bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress, Workplace Violence, and Burnout in Nurses Working in King Abdullah Medical City During Al-Hajj Season
Authors: RAYAN Ahmad , SISAN Mo’men , BAKER Omar 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Background:
The Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the largest mass gatherings in the world, is associated with various challenges for nurses. One of these challenges is increased levels of workplace violence. Therefore, handling and mitigating workplace violence against nurses during Hajj, when nurses face a higher risk of violence and most experience stress and burnout, is of particular importance.

Purpose:
The aims of this study were to identify the types and sources of workplace violence, examine the relationship between burnout in nurses and the variables of stress and workplace violence, and identify from the perspective of nurses measures to effectively handle and mitigate these issues during Hajj season.

Methods:
This study used a descriptive correlational design. A convenience sample of 118 nurses completed the Perceived Stress Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the modified version of the Joint Programme on Workplace Violence in the Health Sector published by the International Labour Office in Geneva. Data analysis was done using an independent samples t test and Pearson product–moment correlation.

Results:
One hundred eighteen nurses completed the study. Over two thirds (65%) were female, and 56% reported experiencing at least one type of violence, of which bullying/mobbing, racial harassment, threats, and physical violence accounted for 61%, 15%, 12%, and 12%, respectively. Nurse managers displayed violent behaviors against 54% of the participants. Participants reported high levels of stress and burnout. A positive relationship was found between stress and emotional exhaustion (r = .387, p < .01). Providing effective security measures and staff training regarding how to deal with violence at the workplace were the main measures identified to help reduce workplace violence.

Conclusions:
Providing effective security measures and tailored intervention programs addressing how to deal with violence in the workplace may enable nurses to handle violent behaviors more effectively.
Analgesic effects of the cathepsin K inhibitor L-006235 in the monosodium iodoacetate model of osteoarthritis pain
Authors: Nwosu Lilian N. , Gowler Peter R.W. , Burston James J. , Rizoska Biljana , Tunblad Karin , Lindström Erik , Grabowska Urszula , Li Li , McWilliams Dan F. , Walsh David A. , Chapman Victoria 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Introduction:
The mounting evidence that osteoclasts play an important role in osteoarthritis (OA) pain lead us to investigate the effects of L-006235, a potent and selective inhibitor of cathepsin K, on pain behaviour and joint pathology in a model of OA pain.

Methods:
Effects of preventative (30 and 100 mg/kg) and therapeutic (100 mg/kg) oral dosing with L-006235 on weight-bearing asymmetry, hind paw withdrawal thresholds, cartilage and bone pathology, synovial inflammation, and drug exposure were studied in the monosodium iodoacetate rat model of OA pain.

Results:
Preventative L-006235 inhibited weight-bearing asymmetry from day 14, with this measure nearly abolished by the higher dose. In the same treatment setting, L-006235 prevented lowering of hind paw withdrawal thresholds from day 7. Exposure to L-006235 in plasma was higher for the 100 mg/kg dose, compared with 30 mg/kg. Therapeutic dosing with L-006235 from day 14 significantly inhibited weight-bearing asymmetry, compared with monosodium iodoacetate vehicle rats. Regression analysis revealed a significant interaction coefficient of the effects of L-006235 on weight-bearing asymmetry and synovitis score, but not for cartilage damage nor osteophyte scores.

Conclusion:
Our novel finding that cathepsin K inhibition is analgesic in a clinically relevant model of OA pain provides new evidence for the therapeutic potential of this target.
The ideal patient profile for new beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors
Authors: Montravers Philippe , Bassetti Matteo 
Published: October 2018

Purpose of review
The worldwide spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria, the overuse of carbapenems, the emergence of carbapenemase-producing organisms and the growing importance of multidrug-resistant and/or extended drug-resistant strains have totally changed prescribers’ habits, leading to very few treatment options in many cases. Beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor (BLBLI) combinations should be considered as an alternative to carbapenems for treating ESBL-producing bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. The purpose of this study was to provide insight concerning the patients who would constitute ideal candidates to receive these new BLBLI combinations.

Recent findings
Ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam are the first drugs constituting the use of new beta-lactamase inhibitors. Ceftolozane/tazobactam is the drug of choice for treating MDR/XDR P. aeruginosa infections. Ceftazidime/avibactam is the best drug available for treating KPC and OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Ceftolozane/tazobactam and ceftazidime/avibactam are both carbapenem-sparing agents for treating ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. The role of carbapenem/inhibitors remains to be clarified.

Summary
Each BLBLI combination has distinctive specificities and limitations that need to be investigated cautiously. Randomized trials will play a key role in defining the best strategies. Infection control measures and prompt diagnosis remain fundamental to prevent dissemination of MDR pathogens in healthcare settings and to optimize early antimicrobial treatment.
Antifungal stewardship: developments in the field
Authors: Urbancic Karen F. , Thursky Karin , Kong David C.M. , Johnson Paul D.R. , Slavin Monica A. 
Published: October 2018

Purpose of review
To outline key drivers and components of antifungal stewardship (AFS) programmes, the evidence for specific interventions, and methods to assess performance of programmes.

Recent findings
Recent developments in antifungal resistance and breakthrough invasive fungal diseases have increased the urgency for effective AFS. In practice, however, few hospitals have dedicated AFS programmes. To date, AFS programmes have centred around the provision of expert bedside reviews and have reduced costs and consumption of antifungal agents. Incorporating tools such as fungal diagnostics and therapeutic drug monitoring into AFS programme models is recommended. However, the application and impact of these tools in this context have not been adequately assessed. The effectiveness of AFS programmes has been measured in multiple ways but a standardized method of evaluation remains elusive. Few studies have explored the impact of AFS interventions on patient outcomes.

Summary
The uptake of formal AFS programmes has been slow. New initiatives integrating AFS tools in programmes, and measuring the impacts on patient outcomes are required given such data are not readily available. A comprehensive approach to evaluate AFS programmes by correlating the quantity and quality of antifungal prescribing with impacts on patient outcomes is needed. Consensus definitions for core AFS metrics are required to benchmark performance and are essential to the resourcing and sustainability of these programmes.
Whole-Exome Sequencing of Adult and Pediatric Cohorts of the Rare Vascular Disorder Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome
Authors: Pierce Richard , Ji Weizhen , Chan Eunice C. , Xie Zhihui , Long Lauren M. , Khokha Mustafa , Lakhani Saquib , Druey Kirk M. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Objective:
Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is a rare disorder that presents with episodes of hypovolemic shock. The extent to which genetic abnormalities contribute to SCLS is unknown. We identified pediatric and adult cohorts with characteristic clinical courses. We sought to describe the clinical characteristics of both cohorts, identify a possible genetic contribution to SCLS, and demonstrate that whole-exome sequencing (WES) may be conducted by critical care providers.

Design:
Prospective observational study of WES of nine adult and eight pediatric SCLS patients and available unaffected first-degree relatives.

Setting:
Tertiary children's hospitals and referral research laboratory.

Patients:
Children and adults with SCLS.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements:
Patients and available first-degree relatives underwent WES. Data were analyzed for rare homozygous, biallelic, de novo, and heterozygous variants with allelic enrichment and metabolic pathway analyses.

Main Results:
Children with SCLS presented at a younger age with episodes similar to those experienced by adults. All patients and available relatives underwent satisfactory WES. No overlapping gene variants or metabolic pathways were identified across all SCLS patients. Multiple candidate genes with homozygous or biallelic mutations were identified in individual subjects with SCLS. There was no significant enrichment of genes with rare heterozygous variants.

Conclusions:
The clinical characteristics of children and adults with SCLS are similar. We did not identify a uniform germline exomic genetic etiology for SCLS. WES identified several candidate genes in individual patients for future research. WES is a viable way for critical care providers to investigate the etiology of diseases with presumed genetic contributions.
Plasma Angiopoietin-2/-1 Ratio is Elevated and Angiopoietin-2 Levels Correlate With Plasma Syndecan-1 Following Pediatric Trauma
Authors: Richter Robert P. , Russell Robert T. , Hu Parker J. , Uhlich Rindi M. , Swain Thomas A. , Kerby Jeffrey D. , Pittet Jean-Francois , Richter Jillian R. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Background:
Angiopoietin-1 (Agpt-1) and Agpt-2 are cytokine regulators of vascular endothelial integrity. Elevated plasma Agpt-2 levels and ratios of Agpt-2:Agpt-1 are associated with adverse outcomes in adult trauma and pediatric sepsis populations. However, the behavior of the angiopoietins after pediatric trauma has not been characterized, and their relationship to endothelial glycocalyx damage, indicated by plasma syndecan-1 (Syn-1) levels, has not been established.

Methods:
We performed a secondary analysis of prospectively collected data from 52 pediatric trauma patients and 12 control patients at a level one pediatric trauma center from 2013 to 2016. We measured Agpt-1, Agpt-2, and Syn-1 levels from plasma taken upon hospital arrival and 24 h after admission. Angiopoietin levels were compared to controls, and the correlation between Agpt-2 and Syn-1 was assessed.

Results:
Plasma Agpt-1 and Agpt-2 levels are elevated immediately after pediatric trauma compared with controls. At 24 h, trauma patients demonstrated significantly elevated plasma Agpt-2:Agpt-1 ratios relative to controls due to decline of Agpt-1 levels to near that of controls. Higher 24-h Agpt-2 levels are associated with more hypoperfusion, and elevated 24-h Agpt-2:Agpt-1 ratios are associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Significant positive correlations between Agpt-2 and Syn-1 upon admission and at 24 h after injury were identified.

Conclusion:
Our findings suggest dysregulation of circulating angiopoietins after pediatric trauma that may be linked to endothelial glycocalyx injury. Larger prospective studies are needed to validate these findings and determine the relationship of Agpt-2 with other markers of endotheliopathy.
Early Differential Value of Plasma Presepsin on Infection of Trauma Patients
Authors: Kang Jian , Gong Ping , Zhang Xiao-Dong , Wang Wen-Juan , Li Chun-Sheng 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Objective:
Early differential diagnosis of an infection in a trauma patient is likely to have a significant influence on the prognosis. In the present study, we evaluated the early differential value of plasma presepsin, procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cells (WBCs) on infection in trauma patients.

Methods:
Trauma patients were divided into noninfected (n = 89) and infected trauma groups (n = 68); healthy adult volunteers (n = 60) and patients having sterile surgery (n = 60) were enrolled as the controls. Plasma presepsin, PCT, CRP, and WBC counts were measured and the injury severity score (ISS) was calculated.

Results:
Plasma presepsin levels within the first 3 d of admission were only significantly increased in the infected trauma group, but not in the noninfected trauma and sterile groups. This indicated that presepsin might have an ability to differentiate the infection in trauma patients; however, plasma PCT, CRP, and WBCs were significantly increased in both the infected and noninfected trauma patients. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that only increased plasma presepsin, PCT, and ISS were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of infection in trauma patients. Both presepsin and PCT were valuable for diagnosing infection; presepsin had a higher area under the curve than PCT.

Conclusion:
Presepsin might be a superior biomarker for early differentiation of infection in trauma patients; however, trauma stress elevates PCT, CRP, and WBCs even in the absence of infection; therefore, caution is advised when using these indicators to diagnose infection.
A computational model of the escape response latency in the Giant Fiber System ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Augustin Hrvoje , Zylbertal Asaph , Partridge Linda 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe Giant Fiber System (GFS) is a multi-component neuronal pathway mediating rapid escape response in the adult fruit-flyDrosophila melanogaster, usually in the face of a threatening visual stimulus. Two branches of the circuit promote the response by stimulating an escape jump followed by flight initiation. Our recent work demonstrated an age-associated decline in the speed of signal propagation through the circuit, measured as the stimulus-to-muscle depolarization response latency. The decline is likely due to the diminishing number of interneuronal gap junctions in the GFS of ageing flies. In this work, we presented a realistic conductance-based, computational model of the GFS that recapitulates our experimental results and identifies some of the critical anatomical and physiological components governing the circuit’s response latency. According to our model, anatomical properties of the GFS neurons have a stronger impact on the transmission than neuronal membrane conductance densities. The model provides testable predictions for the effect of experimental interventions on the circuit’s performance in young and ageing flies.
Bright and photostable chemigenetic indicators for extended in vivo voltage imaging
Authors: Abdelfattah Ahmed S. , Kawashima Takashi , Singh Amrita , Novak Ondrej , Liu Hui , Shuai Yichun , Huang Yi-Chieh , Grimm Jonathan B. , Patel Ronak , Friedrich Johannes , Mensh Brett D. , Paninski Liam , Macklin John J. , Podgorski Kaspar , Lin Bei-Jung , Chen Tsai-Wen , Turner Glenn C. , Liu Zhe , Koyama Minoru , Svoboda Karel , Ahrens Misha B. , Lavis Luke D. , Schreiter Eric R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractImaging changes in membrane potential using genetically encoded fluorescent voltage indicators (GEVIs) has great potential for monitoring neuronal activity with high spatial and temporal resolution. Brightness and photostability of fluorescent proteins and rhodopsins have limited the utility of existing GEVIs. We engineered a novel GEVI, ‘Voltron’, that utilizes bright and photostable synthetic dyes instead of protein-based fluorophores, extending the combined duration of imaging and number of neurons imaged simultaneously by more than tenfold relative to existing GEVIs. We used Voltron for in vivo voltage imaging in mice, zebrafish, and fruit flies. In mouse cortex, Voltron allowed single-trial recording of spikes and subthreshold voltage signals from dozens of neurons simultaneously, over 15 minutes of continuous imaging. In larval zebrafish, Voltron enabled the precise correlation of spike timing with behavior.
Serum amyloid A levels in the blood of patients with atopic dermatitis and cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Suzuki Hideko , Sugaya Makoto , Nakajima Rina , Oka Tomonori , Takahashi Naomi , Nakao Momoko , Miyagaki Tomomitsu , Asano Yoshihide , Sato Shinichi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSerum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute phase protein, which activates immune cells and induces cytokines and chemokine. SAA levels in blood have been reported to be elevated in case of inflammation, infections, neoplasia and tissue injury. In this study, we examined SAA levels in the blood of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) and cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). SAA levels in sera of AD patients, those of CTCL patients and those of healthy controls were not significantly different. When AD or CTCL patients were classified by disease severity, there was still no difference in SAA levels. In AD patients, however, SAA levels positively correlated with the number of eosinophils in peripheral blood and serum soluble interleukin‐2 receptor (sIL‐2R) levels. There were significant correlations between SAA levels in blood and the number of white blood cells in peripheral blood and serum sIL‐2R levels in CTCL patients. AD patients without topical steroid treatment and CTCL patients without narrowband ultraviolet B therapy showed increased levels of SAA, which suggested that SAA levels may easily fluctuate with treatment. These results imply a possible contribution of SAA in development of AD and CTCL.
Prediction of therapeutic response before and during i.v. cyclophosphamide pulse therapy for interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: A longitudinal observational study
Authors: Sumida Hayakazu , Asano Yoshihide , Tamaki Zenshiro , Aozasa Naohiko , Taniguchi Takashi , Toyama Tetsuo , Takahashi Takehiro , Ichimura Yohei , Noda Shinji , Akamata Kaname , Saigusa Ryosuke , Miyazaki Miki , Kuwano Yoshihiro , Yanaba Koichi , Yoshizaki Ayumi , Sato Shinichi 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThere have been no established parameters to predict responsiveness to i.v. cyclophosphamide (IVCY) pulse therapy in combination with corticosteroids in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) related to systemic sclerosis (SSc). This retrospective study was conducted to determine predictive factors for efficacy of IVCY at the time of before and during the treatment. Thirty‐two Japanese SSc patients, ever treated for ILD with IVCY in combination with prednisolone, were analyzed retrospectively. We performed detailed time‐course analyses of parameters derived from blood samples and pulmonary function tests. With the exclusion of eight unclassified patients, 24 patients were classified into 14 good responders (GR) or 10 poor responders (PR) on the basis of changes in percent predicted diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLco). Pretreatment percent predicted DLco was significantly reduced in PR compared with GR. In addition, serum parameters such as Krebs von den Lungen‐6 (KL‐6), surfactant protein D (SP‐D) and C‐reactive protein were significantly higher in PR than in GR. Furthermore, our time‐course analyses revealed a transient increase in serum KL‐6 levels with a peak at 3 months after the first infusion of cyclophosphamide, which showed no relation to therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, continuously high serum KL‐6 levels (>2000 U/mL) and rapid decrease in SP‐D levels (<200 ng/mL) during IVCY were remarkably characteristic of PR and GR, respectively. ILD severity/activity before treatment and variability of serum KL‐6 and SP‐D levels during treatment may be useful to predict therapeutic effects of IVCY on SSc‐ILD.
Target‐level waveform inversion: a prospective application of the convolution‐type representation for the acoustic wavefield
Authors: da Costa Carlos A.N. , Costa Jessé C. , Medeiros Walter E. , Verschuur D.J. , Soni Alok K. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTNowadays, full‐waveform inversion, based on fitting the measured surface data with modelled data, has become the preferred approach to recover detailed physical parameters from the subsurface. However, its application is computationally expensive for large inversion domains. Furthermore, when the subsurface has a complex geological setting, the inversion process requires an appropriate pre‐conditioning scheme to retrieve the medium parameters for the desired target area in a reliable manner. One way of dealing with both aspects is by waveform inversion schemes in a target‐oriented fashion. Therefore, we propose a prospective application of the convolution‐type representation for the acoustic wavefield in the frequency–space domain formulated as a target‐oriented waveform inversion method. Our approach aims at matching the observed and modelled upgoing wavefields at a target depth level in the subsurface, where the seismic wavefields, generated by sources distributed above this level, are available. The forward modelling is performed by combining the convolution‐type representation for the acoustic wavefield with solving the two‐way acoustic wave‐equation in the frequency–space domain for the target area. We evaluate the effectiveness of our inversion method by comparing it with the full‐domain full‐waveform inversion process through some numerical examples using synthetic data from a horizontal well acquisition geometry, where the sources are located at the surface and the receivers are located along a horizontal well at the target level. Our proposed inversion method requires less computational effort and, for this particular acquisition, it has proven to provide more accurate estimates of the target zone below a complex overburden compared to both full‐domain full‐waveform inversion process and local full‐waveform inversion after applying interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution to get local‐impulse responses.
Review Paper: Historical development of the total normalized gradient method in profile gravity field interpretation
Authors: Elysseieva I.S. , Pašteka R. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIn the Russian school, the total normalized gradient method belongs to the most wide‐spread of direct interpretation methods for potential field data. This method was also used and partly developed by many experts from abroad. The main advantage of the total normalized gradient method is its relative independence of parameters such as the expected differential density of interpreted structures. The method is built from a construction of a specially transformed field (total normalized gradient) on a section crossing the potential field sources. The special properties of this transformed field allow it to be used to detect the source positions. From the 1960s, the mathematical basis of the method underwent enormous development and several modifications of the method have been elaborated. The total normalized gradient operator itself represents a relatively complicated, non‐linear band‐pass filter in the spectral domain. The properties of this operator can be handled by means of several parameters that act to separate the information about field sources at different depth levels. In this contribution, we describe the development of the method from its very beginning (based mostly on qualitative interpretation of simple total normalized gradient sections) through to more recent numerical improvements to the method. These improvements include the quasi‐singular points method, which refines the filter properties of the total normalized gradient operator and defines an objective criteria (so called criterion ‘α’ and ‘Г') for the definition of source depths in the section. We end by describing possibilities for further development of the method in the future.