bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value-added medicines: is there any room between market access challenges and “patient centricity”?
Authors: Barei Fereshteh 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to shed light on the importance of innovation and patient centricity to improve the existing pharmaceutical products. In the pharmaceutical industry, defining the “value” or “added value” of medicines is a very complex issue that requires objective information about how they can make people healthier and what “value” means to patients. In light of “value creation” strategy for the existing medicines, many original and generic pharmaceutical companies hope to create new portfolios to enter into new markets, to capture more market share or to strengthen their market position in the existing markets. The fact that “value” and “added value” are not static and change rather rapidly over the time, cannot always facilitate market access for the so-called improved or repurposed/repositioned versions now claiming “added-value” status. The only way “added value” category can promote smarter drug pricing scenarios and access to markets, is focusing on “patient Centricity” while innovating for satisfying their unmet medical needs.

Design/methodology/approach
This article is designed and structured by two methodologies: the first one is based on face to face interviews and the second one is focused on literature review regarding the value added pharmaceuticals.

Findings
There is an increasing confusion regarding “value-added” pharmaceuticals. This term is mainly used to define improved generic versions. This article discusses the “added-value” of this improvement for patients and manufacturers. By launching such products, these companies attempt to become more “innovative and patient-centric”. Furthermore, adopting a patient-centric strategy as a framework for optimizing the modified pharmaceuticals can create value, new pricing models may emerge through this strategy and can promote the “value” of these products by facilitating their access to higher margins.

Research limitations/implications
Limited to an European discussion around the value-added pharmaceuticals.

Practical implications
The facts about value added medicines. The real classifications of these products.

Social implications
For patients and health care systems, it is important to trust to real value in pharmaceutical treatments. If their “added value” is not justified by scientific proofs, if it is not patient centric, then they can occupy the status of the next generation of generic medicines a category between innovative and pure generics.

Originality/value
This is an original topic which was never discussed before.
Confusion in internet retailing: causes and consequences
Authors: Garaus Marion 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to introduce the new construct online shopper confusion and to identify online confusion causes and consequences.

Design/methodology/approach
Data obtained from a projective technique and a quantitative study were analyzed to identify online shopper confusion causes. Two experiments employing different stimulus materials tested the conceptualized consequences of online shopper confusion.

Findings
Confusing online store elements are classified into three online confusion causes. Data yielded from two experiments using fictitious and real shopping scenarios as stimulus material show that a confusing internet retail process leads to negative consumer reactions.

Research limitations/implications
The resulting taxonomy of confusing online store elements offers guidance on the creation of non-confusing online shopping trips, and highlights the relevance of a non-confusing internet retail process. Online shopper confusion is linked to negative behavioral reactions. Consequently, this research offers an explanation for undesirable consumer reactions in internet retailing.

Practical implications
The findings provide practitioners with concrete insights into how the internet retail process confuses shoppers which help to assess the confusion potential of their existing online stores and consider confusion issues in the development of new online stores.

Originality/value
This research is the first to explore confusion during the internet retail process. The multi-method approach offers highly valid insights into the causes and consequences of online shopper confusion.
From entity to process: toward more process-based theorizing in the field of organizational change
Authors: Wenzel Matthias , Koch Jochen 
Published: February 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to make a case for more process-based theorizing in the field of organizational change.Design/methodology/approachTo emphasize the importance of a process perspective on organizational change, this paper challenges the prevalent theorizing approach that treats organizational change as entity and argues that process-based theorizing can help researchers gain a better understanding of organizational change.FindingsTo direct future research toward more process-based theorizing, this paper proposes a systematic four-step procedure for the analysis of qualitative data that helps researchers theorize organizational change from a process perspective.Originality/valueOverall, this paper contributes to theorizing efforts in the field of organizational change by offering a reflective account on the challenges that entity-based theorizing entails, strengthening the position of process-based theorizing in light of these challenges and providing an outlook on how scholars can develop theoretical insights on organizational change from a process perspective.
Is gold a hedge or a safe haven? An application of ARDL approach
Authors: Shakil Mohammad Hassan , Mustapha Is’haq Muhammad , Tasnia Mashiyat , Saiti Buerhan 
Published: February 2018

PurposeThe argument whether gold is a hedge or haven is a debatable issue. Mainly, hedge is a class of asset that is negatively correlated with another asset or portfolio on average. On the other hand, a safe haven is an asset or portfolio which is negatively correlated with another asset or portfolio at the time of market turmoil. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to take Saudi Arabia as an example to examine the relationship of gold price in Saudi Arabia with key determinants such as the stock market index, oil prices, exchange rate, interest rate and consumer price index (CPI) by application of the autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL).Design/methodology/approachThe ARDL analysis was employed by using six variables based on the application of monthly time series data that were collected from 2011 to 2015.FindingsFrom the present analysis, it has been discovered that gold is useful as a portfolio hedge and as a hedge against inflation because it is not affected by the CPI. External factors, for example, financial crisis, may be harmful to the CPI, thus adding a certain percentage of gold in the investment portfolio may assist in decreasing the level of risk at the time of financial turmoil.Originality/valueBecause gold seems to be a useful portfolio hedge, as well as an inflation hedge, government policies to curb the import of gold may be futile. The present research suggests that policies that directly address the causes of inflation and provide alternative investment opportunities for retail investors may better serve the objective of decreasing gold imports.
DEGSA-VMM
Authors: Polepally Vijayakumar , Chatrapati K. Shahu 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to develop the Dragonfly-based exponential gravitational search algorithm to VMM strategy for effective load balancing in cloud computing. Due to widespread growth of cloud users, load balancing is the essential criterion to deal with the overload and underload problems of the physical servers. DEGSA-VMM is introduced, which calculates the optimized position to perform the virtual machine migration (VMM).

Design/methodology/approach
This paper presents an algorithm Dragonfly-based exponential gravitational search algorithm (DEGSA) that is based on the VMM strategy to migrate the virtual machines of the overloaded physical machine to the other physical machine keeping in mind the energy, migration cost, load and quality of service (QoS) constraints. For effective migration, a fitness function is provided, which selects the best fit that possess minimum energy, cost, load and maximum QoS contributing toward the maximum energy utilization.

Findings
For the performance analysis, the experimentation is performed with three setups, with Setup 1 composed of three physical machines with 12 virtual machines, Setup 2 composed of five physical machines and 19 virtual machines and Setup 3 composed of ten physical machines and 28 virtual machines. The performance parameters, namely, QoS, migration cost, load and energy, of the proposed work are compared over the other existing works. The proposed algorithm obtained maximum resource utilization with a good QoS at a rate of 0.19, and minimal migration cost at a rate of 0.015, and minimal energy at a rate of 0.26 with a minimal load at a rate of 0.1551, whereas with the existing methods like ant colony optimization (ACO), gravitational search algorithm (GSA) and exponential gravitational search algorithm, the values of QoS, load, migration cost and energy are 0.16, 0.1863, 0.023 and 0.29; 0.16, 0.1863, 0.023 and 0.28 and 0.18, 0.1657, 0.016 and 0.27, respectively.

Originality/value
This paper presents an algorithm named DEGSA based on VMM strategy to determine the optimum position to perform the VMM to achieve a better load balancing.
CEO overpayment and underpayment: executives, governance and institutions
Authors: Hitt Michael , Haynes Katalin Takacs 
Published: February 2018

PurposeBased on the findings of Aguinis et al. (2018) that only a few executives are properly compensated, the purpose of this paper is to examine potential causes and consequences of CEO overpayment and underpayment. Ineffective compensation of the CEO represents a governance failure by the board of directors. Better understanding the reasons for such failures may help boards to correct their processes and to enact more effective governance. Boards must look beyond the normally constrained focus of agency theory to examine executive characteristics and motivation. Thus, tailoring compensation plans and governance to the executive and organizational context requires attention to a broader set of theoretical notions.Design/methodology/approachUsing the Aguinis et al. (2018) work, this paper conceptually identifies and explains the causes and consequences of CEO overpayment and underpayment along with their implications for governance and future research.FindingsThis paper identifies potential reasons for CEO overpayment and underpayment. For example, in addition to poor hiring decisions and inadequately designed compensation plans, CEO overpayment can occur because of executive hubris and greed. Alternatively, CEO underpayment may occur because of a poorly designed plan, inadequate information about the external labor market and the executive’s interests in non-pecuniary benefits (e.g. socio-emotional wealth, altruism). Without proper monitoring and oversight by the board, firm performance commonly suffers.Originality/valueThis work extends our understanding of why CEOs may be overpaid (e.g. hubris, greed) and why some executives may accept underpayment (e.g. desire for non-pecuniary benefits from SEW or altruism). This paper explains the consequences of ineffective corporate governance practices that allow inefficient CEO compensation. Finally, this paper explores several contingencies that can affect the governance practices and research needed to enhance our knowledge of this important area.
Do CEOs receive the pay they deserve? A new vantage on a familiar question
Authors: Wowak Adam J. , Mannor Michael J. , Crossland Craig 
Published: February 2018

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the implications of Aguinis and colleagues’ study, and in particular their claim that the inconsistency between chief executive officer (CEO) pay and CEO performance is reflective of a fundamental injustice. In doing so, the authors highlight issues regarding the meaning of fairness in the context of CEO pay, the extent to which CEOs can personally affect firm performance and the challenges in ascertaining whether CEOs are overpaid, underpaid or appropriately paid.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a conceptual approach, integrating research on executive compensation and managerial discretion to lend nuance to Aguinis and colleagues’ arguments and findings.FindingsThe main takeaway of the commentary is that CEO pay fairness is a complex and multifaceted matter that can be difficult to broadly characterize. The evidence offered by Aguinis and colleagues regarding power law distributions and the weak overlap between CEO pay and CEO performance is compelling, but questions about income inequality and pay fairness rarely lend themselves to straightforward answers. Some caution is thus warranted when evaluating Aguinis and colleagues’ conclusion that the US CEO labor market is pervasively unfair.Originality/valueThe authors urge scholars who build on the work of Aguinis and colleagues to pay heed to the challenges in reconciling the twin concepts of CEO pay and CEO performance.
Comments on two sides of CEO pay injustice
Authors: Conyon Martin J. 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
This is a short commentary on Herman Aguinis, Geoffrey Martin, Luis Gomez-Mejia, Ernest Boyle and Harry Joo (2017): “Two sides of CEO pay injustice: A power law conceptualization of CEO over and underpayment.”

Design/methodology/approach
Using insights from prior studies on executive compensation, the author’s commentary presents a critical evaluation of “Two sides of CEO pay injustice: […].” In addition, the author offers potential avenues for further research.

Findings
The paper “Two sides of CEO pay injustice” is well executed and makes several significant contributions to the management and executive compensation literature. Particularly, noteworthy are the use of advanced quantitative methods, the use of power law distributions to explain chief executive officer (CEO) pay outcomes, the focus on pay-for-performance and the role of justice in CEO outcomes. The author’s commentary in the present paper discusses the measurement of CEO pay and performance, poses alternative estimation methods to explore the pay-for-performance link and offers thoughts on justice theory in the context of CEO pay.

Research limitations/implications
The authors’ findings may be briefly stated as CEO pay is better described by a power law distribution than a normal distribution, CEO pay is not linked to firm performance and the patterns of CEO pay does not conform to patterns of distributive justice. Overall, the authors provide an important way to evaluate CEO pay outcomes. Thy set the stage for new avenues of research.

Practical implications
CEO pay is a highly controversial subject in the domain of corporate governance. This paper offers boards of directors and policymakers a method to better understand the success or failure of boardroom pay policies.

Social implications
CEO pay is an important social measure.

Originality/value
The authors’ paper is original by offering a method for determining over and underpayment of CEOs. The author in the present paper makes suggestions on how one might extend the research.
An examination of the factors affecting consumer’s purchase decision in the Malaysian retail market
Authors: Hanaysha Jalal Rajeh 
Published: February 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of corporate social responsibility, social media marketing, sales promotion, store environment and perceived value on a purchase decision in the retail sector.

Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative research methodology was used and the data were collected from 278 customers of retail stores in Malaysia. The collected data were analysed using SPSS 19 and structural equation modelling on AMOS.

Findings
The findings showed that corporate social responsibility has significant positive effects on a purchase decision, whereas sales promotion has a negative effect on purchase decision. The outcomes of this study also indicated that store environment has a significant positive effect on consumers’ purchase decisions. Contrary to expectations, the findings revealed that the effect of social media marketing on purchase decision is insignificant. Finally, the results showed that perceived value has a significant positive effect on a purchase decision.

Originality/value
The findings of this study contribute to an understanding of the importance of the selected factors in affecting a consumer’s purchase decision in the retail industry.
Rapid larval development under time stress reduces adult life span through increasing oxidative damage
Authors: Janssens Lizanne , Stoks Robby 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

While a trade‐off between larval development and adult life span is key to understand why not all animals develop at their maximum rate and why life histories align along a fast‐slow continuum, it has been rarely studied. More general, the physiological mechanisms underlying life‐history trade‐offs are poorly understood and there is ongoing debate about the mediatory role of oxidative stress.

We explicitly investigated the role of oxidative stress in mediating the trade‐off between larval development and adult life span in the damselfly Lestes viridis. We exposed larvae to time stress (by manipulating photoperiods) and manipulated oxidative stress levels using the mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP) that causes a reduced production of reactive oxygen species. In addition, we considered other costs of an accelerated development in terms of reductions in immune function (the activity of phenoloxidase [PO]) and energy storage (fat content).

Larvae accelerated their development but not growth under time stress, allowing to identify costs of rapid development without confounding effects of rapid growth. Rapid development came at the cost of a much shorter life span, which was associated with an increase in oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA. Other costs in the adult stage of a rapid larval development included a lower body mass and reduced immune function, while the fat and protein contents were not reduced.

Time‐stressed animals exposed to DNP developed even faster and did not show the increase in oxidative damage. Notably, they did not suffer the costs of rapid development: they had no shorter life span, lower body mass or reduced PO activity.

Our results provide strong experimental support for a trade‐off between rapid development and life span and for the mediatory role of oxidative stress in shaping this life‐history trade‐off. Our study highlights that manipulation of mitochondrial uncoupling may be a powerful method to study the mechanistic underpinnings of life‐history trade‐offs.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as mediators of ecosystem responses to nitrogen deposition: A trait‐based predictive framework
Authors: Treseder Kathleen K. , Allen Edith B. , Egerton‐Warburton Louise M. , Hart Miranda M. , Klironomos John N. , Maherali Hafiz , Tedersoo Leho 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is exposing plants and their arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMFs) to elevated N availability, often leading to shifts in communities of AMF. However, physiological trade‐offs among AMF taxa in their response to N enrichment vs the ability to acquire other soil nutrients could have negative effects on plant and ecosystem productivity. It follows that information on the functional traits of AMF taxa can be used to generate predictions of their potential role in mediating ecosystem responses to N enrichment.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi taxa that produce extensive networks of external hyphae should forage for N and phosphorus (P) more effectively, but these services incur greater carbon (C) costs to the plant. If N enrichment ameliorates plant nutrient limitation, then plants may reduce C available for AMF, which in turn could eliminate AMF taxa with large extensive external hyphae from the soil community. As a result, the remaining AMF taxa may confer less P benefit to their host plants.

Using a synthesis of data from the literature, we found that the ability of a taxon to persist in the face of increasing soil N availability was particularly high in isolates from the genus Glomus, but especially low among the Gigasporaceae. Across AMF genera, our data support the prediction that AMF with a tolerance for high soil N may confer a lower P benefit to their host plant. Relationships between high N tolerance and production of external hyphae were mixed.

Synthesis. If the relationship between N tolerance and plant P benefit is widespread, then shifts in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities associated with N deposition could have negative consequences for the ability of plants to acquire P and possibly other nutrients via a mycorrhizal pathway. Based on this relationship, we predict that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi responses could constrain net primary productivity in P‐limited ecosystems exposed to N enrichment. This prediction could be tested in future empirical and modelling studies.
Melanization of mycorrhizal fungal necromass structures microbial decomposer communities
Authors: Fernandez Christopher W. , Kennedy Peter G. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

Mycorrhizal fungal necromass is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to soil organic carbon pools, particularly in forest ecosystems. While its decomposition rate is primarily determined by biochemical composition, how traits such as melanin content affect the structure of necromass decomposer communities remains poorly understood.

To assess the role of biochemical traits on microbial decomposer community composition and functioning, we incubated melanized and non‐melanized necromass of the mycorrhizal fungus Meliniomyces bicolor in Pinus‐ and Quercus‐dominated forests in Minnesota, USA and then assessed the associated fungal and bacterial decomposer communities after 1, 2 and 3 months using high‐throughput sequencing.

Melanized necromass decomposed significantly slower than non‐melanized necromass in both forests. The structure of the microbial decomposer communities depended significantly on necromass melanin content, although the effect was stronger for fungi than bacteria. On non‐melanized necromass, fungal communities were dominated by r‐selected ascomycete and mucoromycete microfungi early and then replaced by basidiomycete ectomycorrhizal fungi, while on melanized necromass these groups were co‐dominant throughout the incubation. Bacterial communities were dominated by both specialist mycophageous and generalist taxa.

Synthesis. Our results indicate that necromass biochemistry not only strongly affects rates of decomposition but also the structure of the associated decomposer communities. Furthermore, the observed colonization patterns suggest that fungi, and particularly ectomycorrhizal fungi, may play a more important role in necromass decomposition than previously recognized.