bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diet restriction‐induced healthy aging is mediated through the immune signaling component ZIP‐2 in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Hahm Jeong‐Hoon , Jeong ChoLong , Nam Hong Gil 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDietary restriction (DR) robustly delays the aging process in all animals tested so far. DR slows aging by negatively regulating the target of rapamycin (TOR) and S6 kinase (S6K) signaling pathway and thus inhibiting translation. Translation inhibition in C. elegans is known to activate the innate immune signal ZIP‐2. Here, we show that ZIP‐2 is activated in response to DR and in feeding‐defective eat‐2 mutants. Importantly, ZIP‐2 contributes to the improvements in longevity and healthy aging, including mitochondrial integrity and physical ability, mediated by DR in C. elegans. We further show that ZIP‐2 is activated upon inhibition of TOR/S6K signaling. However, DR‐mediated activation of ZIP‐2 does not require the TOR/S6K effector PHA‐4/FOXA. Furthermore, zip‐2 was not activated or required for longevity in daf‐2 mutants, which mimic a low nutrition status. Thus, DR appears to activate ZIP‐2 independently of PHA‐4/FOXA and DAF‐2. The link between DR, aging, and immune activation provides practical insight into the DR‐induced benefits on health span and longevity.
Roles of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and pentose phosphate pathway in bile acid‐induced cancer development
Authors: Munemoto Masayoshi , Mukaisho Ken‐ichi , Miyashita Tomoharu , Oyama Katsunobu , Haba Yusuke , Okamoto Koichi , Kinoshita Jun , Ninomiya Itasu , Fushida Sachio , Taniura Naoko , Sugihara Hiroyuki , Fujimura Takashi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEsophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCCs) as well as adenocarcinomas (EACs) were developed in rat duodenal contents reflux models (reflux model). The present study aimed to shed light on the mechanism by which bile acid stimulation causes cancer onset and progression. Metabolomics analyses were performed on samples of neoplastic and nonneoplastic tissues from reflux models, and K14D, cultivated from a nonmetastatic, primary ESCC, and ESCC‐DR, established from a metastatic thoracic lesion. ESCC‐DRtca2M was prepared by treating ESCC‐DR cells with taurocholic acid (TCA) to accelerate cancer progression. The lines were subjected to comprehensive genomic analyses. In addition, protein expression levels of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) (p65) and O‐linked N‐Acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) were compared among lines. Cancers developed in the reflux models exhibited greater hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) activation compared with the nonneoplastic tissues. Expression of O‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT) increased considerably in both ESCC and EAC compared with nonneoplastic squamous epithelium. Conversely, cell line‐based experiments revealed the greater activation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) at higher degrees of malignancy. G6PD overexpression in response to TCA exposure was observed. Both NF‐κB (p65) and O‐GlcNAc were expressed more highly in ESCC‐DRtca2M than in the other cell lines. Moreover, ESCC‐DRtca2M cells had additional chromosomal abnormalities in excess of ESCC‐DR cells. Overall, glucose metabolism was upregulated in both esophageal cancer tissue and cell lines. While bile acids are not mutagenic, chronic exposure seems to trigger NF‐κB(p65) activation, potentially inducing genetic mutations as well as facilitating carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Glucose metabolism was upregulated in both esophageal cancer tissue and cell lines, and the HBP was activated in the former. The cell line‐based experiments demonstrated upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) at higher degrees of malignancy. While bile acids are not mutagenic, chronic exposure seems to trigger G6PD overexpression and NF‐κB (p65) activation, potentially inducing genetic mutations as well as facilitating carcinogenesis and cancer progression.
Development and validation of a deep‐learning algorithm for the detection of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration from colour fundus photographs
Authors: Keel Stuart , Li Zhixi , Scheetz Jane , Robman Liubov , Phung James , Makeyeva Galina , Aung KhinZaw , Liu Chi , Yan Xixi , Meng Wei , Guymer Robyn , Chang Robert , He Mingguang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractImportanceDetection of early onset neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is critical to protecting vision.BackgroundTo describe the development and validation of a deep‐learning algorithm (DLA) for the detection of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration.DesignDevelopment and validation of a DLA using retrospective datasets.ParticipantsWe developed and trained the DLA using 56 113 retinal images and an additional 86 162 images from an independent dataset to externally validate the DLA. All images were non‐stereoscopic and retrospectively collected.MethodsThe internal validation dataset was derived from real‐world clinical settings in China. Gold standard grading was assigned when consensus was reached by three individual ophthalmologists. The DLA classified 31 247 images as gradable and 24 866 as ungradable (poor quality or poor field definition). These ungradable images were used to create a classification model for image quality. Efficiency and diagnostic accuracy were tested using 86 162 images derived from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Neovascular AMD and/or ungradable outcome in one or both eyes was considered referable.Main Outcome MeasuresArea under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity.ResultsIn the internal validation dataset, the AUC, sensitivity and specificity of the DLA for neovascular AMD was 0.995, 96.7%, 96.4%, respectively. Testing against the independent external dataset achieved an AUC, sensitivity and specificity of 0.967, 100% and 93.4%, respectively. More than 60% of false positive cases displayed other macular pathologies. Amongst the false negative cases (internal validation dataset only), over half (57.2%) proved to be undetected detachment of the neurosensory retina or RPE layer.Conclusions and RelevanceThis DLA shows robust performance for the detection of neovascular AMD amongst retinal images from a multi‐ethnic sample and under different imaging protocols. Further research is warranted to investigate where this technology could be best utilized within screening and research settings.
Foreign aid, the mining sector and democratic ownership: The case of Canadian assistance to Peru
Authors: Brown Stephen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundAs foreign aid donors are increasingly open about seeking to obtain benefits from their development assistance, new forms of donor‐driven private‐sector partnerships have proliferated. This new trend is especially controversial in the mining sector, to which Canada has become the largest aid donor among OECD‐DAC countries.PurposeIn order to better understand this phenomenon and its implications, this article asks, first, how has aid to the mining sector evolved and what do the changes suggest about its underlying motives? Second, what are the implications regarding the “democratic ownership” of the recipients’ development agenda?Approach and methodsThe study analyses Canadian aid to the mining sector in Peru, its largest recipient of such aid, concentrating on the period since 2011, when Canadian aid took an “extractive turn.” It draws on 20 semi‐structured interviews with key players and observers in Lima and Cusco in Peru, as well as an in‐depth review of mainly secondary sources and some statistical data. Its analytical framework is based on the motives that must underpin aid, as stipulated by Canadian legislation, and the concept of “ownership,” the cornerstone of the international aid effectiveness agenda.FindingsThe extractive turn in Canadian aid reflects an increase in commercial self‐interest, at the expense of altruistic poverty reduction and contradicting core elements of the legislated mandate of Canadian aid. Extractive‐related aid to Peru now almost exclusively supports: (a) strengthening the central government’s role in promoting mining; (b) encouraging municipalities to negotiate mutually beneficial relations with Canadian mining companies; and (c) subsidizing Canadian companies’ efforts to obtain a “social licence to operate” from local communities. Canada’s assistance to the mining sector can be justified by a narrow interpretation of the concept of country “ownership.” However, its justification rests on a limited vision of ownership, based on what governments, who claim to speak on behalf of citizens, prioritize, rather than a more democratic conception that takes into account what poor people want, which may include or preclude mining activities.Policy implicationsAid donors should focus on locally owned strategies that reflect poor people’s priorities, independently of whether they include or exclude allowing mining companies to operate on their territories. Aid may thus contribute to a donor’s commercial interests, but the latter should not be the underlying motive.
Incremental value of right parasternal transthoracic echocardiographic examination over the left parasternal approach in assessing ascending aorta size: Additional benefit of three‐dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Akdogan Raziye E. , Srialluri Swetha , Abdelsalam Mahmoud G. A. , Hsiung Ming C. , Nanda Navin C. , Fadala Hanan , Yin Wei‐Hsian 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe ascending aorta (AA) has not been well studied using two‐dimensional right parasternal transthoracic echocardiographic examination (2DRPE).AimThe aim of the present study was to assess the incremental value of 2DRPE over two‐dimensional left parasternal transthoracic echocardiographic examination (2DLPE) in evaluating the size of AA in adult patients (pts) and, secondly, to determine whether live/real time three‐dimensional (3D) RPE provided any additional benefit over 2DRPE.Materials and MethodsThe AA was successfully imaged by 2DLPE, 2DRPE, and 3D RPE in 87 of 141 (61.7%) pts which comprised of two groups of consecutive pts separated by an interval of 2 weeks.ResultsThe maximum length of AA visualized by 2DRPE (4.98 ± 0.89) was larger than 2DLPE in 76/87(87%) pts (P < 0.001). Both the maximum systolic AA inner luminal width and leading edge‐to‐leading edge width by 2DRPE were greater than 2DLPE (P < 0.001). Similar to other noninvasive imaging modalities where mid‐AA width is taken at level of right pulmonary artery, mid‐AA width could also be taken at this level by 2DRPE in 79/87(91%) pts since this landmark was visualized during 2DRPE. However, this vessel could be visualized in only 2/87 (2%) pts with 2DLPE. 3DRPE conferred additional benefit over 2DRPE. The maximal AA length by 3DRPE was larger than 2DRPE in 60/87(69%) pts, and the maximal inner lumen and leading edge to leading edge widths were larger in 54/87(62%) and 66/87(76%) pts, respectively.ConclusionOur preliminary study demonstrates significant incremental value of 2DRPE over 2DLPE in the assessment of AA. 3DRPE confers an additional advantage over 2DRPE.
The ecology and evolution of induced responses to herbivory and how plants perceive risk
Authors: Karban Richard 
Published: June 2019

1. Plants perceive herbivore damage or increased risk and respond. These changes may increase plant fitness, although effects on fitness have often been assumed without supporting evidence.2. Three models have been proposed to explain induced rather than constitutive defence. The optimal defence model posits that induction allow plants to reduce allocation costs; it predicts demonstrably lower costs when defences are not needed. The moving target model posits that induction increases spatial and temporal variability; it predicts that variability will be difficult for herbivores and will provide defence. The information transfer model posits that induced responses provide cues to other tissues on that individual plant and to other organisms in the community; it predicts that induced cues will provide systemic resistance, deter herbivores, and/or attract enemies of herbivores, thereby benefiting the induced plant.3. All three models predict that cues must be reliable to be useful. In some cases, cues provide specific information about the damaged plant tissue and the herbivore and this specific information may allow plants to fine‐tune responses. Recent theory posits that selection should favour plants that minimise recognition errors and reduce fitness costs associated with errors.4. Future research should focus on exploring different modalities used by plants to perceive herbivore risk, the benefits and costs of perceiving cues and inducing resistance, and the basic natural history of these phenomena. Induced responses have great unrealised potential in agriculture, and research should focus on host plant resistance rather than attempting to involve other trophic levels.
Phenotype–environment mismatch in metapopulations—Implications for the maintenance of maladaptation at the regional scale
Authors: Negrín Dastis Jorge Octavio , Milne Russell , Guichard Frédéric , Derry Alison Margaret 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMaladaptation is widespread in natural populations. However, maladaptation has most often been associated with absolute population decline in local habitats rather than on a spectrum of relative fitness variation that can assist natural populations in their persistence at larger regional scales. We report results from a field experiment that tested for relative maladaptation between‐pond habitats with spatial heterogeneity and (a)symmetric selection in pH. In the experiment, we quantified relative maladaptation in a copepod metapopulation as a mismatch between the mean population phenotype and the optimal trait value that would maximize mean population fitness under either stable or fluctuating pH environmental conditions. To complement the field experiment, we constructed a metapopulation model that addressed both relative (distance from the optimum) and absolute (negative population growth) maladaptation, with the aim of forecasting maladaptation to pH at the regional scale in relation to spatial structure (environmental heterogeneity and connectivity) and temporal environmental fluctuations. The results from our experiment indicated that maladaptation to pH at the regional scale depended on the asymmetry of the fitness surface at the local level. The results from our metapopulation model revealed how dispersal and (a)symmetric selection can operate on the fitness surface to maintain maladaptive phenotype–environment mismatch at local and regional scales in a metapopulation. Environmental stochasticity resulted in the maintenance of maladaptation that was robust to dispersal, but also revealed an interaction between the asymmetry in selection and environmental correlation. Our findings emphasize the importance of maladaptation for planning conservation strategies that can support adaptive potential in fragmented and changing landscapes.
The neglected role of religion in fisheries management
Authors: Lowe Benjamin S. , Jacobson Susan K. , Anold Happiness , Mbonde Athanasio S. , Lorenzen Kai 
Published: June 2019

AbstractReligion and spirituality have long played important roles in fishery systems around the world, and yet are often neglected in modern fisheries management and research. We review current literature and analyse the major small‐scale fishery on Lake Tanganyika, Africa, to highlight how religion may mediate fishing behaviours. Our study surveyed 154 fishers across 11 landing sites in Tanzania, followed by 15 semi‐structured interviews with key informants including fishery officers and local religious leaders. We identified key connections between religious beliefs/practices and fisher perceptions, behaviour and compliance with harvest restrictions and regulations. We demonstrate that better understanding and accounting for religious dimensions is critical for engaging with fishery stakeholders more effectively and managing global fisheries more sustainably.
Notch fatigue life prediction considering nonproportionality of local loading path under multiaxial cyclic loading
Authors: Tao Zhi‐Qiang , Zhang Ming , Zhu Yu , Shang De‐Guang , Cai Tian , Zhang Zi‐Ling , Bai Bin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAn innovative numerical methodology is presented for fatigue lifetime estimation of notched bodies experiencing multiaxial cyclic loadings. In the presented methodology, an evaluation approach of the local nonproportionality factor F for notched specimens, which defines F as the ratio of the pseudoshear strain range at 45° to the maximum shear plane and the maximum shear strain range, is proposed and discussed deeply. The proposed evaluation method is incorporated into the material cyclic stress‐strain equation for purpose of describing the nonproportional hardening behavior for some material. The comparison between multiaxial elastic‐plastic finite element analysis (FEA) and experimentally measured strains for S460N steel notched specimens shows that the proposed nonproportionality factor estimation method is effective. Subsequently, the notch stresses and strains calculated utilizing multiaxial elastic‐plastic FEA are used as input data to the critical plane‐based fatigue life prediction methodology. The prediction results are satisfactory for the 7050‐T7451 aluminum alloy and GH4169 superalloy notched specimens under multiaxial cyclic loading.
Neonatal imitation: Temporal characteristics in imitative response patterns
Authors: Heimann Mikael , Tjus Tomas 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNeonatal imitation has been an area that has attracted intense attention within developmental psychology. Reported here are data from 33 newborn infants (16 girls; mean age: 47 hr) assessed for imitation of tongue protrusion (TP) and mouth opening (MO). The stimuli were presented dynamically, in three 20‐second‐long gesture modeling intervals, interwoven with three 20‐second‐long intervals in which the presenter kept a passive face. Imitation of TP emerged among a majority of the infants during the first 60 s of the experiment. In contrast, MO showed a protracted response and a majority exhibited imitation after 60 s. The individual response pattern of the participating infants varied substantially over the course of the experiment. The study provides renewed support for neonatal imitation of MO and TP, and, in addition, suggests that the temporal organization of the responses observed is an important factor to consider, which in turn has methodological and theoretical implications.
Mission to Persons with Disabilities
Authors: Kasongo Micheline Kamba 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe human ego pushes some people to think that a wall of separation should be built, with the rich and the poor in their camps and the weak and the strong living separately. People with disabilities are victims of this separation, often considered as being apart, labelled as “the others.” However, the love of God pushes us to consider the others, whatever their differentiation, as the image of God created to live in relation with other humans. Thus, the mission to people with disabilities is a transformative love that releases actions of justice. This article frames the text of 1 Samuel 9, 1‐11, in Missiology Studies and Contextual Bible Studies from a disability perspective. It also re‐reads the text according to an African context, more precisely the Democratic Republic of Congo. The paper uses the “see, judge and act” approach: the author’s experience as a scholar and a woman living with disability will aid critical analysis, leading to recommendations.
Global Perspectives on Disability and Mission
Authors: Charles Anjeline Okola 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article starts by exploring what disability is and why we should not be limited by only one definition. It then reflects on challenges and possibilities of historical review as it relates to disability by key church figures. In looking at the theology of disability in the modern era, the article argues that in order to move from the margins, we need to embrace a practical theology of embodiment that goes beyond inclusion to belonging. Scholars on disability and theology are therefore called upon to embrace a practical theology of disability through incorporating people with disabilities at the centre of developing a theology.
Significance testing and genomic inflation factor using high‐density genotypes or whole‐genome sequence data
Authors: van den Berg Sanne , Vandenplas Jérémie , van Eeuwijk Fred A. , Lopes Marcos S. , Veerkamp Roel F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSignificance testing for genome‐wide association study (GWAS) with increasing SNP density up to whole‐genome sequence data (WGS) is not straightforward, because of strong LD between SNP and population stratification. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate genomic control and different significance testing procedures using data from a commercial pig breeding scheme. A GWAS was performed in GCTA with data of 4,964 Large White pigs using medium density, high density or imputed whole‐genome sequence data, fitting a genomic relationship matrix based on a leave‐one–chromosome‐out approach to account for population structure. Subsequently, genomic inflation factors were assessed on whole‐genome level and the chromosome level. To establish a significance threshold, permutation testing, Bonferroni corrections using either the total number of SNPs or the number of independent chromosome fragments, and false discovery rates (FDR) using either the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure or the Benjamini and Yekutieli procedure were evaluated. We found that genomic inflation factors did not differ between different density genotypes but do differ between chromosomes. Also, the leave‐one‐chromosome‐out approach for GWAS or using the pedigree relationships did not account appropriately for population stratification and gave strong genomic inflation. Regarding different procedures for significance testing, when the aim is to find QTL regions that are associated with a trait of interest, we recommend applying the FDR following the Benjamini and Yekutieli approach to establish a significance threshold that is adjusted for multiple testing. When the aim is to pinpoint a specific mutation, the more conservative Bonferroni correction based on the total number of SNPs is more appropriate, till an appropriate method is established to adjust for the number of independent tests.
Canada's Trade Policy Developments after NAFTA: Sources and Implications
Authors: Sahakyan Davit 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article argues that Canada's trade policy developments after NAFTA have been influenced by the stalemate in multilateral liberalization and the discriminative nature of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) that have proliferated during the last 25 years. First, the impasse in the Doha Round of negotiations made Canada consider regional and bilateral options of opening up new markets as an alternative to multilateral liberalization. Second, the discriminative nature of PTAs accelerated the process of Canada's regional and bilateral liberalization, as PTAs have diverted trade away from Canada, prompting it to pursue its own preferential trade initiatives to level the playing field for Canadian businesses.