bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytic construction of multi-brane solutions in cubic string field theory for any brane number
Authors: Hata Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We present an analytic construction of multi-brane solutions with any integer brane number in cubic open string field theory (CSFT) on the basis of the ${K\!Bc}$ algebra. Our solution is given in the pure-gauge form $\Psi=U{Q_\textrm{B}} U^{-1}$ by a unitary string field $U$, which we choose to satisfy two requirements. First, the energy density of the solution should reproduce that of the $(N+1)$-branes. Second, the equations of motion (EOM) of the solution should hold against the solution itself. In spite of the pure-gauge form of $\Psi$, these two conditions are non-trivial ones due to the singularity at $K=0$. For the $(N+1)$-brane solution, our $U$ is specified by $[N/2]$ independent real parameters $\alpha_k$. For the 2-brane ($N=1$), the solution is unique and reproduces the known one. We find that $\alpha_k$ satisfying the two conditions indeed exist as far as we have tested for various integer values of $N\ (=2, 3, 4, 5, \ldots)$. Our multi-brane solutions consisting only of the elements of the ${K\!Bc}$ algebra have the problem that the EOM is not satisfied against the Fock states and therefore are not complete ones. However, our construction should be an important step toward understanding the topological nature of CSFT, which has similarities to the Chern–Simons theory in three dimensions.
Industrial Policies in Production Networks*
Authors: Liu Ernest 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMany developing economies adopt industrial policies favoring selected sectors. Is there an economic logic to this type of intervention? I analyze industrial policy when economic sectors form a production network via input-output linkages. Market imperfections generate distortionary effects that compound through backward demand linkages, causing upstream sectors to become the sink for imperfections and have the greatest size distortions. My key finding is that the distortion in sectoral size is a sufficient statistic for the social value of promoting that sector; thus, there is an incentive for a well-meaning government to subsidize upstream sectors. Furthermore, sectoral interventions’ aggregate effects can be simply summarized, to first order, by the cross-sector covariance between my sufficient statistic and subsidy spending. My sufficient statistic predicts sectoral policies in South Korea in the 1970s and modern-day China, suggesting that sectoral interventions might have generated positive aggregate effects in these economies.
Aggregation, Capital Heterogeneity, and the Investment CAPM
Authors: Gonçalves Andrei S , Xue Chen , Zhang Lu 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A detailed treatment of aggregation and capital heterogeneity substantially improves the performance of the investment CAPM. Firm-level predicted returns are constructed from firm-level accounting variables and aggregated to the portfolio level to match with portfolio-level stock returns. Working capital forms a separate productive input besides physical capital. The model simultaneously fits the value, momentum, investment, and profitability premiums and partially explains positive stock-fundamental return correlations, the procyclical and short-term dynamics of the momentum and profitability premiums, and the countercyclical and long-term dynamics of the value and investment premiums. However, the model falls short in explaining momentum crashes.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online..
Sleep duration and quality are not associated with brown adipose tissue volume or activity—as determined by 18F-FDG uptake, in young, sedentary adults
Authors: Acosta Francisco M , Sanchez-Delgado Guillermo , Martinez-Tellez Borja , Migueles Jairo H , Amaro-Gahete Francisco J , Rensen Patrick C N , Llamas-Elvira Jose M , Blondin Denis P , Ruiz Jonatan R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Study Objectives
Short sleep duration and sleep disturbances have been related to obesity and metabolic disruption. However, the behavioral and physiological mechanisms linking sleep and alterations in energy balance and metabolism are incompletely understood. In rodents, sleep regulation is closely related to appropriate brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity, but whether the same is true in humans has remained unknown. The present work examines whether sleep duration and quality are related to BAT volume and activity (measured by 18F-FDG) and BAT radiodensity in humans.

Methods
A total of 118 healthy adults (69% women, 21.9 ± 2.2 years, body mass index: 24.9 ± 4.7 kg/m2) participated in this cross-sectional study. Sleep duration and other sleep variables were measured using a wrist-worn accelerometer for seven consecutive days for 24 hours per day. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep quality. All participants then underwent a personalized cold exposure to determine their BAT volume, activity, and radiodensity (a proxy of the intracellular triglyceride content), using static positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CI) scan.

Results
Neither sleep duration nor quality was associated with BAT volume or activity (the latter represented by the mean and peak standardized 18F-FDG uptake values) or radiodensity (all p &gt; .1). The lack of association remained after adjusting the analyses for sex, date of PET/CT, and body composition.

Conclusions
Although experiments in rodent models indicate a strong relationship to exist between sleep regulation and BAT function, it seems that sleep duration and quality may not be directly related to the BAT variables examined in the present work.

Clinical Trial Registration
NCT02365129 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Maternal and congenital infections arising from Zika, dengue and Chikungunya arboviruses in Salvador, Brazil
Authors: Duarte Alan Oliveira , Oliveira João Vitor , Carvalho Tereza Cristina Xavier , Pessoa Lorena de Brito , Filho Cláudio Magalhães , Lima Jéssica Graziele Souza , Carvalho Daniel Augusto , dos Santos Daiana Carlos , Santos Cleiton Silva , Pessoa Rosana , Souza Gloryane Bessa , Calcagno Juan Ignacio , Santana Edilene Mota , de Oliveira Aline Sousa , Francisco Marcos Vinicius Lima de Oliveira , Costa Bernardo Gratival Gouvea , Gomes Lillian Nunes , Romero Fernando , Khouri Ricardo , Alcântara Luiz Carlos , Lima Fernanda Washington de Mendonça , de Siqueira Isadora Cristina 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Salvador was one of the Brazilian cities most affected during the 2015 Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was performed with enrolment of parturients and their newborns.

Results
Positive IgM antibodies for ZIKV, dengue (DENV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) were present in 6.9, 11.9 and 22.8% of the parturients, and IgG antibodies were detected in 72.3, 92.3 and 38.6%, respectively. No cases of DENV congenital infection were identified. ZIKV and CHIKV congenital infections were observed in 16.5 and 13% of newborns, respectively.

Conclusions
High exposure rates to the three arboviruses and the identification of newborns with ZIKV and CHIKV congenital infections reinforces the necessity of ZIKV and CHIKV prenatal and neonatal screening in endemic regions.
Phylogeny and biogeography of the Brazilian–Guiana Shield endemic Corymbophanes clade of armoured catfishes (Loricariidae)
Authors: Lujan Nathan K , Armbruster Jonathan W , Werneke David C , Teixeira Túlio Franco , Lovejoy Nathan R 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNumerous rivers, interrupted by large waterfalls and extensive rapids, drain the geologically ancient Guiana Shield Highlands. We describe a new armoured catfish genus and two new species endemic to the upper Ireng and Kuribrong rivers, respective tributaries of the Amazon and Essequibo basins in western Guiana. Corymbophanes ameliae sp. nov. is distinguished by having vermiculations on the abdomen, bands on the caudal fin, the anal fin i,5 and narrow caudal peduncle. Yaluwak primus gen. & sp. nov. is distinguished by having evertible cheek odontodes, a plated snout, a tall caudal peduncle and absence of adipose fin and iris operculum. We present a new molecular phylogenetic analysis inclusive of these and several related genera that suggests that the Corymbophanes clade (Araichthys, Corymbophanes, Cryptancistrus, Guianancistrus, Hopliancistrus and Yaluwak) originated in the Guiana Shield with secondary dispersal to the Brazilian Shield. Within the Guiana Shield, relationships among Corymbophanes and Yaluwak are consistent with geodispersal between drainages via headwater capture, although an uplift-mediated relictual distribution cannot be ruled out. ND2 haplotype structure among C. ameliae populations suggests that ichthyofaunal diversity on the Guiana Shield escarpment is shaped not only by inter-, but also intrafluvial barriers to gene flow.
Hypergammaglobulinemia and Impaired Transplacental Transfer of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Antibody in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Atwell Jessica E. , Thumar Bhagvanji , Formica Maria A. , Robinson Leanne J. , Walsh Edward E. , King Christopher L. , Karron Ruth A. 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Passively-acquired respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) neutralizing antibody (Ab) can protect against RSV-associated lower respiratory tract illness. Maternal RSV immunization is, therefore, an attractive strategy for protection of very young infants. Vaccines for this purpose are currently being evaluated in clinical trials, but conditions such as preterm birth, placental malaria, maternal hypergammaglobulinemia and HIV infection might threaten this strategy. Each has been shown to impair transplacental Ab transfer for a variety of pathogens, but RSV-specific data are limited. Work in The Gambia demonstrated that placental malaria impaired transplacental transfer of RSV Ab, but a subsequent study in malaria-endemic Papua New Guinea (PNG) indicated that such associations may have been confounded by hypergammaglobulinemia (IgG > 1700 mg/dL).

Methods:
Here we confirm and extend those findings by measuring RSV neutralizing Ab and maternal IgG in sera from a larger cohort of 325 mother/infant pairs in PNG, and demonstrate the applicability of a high-throughput assay for assessment of neutralizing Ab.

Results:
One-third of mother-infant pairs demonstrated impaired RSV Ab transfer. Infants of hypergammaglobulinemic women were more likely to have both impaired transfer [cord-to-maternal titer ratio <1.0, adjusted odds ratio (OR): 3.36 (95% confidence interval: 1.81–6.30)] and the lowest RSV cord titers [adjusted OR: 5.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.95–13.32, P < 0.001)], but neither outcome was associated with placental malaria.

Conclusions:
Once maternal RSV vaccines become available, successful implementation will require clear understanding and mitigation of factors that can impair passive protection, necessitating epidemiologic studies of such relationships ahead of vaccine availability. This study underscores the need to focus on hypergammaglobulinemia as a condition of importance.
Long-term Vaccine Impact on Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Among Children With Significant Comorbidities in a Large Australian Birth Cohort
Authors: Jayasinghe Sanjay , Liu Bette , Gidding Heather , Gibson Amy , Chiu Clayton , McIntyre Peter 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Little is known about long-term invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence in children with risk factors (RFs) in populations with high coverage pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) programs. We measured IPD burden and changes with PCV use in children by RF status.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort of all live births in 2001–2012 in New South Wales, Australia was linked to IPD, hospitalization and death data. RFs were identified from International Classification of Diseases codes in linked hospitalizations. For each RF adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs, using Cox models), population attributable fractions (PAFs) and changes post-PCV relative to baseline for IPD were calculated.

Results:
One-thousand two-hundred fifty-one IPD cases occurred in ~1.1 million children in 12-year study cohort. The 75,404 children (6.8% of cohort) with RFs accounted for 255 (20.4%) IPD cases [rate (per 100,000 person-years) of 61 compared with 14 in no RFs]. Asthma was most common RF (n = 41,074; 3.6%) but highest IPD risk was in 2452 children (0.2%) with immunosuppression, splenic dysfunction or breach in cerebrospinal fluid barrier (aHR~20; PAF 0.7–1.8%) versus asthma (aHR 5.3; PAF 14.8%). Compared with 2001–2004 birth cohort (baseline), IPD incidence in PCV-eligible 2009–2012 birth cohort was 78% (95% confidence interval: –72% to –82%) less in children without RFs. IPD declined nonsignificantly (13%; 95% confidence interval: –70% to +138%) in highest IPD risk group, but by 67% (–43% to –82%) in children with other RFs.

Conclusions:
By 8 years of universal PCV, IPD incidence reduced significantly in all children except in the 0.2% at highest risk, for whom antibiotic prophylaxis and additional vaccine doses are recommended but compliance and effectiveness remain uncertain.
Whole-brain functional network disruption in chronic pain with disk herniation
Authors: Huang Shishi , Wakaizumi Kenta , Wu Binbin , Shen Bangli , Wu Bo , Fan Linyu , Baliki Marwan N. , Zhan Gonghao , Apkarian A. Vania , Huang Lejian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Brain functional network properties are globally disrupted in multiple musculoskeletal chronic pain conditions. Back pain with lumbar disk herniation (LDH) is highly prevalent and a major route for progression to chronic back pain. However, brain functional network properties remain unknown in such patients. Here, we examined resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging-based functional connectivity networks in chronic back pain patients with clear evidence for LDH (LDH-chronic pain n = 146), in comparison to healthy controls (HCs, n = 165). The study was conducted in China, thus providing the opportunity to also examine the influence of culture on brain functional reorganization with chronic pain. The data were equally subdivided into discovery and validation subgroups (n = 68 LDH-chronic pain and n = 68 HC, for each subgroup), and contrasted to an off-site data set (n = 272, NITRC 1000). Graph disruption indices derived from 3 network topological measurements, degree, clustering coefficient, and efficiency, which respectively represent network hubness, segregation, and integration, were significantly decreased compared with HC, across all predefined link densities, in both discovery and validation groups. However, global mean clustering coefficient and betweenness centrality were decreased in the discovery group and showed trend in the validation group. The relationship between pain and graph disruption indices was limited to males with high education. These results deviate somewhat from recent similar analysis for other musculoskeletal chronic pain conditions, yet we cannot determine whether the differences are due to types of pain or also to cultural differences between patients studied in China and the United States.
Heme and sensory neuropathy: insights from novel mutations in the heme exporter feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor 1
Authors: Bertino Francesca , Firestone Kyra , Bellacchio Emanuele , Jackson Kelly E. , Asamoah Alexander , Hersh Joseph , Fiorito Veronica , Destefanis Francesca , Gonser Rusty , Tucker Megan E. , Altruda Fiorella , Tolosano Emanuela , Chiabrando Deborah 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSANs) are a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders of the peripheral nervous system mainly characterized by impaired nociception and autonomic dysfunction. We previously identified heme metabolism as a novel pathway contributing to sensory neurons maintenance and nociception. Indeed, we reported mutations in the feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor 1 (FLVCR1) gene in individuals affected by HSAN. FLVCR1 gene encodes for 2 heme export proteins, FLVCR1a (plasma membrane) and FLVCR1b (mitochondria), crucially involved in the regulation of cellular heme homeostasis. Here, we report on 2 additional patients carrying novel biallelic mutations in FLVCR1 translation initiation codon (c.2T>C; p.(Met1Thr) and c.3G>T; p.(Met1Ile)). We overexpressed the c.2T>C; p.(Met1Thr) mutant in human cell lines and we describe its impact on protein structure and function in comparison with other HSAN-related mutations. We found that the mutation interferes with translation in 2 different ways: by lowering levels of translation of wild-type protein and by inducing translation initiation from a downstream in-frame ATG, leading to the production of an N-terminal truncated protein that is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. The impact of different kinds of mutations on FLVCR1a localization and structure was also described. The identification of novel FLVCR1 mutations in HSAN reinforces the crucial role of heme in sensory neuron maintenance and pain perception. Moreover, our in vitro findings demonstrate that heme export is not completely lost in HSAN patients, thus suggesting the possibility to improve FLVCR1 expression/activity for therapeutic purposes.
Clinical utility of genomic sequencing
Authors: Neu Matthew B. , Bowling Kevin M. , Cooper Gregory M. 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
Identifying pathogenic variation underlying pediatric developmental disease is critical for medical management, therapeutic development, and family planning. This review summarizes current genetic testing options along with their potential benefits and limitations. We also describe results from large-scale genomic sequencing projects in pediatric and neonatal populations with a focus on clinical utility.

Recent findings
Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have made genomic sequencing a feasible and effective testing option in a variety of clinical settings. These cutting-edge tests offer much promise to both medical providers and patients as it has been demonstrated to detect causal genetic variation in ∼25% or more of previously unresolved cases. Efforts aimed at promoting data sharing across clinical genetics laboratories and systematic reanalysis of existing genomic sequencing data have further improved diagnostic rates and reduced the number of unsolved cases.

Summary
Genomic sequencing is a powerful and increasingly cost-effective alternative to current genetic tests and will continue to grow in clinical utility as more of the genome is understood and as analytical methods are improved. The evolution of genomic sequencing is changing the landscape of clinical testing and requires medical professionals who are adept at understanding and returning genomic results to patients.
Outcomes measures in children after acute central nervous system infections and malaria
Authors: Postels Douglas G. , Soldatos Ariane , LaRovere Kerri L. 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
Acute central nervous system (CNS) infections in children result in significant mortality and neurologic morbidity worldwide. This article summarizes the recent pediatric literature published on outcomes measures used after acute infectious meningitis, encephalitis, and cerebral malaria, and highlights ongoing research efforts to standardize outcomes measurements. Search terms were geared toward functional, cognitive, behavioral, and other outcome assessments.

Recent findings
Recent data suggest that, depending on microbiological cause, there are differences in currently used outcome measures following acute CNS infections. Outcomes assessments include a variety of formal psychological tests (structured interviews and neuropsychological tests of cognitive and motor functioning) and dichotomized or ordinal scales. Standardization of outcome measures, however, is lacking. Global efforts to standardize outcomes that encompass both the child and family are ongoing.

Summary
Centers worldwide can track and measure a variety of cognitive, behavioral, and functional outcomes after acute CNS infections. Standardized documentation and coding of clinically important outcomes is needed. Further research to evaluate effective practices using acute adjunctive and rehabilitation therapies will be aided by outcome measure standardization.
Advances in primary mitochondrial myopathies
Authors: de Barcelos Isabella Peixoto , Emmanuele Valentina , Hirano Michio 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of review
Although mitochondrial diseases impose a significant functional limitation in the lives of patients, treatment of these conditions has been limited to dietary supplements, exercise, and physical therapy. In the past few years, however, translational medicine has identified potential therapies for these patients.

Recent findings
For patients with primary mitochondrial myopathies, preliminary phase I and II multicenter clinical trials of elamipretide indicate safety and suggest improvement in 6-min walk test (6MWT) performance and fatigue scales. In addition, for thymidine kinase 2-deficient (TK2d) myopathy, compassionate-use oral administration of pyrimidine deoxynucleosides have shown preliminary evidence of safety and efficacy in survival of early onset patients and motor functions relative to historical TK2d controls.

Summary
The prospects of effective therapies that improve the quality of life for patients with mitochondrial myopathy underscore the necessity for definitive diagnoses natural history studies for better understanding of the diseases.
Prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer and its association with duration of illness and residence in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mulugeta Henok , Wagnew Fasil , Zeleke Haymanot , Tesfaye Bekele , Amha Haile , Leshargie Cheru Tesema , Biresaw Henok , Dessie Getenet , Belay Yihalem Abebe , Habtewold Tesfa Dejenie 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundDiabetic foot ulcer (DFU), devastating complications of diabetes mellitus, is a major public health problem, and one of the leading reasons for hospital admission, amputations, and even death among diabetic patients in Ethiopia. Despite its catastrophic health consequences, the national burden of diabetic foot ulcer remains unknown in Ethiopia. Hence, the objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the national prevalence of diabetic foot ulcer and investigate the association with duration of illness and patient residence among diabetic patients.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO databases for studies of diabetic foot ulcers prevalence that published from conception up to June 30, 2019. Quality of each article was assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cross-sectional studies. All statistical analyses were done using STATA version 14 software for Windows, and meta-analysis was carried out using a random-effects method. The pooled national prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers was presented using a forest plot.ResultsA total of 10 studies with 3,029 diabetic patients were included. The pooled national prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers among Ethiopian diabetic patients was 11.27% (95% CI 7.22, 15.31%, I2=94.6). Duration of illness (OR: 3.91, 95%CI 2.03, 7.52, I2=63.4%) and patients’ residence (OR: 3.40, 95%CI 2.09, 5.54, I2=0.0%) were significantly associated with a diabetic foot ulcer.ConclusionIn Ethiopia, at least one out of ten diabetic patients had diabetic foot ulcers. Healthcare policymakers (FMoH) need to improve the standard of diabetic care and should design effective preventive strategies to improve health care delivery for people with diabetes and reduce the risk of foot ulceration.