bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome and evolution of the shade‐requiring medicinal herb Panax ginseng
Authors: Kim Nam‐Hoon , Jayakodi Murukarthick , Lee Sang‐Choon , Choi Beom‐Soon , Jang Woojong , Lee Junki , Kim Hyun Hee , Waminal Nomar E. , Lakshmanan Meiyappan , van Nguyen Binh , Lee Yun Sun , Park Hyun‐Seung , Koo Hyun Jo , Park Jee Young , Perumal Sampath , Joh Ho Jun , Lee Hana , Kim Jinkyung , Kim In Seo , Kim Kyunghee , Koduru Lokanand , Kang Kyo Bin , Sung Sang Hyun , Yu Yeisoo , Park Daniel S. , Choi Doil , Seo Eunyoung , Kim Seungill , Kim Young‐Chang , Hyun Dong Yun , Park Youn‐Il , Kim Changsoo , Lee Tae‐Ho , Kim Hyun Uk , Soh Moon Soo , Lee Yi , In Jun Gyo , Kim Heui‐Soo , Kim Yong‐Min , Yang Deok‐Chun , Wing Rod A. , Lee Dong‐Yup , Paterson Andrew H. , Yang Tae‐Jin 
Published: March 2018

SummaryPanax ginseng C. A. Meyer, reputed as the king of medicinal herbs, has slow growth, long generation time, low seed production and complicated genome structure that hamper its study. Here, we unveil the genomic architecture of tetraploid P. ginseng by de novo genome assembly, representing 2.98 Gbp with 59 352 annotated genes. Resequencing data indicated that diploid Panax species diverged in association with global warming in Southern Asia, and two North American species evolved via two intercontinental migrations. Two whole genome duplications (WGD) occurred in the family Araliaceae (including Panax) after divergence with the Apiaceae, the more recent one contributing to the ability of P. ginseng to overwinter, enabling it to spread broadly through the Northern Hemisphere. Functional and evolutionary analyses suggest that production of pharmacologically important dammarane‐type ginsenosides originated in Panax and are produced largely in shoot tissues and transported to roots; that newly evolved P. ginseng fatty acid desaturases increase freezing tolerance; and that unprecedented retention of chlorophyll a/b binding protein genes enables efficient photosynthesis under low light. A genome‐scale metabolic network provides a holistic view of Panax ginsenoside biosynthesis. This study provides valuable resources for improving medicinal values of ginseng either through genomics‐assisted breeding or metabolic engineering.
Novel alleles of rice eIF4G generated by CRISPR/Cas9‐targeted mutagenesis confer resistance to Rice tungro spherical virus
Authors: Macovei Anca , Sevilla Neah R. , Cantos Christian , Jonson Gilda B. , Slamet‐Loedin Inez , Čermák Tomáš , Voytas Daniel F. , Choi Il‐Ryong , Chadha‐Mohanty Prabhjit 
Published: March 2018

SummaryRice tungro disease (RTD) is a serious constraint in rice production across tropical Asia. RTD is caused by the interaction between Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) and Rice tungro bacilliform virus. RTSV resistance found in traditional cultivars has contributed to a reduction in the incidence of RTD in the field. Natural RTSV resistance is a recessive trait controlled by the translation initiation factor 4 gamma gene (eIF4G). The Y1059V1060V1061 residues of eIF4G are known to be associated with the reactions to RTSV. To develop new sources of resistance to RTD, mutations in eIF4G were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in the RTSV‐susceptible variety IR64, widely grown across tropical Asia. The mutation rates ranged from 36.0% to 86.6%, depending on the target site, and the mutations were successfully transmitted to the next generations. Among various mutated eIF4G alleles examined, only those resulting in in‐frame mutations in SVLFPNLAGKS residues (mainly NL), adjacent to the YVV residues, conferred resistance. Furthermore, our data suggest that eIF4G is essential for normal development, as alleles resulting in truncated eIF4G could not be maintained in homozygous state. The final products with RTSV resistance and enhanced yield under glasshouse conditions were found to no longer contain the Cas9 sequence. Hence, the RTSV‐resistant plants with the novel eIF4G alleles represent a valuable material to develop more diverse RTSV‐resistant varieties.
Changes in photosynthetic rate and stress volatile emissions through desiccation‐rehydration cycles in desiccation‐tolerant epiphytic filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae)
Authors: Niinemets Ülo , Bravo León A. , Copolovici Lucian 
Published: March 2018

AbstractExposure to recurrent desiccation cycles carries a risk of accumulation of reactive oxygen species that can impair leaf physiological activity upon rehydration, but changes in filmy fern stress status through desiccation and rewatering cycles have been poorly studied. We studied foliage photosynthetic rate and volatile marker compounds characterizing cell wall modifications (methanol) and stress development (lipoxygenase [LOX] pathway volatiles and methanol) through desiccation–rewatering cycles in lower‐canopy species Hymenoglossum cruentum and Hymenophyllum caudiculatum, lower‐ to upper‐canopy species Hymenophyllum plicatum and upper‐canopy species Hymenophyllum dentatum sampled from a common environment and hypothesized that lower canopy species respond more strongly to desiccation and rewatering. In all species, rates of photosynthesis and LOX volatile emission decreased with progression of desiccation, but LOX emission decreased with a slower rate than photosynthesis. Rewatering first led to an emission burst of LOX volatiles followed by methanol, indicating that the oxidative burst was elicited in the symplast and further propagated to cell walls. Changes in LOX emissions were more pronounced in the upper‐canopy species that had a greater photosynthetic activity and likely a greater rate of production of photooxidants. We conclude that rewatering induces the most severe stress in filmy ferns, especially in the upper canopy species.
Adapting legume crops to climate change using genomic approaches
Authors: Mousavi‐Derazmahalleh Mahsa , Bayer Philipp E. , Hane James K. , Valliyodan Babu , Nguyen Henry T. , Nelson Matthew N. , Erskine William , Varshney Rajeev K. , Papa Roberto , Edwards David 
Published: March 2018

AbstractOur agricultural system and hence food security is threatened by combination of events, such as increasing population, the impacts of climate change, and the need to a more sustainable development. Evolutionary adaptation may help some species to overcome environmental changes through new selection pressures driven by climate change. However, success of evolutionary adaptation is dependent on various factors, one of which is the extent of genetic variation available within species. Genomic approaches provide an exceptional opportunity to identify genetic variation that can be employed in crop improvement programs. In this review, we illustrate some of the routinely used genomics‐based methods as well as recent breakthroughs, which facilitate assessment of genetic variation and discovery of adaptive genes in legumes. Although additional information is needed, the current utility of selection tools indicate a robust ability to utilize existing variation among legumes to address the challenges of climate uncertainty.
Water relations of Calycanthus flowers: Hydraulic conductance, capacitance, and embolism resistance
Authors: Roddy Adam B. , Simonin Kevin A. , McCulloh Katherine A. , Brodersen Craig R. , Dawson Todd E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFor most angiosperms, producing and maintaining flowers is critical to sexual reproduction, yet little is known about the physiological processes involved in maintaining flowers throughout anthesis. Among extant species, flowers of the genus Calycanthus have the highest hydraulic conductance and vein densities of species measured to date, yet they can wilt by late morning under hot conditions. Here, we combine diurnal measurements of gas exchange and water potential, pressure–volume relations, functional responses of gas exchange, and characterization of embolism formation using high resolution X‐ray computed microtomography to determine drought responses of Calycanthus flowers. Transpiration from flowers frequently exceeded transpiration from leaves, and flowers were unable to limit transpiration under conditions of high vapour pressure deficit. As a result, they rely heavily on hydraulic capacitance to prevent water potential declines. Despite having high water potentials at turgor loss, flowers were very resistant to embolism formation, with no embolism apparent until tepal water potentials had declined to −2 MPa. Although Calycanthus flowers remain connected to the stem xylem and have high hydraulic capacitance, their inability to curtail transpiration leads to turgor loss. These results suggest that extreme climate events may cause flower failure, potentially preventing successful reproduction.
Toll‐like receptors 2 and 3 enhance melanogenesis and melanosome transport in human melanocytes
Authors: Koike Saaya , Yamasaki Kenshi , Yamauchi Takeshi , Inoue Mai , Shimada‐Ohmori Ryoko , Tsuchiyama Kenichiro , Aiba Setsuya 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBecause little is known about how the innate immune response influences skin pigmentation, we examined whether Toll‐like receptor (TLR) agonists participate in melanogenesis and melanosome transportation. We observed thatTLR2/2 agonistHKLMandTLR3 agonist Poly(I:C) increased the amount of extracellular melanin from primary human epidermal melanocytes.HKLM, but not Poly(I:C), increased the melanogenic genes such as tyrosinase and dopachrome tautomerase. Poly(I:C) increased the expression of Rab27A, a molecule that facilitates melanosome transport to perimembranous actin filament.UVBirradiation induced Rab27A and melanosome transportation in a similar manner of Poly(I:C). SiRNAforTLR3 or Rab27A suppressed the perimembranous accumulation of Gp100‐positive vesicles in melanocytes and decreased melanin transfer to neighboring keratinocytes induced by both Poly(I:C) andUVB. These results suggest that the microenvironment in the epidermis and innate immune stimuli, such as microbiome and ultraviolet represented here byTLR2 andTLR3 agonists, could affect the melanogenesis in human melanocytes.
Association between iron‐deficiency anemia and depression: A web‐based Japanese investigation
Authors: Hidese Shinsuke , Saito Kenji , Asano Shinya , Kunugi Hiroshi 
Published: March 2018

AimThis web‐based survey aimed to examine the relation between iron‐deficiency anemia and depression in 11 876 Japanese participants.MethodsParticipants consisted of 1000 individuals with self‐reported history of depression (mean age, 41.4 ± 12.3 years; 499 women) and 10 876 population‐based controls (mean age, 45.1 ± 13.6 years; 5185 women). The 6‐item Kessler Scale (K6) score was used as a psychological distress scale. The design of the study was cross‐sectional.ResultsThe rate of self‐reported lifetime history of iron‐deficiency anemia was higher in the depression group in both men (depression, 7.2%; control, 4.0%; P < 0.001; odds ratio [OR], 1.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30–2.68) and women (depression, 33.4%; control, 25.8%; P < 0.001; OR, 1.45; 95%CI, 1.19–1.76). The K6 score in participants with self‐reported history of iron‐deficiency anemia was higher in both the depression (P = 0.004) and control (P < 0.001) groups. In addition, in all participants, the rate of individuals who showed a K6 cut‐off score of 13 or more was higher in those with a self‐reported history of iron‐deficiency anemia (P < 0.001; OR, 1.47; 95%CI, 1.31–1.65). Logistic regression analyses revealed that self‐reported history of depression and the K6 score were positively associated with self‐reported history of iron‐deficiency anemia (all P < 0.01).ConclusionSelf‐reported history of iron‐deficiency anemia was associated with self‐reported history of depression. Furthermore, self‐reported history of iron‐deficiency anemia was associated with higher psychological distress.
And justice for all: How organizational justice climate deters sexual harassment
Authors: Rubino Cristina , Avery Derek R. , McKay Patrick F. , Moore Brenda L. , Wilson David C. , Van Driel Marinus S. , Witt L. Alan , McDonald Daniel P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSexual harassment is hurtful for victims, observers, and the organizations that employ them. Although previous studies have identified numerous gender‐specific antecedents such as sex similarity and climate for sexual harassment, the present study considers the role of a more general contextual construct—organizational justice climate. Beyond examining justice climate as a predictor of sexual harassment, we also assess its potential moderation of well‐established relationships between antecedents (i.e., climate for sexual harassment and sex similarity) and sexual harassment at both the individual and unit levels. In two large military samples (Ns = 26,018 and 8,197), we found that psychological and collective justice climates (a) related negatively to sexual harassment and (b) moderated the effects of sex similarity and sexual harassment climate on sexual harassment. These findings indicate that harassment is less prevalent and established antecedents are less impactful when greater value is perceived to be placed on fairness. Moreover, the attenuating effects of justice climate appear interchangeable with those of harassment climate or sex similarity, suggesting that managing justice climate effectively generally helps to deter sexual harassment.
Measurements of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure at Work and at Leisure in Danish Workers
Authors: Grandahl Kasper , Eriksen Paul , Ibler Kristina Sophie , Bonde Jens Peter , Mortensen Ole Steen 
Published: March 2018

AbstractExposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is the main cause of skin cancer and may well present an occupational health and safety problem. In Denmark, skin cancer is a common disease in the general population, but detailed data on solar ultraviolet radiation exposure among outdoor workers are lacking. The aim of this study was to provide objective measurements of solar ultraviolet radiation exposure on working days and at leisure and compare levels of exposure between groups of mainly outdoor, equal‐parts‐outdoor‐and‐indoor and indoor workers. To this end, UV‐B dosimeters with an aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) photodiode detector were used to measure the solar ultraviolet radiation exposure of 457 workers in the Danish summer season. Presented as semi‐annual standard erythemal dose (SED) on working days, respectively, at leisure, the results are for mainly outdoor workers 214.2 SED and 64.8 SED, equal‐parts‐outdoor‐and‐indoor workers 131.4 SED and 64.8 SED, indoor workers 55.8 SED and 57.6 SED. The daily SED by month is significantly different (α = 0.05) between mainly outdoor, equal‐parts‐outdoor‐and‐indoor and indoor workers and across professional groups; some of which are exposed at very high levels that is roofers 361.8 SED. These findings substantiate that exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation is indeed an occupational health and safety problem in Denmark.
Impact of Mono‐Fluorination on the Photophysics of the Flavin Chromophore
Authors: Reiffers Anna , Torres Ziegenbein Christian , Engelhardt Alyn , Kühnemuth Ralf , Gilch Peter , Czekelius Constantin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThree mono‐fluorinated derivatives of the flavin core system 10‐methyl‐isoalloxazine (MIA) were synthesized. Aqueous solutions of these compounds were characterized by steady‐state and time‐resolved spectroscopy. The positions for the fluorination (6, 7 and 8) were motivated by the nodal structure of the frontier orbitals of MIA. In comparison with MIA, the fluorination results in bathochromic (6F‐ and 7F‐MIA) and hypsochromic (8F‐MIA) shifts of the adiabatic excitation energy of the lowest allowed transition. Shifts of up to ~500 cm−1 were observed. These spectroscopic shifts go along with changes in fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes. In addition, triplet yields are affected. For 7F‐MIA, a 50% increase in the fluorescence quantum yield as well as a 50% decrease in triplet yield is observed rendering the compound interesting for fluorescence applications. The measured effects are discussed in terms of qualitative perturbation theory.
Evolution and characterisation of the AhRAF4 NB‐ARC gene family induced by Aspergillus flavus inoculation and abiotic stresses in peanut
Authors: Deng Y. , Chen H. , Zhang C. , Cai T. , Zhang B. , Zhou S. , Fountain J. C. , Pan R.‐L. , Guo B. , Zhuang W.‐J. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract

Aflatoxin contamination in peanut is a serious food safety issue to human health around the world. Finding disease resistance genes is a key strategy for genetic improvement in breeding to deal with this issue.

We identified an Aspergillus flavus‐induced NBS‐LRR gene, AhRAF4, using a microarray‐based approach. By comparison of 23 sequences from three species using phytogenetics, protein secondary structure and three‐dimensional structural analyses, AhRAF4 was revealed to be derived from Arachis duranensis by recombination, and has newly evolved into a family of several members, characterised by duplications and point mutations. However, the members of the family descended from A. ipaensis were lost following tetraploidisation.

AhRAF4 was slightly up‐regulated by low temperature, drought, salicylic acid and ethylene, but down‐regulated by methyl jasmonate. The distinct responses upon As. flavus inoculation and the differential reactions between resistant and susceptible varieties indicate that AhRAF4 might play a role in defence responses. Temporal and spatial expression and the phenotype of transformed protoplasts suggest that AhRAF4 may also be associated with pericarp development.

Because tetraploid cultivated peanuts are vulnerable to many pathogens, an exploration of R‐genes may provide an effective method for genetic improvement of peanut cultivars.
Conditional Promotions and Consumer Overspending
Authors: Amornpetchkul Thunyarat (Bam) , Ahn Hyun‐Soo , Şahin Özge 
Published: March 2018

This study investigates the effects of conditional promotions (e.g., buy 2 or more, get 30% off; spend $50 or more, get $15 off) on consumer behavior and the seller's profit. When a deal is presented with a minimum purchase quantity or a minimum spending requirement, experimental studies have shown some consumers are induced to spend more in order to obtain a discount. To study this behavior, we model a market in which consumers can be heterogeneous in two dimensions: willingness to pay for the product and deal proneness to a price discount. We examine two types of conditional promotions that are widely used in practice: (i) all‐unit discount, in which a price reduction applies to every unit of a purchase once the minimum requirement is met, and (ii) fixed‐amount discount, in which a fixed amount of discount is awarded to the total expense that meets the requirement. We show that deal‐prone consumers may be induced to overspend when offered a conditional discount. However, consumer overspending benefits the seller only when the market contains a sufficiently large proportion of highly deal‐prone or high‐valuation consumers. Comparing the two types of discounts, we show that the all‐unit discount outperforms the fixed‐amount discount when the regular price for the product is high, whereas the fixed‐amount discount is more profitable than the all‐unit discount when some consumers would make a purchase even without a discount. Our study suggests adopting an appropriate type of conditional discount can effectively improve the seller's profit over what would be obtained through selling at the regular price or a conventional price markdown. Furthermore, we find that conditional discounts can also improve consumer welfare, resulting in win‐win situations for both retailers and consumers.
Multilocus sequence analysis reveals a novel phylogroup of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans causing bacterial spot of tomato in Iran
Authors: Osdaghi E. , Taghavi S. M. , Koebnik R. , Lamichhane J. R. 
Published: March 2018

A multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) was performed on five housekeeping genes (fusA, gapA, gltA, lacF and lepA) of 22 Xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains recently isolated from alfalfa, pepper and tomato plants in Iran. In addition, 161 strains isolated worldwide from pepper, poinsettia, rose and tomato plants were included in the analysis. All X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans isolates from tomato plants in Iran clustered in a monophyletic group, although five MLSA haplotypes were detected among them. The Iranian tomato strains presented 10 nucleotide differences in the lepA gene sequences compared to the known worldwide population of X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans. Statistical analyses revealed a recombination event that had occurred in the lepA gene of the strains isolated from tomato in Iran. BOX‐PCR analysis confirmed the inclusion of Iranian tomato strains within X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans. Furthermore, X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria strains isolated from pepper in Iran differed in one nucleotide in the lepA gene sequence from the known worldwide population of the pathovar, and clustered in a group containing strains isolated in Nigeria. The strains isolated from alfalfa in Iran clustered with the type strain of X. euvesicatoria pv. alfalfae. Altogether, the results reveal the existence of a phylogenetically novel population of X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans in Iran which needs further in‐depth analysis to pinpoint the epidemiological impact of these strains.
A literature review as an aid to identify strategies for mitigating ostreid herpesvirus 1 in Crassostrea gigas hatchery and nursery systems
Authors: Rodgers Chris , Arzul Isabelle , Carrasco Noèlia , Furones Nozal Dolores 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAn understanding of husbandry strategies and any associated risk factors is important for designing management control measures that can reduce mortality in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, caused by ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV‐1). The type of culture facility can be considered in relation to the potential pathways that could lead to the entry of a pathogen and its survival. In addition, the animal host (e.g. age, physiological state, selective breeding programmes), husbandry procedures (e.g. stocking density), the pathogen itself (e.g. pathogenicity, virulence) and environmental effects (e.g. temperature) represent other relevant interconnected factors. However, all these factors provide valuable background information for outlining the mitigation strategies needed by the industry, as well as in the context of surveillance and biosecurity programmes. These control mechanisms for hatchery or nursery areas are related to movement restrictions, water treatment, virus inactivation, the production calendar and practical farm management decisions. This comprehensive literature review compiles information related to such approaches and also includes the different existing guidelines suggested for control of OsHV‐1. Therefore, the review represents a solid foundation for a more critical appraisal currently being developed to support recommendations for disease management strategies.