bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growing Population of Pakistani Youth: A Ticking Time Bomb or a Demographic Dividend
Authors: Hafeez Erum , Fasih Tayyaba 
Published: January 2019

<p>Pakistan is considered to be the fifth largest young country in the world. Around 63 percent population of the country comprises youth aged between 15 and 33 (UN Population Fund Report 2017). Such a large young population has posed daunting challenges to the social, economic and political sectors of the state. The fast rising youth bulge of Pakistan seems to be a constantly ticking time bomb instead of a demographic dividend, threatening its very own existence. Poor youth engagement in the productive political, educational, economic and socio-cultural activities indicates ineffectiveness of the public and private sectors policies especially at the state level. The current research study is intended to identify the key factors behind the disengaged and distressed youth of Pakistan in the three core areas of education, economy and politics. For this purpose, a systematic literature review was carried out in which national and international labor survey reports, youth development index, national youth program and federal education and economic policies were critically analyzed alongside the relevant research studies, nongovernment organizations’ reports and media coverage for a dynamic overview. Besides, interviews of relevant stakeholders were also conducted to investigate the issue from diverse perspectives. Evidently, youth partnership, empowerment, and engagement in educational, economic and political sectors can be the only way forward to address the increasing challenges of the country.</p><p><br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> demographic dividend, employment, literacy, youth development</p>
Power and hegemony in research supervision: A critical discourse analysis
Authors: Sikandar Aliya , Hussain Nasreen 
Published: January 2019

<p align="center"><em>This qualitative case study research aimed to investigate the notions of power and hegemony in research consultations around the construct of language ideologies. The study employed purposive sampling by selecting two MS (Education) research supervisees with their supervisors. It identified a social wrong of power and hegemony in research supervision practices and with a transformative spirit, hoped to bring about awareness and modifications in research supervision. Methodically, the study followed the analytical approach of Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (1989; 2003). The data were collected through observations and transcriptions of research consultation meetings and interviews of the participants. The textual analysis of case one revealed how language became a source of establishing asymmetrical power relations between the participants. Contrastingly, in case two the consultations were not hinged on language aspects and had more equality and homogeneity between the partners. The finding of the study indicated that language ideologies played a very important role in sustaining the dominant position of the powerful agent, that is, the supervisor. Based on the findings, it is hoped that this research would lead to more democratic styles of supervision and equity and emancipation in supervision as a social practice.</em></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>critical discourse analysis, power and hegemony, language ideologies, research supervision</p><p> </p>
Clinical Study of Bleaching Gel Storage Temperature on Tooth Color and Sensitivity
Authors: Hortkoff D , Bittencourt B Fortes , Nadal J Mendes , Gomes OM Mongruel , Rezende M , de Almeida Farhat PB 
Published: January 2019

SUMMARY

Objective:
The objective of this triple-blind, split-mouth, randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the bleaching efficacy and tooth sensitivity of an in-office bleaching agent submitted to different storage temperatures (room temperature at 21.04°C±3.13°C or refrigeration at 5°C).

Methods and Materials:
Thirty volunteers were selected who had central incisors with color A2 or higher. The volunteers' maxillary hemi-arches received either the bleaching treatment with room temperature or refrigerated storage temperatures (two sessions of 3×15 minutes, one-week interval). Color variation was evaluated by subjective (Vita Classic and Vita Bleachedguide) and objective methods (Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer). Tooth sensitivity was evaluated with the visual analog scale (0–10) and the numerical rating scale (five points). The consistency of bleaching gels was evaluated by flow test, and pH was measured, both in triplicate. Color variation (SGU) and ΔE were analyzed by paired t-test (α=0.05). The absolute risk of pain was assessed by McNemar test (α=0.05), data from the numerical rating scale by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (α=0.05), and visual analog scale by paired t-test. Comparison between the times within each group was analyzed by Friedman test. Gel consistency and pH were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post-test.

Results:
Regarding the absolute risk of tooth sensitivity, no significant difference was observed between the groups. The relative risk for tooth sensitivity was 1.13 (95%, confidence interval 0.70–1.82). Both tooth sensitivity scales were statistically similar. The results of the subjective evaluation (Vita Classic: p=0.73, Vita Bleachedguide: p=1.00) and the objective evaluation (p=1.00) of bleaching efficacy corresponded to the hypothesis of equality between groups after bleaching. Both pH values were around 7, and for the consistency test, there were significant differences between the groups (p=0.002).

Conclusions:
Storage temperature of the analyzed in-office bleaching agent had no influence on tooth color effectiveness and tooth sensitivity.
Bonding Performance of Simplified Adhesive Systems in Noncarious Cervical Lesions at 2-year Follow-up: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Zanatta RF , Silva TM , Esper MALR , Bresciani E , Gonçalves SEP , Caneppele TMF 
Published: January 2019

SUMMARY

Objectives:
This study aimed to evaluate the bonding performance of a universal adhesive used according to self-etching or etch-and-rinse protocols in noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) and to compare the two protocols with their respective gold standard techniques.

Methods and Materials:
This randomized, double-blind clinical study enrolled 34 participants who met the inclusion criteria, 29 of whom returned after two years. They received 152 restorations bonded with one of the three adhesives (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, Adper Single Bond 2, or Clearfil SE Bond) and one of the two bonding techniques tested. The NCCLs were restored with nanocomposite resin (Filtek Supreme). Final contours were done with a fine diamond rotary instrument and polished with rubber points. The restorations were evaluated using the FDI World Dental Federation criteria at baseline (seven days after the restoration procedure), 6, 12, and 24 months. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman analysis of variance, and least significant difference tests were performed.

Results:
No statistically significant differences were found in esthetics or the functional and biological evaluated criteria among the adhesive systems and techniques.

Conclusions:
The Scotchbond Universal system behaved similarly to the conventional etch-and-rinse or self-etching systems in all the adhesion strategies in the evaluated periods.
Elevation of an Amalgam-stained Margin With Resin-modified Glass Ionomer to Support an Indirect Ceramic Restoration: A Six-year Case Report
Authors: Hammond B , Brackett M , Delash J , Brackett W 
Published: January 2019

SUMMARY
This case report presents treatment of a mandibular second molar with an extensive proximal margin, which was finished on amalgam-stained dentin. A resin-modified glass ionomer for margin elevation and a lithium disilicate onlay were used to restore the tooth to proper form and function. The patient has been followed for six years and has had no complications during this period.
Enamel Microabrasion and Dental Bleaching on Teeth Presenting Severe-pitted Enamel Fluorosis: A Case Report
Authors: Sundfeld D , Pavani CC , Pini NIP , Machado LS , Schott TC , Sundfeld RH 
Published: January 2019

SUMMARY
The present clinical case report describes the clinical steps of enamel microabrasion associated with dental bleaching to restore severely-pitted fluorosed teeth. The process of removing the fluorotic superficial stains started by using macroabrasion with a water-cooled fine tapered 3195 FF diamond bur. Rubber dam isolation of the operative field was used to remove the remaining enamel stains and superficial irregularities with the Opalustre microabrasive compound (6.6% hydrochloric acid associated with silicon carbide particles) followed by polishing using fluoridated paste and subsequent 2% neutral fluoride gel topical application. After one month, dental bleaching was performed using 10% carbamide peroxide in custom-formed acetate trays for two hours/day for 42 days. The association of enamel microabrasion with dental bleaching was effective for reestablishing the dental esthetics of a patient with severe dental fluorosis.
Long-term Follow-up of Complicated Crown Fracture With Fragment Reattachment: Two Case Reports
Authors: Oh S , Jang JH , Kim HJ , Seo NS , Byun SH , Kim SW , Kim DS 
Published: January 2019

SUMMARY
Two cases of complicated crown fracture of the maxillary incisors were restored using the fragment reattachment technique. Root canal treatment was performed, and the fractured fragment was bonded to the tooth structure using a dentin adhesive system and a flowable composite resin, followed by the insertion of a fiber post using dual-cured resin cement. Reattached fragments have shown reliable prognosis without inflammatory signs around bonded junctions after long-term follow-up.
The Combination of CQ-amine and TPO Increases the Polymerization Shrinkage Stress and Does Not Improve the Depth of Cure of Bulk-fill Composites
Authors: Rocha MG , de Oliveira DCRS , Sinhoreti MAC , Roulet JF , Correr AB 
Published: January 2019

SUMMARY

Objectives:
To evaluate the effect of combining camphorquinone (CQ) and diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO) on the depth of cure and polymerization shrinkage stress of bulk-fill composites.

Methods and Materials:
Experimental bulk-fill composites were produced containing equal molar concentrations of either CQ-amine or CQ-amine/TPO. The degree of in-depth conversion through each millimeter of a 4-mm-thick bulk-fill increment was evaluated by Fourier transform near-infrared microspectroscopy using a central longitudinal cross section of the increment of each bulk-fill composite (n=3). Light-transmittance of the multi-wave light-emitting diode (LED) emittance used for photoactivation (Bluephase G2, Ivoclar Vivadent) was recorded through every millimeter of each bulk-fill composite using spectrophotometry. The volumetric shrinkage and polymerization shrinkage stress were assessed using a mercury dilatometer and the Bioman, respectively. The flexural modulus was also assessed by a three-point bend test as a complementary test. Data were analyzed according to the different experimental designs (α=0.05 and β=0.2).

Results:
Up to 1 mm in depth, adding TPO to CQ-based bulk-fill composites increased the degree of conversion, but beyond 1 mm no differences were found. The light-transmittance of either wavelengths emitted from the multi-wave LED (blue or violet) through the bulk-fill composites were only different up to 1 mm in depth, regardless of the photoinitiator system. Adding TPO to CQ-based bulk-fill composites did not affect volumetric shrinkage but did increase the flexural modulus and polymerization shrinkage stress.

Conclusion:
Adding TPO to CQ-based bulk-fill composites did not increase the depth of cure. However, it did increase the degree of conversion on the top of the restoration, increasing the polymerization shrinkage stress.
Reflexões sobre um Modelo Epistemológico de Alternativo (MEA) considerando as análises das relações institucionais acerca do objeto matemático limites de funções <br>Reflections on an Epistemological Model of Reference (MER) considering the analyzes of the institutional relations about the mathematical object limits of functions
Authors: Figueroa Teodora Pinheiro , Almouloud Saddo Ag 
Published: January 2019

A pesquisa visa contribuir com o processo de formação docente a partir de reflexões sobre um MER, que considera as incompletudes do trabalho institucional relativo ao objeto matemático limite de função de uma variável real. Nosso aporte teórico se alicerça na Teoria Antropológica do Didático (TAD). No Modelo Epistemológico Dominante (MED), questionamos o que está posto; analisamos os livros didáticos do plano de ensino dos cursos de engenharia civil, elétrica e bacharelado e licenciatura em química da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), campus Pato Branco e os cadernos dos estudantes dos respectivos cursos. A constatação de uma incompletude institucional trouxe reflexões acerca da construção de um Modelo Epistemológico Alternativo (MEA), as quais apresentaremos neste trabalho. <br>The research aims to contribute to the process of teacher formation from reflections on a MER, which considers the incompleteness of the institutional work relative to the mathematical object: limits of the function of a real variable. Our theoretical knowledge is based on the Didactic Anthropological Theory (TAD). In the Dominant Epistemological Model (MED), we question what is set; we analyzed the textbooks of the teaching plan of the civil engineering, electrical and baccalaureate courses and degree in chemistry of the Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Pato Branco campus and the students’ notebooks of the respective courses. The finding of an institutional incompleteness brought reflections about the construction of an Alternative Epistemological Model (MEA), which we will present in this work.
A case of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy complicated by Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoma
Authors: So Ho , Wong Victor Tak Lung , Pang Hin Ting , Lao Virginia Wen Nga , Yip Ronald Man Lung 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We report a male patient who had refractory idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) presented with antisynthetase syndrome, being treated by potent immunosuppressants for years, developed Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoma. Despite the stepping down of the immunosuppressives and active lymphoma therapy, the patient died. On top of the typical association of IIM and malignancy, rare EBV-associated tumors related to EBV infection secondary to the use of potent immunosuppressive therapies could occur. Further investigations are advisable if there are new symptoms and signs or in refractory IIM cases. This report serves as a diagnostic alert that the causation by EBV infection in unusual tumors found in patients with IIM should be considered, as both the treatment and prognosis may differ. A balance between the risks and benefits of immunosuppressive therapies should always be achieved.
Infill Architecture as a Solution for Livability and Historical Texture Quality Promotion
Authors: Nasrollah Beiglu Fatemeh Bayandur , Husseini Ghafari Seyyed Mohammad , Taheri Aazam 
Published: January 2019

A brief glance at the city view of Iranian historical cities shows valuable ancient textures, all of which were enjoying appropriate liveliness, mobility and hilarity no longer ago. Today, our urban worn out textures are abandoned due to different reasons. This is while, if the textures enjoy safe, appropriate and lively spaces, organized joy and healthy recreations compatible with the society’s values will take place in them. Organizing cities and historical textures is of great importance for two reasons: one is respecting the elders’ heritages and the other one is obviating limits caused by urban texture decay. Inattention to organizing and restoring worn out historical textures plans during several years have caused them to lose their liveliness, efficiency and former activity. Livability is one of the greatest urban planning ideas in the contemporary period. Livability creation among cities of developing countries is a concerning issue and paying less attention to the issue causes liveliness and livability cadence and texture decay, consequently. Hence, paying attention to life quality, conditions, equipment and the urban residents’ needs are vital issues. Finally, infill solution is presented in the framework of renovation and improvement for promotion of quality and empowerment of historical and worn out urban textures along with influential factors of developing such textures.
Other Kinds of Soft Î² maps via Soft Topological Ordered Spaces
Authors: AL-shami Tareq , El-Shafei Mohammed , Asaad Baravan 
Published: January 2019

The authors of [13] formulated a soft topological ordered spaces concept and then they established and studied some ordered mappings [14]. In the present work, we define new ordered mappings via soft topological ordered spaces based on soft Î²-open sets, namely soft xÎ²-continuous, soft xÎ²-open, soft xÎ²-closed and soft xÎ²-homeomorphism mappings, for x âˆˆ {I, D, B}. We give various characterizations of each one of the introduced soft mappings. One of the most important obtained results is that an extended soft topologies notion guarantees the equivalentÂ between the soft mappings initiated herein and their counterparts of mappings on topological ordered spaces. We provide several interesting examples to examine the relationships among these soft mappings.
Karakteristik Fermentasi Rumen In vitro dengan Penambahan Sabun Kalsium Minyak Nabati pada Buffer yang Berbeda
Authors: Suharti Sri , Aliyah Desti N , Suryahadi Suryahadi 
Published: January 2019

Canola oil and flaxseed oil are vegetable oils as potential sources of unsaturated fatty acid that could improve the production and quality of beef meat. However, the use of vegetable oils need to be protected to avoid biohydrogenation by rumen bacteria. The research was aimed to analyse effect of flaxseed/canola oils calcium soap in the different buffer media on in vitro fermentation characteristic. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 blocks based on rumen sampling time. The first factor was sources of vegetable oils (canola and falxseed) and the second factor was type of buffer (Kajikawa and Mc.Dougall). Variables observed were pH value, N-NH3 concentration, total volatile fatty acid (VFA), dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Data obtained was analysed using Analysis of Variance and any significant different further tested using Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results showed that there was no interaction between sources of diet and buffer. Supplementation of canola and flaxseed oils protected by calcium soap at level 6% did not affect pH value, dry matter digestibility, rumen protozoa and total bacteria. The use of different buffers affected pH value, dry matter digestibility, rumen protozoa and total bacteria. It’s concluded that the used of flaxseed oil or canola oil calcium soap did not alter rumen fermentation and McDougall buffer could improve in vitro fermentation activity compare to Kajikawa buffer.
"Los muros de la patria mía" y la autorreflexión como cualidad discursiva en el "Salmo XVII" de Quevedo
Authors: Carrillo Morell Dayron 
Published: January 2019

Este trabajo examina la autorreflexión como una clave discursiva implícita en el «Salmo XVII»de Francisco de Quevedo, donde nuestro poeta se sirve de la polisemia y la dispositioargumentativa para conferir una plurisignificación al contenido textual y crear embragues textuales que hacen coincidir el nivel del enunciado y el de la enunciación poética. A partir de estos recursos retóricos, Quevedo establece paralelismos discursivos entre la vida humana y el soneto, que imprimen al poema un ulterior sentido metaliterario.
SYNTHESIS OF CELLULOSE ACETATE FROM OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH AND ITS PROPERTIES AS POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANES ON LITHIUM ION BATTERY
Authors: Nurhadini Nurhadini , Arcana I Made 
Published: January 2019

Biodegradable polymer electrolyte utilization on lithium ion battery is increasingly considered to prevent any waste. This study was conducted to synthesis cellulose acetate from oil palm empty fruit bunch and its properties as polymer electrolyte membranes on lithium ion battery. This study was done by extracting cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch. That cellulose was acetylated become cellulose acetate and characterized its functional group. Further, polymer electrolyte was synthesized with composition 25/60/15(%b/b) (SAS/PEO/LiClO4). The properties of polymer electrolyte membranes were characterized by analysis thermal properties, ionic conductivity and mechanical properties. Based on functional group data, synthetic cellulose acetate had similar the main functional group with commercial cellulose acetate. Synthetic cellulose acetate contained 27% acetyl with 1,4 substitution degree. Analysis thermal properties showed that the decomposition of SAS/PEO/LiClO4 polymer electrolyte membranes was started above 260oC. The ionic conductivity 10,81 x 10-4 S/cm of these polymer electrolyte membranes was 10,81 x 10-4 S/cm. Analysis of mechanic properties were 0,05 MPa stress, 14,23 MPa elongation and 0,35 MPa Modulus Young. SAS/PEO/LiClO4 polymer electrolyte membranes had higher ionic conductivity than SAK/PEO/LiClO4 polymer electrolyte membranes. However, SAS/PEO/LiClO4 polymer electrolyte membranes had lower thermal and mechanic properties than SAK/PEO/LiClO4 polymer electrolyte membranes.
AKTIVITAS ANTIMALARIA SENYAWA FLAVANON TERISOPRENILASI DARI KULIT BATANG Erythrina fusca L.
Authors: Fatmawati Novi , Anggreini Novi , Saputri Ratih Dewi , Tjahjandarie Tjitjik Srie , Tanjung Mulyadi 
Published: January 2019

Two isoprenylated flavanones namely as lonchocarpol A (1) dan lupinifolin (2) were isolated from the stem bark of Limonia accidissima L. Erythrina fusca L. Their structures were determined based on spectroscopic data such as UV, IR, MS and NMR. Compounds 1–2 were evaluated for their antimalarial against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7 showing their IC50 were 1.18 and 0.8 µg/ml, respectively and very high activity.