bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Just War Doctrine
Authors: Lefever Ernest W. 
Published: September 2018

President Kennedy has it within his power to end the Cold War. Two equally dramatic and effective paths are open to him to accomplish this purpose. He can end the Cold War by capitulating to Communist demands in Berlin, in Laos and in the disarmament dialogue, or he can end it by starting a hot war.As long as Mr. Kennedy and the American people regard these alternatives as morally wrong and politically unwise, which I hope will be a long time, we will have to adjust to the perils and pitfalls of a notso- peaceful-coexistence. In this protracted conflict involving nuclear weapons (in being), unconventional warfare, diplomatic negotiations, trade, ideas and loyalties—in this novel twilight zone between war and peace—has the traditional doctrine of the just war any relevance? I believe it has. attempt to support the thesis that the traditional doctrine is relevant in principle to the nuclear-missile age, first by suggesting six necessary elements present in all moral-political decisions and then by sketching a brief outline for a “responsible” just war theory.
The Problem of Means
Authors: Thompson Kenneth W. 
Published: September 2018

In “Morality and Foreign Policy” a distinguished Catholic theologian has raised a series of important issues that trouble him in the writings of political realists. Father John Courtney Murray should realize, however, that those he attacks are deeply troubled by many of the same issues. Unhappily, he falls prey early in his analysis to the very polemics he attributes to authors of “the new morality.“Thus Father Murray concentrates his attack on what he calls “an intramural argument going on within the Protestant community.” This ignores a rich body of contemporary Catholic writing which is central to the tradition he is criticizing. The editors of The Review of Politics, for example, stand in the forefront of fulltime Catholic writers on international morality and they have their European counterparts.
The Moral Problem of Force
Authors: O'Brien William V. 
Published: September 2018

The problem of force in international society comes to life most dramatically in connection with planning for national security. International law and organization have attempted to diminish and control recourse to force by individual states on behalf of their pretended national interests. But these efforts have been, on the whole, rather unsuccessful except when they rested solidly on mutual advantage and fear of retaliation.International law and organization have been especially unsuccessful in replacing national systems of security with an effective international security system in an age characterized by nuclear weapons and the comparatively permanent threat of Communist aggression. The resultant “fearful choice” may be expressed in the language of international ethics in the following way: The basic national interests of the states of the free world must be defended against Communism which would destroy those interests.
A Perspective on Foreign Affairs
Authors: Hordern William E. 
Published: September 2018

Perhaps I should begin with the open acknowledgement that a theologian does not have any particular competence in the field of foreign policy. In a day when foreign policy is of imperative concern to every citizen the theologian, of course, will have his interest and his convictions in this field, but there is no reason to suppose that in making decisions of policy the theologian will exhibit superior political wisdom.But if this is recognized, why should a theologian's comments on political matters be of any interest? I think that the answer can be seen if we take a moment to look at the nature, not of foreign policy, but of ethics. When we deal with ethical decisions we are close to a man's ultimate world view, we are dealing with his religion. If, with Paul Tillich, we define a man's god as that with which he is ultimately concerned, it is obvious that a man's ethics and a man's religion are intertwined. A man is ultimately concerned with that which he deems to be of greatest value.
Thermonuclear War and the Christian
Authors: Mohan Robert P. 
Published: September 2018

The very title of this article seems to suggest a fundamental and irrevocable contradiction that exists between the harsh realities of contemporary warfare and the Christian way of life, built upon the primacy of love. Contemporary warfare has been determined by military necessity and weapons technology, and political policy and theory have had to a large degree to accommodate themselves to the harsh exigencies of twentieth-century survival.There are two sentences which seem to suggest themselves in this discussion. One is from the first chapter of the gospel of Saint John: “In the beginning was the logos.” The second is from Goethe: “In the beginning was the deed.”
Wars of National Liberation
Authors: Quade Quentin 
Published: September 2018

What are the ethical confines of a just policy for Wars of National Liberation? I would respond that no possible policy which this country might adopt is a priori wrong or unacceptable. Stated baldly in this fashion, this position may conjure up visions of a Leninist ethic, in which the identified end justifies any means. But I submit that such horrors are not intrinsic to the position, and that my position is eminently Christian.For to say there are no a priori limits on what this nation can do is not to say we are free to do anything. I am not free to support any policy, but only those policies which meet the criteria of a Christinformed prudence.
Assessment of Respiratory Function In the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Bolton Charles F. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDisorders of both the central and peripheral nervous systems are important causes of respiratory insufficiency. However, simple clinical observations and pulmonary function measurements may fail to identify the location and type of disorder. This can often be accomplished by the newly-developed technique of phrenic nerve conduction and needle electromyography of the diaphragm which delineate the various disturbances of central drive, axonal or demyelinating neuropathies of the phrenic nerves and certain myopathies. These studies have been preformed safely and with little discomfort on adults, children or infants, and in out-patient and general ward settings. We have found they are of particular value in the intensive care unit.
The Christian Conscience and Modern War
Authors: Buzzard Anthony 
Published: September 2018

In the light of that Commandment which states, “Thou shalt not kill,” and Our Lord's subsequent teaching in the New Testament, what should be our attitude to killing and war, in the precise situation in which we Christians now find ourselves in the nuclear age?Unfortunately there is at the moment a most distressing and dangerous disunity on this in the Church, in Parliament, in the country, and in the Western Alliance. Three quite different attitudes are being adopted—three different positions which are causing this tragic disunity amongst us.
The Changing Shape of Conflict
Authors: Klutznick Philip M. 
Published: September 2018

There is nothing novel about change. The reality is that the only certainty is change. Some recent changes have created an atmosphere in which a worldwide war is the more likely to develop or, conversely, out of which the prospect for a better world order is being generated.It is sometimes difficult to realize that a number of wars have actually taken place since World War II. Recently a magazine compiled a list of forty. Even then it excluded some border differences which might have been listed as wars. Not all of these were large-scale wars, but the number of serious conflicts remains impressive. These wars took place when it is generally accepted that an uneasy peace exists. Most of these, in a different era, could have precipitated a worldwide conflict. Why not since 1945?
The Burden of Freedom
Authors: Quade Quentin L. 
Published: September 2018

It is the continuing concern of worldview and its sponsoring organization, The Council on Religion and International Affairs, to probe the relationship among religion, ethics and foreign policy. Most of this concern seems to be directed toward analysis and evaluation of substantive policy issues, which are, of course, vitally important. But it may be equally important to investigate the process of religion-ethics- policy interaction, This essay examines one aspect of that process: how ethical consciousness can pervade the decision-making process. This problem will be approached by looking at three interrelated questions: a) what are the political responsibilities which flow to the individual in the free society? b) what is the character of those responsibilities? c) how can we best fulfill those responsibilities?We are inclined to define the free society as one which provides a free condition for individuals and social groups.
A Theory of Coexistence
Authors: Quade Quentin L. 
Published: September 2018

We can learn certain things from the Communist system, and one of the most important of these is the dependence of successful practice on theory. Theory serves to guide, integrate, and rationalize a series of actions, and without it those actions tend to be atomistic and fruitless.Indeed, the classic failures of our confrontations with Communist countries can be traced at least in part fo a theoretical misperception of what the Communists were, and the lack of a guiding theory on our part. It is possible, for example, to interpret the unhappy decisions of the World War II period as resulting from a mismatch of opponents: the Soviet Union's inferior power position was more than compensated for by a relatively coherent and creative theory of the world, while the superior strength of the United States was substantially negated because this country followed a policy path that may be described as a kind of political existentialism.
The Bases for a U.S. Victory
Authors: Molnar Thomas 
Published: September 2018

The American liberal would, I am sure, indignantly reject any supposition that he looks down upon the non-white races and that in his heart of hearts he has contempt for the underdeveloped countries and their population. In his rather narrow view all that the “underdeveloped man,” in this case the South Vietnamese, wants is food and peace at any price; therefore American presence in Saigon, the liberal says, which is motivated by selfish imperialism, merely delays the desired and reasonable dénouement.A similar contempt is apparent in President Johnson's offer of one billion dollar aid to Southeast Asia if only Peking and Hanoi show willingness to settle the war in Vietnam.
The Religious Situation in East Asia
Authors: Molnar Thomas 
Published: September 2018

We are slowly being conditioned to believe that with decolonization in the political sphere, the “third world” is getting rid of the Christian religion which had come to Asia and Africa—so the story goes—as an auxiliary force of white imperialism. This is a biased and false picture, born perhaps not so much of wishful thinking as of an erroneous logic of history.“ This logic concludes: if Asians and Africans come once again into their own, they ought to reassert their religious personality too.My own observations as a traveler in Asia and Africa are inevitably personal and partial. Because I had more ready access to Catholic sources of information, for example, my comparisons and references most frequently involve Catholicism, although many of the generalizations would apply to Protestantism as well. In any case I found that, as always, the reality proved to be far more complex than the general assumptions.
The Issue of Peace; The Voice of Religion
Authors: Bennett John C. 
Published: September 2018

A statement on religion and peace should begin with some affirmations about the bases that our churches and synagogues have for speaking and acting in the sphere of international relations.Underlying all else that we may say or do here is the Biblical faith that God is Lord of our nation and of all nations. As the prophet said, “all the nations are us nothing before him, they are accounted by him as less than nothing and emptiness” (Is. 40:17). As Amos said earlier: “Did I not bring up Israel from the land of Egypt, and the Philistines from Canhtor and the Syrians from Kir?” (9:7). The faith that all nations are under the judgment and providence and mercy of God is central to Biblical religion. Since it is the nation that so easily becomes the ultimate object of loyalty for its citizens, this faith in God transcending the nation is always a warning against national idolatry. And in our time it is political idolatry, the worship of any social group or system, that is the greatest obstacle to the tolerance and humaneness which are essential conditions for decent relations among nations, essential conditions for peace.
Political Reality and Human Reality
Authors: Cogley John 
Published: September 2018

Even today, politics is based on power relationships and the kind of calculations that have been canonized since the rise of the nation-state. Get a group of Washington practitioners together and you will still hear echoes of the old saw that “politics is the art of the possible.”But this kind of thinking, in our new situation, has already brought mankind to the brink of disaster and promises to destroy political life altogether. It is so clearly anachronistic, at least to the young, that the newest postwar generation to come to maturity simply refuses to play the game. To their ears, even the soaring political rhetoric of John F. Kennedy sounds hollow and unconvincing. I recently heard a brilliant college student charge that the President's famous “Ask not what your country can do for you …” smacked of fascism. Taken literally that, of course, was nonsense; yet I think I know what the young man was trying to get at.
For God or Country?
Authors: Bock Paul 
Published: September 2018

When churches speak to their own people and to the nations on matters of international affairs, how much do their pronouncements reflect the political policies of various countries and power blocs? Is the voice of a national or regional church body likely to be very different from that of an international ecclesiastical organization? A single example will, admittedly, yield onlv partial answers, but they may suggest what a fuller studv would disclose.Consider the ways in which churches have dealt with the question of disarmament and arms control. Statements have been made by three representative groups: (1) The Christian Peace Conference centered in Prague. Czechoslovakia: (2) the National Council of Churches in the U.S.A. and one of its member churches, the United Church of Christ: and (3) the World Council of Churches. These are representative church bodies from both sides of the iron curtain and an international body which has member churches in virtually all parts of the world.
Violence and the Peace Movement: The Relevance of Camus
Authors: Pickus Robert 
Published: September 2018

We can count on injustice in human affairs; on the presence of privilege, exploitation and violence. Violence, which in its ability to turn a human being into a thing, a corpse, offers the final unalterable injustice.But we can count, too, on men and on social movements to challenge, and by challenging to limit, this grim reality. In one time a revived religious or political tradition, in another a movement of the oppressed, but in every time, men affirming dignity and brotherhood and the superiority of the human person over all the political, economic and social mechanisms which oppress him.
The Christian and Politics
Authors: Riga Peter J. 
Published: September 2018

After centuries of discussions and disputes over the church-state relationship, it would seem that there is little to say about the “Christian and politics.” The reality is that the relationship is more disputed today than it has ever been. Nor has the theology of the secular, so extensively developed over the past few years, increased the area of agreement about the perspective from which the Christian should look at the political order, how he can speak to it and to what extfent the emphasis should be placed on “Christian” or on “politics.”There have been few political systems in man's history which have not appealed to God in one way or another for their justification or foundation or mission.
Mission to Hanoi, Part II
Authors: Berrigan Daniel 
Published: September 2018

Sunday, February 11th. The whole day was passed in the company of a certain Colonel Lao, spit and polish, genial, a little self-conscious in his well-cut uniform. He was a Vietnamese representative on the war crimes tribunal and had worked for almost a year on the commission in Vietnam and had attended the Stockholm tribunal.One six-hour exchange. Perhaps one should not dignify it by a word which does not express what we endured at ten-thousand miles remove from the military mind. Colonel Lao began by expressing, with typical Asian tentativeness, his understanding that we were perhaps quite well-acquainted with the history of his country leading up to the American invasion.
The Church as Accomplice: Reflections on my Lai
Authors: Zahn Gordon 
Published: September 2018

It is not an easy charge to make. But the facts are there for all to see. They have been there for quite some time, however few may be disposed even now to acknowledge them, and they lend themselves to a sad conclusion: that the Christian churches of America—and this applies with special force to my own Roman Catholic communion—have permitted themselves to become fully responsible accomplices to war crimes and atrocities that have been committed by our nation and her allies in Vietnam.Past ignorance and timidity masquerading as prudence may explain but can no longer justify a posture of Olympian detachment.
Six on Vietnam
Authors: Little David 
Published: September 2018

There are many discouraging things about the ongoing debate over Vietnam. One is the bewildering tendency of participants to try to rest their case on concepts and arguments that are themselves in question. An example is the frequent reference to "national interest" and "national security" as though they clinched the debate. On close inspection, such terms are found to mislead and becloud.In the widely acclaimed book, The Limits of Intervention, Town send H copes rests his conclusions on these same dubious notions, His thesis is that the "limits of intervention" are defined for the United States by its "vital national interest."
My Lai: A Reflection
Authors: Riga Peter J. 
Published: September 2018

I think there are certain situations and events in human life that are so horrendous and evil that a sensitive human being is left speechless and painfilled to the point of numbness. Such were the actions at Nagasaki, Hiroshima, Dachau, Dresden, Bataan, Sharpeville; now we may add another name in the long list of human brutality of the twentieth century —My Lai.It is easy to condemn the particular men who perpetrated this crime against God and man, just as it was easy for the Germans after World War II to stand apart from what their government had done, to insist that it was not they who released the gas jets; so too Americans today are horrified and condemn some few men as scapegoats since it is clear that it was not they who gave such orders or who pulled the triggers of the M-16's and the 50-calibers. In both cases, this facile rationale is an escape by a whole people from the responsibility for crimes committed in an atmosphere which, by their tacit or vocal consent, made it more likely that such crimes could be committed.
Karl Barth and Thomas Merton: Grace as Demand
Authors: Clancy William 
Published: September 2018

In the midst of the Church he opened his mouth; and the Lord filled him with the spirit of wisdom and understanding.From the Mass for Doctors of the ChurchOne should not make too much of the fact that Karl Barth and Thomas Merton died on the same day. Barth was an old man, a Doctor of the Church in the highest tradition, and his historic task was surely accomplished. Merton was still “young,” a famous public and troubled seeker after God and man, and no one now will ever know what he might have become. Barth; one supposes, had not read Merton; and Merton, one suspects, had not read deeply in Barth. But the sadness and shock of reading their obituaries together in the New York Times last month brought to mind certain values to which they both bore witness—with whatever differences of temperament, generation and style.
Not by Power Alone
Authors: Reston James 
Published: September 2018

These are hard days for men and women who believe in the moral judgments of history and cling, for all our doubts, to the Christmas ideal of world unity and brotherhood.For there is no unity in the world at the end of 1971, and far from supporting the religious mission of peace and goodwill on earth, the saddest and bitterest quarrels of contemporary history are between Moslem and Hindu on the subcontinent of South Asia, between Jew and Arab in the Middle East and between Protestant and Roman Catholic in Ireland.
The Assault on Class
Authors: Berger Peter L. , Berger Brigitte 
Published: September 2018

Of all evils in American society, racial oppression is the most intolerable. Of all priorities for American society, the attainment of racial justice is the most urgent. This is so because the issue of race touches on the very heart of the moral values by which the society lives. Martin Luther King understood this, and the same understanding illuminates his idea of an integrated American society.The ideal is not only the integration of black Americans in terms of all the rights and privileges promised by the society's political creed; and it is not at all integration that deprives blacks of their cultural identity, as King's detractors (including the posthumous ones) have falsely claimed.
Beyond Skinner
Authors: Bedau Hugo Adam 
Published: September 2018

Ushered in with hosannahs of critical praise (“If you plan to read only one book this year, this is probably the one you should choose”—New York Times), B. F. Skinner's Beyond Freedom and Dignity has made the bestseller lists for six months. Now that “the growing international storm” (Newsweek) over the book has subsided, a second look is in order. What, precisely, did he say? How persuasive is the behaviorism he trumpets? How does his argument stand up scientifically and philosophically?Skinner proposes to take us “beyond” freedom and dignity because, in his view, people have no freedom, and human dignity is an illusion. These ideals always were mythic, despite their honored place in the literature of our civilization. The “literature of freedom and dignity,” as Skinner describes it with barely concealed contempt, fosters a wholly false doctrine of the nature of man and nurtures our fear of the developing “science and technology of human behavior” because it reduces our opportunities for self-praise and self-esteem. These opportunities shrink as it becomes increasingly implausible to appeal to mysterious powers of the mind in order to explain heroic, clever or original conduct.
Projekt Wassertor
Authors: Berger Peter 
Published: September 2018

At a recent meeting of the editors of Worldview Richard Neuhaus enlivened the proceedings by another one of his acutely perspicacious political opinions. He opined that the White House appointment of General Haig proves that the United States is adopting the Peruvian military model of development. He is wrong. The true import of the Watergate affair is more sinister: The government of the United States is being taken over by multinational corporations under the control of the West German tourist industry.Any observer schooled in New Left methods of analysis should, of course, have suspected something like this from the beginning. Why alt these Germans? Only bourgeois social scientists can be satisfied with an explanation in terms of a Novaldan resurgence of ethnic genius.