bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arenaviral Nucleoproteins Suppress PACT-Induced Augmentation of RIG-I Function To Inhibit Type I Interferon Production
Authors: Shao Junjie , Huang Qinfeng , Liu Xiaoying , Di Da , Liang Yuying , Ly Hinh 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
RIG-I is a major cytoplasmic sensor of viral pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) RNA and induces type I interferon (IFN) production upon viral infection. A double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding protein, PACT, plays an important role in potentiating RIG-I function. We have shown previously that arenaviral nucleoproteins (NPs) suppress type I IFN production via their RNase activity to degrade PAMP RNA. We report here that NPs of arenaviruses block the PACT-induced enhancement of RIG-I function to mediate type I IFN production and that this inhibition is dependent on the RNase function of NPs, which is different from that of a known mechanism of other viral proteins to abolish the interaction between PACT and RIG-I. To understand the biological roles of PACT and RIG-I in authentic arenavirus infection, we analyze growth kinetics of recombinant Pichinde virus (PICV), a prototypical arenavirus, in RIG-I knockout (KO) and PACT KO mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. Wild-type (WT) PICV grew at higher titers in both KO MEF lines than in normal MEFs, suggesting the important roles of these cellular proteins in restricting virus replication. PICV carrying the NP RNase catalytically inactive mutation could not grow in normal MEFs but could replicate to some extent in both KO MEF lines. The level of virus growth was inversely correlated with the amount of type I IFNs produced. These results suggest that PACT plays an important role in potentiating RIG-I function to produce type I IFNs in order to restrict arenavirus replication and that viral NP RNase activity is essential for optimal viral replication by suppressing PACT-induced RIG-I activation.

IMPORTANCE
We report here a new role of the nucleoproteins of arenaviruses that can block type I IFN production via their specific inhibition of the cellular protein sensors of virus infection (RIG-I and PACT). Our results suggest that PACT plays an important role in potentiating RIG-I function to produce type I IFNs in order to restrict arenavirus replication. This new knowledge can be exploited for the development of novel antiviral treatments and/or vaccines against some arenaviruses that can cause severe and lethal hemorrhagic fever diseases in humans.
Infant weight gain and adolescent body mass index: comparison across two British cohorts born in 1946 and 2001
Authors: Johnson William , Bann David , Hardy Rebecca 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate how the relationship of infant weight gain with adolescent body mass index (BMI) differs for individuals born during and before the obesity epidemic era.DesignData from two British birth cohorts, the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD, n=4199) and the 2001 Millennium Cohort Study (MCS, n=9417), were used to estimate and compare associations of infant weight gain between ages 0 and 3 years with adolescent outcomes.Main outcome measuresBMI Z-scores and overweight/obesity at ages 11 and 14 years.ResultsInfant weight gain, in Z-scores, was positively associated with adolescent BMI Z-scores in both cohorts. Non-linearity in the MCS meant that associations were only stronger than in the NSHD when infant weight gain was above −1 Z-score. Using decomposition analysis, between-cohort differences in association accounted for 20%–30% of the differences (secular increases) in BMI Z-scores, although the underlying estimates were not precise with 95% CIs crossing 0. Conversely, between-cohort differences in the distribution of infant weight gain accounted for approximately 9% of the differences (secular increases) in BMI Z-scores, and the underlying estimates were precise with 95% CI not crossing 0. Relative to normal weight gain (change of −0.67 to +0.67 Z-scores between ages 0 and 3 years), very rapid infant weight gain (>1.34), but not rapid weight gain (+0.67 to +1.34), was associated with higher BMI Z-scores more strongly in the MCS (β=0.790; 95% CI 0.717 to 0.862 at age 11 years) than in the NSHD (0.573; 0.466 to 0.681) (p<0.001 for between-cohort difference). The relationship of slow infant weight gain (<−0.67) with lower adolescent BMI was also stronger in the MCS. Very rapid or slow infant weight gain was not, however, more strongly associated with increased risk of adolescent overweight/obesity or thinness, respectively, in the more recently born cohort.ConclusionsGreater infant weight gain, at the middle/upper end of the distribution, was more strongly associated with higher adolescent BMI among individuals born during (compared with before) the obesity epidemic. Combined with a secular change towards greater infant weight gain, these results suggest that there are likely to be associated negative consequences for population-level health and well-being in the future, unless effective interventions are developed and implemented.
Effect of a single prophylactic preoperative oral antibiotic dose on surgical site infection following complex dermatological procedures on the nose and ear: a prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blinded trial
Authors: Rosengren Helena , Heal Clare F , Buttner Petra G 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesThere is limited published research studying the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on surgical site infection (SSI) in dermatological surgery, and there is no consensus for its use in higher-risk cases. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a single oral preoperative 2 g dose of cephalexin in preventing SSI following flap and graft dermatological closures on the nose and ear.DesignProspective double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial testing for difference in infection rates.SettingPrimary care skin cancer clinics in North Queensland, Australia, were randomised to 2 g oral cephalexin or placebo 40–60 min prior to skin incision.Participants154 consecutive eligible patients booked for flap or graft closure following skin cancer excision on the ear and nose.Intervention2 g dose of cephalexin administered 40–60 min prior to surgery.ResultsOverall 8/69 (11.6%) controls and 1/73 (1.4%) in the intervention group developed SSI (p=0.015; absolute SSI reduction 10.2%; number needed to treat (NNT) for benefit 9.8, 95% CI 5.5 to 45.5). In males, 7/44 controls and 0/33 in the intervention group developed SSI (p=0.018; absolute SSI reduction 15.9%; NNT for benefit 6.3, 95% CI 3.8 to 19.2). SSI was much lower in female controls (1/25) and antibiotic prophylaxis did not further reduce this (p=1.0). There was no difference between the study groups in adverse symptoms attributable to high-dose antibiotic administration (p=0.871).ConclusionA single oral 2 g dose of cephalexin given before complex skin closure on the nose and ear reduced SSI.Trial registration numberANZCTR 365115; Post-results.
Bleomycin sclerotherapy for eyelid venous malformations as an alternative to surgery or laser therapy
Authors: Shigematsu Tomoyoshi , Sorscher Michelle , Dier Evelyn C , Berenstein Alejandro 
Published: April 2018

PurposeTo evaluate the clinical outcome of patients with venous malformation (VM) involving the eyelid treated with bleomycin sclerotherapy.MethodsA retrospective review was performed of 18 consecutive patients with VM involving the eyelid who underwent bleomycin sclerotherapy. Patients’ clinical presentation, details of sclerotherapy, and post-sclerotherapy resolution of the lesion as well as any procedure-related complications were evaluated.ResultsTwelve women and six men of mean age 34.3±20.4 years underwent sclerotherapy with bleomycin. Chief complaints were cosmetic disfigurations with or without hemifacial deformity (n=2), pain in engorgement area (n=2), pain and swelling from venous thrombosis (n=2), swelling or engorgement obstructing their eyesight (n=2), or eyelid dysfunction (n=1). The lesions were only in the eyelid in three patients; otherwise they were extended out of the eyelid either superiorly (n=3), laterally (n=8), inferiorly (n=8), and/or posteriorly to the orbit (n=8) to various extents. Conjunctival involvement was present in 13 patients. 14 patients had received prior treatments including surgery, laser therapy, or non-bleomycin sclerotherapy. With an average three sessions of bleomycin sclerotherapy (average total dose 34.5 mg), more than 80% shrinkage was observed in seven patients (38.9%), 50–80% shrinkage in eight patients (44.4%), and 30–50% shrinkage in two patients (11.1%). One patient had recurrence, which was successfully treated again with bleomycin. No procedure-related complications were noted.ConclusionsThe use of bleomycin appears to be a simple, safe, and effective treatment for venous malformations involving the eyelid, avoiding more elaborate and challenging surgical or laser interventions, and is even effective in full thickness lesions.
The Effect of Stress Rate on Plastic Deformation
Authors: Faucher B. , Aggarwal M. L. , Krausz A. S. 
Published: April 2018

Experimental results obtained in dislocation velocity measurements were applied to the investigation of the deformation behavior under constant stress rate condition over a wide range of variables and, as an illustration, the results Hulse and Pask obtained in MgO Single crystals have been fitted with the proposed theoretical relation. The effect of stress rate on manufacturing processes is shown to be a critical factor for materials of low stress sensitivity parameter.
Combined Convective Heat Transfer from Vertical Cylinders in a Horizontal Air-Stream
Authors: Oosthuizen P. H. , Leung R. 
Published: April 2018

Mean heat transfer rates from a series of circular cylinders mounted vertically in a horizontal air-stream have been measured. Five cylinders were used, having diameters of approximately 19 to 25 mm and heights of approximately 150 to 300 mm. Heat transfer rates from these cylinders were measured at a number of different air velocities ranging from zero to about 1.6 m/s. The results indicate that the heat transfer rate in the combined convection range is higher than it would be under the same conditions with purely free convection or purely forced convection. An attempt has been made to correlate the combined convective heat transfer rates in terms of the heat transfer rates that would exist under the same conditions in these two limiting cases of purely forced and purely free convection.
On the Role of Analysis in Mechanics
Authors: Leipholz H.H.E. 
Published: April 2018

Experimental mechanics and mathematics are closely interwoven. Experiments provide facts and data which have to be explained and made consistent by introducing hypotheses which are formulated in mathematical terms. Such hypotheses lead to new systematical experimentation and so on. The result will be a well founded theory in one of the fields of mechanics. Realizing this interaction between the two disciplines, which should be of interest to reviewers, recent developments in mathematics, which have had and will probably have a great influence on mechanics, are briefly discussed in this article.
Large Elasto-Plastic Deformations of Work-Hardening Metal Alloys
Authors: Voyiadjis G.Z. , Navaee S. 
Published: April 2018

The work outlined in this research demonstrates the applicability and effectiveness of the elasto-plastic model presented by the First author in [1] in solving complex (i.e., any shape and any deformation) finite deformation problems. The use of the Lagrangian formulation in this work eliminates the controversy regarding the choice of the appropriate co-rotational stress rate, and provides a more convenient theory than the more common spatial formulation. The aluminum alloy 2024 is used in this work as it closely displays the properties outlined by the proposed constitutive equations [1]. The problem of analysis of displacements, stresses, and strains in elements made of this material subject to arbitrarily large deformations under the conditions of plane strain or plane stress is formulated in terms of the finite element method. Numerical examples include the bending of a moderately thick plate and the stress concentration problem of a plate with a hole subjected to an uniform uniaxial loading. Experimental verification is provided for the bending of the moderately thick plate.
A Study of Dynamic Holographic Photoelasticity Using Ruby Laser
Authors: Chia Y.C. , Tong J.W. , Tou C.T. 
Published: April 2018

A solution to the problem of principal stress distribution on the boundary of a circular hole and on a section of the model in semi-infinite plate during passage of the stress wave is presented. The solution was obtained experimentally by using a polyester material model, utilizing a double-pulsed Ruby Laser with energy/pulse of 0.25 joule. The stress pulse was applied by loading with reproducible falling weight of the pendulum. Utilizing an external event to initiate the firing order of Ruby Laser and using a different time delay, we have recorded, respectively, the isochromatic and isopachic fringes at one model using a Faraday Rotator.
The Calculation of Properties of the Flow over a Backward Facing Step With the k-ε Model of Turbulence
Authors: Hackman L.P. , Strong A.B. , Raithby G.D. 
Published: April 2018

This paper reports predictions of the mean velocity, the turbulent kinetic energy and the pressure and skin friction coefficients for turbulent flow over a backward facing step based on the standard k – ε closure for the turbulence shear stresses. In previous publications, errors due to the numerical algorithm as distinct from the turbulence model have been carefully assessed using different numerical schemes and finite volume geometries and it is argued that the current results are numerically accurate. Thus one can now assess the accuracy of the k – ε model of turbulence independently of numerical error. The results predicted herein were found to be in reasonable agreement with relevant experimental data.
The Spectral Method of Calculation of Symmetric Structures of Finite Size
Authors: Dinkevich Solomon 
Published: April 2018

This article suggests a method of computing linear problems for multi-element symmetric structures of finite size; i.e., the multi-element structures associated with symmetry groups of order h > 1. Every such symmetric structure corresponds to a symmetric matrix which may have other matrices as its elements; we call the original matrix the “block-matrix” and its elements “submatrices”. In theory, every symmetric matrix can be diagonalized. In practice, however, the process of numerical diagonalization may require a prohibitive amount of computer time. If a combination of analytical and numerical decompositions of such matrices is available, it can be then utilized to substantially reduce the amount of calculation and the requirement of computer time. One such method, which we call the “Spectral Method”, is offered herein. This method is subsequently used to solve both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous systems of linear equations and to invert corresponding matrices of such structures.
Observations on the Use of Computers in the Process Planning of Machined Components
Authors: Yellowley I. , Kusiak A. 
Published: April 2018

The possibility of further integration of CAD/CAM systems is dependent upon a better understanding of the process planning function. Existing computer aids to process planning tend to stress a variant approach which does not easily allow for process evolution and optimisation. The authors describe a new approach to the optimisation of multi-operation machining processes, which should allow the pursuit of generative planning methods at higher levels of the process planning function. In order to demonstrate such an approach, the problem of optimising cost in the removal of discrete volumetric elements will be reviewed, with particular reference to the milling process. The additional problems which arise in practical cases, where several intersecting volumes must be removed are discussed. This more realistic problem is then formulated in a manner which allows the application of a simple, effective heuristic to find good results.
The Stability of Fluid Filled, Circular Cylindrical Pipes Part I - Theoretical Solutions
Authors: Sherbourne A.N. , Urrutia-Galicia J.L. 
Published: April 2018

It was shown previously that the usual engineering approach to the problem of shell stability conforms with the more general variational method. Whereas the former entails the equilibrium of all forces acting on an infinitesimal element at incipient buckling, the latter simply replaces the load terms in the general differential equations of equilibrium by equivalent “parametric” or “reduced” loads. The theory is applied to the applied to the problem of the circular, thin walled pipe acting as a simply supported beam containing fluid to any arbitrary level. By expressing the displacements and compatible internal loads in doubly infinite Fourier series which satisfy geometric and natural boundary conditions and using a Bubnov-Galerkin technique, it is possible to obtain estimates of he critical fluid density required to buckle the shell. Two cases of buckling are examined involving full and partially loaded pipes and the solution is seen to be sensitive to the number and location of harmonics included in the numerical calculations. Some logarithmic relationships are proposed between the buckling load and the shell parameters defining length and sectional slenderness. It is shown that the results can be conveniently interpreted using the parameter K which defines the nature of the stress field.
ATTITUDE DIAGRAMS FOR TORQUEFREE GYROS
Authors: Rimrott F.P.J. , Szczygielski W.M. 
Published: April 2018

For studies of the attitude behaviour of torquefree gyros, the so-called attitude diagram gives the most comprehensive and instructive information. In setting up the relationship, the concepts of kinetic energy and complementary kinetic energy supply the essential foundation. The paper begins with the fundamental equations of gyrodynamics, which are then reduced to expressions for torquefree gyros. After introduction of the attitude diagram, i.e. a Poincaré-type map of the gyro motion, it is shown that a different treatment of the available equations is indicated for cases where, the kinetic energy is high, and for cases where the kinetic energy is low.
TRANSACTIONSOF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FORMECHANICAL ENGINEERING SPECIAL ISSUE ON MECHANISMS, MACHINES AND MECHATRONICS GUEST EDITORIAL
Authors: Hayes M. John D. , Boudreau Roger 
Published: April 2018

The Canadian Committee for the Theory of Machines and Mechanisms (CCToMM) was formally recognized as a national committee member of the International Federation for the Theory of Machines and Mechanisms (IFToMM) at the Third World Congress on Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, held in Dubrovnik in 1971. CCToMM, as a national committee member of IFToMM, shares the objectives of the latter, namely, the promotion of research and development in the field of Machines and Mechanisms by theoretical and experimental methods, along with their practical applications. Every two years since its inception in 1972, CSME sponsors a national forum, in even numbered years, to promote the communication and transfer of technology between mechanical engineering experts, now known as the CSME Congress. At these congresses, which are hosted by different universities across Canada, CCToMM has negotiated a symposium to be held as a parallel session. CCToMM began organizing its own biennial M3 (Mechanisms, Machines, and Mechatronics) symposia in alternating years (the odd-numbered years). In 1999, the first CCToMM M3 Symposium was held as a stand-alone one-day event, but has grown into an event requiring two days. In an effort to highlight the high quality of a number of the works presented in the symposium, CCToMM has established the practice of publishing selected papers from the symposia in special editions of the Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering. Continuing with this practice, this Special Issue presents eight papers selected from the proceedings of the 2011 CCToMM M3 Symposium hosted at McGill University in Montreal, QC, June 2–3, 2011. The symposium was co-chaired by Professors József Kövecses, Roger Boudreau, and Juan A. Carretero. Eighteen full papers and five extended abstracts were accepted for presentation and organized into seven sessions: Control; Dynamics I; Kinematics; Wire Actuated Parallel Manipulators; Dynamics II; Design and Implementation; and Wire Actuated Parallel Manipulators and Failure Analysis. All of the papers submitted to the 2011 CCToMM M3 Symposium were first subject to examination by at least two independent reviewers prior to the symposium. The eight selected papers subsequently underwent complete Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering peer-review. Acceptance into this Special Issue was based on completion of the reviewers recommended and mandatory changes and final examination by the Guest Editors.
Early Oligocene partial melting via biotite dehydration melting and prolonged low-pressure–low-temperature metamorphism of the upper High Himalaya Crystalline Sequence in the far east of Nepal
Authors: Imayama T. , Takeshita T. , Yi K. , Fukuyama M. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Early Oligocene partial melting and prolonged low-pressure–low-temperature (low-P/T) metamorphism were investigated in migmatites and orthogneisses from the upper High Himalaya Crystalline Sequence (HHCS) in the far east of Nepal. The migmatites were formed by biotite dehydration melting at
c.
800°C from 33 to 25 Ma. Cordierite was only produced at shallow crustal levels at pressures <6 kbar. After Early Oligocene partial melting, the low-P/T metamorphism continued until 17 Ma during exhumation of the cordierite-bearing migmatites. Early Oligocene biotite dehydration melting in the upper HHCS occurred at different times and locations from the Early Miocene muscovite dehydration melting in the underlying HHCS and the metamorphic discontinuity was accompanied by thrusting of the High Himalayan Discontinuity at
c.
27–19 Ma. Pervasive partial melting and prolonged low-P/T metamorphism in the upper HHCS is more compatible with a lateral southwards channel flow of the upper HHCS along the High Himalayan Discontinuity, whereas current channel flow models explaining the exhumation of the HHCS as driven only by the coupled activity of the Main Central Thrust and South Tibetan Detachment have faced difficulties in explaining the timing of the low-P/T metamorphism observed in the upper HHCS.

Supplementary material:
The representative cordierite compositions from the cordierite migmatites, the far east of Nepal are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4068815