bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of a flatback wind turbine airfoil family
Authors: Miller Michael , Lee Slew Kenny , Matida Edgar 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFlatback airfoils show several potential benefits in the design of wind turbine blades. Structurally, the increased trailing‐edge thickness offers high resistance to flapwise bending, while aerodynamically, a higher maximum coefficient of lift, as well as better roughness insensitivity, may be achieved. In this work, the design of a flatback airfoil family is performed with a high degree of attention to the appropriate selection of design constraints and objectives. Through the analysis of other airfoils available in the literature, and through sensitivity analyses of several design parameters, the CU‐W1‐XX airfoil family is designed. The optimization tool used in this work consists of a genetic algorithm in which the airfoil shapes are altered using Bézier curve parameterization. The aerodynamic performance is evaluated using XFOIL while the structural performance is evaluated from the sectional moment of inertia about the chord. In several metrics such as sectional moment of inertia, roughness insensitivity, and lift‐to‐drag ratio, the CU‐W1‐XX family is shown to have equal or superior performance as compared with other airfoils, thus proving the capability of the airfoil optimization tool and, more importantly, the value of proper design constraints and objectives.
Implementing and evaluating a citizen‐science program to support wildlife management: MI‐MAST
Authors: Killion Alexander K. , Roloff Gary J. , Mayhew Sarah , Campa Henry , Winterstein Scott 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTCitizen science is increasingly being used by natural resource professionals to monitor the environment at large spatial or temporal extents. Developing, initiating, and sustaining an effective citizen‐science program requires careful planning, marketing, and engagement. We describe the development, implementation, and evaluation of a citizen‐science program for quantifying mast production (called MI‐MAST: Wildlife Food Tracker), and offer recommendations on marketing, recruitment of volunteers, and ways to sustain programs. In 2014, MI‐MAST was introduced to approximately 150 potential participants to test technology and capabilities of volunteers. In 2015, we worked with project partners to market MI‐MAST to approximately 500 additional potential participants throughout Michigan, USA. From 2014 to 2017, 510 people registered for a MI‐MAST account, but only 57 people submitted data. On average, each person that submitted data entered 4 instances of mast production. We randomly field‐validated 60 mast observations submitted by 15 different participants throughout the study region and found that 100% of the plant species were correctly identified and 97% of the records describing mast amounts were accurate. The majority (61%) of registered users listed hunting as a primary outdoor interest. Interactions with participants revealed that using MI‐MAST to evaluate mast production on their own property was a primary attraction for enrollment and participation. We recommend that effective citizen‐science programs are marketed to provide personal benefits and tangible outputs to individual users. We found the biggest challenges facing a natural resource agency implementing a citizen‐science program to be recruitment and retention of participants across spatial and temporal extents that are ecologically meaningful. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Sensitivity analysis demonstrates limits to utility of lactation index for white‐tailed deer management
Authors: Campbell Kamen L. , Strickland Bronson K. , Demarais Stephen , Wang Guiming , Jones Phillip D. , Dacus Chad M. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTRecruitment estimates are critical for making wildlife harvest decisions. Lactation rate is used to estimate recruitment in monotocous species and as a recruitment index for polytocous species such as white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). However, the relationship between lactation and recruitment has never been formally tested, and the suitability of the lactation index as a management tool for deer has been assumed rather than confirmed. We simulated the response of lactation rates to variation in fawn recruitment stemming from changes in fecundity and neonatal mortality. Additionally, we examined effects of sample size on precision of lactation rate estimates. The relationship between recruitment and lactation rate was nearly linear when fecundity = 1.0, but became progressively less so as fecundity increased. Fawn mortality and herd fecundity explained 99% of the variability in lactation rate, and fawn mortality explained five times more variability than fecundity. Precision of lactation rate was highly affected by sample size, greatly reducing the quality of information available from small samples. Confidently assessing recruitment trends in moderately to highly productive populations may commonly require sample sizes unavailable on small properties. Biologists on properties with limited sample size should seek other, unrelated measures of recruitment to supplement or replace lactation rate. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Area law unification and the holographic event horizon
Authors: Nomura Yasunori , Remmen Grant N. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe prove a new, large family of area laws in general relativity, which apply to certain classes of untrapped surfaces that we dub generalized holographic screens. Our family of area laws contains, as special cases, the area laws for marginally-trapped surfaces (holographic screens) and the event horizon (Hawking’s area theorem). In addition to these results in general relativity, we show that in the context of holography the geometry of a generalized holographic screen is related to the outer entropy of the screen. Specifically, we show for spherically-symmetric spacetimes that the area of the largest HRT surface consistent with the outer wedge can be computed in terms of the geometry of the general (not necessarily marginally-trapped) codimension-two surface defining the wedge. This outer entropy satisfies a second law of thermodynamics, growing monotonically along the generalized holographic screen. In particular, this result provides the holographic dual for the geometry of the event horizon for spherically-symmetric spacetimes.
Isogeometric hyperelastic shell analysis with out-of-plane deformation mapping
Authors: Takizawa Kenji , Tezduyar Tayfun E. , Sasaki Takafumi 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We derive a hyperelastic shell formulation based on the Kirchhoff–Love shell theory and isogeometric discretization, where we take into account the out-of-plane deformation mapping. Accounting for that mapping affects the curvature term. It also affects the accuracy in calculating the deformed-configuration out-of-plane position, and consequently the nonlinear response of the material. In fluid–structure interaction analysis, when the fluid is inside a shell structure, the shell midsurface is what it would know. We also propose, as an alternative, shifting the “midsurface” location in the shell analysis to the inner surface, which is the surface that the fluid should really see. Furthermore, in performing the integrations over the undeformed configuration, we take into account the curvature effects, and consequently integration volume does not change as we shift the “midsurface” location. We present test computations with pressurized cylindrical and spherical shells, with Neo-Hookean and Fung’s models, for the compressible- and incompressible-material cases, and for two different locations of the “midsurface.” We also present test computation with a pressurized Y-shaped tube, intended to be a simplified artery model and serving as an example of cases with somewhat more complex geometry.
How to improve clinical practice on forced medication in psychiatric practice: Suggestions from the EUNOMIA European multicentre study
Authors: Luciano Mario , De Rosa Corrado , Sampogna Gaia , Del Vecchio Valeria , Giallonardo Vincenzo , Fabrazzo Michele , Catapano Francesco , Onchev George , Raboch Jiri , Mastrogianni Anastasia , Solomon Zahava , Dembinskas Algirdas , Nawka Petr , Kiejna Andrzej , Torres-Gonzales Francisco , Kjellin Lars , Kallert Thomas , Fiorillo Andrea 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackground:The decision to adopt forced medication in psychiatric care is particularly relevant from a clinical and ethical viewpoint. The European Commission has funded the EUNOMIA study in order to develop European recommendations for good clinical practice on coercive measures, including forced medication.Methods:The recommendations on forced medication have been developed in 11 countries with the involvement of national clinical leaders, key-professionals and stakeholders’ representatives. The national recommendations have been subsequently summarized into a European shared document.Results:Several cross-national differences exist in the use of forced medication. These differences are mainly due to legal and policy making aspects, rather than to clinical situations. In fact, countries agreed that forced medication can be allowed only if the following criteria are present: 1) a therapeutic intervention is urgently needed; 2) the voluntary intake of medications is consistently rejected; 3) the patient is not aware of his/her condition. Patients’ dignity, privacy and safety shall be preserved at all times.Conclusion:The results of our study show the need of developing guidelines on the use of forced medication in psychiatric practice, that should be considered as the last resort and only when other therapeutic option have failed.
What are we forgetting?
Authors: HANSEN PELLE GULDBORG 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDuring the last decade, the Behavioural Insights Team (BIT) has been the main driver of establishing behavioural public policy as a novel approach in public policy. Adhering to a set of strategic principles, BIT has succeeded in translating insights from the behavioural science literature into policy interventions to show how behavioural science may be applied to public policy in a methodologically as well as economically efficient way. However, as Sanders, Snijders and Hallsworth (2018) note in their paper, the wide-ranging transformation of public policy development that many thought possible has remained absent. In this comment, I argue that this situation itself is due, at least partly, to the strategic principles adopted by BIT, and I call for developing more ‘diagnostic’ approaches, including better tools and models, to ensure that behavioural science is not perceived as offering merely technocratic tweaks.
Complex lipid globules in early-life nutrition improve long-term metabolic phenotype in intra-uterine growth-restricted rats
Authors: Teller Inga C. , Hoyer-Kuhn Heike , Brönneke Hella , Nosthoff-Horstmann Pia , Oosting Annemarie , Lippach Gregor , Wohlfarth Maria , Rauh Manfred , van der Beek Eline M. , Dötsch Jörg , Nüsken Kai D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with adverse metabolic outcome later in life. Healthy mice challenged with a Western-style diet (WSD) accumulated less body fat when previously fed a diet containing large lipid globules (complex lipid matrix (CLM)). This study was designed to clarify whether an early-life CLM diet mitigates ‘programmed’ visceral adiposity and associated metabolic sequelae after IUGR. In rats, IUGR was induced either by bilateral uterine vessel ligation (LIG) or sham operation (i.e. intra-uterine stress) of the dam on gestational day 19. Offspring from non-operated (NOP) dams served as controls. Male offspring of all groups were either fed CLM or ‘normal matrix’ control diet (CTRL) from postnatal days (PND) 15 to 42. Thereafter, animals were challenged with a mild WSD until dissection (PND 98). Fat mass (micro computer-tomograph scan; weight of fat compartments), circulating metabolic markers and expression of ‘metabolic’ genes (quantitative real-time PCR) were assessed. CLM diet significantly reduced visceral fat mass in LIG at PND 40. At dissection, visceral fat mass, fasted blood glucose, TAG and leptin concentrations were significantly increased in LIG-CTRLv. NOP-CTRL, and significantly decreased in LIG-CLMv. LIG-CTRL. Gene expression levels of leptin (mesenteric fat) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (liver) were significantly reduced in LIG-CLMv. LIG-CTRL. In conclusion, early-life CLM diet mitigated the adverse metabolic phenotype after utero-placental insufficiency. The supramolecular structure of dietary lipids may be a novel aspect of nutrient quality that has to be considered in the context of primary prevention of obesity and metabolic disease in at-risk populations.
A First-Centurya.d.Burial Plot at Barnwood, Gloucestershire: Excavations in 2013–14
Authors: Brindle Tom , Holbrook Neil , Sausins Daniel 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTExcavations at Barnwood, Gloucestershire, revealed several phases of activity dating to thea.d.60s. This included gravel quarrying, with one quarry pit containing a significant assemblage of pottery, metalwork and glass with strong first-century military associations. A large roadside enclosure contained ditches and a post-hole alignment; these were replaced by a square burial plot containing a post-built structure and several pits, which yielded a leadossuariumcontaining cremated human remains and a collection of burnt beans and hobnails. The location of the site raises questions regarding the organisation of the military landscape around Gloucester during the first century. The Supplementary Material available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X18000272) contains full specialist reports and catalogues for the excavated artefacts and biological remains.
Salmonellasource attribution in a subtropical state of Australia: capturing environmental reservoirs of infection
Authors: Fearnley E. J. , Lal A. , Bates J. , Stafford R. , Kirk M.D. , Glass K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSalmonellosis is a leading cause of hospitalisation due to gastroenteritis in Australia. A previous source attribution analysis for a temperate state in Australia attributed most infections to chicken meat or eggs. Queensland is in northern Australia and includes subtropical and tropical climate zones. We analysed Queensland notifications for salmonellosis and conducted source attribution to compare reservoir sources with those in southern Australia. In contrast to temperate Australia, most infections were due to non-Typhimurium serotypes, with particularly high incidence in children under 5 years and strong seasonality, peaking in summer. We attributed 65.3% (95% credible interval (CrI) 60.6–73.2) of cases to either chicken meat or eggs and 15.5% (95% CrI 7.0–19.5) to nuts. The subtypes with the strongest associations with nuts wereSalmonellaAberdeen,S.Birkenhead,S.Hvittingfoss,S.Potsdam andS.Waycross. All five subtypes had high rates of illness in children under 5 years (ranging from 4/100 000 to 23/100 000), suggesting that nuts may be serving as a proxy for environmental transmission in the model. Australia's climatic range allows us to conduct source attribution in different climate zones with similar food consumption patterns. This attribution provides evidence for environment-mediated transmission of salmonellosis in sub-tropical regions.
Biological embedding of neighborhood disadvantage and collective efficacy: Influences on chronic illness via accelerated cardiometabolic age
Authors: Lei Man-Kit , Beach Steven R. H. , Simons Ronald L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe present study extends prior research on the link between neighborhood disadvantage and chronic illness by testing an integrated model in which neighborhood characteristics exert effects on health conditions through accelerated cardiometabolic aging. Hypotheses were tested using a sample of 408 African Americans from the Family and Community Health Study. Using four waves of data spanning young adulthood (ages 18–29), we first found durable effects of neighborhood disadvantage on accelerated cardiometabolic aging and chronic illness. Then, we used marginal structural modeling to adjust for potential neighborhood selection effects. As expected, accelerated cardiometabolic aging was the biopsychosocial mechanism that mediated much of the association between neighborhood disadvantage and chronic illness. This finding provides additional support for the view that neighborhood disadvantage can influence morbidity and mortality by creating social contexts that becomes biologically embedded. Perceived neighborhood collective efficacy served to buffer the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and biological aging, identifying neighborhood-level resilience factor. Overall, our results indicate that neighborhood context serves as a fundamental cause of weathering and accelerated biological aging. Residing in a disadvantaged neighborhood increases biological wear and tear that ultimately leads to onset of chronic illness, but access to perceived collective efficacy buffers the impact of these neighborhood effects. From an intervention standpoint, identifying such an integrated model may help inform future health-promoting interventions.
General thoughts of death and mortality: findings from the Komo-Ise cohort, Japan
Authors: Stickley A. , Ng C. F. S. , Watanabe C. , Inoue Y. , Koyanagi A. , Konishi S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAimsDeath ideation (thinking about/wishing for one's own death, thinking that one would be better off dead) is linked to an increased mortality risk. However, comparatively little is known about more general thoughts of death (GTOD) where no wish to die or life value is expressed. This study examined whether GTOD predicted mortality in a community-based cohort of older adults.MethodsData came from the Komo-Ise cohort study in Gunma prefecture, Japan. The analytic sample comprised 8208 individuals (average age 61.3 (range 47–77)) who were asked in wave 2 of the study in 2000 if they had ‘Thought about death more than usual, either your own, someone else's or death in general?’ in the past 2 weeks. Death data were obtained from the municipal resident registration file. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to examine associations.ResultsDuring the follow-up period (2000–2008), there were 672 deaths. In a model adjusted for baseline covariates, GTOD were significantly associated with all-cause mortality (hazards ratio 1.66, 95% confidence interval 1.20–2.29). Stratified analyses showed an association between GTOD and mortality in men, older subjects (⩾70 years), married individuals and those with higher social support.ConclusionsGTOD are associated with an increased mortality risk among older citizens in Japan. Research is now needed to determine the factors underlying this association and assess the clinical relevance of screening for GTOD in older individuals.
Thermal Stability of Water Ice in Ceres' Craters: The Case of Juling Crater
Authors: Formisano M. , Federico C. , De Sanctis M. C. , Frigeri A. , Magni G. , Raponi A. , Tosi F. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIce thermal stability on the surface of the dwarf planet Ceres is an important issue linked to the Herschel observations of water vapor around Ceres. One of these surficial ice deposits is located within the 20‐km crater Juling (35°S, 168°E). The study of water ice exposure in this specific crater is particularly interesting because it has been observed that the water ice abundance changes on a time scale of a few months. To understand the ice behavior, we applied a 3‐D finite element method thermophysical model to the study of Juling crater in order to determine the water ice sublimation rate. We use a detailed shape model of Ceres derived from optical imagery returned by the Framing Camera on board Dawn. We explore the effects of different heliocentric distances and different thermal inertia values, comparing our numerical predictions with the observational evidences returned by VIR and by the Herschel Space Observatory.
Meteor Radar Temperatures Over the Brazilian Low‐Latitude Sectors
Authors: Lima L. M. , Batista P. P. , Paulino A. R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMeteor radar observations have been used to estimate the mesospheric temperatures at 90‐km height over the Brazilian low‐latitude sectors by applying gradient‐ and pressure‐based techniques. The measurements have been taken from meteor radars operating at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45°W), from 2002 to 2006, and São João do Cariri (7.4°S, 36.5°W), between mid‐2004 and 2008. The temperatures estimated from meteor data by the two techniques, using local models for temperature gradient and pressure, showed a good agreement with temperatures from Sounding of the Atmosphere by Broadband Emission Radiometry over both sites. The seasonal behavior of the temperatures estimated from meteor data, and from Sounding of the Atmosphere by Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument, is characterized by a semiannual oscillation (SAO) with maximum values during equinoxes, which coincide with the westward phase of the mean zonal wind as well as with SAO on diurnal tidal amplitudes over both sites. The lag phases between SAO on temperatures and on winds (or on diurnal tidal amplitudes), near equator, have been stable in time indicating a seasonal cycle and the dynamic coupling of the tropical mesosphere through nonlinear interactions between oscillations from stratosphere. Although the time series used are short to establish reliable trends or solar effects, the temperatures over Cachoeira Paulista showed a decrease between 2003 and 2006, just when F10.7 index has declined in a rate of 15.3 sfu/year, while over São João do Cariri only a slight decay has been observed on temperatures by gradient technique obtained from mid‐2004 to 2008, when F10.7 decrease rate was 9.2 sfu/year.
Short‐Term and Interannual Variations of Migrating Diurnal and Semidiurnal Tides in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere
Authors: Dhadly Manbharat S. , Emmert John T. , Drob Douglas P. , McCormack John P. , Niciejewski Rick J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAmong the broad spectrum of vertically propagating tides, migrating diurnal (DW1) and semidiurnal (SW2) are prominent modes of energetic and dynamical coupling between the mesosphere and lower thermosphere and the upper thermosphere and ionosphere. DW1 and SW2 tides are modulated on time scales ranging from days to years. NASA Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Mesosphere Energetic and Dynamics (TIMED) is the first observational platform to perform global synoptic observations of these fundamental tides (for nearly two decades) overcoming previous observational limitations. Here we utilize the extensive archive of TIMED Doppler Interferometer wind measurements and exploit the capabilities of tidal theory to estimate short‐term (<1 month), seasonal (intra‐annual), long‐term (>1 year), and climatological variability in DW1 (1,1), SW2 (2,2), and SW2 (2,3) modes and then compare with tidal estimates derived from the Navy Global Environmental Model‐High Altitude version data assimilation system. Overall, the tidal estimates from TIMED Doppler Interferometer and Navy Global Environmental Model‐High Altitude version are similar and exhibit significant short‐term and intra‐annual variability. The short‐term variability can induce ∼64% change in the DW1 amplitude. Statistically, the short‐term variability in DW1 (1,1), SW2 (2,2), and SW2 (2,3) modes is of the order of ∼9, 33, and 20 m/s, respectively. The biennial oscillations in DW1 and SW2 modes suggest a systematic correlation with the equatorial quasi‐biennial oscillation in the stratosphere and are more apparent in DW1 amplitudes. Although there is significant interannual variability in addition to the apparent biennial signal, there is no clear evidence of any solar cycle dependence or long‐term trend in either DW1 or SW2 modes.