bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors for Nonaccidental Trauma in a Child With a Fracture—A National Inpatient Database Study
Authors: Zhao Caixia , Starke Matthew , Tompson Jeffrey D. , Sabharwal Sanjeev 
Published: June 2019

Background:
Despite heightened awareness and multidisciplinary efforts, a predictive model to help the clinician quantify the likelihood of nonaccidental trauma (NAT) in a child presenting with a fracture does not exist. The purpose of this study was to develop an evidence-based likelihood of NAT in a child presenting with a fracture.

Methods:
Using the 2012 Kids' Inpatient Database, we identified all available pediatric inpatients admitted with an extremity or spine fracture. Children with a fracture were subcategorized based on the diagnosis of NAT. Multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios and create a predictive model for the probability of NAT in a child with a fracture.

Results:
Of the 57,183 pediatric fracture cases, 881 (1.54%) had a concurrent diagnosis of NAT. Of these children, those presenting with multiple fractures had the highest rate of NAT (2.8%). The overall mortality rate in patients presenting with fractures and abuse was 1.8%, which was twice as high as patients without abuse (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0). Based on multivariate analysis, younger age (OR = 0.5), black race (OR = 1.7), intracranial injury (OR = 3.7), concomitant rib fracture (OR = 7.2), and burns (OR = 8.3) were positive predictors of NAT in a child with a fracture. A weighted equation using regression coefficients was generated and plotted on a receiver operative characteristic curve, demonstrating excellent correlation and probability of NAT (area under curve = 0.962). (Equation – ln (P/(1 − P)) = −1.79 − 0.65 (age in years) + 0.51 (black race) + 1.97 (rib fracture) + 1.31 (intracranial injury) + 2.12 (burn)).

Conclusion:
Using a large, national inpatient database, we identified an overall prevalence of 1.54% of NAT in children admitted to the hospital with a fracture. Based on five independent predictors of NAT, we generated an estimated probability chart that can be used in the clinical workup of a child with a fracture and possible NAT. This evidence-based algorithm needs to be validated in clinical practice.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic study, Level III (case-control study).
De wettelijke bedenktijd: ter achtergrond
Authors: Duldar A. , Lokin E.C.H.J. 
Published: June 2019

De wettelijke bedenktijd: ter achtergrond
In deze bijdrage bespreken de auteurs de achtergrond van het wetsvoorstel voor de invoering van een wettelijke bedenktijd. Na een korte schets van de afwijzende houding van de minister tien jaar geleden en de recente ontwikkelingen die alsnog hebben geleid tot het wetsvoorstel, benoemen de auteurs de meest prangende vragen die het wetsvoorstel oproept. Dit ter introductie van de andere bijdragen over de wettelijke bedenktijd.
Een voorzet voor de modernisering van het jeugdstrafprocesrecht in lijn met het IVRK en met oog voor de knelpunten in de praktijk
Authors: uit Beijerse J. , van der Vis C.L. 
Published: June 2019

Een voorzet voor de modernisering van het jeugdstrafprocesrecht in lijn met het IVRK en met oog voor de knelpunten in de praktijk
In deze bijdrage wordt een voorzet gedaan om de modernisering van het jeugdstrafprocesrecht nog meer in lijn te brengen met de uit het IVRK voortvloeiende eisen. Achtereenvolgens wordt aandacht besteed aan de plaats van het jeugdstrafprocesrecht in het voorgestelde wetboek, aan de bijzondere positie van de buitengerechtelijke afdoening van jeugdstrafzaken door het Openbaar Ministerie en worden voorstellen gedaan met het oog op diverse zich in de jeugdstrafprocespraktijk voordoende knelpunten.
Biographical introduction, Summary of Contents (French edition) and Summary of Contents (Swedish edition)
Authors: Pihlaja Päivi Maria 
Published: June 2019

This file contains a biographical introduction on Selim Lemström (1838-1904) followed by summaries of contents of both editions of his monograph on the Aurora Borealis, 'L'Aurore Boréale' (French edition, 1886) and 'Om polarljuset eller norrskenet' (Swedish edition, 1886).
Antibacterial Assessment of Crude and Fractionated Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina Leaf against Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria of Wound Infection
Authors: Onifade A. K. , Agunloye O. O. 
Published: June 2019

This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial effect of crude and fractionated extracts of leaves of Vernonia amygdalina against multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria isolate from wounds. The bacteria isolates obtained are: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Streptococcus pyogene; they were confirmed standard microbiological techniques. Extracts were prepared from the leaf of the plant using ethanol, chloroform, cold water and hot water. The antibacterial activities of the crude extracts were assayed using the agar well diffusion methods. Multiple antibiotic resistant of the isolates was confirmed in the six (6) isolates. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols and saponins. All the extract showed varying degrees of activities depending on the extract concentration and the extract solvent. Generally, ethanol rated best as the extraction solvent which was able to inhibit all isolates except K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis, and inhibits S. aureus at 50 mg/ml with zones 6.997±0.003. The antibacterial efficacy of the extract increases with a corresponding increase in the extract concentration. The MBC values ranged from 50 - 400 mg/mL for all the extraction solvent, and this is very important for people who depend on the plant for their health care needs. Fra 1, 6, and 10 of the column fractions were able to inhibit with 8.997 ± 0.008 mm, 8.993 ± 0.012 mm and 9.007 ± 0.000 mm respectively. The functional groups are Alkene, alkane group, alkyl halides, N-H bend of amides and Alcohol. The leaf of Vernonia amgydalina can be used as a raw material for the production of new antibiotic to control multiple resistant bacteria.
Tuberculosis in Children Aged 0-5 Years at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Nigeria - How Common is HIV in Children with Tuberculosis
Authors: Paul N. I. , Alex- Hart B. A. , Ugwu R. O. 
Published: June 2019

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death in young children and the risk of progression from infection to disease is higher in the very young especially among those with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. This study therefore aimed to examine the method of TB diagnosis and how common HIV infection is among children 0-5 years with tuberculosis at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH).
Methods: Information of children aged 0-5 years from 1st January, 2011 to 31st December 2014 were retrieved from the TB register of the Directly Observed Treatment Short course (DOTS) clinic of UPTH. This included the age, sex, HIV status, Sputum AFB status, method of diagnosis of tuberculosis and the treatment outcome of the patients. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Research and Ethics committee of the University of Teaching Hospital.
Results: Three hundred and thirty five children were treated for TB and 179 (53.43%) of them were aged 0-5 years. There were 93 (51.96%) males and 86 (48.04%) females, with male: female ratio of 1.08:1. Their mean age was 1.96 ±1.45. The sputum or gastric lavage of 21 (11.73%) were positive for acid fast bacilli (AFB). The common method of TB diagnosis was clinical/ radiological method and this constituted 158 (88.27%) of the patients with TB. Ninety (50.28%) children with TB were less than one year of age and there was no statistical significant relationship between age and method of TB diagnosis (x2 = 2.78, p = 0.249). More males 93 (51.96%) than females 86 (48.04%) had TB but more females 13 (61.90%) than males 8 (38.10%) were AFB positive, however, these were not statistically significant. (x 2 = 1.26 p-value = 0.262). Seventy two (40.22%) of the children with TB were HIV positive. One hundred and thirty five (75.42%) of the children recovered following treatment while 44 (24.58%) were referred to Dots centres closest to the patients. No child died.
Conclusion: The prevalence of TB among under-fives especially among infants is high. Clinical and radiological methods were the common methods of TB diagnosis. HIV prevalence among children with TB was lower than expected by the authors, however, the treatment outcome was good. Re-training of clinicians to improve their expertise on clinical diagnosis of TB and a more in depth search of TB in the community among children 0-5 years who are HIV sero-negative with persistent cough is advocated.
1,2,3,5‐Dithiadiazolyl Radicals
Authors: Nascimento Mitchell A. , Rawson Jeremy M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Synthetic routes to dithiadiazolyl radicals are described. The propensity for forming π*–π* dimers in the solid state is discussed and their electron transport properties, photoconducting behavior, magnetism, and emissive response described. The 1,2,3,5‐dithiadiazolyl (DTDA) ring system has a diverse range of oxidation states and the coordination chemistry of d‐ and f‐block metals with DTDA rings ranging from 0 to −3 oxidation states are described.
Fe(II)
/(Alpha)Ketoglutarate‐Dependent Dioxygenase
PrhA
Authors: Mori Takahiro , Abe Ikuro 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Nonheme Fe(II)/α‐ketoglutarate (αKG)‐dependent dioxygenases catalyze remarkably diverse reactions, with a single iron ion and αKG as a cofactor and cosubstrate, respectively. Recent studies on fungal meroterpenoid biosynthesis revealed that this class of superfamily enzymes is widely distributed in fungal genomes and plays a pivotal role in the structural diversification and complexation of secondary metabolites. For example, PrhA, the nonheme Fe(II)/αKG‐dependent dioxygenase involved in the biosynthesis of paraherquonin, is one of the first structurally and mechanistically characterized enzymes in the fungal polyketide‐terpenoid hybrid biosynthetic pathway. Structural and functional studies have revealed that only three amino acid residues lining the active site cavity are responsible for the complete switch in the enzyme reactions, from the C‐5/C‐6 desaturation and the ring‐expanded cycloheptadiene formation to the C‐1/C‐2 desaturation and spirolactone ring contraction. The subtle change of the active site architecture results in different distances of the reactive atoms relative to the active ferryl‐oxo center during the enzyme reaction. PrhA thus represents an intriguing platform for the structure‐based engineering of the nonheme Fe(II)/αKG‐dependent multifunctional dioxygenases.
High‐Content Analysis of Cell Migration Dynamics within a Micropatterned Screening Platform
Authors: Almeida Filipe V. , Gammon Luke , Laly Ana C. , Pundel Oscar J. , Bishop Cleo L. , Connelly John T. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCell migration is a fundamental biological process that is dynamically regulated by complex interactions between the microenvironment and intrinsic gene expression programs. Here, a high‐throughput cell migration assay is developed using micropatterned and dynamically adhesive polymer brush substrates, which support highly precise and consistent control over cell–matrix interactions within a 96‐well cell culture plate format. This system is combined with automated imaging and quantitation of both cell motility and organization of the F‐actin cytoskeleton for high‐content analysis of cell migration phenotypes. Using this platform to screen a library of 147 epigenetic inhibitors identifies a set of EZH2‐specific compounds that promote cytoskeletal remodeling and accelerates keratinocyte migration through derepression of an epithelial to mesenchymal transition‐like gene expression program. Together, these studies establish the high‐throughput, micropatterned assay as a powerful tool for discovery of novel therapeutic targets and for dissecting complex gene–environment interactions involved in wound repair.
A Comprehensive Understanding of Lithium–Sulfur Battery Technology
Authors: Li Tao , Bai Xue , Gulzar Umair , Bai Yu‐Jun , Capiglia Claudio , Deng Wei , Zhou Xufeng , Liu Zhaoping , Feng Zhifu , Proietti Zaccaria Remo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are regarded as a new kind of energy storage device due to their remarkable theoretical energy density. However, some issues, such as the low conductivity and the large volume variation of sulfur, as well as the formation of polysulfides during cycling, are yet to be addressed before LSBs can become an actual reality. Here, presented is a comprehensive overview illustrating the techniques capable of mitigating these undesirable problems together with the electrochemical performances associated to the different proposed solutions. In particular, the analysis is organized by separately addressing cathode, anode, separator, and electrolyte. Furthermore, to better understand the chemistry and failure mechanisms of LSBs, important characterization techniques applied to energy storage systems are reviewed. Similarly, considerations on the theoretical approaches used in the energy storage field are provided, as they can become the key tool for the design of the next generation LSBs. Afterward, the state of the art of LSBs technology is presented from a geopolitical perspective by comparing the results achieved in this field by the main world actors, namely Asia, North America, and Europe. Finally, this review is concluded with the application status of LSBs technology, and its prospects are offered.
Highly Efficient and Stable Solar Cells Based on Crystalline Oriented 2D/3D Hybrid Perovskite
Authors: Zhou Tong , Lai Hongtao , Liu Tingting , Lu Di , Wan Xiangjian , Zhang Xiaodan , Liu Yongsheng , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHighly efficient and stable 2D/3D hybrid perovskite solar cells using 2‐thiophenemethylammonium (ThMA) as the spacer cation are successfully demonstrated. It is found that the incorporation of ThMA spacer cation into 3D perovskite, which forms a 2D/3D hybrid structure, can effectively induce the crystalline growth and orientation, passivate the trap states, and hinder the ion motion, resulting in improved carrier lifetime and reduced recombination losses. The optimized device exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.49%, combined with a high VOC of 1.16 V and a notable fill factor (FF) of 81%. More importantly, an encapsulated 2D/3D hybrid perovskite device sustains ≈99% of its initial PCE after 1680 h in the ambient atmosphere, whereas the control 3D perovskite device drops to ≈80% of the original performance. Importantly, the device stability under continuous light soaking (100 mW cm−2) is enhanced significantly for 2D/3D perovskite device in comparison with that of the control device. These results reveal excellent photovoltaic properties and intrinsic stabilities of the 2D/3D hybrid perovskites using ThMA as the spacer cation.
Reducing the Barrier Energy of Self‐Reconstruction for Anchored Cobalt Nanoparticles as Highly Active Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalyst
Authors: Kim Myeongjin , Lee Byeongyong , Ju Hyun , Lee Seung Woo , Kim Jooheon 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIt is crucial for leaping forward renewable energy technology to develop highly active oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts with fast OER kinetics, and the novel design of high‐performance catalysts may come down to unveiling the origin of high catalytic behavior. Herein, a new class of heterogeneous OER electrocatalyst (metallic Co nanoparticles anchored on yttrium ruthenate pyrochlore oxide) is provided for securing fast OER kinetics. In situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (in situ XAS) reveals that fast OER kinetics can be achieved by the harmonious catalytic synergy of a pyrochlore oxide support to Co nanoparticles. By the facile oxidation of yttrium (A‐site) and ruthenium (B‐site) cations, the pyrochlore oxide support helps to expel the electrons generated from the catalytic behavior of Co to the inner layers of the support, facilitating the electrostatic adsorption of OH− ions and reducing the barrier energy for the formation of CoOOH intermediates. This work affords the rational design of transition metal nanoparticles anchored on pyrochlore oxide heterogeneous catalysts and the fundamental insight of catalytic origin associated with self‐reconstruction of OER electrocatalysts.
Time‐Resolved and Self‐Adjusting Hybrid Functional Fabric Sensor for Decoupling Multiple Stimuli from Bending
Authors: Sun Jiaxing Jeccy , Zhang Min , Khatib Muhammad , Milyutin Yana , Saliba Walaa , Kloper Viki , Garaa Alaa , Wu Weiwei , Jin Han , Segev‐Bar Meital , Deng Yunfeng , Horev Yehu David , Vishinkin Rotem , Haick Hossam 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMulti‐parametric sensing fabrics have the potential to lead a new generation of applications in a wide variety of fields. Nevertheless, the use of these devices in complex environments depends on the ability of the sensing fabrics to decouple between various stimuli co‐existing in a complex environment. Fabric backbones with dispersed single‐wall carbon nanotubes and molecularly modified gold nanoparticles in elastomer outerwear of styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene for multifunctional detection of complex physical and chemical stimuli are presented. This feature of the fabric–elastomer structure endows time‐resolved insensitivity to strain; furthermore, it enables decoupling pressure/relative humidity from curving surfaces. It is also shown that applying incompatible regression models to the time‐resolved output signals gives excellent discrimination between various stimuli collected from a complex environment.
Playing it safe? Solitary vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) choose high‐quality foods more than those in competition
Authors: Kumpan L. Tamara , Rothman Jessica M. , Chapman Colin A. , Teichroeb Julie A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAn important goal in foraging ecology is to determine how biotic and abiotic variables impact the foraging decisions of wild animals and how they move throughout their multidimensional landscape. However, the interaction of food quality and feeding competition on foraging decisions is largely unknown. Here we examine the importance of food quality in a patch on the foraging decisions of wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) at Lake Nabugabo, Uganda using a multidestination platform array. The overall nutritional composition of the vervet diet was assessed and found to be low in sodium and lipids, thus we conducted a series of experimental manipulations in which the array was varied in salt and oil content. Although vervets prioritized platforms containing key nutrients (i.e., sodium and lipids) overall, we found that solitary vervets prioritized nutrient‐dense platforms more strongly than competing vervets. This finding was opposite to those in a similar experiment that manipulated food site quantity, suggesting that large, salient rewards may be worth competing over but slight differences in nutritional density may be only chosen when there are no potentially negative social consequences (i.e., aggression received). We also found that vervets chose platforms baited with oil‐only, and oil combined with salt, but not salt‐only, suggesting that energy was an important factor in food choice. Our findings demonstrate that when wild vervets detect differences in feeding patches that reflect nutritional composition, they factor these differences into their navigational and foraging decisions. In addition, our findings suggest that these nutritional differences may be considered alongside social variables, ultimately leading to the complex strategies we observed in this study.
Trait variation and trait stability in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)inhabiting ecologically distinct habitats in northeastern Brazil
Authors: Garber Paul A. , Caselli Christini B. , McKenney Anna C. , Abreu Filipa , De la Fuente Maria Fernanda , Araújo Arrilton , de Fatima Arruda Maria , Souto Antonio , Schiel Nicola , Bicca‐Marques Júlio César 
Published: June 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the set of factors that promote and constrain a species’ ability to exploit ecologically distinct habitats is central for addressing questions of intraspecific variability in behavior and morphology. In this study, we compared newly collected data with published data on body measurements, group size and composition, daily path length, home range, and reproductive output in wild common marmosets naturally inhabiting two contrasting environments in northeastern Brazil: the Atlantic Forest (AF), which is characterized by high biodiversity and reduced seasonality in food availability and the Caatinga (CAT), which is characterized by a severe hot and dry season lasting from 5 to 11 months, drought‐resistant plant species, and reduced primary productivity. Despite marked differences in ecological conditions, CAT marmosets and AF marmosets differed minimally in daily path length, home range, reproductive output, and infant survivorship. CAT marmosets were found to live in smaller groups containing fewer adult females than AF marmosets, and also were characterized by a greater surface area to body mass ratio, a trait that may represent an adaptation to the hot and dry conditions of the Caatinga. We propose that in conjunction with body mass reduction, minor adjustments in behavior, the exploitation of cacti as a source of water and nutrients, and access to exudates as a dependable year‐round food resource, common marmosets successfully used the same adaptive pattern to maintain high reproductive output and infant survivorship in exploiting these two ecologically distinct environments.
The intersections of industrialization: Variation in skeletal indicators of frailty by age, sex, and socioeconomic status in 18th‐ and 19th‐century England
Authors: Yaussy Samantha L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectivesIntersectionality theory argues that various categories of identity and forms of systemic oppression interact and produce inequalities in resource access, economic opportunities, and health outcomes. However, there has been little explicit engagement with this theory by bioarchaeologists examining disparate health outcomes in the past. This study examines the associations among frailty, age at death, sex, and socioeconomic status (SES) in 18th‐ and 19th‐century England.Materials and methodsThe sample for this study comes from four industrial‐era cemeteries from England, ca. 1711–1857. The associations among adult age (18+ years), SES, sex, and three skeletal indicators of stress (dental enamel hypoplasia [DEH, n = 293], cribra orbitalia [CO, n = 457], periosteal lesions [PNB, n = 436]) are examined using hierarchical log‐linear analysis.ResultsSignificant interactions existed among the variables examined for two skeletal indicators: high SES females had lower frequencies of CO relative to other groups and males between ages 30–45 years exhibited higher frequencies of PNB compared to females or males of older or younger ages, regardless of SES. Additionally, sex and SES were consistently associated with age at death.ConclusionsThese results suggest that patterns of stress indicators cannot be examined solely across unilateral axes of age, SES, or sex. Intersecting axes of privilege, marginalization, and structural oppression may have buffered high SES females from some negative health outcomes (CO) while predisposing them to others (risk of maternal mortality). Likewise, the hazardous working conditions relegated to adult males may have heightened the risk of injury, infection, and death for middle‐aged men in industrial‐era England.