bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biosignatures in the solar system
Authors: Slade David , Price Alex , Hamp Rachael , Ramkissoon Nisha 
Published: October 2019

Humanity's interest in whether or not we are alone in the universe spans generations, from Giordano Bruno's 16th century musings on other worlds and Giovanni Schiaparelli reporting seeing ‘canali’ in 1877 on the surface of Mars (which were thought to have been created by intelligent life) to alien invasions portrayed in today's movies. However, it is still unclear if other planetary bodies are capable of supporting life.
In the search for life there are two broad areas we look into, the requirements of life and actual signs of life. The identification of the key requirements for life enables scientists to focus life detection efforts onto planets and satellites that are considered habitable and more likely to support life. However, our ability to find life or detect signs of life is based on our understanding of life on Earth.
CAR-T: expanding the horizons
Authors: Abel Peter 
Published: October 2019

Immunotherapy in cancer treatment
The human immune system provides a powerful response to invading organisms, destroying bacteria and viruses, as well as aberrant cells that turn cancerous and proliferate uncontrollably. The enquiring mind naturally wonders whether this system could be exploited to treat cancers that have somehow evaded our immune defences. Those cancers that do not respond to chemotherapy or radiotherapy, necessarily harsh and sometimes ineffective treatments, could potentially be thwarted by harnessing the power of our antibodies. Evidence to date suggests that this approach is feasible, although there is still much work to be done before we can say we have finally found a ‘cure’ via this route.
Biochemical Society support in action: the Eric Reid Fund for Methodology
Authors: Marufu Michelle 
Published: October 2019

Endowed by Emeritus Member Dr Eric Reid, this fund awards grants with an emphasis on methodology and a preference for cellular or bioanalytical work. Awarded to Dr Stephen Wallace, Michelle Marufu, a student in his lab, reports on the supported work.
I have always been fascinated by how microbes can be genetically programmed to produce chemicals of industrial value. During my undergraduate degree, this inevitably drew me to subjects such as molecular biology and industrial biotechnology.
The role of DUBs in the post-translational control of cell migration
Authors: Lambies Guillem , García de Herreros Antonio , Díaz Víctor M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cell migration is a multifactorial/multistep process that requires the concerted action of growth and transcriptional factors, motor proteins, extracellular matrix remodeling and proteases. In this review, we focus on the role of transcription factors modulating Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT-TFs), a fundamental process supporting both physiological and pathological cell migration. These EMT-TFs (Snail1/2, Twist1/2 and Zeb1/2) are labile proteins which should be stabilized to initiate EMT and provide full migratory and invasive properties. We present here a family of enzymes, the deubiquitinases (DUBs) which have a crucial role in counteracting polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of EMT-TFs after their induction by TGFβ, inflammatory cytokines and hypoxia. We also describe the DUBs promoting the stabilization of Smads, TGFβ receptors and other key proteins involved in transduction pathways controlling EMT.
Establishment, maintenance, and biological roles of non-CG methylation in plants
Authors: Kenchanmane Raju Sunil K. , Ritter Eleanore Jeanne , Niederhuth Chad E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cytosine DNA methylation is prevalent throughout eukaryotes and prokaryotes. While most commonly thought of as being localized to dinucleotide CpG sites, non-CG sites can also be modified. Such non-CG methylation is widespread in plants, occurring at trinucleotide CHG and CHH (H = A, T, or C) sequence contexts. The prevalence of non-CG methylation in plants is due to the plant-specific CHROMOMETHYLASE (CMT) and RNA-directed DNA Methylation (RdDM) pathways. These pathways have evolved through multiple rounds of gene duplication and gene loss, generating epigenomic variation both within and between species. They regulate both transposable elements and genes, ensure genome integrity, and ultimately influence development and environmental responses. In these capacities, non-CG methylation influence and shape plant genomes.
Tumorscreening bei Nierentransplantation
Authors: Thorban Stefan , Matevossian Edouard 
Published: October 2019

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAufgrund der zunehmenden Zahl von Langzeittransplantierten seit der ersten Nierentransplantation mit begleitender Immunsuppression im Jahr 1962 hat auch das Tumorrisiko für Transplantatempfänger zugenommen. Neben dem Tumor-Screening vor Aufnahme auf die Warteliste sollte bei Langzeittransplantierten auch nach einer Nierentransplantation entsprechend der vorliegenden Risikoprofile eine individualisierte Nachsorge erfolgen. Da bisher wenige Behandlungsleitlinien vorliegen, sollte das Screening in Anlehnung an onkologische Leitlinien sowie Risikofaktoren und das Alter der Patienten durchgeführt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Tumorgenese und Tumorinzidenz unter dem Aspekt der Immunsuppression und gängiger tumorfördernder Faktoren analysiert und entsprechende Therapieempfehlungen ausgesprochen. Individuell sollte mit dem Patienten besprochen werden, inwieweit eine verminderte Lebensqualität bei Transplantatverlust gegenüber einer möglichen höheren Lebenserwartung unter Therapie akzeptiert wird.
Schmerztherapie bei schmerzenden Beinen
Authors: Lindig Martin 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Beinschmerzen sind ein häufiges Symptom in der phlebologischen Praxis.
Methode in der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein strategisch sinnvolles Management von Schmerzen/Beinschmerzen dargestellt.
Autologous Costal Cartilage Graft—A New Method to Treat Articular Cartilage Defects: Case Report and Note of Surgical Technique
Authors: Gigante Antonio , Cianforlini Marco , Farinelli Luca , Girotto Riccardo , Aquili Alberto 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFull-thickness articular cartilage defects do not heal spontaneously. Several techniques have been developed to address this issue, but none resulted in the restitutio ad integrum of the articular cartilage. The most frequent sites of chondral lesion in the knee are medial femoral condyle and patella. The patellofemoral lesions are characterized by outcomes that are generally worse than those of tibiofemoral ones. To date, it has been well recognized the chondrogenic potential of rib perichondrium, and costal cartilage grafts have been extensively used in reconstructive surgery. Considering the need to find a gold standard technique to restore articular defect, we developed and here described a new technique to repair cartilage lesions of the knee using autologous costal cartilage graft with its perichondrium. This innovative surgical approach can be used to treat full thickness articular defects using autologous hyaline cartilage, making it possible to cover wide defects. This one step technique is low invasive, not technically demanding with minimal donor site morbidity and it has low costs. The long-term clinical efficacy of the method remains to be evaluated.
How a Construction Grammar account solves the auxiliary controversy
Authors: van Trijp Remi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The English auxiliaries have been a matter of dispute for decades with two
opposing views: one analysis treats them as main verbs that take a VP
complement; the other considers them as feature carriers. Proponents of both
approaches have convincingly pointed out each other’s weaknesses without however
settling the debate and without accounting for the fact that the English VP is
still evolving today. The goal of this paper is to show that Construction
Grammar offers a way out of the current status quo. This claim is substantiated
by a computational formalization of the English verb phrase in Fluid
Construction Grammar that includes a bi-directional processing model for
formulation and comprehension available for online testing.
Socio‐demographic patterning of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behaviours in eight Latin American countries: Findings from the ELANS study
Authors: Ferrari Gerson Luis de Moraes , Kovalskys Irina , Fisberg Mauro , Gómez Georgina , Rigotti Attilio , Sanabria Lilia Yadira Cortés , García Martha Cecilia Yépez , Torres Rossina Gabriella Pareja , Herrera‐Cuenca Marianella , Zimberg Ioná Zalcman , Guajardo Viviana , Pratt Michael , Cristi‐Montero Carlos , Rodríguez‐Rodríguez Fernando , Scholes Shaun , Celis‐Morales Carlos A. , Chaput Jean‐Philippe , Solé Dirceu ,   ELANS Study Group
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTPhysical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours (SB) are two independent risk factors for non‐communicable diseases. However, there is a lack of objectively measured information on PA and SB in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The aim of this study was to use objective data to characterise socio‐demographic patterns of PA and SB in eight Latin American countries. 2732 participants (aged 15–65 years) from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS) were included. PA and SB data were collected using accelerometers. Overall and country‐specific average levels of time spent in PA and SB were compared by sex, age, socioeconomic and education level. Overall, the mean time spent in SB was 571.6 min/day, ranging from 553.8 min/day in Chile to 596.7 min/day in Peru. Average levels of light, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and total PA were 311.1 min/day (95% CI: 307.7; 314.5), 34.9 min/day (95% CI: 34.0; 35.9) and 7531.2 MET‐min/week (95% CI: 7450.4; 7611.9), respectively. MVPA and total PA were higher in men than women. The prevalence of physical inactivity was 40.6%, ranging from 26.9% (Chile) to 47% (Costa Rica and Venezuela). Women were more physically inactive than men (47.7% versus 33.0%). SB levels were highest among those with higher education; PA graded positively with socioeconomic level. Our findings can inform the planning of health policies and programmes designed to reduce levels of physical inactivity, as well as inform the local and cultural adaptation of these policies and programmes for implementation in Latin America.Highlights

Worldwide studies of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours (SB) have historically under‐represented Latin American countries due to the lack of surveillance data.
Across eight Latin American countries, the ELANS study collected data on PA and SB using an objective method (accelerometers) which we have analysed to quantify and characterise socio‐demographic patterns.
Over four‐in‐ten participants were physically inactive (40.6%); with a gender gap (47.7% women; 33.0% men); and striking differences between countries (47% Costa Rica and Venezuela; 26.9% Chile).
In all countries, levels of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were lowest, and levels of SB were highest, among participants in the higher education groups.
Our findings on the unequal distribution of PA and SB increases the evidence base and can help to inform future intervention strategies in Latin America.
Sr atom interferometry with the optical clock transition as a gravimeter and a gravity gradiometer
Authors: Hu Liang , Wang Enlong , Salvi Leonardo , Tinsley Jonathan N , Tino Guglielmo M , Poli Nicola 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We characterize the performance of a gravimeter and a gravity gradiometer based on the 1S0–3P0 clock transition of strontium atoms. We use this new quantum sensor to measure the gravitational acceleration with a relative sensitivity of

after 150 s of integration time, representing the first realisation of an atomic interferometry gravimeter based on a single-photon transition. Various noise contributions to the gravimeter are measured and characterized, with the current primary limitation to sensitivity seen to be the intrinsic noise of the interferometry laser itself. In a gravity gradiometer configuration, a differential phase sensitivity of 1.53 rad

was achieved at an artificially introduced differential phase of

rad. We experimentally investigated the effects of the contrast and visibility based on various parameters and achieved a total interferometry time of 30 ms, which is longer than previously reported for such interferometers. The characterization and determined limitations of the present apparatus employing 88Sr atoms provides a guidance for the future development of large-scale clock-transition gravimeters and gravity gradiometers with alkali-earth and alkali-earth-like atoms (e.g. 87Sr, Ca, Yb, Cd).
Spectroscopic ellipsometry and magneto-optical Kerr effect spectroscopy study of thermally treated Co60Fe20B20 thin films
Authors: Hoffmann Maria A , Sharma Apoorva , Matthes Patrick , Okano Shun , Hellwig Olav , Ecke Ramona , Zahn Dietrich R T , Salvan Georgeta , Schulz Stefan E 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We report the optical and magneto-optical properties of amorphous and crystalline Co60Fe20B20 films with thicknesses in the range of 10 nm to 20 nm characterized using spectroscopy ellipsometry (SE) and magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) spectroscopy. We derived the spectral dependence of the dielectric tensor from experimental data for samples prior and after annealing in vacuum. The features of the dielectric function can be directly related to the transitions between electronic states and the observed changes upon annealing can be ascribed to an increase of the crystalline ordering of CoFeB.
Linestrength ratio spectroscopy as a new primary thermometer for redefined Kelvin dissemination
Authors: Santamaria Amato Luigi , Siciliani de Cumis Mario , Bianco Giuseppe , Pastore Raffaele , Cancio Pastor Pablo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Experimental methods for primary thermometry, after Kelvin unit redefinition on May 2019, become based on a known value of the Boltzmann constant rather than by measuring temperature with respect to a reference point. In this frame, we propose linestrength ratio thermometry (LRT) as a candidate method for primary thermometry in the 9–700 K temperature range. Temperature accuracies at the ppm level are prospected for LRT applied to optical transitions of the CO molecule in the range 80–700 K and of a rare-earth-doped crystal in the 9–100 K one. Future implementations of this technique can contribute to measure the calibration-discrepancies in the ITS-90 metrological scale of thermodynamic temperature which can have a measurable impact in applications ranging from fundamental-physics to meteorology and climatology.
Interfacing the neural output of the spinal cord: robust and reliable longitudinal identification of motor neurons in humans
Authors: Vecchio A Del , Farina D 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective. Non-invasive electromyographic techniques can detect action potentials from muscle units with high spatial dimensionality. These technologies allow the decoding of large samples of motor units by using high-density grids of electrodes that are placed on the skin overlying contracting muscles and therefore provide a non-invasive representation of the human spinal cord output. Approach. From a sample of  >1200 decoded motor neurons, we show that motor neuron activity can be identified in humans in the full muscle recruitment range with high accuracy. Main results. After showing the validity of decomposition with novel test parameters, we demonstrate that the same motor neurons can be tracked over a period of one-month, which allows for the longitudinal analysis of individual human neural cells. Significance. These results show the potential of an accurate and reliable assessment of large populations of motor neurons in physiological investigations. We discuss the potential of this non-invasive neural interfacing technology for the study of the neural determinants of movement and man-machine interfacing.
Considering embodied energy and carbon in heritage buildings – a review
Authors: Wise F , Moncaster A , Jones D , Dewberry E 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Approximately 20% of UK buildings can be defined as ‘heritage buildings’, offering unique values that should be preserved. They tend to use more energy than newer buildings, creating a strong case for energy retrofits to reduce energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and improve thermal comfort. However, few studies of heritage retrofits examine embodied impacts, which are the energy and carbon impacts required to manufacture, transport and construct materials and components. This study considers the whole life (embodied plus operational) impacts of retrofitting heritage buildings, through a systematic literature review and thematic analysis. It concludes that; both embodied and operational impacts should be considered in retrofitting projects, retrofitting is better than demolish and rebuild in lifecycle terms, there is a lack of policy mandating for the measurement of lifecycle impacts and low impact retrofitting can be better for conserving heritage values and reducing embodied carbon.
Problems and barriers affecting sustainable commuting: Case study of people’s daily commute to Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Wethyavivorn P , Sukwattanakorn N 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Bangkok is one of the cities with the worst road traffic congestion in the world. The city needs to shift toward a more sustainable commuting mode as soon as practicable. This study aims to explore modes of transportation that students and staff of Kasetsart University, Bangkok, use to commute to the university. Data was collected from 315 students and staff through online questionnaires. Interviews with selected respondents were also conducted to gather more insights relating to the perceived barriers to sustainable commuting. Observation of surrounding infrastructure was also conducted. The daily commuting were divided into 4 categories: pure active commuting including walking and biking (19.05%), pure active commuting and public transportation (18.41%), combination modes including private motorized vehicles (25.40%), and the least sustainable mode, pure private motorized vehicles (37.14%). The study further investigated the perceived barriers to 5 modes of sustainable transportation available to most respondents, namely, walking, biking, city bus, public van, and rapid transit. The most significant barriers to pure active commuting was the hot weather and the lack of walking and biking infrastructure. The major barrier to using city buses was the waiting time, together with the longer travel time especially during rush hours. For public vans, the barrier was found to be the safety issue due to careless drivers as well as the van condition. Most of the respondents would like to use the rapid transit, however, they thought the cost was a little high for daily commute.
Urban building energy modelling and urban design for sustainable neighbourhood development-A China perspective
Authors: Yang Feng , Jiang Zhidian 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Urban design at the neighbourhood scale has profound effects on urban microclimate, and thus on urban buildings energy consumption (in particular heating, cooling and lighting), extent of applicability of passive heating/cooling strategies, indoor/outdoor thermal comfort and street vehicle emissions dispersal (air quality). Previous studies, especially recent explorations in the emerging field of urban building energy modelling (UBEM), suggest clear neighbourhood-scale energy impact from building type, density, layout/orientation and facade/fenestration treatment. The purpose of research is to inform design, but how the research findings in urban building energy inform urban design practice is not straight-forward, in that real-world urban development involves all stakeholders and needs to take environmental, social and economical factors into account, in addition to energy and urban climate. If to support more healthy, comfortable and energy-efficient urban district/neighbourhood is one goal of green neighbourhood development (ND) rating tools, we should investigate possibilities to further and more efficiently integrate findings of UBEM into guidelines and credits system that inform climate-responsive urban design. This paper, based on a review on recent advancement in UBEM, investigates a more comprehensive and systematic prescriptive approach in ND to optimizing urban building energy performance by moderating urban form, fabric and land cover. Although UBEM as a scientific tool is diagnostic in evaluating urban design scenarios on a case basis, prescriptive design guidelines based on good science are suitable and useful for architects in integrating urban building energy issues in practice.
A study on the summer thermal comfort and behaviour patterns in the residential buildings of Kashgar old City, China
Authors: Li T , Li X , Wang X , Feng Y , Ma Y 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Kashgar, located in China’s far west, has a typical hot-arid climate. There are a large number of low-rise high-density Islamic housing in Kashgar old City. The thermal comfort in these buildings has not yet been adequately researched. In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding about the real indoor thermal environment and the residents’ summer thermal comfort in Kashgar old City, a field investigation of 138 residential buildings was conducted in the summer time, including onsite environmental parameter measurements and simultaneous surveys using subjective thermal comfort questionnaires. Based on a statistical regression analysis of 182 valid questionnaires, a summer thermal comfort model was established. The results show that the measured summer neutral temperature of the local people is 23.4°C, and the upper limit of acceptable summer temperature for 80% of the residents is 26.9°C. The summer thermal tolerance of the residents in the Kashgar old City is lower than expected and also lower than that of the residents in rural Turpan with the same climate features. The survey also shows that the residents in the Kashgar old City have a habit of transfering living spaces over time, and the frequency of passive behaviours is higher than those of active behaviours. The above results are believed to be potentially valuable for the revision of energy conservation policies and the design practice of residential buildings in the hot-arid climate region of China, and also for areas under similar climate conditions in the world.
A simulation-based procedure for the holistic resilience testing of building performance
Authors: Clarke J A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The design of an energy efficient urban environment is a formidable task because the underlying processes are complex, coupled and time varying. Competing objectives from a variety of stakeholders relating to occupant wellbeing, fuel poverty alleviation, improved air quality, low energy use, emissions reduction, and legislative compliance then act to confound the attainment of operational quality and resilience of particular design solutions. This gives rise to a persistent and growing gap between design intent (in both new build and retrofit contexts) and the operational reality. Unfortunately, there are no current standards for building performance appraisal and operational resilience testing so that such assessments, where undertaken, are ad hoc and implemented as an arbitrary function of the particular project context. The result is that it is impossible to compare alternative proposals in terms of the performance that is likely to be delivered in practice. This paper reports recent developments in automating the application of building performance simulation as a means to address this deficiency.