bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Star‐Like Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and Poly(ethylene glycol) Copolymers Self‐Arranged in Newfound Single Crystals and Associated Novel Class of Polymer Brush Regimes with V‐Type Tethers
Authors: Mahmoudi Mojgan , Agbolaghi Samira , Mozaffari Zahra , Abbaspoor Saleheh , Massoumi Bakhshali , Sarvari Raana , Hosseinzadeh Nasrin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLinear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and star‐like three‐arm PEG‐star‐(PNIPAM)2 copolymers having one PEG and two PNIPAM blocks are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Single crystals of these block copolymers are grown from amyl acetate and toluene dilute solutions. To recognize PNIPAM and PEG thicknesses, small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) is applied. V‐type brushes behave differently from linear brushes because doubly grafted PNIPAM blocks from a common point onto PEG substrate exert a higher osmotic pressure, leading to a thinner crystal. In addition to three ordinary regimes, a fourth or extremely stretched regime is detected for V‐type PNIPAM brushes. Although in PEG5000‐star‐(PNIPAM)2 single crystals with overall PNIPAM molecular weight of 37 000 g/mol, each PNIPAM arm is shorter than PNIPAM grafts in linear PEG5000‐block‐PNIPAM26000 single crystals, their switching point from second to third regime is significantly lower (22 vs 33 °C). The V‐type configuration of PNIPAM brushes cause them to be entered into the extremely stretched or fourth regime, which has not been previously detected for coily brushes. The boundary between third and fourth regimes for PEG5000‐star‐(PNIPAM)2 single crystals is verified at 31.5 and 23.5 °C in amyl acetate and toluene, respectively.
Optically Active Precision Aliphatic Polyesters via Cross‐Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Zeng Fu‐Rong , Ma Ji‐Mei , Sun Lin‐Hao , Zeng Zhen , Jiang Hong , Li Zi‐Long 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPrecision synthesis of optically active poly(lactic‐alt‐caprolactic acid) is realized using cross‐metathesis polymerization (CMP) and hydrogenation. Enantiopure monomers ML and MD are generated through two consecutive esterification reactions. CMP of these two monomers in different feed ratios, followed by hydrogenation, afford saturated polymers HPL, HPD, and HPDL comprising L‐lactic and/or D‐lactic acid and ε‐caprolactone‐derived motifs with alternating sequences. CMP kinetic analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is performed by employing a racemic monomer Mrac. Enantiomeric polyesters HPL and HPD display opposite rotation values and mirror‐imaged cotton effects in circular dichroism (CD) spectra, whereas HPDL derived from equimolar ML and MD shows inactive optical rotation and no CD response. Stereocomplex HPD+HPL is obtained by equimolar mixing of HPL and HPD, since this specimen is the only one to exhibit a sharp melting peak on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve at 45.7 °C. Hence, an amorphous, enantiomerically pure polyester becomes crystalline via stereocomplexation with its complementary enantiomer.
Thermoresponsive Antibacterial Surfaces Switching from Bacterial Adhesion to Bacterial Repulsion
Authors: Wang Qian , Feng Yunbo , He Min , Huang Yanping , Zhao Weifeng , Zhao Changsheng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHerein, ene‐functionalized dopamine is first coated onto a polyether sulfone membrane surface to introduce double bonds as anchoring sites for hydrogel film. Then, a hydrogel film is synthesized and simultaneously attached onto the membrane via photoinduced crosslinking copolymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride. The thickness of the hydrogel film can be well‐controlled ranging from the nanometer to micrometer scales, which can retain the permeability of the membrane. Water contact angle and swelling tests demonstrate that the modified membrane shows thermoresponsive surface wettability. The quaternary ammonium salts in the hydrogel film can kill the attached bacteria efficiently and the dead bacteria can be detached by reducing the temperature below the lower critical solution temperature of poly(NIPAAm). The modified membrane also shows improved hemocompatibility, confirmed by prolonged clotting time and low hemolysis ratio. Hence, the designed thermoresponsive antibacterial hydrogel film with enhanced hemocompatibility has great potential to be applied in biomedical areas.
Microfluidic‐Spinning‐Directed Conductive Fibers toward Flexible Micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Tong Yu‐Long , Xu Bin , Du Xia‐Fang , Cheng Heng‐Yang , Wang Cai‐Feng , Wu Guan , Chen Su 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe large‐scale fabrication of the flexible fiber‐shaped micro‐supercapacitors has received major attention from both industrial and academic researchers. Herein, conductive and robust polyaniline‐wrapped multiwall carbon tubes reduced graphene oxide/thermoplastic polyurethane (PANI/MCNTs‐rGO/TPU) composite fibers are successfully fabricated on a large scale via the combination of facile microfluidic‐spinning process and in situ polymerization of aniline. Initially, MCNTs‐rGO/TPU fibers are formed in a T‐shape microfluidic chip, relying on the fast material diffusion and exchange in the microfluidic channel. Then, PANI/MCNTs‐rGO/TPU hybrid fibers are synthesized through an in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline. With the assistance of polyaniline, these PANI/MCNTs‐rGO/TPU hybrid fibers exhibit enhanced electrochemical properties in comparison with pure MCNTs‐rGO/TPU fibers, especially in high specific capacitance, which is dramatically increased from 42.1 to 155.5 mF cm−2. Moreover, the PANI/MCNTs‐rGO/TPU hybrid fibers can endure various blending stresses, contributing to its outperforming flexibility and weavability. The best of the excellent electrochemical and mechanical properties of these conductive fibers is made to construct the flexible supercapacitors and various complicated functional fabrics.
Betrayal in buyer–seller relationships: Exploring its causes, symptoms, forms, effects, and therapies
Authors: Leonidou Leonidas C. , Aykol Bilge , Hadjimarcou John , Palihawadana Dayananda 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBuilding on literature in social psychology that discussed betrayal in interpersonal relationships, this article explored betrayal in buyer–seller relationships using data collected from a survey conducted among 109 buyers and 115 sellers in the United States. The results indicated that betrayal was a complex, multifarious, and dynamic phenomenon, consisting of a sequence of phases, namely causes, symptoms, forms, consequences, and therapies, with multiple issues being involved at each phase. Our study also revealed that the views of buyers differed from those of sellers in terms of how various relational characteristics contributed to the emergence of betrayal episodes, what behavior and attitudes helped to diagnose partner betrayal, in which forms the betrayal acts were manifested, how the victims of betrayal felt, and how betrayal problems could be handled in a working relationship. In fact, the various dimensions in each of the betrayal phases examined were consistently more frequently mentioned by buyers than sellers.
American Eel Fecundity and Ovary Maturation in Relation to Body Size and Geographic Distribution
Authors: Jessop B. M. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Fecundity, in relation to body length and weight, of migrating, sexually maturing female American Eels Anguilla rostrata differed significantly among sites between the upper St. Lawrence River (USLR) and south to Chesapeake Bay along the Atlantic coast of North America. Fecundity–size relations from two of four American Eel studies may be underestimated, affecting the interpretation of fecundity relations with size and distance from the spawning area and between Atlantic anguillid species. Body condition and ovary condition varied widely within and among sites. Condition at continental departure may have no geographic trend. The declines in condition during downstream migration within the St. Lawrence River and with increasing distance from the spawning area along the Atlantic coast may be statistical artifacts. Ovary condition increased for eels migrating downstream between the USLR and its middle estuary but showed no geographic trend at estuarine and coastal departure. Decreased relative fecundity with increasing size implies that the loss of large, fecund females from areas such as the USLR may have less of an effect on population fecundity than previously hypothesized but may be important for genetic and other reasons. Increased size and tissue lipid levels and decreased relative fecundity may be traits that aid American Eels migrating longer distances to spawn successfully. American Eels depart freshwaters with a higher fecundity and gonad development and lower tissue lipid levels and ova diameters than do similarly sized European Eels A. anguilla. Standardized methods and adequate sample sizes are needed to enhance the comparability and interpretation of fecundity studies. A better understanding of the relations among geographic differences in eel size, reproductive traits, and abundance is essential to effectively manage the American Eel population.
Eelgrass as Valuable Nearshore Foraging Habitat for Juvenile Pacific Salmon in the Early Marine Period
Authors: Kennedy Laura A. , Juanes Francis , El-Sabaawi Rana 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The early marine period is a critical life history stage for growth and survival of anadromous juvenile Pacific salmon. The integrity of nearshore ecosystems where juvenile salmon reside and the capacity of these habitats to provide prey can thus influence overall salmon returns. Eelgrass Zostera marina beds in particular are considered critical nearshore habitat. By examining how juvenile salmon use this habitat during their early marine life, we gain insight into the trophic dynamics in these ecosystems and help gauge the effects of accelerating eelgrass loss and nearshore habitat development on juvenile salmon. This project investigated the role of eelgrass as juvenile salmon foraging habitat. We compared juvenile Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus keta and juvenile Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha diets to prey availability in zooplankton tows and in epifaunal eelgrass samples across a gradient of eelgrass density in the Comox Estuary, British Columbia. Harpacticoid copepods dominated the diets of both juvenile Chum Salmon and Chinook Salmon and were found in abundance in eelgrass blades. We complemented diet analysis with carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope analysis to examine the relative contribution of zooplankton, eelgrass epifaunal invertebrates, and terrestrial invertebrates to the diet of juvenile Chum Salmon. Juvenile Chum Salmon isotope ratios closely reflected those of eelgrass invertebrates, suggesting that eelgrass invertebrates made up approximately 80% of the diets of juvenile Chum Salmon. Our results highlight the value of eelgrass in providing nearshore foraging opportunities for juvenile salmon and suggest that eelgrass habitat protection and restoration may provide critical support for growth, thereby easing the transition of juvenile salmon from freshwater to the marine environment.
Assessing Indices of Growth for Field Studies of Juvenile Salmon: An Experiment and Synthesis
Authors: Duguid William D. P. , Iwanicki Thomas W. , Journey Meredith L. , Noel Amanda L. , Beckman Brian R. , Juanes Francis 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The hypothesis that size-selective mortality in the first marine year is a major regulator of recruitment in Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. has led to interest in assessing the recent growth of field-caught fish. Understanding differences in relative growth across years, regions, habitats, and prey fields may provide insights into factors influencing survival. Plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), muscle RNA : DNA ratio (RD), and scale circulus spacing have all been used as indices of recent growth in juvenile salmonids. We concurrently assessed these growth rate indices in a laboratory study of postsmolt, young-of-the-year, ocean-type Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha. We synthesized results with previous work to inform selection of appropriate growth rate indices for field studies on juvenile salmonids. Muscle samples suitable for RD analysis were obtained nonlethally and without subsequent growth impacts, even for very small juvenile salmon (75–99 mm FL). Plasma IGF1 concentration was strongly correlated with growth rate (R2 = 0.79), while loge(RD) and mean spacing of the outer two circuli were moderately correlated with growth rate (R2 = 0.47 and 0.44, respectively). Relationships between the two biochemical indices and growth rate were independent of body size at the start of the experiment. Conversely, initially larger fish formed wider circuli for a given growth rate. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and RD responded to a change in growth conditions within 4 and 6 d, respectively. Rate of circulus formation varied positively with growth rate, meaning that outer circulus spacing indexed shorter periods of growth in faster-growing fish. Our results confirm the value of plasma IGF1 as an index of recent growth in juvenile salmon. Although scales (marginal circulus spacing) and white muscle (RD) can both be sampled nonlethally, scale sampling presents a number of practical advantages.
Using Limited Data to Identify Optimal Bag and Size Limits to Prevent Overfishing
Authors: Moreau C. M. , Matthias B. G. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Bag and size limits are commonly used in recreational fisheries management, but these regulations are often treated as separate management tools. This effectively overlooks how bag and size limits can be simultaneously used to achieve multiple management outcomes (e.g., reduce exploitation, prevent overfishing, maximize angler acceptance, etc.). Our objectives were to combine data-limited stock assessment methods with an angler catch simulation and a yield-per-recruit model to assess the effectiveness of bag and size limits to decrease exploitation rates and improve the spawning potential ratio (SPR). We then applied these methods to the Kipawa Lake Walleye Sander vitreus fishery that has experienced overfishing and poor fishing quality. Using data-limited assessment methods, the exploitation rate was estimated at 0.45 (95% CI = 0.32–0.59) and the population was overfished (mean SPR = 0.06; 95% CI = 0.02–0.13). Bag limits significantly reduced total harvest when extremely restrictive (i.e., reduced to one fish per angler from the current limit of six), but changes in bag limits alone were not sufficient to prevent overharvest because SPR remained below 0.35. Size limits could be used to prevent overharvest with narrow harvest slots (up to a 14-cm slot range with a minimum harvestable size greater than 32 cm) or large minimum size limits (&gt;52 cm) at the current bag limit of six. When bag limits were reduced to one or two fish per day, harvest windows could be 3–13 cm larger and minimum length limits could be 3–12 cm lower to prevent overharvest. This analysis outlines a relatively simple and effective method that can be applied using data commonly collected in annual agency surveys to predict which regulatory combinations can be used to prevent overharvest, reduce exploitation rates, and maximize angler satisfaction and acceptance of regulations. Finally, the data and model code are included in the Supplement and can be easily applied to other data limited fisheries.
Use of an In‐line Digestive Cartridge With Enteral Nutrition Improves the Weight Trajectory of 2 Children With Cystic Fibrosis Complicated by Another Medical Diagnosis
Authors: Giguere‐Rich Catherine , Mathew Amy , Reid Elizabeth , Autore Kimberly , Guill Margaret F. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis clinical observation describes the enteral nutrition (EN) management of 2 toddlers at high nutrition risk due to cystic fibrosis (CF), exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and comorbid medical conditions. The first case report describes a boy with severe malabsorption after intestinal resection. The second case report reviews a boy with CF and neuroblastoma. When pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy with EN was not effective or appropriate, use of an in‐line digestive cartridge was initiated. While using the digestive cartridge, both children showed improvements in their anthropometric measures. This observation reviews the nutrition management throughout their clinical course and describes the use of a digestive cartridge with EN.
Perron‐based algorithms for the multilinear PageRank
Authors: Meini Beatrice , Poloni Federico 
Published: April 2018

SummaryWe consider the multilinear PageRank problem, studied in a 2015 paper by Gleich, Lim and Yu, which is a system of quadratic equations with stochasticity and nonnegativity constraints. We use the theory of quadratic vector equations to prove several properties of its solutions and suggest new numerical algorithms. In particular, we prove the existence of a certain minimal solution, which does not always coincide with the stochastic one that is required by the problem. We use an interpretation of the solution as a Perron eigenvector to devise new fixed‐point algorithms for its computation and pair them with a continuation strategy based on a perturbative approach. The resulting numerical method is more reliable than the existing alternatives, being able to solve a larger number of problems.
Solving time‐periodic fractional diffusion equations via diagonalization technique and multigrid
Authors: Wu Shu‐Lin , Zhang Hui , Zhou Tao 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThis paper addresses numerical computation of time‐periodic diffusion equations with fractional Laplacian. Time‐periodic differential equations present fundamental challenges for numerical computation because we have to consider all the discrete solutions once in all instead of one by one. An idea based on the diagonalization technique is proposed, which yields a direct parallel‐in‐time computation for all the discrete solutions. The major computation cost is therefore reduced to solve a series of independent linear algebraic systems with complex coefficients, for which we apply a multigrid method using the damped Richardson iteration as the smoother. Such a linear solver possesses mesh‐independent convergence factor, and we make an optimization for the damping parameter to minimize such a constant convergence factor. Numerical results are provided to support our theoretical analysis.
Topology optimization of particle‐matrix composites for optimal fracture resistance taking into account interfacial damage
Authors: Da Daicong , Yvonnet Julien , Xia Liang , Li Guangyao 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThis paper presents a topology optimization framework for optimizing the fracture resistance of two‐phase composites considering interfacial damage interacting with crack propagation through a redistribution of the inclusions phase. A phase field method for fracture capable of describing interactions between bulk brittle fracture and interfacial damage is adopted within a diffuse approximation of discontinuities. This formulation avoids the burden of remeshing problem during crack propagation and is well adapted to topology optimization purpose. Efficient design sensitivity analysis is performed by using the adjoint method, and the optimization problem is solved by an extended bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization method. The sensitivity formulation accounts for the whole fracturing process involving crack nucleation, propagation, and interaction, either from the interfaces and then through the solid phases, or the opposite. The spatial distribution of material phases are optimally designed using the extended bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization method to improve the fractural resistance. We demonstrate through several examples that the fracture resistance of the composite can be significantly increased at constant volume fraction of inclusions by the topology optimization process.
Periodontitis in the historical population of Radom (Poland) from the 11th to 19th centuries
Authors: Tomczyk J. , Myszka A. , Borowska‐Strugińska B. , Zalewska M. , Turska‐Szybka A. , Olczak‐Kowalczyk D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPeriodontitis can be an excellent indirect source of data on the general and oral health, dietary habits, and hygiene of past populations. This study assessed periodontitis in the population of Radom from the 11th century up to the industrial revolution in the 19th century. The dental material was divided into 3 historical series: the Early Medieval (EMP; 11th century), Late Medieval (LMP; 14th–17th century), and Modern (MP; 18th–19th century) periods. A total of 256 adult individuals of both sexes were examined with a total of 4,579 teeth. Four diagnostic criteria were used to diagnose the disease. Periodontitis affected 54% of the individuals from the Early Medieval Period, 71% of those from the Late Medieval Period, and 74% of those from the Medieval Period. In all chronological periods, the prevalence and severity of periodontitis were higher among males. The youngest (17–25 years) age class had the lowest prevalence of periodontitis. In subsequent age classes there are an increase the disease. The results indicate that the “environmental conditions” were different in these chronological periods. Possible differences could be related to diet, but oral hygiene, unhealthy habits, and psychological stress cannot be ruled out. Different levels of sex hormones could explain the difference in the prevalence of periodontitis between sexes.
A novel histochemistry assay to assess and quantify focal cytochrome c oxidase deficiency
Authors: Simard Marie‐Lune , Mourier Arnaud , Greaves Laura C , Taylor Robert W , Stewart James B 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDefects in the respiratory chain, interfering with energy production in the cell, are major underlying causes of mitochondrial diseases. In spite of this, the surprising variety of clinical symptoms, disparity between ages of onset, as well as the involvement of mitochondrial impairment in ageing and age‐related diseases continue to challenge our understanding of the pathogenic processes. This complexity can be in part attributed to the unique metabolic needs of organs or of various cell types. In this view, it remains essential to investigate mitochondrial dysfunction at the cellular level. For this purpose, we developed a novel enzyme histochemical method that enables precise quantification in fresh‐frozen tissues using competing redox reactions which ultimately lead to the reduction of tetrazolium salts and formazan deposition in cytochrome c oxidase‐deficient mitochondria. We demonstrate that the loss of oxidative activity is detected at very low levels – this achievement is unequalled by previous techniques and opens up new opportunities for the study of early disease processes or comparative investigations. Moreover, human biopsy samples of mitochondrial disease patients of diverse genotypic origins were used and the successful detection of COX‐deficient cells suggests a broad application for this new method. Lastly, the assay can be adapted to a wide range of tissues in the mouse and extends to other animal models, which we show here with the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Overall, the new assay provides the means to quantify and map, on a cell‐by‐cell basis, the full extent of COX deficiency in tissues, thereby expending new possibilities for future investigation. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.