bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slip‐Deficit Rate Distribution Along the Nankai Trough, Southwest Japan, With Elastic Lithosphere and Viscoelastic Asthenosphere
Authors: Noda Akemi , Saito Tatsuhiko , Fukuyama Eiichi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn southwest Japan, great earthquakes have occurred on the plate interface along the Nankai trough with a recurrence time of approximately 100 years. Most previous studies estimated slip deficits on the seismogenic zone from interseismic Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) velocity data assuming slip‐response functions for an elastic medium. The observed surface velocities, however, include effects of viscoelastic relaxation in the asthenosphere caused by slip motion associated with seismic cycles. If the elastic responses cannot adequately approximate the deformation of the viscoelastic medium, the results of an inversion analysis could be biased. If the recurrence interval is greater than the effective relaxation time in the elastic‐viscoelastic layered structure, we were able to formulate an inverse problem for the estimation of slip‐deficit rates from GNSS velocity data with completely relaxed slip‐response functions for a later stage of the seismic cycle. Analyzing surface velocity data from GNSS daily coordinate data between March 2005 and February 2011 together with seafloor geodetic data, we estimated the slip‐deficit rate distribution by the strain data inversion method. There were significant differences between the results using elastic and completely relaxed responses. Although the result with elastic responses shows a high coupling zone in the coastal region, it was located trenchward when completely relaxed responses were used. We found that the peak slip‐deficit rate increases as the thickness of the lithosphere becomes thinner. Moreover, we succeeded in appropriately separating elastic‐viscoelastic deformation due to plate coupling from rigid block motion.
Exploration of Tidal‐Fluvial Interaction in the Columbia River Estuary Using S_TIDE
Authors: Pan Haidong , Lv Xianqing , Wang Yingying , Matte Pascal , Chen Haibo , Jin Guangzhen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNumerous tidal phenomena, including river tides, internal tides, and tides in ice‐covered bay, are nonstationary, which pose a great challenge for traditional tidal analysis methods. Based on the independent point scheme and cubic spline interpolation, a new approach, namely the enhanced harmonic analysis, is developed to deal with nonstationary tides. A MATLAB toolbox, S_TIDE, developed from the widely used T_TIDE, is used to realize the approach. The efficiency of S_TIDE is validated by analyzing a set of hourly water level observations from stations on the lower Columbia River. In all stations, the hindcast of S_TIDE is more accurate than NS_TIDE that is a powerful nonstationary tidal analysis tool adapted to river tides. The changing mean water level and tidal constituent properties obtained by S_TIDE are similar to those obtained by NS_TIDE, continuous wavelet transform, and empirical mode decomposition and highly consistent with theory on river tides. Moreover, different from NS_TIDE that only can be applied to river tides, enhanced harmonic analysis is free of dynamic content, assuming only known tidal frequencies. Therefore, S_TIDE can be applied to all kinds of nonstationary tides theoretically. Though powerful, S_TIDE also has some limitations: S_TIDE cannot be used for prediction and too many independent points in S_TIDE may induce computational memory overflow and unrealistic results.
First MAX‐DOAS Observations of Formaldehyde and Glyoxal in Phimai, Thailand
Authors: Hoque H. M. S. , Irie H. , Damiani A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMultiaxis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX‐DOAS) observations were performed for the first time in Thailand at the rural site of Phimai (15.18°N, 102.56°E). Vertical profiles of eight components were retrieved separately using the Japanese MAX‐DOAS profile retrieval algorithm, version 2. Here we focused on formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO) and evaluated their volume mixing ratios in the lowest layer (0–1 km) of the retrieved vertical profiles. We estimated the ratio of CHOCHO to HCHO concentrations (RGF), which has been suggested to be an important tracer indicative of changes in volatile organic compound emissions. Higher HCHO and CHOCHO concentrations were observed during the dry season, reflecting the influence of biomass burning. The mean RGF for the Phimai site was estimated to be 0.032 ± 0.005. The estimated RGF for the dry season (0.028 ± 0.002) was lower than that during the wet season (0.040 ± 0.003), when biogenic emissions were dominated. While Phimai can be characterized as an environment with low nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations (<1 ppbv), the potential impact of biomass burning on the lower RGF during the dry season was investigated by the occasional enhancement of NO2 concentrations as a tracer of biomass burning.
Objective Quantification of Convective Clustering Observed During the AMIE/DYNAMO Two‐Day Rain Episodes
Authors: Cheng Wei‐Yi , Kim Daehyun , Rowe Angela 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOne critical bottleneck in developing and evaluating ways to represent the mesoscale organization of convection in cumulus parameterization schemes is that there is no single accepted method of objectively quantifying the degree of convective organization or clustering from observations. This study addresses this need using high‐quality S‐PolKa radar data from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Madden‐Julian Oscillation Investigation Experiment/Dynamics of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (AMIE/DYNAMO) field campaign. We first identify convective elements (contiguous convective echoes [CCEs]) from radar reflectivity observations using the rain type classification algorithm of Powell et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH‐D‐15‐0135.1). Then we apply scalar clustering metrics, including the organization index (Iorg) of Tompkins and Semie, to the radar CCEs to test their ability of quantifying convective clustering during the observed two‐day rain episodes. Our results show two distinct phases of convective clustering during the two‐day rain episodes, with each phase covering about 10 hr before (Phase 1) and after (Phase 2) the time of peak rain rate. In Phase 1 clustering, the number of CCEs increases and convective cells cluster as new cells form preferentially near existing convective entities. The number of CCEs decreases as the environment stabilizes in Phase 2 clustering, during which already clustered cells with associated stratiform clouds are preferred over the isolated ones. Iorg is capable of capturing convective clustering in both phases. The possible mechanisms for convective clustering are discussed, including cold pool‐updraft feedback, moisture‐convection interaction, and mesoscale circulations. Our results suggest that parameterizations of convective organization should represent the feedback processes that are responsible for the convective clustering during both phases.
Orogenic Wedge Evolution of the Central Andes, Bolivia (21°S): Implications for Cordilleran Cyclicity
Authors: Anderson R. B. , Long S. P. , Horton B. K. , Thomson S. N. , Calle A. Z. , Stockli D. F. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Andes are an ideal setting to explore orogenic wedge evolution and the cyclical tectonic processes in Cordilleran convergent‐margin systems. Paleoaltimetry data suggest that the hinterland plateau in southern Bolivia underwent rapid surface uplift at ~16–9 Ma, which is predicted to have induced rapid thrust belt propagation. We integrate fission track and (U‐Th)/He ages from zircon and apatite with a sequentially restored cross section to quantify the timing and rates of thrust belt propagation in southern Bolivia for the last ~43 Myr. These data show that retroarc shortening in the Eastern Cordillera propagated westward from ~43 to 27 Ma as the wedge grew to attain critical taper and steady state. The thrust front then advanced rapidly eastward from ~25 to 17 Ma across the western Interandean zone, where a weak decollement modified the critical taper angle. The thrust front stalled for ~6 Myr but resumed eastward advance into the eastern Interandean zone and Subandean zone by ~11–8 Ma, which we interpret as a response to increased accretionary influx and rapid orogenic wedge expansion induced by eclogitic delamination and corresponding hinterland surface uplift at ~13 Ma. Development of an orographic barrier and wetter climatic conditions resulted in relatively steady state wedge conditions from ~8.5 to 1.5 Ma. Rapid wedge growth after ~1.5 Ma may be attributed to mass accumulation in the orogen interior or a weakened decollement. Our data reveal space‐time variations in orogenic wedge evolution consistent with models of Cordilleran cyclicity and lithospheric removal, with important additional influences of erosion, climate, and rock rheology.
Ecosystem Responses to Water Resource Developments in a Large Dryland River
Authors: Thoms Martin , Delong Michael 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLarge floodplain rivers in dryland regions are becoming increasingly modified through water resource developments. Identifying ecosystem responses in these systems is challenging because of their natural variability, limited data, and the myriad of ways they are modified. This study used organic samples from snail, mussel, and fish specimens obtained from museum collections for the determination of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios, for the Barwon‐Darling River, Australia, between 1869 and 2005, a period of extensive water development. Three hypotheses were posed for this study: (1) The trophic status and food web character of the Barwon‐Darling River will change in response to water resource developments; (2) responses in the trophic status and food web character will differ between different hydrogeomorphic zones identified along the river; and (3) food chain lengths will increase in response to water resource developments. Substantive changes in trophic status and components of the food web were detected between before and after water developments. Three lines of evidence support the conclusion of anthropogenically driven changes in the food web of this dryland floodplain‐river system. Stable isotope ratios of fish, mussels, and snails differed between both hydrogeomorphic zones of the river and the before and after disturbance periods. Layman metrics, representing community niche space, differed between before and after disturbance periods. Also, both mean trophic position and food chain length differed between predisturbance and postdisturbance for the two functional process zones. The substantial shift in basal source contribution over time is a potential indicator of a state change and loss of resilience in this system.
Investigation of Kinetic Isotopic Fractionation of Water During Bare Soil Evaporation
Authors: Quade Maria , Brüggemann Nicolas , Graf Alexander , Vanderborght Jan , Vereecken Harry , Rothfuss Youri 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe kinetic fractionation factor (αK) controls to a large extent the isotopic enrichment of surface waters during evaporation (E). In contrast to the well‐known vapor‐to‐liquid isotopic equilibrium fractionation factor, αK has still not yet been properly characterized for soil water evaporation. In this study, we investigated the αK daily dynamics during a series of three laboratory experiments differing in soil water availability and aerodynamic conditions. For this, we applied a commonly used isotopic evaporation model and tested it in two different approaches. First, a two‐end‐member mixing model (Keeling plot) was fitted to the measured isotopic composition of the laboratory air water vapor to obtain αK. In a second approach, αK was obtained from the slope of the evaporation line in a dual isotopic coordinate system. For both methods, the isotopic composition of the soil water was determined nondestructively and online by sampling the soil water vapor with gas‐permeable microporous tubing. Results highlighted the limitation of the first approach, as the determination of the isotopic composition of E with the Keeling plot was challenging with the laboratory setup. The second approach provided αK values within the range (
= 1.0132 ± 0.0013;
= 1.0149 ± 0.0012) reported in the literature and pointed to the prevalence of turbulent water vapor transport under water‐saturated soil conditions but also at soil water content significantly lower than the saturated value. In a third experiment, temporal dynamics of the atmospheric water vapor intrusion in the topmost soil layer could be observed during an isotopic labeling pulse.
Direct Insertion of NASA Airborne Snow Observatory‐Derived Snow Depth Time Series Into the iSnobal Energy Balance Snow Model
Authors: Hedrick Andrew R. , Marks Danny , Havens Scott , Robertson Mark , Johnson Micah , Sandusky Micah , Marshall Hans‐Peter , Kormos Patrick R. , Bormann Kat J. , Painter Thomas H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAccurately simulating the spatiotemporal distribution of mountain snow water equivalent improves estimates of available meltwater and benefits the water resource management community. In this paper we present the first integration of lidar‐derived distributed snow depth data into a physics‐based snow model using direct insertion. Over four winter seasons (2013–2016) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA/JPL) Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) performed near‐weekly lidar surveys throughout the snowmelt season to measure snow depth at high resolution over the Tuolumne River Basin above Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. The modeling component of the ASO program implements the iSnobal model to estimate snow density for converting measured depths to snow water equivalent and to provide temporally complete snow cover mass and thermal states between flights. Over the four years considered in this study, snow depths from 36 individual lidar flights were directly inserted into the model to provide updates of snow depth and distribution. Considering all updates to the model, the correlation between ASO depths and modeled depths with and without previous updates was on average r2 = 0.899 (root‐mean‐square error = 12.5 cm) and r2 = 0.162 (root‐mean‐square error = 41.5 cm), respectively. The precise definition of the snow depth distribution integrated with the iSnobal model demonstrates how the ASO program represents a new paradigm for the measurement and modeling of mountain snowpacks and reveals the potential benefits for managing water in the region.
A Metalated Porous Porphyrin Polymer with [Co(CO)4]− Anion as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Ring Expanding Carbonylation
Authors: Jiang Jianwei , Yoon Sungho 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe synthesis of β-lactones from epoxides through ring-expanding carbonylation using homogeneous catalysts has received much attention. However, homogeneous catalysts suffer from difficulty in product separation and recycling of the catalyst, limiting their industrial usage. Herein, a novel heterogeneous catalyst, [Cr-metalated porous porphyrin polymer]+[Co(CO)4]−, was prepared and used for the conversion of propylene oxide (PO) to β-butyrolactone; this catalyst presented superior catalytic activity and selectivity (99%) than our previous heterogeneous catalyst. In addition, the catalyst was readily separated from the product without significant loss of catalytic activity. A possible method to recover the original catalytic activity also was demonstrated.
Mitigation of hysteresis due to a pseudo-photochromic effect in thermochromic smart window coatings
Authors: Sol Christian , Schläfer Johannes , Parkin Ivan P. , Papakonstantinou Ioannis 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe aim of thermochromic window coatings is to reduce the energy consumption in the built environment by passively switching between a high solar transmitting state at low temperatures and low solar transmitting state at high temperatures. Previous studies have highlighted the negative impact of phase transition hysteresis on the performance of reflection based thermochromic films. However in the literature, the best reported results have depended on vanadium dioxide nanoparticle composites and anti-reflective structures that modulate light via changes in absorption rather than reflection. In light of these factors, this work aims to demonstrate theoretically, how the effects of phase transition hysteresis and gradient differ between absorbing and non-absorbing thermochromic films. To quantify and compare the performance of films with different transition characteristics, we define a metric based on the varying net energy flux through the window over the course of a year, including thermal energy re-radiated into the building from the film. Specifically, and importantly for the field, we demonstrate that a pseudo-photochromic effect in absorbing thermochromic films mitigates the detrimental effects of phase transition hysteresis and gradient that have been reported for reflection based thermochromic films. We find that for moderate hysteresis widths of 15 °C, the performance of the non-absorbing case drops to ~60% of its initial value whilst the performance of the absorbing film only drops to ~95%. As a result we find that the absorbing case outperforms the non-absorbing case when hysteresis widths are greater than 8 °C.
Emergent memory in cell signaling: Persistent adaptive dynamics in cascades can arise from the diversity of relaxation time-scales
Authors: Mitra Tanmay , Menon Shakti N. , Sinha Sitabhra 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade, an evolutionarily conserved motif present in all eukaryotic cells, is involved in coordinating crucial cellular functions. While the asymptotic dynamical behavior of the pathway stimulated by a time-invariant signal is relatively well-understood, we show using a computational model that it exhibits a rich repertoire of transient adaptive responses to changes in stimuli. When the signal is switched on, the response is characterized by long-lived modulations in frequency as well as amplitude. On withdrawing the stimulus, the activity decays over long timescales, exhibiting reverberations characterized by repeated spiking in the activated MAPK concentration. The long-term persistence of such post-stimulus activity suggests that the cascade retains memory of the signal for a significant duration following its removal. The molecular mechanism underlying the reverberatory activity is related to the existence of distinct relaxation rates for the different cascade components. This results in the imbalance of fluxes between different layers of the cascade, with the reuse of activated kinases as enzymes when they are released from sequestration in complexes. The persistent adaptive response, indicative of a cellular “short-term” memory, suggests that this ubiquitous signaling pathway plays an even more central role in information processing by eukaryotic cells.
Structural Analysis of Redox-sensing Transcriptional Repressor Rex from Thermotoga maritima
Authors: Park Young Woo , Jang Young Yoon , Joo Hyun Kyu , Lee Jae Young 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe cellular redox state of organisms continues to fluctuate during the metabolism. All organisms have various sensors that help detect and adapt to changes in the redox state. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NAD+/NADH), which are involved in various cellular metabolic activities as cofactors, have been revealed as the key molecules sensing the intra-cellular redox state. The Rex family members are well conserved transcriptional repressors that regulate the expression of respiratory genes by sensing the redox state according to the intra-cellular NAD+/NADH balance. Herein, we reported crystal structures of apo and NAD+- and NADH-bound forms of Rex from Thermotoga maritima to analyse the structural basis of transcriptional regulation depending on either NAD+ or NADH binding. The different orientation of the reduced nicotinamide group to helix α9 caused the rearrangement of N-terminal DNA binding domain, thus resulting in closed form of Rex to dissociate from cognate DNA. The structural data of Rex from T. maritima also support the previous redox-sensing mechanism models of Rex homologues.
Synthesis of 1,3-Diols by O-Nucleophile Additions to Activated Alkenes
Authors: Gamba-Sánchez Diego , Prunet Joëlle 
Published: August 2018

The diastereoselective synthesis of 1,3-diols by addition of oxygen nucleophiles to activated alkenes is presented. This review focuses on homoallylic alcohol substrates that react with a relay compound to form an intermediate oxygen nucleophile, which in turn will lead to a protected 1,3-diol by intramolecular addition to the olefin moiety.1	Introduction2	Base Catalysis3	Organocatalysis4	Activation with Non-Metallic Electrophiles5	Activation with Transition Metal Derivatives6	Conclusions
Gain control explains the effect of distraction in human perceptual, cognitive, and economic decision making
Authors: Li Vickie , Michael Elizabeth , Balaguer Jan , Herce Castañón Santiago , Summerfield Christopher 
Published: August 2018

SignificanceInformation in the world can sometimes be irrelevant for our decisions. A good decision maker should take into account the relevant information and ignore the distracting information. However, empirical observation showed that human decisions are unduly influenced by distracting information. Diverse theories have been proposed to explain the cost that distracters incur during decision making across perceptual, cognitive, and economics domains. Here, we propose a single, unified model that is based on adaptive gain control to explain the influence of distraction across domains.
Diel, seasonal, and interannual patterns in mesozooplankton abundance in the Sargasso Sea
Authors: Ivory Jami A , Steinberg Deborah K , Latour Robert J 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTemporal changes in mesozooplankton abundance affect planktonic food web interactions and biogeochemistry. We enumerated mesozooplankton from monthly day and night tows in the epipelagic zone at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site in the Sargasso Sea (1999–2010). Abundances of each taxon were determined using a ZooScan imaging system and microscopy. Generalized linear models were used to determine environmental parameters that best explained abundance patterns. Taxa with pronounced diel vertical migration included euphausiids, amphipods, Limacina spp. pteropods, and other shelled pteropods. Taxa with a pronounced spring abundance peak included euphausiids, appendicularians, and Limacina spp., while harpacticoid copepods peaked in late summer, and calanoid copepods in late winter/early spring and summer. Many taxa increased in 2003, coincident with a diatom bloom and the largest primary production peak in the time series. Long-term, increasing trends occurred in calanoid and oncaeid copepods, and ostracods, with barnacle nauplii significantly increasing. Sub-decadal-scale climate oscillations and long-term warming may be driving decreases in shelled pteropods and appendicularians. Chaetognath abundance increased in response to increased density of a major prey taxon, calanoid copepods. Calanoid copepods and ostracods increased with increasing water column stratification index and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index, indicating warmer sea surface temperatures favour these taxa.
On the Hausdorff Dimension of Bernoulli Convolutions
Authors: Akiyama Shigeki , Feng De-Jun , Kempton Tom , Persson Tomas 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We give an expression for the Garsia entropy of Bernoulli convolutions in terms of products of matrices. This gives an explicit rate of convergence of the Garsia entropy and shows that one can calculate the Hausdorff dimension of the Bernoulli convolution $\nu _{\beta }$ to arbitrary given accuracy whenever $\beta $ is algebraic. In particular, if the Garsia entropy $H(\beta )$ is not equal to $\log (\beta )$ then we have a finite time algorithm to determine whether or not $\operatorname{dim_H} (\nu _{\beta })=1$.