bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possess of locating the elementary schools using combined FAHP-Fuzzy logic in the GIS
Authors: Ramandi M. Mohammadi , Cheshme B. Ghermez 
Published: April 2018

<p>According to population growth and consequently students growth and on the other hand lack of educational spaces, imbalance in supply (students) and demand (educational centers), it causes high population density of students in classrooms, beyond standards. In addition, imbalanced population density causes accessibility problems to these centers and also spending a lot of students’ time and money. The mentioned problems are due to weaknesses in the construction of schools in appropriate locations. Lots of urban dilemmas such as traffic, pollution, Social and cultural issues and security can reduce by choosing appropriate location for construction of schools. There are different methods for determining the appropriate locations for the construction of schools, among which the most important is the hierarchical process analysis method. In this study, using Fuzzy logic in the geographical information system (GIS), space Distribution and Location of deployment and Functional radius of the elementary schools in the Qazvin city have investigated and also in the network analysis method, areas out of schools coverage have been specified. Then, using Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process, layers, criteria and also effective sub-criteria in choosing location of elementary schools, weighted and combined each other and appropriate and inappropriate locations for construction of elementary schools, especially in areas that placed out of schools coverage, have obtained. Results show that the elementary schools of the Qazvin city aren’t enough for covering all of the total area, and some of the northern, eastern and western neighborhoods despite having the necessary student density, are deprived of having elementary school and also are out of the coverage of existing schools.</p>
Post-Postmodern Urban Architecture based on Jacques Lacan’s three orders
Authors: Mafakher Farshad 
Published: April 2018

<p>Developments in modern architecture coincided with developments in scientific and aesthetic approaches of modern time with modernity demanded in all scientific fields. Aesthetic views in modern architecture tended toward clear and simple ways of viewing, therefore it was brought to visual brevity and urban scales and details were created in buildings and urbanism. Visual brevity and its interaction with time and pace in the course of changing views at the time of evolution of modern architecture and romantic thoughts date back to nineteenth century, revealing naturalistic architecture pinnacle in architectural works. Visual brevity prioritized destination with no slightest doubt and the architect’s image (the imaginary) evolved in modern architecture. On the other hand, through environmental same-concept with living organism of nature, visual brevity created organic architecture. The criticism of postmodernism, compared with modernism, considered premodernism forgotten images, discussing time and pace in modern criticism in terms of concentrated, deconcentrated or skipping human and followed deliberative time and pace to evaluate architecture and urbanism works, the inspiration of which was the architect’s postmodern images. Postmodern symbolism (the symbolic) stemmed from forgotten memories. Regarding this, with a closer look, modern and postmodern developments are analyzed considering Jacques Lacan’s three orders. Post-postmodern realism (the real) toward a vague non-sense world in real world is the aesthetics particular of this era. Lack of same- concept in this type of aesthetics resulted in lack of a clear specification source. Hence, continuous research is required. </p>
Імуногістохімічна характеристика субпопуляцій лімфоцитів селезінки голубів та курей
Authors: Dunaievska O. F. 
Published: April 2018

<p>The article is devoted to the study of immunohistochemical features of the spleen of birds based on the detection and morphometric calculation of clusters of the T- and B-lymphocytes. For the research, the selection of the spleen is performed at the stage of morphofunctional maturity in clinically healthy sexually mature birds of both sexes in the ratio 1: 1: blue pigeons (age 10-14 months), chickens of domestic breeds of Poltava clay (age 19-20 weeks). The slices of material are fixed in 10-12% chilled solution of neutral formalin, embedded in paraffin. Histological sections made on a microtome MS-2 and have a thickness not exceeding 5 micrometres. The mouse monoclonal antibodies of the Danish firm DAKO are used to detect and study subpopulations of lymphocytes. Morphometric studies are performed under light microscopy (Microscope Biolam-Lomo and Micros MC-50). The microphotography of histological preparations was carried out with CAM V 200 video camera. It is mounted on a microscope Micros MC-50. Subpopulations of lymphocytes CD4 +, CD8 +, СD19 +, СD20 + were detected in the red and white pulp of the spleen of pigeons and chickens, they are situated singly and diffusely, more often formed chains or aggregations. The CD4 + cells in pigeons and chickens are dominated in lymphoid sheaths near the vessels, amounted the 56.63 ± 4.03 pieces per conditional unit of area and 85.71 ± 6.09 pieces per conditional unit of area respectively. The populations of CD8 + cells are also predominated in lymphoid sheaths near the vessels, but their number was smaller than the CD4+ population by 1.81 times in chickens and by 2.36 times in pigeons. In the red pulp, CD4 + cells are occupied 7.67% of the total population of the splenic cells in chickens and 5.99% in pigeons. The CD8 + cell in the red pulp are less concentrated: 2,8% and 4,45% respectively. The index of immunoregulation of the spleen of chickens was 1.85, and the pigeons – 2.0. B-lymphocytes (cluster CD19 +, CD20 +) are concentrated in the B-dependent zone of the spleen – the lymphoid nodules. Most of the CD20 + cells are in lymphoid nodules of chickens (77.27%), in pigeons this indicator is 61.66%. Cells of CD19 + in lymphoid nodes are occupied approximately the same relative square of pigeons and chickens from their total amount in the pulp – 74.14% and 76.60%. The total number of T-lymphocytes (the population of CD4 +, CD8 +) are prevailed almost by two times in chickens, B-lymphocytes (populations CD19 +, CD20 +) in pigeons – by 1,6 times. In the spleen of pigeons and chickens are developed both humoral and cellular immune protection.</p>
Моделювання природної еволюції видів роду Solanum L. cекції Petota Dumort. за фітофторостійкістю
Authors: Podhaietskyi A. Ad. , Kravchenko N. V. , Kriuchko L. V. , Gorbas S. M. , Podhaietskyi A. An. 
Published: April 2018

<p>The article presents the theoretical substantiation and experimental data, confirming the natural evolution of potato species from the standpoint of the stability and effectiveness of genetic control of resistance to late blight. Resistant samples of wild potato species which were differ in the appearance of the trait were used as the initial material for research. Artificial infection of seedlings obtained from self-pollination of potato samples with the race of phytophthora (<em>Phytophtora infestans </em>(Mont.) De Bary) 1-11X, Y, Z (25-30 conidia in the view of the microscope, 120 x), which made it possible to identify various types of resistance to fungus. The evolutionary changes of the species, relating their response to the changing of phytopathological situation in their areas have been experimentally proven. The intraspecific variety of <em>S. demissum </em>Lindl and <em>S. stoloniferum </em>Schlechtd. samples by resistance to phytophthora, which manifested both among I1 and among I2, has been identified. Depending on the evolution of the samples, differences in the genetic control of resistance to the pathogen were found, which was manifested in the frequency of appearance of offspring with high resistance, hypersensitivity, high, medium and low field resistance, as well as complete damage of seedlings. In the species of <em>S. demissum</em> the sample was found, in its progeny the seedlings with extremely high resistance to the pathogen were not isolated, but in the case of the UK sample No 27-19 the part of such material was 94.2%. The lower level of genetic control in this species was characterized by the type of supersensitive resistance. Variation in the offspring samples by this type of resistance was observed in the range of 0-78.4%, and the splitting of seedlings with high field stability was even smaller and was within 0-45%. Similar data were obtained for the species of <em>S. stoloniferum</em>. A similar type of conjugate evolution of phytophthora resistance in the testing species has been experimentally proved. There were no differences in the manifestation of hypersensitive resistance or they were very insignificant. The maximum differences between species were 4% in the class with the offspring frequency of 81-100%. Based on the results of the phytophthora resistance evaluation of various samples of potato species in I2, it was assumed that under epiphytotic conditions in the area of species growth, samples with effective genetic control of the trait, i.e., with an extremely high degree of resistance, will be evolutionally promising. </p>
Особенности биологии и современное состояние популяций сенницы эдип Coenonympha oedippus (Fabricius, 1787) на территории Беларуси
Authors: Kulak A. V. , Yakovlev R. V. 
Published: April 2018

<p>The article provides data on distribution, biological features, long-term population dynamics and modern conditions of the heath butterfly <em>Coenonympha oedippus</em> (Fabricius, 1787) on the territory of Belorussia. In the Belorussian Polesie region, there is quite dense network of large settlements of this species on large bog massifs. The species is very sensitive to overgrowing of the habitats by bushes and reeds caused by the drop of the groundwater level in the bogs due to the water drainage by land reclamation systems and the climate warming. The overgrowing of the bogs has significantly accelerated in the last decades when they have been no longer used for mowing. In the same time, the fight against bogs bushing by burning vegetation and mechanized mowing is a concern for the well-being of the settlements of <em>C. oedippus</em>.<strong> </strong></p>
Assessment and forecast of water quality in the River Ingulets irrigation system
Authors: Lykhovyd P. V. , Kozlenko Ye. V. 
Published: April 2018

<p>Scarcity of water is one of the most important problems of irrigated farming. Safe use of contaminated water and waste-water needs continuous monitoring of the water quality and its influence on the irrigated lands and cultivated crops. The Ingulets irrigation system is one of the main systems, which supplies with water fields of Kherson and Mykolaiv regions of Ukraine. The water is contaminated by the effluent disposals and wastes of the metallurgic factories. The new water quality improvement technique was introduced in the Ingulets irrigation system in 2010. The study is dedicated to agricultural assessment of the Ingulets irrigation system water quality with the new amelioration technique by using the FAO and DSTU 2730-94 criteria. It was established, that water quality in the Ingulets irrigation system is still poor, though it becomes better each year since 2010 till nowadays. Total dissoluble salts content in the water is 1489-2280 mg/L, toxic ions content in eCl<sup>-</sup> is 10.49-21.63 me/L, sodium adsorption ratio is 4.33-7.94 me/L, sodium percentage is 46.4-58.9%, magnesium to calcium ratio is 1.03-1.68, power of hydrogen is 7.31-8.72 in the period from 2007 to 2017. So, the Ingulets irrigation system water requires further amelioration to become safe and suitable for irrigation without any restrictions. Short-term forecast of the water quality by using the triple exponential smoothing with handling of the seasonal effects with multiplicative method of the Holt-Winters algorithm showed that significant improvement of the water quality by some criteria should be achieved till 2025: total dissoluble salts content in the water should be 1212 mg/L, toxic ions content in eCl<sup>-</sup> should be 6.61 me/L, sodium adsorption ratio should be 4.31 me/L, sodium percentage should be 49.3%, magnesium to calcium ratio should be 1.05, power of hydrogen should be 8.05 in 2025. </p>
Jak powstała Wulgata i któremu tekstowi Pisma Świętego przysługuje to miano?
Authors: Królikowski Janusz 
Published: April 2018

Wulgata jest łacińskim tłumaczeniem Biblii, któremu przypisywano wielkie znaczenie w Kościele i który nadal jest uznawany za wzniosły tekst, zwłaszcza w liturgii. Istnieje jednak wiele nieporozumień dotyczących Wulgaty i w konsekwencji zdarza się, że niektóre łacińskie tłumaczenia Biblii odnoszą się do Wulgaty, podczas gdy są zupełnie odmiennymi tekstami. Ten artykuł jest próbą wyjaśnienia, jakie były początki Wulgaty jako autentycznego tekstu Biblii po soborze trydenckim i jak to przekonanie zostało zachowane w życiu i tradycji Kościoła katolickiego.
Miłosierdzie jako kategoria życia społecznego
Authors: Siewiora Jacek 
Published: April 2018

Refleksja nad rzeczywistością miłosierdzia w życiu społecznym, a więc także w przestrzeni pedagogicznej, prowadzi do poszukiwania odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy miłosierdzie jest oznaką słabości i rezygnacji z wymagań, czy przeciwnie – jest raczej znakiem rzetelnej troski o jakość życia społecznego i rozwój młodego pokolenia. Artykuł jest próbą poszukiwań odpowiedzi na to kluczowe pytanie i wypływające z niego problemy szczegółowe, w oparciu o wiedzę teologiczną i pedagogiczną.
Rekursy administracyjne w systemie sprawiedliwości administracyjnej w Kościele
Authors: Bałdyga Marcin 
Published: April 2018

Sprawiedliwość administracyjna w Kościele to całokształt środków prawnych, dzięki którym wierni mogą domagać się od władzy administracyjnej Kościoła działania zgodnego z przepisami prawa i szeroko rozumianą sprawiedliwością. Jest ona odzwierciedleniem podstawowego prawa do obrony, które przysługuje wszystkim wiernym, a które wynika z ich godności i konkretnej pozycji w Kościele.Poprzez zasadę legalności ustawodawca kościelny wskazuje, że kościelne organy władzy wykonawczej mają obowiązek wydawania decyzji oraz stanowienia konkretnych aktów administracyjnych z zachowaniem norm prawa kanonicznego, które należy rozumieć jako zespół norm usytułowanych w ustawach i innych aktach prawnych, odpowiednio usystematyzowanych, zarówno pochodzenia czysto ludzkiego, jak i Bożego.W systemie kościelnego prawa administracyjnego wierni mają szeroki wachlarz środków prawnych, służących ochronie należnych im praw podmiotowych: od środków pojednawczych, których celem jest podjęcie działań zmierzających do uniknięcia sporu administracyjnego, po środki odwoławcze, umożliwiające dochodzenie własnych praw na sali sądowej czy forum administracyjnym.
Sculptural reproduction of architectural ornamentation as a way for conservation of traditional craftsmanship
Authors: Karakul Özlem 
Published: April 2018

Traditional craftsmanship as a part of intangible cultural heritage needs to be conserved as defined in the UNESCO 2003 Convention and Living Human Treasures System. In architecture, traditional craftsmanship is embodied on architectural ornaments in historic buildings by local builders; and the conservation of it necessitates its transmission process from generation to generation. In the traditional building production period, the transmission process had been guaranteed by master–apprentice relation, but nowadays, it has been interrupted together with the drastic change in building technology; and the knowledge, skills of building craftsmen and cultural expressions This creates problems both in the conservation of traditional craftsmanship in building activities and in the restoration process of historic buildings. This study aims to develop a specific conservation approach by revitalising the methods of study of building craftsmen through the reproduction process of architectural ornaments in monumental stone buildings by sculptures in the Faculty of Fine Arts in Selcuk University.

Keywords: Traditional craftsmanship, architectural ornamentation, reproduction, intangible heritage, conservation.
Sintesis dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Senyawa N-Fenil-3,4-Diklorobenzamida (Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity Assay of N-Phenyl-3,4-Dichlorobenzamide)
Authors: Yualanda Vinastika Gita , Sary Indah Purnama , Pangaribowo Dian Agung 
Published: April 2018

In this research, the synthesis of N-phenyl-3,4-diklorobenzamida was carried out by reacting 1,3-diphenylthiourea and 3,4-dichlorobenzoil chloride via bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction (SN2). The assays for the obtained compound product were purity test (tested by TLC and melting point tester), chemical and physical characterization (shape, color, and solubility), confirmation of the compound and structure (performed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FTIR spectrometer, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). The result showed that the compound was synthesized successfully with a yield of 42%, then the in vitro test of antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was conducted by well diffusion method. The compound N-phenyl-3,4-dichlorobenzamida did not have antibacterial activity which showed by the absence of inhibition diameter.

Keywords: 1,3-diphenylthiourea, N-phenyl-3,4-dichlorobenzamide, nucleophilic substitution, antibacterial
Hubungan antara Profilaksis Kotrimoksazol dan Prevalensi Toksoplasmosis pada Pasien HIV Positif di Jember (The Association Between Prophylactic Cotrimoxazole and the Prevalence Toxoplasmosis in HIV-Positive Patients in Jember)
Authors: Taufany Elly Febry , Machlaurin Afifah , Subagijo Prihwanto Budi 
Published: April 2018

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is a high mortality disease and the number of patients is increasing recent days. Based on dr. Soebandi Jember Hospital report in 2015, there were 1,492 HIV patients and 455 people received antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Toxoplasmosis is one of opportunistic infections commonly found in HIV patients in central nervous system. WHO has issued guidelines for the use of cotrimoxazole as prophylaxis in HIV positive people. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and the incidence of toxoplasmosis. This research was a case control study with retrospective approach and used chi-square analysis. The results showed that most patients were male (57%), 20-29 years in age (50%), and 41-60 kg in weight (64%). Based on the CD4 level, most HIV patients were less than 350/mm3 (96%) and total lymphocite count (TLC) also less than 1,200/mm3 (42%). There were 1 patient from 76 patients with cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and 7 patients from 52 patient without cotrimoxazole prophylaxis who developed toxoplasmosis. Based on chi-square analysis, cotrimoxazole prophylaxis reduce the incidence of toxoplasmosis in HIV positive (p-value 0,004).

Keywords: HIV/AIDS, prophilaxis therapy of cotrimoxazole, toxoplasmosis infection
An Overreview of the Sociocultural Theory and Vocabulary Development
Authors: Alkurtehe Khaled Ali Mohammed , Dzakiria Hisham 
Published: April 2018

Vegotesky theory is a paramount for the vocabulary development with its multidimensional approach, which has the impact on the cognitive affective contextual aspects and social interaction.Socio-cultural theory(SCT) is the mental development of specific sphere human. It also concerns mediation and the different kinds of mediation tools adopted and valued by society.This paper highlighted that learning as a mediated process in social in origin and then becomes individual as a result of linguistically mediated interaction between the child and more experienced members of the society including parents, teachers, and peers. The relation of mediation of SCT and environment is to enhance vocabulary development in teaching EFL students. It also helps EFL students to use the target language in their daily life .With the help of this theory, the students can master vocabulary and improve their language.This theory focuses on the interaction with the students and shows the social environment. It links the learners with the trainer, if a child/student gets a guidance in an appropriate way he/she can learn more and can enhance his/her capacity of learning.This study tried to look at the influence of SCT on learning and teaching vocabulary. Consequently, This study recommends the use of the SCT while teaching EFL Libyan learners to enhance English language vocabulary.
Comparing Two Modes of Instruction in English Passive Structures (Processing and Meaning-Based Output Instruction)
Authors: Dabiri Asma 
Published: April 2018

This research compared the effects of two types of instruction: Processing Instruction (PI) and Meaning-based Output Instruction (MOI) on the interpretation and production of English passive structures. Ninety EFL intermediate tertiary level female students (PI group= 30, MOI group= 30 and control group = 30) participated in this study. The instruments were a proficiency test, a test to assess English passive structures and two instructional materials (PI and MOI). The data were analyzed by running one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and mixed between-within ANOVA. The study indicated the effectiveness of PI and MOI on English passive structures. PI had considerable enhancement on interpretation tasks all the time. It supported the use of PI rather than the use of traditional instructions in which mechanical components were emphasized. Also, the PI and MOI had long term effects on the interpretation and production of English passive sentences. This study supported the use of PI and MOI rather than the use of traditional instruction (TI) in EFL settings. The implication for particularly classroom teaching is that successful grammar instruction has to related to ultimate learning outcomes. Also, creating communicative tasks to offer opportunities for teaching grammar can lead to long-lasting learning effects.