bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Applicability of Growth Models to New Species and Regions: An Example Comparing Mediterranean Maritime Pine in Central Spain to Ponderosa Pine in Southwestern Oregon, USA
Authors: Pascual D. , Maguire D.A. , Bravo F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Evaluations of response to variable silvicultural treatments play a key role in developing sustainable forest management. To evaluate silvicultural response, a growth and yield model is needed. A comparison between similar species could act as a logical first step toward building a growth and yield model and to test the efficiency of the calibration of an existing ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) growth model to a Mediterranean maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait. ssp. mesogeensis) growth model. This study aimed at (1) comparing the diameter growth pattern between ponderosa and Mediterranean maritime pine, and (2) assessing the potential of ORGANON for simulating Mediterranean maritime pine growth and yield. The first objective was addressed by fitting a diameter growth equation for Mediterranean maritime pine and comparing it with patterns in ponderosa pine growth represented by the corresponding equation in ORGANON. The second objective was addressed by growing Mediterranean maritime pine as ponderosa pine in ORGANON, conditional on observed diameter growth rates of Mediterranean maritime pine in Spain. The results emphasized the unsuitability of ORGANON for predicting diameter growth of Mediterranean maritime pine in Spain. Mediterranean maritime pine diameter growth depended on basal area in trees with a diameter larger than the subject tree, (BAL) which, in our context is a subrogate of competition from above.
Biomass Inventory and Regrowth Rate of Harvestable Tree and Shrub Moss in the Oregon Coast Range
Authors: Peck JeriLynn , Muir Patricia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The commercial moss harvest industry is at a crossroads. Concerns about the sustainability of harvest have led to moratoria on moss harvest from public lands, limiting access to this nontimber forest resource in most of the highest production regions of the United States. Resumption of legal harvest depends on improved knowledge about resource inventory and yield, which will enable the development of appropriate management scenarios. We present here the results of an inventory of current readily available legally harvestable moss and of a 10-year biomass regrowth study from the Coast Range of western Oregon. Harvestable tree and shrub moss was removed from 21 sites on the Siuslaw National Forest, using typical harvest methods and following the Forest's standards and guidelines for commercial moss harvest. Biomass across these sites averaged only 19 kg/ha (fresh weight). Only 52% of sites bore any harvestable moss, and only 38% had commercial quantities. Moss mats regrowing on experimentally stripped vine maple (Acer circinatum) shrub stems accumulated mass at a mean rate of 3.0 g/m-stem/year across six sites. At this rate, moss mats of equivalent biomass to the originally harvested mats would require approximately 27 years to develop. These data provide estimates of input parameters needed to develop schedules for commercial moss harvest.
Wood Production and Native Vegetation Conservation in Hawaii's Uplands
Authors: Ares Adrian , Fownes James , Simmons Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stand basal area, a stochastic growth model (KOA), and GIS were used to simulate and spatially integrate potential timber production of the native koa (Acacia koa) in uplands on the island of Hawaii. Vegetation patterns were examined to estimate potential impacts on the ecosystem from increased forest activities and to select suitable areas for wood production and ecological preservation. The KOA model predicted a production of 82,200 m3 of merchantable koa wood at age 30 from nonmanaged, naturally regenerated stands. The spatial analysis revealed four corridors with high wood production. Mean vegetation patch size was 69 ha, with a greater frequency of small patches than of large patches. An index of patch shape and complexity was similar for patches from different categories, but it was inversely correlated to patch size, indicating different processes affecting landscape structure. A shape diversity index was greater for savannah patches than for closed canopy units, implying higher complexity in more disturbed areas. Patches within the same category were highly aggregated, and the core of the area with lower degree of disturbance matched low-productivity sites for koa.
Response of Bark and Woodboring Beetles to Host Volatiles and Wounding on Western Juniper
Authors: Hayes Jane L. , Johnson Patricia L. , Eglitis Andris , Scott Donald W. , Spiegel Lia , Schmitt Craig L. , Smith Steven E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In central Oregon, management of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis var. occidentalis Hook.) has included use of prescribed fire and mechanical removal. After these treatments, several species of bark and woodboring beetles have been observed on treated trees and also occasionally on trees outside management areas, suggesting that these insects might contribute to juniper mortality. In this 2-year (2002–2003) study, we identified bark and woodboring beetles that attack western juniper along with associated beetle predators and examined whether these insects can be manipulated for use in juniper management. Using funnel traps and sticky traps on trees wounded by pruning or treated with host volatiles (juniper berry oil, cade oil, and ethanol) that may attract insects, we captured beetles in the families Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, and Scolytidae (20 species in 17 genera) and known predators in the families Cleridae and Trogositidae (8 species in 7 genera). Cedar bark beetles (Phloeosinus spp.) were the most prevalent insects captured on trees treated with host volatiles and/or wounded. Treatments that included ethanol plus wounding were most attractive to these beetles. However, there was no obvious insect-caused damage or mortality of treated trees in either year of this study.
A Comparison of Statistical Methods for Estimating Forest Biomass from Light Detection and Ranging Data
Authors: Li Yuzhen , Andersen Hans-Erik , McGaughey Robert 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Strong regression relationships between light detection and ranging (LIDAR) metrics and indices of forest structure have been reported in the literature. However, most papers focus on empirical results and do not consider LIDAR metric selection and biological interpretation explicitly. In this study, three different variable selection methods (stepwise regression, principle component analysis [PCA], and Bayesian modeling averaging [BMA]) were compared using LIDAR data from three study sites: Capitol Forest in western Washington State, Mission Creek in central Washington State, and Kenai Peninsula in south central Alaska. Separate aboveground biomass regression models were developed for each site as well as common models using three study sites simultaneously. Final biomass models have R2 values ranging from 0.67 to 0.88 for three study sites. PCA indicates that three LIDAR metrics (mean height, coefficient variation of height, and canopy LIDAR point density) explain the majority of variation contained within a larger set of metrics. Within each study area, forest biomass models using these three predictor variables had similar R2 values as the stepwise and BMA regression models. Individual site models using these three variables are recommended because these models are straightforward in terms of model form and biological interpretation and are easily adopted for application.
People, Place, and Politics: The Role of Place Attachment and Conflict in Forest Communities
Authors: Creighton Janean H. , Blatner Keith A. , Carroll Matthew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
For this study we wanted to identify the meanings (shared and contested) that family forest landowners in rural western Washington assigned to their properties in the context of a rapidly urbanizing environment. Two categories of family forest landowners emerged with respect to the acceptance of the proposed growth management plan and corresponded to the degree of attachments the interviewees exhibited regarding where they lived and in how they described themselves with respect to the community and a dispute regarding the plan. For the long-term residents, their attachment to place provides the foundation for their ties to family and tradition. Although the newcomers interviewed expressed emotional attachments to the area, their attachments were not necessarily tied to their identity, or within any historical context. For the newcomers, involvement in local land-use planning may serve to reinforce the significance of the attachments they developed to their adopted home and strengthen their desire that the area remain pristine.
Effect of Fire Charring on Condition of Ponderosa Pine Trees in Oregon as Measured by Longitudinal Compression Strength
Authors: Kangas Michael , Filip Gregory M. , Morrell Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The ability to assess wood quality using longitudinal compression strength (LCS) of plugs removed from along the length of a tree stem was assessed in ponderosa pine damaged to varying degrees 4 years earlier in a prescribed burn. LCS has been used elsewhere to estimate residual strength of utility poles and might be a simple method for assessing wood quality in standing trees. The degree of stem char on fire-killed trees had a significant effect on LCS values. LCS values of plugs from charred portions of fire-killed ponderosa pines were greater than those from uncharred portions of fire-killed ponderosa pine trees. LCS might be a useful tool for forest managers assessing the remaining flexural properties of standing dead timber after fires.
A Managerial Approach to Estimating Wildland Fire Use Workload
Authors: Rideout Douglas B. , Reich Robin M. , Ziesler Pamela S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Increasing recognition of the role of fire in natural ecosystems has increased the use of wildland fire as a management tool. Although wildland fire use (WFU) has been practiced for decades, it is emerging as an organized program. As such, the analytics of WFU, from a management sciences perspective, are largely undeveloped at a time when there is a growing need to inform program managers and support modeling efforts aimed at more cost-effective fire management programs. Conventional initial attack modeling relates workload to fire perimeter; but, currently, there is no analog for WFU events. This article takes the first step in providing a companion estimation of WFU workload. WFU workload is estimated as a function of basic information on fire size and duration by using a regression tree analysis. Workload scores for wildland fire use management and monitoring were estimated separately. These estimates explained about 68 and 60% of the variation in the management and monitoring scores, respectively. The estimated scores were sensitive to fire size, although duration played an important role, especially on larger events. For example, fires in the same size class often received higher workload scores with increasing duration. Workload estimates from the management regression tree were then associated with average resource usage. The form of the association indicated that as workload estimates increased, average resource usage increased exponentially. Estimating workload scores as a function of size and duration, which are readily available from simulation models, and then associating the scores with resource usage supports efforts to address WFU effort and cost management.
Equations to Convert Compacted Crown Ratio to Uncompacted Crown Ratio for Trees in the Interior West
Authors: Toney Chris , Reeves Matthew C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Crown ratio is the proportion of total tree length supporting live foliage. Inventory programs of the US Forest Service generally define crown ratio in terms of compacted or uncompacted measurements. Measurement of compacted crown ratio (CCR) involves envisioning the transfer of lower branches of trees with asymmetric crowns to fill holes in the upper portion of the crown. Uncompacted crown ratio (UNCR) is measured without adjustment for holes in the crown and may be a more appropriate measurement when interest is on height to the first live branches in the crown. CCR is more commonly available because it is a standard measurement of the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of US Forest Service, and UNCR is an optional measurement at the discretion of regional FIA units. The mean difference between UNCR and CCR of trees in the western United States (0.17 live crown) could be large enough to introduce biologically significant bias in applications that use crown ratio to derive height to crown base. Equations were developed to convert CCR to UNCR for 35 tree species in Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico using data from the Interior West FIA unit. UNCR was modeled as a logistic function of CCR and tree diameter, and species-specific equations were fit by nonlinear regression. Root mean squared error for the regression equations ranged from 0.06 to 0.15 UNCR (mean absolute error, 0.04ߝ0.12 UNCR). Equations for most species performed well when applied to test data that were not available at the time of model fitting.
Twenty-Year Response of Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) to Treatment with Hexazinone in Northeastern Oregon
Authors: Lindsay Amanda , Oester Paul , Cole Elizabeth 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chemical control of competing vegetation with hexazinone is a common and effective silvicultural treatment for ensuring ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) plantation success on dry sites in the western United States, yet few studies document the effect for more than the first few years after planting. This study, re-evaluated 20 years after planting, followed ponderosa pine growth and survival when hexazinone was applied in broadcast and spot treatments for control of competing vegetation. We continued work from the first 5 years after establishment that identified early differences in ponderosa pine seedling survival and growth with treatment. Examination of 20-year trends indicated that individual tree volume and volume per hectare continued to diverge among treatments. The economic differences among treatments may increase as more surviving, faster-growing trees in the broadcast treatments reach higher-value products sooner. Initial control of competing vegetation increased the likelihood of seedling survival and increased tree size after 20 years. Results pertained to ponderosa pine of the Douglas-fir/spiraea (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca Beissn./Spiraea betulifolia Pall.) and Douglas-fir/common snowberry (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca Beissn./Symphoricarpos albus [L.] S. F. Blake) plant associations in northeastern Oregon, but they should apply to similar sites throughout much of the intermountain West.
Evaluation of Alternative Approaches for Predicting Individual Tree Volume Increment
Authors: Hann David W. , Weiskittel Aaron R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The volume increment of individual trees is often inferred from a volume or taper equation and predicted or observed diameter and height increments. Prediction errors can be compounded with this type of approach because of the array of equations used and differences in their accuracy. The consequences of several alternative approaches for indirectly or directly estimating individual tree volume increment were examined using an extensive stem analysis data set of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) in southwest Oregon. The data were used to construct new stem volume, taper, and volume increment equations, which were then used to compare predicted and observed 5-year volume increments. The results of this analysis suggest that the indirect prediction of volume increment is sensitive to both the approach used for estimating stem volume and the use of actual versus predicted diameter and height increment, especially diameter increment. In addition, using the indirect method of volume and taper equations was found to have a slightly lower level of accuracy in predicting stem volume increment than the direct method. It was found that the use of local calibration procedures could help to mitigate possible problems with the bias incurred by using predicted rather than actual diameter increment.
Comparison of Hossfeld's Method and Two Modern Methods for Volume Estimation of Standing Trees
Authors: Ducey Mark J. , Williams Michael S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two modern methods, centroid sampling and the paracone model, have been shown to be accurate approaches for obtaining the volumes of trees and logs when taper functions are unavailable or local volume estimates are desired. We show that the equation for whole-tree volume using Hossfeld's method, an older method that has all but disappeared from the North American literature, is nearly identical to that for centroid sampling and the paracone model. Hossfeld's method may be slightly simpler to implement in the field, and like the modern methods, it can be used either for whole trees or for unmerchantable tops. In comparison with detailed measurements taken on 186 ponderosa pine trees from the Black Hills of South Dakota, the paracone model was most accurate for whole trees, but Hossfeld's method was slightly more accurate than centroid sampling. Hossfeld's method was substantially more accurate than either modern method for estimating the volume in tops.
The Economic Value of Selling Carbon Credits from Restored Forests: A Case Study from the Navajo Nation's Tribal Forests
Authors: Huang Ching-Hsun , Sorensen Christopher 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The goals of this study were to promote restoration of forest ecosystems through fire hazard reduction treatments and to evaluate potential economic benefits of carbon credits to the Navajo Nation. We used the historic Navajo Nation's Continuous Forest Inventory data to calibrate the Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) with growth increments and used the FVS to run simulations that encompass the next 50 years. We calculated C revenues using two carbon accounting approaches: (1) reduced buffer pool under the Climate Action Reserve protocol and (2) increased C stocks based on with-and-without analysis. We investigated nine C price scenarios, including constant- and rising-price trajectories; performed discounted cash flow analyses; and calculated net present worth (NPW). When timber was the only marketable output, using a real alternative rate of return (ARR) of 4%, the NPW of target basal area (BA) 40, 70, and 100 ft2/ac were −$144.89, −$267.98, and −$308.57/ac, respectively. When both timber and C were marketable outputs, with a C price of $3/ton, the NPW of target BAs of 40, 70, and 100 ft2/ac were increased to −$119.26, −$256.83, and −$306.31, respectively, under the first accounting approach, and were increased to $168.62, −$57.29, and −$184.09, respectively, under the second accounting approach. Our results indicate that C accounting method, C price, and landowner's ARR affect forest landowner's profitability in participating in the C market.
Low Thinning as a Forest Restoration Tool at Redwood National Park
Authors: Teraoka Jason R. , Keyes Christopher R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A growing interest in the restoration of young second-growth forests by managers of reserves in the redwood region has led to a need to evaluate restoration-based silvicultural strategies. This case study assessed the effectiveness of low thinning as a forest restoration tool via analysis of stand structure at Redwood National Park's Whiskey Forty Forest Restoration Study. The second-growth stand had more than 5,500 trees ha−1 and 57.0 m2 ha−1 basal area and consisted chiefly of three species: Douglas-fir (the dominant species), redwood, and tanoak. Low thinning reduced stand density but also reduced species richness by eliminating scarce species. Seven years after thinning, growth was enhanced (33.6% gain in basal area), and mortality was minor (3% of all stems); however, Douglas-fir remained competitive in the upper canopy. Its average basal area increment was less than redwood's, but its radial growth was equal and its rate of basal area growth was greater in the years following thinning. We conclude that the thinning improved stand conditions but did not fully satisfy restoration goals and that other thinning methods, such as variable-density thinning, are likely to be more effective at promoting redwood dominance.
An Examination of Five Identical Mapping-Grade Global Positioning System Receivers in Two Forest Settings
Authors: Wing Michael G. , Frank Jereme 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We collected measurements using five identical high-quality mapping-grade GPS receivers that were configured the same and collected data simultaneously in two distinctly different settings within a forest. Our primary objective was to determine whether measurement accuracies were different among the mapping-grade GPS receivers. A secondary objective was to determine whether measurement accuracies were different depending on whether receivers established their locations by taking a single 1-second measurement or by averaging 30 or 60 measurements. In the open-sky setting, where receivers had few obstructions overhead, we found that all five receivers recorded measurements with similar positional accuracies. Errors were lower when measurements were differentially corrected (postprocessed). We found an average error of 1.6 m for unprocessed data and an average error of 0.2 m for postprocessed data. Our results indicate that in open-sky conditions, all five receivers performed similarly when measurements were postprocessed. In addition, there was no significant difference in accuracy whether 1, 30, or 60 points were averaged, regardless of whether data were postprocessed. In the young-forest test course, examination of errors between receivers revealed that one receiver had significantly different errors compared with other receivers, which was likely the result of environmental influences on satellite signal strength and availability. We also found that measurement errors for all five receivers were significantly lower when measurements were postprocessed. On average, measurement errors were 5.9 m for unprocessed data and 1.4 m for postprocessed data. In analyzing individual receiver errors, no receiver had significantly different measurement errors whether 1, 30, or 60 measurements were recorded.
Prediction of Diameter Using Height and Crown Attributes: A Case Study
Authors: Filipescu Cosmin N. , Groot Arthur , MacIsaac Dan A. , Cruickshank Mike G. , Stewart James D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Recent advances in remote sensing provide increasingly detailed forest information in a timely and cost-effective manner. Individual tree stem diameter, an important variable for operational forest inventory, cannot be determined directly from remotely sensed data; stem diameter must be estimated from ancillary measures of tree crown, tree height, and/or measures related to stand structure. In this study, we developed predictive models of diameter as a function of height and crown attributes using a nonlinear mixed-effects approach. Long-term silvicultural experiments provided data for several species: black spruce, Douglas-fir, and lodgepole pine. Addition of crown area and crown area of larger trees to diameter-height models significantly improved predictive performance, resulting in low root mean squared error values between 0.9 and 1.8 cm (10–11% of mean diameter). Our models indicated the need to include additional explanatory variables at wider levels of spacing and thinning. This case study highlights several practical implications for developing and refining individual tree diameter models based on variables that can be remotely sensed.