bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limitation of Hemolysis in Experimental Transfusion Reactions Related to Depletion of Complement and Isoantibody in the Recipient
Authors: CHRISTIAN R. M. , STEWART W. B. , YUILE C. L. , ERVIN D. M. , YOUNG L. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Each of 4 dogs was given two successive transfusions of incompatible dog erythrocytes at intervals of ninety or one hundred and twenty minutes. Measurements were made of the concentration of hemoglobin, complement and isoantibody in the plasma or serum of the recipients and of the rate of disappearance of the donated cells labeled with radioactive iron.
In each experiment the donated red corpuscles were destroyed much more slowly after the second transfusion than after the first, and the hemoglobinemia produced by the first transfusion was not appreciably augmented by the second transfusion. The successive transfusions at short intervals were considered nearly equivalent to single large transfusions but permitted separate study of the effects produced.
The rate of hemolysis was influenced by the initial titers of both antibody and complement. In dogs with high antibody titer, available complement appeared to limit the rate of destruction of incompatible donated cells. In the presence of adequate complement the rate of hemolysis was limited by the disappearance of antibody when the initial titer of antibody was low.
Limitation of the degree of hemoglobinemia due to limitation of the rate of destruction of transfused incompatible erythrocytes and the rather efficient clearance of plasma hemoglobin explains in part the failure of some hemolytic transfusion reactions to produce severe or fatal renal damage.
It is emphasized that most investigations of hemoglobinuric nephrosis in animals have dealt with the injection of hemoglobin solutions which resulted in hemoglobinemia of much greater intensity than it has been possible to produce by transfusion of large volumes of incompatible red corpuscles.
Historical Review: Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
Authors: CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The history of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is reviewed, and attention is called to four case reports published in the 19th century. A bibliography of the disease is appended.
2. The outstanding work of Paul Strübing is reviewed. Strübing identified paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria as a disease entity in 1882 but failed to give it a distinctive name. He described the disease with great accuracy, calling particular attention to the part played by sleep in precipitating the paroxysms. He cited earlier reports of nocturnal hemoglobinuria and by provocative tests differentiated the disease from the other paroxysmal hemoglobinurias. On the basis of his observations he proposed theories regarding the pathogenesis of the disease which have now been shown to be remarkably accurate.
Experimental Studies on Reticulosarcoma
Authors: SAKAMOTO AKIRA S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Five human lymphatic and myeloid reticulosarcomas were transmitted to fowls in series.
2. The pathologic changes produced in fowls consisted in proliferation of reticulo-endothelial cells (reticulosarcoma and allied conditions) or those of immature myeloid cells (myelosarcoma, myelosis or myeloid metaplasia). These different forms of leukosis may occur alternately in subsequent generations or simultaneously in the same bird. Neither erythroleukosis nor lymphatic leukosis was encountered. These observations conform with our earlier experience gained in experimental studies of human leukemia.
3. The blood picture of infected fowls was consistently aleukemic either with marked leukopenia or slight leukocytosis. There was usually an increase in mature granulocytes at the expense of lymphocytes. Anemia was usually slight.
4. The causative agent can pass through a Chamberland L2 filter.
5. The infective agent can be demonstrated in the blood of patients, in fluid from the thoratic cavity, in the enlarged lymph nodes as well as in the human tumors.
A Comparison of the Effects of 4-Amino-N10-Methyl-Pteroylglutamic Acid and 2,6-Diaminopurine upon Sensitive and Resistant Sublines of a Strain of Mouse Leukemia
Authors: BURCHENAL J. H. , WEBBER L. F. , MEIGS G. M. , BIEDLER J. L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Further studies contrasting the effect of varying doses of 4-amino-N10-methyl-PGA on a resistant variant (Ak4R) of transplanted mouse leukemia Ak4 have been reported.
2. The usual therapeutic dosage of 4-amino-N10-methyl-PGA prevented the increase in total leukocytes, delayed the visceral infiltration, and increased survival time in the Ak4 strain but was without effect in strain Ak4R.
3. In the Ak4 leukemic mice with high leukocyte counts a marked drop within twenty-four hours could be demonstrated after a single dose of 3 mg./Kg. of this drug. With the Ak4R strain there was sufficient resistance so that a dose of at least 25 mg. Kg. was needed to show the marked leukopenia in twenty-four hours.
4. The Ak4R strain was as sensitive as the Ak4 to the leukotoxic effects of 2,6-diaminopurine. This drug also was effective in prolonging the survival time of mice with Ak4R leukemia.
The Effects of Triethylene Melamine and Related Compounds on the Leukocytes of Mouse Leukemia
Authors: BURCHENAL JOSEPH H. , WEBBER LORRAINE F. , BIEDLER JUNE L. , MEIGS G. MARIE , STOBBE GODFREY D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. In the usual therapeutic dosage in mice with the Ak4 strain of leukemia, TEM caused a prolongation of survival time, held the total leukocyte count down at severely leukopenic levels, delayed the appearance of immature lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, and caused a marked delay in the appearance of leukemic infiltrations of the liver, spleen, bone marrow and kidney.
2. A single massive dose of TEM, administered on the seventh day of the disease when the total leukocyte count was high, caused a rapid fall in the count and depressed the number of prolymphocytes in the peripheral blood.
3. Single massive doses of such structurally related compounds as hexamethylene diethylenurea, 2,4-diethylenimino-6-amino-s-triazine, and to a lesser degree, 2-ethylenimino-4,6-dimethoxy-s-triazine caused a similar fall in the total leukocyte count when administered on the seventh day of the disease.
Case Report: Sickle Cell Anemia; First Case Reported from Egypt
Authors: ABBASY A. S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Rheumatic fever, rheumatic arthritis, acholuric jaundice were excluded in this case on the clinical and laboratory findings. The history, physical examination and the laboratory studies all supported the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia.
This case presents certain points of interest. It is the first case of sickle cell anemia reported from Egypt. The disease was found in the patient and her father and excluded in the other members of the family. It is, however, possible that the paternal uncle had also suffered and died from the disease.
The patient is a white girl and admixture of Negro blood was reasonably excluded through 6 ancestral generations. This case, therefore, adds to those already described in subjects of the white race from the Mediterranean area. It will be noticed that the patient’s family originates from Algeria, where 3 cases were diagnosed in natives by Smith19 on the basis of the anatomical changes observed in the spleen.
A Semi-Quantitative Study of Bone Marrow in Rats Following Total Body X-Irradiation
Authors: ROSENTHAL ROBERT L. , PICKERING BRYANT I. , GOLDSCHMIDT LEONTINE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A method has been presented for the quantitative enumeration of the bone marrow cells by adjusting the differential count for the degree of cellularity, which is derived from imprint preparations of femoral marrow.
2. This method has been employed in a study of bone marrow changes at various intervals following 700 r total body x-irradiation in the rat. The findings have been correlated with the peripheral blood counts.
3. On the basis of numerical changes and morphologic observations, the mechanism of the effects of irradiation on the various cell series of bone marrow is evaluated. The erythroid cells show rapid decreases in number due to their marked destruction. The myeloid cells chiefly undergo accelerated maturation resulting in increased segmented forms in both blood and bone marrow. The decreases in megakaryocytes, mast cells and lymphocytes appear to be related to their life spans in the absence of further production. The reticulum cells and plasma cells show neither an absolute increase nor decrease.
4. Formation of new cells, except possibly for plasma cells, from the reticulum cells is completely inhibited for the first nine days following total body irradiation of rats with 700 r. Regeneration is first apparent at twelve days after x-ray as evidenced by areas of erythropoiesis, and to a lesser extent, myelopoiesis. Megakaryocytes reappear in small numbers at fifteen days. Although this regeneration is apparent in only 50 per cent of the animals studied at twelve and fifteen days following irradiation, all these animals showed evidence of transition of reticulum cells to mast cells.
Effect of Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate) on the Mitotic Activity in the Bone Marrow of Normal Mice
Authors: ROSIN A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Normal young albino mice were treated with a single intraperitoneal injection of urethane, and the effect of the drug on the mitotic activity of the bone marrow was studied. A notable increase of the mitotic index was observed from ten to forty-four hours after the administration of the drug. At the same time the percentage of prophases was decreased, while the percentage of metaphases was increased. Abnormal mitoses were frequent. Mitotic figures which might be interpreted as reversions from the meta- and anaphase stages to a resting nucleus were seen. Promyelocytes with highly lobated nuclei of bizarre shape appeared.
No changes were found in the myeloid-erythroid ratio, or in the maturation rate of the white blood cells.
Case Report: Essential Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
Authors: JONSSON B. , VAHLQUIST B. , AGNER K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The authors report a fatal case of essential pulmonary hemosiderosis in a 5 year old boy. The child showed typical signs of the disease with relapsing pulmonary attacks with hemoptysis and pronounced anemia of iron deficiency type. Huge amounts of hydrolyzable iron were found in the lungs.
Splenic Arteriovenous Differences in Blood Cells During the Hematologic Reaction to Adrenal Cortical Stimulation
Authors: SOLOMON DAVID H. , HUMPHREYS STEWART R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Arteriovenous eosinophil differences across the spleen were measured in 10 dogs during the development of adrenal-mediated eosinopenia. In 7 instances the stimulus was epinephrine, in 2 ACTH, and in 1 operation alone.
2. In no case was significant net splenic uptake of eosinophils indicated. In 3 out of 7 epinephrine experiments and in 1 ACTH experiment, a significant net splenic output of eosinophils was found. For all 10 experiments averaged, the splenic output of eosinophils was significant.
3. Arteriovenous neutrophil and hematocrit differences were insignificant and were independent of simultaneous eosinophil differences.
4. It is concluded that the spleen is not a significant site of uptake on destruction of eosinophils during the development of adrenal-mediated eosinopenia. Under certain conditions, it actually extrudes eosinophils into the general circulation at a time when other factors are causing eosinophil disappearance.
5. The results suggest but do not establish the presence of a discriminatory splenic mechanism for the control of blood cells, capable of storing cells of one type while it releases others into the circulation.
Prenatal diagnosis of classic hemophilia (hemophilia A) by immunoradiometric assays
Authors: Hoyer LW , Carta CA , Golbus MS , Hobbins JC , Mahoney MJ 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
During the period from 1978 to 1983, 92 pregnancies have been evaluated by fetoscopy for the prenatal diagnosis of hemophilia A. Satisfactory fetal plasma samples were obtained in 80 instances and the diagnosis-- or exclusion--of hemophilia was made by immunoradiometric assay of the factor VIII coagulant protein (VIII:CAg). The accuracy of the diagnosis established by fetoscopy has been verified after delivery or termination, and there have been no misdiagnoses resulting from laboratory error. Additional evidence for the accuracy of the analysis was the observation that the frequency of hemophilia in pregnancies of obligate carriers of the hemophilia gene, and of women whose plasma assays were indicative of the carrier state, was 29 of 59 fetuses at risk. In one case of cross-reacting material-positive hemophilia, samples obtained at fetoscopy and from the newborn infant had normal VIII:CAg levels but the infant had decreased factor VIII procoagulant activity. There were five fetal deaths resulting from fetoscopy in 55 pregnancies not intentionally terminated. Although only a small percentage of pregnant hemophilia carriers in the United States have elected to undergo fetoscopy for prenatal diagnosis, this procedure has allowed a number of pregnancies to go to term with delivery of normal males in families that were not willing to accept the risk of a hemophilic child. In eight instances, fetoscopic evaluation was sought for two successive pregnancies.
Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome: a clinical and morphologic study of 65 cases
Authors: Michels SD , McKenna RW , Arthur DC , Brunning RD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study consists of 65 patients (pts) who developed a myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) (39 pts) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (26 pts) following chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy; the interval from the onset of therapy to bone marrow abnormality ranged from 11 to 192 months (median, 58). Thirty-three patients had been previously treated for lymphoproliferative diseases, 29 for carcinoma, and three for a nonneoplastic disorder. Approximately 30% of the cases presenting in the MDS phase evolved to AML in one to 12 months (median, 3.5). The AML in 49% of the cases was not readily classified according to French- American-British (FAB) criteria; the primary difficulty in classification related to the involvement of multiple cell lines. Among the cases that could be classified, all FAB types were represented except for M1; M2 was the most frequent type. Clonal chromosome abnormalities were found in marrow specimens from 22 of 24 (92%) patients studied with G banding; 11 had abnormalities of chromosomes 5 and/or 7. The median survival for all patients was four months with no significant difference between those treated and not treated with antileukemic therapy. The median survival was three months for the patients presenting with AML, six months for the patients with AML following an MDS, and four months for the patients with an MDS that did not evolve to AML. The findings in the present study suggest that there are three stages of therapy-related panmyelosis: (1) pancytopenia with associated myelodysplastic changes, (2) a frank MDS, and (3) overt AML. Many patients will present in the stage of overt AML that differs from de novo AML primarily by the high incidence of trilineage involvement, difficulty in classification, frequent cytogenetic abnormalities, and poor response to antileukemic therapy. The myelodysplastic phase, with or without evolution to acute leukemia, is a highly lethal disease with a median survival comparable to that of the patients who present with AML.
Treatment of two patients with B cell lymphoma with monoclonal anti- idiotype antibodies
Authors: Rankin EM , Hekman A , Somers R , ten Bokkel Huinink W 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mouse monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies have been used to treat two patients with progressive advanced B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Transient falls in the level of circulating malignant cells and idiotypic immunoglobulin were produced, and free unbound monoclonal antibody was identified in the serum. Homing of the antibodies to tumor cells in the blood, bone marrow, ascites, and lymph nodes was demonstrated in both patients. Although large amounts of anti-idiotype antibody were given (3.8 g and 5.8 g), no toxic effects were seen, and no antibodies to the foreign mouse protein were made. There was no modulation of the antigen from the tumor cells and no indication of immunoselection. There was evidence of large-scale tumor cell destruction, but only a modest reduction in tumor size. The killing of the tumor cells was mediated by the reticuloendothelial system and not by complement.
High-dose cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin as consolidation therapy for acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in first remission: a pilot study
Authors: Wolff SN , Marion J , Stein RS , Flexner JM , Lazarus HM , Spitzer TR , Phillips GL , Herzig RH , Herzig GP 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
High-dose (HD) cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) is more effective treatment than conventional-dose ARA-C regimens for patients with relapsed acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). We report here that HD ARA-C given during the first remission of ANLL has resulted in long remission durations and a high proportion of patients who survive more than three years free of disease. From August 1979 to September 1983, 36 adult patients with ANLL in first remission received one to three courses of HD ARA-C (3 g/m2 by one-hour infusion every 12 hours for 12 doses on days 1 through 6) alone or with daunorubicin (30 mg/m2 for two or three doses on days 7 through 9). Three patients died of sepsis or hemorrhage during consolidation, and 14 patients have relapsed from five to 48 months after diagnosis. The remaining 19 patients are in continued complete remission (CCR) from 11 to 62 months. Denoting all deaths in remission as relapse, the actuarial probability of CCR is 42% at 62 months, with an apparent plateau in the survival curve. Of the first 22 patients treated, ten remain in CCR from 37 to 62 months with no therapy for at least three years. Due to its heightened anti-leukemic activity, HD ARA-C allows brief but effective consolidation of ANLL in first remission, with long-term disease-free survival comparable to other approaches.
Platelet-associated immunoglobulin, platelet size, and the effect of splenectomy in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Authors: Corash L , Shafer B , Blaese RM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) thrombocytopenia is frequently improved by splenectomy, although the mechanism of the thrombocytopenia and its resolution are unknown. Previous studies in two patients have shown that mean platelet volume, which is characteristically reduced in WAS, increased along with platelet count postsplenectomy. Additional studies in a limited number of patients have also demonstrated that platelet- associated immunoglobulin G (PAIgG) is elevated presplenectomy, but to date no postsplenectomy data have been reported. The present study was performed to more fully evaluate the effect of splenectomy on platelet volume and PAIgG in WAS. Before splenectomy, mean platelet volume was reduced but platelet size was broadly distributed with substantial overlap of the normal range. PAIgG was significantly elevated in 13 of 14 presplenectomy WAS patients (means = 78.9 fg per platelet) and fell to normal levels postoperatively (means = 4.0 fg per platelet). Platelet count and clinical status improved postsplenectomy, and mean platelet volume and platelet volume distribution returned to the normal range. WAS subjects who relapsed with recurrent thrombocytopenia redeveloped elevated PAIgG but maintained normal platelet size. The spleen appears to play a critical role in a process that may be immunologically mediated and results in reduced platelet size.
Megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis of W/Wv mice studied in long- term bone marrow cultures
Authors: Petursson SR , Chervenick PA 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis of marrow cells from W/Wv mice were studied using a continuous liquid marrow culture system. Cells in the suspension phase were assayed weekly over a 16-week period for total nucleated cells, megakaryocytes, granulocytes, megakaryocytes and granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (CFU-Ms, CFU-GMs), and spleen colony-forming cells (CFU-Ss). Without hydrocortisone supplementation, proliferation of megakaryocytes, granulocytes, and their progenitor cells was significantly less in W/Wv cultures than in +/+ cultures. These cells became undetectable in both W/Wv and +/+ cultures at seven to 11 weeks in culture, after which only monocytes and macrophages proliferated in the cultures. Treatment of cultures with hydrocortisone improved megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis in both W/Wv and +/+ cultures. Following an initial lag phase of three to four weeks, proliferation of megakaryocytes, granulocytes, and their progenitor cells in W/Wv cultures equalled that observed in +/+ cultures and was sustained for 16 to 24 weeks. This improvement was associated with a sustained reduction in monocytes and macrophages. Despite improvements in megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis, production of macroscopic and microscopic spleen colonies by cells from W/Wv cultures remained severely reduced or absent. Studies of DNA synthesis rates of fresh marrow cells indicated that significantly fewer CFU-Ms and CFU-GMs were in cycle in W/Wv mice compared with +/+ mice. However, in hydrocortisone-treated W/Wv cultures, DNA synthesis rates of CFU-Ms and CFU-GMs increased markedly and equalled those observed for +/+ cultures. These results suggest that the improvements in megakaryocytopoiesis and granulopoiesis in hydrocortisone-treated liquid cultures is associated with a reduction in monocytes and macrophages and that progenitor cells of W/Wv mice have a proliferative defect that is correctable by hydrocortisone treatment in vitro.
Hemorrhagic Diathesis Due to a Circulating Anticoagulant Report of Case with Laboratory Observations
Authors: PONS EDUARDO R. , DE TORREGROSA MERCEDES VICENTE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A case is reported of hemorrhagic diathesis in a woman in which the presence of an anticoagulant in the patient’s blood and plasma could be demonstrated.
2. The anticoagulant was shown to be active in dilutions up to 1:350. It retained its potency after heating to 61 C. for 10 minutes and after storage, either in a refrigerator or at room temperature, for twenty-four hours.
3. The anticoagulant was not neutralized by protamine sulfate or by toluidine blue. Placental plasma corrected the clotting defect in vitro but was ineffective when administered intravenously to the patient.
4. Evidence is presented suggesting that the second and third stages of coagulation in this case are normal, that the patient’s plasma has antithromboplastic activity, and that the anticoagulant may be antithromboplastin.
Studies on Abnormal Hemoglobins
Authors: SINGER KARL , CHERNOFF AMOZ I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. It could be demonstrated that of the three tested types of human hemoglobin—N (normal adult), S (sickle cell) and F (fetal)—only the reduced S compound shows tactoid and gel formation in sufficiently concentrated solutions. These physico-chemical phenomena may be used for the qualitative identification of S hemoglobin.
2. The alkali resistant hemoglobin fraction, present in sickle cell anemia erythrocytes (but not in trait red cells), was concentrated in purified form. No tactoid or gel formation could be elicited. Therefore, this alkali resistant pigment does not appear to be a variant of S hemoglobin. It seems probable that sickle cell anemia erythrocytes contain two separate types of pathologic hemoglobin (S and F) which are not directly related to each other.