. In our AugUR study survey, recruiting residents from in/around Regensburg, Germany, aged 70+, we analyzed the AMD status derived from color fundus images applying two different classification systems. Based on 1,040 participants with gradable fundus images for at least one eye, we show that including individuals with only one gradable eye (n = 155) underestimates AMD prevalence and we provide a correction procedure. Bias-corrected and standardized to the Bavarian population, late AMD prevalence is 7.3% (95% confidence interval = [5.4; 9.4]). We find substantially different prevalence estimates for “early/intermediate AMD” depending on the classification system: 45.3% (95%-CI = [41.8; 48.7]) applying the Clinical Classification (early/intermediate AMD) or 17.1% (95%-CI = [14.6; 19.7]) applying the Three Continent AMD Consortium Severity Scale (mild/moderate/severe early AMD). We thus provide a first effort to grade AMD in a complete study with different classification systems, a first approach for bias-correction from individuals with only one gradable eye, and the first AMD prevalence estimates from a German elderly population. Our results underscore substantial differences for early/intermediate AMD prevalence estimates between classification systems and an urgent need for harmonization.
Polyploid lineages in the genus Porphyra
Authors: Varela-Álvarez Elena , Loureiro João , Paulino Cristina , Serrão Ester A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWhole genome duplication is now accepted as an important evolutionary force, but the genetic factors and the life history implications affecting the existence and abundance of polyploid lineages within species are still poorly known. Polyploidy has been mainly studied in plant model species in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase in their life history. In this study, we address such questions in a novel system (Porphyra, red algae) where the gametophyte is the dominant phase in the life history. ThreePorphyraspecies (P.dioica,P.umbilicalis, andP.linearis) were used in comparisons of ploidy levels, genome sizes and genetic differentiation using flow cytometry and 11 microsatellite markers among putative polyploid lineages. Multiple ploidy levels and genome sizes were found inPorphyraspecies, representing different cell lines and comprising several cytotype combinations among the same and different individuals. InP.linearis, genetic differentiation was found among three polyploid lineages: triploid, tetraploid and mixoploids, representing different evolutionary units. We conclude that the gametophytic phase (n) inPorphyraspecies is not haploid, contradicting previous theories. New hypotheses for the life histories ofPorphyraspecies are discussed.
Temporal and Spatial Effects of Blast Overpressure on Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Kuriakose Matthew , Rama Rao Kakulavarapu V. , Younger Daniel , Chandra Namas 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBlast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) is a “signature wound” in soldiers during training and in combat and has also become a major cause of morbidity in civilians due to increased insurgency. This work examines the role of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption as a result of both primary biomechanical and secondary biochemical injury mechanisms in bTBI. Extravasation of sodium fluorescein (NaF) and Evans blue (EB) tracers were used to demonstrate that compromise of the BBB occurs immediately following shock loading, increases in intensity up to 4 hours and returns back to normal in 24 hours. This BBB compromise occurs in multiple regions of the brain in the anterior-posterior direction of the shock wave, with maximum extravasation seen in the frontal cortex. Compromise of the BBB is confirmed by (a) extravasation of tracers into the brain, (b) quantification of tight-junction proteins (TJPs) in the brain and the blood, and (c) tracking specific blood-borne molecules into the brain and brain-specific proteins into the blood. Taken together, this work demonstrates that the BBB compromise occurs as a part of initial biomechanical loading and is a function of increasing blast overpressures.
Lycium barbarum polysaccharide encapsulated Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid Nanofibers: cost effective herbal medicine for potential application in peripheral nerve tissue engineering
Authors: Wang Jing , Tian Lingling , He Liumin , Chen Nuan , Ramakrishna Seeram , So Kwok-Fai , Mo Xiumei 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNerve regeneration is a serious clinical challenge following peripheral nerve injury. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) is the major component of wolfberry extract, which has been shown to be neuroprotective and promising in nerve recovery in many studies. Electrospun nanofibers, especially core-shell structured nanofibers being capable of serving as both drug delivery system and tissue engineering scaffolds, are well known to be suitable scaffolds for regeneration of peripheral nerve applications. In this study, LBP was incorporated into core-shell structured nanofibrous scaffolds via coaxial electrospinning. Alamar blue assays were performed to investigate the proliferation of both PC12 and Schwann cells cultured on the scaffolds. The neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells was evaluated by NF200 expression with immunostaining and morphology changes observed by SEM. The results indicated that the released LBP dramatically enhanced both proliferation and neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells induced by NGF. Additionally, the promotion of Schwann cells myelination and neurite outgrowth of DRG neurons were also observed on LBP loaded scaffolds by LSCM with immunostaining. In summary, LBP, as a drug with neuroprotection, encapsulated into electrospun nanofibers could be a potential candidate as tissue engineered scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration.
Habitual hot water bathing protects cardiovascular function in middle-aged to elderly Japanese subjects
Authors: Kohara Katsuhiko , Tabara Yasuharu , Ochi Masayuki , Okada Yoko , Ohara Maya , Nagai Tokihisa , Ohyagi Yasumasa , Igase Michiya 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFavorable effects of sauna bathing on cardiovascular disease have been demonstrated. Hot water bathing is an alternative, and could also have similar effects. Information pertaining to hot water bathing frequency and water temperature was obtained from 873 subjects. Carotid mean and max intima-media thickness (IMT) and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) were measured as indices of atherosclerosis. Central haemodynamics were evaluated using radial pulse waveform analyses. Plasma levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) were measured as an index for cardiac loading. The mean duration of a single hot bath was 12.4 ± 9.9 min. Subject bathing in hot water ≥5 times per week had significantly lower baPWV, central pulse pressure (PP), and BNP after correcting for possible confounding parameters. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that hot water temperature was negatively associated with baPWV, while bathing frequency was negatively related to central PP and BNP. A longitudinal follow-up in 164 subjects showed that hot water bathing ≥5 times per week was associated with significantly lower increase in BNP over time, while the temperature of the water tended to be related to lower increases in carotid max IMT and baPWV. Hot water bathing showed a favorable effect on atherosclerotic and central haemodynamic parameters.