bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence based prevention of acute injuries during physical exercise in a WHO safe community
Authors: Timpka T , Lindqvist K 
Published: July 2002

Objective—To evaluate a community based programme for evidence based prevention of injuries during physical exercise.Design—Quasi-experimental evaluation using an intervention population and a non-random control population.Participants—Study municipality (population 41 000) and control municipality (population 26 000) in Sweden.Main outcome measures—Morbidity rate for sports related injuries treated in the health care system; severity classification according to the abbreviated injury scale (AIS).Results—The total morbidity rate for sports related injuries in the study area decreased by 14% from 21 to 18 injuries per 1000 population years (odds ratio 0.87; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.79 to 0.96). No tendency towards a decrease was observed in people over 40. The rate of moderately severe injury (AIS 2) decreased to almost half (odds ratio 0.58; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.68), whereas the rate of minor injuries (AIS 1) increased (odds ratio 1.22; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.40). The risk of severe injuries (AIS 3–6) remained constant. The rate of total sports injury in the control area did not change (odds ratio 0.93; 95% CI 0.81 to 1.07), and the trends in the study and control areas were not statistically significantly different.Conclusion—An evidence based prevention programme based on local safety rules and educational programmes can reduce the burden of injuries related to physical exercise in a community. Future studies need to look at adjusting the programme to benefit all age groups.
An analysis of consultations with the crowd doctors at Glasgow Celtic football club, season 1999–2000
Authors: Crawford M , Donnelly J , Gordon J , MacCallum R , MacDonald I , McNeill M , Mulhearn N , Tilston S , West G 
Published: July 2002

Objective—To analyse all clinical presentations to the crowd doctors at Scotland's largest football stadium over the course of one complete season.Methods—A standard clinical record form was used to document all consultations with the crowd doctors including treatment and subsequent referrals. The relevance of alcohol consumption was assessed.Results—A total of 127 casualties were seen at 26 matches, a mean of 4.88 per match. Twenty casualties were transferred to hospital, including one successfully defibrillated after a cardiac arrest. Alcohol excess was a major contributing factor in 26 cases.Conclusions—The workload of the crowd doctors was very variable and diverse. The social problem of excessive alcohol consumption contributed considerably to the workload. The provision of medical facilities at football grounds means that attendance there is now one of the least adverse circumstances in which to have a cardiac arrest. The study confirmed previous impressions that more casualties are seen at high profile matches.
What is a natural cause of death? A survey of how coroners in England and Wales approach borderline cases
Authors: Roberts I S D , Gorodkin L M , Benbow E W 
Published: July 2002

Aim—Many deaths fall in the “grey” area between those that are clearly natural and those that are unnatural. There are no guidelines to help doctors in dealing with such cases and death certification is often arbitrary and inconsistent. In an attempt to initiate debate on these difficult areas, and with the ultimate aim of achieving national consensus, the views of coroners in England and Wales were sought.Methods—Sixteen clinical scenarios, with causes of death, were circulated to all coroners in England and Wales. For each case they were asked to provide a verdict, with explanation. The deaths fell into three groups: (1) postoperative, (2) a combination of trauma and natural disease, and (3) infectious disease.Results—Sixty four questionnaires were returned. There was near consensus (> 80% concordance) in only two of the 16 cases. In five, there was no significant agreement between coroners in the verdicts returned (“natural causes” versus “misadventure/accidental”). These included all three cases in which death resulted from a combination of trauma and natural disease (a fall after a grand mal fit; falls resulting in fractures of bones affected by metastatic carcinoma and osteoporosis), bronchopneumonia after hip replacement for osteoarthritis, and new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The comments made for each case indicate that the variation between coroners in whether or not to hold an inquest, and the verdict arrived at, reflect the lack of a definition for natural causes, together with differences in the personal attitudes of each coroner.Conclusions—There is considerable variation in the way in which coroners approach these borderline cases, many of which are common in clinical practice. This study indicates a need for discussion, working towards a national consensus on such issues. It highlights the importance of good communication between coroners and medical staff at a local level.
Peutz-Jeghers families unlinked toSTK11/LKB1 gene mutations are highly predisposed to primitive biliary adenocarcinoma
Authors: Olschwang Sylviane , Boisson Cécile , Thomas Gilles 
Published: July 2002

INTRODUCTIONGermline mutations of theSTK11/LKB1 tumour suppressor gene (19p13.3) are responsible for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), a rare genetic disorder, which is dominantly inherited. In addition to the typical hamartomatous gastrointestinal polyps and perioral pigmented lesions, PJS is also associated with the development of tumours in various sites. No specific follow up has yet been evaluated for gene carriers. Furthermore, genetic heterogeneity has been reported, which makes genetic counselling difficult.METHODSWe report here the analysis of the STK11/LKB1 locus in a series of 34 PJS families, combining the search for mutations and rearrangements in the coding sequence, allele specific expression tests, and linkage studies.RESULTSGermline deleterious mutation of the STK11/LKB1 gene were identified in 70% of cases. The hypothesis of a second PJS locus was reinforced and PJS families could be divided into two groups on the basis of the presence or absence of an identifiedSTK11/LKB1 alteration. Analysis of clinical data indicates that the cancer associated risk is markedly different in the two groups. PJS patients with no identifiedSTK11/LKB1 mutation are at major risk for proximal biliary adenocarcinoma, an infrequent tumour in the general population.CONCLUSIONUp to 30% of PJS patients are caused by mutation in an unidentified gene that confers high susceptibility to cancer development.
Haematological and spermatotoxic effects of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether in copper clad laminate factories
Authors: Shih Tung-Sheng , Hsieh An-Tsz , Liao Guo-Dong , Chen Yeong-Hwang , Liou Saou-Hsing 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the effects of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) on haematology and reproduction in exposed workers.METHODS53 Impregnation workers from two factories that make copper clad laminate with EGME as a solvent were recruited as the exposed group. Another group of 121 lamination workers with indirect exposure to EGME was recruited as the control group. Environmental monitoring of concentrations of EGME in air and biological monitoring of urinary methoxyacetic acid (MAA) concentrations were performed. Venous blood was collected for routine and biochemical analyses. Semen was collected from 14 workers exposed to EGME for sperm analysis and was compared with 13 control workers.RESULTSResults of haematological examination showed that the haemoglobin, packed cell volume, and red blood cell count in the male workers exposed to EGME were significantly lower than in the controls. The frequency of anaemia in the exposed group (26.1%) was significantly higher than in the control group (3.2%). However, no differences were found between the female workers exposed and not exposed to EGME. After adjustment for sex, body mass index, and duration of employment, red blood cell count was significantly negatively associated with air concentrations of EGME, and haemoglobin, packed cell volume, and red blood cell count were significantly negatively associated with urinary concentrations of MAA. The pH of semen in the exposed workers was significantly lower than in the control workers, but there were no significant differences in the sperm count or sperm morphology between the exposed and control groups.CONCLUSIONIt can be concluded that EGME is a haematological toxin, which leads to anaemia in the exposed workers. However, the data from this study did not support the theory of a spermatotoxic effect of EGME.
Respiratory health effects from exposure to carbon black: results of the phase 2 and 3 cross sectional studies in the European carbon black manufacturing industry
Authors: Gardiner K , van Tongeren M , Harrington M 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo assess respiratory morbidity over several cross sectional phases in the European carbon black manufacturing industry.METHODSParticipants completed an amended (and translated) MRC respiratory morbidity questionnaire with additional questions on previous exposures, job history, etc, and spirometry traces in each phase. Concurrent with the health outcome measures, personal exposure to inhalable dust was measured.RESULTSPercentage participation rose from 90% in phase 2 (19 factories) to 95% in phase 3 (16 factories). Exposure dropped slightly between the 2 and 3 phases; as did the prevalence of reporting symptoms. Percentage of predicted lung function volumes exceeded 100% for forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC), whereas forced mid-expiratory flow (FEF25%–75%) and FEV1/FVC ratio were below 100% in both phases. The multiple linear and logistic regressions showed that carbon black had a significant effect on lung function and on most respiratory symptoms, respectively.CONCLUSIONBoth current and cumulative exposure to carbon black have a deleterious effect on respiratory morbidity. Due to the drop in exposure between phases 2 and 3, recent exposures seem to have less of an impact on the respiratory morbidity in the workers in phase 3 than those in phase 2.
Psychological stress, anxiety, depression, job satisfaction, and personality characteristics in preregistration house officers
Authors: Newbury-Birch D , Kamali F 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Work related stress and anxiety may have a profound effect on an individual’s wellbeing. In the case of doctors this may also affect patient care. This study measured stress, anxiety, and job satisfaction and the influence of personality factors on these in a group of preregistration house officers in the north east of England. A total of 109 preregistration house officers anonymously completed a lifestyles questionnaire designed to measure self rated psychological stress, state anxiety, job satisfaction, and personality characteristics. Results showed that 37.5% of women and 24% of men preregistration house officers suffered from possible psychological stress. Altogether 38.9% of women and 5.4% of men were suffering from possible anxiety and 8.3% of women and 2.7% of men were suffering from possible depression. The mean (SD) job satisfaction scores were 83.8(17.4) (range 52–127; median 86.5) for men and 80.5(16.7) (range 41–114; median 81) for women. Altogether 30.6% of men and 41.7% of women reported to be dissatisfied with the organisational processes in their job. There were significant negative correlations between stress and job satisfaction scores (r = −0.508; p&lt;0.0001) and between anxiety and job satisfaction scores (r = −0.421; p&lt;0.0001), and significant positive associations between anxiety and stress scores (r = 0.593; p&lt;0.0001). Stress, anxiety, and depression scores were significantly correlated with neuroticism scores in both men and women. The personality characteristic of neuroticism was a predisposing factor for stress and anxiety in the junior doctors which may be taken into consideration when offering support and counselling.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor induced hyperkalaemic paralysis
Authors: Dutta D , Fischler M , McClung A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Secondary hyperkalaemic paralysis is a rare condition often mimicking the Guillain-Barré syndrome. There have been a few case reports of hyperkalaemia caused by renal failure, trauma, and drugs where the presentation has been with muscle weakness. A case of hyperkalaemic paralysis caused by an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor is reported.
Candida endophthalmitis: an unusual complication of prolonged intravenous access
Authors: Vose M , Beatty S , Charles S J 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A 16 year old boy awaiting a defunctioning colostomy for Crohn’s disease complained of reduced vision in his left eye. Four weeks previously candida had been isolated from his central line used for parenteral feeds. Fundal examination of the left eye revealed a macular abscess with a classic “string of pearls” appearance of multiple vitreous abscesses. This was treated with pars plana vitrectomy and intravitreal antifungal therapy. Microbiological studies confirmed a diagnosis of candida endophthalmitis.
Parathyroid crisis in a 20 year old—an unusual cause of hypercalcaemic crisis
Authors: Wong P , Carmeci C , Jeffrey R B , Weigel R J 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Since the advent of automated serum analysis, patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) are often asymptomatic at presentation or have mild symptoms attributable to the disease. Parathyroid crisis is a rare and potentially fatal complication of PHPT in which patients develop severe hypercalcaemia with signs and symptoms of multiple organ dysfunction. A case of parathyroid crisis in a 20 year old man who presented with brown tumours and renal stones is described.
Comparative evaluation of the new Sheffield table and the modified joint British societies coronary risk prediction chart against a laboratory based risk score calculation
Authors: Rabindranath K S , Anderson N R , Gama R , Holland M R 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

Background
Management of borderline hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia is based on an individual’s coronary heart disease (CHD) risk rather than arbitrary values for blood pressure or serum cholesterol. Prediction of CHD risk involves using tables, charts, or computer programs based on the Framingham equations. The new Sheffield table and modified joint British societies coronary risk prediction (JBS) chart are widely used. The JBS chart approximates age and systolic blood pressure, and the new Sheffield table dichotomises blood pressure, and these simplifications may lead to diagnostic inaccuracy.

Methods
The diagnostic performance of the charts against an individualised laboratory based CHD risk calculation in 1102 subjects in primary care were evaluated and compared.

Results
The new Sheffield table and modified JBS chart performed equally well with a respective diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 91.6% (95% confidence interval 86.7% to 95.1%) and 93.8% (91.1% to 97.9%), and 93.6% (90.4% to 96.0%) and 94.7% (92.6% to 96.1%) at 10 year CHD risk of 15%; and of 95.2% (82.8% to 99.4%) and 97.9% (96.8% to 98.7%), and 90.5% (75.6% to 97.4%) and 100% (99.7% to 100%) at 10 year CHD risk of 30%.
The modified JBS chart graphic display provides graded risk, which may be an advantage over the new Sheffield table, which identifies thresholds of risk. The new Sheffield table, unlike any other method, can be used as screening tool for cholesterol measurement.

Conclusions
The new Sheffield table and modified JBS chart are valid for use in primary care since their diagnostic accuracy is unaffected by approximations in age and blood pressure. It is suggested that practitioners should choose whichever risk assessment tool they are comfortable with and use it.
How many deaths are caused by second hand cigarette smoke?
Authors: Woodward Alistair , Laugesen Murray 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo estimate the number of deaths attributable to second hand smoke (SHS), to distinguish attributable and potentially avoidable burdens of mortality, and to identify the most important sources of uncertainty in these estimates.METHODA case study approach, using exposure and mortality data for New Zealand.RESULTSIn New Zealand, deaths caused by past exposures to second hand smoke currently number about 347 per year. On the basis of present exposures, we estimate there will be about 325 potentially avoidable deaths caused by SHS in New Zealand each year in the future. We have explored the effect of varying certain assumptions on which the calculations are based, and suggest a plausible range (174–490 avoidable deaths per year).CONCLUSIONAttributable risk estimates provide an indication for policy makers and health educators of the magnitude of a health problem; they are not precise predictions. As a cause of death in New Zealand, we estimate that second hand smoke lies between melanoma of the skin (200 deaths per year) and road crashes (about 500 deaths per year).
ON SOLITON AUTOMORPHISMS IN MASSIVE AND CONFORMAL THEORIES
Authors: MÜGER MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

For massive and conformal quantum field theories in 1+1 dimensions with a global gauge group we consider soliton automorphisms, viz. automorphisms of the quasilocal algebra which act like two different global symmetry transformations on the left and right spacelike complements of a bounded region. We give a unified treatment by providing a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence and Poincaré covariance of soliton automorphisms which is applicable to a large class of theories. In particular, our construction applies to the QFT models with the local Fock property — in which case the latter property is the only input from constructive QFT we need — and to holomorphic conformal field theories. In conformal QFT soliton representations appear as twisted sectors, and in a subsequent paper our results will be used to give a rigorous analysis of the superselection structure of orbifolds of holomorphic theories.
Vibration Suppression by Controlling an MR Damper
Authors: Jeon Doyoung , Park Chanho , Park Kiyang 
Published: July 2002

For the semiactive vibration control, a variable damper and proper control systems are essential. In this research a controllable damper was designed using the MR fluids and its mechanical properties such as damping constant and response time were measured. Since the response time of the MR damper was much longer than nominal MR fluid response time, the time delay of the damper should be considered in the design of controllers. It is shown that the advanced on/off vibration control which includes the damper time delay performs more effectively than the conventional one.
EPR AND MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY STUDIES OF CALCIUM-BORATE OXIDE GLASSES CONTAINING IRON IONS
Authors: ARDELEAN I. , PASCUTA P. , PETEANU M. 
Published: July 2002

EPR and magnetic susceptibility measurements have been performed on x Fe 2 O 3·(100-x) [3B2O3·CaO] glasses with 0<x≤40 mol%. The Fe 3+ ions in sites of distorted octahedral symmetry and clustered formations containing both Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ ionic species were found. Dipolar and magnetic super-exchange interactions involving iron ions were revealed to depend on the iron content of the sample.
A METHOD FOR INCREASING PRECISION AND RELIABILITY OF ELASTICITY ANALYSIS IN COMPLICATED BURN SCAR CASES
Authors: TSAP LEONID V. , GOLDGOF DMITRY B. , SARKAR SUDEEP , POWERS PAULINE S. 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we propose a method for increasing precision and reliability of elasticity analysis in complicated burn scar cases. The need for a technique that would help physicians by objectively assessing elastic properties of scars, motivated our original algorithm. This algorithm successfully employed active contours for tracking and finite element models for strain analysis. However, the previous approach considered only one normal area and one abnormal area within the region of interest, and scar shapes which were somewhat simplified. Most burn scars have rather complicated shapes and may include multiple regions with different elastic properties. Hence, we need a method capable of adequately addressing these characteristics. The new method can split the region into more than two localities with different material properties, select and quantify abnormal areas, and apply different forces if it is necessary for a better shape description of the scar. The method also demonstrates the application of scale and mesh refinement techniques in this important domain. It is accomplished by increasing the number of Finite Element Method (FEM) areas as well as the number of elements within the area.The method is successfully applied to elastic materials and real burn scar cases. We demonstrate all of the proposed techniques and investigate the behavior of elasticity function in a 3-D space. Recovered properties of elastic materials are compared with those obtained by a conventional mechanics-based approach. Scar ratings achieved with the method are correlated against the judgments of physicians.
ACTIVE–PASSIVE DECOMPOSITION WITH APPLICATION TO ARRAYS OF CHAOTIC SYSTEMS
Authors: VEPA RANJAN 
Published: July 2002

In this paper an alternate method of Active–Passive Decomposition of chaotic systems based on the notion of passivity is presented. The concepts of model following in control theory are applied to show how such a decomposition is useful in achieving synchronization. Besides the fact that model following control may be implemented in a whole class of systems, it is also the basis for designing adaptive systems where the convergence of the scheme is often proved by the use of passivity concepts. The method is shown to be extremely useful in synchronizing passively coupled chaotic systems in general and arrays of coupled but identical controlled chaotic systems in particular.
Chores: enhanced run-time support for shared-memory parallel computing
Authors: Eager Derek L. , Jahorjan John 
Published: July 2002

Parallel computing is increasingly important in the solution of large-scale numerical problems. The difficulty of efficiently hand-coding parallelism, and the limitations of parallelizing compilers, have nonetheless restricted its use by scientific programmers.In this paper we propose a new paradigm,chores, for the run-time support of parallel computing on shared-memory multiprocessors. We consider specifically uniform memory access shared-memory environments, although the chore paradigm should also be appropriate for use within the clusters of a large-scale nonuniform memory access machine.We argue that chore systems attain both the high efficiency of compiler approaches for the common case of data parallelism, and the flexibility and performance of user-level thread approaches for functional parallelism. These benefits are achieved within a single, simple conceptual model that almost entirely relieves the programmer and compiler from concerns of granularity, scheduling, and enforcement of synchronization constraints. Measurements of a prototype implementation demonstrate that the chore model can be supported more efficiently than can traditional approaches to either data or functional parallelism alone.