bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of Anthropometric Muscle Cross-Sectional Area Equation after Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Wade Rodney , Lester Robert , Gorgey Ashraf 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe purposes of this study were to cross-validate a previously derived anthropometric estimation equation specific to the spinal cord injury population and determine the ratios of absolute skeletal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) for the quadriceps, hamstrings, and adductor muscle groups based on magnetic resonance imaging. The validation cohort consisted of eleven men with chronic (>1 yr. post injury) spinal cord injury (SCI). Ten individuals were classified as AIS A or B and one participant was classified as an AIS C. Significant correlations were found between the anthropometrically predicted CSAs and MRI-derived CSAs for the whole muscle including bone and intramuscular fat (r2=0.72, SEE=10.6 cm2, P<0.001), absolute muscle excluding bone and intramuscular fat (r2=0.60, SEE=10.1 cm2, P=0.005), and absolute quadriceps muscle (r2=0.67, SEE=5.5 cm2, P=0.002). The quadriceps, hamstrings and the adductor muscle groups represented 52±5%, 23±6%, and 20±4%, respectively, of the absolute muscle CSA. Our results suggest that the utilization of a previously developed anthropometric equation is applicable to a different validation cohort with SCI. The equation has the ability to predict whole muscle CSA, absolute muscle CSA excluding bone and intramuscular fat, and absolute muscle CSA of the quadriceps in individuals with chronic SCI.
Understanding and enhancing comprehensibility in texts for patients in an institutional health care context in Spain
Authors: García-Izquierdo Isabel , Montalt Vicent 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This paper aims to analyse text comprehensibility in a corpus of Fact Sheets for Patients (FSPs) in Spanish as used in a real clinical and institutional setting in Spain; and to provide data and criteria that can help writers and translators to enhance text comprehensibility when dealing with FSPs. Regarding the methodology, we analysed a corpus of FSPs in Spanish in three subsequent stages: (1) readability formulae, (2) expert analysis, and (3) questionnaires and focus-groups addressing the real target readership of patients. Experts produced improved versions of two of the texts that were then compared and judged by the patients. According to the Inflesz/Word correlation we used in our analysis most texts of the corpus fall within normal difficulty values. However, the communication experts made critical comments about some of them regarding both readability and legibility and patients expressed the need for improvement of some aspects of the texts. This fact leads us to conclude that there is considerable room for improvement in FSPs in Spanish. Highly-sensitive patients and situations require the participation of real patients as readers in order to achieve the optimum degree of quality of originals and translations. Therefore, patients’ perceptions can be crucial to medical writers and translators when writing FSPs in a more comprehensible and empathetic way.
The expression of emotion in institutionalized legal opinion
Authors: Orts Llopis María Ángeles 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe present work carries out a contrastive study of interpersonal devices between two corpora of legal opinion in English and Spanish, with a view to assessing the different use that is made in these languages of the indicators of emotion, evaluation and appreciation as to the ideational context of these texts. The antecedents of the present study are found in the Appraisal theory, which constitutes the interpretation ofHalliday’s (1994/2004)Systemic-Functional Linguistics by the Sydney School. Through the analysis of an ad-hoccorpus of forty opinion columns from two prestigious and influential newspapers,El Paísand The New York Times, aims to understand how the use of the different evaluation resources advocated by Appraisal theory (Affect, Judgment and Appreciation) varies depending on the way legal opinion articles as genres are conceived in the languages and cultures under scrutiny. In other words, it tries to deepen into the different application of the prototypical rhetorical strategies used to express emotion and evaluation, through which the different ideological positions of the institutionalized press are naturalized.
Viruses are everywhere
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
‘Viruses are everywhere’ describes the ‘virosphere’—the huge virus biomass of enormous variety and complexity in the environment. Viruses are the most numerous microbes on Earth with an estimated 100 million different types. They are also the most abundant life forms in the oceans. Marine viruses kill an estimated 20–40 per cent of marine bacteria every day, and as the major killer of marine microbes, they profoundly affect the carbon cycle by the so-called ‘viral shunt’. Viruses are also important to land-based ecosystems. Despite their tiny size, viruses are proving to be of prime importance in the stability of ecosystems worldwide. The possibility that viruses exist in outer space is also considered.
Kill or be killed
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
‘Kill or be killed’ shows how viruses survive—they must reproduce before the host either dies or its immune system recognizes and eliminates them. The transmission routes of viruses such as flu, measles, common cold, herpes simplex virus, HIV, Epstein–Barr, and hepatitis B are discussed. How do we fight viruses? All living organisms have defences against invading viruses. Vertebrates, and possibly some invertebrates, are immune to re-infection by the same virus. Another protective mechanism, used by plants, but also by insects and other animal species, is gene silencing by RNA interference. The human immune response is explained, discussing the role of lymphocytes and immunopathology, where the immune response may actually harm the body.
Viruses past, present, and future
Authors: Crawford Dorothy H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
‘Viruses past, present, and future’ looks at the changing pattern of virus infections through the ages and speculates about how humans and viruses might interact in the future. Viruses, such as smallpox and yellow fever, have debilitated populations across the globe throughout history. New research technologies will allow a greater number of ‘new’ viruses to be identified, leading to preventive vaccines and novel treatments. However, we may also face potential man-made virus threats from biological weapons of mass destruction to the unwitting promotion of pathogenic viruses, possibly through xenotransplantation, immune-suppressed chemotherapy patients, or viruses escaping from laboratories due to poor safety measures.
Impact of Question Type and Question Order on Tobacco Prevalence Estimates in US Young Adults: A Randomized Experiment
Authors: Johnson Amanda L , Villanti Andrea C , Glasser Allison M , Pearson Jennifer L , Delnevo Cristine D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of question type, order, and inclusion of product images on tobacco use estimates in a national sample of young adults. Participants aged 18–34 years (N = 4,100) in the Truth Initiative Young Adult Cohort Study (2016) were randomized to one of five question types assessing ever and past 30-day use of tobacco products: (1) “select all that apply” list (checklist, CL); (2) breakout items for each product (B); (3) breakout + images (B + I); (4) CL and B; and (5) CL and B + I. The order of question type was randomly assigned in groups 4 and 5. Bivariate analyses estimated product-specific prevalence by question type/order. Ever cigarette and cigar use prevalence was higher and ever e-cigarette use was lower in B and B + I than in CL. Ever hookah use was higher in B + I than in CL. Past 30-day e-cigarette use was 8.3% higher and past 30-day smokeless use was 13.0% higher in B + I than in CL. In groups 4 and 5, higher prevalence of ever cigarette, cigar, hookah, and past 30-day smokeless use was observed when B was presented first. Question type, order, and inclusion of images affect prevalence estimates of tobacco use.

Implications
This study identifies the effects of question type, order, and inclusion of product images on tobacco use estimates in a national sample of young adults. Ever use and past 30-day use prevalence estimates of specific products were affected by respondents answering breakout items or breakout items with images compared with respondents answering a checklist of items in the survey. Current surveys that include a “select all that apply” list format may be underestimating ever and past 30-day prevalence estimates of tobacco products.
The Effects of Nicotine and Tobacco Use on Brain Reward Function: Interaction With Nicotine Dependence Severity
Authors: Addicott Merideth A , Sweitzer Maggie M , McClernon F Joseph 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Introduction
This study investigated the effects of nicotine/tobacco on neural activation during performance of a monetary incentive delay task.

Aims and Methods
Prior to each scan, nonsmokers received nicotine or placebo nasal spray, and smokers were smoking satiated or 24-hour withdrawn. During the scan, participants made timed responses to reward-related cues and received feedback. Parameter estimates from cue- and feedback-related activation in medial prefrontal regions and the nucleus accumbens were extracted and underwent within- and between-group analyses. Smokers’ nicotine dependence severity was included as a continuous predictor variable for neural activation.

Results
Among smokers (n = 21), withdrawal decreased cue-related activation in the supplementary motor area and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the difference in activation (satiety > withdrawal) in these regions negatively correlated with nicotine dependence severity (Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence). Among nonsmokers (n = 22), nicotine increased the difference in nucleus accumbens activation between rewarded and nonrewarded feedback phases. Tobacco withdrawal and acute nicotine also had widespread effects on activation throughout the brain during the feedback phase.

Conclusions
Acute nicotine in nonsmokers may have increased the salience of feedback information, but produced few effects on reward-related activation overall, perhaps reflecting nicotine’s modest, indirect effects on reward processing. Conversely, tobacco withdrawal decreased activation compared with satiety, and this difference between conditions correlated with nicotine dependence severity. This suggests that as smokers become more dependent on nicotine, tobacco withdrawal has a more pronounced effect on reward processing.

Implications
Relative to the acute effects of nicotine in nonsmokers, withdrawal from daily tobacco use had more significant effects on reward-related brain activation. This study suggests that the effects of tobacco withdrawal on reward-related brain function interact with subjects’ level of nicotine dependence severity. These are potentially important sources of variability that could contribute to smoking cessation outcomes.
Trance Systems
Authors: Weinel Jonathan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores how sound systems place electronic sounds in a social context, eliciting powerful affective experiences that are framed by conceptual meaning. The chapter begins by tracing the origins of the sound system culture and dub-reggae of Jamaica. This approach, which prioritizes DJ performances over ‘live’ musicians, would prefigure the electronic dance music culture of the 1980s and 1990s. Exploring this area, this chapter examines how the design of Chicago house and Detroit techno provided high-energy dance experiences that reflected the ethos of the respective sub-cultures. Later, in the UK rave scene, breakbeat hardcore, drum & bass, and ambient house each used sound design to support an accelerated youth-culture fuelled by ecstasy, delivering trance-like experiences framed by conceptual meaning. In the global Goa trance and psy-trance scenes, this capability is explicitly characterized as ‘technoshamanic’, and the DJ as a ‘master of ecstasies’.
Virtual Unreality
Authors: Weinel Jonathan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores altered states of consciousness in interactive video games and virtual reality applications. First, a brief overview of advances in the sound and graphics of video games is provided, which has led to ever-more immersive capabilities within the medium. Following this, a variety of games that represent states of intoxication, drug use, and hallucinations are discussed, in order to reveal how these states are portrayed with the aid of sound and music, and for what purpose. An alternative trajectory in games is also explored, as various synaesthetic titles are reviewed, which provide high-adrenaline experiences for ravers, and simulate dreams, meditation, or psychedelic states. Through the analysis of these, and building upon the previous chapters of Inner Sound, this chapter presents a conceptual model for ‘Altered States of Consciousness Simulations’: interactive audio-visual systems that represent altered states with regards to the sensory components of the experience.
Woolman the Prophet
Authors: Kershner Jon R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
John Woolman’s ministry efforts translated his vision of God’s will for human affairs into the physical realm. This state of union with God entailed an outward dimension consistent with the transformed state Woolman believed God intended for creation. Woolman was committed to his religious community and viewed himself as representing the best of what colonial society would become. He understood himself to be a prophet like the Hebrew prophet Jeremiah, and so he believed his actions to be within the prophetic tradition. This chapter explores Woolman’s sense of commissioning to the prophetic role and his conceptions of what such a role entailed. Then, this chapter demonstrates that the content of Woolman’s message was the application of his vision to human affairs. This message declared God’s claim over the whole world, renounced idolatrous influences, and challenged the alienation of sin.
Perfection
Authors: Kershner Jon R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Woolman believed that he could perfectly hear and perfectly obey God’s will, a theological perfectionism that could transform human affairs. He did not claim to be sinless, but to have conquered the power of sin in the moment of conversion. This state of perfection required obedience to God’s will to maintain, but once established, the faithful experienced the imputation of the “mind of Christ” in a way that altered human reasoning and illumined the emergence of a new world on earth. Woolman’s perfectionism was not primarily one of self-purity but, rather, of enacting God’s will on earth, and so it was economically and politically subversive. His perfectionism explains how the eschaton could be enacted on earth through the faithful, and how corrupt and fallen human political structures were superseded by the “Government of Christ.”
Enoch from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, Volume I
Authors: Reeves John C. , Reed Annette Yoshiko 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis book provides scholars with a comprehensive collection of core references extracted from Jewish, Christian, and Muslim literature to a plethora of ancient writings associated with the name of the biblical character Enoch (Gen 5:214). It assembles citations of and references to writings attributed to Enoch in non-canonical Jewish, Christian, and Muslim literary sources (ranging in age from roughly the third century bce up through the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries ce) into one convenient thematically arranged repository, and it classifies, compares, and briefly analyzes these references and citations to develop a clearer picture of the scope and range of what one might term “the Enochic library,” or the entire corpus of works attributed to Enoch and his subsequent cross-cultural avatars. The book consists of two parts. The present volume, Volume 1, is devoted to textual traditions about the narratological career of the character Enoch. It collects materials about the distinctive epithets frequently paired with his name, outlines his cultural achievements, articulates his societal roles, describes his interactions with the celestial world, assembles the varied traditions about his eventual fate, and surveys the various identities he is assigned outside the purely biblical world of discourse within other discursive networks and intellectual circles. It also assembles a range of testimonies which express how writings associated with Enoch were evaluated by Jewish, Christian, and Muslim writers during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Volume 2, currently in preparation, will concentrate upon textual sources which arguably display a knowledge of the peculiar contents, motifs, and themes of extant Enochic literature, including but not limited to 1 Enoch (the Ethiopic Book of Enoch) and 2 Enoch (the Slavonic Book of Enoch).
Enoch as Culture Hero
Authors: Reeves John C. , Reed Annette Yoshiko 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter gathers together a wide variety of sources which call attention to the kinds of intellectual and cultural accomplishments which are assigned to Enoch within literary works authored by Jews, Christians, and Muslims from the pre-biblical era to the Middle Ages. These include summary statements outlining a type of curriculum vitae for Enoch as well as statements about more specific achievements thematically arranged under the following categories: astronomical, astrological, and calendrical discoveries; insights into cosmological arcana; the invention of writing and contributions to book culture; traditions about the manufacture of garments; the determination of standards for weights and measures; and discoveries and writings pertaining to medicine and pharmacology.
The Books of Enoch and their Reputation
Authors: Reeves John C. , Reed Annette Yoshiko 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter forms a repository for traditions and testimonies largely unmentioned in the previous chapters which offer assessments by Jewish, Christian, and Muslim writers of the value of the numerous writings attributed to Enoch and his cross-cultural avatars. One section collects texts wherein Enoch’s books and their contents are judged positively, or which give at least no disparaging or critical remarks about them, whereas another section assembles texts which denigrate their worth. Also included in this chapter is a section devoted to the explication of a little-studied assemblage of medieval Shī‘ite traditions which allegedly provide quotations from ancient scrolls attributed to Enoch/Idrīs which were available in certain libraries in the Muslim East.
Introduction to environmental DNA (eDNA)
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Chapter “Introduction to environmental DNA (eDNA)” defines the central concepts of this book. Environmental DNA (eDNA) corresponds to a mixture of genomic DNA from many different organisms found in an environmental sample such as water, soil, or feces. DNA metabarcoding can be defined as the simultaneous DNA-based identification of many taxa found in the same eDNA extract. It is usually based on the analysis of a metabarcode (i.e., a short and taxonomically informative DNA region). Metagenomics refers to the assembly and functional analysis of the different genomes found in an environmental sample, while metatranscriptomics examines gene expression and regulation at the sampling time based on the set of RNAs extracted from such a sample. Chapter also presents a brief history of eDNA, highlights the different steps of an eDNA study, and gives an overview of the different eDNA methods implemented in ecological research or biodiversity management.
DNA metabarcode choice and design
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Chapter “DNA metabarcode choice and design” develops the properties of the ideal metabarcode in a given context, including conservation of the primer annealing regions and resolution power across the target taxonomic group of interest. It also highlights the experimental constraints influencing the choice of a metabarcode in practice. A detailed tutorial illustrates how to design and test metabarcoding primers in silico with the programs ecoPrimers, ecoPCR, and the software suite OBITools. Command lines and example files are provided to design and test universal metabarcoding primers for Bacteria. Chapter 2 also gives statistics about the taxonomic resolution and primer conservation of more than 60 metabarcodes available for DNA metabarcoding analysis of a wide range of taxonomic groups.
Sampling
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Sampling is crucial to any ecological study. Chapter 4 “Sampling” aims at proving keys for a successful sampling campaign when using DNA metabarcoding. It first describes the origin, fate, and transport of environmental DNA in various environments, from freshwater streams to soils, and discusses the implication of the DNA cycle in the environment for answering ecological questions. The chapter presents guidelines to appropriately sample the target DNA population and maximize the representativeness of the retrieved ecological signal. Different sampling strategies at the level of the sampling area and sampling units are proposed for different environmental matrices and ecological questions. Sample storage methods maximizing the preservation of environmental DNA are also discussed.
DNA amplification and multiplexing
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
After a brief reminder of the principles underlying the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Chapter 6 “DNA amplification and multiplexing” discusses the choice of a DNA polymerase for the PCR. In particular, it warns against the use of proofreading polymerases, that can lead to a substantial loss of PCR specificity. Chapter 6 insists on the benefits of including different types of controls in the PCR (e.g., PCR negatives and positives, tagging system controls, etc.). The most common causes of PCR failures and their solutions are addressed, as well as the precautions to take to avoid and monitor contaminations. Chapter 6 also deals with the particular case of blocking oligonucleotides, which aim at reducing the amplification of undesired sequences. It gives some valuable guidelines to design such oligonucleotides and use them efficiently. Finally, Chapter 6 presents different strategies for tagging individual samples during the amplification, to allow subsequent multiplexing during the sequencing step.
Environmental DNA for functional diversity
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Chapter 10 “Environmental DNA for functional diversity” discusses the potential of environmental DNA to assess functional diversity. It first focuses on DNA metabarcoding and discusses the extent to which this approach can be used and/or optimized to retrieve meaningful information on the functions of the target community. This knowledge usually involves coarsely defined functional groups (e.g., woody, leguminous, graminoid plants; shredders or decomposer soil organisms; pathogenicity or decomposition role of certain microorganisms). Chapter 10 then introduces metagenomics and metatranscriptomics approaches, their advantages, but also the challenges and solutions to appropriately sampling, sequencing these complex DNA/RNA populations. Chapter 10 finally presents several strategies and software to analyze metagenomes/metatranscriptomes, and discusses their pros and cons.