bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Will I stay or will I go? Plant species‐specific response and tolerance to high land‐use intensity in temperate grassland ecosystems
Authors: Busch Verena , Klaus Valentin H. , Schäfer Deborah , Prati Daniel , Boch Steffen , Müller Jörg , Chisté Melanie , Mody Karsten , Blüthgen Nico , Fischer Markus , Hölzel Norbert , Kleinebecker Till 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimIntensification of land use strongly impacts plant communities by causing shifts in taxonomic and functional composition. Mechanisms of land use‐induced biodiversity losses have been described for temperate grasslands, but a quantitative assessment of species‐specific occurrence optima and maximum tolerance (niche breadth) to land‐use intensity (LUI) in Central European grasslands is still lacking.LocationTemperate, managed permanent grasslands in three regions of Germany.MethodsWe combined extensive field work with a null model–randomization approach, defined a “habitat niche” for each plant species based on occurrence and abundance across 150 grassland sites differing in LUI (i.e., amount of fertilizer, mowing/grazing intensity and a compound index of these), and assessed their realized niche breadth (tolerance). Underlying mechanisms driving species’ responses to LUI were assessed by relating plant functional traits, Ellenberg indicator values (EIV), Grime's ecological strategies (CSR) and Briemle utilization numbers.ResultsOut of 151 plant species, 34% responded negatively, whereas 10% responded positively to high LUI. This pattern was mainly driven by species’ response to fertilization and mowing frequency; grazing intensity response was less pronounced. Positively reacting species, displaying broader niches, were associated with competition‐related functional traits, high EIV for nutrient supply and moisture and high mowing tolerance under spatiotemporally variable conditions. Negatively responding species, displaying relatively narrow niches confined to spatiotemporally homogeneous low LUI sites, were associated with a nutrient‐retentive strategy, under nutrient‐poor, base‐rich soil conditions.ConclusionOur analyses of individual species’ reactions clearly demonstrate that species responding negatively to high LUI display little tolerance towards intensive fertilization and mowing, leading to plant diversity loss; whereas grazing partly thwarts these effects by creating new habitat niches and promoting ruderal species. Our approach can be applied to other habitat types and biogeographical regions in order to quantify local specific response or tolerance, adding to existing knowledge about local vegetation dynamics.
Medical treatment for cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Adeva Jorge , Sangro Bruno , Salati Massimiliano , Edeline Julien , La Casta Adelaida , Bittoni Alessandro , Berardi Rossana , Bruix Jordi , Valle Juan W 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMost of the patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) present with advanced (inoperable or metastatic) disease, and relapse rates are high in those undergoing potentially curative resection. Previous treatment nihilism of patients with advanced disease has been replaced by active clinical research with the advent of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and a much greater effort at understanding molecular mechanisms underpinning CCA. Three RCTs have recently been reported evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy following curative resection; only one of these has the potential to change practice. The BILCAP study failed to meet its primary endpoint by intention‐to‐treat analysis; however, a survival benefit was seen in a preplanned sensitivity analysis (predominantly adjusting for lymph nodes status). This, along with the numerical difference in median overall survival has led to the uptake of adjuvant capecitabine by many clinicians. In patients with advanced disease, the only level 1 data available supports the use of cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first‐line treatment of patients with advanced disease; there is no established second‐line chemotherapy. Previous forays into targeted therapy have proven unfruitful (namely targeting the epithelial growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor pathways). An increasing number of genomic subtypes are being defined; for some of these on‐target therapeutic options are under active investigation. The most developed are studies targeting IDH‐1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) mutations and FGFR‐2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor) fusions, with promising early results. Several other pathways are under evaluation, along with early studies targeting the immune environment; these are too premature to change practice to date. These emerging treatments are discussed.
Is empathy change in medical school geo‐socioculturally influenced?
Authors: Ponnamperuma Gominda , Yeo Su Ping , Samarasekera Dujeepa D 
Published: March 2019

ContextThere is convincing evidence that physician empathy leads to better patient care. As a result, there has been considerable research interest in investigating how empathy changes during undergraduate medical studies. Early (generally North American) studies raised concerns that medical training causes a decline in empathy. More recent studies (conducted around the world) have begun to suggest that either a slight increase or decrease in empathy occurs during undergraduate medical training, which has led some to argue that empathy changes indiscriminately (with no discernible pattern). This paper explores whether there is evidence to suggest that empathy changes indiscriminately or with a discernible geo‐sociocultural pattern during undergraduate medical training.MethodsLiterature that investigated change in empathy during undergraduate medical training was reviewed. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies were tabulated separately according to their respective geographical locations. The tabulated results were analysed to investigate whether empathy changed similarly or differently within different geographical locations.ResultsThe studies reviewed indicate similar patterns of empathy change within approximate geo‐sociocultural clusters. Whereas US studies predominantly show small but significant decreases in empathy, Far Eastern studies mostly show small but significant increases in empathy as undergraduates progress through the medical course.ConclusionsThese results suggest that change in empathy during undergraduate medical education is not as indiscriminate (patternless) as once thought. Additionally, these results support the notion that empathy is a locally construed global construct.
Natural infection by Culex flavivirus in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes captured in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso Mid‐Western Brazil
Authors: Moraes O. S. , Cardoso B. F. , Pacheco T. A. , Pinto A. Z. L. , Carvalho M. S. , Hahn R. C. , Burlamaqui T. C. T. , Oliveira L. F. , Oliveira R. S. , Vasconcelos J. M. , Lemos P. S. , Nunes M. R. T. , Slhessarenko R. D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractNew species of insect‐specific viruses (ISV) have been reported worldwide. In the present study, the complete genome of Culex flavivirus (CxFV) and partial sequences of other ISVs in Culex quinquefasciatus Say 1823 females (n = 3425) sampled in 200 urban areas census tracts of Cuiaba, state of Mato Grosso, were identified via reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction for a NS5 region of flaviviruses, nucleotide and high‐throughput sequencing, and viral isolation in C6/36 cells. CxFV was detected in 16 of 403 mosquito pools; sequences found in the study presented a high similarity with isolates from São Paulo, Brazil and other countries in Latin American that belong to genotype II, supporting the geographical influence on CxFV evolution. The monthly maximum likelihood estimation for CxFV ranged from 1.81 to 9.94 per 1000 mosquitoes. In addition to the CxFV complete genome, one pool contained an ORF1 sequence (756 bp) that belongs to a novel Negevirus from the Sandewavirus supergroup most similar to the Santana virus (77.1%) and another pool presented an RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase sequence (1081 bp) of a novel Rhabdovirus most similar to Wuhan mosquito virus 9 (44%). After three passages in C6/36 cells, only CxFV was isolated from these co‐infected pools. The importance of ISVs relies on their possible ability to interfere with arbovirus replication in competent vectors.
Direct evidence for modulation of photosynthesis by an arbuscular mycorrhiza‐induced carbon sink strength
Authors: Gavito Mayra E. , Jakobsen Iver , Mikkelsen Teis N. , Mora Francisco 
Published: March 2019

Summary

It has been suggested that plant carbon (C) use by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may be compensated by higher photosynthetic rates because fungal metabolism creates a strong C sink that prevents photosynthate accumulation and downregulation of photosynthesis. This mechanism remains largely unexplored and lacks experimental evidence.

We report here two experiments showing that the experimental manipulation of the mycorrhizal C sink significantly affected the photosynthetic rates of cucumber host plants. We expected that a sudden reduction in sink strength would cause a significant reduction in photosynthetic rates, at least temporarily.

Excision of part of the extraradical mycorrhizal mycelium from roots, and causing no disturbance to the plant, induced a sustained (10–40%) decline in photosynthetic rates that lasted from 30 min to several hours in plants that were well‐nourished and hydrated, and in the absence of growth or photosynthesis promotion by mycorrhizal inoculation. This effect was though minor in plants growing at high (700 ppm) atmospheric CO2.

This is the first direct experimental evidence for the C sink strength effects exerted by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbionts on plant photosynthesis. It encourages further experimentation on mycorrhizal source–sink relations, and may have strong implications in large‐scale assessments and modelling of plant photosynthesis.
Determining factors, regulation system, and domestication of anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice leaves
Authors: Zheng Jie , Wu Hao , Zhu Huabing , Huang Changyuan , Liu Chang , Chang Yongsheng , Kong Zichun , Zhou Zaihui , Wang Gongwei , Lin Yongjun , Chen Hao 
Published: March 2019

Summary

Wild and cultivated rice show a significant difference in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the leaf. The regulation system of anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice leaf and the causal mechanism of the difference in this biosynthesis between wild and cultivated rice remain largely unknown.

In this study, a genome‐wide association study and transcriptome analysis were performed to identify the determinant factors and dissect the regulatory system for anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice leaves.

OsC1, OsRb and OsDFR were identified as the determinants of anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice leaves. Artificial selection of certain null mutations of OsC1 and OsRb was the main causal mechanism underlying the loss of anthocyanin pigmentation in most cultivated rice. OsP1 and the MYB‐bHLH‐WD40 complexes regulate anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in rice leaves with partial functional overlap. OsP1 specifically activates upstream biosynthetic genes (OsCHS, OsCHI and OsF3′H) for anthocyanin biosynthesis, whereas the ternary MYB‐bHLH‐WD40 complex activates all anthocyanin biosynthetic genes including OsCHS, OsCHI, OsF3′H, OsF3H, OsDFR and OsANS. OsC1 and OsRb are tissue‐specific regulators that do not influence anthocyanin biosynthesis in the pericarp.

Our results reveal the determinant factors, regulatory system and domestication of anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice leaves, and show the potential of engineering anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice.
Healing activities construct the objects of therapy: Medicine's way of seeking truth, organizing forms of reality, regulating patients' bodies, illness and culture?
Authors: Cypress Brigitte S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this paper, I will explore the concept that healing activities shape the objects of therapy and seek to construct those objects through therapeutic activities. Objects of therapy are the persons, patients, human bodies, diseases, physiological processes and personal suffering—that which clinical medicine constructs through its distinctive formative processes, practices and knowledge. The rationale for choice of philosophical sources namely, Cassirer, Foucault, the anthropological perspective of Good and the sociological account of Frank will be discussed. The claim articulated by Good will be examined and its relationship to culture, illness, medical knowledge, practice, truth, and science. I then focus on Frank's concepts of the patient and the body and how medical knowledge and practices affects it. The concept that the medicalization of the illness narrative silences the patient's voice requiring an ethic of listening will be emphasized, described and further supported by Charon's (2006, Narrative medicine: Honoring the stories of illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press) and Cassell's (2015, The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. New York, NY: Oxford University Press) thoughts on narrative of illness in clinical medicine. My position concludes that healing activities construct the objects of therapy: as the medical culture's way of seeking truth; as medicine's way of mediating and organizing forms of reality through culture and symbolic forms; and, as medicine's way of entering the body and constructing the disease. Lastly, I suggest that in spite of the remarkable progress in the control of disease, the failure to address the interpretation of illness meanings is a fundamental flaw in the work of “doctoring.” The experience and meanings of illness are at the centre of clinical practice and is a moral, political, ethical and professional obligation. The person is a cultural construct, a complex and culturally shaped way of experiencing self and other, and cultural “work” is required to constitute the person who is the object of medical attention and it also necessitates the ethic of listening.
Putting Socrates back in Socratic method: Theory‐based debriefing in the nursing classroom
Authors: Dinkins Christine Sorrell , Cangelosi Pamela R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe term “Socratic method” is so pervasive in education across the disciplines that it has largely lost its meaning, and it has lost its roots in its originator—the historical Socrates. In this article we draw from the original source, Plato's ancient dialogues, to understand the theory and principles behind the questioning used in Socratic method. A deep understanding of Socratic method is particularly timely now as nursing leaders call for increased use of theory‐based debriefing across the nursing curriculum. Socratic questioning is ideally suited as a method for debriefing in nursing classrooms because of its ability to enhance critical thinking and self‐reflection of the learner and because of its basis in care for the learner through a learner‐centred design. We present an analysis of the Socratic method in Plato's works and provide an overview of the key Socratic principles and techniques. We illustrate these principles and techniques with examples of how Socratic teaching can be applied in the nursing classroom, and we address the challenges and rewards for nursing faculty implementing Socratic method. Learning about Socratic method directly from Plato's dialogues can provide a richer and more robust understanding of this key pedagogical technique and help nurse educators practice more intentional and informed Socratic questioning and debriefing.
Impact of nutrition in the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Terui Keita , Usui Noriaki , Tazuke Yuko , Nagata Kouji , Ito Miharu , Okuyama Hiroomi , Hayakawa Masahiro , Taguchi Tomoaki , Sato Yasunori , Yoshida Hideo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe optimum enteral (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN) regimens during acute management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remain unclear. We examined the effects of EN and PN on weight gain in CDH patients.MethodsA multicenter retrospective cohort study of neonates with CDH (born 2006–2010; n = 105) who survived to discharge was conducted. Patients were divided as receiving PN ≥ or <50 kcal/kg/day at 1 week of age, and EN ≥ or <60 kcal/kg/day at 2 weeks of age. Changes in bodyweight at 30, 60, and 90 days of age were compared.ResultsThe higher EN group (n = 39) had greater mean weight gain than the lower EN group (n = 66; 90 days: 2,501 g, 95% CI: 2,294–2,710 g vs 1,706 g, 95% CI: 1,553–1,861 g; P <0.001). When patients received lower EN, the higher PN group (n = 24) had greater mean weight gain than the lower PN group (n = 42; 90 days: 1,768 g, 95% CI: 1,574–1,961 g vs 1,411 g, 95% CI: 1,264–1,558 g; P = 0.004).ConclusionThe amount of EN in the acute phase of CDH management is essential for weight gain during infancy. When patients are intolerant to adequate EN, supportive PN is also essential.
Hyperspectral signal decomposition and symptom detection of wheat rust disease at the leaf scale using pure fungal spore spectra as reference
Authors: Bohnenkamp D. , Kuska M. T. , Mahlein A.‐K. , Behmann J. 
Published: March 2019

This study establishes a method to detect and distinguish between brown rust and yellow rust on wheat leaves based on hyperspectral imaging at the leaf scale under controlled laboratory conditions. A major problem at this scale is the generation of representative and correctly labelled training data, as only mixed spectra comprising plant and fungal material are observed. For this purpose, the pure spectra of rust spores of Puccinia triticina and P. striiformis, causal agents of brown and yellow rust, respectively, were used to serve as a spectral fingerprint for the detection of a specific leaf rust disease. A least‐squares factorization was used on hyperspectral images to unveil the presence of the spectral signal of rust spores in mixed spectra on wheat leaves. A quantification of yellow and brown rust, chlorosis and healthy tissue was verified in time series experiments on inoculated plants. The detection of fungal crop diseases by hyperspectral imaging was enabled without pixel‐wise labelling at the leaf scale by using reference spectra from spore‐scale observations. For the first time, this study shows an interpretable decomposition of the spectral reflectance mixture during pathogenesis. This novel approach will support a more sophisticated and precise detection of foliar diseases of wheat by hyperspectral imaging.
A review of the influence of periodontal treatment in systemic diseases
Authors: Falcao Artur , Bullón Pedro 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe effects and consequences of periodontal diseases might not be confined to the oral cavity. A great body of evidence has arisen supporting the claim demonstrating an association with several systemic conditions and diseases. With different levels of evidence, an association between periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease, diabetes, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, pregnancy outcomes and respiratory diseases has been established. However, the true nature of this association, if it is causal, still remains elusive. For a better understanding of the complex relationships linking different conditions, interventional studies now begin to focus on the possible outcomes of periodontal treatment in relation to the events, symptoms and biomarkers of several systemic disorders, assessing if periodontal treatment has any impact on them, hopefully reducing their severity or prevalence. Therefore, we proceeded to review the recent literature on the subject, attempting to present a brief explanation of the systemic condition or disease, what proposed mechanisms might give biological plausibility to its association with periodontal disease, and finally and more importantly, what data are currently available pertaining to the effects periodontal treatment may have. Raising awareness and discussing the possible benefits of periodontal treatment on overall systemic health is important, in order to change the perception that periodontal diseases are only limited to the oral cavity, and ultimately providing better and comprehensive care to patients.
Research on implants and osseointegration
Authors: Guglielmotti María B. , Olmedo Daniel G. , Cabrini Rómulo L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOsseointegration was originally defined as a direct structural and functional connection between ordered living bone and the surface of a load‐carrying implant. It is now said that an implant is regarded as osseointegrated when there is no progressive relative movement between the implant and the bone with which it is in direct contact. Although the term osseointegration was initially used with reference to titanium metallic implants, the concept is currently applied to all biomaterials that have the ability to osseointegrate. Biomaterials are closely related to the mechanism of osseointegration; these materials are designed to be implanted or incorporated into the living system with the aims to substitute for, or regenerate, tissues and tissue functions. Objective evaluation of the properties of the different biomaterials and of the factors that influence bone repair in general, and at the bone tissue–implant interface, is essential to the clinical success of an implant. The Biomaterials Laboratory of the Oral Pathology Department of the School of Dentistry at the University of Buenos Aires is devoted to the study and research of the properties and biological effects of biomaterials for dental implants and bone substitutes. This paper summarizes the research work resulting from over 25 years’ experience in this field. It includes studies conducted at our laboratory on the local and systemic factors affecting the peri‐implant bone healing process, using experimental models developed by our research team. The results of our research on corrosion, focusing on dental implants, as well as our experience in the evaluation of failed dental implants and bone biopsies obtained following maxillary sinus floor augmentation with bone substitutes, are also reported. Research on biomaterials and their interaction with the biological system is a continuing challenge in biomedicine, which aims to achieve optimal biocompatibility and thus contribute to patient health.
Plaque control and reduction of gingivitis: The evidence for dentifrices
Authors: Valkenburg Cees , Van der Weijden Fridus A. , Slot Dagmar E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper focuses on plaque control and the management of gingivitis in adults and summarizes the evidence of commercially available dentifrices as gathered from existing systematic reviews. Three internet sources were used to search for appropriate papers (up to and including February 2017). The search strategy was designed to include any systematic review published on dentifrices that also included an evaluation of plaque and gingivitis scores. Characteristics of the individual reviews, such as methodological aspects, quantitative data and conclusions, were extracted. The potential risk of bias was estimated and the acquired evidence was graded. Independent screening of 205 unique reviews resulted in 10 published and eligible systematic reviews. One publication evaluated the mechanical contribution of dentifrice to plaque removal. Eight papers were identified that evaluated the efficacy of a proposed single active ingredients, of which two reviewed more than one potentially active ingredient. One study compared two active ingredients. This meta‐review appraised the current state of evidence and found that toothbrushing with a standard fluoride dentifrice does not provide an added effect for the mechanical removal of dental plaque. Evidence suggests that compared with a standard dentifrice, those containing triclosan or stannous fluoride have benefits with respect to gingival health and control of dental plaque.