bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Results for Waveriders in Certain Off-Design Conditions
Authors: Squire L. C. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryFor caret waveriders at the design condition the attached shock wave in the plane of the leading edges may correspond to either a strong or a weak oblique shock wave when viewed normal to the edges. In cases when the design shock wave corresponds to the strong oblique shock the off-design behaviour of the wing is not completely understood. In this note some measured results are analysed in an attempt to understand this off-design behaviour.
Vibration Characteristics of Pre-twisted Blades of Asymmetrical Aerofoil Cross-Section
Authors: Carnegie W. , Dawson B. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe natural frequencies and mode shapes of vibration of cantilever aerofoil cross-section blades of pre-twist angle in the range 0 to 90 degrees are obtained. The beams are 152·4 mm long and the width / thickness ratio is such that they may be regarded as slender. Theoretical frequency ratios and mode shapes of vibration, neglecting shear and rotary inertia effects, are obtained for two sets of beams, one with clockwise pre-twist relative to the root cross-section and the other with anti-clockwise pre-twist. The effect of variation in the value of the centre-of-flexure coordinates upon the natural frequency ratios and mode shapes of vibration is investigated. The theoretical results are compared to corresponding experimental results.
Simplified Presentation of Preston Tube Calibration
Authors: Head M. R. , Ram V. Vasanta 
Published: May 2019

SummaryTwo alternative presentations are given of Patel’s Preston tube calibration. In the first, Δp/τw is tabulated as a function of Δpd2/ρν2; in the second, cf is plotted as a function of Δp/½ρU2 and Ud/ν, so that values of cf, can be read off directly.
The Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layer on an Infinite Yawed Wing
Authors: Nash J. F. , Tseng R. R. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThis paper presents the results of some calculations of the incompressible turbulent boundary layer on an infinite yawed wing. A discussion is made of the effects of increasing lift coefficient, and increasing Reynolds number, on the displacement thickness, and on the magnitude and direction of the skin friction. The effects of the state of the boundary layer (laminar or turbulent) along the attachment line are also considered.A study is made to determine whether the behaviour of the boundary layer can adequately be predicted by a two-dimensional calculation. It is concluded that there is no simple way to do this (as is provided, in the laminar case, by the principle of independence). However, with some modification, a two-dimensional calculation can be made to give an acceptable numerical representation of the chordwise components of the flow.
A Method for Reducing the Base Drag of Wings with Blunt Trailing Edge
Authors: Tanner M 
Published: May 2019

SummaryTo study the possibilities of reducing the base drag of profiles with a blunt trailing edge, experiments were performed in two low-speed wind-tunnels at the DFVLR-AVA, Göttingen, some on models between walls and some on rectangular wings with an aspect ratio of 2.5. The results show that the mean base pressure can be increased, and so the base drag reduced, by using a special form of the blunt trailing edge. The variation of local base pressure along the span, and the way in which this variation is influenced by the form of the trailing edge, is also shown. Some results for the total drag and lift are also indicated.
Numerical Results for the Initial Buckling of Some Stiffened Panels in Compression
Authors: Williams F W , Wittrick W H 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIn previous papers the basis of a matrix approach to the initial buckling or vibration of prismatic structures consisting of a series of thin flat rectangular plates rigidly connected together along their longitudinal edges has been developed. The present paper provides numerical results for the buckling, under uniform longitudinal compression, of a series of panels with unflanged or flanged integral stiffeners, or with Z-section stiffeners; the results are compared with those obtained by other methods and with published results, including an appropriate Royal Aeronautical Society Structures Data Sheet. It was found that considerable inaccuracies can arise from the usual methods of analysis and the authors believe that these justify the use of computer programmes, such as the ones used to obtain the results of this paper, at least at the final design stage.
Lower Bounds for the Pressure Jumps of the Shock Waves of a Supersonic Transport of Given Length
Authors: Jones L B 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIn an earlier paper the lower bounds for the pressure jumps across the bow shock waves of a supersonic transport were derived, it being assumed that all the shocks had coalesced into either the bow or rear shocks, but not that the shocks were at such a great distance (asymptotic) that they had the same strength. In this paper the results of the earlier work are developed so that the lower bounds for the pressure jumps across shock waves propagating through a homogeneous atmosphere are determined by considering bow and rear shock waves simultaneously.
Aristotle's Concept of Responsibility and its Reflection in Roman Jurisprudence
Authors: Shalgi Moshe 
Published: May 2019

A fundamental problem in jurisprudence—the justification of subjection to law, the legitimation of the demand to account for one's deeds—is antecedent to the science of law. In furnishing a solution to this problem philosophy shapes qualitatively the nature of the legal order of a society which it underlies. In what follows we shall focus our attention on two outstanding achievements of European civilization in antiquity—attempt to state Aristotle's solution of the problem and point to its counterparts in Roman jurisprudence.It should be noted that Aristotle's views, including his theory of responsibility, underwent certain developments. We shall, however, discuss it in its mature shape in theNicomachean Ethics. As for Roman law, from the Twelve Tables in the 5th century B.C. down to Justinian'sCorpus Juris Civilisin the 6th century A.D., and thereafter, it was never a static body of law. Yet the Corpus is its best known and most widely applied embodiment. It has exerted influence on later European legal thought long after the Roman Empire ceased to exist and inspired many systems of law throughout the world. We shall, therefore, discuss Roman law as it is reflected in that compilation.
Laws Disregarded
Authors: Yaron Reuven 
Published: May 2019

When Professor Ginossar invited me to address you, he very liberally left the choice of topic to me. “Talk about anything you want,” he said, “about Eshnunna, or about the Land of Israel Movement, or about anything else you consider proper.” This left me in somewhat of a quandary. I might have talked to you about ancient legal history, about Rome, or about the Jewish military colony at Elephantine, in southern Egypt, of the 5th century B.C., or else about the laws of Eshnunna, an Old-Babylonian kingdom of the 18th century B.C. But then one should beware of imposing one's specialties on a general audience, however intelligent, kind and tolerant. At the very best the interest of a few might be kindled, for others the likely result is boredom—albeit in after-lunch talks alleviated by a tendency to post-prandial somnolence.I might have talked about politics. This—I feel quite certain—would have kept everyone wide awake. But while I do hope that some of you would have agreed with my views, a few might even have been persuaded, I have no doubt whatsoever that others would have disagreed quite strongly. In the end I did not think it proper to introduce that much controversy into this “happy dwelling together of brethren”. If I had been expressly asked to talk about politics, I should have complied without hesitation (and perhaps there may be some other occasion for it). But, since the matter was left to my discretion, I decided against it.
Jubilee Laws
Authors: Westbrook Raymond 
Published: May 2019

The Torah contains two groupings of cyclical legislation, the Jubilee laws, based on a fifty-year cycle, and the Sabbatical laws, based on a seven-year cycle. Our enquiry is concerned with the former, the Jubilee legislation, but it is clear that an important part of the discussion will be the relationship between it and the Sabbatical legislation. The laws of these two groupings, which overlap considerably, consist of three main elements, fallow laws, release laws, and redemption laws. The latter are not cyclical laws, but are linked to the cyclical legislation in the text and are important for its understanding.The material outlined above is found in three Pentateuchal codes; in Exodus, Leviticus and Deuteronomy. In Exodus 23:10ff there is a fallow-law: an entire cessation of all field work (verb š m ṭ) is ordered to take place in every seventh year. This is said to be dictated by a regard for the poor and the beasts of the field. From the context it would appear that the fallow is intended to be universal (the following regulation concerns the Sabbath), but this is by no means a necessary conclusion. Secondly, there are release-laws, concerning slaves only. In 21:2–6 it is laid down that a Hebrew slave can be kept in bondage only for six years. After this period he was automatically emancipated.
Seasonal variations in the viscosity and adhesive strength of casein from the milk of individual cows. II
Authors: Southward C. R. , Dolby R. M. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe viscosity and adhesive strength of casein from the milk of 6 individual cows were determined on samples collected regularly over a period of 21 months. Three of the cows calved in autumn and 3 in spring. The viscosity of the casein from 5 of the cows showed a decline during lactation that was independent of the date of calving. It was therefore concluded that the decline in casein viscosity may be attributed to lactational rather than seasonal effects.
The effects of dietary urea and ammonium sulphate on the yield and composition of sheep milk
Authors: Tanev G. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryAn experiment lasting 4 years has been carried out with 4 groups (3 test and a control) of 10 sheep. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN) (as urea, ammonium sulphate or a mixture of the two) replaced 25% of the dietary nitrogen in the first 2 years and 50% in the second 2 years. The yields of milk, protein and fat were generally depressed in the test groups but not all of the differences reached significance. In the group receiving ammonium sulphate, the milk fat percentage was higher than in the control group in all years and the protein percentage was higher in the last 2 years. Contrary to results elsewhere, the yield of lactose was depressed in all test groups. In the urea group, the content of minerals and of calcium in the milk was significantly less than in the control groups. The total amount of NPN and its components (ammonia, urea and creatine) in milk were not affected by the substitution of NPN in the rations.
Changes on storage in milk processed by ultra-high-temperature sterilization
Authors: Samel Ruth , Weaver R. W. V. , Gammack D. B. 
Published: May 2019

SummarySamples of commercially processed ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk were stored at 4, 20, 30 and 37°C for up to 2 years or until gelation occurred.The stability of the proteins to ethanol, calcium ions and rennet decreased with time of storage. However, preliminary autoclaving of the UHT milk induced a high degree of stability.The extent of protein decomposition that had occurred in the UHT milk samples depended on the time and temperature of storage. There was negligible decomposition when the samples had been autoclaved before storage at 4 and 20°C. Storage at 37°C led to significant decomposition.UHT milk samples gelled after being stored for 13 months at 4, 20 and 30°C, but not at 37°C. The autoclaved milk was still fluid after being stored for 2 years at these temperatures.The time of onset of gelation did not depend on the degree of protein breakdown, and it seemed therefore that proteolysis was not the primary cause of gelation on storage.It was concluded that the proteins in UHT milk underwent several changes on storage that were apparently independent of each other and led ultimately to coagulation of the milk. These changes included proteolysis, and a progressive loss of stability under conditions that favoured aggregation of the casein micelles.
The concentrations of some water-soluble constituents in the milks of cows, sows, ewes and goats
Authors: Konar A. , Thomas P. C. , Rook J. A. F. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe concentrations of lactose, potassium, sodium, chloride and citric acid were determined in milks of cows, sows, ewes and goats. For cows, sows and ewes trends with lactation are reported and for all species correlations between constituents in milks secreted in mid-lactation are given. The results are discussed in relation to the secretion of water-soluble constituents in milk.
A use of the computer as an aid in diagnosis of metabolic problems of dairy herds
Authors: Rowlands G. J. , Pocock Rita M. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe contribution that the computer has made in the interpretation and analysis of a metabolic profile test, which is designed to monitor the metabolic health of a dairy herd and assess the adequacy of dietary intake for production, is described. The test is based on an assessment of blood chemistry for any number of variates, which constitute the metabolic profile, measured for randomly selected cows from 3 groups of a herd: dry cows, cows giving intermediate quantities of milk and cows giving high daily yields. The computer program is designed to give an objective and comprehensive assessment of the test in an easily interpretable form based on a pictorial form of print-out. The profile is displayed as a ‘histogram’ presented as standard deviations from the normal base-line, and for each variable a scatter diagram is included presenting the individual variates plotted against the particular animal's daily milk yield.
Effect of fibre level in the diet of the dairy cow on milk yield and composition
Authors: Gordon F. J. , Forbes T. J. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThirty-six lactating cows were used in a 3×2 factorial design experiment to study the effects of level of energy and fibre intake on milk yield and composition over an 8-week experimental period. Three levels of fibre intake — 1g of crude fibre per 25, 17·5 and 10 kcal of estimated metabolizable energy (ME) requirements — were given in diets supplying both 80 and 100% of energy requirements. The level of energy intake significantly affected milk yield, milk energy output and the percentage solids-not-fat (SNF) and protein in the milk. The effects of fibre intake on both milk yield and milk energy output were marked but not significant. Fibre intake had a significant curvilinear effect on both the SNF and protein in the milk with the highest fibre intake resulting in a significant decrease in both fractions. A significant linear decrease was obtained in the lactose fraction as the fibre intake increased.The total volatile fatty acid (VFA) level in the rumen was significantly affected by both energy and fibre intake. The level of energy intake only significantly affected the proportion of propionic acid. Fibre intake significantly affected the proportion of both acetic and butyric acids resulting in mean proportions of acetic acid of 66, 70 and 72 at the low, medium and high fibre intakes. The correlations between the rumen acids and lactation efficiencies are also presented.Multiple regression analysis within each fibre level has been used to partition the ME available for production between that used for milk energy output and liveweight change. The results showed efficiencies of utilization of ME for milk output of 66, 65 and 56 on the low, medium and high fibre diets respectively.Nitrogen balance data are presented.
Some aspects of the chemical composition of the milk fat globule membrane during lactation
Authors: Anderson M. , Cheeseman G. C. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe protein, phospholipid and neutral lipid composition of a deoxycholatesoluble fraction (DOCM) from bovine milk fat globule membrane (FGM) was determined, at intervals during lactation, in 3 cows maintained at a constant level of food intake. It was suggested that the appearance of free fat in washed cream during the first 2 days post partum was related to membrane stability in colostral secretion. Differences between the cows in DOCM yield (mg/100 g cream lipid) and composition were greatest during the first 25 days post partum. DOCM yield increased markedly as lactation proceeded in one animal, and this was thought to be due to a decrease in globule size. Variation in DOCM composition was principally due to an alteration in neutral lipid content. There were few differences, however, between the quantities of phospholipid and protein in DOCM for all 3 animals, and similarly the percentage composition of the major DOCM phospholipids varied little, phosphatidyl choline being the predominant phospholipid.
The Influence of Dietary Protein Level upon the Response of Mice Infected with Schistosoma mansoni to Treatment with Niridazole (Ambilhar)
Authors: Fadl A. M. 
Published: May 2019

1. The influence of diets having different protein values on the schistosomicidal effect of Ambilhar has been investigated in mice.2. Mice placed on these diets throughout the period of infection and then treated, reached differently. Low protein diets produced fewer and smaller worms which were more susceptible to the drug.3. Mice maintained on an adequate diet were shifted to diets of varying protein values a few days before treatment. In these, drug treatment was more satisfactory in animals fed the high protein regimen.4. Female worms were more affected by drug treatment than the males.
Studies on Onchocerca gutturosa (Neumann, 1910) and its Development in Simulium ornatum (Meigen, 1818). I. Observations on O.gutturosa in cattle in South-East England
Authors: Eichler D. A. , Nelson G. S. 
Published: May 2019

1. O. gutturosa infections are of widespread occurrence in South-East England. 58% of 1583 cervical ligaments from milk cattle slaughtered in an abattoir at Reading, Berkshire, showed the presence of adult worms. A more detailed study of 50 cattle from a small abattoir near St. Albans in Hertfordshire showed 42 (84%) infected.2. The adult worms were found either in the connective tissue adjoining the nuchal ligament or between the spleen and rumen. There was no evidence of an increase in the parasite density with age of the cattle suggesting a strong immunity to superinfection.3. Irrespective of the situation of the adult worms the microfilariae of O. gutturosa appear to have a directional mechanism and were always concentrated in the skin around the umbilicus. This is an adaptation to transmission by Simulium ornatum which bites preferentially in the umbilical region.4. There were no marked pathological changes associated with the parasites and no evidence of clinical disease attributable to infection with O. gutturosa.
Studies on Onchocerca gutturosa (Neumann, 1910) and its Development in Simulium ornatum (Meigen, 1818). II. Behaviour of S. ornatum in relation to the transmission of O. gutturosa
Authors: Eichler D. A. 
Published: May 2019

1. Observations have been made on the behaviour of S. ornatum in relation to its role as a vector of O. gutturosa, a common parasite of cattle in Britain.2. Most of the S. ornatum biting cattle alight on the ventral surface of the animal and it has been shown that this behaviour is affected by the degree of illumination.3. The umbilicus is the preferred site for a blood meal by S. ornatum and it is this region where the microfilarial density is the highest.4. The biting behaviour of S. ornatum is affected by the arrangement of the hair in relation to the skin surface. The umbilicus is preferred because here the hairs are so arranged that the flies readily gain access to the skin. The teats are bitten usually when fly activity is very heavy and then the umbilicus is covered with feeding S. ornatum.5. The mean number of O. gutturosa microfilariae ingested by S. ornatum, but not the quantity of blood, increases with increased time spent feeding on an infected animal.6. There is no causal relationship between the loss of blood per anum during and after feeding and the number of microfilariae ingested by S. ornatum.7. Few microfilariae of O. gutturosa are lost per anum by S. ornatum during feeding despite the loss of blood by this route from the majority of flies.8. The infective larvae of O. gutturosa are deposited by S. ornatum in the skin of the umbilicus of the cow from where they migrate to the neck or gastro-splenic region. This suggests that the worms possess an inherent directional mechanism determining their final site of development and that the point of inoculation of the infective larvae may have less importance in determining the sites of final maturation of Onchocerca species than has hitherto been believed.
A Comparison of Two Geographical Strains of Schistosoma haematobium
Authors: Webbe G. , James C. 
Published: May 2019

A comparison of the characteristics of two strains of S. haematobium in experimental infections in hamsters is made. A limited study of these strains is also made in Mastomys.Growth changes in male and female adult worms are compared, as are changes in the uterine egg counts.The quantitative distribution of eggs in the tissues of the hamster is recorded. The approximate mean daily egg output per female worm for each strain is calculated at specified time intervals, and for the entire period of observations.The recorded characteristics of the two strains of parasite are compared with those described for other strains of S. haematobium.It is considered that the hamster provides a useful model for such studies provided that standardised infection procedures are employed.It is considered that differences in host characteristics and susceptibility of individual animals account for the apparent variability recorded with regard to growth of parasites and egg depositions.
Histochemical Studies of the Skin and Intestine of Dogs Infected with Ancylostoma caninum Larvae
Authors: M. G. Deo Debiprasad Banerjee , Prakash Om 
Published: May 2019

The penetration of the juveniles through the intestinal tissue caused breakdown of the carbohydrate complexes present in the area and in general the infected intestinal tissue had low carbohydrate content as compared to the control as revealed by several staining procedures. Results of the tests for lipids and proteins were not conclusive. The cytoplasmic RNA of the infected intestine and skin became more pyroninophilic and could account for an increase of RNA content in the infected tissue.There was an increase of the alkaline phosphatase activity and a decrease in the fibrin content in the infected intestine. Tests for pigments and amyloid and hyaluronidase extraction procedures were inconclusive.
Further Notes on Research Facilities in the U.A.R.
Authors: Coury Melissa 
Published: May 2019

In a recent article Prof. John A. Williams presented a brief sketch of the major libraries available to foreign scholars in the U.A.R. It is hoped that the following listing will be useful as a supplement to Dr. Williams’ work, especially for the scholar of Egyptian history.The Library of the American University in Cairo invites Fellows of the American Research Center to become subscription members. For a fee of LE 6.000, borrowing privileges and full internal use of the library are granted. Of special interest to researchers are the Creswell and Debbane Collections. The Creswell Collection, containing over 3,500 volumes devoted to Islamic art and architecture, is a non-circulating reference collection which may be consulted by serious scholars. Letters of introduction should be presented to Prof. Creswell and to the Director of the Center for Arabic Studies by anyone who is not affiliated with the American University.