bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlling Gray Mold on Container-Grown Douglas-Fir by Modified Styroblocks and Under-Bench, Forced Air Ventilation
Authors: Peterson Michael J. , Sutherland Jack R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) control on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings was investigated using under-bench ventilation and styroblocks (growing containers) modified with vertical ventilation holes to allow air movement through the seedling canopy. Gray mold incidence and severity were reduced in three treatments: modified styroblocks with aeration holes at each intercavity intersection and vented from below with heated forced air, like the preceding treatment, but vented with unheated forced air, and modified styroblocks vented with unheated unforced air. In vented styroblocks, gray mold occurred on 25% of the 7-month-old seedlings compared to greater than 75% incidence in unmodified (control) styroblocks. Disease on individual seedlings was also less severe in ventilated styroblocks. The reduced incidence of gray mold in the treatments with ventilation was attributed to more rapid drying of seedling foliage following irrigation. The lowest incidence of humidity and temperature episodes that were ideal for gray mold spore germination and infection occurred in the canopy of seedlings grown in the unheated forced air ventilation treatment There were no practical differences in seedling heights or root collar diameters among treatments. Use of ventilated styroblocks should significantly reduce both gray mold losses and fungicide usage in nurseries. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):75-79, July 1990
Pinyon-Juniper Stumpage Values in Northern Arizona
Authors: Fox Bruce 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Standard stumpage rates for commercial pinyon-juniper fuelwood sales on the national forests in Arizona are set by the USDA Forest Service using a residual value approach model, based on average costs and values for all sales areas. Stumpage values for 120 pinyon-juniper commercial fuelwood cutting units in 18 sale areas for the years 1984-1988 on the Kaibab and Coconino National Forests in northern Arizona were examined. Over time the number of no-bid sales and contract defaults have increased. This suggests that standard rates may be higher than the actual value of the stumpage. Calculated stumpage values for such sales, based on actual roundtrip haul distances and retail sales prices of fuelwood, were generally much lower than standard rates. The standard rate appraisal approach may need to be revised or replaced for sales that do not fit model assumptions. West. J. Appl. For. 5(4):00-00, October 1990.
Yield Comparison of Three Douglas-Fir Plantations on Former Farmland in Western Washington
Authors: Murray Marshall D. , Harrington Constance A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Yields of three Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantations on former farmland were substantially greater than DFSIM yields for the plantations based on site index estimates from adjacent natural stands. Volume yield per acre of trees 1.6 in. dbh and larger was 40 to 57% greater in the actual plantations than in the simulations. For trees 7.6 in. dbh and larger, volume yield of the actual plantations was 85 to 151% greater than the simulated yields. Mean annual increment of the actual plantations was 56 to 69% greater than the simulated values. In addition, top height was greater in two of the plantations than predicted. Running a second set of simulations with site index estimates based on plantation trees reduced the discrepancy in yields but still resulted in substantial underpredictions. Some possible reasons for enhanced yield of the plantations on former farmland are greater site uniformity, reduced vegetative competition, and increased nutrient availability. West. J. Appl. For. 5(4):00-00, October 1990.
Colorado Logging Accidents: 1984-1988. Is it Safe in the Woods?
Authors: Longwell Timothy R. , Lynch Dennis L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The number of logging accidents in Colorado during 1984-1988 contributed to escalating workers' compensation rates creating economic stress in the industry. This study was designed to help both industry and agency personnel identify who was having accidents, why accidents were occurring, and how much the accidents cost. The study concluded that 60% of the accidents occurred to persons employed for fewer than 6 months. The jobs with the highest accident frequencies were chainsaw operators (68%), equipment operators (12%), and truck drivers (10%). Timber falling and limbing were the most hazardous activities, with 35% and 23% of the accidents respectively. Falling tops, snags, or dead branches and chainsaw kickback were the leading injury agents in the felling and limbing operation. Use of protective equipment and formal safety training were, for the most part, absent during this period. Medical and compensation costs were not highly correlated with accident severity. Accident costs directly increase harvesting costs and may decrease the amount paid for stumpage. West J. Appl. For. 5(4):00-00.
Survival and Growth of Douglas-Fir Seedlings after Prescribed Burning of a Brushfield in Southwest Oregon1
Authors: Helgerson Ole T. , McNabb David H. , Hobbs Stephen D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of prescribed fire on reforestation were assessed on a north-facing brushfield in southwest Oregon. For site preparation, the brush was slashed and either burned or left unburned. Five years after planting, survival of 2-0 bareroot seedlings of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) was high, irrespective of treatment, but seedlings were larger and grew significantly faster in burned than in unburned areas. The initially greater annual relative growth rate of seedlings in burned areas declined as brush recovered. Brush recovered at similar rates on burned and unburned areas, but significantly greater brush cover was present on the unburned area because of an extra season's growth before planting. Planting should occur as soon as possible after disturbance by slashing or burning to minimize competition from brush. West. J. Appl. For. 6(3):55-59.
Skills Important to District Rangers in the Southwest
Authors: Rupprecht Katrina L. , Lynch Dennis L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We surveyed district rangers in the Southwest Region (Region 3) of the USDA Forest Service to determine what management skills were most important to them. They were asked to identify skills that are important now and would be important to district rangers in the future. They selected from a list of 20 skills divided equally into technical, administration, communication, and political categories. Five of the skills were identified as most important. Regardless of whether the rangers were grouped by background experience, education, or by district characteristics, their scoring of the skills was substantially similar. West. J. Appl. For. 7(2):51-54.
Winter Segregation by the Sexes of White-Tailed Deer
Authors: Brockmann Stephen P. , Pletscher Daniel H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Winter habitat selection by the sexes of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in west-central Montana was compared. Radio-collared males were concentrated in the eastern 1/3 of the study area, while most females used the western 2/3. The area used by males was at higher elevation, less steep, had less logging, and more trees. Browse plants and twigs were more abundant in the area used by females, but browse use was similar or lower in the area used by males. Our data suggest that males select areas with more dense hiding cover. Where males use areas peripheral to where females winter, dense stands of mature evergreens and adequate hiding cover should be retained adjacent to traditional deer wintering areas. West. J. Appl. For. 8(1):28-33.
Volume Equations for Canyon Live Oak in the San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California
Authors: Pillsbury Norman H. , Pryor Robert D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Local and standard volume equations were developed for dense stands of canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.) in the San Bernardino Mountains. The equations were developed in both English and metric units for two utilization standards: total tree volume and wood volume. Seventy-two sample trees were divided into segments for measurement of upper and lower diameters and lengths using a relaskop. Segment volumes were summed to obtain tree volume. Tree volumes were regressed against height and diameter to develop the volume equations. These equations were compared with equations previously developed for canyon live oak sampled throughout its range statewide. An F* test calculation showed a significant difference between the two equations at the 0.99 probability level. The equations developed for this study are better suited for volume estimation of canyon live oak in the San Bernardino Mountains than those previously developed. West. J. Appl. For. 9(2): 00-00.
Effect of Database Length and Weights on Transactions Evidence Timber Appraisal Models
Authors: Niccolucci Michael J. , Schuster Ervin G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Although transaction evidence appraisal (TEA) is used extensively for timber appraisal throughout the West, the effect of database length and weighing of data has been largely ignored. This paper investigates how 1-, 2-, and 3-yr model-building database lengths, with equal, biannual, quarterly, and monthly weighing schemes effect TEA prediction accuracy and responsiveness. Accuracy was measured by the "average absolute error" of predicted stumpage value from actual stumpage value. Visual inspection of the prediction trajectory served to evaluate responsiveness to market changes. Results indicate that quarterly and monthly weighing and 1-yr database length improved statistical prediction accuracy, and 1-yr database length and monthly weighing proved most responsive. West. J. Appl. For. 9(2): 71-76.
Genetic Variation in Incense-Cedar (Calocedrus decurrens): I. Provenance Differences in a Twelve-Year-Old Common-Garden Study
Authors: Rogers Deborah L. , Harry David E. , Libby William J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Results are reported from a provenance study of incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), a tree species native to forested regions of Oregon, California, and Baja California. Seedlings from six geographically distinct regions were measured over a 12 yr period in a common-garden study located near the center of the species' native range. In general, among-region genetic variation was small. However, differences in height, stem volume, and crown form between trees from the southernmost region sampled and trees from the other five study regions were large and significant. Further studies of within-population genetic variation are recommended prior to initiating any tree improvement activities. West. J. Appl. For. 9(4):113-117.
Pressure Injuries in the Pediatric Population: A National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel White Paper
Authors: Delmore Barbara , Deppisch Michelle , Sylvia Cynthia , Luna-Anderson Crystal , Nie Ann Marie 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
Pediatric patients, especially neonates and infants, are vulnerable to pressure injury formation. Clinicians are steadily realizing that, compared with adults and other specific populations, pediatric patients require special consideration, protocols, guidelines, and standardized approaches to pressure injury prevention. This National Pressure Advisory Panel white paper reviews this history and the science of why pediatric patients are vulnerable to pressure injury formation. Successful pediatric pressure injury prevention and treatment can be achieved through the standardized and concentrated efforts of interprofessional teams.

GENERAL PURPOSE
To review what is known about pediatric pressure injuries (PIs) and the specific factors that make neonates and children vulnerable.

TARGET AUDIENCE
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:
1. Identify the scope of the problem and recall pediatric anatomy and physiology as it relates to PI formation.
2. Differentiate currently available PI risk assessment instruments.
3. Outline current recommendations for pediatric PI prevention and treatment.
Same but Different: Exploring Mechanisms of Learning in a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship
Authors: Mylopoulos Maria , Kulasegaram Kulamakan (Mahan) , Weyman Karen , Bernstein Stacey , Martimianakis Maria Athina (Tina) 
Published: August 2019

Purpose
Longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs) are a widely used method of delivering clerkship curricula. Although there is evidence that LICs work and core components of LIC training have been identified, there is insufficient understanding of which components are integral to why they work. To address this question, this research explored how students experienced the first year of an LIC program. The aim was to use participants’ understanding of their learning experiences to identify potential mechanisms of the LIC curriculum model.

Method
Thirty-two interviews were conducted with 13 University of Toronto students, 7 LIC and 6 block rotation students from the same site, from October 2014 to September 2015. A thematic analysis was performed iteratively to explore participants’ understanding of their key learning experiences and outcomes.

Results
Participants in both cohorts described their key learning outcome as integration and application of knowledge during patient care. Experiences supporting this outcome were articulated as longitudinal variable practice and continuity of relationships with preceptors and patients. Critically, these experiences manifested differently for the 2 cohorts. For block students, these learning experiences appeared to reflect the informal curriculum, whereas for LIC students, learning experiences were better supported by the LIC formal curriculum.

Conclusions
The results illustrate the importance of learning experiences that support longitudinality and continuity. By also emphasizing variability and knowledge integration, they align with literature on expert development. Notably, many of the learning experiences identified resulted from informal learning and thus support going beyond the formal curriculum when evaluating the effectiveness of curricula.
Integrated treatment of brain metastases
Authors: Rosenfelder Nicola , Brada Michael 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
Optimal treatment of brain metastases has been limited to local treatment with few systemic options. Increasing use of systemic targeted therapies, chemotherapy and immunotherapy and combination of local and systemic treatments has resulted in plethora of publications. We review the existing evidence for individual treatments and new evidence for the integration of systemic and combination of local treatments.

Recent findings
Encouraging efficacy of systemic therapies supports combination of systemic and local treatment albeit with little randomized trial data. Efficacy particularly of targeted agents provides an opportunity to delay local treatments including radiosurgery and whole brain radiotherapy. Randomized trials testing the integration of surgery, radiotherapy and radiosurgery are reviewed with emphasis on patient relevant endpoints to guide the clinician in the choice and sequence of treatments and integrating systemic and local therapies.

Summary
There is increasing tendency to use focused radiation for single and oligometastases with or without surgery and decline in whole brain radiotherapy which is limited to multiple metastases in tumours without effective systemic options. Systemic therapies have promising intracranial efficacy and the sequence and combination with localized radiation is awaiting trials. Changes in practice with a move to primary systemic treatment for brain metastases without radiation, should be undertaken with caution and close monitoring.
Neurological malignancies in neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Eoli Marica , Saletti Veronica , Finocchiaro Gaetano 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
The current review summarizes recent advances on three important issues in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) management: the identification of specific NF1 gene mutations predicting the risk for developing neurological malignancies; the molecular features of NF1-associated tumors and their differences from sporadic neoplasms; genetic, epigenetic, or microenviromental factors leading benign tumors to a malignant transformation in NF1.

Recent findings
The association between the risk of developing optic pathway glioma and specific germiline NF1 mutations is still debated and further studies are needed with large, new cohorts of patients. The available evidences suggest that gliomas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) in NF1 have a distinct genetic signatures, different from those observed in sporadic neoplasms. Some neoplasms, very rare in general population, such as subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, can be observed in NF1. A subgroup of low-grade NF1-gliomas, some MPNSTs and plexiform neurofibromas contain abundant T lymphocyte infiltrates suggesting that immunotherapy could be a potential therapeutic approach.

Summary
These data support the notion that next-generation sequencing efforts are helpful in the genetic characterization of NF1-associated malignancies A better knowledge of those tumors at the genomic level, is essential for addressing new treatments and may contribute to a deeper comprehension of NF1/RAS signaling also in sporadic cancers.
Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcomas
Authors: Bishop Andrew J. , Bird Justin E. , Conley Anthony P. , Roland Christina L. , Moon Bryan S. , Satcher Robert L. , Livingston John A. , Patel Shreyaskumar , Wang Wei-Lien , Lazar Alexander J. , Lewis Valerae O. , Lin Patrick P. , Guadagnolo B. Ashleigh 
Published: August 2019

Objective:
We evaluated our experience treating patients with localized extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas (EMCs) to evaluate outcomes and relapse rates in order to better inform treatment decisions for these rare soft tissue sarcomas.

Materials and Methods:
We reviewed the records of 41 consecutive patients with localized EMC treated at our institution from 1990 to 2016. Most patients (n=33, 80%) received combined modality therapy with surgery and radiation therapy, whereas only 8 (20%) underwent surgery alone. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate rates of overall survival, disease-specific survival, local control (LC), and distant metastatic-free survival (DMFS).

Results:
Median follow-up time was 94 months (range, 8 to 316). The 10-year LC, DMFS, disease-specific survival, and overall survival rates were 90%, 69%, 85%, and 66%, respectively. There were 5 patients (12%) with local relapse at a median time of 75 months (range, 13 to 176). On univariate analysis, the only significant factor associated with poorer LC was the use of surgery alone (10 y LC, 63% vs. 100% for combined modality therapy, P=0.004), which remained the only factor also significant on the multivariable analysis (P=0.02; hazard ratio [HR], 12.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-115.3). In total, 13 patients (32%) developed distant metastatic at a median time of 28 months (range, 3 to 154). Interestingly, local recurrence was the only factor associated with poorer DMFS on multivariate analysis (P=0.04; HR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.1-14.7).

Conclusions:
For patients with EMC, surgery alone was associated with a higher risk of local recurrence. Therefore, we recommend optimal local therapeutic strategies upfront with both surgery and radiation therapy to reduce the risk of local and ultimately distant recurrence.
Vascular cognitive impairment associated with NOTCH3 Exon 33 mutation
Authors: Sun Yong , Wei Yan-Jun , Xing Ying 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Rationale:
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a common cause of dementia. Research suggests that hereditary factors (gene mutations) play an important role in the pathogenesis of VCI, and a mutation of the NOTCH3 locus is frequently identified in affected patients. Herein, we report the case of a patient with confirmed VCI associated with a NOTCH3 exon 33 gene mutation and review the relevant VCI literature.

Patient concerns:
A 48-year-old man presented to our neurology clinic with gradually progressive cognitive impairment.

Diagnoses:
Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed multiple punctate hyperintensities in the patient's periventricular white matter. Genetic analysis showed a c.6744C > T, p. Ala2223Val substitution in exon 33 of the NOTCH3 gene. We diagnosed thepatient with VCI secondary to a NOTCH3 gene mutation.

Interventions:
Donepezil (5 mg) and memantine (5 mg) daily.

Outcomes:
The patient showed symptom improvement at his 3-month and 6-month follow-up appointments.

Lessons:
This patient may have a new type of mutation that is different from the one seen in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, although it involves a NOTCH3 defect. We propose that the entire NOTCH3 gene should be sequenced in patients with suspected hereditary VCI. This practice could facilitate the discovery of newpathogenic mutations and diseases.
A Prospective Study on Child Morbidity and Gut Microbiota in Rural Malawi
Authors: Kortekangas Emma , Young Rebecca , Cheung Yin B. , Fan Yue‐Mei , Jorgensen Josh M. , Kamng’ona Arox W. , Chaima David , Ashorn Ulla , Dewey Kathryn G. , Maleta Kenneth , Ashorn Per 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives:The determinants of gut microbiota composition and its effects on common childhood illnesses are only partly understood, especially in low‐income settings. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether morbidity predicts gut microbiota composition in Malawian children and whether microbiota predicts subsequent morbidity. We tested the hypothesis that common infectious disease symptoms would be predictive of lower microbiota maturity and diversity.Methods:We used data from 631 participants in a randomized‐controlled nutrition intervention trial, in which a small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplement was provided to pregnant and lactating mothers and their children at 6 to 18 months of age. Fecal samples were collected from the children at 6, 12, 18, and 30 months of age and analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Microbiota variables consisted of measures of microbiota diversity (Shannon Index), microbiota maturity (microbiota‐for‐age z score), and the relative abundances of taxa. Morbidity variables included gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms and fever.Results:Diarrhea and respiratory symptoms from 11 to 12 months were predictive of lower microbiota‐for‐age z score and higher Shannon Index, respectively (P = 0.035 and P = 0.023). Morbidity preceding sample collection was predictive of the relative abundances of several bacterial taxa at all time points. Higher microbiota maturity and diversity at 6 months were predictive of a lower incidence rate of fever in the subsequent 6 months (P = 0.007 and P = 0.031).Conclusions:Our findings generally do not support the hypothesis that morbidity prevalence predicts a subsequent decrease in gut microbiota maturity or diversity in rural Malawian children. Certain morbidity symptoms may be predictive of microbiota maturity and diversity and relative abundances of several bacterial taxa. Furthermore, microbiota diversity and maturity may be associated with the subsequent incidence of fever.