bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of mental disorders and associated disability: Results from the cross-sectional CZEch mental health Study (CZEMS)
Authors: Formánek T. , Kagström A. , Cermakova P. , Csémy L. , Mladá K. , Winkler P. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroduction:We aimed to estimate the prevalence of current mental disorders in the Czech population, and to identify associated disability.Methods:We conducted a representative cross-sectional household survey of the Czech adult, community-dwelling population. We used the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.), WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0, and Self-Identification as Mentally Ill (SELFI) scale alongside sociodemographic and other covariates. We reached 75% response rate. Descriptive statistics of the sample were assessed and median (M) disability levels with interquartile range (IQR) according diagnosis were calculated on a scale ranging from 12 to 50. Linear regression models were used to identify factors associated with disability.Results:In our sample of 3 306 participants,21.9% experienced a mental disorder in 2017. Prevalence rates for mood, anxiety, alcohol use, non-alcohol substance use, and psychotic disorders corresponded to 5.5%, 7.3%, 10.8%,2.9%, and1.5%respectively. Alcoholdependencewasidentifiedin6.6%,andmajordepressionin4.0%of the sample. Disability in the general population was significantly lower (M = 12; IQR = 12, 17) than in those with mood (M = 20; IQR = 14; 29), anxiety (M = 18; IQR = 13; 26), alcohol use (M = 14; IQR = 12; 18), non- alcohol substance use (M = 15; IQR = 12; 19), or psychotic disorders (M = 22; IQR = 16.4; 29.4).Conclusions:People with mental disorders have considerably elevated disability in comparison to mentally healthy participants. The prevalence of mental disorders in the Czech Republic is mostly in line with European prevalence rates but it is lower for anxiety disorders and two times higher for alcohol use disorders.
In vitro fermentation by human faecal bacteria of total and purified dietary fibres from brown seaweeds
Authors: Michell Catherine , Lahaye Marc , Bonnet Christian , Mabeau Serge , Barry Jean-Luc 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe in vitro degradation of dietary fibre from three brown seaweeds (Himanthalia elongata, Laminaria digitata and Undaria pinnatiJda) was studied, using human faecal flora. Two sets of fibre were tested: (1) total algal fibres extracted from the whole algae, mainly composed of alginates, and (2) purified fibres (sulphated fucans, Na-alginates and laminarans) representative of those contained in the whole brown algae. Mannuronate, one algal component, was also investigated. Substrate disappearance and short- chain fatty acid (SCFA) production were monitored after 6, 12 and 24 h fermentation. Gas production was followed hourly during the first 9 h and then at 12 and 24 h. Sugarbeet fibre was used as a fermentation reference substrate. According to the fermentative indices used, most of each of the total algal fibres disappeared after 24 h (range 60–76 %) hut, unlike the reference substrate, they were not completely metabolized to SCFA (range 47–62 %). Among the purified algal fibres, disappearance of laminarans was approximately 90% and metabolism to SCFA was approximately 85% in close agreement with the fermentation pattern of reference fibres. Sulphated fucans were not degraded. Na- alginates exhibited a fermentation pattern quite similar to those of the whole algal fibres with a more pronounced discrepancy between disappearance and production of SCFA: disappearance was approximately 83 % but metabolism was only approximately 57 YO. Mannuronate was slowly fermented hut its metabolism corresponded to its disappearance from the fermentative medium. Thus, the characteristic fermentation pattern of the total fibres from the three brown algae investigated was attributed to the peculiar fermentation of alginates, and mannuronate was shown not to be directly involved.
Zinc and calcium apparent absorption from an infant cereal: a stable isotope study in healthy infants
Authors: Davidsson Lena , Mackenzie Jill , Kastenmayer Peter , Aggett Peter J. , Hurrell Richard F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFractional apparent absorption of Zn and Ca from a wheat-milk-based infant cereal was studied in six healthy infants (18-30 weeks old). Mineral absorption was measured by a stable-isotope technique based on faecal excretion of the isotopes. Each test meal (40 g cereal) was extrinsically labelled with 70Zn and 42Ca before intake. All faecal material passed during the 21 d following intake of the labelled test meal was collected on trace-element-free nappies. Individual stool samples were analysed for their content of ‘OZn and 42Ca by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Apparent absorption was calculated as intake minus total faecal excretion of the isotopes over 68-92 h after administration. The fractional apparent absorption values for Zn and Ca were 33.9 (SD 164) % (range 19.2-639 %) and 53.5 (SD 12.6) %) (range 36.7-71.7 %) respectively. Re-excretion of absorbed 70Zn (> 68-92 h to 21 d after intake of the labelled meal) was 044 (SD 038) %] of administered dose while only one infant re-excreted detectable amounts of 42Ca (1.74%) of administered dose). The analysis of individual stool samples confirmed that 72 h is a sufficient time period for complete collections of non-absorbed isotopes in faecal material from infants during the weaning period and that re-excretion of initially absorbed 70Zn and 42Ca (> 68-92 h to 21 d after intake of the labelled meal) is negligible.
What Habeas Corpus Can (and Cannot) Do for Immigration Detainees: Scotland v Canada and the Injustices of Imprisoning Migrants
Authors: Silverman Stephanie J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper closely studies Scotland v Canada to reveal the normative and substantive justice challenges facing immigration detainees across Canada. The Scotland decision at the Ontario Superior Court certified a habeas corpus writ as an individual remedy to release Mr. Ricardo Scotland from a pointless, seventeen-month incarceration. The decision frames Mr. Scotland’s detention as anomalous or divergent from an otherwise-functioning system. Against this view, this paper argues that access to habeas corpus cannot remedy the detention system’s scale of injustices. The paper contextualizes Mr. Scotland’s incarceration and the Superior Court decision against two primary claims: first, that the Canadian immigration and refugee determination system is arbitrarily biased against certain minoritized individuals, therefore transforming some people into detainable bodies; and second, that the global criminalization of migration trend has nested an arc of penal practices into Canadian policymaking and law, and this arc has seemingly normalized indefinite detention for some migrants. The paper concludes that restoration of access to habeas corpus cannot be understood as a substantive remedy to address the miscarriages of justice in the Canadian detention system.
The Institutional Context of Incubation: The Case of Academic Incubators in India
Authors: Narayanan V. K. , Shin Jungyoun (Natalie) 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTWe introduce incubators as an organizational form intended to facilitate entrepreneurship. The theorizing and research on incubators have been primarily anchored in market failure perspective and carry over the assumptions about a free market economy, mostly implicitly into the empirical work. This ignores the influence of the institutional context and obscures processes that may come into play in emerging economies like India. Using Scott's model (2008) of institutional context, we argue how the institutional context provides a complementary perspective that may reveal a richer picture of incubator operation in emerging economies. We illustrate this in the case of academic incubators in India.
The centre and the localities: state formation and parish government in England, circa 1640–1740
Authors: Kent Joan R. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTRecent studies have challenged older views that the British state of the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was rather powerless. However, such studies have focused largely on the executive, and particularly on the development of centralized revenue departments, or on the role of county elites in implementing state policies in the localities. This essay considers state formation as it was manifested at the base of the governmental system, and examines the extent of, and reasons for, support of national policies at the parish level. It argues that state power derived in part from institutional changes and innovations in procedure which made government in the localities more uniform, more professional, and more accountable; but that initiatives by parish vestries and a willingness on the part of such local elites to implement national policies also help to explain the strength of the state.
Knowledge of the Transmission of Tuberculosis and Infection Control Measures for Tuberculosis Among Healthcare Workers
Authors: Lai Kwan Kew , Fontecchio Sally A. , Kelley Anita L. , Melvin Zita S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTwo hundred seventy-five of 325 (85%) healthcare workers (HCWs) completed a questionnaire testing their knowledge of transmission of tuberculosis (TB) and infection control measures for TB. Of the 75 HCWs with no patient contact, 49 (65%) felt that masks should be worn, and 40 (53%) would use gowns. In contrast, 175 (88%) of 200 HCWs having contact with patients thought masks should be worn, and 70 (35%) would use gowns (P=.0001 and .0085, respectively). Only 87% of HCWs with patient contact felt that respiratory precautions should be instituted for TB patients. The results of our sur vey showed that HCWs should be reeducated about TB.
Comparative Killing Kinetics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Bacitracin or Mupirocin
Authors: Chapnick Edward K. , Gradon Jeremy D. , Kreiswirth Barry , Lutwick Larry I. , Schaffer Benjamin C. , Schiano Thomas D. , Levi Michael H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe in vitro activities of bacitracin and mupirocin were compared for seven different strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Six of seven strains showed bacitracin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.5 to 1.0 units/mL, and all seven had mupirocin MICs of 0.5 to 2 μg/mL. Time-kill studies revealed 2.6- to 4.5-log reduction in 24 hours with strains susceptible to bacitracin (4 units/mL) and 0 to 2.2 reduction with mupirocin (16 μg/mL). Bacitracin should be considered further for in vivo studies because of enhanced bacteriocidal effect and lower cost.
Determining Key Influences on Patient Ability to Successfully Manage Noncommunicable Disease After Natural Disaster
Authors: Ryan Benjamin J. , Franklin Richard C. , Burkle Frederick M. , Smith Erin C. , Aitken Peter , Leggat Peter A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Natural disasters often damage or destroy the protective public health service infrastructure (PHI) required to maintain the health and well-being of people with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). This interruption increases the risk of an acute exacerbation or complication, potentially leading to a worse long-term prognosis or even death. Disaster-related exacerbations of NCDs will continue, if not increase, due to an increasing prevalence and sustained rise in the frequency and intensity of disasters, along with rapid unsustainable urbanization in flood plains and storm-prone coastal zones. Despite this, the focus of disaster and health systems preparedness and response remains on communicable diseases, even when the actual risk of disease outbreaks post-disaster is low, particularly in developed countries. There is now an urgent need to expand preparedness and response beyond communicable diseases to include people with NCDs.Hypothesis/Problem:The developing evidence-base describing the risk of disaster-related exacerbation of NCDs does not incorporate the perspectives, concerns, and challenges of people actually living with the conditions. To help address this gap, this research explored the key influences on patient ability to successfully manage their NCD after a natural disaster.Methods:A survey of people with NCDs in Queensland, Australia collected data on demographics, disease, disaster experience, and primary concern post-disaster. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests with a Bonferroni-adjustment were used to analyze data.Results:There were 118 responses to the survey. Key influences on the ability to self-manage post-disaster were access to medication, medical services, water, treatment and care, power, and food. Managing disease-specific symptoms associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental health, and respiratory diseases were primary concerns following a disaster. Stress and anxiety, loss of sleep, weakness or fatigue, and shortness of breath were common concerns for all patients with NCDs. Those dependent on care from others were most worried about shortness of breath and slow healing sores. Accessing medication and medical services were priorities for all patients post-disaster.Conclusion:The key influences on successful self-management post-disaster for people with NCDs must be reflected in disaster plans and strategies. Achieving this will reduce exacerbations or complications of disease and decrease demand for emergency health care post-disaster.
Millennial‐Scale Age Offsets Within Fossil Assemblages: Result of Bioturbation Below the Taphonomic Active Zone and Out‐of‐Phase Production
Authors: Tomašových A. , Kidwell S. M. , Alexander C. R. , Kaufman D. S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOceanographic and evolutionary inferences based on fossil assemblages can be obscured by age offsets among co‐occurring shells (i.e., time averaging). To identify the contributions of sedimentation, mixing, durability, and production to within‐ and between‐species age offsets, we analyze downcore changes in the age‐frequency distributions of two bivalves on the California shelf. Within‐species age offsets are ~50–2,000 years for Parvilucina and ~2,000–4,000 years for Nuculana and between‐species offsets are 1,000–4,000 years within the 10‐ to 25‐cm‐thick stratigraphic units. Shells within the top 20–24 cm of the seabed are age‐homogeneous, defining the thickness of the surface completely‐mixed layer (SML), and have strongly right‐skewed age‐frequency distributions, indicating fast shell disintegration. The SML thus coincides with the taphonomic active zone and extends below the redoxcline at ~10 cm. Shells >2,000–3,000 years old occurring within the SML have been exhumed from subsurface shell‐rich units rich where disintegration is negligible (sequestration zone, SZ). Burrowers (callianassid shrimps) penetrate 40–50 cm below the seafloor into this SZ. The millennial offsets within each increment result from the advection of old shells from the SZ, combined with an out‐of‐phase change in species production. Age unmixing reveals that Parvilucina was abundant during the transgressive phase, rare during the highstand phase, and increased steeply in the twentieth century in response to wastewater. Nuculana was abundant during the highstand phase and has declined over the past two centuries. This sequestration‐exhumation dynamic accentuates age offsets by allowing both the persistence of shells below the SML and their later admixing with younger shells within the SML.
Experimental and computational analyses reveal that environmental restrictions shape HIV-1 spread in 3D cultures
Authors: Imle Andrea , Kumberger Peter , Schnellbächer Nikolas D. , Fehr Jana , Carrillo-Bustamante Paola , Ales Janez , Schmidt Philip , Ritter Christian , Godinez William J. , Müller Barbara , Rohr Karl , Hamprecht Fred A. , Schwarz Ulrich S. , Graw Frederik , Fackler Oliver T. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPathogens face varying microenvironments in vivo, but suitable experimental systems and analysis tools to dissect how three-dimensional (3D) tissue environments impact pathogen spread are lacking. Here we develop an Integrative method to Study Pathogen spread by Experiment and Computation within Tissue-like 3D cultures (INSPECT-3D), combining quantification of pathogen replication with imaging to study single-cell and cell population dynamics. We apply INSPECT-3D to analyze HIV-1 spread between primary human CD4 T-lymphocytes using collagen as tissue-like 3D-scaffold. Measurements of virus replication, infectivity, diffusion, cellular motility and interactions are combined by mathematical analyses into an integrated spatial infection model to estimate parameters governing HIV-1 spread. This reveals that environmental restrictions limit infection by cell-free virions but promote cell-associated HIV-1 transmission. Experimental validation identifies cell motility and density as essential determinants of efficacy and mode of HIV-1 spread in 3D. INSPECT-3D represents an adaptable method for quantitative time-resolved analyses of 3D pathogen spread.
PFA ependymoma-associated protein EZHIP inhibits PRC2 activity through a H3 K27M-like mechanism
Authors: Jain Siddhant U. , Do Truman J. , Lund Peder J. , Rashoff Andrew Q. , Diehl Katharine L. , Cieslik Marcin , Bajic Andrea , Juretic Nikoleta , Deshmukh Shriya , Venneti Sriram , Muir Tom W. , Garcia Benjamin A. , Jabado Nada , Lewis Peter W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPosterior fossa type A (PFA) ependymomas exhibit very low H3K27 methylation and express high levels of EZHIP (Enhancer of Zeste Homologs Inhibitory Protein, also termed CXORF67). Here we find that a conserved sequence in EZHIP is necessary and sufficient to inhibit PRC2 catalytic activity in vitro and in vivo. EZHIP directly contacts the active site of the EZH2 subunit in a mechanism similar to the H3 K27M oncohistone. Furthermore, expression of H3 K27M or EZHIP in cells promotes similar chromatin profiles: loss of broad H3K27me3 domains, but retention of H3K27me3 at CpG islands. We find that H3K27me3-mediated allosteric activation of PRC2 substantially increases the inhibition potential of EZHIP and H3 K27M, providing a mechanism to explain the observed loss of H3K27me3 spreading in tumors. Our data indicate that PFA ependymoma and DIPG are driven in part by the action of peptidyl PRC2 inhibitors, the K27M oncohistone and the EZHIP ‘oncohistone-mimic’, that dysregulate gene silencing to promote tumorigenesis.
TUBG1 missense variants underlying cortical malformations disrupt neuronal locomotion and microtubule dynamics but not neurogenesis
Authors: Ivanova Ekaterina L. , Gilet Johan G. , Sulimenko Vadym , Duchon Arnaud , Rudolf Gabrielle , Runge Karen , Collins Stephan C. , Asselin Laure , Broix Loic , Drouot Nathalie , Tilly Peggy , Nusbaum Patrick , Vincent Alexandre , Magnant William , Skory Valerie , Birling Marie-Christine , Pavlovic Guillaume , Godin Juliette D. , Yalcin Binnaz , Hérault Yann , Dráber Pavel , Chelly Jamel , Hinckelmann Maria-Victoria 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDe novo heterozygous missense variants in the γ-tubulin gene TUBG1 have been linked to human malformations of cortical development associated with intellectual disability and epilepsy. Here, we investigated through in-utero electroporation and in-vivo studies, how four of these variants affect cortical development. We show that TUBG1 mutants affect neuronal positioning, disrupting the locomotion of new-born neurons but without affecting progenitors’ proliferation. We further demonstrate that pathogenic TUBG1 variants are linked to reduced microtubule dynamics but without major structural nor functional centrosome defects in subject-derived fibroblasts. Additionally, we developed a knock-in Tubg1Y92C/+ mouse model and assessed consequences of the mutation. Although centrosomal positioning in bipolar neurons is correct, they fail to initiate locomotion. Furthermore, Tubg1Y92C/+ animals show neuroanatomical and behavioral defects and increased epileptic cortical activity. We show that Tubg1Y92C/+ mice partially mimic the human phenotype and therefore represent a relevant model for further investigations of the physiopathology of cortical malformations.
GWAS for quantitative resistance phenotypes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals resistance genes and regulatory regions
Authors: Farhat Maha R. , Freschi Luca , Calderon Roger , Ioerger Thomas , Snyder Matthew , Meehan Conor J. , de Jong Bouke , Rigouts Leen , Sloutsky Alex , Kaur Devinder , Sunyaev Shamil , van Soolingen Dick , Shendure Jay , Sacchettini Jim , Murray Megan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDrug resistance diagnostics that rely on the detection of resistance-related mutations could expedite patient care and TB eradication. We perform minimum inhibitory concentration testing for 12 anti-TB drugs together with Illumina whole-genome sequencing on 1452 clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates. We evaluate genome-wide associations between mutations in MTB genes or non-coding regions and resistance, followed by validation in an independent data set of 792 patient isolates. We confirm associations at 13 non-canonical loci, with two involving non-coding regions. Promoter mutations are measured to have smaller average effects on resistance than gene body mutations. We estimate the heritability of the resistance phenotype to 11 anti-TB drugs and identify a lower than expected contribution from known resistance genes. This study highlights the complexity of the genomic mechanisms associated with the MTB resistance phenotype, including the relatively large number of potentially causal loci, and emphasizes the contribution of the non-coding portion of the genome.
The structural basis of translational control by eIF2 phosphorylation
Authors: Adomavicius Tomas , Guaita Margherita , Zhou Yu , Jennings Martin D. , Latif Zakia , Roseman Alan M. , Pavitt Graham D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractProtein synthesis in eukaryotes is controlled by signals and stresses via a common pathway, called the integrated stress response (ISR). Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2 alpha at a conserved serine residue mediates translational control at the ISR core. To provide insight into the mechanism of translational control we have determined the structures of eIF2 both in phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms bound with its nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B by electron cryomicroscopy. The structures reveal that eIF2 undergoes large rearrangements to promote binding of eIF2α to the regulatory core of eIF2B comprised of the eIF2B alpha, beta and delta subunits. Only minor differences are observed between eIF2 and eIF2αP binding to eIF2B, suggesting that the higher affinity of eIF2αP for eIF2B drives translational control. We present a model for controlled nucleotide exchange and initiator tRNA binding to the eIF2/eIF2B complex.