bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives on Sustainability: A Cross-Disciplinary Review and Research Agenda for Business Ethics
Authors: de Bakker Frank G.A. , Rasche Andreas , Ponte Stefano 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT:Although the literature on multi-stakeholder initiatives for sustainability has grown in recent years, it is scattered across several academic fields, making it hard to ascertain how individual disciplines, such as business ethics, can further contribute to the debate. Based on an extensive review of the literature on certification and principle-based MSIs for sustainability (n = 293 articles), we show that the scholarly debate rests on three broad themes (the “3Is”): theinputinto creating and governing MSIs; theinstitutionalizationof MSIs; and theimpactthat relevant initiatives create. While our discussion reveals the theoretical underpinnings of the 3Is, it also shows that a number of research challenges related to business ethics remain unaddressed. We unpack these challenges and suggest how scholars can utilize theoretical insights in business ethics to push the boundaries of the field. Finally, we also discuss what business ethics research can gain from theory development in the MSI field.
Visual Scoring of Starch in Coffea Arabica L. I. Methods
Authors: Wormer T. M. , Ebagole H. E. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryA method is described whereby starch level in wood of Coffea arabica L. was estimated by means of visual scoring. The correlation between the amount of starch thus found and the quantity established by chemical analysis proved to be + 0.925, +0.932 and 0.819 in young, semimature and mature wood respectively. No satisfactory way was found for making a similar estimate of the amount of starch in the leaves.
Effects of Hill Spacing, Number of Plants Per Hill and Nitrogen Supply on Growth and Yield of Rice
Authors: Enyi B. A. C. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn a factorial experiment with two spacings, four numbers of seedlings per hill, and two levels of nitrogen the highest numbers of shoots were produced in high nitrogen and high plant density plots. Increasing the number of seedlings per hill led to a rise in the number of shoots per plot and this was more pronounced in high than in low plant densities. Significant differences in shoot number between high and low nitrogen plots occurred only at the higher plant density, but high nitrogen and wide spacing led to an increase in the number of shoots per hill and per plant. Increasing the number of seedlings per hill resulted in an increase in the number of shoots per hill but a decrease in the number of shoots per plant. The effects of treatments on leaf blade area at ear emergence and on grain yields were similar to those on shoot number. The percentage increase in the yield of grain per unit area due to increasing the number of seedlings to three and four were 12 and 9 respectively. The percentage shoot mortality was greater in plots with low than with high plant density. Plants were higher in high nitrogen plots, especially at high plant density, while high nitrogen supply and four seedlings per hill increased the number of days from seeding to ear emergence. The former treatment also increased ear length. Low plant density and three seedlings per hill increased the ear to shoot dry weight ratio. The best combination of treatments for high grain yield was high nitrogen, 15 cm x 15 cm spacing, and four seedlings per hill.
Soviet and American Policies in International Economic Organizations
Authors: Rubinstein Alvin Z. 
Published: June 2019

In comparing Soviet and American policies we find a paradox: The Soviets, though ideologically antagonistic to international organizations, are pressed politically to at least minimal participation by a concern for influence-building among neutralist countries; whereas the United States, which is ideologically attached to the principle of strengthening international organizations, deems t i necessary for political reasons to limit its commitments to the fulfillment of the UN's economic and social goals. Hence, from their competitive global struggle, their evaluations of trends in underdeveloped areas, and their domestic influences, derive a number of important similarities in Soviet and American behavior.First, both are opposed to any significant expansion of large-scale operational responsibilities by international organizations. This is clear from their reluctance to channel more than a minimal fraction of their total foreign aid expenditure through international organizations.Moscow's support of UN economic programs is a necessary act of political accommodation. Its contributions are minimal and inappropriate to its great-power status, its level of industry and resources. It has never accompanied its vocal support for an increase in the activity of a commission or agency, or even its advocacy of SUNFED, by a concrete or generous offer of financial assistance. The Soviet Union favors keeping programs for underdeveloped countries financially marginal because it is ideologically opposed to the expansion of UN activities. Moreover, foreign aid is an integral adjunct of Soviet diplomacy, and Moscow has no desire to see international organizations pre-empt or challenge the attraction of Soviet bilateral aid.
The development of the beet eelworm Heterodera schachtii Schm. in monoxenic culture
Authors: Moriarty F. 
Published: June 2019

The rate of development of sterile 2nd-instar beet eelworm (Heterodera schachtii Schm.) larvae to the adult stage on excised sterile roots of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was studied.Culture methods were as previously described (Moriarty, 1964). Sterile excised sugar-beet roots were placed on White's medium gelled with 0·75 % agar, inoculated with about 0·1 ml of an aqueous suspension containing several hundred sterile 2nd-instar eelworm larvae, and kept at 25 ± 0·5 °C. After 24 h the roots were transferred to liquid White's medium. Two roots were stained in acid fuchsin lactophenol (Goodey, 1963) every 24 h, for 19 days. Later, the length of main root axis and total length of laterals were measured, the number of laterals counted, the eelworms dissected out and the larval instars identified (Raski, 1950).When roots were removed for staining, the liquid medium was examined for eelworms. Only adult males were ever found, and these are included in the counts in Table 1.The rate of development of larvae varied greatly, about half did not develop beyond the 2nd instar (Table 1) and from the fifth day onwards some atrophied. One root in which many adults developed was kept 41 days before killing and staining: there were still some 2nd-instar larval cuticles, devoid of contents except for the buccal stylet, and presumably dead. The average number of all instars found per root did not decline during the 19 days of observations: therefore few of the atrophying larvae could have been missed. The percentage of larvae that entered the roots was variable and small.
Use of cortisone derivatives to inhibit resistance to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and to study the fate of parasites in resistant hosts
Authors: Ogilvie Bridget M. 
Published: June 2019

Acquired resistance to some nematode parasites can be suppressed by daily administration of cortisone acetate to the host. Cortisone treatment completely suppressed previously acquired resistance of mice to Trichinella spiralis (Coker, 1956) and suppressed, at least partially, the acquisition of resistance to T. spiralis by rats during initial infection (Markell & Lewis, 1957).A previous report (Weinstein, 1955) suggested cortisone acetate treatment was less effective in the suppression of acquired resistance of rats to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Weinstein showed that daily treatment with 2 mg cortisone acetate throughout five immunizing infections and continued during the challenge infection increased the number of worms in the intestine and had a marked effect on the cellular response in the skin and lungs. However, there was no significant effect when daily cortisone treatment commenced only on the fifth day before the challenge infection. This result suggested that acquisition of immunity to N. brasiliensis was partially overcome by cortisone treatment, but the same level of drug treatment had no effect on immunity already acquired.In the experiments reported here, previously acquired resistance to N. brasiliensis was suppressed completely and the initiation of immunity stopped, either completely or at a very early stage, by treatment with the cortisone derivatives prednisolone or betamethasone. The complete suspension of all manifestations of acquired resistance obtained by treatment with these drugs was used to investigate the fate of larvae migrating in an immune host.The rats and strain of parasite, and the methods of handling them, have been described previously (Ogilvie, 1965).
Temporal dynamics of seedling emergence among four fire ephemerals: the interplay of after-ripening and embryo growth with smoke
Authors: Hidayati Siti N. , Merritt David J. , Turner Shane R. , Dixon Kingsley W. , Walck Jeffrey L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe flora of Mediterranean ecosystems contains families with species having fully and under-developed embryos in their seeds. After-ripening for physiological dormancy release and smoke influence germination in many species. We investigated how after-ripening and embryo growth interact with smoke to influence the temporal dynamics of seedling emergence among fire ephemerals. Seeds were placed in the field and under standardized (50% relative humidity, 30°C) laboratory conditions to test the effects of summer conditions on physiological dormancy loss. Germination was tested with water or smoke compounds (smoke water, KAR1) at a simulated autumn/winter temperature (18/7°C). The timing and amount of seedling emergence with smoke was observed for seeds exposed to near-natural conditions. During summer, physiological dormancy was broken in all species, enabling germination at autumn/winter but not summer temperatures; no embryo growth occurred in seeds with under-developed embryos. At the start of the wet season, seedling emergence from seeds with fully developed embryos occurred earlier than from seeds with under-developed embryos. In a non-consistent manner among our study species, smoke and smoke compounds influenced the rate of embryo growth and amount of germination. Effects of smoke were noticeable in terms of number of emergents in the first emergence season. Among ecologically similar species, we have shown (1) that both thermal and embryo traits exclude germination in the summer, (2) how embryo size influences the timing of seedling emergence in autumn–winter, and (3) a reduced requirement for smoke in the second emergence season after a fire with a shift to reliance on seasonal cues for emergence.
Improving North Atlantic Marine Core Chronologies Using 230Th Normalization
Authors: Missiaen L. , Waelbroeck C. , Pichat S. , Jaccard S. L. , Eynaud F. , Greenop R. , Burke A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractProducing independent and accurate chronologies for marine sediments is a prerequisite to understand the sequence of millennial‐scale events and reveal potential temporal offsets between marine and continental records, or between different marine records, possibly from different regions. The last 40 ky is a generally well‐constrained period since radiocarbon (14C) can be used as an absolute dating tool. However, in the northern North Atlantic, calendar ages cannot be directly derived from 14C ages, due to temporal and spatial variations of surface reservoir ages. Alternatively, chronologies can be derived by aligning Greenland ice‐core time series with marine surface records. Yet this approach suffers from the lack of clearly defined climatic events between 14.7 and 23.3 cal ky BP (hereafter ka), a crucial period encompassing Heinrich Stadial 1 and the onset of the last deglaciation. In this study, (i) we assess the benefits of 230Th normalization to refine the sedimentation history between surface temperature alignment tie points and (ii) revisit the chronologies of three North Atlantic marine records. Our study supports the contention that the marked increase in the Greenland Ca2+ record at 17.48 ka ± 0.21 ky (1σ) occurred within dating uncertainty of sea surface temperature cooling in the North Atlantic at the onset of Heinrich Stadial 1. This sharp feature might be useful for future chronostratigraphic alignments to remedy the lack of chronological constraint between 14.7 and 23.3 ka for North Atlantic marine records that are subject to large changes in 14C surface reservoir age.
Ice Thickness and Bed Elevation of the Northern and Southern Patagonian Icefields
Authors: Millan R. , Rignot E. , Rivera A. , Martineau V. , Mouginot J. , Zamora R. , Uribe J. , Lenzano G. , De Fleurian B. , Li X. , Gim Y. , Kirchner D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Northern and Southern Patagonian Icefields are the largest ice masses in the Southern Hemisphere outside Antarctica, but their ice volume and bed topography are poorly known. Here, we combine airborne gravity data collected in 2012 and 2016, with radar data from the Warm Ice Experiment Sounder and Centro de Estudios Científicos's to map bed elevation and ice thickness in great detail. We perform a 3‐D inversion of the gravity data constrained by radar‐derived thickness and fjord bathymetry to infer bed elevation at 500‐m spacing, with a precision of about 60 m. We detect deep glacial valleys with ice thickness exceeding 1,400 m and sectors below sea level on the western branch of Glaciar Pio XI, Occidental, between San Rafael and Colonia, and near Fitz Roy. We calculate an ice volume of 4,756 ± 923 km3 for Northern Patagonia Icefield and Southern Patagonia Icefield, or 40 times the volume of glaciers in the European Alps.
Linc00423 as a tumor suppressor in retroperitoneal liposarcoma via activing MAPK signaling pathway through destabilizing of NFATC3
Authors: Zhang Yong , Tong Hanxing , He Junyi , Shao Yebo , Guo Xi , Zhuang Rongyuan , Yang Jue , Liu Ju , Ding Yuqin , Liu Wenshuai , Lu Weiqi , Zhou Yuhong 
Published: June 2019

AbstractUnraveling the noncoding RNA expression networks governing cancer initiation and development is essential while remains largely uncompleted in retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RLS). Through RNA-seq technologies and computational biology, deregulated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are being identified and reveal that lncRNAs are implicated in serial steps of RLS development. High-throughput sequencing with computational methods for assembling the transcriptome of five paired RLS patient’s tissues. We found that long intergenic noncoding RNA 423 (linc00423) was downregulated in RLS tissues. Gain-of-function assays revealed that overexpressed linc00423 obviously inhibited RLS cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, RNA sequence, RNA-pulldown and RIP assays evidenced that linc00423 involved in MAPK signaling pathway via destabilizing of nuclear factor of activated T-cells 3 (NFATC3). Summing up, our findings demonstrated that linc00423 acted as the tumor suppressor in RLS cells through regulating the protein level of NFATC3 at a post-transcriptional level and negatively regulated the MAPK signaling pathway at a transcriptional level. Linc00423 might serve as a candidate prognostic biomarker and a target for novel therapies of RLS patients.
Fruit scent and observer colour vision shape food-selection strategies in wild capuchin monkeys
Authors: Melin Amanda D. , Nevo Omer , Shirasu Mika , Williamson Rachel E. , Garrett Eva C. , Endo Mizuki , Sakurai Kodama , Matsushita Yuka , Touhara Kazushige , Kawamura Shoji 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe senses play critical roles in helping animals evaluate foods, including fruits that can change both in colour and scent during ripening to attract frugivores. Although numerous studies have assessed the impact of colour on fruit selection, comparatively little is known about fruit scent and how olfactory and visual data are integrated during foraging. We combine 25 months of behavioural data on 75 wild, white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator) with measurements of fruit colours and scents from 18 dietary plant species. We show that frequency of fruit-directed olfactory behaviour is positively correlated with increases in the volume of fruit odours produced during ripening. Monkeys with red–green colour blindness sniffed fruits more often, indicating that increased reliance on olfaction is a behavioural strategy that mitigates decreased capacity to detect red–green colour contrast. These results demonstrate a complex interaction among fruit traits, sensory capacities and foraging strategies, which help explain variation in primate behaviour.
Iminothioindoxyl as a molecular photoswitch with 100 nm band separation in the visible range
Authors: Hoorens Mark W. H. , Medved’ Miroslav , Laurent Adèle D. , Di Donato Mariangela , Fanetti Samuele , Slappendel Laura , Hilbers Michiel , Feringa Ben L , Jan Buma Wybren , Szymanski Wiktor 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLight is an exceptional external stimulus for establishing precise control over the properties and functions of chemical and biological systems, which is enabled through the use of molecular photoswitches. Ideal photoswitches are operated with visible light only, show large separation of absorption bands and are functional in various solvents including water, posing an unmet challenge. Here we show a class of fully-visible-light-operated molecular photoswitches, Iminothioindoxyls (ITIs) that meet these requirements. ITIs show a band separation of over 100 nm, isomerize on picosecond time scale and thermally relax on millisecond time scale. Using a combination of advanced spectroscopic and computational techniques, we provide the rationale for the switching behavior of ITIs and the influence of structural modifications and environment, including aqueous solution, on their photochemical properties. This research paves the way for the development of improved photo-controlled systems for a wide variety of applications that require fast responsive functions.
Solar energy storage at an atomically defined organic-oxide hybrid interface
Authors: Schuschke Christian , Hohner Chantal , Jevric Martyn , Ugleholdt Petersen Anne , Wang Zhihang , Schwarz Matthias , Kettner Miroslav , Waidhas Fabian , Fromm Lukas , Sumby Christopher J. , Görling Andreas , Brummel Olaf , Moth-Poulsen Kasper , Libuda Jörg 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMolecular photoswitches provide an extremely simple solution for solar energy conversion and storage. To convert stored energy to electricity, however, the photoswitch has to be coupled to a semiconducting electrode. In this work, we report on the assembly of an operational solar-energy-storing organic-oxide hybrid interface, which consists of a tailor-made molecular photoswitch and an atomically-defined semiconducting oxide film. The synthesized norbornadiene derivative 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)norbornadiene (CNBD) was anchored to a well-ordered Co3O4(111) surface by physical vapor deposition in ultrahigh vacuum. Using a photochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy experiment, we demonstrate that the anchored CNBD monolayer remains operational, i.e., can be photo-converted to its energy-rich counterpart 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)quadricyclane (CQC). We show that the activation barrier for energy release remains unaffected by the anchoring reaction and the anchored photoswitch can be charged and discharged with high reversibility. Our atomically-defined solar-energy-storing model interface enables detailed studies of energy conversion processes at organic/oxide hybrid interfaces.
Direct observation of picosecond melting and disintegration of metallic nanoparticles
Authors: Ihm Yungok , Cho Do Hyung , Sung Daeho , Nam Daewoong , Jung Chulho , Sato Takahiro , Kim Sangsoo , Park Jaehyun , Kim Sunam , Gallagher-Jones Marcus , Kim Yoonhee , Xu Rui , Owada Shigeki , Shim Ji Hoon , Tono Kensuke , Yabashi Makina , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Miao Jianwei , Noh Do Young , Song Changyong 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDespite more than a century of study, the fundamental mechanisms behind solid melting remain elusive at the nanoscale. Ultrafast phenomena in materials irradiated by intense femtosecond laser pulses have revived the interest in unveiling the puzzling processes of melting transitions. However, direct experimental validation of various microscopic models is limited due to the difficulty of imaging the internal structures of materials undergoing ultrafast and irreversible transitions. Here we overcome this challenge through time-resolved single-shot diffractive imaging using X-ray free electron laser pulses. Images of single Au nanoparticles show heterogeneous melting at the surface followed by density fluctuation deep inside the particle, which is directionally correlated to the polarization of the pumping laser. Observation of this directionality links the non-thermal electronic excitation to the thermal lattice melting, which is further verified by molecular dynamics simulations. This work provides direct evidence to the understanding of irreversible melting with an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution.
Sialyl Lewisx-P-selectin cascade mediates tumor–mesothelial adhesion in ascitic fluid shear flow
Authors: Li Shan-Shan , Ip Carman K. M. , Tang Matthew Y. H. , Tang Maggie K. S. , Tong Yin , Zhang Jiangwen , Hassan Ayon Ahmed , Mak Abby S. C. , Yung Susan , Chan Tak-Mao , Ip Philip P. , Lee Cheuk Lun , Chiu Philip C. N. , Lee Leo Tsz On , Lai Hung-Cheng , Zeng Jin-Zhang , Shum Ho Cheung , Wong Alice S. T. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOrgan-specific colonization suggests that specific cell–cell recognition is essential. Yet, very little is known about this particular interaction. Moreover, tumor cell lodgement requires binding under shear stress, but not static, conditions. Here, we successfully isolate the metastatic populations of cancer stem/tumor-initiating cells (M-CSCs). We show that the M-CSCs tether more and roll slower than the non-metastatic (NM)-CSCs, thus resulting in the preferential binding to the peritoneal mesothelium under ascitic fluid shear stress. Mechanistically, this interaction is mediated by P-selectin expressed by the peritoneal mesothelium. Insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 carrying an uncommon non-sulfated sialyl-Lewisx (sLex) epitope serves as a distinct P-selectin binding determinant. Several glycosyltransferases, particularly α1,3-fucosyltransferase with rate-limiting activity for sLex synthesis, are highly expressed in M-CSCs. Tumor xenografts and clinical samples corroborate the relevance of these findings. These data advance our understanding on the molecular regulation of peritoneal metastasis and support the therapeutic potential of targeting the sLex-P-selectin cascade.