bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unique Structural/Stereo-Isomer and Isobar Analysis of Novel Fentanyl Analogues in Postmortem and DUID Whole Blood by UHPLC–MS-MS
Authors: Sofalvi Szabolcs , Lavins Eric S , Brooker Ian T , Kaspar Claire K , Kucmanic John , Mazzola Carrie D , Mitchell-Mata Christie L , Clyde Cassandra L , Rico Rindi N , Apollonio Luigino G , Goggin Charissa , Marshall Brittany , Moore Danielle , Gilson Thomas P 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The presented analytical method enabled the Toxicology Department at the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s Office to identify 26 and quantitatively report 24 compounds in 500 μL of whole blood, including fentanyl analogues (fentalogues) such as methoxyacetyl fentanyl (MeOAF) and cyclopropyl fentanyl (CPF). This second-generation method (FG2) was developed with the objective to improve the existing analysis (FG1) by decreasing sample size, lowering limits of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantitation, minimizing ion suppression and resolving chromatographic interferences. Interferences may occur in the analysis of fentanyl, MeOAF, CPF, 3-methylfentanyl (3MF), butyryl fentanyl and isobutyryl fentanyl due to isobars and structural or geometric isomerism with another analogue or metabolite. The isomeric and isobaric fentalogues were grouped into three sets. The LOD established for Set 1 [MeOAF, para-methoxyacetyl fentanyl, para-fluoro acryl fentanyl (isobar), fentanyl carbamate], 2-furanyl fentanyl, Set 2 [CPF, (E)-crotonyl fentanyl] and carfentanil was 0.0125 ng/mL. The LOD established for N-methyl norfentanyl, norfentanyl, norcarfentanil, despropionyl fentanyl (4-ANPP), acetyl fentanyl, β-hydroxy fentanyl, benzyl fentanyl, acryl fentanyl, alfentanil, fentanyl, para-fluoro fentanyl, Set 3 [(±)-trans-3MF, (±)-cis-3MF, isobutyryl and butyryl fentanyl], para-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl, sufentanil, phenyl fentanyl and cyclopentenyl fentanyl was 0.0625 ng/mL. Seven-point linear calibration curves were established between 0.025 and 4.0 ng/mL for the 8 analytes with the lower LOD and 0.125 and 20 ng/mL for the 18 analytes with the higher LOD. 4-ANPP and cyclopentenyl fentanyl met qualitative reporting criteria only. The results for five postmortem and two driving under the influence of drugs authentic case samples are presented. To the authors’ knowledge, FG2 is the first published method that achieved baseline resolution of the nine structural/stereo isomers and one isobar by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–MS-MS and provided quantitative validation data for nine compounds. FG2 may be used as the new baseline for future isomers that need to be chromatographically separated.
LC-QTOF-MS Identification of Major Urinary Cyclopropylfentanyl Metabolites Using Synthesized Standards
Authors: Vikingsson Svante , Rautio Tobias , Wallgren Jakob , Åstrand Anna , Watanabe Shimpei , Dahlén Johan , Wohlfarth Ariane , Konradsson Peter , Wu Xiongyu , Kronstrand Robert , Gréen Henrik 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Cyclopropylfentanyl is a fentanyl analog implicated in 78 deaths in Europe and over 100 deaths in the United States, but toxicological information including metabolism data about this drug is scarce. The aim of this study was to provide the exact structure of abundant and unique metabolites of cyclopropylfentanyl along with synthesis routes.
In this study, metabolites were identified in 13 post-mortem urine samples using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Samples were analyzed with and without enzymatic hydrolysis, and seven potential metabolites were synthesized in-house to provide the identity of major metabolites.
Cyclopropylfentanyl was detected in all samples, and the most abundant metabolite was norcyclopropylfentanyl (M1) that was detected in 12 out of 13 samples.
Reference materials were synthesized (synthesis routes provided) to identify the exact structure of the major metabolites 4-hydroxyphenethyl cyclopropylfentanyl (M8), 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl cyclopropylfentanyl (M5) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenethyl cyclopropylfentanyl (M9). These metabolites are suitable urinary markers of cyclopropylfentanyl intake as they are unique and detected in a majority of hydrolyzed urine samples.
Minor metabolites included two quinone metabolites (M6 and M7), not previously reported for fentanyl analogs. Interestingly, with the exception of norcyclopropylfentanyl (M1), the metabolites appeared to be between 40% and 90% conjugated in urine. In total, 11 metabolites of cyclopropylfentanyl were identified, including most metabolites previously reported after hepatocyte incubation.
A New Method for Securing Dermal Substitutes and Skin Grafts to Difficult Portions of the Face Using a Custom 3D-Printed Facemask
Authors: Aguilar Hernán A , Mayer Horacio F 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Management of third-degree facial burns remains one of the most difficult challenges in burn care. Patients with deep facial burns usually require gradual escharectomy, tangential excision of the wound, and resurfacing with full-thickness skin grafts or dermal substitutes associated with split-thickness skin grafts to provide better and superior cosmetic results. Immobilization of skin grafts and dermal substitutes by reducing shearing forces and hematoma formation underneath is paramount to improve success rates. Due to the irregular shape of the face, the proper immobilization of grafts with traditional methods is often difficult, especially over concave portions of the face. Herein, we report the original use of a custom three-dimensional printing facemask for securing dermal substitutes and skin grafts to difficult sites on the face.
Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Medical Management of Pediatric Luminal Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Mack David R , Benchimol Eric I , Critch Jeff , deBruyn Jennifer , Tse Frances , Moayyedi Paul , Church Peter , Deslandres Colette , El-Matary Wael , Huynh Hien , Jantchou Prévost , Lawrence Sally , Otley Anthony , Sherlock Mary , Walters Thomas , Kappelman Michael D , Sadowski Dan , Marshall John K , Griffiths Anne 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsWe aim to provide guidance for medical treatment of luminal Crohn’s disease in children.MethodsWe performed a systematic search of publication databases to identify studies of medical management of pediatric Crohn’s disease. Quality of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach. We developed statements through an iterative online platform and then finalized and voted on them.ResultsThe consensus includes 25 statements focused on medical treatment options. Consensus was not reached, and no recommendations were made, for 14 additional statements, largely due to lack of evidence. The group suggested corticosteroid therapies (including budesonide for mild to moderate disease). The group suggested exclusive enteral nutrition for induction therapy and biologic tumor necrosis factor antagonists for induction and maintenance therapy at diagnosis or at early stages of severe disease, and for patients failed by steroid and immunosuppressant induction therapies. The group recommended against the use of oral 5-aminosalicylate for induction or maintenance therapy in patients with moderate disease, and recommended against thiopurines for induction therapy, corticosteroids for maintenance therapy, and cannabis in any role. The group was unable to clearly define the role of concomitant immunosuppressants during initiation therapy with a biologic agent, although thiopurine combinations are not recommended for male patients. No consensus was reached on the role of aminosalicylates in treatment of patients with mild disease, antibiotics or vedolizumab for induction or maintenance therapy, or methotrexate for induction therapy. Patients in clinical remission who are receiving immunomodulators should be assessed for mucosal healing within 1 year of treatment initiation.ConclusionsEvidence-based medical treatment of Crohn’s disease in children is recommended, with thorough ongoing assessments to define treatment success.
Numerical simulation and analysis of the characteristics of spatial distribution of induced γ-ray source used for D-D source density measurement
Authors: Zhang Li , Yu Huawei , Jia Wenbao , Wang Yinhui , Qu Jingkai 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
D-D source has a promising prospect of application in the field of controllable source density logging. However, the spatial distribution of a D-D ‘induced γ-ray source’ varies significantly and such a source is more susceptible to the influence of various formation factors, resulting in relatively low accuracy of density measurement. This study researched the spatial distribution of an induced γ-ray source. First, the principle of D-D controllable source density measurement was analyzed. Second, the generation process of a D-D induced γ-ray source and the spatial distribution under different formation conditions were simulated and studied. Finally, the associated influential factors were summarized. The results indicate that the spatial position and intensity of the induced γ-ray source were susceptible to the influence of various formation factors, such as HI, lithology and salinity. Among these factors, HI had greatest impact on the spatial position of induced γ-ray source and, particularly, when formation HI varied within the range of 0–0.1, the spatial positions of capture γ-rays changed significantly. In addition, as HI increased, the intensity of γ-rays also increased gradually. Formation lithology and salinity had a greater impact on the intensity of induced γ-rays than on the spatial distribution of these γ-rays. For formations of different lithologies, as the types and contents of main elements were different, the intensity of capture γ-rays also varied. This research provides the basic data for correcting the effects on a D-D induced γ-ray source and establishing a method of density measurement using a D-D controllable source.
Biological relevance of antler, horn, and pronghorn size in records programs
Authors: LaSharr Tayler N , Long Ryan A , Heffelfinger James R , Bleich Vernon C , Krausman Paul R , Bowyer R Terry , Shannon Justin M , Rominger Eric M , Lehman Chadwick P , Cox Mike , Monteith Kevin L 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLong-term datasets are becoming increasingly important for assessing population- and species-level responses to a changing environment. Programs that record morphological measurements of horns, antlers, and pronghorns were established in the early- to mid-20th century to collect biological information about animals that possess large horns, antlers, or pronghorns, which could be used to assess the effectiveness of conservation efforts for large mammals in North America. The general relevance of record books has been questioned because of the minimum size requirements for inclusion in a record book, which may mask trends when changes in the population occur. We compared trends in size of antlers, horns, and pronghorns through time using records from three records programs with different minimum size requirements to evaluate the influence of entry requirements on temporal trends. We also investigated whether horn, antler, or pronghorn size affected the probability of specimens being submitted to a records program. Only two of 17 categories exhibited less-pronounced trends in the record book with the highest size requirements for entry, and in two categories trends were more pronounced. Although societal interest in submitting eligible specimens increased slightly over time in one of six categories, the probability of voluntary entry was largely random and not affected by year of harvest or size of specimen. In contrast to previous criticisms, trends in record books should not be expected to represent the size of all males within a population. Instead, our evaluation indicates that the records programs we examined can provide a useful resource for assessing long-term changes in phenotypic characteristics of ungulates, but importantly, they represent the respective range of sizes within which each program collects data.
Mammographic Density Change and Risk of Breast Cancer
Authors: Azam Shadi , Eriksson Mikael , Sjölander Arvid , Hellgren Roxanna , Gabrielson Marike , Czene Kamila , Hall Per 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
We examined the association between annual mammographic density change (MDC) and breast cancer (BC) risk, and how annual MDC influences the association between baseline mammographic density (MD) and BC risk.

Methods
We used the Karolinska Mammography Project for Risk Prediction of Breast Cancer cohort of Swedish women (N = 43 810) aged 30–79 years with full access to BC risk factors and mammograms. MD was measured as dense area (cm2) and percent MD using the STRATUS method. We used the contralateral mammogram for women with BC and randomly selected a mammogram from either left or right breast for healthy women. We calculated relative area MDC between repeated examinations. Relative area MDC was categorized as decreased (&gt;10% decrease per year), stable (no change), or increased (&gt;10% increase per year). We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate the association of BC with MDC and interaction analysis to investigate how MDC modified the association between baseline MD and BC risk. All tests of statistical significance were two-sided.

Results
In all, 563 women were diagnosed with BC. Compared with women with a decreased MD over time, no statistically significant difference in BC risk was seen for women with either stable MD or increasing MD (hazard ratio = 1.01, 95% confidence interval = 0.82 to 1.23, P = .90; and hazard ratio = 0.98, 95% confidence interval = 0.80 to 1.22, P = .90, respectively). Categorizing baseline MD and subsequently adding MDC did not seem to influence the association between baseline MD and BC risk.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that annual MDC does not influence BC risk. Furthermore, MDC does not seem to influence the association between baseline MD and BC risk.
The Gut Microbiome and Pediatric Cancer: Current Research and Gaps in Knowledge
Authors: Bhuta Roma , Nieder Michael , Jubelirer Tracey , Ladas Elena J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbial cells that interact with one another and the human host to play a clinically significant role in health and disease. Gut microbial changes have been identified in cancer pathogenesis, at disease diagnosis, during therapy, and even long after completion of treatment. Alterations in the gut microbiome have been linked to treatment-related toxicity and potential long-term morbidity and mortality in children with cancer. Such alterations are plausible given immune modulation due to disease as well as exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy, infections, and antibiotics. The following review presents our current scientific understanding on the role of the gut microbiome in pediatric cancer, identifies gaps in knowledge, and suggests future research goals.
Extremely metal-poor galaxies with HST/COS: laboratories for models of low-metallicity massive stars and high-redshift galaxies
Authors: Senchyna Peter , Stark Daniel P , Chevallard Jacopo , Charlot Stéphane , Jones Tucker , Vidal-García Alba 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) observations of local star-forming galaxies have begun to establish an empirical baseline for interpreting the rest-UV spectra of reionization-era galaxies. However, existing high-ionization emission line measurements at z &gt; 6 ($\rm W_{C\, {\scriptscriptstyle IV},0}{} \gtrsim 20$ Å) are uniformly stronger than observed locally ($\rm W_{C\, {\scriptscriptstyle IV},0}{} \lesssim 2$ Å), likely due to the relatively high metallicities (Z/Z$\odot$ &gt; 0.1) typically probed by UV surveys of nearby galaxies. We present new HST/COS spectra of six nearby (z &lt; 0.01) extremely metal-poor galaxies (XMPs, Z/Z$\odot$ ≲ 0.1) targeted to address this limitation and provide constraints on the highly uncertain ionizing spectra powered by low-metallicity massive stars. Our data reveal a range of spectral features, including one of the most prominent nebular C iv doublets yet observed in local star-forming systems and strong He ii emission. Using all published UV observations of local XMPs to date, we find that nebular C iv emission is ubiquitous in very high specific star formation rate systems at low metallicity, but still find equivalent widths smaller than those measured in individual lensed systems at z &gt; 6. Our moderate-resolution HST/COS data allow us to conduct an analysis of the stellar winds in a local nebular C iv emitter, which suggests that some of the tension with z &gt; 6 data may be due to existing local samples not yet probing sufficiently high α/Fe abundance ratios. Our results indicate that C iv emission can play a crucial role in the JWST and ELT era by acting as an accessible signpost of very low metallicity (Z/Z$\odot$ &lt; 0.1) massive stars in assembling reionization-era systems.
Circumstellar properties of Type Ia supernovae from the helium star donor channel
Authors: Moriya Takashi J , Liu Dongdong , Wang Bo , Liu Zheng-Wei 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We investigate the predicted circumstellar properties of Type Ia supernova progenitor systems with non-degenerate helium star donors. It has been suggested that systems consisting of a carbon + oxygen white dwarf and a helium star can lead to Type Ia supernova explosions. Binary evolution calculations for the helium star donor channel predict that such a progenitor system is in either a stable helium-shell burning phase or a weak helium-shell flash phase at the time of the Type Ia supernova explosion. By using the binary evolution models from our previous study, we show that a large fraction of the progenitor systems with a helium star donor have a low enough density to explain the current non-detection of radio emission from Type Ia supernovae. Most of the progenitor systems in the weak helium-shell flash phase at the time of the Type Ia supernova explosion, which may dominate the prompt (short delay time) Type Ia supernova population, have both a low circumstellar density and a faint helium star donor, which could account for the non-detection of radio emission and a pre-explosion companion star in SN 2011fe and SN 2014J. We also find some progenitor systems that are consistent with the properties of the companion star candidate identified at the explosion location of the Type Iax SN 2012Z.
ISW in ΛCDM or something else?
Authors: Sołtan A M 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We investigate a correlation between the Planck’s CMB temperature map and statistics based on the space density of quasars in the SDSS catalogue. It is shown that the amplitude of the positive correlation imposes a lower limit on the amplitude of the Integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect independent of the quasar bias factor. Implications of this constraint for the ISW effect in the Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model are examined. Strength of the correlation indicates that the rms of temperature fluctuations associated with the quasars distributed between 1500 and 3000 Mpc likely exceeds $11{\!-\!}12\, \mu$K. The signal seems to be related to an overall space distribution of quasars rather than to a few exceptionally dominant structures like supervoids. Although, the present estimates are subject to sizable uncertainties, the signal apparently exceeds the model predictions of the ISW effect for the standard ΛCDM cosmology. This conclusion is consistent with several other investigations that also claim some disparity between the observed ISW signal and the theoretical predictions.
The origin of lopsided satellite galaxy distribution in galaxy pairs
Authors: Gong Chen Chris , Libeskind Noam I , Tempel Elmo , Guo Quan , Gottlöber Stefan , Yepes Gustavo , Wang Peng , Sorce Jenny , Pawlowski Marcel 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
It is well known that satellite galaxies are not isotropically distributed among their host galaxies as suggested by most interpretations of the Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model. One type of anisotropy recently detected in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (and seen when examining the distribution of satellites in the Local Group and in the Centaurus group) is a tendency to be so-called lopsided. Namely, in pairs of galaxies (like Andromeda and the Milky Way) the satellites are more likely to inhabit the region in between the pair, rather than on opposing sides. Although recent studies found a similar set-up when comparing pairs of galaxies in ΛCDM simulations indicating that such a set-up is not inconsistent with ΛCDM, the origin has yet to be explained. Here we examine the origin of such lopsided set-ups by first identifying such distributions in pairs of galaxies in numerical cosmological simulations, and then tracking back the orbital trajectories of satellites (which at z = 0 display the effect). We report two main results: first, the lopsided distribution was stronger in the past and weakens towards z = 0. Secondly, the weakening of the signal is due to the interaction of satellite galaxies with the pair. Finally, we show that the z = 0 signal is driven primarily by satellites that are on first approach, who have yet to experience a ‘flyby’. This suggests that the signal seen in the observations is also dominated by dynamically young accretion events.
Admixture between Ancient Lineages, Selection, and the Formation of Sympatric Stickleback Species-Pairs
Authors: Dean Laura L , Magalhaes Isabel S , Foote Andrew , D’Agostino Daniele , McGowan Suzanne , MacColl Andrew D C 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEcological speciation has become a popular model for the development and maintenance of reproductive isolation in closely related sympatric pairs of species or ecotypes. An implicit assumption has been that such pairs originate (possibly with gene flow) from a recent, genetically homogeneous ancestor. However, recent genomic data have revealed that currently sympatric taxa are often a result of secondary contact between ancestrally allopatric lineages. This has sparked an interest in the importance of initial hybridization upon secondary contact, with genomic reanalysis of classic examples of ecological speciation often implicating admixture in speciation. We describe a novel occurrence of unusually well-developed reproductive isolation in a model system for ecological speciation: the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), breeding sympatrically in multiple lagoons on the Scottish island of North Uist. Using morphological data, targeted genotyping, and genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism data, we show that lagoon resident and anadromous ecotypes are strongly reproductively isolated with an estimated hybridization rate of only ∼1%. We use palaeoecological and genetic data to test three hypotheses to explain the existence of these species-pairs. Our results suggest that recent, purely ecological speciation from a genetically homogeneous ancestor is probably not solely responsible for the evolution of species-pairs. Instead, we reveal a complex colonization history with multiple ancestral lineages contributing to the genetic composition of species-pairs, alongside strong disruptive selection. Our results imply a role for admixture upon secondary contact and are consistent with the recent suggestion that the genomic underpinning of ecological speciation often has an older, allopatric origin.