bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of Surgical and Nonsurgical Interventions in Normal Men Complaining of Small Penis Size
Authors: Marra Giancarlo , Drury Andrew , Tran Lisa , Veale David , Muir Gordon H. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionEvidence on penile enhancement interventions is lacking. Nonetheless, many non–evidence-based solutions are readily available.AimTo investigate enhancement and nonenhancement interventions in men without penile abnormalities seeking to increase penis size.MethodsWe performed a systematic review with no time restrictions adhering to the PRISMA guidelines. Studies with fewer than 10 cases or including men with organic penile pathologies or previous penile surgeries were excluded.Main Outcome MeasuresWhen available, treatment efficacy was evaluated based on patient satisfaction, penile size increase, and complications.ResultsWe included 17 studies, assessing a total of 21 interventions in 1,192 men screened, with 773 followed up after nonsurgical (n = 248) or surgical (n = 525) treatment. The quality of the studies was poor in terms of methodology for patient selection and outcomes assessment. The vast majority of series reported normal penile size. Among nonsurgical treatments, extenders increased flaccid length (but by &lt;2 cm), injectables increased girth but were associated with a high complication rate, and vacuum devices did not increase size. Surgical interventions included suspensory ligament incision (the most used method; n = 12), tissue grafting (autologous, n = 2; dermal fat, n = 3, ex vivo, n = 2), flaps (n = 2), and penile disassembly (n = 1). Some men reported a significant size increase; however, complications were not infrequent, and none of the techniques was externally validated. When provided, counseling was effective, with the majority of men coming to understand that their penis was normal and unwilling to undergo any further treatment.ConclusionTreatment of small penis in normal men is supported by scant, low-quality evidence. Structured counseling should be always performed, with extenders eventually used by those still seeking enhancement. Injectables and surgery should remain a last option, considered unethical outside of clinical trials.
Experimental determination of the aerodynamic coefficients of spinning bodies
Authors: Nguyen S. , Corey M. , Chan W. , Greenhalgh E.S. , Graham J.M.R. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTTo accurately predict the probabilities of impact damage to aircraft from runway debris, it is important to understand and quantify the aerodynamic forces that contribute to runway debris lofting. These lift and drag forces were therefore measured in experiments with various bodies spun over a range of angular velocities and Reynolds numbers. For a smooth sphere, the Magnus effect was observed for ratios of spin speed to flow speed between 0.3 and 0.4, but a negative Magnus force was observed at high Reynolds numbers as a transitional boundary layer region was approached. Similar relationships between lift and spin rate were found for both cube- and cylinder-shaped test objects, particularly with a ratio of spin speed to flow speed above 0.3, which suggested comparable separation patterns between rapidly spinning cubes and cylinders. A tumbling smooth ellipsoid had aerodynamic characteristics similar to that of a smooth sphere at a high spin rate. Surface roughness in the form of attached sandpaper increased the average lift on the cylinder by 24%, and approximately doubled the lift acting on the ellipsoid in both rolling and tumbling configurations.
Tuberculosis among healthcare personnel, United States, 2010–2016
Authors: Mongkolrattanothai Thitipong , Lambert Lauren A. , Winston Carla A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe describe characteristics of US healthcare personnel (HCP) diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB). Among 64,770 adults with TB during 2010–2016, 2,460 (4%) were HCP. HCP with TB were more likely to be born outside of the United States, and less likely to have TB attributed to recent transmission, than non-HCP.
Glacier mass balance over the central Nyainqentanglha Range during recent decades derived from remote-sensing data
Authors: WU KUNPENG , LIU SHIYIN , JIANG ZONGLI , XU JUNLI , WEI JUNFENG 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTTo obtain information on changes in glacier mass balance in the central Nyainqentanglha Range, a comprehensive study was carried out based on digital-elevation models derived from the 1968 topographic maps, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission DEM (2000) and TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X (2013). Glacier area changes between 1968 and 2016 were derived from topographic maps and Landsat OLI images. This showed the area contained 715 glaciers, with an area of 1713.42 ± 51.82 km2, in 2016. Ice cover has been shrinking by 0.68 ± 0.05% a−1since 1968. The glacier area covered by debris accounted for 11.9% of the total and decreased in the SE–NW directions. Using digital elevation model differencing and differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry, a significant mass loss of 0.46 ± 0.10 m w.e. a−1has been recorded since 1968; mass losses accelerated from 0.42 ± 0.20 m w.e. a−1to 0.60 ± 0.20 m w.e. a−1between 1968–2000 and 2000–2013, with thinning noticeably greater on the debris-covered ice than the clean ice. Surface-elevation changes can be influenced by ice cliffs, as well as debris cover and land- or lake-terminating glaciers. Changes showed spatial and temporal heterogeneity and a substantial correlation with climate warming and decreased precipitation.
The procedural fairness limitations of fitness to practise hearings: a case study into social work
Authors: Kirkham Richard , Leigh Jadwiga , McLaughlin Kenneth , Worsley Aidan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe norm in fitness to practise proceedings (FTPP) is that where sanctions might be imposed procedural fairness requires a court-like hearing. This paper questions that paradigm, using empirical research to focus on the FTPP to which social workers must account. Procedural fairness is a multi-faceted legitimising concept used to justify the design of decision-making processes. With FTPPs, the major justification is an ‘instrumentally’ focused model of procedural fairness which prioritises making decisions that look right, a goal which is delivered in the context of social work. But other justifications for procedural fairness are inadequately fulfilled, with in particular a ‘dignitarian’ respect not achieved due to the high levels of non-attendance by registrant social workers. Further, procedural fairness as ‘public accountability’ is undermined due to the relative lack of engagement of FTPPs with the perspective of the social work community. These findings hint that in the context of a poorly organised and resource-poor profession other hybrid forms of FTPP might have a stronger claim to procedural fairness than the court-like model.
Response of Chironomidae to environmental disturbances in a high mountain lake in Patagonia during the last millennium
Authors: Williams Natalia , Añón Suárez Diego , Rieradevall Maria , Rizzo Andrea , Daga Romina , Arribére María A. , Ribeiro Guevara Sergio 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThrough the last millennium, Patagonia has been affected by changing climate conditions and successive volcanic eruptions. Lake Tonček is a high-altitude lake in the Southern Volcanic Zone in the northern Patagonian Andes. We documented the responses of the subfossil chironomid community to the effects of successive volcanic and different conditions in a sedimentary sequence from this lake comprising the last 900 years. The community composition and structure (abundance, diversity, and richness) and the development of morphological anomalies in the chironomid mouthparts were evaluated throughout the core. Both climatic conditions and volcanism affected the chironomid community differentially. The chironomid community changed following short-term climate change patterns, being affecting not only by temperature changes but also by variations in the regional precipitation regime. Decreases in abundance and diversity were only observed in coarse volcanic layers. In these samples, we recorded a high percentage of damaged chironomid mouthparts caused by mechanical wear, breakage or abrasion, possibly due to the increase of mineral particles. Our results represent important baseline data about the responses of chironomid communities to environmental disturbances in high-altitude lakes over long time frames.
Towards Organic Carbon Isotope Records from Stalagmites: Coupled δ13C and 14C Analysis Using Wet Chemical Oxidation
Authors: Lechleitner Franziska A , Lang Susan Q , Haghipour Negar , McIntyre Cameron , Baldini James U L , Prufer Keith M , Eglinton Timothy I 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSpeleothem organic matter can be a powerful tracer for past environmental conditions and karst processes. Carbon isotope measurements (δ13C and 14C) in particular can provide crucial information on the provenance and age of speleothem organic matter, but are challenging due to low concentrations of organic matter in stalagmites. Here, we present a method development study on extraction and isotopic characterization of speleothem organic matter using a rapid procedure with low laboratory contamination risk. An extensive blank assessment allowed us to quantify possible sources of contamination through the entire method. Although blank contamination is consistently low (1.7 ± 0.34 – 4.3 ± 0.86 μg C for the entire procedure), incomplete sample decarbonation poses a still unresolved problem of the method, but can be detected when considering both δ13C and 14C values. We test the method on five stalagmites, showing reproducible results on samples as small as 7 μg C for δ13C and 20 μg C for 14C. Furthermore, we find consistently lower non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) 14C values compared to the carbonate 14C over the bomb spike interval in two stalagmites from Yok Balum Cave, Belize, suggesting overprint of a pre-aged or even fossil source of carbon on the organic fraction incorporated by these stalagmites.
Aggregation behavior of the amyloid model peptide NACore
Authors: Pallbo Jon , Sparr Emma , Olsson Ulf 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe aggregation of the 11 residue long NACore peptide segment of α-synuclein (68-GAVVTGVTAVA-78) has been investigated using a combination of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering, and spectroscopy techniques. The aqueous peptide solubility is pH dependent, and aggregation was triggered by a pH quench from pH 11.3 to approximately pH 8 or 6, where the average peptide net charge is weakly negative (pH 8), or essentially zero (pH 6). Cryo-TEM shows the presence of long and stiff fibrillar aggregates at both pH, that are built up from β-sheets, as demonstrated by circular dichroism spectroscopy and thioflavin T fluorescence. The fibrils are crystalline, with a wide angle X-ray diffraction pattern that is consistent with a previously determined crystal structure of NACore. Of particular note is the cryo-TEM observation of small globular shaped aggregates, of the order of a few nanometers in size, adsorbed onto the surface of already formed fibrils at pH 6. The fibrillation kinetics is slow, and occurs on the time scale of days. Similarly slow kinetics is observed at both pH, but slightly slower at pH 6, even though the peptide solubility is here expected to be lower. The observation of the small globular shaped aggregates, together with the associated kinetics, could be highly relevant in relation to mechanisms of secondary nucleation and oligomer formation in amyloid systems.
Communicative resources and credibility in public discourse on refugees
Authors: Smith-Khan Laura 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article examines how communicative resources affect the construction of credible texts and identities in a public debate on Australia's treatment of a refugee. It centres on two key written statements—one from the Immigration Minister, and another from a Somali refugee. The analysis is divided into four levels, exploring the parties’ respective linguistic, material, identity, and platform resources, and how these impact their statements’ creation and reception, and their participation in discourse creation more generally. The article finds that there are inequalities on all four resource levels that largely undermine the refugee's ability to present a credible text and identity and challenge mainstream discourse on refugees. The article demonstrates how a multi-level analysis of communicative resources can challenge assumptions about participation and uncover inequalities invisible in the prevailing discourse. (Asylum, Australia, communicative resources, discourse, intercultural communication, media, power, refugee)*
The discursive construction of mobile chronotopes in mobile-phone messaging
Authors: Lyons Agnieszka , Tagg Caroline 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis article draws on data from an ethnographic project to explore the ways in which migrant micro-entrepreneurs exploit mobile messaging apps to co-construct mobile chronotopes: dynamic configurations of time and space negotiated by geographically separated participants, who draw on different contexts and frames of understanding. Analysis of mobile messages by two couples—Chinese butchers in Birmingham and Polish shop-owners in London—informed by interview and interactional data collected at work and home, suggests they discursively negotiate and exploit multiple chronotopic layers, creating complex intersections between virtual and physical spaces in everyday interactions. We focus on the role that multilingual and multimodal semiotic resources play in co-constructing mobile chronotopes. In particular, we explore critical junctures at which communicative expectations are challenged, rendering mobile chronotope negotiation visible. Our concept of the mobile chronotope has implications for both the theorisation of mobile phone communication and understanding how chronotopes function in contemporary transnational migrant discourse. (Chronotope, migrant entrepreneur, mobile messaging, transnational migration)*
I am uncertain, but We are not: a new subjectivity of the Anthropocene
Authors: Hamilton Scott 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe concept of ‘the Anthropocene’ as a new human-induced geological epoch has made its way into IR. Debates have recently arisen between ‘post-humanists’ stressing its destruction of subject-object binaries and ‘New Anthropocentrists’ arguing that it increases the importance of the human being as planetary steward. This article moves beyond these debates to question a strange but unexplored foundation that underlies the basic discourse of the Anthropocene: the assertion that humanity must be grouped together as a collective species, ‘anthropos’, or planetary ‘We’. Using the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, it argues that the Anthropocene reveals a new and deeper shift in human subjectivity, moving from an individualistic Cartesian ‘I’ to a collective and planetary ‘We’. This argument is made in three steps. First, today's common treatment of humanity as a collective whole in Anthropocene literature is examined. Second, it details how transformations in subjectivity occur by shifting the historical boundaries of our most fundamental notion of certainty – the ‘subiectum’ – and how the technologies of Earth System Science (ESS) subtly facilitate this shift today. Finally, the article argues how this subjective transformation from the ‘I’ to the ‘We’ results from the temporal, spatial, and existential incalculability and uncertainty of the Anthropocene, thereby fostering the rise of certainty in new forms of conflictual identity politics.
Les exclus
Authors: Zubkova Elena 
Published: April 2019

RésuméDans quelle mesure l’État soviétique a-t-il été capable de contrôler les phénomènes d’exclusion sociale (et de les empêcher) et à quel point la société réintégrait-elle les exclus ? Examiner le phénomène de la mendicité en URSS des années 1940 aux années 1960 contribue à répondre à ces questions. Le phénomène de la mendicité est envisagé comme une réaction à la pauvreté : la mendicité était une stratégie de survie des groupes sociaux exclus de la société à cause de leur faible niveau de vie. Dans un premier temps, une brève rétrospective historique de la lutte contre la mendicité en URSS de la révolution d’Octobre 1917 jusqu’au milieu des années 1950 montre les continuités et les ruptures dans les politiques d’État concernant ce phénomène. Ensuite, la mendicité – importante dans le quotidien en Union soviétique après la Seconde Guerre mondiale – est analysée à travers la reconstruction des « histoires de vie » de certains mendiants. La dernière partie de l’article est consacrée au discours public sur la mendicité dans les années 1950 jusqu’au début des années 1960, discours qui reflète les opinions des dirigeants et de la société.
What do we learn about redistribution effects of pension systems from internationally comparable measures of Social Security wealth?
Authors: Belloni Michele , Brugiavini Agar , Buia Raluca E. , Carrino Ludovico , Cavapozzi Danilo , Orso Cristina E. , Pasini Giacomo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe present novel estimates of Social Security Wealth (SSW) at the individual level based on the SHARE survey. Our estimates are based on a rigorous methodology taking into account country-specific legislations, the earning history and the longevity prospects of individuals. The key advantage over existing estimates is that our measures of SSW are fully comparable across countries. This allows us to construct indexes of the redistribution enacted by the pension systems in Europe. Finally, we provide descriptive evidence of the relationship between SSW and private wealth.
False-green kyllinga (Kyllinga gracillima) control in cool-season turfgrass
Authors: Elmore Matthew T. , Patton Aaron J. , Tuck Daniel P. , Murphy James A. , Carleo Jenny 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe conducted research to evaluate various herbicides for POST false-green kyllinga control in cool-season turfgrass (primarily creeping bentgrass). In a preliminary evaluation, single and sequential applications of halosulfuron-methyl (70 g ai ha−1), mesotrione (175 g ai ha−1), and sulfentrazone (140 g ai ha−1), as well as a single application of imazosulfuron (740 g ai ha−1), were evaluated in New Jersey. Imazosulfuron and sequential applications of halosulfuron-methyl controlled false-green kyllinga >93% at 9 and 18 wk after initial treatment (WAIT). Sulfentrazone and mesotrione controlled false-green kyllinga <50%. Additional experiments were conducted to evaluate single and sequential applications of halosulfuron-methyl (70 g ha−1), imazosulfuron (420 and 740 g ha−1), and sulfentrazone (140 g ha−1) in New Jersey and Indiana at two locations in each state. At 12 WAIT, imazosulfuron generally controlled false-green kyllinga more effectively than other treatments at all locations. Sequential applications of imazosulfuron controlled false-green kyllinga 100% at 12 WAIT. Halosulfuron-methyl was less effective in Indiana than in New Jersey. Sulfentrazone controlled false-green kyllinga <40% at 12 WAIT. This research demonstrates that imazosulfuron is more effective than halosulfuron-methyl and sulfentrazone for POST false-green kyllinga control in cool-season turf.
Badly Behaved Detrital (U‐Th)/He Ages: Problems With He Diffusion Models or Geological Models?
Authors: Fox Matthew , Dai Jin‐Gen , Carter Andrew 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDispersion in apatite (U‐Th)/He ages makes extracting thermochronological information challenging. This is particularly problematic for constraining the thermal history of sedimentary basins, as the total amount of heating during burial can be small and at the limits of the sensitivity of the apatite (U‐Th)/He system in apatite, but undetectable with other thermochronometric systems. Here we explore the importance of the differences in predepositional thermal histories for individual crystals and the effect of radiation damage‐related diffusion during both the predepositional and postdepositional thermal history on the dispersion of apatite (U‐Th)/He ages. Different predepositional thermal histories can lead to a large spread of detrital ages due to radiation damage and its effect on He diffusivity. The resulting ages may appear scattered, and relationships between age and [eU], a conventional proxy for accumulated radiation damage, may be nonexistent or nonsensical. Furthermore, other variables that are expected to control He diffusivity could vary as a function of source region, resulting in false conclusions about controls on He diffusivity and the applicability of the apatite (U‐Th)/He system in general. We suggest that in some situations in which detrital apatite (U‐Th)/He age does not correlate with [eU], it is not because of problems with the thermochronometric system, but problems with the assumed geological model.
Characterization of Aerosol Aging Potentials at Suburban Sites in Northern and Southern China Utilizing a Potential Aerosol Mass (Go:PAM) Reactor and an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Li Jinjian , Liu Qianyun , Li Yongjie , Liu Tengyu , Huang Dandan , Zheng Jing , Zhu Wenfei , Hu Min , Wu Yusheng , Lou Shengrong , Hallquist Åsa M. , Hallquist Mattias , Chan Chak K. , Canonaco Francesco , Prévôt André S. H. , Fung Jimmy C. H. , Lau Alexis K. H. , Yu Jian Zhen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAerosol mass spectrometry was used to characterize submicron aerosols before and after aging in a Gothenburg Potential Aerosol Mass (Go:PAM) reactor at two suburban sites in China, one in northern China at Changping (CP), Beijing, and a second in southern China at Hong Kong (HK). Organic aerosol (OA) dominated in the ambient nonrefractory particulate matter <1 μm (NR‐PM1) for both CP (42–71%) and HK (43–61%), with a large contribution from secondary OA factors that were semivolatile oxygenated (SVOOA) and low‐volatility oxygenated (LVOOA). Under constant OH exposure, OA enhancement (78–98%) dominated the NR‐PM1 mass increment at both sites, while nitrate was enhanced the most among the inorganic species (7–9%). Overall, the CP site exhibited higher OA oxidation potential and more enhancement of SVOOA than LVOOA (7.5 vs. 2.7 μg/m3), but the reverse was observed in HK (0.8 vs. 2.6 μg/m3). In CP, more enhancement of the less oxygenated SVOOA suggests that aerosol aging was more sensitive to the abundant locally emitted primary OA and volatile organic compound precursors. On the contrary, the more formation of the highly oxidized LVOOA in HK indicates that aerosol aging mainly escalated the degree of oxygenation of OA as ambient aerosol was already quite aged and there was a lack of volatile organic compound precursors. The comparative measurements using the same oxidation system reveal distinct key factors and mechanisms that influence secondary aerosol formation in two suburban locations in China, providing scientific insights to assist formulation of location‐specific mitigation measures of secondary pollution.
An Intercomparison of Verification Scores for Evaluating the Sea Ice Edge Position in Seasonal Forecasts
Authors: Palerme Cyril , Müller Malte , Melsom Arne 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWith the improving skill of sea ice forecasts, verification methods are becoming increasingly important to inform model developers and users. In this study, the Modified Hausdorff Distance (MHD), the Spatial Probability Score (SPS), and a variation of the SPS are compared in order to assess their performances for evaluating the ice edge position in the new European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts seasonal forecasts (SEAS5). On average, the SEAS5 forecasts outperform a climatological reference during about 3 weeks using the MHD, and during about 5 weeks using the SPS. Furthermore, our results show that the MHD is more sensitive than the SPS to the presence of isolated sea ice patches. Moreover, the variation of the SPS introduced here is not seasonally dependent (contrary to the original SPS) and can be interpreted as a distance error of the ice edge position, which is a potentially relevant information for end users.