bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Change in Cervical Length across Pregnancies and Preterm Delivery
Authors: Dude Annie , Miller Emily S. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Objective This study aimed to determine whether a decrease in midtrimester cervical length across pregnancies is associated with preterm delivery in a subsequent pregnancy.
Study Design This is a cohort study of women who had two consecutive singleton births at the same institution. Midtrimester cervical length change across pregnancies was measured as the difference in centimeters (cm) between cervical lengths using the measurement taken closest to 200/7 weeks' gestation in each pregnancy. Cervical length shortening was defined as present if the cervical length decreased by at least one standard deviation in the subsequent pregnancy.
Results Among 1,552 women, 114 (7.4%) experienced a preterm delivery in the subsequent pregnancy. Compared with women whose subsequent pregnancy cervical length remained stable or increased, women whose cervical length shortened were more likely to experience a preterm delivery (10.3 vs. 6.7%; p = 0.04). Cervical length shortening remained associated with preterm delivery even when accounting for a woman's prior preterm delivery, prior pregnancy short cervix, interdelivery interval, progesterone use, and cervical length in the subsequent pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio = 1.89; 95% confidence interval = 1.11–3.20).
Conclusion Midtrimester cervical length shortening across pregnancies is independently associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery.
Youth and the repoliticization of Quechua
Authors: Zavala Virginia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this article, I argue that Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) in Peru has turned into a depoliticized endeavor, fed by a modernist national frame and a positivist/ modernist linguistics (García et al., 2017). Situating my discussion amid the context of discourses of IBE, I will focus on Quechua-speaking urban youth activists and the way they challenge three key issues that have been historically entrenched in the discourse of IBE and language diversity in general: the restriction of Quechua speakers to “mother tongue” speakers, the dichotomy between local and global identities, and the defensive stance towards neoliberalism and the market economy. In a context of tensions and challenges for multilingualism and of new circumstances for minoritized languages and their speakers (Pietikainen et al., 2016), these young people are questioning the depoliticized, limiting, and fictitious views of Quechua and Quechuaness from the IBE discourse. Put it differently: they are disinventing Quechua as IBE conceives it and reinventing it within a much more inclusive and politicized project, in a way that should interest educators.
Authority and morality in advocating heteroglossia
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this article I address the fact that influential strands in socio- and applied linguistics advocate heteroglossic policies in education and other monolingually organised domains without extending this heteroglossia to public debate about language policy. Often this occurs by presenting linguistic diversity to relevant stakeholders as natural and real, or as the only option on account of its proven effectiveness. I argue that this strategy removes options from the debate by framing it as a scientific rather than political one, that it confronts stakeholders with academic pressure and blame, and that this may diminish scholars’ impact on policy making. Using examples from research on translanguaging, repertoires, and linguistic citizenship, I will suggest that scholars may be more effective in contexts of value conflict when their knowledge serves to expand rather than reduce the range of alternatives for stakeholders. Focusing on education I will then explore how we may reclaim language policy from an evidence-based discourse and address matters of value besides matters of fact.
Local Energy Dissipation/Transition in Field Effect Molecular Nanoelectronic Systems: a Quantum Mechanical Methodology
Authors: Safari Reza , Sabzyan Hassan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Electronic and vibrational intra-molecular thermoelectric-like figures of merit

(

ZT

γ

M

)

are introduced for single molecule nanoelectronic system, using quantum theory of atoms in molecule. These figures of merit are used to describe intra-molecular or local energy dissipation/transition (as in Joule-like, Peltier-like, and Thomson-like effects) in field effect molecular devices. The

ZT

γ

M

figures of merit are computed for two proposed molecular devices. Analysis of the results shows that

ZT

γ

M

depends almost non-linearly on the electric field (EF) strength. Also, the intra-molecular Joule-like heating plays a dominant role in the local energy dissipation, and intra-molecular Thomson-like heating is generally larger than the intra-molecular Peltier-like heating. Introduction of

ZT

γ

M

can be applied to extend the analysis of thermoelectric heating down to molecular and intra-molecular levels, and thus can be used to predict characteristics and performance of any candidate multi-terminal or multi-pole molecular systems prior to their application in real nanoelectronic circuits.
Towards a metamaterial approach for fast timing in PET: experimental proof-of-concept
Authors: Turtos R M , Gundacker S , Auffray E , Lecoq P 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Achieving fast timing in positron emission tomography (PET) at the level of few tens of picoseconds of picoseconds is limited by the photon emission rate of existent materials with standard scintillation mechanisms. This has led to consider quantum confined excitonic sub-1 ns emission in semiconductors as a viable solution to enhance the amount of fast-emitted photons produced per gamma event. However the introduction of nanocrystals and nanostructures into the domain of radiation detectors is a challenging problem. In order to move forward along this line, the standard bulk detector geometry and readout should be updated to allow for the implementation of new materials and within others, compensate for some of their intrinsic limitations. In this paper we will cover two study cases in which a fast emitter is combined with state-of-the-art scintillators in a sampling geometry designed to provide better timing for a fraction of the 511 keV events. For this test, we use a fast plastic scintillator BC-422 able to deliver a detector time resolution (DTR) of 25 ps FWHM (equivalent coincidence time resolution CTR of 35 ps) and we combined it with LYSO or BGO 200

m thick plates building a sampling pixel composed by two active scintillating materials. We develop a new proof of concept readout that allows for the identification of different types of events, carrying standard or improved timing information. Results are showing a DTR of 67 ps FWHM (equivalent to a CTR of 95 ps) for one third of the events depositing 511 keV in the BGO  +  BC-422

mm3 sampling pixel. The other two third of the 511 keV events perform like standard bulk 3 mm long BGO crystals with a time resolution of around 117 ps (equivalent to a CTR of 165 ps). For the case of LYSO  +  BC-422 sampling pixel, shared 511 keV events reach a DTR of 39 ps (CTR of 55 ps) in comparison to 57 ps (CTR of 83 ps) for 511 keV events fully contained in LYSO of the same size. This work is a step forward in the integration of fast semiconductor nanocrystals and nanostructures with present detector technologies.
A NiTi alloy weft knitted fabric for smart firefighting clothing
Authors: Šalej Lah Alenka , Fajfar Peter , Kugler Goran , Rijavec Tatjana 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A prototype of a new shape-memory nitinol knitted fabric intended for use as an active thermal insulating interlining in firefighting protective clothing was developed in the study presented in this paper. Weft knitted fabrics were made from commercially available cold-worked nickel titanium alloy monofils. Knits were made on a manual knitting machine from a monofil measuring 0.1 mm in diameter, while a hand-made knit was prepared from a monofil measuring 0.2 mm in diameter. Nitinol fabrics were annealed at 500 °C to achieve an austenite transition temperature of 75 °C. A special constructed mould made of a steel frame and aluminium domes measuring 30 and 20 mm in height was used to give the nitinol fabrics a new temporary shape. A two-way, shape-memory effect of the nitinol fabrics was achieved using a 15-cycle training process. The achieved shape-memory effect was tested in a heated chamber at 100 °C, where bulges measuring 12–25 mm in height occurred. NiTi knits made from finer monofil were the most successful shape-memory knits. They were machine knitted and achieved sufficiently high bulges, measuring 18 or 12 mm, that facilitated large enough air gaps for effective thermal protection. A smart textile system was prepared by inserting the trained nitinol fabric into a pocket made from two textile fabric layers sewn together. When it was exposed to environmental temperatures of 75 °C and higher, it instantly changed its form from a two-dimensional shape to a three-dimensional shape, while increasing the air gap in the pocket. A quilted fabric made from such a smart textile system could be used in firefighting protective clothing to locally improve thermal insulation and protect the human skin from overheating or burns.
Fate of superconductivity in disordered Dirac and semi-Dirac semimetals
Authors: Wang Jing-Rong , Liu Guo-Zhu , Zhang Chang-Jin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The influence of weak disorder on the superconductivity in ordinary metals can be formally described by the Abrikosov-Gorkov diagrammatic approach. The vertex correction is ignored in this approach because an inequality k

F

l ≫ 1, where k

F
is the Fermi momentum and l mean free path, is satisfied in ordinary metals with a large Fermi surface. In a Dirac semimetal that has discrete Fermi points, this inequality may break down even for arbitrarily weak disorder since

k

F

→
0

, and thus the vertex correction could be important. We incorporate the vertex correction into the self-consistent equations of the superconducting gap and the disorder scattering rate, and then apply the generalized approach to study how s-wave superconductivity is affected by random chemical potential in two- and three-dimensional Dirac semimetals, as well as two-dimensional semi-Dirac semimetal. In the clean limit, superconductivity is formed only when the pairing interaction strength is greater than some critical value in these materials. Adding random chemical potential to the system promotes superconductivity by generating a finite fermionic density of states at the Fermi level. In three-dimensional Dirac semimetal, the critical attraction strength is reduced by weak disorder, but remains finite. In the other two cases, superconductivity is induced by arbitrarily weak attraction. Including the vertex correction does not change these qualitative results, and actually could further promote superconductivity in the weak-attraction regime. Bilayer graphene is quite special in that its zero-energy density of states is nonzero despite the existence of Fermi points. Due to this peculiar property, superconductivity is always slightly suppressed by random chemical potential, and the impact of vertex correction is nearly negligible.
Comments on the fractal energy spectrum of honeycomb lattice with defects
Authors: Matsuki Yoshiyuki , Ikeda Kazuki 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe study the fractality of the energy spectrum of honeycomb lattice with various defects or impurities under a perpendicular magnetic field. Using a tight-binding Hamiltonian including interactions with the nearest neighbors, we investigate its energy spectrum for different choices of point defects or impurities. First, we fix a unit cell consisting of 8 lattice points and survey the energy eigenvalues in the presence of up to 2 point defects. Then it turns out that the existence of the fractal energy structure, called Hofstadter’s butterfly, highly depends on the choice of defect pairs. Next, we extend the size of a unit cell which contains a single point defect in the unit cell consisting of 18 and 32 lattice points to lower the density of the defects. In this case, the robust gapless point exists on theE = 0 eV line without depending on the size of unit cells. And we find this gapless point always exists at the center of the butterfly shape. This butterfly shape also exists for the case of no defect lattice which has the fractality.
Control of Southern Armyworm (SAW) in Staked Tomato, Fall 1992
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Field-grown “Sunny” tomatoes were transplanted on 27 Aug. into single rows 20 inches between plants on plastic mulched beds 36 inches wide on 6 ft with subsurface seepage irrigation. RCB design, with 4 replications and 6 treatments with plots 3 rows by 20 feet. Eight weekly applications made with a tractor-mounted hydraulic boom sprayer with drop lines carrying four Albuz ATR Red nozzles per row for the first 2 applications, delivering 64 gpa and 6 nozzles per row, delivering 95.5 gpa for the remaining 6 applications. Grower check was Biobit FC® (2 qt/100 gal) or 2 pt/100 gal of Lannate 1.8 L (first treatment only). SAW were monitored weekly 3 days post-treatment by examining 5 randomly selected plants per plot for larvae and rating for percent defoliation. The same ten randomly selected plants per plot were harvested 3, 17 and 30 November. Fruit were weighed, culled and checked for worm damage.
The EntOptLayout Cytoscape plug-in for the efficient visualization of major protein complexes in protein–protein interaction and signalling networks
Authors: Ágg Bence , Császár Andrea , Szalay-Bekő Máté , Veres Dániel V , Mizsei Réka , Ferdinandy Péter , Csermely Péter , Kovács István A 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Motivation
Network visualizations of complex biological datasets usually result in ‘hairball’ images, which do not discriminate network modules.

Results
We present the EntOptLayout Cytoscape plug-in based on a recently developed network representation theory. The plug-in provides an efficient visualization of network modules, which represent major protein complexes in protein–protein interaction and signalling networks. Importantly, the tool gives a quality score of the network visualization by calculating the information loss between the input data and the visual representation showing a 3- to 25-fold improvement over conventional methods.

Availability and implementation
The plug-in (running on Windows, Linux, or Mac OS) and its tutorial (both in written and video forms) can be downloaded freely under the terms of the MIT license from: http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/entoptlayout.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Exercising the ‘governance option’: labour’s new push to reshape financial capitalism
Authors: Diamond Stephen F 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
New forms of stockholder activism call into question longstanding assumptions underpinning our system of corporate governance. Scholarship has largely failed to explain the basis for these new forms and, in particular, the differences among activists. Activists are not one undifferentiated mass. Both small activist hedge funds and large union-sponsored or -influenced pension funds use governance mechanisms to influence corporate behaviour. Pension funds, however, have a different set of incentives than hedge funds. The beneficiaries of these funds cannot easily switch between consumption and investment by buying or selling their holdings in firms. Thus, instead, institutional investors exercise an embedded ‘governance option’ found within shares of common stock to engage with firms. Organised labour, in particular, now uses its influence in pension funds to motivate progressive change by corporations. This form of activism has the potential to alter the balance of power between workers and capitalists in the era of financial capitalism.
African Participation in the ICSID System: Appointment and Disqualification of Arbitrators
Authors: Onyema Emilia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This article critically interrogates the experience of African States within the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) system through an analysis of certain procedural issues. Such issues cover a very wide terrain of different issues during the arbitration process, excepting the determination of the substantive rights and obligations of the disputants. The primary focus of this article is on issues relating to the constitution of tribunals and applications for the disqualification of arbitrators by African States as parties to disputes under the ICSID regime. Finally, it briefly mentions post-award actions within the ICSID regime, in which African States have also been active. It concludes that the engagement of African States within the ICSID regime will increase with the growth of cross-border intra-African investment activities. This will also lead to an increase in the participation of African lawyers in the ICSID system. This will be achieved through their appointment as counsel, arbitrators, conciliators and experts—not just by the Chairman of the ICSID Administrative Council but also by these African parties. Finally, this increased participation of African parties and States will continue to contribute to the development of the ICSID jurisprudence and its influence on the development of international investment law.
PRDM9 Diversity at Fine Geographical Scale Reveals Contrasting Evolutionary Patterns and Functional Constraints in Natural Populations of House Mice
Authors: Vara Covadonga , Capilla Laia , Ferretti Luca , Ledda Alice , Sánchez-Guillén Rosa A , Gabriel Sofia I , Albert-Lizandra Guillermo , Florit-Sabater Beatriu , Bello-Rodríguez Judith , Ventura Jacint , Searle Jeremy B , Mathias Maria L , Ruiz-Herrera Aurora 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOne of the major challenges in evolutionary biology is the identification of the genetic basis of postzygotic reproductive isolation. Given its pivotal role in this process, here we explore the drivers that may account for the evolutionary dynamics of the PRDM9 gene between continental and island systems of chromosomal variation in house mice. Using a data set of nearly 400 wild-caught mice of Robertsonian systems, we identify the extent of PRDM9 diversity in natural house mouse populations, determine the phylogeography of PRDM9 at a local and global scale based on a new measure of pairwise genetic divergence, and analyze selective constraints. We find 57 newly described PRDM9 variants, this diversity being especially high on Madeira Island, a result that is contrary to the expectations of reduced variation for island populations. Our analysis suggest that the PRDM9 allelic variability observed in Madeira mice might be influenced by the presence of distinct chromosomal fusions resulting from a complex pattern of introgression or multiple colonization events onto the island. Importantly, we detect a significant reduction in the proportion of PRDM9 heterozygotes in Robertsonian mice, which showed a high degree of similarity in the amino acids responsible for protein–DNA binding. Our results suggest that despite the rapid evolution of PRDM9 and the variability detected in natural populations, functional constraints could facilitate the accumulation of allelic combinations that maintain recombination hotspot symmetry. We anticipate that our study will provide the basis for examining the role of different PRDM9 genetic backgrounds in reproductive isolation in natural populations.
Reirradiation of recurrent high-grade glioma and development of prognostic scores for progression and survival
Authors: Chapman Christopher H , Hara Jared H , Molinaro Annette M , Clarke Jennifer L , Oberheim Bush Nancy Ann , Taylor Jennie W , Butowski Nicholas A , Chang Susan M , Fogh Shannon E , Sneed Penny K , Nakamura Jean L , Raleigh David R , Braunstein Steve E 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Optimal techniques and patient selection for salvage reirradiation of high-grade glioma (HGG) are unclear. In this study, we identify prognostic factors for freedom from progression (FFP) and overall survival (OS) after reirradiation, risk factors for high-grade toxicity, and validate clinical prognostic scores.

Methods
A total of 116 patients evaluated between 2000 and 2018 received reirradiation for HGG (99 WHO grade IV, 17 WHO grade III). Median time to first progression after initial therapy was 10.6 months. Salvage therapies before reirradiation included surgery (31%) and systemic therapy (41%). Sixty-five patients (56%) received single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) as reirradiation. The median biologically effective dose (BED) was 47.25 Gy, and the median planning target volume (PTV) was 4.8 cc for SRS and 95.0 cc for non-SRS treatments. Systemic therapy was given concurrently to 52% and adjuvantly to 74% of patients.

Results
Median FFP was 4.9 months, and median OS was 11.0 months. Significant multivariable prognostic factors for FFP were performance status, time to initial progression, and BED; for OS they were age, time to initial progression, and PTV volume at recurrence. High-grade toxicity was correlated to PTV size at recurrence. Three-level prognostic scores were generated for FFP and OS, with cross-validated receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) of 0.640 and 0.687, respectively.

Conclusions
Clinical variables at the time of reirradiation for HGG can be used to prognosticate FFP and OS.
MEASUREMENT OF AMBIENT GAMMA DOSE RATES ALONG TWO INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES IN LEYTE ISLAND, PHILIPPINES
Authors: Palad Lorna Jean , Mendoza Christopher , Dela Cruz Fe , Olivares Juanario , Cruz Paolo Tristan , Iwaoka Kazuki 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Natural background radiation to which humans are continuously exposed to come from the primordial radionuclides on the surface of the Earth. Industrial activities which concentrate natural radionuclides usually in residues and waste materials may enhance natural radioactivity on the ground via airborne contamination. In this study, ambient gamma dose rates were measured inside and outside two industrial facilities in Leyte, Philippines, to assess possible contribution of NORM materials in enhancement of natural radiation background in these areas. Ambient gamma dose rates measured at selected sites from Tacloban City to Isabel, Leyte and in nearby areas of Kananga and Ormoc City, Leyte were within the range of the background ambient gamma dose rates measured in the Philippines, ranging from 21 to 124 nSv/h. The workers in the phosphate rock storage and phosphogypsum pond areas in the phosphate fertiliser production plant received the highest annual effective external dose of 0.76 mSv.
Fifteen years of Private Foundations and yet back to the roots!?
Authors: Niegel Johanna 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this 15th anniversary issue of ‘Private Foundations: A World Review’ the Editor herself establishes an assessment and highlights the most important topics and articles that have over the past 15 years engaged the interest of trust and foundation practitioners alike. With a view to the Swiss initiative to introduce the trust in its civil law legal order, the Editor reflects on the experiences made by the Principality of Liechtenstein, a civil law country that went through the same exercise 93 years earlier than Switzerland and in this respect also looks at the position of common law countries that have introduced the civil law concept of a private foundation.