bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the effectiveness of state tax and expenditure policies to encourage entrepreneurship
Authors: Bruce Donald , Glass Elizabeth A. , Harris Matthew C. 
Published: September 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to expand the empirical literature on state tax and expenditure policies and entrepreneurial activity in several meaningful ways.Design/methodology/approachThe authors update the panel data to include several more recent years and also consider other elements of state policy.FindingsThe most important takeaway is that even after dealing with some of the known shortcomings of dynamic panel analysis, we are still not able to find economically meaningful impacts of state tax and expenditure policies (generally defined) on entrepreneurial performance.Research limitations/implicationsEarlier studies that have found statistical significance have generally been limited to extensive-margin impacts on such things as self-employment rates or counts of new or small firms. When the authors examine what policy makers actually care about – things like income and employment among entrepreneurial ventures – the authors do not find much in the way of useful policy impacts.Practical implicationsTo be sure, the authors find entrepreneurial performance to be statistically significantly related to certain tax rates and expenditure amounts, but the magnitudes of our estimated results cast serious doubts on the usefulness of these particular policy levers for generating meaningful improvements in entrepreneurial success.Originality/valueThe authors’ primary contribution is to improve the empirical consideration of the time series properties of the data. The authors provide a battery of more general and robust analyses to more completely surround the question.
How do academicians cope with occupational stressors to alleviate burnout? The experience of a research university
Authors: Kassim Mohd Shaiful Azlan , Ismail Rosnah , Mohd Yusoff Hanizah , Ismail Noor Hassim 
Published: September 2019

Purpose
University academicians are struggling to engage in teaching, supervision, research and publication. The purpose of this paper is to determine how academicians cope with the various burdens of academia work stressors to overcome burnout.

Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2017. In total, 327 research university academicians were selected using a proportional stratified randomized sampling. Validated measures were used to collect data on perceived work stressors (teaching, research, interpersonal conflicts and career development), coping strategies (adaptive and maladaptive coping) and perceived burnout (emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization and personal accomplishment (PA)). The data were gathered via computer assisted self-interviewing (CASI). The research statistical model was tested by two-steps of assessment replicating covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) with bootstrapping procedure to generalize the sample to the hypothesized model.

Findings
Overall data fit the hypothesized model well (CMIN/df=1.788, GFI=0.833, CFI=0.921, TLI=0.916, RMSEA=0.047) with various degree of explanatory value for EE, depersonalization and PA were 60, 49 and 22 percent, respectively. Academicians were resilient against the burden of teaching. However, they did adopt coping mechanisms to overcome research challenges and interpersonal conflicts. The effects of research and interpersonal conflicts on tri-dimensional burnout mediated by maladaptive coping (f2 effect size=0.37) had a larger effect than interpersonal conflicts toward burnout mediated by adaptive coping (f2 effect size=0.02).

Practical implications
Academicians adopt maladaptive coping for research and interpersonal conflicts to suppress burnout. An integrative approach at both organization and individual levels is crucial to enhance appropriate coping mechanism to curb with burnout among the academicians of a research university.

Originality/value
This is the first study in Malaysia which uniquely estimate the effects of academician’s work stressors toward burnout with introducing coping strategies as mediators toward work stressors and burnout relationship which has been analyzed via CB-SEM.
For everything there is a season: Analysing periodic mortality patterns with the cyclomortr package
Authors: Gurarie Eliezer , Thompson Peter R. , Kelly Allicia P. , Larter Nicholas C. , Fagan William F. , Joly Kyle 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Many important demographic processes are seasonal, including survival. For many species, mortality risk is significantly higher at certain times of the year than at others, whether because resources are scarce, susceptibility to predators or disease is high, or both. Despite the importance of survival modelling in wildlife sciences, no tools are available to estimate the peak, duration and relative importance of these ‘seasons of mortality’.

We present cyclomort, an r package that estimates the timing, duration and intensity of any number of mortality seasons with reliable confidence intervals. The package includes a model selection approach to determine the number of mortality seasons and to test whether seasons of mortality vary across discrete grouping factors.

We illustrate the periodic hazard function model and workflow of cyclomort with simulated data. We then estimate mortality seasons of two caribou Rangifer tarandus populations that have strikingly different mortality patterns, including different numbers and timing of mortality peaks, and a marked change in one population over time.

The cyclomort package was developed to estimate mortality seasons for wildlife, but the package can model any time‐to‐event processes with a periodic component.
Is fear of childbirth related to the woman’s preferred location for giving birth? A Dutch low‐risk cohort study
Authors: Sluijs Anne‐Marie , Cleiren Marc P.H.D. , van Lith Jan M.M. , Wijma Barbro , Wijma Klaas 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn The Netherlands, women with low‐risk pregnancy are routinely given the option of home birth, providing a unique opportunity to study the relationship between fear of childbirth (FOC) and preference for childbirth location, and whether women experience higher FOC when the actual location differs from their preference.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, 331 nulliparous and parous women completed a questionnaire at gestational week 30 (T1) and two months postpartum (T2). FOC was assessed using versions A (T1) and B (T2) of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W‐DEQ).ResultsAt T1, women who preferred home birth had significantly lower FOC compared with women who preferred a hospital birth (mean ± SD W‐DEQ scores: 55 ± 19.8 and 64 ± 18.3, respectively, P < .01). About 28% of women who responded at T2 gave birth at home. Congruence between the preferred and actual childbirth location was not predictive of FOC assessed at T2 when adjusted for obstetric and psychological variables. In an extended analysis, we found that except for prepartum FOC, the following variables also correlated with postpartum FOC: being referred because of complications and poor neonatal condition.ConclusionsCompared to women who prefer hospital birth, women who prefer home birth have lower prepartum and postpartum FOC. Giving birth at a location other than the preferred location does not appear to affect postpartum FOC. Whether giving birth at home or in the hospital, caregivers should pay extra attention to women with high FOC because they are vulnerable to postpartum FOC, especially after a complicated birth and referral.
Foreign Object Impact Damage in Ceramic Matrix Composites: Experiments and Computational Predictions
Authors: Kumar Rajesh S. , Mordasky Matthew D. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Foreign object impact of ceramic matrix composite (CMC) materials and components in a gas turbine engine environment could be detrimental to engine performance and hence must be accounted for in the design of such components. This paper is concerned with experiments and computational modeling of foreign object impact phenomenon in silicon carbide (SiC)-based CMC. Controlled impact experiments were conducted on the CMC material using a gas-gun apparatus with spherical hardened steel projectile. The internal damage state within the CMC specimens was assessed using X-ray computed tomography scan technique. The computational modeling involved explicit dynamic finite element (FE) simulation of the impact process wherein either delamination mechanism is modeled or both ply damage and delamination mechanisms are modeled in a coupled manner. The delamination mechanism is modeled explicitly using cohesive-zone (CZ) fracture mechanics approach, whereas, the ply-damage mechanisms are modeled implicitly using simplified continuum damage mechanics approach. The simulation results were found to be in reasonable qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, it is shown that modeling both the ply damage and delamination mechanisms are essential to predict the correct delamination pattern even for intermediate velocity impacts that leads to predominantly delamination damage. The predictive nature of the modeling approach is demonstrated and approaches to enhance the models are also discussed.
Associations between occupational relative aerobic workload and resting blood pressure among different age groups: a cross-sectional analysis in the DPhacto study
Authors: Korshøj Mette , Clays Els , Krause Niklas , Gupta Nidhi , Jørgensen Marie Birk , Holtermann Andreas 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveHigh levels of occupational physical activity (OPA) increase heart rate, blood pressure (BP) and the risk of hypertension. Older workers may be more vulnerable to high levels of OPA due to age-related degeneration of the cardiovascular system and cardiorespiratory fitness. This study investigates the association of relative aerobic workload (RAW) with resting BP and examines if this relation is moderated by age.DesignCross-sectional epidemiological study.SettingData were collected among employees of 15 Danish companies in the cleaning, manufacturing and transport sectors.Participants2107 employees were invited for participation, of these 1087 accepted and 562 (42% female and 4% non-Westerns) were included in the analysis based on the criteria of being non-pregnant, no allergy to bandages, sufficient amount of heart rate data corresponding to ≥4 work hours per workday or 75% of average work hours, and no missing outcome and confounder values.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was BP.ResultsHeart rate reserve was estimated from ambulatory 24-hour heart rate measures covering 2.5 workdays per participant (SD 1.0 day). Age significantly moderated the association between RAW and BP. Mean intensity and duration of high RAW (≥30% heart rate reserve) showed positive associations with diastolic BP and negative associations with pulse pressure (PP) among participants ≥47 years old. Tendencies towards negative associations between RAW and BP were seen among participants <47 years old.ConclusionsMean intensity and duration of RAW increased diastolic BP among participants ≥47 years old. Negative associations with PP may be due to healthy worker selection bias. Prevention of hypertension should consider reductions in RAW for ageing workers.
Assessing non-conveyed patients in the ambulance service: a phenomenological interview study with Swedish ambulance clinicians
Authors: Lederman Jakob , Löfvenmark Caroline , Djärv Therese , Lindström Veronica , Elmqvist Carina 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivesTo combat overcrowding in emergency departments, ambulance clinicians (ACs) are being encouraged to make on-site assessments regarding patients’ need for conveyance to hospital, and this is creating new and challenging demands for ACs. This study aimed to describe ACs’ experiences of assessing non-conveyed patients.DesignA phenomenological interview study based on a reflective lifeworld research approach.SettingThe target area for the study was Stockholm, Sweden, which has a population of approximately 2.3 million inhabitants. In this area, 73 ambulances perform approximately just over 200 000 ambulance assignments annually, and approximately 25 000 patients are non-conveyed each year.Informants11 ACs.MethodsIn-depth open-ended interviews.ResultsACs experience uncertainty regarding the accuracy of their assessments of non-conveyed patients. In particular, they fear conducting erroneous assessments that could harm patients. Avoiding hasty decisions is important for conducting safe patient assessments. Several challenging paradoxes were identified that complicate the non-conveyance situation, namely; responsibility, education and feedback paradoxes. The core of the responsibility paradox is that the increased responsibility associated with non-conveyance assessments is not accompanied with appropriate organisational support. Thus, frustration is experienced. The education paradox involves limited and inadequate non-conveyance education. This, in combination with limited support from non-conveyance guidelines, causes the clinical reality to be perceived as challenging and problematic. Finally, the feedback paradox relates to the obstruction of professional development as a result of an absence of learning possibilities after assessments. Additionally, ACs also described loneliness during non-conveyance situations.ConclusionsThis study suggests that, for ACs, performing non-conveyance assessments means experiencing a paradoxical professional existence. Despite these aggravating paradoxes, however, complex non-conveyance assessments continue to be performed and accompanied with limited organisational support. To create more favourable circumstances and, hopefully, safer assessments, further studies that focus on these paradoxes and non-conveyance are needed.
Practice patterns among early-career primary care (ECPC) physicians and workforce planning implications: protocol for a mixed methods study
Authors: Lavergne M Ruth , Goldsmith Laurie J , Grudniewicz Agnes , Rudoler David , Marshall Emily Gard , Ahuja Megan , Blackie Doug , Burge Fred , Gibson Richard J , Glazier Richard H , Hawrylyshyn Steve , Hedden Lindsay , Hernandez-Lee Jacalynne , Horrey Kathleen , Joyce Mike , Kiran Tara , MacKenzie Adrian , Mathews Maria , McCracken Rita , McGrail Kimberlyn , McKay Madeleine , McPherson Charmaine , Mitra Goldis , Sampalli Tara , Scott Ian , Snadden David , Murphy Gail Tomblin , Wong Sabrina T 
Published: September 2019

IntroductionCanadians report persistent problems accessing primary care despite an increasing per-capita supply of primary care physicians (PCPs). There is speculation that PCPs, especially those early in their careers, may now be working less and/or choosing to practice in focused clinical areas rather than comprehensive family medicine, but little evidence to support or refute this. The goal of this study is to inform primary care planning by: (1) identifying values and preferences shaping the practice intentions and choices of family medicine residents and early career PCPs, (2) comparing practice patterns of early-career and established PCPs to determine if changes over time reflect cohort effects (attributes unique to the most recent cohort of PCPs) or period effects (changes over time across all PCPs) and (3) integrating findings to understand the dynamics among practice intentions, practice choices and practice patterns and to identify policy implications.Methods and analysisWe plan a mixed-methods study in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Ontario and Nova Scotia. We will conduct semi-structured in-depth interviews with family medicine residents and early-career PCPs and analyse survey data collected by the College of Family Physicians of Canada. We will also analyse linked administrative health data within each province. Mixed methods integration both within the study and as an end-of-study step will inform how practice intentions, choices and patterns are interrelated and inform policy recommendations.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Simon Fraser University Research Ethics Board with harmonised approval from partner institutions. This study will produce a framework to understand practice choices, new measures for comparing practice patterns across jurisdictions and information necessary for planners to ensure adequate provider supply and patient access to primary care.
Body mass index variation over time and associated factors among HIV-positive adults on second-line ART in north-west Ethiopia: a retrospective follow-up study
Authors: Baraki Adhanom Gebreegziabher , Gezie Lemma Derseh , Zeleke Ejigu Gebeye , Awoke Tadesse , Tsegaye Adino Tesfahun 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the evolution of body mass index (BMI) of HIV-positive adults on second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) over time and factors affecting it in north-west Ethiopia.DesignAn institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted using data extracted from 1016 patient cards from February 2008 to February 2016.SettingEight referral hospitals from Amhara region, Ethiopia were included.ParticipantsHIV patients who started second-line ART.Outcome measuresChange in BMI since starting second-line ART.ResultsFive hundred and thirty-eight (52.95%) participants were males and the median age of the participants was 33 years (IQR: 28; 39). The median follow-up time was 18 months (IQR: 5.2; 32.2). The average change of BMI showed linear increase over time. The amount of BMI increment or decrement according to each variable was shown as β coefficients. Treatment duration (β=0.013, 95% CI 0.004 to 0.022), isoniazid prophylaxis (β=0.87, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.42), cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (β=0.63, 95% CI 0.08 to 1.19), ambulatory functional status (β=−1.16, 95% CI −1.95 to 1.31), bedridden functional status (β=−1.83, 95% CI −2.47 to 1.21), WHO stage III (β=−0.42, 95% CI −0.65 to 0.20), WHO stage IV (β=−0.62, 95% CI −1.02 to 0.22), CD4 count (β=0.001, 95% CI 0.0008 to 0.0015), and time interaction of variables like tertiary educational status (β=0.02, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.04), ambulatory functional status (β=0.03, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.05) and WHO stages III (β=0.01, 95% CI 0.007 to 0.02) were found to be significant predictors.ConclusionThe BMI of patients has shown linear increment over the treatment time. Factors affecting it have been identified but its effect on cardiovascular disease needs further study.
Energy Fluxes in Coastal Trapped Waves
Authors: Musgrave R. C. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe calculation of energy flux in coastal trapped wave modes is reviewed in the context of tidal energy pathways near the coast. The significant barotropic pressures and currents associated with coastal trapped wave modes mean that large errors in estimating the wave flux are incurred if only the baroclinic component is considered. A specific example is given showing that baroclinic flux constitutes only 10% of the flux in a mode-1 wave for a reasonable choice of stratification and bathymetry. The interpretation of baroclinic energy flux and barotropic-to-baroclinic conversion at the coast is discussed: in contrast to the open ocean, estimates of baroclinic energy flux do not represent a wave energy flux; neither does conversion represent the scattering of energy from the tidal Kelvin wave to higher modes.
Determination of the DNA repair pathways utilised by acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells following daunorubicin treatment
Authors: Al-Aamri Hussain Mubarak , Irving Helen R. , Meehan-Andrews Terri , Bradley Christopher 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
DNA double strand breaks (DNA-DSBs) are among the most lethal DNA lesions leading to genomic instability and repaired by either homologous recombination (HR) or the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to assess the importance and the level of activation of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathways in three cell lines, CCRF-CEM and MOLT-4 derived from T lymphocytes and SUP-B15 derived from B lymphocytes following treatment with chemotherapy agent daunorubicin.

Results
The Gamma histone H2AX (γH2AX) assay was used assess the effects of DNA-PK inhibitor NU7026 and RAD51 inhibitor RI-2 on repair of DNA-DSB following treatment with daunorubicin. In all cell lines, the NHEJ DNA repair pathway appeared more rapid and efficient. MOLT-4 and CCFR-CEM cells utilised both NHEJ and HR pathways for DNA-DSB repair. Whereas, SUP-B15 cells utilised only NHEJ for DSB repair, suggestive of a deficiency in HR repair pathways.
Is chronic urticaria more than skin deep?
Authors: Kocatürk Emek , Grattan Clive 
Published: September 2019

AbstractChronic urticaria is a disease characterized by the appearance of weals, angioedema or both longer than 6 weeks. Degranulation of cutaneous or submucosal mast cells leads to release of mediators including histamine resulting in redness, swelling and itch. Because mast cells are widely distributed throughout the body, the question is why they are not activated systemically or does systemic activation occur without overt end organ dysfunction? We have conducted an exploratory literature search for reports that have evidence of organ-specific dysfunction in chronic urticaria that might justify prospective observational studies. This search revealed some evidence of systemic effects of chronic urticaria in cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, central nervous and musculo-skeletal systems. The relevance of these findings needs to be further determined. However, they justify prospective studies in larger numbers of patients and at different stages of disease activity.
Ion milling: the perfect cross-section of a painted textile
Authors: Smith M. J. , Schmidt T. , Thompson K. , Dixon M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The successful study and conservation of historical objects is greatly enhanced by accurate materials analysis. Here embedded cross-sections from a processional marching banner were viewed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) pre and post ion milling The application of ion-milling to the resin embedded cross-sections of the painted textile improved the sample surface resulting in greatly enhanced SEM images by producing clear distinctions between layers. It also enabled clear images which show the areas where ingress of the ground paint layer had seeped into the textile support in some areas and not on others. This perhaps indicates deliberate differences in the preparation layer depending on the type of final painting layer or it could simply be due to a lack of accuracy in its application prior to painting. The analysis of cross-section samples from painted textiles often includes the textile itself making sample preparation more complex due to the possibility of fraying of the textile during sample polishing; the ion-milling technique prevented this from occurring. To enhance findings further analysis on these ion milled cross-section samples by the use of mapping spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman would facilitate material identification of the layers.