bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competing Conceptions of the Freedom to Conduct a Business as a Fundamental Right
Authors: O'Connor Niall 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the consequences of the enactment of the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights for the Court of Justice of the European Union’s interpretation and application of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right. It is demonstrated that the relative continuity with the pre-existing general principles was interrupted by a series of deregulatory judgments within the employment context in which the freedom to conduct a business was a relied on to undermine the competing social rights of employees. Particular attention is paid to the decision in Alemo-Herron, which sits at the crossroads between the Court’s restrictive and expansive approaches to the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right. Absent from the Court’s case law is any in-depth examination of the meaning of freedom of contract as a component of the freedom to conduct a business, or indeed the value to be placed on freedom of contract within European Union law more generally.
The Systemic Implications of the Freedom to Conduct a Business as a Fundamental Right
Authors: O'Connor Niall 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter advances a ‘socialized’ conception of the freedom to conduct a business as a fundamental right through an examination of the interrelation between that freedom and the right to work found in Article 15 of the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights. The freedom to pursue a trade or occupation and business freedoms have been deeply connected since the earliest case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union recognizing fundamental rights as general principles of European Union law. Lessons are drawn from the Lochner discourse in the United States to demonstrate the potential systemic consequences of the reliance by courts on deregulatory constitutional concepts such as freedom of contract. At the same time, it is shown that competing (social) constitutional values can lead to a reconceptualization of economic freedoms through a proper recognition of their social dimension.
Sampson Against the Philistines
Authors: Funk Kellen R 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces a distinctively liberal American approach to codification that undergird the successful movement to codify legal practice in mid-nineteenth-century New York. Codification in New York resounded with overtones of anti-English political and religious dissent—dissent that could speak in a democratic voice but often did not, favoring instead the interests of lawyers more than legislators. This voice was typified by the Orangeist reformer William Sampson and, in the next generation, Sampson’s admirer David Dudley Field. For codifiers like Field, codification was a tool for managing judges and judicial precedent without sacrificing the property protections those precedents secured. This approach to codification reflected the interests of workaday practitioners who sought to manage the explosion of legal publishing after the 1820s. More broadly, codifiers in and outside New York argued the virtues of codification in terms distinctive of liberal Protestantism, with a commitment to self-elucidating texts, unmediated access to truth, and, above all, limited state authority. By focusing codification on the concerns of legal practitioners, trial lawyers like Field and Sampson managed the tensions inherent in a drive toward codification that was paradoxically indifferent to legislative power.
Healthcare Access Domains and Treatment as Mediators of Ovarian Cancer Racial Disparities in Survival: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis in SEER-Medicare
Authors: Meernik Clare , Chen Quan , Wilson Lauren E , Joshi Ashwini , Rahman Fariha , Pisu Maria , Liang Margaret , Ward Kevin C , Kuliszewski Margaret Gates , Tucker Thomas , Berchuck Andrew , Huang Bin , Akinyemiju Tomi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Racial differences in healthcare access (HCA) may contribute to disparities in ovarian cancer (OC) survival. We used structural equation models (SEM) to examine associations between race and HCA domains (affordability, availability, accessibility) in relation to overall and OC-specific mortality. Non-Hispanic (NH)-Black and non-Black (Hispanic, NH-White) women diagnosed with OC in 2008-2015 were identified from SEER-Medicare. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to conduct mediation analysis for associations between race and HCA domains with overall and OC-specific mortality. SEM models adjusting for demographic and clinical covariates were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 4,629 eligible OC patients were identified, including 255 (5.5%) patients who were NH-Black. In SEM adjusting for demographic, clinical, and HCA latent variables, there was a total effect of NH-Black race on overall (HR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.03,1.19) and OC-specific mortality (HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.24), which was primarily driven by a direct effect. There was a modest indirect association between NH-Black race and mortality through decreased treatment receipt, though not through HCA. There is a need for studies investigating additional social and biological mechanisms that contribute to worse cancer survival among NH-Black patients.
Advances in recombinant protein production in microorganisms and functional peptide tags
Authors: Ojima-Kato Teruyo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Recombinant protein production in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is a fundamental technology for both research and industry. Achieving efficient protein synthesis is key to accelerating the discovery, characterization, and practical application of proteins. This review focuses on recent advances in recombinant protein production and strategies for more efficient protein production, especially using Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Additionally, this review summarizes the development of various functional peptide tags that can be employed for protein production, modification, and purification, including translation-enhancing peptide tags developed by our research group.
Evidence-Informed Provision of Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis for Prevention of Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections
Authors: Dombrowski Julia C , Donnell Deborah , Grabow Cole , Cohen Stephanie E , Cannon Chase A , Brown Clare E , Buchbinder Susan P , Celum Connie , Luetkemeyer Anne F 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Doxycycline postexposure prophylaxis (doxy-PEP) reduces the risk of bacterial sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men and transgender women. In the United States, doxy-PEP is in an early stage of integration into clinical practice, and national guidelines for its use were recently released. The goal of this manuscript is to provide practical guidance for clinicians who are considering or currently prescribing doxy-PEP. We address 5 clinical questions using post hoc analyses of data from the DoxyPEP randomized controlled trial and discuss the potential implications and limitations of each question with the goal of informing clinical practice and implementation of doxy-PEP programs. The questions address patient eligibility criteria for doxy-PEP, the expected benefit and associated doxy-PEP doses for the average patient, the initial number of doses prescribed, and laboratory monitoring of persons taking doxy-PEP.
Experimental assessment of warming effects on the architecture and growth of the subalpine species Nothofagus pumilio
Authors: Torres Cristian D , Aparicio Alejandro G , Puntieri Javier G , Soliani Carolina , Stecconi Marina , Pastorino Mario J 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Global warming can pose a significant threat to forest tree species, particularly those inhabiting subalpine forests in temperate regions. Plasticity and adaptation are essential for the persistence of these forests. Nothofagus pumilio, the dominant tree species at the high-altitude limits of Patagonian temperate forests, is well adapted to cold conditions. To assess its potential responses to global warming, we established a genetic multi-environment field trial across three altitudes, 1200 (the current optimal for N. pumilio in North Patagonia), 800, and 400 m a.s.l., using plants from three provenances. Our hypothesis was that warmer conditions would reduce plant survival and promote the early expression of developmental attributes associated with advanced ontogenetic stages. After three growing seasons from trial planting, we measured survival, growth, and architectural traits. Plant survival and radial growth were lower at warmer, suboptimal sites. Warmer conditions induced the early expression of traits associated with advanced ontogenetic stages, particularly in two provenances, highlighting significant genotype-by-environment interactions. Additionally, plants at intermediate altitudes exhibited reduced height and a less hierarchical trunk structure, suggesting that juvenile growth and architecture in N. pumilio may be affected not only linearly with rising temperatures, but by interactions with stochastic factors, such as episodic frosts, which could operate on warming-induced effects decoupling plants from normal seasonality.
Abelian Covers of ℙ1 of p-Ordinary Ekedahl–Oort Type
Authors: Lin Yuxin , Mantovan Elena , Singhal Deepesh 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Given a family of abelian covers of ${\mathbb{P}}^{1}$ and a prime $p$ of good reduction, by considering the associated Deligne–Mostow Shimura variety, we obtain non-trivial bounds for the Ekedahl–Oort types, and the Newton polygons, at prime $p$ for the curves in the family. In this paper, we investigate whether such bounds are sharp. In particular, we prove sharpness when the number of branching points is at most five and $p$ sufficiently large. Our result is a generalization under stricter assumptions of [ 2, Theorem 6.1] by Bouw, which proves the analogous statement for the $p$-rank, and it relies on the notion of Hasse–Witt triple introduced by Moonen in [ 12].
Use of an Ethinyl Estradiol/Etonogestrel Vaginal Ring Alters Vaginal Microbial Communities in Women With HIV
Authors: Tobin Nicole H , Brooker Sarah L , Li Fan , Coombs Robert W , Cohn Susan E , Moran Laura , Leon Mey , Chotirosniramit Nuntisa , Jalil Emilia M , Chakalisa Unoda A , Scarsi Kimberly K , Zorrilla Carmen D , Godfrey Catherine , Aldrovandi Grace M 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) antiretroviral therapy (ART) alters hormonal contraceptive levels delivered via intravaginal ring (IVR) in a regimen-specific manner. We explored the role of the IVR on vaginal microbial communities, vaginal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), vaginal HIV shedding, and the effect of vaginal microbes on hormone concentrations in cisgender women with HIV (WWH).

Methods
Vaginal microbes were assessed by 16S RNA sequencing of weekly vaginal swabs, vaginal SCFA by mass spectrometry, HIV-1 shedding by nucleic acid amplification on vaginal aspirates, and bacterial vaginosis by Nugent scoring from 74 participants receiving an etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol (ENG/EE) intravaginal ring while on no ART (n = 25), efavirenz-based ART (n = 25), or atazanavir-based ART (n = 24).

Results
At baseline, microbial communities of the 64 substudy eligible participants robustly classified as Lactobacillus crispatus-dominant (n = 8), Lactobacillus gasseri-dominant (n = 2), Lactobacillus iners-dominant (n = 17), or mixed anaerobic communities (n = 37). During IVR therapy, there was an increased probability of Lactobacillus-dominant community state types (CSTs) (odds ratio = 1.61, P = .04). Vaginal CSTs were associated with Nugent scores. Bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria were associated with significantly higher and L. iners with lower Nugent scores (all P adjusted &lt;.1). Lactic acid levels were correlated with the relative abundance of Lactobacillus species (r2 = 0.574; P &lt; .001). Vaginal shedding of HIV-1 was less common in women with L. crispatus-dominant microbiomes (P = .04). Mixed anaerobic vaginal communities modulated EE concentrations in a regimen-specific manner.

Conclusions
Combined ENG/EE IVR therapy was associated with an increase in Lactobacillus-dominant vaginal microbial communities in WWH and may benefit those with bacterial vaginosis. EE levels were altered by the vaginal microbiota.
Comparing the long-term effectiveness and safety of dolutegravir/lamivudine versus bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide fumarate as first-line regimens: a real life multicentre cohort
Authors: Ciccullo Arturo , Baldin Gianmaria , Cervo Adriana , Moschese Davide , Lagi Filippo , Cossu Maria Vittoria , Grimaldi Alessandro , Giacomelli Andrea , Rusconi Stefano , Sterrantino Gaetana , Borghetti Alberto , Antinori Spinello , Mussini Cristina , Di Giambenedetto Simona 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objectives
We compared the effectiveness and safety of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (BIC/FTC/TAF) and dolutegravir plus lamivudine (DTG + 3TC) in our cohort of treatment-naive people with HIV (PWH).

Methods
In a multicentre cohort of treatment-naive PWH starting a first-line regimen with either dolutegravir plus lamivudine or BIC/FTC/TAF, Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to estimate time to virological failure (VF) and time to treatment discontinuation (TD), whereas Cox regression was used to evaluate predictors of VF and TD. Changes in CD4+ cell count were assessed via non-parametric tests, and linear regression analyses were performed to explore predictors of CD4+ cell count changes.

Results
One hundred and seventy individuals were included: 66 started dolutegravir plus lamivudine (DTG group) and 104 started BIC/FTC/TAF (BIC group). During follow-up, we observed two VFs in the DTG group [1.7 per 100 person-years of follow-up (PYFU)] and two in the BIC group (1.7 per 100 PYFU). Estimated probability of remaining free from VF at Week 144 was 95.9% in the DTG group and 95.2% in the BIC group (log-rank P = 0.955). Four TDs were observed in the DTG group (3.4 per 100 PYFU) and 21 in the BIC group (17.6 per 100 PYFU). Estimated probability of maintaining the study regimen at Week 144 was 90.3% in the DTG group and 70.0% in the BIC group; individuals in the BIC group had a higher probability of TD (log-rank P = 0.003). In both groups, the CD4+ count improved significantly during follow-up.

Conclusions
Our study shows that both strategies are effective and safe, with few VFs and TDs due to tolerability issues.
Quantifiers in connexive logic (in general and in particular)
Authors: Wansing Heinrich , Weber Zach 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Connexive logic has room for two pairs of universal and particular quantifiers: one pair, $\forall $ and $\exists $, are standard quantifiers; the other pair, $\mathbb{A}$ and $\mathbb{E}$, are unorthodox, but we argue, are well-motivated in the context of connexive logic. Both non-standard quantifiers have been introduced previously, but in the context of connexive logic they have a natural semantic and proof-theoretic place, and plausible natural language readings. The results are logics that are negation inconsistent but non-trivial.
Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra as a diagnostic tool for pleural tuberculosis: a study at Indian tertiary care centre
Authors: Sharma Sumedha , Kaur Prabhdeep , Aggarwal Ashutosh N , Kaur Khushpreet , Yadav Rakesh , Sethi Sunil , Verma Indu 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Despite the advent of Xpert MTB/RIF, pleural tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in pleural fluid is still difficult. Hence, we assessed the diagnostic efficacy of its advanced version, Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra, for pleural TB diagnosis using pleural fluid as a sample. Tuberculosis pleuritis (TBP) suspects (n = 261) were enrolled in the study, of which 29 were excluded. The remaining patients (n = 232) were categorized into definite TBP (n = 31), probable TBP (n = 28), and non-TB controls (n = 173) based on the composite reference standard consisting of smear, culture, histopathology, and Xpert MTB/RIF as well as follow-up/clinical response to anti-TB therapy. Among the TBP suspects, 59 were diagnosed as TBP patients. The sensitivity of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra (52.5%) using pleural fluid for TBP diagnosis was higher than sensitivity obtained with smear (22.4%), culture (17.6%), and Xpert MTB/RIF (25%) alone, carried out using either pleural fluid or pleural biopsy or both the samples. In cases of probable TBP, where none of the laboratory tests were positive, Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra use led to an increased diagnostic percentage of definite TBP from 52.5% to 69.4%. Overall, Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra showed promising results for a definitive diagnosis of TBP in pleural fluid samples.
Metallo-supramolecular complexes enantioselectively target monkeypox virus RNA G-quadruplex and bolster immune responses against MPXV
Authors: Yang Jie , Qin Geng , Huang Baoying , Song Hualong , Sun Jiewei , Postings Miles , Scott Peter , Zhao Chuanqi , Wang Chunyu , Tan Wenjie , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
The Mpox virus (MPXV) has emerged as a formidable orthopoxvirus, posing an immense challenge to global public health. An understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of MPXV infection, replication and immune evasion will benefit the development of novel antiviral strategies. Despite the involvement of G-quadruplexes (G4s) in modulating the infection and replication processes of multiple viruses, their roles in the MPXV life cycle remain largely unknown. Here, we found a highly conservative and stable G4 in MPXV that acts as a positive regulatory element for viral immunodominant protein expression. Furthermore, by screening 42 optically pure chiral metal complexes, we identified the Λ enantiomer of a pair of chiral helical compounds that can selectively target mRNA G4 and enhance expression of the 39-kDa core protein encoded by the MPXV A5L gene. Mechanistically, RNA G4-specific helicase DHX36 inhibits A5L protein expression by unwinding G4s. In contrast, MH3 Λ enhanced mRNA stability by specifically targeting G4 structures and subsequently increased protein expression. Furthermore, given the pivotal role of the 39-kDa core protein in activating immune responses and facilitating virion maturation, modulation of MPXV G4 folding by MH3 Λ exhibited inhibitory effects on MPXV replication through enhancing the immune response. Our findings underscore the critical involvement of G4 in the MPXV life cycle and offer potential avenues for developing antiviral drugs that target G4.
Public transport across models and scales: A case study of the Munich network
Authors: Mölter Jan , Ji Joanna , Lienkamp Benedikt , Zhang Qin , Moreno Ana T , Schiffer Maximilian , Moeckel Rolf , Kuehn Christian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The use of public transport systems is a striking example of complex human behavior. Modeling, planning, and managing public transport is a major future challenge considering the drastically accelerated population growth in many urban areas. The desire to design sustainable cities that can cope with a dynamically increasing demand requires models for transport networks since we are not able to perform real-life experiments before constructing additional infrastructure. Yet, there is a fundamental challenge in the modeling process: we have to understand which basic principles apply to the design of transit networks. In this work, we are going to compare three scientific methods to understand human behavior in public transport modeling: agent-based models, centralized optimization-based models, and minimal physics-based models. As a case study, we focus on the transport network in Munich, Germany. We show that there are certain universal macroscopic emergent features of public transport that arise regardless of the model chosen. In particular, we can obtain with minimal basic assumptions a common and robust distribution for the individual passenger in-vehicle time as well as for several other distributions. Yet, there are other more microscopic features that differ between the individual and centralized organization and/or that cannot be reproduced by a minimal nonlocal random-walk type model. Finally, we cross-validate our results with observed public transport data. In summary, our results provide a key understanding of the basic assumptions that have to underlie transport modeling for human behavior in future sustainable cities.
Explorations of using a convolutional neural network to understand brain activations during movie watching
Authors: Sohn Wonbum , Di Xin , Liang Zhen , Zhang Zhiguo , Biswal Bharat B 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Naturalistic stimuli, such as videos, can elicit complex brain activations. However, the intricate nature of these stimuli makes it challenging to attribute specific brain functions to the resulting activations, particularly for higher-level processes such as social interactions.

Objective
We hypothesized that activations in different layers of a convolutional neural network (VGG-16) would correspond to varying levels of brain activation, reflecting the brain's visual processing hierarchy. Additionally, we aimed to explore which brain regions would be linked to the deeper layers of the network.

Methods
This study analyzed functional MRI data from participants watching a cartoon video. Using a pre-trained VGG-16 convolutional neural network, we mapped hierarchical features of the video to different levels of brain activation. Activation maps from various kernels and layers were extracted from video frames, and the time series of average activation patterns for each kernel were used in a voxel-wise model to examine brain responses.

Results
Lower layers of the network were primarily associated with activations in lower visual regions, although some kernels also unexpectedly showed associations with the posterior cingulate cortex. Deeper layers were linked to more anterior and lateral regions of the visual cortex, as well as the supramarginal gyrus.

Conclusions
This analysis demonstrated both the potential and limitations of using convolutional neural networks to connect video content with brain functions, providing valuable insights into how different brain regions respond to varying levels of visual processing.