bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latency of skin conductance responses across stimulus modalities
Authors: Sjouwerman R. , Lonsdorf T. B. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractReproducibility and methodological robustness are of major concern in research today, also with respect to autonomic measures. Quantification of skin conductance responses (SCRs), for instance, relies on response characteristics such as response onset (i.e., latency), which were established more than four decades ago by using paper‐pencil methods. Since then, data acquisition has advanced to digital methods, improving sampling rates up to 100,000 samples/second and thereby improving resolution and accuracy. Here, SCR latency as a major characteristic for defining an appropriate response window is revisited by using state‐of‐the‐art equipment. Furthermore, SCR latencies are investigated across different stimulus modalities (tactile, auditory, visual) and with respect to their temporal dynamics over the course of a learning experiment (i.e., fear conditioning). The established response latency criteria were largely confirmed even though results did suggest an even narrower and potential stimulus modality‐specific latency criterion. Exploratory analyses investigating individual differences in SCR latencies provided first evidence for a role of sex and cognitive effects (i.e., contingency awareness) while dispositional negativity as well as other personality traits did not affect SCR latencies. Consequently, SCR latencies might have an informative and discriminative value beyond a solely criterial function for defining response windows. The current findings may help to improve the rigor of using SCRs and suggest that SCR latency as a descriptive measure warrants further investigation.
Elegant Science Narratives and Unintended Influences: An Agenda for the Science of Science Communication
Authors: Blanton Hart , Ikizer Elif G. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractScientists must share their work with the public in order to promote science‐based public discourse and policies. These acts of science communication are often evaluated in terms of their ability to inform (i.e., introduce accurate and accessible information) and engage (i.e., capture interest and maintain attention). We focus on a third basis by which science communication might be judged, influence. Science communicators exert influence when they shape public opinions in ways that affect their judgments and decisions, alter social and political discourse and debate, and guide social policy. We describe how the influence of any given science communication should be evaluated independent of its ability to inform or engage. We give particular attention in our analysis to the often unintended influences that well‐meaning science communicators can have. We begin by considering ways that communications from climate scientists might reduce support for climate regulation and communications from health scientists might undermine public health. We then develop two “case studies,” drawn from social psychology. These show how popular media descriptions of the science of racial bias and disadvantage might in some cases exacerbate racial discrimination and reduce concern for the disadvantaged. We close with an agenda for a more vigorous science of science communication; one that engages in two complementary pursuits. Critical studies identify the dominant and consequential effects that popular science communicators are having on public perceptions. Strategic studies advance and empirically test communication strategies that scientists can pursue to reduce—rather than exacerbate—social problems.
The large sample coverage probability of confidence intervals in general regression models after a preliminary hypothesis test
Authors: Kabaila Paul , Kuveke Rupert E. H. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe derive a computationally convenient formula for the large sample coverage probability of a confidence interval for a scalar parameter of interest following a preliminary hypothesis test that a specified vector parameter takes a given value in a general regression model. Previously, this large sample coverage probability could only be estimated by simulation. Our formula only requires the evaluation, by numerical integration, of either a double or a triple integral, irrespective of the dimension of this specified vector parameter. We illustrate the application of this formula to a confidence interval for the odds ratio of myocardial infarction when the exposure is recent oral contraceptive use, following a preliminary test where two specified interactions in a logistic regression model are zero. For this real‐life data, we compare this large sample coverage probability with the actual coverage probability of this confidence interval, obtained by simulation.
In vitro invasiveness and intracellular survival of Salmonella strains isolated from the aquatic environment
Authors: Ramírez Karina , Burgueño‐Roman Areli , Castro‐del Campo Nohelia , López‐Moreno Héctor S. , Chaidez Cristobal 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSalmonella has a life cycle between the host and the external environment where it is exposed to stressful conditions that may affect its virulence. In this study, we compared the capability of two aquatic (S. Oranienburg S76 and Saintpaul S70) and one clinical isolates (S. Oranienburg S347) to adhere and invade epithelial cells, and to survive within macrophages. S76 and S70, were less adherent to Caco‐2 cells than S347, but they were more invasive. The intracellular survival and growth of S76 in macrophages was increased with time, while S347 showed the highest peak value and S70 survived at moderate levels. Induced cell death in infected epithelial cells and macrophages revealed no differences between all strains. In conclusion, the contrasting responses detected between environmental and clinical isolates could indicate the importance of the distinct adaptation conditions of the strains to the isolation environment that could differentially affect their interaction with the host.
EMERSONIAN VIRTUES OF THE ANTHROPOCENE: FAITH, HOPE, AND LOVE
Authors: Dumler‐Winckler Emily 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe natural sciences and religion are two of the primary modern social practices that, for better and worse, shape our relationship to nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson helps us to think about their relation to one another and the virtues needed for the perfection of each. His insights about virtue and the “religious sentiment” shed light on how we moderns might make a home of a world indelibly marked by science, technology, and anthropogenic change. In addition to the quintessentially Emersonian virtue of self‐trust, the virtues of faith, hope, and love are vital for this home‐making endeavor. Emerson, thus, prefigures what prominent environmental ethicists have described as a “turn to virtue in climate ethics,” as well as what some see as a return to religious communities, values, and ideals, as the way forward. By guiding readers through Emerson's early work Nature and his late essay “Worship,” this article provides an account of these three traditionally theological Emersonian virtues of the Anthropocene.
THE POSSIBILITY OF A THEOLOGY‐ENGAGED SCIENCE: A RESPONSE TO PERRY AND RITCHIE
Authors: Torrance Andrew B. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article provides a response to John Perry and Sarah Lane Ritchie's article, “Magnets Magic, and Other Anomalies: In Defense of Methodological Naturalism.” In so doing, it provides a defense of some of the arguments I made in my article, “Should a Christian Adopt Methodological Naturalism?” I begin by addressing some of the confusion about my position. However, it is not simply my intention to address confusions. There remain some fundamental differences between my position and Perry and Ritchie's. It is on these differences that I wish to focus––differences that enable me to maintain my critique of methodological naturalism without falling prey to the problems they raise. Constructively, I advance the argument that the Christian scientist should be open to the possibility of theology‐engaged science, as well as the science‐engaged theology that Perry and Ritchie advocate.
Effect of increased inspiratory muscle work on blood flow to inactive and active limbs during submaximal dynamic exercise
Authors: Katayama Keisho , Goto Kanako , Shimizu Kaori , Saito Mitsuru , Ishida Koji , Zhang Luyu , Shiozawa Kana , Sheel A. William 
Published: November 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Increased respiratory muscle activation is associated with neural and cardiovascular consequences via the respiratory muscle metaboreflex. Does increased sympathetic vasoconstriction originating from the respiratory musculature elicit a reduction in blood flow to an inactive limb in order to maintain blood flow to an active limb?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Arm blood flow was reduced whereas leg blood flow was preserved during mild leg exercise with inspiratory resistance. Blood flow to the active limb is maintained via sympathetic control of blood flow redistribution when the respiratory muscle‐induced metaboreflex is activated.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of increasing inspiratory muscle work on blood flow to inactive and active limbs. Healthy young men (n = 10, 20 ± 2 years of age) performed two bilateral dynamic knee‐extension and knee‐flexion exercise tests at 40% peak oxygen uptake for 10 min. The trials consisted of spontaneous breathing for 5 min followed by voluntary hyperventilation either with or without inspiratory resistance for 5 min (40% of maximal inspiratory mouth pressure, inspiratory duty cycle of 50% and a breathing frequency of 40 breaths min−1). Mean arterial blood pressure was acquired using finger photoplethysmography. Blood flow in the brachial artery (inactive limb) and in the femoral artery (active limb) were monitored using Doppler ultrasound. Mean arterial blood pressure during exercise was higher (P < 0.05) with inspiratory resistance (121 ± 7 mmHg) than without resistance (99 ± 5 mmHg). Brachial artery blood flow increased during exercise without inspiratory resistance (120 ± 31 ml min−1) compared with the resting level, whereas it was attenuated with inspiratory resistance (65 ± 43 ml min−1). Femoral artery blood flow increased at the onset of exercise and was maintained throughout exercise without inspiratory resistance (2576 ± 640 ml min−1) and was unchanged when inspiratory resistance was added (2634 ± 659 ml min−1; P > 0.05). These results suggest that sympathetic control of blood redistribution to active limbs is facilitated, in part, by the respiratory muscle‐induced metaboreflex.
Rotating night shift work and adherence to unhealthy lifestyle in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes: results from two large US cohorts of female nurses
Authors: Shan Zhilei , Li Yanping , Zong Geng , Guo Yanjun , Li Jun , Manson JoAnn E , Hu Frank B , Willett Walter C , Schernhammer Eva S , Bhupathiraju Shilpa N 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo prospectively evaluate the joint association of duration of rotating night shift work and lifestyle factors with risk of type 2 diabetes risk, and to quantitatively decompose this joint association to rotating night shift work only, to lifestyle only, and to their interaction.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingNurses’ Health Study (1988-2012) and Nurses’ Health Study II (1991-2013).Participants143 410 women without type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline.ExposuresRotating night shift work was defined as at least three night shifts per month in addition to day and evening shifts in that month. Unhealthy lifestyles included current smoking, physical activity levels below 30 minutes per day at moderate to vigorous intensity, diet in the bottom three fifths of the Alternate Healthy Eating Index score, and body mass index of 25 or above.Main outcome measuresIncident cases of type 2 diabetes were identified through self report and validated by a supplementary questionnaire.ResultsDuring 22-24 years of follow-up, 10 915 cases of incident type 2 diabetes occurred. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for type 2 diabetes were 1.31 (95% confidence interval 1.19 to 1.44) per five year increment of duration of rotating night shift work and 2.30 (1.88 to 2.83) per unhealthy lifestyle factor (ever smoking, low diet quality, low physical activity, and overweight or obesity). For the joint association of per five year increment rotating night shift work and per unhealthy lifestyle factor with type 2 diabetes, the hazard ratio was 2.83 (2.15 to 3.73) with a significant additive interaction (P for interaction <0.001). The proportions of the joint association were 17.1% (14.0% to 20.8%) for rotating night shift work alone, 71.2% (66.9% to 75.8%) for unhealthy lifestyle alone, and 11.3% (7.3% to 17.3%) for their additive interaction.ConclusionsAmong female nurses, both rotating night shift work and unhealthy lifestyle were associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. The excess risk of rotating night shift work combined with unhealthy lifestyle was higher than the addition of risk associated with each individual factor. These findings suggest that most cases of type 2 diabetes could be prevented by adhering to a healthy lifestyle, and the benefits could be greater in rotating night shift workers.
Barriers to specialist palliative care in interstitial lung disease: a systematic review
Authors: Kim Jee Whang , Atkins Chris , Wilson Andrew M 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundCurrent guidelines recommend palliative care based on individual needs for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. However, patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) are less likely to receive specialist palliative care services compared with patients with malignant disease. The aim of this review is to summarise recent studies addressing barriers to referring patients to specialist palliative care services.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Medline and Web of Science were reviewed to identify relevant publications. Studies were selected if they examined the frequency of specialist palliative care referral and/or addressed issues surrounding access to palliative care services for patients with ILD.ResultsTen studies with a total of 4073 people with ILD, 27 caregivers and 18 healthcare professionals were selected and analysed. Frequency of palliative care referrals ranged from 0% to 38%. Delay in palliative care referrals and end-of-life decisions, patients’ fear of talking about the future, prognostic uncertainty and confusion about the roles of palliative care were identified as barriers to accessing palliative care services.ConclusionFurther research should concentrate on the early identification of patients who need specialist palliative care possibly with establishment of criteria to trigger referral ensuring that referrals are also based on patient’s needs.
Association between type of contraceptive use and haemoglobin status among women of reproductive age in 24 sub-Saharan Africa countries
Authors: Gebremedhin Samson , Asefa Anteneh 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundLittle is known whether contraceptive methods differentially modify women’s risk of anaemia or not. We compared the haemoglobin status of women currently using different fertility regulation methods in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where anaemia is a major concern.MethodsWe conducted the study based on the secondary data of 24 nationally representative demographic and health surveys carried out recently in SSA. The data of 105 532 women were included in the analysis. In the original surveys, respondents were selected using multistage sampling techniques and haemoglobin was determined using the HemoCue analyser. The association between method of contraception and anaemia status was determined via a mixed-effects logistic regression model adjusted for potential confounders. The outputs are presented using adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% CI.ResultsThe mean (±SD deviation) haemoglobin was 12.3 (±1.7) g/dl and 36.7% of the women had anaemia. Current use of modern contraceptives, as compared with non-use, was associated with a 25% reduction (AOR=0.75 (95% CI: 0.73 to 0.78)) in the odds of anaemia. Comparison among individual modern methods showed, as compared with current barrier methods users, use of injectables (AOR=0.62 (95% CI: 0.57 to 0.67)), oral contraceptive pills (OCP) (AOR=0.62 (95% CI: 0.57 to 0.66)) and implants (AOR=0.63 (95% CI: 0.58 to 0.70)) were significantly associated with reduced odds of anaemia. With reference to women with less than 12 months of use, the odds were significantly reduced by about a quarter among women with more than 12 months of OCP or injectables use.ConclusionThe use of hormonal contraceptives is associated with lower odds of anaemia.
The EU referendum and mental health in the short term: a natural experiment using antidepressant prescriptions in England
Authors: Vandoros Sotiris , Avendano Mauricio , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundPrevious research has highlighted the impact of economic conditions and uncertainty on physical and mental health. The unexpected result of the Brexit referendum in 2016 triggered high levels of economic uncertainty.ObjectiveTo examine whether prescriptions for antidepressants increased after the referendum result, benchmarking them against other drug classes.MethodsWe used GP practice prescribing data to compile the number of defined daily doses per capita every month in each of the 326 voting areas in England over the period 2011–2016. We used a difference-in-differences (DID) approach to identify the effects of Brexit on antidepressant prescriptions, compared with trends in a control group (antigout and iron preparations) that were unlikely to be associated with uncertainty and depression.ResultsAntidepressant prescribing continued to increase after the referendum but at a slower pace. Therapeutic classes used as controls showed a decrease. The DID approach shows that there was a relative increase of 13.4% in antidepressants compared with other therapeutic classes (DID coeff: 0.134; 95% CI 0.093 to 0.174).ConclusionOur results are open to different interpretations and should be treated with caution. This relative increase in antidepressant prescribing after the referendum may be attributed to increased uncertainty for certain parts of the population, but does not rule out an improvement in mood for others. Alternatively, some other factor—for example, distraction, might have contributed to a decrease in the control therapeutic classes. A possible policy implication is that programmes for the promotion of mental health may need to be intensified during periods of uncertainty.
A NOVEL METHOD TO ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE DETECTION BASED ON NON-INVASIVE ECG IMAGING
Authors: MORIDANI MOHAMMAD KARIMI , POULADIAN MAJID 
Published: November 2018

Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals containing very important information about the cardiac are one of the most common tools for physicians in the diagnosis of various types of cardiac diseases. Low accuracy in positioning, limitation of time accuracy, the similarity of signals between some diseases and normal signals and probability of missing some aspect of data are the defect aspects of this method. Importance of cardiac signals and defects of current methods in diagnosis show the need of substituting a new method to show the activity of cardiac. One of the most dangerous defections is ischemia, which corrects and on time diagnose could avoid the latter effect of it. Each of common methods for diagnosis of this illness has their own advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, we consider describing a non-invasive method for ischemic episode detection based on mapping of ECG signals. With this method, we can present the signals with virtual colors and facilitate the diagnosis of ischemic disease. So, a new method of 12-lead cardiac presentation is described that in fact present the 12-lead signals in two images. The result of this paper will present the indicators of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in the context of disease diagnosis. This paper proposed a novel ECG imaging algorithm for classifying the normal and ischemic signals and 95.35% specificity, 96.79% sensitivity and 95.76% accuracy were achieved which are very much promising compared to the other methods and doctor’s accuracy.
Spleen reactivity during incremental ascent to altitude
Authors: Purdy Graeme M. , James Marina A. , Rees Jordan L. , Ondrus Peter , Keess Jamie L. , Day Trevor A. , Steinback Craig D. 
Published: November 2018

The spleen contains a reservoir of red blood cells that are mobilized into circulation when under physiological stress. Despite the spleen having an established role in compensation to acute hypoxia, no previous work has assessed the role of the spleen during ascent to high altitude. Twelve participants completed 2 min of handgrip exercise at 30% of maximal voluntary contraction at 1,045, 3,440, and 4,240 m. In a subset of eight participants, an infusion of phenylephrine hydrochloride was administered at a dosage of 30 µg/l of predicted blood volume at each altitude. The spleen was imaged by ultrasound via a 2- to 5.5-MHz curvilinear probe. Spleen volume was calculated by the prolate ellipsoid formula. Finger capillary blood samples were taken to measure hematocrit. Spleen images and hematocrit were taken both before and at the end of both handgrip and phenylephrine infusion. No changes in resting spleen volume were observed between altitudes. At low altitude, the spleen contracted in response to handgrip [272.8 ml (SD 102.3) vs. 249.6 ml (SD 105.7), P = 0.009], leading to an increase in hematocrit (42.6% (SD 3.3) vs. 44.3% (SD 3.3), P = 0.023] but did not contract or increase hematocrit at the high-altitude locations. Infusion of phenylephrine led to spleen contraction at all altitudes, but only lead to an increase in hematocrit at low altitude. These data reveal that the human spleen may not contribute to acclimatization to chronic hypoxia, contrary to its response to acute sympathoexcitation. These results are explained by alterations in spleen reactivity to increased sympathetic activation at altitude. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrated that, despite the known role of the human spleen in increasing oxygen delivery to tissues during acute hypoxia scenarios, the spleen does not mobilize red blood cells during ascent to high altitude. Furthermore, the spleen’s response to acute stressors at altitude depends on the nature of the stressor; the spleen’s sensitivity to neurotransmitter is maintained, while its reflex response to stress is dampened.