bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exosites in Hypervariable Loops of ADAMTS Spacer Domains control Substrate Recognition and Proteolysis
Authors: Santamaria Salvatore , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Teraz-Orosz Adrienn , Koch Christopher , Apte Suneel S. , de Groot Rens , Lane David A. , Ahnström Josefin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractADAMTS (A Disintegrin-like and Metalloproteinase domain with Thrombospondin type 1 Motif)-1, -4 and -5 share the abilities to cleave large aggregating proteoglycans including versican and aggrecan. These activities are highly relevant to cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis and during development. Here, using purified recombinant ADAMTS-1, -4 and -5, we quantify, compare, and define the molecular basis of their versicanase activity. A novel sandwich-ELISA detecting the major versican cleavage fragment was used to determine, for the first time, kinetic constants for versican proteolysis. ADAMTS-5 (kcat/Km 35 × 105 M−1 s−1) is a more potent (~18-fold) versicanase than ADAMTS-4 (kcat/Km 1.86 × 105 M−1 sec−1), whereas ADAMTS-1 versicanase activity is comparatively low. Deletion of the spacer domain reduced versicanase activity of ADAMTS-5 19-fold and that of ADAMTS-4 167-fold. Co-deletion of the ADAMTS-5 cysteine-rich domain further reduced versicanase activity to a total 153-fold reduction. Substitution of two hypervariable loops in the spacer domain of ADAMTS-5 (residues 739–744 and 837–844) and ADAMTS-4 (residues 717–724 and 788–795) with those of ADAMTS-13, which does not cleave proteoglycans, caused spacer-dependent reductions in versicanase activities. Our results demonstrate that these loops contain exosites critical for interaction with and processing of versican. The hypervariable loops of ADAMTS-5 are shown to be important also for its aggrecanase activity. Together with previous work on ADAMTS-13 our results suggest that the spacer domain hypervariable loops may exercise significant control of ADAMTS proteolytic activity as a general principle. Identification of specific exosites also provides targets for selective inhibitors.
Anterior Optic Nerve Head Perfusion is Dependent on Adjacent Parapapillary Choroidal perfusion
Authors: Lee Kyoung Min , Kim Joon Mo , Lee Eun Ji , Kim Tae-Woo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecent studies reported that parapapillary microvascular dropout (MvD) was significantly associated with glaucoma and glaucoma progression. To understand the clinical relevance/importance of MvD, it is essential to know the exact vascular anatomy of optic nerve head (ONH). Although it is known that parapapillary choroid and the deep ONH structure including prelaminar tissue are both supplied by branches of short posterior ciliary artery, it remains controversial whether parapapillary choroid provides a major contribution to the prelaminar tissue perfusion. This study investigated perfusion within and around the ONH using indocyanine green angiography. Thirty-three eyes from 33 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and 10 eyes from 10 normal subjects were included. The temporal sequence of dye appearance in various tissues was analyzed. We also sought the microvessels directly responsible for blood supply to the prelaminar tissue. The perfusion of the prelaminar tissue, which occurred in a sectoral fashion, was dependent on the dye appearance in the adjacent parapapillary choroid. In addition, microvessels crossing over the optic disc margin from the parapapillary choroid to the ONH were found. The findings suggest that the centripetal flow from the parapapillary choroid is an important source of prelaminar tissue perfusion.
Investigation of Strain Effects on Photoelectrochemical Performance of Flexible ZnO Electrodes
Authors: Abdullayeva Nazrin , Altaf Cigdem Tuc , Mintas Merve , Ozer Ahmet , Sankir Mehmet , Kurt Hamza , Sankir Nurdan Demirci 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this report, the growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals with various morphologies, nanoflower, nanosheet, and nanorod, on flexible stainless steel (SS) foils to be utilized as photoanodes in photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar cells has been presented. It has been aimed to provide flexibility and adaptability for the next generation systems with the incorporation of SS foils as electrode into PEC cells. Therefore, physical deformation tests have been applied to the prepared ZnO thin film photoanodes. These thin films have been thoroughly characterized before and after straining for better understanding the relationship between the morphology, straining effect and photoelectrochemical efficiency. We observed a notable increase in the maximum incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) and durability of all ZnO photoelectrodes after straining process. The increase in IPCE values by 1.5 and 2.5 folds at 370 nm has been observed for nanoflower and nanorod morphologies, respectively after being strained. The maximum IPCE of 69% has been calculated for the ZnO nanorod structures after straining. Bending of the SS electrodes resulted in the more oriented nanorod arrays compared to its flat counterpart, which improved both the light absorption and also the photo-conversion efficiency drastically. The finite-difference time-domain simulations have also been carried out to examine the optical properties of flat and bent ZnO electrodes. Finally, it has been concluded that SS photoanodes bearing ZnO semiconducting material with nanoflower and nanorod morphologies are very promising candidates for the solar hydrogen generator systems in terms of efficiency, durability, flexibility, and lightness in weight.
Synchrony of nitrogen supply and crop demand are driven via high maize density in maize/pea strip intercropping
Authors: Fan Zhilong , Zhao Yanhua , Chai Qiang , Zhao Cai , Yu Aizhong , Coulter Jeffrey A. , Gan Yantai , Cao Weidong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCereal density may influence the balance between nitrogen (N) supply and crop N demand in cereal/legume intercrop systems. The effect of maize (Zea mays L.) plant density on N utilization and N fertilizer supply in maize/pea (Pisum sativum L.) strip intercropping was evaluated in a field study with sole maize, sole pea, and intercropped maize/pea with three maize densities (D1, 45,000 plants ha−1; D2, 52,500 plants ha−1; D3, 60,000 plants ha−1) and two N treatments (N0, 0 kg N ha−1; N1, 450 kg N ha−1 for maize and 225 kg N ha−1 for pea). Soil mineral N in intercropped strips decreased with increased maize density. Increased maize density decreased N accumulation for intercropped pea but increased it for maize and the sum of both intercrops. The land equivalent ratio for grain yield (LER grain) showed a 24–30% advantage for intercrops than corresponding sole crops, and was greater with D3 than D1 and D2. Maize/pea intercropping had 4–113% greater nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) than sole maize, which was enhanced with increased maize density. Increasing maize density improved the synchrony of N supply and crop demand in maize/pea strip intercropping.
Capturing sleep–wake cycles by using day-to-day smartphone touchscreen interactions
Authors: Borger Jay N. , Huber Reto , Ghosh Arko 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBody movements drop with sleep, and this behavioural signature is widely exploited to infer sleep duration. However, a reduction in body movements may also occur in periods of intense cognitive activity, and the ubiquitous use of smartphones may capture these wakeful periods otherwise hidden in the standard measures of sleep. Here, we continuously captured the gross body movements using standard wrist-worn accelerometers to quantify sleep (actigraphy) and logged the timing of the day-to-day touchscreen events (‘tappigraphy’). Using these measures, we addressed how the gross body movements overlap with the cognitively engaging digital behaviour (from n = 79 individuals, accumulating ~1400 nights). We find that smartphone use was distributed across a broad spectrum of physical activity levels, but consistently peaked at rest. We estimated the putative sleep onset and wake-up times from the actigraphy data to find that these times were well correlated to the estimates from tappigraphy (R2 = 0.9 for sleep-onset time and wake-up time). However, actigraphy overestimated sleep as virtually all of the users used their phones during the putative sleep period. Interestingly, the probability of touches remained greater than zero for ~2 h after the putative sleep onset, and ~2 h before the putative wake-up time. Our findings suggest that touchscreen interactions are widely integrated into modern sleeping habits—surrounding both sleep onset and waking-up periods—yielding a new approach to measuring sleep. Smartphone interactions can be leveraged to update the behavioural signatures of sleep with these peculiarities of modern digital behaviour.
Ross 128 – GL 447
Authors: Ibañez Bustos R. V. , Buccino A. P. , Flores M. , Mauas P. J. D. 
Published: July 2019

Context. Long-term chromospheric activity in slow-rotating fully convective stars has scarcely been explored. Ross 128 (Gl 447) is a slow-rotator and inactive dM4 star that has been extensively observed. It hosts the fourth closest extrasolar planet.
Aims. Ross 128 is an ideal target to test dynamo theories in slow-rotating low-mass stars.
Methods. To characterize the magnetic activity of Ross 128, we studied the SK-indexes derived from CASLEO, HARPS, FEROS, UVES, and X-shooter spectra. Using the generalized Lomb-Scargle and CLEAN periodograms, we analyzed the whole SK time-series obtained between 2004 and 2018. We performed a similar analysis for the Na I-index, and we analyzed its relation with the SK-index.
Results. From both indexes, we obtain a possible activity cycle with a period of about five years, which is one of a small handful of activity cycles that have been reported for a slow-rotating fully convective star.
Obscuration elimination in three-dimensional nonsymmetrical optical systems
Authors: Cai Danyun , Gross Herbert 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In order to avoid central obscuration in reflective optical systems, off-axis designs with mirrors tilting and decentering about optical axis are popular. With the help of freeform surfaces, the field of view and resolution of the off-axis mirror systems have been greatly improved. However, it is important to take care of mechanical vignetting during the design process and recalculate the unobscured transmitted field after the design is completed. In this paper, one method to compute obscuration-free fields in a fixed off-axis plane symmetrical system is developed. Then, one algorithm that automatically eliminates obscuration in optical systems which have no symmetry in three-dimensional space is put forward. In the end, two examples are shown to prove the feasibility of this idea.
Quantitative comparison of camera technologies for cost-effective super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI)
Authors: Van den Eynde Robin , Sandmeyer Alice , Vandenberg Wim , Duwé Sam , Hübner Wolfgang , Huser Thomas , Dedecker Peter , Müller Marcel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Super-resolution (SR) fluorescence microscopy is typically carried out on research microscopes equipped with high-NA TIRF objectives and powerful laser light sources. Super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) is a fast SR technique capable of live-cell imaging, that is compatible with many wide-field microscope systems. However, especially when employing fluorescent proteins, a key part of the imaging system is a very sensitive and well calibrated camera sensor. The substantial costs of such systems preclude many research groups from employing SR imaging techniques. Here, we examine to what extent SOFI can be performed using a range of imaging hardware comprising different technologies and costs. In particular, we quantitatively compare the performance of an industry-grade CMOS camera to both state-of-the-art emCCD and sCMOS detectors, with SOFI-specific metrics. We show that SOFI data can be obtained using a cost-efficient industry-grade sensor, both on commercial and home-built microscope systems, though our analysis also readily exposes the merits of the per-pixel corrections performed in scientific cameras.
Outdoor Mobility and Use of Adaptive or Maladaptive Walking Modifications Among Older People
Authors: Skantz Heidi , Rantanen Taina , Palmberg Lotta , Rantalainen Timo , Aartolahti Eeva , Portegijs Erja , Viljanen Anne , Eronen Johanna , Rantakokko Merja 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
In old age, decline in functioning may cause changes in walking ability. Our aim was to study whether older people who report adaptive, maladaptive, or no walking modifications differ in outdoor mobility.

Methods
Community-dwelling people aged 75–90 years (N = 848) were interviewed at baseline, of whom 761 participated in the 2-year follow-up. Walking modifications were assessed by asking the participants whether they had modified their way of walking 2 km due to their health. Based on the responses, three categories were formed: no walking modifications (reference), adaptive (eg, walking more slowly, using an aid), and maladaptive walking modifications (reduced frequency of walking, or having given up walking 2 km). Differences between these categories in life-space mobility, autonomy in participation outdoors, and unmet physical activity need were analyzed using generalized estimation equation models.

Results
Participants with maladaptive walking modifications (n = 238) reported the most restricted life-space mobility (β = −9.6, SE = 2.5, p < .001) and autonomy in participation outdoors (β = 1.7, SE = 0.6, p = .004) and the highest prevalence of unmet physical activity need (odds ratio = 4.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.1–16.5) at baseline and showed a decline in these variables over time. Those with no walking modifications (n = 285) at baseline exhibited the best values in all outdoor mobility variables and no change over time. Although at baseline those with adaptive walking modifications (n = 325) resembled those with no modifications, their outdoor mobility declined over time.

Conclusion
Adopting adaptive modifications may postpone decline in outdoor mobility, whereas the use of maladaptive modifications has unfavorable consequences for outdoor mobility.
Life-span Extension Drug Interventions Affect Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Aging
Authors: Mau Theresa , O’Brien Martin , Ghosh Amiya K , Miller Richard A , Yung Raymond 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The National Institute on Aging (NIA)-sponsored Interventions Testing Program (ITP) has identified a number of dietary drug interventions that significantly extend life span, including rapamycin, acarbose, and 17-α estradiol. However, these drugs have diverse downstream targets, and their effects on age-associated organ-specific changes are unclear (Nadon NL, Strong R, Miller RA, Harrison DE. NIA Interventions Testing Program: investigating putative aging intervention agents in a genetically heterogeneous mouse model. EBioMedicine. 2017;21:3–4. doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.038). Potential mechanisms by which these drugs extend life could be through their effect on inflammatory processes often noted in tissues of aging mice and humans. Our study focuses on the effects of three drugs in the ITP on inflammation in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) of HET3 mice—including adiposity, adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) M1/M2 polarization, markers of cellular senescence, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. We found that rapamycin led to a 56% increase of CD45+ leukocytes in gWAT, where the majority of these are ATMs. Interestingly, rapamycin led to a 217% and 106% increase of M1 (CD45+CD64+CD206−) ATMs in females and males, respectively. Our data suggest rapamycin may achieve life-span extension in part through adipose tissue inflammation. Additionally, HET3 mice exhibit a spectrum of age-associated changes in the gWAT, but acarbose and 17-α estradiol do not strongly alter these phenotypes—suggesting that acarbose and 17- α estradiol may not influence life span through mechanisms involving adipose tissue inflammation.
Calculating maximum morphine equivalent daily dose from prescription directions for use in the electronic health record: a case report
Authors: Goud Anil , Kiefer Elizabeth , Keller Michelle S , Truong Lyna , SooHoo Spencer , Riggs Richard V 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
To demonstrate a process of calculating the maximum potential morphine milligram equivalent daily dose (MEDD) based on the prescription Sig for use in quality improvement initiatives. To calculate an opioid prescription’s maximum potential Sig-MEDD, we developed SQL code to determine a prescription’s maximum units/day using discrete field data and text-parsing in the prescription instructions. We validated the derived units/day calculation using 3000 Sigs, then compared the Sig-MEDD calculation against the Epic-MEDD calculator. Of the 101 782 outpatient opioid prescriptions ordered over 1 year, 80% used discrete-field Sigs, 7% used free-text Sigs, and 3% used both types. We determined units/day and calculated a Sig-MEDD for 98.3% of all the prescriptions, 99.99% of discrete-Sig prescriptions, and 81.5% of free-text-Sig prescriptions. Analyzing opioid prescription Sigs to determine a maximum potential Sig-MEDD provides greater insight into a patient’s risk for opioid exposure.
Pediatric Sporotrichosis in Jilin Province of China (2010–2016): a Retrospective Study of 704 Cases
Authors: Yao Lei , Song Yang , Cui Yan , Zhou Jun-Feng , Zhong Shu-Xia , Zhao Dong-Yang , Li Shan-Shan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Pediatric patients make a substantial contribution to the epidemiologic profile of sporotrichosis in Jilin Province, a region of China in which the disease is strongly endemic. However, the exact epidemiologic and clinical manifestations of childhood sporotrichosis in China are unclear.

Methods
The medical records of 704 pediatric patients aged &lt;15 years with sporotrichosis diagnosed by fungus culture at the Department of Dermatology at the First Hospital of Jilin University in a 7-year period (January 2010 to December 2016) were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were from rural areas of Jilin Province, located in northeast China.

Results
Among the 704 pediatric patients, the male/female ratio was 1.41:1, and the highest incidence of sporotrichosis (63%) occurred in those aged 0 to 6 years; 561 patients (80%) contracted sporotrichosis in a colder month. Overall, 655 (93%) patients had lesions in the facial region, whereas 602 (86%) patients had fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis. The incidence of the fixed cutaneous form in the 0- to 6-year age group was significantly higher than that in the 7- to 14-year age group (P = .009). Patients were treated with 10% potassium iodide solution, itraconazole, or terbinafine.

Conclusions
The characteristics of pediatric sporotrichosis in Jilin Provence include the following: (1) a more frequent occurrence in the colder months; (2) the facial region is affected predominantly, in most cases manifesting in the fixed cutaneous form; and (3) significantly more cases occur in younger children than in older ones. Decaying cornstalks used as fire materials might be the source of infection in this population; however, additional research is needed to explore the exact mechanism of infection.
Anxiety and stress-related disorders
Authors: Semple David , Smyth Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the anxiety and stress-related disorders. Associated disorders, including panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, hyperventilation syndrome, obsessive–compulsive disorder, phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are covered. Each has its clinical features described and diagnostic requirements defined. Management guidelines are presented for each case, and any controversies in the field are outlined.
Sleep–wake disorders
Authors: Semple David , Smyth Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Covering sleep research, normal sleep, and then sleep–wake disorders, this chapter splits abnormal sleep into insomnia, hypersomnia, circadian rhythm disorders, and parasomnias. Individual cases, such as sleep-related epilepsy, panic attacks, and sleep-related violence, are all defined. The effects of psychiatric medication on sleep (either sedative or alerting) are defined, as well as the effects of recreational drugs. The intersection of other psychiatric disorders on the sleep schedule are described, and potential differential diagnoses listed.
Reproductive psychiatry, sexual health, and gender-related issues
Authors: Semple David , Smyth Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers gender-related issues in psychiatry, alongside reproductive and sexual health. Fully updated to match the latest views on gender identity and dysphoria, given the developments in conceptualization of people who identify as transgender, both within the medical profession and in wider society, this chapter covers the diagnosis of gender dysphoria, assessment, and management. Menstrual and premenstrual conditions are also described, and disorders associated with pregnancy and childbirth are discussed. Sexual dysfunction and disorders of sexual preference are also covered.
Substance misuse
Authors: Semple David , Smyth Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter defines substance abuse. Splitting up alcohol and other drugs, although recognizing that alcohol is a drug in its own right, it covers dependence, screening, assessment, planning treatment, management of withdrawal, and plans for maintaining abstinence. Also covering tobacco, illegal drugs, and novel psychotropic substances, substitute prescribing, and legal issues, this chapter has a table of street slang associated with drug misuse to aid the reader.
Intellectual disability
Authors: Semple David , Smyth Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers intellectual disabilities. It provides a historical context and modern classification, before covering assessment, communication pathways, and management or treatment methods. Different types of intellectual disability, both genetic and non-genetic and pervasive developmental disorders, are covered in turn, and psychiatric comorbidities are also considered. The issues affecting transition periods are outlined, along with potential methods of alleviating stress.
Psychotherapy
Authors: Semple David , Smyth Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the psychotherapies, a collection of treatments for mental disorders which employ language and communication as a means of producing change. It covers assessment and selection of an appropriate method for the individual patient, a history of Freud and other pioneers of psychotherapy to provide a background context, before examining different types of therapy. Briefly explaining the theory of psychotherapy, the phases of psychosexual development, and the object relations theory, it goes into detail on behavioural therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, dialectical behaviour therapy, and solution therapy. Counselling methods are described to aid the reader in developing their skills.
Legal issues
Authors: Semple David , Smyth Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Practising psychiatrists must be familiar with the laws in their country relating to mental health. Five broad areas of interest include common law as it relates to medical treatment decisions, the law in relation to incapable adults, regulations around the treatment of patients with a mental disorder, confidentiality, and criminal law in relation to mentally disordered offenders. This chapter, in conjunction with the chapter on forensic psychiatry, provides the background of Mental Health Acts across the British Isles.