bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Evaluation Index for Predicting the Degradation Rate of Frying Oils Based on Their Fatty Acid Composition
Authors: Liu Xiaofang , Hoshino Nozomi , Wang Shuo , Masui Eitaro , Chen Jieyu , Zhang Han 
Published: April 2018

The changes in the fatty acid composition of eleven edible oils (soybean, rapeseed, natural and refined sesame, corn, safflower, olive, rice bran, natural and refined perilla, coconut) are investigated during deep frying. French fries are intermittently fried for 5 h each day for 6 consecutive days at 180 °C in these oils. The results suggested that all of the oils contained large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (83.49–95.28%) before deep frying, except for coconut oil (7.13%). With the extension of frying time, the content of unsaturated fatty acids in the oils decreased linearly (Y = −AT + 100, R2 = 0.955–0.990) except in the coconut oil. The equation (A = 0.113X + 0.203, R = 0.836) can be used to determine the decomposition rate of unsaturated fatty acids (A) in a variety of unsaturated fatty acid‐based oils. The ratio of palmitic acid to oleic acid in the oils before deep frying (X) has an important impact on the degradation of a variety of unsaturated fatty acid‐based oils, and can be used as an evaluation index for predicting the degradation rate of such oils before deep frying.Practical Applications: Changes to the unsaturated fatty acid content of a variety of unsaturated fatty acid‐based oils during deep frying can be predicted using this novel evaluation index. A clear understanding of the deterioration process of frying oils can be obtained when the index is combined with other indicators of deterioration. The index can facilitate timely judgments to prevent the over‐use of frying oils according to the waste oil standards of individual countries. This would maximize the utilization of oil while reducing the production of substances that are harmful to the human body.With the extension of frying time, the content of unsaturated fatty acids in the oils decreased linearly (Y = −AT + 100). The equation (A = 0.113X + 0.203) can be use to determine the decomposition rate of unsaturated fatty acids in a variety of unsaturated fatty acid‐based oils. X is the ratio of palmitic acid to oleic acid in the oils before deep frying, and can be use as an evaluation index for predicting the degradation rate of a variety of unsaturated fatty acid‐based oils before deep frying.
On the Mechanism of Base‐Catalyzed Glycerol Polymerization and Copolymerization
Authors: Ionescu Mihail , Petrović Zoran S. 
Published: April 2018

Based on the herein experimental results and literature data, this article proposes a general mechanism of self‐condensation of glycerol to polyglycerol in the presence of alkaline catalysts. The mechanism involves the in situ formation of glycidol and oligo‐glycerols with terminal epoxy groups by intramolecular SN2 substitution reactions. We consider that terminal 1,2‐glycol structures of oligo‐glycerols also form terminal epoxy groups. The formation of polyglycerol consists of the addition of epoxy groups of glycidol or oligo‐glycerols formed in situ, to various hydroxyl groups present in the reaction system. The formation of epoxy groups from 1,2‐glycols catalyzed by bases at higher temperatures seems to be a general reaction. The proposed mechanism explains the formation of all the structures found in polyglycerols, such as linear, branched, and cyclic polyglycerol, as well as hybrid cyclic‐linear and hybrid cyclic‐branched polyglycerol. The self‐condensation of glycerol to polyglycerol is in fact a special case of ring opening polymerization.Practical Application: While glycerol is used as an example, the results show that any compound containing 1,2‐glycol structure in presence of alkaline catalysts forms a transient epoxy group, which can react with any hydroxyl group in the system. This allows generation of a large family of new ethers useful as additives or polyethers for foams, coating, and adhesives. This argument is supported by the examples of copolymers of glycerol, polyglycerols, and 1,2,6‐hexane triol with triethanolamine or timethylolpropane.Mechanism of self‐condensation of glycerol to PGL in the presence of alkaline catalysts involves “in situ” formed epoxy compounds as reactive intermediates. The formation of epoxy groups from 1,2 glycols catalyzed by bases at higher temperature seems to be a general reaction. The presented mechanism explains the copolymerization of glycerol with other polyols useful for a range of new products.
Low Cost and Superior Safety Industrial Grade Lithium Dual‐Ion Batteries with a Second Life
Authors: Liu Qian , Chen Suhua , Yu Xinzhi , Fan Ling , Wang Jue , Wang Tao , Ma Ruifang , Han Xu , Lu Bingan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe next generation of electrochemical energy storage devices requires low cost, superior safety, high energy density, and high power density. Here, industrial grade lithium dual‐ion batteries (LDIBs) with low cost, superior safety, and high energy density were reported. The full LDIBs exhibit a high capacity, an outstanding long‐term cycling stability with a capacity retention as high as 93 % after 500 cycles, and a superior self‐discharge performance (the capacity can retain higher than 62 % after 90 days). The LDIBs display an outstanding high and low temperature performance in terms of the capacity, cycle life, and safety. The LDIBs are able to pass the nail test (without producing any smoke), and they can still function properly even after destroying the package with the electrodes exposed in air. Another interesting result is that we can give LDIBs a second life by replace solvent of electrolyte, which represents a critical step forward toward battery recycle.
Continuous real‐time analysis of the isotopic composition of precipitation during tropical rain events: Insights into tropical convection
Authors: He Shaoneng , Goodkin Nathalie F. , Jackisch Dominik , Ong Maria Rosabelle , Samanta Dhrubajyoti 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTo investigate stable isotopic variability of precipitation in Singapore, we continuously analysed the δ‐value of individual rain events from November 2014 to August 2017 using an online system composed of a diffusion sampler coupled to Cavity Ring‐Down Spectrometer. Over this period, the average value (δ18OAvg), the lowest value (δ18OLow), and the initial value (δ18OInit) varied significantly, ranging from −0.45 to −15.54‰, −0.9 to −17.65‰, and 0 to −13.13‰, respectively. All 3 values share similar variability, and events with low δ18OLow and δ18OAvg values have low δ18OInit value. Individual events have limited intraevent variability in δ‐value (Δδ) with the majority having a Δδ below 4‰. Correlation of δ18OLow and δ18OAvg with δ18OInit is much higher than that with Δδ, suggesting that convective activities prior to events have more control over δ‐value than on‐site convective activities. The d‐excess of events also varies considerably in response to the seasonal variation in moisture sources. A 2‐month running mean analysis of δ18O reveals clear seasonal and interannual variability. Seasonal variability is associated with the meridional movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and evolution of the Asian monsoon. El Niño–Southern Oscillation is a likely driver of interannual variability. During 2015–2016, the strongest El Niño year in recorded history, the majority of events have a δ18O value higher than the weighted average δ18O of daily precipitation. δ18O shows a positive correlation with outgoing longwave radiation in the western Pacific and the Asian monsoon region, and also with Oceanic Niño Index. During El Niño, the convection centre shifts eastward to the central/eastern Pacific, weakening convective activities in Southeast Asia. Our study shows that precipitation δ‐value contains information about El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which has a significant implication for the interpretation of water isotope data and understanding of hydrological processes in tropical regions.
Identification of key aromatic compounds in Congou black tea by partial least‐square regression with variable importance of projection scores and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/gas chromatography–olfactometry
Authors: Mao Shihong , Lu Changqi , Li Meifeng , Ye Yulong , Wei Xu , Tong Huarong 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDGas chromatography–olfactometry (GC–O) is the most frequently used method to estimate the sensory contribution of single odorant, but disregards the interactions between volatiles. In order to select the key volatiles responsible for the aroma attributes of Congou black tea (Camellia sinensis), instrumental, sensory and multivariate statistical approaches were applied.RESULTSUsing sensory analysis, nine panellists developed eight descriptors: floral, sweet, fruity, green, roasted, oil, spicy, and off‐odour. Linalool, (E)‐furan linalool oxide, (Z)‐pyran linalool oxide, methyl salicylate, β‐myrcene, and phenylethyl alcohol, which were identified from the most representative samples by the GC–O procedure, were the essential aroma‐active compounds in the formation of basic Congou black tea aroma. In addition, 136 volatiles were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), among which 55 compounds were determined as the key factors for six sensory attributes by partial least‐square regression (PLSR) with variable importance of projection scores.CONCLUSIONOur results demonstrated that headspace solid‐phase microextraction/GC–MS/GC–O was a fast approach for isolation and quantification aroma‐active compounds. The PLSR method was also considered to be a useful tool in selecting important variables for sensory attributes. These two strategies, which allowed us to comprehensively evaluate the sensorial contribution of a single volatile from different perspectives, can be applied to related products for comprehensive quality control. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Reduction of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural formation by flavan‐3‐ols in Maillard reaction models and fried potato chips
Authors: Qi Yajing , Zhang Hao , Wu Gangcheng , Zhang Hui , Wang Li , Qian Haifeng , Qi Xiguang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBACKGROUND5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is regarded as a thermal process contaminant in foods. Six flavan‐3‐ol fractions were isolated or semisynthesized from sorghum, cranberry and grape seed. Their unit compositions, interflavan linkages and degree of polymerization were characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of flavan‐3‐ols on the formation of HMF in chemical reaction models and fried potato chips.RESULTSResults showed that all flavan‐3‐ols significantly mitigated the HMF formation at concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 µg mL−1 in the chemical model system, and the inhibition was positively related to dose. Using the food model, HMF content was reduced by about 50% when potato chips were soaked in an optimal concentration of 0.1 mg mL−1 flavan‐3‐ol solutions before frying. Based on the same mass concentration, B‐type flavan‐3‐ols mitigated more HMF than A‐type, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins had stronger inhibitory activity than polymers. At suitable addition levels (0.01–0.1 mg mL−1), the browning of auto‐oxidized flavan‐3‐ols under high temperature compensated the anti‐browning effect along with the supression of the Maillard reaction; therefore, the color of fried potato chips was not affected.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrates that flavan‐3‐ols could be effective additives for reducing HMF levels in fried potato chips without changing sensory properties. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Topsoil pollution as ecological footprint of historical mining activities in Greece
Authors: Kalyvas Georgios , Gasparatos Dionisios , Papassiopi Nymphodora , Massas Ioannis 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFrom ancient times until recently, mining and metallurgical activities in the greater Lavrion area, Greece, have resulted in the production of large amounts of metal wastes that enrich the surrounding soils with toxic metal(loid)s. Since the area is inhabited, soil dust inhalation, consumption of vegetables grown on the contaminated soils, and of dairy products from small ruminants grazing in the area, may impose a real threat for the health of the local residents. After more than 3,000 years of mining history, this study is the first report on the chemical partitioning and behavior of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, and As in the topsoils (0–15 cm) of Lavrion. Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction was applied to 29 topsoil samples and 4 chemical fractions of the studied elements were defined (a) exchangeable/acid soluble (F1), (b) reducible (F2), (c) oxidisable (F3), and (d) residual (RF). Total concentrations of all elements were above the geochemical background. Zinc, Pb, Cd, and As median total concentration values were 4, 9, 1.4, and 17 times higher than the respective intervention thresholds, indicating severe soil pollution. Most of Cd (78.2%), Pb (69.7%), and Zn (53.3%) were found in F1 + F2 sum, suggesting high availability under modified conditions that periodically can occur in soils. Copper, Ni, As, and Cr were mainly associated with the residual fraction. Principal component analysis results showed that F2 fraction of all studied elements was associated to Fe oxides, confirming the crucial role of Fe oxides in metal(loid)s sequestration in the soil matrix.
Changes in the Biological Characteristics of Walleye Pollock Related to Demographic Changes in the East Sea During the Late 20th Century
Authors: Bang Minkyoung , Kang Sukyung , Kim Suam , Jang Chan Joo 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Walleye pollock Gadus chalcogrammus (hereafter, pollock) was one of the predominant fish species in Korean waters during the 1970s and 1980s, but catches decreased rapidly beginning in the late 1980s and the fishery collapsed in the 2000s. The biological characteristics of fish species tend to depend on their biomass and environmental conditions. To investigate the changes in the biological characteristics of pollock (such as their size frequency, condition factor, and maturation) associated with biomass levels as well as the possible causes of the stock collapse as a result of environmental changes, we used data collected by the Korean National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS) during high (1976–1985) and low (1991–2000) periods of pollock biomass. Density-dependent effects on the pollock population were evident in Korean waters: pollock were larger and heavier at length during the low-biomass period. The gonadosomatic index also indicated that the peak spawning season was broad (from October to February) during the high-biomass period and narrower (December and January) during the low-biomass period. The population abundance and recruitment success of Korean pollock appear to have been affected by the warming of the ocean surface from the early 1990s. Thus, we suggest that the biomass fluctuations associated with environmental changes during their early life stages were responsible for the observed changes in the biological properties of pollock.
Intake of Fatty Fish Alters the Size and the Concentration of Lipid Components of HDL Particles and Camelina Sativa Oil Decreases IDL Particle Concentration in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Manninen Suvi M. , Lankinen Maria A. , de Mello Vanessa D. , Laaksonen David E. , Schwab Ursula S. , Erkkilä Arja T. 
Published: April 2018

ScopeIntake of long‐chain n‐3 PUFAs affects the lipoprotein subclass profile, whereas the effect of shorter chain n‐3 PUFAs remains unclear. We investigated the effect of fish and camelina sativa oil (CSO) intakes on lipoprotein subclasses.Methods and resultsAltogether, 79 volunteers with impaired glucose metabolism were randomly assigned to CSO, fatty fish (FF), lean fish (LF), or control group for 12 weeks. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine lipoprotein subclasses and their lipid components. The average HDL particle size increased in the FF group (overall p = 0.032) as compared with the control group. Serum concentrations of cholesterol in HDL and HDL2 (overall p = 0.024 and p = 0.021, respectively) and total lipids and phospholipids in large HDL particles (overall p = 0.012 and p = 0.019, respectively) increased in the FF group, differing significantly from the LF group. The concentration of intermediate‐density lipoprotein (IDL) particles decreased in the CSO group (overall p = 0.033) as compared with the LF group.ConclusionOur study suggests that FF intake causes a shift toward larger HDL particles and increases the concentration of lipid components in HDL, which may be associated with the antiatherogenic properties of HDL. Furthermore, CSO intake decreases IDL particle concentration. These changes may favorably affect cardiovascular risk.
Stabilized low‐order finite elements for strongly coupled poromechanical problems
Authors: Li Wentao , Wei Changfu 
Published: April 2018

SummaryFinite element solutions of poromechanical problems often exhibit oscillating pore pressures in the limits of low permeability, fast loading rates, coarse meshes, and/or small time step sizes. To suppress completely the pore pressure oscillations, a stabilized finite element scheme with a better performance on monotonicity is proposed for modeling compressible fluid‐saturated porous media. This method, based on the polynomial pressure projection technique, allows the use of linear equal‐order interpolation for both displacement and pore pressure fields, which is more straightforward for both code development and maintenance compared to others. By employing the discrete maximum principle, a proper stabilization parameter is deduced, which is efficient to guarantee the monotonicity and optimal in theory in the 1‐dimensional case. An appealing feature of the method is that the stabilization parameter is evaluated in terms of the properties of porous material only, while no mesh or time step size is involved. Through comparing the numerical simulations with the analytical benchmarks, the efficiency of the proposed stabilization scheme is confirmed.
Animal husbandry strategies in Eastern Zhou China: An isotopic study on faunal remains from the Central Plains
Authors: Zhou L. , Hou Y. , Wang J. , Han Z. , Garvie‐Lok S.J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTextual records and archaeological evidence reflect prosperous animal farming in the Eastern Zhou of ancient China (770–220 BC), but knowledge of how these animals were fed is limited. Here, we present the first stable isotopic study investigating animal husbandry strategies of this period. Isotopic features of faunal remains of 5 species discovered in Songzhuang cemetery suggest that pigs and dogs were fed on mixed diets with substantial internal variation, and cattle were fed mainly on a C4‐based diet. This is similar to the situation found in another Eastern Zhou cemetery, Tianli. Evidence from the 2 sites demonstrates that domesticated omnivores were raised in quite flexible ways, but cattle raising practices show consistency in different areas of China's Central Plains. Inter‐burial analysis of isotopic data suggests a very small scale of cattle farming during this period. Temporal comparison reveals that early Bronze Age people on the Plains had already established practices of provisioning cattle with C4 plants, and that these practices were inherited by Eastern Zhou people without significant change. However, manuring practices of the historical period likely elevated stable nitrogen isotope values of cattle slightly relative to Bronze Age values. This study sheds light on animal management practices on the plains during early historical times, and also provides faunal isotopic values for reference in studies of contemporary human diets.
Dyke–Davidoff–Masson syndrome in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages Armenia—a cause of trepanation?
Authors: Khudaverdyan A.Y. , Hovhanesyan А.А. , Engibaryan A.A. , Hobosyan S.G. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntentionally opened skulls are considered to be the most fascinating of palaeopathological findings. This paper regards the discovery of a new trepanated skull dating from the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages (1500–1400 BC) found at a burial site of Bardzryal, Armenia. Attention was first paid to trepanation technique, second—the description of methods of trepanations, third—to surgical procedures, and finally, to the cause of trepanation. The remains were examined by standard macromorphological and X‐ray methods of bioarchaeology. Bone nodules resulting from Dyke–Davidoff–Masson syndrome (DDMS) were observed on the endocranial surface of the frontal bone of a female. Regardless of provenance DDMS, which seems to be a possible cause of trepanation in women, is rarely seen in historic populations. Along with DDMS, porotic hyperostosis and osteomas were also observed. This observation constituted the first evidence of DDMS in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Armenia.
Defining Cell Identity with Single‐Cell Omics
Authors: Mincarelli Laura , Lister Ashleigh , Lipscombe James , Macaulay Iain C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCells are a fundamental unit of life, and the ability to study the phenotypes and behaviors of individual cells is crucial to understanding the workings of complex biological systems. Cell phenotypes (epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic) exhibit dramatic heterogeneity between and within the different cell types and states underlying cellular functional diversity. Cell genotypes can also display heterogeneity throughout an organism, in the form of somatic genetic variation—most notably in the emergence and evolution of tumors. Recent technical advances in single‐cell isolation and the development of omics approaches sensitive enough to reveal these aspects of cell identity have enabled a revolution in the study of multicellular systems. In this review, we discuss the technologies available to resolve the genomes, epigenomes, transcriptomes, proteomes, and metabolomes of single cells from a wide variety of living systems.
A Proteomics Approach to Identify Candidate Proteins Secreted by Müller Glia that Protect Ganglion Cells in the Retina
Authors: Ruzafa Noelia , Pereiro Xandra , Lepper Marlen F. , Hauck Stefanie M. , Vecino Elena 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe retinal Müller glial cells, can enhance the survival and activity of neurons, especially of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which are the neurons affected in diseases such as glaucoma, diabetes, and retinal ischemia. It has been demonstrated that Müller glia release neurotrophic factors that support RGC survival, yet many of these factors remain to be elucidated. To define these neurotrophic factors, a quantitative proteomic approach was adopted aiming at identifying neuroprotective proteins. First, the conditioned medium from porcine Müller cells cultured in vitro under three different conditions were isolated and these conditioned media were tested for their capacity to promote survival of primary adult RGCs in culture. Mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify proteins in the conditioned medium, and osteopontin (SPP1), clusterin (CLU), and basigin (BSG) were selected as candidate neuroprotective factors. SPP1 and BSG significantly enhance RGC survival in vitro, indicating that the survival‐promoting activity of the Müller cell secretome is multifactorial, and that SPP1 and BSG contribute to this activity. Thus, the quantitative proteomics strategy identify proteins secreted by Müller glia that are potentially novel neuroprotectants, and it may also serve to identify other bioactive proteins or molecular markers.