bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The teachable language comprehender
Authors: Quillian M. Ross 
Published: July 2002

The Teachable Language Comprehender (TLC) is a program designed to be capable of being taught to “comprehend” English text. When text which the program has not seen before is input to it, it comprehends that text by correctly relating each (explicit or implicit) assertion of the new text to a large memory. This memory is a “semantic network” representing factual assertions about the world.
The program also creates copies of the parts of its memory which have been found to relate to the new text, adapting and combining these copies to represent the meaning of the new text. By this means, the meaning of all text the program successfully comprehends is encoded into the same format as that of the memory. In this form it can be added into the memory.

Both factual assertions for the memory and the
capabilities
for correctly relating text to the memory's prior content are to be taught to the program as they are needed. TLC presently contains a relatively small number of examples of such assertions and capabilities, but within the system, notations for expressing either of these are provided. Thus the program now corresponds to a general process for comprehending language, and it provides a methodology for adding the additional information this process requires to actually comprehend text of any particular kind.

The memory structure and comprehension process of TLC allow new factual assertions and capabilities for relating text to such stored assertions to generalize automatically. That is, once such an assertion or capability is put into the system, it becomes available to help comprehend a great many other sentences in the future. Thus the addition of a single factual assertion or linguistic capability will often provide a large increment in TLC's effective knowledge of the world and in its overall ability to comprehend text.
The program's strategy is presented as a general theory of
Mirror Theory: Syntactic Representation in Perfect Syntax
Authors: Brody Michael 
Published: July 2002

In the better-developed sciences it is the departures from symmetry rather than the symmetries that are typically taken to be in need of explanation. Mirror theory is an attempt to look at some of the central properties of syntactic representations in this spirit. The core hypothesis of this theory is that in syntactic representations complementation expresses morphological structure: X is the complement of Y only if Y-X form a morphological unit'a word. A second central assumption is the elimination of phrasal projection: a head X in a syntactic tree should be taken to ambiguously represent both the zero-level head(s) and its (their) associated phrasal node(s).
V. Multi-Level Analysis of Cortical Neuroanatomy in Williams Syndrome
Authors: Galaburda Albert M. , Bellugi Ursula 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The purpose of a neuroanatomical analysis of Williams Syndrome (WMS) brains is to help bridge the knowledge of the genetics of this disorder with the knowledge on behavior. Here, we outline findings of cortical neuroanatomy at multiple levels. We describe the gross anatomy with respect to brain shape, cortical folding, and asymmetry. This, as with most neuroanatomical information available in the literature on anatomical-functional correlations, links up best to the behavioral profile. Then, we describe the cytoarchitectonic appearance of the cortex. Further, we report on some histometric results. Finally, we present findings of immunocy-tochemistry that attempt to link up to the genomic deletion. The gross anatomical findings consist mainly of a small brain that shows curtailment in the posterior-parietal and occipital regions. There is also subtle dysmorphism of cortical folding. A consistent finding is a short central sulcus that does not become opercularized in the interhemispheric fissure, bringing attention to a possible developmental anomaly affecting the dorsal half of the hemispheres. There is also lack of asymmetry in the planum temporale. The cortical cytoarchitecture is relatively normal, with all sampled areas showing features typical of the region from which they are taken. Measurements in area 17 show increased cell size and decreased cell-packing density, which address the issue of possible abnormal connectivity. Immunostaining shows absence of elastin but normal staining for Lim-1 kinase, both of which are products of genes that are part of the deletion. Finally, one serially sectioned brain shows a fair amount of acquired pathology of microvascular origin related most likely to underlying hypertension and heart disease.
Brain Activation During Reading in Deep Dyslexia: An MEG Study
Authors: Laine Matti , Salmelin Riitta , Helenius Päivi , Marttila Reijo 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) changes in cortical activity were studied in a chronic Finnish-speaking deep dyslexic patient during single-word and sentence reading. It has been hypothesized that in deep dyslexia, written word recognition and its lexical-semantic analysis are subserved by the intact right hemisphere. However, in our patient, as well as in most nonimpaired readers, lexical-semantic processing as measured by sentence-final semantic-incongruency detection was related to the left superior-temporal cortex activation. Activations around this same cortical area could be identified in single-word reading as well. Another factor relevant to deep dyslexic reading, the morphological complexity of the presented words, was also studied. The effect of morphology was observed only during the preparation for oral output. By performing repeated recordings 1 year apart, we were able to document significant variability in both the spontaneous activity and the evoked responses in the lesioned left hemisphere even though at the behavioural level, the patient's performance was stable. The observed variability emphasizes the importance of estimating consistency of brain activity both within and between measurements in brain-damaged individuals.
Electrophysiological Correlates of Conscious Vision: Evidence from Unilateral Extinction
Authors: Marzi Carlo A. , Girelli Massimo , Miniussi Carlo , Smania Nicola , Maravita Angelo 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
To study the electrophysiological correlates of conscious vision, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) in a patient with partial unilateral visual extinction as a result of right-hemisphere damage. When, following bilateral presentations, contralesional stimuli were not perceived, there was an absence of the early attention-sensitive P1 (80-120 msec) and N1 (140-180 msec) components of the ERP response. In contrast, following unilateral presentations, or in those bilateral presentations in which contralesional stimuli were perceived (about 60%), these ERP components were present. These results provide novel evidence that extinction involves the stage of early focusing of attention and that the P1 and N1 components of visual ERPs are reliable physiological correlates of conscious vision.
Neglect Between but Not Within Auditory Objects
Authors: Cusack Rhodri , Carlyon Robert P. , Robertson Ian H. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Unilateral neglect is frequently characterized by the presence of extinction, which is a lack of awareness to contralesional visual stimuli in the presence of those further towards the ipsilesional side. It has been established that this visual extinction can be reduced if the stimuli are grouped together into a single object. However, attention between and within auditory objects has never before been studied. We demonstrate for the first time that unilateral neglect—hitherto thought primarily to be a disorder of visuospatial processing—involves a specific deficit in allocating attention between auditory objects separated only in time and not in space. Importantly, this deficit is restricted to comparisons between sounds: the patients' ability to make within-sound comparisons is similar to that of controls. These differences cannot be explained in terms of different time spans over which comparisons must be made. The results suggest unilateral neglect is linked to—if not actually determined by—a reduction in attentional capacity in both the visual and auditory domains, and across the dimensions of both space and time. The findings have potential clinical applications.
The Time Course of Visual Processing: From Early Perception to Decision-Making
Authors: VanRullen Rufin , Thorpe Simon J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Experiments investigating the mechanisms involved in visual processing often fail to separate low-level encoding mechanisms from higher-level behaviorally relevant ones. Using an alternating dual-task event-related potential (ERP) experimental paradigm (animals or vehicles categorization) where targets of one task are intermixed among distractors of the other, we show that visual categorization of a natural scene involves different mechanisms with different time courses: a perceptual, task-independent mechanism, followed by a task-related, category-independent process. Although average ERP responses reflect the visual category of the stimulus shortly after visual processing has begun (e.g. 75-80 msec), this difference is not correlated with the subject's behavior until 150 msec poststimulus.
Conjoining Three Auditory Features: An Event-Related Brain Potential Study
Authors: Woods David L. , Alain Claude 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The mechanisms of auditory feature processing and conjunction were examined with event-related brain potential (ERP) recording in a task in which participants responded to target tones defined by the combination of location, frequency, and duration features amid distractor tones varying randomly along all feature dimensions. Attention effects were isolated as negative difference (Nd) waves by subtracting ERPs to tones with no target features from ERPs to tones with one, two, or three target features. Nd waves were seen to all tones sharing a single feature with the target, including tones sharing only target duration. Nd waves associated with the analysis of frequency and location features began at latencies of 60 msec, whereas Nd-Duration waves began at 120 msec. Nd waves to tones with single target features continued until 400+ msec, suggesting that once begun, the analysis of tone features continued exhaustively to conclusion. Nd-Frequency and Nd-Location waves had distinct scalp distributions, consistent with generation in different auditory cortical areas. Three stages of feature processing were identified: (1) Parallel feature processing (60-140 msec): Nd waves combined linearly, such that Nd-wave amplitudes following tones with two or three target features were equal to the sum of the Nd waves elicited by tones with only one target feature. (2) Conjunction-specific (CS) processing (140-220 msec): Nd amplitudes were enhanced following tones with any pair of attended features. (3) Target-specific (TS) processing (220-300 msec): Nd amplitudes were specifically enhanced to target tones with all three features. These results are consistent with a facilitatory interactive feature analysis (FIFA) model in which feature conjunction is associated with the amplified processing of individual stimulus features. Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is proposed to underlie the FIFA process.
Discourse Representation in the Two Cerebral Hemispheres
Authors: Long Debra L. , Baynes Kathleen 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Readers construct at least two interrelated representations when they comprehend a text: (a) a propositional representation containing the individual ideas that are derived from each sentence and the relations among them and (b) a discourse model, a representation of the context or situation to which the text refers. We used a paradigm called “item priming in recognition” to examine how these representations are stored in the cerebral hemispheres. In Experiment 1, the priming paradigm was used in combination with a lateralized visual field (VF) procedure. We found evidence that readers' representations were structured according to propositional relations, but only in the left hemisphere. Item recognition was facilitated when a concept was preceded by another concept from the same proposition when targets were presented to the left, but not to the right, hemisphere. We found priming in both hemispheres, however, when targets were context-appropriate senses of ambiguous words or topics of passages. In Experiment 2, we replicated the priming effects in three callosotomy patients. We argue that the distinction between a propositional representation and a discourse model is important with respect to how discourse is represented in the brain. The propositional representation appears to reside in the left hemisphere, whereas aspects of the discourse model appear to be represented in both hemispheres.
Battered Women and Their Animal Companions: Symbolic Interaction Between Human and Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Flynn Clifton 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOnly recently have sociologists considered the role of nonhuman animals in human society. The few studies undertaken of battered women and their animal companions have revealed high rates of animal abuse co-existing with domestic violence. This study examines several aspects of the relationship between humans and animals in violent homes. The study explored the role of companion animals in the abusive relationship through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with clients at a battered women's shelter. In particular, the study focused on the use of companion animals by women's violent partners to control, hurt, and intimidate the women; the responses of the animals to the women's victimization; and the role of pets as human surrogates and the resulting symbolic interaction between human and nonhuman family members. The significance of the findings for family violence research and application are discussed, as well as the broader implications for sociological investigation of human-animal interaction.
INTERSEXUALITY IN THE FRESHWATER CRAYFISH SAMASTACUS SPINIFRONS (PHILIPPI, 1882) (DECAPODA, PARASTACIDAE)
Authors: Rudolph Erich 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSamastacus spinifrons, a South American freshwater crayfish, has always been characterized as gonochoric in the literature. Yet, in 1989, a specimen with anomalous sexual characters was captured in the river Hueyusca. Since then, 13 other specimens showing such anomalous features have been collected in various rivers in the Osorno province, southern Chile. Anatomical dissections disclosed that 4 of them had testes; 4 others had ootestes and 5 had ovaries. Further, all the specimens had gonoducts and gonopores of both sexes, except in one of those with ovaries, wich had oviducts only. Morphometric analyses of abdomens of normal males and females, in comparison with those of intersexual specimens showed that the latter have abdomens with male characteristics. These conditions are all described, the frequency of the phenomenon is reported and a possible explanation for its occurrence is proposed. El camaron de rio de Sudamerica, Samastacus spinifrons, siempre ha sido caracterizado como gonocorico por la literatura. Sin embargo, en 1989 se capturo en el rio Hueyusca un especimen con caracteres sexuales anomalos. Desde entonces, se han colectados otros 13 especimenes con caracteres anomalos en varios rios de la provincia de Osorno, en el sur de Chile. Las disecciones anatomicas demostraron que 4 de ellos tenian testiculos, otros 4 tenian ovotestis, y 5 tenian ovarios. Ademas, todos tenian gonoductos y gonoporos de ambos sexos, excepto uno de aquellos con ovarios que solo tenia oviductos. Analisis morfometricos de los abdomenes de los machos y hembras normales, comparados con aquellos de especimenes intersexo demostraron que estos ultimos tienen un abdomen con caracteristicas masculinas. Se describen todas estas condiciones, se comunica la frecuencia de ocurrencia de este fenomeno y se propone una probable explicacion para el.
Effects of temperature on the duration of the life cycle of a Meloidogyne incognita population
Authors: Ploeg Antoon , Maris Paul 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe generation time and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita was studied under five soil temperatures. The life cycle was completed on tomato between average soil temperatures of 16.2°C and 30.0°C but not at 35.4°C. On the marigold(Tagetes hybrid) variety Polynema the life cycle was completed only at 30.0°C. Estimates for the base temperature (Tb) and the required heat sum (S) were 10.1°C and 400°C. day respectively. The thermal time relationship for completion of the life cycle of M. incognita is discussed in relation to those of other Meloidogyne species. Influence de la temperature sur la duree du cycle biologique d'une population de Meloidogyne incognita - La duree du cycle et la reproduction de Meloidogyne incognita ont ete etudiees a cinq temperatures. Sur tomate, le cycle peut s'accomplir a des temperatures moyennes du sol s'etageant de 16,2 a 30,0°C, mais non a 35,4°C. Sur oeillet d'Inde (hybride de Tagetes de la variete Polynema), le cycle ne s'accomplit qu'a 30,0°C. La temperature de base (Tb) et la demande thermique (S) sont estimees a, respectivement, 10,1°C et 400°C/jours. La relation temperature/temps relative a l'accomplissement du cycle biologique est discutee et comparee au cas des autres especes du genre.
La cristallinité de l'illite revisitée: un bilan des connaissances acquises ces trente dernières années
Authors: Kübler B. , Goy-Eggenberger D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe main reason for the initial determinations of illite crystallinity (IC) was to support the exploration for liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. The application in 1960 of the Weaver Sharpness Ratio to core materials of a borehole from eastern France indicated that it was not a reliable tool for identifying well-crystallized illite. This ratio was later replaced by the Full Width at Half-Maximum (FWHM), the value of which decreases regularly and consistently towards greenschist facies. The use of FWHM allowed a precise definition of the anchimetamorphic zone between the upper diagenesis and the epimetamorphism. Afterwards, analysis of weak-tointermediate diagenetic sequences showed that illite crystallinity decreases together with the amount of swelling interlayers in mixed-layer clay minerals. Technological improvements, such as computing and modelling of X-ray diffraction patterns, increased the analytical precision relative to measurements of the plain FWHM. Consequently, illite crystallinity went back to its initial use, namely detection of the transitions between diagenesis, anchi- and epi-metamorphism in smectitefree lithologies, where it can be used as a stratigraphic and mineralogic marker of alteration stages.
Chemistry of columbite-tantalite minerals in rare metal granitoids, Eastern Desert, Egypt
Authors: Abdalla H. M. , Helba H. A. , Mohamed F. H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractParagenetic, textural, and chemical characteristics of columbite-tantalite minerals are examined as steps towards identifying the metallogenetic processes of their host granitoids. Columbite-tantalite-bearing granitoids of the Eastern Desert province of Egypt can be categorized into: (i) metaluminous alkali granites; (ii) peraluminous Li-albite granites; and (iii) metasomatized biotite and/or muscovite granite (i.e. apogranites).Columbite of the alkali granite is of FeNb2O6composition and associated with annite. The low F and Li contents of the associated mica precludes the important role of these volatile elements during the late stage of evolution of the alkali granites, thus delaying fractionation of Mn over Fe and Ta over Nb.Compositionally, columbite-tantalite of the Li-albite granites is constrained between MnNb2O6and MnTa2O6(the Ta/(Nb+Ta)atom. ratio ranges between 0.10 and 0.80). This low to high ratio and the association of columbite-tantalite with topaz, fluorite and lithian micas (in the series zinnwaldite-white mica) indicate a higher solubility for Ta-fluoride complex compounds and their more stabilized state at lower temperatures in Li- and F-rich sodic melts. The columbite-tantalite commonly exhibits a mottled or patchy zoned texture with the rims consistently higher in Ta than the cores, reflecting the later effect of a corrosive supercritical vapour phase.The columbites of metasomatized granites range in composition between FeNb2O6and MnNb2O6. They are characterized by high Ti and U, and low Ta contents (the Ta/(Nb+Ta)atom. ranges between 0.01 and 0.15), indicating deposition from alkaline (K+Na+-rich), and relatively high-temperature interacting fluids. However, the Mn-enriched columbites are commonly encountered in the apical parts of the apogranites and formed in response to high μKFand μLiFrequired for stabilizing the associated Li-siderophyllite or zinnwaldite. Columbites of the apogranites commonly exhibit progressive (either normal or reverse) zoning which can be attributed to the disequilibrium conditions (e.g. sudden change in the pH) between the growing crystal and the solutions.
Presentation of ovalbumin internalized via the immunoglobulin-A Fc receptor is enhanced through Fc receptor γ-chain signaling
Authors: Shen Li , van Egmond Marjolein , Siemasko Karyn , Gao Hong , Wade Terri , Lang Mark L. , Clark Marcus , van de Winkel Jan G. J. , Wade William F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe mechanism of enhanced presentation of ovalbumin (OVA) internalized as immunoglobulin A (IgA)–OVA via the IgA Fc receptor (FcαR) was analyzed by focusing on the role of the FcαR-associated γ chain. Comparison of B-cell transfectants expressing FcαR plus wild-type (WT) γ chain or γ chain in which the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) was altered by tyrosine mutation or substitution with the ITAM of FcγRIIA showed that signaling-competent ITAM was not required for endocytosis of IgA-OVA. However, antigen presentation was impaired by ITAM changes. Signaling-competent γ-chain ITAM appeared necessary for transport of ligated FcαR to a lamp-1+ late endocytic compartment for remodeling and/or activation of that compartment and also for efficient degradation of IgA complexes. Moreover, FcαR ligation also activated efficient processing of nonreceptor-targeted antigen. The results suggest that γ-chain signaling activates the antigen processing compartment.
Erythroblasts are a source of angiogenic factors
Authors: Tordjman Rafaèle , Delaire Stéphanie , Plouët Jean , Ting Stephen , Gaulard Philippe , Fichelson Serge , Roméo Paul-Henri , Lemarchandel Valérie 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn adult bone marrow, mature erythroblasts are produced within structures called erythroblastic islands and then cross the endothelial barrier to reach circulation. Erythroblastic islands are composed of a central macrophage surrounded by maturing erythroblasts. In this study, it is shown that erythroid cells, but not the other mature hematopoietic cells, coexpress 2 angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and placenta growth factor (PlGF). Secretion of both VEGF-A and PlGF increases during in vitro erythroid differentiation. Erythroblast-conditioned medium can induce both migration of monocytes and endothelial cells and the permeability of endothelial cells. These effects are inhibited by anti-PlGF and/or anti-VEGF antibodies. Finally, it is shown that VEGF-A and PlGF proteins are expressed by bone marrow erythroblasts in vivo. Angiogenic factors secreted by erythroblasts may promote interactions either with macrophages in erythroblastic islands or with endothelial cells that would facilitate the passage of erythroid cells through the endothelial barrier.