bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in prostate apparent diffusion coefficient values during radiotherapy after neoadjuvant hormones
Authors: McPartlin Andrew , Kershaw Lucy , McWilliam Alan , Taylor Marcus Ben , Hodgson Clare , van Herk Marcel , Choudhury Ananya 
Published: October 2018

Background: Changes in prostate cancer apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) derived from diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide a noninvasive method for assessing radiotherapy response. This may be attenuated by neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NA-HT). We investigate ADC values measured before, during and after external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) following NA-HT. Methods: Patients with ⩾T2c biopsy-proven prostate cancer receiving 3 months of NA-HT plus definitive radiotherapy were prospectively identified. All underwent ADC-MRI scans in the week before EBRT, in the third week of EBRT and 8 weeks after its completion. Imaging was performed at 1.5 T. The tumour, peripheral zone (PZ) and central zone (CZ) of the prostate gland were identified and median ADC calculated for each region and time point. Results: Between September and December 2014, 15 patients were enrolled (median age 68.3, range 57–78) with a median Gleason score of 7 (6–9) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis 14 (3–197) ng/ml. Median period of NA-HT prior to first imaging was 96 days (69–115). All patients completed treatment. Median follow up was 25 months (7–34), with one patient relapsing in this time. Thirteen patients completed all imaging as intended, one withdrew after one scan and another missed the final imaging. PZ and CZ could not be identified in one patient. Median tumour ADC before, during and post radiotherapy was 1.24 × 10−3 mm2/s (interquartile range 0.16 × 10−3 mm2/s), 1.31 × 10−3 mm2/s (0.22 × 10−3 mm2/s), then 1.32 × 10−3 mm2/s (0.13 × 10−3 mm2/s) respectively ( p > 0.05). There was no significant difference between median tumour and PZ or CZ ADC at any point. Gleason score did not correlate with ADC values. Conclusions: Differences in ADC parameters of normal and malignant tissue during EBRT appear attenuated by prior NA-HT. The use of changes in ADC as a predictive tool in this group may have limited utility.
Giant Frontal Sinus Osteomas: Demographic, Clinical Presentation, and Management of 10 Cases
Authors: Nguyen Sally , Nadeau Sylvie 
Published: October 2018

Background Osteomas are rare benign and slow-growing osteogenic tumors mainly involving frontal and ethmoid sinuses. Objectives The primary objective of our study is to present the management of cases of giant frontal sinus osteomas. Secondarily, we describe our modified unilateral osteoplastic flap approach without obliteration to remove these osteomas. Methods Retrospective chart review at a tertiary academic center (“Hôpital de l’Enfant-Jésus”) from July 2006 to October 2016. Demographics characteristics, tumor characteristics, presenting symptoms, frontal sinus surgery technique (osteoplastic flap, endoscopic surgery, or a combination of both), and outcomes of giant frontal sinus osteomas (≥30 mm) were recorded. For laterally placed osteomas, tumors with posterior wall involvement, orbital roof involvement, or intracranial extension, the modified unilateral osteoplastic flap approach was used. A decision-making algorithm is proposed for the choice of surgical approach. Results Ten giant frontal osteomas were analyzed (7 men and 3 women). The mean age at diagnosis was 38 years old (range, 24–55 years; median, 39 years; standard deviation, 11 years). The most common presenting symptom was headache (43% of symptomatic patients). Five patients had complications preoperatively due to tumoral extension (sinusitis, cellulitis, mucocele, optic nerve compression, and convulsions). One patient was treated endoscopically, 3 patients had an open approach and 6 patients had a combined technique. One patient experienced a postoperative complication (local infection treated with oral antibiotics). Six patients had minimal residual tumor with one patient needing reoperation. Conclusion Osteomas are rare paranasal sinus tumors. Due to the proximity to noble structures, a giant frontal osteoma should be managed surgically. The modified unilateral osteoplastic flap without obliteration offers good long-term surgical and aesthetic results. Osteomas are not known for malignant transformation and recurrences are rare; thus, subtotal resection is warranted and safe when a cleavage plan is not found.
Severe obesity in children as an independent risk factor for perioperative respiratory adverse events during anaesthesia for minor non-airway surgery, a retrospective observational study
Authors: Raghavan Kavitha , Moo Daphne Xin Ying , Tan Zihui 
Published: October 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to quantify grades of obesity and their independent effects on perioperative adverse events in children having ambulatory minor non-airway surgery. Methods: After obtaining ethics committee approval, we selected every tenth child aged 2 to 16 years who was identified as having been a day case between January 2012 and December 2014. Weight groups were defined based on age- and gender-specific body mass index (BMI) cutoff points. A sample size of 1102 was calculated to demonstrate a three-fold increase in the primary outcome measure, perioperative respiratory-airway adverse events, among obese children, with a power of 80% and an alpha error of 5%. Chi-squared and Fisher exact tests were used to compare proportions, and independent sample t tests were used to compare means. Results: Severely obese children had a significantly higher incidence of perioperative respiratory-airway adverse events when compared to normal-weight children despite no difference in respiratory and other comorbidity. Obese children had higher prevalence of overall medical comorbidities and obstructive sleep apnoea when compared to normal-weight children and there was no significant difference in the incidence of perioperative respiratory-airway adverse events and other outcome measures between obese and normal-weight children. Conclusions and recommendations: Severely obese children have a higher risk of perioperative respiratory-airway adverse events even during minor non-airway surgery despite absence of medical comorbidities. We recommend the use of age- and sex- specific BMI cutoffs or BMI percentile charts to identify children who are severely obese to anticipate and prevent major respiratory adverse events.
Interventions to improve retention-in-care and treatment adherence among patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review
Authors: Law Stephanie , Daftary Amrita , O'Donnell Max , Padayatchi Nesri , Calzavara Liviana , Menzies Dick 
Published: October 2018

The global loss to follow-up (LTFU) rate among drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) patients remains high at 15%. We conducted a systematic review to explore interventions to reduce LTFU during DR-TB treatment.We searched for studies published between January 2000 and December 2017 that provided any form of psychosocial or material support for patients with DR-TB. We estimated point estimates and 95% confidence intervals of the proportion LTFU. We performed subgroup analyses and pooled estimates using an exact binomial likelihood approach.We included 35 DR-TB cohorts from 25 studies, with a pooled proportion LTFU of 17 (12–23)%. Cohorts that received any form of psychosocial or material support had lower LTFU rates than those that received standard care. Psychosocial support throughout treatment,viacounselling sessions or home visits, was associated with lower LTFU rates compared to when support was provided through a limited number of visits or not at all.Our review suggests that psychosocial support should be provided throughout DR-TB treatment in order to reduce treatment LTFU. Future studies should explore the potential of providing self-administered therapy complemented with psychosocial support during the continuation phase.
Tuberculosis in the European Union and European Economic Area: a survey of national tuberculosis programmes
Authors: Collin Simon M. , de Vries Gerard , Lönnroth Knut , Migliori Giovanni Battista , Abubakar Ibrahim , Anderson Sarah R. , Zenner Dominik 
Published: October 2018

How many European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) countries have national tuberculosis (TB) control plans/strategies, and what are the priority actions/populations and barriers to implementation?In order to answer this question, a survey of EU/EEA national TB programme leads was undertaken.The response rate was 100% (31 countries). 55% of countries reported having a national TB strategy, all of which were in implementation; five countries were preparing a strategy. 74% had a defined organisational TB control structure with central coordination and 19% had a costed programme budget; few organisational structures included patient/civil society representation. The most frequently mentioned priority TB control actions were: reaching vulnerable population groups (80%), screening for active TB in high-risk groups (63%), implementing electronic registries (60%), contact tracing and outbreak investigation (60%), and tackling multidrug-resistant TB (60%). Undocumented migrants were the most commonly (46%) identified priority population. Perceived obstacles to implementation included barriers related to care recipients (lack of TB knowledge, treatment seeking/adherence), care providers (including need for specialist training of nurses and doctors) and health system constraints (funding, communication between healthcare and social care systems).This survey has provided an insight into TB control programmes across the EU/EEA that will inform the development of a TB strategy toolkit for member states.
Pulmonary mucinous adenocarcinomas: a clinicopathologic series with emphasis on the prognostic significance of spread through alveolar spaces, and presence of solid growth component
Authors: Paulk Adina , Tavora Fabio , Burke Allen 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Background
Mucinous adenocarcinoma is often considered a relatively poor prognostic group among adenocarcinomas of the lung and has a high rate of pulmonary recurrence. Pathologic parameters predicting poor outcome have not been extensively studied, including the presence of spread through alveolar spaces (STAS).

Methods
We retrospectively studied time to lung recurrence and time to distant metastasis in 30 mucinous lung tumors, in relationship to histologic parameters, including spread through alveolar spaces, tumor size, invasive size, % invasive size, growth pattern (solid or cribriform, acinar, papillary, micropapillary, and lepidic), type of mucin-producing cell, and TTF-1 positivity.

Results
Median follow-up was 40 months. There were 7 patients (23%) with lung recurrence (mean 22 months) and 7 (23%) with distant metastases (mean 3.7 months). Columnar / goblet cell type was inversely correlated with TTF-1 expression (p = 0.01). The only pathologic parameters associated with outcome were STAS for lung recurrence (p = .005) and solid/cribriform growth (≥ 20% of tumor) for distant metastasis (p = 0.003).

Conclusions
Mucinous adenocarcinomas of the lung are similar to non-mucinous prognostically, in that STAS and solid growth are poor prognosticators, for local and distant recurrence, respectively. The growth patterns of mucinous adenocarcinomas should be reported similar to reporting of non-mucinous adenocarcinomas.
A novel nano-iron supplement to safely combat iron deficiency and anaemia in young children: The IHAT-GUT double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial protocol
Authors: Pereira Dora I.A. , Mohammed Nuredin I. , Ofordile Ogochukwu , Camara Famalang , Baldeh Bakary , Mendy Thomas , Sanyang Chilel , Jallow Amadou T. , Hossain Ilias , Wason James , Prentice Andrew M. 
Published: October 2018

Background: Iron deficiency and its associated anaemia (IDA) are the leading forms of micronutrient malnutrition worldwide. Here we describe the rationale and design of the first clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of an innovative nano iron supplement, iron hydroxide adipate tartrate (IHAT), for the treatment of IDA in young children (IHAT-GUT trial). Oral iron is often ineffective due to poor absorption and/or gastrointestinal adverse effects. IHAT is novel since it is effectively absorbed whilst remaining nanoparticulate in the gut, therefore should enable supplementation with fewer symptoms.Methods:IHAT-GUT is a three-arm, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase II trial conducted in Gambian children 6-35 months of age. The intervention consists of a 12-week supplementation with either IHAT, ferrous sulphate (both at doses bioequivalent to 12.5 mgFe/day) or placebo. The trial aims to include 705 children with IDA who will be randomly assigned (1:1:1) to each arm. The primary objectives are to test non-inferiority of IHAT in relation to ferrous sulphate at treating IDA, and to test superiority of IHAT in relation to ferrous sulphate and non-inferiority in relation to placebo in terms of diarrhoea incidence and prevalence. Secondary objectives are mechanistic assessments, to test whether IHAT reduces the burden of enteric pathogens, morbidity, and intestinal inflammation, and that it does not cause detrimental changes to the gut microbiome, particularly in relation toLactobacillaceae,BifidobacteriaceaeandEnterobacteriaceae.Discussion:This trial will test the hypothesis that supplementation with IHAT eliminates iron deficiency and improves haemoglobin levels without inducing gastrointestinal adverse effects. If shown to be the case, this would open the possibility for further testing and use of IHAT as a novel iron source for micronutrient intervention strategies in resource-poor countries, with the ultimate aim to help reduce the IDA global burden.Registration:This trial is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02941081).
Negotiating the Relationship Human – Non-Human as a Question of Meaning in Twentieth Century Iranian Authenticity Discourse: The Role of Ǧalāl Āl-e Aḥmad’s Essay West Infection
Authors: Gösken Urs 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The present article investigates the intellectual and discursive orientation of the culture-critical essay West Infection by the twentieth century Iranian writer Ǧalāl Āl-e Aḥmad (1923–1969). In doing so, it likewise discusses the question of why this particular text was to have so deep and lasting an effect in redirecting the sociocultural modernization debate among Iranian intellectuals from a mainly developmentalist discourse to one about the issues of authenticity and identity. While considering Āl-e Aḥmad’s essay as raising a question of meaning – more specifically the question of human being’s meaning in the face of dehumanization under the spell of technological ‘Westernization’ –, we critically examine, in the course of our study, former interpretive approaches that define Āl-e Aḥmad’s text as reflecting influence on the author of existentialist philosophy. At the same time, we also address scholarly discussions of West Infection that regard it as a manifestation of nativism or leftist anti-capitalism. Rather than trying, in our turn, to pin down what Āl-e Aḥmad has to say to any given ideological or philosophical doctrine, we attempt to understand the use by Āl-e Aḥmad, in his essay, of terms such as ‘authenticity’, ‘alienation’, ‘identity’ and ‘religion’ – some of which are highly evocative of existentialism and of nativism indeed – as constitutive of a discourse that – for all the arguable influence on it of modern ideologies and philosophies – deserves to be treated as a word in its own right in the debate about Iran’s sociocultural situation.
Generalized Fibonacci groupsH(r,n,s) that are connected labelled oriented graph groups
Authors: Williams Gerald 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe class of connected Labelled Oriented Graph (LOG) groups coincides with the class of fundamental groups of complements of closed, orientable 2-manifolds embedded inS4{S^{4}}, and so contains all knot groups. We investigate when Campbell and Robertson’s generalized Fibonacci groupsH⁢(r,n,s){H(r,n,s)}are connected LOG groups. In doing so, we use the theory of circulant matrices to calculate the Betti numbers of their abelianizations. We give an almost complete classification of the groupsH⁢(r,n,s){H(r,n,s)}that are connected LOG groups. All torus knot groups and the infinite cyclic group arise and we conjecture that these are the only possibilities. As a corollary we show thatH⁢(r,n,s){H(r,n,s)}is a 2-generator knot group if and only if it is a torus knot group.
Numerical Stability with Help from Entropy: Solving a Set of 13 Moment Equations for Shock Tube Problem
Authors: Zinner Carl Philipp , Öttinger Hans Christian 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The shock structures of a 13 moment generalized hydrodynamics system of rarefied gases are simulated. These are first order hyperbolic equations derived from the Boltzmann equation. The investigated moment system stands out due to having an entropy evolution. In addition, a particular interest arises from the fact that the equations not only contain nonconservative products, but also provide the key to solving this mathematical and numerical issue by means of a simple substitution utilizing the physical entropy evolution. The apparent success of this method warrants investigation and provides a new perspective and starting point for finding general approaches to nonconservative products and irreversible processes. Furthermore, the system shows physically accurate results for low Mach numbers and is able to reveal the nonequilibrium entropy profile across a shock wave.
The South Indian hedgehog Paraechinus nudiventris (Horsfield, 1851): review of distribution data, additional localities and comments on habitat and conservation
Authors: Kumar Brawin , Togo Jacques , Singh Ranjit 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The South Indian hedgehog Paraechinus nudiventris (Horsfield, 1851) is one of the least studied, small mammals endemic to India. Although it is listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), its distribution is still unknown due to the paucity of data. This study reports the distribution data of the South Indian hedgehogs from 16 districts in Tamil Nadu, India. The distribution records were retrieved from field surveys, published records, interviews, trade survey, local newspaper reports and museum specimens. From 2012 to 2017, there were 103 localities and 18 live sightings recorded. Its major habitats are grassland, shrubs around urban landscapes, small hillocks and thorny shrubs. In Tamil Nadu, it is found at low elevations; in sandy patches, dry areas and on scrub dominated plains. Hunting, habitat loss, roadkill and local trade were found to be the main threats responsible for the species’ declining population. This study discusses details such as distribution, habitat and ongoing threats, with a view to contributing to future species conservation and legislative decision-making.
Laser-induced thermoelectric effects in electrically biased nanoscale constrictions
Authors: Mennemanteuil Marie-Maxime , Colas-des-Francs Gérard , Buret Mickaël , Dasgupta Arindam , Cuadrado Alexander , Alda Javier , Bouhelier Alexandre 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Electrically biased metal nanostructures are at the core of innovative multifunctional integrated devices that control the flow of electrons and photons at the nanoscale. They are based on plasmonic structures that create strongly confined fields, typically associated with large temperature gradients. These thermal effects may generate artifact responses detrimental to the desired operation. We show here how a biasing polarity and a local optical excitation asymmetry of a generic geometry – a nanoscale constriction – interplay thermally to modify the diffusive electron transport in out-of-equilibrium conditions. Our experimental results are accompanied with computational electromagnetism and multiphysics simulations.
Between conflict and consensus: Why democracy needs conflicts and why communities should delimit their intensity
Authors: Horváth Szilvia 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The contemporary agonist thinker, Chantal Mouffe argues that conflicts are constitutive of politics. However, this position raises the question that concerns the survival of order and the proper types of conflicts in democracies. Although Mouffe is not consensus-oriented, consensus plays a role in her theory when the democratic order is at stake. This suggests that there is a theoretical terrain between the opposing poles of conflict and consensus. This can be discussed with the help of concepts and theories that seem to be standing between the two, namely compromise, debate and the borders of democracy. I will argue that we can reveal this position with the theoretical analysis of compromise in the works of F. R. Ankersmit on the historical origin of representative democracy, and Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson on the role of compromise in divided communities. J. S. Mill’s view of colliding opinions offers a moderate agonistic understanding of politics, while the concept of debate plays a similar role for Márton Szabó, a contemporary Hungarian political theorist. Finally, Mouffe’s position stands at the conflictual end of this spectrum, although conflicts are delimited on the normative ground of democracy.
Politics contra the functionalisation of man – Hannah Arendt’s problematic investigation of ideology and labour
Authors: Schönfelder Anna-Sophie 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Hannah Arendt suggests the pivotal problems of modern society to be man’s susceptibility to ideological patterns of thought and behaviour and the compulsion under which he performs labour. Her depiction of these phenomena can however be seen as rather one-dimensional. Since the redemptive concept of politics which she proposes as a kind of worldly realm for unconstrained human relationships, is based upon her fragile analyses of ideology and labour, this concept’s persuasive power is limited. Arendt’s striking powers of observation are more effective in areas where social domination is taken to the extreme, whereas in the face of basic social constraints she seems to be perplexed.
Der Sinn des Lebens...
Authors: Viol Patrick 
Published: October 2018

Zusammenfassung
Der Artikel beginnt damit, die vermeintlich kritische These, die Identitätspolitik sei verantwortlich für den Rechtspopulismus, als einen Offenbarungseid politischer Urteilskraft darzustellen. Im zweiten Schritt wird Richard Sennetts Buch Der flexible Mensch dafür kritisiert, dass er eine fetischistische Kapitalismuskritik betreibt, die sich vor der Kritik der Lohnarbeit scheut. Sennett bietet theoretisch die Flucht in die Gemeinschaft als Ausweg aus den scheinbar erst seit dem Ende des Fordismus sinnlos gewordenen Verhältnissen an. Der Artikel zeigt, warum diesen Ausweg zu nehmen keine gute Idee ist, auch wenn er gerade in Mode ist. Als weiterführendes Ergebnis der Beschäftigung mit Sennett wird gezeigt, dass die Kritiker_innen der Identitätspolitik die gegenwärtige Konfrontationsweise der Gewalt des Kapitalverhältnisses verkennen und ignorieren wie Subjekte sie bewältigen müssen. Damit soll zugleich der Zusammenhang von Liberalisierung und politischer Regression erhellt werden.