bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Reasoning: Theory and Research in Developmental Science
Authors: Dahl Audun , Killen Melanie 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMoral reasoning is integral to morality and its development. We define moral reasoning as the formation of judgments in accordance with principles concerning others' welfare, rights, and fairness. By this definition, moral reasoning is distinct from other types of social reasoning, for instance, reasoning about social conventions and traditions. Contrary to some views of moral reasoning, we argue that moral reasoning can happen quickly as well as slowly, can invoke several different principles, and sometimes involves uncertainty. This chapter reviews research on the precursors of moral reasoning in infancy and toddlerhood. We then discuss early forms of moral reasoning during the preschool years. Next, the chapter discusses the development of moral reasoning in multifaceted contexts during childhood and adolescence, with a focus on reasoning about intergroup contexts. We conclude by outlining some future directions for research on moral reasoning in children and adults.
Psychology and Neuroscience of Person Perception
Authors: Brooks Jeffrey A. , Freeman Jonathan B. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUnderstanding other people is an important and consequential task, and thus it is not surprising that the perceptual system is attuned to extract relevant information (e.g., social categories, identity, traits, and intentions) available in the faces, bodies, and voices of other people. As a result, social information is quickly inferred from even a brief glimpse of another's face, although this process can be prone to systematic biases. Recent interdisciplinary developments spanning across social psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and vision science have enabled a deeper understanding of person perception and its underlying cognitive and neural mechanisms. In this chapter, we discuss how perceptions of other people are formed rapidly not only through a wealth of bottom‐up features inherent in the target of perception (e.g., facial, bodily, and vocal cues) but also through a number of top‐down factors harbored in the perceiver (e.g., stereotypes, person knowledge, goals, and intergroup processes). In addition, we discuss extant research on the neural architecture of person perception and recent computational models. We conclude by discussing downstream consequences of person perception (e.g., discrimination and bias in leadership roles and mate selection) and emerging approaches to person perception that trace these downstream consequences to more basic processes.
Group Processes and Intergroup Relations
Authors: Hogg Michael A. , Gaffney Amber M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe study of group processes and intergroup relations is an inquiry into how people perceive and interact with others who are members of the same group as oneself (in‐group) or members of a different group (out‐group). Group life is absolutely central to the human condition, so it is not surprising that this is a very wide ranging topic and a core focus of social psychology. The study of group processes and intergroup relations includes the study of group formation, socialization and dissolution; group performance and structure; conformity and obedience to authority; leadership; group decision making; conflict and cooperation between groups; self and social identity; social stigma and disadvantage; prejudice and discrimination; and collective action and social protest. In this chapter we provide an overview of what social psychologists have learned from more than a century of research on how people behave as members of groups.
Explicit and Implicit Emotion Regulation
Authors: Braunstein Laura Martin , Ochsner Kevin N. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis chapter describes the emotion regulation framework and illustrates how different combinations of emotion regulation goals and emotion change processes yield the four classes of emotion regulation strategies: explicit controlled, implicit automatic, implicit controlled, and explicit automatic. It reviews neural and behavioral features of each of the four classes of emotion regulation. Explicit‐controlled emotion regulation strategies are supported by increased engagement of prefrontal and cingulate cortical brain systems involved in cognitive control, with different combinations of systems recruited depending on the specific strategy. The chapter summarizes the systems involved in implicit‐controlled regulation, but future work is needed to understand the neural systems that support implicit regulation goals. It considers the framework to guide discussion of three different directions for future work: further unpacking the nature of the underlying neural systems, understanding the temporal dynamics of regulation, and elucidating factors that influence regulation success.
Self‐Evaluation
Authors: Beer Jennifer S. , Rigney Anastasia E. , Koski Jessica E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis chapter reviews behavioral and neuroscience research aimed at understanding self‐evaluation. The chapter addresses several questions including: How do we learn who we are? How is information about the self represented? How are our emotions and behaviors shaped by self‐evaluation and self‐knowledge? What is the neural basis of self‐evaluation and self‐knowledge? Are self‐evaluation and self‐knowledge any different than the ways in which we evaluation and represent knowledge about other people (when is self similar to intimate others, when is it actually more similar to non‐intimate others?)? The chapter concludes by discussing future directions for research on the self with an aim toward bridging the psychological and neuroscience research.
Motivation
Authors: Harmon‐Jones Eddie , Price Tom F. , Harmon‐Jones Cindy 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMotivation underlies much perception, cognition, and behavior. As such, it is studied from many levels of analysis within psychology and neuroscience. In this chapter, we review research and theory on the psychology of motivation from the perspective of social emotive neuroscience, which is an integrative approach involving social/personality psychology, psychophysiology, affective neuroscience, and the study of emotions and motivation within humans. More specifically, this chapter reviews theory and research on two major dimensions of motivation: motivational intensity and motivational direction (approach/withdrawal). In particular, theory and research are reviewed that demonstrate how motivational intensity and direction are related to psychophysiological and cognitive responses. The reviewed research also considers individual differences and bodily expressions/postures. Moreover, theory and research are reviewed that suggest that cognitive dissonance processes may be aimed at resolving motivational conflicts. This review illustrates the benefits of the integrative approach of social emotive neuroscience.
Computational Modeling in Cognition and Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Lewandowsky Stephan , Oberauer Klaus 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe survey the utility and function of mathematical and computational models in cognitive science by emphasizing their role as a reasoning aid for researchers. Unlike purely verbal theorizing, the rigor of computational models forces researchers to understand the implications of theoretical constructs. We review four types of models: (1) Descriptive models, which replace the raw data with parameter estimates but are not constrained by any prior theoretical assumptions. (2) Measurement models, which are also fitted to individuals or experimental conditions by unconstrained parameter estimation, but that embody strong structural assumptions that constrain the way in which dependent variables in an experiment are related. (3) Explanatory models, which go beyond measurement models by postulating not only the processes that operate in a single condition in an experiment but also explain how and why experimental conditions differ from each other. (4) Finally, cognitive architectures. which seek to explain a broad range of cognitive processes and activities at a higher level of (often symbolic) abstraction. For all types of model, we show how they can be related to the neural underpinnings of cognition.
Model Comparison in Psychology
Authors: Myung Jay I. , Pitt Mark A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHow does one decide between competing explanations of the phenomenon under study from limited and noisy data? This is the problem of model comparison, which is at the very foundation of scientific progress in all disciplines. This chapter introduces quantitative methods of model comparison in the context of cognitive modeling. The chapter begins with a conceptual discussion of some key elements of model evaluation. This is followed by a comprehensive and comparative review of major methods of model comparison developed to date, especially for modeling data in cognitive science. The final section illustrates the use of selected methods in choosing among four mathematical models of memory retention.
The Categorization Experiment: Experimental Design and Data Analysis
Authors: Ashby F. Gregory , Valentin Vivian V. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe long history of categorization experiments indicates that many important design choices can critically affect the quality of the resulting data. Unfortunately, the optimal choices depend on the goals of the experiment, so there is no single template that a new researcher can follow. This chapter describes methods needed to design effective categorization experiments, and specialized methods for analyzing the resulting data. First, a number of important experimental design choices are discussed, including: (a) whether a categorization or identification experiment is more appropriate, (b) what type of category structure should be used, (c) how to choose the stimuli, (d) how to construct the categories so they have optimal statistical properties, (e) how to present feedback following each response, and (f) design choices that make it easy to assess participant performance. Second, several specialized methods for analyzing categorization data are described, including forward and backward learning curves, and a statistical procedure for strategy analysis that can identify participants who were guessing, using a single‐cue explicit rule, or using some multi‐cue similarity‐based strategy.
Uncovering Mental Architecture and Related Mechanisms in Elementary Human Perception, Cognition, and Action
Authors: Townsend James T. , Wenger Michael J. , Houpt Joseph W. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis chapter is a tutorial on and review of a theory‐driven, quantitative approach to studying human information processing systems. Key properties in such systems comprise mental architecture, workload capacity, decisional stopping rules, and several varieties of independence, among others. We outline the early history of such interests, which began in the 19th century and then were reopened in the 1960s. We point out the hazards due to the frequent ability of even mathematically specified models to mimic each other's experimental predictions. Next, we show how the deepest properties of distinct psychological principles can, through what we term “meta‐theory,” be engaged to prove powerful theorems regarding model distinctions and transferred to incisive experimental designs that avoid the dilemma of model mimicry. This meta‐theory and its associated experimental designs have been implemented to address a wide variety of theoretical and empirical questions regarding attention, perception, psychophysics, memory processes, decision making, and categorization. This range of implementations—running from basic science to applied arenas such as clinical pathologies and human factors research—underscores the generality and potency of this approach.
Convergent Methods in Memory Research
Authors: Dobbins Ian G. , Schnyer David M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis chapter illustrates a convergent approach to memory research highlighting both lateral convergence (the testing of theory convergence across different methodologies and dependent variables) and vertical convergence (the testing of theory convergence at different levels of data aggregation/analysis). The need for the latter is illustrated by considering the ecological fallacy and Simpson's Paradox, and demonstrating interesting recognition decision model predictions at lower levels of data aggregation than typically considered (via Monte Carlo simulation). Following this, we focus on one illustration involving the neural bases of repetition priming that relied heavily on convergent approaches to build the case that aspects of recognition priming behavior, and its associated neural activation patterns, were governed by response learning processes. We then conclude by highlighting statistical classification learning applied to memory‐linked natural language reports, and Monte Carlo simulation of basic memory decision models, followed by a call for reviewers and editors to press authors to perform convergent data analyses when possible.
An Overview of Neural Time Series Analyses
Authors: Cohen Michael X. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCognitive electrophysiology is a scientific discipline that is defined by using the brain's electrophysiological activity in order to understand brain functional organization and how that relates to cognition and behavior. The data analyses used in cognitive electrophysiology have expanded enormously over the past few decades from simple averaging to complex nonlinear dynamical interactions. This chapter will provide an introduction to and overview of the major classes of data analyses that are currently applied in this field.
Methods forfMRIAnalysis
Authors: White Corey N. , Poldrack Russell A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a safe, noninvasive method for measuring neural function and relating it to behavior and cognitive processes. The fMRI procedure is being increasingly employed to answer questions about how and where information is processed in the brain to guide behavior. This general overview of fMRI centers on practical concerns for researchers wishing to use fMRI to answer their own questions about the relationship between brain and behavior.In this chapter we review the basic principles of fMRI‐based cognitive neuroscience, focusing on (a) the history and development of fMRI for observing neural function, (b) the nature of the fMRI signal and its relation to neural activation and cognitive processes, (c) the types of questions that can be addressed using fMRI, (d) concerns for experimental design and statistical analysis, and (e) advanced approaches for fMRI‐based meta‐analysis. The strengths and limitations of fMRI are discussed relative to how this method can best be used to elucidate the complex relationship between cognition and neural processes.
Risk Factors Associated with Mortality of Age-0 Smallmouth Bass in the Susquehanna River Basin, Pennsylvania
Authors: Walsh Heather L. , Blazer Vicki S. , Smith Geoffrey D. , Lookenbill Michael , Alvarez David A. , Smalling Kelly L. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Evidence of disease and mortalities of young of the year (age-0) Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu has occurred during the late spring and summer in many parts of the Susquehanna River watershed since 2005. To better understand contributing factors, fish collected from multiple areas throughout the watershed as well as out-of-basin reference populations (Allegheny and Delaware River basins; experimental ponds, Kearneysville, West Virginia) were examined grossly and histologically for abnormalities. Tissue contaminant concentrations were determined from whole-body homogenates, and water contaminant concentrations were estimated using time-integrated passive samplers at selected sites. Observed or isolated pathogens included bacteria, predominantly motile Aeromonas spp. and Flavobacterium columnare; largemouth bass virus, and parasites, including trematode metacercariae, cestodes, and the myxozoan Myxobolus inornatus. Although these pathogens were found in age-0 Smallmouth Bass from multiple sites, no one pathogen was consistently associated with mortality. Chemicals detected in tissue included polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, organochlorine, and current-use pesticides. Pyraclostrobin, PCB congeners 170 and 187, cis-chlordane and trans-nonachlor were detected in all Susquehanna watershed samples but rarely in samples from the reference site. The findings support the idea that there is no single cause for disease of age-0 Smallmouth Bass; rather the cumulative effects of co-infections and potential immunomodulation by environmental stressors during a sensitive developmental life stage may lead to mortality. Identifying the most important risk factors will be necessary for more in-depth analyses of individual stressors and better management of the habitat and fish populations.
Aged care services in Australia and commentary on lessons learnt
Authors: Chan Daniel K. Y. , Chan Luke K. M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Australian aged care service is a mature and evolving service. It is comprehensive with good continuity of care between hospital and community. Innovative models of care that are built on the principles of improved efficiency, better quality, and safety are constantly being introduced as our population is aging, resulting in higher demand in our healthcare services and increasing healthcare cost. Collaborative effort of a multidisciplinary team underpins our successful aged care model as most of our older patients have multiple comorbidities with various functional and psychosocial needs. General practitioners play an important role in the care of older patients in the community.
The association of irregular sleep habits with the risk of being overweight/obese in a sample of Portuguese children aged 6–9 years
Authors: Machado‐Rodrigues Aristides M. , Fernandes Rômulo , Gama Augusta , Mourão Isabel , Nogueira Helena , Rosado‐Marques Vítor , Padez Cristina 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe consequences of irregular sleep duration at younger ages remains uncertain, especially when we consider shorter and longer than recommended sleep durations. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the association between healthy sleep duration and risk of obesity in Portuguese children.MethodsThe sample for this cross‐sectional study comprised 8273 children (4183 females) aged 6–9 years. Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Sleep habits and sedentary behaviors (i.e., TV viewing) were assessed by questionnaire. Logistic regressions were used.ResultsAfter adjustments for confounders, males who have irregular sleep duration were 1.28 times more likely to be classified as overweight or obese than their counterparts who had normal sleep duration on weekdays. No associations between sleep duration and overweight/obesity risk were found for girls, neither on weekdays nor on the weekend. For both boys and girls, the final model showed a significant inverse association between overweight/obesity risk and the educational level of fathers (males: 95% CI 0.51 to 0.79, P < .001; females: 95% CI 0.57 to 0.87, P < .01).ConclusionFindings revealed that shorter and longer than recommended sleep duration was positively associated with risk of obesity in boys on weekdays. Furthermore, pediatric obesity risk could be highly influenced by the education level of fathers of both males and females. Future research should extend a similar design, using objective measures of sleep duration to confirm some of the afore‐mentioned results.
Chelation‐Assisted β‐Selective Direct C−H Bond Arylation of 2‐Thienylthioamide Catalyzed by Palladium–1,10‐Phenanthroline Complexes
Authors: Shibahara Fumitoshi , Asai Yusuke , Murai Toshiaki 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA palladium–1,10‐phenanthroline‐catalyzed chelation‐assisted β‐selective direct C−H bond arylation of thienylthioamide was developed. The base used critically affected the reactivity: a β‐selective (3‐selective) reaction took place with K2CO3, and both the α‐ and β‐positions were arylated to give 3,5‐diarylated product with the use of Cs2CO3. The chelation‐assisted palladation affording palladacycles was confirmed by stoichiometric reactions of thienylthioamide and the catalyst precursor.
Perspektiven für das Verständnis fundamentaler Elektronenkorrelationen durch Attosekundenspektroskopie
Authors: Kraus Peter M. , Wörner Hans Jakob 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMolekülorbitale sind ein sehr erfolgreiches Konzept in der Chemie zur Beschreibung der elektronischen Struktur von Molekülen. Diese Beschreibung ist jedoch unzureichend, wenn die Elektronen in Molekülen stark korreliert sind und nicht als unabhängige Teilchen behandelt werden können. Die Auswirkungen solcher Elektronenkorrelationen sind allgegenwärtig in der Spektroskopie innerer Valenzelektronen durch Ultraviolett‐ und Röntgenstrahlen, außerdem können Elektronenkorrelationen Ladungswanderungen in Molekülen vorantreiben und sind verantwortlich für viele exotische Eigenschaften stark korrelierter Materialien. Zeitaufgelöste Spektroskopie mit Attosekundenzeitauflösung kann im Allgemeinen Elektronendynamik in Echtzeit verfolgen und dadurch einen experimentellen Zugang zu Phänomenen eröffnen, welche durch Elektronenkorrelation vorangetrieben werden. Die Spektroskopie hoher Harmonischer im Speziellen verwendet die präzise zeitabgestimmte Rekollision von Laser‐beschleunigten Elektronen, um die elektronische Struktur und Dynamik des untersuchten Systems auf einer sub‐Femtosekunden‐Zeitskala zu messen. In diesem Aufsatz diskutieren wir die Möglichkeiten der Spektroskopie hoher Harmonischer, um Elektronendynamik in Molekülen zu verfolgen. Wir besprechen, wie die Spektroskopie hoher Harmonischer auf qualitative und quantitative Weise analysiert werden kann, um die detaillierte Elektronendynamik in Molekülen nach der Ionisierung zu verfolgen. Ein neuer theoretischer Formalismus für die Rekonstruktion von korrelationsgetriebener Ladungsmigration wird eingeführt. Die Bedeutung der Elektronen‐Ionen‐Verschränkung und der elektronischen Kohärenz für die Rekonstruktion der Elektronenlochdynamik auf der Attosekundenskala wird diskutiert. Diese Fortschritte machen die Spektroskopie mit hohen Harmonischen zu einer vielversprechenden Methode, um fundamentale Elektronenkorrelationen aufzudecken und experimentelle Daten zu komplexen Elektronendynamiken bereitzustellen.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Medium‐Sized Lactams via Chiral α,β‐Unsaturated Acylammonium Salts
Authors: Kang Guowei , Yamagami Masaki , Vellalath Sreekumar , Romo Daniel 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMedium‐sized lactams are important structural motifs found in a variety of bioactive compounds and natural products but are challenging to prepare, especially in optically active form. A Michael addition/proton transfer/lactamization organocascade process is described that delivers medium‐sized lactams, including azepanones, benzazepinones, azocanones, and benzazocinones, in high enantiopurity through the intermediacy of chiral α,β‐unsaturated acylammonium salts. An unexpected indoline synthesis was also uncovered, and the benzazocinone skeleton was transformed into other complex heterocyclic derivatives, including spiroglutarimides, isoquinolinones, and δ‐lactones.