bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Role of Emerging and Investigational Therapties for the Treatment of Adults With Metastatic Brain Tumors
Authors: Elder J Bradley , Nahed Brian V , Linskey Mark E , Olson Jeffrey J 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

QUESTION
What evidence is available regarding emerging and investigational treatment options for metastatic brain tumors?

TARGET POPULATION
Adult patients with brain metastases.

RECOMMENDATIONS

HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND
There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation regarding the use of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for the treatment of patients with brain metastases.

LASER INTERSTITIAL THERMAL THERAPY
There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation regarding the routine use of laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT), aside from use as part of approved clinical trials.

RADIATION SENSITIZERS

Level 1: The use of temozolomide as a radiation sensitizer is not recommended in the setting of whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) for patients with breast cancer brain metastases.

Level 1: The use of chloroquine as radiation sensitizer is not recommended in the setting of WBRT for patients with brain metastases.
There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation regarding the routine use of radiation sensitizers, such as motexafin-gadolinium, sodium nitrite, temozolomide, or chloroquine, in other clinical settings for patients with brain metastases.

INTERSTITIAL MODALITIES
There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation regarding the routine use of existing local therapies, such as interstitial chemotherapy, brachytherapy, or other local modalities, aside from their use in approved clinical trials.

IMMUNE MODULATORS
There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation regarding the use of immune therapy for brain metastases.

MOLECULAR TARGETED AGENTS

Level 1: The use of afatinib is not recommended in patients with brain metastasis due to breast cancer.
There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations regarding:
the use of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib in patients with brain metastasis due to nonsmall cell lung cancerthe use of BRAF inhibitors dabrafenib and vemurafenib in the treatment of patients with brain metastases due to metastatic melanomathe use of HER2 agents trastuzumab and lapatinib to treat patients with brain metastases due to metastatic breast cancerthe use of vascular endothelial growth factor agents bevacizumab, sunitinib, and sorafenib in the treatment of patients with solid tumor brain metastases.

The full guideline can be found at: https://www.cns.org/guidelines/guidelines-treatment-adults-metastatic-brain-tumors/chapter_9.
Learning Sexuality and Gender
Authors: Thoreson Ryan R. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
In recent years, advocates around the globe have drawn attention to worrying rates of discrimination and violence against LGBTQ youth, including youth in schools. LGBTQ students are at heightened risk of bullying and harassment, exclusion from school curricula, discriminatory treatment, and even expulsion from the school environment. While schools can function as sites of mistreatment of LGBTQ youth, they can also advance rights and well-being by providing resources, knowledge, and affirmation to students exploring their gender and sexuality. The development of protective school policies, teacher training, LGBTQ student groups, and inclusive curricula have all functioned to make schools safer and more welcoming for students. The following chapter explores the difficulties that LGBTQ youth continue to experience in different contexts around the globe. It details how state and non-state actors have increasingly recognized a responsibility to protect LGBTQ youth from discrimination and violence, including under widely ratified agreements like the Convention on the Rights of the Child. It argues that more work remains to be done to ensure that LGBTQ students are free from mistreatment in school environments, especially in terms of ensuring that LGBTQ advocates can work on children’s rights issues, implementing protections enacted by supportive states, and responding to backlash from opponents of LGBTQ rights.
Methodologies for Categories in Motion
Authors: Craig Maxine Leeds 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe concept of intersectionality has profoundly shaped sociological research on bodies and embodiment. While single-axis analyses of race or gender were common in sociology before the late 1980s, they appear inadequate now. Nonetheless, the concept of intersectionality has been critiqued for its weddedness to identitarian projects, and applications of intersectionality have been critiqued for failing to move beyond additive approaches. This chapter highlights examples of research on bodies and embodiment that employ methodologies that realize intersectionality’s promise. Examples of ethnographic, autoethnographic, archival, textual, interview, and mixed methods are presented as methodologies that investigate the simultaneous force of multiple social structures. These methods involve identity categories but treat them as always in motion. Keeping categories in motion within sociology of the body entails accounting for individual bodily change, contextual and historical change in the available identity categories, and change in the meanings that are socially attached to forms of embodiment.
Ellipsis and Psycholinguistics
Authors: Frazier Lyn 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPsycholinguistic studies bear on the grammar of ellipsis in many ways. They can shore up the empirical base of linguistics, through careful testing of multiple participants and items, and they permit testing of subtle judgments involving interactions. Processing evidence affords new types of arguments, e.g. based on syntactic indices being copied into an elided constituent despite semantic anomaly, and it highlights the fact that linguistic intuitions—judgments of acceptability—are not judgments of grammaticality, raising the possibility that the acceptability of certain ellipsis sentences may be best explained by (repair) operations of the parser, not by the grammar. Experimental results are brought to bear on the issues of the existence of syntactic structure in the ellipsis site, on the nature of the recoverability condition, and on licensing.
Ellipsis in Transformational Grammar
Authors: Lasnik Howard , Funakoshi Kenshi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines three themes concerning ellipsis that have been extensively discussed in transformational generative grammar: structure, recoverability, and licensing. It reviews arguments in favor of the analysis according to which the ellipsis site is syntactically fully represented, and compares the two variants of this analysis (the deletion analysis and the LF-copying analysis). It is concluded that the deletion analysis is superior to the LF-copying analysis. A discussion of recoverability follows, which concludes that in order for elided material to be recoverable, a semantic identity condition must be satisfied, but that is not a sufficient condition: syntactic or formal identity must be taken into account. The chapter finally considers licensing. It reviews some proposals in the literature about what properties of licensing heads and what local relation between the ellipsis site and the licensing head are relevant to ellipsis licensing.
Kiswahili and Shingazidja
Authors: Patin Cédric , Manus Sophie 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter is a detailed discussion of ellipsis in Kiswahili and Shingazidja, two languages belonging to the G.40 group of Bantu languages. Building upon various arguments, including the use of tests established by Ngonyani (1996, 1998) and Greenberg (2005) and the examination of prosodic patterns, it is shown that several kinds of ellipsis are possible in these languages: clausal ellipses (gapping, stripping, argument cluster coordination), sluicing and fragments, comparative ellipsis, N-deletion, etc. Special attention is given to gapping and V-stranding VP-ellipsis, a structure that has previously been discussed in the literature on Bantu languages. The differences between the two languages, such as the fact that right-node raising is only possible in Shingazidja, are also addressed. The final section discusses the absence of two types of predicate ellipsis in these languages, namely English-like VP-ellipsis and English-like pseudogapping.
Ellipsis in Construction Grammar
Authors: Goldberg Adele E. , Perek Florent 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter emphasizes the shared communicative motivation of ellipsis constructions that leads to cross-linguistic similarities and certain predictable functional constraints. More specifically, ellipsis is licensed by a system of motivated constructions, i.e. learned pairings of form and function. Constructions capture a range of restrictions on form and function, including those related to semantics, discourse context, register, genre, and dialect. Generalizations across constructions are captured by a network of constructions with partially overlapping representations. Semantic recoverability is facilitated not by copying and deleting syntactic structure at the ellipsis site, but by a cognitive process that ‘points’ to information that is, typically but not always, available from the memory trace of an antecedent. This mechanism is independently required for fragments, non-elliptical expressions such as ditto and respectively, and the many examples that do not display the ‘connectivity’ effects that are predicted by copy and deletion accounts.
The Christianization of Gaul
Authors: Lefebvre Bastien 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBased on recent archaeological excavations, this chapter presents an overview of the Christianization of Gaul through buildings and topography. Over the last few decades, our knowledge of the organization of episcopal complexes in cities and funerary areas has been significantly advanced despite the small number of artifacts, many of which are poorly dated. The study of Christianization in the countryside is a more recent development, even though many Roman villas reused by churches in the Early Middle Ages have been excavated. New research shows the greater complexity of the situation, including settlement forms beyond villas and a variety of churches such as episcopal relays, funerary churches, and monasteries.
Armenia
Authors: Maranci Christina 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe fourth to seventh centuries were formative in the art and culture of Armenia. This era witnessed the conversion of the land to Christianity, the invention of the Armenian alphabet and the consequent development of a literary tradition, the formulation of a specific understanding of the nature of Christ, and the emergence of a striking and robust visual tradition. The architecture, stone sculpture, and mosaic pavements produced during this era attest to the integration of Armenians within the broader Mediterranean and Iranian worlds, and to the development of distinctive artistic forms and practices. This material thus offers powerful testimony of contemporary beliefs, social structures, and political conditions of Armenians living both within the historical homeland and in communities abroad.
The Archaeology of Early Monastic Communities
Authors: Brooks Hedstrom Darlene L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses new developments in the field of monastic archaeology and the archaeology of early monastic settlements. The presence of monastic communities in documentary and literary evidence has produced a wide array of studies of monasticism, but very few of these have considered the purpose-built environments or the remodeled natural environments for monastic habitation. This chapter therefore considers examples from Egypt, Gaza, Britain, and Ireland to illustrate the history of archaeological study of monastic life and the importance of integrating monastic archaeology into broader categories dealing with landscape, urbanization, and connectivity from the fourth century through the tenth century.
EpigramsandThe Forest
Authors: West Philip 
Published: January 2019

AbstractJonson’s first two collections of poetry, Epigrams and The Forest, were instrumental in creating a new and influential style of English poetry in the early seventeenth century. This chapter explores the exemplary and satirical functions of Epigrams, reading them in the light of Jonson’s relationships with the poems’ recipients and subjects, his epideictic poetics, and his opinions on ‘the old way and the true’ to write epigrammatically. Emphasizing their circulation first as manuscript texts and subsequently as part of Jonson’s printed Works (1616), the chapter examines the importance the poems attach to ‘naming’ the virtuous and praiseworthy, and to effecting moral reformation through satire. Comparing The Forest, a shorter but more generically diverse collection than Epigrams, it shows how the two works can be read as companion pieces exploring the nature of poetry, power, and relationships.
Conceptual Framework for an Episode of Rehabilitative Care After Surgical Repair of Hip Fracture
Authors: Sheehan Katie J , Smith Toby O , Martin Finbarr C , Johansen Antony , Drummond Avril , Beaupre Lauren , Magaziner Jay , Whitney Julie , Hommel Ami , Cameron Ian D , Price Iona , Sackley Catherine 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Researchers face a challenge when evaluating the effectiveness of rehabilitation after a surgical procedure for hip fracture. Reported outcomes of rehabilitation will vary depending on the end point of the episode of care. Evaluation at an inappropriate end point might suggest a lack of effectiveness leading to the underuse of rehabilitation that could improve outcomes. The purpose of this article is to describe a conceptual framework for a continuum-care episode of rehabilitation after a surgical procedure for hip fracture. Definitions are proposed for the index event, end point, and service scope of the episode. Challenges in defining the episode of care and operationalizing the episode, and next steps for researchers are discussed. The episode described is intended to apply to all patients eligible for entry to rehabilitation after hip fracture and includes most functional recovery end points. This framework will provide a guide for rehabilitation researchers when designing and interpreting evaluations of the effectiveness of rehabilitation after hip fracture. Evaluation of all potential care episodes facilitates transparency in reporting of outcomes, enabling researchers to determine the true effectiveness of rehabilitation after a surgical procedure for hip fracture.
Focus on Activation, Regulation, and Evolution of MTI and ETI
Authors: McDowell John M. 
Published: January 2019

Plants perceive a variety of molecules produced by microbes, insects, and nematodes. These pathogen-derived components include so-called microbe-associated molecular patterns, or MAMPs, as well as effector proteins that are secreted to the exterior or interior of plant cells and these molecules can be recognized by receptor protein complexes on the exterior or interior of plant cells, thereby activating MAMP- or effector-triggered immunity (MTI or ETI, respectively). Because these processes are key components of plant disease resistance, they have been studied intensively. We are now in a golden age of ETI and MTI research, in which mechanistic and evolutionary understanding of both processes is emerging rapidly. Accordingly, in this Focus issue , we explore diverse aspects of MTI and ETI, with a unifying theme of integration at multiple levels. Additional content is available on the Focus on Activation, Regulation, and Evolution of MTI and ETI. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase 1 (MKP1) Negatively Regulates the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species During Arabidopsis Immune Responses Development of a Pseudomonas syringae–Arabidopsis Suspension Cell Infection System for Investigating Host Metabolite-Dependent Regulation of Type III Secretion and Pattern-Triggered Immunity Direct Regulation of the EFR-Dependent Immune Response by Arabidopsis TCP Transcription Factors Convergent Evolution of Effector Protease Recognition by Arabidopsis and Barley
Effect of Cell-Free DNA Screening vs Direct Invasive Diagnosis on Miscarriage Rates in Women With Pregnancies at High Risk of Trisomy 21: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Malan Valérie , Bussières Laurence , Winer Norbert , Jais Jean-Philippe , Baptiste Amandine , Le Lorc'h Marc , Elie Caroline , O'Gorman Neil , Fries Nicolas , Houfflin-Debarge Véronique , Sentilhes Loic , Vekemans Michel , Ville Yves , Salomon Laurent J. 
Published: January 2019

(Abstracted from JAMA 2018;320(6):557–565)
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) tests are increasingly offered to women at increased risk of trisomy 21 to decrease the number of required invasive fetal karyotyping procedures and their associated miscarriages. The effect of this strategy has not been evaluated prospectively when compared with invasive diagnostic testing.
Negative Effects of Long-duration Spaceflight on Paraspinal Muscle Morphology
Authors: Burkhart Katelyn , Allaire Brett , Bouxsein Mary L. 
Published: January 2019

Study Design.
Prospective case series.

Objective.
Determine the extent of paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and attenuation change after long-duration spaceflight and recovery on Earth. Determine association between in-flight exercise and muscle atrophy.

Summary of Background Data.
Long-duration spaceflight leads to marked muscle atrophy. However, another negative consequence of disuse is intramuscular fatty infiltration. Notably, few studies have investigated the effects of spaceflight on intramuscular fatty infiltration, or how muscle atrophy is associated with in-flight exercise.

Methods.
We analyzed computed tomography scans of the lumbar spine (L1/L2) from 17 long-duration astronauts and cosmonauts to determine paraspinal muscle CSA and attenuation. Computed tomography scans were collected preflight, postflight, 1-year postflight, and, in a subset, 2 to 4 years postflight. We measured CSA (mm2) and attenuation (Hounsfield Units) of the erector spinae (ES), multifidus (MF), psoas (PS), and quadratus lumborum (QL) muscles. We used paired t tests to compare muscle morphology at each postflight time point to preflight values and Pearson correlation coefficients to determine the association between muscle changes and in-flight exercise.

Results.
ES, MF, and QL CSA and attenuation were significantly decreased postflight compared with preflight (−4.6% to −8.4% and −5.9% to −8.8%, respectively, p < 0.05 for all). CSA of these muscles equaled or exceeded preflight values upon Earth recovery, however QL and PS attenuation remained below preflight values at 2 to 4 years postflight. More resistance exercise was associated with less decline in ES and MF CSA, but greater decline in PS CSA. Increased cycle ergometer exercise was associated with less decline of QL CSA. There were no associations between in-flight exercise and muscle attenuation.

Conclusion.
Both CSA and attenuation of paraspinal muscles decline after long-duration spaceflight, but while CSA returns to preflight values within 1 year of recovery, PS and QL muscle attenuation remain reduced even 2 to 4 years postflight. Spaceflight-induced changes in paraspinal muscle morphology may contribute to back pain commonly reported in astronauts.

Level of Evidence: 4
Central Corneal Thickness Variances Among Different Asian Ethnicities in Glaucoma and Nonglaucoma Patients
Authors: Badr Mai , Masis Solano Marisse , Amoozgar Behzad , Nguyen Anwell , Porco Travis , Lin Shan 
Published: January 2019

Objective:
To compare the central corneal thickness (CCT) between different ethnicities and particularly Asian subethnic groups that may contribute to the different glaucoma diagnoses using the optical low-coherence reflectometry technique.

Methods:
A retrospective study of 6 years including 1512 eyes of 929 patients of the Beckman vision center, University of California, San Francisco from 2011 to 2017 had their biometric parameters, including CCT, measured with the Lenstar. Patients were categorized into African Americans, Caucasians, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, and Asians. Asians were further subcategorized into Chinese, Vietnamese, Koreans, Filipinos, and Japanese.

Results:
Among 1356 patients who had their CCT measured by Lenstar from 2011 to 2017, 1512 eyes of 929 patients were included. The study population included 462 Caucasians (52.96%), 60 African Americans (6.46%), 92 Hispanics (9.9%), 32 Pacific Islanders (3.44%), 130 Chinese (13.99%), 52 Filipinos (5.6%), 37 Vietnamese (3.98%), 34 Koreans (3.66%), and 30 Japanese (3.23%). African Americans had the thinnest CCT with a mean of 518.62±40.3 followed by Asians with a mean of 539.29±34.1. Among the Asian study sample, the Chinese had the thinnest CCT with a mean of 537.66±32.5. CCT was adjusted for age, sex, glaucoma diagnosis, diabetes status, and prostaglandin analogs use for >12 months.

Conclusions:
Optical low-coherence reflectometry is a widely used technology, which can measure CCT. Our study confirms that African Americans have the thinnest corneas followed by Asians. In the latter group, relatively thin CCT may partly explain their high rates of normal-tension glaucoma.
The Impacts of the ACA Medicaid Expansions on Cancer Screening Use by Primary Care Provider Supply
Authors: Lyu Wei , Wehby George L. 
Published: January 2019

Background:
Recent studies of the impacts of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansions on cancer screening use have mostly found insignificant effects. We posit that these findings mask meaningful heterogeneity in impacts depending on availability of primary care providers.

Objective:
This study examined the impacts of the ACA Medicaid expansions on cancer screening use separately by state-level supply of primary care providers.

Research Design:
We used data from the 2012 and 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys to measure use of mammograms, Pap smear tests, blood stool tests, and sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy for age groups recommended receiving these tests. The main analytical sample included 24,878–31,890 individuals with household income below 138% Federal Poverty Line. We used a difference-in-differences design comparing pre-post expansion changes in cancer screening use between expanding and nonexpanding states separately for 2 state groups defined by the median proportion of the state population residing in primary health professional shortage areas: low primary care provider supply (above median) and high supply (below median).

Results:
Medicaid expansions were associated with significant increases in mammograms (11.4 percentage-points), Pap smear tests (6.9 percentage-points), and sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy use (8.3 percentage-points) in states with high supply of primary care providers. In contrast, effects were small and insignificant in low supply states.

Conclusions:
ACA Medicaid expansions were associated with increased cancer screening use only in states with high supply of primary care providers. Improving access for Medicaid beneficiaries in provider shortage areas may require coupling coverage expansions with supply-side interventions to increase provider availability.
Long-term Outcome of MR-Guided Focused Ultrasound Treatment and Laparoscopic Myomectomy for Symptomatic Uterine Fibroid Tumors
Authors: Mohr-Sasson Aya , Machtinger Ronit , Mashiach Roy , Nir Omer , Inbar Yael , Maliyanker Nirit , Goldenberg Motti , Rabinovici Jaron 
Published: January 2019

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;219:375.e1–375.e7)
Fibroid tumors occur in up to 25% of reproductive-age women and are the most common benign tumors in this age group. The majority of fibroid tumors are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during clinical examination or imaging.