bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing ion reflections at the quadrupole pre‐filter/mass filter boundary: Simulation and experiment
Authors: Collings Bruce A. 
Published: March 2019

RationaleIon reflections at the quadrupole pre‐filter/mass filter boundary lead to the trapping of ions within the pre‐filter. The trapped ions lead to space charge effects on the transmission of ions through this region which become more of an issue with the development of high sensitivity mass spectrometers which have bright ions beams.MethodsSimulations were carried out matching the effective potentials at the pre‐filter/mass filter boundary to reduce the field gradients across the boundary by reducing the field radius of the pre‐filter. A further rotation of the pre‐filter relative to the mass filter was incorporated into the model. Experiments were carried out to reproduce the conditions of the simulations.ResultsSimulations show that matching the effective potentials at the pre‐filter/mass filter boundary and rotating the pre‐filter by 45° reduced the number of reflected ion trajectories when the mass filter was operated in either the radiofrequency (RF)‐only mode or in mass resolving mode. Experiments confirmed the reduced effects of space charge on the transmission of ions through the pre‐filter through the measurement of pre‐filter transmission profiles with and without the use of an empty step to remove any trapped ions. These results showed significant improvement over the typical pre‐filter/mass filter set‐up.ConclusionsMatching the effective potentials at the quadrupole pre‐filter/mass filter boundary and rotating the pre‐filter result in a pre‐filter/mass filter set‐up that does not lead to ions that are reflected at the boundary. The modified set‐up does not result in the presence of unwanted trapped ions in the quadrupole pre‐filter.
TMSOTf‐Catalysed Synthesis of 2,4,5‐Trisubstituted Imidazoles from Vinyl Azides and Nitriles
Authors: Harisha Mysore Bhyrappa , Dhanalakshmi Pandi , Suresh Rajendran , Kumar Raju Ranjith , Muthusubramanian Shanmugam , Bhuvanesh Nattamai 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTMSOTf‐catalysed generation of 2,4,5‐trisubstituted imidazoles by a simple [3+2] addition reaction of azido chalcones and organic nitriles is described. This transformation generates two new C‐N bonds under mild reaction conditions. The substrate scope of the reaction is excellent with good number of vinyl azides and aromatic and aliphatic nitriles tolerating the reaction. It has been shown that the reaction can also be conducted under microwave condition successfully. These newly synthesized imidazoles are shown to exist as tautomeric mixture and the subsequent methylated as well as benzylated compounds have been obtained as a single regioisomer. The synthesised N‐methyl Imidazole derivative is a potential structural unit towards biologically active compounds.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Sacrolide A
Authors: Thirupathi Barla , Jena Bighnanshu K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA simple and an efficient synthesis of (+)‐sacrolide A has been achieved from a known compound 10 in 12 steps with 9% overall yield. Key steps involved are Jacobsen's hydrolytic kinetic resolution, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, trans‐selective hydrometallation of the propargylic alcohol, and acid‐catalyzed Kita macrolactonization.
A Fluorescent Chemosensor with a Hybridized Local and Charge Transfer Nature and Aggregation‐Induced Emission Effect for the Detection of Picric Acid
Authors: Zhou Chuanting , Han Xiangting , Liao Guifen , Zhou Chaotong , Jin Peng , Guo Yuhua , Gao Huiwen , Zhang Yujian , Yang Shengchen , Sun Jingwei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA novel fluorescent molecule TPA‐CO, which exhibited a hybridized local and charge transfer (HLCT) nature and aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) effect, was developed and utilized as a chemosensor for the detection of picric acid (PA) in both organic solution and water. It was found that TPA‐CO exhibited apparent fluorescent quenching along with the color change to yellow upon the addition of PA. Notably, more sensitive detection was achieved in the H2O: THF (9:1) medium, with the LOD almost two third lower than that in pure THF. Such more sensitive response in aqueous solution was accomplished by the synergy of HLCT and AIE effects in TPA‐CO nanoparticles, which facilitated both highly efficient fluorescence in the absence of PA and rapid quenching rate in the presence of PA, respectively. Therefore, it is proposed an effective design strategy by integrating HLCT and AIE effects for developing PA chemosensors.
Mesh‐Like Carbon Nanosheets with High‐Level Nitrogen Doping for High‐Energy Dual‐Carbon Lithium‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Li Zhao , Cao Liujun , Chen Wei , Huang Zechuan , Liu Hao 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLi‐ion capacitors (LICs) have demonstrated great potential for bridging the gap between lithium‐ion batteries and supercapacitors in electrochemical energy storage area. The main challenge for current LICs (contain a battery‐type anode as well as a capacitor‐type cathode) lies in circumventing the mismatched electrode kinetics and cycle degradation. Herein, a mesh‐like nitrogen (N)‐doped carbon nanosheets with multiscale pore structure is adopted as both cathode and anode for a dual‐carbon type of symmetric LICs to alleviate the above mentioned problems via a facile and green synthesis approach. With rational design, this dual‐carbon LICs exhibits a broad high working voltage window (0–4.5 V), an ultrahigh energy density of (), the highest power density of () even under an ultrahigh energy density of (), as well as reasonably good cycling stability with capacity retention of 84.5% (only 0.0016% capacity loss per cycle) within 10 000 cycles under a high current density of 5 A g−1. This study provides an efficient method and option for the development of high performance LIC devices.
A robust power control strategy to enhance LVRT capability of grid‐connected DFIG‐based wind energy systems
Authors: Ardjoun Sid Ahmed El Mehdi , Denai Mouloud , Abid Mohamed 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a new robust and effective control strategy to mitigate symmetrical voltage dips in a grid‐connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system without any additional hardware in the system. The aim is to control the power transmitted to the grid so as to keep the electrical and mechanical quantities above their threshold protection values during a voltage dip transient. To achieve this, the references of the powers are readjusted to adapt the wind energy conversion system to the fault conditions. Robust control strategies, combining the merits of sliding mode theory and fuzzy logic, are then proposed in this paper. These controllers are derived from the dynamic model of the DFIG considering the variations in the stator flux generated by the voltage drop. This approach is found to yield better performance than other control design methods which assume the flux in the stator to remain constant in amplitude. This control scheme is compliant with the fault‐ride‐through grid codes which require the wind turbine generator to remain connected during voltage dips. A series of simulation scenarios are carried out on a 3‐MW wind turbine system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes under voltage dips and parameter uncertainty conditions.
Gold, gildings, and tumbaga from the Moche tomb of the Lady of Cao: An EDXRF test for the internal ratio method
Authors: Cesareo Roberto 
Published: March 2019

Gold, gilded copper, gilded silver, and tumbaga artifacts from the Moche tomb of the Lady of Cao, dated around 300 A.D., were analyzed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analysis. These artifacts are multilayered structures, which can be “reconstructed” using the K or L rays ratio of the chemical elements present in the layers. For example, in the case of gilded copper, the ratios Au (Lα/Lß), Cu (Kα/Kß), and Au‐Lα/Cu‐Kα, altered with respect to bulk gold or copper, can be used to determine the gilding thickness.An ideal test of this method was recently offered by the study of 15 big spears on gilded copper, a necklace composed of 12 small heads on tumbaga (a poor gold‐alloy subject to depletion gilding), and a nose decoration on gilded silver. All these artifacts were found in (or close to) the tomb of the Lady of Cao, discovered 10 years ago in the north of Peru, close to Trujillo. The “internal ratio” method is described and discussed.
Magnesium enhances dehydration tolerance in Schizosaccharomyces pombe by promoting intracellular 5′‐methylthioadenosine accumulation
Authors: Roca‐Domènech Gemma , Poblet Montse , Rozès Nicolas , Cordero‐Otero Ricardo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the present study, we analysed metabolite features during the dehydration–rehydration process for two Schizosaccharomyces pombe strains with different viability rate, in order to determine whether metabolite contents were affected by the presence of magnesium during cell rehydration. The qualitative changes of the intracellular metabolites of both strains were determined by comparing the metabolic profiles of cells before dehydration, after rehydration in water or magnesium solution, and after 2‐hr inoculation of cells in complete medium. Our results suggest that changes of metabolites from the methionine salvage pathway, in particular 5′‐methylthioadenosine, triggered by the increasing intracellular magnesium content may participate in the dehydration tolerance of Sp97 cells.
Austrian economics without extreme apriorism: construing the fundamental axiom of praxeology as analytic
Authors: Linsbichler Alexander 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCurrent debates between behavioural and orthodox economists indicate that the role and epistemological status of first principles is a particularly pressing problem in economics. As an alleged paragon of extreme apriorism, the methodology of Austrian economics in Mises’ tradition is often dismissed as untenable in the light of modern philosophy. In particular, the defence of the so-called fundamental axiom of praxeology—“Man acts.”—by means of pure intuition is almost unanimously rejected. However, in recently resurfacing debates, the extremeness of Mises’ epistemological position has been called into question. Rather than directly engaging in these exegetical discussions, this paper aims to substantiate the possibility and plausibility of conventionalist defences of praxeology per se. The proposed shift includes settling for an analytic fundamental axiom and acknowledging the prima facie tenability of other research programs than praxeology. Since conventionalist praxeology is only moderately aprioristic, mainstream economists and philosophers might be more likely to engage in fruitful discussions with those Austrian scholars who elaborate pragmatic arguments for praxeology instead of invoking pure intuition.
Securing the Emergency Department During Terrorism Incidents: Lessons Learned From the Boston Marathon Bombings
Authors: Hojman Horacio , Rattan Rishi , Osgood Rob , Yao Mengdi , Bugaev Nikolay 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTTerrorist incidents that target hospitals magnify morbidity and mortality. Before a real or perceived terrorist mass casualty incident threatens a hospital and its providers, it is essential to have protocols in place to minimize damage to the infrastructure, morbidity, and mortality. In the years following the Boston Marathon bombings, much has been written about the heroic efforts of survivors and responders. Far less has been published about near misses due to lack of experience responding to a mass casualty incident resulting from terrorism. After an extensive review of the medical literature and published media in English, Spanish, and Hebrew, we were unable to identify a similar event. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported experience of a bomb threat caused evacuation of an emergency department in the United States while actively responding to multiple casualty terrorist incidents. We summarized the chronology of the events that led to a bomb threat being identified and the subsequent evacuation of the emergency department. We then reviewed the problematic nature of our response and described evidence-based policy changes based on data from health care, law enforcement, and counterterrorism. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:791–798)
Gender Stereotyping and Chivalry in International Negotiations: A Survey Experiment in the Council of the European Union
Authors: Naurin Daniel , Naurin Elin , Alexander Amy 
Published: March 2019

AbstractGender stereotypes—stylized expectations of individuals’ traits and capabilities based on their gender—may affect the behavior of diplomats and the processes of international negotiations. In a survey experiment in the Council of the European Union, we find that female representatives behaving stereotypically weak and vulnerable may trigger a chivalry reaction among male representatives, increasing the likelihood that the men will agree to support a bargaining proposal from the women. The effect is conditional on the negotiators’ cultural background—the chivalry reaction is displayed mainly by diplomats from countries with relatively low levels of gender equality. Our study contributes to the research on nonstandard behavior in international relations, and in particular the expression and reception of emotions in diplomacy. We argue that gender stereotypes may have a moderating impact on decision making based on such intuitive cognitive processes. We also add to the broader negotiation literature, both by showing the pervasiveness of gender stereotyping, and by testing at the elite level the generalizability of claims regarding gender effects derived from laboratory experiments. Overall, our findings demonstrate the importance of bringing gender into the study of international negotiations, where it has been largely and surprisingly ignored.
Negative effects of parasitic lung nematodes on the fitness of a Neotropical toad (Rhinella horribilis)
Authors: Kelehear Crystal , Saltonstall Kristin , Torchin Mark E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPathogens are increasingly implicated in amphibian declines but less is known about parasites and the role they play. We focused on a genus of nematodes (Rhabdias) that is widespread in amphibians and examined their genetic diversity, abundance (prevalence and intensity), and impact in a common toad (Rhinella horribilis) in Panama. Our molecular data show that toads were infected by at least four lineages ofRhabdias, most likelyRhabdias pseudosphaerocephala,and multiple lineages were present in the same geographic locality, the same host and even the same lung. Mean prevalence of infection per site was 63% and mean intensity of infection was 31 worms. There was a significant effect of host size on infection status in the wild: larger toads were more likely to be infected than were smaller conspecifics. Our experimental infections showed that toadlets that were penetrated by many infectiveRhabdiaslarvae grew less than those who were penetrated by few larvae. Exposure toRhabdiasreduced toadlet locomotor performance (both sustained speed and endurance) but did not influence toadlet survival. The effects ofRhabdiasinfection on their host appear to be primarily sublethal, however, dose-dependent reduction in growth and an overall impaired locomotor performance still represents a significant reduction in host fitness.
Development of EST-derived microsatellite markers to investigate the population structure of sparganum — the causative agent of zoonotic sparganosis
Authors: Zhang Xi , Hong Xiu , Duan Jiang Yang , Han Lu Lu , Hong Zi Yang , Jiang Peng , Wang Zhong Quan , Cui Jing 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe plerocercoid (sparganum) ofSpirometra erinaceieuropaeiis the main aetiological agent of human sparganosis. To improve the current knowledge onS. erinaceieuropaeievolution, we performed multi-locus microsatellite typing of sparganum isolates from China for the first time. All available expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences for theSpirometrawere downloaded from the GenBank. The identification and localization of microsatellites in ESTs was accomplished byMISA. Based on the selected microsatellites, the genetic structure of 64 sparganum isolates collected from 11 geographical locations in southwest China were investigated through principal component analysis, STRUCTURE analysis and neighbour-joining clustering. A total of 522 non-redundant ESTs containing 915 simple sequence repeats were identified from 12 481 ESTs screened. Five primer pairs were finally selected. Using these loci, a total of 12 alleles were detected in 64 sparganum isolates. Little variability was observed within each of geographical population, especially among isolates derived from Kunming of Yunnan (YN-KM) province. Both STRUCTURE analysis and the clustering analysis supported that two genotypes existed among the sparganum isolates from southwest China. In conclusion, five microsatellite markers were successfully developed, and sparganum population was observed to harbour low genetic variation, further investigation with deeper sampling was needed to elucidate the population structure.
Repurposing strategies for Chagas disease therapy: the effect of imatinib and derivatives againstTrypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Simões-Silva M. R. , De Araújo J. S. , Peres R. B. , Da Silva P. B. , Batista M. M. , De Azevedo L. D. , Bastos M. M. , Bahia M. T. , Boechat N. , Soeiro M. N. C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractChagas disease (CD) is a neglected parasitic condition endemic in the Americas caused byTrypanosoma cruzi. Patients present an acute phase that may or not be symptomatic, followed by lifelong chronic stage, mostly indeterminate, or with cardiac and/or digestive progressive lesions. Benznidazole (BZ) and nifurtimox are the only drugs approved for treatment but not effective in the late chronic phase and many strains of the parasite are naturally resistant. New alternative therapy is required to address this serious public health issue. Repositioning and combination represent faster, and cheaper trial strategies encouraged for neglected diseases. The effect of imatinib (IMB), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor designed for use in neoplasias, was assessedin vitroonT. cruziand mammalian host cells. In comparison with BZ, IMB was moderately active against different strains and forms of the parasite. The combination IMB + BZ in fixed-ratio proportions was additive. Novel 14 derivatives of IMB were screened and a 3,2-difluoro-2-phenylacetamide (3e) was as potent as BZ onT. cruzibut had low selectivity index. The results demonstrate the importance of phenotypic assays, encourage the improvement of IMB derivatives to reach selectivity and testify to the use of repurposing and combination in drug screening for CD.
Hybrid Strategy-based Coordinate Controller for an Underwater Vehicle Manipulator System Using Nonlinear Disturbance Observer
Authors: Li Jiyong , Huang Hai , Wan Lei , Zhou Zexing , Xu Yang 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThis paper presents a hybrid strategy-based coordinate controller with a novel nonlinear disturbance observer for autonomous underwater vehicle manipulator systems (UVMSs). This method can reduce the influence from external unknown disturbances, inner coupling effects and model uncertainties by using a modified disturbance observer. Considering the natural redundancy property of the UVMS, the redundancy resolution algorithm is often utilized to give desired trajectories in the vehicle–joint space. However, because of the calibration errors, assembling errors and numerical errors, these desired trajectories may not lead the end-effector to the goal point accurately. To realize accurate motion control even when small errors exist in the planning phase, a hybrid strategy is introduced to transform the controller in the joint–vehicle space to the controller in the task space. Numerical simulations based on a UVMS have been carried out to testify the effectiveness of the proposed coordinate controller and the hybrid strategy. During the simulations, unknown disturbances are exerted upon the system. The trajectory tracking and error fixing performances are discussed in comparative analyses. The controller also maintains robust characteristics in comparison with the passivity-based controller and the proposed controller but without the disturbance observer. Experiments are also carried out to test its performance.
TOWARD A DYNAMIC VIEW OF SECOND LANGUAGE COMPREHENSIBILITY
Authors: Nagle Charles , Trofimovich Pavel , Bergeron Annie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study took a dynamic approach to second language (L2) comprehensibility, examining how listeners construct comprehensibility profiles for L2 Spanish speakers during the listening task and what features enhance or diminish comprehensibility. Listeners were 24 native Spanish speakers who evaluated 2–5 minute audio clips recorded by three university-level L2 Spanish speakers responding to two prompts. Listeners rated comprehensibility dynamically, using Idiodynamic Software to upgrade or downgrade comprehensibility over the course of the listening task. Dynamic ratings for one audio clip were video-captured for stimulated recall, and listeners were interviewed to understand which aspects of L2 speech were associated with enhanced versus diminished comprehensibility. Results indicated that clips that were downgraded more often received lower global ratings but upgrading was not associated with higher ratings. Certain problematic features and individual episodes caused listeners’ impressions to converge, though substantial individual variation among listeners was evident.
Antidepressant Advertising in China and the UK: The Strengths and Limits of Policy Learning
Authors: Geyer Robert , Wang Fang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractChina is expected to become one of the largest markets for prescription drugs in the world and pharmaceutical advertising is becoming increasingly important, particularly in the socially and culturally contested area of mental health. This article briefly explores the background of drug advertising policies in China and the UK and focuses on the distinctive challenges of antidepressant drug regulation. Then, using tools of critical discourse analysis, it examines Chinese antidepressant adverts, and compares them with relevant British adverts. The findings indicate that, relative to the UK, Chinese antidepressant adverts are generally oversimplified, and the critical information concerning the concepts of caution, danger and adverse effects are underrepresented. However, there are many interdependent factors that contribute to the distinctive Chinese antidepressant drug regulatory regime. Hence, Chinese policymakers must maintain a delicate balance between learning from Western regulatory regimes, but also avoiding borrowing too heavily from them.