bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Wave Breaking and Blocking by Spatially Varying Opposing Currents
Authors: Chen Haifei , Zou Qingping 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA Reynolds‐Averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) flow solver with a Volume of Fluid (VOF) surface capturing scheme is used to investigate wave breaking and blocking due to strong opposing currents. The Shear Stress Transport (SST)
model is modified in order to capture the turbulence properly. The unique capability of the RANS‐VOF model allows us to reveal the distinct features of current‐induced wave breaking and blocking. The limiting wave steepness at breaking onset is reduced considerably by the opposing current from the Stokes' limit for stationary waves. Although the wave height grows faster before breaking under a more rapidly varying current, the maximum height at the breaking onset remains almost the same. The locations of incipient breaking are slightly shifted downstream/upwave by the increased current gradient. It was found that the wave radiation stress alters the mean water level by competing with the pressure gradient arising from the current‐induced surface tilting. The wave set‐down and set‐up is more pronounced for more intensive breakers occurring under a larger incident wave and current gradient. Our model results indicate an undertow‐like change to the current profile due to wave breaking. The turbulence and vorticity generated by the current‐induced breaking wave persist and are advected downstream and interact with those generated by the following wave and current.
Scaling Analysis of Multipulsed Turbidity Current Evolution With Application to Turbidite Interpretation
Authors: Ho Viet Luan , Dorrell Robert M. , Keevil Gareth M. , Burns Alan D. , McCaffrey William D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDeposits of submarine turbidity currents, turbidites, commonly exhibit upward‐fining grain size profiles reflecting deposition under waning flow conditions. However, more complex grading patterns such as multiple cycles of inverse‐to‐normal grading are also seen and interpreted as recording deposition under cycles of waxing and waning flow. Such flows are termed multipulsed turbidity currents, and their deposits pulsed or multipulsed turbidites. Pulsing may arise at flow initiation, or following downstream flow combination. Prior work has shown that individual pulses within multipulsed flows are advected forward and merge, such that complex longitudinal velocity profiles eventually become monotonically varying, although transition length scales in natural settings could not be predicted. Here we detail the first high frequency spatial (vertical, streamwise) and temporal measurements of flow velocity and density distribution in multipulsed gravity current experiments. The data support both a process explanation of pulse merging and a phase‐space analysis of transition length scales; in prototype systems, the point of merging corresponds to the transition in any deposit from multipulsed to normally graded turbidites. The scaling analysis is limited to quasi‐horizontal natural settings in which multipulsed flows are generated by sequences of relatively short sediment failures (<10 km long) that develop progressively up‐dip and predicts pulse merging after only a few tens of kilometers. The model cannot provide quantitative estimation of merging in down‐slope flows generated by axially extensive (>10 km) sequences of breaches or where pulsing arises from combination at confluences of single‐pulsed flows, such flows may be responsible for the pulsing signatures seen in some distal turbidites, >100 km from source.
The Role of Oceanic Processes in the Initiation of Indian Summer Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations Over the Indian Ocean
Authors: West B. Jason , Han Weiqing , Li Yuanlong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObservational analyses and a hierarchy of ocean general circulation model (OGCM) experiments were performed to understand the influence of oceanic processes on the warm sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) prior to the convection initiation of Indian summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs) in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Satellite observations revealed 41 strong MISO events that initiated over the central equatorial Indian Ocean and propagated northward to the Indian subcontinent and/or eastward to the Maritime Continent during the May–October season of the 2001–2012 period. Eight of those events were preceded by SSTAs that were strongly influenced by wind stress‐driven oceanic processes. Composite analyses for the eight events showed that more than one‐third of the preconvection warming in the initiation region resulted from oceanic processes, including advection and entrainment. Case studies of two strong MISO events associated with ocean‐dynamically induced SSTAs showed unmistakable evidence for the preconvection SSTAs and sea surface height anomalies (SSHAs) associated with eastern boundary‐reflected (in June/July 2004) and directly forced (in June 2006) intraseasonal oceanic Rossby waves. In those two case studies, a mixed‐layer heat budget analysis of the OGCM results showed that advection played a much larger role than entrainment in elevating SSTAs. Further analysis showed that intraseasonal currents associated with the Rossby waves advected high seasonal mean SSTs into the initiation region. As current forecasting skills for the onset of the MISO are low, these results underscore the importance of thoroughly understanding the ocean's role in affecting SSTAs, which contribute to MISO initiation.
Curvature‐ and Wind‐Driven Cross‐Channel Flows at an Unstratified Tidal Bend
Authors: Wargula Anna , Raubenheimer Britt , Elgar Steve 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObservations of currents, water levels, winds, and bathymetry collected for a month at an unstratified, narrow (150 m), shallow (8 m), 90° tidal inlet bend are used to evaluate an analytical model for curvature‐driven flow and the effects of local wind on the cross‐channel circulation. Along‐channel flows ranged from −1.0 to 1.4 m/s (positive is inland), and the magnitudes of cross‐channel flows were roughly 0.1–0.2 m/s near the outer bank of the bend. Cross‐channel observations suggest the lateral sea‐surface gradients and along‐channel flows are tidally asymmetric and spatially variable. The depth‐averaged along‐channel dynamics are consistent with a balance between the surface tilt and centrifugal acceleration. The vertical structure and magnitude of cross‐channel flows during weak winds are consistent with a one‐dimensional depth‐varying balance between centrifugal acceleration, bottom stress, and diffusion. Low‐passed (to remove tides) surface and bottom cross‐channel flows are correlated (r2 = 0.5–0.7) with cross‐channel wind velocity, suggesting that winds can enhance or degrade the local‐curvature‐induced, two‐layer flow and can drive three‐layer flow. The observed flow response to the wind is larger than that expected from a one‐dimensional balance, suggesting that two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional processes may be important.
Decadal‐Scale Riverbed Deformation and Sand Budget of the Last 500 km of the Mississippi River: Insights Into Natural and River Engineering Effects on a Large Alluvial River
Authors: Wang Bo , Xu Y. Jun 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAlluvial rivers are shaped by interactions of flow and sediment transport. Their lower reaches to the world's oceans are highly dynamic, often presenting engineering and management challenges. Here we analyzed over 6,000 single‐beam cross‐sectional measurements surveyed in 1992, 2004, and 2013 in the last 500‐km reach of the highly engineered Mississippi River, also known as the lowermost Mississippi River or LmMR, starting from the river's Gulf outlet to its avulsion into the Atchafalaya River. We applied inverse distance weighted interpolation to downscale the survey records into 10 × 10 m digital elevation models. We assessed riverbed deformation from bank to bank and quantified changes in riverbed sediment volume. The goal of our study is to test the hypothesis that the lower reach of a large alluvial river can function as a conduit for sediment transport under the current engineering focus of navigation safety and flood control. Our analysis shows that in the past two decades, nearly 70% of the riverine sand was trapped within the LmMR, and continuous riverbed aggradation occurred below the Mississippi‐Atchafalaya diversion, presenting favorable backwater conditions for avulsion. Backwater effects have mainly controlled riverbed deformation in the LmMR, while flow reduction may have also contributed to the channel aggradation in the uppermost and lowermost reaches. The study reveals the considerable complexity of geomorphic responses of a large alluvial river to human interventions, strongly suggesting that future river engineering and management of the world's alluvial rivers should focus on strategies and solutions that will improve sediment transport.
An Improved Algorithm for Unmixing First‐Order Reversal Curve Diagrams Using Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Harrison Richard J. , Muraszko Joy , Heslop David , Lascu Ioan , Muxworthy Adrian R. , Roberts Andrew P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFirst‐order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams of synthetic binary mixtures with single‐domain, vortex state, and multidomain end‐members (EMs) were analyzed using principal component analysis (FORC‐PCA). Mixing proportions derived from FORC‐PCA are shown to deviate systematically from the known weight percent of EMs, which is caused by the lack of reversible magnetization contributions to the FORC distribution. The error in the mixing proportions can be corrected by applying PCA to the raw FORCs, rather than to the processed FORC diagram, thereby capturing both reversible and irreversible contributions to the signal. Here we develop a new practical implementation of the FORC‐PCA method that enables quantitative unmixing to be performed routinely on suites of FORC diagrams with up to four distinct EMs. The method provides access not only to the processed FORC diagram of each EM, but also to reconstructed FORCs, which enables objective criteria to be defined that aid identification of physically realistic EMs. We illustrate FORC‐PCA with examples of quantitative unmixing of magnetic components that will have widespread applicability in paleomagnetism and environmental magnetism.
Interfacial Form Stress in the Southern Ocean State Estimate
Authors: Masich Jessica , Mazloff Matthew R. , Chereskin Teresa K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe wind stress that drives the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) exits the fluid via topographic form stress (TFS) at the sea floor; interfacial form stress (IFS) is thought to carry much of this momentum from source to sink. These form stresses combine to help set the strength and structure of the Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation (MOC), a key nexus of heat and gas exchange between the deep ocean and the atmosphere. For the first time in a general circulation model, we calculate the time‐varying, three‐dimensional IFS field directly from zonal pressure gradients across vertical perturbations in isopycnal layer interfaces. We confirm previous findings that IFS compensates wind stress at the surface and topographic form stress at the seafloor in the Drake Passage latitudes. We find that zonal and time‐mean IFS is primarily responsible for this surface wind stress compensation, with some contribution from transient eddy IFS. Mean, standing eddy, and transient eddy IFS combine to compensate topographic form stress at depth. Both standing and transient eddy IFS concentrate at stationary meanders along the ACC, and transient eddy IFS dominates standing eddy IFS in regions of high eddy kinetic energy. Finally, total IFS changes sign from balancing eastward wind stress to balancing westward topographic form stress around 28.1 kg m−3, close to the upper limit of Antarctic Bottom Water, indicating the role of buoyancy forcing in setting the structure of the IFS field.
Coherent Circulation Changes in the Deep North Atlantic From 16°N and 26°N Transport Arrays
Authors: Frajka‐Williams E. , Lankhorst M. , Koelling J. , Send U. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe meridional overturning circulation (MOC) has been measured by boundary arrays in the Atlantic since 2000. Over the past decade of measurements, however, the reported tendencies in overturning circulation strength have differed between 16°N and 26°N. Here we investigate these differences by diagnosing their origin in the observed hydrography, finding that both arrays show deep waters (below 1,100 dbar) at the western boundary becoming fresher and less dense. The associated change in geopotential thickness is about 0.15 m2 s−2 between 2004–2009 and 2010–2014, with the shift occurring between 2009 and 2010 and earlier at 26°N than 16°N. In the absence of a similar density change on the east of the Atlantic, this middepth reduction in water density at the west would drive an increase in the shear between the upper and lower layers of North Atlantic Deep Water of about 2.6 Sv at 26°N and 3.9 Sv at 16°N. These transport anomalies result in an intensifying tendency in the MOC estimate at 16°N, but at 26°N, the method of correcting the geostrophic reference level results in an opposing (reducing) tendency of the MOC. The results indicate that both arrays are observing coherent, low‐frequency changes, but that there remain discrepancies in the methods of addressing the geostrophic reference level for boundary arrays measuring ocean circulation.
Groundwater Isotopes Biased Toward Heavy Rainfall Events and Implications on the Local Meteoric Water Line
Authors: Li Jie , Pang Zhonghe , Kong Yanlong , Wang Shufang , Bai Guoying , Zhao Hongyi , Zhou Dong , Sun Feng , Yang Zhongshan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractStable water isotopes are useful tracers in the groundwater recharge studies, where the local meteoric water line (LMWL) usually serves as a reference line and the amount‐weighted average value of precipitation is regarded as the input meteoric signal. Based on a comparison of isotope composition between precipitation and groundwater collected from a groundwater basin in the Beijing area, we verify that small precipitation events do not constitute effective groundwater recharge in a (semi) arid region, causing that the isotopes in groundwater are biased toward the meteoric isotopic signal of heavy rainfall events. The positive deflections in groundwater levels from a phreatic aquifer in Yanqing Basin in the Northwest of Beijing revealed that recharge occurs exclusively during the rainy seasons and is clearly associated with heavy rainfall events (>10 mm/day). The isotope composition of groundwater samples that plot far below the mean meteoric input value, further strengthen the dependence of groundwater recharge on heavy rainfall events. We construct the LMWLs with different regression methods using daily stable isotope data from seven hydro‐meteorological stations over a hydrological year. When the δ18O ranges from −20‰ to 10‰, the lines are quite similar regressed by the weighted monthly values and by heavy rainfall events, so the conventional LMWL can still serve as the reference line for groundwater recharge studies.
Learning About Planets Through Studying Wind‐Related Processes on Earth
Authors: Zimbelman James R. , Tsoar Haim 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Planetary Geology Field Conference on Aeolian Processes was held in Southern California on 10–14 January 1978. This meeting brought researchers involved in the study of wind‐related landforms on Mars together with experts in field and laboratory studies of aeolian features on Earth. This seminal field conference established a pattern that has recently been continued through a series of International Planetary Dunes Workshops.
Yes-associated protein (YAP) in pancreatic cancer: at the epicenter of a targetable signaling network associated with patient survival
Authors: Rozengurt Enrique , Sinnett-Smith James , Eibl Guido 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is generally a fatal disease with no efficacious treatment modalities. Elucidation of signaling mechanisms that will lead to the identification of novel targets for therapy and chemoprevention is urgently needed. Here, we review the role of Yes-associated protein (YAP) and WW-domain-containing Transcriptional co-Activator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in the development of PDAC. These oncogenic proteins are at the center of a signaling network that involves multiple upstream signals and downstream YAP-regulated genes. We also discuss the clinical significance of the YAP signaling network in PDAC using a recently published interactive open-access database (www.proteinatlas.org/pathology) that allows genome-wide exploration of the impact of individual proteins on survival outcomes. Multiple YAP/TEAD-regulated genes, including AJUBA, ANLN, AREG, ARHGAP29, AURKA, BUB1, CCND1, CDK6, CXCL5, EDN2, DKK1, FOSL1,FOXM1, HBEGF, IGFBP2, JAG1, NOTCH2, RHAMM, RRM2, SERP1, and ZWILCH, are associated with unfavorable survival of PDAC patients. Similarly, components of AP-1 that synergize with YAP (FOSL1), growth factors (TGFα, EPEG, and HBEGF), a specific integrin (ITGA2), heptahelical receptors (P2Y
2
R, GPR87) and an inhibitor of the Hippo pathway (MUC1), all of which stimulate YAP activity, are associated with unfavorable survival of PDAC patients. By contrast, YAP inhibitory pathways (STRAD/LKB-1/AMPK, PKA/LATS, and TSC/mTORC1) indicate a favorable prognosis. These associations emphasize that the YAP signaling network correlates with poor survival of pancreatic cancer patients. We conclude that the YAP pathway is a major determinant of clinical aggressiveness in PDAC patients and a target for therapeutic and preventive strategies in this disease.
Ube2s stabilizes β-Catenin through K11-linked polyubiquitination to promote mesendoderm specification and colorectal cancer development
Authors: Li Zhaoyan , Wang Yan , Li Yadan , Yin Wanqi , Mo Libin , Qian Xianghao , Zhang Yiran , Wang Guifen , Bu Fan , Zhang Zhiling , Ren Xiaofang , Zhu Baochang , Niu Chang , Xiao Wei , Zhang Weiwei 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe canonical Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway is widely involved in regulating diverse biological processes. Dysregulation of the pathway results in severe consequences, such as developmental defects and malignant cancers. Here, we identified Ube2s as a novel activator of the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway. It modified β-Catenin at K19 via K11-linked polyubiquitin chain. This modification resulted in an antagonistic effect against the destruction complex/β-TrCP cascade-orchestrated β-Catenin degradation. As a result, the stability of β-Catenin was enhanced, thus promoting its cellular accumulation. Importantly, Ube2s-promoted β-Catenin accumulation partially released the dependence on exogenous molecules for the process of embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation into mesoendoderm lineages. Moreover, we demonstrated that UBE2S plays a critical role in determining the malignancy properties of human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in vitro and in vivo. The findings in this study extend our mechanistic understanding of the mesoendodermal cell fate commitment, and provide UBE2S as a putative target for human CRC therapy.
Identification of somatic mutations in monozygotic twins discordant for psychiatric disorders
Authors: Nishioka Masaki , Bundo Miki , Ueda Junko , Yoshikawa Akane , Nishimura Fumichika , Sasaki Tsukasa , Kakiuchi Chihiro , Kasai Kiyoto , Kato Tadafumi , Iwamoto Kazuya 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMonozygotic twins are assumed to have identical genomes. Based on this assumption, phenotypic discordance in monozygotic twins has been previously attributed to environmental factors. However, recent genomic studies have identified characteristic somatic mutations in monozygotic twins discordant for Darier disease, Van der Woude syndrome, and Dravet syndrome. Here, we explored somatic mutations in four pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia or delusional disorder. We analyzed whole exome sequence data obtained from blood samples and identified seven somatic mutations in one twin pair discordant for delusional disorder. All seven of these mutations were validated by independent amplicon sequencing, and five of them were further validated by pyrosequencing. One somatic mutation in the patient with delusional disorder showed a missense variant in ABCC9 with an allele fraction of 7.32%. Although an association between the somatic mutations and phenotypic discordance could not be established conclusively in this study, our results suggest that somatic mutations in monozygotic twins may contribute to the development of psychiatric disorders, and can serve as high-priority candidates for genetic studies.
Effect of bovine milk fat globule membranes as a complementary food on the serum metabolome and immune markers of 6-11-month-old Peruvian infants
Authors: Lee Hanna , Zavaleta Nelly , Chen Shin-Yu , Lönnerdal Bo , Slupsky Carolyn 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study builds on a previous study by this group in which 6–11-month-old Peruvian infants who were fed bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) containing complementary food had significantly fewer episodes of infection-related bloody diarrhea relative to those consuming a control food (skim milk powder). Micronutrient deficiencies including zinc deficiency were prevalent in this study population. To understand the mechanism behind the health benefits of consuming MFGM, the serum metabolome and cytokine levels, as markers for systemic immune responses, were evaluated using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics and a multiplex system, respectively. Combined with data on micronutrient status and anthropometry, a comparative analysis was performed. Supplementation with MFGM tended to improve micronutrient status, energy metabolism, and growth reflected as increased levels of circulating amino acids and weight gain, particularly in female infants compared to controls. Decreased levels of the microbial choline metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide in the MFGM-supplemented group (both male and female infants) suggest a functional perturbation in the intestinal microbiota. A cytokine shift toward a less T helper type 1 response was observed in those receiving the MFGM supplement, which was mainly attributed to decreases in interleukin-2 levels. Our findings suggest that consumption of MFGM with complementary food may reverse the metabolic abnormalities found in marginally nourished infants, thereby improving metabolic regulation, which may lead to enhanced immunity.
Direct evidence for α ether linkage between lignin and carbohydrates in wood cell walls
Authors: Nishimura Hiroshi , Kamiya Akihiro , Nagata Takashi , Katahira Masato , Watanabe Takashi 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCross-linking between lignin and polysaccharide in plant cell-wall determines physical, chemical, and biological features of lignocellulosic biomass. Since Erdmann’s first report in 1866, numerous studies have suggested the presence of a bond between hemicelluloses and lignin; however, no clear evidence for this interaction has been reported. We describe the first direct proof of covalent bonding between plant cell-wall polysaccharides and lignin. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to observe the long-range correlations through an α-ether bond between lignin and the primary hydroxyl group of a mannose residue in glucomannan. Complete signal assignment of the cognate structural units was also achieved. Thus, we identified lignin–carbohydrate bonds by complete connectivity analysis from the phenylpropane unit to the carbohydrate moiety.