bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
História difícil e etnocentrismo: o ensino de história e o genocídio de Ruanda na web
Authors: Fonseca Danilo Ferreira da , Germinari Geyso Dongley 
Published: March 2019

A consciência histórica no mundo contemporâneo tem a função vital de instituir sentido temporal à vida humana, por meio de processos específicos de aprendizagem a consciência articula passado, presente e futuro numa mesma estrutura temporal que estabelece sentido histórico ao indivíduo e ao mundo. As mudanças temporais vividas e sofridas como instabilidade carecem de novos significados no curso do tempo, necessitam de sentido histórico para continuidade das atividades humanas cotidianas. As mudanças temporais que desestabilizam a vida podem ser traumáticas, hostis, amargas, tristes, pesadas, conflitivas, difíceis de serem vividas, aquilo que o historiador e didaticista alemão Bodo von Borries (2016) chama de Burdening History, que são histórias difíceis de serem ensinadas e aprendidas, porque carregam sentimentos fortes de culpa, vergonha e luto. Com base neste pressuposto, buscou-se contribuir com debate, a partir da reflexão acerca do ensino de História sobre Ruanda, particularmente acerca do chamado genocídio de Ruanda. O estudo analisou sítios da Web de divulgação de conteúdos históricos. É crescente a utilização da internet no ambiente escolar, tanto pelas crianças e jovens, quanto pelos professores.
Ultrathin Polyoxometalate Coating as the Redox Shuttle for Acid‐Free Electrochromic Polymer Capacitive Windows
Authors: Wang Shi‐Ming , Kim Younghoon , Kim Byeonggwan , Han Minsu , Kim Eunkyoung 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPolyoxometalate is explored as a redox shuttle for non‐electrochromic charge‐balancing material of the conjugated polymer (CP)‐based electrochromic window (ECW). H3PW12O40 is electrochemically deposited on a TiO2 nanoparticle film that is coated on a fluorine doped tin oxide glass. The content of PW12 is increased as the TiO2 film is thicker. The PW12‐coated TiO2 film (PWTNF) is applied as a counter electrode (CE) of a CP‐based ECW in an ionic liquid electrolyte, to increase the potential distribution at the CP‐coated working electrode, thereby decreasing the operation voltage of the ECW. This could be ascribed to the function of PW12 as an electron acceptor and redox shuttle that allows effective charge transport from/to the CE and nearby TiO2 nanoparticles. For the optimized ECW with PWTNF as a CE, the maximum optical contrast is obtained at the applied voltage of 1.5 to −2.0 V (68%), along with long cyclability (2500 cycles), bistability (> 2.35 h) and UV stability (> 60 h). The ECW with PWTNF exhibits reproducible capacitive properties, along with high figure of merit for color change with a high power output, in acid‐free electrolyte for the first time.
Hierarchical Porous Ni3S4 with Enriched High‐Valence Ni Sites as a Robust Electrocatalyst for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wan Kai , Luo Jiangshui , Zhou Chen , Zhang Ting , Arbiol Jordi , Lu Xihong , Mao Bing‐Wei , Zhang Xuan , Fransaer Jan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractElectrochemical water splitting is a common way to produce hydrogen gas, but the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) significantly limits the overall energy conversion efficiency of water splitting. In this work, a highly active and stable, meso–macro hierarchical porous Ni3S4 architecture, enriched in Ni3+ is designed as an advanced electrocatalyst for OER. The obtained Ni3S4 architectures exhibit a relatively low overpotential of 257 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 300 mV at 50 mA cm−2. Additionally, this Ni3S4 catalyst has excellent long‐term stability (no degradation after 300 h at 50 mA cm−2). The outstanding OER performance is due to the high concentration of Ni3+ and the meso–macro hierarchical porous structure. The presence of Ni3+ enhances the chemisorption of OH−, which facilitates electron transfer to the surface during OER. The hierarchical porosity increases the number of exposed active sites, and facilitates mass transport. A water‐splitting electrolyzer using the prepared Ni3S4 as the anode catalyst and Pt/C as the cathode catalyst achieves a low cell voltage of 1.51 V at 10 mA cm−2. Therefore, this work provides a new strategy for the rational design of highly active OER electrocatalysts with high valence Ni3+ and hierarchical porous architectures.
Electrical Conduction at the Interface between Insulating van der Waals Materials
Authors: Kashiwabara Yuta , Nakano Masaki , Nakagawa Yuji , Wang Yue , Matsuoka Hideki , Iwasa Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEmergent properties of 2D materials attract considerable interest in condensed matter physics and materials science due to their distinguished features that are missing in their bulk counterparts. A mainstream in this research field is to broaden the scope of material to expand the horizons of the research area, while developing functional interfaces between different 2D materials is another indispensable research direction. Here, the emergence of electrical conduction at the interface between insulating 2D materials is demonstrated. A new class of van der Waals heterostructures consisting of two sets of insulating transition‐metal dichalcogenides, group‐VI WSe2 and group‐IV TMSe2 (TM = Zr, Hf), is developed via molecular‐beam epitaxy, and it is found that those heterostructures are highly conducting although all the constituent materials are highly insulating. The WSe2/ZrSe2 interface exhibits more conducting behavior than the WSe2/HfSe2 interface, which can be understood by considering the band alignments between constituent materials. Moreover, by increasing Se flux during heterostructure fabrication, the WSe2/ZrSe2 interface becomes more conducting, reaching nearly metallic behavior. Further improvement of the crystalline quality as well as exploring different material combinations are expected to lead to metallic conduction, providing a novel functionality emerging at van der Waals heterostructures.
The Growing Development of DNA Nanostructures for Potential Healthcare‐Related Applications
Authors: Mathur Divita , Medintz Igor L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDNA self‐assembly has proven to be a highly versatile tool for engineering complex and dynamic biocompatible nanostructures from the bottom up with a wide range of potential bioapplications currently being pursued. Primary among these is healthcare, with the goal of developing diagnostic, imaging, and drug delivery devices along with combinatorial theranostic devices. The path to understanding a role for DNA nanotechnology in biomedical sciences is being approached carefully and systematically, starting from analyzing the stability and immune‐stimulatory properties of DNA nanostructures in physiological conditions, to estimating their accessibility and application inside cellular and model animal systems. Much remains to be uncovered but the field continues to show promising results toward developing useful biomedical devices. This review discusses some aspects of DNA nanotechnology that makes it a favorable ingredient for creating nanoscale research and biomedical devices and looks at experiments undertaken to determine its stability in vivo. This is presented in conjugation with examples of state‐of‐the‐art developments in biomolecular sensing, imaging, and drug delivery. Finally, some of the major challenges that warrant the attention of the scientific community are highlighted, in order to advance the field into clinically relevant applications.
Ceria Nanoparticles Fabricated with 6‐Aminohexanoic Acid that Overcome Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
Authors: Jeong Han‐Gil , Cha Bong Geun , Kang Dong‐Wan , Kim Do Yeon , Yang Wookjin , Ki Seul‐Ki , Kim Song I , Han Juhee , Kim Chi Kyung , Kim Jaeyun , Lee Seung‐Hoon 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSystemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is self‐destructive and uncontrollable inflammatory response of the whole body triggered by infection, trauma, or a variety of severe injuries. Although reactive oxygen species play a pivotal role in the development of SIRS, the trials with conventional antioxidants have failed to improve patient outcome. Ceria nanoparticles (CeNPs) have potent, autocatalytic reactive oxygen species scavenging activities, which may have sufficient therapeutic effects for SIRS. Herein, 3 nm CeNPs are fabricated totally in aqueous phase by using 6‐aminohexanoic acid (6‐AHA) and their Ce3+ to Ce4+ ratio is increased to enhance antioxidative properties. The obtained 6‐AHA‐CeNPs demonstrate strong antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory effects in various biofluids and inflammatory cells. In SIRS animal models, 6‐AHA‐CeNPs are demonstrated to reduce multiple organ injuries and inflammation. Moreover, 6‐AHA‐CeNPs decrease mortality and improve clinical scores of SIRS models. These findings suggest that 6‐AHA‐CeNPs have potential as a therapeutic nanomedicine for SIRS.
Do Images of Biskyrmions Show Type‐II Bubbles?
Authors: Loudon James C. , Twitchett‐Harrison Alison C. , Cortés‐Ortuño David , Birch Max T. , Turnbull Luke A. , Štefančič Aleš , Ogrin Feodor Y. , Burgos‐Parra Erick O. , Bukin Nicholas , Laurenson Angus , Popescu Horia , Beg Marijan , Hovorka Ondrej , Fangohr Hans , Midgley Paul A. , Balakrishnan Geetha , Hatton Peter D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe intense research effort investigating magnetic skyrmions and their applications for spintronics has yielded reports of more exotic objects including the biskyrmion, which consists of a bound pair of counter‐rotating vortices of magnetization. Biskyrmions have been identified only from transmission electron microscopy images and have not been observed by other techniques, nor seen in simulations carried out under realistic conditions. Here, quantitative Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray holography, and micromagnetic simulations are combined to search for biskyrmions in MnNiGa, a material in which they have been reported. Only type‐I and type‐II magnetic bubbles are found and images purported to show biskyrmions can be explained as type‐II bubbles viewed at an angle to their axes. It is not the magnetization but the magnetic flux density resulting from this object that forms the counter‐rotating vortices.
Space‐Confined Polymerization: Controlled Fabrication of Nitrogen‐Doped Polymer and Carbon Microspheres with Refined Hierarchical Architectures
Authors: Wang Tao , Sun Yan , Zhang Liangliang , Li Kaiqian , Yi Yikun , Song Shuyan , Li Mingtao , Qiao Zhen‐An , Dai Sheng 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe construction of refined architectures plays a crucial role in performance improvement and application expansion of advanced materials. The synthesis of carbon microspheres with a refined hierarchical structure is still a problem in synthetic methodology, because it is difficult to achieve the necessary delicate control of the interior structure and outer shell across the microscale to nanoscale. Nitrogen‐doped multichamber carbon (MCC) microspheres with a refined hierarchical structure are realized here via a surfactant‐directed space‐confined polymerization strategy. The MCC precursor is not the traditional phenolic resol but a new kind of 2,6‐diaminopyridine‐based multichamber polymer (MCP) with a high nitrogen content up to 20 wt%. The morphology and sizes of MCP microspheres can be easily controlled by a dual‐surfactant system. The as‐synthesized MCC with a highly microporous shell, a multichamber inner core, and beneficial N‐doping can serve as a promising supercapacitor material.
VI3—a New Layered Ferromagnetic Semiconductor
Authors: Kong Tai , Stolze Karoline , Timmons Erik I. , Tao Jing , Ni Danrui , Guo Shu , Yang Zoë , Prozorov Ruslan , Cava Robert J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract2D materials are promising candidates for next‐generation electronic devices. In this regime, insulating 2D ferromagnets, which remain rare, are of special importance due to their potential for enabling new device architectures. Here the discovery of ferromagnetism is reported in a layered van der Waals semiconductor, VI3, which is based on honeycomb vanadium layers separated by an iodine–iodine van der Waals gap. It has a BiI3‐type structure (, No.148) at room temperature, and the experimental evidence suggests that it may undergo a subtle structural phase transition at 78 K. VI3 becomes ferromagnetic at 49 K, below which magneto‐optical Kerr effect imaging clearly shows ferromagnetic domains, which can be manipulated by the applied external magnetic field. The optical bandgap determined by reflectance measurements is 0.6 eV, and the material is highly resistive.
On‐Chip Polarization Rotators
Authors: Hou Zhi‐Shan , Xiong Xiao , Cao Jia‐Ji , Chen Qi‐Dai , Tian Zhen‐Nan , Ren Xi‐Feng , Sun Hong‐Bo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractOn‐chip polarization manipulation is proposed via a waveguide that is adiabatically twisted along its longitudinal axis, which can be fundamental building blocks for polarization‐encoded optical communication and information processing. With the help of femtosecond direct laser writing, the polarization rotators for both telecom and visible wavelengths are fabricated, which show polarization conversion efficiencies of >90% at 1550 nm and ≈80% at 646 nm, respectively. Furthermore, a polarization router consisting of multiple waveguides with different twisting angles is demonstrated. With the polarization router, photons with different polarizations are directed to different paths. Based on such platform, the path entanglement between the photons can be transformed to polarization entanglement, which will extend the quantum information technology to higher‐dimensional Hilbert space.
Amphoteric Indium Enables Carrier Engineering to Enhance the Power Factor and Thermoelectric Performance in n‐Type AgnPb100InnTe100+2n (LIST)
Authors: Xiao Yu , Wu Haijun , Wang Dongyang , Niu Changlei , Pei Yanling , Zhang Yang , Spanopoulos Ioannis , Witting Ian Thomas , Li Xin , Pennycook Stephen J. , Snyder Gerald Jeffrey , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. , Zhao Li‐Dong 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe Ag and In co‐doped PbTe, AgnPb100InnTe100+2n (LIST), exhibits n‐type behavior and features unique inherent electronic levels that induce self‐tuning carrier density. Results show that In is amphoteric in the LIST, forming both In3+ and In1+ centers. Through unique interplay of valence fluctuations in the In centers and conduction band filling, the electron carrier density can be increased from ≈3.1 × 1018 cm−3 at 323 K to ≈2.4 × 1019 cm−3 at 820 K, leading to large power factors peaking at ≈16.0 µWcm−1 K−2 at 873 K. The lone pair of electrons from In+ can be thermally continuously promoted into the conduction band forming In3+, consistent with the amphoteric character of In. Moreover, with rising temperature, the Fermi level shifts into the conduction band, which enlarges the optical band gap based on the Moss–Burstein effect, and reduces bipolar diffusion and thermal conductivity. Adding extra Ag in LIST improves the electrical transport properties and meanwhile lowers the lattice thermal conductivity to ≈0.40 Wm−1 K−1. The addition of Ag creates spindle‐shaped Ag2Te nanoprecipitates and atomic‐scale interstitials that scatter a broader set of phonons. As a result, a maximum ZT value ≈1.5 at 873 K is achieved in Ag6Pb100InTe102 (LIST).
Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 augments damage by impairing fibrinolysis after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Griemert Eva‐Verena , Schwarzmaier Susanne M. , Hummel Regina , Gölz Christina , Yang Dong , Neuhaus Winfried , Burek Malgorzata , Förster Carola Y. , Petkovic Ivan , Trabold Raimund , Plesnila Nikolaus , Engelhard Kristin , Schäfer Michael K. , Thal Serge C. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivePlasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) is the key endogenous inhibitor of fibrinolysis, and enhances clot formation after injury. In traumatic brain injury, dysregulation of fibrinolysis may lead to sustained microthrombosis and accelerated lesion expansion. In the present study, we hypothesized that PAI‐1 mediates post‐traumatic malfunction of coagulation, with inhibition or genetic depletion of PAI‐1 attenuating clot formation and lesion expansion after brain trauma.MethodsWe evaluated PAI‐1 as a possible new target in a mouse controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of traumatic brain injury. We performed the pharmacological inhibition of PAI‐1 with PAI‐039 and stimulation by tranexamic acid, and we confirmed our results in PAI‐1–deficient animals.ResultsPAI‐1 mRNA was time‐dependently upregulated, with a 305‐fold peak 12 hours after CCI, which effectively counteracted the 2‐ to 3‐fold increase in cerebral tissue‐type/urokinase plasminogen activator expression. PAI‐039 reduced brain lesion volume by 26% at 24 hours and 43% at 5 days after insult. This treatment also attenuated neuronal apoptosis and improved neurofunctional outcome. Moreover, intravital microscopy demonstrated reduced post‐traumatic thrombus formation in the pericontusional cortical microvasculature. In PAI‐1–deficient mice, the therapeutic effect of PAI‐039 was absent. These mice also displayed 13% reduced brain damage compared with wild type. In contrast, inhibition of fibrinolysis with tranexamic acid increased lesion volume by 25% compared with vehicle.InterpretationThis study identifies impaired fibrinolysis as a critical process in post‐traumatic secondary brain damage and suggests that PAI‐1 may be a central endogenous inhibitor of the fibrinolytic pathway, promoting a procoagulatory state and clot formation in the cerebral microvasculature. Ann Neurol 2019;85:667–680
Hybrid Rhodamine Fluorophores in the Visible/NIR Region for Biological Imaging
Authors: Wang Liulin , Du Wei , Hu Zhangjun , Uvdal Kajsa , Li Lin , Huang Wei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFluorophores and probes are invaluable for the visualization of the location and dynamics of gene expression, protein expression, and molecular interactions in complex living systems. Rhodamine dyes are often used as scaffolds in biological labeling and turn‐on fluorescence imaging. To date, their absorption and emission spectra have been expanded to cover the entire near‐infrared region (650–950 nm), which provides a more suitable optical window for monitoring biomolecular production, trafficking, and localization in real time. This review summarizes the development of rhodamine fluorophores since their discovery and provides strategies for modulating their absorption and emission spectra to generate specific bathochromic‐shifts. We also explain how larger Stokes shifts and dual‐emissions can be obtained from hybrid rhodamine dyes. These hybrid fluorophores can be classified into various categories based on structural features including the alkylation of amidogens, the substitution of the O atom of xanthene, and hybridization with other fluorophores.
Concise Synthesis of Potassium Acyltrifluoroborates from Aldehydes through Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Borylation/Oxidation
Authors: Taguchi Jumpei , Takeuchi Takumi , Takahashi Rina , Masero Fabio , Ito Hajime 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPotassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) were prepared through copper(I)‐catalyzed borylation of aldehydes and subsequent oxidation. This synthetic route is characterized by the wide range of aldehydes accessible, favorable step economy, mild reaction conditions, and tolerance of various functional groups, and it enables the facile generation of a range of KATs, for example, bearing halide, sulfide, acetal, or ester moieties. Moreover, this method was applied to the three‐step synthesis of various α‐amino acid analogues that bear a KAT moiety on the C‐terminus by using naturally occurring amino acids as the starting material.
Stable Diindeno‐Fused Corannulene Regioisomers with Open‐Shell Singlet Ground States and Large Diradical Characters
Authors: Lu Ru‐Qiang , Wu Shuang , Yang Lin‐Lin , Gao Wen‐Bin , Qu Hang , Wang Xiao‐Ye , Chen Jun‐Bo , Tang Chun , Shi Hai‐Yan , Cao Xiao‐Yu 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe synthesis of open‐shell polycyclic hydrocarbons with large diradical characters is challenging because of their high reactivities. Herein, two diindeno‐fused corannulene regioisomers DIC‐1 and DIC‐2, curved fragments of fullerene C104, were synthesized that exhibit open‐shell singlet ground states. The incorporation of the curved and non‐alternant corannulene moiety within diradical systems leads to significant diradical characters as high as 0.98 for DIC‐1 and 0.89 for DIC‐2. Such high diradical characters can presumably be ascribed to the re‐aromatization of the corannulene π system. Although the DIC compounds have large diradical characters, they display excellent stability under ambient conditions. The half‐lives are 37 days for DIC‐1 and 6.6 days for DIC‐2 in solution. This work offers a new design strategy towards diradicaloids with large diradical characters yet maintain high stability.
Polymer complexes. LXXVI. Synthesis, characterization, CT‐DNA binding, molecular docking and thermal studies of sulfoxine polymer complexes
Authors: El‐Sonbati Adel Z. , Diab Mostafa A. , Eldesoky Ahmed M. , Morgan Shaimaa M. , Salem Omnia L.  
Published: March 2019

Novel polymer complexes of 8‐hydroxyquinoline‐5‐sulfonic acid hydrate (H2L) with Cu2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ chloride were prepared and characterized. Microanalysis, magnetic susceptibility, IR spectra, electron spin resonance, mass spectra, X‐ray, molar conductance, thermal, and UV–Vis spectra studies have been used to confirm the structure of the prepared polymer complexes. The molecular and electronic structures of the hydrogen bond conformers for ligand (H2L) were optimized theoretically and the quantum chemical parameters were calculated. On the basis of elemental and IR data, the chemical structure of metal chelates commensurate that the tri‐dentate (H2L) coordinate to metal chlorides through oxygen atom of phenolic OH and oxygen atom of SO3‐H group by replacing H atoms and nitrogen of the quinoline ring. The magnetic studies suggested the octahedral geometrical structure for all produced polymer complexes with general formula {[ML (OH2)3] .xH2O}n (M = Cu2+, x = 1.; Co2+, x = 2 and Ni2+, x = 2) in molar ratio (1:1). Coats–Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger methods have been used for calculating the activation thermodynamic parameters of the thermal decomposition for H2L and its polymer complexes. The interaction between H2L and its transition metal complexes with the calf thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) was determined by UV–Vis spectra. Binding efficiency between H2L with the receptors of the prostate cancer (PDB code 2Q7L Hormone) and the breast cancer (PDB code 1JNX Gene regulation) was studied by molecular docking. The inhibition behaviour of H2L against the corrosion of carbon steel/HCl (2 M) solution was studied by weight loss, Tafel polarisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) techniques. The adsorption isotherm was found to be Friendlish isotherm. The morphology of inhibited carbon steel̕ s surface was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS).