bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Coming of Bird
Authors: Chapman Con 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The chapter discusses a new type of jazz that arrived beginning in the mid-1940s that came to be known as “bebop.” It was marked by new harmonies, staccato rhythms and—on the alto sax—a shift away from the smooth technique of Johnny Hodges, Benny Carter, and Willie Smith to the revolutionary syntax and vocabulary of Charlie Parker. In 1944 DownBeat predicted that soon Parker would be ranked number two behind Johnny Hodges on the alto; this prediction proved to be too cautious, as Parker along with fellow innovators of bebop changed the jazz landscape. Today, Parker is generally ranked as the foremost alto player in jazz history. The boppers subordinated tone and feeling to speed, melodic invention, and harmonic complexity. By the end of the decade, Hodges’s music had begun to seem dated.
Outside the Ellington Constellation: The 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Chapman Con 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The chapter discusses Johnny Hodges’s work apart from Ellington during the 1950s and 1960s. He made albums with pianist Billy Taylor, who went on to become a noted broadcaster and jazz educator; baritone saxophonist Gerry Mulligan; Coleman Hawkins; trumpeter Roy Eldridge; and in one instance television bandleader Lawrence Welk, a date for which Hodges received a fair amount of criticism, as if his participation in a recording session with a “sweet” band backed by a string section confirmed the complaints of some critics that Hodges’s style was overripe and sentimental. A defense is mounted against this charge on two grounds: first, that the album featured some of the best arrangers of the day, including Benny Carter; second, that an album with strings is a fairly common aspiration of many jazz musicians, who long for the respectability that is denied to their genre because of its disreputable origins.
Documentary Resistance
Authors: Aguayo Angela J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The potential of documentary moving images to foster democratic exchange has been percolating within media production culture for the last century, and now, with mobile cameras at our fingertips and broadcasts circulating through unpredictable social networks, the documentary impulse is coming into its own as a political force of social change. The exploding reach and power of audio and video are multiplying documentary modes of communication. Once considered an outsider media practice, documentary is finding mass appeal in the allure of moving images, collecting participatory audiences that create meaningful challenges to the social order. Documentary is adept at collecting frames of human experience, challenging those insights, and turning these stories into public knowledge that is palpable for audiences. Generating pathways of exchange between unlikely interlocutors, collective identification forged with documentary discourse constitutes a mode of political agency that is directing energy toward acting in the world. Reflecting experiences of life unfolding before the camera, documentary representations help order social relationships that deepen our public connections and generate collective roots. As digital culture creates new pathways through which information can flow, the connections generated from social change documentary constitute an emerging public commons. Considering the deep ideological divisions that are fracturing U.S. democracy, it is of critical significance to understand how communities negotiate power and difference by way of an expanding documentary commons. Investment in the force of documentary resistance helps cultivate an understanding of political life from the margins, where documentary production practices are a form of survival.
Introduction
Authors: Boris Eileen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Asking why it took a century for domestic workers to come under global labor standards, this introduction frames the ILO as a producer of social knowledge whose definitions cast the woman worker as a distinct category in law and social policy. It traces changes in the global political economy, introduces the structure of the ILO, and outlines subsequent chapters. Though not an explicitly feminist organization, legal-equality and labor feminists alike sought to use the ILO to advance their own agendas. Despite growing acceptance of formal equality, the ILO came up against women’s assumed responsibility for homes and families, including reproductive labor. By the 1970s, structural transformations rendered the male-breadwinner model inadequate, turning the ILO’s attention to the “informal” sector exemplified by women home-based workers in the Global South. With the unraveling of the employer-employee relation and legal protections, the woman worker in the early 21st century came to stand as a harbinger for a world of precarious, feminized labor—part-time, short-term, and low-waged—that the ILO seeks to combat through a “decent work” agenda, which includes improving unpaid as well as paid domestic work, both of which are essential for women’s labor force participation.
Women’s Place (in the Future of Work)
Authors: Boris Eileen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the early 21st century, women still found in home-based labor a private solution to their need to earn income while looking after children and other family members. Even as the ILO embraced gender mainstreaming and gender-neutral standards (except for maternity), it re-inscribed care work as part of the problem of the woman worker on the eve of its 2019 Centennial. Building a new care economy emerged as the solution to winning equality and transforming paid household labor into decent work. To encourage women’s labor force participation, the ILO would remake the workplace through flexi-time and flexi-space. It continued to promulgate best practices for improving working life, adding assistance with monitoring global supply chains and encouraging corporate social responsibility. It debated a new instrument on gender violence and sexual harassment at work, including harms to LGBTQ people. Nonetheless, the unraveling of labor standards and the onslaught against worker rights spread conditions once associated with women in the Global South to men as well as women in the industrialized North. As the gig economy and computerization increasingly positioned the home as a site of commoditized work, economic justice in all worksites became bound ever more intimately to justice in the home.
Introduction
Authors: Stainton Hamsa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter frames the present study of Sanskrit hymns of praise from Kashmir in terms of the relationship between poetic and religious expression in South Asia. It introduces and discusses six key elements that weave throughout the book: the genre known as the stotra (hymn of praise); poetry (kāvya); poetics (alaṅkāraśāstra); prayer; bhakti (devotion); and the region of Kashmir, including the major contours of its religious and literary history. In doing so, the chapter summarizes the central themes of the book and establishes the context for analyzing poetry as prayer. It concludes by reviewing the contents and organization of the book.
Literary Hymns from Kashmir
Authors: Stainton Hamsa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the history and study of literary hymns from Kashmir. In roughly chronological order it introduces the central texts discussed in the remainder of this book. It highlights three distinctive themes that emerge from a long view of stotras in Kashmir. The first is the relationship between theology and literature, and specifically how many Kashmirian authors address theological issues, such as the nature of non-dualistic prayer and devotion, in their hymns. Second, these stotras frequently engage with multiple, complex audiences, both human and divine. In some cases this serves pedagogical purposes, or facilitates the transmission of highly technical teachings. Finally, it shows how the trajectory of this genre is markedly different from that of other genres in Kashmir. Kashmirian authors repeatedly turned to the flexible stotra form for creative literary experiments that challenged contemporary conventions or re-envisioned earlier traditions.
The Trials of Allegiance
Authors: Larson Carlton F.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Trials of Allegiance examines the law of treason during the American Revolution—a convulsive, violent civil war in which nearly everyone could be considered a traitor, either to Great Britain or to America. Drawing from extensive archival research in Pennsylvania—one of the main centers of the revolution—Carlton Larson provides the most comprehensive analysis yet of the treason prosecutions brought by Americans against British adherents—through committees of safety, military tribunals, and ordinary criminal trials. Although popular rhetoric against traitors was pervasive in Pennsylvania, jurors consistently viewed treason defendants not as incorrigibly evil, but as fellow Americans who had made a political mistake. This book explains the repeated—and violently controversial—pattern of acquittals. Juries were carefully selected in ways that benefited the defendants, and jurors refused to accept the death penalty as an appropriate punishment for treason. The American Revolution, unlike many others, would not be enforced with the gallows. More broadly, Larson explores how the Revolution’s treason trials shaped American national identity and perceptions of national allegiance. He concludes with the adoption of the Treason Clause of the United States Constitution, which was immediately put to use in the early 1790s in response to the Whiskey Rebellion and Fries’s Rebellion. In taking a fresh look at these formative events, The Trials of Allegiance will reframe how we think about treason in American history—up to and including the present.
The ignorant, the manipulative, and the difficulties of measuring society
Authors: Érdi Péter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
While making objective rankings sounds like an appealing goal, there are at least two reasons why we may not have objectivity: ignorance and manipulation. Persons with less knowledge suffer from illusory superiority due to their cognitive bias, a phenomenon called the Dunning–Kruger effect. Omnipresent in society is not only ignorance but also manipulation. Manipulators have the intention of gaining personal advantage by adopting different tricks, and the chapter summarizes these tricks. Then the importance and the difficulties of measuring society are discussed. According to Campbell’s law, use of quantitative indicators will distort and corrupt the social processes they are intended to monitor. “Rank and yank” refers to an annual performance review process by which a company ranks its employees against one another, and it looks as though CEOs have the difficult problem of avoiding unhealthy dog-eat-dog situations in the workplace. The chapter then discusses how a particular social metric, the credit score, is calculated and how objective the result is. It argues that social scientists and computer scientists should cooperate to generate “ethical algorithms” to avoid social prejudice. Further, it is argued that quantification is an indispensable part of an evaluation process. Metrics are not a silver bullet, because they might be manipulated, but careful measurement is better than purely subjective opinion.
Epilogue
Authors: Érdi Péter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The closing chapter summarizes the book’s statements about the reality, illusion, and manipulation of objectivity. Whether we like it or not, ranking is with us and will remain with us for the foreseeable future. Computer scientists design ranking algorithms, and modern computers can process huge datasets with these algorithms. We are not always happy with the results, so we might ask whether, when, and how the results of a ranking algorithm should be controlled by content curators. Recent public debates about the use and misuse of data reinforce the message of the book that we need the combination of human and computational intelligence.
The United States and Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons Program, 1975–1990
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the proliferation dispute between the United States and Pakistan. As with the Middle East, averting containment failure in South Asia was the overriding aim of the Ford, Carter, and Reagan administrations. Slowing or halting the clandestine Pakistani nuclear weapons program was always a subordinate goal. The Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 was the turning point. Chapter 4 examines the oscillations in US nonproliferation policies toward Pakistan, from the Ford administration’s offer of advanced fighters for nuclear restraint in 1975–1976, to the Carter administration’s imposition of sanctions in early1979, to the Reagan administration’s provision of a $1.4 billion foreign military assistance package and efforts to circumvent nonproliferation legislation in exchange for Pakistani dictator General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq’s pledge not to cross four nuclear “red lines” from 1981 to 1988, to the George H. W. Bush administration’s resumption of sanctions after the Soviet pullout from Afghanistan in 1990.
The United States and Taiwan’s Nuclear Weapons Program, 1967–1978
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the nonproliferation dispute between the United States and the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan between 1967 and 1987. Like the South Korean case, the Nixon administration’s efforts to extricate the United States from the Vietnam War, draw down US troop levels in East and Southeast Asia, and seek a rapprochement with the People’s Republic of China precipitated this dispute. The overriding goal of the Nixon, Ford, and Carter administrations was to enlist China as an ally of convenience against the Soviet Union, but without completely abandoning Taiwan. The Ford and the Carter administrations used a mix of threats to suspend bilateral nuclear cooperation and promises of limited arms transfers to convince ROC premier (and later president) Chiang Ching-kuo to abandon nuclear weapons research in the late 1970s. Reports that Taiwan achieved a “controlled” nuclear reaction in 1987 led the Reagan administration to demand ROC president Lee Teng-hui renounce all nuclear weapons research.
Doves Among Hawks
Authors: Cohen Samy 
Published: September 2019

What has become of Israel's peace movement? In the early 1980s, it was a major political force, bringing hundreds of thousands onto the streets; but since then, its importance has declined amid spiralling violence. Now, and especially since the second Intifada of 2000–5, the “doves” of the Israel/Palestine conflict struggle to be heard over its 'hawks', and the days of mass mobilization are over. "Doves Among” Hawks charts the successes and failures of a beleaguered peace movement, from its formation after the Six-Day War to the current security-obsessed climate, where Israel's “doves” seem to be fighting a lost and outdated battle. Samy Cohen's history of a peace process that once took on the Israeli settler movements exposes how that cause has been derailed and demoralized by suicide attacks. But the peace movement is not dead—it has simply transformed. From human rights monitors to lobbies of the bereaved, Cohen reveals a multitude of smaller, grassroots organizations that have emerged with unexpected energy. These lawyers, doctors, army reservists, former diplomats and senior security personnel are the unsung heroes of his story.
Crying the News
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
From the brilliant Benjamin Franklin to the dauntless Ragged Dick and the high-kicking Jack Kelley, hero of the Disney musical Newsies, newsboys have long commanded attention as symbols of struggle and success. But what do we really know about them? Crying the News: A History of America’s Newsboys places this idealized occupational group at the center of the American experience, analyzing their dual role as economic actors and cultural symbols over a century of war and peace, prosperity and depression, exploitation and reform. The book chronicles the career of hawkers and carriers from the 1830s to the 1930s in all parts of the country and on the railroads that linked them. It examines the place of girls in the trade and the distinctive experience and representation of black, immigrant, and disabled news peddlers. Based on a wealth of primary sources, including rare and iconic visual material, Crying the News reveals the formative role of newsboys in corporate welfare schemes, scientific management practices, and employee liability laws. It documents scores of forgotten newsboy strikes and unions, and their affiliation with the Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor, and Industrial Workers of the World. The result is an epic history of print capitalism and working-class childhood from the pavement up.
Press Philanthropy and the Politics of Want
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
To better recruit and discipline their young distribution force, newspaper publishers and circulation managers in the 1880s became pioneers of corporate welfare. Led by Joseph Pulitzer in St. Louis, E. W. Scripps in Detroit and Cincinnati, Victor Lawson in Chicago, and George Booth in Grand Rapids, Michigan, they organized newsboy banquets, excursions, clubs, schools, and marching bands. They also sponsored newsboy boxing tournaments and fielded newsboy baseball teams. A dozen eastern newspapers formed their own newsboy baseball league. Newsboys took full advantage of these programs, as well as the newsboy homes and reading rooms founded by the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union, but they also organized unions, struck for better pay and working conditions, and participated in political campaigns and protests. Ultimately, they sought justice over charity.
Son of the Forgotten Man
Authors: DiGirolamo Vincent 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Great Depression exposed newsboys to the vicissitudes of the market and the power of the state in new ways. They formed unions, joined strikes, and, for a time, came under federal protection. Publishers argued that newsboys were not employees but independent contractors who should be exempt the Fair Labor Standards Act and other New Deal measures. Caught up in this tug-of-war between a paternalistic capitalist press and an expansive welfare state, the American newsboy became a contested figure in popular culture, appearing in WPA murals, proletarian novels, and other works as a symbol of working-class resentment more than as an icon of bourgeois virtue. The shrill, restless son of the Forgotten Man, he helped America reassess the merits of laissez faire capitalism and recalibrate government’s responsibility to citizens young and old.
Bell Nonlocality in Quantum Theory
Authors: Scarani Valerio 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
All the examples of nonlocality that we know are accurately described within quantum theory. This chapter presents the study of CHSH and some systematic results. In particular, we learn that separable states can only give rise to local behaviors, while pure entangled states are nonlocal resources. The case of mixed entangled states is then introduced.
Utilitarian Justice and the Tasks of Law
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the early writings of Bentham. A central theme running through all of his jurisprudential writing is the conflict between the demand for stability and certainty of law and the need for flexibility in adjudication. Bentham regarded the principle of utility as the sole and sovereign rational decision principle, and insisted that judges must be free to respond to the constantly varying demands of utility in particular cases. The chapter first sets out in a quite general form the problems and issues around which Bentham's jurisprudence developed. It begins with a look at his early reflections on justice, rules, and utility. It then traces how Bentham shaped these early ideas into structuring elements of his developing theory of law. This discussion fixes the basic direction of Bentham's thought and uncovers important guiding assumptions regarding the central aim or task of law.
Utilitarian International Order
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
International politics was integral to Bentham’s comprehensive jurisprudential project. His perspective on international law was that of a legislator, an engineer of global order, not that of expositor or theorist of the existing law. He articulated a (quasi-) cosmopolitan principle for the governance of a state-pluralist global order: the ultimate aim of international law, he argued, is the greatest common and equal utility of all nations. This principle articulates a standard of equal, mutual benefit and builds in a proviso that permits derogation from arrangements or laws that work greatly to the disadvantage of any given nation. He envisioned the global order as a loose affiliation of equal sovereign states, each of which participates on an equal basis in a common congress accorded legislative authority through their participation and is subject to judgments of a common tribunal. Bentham’s ultimate solution to the problem of war was threefold: (i) the law was to be put on a clear, authoritative, and fully public basis in a carefully drafted and systematic code; (ii) all disputes arising in international relations were to be directed to this code and a common tribunal was empowered to resolve the disputes in an impartial way; (iii) judgments of the tribunal were to be enforced by the soft power of Public Opinion Tribunal consisting of both nations and individuals.
Bentham
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Bentham was one of the first, and among the most thorough, theorists of publicity of the modern era. Publicity is a pervasive theme running through all of Bentham’s moral, political, and legal theory; it is foundational to his thought. Bentham constructed a systematic theory of public reason, integrating utility and law into a complex framework for public reasoning, with a detailed architecture of public space, and constructing a network of key institutions and incentives for public accountability and public deliberation. He designed these institutions to secure the transparency of every exercise of ruling power and to encourage, educate, and empower the public in their critical task of holding officials to their responsibilities under the law. This chapter brings together the most important occurrences of the idea of publicity, documenting Bentham’s reliance on it throughout his career and demonstrating its centrality to his moral, legal, and political thought.
Investigating Revolution
Authors: Jones Polly 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
‘Fiery Revolutionaries’ was a major forum for experimentation with the Soviet historical novel, and fuelled the craze for historicist writing and thinking throughout late socialism. The series’ aim of revitalizing revolutionary myth chimed with the burgeoning historical and documentary interests of many late Soviet writers: this often persuaded them to join the series, and stimulated an enduring ‘historical turn’ within their careers. In turn, their works contributed to vibrant public debates about historical truth and documentary literature, and also about revolutionary selfhood, ethics, violence, and terror, extending and enriching the debates of the thaw. The second part of the chapter focuses in on the sophisticated, multi-faceted representation of the late nineteenth-century ‘People’s Will’ (Narodnaia volia) movement in the series’ texts, by writers including Iurii Davydov, Iurii Trifonov, and Vladimir Voinovich, which allowed them to pose complex questions about the origins of Bolshevism, as well as reflecting through ‘Aesopian’ poetics on late Soviet ‘stagnation’ and the dissident movement.