bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preferential Pathways Inversion From Cross‐Borehole Electrical Data
Authors: Lelimouzin Léa , Champollion Cédric , Lévy Léa , Roubinet Delphine 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIdentification of preferential flow‐paths, such as fractures, is required for various issues in geosciences. When chemicals are injected into the subsurface, monitoring the resulting structural and chemical changes remains a challenge. The ability of geophysical tomography to tackle this problem is not fully explored due to the lack of numerical methods suitable for modeling narrow structures. We explore how discrete representation of preferential flow‐paths provides innovative ways to invert electrical resistivity data collected during reagent injection at a contaminated site. The data set is inverted with a scheme where a new fracture is added at every iteration. This allows identifying newly created narrow conductive structures from the field data collected before and after injection. Fracture location remains overall consistent despite using different starting points for the fracture search. A prior constraint on fracture length improves convergence. These results show the potential of discrete inversion for identifying narrow structures from electrical resistivity monitoring.
Sporadic E Layer Intensification in the Winter of 2009 Examined by FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC RO Data and GAIA Model
Authors: Andoh Satoshi , Saito Akinori , Shinagawa Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis study examines the role of winds in wintertime sporadic E layer intensification (WEsLI) in 2009 from a global viewpoint. Previous studies showed that sporadic E layer (EsL) intensity had increased for 20–30 days in some winters, although intense EsLs do not form generally in winter. A recent study found that vertical ion convergence (VIC) driven by intensified migrating semidiurnal (SW2) tides caused WEsLI at middle latitudes in 2009. However, no studies have investigated the global distributions and generation mechanisms of WEsLI in 2009. Herein, we employed FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC radio occultations to investigate the global distributions of WEsLI in 2009. Distributions of VIC driven by winds obtained from the Ground‐to‐topside model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy were compared with global WEsLI distributions to elucidate the role of winds in WEsLI. We found that WEsLI in 2009 occurred at geomagnetic low/middle latitudes except between W and E. WEsLI was observed below 120 km altitudes, especially at 12–17 local times. WEsLI was attributable to VIC driven by SW2 tides, migrating diurnal tides, and eastward propagating diurnal tides with wavenumber 3. Tidal amplifications were possibly related to mesospheric/stratospheric atmospheric variations such as sudden stratospheric warming, zonal mean zonal winds, and quasi‐biennial oscillations. WEsLI in 2009 is further evidence of the coupling between EsLs and mesospheric/stratospheric atmospheric variations through tidal modifications.
Detailed Occurrence of Feather Features in Quartz in Experimentally Shocked Granite
Authors: Tada Toshihiro , Kurosawa Kosuke , Tomioka Naotaka , Nagaya Takayoshi , Isa Junko , Hamann Christopher , Ono Haruka , Niihara Takafumi , Okamoto Takaya , Matsui Takafumi 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFeather features (FFs) in quartz consist of a planar fracture (PF) and associated fine lamellae (FF lamellae; FFL) and have been observed in various natural impact structures. However, the mechanisms and conditions of FF formation are poorly understood. We conducted shock recovery experiments on granite using decaying compressive pulses to investigate the formation conditions of FFs. We characterized the recovered samples using an optical microscope equipped with a universal stage, a scanning electron microscope combined with an electron back‐scattered diffraction detector, and a transmission electron microscope. We found that FFs are formed over a wide range of peak pressures (2–18 GPa) and that FFs can be divided into at least three types (I–III) based on the crystallographic orientation of the PFs and FFL, the angle between the orientation of the FFL and the propagation direction of the compression wave, and the presence/absence of amorphous silica in the FFL. The peak pressures that produce type I–III FFs are estimated to be <12, 12–14, and >16 GPa, respectively. We propose that FFs can be used as a shock barometer for quartz‐bearing rocks.
The Role of Nutrient and Energy Limitation on Microbial Decomposition of Deep Podzolized Carbon: A Priming Experiment
Authors: Champiny Ryan E. , Inglett Kanika S. , Lin Yang 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSoil carbon decomposition is primarily driven by microbial activities and is regulated by factors which stimulate or impede microbial functions. Deep podzolized carbon (DPC), found in the United States Southeastern Coastal Plain, is situated well below the soil surface in horizons isolated from active plant input. This carbon is characterized by high C:N ratios (>30) which could reflect nutrient limitation of microbial decomposition. To uncover the energy or nutrient limitation on DPC degradation, a 90‐day priming experiment was performed with soils from the surface horizon and DPC horizons (i.e., Bh1 and Bh2) received the additions of 13C‐labeled alanine and glucose. This resulted in prominent priming effects: addition of alanine increased basal decomposition of soil organic carbon by 918 ± 51% and 737 ± 7% in Bh2 and Bh1, respectively. Glucose relative priming was 505 ± 28% in Bh1 and 606 ± 77% of basal respiration in Bh2. These strong responses to substrate input highlight the susceptibility of DPC to loss when microbial carbon and nutrient constraints are alleviated. After 90 days, glucose addition increased the microbial biomass in DPC horizons relative to alanine addition, with the latter showing no difference from ultrapure‐water control. The response of the microbial biomass indicates constraint by a lack of energy sources both by the paucity of labile substrates and reduced availability of organic matter as a result of podzolization. Our study has important implications for predicting the response of DPC in Coastal Plain soils in the context of land management and global change.
Seasonal and Climatic Drivers of Wet Deposition Organic Matter at the Continental Scale
Authors: Murray Desneiges S. , Wymore Adam S. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations and composition within wet deposition are rarely monitored despite contributing a large input of bioavailable dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) to the Earth's surface. Lacking from the literature are spatially comprehensive assessments of simultaneous measurements of wet deposition DOC and DON chemistry and their dependencies on metrics of climate and environmental factors. Here, we use archived precipitation samples from the US National Atmospheric Deposition Program collected in 2017 to 2018 from 17 sites across six ecoregions to investigate variability in the concentration and composition of depositional DOM. We hypothesize metrics of DOM chemistry vary with ecoregion, season, large‐scale climate drivers, and precipitation geographic source. Findings indicate differences in DOC and DON concentrations and loads among ecoregions. The highest wet deposition concentrations are from sites in the Northern Forests and lowest concentrations from sites in Marine West Coast Forests. Summer and autumn samples contained the highest DOC concentrations and DON concentrations that were consistently above detection limit, corresponding with seasonality of peak air temperatures and the phenology of the growing season in the northern hemisphere. Compositional trends suggest lighter DOM molecules in autumn and winter and heavier molecules in spring and summer. Climate drivers explain 51% of variation in DOM chemistry, revealing differing drivers on the concentrations and loads of DOC versus DON in wet deposition. This study highlights the necessity of incorporating DOC and DON measurements into national deposition monitoring networks to understand spatial and temporal feedbacks between climate change, atmospheric chemistry and landscape biogeochemistry.
Automatic Segmentation Model and Parameter Extraction Algorithm for Lightning Whistlers
Authors: Xiang Tian , Liu Moran , He Shimin , Wang Xiang , Zhou Chen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBased on the magnetic field data recorded by the ZH‐1 electromagnetic satellite, we cerat a training set of 1,300 spectrograms containing the dispersion spectrum of lightning whistlers (LW). The Segment Anything Model (SAM) in the field of image segmentation is trained through the training set to obtain a fine‐tuned SAM model that can be used to detect and segment the dispersion spectrum of LW at pixel level. All track regions of LW are effectively separated from other non‐lightning whistlers regions in the spectrograms after being segmented by the model. The segmentation effect is excellent and detection accuracy is 96.89%, which is better than the previous segmentation model for LW based on ground station data. Then we apply the traditional image processing methods to extract the dispersion spectrum of LW one by one, and develop an algorithm to automatically extract the physical parameters of each LW. The root mean square error between the automatically extracted dispersion parameter and the manually extracted dispersion parameter is only 0.1654 s1/2. The model and algorithm studied in this paper are employed to analyze the dispersion of LW received by the ZH‐1 satellite over China. It is found that the whistlers dispersion received by satellites during summer in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere shows opposite trends with receiving latitude. Both trends can be explained by the relationship between the dispersion and the length of propagation paths of LW.
Experimental Visualization and Modeling of the Transport Behaviors of Monofilament Microplastic Fibers Through an Idealized Porous Media
Authors: Fouty Tyler T. , Engdahl Nicholas B. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMicroplastic fibers (MPF) are the largest fraction of microplastics in the environment by mass. The endpoints of these contaminants' movement is generally known at large‐scale (i.e., their origins and where they end up), but the mechanics of how they get to those sinks remains poorly understood. The objective of this work was to improve understanding of the mechanisms driving MPF migration through terrestrial systems by directly imaging their motion through idealized representations of porous media. Monofilament line with 0.3 mm diameter was passed through a bench‐scale, pseudo‐2d flow cell to capture trajectories of MPFs of three different lengths and trajectories of passive micro‐bead tracers were also captured. Video processing and automated image analysis converted the video of the experiments into a database of trajectories, allowing comparison of the experimental data to various numerical models. Simple advection‐dispersion models were adequate for modeling the passive tracer but did not provide a good description of MPF transport. A physics‐based, distributed model was able to generate realistic trajectories through the domain, but the speeds of the fibers in the initial simulation were too fast, despite working well for the passive tracer. Adding a delay (waiting time) process resulted in good description of the trajectories and travel times. The specifics of the delay process could not be deduced from these experiments, but its overall impact on transport provides mechanistic insights. These direct observation of the trajectories and speeds of MPFs moving through porous media show that MPFs likely have strong interactions with their surroundings.
Mortality and causes of death of traumatic spinal cord injury in Finland
Authors: Johansson Elina , Koskinen Eerika , Helminen Mika , Vainionpää Aki , Luoto Teemu M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Study design
Prospective cohort study.

Objectives
To study the mortality rates of TSCI patients compared to matched controls and to examine possible TSCI-related mortality risk factors and causes of death.

Setting
Oulu and Tampere University Hospital, Finland.

Methods
All consecutive patients with a new TSCI were included in a prospective study (n = 344, 2012-16). All patients were followed until death or the end of 2019. Patients were compared to a control group formed by randomly choosing gender, age, municipality, and calendar time-matched controls (5 controls/TSCI patient). Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated using general population mortality rates. Mortality information was extracted from the Statistics of Finland (Helsinki, Finland).

Results
TSCI patients had an increased mortality (SMR = 2.9) compared with the Finnish population. During the observation period, 26% of TSCI patients and 12% of the matched controls died. Of the TSCI patient deaths, 51% occurred within the first two years postinjury. Increased age, severity of TSCI (as per International SCI Core Data Set) and fall were related to mortality (p < 0.05). The two most common etiologies of death were: circulatory (30%), and pulmonary diseases (28%). Pneumonia was the single most frequent disease leading to death among TSCI patients.

Conclusions
During the first years after injury, the mortality of the patients with TSCI is double compared to the controls. Most deaths occur within two years postinjury. Elderly patients with more severe fall-related injury have the highest mortality risk. Circulatory diseases and pulmonary diseases, especially pneumonia, are the foremost causes of death after TSCI.
Ligand engineering enhances (photo) electrocatalytic activity and stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks via in-situ surface reconstruction
Authors: Huang Zheao , Wang Zhouzhou , Rabl Hannah , Naghdi Shaghayegh , Zhou Qiancheng , Schwarz Sabine , Apaydin Dogukan Hazar , Yu Ying , Eder Dominik 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe current limitations in utilizing metal-organic frameworks for (photo)electrochemical applications stem from their diminished electrochemical stability. In our study, we illustrate a method to bolster the activity and stability of (photo)electrocatalytically active metal-organic frameworks through ligand engineering. We synthesize four distinct mixed-ligand versions of zeolitic imidazolate framework-67, and conduct a comprehensive investigation into the structural evolution and self-reconstruction during electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reactions. In contrast to the conventional single-ligand ZIF, where the framework undergoes a complete transformation into CoOOH via a stepwise oxidation, the ligand-engineered zeolitic imidazolate frameworks manage to preserve the fundamental framework structure by in-situ forming a protective cobalt (oxy)hydroxide layer on the surface. This surface reconstruction facilitates both conductivity and catalytic activity by one order of magnitude and considerably enhances the (photo)electrochemical stability. This work highlights the vital role of ligand engineering for designing advanced and stable metal-organic frameworks for photo- and electrocatalysis.
HIF1α-regulated glycolysis promotes activation-induced cell death and IFN-γ induction in hypoxic T cells
Authors: Shen Hongxing , Ojo Oluwagbemiga A. , Ding Haitao , Mullen Logan J. , Xing Chuan , Hossain M. Iqbal , Yassin Abdelrahman , Shi Vivian Y. , Lewis Zach , Podgorska Ewa , Andrabi Shaida A. , Antoniewicz Maciek R. , Bonner James A. , Shi Lewis Zhichang 
Published: October 2024

AbstractHypoxia is a common feature in various pathophysiological contexts, including tumor microenvironment, and IFN-γ is instrumental for anti-tumor immunity. HIF1α has long been known as a primary regulator of cellular adaptive responses to hypoxia, but its role in IFN-γ induction in hypoxic T cells is unknown. Here, we show that the HIF1α-glycolysis axis controls IFN-γ induction in both human and mouse T cells, activated under hypoxia. Specific deletion of HIF1α in T cells (Hif1α–/–) and glycolytic inhibition suppresses IFN-γ induction. Conversely, HIF1α stabilization by hypoxia and VHL deletion in T cells (Vhl–/–) increases IFN-γ production. Hypoxic Hif1α–/– T cells are less able to kill tumor cells in vitro, and tumor-bearing Hif1α–/– mice are not responsive to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy in vivo. Mechanistically, loss of HIF1α greatly diminishes glycolytic activity in hypoxic T cells, resulting in depleted intracellular acetyl-CoA and attenuated activation-induced cell death (AICD). Restoration of intracellular acetyl-CoA by acetate supplementation re-engages AICD, rescuing IFN-γ production in hypoxic Hif1α–/– T cells and re-sensitizing Hif1α–/– tumor-bearing mice to ICB. In summary, we identify HIF1α-regulated glycolysis as a key metabolic control of IFN-γ production in hypoxic T cells and ICB response.
Polyclonality overcomes fitness barriers in Apc-driven tumorigenesis
Authors: Sadien Iannish D. , Adler Sam , Mehmed Shenay , Bailey Sasha , Sawle Ashley , Couturier Dominique-Laurent , Eldridge Matthew , Adams David J. , Kemp Richard , Lourenço Filipe C. , Winton Douglas J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractLoss-of-function mutations in the tumour suppressor APC are an initial step in intestinal tumorigenesis1,2. APC-mutant intestinal stem cells outcompete their wild-type neighbours through the secretion of Wnt antagonists, which accelerates the fixation and subsequent rapid clonal expansion of mutants3–5. Reports of polyclonal intestinal tumours in human patients and mouse models appear at odds with this process6,7. Here we combine multicolour lineage tracing with chemical mutagenesis in mice to show that a large proportion of intestinal tumours have a multiancestral origin. Polyclonal tumours retain a structure comprising subclones with distinct Apc mutations and transcriptional states, driven predominantly by differences in KRAS and MYC signalling. These pathway-level changes are accompanied by profound differences in cancer stem cell phenotypes. Of note, these findings are confirmed by introducing an oncogenic Kras mutation that results in predominantly monoclonal tumour formation. Further, polyclonal tumours have accelerated growth dynamics, suggesting a link between polyclonality and tumour progression. Together, these findings demonstrate the role of interclonal interactions in promoting tumorigenesis through non-cell autonomous pathways that are dependent on the differential activation of oncogenic pathways between clones.
Smooth trends in fermium charge radii and the impact of shell effects
Authors: Warbinek Jessica , Rickert Elisabeth , Raeder Sebastian , Albrecht-Schönzart Thomas , Andelic Brankica , Auler Julian , Bally Benjamin , Bender Michael , Berndt Sebastian , Block Michael , Brizard Alexandre , Chauveau Pierre , Cheal Bradley , Chhetri Premaditya , Claessens Arno , de Roubin Antoine , Devlin Charlie , Dorrer Holger , Düllmann Christoph E. , Ezold Julie , Ferrer Rafael , Gadelshin Vadim , Gaiser Alyssa , Giacoppo Francesca , Goriely Stephane , Gutiérrez Manuel J. , Harvey Ashley , Hasse Raphael , Heinke Reinhard , Heßberger Fritz-Peter , Hilaire Stephane , Kaja Magdalena , Kaleja Oliver , Kieck Tom , Kim EunKang , Kneip Nina , Köster Ulli , Kraemer Sandro , Laatiaoui Mustapha , Lantis Jeremy , Lecesne Nathalie , Loria Basto Andrea Tzeitel , Mistry Andrew Kishor , Mokry Christoph , Moore Iain , Murböck Tobias , Münzberg Danny , Nazarewicz Witold , Niemeyer Thorben , Nothhelfer Steven , Péru Sophie , Raggio Andrea , Reinhard Paul-Gerhard , Renisch Dennis , Rey-Herme Emmanuel , Romans Jekabs , Romero Romero Elisa , Runke Jörg , Ryssens Wouter , Savajols Hervé , Schneider Fabian , Sperling Joseph , Stemmler Matou , Studer Dominik , Thörle-Pospiech Petra , Trautmann Norbert , Urquiza-González Mitzi , van Beek Kenneth , Van Cleve Shelley , Van Duppen Piet , Vandebrouck Marine , Verstraelen Elise , Walther Thomas , Weber Felix , Wendt Klaus 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe quantum-mechanical nuclear-shell structure determines the stability and limits of the existence of the heaviest nuclides with large proton numbers Z ≳ 100 (refs. 1–3). Shell effects also affect the sizes and shapes of atomic nuclei, as shown by laser spectroscopy studies in lighter nuclides4. However, experimental information on the charge radii and the nuclear moments of the heavy actinide elements, which link the heaviest naturally abundant nuclides with artificially produced superheavy elements, is sparse5. Here we present laser spectroscopy measurements along the fermium (Z = 100) isotopic chain and an extension of data in the nobelium isotopic chain (Z = 102) across a key region. Multiple production schemes and different advanced techniques were applied to determine the isotope shifts in atomic transitions, from which changes in the nuclear mean-square charge radii were extracted. A range of nuclear models based on energy density functionals reproduce well the observed smooth evolution of the nuclear size. Both the remarkable consistency of model prediction and the similarity of predictions for different isotopes suggest a transition to a regime in which shell effects have a diminished effect on the size compared with lighter nuclei.
The rise and transformation of Bronze Age pastoralists in the Caucasus
Authors: Ghalichi Ayshin , Reinhold Sabine , Rohrlach Adam B. , Kalmykov Alexey A. , Childebayeva Ainash , Yu He , Aron Franziska , Semerau Lena , Bastert-Lamprichs Katrin , Belinskiy Andrey B. , Berezina Natalia Y. , Berezin Yakov B. , Broomandkhoshbacht Nasreen , Buzhilova Alexandra P. , Erlikh Vladimir R. , Fehren-Schmitz Lars , Gambashidze Irina , Kantorovich Anatoliy R. , Kolesnichenko Konstantin B. , Lordkipanidze David , Magomedov Rabadan G. , Malek-Custodis Katharina , Mariaschk Dirk , Maslov Vladimir E. , Mkrtchyan Levon , Nagler Anatoli , Fazeli Nashli Hassan , Ochir Maria , Piotrovskiy Yuri Y. , Saribekyan Mariam , Sheremetev Aleksandr G. , Stöllner Thomas , Thomalsky Judith , Vardanyan Benik , Posth Cosimo , Krause Johannes , Warinner Christina , Hansen Svend , Haak Wolfgang 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe Caucasus and surrounding areas, with their rich metal resources, became a crucible of the Bronze Age1 and the birthplace of the earliest steppe pastoralist societies2. Yet, despite this region having a large influence on the subsequent development of Europe and Asia, questions remain regarding its hunter-gatherer past and its formation of expansionist mobile steppe societies3–5. Here we present new genome-wide data for 131 individuals from 38 archaeological sites spanning 6,000 years. We find a strong genetic differentiation between populations north and south of the Caucasus mountains during the Mesolithic, with Eastern hunter-gatherer ancestry4,6 in the north, and a distinct Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry7 with increasing East Anatolian farmer admixture in the south. During the subsequent Eneolithic period, we observe the formation of the characteristic West Eurasian steppe ancestry and heightened interaction between the mountain and steppe regions, facilitated by technological developments of the Maykop cultural complex8. By contrast, the peak of pastoralist activities and territorial expansions during the Early and Middle Bronze Age is characterized by long-term genetic stability. The Late Bronze Age marks another period of gene flow from multiple distinct sources that coincides with a decline of steppe cultures, followed by a transformation and absorption of the steppe ancestry into highland populations.