bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging genetics in depression
Authors: Rabl Ulrich , Pezawas Lukas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In recent years, the demand for more efficient psychiatric diagnostics and treatments has stimulated an unprecedented effort in clinical, genetic, and imaging research with the goal to realize the promise of precision medicine and develop new therapeutic approaches. Major depressive disorder (MDD), which is highly prevalent and ranks among the top causes of disability worldwide, has been one of the central subjects in this story. Since the turn of the millennium, researchers began to amalgamate methods from psychiatric genetics and clinical neuroimaging to uncover the effects of genetic variation at the level of brain function, structure or connectivity. This line of research, imaging genetics, matured to a distinct research field that became a major force in the quest for understanding the neurobiology underlying MDD and the implications of the serotonergic system. This chapter provides an overview of the development and impact of imaging genetics research with a focus on MDD and the serotonergic system and discusses the barriers and solutions on the way to clinical implementation.
Resilience
Authors: Alexander Rebecca , Gatt Justine Megan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Resilience refers to the process of adaptive recovery following adversity or trauma. It is likely to include an intertwined series of dynamic interactions between neural, developmental, environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors over time. Neuroscientific research suggests the potential role of the brain’s threat and reward systems, as well as executive control networks. Developmental research provides insight into how the environment may affect these neural systems across the lifespan towards greater risk or resilience to stress. Genetic work has revealed numerous targets that alter key neurochemical systems in the brain to influence mental health. Current challenges include ambiguities in the definition and measurement of resilience and a simplified focus on resilience as the absence of psychopathology, irrespective of levels of positive mental functioning. Greater emphasis on understanding the protective aspects of resilience and related well-being outcomes are important to delineate the unique neurobiological factors that underpin this process, so that effective interventions can be developed to assist vulnerable populations and resilience promotion.
Researching Police Community Support Officers in England and Wales
Authors: O'Neill Megan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the research project on which this book is based and the theoretical framework used in the analysis. As this was an observational study of Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs), it is important to have a detailed understanding of the immediate context in which the work was conducted, which this chapter explains. Observational studies of the police are not new, with some of the most influential policing research to date coming from ethnographies like this one. This is, however, the first ethnography of PCSOs. The chapter begins with an overview of the methods which were employed in the study. Next, the six neighbourhood policing teams which were observed will be described in detail to provide the context to the research. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of Erving Goffman’s ‘dramaturgy’, which provided a key theoretical framework for this analysis.
Assessing Progress
Authors: Caplan Richard 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how international peacebuilding actors assess progress towards peace consolidation. Assessments are conducted both informally through the periodic reporting of heads of missions and briefings to organizations’ member states and government ministers, and more formally through benchmarking, conflict analysis, and early warning indicators, among other practices. The chapter highlights innovative approaches to strategic assessment that have yielded insights into the robustness of peace. The chapter also examines some of the many indices and indicators of peace, stability, resilience, and the like that are produced periodically by think tanks and research institutes, including the Global Peace Index, the Peace and Conflict Instability Ledger, the Failed (now Fragile) States Index, and the Everyday Peace Indicators. For the most part, these indices conceal more than they reveal about the quality of post-conflict peace but there are notable exceptions.
Chinese Loans and African Structural Transformation
Authors: Brautigam Deborah 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores Chinese loan finance in Africa and its relevance for Africa’s economic modernization and structural transformation between 1960 and 2016. Drawing on an original database of Chinese loan finance China–Africa Research Initiative at Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS-CARI), the chapter begins by outlining the changing actors involved in lending from China and the different kinds of loan instrument. It then examines the sectors in which Chinese lending clusters, shedding light on the degree to which African borrowers use these loans directly or indirectly to support structural transformation projects in industrialization and agro-finance, and related infrastructure. The chapter pays special attention to the modalities of structuring loan finance and providing guarantees of repayment in risky environments when many countries have only recently emerged from a long debt crisis. Finally, it considers concern over rising debt levels in a number of African countries.
An Experiment in Coercive Consociation
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The making of the Anglo-Irish Agreement (AIA) of 1985 is examined in detail, and interpretations of its significance are assessed. Was the AIA simply a form of inter-governmentalism, or was it tacitly or unintentionally a project to incentivize unionists to favor power-sharing? That is, is it best interpreted as a coercive way of promoting consociation? The impact of the 1985 AIA is assessed across parties, movements, and paramilitaries, and in particular its impact on the administration of justice, and on social justice within Northern Ireland, is discussed. Its foundational role in making the Good Friday Agreement possible is also highlighted.
The Making, Meaning(s), and Tasks of the 1998 Agreement
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of the contents and significance of the Belfast or Good Friday Agreement of 1998, and of its consociational and non-consociational components. It conforms to all aspects of a consociational settlement—namely, parity, proportionality, autonomy, and veto rights among the partners—but it is not just a consociation. The agreement encompasses a peace agreement, a substantive program to complete the reform of Northern Ireland, cross-border cooperation across Ireland, and intergovernmental cooperation between Ireland, Northern Ireland, and all the British Isles. It can be seen as creating a “federacy” in Irish eyes; in unionist eyes every component of the agreement can be modified by normal UK legislation. An assessment of why the agreement was made is offered, as well as a preliminary evaluation of its early difficulties in implementation.
Rules and Rule Breaking in Teacher Training Colleges
Authors: Bischof Christopher 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter three, ‘Rules and Rule Breaking in Teacher Training Colleges’, taps into the rich and virtually unused archives of seven training colleges in England and Scotland to show how tremendously liberating these institutions could be in practice despite their oppressive rules and infinitesimally detailed timetables. For instance, teachers-in-training reacted to bans on romantic relationships by creating a cult of the romantic. They celebrated courtship and more casual flirtation in poems, paintings, and short stories of their real-world exploits, all of which they circulated widely in ‘friendship albums’ and college ‘literary magazines’. This defiance became the basis of lifelong friendships—and a professional culture that pushed back against the imposition of policies.
The Over-Pressure Controversy and Everyday Expertise
Authors: Bischof Christopher 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter eight, ‘The Over-Pressure Controversy and Everyday Expertise’, examines the public debate in the wake of a sensational 1884 report claiming that the annual examination of children in elementary schools was driving them to do school work in their sleep, stunting their development, and leading dozens of them to commit suicide each year. In testimonies to government inquiries and articles in the press, teachers demonstrated how intimately they knew about children’s home situations and their health—and how much the doctors and educational policymakers who were trying to co-opt the debate over what to do about ‘over-pressure’ depended on that knowledge. Their testimony also revealed how desperately poor and working-class children needed more protection and help from the state. This was an important moment in the democratization of expertise and the making of the welfare state.
Regime Shocks in India, Mexico, and Eritrea
Authors: Gamlen Alan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 provides new information about specific case studies of three well-known diaspora engagement efforts: the Institute for Mexicans Abroad, the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, and the Department of Eritreans Abroad. Emphasizing the strengths of a mixed-methods approach, the chapter quotes and comments on extensive passages from in-depth elite interviews with senior policy makers in these countries. The chapter fleshes out the dynamics of regime shock and diaspora institution formation introduced previously. In all three cases, diaspora institutions have, in various ways, responded to major territorial reconfigurations and involved elements of human geopolitical claims over population rather than territory.
Labour Export from the Asian Body Shops
Authors: Gamlen Alan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 covers the emergence of diaspora institutions in countries across South and Central Asia and elsewhere from the 1970s. In these regions, the trend has been less about exile in-gathering and more about avoiding regime shocks through ‘safety-valve’ emigration and labour export, to support the consolidation of authoritarianism. Unemployment may fuel social and political unrest and destabilize governments. Using emigration as an economic and socio-political safety valve has allowed governments to keep disgruntled unemployed workers, dissenting labour unions, and other organizations representing them, from contesting or destabilizing the regime. This strategy has typified the labour export policies of a number of developing states across Asia since the 1970s.
Scratches across the Heart
Authors: O’Leary Brendan 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
RRThis chapter clarifies the concept of partition, and then evaluates the partition of Ireland, comparing it with the colonial partitions of Palestine and British India, as well as other cases. Types of partition are carefully distinguished, and explanations for their emergence are evaluated, as well as the justifications that usually accompany them. The actual partition of Ireland is appraised against potentially fairer partitions. The failure of the Irish Boundary Commission provided for in the Treaty of 1921 ratified by the Westminster and Dublin parliaments is explained. An assessment is made of the degree to which fraud and deceit occurred in the making of the treaty that specified how partition might be modified.
The Proper Treatment of Identity in Dialetheic Metaphysics
Authors: Jones Nicholas K 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
According to one prominent strand of mainstream logic and metaphysics, identity is indistinguishability. Priest has recently argued that this permits counterexamples to the transitivity and substitutivity of identity within dialetheic metaphysics, even in paradigmatically extensional contexts. This paper investigates two alternative regimentations of indistinguishability. Although classically equivalent to the standard regimentation, on which Priest focuses, these alternatives are strictly stronger than it in dialetheic settings. Both regimentations are transitive, and one satisfies substitutivity. It is argued that both regimentations provide better candidates to occupy the core theoretical role of numerical identity than does the standard regimentation.
Milieu Simulation for BSN Students in a Psychiatric Course
Authors: Kemery S. , Newsom Brittany 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Students entering the inpatient psychiatric clinical rotation are faced with a new practice environment that may cause varying levels of anticipatory anxiety. A simulation was developed to provide the opportunity to rotate through four different patient types and experience an introduction to the inpatient psychiatric milieu. This simulation is a novel method to prepare students for inpatient psychiatric clinical experiences and is easily adaptable to fit the needs of a variety of programs. Feedback from clinical faculty and students has been overwhelmingly positive.
Short Versus Long Cephalomedullary Nails for Pertrochanteric Hip Fractures: A Randomized Prospective Study
Authors: Shannon Steven F. , Yuan Brandon J. , Cross William W. , Barlow Jonathan D. , Torchia Michael E. , Holte Pamela K. , Sems Stephen A. 
Published: June 2019

Objective:
To compare functional and clinical outcomes in patients with pertrochanteric hip fractures treated with either a short (SN) or long (LN) cephalomedullary nail.

Design:
Prospective, randomized.

Setting:
Clinical investigation was performed at the Mayo Clinic's Level 1 Trauma Center in Rochester, MN.

Patients/Participants:
Two hundred twenty patients with intertrochanteric fractures were prospectively randomized to an SN or LN cohort. A total of 168 patients (SN, n = 80; LN, n = 88) had a mean follow-up of 13.9 months. Fifty-two patients did not meet the minimum 3-month follow-up. Demographics were comparable between the cohorts.

Main Outcome Measures:
The primary outcome measurement was functional outcome evaluated by Short Form (SF-36) and Harris Hip scores (HHS) at 3 months. Secondary outcomes included implant failure, peri-implant fracture, mortality, operative time, estimated blood loss, and reoperation.

Results:
SN and LN cohorts were comparable in all aspects of the SF-36. There was a clinically insignificant difference in the HHS between cohorts. Patients treated in the SN cohort experienced shorter operative times but did not differ in tip-to-apex distance or subtrochanteric fracture extension. There was no difference in implant cutout, deep surgical site infection, or peri-implant fractures.

Conclusions:
Patients treated with SNs or LNs for pertrochanteric femur fractures experienced comparable functional outcomes as measured by SF-36 and HHS. When compared with the LN cohort, SN patients experienced no difference in peri-implant fracture or lag-screw cutout and tolerated up to 3 cm of subtrochanteric fracture line extension.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Competitive Bodybuilding: Fitness, Pathology, or Both?
Authors: Steele Ian H. , Pope Harrison G. , Kanayama Gen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe sport of competitive bodybuilding requires an intense regimen of weightlifting and dieting, often aided with muscle-building or fat-burning drugs, and culminating in an on-stage posing competition. Despite these rigorous demands, competitive bodybuilding is popular, with thousands of competitions performed annually around the world. Although many studies have addressed the psychological features of various sports and the athletes who compete in them, few have examined the psychological aspects of bodybuilding. Even fewer studies have specifically examined competitive bodybuilders, as opposed to the much larger group of “recreational” bodybuilders who do not compete. The limited available literature suggests that competitive bodybuilders may show an increased risk for four categories of psychopathology: muscle dysmorphia, eating disorders, abuse of appearance- and performance-enhancing drugs, and exercise dependence. However, in each of these categories, one must carefully distinguish between the planned and dedicated behaviors required for success in the sport, as opposed to frankly pathological behaviors that impair social or occupational function, cause subjective distress, or lead to adverse health consequences. Future work should attempt to better assess the nature and prevalence of these conditions among competitive bodybuilders, with perhaps greatest attention to the issue of drug use.
Distribution of Keratoconus Indices in Normal Children 6 to 12 Years of Age
Authors: Hashemi Hassan , Heydarian Samira , Khabazkhoob Mehdi , Emamian Mohammad Hassan , Yekta Abbasali , Fotouhi Akbar 
Published: June 2019

Objectives:
To determine the distribution of keratoconus indices in normal children 6 to 12 years of age.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted in children living in urban and rural areas of Shahroud, northeast Iran in 2015. After careful optometric examinations, the Pentacam was used for corneal imaging and measurement of keratoconus indices.

Results:
Of 5,620 students who participated in the study, the data of the right eye of 4,947 children were analyzed after applying the exclusion criteria. The mean age of all children was 9.23±1.71 years (range: 6–12 years). The mean and 95% confidence intervals (in the parentheses) of index of surface variance (ISV), index of vertical asymmetry, keratoconus index (KI), central keratoconus index (CKI), index of height asymmetry, index of height decentration (IHD), and average pachymetric progression index (PPIAve) was 17.770 (17.610–17.930), 0.137 (0.135–0.139), 1.022 (1.022–1.023), 1.010 (1.010–1.010), 3.299 (3.230–3.368), 0.007 (0.007–0.008), and 0.948 (0.943–0.952), respectively. The results of multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analysis showed that ISV, KI, CKI, IHD, and PPIAve were significantly higher in girls. Index of surface variance and CKI were higher in urban students, and PPIAve was higher in rural students. Except for PPIAve, which was increased with increasing age, the mean values of other keratoconus indices were significantly lower in 12-year-old students compared with 6-year-old ones.

Conclusion:
The results provide valuable information about normal distribution of keratoconus indices in children aged 6 to 12 years. These findings can be used in future research and detection of abnormal cases in the clinical setting.
“It makes such a difference”: An examination of how LGBTQ youth talk about personal gender pronouns
Authors: Brown Camille , Frohard-Dourlent Hélène , Wood Brittany A. , Saewyc Elizabeth , Eisenberg Marla E. , Porta Carolyn M. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT

Background and purpose:
The World Health Organization has developed standards for youth-friendly health services to support adolescents and encourage health care utilization among youth. Necessary building blocks for youth-friendly care include strong interpersonal relationships between youth and health care providers. Nurse practitioners (NPs) may be particularly well positioned to form these relationships. This study explored a core aspect for building youth–provider relationships. The study examined how lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) adolescents discussed use of personal pronouns (e.g., he, she, they, ze) in relation to transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people.

Methods:
A secondary qualitative analysis of 66 in-depth interviews with LGBTQ youth from across Minnesota, Massachusetts, and British Columbia, Canada was conducted. Results were sorted into four main themes describing different aspects of personal pronoun use as related to TGD individuals.

Conclusions:
Stories and experiences shared by participants illustrate how to assess which pronouns to use for a given person, how to use pronouns in different contexts, why respecting pronouns is important to TGD people, and flexibility as an integral component of the learning process when it comes to appropriate pronoun use.

Implications for practice:
Understanding how youth discuss personal pronouns could improve practice with TGD youth. Each of the four themes can be applied to clinical encounters to ensure culturally sensitive care. Practice recommendations include asking adolescents what pronouns they prefer clinic staff to use on intake forms and having NPs and clinic staff provide their own pronouns to patients in introductions.
Genomic Profiling of Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus Patients Shows Possible Pathogenetic Disease Mechanisms
Authors: Haefner Hope K. , Welch Kathryn C. , Rolston Aimee M. , Koeppe Erika S. , Stoffel Elena M. , Kiel Mark J. , Berger Mitchell B. 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveVulvar lichen sclerosus (LS) is known to occur in families, suggesting a genetic link. Genomic profiling of patients with vulvar LS was investigated to find underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, with the hope that targeted therapies and future clinical research will arise.MethodsTwo unrelated families with vulvar LS were investigated using whole-exome sequencing. Five affected sisters from 1 family were compared with their unaffected paternal aunt (unaffected control). A mother-daughter pair from a second affected family was compared with the first family. The results of the sequencing were compared with population-specific allele frequency databases to prioritize potential variants contributing to vulvar LS development.ResultsRecurrent germ-line variants in 4 genes were identified as likely to be deleterious to proper protein function in all of the 7 affected patients, but not in the unaffected control. The genes with variants includedCD177(neutrophil activation),CD200(inhibitory signal to macrophages),ANKRD18A(ankyrin repeat protein, epigenetic regulation), andLATS2(co-repressor of androgen signaling).ConclusionsAlthough many providers may see a mother and daughter with vulvar LS, this condition is rarely seen in multiple family members who are available for genetic testing. This is the first report to detail genomic profiling related to a familial association of vulvar LS.