bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Myelinated axon physiology and regulation of neural circuit function
Authors: Suminaite Daumante , Lyons David A. , Livesey Matthew R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe study of structural and functional plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS) to date has focused primarily on that of neurons and synapses. However, more recent studies implicate glial cells as key regulators of neural circuit function. Among these, the myelinating glia of the CNS, oligodendrocytes, have been shown to be responsive to extrinsic signals including neuronal activity, and in turn, tune neurophysiological function. Due to the fact that myelin fundamentally alters the conduction properties of axons, much attention has focused on how dynamic regulation of myelination might represent a form of functional plasticity. Here, we highlight recent research that indicates that it is not only myelin, but essentially all the function‐regulating components of the myelinated axon that are responsive to neuronal activity. For example, the axon initial segment, nodes of Ranvier, heminodes, axonal termini, and the morphology of the axon itself all exhibit the potential to respond to neuronal activity, and in so doing might underpin specific functional outputs. We also highlight emerging evidence that the myelin sheath itself has a rich physiology capable of influencing axonal physiology. We suggest that to fully understand nervous system plasticity we need to consider the fact that myelinated axon is an integrated functional unit and adaptations that influence the entire functional unit are likely to underpin modifications to neural circuit function.
Act now: The effects of the 2008 Spanish disability reform
Authors: Hill Matthew J. , Silva Jose I. , Vall Castello Judit 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe 2008 reform of the Spanish disability system reduced the benefits for individuals who have a short contributory history relative to their age. It also unintentionally introduced an incentive for individuals to apply for disability in the present. We use a lifecycle model and an empirical analysis to understand the overall impact of the reform. Our baseline estimates suggest that men and women who were affected by the reform were 46% and 22% more likely to be on permanent partial disability following the reform, respectively, and 55% and 46% more likely to be on total disability, respectively.
QALYs without bias? Nonparametric correction of time trade‐off and standard gamble weights based on prospect theory
Authors: Lipman Stefan A. , Brouwer Werner B.F. , Attema Arthur E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCommon health state valuation methodologies, such as standard gamble (SG) and time trade‐off (TTO), typically produce different weights for identical health states. We attempt to alleviate these differences by correcting the confounding influences modeled in prospect theory: loss aversion and probability weighting. Furthermore, we correct for nonlinear utility of life duration. In contrast to earlier attempts at correcting TTO and SG weights, we measure and correct all these tenets simultaneously, using newly developed nonparametric methodology. These corrections were applied to three less‐than‐perfect health states, measured with TTO and SG. We found considerable loss aversion and probability weighting for both gains and losses in life years, and we observe concave utility for gains and convex utility for losses in life years. After correction, the initially significant differences in weights between TTO and SG disappeared for all health states. Our findings suggest new opportunities to account for bias in health state valuations but also the need for further validation of resulting weights.
microRNA‐Mediated Regulation of Bone Remodeling: A Brief Review
Authors: Liu Jin , Dang Lei , Wu Xiaohao , Li Dijie , Ren Qing , Lu Aiping , Zhang Ge 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTmicroRNA (miRNA)‐mediated regulation represents a highly efficient posttranscriptional mechanism for controlling intracellular protein expression. In the past decade, many studies have shown that various miRNAs are involved in regulating bone remodeling by affecting different stages of osteoblastogenesis, osteocytic differentiation, and osteoclastogenesis to govern osteoblastic bone formation and osteoclastic bone resorption. Moreover, miRNAs are recently implicated in mediating the cell‐cell communications among bone cells. This review concentrates on the miRNA‐mediated regulatory mechanisms of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, and their contribution to bone remodeling. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Bone-Forming and Antiresorptive Effects of Romosozumab in Postmenopausal Women With Osteoporosis: Bone Histomorphometry and Microcomputed Tomography Analysis After 2 and 12 Months of Treatment
Authors: Chavassieux Pascale , Chapurlat Roland , Portero-Muzy Nathalie , Roux Jean-Paul , Garcia Pedro , Brown Jacques P , Libanati Cesar , Boyce Rogely W , Wang Andrea , Grauer Andreas 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Sclerostin, a protein produced by osteocytes, inhibits bone formation. Administration of sclerostin antibody results in increased bone formation in multiple animal models. Romosozumab, a humanized sclerostin antibody, has a dual effect on bone, transiently increasing serum biochemical markers of bone formation and decreasing serum markers of bone resorption, leading to increased BMD and reduction in fracture risk in humans. We aimed to evaluate the effects of romosozumab on bone tissue. In a subset of 107 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis in the multicenter, international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Fracture Study in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis (FRAME), transiliac bone biopsies were performed either after 2 (n = 34) or 12 (n = 73) months of treatment with 210 mg once monthly of romosozumab or placebo to evaluate histomorphometry and microcomputed tomography-based microarchitectural endpoints. After 2 months, compared with either baseline values assessed after a quadruple fluorochrome labeling or placebo, significant increases (P &lt; 0.05 to P &lt; 0.001) in dynamic parameters of formation (median MS/BS: romosozumab 1.51% and 5.64%; placebo 1.60% and 2.31% at baseline and month 2, respectively) were associated with a significant decrease compared with placebo in parameters of resorption in cancellous (median ES/BS: placebo 3.4%, romosozumab 1.8%; P = 0.022) and endocortical (median ES/BS: placebo 6.3%, romosozumab 1.6%; P = 0.003) bone. At 12 months, cancellous bone formation was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05 to P &lt; 0.001) in romosozumab versus placebo and the lower values for resorption endpoints seen at month 2 persisted (P &lt; 0.001), signaling a decrease in bone turnover (P = 0.006). No significant change was observed in periosteal and endocortical bone. This resulted in an increase in bone mass and trabecular thickness with improved trabecular connectivity, without significant modification of cortical porosity at month 12. In conclusion, romosozumab produced an early and transient increase in bone formation, but a persistent decrease in bone resorption. Antiresorptive action eventually resulted in decreased bone turnover. This effect resulted in significant increases in bone mass and improved microarchitecture.© 2019 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Low Vitamin D Status Is Associated With Impaired Bone Quality and Increased Risk of Fracture-Related Hospitalization in Older Australian Women
Authors: Zhu Kun , Lewis Joshua R , Sim Marc , Prince Richard L 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
The vitamin D debate relates in part to ideal public health population levels of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) to maintain bone structure and reduce fracture. In a secondary analysis of 1348 women aged 70 to 85 years at baseline (1998) from the Perth Longitudinal Study of Aging in Women (a 5-year calcium supplementation trial followed by two 5-year extensions), we examined the dose-response relations of baseline plasma 25OHD with hip DXA BMD at year 1, lumbar spine BMD, and trabecular bone score (TBS) at year 5, and fracture-related hospitalizations over 14.5 years obtained by health record linkage. Mean baseline plasma 25OHD was 66.9 ± 28.2 nmol/L and 28.5%, 36.4%, and 35.1% of women had levels &lt;50, 50 to 74.9, and ≥75 nmol/L, respectively. Generalized additive models showed that total hip and femoral neck BMD and TBS, but not spine BMD, were higher with increasing plasma 25OHD up to 100 nmol/L. Compared with those with 25OHD &lt;50 nmol/L, women with 25OHD ≥75 nmol/L had significantly higher total hip and femoral neck BMD at year 1 (3.3% to 3.9%) and TBS at year 5 (2.0%), all P &lt; 0.05. During the follow-up, 27.6% of women experienced any fracture-related hospitalization and 10.6% hip fracture-related hospitalization. Penalized spline regression models showed a decrease in risk with increased 25OHD levels up to 65 nmol/L and 75 nmol/L for hip fracture and any fracture-related hospitalization, respectively. Cox regression grouped analyses showed that compared with women with 25OHD &lt;50 nmol/L, those with 25OHD levels 50 to 74.9 and ≥75 nmol/L had significantly lower risk for hip fracture [HR 0.60 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.91) and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.92), respectively], and any fracture-related hospitalization [HR 0.77 (95% CI, 0.59 to 0.99) and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.91), respectively]. In older white women, 25OHD levels &gt;50 nmol/L are a minimum public health target and 25OHD levels beyond 75 nmol/L may not have additional benefit to reduce fracture risk. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Rmrp Mutation Disrupts Chondrogenesis and Bone Ossification in Zebrafish Model of Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia via Enhanced Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling
Authors: Sun Xianding , Zhang Ruobin , Liu Mi , Chen Hangang , Chen Liang , Luo Fengtao , Zhang Dali , Huang Junlan , Li Fangfang , Ni Zhenhong , Qi Huabing , Su Nan , Jin Min , Yang Jing , Tan Qiaoyan , Du Xiaolan , Chen Bo , Huang Haiyang , Chen Shuai , Yin Liangjun , Xu Xiaoling , Deng Chuxia , Luo Lingfei , Xie Yangli , Chen Lin 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (CHH) is an autosomal recessive metaphyseal chondrodysplasia characterized by bone dysplasia and many other highly variable features. The gene responsible for CHH is the RNA component of the mitochondrial RNA-processing endoribonuclease (RMRP) gene. Currently, the pathogenesis of osteochondrodysplasia and extraskeletal manifestations in CHH patients remains incompletely understood; in addition, there are no viable animal models for CHH. We generated an rmrp KO zebrafish model to study the developmental mechanisms of CHH. We found that rmrp is required for the patterning and shaping of pharyngeal arches. Rmrp mutation inhibits the intramembranous ossification of skull bones and promotes vertebrae ossification. The abnormalities of endochondral bone ossification are variable, depending on the degree of dysregulated chondrogenesis. Moreover, rmrp mutation inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis through dysregulating the expressions of cell-cycle- and apoptosis-related genes. We also demonstrate that rmrp mutation upregulates canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling; the pharmacological inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin could partially alleviate the chondrodysplasia and increased vertebrae mineralization in rmrp mutants. Our study, by establishing a novel zebrafish model for CHH, partially reveals the underlying mechanism of CHH, hence deepening our understanding of the role of rmrp in skeleton development.
HHEX gene polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case‐control report from Iran
Authors: Galavi Hamidreza , Mollashahee‐Kohkan Fatemeh , Saravani Ramin , Sargazi Saman , Noorzehi Nafiseh , Shahraki Hojat 
Published: June 2019

AbstractGenome‐wide association studies indicated that hematopoietically‐expressed homeobox (HHEX) gene is a remarkable candidate for type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus susceptibility in spite of the fact that the results are ambiguous in some cases. So, this study aimed to evaluate the possible correlation between HHEX gene polymorphisms and T2D development in a sample of the Iranian population. The rs1111875G/A, rs7923837A/G, and rs5015480C/T HHEX gene polymorphisms were genotyped in 250 cases and 250 matched (age and sex) healthy controls using tetra‐amplification‐refractory mutation system‐polymerase chain reaction method. The finding revealed the all measured inheritance models of rs1111875G/A and of rs5015480C/T variants dramatically increase the risk of T2D while another polymorphism (rs7923837A/G) was not associated with risk/protective role in T2D. The results indicated that rs1111875G/A and rs5015480C/T may contribute to the enhancement of T2D risk in a sample of the southeast Iranian population.
Unraveling the factors and mechanism involved in persistence: Host‐pathogen interactions in Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Gupta Nidhi , Maurya Shweta , Verma Harshvardhan , Verma Vijay K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHelicobacter pylori and humans have one of the most complex relationships in nature. How a bacterium manages to live in one of the harshest and hostile environments is a topic of unraveling mysteries. H. pylori is a prevalent species and it colonizes the human gut of more than 50% of the world population. It infects the epithelial region of antrum and persists there for a long period. Over the time of evolution, H. pylori has developed complex strategies to extend the degree of inflammation in gastric mucosa. H. pylori needs specific adaptations for initial colonization into the host environment like helical shape, flagellar movement, chemotaxis, and the production of urease enzyme that neutralizes acidic environment of the stomach. There are several factors from the bacterium as well as from the host that participate in these complex interactions. On the other hand, to establish the persistent infection, H. pylori escapes the immune system by mimicking the host antigens. This pathogen has the ability to dodge the immune system and then persist there in the form of host cell, which leads to immune tolerance. H. pylori has an ability to manipulate its own pathogen‐associated molecular patterns, which leads to an inhibition in the binding with specific pattern recognition receptors of the host to avoid immune cell detection. Also, it manipulates the host metabolic homeostasis in the gastric epithelium. Besides, it has several genes, which may get involved in the acquisition of nutrition from the host to survive longer in the host. Due to the persistence of H. pylori, it causes chronic inflammation and raises the chances of gastric cancer. This review highlights the important elements, which are certainly responsible for the persistence of H. pylori in the human host.
MicroRNA‐330 inhibits growth and migration of melanoma A375 cells: In vitro study
Authors: Sehati Nasser , Sadeghie Navaz , Mansoori Behzad , Mohammadi Ali , Shanehbandi Dariush , Baradaran Behzad 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMelanoma skin cancer is one of the main causes of male cancer‐related deaths worldwide. It has been suggested that miR‐330‐5p can act as a tumor suppressor in various types of cancers. So, in this study, we replaced miR‐330 in melanoma cancer cells by vector‐based miR‐330 to evaluate the effects of this microRNA on the growth and migration inhibition of melanoma cancer cells, and to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying its action. By using the MTT assay, the IC50 of Geneticin antibiotic was obtained as 460 µg/mL. The results of the qRT‐PCR showed the increased expression level of miR‐330 and decreased expression levels of MMP‐9, CXCR4, Vimentin, melanoma cell adhesion molecule, AKT1, and E2F1 messenger RNA in A375 transfected cells. The cytotoxicity assay results demonstrated the inhibition of cancer cells proliferation. Furthermore, the wound healing test results showed a migration reduction of transfected cells with miR‐330 compared with nontransfected ones. In addition, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindoleLB: Luria‐Bertani (DAPI) staining revealed the significant nucleus fragmentation in miR‐330 replaced cells, which correspond to apoptosis induction in replaced cells. The results showed that increase in miR‐330 expression level could significantly inhibit the tumor cell growth and the migration of melanoma cancer cells.
Pathological and molecular studies on Coxsackie virus A‐16 isolated from hand, foot, and mouth disease cases in India: Approach using neonatal mouse model
Authors: Tikute Sanjaykumar S. , Wangikar Pralhad B. , Gopalkrishna Varanasi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe present study highlights pathogenesis and molecular aspects of Coxsackie virus A‐16 (CVA‐16) strains isolated from hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) cases from India using a neonatal mice model. ICR mice were intraperitoneally inoculated with CVA‐16/311 strain isolated from HFMD cases. Mice developed hind and forelimb paralysis on day 3 of post infection. Histopathological observations of hind limb muscles showed necrosis, dissolution of muscle fiber cells, infiltration of inflammatory cells, marked dilated ventricle, hemorrhages, and neuronal degeneration in the brain. Immunohistochemical studies revealed high expression of CVA‐16/311–specific viral antigen in limb muscles, brain, heart from day 3 till day 7 of post‐infection. VP1 gene‐based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction conducted in RNA samples of different tissue organs of infected mice followed by sequencing of the positive amplimers revealed presence of CVA‐16/311–specific viral sequences. Phylogenetic analysis based on the VP1 gene showed the presence of B1c sub genotype of CVA‐16/311 strain in targeted tissue organs. Sequence analysis revealed major genetic changes in heart, skeletal muscle tissues at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Genetic changes occurred in organs of mice might predict some potential targets and might act as markers of virulence for neuronal tropism. Pathogenesis and molecular studies of CVA‐16 strains isolated from HFMD cases using neonatal mice model was conducted for the first time from India.
Theory of characteristic modes for lossy structures: Formulation and interpretation of eigenvalues
Authors: Ylä‐Oijala Pasi , Wallén Henrik , Järvenpää Seppo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractVolume integral equation (VIE) and surface integral equation (SIE) based characteristic mode (CM) formulations are investigated in the case of lossy objects. Imperfectly conducting metallic structures modelled with an impedance boundary condition and lossy dielectric bodies are considered. Two types of CM formulations are studied. In the first one, the generalized eigenvalue equation is expressed in terms of the Hermitian parts of the integral operators. In the second one, the weighting operator of the eigenvalue equation is defined so that the eigenvectors form a weighted orthogonal set, weighted with respect to radiated power. The first approach gives real eigensolutions and is found to lead to clustering of the eigenvalues as losses are increased. From these solutions it is difficult to separate contributions of radiated, reactive, and dissipated power. This separation appears naturally in the second approach that gives complex eigensolutions. As applications including lossy materials, CM analyses of a graphene sheet and a plasmonic nanoparticle are presented.
Optical Access to Arteriovenous Cerebral Microcirculation Through a Transparent Cranial Implant
Authors: Davoodzadeh Nami , Cano‐Velázquez Mildred S. , Halaney David L. , Jonak Carrie R. , Binder Devin K. , Aguilar Guillermo 
Published: June 2019

Background and ObjectiveMicrocirculation plays a critical role in physiologic processes and several disease states. Laser speckle imaging (LSI) is a full‐field, real‐time imaging technique capable of mapping microvessel networks and providing relative flow velocity within the vessels. In this study, we demonstrate that LSI combine with multispectral reflectance imaging (MSRI), which allows for distinction between veins and arteries in the vascular flow maps produced by LSI. We apply this combined technique to mouse cerebral vascular network in vivo, comparing imaging through the skull, to the dura mater and brain directly through a craniectomy, and through a transparent cranial “Window to the Brain” (WttB) implant.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThe WttB implant used in this study is made of a nanocrystalline Yttria‐Stabilized‐Zirconia ceramic. MSRI was conducted using white‐light illumination and filtering the reflected light for 560, 570, 580, 590, 600, and 610 nm. LSI was conducted using an 810 nm continuous wave near‐infrared laser with incident power of 100 mW, and the reflected speckle pattern was captured by a complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) camera.ResultsSeven vessel branches were analyzed and comparison was made between imaging through the skull, craniectomy, and WttB implant. Through the skull, MSRI did not detect any vessels, and LSI could not image microvessels. Imaging through the WttB implant, MSRI was able to identify veins versus arteries, and LSI was able to image microvessels with only slightly higher signal‐to‐noise ratio and lower sharpness than imaging the brain through a craniectomy.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the ability to perform MSRI‐LSI across a transparent cranial implant, to allow for cerebral vascular networks to be mapped, including microvessels. These images contain additional information such as vein‐artery separation and relative blood flow velocities, information which is of value scientifically and medically. The WttB implant provides substantial improvements over imaging through the murine cranial bone, where microvessels are not visible and MSRI cannot be performed. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two in One: Modified Polyurethane Foams by Dip‐Coating of Halloysite Nanotubes with Acceptable Flame Retardancy and Absorbency
Authors: Wu Fan , Zheng Jingqi , Ou Xianfeng , Liu Mingxian 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPoor flame retardancy of polyurethane foam (PUF) limits its practical application in many fields. Here, flame‐retardant performance of PUF is improved by a simple dip‐coating method. Halloysite nanotube (HNT) coating can be uniformly bonded to PUF surfaces via hydrogen‐bonding interactions, which is confirmed by element mapping and X‐ray photoelectron spectra. Density and mechanical properties of PUF increase with the concentration of HNT suspension, while porosity of the foam decreases with HNT loading. Weight ratio of HNTs to PUF in the composite can be achieved as high as 65.2%. Surfaces of PUF transfer from hydrophobic to super‐hydrophilic after HNT coating, and the water contact angle decreases from 116° to 0° after HNT coating. As a result, methylene blue adsorption capacity of HNTs‐coated PUF increases from 0.02 to 0.15 mg g−1, and adsorption efficiency can reach 98% after 10 s. HNT coating can prevent PUF from burning and dripping, which suggests that flame‐retardant performance of PUF is significantly improved by HNTs. This work establishes a general procedure for improving flame retardancy and dye absorbency of polymer materials by simple dip‐coating of environmental‐friendly clay nanotubes, which shows great potential in high‐performance polymer and functional composite materials.