bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Setting up a family planning and reproductive health programme
Authors: Goodhart Clare , Lankester Ted , Thomas Claire 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains the importance of family planning and child spacing from a variety of perspectives. It outlines the difficulty of access to family planning for large numbers of people, and the barriers that exist for its widespread uptake. It describes in some detail the range of contraceptives and their different uses. It describes ways in which supplies can be sold, distributed, and managed at community level. It describes the roles of the family planning provider and community health worker (CHW) and emphasizes the importance of reliable and accessible supplies. The chapter also gives information on sexually transmitted infections (STIs), their causes and types, and how they can best be controlled and treated.
A community development approach to HIV care, prevention, and control
Authors: Campbell Ian D , Campbell Alison Rader , Chela Clement 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes community approaches to HIV in the context of the increasing availability of antiretroviral therapy (ART). It outlines ways to appraise local concerns and strengths using a social model known as SALT. It describes the steps that need to be taken in setting up community-based HIV prevention, control, and treatment using the combined strengths of communities, local clinics, and hospitals. It emphasizes the value of the community response and the use of trained community volunteers and counsellors. It explains the role of ART and how this can be used most effectively in the community context. The chapter describes co-infection with TB and other situations of special risk. Throughout the chapter there is an emphasis on the value of collaboration, using the strengths of the community and the overall leadership of the government and its guidelines on treatment and logistics, but without losing the special value of community response and ownership
Non-communicable and chronic diseases
Authors: Grills Nathan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) explains how they are now the leading cause of death worldwide, and how their prevention, control, and treatment need to be built into our community health programme. It gives information about physical activity, alcohol moderation, tobacco cessation, and healthy eating, and for each topic uses WHO guidelines as the basis for the advice. The chapter suggests how to raise awareness in the community and ways to integrate the community response with existing services and government health programmes. It details five components for an effective NCD response at the community level—screening, promoting healthy behaviours, advocacy, disease-specific treatments, and interventions. It finishes with ways to monitor and evaluate the programme.
Disability and community-based rehabilitation
Authors: Grills Nathan , Varghese Jubin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains the causes, types, and importance of disability, and ways in which needs of those with disability can be met through community-based rehabilitation (CBR). It explains how any CBR programme should be based on the principles in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD). It introduces the World Health Organization (WHO) CBR framework that shows the essential components of a programme. The chapter describes ways to identify people with disability in the community, how to assess their needs, and the importance of linking with community stakeholders and local CBR workers. The chapter goes into detail about the six steps of implementing a CBR programme: screening and assessment, maximizing function, setting up support groups, advocacy, mainstream inclusion, and programme monitoring and evaluation.
Helping communities to manage disaster risk
Authors: Hafvenstein Joel , Stone Jonathan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how to manage disaster risk and how community-level action is essential when organizing any emergency response action. It outlines the types of hazards that communities face, how they can be reduced and how we can increase the effectiveness and resilience of community health programmes (CHPs) to meet those hazards. It explains how we can train a disaster response team (DRT) and use them and community health workers (CHWs) both to deliver and to help to implement disaster safety messages. It describes in some detail both the types of disaster and ways in which the community can respond and work with others, including government and external providers.
Prognostic significance of human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter region mutations C228T and C250T for overall survival in spinal chordomas
Authors: Bettegowda Chetan , Yip Stephen , Jiang Bowen , Wang Wei-Lien , Clarke Michelle J , Lazary Aron , Gambarotti Marco , Zhang Ming , Sciubba Daniel M , Wolinsky Jean-Paul , Goodwin C Rory , McCarthy Edward , Germscheid Niccole M , Sahgal Arjun , Gokaslan Ziya L , Boriani Stefano , Varga Peter Pal , Fisher Charles G , Rhines Laurence D 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Spinal chordomas, a subtype of primary spinal column malignancies (PSCM), are rare tumors with poor prognosis, and we have limited understanding of the molecular drivers of neoplasia.

Methods
Study design was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data with cross-sectional survival. Archived paraffin embedded pathologic specimens were collected for 133 patients from 6 centers within Europe and North America between 1987 and 2012. Tumor DNA was extracted and the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter was sequenced. The hTERT mutational status was correlated with overall survival (OS) and time to first local recurrence.

Results
Ninety-two chordomas, 26 chondrosarcomas, 7 osteosarcomas, 3 Ewing’s sarcomas, and 5 other malignant spinal tumors were analyzed. Median OS following surgery was 5.8 years (95% CI: 4.6 to 6.9) and median time to first local recurrence was 3.9 years (95% CI: 2.5 to 6.7). Eight chordomas, 2 chondrosarcomas, 1 Ewing’s sarcoma, and 1 other malignant spinal tumor harbored either a C228T or C250T mutation in the hTERT promoter. In the overall cohort, all patients with hTERT mutation were alive at 10 years postoperative with a median OS of 5.1 years (95% CI: 4.5 to 6.6) (P = 0.03). hTERT promoter mutation was observed in 8.7% of spinal chordomas, and 100% of chordoma patients harboring the mutation were alive at 10 years postoperative compared with 67% patients without the mutation (P = 0.05).

Conclusions
We report for the first time that hTERT promoter mutations C228T and C250T are present in approximately 8.7% of spinal chordomas. The presence of hTERT mutations conferred a survival benefit and could potentially be a valuable positive prognostic molecular marker in spinal chordomas.
Molecular grouping and outcomes of young children with newly diagnosed ependymoma treated on the multi-institutional SJYC07 trial
Authors: Upadhyaya Santhosh A , Robinson Giles W , Onar-Thomas Arzu , Orr Brent A , Billups Catherine A , Bowers Daniel C , Bendel Anne E , Hassall Tim , Crawford John R , Partap Sonia , Fisher Paul G , Tatevossian Ruth G , Seah Tiffany , Qaddoumi Ibrahim A , Vinitsky Anna , Armstrong Gregory T , Sabin Noah D , Tinkle Christopher L , Klimo Paul , Indelicato Danny J , Boop Frederick A , Merchant Thomas E , Ellison David W , Gajjar Amar 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
This report documents the clinical characteristics, molecular grouping, and outcome of young children with ependymoma treated prospectively on a clinical trial.

Methods
Fifty-four children (aged ≤3 y) with newly diagnosed ependymoma were treated on the St Jude Young Children 07 (SJYC07) trial with maximal safe surgical resection, 4 cycles of systemic chemotherapy, consolidation therapy using focal conformal radiation therapy (RT) (5-mm clinical target volume), and 6 months of oral maintenance chemotherapy. Molecular groups were determined by tumor DNA methylation using Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip and profiled on the German Cancer Research Center/Molecular Neuropathology 2.0 classifier.

Results
One of the 54 study patients had metastases (cerebrospinal fluid positive) at diagnosis. Gross or near-total resection was achieved in 48 (89%) patients prior to RT. At a median follow-up of 4.4 years (range, 0.2–10.3 y), 4-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 75.1% ± 7.2%, and overall survival was 92.6% ± 4.4%. The molecular groups showed no significant difference in PFS (4-year estimates: posterior fossa ependymoma group A [PF-EPN-A; 42/54], 71.2% ± 8.3%; supratentorial ependymoma positive for v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A [ST-EPN-RELA; 8/54], 83.3% ± 17.0%; and supratentorial ependymoma positive for Yes-associated protein [4/54], 100%, P = 0.22). Subtotal resection prior to RT was associated with an inferior PFS compared with gross or near-total resection (4-year PFS: 41.7% ± 22.5% vs 79.0% ± 7.1%, P = 0.024), as was PF-EPN-A group with 1q gain (P = 0.05). Histopathologic grading was not associated with outcomes (classic vs anaplastic; P = 0.89).

Conclusions
In this prospectively treated cohort of young children with ependymoma, ST-EPN-RELA tumors had a more favorable outcome than reported from retrospective data. Histologic grade did not impact outcome. PF-EPN-A with 1q gain and subtotal resection were associated with inferior outcomes.
Prolonging the Reduction of Nicotine Self-Administration in Rats by Coadministering Chronic Nicotine With Amitifadine, a Triple Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitor With CYP2B6 Inhibitory Actions
Authors: Levin Edward D , Wells Corinne , Slade Susan , Lee Michelle , McKinney Anthony A , Rose Jed E , Rezvani Amir H 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Existing treatments can aid tobacco smoking cessation, but they have low efficacy. Because there is a network of neural systems involved in tobacco addiction, combination treatments may provide greater efficacy. Chronic nicotine and amitifadine have each been shown to significantly reduce nicotine self-administration in rats. This study was conducted to determine if the combination of chronic nicotine with amitifadine, a triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor with CYP2B inhibitory effects, would reduce nicotine self-administration to a greater extent than either alone or placebo.

Methods
This study tested the combination of nicotine plus amitifadine in young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats self-administering nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion). This combination was compared with each treatment alone and the vehicle during continuing nicotine self-administration as well as during resumption of self-administration after a week of enforced abstinence, modeling a quit attempt. Finally, we studied the residual effects of these therapies after discontinuation of treatment.

Results
Treatment with either chronic nicotine or amitifadine alone significantly reduced nicotine self-administration relative to controls. The combination of the treatments significantly enhanced this effect. After treatment withdrawal, all of the groups showed increases in nicotine self-administration, but only the combined treatment group remained significantly below control rates of nicotine self-administration.

Conclusions
This study showed the promise of amitifadine as a possible new treatment for smoking cessation and suggested that amitifadine is more effective when given with chronic nicotine. The improved efficacy of the amitifadine and nicotine combination may be potentiated by amitifadine’s inhibitory effects on CYP2B, which slows nicotine metabolism.

Implications
This study replicated the effects that chronic nicotine or chronic amitifadine, a triple reuptake inhibitor, significantly reduces nicotine self-administration in rats. It extends those findings by showing that the combination of chronic nicotine plus amitifadine causes significantly greater reduction in nicotine self-administration than either drug treatment alone. The combination of chronic amitifadine and chronic nicotine also causes a persistent significant reduction in nicotine self-administration after the end of treatment. The amitifadine and nicotine treatment should be assessed in humans to determine whether this combination provides greater efficacy in smoking cessation than transdermal nicotine treatment alone.
A SIMULATION STUDY OF DEPOSITION PARAMETERS FOR 129I DISCHARGED FROM THE ROKKASHO REPROCESSING PLANT
Authors: Abe Koichi , Hasegawa Hidenao , Akata Naofumi , Kakiuchi Hideki , Chiang Jing-Hsien , Suwa Hiroji , Hisamatsu Shun’ichi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The first commercial spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Rokkasho in Japan discharged 129I from actual spent nuclear fuel into the atmosphere during its test operation from 2006 to 2008. Previously, we measured monthly atmospheric concentrations of gaseous and particulate 129I and atmospheric deposition rates of 129I from the campus of our institute, which is 2.6 km east of the main stack of the plant. In this study, we simulated the atmospheric concentrations and deposition rates of 129I using a combination of the Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model and the improved CG-MATHEW/ADPIC models, Version 5.0. Here, we report on the optimised deposition parameters of 129I used to simulate the measured values using 129I atmospheric discharge rates from the main stack.
The R2R3 MYB transcription factor MYB189 negatively regulates secondary cell wall biosynthesis in Populus
Authors: Jiao Bo , Zhao Xin , Lu Wanxiang , Guo Li , Luo Keming 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis during wood formation in trees is controlled by a multilevel regulatory network that coordinates the expression of substantial genes. However, few transcription factors involved in the negative regulation of secondary wall biosynthesis have been characterized in tree species. In this study, we isolated an R2R3 MYB transcription factor MYB189 from Populus trichocarpa, which is expressed predominantly in secondary vascular tissues, especially in the xylem. A novel repression motif was identified in the C-terminal region of MYB189, which indicates this factor was a transcriptional repressor. Overexpression (OE) of MYB189 in Arabidopsis and poplar resulted in a significant reduction in the contents of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. Vascular development in stems of MYB189 OE lines was markedly inhibited, leading to a dramatic decrease in SCW thickness of xylem fibers. Gene expression analyses showed that most of the structural genes involved in the biosynthesis of lignin, cellulose and xylans were significantly downregulated in MYB189-overexpressing poplars compared with the wild-type control. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and transient expression assays revealed that MYB189 could directly bind to the promoters of secondary wall biosynthetic genes to repress their expression. Together, these data suggest that MYB189 acts as a repressor to regulate SCW biosynthesis in poplar.
Reconsideration of the Anterior Surgical Plane of Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Fang Jiafeng , Zheng Zongheng , Wei Hongbo 
Published: April 2019

INTRODUCTION:
Previous studies on total mesorectal excision suggested dissection anterior to Denonvilliers’ fascia, which might lead to intraoperative pelvic autonomic nerves injury and a high incidence of urogenital dysfunction.

TECHNIQUE:
We dissected 4 cases of cadavers, mainly focusing on anatomy of Denonvilliers’ fascia, to study the relationship between Denonvilliers’ fascia and rectum. In practice, instead of dissection 1 cm above peritoneal reflection, dissection of the peritoneum was performed at the lowest level of peritoneal reflection during laparoscopic resection for mid-low rectal cancer.

RESULTS:
The cadaveric study revealed that there were loose tissues between Denonvilliers’ fascia and rectal specimen, thus a surgical plane posterior to Denonvilliers’ fascia did exist. During laparoscopic resection for mid-low rectal cancer, some loose reticulate structures between Denonvilliers’ fascia and proper fascia of rectum would present after dissection of peritoneum at the lowest level of peritoneal reflection. Then dissection within the surgical plane posterior to Denonvilliers’ fascia became easy and feasible. In this plane, both the pelvic nerves and postoperative urogenital function could be well protected by Denonvilliers’ fascia.

CONCLUSIONS:
The anterior surgical plane for total mesorectal excision should be reconsidered, and dissection posterior to Denonvilliers’ fascia is feasible and practicable for patients without risk of positive anterior circumferential resection margin.
A NOVEL SURGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR RESCUING A DISLOCATED ACCOMMODATIVE INTRAOCULAR LENS (CRYSTALENS)
Authors: Mantopoulos Dimosthenis , Prenner Jonathan L. , Wheatley H. Matthew 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
To describe a novel surgical technique for rescuing a dislocated “in-the-bag” accommodative intraocular lens (Crystalens; Bausch and Lomb Inc, Rochester NY) and report its postoperative outcome.

Methods:
Interventional case report. An 82-year-old patient with history of pseudoexfoliation syndrome presented with a posteriorly dislocated “in-the-bag” Crystalens intraocular lens. A pars plana vitrectomy was performed. The Crystalens intraocular lens was rescued, and scleral sulcus fixated using prolene suture.

Results:
No intraoperative or postoperative complications were noted. The preoperative visual acuity was 6/200. The vision improved to 20/30, 8 weeks after the surgery.

Conclusion:
Rescuing, instead of exchanging, a Crystalens intraocular lens might be a safe alternative in patients with a dislocated “in-the-bag” Crystalens intraocular lens.
SEGMENTAL DIFFUSE VASCULAR LEAKAGE: A FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDING IN PATIENTS WITH VON HIPPEL–LINDAU DISEASE
Authors: Deák Gábor Gy , Pulido Jose S. , Jampol Lee M. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
To describe a novel fluorescein angiographic finding in patients with von Hippel–Lindau disease.

Methods:
Retrospective case series of patients diagnosed with retinal capillary hemangioblastoma (RCH) in the setting of von Hippel–Lindau.

Results:
We identified six eyes of three patients with von Hippel–Lindau and leaky retinal vessels. All eyes showed segmental diffuse vascular leakage (SDVL) that was seen in the late phase of the angiogram and that originated from third order and more peripheral retinal veins and adjacent capillaries. These vessels did not drain from the RCHs. Segmental diffuse vascular leakage was mainly seen in the mid and far periphery. In some cases, it was located near the RCHs, while in other cases, it was remote. Segmental diffuse vascular leakage was also seen in one eye without RCHs. On follow-up, the extent and intensity of segmental diffuse vascular leakage did not change after the RCHs were treated with laser or cryotherapy.

Conclusion:
Diffuse vascular leakage from retinal venules around and away from RCHs in patients with von Hippel–Lindau disease is seen, but the clinical and prognostic importance of this finding is uncertain.
The Outcome of Scleral Lens Fitting for Keratoconus With Resolved Corneal Hydrops
Authors: Kreps Elke O. , Claerhout Ilse , Koppen Carina 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
To investigate the success and failure of scleral lens fitting in patients with keratoconus with resolved hydrops.

Methods:
Retrospective case series of patients with keratoconus who attended the Ophthalmology Department at Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium, and developed acute hydrops between January 1, 2015, and June 30, 2018. The exclusion criteria included amblyopia, mental retardation, and insufficient follow-up.

Results:
Of the 25 patients with keratoconus with acute hydrops, 14 patients (16 eyes) were included in this study. Median age was 31 years (range 19–52 years). Before hydrops, the median maximum keratometry value of affected eyes was 81.3 D (range 66.3–108.3 D). Acute hydrops was managed medically in 5 eyes (31.3%), by observation in 5 eyes (31.3%), by application of bandage contact lens in 1 eye (6.3%), and compression corneal sutures in 5 eyes (31.3%). Contact lens fitting after hydrops was not necessary for 2 patients (2 eyes; 12.5%) because of excellent vision in the fellow eye. Of the remaining patients, 11 (68.8%) were successfully fitted with mini-scleral lenses, with a median visual acuity of 0.7 (0.5–0.9; decimal Snellen). Three patients (3 eyes; 18.8%) proceeded to graft surgery because of limited visual acuity with scleral lenses (n = 2) or persistent edema (n = 1).

Conclusions:
Scleral lenses are effective for providing satisfactory visual acuity after corneal hydrops in keratoconus. A scleral lens trial is advised before listing patients for graft surgery.
Bilateral Congenital Corneal Opacities as an Early-Onset Ocular Feature of Kabuki Syndrome
Authors: Lin Po-An , Tseng Sung-Huei , Lai I-Wen , Huang Yi-Hsun 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by multiple systemic anomalies and unique facial characteristics. Here, we present the first case, to the best of our knowledge, of bilateral congenital corneal opacities as an early-onset ocular manifestation of KS associated with a KMT2D gene mutation.

Methods:
The proband is a girl. At birth, bilateral corneal opacities, short fifth fingers, patent ductus arteriosus, absence of the uvula, and an ectopic kidney on the right side were noted. Ophthalmic examinations revealed vascularized, nonhomogeneous opacities in both corneas; to prevent deprivation amblyopia, bilateral corneal transplantations were performed.

Results:
At 1 year and 10 months of age, she was referred by a general practitioner to our pediatric endocrinologist for failure to thrive. Genetic analysis at that age revealed the presence of a KMT2D gene mutation, and the patient was diagnosed with KS.

Conclusions:
The clinical diagnosis of KS is challenging because the most remarkable facial features are not evident until early childhood. In this case, bilateral congenital corneal opacities were identified as an early-onset ocular manifestation of KS. KS should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with bilateral congenital corneal opacities.