bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypersonic Laminar Heat Transfer and Boundary Layer Transition on Blunted Cones
Authors: Wood N. B. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryMeasurements have been made of laminar and transitional heat transfer rate distribution on a 15° semi-vertex angle, spherically blunted, cone at Mach numbers 8·6, 10·6 and 13·0. The laminar results are compared with theoretical predictions and good agreement is obtained with a modified form of the analysis due to Lees. Using a development of the correlation of pressure distributions previously obtained by the author, a new correlation of experimental and theoretical heat transfer results is suggested. The effect of nose bluntness on boundary layer transition has been observed both from flow visualisation and heat transfer results. It is suggested that the main factor causing nose bluntness to influence transition is the adverse pressure gradient which is induced.
The Effect of Sting Diameter and Length on Base Pressure at M = 3·88
Authors: Sieling Walter R. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe effects of sting diameter and cylindrical protuberance length on the base pressure of an axisymmetric body in a turbulent supersonic flow are experimentally determined. It is found that the change in base pressure due to the presence of the sting is greater than 4 per cent when the ratio of sting diameter to base diameter is 0·150 or greater. When the ratio of cylindrical protuberance length to base diameter is greater than 1·3 there is no apparent change in base pressure with a change in length. However, when this ratio is less than 1·3, the base pressure varies greatly with length.
A Digital Computer Solution of the Laplace Equation Using the Dynamic Relaxation Method
Authors: Rushton K. R. , Laing Lucy M. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe Dynamic Relaxation solution of the Laplace equation introduces dynamic terms into the basic equation. When this is written as an explicit finite difference formulation it can be solved by an iterative process which only requires a simple substitution routine. The method is easy to programme and requires small storage in the computer. By studying problems involving wind tunnel interference in steady flow, the potentialities of the method are demonstrated.
Lower Bounds for the Pressure Jump of the Bow Shock of a Supersonic Transport
Authors: Jones L. B. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn this paper the shock waves of a slender aircraft are considered at a great distance from the aircraft so that all the shocks have coalesced into either the bow or rear shocks, but not at such a great distance (asymptotic) that the two shocks are of equal strength. Lower bounds are determined for the pressure jump across the bow shock subject to various aircraft constraints, and the pressure jumps across both the bow and rear shocks are determined at off-design conditions. The work described is considered to be a preliminary investigation and the results are such that further work seems to be warranted.
The Flutter of a Helicopter Rotor Blade in Forward Flight
Authors: Stammers C. W. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe nature of flapping torsion flutter of a helicopter blade in forward flight is discussed. The essential complication in the analysis is the presence of periodic coefficients in the equations of motion; approximate solutions are obtained by use of a perturbation procedure. An unusual behaviour of the flutter equations which occurs when the fundamental frequency of flutter is a half-integer multiple of rotational speed is studied. Two different instability mechanisms can be distinguished and are related to the two energy sources in the system, namely the rotation of the rotor and the forward speed of the helicopter. It is found that forward flight can have a significant stabilising influence on flutter and that, as the tip speed ratio increases, flutter occurs predominantly at half-integer frequencies. The results are confirmed by the use of a numerical method.
Minimum Weight Design of Stiffened Cylinders
Authors: Lakshmikantham C. , Gerard G. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn this paper a generalised presentation for symmetrically stiffened orthotropic cylinders under compression is developed, based on a linear orthotropic stability theory of cylinders. Similarities and differences in the minimum weight behaviour of stiffened cylindrical shells and flat transversely-stiffened wide columns are investigated in some detail to provide a satisfactory physical picture. The concluding results provide a comparative evaluation of various forms of stiffening systems for cylindrical shells under compression.
The Decay of a Turbulent Trailing Vortex
Authors: Owen P. R. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe decay of a trailing vortex containing a turbulent core is examined according to the argument that the turbulence is partly sustained by, and interacts with, the irrotational flow through viscous diffusion of eddies across the core boundary. The region separating the core from the outer irrotational flow, in which the interaction between the turbulence and the mean flow occurs, expands with time like (time)1/2, characteristic of viscous diffusion.On the basis of a simple representation of the radial distribution of mean circumferential velocity, the decay of the vortex is calculated and is found to behave in a way similar to what Squire predicted, on the assumption of a constant eddy viscosity, in 1954. The essential difference from Squire’s solution found here is that the apparent viscosity is not simply proportional to the initial circulation about the vortex as he proposed, but depends on the Reynolds number defined with respect to the circulation.Wind tunnel and flight observations of vortex decay can be more closely reconciled than Squire’s theory allowed; those differences that exist are attributed to the vastly different ages of the vortices in the laboratory and flight experiments. The principal conclusion of practical interest is that the maximum circumferential velocity in a trailing vortex generated by an aeroplane in flight iswhere Γ is the circulation about large circuits enclosing the vortex, v the kinematic viscosity of the air and t the (sufficiently great) age of the vortex.
Mean Flow and Pressure in a Straight Suction Duct with Porous Walls
Authors: Burrows F. M. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe mean flow of an incompressible fluid in a straight suction duct with porous walls is considered and relations between the inflow and the pressure difference required to produce it are established on the basis of an elementary momentum analysis. It is assumed that bom the velocity and the pressure across planes normal to the direction of the mean flow inside the duct are distributed uniformly everywhere and that the effect of obstructions, which do not alter significantly the area of the duct cross section at any position, can be described in terms of losses of total pressure which are proportional to the square of the local speed within the duct. A variety of cases is discussed and it is shown that calculation of the internal pressure is straightforward and in agreement with experiment, at least for the case of a pipe having uniform porosity.
The Calculation of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers. Part IV. Comparison with Measurements on the Rear of a Swept Wing
Authors: Cumpsty N. A. , Head M. R. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryA boundary-layer development was measured on the near of a wing swept at 61°. The measurements approximately followed an external streamline from the minimum pressure to the neighbourhood of the separation line. Unfortunately the flow was found to be surprisingly sensitive to traverse gear interference. Moreover, the constraint imposed by the wind tunnel walls was sufficient to throw grave doubts on the use of the assumption of constant spanwise velocity to compute the external flow behaviour from the measured pressure distribution.Comparison of the measurements with calculations using the method proposed by Cumpsty and Head showed the growth of streamwise momentum thickness, form parameter and crossflow to be seriously underestimated. However, only a small adjustment to the spanwise velocity outside the boundary layer over the rear of the wing was sufficient to bring the results into tolerable agreement. The necessity for such an adjustment to the spanwise velocity may be plausibly explained by the effect of tunnel constraints.
Post-Buckling of Rectangular Plates with Various Boundary Conditions
Authors: Rushton K. R. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe Dynamic Relaxation method is used to analyse the post-buckling of flat rectangular plates. Extensive results are obtained for two types of problem in which the transverse edges are unloaded; in one case the transverse edges remain straight, in the other they are free to wave. Comparisons are made with alternative experimental and theoretical results. The potentiality of this approach to post-buckling problems is demonstrated by considering a variable thickness plate with mixed boundary conditions.
Lifting Surface Theory for the Problem of an Arbitrarily Yawed Sinusoidal Gust Incident on a Thin Aerofoil in Incompressible Flow
Authors: Graham J. M. R. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe solution to the problem of the loading generated on a two-dimensional thin aerofoil by an incompressible flow whose normal velocity component is of the general form exp [i(λx+/μy — ωt)] is calculated. The method used extends the two-dimensional integral equation solution for the induced vorticity by means of a Chebyshev expansion of part of the kernel function. Thin aerofoil approximations are made throughout, but no collocation procedure, as such, is required.
Nominalized relative clauses in Desano
Authors: Kaye Jonathan D. 
Published: June 2019

In this paper I will deal with a type of nominalization which appears in Desano. Emphasis will be placed on arguments justifying a given underlying structure of a class of nominalizations rather than on the types of rules needed to convert the underlying structure into the realized nominalization.A class of nominalizations will be presented here. I will give evidence to show that these forms are to be derived from relative clauses. Consider the following forms:
Considerations Regarding the Office and Calling of the Prophet
Authors: Baltzer Klaus 
Published: June 2019

1. The present state of the discussion.Fifty years ago Bernhard Duhm, in the introduction of his book Israels Propheten, wrote: “Prophecy has its history. It is not a timeless revelation of a supernatural truth. Again, its task is not to ‘prophesy’ events of a distant future in order to allow a simple faith to enjoy the consistent agreement of promise and fulfillment. The prophets are God's messengers. They are charged to proclaim to their contemporaries firstly God's decisions and, furthermore, his demands. Whereas divination in various forms occurs among all nations, the prophets with whom we are dealing here are a distinct Israelite phenomenon.”
Research on Irish history in Irish universities, 1969-70
Authors: Moody T. W. 
Published: June 2019

The following list gives particulars of theses on Irish historical subjects, or on subjects having a distinct bearing on Irish history, which were successfully completed during 1969, or were in progress in January 1970, in the history departments of the universities of Ireland. The information has been supplied directly by the responsible supervisors or by the heads of departments.The list is arranged in periods. Within each period subjects are placed in chronological order, those that extend over more than one period being entered under the first period to which they relate and cross-referenced under the second or later periods.
The Courts and the Legislative Supremacy of the Knesset
Authors: Likhovski Eliahu 
Published: June 2019

Israel, unlike most modern States, does not have a Constitution embodied in a formal document which lays down the basic political assumptions on which the system of government is founded, and which is considered the “supreme law of the land”. The student of Israel's Constitution must, as in the case of the British Constitution, collate his country's Constitution, including its unarticulated “major premises”, from a close study of the practical workings of the system of government and from a number of diverse sources of varying legal force.From a study of the workings of the system of government, Knesset (Parliament) legislation and the decisions of the courts, it would appear that Israel's courts, lawyers and others have asserted, almost without demur, the doctrine of the legislative supremacy of the Knesset as the underlying unarticulated major premise of Israel's Constitution. In accepting that assumption they seem to have chosen to follow the constitutional trail blazed by their British forerunners. This article is intended to test that assumption and to establish its exact application in the legal system.
Evidence Excluded by State Interest
Authors: Harnon Eliahu 
Published: June 2019

The general rule is established that anyone may lawfully be called to give evidence and to produce every document in his possession, unless he can show a just ground for refusal. In a number of instances the law relieves a witness from the duty of replying, or of producing a document. These are exceptional cases, however, and the burden of establishing their applicability lies on the party claiming the exemption. The modern legal tendency is, so far as possible, to restrict the claims of privilege.Rules of evidence recognize mainly the privilege against self-incrimination, the legal professional privilege, the marital privilege, and “State secrets”, when the Administration objects to the disclosure of information relating to public security, foreign relations or other important public interests. This article deals with the last mentioned privilege—a “thorny topic”, in more than one country. Both case law and doctrinal writings have, over the years, held various views on this problem. In England, the House of Lords' opinion on it has undergone a radical change within the last twenty-five years and it is also under present examination of the Law Reform Committee. The question arose before the Israeli courts on several occasions and the Ministry of Justice drew up three separate bills aimed at its solution, the last of which is now before the Knesset for consideration.
The Sources and Nature of Jewish Law and its Application in the State of Israel, Part III
Authors: Elon Menachem 
Published: June 2019

The rise of Zionism, with its call for renewed national political life and return to the national homeland, inevitably evoked a material change in the mental attitude of the Jewish people towards Jewish Law, a law possessing, as I have already said, not merely religious value but also manifest national significance. Thus a movement was mustered of Jewish lawyers and scholars and others from all ranks of society, which regarded the return of Jewish society to Jewish Law a national restoration, parallel with the restoration of the Jewish homeland and the revival of the Hebrew language.This movement for a restoration of Jewish Law signals also a new trend in its study. From modest beginnings in the 17th century, scientific research into Jewish Law had been occupied with a variety of problems, whether of the parallelism between the Jewish legal system and other systems, the moral and philosophical theories embodied in its institutions and of its vast many-sided historical and literary expression. The common feature in all this research had been that it was pursued for its own sake, for theoretical and not for practical purposes.
The “Completed Offence” and the Attempt—Some Problems in Criminal Law Interpretation
Authors: Bein Dan 
Published: June 2019

There are two fundamental approaches to the problem of legal interpretation, one concentrating on the use of abstract concepts and their analysis by pure logic, and the second concentrating on policy considerations which underlie legal rules and the function they are to serve.It cannot be denied that the “conceptual” method appears, at first glance, more “scientific” and precise as compared with the “functional” method, but in real fact it does not always ensure certainty and predictability. In many cases, the use of vague general concepts may lead to unexpected results, because the actual construction given to these concepts by the courts may vary according to the concrete facts involved (e.g. the concept of “proximity” in the law of attempt).But even if, generally speaking, the “conceptual” method achieves a higher standard of certainty than the other method mentioned, one cannot overlook the fact that in some cases the use of the “conceptual” method may lead to injustice, or at least to a failure to achieve the social aims the legislator had in mind.The importance of certainty and predictability, especially in criminal matters, is beyond dispute, but the weight given to this value in relation to other social values may differ from society to society and from time to time.
The Security Council Resolution of November 22, 1967—Its Legal Nature and Implications
Authors: Shapira Amos 
Published: June 2019

More than a year has passed since the Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 242 on November 22, 1967, concerning the “grave situation in the Middle East”. On the basis of this resolution, the Secretary-General of the United Nations designated Ambassador Gunnar Jarring as a Special Representative “to proceed to the Middle East to establish and maintain contacts with the States concerned in order to promote agreement and assist efforts to achieve a peaceful and accepted settlement…” It is not proposed here to analyze all the political and diplomatic aspects of the Resolution or its practical prospects to bring about peace in the Middle East. Nor is it proposed to advance any particular interpretation of its substantive contents or to assess its merits and shortcomings. The sole purpose of this article is to examine the legal nature and implications of the Resolution within the framework of the United Nations Charter.Intellectual curiosity and academic research are not the only motivations for this legal inquiry. Sceptics of the political relevance of such “theoretical” inquiry need only obtain the November 24, 1968 issue of Pravda, the mouthpiece of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Art Forgeries and their Prevention
Authors: Tedeschi G. 
Published: June 2019

The forgery of works of art, particularly pictures, is a serious evil that besets the art business world, quite apart from its depressive effect generally. The phenomenon is not new, but never before has it been more prejudicial, perhaps because contemporary painting is far easier to imitate than that of the past, and because of the increasing flow of money into the art markets. These two elements encourage the temptation to forgery, whilst the demand for pictures would possibly be even greater were it not for this nightmare that haunts likely purchasers.How can the world's art markets be restored to health? Clearly this problem can be tackled by a variety of means. It would resolve itself or would not exist were people honest and upright. The situation would be ameliorated if art buyers were more circumspect in their purchases and the experts consulted to confirm the authenticity of pictures were able to express firm opinions and were more of one mind among themselves. The question, however, may well be considered from another angle, to see whether an answer can be found—or at least considerably facilitated—even if the standard of reasonable care and the expertise of the experts remain as they are at present. We do not have in mind here the criminal and civil sanctions that already exist. Nor shall we inquire into the possibilities of the assistance which may be had from increasing the severity of such sanctions. We shall not examine nostrums but means of prevention.
The Tests for the Determination of the Scope of Taxes: The Territorial Location of the Object and the Personal Link of the Taxpayer to the Country
Authors: Lapidoth Aryeh 
Published: June 2019

The scope of income tax is generally determined in the light of two criteria: the personal link of the taxpayer to the country and the link between the income and the territory of the country imposing the tax. The imposition of tax on the basis of the second of these criteria is known as “the source of the income” approach.A similar term, the doctrine of “source”, was used in the British income tax system to denote a different theory. That theory was based on the idea that all income must have a “source” and that no one ought to be taxed in a given year unless it can be shown that he had a source from which income could be derived during that year. It should be noted, however, that notwithstanding the linguistic resemblance between the terms used for the two theories, in fact they deal with different matters. Hence, though perhaps historically related, the two concepts should not be confused.
The International Protection of Human Rights and the Jewish Question (An Historical Survey)
Authors: Feinberg Nathan 
Published: June 2019

To mark the twentieth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the United Nations designated 1968 to be the International Year for Human Rights. The call went out to peoples and States all over the world to give particular thought then to the question of human rights and freedoms and contribute to their promotion and protection. Wherever the subject is raised, discussion will no doubt dwell upon the problems of the present and the future. I believe, however, that this is a suitable occasion to widen the scope, to cast a glance over the past, and to review the role of the Jews and of the “Jewish Question” in the nineteenth, and in the early years of the twentieth, century in instilling the concept of human rights into the conscience of mankind; it is also an opportunity to examine the part played by the Jews in the advancement of those rights at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920.From an historical point of view, the modern concept of human rights springs essentially from the rationalistic and cosmopolitan philosophy of the Enlightenment prevailing in the second half of the eighteenth century, and from the declarations framed at the end of that century in North America and, subsequently, in France during the Revolution. It was these declarations that laid the foundations of the democratic and liberal State. But the roots of the concept can be traced back to the Stoic philosophy of ancient Greece, to the teachings of the early Roman philosophers and lawyers and to the tenets of the medieval theologians; and it is, indeed, strange that only rarely have those engaged in the history of it made mention of the fact that ancient Hebrew religious thought, too, is concerned with the inherent dignity of Man and gives special prominence to the principle that all who are created in the image of God are equal—a principle clearly reflected in the status which the law of Moses assigns to “the stranger that sojourns among you”, and in the liberal attitude of that law towards the slave, as compared with that of other peoples.