bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning Abroad, Evading at Home
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
As the New Silk Road exposes China to disruptive influences from many directions, China’s leaders will have to confront the unfinished business of integrating their own society. Divisions inside China are severe and deepening rapidly. They intersect and aggravate one another, producing more and more groups with grievances that cannot be adequately addressed by a single-party state that chokes public debate and outlaws collective action. China has many options for experimenting with inclusive formulas that allow power-sharing without embracing free elections and multiparty pluralism. Since Mao’s death, debates over political reform have started and stalled several times. As those debates resume, China will increasingly see itself as a changed society requiring a more representative government that matches its more prominent position in world affairs. Hong Kong’s semi-democracy is an instructive example of the manipulative strategies that authoritarian rulers might try to emulate on the mainland.
Hard Questions
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The hard questions are: Is there an absolute value? Must we conform? Do we owe what our country asks of us? Is justice necessary? How should we respond to evil? Is it right to forgive wrong actions? Is shame good? Should we be true to who we are? Do good intentions justify bad actions? Should moral evaluations be overriding? These questions are hard because each has several reasonable but conflicting answers. Their conflicts show that we are ambivalent about what answer we should give when we have to make important decisions whose consequences affect us, our relationships, and our attitude to the society we live in. The aim of this book is to show how hard questions can be reasonably answered. Comparisons are central to the approach of this book. Each chapter is concerned with two conflicting answers that have been given to one of the hard questions by those who had to face the question in different anthropological, historical, and literary contexts. These comparisons are central to the evaluations of the answers. They enable us to learn from the successes and failures of others how we can form a deeper understanding of the reasons for and against the answers we might give. The comparisons enlarge how we see the possibilities and limits of life. By learning from others, we can decide more reasonably how we should respond to the hard questions we face.
Since the Beginning
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces Catholic international sisters in the history of the United States, from the eighteenth century to the present time. The chapter discusses the primarily European origin of many sisters and religious institutes in the first three centuries of sisters’ immigration, and the Asian, African, and Latin American origin of international sisters’ migration to the United States today. It describes the invitations from some bishops and priests in the United States to some religious institutes, and the sisters’ frequent accompaniment of co-ethnics in this country. It discusses the many educational and healthcare institutions the sisters built in this country, and the ministries they also conducted.
Within and Beyond Borders
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on and describes the multiple pathways Catholic international sisters take to the United States. Some immigrate to the United States as children, teens, or adults and then enter religious life; others enter religious life in their home country and are then sent here for formation, education, or short-term or long-term ministry. The chapter analyzes the most common patterns for arrival of international sisters to the United States, comparing the international sisters according to their ethnic/cultural background and year of arrival. The role of U.S. institutes of women religious in hosting international sisters and providing assistance is also examined.
Bridges, Not Walls
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the contributions that Catholic international sisters make to the United States—to religious life, the Church, and the nation. Sisters identified their contributions along two lines—the benefits of diversity and the benefits of evangelization. The sisters responded that their presence and their cultures added a beneficial diversity to a wide variety of settings—to community, ministry, the Church, and the society more broadly. The chapter concludes with the point that there is a disjuncture between the sisters’ acceptance of diversity in the society and, to a degree, in the Church, but their nonacceptance of diversity in the charisms and lifestyles of religious life.
Conclusion
Authors: Johnson Mary , Gautier Mary L. , Wittberg Patricia , Do Thu T. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter contains implications of the research and recommendations to religious institutes and the Church relative to resources, ministries, and structures for the support of international sisters. The chapter also summarizes key points of similarity and difference between international sisters of the nineteenth century and today, including demographic differences (such as age, educational level, and language proficiency), where they come from, why they come, and whether they entered religious life before or after coming to the United States. It also describes similarities and differences in how they adapted to U.S. culture and religious life, how they responded to the challenges of immigration, and in their individual and collective contributions to the Church and society.
The long-term diachrony of referential null subjects in early English
Authors: Rusten Kristian A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChapter 6 investigates the long-term diachrony of null subjects in early English. On the basis of a large-scale empirical analysis of overt and null referential subjects in Old, Middle, and Early Modern English, it is argued that no real diachronic decline in the possibility of null subjects can be detected across a period spanning c.850 years of early English texts. It is argued that this is consonant with a story where Old English does not feature a productive pro-drop property. The chapter also shows that verb-initial clausal syntax and conjunct clause environments constitute the strongest favouring effects for null subjects in Middle and Early Modern English, as is also the case in Old English. An argument is made that this is consonant with a story where subject omission in early English is viewed as a form of argument ellipsis.
Conclusions
Authors: Rusten Kristian A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractChapter 7 concludes the book by giving a summary of the background for the study, as well as of its main results. The chapter makes note of the widely diverging previous descriptions of null subjects in Old English, and concludes that this language was not a canonical pro-drop language, instead suggesting that null subjects are linguistic 'residue'. Moreover, it argues that there is no evidence for a ‘dialect split’ with regard to subject omission. As certain conditions that are often taken to license null subjects do not appear to be present in Old English, it is suggested that the omitted subjects may be analysed as argument ellipsis. These findings are corroborated by the Middle and Early Modern English data, which display similarities to Old English with regard to the scarcity of null subjects, as well as to their morphosyntactic characteristics.
Reimagining Secularism
Authors: Bhargava Rajeev 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a cogent defence of secularism against influential postcolonial and cultural difference perspectives. It offers an elaboration and defence of a particular normative variant of secularism, principled distance. The author argues that in order to survive as a transcultural ideal, and to adequately address problems of diversity and domination, secularism should be reimagined as the principled distance of state from religion, in contrast to strict separation and other idealized Western conceptions of secularism. Principled distance can be found in the best interpretation of the Indian Constitution and is a contextual ideal; it requires the state to respect religiosity but oppose institutionalized religious domination. Principled distance offers an example of how secularism can be ‘de-Christianized, de-Westernized, de-privatized, and de-individualized’.
US Exceptionalism in the Regulation of Religion
Authors: Sullivan Winnifred Fallers 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the remarkable diversity of American religion from the beginning: the constitutionalizing of religion, the reasons for delayed implementation of the First Amendment religion clauses, the evolution of free exercise and establishment clause doctrine, and the ongoing difficulty of defining religion for US law. What makes US regulation of religion stand out among national legal orders is the dual commitment to federalism and to disestablishment. With a low ‘statism’ and a strong commitment to equality—theological, as well as political—academic expertise has little purchase on the national mind. Religion is what the people say it is. That is a very old story in the US.
Rethinking Secularism in Europe
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Recent terrorist attacks show the extent to which Europe faces a double threat: on one hand fundamentalist religion, on the other negative secularism. France is a paradigmatic example of negative secularism, which attempts to discredit religion altogether. I propose instead that Europe should subscribe to a positive understanding of secularism, which can be understood as a political or as an ethical project. Either way, the point of positive secularism is to distance itself from religion in order to embrace diversity of all types, religious and non-religious. Political secularism relies on the hope of reaching overlapping consensus between religious and non-religious people. Ethical secularism aims instead to protect diversity by promoting the establishment of a marketplace of religions, which acknowledges a public role for religion while regulating it. The marketplace of religions promotes religious pluralism and helps to iron out the different treatments between religions. Ethical secularism aims to be a worldview of worldviews, creating the preconditions for all religious and non-religious people to live well together.
Dynastic Politics and the British Reformations, 1558-1630
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This volume deals with royal dynastic politics during the post-Reformation period. The royal succession and the business of marriage into other royal and princely families were central to public politics. But the Reformation raised questions in some parts of Europe about how far hereditary right was necessarily the key to deciding the path of the succession, and whether other issues might not be taken into account in identifying where and with whom royal power should be located and whether the sovereign should, under certain circumstances, have to make concessions to particular readings of spiritual authority. In that context, the claim here is not only that the conventional historiography on the Reformation in the British Isles fits, as it obviously does, into that account of dynastic politics but also that the substantial archival and printed records relating to post-Reformation Catholicism of various kinds can be reintegrated into mainstream versions of English and British history during the period.
Puritans, Catholics, and Dynastic Crises, 1571–1582
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter deals with the period after the dynastic ‘turning point that did not turn’ at the end of the 1560s, that is, when Mary Stuart failed to recover the ground that she had lost after being deposed in Scotland. It covers the relative peace in Church and State in England up to the mid-1570s, a peace which was destabilized inter alia by Elizabeth’s unwillingness to subscribe to the agenda of some of her councillors who wished her to agree to a more actively Protestant raft of policies than she would concede. A more aggressive form of popular politics, both puritan and Catholic, was the result by the end of the 1570s when Elizabeth temporarily opted for an Anglo-French dynastic union as a way of dealing on her own terms with the difficulties that now confronted her.
European Politics and the Stuart Succession in England, 1593–1603
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Here the politics of the British Isles is viewed in the context of the resolution of the French royal succession crisis—after Henry IV’s conversion to Rome. The gradual collapse of the Holy League had a knock-on effect in England and Scotland; arguments for excluding James VI as Elizabeth’s successor were now harder to make. But, as the regime in England turned legitimist, this provoked a range of critiques of indefeasible hereditary right. Prominent among them were the works of Catholic ideologues. The chapter concludes by looking at the peace treaty agreed between France and Spain in 1598, a peace which made necessary a toleration of the Huguenot minority (which some thought might be a precedent for tolerance of Catholic separatists in England); and also at the way that British succession issues were played out in a military setting in Ireland as the reign of Elizabeth drew to a close.
Introduction
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The introduction provides a short discussion of the methodology and historical assumptions of the volume. It explains that the aim of the book is to run different narratives of the period against each other—narratives which have tended in the past to be kept separate. First and foremost, here, we have comparatively well-known accounts of the period based on European high politics and international relations rooted in, inter alia, dynastic unions between royal houses. The period is framed in part by attempts to secure political consensus and stability through alliances of this kind. Secondly we have a series of narratives which record contemporary critiques of royal authority, critiques which were frequently phrased by reference to the language of religion, and not least to constructions of orthodoxy which were not merely Protestant ones.
Paying the Price for Admission
Authors: Gangjee Dev S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter makes the case for joined-up thinking when approaching non-traditional signs in trade mark law. Trade mark registration has moved from up-front exclusions for certain categories of signs (no shapes, no colours) toward incremental acceptance. However the policy concerns generated by the grant of legal monopolies in such signs remain equally relevant today. The grant of an abstract color mark to one trader closes off a part of the color spectrum to others. Can we therefore allow such signs in to the system while successfully managing the tensions this generates? The approach advocated here is that we should correlate the mark as characterized at the time of registration—agreeably modest in its scope and ambitions—with the mark as deployed in an enforcement context, where it otherwise tends to be read more generously. The doctrine of prosecution history estoppel in patent law may have valuable lessons for trademark law.
Absolute Bans on the Registration of Product Shape Marks
Authors: Loon Ng-Loy Wee 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The trademark legislation of some countries explicitly and absolutely bans the registration of certain product shape marks, namely, the natural shape of the product, functional shapes, and/or aesthetically pleasing shapes. Some view these bans as being inconsistent with Article 6quinquies of the Paris Convention and Article 15 of the TRIPS Agreement. This chapter argues against this proposition. Its thesis is simple: product shape marks are outside the purview of the Paris Convention. Delving into the travaux préparatoires of the Paris Convention, it reveals that the Paris Union members could not agree on a definition of a “trademark,” particularly whether product shape marks could constitute trademarks. As for the TRIPS Agreement, whilst it achieved what eluded the Paris Convention and an international definition of “trademark” is now provided in Article 15(1) therein, there remains a real possibility that this definition does not extend to product shape marks.
Non-Traditional Trademark Protection as (Non-Traditional) Means of Cultural Control
Authors: Assaf-Zakharov Katya 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Trademarks, or brands, are symbols whose initial purpose is providing information about the source of a product. Yet, with the course of time, high-end brands have developed into symbols providing information about their owner's status rather than about the sold goods. This phenomenon naturally attracts imitation and status cheating, offering new challenges to established trademark doctrines. This chapter outlines the different legal perceptions of imitation in the U.S. and Continental Europe, while placing these perceptions into broader cultural contexts. It then focuses on the U.S. legal view on imitation of trademarks that serve as status symbols, pointing out that this view is “non-traditional” in American context, in the sense that it is inconsistent with U.S. traditional cultural values.
The Ethical Demand and Its Basis
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the ‘Introduction’ to K. E. Løgstrup’s The Ethical Demand, and the first two chapters of the book. These provide the foundation for Løgstrup’s account of the ethical demand, by relating it to Jesus’s proclamation to love our neighbour, while showing how the demand grows out of the interdependence of human beings, an interdependence that can be illustrated through the key example of trust. Løgstrup also defends the claim that the demand to care for the other is ‘unspoken’ or ‘silent’, and begins to contrast the demand to social norms, while also responding to the worry that the demand might encourage us to ‘encroach’ on the lives of others, arguing in the second chapter of his book that we cannot escape this problem by seeking relationships that involve an intimacy which somehow does away with any mediation between individuals.
The Politics of Hybridity-Mimicry in Hari Kunzru’s The Impressionist and Marlene van Niekerk’s Agaat
Authors: Forter Greg 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter critiques the continued influence of Homi Bhabha’s theories of hybridity and mimicry in the colonial context, while putting Bhabha’s ideas into dialogue with those of Roberto Retamar. Hari Kunzru’s The Impressionist and Marlene van Niekerks’ Agaat offer nuanced revisions of both theorists’ positions. They elaborate versions of hybridity and mimicry that are intensely attuned to the interplay between historical forces and subjective experience; they grasp the limited yet real agency of colonized selves in fashioning responses to colonial power; and they situate colonialist textuality in a dynamic relation both to extra-discursive institutions of domination and to subjective interiority. These shared commitments result in fictional historiographies that emphasize the politically variable effects of hybridity-mimicry rather than the inevitable subversion described by Bhabha or the linguistic guerrilla warfare outlined by Retamar.
Game Theory and Diplomatic History
Authors: Zagare Frank C. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores a number of issues connected with the use of game-theoretic models to organize analytic narratives. First, a causal explanation of the 1936 Rhineland crisis is developed within the confines of a game-theoretic model of asymmetric or unilateral deterrence with incomplete information. In this context, the chapter then introduces the concept of a perfect Bayesian equilibrium. Then, some methodological obstacles that may arise in a more complex case, such as the 1879 Austro-German alliance, are discussed, and suggestions for overcoming them are offered. Finally, the advantages of using game models to more fully understand real world events are highlighted.
The Moroccan Crisis of 1905–6
Authors: Zagare Frank C. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Moroccan crisis of 1905–6, which was the first in a series of early twentieth-century confrontations that are generally considered to have led to World War I. The chapter interprets this crisis in the context of an incomplete information game model, the Tripartite Crisis Game, and one of its proper subgames, the Defender–Protégé subgame. British support of France during the 1906 Algeciras Conference, which ended the crisis, the firm stand that France took at the conference, and the German decision to press for a conference, are explained in terms of the model’s principal variables. In addition, the chapter discusses the Entente Cordiale and the “deterrence vs. restraint dilemma” associated with it, and similar strategic relationships. While the analysis is not necessarily at odds with the conclusions of some historians, it is more powerful because it is explicit about the causal mechanisms at work.
A General Explanation of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Authors: Zagare Frank C. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter develops a new explanation of the Cuban missile crisis, from a general escalation model of interstate conflict. Specifically, the equilibrium structure of the Asymmetric Escalation Game with incomplete information is used to explain the initiation, development, and resolution of the crisis. This model brings with it a clear set of theoretical expectations about the conditions under which a limited conflict can occur. It also explains why intense interstate disputes occur and, if and when they do, they are successfully resolved (or not). Answers to all three of the foundational questions traditionally associated with the crisis are derived from an examination of the model’s strategic dynamic. The model’s applicability to the strategic relationship of the United States and North Korea is also discussed.
Postscript
Authors: Zagare Frank C. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, developments in game theory over time are summarized, and the utility of game theory for analyzing conflictual interstate relationships is evaluated. The most important point to be taken from the collection of analytic narratives in this book is game theory’s ability to deliver an explicit causal mechanism upon which explanations can be constructed, and to do this in a transparent and logically consistent way. Game models, by their very nature, facilitate the assessment of logical consistency, minimize the probability of its absence, and encourage counterfactual or “off-the-equilibrium-path” reasoning, allowing for contingent theorizing inter alia. Causal mechanisms are especially valuable because they provide the element of necessity absent in standard (historical) narratives. Nonetheless, game-theoretic knowledge, like all knowledge, is always provisional, so an attitude of intellectual modesty, not arrogance, is the proper one.