bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entamoeba histolytica L220 induces the in vitro activation of macrophages and neutrophils and is modulated by neurotransmitters
Authors: Villalobos-Gómez Fabiola del Rocío , García-Lorenzana Mario , Escobedo Galileo , Talamás-Rohana Patricia , Salinas-Gutiérrez Rogelio , Hernández-Ramírez Verónica-Ivonne , Sánchez-Alemán Esperanza , Campos-Esparza María del Rosario , Muñoz-Ortega Martín Humberto , Ventura-Juárez Javier 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The neuroimmunoregulation of inflammation has been well characterized. Entamoeba histolytica provokes an inflammatory response in the host in which macrophages and neutrophils are the first line of defense. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the 220 kDa lectin of Entamoeba histolytica on stimulation of human macrophages and neutrophils, especially the secretion of cytokines and the relation of these to neurotransmitters. Human cells were interacted with L220, epinephrine, nicotine, esmolol and vecuronium bromide. The concentrations of IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 were determined by ELISA at, 4 h of interaction. L220 has a cytokine stimulating function of macrophages and neutrophils for secretion of IL-1β, and IL-10 only by macrophages, which was modulated by the effect of vecuronium on cholinergic receptors in this immune cells.
Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Metastrongylus salmi (M. salmi) derived from Tibetan pigs in Tibet, China
Authors: Li Kun , Shahzad Muhammad , Zhang Hui , Mehmood Khalid , Jiang Xiong , Luo Houqiang , Zhang Lihong , Dong Xiaoqian , Li Jiakui 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe present study was designed to determine and analyze themtgenomes ofMetastrongylus salmi(M.salmi), and reveal the phylogenetic relationships of this parasite usingmtDNA sequences. Results showed that the completemtgenome ofM.salmiwas 13722 bp containing 12 protein-coding genes (cox1-3, nad1-6, nad4L, atp6 and cytb), 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rrnL and rrnS). The overall A+T content was 73.54% and the nucleotide composition was A (23.52%), C (6.14%), G (19.60%), T (50.02%), and N (UCAG) (0.73%). A total of 4237 amino acids are encoded from the Tibetan isolates ofM. salmi mtgenomes. The ATA was predicted as the most common starting codon with 41.7% (5/12 protein genes); and 11 of the 12 protein genes were found to have a TAG or TAA translation termination codon. By clustering together the phylogenetic trees of TibetanM.salmiand AustrianM.salmi, theM.salmiisolated from Tibetan pigs was found to be highly homological with that stemmed from Austrian one. This information provides meaningful insights into the phylogenetic position of theM.salmiChina isolate and represents a useful resource for selecting molecular markers for diagnosis and population studies.
Balantioides coli: morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of pig and non-human primate isolates
Authors: Barbosa Alynne da Silva , Barbosa Helene Santos , Souza Sandra Maria de Oliveira , Dib Laís Verdan , Uchôa Claudia Maria Antunes , Bastos Otilio Machado Pereira , Amendoeira Maria Regina Reis 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBalantioides coliis a ciliated protozoon that inhabits the intestine of pigs, non-human primates and humans. Light microscopy studies have described over 50 species of the genusBalantioidesbut their validity is in doubt. Due to the limited information about this genus, this study is aimed to identify morphological characteristics ofBalantioides coliisolated using fluorescence microscopy and both scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Trophozoites isolated from the feces of pig and macaque were washed and subjected to centrifugation. These cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde for immunofluorescence. Other aliquots of these trophozoites were fixed with glutaraldehyde, post fixed with osmium tetroxide and processed for SEM and TEM. Immunofluorescence studies revealed microtubules with a longitudinal distribution to the main axis of the parasite and in the constitution of cilia. SEM demonstrated a high concentration of cilia covering the oral apparatus and a poor presence of such structures in cytopyge. TEM revealed in the plasma membrane, several associated structures were observed to delineate the cellular cortex and mucocysts. The cytoskeleton of the oral region was observed in detail and had an organization pattern consisting of microtubules, which formed files and nematodesmal networks. Organelles such as hydrogenosomes like and peroxisomes were observed close to the cortex. Macronuclei were observed, but structures that were consistent with micronuclei were not identified. Ultrastructural morphological analysis of isolates confirms its similarity toBalantioides coli. In this study were identified structures that had not yet been described, such as hydrogenosomes like and cytoskeletal structures.
Patterns of the parasite communities in a fish assemblage of a river in the Brazilian Amazon region
Authors: Baia Raimundo Rosemiro Jesus , Florentino Alexandro Cezar , Silva Luís Maurício Abdon , Tavares-Dias Marcos 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper characterizes the pattern of ectoparasite and endoparasite communities in an assemblage of 35 sympatric fish from different trophic levels in a tributary from the Amazon River system, northern Brazil. In detritivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous and piscivorous hosts, the species richness consisted of 82 ectoparasites and endoparasites, but protozoan ectoparasites such asIchthyophthirius multifiliis,Piscinoodinium pillulareandTripartiellasp. were dominant species predominated, such that they were present in 80% of the hosts. The taxon richness was in the following order: Monogenea > Nematoda > Digenea > Crustacea > Protozoa > Acanthocephala = Cestoda > Hirudinea. Among the hosts, the highest number of parasitic associations occurred inSatanoperca jurupari,Aequidens tetramerus,Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus,Hoplosternum littorale,Cichlasoma amazonarum,Chaetobranchus flavescens,Squaliforma emarginata,Chaetobranchopsis orbicularisandHoplias malabaricus. A weak positive correlation between ectoparasite abundance and length of the hosts was observed. Ectoparasite communities of detritivorous, carnivorous and omnivorous hosts were similar, but these differed from the communities of piscivorous hosts. Larval endoparasite species with low host specificity were the main determinants of the parasite infracommunity structure of the fish assemblage. Fish assemblage had few species of helminth that were specialist endoparasites, while many were parasites at the larval stage, infecting intermediate and paratenic hosts. Finally, carnivorous and omnivorous hosts harbored endoparasite communities that were more heterogeneous than those of detritivorous and piscivorous hosts. This result lends supports to the notion that the feeding habits of the host species are a significant factor in determining the endoparasites fauna.
Histological description of Cercaria etgesii Shchenkov, 2017 daughter sporocysts (Trematoda: Pleurogenidae): compartmentalization of the brood cavity and germinal mass morphology
Authors: Kremnev Georgii A. , Shchenkov Sergei V. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMorphology of the daughter sporocysts ofCercaria etgesiiShchenkov, 2017 (Pleurogenidae) has been described according to conventional histological techniques and subsequent 3D reconstruction with Bitplanelmaris® software. Novel data were obtained concerning the spatial organization of the brood cavity of Pleurogenidae daughter sporocysts. It was shown that the laminated structures of the endocyst are lining the brood cavity and carry out its compartmentalisation by formation of the chambers around developing and disintegrating embryos of cercariae. First description of the germinal mass of the Pleurogenidae daughter sporocysts is given. No mitoses in germinal mass were evident although apparent production of the cercariae embryos by the sporocysts take place. The analogous principle of daughter sporocysts morphofunctional organisation was noted for the studied representatives of closely related taxa of trematodes: Pleurogenidae (C.etgesii) and Microphallidae (Microphallus‘pygmaeus’ group).
Isolation, identification and characterization of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys (Monacrosporium) sinense from China
Authors: Xue Ya-Juan , Li Er-Le , Jing Cai-Xia , Ma Li , Cai Kui-Zheng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWith the development of anthelmintic resistance of parastic nematodes, it is necessary to isolate and study nematophagous fungi to screen out the native isolates for their potential in the biocontrol of domestic animal nematodosis. This study aimed to isolate theArthrobotrys sinense(Monacrosporium sinense) of nematophagous fungus, to characterize representative molecular isolates using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and to determine the effect of the temperature and pH values on radial growth of the isolate. Five isolates were isolated from 1532 samples of different types, and their occurrence frequencies were 0.32% of the total samples. They were identified asA. sinenseby means of morphology and the sequence of the 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rDNA, as well as internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2. The isolate NBS003 could grow from 11°C to 35°C and had optimal growth at 30°C. The isolate could grow at pH 4 to 11, and its optimal value was obtained at pH 9. SEM results showed that 6 h after their addition, the second stage larvae (L2) and the third stage infective larvae (L3) ofHaemonchus contortuswere captured. L2 and L3 were penetrated by the fungus at 18 and 24 h post-capture, respectively. L2 and L3 were completely digested at 84 and 90 h post-capture, respectively. The NBS003 of theA. sinenseshould have a certain potential to be used for capturing the free-living stage of nematodes in sheep.
First molecular characterization and morphological aspects of Sarcocystis fusiformis infecting water buffalo Bubalus bubalis in Egypt
Authors: Morsy Kareem , Abdel-Ghaffar Fathy , Bin Dajem Saad , Abdel-Gaber Rewaida , El Gazar Fatma 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFresh muscle samples from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) aged 2–15, from Giza Province, Egypt; were examined forSarcocystisinfection. Macroscopic ovoid sarcocysts embedded in the muscle tissues of the examined buffaloes were detected; they measured 152–230 (210 ± 7) μm in length and 37–119 (95 ± 3) μm in width. The esophagus was the most infected organ followed by the diaphragm, and tongue, while the heart muscles were the least infected. The cyst cavity was compartmentalized by septa derived from the ground substance located under the primary cyst wall. Using transmission electron microscopy, the primary cyst wall bordered sarcocysts were determined to be 0.08–0.22 μm in thickness, raised from the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane, and surrounded by a secondary cyst wall of host origin. The primary cyst wall had irregular wall folds with numerous cauliflower-like projections of variable sizes and shapes accompanied by knob-like electron-dense elevations. 18S rRNA gene expression studies confirmed that the present parasite isolates belonged to the genusSarcocystis. The sequence data showed significant identities (>90%) with archived gene sequences from many Eimeriidae organisms, and a dendogram showing the phylogenetic relationship was constructed. The most closely related species wasSarcocystis fusiformisKR186117, with an identity percentage of 98%. The recovered sequences were deposited in the GenBank under the accession number MG572125. The present study, to our knowledge, is the first collective ultrastructural and molecular study that confirmed the taxonomy of sarcocysts isolated from water buffaloes in Egypt asSarcocystis fusiformis.
Prevalence and risk factors associated with Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cattle in the state of Paraíba, Brazil
Authors: Filho Ruy Brayner de Oliveira , Malta Karla Campos , Borges Jonas de Melo , Oliveira Pollyanne Raysa Fernandes de , Filho Givanildo Jacinto dos Santos , Nascimento Glaucia Grazielle , Mota Rinaldo Aparecido , Júnior José Wilton Pinheiro 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the prevalence ofTritrichomonas foetusinfection and to evaluate risk factors associated with this infection among cattle in the state of Paraíba in northeastern Brazil. Samples of cervicovaginal mucus from 290 females and smegma from 59 males [beef, 31; mixed aptitude (beef and dairy), 10; and dairy, 18] from 31 farms were collected. Modified Diamond’s medium and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used for the laboratory diagnosis ofT. foetusinfection. Univariate analysis and logistic regression were performed to test for potential risk factors in addition to prevalence mapping. No sample was positive forT. foetusin culture, and the prevalence ofT. foetusinfection using PCR was 3.7% (13/349) [confidence interval (CI) 95%, 2.1%–6.4%]. In total, 19.3% (6/31) of the farms had at least one animal positive forT. foetus. The contact of females with males from other farms [Odds ratio, 5.9; 95% CI, 1.5–22.4;p= 0.009] was identified as a risk factor forT. foetusinfection. This study demonstrates thatT. foetusinfection is prevalent among dairy cows in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. Sexual resting, removal of positive females, and avoiding contact of females with males from other farms are recommended to reduce the risk of infection.
The development of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) in its intermediate host Cypridopsis vidua in Brazil
Authors: Lourenço Felipe de Sousa , Morey Germán Augusto Murrieta , Malta José Celso de Oliveira 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe family Neoechinorhynchidae includes seven species ofNeoechinorhynchusfrom freshwater fishes of Brazil. Although severalNeoechinorhynchusspecies are cited infecting different fish species in Brazil, there is a lack of information concerning to their life cycle and the identification of the intermediate hosts. Thus, the aim of the present study was to describe the development ofNeoechinorhynchus buttneraein its intermediate host collected in a fish farm located in Rio Preto da Eva, Amazonas, Brazil. To verify the presence ofN. buttneraein the fish pond, twentyColossoma macropomumwere captured and analyzed, being corroborated the presence of this parasite species. Samples of plankton were also collected, finding the ostracodCypridopsis viduaas the intermediate host. For the description of the larvae development, a laboratory experimental procedure was conducted by feeding the collected ostracods with the eggs of the adult specimens taken from the sampled fish. To observe the stages of development an artificial hatch was performed. Every stage of development was photographed, measured, drawn and described. The time of development of the immature stages ofN. buttneraewas 29 days, reporting the stages: acanthor, acanthella (with eight developmental changes) and cystacanth. As high infections byN. buttneraecauses morphological damages to the intestine and may compromise the quality ofC. macropomumand in consequence the production of fish farmers in the Brazilian Amazon region, the knowledge of its intermediate host and the understanding of its life cycle represents a useful information to prevent and combat infections by this parasite.
Primary culture of cat intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and the cDNA library construction
Authors: Zhao Gui hua , Liu Ye , Cheng Yun tang , Zhao Qing song , Qiu Xiao , Xu Chao , Xiao Ting , Zhu Song , Liu Gong zhen , Yin Kun 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFelids are the only definitive hosts ofToxoplasma gondii. To lay a foundation for screening theT.gondii-felids interaction factors, we have developed a reproducible primary culture method for cat intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The primary IECs were isolated from a new born cat’s small intestine jejunum region without food ingress, and respectivelyin vitrocultured by tissue cultivation and combined digestion method with collagenase XI and dispase I, then purified by trypsinization. After identification, the ds cDNA of cat IECs was synthesized for constructing pGADT7 homogenization three-frame plasmid, and transformed into the yeast Y187 for generating the cDNA library. Our results indicated that cultivation of primary cat IECs relays on combined digestion to form polarized and confluent monolayers within 3 days with typical features of normal epithelial cells. The purified cells cultured by digestion method were identified to be nature intestinal epithelial cells using immunohistochemical analysis and were able to maintain viability for at least 15 passages. The homogenizable ds cDNA, which is synthesized from the total RNA extracted from our cultured IECs, distributed among 0.5–2.0 kb, and generated satisfying three-frame cDNA library with the capacity of 1.2 × 106and the titer of 5.2 × 107pfu/mL. Our results established an optimal method for the culturing and passage of cat IECs modelin vitro, and laid a cDNA library foundation for the subsequent interaction factors screening by yeast two-hybrid.
Evaluation of the protective effect of a prime-boost strategy with plasmid DNA followed by recombinant adenovirus expressing BmAMA1 as vaccines against Babesia microti infection in hamster
Authors: Wang Guanbo , Yu Longzheng , Efstratiou Artemis , Moumouni Paul Franck Adjou , Liu Mingming , Guo Huanping , Gao Yang , Cao Shinuo , Zhou Mo , Li Jixu , Ringo Aaron Edmond , Xuan Xuenan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn the present study, we have investigated the protective effect of a heterologous prime-boost strategy with priming plasmid DNA followed by recombinant adenovirus, both expressing BmAMA1, againstBabesia microtiinfection. Four groups consisting of 3 hamsters per group were immunized with pBmAMA1/Ad5BmAMA1, pNull/Ad5BmAMA1, pBmAMA1/Ad5Null and pNull/Ad5Null, followed by challenge infection withB.microti. Our results showed that hamsters immunized with plasmid and adenovirus expressing BmAMA1 developed a robust IgG and IgG2a antibody response against BmAMA1, suggesting the DNA vaccine or viral vector vaccine tend to induce a Th1-biased response. Compared to the control hamsters, the hamsters vaccinated either with the prime-boost strategy or one of the two “vaccines” exhibited no significant protection againstB.microtichallenge. Although a slight difference in terms of parasitemia and hematocrit values at days 14–16 post challenge infection was observed, no other statistical difference was detected. Our results indicate that the prime-boost vaccination strategy of injection of plasmid and adenovirus expressing BmAMA1 is not efficient in protecting againstB.microtiinfection.
A new species of Chondracanthus (Cyclopoida: Chondracanthidae) parasitic on deep-sea Dibranchus spongiosa(Lophiiformes: Ogcocephalidae) from the Eastern Central Pacific
Authors: Gómez Samuel , Aguirre-Villaseñor Hugo , Morales-Serna Francisco Neptali 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA total of 228 sampling stations were visited for benthic fauna during a series of oceanographic cruises in the Gulf of California, west coast of the Baja California Peninsula, and Eastern Central Pacific from year 1991 to 2014. Among others, three fish species of the genusDibranchuswere caught in 28 stations. Of these,D.spongiosawas the most common and abundant. Close inspection of this fish revealed the presence of a new species of parasitic copepod,Chondracanthus dibranchisp. nov., found in the gill cavity of seven specimens ofD.spongiosa.Chondracanthus dibranchisp. nov. seems to be morphologically related toC.psettiandC.janebennettae. The female ofC.janebennettaecan be separated from these other two congeners by the general shape of the head and abdomen, by the number of teeth on the mandibular blade, and by the general body shape.Chondracanthus psettiandC.dibranchisp. nov. share the relative lengths of legs 1 and 2, the relative size and shape of the genito-abdomen, and the conical attenuating lateral processes on the trunk of the female. The females of these two species can be separated by the shape and armature of the antennule, shape of the antenna, the claw of the maxilliped, the rami of leg 1 and 2 and posterior processes, the head region, and by the position of the lateral processes of the trunk. An amendment to Tang’s (2007) key to the species ofChondracanthusis proposed.
Evaluation of four commercial DNA extraction kits for the detection of Microsporidia and the importance of pretreatments in DNA isolation
Authors: Çetinkaya Ülfet , Charyyeva Arzuv , Sivcan Eda , Gürbüz Esra 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMicrosporidia are obligate intracellular parasitic protozoa infecting the wide variety of hosts and are commonly known as a cause of chronic diarrhea particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Molecular-based tests have high sensitivity and specificity in disease diagnosis. However, these tests’ performance relies on the isolation of DNA in a good concentration. The standard procedures of commercial DNA extraction kits are usually insufficient for this purpose due to the tough walls of spores. This study aimed to test the significance of pretreatments by glass beads and freeze-thawing processes in DNA isolation from microsporidia spores. The parasite was cultured in growing Vero cells and seven serial dilutions were prepared from the collected spores. DNA purification was performed according to different tissue kits and stool kit procedures with and without any pretreatment. Concentration of isolated DNA samples were evaluated by real-time PCR. As a result of this study, the detectable amount of spores is minimum 10 spores in each 100 μ! sample according to the different tissue kits’ standard protocols. However, according to the DNA stool mini kit, the detectable amount of spores was found to be 1,000 spores/100 μl of stool sample when pretreated with both the freeze-thawing and glass beads methods.In conclusion, the current study demonstrated that further pretreatments are an essential process for DNA extraction from the stool specimens in order to avoid possible false negativity in the diagnosis of microsporidiosis.
Presence of Acanthamoeba in the ocular surface in a Spanish population of contact lens wearers
Authors: Rodríguez-Martín Javier , Rocha-Cabrera Pedro , Reyes-Batlle María , López-Arencibia Atteneri , Sifaoui Ines , Rizo-Liendo Aitor , Bethencourt-Estrella Carlos J. , Piñero José E. , Lorenzo-Morales Jacob 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Pathogenic strains of Acanthamoeba are causative agents of a sight-threatening infection of the cornea known as Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) which mainly affects contact lens wearers and it is commonly related to poor hygiene of contact lenses and their cases. Moreover, treatment of AK is complex due to the existence of a highly resistant cyst stage and if not diagnosed early has poor prognosis, leading to blindness and/or keratoplasty. Even though AK is increasing worldwide as well as awareness among patients and clinicians, it is still a poorly studied pathogen. Additionally, a remaining question to be answered is whether these opportunistic pathogens are present in the ocular surface of healthy contact lens wearers since they are the main group at risk.In order to carry out this study, sterile Schirmer strip tests were collected from a group of individuals all of them contact lens wearers who were attending a local ophthalmology clinic in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. The collected samples (100 eyes of 50 patients) were cultured in 2% Non-Nutrient Agar (NNA) plates and positive plates (16) were then cultured in axenic conditions for further analyses. Molecular analysis classified all isolated strains belonged to Acanthamoeba genotype T4 and osmotolerance and thermotolerance assays revealed that all strains were potentially pathogenic. In conclusion, the ocular surface of contact lens wearers included in this study was colonized by potentially pathogenic strains of Acanthamoeba and should be considered as a risk for AK infection in this region and worldwide.