bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure to second-hand smoking as a predictor of fetal loss: Egypt Demographic and Health Survey 2014
Authors: Yaya Sanni , Bishwajit Ghose 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Exposure to tobacco smoking during pregnancy has been shown to be associated with elevated risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage and stillbirth. However, little is known regarding the association between passive smoking and birth outcomes. This study aims to measure the prevalence of passive smoking and assess its relationship with adverse birth outcomes.

Methods
Self-reported birth outcomes (stillbirth/miscarriage/abortion) was the dependent variable that was regressed against self-reported exposure to household smoking along with various individual and community-level factors. We used propensity score matching to identify the sample and used regression analysis to quantify the association between passive smoking and birth outcomes. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to check for the robustness of the associations.

Results
Of the 5540 women studied, about half (50.3%, 95% CI=49.3–51.3) reported being exposed to smoking by household members. The prevalence of stillbirth was 14.6% (95% CI=13.9–15.3). In the logistic regression analysis, the confounder-adjusted OR of stillbirth in relation to exposure to smoking was 1.321 (95% CI=1.150–1.517). In the subgroup analysis, we found that the association was significant among certain age groups only.

Conclusion
The findings of the present study imply a mildly positive association between the occurrence of stillbirth and exposure to smoking in the household.
Democracy and Compliance with Human Rights Treaties: The Conditional Effectiveness of the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
Authors: Hill Daniel W , Watson K Anne 
Published: March 2019

AbstractResearch on international human rights law suggests that the beneficial effects of treaties depend on the strength of democratic political institutions. However, democracies are, by definition, compliant with many provisions in treaties that protect civil and political rights. Additionally, theories of compliance derive from a focus on civil and political rights rather than on other rights, so we lack a good understanding of whether predictions hold for other kinds of rights. We examine compliance with the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which protects rights that are distinct from those that characterize democratic governance. To measure compliance, we create a new indicator of women's rights that offers several advantages over existing indicators. We examine the conditional effect of CEDAW using models that allow for heterogenous treaty effects. This helps to adjudicate between theories that expect treaties to be most effective in highly democratic countries and those that expect them to be most effective among partial democracies. Our findings do not support either expectation and suggest that effectiveness does not depend on democracy, at least in the case of CEDAW. This points to the need to enrich existing theories of ratification and compliance by accounting for differences in the nature of the rights protected by different treaties.
CILP-2 is a novel secreted protein and associated with insulin resistance
Authors: Wu Tong , Zhang Qin , Wu Shaobo , Hu Wenjing , Zhou Tingting , Li Ke , Liu Dongfang , Gu Harvest F , Zheng Hongting , Zhu Zhiming , Li Ling , Yang Gangyi 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Genetic association studies have implicated that cartilage intermediate layer protein 2 (CILP-2) confers the risk susceptibility for type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, it is still unknown whether CILP-2 is involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance (IR). In the current study, we initially observed that CILP-2 as a secreted protein was detected in both conditioned medium and lysates of cells transfected with an overexpressed vector. We then found that circulating CILP-2 levels had a progressive increase from normal to impaired glucose tolerance (a pre-diabetic status) and then to diabetes, which was correlated positively with waist-to-hip ratio, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose, 2-h blood glucose after glucose overload, HbA1c, fasting insulin, 2-h plasma insulin after glucose overload, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance but negatively with HDL-C. CILP-2 expression was increased in the liver and muscle but decreased in adipose tissues of obese mice or T2DM patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CILP-2 circulating levels were affected by OGTT and Exenatide. CILP-2 overexpression resulted in impaired glucose tolerance and hepatic IR in vivo and increased PEPCK expression whereas suppressed phosphorylation of insulin receptor and Akt kinase in vitro. Based on these findings, we have identified a direct interaction between CILP-2 and PEPCK and suggested that CILP-2 plays an important role in the regulation of hepatic glucose production.
Temporal Variation in Species Abundance and Richness of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in a Tropical Equatorial Area
Authors: Gusmão Gaudino Marco Cantanhede , Brito Gustavo Almeida , Moraes Leandro Santos , Bandeira Maria Da Conceição Abreu , Rebêlo José Manuel Macário 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether temperature, rainfall, and humidity influence the annual distribution of Culicoides Latreille 1809, species abundance and richness in rural areas on São Luís Island in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Biting midges were collected in housing for domestic animals in the peridomestic areas of 10 homes. A CDC light trap was installed in each peridomestic area from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. once a month for 12 mo. In total, 23,633 individuals belonging to 26 Culicoides species were captured. The most abundant species were Culicoides diabolicus Hoffman, 1925 (27.43%), C. ignacioi Forattini, 1957 (25.9%), C. flavivenulus Costa Lima, 1937 (15.53%), C. insignis Lutz, 1913 (10.66%), C. filariferus Hoffman, 1939 (6.21%), C. boliviensis Spinelli & Wirth, 1984 (6.07%), C. foxi Ortíz, 1950 (2.83%), and C. leopoldoi Ortíz, 1951 (2.54%). Species richness and abundance were greater during the rainy season (24 species; 88% of the individuals) than during the dry season (18 species; 12% of individuals). However, persistent rain on the days the midges were collected or in the preceding 24 h adversely affected abundance. Mean monthly maximum temperature and rainfall on the day of the collection adversely affected Culicoides abundance and richness.
Breast Edema Following Breast-Conserving Surgery and Radiotherapy: Patient-Reported Prevalence, Determinants, and Effect on Health-Related Quality of Life
Authors: Young-Afat Danny A , Gregorowitsch Madelijn L , van den Bongard Desirée H , Burgmans Ine , van der Pol Carmen C , Witkamp Arjen J , Bijlsma Rhodé M , Koelemij Ron , Schoenmaeckers Ernst J , Jonasse Yvette , van Gils Carla H , Verkooijen Helena M 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
The association between lymphedema of the arm and impaired health-related QoL (HR-QoL) has led to changes in clinical practice. However, data on lymphedema of the breast (ie, breast edema) are lacking. We prospectively evaluated patient-reported prevalence and determinants of breast edema and its effect on patient-reported HR-QoL and breast pain.

Methods
We prospectively included 836 patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery followed by radiotherapy between October 2013 and October 2016 (UMBRELLA cohort). Patient-reported breast edema, HR-QoL, and breast pain were assessed by means of European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-C30/BR23 before starting radiotherapy and at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months thereafter. We assessed which patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were associated with breast edema. With mixed-effects models, we assessed the impact of breast edema on patient-reported HR-QoL domains and breast pain over time, adjusting for confounders.

Results
Within a median follow-up of 28 months (interquartile range [IQR] = 15), 207 (24.8%) patients reported breast edema at some point in time. Prevalence of breast edema was highest at 6 months (12.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 10.0 to 14.7). Larger tumor size, oncoplastic surgery, axillary lymph node dissection, locoregional radiotherapy, radiotherapy boost on the tumor bed, and adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with breast edema. Breast edema was independently associated with more breast pain and with poorer QoL, physical functioning, and body image.

Conclusions
Breast edema occurs frequently within the first year after breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy and is independently associated with impaired HR-QoL and more breast pain. This information is important for use in clinical practice and should be discussed with patients during shared decision making.
The volumetric rate of normal type Ia supernovae in the local Universe discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory
Authors: Frohmaier C , Sullivan M , Nugent P E , Smith M , Dimitriadis G , Bloom J S , Cenko S B , Kasliwal M M , Kulkarni S R , Maguire K , Ofek E O , Poznanski D , Quimby R M 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We present the volumetric rate of normal type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF). Using strict data-quality cuts, and considering only periods when the PTF maintained a regular cadence, PTF discovered 90 SNe Ia at z ≤ 0.09 in a well-controlled sample over three years of operation (2010–2012). We use this to calculate the volumetric rate of SN Ia events by comparing this sample to simulations of hundreds of millions of SN Ia light curves produced in statistically representative realizations of the PTF survey. This quantifies the recovery efficiency of each PTF SN Ia event, and thus the relative weighting of each event. From this, the volumetric SN Ia rate was found to be $r_\mathrm{ v}=2.43\pm 0.29\, \text{(stat)}_{-0.19}^{+0.33}\text{(sys)}\times 10^{-5}\, \rm{SNe\,yr}^{-1}\, \text{Mpc}^{-3}\, h_{70}^{3}$. This represents the most precise local measurement of the SN Ia rate. We fit a simple SN Ia delay-time distribution model, ∝ t−β, to our PTF rate measurement combined with a literature sample of rate measurements from surveys at higher redshifts. We find β ∼ 1, consistent with a progenitor channel governed by the gravitational inspiral of binary white dwarfs.
The enigmatic binary system HD 5980
Authors: Hillier D John , Koenigsberger Gloria , Nazé Yaël , Morrell Nidia , Barbá Rodolfo H , Gamen Roberto 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Small Magellanic Cloud multiple system HD 5980 contains a luminous blue variable (LBV) that underwent a major eruption in 1994, and whose current spectrum is that of a hydrogen-rich Wolf–Rayet (WR) star. Since the eruption, the wind mass-loss rate has been declining while wind speeds have been steadily increasing. Observations obtained in 2014 when Star A (the LBV) eclipses Star B indicate that the fitted mass-loss rate and luminosity have reached the lowest values ever determined for such spectra: $\dot{M}$ = 4.5 × 10−5$\mathrm{M}_\odot \, \hbox{yr}^{-1}$, L = 1.7 × 106 L⊙. In addition, the radius of the LBV’s continuum-emitting region is similar to that derived from the eclipse light curves of the late 1970s. Hence, it appears to have attained a similar ‘low’ state to that of the late 1970s. While a good fit to the emission spectrum is obtained using a cmfgen model, there are discrepancies in the UV. In particular, the extent of the observed absorption profiles is ∼1000 km s−1 greater than predicted by the emission-line intensities. Further, HST UV observations obtained in 2016, when Star A is eclipsed by Star B, show unusual P Cygni profiles that are not easily explained. Surprisingly the 2016 emission-line spectrum is similar to that at the opposite eclipse obtained in 2014. The complex UV profiles are likely to arise as a consequence of the dynamics of the wind–wind collision and radiative braking, both of which will cause significant departures from spherical symmetry, and have a strong orbital phase dependence. However, other scenarios, such as intrinsically aspherical winds, cannot be ruled out.
Who Profits from Patents? Rent-Sharing at Innovative Firms*
Authors: Kline Patrick , Petkova Neviana , Williams Heidi , Zidar Owen 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article analyzes how patent-induced shocks to labor productivity propagate into worker compensation using a new linkage of U.S. patent applications to U.S. business and worker tax records. We infer the causal effects of patent allowances by comparing firms whose patent applications were initially allowed to those whose patent applications were initially rejected. To identify patents that are ex ante valuable, we extrapolate the excess stock return estimates of Kogan et al. (2017) to the full set of accepted and rejected patent applications based on predetermined firm and patent application characteristics. An initial allowance of an ex ante valuable patent generates substantial increases in firm productivity and worker compensation. By contrast, initial allowances of lower ex ante value patents yield no detectable effects on firm outcomes. Patent allowances lead firms to increase employment, but entry wages and workforce composition are insensitive to patent decisions. On average, workers capture roughly 30 cents of every dollar of patent-induced surplus in higher earnings. This share is roughly twice as high among workers present since the year of application. These earnings effects are concentrated among men and workers in the top half of the earnings distribution and are paired with corresponding improvements in worker retention among these groups. We interpret these earnings responses as reflecting the capture of economic rents by senior workers, who are most costly for innovative firms to replace.
The impact of market-oriented reforms on inequality in transitional countries: new evidence from Cuba
Authors: Romanò Sara , Barrera Davide 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn the 1990s, the Cuban government implemented a set of market-oriented reforms in order to cope with the economic crisis caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union. These reforms were followed by a sharp increase in inequality. This rise in inequality can be best understood by looking at what profitable economic exchanges are made possible to which actors by the reforms. Using survey data specifically collected in Havana, we show that new opportunities to accumulate wealth accrue to actors who occupy positions whereby they can legitimately access exchanges that take place in hard currency. This advantage holds for both entrepreneurs and state employees, who work for state-owned enterprises operating in emergent sectors (intrapreneurs), suggesting that the distinction between market and plan is not paramount to explain inequality. Furthermore, actors that do not have legitimate access to exchanges in hard currency benefit from their personal ties to those actors that do.
PROPHYLACTIC LASER TREATMENT TO DECREASE THE INCIDENCE OF RETINAL DETACHMENT IN FELLOW EYES OF IDIOPATHIC GIANT RETINAL TEARS
Authors: Verhoekx Jennifer S. N. , van Etten Peter G. , Wubbels Rene J. , van Meurs Jan C. , van Overdam Koen A. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic 360° laser treatment in the fellow eye of patients with unilateral idiopathic giant retinal tear (GRT) to prevent the occurrence of a (macula-off) retinal detachment.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective, nonrandomized case–control study. Clinical data of consecutive patients, undergoing surgery for idiopathic GRT, between 2003 and 2015 were analyzed. The data collected included GRT, retinal detachment, and RTs in the fellow eye.

Results:
We included 129 patients who underwent surgery for an idiopathic GRT, with a mean follow-up period of 107 months. In the observation group, a retinal detachment developed in the fellow eye in 22/51 patients (43.1%), leading to a macula-off detachment in 9/51 patients (17.6%). By contrast, in the prophylactic 360° laser group, only 10/78 (12.8%) patients developed a retinal detachment, leading to a macula-off detachment in 1/78 patient (1.3%). This difference was statistically significant.

Conclusion:
This study suggests that prophylactic 360° laser treatment in the fellow eye of patients with an idiopathic GRT decreased the incidence of retinal detachment, lowering the high risk of visual loss due to a macula-off retinal detachment.
Kappa opioid signaling in the right central amygdala causes hind paw specific loss of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in experimental neuropathic pain
Authors: Phelps Caroline E. , Navratilova Edita , Dickenson Anthony H. , Porreca Frank , Bannister Kirsty 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs) is a pain-inhibits-pain phenomenon demonstrated in humans and animals. Diffuse noxious inhibitory control is diminished in many chronic pain states, including neuropathic pain. The efficiency of DNIC has been suggested to prospectively predict both the likelihood of pain chronification and treatment response. Little is known as to why DNIC is dysfunctional in neuropathic pain. Here, we evaluated DNIC in the rat L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of chronic pain using both behavioral and electrophysiological outcomes. For behavior, nociceptive thresholds were determined using response to noxious paw pressure on both hind paws as the test stimulus before, and after, injection of a conditioning stimulus of capsaicin into the left forepaw. Functionally, the spike firing of spinal wide-dynamic-range neuronal activity was evaluated before and during noxious ear pinch, while stimulating the ipsilateral paw with von Frey hairs of increased bending force. In both assays, the DNIC response was significantly diminished in the ipsilateral (ie, injured) paw of SNL animals. However, behavioral loss of DNIC was not observed on the contralateral (ie, uninjured) paw. Systemic application of nor-binaltorphimine, a kappa opioid antagonist, did not ameliorate SNL-induced hyperalgesia but reversed loss of the behavioral DNIC response. Microinjection of nor-binaltorphimine into the right central amygdala (RCeA) of SNL rats did not affect baseline thresholds but restored DNIC both behaviorally and electrophysiologically. Cumulatively, these data suggest that net enhanced descending facilitations may be mediated by kappa opioid receptor signaling from the right central amygdala to promote diminished DNIC after neuropathy.
An NPY Y1 receptor antagonist unmasks latent sensitization and reveals the contribution of protein kinase A and Epac to chronic inflammatory pain
Authors: Fu Weisi , Nelson Tyler S. , Santos Diogo F. , Doolen Suzanne , Gutierrez Javier J.P. , Ye Na , Zhou Jia , K. Taylor Bradley 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Peripheral inflammation produces a long-lasting latent sensitization of spinal nociceptive neurons, that is, masked by tonic inhibitory controls. We explored mechanisms of latent sensitization with an established four-step approach: (1) induction of inflammation; (2) allow pain hypersensitivity to resolve; (3) interrogate latent sensitization with a channel blocker, mutant mouse, or receptor antagonist; and (4) disrupt compensatory inhibition with a receptor antagonist so as to reinstate pain hypersensitivity. We found that the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist BIBO3304 reinstated pain hypersensitivity, indicative of an unmasking of latent sensitization. BIBO3304-evoked reinstatement was not observed in AC1 knockout mice and was prevented with intrathecal co-administration of a pharmacological blocker to the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), adenylyl cyclase type 1 (AC1), protein kinase A (PKA), transient receptor potential cation channel A1 (TRPA1), channel V1 (TRPV1), or exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac1 or Epac2). A PKA activator evoked both pain reinstatement and touch-evoked pERK expression in dorsal horn; the former was prevented with intrathecal co-administration of a TRPA1 or TRPV1 blocker. An Epac activator also evoked pain reinstatement and pERK expression. We conclude that PKA and Epac are sufficient to maintain long-lasting latent sensitization of dorsal horn neurons that is kept in remission by the NPY-Y1 receptor system. Furthermore, we have identified and characterized 2 novel molecular signaling pathways in the dorsal horn that drive latent sensitization in the setting of chronic inflammatory pain: NMDAR→AC1→PKA→TRPA1/V1 and NMDAR→AC1→Epac1/2. New treatments for chronic inflammatory pain might either increase endogenous NPY analgesia or inhibit AC1, PKA, or Epac.
Cannabis-related emergencies in children and teens
Authors: Chen Yih-Chieh , Klig Jean E. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
To examine the spectrum of emergency department presentations associated with cannabis use or misuse that are currently seen in the pediatric population.

Recent findings
There is a growing concern that pediatric emergency department visits related to cannabis are on the rise, especially given rapidly changing legislation on cannabis and its broad availability in certain areas. These concerns are substantiated in the current literature, as the evidence mounts for an array of emergency department presentations of intentional or accidental cannabis use. The range of presentations documented in the recent literature spans gastrointestinal, psychiatric and cardiorespiratory effects, in addition to traumatic injuries and accidental ingestions by younger children. Complications of chronic cannabis use, such as ‘cannabis hyperemesis syndrome’, depression, psychosis or cognitive impairment, are now recognized outcomes and even more are likely to emerge.

Summary
An array of cannabis-related symptoms is possible from acute use or exposure. Common presentations include acute intoxication, hyperemesis, depression and acute physical injuries from impaired psychomotor function. Uncommon presentations include cardiorespiratory effects, and a range of symptoms in young children that include hyperkinesis and coma. Clinical vigilance is needed to suspect and clinically diagnose cannabis exposure in the emergency department.
Evaluation of Baseline Cardiac Function by Echocardiography and its Association With Nutritional Status in Pediatric Cancer Patients at The Indus Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Sadia , Belgaumi Asim F. , Ashraf Muhammad S. , Akhtar Saleem , Iftikhar Sundus , Raza Muhammad R. , Yakoob Mohammad Y. 
Published: March 2019

Introduction:Evidence on conducting baseline echocardiogram before starting chemotherapy in pediatric cancer patients is limited from developing countries where malnutrition and infections are common and which may result in cardiac dysfunction.Materials and Methods:A prospective, observational study was conducted from October 2016 to May 2017 at The Indus Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, among children 1 to 16 years of age suffering from cancer. Echocardiography was performed before starting chemotherapy. Associations between body mass index and cardiac abnormalities were studied.Results:A total of 384 children met the inclusion criteria. The median (interquartile range) age was 8.0 (5.0 to 12.0) years and 62.0% (n=238) were male individuals. Twenty-two of 384 (5.7%) children had systolic dysfunction. Four of 22 had moderate-systolic and one of 22 had mild systolic dysfunction, for whom the therapy was altered, and they were treated without anthracyclines. Four of these 5 patients died, and only 1 of 5 survived through high-risk protocol. Seventeen of 22 children had low–normal systolic dysfunction. We found no evidence of an association between body mass index for age and abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction and abnormal fractional shortening (P-trend=0.587; 0.487, respectively). No associations were found of weight-for-age and height-for-age with these outcomes.Conclusions:In developing countries, echocardiograms should be expeditiously performed and technology made more accessible to rule out cardiac dysfunction and avoid delay in chemotherapy. Malnutrition was not associated with cardiac dysfunction.