bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intensity of synthetic and organic fertilizers use among Indian paddy growers: Determinants and implications for productivity and sustainability
Authors: Jha Girish Kumar , Velayudhan Praveen Koovalamkadu , Begho Toritseju , Eory Vera , Bhatia Arti 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIntroductionNitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is lower for South Asia than for most other regions of the world, and average crop NUE is on the decline in India. This inefficient use of nitrogen fertilizers has implications for agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability.Materials and MethodsUsing data from 14,669 farmers in India, this paper examined the determinants of synthetic fertilizer and manure adoption and intensity of use for rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. The latter was assessed through fertilizer expenditure rather than the traditional weight‐based method. A double hurdle model was estimated.ResultsThe study showed that farmers' decisions to adopt fertilizer or manure and the decision on use intensity were independent. Both synthetic fertilizers and manure adoption were influenced by common drivers such as access to financial resources through instruments like the Kisan Credit Card and loans, expenditure on irrigation and labour, and geographical location. In terms of barriers, the likelihood of adoption of both synthetic fertilizer and manure was lower among landowners and paddy area cultivated. The intensity of fertilizer and manure use was higher for older farmers and was positively influenced by expenditure on labour but negatively influenced by ownership of livestock. Also, synthetic fertilizers and manure use intensity were determined by regional temperature and geographical zones.ConclusionThe results of this study are useful for targeted interventions to promote sustainable fertilizer use with a focus on following recommendations in zones or among demographic groups that are currently more likely to have a high intensity of use. Similarly, the findings inform support towards increased adoption and sustainable use where fertilizer is underutilised.
Tailored Growth of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides’ Monolayers by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Turchanin Andrey , George Antony 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHere, results on the tailored growth of monolayers (MLs) of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are presented using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques. To enable reproducible growth, the flow of chalcogen precursors is controlled by Knudsen cells providing an advantage in comparison to the commonly used open crucible techniques. It is demonstrated that TMD MLs can be grown by CVD on large scale with structural, and therefore electronic, photonic and optoelectronic properties similar to TMD MLs are obtained by exfoliating bulk crystals. It is shown that besides the growth of the “standard” TMD MLs also the growth of MLs that are not available by the exfoliation is possible including examples like lateral TMD1–TMD2 ML heterostructures and Janus TMDs. Moreover, the CVD technique enables the growth of TMD MLs on various 3D substrates on large scale and with high quality. The intrinsic properties of the grown MLs are analyzed by complementary microscopy and spectroscopy techniques down to the nanoscale with a particular focus on the influence of structural defects. Their functional properties are studied in devices including field‐effect transistors, photodetectors, wave guides and excitonic diodes. Finally, an outlook of the developed methodology in both applied and fundamental research is given.
Charge Modulation at the Liquid Crystal Droplet‐Aqueous Interface Enables Ultrasensitive, Nonspecific Protein Detection
Authors: Maheshwari Harsha , Naveenkumar Parinamipura M. , Singh Raju Kumar , Soni Lokesh , Sharma Kamendra P. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThermotropic nematic liquid crystals (LC) have been utilized to sense/detect various analytes such as polymers, surfactants, lipids, etc. However, their use for protein detection depends on pre‐adsorbed molecules, co‐nematogens, or biomolecular agents for specificity. This approach impedes the platform's sensitivity with a detection limit for the folded proteins generally reported in the micromolar concentration range. Here, this work provides fundamental insights into the type of molecular interactions and their modulation that can drive ultrasensitive protein detection at an LC microdroplet/aqueous interface formed without adding an auxiliary co‐nematogen. Using ultraviolet (UV) light treated 4‐cyano‐4′‐pentylbiphenyl (5CB) LC and a flow‐focused microfluidic device, we prepared different populations of monodisperse and highly negatively charged microdroplets in water. Adding an aqueous solution of various model proteins (α‐synuclein, α‐chymotrypsin, myoglobin, or bovine serum albumin, BSA) with different secondary structures and surface charges triggers a rapid radial‐ to bipolar‐defect transition in these microdroplets. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurement and molecular dynamic simulation studies attribute this to the dominant electrostatic force‐mediated adsorption of proteins at the LC/aqueous interface. Further, bioconjugation‐based variation of protein surface charge allows tuning their detection limit. These findings can provide crucial physical cues for designing responsive LC systems and establishing a foundation for developing versatile, molecularly tailored, and highly specific biomolecular detection platforms.
Cornu‐Spiral‐Like Organic Crystal Waveguide Providing Discriminatory Optical Pathway for Smart Organic Photonic Circuit
Authors: Rohullah Mehdi , Chosenyah Melchi , Kumar Avulu Vinod , Chandrasekar Rajadurai 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIn the era of artificial intelligence, developing advanced and intelligent photonic circuits has become essential. In this work, the fabrication of a smart organic photonic circuit (OPC), is illustrated which utilizes a Cornu‐spiral‐like waveguide (CSW) to produce discriminating optical pathways in the circuit. The mechanical flexibility of Schiff base, (E)‐1‐(((5‐iodopyridin‐2‐yl)imino)methyl)naphthalen‐2‐ol (IPyIN) facilitates the fabrication of a first‐of‐its‐kind, two‐ring‐based CSW via the atomic force microscopy cantilever tip‐assisted mechanophotonics approach. The photonic studies suggest that the CSW structure routes optical signals in discriminating trajectories. To capitalize on the discriminatory properties of the CSW, two linear waveguides are integrated onto both rings of the CSW to create a smart OPC. This smart OPC can selectively route photons depending on the pathways determined by the CSW to switch it ON or OFF completely depending on partial or complete flow of optical signals in the circuit. Such intelligent photonic circuits are essential for advancing smart technologies.
Functional Separator with Poly(Acrylic Acid)‐Enabled Li2CO3‐Free Garnet Coating for Long‐Cycling Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Tang Cheng , Fan Zengjie , Ding Bing , Xu Chong , Wu Haiyang , Dou Hui , Zhang Xiaogang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractLithium metal batteries (LMBs) possess a theoretical energy density far surpassing that of commercial lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), positioning them as one of the most promising next‐generation energy storage systems. Modifying separators with composite coatings comprising oxide solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) particles and polymers can improve the cycling stability and safety of LMBs. However, exposure to air forms Li2CO3 on oxide SSE particles, diminishing their ion flux regulation at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Utilizing the reaction of Li2CO3 with polyacrylic acid (PAA) to form lithium polyacrylate (LiPAA), an ultra‐thin composite coating on polyethylene (PE) separator with Li2CO3‐free Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) particles and LiPAA binder is fabricated in one step. The exposed Li2CO3‐free LLZTO surface increases the ionic conductivity and lithium ion (Li+) transference number of the functional separator, resulting in small resistance and uniform Li deposition of the Li metal anode. Consequently, the Li//LiCoO2 cell with the functional separator exhibits a significantly improved life of 980 cycles with 80.9% capacity retention under lean‐electrolyte conditions. Both the Li//LiCoO2 coin cell and pouch cell using thin Li foil anode demonstrate good cycling stability and high mechanical robustness. This study provides a green and scalable approach for fabricating advanced separators for LMBs.
Cyanogel‐Transformed Porous Palladium and Iron Framework Intermixed with rGO for Wearable Hydrogen Sensing
Authors: Zhao Xinhua , Xing Xiaxia , Li Zhenxu , Lang Xiaoyan , Chen Xiaoyu , Zhang Yi , Yang Dachi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWearable hydrogen (H2) sensing is necessary to monitor the H2 leakage in its transportation and storage, of which ppm‐concentration detection limit and fast response at room temperature are highly desired. Here, a wearable H2 sensing working at room temperature is developed with palladium and iron framework intermixed with reduced graphene oxide (rGO//Pd–Fe FW), which is synthesized by combined Pd–Fe cyanogel immobilized with graphene oxide as precursor and in situ reduction. As‐prepared rGO//Pd–Fe FW is observed with porous FW structure composed of interconnected Pd–Fe nanoparticles, in which rGO is evenly intermixed. Beneficially, rGO//Pd‐Fe FW exhibits 2 ppm low detection limit and 2 s fast response (1 v/v% H2) at room temperature. Such excellent H2 sensing performance may be attributed to the synergistic effect of the optimized Pd–Fe FW's catalytic activity, boosted electron transfers between Pd hydride and rGO, and enriched adsorption sites over porous FW's surface. Practically, the perceptron learning algorithm combined with principal component analysis is conducted to identify the H2 leakage, and the wearable H2 sensing devices are built by integrating rGO//Pd–Fe FW over the paper and flexible printed circuit board with reliable sensing responses.
Precursor‐Driven Confined Synthesis of Highly Pure 5‐Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons
Authors: Cui Weili , Zhang Wendi , Tang Kunpeng , Chen Yingzhi , Cao Kecheng , Shi Lei , Yang Guowei 
Published: November 2024

AbstractArmchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) known as semiconductors are holding promise for nanoelectronics applications and sparking increased research interest. Currently, synthesis of 5‐AGNRs with a quasi‐metallic gap has been achieved using perylene and its halogen‐containing derivatives as precursors via on‐surface synthesis on a metal substrate. However, challenges in controlling the polymerization and orientation between precursor molecules have led to side reactions and the formation of by‐products, posing a significant issue in purity. Here a precision synthesis of confined 5‐AGNRs using molecular‐designed precursors without halogens is proposed to address these challenges. Perylene and its dimer quaterrylene are utilized for filling into single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), following a precursor‐driven transition into 5‐AGNRs by heat‐induced polymerization and cyclodehydrogenation. SWCNTs restrict the alignment of confined quaterrylene enabling their polymerization with a head‐to‐tail arrangement, which results in the formation of pure 5‐AGNRs with three times higher yield than that of perylene, as the free rotation capability of perylene molecules inside SWCNTs lead to the formation of 5‐AGNRs concomitant with by‐products. This work provides a templated route for synthesizing desired GNRs based on molecular‐designed precursors and confined polymerization, bringing advantages for their applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
“I felt like I was being judged…”: A duoethnography exploring international language teacher educator identities
Authors: Lu Xinyue , Iswandari Yuseva Ariyani , Weng Zhenjie , Troyan Francis John 
Published: November 2024

AbstractGiven the need to explore the nature of language teacher educator (LTE) identities, this duoethnography centers the identity journeys of three language teacher educators—Lu, Yuseva, and Zhenjie—as they evolved together and in dialogue with their advisor, Francis. To this end, they began with the central identity task, the Language Use Profile—part of the foundations course in their language teacher education programs and their language teacher educator development. As a point of departure for their duoethnography, this task allowed them to examine their understandings of their bi−/multilingual language use, language ideologies, and identities, and subsequently engage in a dialogic spiral that centered “reciprocity, care, and critical listening in research activities” (San Pedro & Kinloch, 2017, p. 391S). Their findings point to the importance of these spaces in LTE development as a means for centering identities in doctoral programs, in particular to better support the development of language teacher educators in ways that are both humanizing and acknowledge the complex nature of the work that they do.
The utility of alcohol saliva test strips compared to the breathalyzer in trauma patients in a resource‐limited setting
Authors: Davis Dylane N. , Gondwe Jotham , An Selena J. , Gallaher Jared , Charles Anthony 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIntroductionThe correlation between alcohol consumption and injury is undeniable. However, past research relying on self‐reporting alcohol use likely resulted in underreporting and emphasizing the need to increase alcohol testing, especially in resource‐limited settings where the burden of injuries is highest.MethodsThis is a prospective analysis of injured patients presenting to the trauma center at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. We collected information including patient age, sex, admission date, mechanism of injury, breathalyzer test and Rapid ResponseTM Alcohol Saliva Test Strips (AST) result, and survival.ResultsA total of 805 trauma patients were included. The overall prevalence of alcohol consumption in this trauma cohort is 18.3%. There was a 95.5% agreement between the AST and breathalyzer test with a Kappa coefficient of 0.83. The sensitivity and specificity of the AST were determined to be 78.5% (CI 75.7–81.2) and 99.3% (CI 98.7–99.9), respectively. ROC analyses showed the AST to have excellent discrimination with an area under the curve of 0.88 (95% CI 0.85–0.92).ConclusionThe prevalence of alcohol‐related injury is high in Malawi and the use of the Alcohol Saliva Test Strips is feasible and correlated with results derived from the breathalyzer. Routine alcohol testing for trauma patients presenting to a resource‐limited setting is imperative and should be implemented.
Statistical analysis of bioconvective EMHD tangent hyperbolic nanofluid with thermal radiation and heat source/sink
Authors: Senbagaraja Palani Kumar , De Poulomi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis study examines the influence of thermal radiation and heat source/sink of the tangent hyperbolic fluid on EMHD boundary layer flow through stretching sheets. Motile gyrotactic microorganism is considered in the fluid flow and the flow is analyzed with the impact of thermal radiation, heat source/sink, and electromagnetohydrodynamic. By utilizing the proper similarity transformations, partial differential systems are converted to ordinary differential systems. The Runge–Kutta fifth‐order method with shooting technique is used in the converted systems to solve numerically. Velocity, temperature, concentration, and microorganism density profile are discussed and represented graphically. The numerical values of drag force rate, heat transfer rate, mass transfer rate, and density of motile microorganisms are specified, compared, and results enhancement in heat transfer rate as 64.31% by radiation parameter, mass transfer rate as 97.28% by heat source/sink parameter and microorganism density rate as 28.33% by Peclet number, respectively. The buoyancy parameter diminishes the drag force by 30.39%. The multiple and quadratic regression coefficient for adjusted , multiple , residual standard error, F‐statistic, and p‐value is estimated for skin friction, Nusselt number, Sherwood number, and density of microorganism. It has significant applications which are widely used to transport biological material in bio‐microfluidics, enhance heat dissipation in high‐performance electronics, thermal management systems on spacecraft and satellites, and solar energy systems.
Universal Suffrage, Inequalities, Welfare, and the ‘Gendered Voter’ in India: 1917 to the Present
Authors: Roy Anupama 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Universal franchise is integral to citizenship’s promise of equality. Since they introduced the principle of collective bargaining, historically, political rights were handed down ‘cautiously,’ denying political personhood to large sections of people. The struggle for universal suffrage in India can be traced to the claims of the colonised to equality and self-determination. The adoption of universal franchise by the Constituent Assembly of India in November 1949, established political equality in a single moment of rupture. Yet, the insertion of voters in the electoral roll as individuals was difficult in a context where both access and intelligibility presented bureaucratic and political challenges. The persistence of deference in a caste-based society bound the vote to traditional systems of authority. With popular mobilisations in the late 1980s the ‘voter’ finally emerged as a significant political category. The potential of universal suffrage to attenuate the inequalities of social class has shown two tendencies—of reinforcement, where the ‘excluded’ have ushered in a different politics through the power of ‘irruption’ in the electoral domain, and of enervation—where the power to change is enfeebled by turning the working class into ‘beneficiaries’ binding them in a relationship of indebtedness to the state.
Earning the Vote with Honour. Suffrage, Economic Independence, and Gender in Norway, ca. 1814–1919
Authors: Larsen Eirinn 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Norwegian Constitution of 1814, written after Napoleon’s defeat, was inspired by American and French suffrage laws; it reserved the right to vote for men who paid land taxes and high-level civil servants. The reasoning was that these men could act independently and for the common good, thus receiving trust and esteem from other eligible citizens. Consequently, to paraphrase the British sociologist T. H. Marshall, political rights in Norway were not secondary to civil rights. Economic and moral measures were also used to define honour among men on whom the vote depended. Nevertheless, Norway was the first among Nordic countries to remove an article from the constitution that suspended the vote for citizens who enjoy “or within the last year have enjoyed support for the poor.”
Winning the Vote in a “World Without Welfare”: Aotearoa New Zealand from Representative Government to a Universal Franchise, 1840–1933
Authors: Keating James 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Following the institution of responsible government in 1852, New Zealand rushed towards “full” democracy. Within seventeen years manhood suffrage was won and, by 1893, all adults could vote. The feat stood foremost among the “firsts” that allowed the colony to style itself as a “social laboratory.” Unlike most competitors in the “race” to universal suffrage, New Zealand’s franchise was not accompanied by citizenship disqualification for welfare recipients. Instead, Pākehā (white settlers) had long determined that welfare would not be a public provision. Rather than distribute aid, the state regulated migration to maintain wages and alienated Māori land to settlers. 1893 constituted a turning point; thereafter the colony gradually replaced its ad-hoc charitable aid system with an expansive notion of citizenship. The vote bridged the settlers’ “world without welfare” and the social experiments of the fin-de-siècle. Nevertheless, not all enjoyed the fruits of democracy. Attending to the subsequent contraction of the polity, women’s struggle for substantive equality, and the racialized limits of citizenship—extended unequally to Māori and denied to “Asiatic peoples”—this chapter troubles Pākehā claims to have built a truly democratic society and challenges linear narratives of franchise expansion with a contingent history of Aotearoa New Zealand’s path towards universal suffrage.
Constitutional rights in conflict. The evolution of political and social rights in Denmark, 1849–1961
Authors: Rasmussen Leonora Lottrup 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
On June 5, 1849, King Frederik VII signed Denmark's first Constitution, marking the shift from autocracy to constitutional monarchy. The Constitution granted suffrage to a substantial portion of the male population but excluded women, servants, criminals, bankrupt individuals and recipients of poor relief. Although amendments in 1915 extended the vote to women and servants, exclusions based on economic independence persisted until 1959, when restrictions on bankrupt individuals and criminals were lifted. The final exclusion, which affected recipients of poor relief, was abolished in 1961. However, the 1849 Constitution also established poor relief as a constitutional right, creating a conflict between the political right to vote and the social right to receive relief. This chapter examines this conflict by focusing on the public poor relief recipients and their gradual political inclusion. Through the lens of citizenship, the chapter explores the interplay between gender, marital status and the practice of citizenship at the local level, illustrating the complex relationship between political and social rights in Danish history.
Money and the Vote: Economic Suffrage Restrictions in Sweden, Before and After the Introduction of “Universal Suffrage” in 1921
Authors: Cottrell-Sundevall Fia 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the late 1800s, Sweden had a higher proportion of disenfranchised adults compared to many European counterparts due to significant economic inequalities and a censitary suffrage system that tied voting rights to income and property ownership. Although early twentieth-century suffrage reforms weakened the link between money and voting rights, they did not eradicate it. Even with the introduction of so-called universal suffrage in 1921, financial conditions such as tax arrears and bankruptcy could still disenfranchise voters. Delving into the formal barriers to voting rights associated with financial status, this chapter traces their evolution, the lawmakers’ rationale behind them, and their impact on various societal groups. By incorporating empirical results and theoretical insights from recent studies, the chapter challenges the linear progress narrative of Sweden’s suffrage history and re-evaluates the notion that universal suffrage was won in 1921, a perspective still echoed in contemporary Swedish parliamentary commemorations.