bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enoch’s Escape from Death
Authors: Reeves John C. , Reed Annette Yoshiko 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter brings together a number of textual traditions about the ultimate fate of the figure of Enoch, a theme that the Bible already complicates when it notes that he suddenly disappears from human society “because God took him” (Genesis 5:24). Did Enoch escape the common human destiny of death? If so, where was he taken? Some texts imagine Enoch as now living in a special place somewhere at the ends of the earth, whereas other texts posit his permanent ascension from the terrestrial worlds into the heavenly realm where he now performs certain tasks in God’s throne-room, such as administering certain celestial treasuries or serving as a scribe who records divine decisions or even assuming a position as leader of the angelic hosts. Particular heavenly levels—the fourth, sixth, or seventh—are popularly specified as his new home. Since most of these traditions assume he never experienced death, there are also some intriguing texts which portray Enoch as making a return to earth (together with Elijah) at the end of days as part of the eschatological consummation of the present age.
DNA extraction
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Chapter 5 “DNA extraction” focuses on the particularities and practical constraints associated with the isolation of eDNA from environmental samples. The extraction protocol is indeed crucial in eDNA studies, as it will determine whether extracellular, intracellular, or total DNA is targeted. Chapter 5 describes the main advantages and limitations of the most popular extraction kits aimed at obtaining DNA from soil, sediment, litter, feces, or water. It provides a detailed protocol for DNA extraction from soil samples using a saturated phosphate buffer. This protocol has been optimized for an easy implementation in the field using a mobile laboratory, so the material and consumables necessary are also listed.
DNA metabarcoding data analysis
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
DNA metabarcoding generates huge amounts of data containing noise introduced by molecular methods. Chapter 8 “DNA metabarcoding data analysis” discusses the analytic steps and available software to curate and evaluate DNA metabarcoding data prior to final ecological analyses. It provides command lines to perform primary analyses of Illumina sequencing data with the OBITools, ranging from read assignment to samples to the formation of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) and their assignment to a taxon through comparison against reference databases. Chapter 8 also develops several methods to further curate sequencing data from contaminants or dysfunctional PCRs by using DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing blank controls as well as PCR/biological replicates. It also presents several classical analyses to ensure that the diversity of the sample or the study site is appropriately covered. Finally, this chapter considers what conclusions on biodiversity and ecological processes can be really drawn from metabarcoding data.
Single-species detection
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Chapter 9 “Single-species detection” deals with the practical aspects of detecting a single and predefined taxon with eDNA, with a particular focus on the use of quantitative PCR (qPCR) for this purpose. After presenting how single-species detection has been implemented in a few seminal studies, it details the principles underlying qPCR. More specifically, it describes the typical qPCR amplification curve and the different systems (SYBR green and TaqMan probe assays) available to record amplicon accumulation in real time via fluorescence measurements. Chapter 9 also explains how the initial number of target sequences can be estimated with the Ct method, and addresses the design and test of reliable qPCR barcodes and probes targeting a single species. Finally, several important experimental considerations are highlighted, including the particular concerns of contamination and inhibition in qPCR.
Some early landmark studies
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Chapter 11 entitled “Some early landmark studies” revisits several seminal articles that paved the way for the field of eDNA research. It first evokes the paper that first coined the expression “environmental DNA” in the late 1980s. Then, it describes how eDNA was first exploited in the early 1990s to reveal an unsuspected microbial diversity that morphology- or cultivation-based methods had failed to reach. In the late 1990s, microbiologists began to explore in several pioneer papers the functional insight provided by “metagenomes” (i.e., the collective genomes found in eDNA samples). In the 2000s, eDNA analysis was finally extended to macroorganisms. Chapter 11 reports such a use in two very different contexts (i.e., the detection of a contemporary invasive species, the bullfrog, and the reconstruction of past plant and animal communities from sediment and permafrost samples).
The Role of Culture, Ideas, and Leadership
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In this chapter I highlight the critical role of culture in the functioning of political and economic institutions in transition economies. People’s beliefs, stereotypes, mindsets, and unwritten ways of doing things ultimately decide whether institutions are efficient or not. I then focus on the interaction of culture, institutions, and growth in Poland and try to explain why the country’s seemingly conservative culture, which in many respects seems to be at odds with Western European culture, especially as regards religion, has not prevented it from becoming Europe’s growth champion. I argue that it was because of strong elites that internalized Western values, an implicit quid pro quo between the new elites and the more conservative parts of the society to install European institutions and promote Western values in exchange for the promise of economic prosperity, and the generally non-fundamentalist nature of religion in Poland. I also discuss the key roles of individuals, ideas, and luck in Poland’s post-transition performance.
Will Poland’s Success Continue?
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In this chapter I discuss Poland’s growth prospects and analyze long-term projections produced by international institutions. I argue that Poland should continue to grow and converge with the West at least until 2030 and achieve around 80 per cent of its level of income. This would be the highest relative level of income and quality of life in Poland’s history. The country’s true Golden Age would flourish. After 2030, however, convergence is likely to slow and might even reverse unless further reforms are implemented. I then discuss how much economists understand about what makes countries grow. I assert that we know much less than we think we know. I briefly review various challenges of moving from economic theory to economic practice. I also look at the pros and cons of international economic rankings, arguing that they play an important role by ‘naming and shaming’ countries into reforms, but their power is often overappreciated.
Introduction
Authors: Benton Matthew A. , Hawthorne John , Rabinowitz Dani 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Recent decades have seen a fertile period of theorizing within mainstream epistemology which has had a dramatic impact on how epistemology is done. New insights from philosophy of language, social epistemology, decision theory, and formal epistemology have contributed to how we understand our epistemological place in the world. Religion is the place where such rethinking can potentially have its deepest impact and importance. Yet there has been surprisingly little infiltration of these new ideas into philosophy of religion and the epistemology of religious belief. This Introduction provides a brief overview of these developments, and offers a summary of the contributions to this volume.
Duns Scotus’s Epistemic Argument against Divine Illumination
Authors: Dunaway Billy 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Theories of “divine illumination” were popular from St Augustine through the Middle Ages. Henry of Ghent is traditionally thought of as providing one of the last and most sophisticated theories of Divine Illumination. This chapter examines one of John Duns Scotus’s main arguments against Henry’s theory of Divine Illumination. The chapter reads Scotus as claiming that Henry’s theory aims, but fails, to avoid skepticism—the conclusion that we can’t have any knowledge on the basis of sensation. It shows how this argument can be understood formally on the basis of an analogy with modal logic, which Scotus explicitly calls attention to. The chapter argues that this way of understanding Scotus’s argument points toward some important refinements that contemporary anti-risk principles in epistemology will need to account for.
Infinite Cardinalities, Measuring Knowledge, and Probabilities in Fine-Tuning Arguments
Authors: Choi Isaac 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter deals with two different problems in which infinity plays a central role. It first responds to a claim that infinity renders counting knowledge-level beliefs an infeasible approach to measuring and comparing how much we know. There are two methods of comparing sizes of infinite sets, using the one-to-one correspondence principle or the subset principle, and it argues that we should use the subset principle for measuring knowledge. The chapter then turns to the normalizability and coarse tuning objections to fine-tuning arguments for the existence of God or a multiverse. These objections center on the difficulty of talking about the epistemic probability of a physical constant falling within a finite life-permitting range when the possible range of that constant is infinite. Applying the lessons learned regarding infinity and the measurement of knowledge, the chapter hopes to blunt much of the force of these objections to fine-tuning arguments.
Fine-Tuning Fine-Tuning
Authors: Hawthorne John , Isaacs Yoaav 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that the fine-tuning argument for the existence of God is a straightforwardly legitimate argument. The fine-tuning argument takes certain features of fundamental physics to confirm the existence of God because these features of fundamental physics are more likely given the existence of God than they are given the non-existence of God. And any such argument is straightforwardly legitimate, as such arguments follow a canonically legitimate form of empirical argumentation. The chapter explores various objections to the fine-tuning argument: that it requires an ill-defined notion of small changes in the laws of physics, that it over-generalizes, that it requires implausible presuppositions about divine intentions, and that it is debunked by anthropic reasoning. In each case it finds either that the putatively objectionable feature of the fine-tuning argument is inessential to it or that the putatively objectionable feature of the fine-tuning argument is not actually objectionable.
Know-How and Acts of Faith
Authors: Sliwa Paulina 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The topic of this chapter is the nature of faith. When we have faith, we perform acts of faith: we share our secrets, rely on other’s judgment, refrain from going through our partner’s emails, and so on. Religious faith is also manifested in acts of faith: attending worship, singing the liturgy, fasting, embarking on a pilgrimage. Drawing on an analogy in moral philosophy between morally admirable actions and the nature of virtue, the chapter argues that examining what makes a given action an act of faith can tell us about the nature of faith: faith is a complex mental state whose elements go beyond doxastic states towards particular propositions. It also involves conative states and, perhaps more surprisingly, know-how. This has consequences for the epistemology of faith: the role of testimony and experts, the importance of practices, and what we should make of Pascal’s advice for how to acquire faith.
Phenomenal Conservatism and Religious Experience
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Phenomenal conservativism in epistemology is a view which endorses the principle of credulity: namely, the principle that every belief with which a person finds himself is a justified belief (one which the believer is justified in having) in the absence of any evidence that the belief is false (which might take the form of evidence that the belief has been produced by an unreliable process). This chapter investigates the senses of ‘belief’, ‘justified’, and ‘evidence’ on which this doctrine is true, and the senses in which it is false. It concentrates in particular on the many different senses in which a belief can be said to be ‘justified’ or ‘rational’; and it applies these results to religious claims concerning religious experience.
Atoms, Mechanics, and Probability
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
One of the pillars of modern science, statistical mechanics, owes much to one man, the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906). As a result of his unusual working and writing styles, his enormous contribution remains little read and poorly understood. The purpose of this book is to make the Boltzmann corpus more accessible to physicists, philosophers, and historians, and so give it new life. The means are introductory biographical and historical materials, detailed and lucid summaries of every relevant publication, and a final chapter of critical synthesis. Special attention is given to Boltzmann’s theoretical tool-box and to his patient construction of lofty formal systems, even before their full conceptual import could be known. This constructive tendency largely accounts for his lengthy style, for the abundance of new constructions, for the relative vagueness of their object, and for the puzzlement of commentators. This book will help the reader cross the stylistic barrier and see how ingeniously Boltzmann combined atoms, mechanics, and probability to invent new bridges between the micro- and macro-worlds.
The Black Book of Quantum Chromodynamics
Authors: Campbell John , Huston Joey , Krauss Frank 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The LHC (Large Hadron Collider) will serve as the energy frontier for high-energy physics for the next 20 years. The highlight of the LHC running so far has been the discovery of the Higgs boson, but the LHC programme has also consisted of the measurement of a myriad of other Standard Model processes, as well as searches for Beyond-the-Standard-Model physics, and the discrimination between possible new physics signatures and their Standard Model backgrounds. Essentially all of the physics processes at the LHC depend on quantum chromodynamics, or QCD, in the production, or in the decay stages, or in both. This book has been written as an advanced primer for physics at the LHC, providing a pedagogical guide for the calculation of QCD and Standard Model predictions, using state-of-the-art theoretical frameworks. The predictions are compared to both the legacy data from the Tevatron, as well as the data obtained thus far from the LHC, with intuitive connections between data and theory supplied where possible. The book is written at a level suitable for advanced graduate students, and thus could be used in a graduate course, but is also intended for every physicist interested in physics at the LHC.
Hard Scattering Formalism
Authors: Campbell John , Huston Joey , Krauss Frank 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The hard scattering formalism is introduced, starting from a physical picture based on the idea of equivalent quanta borrowed from QED, and the notion of characteristic times. Contact to the standard QCD treatment is made after discussing the running coupling and the Altarelli–Parisi equations for the evolution of parton distribution functions, both for QED and QCD. This allows a development of a space-time picture for hard interactions in hadron collisions, integrating hard production cross sections, initial and final state radiation, hadronization, and multiple parton scattering. The production of a W boson at leading and next-to leading order in QCD is used to exemplify characteristic features of fixed-order perturbation theory, and the results are used for some first phenomenological considerations. After that, the analytic resummation of the W boson transverse momentum is introduced, giving rise to the notion of a Sudakov form factor. The probabilistic interpretation of the Sudakov form factor is used to discuss patterns in jet production in electron-positron annihilation.
QCD at Fixed Order: Technology
Authors: Campbell John , Huston Joey , Krauss Frank 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the technology of fixed-order calculations, in particular, in QCD. After a short summary of methods for the efficient evaluation of tree-level scattering amplitudes for multi-particle production, and their integration in phase space, next-to leading order corrections in QCD are addressed. Techniques for the evaluation of loop amplitudes with modern methods, based on the reduction to master integrals, either analytically or with numerical unitarity cut methods, are discussed in some detail. After identifying the problem of infrared divergences and illuminating their treatment with a toy model, Catani-Seymour subtraction is explicitly introduced and exemplified for two cases, namely inclusive hadron production in electron-positron annihilation and inclusive W boson production in hadron collisions. This chapter concludes with some remarks concerning the rapidly developing field of next-to-next-to leading order calculations.
QCD at Fixed Order: Processes
Authors: Campbell John , Huston Joey , Krauss Frank 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
At the core of any theoretical description of hadron collider physics is a fixed-order perturbative treatment of a hard scattering process. This chapter is devoted to a survey of fixed-order predictions for a wide range of Standard Model processes. These range from high cross-section processes such as jet production to much more elusive reactions, such as the production of Higgs bosons. Process by process, these sections illustrate how the techniques developed in Chapter 3 are applied to more complex final states and provide a summary of the fixed-order state-of-the-art. In each case, key theoretical predictions and ideas are identified that will be the subject of a detailed comparison with data in Chapters 8 and 9.
The Experimental Conception Hospital: Dating Pregnancy and the Gothic Imagination
Authors: Davis Isabel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Experimental Conception Hospital is a fictional laboratory described in a note by Robert Lyall on the medical evidence given in the Gardner Peerage dispute (1825–26). This fantasy institution would discover the natural length of human gestation and ascertain from when and what to date conception, calculations which eluded the House of Lords Peerage Committee which heard the case. This article introduces the Gardner case and Lyall’s writing about it, focusing on the Gothicism which emerges particularly in relation to the perceived secrecy of the female reproductive body. By considering Lyall’s Experimental Conception Hospital alongside three other technologies—the Panopticon, the hot air balloon and anatomical drawings of the gravid uterus—this article discovers the anachronistic persistence of supposedly out-dated modes of thoughts around female sexuality and reproductive biology in an apparently hyper-modern moment.
Xanthomatous Cells in Cutaneous Graft-Versus-Host Disease Biopsies: A Clue for the Diagnosis of Hepatic Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Authors: Gamé Denise , López Lucia , Román Concepción , Santos-Briz Ángel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is one of the most common and serious complications of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation that mainly affects the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver. Hepatic GVHD is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and its diagnosis can be especially challenging because of nonspecific clinical signs and symptoms. It must be suspected in patients with elevated liver enzymes and cholestasis, especially in those with a history of preceding skin rash and diarrhea. We describe 3 patients with cutaneous and hepatic GVHD that presented with severe hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and no xanthomatous macular lesions, in which cutaneous biopsies revealed the presence of xanthomatous dermal histiocytes. We propose that the presence of these xanthomatous cells in skin biopsies from patients with cutaneous GVHD could be a dermatopathological clue for the diagnosis of hepatic GVHD.
Cholesterol Clefts in Basal Cell Carcinoma: An Under-Recognized Association
Authors: Kim Hee Joo , Park Se Ha , Lee Seul Ki , Kim Jeong Soo , Baek Jinok , Park Hyang Joon , Roh Joo Young 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:
Cholesterol clefts have rarely been described in cutaneous tumors other than lipid-rich tumors. However, they seem to be a relatively common phenomenon in basal cell carcinoma (BCC). This study was undertaken to determine the frequency of cholesterol cleft deposition in BCCs, and to identify associated histopathologic and clinical features. Twenty-eight of 249 BCC cases reviewed showed features of cholesterol cleft. Mean disease duration in those with cholesterol cleft was significantly longer than in those without cholesterol cleft (5.58 vs. 3.29 years, respectively; P = 0.013). Sex and age distributions, and average tumor longest diameter (11.6 vs. 9.41 mm) were no different for those with or without cholesterol clefts. The most common anatomical location was the nose in both those with and without cholesterol clefts. BCCs without cholesterol clefts more frequently involved the periauricular and perioral areas, and areas other than the head and neck, such as the trunk and lower extremities (P = 0.087). Histopathologic features of necrosis (26/28, 92.86%), keratinization (19/28, 67.86%), and pigment deposition (18/28, 64.29%) were found to be associated with cholesterol clefts. Cholesterol clefts were intratumorally located in 27/28 cases (96.43%), and stromally located in 2 cases (7.14%); intravascularly located cholesterol clefts were observed in no case. In conclusion, this study shows that cholesterol clefts are relatively common in BCC, and suggests that cholesterol crystal deposition could be associated with longer disease duration and microtrauma.