bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Shadow of Patronage: Lewis Stephens and ‘The Ecclesiastical Climbers’
Authors: Reed Daniel 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDrawing extensively on hitherto unexplored manuscript sources, this article outlines, first, the functioning of patronage within the eighteenth‐century church, with particular reference to the formation of Lewis Stephens's clerical identity. This provides a foundation for, second, the interrogation of Stephens's satirical compositions, and especially the depiction of his former patron Archbishop Lancelot Blackburne. Finally, the relationship between Stephens's contributions to public religious discourse, clerical conduct and private literary compositions and those of other leading satirists and writers of the period is analysed in order to illuminate the interplay between the roles of clergyman and writer in Walpolean Britain.
Conviction and Apocalypse in Joseph Priestley's Writing
Authors: Bygrave Stephen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractJoseph Priestley's millenarian prophecies were not necessarily at odds with his natural philosophy, nor his materialism with his theology, but to the French philosophes and to his friend John Adams they seemed incompatible and they may also seem so to us. That is what this article considers in its three parts: the first, Priestley's reading of revealed religion; the second, the politics entailed by it; and the third, the way a progressive direction is carried in to the future, uniting religion and politics in his late reading of Biblical prophecy.
Measuring Emergency Care Survival: The Implications of Risk Adjusting for Race and Poverty
Authors: Ioannides Kimon L. H. , Baehr Avi , Karp David N. , Wiebe Douglas J. , Carr Brendan G. , Holena Daniel N. , Delgado M. Kit 
Published: May 2018

AbstractObjectivesWe determined the impact of including race, ethnicity, and poverty in risk adjustment models for emergency care–sensitive conditions mortality that could be used for hospital pay‐for‐performance initiatives. We hypothesized that adjusting for race, ethnicity, and poverty would bolster rankings for hospitals that cared for a disproportionate share of nonwhite, Hispanic, or poor patients.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional analysis of patients admitted from the emergency department to 157 hospitals in Pennsylvania with trauma, sepsis, stroke, cardiac arrest, andST‐elevation myocardial infarction. We used multivariable logistic regression models to predict in‐hospital mortality. We determined the predictive accuracy of adding patient race and ethnicity (dichotomized as non‐Hispanic white vs. all other Hispanic or nonwhite patients) and poverty (uninsured, on Medicaid, or lowest income quartile zip code vs. all others) to other patient‐level covariates. We then ranked each hospital on observed‐to‐expected mortality, with and without race, ethnicity, and poverty in the model, and examined characteristics of hospitals with large changes between models.ResultsThe overall mortality rate among 170,750 inpatients was 6.9%. Mortality was significantly higher for nonwhite and Hispanic patients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19–1.36) and poor patients (aOR = 1.21, 95%CI = 1.12–1.31). Adding race, ethnicity, and poverty to the risk adjustment model resulted in a small increase in C‐statistic (0.8260 to 0.8265, p = 0.002). No hospitals moved into or out of the highest‐performing decile when adjustment for race, ethnicity, and poverty was added, but the three hospitals that moved out of the lowest‐performing decile, relative to other hospitals, had significantly more nonwhite and Hispanic patients (68% vs. 11%, p < 0.001) and poor patients (56% vs. 10%, p < 0.001).ConclusionsSociodemographic risk adjustment of emergency care–sensitive mortality improves apparent performance of some hospitals treating a large number of nonwhite, Hispanic, or poor patients. This may help these hospitals avoid financial penalties in pay‐for‐performance programs.
Parenteral Antipsychotic Choice and Its Association With Emergency Department Length of Stay for Acute Agitation Secondary to Alcohol Intoxication
Authors: Cole Jon B. , Klein Lauren R. , Martel Marc L. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundAcute agitation secondary to alcohol intoxication frequently requires parenteral sedatives for patient and caregiver safety. Antipsychotics play a prominent role; however, no consensus exists regarding the ideal agent. One important consideration when evaluating the choice of antipsychotic is its association with emergency department (ED) length of stay (LOS).ObjectivesWe sought to determine the median ED LOS for patients receiving a single parenteral dose of an antipsychotic for acute agitation secondary to alcohol intoxication in an urban Level I trauma center.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of patients receiving a single parenteral dose of droperidol, haloperidol, or olanzapine who were acutely intoxicated on alcohol from 2011 to 2016. Patients needing psychiatric assessment in our ED are discharged to a geographically separate department; thus, ED LOS is minimally impacted by waits for psychiatric assessment. Data were abstracted from the electronic medical record and are presented descriptively.ResultsA total of 40,601 patients were identified and screened; 24,319 patients were intoxicated but received no sedation. Of those remaining 4,495 received multiple drugs and/or benzodiazepines leaving 11,787 for analysis. Median age was 42 years, 76% were male, and 5% of patients were admitted. Mean breath ethanol concentration was 227 mg/dL. Antipsychotics administered were as follows: droperidol (n = 3,790), haloperidol (n = 1,449), and olanzapine (n = 6,548). Median ED LOS was shortest for droperidol (499 minutes, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 493–506 minutes), which was significantly shorter than both haloperidol (524 minutes, 95% CI = 515–537 minutes) and olanzapine (533 minutes, 95% CI = 528–539 minutes). No cases of sudden cardiac death occurred.ConclusionDroperidol, when given as monotherapy for sedation of acute agitation secondary to alcohol intoxication, was associated with significantly shorter ED LOS than either parenteral haloperidol or parenteral olanzapine. No difference in ED LOS was observed between haloperidol and olanzapine.
The risk of Alzheimer's disease associated with benzodiazepines and related drugs: a nested case–control study
Authors: Tapiainen V. , Taipale H. , Tanskanen A. , Tiihonen J. , Hartikainen S. , Tolppanen A.‐M. 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveTo assess the association between benzodiazepine and related drug (BZDR) use and risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with cumulative consumption and duration of use based models.MethodA nationwide nested case–control study of all Finnish community‐dwelling persons who received clinically verified AD diagnosis in 2005–2011 (N = 70 719) and their matched controls (N = 282 862). AD diagnosis was based on DSM‐IV and NINCDS‐ADRDA criteria. BZDR purchases were extracted from the Prescription Register since 1995. The association between BZDR use and AD was assessed using conditional logistic regression with 5‐year lag time between exposure and outcome.ResultsBenzodiazepine and related drug use was associated with modestly increased risk of AD (adjusted OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.04–1.08). A dose–response relationship was observed with both cumulative consumption and duration. Adjustment for other psychotropics removed the cumulative dose–response relationship by attenuating the ORs in the highest dose category.ConclusionBenzodiazepine and related drug use in general was associated with modestly increased risk of AD. No major differences were observed between different subcategories of BZDRs (i.e. benzodiazepines, Z drugs, short‐/medium‐acting or long‐acting BZDRs). As dose–response relationship abolished after adjustment for other psychotropics, it is possible that the association may partially be due to antidepressants and/or antipsychotics, or concomitant use of these medications.
The Year In Genetic Anthropology: New Lands, New Technologies, New Questions
Authors: Gokcumen Omer 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTThe year 2017 has been another exciting one for anthropology, revealing new and unexpected layers of human history, changing our views about how we conceptualize human variation, and leading to a deeper understanding of the biology of our species. Increases in the accessibility and resolution of genomic analysis as well as other high‐throughput technologies that can now measure the functional impact of genetic variation have continued to be one of the leading drivers of innovations that can address important anthropological questions. I would like to highlight the surprising discoveries this year within the framework of three interconnected themes: (1) increased inclusion of non‐European peoples into mainstream genomics studies; (2) a more comprehensive integration of new technologies beyond genomics to better contextualize human biological variation; and (3) previously underappreciated ethical discussion points emerging from these novel developments. In this review, I will attempt to briefly outline a path for genetic anthropology, primarily using examples from recent work conducted with African populations. Consequently, I will not be able to do justice to breakthrough work in primate genomics, ancient genomics studies from around the world, and other fascinating studies in biological anthropology. That said, it is an incredibly exciting time for our field. We can now ask questions that we did not know were there—and what we are finding is “stranger than we imagined.” [genomics, population genetics, human evolution, four fields].
Finding Archaeology in 2017: What Is Archaeology and Why Are We Doing It? Why Should We Be Doing It?
Authors: Lewis Krista 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTThese annual review essays focus on what we as archaeologists are doing year by year. Many themes continue on from review to review, waxing and waning, not unlike the bell curves of a traditional pottery seriation. Each year, themes are highlighted and presented in varied ways according to the orientation and aims of the reviewer. All do a masterful job of curating the vast range of what archaeologists were, in each annual period, currently producing. My review follows in the footsteps of its predecessors, summarizing an array of new and exciting research, and describing how agendas presented in 2017 cluster around sets of related questions and aims. It will also look at the growing literature that asks, in one way or another, fundamental questions about what archaeology really is and why we pursue it. In this time when the value of academic pursuits and scientific perspectives are being highly scrutinized in politics and popular culture, archaeologists are faced with the uncomfortable question of “What is it, really, that we should be doing?” [archaeology, current issues, public archaeology, digital archaeology]
Virulence‐associated gene profiling, DNA fingerprinting and multilocus sequence typing of Haemophilus parasuis isolates in Australia
Authors: Turni C , Singh R , Blackall PJ 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveDetermine if there is a link between virulence‐associated genes of Haemophilus parasuis and the genotype and serovar of isolates.MethodsIsolates of H. parasuis from 38 farms across six Australian states, representing all serovars present in Australia, were assessed for the presence of virulence‐associated genes (vtaA, hhdBA, fhuA, lsgB and capD). Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus PCR (ERIC‐PCR) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST), together with existing knowledge of the serovar of the isolates and the health status of the source pig, were used to examine 75 Australian isolates of H. parasuis.ResultsAn analysis of the ERIC‐PRC patterns revealed six main clusters. One cluster of 25 isolates lacked virulence‐associated genes and on the basis of serovar and field data, appeared to be mostly non‐pathogenic. Another cluster of five isolates containing most of the virulence‐associated genes appeared to be pathogenic based on the field and serovar data. The remaining four clusters were a mix of apparently pathogenic and apparently non‐pathogenic isolates. The MLST results revealed a high degree of variation, with 54 sequence types of which 41 had not been previously recognised.ConclusionNot all virulence‐associated genes are present in potentially pathogenic strains of H. parasuis. Australian isolates of H. parasuis are both genetically diverse and markedly different from isolates in other countries. These key findings suggest that vaccine development will be challenging.
Applying a physiologic partograph to Consortium on Safe Labor data to identify opportunities for safely decreasing cesarean births among nulliparous women
Authors: Neal Jeremy L. , Lowe Nancy K. , Caughey Aaron B. , Bennett Kelly A. , Tilden Ellen L. , Carlson Nicole S. , Phillippi Julia C. , Dietrich Mary S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe timing of hospital admission for women with spontaneous labor onset and the criteria used to assess active labor progress and diagnose labor dystocia may significantly influence women's risk for primary cesarean birth. Our aims were to assess associations of labor status at admission (i.e., preactive or active) and active labor progress (i.e., dystocic or physiologic) with oxytocin augmentation, cesarean birth, and adverse neonatal outcome rates.MethodsA sample of low‐risk, nulliparous women admitted to hospitals for spontaneous labor onset was extracted from the Consortium on Safe Labor (n = 27 077). Binomial logistic regression was used to assess associations between labor classifications and outcomes.ResultsAt admission, 68.0% of women were in preactive labor and 32.0% were in active labor. Cesarean rates for these groups were 18.0% and 7.2%, respectively (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.69; 95% CI 2.45‐2.96). Oxytocin augmentation and adverse neonatal outcomes were more likely for women admitted in preactive labor. Among women admitted in active labor, 9.3% experienced labor dystocia and 90.7% progressed physiologically. Cesarean rates for these groups were 20.4% and 5.9%, respectively (AOR 3.02; 95% CI 2.45‐3.73). Nearly half of the cesareans performed for dystocia among women admitted in active labor occurred when cervical dilation was physiologic. Oxytocin augmentation and adverse neonatal outcomes were more likely when active labor was dystocic.ConclusionsAdoption of evidence‐based, standardized approaches for diagnosing active labor onset, assessing labor progress, and diagnosing dystocia may safely decrease oxytocin augmentation and cesarean birth rates in the United States.
Towards effective monitoring of tropical phenology: maximizing returns and reducing uncertainty in long‐term studies
Authors: Bush Emma R. , Bunnefeld Nils , Dimoto Edmond , Dikangadissi Jean‐Thoussaint , Jeffery Kathryn , Tutin Caroline , White Lee , Abernethy Katharine A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPhenology is a key component of ecosystem function and is increasingly included in assessments of ecological change. We consider how existing, and emerging, tropical phenology monitoring programs can be made most effective by investigating major sources of noise in data collection at a long‐term study site. Researchers at Lopé NP, Gabon, have recorded monthly crown observations of leaf, flower and fruit phenology for 88 plant species since 1984. For a subset of these data, we first identified dominant regular phenological cycles, using Fourier analysis, and then tested the impact of observation uncertainty on cycle detectability, using expert knowledge and generalized linear mixed modeling (827 individual plants of 61 species). We show that experienced field observers can provide important information on major sources of noise in data collection and that observation length, phenophase visibility and duration are all positive predictors of cycle detectability. We find that when a phenological event lasts >4 wk, an additional 10 yr of data increases cycle detectability by 114 percent and that cycle detectability is 92 percent higher for the most visible events compared to the least. We also find that cycle detectability is four times as high for flowers compared to ripe fruits after 10 yr. To maximize returns in the short‐term, resources for long‐term monitoring of phenology should be targeted toward highly visible phenophases and events that last longer than the observation interval. In addition, programs that monitor flowering phenology are likely to accurately detect regular cycles more quickly than those monitoring fruits, thus providing a baseline for future assessments of change.
Inter‐annual variability of fruit timing and quantity at Nouragues (French Guiana): insights from hierarchical Bayesian analyses
Authors: Mendoza Irene , Condit Richard S. , Wright S. Joseph , Caubère Adeline , Châtelet Patrick , Hardy Isabelle , Forget Pierre‐Michel 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe timing and quantity of fruit production are major determinants of the functioning of a forest community, but simultaneous analyses of both are rare. We analyzed a ten‐year dataset (2001–2011) of fruit production for 45 tree and liana species from the Nouragues rain forest, French Guiana. We developed a hierarchical Bayesian approach to determine variation in the timing and quantity of fruit production. Our analysis accommodates missing censuses and quantifies variation at seasonal and inter‐annual scales. The fruiting peak of 22 of 45 species occurred during the peak of the rainy season, which is typical for central and eastern Amazon. The timing and quantity of fruit production varied substantially across years in most species, with greater variation in quantity than in timing. The timing of fruit production varied from continuously fruiting species to mast fruiting species that had two or more consecutive years without fruit production. Fully 40% of species were mast fruiting species. The seasonal timing and inter‐annual variation in fruiting were unrelated to seed dispersal mode across species. We saw no evidence for directional change in the level of fruit production, the timing of fruit production, or their variances; however, 10 yr is a short record for such analyses.
The ecology of tree reproduction in an African medium altitude rain forest
Authors: Babweteera Fred , Plumptre Andrew J. , Adamescu Gabriela S. , Shoo Luke P. , Beale Colin M. , Reynolds Vernon , Nyeko Philip , Muhanguzi Geoffrey 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe occurrence of flowering and fruiting in tropical trees will be affected by a variety of factors, linked to availability of resources and suitable climatic triggers, that may be affected by increasing global temperatures. Community‐wide flowering and fruiting of 2526 trees in 206 plots were monitored over 24 years in the Budongo Forest Reserve (BFR), Uganda. Factors that were assessed included the size of the tree, access to light, the impacts of liana load, effects of tree growth, and variation between guilds of trees. Most flowering occurs at the end of the long dry season from February to April. Trees that had access to more light flowered and fruited more frequently. Pioneer and non‐pioneer light‐demanding species tended to reproduce more frequently than shade‐bearing species. Trees that grew faster between 1993 and 2011 also fruited more frequently. When examining all factors, growth rate, tree size, and crown position were all important for fruiting, while liana load but not growth rate was important in reducing flowering. Trees in BFR show a large decline in fruiting over 24 years, particularly in non‐pioneer light demanders, shade‐bearers, and species that produce fleshy fruits eaten by primates. The decline in fruit production is of concern and is having impacts on primate diets and potential recruitment of mahogany trees. Whether climate change is responsible is unclear, but flowering of the guilds/dispersal types which show declines is correlated with months with the coolest maximum temperatures and we show temperature has been increasing in BFR since the early 1990s.
Prospective Relationships Between Ethnic Discrimination and Substance Use by Mexican‐American Adolescents
Authors: Martin Monica J. , Bacher Kelly B. , Conger Rand D. , Robins Richard W. 
Published: May 2018

Guided by the integrative model (García Coll et al., 1996), this study examines prospective associations between perceived ethnic discrimination by peers, parental support, and substance use from 7th to 11th grades (Mage = 12.3–16.3 years) in a community sample of 674 Mexican‐American adolescents. Results from a cross‐lagged panel model indicate that discrimination predicts relative increases in adolescent substance use. Results also revealed a transactional relation between substance use and supportive parenting over time. Supportive parenting was associated with reductions in substance use, but adolescent substance use also predicted lower levels of later parental support. The findings suggest reducing discrimination by peers and supportive parenting as potential targets for intervention in the prevention of substance use.
Putting down the scalpel in rectal cancer management – a historical perspective
Authors: Perez R. O. , Habr‐Gama A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe surgical management of rectal cancer has evolved from a disease without any possibility of cure in the early 1700s where surgical management consisted of the palliative drainage of disease related abscesses to the present day where surgical cure is not only possible but also possible with sphincter or even organ preservation. Prof Habr‐Gama's lecture describes the evolution of the surgical management of rectal cancer and the current focus on organ preservation.
Session 1: The surgeon as a prognostic factor in colon and rectal cancer?
Authors: Bhoday J. , Martling A. , Straßburg J. , Brown G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe impact of quality of surgery, colorectal surgical specialization, training and expertise has been far greater on survival outcomes than adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies. The review of the evidence by Professor Martling and expert discussion addresses the evidence base and the crucial importance of the surgeon as a prognostic factor, and how this has been relatively neglected in comparison to other resources invested in improving the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Session 2: Synchronous metastatic disease–liver first or primary first? The oncologist decides
Authors: Wale A. , Van Cutsem E. , Rao S. , Cunningham D. , Brown G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThere have been no randomized trial data to guide teams with regard to the order of surgery in patients with synchronous metastatic disease. On the one hand patients with borderline resectable liver metastases may lose the opportunity to undergo curative liver resection if the primary is resected first. For other patients, a symptomatic primary cancer may not be amenable to a delay. In the absence of clear evidence‐based outcomes, Professor Van Cutsem shares the recent expert consensus opinions on the current recommendations and an overview of the limited evidence base available.
Session 2: Are we ready for primary chemotherapy in rectal cancer: who, when, why?
Authors: Patel U. B. , Cervantes A. , Fernández‐Martos C. , Sclafani F. , Cunningham D. , Nilsson P. , Brown G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe potential of preoperative chemotherapy in rectal cancer is the subject of investigation in a number of global randomized trials. In this overview and expert discussion, Professor Cervantes summarizes the findings of numerous Phase II trials testing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The crucial points in the next phase of trials include: patient selection, whether radiotherapy can be omitted altogether and whether chemotherapy can be used to augment the initial response to chemoradiotherapy. Finally, with the emergence of Magnetic Resonance Tumour Regression Grade a reliable method for assessing response after initial chemoradiotherapy, we ask if this can be used to drive the use of further selective chemotherapy to augment response.