bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Courtesans and Scholars in the Writings of Feng Menglong: Transcending Status and Gender
Authors: Pi-Ching Hsu 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe last century of the Ming dynasty saw an upsurge in romances between talented scholars and devoted courtesans. This paper discusses the social, cultural, economic, and political factors which might have contributed to the popularity of that genre. Focusing on Feng Menglong's writings of idealized courtesans who transcended their lowly existence at the bottom of gender and status hierarchies, the study also explores the interplay of ethics and culture in the courtesan-scholar romances and what the romances revealed about the literati perceptions of Self and Other.
RESPONSE TO THE GREAT WORK BY THOMAS BERRY
Authors: Gnanadason Aruna 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe time-honored traditions of prudence of small communities are based on a deep respect for the integrity of creation. However they are confronted with economic and development agenda that are unraveling the very capacity of peoples to sustainable livelihood. This article explores the relationship between Berry's vision and the realities of these communities who are attempting to maintain their ecological traditions. Berry's vision of progress is challenged from the perspective of small poor communities, as well as the problem of the universalizing of knowledge.
FEMALE RED THROAT COLORATION IN TWO POPULATIONS OF THREESPINE STICKLEBACK
Authors: McKinnon Jeffrey , Demayo Robert , Granquist Richard , Weggel Lisa 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In a population of stream-resident stickleback from British Columbia, females frequently have orange-red throats which are conspicuous to the human eye and, according to two straightforward physical measures of coloration, are more intensely red than the throats of anadromous females. Stream and anadromous males from these populations, however, do not differ for a reflectance-based index of red chroma. This suggests that exceptional female red coloration in the stream population has not evolved as a byproduct of the evolution of exceptional coloration in males. In contrast to results for female lateral barring in another threespine stickleback population, red is not strongly associated with reproductive readiness and unlikely to function strictly as a signal of readiness to mate. Larger stream females have more intensely red throats though this pattern was significant only in one year and according to one technique. With these findings and the extensive literature already available for this species, the threespine stickleback becomes a promising model system for studying the evolution of female secondary sexual characters in species with conventional sexual dimorphism.
Do Pied Flycatcher Females Defend an Extra Nest Hole Against Conspecific Females?
Authors: Ratti Osmo 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn birds, females are often aggressive against conspecific females during the breeding. There are many explanations for this intrasexual aggression by females: e.g., nest site or food resource defence, prevention of intraspecific brood parasitism or infanticide, and monopolization of paternal care. A pair might also benefit by defending an alternative nest site in addition to the current nest site. Here, I study by experimentation whether pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) females defend an extra nest box as an alternative nesting site. Further, I examine whether females behave differently when their mate is present vs not present. I measured the reactions by resident females to a caged female intruder when provided with an extra nest box. I did not find any evidence that females defended an extra nest box. However, females spent less time near the caged intruder when their mate was present and instead seemed to guard him, most likely to secure his contribution to feeding the young. Females were also aggressive when their mate was absent and when there was no alternative nest site suggesting the importance of defending the current nest site per se.
Nematodes of agricultural importance in Israel
Authors: Orion Daniel 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAlthough Israel is a small semi-arid country of only 20 000 sq. km, half of which is uncultivated desert, a broad spectrum of plant parasitic nematodes affects its crops. Cohn et al. (1973) listed over 100 plant parasitic species, 25 of which are pathogenic. The following short review tries to discuss this unique situation and the control measures taken to abate their damage.
Structural changes in phenol-intercalulated hydrotalcite caused by heating
Authors: Cornejo J. , Celis R. , Pavlovic I. , Ulibarri M. A. , Hermosín M. C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThermal analysis (DTA-TG-DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption and mercury intrusion porosimetry techniques were used to assess the structural changes induced upon heating of two hydrotalcite-phenol (trichloro- and trinitrophenol, HT-TCP and HT-TNP) complexes, and the results were compared with those obtained for the original hydrotalcite (HT) sample. The DTA revealed thermal effects that depended on the nature of the interlayer ion in the complexes. The total weight loss (TG-DTA) increased from 37% for the original HT to 40% for HT-TCP and 77% HT-TNP, as the amount of phenol increased. The XRD and FTIR spectroscopy showed that the calcination product (550°C) of the HT-phenol complexes was indistinguishable from that formed from the original HT. Since HT-phenol complexes were prepared by phenol adsorption on calcined HT, our results confirm the recyclability of HT-like compounds as sorbents for phenols.
Human erythroid porphobilinogen deaminase exists in 2 splice variants
Authors: Gubin Alexander N. , Miller Jeffery L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHuman porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) is, reportedly, encoded by 2 distinct messenger RNAs (mRNAs) transcribing from a single gene. The ubiquitous form of the PBGD gene product is often used as an endogenous reference in gene expression studies because it is pseudogene free and has minimal transcriptional variability among tissues. A distinct erythroid-specific gene product has also been described because of the alternate splicing of the gene. Here is reported the existence of an additional erythroid-specific isoform of PBGD mRNA in primary cells.
Identical mutations in RAG1 or RAG2 genes leading to defective V(D)J recombinase activity can cause either T-B–severe combined immune deficiency or Omenn syndrome
Authors: Corneo Barbara , Moshous Despina , Güngör Tayfun , Wulffraat Nicolas , Philippet Pierre , Deist Françoise Le , Fischer Alain , de Villartay Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOmenn syndrome (OS) is an inherited disorder characterized by an absence of circulating B cells and an infiltration of the skin and the intestine by activated oligoclonal T lymphocytes, indicating that a profound defect in the lymphoid developmental program could be accountable for this condition. Inherited mutations in either the recombination activating genes RAG1 orRAG2, resulting in partial V(D)J recombinase activity, were shown to be responsible for OS. This study reports on the characterization of new RAG1/2 gene mutations in a series of 9 patients with OS. Given the occurrence of the same mutations in patients with T-B–severe combined immune deficiency or OS on 3 separate occasions, the proposal is made that an additional factor may be required in certain circumstances for the development of the Omenn phenotype. The nature of this factor is discussed.
Transcription patterning of uncoupled proliferation and differentiation in myelodysplastic bone marrow with erythroid-focused arrays
Authors: Lee Y. Terry , Miller Lance D. , Gubin Alexander N. , Makhlouf Fairouz , Wojda Urszula , Barrett A. John , Liu Edison T. , Miller Jeffery L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Because abnormal erythroid differentiation is the most common manifestation of the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), it was hypothesized that erythroid gene expression may be used to illustrate myelodysplastic transcription patterns. Ten normal bone marrow aspirates (NBM) were first analyzed using an erythroid-focused cDNA array to define steady-state transcription levels. Proliferation and differentiation gene subsets were identified by statistically significant differences between NBM and erythroleukemia gene expression. Next, cDNAs from 5 separate MDS aspirates were studied: refractory anemia, refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-T), and RAEB-T/secondary MDS. A distinct pattern of significantly increased proliferation-associated and reduced differentiation-associated gene activity was established for MDS.
Regulation of expression of murine transferrin receptor 2
Authors: Kawabata Hiroshi , Germain Rasha S. , Ikezoe Takayuki , Tong Xiangjun , Green Eric M. , Gombart Adrian F. , Koeffler H. Phillip 
Published: July 2002

AbstractComplementary and genomic DNA for the murine transferrin receptor 2 (TfR2) were cloned and mapped to chromosome 5. Northern blot analysis showed that high levels of expression of murine TfR2 occurred in the liver, whereas expression of TfR1 in the liver was relatively low. During liver development, TfR2 was up-regulated and TfR1 was down-regulated. During erythrocytic differentiation of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells induced by dimethylsulfoxide, expression of TfR1 increased, whereas TfR2 decreased. In MEL cells, expression of TfR1 was induced by desferrioxamine, an iron chelator, and it was reduced by ferric nitrate. In contrast, levels of TfR2 were not affected by the cellular iron status. Reporter assay showed that GATA-1, an erythroid-specific transcription factor essential for erythrocytic differentiation at relatively early stages, enhanced TfR2 promoter activity. Interestingly, FOG-1, a cofactor of GATA-1 required for erythrocyte maturation, repressed the enhancement of the activity by GATA-1. Also, CCAAT-enhancer binding protein, which is abundant in liver, enhanced the promoter activity. Thus, tissue distribution of TfR2 was consistent with the reporter assays. Expression profiles of TfR2 were different from those of TfR1, suggesting unique functions for TfR2, which may be involved in iron metabolism, hepatocyte function, and erythrocytic differentiation.
The different process of class switching and somatic hypermutation; a novel analysis by CD27− naive B cells
Authors: Nagumo Haruo , Agematsu Kazunaga , Kobayashi Norimoto , Shinozaki Koji , Hokibara Sho , Nagase Hisashi , Takamoto Masaya , Yasui Kozo , Sugane Kazuo , Komiyama Atsushi 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe relationship between class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation has been unclear. By using human CD27− naive B cells, we investigated the somatic hypermutation and producibility of immunoglobulins (Igs) that occur after CSR. Although neither adult CD27− nor cord blood B cells, which showed the unmutated Ig V-region genes, produced IgG, IgM, or IgA in response to conventional stimuli, they produced IgG and IgM but not IgA in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain (SAC) + interleukin-2 (IL-2) + IL-10 + anti-CD40 mAb + CD32 transfectants (CD40/CD32T). The naive B cells also produced IgE when combined with IL-4 + CD40/CD32T. In parallel with IgG production, the expression of mature γ1 and γ 2 transcripts was induced from naive B cells by the stimuli. The CD27 expression on human naive B cells was induced remarkably by CD40 signaling or B-cell receptor engagement, but somatic hypermutation could not be induced. The proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells were induced from naive B cells, whereas most of the plasma cells displayed very low levels of mutations in Ig V-region genes. CD27− naive B cells expressed activation-induced cytidine deaminase messenger RNA by the stimuli later than CD27+memory B cells. Our results demonstrate that CSR, but not noticeable somatic hypermutation, can be induced from CD27− naive B cells upon B-cell receptor engagement and CD40 signaling in cooperation with cytokines, suggesting that CSR and somatic hypermutation processes can occur independently, and the antibodies produced in this in vitro system are low-affinity antibodies.
Phase I Study of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Flavopiridol in Combination With Paclitaxel in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Schwartz Gary K. , O’Reilly Eileen , Ilson David , Saltz Leonard , Sharma Sunil , Tong William , Maslak Peter , Stoltz Maxine , Eden Larry , Perkins Pam , Endres Sandra , Barazzoul John , Spriggs David , Kelsen David 
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: Preclinical studies indicate that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol potentiates the induction of apoptosis by paclitaxel, provided paclitaxel is followed by flavopiridol. We therefore designed a phase I clinical trial of sequential paclitaxel and flavopiridol. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Paclitaxel was administered at a fixed dose, as either a 24- or 3-hour infusion on day 1, followed by a 24-hour infusion of flavopiridol on day 2. Doses of flavopiridol were escalated in successive cohorts according to a modified Fibonacci design. Flavopiridol pharmacokinetics were obtained on all patients. RESULTS: Dose-limiting neutropenia developed with 24-hour paclitaxel doses of 135 and 100 mg/m2 and flavopiridol doses of 10 and 20 mg/m2, respectively. With 3-hour paclitaxel at 100 mg/m2, flavopiridol could be escalated to 70 mg/m2 without dose-limiting toxicity. With 3-hour paclitaxel next escalated to 135 mg/m2, dose-limiting neutropenia and pulmonary toxicity occurred when flavopiridol was escalated to 94 mg/m2. This did not correlate with any change in flavopiridol or paclitaxel pharmacokinetics. At a 3-hour paclitaxel dose of 175 mg/m2, dose-limiting pulmonary toxicity occurred in only one patient at flavopiridol doses under 94 mg/m2. Clinical activity was observed in patients with esophagus, lung, and prostate cancer, including patients who had progressed on paclitaxel. CONCLUSION: The recommended phase II doses will be a 3-hour infusion of paclitaxel at 175 mg/m2 on day 1 followed by a 24-hour infusion of flavopiridol at 70 mg/m2 on day 2. Flavopiridol dose escalations to 80 mg/m2 are possible. At these doses, toxicities are manageable and clinical activity is promising.
Linear Antennas
Authors: Bhattacharyya Asoke K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Historically, using a piece of radiating straight wire as an aerial, or antenna, was a natural choice for wireless communications. This radiating piece of straight wire without curvature is the linear antenna. A simple example of a linear antenna is a two‐wire transmission line carrying equal currents in opposite directions and hence no resultant radiation. A two‐wire transmission line may be bent to create an efficient radiator such as a dipole. We will describe key features of linear antennas in this article.
Transmitters for Analog Television
Authors: Collins Gerald W. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This article discusses the relevant technology and provides the information needed to understand the operation, design criteria, and some of the future developments of TV transmitters. Although this information is presented from the viewpoint of equipment used in the United States, the principles apply to analog TV broadcasting worldwide. Specific details and numerical constants may differ in other systems, but the fundamental principles are the same.
Digital Microwave Receivers
Authors: Luy Johann F. , Mueller TH. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractReducing complexity in RF systems is a challenge. Research for new broadband and multistandard antennas, high‐frequency bus concepts, and software‐configurable hardware platforms in order to fulfill the needs caused by an increasing number of communication and navigation standards are ongoing tasks.The high‐speed building blocks of software‐configurable digital receivers are composed of lowpass or bandpass filters, sampling and analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC) circuits, and decimator functions that convert the high‐speed sampling rates into lower rates and higher resolution, respectively. The specific design of receiver hardware architecture is a compromise between the specifications of the services to be handled by the receiver and the availability of components.The concept of bandpass‐limited subsampling (i.e., where the sampling frequency is lower than the carrier frequency) has become a very appropriate architectural approach as increasing cutoff frequency and speed of semiconductor technologies can be traded against resolution in this concept.Direct sampling poses high requirements for the analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC). The requirements are reduced significantly if a six‐port digital receiver architecture is used. The functional principle of six‐port devices is based on the measurement of four independent output powers corresponding to the complex ratio between two superposed electromagnetic waves under different phase angles. The six‐port architecture can work under broadband conditions but may be disadvantageous compared to direct‐sampling receivers with respect to their dynamic properties.Antialiasing filters are necessary components in ADCs. Three‐dimensional micromachined filter structures can provide high quality factors and low insertion losses at microwave and millimeter‐wave frequencies. Transimpedance amplifiers for a bandpass‐limited subsampling approach and limiting amplifiers can be designed and realized in commercial SiGe technology. The sampling circuit itself may use high‐speed Schottky diodes. Using these technologies, digital receivers are now approaching the millimeter‐wave range.
Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Jin Jian-Ming , Botha Matthys M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The finite‐element method is a numerical procedure for obtaining approximate solutions to boundary value problems. It is a general, preeminent approach to solving a wide variety of problems occurring in engineering practice, including those in RF and microwave engineering. It is a powerful tool in the design and characterization of RF and microwave devices. The popularity of the finite‐element method can be ascribed to its ability to model very complex geometries and to deal with a variety of media, including inhomogeneous and anisotropic cases. Moreover, the method yields a very sparse matrix that can be generated, stored and solved efficiently. This article describes the basic principle, the numerical formulation, and some applications of the finite‐element method for analysis of electromagnetic problems in RF and microwave engineering. It also briefly discusses some computational aspects and advanced topics associated with the method.
Reflectometers, Time‐Domain
Authors: Rusek Andrew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Time-domain reflectometry
(TDR
) is one of the most useful methods of analyzing signal integrity in transmission media. This includes conventional “hardwired” devices such as cables, microstrip transmission lines, and other transmission paths found in radiofrequency, microwave, and high‐speed digital circuits and systems. This article describes the basic concepts of the TDR
technique as well as associated with a related technique:
time-domain transmission
(TDT
). Through the course of this article, conventional TDR
signal measurements related to various transmission‐line loads are demonstrated and discussed. In addition, a
differential
TDR
system is presented. Finally, TDR
/TDT
test results illustrating reflections due to parasitic effects, as well as
normalization techniques
in modern TDR
systems, are described.
Elliptic Filters
Authors: Noren Kenneth V. , Grimm Jerry Michael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This article provides an overview of elliptic filter synthesis for RF and microwave frequencies. The characteristics of an elliptic filter function are discussed and compared to other classical filter function responses. An overview of the mathematics of the lowpass elliptic filter function is discussed. Methods for transforming the low‐pass elliptic function to highpass, bandpass, and band‐reject functions are provide. The article concludes with a discussion of the realizations for RF and microwave elliptic filters and discusses issues related to RF and microwave elliptic filter synthesis.
Impedance Transformers and Matching Networks
Authors: Wu Ke , Deslandes Dominic , Cassivi Yves 
Published: November 2024

AbstractImpedance transformers and matching networks are probably the most widely used building blocks in both passive and active radiofrequency (RF ) and microwave circuits, which can be found everywhere in various systems and applications. The transmission‐line technique is fundamental in the design of impedance transformers and matching networks at microwave frequencies, whatever distributed or lumped element platforms are used. This article presents the basic structures and electrical mechanisms of impedance transformers and matching networks as well as transmission‐line transitions, including typical balun structures. Properties and performances of various circuit elements are summarized, discussed, and compared. Popular examples are shown to highlight application aspects and technical features of practical impedance transformers and matching networks.
Surface Acoustic Wave Applications
Authors: Malocha Donald C. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSince the introduction of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) interdigital transducer in the late 1960s, SAW devices have tremendously affected a broad range of systems. The key to this technology is the ability to sense or tap a traveling electroacoustic wave on a piezoelectric substrate whose velocity is 105 times slower than an electromagnetic wave. The highest cost precision devices are typically used for military and satellite systems, which have the most demanding specifications; the intermediate cost devices are used in modest volume military man packs, military base stations, and commercial base stations; and the lowest cost devices are used in a broad range of commercial and consumer applications. In addition to device technological innovation, research and development on other propagating Rayleigh‐like modes, called pseudo‐SAW, and new substrate materials, such as lithium tetraborate and langasite, have provided lower loss, higher frequency, and wider bandwidth devices.
Thin Films
Authors: Wasa Kiyotaka , Setsune Kentaro 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThin film ferroelectric materials and hexagonal piezoelectric materials are essential for fabrication of electronic and/or photonic devices. Ferroelectric materials are dielectrics that have a spontaneous polarization with nonlinear hysteretic properties and show several unique properties including high dielectric permittivity, high piezoelectricity, high pyroelectricity, and high electrooptic characteristics. Thin film ferroelectric materials have a high potential for miniaturization and/or integration with the semiconductive devices. Thin films are also important to the understanding of ferroelectricity. Thin films are commonly fabricated by depositing individual atoms on a substrate. The film thickness is typically less than several micrometers.