bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in clinically node‐negative Merkel cell carcinoma: the Westmead Hospital experience
Authors: Jenkins Lillian N. , Howle Julie R. , Veness Michael J. 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundMerkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive cutaneous malignancy with a propensity to metastasize to regional lymph nodes. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with clinically node‐negative MCC has been utilized to identify patients with subclinical nodal metastases. This study aims to review the accuracy of SLNB in MCC and to evaluate the impact of SLNB on management.MethodsPatients with clinically node‐negative MCC who underwent SLNB were identified from a prospective database of patients treated at the Westmead Hospital, Sydney, between 1998 and 2017. Data from these patients were reviewed and analysed.ResultsForty‐one patients were identified: 28 men and 13 women, median age 70 years. Median duration of follow‐up was 27 months. Sixteen (39%) patients had a positive SLNB and all underwent nodal treatment which consisted of radiotherapy (n = 13), completion lymphadenectomy and adjuvant radiotherapy (n = 2), and completion lymphadenectomy alone (n = 1). Following negative SLNB, 24 of 25 patients did not undergo further nodal treatment. The false‐negative rate was 16% as three patients developed in‐field nodal recurrence subsequent to a negative SLNB. At last follow‐up, 29 patients had no evidence of disease, six were alive with disease and three had died from other causes. Three SLN‐positive patients have died of MCC.ConclusionSLNB has a high rate of positivity and can improve the accuracy of staging and prognostication in MCC, and guide management. The relatively low risk of a false‐negative SLNB justifies close observation in SLNB‐negative patients.
External validation of a model to determine risk of progression of Barrett’s oesophagus to neoplasia
Authors: Kunzmann Andrew T. , Thrift Aaron P. , Johnston Brian T. , McManus Damian T. , Gavin Anna T. , Turkington Richard C. , Coleman Helen G. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryBackgroundA risk prediction model containing sex, smoking history, Barrett's oesophagus length and presence of low‐grade dysplasia was found to identify individuals at a higher risk of progression to oesophageal adenocarcinoma or high‐grade dysplasia.AimTo externally validate the model predicting risk of progression from Barrett's oesophagus to neoplasia and assess the predictive utility of additional factors.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study among individuals from the population‐based Northern Ireland Barrett's register with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus (with intestinal metaplasia) between 1993 and 2005. The association between a points based model and risk of progression to high‐grade dysplasia or oesophageal adenocarcinoma until 2010 was assessed using Cox Proportional Hazards model. Model performance was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUROC), sensitivity and specificity.ResultsWe identified 1198 individuals with Barrett's oesophagus of whom 54 progressed. The model discriminated reasonably well between progressors and nonprogressors, with an AUROC of 0.70 (95% CI 0.63‐0.78). When categorised into low, intermediate and high risk groups, the AUROC was 0.68 (95% CI 0.61‐0.74). Compared to using data on dysplasia and segment length for risk stratification, the model resulted in a net reclassification improvement of 20.9%.ConclusionsThis external validation provides further evidence that a model based on sex, smoking, Barrett's segment length and baseline low‐grade dysplasia may help to risk stratify patients after an initial diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus. The model also performed better than the use of low‐grade dysplasia status alone for risk‐stratification.
Molecular docking predictions of fragrance binding to human leukocyte antigen molecules
Authors: Schutte Ryan J. , Zhang Xiaojuan , An Nan , Ostrov David A. , Vukmanović Stanislav 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundOver 4000 small chemicals have been identified as allergens capable of inducing skin sensitization. Many sensitizers are hypothesized to act as haptens producing novel antigens, which can be presented to T cells by human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). Recent studies suggest that some chemical allergens use hapten‐independent mechanisms.ObjectiveTo determine whether molecular docking can identify HLA molecules that bind skin‐sensitizing chemical allergens.MethodsStructural models of HLA molecules were used as the basis for molecular docking of 22 chemical allergens. Allergens predicted to bind HLA‐B*57:01 were tested for their ability to stimulate T cells by the use of proliferation and interferon‐gamma enzyme‐linked immunospot assays.ResultsChemical allergens that did not satisfy the criteria for hapten activity in vitro were predicted to bind more strongly to common HLA isoforms than those with known hapten activity. HLA‐B*57:01, which is an HLA allele required for drug hypersensitivity reactions, was predicted to bind several allergens, including benzyl benzoate, benzyl cinnamate, and benzyl salicylate. In in vitro T cell stimulation assays, benzyl salicylate and benzyl cinnamate were found to stimulate T cell responses from HLA‐B*57:01 carriers.ConclusionsThese data suggest that small‐molecule skin sensitizers have the potential to interact with HLA, and show that T cell‐based in vitro assays may be used to evaluate the immunogenicity of skin‐sensitizing chemicals.
SOX10 Immunostaining in granulomatous dermatoses and benign reactive lymph nodes
Authors: Merelo Alcocer Veronica , Flamm Alexandra , Chen Guoli , Helm Klaus 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundSOX10 immunostaining has been considered a highly sensitive and specific marker for melanoma. But there is evidence suggesting that SOX10 positive cells can be present in dermal scars. Therefore, we investigated whether non‐melanocytic cell types present in chronic inflammatory processes or benign lymph nodes express SOX10.MethodsWe retrospectively selected 20 benign lymph nodes and 20 cutaneous granulomatous dermatoses. SOX10, CD68, and Melan‐A immunohistochemistry was performed in all cases.ResultsScattered SOX10 positivity was found in 85% of lymph nodes, specifically in subcapsular and medullary sinuses and in 85% of granulomatous dermatoses. In granulomatous dermatoses, the Melan‐A stain did not label the scattered SOX10 positive cells and it was difficult to determine if CD68 was co‐expressed on the SOX10 positive cells. In the lymph nodes, the SOX10 positive cells did not co‐express Melan‐A or CD68.ConclusionsWe report SOX10 positive cells detected in granulomatous dermatoses and benign lymph nodes. In lymph nodes, SOX10 positive cells were exclusively in subcapsular and medullary sinuses. Therefore, SOX10 is an excellent stain for evaluation of metastatic melanoma with the caveat that positivity in subcapsular and medullary sinuses can be of non‐melanocytic origin; the use of additional melanocytic markers is recommended in this situations.
Anatomie der Fettkompartimente des Gesichts und ihre Bedeutung für die ästhetische Chirurgie
Authors: Cotofana Sebastian , Lachman Nirusha 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungZielIn den letzten zehn Jahren hat sich unser Verständnis der Gesichtsanatomie gewandelt. Neuere minimalinvasive Eingriffe zur Gesichtsverjüngung erfordern bessere anatomische Kenntnisse.Material und MethodenIn dieser narrativen Übersichtsarbeit wird die aktuelle Literatur mit den Erfahrungen der Autoren zusammengefasst und analysiert. Sie resümiert den aktuellen Wissenstand zu oberflächlichen und tiefen fazialen Fettkompartimenten und deren Bedeutung für minimalinvasive Eingriffe am Gesicht. Ein schematisches Modell zum besseren Verständnis der komplexen Anatomie des Gesichts wurde erstellt.ErgebnisseDas Gesicht ist aus den folgenden fünf Schichten aufgebaut: Schicht 1: Haut; Schicht 2: subkutanes Fettgewebe mit Retinacula cutis (aus fibrösem Bindegewebe), Schicht 3: superfizielles muskuloaponeurotisches System (SMAS), Schicht 4: tiefes Fettgewebe und Schicht 5: Periost oder tiefe Faszie. Dieser Aufbau unterscheidet sich je nach Region, insbesondere, wenn die Ligamente in das Modell einbezogen werden. Die fazialen Fettkompartimente sind in den Schichten 2 und 4 lokalisiert. Jede Schicht hat einzigartige Merkmale und spezielle räumliche Beziehungen zu den umgebenden Geweben.SchlussfolgerungenDas neue Konzept des geschichteten Aufbaus erklärt die räumlichen Beziehungen und das funktionale Zusammenwirken der Weichteilgewebe im Gesicht. Die Kenntnis der Schichten sowie der genauen Lage der oberflächlichen und tiefen Fettkompartimente des Gesichts und ihrer Begrenzungen ist entscheidend für die sichere und effektive Durchführung minimalinvasiver Eingriffe am Gesicht.
Pathophysiologie der atopischen Dermatitis
Authors: Grobe William , Bieber Thomas , Novak Natalija 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungWenige Erkrankungen wurden in den letzten Jahren so intensiv und vielfältig auf verschiedenen Ebenen erforscht wie die atopische Dermatitis (AD). Das liegt zum einen daran, dass es sich um die häufigste chronisch‐entzündliche Hauterkrankung handelt, die bis zu 30 % der Kinder und 1–10 % der Erwachsenen betrifft. Zum anderen konnten zahlreiche komplexe Veränderungen auf genetischer Ebene sowie auf Ebene des angeborenen und erworbenen Immunsystems identifiziert werden, die für die Charakterisierung der Patienten und Entwicklung neuer diagnostischer und therapeutischer Ansätze wichtig sind. Trotz der komplexen Pathogenese und immunologischen Unterschiede in verschiedenen Krankheitsstadien, sowie der Heterogenität der Krankheitstrigger, war die Therapie der AD, vor allem der mittelschweren bis schweren Form, lange auf rein symptomatische bzw. unspezifische immunsuppressive Ansätze limitiert [1].Mit Zulassung des ersten Biologikums zur Behandlung der mittelschweren und schweren AD bei Erwachsenen und dessen Verfügbarkeit auf dem deutschen Markt seit Ende 2017, ist nun Bewegung in das Feld gekommen. In dieser Arbeit werden die aktuellen pathophysiologischen Erkenntnisse zur AD zusammengefasst. Durch die Fortschritte bei der Erforschung der Erkrankung wird eine verbesserte Charakterisierung von Patientensubgruppen und verschiedenen Krankheitsausprägungen möglich, was die Grundlage zukünftig zunehmend individuellerer Behandlungsmöglichkeiten darstellen wird.
Can remittances buy peace?
Authors: Batu Michael 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper offers new empirical evidence on the effects of remittance flows on conflict incidence, onset, and duration in recipient countries. It improves on previous studies by controlling for unobserved heterogeneity among remittance recipient countries, serial correlation of conflict, and the possibility of conflict being endogenous to remittances. To motivate the empirical findings, a micro‐founded model of conflict is developed. The model shows that wealth transfers (such as remittances) can raise the opportunity cost of participation in conflicts which can lead to a reduction in both the number of rebels and the force used by the government forces.
Habit as resistance: Bergson's philosophy of second nature
Authors: Brown Olivia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHenri Bergson is one of the few philosophers who both explicitly and extensively discusses the phenomenon of habit. In view of his engagement with habit, does Bergson develop a philosophically robust account of the phenomenon? Most commentary on his account of habit refers to his early work, Matter and Memory. In this paper, I begin by arguing that Bergson's treatment of habit in Matter and Memory is problematic because it does not adequately differentiate between habit and material nature. Despite its neglect in secondary literature, Bergson also discusses habit in the first part of his final book, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion. With respect to this book, I subsequently show how Bergson deploys Ravaisson's distinction between instinct and habit to reconceptualize habit as the second of our two natures, our social nature. Lastly, I reconstruct Bergson's late contribution to the philosophy of habit: rather than a tendency that is hard to resist, habit is a resistance to which we tend to submit. By shedding light on the effort that we expend to adhere to them, Bergson's resistance account of habit advances an original and productive perspective on our social habits.
Effects of plant functional group removal on structure and function of soil communities across contrasting ecosystems
Authors: Fanin Nicolas , Kardol Paul , Farrell Mark , Kempel Anne , Ciobanu Marcel , Nilsson Marie‐Charlotte , Gundale Michael J. , Wardle David A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLoss of plant diversity has an impact on ecosystems worldwide, but we lack a mechanistic understanding of how this loss may influence below‐ground biota and ecosystem functions across contrasting ecosystems in the long term. We used the longest running biodiversity manipulation experiment across contrasting ecosystems in existence to explore the below‐ground consequences of 19 years of plant functional group removals for each of 30 contrasting forested lake islands in northern Sweden. We found that, against expectations, the effects of plant removals on the communities of key groups of soil organisms (bacteria, fungi and nematodes), and organic matter quality and soil ecosystem functioning (decomposition and microbial activity) were relatively similar among islands that varied greatly in productivity and soil fertility. This highlights that, in contrast to what has been shown for plant productivity, plant biodiversity loss effects on below‐ground functions can be relatively insensitive to environmental context or variation among widely contrasting ecosystems.
Eutrophication mediates rapid clonal evolution in Daphnia pulicaria
Authors: Chislock Michael F. , Kaul RajReni B. , Durham Kristin A. , Sarnelle Orlando , Wilson Alan E. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Laboratory studies have revealed that Daphnia species can evolve to tolerate toxic cyanobacteria in the diet. Specifically, Daphnia from eutrophic lakes where cyanobacteria are common tend to have higher growth rates and survival when fed toxic cyanobacteria than populations from oligotrophic environments with low abundance of cyanobacteria.

We conducted an in‐lake mesocosm (i.e. limnocorral) experiment during the autumn of 2009 to assess the effects of nutrient enrichment on clonal evolution in Daphnia pulicaria. As nutrient enrichment often favours grazing‐resistant cyanobacteria, we hypothesised that fertilisation would influence the genotypic composition of D. pulicaria that vary in tolerance to cyanobacteria. Mesocosms were fertilised to manipulate phytoplankton and cyanobacterial abundance and concentrations of a cyanobacterial toxin (microcystin). Thus, half of the mesocosms were high‐nutrient and half were low‐nutrient. We then stocked half of the mesocosms with a mixture of six genetically‐distinct D. pulicaria genotypes (three genotypes from oligotrophic lakes and three from eutrophic lakes) leaving half of the mesocosms Daphnia‐free to assess grazing effects, using a fully factorial design.

When compared to the low nutrient treatment, high nutrient mesocosms had nearly five‐fold higher chlorophyll a concentrations, eight‐fold higher cyanobacterial dry biomass, and three‐fold higher microcystin levels at the start of the experiment. In contrast, low nutrient mesocosms had phytoplankton concentrations typical of mesotrophic lakes.

Fertilisation strongly affected Daphnia genetic diversity in the mesocosms. Final Daphnia genotype diversity in the mesocosms with low‐cyanobacteria (richness = 5.83, Shannon–Weiner index = 1.55, evenness = 0.88) was similar to the initial stocked diversity (richness = 5.50, Shannon–Weiner index = 1.48, evenness = 0.87). In contrast, final diversity in fertilised mesocosms with high cyanobacteria was greatly reduced (richness = 2, Shannon–Weiner index = 0.17), with one Daphnia genotype that originated from the most‐eutrophic lake being highly dominant (evenness = 0.25). Thus, eutrophication mediated strong clonal selection of a cyanobacteria‐tolerant Daphnia genotype over just 10 weeks.

By the end of the experiment, Daphnia significantly reduced phytoplankton biomass in the high‐nutrient, but not in the low‐nutrient treatment. This difference in effect size was largely driven by the five‐fold higher initial phytoplankton biomass in the high‐nutrient treatment. Thus, the ability of Daphnia to reduce phytoplankton biomass in eutrophic lakes may be driven more so by the abundance of planktivorous fishes, as opposed to the prevalence of cyanobacteria and their associated toxins.
Taxonomic variation in levels of endemism: a case study of Italian tenebrionid beetles
Authors: Fattorini Simone , Mantoni Cristina , Audisio Paolo , Biondi Maurizio 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Levels of endemism are usually expressed as percentage of endemics among all species recorded in a given area. Endemism levels also vary among taxa, yet inter‐taxon variation in endemism levels has received much less attention.

We used the Italian tenebrionids to investigate how endemism levels vary among different but related lineages. We evaluated endemism variations among taxonomic levels both as a percentage of endemics to the number of species included in a given taxon (i.e. the tendency of a taxon to produce endemics) and as a percentage to the total number of species (i.e. the importance of that taxon to the overall endemic component). We also considered the residuals of regression lines of endemics against non‐endemics. We tested the influence of phylogenetic position, lifestyle, and body size on the percentage of endemics within genera.

Use of percentages and residuals gave similar outcomes. Pimeliinae were the subfamily with the highest level of endemism. Erodiini, Pimeliini, Tentyriini, Asidini, Opatrini, and Pedinini were among the tribes with the highest endemism levels. Asida, Pimelia, Tentyria, and Opatrum were the genera with the highest levels of endemism.

Phylogenetic position and body size affected significantly endemism levels, with genera including larger species being also those with higher endemism, whereas lifestyle was not significant. This suggests that endemism in the Italian tenebrionid beetles is phylogenetically constrained and that lines including larger species (which are possibly less subject to passive dispersal) tend to be richer in endemics, independently from their lifestyle.
Affective and effective: Military job performance as a function of work‐related emotional intelligence
Authors: Krishnakumar Sukumarakurup , Perera Buddhika , Persich Michelle R. , Robinson Michael D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe military is a highly stressful career that requires one to work closely with others. These features of the military render it plausible that skills related to emotional perception and management—or emotional intelligence—would tend to benefit performance within this setting. Hypotheses of this type were examined in a panel study that presented 152 active duty military personnel with a new scenario‐based measure that specifically focused on emotional occurrences within the workplace. As hypothesized, work‐related emotional intelligence (W‐EI) positively predicted task performance, discipline, organizational citizenship, and employees with higher W‐EI levels received a greater number of performance commendations. Additionally, these relationships tended to remain significant in discriminant multiple regressions. Altogether, the results provide important evidence for the benefits of W‐EI within an occupational context that requires a high degree of coordination as well as stress management.
Selective culture of Escherichia coli to prevent infective complications of transrectal ultrasound‐guided prostate biopsy: Clinical efficacy and analysis of characteristics of quinolone‐resistant Escherichia coli
Authors: Hiyama Yoshiki , Takahashi Satoshi , Uehara Teruhisa , Ichihara Koji , Hashimoto Jiro , Matsukawa Masanori , Taguchi Keisuke , Kunishima Yasuharu , Hotta Hiroshi , Yanase Masahiro , Itoh Naoki , Hirose Takaoki , Takeyama Koh , Tachiki Hitoshi , Masumori Naoya 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesTo evaluate a regimen of targeted prophylaxis using rectal swab culture in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound‐guided prostate biopsy, and to investigate the characteristics of isolated fluoroquinolone‐resistant Escherichia coli.MethodsA prospective study was carried out from June 2013 through December 2014. Rectal swabs were cultured on agar plates containing either 2 μg/mL levofloxacin or 1 μg/mL sitafloxacin before transrectal ultrasound‐guided prostate biopsy. Patients with susceptible organisms received levofloxacin or sitafloxacin, whereas those with resistant organisms received directed antimicrobial prophylaxis according to the results of the antimicrobial susceptibility test. Patients with infectious complications after prostate biopsy were identified, and characteristics of patients carrying fluoroquinolone‐resistant Escherichia coli were analyzed.ResultsA total of 397 men underwent transrectal ultrasound‐guided prostate biopsy. Of these patients, 74 (18.6%) had fluoroquinolone‐resistant Escherichia coli. All fluoroquinolone‐resistant Escherichia coli were susceptible to amikacin and meropenem. The risk factor for possible fluoroquinolone‐resistant Escherichia coli was age of ≥73 years. Three (0.7%) patients who received appropriate antimicrobial prophylaxis had high‐grade fever after the prostate biopsy. However, the pathogens were not fluoroquinolone‐resistant Escherichia coli.ConclusionsTargeted antimicrobial prophylaxis in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound‐guided prostate biopsy can be associated with reducing severe infectious complications caused by fluoroquinolone‐resistant Escherichia coli.
Antimicrobial stewardship opportunities among inpatients with diabetic foot infections: microbiology results from a tertiary hospital multidisciplinary unit
Authors: Hand Robert , Manning Laurens , Ritter Jens C. , Norman Paul , Lamb Lydia , Makepeace Ashley , Sankhesara Dipen , Hamilton Emma , Ingram Paul 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAmong 125 inpatients with diabetic foot infections managed by a multidisciplinary foot ulcer unit, knowledge of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonisation status assisted decision‐making to prescribe appropriately or with‐hold empiric anti‐methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus therapy. Despite adherence to national guidelines, apparent overuse of anti‐pseudomonal therapy was frequent, providing potential antimicrobial stewardship opportunities.