bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between incidence and prevalence in psychotic disorders: An incidence–prevalence–mortality model
Authors: Pignon Baptiste , Schürhoff Franck , Baudin Grégoire , Tortelli Andrea , Ferchiou Aziz , Saba Ghassen , Richard Jean‐Romain , Pelissolo Antoine , Leboyer Marion , Szöke Andrei 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectivesIncidence–prevalence–mortality (IPM) models have been developped to estimate incidence or prevalence when one of these two measures is unavailable. We aimed to test the consistency of an IPM model of psychotic disorders on a recent incidence–prevalence couple dataset and to identify potential causes of inconsistency by applying the model to (a) the whole population, (b) female and male subgroups, (c) migrant subgroups, and (d) psychotic disorders with age at onset (AAO) between 18 and 24 (18–24 AAO).MethodsWe modelled prevalence (MP) using incidence data and the expected mortality and remission values. We then compared the MP to the observed prevalence (OP).ResultsIn the whole population, the model significantly underestimated the prevalence (MP = 3.30, 95% CI [2.97, 3.66]; OP = 4.98, 95% CI [4.58, 5.41]). The results were similar for the two genders. In the migrants group, results were in the opposite direction, the model significantly overestimating the prevalence. Finally, in the 18–24 AAO subgroup, the model performed well, with OP and MP not significantly different.ConclusionThese results suggest that standard IPM models do not perform well for psychotic disorders and more complex models taking into account the heterogeneity of the sample (in terms of remission, mortality, population movements, etc.) need to be developed.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Parameters for the Evaluation of Malnutrition in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis
Authors: da Silva Angela Teodósio , Hauschild Daniela Barbieri , Moreno Yara Maria Franco , Bastos João Luiz Dornelles , Wazlawik Elisabeth 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn the absence of a gold standard technique for assessing nutrition status in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD), we aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of single‐frequency (50 kHz) bioelectrical impedance analysis parameters, resistance/height (R/H), reactance/height (Xc/H), and impedance/height (Z/H), and their cutoff points for malnutrition.MethodsThe reference standards, Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Malnutrition Inflammation Score, and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002, were performed at baseline and then once a year for 2 years. At least 2 assessments for each reference standard were performed during the monitoring period, and those patients who were assessed as malnourished on at least 2 consecutive occasions were classified as malnourished.ResultsA total 101 patients receiving HD were evaluated. R/H and Z/H demonstrated low to moderate accuracy to diagnose malnutrition in men and low accuracy in women, whereas the accuracy of Xc/H was uncertain. The cutoff points of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) parameters, determined based on the SGA to maximize sensitivity and specificity simultaneously, were: R/H ≥330.05 and ≥420.92 ohms/m for men and women, respectively; Z/H ≥332.71 and ≥423.19 ohms/m for men and women, respectively. In men, sensitivity based on the cutoff points of R/H and Z/H together ranged from 73% to 89% and specificity ranged from 49% to 50%. In women, sensitivity ranged from 58% to 80% and specificity from 48% to 55%.ConclusionBIVA parameters demonstrated low to moderate accuracy in men and low accuracy in women for the diagnosis of malnutrition.
Lectin Microarray Combined with Mass Spectrometry Identifies Haptoglobin‐Related Protein (HPR) as a Potential Serologic Biomarker for Separating Nonbacterial Pneumonia from Bacterial Pneumonia in Childhood
Authors: Yang Lin , Yang Zhou , Cheng Lei , Cheng Juan , Cheng Li , Sun Yangyang , Li Wenting , Song Kai , Huang Weichun , Yin Yong , Tao Shengce , Zhang Qinghua 
Published: May 2018

PurposeEtiological diagnosis of pediatric patients with community‐acquired pneumonia is difficult. For therapy, one of the major problems is the difficulty in separating bacterial pneumonia which would benefit from antibiotics from nonbacterial pneumonia. Therefore, to identify potential biomarkers for distinguishing nonbacterial pneumonia from bacterial pneumonia are sought
.Experimental designLectin microarray containing 91 lectins is used to screen serums from pediatric patients with pneumonia. Lectin‐based pull‐down assay combined with LC‐MS/MS is used to identify the potential biomarkers.ResultsSNA‐I, a lectin binding preferentially to α2‐6 linked sialic acid residues, shows higher binding signals (near 42 kDa) in the mycoplasma pneumonia group, when compared with the other groups. A total of 18 proteins are identified with LC‐MS/MS. By western blot analysis, the authors confirm that the expression of haptoglobin‐related protein (HPR) is elevated in pediatric patients with pneumonia compared with normal children (p < 0.001). Furthermore, HPR is higher in the mycoplasma pneumonia group (p < 0.01) and the viral pneumonia group (p < 0.05), when compared with the bacterial pneumonia group.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThese results indicate that HPR is a potential serologic biomarker which can differentiate between bacterial pneumonia and nonbacterial pneumonia. Detection of serum HPR might be useful for clinical diagnosis.
Determination of radiotherapy target volume for esophageal cancer
Authors: Liu Chaoxing , Gao Xianshu 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEsophageal carcinoma is a lethal disease that is endemic to many parts of the world, particularly in the Taihang Mountains of China. Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of advanced esophageal carcinomas. Although the radiotherapy technology for esophageal carcinoma has progressed recently, after a long history, there still remain issues and concerns about determining the appropriate target volumes. The target volumes influence precise dose delivery, clinical results, and radiotherapy complications. In this article, we review current target volume determination approaches and our experiences.
Adiposity and Cortisol Response to Stress in Indian Adolescents
Authors: Krishnaveni G. V. , Jones A. , Veena S. R. , Somashekara R. , Karat S. C. , Fall C. H. D. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Objective
We examined associations of different adiposity measures with cortisol responses during the Trier Social Stress Test for children (TSST-C).

Design
Descriptive study.

Setting
Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India.

Participants
Adolescents aged 13.5y from a birth cohort were recruited (N=269, 133 boys).

Methods
The stressor (TSST-C) was 5-minutes each of public speaking and mental arithmetic tasks in front of two unfamiliar ‘judges’. Salivary cortisol concentrations were measured at baseline and at regular intervals after TSST-C. Weight, height, sub scapular and triceps skinfold thickness, and waist and hip circumference were measured, and percentage body fat was estimated (fat%; bioimpedance). Body mass index (BMI) and Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. All variables were converted into within-cohort SD scores before analysis. Stressinduced change in cortisol concentrations from baseline (cortisol response) was examined in relation to adiposity.

Results
Stress increased cortisol concentrations significantly from baseline (mean (SD): 5.5 (6.4) ng/mL; P<0.001). Higher WHR was associated with lower cortisol response at 20 and 30-minutes after stress (~0.13 SD decrease in cortisol response per SD higher WHR, P<0.05). Higher fat% was also associated with lower cortisol response only in girls 20-minutes post-stress (0.23 SD lower response per SD higher fat%, P=0.004). Sum of skinfold thickness and BMI were not associated with cortisol responses.

Conclusions
Abdominal adiposity is associated with reduced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity to stress in this adolescent population.
HLA-B*5701 Allele in HIV-infected Indian Children and its Association with Abacavir Hypersensitivity
Authors: Manglani Mamta V. , Gabhale Yashwant R. , Lala Mamatha M. , Sekhar Rohini , More Dipti 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Objective
To determine the prevalence of HLA-B*5701 allele in HIV-infected children, and to find its association with Abacavir hypersensitivity.

Methods
Children (2 to 18 y) already on, or to be initiated on Abacavir were included for PCR sequencing to detect HLA-B*5701. Outcome measures were: proportion with HLA B*5701 allele and hypersensitivity with Abacavir. Abacavir was stopped if patient tested positive for HLA-B*5701 allele.

Results
100 children (median age 11 y) were enrolled; 10 were already on Abacavir. HLA-B*5701 positivity was observed in 11 (11%) children. Two of these 11 children developed hypersensitivity after initiation of Abacavir. Abacavir was thereafter stopped in all who tested HLA-B*5701 positive, irrespective of the development of hypersensitivity reaction.

Conclusions
HLA-B*5701 allele was present in 11 (11%) of HIV-infected children, of which two developed Abacavir hypersensitivity. None of the patients without the allele developed hypersensitivity.
Diagnosis and Management of Gaucher Disease in India – Consensus Guidelines of the Gaucher Disease Task Force of the Society for Indian Academy of Medical Genetics and the Indian Academy of Pediatrics
Authors: Puri Ratna Dua , Kapoor Seema , Kishnani Priya S. , Dalal Ashwin , Gupta Neerja , Muranjan Mamta , Phadke Shubha R. , Sachdeva Anupam , Verma Ishwar C. , Mistry Pramod K. ,   Gaucher Disease Task Force
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Justification
Gaucher disease (GD) is amongst the most frequently occurring lysosomal storage disorder in all ethnicities. The clinical manifestations and natural history of GD is highly heterogeneous with extreme geographic and ethnic variations. The literature on GD has paucity of information and optimal management guidelines for Indian patients.

Process
Gaucher Disease Task Force was formed under the auspices of the Society for Indian Academy of Medical Genetics. Invited experts from various specialties formulated guidelines for the management of patients with GD. A writing committee was formed and the draft guidelines were circulated by email to all members for comments and inputs. The guidelines were finalized in December 2016 at the annual meeting of the Indian Academy of Medical Genetics.

Objectives
These guidelines are intended to serve as a standard framework for treating physicians and the health care systems for optimal management of Gaucher disease in India and to define unique needs of this patient population.

Recommendations
Manifestations of GD are protean and a high index of suspicion is essential for timely diagnosis. Patients frequently experience diagnostic delays during which severe irreversible complications occur. Leucocyte acid β-glucosidase activity is mandatory for establishing the diagnosis of Gaucher disease; molecular testing can help identify patients at risk of neuronopathic disease. Enzyme replacement therapy for type 1 and type 3 Gaucher disease is the standard of care. Best outcomes are achieved by early initiation of therapy before onset of irreversible complications. However, in setting of progressive neurological symptoms such as seizures and or/neuroregression, ERT is not recommended, as it cannot cross the blood brain barrier. The recommendations herein are for diagnosis, for initiation of therapy, therapeutic goals, monitoring and follow up of patients. We highlight that prevention of recurrence of the disease through genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis is essential in India, due to uniformly severe phenotypes encountered in our population.
Cytomegalovirus Enterocolitis in a Term Neonate
Authors: Vyasam Siva Prasad , Abiramalatha Thangaraj , Hema Nalapalu Srinivasan , Thomas Niranjan 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) enterocolitis is rare in term neonates.

Case characteristics
A term newborn with persistent pneumonia from birth developed enterocolitis on day 18 of life.

Outcome
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for CMV DNA was positive in urine sample. Antiviral therapy for six weeks resulted in successful treatment without any stricture formation.

Message
CMV enterocolitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in atypical cases of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates.
Estimation of lifetime risks of Alzheimer's disease dementia using biomarkers for preclinical disease
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron , Abdalla Nada 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIntroductionLifetime risks are the probabilities of progressing to Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia during one's lifespan. Here, we report the first estimates of the lifetime and ten‐year risks of AD dementia based on age, gender, and biomarker tests for preclinical disease.MethodsWe used a multistate model for the disease process together with US death rates.ResultsLifetime risks of AD dementia vary considerably by age, gender, and the preclinical or clinical disease state of the individual. For example, the lifetime risks for a female with only amyloidosis are 8.4% for a 90‐year old and 29.3% for a 65‐year old. Persons younger than 85 years with mild cognitive impairment, amyloidosis, and neurodegeneration have lifetime risks of AD dementia greater than 50%.DiscussionMost persons with preclinical AD will not develop AD dementia during their lifetimes. Lifetime risks help interpret the clinical significance of biomarker screening tests for AD.
Coloanal intussusception in adults due to lipoma
Authors: Reis Luciano Dias de Oliveira , Matos João Roberto , Soares Paula Nicoli , Mendes Luiz Henrique Bastos , Reis Cassiana Franco Dias dos , Cardoso Filho Celso Augusto Milani , Fernandes Orlando Papi , Costa Alex P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAdult intussusception is a rare condition. But coloanal intussusception is an exception. Malignant lesions are the most common cause of colonic intussusception, and in this aspect, differ from childhood intussusception. We present a case wherein the patient had a lipoma of the sigmoid colon that caused an immense prolapse through the anus. Very few cases of coloanal intussusception are reported in adults, and we discuss the diagnostic tools and the management of this rare surgical entity.
Democracy's Demands
Authors: Gargarella Roberto 
Published: May 2018

In a classic article published in 1992, Thomas Franck wrote of an “emerging right to democratic governance” in international law. In his view, such a right implied that the acceptance of a government by other states in the international arena depended on whether the government ruled with the consent of its own people. In a later piece, published in 2000, Franck elaborated, stating that
[w]hile democracy has long been a right of people in some nations, enshrined in their constitutions and traditions and enforced by their judiciary and police, this has not been true universally. That democracy is becoming an entitlement in international law and process is due in part to the very recent political reality of a burgeoning pro-democracy movement within the States that constitute the world community.
The monogeneanParadiplozoon ichthyoxanthonbehaves like a micropredator on two of its hosts, as indicated by stable isotopes
Authors: Sures B. , Nachev M. , Gilbert B.M. , Dos Santos Q.M. , Jochmann M.A. , Köster D. , Schmidt T.C. , Avenant-Oldewage A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen has been used as a fingerprint for understanding the trophic interactions of organisms. Most of these studies have been applied to free-living organisms, while parasites have largely been neglected. Studies dealing with parasites so far have assessed the carbon and nitrogen signatures in endoparasites or ectoparasites of different hosts, without showing general trends concerning the nutritional relationships within host–parasite associations. Moreover, in most cases such systems involved a single host and parasite species. The present study is therefore the first to detail the trophic interactions of a freshwater monogenean–host model using δ13C and δ15N, where a single monogenean species infects two distinctly different hosts. Host fishes,Labeobarbus aeneusandLabeobarbus kimberleyensisfrom the Vaal Dam, South Africa, were assessed for the monogenean parasiteParadiplozoon ichthyoxanthon, individuals of which were removed from the gills of the hosts. The parasites and host muscle samples were analysed for signatures of δ13C and δ15N using an elemental analyser connected to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Host fish appear to use partly different food sources, withL. aeneushaving slightly elevated δ13C signatures compared toL. kimberleyensis, and showed only small differences with regard to their nitrogen signatures, suggesting that both species range on the same trophic level. Carbon and nitrogen signatures inP. ichthyoxanthonshowed that the parasites mirrored the small differences in dietary carbon sources of the host but, according to δ15N signatures, the parasite ranged on a higher trophic level than the hosts. This relationship resembles predator–prey relationships and therefore suggests thatP. ichthyoxanthonmight act as a micropredator, similar to blood-sucking arthropods such as mites and fleas.
EFFECTS OF PROFICIENCY SUBSKILLS ON PRAGMATIC DEVELOPMENT IN L2 CHINESE STUDY ABROAD
Authors: Xiao Feng , Taguchi Naoko , Li Shuai 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis study is the first to examine contributions of proficiency subskills to pragmatic development. We used the latent growth curve modeling to reveal the causal relationships between proficiency subskills and pragmatic competence in 109 American learners of Chinese across two data points over three months abroad in China. Proficiency was measured by a standardized Chinese proficiency test with separate scores for listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Pragmatic competence was measured by a computerized oral discourse completion task assessing speech acts. Findings showed that pragmatic competence accrued along with increased proficiency. Changes of proficiency explained 54.1% of the variance in changes of pragmatic competence. Listening and speaking contributed more to pragmatic development than reading and writing did, indicating that when pragmatic competence is measured by an online spoken task, speaking and listening have stronger impacts.
Structural explanations in syntactic variation: The evolution of English negative and polarity indefinites
Authors: Burnett Heather , Koopman Hilda , Tagliamonte Sali A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIt is well documented that the study of differences in grammaticality contrasts across the world's languages has implications for the synchronic study of preferential/frequency contrasts within a single language. Our paper extends this observation, arguing that the cross-linguistic study of both grammaticality and frequency contrasts can be crucial to the proper characterization of patterns of diachronic change. As an illustration of this proposal, we investigate patterns of synchronic and diachronic variation in the use of postverbal negative quantifiers (e.g.,nothing, nobody, no book,etc., as in,I knownothing) versus negative polarity items under negation (e.g.,not … anything, not … anybody, not … any book, etc., as in,I don'tknowanything) in English. We show how a detailed comparison with similar patterns found elsewhere in closely related languages can give us a better understanding of which linguistic factors condition the use of these different kinds of indefinites in Modern Spoken English and a new perspective on a well-studied proposed change in progress in the English quantificational system.
A long way from New York City: Socially stratified contact-induced phonological convergence in Ganluo Ersu (Sichuan, China)
Authors: Chirkova Katia , Stanford James N. , Wang Dehe 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLabov's classic study,The Social Stratification of English in New York City(1966), paved the way for generations of researchers to examine sociolinguistic patterns in many different communities (Bell, Sharma, & Britain, 2016). This research paradigm has traditionally tended to focus on Western industrialized communities and large world languages and dialects, leaving many unanswered questions about lesser-studied indigenous minority communities. In this study, we examine whether Labovian models for age, sex, and social stratification (Labov, 1966, 2001; Trudgill, 1972, 1974) may be effectively applied to a small, endangered Tibeto-Burman language in southwestern China: Ganluo Ersu. Using new field recordings with 97 speakers, we find evidence of phonological change in progress as Ganluo Ersu consonants are converging toward Chinese phonology. The results suggest that when an endangered language undergoes convergence toward a majority language due to intense contact, this convergence is manifested in a socially stratified way that is consistent with many of the predictions of the classic Labovian sociolinguistic principles.
Discourse motivations for pronominal and zero objects across registers in Vera'a
Authors: Schnell Stefan , Barth Danielle 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe choice between pronominal and zero form for objects in the Oceanic language Vera'a is investigated quantitatively in texts from two registers with discourse topics of three different ontological class memberships. Discourse topicality is found to predict best the choice between pronoun and zero, outranking the factors of ontological class membership, antecedent form, and antecedent function. Contrary to current models of referent tracking, antecedent distance does not show any effect at all. It is concluded that (a) discourse structure and activation are not universally the most significant factors in referential choice and (b) ontological class and discourse topicality can be teased apart through appropriate text sampling, and it is the latter that is most significant. This bears important implications for the grammaticalization of object agreement and the typology of differential object marking.
Gerschenkron, Amsden, and Japan: The State in Late Development
Authors: KASZA GREGORY J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe concept of late development is ubiquitous in political science. Scholars generally use the term to explain the state's role in the economy based upon the timing of a country's industrialization. Many consider Japan a quintessential example of state-driven late development. This article surveys the late development theories of Alexander Gerschenkron and Alice Amsden. It then appraises these theories based upon Japan's experience, demonstrating that neither accurately describes the state's role in Japan's industrialization.To be clear, the argument is not that the state played no part in Japan's economic development. The question is whether late development offers an effective conceptual tool for explaining the causes, content, and timing of state action. There are many possible explanations of Japan's industrialization. Late development is only one of them, and not a very good one.