bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ontological security of special relationships: the case of Germany’s relations with Israel
Authors: Oppermann Kai , Hansel Mischa 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article suggests studying special relationships in international politics from an ontological security perspective. It argues that conceptualising the partners to special relationships as ontological security seekers provides a promising theoretical angle to address gaps in our understanding of three important dimensions of such relations: their emergence and stability; the processes and practices of maintaining them; and the power relations within special relations. The article illustrates its theoretical argument in a case study on the German-Israeli relationship. The close partnership between the two countries that has developed since the Holocaust ranks as one of the most remarkable examples of special relationships in the international arena. We argue that foregrounding the ontological security that the special relationship provides, in particular for Germany, sheds important new light on how German-Israeli relations have developed. Specifically, we hold that Germany’s ontological security needs were already an important driver in establishing the relationship and have been a key stabiliser of it ever since; that the ontological security perspective can make sense of three interrelated practices of maintaining the ‘specialness’ of the relationship; and that the asymmetries between the ontological security needs of the two partners help account for Israel’s political leverage in the relationship.
Is the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical procedures decreasing? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials
Authors: Gandra Sumanth , Trett Anna , Alvarez-Uria Gerardo , Solomkin Joseph S. , Laxminarayan Ramanan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveRising antibiotic resistance could reduce the effectiveness of antibiotics in preventing postoperative infections. We investigated trends in the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis regimens for 3 commonly performed surgical procedures—appendectomy, cesarean section, and colorectal surgery—and 1 invasive diagnostic procedure, transrectal prostate biopsy (TRPB).DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsWe searched PubMed and Cochrane databases (through October 31, 2017) for randomized control trials (RCTs) that measured the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for 4 index procedures in preventing postoperative infections (surgical site infections [SSIs] following the 3 surgical procedures and a combination of urinary tract infections [UTIs] and sepsis following TRPB).ResultsOf 399 RCTs, 74 studies (9 appendectomy, 11 cesarean section, 39 colorectal surgery, and 15 TRPB) were included. Multilevel logistic regression models with random intercepts for each study showed no statistically significant increase in SSIs over time for appendectomy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] per year, 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92–1.16; P=.57), cesarean section (aOR per year, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.96–1.05; P=.80), and TRPB (aOR per year, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.77–1.18; P=.67). However, there was a significant increase in SSIs proportion following colorectal surgery (aOR per year, 1.049; 95% CI, 1.03–1.07; P<.001).ConclusionThe efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis agents in preventing SSIs following colorectal surgery has declined. Small number of RCTs and low infections rates limited our ability to assess true effect for simple appendectomy, cesarean section, or TRPB.
Effects of distributed roughness on crossflow instability through generalized resonance mechanisms
Authors: He Jiyang , Butler Adam , Wu Xuesong 
Published: November 2018

Experiments have shown that micron-sized distributed surface roughness can significantly promote transition in a three-dimensional boundary layer dominated by crossflow instability. This sensitive effect has not yet been fully explained physically and mathematically. Past studies focused on surface roughness exciting crossflow vortices and/or changing the local stability characteristics. The present paper seeks possible additional mechanisms by investigating the effects of distributed surface roughness on crossflow instability through resonant interactions with eigenmodes. A key observation is that the perturbation induced by roughness with specific wavenumbers can interact with two eigenmodes (travelling and stationary vortices) through triadic resonance, or interact with one eigenmode (stationary vortices) through Bragg scattering. Unlike the usual triadic resonance of neutral, or nearly neutral, eigenmodes, the present triadic resonance can take place among modes with $O(1)$ growth rates, provided that these are equal; unlike the usual Bragg scattering involving neutral waves, crossflow stationary vortices can also be unstable. For these amplifying waves, the generalized triadic resonance and Bragg scattering are put forward, and the resulting corrections to the growth rates are derived by a multiple-scale method. The analysis is extended to the case where up to four crossflow vortices interact with each other in the presence of suitable roughness components. The numerical results for Falkner–Skan–Cooke boundary layers show that roughness with a small height (a few percent of the local boundary-layer thickness) can change growth rates substantially (by a more-or-less $O(1)$ amount). This sensitive effect is attributed to two facts: (i) the resonant nature of the triadic interaction and Bragg scattering, which makes the correction to the growth rate proportional to the roughness height, and (ii) the wavenumbers of the roughness component required for the resonance are close to those of the neutral stationary crossflow modes, as a result of which a small roughness can generate a large response. Another important effect of roughness is that its presence renders the participating eigenmodes, which are otherwise independent, fully coupled. Our theoretical results suggest that micron-sized distributed surface roughness influences significantly both the amplification and spectral composition of crossflow vortices.
Efficacy of a written prayer technique on the anxiety of mothers of children with cancer
Authors: Ahmadi Maryam , Zaree Khdije , Kazemnejad Leily Anoushirvan , Sadat Hoseini Akram Sadat 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of a written prayer technique on the anxiety of mothers of children with cancer.MethodThis clinical trial recruited 90 mothers of children with cancer admitted to the Medical Centre of Tehran. Using a convenience sampling method, we randomly assigned the participants to two groups: control (n = 45) and intervention (n = 45). Data were collected through the Spielberger's anxiety scale and a demographic questionnaire. Maternal anxiety was measured before the intervention, immediately after the three-day intervention, and five weeks after the intervention. We used a writing technique in the intervention and control groups for 20 minutes over three consecutive days. In the intervention group, participants wrote down their sincere desires and wishes that they demanded from God without any worry or stress. The control group spent 20 minutes writing their normal daily schedules; for example, feeding their children or changing their children's clothes. During the three consecutive days of intervention, we asked both groups not to worry about grammar or spelling errors. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods.ResultA statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups (intervention and control mean, 34.9 ± 9.9 and 47.9 ± 16.2, respectively) relative to anxiety after the intervention (p < 0.001). After five weeks, the intervention group continued to exhibit significantly reduced anxiety compared with the control group (intervention and control mean, 34.7 ± 9.6 and 48.5 ± 16.4; p < 0.001).Significance of resultsThe written prayer technique appears to be an effective, efficient, cost-effective, and practical method for reducing anxiety in mothers of children with cancer.
Electron Phase‐Space Holes in Three Dimensions: Multispacecraft Observations by Magnetospheric Multiscale
Authors: Holmes J. C. , Ergun R. E. , Newman D. L. , Ahmadi N. , Andersson L. , Le Contel O. , Torbert R. B. , Giles B. L. , Strangeway R. J. , Burch J. L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractElectron phase‐space holes are kinetic plasma structures commonly observed in space plasmas on Debye length scales. Near the Earth's duskside flank at 10 Earth radii, a series of 32 electron holes (EHs) are detected within a 1‐s window on all four Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft. The spacecraft separation of <7 km is similar to the expected EH size in this region. Length, width, amplitude, and relative positions are determined for individual EHs using a cylindrically symmetric model fit to Magnetospheric Multiscale E field measurements. The model shows good agreement with observed E fields far from the EH center. Deviations in E⊥ from the model are present near the center, indicating observed EHs have complex, sometimes irregular, internal structure. Perturbation magnetic fields δB modeled assuming an E × B0 electron current reproduce the measured parallel perturbation in most cases, although there is a systematic variation due to geometric and finite gyroradius effects. Many EHs in this event have large amplitude for their size, reaching the theoretical lower limit in length parallel to the background magnetic field, which requires the electron phase‐space density to approach 0 in the center. It is possible that EHs of this type have recently formed, eventually weakening or becoming longer over time. This study provides the most detailed measurements of EHs to date. Their derived properties are largely in agreement with expectations from previous research. It remains unclear whether the few notable differences are due to rapid time evolution or are specific to the local environment.
Quasi‐6‐Day Wave Effects on the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Over a Solar Cycle
Authors: Yamazaki Yosuke 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe quasi‐6‐day wave (Q6DW) has recently been recognized as an important source of ionospheric variability. This study shows how the response of the equatorial ionosphere to the Q6DW changes over a solar cycle. Global maps of total electron content (TEC) from Global Positioning System data are used to quantify Q6DW effects on the equatorial ionization anomaly during 2004–2017. The results are compared with the Q6DW amplitude in the lower thermosphere as derived from the geopotential height measurements by the Aura satellite. A nearly one‐to‐one correspondence is found between Q6DW activities in the ionosphere and lower thermosphere, indicating robust vertical coupling. The absolute amplitude of the Q6DW in low‐latitude TEC varies with the solar activity index F10.7 and can reach 8 TEC unit (=1016 el/m2) near the crests of the equatorial ionization anomaly during solar maximum. On the other hand, the relative amplitude is unaffected by solar activity, with its annual maximum value being ∼10% for both solar minimum and solar maximum. These results establish the persistent influence of the Q6DW on the equatorial ionosphere under different solar activity conditions.
Neogene Paleomagnetic Study of the Western Baicheng Depression: Implications for the Intensified Deformation of Tian Shan Since the Latest Miocene
Authors: Zhang Zhiliang , Sun Jimin , Lü Lixing , Wang Weitao , Li Yousheng 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe fold‐and‐thrust belts in the southern forelands of Tian Shan were tectonically deformed as a result of intracontinental deformation in response to the India‐Asia collision; therefore, they are essential for understanding tectonic evolution and basinward propagation of the Tian Shan Range. Although the reactivation of Tian Shan has long been studied, when and how this deformation was initiated and propagated are still controversial. In this study, we present new paleomagnetic results, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, tectonic rotations, and interpretations of subsurface seismic images on the Kalayuergun Structural Belt, western Baicheng Depression. Our new results suggest that the deformation of the Kalayuergun Structural Belt initiated at ~5.3 Ma and became young southeasterly, indicating that the deformation reached to the study area in the latest Miocene and propagated basinward progressively since then. The clockwise rotations, about half amounts of which must have been occurred at around ~5.3 Ma, can be linked to the activity of the Kalayuergun dextral strike‐slip fault on the western end of the anticline. Combined with previous results around Tian Shan, we suggest that the long range has been subjected to an episode of intensified tectonic deformation since the latest Miocene, which was caused by the accelerated northward motion of the Tarim Block and Pamir in response to the India‐Asia collision.
Closing the Gap Between the Coral Sea and the Equator: Direct Observations of the North Australian Western Boundary Currents
Authors: Ridgway Ken R. , Benthuysen Jessica A. , Steinberg Craig 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBoundary currents along northeastern Australia provide source waters for the East Australian Current and redistribute water to the equator within the Gulf of Papua Current (GPC). These currents are formed following the bifurcation of two Coral Sea westward jets, the North Vanuatu Jet (NVJ) and the North Caledonian Jet. While the existence of the boundary currents has been inferred from limited geostrophic sections, gridded climatological analyses, and modeling studies, no direct measurements have been collected. This study synthesizes current and water property measurements from a 7‐year record at Lizard Island and multiple Seaglider deployments between 2010 and 2014. Both repeat glider transects at 14.5 and 18°S and deployments spanning latitudes between 18 and 11°S are included. Cross‐track velocities of these currents show their vertical structure, seasonal changes, and the spatial translation of the bifurcation latitude. The NVJ bifurcation varies seasonally about a mean latitude between 14.4 and 14.7°S. It has a peak northward extent in summer, when the East Australian Current and GPC exhibit maximum and minimum transports, respectively. The deeper GPC originates from the North Caledonian Jet south of 18°S and varies seasonally by 4 Sv. When the westward flow of the NVJ reaches the boundary, the GPC's northward transport grows by ~13 Sv. The salinity signature of the glider data confirms that up to 6 Sv of this influx is sourced from the base of the NVJ. The observed seasonal cycle of current strength and changes in along boundary transport are consistent with the results from an ocean general circulation model.
Rainfall Thresholds for Flow Generation in Desert Ephemeral Streams
Authors: Kampf Stephanie K. , Faulconer Joshua , Shaw Jeremy R. , Lefsky Michael , Wagenbrenner Joseph W. , Cooper David J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRainfall thresholds for streamflow generation are commonly mentioned in the literature, but studies rarely include methods for quantifying and comparing thresholds. This paper quantifies thresholds in ephemeral streams and evaluates how they are affected by rainfall and watershed properties. The study sites are in southern Arizona, USA; one is hyperarid and the other is semiarid. At both sites rainfall and streamflow were monitored in watersheds ranging from 10−3 to 102 km2. Streams flowed an average of 0–5 times per year in hyperarid watersheds and 3–11 times per year in semiarid watersheds. Although hyperarid sites had fewer flow events, their flow frequency (fraction of rain events causing flow) was higher than in semiarid sites for small (<1 km2) watersheds. At both locations flow frequency decreased with drainage area, but the decrease was steeper in hyperarid watersheds. Watershed mean 60‐min intensity thresholds ranged from 3–13 mm/hr in hyperarid watersheds and 7–16 mm/hr in semiarid watersheds. Higher runoff thresholds and lower flow frequencies in small semiarid watersheds likely relate to greater ground cover and soil development compared to the desert pavement and bedrock surfaces in hyperarid sites. The choice of rain data strongly influenced threshold values; single rain gauges were only adequate for threshold prediction in <1‐km2 watersheds, and incomplete rainfall data led to increases in thresholds with drainage area. We recommend using mean rainfall intensity over the drainage area for threshold analysis because this reduces apparent scale dependence in thresholds caused by incomplete rainfall information.
Participation of xCT in melanoma cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo
Authors: Shin Seung-Shick , Jeong Byeong-Seon , Wall Brian A. , Li Jiadong , Shan Naing Lin , Wen Yu , Goydos James S. , Chen Suzie 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOur research group demonstrated that riluzole, an inhibitor of glutamatergic signaling reduced melanoma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor progression in vivo. The underlying mechanisms of riluzole are largely unknown. Microarray analyses on two human melanoma cell lines revealed that riluzole stimulates expression of the cystine-glutamate amino acid antiporter, xCT (SLC7A11). Western immunoblot analysis from cultured human melanoma or normal melanocytic cells showed that xCT was significantly overexpressed in most melanomas, but not normal cells. Studies using human tumor biopsy samples demonstrated that overexpression of xCT was correlated with cancer stage and progression. To further investigate if xCT is involved in melanoma cell growth, we derived several stable clones through transfection of exogenous xCT to melanoma cells that originally showed very low expression of xCT. The elevated xCT expression promoted cell proliferation in vitro and inversely, these melanoma clones showed a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation in response to riluzole treatment. Xenograft studies showed that these clones formed very aggressive tumors at a higher rate compared to vector controls. Conversely, treatment of xenograft-bearing animals with riluzole down-regulated xCT expression suggesting that xCT is a molecular target of riluzole. Furthermore, protein lysates from tumor biopsies of patients that participated in a riluzole monotherapy phase II clinical trial showed a reduction in xCT levels in post-treatment specimens from patients with stable disease. Taken together, our results show that xCT may be utilized as a marker to monitor patients undergoing riluzole-based chemotherapies.
Fragmented Care is Prevalent Among Inflammatory Bowel Disease Readmissions and is Associated With Worse Outcomes
Authors: Cohen-Mekelburg Shirley , Rosenblatt Russell , Gold Stephanie , Shen Nicole , Fortune Brett , Waljee Akbar K. , Saini Sameer , Scherl Ellen , Burakoff Robert , Unruh Mark 
Published: November 2018

OBJECTIVES:
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex chronic disease that often requires a multispeciality approach; thus, IBD patients are prone to care fragmentation. We aim to determine the prevalence of fragmentation among hospitalized IBD patients and identify associated predictors and visit-level outcomes.

METHODS:
The State Inpatient Databases for New York and Florida were used to identify 90-day readmissions among IBD inpatients from 2009 to 2013. The prevalence of fragmentation, defined as a readmission to a non-index hospital, was reported. Characteristics associated with fragmented care were identified using multivariable logistic regression. Multivariable models were utilized to determine the association between fragmentation and outcomes (in-hospital mortality, readmission length of stay, and inpatient colonoscopy).

RESULTS:
Among IBD inpatients, 25,241 and 29,033 90-day readmission visits were identified, in New York and Florida, respectively. The prevalence of fragmentation was 26.4% in New York and 32.5% in Florida. Younger age, a non-emergent admission type, public payer or uninsured status, mood disorder, and substance abuse were associated with fragmented care, while female gender and a primary diagnosis of an IBD-related complication had an inverse association. Fragmented inpatient care is associated with a higher likelihood of in-hospital death, higher rates of inpatient colonoscopy, and a longer readmission length of stay.

CONCLUSIONS:
Over one in four IBD inpatient readmissions are fragmented. Disparities and differences in fragmentation exist and contribute to poor patient outcomes. Additional efforts targeting fragmentation should be made to better coordinate IBD management, reduce healthcare gaps, and promote high-value care.
Knockdown of KIAA1199 attenuates growth and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Liu Jingmei , Han Ping , Gong Jin , Wang Yunwu , Chen Bingxin , Liao Jiazhi , Tian Dean 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAccumulating evidence indicates that KIAA1199 plays a vital role in tumor progression. However, the role of KIAA1199 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still remains unknown. In this study, we found that KIAA1199 was upregulated in human HCC tissues and in highly metastatic HCC cell lines. Furthermore, the expression of KIAA1199 was significantly correlated with tumor size and metastasis in HCC. Knockdown of KIAA1199 inhibited cell proliferation and migration in vitro, and suppressed tumorigenicity and lung metastasis in vivo. In addition, silencing of KIAA1199 induced G1 phase arrest by reducing cyclinD1 expression. Moreover, KIAA1199 knockdown induced apoptosis by activating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which was based on the upregulation of ER stress markers, activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and CAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP). In conclusion, our data demonstrated that KIAA1199 knockdown inhibited the growth and metastasis of HCC.
In situ synthesis of supported metal nanocatalysts through heterogeneous doping
Authors: Kwak No Woo , Jeong Seung Jin , Seo Han Gil , Lee Siwon , Kim YeonJu , Kim Jun Kyu , Byeon Pilgyu , Chung Sung-Yoon , Jung WooChul 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSupported metal nanoparticles hold great promise for many fields, including catalysis and renewable energy. Here we report a novel methodology for the in situ growth of architecturally tailored, regenerative metal nanocatalysts that is applicable to a wide range of materials. The main idea underlying this strategy is to selectively diffuse catalytically active metals along the grain boundaries of host oxides and then to reduce the diffused metallic species to form nanoclusters. As a case study, we choose ceria and zirconia, the most recognized oxide supports, and spontaneously form various metal particles on their surface with controlled size and distribution. Metal atoms move back and forth between the interior (as cations) and the exterior (as clusters) of the host oxide lattice as the reductive and oxidative atmospheres repeat, even at temperatures below 700 °C. Furthermore, they exhibit excellent sintering/coking resistance and reactivity toward chemical/electrochemical reactions, demonstrating potential to be used in various applications.