bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unraveling the unknown areas of the human metabolome: the role of infrared ion spectroscopy
Authors: Martens Jonathan , Berden Giel , Bentlage Herman , Coene Karlien L. M. , Engelke Udo F. , Wishart David , van Scherpenzeel Monique , Kluijtmans Leo A. J. , Wevers Ron A. , Oomens Jos 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe identification of molecular biomarkers is critical for diagnosing and treating patients and for establishing a fundamental understanding of the pathophysiology and underlying biochemistry of inborn errors of metabolism. Currently, liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are the principle methods used for biomarker research and for structural elucidation of small molecules in patient body fluids. While both are powerful techniques, several limitations exist that often make the identification of unknown compounds challenging. Here, we describe how infrared ion spectroscopy has the potential to be a valuable orthogonal technique that provides highly‐specific molecular structure information while maintaining ultra‐high sensitivity. Here, we characterize and distinguish two well‐known biomarkers of inborn errors of metabolism, glutaric acid for glutaric aciduria and ethylmalonic acid for short‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, using infrared ion spectroscopy. In contrast to tandem mass spectra, in which ion fragments can hardly be predicted, we show that the prediction of an IR spectrum allows reference‐free identification in the case that standard compounds are either commercially or synthetically unavailable. Finally, we illustrate how functional group information can be obtained from an IR spectrum for an unknown and how this is valuable information to, for example, narrow down a list of candidate structures resulting from a database query. Early diagnosis in inborn errors of metabolism is crucial for enabling treatment and depends on the identification of biomarkers specific for the disorder. Infrared ion spectroscopy has the potential to play a pivotal role in the identification of challenging biomarkers.
Representing Sudden Shifts in Intensive Dyadic Interaction Data Using Differential Equation Models with Regime Switching
Authors: Chow Sy-Miin , Ou Lu , Ciptadi Arridhana , Prince Emily B. , You Dongjun , Hunter Michael D. , Rehg James M. , Rozga Agata , Messinger Daniel S. 
Published: March 2018

A growing number of social scientists have turned to differential equations as a tool for capturing the dynamic interdependence among a system of variables. Current tools for fitting differential equation models do not provide a straightforward mechanism for diagnosing evidence for qualitative shifts in dynamics, nor do they provide ways of identifying the timing and possible determinants of such shifts. In this paper, we discuss regime-switching differential equation models, a novel modeling framework for representing abrupt changes in a system of differential equation models. Estimation was performed by combining the Kim filter (Kim and Nelson State-space models with regime switching: classical and Gibbs-sampling approaches with applications, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1999) and a numerical differential equation solver that can handle both ordinary and stochastic differential equations. The proposed approach was motivated by the need to represent discrete shifts in the movement dynamics of n=29\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$n= 29$$\end{document} mother–infant dyads during the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP), a behavioral assessment where the infant is separated from and reunited with the mother twice. We illustrate the utility of a novel regime-switching differential equation model in representing children’s tendency to exhibit shifts between the goal of staying close to their mothers and intermittent interest in moving away from their mothers to explore the room during the SSP. Results from empirical model fitting were supplemented with a Monte Carlo simulation study to evaluate the use of information criterion measures to diagnose sudden shifts in dynamics.
MiR‐217 is involved in the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer by down‐regulating CDH1 expression
Authors: Li Wei , Gao Yu‐Qiang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGC is one of the most leading malignancies all over the world, and is also the leading cause of cancer‐related mortalities. At present, GC remains difficult to diagnose at an early stage. In this study, we first detected the expression of 9 selected miRNAs in the exosomes from 67 GC patients' circular exosomes and found 4 miRNAs level was significantly altered. Meanwhile, one out of 4 candidate miRNAs also had a higher expression in the GC tissue samples, and negative correlated with CDH1 expression. Predicted by bioinformatics tools, confirmed by dual luciferase assay and immunoblotting, we identified that CDH1 is a direct target of miR‐217. MiR‐217 overexpression enhanced gastric cancer cells proliferation, and reduced exosomal CDH1 level which can be delivered into microenvironment. In conclusion, we constructed the negative correlation between miR‐217 and CDH1 level in GC patients and cells; unveiled part of the miR‐217 function during the pathogenesis of GC. These findings may give insight into understanding the mechanism of GC pathogenesis and provide new biomarkers for clinical diagnosis.
How a zero trust approach can help to secure your AWS environment
Authors: Scott Barry 
Published: March 2018

Today's organisations are increasingly turning to cloud computing providers to offer them the scalability and IT agility necessary to fuel a fast-moving digital and app-based business. In reality, this means operating complex hybrid IT environments featuring public cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) platforms from providers such as Amazon Web Services (AWS). Yet the notion of shared responsibility is still misunderstood by some, leading to potentially fatal cyber-security gaps. To help ensure maximum protection for your data, systems and users, you need to take an identity-centric, ‘zero trust’ approach. Today's organisations are increasingly turning to cloud computing providers to offer them the scalability and IT agility necessary to fuel a fast-moving digital and app-based business. In reality, this means operating complex hybrid IT environments featuring public cloud infrastructure as a service (IaaS) platforms. Yet the notion of shared responsibility is still misunderstood by some, leading to potentially fatal cyber-security gaps. To help ensure maximum protection for your data, systems and users, you need to take an identity-centric, ‘zero trust’ approach, argues Barry Scott of Centrify.
We need to talk about IDS signatures
Authors: Shipulin Kirill 
Published: March 2018

The names Snort and Suricata are known to all who work in the field of network security. Web application firewall (WAF) and intrusion detection system (IDS) are two classes of security systems that analyse network traffic, parse top-level protocols and signal the presence of malicious or unwanted network activity. Whereas WAF helps web servers detect and avoid attacks targeted only at them, IDS detects attacks in all network traffic. Many companies install an IDS to control traffic inside the corporate network. The deep packet inspection (DPI) mechanism lets them collect traffic streams and identify activity by malware. At the heart of the most common systems are signature sets used for detecting known attacks, developed by network security experts and companies worldwide. However, as Kirill Shipulin of Positive Technology demonstrates, there are ways of disrupting the operation of some IDS systems and then hiding all traces of such activity.
Femtosecond laser-induced damage threshold in snow micro-structured targets
Authors: Shavit O. , Ferber Y. , Papeer J. , Schleifer E. , Botton M. , Zigler A. , Henis Z. 
Published: March 2018

Enhanced acceleration of protons to high energy by relatively modest high power ultra-short laser pulses, interacting with snow micro-structured targets was recently proposed. A notably increased proton energy was attributed to a combination of several mechanisms such as localized enhancement of the laser field intensity near the tip of $1~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$ size whisker and increase in the hot electron concentration near the tip. Moreover, the use of mass-limited target prevents undesirable spread of absorbed laser energy out of the interaction zone. With increasing laser intensity a Coulomb explosion of the positively charged whisker will occur. All these mechanisms are functions of the local density profile and strongly depend on the laser pre-pulse structure. To clarify the effect of the pre-pulse on the state of the snow micro-structured target at the time of interaction with the main pulse, we measured the optical damage threshold (ODT) of the snow targets. ODT of $0.4~\text{J}/\text{cm}^{2}$ was measured by irradiating snow micro-structured targets with 50 fs duration pulses of Ti:Sapphire laser.
Association between dietary fibre:carbohydrate intake ratio and insulin resistance in Japanese adults without type 2 diabetes
Authors: Morimoto Nobuhisa , Kasuga Chikako , Tanaka Airi , Kamachi Keiko , Ai Masumi , Urayama Kevin Y. , Tanaka Akira 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAn easily understandable index that measures the quality of carbohydrate may aid people in adopting dietary habits that improve their glucose tolerance. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between a ratio of dietary fibre to carbohydrate intakes (fibre:carbohydrate ratio (F:C-R)) and glucose tolerance cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Subjects were 190 Japanese men and women without type 2 diabetes (mean age 55·4 years) who participated in a 5-month diet and exercise programme. We compared baseline anthropometric, dietary and metabolic profiles between those with higher F:C-R and those with lower ratios. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between the F:C-R and homoeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and HbA1c at baseline and between changes in the F:C-R and changes in HOMA-IR and HbA1c over the 5-month period. At baseline, the higher F:C-R group had significantly lower body weight, lean body mass, fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR as compared with the lower F:C-R group. The two groups had similar intakes of carbohydrate and fat, whereas protein intake was greater in the high F:C-R group. Baseline F:C-R was not significantly associated with HOMA-IR or HbA1c at the beginning of the study in multivariable models. Increases in the ratio during the 5-month programme was associated with reductions in HbA1c (P<0·001). These findings highlight the potential utility of the F:C-R in strategies aimed at type 2 diabetes prevention.
Dietary nitrate lowers ambulatory blood pressure in treated, uncontrolled hypertension: a 7-d, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial
Authors: Kerley Conor P. , Dolan Eamon , James Philip E. , Cormican Liam 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDietary nitrate has been shown to increase nitrate/nitrite levels and decrease blood pressure (BP) in multiple populations. There are few reports among hypertensives and these reports have provided conflicting evidence. We aimed to assess the effect of daily nitrate compared with placebo in subjects with uncontrolled hypertension (HTN). On day 0, hypertensives wore an ambulatory BP monitor (ABPM) for 24 h and blood was taken. Subjects were then randomised to 7-d nitrate-rich beetroot juice (NO3−) (12·9 mmol nitrate) followed by 7-d nitrate-depleted beetroot juice (0·5 mmol nitrate) or vice versa. ABPM and blood were assessed before and after both conditions. In all, twenty subjects with treated yet uncontrolled HTN entered and completed the trial (mean age=62·5 years, mean BMI=30·7 kg/m2). Baseline BP was 137/80 (sd7/7) mmHg. Dietary nitrate was well tolerated and resulted in significantly increased plasma nitrite (P=0·0004) and decreased 24-h systolic BP and diastolic BP compared with placebo (−8 mmHg;P=0·012 and −4 mmHg;P=0·018, respectively). Our results support the existing data suggesting an anti-hypertensive effect of dietary nitrate in treated yet uncontrolled hypertensives. Targeted dietary strategies appear promising contributors to BP control.
SOURCES OF LAW
Authors: Bell John 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis article aims to clarify what is meant by “a source of law” argument. A source of law argument justifies an action by showing that it has as its legal basis the best interpretation of a rule, principle or value identified in a material source of law. Such an argument is authority-based in that it appeals for its correctness to a collective decision to adopt a particular rule. The identification comes from an analysis of the practices within a specific legal community. The concept of “a rule of recognition” is not helpful since it glosses over the contestability of what is a source of law and its revisability over time. In a second part, the article illustrates the dynamics of change by reference to the status of EEC/EU law in a number of national laws and the 1966 Practice Statement on precedent in the House of Lords.
THE DOCTRINE OF BENEFIT AND BURDEN: REFORMING THE LAW OF COVENANTS AND THE NUMERUS CLAUSUS “PROBLEM”
Authors: Bevan Chris 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe doctrine of benefit and burden – an indirect method for enforcing the burden of positive freehold covenants – developed as an exception the strictAusterberryrule that the burden of positive covenants cannot bind successors directly at law. Three recent Court of Appeal cases (Davies v Jones; Wilkinson v KerdeneandElwood v Goodman) confirm the continued existence and application of the doctrine but also reveal its deficiencies and limitations. This article explores the contemporary application of the doctrine, identifies its theoretical, historical and elemental frailty and, drawing on recent reform proposals of the Law Commission, highlights the case for reform. In so doing, this article argues that a vital theoretical issue has been overlooked in the reform debate: thenumerus claususprinciple.
WHEN HOMER QUOTES CALLIMACHUS: ALLUSIVE POETICS IN THE PROEM OF THEPOSTHOMERICA
Authors: Greensmith Emma 
Published: March 2018

In Book 12 of Quintus Smyrnaeus’Posthomerica(c. third centuryc.e.), the epic poet prepares to list the heroes who entered the Wooden Horse before the sack of Troy. Before he begins, he breaks off to ask for help (Quint. Smyrn. 12.306–13):τούς μοι νῦν καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἀνειρομένῳ σάφα Μοῦσαιἔσπεθ᾽, ὅσοι κατέβησαν ἔσω πολυχανδέος ἵππου·ὑμεῖς γὰρ πᾶσάν μοι ἐνὶ φρεσὶ θήκατ᾽ ἀοιδήν,πρίν μοι <ἔτ᾽> ἀμφὶ παρειὰ κατασκίδνασθαι ἴουλον,Σμύρνης ἐν δαπέδοισι περικλυτὰ μῆλα νέμοντι 310τρὶς τόσον Ἑρμοῦ ἄπωθεν, ὅσον βοόωντος ἀκοῦσαι,Ἀρτέμιδος περὶ νηὸν Ἐλευθερίῳ ἐνὶ κήπῳ,οὔρεΐ τ’ οὔτε λίην χθαμαλῷ οὔθ᾽ ὑψόθι πολλῷ.Muses, I ask you to tell me precisely, one by one, the names of all who went inside the cavernous horse. For you were the ones who filled my mind with all song even before down was spread across my cheeks, when I was tending my renowned sheep in the land of Smyrna, three times as far as the shouting distance from the Hermus, near Artemis’ temple in the garden of Liberty, on a hill that is neither excessively high nor too low.
Sceptical theism and the evil-god challenge
Authors: HENDRICKS PERRY 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis article is a response to Stephen Law's article ‘The evil-god challenge’. In his article, Law argues that if belief in evil-god is unreasonable, then belief in good-god is unreasonable; that the antecedent is true; and hence so is the consequent. In this article, I show that Law's affirmation of the antecedent is predicated on the problem of good (i.e. the problem of whether an all-evil, all-powerful, and all-knowing God would allow there to be as much good in the world as there is), and argue that the problem of good fails. Thus, the antecedent is unmotivated, which renders the consequent unmotivated. Law's challenge for good-god theists is to show that good-god theism is not rendered unreasonable by the problem of evil in the same way that evil-god theism is rendered unreasonable by the problem of good. Insofar as the problem of good does not render belief in evil-god unreasonable, Law's challenge has been answered: since it is not unreasonable to believe in evil-god (at least for the reasons that Law gives) it is not unreasonable to believe in good-god. Finally, I show that – my criticism aside – the evil-god challenge turns out to be more complicated and controversial than it initially appears, for it relies on the (previously unacknowledged) contentious assumption that sceptical theism is false.
Heritage, Land, Labor, and Competing Claims for Afro-Colombian Rights
Authors: Escallón Maria Fernanda 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:This article examines the different meanings that rights to land and culture hold in San Basilio de Palenque, an Afro-Colombian community whose “cultural space” was declared by the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to be intangible cultural heritage of humanity in 2005. I investigate how the language of rights—both communal and individual—operates simultaneously at various registers and is strategically put to work in distinct political spheres. Drawing from ethnographic field research conducted between 2009 and 2013, I argue that while communal rights are invoked to garner recognition from state and transnational organizations like UNESCO, individual rights, conceived as exclusive prerogatives, serve to mark hierarchical distinctions between community members. I examine the paradoxical coexistence of two contradictory claims: one of cultural cohesion and another of social hierarchy. I conclude by questioning how a more nuanced examination of rights discourses in Palenque might contribute to understanding the multiple meanings of rights, not simply across time or space but also in relation to their perceived strategic purpose.
Vitriol in the Taff: River Pollution, Industrial Waste, and the Politics of Control in late Nineteenth-Century Rural Wales
Authors: WADDINGTON KEIR 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:Claims that rural communities and rural authorities in Wales were backwards conceal not only growing sensitivity to industrial river pollution, but also their active efforts to regulate the region's rivers. This article uses evidence from South Wales to explore rural responses to industrial river pollution and to provide the micro-contextualisation essential for understanding how environmental nuisances were tackled around sites of pollution. Efforts to limit industrial effluent at both local and regional levels highlight strategies of control, the difficulties of intervention at the boundaries of authorities, and how rural authorities were not always peripheral to an urban metropole. This lack of passivity challenges the idea that river pollution interventions merely displaced rather than confronted the problem of pollution, providing insights into how rural authorities worked, and into how those living in rural communities turned to them to clean up their environment.
The Clothiers’ Century, 1450–1550
Authors: OLDLAND JOHN 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:In the hundred years from 1450 to 1550, the great success enjoyed by the English woollen industry in continental markets was a result of clothiers organising the rural cloth industry in the West Country, Suffolk/Essex, the Kentish Weald and Newbury and its surrounds, to produce cloth that London merchants required. To do this they allocated extensive capital to cloth production: buying wools, sorting and dyeing them, organising their carding and spinning, putting the yarn out for weaving, and then in some cases owning the mills that fulled the cloth and finally shearing it in-house. The leading clothiers carried wool and cloth inventories, developed strong buying networks and offered merchants credit. Clothiers' control over production declined after 1550 as the government exercised greater control over cloth quality and clothiers' freedoms, and as price competition intensified from coarser cloths and new draperies.
Protecting the Community: Lessons from the Montana Flyer Project
Authors: Johnson Jeremy B. 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTIn October 2014, flyers appeared in mailboxes of Montana voters that positioned nominees for the state Supreme Court according to an ideological scale. The study, authored by researchers from Stanford and Dartmouth, was met with public outrage. The Commissioner of Political Practices in Montana asked me to vet the ethics of the study. The investigation led me to conclude that current Institutional Review Board (IRB) practices are inadequate for evaluating research involving field experiments in political science because there is no explicit attention in the process to protect a community. I believe the IRB should mandate that researchers explicitly address implications about how their research could affect the communities they study.
Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Neuropsychiatric and Non-neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Zabala Arantzazu , Salgueiro Monika , Sáez-Atxukarro Oihane , Ballesteros Javier , Ruiz-Irastorza Guillermo , Segarra Rafael 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectives: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease. Its most prevalent manifestation is neuropsychiatric SLE (NP-SLE), which is characterized by increased involvement of the nervous system, with relevant symptoms, such as marked cognitive deficits, which are directly involved in subsequent functional disability. The objective of this study is to identify and compare the profile of cognitive deficits in patients with NP-SLE and patients with non-neuropsychiatric SLE (nonNP-SLE) by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search based on the key words “cogn* OR neurocogn* AND lupus AND neuropsychiatry*” and included articles published between April 1999 and December 2016. A total of 244 articles were retrieved. We excluded reviews and meta-analyses, experiments not performed in humans, and single case reports. We included studies that used standardized cognitive measures and had included at least the subgroups NP-SLE and non NP-SLE. Results: The meta-analysis was finally based on six studies, and 10 neuropsychological variables were examined. Significant differences were observed between the groups for six variables. In the remaining four variables, we observed marked heterogeneity between the groups or a low number of studies. Conclusions: The data obtained indicate greater cognitive impairment among NP-SLE patients than among nonNP-SLE patients, at least for the cognitive domains of visuomotor coordination, attention, executive function, visual learning and memory, and phonetic fluency. The identification and definition of cognitive deficits in SLE patients is necessary to develop adequate cognitive remediation programs to improve functional outcomes. (JINS, 2018, 24, 629–639)