bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time‐Dependent Production Functions of Lunar Simple Craters on Layered Targets With Consideration of Topographic Degradation
Authors: Xie Minggang , Xiao Zhiyong , Xu Aoao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractImpact bombardment changes target properties, and topographic degradation increases crater diameters. These effects potentially change the shape of lunar production function (PF), which is usually assumed to be constant with time. Using crater scaling laws, we model PFs (MPFs) formed by near‐Earth objects on two‐layer target models that have increasing regolith thickness with time. Model‐derived MPFs show a significantly elevated production rate for small lunar craters, which is consistent with a high regolith production rate during the last ~1 Ma. Further integrating the effect of topographic degradation, we model the time‐dependent observable PFs (MOPFs) from the MPFs. Comparing among MOPFs, MPFs, and the prevailing Neukum PF suggests that, for D = 10–1,000 m simple craters, applying MPFs and Neukum PF may cause the derived cumulative density of D > 1 km craters (i.e., N(1)) to differ from its real value by a factor up to ~3 and ~10, respectively.
Global Impacts of Subseasonal (<60 Day) Wind Variability on Ocean Surface Stress, Buoyancy Flux, and Mixed Layer Depth
Authors: Whitt D. B. , Nicholson S. A. , Carranza M. M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSubseasonal surface wind variability strongly impacts the annual mean and subseasonal turbulent atmospheric surface fluxes. However, the impacts of subseasonal wind variability on the ocean are not fully understood. Here, we quantify the sensitivity of the ocean surface stress (𝛕), buoyancy flux (B), and mixed layer depth (MLD) to subseasonal wind variability in both a one‐dimensional (1‐D) vertical column model and a three‐dimensional (3‐D) global mesoscale‐resolving ocean/sea ice model. The winds are smoothed by time filtering the pseudo‐stresses, so the mean stress is approximately unchanged, and some important surface flux feedbacks are retained. The 1‐D results quantify the sensitivities to wind variability at different time scales from 120 days to 1 day at a few sites. The 3‐D results quantify the sensitivities to wind variability shorter than 60 days at all locations, and comparisons between 1‐D and 3‐D results highlight the importance of 3‐D ocean dynamics. Globally, subseasonal winds explain virtually all of subseasonal 𝛕 variance, about half of subseasonal B variance but only a quarter of subseasonal MLD variance. Subseasonal winds also explain about a fifth of the annual mean MLD and a similar and spatially correlated fraction of the mean friction velocity,
where ρsw is the density of seawater. Hence, the subseasonal MLD variance is relatively insensitive to subseasonal winds despite their strong impact on local B and 𝛕 variability, but the mean MLD is relatively sensitive to subseasonal winds to the extent that they modify the mean u*, and both of these sensitivities are modified by 3‐D ocean dynamics.
Scientific Merits and Analytical Challenges of Tree‐Ring Densitometry
Authors: Björklund J. , von Arx G. , Nievergelt D. , Wilson R. , Van den Bulcke J. , Günther B. , Loader N. J. , Rydval M. , Fonti P. , Scharnweber T. , Andreu‐Hayles L. , Büntgen U. , D'Arrigo R. , Davi N. , De Mil T. , Esper J. , Gärtner H. , Geary J. , Gunnarson B. E. , Hartl C. , Hevia A. , Song H. , Janecka K. , Kaczka R. J. , Kirdyanov A. V. , Kochbeck M. , Liu Y. , Meko M. , Mundo I. , Nicolussi K. , Oelkers R. , Pichler T. , Sánchez‐Salguero R. , Schneider L. , Schweingruber F. , Timonen M. , Trouet V. , Van Acker J. , Verstege A. , Villalba R. , Wilmking M. , Frank D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractX‐ray microdensitometry on annually resolved tree‐ring samples has gained an exceptional position in last‐millennium paleoclimatology through the maximum latewood density (MXD) parameter, but also increasingly through other density parameters. For 50 years, X‐ray based measurement techniques have been the de facto standard. However, studies report offsets in the mean levels for MXD measurements derived from different laboratories, indicating challenges of accuracy and precision. Moreover, reflected visible light‐based techniques are becoming increasingly popular, and wood anatomical techniques are emerging as a potentially powerful pathway to extract density information at the highest resolution. Here we review the current understanding and merits of wood density for tree‐ring research, associated microdensitometric techniques, and analytical measurement challenges. The review is further complemented with a careful comparison of new measurements derived at 17 laboratories, using several different techniques. The new experiment allowed us to corroborate and refresh “long‐standing wisdom” but also provide new insights. Key outcomes include (i) a demonstration of the need for mass/volume‐based recalibration to accurately estimate average ring density; (ii) a substantiation of systematic differences in MXD measurements that cautions for great care when combining density data sets for climate reconstructions; and (iii) insights into the relevance of analytical measurement resolution in signals derived from tree‐ring density data. Finally, we provide recommendations expected to facilitate futureinter‐comparability and interpretations for global change research.
Lithospheric Structure of the Malawi Rift: Implications for Magma‐Poor Rifting Processes
Authors: Njinju Emmanuel A. , Atekwana Estella A. , Stamps D. Sarah , Abdelsalam Mohamed G. , Atekwana Eliot A. , Mickus Kevin L. , Fishwick Stewart , Kolawole Folarin , Rajaonarison Tahiry A. , Nyalugwe Victor N. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOur understanding of how magma‐poor rifts accommodate strain remains limited largely due to sparse geophysical observations from these rift systems. To better understand the magma‐poor rifting processes, we investigate the lithospheric structure of the Malawi Rift, a segment of the magma‐poor western branch of the East African Rift System. We analyze Bouguer gravity anomalies from the World Gravity Model 2012 using the two‐dimensional (2‐D) radially averaged power‐density spectrum technique and 2‐D forward modeling to estimate the crustal and lithospheric thickness beneath the rift. We find: (1) relatively thin crust (38–40 km) beneath the northern Malawi Rift segment and relatively thick crust (41–45 km) beneath the central and southern segments; (2) thinner lithosphere beneath the surface expression of the entire rift with the thinnest lithosphere (115–125 km) occurring beneath its northern segment; and (3) an approximately E‐W trending belt of thicker lithosphere (180–210 km) beneath the rift's central segment. We then use the lithospheric structure to constrain three‐dimensional numerical models of lithosphere‐asthenosphere interactions, which indicate ~3‐cm/year asthenospheric upwelling beneath the thinner lithosphere. We interpret that magma‐poor rifting is characterized by coupling of crust‐lithospheric mantle extension beneath the rift's isolated magmatic zones and decoupling in the rift's magma‐poor segments. We propose that coupled extension beneath rift's isolated magmatic zones is assisted by lithospheric weakening due to melts from asthenospheric upwelling whereas decoupled extension beneath rift's magma‐poor segments is assisted by concentration of fluids possibly fed from deeper asthenospheric melt that is yet to breach the surface.
The Role of Stabilizer Concentration in the Mobility of Carbon‐Supported Nanozerovalent Iron (nZVI) in Fractured Media
Authors: Cohen Meirav , Yakirevich Alexander , Weisbrod Noam 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe mobility of nanozerovalent iron (nZVI) particles is of major importance when assessing their effectiveness for use in contaminated sites. Here, the influence of the stabilizer loading on nZVI mobility was investigated in fractured media. nZVI in the form of Carbo‐Iron Colloids (CIC), a composite material of activated carbon as a carrier for nZVI, was used for the tests. CIC was supplemented with carboxymethyl cellulose stabilizer, at three different loadings: 5% wt., 20% wt., and 80% wt., in a moderately saline solution of 250 mM. Transport experiments were conducted in a fractured chalk core, and the characteristics of the solutions and particles were analyzed. The effect of ionic strength was investigated by application of the 80% loading, also in a lower salinity solution of ~3 mM. Transport experiments were modeled, and all results were compared with especially high 1,600% wt. stabilizer loading, from a previous study. Among the different carboxymethyl cellulose loadings, significant differences in mobility and a correlation between mobility and stability were observed. Though, differences in stability were found insignificant. Higher stabilizer concentration and, to a greater extent, a higher number of free stabilizer molecules in solution enhance particle stability and, hence, mobility. A good fit was obtained between the transport experiment results and a model of solute and colloid transport in a single fracture. The model attachment parameters showed a good correlation with the decay rate constants of the stability tests, indicating yet again the significant role played by stability in CIC mobility and the possibility for mobility prediction.
Viral N6-methyladenosine upregulates replication and pathogenesis of human respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Xue Miaoge , Zhao Boxuan Simen , Zhang Zijie , Lu Mijia , Harder Olivia , Chen Phylip , Lu Zhike , Li Anzhong , Ma Yuanmei , Xu Yunsheng , Liang Xueya , Zhou Jiyong , Niewiesk Stefan , Peeples Mark E. , He Chuan , Li Jianrong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractN6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification of mRNAs in most eukaryotes. Here we show that RNAs of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are modified by m6A within discreet regions and that these modifications enhance viral replication and pathogenesis. Knockdown of m6A methyltransferases decreases RSV replication and gene expression whereas knockdown of m6A demethylases has the opposite effect. The G gene transcript contains the most m6A modifications. Recombinant RSV variants expressing G transcripts that lack particular clusters of m6A display reduced replication in A549 cells, primary well differentiated human airway epithelial cultures, and respiratory tracts of cotton rats. One of the m6A-deficient variants is highly attenuated yet retains high immunogenicity in cotton rats. Collectively, our results demonstrate that viral m6A methylation upregulates RSV replication and pathogenesis and identify viral m6A methylation as a target for rational design of live attenuated vaccine candidates for RSV and perhaps other pneumoviruses.
Antibacterial properties and regenerative potential of Sr2+ and Ce3+ doped fluorapatites; a potential solution for peri-implantitis
Authors: Anastasiou A. D. , Nerantzaki M. , Gounari E. , Duggal M. S. , Giannoudis P. V. , Jha A. , Bikiaris D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractScaffolds and implants in orthopaedics and regenerative dentistry usually fail because of bacterial infections. A promising solution would be the development of biomaterials with both significant regenerative potential and enhanced antibacterial activity. Working towards this direction, fluorapatite was synthesised and doped with Sr2+ and Ce3+ ions in order to tailor its properties. After experiments with four common bacteria (i.e. E. Coli, S. Aureus, B. Subtilis, B. Cereus), it was found that the undoped and the Ce3+ doped fluorapatites present better antibacterial response than the Sr2+ doped material. The synthesised minerals were incorporated into chitosan scaffolds and tested with Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) to check their regenerative potential. As was expected, the scaffolds containing Sr2+-doped fluorapatite, presented high osteoconductivity leading to the differentiation of the DPSCs into osteoblasts. Similar results were obtained for the Ce3+-doped material, since both the concentration of osteocalcin and the RUNX2 gene expression were considerably higher than that for the un-doped mineral. Overall, it was shown that doping with Ce3+ retains the good antibacterial profile of fluorapatite and enhances its regenerative potential, which makes it a promising option for dealing with conditions where healing of hard tissues is compromised by bacterial contamination.
Scholtens Idee
Authors: Lang Eva 
Published: October 2019

SummaryArzneiprüfungen haben in der Homöopathie einer begrenzten Anzahl von Mitteln zu großer Popularität verholfen, während der größere Teil eher marginal geprüft und verwendet wird. Der Mediziner und Chemiker Jan Scholten entwickelte auf der Grundlage des Periodensystems Gruppen von Mineralien und Salzen mit ähnlichen Eigenschaften, durch die sich die Wirkungen einzelner Mittel ohne Prüfung vorhersagen lassen. In der Praxis sind die Gruppenanalysen Scholtens sehr gut anwendbar und mit der klassischen Repertorisation kompatibel, wie zwei Fallbeispiele zeigen.
Heiß und kalt unterscheiden
Authors: Dunkenberger Thomas 
Published: October 2019

SummaryDie traditionelle Tibetische Medizin mit ihrer 2500-jährigen Geschichte basiert auf dem Prinzip der fünf Elemente Raum, Luft, Feuer, Wasser und Erde sowie der drei Körperenergien Lung (Wind), Tripa (Galle) und Peken (Schleim). Mithilfe von Techniken wie Puls-, Harn- und Zungendiagnostik werden unter anderem Kälte- und Hitzezustände sowie Ungleichgewichte der Grundenergien ermittelt und mit Ernährungstherapie, Kräuterrezepturen, Moxibustion, weiteren äußeren Anwendungen etc. behandelt. Im Fall Frau A. gehen chronische Schmerzen in oberem Lendenwirbelbereich, Hüfte und Knie durch zielgenaue Ernährungsveränderungen und Therapien nach den Prinzipien der Tibetischen Medizin bis auf ein Minimum zurück.
Translation of the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) into German (MEPS-G)
Authors: Schneider Marco M. , Nietschke Rainer , Burkhart Klaus J. , Hollinger Boris , Marquardt Jonas , Schöttker-Königer Thomas , Morrison Fiona , Zimmerer Alexander , Papen Anna 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background The Mayo Elbow Performance Score is a clinical assessment to rate the performance of the elbow from a medical and/or therapeutic perspective. It is simple and efficient to operate and therefore frequently used in research as well as in clinics. However, an adequate translation of the MEPS into the German language and a verification of the quality criteria for the use in the German health system are currently lacking.
Goal of the Study The aim of this study is to translate the MEPS and to review the applicability of the German version (MEPS-G) in Germany.
Materials and Methods The translation was undertaken on the basis of a guideline for cultural adaptation. Two independent translations were created, combined and translated back into English by two native speakers. The back translations were reviewed and the German version was amended accordingly. The suitability of the final questionnaire was verified in a pretest with 73 participants.
Results The MEPS was converted into the German version MEPS-G and was tested. Apart from minor adjustments, the questionnaire was translated into German without difficulty. The time to complete the assessment was on average 2.5 min (± 1.6).
Conclusion First analyses of the psychometric properties of the German MEPS showed identical values as the English version. The detailed quality criteria will be reviewed in a subsequent study.
Wenn die Lebensfreude austrocknet
Authors: Tsokhim Sasha-Tsering 
Published: October 2019

SummaryHumoralmedizinisch betrachtet wird Melancholia durch ein Übermaß der kalten und trockenen schwarzen Galle verursacht. Schwarze Galle ist dem Element Erde zugeordnet. Liegt ein pathologischer Melancholera-Überschuss vor, kommt es zu psychischen und physischen Beschwerden, so auch im vorliegenden Fall. In der - meist langwierigen - Therapie von Melancholia sind die Pfeiler: Wärme und Feuchte für den Organismus, Reizreduktion und ausreichend Bewegung.
Structured Reporting in Cross-Sectional Imaging of the Heart: Reporting Templates for CMR Imaging of Cardiomyopathies (Myocarditis, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Siderosis)
Authors: Bunck Alexander Christian , Baeßler Bettina , Ritter Christian , Kröger Jan Robert , Persigehl Thorsten , Pinto Santos Daniel , Steinmetz Michael , Niehaus Adelheid , Bamberg Fabian , Beer Meinrad , Ley Sebastian , Tiemann Klaus , Beerbaum Philipp , Maintz David , Lotz Joachim 
Published: October 2019

Backround Structured reports have numerous benefits through standardizing the way imaging findings are reported and communicated. Nevertheless, the adoption of structured reports in everyday radiological practice is still limited. In view of the irrefutable benefits, various national and international radiological societies have started initiatives which aim at promoting a broader use of structured reports. Up to now, no consented templates in German language existed for the reporting of cross-sectional imaging studies of the heart.
Method Upon invitation of the working group for Cardiovascular Imaging of the German Society of Radiology a panel of radiologists, cardiologists, pediatric cardiologists and cardiothoracic surgeons, experts on the field of cardiovascular imaging and structured reporting, met for two interdisciplinary consensus meetings at the University Hospital Cologne in 2018. The aim of these meetings was to develop and agree on templates for the reporting of MR and CT studies of various cardiovascular disease entities.
Results During the meetings the panel of experts developed and reached consensus on 11 different templates for the structured reporting of the following: myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic (obstructive) cardiomyopathy, arrythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, siderosis, ischemia and vitality imaging, tetralogy of Fallot, aortic coarctation, coronary CT and CT for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) planning. The first five templates are presented in this publication and are currently being transferred to a HTML 5/IHR MRRT compatible format. Subsequently, the templates will be made available for free use on the website www.befundung.drg.de.
Conclusion For the first time, consented templates in German language for the structured reporting of cross-sectional imaging studies of the heart are presented. These templates are aimed at providing a constant level of high reporting quality and increasing the efficiency of the generation and communication of imaging reports.
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Citation Format
Zur Situation der angestellten Ärztinnen und Ärzte im ambulanten Sektor in Deutschland: Ergebnisse einer empirischen Studie
Authors: Dräger Sebastian , Gibis Bernhard , Jacob Rüdiger , Kopp Johannes , Trebar Branko 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung Über die aktuell immer größer werdende Gruppe angestellter Ärztinnen und Ärzte im ambulanten Sektor liegen derzeit nur wenige gesicherte Befunde vor. Daher sollen hier einige Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten quantitativen Befragung von Personen dieser Berufsgruppe dargestellt und diskutiert werden.
Methode Bei der Studie handelt es sich um eine standardisierte quantitative Befragung von angestellten Ärztinnen und Ärzten im ambulanten Sektor. Da die angestrebte Grundgesamtheit eine disproportional geschichtete Stichprobe aus den Datenbanken der Kassenärztlichen Vereinigungen der Bundesländer darstellte und insgesamt 10 580 Ärztinnen und Ärzte angeschrieben wurden, beträgt die Responsequote 21,8%. Das Stichprobendesign erlaubt es nicht nur deskriptive Analysen für kleine Subpopulationen durchzuführen, sondern auch regionale Disparitäten in den Blick zu nehmen.
Ergebnisse Es lässt sich zeigen, dass es sich v. a. um junge Ärztinnen handelt, die eine Anstellung im ambulanten Sektor aufnehmen. 59% der angestellten Ärztinnen und Ärzte arbeiten in Teilzeit, die durchschnittliche Wochenarbeitszeit beträgt 28,9 Stunden. Eine durchschnittliche Praxis beschäftigt insgesamt 4 Ärzte oder Ärztinnen und es werden im Mittel (Median) circa 30 Personen am Tag behandelt.
Schlussfolgerung Ein wichtiger Grund für das stetige Wachstum dieser Berufsgruppe ist womöglich die Flexibilität der Arbeitszeitgestaltung und die Möglichkeit zur Teilzeitarbeit, welche sich wiederum positiv auf die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf auswirken. Nicht zuletzt scheint diese Berufsgruppe auch deshalb überwiegend aus jungen Ärztinnen zu bestehen. Oftmals stellt die Angestelltentätigkeit aber auch ein Übergangsmodell hin zu einer Niederlassung oder – für ehemalige Praxisinhaber – in den Ruhestand dar. Generell scheint die Angestelltentätigkeit in der Ambulanten Versorgung allerdings für viele das angestrebte „Normalarbeitsmodell“ zu sein.
Validation of Semantic Analyses of Unstructured Medical Data for Research Purposes
Authors: Pokora Roman Michael , Le Cornet Lucian , Daumke Philipp , Mildenberger Peter , Zeeb Hajo , Blettner Maria 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background In secondary data there are often unstructured free texts. The aim of this study was to validate a text mining system to extract unstructured medical data for research purposes.
Methods From a radiological department, 1,000 out of 7,102 CT findings were randomly selected. These were manually divided into defined groups by 2 physicians. For automated tagging and reporting, the text analysis software Averbis Extraction Platform (AEP) was used. Special features of the system are a morphological analysis for the decomposition of compound words as well as the recognition of noun phrases, abbreviations and negated statements. Based on the extracted standardized keywords, findings reports were assigned to the given findings groups using machine learning methods. To assess the reliability and validity of the automated process, the automated and two independent manual mappings were compared for matches in multiple runs.
Results Manual classification was too time-consuming. In the case of automated keywording, the classification according to ICD-10 turned out to be unsuitable for our data. It also showed that the keyword search does not deliver reliable results. Computer-aided text mining and machine learning resulted in reliable results. The inter-rater reliability of the two manual classifications, as well as the machine and manual classification was very high. Both manual classifications were consistent in 93% of all findings. The kappa coefficient is 0.89 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–0.92]. The automatic classification agreed with the independent, second manual classification in 86% of all findings (Kappa coefficient 0.79 [95% CI 0.75–0.81]).
Discussion The classification of the software AEP was very good. In our study, however, it followed a systematic pattern. Most misclassifications were found in findings that indicate an increased risk of cancer. The free-text structure of the findings raises concerns about the feasibility of a purely automated analysis. The combination of human intellect and intelligent, adaptive software appears most suitable for mining unstructured but important textual information for research.
Nucleophilic Addition of 1,1′-Bis(hydroxymethyl)ferrocene to Alkynes: Synthesis of Ferrocene Diethenyl Ethers
Authors: Oparina Ludmila A. , Kolyvanov Nikita A. , Tarasova Olga A. , Albanov Alexander I. , Tantsyrev Anatolii P. , Trofimov Boris A. 
Published: October 2019

Chemoselective and atom-economical methods for the synthesis of ferrocene diethenyl ethers have been developed via direct base-catalyzed addition of 1,1′-bis(hydroxymethyl)ferrocene to various acetylenes. This ferrocene diol has been shown to be capable of adding to acetylene (KOH/DMSO, 70–80 °C, 1–3 h), propyne (KOH/DMSO, 70 °C, 12 h), phenylethyne (KOH/DMSO, 20–25 °C, 48 h), alkylpropiolates (DABCO, 10 mol%/CH2Cl2, 20–25 °C, 0.5 h), and acylacetylenes (DABCO, 1 mol%/CH2Cl2, 20–25 °C, 0.5 h) to afford the corresponding diethenyl ethers in 73–98% yields.