bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ECMO in Poisoning
Authors: Gupta Vivek , Wander Gurpreet S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSevere poisoning may lead to life-threatening situation or death due to cardiovascular dysfunction, arrhythmia, or cardiogenic shock. The poisoning substance varies in different parts of world; in the Western world, the drugs with cardiotoxic potential are more common, while pesticides and other household toxins are common in the rest of the world. However, most of these patients are relatively young and otherwise healthy irrespective of poisoning substances. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has regained interest in recent past and now its use is being explored for newer indications. The use of ECMO in poisoning has shown promising results as salvage therapy and can be used as bridge to recovery, antidote, and toxin removal with renal replacement therapy or transplant. The ECMO has been used in those poisoned patients who have persistent cardiogenic shock or refractory hypoxemia despite adequate supportive therapy. ECMO may be useful in providing adequate cardiac output and maintain tissue perfusion which helps in the redistribution of toxins from central circulation and facilitate the metabolism and excretion. However, the available literature is not sufficient and is based on case reports, case series, and retrospective cohort study. In spite of high mortality with severe poisoning and encouraging outcome with use of ECMO, it is an underutilized modality across the world. Though evidences suggest that early consideration of ECMO in severely poisoned patients with refractory cardiac arrest or hemodynamic compromise refractory to standard therapies may be beneficial, the right time to start ECMO in poisoned patients, criteria to start ECMO, and prognostication prior to initiation of ECMO is yet to be answered. Future studies and publications may address these issues, whereas the ELSO (Extracorporeal Life Support Organization) data registry may help in collecting global data on poisoning more effectively.
Multiple Hereditary Exostoses: Report of an EXT2 Gene Mutation in a Colombian Family
Authors: Camacho-Cruz Jhon , Gutierrez Luz Dary , Rubio Cladelis , Suárez Alfonso , Amaya Angie 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMultiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) is a rare disease with autosomal dominant inheritance, caused by heterozygous germline mutations in the EXT1 or EXT2 genes. This disorder is characterized by the growth of prominences surrounded by cartilage in the growth plates and the long bones. Here, we report a family affected by MHE. In this family, a pathogenic variant c.544C > T (p. Arg182Ter) was identified in the EXT2 gene. This variant has been previously described in the literature, and here we are reporting the relationship with clinical findings. MHE is suspected according to the clinical manifestations; molecular research should be performed to establish the most frequent mutations. A support, diagnosis, and follow-up group should be created, and genetic counseling should be available for patients and families.
Für den Notfall gerüstet
Authors: Weisner Thomas 
Published: March 2018

Zusammenfassung
Reanimation von Kindern Der kindliche Atem-Kreislauf-Stillstand ist zwar
selten, aber wahrscheinlich gerade deshalb mit hohem emotionalem Stress
verbunden. Für ein möglichst gutes Outcome ist es unerlässlich, dass bei Kindern
vor allem auf die Basismaßnahmen der Reanimation größter Wert gelegt wird.
Anhand der im Oktober 2015 aktualisierten Fassung der Leitlinien zur
kardiopulmonalen Reanimation bei Kindern soll dieser Artikel einen Überblick
über dieses wichtige Thema und die dazugehörigen Handlungsabläufe geben. Zudem
soll der Leser motiviert werden, sich mit Kindernotfällen näher zu beschäftigen
und sich dazu regelmäßig fortzubilden.
Klinische Untersuchung zur Veränderung der kornealen Biomechanik bei Patienten mit systemischer Sklerodermie
Authors: Zimmermann Nicole , Brandt Svea , Brünner Jeanette , Erb Carl 
Published: March 2018

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Die Studie vergleicht die biomechanischen Eigenschaften der Hornhaut bei Patienten mit einer seit mindestens 10 Jahren bestehenden systemischen Sklerodermie (SSc) mit einer gesunden Kontrollkohorte.
Material und Methoden Untersucht wurden 14 SSc-Patienten und 38 Kontrollprobanden. Ein randomisiertes Studienauge wurde auf die kornealen biomechanischen Eigenschaften zentrale Hornhautdicke (CCT), korneale Hysterese (CH) und kornealer Resistenzfaktor (CRF) untersucht. Die Bestimmung des Augeninnendrucks (IOP) erfolgte anhand der Goldmann-Applanationstonometrie (GAT) und der dynamischen Konturtonometrie (DCT) sowie mittels Non-Contact-Tonometrie (NCT) mit dem Ocular Response Analyzer® (ORA) als Goldmann-Applanationstonometrie-korreliertem IOP (IOPgat) und hornhautdickenkompensiertem IOP (IOPcc).
Ergebnisse Der IOP war mittels DCT- und ORA-basierter NCT-Messung bei SSc-Patienten signifikant geringer als bei der Kontrollgruppe (DCT IOP: p = 0,048, NCT IOPgat: p = 0,002, NCT IOPcc: p = 0,000). Die CCT war ebenfalls bei SSc-Patienten signifikant dünner (p = 0,001). Bezüglich der CH und des CRF ergaben sich keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede. Die Differenz der korrigierten Parameter (CHkorr – CRFkorr) zeigte in beiden Gruppen eine negative Differenz, die im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe (− 0,66) bei den Sklerodermiepatienten (− 0,83) leicht erniedrigt war. Es bestanden deutliche signifikante negative Korrelationen der CH- und CRF-Werte bzw. CHkorr- und CRFkorr-Werte bei SSc-Patienten. Dagegen zeigte sich in der Kontrollgruppe eine nicht signifikante positive Korrelation von Lebensalter und den biomechanischen Parametern.
Schlussfolgerung Zwischen den untersuchten Gruppen konnte keine Veränderung der biomechanischen Parameter (CH, CRF) festgestellt werden. Eine deutlich vorhandene signifikante negative Korrelation von Lebensalter und CH bzw. CRF bei SSc könnte durch eine leichte Degression der viskösen Komponente und Verringerung der kornealen Dämpfungskapazität bedingt sein. Die dünnere CCT und der erniedrigte Differenzwert lassen auf veränderliche Prozesse in der Zusammensetzung der kornealen Extrazellulärmatrix bei SSc-Patienten schließen.
White light-emitting contrast image capsule endoscopy for visualization of small intestine lesions: a pilot study
Authors: Ogata Noriyuki , Ohtsuka Kazuo , Sasanuma Seiko , Ogawa Masataka , Maeda Yasuharu , Ichimasa Katsuro , Mori Yuichi , Misawa Masashi , Kudo Toyoki , Hisayuki Tomokazu , Hayashi Takemasa , Wakamura Kunihiko , Miyachi Hideyuki , Baba Toshiyuki , Ishida Fumio , Kudo Shin-ei 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Background and study aims Capsule endoscopy (CE) has become a routine means of diagnosing obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) in the small intestine. Capsules using novel blue-enhanced white light-emitting diodes are expected to acquire clearer contrast images (CIs) of the small bowel vasculature. We conducted a pilot study to examine whether CIs facilitate visualization of small bowel erosions, ulcers, and areas of angioectasia compared with standard white light images (WLIs).
Patients and methods A total of 24 patients with OGIB were recruited in this study. The main outcome measure was visibility of lesions on CIs compared with WLIs. We also examined the color difference between lesions and normal mucosa (ΔE) with each imaging modality.
Results Three experienced physicians retrospectively evaluated 138 images of small bowel lesions (107 erosions, or ulcers, and 31 areas of angioectasia) obtained from 24 CE examinations. The endoscopists judged that compared with WLIs, CIs afforded easier identification of erosions or ulcers in 29 of 107 cases (27.1 %), were non-inferior in 68 of 107 cases (63.6 %), and were inferior in 10 of 107 cases (9.3 %). Identification of angioectasia was judged to be easier with CIs in 15 of 31 cases (48.4 %), non-inferior in 13 of 31 cases (41.9 %), and inferior in 3 of 31 cases (9.7 %). ΔE was significantly higher for CIs than WLIs, especially for angioectasia, potentially explaining why lesions were easier to visualize.
Conclusions CIs obtained by CE appear to facilitate identification of small bowel erosions, ulcers, and areas of angioectasia compared with WLIs.
Cure With Cryoablation of Arterial Hypertension Due to a Renin-Producing Tumor
Authors: Maiolino Giuseppe , Battistel Michele , Barbiero Giulio , Bisogni Valeria , Rossi Gian Paolo 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
We herein report on a 20 years old woman with stage I hypertension, who was found to carry a renin-producing tumor (RPT).

METHODS
Due to her young age, the patient underwent screening measurement of plasma renin and aldosterone, abdominal computed tomography (CT) angiography, and selective renal vein renin assessment to identify secondary hypertension.

RESULTS
The patient was screened for secondary causes of hypertension and was diagnosed with secondary aldosteronism. Therefore, she underwent an abdominal computed tomography (CT) angiography that was reported as unremarkable. Selective renal vein renin studies showed overproduction of renin in the right kidney and a re-evaluation of her CT allowed detection of an 8-mm mass in her right kidney, suggesting the presence of a RPT.
Considering the technical difficulty of renal sparing surgery a CT-guided cryoablation was undertaken, which provided long-term cure of arterial hypertension and normalization of plasma active renin concentration.

CONCLUSIONS
RPTs usually present with a clinical phenotype featuring stage III and/or malignant hypertension and are held to be exceptionally rare. This case is unique in that it presented with stage I hypertension and a mild clinical phenotype. Moreover, to our knowledge this is the first case of RPTs shown to be safely treated with CT-guided cryoablation and found to be cured at long-term.
Diabetes and Hypertension: Clinical Update
Authors: Khangura Darshan , Kurukulasuriya L Romayne , Whaley-Connell Adam , Sowers James R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The presence of hypertension in individuals with type 2 diabetes augments the risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In this regard, data support that management of hypertension in this high-risk population is a critical risk reduction strategy. In recent years, a number of work groups have redefined hypertension, management strategies, and targets. In this context, there is still considerable discussion on an appropriate target for blood pressure in the diabetic population. However, despite this discussion on target blood pressure, it is widely recognized that there is considerable residual risk for heightened cardiovascular events in the hypertensive, diabetic population despite widespread awareness and treatment. There has been increasing interest in management strategies for blood pressure reduction in this high-risk population that complement traditional antihypertensive agents. Large-scale clinical trials have shown that hypoglycemic agents can complement blood pressure reduction and have a favorable effect on cardiovascular outcomes such as the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. In the diabetic population, consideration should be given to the blood pressure lowering effects of the newer hypoglycemic agents when working toward additional glycemic control in patients with hypertension.
Polypill Variants (Quarter Pill Trials)
Authors: Teo Koon , Yusuf Salim 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The cardiovascular polypill or fixed-dose combination pill, consisting of 3, 4, or more drugs in a single tablet (or capsule), has been proposed as an effective and convenient therapy in both secondary and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Each of the drugs in the combination has a documented ability to prevent CVD events. The combined effect has been estimated to reduce risk by 75% to 80%. Since the concept was introduced 15 years ago, several polypills are available and their effects on risk factors evaluated. Their effects on individual risk factors, such as hypertension and elevated low-density lipoprotein levels, are similar to the individual drugs separately. Enhancement of adherence of the polypill has also been shown compared to individual drugs given separately. Based on the reductions on the individual risk factors, the reductions in risk are estimated to be substantial. A few large long-term randomized controlled trials are ongoing and will be completed in the next 2 years. If the effects on CVD outcomes are as predicted, this would help the many millions of individuals who are currently not adequately treated or not treated at all. There are however considerable challenges in development and acceptance of the polypill. These include regulatory issues; intellectual property; perception by the public, patients, and physicians; and the role of health systems and societal approach to disease prevention. For the polypill to be accepted and achieve even a part of its potential, multiple barriers outlined in this review have to be overcome.
Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Late-Adulthood Mental Health: Results From the Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe
Authors: Angelini Viola , Howdon Daniel D H , Mierau Jochen O 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesA growing literature acknowledges the association between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and health in late adulthood (i.e., 50+). Less, however, is known about the association with mental health outcomes, such as depression. We use the Survey on Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) to analyze overall and gender-specific associations between childhood SES and late-adulthood depression.MethodsUsing life history and contemporaneous data from 21,989 SHARE respondents in combination with principal component analysis we construct indices of childhood SES. We measure late-adulthood depression using the EURO-D scale. Contemporaneous SES is operationalized as the logarithm of household equivalized income. We estimate associations using linear regression models.ResultsWe document a positive association between childhood SES and the late-adulthood EURO-D score. The association persists even when allowing for contemporaneous SES. Zooming in on gender-specific associations reveals that the association for mental health is particularly pronounced for women.DiscussionOur findings reveal the long-term association between childhood socioeconomic conditions and depression later in life, which persists even after taking into account current socioeconomic conditions and are stronger for women than for men. These results imply that boosting childhood socioeconomic conditions can potentially have effects lasting well beyond the childhood phase.
Thiol-stabilized atomically precise, superatomic silver nanoparticles for catalysing cycloisomerization of alkynyl amines
Authors: Yan Juanzhu , Zhang Jun , Chen Xumao , Malola Sami , Zhou Bo , Selenius Elli , Zhang Xiaomin , Yuan Peng , Deng Guocheng , Liu Kunlong , Su Haifeng , Teo Boon K , Häkkinen Hannu , Zheng Lansun , Zheng Nanfeng 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Both the electronic and surface structures of metal nanomaterials play critical roles in determining their chemical properties. However, the non-molecular nature of conventional nanoparticles makes it extremely challenging to understand the molecular mechanism behind many of their unique electronic and surface properties. In this work, we report the synthesis, molecular and electronic structures of an atomically precise nanoparticle, [Ag206L72]q (L = thiolate, halide; q = charge). With a four-shell Ag7@Ag32@Ag77@Ag90 Ino-decahedral structure having a nearly perfect D5h symmetry, the metal core of the nanoparticle is co-stabilized by 68 thiolate and 4 halide ligands. Both electrochemistry and plasmonic absorption reveal the metallic nature of the nanoparticles, which is explained by density functional theory calculations. Electronically, the nanoparticle can be considered as a superatom, just short of a major electron shell closing of 138 electrons (q = –4). More importantly, many of ligands capping on the nanoparticle are labile due to their low-coordination modes, leading to high surface reactivity for catalysing the synthesis of indoles from 2-ethynylaniline derivatives. The results exemplify the power of the atomic-precision nanocluster approach to catalysis in probing reaction mechanisms and in revealing the interplay of heterogeneous reactivities, electronic and surface structural dynamics, thereby providing ways for optimization.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Authors: Papke Roger L. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Acetylcholine, exquisitely evolved as a neurotransmitter, is made and released by the neurons that take the integrated output of the central nervous system throughout the body. At both neuromuscular junctions and autonomic ganglia, acetylcholine activates synaptic ion channels that take their name from the plant alkaloid nicotine, which is a mimic of the natural neurotransmitter. This chapter begins with the scientific discoveries related to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) of the neuromuscular junction and how resulting insights led to an understanding of the fundamentals of synaptic transmission. The nAChR are one member of a superfamily of ligand-gated ion channels, and although in the brain excitatory neurotransmission is mediated by another family of synaptic receptors that are gated by glutamate, nicotinic receptors are important modulators of brain function and significant targets for drug development. In the brain, nAChR are targets for cognitive disorders and, tragically, responsible for tobacco addiction.
Specialized Sodium Channels in Pain Transmission
Authors: Xiao Yucheng , Pei Zifan , Cummins Theodore R. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) in peripheral sensory neurons play a critical role in transmitting information regarding noxious stimuli from the periphery to the central nervous system. Multiple VGSCs are expressed in nociceptive neurons. Nociceptive neurons express fast, slow, and persistent VGSCs that can exhibit diverse pharmacology. It is proposed that these isoforms exhibit unique properties that are specifically tuned for the failsafe transmission of nociceptive information in spite of tissue damage. Genetic mutations in several isoforms can cause both loss of pain sensation and severe neuropathic pain sensations. Aberrant pain sensations associated with inherited and acquired pain conditions can be difficult to treat, but it is hoped that a detailed understanding of the structure and function of sensory neuronal VGSCs will aid the development of targeted isoform-specific inhibitors. This chapter reviews what is known about VGSCs that play specialized roles in pain transmission.
Evidentiality and Formal Semantic Theories
Authors: Speas Margaret 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter reviews recent proposals about how the meanings of evidentials should be captured within formal semantic theories, which attempt to model compositional meaning in a way that gives insight into possible semantic variation. The literature surveyed addresses three questions. First, how should the core meaning of evidential morphemes be characterized and what sorts of information can be inferred from their use in particular contexts and hence does not need to be specified as part of the core meaning? Second, can the way that evidentials compose with the rest of the sentence be captured using existing formal tools, or do evidentials have semantic properties that motivate additions to our semantic toolkit? Third, is there a limit to the range of possible evidential meanings? If so, how can a formal semantic theory constrain the possible meanings?
Evidentiality in Algonquian
Authors: Junker Marie-Odile , Quinn Conor , Valentine J. Randolph 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter surveys three representative chunks of the Algonquian family: the Cree-Innu-Naskapi continuum, Ojibwe, and Eastern Algonquian. After noting the very productive role of lexical means of expressing perception (the closest Algonquian gets to sensory evidentials), it highlights how some of the Cree-Innu-Naskapi continuum languages show affixal morphology that contrasts (Direct versus) Indirect evidentiality, Inferentiality, and the distinctive ‘dream-witnessed’ Subjective—with the remainder of the family showing essentially subsets of this range of contrasts. At the phrasal-syntactic level, it examines how the use of uninflected particles and quotative verbs pay special attention to encoding the information source. It shows that evidentiality has traditionally been overlooked due to the treatment of relevant phenomena as essentially epistemic.
Evidentiality in Korean
Authors: Sohn Ho-min 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter investigates the grammatical phenomenon of evidentiality in Korean. While referring to the diverse proposals on Korean evidentiality, it is proposed that the Korean evidential system consists of three grammatically and semantically distinct subclasses: perceptual, quotative/reported, and inferential, each of which has two or more member evidentials. The three subclasses are syntagmatically related, occurring in the order of inferential, perceptual, and quotative/reported. As inflectional suffixes, all evidentials occur optionally in pre-final or final slots in predicate constructions. It is also proposed that Korean evidentials are distinguished from TAM suffixes; when they occur together in predicate constructions, evidentials are always preceded by TAM elements. A further proposal is that all Korean evidentials have developed from non-evidential suffixes, phrases, or bi-clausal constructions via subjectification in grammaticalization.
Love and Freedom
Authors: Pereboom Derk 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines whether love requires freedom of the will. This might be so if love is a response to reasons to love, and freedom of the will just is responsiveness to reasons. Or else, love might require free will if love requires susceptibility to reactive attitudes such as moral resentment, and this susceptibility in turn requires free will. A further possibility is that the kind of love we value most requires free will because it requires the absence of causal determination by factors beyond the lover’s control. Perhaps causally determined love is too similar to manipulated love to be genuinely valuable. Against this, it has been argued that certain paradigmatic cases of valuable love, such as romantic love and love for one’s children, are often involuntary and thus not freely willed.
Bottlenecks, Modules, and Dynamic Architectural Capabilities
Authors: Baldwin Carliss Y. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
How do firms create and capture value in large technical systems? In this paper, I argue that the points of both value creation and value capture are the system’s bottlenecks. Bottlenecks arise first as important technical problems to be solved. Once the problem is solved, Then the solution in combination with organizational boundaries and property rights can be used to capture a stream of rents. The tools a firm can use to manage bottlenecks are, first, an understanding first of the technical architecture of the system; and, second, an understanding of the industry architecture in which the technical system is embedded. Although these tools involve disparate bodies of knowledge, they must be used in tandem to achieve maximum effect. Dynamic architectural capabilities provide managers with the ability to see a complex technical system in an abstract way and change the system’s structure to manage bottlenecks and modules in conjunction with the firm’s organizational boundaries and property rights.