bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of supplementation with methionine during fattening of Belgian Blue cull cows of three different ages on animal performance, carcass composition and meat quality
Authors: Hornick J.L. , Evrard M. , Clinquart A. , Van Eenaeme C. , Istasse L. 
Published: June 2019

By contrast to bulls, fattening cull cows deposite large amounts of fat in the carcass. Furthermore, the live weight gain are low. Methionine (M) is a limiting amino acid for muscle growth in Belgian blue cattle (Hornick et al., 1997). Supplementation with M in fattening diets for cattle could therefore improve weight gain or feed conversion ratio. An experiment was thus conducted in Belgian Blue cull cows in order to assess the effects of M in fattening diet on characteristics of tissue deposition.Twenty four Belgian Blue females from double muscled type -8 heifers (H), 8 cows with 2 calving (C2) and 8 cows with 4 calving (C4)- were used. In each group, 4 animals received a control fattening diet (M0) based on maize silage complemented with cereals, sugar beet pulp and protein from vegetable origin (10.3 MJ ME and 160 g/ kg CP per kg DM), while 4 other received similar diet but with 3.5 g of rumen protected methionine (M1).
An evaluation of protein supplements and yeast culture with cereal fed beef bulls
Authors: Pullar D. , Marsh S. P. , Parker J 
Published: June 2019

Intensive cereal based rations for beef cattle are typically formulated to contain 175 g/kg DM crude protein. Many different sources of protein have been successfully used to supplement cereals. In this study, the performance of bulls fed three different protein supplements were compared, namely rapeseed meal (R), urea (U) and a combination of urea and soya (S). The study also examined the performance of beef cattle fed a yeast culture (Diamond V ‘XP’ Yeast - Rumenco).A total of 48 Limousin x (Hereford x Friesian) suckled bull calves at approximately 8 months old were allocated to one of three treatments with four replicates per treatment. Two replicates from each treatment were fed 40 g/head/day of yeast culture. Each diet was fed ad libitum with free access to barley straw and water. The feed ingredient inclusions in the rations were: R, 0.775 barley, 0.15 rape, 0.05 molasses, 0.025 minerals; U, 0.85 barley, 0.10 mineralised urea concentrate (Promol™ Rumenco), 0.05 molasses; S, 0.80 barley, 0.10 mineralised urea concentrate, 0.05 soya and 0.05 molasses. The R diet was used as the control. The bulls were slaughtered at fat class 4L. Statistical analysis was by ANOVA unless otherwise indicated.
Exposure of bovine zygotes to serum in a two-phase in vitro culture system adversely affects cleavage rate and cell number of embryos produced
Authors: Kuran M. , McEvoy T.G. , Sinclair K.D. , Broadbent P.J. , Robinson J.J. 
Published: June 2019

The number of cells in bovine and ovine embryos is reduced when steer serum which can generate high concentrations of ammonia in vitro is included in the culture system (Kuran et al., 1998). Moreover, production of embryos in synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF) medium supplemented with this serum causes fetal oversize (Sinclair et al., 1998). The present study investigated the effect of the same high ammonia-producing steer serum in a two-phase culture system on bovine embryo development and blastocyst cell numbers.The experimental design was a 2 x 2 factorial with 5 replicates and involved a total of 928 bovine oocytes that were matured and fertilized in vitro (IVF = Day 0). Presumptive zygotes were cultured in SOF supplemented with 10% v/v steer serum (SOF+SS; n=461) or with amino acids plus 0.4% w/v crystalline BSA (SOFaaBSA; n=467) for an initial period of 48 h following IVF.
Effects of concentrate acidogenicity on the performance of cows on maize silage-based diets
Authors: Wadhwa D. , Dhanoa M.S. , Fisher W.J. , Borgida L.P. , Dewhurst R.J. 
Published: June 2019

Feeding of highly fermentable carbohydrates is often necessary to meet the energy requirements of high producing cows. Unfortunately, these diets can lead to reduced rumen pH and impaired productivity. Earlier work showed that maize silage intake was greatly reduced when concentrates producing a high rumen acid load (Acidogenicity Value (AV); Wadhwa et al., 1998) were included at 0.5 of feed DM intake (Dewhurst et al., 1998). This further experiment sought to define the level of concentrate feeding at which AV becomes important.Sixteen Holstein-Friesian cows in the third month of lactation were used. After a covariance period, cows went onto a cyclical changeover design with four periods each lasting for 21 days. Maize silage was offered ad libitum, through Calan gates, along with a fixed allocation of one of 8 concentrates.
Effect of timing and level of protein supply on silage intake, feeding behaviour and milk yield of lactating dairy cattle
Authors: Romney D L , Blunn V , Leaver J D 
Published: June 2019

Previous studies have shown that the timing of supplement distribution and supplement type can have implications on forage intake and/or production. For example, Robinson et al. (1997) showed that feeding a protein supplement at 00.30 h compared with 08.30 h increased fat yield through stimulation of rumen fermentation. The objective of the present trial was to test the hypothesis “that supplying a protein supplement either before or after silage was offered would affect feeding pattern and silage intake”.Twelve multiparous cows, with average starting milk yield of 25.4 (s.d. 5.95) kg/day were allocated to one of six treatments in an incomplete Latin square with four periods of 21 days. Grass silage (219 g/kg DM, 151 g CP/kg DM) was fed ad libitum mixed with barley in the ratio 3:1 on a DM basis.
Effect of glucose sources on production and metabolic responses of dairy cows fed diets based on restrictively fermented grass silage
Authors: Vanhatalo A. , Huhtanen P. , Varvikko T. 
Published: June 2019

Diets based on restrictively fermented grass silage do not provide sufficient gluconeogenic precursors in high-yielding dairy cows (Huhtanen 1998). In principle, manipulating the glucose supply of cows may be done either by increasing the proportion of propionate in rumen volatile fatty acids or by increasing glucose supply to the intestines. The objective of this experiment was to compare casein, glucose, propionic acid, and starch as glucose sources in dairy cows fed diets based on restrictively fermented grass silage.Four rumen cannulated Finnish Ayrshire cows 15-16 weeks into their 4. or 5. lactation were used in an experiment designed as a 4 x 5 incomplete Latin square with 14-d periods. The five treatmens allocated to four animals were continuous infusions of 1) water (Control), 2) casein 300 g/d (Cas), 3) glucose 300 g/d (G), 4) propionic acid 247 g/d (P) and 5) barley starch 270 g/d (S). Substrates dissolved in water were infused either into the rumen (P) or the abomasum (other substrates).
The use of a soluble glass copper, cobalt and selenium bolus to supply selenium to sheep
Authors: Kendall N.R. , Farrar N.C. , Illingworth D.V. , Jackson D.W. , Telfer S.B 
Published: June 2019

Many sheep may require supplementation with cobalt or selenium, whilst many also require copper for the prevention of swayback. Often more than one are in short supply and blanket supplementation is often the answer, but this could result in problems of toxicity especially with copper in sheep. This trial was carried out on a flock known to be copper sufficient to investigate the supplementation of extra copper in the form of a sintered soluble glass bolus being used to supply selenium and cobalt to the flock.Two batches of Lleyn sheep were selected, the first were forty ewe lambs, whilst the second set were thirty gimmers. The ewe lambs were randomly split into two groups one being given a copper, cobalt and selenium bolus (Cosecure®, Telsol Ltd) with the other group remaining untreated as controls.
Growth and body composition of two breeds of sheep, and their cross, at similar proportions of mature size when given highly digestible or bulky feedsad libitum
Authors: Morrow S. E. , Emmans G. C. , Lewis R. M. , Donbavand J. E. , FitzSimons J 
Published: June 2019

Differences in sheep management and breeding programmes lead to variations in carcass fatness. It is necessary to investigate the relationships between breed, growth and composition on different feeds in order that leaner carcasses may be produced. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate these relationships in two breeds of sheep, and their cross, when fed either a food considered non-limiting to growth or a food that was restrictive by virtue of its bulk.Suffolk (S), Scottish Blackface (B) and reciprocal cross (X) lambs were born over a 4 week period beginning late February. The lambs were weaned at a weight (0.20 estimated mature size) or no later than 8 weeks of age and following an adjustment period, individually penned.
Performance of ewes selected to have four functional teats
Authors: Davies D.A.R. 
Published: June 2019

Ewes with extra teats can be found in many breeds but the amount of milk produced from these is only occasionally substantial. The aim of the breeding project was to investigate the possibility of developing a ewe with four functional teats.A group of 15 ewes and four rams, all with four teats, together with five two-teated Cambridge ewes formed the initial nucleus group. Subsequently five four-teated Cambridge rams were used. The following measurements were recorded: (a) number of teats, (b) length of front (FL) and rear (RL) teats measured at 5 months of age, (c) distance between the front teat (FT) and front perimeter line of the fore udder (FU) measured post partum, (d) milk production from front (FM) and rear (RM) teats recorded over a 3h period at 2 to 4 days post partum using oxytocin to ensure complete let down.
Heritabilities of and phenotypic relationships between digestibility, dry matter food intake and production traits in grazing lambs
Authors: Vagenas D. , Bishop S.C. 
Published: June 2019

Dry matter food intake (DMFI) and digestibility (DIG) of the forage are two important nutritional aspects contributing to lambs growth and subsequent meat production. However, there is a lack of literature describing their inheritance and their phenotypic correlations with production traits, e.g. ultrasonic muscle and fat depth and growth rate, in the grazing lamb. This study aimed to investigate and quantify these parameters for grazing lambs.This study involved 90 male Texel-Oxford lambs in 1995 and 82 in 1996. The sires in 1996 were lambs in 1995, providing genetic links between these two generations. The lambs were split equally between two lines previously selected for increased or decreased carcass lean content. The lambs were born in a five week period in March-April each year, and they were reared on, and grazed, improved mixed- species pasture, typical of a Scottish upland farm.
Lactation in Improved Awassi sheep
Authors: Pollott G. E. , Gootwine E. 
Published: June 2019

Few authors have reported on the complete lactation of sheep, without suckling, and most reports deal with ewes under experimental conditions or of non-dairy types (Groenwaldet al, 1995; Portolanoet al, 1996). In recent years, the commercial Awassi flocks in Israel have weaned their lambs once the lamb has received colostrum from the ewe and so are ideal for studying the complete lactation curves of sheep, under commercial conditions. The objective of this paper is to describe the complete lactation curve of sheep and the factors which affect it.The records for this analysis were taken from the Improved Awassi flock belonging to the kibbutz Ein Harod. This flock of intensively managed milking sheep has been previously described by Gootwine, Bor, Braw-Tal and Zenou (1995).
Gas production in vitro from purified starches using equine faeces as the source of inocula
Authors: McLean B M L , Hyslop J J , Longland A C , Cuddeford D , Hollands T 
Published: June 2019

In vitro techniques have been developed to study the fermentation kinetics of a wide range of animal feedstuffs but relatively few studies have been conducted specifically with purified feed constituents. This study uses the pressure transducer technique of Theodorou et al (1994) to record cumulative gas production (GP) when six purified starch sources were incubated in vitro.Three replicates of six commercially available purified (98%) starch sources were incubated in vitro with an inoculum prepared from freshly voided faeces collected from six ponies fed hay ad libitum. The starches were a purified wheat starch (ABRA), four purified wheat starches that had been chemically modified with sodium tri-metaphosphate (V1, V21, V33 & V65) and a purified pea starch (PEA). GP was measured using the pressure transducer technique throughout a 72 h incubation period. At the end of the incubation period DM loss (DML) in vitro was determined by filtration.
Gas production in vitro from either unprocessed, micronised or extruded maize, peas, wheat, naked oats and barley using equine faeces as the source of inocula
Authors: McLean B M L , Hyslop J J , Longland A C , Cuddeford D , Hollands T 
Published: June 2019

A wide variety of starch based feeds are available for inclusion in equine diets. These feeds may be subjected to physical processing (micronisation or extrusion) prior to inclusion. This experiment evaluates a range of starch based feedstuffs using an in vitro batch culture technique.A total of 15 feedstuffs were incubated in vitro with an inocula prepared from freshly voided faeces which was collected from six ponies fed grass hay ad libitum. The feeds were five starch based feedstuffs; i.e: maize (M), peas (P), wheat (W), naked oats (NO) or barley (Ba) in one of three physically processed forms i.e: unprocessed (Unp), micronised (Mic) or extruded (Ext). All feeds were ground through a 1.0mm screen prior to incubation. Cumulative gas production (GP) was measured using the pressure transducer technique of Theodorou et al (1994) throughout a 72 h incubation period.
Measurement of caecal outflow rate in ponies using Chromium mordanted feeds
Authors: Hyslop J. J. , McLean B.M.L. , Moore-Colyer M. J. S. , Longland A. C. , Cuddeford D. , T. Hollands  
Published: June 2019

Estimates of digesta passage through specific segments of the alimentary tract are a vital component of modelling approaches which attempt to quantitatively partition digestive processes in equines. This study reports results from three studies where digesta passage of Chromium (Cr) mordanted feeds was determined in the caecum of ponies.Caecal outflow rates were determined during threein vivoapparent digestibility studies conducted using three caecally-fistulated ponies as described by Moore-Colyeret al, (1999) for studies 1 and 2; and McLeanet al, (1999) for study 3. Pony basal diets consisted of unmolassed sugar beet pulp (USBP), hay cubes (HC) or a 2:1 mix of oat hulls:naked oats (OHNO) in study 1; a 1:1 mix of USBP:HC (USHC) in study 2 and either 100% HC or one of 3 diets consisting of a 1:1 HC:barley mix where the barley was either rolled (RBHC), micronised (MBHC) or extruded (EBHC) in study 3.
Comparison of inocula from sheep and cattle for thein vitrogas production technique under tropical conditions
Authors: Bueno I.C.S. , Abdalla A.L. , Cabral Filho S.L.S. , Vitti D.M.S.S. , Owen E. , Mauricio R.M. , Givens I. , Sutton J.D. , Mould F. L. 
Published: June 2019

The use of small ruminants, such as sheep, in metabolism studies is more convenient as handling problems are reduced and their maintenance costs are lower, in comparison with cattle. However in vivo digestibility estimates obtained at maintenance are known to differ between these two species. With the increased use ofin vitrogas production techniques, to evaluate ruminant feedingstuffs, it is of great importance to identify whether the species from which the rumen fluid inoculum is obtained has a significant influence on the results obtained.Rumen fluid samples were obtained from a non-lactating Holstein cow (C) and six wether sheep (S) offered the same diet (80 % tropical grass and 20 % dairy concentrate) and prepared so as to have similar dry matter (DM) contents and therefore potentially the microbial mass. Nine substrates (two tropical grasses 1-2, tropical alfalfa 3, barley straw 4, and five temperate grasses 5-9) were examined.
The acquisition of IgG from colostrum by piglets
Authors: Bland I. M. , Rooke J. A. , Bland V. C. , Sinclair A.G. , Edwards S. A. 
Published: June 2019

An adequate intake of colostrum by the newborn piglet allows the piglet to acquire passive immunity and develop active immunity. Many studies have looked at the uptake of IgG by piglets in artificial situations rather than by natural suckling. Therefore we investigated the uptake of IgG by piglets whilst suckling naturally and estimated the time of gut closure.A total of 8 multiparous sows (Newsham - Large White x Landrace) were induced to farrow on day 114 of gestation. Colostrum/milk was sampled, using oxytocin where necessary, at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24h and 2, 5 and 7 days after farrowing. Female piglets (average 3 per litter) were fitted with umbilical catheters to allow blood sampling at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 48h; samples were taken at 5 and 7 days of age by venepuncture.
Genotype by nutrition interactions from Langhill dairy cows in three lactations
Authors: Pryce J.E. , Simm G. , Veerkamp R.F. , Oldham J.D. 
Published: June 2019

The economic pressures on the dairy industry may force more farmers to consider reducing the amount of concentrates fed to cows in order to keep costs down. We have been testing whether the long-term performance of daughters of sires progeny tested in high concentrate systems maintain their advantage over cows of average genetic merit when managed in a lower input feeding system. This paper extends the scope of our initial report (Chalmers et al., 1997) and includes data on reproductive performance.Data were from Holstein-Friesian cows managed at the Langhill Dairy Cattle Research Centre. Sires of the Selection (S) line are among the highest available in the UK for predicted transmitting abilities of weight of fat plus protein (PTA F+P). Sires of Control (C) line cows are about UK average for PTA F+P.
Choice feeding of mid lactation dairy cows offered different levels of effective rumen degradable protein concentrate and grass silage ad libitum
Authors: Lawson R E , Forbes J.M. 
Published: June 2019

At a specific digestible ERDP content the diet of an individual cow will be correctly balanced. When the cow is offered two foods, one in excess of predicted requirements for ERDP, the other deficient in ERDP for the predicted level of production, then the cow has the opportunity to select a diet, which exactly meets her requirements for ERDP assuming it meets the predicted milk yield. The aim of this experiment was to examine if lactating dairy cows can choose a level of ERDP concentrate appropriate to their requirements.Twenty four mid lactation, Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were used for this experiment. The experiment was of latin square design and repeated measures analysis was used in SAS. They were fed grass silage (DM, 295g/kg; CP, 175g/kgDM; 11.5MJ/kgDM) ad libitum via the LUCIFIR (Leeds University Individual Feed Intake Recorder) system which enabled all meals to be recorded.
The incidence of lameness in a group of dairy herds in England
Authors: Kossaibati M.A. , Esslemont R.J. 
Published: June 2019

Lameness causes significant economic losses and serious welfare problems in dairy cows. Surveys carried out in the UK since 1960 have produced different results. In a recent survey (1989/1991) the annual incidence of lameness was put at 54.6 limb cases per 100 cows. The objective of the present survey was to measure the incidence of lameness, and type of lesions involved, in a group of typical UK herds using the Dairy Information System (DAISY).A survey was carried out using computer based dairy cow records from 17 DAISY sites (veterinary practices and farms) in southern England. Lameness records from over 150 herds were examined for lameness cases (treated by the vet or farmer) recorded between July 1995 and June 1996. Data reliability was checked via personal contacts with veterinary surgeons involved with these herds. Data for the survey were finally derived from 50 Holstein/Friesian herds (average herd size 150 cows).
Investigating temperament traits in cattle for quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification
Authors: Ball N. , Haskell M.J. , Williams J.L. , Deag J.M. 
Published: June 2019

Farm animals show individual variation in their behavioural responses to handling and management systems on farms. These behavioural responses are presumed to reflect underlying temperament traits such as fear or aggression. Information about the location of genes that influence temperament traits could be used in selective breeding programmes to improve animal welfare, as selection for desirable behavioural responses would increase the ability of animals to cope with stressors encountered on farms. The aims of this study were to obtain reliable temperament measurements in cattle using behavioural tests, and to use this data to localise the genes (quantitative trait loci) that are involved in such traits.Behavioural data obtained in temperament tests must be shown to reflect underlying traits by demonstrating intra-animal repeatability, inter-animal variability and validity. The objectives of this experiment were i) to carry out four behaviour tests on a group of heifers, and examine the repeatability, variability and validity of the results obtained; ii) to correlate the behavioural data with genotyping data from a large number of heifers to look for associations between behavioural phenotypes and genetic markers. Associations localise quantitative trait loci (QTLs), or regions of the genome, that are involved in these traits.
Orphaned and Endangered Collections in Invertebrate Paleontology: A Call for a National Solution
Authors: Allmon Warren D. , Lane Meredith A. 
Published: June 2019

WITHIN BIOLOGY, the consummate synthetic, big-picture science is systematics and the fundamental resource and tool for systematics is natural history collections. Without systematics there is no unifying theme to the study of biology. Without natural history collections there is no systematics. Society and the institutions that house natural history collections must rediscover the value of those collections. These collections are a world treasure, a cultural heritage, an intellectual trust, a societal and institutional responsibility.Paleontology and paleontological collections contribute uniquely to the sciences of systematics and ecology. They provide the record of change through geological time evidence of the changes in the characteristics of species, changes in ecological associations of biota, and a record of abiotic global and regional climatic change. The study of this historical record allows the identification of the locations of certain sets of conditions from the past, illuminates our understanding of the present, and enables our prediction of future changes on a global scale.
Fossils and Laws
Authors: Shelton Sally Y. , Chewning John B. 
Published: June 2019

PALEONTOLOGICAL collecting, transport of fossil materials, and the ownership of paleontology collections are governed and affected by a wide range of laws and regulations, from land law to bequests. Compliance with all applicable laws can be confusing, especially when a collector has to negotiate Federal, state, local, tribal and international requirements.Unlike archaeology, paleontology does not have a body of laws specific to fossil protection. Most legal problems in paleontology arise from land access and permission to collect on public lands, theft and trespass concerns, public trust violations, land title and rights, and related issues. In the United States, there are no definitive overarching statutes governing fossil resources per se as separate from other land resources.