bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate fraud and information asymmetry in emerging markets
Authors: Ghafoor Abdul , Zainudin Rozaimah , Mahdzan Nurul Shahnaz 
Published: January 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine changes in firms’ level of information asymmetry in emerging market of Malaysia for the period of 2000-2016. Specifically, the study focuses on changes in the quoted spread and quoted depth following the fraud announcement.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a unique set of fraud sample using enforcement action releases (EARs) identified from the Security Commission of Malaysia and Bursa Malaysia. To estimate the result, the authors use event study methodology, OLS regression and simultaneous model on a set of 67 fraudulent firms.FindingsThe results of event study, OLS regression and simultaneous equation models suggest that information asymmetry increases on fraud discovery. The authors also use the analysis on subsamples classified by the type of regulator (who issued the enforcement release) and type of fraud committed. However, the authors find no evidence of a difference in information asymmetry across these groups. Overall, the results support the reputational view of fraud that it damages the firms’ reputation and increases uncertainty in the capital market.Research limitations/implicationsThese findings provide valuable insights into understanding the information asymmetry around fraud announcements, especially for Malaysia, where the majority of the public-listed companies are family-controlled and under significant state control. The results of this study call for the active role that regulators can play to achieve a transparent and liquid capital market.Practical implicationsThe research has practical implications. Specifically, for Malaysia, fraud is the primary area for National Results Areas (NKRA) in the Government Transformation Program (GTP). Therefore, for regulators and policymakers to ensure a liquid and transparent capital market, identifying the factors that elicit the fraudulent behavior and improving the related governance mechanism are necessary steps to prevent the fraudulent practices.Social implicationsDue to increased information asymmetry on fraud announcements, the demand for equity decreases that may affect not only the fraudulent firms but also results in negative externality for non-fraudulent firms, thus impairing their ability to fund equity.Originality/valueA significant majority of studies have focused on corporate frauds in developed countries such as the USA that is characterized by dispersed ownership system and a strong capital market. One of the vocal critics of the agency theory is that it neglects the social and institutional framework within which companies operate. In emerging markets, such as Malaysia, the published academic papers on fraud and information asymmetry are very limited. As emerging markets practice different cultures, corporate governance mechanisms and market regulations, the study is significant to investigate the behavior of investors in such markets.
Audit and risk committee in financial crime prevention
Authors: Abdullah Wan Nailah , Said Roshima 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
This empirical study aims to examine two areas: first, the characteristics of the audit committee and their relationship with corporate financial crime so as to ensure that their effectiveness as a corporate governance mechanism is still relevant; and second, the effectiveness of having a risk committee which is separated from the audit committee in the prevention of corporate financial crime.

Design/methodology/approach
This empirical research was carried out by using a Web-based data collection for corporate financial crime cases.

Findings
While the results for audit committee characteristics are not supported, the findings, however, indicate a significant relationship between the existence of a stand-alone risk committee with corporate financial crime incidences.

Practical implications
The result of the study serves as an empirical indicator of a firm’s consideration in deciding on the implementation of a stand-alone risk committee from its audit committee.

Originality/value
Both the descriptive and correlation analyses produced by this paper provide new insights into the extent of corporate financial crime, as well as the empirical evidence of the effectiveness of having a stand-alone risk committee.
Cybercrime: an emerging threat to the banking sector of Pakistan
Authors: Malik Muhammad Shoukat , Islam Urooj 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to gain more insight into the impact of cybercrime incidents in the banking sector of Pakistan. This study investigates the significant contribution of information security awareness on the relationship of cybercrimes and organizational performance.

Design/methodology/approach
The impact of cybercrime incidents on organizational performance is investigated by further exploring the moderating effects of information security awareness. A sample of 302 employees in the banking industry of Pakistan was studied by using survey design.

Findings
Cybercrime incidents have negative impact on organizational performance, but information security awareness weakens the negative impact of cybercrimes on organizational performance.

Research limitations/implications
The present study focuses on the banking sector so its finding cannot be generalized in other sectors. Further, in-depth comparative studies in other sectors with different cultural settings will help to authenticate the research findings.

Practical implications
Information security awareness weakens the negative impact of cybercrimes on organizational performance; therefore, it is important for banks’ HR managers to set up more security training courses to increase employees’ awareness on cybercrimes.

Originality/value
This study explores the impact of cybercrimes on banks’ performance with the moderating role of employees’ information security awareness. Linking these topics has created a new study within the cybercrimes discipline. The present study also enhances the understanding of employees’ role to combat the impact of cybercrimes on organizational performance.
Factor analysis of financial crime-related issues
Authors: Iwasokun Gabriel Babatunde , Akinyede Richard Olufemi , Fadamiro Catherine Folake , Bello Oniyide Alabi 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to propose indices that were freely considered as relevant for the analysis of financial crime-related issues in Nigeria and list them in the questionnaire that was administered across the six geo-political zones of the country to obtain relevant data that are useful for factor analysis of financial crime-related issues.

Design/methodology/approach
The research methodology involved data survey, preparation and normalization. Followed by principal component analysis-based factor analysis and then, results and interpretation.

Findings
The results of factor analysis placed high premium on government policies and regulations, responses and management, capacity building and awareness and litigation as the major issues for safe and secure financial system in Nigeria. Findings from the research also established that systemic ways of ensuring that citizens adopt technical know-how for national development rather than committing crimes should be introduced and enforced by the Nigerian government.

Originality/value
The research formulated some indices and established some models for the analysis.
Advancing theory of fraud: the S.C.O.R.E. model
Authors: Vousinas Georgios L. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to elaborate on the theory of fraud by enhancing the existing theories behind the factors that force people to commit fraud.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper reviews the most commonly used and widely accepted models for explaining why people commit fraud – the fraud triangle, the fraud diamond, the fraud scale and the MICE model. The author argues that these models need to be updated to adapt to the current developments in the field and the ever-growing fraud incidents, both in frequency and severity, and builds on the theoretical background to create a new model so as to enhance the understanding behind the major factors which lead to the commitment of fraud.

Findings
The author identifies a major element – ego – which plays a crucial role in compelling people to commit fraud and concludes in the formation of the S.C.O.R.E. model, which is graphically depicted in the fraud pentagon. He goes further by adding the factor collusion to better apply in cases of white-collar crimes.

Originality/value
The paper develops the S.C.O.R.E. model to contribute to the development of fraud theory by identifying the key factors that play a major role in whether fraud will actually occur and acting as a theoretical benchmark for all future reference.
On again, off again: Acute stress response and negative feedback together predict resilience to experimental challenges
Authors: Zimmer Cedric , Taff Conor C. , Ardia Daniel R. , Ryan Thomas A. , Winkler David W. , Vitousek Maren N. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Individuals often vary markedly in their ability to cope with stressors, but the drivers of this variation remain poorly understood. Many studies have tested relationships among individual variation in glucocorticoid levels and the response to challenges—often finding inconsistent patterns; however, few have addressed whether variation in the capacity to terminate the stress response through negative feedback is associated with stress resilience.

While conceptual models predict that interactions among different components of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis regulation may be important predictors of the phenotypic and fitness effects of stress, we are aware of no previous experimental tests of this hypothesis.

We investigate whether individual variation in HPA axis regulation is related to resilience to experimental challenges in free‐living tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). We mimicked salient natural challenges by temporarily reducing flight efficiency or increasing perceived predation risk during incubation, and determined whether HPA axis responsiveness prior to treatments predicted resilience.

Females that exhibited both a robust HPA axis activation and strong negative feedback were less likely to abandon nests during incubation.

Our results suggest that exhibiting a strong HPA axis activation coupled with effective negative feedback may predict stress resilience. Therefore, the ability to turn on and then off the HPA axis efficiently may be important for fitness.

Our results also suggest that the interactions between different components of the HPA axis may provide greater insight into differences in stress coping capacity.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
National racial/ethnic and geographic disparities in experiences with health care among adult Medicaid beneficiaries
Authors: Martino Steven C. , Mathews Megan , Agniel Denis , Orr Nate , Wilson‐Frederick Shondelle , Ng Judy H. , Ormson A. Elizabeth , Elliott Marc N. 
Published: January 2019

ObjectivesTo investigate whether health care experiences of adult Medicaid beneficiaries differ by race/ethnicity and rural/urban status.Data SourcesA total of 270 243 respondents to the 2014‐2015 Nationwide Adult Medicaid Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Survey.Study DesignLinear regression was used to estimate case mix adjusted differences in patient experience between racial/ethnic minority and non‐Hispanic white Medicaid beneficiaries, and between beneficiaries residing in small urban areas, small towns, and rural areas vs large urban areas. Dependent measures included getting needed care, getting care quickly, doctor communication, and customer service.Principal FindingsCompared with white beneficiaries, American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) and Asian/Pacific Islander (API) beneficiaries reported worse experiences, while black beneficiaries reported better experiences. Deficits for AIAN beneficiaries were 6‐8 points on a 0‐100 scale; deficits for API beneficiaries were 13‐22 points (P's < 0.001); advantages for black beneficiaries were 3‐5 points (P's < 0.001). Hispanic white differences were mixed. Beneficiaries in small urban areas, small towns, and isolated rural areas reported significantly better experiences (2‐3 points) than beneficiaries in large urban areas (P's < 0.05), particularly regarding access to care. Racial/ethnic differences typically did not vary by geography.ConclusionsImproving experiences for racial/ethnic minorities and individuals living in large urban areas should be high priorities for policy makers exploring approaches to improve the value and delivery of care to Medicaid beneficiaries.
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt prevents rebleeding in cirrhotic patients having cavernous transformation of the portal vein without improving their survival
Authors: Li Lu Ning , Sun Xiao Yan , Wang Guang Chuan , Tian Xiang Guo , Zhang Ming Yan , Jiang Kai Tong , Zhang Chun Qing 
Published: January 2019

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) and endoscopic variceal ligations (EVL) plus propranolol in decreasing rebleeding and improving survival rates in cirrhotic patients with cavernous transformation of the portal vein (CTPV).MethodsCirrhotic patients with CTPV and a history of variceal bleeding who were treated for recurrent variceal bleeding between June 2010 and July 2016 were identified and classified based on the treatment they received (TIPS or EVL plus propranolol). Their characteristics and clinical data were recorded. The rebleeding and long‐term survival rates between the two groups were analyzed.ResultsA total of 51 patients were included, of whom 25 were treated with TIPS and 26 with EVL plus propranolol. The mean duration of follow up was 21 months (range 1–47 months) in the former group and 27 months (range 6–73 months) in the latter group. The recurrent variceal bleeding‐free rate increased remarkably in the TIPS group compared with the EVL + propranolol group (P = 0.047). Three (14.3%) patients died in the TIPS group, and one (3.8%) in the EVL plus propranolol group (P = 0.305). Hepatic encephalopathy occurred in 14.3% (3/21) of the patients in the TIPS group and in 3.8% (1/26) in the EVL + propranolol group (P = 0.202).ConclusionTIPS appeared to be more effective in preventing rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with CTPV compared with EVL plus propranolol, without improving survival.
Asymmetric Learning from Prices and Post‐Earnings‐Announcement Drift
Authors: Choi Jaewon , Thompson Linh , Williams Jared 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTMotivated by research in psychology and experimental economics, we assume that investors update their beliefs about an asset's value upon observing the price, but only when the price clearly reveals that others obtained private information that differs from their own private information. Specifically, we assume that investors learn from the price of an asset in an asymmetric manner—they learn from the price if they observe good (bad) private information and the price is worse (better) than what is justified based on public information alone. We show that asymmetric learning from an asset's price leads to post‐earnings‐announcement drift (PEAD), and that it generates arbitrage opportunities that are less attractive than alternative explanations of PEAD. In addition, our model predicts that PEAD will be concentrated in earnings surprises that are not dominated by accruals, and it also predicts that earnings response coefficients will decline in the magnitude of the earnings surprises.
An inexpensive and open‐source method to study large terrestrial animal diet and behaviour using time‐lapse video and GPS
Authors: de la Rosa Carlos A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe behaviour of free‐ranging animals is difficult to study, especially on the large spatial and temporal scales relevant to long‐lived large species. Animal‐borne video and environmental data collection systems (AVEDs) record behaviour and other data in real time as animals conduct daily activities. However, few studies have combined systematically collected, long‐term AVED foraging data with environmental and movement data to test hypotheses on animal foraging. Additionally, AVEDs are often either prohibitively expensive, or require extensive fabrication and programming knowledge.The video and coordinate animal‐mounted system (VACAMS) is an animal‐mounted data collection system based on a modified GoPro®action camera platform that records short, first ‘person’ perspective videos of animal behaviour on an automated time‐lapse schedule. As most videos are georeferenced, researchers can return to the locations of specific behaviours and collect accurate, fine‐grained data on non‐woody vegetation and other habitat characteristics that may influence animal behaviour. Moreover, VACAMS are inexpensive and easy to use.This study describes VACAMS preliminary data on cattle foraging and a hypothesis exploring free‐ranging cattle browsing habits throughout the rainy season in the tropical dry forest of Sonora, Mexico. I generated a database of vegetation types consumed by cows each month (annual, woody and leaf litter) and compared actual vegetation type frequencies to a priori assumptions based on seasonal patterns of forage availability. During the monsoons, when palatable vegetation was abundant, frequencies of annual and woody perennial vegetation in cattle diets did not differ from month to month. When the rains ceased and palatable vegetation became scarce, cows switched to leaf litter, dead annual vegetation, twigs and dried leguminous fruits.Open‐source software and commercially available hardware make VACAMS financially attainable for many researchers, land managers, students and other user groups. VACAMS could be used on a range of domestic and semi‐domestic free‐ranging animals, particularly in dense forests where conventional observations are impossible. With improvements to GPS battery life and durability, the weakest points of the system, VACAMS could also potentially apply to studies of other large terrestrial animals.
Comparing the periodontal tissue response to non‐surgical scaling and root planing alone, adjunctive azithromycin, or adjunctive amoxicillin plus metronidazole in generalized chronic moderate‐to‐severe periodontitis: a preliminary randomized controlled trial
Authors: Liaw A , Miller C , Nimmo A 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe usefulness of administrating adjunctive systemic antibiotics to expedite healing of periodontal tissues is a topic of interest given the lack of clear guidelines.AimTo compare clinical outcomes in patients given adjunctive azithromycin (AZ), adjunctive amoxicillin plus metronidazole (AMX + MTZ), or scaling and root planing (SRP) alone in the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe chronic periodontitis.MethodsThirty‐eight patients were randomly assigned into: SRP alone; 500 mg AMX plus 400 mg MTZ three times per day for 7 days; or 500 mg AZ for 3 days. Antibiotics were administered after the first SRP session and clinical parameters for full‐mouth and baseline probing pocket depth (PPD) categories were reviewed 2‐months post‐treatment.ResultsThirty‐four of 38 patients completed the study. All groups experienced significant improvements in full‐mouth clinical attachment level (CAL), probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing. AZ exhibited greater reductions in PPD than SRP alone for baseline severe sites, whilst AMX+MTZ showed significant improvements in PPD and CAL than SRP alone for baseline moderate and severe sites. Of the two antibiotic therapies, AMX+MTZ showed greater reductions in PPD compared with AZ in baseline moderate sites only.ConclusionsFor patients with moderate‐to‐severe periodontitis, adjunctive systemic antibiotics might result in greater clinical benefits.
Intimate Mediations of For‐Profit Conservation Finance: Waste, Improvement, and Accumulation
Authors: Dempsey Jessica , Bigger Patrick 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHow to understand the marriage between accumulation and conservation? The paper draws from extensive research into one value chain, from the advisor in New York City to a wildlife‐friendly cattle business in Kenya. Making this enterprise return in money requires intimate and relentless efforts to transform wasteful conduct across a range of institutions and people; we focus on the attempted production of NGO economicus, homo economicus plus, and bos Taurus economicus. Drawing from feminist and postcolonial theorists of capitalism, we emphasise how green capitalist value production does not always hinge on extinguishing other‐than‐capitalist‐social relations but rather attempts to mobilise and harness such differences, including non‐profit‐seeking values, logics and relations. The paper concludes by reflecting on the temporal challenges facing for‐profit conservation finance, including those posed by previous regimes of accumulation that it relies on but also wants to overcome.
Increased prevalence of anti‐TNF therapy in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease is associated with a decline in surgical resections during childhood
Authors: Ashton James J. , Borca Florina , Mossotto Enrico , Coelho Tracy , Batra Akshay , Afzal Nadeem A. , Phan Hang T. T. , Stanton Michael , Ennis Sarah , Beattie Robert Mark 
Published: January 2019

SummaryBackgroundAnti‐tumour necrosis factor‐α (anti‐TNF) therapy use has risen in paediatric‐onset inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD). Whether this has translated into preventing/delaying childhood surgery is uncertain. The Wessex PIBD cohort was analysed for trends in anti‐TNF‐therapy and surgery.AimTo assess patients diagnosed with PIBD within Wessex from 1997 to 2017. The prevalence of anti‐TNF‐therapy and yearly surgery rates (resection and perianal) during childhood (<18 years) were analysed (Pearson's correlation, multivariate regression, Fisher's exact).ResultsEight‐hundred‐and‐twenty‐five children were included (498 Crohn's disease, 272 ulcerative colitis, 55 IBD‐unclassified), mean age at diagnosis 13.6 years (1.6‐17.6), 39.6% female. The prevalence of anti‐TNF‐treated patients increased from 5.1% to 27.1% (2007‐2017), P = 0.0001. Surgical resection‐rate fell (7.1%‐1.5%, P = 0.001), driven by a decrease in Crohn's disease resections (8.9%‐2.3%, P = 0.001). Perianal surgery and ulcerative colitis resection‐rates were unchanged. Time from diagnosis to resection increased (1.6‐2.8 years, P = 0.028) but mean age at resection was unchanged. Patients undergoing resections during childhood were diagnosed at a younger age in the most recent 5 years (2007‐2011 = 13.1 years, 2013‐2017 = 11.9 years, P = 0.014).Resection‐rate in anti‐TNF‐therapy treated (16.1%) or untreated (12.2%) was no different (P = 0.25). Patients started on anti‐TNF‐therapy <3 years post‐diagnosis (11.6%) vs later (28.6%) had a reduction in resections, P = 0.047. Anti‐TNF‐therapy prevalence was the only significant predictor of resection‐rate using multivariate regression (P = 0.011).ConclusionsThe prevalence of anti‐TNF‐therapy increased significantly, alongside a decrease in surgical resection‐rate. Patients diagnosed at younger ages still underwent surgery during childhood. Anti‐TNF‐therapy may reduce the need for surgical intervention in childhood, thereby influencing the natural history of PIBD.