bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Al servicio de Su Católica Majestad. La concesión de mercedes de las órdenes militares castellanas a miembros del Consejo de Órdenes y del Consejo de Castilla en el reinado de Felipe III (1598-1621) = At the Service of His Catholic Majesty. The Concession of Mercedes of the Castilian Military Orders to Members of the Council of Orders and of the Council of Castile in the Reign of Felipe III (1598-1621)
Authors: Linares González Héctor 
Published: December 2018

Las encomiendas de las órdenes militares castellanas constituían, junto con los bienes propios de la dignidad maestral, un extenso y rico conjunto patrimonial que estas milicias fueron adquiriendo de los reyes de Castilla y León en gratitud a los servicios prestados en la Reconquista. Con la incorporación perpetua de los Maestrazgos de las órdenes en la Corona de Castilla en 1523 se puso en manos de esta institución el derecho a dispensar las mercedes de las encomiendas, así como los títulos conferidos a estas milicias: los estatutos de caballero y comendador. Por ello, tras la incorporación, las encomiendas, dignidad del comendador, y los hábitos militares, como ya señaló la historiografía portuguesa para sus milicias (N. Monteiro y F. Olival) se integraron entre los mecanismos de remuneración de servicios de la Monarquía Católica. Desde esta perspectiva, este trabajo pretende, siguiendo las líneas marcadas por la historiografía lusa, el estudio de la concesión de encomiendas y hábitos de las tres órdenes militares de Castilla a miembros de los Consejos de Órdenes y Castilla en el reinado de Felipe III, intentando insertar estas mercedes dentro de la “economía de la merced” estableciendo, además, redes de parentelas y clientelas entorno a estas mercedes.The commanderies of the Castilian military orders constituted an extensive and rich heritage set that these militias acquired from the kings of Castile and Leon in gratitude to the services rendered in the Reconquest. With the perpetual incorporation of the orders in the Crown of Castile, the right to dispense the commanderies was placed in the catholic monarchy, as well as the titles conferred to these militias: the statutes of knight and commander. For that reason, after the incorporation, the commanderies -dignity of the commander, and the military habits, as already indicated by the Portuguese historiography for their institutions (N. Monteiro and F. Olival)- were integrated between the mechanisms of remuneration of services to the Catholic Monarchy . From this perspective, this paper intends the study of the granting of encomiendas and habits of the three military orders of Castile to members of the Councils of Orders and Castile in the reign of Felipe III, trying to insert these mercedes within the "economía de la merced" establishment, in addition to the networks of relatives and clienteles around these mercedes.
Tolerance of Rib Raising Among Hospitalized Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Chin Andrew J. , Fischione Andrea D. , Shilian Ryan , Walter Lauren M. , Ratay Susan M. , Bejanishvili Tamar Y. , Wynbrandt Jonathan H. , Rowane Michael P. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Context
Rib raising is an osteopathic manipulative treatment modality that can help patients with various respiratory conditions to improve their work of breathing. However, the tolerance of this technique in hospitalized patients has not been assessed in a systematic manner. We hypothesized that rib raising would be a well-tolerated treatment modality for hospitalized patients admitted for asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and/or congestive heart failure.

Objective
To determine hospitalized patients’ tolerance of rib raising through a prospective pilot study.

Methods
The study included patients at University Hospitals–Richmond Medical Center and University Hospitals–Bedford Medical Center who were admitted for asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and/or congestive heart failure between November 1, 2016, and October 31, 2017. Each patient was treated with rib raising, which was performed in a standardized fashion. Immediately after treatment, patients were asked to rate their tolerance of the procedure on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 represented no discomfort and 10 represented maximum discomfort.

Results
The study population consisted of 87 hospitalized, non–intensive care unit patients. The mean tolerance score for rib raising was 1.18, and the median score was 0. The score was between 0 and 3 in 80 patients (92.0%), between 4 and 6 in 6 patients (6.9%), and between 7 and 10 in 1 patient (1.1%).

Conclusion
Rib raising was shown to be well tolerated by the majority of the patients in the study population.
Cooperative Principle Used by Chris Gardner in “The Pursuit of Happyness” Movie
Authors: Sapalakkai Oisi 
Published: December 2018

This study is to find out what maxims are used by Chris Gardner, what maxims are flouted by Chris, and what implicature can be interpreted by flouting the maxims in the business conversation in The Pursuit of Happinessmovie. The source of the data was the film and the transcript, and the data were taken from Chris’ utterancesin the five chosen scenes showing the process of Chris’s success in pursuing his happiness in his life. The findings revealed that he mostly followed the maxim of manner and the least was maxim of quality. He also flouted the maxim of quality and the leastwas maxim of manner. From the flouting of the maxims, there was implicature that could be interpreted which was to create a good relation, to get a good chance, and to fulfill Chris’s will to be one employee in Dean Witter Reynolds-Resource Dept. which is the beginning of his success in his life. In conclusion, the flouting of the maxims was part of Chris’s effort in his life that gave contribution to his success, andit is proved through Chris’ utterances in the five chosen scenes.
Promoting PT. Woodone Integra Indonesia Using a Company Profile
Authors: Suhartono Christina 
Published: December 2018

The company where I did my internship is PT. Woodone Integra Indonesia or WII. WIIwas established in 2015 as a manufacturer of engineered wooden doors and other wood related products. The main problem WII is facing is their current ineffective company profile to promote its business to potential customers.It fails to communicate the Unique Selling Proposition or USPs of WII in a persuasive way. Additionally, the contents are not up to date and the design is not interesting enough to attract potential customers. This problem led to the inefficient tool usage for the marketing staff on events such as exhibition and clients visit. Thus, the solution to this problem is to replace the current company profile with a newer version. The content of the new tool will be better in terms of content and design as it will highlight the company’s USP. The reason it will be a good solution for the company’s issue is because the new company profile can be used to attract more potential customers by the marketing staff during said overseas exhibitions and clients visit. Furthermore, it will also benefit WII as it can help the company to introduce and promote not just their company but also their strengths, uniqueness, and credibility to ensure WII stands out from its competitors.
The Labeling of Good and Evil in “Descendants”
Authors: Nagaseta Alicia 
Published: December 2018

This paper aims to discuss the instilment of good and evil as well as their effects to the royal and villains’ children. I will use the theories of labeling, social identity, and self-concept to analyze the topic. Labeling theory is applied to analyze the ways the labels good and evil are formed through the parents’ past interaction with each other before they instilled it to their children. Social identity theory is used to analyze the ways the children construct their identities depending on the social group they live in. Finally, self-concept theory is applied in providing the ways that the labels good and evil shape the children’s perspective and behavior toward themselves. In the end, it can be concluded that the labeling of good and evil in Descendants could be passed down from parents to children.The labels, along with social groups and other people’s opinions could shape the children’s self-concept about themselves.
The Roles of Factors in Communication Styles Influencing the Marriage of Bataknese and the Javanese
Authors: Gunasirini Alice 
Published: December 2018

This discussion here is about the different styles of communication in the marriage of the Bataknese and the Javanese. The research is how the Bataknese as the nomads interact in communication in their mix-marriage. To analyze the phenomenon, I will use the theories of communication and acculturation and the method of qualitative. By using the theories and method I will analyze how the Bataknese and the Javanese overcome their conflicts in their marriage due to the differences in communication to reach the harmony in their mix-marriage.
Increasing the Brand Awareness of Artotel Surabaya Using a Promotional Video
Authors: Ivanalim Sherin Gloria 
Published: December 2018

The problem related to Business Communication that I found at ARTOTEL Surabaya is poor brand awareness compared to the other hotels which has a good brand awareness such as Pop Hotel, Cleo Business Hotel, and Oval Hotel. Because of this problem, the focus is on increasing the brand through the hidden uniqueness of ARTOTEL Surabaya. In this way, the promotional video will be the solution. The contents of ARTOTEL Surabaya’s promotional video are three USPand ending. The USPis about the location, the unique rooms, and the foods. There are some theories about brand awareness, branding, promotion, and promotional video. This promotional video can be a new innovation to promote the hotel since ARTOTEL Surabaya does not have a promotional video before. As a result, ARTOTEL Surabaya will have a good brand awareness as a hotel with a good hospitality and a touch of art.
Six‐gene Assay as a new biomarker in the blood of patients with colorectal cancer: establishment and clinical validation
Authors: Shou Xin , Li Yong , Hu Weilei , Ye Tingting , Wang Guosheng , Xu Feng , Sui Meihua , Xu Yibing 
Published: December 2018

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cancer in men and the third most common cancer in women. Although long‐term survival has improved over the past 30 years, at least 50% of patients with CRC will develop metastases after diagnosis. In this study, we examined whether quantifying the mRNA of six CRC‐related genes in the blood could improve disease assessment through detection of circulating tumor cells (CTC), and thereby improve progression prediction in relapsed CRC patients. Cell spiking assay and RT‐PCR were performed with blood samples from healthy volunteers spiked with six CRC cell lines to generate an algorithm, herein called the Six‐gene Assay, based on six genes (CEA, EpCAM, CK19, MUC1, EGFR and C‐Met) for CTC detection. The CTCs of 50 relapsed CRC patients were then respectively measured by CEA Gene Assay (single‐gene assay control) and Six‐gene Assay. Subsequently, receiver operating characteristic analysis of the CTC panel performance in diagnosing CRC was conducted for both assays. Moreover, the 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) of all patients was collected, and the application of CEA Gene Assay and Six‐gene Assay in predicting PFS was carefully evaluated with different CTC cutoff values. Encouragingly, we successfully constructed the first multiple gene‐based algorithm, named the Six‐gene Assay, for CTC detection in CRC patients. Six‐gene Assay was more sensitive than CEA Gene Assay; for instance, in 50 CRC patients, the positive rate of Six‐gene Assay in CTC detection was 82%, whereas that of CEA Gene Assay was only 70%. Moreover, Six‐gene Assay was more sensitive and accurate than CEA Gene Assay in diagnosing CRC as well as predicting the 2‐year PFS of CRC patients. Statistical analysis demonstrated that CTC numbers measured by Six‐gene Assay were significantly associated with 2‐year PFS. This novel Six‐gene Assay improves the definition of disease status and correlates with PFS in relapsed CRC, and thus holds promise for future clinical applications.
Intact anti‐LPS IgY is found in the blood after intragastric administration in mice
Authors: Zhou Xin , Wang Pei , Chen Yajie , Ma Si‐yuan 
Published: December 2018

Severe burn injury and cirrhosis often cause the translocation of bacterial endotoxins into blood, leading to systemic damage and even death. Our previous studies have shown that anti‐lipopolysaccharide egg yolk antibody (anti‐LPS IgY) can neutralize bacterial endotoxins in vitro and in vivo effectively, thereby reducing endotoxin damage. Whether anti‐LPS IgY can be absorbed into the blood through the intestinal barrier and neutralize endotoxins in circulation remains unclear. In this study, we used in vivo small animal imaging techniques, protein purification, molecular biology, and mass spectrometry to show that intragastrically administered anti‐LPS IgY is detected in the blood of mice as an intact molecule and has the capacity to bind to LPS. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that anti‐LPS IgY is associated with the intestinal mucosa of mice. However, the route of absorption of this large protein molecule was not determined. This study suggests that anti‐LPS IgY can be absorbed into the circulation, with the same molecular mass as purified anti‐LPS IgY as a macromolecular protein, suggesting a new strategy for the prevention of damage caused by endotoxins.
Axon Initial Segment
Authors: Debanne Dominique , Garrido Juan José 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialised region of the axon where the action potential is initiated following integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The AIS contains high density of sodium and potassium channels anchored on scaffold proteins, but it also includes receptors to neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Besides its role in action potential initiation, the AIS constitutes a diffusion barrier that controls cytoplasmic traffic towards the axon. Activity‐dependent plasticity has been recently shown to affect the length and position of the AIS whereas stimulation of ligand‐gated receptors alters the ion channel content of the AIS. Thus, the AIS represents a critical element in neuronal excitability and its plasticity.

Key Concepts

The axon initial segment is the site of action potential initiation.

It is enriched with high density of voltage‐gated sodium and potassium channels.

Ion channels are anchored at the AIS through scaffold proteins.

The AIS constitutes a barrier for molecular and cellular traffic from the soma to the axon and is, therefore, essential to maintain axonal identity.

The structure and function of the AIS is subject to activity‐dependent plasticity.
Bacterial Cell Wall
Authors: Margolin William 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMost bacteria are encased in walls that protect the cells against lysis by osmotic forces from within and from chemical or biological assaults from outside. These walls are assembled in layers consisting of four principal components: inner membrane, peptidoglycan, outer membrane (OM) and S‐layer. The first two are the basic constituents of bacterial walls, the OM is a hallmark of one branch of bacteria and S‐layers are optional in many different microorganisms. The two fundamental types of wall are Gram‐type positive, which have no OM, and Gram‐type negative, which have an OM. Bacteria also produce various secondary polymers, such as teichoic or mycolic acids, that associate with peptidoglycan and alter its chemical characteristics. Finally, and in addition to its protective role, the wall imparts to bacterial cells their specific shapes and is organised to facilitate the transport of vital chemicals into and out of the cell.Key ConceptsThe cell wall protects bacteria from lysis, chemical assault and attack by the immune system.The bacterial cell wall consists of an inner (plasma) membrane, a rigid peptidoglycan exoskeleton and, in some cases, an outer membrane and/or an S‐layer.Peptidoglycan is composed of a long chain of repeating disaccharides linked to one another by short peptide side chains, which creates a single macromolecule surrounding the bacterial cell.The biological properties of many bacterial cell walls are strengthened or enhanced by the addition of secondary cell wall glycopolymers.The bacterial world is divided into two main groups: those that have a single membrane (the plasma or inner membrane) and those that have two membranes (inner and outer membranes).S‐layers are paracrystalline arrays of a single protein that completely cover the exterior of many bacteria.Bacterial shape is chiefly determined by cytoskeletal proteins that direct the synthesis of the overall structure of peptidoglycan.
Disease Ecology
Authors: McCallum Hamish I 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The role of infectious disease in human history is well known, but its importance in ecology has been neglected until relatively recently. Disease ecology involves using ecological principles and concepts to understand and manage infectious diseases, in humans, other animals and plants. It is strongly based on mathematical theory and modelling approaches. The most important concept is
R
0
, the number of secondary cases per primary case when disease is rare. If it is greater than one, infection will increase in the population, but if it can be driven below one, disease can be eliminated. Most infectious agents affect more than one host species, and most host species harbour several species of parasite. Understanding the community context of infectious disease is, therefore, essential. Human‐induced changes, such as habitat destruction and fragmentation and climate change, can be expected to have major effects on the impact of infectious disease in natural ecosystems.

Key Concepts

Parasites and pathogens are important factors in understanding the evolution and ecology of organisms, but their importance is often not recognised.

The basic reproductive number
R
0
(the number of secondary cases per primary case when disease is rare) is the single most important concept in understanding the ecology of disease.

If
R
0
> 1, the disease can increase in the host population, but if
R
0
< 1, disease cannot establish.

Microparasites, such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoans, can often be modelled by dividing the host population into susceptible, infected and resistant classes. For macroparasites such as worms, however, it is essential to consider the level of infection and recognise that a few hosts usually harbour most of the total parasite population.

Most parasite species infect more than one host species, and most hosts harbour several parasite species. It is essential to consider interactions between parasites within hosts and the effect of differing susceptibility of multiple host taxa.

Environmental changes produced by humans, such as climate change and habitat destruction, have major impacts on parasites and their effect on host populations.
Cave Evolution
Authors: Gross Joshua B , Berning Daniel J 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Cave‐dwelling animals are fascinating because of the phenotypic extremes they frequently exhibit, such as a reduced vision and pigmentation. Equally interesting is the fact that irrespective of taxonomic position, organisms colonising the subterranean environment converge on highly similar phenotypic deficits and improvements. Thus, a predictable suite of morphological, physiological and behavioural changes evolve in response to low nutrient conditions of the subterranean environment. Despite several decades of enquiry, the precise genetic and molecular underpinnings of cave‐associated changes are only beginning to be elucidated through the use of high‐resolution contemporary molecular and genetic techniques. Regressive phenotypic changes, those traits that are lost in derived lineages, are particularly interesting since they evolve in the absence of obvious selective value to the organism. Continuing research utilising an increasing number of emerging cave‐dwelling models offers the exciting prospect of clarifying longstanding problems in contemporary evolutionary biology.

Key Concepts

Widespread convergence on cave‐associated (troglomorphic) characteristics is frequently attributed to the reduced nutrition and overall stability of the cave environment.

Cave‐adapted organisms are excellent models for the study of regressive phenotypic evolution, that is. the loss of traits in derived organisms.

The evolutionary mechanism(s) accounting for phenotypic loss in cave‐dwelling organisms (neutralism versus selection) remains unknown.

Hybrid crosses between cave‐ and surface‐dwelling morphs demonstrate that numerous morphological changes associated with cave adaptation are recessive.

Phenotypic analyses in experimental pedigrees have revealed that cave‐associated characteristics arise through both Mendelian (single locus) and complex (polygenic) patterns of inheritance.

The cave environment is an attractive habitat given that over 50 000 cave‐limited species are known worldwide, distributed across broad taxonomic groups.

Contemporary cave research has advanced significantly over the last decade thanks to integrative analyses combining developmental, genetic, genomic, behavioural, physiological and population‐level approaches.

Genomic and transcriptomic techniques are providing new insights to the underlying genetic changes mediating cave evolution, and how genomes evolve in the subterranean habitat.