bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The politics of promoting social cash transfers in Uganda: The potential and pitfalls of “thinking and working politically”
Authors: Hickey Sam , Bukenya Badru 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMotivationSocial cash transfer programmes (SCTs) have spread rapidly in sub‐Saharan Africa during the last decade. However, there is little consensus on how this has happened, particularly in terms of the relative roles of international development agencies and national‐level political factors.Uganda is one of several countries to have adopted cash transfers since 2010 and can offer important insights into how this process has unfolded.PurposeTheoretical advances suggest that transnational policy transfer is most effective when international actors are able to align their proposals with domestic political dynamics. This article examines how the adoption of a “thinking and working politically” approach enabled donors to shape the uptake of SCTs in Uganda. It investigates what happens when a “going with the grain” approach is deployed in a context where domestic political dynamics are moving further away from the progressive forms of politics that proponents of social protection in Africa have often heralded.Approach and methodsThe article is based on an in‐depth qualitative case study of the promotion of SCTs in Uganda. Over 35 key informant interviews were undertaken with all key stakeholders, particularly between 2014–2016 after the government of Uganda announced a scaling‐up of SCTs. The triangulation of these accounts within a rigorous process‐tracing methodology enables us to link key turning points in this process to donor strategies and Uganda’s changing political settlement.FindingsDonor efforts to promote SCTs in Uganda prospered when a shift was made from a technocratic to a more politically informed approach in the late 2000s. By employing strategies from the new “thinking and working politically” agenda, an alignment was eventually achieved between SCTs and Uganda’s shifting political settlement, including the president’s increased vulnerability to popular pressures and the commercialization of patron–client politics. However, cash transfers have been adopted primarily as a form of clientelism rather than as a strategy for promoting either significant levels of poverty reduction or an improved social contract.Policy implicationsThe findings suggest that the “thinking and working politically” agenda carries significant risks when applied in contexts such as Uganda, where the political conditions for development are deteriorating.
Environmental hotspots of lactic acid production systems
Authors: Ögmundarson Ólafur , Sukumara Sumesh , Laurent Alexis , Fantke Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractUsing selected bio‐based feedstocks as alternative to fossil resources for producing biochemicals and derived materials is increasingly considered an important goal of a viable bioeconomy worldwide. However, to ensure that using bio‐based feedstocks is aligned with the global sustainability agenda, impacts along the entire life cycle of biochemical production systems need to be evaluated. This will help to identify those processes and technologies, which should be targeted for optimizing overall environmental sustainability performance. To address this need, we quantify environmental impacts of biochemical production using distinct bio‐based feedstocks, and discuss the potential for reducing impact hotspots via process optimization. Lactic acid (LA) was used as an example biochemical derived from corn, corn stover, and macroalgae (Laminaria sp.) as feedstocks of different technological maturity. We used environmental life cycle assessment (LCA), a standardized methodology, considering the full life cycle of the analyzed biochemical production systems and a broad range of environmental impact indicators. Across production systems, feedstock production and biorefinery processes dominate life cycle impact profiles, with choice in energy mix and biomass processing as main influencing aspects. Results show that uncertainty decreases with increasing technological maturity. When using Laminaria sp. (least mature among selected feedstocks), impacts are mainly driven by energy utilities (up to 86%) due to biomass drying. This suggests to focus on optimizing or avoiding this process for significantly increasing environmental sustainability of Laminaria sp.‐based LA production. Our results demonstrate that applying LCA is useful for identifying environmental impact hotspots at an earlier stage of technological development across biochemical production systems. With that, our approach contributes to improving the environmental sustainability of future biochemical production as part of moving toward a viable bioeconomy worldwide.
High‐Precision, High‐Accuracy Oxygen Isotope Measurements of Zircon Reference Materials with the SHRIMP‐SI
Authors: Ávila Janaína N. , Ireland Trevor R. , Holden Peter , Lanc Peter , Latimore Andrew , Schram Norm , Foster John , Williams Ian S. , Loiselle Liane , Fu Bin 
Published: September 2019

Analytical protocols for SHRIMP‐SI oxygen isotope analysis (δ18O) of a suite of zircon reference materials (RMs) are presented. Data reduction involved a robust estimate of uncertainties associated with the individual spot as well as for groups where the spot data are combined. The repeatability of δ18O measurements is dependent on both the analytical conditions and the choice of the primary reference material. Under optimised conditions, repeatability was often better than 0.4‰ (2s) allowing sample uncertainties to be obtained to better than 0.2‰ (at 95% confidence limit). Single spot uncertainty combined the within‐spot precision with the scatter associated with repeated measurements of the primary zircon reference material during a measurement session. The uncertainty for individual spots measured under optimised conditions was between 0.3 and 0.4‰ (at 95% confidence). The analytical protocols described were used to assess a variety of zircon RMs that have been used for geochronology and for which laser fluorination oxygen isotope data are available (Temora 2, FC1, R33, QGNG and Plešovice), as well as zircons that have been used as RMs for trace element or other types of determination (Mud Tank, Monastery, 91500, AS57, AS3, KIM‐5, OG1, SL13, CZ3 and several other Sri Lankan zircons). Repeated analyses over nine sessions and seven different mounts show agreement within analytical uncertainty for Temora 2, FC1, R33, QGNG, Plešovice and 91500, when normalised to Mud Tank. For existing ion microprobe mounts with these materials, an appropriate δ18O can be determined. However, care should be taken when using zircons from the Duluth Complex (i.e., FC1, AS57 and AS3) as reference materials as our data indicated an excess scatter on δ18O values associated with low‐U zircon grains.
Barium Isotopic Compositions in Thirty‐Four Geological Reference Materials Analysed by MC‐ICP‐MS
Authors: An Ya‐Jun , Li Xin , Zhang Zhao‐Feng 
Published: September 2019

Measurement of Ba isotope ratios of widely available reference materials is required for interlaboratory comparison of data. Here, we present new Ba isotope data for thirty‐four geological reference materials, including silicates, carbonates, river/marine sediments and soils. These reference materials (RMs) cover a wide range of compositions, with Ba mass fractions ranging from 6.4 to 1900 µg g−1, SiO2 from 0.62% to 90.36% m/m and MgO from 0.08% to 41.03% m/m. Accuracy and precision of our data were assessed by the analyses of duplicate samples and USGS rock RMs. Barium isotopic compositions for all RMs were in agreement with each other within uncertainty. The variation of δ138/134Ba in these RMs was up to 0.7‰. The shale reference sample, affected by a high degree of chemical weathering, had the highest δ138/134Ba (0.37 ± 0.03‰), while the stream sediment obtained from a tributary draining carbonate rocks was characterised by the lowest δ138/134Ba (−0.30 ± 0.05‰). Geochemical RMs play a fundamental role in the high‐precision and accurate determination of Ba isotopic compositions for natural samples with similar matrices. Analyses of these RMs could provide universal comparability for Ba isotope data and enable assessment of accuracy for interlaboratory data.
Postoperative pain following endodontic irrigation using 1.3% versus 5.25% sodium hypochlorite in mandibular molars with necrotic pulps: a randomized double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Mostafa M. E. H. A. A. , El‐Shrief Y. A. I. , Anous W. I. O. , Hassan M. W. , Salamah F. T. A. , El Boghdadi R. M. , El‐Bayoumi M. A. A. , Seyam R. M. , Abd‐El‐Kader K. G. , Amin S. A. W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAimThis randomized, prospective, double‐blind, clinical trial assessed the effect of 1.3% and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as irrigants on post‐endodontic pain and medication intake following root canal treatment of mandibular molars with nonvital pulps.MethodologyThree hundred and eight patients, each with one symptomatic or asymptomatic molar, were randomly assigned, using the permuted‐block method, into two equal groups according to NaOCl concentration: 1.3% or 5.25% (n = 154). For both groups, syringe irrigation was performed using a 27‐gauge needle advanced into the canal to a depth of 3 mm from the working length; 3 mL were used between every two consecutive instruments. All root canal treatments were carried out in two visits, with no intracanal medication, by trained postgraduate students. The canals were prepared using the ProTaper Universal rotary system during the first visit. In the second visit 7 days later, the same irrigant per group was used and the canal walls were reprepared with the final instrument before filling the canal using the modified single‐cone technique with an epoxy resin‐based sealer. Patients assessed their postoperative pain using a 0–10 numerical rating scale immediately after instrumentation, 3, 24, 48 h and 7 days after the first visit and immediately following root canal filling. The incidence of rescue medication intake (Sham or analgesic) was also recorded; patients received a sham capsule to be used first, but, if pain persisted, an analgesic was prescribed. Outcome data were analysed using Mann–Whitney U‐test, Friedman's test, Wilcoxon's rank test and chi‐square (χ2) test. Relative risk reduction (RRR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for binary data.ResultsThe incidence and intensity of postoperative pain were significantly lower with 1.3% NaOCl than 5.25% NaOCl at all time‐points (P < 0.05). Postoperative pain intensity exceeded preoperative pain at 3 and 24 h with 5.25% NaOCl only (P < 0.05). The RRR in pain incidence was 38% (95% CI: 17%, 54%) immediately after instrumentation, 41% (95% CI: 31%, 49%) at 3 h, 42% (95% CI: 32%, 51%) at 24 h, 59% (95% CI: 45%, 69%) at 48 h, 62% (95% CI: 27%, 80%) at 7 days and 81% (95% CI: 68%, 89%) after root filling. RRR was 38% (95% CI: 1%, 61%) for sham intake and 69% (95% CI: 37%, 85%) for analgesic intake.ConclusionsUsing 1.3% NaOCl was associated with less intense and less frequent post‐endodontic pain than 5.25% NaOCl in mandibular molars with nonvital pulps treated in two visits. The incidence of pain was reduced by up to 60% within the week post‐instrumentation and 80% after root canal filling and the rescue analgesic intake by about 70% on using 1.3% NaOCl compared to 5.25% NaOCl.
Cutting efficiency of conventional and heat‐treated nickel–titanium rotary or reciprocating glide path instruments
Authors: Pedullà E. , Leanza G. , La Rosa G. R. M. , Gueli A. M. , Pasquale S. , Plotino G. , Rapisarda E. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAimTo compare the cutting efficiency of several glide path files: HyFlex EDM Glidepath File (HEGF), One G (OG), R‐Pilot (RP) and WaveOne Gold Glider (WOGG) at different cutting inclinations.MethodologyCutting efficiency of 120 new HEGF, OG, RP and WOGG was tested at 90°, 70° and 45° inclination in relation to the sample. Depending on manufacturer instructions, instruments were tested in continuous rotation or reciprocating motion against standardized gypsum samples for 120 s using a customized apparatus. Cutting efficiency was determined by measuring the weight loss and the length of the sample cut. Data were analysed using two‐way analysis of variance and Tukey t‐test (P < 0.05).ResultsRP and WOGG had greater cutting ability than HEGF and OG in all tested angles. RP tested at 45° had significantly greater cutting efficiency than when tested at 90° and 70° (P < 0.05). OG was not significantly different in terms of cutting ability at 90°, 70° and 45° (P > 0.05). HEGF and WOGG had significantly greater cutting efficiency at 45° and 70° compared to 90° (P < 0.05), with no significant difference between 45° and 70° (P > 0.05). RP had the greatest cutting ability at all tested angles.ConclusionsReciprocating glide path instruments had greater cutting efficiency compared to those in continuous rotation. An inclined insertion (45° or 70°) increased the cutting ability of glide path files except for One G conventional NiTi files.
Pyropia columbina phycocolloids as microencapsulating material improve bioaccessibility of brewers’ spent grain peptides with ACE‐I inhibitory activity
Authors: Cian Raúl E. , Salgado Pablo R. , Mauri Adriana N. , Drago Silvina R. 
Published: September 2019

SummaryThe effects of wall hydrocolloids on delivery and bioaccessibility of encapsulated brewers’ spent grain ACE‐I inhibitory peptides after simulated gastrointestinal digestion were assessed. Microencapsulation of peptides was carried out by spray drying using locust bean gum, P. columbina phycocolloids, or its mixtures as wall materials. Microcapsules presented round external surfaces with some concavities, negative surface charge and encapsulation efficiencies higher than 90%. The incorporation of phycocolloids to formulations increased the encapsulation efficiency, negative surface charge and resistance against digestive enzymes of microcapsules. Encapsulated peptides with P. columbina phycocolloids showed lower IC50 value of ACE‐I inhibition than un‐encapsulated peptides (2.4 ± 0.2 vs. 7.2 ± 0.3 mg mL−1 protein), but higher than that obtained for hydrolysate (1.5 ± 0.2 mg mL−1 protein), indicating a 75% protection of bioactivity. Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between P. columbina phycocolloids and brewers’ spent grain peptides could be implicated in the protection of peptides during gastrointestinal digestion.
Synchronised interrelationship between lipid/protein oxidation analysis and sensory attributes in refrigerated minced beef meat formulated with Punica granatum peel extract
Authors: Fourati Mariam , Smaoui Slim , Ben Hlima Hajer , Ennouri Karim , Chakchouk Mtibaa Ahlem , Sellem Imen , Elhadef Khaoula , Mellouli Lotfi 
Published: September 2019

SummaryMicrobiological, chemical and sensory effects of pomegranate peel ethanol extract (EE) at 0.1, 0.5 and 1% (w w−1) on refrigerated minced beef meat were undertaken. Chemical analyses revealed that the treated meat underwent significant decrease (P < 0.05) of primary and secondary lipid oxidation. By the end of storage, EE at 1% reduced the MetMb, carbonyl group accumulation and the disappearance of sulphydryl proteins by 56.68, 65.71 and 59.69% respectively, compared with control samples. EE at 1% showed also the highest scores for colour, appearance, odour and overall acceptability (OA) attributes using a 9‐point hedonic scale. Chemometric approaches showed that lipid/protein oxidation analysis, sensory attributes and storage time allowed the samples discrimination. Oxidative stability parameters were equally used to predict OA by linear regression analysis. The reported data provide an approach to strengthen the interpretation of sensory quality and how they are affected by chemical changes in newly formulated meat products.
Cerebral Plasmodium falciparum malaria: The role of PfEMP1 in its pathogenesis and immunity, and PfEMP1‐based vaccines to prevent it
Authors: Jensen Anja Ramstedt , Adams Yvonne , Hviid Lars 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMalaria, a mosquito‐borne infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium continues to be a major health problem worldwide. The unicellular Plasmodium‐parasites have the unique capacity to infect and replicate within host erythrocytes. By expressing variant surface antigens Plasmodium falciparum has evolved to avoid protective immune responses; as a result in endemic areas anti‐malaria immunity develops gradually over many years of multiple and repeated infections. We are studying the role of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) expressed by asexual stages of P. falciparum responsible for the pathogenicity of severe malaria. The immunopathology of falciparum malaria has been linked to cyto‐adhesion of infected erythrocytes to specific host receptors. A greater appreciation of the PfEMP1 molecules important for the development of protective immunity and immunopathology is a prerequisite for the rational discovery and development of a safe and protective anti‐disease malaria vaccine. Here we review the role of ICAM‐1 and EPCR receptor adhering falciparum‐parasites in the development of severe malaria; we discuss our current research to understand the factors involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria and the feasibility of developing a vaccine targeted specifically to prevent this disease.
BAFF inhibition in SLE—Is tolerance restored?
Authors: Jackson Shaun W , Davidson Anne 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe B cell activating factor (BAFF) inhibitor, belimumab, is the first biologic drug approved for the treatment of SLE, and exhibits modest, but durable, efficacy in decreasing disease flares and organ damage. BAFF and its homolog APRIL are TNF‐like cytokines that support the survival and differentiation of B cells at distinct developmental stages. BAFF is a crucial survival factor for transitional and mature B cells that acts as rheostat for the maturation of low‐affinity autoreactive cells. In addition, BAFF augments innate B cell responses via complex interactions with the B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll like receptor (TLR) pathways. In this manner, BAFF impacts autoreactive B cell activation via extrafollicular pathways and fine tunes affinity selection within germinal centers (GC). Finally, BAFF and APRIL support plasma cell survival, with differential impacts on IgM‐ and IgG‐producing populations. Therapeutically, BAFF and combined BAFF/APRIL inhibition delays disease onset in diverse murine lupus strains, although responsiveness to BAFF inhibition is model dependent, in keeping with heterogeneity in clinical responses to belimumab treatment in humans. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms whereby BAFF/APRIL signals promote autoreactive B cell activation, discuss whether altered selection accounts for therapeutic benefits of BAFF inhibition, and address whether new insights into BAFF/APRIL family complexity can be exploited to improve human lupus treatments.
A new microinvertebrate with features of mites and tardigrades in Dominican amber
Authors: Poinar George , Nelson Diane R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFrom time to time, small, fragile, previously unknown fossil invertebrates are found in specialized habitats. Occasionally, as in the present case, a fragment of the original habitat that existed millions of years ago is also preserved. The present article describes a previously unknown microinvertebrate in Dominican amber that cannot be placed in any group of extant invertebrates. Placed in a new family, genus, and species, the fossil shares characters with both tardigrades and mites, but clearly belongs to neither group. The several hundred fossil individuals preserved in the amber shared their moist, warm habitat with pseudoscorpions, nematodes, fungi, and protozoa. The large number of fossils provided additional evidence of their biology, including their reproductive behavior, developmental stages, and food. While there is no extant group that can accommodate these fossils, and we have no knowledge of any extant descendants, this discovery shows that unique lineages of minute invertebrates were surviving in the mid‐Tertiary.
Origin of the existence of inter‐granular glassy films in β‐Si3N4
Authors: Adhikari Puja , Shafei Layla , San Saro , Rulis Paul , Ching Wai‐Yim 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInter‐granular glassy films (IGFs) are ubiquitous in structural ceramics and they play a critical role in defining their properties. The detailed origin of IGFs has been debated for decades with no firm conclusion. Herein, we report the result of quantum mechanical modeling on a realistic IGF model in β‐Si3N4 that unravels the fundamental reason for its development. We calculate the electronic structure, interatomic bonding, and mechanical properties using ab initio density functional theory with parallel calculations on crystalline β‐Si3N4, α‐Si3N4, γ‐Si3N4, and Si2N2O. The total bond order density—a quantum mechanical metric characterizing internal cohesion—of the IGF model and crystalline β‐Si3N4 are found to be identical. Detailed analysis shows that weakening of the bonds in the glassy film is compensated by strengthening of the interfacial bonds between the crystalline grain and the glassy layer. This provides a natural explanation for the ubiquitous existence of IGFs in silicon nitride and other structural ceramics. Moreover, the mechanical properties of this IGF model reveal its structural flexibility due to the presence of the less rigid glassy layer. This work demonstrates that high‐level computational modeling can now explain some of the most intriguing phenomena in nanoscale ceramic materials.
Rare species, Restionaceae, and the Cape flora
Authors: Linder Hans Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAimI test whether species range size variation is driven by the age of the species, their intrinsic traits, environment or by historical‐geographical patterns (e.g. the location of climatic or environmental refugia).LocationGreater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) of South Africa.TaxonAngiosperms, Restionaceae (restios).MethodsI determined the area of occupancy and extent of occurrence of all restios in the GCFR, and derive a list of “single‐site endemics” (SSE). I inferred a rate‐corrected and dated phylogeny which includes 98% of the species. I explored the correlates of range size variation with phylogenetically corrected regressions, focussing on likely candidate traits (dispersal and fire survival modes), habitats (soil drainage, elevation), climatic variables (rainfall and temperature) and history (age of species). I calculated the species richness, community mean range sizes and numbers of SSE for 49 sites and 938 10 m diameter circular relevés across the GCFR, and sought correlates of these, specifically testing for historical‐geographical patterns in relationship to the distance from the centre of the region.ResultsNarrow‐range restios are correlated with higher elevations, rainfall and rainfall seasonality; are found more likely in marshes and seepages; and are more likely killed by fire and have to re‐establish from seed after fire. Wide‐ranging species are found in areas with lower rainfall, at lower elevations, in well‐drained habitats, and resprout after fire. Community mean ranges sizes are larger towards the eastern part of the GCFR; and relevé data show that sandstones, shale, laterite and granites are associated with wider distribution ranges, as are soils with pebbles or sandy soils without rocks, and limestones with smaller community mean ranges than other bedrock types. The number of SSE is largely correlated with species richness, except that SSE are more likely at higher elevations.Main ConclusionRange size variation in the restios is largely driven by history (expressed as the distance from the Kogelberg region), suggesting that the Kogelberg region may have been most climatically stable during the Neogene and Pleistocene. The second‐most important driver is the environment (i.e. rock type, elevation, rainfall), generally with spatially restricted habitats hosting range‐restricted species.