bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stylometric analysis of classical Arabic texts for genre detection
Authors: Al-Yahya Maha 
Published: October 2018

PurposeIn the context of information retrieval, text genre is as important as its content, and knowledge of the text genre enhances the search engine features by providing customized retrieval. The purpose of this study is to explore and evaluate the use of stylometric analysis, a quantitative analysis for the linguistics features of text, to support the task of automated text genre detection for Classical Arabic text.Design/methodology/approachUnsupervised clustering and supervised classification were applied on the King Saud University Corpus of Classical Arabic texts (KSUCCA) using the most frequent words in the corpus (MFWs) as stylometric features. Four popular distance measures established in stylometric research are evaluated for the genre detection task.FindingsThe results of the experiments show that stylometry-based genre clustering and classification align well with human-defined genre. The evidence suggests that genre style signals exist for Classical Arabic and can be used to support the task of automated genre detection.Originality/valueThis work targets the task of genre detection in Classical Arabic text using stylometric features, an approach that has only been previously applied to Arabic authorship attribution. The study also provides a comparison of four distance measures used in stylomtreic analysis on the KSUCCA, a corpus with over 50 million words of Classical Arabic using clustering and classification.
The relationship between leadership style and employee performance
Authors: Ohemeng Frank L.K. , Amoako-Asiedu Emelia , Obuobisa Darko Theresa 
Published: October 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to advance critical theoretical insights into the idea of “relational bureaucratic leadership” and its implications for public administration in developing countries (DCs). In doing so, the paper sets out new agendas for public service governance in DCs that recognizes the changing nature and emerging complexities of both the public service and society.Design/methodology/approachThis is an exploratory study which synthesises literature in management, human resources, leadership studies and public administration, to understand the limitations of mainstream approaches to bureaucratic leadership in DCs, particularly SSA, with a view of identifying alternative practices.FindingsFindings from this paper suggest that public service governance in DCs are embedded in complex dynamics between power relations, complexity and social norms, and bureaucratic leaders should, therefore, focus on building relationships as a means of deepening trust and enhancing cooperation among critical actors. The case for a shift in focus to “relationality” reflects changes in the broader global political economy, including emerging wicked and multi-faceted policy problems that require heterodox and context-sensitive responses from governments and greater collaboration among key stakeholders.Originality/valueThe analysis of the limitations of traditional approaches to public service governance in this essay reveals the importance of a shift from a preoccupation with conventional organizational forms and functions, to place greater emphasis on social networks and relationships, as a way of improving leadership efficiency in the public services of DCs.
Low leverage policy: a boon or bane for Indian shareholders
Authors: Deb Soumya G. , Banerjee Pradip 
Published: October 2018

PurposeThis paper aims to explore whether following an apparently sub-optimal “almost zero leverage (AZL)” policy by some Indian firms actually creates incremental value for their shareholders or is detrimental for them.Design/methodology/approachThe paper investigates the relative equity market and operating performance of a sample of Indian firms adopting an AZL policy between 1998 and 2014,vis-a-vis, their leveraged peers from the same industry. The authors also look at the dynamic time variability of patterns, if any, in such relative performance and explore whether such patterns are explained primarily by investor perceptions or there are other factors to it.FindingsThe study show that Indian firms following post AZL policy exhibit superior equity performance compared to their leveraged counterparts, particularly during market downturns. The authors also find that this superior equity market performance is not merely because of the positive investor perception about the potential benefits of a robust debt-free balance sheet. The authors’ results show that the AZL firms register higher business risk and significantly superior operating performance, post being low leverage. The results hold even after using several robustness checks.Practical implicationsThe study concludes that the managers of AZL firms take full advantage of the increased financial flexibility available with them and venture into riskier but more rewarding avenues and actually create incremental value for their shareholders.Originality/valueThe study highlights an apparently counterintuitive pattern in Indian context, counterintuitive particularly because choosing an AZL policy leads to forgo the availability of significant tax shield for firms. The results, the authors believe, can have significant implications for lenders and investors in the Indian capital markets in particular and emerging markets in general.
Convergence of management practices in India’s IT sector with ana priorivalidation
Authors: Mahesh Jayashree , Bhat Anil K. 
Published: October 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to document similarities and differences between management practices of different types of organizations in India’s IT sector through an empirical survey. The authors expected these differences to be significant enough for us to be able to groupa priorithis set of companies meaningfully through cluster analysis on the basis of the similarity of their management practices alone.Design/methodology/approachUsing a mixed-methods approach, 73 senior-level executives of companies working in India’s IT sector were approached with a pretested questionnaire to find out differences on eighteen management practices in the areas of operations management, monitoring management, targets management and talent management. The different types of organizations surveyed were small and amp; medium global multinationals, large global multinationals, small and medium Indian multinationals, large Indian multinationals and small and medium local Indian companies. The differences and similarities found through statistical testing were further validateda priorithrough cluster analysis and qualitative interviews with senior-level executives.FindingsThe management practices of multinationals in India are moving toward Western management practices, indicating that management practices converge as the organizations grow in size. Though the practices of large Indian multinationals were not significantly different from those of global multinationals, the surprising finding was that large Indian multinationals scored better than global multinationals on a few practices. The practices of small and medium Indian companies differed significantly from those of other types of organizations and hence they formed a cluster.Practical implicationsThe finding that large Indian IT multinationals have an edge over global multinationals in certain people management practices is a confirmation of the role of human resource practices in their current success and their continuing competitive advantage.Originality/valueThis is perhaps the first study of its kind to document state of specific management practices across different types of organizations in India’s IT sector and then use measures on these practices to group a priori these organizations for validation.
Assessing bottom trawling impacts based on the longevity of benthic invertebrates
Authors: Hiddink Jan Geert , Jennings Simon , Sciberras Marija , Bolam Stefan G. , Cambiè Giulia , McConnaughey Robert A. , Mazor Tessa , Hilborn Ray , Collie Jeremy S. , Pitcher C. Roland , Parma Ana M. , Suuronen Petri , Kaiser Michel J. , Rijnsdorp Adriaan D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBottom trawling is the most widespread human activity directly affecting seabed habitats. Assessment and effective management of the effects of bottom trawling at the scale of fisheries requires an understanding of differences in sensitivity of biota to trawling. Responses to disturbance are expected to depend on the intrinsic rate of increase in populations (r), which is expected to be linearly related to the reciprocal of longevity.We examine the relationship between the longevity of benthic invertebrates and their response to bottom trawling; both in terms of the immediate mortality following a trawl pass and their subsequent rates of recovery. We collate all available data from experimental and comparative trawling studies, and test how longevity influences these aspects of sensitivity.The shortest lived organisms (<1 year) increased in abundance shortly after experimental trawling but showed no response to trawling in long‐term comparative studies. Conversely, the abundance of biota with a life span >1 year decreased by ~9% immediately following a trawl pass. The effect of bottom trawling in comparative studies increased with longevity, with a 2–3× larger effect on biota living >10 years than on biota living 1–3 years. We attribute this difference to the slower recovery rates of the long‐lived biota.The observed relationship between the intrinsic rate of population increase (r, our metric of recovery rate) and the reciprocal of longevity matches theoretical expectation and predicts that the sensitivity of habitats to bottom trawling is higher in habitats with higher proportions of long‐lived organisms.Synthesis and applications. Where the longevity of a species or the longevity distribution of a community is known or can be inferred, our estimates of depletion and intrinsic rate of increase can be combined with high‐resolution maps of trawling intensity to assess trawling impacts at the scale of the fishery or other defined unit of assessment. Our estimates ofrmay also be used to estimate recovery times following other forms of seabed disturbance.
Staphylococcus aureus from atopic dermatitis skin accumulates in the lysosomes of keratinocytes with induction of IL‐1α secretion via TLR9
Authors: Moriwaki Masaya , Iwamoto Kazumasa , Niitsu Yoshie , Matsushima Ayako , Yanase Yuhki , Hisatsune Junzo , Sugai Motoyuki , Hide Michihiro 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundStaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is frequently detected in the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), and involved in the flare of AD. There are some evidence‐specific strains of S. aureus affect the severity of AD. However, the mechanism of predominant colonization and the aggravation of dermatitis by certain strains of S. aureus in the patients with AD are still unknown.ObjectiveTo reveal the characteristics of S. aureus from patients with AD (S. aureus‐AD), we analyzed the interaction of S. aureus‐AD and keratinocytes in comparison with those of S. aureus laboratory strains (S. aureus‐stand.).MethodsWe stimulated HaCaT cells, keratinocyte cell line, and human epidermal keratinocytes by heat‐killed S. aureus strains, then evaluated immune response of keratinocytes by ELISA, immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry.ResultsUpon incubation with keratinocytes, three out of four strains of heat‐killed S. aureus‐AD were strongly agglutinated inside the cytoplasm. In the cells, they are located in lysosomes and promoted the secretion of interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α). These reactions were not observed by any of four strains of S. aureus‐stand. and S. epidermidis and were abolished by the treatment of S. aureus with proteinase K. Moreover, the IL‐1α secretion was diminished by the inhibition of Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9).ConclusionS. aureus‐AD accumulates in lysosome of keratinocytes by means of bacterial cell wall proteins and induces IL‐1α via TLR9.
The circadian clock regulates the diurnal levels of microbial short‐chain fatty acids and their rhythmic effects on colon contractility in mice
Authors: Segers Anneleen , Desmet Louis , Thijs Theo , Verbeke Kristin , Tack Jan , Depoortere Inge 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimThe microbiota shows diurnal oscillations that are synchronized by the host's circadian clock and feeding rhythms. Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the microbiota are possible synchronizers of peripheral circadian clocks. We aimed to investigate whether faecal SCFAs show a diurnal rhythm that regulates the rhythm of SCFA receptor expression (FFAR2/3, OLFR78, HCAR2) and SCFA‐induced colonic contractility. The role of the circadian clock was studied in mice lacking the core clock gene Bmal1.MethodsMice were sacrificed at 4‐hour intervals. Faecal SCFA concentrations and SCFA receptor expression were determined. The effect of increasing concentrations of a SCFA mix on electrical field‐induced neural responses in colon strips was measured isometrically.ResultsDiurnal fluctuations in faecal SCFA concentrations (peak 4 hours after lights on) were observed that were in phase with the rhythm of Ffar2/3 expression in the colonic muscle layer. Olfr78 expression was not diurnal and Hcar2 was not detectable. The inhibitory effect of a SCFA mix on neural contractions in colonic smooth muscle strips showed a diurnal rhythm and oscillated in phase with faecal SCFA concentrations and Ffar2/3 expression. In contrast, neither excitatory neural responses nor acetylcholine‐induced smooth muscle contractions showed a diurnal rhythm. In Bmal1−/− mice, no fluctuations in faecal SCFA levels, Ffar3 expression and neural responses to SCFAs were observed.ConclusionDiurnal microbial SCFA levels regulate the rhythm of Ffar3 expression in the colonic myenteric plexus, which causes rhythmicity in SCFA‐induced colonic motility. Deletion of Bmal1 abolishes rhythmicity of SCFA levels and their downstream effects.
Diagnosis and management of central diabetes insipidus in adults
Authors: Garrahy Aoife , Moran Carla , Thompson Christopher J. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCentral diabetes insipidus (CDI) is characterized by hypotonic polyuria due to impairment of AVP secretion from the posterior pituitary. In clinical practice, it needs to be distinguished from renal resistance to the antidiuretic effects of AVP (nephrogenic DI), and abnormalities of thirst appreciation (primary polydipsia). As nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is rare in adults, unless they are treated with lithium salts, the practical challenge is how to differentiate between CDI and clinical disorders of excess thirst. The differential diagnosis is usually straight forward, but the recommended gold standard test, the water deprivation test, is not without interpretative pitfalls. The addition of the measurement of plasma AVP concentrations improves diagnostic accuracy, but the radioimmunoassay for AVP is technically difficult, and is only available in a few specialized centres. More recently, the measurement of plasma copeptin concentrations has been claimed to provide a reliable alternative to measurement of plasma AVP, without the sampling handling challenges. In addition, the measurement of thirst ratings can help the differentiation between CDI and primary polydipsia. Once the diagnosis of CDI is biochemically certain, investigations to determine the cause of AVP deficiency are needed. In this review, we will outline the diagnostic approach to polyuria, revisit the caveats of the water deprivation test and review recent data on value of adding AVP/copeptin measurement. We will also discuss treatment strategies for CDI, with analysis of potential complications of treatment.
Circadian and photic modulation of daily rhythms in diurnal mammals
Authors: Yan Lily , Smale Laura , Nunez Antonio A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe temporal niche that an animal occupies includes a coordinated suite of behavioral and physiological processes that set diurnal and nocturnal animals apart. The daily rhythms of the two chronotypes are regulated by both the circadian system and direct responses to light, a process called masking. Here we review the literature on circadian regulations and masking responses in diurnal mammals, focusing on our work using the diurnal Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) and comparing our findings with those derived from other diurnal and nocturnal models. There are certainly similarities between the circadian systems of diurnal and nocturnal mammals, especially in the phase and functioning of the principal circadian oscillator within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). However, the downstream pathways, direct or indirect from the SCN, lead to drastic differences in the phase of extra‐SCN oscillators, with most showing a complete reversal from the phase seen in nocturnal species. This reversal, however, is not universal and in some cases the phases of extra‐SCN oscillators are only a few hours apart between diurnal and nocturnal species. The behavioral masking responses in general are opposite between diurnal and nocturnal species, and are matched by differential responses to light and dark in several retinorecipient sites in their brain. The available anatomical and functional data suggest that diurnal brains are not simply a phase‐reversed version of nocturnal ones, and work with diurnal models contribute significantly to a better understanding of the circadian and photic modulation of daily rhythms in our own diurnal species.
Pharmacological insights into impulsive‐compulsive spectrum disorders associated with dopaminergic therapy
Authors: Napier T. Celeste , Persons Amanda L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractImpulsive‐compulsive spectrum disorders are associated with dopamine agonist therapy in some patients. These untoward outcomes occur with direct‐acting, full and partial agonists at D2 dopamine family receptors. The disorders typically emerge during chronic treatment, and exhibit common features that are independent of the neurological or psychiatric pathology for which the initial therapy was indicated. It is well‐documented that the brain is ‘plastic’, changing in response to alterations to internal factors (e.g., disease processes), as well as external factors (e.g., therapies). The complexities of these clinical scenarios have eluded a clear depiction of the neurobiology for impulsive‐compulsive spectrum disorders and engendered considerable debate regarding the mechanistic underpinnings of the disorders. In this opinion, we use pharmacological concepts related to homeostatic compensation subsequent to chronic receptor activation to provide a unifying construct. This construct helps explain the occurrence of impulsive‐compulsive spectrum disorders across disease states, and during therapy with full and partial agonists.
Flies as models for circadian clock adaptation to environmental challenges
Authors: Helfrich‐Förster Charlotte , Bertolini Enrico , Menegazzi Pamela 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLife on earth is assumed to have developed in tropical regions that are characterized by regular 24 hr cycles in irradiance and temperature that remain the same throughout the seasons. All organisms developed circadian clocks that predict these environmental cycles and prepare the organisms in advance for them. A central question in chronobiology is how endogenous clocks changed in order to anticipate very different cyclical environmental conditions such as extremely short and long photoperiods existing close to the poles. Flies of the family Drosophilidae can be found all over the world—from the tropics to subarctic regions—making them unprecedented models for studying the evolutionary processes that underlie the adaptation of circadian clocks to different latitudes. This review summarizes our current understanding of these processes. We discuss evolutionary changes in the clock genes and in the clock network in the brain of different Drosophilids that may have caused behavioural adaptations to high latitudes.
Copper in the suprachiasmatic circadian clock: A possible link between multiple circadian oscillators
Authors: Yamada Yukihiro , Prosser Rebecca A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe mammalian circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is very robust, able to coordinate our daily physiological and behavioral rhythms with exquisite accuracy. Simultaneously, the SCN clock is highly sensitive to environmental timing cues such as the solar cycle. This duality of resiliency and sensitivity may be sustained in part by a complex intertwining of three cellular oscillators: transcription/translation, metabolic/redox, and membrane excitability. We suggest here that one of the links connecting these oscillators may be forged from copper (Cu). Cellular Cu levels are highly regulated in the brain and peripherally, and Cu affects cellular metabolism, redox state, cell signaling, and transcription. We have shown that both Cu chelation and application induce nighttime phase shifts of the SCN clock in vitro and that these treatments affect glutamate, N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor, and associated signaling processes differently. More recently we found that Cu induces mitogen‐activated protein kinase‐dependent phase shifts, while the mechanisms by which Cu removal induces phase shifts remain unclear. Lastly, we have found that two Cu transporters are expressed in the SCN, and that one of these transporters (ATP7A) exhibits a day/night rhythm. Our results suggest that Cu homeostasis is tightly regulated in the SCN, and that changes in Cu levels may serve as a time cue for the circadian clock. We discuss these findings in light of the existing literature and current models of multiple coupled circadian oscillators in the SCN.
Chronic iron overload causing haemochromatosis and hepatopathy in 21 horses and one donkey
Authors: Theelen M. J. P. , Beukers M. , Grinwis G. C. M. , Sloet van Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan M. M. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryBackgroundIron toxicosis is rarely reported in horses and chronic excessive oral iron intake has not been reported to cause clinical symptoms in equids.ObjectivesThis case series describes 21 genetically unrelated horses and one donkey with chronic iron overload causing haemochromatosis and hepatopathy.Study designCase series.MethodsAll equids showing clinical signs compatible with chronic liver disease presented to Utrecht University and diagnosed with iron overload and haemochromatosis based on histopathological evaluation of liver tissue and/or blood transferrin saturation levels of >80% and proof of excess dietary iron intake due to excess iron content in drinking water were included.ResultsThis study included 22 equids. All tested animals (n = 19) had transferrin saturation >80% and 21 of 22 had increased gamma‐glutamyltransferase (γGT). Ultrasonography revealed rounded liver margins in five out of six horses and increased echogenicity in 4/6. Histological examination of liver tissue of 12 animals showed hepatitis, fibrosis and haemosiderin accumulation in macrophages and hepatocytes. Post‐mortem examination also revealed haemosiderin accumulation in other organs in all seven examined animals. High iron content in drinking water was identified as the source of iron overload in all cases. All animals were housed under the same conditions for a minimum of 9 years prior to diagnosis of haemochromatosis. Of 22 animals, 13 survived until 1 January 2018, ranging from 17 to 79 months post diagnosis.Main limitationsHistology of liver tissue was not available for 10 of 22 cases.ConclusionsChronic iron overload can lead to haemochromatosis and hepatopathy in equids. Development of disease is slow and clinical signs are nonspecific. Long‐term excessive iron intake in equids should be avoided. If animals drink from natural water sources, it is important to test the water for iron content.The Summary is available in Spanish ‐ see Supporting Information