bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apotemnophilia - the Neurological Basis of a 'Psychological' Disorder
Authors: McGeoch Paul , Brang David , Song Tao , Lee Roland , Huang Mingxiong , Ramachandran Vilayanur 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe question of how the human brain combines disparate sensory inputs to construct a unified body image is of longstanding interest^1,2,3^ . We approached this subject by studying the unusual medical condition of apotemnophilia, in which otherwise mentally normal individuals express the strong and persistent desire for the amputation of a specific healthy limb^4,5,6^ . Here we show using functional brain imaging - magnetoencephalography (MEG) - that the condition is characterised by an absence of activity in the right superior parietal lobule (SPL) when the affected limb is touched. When this discovery is combined with our earlier finding of a simultaneous increase in skin conductance response (SCR) on touching the affected limb^7^ , which reflects increased sympathetic nervous system activity relating to the limb^8^ , we conclude that what has been regarded as a purely psychological condition, actually has a neurological basis and is caused by a failure to represent one or more limbs in the right SPL. This has the bizarre consequence that although sufferers can feel the affected limb being touched, it does not actually integrate into their body image - a mismatch that results in a desire for the affected limb to be amputated.
Glutathione (GSH) conjugates with dopamine (DA)-derived quinones to form reactive or non-reactive GSH-conjugates
Authors: Zhou Zhidong , Lim Tit Meng 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this study we demonstrate for the first time that GSH could rapidly conjugate with dopamine (DA)-derived DA-o-quinones without enzymatic catalysis to form short-lived intermediate GSH-conjugates (2-S-GSH-DA-o-quinone and 5-S-GSH-DA-o-quinone). These intermediate GSH-conjugates are unstable and would finally form reactive or non-reactive GSH-conjugates dependent on ambient reductive forces. Under insufficient reductive forces, the intermediate GSH-conjugates could cyclize spontaneously to form reactive 7-S-GSH-aminochrome (7-S-GSH-AM). The 7-S-GSH-AM is so reactive that it could further react with another GSH to form 4,7-bi-GSH-5,6-dihydroindole. Its reactivity could also abrogate tyrosinase activity in solutions. In addition, the 7-S-GSH-AM could further undergo internal rearrangement to form non-reactive 7-S-GSH-5,6-dihydroindole. From these novel findings, we propose two detrimental positive feedback loops involving accelerated DA oxidation, increased GSH consumption and impaired GSH detoxification efficiency, as the underlying chemical explanation for dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson&apos;s disease.
The anti-angiogenic herbal composition Ob-X inhibits adipose tissue growth in obese mice
Authors: Kim Min-Young , Hahm Jong Cheon , Park Byung-Young , Lee Hee Suk , Park Eun kyu , Yoon Michung , Lee Jinmi , Hong Yeonhee , Choi Seolwha , Lee Hyunghee 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Objective:
The growth and development of adipose tissue are thought to be associated with angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling. Since the composition of the herbal extract called Ob-X has been shown to have both anti-angiogenic and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-inhibiting activities, we hypothesized that growth of adipose tissue can be regulated by Ob-X.

Materials and Methods:
The effects of Ob-X on angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling were measured using in vitro and ex vivo assays. The effects of Ob-X on adipose tissue growth were investigated with nutritionally obese mice.

Results:
Ob-X inhibited angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner in the human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation assay in vitro and the rat aortic ring assay ex vivo. Ob-X also suppressed MMP activity in vitro. Administration of Ob-X to high fat diet-induced obese mice produced significant reductions in body weight gain and adipose tissue mass, compared to controls. The mass of both subcutaneous (SC) and visceral (VSC) fat was reduced in Ob-X-treated mice. The size of adipocytes in SC and VSC adipose tissues was also significantly reduced in Ob-X-treated mice. Ob-X treatment decreased the blood vessel density and MMP activity in VSC adipose tissues of nutritionally obese mice. Ob-X reduced mRNA levels of angiogenic factors (VEGF-A and FGF-2) and MMPs (MMP-2 and MMP-9), whereas it increased mRNA levels of angiogenesis inhibitors (TSP-1 and TIMP-2) in SC and VSC adipose tissues of nutritionally obese mice. Conclusion: Ob-X, which has anti-angiogenic and MMP-inhibitory activities, reduces adipose tissue mass in nutritionally induced obese mice, providing evidence that adipose tissue growth and development may be prevented by inhibiting angiogenesis. In addition, these data suggest that regulation of adipose tissue growth by inhibiting angiogenesis may alter the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis and the MMP system.
Brain, language, and handedness: a family affair
Authors: Mazoyer Bernard , Simon Gregory , Crivello Fabrice , Zago Laure , Petit Laurent , Mellet Emmanuel , Tzourio-Mazoyer Nathalie 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe left planum temporale is a marker of left hemisphere language specialization. We investigated the effect of individual handedness and familial sinistrality on left planum temporale surface area and found the size is reduced in proportion with the number of left-handed immediate family members and is lowest when one's mother is left-handed. This reduction is independent of an individual's handedness or sex and has no counterpart in the right hemisphere.
Changes in Fitness, physical activity, fatness, and screen time: A longitudinal study in children and adolescents
Authors: Aires Luisa , Andersen Lars Bo , Mendonça Denisa , Martins Clarice , Silva Gustavo , Santos Maria Paula , Ribeiro Jose , Mota Jorge 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
*Objective:*
To analyze whether changes in Physical Activity Index (PAI), sedentary time (ST; TV and PC use), and Body Mass Index (BMI) made a significant contribution to longitudinal changes in Physical Fitness (PF) of children and adolescents. Additionally, we analyzed interaction between baseline fitness level and changes in fitness. *Methods:* This is a three years longitudinal study of 345 high school students aged 11-19 years. Students were invited to perform tests from Fitnessgram battery for strength (curl-ups, push-up), and Cardiorespiratory fitness (20m-shuttle run). PAI and ST were evaluated using a standard questionnaire. Standardized scores of physical fitness tests were summed (ZPF). Changes over time, were calculated Δ1 (TP1 minus TP0), Δ2 (TP2 minus TP1), and Δ~total~ (TP2 minus TP0).

*Results:*
Changes in PAI were positively and independently associated with changes in ZPF in Δ1, Δ2, and Δ~total~. No significant associations of ΔST and ΔZPF were found. ΔBMI was negative associated with ΔZPF in Δtotal. Participants with higher fitness levels at baseline were those who showed positive changes in PAI over Δ~total~, decreased screen time and had the lowest increase in BMI over three years compared with those who were low-fit at baseline.

Conclusions:
Changes in PAI were the best predictor for changes in Fitness in children and adolescents in each year and over the three years of evaluation. BMI changes were associated with longitudinal changes in PF.
Ghost hand: My hand is not mine
Authors: Nishiyama Yuta , Tatsumi Shinpei , Nomura Shusaku , Gunji Yukio 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSynchronous visuo-tactile stimulation of the type in the rubber hand illusion (RHI)^1-3^ and in out of body experience (OBE)^4,5^ can induce the brain to incorporate external objects or images into a part or whole of body image. Whether in the context of RHI or OBE, since the participant passively receives visuo-tactile stimulations, body image appears only with the sense of ownership (SoO), not with the sense of agency (the registration that we are the initiators of our actions; SoA)^6,7^. Insofar as self-consciousness as a body image is a unity acting in its environments, body image has to be investigated in the relationship between SoO and SoA^8,9^. It requires an experimental condition in which SoO and SoA can be independently separated in an active condition. However, no experimental condition that is opposite to RHI and OBE in which a subject can feel SoA but not SoO has been proposed to date^10^. Here, we show that a person loses SoO for his own hand that he can freely move by his own will when he sees himself in a lateral view through a head mounted display. It was previously thought that SoO can be represented by synchronous inter-modal stimulations^10^, and that SoO appears to be complemented by SoA11. Our findings show that SoO can be lost under a synchronous visuo-proprioceptive condition while SoA can be maintained. SoO and SoA are two aspects of body representation, and similar dissociations have been proposed in various contexts, such as body image and body schema^12,13^, and 'Acting I' and 'Mine'^14^. Our result suggests that the two-centric-self consisting of SoA and SoO can enhance dynamically robust self-consciousness.
Adoption of simultaneous different strategies against different opponents enhances cooperation
Authors: Wardil Lucas , da Silva Jafferson 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe emergence of cooperation has been widely studied in the context of game theory on structured populations. Usually the individuals adopt one strategy against all their neighbors. The structure can provide reproductive success for the cooperative strategy, at least for low values of defection tendency. Other mechanisms, such punishment, can also be responsible for cooperation emergence. But what happens if the players adopt simultaneously different strategies against each one of their opponents, not just a single one? Here we study this question in the prisoner dilemma scenario structured on a square lattice and on a ring. We show that if an update rule is defined in which the players replace the strategy that furnishes the smallest payoff, a punishment response mechanism against defectors without imputing cost to the punishers appears, cooperation dominates and, even if the tendency of defection is huge, cooperation still remains alive.
Preliminary results of a semi-empirical study on the structure and reactivity of the Paroxetine drug
Authors: Lubes Giuseppe 
Published: July 2019

AbstractParoxetine is a widely consumed drug with antidepressant and anxiolytic activity prescribed in the treatment of related disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic fits, social phobias and post-traumatic stress. Molecular modelling analyses show that both semi-empirical methods (PM3 and AM1) give us approximated the same values of heat of formation, Total energy, binding energy, nuclear energy, Dipole moment, HOMO and LUMO energies, etc. And the Paroxetine molecule has a large negative heat of formation indicating that it is a molecule thermodynamically stable.
Modularity maps reveal community structure in the resting human brain
Authors: Laurienti Paul , Hugenschmidt Christina , Hayasaka Satoru 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe brain is a complex network of interconnecting neurons that combines regional specificity with distributed processing. Recent advances in the field of network theory have facilitated ground-breaking analyses demonstrating that brain connectivity exhibits small-world properties similar to other self-organized networks such as the internet, the genome, or even social organizations. Brain connectivity supports local and global processing through high clustering and short connectivity paths, respectively. While these comprehensive network indices highlight the global organization of the network, the regional specificity is related to the interconnectivity of local neighborhoods within the global system. The work presented here evaluated the community structure of resting human brain networks to identify the local neighborhoods and map those interconnected areas back to the brain. The study identified predictable clustering in unisensory cortices. However, the unexpected community structure in the default-mode network (DMN) revealed three separate modules and included the lateral frontal cortices in addition to traditional DMN regions. These results are the first to map modularity across the entire brain without restricting analyses to predefined anatomical structures. Such analyses provide an unbiased view of network communities and promise to provide new insights into organization of the brain. Evaluation of modular brain structure across states, during demanding tasks, or in disease populations will reveal dynamic connectivity changes in whole-brain networks.
Human ovarian reserve from conception to the menopause
Authors: Wallace William , Kelsey Thomas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCurrent understanding is that the human ovary contains a fixed number of several million non-growing follicles (NGF), established by five months of gestational age, that declines with increasing age to the menopause when approximately 1,000 NGF remain at an average age of 50-51 years. With approximately 450 ovulatory monthly cycles in the normal human reproductive lifespan, this progressive decline in NGF numbers is attributed to follicle death by apoptosis. Individual histological studies have quantified NGF numbers over limited age ranges. However, no model describing the rate of establishment and decline of the NGF population from conception to menopause has been previously reported. Here we describe the best fitting model of the age-related NGF population in the human ovary from conception to menopause. Our model matches the log-adjusted NGF population to a five-parameter asymmetric double Gaussian cumulative (ADC) curve (r2 = 0.81). Furthermore we found that the rate of NGF recruitment into growing follicles for all women increases from birth until approximately age 14 years (coinciding with puberty) then decreases towards the menopause. The explanation for this new finding remains unclear but is likely to involve both paracrine and endocrine factors. We describe and analyse the best fitting model for the establishment and decline of human NGF; our model extends our current understanding of human ovarian reserve.
Intelligence-based medicine
Authors: Squara Pierre , Journois Didier 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDespite seven hundred thousand new medical references last year, the relationship between a given set of medical features and specific pathophysiology, treatment, and criteria of improvement is often weak. Moreover, the generalization of evidences obtained in specific settings may lead to under-treat or to over-treat a significant proportion of patients. We expose an application of the cybernetic loop, based on traditional medical steps: nosology, semeiology, pathophysiology, therapy and on the four transitions between these steps. This approach leads to formulate eight basic questions evaluating the steps in terms of reproducibility and the transitions in terms of predictivity. We detail two practical applications: 1) the evaluation of a medical decision (implantation of an internal cardioverter-defibrillator) and 2) the evaluation of a specific study (EPHESUS). Using this loop allows to determine clearly when evidence is lacking and/or to which extend an evidence really increases the medical knowledge or just creates a market.
Molecular evidence for the hadrosaur B. canadensis as an outgroup to a clade containing the dinosaur T. rex and birds
Authors: Huang Shi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMolecular analysis of collagen sequences from an 80 million year old hadrosaur B. canadensis and a 68 million year old dinosaur T. rex suggest strongly that B. canadensis is an outgroup to a clade containing T. rex and birds, fully consistent with the well-established phylogeny based on morphological analyses of fossils.
Discussion on preservation mechanism of Yersinia pestis by Citellus undulatus
Authors: Qian Cunning , Lin Jichun , Feng Yuming , Zhang Xiaoxue , Wang Cheng , Lei Gang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractStudies prove that plague in Citellus undulatus exists in the nature with the pattern of successive prevalence every year. Citellophilus tesquorum altaicus is not only the main transmission vector, but also the reservoir of C. undulatus plague. And the latter can spread Yersinia pestis. The fact challenges to the traditional theory of natural focus and carries out a theory breakthrough.
Spontaneous glomerular deposition of immunoglobulins for ACE (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme) induces spontaneous nephropathy in diabetogenic rats
Authors: Nishida Seikoh , Sasaki Tamaki , Hirokawa Yasushi , Matsuki Michihiro , Nohno Tsutomu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe first discovered autoantibodies to ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus^1^. The antibodies were positive for 64.5% of the patients with diabetes and were positive in 83.3% in the early stage of clinical diabetic nephropathy. In addition, in genetically diabetogenic OLETF (Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty) rats^2^, one of the characteristics of which strain is spontaneous nephropathy resembling those of human type 2 diabetes, and in control LETO rats^2^, immunization with rabbit lung ACE developed glomerulopathy similar to that seen in diabetics^3^. Also, in normal New Zealand white rabbits, immunization with the rabbit lung ACE induced glomerular changes similar to those seen in diabetic nephropathy^3^. In this study, renal tissues identical to those examined in research of diabetic nephropathy by PAS staining and electron microscope in preceding study^3^, were examined by immunostaining methods, only to prove that the diabetic glomerular changes may occur by immunization with ACE, not by non-specific responses to ACE, in non-diabetogenic rats and rabbits.
A novel superior factor widely controlling the rice grain quality
Authors: She Kao-Chih , Kusano Hiroaki , Koizumi Kazuyoshi , Yamakawa Hiromoto , Hakata Makoto , Imamura Tomohiro , Fukuda Masato , Naito Natsuka , Tsurumaki Yumi , Matsumoto Ken'ichiro , Kudoh Mari , Itoh Eiko , Kikuchi Shoshi , Kishimoto Naoki , Yazaki Junshi , Ando Tsuyu , Yano Masahiro , Aoyama Takashi , Sasaki Tadamasa , Satoh Hikaru , Shimada Hiroaki 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSynthesis of storage starch and protein accumulation is the main action of endosperm organogenesis in term of the economic importance of rice. This event is strongly disturbed by abiotic stresses such as high temperature; thus, the upcoming global warming will cause a crisis with a great impact on food production^1,2^. The enzymes for the protein storage and starch synthesis pathway should work in concert to carry out the organogenesis of rice endosperm^3-5^, but the regulatory mechanism is largely unknown. Here we show that a novel regulatory factor, named OsCEO1, acts as the conductor of endosperm organogenesis during the rice grain filling stage. The physiological properties of floury-endosperm-2 (flo2) mutants showed many similarities to symptoms of grains developed under high-temperature conditions, suggesting important roles of the responsible gene in sensitivity to high-temperature stress. Our map-based cloning identified the responsible gene for the flo2 mutant, OsCEO1, which has no homology to any genes of known function. The OsCEO1 belongs to a novel conserved gene family and encodes a protein composed of 1,720 amino acid residues containing a TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat) motif, which is considered to mediate a protein-protein interaction. The yeast two-hybrid analysis raised an unknown protein showing homology to a late embryogenesis abundant protein and a putative basic helix-loop-helix protein as candidates for the direct interactor for OsCEO1, whereas no enzyme genes for the synthesis of storage substances were detected. The flo2 mutant exhibited reduced expression of several genes for putative regulatory proteins as well as many enzymes involved in storage starch and proteins. These results suggest that OsCEO1 is a superior conductor of the novel regulatory cascade of endosperm organogenesis and may have important roles in the response to high-temperature stress.
Sensory Contact Model: Protocol, Control, Applications
Authors: Kudryavtseva N.N. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAmong the models that become more and more popular in behavioral neuroscience are biosocial models, which allow studying the consequences of chronic social conflicts and social stress in animals. The sensory contact model appears to represent one of such models. Repeated experience of aggression or social defeats in daily agonistic interactions in male mice of different strains leads to the formation of opposing kinds of social behavior: one attributable to winners (aggressors) and another attributable to losers (defeated males, victims of aggression). A large variety of behavioral pathologies which develop in male mice in these conditions (anxious depression, catalepsy, social withdrawal, pronounced aggression, anxiety, hyperactivity, cognitive disturbances, anhedonia etc.), which are accompanied by somatic changes (reduced gonad function, psychogenic immune deficiency etc), suggest that this approach could be used for different aims of biomedical studies. Putative mechanisms of release and maintenance of aggressive and submissive behaviors in male mice under the sensory contact model, criteria of correct application, basic experimental setups and problem of the control, methodical capabilities and potentials of the sensory contact model applications are discussed in this paper.
The importance of decadal-scale climate variability to wind-driven modulation of hypoxia in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Scully Malcolm 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMillions of dollars are spent annually to reduce nutrient loading to Chesapeake Bay, with a fundamental goal of reducing the extent and severity of low dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) during the summertime months^1^. Yet despite recent reductions in nutrient loading, large volumes of the Bay continue to be impacted by hypoxia and anoxia during the summer months^2-3^. One obstacle to assessing efforts to improve water quality in the Bay and other estuarine systems is a complete understanding of the physical processes that modulate dissolved oxygen and the long-term variability of these processes. Here I analyze a 58-year data set of estimated hypoxic volume in the Bay^2^ and demonstrate the importance that wind direction plays in controlling the extent and severity of summertime hypoxia. This analysis indicates that wind direction explains a greater percentage of the observed inter-annual variation in hypoxic volume than estimates of nutrient loading. The implication is that physical processes play a dominant role in modulating hypoxia and that much of the increased hypoxia observed since the early 1980s can be attributed to changes in wind forcing that are the result of decadal-scale climate variability. These findings emphasize the importance of understanding the physical processes that modulate dissolved oxygen in coastal and estuarine systems and highlight the potential impact that climate change may have on water quality in Chesapeake Bay and other estuarine systems.