bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extreme wind fluctuations: joint statistics, extreme turbulence, and impact on wind turbine loads
Authors: Hannesdóttir Ásta , Kelly Mark , Dimitrov Nikolay 
Published: June 2019

Abstract. For measurements taken over a decade at the coastal Danish site
Høvsøre, we find the variance associated with wind speed events from
the offshore direction to exceed the prescribed extreme turbulence model
(ETM) of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-1 Edition 3 standard for wind turbine safety. The
variance of wind velocity fluctuations manifested during these events is not
due to extreme turbulence; rather, it is primarily caused by ramp-like
increases in wind speed associated with larger-scale meteorological
processes. The measurements are both linearly detrended and high-pass
filtered in order to investigate how these events – and such commonly used
filtering – affect the estimated 50-year return period of turbulence levels.
High-pass filtering the measurements with a cutoff frequency of 1∕300 Hz
reduces the 50-year turbulence levels below that of IEC ETM class C, whereas
linear detrending does not. This is seen as the high-pass filtering more
effectively removes variance associated with the ramp-like events. The impact
of the observed events on a wind turbine are investigated using aeroelastic
simulations that are driven by constrained turbulence simulation fields.
Relevant wind turbine component loads from the simulations are compared with
the extreme turbulence load case prescribed by the IEC standard. The loads
from the event simulations are on average lower for all considered load
components, with one exception: ramp-like events at wind speeds between 8 and
16 m s−1, at which the wind speed rises to exceed rated wind speed, can
lead to high thrust on the rotor, resulting in extreme tower-base fore–aft
loads that exceed the extreme turbulence load case of the IEC standard.
El activismo jurisprudencial de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
Authors: Martinón Quintero Ruth 
Published: June 2019

Dentro del debate actual acerca de la proliferación de tribunales internacionales y sus consecuencias, este artículo estudia los factores que en teoría
deberían promover su activismo jurisprudencial. En concreto, se observa su incidencia en la labor de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos al tiempo que se traen a colación las principales críticas a su activismo. Así, se pone de manifiesto que en este caso concreto, la base de las divergencias entre las opiniones opuestas surge de concepciones distintas del derecho internacional y su relación con los derechos internos de los Estados, y, más concretamente, con la defensa o no de la existencia de un derecho internacional global de los derechos humanos.
CSF Neurofilament light chain level predicts axonal damage in cerebral vasculitis
Authors: Pawlitzki Marc , Butryn Michaela , Kirchner Florian , Färber Jacqueline , Beuing Oliver , Minnerup Jens , Meuth Sven G. , Neumann Jens 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe rarity of primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) demands diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. We retrospectively measured Neurofilament light chain (NFL) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in a severely relapsing PACNS patient at multiple time points during the course of the disease. A marked increase in NFL levels preceding the onset of neuro‐axonal damage and arterial‐vessel abnormalities was observed with magnetic resonance imaging as well as with MR‐ and conventional angiography. Thus, marked elevation of NFL in PACNS seems to occur ahead of definitive radiological abnormalities and might serve as a diagnostic biomarker.
Green Fluorescent Protein Nanovessel Serves as a Nucleolus Targeting Material and Molecule Carrier in Living Cells
Authors: Li Zhenhua , Li Jia , Liu Shi , Wang Haojie , Xie Zhigang , Wang Youjun , Chen Zhijun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe nucleolus is responsible for RNA transcription, processing, and ribosome assembly, the dysfunction of which is associated with a number of diseases. In this report, a new member of fluorescent protein nanovessels (FPNs), constructed using thioflavin‐T (ThT) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as building blocks, is described. As a popular amyloid specific dye, ThT is nonfluorescent by itself, while its fluorescence can be lighted up upon interacting with amyloid proteins. Herein, ThT is coassembled with the BSA scaffold at high temperature to form T(hT)‐FPNs. These green fluorescence emissive bio‐abiotic hybrid materials can serve as a novel probe for real‐time nucleolus imaging of living cells. Besides, T‐FPNs show potential in delivering insoluble and/or impenetrable drugs into living cells, suggesting another role as a molecule carrier.
Interlayered Dendrite‐Free Lithium Plating for High‐Performance Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Xu Ying , Li Tao , Wang Liping , Kang Yijin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFor its high theoretical capacity and low redox potential, Li metal is considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for next‐generation batteries. However, practical application of a Li‐metal anode is impeded by Li dendrites, which are generated during the cycling of Li plating/stripping, leading to safety issues. Researchers attempt to solve this problem by spatially confining the Li plating. Yet, the effective directing of Li deposition into the confined space is challenging. Here, an interlayer is constructed between a graphitic carbon nitrite layer (g‐C3N4) and carbon cloth (CC), enabling site‐directed dendrite‐free Li plating. The g‐C3N4/CC as an anode scaffold enables extraordinary cycling stability for over 1500 h with a small overpotential of ≈80 mV at 2 mA cm−2. Furthermore, prominent battery performance is also demonstrated in a full cell (Li/g‐C3N4/CC as anode and LiCoO2 as cathode) with high Coulombic efficiency of 99.4% over 300 cycles.
Ultrahigh‐Areal‐Capacitance Flexible Supercapacitor Electrodes Enabled by Conformal P3MT on Horizontally Aligned Carbon‐Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Zhou Yue , Wang Xiaoxue , Acauan Luiz , Kalfon‐Cohen Estelle , Ni Xinchen , Stein Yosef , Gleason Karen K. , Wardle Brian L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNanocarbon electronic conductors combined with pseudocapacitive materials, such as conducting polymers, display outstanding electrochemical properties and mechanical flexibility. These characteristics enable the fabrication of flexible electrodes for energy‐storage devices; that is, supercapacitors that are wearable or can be formed into shapes that are easily integrated into vehicle parts. To date, most nanocarbon materials such as nanofibers are randomly dispersed as a network in a flexible matrix. This morphology inhibits ion transport, particularly under the high current density necessary for devices requiring high power density. Novel flexible densified horizontally aligned carbon nanotube arrays (HACNTs) with controlled nanomorphology for improved ion transport are introduced and combined with conformally coated poly(3‐methylthiophene) (P3MT) conducting polymer to impart pseudocapacitance. The resulting P3MT/HACNT nanocomposite electrodes exhibit high areal capacitance of 3.1 F cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2, with areal capacitance remaining at 1.8 F cm−2 even at a current density of 200 mA cm−2. The asymmetric supercapacitor cell also delivers more than 1–2 orders of magnitude improvement in both areal energy and power density over state‐of‐the‐art cells. Furthermore, little change in cell performance is observed under high strain, demonstrating the mechanical and electrochemical stability of the electrodes.
Wrap‐Around Core–Shell Heterostructures of Layered Crystals
Authors: Sutter Peter , Wang Jia , Sutter Eli 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEngineered heterostructures create new functionality by integrating dissimilar materials. Combining different 2D crystals naturally produces two distinct classes of heterostructures, vertical van der Waals (vdW) stacks or 2D sheets bonded laterally by covalent line interfaces. When joining thicker layered crystals, the arising structural and topological conflicts can result in more complex geometries. Phase separation during one‐pot synthesis of layered tin chalcogenides spontaneously creates core–shell structures in which large orthorhombic SnS crystals are enclosed in a wrap‐around shell of trigonal SnS2, forcing the coexistence of parallel vdW layering along with unconventional, orthogonally layered core–shell interfaces. Measurements of the optoelectronic properties establish anisotropic carrier separation near type II core–shell interfaces and extended long‐wavelength light harvesting via spatially indirect interfacial absorption, making multifunctional layered core–shell structures attractive for energy‐conversion applications.
Giant and Tunable Optical Nonlinearity in Single‐Crystalline 2D Perovskites due to Excitonic and Plasma Effects
Authors: Abdelwahab Ibrahim , Dichtl Paul , Grinblat Gustavo , Leng Kai , Chi Xiao , Park In‐Hyeok , Nielsen Michael P. , Oulton Rupert F. , Loh Kian Ping , Maier Stefan A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMaterials with large optical nonlinearity, especially in the visible spectral region, are in great demand for applications in all‐optical information processing and quantum optics. 2D hybrid Ruddlesden−Popper‐type halide perovskites (RPPs) with tunable ultraviolet‐to‐visible direct bandgaps exhibit large nonlinear optical responses due to the strong excitonic effects present in their multiple quantum wells. Using a microscopic Z‐scan setup with femtosecond laser pulses tunable across the visible spectrum, it is demonstrated that single‐crystalline lead halide RPP nanosheets possess unprecedentedly large nonlinear refraction and absorption coefficients near excitonic resonances. A room‐temperature insulator (exciton)–metal (plasma) Mott transition is found to occur near the exciton resonance of the thinnest qunatum‐well RPPs, boosting the nonlinear response. Owing to the rapidly changing refractive index near resonance, a single RPP crystal can exhibit different nonlinear functionalities across the excitation spectrum. The results suggest that RPPs are efficient nonlinear materials in the visible waveband, indicating their potential use in integrated nonlinear photonic applications such as optical modulation and switching.
Identification of High‐Performance Single‐Atom MXenes Catalysts for Low‐Temperature CO Oxidation
Authors: Cheng Cheng , Zhang Xilin , Yang Zongxian , Hermansson Kersti 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOn the basis of first‐principles calculations, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru, Rh, Ag, Ir, Pt, and Au decorated Mo2CO2−δ monolayers are investigated as potential single‐atom catalyst (SAC) candidates for low‐temperature CO oxidation reaction. From a first screening based on intuitive criteria concerning metal sintering, CO poisoning, and O2 adsorption strength, the Zn/Mo2CO2−δ system is selected for further scrutiny by means of reactivity calculations for different CO concentrations. A lower barrier is found for Eley–Rideal reaction mechanism than for the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. The low Eley–Rideal barrier (0.15 eV) is attributed to the fact that the Zn atom weakens the O‐O bond considerably and the electrophilic attack of CO weakens it further. The main conclusion is that this system is a promising low‐temperature SAC candidate with a lower energy barrier for CO oxidation than noble metal and other 2D SAC systems investigated.
Hybrid Silicon Nanowire Devices and Their Functional Diversity
Authors: Baraban Larysa , Ibarlucea Bergoi , Baek Eunhye , Cuniberti Gianaurelio 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn the pool of nanostructured materials, silicon nanostructures are known as conventionally used building blocks of commercially available electronic devices. Their application areas span from miniaturized elements of devices and circuits to ultrasensitive biosensors for diagnostics. In this Review, the current trends in the developments of silicon nanowire‐based devices are summarized, and their functionalities, novel architectures, and applications are discussed from the point of view of analog electronics, arisen from the ability of (bio)chemical gating of the carrier channel. Hybrid nanowire‐based devices are introduced and described as systems decorated by, e.g., organic complexes (biomolecules, polymers, and organic films), aimed to substantially extend their functionality, compared to traditional systems. Their functional diversity is explored considering their architecture as well as areas of their applications, outlining several groups of devices that benefit from the coatings. The first group is the biosensors that are able to represent label‐free assays thanks to the attached biological receptors. The second group is represented by devices for optoelectronics that acquire higher optical sensitivity or efficiency due to the specific photosensitive decoration of the nanowires. Finally, the so‐called new bioinspired neuromorphic devices are shown, which are aimed to mimic the functions of the biological cells, e.g., neurons and synapses.
Metal‐Contact‐Induced Transition of Electrical Transport in Monolayer MoS2: From Thermally Activated to Variable‐Range Hopping
Authors: Peng Songang , Jin Zhi , Yao Yao , Li Ling , Zhang Dayong , Shi Jingyuan , Huang Xinnan , Niu Jiebin , Zhang Yanhui , Yu Guanghui 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAn understanding of the charge transport of atomically thin molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) beneath the metal electrode is important to the fabrication of high performance MoS2 devices and circuits with low ohmic contact resistance. However, the carrier‐transport mechanism in monolayer MoS2 under the metal contact has remained elusive due to the difficulty of measuring the electrical properties of MoS2 in contact regions. A method to distinguish the electrical properties of monolayer MoS2 in the contact and channel regions is presented. Temperature‐dependent measurement reveals that the carriers are thermally activated in the channel region. In contrast, they are variable‐range hopping in the contact region. This difference can be attributed to the localization of the MoS2 electronic states caused by metal‐induced gap states. The variable‐range hopping transport in MoS2 under contact causes a reduction of the carrier mobility and an increase in the contact resistance. This work is not only important for fundamental understanding of metal–MoS2 contact but also helpful for further improving the performance of MoS2 devices.
Highly Stable Field Emission from a Tungsten Diselenide Monolayer on Zinc Oxide Nanowire by Geometrically Modulating Hot Electrons
Authors: Chen Yicong , Liu Liwei , Zheng Keshuang , She Juncong , Deng Shaozhi , Xu Ningsheng , Chen Jun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCompared with traditional thermal electron sources, field‐emission electron sources have many advantages, such as high brightness, coherence, and suitability for miniaturization. However, their instability has prevented their widespread use. Stable field emission from a hybrid structure with a tungsten diselenide (WSe2) monolayer on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires is achieved by geometrically modulating the WSe2 curvature. It is found that an emitter with a lower WSe2 curvature induces hotter electrons during field emission, which results in a low turn‐on field and high stability. Considering the similarity of 2D materials, a general approach for obtaining a highly stable field emitter using a 2D–1D hybrid structure is provided.
Powder morphology in thermal spraying
Authors: Nouri Alireza , Sola Antonella 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThermal spraying (TS) is a suitable method to protect a substrate or to improve its surface properties and achieve the specific surface requirements for a prescribed service environment. In this method the feedstock material is heated up to a melted or semi‐melted state, accelerated to high speed by an energetic flow and sprayed onto a prepared substrate. Powders are the most commonly used feedstock materials in the TS process. Their composition, size distribution, morphology, physical and mechanical properties determine the coating microstructure and related thermo‐mechanical performance. Among other variables, powder morphology plays a fundamental role to ensure the consistency and reproducibility of the feeding mechanism, to control the interaction between feedstock particles and TS heat source, and to influence the microstructure of the coating. This review highlights the crucial function of powder morphology in TS and proposes introductory information on the importance of powder morphology in cold spraying.
Boosting Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution over Metal–Organic Frameworks by Plasmon‐Induced Hot‐Electron Injection
Authors: Wang Shan‐Shan , Jiao Long , Qian Yunyang , Hu Wen‐Chao , Xu Gui‐Yin , Wang Chen , Jiang Hai‐Long 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEfficient hydrogen evolution via electrocatalytic water splitting holds great promise in modern energy devices. Herein, we demonstrate that the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) excitation of Au nanorods (NRs) dramatically improves the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of CoFe‐metal–organic framework nanosheets (CoFe‐MOFNs), leading to a more than 4‐fold increase of current density at −0.236 V (vs. RHE) for Au/CoFe‐MOFNs composite under light irradiation versus in dark. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the hydrogen evolution enhancement can be largely attributed to the injection of hot electrons from AuNRs to CoFe‐MOFNs, raising the Fermi level of CoFe‐MOFNs, facilitating the reduction of H2O and affording decreased activation energy for HER. This study highlights the superiority of plasmonic excitation on improving electrocatalytic efficiency of MOFs and provides a novel avenue towards the design of highly efficient water‐splitting systems under light irradiation.
Ligand‐Directed Template Assembly for the Construction of Gigantic Molybdenum Blue Wheels
Authors: Xuan Weimin , Pow Robert , Zheng Qi , Watfa Nancy , Long De‐Liang , Cronin Leroy 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTemplate‐mediated synthesis is a powerful approach to build a variety of functional materials and complex supramolecular systems. However, the systematic study of how templates structurally evolve from basic building blocks, and then affect the templated self‐assembly, is critical to understanding and utilizing the underlying mechanism, to work towards designed assembly. Here we describe the templated self‐assembly of a series of gigantic Mo Blue (MB) clusters 1–4 using l‐ornithine as a structure‐directing ligand. We show that by using l‐ornithine as a structure director, we can form new template⊂host assemblies. Based on the structural relationship between encapsulated templates of {Mo8} (1), {Mo17} (2) and {Mo36} (4), a pathway of the structural evolution of templates is proposed. This provides insight into how gigantic Mo Blue cluster rings form and could lead to full control over the designed assembly of gigantic Mo‐blue rings.
Numerical investigation of heat transfer enhancement in wavy microchannel with tangential branched secondary channels
Authors: Kumar Valaparla Ranjith , Balasubramanian Karthik , Tiwari Nikhil , Bhatia Kanishk , Kumar K. Kiran 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMicrochannel (MC) heat sinks have been extensively researched and used for thermal management. Wavy MC heat sinks and wavy MC with 45o branched secondary channel heat sinks are shown in the literature to have superior heat transfer enhancement capabilities than straight MCs, with more pressure drop as penalty. To minimize the pressure drop, a new design is introduced in this paper by altering the wavy MC, with tangential branched secondary channels, at peaks and troughs of the wavy MC. Numerical investigation is carried out in the Reynolds number range of 100 to 300 with constant heat flux wall boundary condition. A simple parametric study on the secondary channel width is also carried out. Wavy MC with TBSC, having secondary channel width as half of the primary channel, is found to have the best combination of heat transfer and pressure drop performance, compared with wavy MC heat sinks and wavy MC with 45o branched secondary channel heat sinks. The flow phenomenon that leads to such performance is carefully analyzed and discussed in detail in this paper.
Differential Altered Auditory Event‐Related Potential Responses in Young Boys on the Autism Spectrum With and Without Disproportionate Megalencephaly
Authors: De Meo‐Monteil Rosanna , Nordahl Christine Wu , Amaral David G. , Rogers Sally J. , Harootonian Sevan K. , Martin Joshua , Rivera Susan M. , Saron Clifford D. 
Published: June 2019

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by impairments in social communication and repetitive behaviors, often includes altered responses to sensory inputs as part of its phenotype. The neurobiological basis for altered sensory processing is not well understood. The UC Davis Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Institute Autism Phenome Project is a longitudinal, multidisciplinary study of young children with ASD and age‐matched typically developing (TD) controls. Previous analyses of the magnetic resonance imaging data from this cohort have shown that ∼15% of boys with ASD have disproportionate megalencephaly (DM) or brain size to height ratio, that is 1.5 standard deviations above the TD mean. Here, we investigated electrophysiological responses to auditory stimuli of increasing intensity (50–80 dB) in young toddlers (27–48 months old). Analyses included data from 36 age‐matched boys, of which 24 were diagnosed with ASD (12 with and 12 without DM; ASD‐DM and ASD‐N) and 12 TD controls. We found that the two ASD subgroups differed in their electrophysiological response patterns to sounds of increasing intensity. At early latencies (55–115 ms), ASD‐N does not show a loudness‐dependent response like TD and ASD‐DM, but tends to group intensities by soft vs. loud sounds, suggesting differences in sensory sensitivity in this group. At later latencies (145–195 ms), only the ASD‐DM group shows significantly higher amplitudes for loud sounds. Because no similar effects were found in ASD‐N and TD groups, this may be related to their altered neuroanatomy. These results contribute to the effort to delineate ASD subgroups and further characterize physiological responses associated with observable phenotypes. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1236–1250. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay summaryApproximately 15% of boys with ASD have much bigger brains when compared to individuals with typical development. By recording brain waves (electroencephalography) we compared how autistic children, with or without big brains, react to sounds compared to typically developing controls. We found that brain responses in the big‐brained group are different from the two other groups, suggesting that they represent a specific autism subgroup.