bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extensive regional endemism and cryptic diversity in the Tennessee and Kentucky, USA populations of the burrowing crayfish Cambarus deweesae (Bouchard & Etnier, 1979) (Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae) as revealed by molecular genetics
Authors: Hurt Carla R , Thoma Roger F , Withers David I , Williams Carl E , Paine Robert T R 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The southeastern United States is a global hotspot for crayfish biodiversity, with more than 300 described species in the region. Some of this diversity is unfortunately being threatened by anthropogenic activities and nearly one fifth of the North American crayfish species are currently threatened with extinction. Efforts to protect crayfish species have been hindered by a lack of information regarding their taxonomy, distribution, and conservation status. Here we target populations of the burrowing valley flame crayfish, Cambarus deweesae (Bouchard & Etnier 1979) for molecular taxonomy investigation. This species was originally known from the Clinch and Emory subdrainages in eastern Tennessee but it is currently listed as state endangered. The reporting of additional populations in Tennessee and Kentucky, however, has led to uncertainty about its conservation status. We analyzed sequence data from three mitochondrial genes (COI, 12S rRNA, and 16S rRNA) and from one nuclear gene (GAPDH) to decipher taxonomic questions regarding 15 crayfish populations, including 13 populations that are morphologically similar to C. deweesae (type locality sensu stricto). Combined analysis of all four genes demonstrated reciprocal monophyly for 14 out of 15 populations surveyed. Species delimitation methods, including GMYC and ABGD, identified between 11 and 13 new distinct genetic entities based on sequence divergence at the mitochondrial COI gene. Molecular results are combined with information on morphology and distribution in order to resolve taxonomic uncertainties within C. deweesae and its close relatives. The study highlights the need for fine-scale investigations into the phylogeography of North American burrowing crayfishes.
Relative growth in the Mediterranean endemic shore crab Brachynotus foresti Zariquiey Álvarez, 1968 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Varunidae)
Authors: Sanz-Brau Antonio , Mesquita-Joanes Francesc 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe relative growth of crustaceans has become a solid field of study since the early allometric studies undertaken during the first decades of the 20th century. The type of relative growth of brachyuran crabs mainly depends on the number of critical moults and growth phases, as well as on differences in the slopes of the relative growth of secondary sexual characters. We analysed for the first time the allometric growth of the brachyuran Brachynotus forestiZariquiey Álvarez, 1968 (Varunidae), a small Mediterranean endemic species, testing whether its small size might impede the manifestation of large allometries through ontogeny. We obtained 13 body measurements from 370 females and 269 males collected from the eastern Iberian Peninsula. Carapace width ranged between 2.9 and 13.9 mm. Despite the small size, large differences between males and females were observed in the relative growth of the pleon and chelipeds, as previously seen in many other Brachyura. Females followed a two-phase growth pattern, with a clear pubertal moult separating them, approximately matching an estimated size at maturity of 6.8 mm. Males also showed a pattern of development in two phases, with an increased slope in the relative growth of chelipeds during the second phase, the shift corresponding to a size at maturity of 8.0 mm. The main effect of small size in Brachynotus foresti is that immature and mature growth phases overlap so that both males and females reach maturity over a wide size range.
Collaborative-Tick Surveillance Works: An Academic and Government Partnership for Tick Surveillance in the Southeastern United States (Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Trout Fryxell R T , Vogt J T 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTick surveillance provides essential information on distributions and encounter frequencies; it is a component of operational activities in public health practice. Our research objectives were a proof-of-concept for collaborative surveillance, which involved establishing an academic and government partnership to enhance tick surveillance efforts. The University of Tennessee (UT) collaborated with United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) in an Occupational Health and Safety partnership. UT provided FIA crews in the southeastern United States with vials containing 80% ethanol (July 2014–November 2017). Crew members were instructed to put all encountered ticks into the vials and return them to FIA headquarters. UT identified all submitted ticks to species and life stage, and screened Amblyomma americanum (L.) for Ehrlichia bacteria using a nested-PCR assay. From the 198 returned vials, 1,180 ticks were submitted, including A. americanum (90.51%; 202 larvae, 503 nymphs, and 363 adults), Dermacentor variabilis Say (7.12%; 1 nymph, 83 adults), Ixodes scapularis (Say) (1.61%; 19 adults), Amblyomma maculatum Koch (0.59%; 1 nymph, 6 adults), and Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) (0.17%; 1 nymph, 1 adult). FIA crews encountered A. americanum with Ehrlichia and collection information was used to generate baseline occurrence data of tick encounters. Results indicate that this collaborative-tick surveillance can be improved and used to generate useful data including pathogen detection, and because crews revisit these sites, changes in tick encounters can be monitored.
Intravenous Vancomycin Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Children: Evaluation of a Pharmacy-Driven Protocol and Collaborative Practice Agreement
Authors: Olson Jared , Hersh Adam L , Sorensen Jeffrey , Zobell Jeffrey , Anderson Collin , Thorell Emily A 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Vancomycin optimization is challenging, requiring careful therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) to avoid toxicity and ensure an efficacious concentration. Most prescriptions are empiric and often discontinued within 72 hours, which makes early TDM unnecessary. Although TDM using trough levels is common, the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) is the preferred pharmacodynamic target. We studied the effect of a pharmacy-driven vancomycin collaborative practice agreement (CPA) at a children’s hospital that delayed TDM up to 72 hours and targeted a 2-point 24-hour AUC of ≥400 mg × h/L.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed vancomycin courses in patients aged ≥30 days who received vancomycin between April 1, 2011, and August 30, 2017. We implemented the CPA on June 1, 2014. Outcomes included CPA use, use of TDM, dosage adjustments, and development of acute kidney injury; we compared courses given while monitoring only trough levels (TO-TDM) with those given while using the CPA (AUC-TDM). We performed interrupted time series analyses to account for preintervention trends.

Results
We included 2379 courses in the TO-TDM period and 2155 in the AUC-TDM period. During AUC-TDM, 87% of the courses were managed by the CPA. In adjusted interrupted time series analyses, CPA implementation was associated with an initial change in level of −0.265 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.336 to −0.189) TDM and an initial change in level of −0.332 (95% CI, −0.506 to −0.163) dosage adjustments. The 1-year risk of acute kidney injury decreased after CPA implementation (odds ratio, 0.695 [95% CI, 0.539–0.91]).

Conclusion
The pharmacy-driven vancomycin CPA resulted in less monitoring and fewer dose adjustments without increasing AKI.
Viability of pathogenic dermatophytes during a 4-week treatment with 1% topical luliconazole for tinea pedis
Authors: Iwanaga Tomoyuki , Ushigami Tsuyoshi , Anzawa Kazushi , Mochizuki Takashi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The viability of pathogenic fungi in the scale was investigated during topical administration of 1% luliconazole (LLCZ). Thirteen tinea pedis patients found to be positive on KOH examination were assessed by mycological examinations and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeted internal transcribed spacer (ITS) in ribosomal RNA gene at the initial visit and after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Assays showed that the average copy number of ITS DNA had significantly decreased to 22.9% at 2 weeks and 4.8% at 4 weeks compared with the initial visit. LLCZ topical treatment could defeat almost pathogenic dermatophytes in the scales within 4 weeks.
Immunotherapy for pediatric brain tumors: past and present
Authors: Foster Jessica B , Madsen Peter J , Hegde Meenakshi , Ahmed Nabil , Cole Kristina A , Maris John M , Resnick Adam C , Storm Phillip B , Waanders Angela J 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe field of cancer immunotherapy has progressed at an accelerated rate over the past decade. Pediatric brain tumors thus far have presented a formidable challenge for immunotherapy development, given their typically low mutational burden, location behind the blood–brain barrier in a unique tumor microenvironment, and intratumoral heterogeneity. Despite these challenges, recent developments in the field have resulted in exciting preclinical evidence for various immunotherapies and multiple clinical trials. This work reviews the history and advances in active immunotherapy, checkpoint blockade, and adoptive T-cell therapy for pediatric brain tumors, including ongoing clinical trials.
Role of tumor gene mutations in treatment response to immune checkpoint blockades
Authors: Wang Manni , Yu Liu , Wei Xiawei , Wei Yuquan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Early studies shed light on the immune suppression of immune checkpoint molecules in the cancer microenvironment, with later studies applying immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in treatment of various malignancies. Despite the encouraging efficacy of ICBs in a substantial subset of cancer patients, the treatment response varies. Gene mutations of both tumor cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment have recently been identified as potential predictors of the ICB response. Recent developments in gene expression profiling of tumors have allowed identification of a panel of mutated genes that may affect tumor cell response to ICB treatment. In this review, we discuss the association of the ICB response with gene expression and mutation profiles in tumor cells, which it is hoped will help to optimize the clinical application of ICBs in cancer patients.
Implementing a Police Foundation Degree—Insights from South Wales
Authors: Rogers Colin , Gravelle James 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe recent announcement by the College of Policing in England and Wales that policing is soon to become a degree entry profession should come as no surprise. For the past decade or so, a professionalization agenda has slowly pushed police forces in England and Wales to recognize that policing is irrevocably changing. Police officers now need to be equipped with higher educational skills, abilities, and knowledge to allow them to function in a complex landscape. However, attempts have been made in the past to establish degree or similar-type programmes involving partnerships between police forces and different universities, with varying levels of success. This article explores a foundation degree programme in a partnership between a local police organization and the University of Glamorgan. It explores the rationale behind the implementation of the programme, its content, and its aims and objectives. It also critically examines the positive and negative aspects of such a programme, and will have resonance for the future.
STRATEGY OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGE OPTIMISATION IN CERVICAL VERTEBRAE AND NECK SOFT TISSUE IN EMERGENCY PATIENTS
Authors: Davoudi Mohammad , Khoramian Daryoush , Abedi-Firouzjah Razzagh , Ataei Gholamreza 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Introduction
With regards to the use of ionisation radiation in the computed tomography (CT), optimal parameters should be used to reduce the risk of incidence of secondary cancers in patients who are constantly exposed to X-rays. The aim of this study was to optimise the parameters used in CT scan of cervical vertebrae and neck soft tissue with minimal loss of image quality in emergency patients.

Materials and methods
In this study, the patients were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of patients scanned with default parameters and the second group scanned with optimised parameters. All the study has been implemented in emergency settings. The cases included cervical vertebrae and soft tissue protocols. Common CT dose descriptors including weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDIw), volumetric CTDI (CTDIvol), dose length product (DLP), effective dose (ED) and image noise were measured for each group. The ImpactDose program was used to estimate the organs doses. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test using SPSS software.

Results
There was no significant quality reduction in the optimised images. Decreasing in radiation dose parameters for the soft tissue was: kVp=16.7%, mAs=64.3% and pitch=24.1%, and for the cervical vertebrae was: kVp=16.7%, mAs=54.2% and pitch=48.3%. Consequently, decreasing these parameters reduced CTDIw=81.0%, CTDIvol=90.0% and DLP = 90.2% in the cervical vertebral protocol, as well as CTDIw=75.5%, CTDIvol=81.3% and DLP = 81.4% in the soft tissue protocol.

Conclusion
Regarding the results, the optimised parameters in the mentioned organ scan reduce the radiation dose in the target area and the organs surrounding. Therefore, these protocols can be used for reducing the risk of cancer.
The Increasing Importance of Fellowships and Career Development Awards in the Careers of Early-Stage Biomedical Academic Researchers
Authors: Pickett Christopher L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractExcessive competition for biomedical faculty positions has ratcheted up the need to accumulate some mix of high-quality publications and prestigious grants to move from a training position to university faculty. How universities value each of these attributes when considering faculty candidates is critical for understanding what is needed to succeed as academic faculty. In this study, I analyzed publicly available NIH grant information to determine the grants first-time R01 (FTR01) awardees held during their training period. Increases in the percentage of the FTR01 population that held a training award demonstrate these awards are becoming a more common component of a faculty candidate’s resume. The increase was largely due to an expansion of NIH K-series career development awards between 2000 and 2017. FTR01 awardees with a K01, K08, K23, or K99 award were overrepresented in a subset of institutions, whereas FTR01 awardees with F32 fellowships and those with no training award were evenly distributed across institutions. Finally, training awardees from top institutions were overrepresented in the faculty of the majority of institutions, echoing data from other fields where a select few institutions supply an overwhelming majority of the faculty for the rest of the field. These data give important insight into how trainees compete for NIH funding and faculty positions and how institutions prefer those with or without training awards.
Self-Organization of Spindle-Like Microtubule Structures
Authors: Edozie Bianca , Sahu Sumon , Pitta Miranda , Englert Anthony , do Rosario Carline Fermino , Ross Jennifer L. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTMicrotubule self-organization is an important physical process underlying a number of essential cellular functions including cell division. In cell division, the dominant organization is the mitotic spindle, a football-shaped microtubule organization. We are interested in the underlying fundamental principles behind the self-organization of the spindle shape. Prior biological works have hypothesized that motor proteins are required for the proper formation of the spindle. Many of these motor proteins are also microtubule-crosslinkers, so it is unclear if the important aspect is the motor activity or the crosslinking. In this study, we seek to address this question by examining the self-organization of microtubules using crosslinkers alone. We use a minimal system composed of tubulin, an antiparallel microtubule-crosslinking protein, and a crowding agent to explore the phase space of organizations as a function of tubulin and crosslinker concentration. We find that the concentration of the antiparallel crosslinker, MAP65, has a significant effect on the organization and resulted in spindle-like organizations at relatively low concentration without the need for motor activity. Surprisingly, the length of the microtubules only moderately affects the equilibrium organization. We characterize both the shape and dynamics of these spindle-like organizations. We find that they are birefringent homogeneous tactoids. The microtubules have slow mobility, but the crosslinkers have fast mobility within the tactoids. These structures represent a first step in the recapitulation of self-organized spindles of microtubules that can be used as initial structures for further biophysical and active matter studies relevant to the biological process of cell division.
TPMS technology to infer biomarkers of macular degeneration prognosis in in silico simulated prototype-patients under the study of heart failure treatment with sacubitril and valsartan
Authors: Jorba Guillem , Aguirre-Plans Joaquim , Junet Valentin , Segú-Vergés Cristina , Ruiz José Luis , Pujol Albert , Fernandez-Fuentes Narcis , Mas José Manuel , Oliva Baldo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUnveiling the mechanism of action of a drug is key to understand the benefits and adverse reactions of drug(s) in an organism. However, in complex diseases such as heart diseases there is not a unique mechanism of action but a wide range of different responses depending on the patient. Exploring this collection of mechanisms is one of the clues for a future personalised medicine. The Therapeutic Performance Mapping System (TPMS) is a Systems Biology approach that generates multiple models of the mechanism of action of a drug. This is achieved by (1) modelling the responses in human with an accurate description of the protein networks and (2) applying a Multilayer Perceptron-like and sampling method strategy to find all plausible solutions. In the present study, TPMS is applied to explore the diversity of mechanisms of action of the drug combination sacubitril/valsartan. We use TPMS to generate a range of mechanism of action models explaining the relationship between sacubitril/valsartan and heart failure (the indication), as well as evaluating their relationship with macular degeneration (a common/recurrent adverse effect). We found that a lower response in terms of heart failure treatment is more associated to macular degeneration development, although good response mechanisms can also associate to the adverse effect. A set of 30 potential biomarkers are proposed to identify mechanisms (or patients) more prone to suffering macular degeneration when presenting good heart failure response. As each molecular mechanism can be particular not only of cells but also individuals, we conclude that the study of the collection of models generated using TPMS technology can be used to detect adverse effects personalized to patients.
Dynamic trafficking and turnover of Jam-C is essential for endothelial cell migration
Authors: Kostelnik Katja B. , Barker Amy , Schultz Christopher , Rajeeve Vinothini , White Ian J. , Aurrand-Lions Michel , Nourshargh Sussan , Cutillas Pedro , Nightingale Thomas D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractJunctional complexes between endothelial cells form a dynamic barrier that hinder passive diffusion of blood constituents into interstitial tissues. Re-modelling of junctions is an essential process during leukocyte trafficking, vascular permeability and angiogenesis. However, for many junctional proteins the mechanisms of junctional remodelling have yet to be determined. Here we used receptor mutagenesis, HRP and APEX-2 proximity labelling, alongside light and electron microscopy, to map the intracellular trafficking routes of junctional adhesion molecule-C (Jam-C). We found that Jam-C co-traffics with receptors associated with changes in permeability, such as VE-Cadherin, NRP-1 and 2, but not with junctional proteins associated with the transmigration of leukocytes. Dynamic Jam-C trafficking and degradation is necessary for junctional remodelling during cell migration and angiogenesis. By identifying new trafficking machinery we show that a key point of regulation is the ubiquitylation of Jam-C by the E3 ligase CBL, this controls the rate of recycling versus lysosomal degradation.
Cross-modal Suppression of Auditory Association Cortex by Visual Speech as a Mechanism for Audiovisual Speech Perception
Authors: Karas Patrick J. , Magnotti John F. , Metzger Brian A. , Zhu Lin L. , Smith Kristen B. , Yoshor Daniel , Beauchamp Michael S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractVision provides a perceptual head start for speech perception because most speech is “mouth-leading”: visual information from the talker’s mouth is available before auditory information from the voice. However, some speech is “voice-leading” (auditory before visual). Consistent with a model in which vision modulates subsequent auditory processing, there was a larger perceptual benefit of visual speech for mouth-leading vs. voice-leading words (28% vs. 4%). The neural substrates of this difference were examined by recording broadband high-frequency activity from electrodes implanted over auditory association cortex in the posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG) of epileptic patients. Responses were smaller for audiovisual vs. auditory-only mouth-leading words (34% difference) while there was little difference (5%) for voice-leading words. Evidence for cross-modal suppression of auditory cortex complements our previous work showing enhancement of visual cortex (Ozker et al., 2018b) and confirms that multisensory interactions are a powerful modulator of activity throughout the speech perception network.Impact StatementHuman perception and brain responses differ between words in which mouth movements are visible before the voice is heard and words for which the reverse is true.
Physical aspects of Darcy-Forchheimer bidirectional flow in carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs)
Authors: Khan Muhammad Ijaz , Rashid Madiha , Hayat Tasawar , Khan Niaz B. , Alsaedi Ahmed 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to examine the three-dimensional (3D) flow of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) due to bidirectional nonlinearly stretching surface by considering porous medium. Characteristics of both single-walled CNTs and multi-walled CNTs are discussed by considering Xue model. Darcy–Forchheimer model is used for flow saturating porous medium.

Design/methodology/approach
Optimal homotopy analysis method is used for the development of series solutions.

Findings
The authors deal with 3D Darcy–Forchheimer flow of CNTs over a nonlinearly stretching surface. Heat transport mechanism is discussed in the presence of Xue model. The homogeneous and heterogeneous effects are also accounted. The mathematical modeling is computed using boundary-layer approximations.

Originality/value
No such work has been done yet in the literature.