bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method to collect ground truth data for walking speed in real-world environments: description and validation
Authors: Aigner Gerhard , Grimm Bernd , Lederer Christian , Daumer Martin 
Published: February 2019

Background. Physical activity (PA) is increasingly being recognized as a major factor related to the development or prevention of many diseases, as an intervention to cure or delay disease and for patient assessment in diagnostics, as a clinical outcome measure or clinical trial endpoint. Thus, wearable sensors and signal algorithms to monitor PA in the free-living environment (real-world) are becoming popular in medicine and clinical research. This is especially true for walking speed, a parameter of PA behaviour with increasing evidence to serve as a patient outcome and clinical trial endpoint in many diseases. The development and validation of sensor signal algorithms for PA classification, in particular walking, and deriving specific PA parameters, such as real world walking speed depends on the availability of large reference data sets with ground truth values. In this study a novel, reliable, scalable (high throughput), user-friendly device and method to generate such ground truth data for real world walking speed, other physical activity types and further gait-related parameters in a real-world environment is described and validated.
Methods. A surveyor’s wheel was instrumented with a rotating 3D accelerometer (actibelt). A signal processing algorithm is described to derive distance and speed values. In addition, a high-resolution camera was attached via an active gimbal to video record context and detail. Validation was performed in the following main parts: 1) walking distance measurement is compared to the wheel’s built-in mechanical counter, 2) walking speed measurement is analysed on a treadmill at various speed settings, 3) speed measurement accuracy is analysed by an independent certified calibration laboratory - accreditation by DAkkS applying standardised test procedures.
Results: The mean relative error for distance measurements between our method and the built-in counter was 0.12%. Comparison of the speed values algorithmically extracted from accelerometry data and true treadmill speed revealed a mean adjusted absolute error of 0.01 m/s (relative error: 0.71 %). The calibration laboratory found a mean relative error between values algorithmically extracted from accelerometry data and laboratory gold standard of 0.36% (0.17-0.64 min/max), which is below the resolution of the laboratory. An official certificate was issued.
Discussion. Error values were a magnitude smaller than the any clinically important difference for walking speed.
Conclusion. Besides the high accuracy, the presented method can be deployed in a real world setting and allows to be integrated into the digital data flow.
Effects of root phenotypic changes on the deep rooting of Populus euphratica seedlings under drought stresses
Authors: Ye Zi-qi , Wang Jian-ming , Wang Wen-juan , Zhang Tian-han , Li Jing-wen 
Published: February 2019

Background
Deep roots are critical for the survival of Populus euphratica seedlings on the floodplains of arid regions where they easily suffer drought stress. Drought typically suppresses root growth, but P. euphratica seedlings can adjust phenotypically in terms of root-shoot allocation and root architecture and morphology, thus promoting deep rooting. However, the root phenotypic changes undertaken by P. euphratica seedlings as a deep rooting strategy under drought conditions remain unknown.

Methods
We quantified deep rooting capacity by the relative root depth (RRD), which represents the ratio of taproot length to plant biomass and is controlled by root mass fraction (RMF), taproot mass fraction (TRMF), and specific taproot length (STRL). We recorded phenotypic changes in one-year-old P. euphratica seedlings under control, moderate and severe drought stress treatments and assessed the effects of RMF, TRMF, and STRL on RRD.

Results
Drought significantly decreased absolute root depth but substantially increased RRD via exerting positive effects on TRMF, RMF, and STRL. Under moderate drought, TRMF contributed 55%, RMF 27%, and STRL 18% to RRD variation. Under severe drought, the contribution of RMF to RRD variation increased to 37%, which was similar to the 41% for TRMF. The contribution of STRL slightly increased to 22%.

Conclusion
These results suggest that the adjustments in root architecture and root-shoot allocation were predominantly responsible for deep rooting in P. euphratica seedlings under drought conditions, while morphological changes played a minor role. Moreover, P. euphratica seedlings rely mostly on adjusting their root architecture to maintain root depth under moderate drought conditions, whereas root-shoot allocation responds more strongly under severe drought conditions, to the point where it plays a role as important as root architecture does on deep rooting.
Papermaking Using Willow (Salix dasiclados) as a Hardwood Source – A Handsheet and Pilot Paper Machine Study
Authors: Dölle Klaus 
Published: February 2019

This laboratory handsheet and Fourdrinier pilot paper machine study examine the suitability of willow as a commercial hardwood pulp replacement including utilizing recycled pulp for paper production. The hand sheet study contains 16 different and the pilot paper machine study eight different furnish mixtures. For both studies, the base sheet consists of a 40% softwood and 60% hardwood commercial pulp mixture, followed by replacing the hardwood with bleached willow Kraft pulp. Deinked pulp, as recycled fibres, at 5% increments up to 100% for the handsheet study and at 10%, 20%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% for the pilot paper machine study is added to the base pulp mixture. Both the handsheet and the FPPM study revealed that willow Kraft pulp can replace commercial hardwood pulp fibres. Basis weight, calliper and stiffness as related properties showed comparable results for the handsheet study. Willow Kraft fibres tend to be bulkier and denser than the used hardwood fibres.
Tensile and tear index show comparable properties for the handsheet and pilot paper machine study, except for the 50%, 70% and 90% DIP containing paper sheets.
Porosity values for the hansheet study showed lower results than the base sheet, whereas the FPPM study showed higher results except for the 70% and 90% DIP containing handsheet. Comparable results are shown for opacity. Brightness levels were significantly lower due to the lower brightness of the manufactured willow Kraft and deinked pulp fibre furnish.
Despite the opportunity of replacing commercial hardwood with willow, more research needed to optimize willow into pulp fibres and preparation of the fibres for papermaking.
Characterization and Correlation Analysis of Physical and Physico-Chemical Properties of Cambucá Fruits (Plinia edulis)
Authors: Souto Antônio Gustavo de Luna , Cordeiro Maria Helena Menezes , Cremasco João Paulo Gava , Nunes Valtânia Xavier , Morais Keise Barcelas , Santos Carlos Eduardo Magalhães Dos 
Published: February 2019

Aims: This study was to characterize and correlate physical and physico-chemical properties of cambucá fruits (Plinia edulis).
Study Design: Experimental design was completely randomized with fifteen samples of five fruits each.
Place and Duration of Study: Experimental orchard of the Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), located in the municipality of Viçosa, Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais during the month of February 2015.
Methodology: Fruits were sampled when 100% of peels presented yellow-orange color. The following characteristics were evaluated: longitudinal and transverse diameter, total mass of both pulp and seed, pulp color, soluble solids, titratable acidity, soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio, ascorbic acid and carotenoids contents. To verify the degree of correlation between two physico-chemical variables, a Pearson analysis was performed.
Results: Cambucá fruits showed average values of longitudinal and transverse diameter of 37.76 and 44.36 mm, respectively. Fruits’ average mass were 44.12 g and the percentage of pulp was 82.15%. Both soluble solids and titratable acidity presented the respective average values: 10.53 ºBrix, 1.34 mg of citric acid and 100 mL-1 of pulp. Larger cambucá fruits presented higher pulp yield and lower acidity. The increase in ascorbic acid was positively correlated with the contents of soluble solids and carotenoids.
Conclusion: Fruits of cambucá have potential for commercialization, their characteristics are similar to those found in other fruit species native to the Myrtaceae family and already found in the fruit market.
Seasonal variations in measurements of linear accelerator output
Authors: Bartolac Steven , Heaton Robert , Norrlinger Bernhard , Letourneau Daniel 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPurposeSeasonal trends in linear accelerator output have been reported by at least one institution and data have suggested that they may be present at our center as well. The purpose of this work was to characterize these trends and determine whether local environmental conditions within the treatment rooms may be impacting the linear accelerators and/or the quality control (QC) dosimeter.MethodsRuntime plots of daily output data, acquired using an in‐house ion chamber‐based device, over 3 yr and for 15 linear accelerators of different makes and models were reviewed and evaluated. Environmental conditions were monitored prospectively in a representative treatment room for approximately 9 months and evaluated for correlations with output trends. Independent measures of output using daily MV portal images were compared with output measurements using the ion chamber‐based device. A separate controlled experiment probing the response of the in‐house dosimeter to humidity changes over time was also carried out using a constant current source and a small enclosure.ResultsRuntime plots of output revealed sinusoidal, seasonal variations that were consistent across all treatment units, irrespective of manufacturer, model, or age of machine. The amplitude of the variation was on the order of 1% and maintained a yearly period. The independent measure of output using MV portal images did not corroborate the seasonal trends observed with the daily QC dosimeter. Based on the controlled experiment, the QC dosimeter was found to have a dependence on relative humidity changes, decreasing 1% in output per 30% increase in relative humidity.ConclusionsResults confirm the presence of underlying seasonal variations in measured output from the linear accelerators. The findings identify humidity impact on the measurement device as the underlying cause of the cyclical changes and not the accelerators themselves. These results could help minimize unwarranted machine servicing.
Hierarchical Hydrogel Composite Interfaces with Robust Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zhu Yuting , Zhang Qiang , Shi Xiaoli , Han Dong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCells sense and respond to a wide range of external signals, including chemical signals, topography, and interface mechanics, via interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM), triggering the regulation of behavior and function. The ECM can be considered a hierarchical multiphase porous matrix with various components. Highly porous hydrogel‐based biomaterials can mimic the critical ECM properties, to provide mechanical support for tissues and to regulate cellular behaviors, such as adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Herein, based on micro/nanoscale‐topography‐coupled mechanical action, recent advances in the fabrication and application of hydrogel composites with tunable mechanical properties and topography in biomedicine are summarized. In particular, recent findings showing that hydrogels with specifically designed structures not only influence a range of cellular processes and fit the needs of engineered tissues but also have pharmacological effects are emphasized.
Healing of Planar Defects in 2D Materials via Grain Boundary Sliding
Authors: Zhao Xiaoxu , Ji Yujin , Chen Jianyi , Fu Wei , Dan Jiadong , Liu Yuanyue , Pennycook Stephen J. , Zhou Wu , Loh Kian Ping 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms and kinetics of defect annihilations, particularly at the atomic scale, is important for the preparation of high‐quality crystals for realizing the full potential of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) in electronics and quantum photonics. Herein, by performing in situ annealing experiments in an atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscope, it is found that stacking faults and rotational disorders in multilayered 2D crystals can be healed by grain boundary (GB) sliding, which works like a “wiper blade” to correct all metastable phases into thermodynamically stable phases along its trace. The driving force for GB sliding is the gain in interlayer binding energy as the more stable phase grows at the expanse of the metastable ones. Density functional theory calculations show that the correction of 2D stacking faults is triggered by the ejection of Mo atoms in mirror twin boundaries, followed by the collective migrations of 1D GB. The study highlights the role of the often‐neglected interlayer interactions for defect repair in 2D materials and shows that exploiting these interactions has significant potential for obtaining large‐scale defect‐free 2D films.
Natural Mentoring, Academic Motivation, and Values Toward Education Among Latinx Adolescents
Authors: Anderson Amy J. , Sánchez Bernadette , McMahon Susan D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe examined the roles of relational and instrumental relationship quality with natural mentors and academic intrinsic motivation on Latinx adolescents’ perceived economic values of education. Participants were 256 Latinx youth (M = 15.07 years old; 116 boys, 140 girls) who completed surveys in 9th and 10th grades. Path analyses indicated significant cross‐sectional effects in 9th grade such that instrumental quality was associated with more perceived benefits of education, and relational quality was associated with fewer perceived limitations of education. Neither instrumental nor relational quality in 9th grade was associated with either benefits or limitations of education in 10th grade. Instrumental relationship quality in 9th grade, however, did have an indirect effect on perceived benefits of education in 10th grade through intrinsic motivation. Implications for research on natural mentoring with Latinx adolescents are discussed.
Oxygen Vacancies in Amorphous InOx Nanoribbons Enhance CO2 Adsorption and Activation for CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Zhang Junbo , Yin Rongguan , Shao Qi , Zhu Ting , Huang Xiaoqing 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTuning surface electron transfer process by oxygen (O)‐vacancy engineering is an efficient strategy to develop enhanced catalysts for CO2 electroreduction (CO2ER). Herein, a series of distinct InOx NRs with different numbers of O‐vacancies, namely, pristine (P‐InOx), low vacancy (O‐InOx) and high‐vacancy (H‐InOx) NRs, have been prepared by simple thermal treatments. The H‐InOx NRs show enhanced performance with a best formic acid (HCOOH) selectivity of up to 91.7 % as well as high HCOOH partial current density over a wide range of potentials, largely outperforming those of the P‐InOx and O‐InOx NRs. The H‐InOx NRs are more durable and have a limited activity decay after continuous operating for more than 20 h. The improved performance is attributable to the abundant O‐vacancies in the amorphous H‐InOx NRs, which optimizes CO2 adsorption/activation and facilitates electron transfer for efficient CO2ER.
Environmental DNA analysis reveals the spatial distribution, abundance, and biomass of Japanese eels at the river‐basin scale
Authors: Itakura Hikaru , Wakiya Ryoshiro , Yamamoto Satoshi , Kaifu Kenzo , Sato Takuya , Minamoto Toshifumi 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

There is growing international concern about declines in populations of anguillid eels, resulting in their inclusion in the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Monitoring the population dynamics of these species is often challenging, however, owing to their broad distributions and complex, catadromous life histories.
Whether environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis could be used to monitor the spatial distribution of anguillid eels in rivers was investigated by conducting basin‐scale surveys of Japanese eels, Anguilla japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, in 10 rivers in Japan, and comparing the results obtained using eDNA analysis with the results obtained using the electrofishing method. Moreover, the relationship between the eDNA concentration and the abundance and biomass of Japanese eels was examined.
The eDNA of Japanese eels was detected at 56 (91.8%) of the 61 study sites from which individuals were collected by electrofishing, and at an additional 35 sites where individuals were not directly collected. This indicates that eDNA analysis has a greater sensitivity for detecting the presence of eels, making it a powerful tool for monitoring the spatial distribution of anguillid eels in rivers.
A significant, but weak, positive relationship between the eDNA concentration and the abundance and biomass of Japanese eels was also found, suggesting that eDNA analysis may be useful for estimating the abundance and biomass of anguillid eels in rivers.
This is the first study to demonstrate the potential usefulness of eDNA analysis for estimating the spatial distribution, abundance, and biomass of Japanese eels in rivers. eDNA analysis will allow anguillid eel populations to be monitored over large spatial and temporal scales using a consistent protocol, with reduced time and effort compared with conventional techniques, providing invaluable information for managing populations of these endangered species.
Social and delay discounting in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Warnell Katherine Rice , Maniscalco Sydney , Baker Sydney , Yi Richard , Redcay Elizabeth 
Published: February 2019

Current literature is divided over whether and how processes such as perspective taking and reward sensitivity differ between individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) versus neurotypical individuals. Discounting tasks may provide novel insight into how these processes operate. In delay discounting tasks, participants choose between smaller immediate rewards and larger delayed rewards, and in social discounting tasks, participants choose between a smaller monetary rewards for themselves versus a larger reward for partners of varied social distance (e.g., a close friend vs. an acquaintance). Delay and social discounting tasks thus implicitly measure the subjective value of rewards given to one's future self and to others, capturing constructs such as perspective taking, reward processing, and social closeness, all of which have been discussed as core cognitive mechanisms underlying ASD. Despite extensive research on discounting in other clinical populations, few studies have examined delay discounting in ASD and no research has examined social discounting in ASD. The goal of the current study was to assess delay and social discounting for monetary rewards in a single sample of adolescents and adults with ASD compared to a matched neurotypical sample. Overall, adults and adolescents with ASD valued both future rewards and rewards given to others less than their typical counterparts did, but rates of discounting were not significantly correlated across temporal and social domains. These results extend an important behavioral paradigm for understanding both perspective taking and reward processing to autism. Autism Res 2019, 12: 870–877. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryDiscounting tasks—which experimentally measure the subjective value of different rewards—have been used with a variety of clinical populations, but are underexplored in ASD. We found that compared to neurotypical individuals, individuals with ASD showed diminished subjective value for future rewards (compared to immediate rewards) and rewards for others (compared to rewards for self). This finding has implications for understanding perspective taking, reward processing, and social closeness in ASD.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of nine major bioactive components in normal and ulcerative colitis rats after oral administration of Lizhong decoction extracts by UPLC–TQ–MS/MS
Authors: Shen Yumeng , Cui Xiang , Jiang Shu , Qian Da‐wei , Duan Jin‐ao 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLizhong decoction (LZD), a classic formula, has been used to treat ulcerative colitis (UC) for thousands of years in clinical practice. However, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of its major bioactive components in rats under different physiological and pathological states are not clear. Thus, in this study, a rapid and sensitive analytical method, ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method, was developed and applied to simultaneously determine glycyrrhizic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, glycyrrhizin, isoliquiritigenin, 6‐gingerol, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Re in normal and UC rats after oral administration of LZD extract. A Waters BEH C18 UPLC column was used for chromatographic separation, while acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid were selected as mobile phase. The linearity of nine analytes was >0.9920. Inter‐ and intra‐day accuracy was ≤ 11.4% and precision was from 1.1 to 12.7%. Additionally, stable and suitable extraction recoveries were also obtained. The established method was validated and found to be specific, accurate and precise for nine analytes. Furthermore, it was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic investigation of nine major components after oral administration of LZD extracts to normal and model rats, respectively. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, AUC0–t, AUC0–∞) in the plasma of UC rats were significantly different from those of normal rats, which could provide a reference for the clinical application of LZD.
Development of a rapid and reliable analytical method for screening poloxamer 188 for use in cell culture process
Authors: Bareford Lisa , Peng Haofan , Ali Amr , Kolwyck David , Dickens Jason 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPoloxamer P188 is a common nonionic surfactant additive used in cell culture media as a cellular protectant from the hydrodynamic forces and shear stress during bioprocessing. Presence of a hydrophobic high molecular weight impurity contaminant has been shown to compromise its protective properties and lead to batch failure. In this work we present, a reliable, sensitive, and rapid analytical method to detect and quantify the contaminant impurity in poloxamer 188. This method replaces a laborious and time‐consuming functional test in the form of a shake flask assay. The method is based upon reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detection, simple mobile phase compositions, and a three‐step gradient. The method was optimized to resolve the impurity from the main P188 fraction in less than 10 min. Analytical method qualification and functional test comparison demonstrate equivalent or better high throughput impurity screening performance. Attempts to identify the impurity and establish suitable method positive control standards are also discussed.