bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removal of carbon contamination in ETEM by introducing Ar during electron beam irradiation
Authors: TOKUNAGA T. , SAITO K. , KUNO K. , HIGUCHI K. , YAMAMOTO Y. , YAMAMOTO T. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryOrganic materials, including carbon, exist inside the transmission electron microscope (TEM) chamber and are adsorbed onto samples under observation during TEM. When these adsorbed organic materials are irradiated by an electron beam, the adsorbed gas is decomposed. Carbon atoms remain on the sample and bond with each other forming a material with an amorphous structure. Due to the carbon deposition on the observation area of the sample, it is contaminated and the TEM image quality is decreased. Ar was introduced into environmental TEM (ETEM) to purge organic material from the sample chamber to reduce contamination growth. After Ar gas was introduced, the contamination was gradually removed. The contamination removal rate was dependent on the Ar pressure. Moreover, it was clear that Ar was ionised by electron beam irradiation and the Ar ions were produced in the ETEM during electron beam irradiation. It is proposed that the Ar ions removed the carbon contamination.Lay DescriptionOrganic materials, including carbon, exist inside the transmission electron microscope (TEM) chamber and are adsorbed onto samples under observation during TEM. When these adsorbed organic materials are irradiated by an electron beam, the adsorbed gas is decomposed. Carbon atoms remain on the sample and bond with each other forming a material with an amorphous structure. Due to the carbon deposition on the observation area of the sample, it is contaminated and the TEM image quality is decreased. Ar was introduced into environmental TEM (ETEM) to purge organic material from the sample chamber to reduce contamination growth. After Ar gas was introduced, the contamination was gradually removed. The contamination removal rate was dependent on the Ar pressure. Moreover, it was clear that Ar was ionised by electron beam irradiation and the Ar ions were produced in the ETEM during electron beam irradiation. It is proposed that the Ar ions removed the carbon contamination.
Cosmeceutical potential of geranium and calendula essential oil: Determination of antioxidant activity and in vitro sun protection factor
Authors: Lohani Alka , Mishra Arun Kumar , Verma Anurag 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThe present investigation was aimed to find out the sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant potential of geranium essential oil (GEO) and calendula essential oil (CEO) because having a combination of these two properties moves up the oils as an active ingredient of various cosmeceutical formulations for their preventive and protective properties. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of Pelargonium graveolens leaves (GEO) and Calendula officinalis flowers (CEO). The composition and identification of chemical constituents of oils were determined by GCMS analysis. Free radical scavenging activity was measured by nitric oxide scavenging activity and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. It was observed that both GEO and CEO have the potential to reduce or prevent oxidative stress and can be used in skin care regimen to slow down skin aging via its antioxidant properties. In vitro SPF was determined by a very simple and rapid spectroscopic method. SPF value of GEO and CEO was found to 6.45 and 8.36, respectively. The SPF of CEO was higher than GEO, and the results of SPF show that these essential oils can be employed in sunscreen formulations to protect the skin from sunburn. From the results, it can be concluded that the combined antioxidant and SPF property of GEO and CEO can provide synergistic photoprotective effect or lift up the additional value of the cosmeceutical formulation.
Temporomandibular joint magnetic resonance imaging findings in adolescents with anterior disk displacement compared to those with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Kellenberger Christian J. , Bucheli Jeannine , Schroeder‐Kohler Silke , Saurenmann Rotraud K. , Colombo Vera , Ettlin Dominik A. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryBackgroundDeformation of the mandibular condyle can be associated with anterior disk displacement (ADD) or involvement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) by juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Diagnostic differentiation is critical for proper management.ObjectivesTo compare morphology and inflammation between TMJs with ADD and JIA.MethodsRetrospective assessment of contrast‐enhanced TMJ MRI in 18 adolescents (15 female, mean age 15.1 ± 1.9 years) with ADD and age‐ and gender‐matched patients with JIA. Articular disk findings, inflammatory signs and osseous morphology were compared.ResultsIn the ADD group, 31 of 36 disks were displaced. In total, 28 of 31 displaced disks showed thickening of the bilaminar zone. In JIA patients, the disks were mainly flattened (19/36), centrally perforated (12/36) and/or anteriorly displaced (2/36). In total, 19 of 31 TMJs with ADD showed various degrees of inflammation, with joint effusion, synovial thickening and joint enhancement not significantly different from JIA patients. Osseous deformity was present in 27 of 31 TMJs with ADD, with frequent erosions in both groups (ADD 25/31; JIA 32/36, P = 0.55) but lower grades of condylar and temporal bone flattening than in JIA (P ≤ 0.001). Glenoid fossa depth was preserved in 28 of 31 joints with ADD and decreased in 26 of 36 joints with JIA (P < 0.0001). Mandibular ramus height was decreased in both groups.ConclusionIn adolescents, inflammatory signs are common MRI findings in symptomatic TMJs with ADD and thus should not be considered diagnostic for JIA involvement. In this cohort, both entities had high rates of condylar deformity, while TMJs with ADD showed a better‐preserved and often normal shape of the glenoid fossa.
Non‐carious cervical lesions and risk factors: A case‐control study
Authors: Alvarez‐Arenal Angel , Alvarez‐Menendez Leticia , Gonzalez‐Gonzalez Ignacio , Alvarez‐Riesgo Jose Antonio , Brizuela‐Velasco Aritza , deLlanos‐Lanchares Hector 
Published: September 2018

SummaryObjectivesTo evaluate whether the presence of non‐carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) was related to the considered risk factors and to show the corresponding odds ratio in a predictive model.MethodsThe sample was 280 dentistry students. In an initial clinical examination, 140 cases were selected that presented one or more teeth with non‐carious cervical wear. For each case, a similar sex and age control without any tooth with non‐carious cervical lesions was selected. An occlusal examination and periodontal probing were performed in all cases and controls by skilled dentists. All the subjects answered a questionnaire referring to factors of brushing, bruxism, preferred chewing side, consumption of extrinsic acids and the presence of intrinsic acids. Data were analysed by means of univariate and multivariate logistic regression.ResultsOf all the study variables, only the protrusion interferences, interferences on the non‐working side, the brushing force, CPITN value and the consumption of salads increase the risk of NCCLs in the univariate regression. The best predictive model was formed by the combination of CPITN variables >1, the consumption of acidic salads, self‐reported bruxism, brushing force and attrition. However, it only correctly classifies 68.75% of subjects.ConclusionsThis study supports the multifactorial aetiology of NCCLs, the combination of several factors being necessary to explain their presence. The risk factors that make up the predictive model are not sufficient to explain the appearance of NCCLs. Dentists should take into account all these risk factors in prevention, diagnosis and treatment.
Benzyl sulforaphane is superior to sulforaphane in inhibiting the Akt/MAPK and activating the Nrf2/ARE signalling pathways in HepG2 cells
Authors: Ren Jie , Yuan Ling , Wang Yue , Chen Guangtong , Hu Kun 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables, has been reported to own anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory and cancer chemopreventive properties. Benzyl sulforaphane (BSFN) was a derivative of SFN which was designed and synthesized by our laboratory. Here, the cancer prevention and anticancer effects of BSFN on human hepatoma (HepG2) cells were investigated.

Methods
The following effects of BSFN on components of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway were examined: generation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) changes by flow cytometry, the expression changes of Bcl-2 family proteins and Akt/MAPK proteins by western blot. The protein levels of Nrf2 and Keap1 were also tested via Western blot. The effects of BSFN on Nrf2 nuclear translocation and ARE-reporter gene activity were examined by fluorescence microscope and multifunctional spectrophotometer.

Key findings
Benzyl sulforaphane could induce cell apoptosis by mitochondrion-dependent pathway, which inhibited HepG2 cells growth in a manner of time- and concentration -dependent. Furthermore, BSFN could inhibit the Akt/MAPK and activate the Nrf2/ARE pathway in HepG2 cells.

Conclusions
Benzyl sulforaphane was superior to SFN in inhibiting Akt/MAPK and activating Nrf2/ARE signalling pathways in HepG2 cells, which indicated that BSFN could be a safe therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of liver cancer.
Spinal sensory and motor blockade by intrathecal doxylamine and triprolidine in rats
Authors: Tzeng Jann-Inn , Chiu Chong-Chi , Wang Jhi-Joung , Hung Ching-Hsia , Chen Yu-Wen 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this experiment was mainly to examine the effects of intrathecally injected doxylamine and triprolidine, two antihistamine drugs spinal motor and sensory functions.

Methods
After intrathecally injecting the rats with five different doses, the dose—response curves of spinal sensory and motor block with doxylamine and triprolidine were constructed. In comparison with the local anaesthetic mepivacaine, the quality and duration of spinal anaesthesia with doxylamine or triprolidine were conducted.

Key findings
Doxylamine, mepivacaine and triprolidine elicited spinal motor and sensory (nociception and proprioception) blockades in a dose-dependent fashion. On the ED50 (50% effective dose) basis, the rank order of drug potency was triprolidine &gt; mepivacaine &gt; doxylamine (P &lt; 0.05) at provoking spinal motor, proprioceptive and nociceptive blockades. On the equianaesthetic doses (ED25, ED50 and ED75), the duration of spinal anaesthesia with doxylamine was longer (P &lt; 0.01) than that with mepivacaine or triprolidine. Moreover, doxylamine or triprolidine displayed greater potency (ED50) (P &lt; 0.05) and duration (P &lt; 0.05) of sensory block over motor block.

Conclusions
Doxylamine or triprolidine produces a dose-dependent effect of spinal motor and sensory block. Triprolidine with a better nociception-selective action over motor block has a better potency than mepivacaine or doxylamine. Doxylamine and triprolidine produce longer durations than mepivacaine.
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems and cationic surfactants: do they potentiate each other in cytotoxicity?
Authors: Lam Hung Thanh , Le-Vinh Bao , Phan Thi Nhu Quynh , Bernkop-Schnürch Andreas 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) containing five different cationic surfactants.

Methods
Cationic surfactants were added in a concentration of 1% and 5% (m/m) to SEDDS comprising 30% Capmul MCM, 30% Captex 355, 30% Cremophor EL and 10% propylene glycol. The resulting formulations were characterized in terms of size, zeta potential, in-vitro haemolytic activity and toxicity on Caco-2 via MTT assay and lactate dehydrogenase release assay.

Key findings
The evaluated surfactants had in both concentrations a minor impact on the size of SEDDS ranging from 30.2 ± 0.6 to 55.4 ± 1.1 nm, whereas zeta potential changed significantly from −9.0 ± 0.3 to +28.8 ± 1.6 mV. The overall cytotoxicity of cationic surfactants followed the rank order: hexadecylpyridinium chloride &gt; benzalkonium chloride &gt; alkyltrimethylammonium bromide &gt; octylamine &gt; 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium. The haemolytic activity of the combination of cationic surfactants and SEDDS on human red blood cells was synergistic. Furthermore, cationic SEDDS exhibited higher cytotoxicity of Caco-2 cells compared to SEDDS without cationic surfactants.

Conclusions
According to these results, SEDDS and cationic surfactants seem to bear an additive up to synergistic toxic risk.
Individual Differences and the Ergodicity Problem
Authors: Lowie Wander M. , Verspoor Marjolijn H. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTraditional research into individual differences (ID) in second language (L2) learning is based on group studies with the implicit assumption that findings can be generalized to the individual. In this article, we challenge this view. We argue that L2 learners do not form ergodic ensembles and that language learning data lack stability. The data from our experiment show that even highly similar learners in terms of ID show clearly different learning trajectories over time; however, we did find that those who showed the greatest degree of variability gained the most in proficiency. Such findings lead to the view that group studies and individual case studies are complementary. Group studies give us valuable information about the relative weight of individual factors that may play a role in L2 development, but longitudinal case studies are needed to understand the process of individual learners’ development.
Cardiovascular risk factors in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Hagström Hannes , Nasr Patrik , Ekstedt Mattias , Hammar Ulf , Stål Per , Askling Johan , Hultcrantz Rolf , Kechagias Stergios 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsPatients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are at an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unclear whether histological variables may help predict CVD risk. We evaluated histology and traditional CV risk factors as predictors of CVD outcomes in a large NAFLD cohort.MethodsWe included 603 biopsy‐proven NAFLD patients free of baseline CVD and matched these (1:10, by age, sex and municipality) to 6269 population controls. All individuals were cross‐linked to national registries to ascertain incident CVD events, defined as acute ischaemic heart disease or stroke. The presence of CV risk factors and liver histology were available in NAFLD patients only. Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for incident CVD.ResultsDuring a mean follow‐up of 18.6 years, 168 (28%) of NAFLD patients and 1325 (21%) of controls experienced a CVD event (HR 1.54, 95%CI 1.30‐1.83). Within the NAFLD cohort, age, male sex, type 2 diabetes, smoking and triglycerides were associated with risk of CVD. Taking these CV risk factors into account, no histological parameter, including presence of NASH and fibrosis stage, were associated with incident CVD.ConclusionsPatients with NAFLD are at an increased risk for CVD compared to matched controls, but histological parameters do not seem to independently predict this risk.
Relationship between three commonly used non‐invasive fibrosis biomarkers and improvement in fibrosis stage in patients with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Chalasani Naga , Abdelmalek Manal F. , Loomba Rohit , Kowdley Kris V. , McCullough Arthur J. , Dasarathy Srinivasan , Neuschwander‐Tetri Brent A. , Terrault Norah , Ferguson Beatrice , Shringarpure Reshma , Shapiro David , Sanyal Arun J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsNon‐invasive biomarkers are needed for monitoring changes in liver histology in patients with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Obeticholic acid (OCA) was shown to improve fibrosis in patients with NASH in the FLINT trial; a post hoc analysis of these data was performed to determine the relationship between 3 non‐invasive fibrosis markers and liver fibrosis improvement.MethodsIn the Phase 2b FLINT trial, patients were randomised (1:1) to receive 25 mg OCA or placebo once daily for 72 weeks. Aspartate aminotransferase:platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) index and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score (NFS) were evaluated in serum at baseline and weeks 24, 48, 72 and 96. Liver biopsies were obtained at baseline and 72 weeks.ResultsIn patients with fibrosis improvement at week 24, scores were reduced by a median of 34% for APRI, 10% for FIB‐4 and 4% for NFS. Reductions in APRI (P = 0.015) and FIB‐4 (P = 0.036), but not NFS (P = 0.201) at week 24, significantly correlated with ≥1‐stage improvement in histologic fibrosis at week 72. Reductions in APRI at week 72 were significantly correlated with fibrosis improvement at week 72 (P = 0.012). Patients receiving OCA had significant reductions in all markers compared with patients receiving placebo at week 72 [APRI and FIB‐4 (P < 0.0001); NFS (P < 0.05)].ConclusionsReadily available non‐invasive markers may predict improvement in liver fibrosis in patients with NASH. Upon external confirmation and further refinement in larger populations, these markers may serve as surrogate endpoints in NASH clinical trials.
Effect of tadalafil add‐on therapy in patients with persistant storage symptoms refractory to α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist monotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia: A randomized pilot trial comparing tadalafil and solifenacin
Authors: Urakami Shinji , Ogawa Kohei , Oka Suguru , Hagiwara Kiichi , Nagamoto Shoichi , Anjiki Haruki , Hayashida Michikata , Yano Akihiro , Sakaguchi Kazushige , Kurosawa Kazuhiro , Okaneya Toshikazu 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of tadalafil add‐on therapy with α1‐adrenoceptor antagonists.MethodsPatients with persistent storage symptoms refractory to α1‐adrenoceptor antagonists for benign prostatic hyperplasia were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly assigned to either a 5 mg tadalafil or 5 mg solifenacin treatment group for 12 weeks. International Prostate Symptom Score, Overactive Bladder Symptom Score, urinary flow rates, residual urine volume, and blood pressure were measured prospectively before treatment and after 4 and 12 weeks of treatment. Changes from baseline were compared between groups. The rate of treatment discontinuation due to adverse effects was evaluated.ResultsOf the 75 patients recruited to the study, 38 and 37 were assigned to the tadalafil and solifenacin groups, respectively. There were no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups. The change in the amount of residual urine volume was significantly larger in the solifenacin‐ than tadalafil‐treated group; other parameters, including lower urinary tract symptoms and uroflowmetry measures, did not differ significantly between the two groups. Seven (18%) and 12 (32%) patients in the tadalafil and solifenacin groups, respectively, discontinued treatment because of adverse events. The main reasons for discontinuation in the tadalafil group were stomach discomfort or nausea and dizziness or vertigo; voiding difficulty and constipation were the main reasons for discontinuation in the solifenacin group. There was no significant difference in blood pressure fluctuations from baseline between the two groups.ConclusionsTadalafil add‐on therapy was not inferior to solifenacin add‐on therapy in terms of effect and safety. Therefore, tadalafil could be an alternative add‐on drug for patients with persistent lower urinary tract symptoms refractory to α1‐adrenoceptor antagonists.
Creative Engagement: Embodied Metaphor, the Affective Brain, and Meaningful Learning
Authors: Anderson Ross C. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTIn this commentary, I build on recent interdisciplinary models for embodied cognition with additional perspectives from affective neuroscience, educational psychology, creativity theory, and science education. I invoke William James and John Dewey, pioneers of an embodied philosophy of mind, alongside recent affective neuroscience theory about the role of bodily emotional response in learning. I present educational implications of the need for meaning making through body–mind and affective interaction with a social learning environment. I reformulate the problem of learner engagement in school to look beyond the need for autonomy, belonging, and competency to include the need for creative meaning making in learner engagement. To provide context, I explore the experience of adolescent students using a drama‐based pedagogical tool to learn an abstract science concept. This example illustrates how embodied, creative learning rich with metaphor shapes meaning making in science learning. I conclude by elaborating further on a proposed model of creative engagement.
The role of gene flow in rapid and repeated evolution of cave‐related traits in Mexican tetra, Astyanax mexicanus
Authors: Herman Adam , Brandvain Yaniv , Weagley James , Jeffery William R. , Keene Alex C. , Kono Thomas J. Y. , Bilandžija Helena , Borowsky Richard , Espinasa Luis , O'Quin Kelly , Ornelas‐García Claudia P. , Yoshizawa Masato , Carlson Brian , Maldonado Ernesto , Gross Joshua B. , Cartwright Reed A. , Rohner Nicolas , Warren Wesley C. , McGaugh Suzanne E. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the molecular basis of repeatedly evolved phenotypes can yield key insights into the evolutionary process. Quantifying gene flow between populations is especially important in interpreting mechanisms of repeated phenotypic evolution, and genomic analyses have revealed that admixture occurs more frequently between diverging lineages than previously thought. In this study, we resequenced 47 whole genomes of the Mexican tetra from three cave populations, two surface populations and outgroup samples. We confirmed that cave populations are polyphyletic and two Astyanax mexicanus lineages are present in our data set. The two lineages likely diverged much more recently than previous mitochondrial estimates of 5–7 mya. Divergence of cave populations from their phylogenetically closest surface population likely occurred between ~161 and 191 k generations ago. The favoured demographic model for most population pairs accounts for divergence with secondary contact and heterogeneous gene flow across the genome, and we rigorously identified gene flow among all lineages sampled. Therefore, the evolution of cave‐related traits occurred more rapidly than previously thought, and trogolomorphic traits are maintained despite gene flow with surface populations. The recency of these estimated divergence events suggests that selection may drive the evolution of cave‐derived traits, as opposed to disuse and drift. Finally, we show that a key trogolomorphic phenotype QTL is enriched for genomic regions with low divergence between caves, suggesting that regions important for cave phenotypes may be transferred between caves via gene flow. Our study shows that gene flow must be considered in studies of independent, repeated trait evolution.