bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De Mackell à Mahe : évolution des droits scolaires des minorités de langue officielle au Canada
Authors: Foucher Pierre 
Published: July 2019

L’article 93 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 a été conçu comme une mesure de protection constitutionnelle des droits collectifs des minorités catholiques ou protestantes, obtenus avant l’entrée des colonies anglaises dans la confédération. La démographie faisait en sorte que les catholiques étaient majoritairement francophones et les protestants, majoritairement anglophones. Lorsque l’Ontario a voulu imposer l’enseignement en anglais dans toutes ses écoles, l’article 93 a été invoqué pour faire obstacle à cette réforme, mais en vain : les tribunaux de l’époque ont interprété l’article 93 de manière littérale et restrictive. Par contraste, l’article 23 de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés a été interprété par les tribunaux de manière téléologique, libérale et évolutive, consacrant pour les minorités linguistiques officielles un droit implicite à la gestion de leurs écoles. Le présent texte entend faire dialoguer l’une avec l’autre ces deux dispositions constitutionnelles destinées à la protection des mêmes minorités nationales, soit la minorité francophone hors Québec et la minorité anglo-québécoise. L’article comparera également les deux principaux procès qui en ont marqué l’interprétation judiciaire, soit les affaires Mackell au début du XXe siècle et Mahe à la fin de ce dernier. La différence de structure entre les deux dispositions sera mise en relief, et les techniques d’interprétation judiciaire utilisées pour en dégager le sens seront illustrées. À l’aide de nombreux extraits des jugements rendus à chaque palier judiciaire, les notions judiciaires de protection des minorités, du rôle des garanties constitutionnelles et de la vision constitutionnelle du Canada mise en lumière par ces décisions seront analysées.
Transformer le droit en le décrivant : à propos de la « décriture du droit »
Authors: Forray Vincent , Pimont Sébastien 
Published: July 2019

Ce texte examine un phénomène de transformation du droit à partir d’un questionnement portant sur l’une de ses modalités d’existence : l’écriture. Cette écriture n’est pas seulement le fait d’un législateur ou d’un organe habilité à dire le droit. Les juristes produisent quotidiennement des textes pour les besoins de leurs diverses activités : interpréter, plaider, instrumenter, enseigner, décider… Ces textes sont, pour une part, délibérément descriptifs. Ils visent à indiquer par écrit le droit. Pourtant, en dépit d’une telle intention descriptive, intention par elle-même conforme à l’architecture institutionnelle de l’état de droit, la description écrite du droit transforme celui-ci, lui donne une autre forme. C’est ce phénomène que le présent article appelle « décriture », autrement dit, la réalisation continue de l’ordre juridique par l’écriture des juristes.
Flood Resilience Measures in Buildings on the Flood-plains of Ogbaru, Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Ezeokoli F. O. , Okolie K. C. , Onwuka S. U. 
Published: July 2019

Aim: The study evaluates the flood resilience measures in buildings on flood-plains of Ogbaru, with a view to establishing the extent of its incorporation into the design and construction of Buildings.
Study Design: It was a survey research, questionnaires were distributed to heads of the selected households and building practitioners in the study area. Likewise, physical observations were carried out to substantiate the findings of the questionnaire survey.
Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in Ogbaru Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria for a period of 2 years.
Methodology: Being a survey research, data were collected through structured questionnaire administered to the selected building construction practitioners and occupants in Ogbaru. In addition, interviews and direct observation survey were conducted to substantiate the validity of the questionnaire survey. Accordingly, a total of four hundred and (400) questionnaires were distributed and a total of two hundred and ninety-three (293) questionnaires were completed and returned. This corresponds to a response rate of 73.3%. Data collected were analyzed using mean score, standard deviation, pearson product moment correlation (PPMC) techniques and z-test.
Results: The study found out that the flood resilience measures are not largely incorporated into the design and construction of buildings. The flood resilience measures currently in use are few and includes raised building floor level or platform, use of concrete floor and tiling, use of embankments, re-routing flood water channels, building walls and floors with none/low permeability materials, raised kitchen appliances and low walls or barriers between streetscape, Also, advanced or sophisticated flood resilience measures such as Automatic window opening panels (flood inlets), water sensors within and outside buildings and hybrid design are rarely used in the study area.
Conclusion: The study concluded by recommending that flood resilience measure should be incorporated into the development/ construction of building within the study area. Also, newer and sustainable flood resilience measures/technologies should be made available and affordable in the study area.
Studies on the Effects of Carbonated Soft Drink Additives and Simultaneous Consumption of Carbonated Soft Drink with Ascorbic Acid on Histological Parameters of Male Mice
Authors: Femi-Oloye O. P. , Olatunji-Ojo A. M. , Owoloye A. , Adewumi B. , Ibitoye O. , Oloye F. F. , Gbore F. A. 
Published: July 2019

Sodium benzoate and ascorbic acid are the most significant additives in carbonated soft drink. The effect of consuming these additives singly and simultaneous consumption of carbonated soft drink with ascorbic acid were investigated to understand histopathological alterations in both liver cells and testis. Expermental mice were grouped into 7 different sets and five of the groups were adminstered 4 mg/kg body weight of the treatments, while the other two groups served as normal and vehicle control. The histological results reveal presence of activated Kupffer cells, sinusoidal widening and cytoplasmic vacuolation in the liver of mice exposed to carbonated soft drink, sodium benzoate and sodium benzoate with ascorbic acid, while in addition to these, there were severe cellular and granular casts in group administered carbonated soft drink with ascorbic acid. Severe cellular casts and granular cast is an indication of hepatic diseases. Carbonated soft drink, sodium benzoate, ascorbic acid and sodium benzoate with ascorbic acid did not alter the histopathology of the testis, but simultaneous consumption of carbonated soft drink with ascorbic acid might prevent the formation of new stem cells and may hinder them from dividing to specialized cells.
In-silico Structural Annotation of Methylthioadenosine Nucleosidase Protein Zm00014a_031618 in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Ishaku Gali Adamu 
Published: July 2019

Aims: The aim of this study was In-Silico structural annotation of an amino acid sequence of Methylthioadenosine Nucleosidase Protein Zm00014a_031618 in Maize (Zea mays) retrieved from NCBI with the accession number PWZ58979.
Study Design: The use of In-Silico studies for the structural annotation of Methylthioadenosine Nucleosidase protein.
Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted at the Bioinformatics Laboratory, Chevron Biotechnology Centre, Modibbo Adama University of Yola, Nigeria. Between June 2018 to July 2018.
Methodology: The Methylthioadenosine Nucleosidase protein was retrieved from NCBI, physical and chemical parameters were calculated using ExPASy - ProtParam tool, the server SOPMA was used for secondary structure analysis (helix, sheets, and coils) and I-TASSER was used to obtain the 3D structure.
Results: ExPASy - Prot Param tool computated the various physical and chemical parameters such as molecular weight (MW) 30117.97, total number of positively (+R) 27, negatively charged residues (-R) 30, theoretical isoelectric point (pI) 5.96, aliphatic index (AI) 103.67 and grand average hydropathy (GRAVY) 0.293. The SOPMA server was used for calculating the secondary structural features of protein sequences as Alpha helix 39.16%, Extended strand 14.69%, Beta turn 6.64% and Random coil 39.51%. I-Tasser was used for predicting the 3D structure where 2qttA from PDB was used as the template.
Conclusion: This study helped in understanding the structural analysis of the Methylthioadenosine Nucleosidase Protein Zm00014a_031618 in maize (Z. mays).
The Relationship between Spiritual Health and Spiritual Intelligence of Midwives and Midwifery Students and Satisfaction of Clients with Vaginal Childbirth
Authors: Ghalaychi Zahra , Dolatian Mahrohk , Mahmoodi Zohreh , Boromandnia Nasrin , Valizadeh Rohollah 
Published: July 2019

Background: Maternity is one of the most important events in women's lives, and satisfaction with it has a significant impact on the health of women and their relationship with their neonates. On the other hand, characteristics of midwives such as health and spiritual intelligence can affect the satisfaction of women.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the correlation between spiritual health and intelligence of the staff and midwifery students and the satisfaction of the patients with vaginal childbirth.
Methods and Materials: This descriptive-correlational study was carried out on 200 subjects including midwives and patients with vaginal childbirth. Stratified sampling was used as the sampling technique. Research instruments were a demographic questionnaire, Ellison’s and Paluotzian Spiritual Health Questionnaire, and King Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire for the personnel and midwifery students, Mackey Childbirth Satisfaction Rating Scale, and a demographic questionnaire for patients. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24, Pearson correlation and linear regression. A P value less than of 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: In this study, half of mothers were younger than 26 years of age and most of them were nulliparous with wanted pregnancy. Furthermore, half of personnel and students had moderate spiritual intelligence and about half had moderate spiritual health. The satisfaction of the patients had a positive correlation with spiritual health and spiritual intelligence. The lowest score was related to the flexibility component and the highest score was related to the component of stress tolerance.
Conclusion: Since the health and spiritual intelligence correlate with the satisfaction of patients with vaginal childbirth, it is suggested that spiritual characteristics be taken into account as a part of the selection process for midwifery students and staff.
Rotation capacity of I‐shaped beams collapsed with lateral‐torsional buckling under reversed axial forces
Authors: Suzuki Atsushi , Kimura Yoshihiro , Kasai Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2019

AbstractI‐shaped beams installed in a braced structure are subjected to reversed axial forces during earthquakes. Previously, we have derived the evaluation index and formulae for beams that collapsed with dominant local buckling. In this paper, we present additional experiments and numerical analyses conducted to clarify the influences of lateral‐torsional buckling on structural performances. Based on the results obtained, a new evaluation index is proposed by employing the normalized slenderness ratio introduced in this research. Finally, the applicability of the previous equation of Bauschinger effect coefficient is investigated to calculate the hysteretic energy dissipation.
Rational Design of Nanostructured Electrode Materials toward Multifunctional Supercapacitors
Authors: Yan Jian , Li Shaohui , Lan Binbin , Wu Yucheng , Lee Pooi See 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAs an intermediate step during energy usage, supercapacitors with superior power density, long‐term cycling stability, and moderate energy density have attracted immense interest as a facile route to use energy in a clean, efficient, and versatile manner in smart grid applications, as well as portable devices and other applications. Currently, the major drawback of supercapacitors is the low energy density. Electrode materials are the key components determining the cell performance. Great research efforts are made to develop nanostructured electrode materials with high performance. On the other hand, integrating supercapacitors with other applications have led to the emergence of many new types of multifunctional supercapacitors, which are attractive for a myriad of applications. The current understanding on charge/discharge mechanisms of electric double layer capacitors and pseudo‐capacitors is discussed along with recent development in designing nanostructured electrode materials by structure/morphology engineering, doping, and crystal structure controlling. Achievements in multifunctional supercapacitors like flexible supercapacitors, all‐solid‐state supercapacitors, self‐healing supercapacitors, electrochromic supercapacitors, self‐chargeable supercapacitors, and supercapacitors integrated with sensors are illustrated. Finally, opportunities and challenges in developing high performance and multifunctional supercapacitors are proposed.
Nano and Microtechnologies for the Study of Magnetotactic Bacteria
Authors: Tay Andy , McCausland Hayley , Komeili Arash , Di Carlo Dino 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMagnetotactic bacteria (MTB) naturally synthesize magnetic nanoparticles that are wrapped in lipid membranes. These membrane‐bound particles, which are known as magnetosomes, are characterized by their narrow size distribution, high colloidal stability, and homogenous magnetic properties. These characteristics of magnetosomes confer them with significant value as materials for biomedical and industrial applications. MTB are also a model system to study key biological questions relating to formation of bacterial organelles, metal homeostasis, biomineralization, and magnetoaerotaxis. The similar size scale of nano and microfluidic systems to MTB and ease of coupling to local magnetic fields make them especially useful to study and analyze MTB. In this Review, a summary of nano‐ and microtechnologies that are developed for purposes such as MTB sorting, genetic engineering, and motility assays is provided. The use of existing platforms that can be adapted for large‐scale MTB processing including microfluidic bioreactors is also described. As this is a relatively new field, future synergistic research directions coupling MTB, and nano‐ and microfluidics are also suggested. It is hoped that this Review could start to bridge scientific communities and jump‐start new ideas in MTB research that can be made possible with nano‐ and microfluidic technologies.
Epitaxy of Single‐Crystalline GaN Film on CMOS‐Compatible Si(100) Substrate Buffered by Graphene
Authors: Feng Yuxia , Yang Xuelin , Zhang Zhihong , Kang Duan , Zhang Jie , Liu Kaihui , Li Xinzheng , Shen Jianfei , Liu Fang , Wang Tao , Ji Panfeng , Xu Fujun , Tang Ning , Yu Tongjun , Wang Xinqiang , Yu Dapeng , Ge Weikun , Shen Bo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFabricating single‐crystalline gallium nitride (GaN)‐based devices on a Si(100) substrate, which is compatible with the mainstream complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor circuits, is a prerequisite for next‐generation high‐performance electronics and optoelectronics. However, the direct epitaxy of single‐crystalline GaN on a Si(100) substrate remains challenging due to the asymmetric surface domains of Si(100), which can lead to polycrystalline GaN with a two‐domain structure. Here, by utilizing single‐crystalline graphene as a buffer layer, the epitaxy of a single‐crystalline GaN film on a Si(100) substrate is demonstrated. The in situ treatment of graphene with NH3 can generate sp3 CN bonds, which then triggers the nucleation of nitrides. The one‐atom‐thick single‐crystalline graphene provides an in‐plane driving force to align all GaN domains to form a single crystal. The nucleation mechanisms and domain evolutions are further clarified by surface science exploration and first‐principle calculations. This work lays the foundation for the integration of GaN‐based devices into Si‐based integrated circuits and also broadens the choice for the epitaxy of nitrides on unconventional amorphous or flexible substrates.
Flexible Hybrid Sensors for Health Monitoring: Materials and Mechanisms to Render Wearability
Authors: Gao Yuji , Yu Longteng , Yeo Joo Chuan , Lim Chwee Teck 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWearable electronics have revolutionized the way physiological parameters are sensed, detected, and monitored. In recent years, advances in flexible and stretchable hybrid electronics have created emergent properties that enhance the compliance of devices to our skin. With their unobtrusive attributes, skin conformable sensors enable applications toward real‐time disease diagnosis and continuous healthcare monitoring. Herein, critical perspectives of flexible hybrid electronics toward the future of digital health monitoring are provided, emphasizing its role in physiological sensing. In particular, the strategies within the sensor composition to render flexibility and stretchability while maintaining excellent sensing performance are considered. Next, novel approaches to the functionalization of the sensor for physical or biochemical stimuli are extensively covered. Subsequently, wearable sensors measuring physical parameters such as strain, pressure, temperature, as well as biological changes in metabolites and electrolytes are reported. Finally, their implications toward early disease detection and monitoring are discussed, concluding with a future perspective into the challenges and opportunities in emerging wearable sensor designs for the next few years.
Boron Phosphide Nanoparticles: A Nonmetal Catalyst for High‐Selectivity Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CH3OH
Authors: Mou Shiyong , Wu Tongwei , Xie Junfeng , Zhang Ya , Ji Lei , Huang Hong , Wang Ting , Luo Yonglan , Xiong Xiaoli , Tang Bo , Sun Xuping 
Published: July 2019

AbstractElectrocatalysis has emerged as an attractive way for artificial CO2 fixation to CH3OH, but the design and development of metal‐free electrocatalyst for highly selective CH3OH formation still remains a key challenge. Here, it is demonstrated that boron phosphide nanoparticles perform highly efficiently as a nonmetal electrocatalyst toward electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CH3OH with high selectivity. In 0.1 m KHCO3, this catalyst achieves a high Faradaic efficiency of 92.0% for CH3OH at −0.5 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Density functional theory calculations reveal that B and P synergistically promote the binding and activation of CO2, and the rate‐determining step for the CO2 reduction reaction is dominated by *CO + *OH to *CO + *H2O process with free energy change of 1.36 eV. In addition, CO and CH2O products are difficultly generated on BP (111) surface, which is responsible for the high activity and selectivity of the CO2‐to‐CH3OH conversion process.
Multiscale Hierarchical Patterning by Sacrificial Layer‐Assisted Creep Lithography
Authors: Jang Segeun , Choi Jiwoo , Shin Minho , Yeon Je Hyeon , Kim Sang Moon , Choi Mansoo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe capability to fabricate various multiscale structures without limitations of size, morphology, and number of hierarchies via a simple process is highly desired in modern research. This work reports a powerful multiscale‐patterning method called sacrificial layer‐assisted creep lithography (SCL). Multiscale structures are successfully obtained by introducing a sacrificial layer, which has low creep compliance and preferential solubility in a nonpolar solvent, on a Nafion film during an additional creep‐based imprinting process. Through this method, deformation or geometrical loss of preformed structures and complex multiscale structures could be prevented including three‐level structures that are successfully constructed with well‐preserved nano/microstructures thanks to the sacrificial layer. To assess the diverse applicability of the SCL, a multiscale poly(dimethylsiloxane) channel with vertically crossed two‐groove structures is fabricated, and the directional switching of droplet spreading depending on the direction of the applied strain is demonstrated with the structure. Further, using multiscale pyramid structures, the overlapped optical properties of nano‐ and microstructures, which enhance overall reflectance of the surface, are verified.
Vertically Aligned WS2 Layers for High‐Performing Memristors and Artificial Synapses
Authors: Kumar Mohit , Ban Dong‐Kyun , Kim Sang Moon , Kim Joondong , Wong Ching‐Ping 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInspired by the human brain, the quest for high‐performing neuromorphic architecture has recently gained more attention, which can be achieved by two‐terminal memristors. However, due to random and uncontrolled filament formation during a typical switching process, conventional memristors suffer from severe shortcomings such as temporal/spatial reproducibility as well as trivial sensitivity against applied spikes, however all these properties are crucial for accurate and quick information processing. Here, reproducible and robust two serially connected memristors comprised of ZnO and vertically grown WS2 layers are reported. The device demonstrates remarkable tunable dynamic range along with comprehensive synaptic functions, including short‐ to long‐term plasticity, paired‐pulse facilitation, and spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity. Vertically aligned WS2 layers confine the conduction along 1D channel and drastically enhance the performance. The dynamic processes of memorizing and forgetting are mimicked through a 3 × 3 memristive synapse array. A unique platform to design high‐performing and reproducible artificial synapses for neuromorphic computing is provided.
Research progress and design optimization of CAR‐T therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Li Tianjiao , Li Hao , Li Shuo , Xu Shuaishuai , Zhang Wuhu , Gao Heli , Xu Huaxiang , Wu Chuntao , Wang Wenquan , Yu Xianjun , Liu Liang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly malignant cancer with limited treatment options. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR‐T) are genetically engineered T cells that can specifically kill tumor cells without major histocompatibility complex restriction. Encouraging progress in CAR‐T therapy for PDAC has been made in preclinical and early phase clinical trials. Challenges in CAR‐T therapy for solid tumors still exist, including immunosuppressive microenvironment, interstitial barrier, poor chemotaxis, and the “on‐target, off‐tumor” effect. Applying neoantigens of PDAC as targets for CAR‐T therapy, recognizing the CAR‐T subgroup with better antitumor effect, and designing a CAR‐T system targeting stroma of PDAC may contribute to develop a powerful CAR‐T therapy for PDAC in the future.