bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Snow-Distribution Modelling in the Ammassalik Region, South East Greenland
Authors: Hasholt B. , Liston G.E. , Knudsen N.T. 
Published: May 2018

The Ammassalik region is characterized by a strong alpine relief, with altitudes up to 1,000 m. Glaciers are located mainly on the western side of ridges. The climate is low arctic, with annual precipitation amounts of more than 1,000 mm, which falls mainly as snow. Furthermore very strong storms occur frequently throughout the region. All together these factors support strong snow redistribution by wind, which likely explains the glacier locations, and also explains the observed regional runoff differences. The aim of this study is to apply the Liston & Sturm snow-transport model (SnowTran-3D) to elucidate the snow distribution according to the actual climatic conditions. A digital terrain model was used to determine the terrain forcing of the wind field. Precipitation data from the Ammassalik meteorological station were corrected for aerodynamic errors and orographic effects. Wind, temperature and humidity were obtained from a station located on a nunatak 515 m.a.s.l. at the equilibrium line on the Mittivakkat Glacier. The recorded winter accumulation (balance) of snow on the glacier was used for model calibration and testing. Significant snow transport from east-facing slopes to west-facing slopes was confirmed by the model. The drift accumulations were greatest at the head of the glacier, just on the lee side of the ridge east of the glacier. In some areas, as much as 10% of the precipitation was returned to the atmosphere by blowing-snow sublimation. An average snow water equivalent of 113 cm was obtained (not including some minor areas having snow depths as great as 4 m). These results compare well with glacier observations of 114 cm collected in May 1998 (during the field survey the 4 m areas are omitted because of crevasse hazards). Future work will use the model to test scenarios that include changes in wind regime.
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Modelling of summer stratification of morphologically different lakes
Authors: Elo Aija-Riitta 
Published: May 2018

The use of a one-dimensional lake temperature model was investigated using long series of meteorological input data. These data were mainly based on one station. Effects of morphology on water temperature conditions were considered over this long period.
The studied lakes are from the Finnish Lake District. Concerning their dynamics, they are small with areas ranging from 257 km2 to 0.14 km2 with the largest depth about 80 m, but typically less than 50 m. The strength of thermal stratification varies. Verification was made using test summers: for two larger lakes longer periods could be used. Summer stratification periods could finally be resolved satisfactorily, but only after adjusting with data from each lake. For some years the vertical temperature simulations are not as successful as for others, indicating the importance of local weather differences.
For lakes with a large area to depth ratio heat is absorbed freely, while when it is small heat is blocked more into the epilimnion. For very small lakes sheltering is essential. Large total volume delays cooling, when stratification prevails. Sheltering is important and also very small lakes cool slowly due to their strong stability.
Community participation in dry sanitation projects
Authors: Gomez Juan D. , Graham Jay P. 
Published: May 2018

This paper addresses community participation issues in the sanitation sector. A brief introduction is provided, including a historical explanation of the origins of participation in sanitation projects. Subsequently, Participatory Hygiene And Sanitation Transformation (PHAST), a participatory methodology, is defined and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Additionally, this paper addresses the importance of community participation in the design and implementation of sanitation projects and provides background information on the sanitation sector. Two case studies on dry sanitation taking place in Northern Mexico are presented and analyzed. Finally, conclusions are drawn and recommendations for future projects are given.
Optimal extraction of groundwater for irrigation: synergies from surface water bodies in tropical India
Authors: Chaitra B. S. , Chandrakanth M. G. 
Published: May 2018

The synergistic effects of canals and tanks in groundwater recharge that contribute to an economically sustainable path of groundwater extraction are examined. Thirty farmers each with groundwater wells located in canal command (GWCI), in tank command (GWTI) and in solely well-irrigated areas (devoid of surface water bodies) (GWSI) are studied in Tumkur district of Karnataka.
Applying Pontryagin's maximum principle to find the economically sustainable path of groundwater extraction, results indicated that by following the optimal path, the life of groundwater wells will increase by an additional 8, 17 and 24 years, respectively in GWSI, GWTI and GWCI areas over myopic (or uncontrolled) extraction. The additional net present value of benefit realized is US$822, US$1,907 and US$3,636 by optimal extraction in the three well areas. GWCI farmers realized the highest net returns (US$255) per hectare of gross groundwater irrigated area followed by GWTI (US$227.5) and GWSI (US$162.5). In GWTI (GWCI) amortized cost per cubic metre of groundwater was lower by 33% (53%) compared with GWSI, which reflects positive externality owing to the synergistic role of canals and tanks in groundwater recharge.
Water mains and distribution pipes in soil - external corrosion and protection methods
Authors: Camitz G. 
Published: May 2018

Extensive statistical investigations based on damage reports show that the corrosion damage frequency for buried water mains and distribution pipelines in Sweden increased during the 1970s and 1980s. For this reason, a number of statistical and technical investigations of the corrosion and counter-measures were carried out.
The paper reports on the corrosion damage statistics for water pipelines and the costs of the corrosion damage. Further, ways of actively working to reduce the corrosion damage frequency are described. These measures include the introduction of cast iron pipes with high quality coatings and the application of cathodic protection on different types of existing pipelines, and, further, the systematic replacement of pipeline sections, which show a high corrosion damage frequency.
Nitrification in rapid sand filter: phosphate limitation at low temperatures
Authors: van der Aa L.T.J. , Kors L.J. , Wind A.P.M. , Hofman J.A.M.H. , Rietveld L.C. 
Published: May 2018

In winter 1995-1996 the RSF of AWS River-Lake Waterworks suffered from ammonium breakthrough. Research indicated that the nitrification was limited by stagnated growth of the nitrifying bacteria due to low phosphate concentrations at low temperatures (0-3°C). Phosphoric acid was dosed prior to the RSF (dose 35-50 μg PO43- -P.l-1) to stimulate bacteria growth. Two weeks after starting the addition, ammonium removal in the RSF had recovered.
AWS is conducting research on alternatives for production capacity extension. Several alternatives involve the construction of an additional RSF prior to the reservoir. Pilot experiments on RSF prior to the reservoir show that complete nitrification in these additional RSF is possible. The phosphate concentration should amount at least 10 μg PO43- -P.l-1.
A model has been developed to predict nitrification in RSF. The model confirms the results from both the River-Lake Waterworks' RSF as from the pilot RSF. The model is used for process control and scenario studies.
Operation of dual drinking and non-potable water networks in Paris: advantages and constraints
Authors: Nguyen B. 
Published: May 2018

Paris is one of the very few cities in the world equipped with a dual network system: the drinking water network is duplicated by a totally independent non-potable water network which possesses its own means of production, storage and distribution pipes. In this second network there circulates untreated water characterized by pressure lower than that observed in the drinking water network. The fact that the constraints governing non-potable water are less than for drinking water is reflected in lower margins in relation to comparative production and storage capacity.
Non-potable water in Paris has existed for two centuries; it is very inexpensive and its use in large quantities forms part of the landscape to which Parisians are accustomed. 98% of non-potable water consumption are restricted to the uses of water linked to urban concentration for the comfort or safety of town dwellers: hydrants, fountains, street cleaning, watering of public gardens, flushing of the sewers etc. Therefore, the main consumer being the city of Paris, the operation of the non-potable water network differs in many ways from that applied to the drinking water network.
The economic context, the technical implications and the ecological repercussions of the use of non-potable water provide an alternative solution to the exclusive use of drinking water which seems to be efficient and attractive. This exceptional situation does not only offer advantages especially when one analyses the consequences for the network of waste water or the cost of maintaining a dual pipe network.
Setting and evaluating customer service standards
Authors: Speers A. , Burn S. , Hatton MacDonald D. , Young M. , Syme G. 
Published: May 2018

The Australian urban water industry has been substantially reformed over the past 20 years. Critical amongst these reforms has been the separation of operational and regulatory responsibilities. Under these arrangements the performance standards expected of water companies are specified by independent regulatory bodies or governments, and codified. Both regulators and water service providers have an interest in ensuring that regulatory standards are efficient and meet customer expectations, particularly as such standards can greatly affect the industry’s capital expenditure. A project has therefore been initiated to develop a framework for setting standards that are economically efficient, taking into account customer preferences. The project included development of methods to: identify customer preferences and means by which they would be measured;identify and evaluate the whole life cost of meeting standards for water continuity;value customers’ preferences, measure social costs associated with water interruptions and construct the overall cost benefit framework.
Water system continuity was the service chosen for testing the methodologies developed. We conclude that a viable methodological framework for setting customer service standards can be developed.
Managing trade waste: what should best practice look like?
Authors: Bissett R. , Green K. 
Published: May 2018

Consideration of best practice in trade-waste management is timely, given the challenges that the water industry and its customers face in managing the triple bottom line so we can maximise sustainability of both our environment and business.
City West Water (CWW) is one of Australia’s largest providers of trade-waste disposal services. These services, and the associated trade-waste programmes we operate, are critical to managing the risks associated with trade waste, as well as facilitating the uptake of cleaner production and waste minimisation across industrial and commercial sectors. Providers of trade-waste services have direct contact with many waste generators. This is a unique platform for risk management and facilitation of cleaner production and waste minimisation. Consequently, trade-waste services and programmes are critical to the outworking of Government policies and commitments in relation to cleaner production, waste minimisation and sustainability, as well as to meeting the community’s expectations in relation to waste management. However, it is not these issues alone that should drive consideration of trade-waste management. We must consider these issues alongside the viability of economic development and employment and look for solutions that maximise the beneficial outcomes across all three dimensions of the triple bottom line.
This paper takes a look at the current trade-waste management environment, along with the existing legislative and policy frameworks. It then suggests what best practice trade-waste management should entail. It examines key issues and drivers, elements of an effective strategy, roles and responsibilities, resource requirements, challenges/obstacles and solutions, and performance measurement and how it should be communicated.
Computerised human resource planning and management system (HRPMS) for water services institutions
Authors: Johnson E. , Mjoli N. 
Published: May 2018

The aim of this project was the development of computerised management systems for water utilities that can facilitate an increase in productivity while compensating to a certain degree for shortages of middle and high-level manpower. These are common requirements in developing countries.
The enhancement of knowledge using a computerised human resource planning system specifically for water services institutions can be achieved through the incorporation of human resource modeling techniques. The first phase of the project involved an extensive literature survey and development of version 1 of the software after limited exposure of the demonstration software to various stakeholders. An enhanced version 2 of the software was developed from the feedback received from various users through pilot studies and presentations. The development of the computerised Human Resource Planning and Management System (HRPMS) assists managers to undertake human resource planning of water services institutions.
End use analysis: issues and lessons
Authors: White S. , Milne G. , Riedy C. 
Published: May 2018

Methodologies for end use analysis have been developed by different researchers in the energy and water fields and in different areas in the world over the last 20 years. While there are core features associated with the methodologies and models used, the differences can provide insight into the ways that they might be improved, as well as the differences that may be required in different regions and when models are used for different purposes.
In addition to reviewing the field of end use analysis and appliance stock models, this paper will focus on two case studies. The first is the Sydney Water End Use Model, developed as part of the Sydney Water Least Cost Planning Study. This model has been developed and used to project the demand for water in Sydney over the next 20 years under business as usual scenario, as well as allow the projection of a number of scenarios which include major investment in water efficiency and effluent reuse programs as well as regulatory options to improve the efficiency of water using appliances in stalled in new buildings. Key features of the Sydney Water End Use Model include the fact that it takes into account the fact that the efficiency of toilets in Australia has a much larger range than (say) the US, in that the dual flush toilet was introduced in (to date) three stages. The model also accounts for projections of demographic and land use change which has been particularly dramatic in Sydney, particularly the movement to smaller occupancy rates in dwellings, and towards multi-family residential dwellings.
The second case study will demonstrate the linkages between end use modeling of energy using and water using appliances. A model of residential energy use in Australia has been developed as part of a research project to develop greenhouse abatement scenarios for Australia, and many of the appliances modeled overlap with the water end use model, including clothes washing machines, dishwashers, showerheads and taps. This more recent modeling exercise has revealed the importance of key assumptions in standard stock modeling techniques, and highlighted the need for earlier starting dates for stock modeling.
The process and results of these two case studies will be presented, and conclusions drawn about further improvements in end use analysis for both water and energy use. The linkage between the use of backcasting as a planning tool, and the use of end use analysis as a pre-requisite for the development of a demand management program is highlighted.
Municipal wastewater reclamation: where do we stand? An overview of treatment technology and management practice
Authors: Bixio D. , De heyder B. , Cikurel H. , Muston M. , Miska V. , Joksimovic D. , Schäfer A.I. , Ravazzini A. , Aharoni A. , Savic D. , Thoeye C. 
Published: May 2018

Water reclamation implementation and management practices at municipal wastewater treatment plants throughout the world are reviewed and some implementation and operational issues are defined. The information is based on a conventional literature survey, on an in depth survey study of European, Israeli and Australian medium and large-scale water reclamation utilities and on the findings of a dedicated international workshop.
The review identified over 3,300 water reclamation projects and designed the map of the main process technologies and their fields of product water application. The main conclusion of the enquiry is that the technological risks no longer represent a major concern for the development of water reclamation projects, rather issues such as the financing, failure management and social acceptance have become more critical.
Organic Micropollutants in Effluent Recharge to Groundwater
Authors: Clark L , Baxter K M 
Published: May 2018

Groundwater pollution by organic material derived from the recharge of raw, untreated sewage effluent has been studied at the sewage treatment works at Whitchurch in Hampshire. This organic investigation consisted of two parts; the validation of the sampling and analytical techniques and the field investigation.
Sampling points for the survey included open boreholes lined with uPVC or mild steel as well as specially designed buried in-situ groundwater samplers of uPVC or stainless steel construction. Laboratory leaching tests show significant pollution of sampled water by nylon and uPVC components and indicate that all plastics must be avoided in sample point construction. The in-situ samplers with stainless steel bodies and PTFE sampling tubes proved satisfactory.
The organic field survey showed that the organic pollution plume is coincident with the inorganic plume from the effluent recharge site. The total organic content of the effluent is reduced through infiltration; 85 per cent is removed in the unsaturated zone and a further 14 per cent during 300 m of lateral flow. The number of organic compounds at significant concentrations also is greatly reduced through infiltration. The most persistent micropollutant identified as coming solely from the sewage is dichlorobenzene which is present at about 9 µg/l below the recharge lagoons and 1 µg/l in the pollution plume 300 m from the site.
Environmental Impact of the Microbial Aerosol Emissions from Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Lue-Hing C , Zenz D R , Sedita S J 
Published: May 2018

The literature on microbial emissions from wastewater treatment plants is reviewed and a major study of microbial aerosol emissions from such a plant is described and discussed.
The literature was found to be repleted with studies which showed that microbial aerosols are emitted from wastewater treatment plants but rapid die-away was shown once the aerosols reach the ambient air. Epidemiological studies of wastewater treatment plant workers and of communities nearby such plants gave overwhelming evidence to show that wastewater treatment plants do not affect the health of the local populace nor the plant workers themselves.
The paper describes a major study of the microbial aerosol emissions of a waste-water treatment plant operated by the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. In this study, it was found that aerosols containing microorganisms were emitted from the aeration tank surface at rates of 208 to 386 standard plate counts per cubic meter of air at a distance of 0.3 m above the surface. However, it was found that there was rapid die-away of microbial emission with distance from the aeration tanks both horizontally and vertically.
It was concluded, based upon the literature review and the major study described, that microbial aerosol emissions from wastewater treatment plants were not a significant factor in the health of the surrounding populace.
Viability and Adaptability of E. coli. and Enterococcus Group to Salt Water with High Concentration of Sodium Chloride
Authors: Omura T , Onuma M , Hashimoto Y 
Published: May 2018

Some experiments were carried out to examine the adaptability of E. coli. and enterococcus group to salt water with high concentration of sodium chloride after the experiments on viability in this salt water.
Unlike E. coli. type I, when E.coli. type II was repeatedly exposed to salt water, the survival of E.coli. type II was changed from rapid extinction to multiplication as the experiments went on. At the same time, it was also made clear by means of the IMViC test that E.coli. type II was replaced by Citrobacter freundii as E.coli. type II adapted itself to salt water.
The enterococcus group was separated into four distinct types; S. faecalis, S. faecalis var. liquefaciens, S. faecium and S. durans. The results of the experiments on viability in salt water indicated that S. faecalis var. liquefaciens possessed the greatest viability, and S. faecium the weakest. From the results of the experiments on adaptability, it was found that each type of enterococcus group had a different adaptability to salt water. In spite of the weakest viability, S. faecium could adapt itself to salt water as well as S. faecalis and S. faecalis var. liquefaciens. On the other hand, S. durans could not adapt itself to salt water at all.
Impact of Nuclear Power Plants of the Pwr-Type on River Water Quality (Case-Report of the River Meuse)
Authors: Masschelein W J , Genot J 
Published: May 2018

Five years' experience with data of the TAILFER plant located 48 km downstream of the nuclear power site of GHOOZ is reported so as to provide guidelines for the examination of future nuclear cases.
The factors considered are: the reduction in water flow and thermal impacts, the discharge of nuclear active effluents and the physico-chemical impact of enrichment in salts and suspended matter.
Primary importance must be given to the proportion of the discharges in terms of added (instantaneous) volume activities. In the case of inland rivers the most active effluents, including the particular isotope tritium, are contained in a reduced volume (1400 m3/l000 MWe), and are best evacuated to other sites.
Guidelines to check the river water quality are based on the measurement of 3H, total γ, and especifically, Go60, Cs13737, Mn54, Co58, and Cs134.
Flow measurement and river transfer modelling must be part of the study of the impact as illustrated by this case-report.
A Comparative Study of Methods for Concentration of Human Enteroviruses from Sewage
Authors: Martins M T , Marques E , Soares L A 
Published: May 2018

A study has been undertaken to determine a suitable method for virus isolation from sewage samples in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The samples were concentrated by the following methods: adsorption on aluminum hydroxide flocs; precipitation by aluminum sulfate; adsorption to and elution from membrane filters followed by organic flocculation; direct organic flocculation as a single-step concentration method and electropositive cartridge filter, AMF Cuno. The BS-C-1 cell line and the plaque technique were used for virus assay.
Out of the methods employed, the Al(OH)3, method presented the best recovery rates (185.6 PFU), followed by AMF Cuno method (58.0 PFU), organic flocculation as a second-step concentration method (40.6 PFU), direct organic flocculation (24.3 PFU) and adsorption on Al2SO4). (6.0 PFU). From a total of 1,037 viruses isolated, 176 strains were identified: 110 were Coxsackie B virus (62.5%), 57 were poliovirus (32.4%) and 7 were Echovirus (4.0%). Two virus strains remained untyped.