bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Faires Lynda M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is an analytical technique for elemental determinations in the concentration range of major to trace based on the principles of atomic spectroscopy. This article provides a description of the basic atomic theory, and explains the analytical procedures and various interference effects of ICP, namely, spectral, vaporization-atomization, and ionization. It provides a detailed discussion on the principal components of an analytical ICP system, namely, the sample introduction system; ICP torch and argon gas supplies; radio-frequency generator and associated electronics; spectrometers, such as polychromators and monochromators; detection electronics and interface; and the system computer with appropriate hardware and software. The article also describes the uses of direct-current plasma, and provides examples of the applications of ICP-AES.
Classical Wet Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Dulski Thomas R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides information on basic chemical equilibria, wet analytical chemistry, and the appropriateness of classical wet methods. It focuses on nonoxidizing acids and oxidizing acids. The article includes information on the qualitative methods used to identify materials by wet chemical reaction. Gravimetry, in which a chemical species is weighed; titrimetry, which involves volume measurement of a liquid reactant; and a host of separation techniques, which require diverse forms of laboratory manipulation, are discussed. The article briefly describes the partitioning of oxidation states as well as those applications in surface studies and rapid material identification in which chemical techniques have proved useful.
Potentiometric Membrane Electrodes
Authors: Arnold Mark A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Potentiometric membrane electrodes are electrochemical devices that can be used to quantify numerous ionic and nonionic species. This class of electrochemical sensors can be divided into ion-selective and gas-sensing membrane electrodes. The first half of this article mainly focuses on the subclasses, the membrane potential, electrode selectivity limitations and the methods of analysis of the ion-selective membrane electrodes. These methods of analysis include the use of calibration curves, addition techniques, subtraction techniques, and titration. The second half outlines gas sensing membrane electrodes, and discusses important elements that must be considered in addition to the potentiometric membrane electrode to ensure proper electrode response. These elements are reference electrodes, temperature controls, recording of the potential with respect to time, electrode storages, and sample pretreatment. The article also explains the applications of the potentiometric membrane electrodes with the aid of an example.
Electrogravimetry
Authors: Browning D.R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Electrogravimetry is the oldest electroanalytical technique in which the element of interest is deposited electrolytically onto an electrode and weighed. This article discusses the principles involved in determining the electrolysis rate of the solution, and describes different methods for the separation of ion in the electrolyte and their corresponding instrumentation. Furthermore, it explores the various types of analysis, such as the separation and quantitative determination of metal ions and internal electrolysis, and provides a detailed account of the applications of electrogravimetry with examples.
Electrometric Titration
Authors: Stock John T. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Electrogravimetry is a method used to separate and quantify ions of a substance, usually a metal. Quantification of these ions primarily depends on the rate of movement of charged species (ions) in an electric field. This article details the various types of electrometric titrations, namely, conductometric titration, oscillometric (high frequency) titration, potentiometric titration, amperometric titration, biamperometric titration, bipotentiometric titration, and coulometric titration. It also provides a brief outline of the applications of electrometric titrations.
Elemental and Functional Group Analysis
Authors: Smith Walter T. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the major methods of elemental analysis, namely, the combustion method for carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen; the Kjeldahl method for nitrogen; and the Schoniger flask method for other common elements. It also discusses the methods of functional group analysis for acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, amines, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, peroxides, phenols, water (Karl Fischer method), and alkenes.
Radioanalysis
Authors: Matlack George M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractRadioanalysis is an analytical technique that uses energy emitted by radioactive isotopes to measure the concentration of related elements in test samples. This article begins with a discussion on the principles of radioactive decay and various forms of emission, including alpha and beta-particle emission, positron emission, and gamma and x-ray emission. It compares and contrasts measurement techniques based on various detectors, namely, charged-particle detectors, photon detectors, counting and recording instruments, and radioactive decay spectrometers. It also addresses sample preparation, equipment and process safety, and the handling of radioactive gasses and materials. The article concludes with application examples involving the analysis of rare-earth elements and nuclear fuels.
Mössbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Swartzendruber L.J. , Bennett L.H. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The Mossbauer effect (ME) is a spectroscopic method for observing nuclear gamma-ray fluorescence based on recoil-free transitions in a nucleus embedded in a solid lattice. This article provides an overview of the fundamental principles of ME and related concepts such as recoil-free fraction, absorption cross section, gamma-ray polarization, isomer shift, and quadrupole and magnetic interactions. It illustrates the experimental arrangement for obtaining ME spectra and presents several application examples.
Introduction to Diffraction Methods
Authors: Smith Deane K. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
X-ray diffraction techniques are useful for characterizing crystalline materials, such as metals, intermetallics, ceramics, minerals, polymers, plastics, and other inorganic or organic compounds. This article discusses the theory of x-rays and how they are generated and detected. It also describes the crystalline nature of certain materials and how the geometry of a unit cell, and hence crystal lattice, affects the direction and intensity of diffracted x-ray beams. The article concludes with several application examples involving measurements on single and polycrystalline materials.
Single-Crystal X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Harlow Richard L. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The primary goal of single-crystal x-ray diffraction is to determine crystal structure and the arrangement of atoms in a unit cell. This article discusses the diffraction of light through line gratings and explains the significance of crystal symmetry, space groups, and diffraction intensities. It also addresses phase and crystallographic analysis along with related challenges, and presents several application examples highlighting various experimental techniques.
Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering
Authors: LeGrand D.G. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article presents the experimental and theoretical aspects of small-angle scattering, and discusses specific applications used in the characterization of metals, glasses, polymers, and ceramics. The basic methods of collimating x-rays, the cause of smearing from a line source, desmearing parameters, and the types of scattering curves are illustrated.
Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure
Authors: Wong Joe 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article provides an introduction to extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). It describes the fundamentals of EXAFS with an emphasis on the physical mechanism, the single-scattering approximation, and multiple-scattering effects. The article discusses the use of synchrotron radiation as the x-ray source for EXAFS experiments. It also describes the typical EXAFS data analysis of pure nickel at 90 K, and explains the near-edge structure analysis of vanadium. The article presents a discussion on the unique features and applications of EXAFS.
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Raphaelian Leo A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is useful in analyzing mixtures of organic compounds. This article commences with a description of the principles of mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. It provides information on the procedures of mass spectrum interpretation, and describes the experimental procedure of and sample preparation for GC/MS. The article also discusses complementary techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, and concludes with the applications of GC/MS.
WATTPAD ROMANLARINA İLK GENÇLİK EDEBİYATI AÇISINDAN BİR BAKIŞ
Authors: ÖRGEN Ertan , GÜNEŞ Büşra 
Published: December 2018

Dünyada
büyük ilgi gören wattpad isimli web sitesi aynı şekilde Türkiye’de de yoğun
olarak takip edilmektedir. Burada daha çok ilk gençlik çağındakiler, hikâyeler
yayınlamakta ve okunma sayılarına göre bu metinler dikkat çekmektedir. Çok
ciddi bir satış grafiği yakalayan Wattpad kitaplarının basım macerasının
başlangıcı bu şekilde olmaktadır. Aynı yaş grubu yazarların aynı yaş grubu
okurlara seslenen bu metinleri, 13-17 yaş aralığı diye tespit edebileceğimiz
ilkgençlik çağı edebiyatı olarak nitelenebilecek düzeyde midir? Bu soruya cevap
bulabilmek için Wattpad kitapları içinden satış sayısı yüksek olan üçünü
seçerek belli altbaşlıklar hâlinde değerlendirmeye çalıştığımız bu yazıda, ilk
gençlik çağı metinlerinin özelliklerine, Wattpad’in genel özelliklerine değindik.
Büşra Küçük, Alya Öztanyel, Emine Can adlı kişilerin kitapları seçildi. Bu
kitapların tema, olay kurgusu, kişilerideğerlendirildi. Ayrıca bu kitaplardaki
etkileri açık olan diziler ve filmlerle bağlantıları ortaya çıkarıldı.
İmcelememiz sonucunda bu kitapların çok satmasına karşılık edebi değerinin
zayıf olduğu, çeşitli dizilerden ve filmlerden esinlenme bir olay örgüsü
taşıdığı, kişilerin tipler halinde çizildiği ve verilen mesajların bu yaş grubu
için uygun olmadığı açıkça görülmektedir. Amatör yazarların desteklenmesinin
yazma ve edebi üretim açısından önemli olduğu ama çok satmaya yönelik fazlahayalci
ve esinlenme dolu üretimlerin onları yanlış yönlendirdiği bir sonuç olarak öne
çıktı.
Konaklama İşletmelerinde Örgütsel Adaletin İşe Yabancılaşma Üzerine Etkisi: Nevşehir’de Bir Araştırma
Authors: TEKELİ Mehmet , BUYRUK Lütfi 
Published: December 2018

Konaklama işletmelerinde çalışanların örgütsel adalet algıları ve işe yabancılaşma eğilimleri araştırmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda araştırmanın amacı, konaklama işletmelerinde çalışan işgörenlerin algıladıkları örgütsel adaletin işe yabancılaşma eğilimleri üzerindeki etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Dolayısıyla örgütsel adalet ve işe yabancılaşma değişkenleri dikkate alınarak literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Literatür taraması temel alınarak oluşturulan üç ana hipotezi değerlendirmek amacıyla, Nevşehir ilindeki 3, 4 ve 5 yıldızlı konaklama işletmeleri çalışanları üzerinde bir alan çalışması yapılmıştır. Yapılan bu çalışmanın verileri 2016 Ocak ve Şubat aylarında elden bırakıp alma ve yüz yüze anket tekniği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin toplanmasında olasılık dışı örnekleme yöntemlerinden yargısal örnekleme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya dahil edilen 25 otelden toplam 242 analize elverişli anket geri toplanmıştır.Bu araştırmanın sonuçları bilgisayar ortamında, uygun program ve uygun analiz teknikleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Temel olarak korelasyon ve regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda örgütsel adalet algısının orta düzeyde çıktığı görülürken işe yabancılaşma eğiliminin ise düşük düzeyde çıktığı görülmektedir. Yine analizler sonucunda dağıtım adaletinin işe yabancılaşma eğilimine anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığı, prosedür adaleti ve etkileşim adaletinin işe yabancılaşma eğilimine olan etkisinin ise doğrusal ve negatif yönlü olduğu sonucu elde edilmiştir.
ANALISIS NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM PADA FILM SANG PENCERAH GARAPAN SUTRADARA HANUNG BRAMANTYO
Authors: Supriatini Supriatini , Surismiati Surismiati 
Published: December 2018

Film pada dasarnya bukan sekadar tontonan, tetapi sebagai tuntunan juga. Oleh sebab itu, film Sang Pencerah yang disutradarai Hanung Bramantyo diyakini memiliki nilai-nilai tuntunan yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan Islam dan Kemuhammadiyahan. Hal itulah yang menjadi masalah dalam kajian ini.Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis karya, sehingga semua aspek yang relevan dengan nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam dapat ditelaah dengan baik dengan bersandar kepada Surah Luqman sebagai sumber rujukan. Telaah terhadap nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam itu kemudian dikelompokkan kepada tiga kategori utama, yaitu (1) nilai pendidikan keimanan (aqidah) meliputi pendidikan yang berusaha mengenalkan, menanamkan, dan mengarahkan kepada anak didik terhadap nilai-nilai kepercayaan terhadap rukun Islam dan sejenisnya, (2) nilai pendidikan ibadah (syari’ah) meliputi pendidikan yang berusaha mengenali, menghayati, dan menanami nilai-nilai aturan Allah tentang cara aturan perilaku hidup manusia, baik hubungan secara vertikal maupun horizontal dengan makhluk-Nya, dan (3) nilai pendidikan akhlak meliputi nilai pendidikan yang berusaha mengenalkan, menanamkan, serta menghayatkan kepada anak didik tentang sistem aturan nilai yang mengatur pola laku, sikap, dan tindakan manusia atas isi bumi, yang mencakup hubungan dengan Allah, hubungan dengan manusia lain, dan hubungan dengan diri sendiri.
HUBUNGAN PENGUASAAN KOSAKATA DENGAN KEMAMPUAN MENULIS CERPEN MAHASISWAFKIP UNIVERSITAS TRIDINANTI PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA
Authors: Suryadi Edi , Milawasri F.A. 
Published: December 2018

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan penguasaan kosakata dengan kemampuan menulis cerpen mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Tridinanti. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif yang berupa penelitian kausal (sebabakibat). Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 68 mahasiswa. Sampel diambil secara acak atau random samplig. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik tes untuk mengukur penguasaan kosakata dan kemampuan menulis cerpen. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data melalui pengujian statistik, diketahui bahwa penguasaan kosa kata (X­) 0,00 dan kemampuan menulis cerpen (Y) sebesar 0,803 < ? (0,05). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan antara penguasaan kosakata (X­) dengan kemampuan menulis cerpen (Y) bagi mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Tridinanti Palembang.
MULTI-CYCLE WASHING OF COTTON AND THE RESULTS IN MANNER OF DP
Authors: GÜNDÜZ BALPETEK Fatma , BOZACI Ebru , SEÇİM KARAKAYA Pelin , ÖZDOĞAN Esen , DEMİR Aslı , GÜLÜMSER Tülay 
Published: December 2018

Washing processes, detergant agents, washing cycles and temperatures can often cause damage on fabrics. The aim of this work was to determine chemical and physical changes on cotton fabrics with different washing conditions. A Box–Bhenken statistical design was used to evaluate the effect of washing temperature (40 -50-60°C), number of washing (10, 30, 50) and washing agent (only water, base detergent, detergent with bleaching agent) on the average degree of polymerization. The effect of multiple washes on cotton fabrics was evaluated by means of average polymerization degree, tensile strength, whiteness index and scanning electron microscopy. Whiteness index decreased significantly using with base detergent and bleaching agent containing detergent, whereas washing with only water did not affect significantly to whiteness index, with increasing number of washing. However, temperature (p &gt; 0.05) individually were not found statistically significant for whiteness index. As number of washing and temperature increased, tensile strength values decreased. Also, washing agent (p &gt; 0.05) individually were not found statistically significant for tensile strength. When evaluated in terms of average polymerization degree values, after the washings with base detergent and bleaching agent containing detergent, there is a greater decrease in the average polymerization degree relative to the only water washings. While the temperature increased in washing process, the average polymerization degree decreased and the lowest average polymerization degree was obtained at 60 ˚C and 50 washes. SEM images indicate that number of washing and the content of detergent is an important parameter in the washing process. The worst image in this study was obtained with 50 washes using detergent containing bleach. Washing processes cause undesirable results on the surface of fabrics.
Potensi Ekstrak Buah Mangrove Xylocarpus granatum Untuk Pemberantasan Larva Nyamuk Aedes aegypti
Authors: Pringgenies Delianis , Widiyadmi Rini , Yudiati Ervia , Bahry Muhammad Syaifudien , Djunaedi Ali 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRAK

Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui potensi ekstrak buah mangrove Xylocarpus granatum sebagai anti larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Uji larva nyamuk dengan memasukkan masing-masing 10 ekor larva nyamuk yang dimasukkan ke dalam 7 botol cup tranparan kecil, masing– masing untuk 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 ppm sampel ektrak, kontrol negative dan kontrol positive. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa pengaruh tingkat mortalitas larva nyamuk terhadap ekstrak buah mangrove Xylocarpus granatum pada jam 1 memperlihatkan bahwa pada konsentrasi 1000 ppm, persentasi mortalitas nyamuk tertinggi adalah 81,34 %, dan pada konstrasi ekstrak buah mangrove Xylocarpus granatum 100 ppm terendah mortalitasnya = 68,8%. Perlakuan pada jam 3 memperlihatkan bahwa pada konsentrasi ekstrak buah mangrove 500 ppm tingkat mortalitas larva nyamuk tertinggi (80%). Pada konsentrasi ekstrasi buah mangrove 250 ppm, mortalitasnya 66,70% dan konsentrasi ekstral buah mangrove pada 100 ppm, mortalitasnya adalah 40%. Hasil peneltian pada jam ke 24 memperlihatkan bahwa pada konsentrasi ekstrak buah mangrove mencapai 1000 pmm, mortalitasnya 100%, pengamatan jam ke 48 mortalitasnya 100%. Sedang pada perlakuan control positif, keluulushidupan larva nyamuk adalah 0% dan pada control negative, kelulushidupan larva nyamuk adalah 100%. Kesimpulan: bahwa ekstrak buah mangrove Xylocarpus granatum berpotensi sebagai anti larva nyamuk pada konsentrasi 1000 ppm.

ABSTRACT

It was assumed that mangrove fruits has some insecticidal biosubstances. Aim of the research is the potentials of mangrove Xylocarpus granatum fruit extract as the anti mosquito (Aedes aegypti) repellent. Experiment using of 10 mosquito larvae in 7 bottles each filled with 50; 100; 250; 500 and 1000 ppm fruit extract, negative and positive control. The experiment reveals that after 1 hour treatment, the 1000 ppm exctract had the hihgest mosquito larvae mortality of 81.34%, while the lowest extract of 100 ppm had 68.8% mortality. After 3 hours of extract treatment the 500 ppm had the hihgest mortality of 80%, 250 ppm with 66.70% and 100 ppm with 40 % mortality. Result of experiment after 24 as well as 48 hours treatment the 1000 ppm extract had 100% mortality. In the positive control had 0% mortality and the negative control had 100% of survival. The summary is that the mangrove Xylocarpus granatum fruit extract had a potential as mosquito repellent at 1000 ppm fruit extract.
Étude par diffraction de neutrons de Ho2C
Authors: Bacchella G. L. , Mériel Pierre , Pinot M. , Lallement R. 
Published: December 2018

La structure rhomboédrique de Ho₂C ordonné a été précisée par diffraction de neutrons. On peut la considérer comme un empilement, normalement à l'axe ternaire d'une succession de couches Ho — C — Ho — □… . La structure magnétique ordonnée est complexe.
Methane in Analogs of Young Directly Imaged Exoplanets
Authors: Miles Brittany E. , Skemer Andrew J. , Barman Travis S. , Allers Katelyn N. , Stone Jordan M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
We present detections of methane in R ∼ 1300, L-band spectra of VHS 1256 b and PSO 318.5, two low-gravity, red, late L dwarfs that share the same colors as the HR 8799 planets. These spectra reveal shallow methane features, which indicate VHS 1256 b and PSO 318.5 have photospheres that are out of chemical equilibrium. Directly imaged exoplanets usually have redder near-infrared colors than the field-age population of brown dwarfs on a color–magnitude diagram. These objects along the L-to-T transition show reduced methane absorption and evidence of photospheric clouds. Compared to the H- and K-bands, L-band (3 μm–4 μm) spectroscopy provides stronger constraints on the methane abundances of brown dwarfs and directly imaged exoplanets that have similar effective temperatures to L-to-T transition objects. When combined with near-infrared spectra, the L-band extends our conventional wavelength coverage, increasing our understanding of atmospheric cloud structure. Our model comparisons show that relatively strong vertical mixing and photospheric clouds can explain the molecular absorption features and continua of VHS 1256 b and PSO 318.5. We also discuss the implications of this work for future exoplanet-focused instruments and observations with the James Webb Space Telescope.
On the Apparent Absence of Wolf–Rayet+Neutron Star Systems: The Curious Case of WR124
Authors: Toalá 杜 J. A. 宇君 , Oskinova L. M. , Hamann W.-R. , Ignace R. , Sander A. A. C. , Shenar T. , Todt H. , Chu 朱 Y.-H. 有花 , Guerrero M. A. , Hainich R. , Torrejón J. M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Among the different types of massive stars in advanced evolutionary stages is the enigmatic WN8h type. There are only a few Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars with this spectral type in our Galaxy. It has long been suggested that WN8h-type stars are the products of binary evolution that may harbor neutron stars (NS). One of the most intriguing WN8h stars is the runaway WR 124 surrounded by its magnificent nebula M1-67. We test the presence of an accreting NS companion in WR 124 using ∼100 ks long observations by the Chandra X-ray observatory. The hard X-ray emission from WR 124 with a luminosity of L
X ∼ 1031 erg s−1 is marginally detected. We use the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium stellar atmosphere code PoWR to estimate the WR wind opacity to the X-rays. The wind of a WN8-type star is effectively opaque for X-rays, hence the low X-ray luminosity of WR 124 does not rule out the presence of an embedded compact object. We suggest that, in general, high-opacity WR winds could prevent X-ray detections of embedded NS, and be an explanation for the apparent lack of WR+NS systems.
9. La finance islamique, cheval de Troie de la finance moderne ?
Authors: Ruimy Michel 
Published: December 2018

À partir des valeurs, préceptes et prescriptions de la Charia, les juristes musulmans ont proposé un modèle normatif d’ Homo œconomicus musulman, doté d’une rationalité propre. Cette philosophie économique doit guider les comportements individuels de consommation, de production, d’investissement, d’épargne, etc. Le comportement rationnel de cet « Homo islamicus » se conçoit en la poursuite de son intérêt propre auquel s’ajoutent les contraintes liées à l’intérêt social. Dans ce contexte, la finance islamique se distingue de la finance conventionnelle par sa vision différente sur les motivations des individus : elle considère que ceux-ci peuvent avoir un comportement moral dans leurs actions quotidiennes. Toutefois, si elle a une dimension universaliste, elle n’est, à ce jour, qu’une « niche » de la finance moderne.