bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating Returns on Forest Investments Using Break-Even Yield Analysis
Authors: Fox Bruce 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The traditional present-net-value approach for calculating returns on forestry investments requires the analyst to make assumptions regarding expected yields. Often, however, appropriate yield tables or functions are not available. This is especially true when new management techniques are scheduled for implementation. Break-even yield analysis allows a decision-maker to view the results of a financial analysis in terms of the minimum physical volume yield required to earn a specific rate of return on investment capital. The approach is appropriate for analyzing regeneration activities as well as intermediate stand treatments. Examples for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) regeneration and precommercial thinning activities illustrate the use of this technique. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):264-266.
Color Aerial Photography for Assessing the Need for Fertilizers in Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Blinn Charles R. , Lyons Al , Buckner Edward R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Color aerial photography was used to assess crown color classes in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. Three distinct Munsell color classes were delineated on the resulting photographs. Foliar N levels and, to a lesser degree, foliar K levels were directly related to color. Significant relationships between color and site index and color and basal area were shown. Application of color aerial photography, combined with Munsell color coding, could expedite land classification and also make possible more efficient use of fertilizers. South J. Appl. For. 12(4):270-273.
Should Fall Irrigation be Applied at Nurseries Located on Sands?
Authors: South David B. , Williams Hans M. , Webb Alan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1985, fall irrigation on an Alpin sand reduced seedling stress and increased production of plantable loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings by 6% (40,000/ac). Applying about 0.5 in. of water/week (for 10 weeks) increased average height by 1 cm, average diameter by 0.4 mm, and average dry weight by 20%. At a cost of $17/ac, the additional irrigations increased crop value by $l,000/ac. Although ceasing fall irrigation has been recommended for nurseries located on sands, biological and economic data are needed to demonstrate that gains from stressing seedlings will offset the potential decrease in production of plantable seedlings. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):273-274.
Optimum Management Regimes for Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands Managed Under the Selection System in the West Gulf Region
Authors: Hotvedt James E. , Abernethy Yvonne F. , Farrar Robert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Residual basal area, the ratio of sawtimber to total merchantable basal area, and cutting cycle length were used as decision variables to develop and analyze alternative management regimes for uneven-aged loblolly-shortleaf pine stands managed under the selection system in southernArkansas and northern Louisiana. Sawtimber and pulpwood yields associated with the regimes were calculated from models for all-aged loblolly-shortleaf pine stands with site indices of 85-95 ft (base age 50 yr) developed by Murphy and Farrar (1982, 1983). Optimum economic regimes based on presentnet value (PNV) had low sawtimber to merchantable basal area ratios (0.55) and short cutting cycles (4-5 yr) when compared to the ranges specified for these variables. Optimum sawtimber production regimes based on periodic annual increment (PAI) had high residual basal areas (60-65 ft²/ac),high sawtimber to merchantable basal area ratios (0.70-0.80), and short cutting cycles (4-6 yr). Using sawtimber production as the primary objective in choosing management regimes resulted in a large loss of PNV. The loss of annual sawtimber production was relatively low, however, when PNVwas used as the objective. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):117-122.
A Survey of Pension Fund Investments in Timberland
Authors: Harris Thomas , DeForest Christopher , Futch Scott , Cubbage Frederick 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A November 1987 survey of 1500 pension funds and other tax-exempt funds found 22 that owned an estimated $222 million of timberland; another 458 nonowners responded to the questionnaire. Current investors planned to hold timber-land for an average of 10 to 15 years, generallyplanned to maintain or increase their investment levels, and were moderately knowledgeable about and interested in timberland investments. Noninvestors were much less knowledgeable and interested in timberlands, but a few responding noninvestors did feel that now was an appropriate time toinvest in timberlands. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):188-192.
Comparison of Chemical Site Preparation Treatments in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Shiver Barry D. , Knowe Steven A. , Kline William N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chemical site preparation treatments were compared against each other and against mechanical treatments in a randomized complete block design. Two studies were conducted with spring (June) and late summer (September) treatment dates. Efficacy was measured 2 years after treatment as percent control on individually identified stems and as percent change per acre from subplot data. Combinations of Tordon K®, Tordon 101® mixture, Garlon 4®, Galon 3A®, Velpar L®, and Roundup® herbicides were tested.* For the spring study, combinations of Tordon + Garlon 4 herbicides effectively controlled red maple, dogwood, and red oaks. Tordon 101 + Garlon 4 was the most effective treatment on water/willow oaks. Among the treatment on sweetgum. Velpar L was the most effective treatment on water/willow oaks. Among the late summer applied treatments, Roundup provided the best overall control of the hardwood species examined. A shear, rake, and disk treatment provided comparable control to chemical treatments in the spring study, but at a higher cost. Double chopping was not an effective treatment in the late summer study. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):24-32.
Association Between Fusiform Rust Incidence and CRIFF Soil Classification for Slash Pine Plantations in the Coastal Plain of Florida and Georgia
Authors: Schmidt Robert A. , Jokela Eric J. , Allen James E. , Belanger Roger P. , Miller Thomas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The association between fusiform rust incidence in young slash pine plantations and the CRIFF (Cooperative Research in Forest Fertilization) soil classification system in the Coastal Plain of Florida and Georgia was examined in two independent data sets: (1) 958 predominantly 5-year-old plantations from an industrial forest inventory and (2) 73 9-to-13-year-old plantations in a CRIFF research study. Rust incidence was calculated as the percentage of living trees with a branch or stem gall. Soils were classified into six groups (A-F) according to soil drainage and the nature of and depth to the B horizon. A third data set relates oak (alternate host) abundance to soil groups in 53 plantations.
Overall, the very poorly to moderately well-drained CRIFF C and D group soils (flatwoods Spodosols) exhibit the lowest rust incidence (ẋ = 5.9% and 5.3%); the moderately well- to well-drained E and F group soils (Inceptisols and Ultisols) have the highest rust incidence (ẋ = 45.2% and 28.5%); and the poorly to somewhat poorly drained A and B soils (Ultisols, Entisols, and Inceptisols) are intermediate in rust incidence (ẋ = 18.4% and 16.5%). Oak abundance varied significantly within and among soil groups. In general, oaks were more abundant on E and F soils than on B and C group soils. CRIFF soil groups are useful to characterize regional rust incidence, but are not associated with rust incidence in individual plantations. Plantations of like soil groups exhibit high or low rust incidence depending on the mean rust incidence of the area in which they occur. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):39-43.
Timberland Indexes and Portfolio Management
Authors: Zinkhan F. Christian , Mitchell Kossuth 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper explores two timberland index applications: asset allocation and investment performance evaluation. The Southern Timberland Index Fund (STIF), a southern pine index fund, is adopted for use in these applications. In the asset allocation application, the mean risk of risk-return efficient portfolios containing financial assets and the STIF is discovered to be 43% less than the mean risk of the efficient portfolios containing only financial assets. Efficient portfolios contain the STIF in proportions as high as almost 30%. As far as performance is concerned, a timberland index is suggested for use as a benchmark for evaluating (1) timberland investment managers and (2) the investment performance of timberland versus other investment alternatives. Before such applications become commonplace, it is concluded that problems associated with existing timberland indexes be addressed. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):119-124.
Inventory Projection with the Georgia Regional Timber Supply (GRITS) Model
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Hogg Dale W. , Harris Thomas G. , Alig Ralph J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A regional timber supply model was developed to project softwood and hardwood supplies at state and substate levels. The model runs on a microcomputer and was applied to Georgia as a case study. Data are entered in a spreadsheet template, and forecasts are made using a Pascal program. The model seems accurate, is easy to use, relies on easily obtainable forest survey data, and can provide projections for substate areas. Projections made for Georgia indicate that softwood supplies will decrease substantially in many important substrate areas given current growth and harvest levels, but hardwood supplies will increase. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):124-133.
Eleventh-Year Results of Fertilization, Herbaceous, and Woody Plant Control in a Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Haywood James D. , Tiarks Allan E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Through 11 years, fertilization at planting significantly increased the stemwood volume (outside bark) per loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) on an intensively prepared moderately well-drained fine sandy loam site in northern Louisiana. Four years of herbaceous plant control significantly increased pine survival, and because herbaceous plant control increased survival, it resulted in a significant increase in total stand volume. Woody plant control no longer produced significant results by age 11. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):173-177.
Site Index Curves for Eastern Cottonwood Plantations in the Lower Mississippi Delta
Authors: Cao Quang V. , Durand Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A site index equation was developed based on stem-analysis data collected from 30 sites of an eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantation in the lower Mississippi Delta. The Bailey and Clutter (1974) equation form was selected for stand height prediction. Polymorphic site index curves (base age 10 years) were presented based on this equation. These curves should be applicable to cottonwood plantations up to 11 years old in and near the Mississippi River Delta. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):28-30.
Growth Reductions in Naturally Regenerated Southern Pine Stands in Alabama and Georgia
Authors: Ruark G. A. , Thomas C. E. , Bechtold W. A. , May D. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data from Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) units of the USDA Forest Service were used to compare average annual stand-level basal area accretion onto survivor pines in naturally regenerated pine stands throughout Alabama and Georgia. Growth rates measured between 1972-82 were compared to growth rates during the previous 10-year survey cycle in each state. Separate analyses were conducted for loblolly (Pinus taeda), longleaf (P. palustris), shortleaf (P. echinata), and slash (P. elliottii) pine cover types. The unadjusted average stand-level growth rates for survivor pines 1.0 in. diameter and greater at breast height were notably lower for all cover types during the latter survey in Georgia, while only the average unadjusted growth of shortleaf was substantially lower during this period in Alabama. However, when growth rates were adjusted with regression models to account for differences in initial stand structure (stand size class, stand density, site quality class, hardwood competition, and mortality) between the two survey periods, reductions in average adjusted basal area growth ranged from 3% to 31% during the later cycle in both states. The reductions were statistically significant in almost every case. The agents causing the growth differences were not identified, but it is unlikely that stand dynamics are responsible. The observational nature of the FIA dataset precludes further resolution of causal relationships. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):73-79.
Compatible Tree-volume and Upper-Stem Diameter Equations for Plantation Loblolly Pines in the West Gulf Region
Authors: Baldwin V. C. , Feduccia D. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations are presented for predicting inside bark (ib) or outside bark (ob) cubic-foot volume to any ob diameter limit, or the ib or ob diameter at any given height, of loblolly pine tress (Pinus taeda L.) growing in thinned or unthinned plantations in the West Gulf States region. The model formulation and simultaneous estimation technique utilized ensure that the volume and stem profile equations are compatible and the parameter estimates are statistically efficient. The 230 sample trees used to develop the equations were from central Louisiana plantations and ranged in diameters at breast height (D) from 1.3 to 20.8 in. in total height (H) from 16 to 96 ft, and in ages from 9 to 55 yr. Significant differences in stem profile between trees of the same D and H in unthinned and thinned plantations suggest that separate cubic-foot volume and upper-stem diameter prediction equations should be used South J. Appl. For. 15(2):92-97
Impacts of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on Noncorporate Timber Income in the South
Authors: Dangerfield Coleman W. , Gunter John E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA'86) may reduce the timber-growing profitability of noncorporate landowners in the South. Effects vary by site index, length of rotation, market area, and tax provision. The long-run timber supply will be adversely affected by TRA'86. Short-run effects were not determined. Many producers will continue tree production with reduced profitability after TRA'86 because no better use for timber producing assets exists. Additional production and marketing efficiencies will be squeezed into tree production at the margin because of TRA'86. Some marginal producers, unable to become more efficient, may exit the industry. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):113-117.
Seed Orchard Replacement Guidelines: A Linear Programming Approach
Authors: O'Laughlin Jay , Whatley Christopher M. , McKinley Craig R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A linear programming model is used to determine when to replace a seed orchard with subsequent rotations reflecting additional genetic improvements. The objective is to maximize the net present value of the orchard while meeting specific production targets of exactly 1,000 pounds of seed per year. The solution calls for a 39 ac orchard over the 50-year planning horizon, and provides a schedule indicating both when and how much of the orchard is to be replaced. Slightly more than half (55%) of the first orchard rotation is replaced between years 13 and 21—roughly 13% in year 13, 14% in year 15, 16% in year 17, 4% in year 19, and 8% in year 21. The remaining 45% of the orchard is replaced at the maximum orchard age of 25. To meet production needs in years 25 through 34 without using additional orchard acreage, 2,550 pounds of surplus seed are produced between years 13 and 24. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):117-125.
Economic Evaluation of Initial Spacing for a 30-Year-Old Unthinned Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Conrad L. William , Straka Thomas J. , Watson William F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three initial spacings from a 30-year-old unthinned loblolly pine plantation were evaluated to estimate the historical returns achieved at various rotation lengths and for the impact of single and multiple products. The plantation was established on a well-drained interior flatwoods clay site in North Central Mississippi. Historic rates of return using actual price and cost data are reported. Generally, the optimum pulpwood rotation was 20 yr, and optimum sawtimber rotation was 30 yr. Wider spacings produced higher returns for both pulpwood and sawtimber rotations. When multiple products were considered (joint production of sawtimber, chip-n-saw, and pulpwood), greater returns than the single product rotations were obtained, and wider spacings consistently produced higher economic returns. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):89-93.
Factors Influencing Willingness to Pay for Deer Hunting in the Alabama Piedmont
Authors: Stribling H. L. , Caulfield J. P. , Lockaby B. G. , Thompson D. P. , Quicke H. E. , Clonts H. A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fifty-three individuals who hunted deer in the Alabama Piedmont during the 1988-1989 season were interviewed by telephone to determine their willingness to pay for the same hunting land under different hypothetical forest management and deer harvest situations. Willingness to pay significantlydecreased when the percentage of land in recent clearcut or in young pine stands increased beyond 50% of the area. These hunters indicated they would pay the same as they currently do or more for tracts composed of up to 25% young pine or an all-aged mix of pine-hardwood. Individuals not currentlyleasing hunting land were willing to pay more for the possibility of harvesting additional deer. Individuals currently leasing hunting land were not willing to pay a higher price to harvest more deer. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):125-129.
A Comparison of Sheared and Sawhead-Felled Stump Heights on Six Nonindustrial Private Timber Sales in Southeastern Virginia
Authors: Shaffer Robert M. , Taumas Richard S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stump heights were measured on six recently harvested nonindustrial private timber sales in the Virginia coastal plain. The tracts had been clearcut by six different logging contractors. Three of the tracts had been felled with hydraulic shears, and three had been felled with continuousdisk sawheads. Sawhead-felled stumps were found to be significantly higher than shear-felled stumps for both pine and hardwood on all tracts. Estimated stumpage revenue loss for the three sawhead-felled tracts due to high stumps and saw kerf was $12.04/ac. Both sheared and sawhead-felledstumps exhibited visible felling defects such as fiber-pull and barber-chair. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):140-142.
Loblolly Pine Seed Sources Differ in Susceptibility to the Southern Pine Beetle in South Carolina
Authors: Powers H. R. , Belanger R. P. , Pepper W. D. , Hastings F. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In a planting near Aiken, SC, loblolly pine saplings from an eastern seed source were significantly more susceptible to the southern pine beetle (SPB) than were loblolly saplings from western seed sources. Two eastern sources of slash pine also resisted beetle attack. Study plots wereoriginally established to evaluate disease resistance and growth of fusiform rust resistant and susceptible seed lots. There was no relationship between stand characteristics or rust infection patterns and SPB damage. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):169-174
Ten-Year Results From Precommercial Strip-Thinning: Paradigm Lost or Reinforced?
Authors: Cain M. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pine growth was monitored for 10 yr after mechanically strip-thinning a dense, naturally regenerated, even-aged stand of 6-yr-old loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. From age 12 to 16 yr, annual growth in height and dbh for 200 croptrees/ac was significantly better on precommercially thinned plots compared to unthinned plots. Commercial thinning was done during the 17th growing season, with volumes removed from unthinned plots averaging 8 cords/ac more than volumes removed from precommercially thinned plots. Pine volumeproduction on precommercially thinned plots may have been reduced by crown scorch from two of three prescribed winter burns and by the disproportionate number of shortleaf pines on those plots as compared to unthinned plots. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):16-21
Comparison of Planted Loblolly and Slash Pine Performance in Southeast Texas
Authors: Lenhart J. David , Kronrad Gary D. , Fountain Michael S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The performance of young (less than 10 yr) loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine trees was compared on planted sites in southeast Texas. Performance was compared for: total tree height; tree diameter; height to live tree crown; tree volume index,; incidenceof fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme); crookedness of stems; and survival rates. For these young trees, slash pine tended to perform better in southeast Texas than loblolly pine in total tree height, tree diameter, stem size, height to first livebranch and stem straightness. However, loblolly pine was less susceptible to fusiform rust than slash pine, and its mortality rate was lower than slash pine. However, based on the performance of these young plantations, a recommendation on the preferred pine species to plant in southeast Texasmight be premature. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):26-31.
Tract Acreage Estimates from Timber Cruises
Authors: Oderwald Richard G. , Boucher Britt A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tract acreage estimates based solely on strip line lengths, number of plots, and field maps drawn on grid paper may be unreliable. The errors may be so large that total volume estimates are wrong even if volume per acre is estimated accurately. Methods of evaluating the potential errorare described. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):100-103.
Tree Grade Prediction for Mississippi Bottomland Hardwoods Using Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Belli Keith L. , Matney Thomas G. , Hodges John D. , Deen R. Tim , Goelz Jeffery C. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Information from 150 permanent plots in Mississippi bottomland hardwood stands was used to construct linear discriminant functions to predict individual tree grade for sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), and three species of red oak: cherrybark (Quercus pagoda Raf.), water (Quercus nigra L.), and willow (Quercus phellos L.). Two versions of the functions were produced, one general set for all trees greater than 9.0 in. in diameter (including culls), and another set for trees grade 3 or better. The general set of discriminant functions successfully predicted tree grade for 50% to 63% of the trees in the database, depending on species. Prediction success improved to a range of 62% to 81% when culls were excluded from the analysis. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):120-123.