bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negotiation, adoption and domestic implementation of the annex on liability to the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
Authors: Ferrada Luis V. , Caldera Diego A. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractRules on liability are essential to ensuring the enforcement of an international agreement. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting's adoption of Measure 1 (2005), which contains Annex VI to the Protocol on Environmental Protection, is the first step towards complying with Article 16 of the Environmental Protocol on Liability. However, the approval process has been slow, and Measure 1 (2005) is still not in force. Here, we show a need for more momentum in its approval and that its domestic implementation varies significantly. Only 19 states have approved Measure 1 (2005) out of the 28 Consultative Parties required to enter into force. Ten have incorporated national provisions anticipating its entry into force. Our study suggests that the perceived inadequacy of Annex VI, the cost of response actions to environmental emergencies and the misplaced importance of Antarctic matters within many states’ priorities contribute to the slow approval process. This analysis provides insights into the Antarctic Treaty System's governance mechanisms, particularly the liability regime and its implementation. The domestic legislation related to Antarctic liability is also analysed. This paper aims to explain the cumbersome approval process of Annex VI and to serve as a cautionary tale for future liability developments.
The Evolution of Dense ULVZs Originating Outside LLSVPs and Implications for Dynamics at LLSVP Margins
Authors: Liu Xi , Tian Fanfan , Li Juan , Li Yang , Sun Weidong 
Published: December 2024

AbstractInteractions between multiple‐scale thermochemical heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle, specifically ultralow velocity zones (ULVZs) and large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs), are critical in lower mantle dynamics. However, the evolution of ULVZs formed outside LLSVPs has not been thoroughly explored. Here we perform two‐dimensional numerical experiments to examine the evolution of highly dense ULVZs originating beneath cold downwellings and their interactions with the LLSVP. We find that ULVZs with an intrinsic density anomaly more than 500 kg/m3 compared with the ambient lowermost mantle cannot fully enter the LLSVP and would dwell at LLSVP margins for an indefinitely long time. This suggests that dense ULVZ within LLSVPs might have different sources from those outside LLSVPs. The buoyancy number and compositional viscosity of ULVZs are controlling factors on their dynamics and imprints on the core‐mantle boundary (CMB), such as how much the ULVZ protrudes into the LLSVP and the CMB topography beneath the ULVZ. The excess density of ULVZs dictates their width but not their thickness. The oscillations of ULVZ morphology suggest that various types of plumes occur at the LLSVP margin. The mobility of ULVZ implies that the bottom margin of the LLSVP moves much faster than its center. Hot zones exist within the LLSVP near its margins, which may affect the evolution of ULVZs and subducted material nearby. The CMB topography under dense ULVZs are positive unless the buoyancy number of ULVZs exceeds 6.0. These results have intriguing implications for the distribution of ULVZs as well as thermochemical evolution in the lowermost mantle.
Impacts of Urban Heat and Surface Roughness on Landfalling Tropical Cyclone Intensity: A Case Study Based on TC Victor (1997) in Coastal South China
Authors: Hu Chenxi , Tam Chi‐Yung , Li Zhenning , Chen Jilong , Chow Tsun Ngai , Li Yubin , Cheung Kevin K. W. , Chu Jung‐Eun , Yang Zong‐Liang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis study investigates the impacts of urban‐induced anthropogenic heat (AH) and surface roughness on Tropical Cyclone (TC) Victor (1997) using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. TC Victor originated in the South China Sea and made landfall over the Greater Bay Area (GBA) megacity. The storm was characterized by slow movement, a weakly organized structure, and a small size. Three parallel experiments were conducted in the following setups: “Nourban,” where urban areas in the GBA were replaced by croplands, “AH0” (“AH300”), in which the diurnal maximum AH was set to 0 (300 W/m2) in urban locations. The urbanization effect during the landfall period results in a notable reduction in both the Power Dissipation Index and Integrated Kinetic Energy of the storm. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model further demonstrates that from 33 to 17 hr prelandfall, the entrainment of AH‐affected warm airflow into the TC's circulation leads to a decrease in both the convective available potential energy and surface latent heat flux in the western quadrant of the TC, thus weakening the cyclone's intensity. Furthermore, from 12 hr prelandfall to 8 hr postlandfall, there is an intense influx of AH‐affected airflow into the TC's primary circulation, resulting in a decrease in relative humidity and a stronger asymmetrical structure, declining the TC intensity. Concurrently, urban surface roughness contributes to a decrease in postlandfall storm intensity through frictional energy dissipation. This study underscores the critical role of AH and urban roughness in modulating TC intensity for storms with specific characteristics, emphasizing the need for deeper insights into urban‐TC dynamics.
Advective Transport Between the Stratosphere and Mesosphere
Authors: Zajíček R. , Mikšovský J. , Eichinger R. , Pišoft P. , Šácha P. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC) characterizes the large‐scale meridional overturning mass circulation influencing the composition of the whole middle atmosphere. The BDC consists of two separate parts—a shallow branch in the lower stratosphere and a deep branch higher in the middle atmosphere. Climate models robustly project the advective BDC part to accelerate due to greenhouse gas‐induced climate change and this acceleration strongly influences middle atmospheric chemistry and physics in the projections. A prominent quantity that is being studied as a proxy for advective BDC changes is the net tropical upwelling across pressure levels, particularly in the lower stratosphere. The upper branch of the BDC has received considerably less research attention than its shallow part, although, together with the mean mesospheric pole‐to‐pole circulation, it couples the stratosphere and mesosphere and is responsible for a large portion of the interhemispheric transport in the middle atmosphere. Aiming to fill this gap, we here study climatology and trends in advective mass transport across the stratopause. Results based on the analysis of seven CCMI models include quantification of the climatological cross‐stratopause advective transport, characterization of its interannual variability and long‐term trend as well as detailed analysis of inter‐model differences using a novel decomposition methodology. Our results demonstrate that the changes in circulation speed as well as changes in horizontal and vertical structure in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere jointly shape the projected increasing advective mass flux across the stratopause due to increasing greenhouse‐gas emissions.
A New Approach to Account for Species‐Specific Sand Capture by Plants in an Aeolian Sediment Transport and Coastal Dune Building Model
Authors: Laporte‐Fauret Quentin , Wengrove Meagan , Ruggiero Peter , Hacker Sally D. , Cohn Nicholas , Zarnetske Phoebe L. , Piercy Candice D. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractVegetation plays a crucial role in coastal dune building. Species‐specific plant characteristics can modulate sediment transport and dune shape, but this factor is absent in most dune building numerical models. Here, we develop a new approach to implement species‐specific vegetation characteristics into a process‐based aeolian sediment transport model. Using a three‐step approach, we incorporated the morphological differences of three dune grass species dominant in the US Pacific Northwest coast (European beachgrass Ammophila arenaria, American beachgrass A. breviligulata, and American dune grass Leymus mollis) into the model AeoLiS. First, we projected the tiller frontal area of each grass species onto a high resolution grid and then re‐scaled the grid to account for the associated vegetation cover for each species. Next, we calibrated the bed shear stress in the numerical model to replicate the actual sand capture efficiency of each species, as measured in a previously published wind tunnel experiment. Simulations were then performed to model sand bedform development within the grass canopies with the same shoot densities for all species and with more realistic average field densities. The species‐specific model shows a significant improvement over the standard model by (a) accurately simulating the sand capture efficiency from the wind tunnel experiment for the grass species and (b) simulating bedform morphology representative of each species' characteristic bedform morphology using realistic field vegetation density. This novel approach to dune modeling will improve spatial and temporal predictions of dune morphologic development and coastal vulnerability under local vegetation conditions and variations in sand delivery.
Cold Tectonics of Kos, Central Dodecanese: Oligocene Bivergent Extension of the Pelagonian Domain
Authors: Roche Vincent , Grasemann Bernhard , Schneider David , Soukis Konstantinos , Pichler Michael 
Published: December 2024

AbstractTectonic and lithological correlations between the Cycladic Blueschist Unit of the Aegean domain and Pelagonian domain of the western Turkey have rarely been proposed. Herein, we focus on the pre‐volcanic geology of Kos, and investigate the tectonic history of the central Dodecanese Islands and the general correlation between the two domains. Raman Spectroscopy of Carbonaceous Material analyses combined with white mica 40Ar/39Ar and zircon (U‐Th)/He geochronology were carried out to determine peak temperatures and the timing of tectonothermal events recorded by the various units. Three tectonic units were identified: (a) the Dikeos Unit including the Paleozoic Unit overlain by the Permo‐Triassic Wildflysch Unit, whose rocks have reached a maximum temperature of 300°C; (b) the Marina Basement Unit was thrusted onto the Dikeos Unit with top‐to‐N kinematics during the Paleocene, reaching a maximum temperature of 565°C; (c) the Marina Cover Unit is preserved as isolated klippen juxtaposed onto the Dikeos Unit along the Oligocene top‐to‐SSE Kos Detachment. The Dikeos Unit was then intruded by a c. 10 Ma monzonite, creating a few hundred meters wide metamorphic aureole. At the regional scale, we propose that units from Kos belong to the Pelagonian domain and that post‐orogenic N‐S bivergent extension started in the Oligocene. Over the same time, the deformation started to propagate to deeper structural levels affecting the rocks of the Cycladic Blueschist Unit. Unfortunately, the lack of consensus on the deformation history in southwestern Turkey does not unequivocally allow the constraints to be extended eastward. Finally, mid‐Neogene to recent extension continues within a consistent N‐S direction, which is related to slab retreat and tearing.
Alternating modified CAPOX/CAPIRI plus bevacizumab in untreated unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase 2 trial
Authors: Li Sheng , Li Xiaoyou , Xu Hanfeng , Huang Jiayuan , Zhu Jingni , Peng Ying , Bao Jun , Zhu Liangjun 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPrevious studies showed encouraging efficacy of alternating FOLFOX/FOLFIRI for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). This phase 2 trial (NCT04324476) aimed to evaluate efficacy and safety of alternating modified CAPOX (capecitabine and oxaliplatin)/modified CAPIRI (capecitabine and irinotecan) plus bevacizumab (anti-VEGF-A antibody) in untreated unresectable mCRC. Induction treatment included capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 bid D2–8 and D16–22, oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 D1, irinotecan 150 mg/m2 D15, and bevacizumab 5 mg/kg D1 and 15 for 28-day cycles (up to six cycles). Capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 bid D2–15 and bevacizumab 7.5 mg/kg D1 for 21-day cycles were used as maintenance treatment. 52 patients were included. Median follow-up was 25.0 months. Median progression-free survival (PFS; the primary endpoint) was 11.0 months (95% CI 9.0–12.4). Subgroup analyses showed patients with neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio<5 or RAS wild-type disease had longer PFS (both P < 0.05). Objective response and disease control were obtained in 38 (73%; 95% CI 59%–84%) and 49 (94%; 95% CI 84%–99%), respectively. Mean depth of response, conversion and no evidence of disease rates were 46.0% ± 26.3%, 23% and 19%, respectively. Median overall survival was 28.1 months (18.4–34.0). Grade 3–4 treatment-related adverse events (TRAE) occurred in 17 (33%) patients. No treatment-related death was reported. The most common grade 3–4 TRAE were hypertension (13 [25%]), neutrophil count decreased (three [6%]), and hand-foot syndrome (two [4%]). In addition, grade 3–4 TRAE of diarrhea reported in one [2%] patient and no grade 3–4 peripheral neuropathy occurred. Thus, alternating modified CAPOX/CAPIRI plus bevacizumab had promising efficacy and acceptable safety. The regimen may be a novel option for untreated unresectable mCRC.
Visual and anatomical failure of anti-VEGF therapy for retinal vascular diseases: a survival analysis of real-world data
Authors: Fu Dun Jack , Mishra Amit V. , Quek Chrystie , Balaskas Konstantinos , Pontikos Nikolas , Sim Dawn , Sivaprasad Sobha , Faes Livia 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Importance
Predicting undesirable outcomes following anti-VEGF initiation in macular oedema is critical for effective clinical decision-making and optimised care.

Objective
To estimate the time to undesirable events in diabetic macular oedema (DMO), central and branch vein occlusions (CRVO and BRVO) after appropriate loading doses with either ranibizumab or aflibercept and identified baseline predictors of negative outcome.

Design, setting, participants
A retrospective cohort study of 3277 patients (N = 2107 in DMO, N = 413 in CRVO and N = 757 in BRVO) collected over a 10-year period, in a large UK tertiary centre. Only one eye was included per patient. Inclusion criteria pre-specified a minimum of two clinic visits with one being at least 6 months post treatment.

Main outcome and measures
The main outcome measure was absence of visual acuity (VA) improvement due to macular oedema failure of anti-VEGF therapy (defined as VA gain <5 ETDRS letters and CST increase of 50 µm or CST > 325 µm) modelled using time-event analyzes of appropriately loaded patients. Secondary outcomes included survival curves by individual condition (DMO, CRVO, BRVO) and factors associated with negative outcomes.

Results
After starting anti-VEGF, there was a 50% chance of undesirable outcomes at 2.3, 5.24 and 6.16 years for DMO, CRVO and BRVO, respectively. Cox proportional hazards modelling identified presenting age, intraretinal (IRF) volume, presence of DMO and VA as predictors of negative outcomes, whilst South East Asian ethnicity conferred an independent protective effect.

Conclusion
Real-world data suggest that undesirable events following anti-VEGF injections is likely to in 50% of patients by the third year of treatment in spite of appropriate loading. The definition of undesirable treatment events captured nearly all patients who were escalated to another therapy, but this proportion represented a small percentage of our definition of failed response.
Gamma-ray burst prompt emission from the synchrotron radiation of relativistic electrons in a rapidly decaying magnetic field
Authors: Daigne F. , Bošnjak Ž. 
Published: December 2024

Context. Synchrotron radiation from accelerated electrons above the photosphere of a relativistic ejecta is a natural candidate for the dominant radiative process for the prompt gamma-ray burst emission. There is, however, a tension between the predicted low-energy spectral index, α = −3/2, in the fast cooling regime and observations.
Aims. Radiating electrons have time to travel away from their acceleration site and may experience an evolving magnetic field. We study the impact of a decaying field on the synchrotron spectrum.
Methods. We computed the radiation from electrons in a decaying magnetic field, including adiabatic cooling, synchrotron radiation, inverse Compton scatterings, and pair production. We explored the physical conditions in the co-moving frame of the emission region and focused on the fast cooling regime where the radiative timescale of electrons with a Lorentz factor Γm responsible for the peak of the emission, tsyn(Γm), is much shorter than the dynamical timescale tdyn.
Results. We find that the effect of the magnetic field decay depends on its characteristic timescale tB: (i) for a slow decay with tB ≳ 10 tsyn(Γm), the effect is very weak and the spectral shape is mostly determined by the impact of the inverse Compton scatterings on the electron cooling, leading to −3/2 ≤ α ≤ −1, and (ii) for a fast decay with 0.1 tsyn(Γm)≲tB ≲ 10 tsyn(Γm), the magnetic field decay has a strong impact, leading naturally to the synchrotron marginally fast cooling regime, where α tends to −2/3, while the radiative efficiency remains high. The high-energy inverse Compton component is enhanced in this regime. (iii) For an even faster decay, the whole electron population is in the slow cooling regime.
Conclusions. We conclude that efficient synchrotron radiation in a rapidly decaying magnetic field can reproduce low-energy photon indices ranging from α = −3/2 to −2/3, which is in agreement with the measured value in the majority of gamma-ray burst spectra.
Freins et leviers à la mise en place et à la pérennisation des pratiques éducatives dans les maisons et centres de santé pluri-professionnels : l’exemple du département de l’Isère
Authors: Guillot Eva , Uhlenbusch Sophie , Debaty Isabelle , Lissot Clotilde , Llerena Catherine , Allenet Benoît 
Published: December 2024

Introduction : Le déploiement des programmes d’éducation thérapeutique (ETP) hors les murs hospitaliers reste insuffisant sur le territoire. La création des maisons (MSP) et des centres de santé (CDS) pluriprofessionnels semble une opportunité pour initier ou conforter des dispositifs éducatifs. Mais qu’en est-il sur le terrain ? Objectif : Décrire les leviers et freins identifiés par les professionnels travaillant en MSP et CDS dans la mise en place et la pérennisation des pratiques éducatives. Méthodes : Nous avons réalisé une enquête exploratoire qualitative via des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés à distance. Résultats : Au total 15 professionnels ont été interrogés, représentant 9 MSP et 2 CDS. Discussion et conclusion : Il ressort que le développement de l’ETP dans ces structures est facilité par une approche volontariste des professionnels, un travail en équipe pluriprofessionnelle, le fait de s’appuyer sur des projets préexistants et d’être accompagné par des entités expertes en ETP. Parmi les difficultés rapportées, le manque de temps et des ressources nécessaires, les contraintes matérielles inhérentes à la mise en œuvre des actions, la difficulté de collaboration avec les infirmières Asalée et les défauts d’assiduité des patients, mettent en difficulté la pérennité des actions.
Median Nerve Displacement during Hardware Removal after Distal Radius Fractures
Authors: Ninomiya Hiroshi , Watanabe Makito 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Background This retrospective study aimed to evaluate median nerve displacement observed during hardware removal procedures following volar plating for distal radius fractures.
Methods We reviewed all cases involving removal of distal radial volar locking plates at our institution by two surgeons from 2016 to 2021. Plating procedures and hardware removals were performed using the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) approach. We examined the position of the median nerve at the time of hardware removal.
Results Median nerve displacement to the radial side of the FCR occurred in 17 out of 67 cases (25%). There were no significant differences in the degree of fracture severity or involved surgeons between the normal position and displaced groups.
Conclusions The median nerve may be displaced radially from the FCR during hardware removal, and care should be taken to avoid causing iatrogenic nerve injury.
Level of Evidence Level II.
Regulating legislative lobbying in Switzerland: superfluous or overdue?
Authors: Ammann Odile 
Published: December 2024

AbstractCompared to global lobbying hubs like the USA and the European Union and to its neighboring countries, Switzerland hardly regulates legislative lobbying, i.e., lobbying that targets the legislative branch. Only three types of legal provisions apply to lobbying in the Swiss legislature: First, legislators must disclose their ties to interest groups. Second, access to the parliamentary building is limited and granted at the discretion of each legislator, who may give an entry pass to two individuals of his or her choice. Third, legislative lobbying is illegal if it violates the criminal law provisions on bribery. Proposals to enact more comprehensive regulation have failed, often after several years of legislative debate. Pursuant to the classification proposed by Chari et al. (Regulating Lobbying: A Global Comparison, 2nd ed., Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2019), the Swiss legal framework governing legislative lobbying qualifies as a ‘low-robustness’ regime at best. Yet, Switzerland ranks high in Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index (6/180 in 2023). Is more extensive regulation superfluous or overdue in Switzerland? While the Swiss legal and political order is exceptional in some respects, these characteristics do not justify ‘Swiss exceptionalism’ with regard to the regulation of legislative lobbying, as some of these specificities pose distinctive threats that the law needs to tackle.
A waveguide branch-line crossover based on metal gratings
Authors: Liao Xiaoyi , Yang Rongyu , Zheng Yongheng , Qian Xiangcheng , Zhao Chen 
Published: December 2024

A waveguide branch-line crossover with broad bandwidth is designed for beam-forming networks in millimeter wavebands. To realize the power coupling between two parallel branch lines, a substrate with metal gratings patched replaces the common E-plane waveguide wall. Compared with the traditional crossover with coupling vias, the metal gratings achieve continuous and efficient power coupling, endowing the proposed crossover with advantages in compactness and broad bandwidth. A simulation-assisted transfer-matrix approach is used to rapidly estimate and optimize the parameters of the crossover. The coupling obtained from the simulation is over −0.5 dB from 32.1 to 39.1 GHz, with isolation greater than 15 dB and reflection less than −20 dB. A prototype is fabricated, and the measurement results agree with the simulation results, demonstrating that the proposed crossover is a promising candidate for millimeter-wave beamforming networks.