bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yang-Mills Families
Authors: Doria R.M. , Machado S. 
Published: August 2018

The Yang-Mills theory structure is based on group theory. It rules the symmetry relationship where the number of potential fields transforming under a same group must be equal to the number of group generators. It defines the group valued expression from where the corresponding non-abelian symmetry properties are derived.
Nevertheless based on different origins as Kaluza-Klein, fibre bundles, supersymmetry, s-model , BRST and anti-BRST algorithm, counting degrees of freedom leads to a Yang-Mills extension under the existence of different potential fields rotating under a same single group. They establish for SU(N) the relationship where and is a flavor index, . Physically, it says that different Yang-Mills families can share a common symmetry group. They develop a whole non-abelian gauge theory.
The effort in this work is to explore such non-abelian extension. First, to build up it on the so-called constructor basis where gauge symmetry is more available for expressing the corresponding fields strengths, Lagrangian and classical equations. After that, given that the physical fields are those associated to the poles of two-point Green functions, one derives the physical Lagrangian L written in the physical basis .
A new physical Lagrangian associated to symmetry is generated. The meaning of Yang-Mills families appears. A symmetry of difference is realized. Where every quanta is distinguished from each other. It yields a quanta diversity associated to corresponding Yang-Mills families. There are N-spin 1 and N-spin 0 quanta separated by different quantum numbers through a whole N-dynamics. An extension to QCD becomes possible.
RADIOACTIVE EVENT BIFURCATION - AN EXAMPLE OF DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Levada Celso Luis 
Published: August 2018

The present text contains a proposal to analyze the behavior of a beam of particles that, due to some physical mechanism, is divided into two. For the purpose of clarification, we emphasize that the term to be used to designate the process that has occurred will be bifurcation.
This fact, we inform that the pretension of this article is to discuss probabilistically the effect of the bifurcation of the beam establishing a distribution function with calculations of its standard and average value.
The expectation is also to be able to discuss the characteristics of the function and analyze, mainly its average value, as a function of the average number of incidents and suppressed events. It is intended to direct the analysis, preferably, towards a possible comparison with phenomena reported in the literature, notably facts that are linked to possible distortions caused by the measuring system, supposedly mounted by an observer, in order to monitor the bifurcation mechanism.
First principles calculations on the electronic and optical properties of zincblende BxGa1-xAs , and BxIn1-xAs semiconductor alloys.
Authors: Amrane N. , Benkraouda Maamar 
Published: August 2018

A theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of zincblende BxGa1-xAs and BxIn1-xAs semiconductor alloys is presented, using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method. In this approach, the generalized gradient approximation was used for the exchangeâ€“correlation potential. Ground state properties such as lattice parameter and band structure are calculated as a function of the mole fraction.
We have also analyzed the optical properties (refractive index, dielectric function, real and imaginary), the 4x4 Kaneâ€™s interaction matrix is calculated in order to ease simulations of optoelectronic devices. The results have been discussed in terms of previously existing experimental and theoretical data, and comparisons with similar compounds have been made.
Electro paramagnetic resonance and magnetization measurements of metal-substituted hydroxyapatites used in hyperthermia applications
Authors: Kamal Dr Hany 
Published: August 2018

Pure and metal doped hydroxyapatite samples nano-particles were prepared by the wet chemical method. Copper and cobalt is used in doping hydroxyapatite. Sample was prepared without change in the stoichiometric ratio of Ca/P and Ca+M/P inside the structure of HA (M;metal). Sample was characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance, magnetization, transmission electron microscope and electron diffraction. Samples posses the highest value of magnetic susceptibility was chosen for more study to test their ability for application in the field of hyperthermia treatment of bone tumors. Magnetization curves were obtained for samples to study their behavior under the effect of magnetic field. The sample doped with copper and cobalt exhibited hysteresis loops which are characteristic for the magnetic materials. The samples were classified to be ferromagnetic material. Sample prepared by mixing Cu and co had the highest values of saturation magnetization (MS), area (A) enclosed within the hysteresis loop and magnetic anisotropy which represent an indicator of the energy generated in the material under the effect of magnetic field, and hence the amount of heat produced by the sample. TEM and EDP techniques were used to study the internal structure of these samples. The micrographs and the diffraction patterns showed and confirmed the presence of crystal structures within the samples. The particle size was calculated from the micrographs and found to be in the range of nanometer for all the selected samples.
Critical Review of Main Cosmogonic Theories
Authors: Brasoveanu Dr. Dan 
Published: August 2018

Big Bang theory postulates the red shift of light coming from distant galaxies is caused by the Doppler Effect. Like Platoâ€™s astronomy, Big Bang theory has to be continuously propped up by countless patches in order to deal with new observations. Platoâ€™s astronomy required countless epicycles within epicycles. Big Bang requires patches such as dark energy, dark matter, cosmic inflation, accelerating expansion of the Universe and countless revisions of Hubbleâ€™s constant. In addition, this theory and the fundamental law of mass and energy conservation are mutually exclusive; according to Big Bank all energy and mass appeared suddenly out of nothing. There are of course Big Bang versions that try not to contradict the conservation law. Such theories postulate a multi-verse populated by an infinite number of Universes or an infinite number of Universe instances. In other words, either the most basic law of physics or Occamâ€™s razor must be rejected in the most outrageous manner possible because otherwise the Doppler Effect cannot be used to explain the cosmic red shift.
For these reasons, some astronomers promoted the stationary Universe theory and assumed that photons lose a significant amount of energy while traversing intergalactic distances and therefore suffer a red shift. This assumption is the basis of all Tired Light theories. According to Tired Light, photon energy loss is caused by collisions with other objects such as gas molecules or dust. As a result, this theory was quickly dismissed, because this loss mechanism cannot explain the broadening of supernova spectra, the variable rate of photon frequency decay and the fact that the image of distant objects is not blurred. Subsequently other versions of Tired Light theories were ignored because supposedly any other loss mechanism is not compatible with GTR field equations. According to these equations, when the photon structure is ignored, the energy momentum-tensor of a photon moving freely through space is constant. Experiments with laser beams show this conclusion is not exactly true. Therefore even free photons actually lose some minute amount of energy. What physical mechanism may explain this loss? A simple experiment with a common object will immediately reveal this mechanism. Internal interactions are the main mechanism responsible for the gradual dampening of spring oscillations and loss of energy, not collisions with other objects. When damping of photon oscillations caused by internal friction is considered, a new version of Tired Light can be formulated; a version that is validated by all astronomic observations without recourse to any patches and without rejecting the law of energy and mass conservation or Occamâ€™s razor.
Energy Spectrum of Relativistic Electrons Channeled Through Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Ali M. H. 
Published: August 2018

The energy eigenvalues of the channeled electrons through single wall carbon nanotubes (n,m) was calculated. According to the continuum model approximation given by Lindhard for the case of an axial channeling in single crystals, the actual periodic potential of a row of atoms is replaced by a potential averaged over a direction parallel to the row, called continuum potential. The calculations was executed by using the atomic interaction potential as given by Moliere potential. The maximum number of bound states and the energy eigenvalues is calculated for positrons of 100 MeV energy incident in a direction parallel to the nanotube axis, by using WKB method. The calculations showed that the effect of temperature by using Debye approximation of thermal vibration amplitude on the channeling potential is very small and gave the same eigenvalues and the same number of bound states as that for the static nanotubes.
Effect of annealing on creep behavior, hardness, roughness and electrochemical corrosion parameters of Co- Cr based alloy
Authors: Bediwi A. El , Kashita Eman , M.Salman Salah. M 
Published: August 2018

In the present work, the effect of annealing on creep behavior, hardness, maximum shear stress, roughness and electrochemical corrosion parameters of commercial Co64Cr29Mo6.5A0.5 (A= C, Si, Fe, and Mn) dental alloy from Travagliato (BS) - Italy have been studied and analyzed. Creep behavior was studied by indentation and stress exponent was determined by Mulheam-Tabor method. The results show that, Vickers hardness of Co64Cr29Mo6.5A0.5 alloy decreased but roughness parameters varied after annealing for two hours at 700, 800 and 900 Â°C. Also the corrosion resistance in 0.5M HCl of Co64Cr29Mo6.5A0.5 alloy is increased but the corrosion rate with 0.5M HCl is decreased after annealing compared to normal alloy.
Effect of gamma radiation on creep behavior, hardness and microstructure of Titanium dental material
Authors: Bediwi A. El , Kashita Eman , M .M.Salman Salah. 
Published: August 2018

Effect of gamma radiation with fixed doses on creep behavior, Vickers hardness, maximum shear stress and surface roughness parameters of cp Titanium have been investigated. Vickers hardness and maximum shear stress values of cp Titanium are decreased after irradiated at 10, 20 and 30 kGy. Surface roughness Ra of cp Titanium varied after irradiated at 10, 20 and 30 kGy. Stress exponent values of cp Titanium decreased after irradiated at 10, 20 and 30 kGy. Matrix microstructure of cp Titanium changed (Intensity, broadness and position) after irradiated at 10, 20 and 30 kGy.
Concentration and size distribution of biological particles in school classrooms
Authors: Mostafa Dr. Mona 
Published: August 2018

Fungal and bacterial aerosol particles concentrations are measured in a school classrooms at two different floors using the 6-stage Andersen impactor as a bioaersol sampler. The average bacterial concentration is higher than the average fungal concentration. The concentrations were 957 and 955 cfu/m3 for bacterial particles at first and second floors, respectively while the fungal particles concentrations were 146 and 235 cfu/m3 at first and second floors, respectively. Most of the biological particles were concentrated at the size range of respirable particles (< 5 Âµm ) that can penetrate into the alveoli and may cause lung diseases. The human activity is a main factor for the production of microbiological particles. Environmental factors play also a role on the fungal growth. Bacterial concentration is almost twice the guide value of WHO while the fungal concentration is underestimation.
Optical parameters of amorphous arsenic triselenide multilayers prepared by spin coating
Authors: M.Salman Salah. M. 
Published: August 2018

Multilayer thin films of amorphous arsenic triselenide (As2Se3) were obtained by spin coating solution of an amine salt in amide on glass substrate. The deposited multilayers in the range of 500 to 1000 nm were optically characterized by measuring the transmission spectra at room temperature. All used samples were baked and annealed for different periods of times and temperatures. The effect of layers number, baking times and temperatures on optical parameters were investigated. The thickness of the prepared samples up to four layers was ranging between 0.1 Âµm to 0.2 Âµm.
Chitosan Molecular Weight Effects on The Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Catalytic Degradation of Environmental Pollutants
Authors: Ibrahim Hosam Salaheldin 
Published: August 2018

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) was synthesized with Chitosan different molecular weight (MW) using a microwave as a heating source. Since, Chitosan acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The as-synthesized Au NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and selected area electron diffraction patterns (SAED). Furthermore, the Au NPs fabrication was ascertained by UVâ€“Visible spectroscopy (UVâ€“Vis) through the detection of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) characteristic peak, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The formation of the Au NPs was confirmed by the detection of a LSPR peak at 518â€“527 nm in the UVâ€“Vis spectrum. In addition, the XRD studies depicted that the obtained Au NPs were highly crystalline with â€˜face-centeredâ€™ cubic geometry. Moreover, TEM micrographs showed that the most Monodispersed AuNPs was synthesized with low molecular weight (LMW) Chitosan with particle size 4.48Â±0.09 nm. The synthesized Chitosan-Au nanocomposite exhibited an efficient catalytic property in the reduction of two organic environmental pollutants which are, 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methyl orange (MO) dye in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4).
Effect of UV Irradiation on The Structure and Optical Properties of PVA/Cucl2
Authors: Ahmed Moustafa Tawfik 
Published: August 2018

The morphology and optical properties of doped PVA with Copper Chloride, CuCl2 have been investigated. The morphology of doped samples has been examined using both atomic force microscope (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the effect of CuCl2 on the structure of PVA. X-ray diffraction showed that the crystallinity of PVA is increased with increasing CuCl2 ratio. In addition, FTIR spectra showed that, some absorbance bands such as bands of OH groups have been affected due to CuCl2 ratio and UV irradiation. On the other hand, the effect of CuCl2 ratio and UV irradiation on UV spectra of all samples has been carried out in the range from 200 to 800 nm. It is observed that, PVA is characterized by two absorbance bands at 278 and 313 nm. The values of absorbance edge, Urbach energy and the direct energy gap of all samples have been calculated.
The Beginning of The Nuclear Universe and The Theory of Orbital Superconductivity of The Celestial Bodies
Authors: S. GuimarÃ£es Eduardo 
Published: August 2018

This article is a logical and rational analysis of the original nuclear matter, and of the structure that gave rise to the space architecture of the universe with galaxies, stars, the system of planets and moons, and arrives to original and inedited conclusions.
After the so-called Big Bang of the universe arose the space, a new time count and the nuclear universe, governed by the actions of the physical properties of nuclear superconductivity space.
The actions of the physical properties of superconductivity nuclear matter generate the spatial phenomenon of orbital superconductivity, which creates the orbit and space distance of the orbit between the moons with their planets, between the planets with their star, forming the system of planets, and among the stars creating the architecture of the galaxy.

4 The actions of the physical properties of superconductivity nuclear matter also generate the spatial phenomenon of gravity superconductivity, which creates the form and distance of gravity in moons, planets, planets, stars and comets, creating the actions of physics of the star and planet with gravity superconductivity.

The actions of the physical properties of superconductivity nuclear matter also generates the spatial phenomenon of nuclear superconductivity of magnetism, which creates the magnetic pole and the spatial distance of the magnetic field.
The nucleus of all stars, planets, moons, are made of matter, called, by mass of energy nuclear of superconductivity.
All the materials that exist in the nuclear universe are produced, through the atomic decomposition of nuclear matter of superconductivity.
The atomic decomposition of superconductivity nuclear matter reduces the nucleus and nuclear energy of spatial superconductivity.
In the reduction of superconductivity nuclear energy there is a loss of the orbital superconductivity property of the moon and the planet.
In the loss of the orbital superconductivity property of the moon and the planet, the moon is attracted by the superconductivity of the planet and reduces orbit until attracted by the superconductivity of the planet's gravitational field.
The fall of the moon will destroy the planet or produce a crater because of the size of the planet.
The fall of the moon on Jupiter will create an immense nuclear crater in which the diameter and depth will measure the extension of thousands of kilometers.
The fall of the moon on Mars will create an immense nuclear explosion, and will destroy the planet.
Majority of the planets of the galaxies and the universe have a time schedule of self-destruction in the fall of the moons.
Most of the planets in the solar system have a time schedule of self-destruction in the fall of the moons.
Field of Energy
Authors: Canero Armando TomÃ¡s , Canero Marco Armando 
Published: August 2018

The study of physics requires the definition of general characteristics such as the so-called fundamental properties of space and time, which are homogeneity and isotropy. From the application of the homogeneity of time in the integral equations of the movement arises the theorem of the conservation of energy. That the parameter of variation be time leads to defining energy as scalar.
Relativistic mechanics has shown that time is one of the dimensions of a tetra-dimensional space and, therefore, an event is projected in the spatial and temporal dimensions, this projection varies according to the reference system that is used. This indicates that equating time to a dimension of space, should be analyzed not only under the condition of homogeneity but also of the isotropy. This leads to analyzing energy as a vector.
In classical mechanics, a body moving in a gravitational field its energy can be decomposed in two directions, one that remains constant, normal to the field, and the other that varies with gravity. This shows vector properties of energy.
This study proposes a more general response through the energy field.
The Theory of The Nuclear Universe and The Secret of The Supernova
Authors: S. GuimarÃ£es Eduardo 
Published: August 2018

This article is a deep, logical and rational analysis of the three original nuclear and chemical elements of the architecture of the nuclear universe, and which give superconducting motion to the solar system and galaxies of the universe.
After the so-called Big Bang of the universe came the space, a new time count and the nuclear universe, governed by the attractions and repulsions of the physical properties of the nuclear superconductivity mass.
Then, three new superconductive materials emerged in space consisting of three new nuclear chemical elements.
The first liquid superconductive mass of gravity appeared.
Liquid superconductive masses of orbital attraction and the superconductive mass of orbital repulsion were formed.
The mass of gravity by means of a gravitational turmoil and centrifuged the three nuclear masses.
So in this way the solar system was created.
Then, the natural moons were created from the volumetric rest of the matter that formed the planet.
At this early time the moons had the rotational motion on their axis, similar to the planet.
At this early time the planets already had the rotation movement.
In "old age," the moon stopped the rotation and began the revolution movement.
In the 21st century, the Earth's core is solid or pasty.
Neutron Activation Analysis of Some Building Material
Authors: Salama Tarek Mohamed Talaat , Mansour N. A. , Fayez-Hassan M. 
Published: August 2018

Neutron activation analysis (NAA), based on the comparator method, has the potential to fulfill the requirements of a primary ratio method as defined in 1998 by the Comité Consultatif pour la Quantité de Matière — Métrologie en Chimie (CCQM, Consultative Committee on Amount of Substance — Metrology in Chemistry Studies of Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) have been carried out on different Egyptian building material samples. The technique of neutron activation analysis is based on the measurement of radiation released by the decay of radioactive nuclei formed by neutron irradiation of the material. The most suitable source of neutrons for such an application is usually a research reactor. The samples that can be analyzed with this method stem from a number of different fields, including medicine, nutrition, biology, chemistry, forensics, the environment and mining. Neutron activation analysis can be performed in a variety of ways. This depends on the element and the corresponding radiation levels to be measured, as well as on the nature and the extent of interference from other elements present in the sample. Most of the methods used are non-destructive, based on the detection of gamma radiation emitted by the irradiated material after or during the irradiation. Next to education and training, neutron activation analysis is the most widely used application of research reactors. Almost any reactor operating at 10-30 kilowatt of thermal power is capable of providing a sufficient neutron flux to irradiate samples for selective applications of this analysis technique. Another method of NAA by using two Am-Be isotopic neutron sources of activity 5 Ci were used in this investigation. The accomplished gamma rays were measured using 70 % HPGe spectrometer. This work demand to estimate the elements contained in cement products and its quality control. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) measurements were done for confirming our results, and for determining the average neutron flux of 3.7× 103 n/cm2sec. The Natural radioactivities of these samples were measured before the analysis to know the background level of 40K, 238U and232Th nuclei. The results investigated that NAA agree with the results of XRF and the world range of the cement concentration of the essential elements Ca, Al, Na, Fe, Mn, V, Sr and Si.