bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Showcasing the application of synchrotron‐based X‐ray computed tomography in host–pathogen interactions: The role of wheat rachilla and rachis nodes in Type‐II resistance to Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Brar Gurcharn S. , Karunakaran Chithra , Bond Toby , Stobbs Jarvis , Liu Na , Hucl Pierre J. , Kutcher Hadley R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFusarium head blight, caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum (Fg), is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat. Host resistance in wheat is classified into five types (Type‐I to Type‐V), and a majority of moderately resistant genotypes carry Type‐II resistance (resistance to pathogen spread in the rachis) alleles, mainly from the Chinese cultivar Sumai 3. Histopathological studies in the past failed to identify the key tissue in the spike conferring resistance to pathogen spread, and most of the studies used destructive techniques, potentially damaging the tissue(s) under study. In the present study, nondestructive synchrotron‐based phase contrast X‐ray imaging and computed tomography techniques were used to confirm the part of the wheat spike conferring Type‐II resistance to Fg spread, thus showcasing the application of synchrotron‐based techniques to image host–pathogen interactions. Seven wheat genotypes of moderate resistance to Fusarium head blight were studied for changes in the void space volume fraction and grayscale/voxel intensity following Fg inoculation. Cell‐wall biopolymeric compounds were quantified using Fourier‐transform midinfrared spectroscopy for all genotype‐treatment combinations. The study revealed that the rachilla and rachis nodes together are structurally important in conferring Type‐II resistance. The structural reinforcement was not necessarily observed from lignin deposition but rather from an unknown mechanism.
Generalized basaloid follicular hamartoma syndrome versus Gorlin syndrome: A diagnostic challenge
Authors: Shevchenko Alina , Durkin John R. , Moon Amanda T. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBasaloid follicular hamartoma is a relatively rare benign neoplasm of follicular origin that can be mistaken histologically for basal cell carcinoma, but hereditary forms of basaloid follicular hamartoma are associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, or Gorlin syndrome. The pathophysiology of basaloid follicular hamartoma development involves mutations in the patched gene, which is also causative in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. We present a mother and daughter with basaloid follicular hamartomas, with genetic testing confirming patched gene mutation in the daughter.
Effect of A Sun Protection Intervention on the Immune Response to Measles Booster Vaccination in Infants in Rural South Africa
Authors: Wright Caradee Y. , Lucas Robyn M. , D'Este Catherine , Kapwata Thandi , Kunene Zamantimande , Swaminathan Ashwin , Mathee Angela , Albers Patricia N. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe incidence of many serious childhood infections can be reduced by vaccination. High sun exposure at the time of vaccination has been associated with a reduced antigen‐specific immune response. We hypothesized that providing sun protection advice and equipment to mothers of children who were waiting to be vaccinated would result in a more robust immunization response. We conducted a pilot study in 2015/2016 (data analyzed in 2017–2018) among 98 Black African children (~18 months of age) receiving the booster measles vaccination at two clinics in South Africa. Clinics were randomized to receive (or not) sun protection advice and equipment. We recorded demographic information on children and mothers and data on the child's usual sun exposure. At approximately 4 weeks’ postmeasles vaccination, we measured measles immunoglobulin G levels in children. All children with blood results (n = 87, 89%) across both groups had antibody titers higher than 200 mIU mL−1 which was considered the protective antibody concentration. There was no statistically significant difference in titers between groups: geometric difference in mean titers 1.13 mIU mL−1 (95% CI 0.85, 1.51; P = 0.39) and 1.38 mIU mL−1 (95% CI 0.90, 2.11, P = 0.14) for unadjusted and adjusted analyses, respectively. This study demonstrated that a sun protection intervention study could be performed in a developing‐world pediatric vaccination setting. Although the sun protection intervention around the time of vaccination was not associated with a higher antibody level, given the potential importance of such an effect, a larger study should be considered.
The Effect of Endothelial Cells on UVB‐induced DNA Damage and Transformation of Keratinocytes In 3D Polycaprolactone Scaffold Co‐culture System
Authors: Zhao Huizhi , Wu Shiyong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractNitric oxide () plays an important role in the regulation of redox balance in keratinocytes post‐UVB exposure. Since endothelial cells releases for a prolonged time post‐UVB, we determined whether human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) could have an effect on UVB‐induced DNA damage and transformation of their adjacent keratinocytes (HaCaT) using a 3D cell co‐culturing system. Our data show that the levels of DNA breaks and/or cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) along with γH2AX are higher in the co‐cultured than in the mono‐cultured keratinocytes post‐UVB. The level in the co‐cultured cells is increased approximately 3‐fold more than in mono‐cultured HaCaT cells within 1‐hour post‐UVB but then is reduced quickly in co‐cultured HaCaT cells comparing to mono‐cultured cells from 6 to 24 h post‐UVB. However, the peroxynitrite (ONOO−) level is higher in the co‐cultured than in the mono‐cultured HaCaT cells in whole period post‐UVB. Furthermore, while expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is increased, the ratio of coupled/uncoupled eNOS is reduced in co‐cultured HaCaT cells compared to mono‐cultured HaCaT cells. Finally, the co‐cultured cells have a significantly increased transformation efficiency after repeating UVB exposure compared to mono‐culture HaCaT cells. Our results suggest that endothelial cells could enhance /ONOO− imbalance and promote transformation of adjacent keratinocytes.
Low Sun Exposure and Vitamin D Deficiency as Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, With a Focus on Childhood Onset
Authors: Holmes E. Ann , Rodney Harris Rachael M. , Lucas Robyn M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are increasing worldwide. Some ecological studies show increasing incidence with increasing latitude. Ambient ultraviolet radiation varies inversely with latitude, and sun exposure of the skin is a major source of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with IBD. Sun exposure and vitamin D have immune effects that could plausibly reduce, or be protective for, IBD. One quarter of new IBD cases are diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but most research is for adult‐onset IBD. Here, we review the evidence for low sun exposure and/or vitamin D deficiency as risk factors for IBD, focusing where possible on pediatric IBD, where effects of environmental exposures may be clearer. The literature provides some evidence of a latitude gradient of IBD incidence, and evidence for seasonal patterns of timing of birth or disease onset is inconsistent. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency occurs in people with IBD, but cannot be interpreted as being a causal risk factor. Evidence of vitamin D supplementation affecting disease activity is limited. Further research on predisease sun exposure and well‐designed supplementation studies are required to elucidate whether these potentially modifiable exposures are indeed risk factors for IBD.
Induced cell death in Ceratocystis fimbriata by pro‐apoptotic activity of a natural organic compound, perillaldehyde, through Ca2+ overload and accumulation of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Tian J. , Pan C. , Zhang M. , Gan Y. Y. , Pan S. Y. , Liu M. , Li Y. X. , Zeng X. B. 
Published: August 2018

Black rot caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata causes notable losses in sweet potato production. Perillaldehyde (PAE), a secondary metabolite in perilla, was studied to determine its antifungal effects on mycelial growth and spore germination of C. fimbriata. The effects of PAE on cell wall integrity and cell membrane permeability were also investigated. To elucidate the possible mechanisms of cell death triggered by PAE, sensitivity of C. fimbriata to PAE toxicity was determined by cytoplasmic and mitochondrial calcium ion concentrations ([Ca2+]c and [Ca2+]m), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cytochrome c (cyt c) release, metacaspase activation, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and DNA fragmentation. The results suggest that mycelial growth and spore germination were inhibited by PAE in a dose‐dependent manner. Ceratocystis fimbriata spores treated with PAE experienced dramatic Ca2+ overload and elevated ROS production. Compared to untreated controls, the proportion of fluorescent cells stained with the ROS indicator DCFH‐DA and treated with a range of PAE concentrations from 0.0625 to 0.50 μL mL−1 increased by 2.9 ± 0.79% to 27.1 ± 0.38%. Ca2+ overload and ROS accumulation induced depolarization of the MMP, contributing to mitochondrial dysfunction. Cyt c was released from the mitochondria to the cytosol, triggering metacaspase activation. The significant antifungal activity of PAE on C. fimbriata was demonstrated by these studies, suggesting that PAE has the potential for wide application to postharvest management of tuber crops, in addition to the application to above‐ground fruit and vegetables that have been previously investigated.
Endometrial transcript profile of progesterone‐regulated genes during early pregnancy of Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Baba Naseer A. , Panigrahi Manjit , Verma Ankita D. , Sadam Abdul , Sulabh Sourabh , Chhotaray Supriya , Parida Subhashree , Krishnaswamy Narayanan , Bhushan Bharat 
Published: August 2018

ContentsProgesterone (P4) plays a key role in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in most mammals. Unravelling the expression of progesterone‐regulated genes can expand the understanding of the embryonic mortality. Accordingly, we studied the relative mRNA expression of the P4‐regulated genes in the buffalo. Uteri were collected from the abattoir and categorized into nonpregnant late luteal phase, stage I (28–38th days of gestation) and stage II (48–56th days of gestation) of pregnancy (n = 6/group). After extraction of total RNA from the endometrial tissues, we carried out qRT‐PCR for determining the relative mRNA expression of the P4‐regulated genes using nonpregnant late luteal phase as calibrator group. The expression of LGALS3BP (essential for maternal recognition of pregnancy) gene was found to be significantly upregulated (p < 0.05), while MUC1 (important for embryo attachment) gene was downregulated in stage I and II of pregnancy. We observed no significant change in the expression of LGALS1, LGALS9 and CTSL genes. The SLC5A11 and SLC2A1 genes (involved in the transport of glucose to endometrium) in early pregnancy were upregulated in the pregnancy stage I (p < 0.05) relative to nonpregnant late luteal phase. The CST3 gene was significantly upregulated in pregnancy stage II (p < 0.01). These results provide molecular insights into the specific pathways involved in foeto‐maternal communication during early pregnancy in buffaloes.
How Should Autonomous Cars Drive? A Preference for Defaults in Moral Judgments Under Risk and Uncertainty
Authors: Meder Björn , Fleischhut Nadine , Krumnau Nina‐Carolin , Waldmann Michael R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAutonomous vehicles (AVs) promise to make traffic safer, but their societal integration poses ethical challenges. What behavior of AVs is morally acceptable in critical traffic situations when consequences are only probabilistically known (a situation of risk) or even unknown (a situation of uncertainty)? How do people retrospectively evaluate the behavior of an AV in situations in which a road user has been harmed? We addressed these questions in two empirical studies (N = 1,638) that approximated the real‐world conditions under which AVs operate by varying the degree of risk and uncertainty of the situation. In Experiment 1, subjects learned that an AV had to decide between staying in the lane or swerving. Each action could lead to a collision with another road user, with some known or unknown likelihood. Subjects’ decision preferences and moral judgments varied considerably with specified probabilities under risk, yet less so under uncertainty. The results suggest that staying in the lane and performing an emergency stop is considered a reasonable default, even when this action does not minimize expected loss. Experiment 2 demonstrated that if an AV collided with another road user, subjects’ retrospective evaluations of the default action were also more robust against unwanted outcome and hindsight effects than the alternative swerve maneuver. The findings highlight the importance of investigating moral judgments under risk and uncertainty in order to develop policies that are societally acceptable even under critical conditions.
Social norms and female labor participation in Brazil
Authors: Codazzi Karen , Pero Valéria , Albuquerque Sant'Anna André 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOver the last half‐century, the role of women in society has changed substantially. However, the gender income gap and the difference in labor force participation persist. Other authors introduced the concept of identity from sociology and social psychology at the economic analysis and, based on this, we search less traditional factors for understanding this persistence. Extending analysis of others, we analyze the impact of gender social norms, focusing on the prescription that “a man should earn more than his wife” on social and economic results. Based on the Censuses for 1991, 2000, and 2010 we observed that for only 7 percent of married couples does the wife earn more than her husband. We found evidence that the wives with greater probability of earning more than their husbands are less likely to participate in the labor force. Once she does participate in the labor force, she has a higher probability of earning less than her potential income, working fewer hours, and having an informal job.
Does economic crisis have different impact on husbands and wives? Evidence from the Asian Financial Crisis in Indonesia
Authors: Dong Sarah Xue 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper analyzes the intra‐household allocation of risk‐coping mechanisms by testing whether the Asian financial crisis affected married men and women differently in Indonesia. It estimates the effect of the district consumption shock during the crisis on the change in married men's and women's working status and assets. It finds that the regional shock is associated with a large increase in wives’ employment and a large decrease in wives’ business assets in urban areas, and not associated with change in husbands’ working status or asset holdings in urban areas. In rural areas the regional shock is associated with a drop in women's business assets and not related to other outcomes of husbands or wives. Receiving government social safety net program aid during the crisis seems to substitute for the decrease in business assets of women as a coping strategy in both urban and rural areas.
Healthcare professionals’ lived experiences of conversations with young adults expressing existential concerns
Authors: Lundvall Maria , Lindberg Elisabeth , Hörberg Ulrica , Palmér Lina , Carlsson Gunilla 
Published: August 2018

IntroductionThis paper describes first‐line department healthcare professionals’ experiences of conversations with young adults (16–25 years) who express existential concerns. Existential concerns encompass questions about the meaning of life and the choices people must make, and they are sometimes expressed during the period in which a child is becoming an adult. Sometimes the transition to adulthood can be difficult, and many young adults seek support from people in first‐line departments, such as primary care providers, youth guidance centre personnel and student health service employees in high schools and universities. Conversations in which existential concerns are recognised may be important for preventing mental illness in the future.AimThe study aimed to describe healthcare professionals’ lived experiences of conversations with young adults who express existential concerns.Approach and methodsThis qualitative study utilises thematic meaning analysis. Interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals working in first‐line departments, and data were analysed based on the principles of reflective lifeworld research. The study followed ethical codes of conduct and conformed to the ethical guidelines adopted by the Swedish Research Council.FindingsThe results are presented in three themes of meaning: searching for innermost thoughts requires being present, uncertainty about the unpredictable and awakening of one's own existential concerns.Conclusions and implicationsHealthcare professionals are affected when young adults express their existential concerns, and they need more support to strengthen their ability to stay present and create inviting atmospheres.
Caregiver pension credits for women: Recent experience in Uruguay
Authors: Amarante Verónica , Tenenbaum Victoria 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article analyses the effects of the implementation of childcare pension credits for women in Uruguay, which were introduced as part of a social security reform in 2009. Using microdata from administrative records of the social security administration, we show that around 60% of retired women have used these credits between 2009 and 2015, computing on average 2.7 additional years of service. The use of childcare credits has been higher among more vulnerable female workers. Among women with lower pensions, childcare credits are used both to reach the required years for retirement and to improve the amount of pensions, whereas for women in the higher deciles the program mainly impacts on the amount of pensions. Using a difference in difference approach, we also show that the program has, to some extent, acted as a substitute for the mechanism of computing years of service through the declaration of witnesses, an extended practice in Uruguay to access pensions. Lastly, we show that, if these credits had not been incepted, female access to pensions would have been significantly lower, and gender gaps both in access to, and in the amount of, pensions would have been higher.
Geodynamic significance of the Santorini Detachment System (Cyclades, Greece)
Authors: Schneider David A. , Grasemann Bernhard , Lion Allan , Soukis Konstantinos , Draganits Erich 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe present field and geochronologic evidence for a Miocene top‐to‐SSE detachment system on Santorini, which exhumed the Cycladic Blueschist Unit (CBU) below a package of low‐grade Upper Triassic marbles that contain well‐preserved Megalodon fossils forming a syncline with metaflysch in the core. White mica bundles from the mylonitic foliation in the CBU yield 40Ar/39Ar dates of 25–19 Ma and zircon (U–Th)/He dates are 11–8 Ma. A weakly foliated granitic intrusion that cross‐cuts the CBU is 8.5 Ma based on zircon U–Pb geochronology. Detrital white mica from the metaflysch yields Jurassic to early Palaeogene single grain 40Ar/39Ar dates, with a dominant Palaeocene signature. Zircon (U–Th)/He dating similarly reveals dispersed ages between 36 and 15 Ma suggesting Miocene metamorphic temperatures were insufficient (<200°C) to completely reset all of the zircon cooling ages. The low‐grade rocks of the hangingwall above the newly discovered Miocene low‐angle Santorini Detachment System most likely belong to the Pelagonian zone with a Triassic carbonate platform discordantly transgressed by an Eocene flysch deposit.
Phenotypic analysis of mice xenografted with canine epitheliotropic cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma cells
Authors: Ikeuchi Miho , Asahina Ryota , Nishida Hidetaka , Kamishina Hiroaki , Kitoh Katsuya , Sakai Hiroki , Maeda Sadatoshi 
Published: August 2018

BackgroundIn canine epitheliotropic cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (ECTCL), neoplastic cells cause skin lesions and potentially metastasize to lymph nodes, blood and other organs. Murine models are potentially valuable for elucidating the molecular mechanisms responsible for regulation of ECTCL cell migration.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo describe a phenotype of mice xenografted with canine ECTCL cells (EO‐1 cells).AnimalsFour NOD.CB17‐Prkdcscid/J (NOD SCID) mice were used.Methods and materialsEO‐1 cells were subcutaneously xenografted into NOD SCID mice. After four weeks, the development of tumour lesions in skin and other organs was investigated.ResultsMice developed skin lesions with metastasis to the lymph nodes, spleen, lung, blood and liver.Conclusions and clinical importanceMice xenografted with EO‐1 cells may be useful for studying the pathogenesis of canine ECTCL.
Cytokine profiling and post‐transfusion haemoglobin increment in patients with haematological diseases
Authors: Wendelbo Øystein , Opheim Elin Netland , Egil Eide Geir , Hervig Tor , Felli Lunde Turid Helen , Bruserud Øystein , Mollnes Tom Eirik , Reikvam Håkon 
Published: August 2018

Background and ObjectivesIn a previous pilot study, we demonstrated significantly lower haemoglobin (Hb) increment after red‐blood‐cell (RBC) transfusions in febrile patients compared to patients without fever. The aim of this study was to examine associations between inflammatory mediators and post‐transfusion haemoglobin increment in patients with haematological diseases.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐seven patients (eight women, 19 men), median age 56 years receiving RBC transfusion, were included in the study. Hb increment per unit transfused was corrected for estimated patient blood volume and the amount of Hb transfused. A wide spectrum of inflammatory mediators was determined by multiplex technology. Association between post‐transfusion haemoglobin increment, plasma inflammatory mediators and patient characteristics was analysed using a mixed linear regression model.ResultsFebrile patients had significantly lower corrected Hb increment, significantly increased values of IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10 and G‐CSF, significantly reduced levels of CCL5 and CXCL10, and significantly higher pretransfusion levels of CRP. There was a significant association between pretransfusion CRP levels and corrected Hb increment for the whole patient cohort, but not within each of the two groups. Results demonstrated an association between haemoglobin increment, fever and inflammatory mediators. Febrile patients had a significantly lower corrected Hb increment compared to nonfebrile patients, when adjusting for mediators. When fever was kept constant, a significant negative association between haemoglobin increment and the proinflammatory mediators IL‐6 and IL‐8 was observed.ConclusionBoth fever and the inflammatory mediators IL‐6 and IL‐8 were negatively associated with post‐transfusion haemoglobin increment.