bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Sarcocystis calchasi in free-ranging host species: Accipiter hawks and Common Woodpigeon in Germany
Authors: Parmentier Sylvia L. , Maier-Sam Kristina , Failing Klaus , Enderlein Dirk , Gruber Achim D. , Lierz Michael 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe apicomplexan parasite Sarcocystis calchasi (S. calchasi) triggers pigeon protozoal encephalitis, a neurologic disease in columbids. Accipiter hawks have been identified as the final host, and Columbidae and Psittaciformes as intermediate hosts. In this study, 368 free-ranging Accipiter hawks and 647 free-ranging common woodpigeons were sampled in a country-wide study in order to identify the prevalence of S. calchasi in these populations. A semi-nested PCR specific for S. calchasi tested positive in 7.3% (4.9–10.5) of submitted samples from Accipiter hawks. Juvenile Accipiter hawks (13.7%; 7.7–22.0) had a significantly higher infection rate with S. calchasi than adult Accipiter hawks (5.8%; 2.7–9.3). The prevalence of S. calchasi in common woodpigeons was 3.3% (5.4–9.7). Positive pigeons were identified in 14/16 federal states, and a region-dependency was detected, with higher rates of infection in the eastern parts of Germany. The results of this study suggest that the common woodpigeon is a natural reservoir for S. calchasi. In a study of one region for four consecutive years, an increase in prevalence was not detected. Findings indicate that the parasite is not newly introduced to Germany, but rather long established. The prevalence suggests that there is a substantial risk of S. calchasi infections in other free-ranging as well as captive host species.
Phototransduction and circadian entrainment are the key pathways in the signaling mechanism for the baculovirus induced tree-top disease in the lepidopteran larvae
Authors: Bhattarai Upendra Raj , Li Fengjiao , Katuwal Bhattarai Mandira , Masoudi Abolfazl , Wang Dun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe tree-top disease is an altered behavioral state, displayed by baculovirus-infected lepidopteran larvae, and characterized by climbing to an elevated position before death. The detailed molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenal behavior change has not been reported yet. Our study focused on the transcriptomic changes in the host larvae due to baculovirus infection from pre-symptomatic to tree-top disease stage. Enrichment map visualization of the gene sets grouped based on the functional annotation similarity revealed 34 enriched pathways in signaling mechanism cluster during LdMNPV induced tree-top disease in third instarLymantria dispar asiaticalarvae. Directed light bioassay demonstrated the positively phototactic larvae during tree-top disease and the gene expression analysis showed altered rhythmicity of the host’s core circadian genes (perandtim) during the course of infection emphasizing the role of Circadian entrainment and Phototransduction pathways in the process, which also showed maximum interactions (>50% shared genes with 24 and 23 pathways respectively) among other signaling pathways in the enrichment map. Our study provided valuable insights into different pathways and genes, their coordinated response and molecular regulation during baculovirus infection and also improved our understanding regarding signaling mechanisms in LdMNPV induced tree-top disease.
Recordings in an integrating central neuron provide a quick way for identifying appropriate anaesthetic use in fish
Authors: Machnik Peter , Schirmer Elisabeth , Glück Laura , Schuster Stefan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn animal husbandry, livestock industry and research facilities, anaesthetic agents are frequently used to moderate stressful intervention. For mammals and birds, procedures have been established to fine-tune anaesthesia according to the intervention. In ectothermic vertebrates, however, and despite changes in legislation and growing evidence on their cognitive abilities, the presently available information is insufficient to make similarly informed decisions. Here we suggest a straightforward way for rapidly filling this gap. By recording from a command neuron in the brain of fish whose crucial role requires it to integrate and process information from all sensory systems and to relay it to motor output pathways, the specific effects of candidate anaesthesia on central processing of sensory information can directly and efficiently be probed. Our approach allows a rapid and reliable way of deciding if and at which concentration a given anaesthetic affects the central nervous system and sensory processing. We employ our method to four anaesthetics commonly used in fish and demonstrate that our method quickly and with small numbers of animals provides the critical data for informed decisions on anaesthetic use.
Immunogenetics of glioblastoma: the future of personalized patient management
Authors: Abedalthagafi Malak , Barakeh Duna , Foshay Kara M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe prognosis of glioblastoma has changed little over the past two decades, with only minor improvements in length of overall survival through the addition of temozolomide (temodal) to standard of care and the recommended use of alternating electric field therapy (optune) to newly diagnosed patients. In an effort to define novel therapeutic targets across molecularly heterogeneous disease subgroups, researchers have begun to uncover the complex interplay between epigenetics, cell signaling, metabolism, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Indeed, IDH mutations are now recognized as a defining differential factor not only influencing global hypermethylation and patient prognosis but also degree of immune infiltration within individual tumors. Likewise, next-generation sequencing has defined subgroup-specific transcriptional profiles that correlate with different mechanisms of immune evasion, including increased PD-L1 and CTLA-4 among mesenchymal tumors. Interestingly, sequencing of the T cell repertoire from numerous patient samples suggests that the correlation between mutational burden and enrichment of tumor-specific peptides may be less convincing than originally suspected. While this raises questions over the efficacy of dendritic cell or tumor-lysate vaccines and CAR-T therapies, these avenues continue to be explored. In addition to these active immunotherapies, inhibitors of molecular hubs with wide reaching effects, including STAT3, IDO, and TGF-β, are now in early-phase clinical trials. With the potential to block intrinsic biological properties of tumor growth and invasion while bolstering the immunogenic profile of the tumor microenvironment, these new targets represent a new direction for GBM therapies. In this review, we show the advances in molecular profiling and immunophenotyping of GBM, which may lead to the development of new personalized therapeutic strategies.
Multiphase voltage regulator with small output ripple in both CCM and DCM
Authors: Zhang Shuyu , Zhao Menglian , Hu Rubo , Wu Xiaobo 
Published: November 2018

A novel multiphase voltage regulator with small output ripple in both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is proposed. Mathematical analysis proves that the multiphase regulator has the smallest output ripple if phases are equally interleaved. The proposed regulator could minimise the output ripple through precisely interleaved phases by using a PLL‐based synchronous clock in CCM and a self‐adjusted staggered‐time generator in DCM. The design is validated by fabrication in 0.18 µm CMOS process. Test results show that the peak–peak values of output ripple are 6 and 9 mV with 4 and 0.3 A loads, respectively.
Adaptive frequency adjustment technique in current mode DC–DC converters for input voltage range extension
Authors: Xiao Zhiming , Zhao Guangshu , Wang Yu , Wang Huashu , Hu Weibo 
Published: November 2018

This study presents a switching frequency adjustment technique that helps widen the input voltage range of a current mode DC–DC converter. Conventional current‐mode switching converters suffer the minimum on/off time restrictions that limit the input‐to‐output conversion ratio. This work introduces an additional regulation loop on top of an existing converter that regulates the switching period when the minimum on/off time limit is approached. Compared with a converter with fixed switching frequency, the proposed approach allows the free‐running switching to be set without being limited by the minimum on/off time. A boost topology with output voltage of 24 V was built based on the proposed approach, and the measured valid input voltage range was extended from 8–16 to 3–21 V by the proposed scheme under 1 MHz preset frequency. Since the slope‐compensation current, the inductor size, and the output capacitor are all optimised at 1 MHz and is not limited by the minimum on/off time which may lower the switching frequency of a conventional converter down to 450 kHz, the measured maximum available output current and the typical output voltage ripple under 12 V input achieved 1.57 A and 57 mV, respectively.
Spectro-interferometric observations of a sample of Be stars
Authors: Cochetti Y. R. , Arcos C. , Kanaan S. , Meilland A. , Cidale L. S. , Curé M. 
Published: November 2018

Context. Be stars are rapid rotators surrounded by a gaseous disk envelope whose origin is still under debate. This envelope is responsible for observed emission lines and large infrared excess.
Aims. To progress in the understanding of the physical processes involved in the disk formation, we estimate the disk parameters for a sample of Be stars and search for correlations between these parameters and stellar properties.
Methods. We performed spectro-interferometric observations of 26 Be stars in the region of the Brγ line to study the kinematical properties of their disks through the Doppler effect. Observations were performed at the Paranal observatory with the VLTI/AMBER interferometer. This instrument provides high spectral (R ≃ 12 000) and high spatial (θmin = 4 mas) resolutions.
Results. We modeled 18 Be stars with emission in the Brγ line. The disk kinematic is described by a quasi-Keplerian rotation law, with the exception of HD 28497 that presents a one-arm density-wave structure. Using a combined sample, we derived a mean value for the velocity ratio V̅/V̅c = 0.75 (where Vc is the critical velocity), and found that rotation axes are probably randomly distributed in the sky. Disk sizes in the line component model are in the range of 2–13 stellar radii and do not correlate with the effective temperature or spectral type. However, we found that the maximum size of a stable disk correlates with the rotation velocity at the inner part of the disk and the stellar mass.
Conclusions. We found that, on average, the Be stars of our combined sample do not rotate at their critical velocity. However, the centrifugal force and mass of the star defines an upper limit size for a stable disk configuration. For a given rotation, high-mass Be stars tend to have more compact disks than their low-mass counterparts. It would be interesting to follow up the evolution of the disk size in variable stars to better understand the formation and dissipation processes of their circumstellar disks.
Photochemical escape of atomic C and N on Mars: clues from a multi-instrument MAVEN dataset
Authors: Cui J. , Wu X. -S. , Gu H. , Jiang F. -Y. , Wei Y. 
Published: November 2018

Context. Photochemical escape of hot atoms is crucial to the long-term evolution of the Martian climate. For atomic C and N, photochemical escape is primarily driven by photodissociation (PD) of CO and N2.
Aims. Combining the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) measurements of atmospheric neutral densities and solar EUV/X-ray irradiance, we perform a state-of-the-art analysis of atomic C and N escape on Mars.
Methods. For each MAVEN orbit, we calculated the hot C and N production rates in the dayside Martian upper atmosphere via PD, from which the escape rates are estimated using a simplified technique to parameterize the respective escape probabilities taking into account multiple collisions with ambient neutrals.
Results. The mean C and N escape rates are 1 × 1024 s−1 and 9 × 1024 s−1, appropriate for low to moderate solar activity conditions, and thermospheric PD makes a larger contribution to the total N escape than to the total C escape. The above differences highlight the importance of nascent energy, with more energetic nascent escaping atoms able to survive collisions with ambient neutrals more easily, thus extending down to deeper regions of the atmosphere. Solar cycle variation in C and N escape is revealed by our analysis, whereas solar zenith angle variation is absent for both species. These results could be explained by the fact that the production of nascent escaping atoms responds to varying solar illumination angle at low altitudes where the escape probability is negligible, but responds to varying level of solar EUV/X-ray irradiance at high altitudes where the atmosphere is essentially collisionless.
Direct evidence of a full dipole flip during the magnetic cycle of a sun-like star
Authors: Boro Saikia S. , Lueftinger T. , Jeffers S. V. , Folsom C. P. , See V. , Petit P. , Marsden S. C. , Vidotto A. A. , Morin J. , Reiners A. , Guedel M. ,   the BCool Collaboration
Published: November 2018

Context.The behaviour of the large-scale dipolar field, during a star’s magnetic cycle, can provide valuable insight into the stellar dynamo and associated magnetic field manifestations such as stellar winds.Aims.We investigate the temporal evolution of the dipolar field of the K dwarf 61 Cyg A using spectropolarimetric observations covering nearly one magnetic cycle equivalent to two chromospheric activity cycles.Methods.The large-scale magnetic field geometry is reconstructed using Zeeman Doppler imaging, a tomographic inversion technique. Additionally, the chromospheric activity is also monitored.Results.The observations provide an unprecedented sampling of the large-scale field over a single magnetic cycle of a star other than the Sun. Our results show that 61 Cyg A has a dominant dipolar geometry except at chromospheric activity maximum. The dipole axis migrates from the southern to the northern hemisphere during the magnetic cycle. It is located at higher latitudes at chromospheric activity cycle minimum and at middle latitudes during cycle maximum. The dipole is strongest at activity cycle minimum and much weaker at activity cycle maximum.Conclusions.The behaviour of the large-scale dipolar field during the magnetic cycle resembles the solar magnetic cycle. Our results are further confirmation that 61 Cyg A indeed has a large-scale magnetic geometry that is comparable to the Sun’s, despite being a slightly older and cooler K dwarf.
Rekonstruktionstechniken der posterioren Augenlidlamelle
Authors: Kopecky Adam , Rokohl Alexander , Heindl Ludwig 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungGroße durchgreifende Liddefekte waren und sind eine der größten Herausforderungen in der ophthalmoplastischen Chirurgie. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, verschiedene Rekonstruktionstechniken der hinteren Lidlamelle darzustellen sowie die Indikationen, Vor- und Nachteile der einzelnen Techniken herauszuarbeiten.
Grundlagen der Optik
Authors: Buser Annemarie , Baumbach Peter , von Livonius Bettina 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungAls Augenarzt ist es sehr wichtig zu wissen, ob eine eingeschränkte Sehkraft refraktiv bedingt ist oder ob eine andere Pathologie dahintersteckt. Die Refraktion nimmt daher am Anfang einer jeden Augenuntersuchung einen wichtigen Stellenwert ein. Dafür ist es wichtig, die Grundgesetze der Optik zu kennen. So ist es bei der Anpassung von sphärischen und zylindrischen Gläsern interessant zu wissen, welche Eigenschaften die jeweiligen Linsen haben. Auch sollte man über die Strahlengänge und Brechungsgesetze bei der Anpassung von Brillengläsern und Prismen Bescheid wissen. Zudem sollte man bei der Verordnung von Brillengläsern Hornhautscheitelabstandsänderungen beachten und Umrechnungen für die Stärke von Kontaktlinsen kennen. Nur wenn man ein tieferes Verständnis für die Refraktion und die Korrektion fehlsichtiger Augen hat, kann man auch optimale Sehhilfen bei schwierigeren Refraktionsverhältnissen anpassen.
Acute on Chronic Liver Failure and Immune Dysfunction: A Mimic of Sepsis
Authors: Hensley Matthew , Deng Jane 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBoth the adaptive and innate arms of immunity are altered in patients with cirrhosis, which have both prognostic and clinical implications. Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF), defined as decompensated cirrhosis with associated organ failure, carries a high risk of 28-day mortality and is marked by a significant inflammatory response. Patients with decompensated chronic liver disease display a shift from a chronic low-grade inflammatory state to one of intense inflammation, followed by the development of immunoparalysis. Considerable heterogeneity exists depending on the nature of the inciting cause and duration of ACLF. In this review, we will highlight the changes that immune cell populations in the liver undergo during decompensated liver disease, underscoring the immunological paradox between inflammation and increased susceptibility to infection that occurs during ACLF and progressive cirrhosis, as well as provide future perspectives regarding potentially useful biomarkers and possible avenues for treatment.
Perioperative Considerations in Liver Transplantation
Authors: Cortes Lopez Roxana , Steadman Randolph , Wray Christopher , Qadir Nida , Chang Steven Y. , Wang Tisha , Barjaktarevic Igor 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLiver transplantation (LT) has the potential to cure patients with acute and chronic liver failure as well as a number of hepatic and biliary malignancies. Over time, due to the increasing demand for organs as well as improvements in the survival of LT recipients, patients awaiting LT have become sicker, and often undergo the procedure while critically ill. This trend has made the process of preoperative assessment and planning, intraoperative management, and postoperative management even more crucial to the success of LT programs. Multidisciplinary and specialized teams are essential and include anesthesiologists, surgeons, and intensivists. This article focuses on the preoperative evaluation, intraoperative care, and postoperative management of the liver transplant patient. Management relevant to the critically ill patient is discussed, with a focus on the management of postoperative cardiopulmonary conditions including the care of special populations such as those with hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension.
An Improved Method of Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage Combining Ultrasound-Guided Bile Duct Puncture with Metal Stent Implantation by Fluoroscopic Guidance and Endoscopic Visualization as a One-Step Procedure: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Schmitz Daniel , Weller Niels , Doll Matthias , Weingärtner Simon , Pelaez Nuria , Reinmuth Gabriele , Hetjens Svetlana , Rudi Jochen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Aims In recently published comparative studies, it is reported that percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is less successful, causes more adverse events, and needs more re-interventions than endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) in patients with malignant extrahepatic bile duct obstruction when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) fails. Could an improved technique of PTBD produce better results to use this technique for further comparative studies with EUSBD?
Methods In our tertiary referral hospital, 116 prospectively documented, and retrospectively analyzed PTBDs with ultrasound guided ductal puncture were performed. In 16 of 30 PTBDs with metal stent implantation in malignant diseases, metal stent was inserted as a one-step procedure by endoscopic luminal guidance in the first session.
Results Fifteen of 16 (94%) or 14/16 (88%) of PTBDs with primary metal stent implantation were technically or clinically successful. Mainly the left liver was used as access route for PTBD. Procedure time was 68.1 minutes (25–118), fluoroscopic time: 18.6 minutes (3–46), and patient radiation exposure: 5957 μGy/m2 (471–17,569). In 2/16 (12.5%) patients, adverse events (1 × mild and 1 × moderate grade of severity) were documented. One re-intervention was necessary (0.1/patient) in the observation time of 6 months. The mean overall survival time was 163.2 (7–864) days after PTBD.
Conclusions PTBD with ultrasound-guided ductal puncture and primary metal implantation by endoscopic luminal guidance in patients with malignant extrahepatic bile duct obstruction showed good technical and clinical success and low adverse event and reintervention rates in our retrospective cohort study.
Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03541590.
Evaluation of Clinical Relevance of Drug–Drug Interaction Alerts Prior to Implementation
Authors: Meslin S. , Zheng W. , Day R. , Tay E. , Baysari M. 
Published: November 2018

Introduction Drug–drug interaction (DDI) alerts are often implemented in the hospital computerized provider order entry (CPOE) systems with limited evaluation. This increases the risk of prescribers experiencing too many irrelevant alerts, resulting in alert fatigue. In this study, we aimed to evaluate clinical relevance of alerts prior to implementation in CPOE using two common approaches: compendia and expert panel review.
Methods After generating a list of hypothetical DDI alerts, that is, alerts that would have been triggered if DDI alerts were operational in the CPOE, we calculated the agreement between multiple drug interaction compendia with regards to the severity of these alerts. A subset of DDI alerts (n = 13), with associated patient information, were presented to an expert panel to reach a consensus on whether each alert should be included in the CPOE.
Results There was poor agreement between compendia in their classifications of DDI severity (Krippendorff's α: 0.03; 95% confidence interval: –0.07 to 0.14). Only 10% of DDI alerts were classed as severe by all compendia. On the other hand, the panel reached consensus on 12 of the 13 alerts that were presented to them regarding whether they should be included in the CPOE.
Conclusion Using an expert panel and allowing them to discuss their views openly likely resulted in high agreement on what alerts should be included in a CPOE system. Presenting alerts in the context of patient cases allowed panelists to identify the conditions under which alerts were clinically relevant. The poor agreement between compendia suggests that this methodology may not be ideal for the evaluation of DDI alerts. Performing preimplementation review of DDI alerts before they are enabled provides an opportunity to minimize the risk of alert fatigue before prescribers are exposed to false-positive alerts.
Publishing in English
Authors: Bondi Marina , Borelli Carlotta 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In a global academic environment, increasing attention has been paid to the international use of English for
publication purposes. The chapter presents a corpus-based study of the differences between authors’ final versions –
seen as a case of writing in English as Lingua Franca – and published versions of papers. The economics component of
the SciELF corpus – a collection of unrevised articles by ELF users – is compared to a larger corpus of published
articles in Business and Economics. The comparison confirms the “cooperative imperative” of ELF users, though limited
to a restricted range of general markers, and suggests a “selling imperative” in the process of revision, emphasizing
authorial presence through personal deixis, epistemic markers and lexical cohesion.