bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Site‐Specific Load‐Induced Expansion of Sca‐1+Prrx1+ and Sca‐1−Prrx1+ Cells in Adult Mouse Long Bone Is Attenuated With Age
Authors: Cabahug‐Zuckerman Pamela , Liu Chao , Cai Cinyee , Mahaffey Ian , Norman Stephanie C , Cole Whitney , Castillo Alesha B 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTAging is associated with significant bone loss and increased fracture risk, which has been attributed to a diminished response to anabolic mechanical loading. In adults, skeletal progenitors proliferate and differentiate into bone‐forming osteoblasts in response to increasing mechanical stimuli, though the effects of aging on this response are not well‐understood. Here we show that both adult and aged mice exhibit load‐induced periosteal bone formation, though the response is significantly attenuated with age. We also show that the acute response of adult bone to loading involves expansion of Sca‐1+Prrx1+ and Sca‐1−Prrx1+ cells in the periosteum. On the endosteal surface, loading enhances proliferation of both these cell populations, though the response is delayed by 2 days relative to the periosteal surface. In contrast to the periosteum and endosteum, the marrow does not exhibit increased proliferation of Sca‐1+Prrx1+ cells, but only of Sca‐1−Prrx1+ cells, underscoring fundamental differences in how the stem cell niche in distinct bone envelopes respond to mechanical stimuli. Notably, the proliferative response to loading is absent in aged bone even though there are similar baseline numbers of Prrx1 + cells in the periosteum and endosteum, suggesting that the proliferative capacity of progenitors is attenuated with age, and proliferation of the Sca‐1+Prrx1+ population is critical for load‐induced periosteal bone formation. These findings provide a basis for the development of novel therapeutics targeting these cell populations to enhance osteogenesis for overcoming age‐related bone loss. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological andIn SilicoStudy of Fluorine‐Containing Quinoline Hybrid Thiosemicarbazide Analogues
Authors: Patel Dhaval B. , Patel Kinjal D. , Prajapati Neelam P. , Patel Krupa R. , Rajani Dhanji P. , Rajani Smita D. , Shah Naumita S. , Zala Devendra D. , Patel Hitesh D. 
Published: July 2019

A novel series of fluorine‐containing quinoline hybrid thiosemicarbazide analogues (8a–8l) were synthesized and tested for their biological activities. The antibacterial results demonstrated that compounds8dand8l[minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) 62.5 μg/mL] were shown to have higher biological activity than ampicillin againstEscherichia coli. Compound8b(MIC 25 μg/mL) was shown to have the highest activity than was ampicillin againstStaphylococcus aureus. The antifungal results demonstrated that compound8j(MIC 100 μg/mL) has shown good activity. Most of the targeted compounds have shown potent antimalarial activity. Compounds8d(0.19 μg/mL),8g(0.30 μg/mL),8h(0.36 μg/mL),8k(0.10 μg/mL),8l(0.28 μg/mL),8k(0.10 μg/mL), and8l(0.28 μg/mL) have notable activity than does the reference drug quinine. Compounds8d(0.27 μg/mL),8g(0.30 μg/mL), and8k(0.17 μg/mL) have shown excellent activity against chloroquine‐resistant strain. The MTT assay performed on peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures showed a high percentage of lymphocyte viability [8d(99.64),8g(99.46),8h(98.83), and8k(99.51)] at a maximum dose (10 μg/mL), depicting no cytotoxicity of these compounds on human lymphocytesin vitro. A molecular docking study was performed onPf‐DHFR‐TSinhibitor. A molecular dynamics study has shown compound8gto have better affinity with protein. ADME‐Tox and pharmacophore study of synthesized compounds suggested prediction of active site.
Who Is Covered and Who Under‐reports: An Empirical Analysis of Access to Social Insurance in Egypt
Authors: Roushdy Rania , Selwaness Irene 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the dynamics and determinants of having access to social insurance coverage on the Egyptian labour market among wage and non‐wage workers. The paper explores two issues: the worker‐level and firm‐level determinants of having access to social insurance and the risk of under‐reporting insurable wage to the social security authority. With the use of data from the Egyptian Labor Market Panel Survey of 2006 and 2012, the likelihood of being enrolled in social insurance is estimated by a probit regression model for all workers, for wage and non‐wage workers, separately. The potential endogeneity between the type of work and social insurance access is addressed using instrumental variables approach. Results show that men, older, married, better educated and white‐collar highly skilled workers are more likely to be socially insured. Under‐reporting insurable wages is positively correlated with working outside the establishment and basic monthly wage, while it is negatively correlated with tenure and white‐collar occupations. High contribution rates requested from both the employer and employee, combined with basing benefits on wage level of the last few years of service, and the weak capacity of law enforcement encourage employers and employees to either not participate in the social insurance system or contribute on amounts that are lower than their actual wage. This paper is one of the few studies that focus on the phenomenon of coverage gap and under‐reporting salaries to the social security administration. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical mechanisms of surface wind variability at Incheon Airport
Authors: Park Hyung‐Ju , Kim Kwang‐Yul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe mechanisms of surface wind variability observed by Aerodrome Meteorological Observation System at Incheon International Airport (IIA), located near the western coast of the Korean Peninsula, are investigated using cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis. Despite the complex nature of surface wind, as various factors contribute to its variance, distinct features of surface wind variability are separated reasonably into CSEOF modes. The physical interpretation of each mode using the ERA‐Interim reanalysis data is accomplished through regression analysis in CSEOF space. In essence, three atmospheric features dominate the surface wind variability: East Asian monsoon, land–sea breeze, and baroclinic waves. East Asian monsoon, the first mode, explains ~12% of the total variance of the surface wind at IIA. The annual reversal of the monsoon circulation due to the thermal contrast between the Asian continent and the western Pacific is captured as the single most dominant source of surface wind variability at IIA. The second CSEOF mode reveals that zonal circulation induced by land–sea breeze dominates the diurnal variation of the surface wind at IIA, and explains ~8% of the total variance. The largest fraction of variability is associated with baroclinic waves, which is separated into many CSEOF modes due to their irregular phase and wavelength, and the locations of vortex centre. Modes 3–10 are all associated with baroclinic waves and they together explain ~42% of the total variance. Baroclinic waves are amplified as they move over the ocean due to strong turbulent flux from the ocean surface induced by the associated upper tropospheric vortices.
Integrating distance sampling with minimum counts to improve monitoring
Authors: Schmidt Joshua H. , Reynolds Joel H. , Rattenbury Kumi L. , Phillips Laura M. , White Kevin S. , Schertz Dylan , Morton John M. , Kim H. Sharon 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTMinimum counts are commonly used to estimate population size and trend for wildlife conservation and management; however, the scope of inference based on such data is limited by untestable assumptions regarding the detection process. Alternative approaches, such as distance sampling, occupancy surveys, and repeated counts, can be employed to produce detection‐corrected estimates of population parameters. Unfortunately, these approaches can be more complicated and costly to implement, potentially limiting their use. We explored a conceptual framework linking datasets collected at different spatial scales under different survey designs, with the goal of improving inference. Specifically, we link landscape‐scale distance sampling surveys with local‐scale minimum counts in an integrated modeling framework to estimate mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) abundance at both the local and regional scale in south‐central Alaska, USA, and provide an estimate of detection probability (i.e., sightability) for the minimum counts. Estimated sightability for the minimum count surveys was 0.67 (95% credible interval [CrI] = 0.52–0.83) and abundance for the entire area was 5,600 goats (CV = 9%), both in broad agreement with estimates from previous studies. Abundance estimates at the local scale (i.e., individual min. count unit) were reasonably precise (= 18%), suggesting the integrated approach can increase the amount of information produced at both spatial scales by linking minimum count approaches with more rigorous survey designs. We propose that our integrated approach may be implemented in the context of a modified split‐panel monitoring design by altering survey protocols to include frequent minimum counts within local count units and intermittent but more rigorous survey designs with inference to the entire study area or population of interest. Doing so would provide estimates of abundance with appropriate measures of uncertainty at multiple spatial scales, thereby improving inference for population monitoring and management. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Glucose and pH Dual‐Responsive Nanogels for Efficient Protein Delivery
Authors: Si Xinghui , Song Wantong , Yang Shengcai , Ma Lili , Yang Chenguang , Tang Zhaohui 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDirect delivery of protein suffers from their in vitro and in vivo instability, immunogenicity, and a relatively short half‐life within the body. To overcome these challenges, pH and glucose dual‐responsive biodegradable nanogels comprised of dextran and poly(L‐glutamic acid)‐g‐methoxy poly‐(ethylene glycol)/phenyl boronic acid (PLG‐g‐mPEG/PBA) are designed. The cross‐linked network imparted drug‐loading efficacy of α‐amylase up to 55.6% and hyaluronidase up to 29.1%. In vitro protein release profiles reveal that the release of protein is highly dependent on the pH or glucose concentrations, that is, less amount of protein is released at pH 7.4 or healthy blood glucose level (1 mg mL−1 glucose), while quicker release of protein occurs at pH 5.5 or diabetic blood glucose level (above 3 mg mL−1 glucose). Circular dichroism spectra show that the secondary structure of released protein is maintained compared to naive protein. Overall, the nanogels have provided a simple and effective strategy to deliver protein.
Computer Simulation of Surface‐Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: Effect of Free‐Monomer Model on Brush Properties
Authors: Turgman‐Cohen Salomon , Genzer Jan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMonte Carlo simulation is employed using the bond‐fluctuation model (BFM) to explore the role of free‐monomer model on surface‐initiated controlled polymerization from flat substrates. Three free‐monomer models differ in two aspects: 1) their extent of excluded volume interactions between free‐monomer/polymer segments and 2) monomer availability (finite or infinite) during the simulation. In the explicit monomer (EM) model, free‐monomers behave as a single BFM‑type units. In the phantom monomer (PM) model, free‐monomers act analogously to those in the EM model but lack excluded volume interactions with the growing polymers. In the implicit monomer (IM) model, no explicit monomers are included in the simulation box; the polymers can grow as long as space is available near active chain‐ends. It is found that the breadth of the molecular weight distribution of the grown polymers decreases from EM, to PM, to IM models. With the EM model, free‐monomers are excluded from the near‐surface region, while with the PM model they are not. Due to its excluded volume interactions, the EM model tends to compress the brush against the substrate. Finally, the relaxation of the shape of a polydisperse brush after the polymerization reaction ends has been reported.
The composition of transformation products of 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzoic acid in the aqueous‐phase hydrogenation over Pd/C catalysts
Authors: Talsi Valentin P. , Belskaya Olga B. , Yurpalov Vyacheslav L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDue to a detailed analysis of NMR spectra of the reaction solutions with different composition obtained by the aqueous‐phase catalytic (Pd/C) hydrogenation of 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzoic acid, the intermediate compounds were identified and a more substantiated mechanism was proposed for the formation of the main reaction products—1,3,5‐triaminobenzene and cyclohexane‐1,3,5‐trione trioxime. The condensation of the 1,3,5‐triaminobenzene molecules produced by a complete hydrogenation of 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzoic acid was shown to result in the formation of a paramagnetic heterocyclic compound.
On the performance of Krylov smoothing for fully coupled AMG preconditioners for VMS resistive MHD
Authors: Lin Paul T. , Shadid John N. , Tsuji Paul H. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThis study explores the performance and scaling of a GMRES Krylov method employed as a smoother for an algebraic multigrid preconditioned Newton‐Krylov solution approach applied to a fully implicit variational multiscale finite element resistive magnetohydrodynamics formulation. In this context, a Newton iteration is used for the nonlinear system and a parallel MPI‐based Krylov method is employed for the linear subsystems. The efficiency of this approach is critically dependent on the scalability and performance of the parallel algebraic multigrid preconditioner for the linear solutions and the performance of the multigrid smoothers play a critical role. Krylov multigrid smoothers are considered in an attempt to reduce the time and memory requirements of existing robust smoothers based on additive Schwarz domain decomposition with incomplete LU factorization solves on each subdomain. Three time‐dependent resistive magnetohydrodynamics test cases are considered to evaluate the method. Compared with a domain decomposition incomplete LU smoother, the GMRES smoother can reduce the solve time due to a significant decrease in the preconditioner setup time and often a reduction in outer Krylov solver iterations, and requires less memory, typically 35% less memory.
Exact penalty functions for optimal control problems I: Main theorem and free‐endpoint problems
Authors: Dolgopolik M.V. , Fominyh A.V. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryIn this two‐part study, we develop a general approach to the design and analysis of exact penalty functions for various optimal control problems, including problems with terminal and state constraints, problems involving differential inclusions, and optimal control problems for linear evolution equations. This approach allows one to simplify an optimal control problem by removing some (or all) constraints of this problem with the use of an exact penalty function, thus allowing one to reduce optimal control problems to equivalent variational problems and apply numerical methods for solving, eg, problems without state constraints, to problems including such constraints, etc. In the first part of our study, we strengthen some existing results on exact penalty functions for optimisation problems in infinite dimensional spaces and utilise them to study exact penalty functions for free‐endpoint optimal control problems, which reduce these problems to equivalent variational ones. We also prove several auxiliary results on integral functionals and Nemytskii operators that are helpful for verifying the assumptions under which the proposed penalty functions are exact.
Minimal Clinically Important Difference of Four Commonly Used Balance Assessment Tools in Individuals after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Chan Andy C. M. , Pang Marco Y. C. , Ouyang Huixi , Jehu Deborah A. M. 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundAlthough balance is commonly assessed during the recovery of total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) values of frequently used balance assessment tools have not been established previously in this population.ObjectiveTo determine the MCID of four balance tests—ie, the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), Mini‐BESTest, Brief‐BESTest, and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS)—in individuals post‐TKA.DesignProspective cohort.SettingOutpatient rehabilitation.ParticipantsInclusion criteria: (1) first primary TKA with diagnosed knee osteoarthritis; (2) aged 50‐85 years. Exclusion criteria: (1) TKA due to rheumatoid arthritis of the knee or traumatic injury; (2) known medical conditions that influence balance ability. One hundred forty‐six participants were recruited, and 134 of them with complete data were included in the analysis.InterventionsParticipants received individualized physiotherapy, consisting of electrotherapy for pain and edema control, mobilization and strengthening exercises, and gait and balance training, once or twice per week between assessments.Main Outcome MeasurementsParticipants were assessed on the BESTest, Mini‐BESTest, Brief‐BESTest, BBS, and Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. The FGA was used as the anchor reference measure to calculate the MCID of the other four balance tests. A distribution‐based approach was also employed to derive the MCID (ie, standardized effect size of 0.5).ResultsThe BESTest (area under curve [AUC] = 0.811, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.739‐0.883) had the highest accuracy in detecting clinically important improvements on the FGA (≥4 points), followed by the Mini‐BESTest (AUC = 0.782, 95% CI 0.704‐0.860), Brief‐BESTest (AUC = 0.701, 95% CI 0.618‐0.795), and BBS (AUC = 0.586, 95% CI 0.490‐0.682). The anchor‐ and distribution‐based MCIDs were 6‐8 for the BESTest, 1‐2 for the Mini‐BESTest, and 2‐3 for the Brief‐BESTest.ConclusionsImprovements exceeding MCIDs established above are indicative of significant progress in balance function post‐TKA. The BBS is not a recommended tool due to its low AUC value.
Readability of Patient Education Materials in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R): A Comparative Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Han Alex , Carayannopoulos Alexios G. 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundPatients are increasingly using the Internet to access health information. Patient awareness and education are crucial to advancing the field of PM&R, but many U.S. adults have insufficient health literacy skills to read and understand patient education materials (PEM), frequently written at the 10th‐15th‐grade level. Reading ability is key for health literacy, but no previous research has assessed the readability of PEM provided by professional PM&R societies.ObjectivesEvaluate whether the readability of PM&R PEM meets the NIH‐recommended eighth‐grade reading level; compare readability of PM&R PEM to two commonly accessed patient resources for sports and rehabilitation medicine topics, handouts from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) and American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), whose readability has been previously analyzed.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsPublicly accessible entries within the patient education section of websites sanctioned by professional PM&R societies, as well as the AAOS and AAFP, were analyzed for readability using two validated and widely used tools, the Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) and Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) formulas. Comparative statistics were performed between the three surveyed specialties.Main Outcome MeasuresFKGL and SMOG readability scores, which estimate U.S. grade level, or years of education, needed to comprehend text.ResultsA total of 167 online PM&R resources were identified and compared to 94 articles from AAOS and 65 from AAFP. Mean SMOG and FKGL levels exceeded the eighth‐grade level for both PM&R (SMOG‐9.71, 95% CI 9.42‐10.0; FKGL‐10.35, 95% CI 9.99‐10.7) and AAOS (SMOG‐9.15, 95% CI 8.96‐9.35; FKGL‐9.51, 95% CI 9.29‐9.74), whereas AAFP met readability guidelines for both measures (SMOG‐7.00, 95% CI 6.74‐7.27; FKGL‐6.76, 95% CI 6.45‐7.07). SMOG and FKGL scores suggested significantly higher reading difficulty for PM&R compared to AAOS (SMOG P = .017; FKGL P = .0001) and AAFP (SMOG P < .0001; FKGL P < .0001). Results indicated that 17% of PM&R resources complied with NIH guidelines, vs 8% for AAOS and 83% for AAFP.ConclusionsThe average readability of PM&R PEM exceeds the NIH‐recommended and average U.S. adult eighth‐grade reading level. The physiatry community can make its patient materials more comprehensible and accessible for patients by providing resources at a more appropriate reading level.
A simple model for determining affinity from irreversible thermal shifts
Authors: Hall Justin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThermal denaturation (Tm) data are easy to obtain; it is a technique that is used by both small labs and large‐scale industrial organizations. The link between ligand affinity (K
D) and ΔTm is understood for reversible denaturation; however, there is a gap in our understanding of how to quantitatively interpret ΔTm for the many proteins that irreversibly denature. To better understand the origin, and extent of applicability, of a K
D to ΔTm correlate, we define equations relating K
D and ΔTm for irreversible protein unfolding, which we test with computational models and experimental data. These results suggest a general relationship exists between K
D and ΔTm for irreversible denaturation.
Novel natural and synthetic inhibitors of solute carriers SGLT1 and SGLT2
Authors: Oranje Paul , Gouka Robin , Burggraaff Lindsey , Vermeer Mario , Chalet Clément , Duchateau Guus , van der Pijl Pieter , Geldof Marian , de Roo Niels , Clauwaert Fenja , Vanpaeschen Toon , Nicolaï Johan , de Bruyn Tom , Annaert Pieter , IJzerman Adriaan P. , van Westen Gerard J. P. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSelective analogs of the natural glycoside phloridzin are marketed drugs that reduce hyperglycemia in diabetes by inhibiting the active sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT2 in the kidneys. In addition, intestinal SGLT1 is now recognized as a target for glycemic control. To expand available type 2 diabetes remedies, we aimed to find novel SGLT1 inhibitors beyond the chemical space of glycosides. We screened a bioactive compound library for SGLT1 inhibitors and tested primary hits and additional structurally similar molecules on SGLT1 and SGLT2 (SGLT1/2). Novel SGLT1/2 inhibitors were discovered in separate chemical clusters of natural and synthetic compounds. These have IC50‐values in the 10‐100 μmol/L range. The most potent identified novel inhibitors from different chemical clusters are (SGLT1‐IC50 Mean ± SD, SGLT2‐IC50 Mean ± SD): (+)‐pteryxin (12 ± 2 μmol/L, 9 ± 4 μmol/L), (+)‐ε‐viniferin (58 ± 18 μmol/L, 110 μmol/L), quinidine (62 μmol/L, 56 μmol/L), cloperastine (9 ± 3 μmol/L, 9 ± 7 μmol/L), bepridil (10 ± 5 μmol/L, 14 ± 12 μmol/L), trihexyphenidyl (12 ± 1 μmol/L, 20 ± 13 μmol/L) and bupivacaine (23 ± 14 μmol/L, 43 ± 29 μmol/L). The discovered natural inhibitors may be further investigated as new potential (prophylactic) agents for controlling dietary glucose uptake. The new diverse structure activity data can provide a starting point for the optimization of novel SGLT1/2 inhibitors and support the development of virtual SGLT1/2 inhibitor screening models.