bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Validity Study of COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE and COMAT Clinical Subjects: Concurrent and Predictive Evidence
Authors: Hudson Kimberly M. , Tsai Tsung-Hsun , Finch Charles , Dickerman Joel L. , Liu Silu , Shen Ling 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
The Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensure Examination (COMLEX-USA) Level 2–Cognitive Examination (CE) and the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Achievement Test (COMAT) are administered to similar populations (third- and fourth-year osteopathic students) at similar points in time. Examining the relationship between scores on the 2 assessments that measure similar constructs ultimately supports the validity of both.

Objective
The purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence of the concurrent and predictive validity of COMAT and COMLEX-USA Level 2-CE.

Methods
In 2018, first-attempt scores on Level 2-CE were aggregated from June 2015 to May 2018 and matched with first-attempt scores on each COMAT clinical subject. We conducted correlational analyses between performance on COMAT and Level 2-CE, and COMAT scores and Level 2-CE discipline subscores. Additionally, we used multivariate regression to analyze the predictive relationship between performance on all COMAT clinical subjects and Level 2-CE.

Results
The results from correlational analyses indicated statistically significant, positive associations between COMAT and Level 2-CE scores (r = 0.49–0.68, P &lt; .0001), and statistically significant, but slightly weaker relationships between COMAT scores and Level 2-CE discipline subscores (r = 0.31–0.60, P &lt; .0001). Furthermore, results from the multiple regression indicated that scores on COMAT explained 68% of the variance in Level 2-CE scores, and that COMAT internal medicine and emergency medicine were weighted more heavily than other specialties.

Conclusions
The findings from this study can inform assessment practices by supporting the use of COMAT for osteopathic medical schools that do not administer COMAT.
Revisitando o Museu Nacional e a história da Antropologia no Brasil pelas mãos de Heloísa Alberto Torres
Authors: Ribeiro Adelia Miglievich Miglievich 
Published: September 2019

O artigo destaca o protagonismo de Heloísa Alberto Torres (1895-1977) no campo da ciência e da cultura no Brasil, como antropóloga e diretora do Museu Nacional, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, instituição guardiã dos maiores acervos em História Natural e Antropologia. A análise de sua traje- tória permite a reconstrução dos “círculos sociais” (SIMMEL, 1939), em seus entrecruzamentos e tensões, que possibilitaram, na era Vargas, a formação de importantes instituições brasileiras com- prometidas com a construção da identidade nacional. Em uma especial “estrutura de sentimentos” (WILLIAMS, 2011), marcada pelo positivismo e pela indissociabilidade entre progresso científico e soberania nacional, Heloísa Alberto Torres compõe uma geração a valorizar as riquezas naturais e as culturas primordiais como um projeto do campo antropológico em seus inícios. A visibilidade à excepcional trajetória da cientista pretende ainda fazer justiça àquelas mulheres que atuaram na ciência e na vida pública, em cargos de mando, em um tempo em que tais arenas ainda eram exclusivamente masculinas. Por fim, conclui-se pela prevalência da dinâmica da vida social e das transformações históricas sobre a aparência de imobilismo das instituições de modo que, mesmo em cenários os mais hostis, é possível identificar as emergências que mantêm viva a esperança.
Paenibacillusstrains with nitrogen fixation and multiple beneficial properties for promoting plant growth
Authors: Liu Xiaomeng , Li Qin , Li Yongbin , Guan Guohua , Chen Sanfeng 
Published: September 2019

Paenibacillusis a large genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic, endospore-forming bacteria. The genusPaenibacilluscurrently comprises more than 150 named species, approximately 20 of which have nitrogen-fixation ability. The N2-fixingPaenibacillusstrains have potential uses as a bacterial fertilizer in agriculture. In this study, 179 bacterial strains were isolated by using nitrogen-free medium after heating at 85 °C for 10 min from 69 soil samples collected from different plant rhizospheres in different areas. Of the 179 bacterial strains, 25Paenibacillusstrains hadnifHgene encoding Fe protein of nitrogenase and showed nitrogenase activities. Of the 25 N2-fixingPaenibacillusstrains, 22 strains produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). 21 strains out of the 25 N2-fixingPaenibacillusstrains inhibited at least one of the 6 plant pathogensRhizoctonia cerealis,Fusarium graminearum,Gibberella zeae,Fusarium solani,Colletotrichum gossypiiandAlternaria longipes. 18 strains inhibited 5 plant pathogens andPaenibacillussp. SZ-13b could inhibit the growth of all of the 6 plant pathogens. According to the nitrogenase activities, antibacterial capacities and IAA production, we chose eight strains to inoculate wheat, cucumber and tomato. Our results showed that the 5 strainsPaenibacillussp. JS-4,Paenibacillussp. SZ-10,Paenibacillussp. SZ-14,Paenibacillussp. BJ-4 andPaenibacillussp. SZ-15 significantly promoted plant growth and enhanced the dry weight of plants. Hence, the five strains have the greater potential to be used as good candidates for biofertilizer to facilitate sustainable development of agriculture.
California air resources board forest carbon protocol invalidates offsets
Authors: Marino Bruno D.V. , Mincheva Martina , Doucett Aaron 
Published: September 2019

The commercial asset value of sequestered forest carbon is based on protocols employed globally; however, their scientific basis has not been validated. We review and analyze commercial forest carbon protocols, claimed to have reduced net greenhouse gas emissions, issued by the California Air Resources Board and validated by the Climate Action Reserve (CARB-CAR). CARB-CAR forest carbon offsets, based on forest mensuration and model simulation, are compared to a global database of directly measured forest carbon sequestration, or net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of forest CO2. NEE is a meteorologically based method integrating CO2 fluxes between the atmosphere, forest and soils and is independent of the CARB-CAR methodology. Annual carbon accounting results for CAR681 are compared with NEE for the Ameriflux site, Howland Forest Maine, USA, (Ho-1), the only site where both methods were applied contemporaneously, invalidating CARB-CAR protocol offsets. We then test the null hypothesis that CARB-CAR project population data fall within global NEE population values for natural and managed forests measured in the field; net annual gC m−2yr−1 are compared for both protocols. Irrespective of geography, biome and project type, the CARB-CAR population mean is significantly different from the NEE population mean at the 95% confidence interval, rejecting the null hypothesis. The CARB-CAR population exhibits standard deviation ∼5× that of known interannual NEE ranges, is overcrediting biased, incapable of detecting forest transition to net positive CO2 emissions, and exceeds the 5% CARB compliance limit for invalidation. Exclusion of CO2 efflux via soil and ecosystem respiration precludes a valid net carbon accounting result for CARB-CAR and related protocols, consistent with our findings. Protocol invalidation risk extends to vendors and policy platforms such as the United Nations Program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and the Paris Agreement. We suggest that CARB-CAR and related protocols include NEE methodology for commercial forest carbon offsets to standardize methods, ensure in situ molecular specificity, verify claims of carbon emission reduction and harmonize carbon protocols for voluntary and compliance markets worldwide.
Elucidating the Impact of Charge Selective Contact in Halide Perovskite through Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Khan Mohd Taukeer , Salado Manuel , Almohammedi Abdullah , Kazim Samrana , Ahmad Shahzada 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe electron and hole selective contact (SC) plays a pivotal role in the performance of perovskite solar cells. In order to separate the interfacial phenomenon from bulk, the influence of charge SC is elucidated, by means of impedance spectroscopy. The specific role played by TiO2 and Spiro‐OMeTAD as electron and hole SC in perovskite solar cells is investigated at short circuit condition at different temperatures. The methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) and mixed perovskite of formamidinium lead iodide and methylammonium lead bromide namely; (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15 are probed and parameters such as charge carrier mobility, recombination resistance, time constant, and charge carrier kinetics in perovskite layer and at the interface of perovskite/SC are elucidated. Charge carrier mobility in mixed perovskite is found to be nearly two order of magnitude higher as compared to MAPbI3. Moreover, the carrier mobility in devices with only electron SC is found to be higher as compared only hole SC. The charge accumulation at TiO2/perovskite/Spiro‐OMeTAD interfaces is studied via frequency dependent capacitance, revealing higher charge accumulation at perovskite/Spiro‐OMeTAD than at TiO2/perovskite interface. By performing varying temperature frequency dependent capacitance measurements the distribution of density of state within the bandgap of the perovskites, the emission rate of electrons from the trap states and traps activation energy is determined.
Light‐Ferroic Interaction in Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskites
Authors: Liu Yongtao , Ievlev Anton V. , Collins Liam , Borodinov Nikolay , Belianinov Alex , Keum Jong K. , Wang Miaosheng , Ahmadi Mahshid , Jesse Stephen , Xiao Kai , Sumpter Bobby G. , Hu Bin , Kalinin Sergei V. , Ovchinnikova Olga S. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractGiven the remarkable performance of hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) in solar cells, light emitters, and photodetectors, the quest to advance the fundamental understanding of the photophysical properties in this class of materials remains highly relevant. Recently, the discovery of ferroic twin domains in HOIPs has renewed the debate of the ferroic effects on optoelectric processes. This work explores the interaction between light and ferroic twin domains in CH3NH3PbI3. Due to strain and chemical inhomogeneities, photogenerated electrons and holes show a preferential motion in the ferroelastic twin domains. Density functional theory (DFT) shows that electrons and holes result in lattice expansion in CH3NH3PbI3 differently. Hence, light generates strain in the ferroelastic domains due to preferential photocarrier motion, leading to a screening of strain variation. X‐ray diffraction studies verify the DFT simulations and reveal that the photoinduced strain is light intensity dependent, and the photoexcitation is a prerequisite of inducing strain by light. This work extends the fundamental understanding of light‐ferroic interaction and offers guidance for developing functional devices.
A New Pathology in the Simulation of Chaotic Dynamical Systems on Digital Computers
Authors: Boghosian Bruce M. , Coveney Peter V. , Wang Hongyan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSystematic distortions are uncovered in the statistical properties of chaotic dynamical systems when represented and simulated on digital computers using standard IEEE floating‐point numbers. This is done by studying a model chaotic dynamical system with a single free parameter β, known as the generalized Bernoulli map, many of whose exact properties are known. Much of the structure of the dynamical system is lost in the floating‐point representation. For even integer values of the parameter, the long time behaviour is completely wrong, subsuming the known anomalous behaviour for β = 2. For non‐integer β, relative errors in observables can reach 14%. For odd integer values of β, floating‐point results are more accurate, but still produce relative errors two orders of magnitude larger than those attributable to roundoff. The analysis indicates that the pathology described, which cannot be mitigated by increasing the precision of the floating point numbers, is a representative example of a deeper problem in the computation of expectation values for chaotic systems. The findings sound a warning about the uncritical application of numerical methods in studies of the statistical properties of chaotic dynamical systems, such as are routinely performed throughout computational science, including turbulence and molecular dynamics.
Ti‐Gradient Doping to Stabilize Layered Surface Structure for High Performance High‐Ni Oxide Cathode of Li‐Ion Battery
Authors: Kong Defei , Hu Jiangtao , Chen Zhefeng , Song Kepeng , Li Cheng , Weng Mouyi , Li Maofan , Wang Rui , Liu Tongchao , Liu Jiajie , Zhang Mingjian , Xiao Yinguo , Pan Feng 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHigh‐Ni layered oxide cathodes are considered to be one of the most promising cathodes for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries due to their high capacity and low cost. However, surfice residues, such as NiO‐type rock‐salt phase and Li2CO3, are often formed at the particle surface due to the high reactivity of Ni3+, and inevitably result in an inferior electrochemical performance, hindering the practical application. Herein, unprecedentedly clean surfaces without any surfice residues are obtained in a representative LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 cathode by Ti‐gradient doping. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that the particle surface is composed of a disordered layered phase (≈6 nm in thickness) with the same rhombohedra structure as its interior. The formation of this disordered layered phase at the particle surface is electrochemically favored. It leads to the highest rate capacity ever reported and a superior cycling stability. First‐principles calculations further confirm that the excellent electrochemical performance has roots in the excellent chemical/structural stability of such a disordered layered structure, mainly arising from the improved robustness of the oxygen framework by Ti doping. This strategy of constructing the disordered layered phase at the particle surface could be extended to other high‐Ni layered transition metal oxides, which will contribute to the enhancement of their electrochemical performance.
Hemokinin‐1 stimulates C‐C motif chemokine ligand 24 production in macrophages to enhance eosinophilic inflammation in nasal polyps
Authors: Deng Yi‐Ke , Ma Jin , Wang Zhi‐Chao , Long Xiao‐Bo , Chen Cai‐Ling , Feng Qi‐Miao , Zhang Xin‐Hao , Zeng Ming , Wang Heng , Lu Xiang , Liu Zheng 
Published: September 2019

BackgroundThe mechanisms underlying mucosal eosinophilia in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) remain poorly clarified. The nervous system and neuropeptides play an important role in the regulation of immune response. Herein we explore the expression and function of hemokinin‐1 (HK‐1), a newly identified tachykinin, along with its receptor neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) in CRSwNP.MethodsHK‐1, NK1R, and C‐C motif chemokine ligand 24 (CCL24) expression in nasal tissues (53 eosinophilic CRSwNP, 32 non‐eosinophilic CRSwNP, and 33 controls) was investigated by quantitative reverse transcript polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunofluorescence staining. THP‐1, a human monocytic leukemia cell line, and eosinophilic polyp tissues were stimulated with HK‐1. Cells, tissues, and culture supernatants were subsequently collected for detection of the production of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by quantitative RT‐PCR and enzyme‐linked immunoassay.ResultsHK‐1 and NK1R mRNA and protein expression were upregulated in eosinophilic and non‐eosinophilic nasal polyps compared with control tissues, with eosinophilic polyps demonstrating a higher upregulation compared with that of non‐eosinophilic polyps. Eosinophils constituted the major source of HK‐1, whereas macrophages were the predominant cell type exhibiting NK1R in eosinophilic polyps. HK‐1 induced CCL24 production from macrophages differentiated from THP‐1 cells; this was abolished by an NK1R antagonist. HK‐1 also induced CCL24 production from ex vivo‒cultured eosinophilic nasal polyps. CCL24 was expressed by macrophages in eosinophilic but not non‐eosinophilic polyps. The expression level of HK‐1 correlated with CCL24 expression and tissue eosinophilia in eosinophilic nasal polyps.ConclusionEosinophil‐derived HK‐1 induces CCL24 production from macrophages and therefore exaggerates eosinophilic inflammation in CRSwNP.
Near‐Infrared Optogenetic Genome Engineering Based on Photon‐Upconversion Hydrogels
Authors: Sasaki Yoichi , Oshikawa Mio , Bharmoria Pankaj , Kouno Hironori , Hayashi‐Takagi Akiko , Sato Moritoshi , Ajioka Itsuki , Yanai Nobuhiro , Kimizuka Nobuo 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPhoton upconversion (UC) from near‐infrared (NIR) light to visible light has enabled optogenetic manipulations in deep tissues. However, materials for NIR optogenetics have been limited to inorganic UC nanoparticles. Herein, NIR‐light‐triggered optogenetics using biocompatible, organic TTA‐UC hydrogels is reported. To achieve triplet sensitization even in highly viscous hydrogel matrices, a NIR‐absorbing complex is covalently linked with energy‐pooling acceptor chromophores, which significantly elongates the donor triplet lifetime. The donor and acceptor are solubilized in hydrogels formed from biocompatible Pluronic F127 micelles, and heat treatment endows the excited triplets in the hydrogel with remarkable oxygen tolerance. Combined with photoactivatable Cre recombinase technology, NIR‐light stimulation successfully performs genome engineering resulting in the formation of dendritic‐spine‐like structures of hippocampal neurons.
Access to Cyclic β‐Amino Acids by Amine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Addition of the γ‐Carbon Atoms of α,β‐Unsaturated Imines to Enals
Authors: Luo Guoyong , Huang Zhijian , Zhuo Shitian , Mou Chengli , Wu Jian , Jin Zhichao , Chi Yonggui Robin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDisclosed herein is a new catalytic approach for an efficient access to cyclic β‐amino acids widely found in bioactive small molecules and peptidic foldamers. Our method involves addition of the remote γ‐carbon atoms of α,β‐unsaturated imines to enals by iminium organic catalysis. This highly chemo‐ and stereo‐selective reaction affords cyclic β‐amino aldehydes that can be converted to amino acids bearing quaternary stereocenters with exceptional optical purities. Our study demonstrates the unique power of organic catalytic remote carbon reactions in rapid synthesis of functional molecules.
Sequential chemical and enzymatic pretreatment of palm empty fruit bunches for Candida pelliculosa bioethanol production
Authors: Campioni Tania Sila , Soccol Carlos Ricardo , Libardi Junior Nelson , Rodrigues Cristine , Woiciechowski Adenise Lorenci , Letti Luiz Alberto Junior , Vandenberghe Luciana Porto de Souza 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSecond‐generation bioethanol production process was developed using pretreated empty fruit bunches (EFB). Consecutive acid/alkali EFB pretreatment was performed, first with HCl and then with NaOH with final washing steps for phenolic compounds elimination. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that EFB chemical treatments indeed attacked the cellulose fibers and removed the silica from surface pores. The optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of EFB's cellulosic fraction was performed with 0.5%–4% v/v of Cellic® CTec2/Novozymes, different EFB concentrations (5%–15%, w/v), and hydrolysis time (6–72 H). Optimization essays were carried out in Erlenmeyer flasks and also in a 1 L stirred tank reactor. After enzymatic hydrolysis, a hydrolysate with 66 g/L of glucose was achieved with 2.2% (v/v) Cellic® CTec2, 15% (m/v) acid/alkaline pretreated EFB after 39 H of hydrolysis. A gain of 11.2% was then obtained in the 1 L stirred tank promoted by the agitation (72.2 g/L glucose). The hydrolysate was employed in bioethanol production by a new isolate Candida pelliculosa CCT 7734 in a separate hydrolysis and fermentation process reaching 16.6 and 23.0 g/L of bioethanol through batch and fed‐batch operation, respectively. An integrated biorefinery process was developed for EFB processing chain.
Biodegradable zinc oxide composite scaffolds promote osteochondral differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Khader Ateka , Arinzeh Treena Livingston 
Published: September 2019

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) involves the degeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. The capacity of articular cartilage to repair and regenerate is limited. A biodegradable, fibrous scaffold containing zinc oxide (ZnO) was fabricated and evaluated for osteochondral tissue engineering applications. ZnO has shown promise for a variety of biomedical applications but has had limited use in tissue engineering. Composite scaffolds consisted of ZnO nanoparticles embedded in slow degrading, polycaprolactone to allow for dissolution of zinc ions over time. Zinc has well‐known insulin‐mimetic properties and can be beneficial for cartilage and bone regeneration. Fibrous ZnO composite scaffolds, having varying concentrations of 1–10 wt.% ZnO, were fabricated using the electrospinning technique and evaluated for human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation along chondrocyte and osteoblast lineages. Slow release of the zinc was observed for all ZnO composite scaffolds. MSC chondrogenic differentiation was promoted on low percentage ZnO composite scaffolds as indicated by the highest collagen type II production and expression of cartilage‐specific genes, while osteogenic differentiation was promoted on high percentage ZnO composite scaffolds as indicated by the highest alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen production, and expression of bone‐specific genes. This study demonstrates the feasibility of ZnO‐containing composites as a potential scaffold for osteochondral tissue engineering.
The impact of sialylation linkage‐type on the pharmacokinetics of recombinant butyrylcholinesterases
Authors: Chung Cheng‐Yu , Wang Qiong , Yang Shuang , Chough Sandra , Seo Younji , Cipollo John F. , Balthasar Joseph P. , Betenbaugh Michael J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells typically produce glycoproteins with N‐glycans terminating in α‐2,3 sialylation. Human cells produce glycoproteins that include α‐2,3 and α‐2,6 sialic acids. To examine the impact of altering protein sialylation on pharmacokinetic properties, recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was produced in CHO cells by knocking out the α‐2,3 sialyltransferase genes followed by overexpression of the α‐2,6 sialyltransferase (26BChE) enzyme. The N‐glycan composition of 26BChE was compared to BChE with α‐2,3 sialylation (23BChE) derived from wild‐type CHO cells. Both 23BChE and 26BChE exhibited comparable antennarity distributions with bi‐antennary di‐sialylated glycans representing the most abundant glycoform. CD‐1 mice were intravenously injected with the 23BChE or 26BChE, and residual BChE activities from blood collected at various time points for pharmacokinetic analyses. Although 23BChE contained a slightly lower initial sialylation level compared to 26BChE, the molecule exhibited higher residual activity between 5 and 24 hr postinjection. Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated that 23BChE exhibited an increase in area under the curve and a lower volume of distribution at steady state than that of 26BChE. These findings suggest that the type of sialylation linkage may play a significant role in the pharmacokinetic behavior of a biotherapeutic when tested in in vivo animal models.