bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timber Value Growth Rates in Maine
Authors: Gansner David A. , Arner Stanford L. , Zarnoch Stanley J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Rates of growth in value of standing timber in the Northeast can differ greatly between stands and between trees. Faced with this kind of variation, resource planners and managers need all the help they can get in determining financial rates of return for the region's woodlands. Analysis of recent inventory data indicates that the average annual change in value for forest stands in Maine between 1971 and 1982 was 4.3% and ranged from –12 to +43%. Because of high mortality and growth loss associated with spruce budworm, the average rate of value growth for fir trees was only 1.3%. Red oak, with its fast growth and low mortality rates, grew at a rate of 6.9%. North. J. Appl. For. 7:62-64, June 1990.
Construction of Variable-Density Empirical Yield Equations from Forest Management Inventory Data
Authors: Walters David K. , Ek Alan R. , Czysz David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Using simple concepts, forest management inventory data, and microcomputers for analysis, methodology is described whereby a forest owner or manager can construct yield equations quickly and economically. Models such as these should adequately explain the average yield trends in the data and can be adjusted, through the use of ratios, to specific stand information. Steps and cautions in choice of model form, data aggregation, and fitting procedure are discussed and illustrated. Assumptions and procedures for model implementation are also described. North. J. Appl. For. 7:110-113, September 1990.
Pine-Pine Gall Rust on Young Jack Pine in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Juzwik Jennifer , Chong Nancy 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pine-pine gall rust, caused by Endocronartium harknessii, accounted for >99% of all stem rusts encountered during a 1987 survey of jack pine in 71 plantations regenerated with planted stock or by seeding between 1979 and 1984 in northwestern Ontario. Significant differences in rust incidence were detected among the six districts in the region (P < 0.05) with mean incidence ranging from 6.7 to 17.2%. Trees with main stem galls were found more frequently than trees with only branch galls. The majority of main stem infections in 44 plantations where incidence of main stem galls was >5% were in the potential impact class where deformity or mortality was imminent (P < 0.05). The average level of mortality attributed to rust was low (3.4%). Implications of the results to the region's jack pine tree improvement program and to stand management are discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 7:133-136, September 1990.
The World Eucapulp Industry and its Impact on the Northern U.S. Pulp and Paper Industry
Authors: Stier Jeffrey C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eucalyptus woodpulp (eucapulp) emerged as a significant force in the world market for paper grade pulp approximately a decade ago, and since 1976, production has increased at a compound annual rate of growth exceeding 20%. Recently, the closure of a Wisconsin pulpmill was associated with imports of eucapulp, and fears that a rapid influx of eucapulp would destroy local pulpwood markets spread throughout the northern U.S. forestry community. Eucapulp is an ideal fiber furnish for production of tissue and printing and writing papers, both of which are mainstays of the pulp and paper industry in the North. Eucapulp represents a major structural shift in the world pulp and paper sector, and it is likely to have a continuing impact on the U.S. industry, especially in the North. However, imports of eucapulp and of papers made from eucapulp are expected to increase in the future at an evolutionary pace and not to pose an immediate threat to the regional industry. North. J. Appl. For. 7:158-163, December 1990.
Stem Biomass Growth of Four Plantation-Grown Conifer Species in Southwestern Wisconsin
Authors: Gower Stith T. , Chapman Jonathan W. , Volin John C. , Hagen Adrian E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Red and white pine, European larch and Norway spruce were destructively harvested from 27-year-old plantations in southwestern Wisconsin and regression equations were developed to estimate stem biomass accumulation rates for the four species. Total stem biomass accumulation differed significantly (P < 0.05) among the four species and ranged from 51.8 tons/ac for Norway spruce to 75.1 tons/ac for European larch. Annual stem biomass increment also differed among the four species and was significantly greater (P < 0.001) in 1987 than 1988 for all four conifers. The large decrease in tree growth was attributed to the severe drought of 1988. North J. Appl. For. 8(1):26-28
A Field Guide to Site Quality for the Allegheny Hardwood Region
Authors: Jones Stephen B. , Saviello Thomas B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A site quality evaluation technique using soils and topographic criteria is presented. The field guide, developed in the unglaciated, deeply dissected Allegheny Plateau region of southwestern New York and in northcentral and northwestern Pennsylvania, is currently being used by International Paper foresters on company property within that region. A different set of decision criteria and site quality weightings is applied for each of four topographic units: (1) plateau tops (≤15% slope) and side slopes < 10%, (2) upper slopes (>9% slope), (3) middle slopes (>9% slope), and (4) lower slopes (>9% slope). Decision criteria are all field determinable and include: soil texture, soil stoniness, aspect, shade angle, slope shape, and effective rooting depth. Points are awarded so that relative site quality ratings from 40 to 100 are scored. Site I, II, and III designations are assigned to site quality ratings of 80-100, 60-79, and 40-59, respectively. North. J. Appl. For. 8(1):3-8
Growth Response of Upland Oak Sawtimber Stands to Thinning in Connecticut
Authors: Ward Jeffrey S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thirty pairs of thinned and unthinned plots in roadside fuelwood areas, and 12 plots in each of 2 commercial cordwood thinnings were located in Connecticut oak sawtimber stands. Thinning during 1969-82 reduced stocking on plots an average of 30%. Subsequent stand basal area growth, cubic-foot growth, and board-foot growth were similar among all treatments. There was no decrease in stem quality nor increase in epicormic branching associated with thinning. Thinning mature oak sawtimber stands provides forest managers an opportunity to capture volume of declining trees while increasing growth on residual oak sawtimber. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):104-107.
The Western Upper Peninsula Forest Improvement District's First Five Years
Authors: Irland Lloyd C. , Maass David I. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In 1985, the Western Upper Peninsula Forest Improvement District began operations, serving six counties in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. An evaluation in the fifth year of its forestry program found that the District had increased landowner participation in forest management, upgraded significant aspects of the quality of forest practice, and established a sound administrative system. Costs of service delivery were competitive with other programs in the region. The evaluation identified a number of areas for improvement. Financial self-sufficiency should not be expected in the coming decade. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):107-111.
Eastern Dwarf Mistletoe on Red Spruce in Eastern Maine
Authors: Livingston William H. , Ritz George F. , Rombold John S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eastern dwarf mistletoe was found on 15.4% of the red spruce stems in a predominantly 70- 80-year-old softwood stand in eastern Maine. Infected trees rarely show decline symptoms or are killed by the parasite. Dwarf mistletoe was found on red spruce in 13 additional locations in the state. Infected trees can be detected by the presence of small (<1-2 ft diameter) witches' brooms. Extent of dwarf mistletoe infections on red spruce is more common than previously reported. Management of spruce regeneration, natural and planted, should include assessment and control of dwarf mistletoe on residual red spruce. North. J. Appl. For 8(3):123-125.
Regeneration of Northern Hardwoods in the Northeast with the Shelterwood Method
Authors: Hannah Peter R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Study plots (1/4 ac) were located in four northern hardwood stands in Vermont, and shelterwood canopy covers of 40, 60, 80, and 100%, and a control (no cutting) were established. Regeneration on small plots within the treated areas was sampled over a 3-year period and the composition of saplings determined after 6 years. While there were substantial increases in amount of regeneration under most canopy covers, there was no significant differences due to treatment. Some important trends, however, were evident. Sugar maple showed some increase in seedling density under most canopy densities with up to 68,000 new sugar maple seedlings per acre under 60% canopy cover. Yellow birch did best under 40 to 80% canopy cover and with good soil scarification. White ash increased under most densities but was best at about 80% canopy cover. Competitors, beech, striped maple, and hobblebush, increased under most densities. At about 60% canopy cover and less, raspberries and blackberries, pin cherry, and other shade-intolerant species increase in abundance. Among regeneration less than 3 ft all after 3 years, preferred species outnumbered less preferred species by 5 to 1. Among regeneration over 3 ft tall when examined 6 years after treatment, the less preferred species, on average, outnumber preferred species by 2 to 1 (sugar maple 0-3430/ac, yellow birch 0-1920/ac, beech 200-2220/ac and striped maple 0-3130/ac). Most beech regeneration seemed to arise as root suckers. Small striped maple grew rapidly and assumed dominance among the regeneration when released. Northern hardwoods have diverse composition in the overstory, and much of the regeneration tallied after 3 years was already in place when the shelterwood cuts were made. Advanced regeneration as well as new regeneration is the key to success, or failure, if it is predominantly undesirable species. In implementing a shelterwood in northern hardwoods, 60 to 80% canopy cover seems good for most species. All trees below the main canopy should be cut to create a high canopy shade. Undesirable species should be controlled by cutting or possibly herbicides before or when the stand is cut, with additional treatment as necessary to maintain desired composition. North. J. Appl. For. 8(3):99-104.
Control of Kalmia with Bialaphos, a Microbially Produced Phytotoxin
Authors: Jobidon Robert 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A small plot experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of bialaphos, a microbially produced phytotoxin, on kalmia. Bialaphos was tested at five rates of application, including the control, and three dates of application, representing three phenological stages. Three weeks after bialaphos application in June and August, a complete defoliation of kalmia stems was observed. Second-year results revealed a significant quadratic effect of bialaphos rate on kalmia resurgence and a significant linear effect of bialaphos rate on kalmia height growth. Best control of kalmia resurgence (0 8/m²) and height growth (3.1 cm) was achieved with the highest application rate (2.5 kg a.i./ha). For both variables, the interaction between month of application and rate of application was not significant. The results obtained suggest that bialaphos could efficiently control kalmia on disturbed sites and thus prevent the establishment of an unproductive and persistent shrub seral stage. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):147-149.
Thinning Northern Hardwoods with Chain Saws and Forwarders
Authors: Thompson Michael A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Intermediate treatment in northern hardwood poletimber stands is an important silvicultural tool. The choice of harvesting system is constrained by the low product value and the need to minimize residual stand damages. The objective of this study was to document the performance of a conventional forwarding operation in a northern hardwood poletimber thinning. Chain saw productivity averaged 15 cords per scheduled hour (SH), with a large portion of time spent piling manually (17%). Forwarding productivity averaged 3 6 cords/SH at an average forwarding distance of 400 ft. These figures are based on an observed time of 24 hr from 5 working days over a 2-wk period. Time predictors were calculated for each element in the productive forwarding cycle. Bole damage to residual trees was nearly nonexistent. The frozen ground conditions eliminated concern for soil compaction and rutting. Estimated cost to roadside for the system was about $19/cord. Adding the cost of transportation brings the total to about $30/ cord. Based on these observations, the conventional forwarding system appears well suited for thinning small-diameter hardwoods. This information can be used to predict the performance of similar systems in northern hardwood poletimber stands for economic analyses and preparing bids. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):149-153.
Revised Data on U.S. Hardwood Lumber Export Volumes to Europe, 1981 to 1990
Authors: Hansen Bruce G. , Luppold William G. , Thomas R. Edward 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
During the past decade, poor documentation and computer software containing outdated price parameters used to screen and "correct" data taken from U.S. export declarations resulted in significant overestimation of official U.S. hardwood lumber export volumes. In the year prior to their correction, U.S. hardwood lumber exports to Europe were about half the officially reported volume. Although official statistics indicated red oak was the most important species traded, the new data indicate that, in fact, white oak exports in 1988 were actually three times red oak exports. To provide a check on the official statistics and to revise previous export volume data, new estimates were developed using information taken directly from ship manifests. Not only have the ship manifest data provided a more accurate assessment of U.S./European trade, but they have provided new insights into the species composition and geographic source of U.S. exports as well. This paper uses the revised data to focus on three aspects of U.S./European trade--trade trends over the decade, species composition of U.S. hardwood lumber exports, and the origin of U.S. exports. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):156-160.
Growing Density and Container Volume Affect Nursery and Field Growth of Interior Spruce Seedlings
Authors: Simpson David G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Interior spruce (white or Englemann spruce) was grown in containers having volumes of 45 to 120 cm³ and at nursery densities of 64 to 1111 seedlings/m². In three experiments, seedlings grown at greater densities had decreased shoot and root weights, decreased stem diameters, and in some cases greater shoot heights. Seedlings grown in containers with greater volumes were larger. Interaction between container volume and growing density was such that the effect of container volume was only evident at growing densities less than 568 seedlings/m². Maximum crop biomass for interior spruce was found to be 3 kg/m². Crop uniformity decreased as maximum crop biomass was approached. The greatest number of uniformly larger (5 to 6 g) seedlings are produced at growing densities of 500 to 600 seedlings/m². Growth of outplanted seedlings suggested larger seedlings had greater field growth, but the mean relative growth rates (RGR) of different sized seedlings were not affected by nursery growing densities. The results reported support the view that larger planting stock has apparently greater growth not because of greater growth rates, but because of larger initial size and the compounding effect of growth. North. J. Appl. For. 8(4):160-165.
Base-Age Invariant Polymorphic Site Index Curves for Black Spruce and Balsam Fir Within Central Newfoundland
Authors: Newton Peter F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Increasing management intensity within Newfoundland requires that regional site index equations be species-specific and base-age invariant. Accordingly, base-age invariant polymorphic site index curves for black spruce and balsam fir were developed for use on upland mineral sites within central insular Newfoundland. Specifically, employing mean dominant height and breast-height age data derived from 129, 0.081 ha permanent sample plots situated in pure black spruce (n = 71) and mixed black spruce/balsam fir (n = 58) stands, site index equations were calibrated by species and stand type. In addition, given the approximate numeric equivalence of the resultant parameter estimates, data for both species and stand types were combined and a pooled equation calibrated. The equations were evaluated on their bias and predictive ability over 10-, 20-, and 30-year projection periods. Results indicated that the predictions were positively biased averaging +1.29 m, +2.36 m, and +3.15 m for 10-, 20-, and 30-year projection periods, respectively. Corresponding 95% prediction error intervals for these periods were -0.56 to +3.14 m, -0.88 to +5.44 m, and -1.27 to +6.56 m. These biases and prediction errors are within acceptable limits for site-class designations; however, explicit use of the site-index equations with growth and yield models would depend on error tolerances specified by individual users. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):18-22
Effects of Soil Disturbance on Hayscented Fern Establishment
Authors: Groninger John W. , McCormick Larry H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A survey conducted in a central Pennsylvania mixed oak stand revealed that hayscented fern reproduced from spores (sexual reproduction) following timber harvesting. Establishment occurred most frequently where the soil had been disturbed by log skidding. Sexually reproduced ferns occurred more frequently where skidding on wet soil during the spring resulted in a high degree of soil disturbance compared with skidding on the same soil during the summer when it was drier. Reduction of logging-related soil disturbance by restriction of skidding on wet soils can decrease the number of microsites favorable for fern development and control the establishment of hayscented fern from spores. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):29-31.
Microsite Soil Compaction Enhances Establishment of Direct-Seeded Jack Pine in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Van Damme Laird W. , Buse Lisa , Warrington Steve 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of microsite soil compaction on direct seeding of jack pine and black spruce were tested in conjunction with Bracke scarification. The compaction effect was achieved by manually tamping the seed spot. It was anticipated that compaction might decrease the number of seeds required to establish seedlings and extend the sowing season in Northwestern Ontario Experimental results showed that compaction increased the number of scalps stocked with jack pine by 30% after the first growing season. Compaction with a pyramidal surface doubled the percent stocked scalps over conventional sowing for the latest sowing date. Compaction may allow an extension of the jack pine sowing season from late June into early July. Still, early spring sowing provided the best overall results for both species. Compaction effects were not detected for black spruce. The experimental sowing rate of five seeds per scalp may have been insufficient to detect black spruce treatment responses on the dry mineral soil seed spots. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):107-112.
Radiofrequency Procedures for the Treatment of Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ajrawat Prabjit , Radomski Lenny , Bhatia Anuj , Peng Phillip , Nath Nikhil , Gandhi Rajiv 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of radiofrequency (RF) ablation and neuromodulation modalities for knee osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsThe Pubmed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to August 2018. All comparative and noncomparative studies that reported clinical outcome measures and adverse events related to RF modalities for knee OA were included. Pain scores, physical function measures, quality of life (QOL), patient satisfaction, and adverse events for three months and beyond of postprocedure follow-up were analyzed qualitatively.ResultsThirty-three studies, including 13 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), two nonrandomized comparative studies, and 18 noncomparative cohort studies, were identified, with 1,512 patients (mean age = 64.3 years, 32.5% males). All 33 studies were considered to be of moderate or high methodological quality. All 33/33 (100%) studies reported alleviation of OA-related knee pain from baseline until three to 12 months with RF modalities, with six comparative studies reporting 194/296 (65.5%) and 29/150 (19.3%) RF and control patients achieving >50% pain relief, respectively. Three of the 33 studies reported QOL, with three of three studies (100%) achieving improvements in disease-specific QOL from baseline until three to 12 months. Twenty-eight of the 33 studies reported functional outcomes, with 27/28 (96%) studies obtaining enhanced functionality from baseline up until three to 12 months. Ten of the 33 studies reported patient satisfaction, with eight of 10 studies (80%) indicating that patients were significantly satisfied after RF procedures, and from these eight studies, four were comparative studies that indicated that 86/154 (56%) and 33/104 (32%) RF and control patients were extremely satisfied or satisfied, respectively. Regarding adverse events (AEs), 29 of the 33 studies reported AEs, with 20/29 (69%) studies indicating no AEs related to the RF modalities and the remaining nine studies only indicating minor localized AEs. Twenty-nine of the 33 studies indicated no serious knee-related AEs pertaining to RF modalities.ConclusionsCurrent evidence substantiates that RF modalities for knee OA potentially improve pain, functionality, and disease-specific QOL for up to three to 12 months with minimal localized complications. This suggests that RF modalities are perhaps an effective adjunct therapy for patients with knee OA who are unresponsive to conservative therapies. Further RCTs with larger sample sizes and long-term follow-up that directly compare the three primary RF modalities are warranted to confirm the clinical efficaciousness and superiority of these RF modalities for knee OA.
Role of Foresters in the Areawide Waste Treatment Management Planning Process
Authors: Dissmeyer George E. , Singer J. Robert 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Areawide Waste Treatment Management Planning Process (Section 208, PL 92-500) is expected to affect forest land management, including silvicultural practices, costs, and policy. Foresters need to understand and become involved in the 208 planning process, to receive training in available pollution control technology, and to press for research in cost-effective methods for minimizing water quality impacts and in methods to predict impacts of proposed management.
Wild Hogs in Southern Forests
Authors: Wood Gene W. , Lynn Teddy E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A questionnaire seeking to identify locations of wild hog populations and problems associated with these animals was sent to 733 foresters, wildlife biologists, and land managers in 11 southeastern states. Forty-nine percent of the questionnaires were returned with usable information. Respondents reported on feral hog (Sus scrofa domesticus), European wild hog (S. scrofa cristatus), and hybrid populations which, combined, occupied 42,330 square miles of land. About 67 percent of this land was in Florida and Texas. Texas was the only state reported to have increasing hog populations. Respondents were primarily of the opinion that damage to plant systems was minor except in certain local areas. Competition with deer, turkey, and squirrels for food resources was believed to be an important influence by less than half of the respondents while about one-third rated turkey nest predation as important.