bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DDoS protection with stateful software‐defined networking
Authors: Rebecchi Filippo , Boite Julien , Nardin Pierre‐Alexis , Bouet Mathieu , Conan Vania 
Published: August 2018

SummaryDistributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks represent one of the most critical security challenges facing network operators. Software‐defined networking (SDN) permits fast reactions to such threats by dynamically enforcing simple forwarding/blocking rules as countermeasures. However, the centralization of the control plane requires that the SDN controller, besides network management operations, should also collect information to identify and mitigate the security menaces. A major drawback of this approach is that it may overload the controller and the control channel. On the other hand, stateful SDN represents a new concept, developed to improve reactivity and offload the controller by delegating local treatments to the switches. In this article, we embrace this paradigm to protect end‐hosts from DDoS attacks. We propose StateSec, a novel approach based on in‐switch processing capabilities to detect and mitigate flooding threats. StateSec monitors packets matching configurable traffic features without resorting to the controller. By feeding an entropy‐based detection algorithm with such monitoring features, it detects and mitigates several threats such as (D)DoS with high accuracy. We implemented StateSec in an SDN platform comparing it with state‐of‐the‐art approaches. We show that StateSec is far more efficient: It achieves very accurate detection levels, reducing at the same time the control plane overhead. We have also evaluated the memory footprint of StateSec for a possible use in production. Finally, we deployed StateSec over a real network to tune its parameters and assess its suitability to real‐world deployments.
A modulus iteration method for retinex problem
Authors: Yang Xue , Huang Yu‐Mei , Sun Li 
Published: August 2018

SummaryRetinex theory was proposed by Land and McCann, which manifests that the perception of object colors by human eyes is only dependent on the reflectance of the object and unrelated to the illumination amount on the object. Image intensity recorded by digital cameras is the product of reflectance and illumination. The main purpose of the retinex problem is to recover the reflectance from the recorded image just like the human vision system. In this paper, we propose a variational minimization model with physical constraints imposed on reflectance values. We show that the proposed model is equivalent to a linear complementarity problem, and a modulus iteration method is applied to solve it. A large sparse linear system of equations arises in the modulus iteration method. By utilizing the special structure of the coefficient matrix, the solution of the linear system is obtained by solving a smaller linear system of only half of the unknowns. The convergence of the modulus iteration method for solving the linear complementarity problem for the proposed model is also demonstrated. The experiments show that the convergence of the proposed method is much faster than the existing efficient methods for the retinex problem, and the proposed method is also competitive to the existing methods for the retinex problem when considering recovered reflectance quality.
Identifying phenotypes and factors impacting outcomes in older adults with asthma: A research protocol and recruitment results
Authors: Polivka Barbara J. , Folz Rodney , Myers John , Barnett Russell , Antimisiaris Demetra , Jorayeva Anna , Beatty Bryan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSuccess in testing research outcomes requires identification of effective recruitment strategies in the targeted population. In this paper, we present the protocol for our NIH‐funded study as well as success rates for the various recruitment strategies employed. This longitudinal observational study is: developing a phenotyping algorithm for asthma in older adults, exploring the effects of the asthma phenotype and of volatile organic compounds on asthma control, and developing a predictive model of asthma quality of life. A sub‐aim is to characterize barriers to successful medication management in older adults with asthma. Individuals are eligible if they are ≥60 years, have a positive response to at least 1 of 6 asthma screening questions, are non‐smokers, and demonstrate bronchodilator reversibility or a positive bronchial challenge test with methacholine. Exclusion criteria are smokers who quit <5 years ago or with a >20 pack year smoking history, and those having other chronic pulmonary diseases. Participants (N = 190) complete baseline pulmonary function testing, questionnaires, sputum induction, skin prick testing, and have blood drawn for Vitamin D and Immunoglobulin E. Home environmental assessments are completed including 24‐hr particulate and volatile organic compound measurements. At 9‐months post‐baseline, home spirometry, medication assessment, and assessment of asthma quality of life and asthma control are assessed. At 18‐months post‐baseline, home spirometry, completion of baseline questionnaires, and a home environmental assessment are completed. We have employed multiple recruitment efforts including referrals from clinical offices, no‐cost media events, flyers, and ads. The most successful efforts have been referrals from clinical offices and media events.
Homeowner Behavior, Health Status, and Medicaid Payment Eligibility: Evidence from the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005
Authors: Ricks Judith S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effect of a change in the status of housing equity as a protected asset for Medicaid long‐term care payment eligibility. A difference‐in‐difference‐in‐differences strategy is employed to estimate the effect of the policy on the housing equity holdings of potentially treated individuals. Using a panel of unmarried homeowners, the policy induced treated individuals who were likely to require long‐term care to hold less housing equity by values of $82,000 to $193,000 relative to control individuals. This equates to relative reductions of 12 to 29 percent for treated individuals after the policy change. Similar effects are not observed when considering health measures less predictive of long‐term care services and for a sample of married households who were unlikely affected by the policy. These estimates confirm the importance of the housing asset as a shelter for Medicaid eligibility.
Cells in the adult human spinal cord ependymal region do not proliferate after injury
Authors: Paniagua‐Torija Beatriz , Norenberg Michael , Arevalo‐Martin Angel , Carballosa‐Gautam Melissa M , Campos‐Martin Yolanda , Molina‐Holgado Eduardo , Garcia‐Ovejero Daniel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn vertebrates that regenerate the injured spinal cord, cells at the ependymal region proliferate and coordinate the formation of bridges between the lesion stumps. In mammals, these cells also proliferate profusely around the central canal after spinal cord injury, although their actual contribution to repair is controversial. In humans, however, the central canal disappears from early childhood in the majority of individuals, being replaced by astrocyte gliosis, ependymocyte clusters, and perivascular pseudo‐rosettes. In this human ependymal remnant, cells do not proliferate under normal conditions, but it is not known if they do after a lesion. Here, we studied the human ependymal remnant after traumatic spinal cord injury using samples from 21 individuals with survival times ranging from days to months post‐injury. With three different monoclonal antibodies raised against two different proliferation markers (Ki67 and MCM2), we found that the ependymal remnant in adult humans does not proliferate after injury at any time or distance from the lesion. Our results seriously challenge the view of the spinal cord ependymal region as a neurogenic niche in adult humans and suggest that it would not be involved in cell replacement after a lesion. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Important issues in plant tissues analyses by HR‐MAS NMR
Authors: Flores Igor S. , Martinelli Bruno C.B. , Pinto Vinicius S. , Queiroz Luiz H.K. , Lião Luciano M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntroductionHigh‐resolution magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HR‐MAS NMR) spectroscopy enables the analysis of the metabolic profile of plant and animal tissues under close to natural conditions, as well as of other heterogeneous natural or synthetic materials. Neither sample pretreatment is required after fragmentation nor powdering of the sample before insertion into the rotor. However, the efficiency of the method depends strongly on the sample preparation, rotor insertion procedure, and analysis conditions.ObjectiveTo identify some of the variables that affect the spectral data and to propose solutions that minimise their impact on the quality of the analyses and results.MethodsDried plant tissues were powdered, weighed, and homogenised in a 50 μL rotor with an optimised volume of deuterated solvent and sample in order to prevent material from escaping during spacer insertion, avoiding variations in magnetic susceptibility. Factors affecting the quality of HR‐MAS NMR analysis such as particle size, sample and solvent amounts, solvent polarity, swelling time, rotor manipulation and pulse sequence setting were evaluated.ResultsA strong correlation was observed between the signal area and the particle size of the powdered sample. The spectral profile varied depending on the deuterated solvent used. An incubation period was necessary to achieve adequate swelling of the sample and to ensure good data reproducibility. Proper sealing of the rotor, number of cycles and τ time on cpmgpr1d pulse sequence were found to affect the signal areas.ConclusionThe study highlights the need for standardised sample preparation and instrumental setup protocols in order to achieve high reproducibility and obtain reliable data from HR‐MAS NMR analyses.
About formation of cycles in Sn(II) octanoate‐catalyzed polymerizations of lactides
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. , Weidner Steffen M. , Scheliga Felix 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTAt first, formation of cycles in commercial poly(l‐lactide)s is discussed and compared with benzyl alcohol‐initiated polymerizations performed in this work. This comparison was extended to polymerizations initiated with 4‐cyanophenol and pentafluorothiophenol which yielded cyclic polylactides via end‐biting. The initiator/catalyst ratio and the acidity of the initiator were found to be decisive for the extent of cyclization. Further polymerizations of l‐lactide were performed with various diphenols as initiators/co‐catalysts. With most diphenols, cyclic polylactides were the main reaction products. Yet, only catechols yielded even‐numbered cycles as main reaction products, a result which proves that their combination with SnOct2 catalyzed a ring‐expansion polymerization (REP). The influence of temperature, time, co‐catalyst, and catalyst concentrations was studied. Four different transesterification reactions yielding cycles were identified. For the cyclic poly(l‐lactide)s weight average molecular weights (Mw's) up to 120,000 were obtained, but 1H NMR end group analyses indicated that the extent of cyclization was slightly below 100%. The influence of various parameters like structure of initiator and catalyst and temperature on the formation of cyclic poly(l‐lactide)s has been investigated. Depending on the chosen conditions, the course of the polymerization can be varied from a process yielding exclusively linear polylactides to mainly cyclic polylactides. Three different reaction pathways for cyclization reactions have been identified. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 1915–1925
Poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate) copolymers: Synthesis and pH/thermo‐responsive behavior in aqueous solutions
Authors: Sentoukas Theodore , Pispas Stergios 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThe synthesis and self‐assembly properties in aqueous solutions of novel amphiphilic block copolymers composed of one hydrophilic, pH and temperature responsive poly(dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) block and one weakly hydrophobic, water insoluble, potentially thermoresponsive poly(hydroxy propyl methacrylate) (PHPMA) block, are reported. The block copolymers were prepared by RAFT polymerization and were molecularly characterized by size exclusion chromatography, NMR, and FTIR spectroscopies. The PDMAEMA‐b‐PHPMA amphiphilic block copolymers self‐assemble in different nanostructured aggregates when inserted in aqueous media. The effects of different solubilization protocols, as well as the effects of solution temperature and pH on the structure of the aggregates, are studied by light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. Experimental results indicate that there is a number of solution preparation and physicochemical parameters that allow the control and manipulation of the structure and thermoresponsive properties of PDMAEMA‐b‐PHPMA aggregates in aqueous media. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 1962–1977
Covalent functionalization of solid cellulose by divergent synthesis of chemically active dendrons
Authors: Anavi Daniel , Popowski Yanay , Slor Gadi , Segal Merav , Frid Liat , Amir Roey J. , Amirav Aviv , Amir Elizabeth 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTCovalent surface modification of solid cellulose with well‐defined and chemically reactive dendrons is introduced as a platform for cellulose grafting with functional materials. Surface functionalization with a first generation dendron is achieved by esterification employing bifunctional molecules based on 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid (bis‐MPA) under mild conditions and short reaction times. The activated cellulose surface displays hydrophobic properties and contains two reactive alkene end‐groups per graft, which are used for covalent binding to active agents, as demonstrated by selective functionalization of the modified cellulose with fluorescent dye via photopatterning. The number of active end‐groups on the surface of cellulose is multiplied by divergent solid‐state synthesis of second and third generation dendrons having four and eight reactive sites per dendron, respectively. The dendrons are assembled in only few hours by a sequence of thiol‐ene/esterification reactions. The ability to accurately control the number of binding sites on the surface of cellulose allows fine tuning of the surface properties, as shown by the attachment of hydrophobic small molecules to the dendronized cellulose. The first, second and third generation dendrons allow preparing surfaces with increasing hydrophobicities; second and third generation dendrons functionalized with small perfluoroalkyl molecule display superhydrophobic properties. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2103–2114
Determination of Lee‐Tarver Model Parameters of JO‐11C Explosive
Authors: Li Yanhua , Yang Xiaoyu , Wen Yuquan , Xiong Shihui , Li Xiaogang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn order to determine the Lee‐Tarver model parameters of JO‐11C when the density is 1.707 g/cm3, the detonation propagation of cylindrical charge with different diameters is modelling by AUTODYN software. The output performance parameters such as critical dimension, detonation velocity, detonation pressure and reaction time of different charge diameters through simulation are consistent with the experimental results by fixing and adjusting material model parameters of the JO‐11C explosive .The results show that the critical dimension is between 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm, the detonation velocity and pressure increase with the charge diameter increasing and the rule of reaction time is opposite. According to the determined parameters of the Lee‐Tarver model, the detonation pressure attenuation of JO‐11C charge with different diameter bearing on different steel gap were simulated and compared with the test. The simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental results when charge diameter is greater than 2 mm, which the error is less than 10 %. In smaller charge diameter, the error is also not more than 20 %.
Not just a migration problem: Metapopulations, habitat shifts, and gene flow are also important for fishway science and management
Authors: Wilkes M. A. , Webb J. A. , Pompeu P. S. , Silva L. G. M. , Vowles A. S. , Baker C. F. , Franklin P. , Link O. , Habit E. , Kemp P. S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWorldwide, fishways are increasingly criticized for failing to meet conservation goals. We argue that this is largely due to the dominance of diadromous species of the Northern Hemisphere (e.g., Salmonidae) in the research that underpins the concepts and methods of fishway science and management. With highly diverse life histories, swimming abilities and spatial ecologies, most freshwater fish species do not conform to the stereotype imposed by this framework. This is leading to a global proliferation of fishways that are often unsuitable for native species. The vast majority of fish populations do not undertake extensive migrations between clearly separated critical habitats, yet the movement of individuals and the genetic information they carry is critically important for population viability. We briefly review some of the latest advances in spatial ecological modelling for dendritic networks to better define what it means to achieve effective fish passage at a barrier. Through a combination of critical habitat assessment and the modelling of metapopulations, climate change‐driven habitat shifts, and adaptive gene flow, we recommend a conceptual and methodological framework for fishway target‐setting and monitoring suitable for a wide range of species. In the process, we raise a number of issues that should contribute to the ongoing debate about fish passage research and the design and monitoring of fishways.
Effects of hydropeaking operations on the growth of Alabama bass Micropterus henshalli and redeye bass Micropterus coosae in the Tallapoosa River, Alabama, USA
Authors: Earley Laurie A. , Sammons Steven M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAnthropogenic factors such as dam construction and hydropower generation can dramatically alter the flow regime of rivers and may impact growth of aquatic organisms. Using incremental growth techniques, annual growth of Alabama bass Micropterus henshalli and redeye bass M. coosae in the Tallapoosa River, Alabama, USA, was evaluated in response to variation in flow regime. Fish were collected from the Tallapoosa River above Harris Dam (unregulated site) and at two sites downstream of the dam (regulated sites), as well as Hillabee Creek (unregulated tributary). Flow variables were calculated for each growth year, and the best model that described growth for each species at each location was determined using Akaike's Information Criterion. Additionally, growth increments of each species at ages 1, 2, and 3 were compared between years characterized by low and high flow variability. Age was the best explanatory variable that described growth in all models, although flow variables were included in more than half the models. In all cases, annual and seasonal flow variables had low predictive power and explained <2% of the variation in growth. Growth was higher for age‐1 fish in years with less flow variation but was similar among years for age‐2 and age‐3 fish. Overall, this study provided little evidence that annual growth of either species was heavily influenced by flow in this regulated river.
Morphological Ensembles of N‐Doped Porous Carbon Derived from ZIF‐8/Fe‐Graphene Nanocomposites: Processing and Electrocatalytic Studies
Authors: Thomas Minju , Illathvalappil Rajith , Kurungot Sreekumar , Nair Balagopal N. , Mohamed A. Peer , Anilkumar Gopinathan M. , Yamaguchi Takeo , Hareesh U. S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEngineering the active site density of porous carbon catalysts for enhanced electrocatalytic activity is the current focus in the quest for economically viable fuel cells. Herein, we synthesise ZIF‐8/Fe‐graphene composites for the formation of N and Fe co‐doped carbon with diverse morphologies ranging from tubes and sheets to frameworks of carbon. A synthetic strategy involving the one pot synthesis of ZIF‐8 based composites is accomplished by the reaction of 2‐methylimidazole with mixed Zn/Fe salt solution containing graphene dispersions. The high temperature heat treatment of this precursor mix yielded micro‐meso porous architectures of N, Fe co‐doped carbon with dispersions of Fe/Fe3C. An onset potential value of 0.95 V and a half‐wave potential of 0.82 V coupled with excellent durability and stability in alkaline medium indicated improved electrocatalytic performances over its commercial Pt/C counterpart. The appreciable electrocatalytic properties of the synthesized carbon are attributed to its morphological diversity, hybrid structure, high N doping and its heteroporous characteristics. The dispersed Fe/Fe3C and FeNx sites facilitated enhanced oxygen adsorption and the graphene inclusions in the composite provided retention of high nitrogen contents.
Micron‐size Silicon Monoxide Asymmetric Membranes for Highly Stable Lithium Ion Battery Anode
Authors: Wu Ji , Jin Congrui , Johnson Nathan , Kusi Moses , Li Jianlin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTo meet the increasing demand for high energy density lithium ion batteries for electric vehicles and mobile electronics, it is mandatory to make revolutionary changes in electrode materials and chemistry. In this report, micron‐size silicon monoxide powders are utilized to fabricate asymmetric membranes via a phase inversion method. We investigate the effects of carbonization temperature, silicon monoxide concentration and glues on membrane microstructure and electrochemical performance. It iss also observed that silicon monoxide powders in the membranes consist of silicon with multiple oxidation states. All silicon monoxide asymmetric membrane electrodes are characteristic of significantly improved cycling stability as compared to the control silicon monoxide electrode. The best cycling performance is achieved from the asymmetric membrane with lower silicon monoxide content and using carboxymethyl cellulose as the glue. 95% initial capacity can be retained after 110 cycles at 400 mA g−1 for the membrane with ∼33 wt.% silicon monoxide. Its initial capacity loss is only 23.1% with an average coulombic efficiency of 99.82% over 110 cycles.