bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual‐based models of community assembly: Neighbourhood competition drives phylogenetic community structure
Authors: Tatsumi Shinichi , Cadotte Marc W. , Mori Akira S. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

It is now commonplace for community ecologists to infer assembly processes from the evolutionary relatedness of co‐occurring species. Such inferences, however, have typically depended on assembly theories that assume competitive equilibrium and that are species based. In reality, all natural communities are dynamic, particularly during the course of succession, and the ecological interactions which drive phylogenetic community structure actually occur among neighbouring individuals rather than species.

To bridge this gap between theory and reality, we examine how colonisation, competition, and consequent replacement of individuals translate into phylogenetic community structure by using an individual‐based model. The model we use assumes a trade‐off between competition and colonisation abilities and that the points where species fall on the trade‐off curve are phylogenetically conserved.

We find that the phylogenetic alpha diversity of a given community will be equal to or greater than the null expectation generated by randomly drawing individuals from communities at the same time step (i.e. phylogenetic overdispersion). This pattern results from the combination of interspecific differences in colonisation ability and neighbourhood competition that lead to individuals being regularly distributed in two‐dimensional space.

We also show that phylogenetic beta diversity increases with increasing temporal differences between two communities. However, when this positive relationship is analysed only among the communities at close time steps, it becomes insignificant as they approach competitive equilibrium. We find similar patterns for functional alpha and beta diversity when phylogeny is replaced with functional traits.

Synthesis. Though questions concerning community assembly have often been spatially framed, our model shows that the span of the time frame can also affect, or even reverse, inferences about assembly processes. Our model also implies that a shift in the frame of reference from species to individuals brings a new perspective to community assembly. Careful consideration of non‐equilibrium and individual‐level aspects provides better insights into the consequences of the evolutionary and functional similarities of individuals on community assembly.
Tree crown overlap improves predictions of the functional neighbourhood effects on tree survival and growth
Authors: Zambrano Jenny , Fagan William F. , Worthy Samantha J. , Thompson Jill , Uriarte Maria , Zimmerman Jess K. , Umaña Maria N. , Swenson Nathan G. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Investigations of forest community structure and dynamics have been facilitated by the use of neighbourhood models that examine the interactions between a focal tree and its neighbours using a fixed radius. However, different studies have chosen different radii without clear reasons, hampering the understanding of mechanisms structuring tree communities.

Using functional trait and tree demography data from the Luquillo subtropical forest in Puerto Rico, we compared fixed‐neighbourhood models with a canopy overlap model, in which tree crown overlap is used as an indicator of neighbourhood crowding. Analyses that combine functional trait and demographic data provide a mechanistic understanding of observed patterns of community structure and dynamics as they provide insights into the linkages between phenotypes and the environment.

Overall, canopy overlap models had better support when compared to neighbourhood models using a fixed radius, suggesting that the fixed radius approach does not capture the full extent of competitive interactions among trees. Moreover, the effects of functional neighbourhood on tree survival and growth differ depending on the type of approach used and lead to different conclusions with respect to the drivers of tree community dynamics.

Synthesis. In summary, our findings highlight the utility of neighbourhood models based on tree crown overlap, and suggest that applying this same approach to different plots and forests will facilitate comparisons across systems and improve our understanding of the mechanisms that drive the structure and dynamics of tree communities.
Processes and challenges in clinical decision‐making for children with speech‐sound disorders
Authors: Furlong Lisa , Serry Tanya , Erickson Shane , Morris Meg E. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundChildren with speech‐sound disorders (SSD) constitute a significant proportion of speech–language pathologists’ (SLPs) caseloads. Previous research has investigated the clinical practice of SLPs intervening with children with SSD; however, little is known about the clinical decision‐making underpinning their practice.AimsThe clinical decision‐making of SLPs working with children with SSD was explored to understand how their clinical decisions were influenced by: (1) beliefs about what works in therapy; (2) prior clinical experience; and (3) client and service‐related variables.Methods & ProceduresSemi‐structured, individual, in‐depth interviews were conducted with 11 SLPs. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify and explore key ideas and themes.Outcomes & ResultsFour themes emerged: (1) clinical decision‐making procedures were highly individualized; (2) parental involvement was viewed as central to the success and progression of therapy; (3) therapy procedures were influenced by practice‐setting constraints; and (4) engaging in evidence‐based practice within clinical settings was perceived as challenging.Conclusions & ImplicationsIn clinical settings, a range of factors influence decision‐making and therapy provided by SLPs to children with SSD. These SLPs had a high regard for clients’ values and preferences. Prior clinical experiences also shaped clinical practice. Clinical decision‐making was influenced by practice‐setting constraints. SLPs are under pressure in their workplaces and are struggling to manage the competing demands on their time. Large clinical caseloads, heavy workloads, current service‐delivery models and changing family structures are all impacting on the provision of therapy to children with SSD and therapy outcomes. As a profession, there is a need to consider these barriers and identify ways to overcome them in order to assist SLPs to routinely adopt the highest standards of clinical practice for children with SSD.
Acoustics of Tone in Indian Punjabi
Authors: Evans Jonathan , Yeh Wen‐Chi , Kulkarni Rukmini 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study explores the effects of tone on fundamental frequency in Punjabi, one of few Indo‐European languages to have lexical tone. Previous studies present conflicting claims regarding the direction of pitch movement, the location in the word of the tone, and interactions between tone and prosodic structure. For the present study, Punjabi speakers of India were presented with a production task, based on a metrically balanced corpus. Results show that Punjabi tone tends to be most fully realized on stressed syllables, where it occurs as a significant fall in fundamental frequency. On non‐stressed syllables, tone can be realized as falling, high, or may not be realized. In some cases, syllable length plays a role in determining where in the word the pitch falls. There are implications for the diachronic trajectory of tonogenesis, which was concomitant with the loss of murmured stops in Punjabi. First, the intrinsic pitch lowering of murmured voicing has led to a falling tone in prosodically prominent positions. Second, tonogenesis in Punjabi has resulted in a privative tone system, in which syllables are either tonal or toneless, rather than a system in which there are multiple tone values, or in which most syllables are specified for tone.
Mechanising Historical Phonology
Authors: Sims‐Williams Patrick 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Neogrammarian approach to historical phonology involves propounding sound‐change laws and explaining exceptions by means such as sub‐laws, rearranging the relative chronology, and appeal to special factors such as analogy, borrowing, and sporadic phenomena like metathesis. Progress is mostly made manually, but in the second half of the twentieth century some linguists looked forward to the ‘triumph of the electronic Neogrammarian’. Although this has not been realized yet, there are opportunities to make important advances. This paper offers a critical survey of the field since the 1950s and suggestions for the future.
Survival and success of family‐owned small businesses after hurricane Katrina: Impact of disaster assistance and adaptive capacity
Authors: Haynes George W. , Danes Sharon M. , Schrank Holly L. , Lee Yoon 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe study's purpose is to examine the relative importance of direct disaster assistance to family‐owned small firms on their survival and success while considering the components of their adaptive capacity after experiencing Hurricane Katrina. This study employed data from the 2013 and 2015 Small Business Survival and Demise after a Natural Disaster Project (SBSD), a project funded by the National Science Foundation. The logistic regression results show that family businesses with SBA loans (or loan guarantees) were significantly more likely to survive. In addition, family businesses where household and family issues were more frequently in conflict with work demands were more likely to survive. On the other hand, the OLS regression results indicate that family businesses with more stress and more family–business conflict were less likely to succeed.
Predictors of sling revision after mid‐urethral sling procedures: a case–control study
Authors: Clancy AA , Gauthier I , Ramirez FD , Hickling D , Pascali D 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveTo identify patient characteristics and surgical factors predictive of complications requiring mid‐urethral sling (MUS) revision/removal.DesignCase–control study.SettingTertiary academic centre in Canada.PopulationOne hundred and seven women undergoing MUS revision/removal between 2005 and 2016 were matched with 214 controls by date of index MUS procedure (2:1 ratio).MethodsData on patient and surgical factors were obtained via manual electronic and paper chart review. Three sets of pre‐specified simple and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to: (1) examine previously reported risk factors for MUS revision after primary surgical treatment; (2) identify preoperative predictors of MUS complications requiring revision/removal; and (3) identify surgical factors associated with this outcome after adjusting for potential confounding factors.Main outcome measuresCrude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for patient and surgical factors.ResultsThe median time to MUS revision was 153 days (interquartile range, IQR 49–432 days). Active smoking status (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.13–4.63, P = 0.03), having had a previous hysterectomy (OR 3.88, 95% CI 2.02–7.46, P < 0.01), and undergoing concomitant pelvic organ prolapse surgery at the time of the index MUS procedure (OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.32–5.52, P < 0.01) were independently associated with the need for MUS revision/removal. Sling type (obturator versus retropubic), method of tensioning (to cough versus over instrument), anaesthetic type, and estimated blood loss were not associated with this outcome in the analysis presented here.ConclusionsActive smoking status, having had a previous hysterectomy, and undergoing concomitant surgery for pelvic organ prolapse are risk factors for requiring subsequent MUS revision/removal.Tweetable abstractRisk factors for sling revision include smoking, previous hysterectomy, and concomitant prolapse surgery.
Pricing Credit Risk for Mortgages: Credit Risk Spreads and Heterogeneity across Housing Markets
Authors: Dunsky Robert M. , Follain James R. , Giertz Seth H. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe develop a Monte Carlo procedure to project MSA‐level house‐price paths from 2013 to 2023. These price paths are applied to a fixed portfolio of synthetic mortgages in order to estimate credit risk spreads (CRS) for each MSA. Like the well‐known annual percentage rate (APR)–which converts an array of fees into an all‐encompassing annual measure of costs to borrowers–the CRS is a holistic measure that encompasses both expected losses from default plus the cost of capital (or unexpected credit losses) needed to cover losses in a stress scenario. We find variation in the CRS across MSAs, with the range spanning 37 basis points. This range spans 86 basis points for those carrying first‐loss positions, such as private mortgage insurers. We conclude that, in order to accurately price credit risk, it is necessary to monitor more than borrower characteristics, but also local economic conditions.
Should freestanding emergency departments be considered in Australia?
Authors: de Alwis Waruna 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe concept of freestanding EDs is a popular operational model of emergency care in the USA. This model has been described as an emergency physician‐created innovative solution in resolving ongoing overcrowding issues in EDs. A decentralised community‐based emergency care model may be a solution to meet the increasing demand for emergency and unscheduled acute care in Australia. It may also help to reduce the number of acute hospital admissions through EDs. The aim of freestanding EDs should be to manage and discharge a cohort of patients, mainly in Australasian Triage Scale 3 and 4 categories, currently seen in hospital‐based EDs. This article briefly examines the potential merits and issues if this concept is considered in Australia. It also provides an early proposed model for such EDs.
Shifting dynamics of Chinese settlement in Australia: an urban geographic perspective
Authors: Wang Siqin , Sigler Thomas , Liu Yan , Corcoran Jonathan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe so‐called Asian Century has brought with it sweeping changes in the profile of migration to Australia. This paper focuses on examining post‐2000 migration from Mainland China, which has rapidly ascended to now become Australia's top non‐Commonwealth country of origin. Significantly, the profile of post‐2000 Mainland China‐born (MC‐born) migrants has changed to mirror broader global shifts towards highly skilled, education‐related, and investment‐focused migration, all of which reflect the mobility of wealthy and/or educated cohorts. Little empirical work has focused on the degree to which this change in the profile of migration has led to the formation of novel settlement patterns. This paper aims to examine the socio‐economic characteristics of MC‐born migrants in Australian cities, to identify sub‐metropolitan areas of concentration, and to visualise spatial change in settlement patterns over time. The data indicate that although Sydney is still home to half of MC‐born migrants at a national scale, the number of migrants has increased at a more rapid rate in medium‐sized capital cities such as Adelaide and Perth. Results reveal an increasingly decentralised and suburbanised concentration of MC‐born migrants at a metropolitan scale that is linked to areas of earlier Chinese settlement, or corresponding to access to educational resources and employment opportunities. The observed patterns support the segmented assimilation theory in that the spatial settlement patterns among MC‐born migrants assume variegated forms based on individuals' socio‐economic characteristics and metropolitan‐scale factors.
Making “space” for women and girls in sport: an agenda for Australian geography
Authors: Pavlidis Adele 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this article, I argue that there is need to rethink how sport is inherently spatial and political. I outline the importance of doing research on the spatiality of inequality in sport and consider the ways in which ideas about affective atmospheres and textures can support nuanced understandings of sport, particularly for girls and women. From change rooms to board rooms, sporting fields to dance halls, sport happens somewhere—it is inherently spatial. Australian geographers continue to make scholarly and practical impacts of social and cultural significance by focusing on spatiality, but the geography of sport has yet to be fully developed in that respect, notwithstanding influential work on sport in rural communities and surfing and sporting events. Despite such contributions, there is still considerable work to be done, particularly in the area of women's and girls' team sport. Sport is an arena where geographers can make broader and, importantly, bolder contributions, and a concern with spatiality gives geographers unique and critical insights into sport and its manifestation across scales from the global to the local.
Beyond the post‐political: is public participation in Australian cities at a turning point?
Authors: Legacy Crystal , Rogers Dallas , Cook Nicole , Ruming Kristian 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis special section builds on Planning the Post‐Political City—Part 1 to examine if and how planning is showing signs of a post‐democratic turn taking place in Australian cities. In Part 1, we presented a collection of papers examining Australia as a post‐political landscape, exploring the new ways in which Australian publics are resisting dominant neoliberal practices and logics of growth and, in doing so, are intervening in decision‐making practices to assert new forms of power and participation. In Part 2, we show how participatory practices continue to evolve. We use this brief editorial to ask a foundational question: have those implicated in the governance and management of Australian cities embarked on a post‐democratic path? As they are presented with new exclusionary and managerial governance systems, the public's participation suggests at the very least that post‐political and post‐democratic conditions are neither immutable nor inevitable. However, more democratic forms of governance rely on a rich array of activist types and approaches requiring greater institutional support in order to challenge Australia's post‐political condition.
Complementary feeding: Attitudes, knowledge and practices of urban families in northern Thailand
Authors: Kittisakmontri Kulnipa , Fewtrell Mary , Roekworachai Koonkoaw , Phanpong Chotiros , Lanigan Julie 
Published: September 2018

AimUrban families in middle‐income countries are currently facing cultural and lifestyle transition. Changing from an agricultural to an industrial society may affect family roles and child‐care practices. The present study aims to reveal family attitudes, knowledge and practices focusing on complementary feeding (CF).MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted in three Child Health Clinics in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Self‐administered questionnaires were given to families caring for healthy infants and children less than 18 months of age during October to November 2016.ResultsOne‐hundred and eight respondents completed questionnaires. The study found different attitudes and knowledge gaps between the respondents who were mothers and other family members (‘others’). The ‘others’ were less likely to value CF as a crucial factor promoting child growth and development. Moreover, they had misperceptions about the benefits of animal‐based protein and were less confident in their ability to feed the child properly. Most families reported timely introduction of complementary food, using proper milk products and encouraging age‐appropriate feeding methods. However, there were undesirable practices including delaying introduction of animal‐based protein, inadequate food diversity, the use of seasoning, feeding premasticated food and offering food as a reward.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that nutritional education should be extended to all caregivers involved in CF to improve the adherence to feeding recommendations.
The Dissipative Potential of Gamma Irradiation in Residues of Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam in the Postharvest of Common Beans
Authors: Armelim José Maurício , Mendes Kassio Ferreira , Pimpinato Rodrigo Floriano , Tornisielo Valdemar Luiz 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGamma irradiation (60Co) in postharvest of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), has already proven beneficial, regarding the prolongation of shelf life and physical, chemical, and organoleptic aspects of grains. However, few prior studies have investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on the dissipation of pesticides in foods, especially insecticides in beans. This study aimed to evaluate the waste dissipation of two insecticides, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, used in the cultivation of common bean, a variety of Carioca, using gamma irradiation. Ground bean samples were spiked each insecticide in the laboratory at 3, 4, and 5 mg/kg, and were then irradiated at 0, 1, and 2 kGy per irradiator with a 60Co source. Liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify the insecticides. The irradiation promoted dissipation of thiamethoxam at 1 and 2 kGy doses, with the highest dissipation verified at 2 kGy. In general, at this higher dose of irradiation the reduction dissipation of thiamethoxam was 66% of the mean value found in the treatment without irradiation and ∼44% relative to the 1 kGy dose. Conversely, imidacloprid showed no effect of irradiation on waste dissipation, except in the treatment of 5 mg/kg at 2 kGy dose. From the results, it was concluded that the gamma irradiation might have applicability in dissipating thiamethoxam in real bean samples.Practical ApplicationPesticide residues remaining from bean cultivation, sensitive to optimal doses of gamma irradiation, can be transformed into other less harmful or nonharmful substances, increasing the quality of the beans before the food arrives at the consumer's table. Irradiation of the grains after harvest also eliminates the need for application of other pesticides to preserve the grains during storage, as the technique is capable of eradicating deteriorating agents, such as microorganisms and insects.
BASTA – Taxonomic classification of sequences and sequence bins using last common ancestor estimations
Authors: Kahlke Tim , Ralph Peter J. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Identification of the taxonomic origin of a DNA sequence is crucial for many sequencing projects, e.g. metagenomics studies, identification of contaminations in whole genome sequencing projects and filtering of organisms of interest in marker‐gene based community analyses.

Last common ancestor algorithms are powerful approaches to estimate the taxonomy of a given sequence and have been widely used for classification of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) reads, also known as 2nd generation sequencing reads.

Here, we present BASTA (https://github.com/timkahlke/BASTA), a basic sequence taxonomy annotator, which extends last common ancestor estimations from sequencing reads to any kind of nucleotide or amino acid sequence utilizing NCBI taxonomies of user‐defined best hits.

BASTA can be configured to use the output of many common sequence comparison tools, e.g. BLAST and Diamond, in conjunction with either provided or user‐defined target sequence databases.