bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resurgence of Diabetes-Related Nontraumatic Lower-Extremity Amputation in the Young and Middle-Aged Adult U.S. Population
Authors: Geiss Linda S. , Li Yanfeng , Hora Israel , Albright Ann , Rolka Deborah , Gregg Edward W. 
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether declining trends in lower-extremity amputations have continued into the current decade.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We calculated hospitalization rates for nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation (NLEA) for the years 2000–2015 using nationally representative, serial cross-sectional data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample on NLEA procedures and from the National Health Interview Survey for estimates of the populations with and without diabetes.

RESULTS
Age-adjusted NLEA rates per 1,000 adults with diabetes decreased 43% between 2000 (5.38 [95% CI 4.93–5.84]) and 2009 (3.07 [95% CI 2.79–3.34]) (P &lt; 0.001) and then rebounded by 50% between 2009 and 2015 (4.62 [95% CI 4.25–5.00]) (P &lt; 0.001). In contrast, age-adjusted NLEA rates per 1,000 adults without diabetes decreased 22%, from 0.23 per 1,000 (95% CI 0.22–0.25) in 2000 to 0.18 per 1,000 (95% CI 0.17–0.18) in 2015 (P &lt; 0.001). The increase in diabetes-related NLEA rates between 2009 and 2015 was driven by a 62% increase in the rate of minor amputations (from 2.03 [95% CI 1.83–2.22] to 3.29 [95% CI 3.01–3.57], P &lt; 0.001) and a smaller, but also statistically significant, 29% increase in major NLEAs (from 1.04 [95% CI 0.94–1.13] to 1.34 [95% CI 1.22–1.45]). The increases in rates of total, major, and minor amputations were most pronounced in young (age 18–44 years) and middle-aged (age 45–64 years) adults and more pronounced in men than women.

CONCLUSIONS
After a two-decade decline in lower-extremity amputations, the U.S. may now be experiencing a reversal in the progress, particularly in young and middle-aged adults.
Local variation in the use of out-of-home care in England: analysis of linked administrative data
Authors: McGrath-Lone Louise , Harron Katie , Dearden Lorraine , Nasim Bilal , Gilbert Ruth 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACT
ObjectivesIn England, approximately one in thirty children spend time in out-of-home care (OHC) by age 18.Use of OHC is known to vary across the country, which may be explained in part by ethnic group differences in the risk of being placed in OHC. This study uses linked administrative data to determine whether local variation in the cumulative proportion of children placed in OHC is explained by differences in the ethnic distribution of the local populations.
Approach Administrative social care records from January 1, 1992 to December 31, 2012 for a one-third sample of children were linked to publicly-available local authority population estimates. Two artificial birth cohorts were selected for analysis; 1992-94 and 2009-11. The cumulative proportion of children who entered OHC was calculated for each of the current 150 local authorities (the local government bodies who deliver children’s social care services). Funnel plots were used to identify local authorities with higher or lower than expected rates of entry to OHC, taking into account the size of their child population and its ethnic distribution.
ResultsOverall 3.3% of children in England born 1992-94 had entered OHC by age 18. Rates varied considerably by local authority from this national average, ranging from just 1.0% in Rutland to 6.9% in Manchester (both p<0.001). Local authority variation in rates of entry to OHC was also evident among the most recent birth cohort: while 0.8% of children born 2009-11 had entered OHC by age one, this figure varied from 0.2% in Rutland to 2.7% in Blackpool (p<0.05 and p<0.001 respectively). Indirect standardisation of rates for ethnicity did not appreciably change the cumulative percentage of children entering care in each local authority or the relative rankings of local authorities.
Conclusion There is considerable, persistent variation between local authorities in England in the rate of entry into OHC during childhood which cannot be attributed to differences in ethnic composition. Further linkage of administrative social care data to area-level data (for example, related to social care spending or indicators of social deprivation) would be useful for understanding local variation in thresholds for placing a child in OHC.
Сauses of Dizziness in Patients with Suspected Stroke
Authors: Shevchenko E. V. , Ramazanov G. R. , Petrikov S. S. 
Published: November 2018

Background Acute dizziness may be the only symptom of stroke. Prevalence of this disease among patients with isolated dizziness differs significantly and depends on study design, inclusion criteria and diagnostic methods. In available investigations, we did not find any prospective studies where magnetic resonance imaging, positional maneuvers, and Halmagyi-Curthoys test had been used to clarify a pattern of diseases with isolated acute dizziness and suspected stroke.Aim of study To clarify the pattern of the causes of dizziness in patients with suspected acute stroke.Material and methods We examined 160 patients admitted to N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine with suspected stroke and single or underlying complaint of dizziness. All patients were examined with assessment of neurological status, Dix-Hollpike and Pagnini-McClure maneuvers, HalmagyiCurthoys test, triplex scans of brachiocephalic arteries, transthoracic echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain with magnetic field strength 1.5 T. MRI of the brain was performed in patients without evidence of stroke by CT and in patients with stroke of undetermined etiology according to the TOAST classification.Results In 16 patients (10%), the cause of dizziness was a disease of the brain: ischemic stroke (n=14 (88%)), hemorrhage (n=1 (6%)), transient ischemic attack (TIA) of posterior circulation (n=1 (6%)). In 70.6% patients (n=113), the dizziness was associated with peripheral vestibulopathy: benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (n=85 (75%)), vestibular neuritis (n=19 (17%)), Meniere’s disease (n=7 (6%)), labyrinthitis (n=2 (1,3%)). In 6.9% patients (n=11), the cause of dizziness was hypertensive encephalopathy, 1.9% of patients (n=3) had heart rhythm disturbance, 9.4% of patients (n=15) had psychogenic dizziness, 0.6% of patients (n=1) had demyelinating disease, and 0.6% of patients (n=1) had hemic hypoxia associated with iron deficiency anemia.Conclusion In 70.6% patients with acute dizziness, admitted to hospital with a suspected stroke, peripheral vestibulopathy was revealed. Only 10% of patients had a stroke as a cause of dizziness.
The Results of Gastric pH-metry in Patients with Extensive Burns
Authors: Vagner D. O. , Krylov K. M. , Verbitsky V. G. , Safoyev M. I. , Shlyk I. V. 
Published: November 2018

Aim of studyTo study of the role of hydrochloric acid in the genesis of stress-induced gastric ulceration in patients with extensive burns.Material and methodsThe results of gastroscopy and endoscopic pH-metry of 30 young patients with extensive burns (19 male patients and 11 female patients). The acidity of the gastric contents was measured on day 1,7 and 14 after the trauma.ResultsIt was found that the early period of burn disease was followed by the pH growth in the acid-producing area of the stomach to 3.8–4.2 (p=0.002–0.020). This indicated that extensive burns provoked a significant decrease of hydrochloric acid production by parietal cells of the stomach. The restoration of the acid production occurred only 14 days after thermal injury and was not followed by the development of a hyperacid state. The frequency of erosive-ulcerative lesions detection in the gastric mucosa by the end of the first day after receiving burns was 83%, 87% on day 7, and 96% on day 14. In total, stress-induced lesions of the gastrointestinal mucosa were diagnosed in 26 of 30 patients with a shock-induced thermal injury. Consequently, in patients with burn shock the protective factors of the gastric mucosa were depressed so that a minimum amount of hydrochloric acid was sufficient to damage it.ConclusionInhibition of acidogenic function is typical for patients with burn disease. Hydrochloric acid does not play a leading role in the genesis of stressinduced ulceration in patients with severe thermal trauma.
Massive Hemorrhages in Pregnant Women with Placenta Previa and Accreta: a Transfusiologist’s View
Authors: Fyodorova T. A. , Rogachevsky O. V. , Strelnikova A. V. , Korolyov A. Y. , Vinitsky A. A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate volumes of blood loss and infusion and transfusion therapy during Cesarean section in pregnant women with placenta previa and accreta.Material and methods Тhe study group consisted of 15 patients with placenta previa and accreta. The delivery period was 32–36 weeks. We used clinical and laboratory techniques and special methods of investigation. The analysis of pregnancy course, bleeding volumes, infusion and transfusion therapy, hemostasis system parameters and hemogram was carried out.Results Тhe mean age of pregnant women was 33.8±4.3 years. All pregnant women underwent fundal Cesarean section. In 80% of women, we performed Cesarean section and metroplasty. In 20% of women, Cesarean section and hysterectomy were performed. The volume of intraoperative blood loss ranged from 750 ml to 6,000 ml and averaged 2,471.4±1,528.5 ml. The volumes of crystalloid solutions were 1,361.53±1,052.40 of Sterofundin, and 688.4±123.5 ml of other solutions. In 80% of patients, Gelofusine was administered (969.66±351.86 ml on the average), as well as Geloplasma (620.8±124.8 ml on the average). The volume of HES solutions 6% 130/04 was 744.4±120.45 ml on the average. FFP in the amount of 1,526.7±762.83 ml was transfused to 60% of women. The mean dose of tranexamic acid was 2.6±0.84 g. The factor rFVIIa was administered in three patients in the dose of 90 mcg/kg. Prothrombin complex concentrate 1200 IU was administered in three patients. The volume of reinfused autoerythrocytes was 793.7±424.17 ml on the average. The volume of donor red blood cells during the operation amounted to 775.12±120.2 ml.Conclusion Pregnant patients with placenta previa and accrete represent a high-risk group for the development of massive coagulopathic bleeding and postoperative complications. These patients should deliver on a routine basis at the high-tech institutions of obstetric care. The adequate, timely infusion and transfusion maintenance of surgical intervention with this pathology, using modern blood-saving technologies, transfusion of sufficient volumes of blood components, inhibitors of fibrinolysis, coagulation factors, modern balanced crystalloid and colloidal solutions plays a important role in implementation of organpreserving tactics.
Demographic and family-related predictors of online gaming addiction in adolescents
Authors: Pawłowska Beata , Potembska Emilia , Szymańska Jolanta 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Introduction. Dependence on the Internet and online games is a growing problem worldwide. Aim. The aim of this study was to determine the differences between girls and boys as well as between adolescents living in urban vs. rural areas in regard to prevalence of playing online games, the amount of time devoted to playing games, the severity of symptoms of online gaming addiction, and preferences for game genres. Also, significant predictors of online game addiction in the studied group of young people were identified. Material and methods. The study involved 827 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years. When it comes to 488 (60.02%) of them, they lived in the countryside and 325 (39.98%) in a city. The following instruments were used: a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Online Gaming Addiction Questionnaire and the Disturbed Family Relations Questionnaire, all developed by Pawłowska and Potembska. Results. Statistically significant differences were found between girls and boys and between adolescent urban and rural dwellers in prevalence of playing online games, severity of online gaming addiction symptoms, preferences for specific game genres, and the amount of time spent playing online games. Conclusions. 1. Significantly more boys than girls played online games. Boys devoted more time to playing and had more severe symptoms of addiction to online games. 2. Adolescent city dwellers spent significantly more time playing online games, mainly to relieve boredom and experience new sensations, than young people living in the countryside. 3. Major predictors of online gaming addiction included male gender, urban residence, domestic violence, mother’s child-raising rules being challenged by the father, and the child’s sense of responsibility for his/her parents.
Medical doctrines at the turn of the 18th and 19th c. and their philosophical foundations
Authors: Płonka-Syroka Bożena 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The turn of the 18th and 19th c. is a period in the history of medicine where the division of the main modernisation course in clinical medicine was made. Two competing movements were distinguished at that time: physical, the foundations of which referred to the philosophy of the English and French Enlightenment (the so-called Medical Enlightenment) and romantic, which was critical of the philosophy and attempted to base the foundations of medicine on German idealism. The rivalry began in 1797 when the basis of the romantic movement was determined and ended in 1849 when the movement was removed through administrative channels from universities in German Protestant states. Then, the unification of the theoretical foundations of clinical medicine in Europe took place, while the epigones of the romantic movement were included in the area of alternative medicine by academic communities. Both of the movements involved dozens of medical doctrines, which strove to solve practical therapeutic problems in relation to different theories. The aim of the article is to present the rivalry between both modernisation movements on the basis of my earlier studies, the results of which were included in the publications from 1990-2016, and references with particular emphasis on the role of therapeutic doctrines and their philosophical foundations.
Specificity of Students’ Technological Training in Finland and Great Britain
Authors: Androshchuk Iryna , Androshchuk Ihor 
Published: November 2018

Abstract The specificity of students’ technological training in Finland and Great Britain has been considered. It has been found that the state policy of foreign countries is aimed at providing students with professional knowledge, work skills and combining comprehensive and professional training. Specific attention has been paid to the subjects and courses in foreign countries, which are equivalent to the course on technological training. It has been indicated that establishing connections between school, industry and production is one of the important conditions for improving technological training. The specificity of students’ technological training in Finnish schools at different levels of education has been characterized. Indeed, the level of education defines the character of technological operations differentiation based on the materials of manufactured products; gradual introduction of professional and polytechnical optional and specialized courses, whose volume corresponds to regional conditions; organization of visits to production, agricultural and forestry enterprises; active participation of students in professional production, which contributes to acquiring practical experience in the chosen production area. It has been revealed that Finnish schools pay particular attention to the importance of proper facilities and resources and fully equipped workshops, namely joiner’s shops, locksmith shops, tailor’s shops, fully equipped teaching kitchens and canteens. It has been revealed that technological training of students in Great Britain is characterized by their active involvement into field experience; establishment of mini-enterprises based on comprehensive schools; centralization in solving the main objectives in the field of students’ technological training. It has been stated that the mini-enterprises in schools contribute to strengthening the relations between school and the labour market. The common form of students’ technological training is industrial placement and the main method is project-based learning.
Concepts of Teacher Education Development in Europe
Authors: Pliushch Valentyna 
Published: November 2018

Abstract The article analyzes global trends in the development of teacher education with the aim to improve the education system in Ukraine and presents a comparative and pedagogical study on the concepts of teacher education development in Europe, in particular Great Britain and Germany. It was found that conceptual and methodological fundamentals of modern foreign pedagogy were constantly updated and adjusted. In West European pedagogy, the most common concepts of teacher education development are rationalistic, conservative and neohumanistic (phenomenological) ones. It was specified that rationalistic and traditional concepts of intellectual development were appropriate for the individuals who were reluctant to engage in cognitive activities and needed constant external stimuli. The phenomenological concept is humanistic-oriented and prioritizes personal learning targeted at individual self-realization and defines a learning environment to be a unique catalyst for successful learning. In Great Britain and Germany, open learning is one of the leading forms in realizing the phenomenological concept. Theoretical principles of open learning are related to the philosophy of existentialism, which emphasizes the need to create relevant conditions for learning so that students may freely realize their individual needs. Despite the fact that the concept of open learning is still under development and primarily describes the basic guidelines for education development and the issue of its practical implementation has not beet fully disclosed yet, it appears as a fundamental strategy for modern education. The main principle of open learning is individualization of the education process. Individual skills of students determine the content, methods, forms and tools of learning since the pedagogy of modern teacher education in England is based on them. It was noted that the system of distance education in Ukraine was under development too. However, it may become rather promising provided that Ukrainian educators have taken into account positive aspects of relevant foreign experience and combined the most advanced distance learning technologies with the most effective technologies and methods of traditional classroom learning. West European experience in developing higher teacher education can be implemented in Ukraine provided that the most effective traditions of the national teacher education have been preserved and, therefore, can adjust them to the modern international standards.
Leadership Development among Universities in Kosovo: Challenges and Alternatives
Authors: Shala Arif , Baliqi Bekim 
Published: November 2018

Abstract This article analyses the potential impact of leadership development initiatives on the quality of higher education institutions in Kosovo. Taking into account the fact that leadership is a crucial factor in improving management and performance of institutions, it is necessary to develop and integrate it into the higher education system. Current developments in the education have proven that leadership development in universities is no longer an option, it is instead a necessity. This development takes place at the beginning of teachers’ carrier and aims to assist them in developing leadership skills they need to lead schools in the future. School leaders who are considered to be successful at leading tend to make sure that their staff have access to workplace learning and training with many schools providing sets of professional learning activities which ensure the development of leadership skills. This approach emphasises tasks related with student achievements, staff performance, curriculum development and data analysis. It has been defined that the development of leadership that rests on organisation theory is hindered by numerous current challenges at the universities in Kosovo. These challenges are: lack of networking and cooperation, lack of planning and, ultimately, the lack of management and leadership skills. While higher education institutions in Kosovo face many challenges, we assume that they could enhance academic quality and overall student achievements by increasing leadership capacities. In the context of transition of the university role, the demand for leadership development is a need for carrying out university reforms and achieving educational advancement. Thus, the development of leadership skills is more a necessity than an option for higher education institutions to prepare students appropriately for the new era. It has been substantiated that practices such as multisource feedback, action learning and coaching have proven to be useful and their application could increase leadership capacities of educational institutions that are built on organisational approaches and theories concerning enhancement of their quality.
Genesis and Nature of Moral and Legal Norms. Leon Petrażycki’s Naturalistic Solution
Authors: Dąbrowski Andrzej 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to examine the nature of moral and legal norms in a broader context: first, taking into account logical and methodological assumptions, second, in the perspective of psychology of emotions and legal policy. The basic subject of the research carried out by Leon Petrażycki was represented by law. Originally, it had a psychological character, not an objective, eternal, and unchanging one. To fully understand the genesis and nature of morality and law, Petrażycki addressed the study of mental phenomena, especially emotional experiences. First, however, he developed appropriate rules of logic and scientific methodology. Then he developed a new classification of mental phenomena, among which the fundamental role is played by bilateral (passive-active) emotions. At some stage, emotions begin to cooperate with cognitive processes, first of all with imaginations. Imaginations of acts, such as theft, betrayal, murder, can cause repulsive emotions, and type imaginations, such as truthfulness, charity, justice can evoke apulsive emotions. On the basis of such associations, judgments are created over time, the content of which becomes a basis for fundamental rules of conduct, that is, for norms. There are two fundamentally different types of norms: moral norms and legal norms. The norms of the first type are imperative and represent the nature of validity (they are obeyed), while the norms of the second type are imperative-attributive and they also always entitle someone to something, i.e. they give someone a right. This division determines a fundamental difference between morality and law.
Truth and Adequacy. Remarks on Petrażycki’s Methodology
Authors: Woleński Jan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The paper discusses the concept of adequacy central for Pertażycki’s methodology. According to Petrażycki any valuable scientific theory should be adequate, that is, neither limping (to broad with respect its actual scope) nor jumping (too narrow with respect to its actual scope). Consequently, adequacy of a theory is a stronger condition than its truth. Every adequacy theory is true, but not conversely. However, there is problem, because scientific laws are conditionals (implications). This suggests that adequacy is too strong conditions, because the consequence of an implication has a wider scope than its antecedent. Thus, laws should have the form of equivalence. The paper shows how model-theoretic characterization of theories allows to recognize truth and adequacy, consistently with Petrażycki’s claims.