bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Will Replace Parker? A Copula Function Analysis of BordeauxEn PrimeurWine Raters
Authors: Cyr Don , Kwong Lester , Sun Ling 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe influence of the wine rater Robert Parker Jr. on Bordeaux wine extended over a 40-year period, with a particular impact onen primeurwine prices. Consequently, his announcement in 2015 that he would no longer rateen primeurwines creates some uncertainty for many chateaux that have purposely designed their production with his palate and preferences in mind. Although the wine rater Neal Martin was named by Parker to be his successor in terms ofen primeurwine ratings, there are several other wine critics who have consistently rateden primeurwines over several years. Consequently, we employ copula function analysis to explore which wine critics’ ratings exhibit the closest linear and nonlinear relationship, for right banken primeurwines, with those of Parker. The study employs data over the period of 2005 through 2012, during which time several wine critics, including Neal Martin for the period of 2010–2012, rateden primeurwines alongside Parker. Our results indicate that of the wine critics that continue to rateen primeurwines, the ratings of James Suckling exhibit the highest rank correlation and also bivariate upper tail dependence, identified through copula function analysis, with those of Parker. (JEL Classifications: C19, G13, L66)
Custom in the Enforcement of the Law: The Power of the Attorney-General to Stay Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Gavison Ruth 
Published: May 2019

This article is a synopsis of a monograph which will be published shortly (in Hebrew) by the Harry Sacher Institute for Legislative Research and Comparative Law. I dedicate it to Professor Tedeschi because he was the one who triggered it ten years ago, with his suggestion that the study of law, and especially the study of contexts of discretion in the law, cannot be complete without detailed studies of the ways in which officers in practice use their powers. Custom thus has an easily overlooked importance as a source of law even in modern systems, in the many areas in which mere knowledge of the normative framework within which powers are exercised is insufficient for a knowledge and understanding of the law.Tedeschi's suggestion seemed correct on its face, to an extent sufficient to motivate me to leave theorizing about law from the armchair and look into the practice of law enforcement. I emerged from the adventure even more convinced of his insight than when I started.While working on the subject I realized that comparative analysis was also of relevance to such questions, and that important questions were raised about the utility of such analyses in attempts to solve one's problems. Again I have found that Tedeschi articulated the conclusion I have reached in an early article published years ago.So these insights of his were added to the many things for which I am indebted to Professor Tedeschi: the solid commitment to legal scholarship for which he has always stood; the varied, persistent and prolific interest he has in all things legal and in the life-problems which the law seeks to regulate, resulting in many essays which are to this day classic in their field; and the fact that he is among the rare scholars who practice what they preach. If we take the importance of custom as an example, Tedeschi insists on including sections on custom in all his articles on legal problems, and in many instances this combination of great analytical strength and attention to social reality is what makes Tedeschi's writings so important. It is rare to have such people as one's teachers, and I feel lucky and grateful to have been his student.The larger study on which this article is based elaborates in some detail these larger jurisprudential questions of the complex relationships between solutions of legal problems (or law reform) and legal theory, empirical research and comparative analysis. Here I shall confine myself to the major findings of my research into the reality and the ideal of the power of the Attorney-General to stay criminal proceedings.
Custom in Public Law
Authors: Shetreet Shimon 
Published: May 2019

This article is based on a study on custom in public law conducted some years ago due to the welcome initiative of Prof. G. Tedeschi. Like many others, I too responded to his irresistible powers of persuasion, to conduct a study on custom in a field close to my area of interest, public law. I owe many thanks to Prof. Tedeschi, for by virtue of this study I have acquired significant perspectives for the analysis of public law.During the course of my work on another study (on judicial independence, conducted for the Jerusalem Institute for the Study of Israel), I discovered an historical document pertaining to Prof. Tedeschi, in whose honour this issue of the Israel Law Review appears. The document concerns an offer, addressed to Prof. Tedeschi in 1953, to be appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court.
A final reply to te Nijenhuis et al. (2019)
Authors: Flynn James R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe effects of educational training are only one case of producing two groups (before and after) separated by IQ test performance on easier and harder items. The crux of the issue is whether we know that the causes between groups are genetic if they are differentiated by a Jensen effect and that the causes are environmental if they are differentiated by an anti-Jensen effect. A Jensen effect occurs when the two groups differ more as cognitive tasks become more complex. It is shown that genes vs environment must be diagnosed on a case-by-case basis, not in terms of whether a Jensen effect is present.
‘Responsibility of the Great Ones’: How the Organization of American States and the United Nations Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis
Authors: Keller Renata 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article draws on an international assemblage of sources to recover the history of the involvement of the Organization of American States (OAS) and the United Nations (UN) in the Cuban missile crisis. It argues that, through the mechanisms of the OAS and the UN, Latin American citizens and officials helped shape the peaceful outcome of the crisis. This article challenges dismissive portrayals of both Latin American countries and multilateral organisations and, in so doing, joins the growing literature on how supposedly weak Latin American countries have used international organisations to influence world affairs.
Chesterian (Late Mississippian) Bryozoans from the Upper Chainman Shale and the Lowermost Ely Limestone of Western Utah
Authors: Karklins Olgerts L. 
Published: May 2019

Bryozoans are abundant and diverse in the upper part of the Chainman Shale (Mississippian; Osagean, Meramecian-Chesterian) and in the upper Chesterian part of the overlying Ely Limestone (Mississippian-Pennsylvanian) in the Confusion Range of western Utah. The bryozoan assemblage includes 15 genera and 18 species; 12 species are new and 6 are in open nomenclature. The new species are the trepostomes Callocladia jensensis, Stenopora confusionensis, Stenoporella mineriensis, Tabulipora atacta, T. ricta, T. sarcinula, T. stragula, the cryptostomes Ascopora macellata, Rhabdomeson artum, Streblotrypa angulatum, Strebloplax pertusa, and the cystoporate Cystodictya astrepta. Species in open nomenclature are the trepostome Anisotrypa sp., the cryptostomes Saffordotaxis sp., Archimedes sp., Fenestella sp., Penniretepora sp. A, and Polypora sp. Callocladia and Strebloplax are known only from Chesterian strata in North America; Strebloplax is known only from the conterminous United States. The stratigraphic range of Stenoporella, also known only from the United States, is extended into rocks of supposed Pennsylvanian age. Stenoporella mineriensis, the only species in this bryozoan assemblage known to occur outside Utah, is also found in the Ely Limestone (Pennsylvanian) of Nevada.Tabulipora is the dominant genus in the Chesterian rocks of this region; T. sarcinula and T. ricta are the most abundant taxa. The shallowing of the marine environment and the establishment of carbonate deposition during late Chainman time permitted widespread development and dispersal of the bryozoan faunas in western Utah.
LE FORME DI CONSULTAZIONE POPOLARE NELLE DEMOCRAZIE: UNA TIPOLOGIA
Authors: Uleri PierVincenzo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneAffrontando il tema delle consultazioni popolari dirette si pongono due problemi principali: perché tale tipo di processo elettorale è più usato in certi casi che non in altri e quali sono le conseguenze del ricorso ad esso sul sistema politico nel complesso. Rispetto al primo problema molti anni addietro, nel 1912, William E. Rappard sottolineava l'incoerenza degli avversari delle consultazioni popolari. Costoro, pur consentendo che le masse scelgano liberamente i loro rappresentanti, «fanno affidamento, per la loro sicurezza, sulle discrepanze che possono sorgere tra gli atti della maggioranza degli eletti e i desideri della maggioranza degli elettori». Rappard formulava, quindi, una previsione «In teoria … l'ulteriore estensione del controllo popolare mediante la legislazione diretta sembra inevitabile in tutti i paesi dove il suffragio universale prevale». È facile intuire che la previsione si basasse sulla conoscenza e l'analisi delle esperienze svizzera e statunitense. In altri Paesi, in quegli anni, si discuteva sulla opportunità di adottare forme di consultazione popolare come in effetti accadde con alcune costituzioni elaborate subito dopo la prima guerra mondiale, in primo luogo con la costituzione di Weimar.
OLSON E LA “ LEGGE FERREA ” DELLA PARTECIPAZIONE
Authors: Mattei Franco 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNella vastissima letteratura esistente sulla partecipazione politica, un tema ricorrente degli ultimi trent'anni (cioè, almeno dalla seconda edizione diCapitalism, Socialism and Democracydi J. Schumpeter nel 1954) è costituito dal dibattito tra teorici « élitisti » e « partecipazionisti » attorno ai livelli possibili e desiderabili di coinvolgimento politico di massa ai fini di un corretto funzionamento dei regimi democratici. Tra le diverse questioni oggetto di confronto e — a volte — di polemica — c'è stata e c'è tutt'ora quella riguardante gli obiettivi del cittadino nei quali rintracciare i motivi ed il senso della partecipazione politica. Le note che seguono sono dedicate ad un'analisi di questo tema basata sul paradigma interpretativo di Olson. Nel suo famoso libro Olson elabora e propone una teoriageneraledi comportamento razionale per l'affermazione di “ obiettivi comuni ” ed il conseguimento di beni pubblici in cui vengono individuate le ragioni sia della partecipazione che dell'astensione politica. Infatti, le definizioni oggi piò in uso di ‘partecipazione’ rimandano alle attività volontarie di privati cittadini rivolte ad influenzare, piò o meno direttamente, le decisioni politiche, ma soprattutto, in ultima analisi, le decisioni ‘governative’ ed i loro ‘esiti’. Ambedue coincidono con gli « obiettivi comuni » di Olson, la cui realizzazione richiede politiche governative e realizzazioni legislative.
LE CRISI POLITICHE NELL'EUROPA ORIENTALE
Authors: di Cortona Pietro Grilli 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneDegli otto regimi comunisti nati in Europa centro-orientale alla fine degli anni quaranta nessuno ha ancora abbandonato il campo marxista-leninista. L'unica reale trasformazione finora intervenuta è stata quella che ha segnato la fine dello stalinismo. Due di essi tuttavia (la Iugoslavia nel 1948 e l'Albania negli anni sessanta), usufruendo di alcuni vantaggi politico-strategici, hanno abbandonato l'area di influenza sovietica e acquisito una generale autonomia nelle politiche interna ed estera. Dei restanti sei regimi, tre subiscono l'impatto di crisi originate da fattori endogeni; negli altri si evidenziano al massimo sintomi di malessere interno (come la rivolta di Berlino Est nel 1953) o di crisi nei rapporti con l'URSS (le tentazioni autonomistiche della Romania).
The zooplankton of the Forth, Scotland
Authors: Taylor C. J. L. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisA description of the community structure of the Forth estuary's zooplankton was obtained by sampling monthly at nine stations ranging from fresh water to fully marine conditions for an eighteen-month period. The variation in species abundance and distribution is related to environmental variables. The apparent spatial and temporal successions of members of the Acartia species complex are described, as are the episodes of predation spreading from the firth and the domination of the upper estuary by Eurytemora. It is observed that the estuary of the Forth is rare among British estuaries in its ability to support a truly pelagic self-maintaining assemblage of species.
Energy availability
Authors: Hug Michel 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe present buyer's market in energy is likely to continue for several years, but in the longer run the disparity in resources and consumption rates among the principal fuels will result in renewed shortage and price rises for oil and natural gas. In the longer term the major energy importers must rely on the broad international market in coal and uranium. A useful insurance for power producers will be to invest overseas in the production of their fuels.
Prospects for fast reactors
Authors: Blumfield C. W. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe background to recent major advances in the construction and operation of fast reactors is outlined with particular reference to the Dounreay Prototype Fast Reactor. The advantages and disadvantages of sodium as a coolant of the high energy density assembly are discussed and an account given of the consequences of a leak and the precautions taken against this eventuality. Attention is drawn to the safety aspects of the system. The economics of the plans for fuel reprocessing are explained and an account given of the progress in the fabrication of fast reactor fuel pins. Finally the environmental impact of present and planned activities on the Dounreay site is presented in the context of participation in the European Collaboration on Fast Reactor Technology and attention drawn to the importance of the planning inquiry in progress at Dounreay.
Availability of electrical power
Authors: Preston I. M. H. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe organisation of the generation and supply of electricity in Scotland by the South of Scotland Electricity Board and the North of Scotland Hydro Electric Board is detailed and differences from the other nationalised energy industries in Scotland and from the arrangements for the supply of electricity in England and Wales noted. The present plant position is described and the flexibility in the fuels used underlined. The experiences of the last thirty years are analysed and an account given of the response of the Boards to the crises of dramatic oil price increases and the 1984/85 dispute in the coal industry. Attention is given to the forward planning problems arising from the long construction time of a new station and the delays that may be involved with public inquiries. The opportunities for exporting power to England after the modest anticipated rises in Scottish demands are met are cited as a factor in the budgetting. The difficulties the Combined Heat and Power projects, being studied for a number of major cities including Edinburgh, present to the Boards are listed. Finally the implications for suppliers and contractors of the necessary replacement before the end of the century of equipment associated with the distribution system are noted.
Radioactive pollution
Authors: Dunster H. J. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe meaning to be assigned to “pollution” is discussed and an account given of the “natural” sources of radiation. The effects of radiation on human populations are described. The artificial sources of radiation in the environment associated with energy productions are reviewed. Particular attention is given to the effects of the discharge of radioactive waste on radiation exposures in the neighbourhood of nuclear establishments. This is followed by a consideration of nuclear accidents and the public reaction to them. Radioactive pollution and the necessary organisation for its control are discussed with particular attention being paid to the present position in the United Kingdom.
The Biological Standard of Living in China during the 20th Century
Authors: van der Eng Pierre , Sohn Kitae 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article uses the mean age at menarche of women in China as an indicator of changes in the standard of living during the 20th century. It discusses the difficulties of using this indicator. It finds that the mean age of menarche stagnated at 16 to 17 years for women born during the period between the 1880s and 1930s. The age at menarche decreased in some urban areas, indicating improving living standards in, for example, Beijing and Shanghai. The mean age at menarche increased for 1940s’ birth cohorts, in relation not only to the warfare of the 1940s but also the famine of 1959–1962. The mean age at menarche decreased in a sustained way for women born during the 1950s to early 2000s. The decrease is associated with increasing educational attainment since the 1940s and also improvements in nutrition, hygiene and healthcare.
Reduced-input agricultural systems: Rationale and prospects
Authors: Buttel Frederick H. , Gillespie Gilbert W. , Janke Rhonda , Caldwell Brian , Sarrantonio Marianne 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn many respects the long standing and vigorous debates over alternative agriculture and organic farming are becoming less strident and less polarized. However, despite the mounting evidence that key elements of both the conventional and alternative agricultural communities are beginning to “build bridges” to each other, and to establish formal institutional programs and arrangements for improved communication and program development, important differences continue to separate the proponents and opponents of alternative agriculture. In part, these lingering differences result from the lack of adequate and reliable data, misinformation, and faulty data analyses. In order to clarify those issues which continue to divide the critics and advocates of alternative agriculture, this reappraisal of the debate begins with a methodological critique of comparison studies of conventional and organic farms. Also included is an assessment of fertilizer and pesticide use in American agriculture, the environmental impacts of conventional and reduced-input systems, the relationship between alternative agriculture and efforts to save the family farmer, and the prospects for increased public sector research on reduced-input farming systems.
The transition to organic agriculture: A multi-year simulation model of a Pennsylvania farm
Authors: Dabbert Stephan , Madden Patrick 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPrior research has shown that an established organic farm can be as profitable as a conventional farm under certain circumstances. However, organic farming systems often require a transition period before they are fully established after a changeover from conventional farming. Yields may decrease and recover only slowly during this transition period and less profitable crop rotations may be required to establish an organic system. Previous studies have ignored the income trend during the transition phase, and comparisons of organic and conventional farms have been faulted for lack of similarity in management and other resources. The study reported here used a multi-year simulation model to investigate the trend in income of a 117-hectare crop-livestock farm in Pennsylvania (called the Kutztown farm) during this transition process. A baseline model of the Kutztown farm under conventional management (CONB) was found to earn an income (returns over cash operating cost) of $61,900. The transitional models developed were an upper-yield case assuming no yield decline during the transition (TRANS) and a lower-yield case assuming severe yield decline in the first year after the change-over from conventional management and a subsequent linear recovery of yields over a three-year period (TRANS-L). Income was found to be severely depressed by a yield decline during the transitional phase. The first year of TRANS-L resulted in a 43% reduction in income. The scenario without a yield decline (TRANS) resulted in a 13% lower income compared to the baseline (CONB) model. Both transitional models led to an established organic situation with stable organic yields and an income of $57,400 or 7% less than under conventional management. It was found to be more profitable to sell the crops and purchase manure than to feed the crops to beef in a fattening enterprise. At small herd sizes (100 head) the reduction in income caused by the feeding operation was moderate ($1,300), but with a larger operation (213 head) the income sacrifice increased tenfold.
A comparative study of pith cell death in stalk internodes of corn grown on organic and conventional fields
Authors: Kang M. S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA few farmers in the Midwest produce corn (Zea mays L.) commercially by using organic methods, i.e., use no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides. Studies have been conducted previously on organic vs. conventional fields to compare yield, soil properties, stalk lodging and rot, and crude protein. However, pith cell death in stalk internodes, an important trait related to stalk lodging and stalk rot, has not been studied previously under organic and conventional management systems. Fertility differences exist between organically-managed and conventionally-managed fields which can influence pith cell death and related traits. This study was conducted to compare pith cell death in corn stalks on matched pairs of organic and conventional fields (2 in Illinois, 2 in Iowa, and 1 in Minnesota). For the four lowermost consecutive internodes above the brace roots examined in this study, there was no consistent pattern for pith cell death differences among pairs. In three of five pairs, the second internode pith cell death was higher on organic fields than on conventional fields. The same pattern was observed for the third stalk internode. Numbers of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) were less in the stalks on organic plots, a plausible cause for greater stalk lodging and rot resistance on organically-managed fields. Further study of pith cell death and stalk rot relationship under organic and conventional managements is needed to elucidate fertility relations and other unique factors at work on organic and conventional fields. It appears that while there are some factors that affect pith cell death, stalk rot, and stalk lodging similarly, there may be other factors that affect these three traits differentially.
Curriculum For Those With Intellectual Handicaps
Authors: Fredericks H. D. Bud 
Published: May 2019

It is a deep honor for me to be invited to Australia. When I received the invitation, I faced a very ambivalent situation. I had resolved to bring my life into some form of sanity and to reduce the amount of traveling that I was doing; but to receive an invitation to Australia, even though I had been here three times before, was to me an opportunity that I could not pass. Australia is a beautiful country and contains a beautiful people, and I thank you for inviting me.My subject is “Curriculum for the Intellectually Handicapped,” and in an hour and one-quarter there is no way in which I can possibly cover the range of handicapping conditions, requirements, and needs for such a curriculum. I have, however, selected some areas that I should like to discuss.