bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study the Importance of Intelligent Transportation Systems in Solving Congestion Problems within The City and Conservation of The Environment
Authors: Jumaah Intissar Kadori , Mohammed Thaer Jasim , Mesrop Seda Sarkis 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Baghdad city suffer from the traffic jams problem. The lack of roads is accommodating the increase in transportation as well as the lack of the organization and healthy management. Meanwhile, traffic lights defect due to it may location near to the checkpoint which causes traffic jam and unusual delay. The transportation services depend on (private, taxi) cars which cause increase in traffic movement, energy consumption, emission of polluting gases for environment and the most important (first carbon oxide, nitrogen oxides, lead, carbon dioxide, suspended particles, oxides of sulfur. Thereby, this research will done determination the pollution rates induced from congestion in streets associated in the yard located near institute of technology / Baghdad. An account rate gases emitted from vehicles using regression equations de-pending on traffic size in streets, flow speed traffic movement, neighbouring building height, and afforestation density. The search reached to finding species and gasses rate which pollution the environment in comparison with international Health standards and benefit of the application Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to reduce of the pollution ratio the resulting of traffic jams.
Utilization of reconnaissance drought index (RDI) for monitoring of meteorological drought over middle Euphrates region during the period from 1988 to 2017
Authors: Alwan Imzahim A. , Ziboon Abdul Razzak T. , Khalaf Alaa G. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted to monitor of meteorological drought over middle Euphrates region based on Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI) during the period from 1988 to 2017.Average monthly of rainfall, temperature and sunshine hours data were used to calculate this Index. These data were acquired from Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology at known five stations called Hilla, Diwaniya, Karbala, Semawa, and Najaf. The final results illustrated that the highest frequencies of drought, higher values of drought magnitude and intensity are recorded in the Hilla and Karbala stations followed by Najaf, Diwaniyah and Semawa stations respectively. Drought values ranged from moderate to severe in all stations of the study area. There is a high correlation between magnitude and intensity of drought in the study area. There are variations of drought over years between stations because of the difference of climate conditions for each station in the study area.
The city’s ecological applications and standards in ALAMARA city
Authors: Mirhussein Halah Ali , Ali Al-Rikabi Nada Khalifa Mohammed 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In the last period there have been rapid developments and increased interest in the integration of the environment into urban planning. It has occupied a large part of the world’s most economically and economically important concerns, emphasizing the need to adopt the concepts of green urban construction as a basis for future cities. Both human and nature to continue and stay. Hence, the importance of research in building a base on the planning and design principles of the eco-friendly city for the purpose of local adoption”, thus facing the problem of” lack of application of knowledge on the basis of planning and design eco-friendly city. The hypothesis that “the development of urban societies towards eco-friendly societies depends on the creation of an integrated urban city is based on a number of foundations and criteria that are primarily inspired by the characteristics of ecosystems in that natural environment”. Based on these indicators, these principles and criteria were applied through indicators to assess the city’s urban and natural performance in part of the city of Amara to assess the proximity of the study area to these criteria in order to achieve its urban ecological sustainability. The research concludes with the most important conclusion that the ecological approach is the closest approach to the environment, which depends on the idea of comprehensiveness and real values of systems and natural varieties, and the most important research findings the need for a planning entity, Especially those with certain ecological components (such as Iraq), to follow up on the world’s ecological developments, and to anticipate events in which they attempt to trace their effects in line with their general development policy on the one hand and in accordance with cultural heritage on the other.
Smart city planning and sustainable development
Authors: Hameed Ali Abdulsamea 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The development of the concept of the city as a result of technological developments and changes is taking place in the modern era, the concept of smart cities has emerged and cities are linking their technological policies and development plans to achieve development while linking the objectives and dimensions of sustainable development to provide the best possible benefit from the available technological possibilities.The research aimed at shedding light on the practical potential of smart cities in the process of sustainable development of cities with the application to the Iraqi city of Basra. The study examined the concept of smart cities and their characteristics and components, as well as the concept of sustainable development and its dimensions while studying some of the international experiences for the establishment and transformation of smart cities (Dakota, Dubai / Mecca). The study also conducted a case study for the city of Basra and how to transform it into a smart city through a set of mechanisms, namely, the existence of intelligent objectives and strategies through which to develop a vision for the city of Basra. And building applications that help transform government services and life into an e-government system by developing the city’s ICT infrastructure, building citizens’ capacities and deploying smart applications, helping to implement the city’s e-heritage proposition. The research has reached a set of conclusions and recommendations. The communication infrastructure is the mainstay of smart cities, but it is not enough to create a smart city without the other elements (citizen, management, economy, environment, and living). The smart city is not only urban, The smart city consists of four basic components (networks - databases - applications - citizen), the smart city meets all the concepts of sustainability, and therefore the transformation of smart cities is an implicit transformation of green cities sustainable and environmentally friendly, The development of existing cities to intelligent cities depends on their available infrastructure and then develop mechanisms to develop them in order to reach a communications infrastructure capable of implementing the characteristics of smart cities. The cities studied in the experiments identified basic goals for the transformation of intelligence such as Makah, the basic principle is to develop the city’s Hajj system. Thus, each city can set the main objective in which to formulate a vision to identify priority projects. In the process of development, the transformation of cities into smart cities requires the development of vision, goals, and strategies translated into projects. Structure (Intelligent - intelligent infrastructure - intelligent environment - smart living), the strategic plan of the Ministry of Communications in Iraq can be used to develop the urban communications infrastructure and integrate applications Targeted within the smart applications of these cities as a major support in turning cities into smart cities.
The Improving of the solid block concrete thermal behavior by using the powder particles of Eucalyptus camaldulensis bark
Authors: Hassan A A , Kadhim M J 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEucalyptus has been widely planted in the world. In the last century, the genus eucalypts became an important multipurpose source in many industrial applications after removal the bark as a wood working waste. Concrete block are much known used in building. The objective of this paper to improve the constructional thermal behavior of solid block concrete which used instead of bricks in building construction by adding the powder particles (average diameter is 1-5 µm) of eucalyptus Camaldulensis bark (Plates type) during concrete formation, to obtain a block concrete with low weight, enhanced thermal and mechanical properties reached to decrease electric energy need to operate air-conditioner systems. Researchers found that the perfect added is (7.5 g) for construction testing while the perfect quantity is (5 g) for thermal testing with decrease the mass density.
Investigating the Ability of Using Eggshell Powder as a Filler in Hot Mix Asphalt Mixture
Authors: Masued Ghadah Ghassan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNowadays, many studies have been conducted to find low cost waste materials that can be used in asphalt mixtures. Therefore, the idea of this study involves using one of these waste materials, which is Eggshell. Moreover, evaluate the ability to use eggshell powder, in hot mix asphalt mixtures as filler is the main objective of this study. This research was conducted by comparing the performance of mixtures of different eggshell powder percentages, 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 25 and 100% and finding optimal eggshell content (OESC). To achieve this objective, Asphalt concrete mixtures, were prepared, and subjected to a series of laboratory experiments. Stability, flow, bulk density and indirect tensile strength are the experiments that have been implemented. In addition, the materials used are: - asphalt cement, Portland cement, chicken eggshell, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate. Where, eggshell powder used as an alternative to Portland cement in a part or as a replacement to cement. For all tests made in this study, the comparison is made against the conventional specimen with optimum asphalt content (found to be 4.85% for wearing layer) to find an optimum blend mixture of eggshell. The results showed that the effective eggshell content was 6% and the eggshell is one of the substances that can be used as a filler in asphalt mixture blend and realize Iraqi specifications. Furthermore, money can be saved by using this low-cost material instead of cement. For 6% ESP content rate, the stability & flow values has been checked with Iraqi specifications and showed that 6% ESP was the best ratio which has (12.83 KN) stability and (2.45) mm flow values. Higher density was found at 6% ESP and it has (2.32 gm/cm3). The results of indirect tensile strength (ITS) of 6% ESP showed reduction in ITS than 0% ESP specimen. While Tensile strength ratio (TSR) of 6% ESP is higher than 0% ESP that is (95.16 %) & (87.88 %) respectively, therefore 6% ESP specimen is better than the other by resistance to moisture damage.
Education of Sustainable Manufacturing in Curriculums: Evidence from Iraqi Colleges
Authors: Ibrahim Y M , Abdulameer S S , Hami N , Yaacob N A , Othman S N 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Creating a generation with knowledge, abilities, and skills to meet the challenges of economic, environmental, and social sustainability is very important. In the context of the education of sustainable manufacturing, curricula should be directly related to sustainable manufacturing and its requirements. However, Iraqi colleges continue to suffer from the lack of sustainable manufacturing education in their curricula. Therefore, this study aims to explore the education of sustainable manufacturing for seven colleges in Baghdad, Iraq. Besides, this study used a qualitative method. The results of the study are indicated to a weak level, which is almost non-existent to sustainable manufacturing education into the curricula of these colleges.
The Social Dimension and Its Role in the Applicability of Smart Cities in Iraq
Authors: Ali Al-Rikabi Nada Khaleefah Mohammed 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Smart cities are using innovative technological solutions to improve the quality of life and service that citizens and visitors receive. Defined as a digital or ecological city, its services depend on information and communication technology infrastructure, such as intelligent automated traffic systems, advanced security management Services, building systems, and the use of automation in offices and homes. The global trend now towards smart cities, sustainable and green cities and other cities, with different nomenclature, the common denominator is the comfort of the individual and the preservation of natural resources. Adopting smart, sustainable, green, or healthy cities is either to address a problem or to ward off the risk or both, as the need to go to green cities was to avoid the problems of environmental pollution and resource depletion, while the health cities were intended to achieve health well-being and for resource sustainability. The importance of this research has been highlighted by the experiences of different countries that tried to implement the principles of smart cities, including those who succeeded and achieved impressive results, and other cities whom still tries to overcome the disadvantages of these cities.
It was noted that the difference between most experiments was according to the quality of the society in which they were applied, as the research aims to demonstrate the role of the social dimension in the mechanism of implementing smart cities, and if this role is negative or positive, the research hypothesis states that the social dimension of individual behavior plays an important role in determining the possible To embrace the concept of smart city, the research structure includes a theoretical aspect that highlights the smart cities, their indicators, principles and the applied side of the social dimension with its indicators, we made questionnaires through the identification of selected experts of planning, architecture and environment, then concluded to a set of conclusions identified The importance of the social dimension and its (negative, positive) effects in the achievement of smart cities, finally we put number of recommendations that will help to solve the problem and achieve the objective and hypothesis of the research.
Reuse emergency housing in the reconstruction of host region
Authors: Alsaadi Russul B , Albazzaz Inaam A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The research tackles the issue of using sites, which have been designed as camps for (internal displacement people (IDP)), in the reconstruction of the host region and their role in the development of cities. The research explores the potentials of camps as a driver of urban transformation in the urban fringe of Erbil-Iraq. The study also investigates the impact of some factors such as timing, nature, the nature of development, motives of urban transformation, the size of the camps, their regional organization, the nature of the population and their religious affiliation, on the potential of transformation. The research sheds the light on the transformation of the temporary housing structure into a permanent structure and its effect on the structural urban features of the city.
Comparative study between the Cost of Normal Concrete and Reactive Powder Concrete
Authors: Qasim Ola Adel 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Concrete is an important, widely used material in modern-day construction. Structural planners steadily attempt different strategies and designs that will advance their constructions further aesthetically agreeable, functionally practical, and cost saving. Historically, the development in constructions depended greatly upon the properties of engineering substances. A different set of material with superior characteristics regularly results in a revolution in constructions; this is true for steel structures and concrete structures as well. However, the design of structures with innovative materials, such as RPC, cannot hold out with traditional design certificates that do not hold well with nontraditional materials. Ultra-High-Performance Concrete is considered with concern to its cost-effectiveness and sustainability. In several countries, concrete having a compressive strength of higher than 80MPa cannot be employed because current codes limit the additional strength. Accordingly, considerable performance on introducing an innovative design of standards and codes for RPC constructions necessity be managed to get used of the substances possibly. Further cost improvements with RPC superior traditional concrete involve controlled building times and extended usable floor space or overhead clearance predicted extended service life and lower maintenance cost advantages. This investigation pointed to describe the variation within the cost of traditional concrete material and Reactive Powder Concrete material.
Assessment the Effect of Nanofluid on Turbulent Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Bend Finned Tube
Authors: Yasin Nabil J. , Jehhef Kadhum A. , Mohsen Zahraa A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
An experimental study of using Al2O3-water nanofluid that flows in a finned bend tube cross flow heat exchanger on heat transfer and pressure drop was implemented. The experimental part consists of closed loop of water or nanofluid that flows in the bend tube heat exchanger that inserted in an air wind tunnel. The effect of different nanoparticles volume fraction of (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2%Vol.) were depressed in deionized water. The hot water or nanofluid flow in the two types of smooth and finned bend tube heat exchanger with different inlet Reynolds numbers for the range of (450-920) for laminar flow and (6900-10000) for turbulent flow. The experimental results were presented as a friction factor, local and average Nusselt number for the water and air side respectively for the smooth and finned bend tubes. The results show that the inner average Nusselt number of Al2O3-water nanofluid that flows in heat exchanger enhanced by up (34.6 %) for smooth tube heat exchanger and about (44.1 %) for finned bend tube heat exchanger compared to pure water. Also, the friction factor of the nanofluid flow inside the heat exchanger increase by up (13.9 %) for smooth bend tube heat exchanger and (22%) for finned bend tube as compared with the use of pure water.
Energy and Exergy Analysis of the Solar Radiation Incident over Iraq
Authors: Kareem Fadhil Abdulrazzaq , Lafta Noor Samir , Khalaf Doaa Zaid 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The solar radiation is renewable energy and great useful energy of in Iraq. This paper presents a study to compare the daily solar exergy, daily solar radiation, and daily solar that measured by Iraqi Agro-meteorological network in Baghdad. Then, a comparison between the solar energy and solar radiation in six cities in Iraq (Basra, Najaf, Baghdad, Anbar, Mosul, and Sulaymaniyah). The solar exergy estimated using the model of Nayak and Tiwari, while the solar radiation estimated using linear correlation which represented by (Angstrom correlation). The results showed that there is an agreement between daily solar radiation and daily solar which measured in Baghdad with mean error throughout the whole year from January to December (7.2%, 2.4%, 12.5%, 9.1%, 3.2%, 5.1%, 3.7%, 5.4%, 10.9%, 11.4%, 11.1%, and 3.7%), respectively. While, the daily solar exergy had very good agreement with the daily solar measured in Baghdad with mean error through the same 12-months (1.4%, 9.4%, 6.1%, 2.6%, 10.8%, 1.9%, 3.5%, 1.6%, 4.4%, 5.1%, 5%, and 2.7%), respectively. Also, higher daily solar radiation and daily solar exergy were in Basra, but the lowest was in Mosul. The daily solar exergy was (10.27, 10.09, 10, 10, 9.69, and 9.81 MJ/m2) in Basra, Najaf, Baghdad, Anbar, Mosul and Sulaimaniya, respectively. While, the percentage difference between daily solar radiation and daily solar exergy was (7.09%, 7.04, 7%, 6.99%, 6.96%, and 6.85 %) in Basra, Najaf, Anbar, Baghdad, Mosul and Sulaimaniya, respectively.
Theoretical considerations regarding upward velocity of graphite spherical particles in pure aluminum during melting
Authors: Hassan Hazim F. , Ismael Muna N. , Neagu Gigel , Ştefănescu Florin , Chişamera Mihai 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The paper presents some theoretical aspects regarding the upward velocity of particles in the cast aluminum - graphite composites. Many types of particles are used to analyze the influence of shape factor on upward velocity in aluminum melts. The calculations were made by using modified Stokes’ equation for different Reynolds number attached to graphite particles. At temperature 700-900°C the upward velocity increases about 8.5%. The viscosity of multiphase fluids depends on many factors such as: the properties of aluminum melt and complementary material; temperature of the metallic bath; concentration, shape, fineness of graphite particles and degree of agglomeration of the dispersed phase.
Enhancement of engine performance with high blended diesel-biodiesel fuel using iso-butanol additive
Authors: Ahmed Ahmed H. , Ali Obed M. , Mohammed Awad E. , Daoud Raid W. , Ibrahim Thamir K. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Biodiesel is one of the most common and familiar among the alternative fuels in many applications. It’s environment friendly, biodegradable as well as renewable source, to meet the future energy crises. Though blending of biodiesel with mineral diesel are suggested to operate diesel engine, it is approved as a commercial fuel at low blending ratios less than 30%. Fuel additives are the most viable option to implement the utilization of biodiesel at high bending ratio with diesel to operate un-modified diesel engine. Investigation of blended biodiesel-diesel fuel (B40) properties and engine performance with iso-butanol additives is conducted in this study at 5% and 10% additive ratio. The study results reveal that the viscosity of blended fuel is the highest which decrease with increasing additive ratio in the blend with better viscosity for B40IB10 compared to diesel fuel. On the other hand, the heating value of blended fuel is lower than that of mineral diesel and decreases with increasing additive ratio in the blend. Introducing iso-butanol additive with the blend at 5% results in significant increase in brake power compared to that of blended fuel B40. Further increase in iso-butanol additive to 10% leads to increase brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency in which the higher value obtained. Engine test results show that introducing iso-butanol additive with the blended fuel B40 at 5% (B40IB5) can be suggested for better engine performance at high thermal efficiency.