bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation of Legislative and Executive Power
Authors: Saunders Cheryl 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines questions about the scope of legislative or executive power and the relationship between them primarily through the lens of the separation of powers in Australia. These have been recurrent issues in both the courts and Parliaments for some time. Hence, the chapter begins by examining the framework for the exercise of the legislative power of the Commonwealth. It does so from the standpoint of the separation of powers, by focusing on three significant issues: the concept of legislative power, delegation of legislative power, and authority to appropriate and grant money to the States. Next, the chapter deals with the nature of the executive power of the Commonwealth, including the extent to which it can be exercised without legislative authorization.
The Judicature
Authors: Owens Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter analyses the Australian judicature as a whole, as well as the individual courts that comprise it. It begins with a survey of the development of the common law conception of a court. The chapter next identifies four characteristics that have emerged as central to the definition of a court. These are: decisional independence and impartiality, the provision of procedural fairness, the dispensation of justice in open court, and the provision of reasons for decisions. Here, the evolution of the modern conception of a court reveals an apparent paradox from which the modern institution derives its strength, purpose, and identity: a sovereign's courts are independent of that sovereign.
Design
Authors: Aroney Nicholas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the design of Australia's federal system. Two historical propositions affirmed in the preamble to the Constitution are central to this conception. These are, firstly, that the Constitution was predicated on an agreement between the people of the Australian colonies and, secondly, that the intention was to unite the colonies into an indissoluble federal commonwealth. The Australian Constitution does not rest upon the consent of an already consolidated people; nor does it create a unitary state. It is the result of an agreement among several mutually independent political communities and it establishes a federal system of government that preserves their continuing existence as self-governing polities.
Federal Jurisdiction
Authors: Stellios James 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter identifies the origins, content, and operation of federal jurisdiction in Australia. In the United States the creation of federal jurisdiction was the necessary concomitant of the establishment of the judicial arm of federal government. The same could not be said of the conditions for Australian federalism. Federalism Australian-style did not require a federal system of courts. Further complicating the issue was the ‘autochthonous expedient’: the facility provided to Parliament for the use of State courts to exercise federal jurisdiction. Hence the chapter also seeks to suggest that the discordance between the concept and purpose of federal jurisdiction left the High Court with the challenging task of conceptualizing ‘judicial federalism’. In executing that task, High Court jurisprudence has presented differing conceptions of the place of State courts within the federal judicial system.
Rights Protection in Australia
Authors: Stephenson Scott 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers the state of rights protection in Australia. Unlike in many other countries, Australia notably lacks a constitutional (or statutory) bill of rights at the national level. As a result, the Australian Constitution implicitly assigns principal responsibility for rights—the task of determining their identity, scope, and limits—to the legislature. The chapter explains that the Constitution's preference for legislative rather than judicial resolutions to rights issues is the product of a shifting mixture of philosophical, historical, political, and institutional reasons. Next, the chapter provides an overview of the small number of provisions found in the Constitution that explicitly relate to rights. Finally, the chapter details how a number of the Constitution's structural features directly and indirectly contribute to the protection of rights.
Political Participation
Authors: Tham Joo-Cheong 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter deals with electoral participation in Australia. It charts the evolution of constitutional law in relation to electoral participation through a focus on the power of the Commonwealth Parliament over federal elections. A starting point of the analysis is a distinction between an emphasis on the breadth of legislative power over federal elections and an emphasis on constraint. The chapter also explains how particular emphasis on the scope of legislative power over election is informed by views taken on the relationship between the legislative power over federal elections and its impact on Australia's democracy. In some cases, it is possible to identify a benign view of such power; in others, a contrary view can be found where the exercise of legislative power over federal elections is seen to threaten Australia's democracy; and of course, there are cases where there is simply an ‘agnostic’ view.
Introduction to Banks and Banking
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic concepts of banks and banking. A bank is an institution that accepts deposits from the public and lends the monies thus raised. However, bank balance sheets include a range of types of exposures to a range of types of counterparties, which give rise to risks. To minimize risks, most banks diversify their lending across a number of different strategies and types of business. Both managers and regulators of banks have a task which in principle is relatively straightforward. These include understanding exactly which risks the bank is in fact exposed to; quantifying those risks; assessing returns which may be obtained through the taking of those risks; and assessing the degree to which the risks to which they are exposed are correlated to each other, in order to establish the total risk which is faced by the institution as a whole.
Trading Book—Models
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The key to market risk is the calculation of position risk requirement (PRR). Basel 3 has radically changed the approach to the calculation of position risk for regulated firms, and this chapter deals with the ‘before and after’ element to it. A firm must calculate a PRR in respect of all its trading book positions, all foreign exchange positions, and all positions in commodities (including physical commodities) whether or not in the trading book. A firm must also be able to monitor its total PRR on an intra-day basis. The remainder of the chapter covers trading book eligibility under Basel 2.5, trading and market exposures, equity PRR and basic interest rate PRR for equity derivatives, commodity PRR, foreign currency PRR, option PRR, credit derivatives, and underwriting positions.
Counterparty Risk in the Trading Book
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter sets out rules that result in certain exposures being treated as having a greater degree of risk than their actual mark to market value. In order to explain this, consider a bank which owns 100 of shares in A, but also has a derivative in place with X under which it is entitled to be paid the value of 100 shares in A. Both positions give rise to the same risk as to the future price of A, and both will be valued by reference to the value of the shares in A. However, if the value of the shares in A increases, the bank's credit exposure to X will increase. The rules set out in this chapter seek to capture this extra level of risk by treating the value of the derivative as being slightly higher than its mark to market value; thereby requiring a slightly higher level of capital to be held against it. This is the counterparty credit risk requirement (CCR).
The maximum luminosity of fast radio bursts
Authors: Lu Wenbin , Kumar Pawan 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT
Under the assumption that fast radio bursts (FRBs) are from coherent curvature emission powered by the dissipation of magnetic energy in the magnetosphere of neutron stars, we show that there is a maximum isotropic equivalent luminosity $L_{\rm max}\sim (2\times 10^{47}\, \mathrm{erg\, s^{-1}})\, \mathrm{min}(\rho _6^2, B_{16}\rho _6^{4/3}\nu _9^{-2/3})$, where $\rho _6=\rho /10\,$ km is the curvature radius of the magnetic field lines near the source region, $B_{16} = B/10^{16}\,$ G is the local magnetic field strength, and ν9 = ν/GHz is the FRB wave frequency. This is because the electric field responsible for accelerating the emitting particles becomes close to the quantum critical strength and is then quickly shielded by Schwinger pairs within a nano-second. Future observations should be able to measure this cut-off luminosity and hence provide a unique probe of the source location and magnetic field strength. We discuss the effects of Lmax on the observed flux distributions for repeating bursts from the same object and for the entire FRB population.
Potentially Serious Drug Interactions Resulting From the Pretravel Health Encounter
Authors: Sbaih Nadine , Buss Brian , Goyal Dheeraj , Rao Sowmya R , Benefield Russell , Walker Allison Taylor , Esposito Douglas H , Ryan Edward T , LaRocque Regina C , Leung Daniel T ,   Global TravEpiNet Consortium, Abraham George M , Alvarez Salvador , Ansdell Vernon , Yates Johnnie A , Atkins Elisha H , Birich Holly K , Vitek Dagmar , Cahill John , Chen Lin , Connor Bradley A , Dismukes Roberta , Fairley Jessica , Kozarsky Phyllis , Wu Henry , Dosunmu Ronke , Goad Jeffrey A , Mirzaian Edith , Hess Karl , Hynes Noreen A , Jacquerioz Frederique , McLellan Susan , Katsolis Jenn , Kelly Paul , Knouse Mark , Lee Jennifer , Leung Daniel , Kendall Brian , Hale DeVon , Oladele Alawode , Demeke Hanna , Oladele Alawode , Otuata Althea , Pasinski Roger , Wheeler Amy E , Showler Adrienne , Coster Laura , Rosen Jessica , Schwartz Brian S , Stauffer William , Walker Patricia , Vinetz Joseph 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Travelers seen for pretravel health encounters are frequently prescribed new travel-related medications, which may interact with their previously prescribed medications. In a cohort of 76 324 travelers seen at 23 US clinics, we found that 2650 (3.5%) travelers were prescribed travel-related medications with potential for serious drug interactions.
Who Bears Interest Rate Risk?
Authors: Hoffmann Peter , Langfield Sam , Pierobon Federico , Vuillemey Guillaume 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe study the allocation of interest rate risk within the European banking sector using novel data. Banks’ exposure to interest rate risk is small on aggregate, but heterogeneous in the cross-section. Contrary to conventional wisdom, net worth is increasing in interest rates for approximately half of the institutions in our sample. Cross-sectional variation in banks’ exposures is driven by cross-country differences in loan-rate fixation conventions for mortgages. Banks use derivatives to partially hedge on-balance-sheet exposures. Residual exposures imply that changes in interest rates have redistributive effects within the banking sector.Received October 31, 2017; editorial decision August 30, 2018 by Editor Philip Strahan. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
ANALYSIS OF THE RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY CONTROL LEVEL VERSUS THE EXPOSURE OF RADIATION WORKERS IN SOUTH KOREA FROM 2008–17
Authors: Kim Sang-Tae , Yoo Jaeryong 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In this study, the radiation exposure of workers at workplaces registered and licensed between 2008 and 2017 for the production/sale/use of radioactive isotopes (RI) and radioactive generators (RG) was analysed to evaluate the quality of radiation safety management controls in use. The number of facilities using RIs increased by ~26% from 2008 to 2017 whereas the number of facilities using RGs increased by ~166% over the same period. There were 33 029 radiation workers in all fields in 2008, and the number increased by ~32% to 43 467 by 2017. However, the collective effective dose of radiation received by workers decreased in all industries except for those working in nuclear power plants. In other words, the quality of radiation safety management improved over that same time period due to the systematic, continuous introduction of safety mechanisms by the regulatory authority.
From ‘Vilest Beverage’ to ‘Universal Medicine’: Drinking Water in Printed Regimens and Health Guides, 1450–1750
Authors: Gentilcore David 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Historians tend to assume that in pre-modern Europe people avoided the water, as too unsafe, risky and generally unhealthy to drink. This assumption is clearly flawed: early modern Europeans knew, through experience, which waters were ‘best’ and to take certain precautions when it came to the consumption of water. Town councils enacted legislation to ensure water quality as well as more pro-active measures to keep water sources clean. Extensive and expensive water works in many larger towns and the presence of water-carriers suggests a demand for drinking water. And yet the history of both water control measures and drinking practices before the onslaught of Asian cholera and the bacteriological revolution in the nineteenth century have yet to be written.
As a contribution towards filling this gap, this study seeks to understand the radically changing nature of medical advice on water consumption between 1450 and 1750, and what it can tell us about the place of water in early modern society. To do this, we consider printed dietary regimens and guides to good health and long life, a successful, varied and changing genre. They offer privileged access to the circulation of knowledge regarding water, in the context of the everyday regulation of food and drink in the maintenance of health. We explain why water went from being considered ‘the vilest of beverages’ in the mid-fifteenth century, the consumption of which, though necessary, had to be carefully regulated, to a ‘universal medicine’ three hundred years later, able to prevent and cure disease. In the process, wine gave way to water as the preferred healthy drink—at least, for medical authors. We relate the medical advice to the different local conditions (such as river water quality), practices (use of cisterns, boiling or filtering) and fashions (cold-drinking) discussed in the medical literature. If water’s very banality means that it is often invisible in the written evidence, the regimens provide ample evidence of the importance of drinking water and of changing attitudes and practices over the course of the early modern period.
Pigmented Lesions of the Nail Unit
Authors: Nevares-Pomales Oscar W. , Sarriera-Lazaro Carlos J. , Barrera-Llaurador Julian , Santiago-Vazquez Marely , Lugo-Fagundo Nahyr , Sanchez Julio E. , Sanchez Jorge L. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract:Pigmented lesions of the nail unit are commonly encountered in the clinical setting. Yet, they often present a unique challenge to clinicians because of a broad differential diagnosis or unfamiliarity with clinical and histopathologic features. A wide variety of causes exist ranging from benign lesions such as subungual hemorrhage to malignant lesions such as subungual melanoma. Identifying the underlying cause is key to appropriate management and follow-up in these patients. Although emerging clinical tools such as dermoscopy can be very useful in evaluation of these lesions, histopathologic analysis remains the gold standard. In this review, we discuss and provide a summary of important clinical and histopathological concepts of pigmented lesions of the nail unit with special focus on longitudinal melanonychia, melanotic macule, melanocytic nevus, subungual melanoma, along with discussion of some nonmelanocytic lesions.
NEUROPATHY, ATAXIA, AND RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA SYNDROME: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Juaristi Leire , Irigoyen Cristina , Quiroga Jorge 
Published: October 2018

Purpose:
To report a case of neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa syndrome, a rare and undiagnosed disease in ophthalmology due to the need for multidisciplinary evaluation.

Methods:
Multimodal testing was performed, including neurologic, ophthalmologic, and genetic assessments. The neurologic tests comprised electromyogram and muscle biopsy; the ophthalmologic examination consisted of slit-lamp and fundus examinations, optical coherence tomography, visual field testing, and electrophysiology tests such as a full-field electroretinogram and multifocal electroretinogram; and genetic tests were performed for spinocerebellar ataxia. In addition, the patient underwent magnetic resonance imaging, an electrocardiogram, cerebrospinal fluid analysis with lactate levels, and a blood workup including antineuronal, antithyroid peroxidase, antinuclear, antimitochondrial, and antitransglutaminase antibodies and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).

Results:
The ocular fundus examination showed bone spicules with retinal pigment epithelium alteration, optic nerve pallor, and arterial attenuation. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated macular atrophy. Visual field testing revealed concentric reduction. Electrophysiology examinations showed involvement of rods and cones in both eyes. The muscle biopsy was compatible with mitochondrial disease, and electromyogram demonstrated sensory axonal damage. However, genetic tests for spinocerebellar ataxia were negative. Magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebellar atrophy, whereas the electrocardiogram did not detect any abnormalities. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels were above normal but antibody levels in blood were normal.

Conclusion:
This is the first report of macular atrophy demonstrated by optical coherence tomography in a patient with neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa syndrome. For the diagnosis, a multidisciplinary team including a neurologist, a geneticist, and an ophthalmologist was essential. Patients with suspected mitochondrial disease could greatly benefit from an ophthalmology examination like that conducted in this case because it was the key factor that led to the suspicion of syndromic disease, and ultimately the diagnosis.
Capnocytophaga Keratitis: Clinical Presentation and Use of Metagenomic Deep Sequencing for Diagnosis
Authors: Seitzman Gerami D. , Thulasi Praneetha , Hinterwirth Armin , Chen Cindi , Shantha Jessica , Doan Thuy 
Published: October 2018

Purpose:
To report our experience with 2 cases of Capnocytophaga keratitis.

Methods:
This is a retrospective study of case reports. We present the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment strategies of 2 patients who presented with Capnocytophaga keratitis.

Results:
Both patients had risk factors including systemic immune compromise and ocular trauma. Both patients had robust inflammatory keratitis with necrosis. Case 1 demonstrates identification of Capnocytophaga with traditional microbiologic techniques. Case 2 demonstrates the use of unbiased metagenomic deep sequencing for identification of this unusual corneal pathogen.

Conclusions:

Capnocytophaga is a rare and aggressive infection. Even when traditional culture identifies the pathogen rapidly, keratitis can progress to perforation. In cases of severe keratitis in which traditional culture methods are unrevealing, metagenomic deep sequencing has potential to provide actionable diagnoses.
Use of a Purpose-Built Impression Cytology Device for Gene Expression Quantification at the Ocular Surface Using Quantitative PCR and Droplet Digital PCR
Authors: Ganesalingam Kalaivarny , Ismail Salim , Craig Jennifer P. , Sherwin Trevor 
Published: October 2018

Purpose:
To describe an impression cytology (IC) technique using a purpose-built, sterile, EYEPRIM IC device that can be coupled with a TRIzol reagent–based RNA extraction protocol to yield sufficient RNA for gene expression analysis.

Methods:
IC samples using the EYEPRIM device were collected from the bulbar conjunctiva, with and without topical anesthesia, and evaluated for RNA yield, the absence of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors, and the ability to detect biomarkers by quantitative real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR. A technique for collecting IC samples in the clinic, while preserving RNA, and a protocol for subsequent laboratory analysis of RNA were developed.

Results:
The extracted RNA was free of PCR inhibitors and could be synthesized into complementary DNA and used for successful relative quantification of ocular surface biomarkers by quantitative real-time PCR. For gene targets present in low abundance, complementary DNA could also be used for quantification by the relatively new and emerging method of droplet digital PCR. The described method was successfully used to evaluate 3 biomarkers in a clinical trial assessing the tolerability of a proprietary eyelid therapy in 92 IC samples from a study population of 46 participants.

Conclusions:
IC is a recognized technique for ocular surface cell evaluation and protein biomarker quantification but is infrequently used for quantifying gene expression. The EYEPRIM device allows ease of use and impression-to-impression consistency while accurate gene expression data offers a highly specific and sensitive method of disease characterization for clinician scientists to use in diagnosis.
No Association Between Ljungan Virus Seropositivity and the Beta-cell Damaging Process in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study Cohort
Authors: Jääskeläinen Anne J. , Nurminen Noora , Kolehmainen Pekka , Smura Teemu , Tauriainen Sisko , Toppari Jorma , Ilonen Jorma , Veijola Riitta , Knip Mikael , Hyöty Heikki , Vapalahti Olli , Kallio-Kokko Hannimari 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Ljungan virus (LV) has not confirmed to associate with any human disease, but a possible connection with type 1 diabetes has been suggested. LV is a rodent-borne picornavirus that induces a diabetes-like condition in rodents. Approximately 30% of adults and 60% of children are seropositive in Finland. The Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention study enabled the use of very well characterized sample panels from children seroconverted to positivity for multiple islet autoantibodies during their prospective observation from birth; in addition, samples from age, sex, human leukocyte antigen (HLA), and residence area matched control children.

Methods:
We analyzed LV IgG seroprevalence in 102 case children (65 had also developed type 1 diabetes), in addition to nondiabetic control children. LV and human parechovirus (HPeV) immunofluorescence assays were used to analyze LV and HPeV-specific IgG from 102 plasma samples taken at the time of islet autoantibody appearance and from 204 samples from the matched control children.

Results:
Altogether 46.1% of the case and 50.7% of the control children were positive for LV IgG (odds ratio 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.47–1.36; P = 0.416) and 67.6% versus 79.8% were positive for HPeV IgG, respectively (odds ratio 0.49, 0.27–0.9, P = 0.023).

Conclusions:
Thus, no risk associations between LV or HPeV-specific IgG and islet autoimmunity were observed. However, a trend for significantly higher prevalence of HPeV antibodies in control children (P = 0.023) suggests a possible protective association of this virus with islet autoimmunity.