bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Facile Method for the Growth of Organic Semiconductor Single Crystal Arrays on Polymer Dielectric toward Flexible Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Zhao Wanqin , Jie Jiansheng , Wei Qi , Lu Zhengjun , Jia Ruofei , Deng Wei , Zhang Xiujuan , Zhang Xiaohong 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPolymer dielectrics with intrinsic mechanical flexibility are considered as a key component for flexible organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). However, it remains a challenge to fabricate highly aligned organic semiconductor single crystal (OSSC) arrays on the polymer dielectrics. Herein, for the first time, a facile and universal strategy, polar surface‐confined crystallization (PSCC), is proposed to grow highly aligned OSSC arrays on poly(4‐vinylphenol) (PVP) dielectric layer. The surface polarity of PVP is altered periodically with oxygen‐plasma treatment, enabling the preferential nucleation of organic crystals on the strong‐polarity regions. Moreover, a geometrical confinement effect of the patterned regions can also prevent multiple nucleation and misaligned molecular packing, enabling the highly aligned growth of OSSC arrays with uniform morphology and unitary crystallographic orientation. Using 2,7‐dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b]benzothiophene (C8‐BTBT) as an example, highly aligned C8‐BTBT single crystal arrays with uniform molecular packing and crystal orientation are successfully fabricated on the PVP layer, which can guarantee their uniform electrical properties. OFETs made from the C8‐BTBT single crystal arrays on flexible substrates exhibit a mobility as high as 2.25 cm2 V−1 s−1, which has surpassed the C8‐BTBT polycrystalline film‐based flexible devices. This work paves the way toward the fabrication of highly aligned OSSCs on polymer dielectrics for high‐performance, flexible organic devices.
Glucose‐Responsive Composite Microneedle Patch for Hypoglycemia‐Triggered Delivery of Native Glucagon
Authors: GhavamiNejad Amin , Li Jason , Lu Brian , Zhou Liwei , Lam Loretta , Giacca Adria , Wu Xiao Yu 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInsulin‐dependent patients with diabetes mellitus require multiple daily injections of exogenous insulin to combat hyperglycemia. However, administration of excess insulin can lead to hypoglycemia, a life‐threatening condition characterized by abnormally low blood glucose levels (BGLs). To prevent hypoglycemia associated with intensive insulin therapy, a “smart” composite microneedle (cMN) patch is developed, which releases native glucagon at low glucose levels. The cMN patch is composed of a photo‐crosslinked methacrylated hyaluronic acid (MeHA) microneedle array with embedded multifunctional microgels. The microgels incorporate zwitterionic moieties that stabilize loaded glucagon and phenylboronic acid moieties that provide glucose‐dependent volume change to facilitate glucagon release. Hypoglycemia‐triggered release of structurally unchanged glucagon from the cMN patch is demonstrated in vitro and in a rat model of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Transdermal application of the patch prevented insulin‐induced hypoglycemia in the diabetic rats. This work is the first demonstration of a glucose‐responsive glucagon‐delivery MN patch for the prevention of hypoglycemia, which has a tremendous potential to reduce the dangers of intensive insulin therapy and improve the quality of life of patients with diabetes and their caregivers.
The Role of Bulk and Interface Recombination in High‐Efficiency Low‐Dimensional Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Shanshan , Hosseini Seyed M. , Gunder René , Petsiuk Andrei , Caprioglio Pietro , Wolff Christian M. , Shoaee Safa , Meredith Paul , Schorr Susan , Unold Thomas , Burn Paul L. , Neher Dieter , Stolterfoht Martin 
Published: June 2019

Abstract2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite (RPP) solar cells have excellent environmental stability. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of RPP cells remains inferior to 3D perovskite‐based cells. Herein, 2D (CH3(CH2)3NH3)2(CH3NH3)n−1PbnI3n+1 perovskite cells with different numbers of [PbI6]4− sheets (n = 2–4) are analyzed. Photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) measurements show that nonradiative open‐circuit voltage (VOC) losses outweigh radiative losses in materials with n > 2. The n = 3 and n = 4 films exhibit a higher PLQY than the standard 3D methylammonium lead iodide perovskite although this is accompanied by increased interfacial recombination at the top perovskite/C60 interface. This tradeoff results in a similar PLQY in all devices, including the n = 2 system where the perovskite bulk dominates the recombination properties of the cell. In most cases the quasi‐Fermi level splitting matches the device VOC within 20 meV, which indicates minimal recombination losses at the metal contacts. The results show that poor charge transport rather than exciton dissociation is the primary reason for the reduction in fill factor of the RPP devices. Optimized n = 4 RPP solar cells had PCEs of 13% with significant potential for further improvements.
Thread‐Like Radical‐Polymerization via Autonomously Propelled (TRAP) Bots
Authors: Srivastava Sarvesh Kumar , Ajalloueian Fatemeh , Boisen Anja 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMicromotor‐mediated synthesis of thread‐like hydrogel microstructures in an aqueous environment is presented. The study utilizes a catalytic micromotor assembly (owing to the presence of a Pt layer), with an on‐board chemical reservoir (i.e., polymerization mixture), toward thread‐like radical‐polymerization via autonomously propelled bots (i.e., TRAP bots). Synergistic coupling of catalytically active Pt layer, together with radical initiators (H2O2 and FeCl3 (III)), and PEGDA monomers preloaded into the TRAP bot, results in the polymerization of monomeric units into elongated thread‐like hydrogel polymers coupled with self‐propulsion. Interestingly, polymer generation via TRAP bots can also be triggered in the absence of hydrogen peroxide for cellular/biomedical application. The resulting polymeric hydrogel microstructures are able to entrap living cells (NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells), and are easily separable via a centrifugation or magnetic separation (owing to the presence of a Ni layer). The cellular biocompatibility of TRAP bots is established via a LIVE/DEAD assay and MTS cell proliferation assay (7 days observation). This is the first study demonstrating real‐time in situ hydrogel polymerization via an artificial microswimmer, capable of enmeshing biotic/abiotic microobjects in its reaction environment, and lays a strong foundation for advanced applications in cell/tissue engineering, drug delivery, and cleaner technologies.
A Natural Supramolecular Saponin Hydrogelator for Creation of Ultrastable and Thermostimulable Food‐Grade Foams
Authors: Ma Lulu , Li Qing , Du Zhenya , Su Enyi , Liu Xiao , Wan Zhili , Yang Xiaoquan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA new class of food‐grade foams that are ultrastable, thermostimulable, and processable can be created simply by using the naturally occurring saponin glycyrrhizic acid (GA) as the sole stabilizer. The creation of this “superfoam” is based on the spatially controllable self‐assembly of supramolecular GA nanofibril hydrogelators at the air–water interface and in the continuous phase. The rapid adsorption of GA nanofibrils at the bubble surface, forming a multilayer interfacial network, combined with the formation of viscoelastic fibrillar hydrogel networks in the continuous phase, enables the foams having ultrastability over months or years without the water drainage induced phase separation, which have been evidenced using small angle X‐ray scattering and microscopy techniques. Such ultrastable foams can be rapidly destabilized on demand by heating, which induces the melting of the fibrillar networks. These thermoresponsive foams can be reversibly switched between stable and unstable by simply changing the temperature, based on the reversible gel–sol phase transition of the supramolecular hydrogel inside the foam. This is the first finding of a natural edible surfactant system that foams very well and can be used solely to make advanced foams with the qualities of simplicity, ultrastability, stimulability, and processability, which make them viable for many sustainable applications.
A Widely Applicable Strategy for Coffee‐Ring Effect Suppression and Controllable Deposition of Nanoparticles Utilizing Ice Drying
Authors: He Enqi , Guo Dan , Li Zhihong 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe coffee‐ring effect, which may hamper the performance in many applications, such as printing, substance analysis, and material manufacturing, is a main concern for a long period of time. Although various approaches are studied to resolve this issue, researchers still long for better solutions. In this work, a novel, simple, and stable strategy based on ice drying is presented to suppress the coffee‐ring effect. Since this method does not rely on the properties of both substrate and droplet or any external forcing, it can be widely applicable under different conditions. Based on the parameter control of ice‐drying process, different residue patterns of uniform distribution, centered deposition, and a “coffee eye,” a phenomenon presenting center and rim enhanced deposition, can be obtained. As an important application, the centered deposition of nanoparticles can dramatically enhance surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy for trace detection through high‐magnitude enrichment of nanoparticles and analytes.
Polymer Brushes Tethered ZnO Crystal on Cotton Fiber and the Application on Durable and Washable UV Protective Clothing
Authors: Wang Xi , Chen Xiaogang , Cowling Stephen , Wang Libo , Liu Xuqing 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTo improve the durability and washability of ultraviolet (UV) protective fabrics, grafted polymer brushes are introduced as platforms for in situ growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructure on modified cotton fibers, using the electroless deposition approach. Hollow cotton fiber acts as a microreactor for ZnO deposited on both inner and outer surfaces. More importantly, adjusting the reaction in a microenvironment enables effective control of the morphology of ZnO crystals and the functionalized fabric shows durable UV blocking properties. Unlike other finishing processes, the functional ZnO nanocrystals are grown not only on the surface of the fibers but also inside of the hollow cotton fibers, but with a different morphology. This unique property, postmodification allows the functional fabrics to show good antifriction capability, washability, and durability. The combination of zinc oxide and textiles brings out new features for plain cloth, and the final product can be applied to outdoor clothing, protective suits, tents, and curtains, etc.
Selective Synthesis of Secondary Amines from Nitriles by a User‐Friendly Cobalt Catalyst
Authors: Sharma Dipesh M. , Punji Benudhar 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSelective hydrogenation/reductive amination of nitriles to secondary amines catalyzed by an inexpensive and user‐friendly cobalt complex, (Xantphos)CoCl2, is reported. The use of (Xantphos)CoCl2 and ammonia borane (NH3−BH3) combination affords the selective reduction of nitriles to symmetrical secondary amines, whereas the employment of (Xantphos)CoCl2 and dimethylamine borane (Me2NH−BH3) along with external amines produce unsymmetrical secondary amines and tertiary amines. The general applicability of this methodology is demonstrated by the synthesis of 43 symmetrical and unsymmetrical secondary and tertiary amines bearing diverse functionalities.magnified image
Novel Black BiVO4/TiO2−x Photoanode with Enhanced Photon Absorption and Charge Separation for Efficient and Stable Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Tian Zhangliu , Zhang Pengfei , Qin Peng , Sun Du , Zhang Shaoning , Guo Xiaowei , Zhao Wei , Zhao Dongyuan , Huang Fuqiang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRecent advances in solar water splitting by using BiVO4 as a photoanode have greatly optimized charge carrier and reaction dynamics, but relatively wide bandgap and poor photostability are still bottlenecks. Here, an excellent photoanode of black BiVO4@amorphous TiO2−x to tackle both problems is reported. Its applied bias photon‐to‐current efficiency for solar water splitting is up to 2.5%, which is a new record for a single oxide photon absorber. This unique core–shell structure is fabricated by coating amorphous TiO2 on nanoporous BiVO4 with the aid of atomic layer deposition and further hydrogen plasma treatment at room temperature. The black BiVO4 with moderate oxygen vacancies reveals a bandgap reduction of ≈0.3 eV and significantly enhances solar utilization, charge transport and separation simultaneously, compared with conventional BiVO4. The amorphous layer of TiO2−x acts as both oxygen‐evolution catalyst and protection layer, which suppresses anodic photocorrosion to stabilize black BiVO4. This configuration of black BiVO4@amorphous TiO2−x may provide an effective strategy to prompt solar water splitting toward practical applications.
Field and laboratory methods for quantifying brown adipose tissue thermogenesis
Authors: Levy Stephanie B. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNon‐shivering thermogenesis (NST) is a metabolic response to acute cold exposure that involves the liberation of chemical energy through physiological mechanisms that are separate from muscle shivering. Recent research suggests that the metabolic and endocrine action of brown adipose tissue (BAT) may play an important role in adult human NST. Thus, characterizing variation in BAT across human populations is of central importance to human biologists interested in human energetics and cardio‐metabolic health. The gold standard for measuring BAT requires positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT)—a technique that is expensive, exposes the participant to radiation, and is inaccessible to researchers working in many regions. Here, the author outline a noninvasive, portable alternative approach to quantifying BAT that modifies the protocols commonly used in PET/CT studies. The method consists of three components: (a) activating BAT thermogenesis using a mild cooling condition; (b) indirectly quantifying BAT thermogenesis by measuring the change in skin temperature where BAT is commonly stored using infrared thermal imaging; and (c) estimating NST by measuring the change in energy expenditure using open‐circuit indirect calorimetry. The development of “field‐friendly” methods will allow human biologists to better characterize population variation in BAT as well as its adaptive and health significance.
Microsatellite markers for the biogeographically enigmatic sandmyrtle (Kalmia buxifolia, Phyllodoceae: Ericaceae)
Authors: Gillespie Emily L. , Madsen‐McQueen Tesa , Eriksson Torsten , Bailey Adam , Murrell Zack E. 
Published: June 2019

PremiseMicrosatellite markers were developed for sandmyrtle, Kalmia buxifolia (Ericaceae), to facilitate phylogeographic studies in this taxon and possibly many of its close relatives.Methods and ResultsForty‐eight primer pairs designed from paired‐end Illumina MiSeq data were screened for robust amplification. Sixteen pairs were amplified again, but with fluorescently labeled primers to facilitate genotyping. Resulting chromatograms were evaluated for variability using three populations from Tennessee, North Carolina, and New Jersey, USA. Eleven primer pairs were reliable and polymorphic (mean 3.92 alleles), one was reliable but monomorphic, and four were not reliable. The markers exhibited lower heterozygosity (mean 0.246) than expected (mean 0.464). Cross‐amplification in the remaining nine Kalmia species exhibited a phylogenetic pattern, suggesting broad applicability of the markers across the genus.ConclusionsThese microsatellite markers will be useful in population genetics and species boundaries studies of K. buxifolia, K. procumbens, and likely all other Kalmia species.
RadialPheno: A tool for near‐surface phenology analysis through radial layouts
Authors: Mariano Greice C. , Alberton Bruna , Morellato Leonor Patrícia C. , Torres Ricardo da S. 
Published: June 2019

PremiseIncreasingly, researchers studying plant phenology are exploring novel technologies to remotely observe plant changes over time. The increasing use of phenocams to monitor leaf phenology, based on the analysis of indices extracted from sequences of daily digital vegetation images, has demanded the development of appropriate tools for data visualization and analysis. Here, we describe RadialPheno, a tool that uses radial layouts to represent time series from digital repeat photographs, and applies them to the analysis of leafing patterns and leaf exchange strategies of different vegetations.Methods and ResultsWe developed a web tool, RadialPheno, provided with the R and Shiny environments, which uses radial visual structures to represent cyclical multidimensional temporal data associated with digital image time series. We demonstrate the application of our methods and tool for a savanna vegetation phenology in the Brazilian Cerrado. We visually represented the greenness index extracted from sequential imagery using the RadialPheno tool.ConclusionsRadialPheno was successfully applied for the visualization and interpretation of individual, species, and community long‐term leafing phenology data associated with near‐surface phenological observations of Cerrado vegetation. RadialPheno was also effective for intercomparisons of ground‐based direct visual observations and camera‐derived phenology observations.
Syntheses, Structures and Sorption Properties of Three Isoreticular Trinuclear Indium‐Based Amide‐Functionalized Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Zhang Zong‐Hui , Wang Qian , Xue Dong‐Xu , Bai Junfeng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAmide‐functionalized metal–organic frameworks (AFMOFs) as a subclass of MOF materials have received great interest recently because of their intriguing structures and diverse potential applications. In this work, solvothermal reactions between indium nitrate and two mixed‐linkers afforded two new isoreticular 8‐connected trinuclear indium‐based AFMOFs of [(In3O)(OH)(L2)2(IN)2]⋅(solv)x (2‐In) and [(In3O)(OH)(L2)2(AIN)2]⋅(solv)x (NH2‐2‐In) (H2L2=4,4′‐(carbonylimino)dibenzoic acid and HIN=isonicotinic acid or HAIN=3‐aminoisonicotinic acid), respectively. Moreover, by means of reticular chemistry, an extended network of [(In3O)(OH)(L3)2(PB)2]⋅(solv)x (3‐In) (H2L3=4,4′‐(terephthaloylbis(azanediyl))dibenzoic acid, HPB=4‐(4‐pyridyl)benzoic acid) was also successfully realized after prolongation of the former dicarboxylate linker and HIN, resulting in a truly 8‐connected isoreticular AFMOF platform. These frameworks were structurally determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (SCXRD). Sorption studies further demonstrate that 2‐In and NH2‐2‐In exhibit not only high surface areas and pore volumes but also relatively high carbon capture capabilities (the CO2 uptakes reach 60.0 and 75.5 cm3 g−1 at 298 K and 760 torr, respectively) due to the presences of amide and/or amine functional groups. The selectivity of CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 calculated by IAST are 10.18 and 12.43, 4.20 and 4.23 for 2‐In and NH2‐2‐In, respectively, which were additionally evaluated by mixed‐gases dynamic breakthrough experiments. In addition, high‐pressure gas sorption measurements show that both materials could take up moderate amounts of natural gas.
Needs assessment in genetic testing education: A survey of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in the united states
Authors: Zhao Shixi , Chen Wei‐Ju , Dhar Shweta U. , Eble Tanya N. , Kwok Oi‐Man , Chen Lei‐Shih 
Published: June 2019

Understanding parents' educational needs concerning genetic testing for their children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is important in developing tailored, evidence‐based health education materials for clinical use. Since research is lacking in this area, to bridge the gap, we examined genetic testing education needs using a nationwide sample of parents of biological children with ASD in the United States. Prospective participants were recruited from the interactive autism network, and 552 parents of biological children with ASD completed the online survey. Most participants (73.7%) were interested in receiving health education about genetic testing. Yet, the majority of them (64.7%) reported that they did not receive the information needed from physicians. Parents who identified as racial/ethnic minorities (P= 0.029), who had an education degree below college (P= 0.002), or displayed low/no awareness of genetic testing (P= 0.003) were more interested in receiving health education regarding genetic testing. Parents' most desired topics for health education include the accuracy of genetic testing (88.4%), cost (85.9%), relevant benefits of such testing (83.8%), testing procedure (77.8%), eligibility to undergo genetic testing for their children with ASD (62.4%), potential harms caused by genetic testing (56.1%), previous use and experience among individuals affected by ASD (50.8%), and confidentiality issues (48.0%). Furthermore, web‐based education was the preferable approach (85.4%). Our findings can help develop health education programs and/or materials regarding genetic testing for parents and physicians to facilitate better physician‐parent communication and assist parents in making informed medical decisions regarding genetic testing.Autism Res2019, 12: 1162–1170. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryThis study examined educational needs on genetic testing among 552 American parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Results showed that most parents expressed interests in receiving health education regarding genetic testing (73.7%) and favored online education resources (85.4%). Preferred topics included accuracy, cost, and testing benefits. Our findings can help develop genetic testing related health education programs and materials for parents of children with ASD.
Effect of sex on the efficacy of patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Wang Chengdi , Qiao Wenliang , Jiang Yuting , Zhu Min , Shao Jun , Ren Pengwei , Liu Dan , Li Weimin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown promising efficacy in the treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Sex‐associated dimorphism in immune system response is acknowledged, but the effect of patients’ sex on efficacy of ICIs as treatment in NSCLC still remains controversial. The present study was conducted to investigate the difference in efficacy of NSCLC patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors according to the sex. A total of 9583 patients involved 6567 men and 3016 women with advanced lung cancer from 15 randomized controlled trials were included in this study. An overall survival (OS) benefit of immune checkpoint inhibitors was illustrated in both male (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.71‐0.82) and female (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.58‐0.91) patients, and a progression‐free survival (PFS) benefit was also found in both men (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.58‐0.77) and women (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.56‐0.95) in NSCLC. Both PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors alone and PD‐1/PD‐L1 plus chemotherapy significantly improved the OS and PFS in male patients. Whereas in females, PD‐1 inhibitors or monotherapy significantly benefited the OS but not the PFS, PD‐L1 inhibitors or combination therapy significantly prolonged the PFS but not the OS. No survival benefit was found in both male and female patients from the CTLA‐4 inhibitors. The current study indicated that the magnitude of survival benefit is sex‐dependent and male patients seemed to obtain more consistent and favorable outcomes from ICIs than women patients in NSCLC.