bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arthropod segmentation
Authors: Clark Erik , Peel Andrew D. , Akam Michael 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
There is now compelling evidence that many arthropods pattern their segments using a clock-and-wavefront mechanism, analogous to that operating during vertebrate somitogenesis. In this Review, we discuss how the arthropod segmentation clock generates a repeating sequence of pair-rule gene expression, and how this is converted into a segment-polarity pattern by ‘timing factor’ wavefronts associated with axial extension. We argue that the gene regulatory network that patterns segments may be relatively conserved, although the timing of segmentation varies widely, and double-segment periodicity appears to have evolved at least twice. Finally, we describe how the repeated evolution of a simultaneous (Drosophila-like) mode of segmentation within holometabolan insects can be explained by heterochronic shifts in timing factor expression plus extensive pre-patterning of the pair-rule genes.
Metabolic Disturbances of a High-Fat Diet Are Dependent on APOE Genotype and Sex
Authors: Jones Nahdia S. , Watson Katarina Q. , Rebeck G. William 
Published: September 2019

AbstractApolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD).APOE4is also associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Obesity is a major environmental risk factor for AD. WhileAPOEgenotype and obesity independently affect metabolism and cognition, they may also have synergistic effects. Here, we examined the metabolic and behavioral alterations associated with a high-fat diet (HFD) in male and femaleAPOEknock-in mice. Male and female mice were fed a 45% kcal HFD or a 10% kcal low-fat diet (LFD) for 12 weeks and adipose tissue accumulation, glucose levels, anxiety-like behavior, and spatial memory were examined. We found that with HFD, maleAPOE4mice were more susceptible to metabolic disturbances, including visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accumulation and glucose intolerance when compared toAPOE3mice, while femaleAPOE3andAPOE4mice had similar metabolic responses. Behaviorally, there were no effects of HFD in mice of either genotype. Our results suggest that metabolic responses to HFD are dependent on both sex and APOE genotype.
Feedforward Thalamocortical Connectivity Preserves Stimulus Timing Information in Sensory Pathways
Authors: Wang Hsi-Ping , Garcia Jonathan W. , Sabottke Carl F. , Spencer Donald J. , Sejnowski Terrence J. 
Published: September 2019

Reliable timing of cortical spikes in response to visual events is crucial in representing visual inputs to the brain. Spikes in the primary visual cortex (V1) need to occur at the same time within a repeated visual stimulus. Two classical mechanisms are employed by the cortex to enhance reliable timing. First, cortical neurons respond reliably to a restricted set of stimuli through their preference for certain patterns of membrane potential due to their intrinsic properties. Second, intracortical networking of excitatory and inhibitory neurons induces lateral inhibition that, through the timing and strength of IPSCs and EPSCs, produces sparse and reliably timed cortical neuron spike trains to be transmitted downstream. Here, we describe a third mechanism that, through preferential thalamocortical synaptic connectivity, enhances the trial-to-trial timing precision of cortical spikes in the presence of spike train variability within each trial that is introduced between LGN neurons in the retino-thalamic pathway. Applying experimentally recorded LGN spike trains from the anesthetized cat to a detailed model of a spiny stellate V1 neuron, we found that output spike timing precision improved with increasing numbers of convergent LGN inputs. The improvement was consistent with the predicted proportionality of1/nfornLGN source neurons. We also found connectivity configurations that maximize reliability and that generate V1 cell output spike trains quantitatively similar to the experimental recordings. Our findings suggest a general principle, namely intra-trial variability among converging inputs, that increases stimulus response precision and is widely applicable to synaptically connected spiking neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe early visual pathway of the cat is favorable for studying the effects of trial-to-trial variability of synaptic inputs and intra-trial variability of thalamocortical connectivity on information transmission into the visual cortex. We have used a detailed model to show that there are preferred combinations of the number of thalamic afferents and the number of synapses per afferent that maximize the output reliability and spike-timing precision of cortical neurons. This provides additional insights into how synchrony in thalamic spike trains can reduce trial-to-trial variability to produce highly reliable reporting of sensory events to the cortex. The same principles may apply to other converging pathways where temporally jittered spike trains can reliably drive the downstream neuron and improve temporal precision.
Prototipe Deteksi PEN dalam Tubuh Menggunakan B-Mode Ultrasonic Scanning
Authors: Prianto Chandra Edy , Gunawan Agus Indra , Tamami Niam 
Published: September 2019

Internal fixation is a method of healing fractures by connecting them using metal called pen. Pen metal in the body isn’t permanent, when the bone was strong the pen must be removed to avoid infection. In finding the pen, X-Ray are usually used. But X-Ray has bad effect, so not everyone is allowed to use it. The solution given by make prototype to detect pen location using B-Mode ultrasonic scanning method, it uses 5MHz single transducerultrasonic. Objects measurement is the animal bones connected with metals placed in the jelly with different heights. From the two transducers, the concave surface transducer has a better result and smaller percentage error than the flat surface transducer. The concave surface transducer has a focal length area 1.94cm above the transducer surface. The maximum slope angle of the object is 20o, which more than that makes the echo signal unreadable the object.The measurement results of objects displayed in the B-Mode 1 dimensional on PC that displays the structure of the bottom surface of an object, based on comparison between the actual object and the B-Mode display an error less than 6%, meaning B-Mode can represent the surface structure bottom of the actual object.
Prevalence and epidemiological aspect of dengue fever in western Rajasthan in year 2018
Authors: Kothari Varun , Rathore Laxmi , Khatri P. K. , Meena Saroj 
Published: September 2019

Background: Dengue fever (DF) is a common mosquito borne disease caused by dengue virus and is transmitted by Aedes mosquito. It is one of the major public health problems in India which affects all levels of society, but the burden of disease is a higher in poor people who live together in communities. Aim of present study is aimed to assess the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of cases of DF in Tertiary Care Hospitals in Jodhpur, Rajasthan.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in all cases of DF registered in the associated group of Hospitals of Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur from 1st January 2018 to 31st December 2018. Rapid immune-chromatographic card test and MAC ELISA test method was used to detect dengue non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen and dengue immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in the Viral Research Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL) of Department of Microbiology, Dr. S.N. Medical College to confirm the diagnosis. Results: Out of 2701 patients, 541 patients were tested serologically positive for DF (NS1, IgM). The highest number of suspected cases (1061) was reported in the month of October, 2018 out of whom 228 were positive. Maximum number of dengue cases reported were males belonging to 31-40 years age group from urban area. Fever was the main complaint in all the cases followed by vomiting, headache, and abdominal pain.Conclusion: Dengue is one of the major public health problems in India. A large number of cases are reported in the monsoon and post-monsoon period in the months from September to December. Measures can be taken both at personal and government level to reduce morbidity and mortality from dengue.
Correlation between ABO blood groups and body mass index among medical students
Authors: M. Shehin , V. Basila 
Published: September 2019

Background: ABO blood groups are associated with certain diseases. The present study seeks to find out if there is any association between ABO blood groups and body mass index.Methods: The present study involves 150 medical students, 105 boys and 45 girls in the age group of 18-23 years in the Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Burla, Sambalpur. Height in meters and weight in kg were taken by stadiometer and weighing machine. BMI was calculated using formula BMI=weight in kg/height in m2 . Blood groups were determined by slide agglutination method. The data was analyzed through SPSS 20.Results: Overweight and obesity was found more prevalent in boys than girls. In total, 20.7% students were overweight (21% boys and 20% girls). The same trend was found in obesity. 15.3% of total students were obese (16.2% boys and 13.3% girls). Blood group B was reported the most common blood groups (42%) followed by blood group O (28%), while blood groups A and AB were found 18.7% and 11.3% of participants, respectively. The prevalence of overweight (BMI 25-29.9) among participants based on blood group O, A, AB and B was 23.8%, 22.2%, 21.4% and 5.9%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity (BMI >30) among participants based on blood groups AB, B, A and O was 23.5%, 17.5%, 14.3% and 9.5%, respectively.Conclusions: Prevalence of overweight and obesity was more in blood group O and AB respectively and was more in males than females.
Trade-off between Efficiency and Equity on the Rationing in Health Insurance System: the Burden on the Poor
Authors: Etemadi Manal , Gorji HasanAbolghasem 
Published: September 2019

Background: Nearly all of the rationing mechanisms have negative impacts on the poor. If the fair service access is not set as the top priority in the rationing choices, the poor will experience service limitation and scarcity. This study aims at investigating the effects of rationing policies on the poor covered by Iran Health Insurance System.
Methods: This article is based on a qualitative study conducted in 2017. In total, 32 experts of health system financing participated in the study. A purposeful sampling method was applied till reaching knowledge saturation. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. Afterwards, data was analyzed by framework analysis based on Bennet and Gilson pro-poor health financing system framework using MAXQDA10 software.
Results: The main challenge of rationing through the insurance system in Iran is the rationing only for the poor. As a result of rationing decisions, the poor are mostly the first group affected by service limitation only because they exempted from paying the premium. The current implicit or explicit health services rationing policies in each dimension has jeopardized the access of the poor to the services.
Conclusion: Every resource allocation and negotiation of service purchaser on the budgets should be aligned with the focus on vulnerable groups and their needs. The access of deprived groups should not be reduced for limited budgets or income prioritization. Every decision about the constraints on the usage of the services should be accompanied by the analysis of potential effects on the poor and preventive policies should be implemented so that the burden of service rationing could not be imposed on the poor
Outcomes of 188 Proximal Humeral Fractures Treated with a Dedicated External Fixator with Follow-up Ranging from 2 to 12 Years
Authors: Blonna Davide , Assom Marco , Bellato Enrico , Pisanu Gabriele , Greco Valentina , Marmotti Antonio , Rossi Roberto 
Published: September 2019

Background:
The treatment of a displaced proximal humeral fracture is still a matter of controversy. Minimally invasive techniques are considered promising options. The purpose of this study was to report outcomes at medium to long-term follow-up after surgical treatment with pins stabilized with an external fixator.

Methods:
A total of 235 patients (average age, 64 years [95% confidence interval (CI), 62 to 65 years]) were treated with closed or open reduction and fixation with pins stabilized by an external fixator specifically designed for proximal humeral fractures. The pins were inserted using a “pins-crossing-fracture” or a “pins-bridging-fracture” technique. One hundred and eighty-eight patients had a minimum radiographic and clinical follow-up of 2 years. Outcomes were assessed using the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), the subjective shoulder value (SSV), a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, and, for 155 patients, the Constant score.

Results:
Eighty-one (43%) of the 188 patients had a 2-part fracture, 60 (32%) had a 3-part fracture, and 47 (25%) had a 4-part fracture. The reduction was performed with percutaneous maneuvers in 120 shoulders or a deltopectoral approach, in 68. The external fixator was applied using a “pins-crossing-fracture” technique in 133 shoulders and using a “pins-bridging-fracture” technique in 55. At last follow-up, mean clinical scores were as follows: OSS, 42.6 (95% CI, 42 to 44); SSV, 85.5 (95% CI, 83 to 88); and VAS for pain, 1 (95% CI, 0.7 to 1.2). The complication rate at 3 months was 16% (37 of 235). The most frequent complication was pin-track infection (19 of 235, 8%). A total of 50 patients had ≥1 complication (50 of 188, 27%) and 6 (3%) underwent revision surgery. More complications were observed with the “pins-crossing-fracture” technique.

Conclusions:
In our experience, the use of the external fixator has been a valuable option in the treatment of proximal humeral fractures. The complication and revision rates were acceptable. Most of the complications encountered were manageable without revision surgery.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Community knowledge, attitude and practices on mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viral diseases in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: mbanzulu kennedy makola , Mboera Leonard E.G. , Wumba Roger , Zanga Josué K. , Luzolo Flory K. , Misinzo Gerald , Kimera Sharadhuli I. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background Mosquito-borne viral diseases (MBVD) are among the important human and animal health threats globally. Gaining insights on behaviours and practices of local population on MBVD can improve understanding of socio-demographic and cultural factors to be addressed in intervention packages. This study was carried out to explore community knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding mosquito and MBVD in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).Methods A cross sectional survey involving heads of household was carried out in Kinshasa, DRC, between January and April 2019. Information on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes and practices on mosquito and MBVD was collected through a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info 7 software.Results A total of 1,464 individuals were involved in the study. Of these, 69% were under 44 years of age, 60.7% were females and the majority (90.2%) were educated. One-third of the houses had insect window screens, 61.2% had open garbage cans, 33.4% had outdoor water storage units, 25.1% had stagnant water collection and 22.5% water containers. The majority (80.3%) of the respondent mentioned polluted water bodies as the main mosquito breeding places. Yellow fever (86.6%) was the most commonly known MBVD. Overall, 12% of the respondents knew that mosquitoes are vectors of these viruses. Majority of respondents (72.5%) felt to be at risk of contracting MBVD. Drainage and blocked draining water channels, dirty, agriculture, house and road construction, animal rearing and automobile garages were associated with mosquito abundance. Health professionals, family member, radio/television and/or school/university were the main source of information. Cleaning environment (58%) and/or use of insecticides (25%) were the main measures implemented in controlling of mosquitoes. Mosquito net ownership (87.4%) and use (67%) were high.Conclusion Most of the residents of Kinshasa had limited knowledge on the roles of mosquitoes in the transmission of pathogenic viruses in both humans and animals. Raising awareness and educational sessions are essential in empowering the community on the correct attitudes and practices in order to effectively manage the risk posed by MBVD.
Occurrence, distribution and virulence factors of clinically important Acinetobacter species recovered from selected freshwater resources in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Adewoyin Mary Ayobami , Okoh Anthony Ifeanyi 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background : Several Acinetobacter species live in different ecosystems such as soil, freshwater, wastewater, and solid wastes. In this study, we assessed the occurrence of A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis , which are the major two clinically important species of the genus Acinetobacter , in three freshwater resources (Great Fish, Keiskemma, and Tyhume rivers) in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa over a one year sampling regime (April 2017 - March 2018). Presumptive Acinetobacter species were subjected to molecular identification by using Acinetobacter genus-specific primers targeting the recA gene. The confirmed Acinetobacter species were further delineated into A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis using species-specific primer sets. Similarly, virulence genes, namely; afa/draBC, epsA, fimH, OmpA, PAI, sfa/focDE , and traT in the two Acinetobacter species were also determined using molecular techniques. Result : A total of 1107 presumptive Acinetobacter isolates were recovered from the freshwater resources of which 844 was confirmed positive for the Acinetobacter genus. Of the 844 Acinetobacter isolates, 285 (77%), 219 (70.9%) and 340 (79%) were recovered from Great Fish, Keiskemma and Tyhume rivers respectively. Our finding revealed that 410 (48.58%) and 23 (2.7%) of the isolates were confirmed to be A. baumannii and A. nosocomalis , respectively. The presence of these clinically-important Acinetobacter species in the freshwater studied suggests possible contamination of the selected rivers and also that A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis can thrive in aquatic environments. Besides, 308 (75.12%) A. baumannii and 3 (13.04%) A. nosocomialis isolates exhibited one or more virulence genes out of the seven tested, whereas 102 (24.88%) and 20 (86.95%) of the A. baumannii and A. nosocomialis isolates did not harbour any virulence gene. Additionally, OmpA was the most prevalent (p<0.05) virulence gene in A. baumannii with 69 (45.10%), 52 (50.98%) and 77 (49.68%) isolates in Great Fish, Keiskamma and Tyhume rivers respectively. Conclusion : The occurrence of these pathogens in rivers which are consumed by humans and livestock, as well as being used for irrigation system constitutes a risk to public health. Keywords: Freshwater resources, Molecular characterisation, Acinetobacter species, virulence gene s.
Nilotinib, a Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) inhibitor, induces apoptosis and inhibits migration in breast cancer
Authors: Yu Shufang , Wang Shuang , Xie Yanping , Bao Aina , Li Jing , Ye Tingting , Yang Chu , Lin Bin , Yang Minghua 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background: Overexpression of Discoidin domain receptor 1(DDR1) is known to enhance the malignancy of breast cancer considerably. This study reports the identification of a potent DDR1 inhibitor, Nilotinib for the treatment of breast cancer.
Methods: MTT assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory activity of Nilotinib and meantime we used flow cytometry to evaluate the pro-apoptotic activity of Nilotinib against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Expression of DDR1 was manipulated in MCF-7 cell lines with low level DDR1 expression by transfecting with plasmids containing by shRNA. The effect of DDR1 or treatment with Nilotinib on cell migration was assayed. The expression of p-DDR1, DDR1, p-ERK1/2, ERK1/2 and E-cadherin，Vimentin, Snail1 were detected by western blot and immuno-fluorescent staining .
Results: Nilotinib against MCF-7 (IC 50 =0.403 μM) and MDA-MB-231 (IC 50 =0.819 μM) and also indicated induced apoptotic cell death after co-cuturing with Nilotinib (500 nM), apoptosis rate is 29.60 % ± 2.19% and 18.75 % ± 2.30% respective ly. Moreover, Nilotinib effectually blocked cellular migration of MCF-7. Interestingly, Knock-down DDR1 could significantly block the migration of breast cancer, meantime the sensitivity of Nilotinib to MCF-7 was reduced.
Conclusion: Targeting DDR1 therapeutically could potentially affect survival and influence metabolism in breast cancer, and Nilotinib could as a candidate for the treatment of breast cancer.
Mutation Analysis of ABL1 Gene and its Relation to the Achievement of Major Molecular Response in Indonesian Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients
Authors: Widyastuti Reni , Louisa Melva , Rinaldi Ikhwan , Nova Riki , Instiaty Instiaty , Priambodo Rizky 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Imatinib mesylate is the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved
for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) therapy. Imatinib is an effective drug. However,
previous studies have shown that about 20-30% of patients eventually would develop resistance
to imatinib. Approximately 40% of imatinib resistance is associated with BCRABL
kinase domain mutation. One of the most common and serious variations account for
imatinib response is T315I of ABL1 gene.

Objective:
The study aimed to examine the association of T315I mutation with the ABL1
gene and its relation to major molecular response (MMR) achievement in CML patients.
This study also examined other mutations adjacent to T315I, i.e., F311I, F317L, and different
possible variations in the ABL1 gene.

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study on Indonesian CML patients in chronic phase.
We analyzed 120 blood samples from patients in chronic phase who have received
imatinib mesylate (IM) for ≥12 months.

Results:
There were no T315I, F311I, and F317L mutations found in this study. However,
we found another variation, which was 36 substitutions from A to G at position 163816 of
ABL1 gene (according to NG_012034.1).

Conclusions:
We found no T315I, F311I, and F317L mutations in this study. Our findings
suggest that there might be other factors that influenced the MMR achievement in our
study patients. However, there were 36 substitutions from A to G at position 163.816 (according
to NG_012034.1) that needed further examination to explore the significance of
this mutation in clinical practice.