bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First evidences that the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus mobilizes nitrogen and carbon from saprotrophic fungus necromass
Authors: Akroume Emila , Maillard François , Bach Cyrille , Hossann Christian , Brechet Claude , Angeli Nicolas , Zeller Bernhard , Saint‐André Laurent , Buée Marc 
Published: October 2018

SummaryFungal succession in rotting wood shows a surprising abundance of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi during the late decomposition stages. To better understand the links between EM fungi and saprotrophic fungi, we investigated the potential capacities of the EM fungus Paxillus involutus to mobilize nutrients from necromass of Postia placenta, a wood rot fungus, and to transfer these elements to its host tree. In this aim, we used pure cultures of P. involutus in the presence of labelled Postia necromass (15N/13C) as nutrient source, and a monoxenic mycorrhized pine experiment composed of labelled Postia necromass and P. involutus culture in interaction with pine seedlings. The isotopic labelling was measured in both experiments. In pure culture, P. involutus was able to mobilize N, but C as well, from the Postia necromass. In the symbiotic interaction experiment, we measured high 15N enrichments in all plant and fungal compartments. Interestingly, 13C remains mainly in the mycelium and mycorrhizas, demonstrating that the EM fungus transferred essentially N from the necromass to the tree. These observations reveal that fungal organic matter could represent a significant N source for EM fungi and trees, but also a C source for mycorrhizal fungi, including in symbiotic lifestyle.
Sexual specific functions of Tub1 beta‐tubulins require stage‐specific RNA processing and expression in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Chen Daipeng , Wu Chunlan , Hao Chaofeng , Huang Panpan , Liu Huiquan , Bian Zhuyun , Xu Jin‐Rong 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThe wheat head blight fungus Fusarium graminearum has two highly similar beta‐tubulin genes with overlapping functions during vegetative growth but only TUB1 is important for sexual reproduction. To better understand their functional divergence during ascosporogenesis, in this study we characterized the sequence elements important for stage‐specific functions of TUB1. Deletion of TUB1 blocked the late but not initial stages of perithecium formation. Perithecia formed by tub1 mutant had limited ascogenous hyphae and failed to develop asci. Silencing of TUB1 by MSUD also resulted in defects in ascospore formation. Interestingly, the 3′‐UTR of TUB1 was dispensable for growth but essential for its function during sexual reproduction. RIP mutations that specifically affected Tub1 functions during sexual reproduction also were identified in two ascospore progeny. Furthermore, site‐directed mutagenesis showed that whereas the non‐editable mutations at three A‐to‐I RNA editing sites had no effects, the N347D (not T362D or I368V) edited mutation affected ascospore development. In addition, the F167Y, but not E198K or F200Y, mutation in TUB1 conferred tolerance to carbendazim and caused a minor defect in sexual reproduction. Taken together, our data indicate TUB1 plays an essential role in ascosporogenesis and sexual‐specific functions of TUB1 require stage‐specific RNA processing and Tub1 expression.
‘Just black sometimes’: analytic tools applied at the frontlines of social upheaval, part 1
Authors: Tyminski Robert 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAnalysts are increasingly grappling with making space for the discussion of turbulent and disturbing current events in their practices. This social disorder raises questions about the role of social activism and advocacy for groups suffering discrimination, persecution, violence, and displacement. Jung too commented on the immediacy of political happenings that show up in our practices with ‘violence’. The author discusses an organizational consultation he did in Berlin in 2017 to consult for an NGO that handles placements for unaccompanied minors who are refugees. Such consultation can employ analytic ideas and concepts to the benefit of the organization and its staff. This process, though, requires some translation of these ideas so as not to burden consultees with theoretical terminology with which they may have little or no familiarity. The role of vicarious trauma is discussed, including how it is passed along, and its implications for frontline helpers are considered. Developmental aspects of adolescence figured prominently in the consultation. This is the first of two papers addressing this topic; the second will focus on interactions that the author had with young refugees.
An unhealable wound: left by suicide
Authors: Allphin Claire 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article is about the author's experience of being left by suicide and the effect the experience had on her work as an analyst in the consulting room and as a member of psychological organizations. The effects are generalized to others who have been left by suicide based on the writings of those left, and on writings of authors who have researched the subject. Shame and the effects the judgments of society now and in the past have on the person who suffers this experience are central, as well as the positive and negative ways groups are used by a person left by suicide to find solace and to emerge from the darkness of such abandonment. There is a constant longing (often unconscious) for replacement of the lost one. The article seeks to help analysts and those who have been left by suicide understand the suffering and the indelible mark that is experienced when there is a suicide of someone close. Understanding by the analyst is important in order to modulate the shame of this experience.
Measuring Distortions to Agricultural Incentives for Value Chain Analysis: Evidence from Indian Value Chains
Authors: Tokgoz Simla , Majeed Fahd 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe extend the nominal rate of protection (NRP) methodology to a value chain framework. We develop our methodology for three types of value chains: a new value chain created by policy, a value chain in which a by‐product is created in the processing of a commodity, and a value chain in which processing of a commodity generates new product(s). We consider two cases of value chains: when the commodity is tradable and when it is non‐tradable. The proposed indicator, value chain NRP, allows policy‐makers to see an aggregate measure of all policy impacts on all the commodities and products in the value chain, normalised at the farm level. We apply the methodology to selected value chains in India. Our results indicate that farmers are subsidised, but at different rates. Both sugarcane producers and sugar producers are protected, but sugar producers are protected at higher rates. Producers of downstream products such as ethanol and molasses are taxed, whereas the crushing industry is subsidised. We observe that there is increasing protection along the value chain from commodity to product for the oilseeds sector, whereas the picture is less clear for the sugarcane value chain.
Within the Bounds of Acceptability: Tory Associational Culture in Early‐19th‐Century Britain
Authors: Masaki Keisuke 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article throws new light on British associational culture in the early 19th century by analysing in detail tory clubs, such as the Pitt Clubs and the Brunswick Clubs. Two major points are made. First, the tory clubs were a powerful and significant political force in opposition to popular radicalism in the 1810s, catholic emancipation in the late 1820s, and the Reform Bills between 1831 and 1832. They were important rallying points for local tories and expanded regional and national networks to communicate with each other. Many of them undertook various political activities: holding public dinners to strengthen their unity and express their political messages; organising public meetings to send petitions to parliament; and printing and distributing pamphlets and broadsides to influence public opinion. In the second place, and crucially, the tory clubs exerted influences predominantly in ways that stayed within the bounds expected of political elites. In fact, these clubs rarely intervened where parliamentary consensus already existed. Over the issues supported by the ministers and a large majority of MPs, the tory clubs stopped short of making themselves united, massive, and effective pressure groups against the executive power of the government and the legislative authority of parliament. They believed that there were two realms of politics, local and national, and were sure that political societies should operate within the local context and not go beyond acceptable boundaries.
British Parliamentary By‐Elections during the First World War, 1914–18
Authors: Walter Ralph 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDuring the First World War, British by‐elections were more frequent than in either the pre‐ or post‐war period due to the length of the parliament, the stress of the war, and combat fatalities. Due to an agreement among the chief whips of the principal British parties, these by‐elections were infrequently contested. This party truce meant that in most by‐elections only a single official candidate from the incumbent party stood. However, an independent candidate (or in four instances, two independent candidates) did challenge the official candidate in 29 of the 118 by‐elections (or 24.6% of the time). The challengers were more than three times likely to support the war than call for peace by negotiation. In only seven by‐elections (or 5.9%), peace by negotiation candidates stood, and they polled much more poorly on average than the candidates who supported the war. Only three independent candidates defeated the official candidate, and all were strongly supportive of the war effort. Several independent candidates stood espousing a narrow issue, such as wartime liquor controls, veterans’ rights, conscription of married men, co‐operative taxes, or agricultural concerns. Further, the by‐election results foreshadowed the post‐war replacement of the collapsing Liberal Party by Labour as the principal rival of the Conservatives.
Optimizing first line 7‐day standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: Prolonging treatment or adding bismuth: which is better?
Authors: Leow Alex H.‐R. , Azmi Ahmad N. , Loke Mun‐Fai , Vadivelu Jamuna , Graham David Y. , Goh Khean‐Lee 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveThe 7‐day standard triple therapy (STT) gives unacceptablly low eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). We aimed to examine whether extending STT from 7 days to 14 days or adding a bismuth compound to a 7‐day STT would result in better eradication rates.Methods
H. pylori‐positive patients were assigned to Group A (7‐day STT; rabeprazole 20 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, for 7 days), Group B (7‐day STT with bismuth; rabeprazole 20 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily and bismuth subcitrate 240 mg twice daily, for 7 days) and Group C (14‐day STT; rabeprazole 20 mg twice daily, amoxicillin 1 g twice daily, and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily for 14 days). Eradication was tested using 13C‐UBT at least 4 weeks after the completion of therapy.ResultsA total of 364 patients were recruited. In the intention‐to‐treat analysis, eradication rates were 79.3% (96/121; 95% confidence interval [CI] 71.3–85.6%) for 7‐day STT, 81.7% (98/120; 95% CI 73.8–87.6%) for 7‐day STT with bismuth, and 88.6% (109/123; 95% CI 81.8–93.1%) for 14‐day STT, respectively. Statistical significance was achieved between the 7‐day and the 14‐day STT treatment (P = 0.048).ConclusionsAdding bismuth to the 7‐day STT did not result in an increase in the eradication rate. Extending the STT to 14 days, however, achieved a significantly higher eradication rate. Nevertheless, this did not achieve the targeted 90% eradication rate on intention‐to‐treat analysis.
Association of self‐reported and cotinine‐verified smoking status with incidence of metabolic syndrome in 47 379 Korean adults
Authors: Kim Byung Jin , Kang Jeong Gyu , Han Ji Min , Kim Ji Hye , Lee Seung Jae , Seo Dae Chul , Lee Sung Ho , Kim Bum Soo , Kang Jin Ho 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe relationship of cotinine‐verified vs self‐reported smoking status with the incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not known. This study investigated the effect of urinary cotinine‐verified vs self‐reported smoking status on incident MetS.MethodsIn all, 47 379 participants without MetS enrolled in the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study and Kangbuk Samsung Cohort Study between 2011 and 2012 (baseline) were included in this study and followed‐up in 2014; median follow‐up duration was 25 months. Cotinine‐verified current smoking was defined as urinary cotinine concentrations >50 ng/mL. According to cotinine‐verified smoking status at baseline and follow‐up, individuals were divided into four groups: never, new, former, and sustained smokers.ResultsThe incidence of MetS in the never, former, new, and sustained smoking groups was 9.9%, 19.4%, 21.4%, and 18.7%, respectively. Multivariate Cox hazard regression analyses revealed that the relative risk (RR) for incident MetS in cotinine‐verified former smokers was significantly increased compared with that in cotinine‐verified never smokers (RR 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16‐1.37), especially in individuals exhibiting weight gain (≥2 kg). These results were consistent with those of self‐reported smoking status. Baseline cotinine‐verified current smoking (RR 1.09; 95% CI 1.03‐1.15) and self‐reported former (RR 1.10; 95% CI 1.02‐1.18) and current (RR 1.15; 95% CI 1.07‐1.23) smoking were also significantly associated with incident MetS.ConclusionsThis large observational study showed that cotinine‐verified and self‐reported former smoking during follow‐up increased the risk for incident MetS, especially in individuals exhibiting weight gain (≥2 kg). This suggests that weight control in former smokers would be very important to reduce the development of MetS.
Clinically significant anxiety as a risk factor for dementia in the elderly community
Authors: Santabárbara J. , Lopez‐Anton R. , de la Cámara C. , Lobo E. , Gracia‐García P. , Villagrasa B. , Bueno‐Notivol J. , Marcos G. , Lobo A. 
Published: October 2018

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether clinically significant anxiety is an independent risk factor for dementia, taking into account both depression among potentially confounding factors and the competing risk of death.MethodDuring the Zaragoza Dementia and Depression (ZARADEMP) study, a random sample of community dwellers aged 55 years or older was assessed (n = 4803), and a two‐wave, 4.5‐year follow‐up was completed. Geriatric Mental State (GMS)‐AGECAT criteria were used to diagnose anxiety and DSM‐IV criteria were applied to diagnose incident dementia. The multivariate Fine and Gray regression model was implemented to calculate dementia risk.ResultsCompared with non‐cases (GMS‐AGECAT criteria), the incidence rate of dementia was significantly higher in subcases of anxiety, and particularly significant in the cases of anxiety (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 2.77; P = 0.010). Cases of anxiety, but not subcases, at baseline were significantly associated with dementia risk (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR): 2.7; P = 0.019).ConclusionClinically significant anxiety is associated with an almost threefold increase in the risk of dementia in the population, even when controlling for depression and considering mortality in the competing risks model.
E‐cigarette use in England 2014–17 as a function of socio‐economic profile
Authors: Kock Loren , Shahab Lion , West Robert , Brown Jamie 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackground and AimsE‐cigarettes have the potential either to decrease or increase health inequalities, depending on socio‐economic differences in their use and effectiveness. This paper estimated the associations between socio‐economic status (SES) and e‐cigarette use and examined whether these associations changed between 2014 and 2017.DesignA monthly repeat cross‐sectional household survey of adults (16+) between January 2014 and December 2017. This time‐period was chosen given that the prevalence of e‐cigarette use stabilized in England in late 2013.SettingEngland.ParticipantsParticipants in the Smoking Toolkit Study, a monthly household survey of smoking and smoking cessation among adults (n = 81 063; mean age = 48.4 years, 49% were women) in England. Subsets included past year smokers (n = 16 232; mean age = 42.8, 46% women), smokers during a quit attempt (n = 5305, mean age = 40.6, 49% women) and long‐term ex‐smokers (n = 13 562, mean age = 59.3, 44% women).MeasurementsThe outcome measure for the analyses was current e‐cigarette use. We also included smokers during a quit attempt where use of an e‐cigarette during the most recent quit attempt was the outcome measure. Social grade based on occupation was the SES explanatory variable, using the National Readership Survey classification system of AB (higher and intermediate managerial, administrative and professional), C1 (supervisory, clerical and junior managerial, administrative and professional), C2 (skilled manual workers), D (semi‐skilled and unskilled manual workers) and E (state pensioners, casual and lowest‐grade workers, unemployed with state benefits only). The analyses were stratified by year to assess the changes in these associations over time.FindingsAmong past‐year smokers, lower SES groups had lower overall odds of e‐cigarette use compared with the highest SES group AB (D: odds ratio = 0.53, 95% confidence interval = 0.40–0.71; E: 0.67, 0.50–0.89). These differences in e‐cigarette use reduced over time. The use of e‐cigarettes during a quit attempt showed no clear temporal or socio‐economic patterns. Among long‐term ex‐smokers, use of e‐cigarettes increased from 2014 to 2017 among all groups and use was more likely in SES groups C2 (2.03, 1.08–3.96) and D (2.29, 1.13–4.70) compared with AB.ConclusionsFrom 2014 to 2017 in England, e‐cigarette use was greater among smokers from higher compared with lower socio‐economic status (SES) groups, but this difference attenuated over time. Use during a quit attempt was similar throughout SES groups. Use by long‐term ex‐smokers increased over time among all groups and was consistently more common in lower SES groups.
The roles of place‐value understanding and non‐symbolic ratio processing system in symbolic rational number processing
Authors: Wong Terry Tin‐Yau 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundWhile it has been widely demonstrated that children's and adolescents’ understanding of rational number plays an important role in their mathematics achievement, we have limited knowledge about the cognitive correlates of this understanding.AimsThe current study aimed at examining whether children's non‐symbolic ratio processing and their understanding of place‐value structure of whole numbers play a role in their understanding of fractions and decimals and whether their roles are different for fractions versus decimal understanding.SampleA sample of 124 fourth graders was tested.MethodsParticipants were tested on their symbolic rational number processing, non‐symbolic ratio processing, place‐value understanding of whole numbers, mathematics achievement, as well as a series of domain‐general and domain‐specific cognitive skills related to symbolic rational number processing.ResultsThe findings suggest that, while the understanding of place value of whole numbers significantly predicted the understanding of both fractions and decimals, non‐symbolic ratio processing specifically predicted the understanding of fractions, but not decimals.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the roles of place‐value understanding and non‐symbolic ratio processing in the acquisition of symbolic rational numbers.
Integrated 3D forward stratigraphic and petroleum system modeling of the Levant Basin, Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Barabasch Jessica , Ducros Mathieu , Hawie Nicolas , Bou Daher Samer , Nader Fadi Henri , Littke Ralf 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Eastern Mediterranean Levant Basin is a proven hydrocarbon province with recent major gas discoveries. To date, no exploration wells targeted its northern part, in particular the Lebanese offshore. The present study assesses the tectono‐stratigraphic evolution and related petroleum systems of the northern Levant Basin via an integrated approach that combines stratigraphic forward modeling and petroleum systems/basin modeling based on the previous published work. Stratigraphic modeling results provide a best‐fit realisation of the basin‐scale sedimentary filling, from the post‐rift Upper Jurassic until the Pliocene. Simulation results suggest dominant eastern marginal and Arabian Plate sources for Cenozoic siliciclastic sediments and a significant contribution from the southern Nilotic source mostly from Lower Oligocene to Lower Miocene. Basin modeling results suggest the presence of a working thermogenic petroleum system with mature source rocks localised in the deeper offshore. The generated hydrocarbons migrated through the deep basin within Jurassic and Cretaceous permeable layers towards the Latakia Ridge in the north and the Levant margin and offshore topographic highs. Furthermore, the basin model indicates a possibly significant influence of salt deposition during Messinian salinity crisis on formation fluids. Ultimately, the proposed integrated workflow provides a powerful tool for the assessment of petroleum systems in underexplored areas.
Phenotypical heterogeneity in RAG-deficient patients from a highly consanguineous population
Authors: Meshaal S S , El Hawary R E , Abd Elaziz D S , Eldash A , Alkady R , Lotfy S , Mauracher A A , Opitz L , Pachlopnik Schmid J , van der Burg M , Chou J , Galal N M , Boutros J A , Geha R , Elmarsafy A M 
Published: October 2018

Summary
Mutations affecting recombination activation genes RAG1 and RAG2 are associated with variable phenotypes, depending on the residual recombinase activity. The aim of this study is to describe a variety of clinical phenotypes in RAG-deficient patients from the highly consanguineous Egyptian population. Thirty-one patients with RAG mutations (from 28 families) were included from 2013 to 2017. On the basis of clinical, immunological and genetic data, patients were subdivided into three groups; classical T–B– severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Omenn syndrome (OS) and atypical SCID. Nineteen patients presented with typical T–B–SCID; among these, five patients carried a homozygous RAG2 mutation G35V and five others carried two homozygous RAG2 mutations (T215I and R229Q) that were detected together. Four novel mutations were reported in the T–B–SCID group; three in RAG1 (A565P, N591Pfs*14 and K621E) and one in RAG2 (F29S). Seven patients presented with OS and a novel RAG2 mutation (C419W) was documented in one patient. The atypical SCID group comprised five patients. Two had normal B cell counts; one had a previously undescribed RAG2 mutation (V327D). The other three patients presented with autoimmune cytopaenias and features of combined immunodeficiency and were diagnosed at a relatively late age and with a substantial diagnostic delay; one patient had a novel RAG1 mutation (C335R). PID disorders are frequent among Egyptian children because of the high consanguinity. RAG mutations stand behind several variable phenotypes, including classical SCID, OS, atypical SCID with autoimmunity and T–B+ CID.