bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial Mechanisms Underlying Tolerance to Fluctuating Oxygen Conditions: Lessons from Hypoxia-Tolerant Organisms
Authors: Sokolova Inna M , Sokolov Eugene P , Haider Fouzia 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOxygen (O2) is essential for most metazoan life due to its central role in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which generates >90% of the cellular adenosine triphosphate. O2 fluctuations are an ultimate mitochondrial stressor resulting in mitochondrial damage, energy deficiency, and cell death. This work provides an overview of the known and putative mechanisms involved in mitochondrial tolerance to fluctuating O2 conditions in hypoxia-tolerant organisms including aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates. Mechanisms of regulation of the mitochondrial OXPHOS and electron transport system (ETS) (including alternative oxidases), sulphide tolerance, regulation of redox status and mitochondrial quality control, and the potential role of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) in mitochondrial tolerance to hypoxia are discussed. Mitochondrial phenotypes of distantly related animal species reveal common features including conservation and/or anticipatory upregulation of ETS capacity, suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing electron flux through ubiquinone, reversible suppression of OXPHOS activity, and investment into the mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. Despite the putative importance of oxidative stress in adaptations to hypoxia, establishing the link between hypoxia tolerance and mitochondrial redox mechanisms is complicated by the difficulties of establishing the species-specific concentration thresholds above which the damaging effects of ROS outweigh their potentially adaptive signaling function. The key gaps in our knowledge about the potential mechanisms of mitochondrial tolerance to hypoxia include regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion/fission dynamics, and HIF-dependent metabolic regulation that require further investigation in hypoxia-tolerant species. Future physiological, molecular and genetic studies of mitochondrial responses to hypoxia, and reoxygenation in phylogenetically diverse hypoxia-tolerant species could reveal novel solutions to the ubiquitous and metabolically severe problem of O2 deficiency and would have important implications for understanding the evolution of hypoxia tolerance and the potential mitigation of pathological states caused by O2 fluctuations.
Natural Heteroplasmy and Mitochondrial Inheritance in Bivalve Molluscs
Authors: Ghiselli Fabrizio , Maurizii Maria Gabriella , Reunov Arkadiy , Ariño-Bassols Helena , Cifaldi Carmine , Pecci Andrea , Alexandrova Yana , Bettini Simone , Passamonti Marco , Franceschini Valeria , Milani Liliana 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHeteroplasmy is the presence of more than one type of mitochondrial genome within an individual, a condition commonly reported as unfavorable and affecting mitonuclear interactions. So far, no study has investigated heteroplasmy at protein level, and whether it occurs within tissues, cells, or even organelles. The only known evolutionarily stable and natural heteroplasmic system in Metazoa is the Doubly Uniparental Inheritance (DUI)—reported so far in ∼100 bivalve species—in which two mitochondrial lineages are present: one transmitted through eggs (F-type) and the other through sperm (M-type). Because of such segregation, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation proteins reach a high amino acid sequence divergence (up to 52%) between the two lineages in the same species. Natural heteroplasmy coupled with high sequence divergence between F- and M-type proteins provides a unique opportunity to study their expression and assess the level and extent of heteroplasmy. Here, for the first time, we immunolocalized F- and M-type variants of three mitochondrially-encoded proteins in the DUI species Ruditapes philippinarum, in germline and somatic tissues at different developmental stages. We found heteroplasmy at organelle level in undifferentiated germ cells of both sexes, and in male soma, whereas gametes were homoplasmic: eggs for the F-type and sperm for the M-type. Thus, during gametogenesis, only the sex-specific mitochondrial variant is maintained, likely due to a process of meiotic drive. We examine the implications of our results for DUI proposing a revised model, and we discuss interactions of mitochondria with germ plasm and their role in germline development. Molecular and phylogenetic evidence suggests that DUI evolved from the common Strictly Maternal Inheritance, so the two systems likely share the same underlying molecular mechanism, making DUI a useful system for studying mitochondrial biology.
Level and source of fat in the diet of gestating beef cows. II. Effects on the postpartum performance of the dam and the progeny1
Authors: Añez-Osuna Federico , Penner Gregory B , Campbell John , Dugan Michael E R , Fitzsimmons Carolyn J , Jefferson Paul G , Lardner Herbert A , McKinnon John J 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA study was conducted to evaluate the effects of level and source of fat in the diet of gestating beef cows on the postpartum performance of the dam and the progeny. Each year, 75 mature pregnant (183 ± 4.8 d until calving) Angus cows with similar BW (663 ± 21.5 kg) and BCS (2.6 ± 0.12; 1 to 5 scale) were randomly assigned to 1 of 15 outdoor pens. Each pen was assigned to 1 of 3 iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous treatments: a low-fat diet (LF; 1.4 ± 0.12% EE) and two high-fat diets (HF; 3.3 ± 0.20% EE) including a canola seed- (CAN) or a flaxseed (FLX)-based pelleted feed. Diets were formulated to meet the requirements of pregnant beef cows and fed until calving. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with contrasts for the effects of level (LF vs. HF) and source (CAN vs. FLX) of fat. No differences (P ≥ 0.21) were found for BW or calving to weaning ADG of cows. The average BCS during the first 42 d of lactation was greater (P<0.01) for LF compared with HF (2.63 vs. 2.51) with no difference (P = 0.35) for CAN vs. FLX cows. Subcutaneous fat thickness over the ribs was greater (P ≤ 0.01) for LF compared with that of HF cows at calving (5.7 vs. 4.3 mm) and at weaning (4.3 vs. 3.7 mm) with no difference (P ≥ 0.11) for CAN vs. FLX cows. Over the first 42 d of lactation, no difference (P ≥ 0.23) was observed for 12-h milk yield. Milk protein concentration was greater (P = 0.03) for CAN compared with FLX (3.11 vs. 3.01%) cows, whereas no difference (P ≥ 0.28) was observed for any other milk component. Milk fat from FLX cows had greater (P < 0.01) CLA and CLnA concentrations than that of CAN cows during the first 42 d of lactation. Pregnancy rate of HF cows tended (P = 0.07) to be greater than that of LF cows with no difference (P = 0.77) for CAN vs. FLX cows. Calves from HF cows were heavier (P ≤ 0.01) at birth (42.9 vs. 40.2 kg) than those from LF cows. From calving to weaning, ADG of calves born to CAN cows was greater (P = 0.03) that that of calves born to FLX cows (1.19 vs. 1.13 kg/d) with no difference (P = 0.18) for calves born to LF vs. HF cows. At slaughter, progeny of HF cows had greater (P ≤ 0.03) shrunk BW (605 vs. 579 kg) and HCW (355 vs. 339 kg) compared with those from LF cows with no difference (P ≥ 0.16) for progeny of CAN vs. FLX cows. These results show that feeding a HF diet over gestation results in heavier calves at birth and at slaughter, and superior calf gains from birth to slaughter as well as heavier carcasses, possibly due to a developmental programming effect.
Screening Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations From Pernambuco, Brazil for Resistance to Temephos, Diflubenzuron, and Cypermethrin and Characterization of Potential Resistance Mechanisms
Authors: de Araújo Ana Paula , Paiva Marcelo Henrique Santos , Cabral Amanda Maria , Cavalcanti Antônio Emanuel Holanda Dias , Pessoa Luiz Fernando Freitas , Diniz Diego Felipe Araujo , Helvecio Elisama , da Silva Ellyda Vanessa Gomes , da Silva Norma Machado , Anastácio Daniela Bandeira , Pontes Claudenice , Nunes Vânia , de Souza Maria de Fátima Marinho , Magalhães Fernando Jorge Rodrigues , de Melo Santos Maria Alice Varjal , Ayres Constância Flávia Junqueira 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Resistance to chemical insecticides detected in Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes has been a problem for the National Dengue Control Program (PNCD) over the last years. In order to provide deeper knowledge of resistance to xenobiotics, our study evaluated the susceptibility profile of temephos, diflubenzuron, and cypermethrin insecticides in natural mosquito populations from the Pernambuco State, associating these results with the local historical use of such compounds. Furthermore, mechanisms that may be associated with this particular type of resistance were characterized. Bioassays with multiple temephos and diflubenzuron concentrations were performed to detect and quantify resistance. For cypermethrin, diagnostic dose assays were performed. Biochemical tests were carried out to quantify the activity of detoxification enzymes. In addition, a screening of mutations present in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (NaV) was performed in samples previously submitted to bioassays with cypermethrin. The populations under study were resistant to temephos and showed a positive correlation between insecticide consumption and the resistance ratio (RR) to the compound. For diflubenzuron, the biological activity ratio (BAR) ranged from 1.3 to 4.7 times, when compared to the susceptible strain. All populations showed resistance to cypermethrin. Altered enzymatic profiles of alpha, p-nitrophenyl acetate (PNPA) esterases and glutathione-S-transferases were recorded in most of these samples. Molecular analysis demonstrated that Arcoverde was the only population that presented the mutated form 1016Ile/Ile. These findings show that the situation is critical vis-à-vis the effectiveness of mosquito control using chemical insecticides, since resistance to temephos and cypermethrin is widespread in Ae. aegypti from Pernambuco.
Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer Risk: A 38-Year Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Husby Anders , Wohlfahrt Jan , Melbye Mads 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundA man’s risk of prostate cancer has been linked to his prior reproductive history, with low sperm quality, low ejaculation frequency, and a low number of offspring being associated with increased prostate cancer risk. It is, however, highly controversial whether vasectomy, a common sterilization procedure for men, influences prostate cancer risk.MethodsWe established a cohort of all Danish men (born between 1937 and 1996) and linked information on vasectomy, doctor visits, socioeconomic factors, and cancer from nationwide registries using unique personal identification numbers. Incidence risk ratios for prostate cancer by time since vasectomy and age at vasectomy during the follow-up were estimated using log-linear Poisson regression.ResultsOverall, 26 238 cases of prostate cancer occurred among 2 150 162 Danish men during 53.4 million person-years of follow-up. Overall, vasectomized men had an increased risk of prostate cancer compared with nonvasectomized men (relative risk = 1.15, 95% confidence interval = 1.10 to 1.20). The increased risk of prostate cancer following vasectomy persisted for at least 30 years after the procedure and was observed regardless of age at vasectomy and cancer stage at diagnosis. Adjustment for the number of visits to the doctor and socioeconomic factors did not explain the association.ConclusionsVasectomy is associated with a statistically significantly increased long-term risk of prostate cancer. The absolute increased risk following vasectomy is nevertheless small, but our finding supports a relationship between reproductive factors and prostate cancer risk.
Systematic Review of the Role of Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Bone Metastases
Authors: Spencer Katie L , van der Velden Joanne M , Wong Erin , Seravalli Enrica , Sahgal Arjun , Chow Edward , Verlaan Jorrit-Jan , Verkooijen Helena M , van der Linden Yvette M 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundStereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT) might improve pain and local control in patients with bone metastases compared to conventional radiotherapy, although an overall estimate of these outcomes is currently unknown.MethodsA systematic review was carried out following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Pubmed, Embase, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched to identify studies reporting pain response and local control among patients with bone metastases from solid-organ tumors who underwent SBRT in 1–6 fractions. All studies prior to April 15, 2017, were included. Study quality was assessed by predefined criteria, and pain response and local control rates were extracted.ResultsA total of 2619 studies were screened; 57 were included (reporting outcomes for 3995 patients) of which 38 reported pain response and 45 local control rates. Local control rates were high with pain response rates above those previously reported for conventional radiotherapy. Marked heterogeneity in study populations and delivered treatments were identified such that quantitative synthesis was not appropriate. Reported toxicity was limited. Of the pain response studies, 73.7% used a retrospective cohort design and only 10.5% used the international consensus endpoint definitions of pain response. The median survival within the included studies ranged from 8 to 30.4 months, suggesting a high risk of selection bias in the included observational studies.ConclusionsThis review demonstrates the potential benefit of SBRT over conventional palliative radiotherapy in improving pain due to bone metastases. Given the methodological limitations of the published literature, however, large randomized trials are now urgently required to better quantify this benefit.
Article 2—Notice of Arbitration
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the ICDR Notice of Arbitration. Article 2 of the 2014 ICDR Rules concerns the basic initial pleadings to be made in respect of the claim or counterclaim, and the general notice provision. Under the ICDR Rules, the initial pleading is called a ‘Notice of Arbitration’. In accordance with general practice in institutional international arbitration, Article 2(3)(e) requires the Notice of Arbitration to set forth ‘a description of the claim and of the facts supporting it’. The ICDR Notice of Arbitration needs to be prepared before the appointment of any of the arbitrators. Article 2 does not require the claimant to nominate its arbitrator within the Notice of Arbitration. The chapter then details the required information for the Notice of Arbitration and looks at the filing fees and the ICDR fee schedules.
Article 9—Amendment or Supplement of Claim, Counterclaim, or Defense
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 9, which affords the parties relatively wide latitude to modify claims, counterclaims, or defenses, including set-offs. The ICDR Rules provide a permissive standard, establishing that modification by means of amendment and supplementation is possible at any time during the proceedings, as long as the arbitral tribunal considers it appropriate. Such claim, counterclaim, set-off, or defense modifications are required to be within the scope of the arbitration agreement—that is, the boundaries of an arbitral tribunal’s jurisdiction. The parties’ general right to amend their claims or defenses, including set-off, is subject to the tribunal’s power of rejection on grounds of unexcused delay or prejudice to the parties or proceedings.
Article 19—Arbitral Jurisdiction
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at Article 19 of the ICDR Rules. An arbitral tribunal must consider whether it has jurisdiction over the subject matter of any dispute that comes before it. Article 19 provides the tribunal with authority to determine this preliminary question by deciding any objections to its jurisdiction relating to the ‘existence, scope, or validity of the arbitration agreement’. Under Article 19(3), jurisdictional objections must be made no later than the filing of the Answer to a particular claim, counterclaim, or set-off. Meanwhile, Article 19(4) is a new provision added to the ICDR Rules with the 2014 amendments to make clear that objections to jurisdiction will not prevent the ICDR from administrating the case in the preliminary stages of the arbitration, including for purposes of constituting the tribunal.
Article 27—Closure of Hearing
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at Article 27 of the ICDR Rules. The purpose of Article 27(1) is to provide a mechanism for closing the hearing stage of the arbitration. One ambiguity in Article 27 is whether the close of the ‘hearing’ is intended to cover only the oral hearing or also any additional post-hearing submissions and evidence tendered. Additionally, Article 27(2) gives the tribunal the discretion, of its own motion or upon application of one of the parties, to reopen the hearings at any time before the award is made. In any event, it is likely to be applied only rarely. Appropriate circumstances might arise, for example, where the tribunal’s deliberations have thrown up an issue not adequately covered in the hearing to date, where previously unavailable evidence has come to light, or where a post-hearing development has arisen that affects the issues in dispute.
Article 31—Applicable Laws and Remedies
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter studies Article 31 of the ICDR Rules, which is an amalgam of various rules addressing the issue of laws applicable to the arbitration and certain matters relating to the remedies available to the tribunal. Its touchstone is ‘party autonomy’—that is, respecting the choice of the parties, as expressed in the arbitration agreement or in positions taken before the tribunal. Absent party agreement, the arbitrators enjoy a broad discretion. Nevertheless, the parties’ freedom and the tribunal’s discretion may be restricted by mandatory rules of law at the place of arbitration or of enforcement. This limitation is also reflected in Article 1(2), which provides that any applicable mandatory law takes precedence over the powers recognized in Article 31.
Article 34—Costs
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 34 of the ICDR Rules, which empowers the tribunal to fix the ‘costs of the arbitration’ and to allocate those costs between the parties. As with most sets of arbitration rules, Article 34 identifies what kinds of costs may be recoverable but leaves the tribunal a broad discretion to decide what costs are reasonable and how recovery of those costs should be allocated between the parties. Evidently, the parties’ agreement, the applicable national laws, and the legal cultures of the respective parties and the tribunal may also play a role in this determination. In considering Article 34, it is also important to bear in mind that US domestic litigation practice provides very few opportunities for any cost-shifting with respect to a party’s attorney fees or otherwise. This so-called ‘American Rule’, at least to some extent, remains the practice in US domestic arbitration.
Article 39—Interpretation of Rules
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter studies Article 39 of the ICDR Rules. Article 39 provides a bright-line rule that seeks to clarify when the arbitrators, as opposed to the institution, are responsible for interpreting and applying the ICDR Rules: to the extent that a rule impacts on the tribunal’s powers and duties, then the tribunal is charged with its application; in all other cases, this duty falls on the ICDR. Practically speaking, however, given the ICDR’s extensive experience with applying the rules, arbitrators typically will consult with the institution before making such an interpretation. Article 39 is substantially the same as its predecessor in Article 36 of the 2009 ICDR Rules. The only notable revision is that the provision now expressly provides that any emergency arbitrator or consolidation arbitrator will have the same authority as the arbitral tribunal to interpret and apply the Rules.
Articles E-2 to E-5—Commencing a Case Under the Expedited Procedures
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Articles E-2 through E-5 of the ICDR Rules, which contain provisions on how an arbitration should be commenced under the Expedited Procedures. Although these provisions preserve the arbitrator’s authority to resolve certain issues, Articles E-2 through E-5 generally address matters that will not yet involve the arbitrator. These include submission of the initiating document and answering document, the preliminary administrative conference call, objection to application of the Expedited Procedures, and amendment of claims and counterclaims. Ultimately, the provisions in Articles E-2 through E-5 are designed to facilitate an expedited resolution of the dispute by frontloading certain activities in the arbitration and by preliminarily resolving procedural matters before the case is transferred to the arbitrator.
Article E-6—Appointment and Qualifications of the Arbitrator
Authors: Gusy Martin F , Hosking James M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article E-6 of the ICDR Rules, which contains provisions for the appointment of a sole arbitrator for arbitrations that fall within the scope of the Expedited Procedures. The provisions of Article E-6 are more streamlined than those contained in the parallel provision in Article 12 of the main ICDR Rules, which expedites the time required for the appointment of the arbitrator. Moreover, the provision for one arbitrator, as opposed to three, furthers the ICDR’s goal of reducing the time and cost of an arbitration falling within the Expedited Procedures. However, Article E-6 does not address situations where the parties’ agreement conflicts with the provisions contained in the Article.
Unravelling the origin of the counter-rotating core in IC 1459 with KMOS and MUSE
Authors: Prichard Laura J , Vaughan Sam P , Davies Roger L 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTThe massive early-type galaxy IC 1459 is a slowly rotating galaxy that exhibits a rapidly counter-rotating kinematically decoupled core (KDC, RKDC ≈ 5 arcsec ≈ 0.1Re). To investigate the origin of its KDC, we coupled large data mosaics from the near-infrared and optical integral field unit instruments K-band Multi-Object Spectrograph (KMOS) and Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE), respectively. We studied IC 1459’s stellar populations and, for the first time for a KDC, the spatially resolved initial mass function (IMF). We used full-spectral-fitting to fit the stellar populations and IMF simultaneously, and an alternative spectral-fitting method that does not assume a star formation history (SFH; although does not constrain the IMF) for comparison. When no SFH is assumed, we derived a negative metallicity gradient for IC 1459 that could be driven by a distinct metal-poor population in the outer regions of the galaxy, and a radially constant old stellar age. We found a radially constant bottom-heavy IMF out to ${\sim }\frac {1}{3}R_{\rm e}$. The radially flat IMF and age extend beyond the counter-rotating core. We detected high-velocity dispersion along the galaxy’s major axis. Our results potentially add weight to findings from orbital modelling of other KDCs that the core is not a distinct population of stars but in fact two smooth co-spatial counter-rotating populations. No clear picture of formation explains the observational results of IC 1459, but we propose it could have included a gas-rich intense period of star formation at early times, perhaps with counter-rotating accreting cold streams, followed by dry and gas-rich mergers through to the present day.