bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study to Analyze the Tentorial Incisura in Indian Population, for Racial Differences and Its Impact in the Outcome of Patients with Head Injury
Authors: Kunjithapatham Deiveegan , Pachiyappan Jeyaselvasenthilkumar , Fernand Maria 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Aim To measure the size of tentorial notch in Indian population, compare it with the western population from the literature available, and analyze the relation between size of tentorial notch and the outcome in patients with head injury.
Materials and Methods The study was done using 10 cadavers and 15 autopsy specimens. In all the specimens, tentorial incisura was measured using vernier caliper after opening the skull and cutting the midbrain at the level of tentorial edge carefully without damaging the tentorium. All measurements were done in millimeters.
Results Mean values, age-dependent mean values, and percentile values were calculated for various parameters in the tentorial incisura. Majority of the tentorial incisura are of typical type. Cases of tentorial incisura are significantly smaller in the age group of 20 to 25 years. Rate of deterioration of Glasgow coma scale (GCS) is rapid when the tentorial incisura is large.
Conclusion There were no significant variations in measurements of tentorial incisura in Indian population compared with the western population. Rate of deterioration of GCS is higher in patients who had large tentorial incisura compared with other groups, which is statistically significance. However, this is to be confirmed by further study using large groups of patients to be used for clinical applications.
Tumor to Cerebellar Peduncle T2-Weighted Imaging Intensity Ratio Fails to Predict Pituitary Adenoma Consistency
Authors: Mastorakos Panagiotis , Mehta Gautam U. , Chatrath Ajay , Moosa Shayan , Lopes Maria-Beatriz , Payne Spencer C. , Jane John A. 
Published: August 2018

Object The consistency of pituitary macroadenomas affects the complexity of surgical resection. On T2-weighted (T2W) imaging, the intensity ratio of the tumor to the cerebellar peduncle (tumor to cerebellar peduncle T2-weighted imaging intensity [TCTI] ratio) correlates with meningioma consistency. We aimed to determine the correlation of this radiographic finding with pituitary macroadenoma consistency and to determine whether it can be used for preoperative planning.
Methods We performed a retrospective evaluation of 196 patients with macroadenomas who underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal resection from January 2012 to June 2017. Macroadenoma consistency was determined by one senior neurosurgeon at the time of surgery. Axial and coronal T2W magnetic resonance imaging images were evaluated retrospectively, and adenoma size, Knosp grade, suprasellar extension and TCTI were calculated.
Results The mean TCTI ratio was 1.70 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.65–1.75). Intraoperatively, 140 (71.4%) adenomas were classified as soft and 48 (24.5%) as fibrous. Gross total resection was achieved in 66.7% of fibrous adenomas and in 86.4% of soft adenomas (p = 0.007). The mean ratio was 1.68 (95% CI: 1.62–1.74) for soft tumors and 1.76 (95%CI: 1.67–1.84) for fibrous tumors. There was no difference in the mean TCTI ratio between groups. Lactotroph and somatotroph adenomas had a lower mean TCTI ratio compared with other functioning and nonfunctioning adenomas with a mean TCTI of 1.52 compared with 1.77.
Conclusions In this retrospective cohort study, we found that the TCTI ratio does not correlate with tumor consistency. We also noted that the TCTI ratio is increased in prolactin and growth hormone-secreting adenomas.
Conservative Surgical Treatment of a Case of Placenta Accreta
Authors: Biyik Ismail , Keskin Fatih , Keskin Elif Usturali 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPlacenta accreta syndromes are associated with increased maternal mortality and morbidity. Cesarean hysterectomy is usually performed in cases of placenta accreta syndrome. Fertility sparing methods can be applied. In the present study, we report a successful segmental uterine resection method for placenta accreta in the anterior uterine wall in a cesarean section case. A 39-year-old woman underwent an elective cesarean section at 38 + 2 weeks. A placental tissue with an area of 10 cm was observed extending from the anterior uterine wall to the serosa, 2 cm above the uterine incision line. The placental tissue was removed with the help of monopolar electrocautery. The uterine incision was continuously sutured. The patient was discharged on the second postoperative day. The placental pathology was reported as placenta accreta. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) generally recommends cesarean section hysterectomy in cases of placenta accreta because removal of placenta associated with significant hemorrhage. Conservative and fertility sparing methods include placenta left in situ, cervical inversion technique and triple-P procedure. There are several studies reporting that segmental uterine resection is performed with and without balloon placement or artery ligation. Segmental uterine resection may be an alternative to cesarean hysterectomy to preserve fertility or to protect the uterus in cases of placenta accreta when there is no placenta previa.
Prognostic Factors in Paranasal Sinus Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma: A SEER Database Analysis
Authors: Jain Sumit , Li Yan , Kuan Edward C. , Tajudeen Bobby A. , Batra Pete S. 
Published: August 2018

Background Outcome studies on sinonasal malignancy are limited to retrospective case series, often with inclusion of diverse histology and short follow-up. The objective of this study was to identify key predictive variables that independently impact survival for paranasal sinus squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) and to compare these variables in the context of these two distinct clinicopathologic entities.
Methods: Analysis was conducted using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1973 to 2012 to identify key variables that impact survival for SCC and AC.
Results A total of 3,714 cases were included. There were 2,895 SCC cases and 819 AC cases. The mean age at diagnosis was 64.1 years. The male to female ratio for SCC and AC was 1.85 and 1.04, respectively. Patients with SCC and AC were most often diagnosed with stage IV disease in 61.8 and 63.4% of cases, respectively. The majority of patients received combined surgery and radiation (52% for SCC and 43.1% for AC). For SCC, increased age (p < 0.001) and stage (p < 0.001) were negative predictors, and surgery improved survival (p < 0.001) on multivariate analysis. For AC, prognostic factors associated with worse survival include increased age (p < 0.001) and grade (p < 0.001) on multivariate analysis. Overall survival was significantly higher in AC compared with SCC at 5 years (p = 0.001).
Conclusion SCC and AC of the paranasal sinuses are both aggressive malignancies with poor survival. For both histological subtypes, increased age predicts worse survival and grade also closely links to survival in AC. These data have important potential implications for treatment planning and pretreatment counseling.
Morphologic Characteristics of the Submandibular Salivary Gland of the Collared Peccary (Tayassu Tajacu)
Authors: Reginato Gabriela de Souza , Bolina Cristina de Sousa , Oliveira Moacir Franco , Almeida Sonia Regina Yokomizo , Watanabe Ii-sei , Ciena Adriano Polican 
Published: August 2018

Introduction Most salivary glands is located on the inside and around the oral cavity, and are divided into major and minor salivary glands. The aim of the present study was to describe the structural and ultrastructural morphological characteristics of the lingual tissue of the submandibular glands of the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu).
Materials and Methods The submandibular glands (n = 10) of adult male collared peccaries (
T. tajacu) were used for histological and ultrastructural analysis. The techniques used were light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Results The submandibular salivary glands of the collared peccary (T. tajacu) showed a capsule formed by a connective tissue containing the acinus and duct cells. Histologically, the nuclei located at the basal region of the cells was observed. The light polarized microscopy clearly showed the presence of type I and type III collagen. In the SEM image, the submandibular salivary gland revealed a round aspect separated in several lobules with bundles of collagen fibers. The vibratome sections showed the groupings of acinar cells, with intermingled secretory ducts containing vessels of different diameters. The secretory granules were noted in the apical portion of the acinar and ductal cells. The thick bundles of collagen fibers formed a glandular capsule and were identified around of the acinar and ductal cells in three-dimensional SEM images. The TEM images showed a number of secretory granules, especially in the apical region of the cytoplasm of the acinar cells and in the basal portion of the nuclei. The granular endoplasmic reticulum area, the euchromatic nuclei and the cytoplasmic projections may be seen. Mucous acinar cells separated by fine collagen fibers were also observed.
Conclusion The morphological characteristics of the submandibular gland of the collared peccary is similar to that of other mammals with the same eating habits and habitat.
Aktuelle Konzepte zur Behandlung von Haut- und Weichteilinfektionen in Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie
Authors: von Rüden Christian , Kühl Richard , Erichsen Christoph , Kates Stephen , Hungerer Sven , Morgenstern Mario 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungHaut- und Weichteilinfektionen reichen von leichten oberflächlichen Entzündungen bis hin zu tiefen nekrotisierenden Entzündungen mit schweren systemischen Komplikationen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, diese im klinischen Alltag rasch zu diagnostizieren und drohende fatale Krankheitsverläufe zu erkennen, die ursächlichen Krankheitserreger zu identifizieren und rechtzeitig eine adäquate antimikrobielle und ggf. chirurgische Therapie einzuleiten.
Times of rest
Authors: Streeck Jürgen 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses how multiple time-scales intersect in a particular unit of embodied communicative action, body postures that are held for a moment (beyond the single sequence of talk). These time-scales are the immediate moment and its position within the unfolding interaction sequence (its duration); the personal (‘historical’) relationship among the specific persons adopting it; the workday over whose course the body tires; and the life-course over which a bodily ‘habitus’ is formed. The specific shape of a socially meaningful posture is not only responsive to interactional circumstances and tasks, as well as the relational history of the parties, but also a result of the body’s ongoing adaptations to its own organic needs, a factor taken into account in everyday perceptions and descriptions of postures, but yet to be addressed in interaction research. The posture samples in this chapter are taken from interactions in an auto-shop and a high-school classroom.
Integrative pragmatics and (im)politeness theory
Authors: Haugh Michael , Culpeper Jonathan 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, we first discuss the role that pragmatics has played in the development of (im)politeness theory, and the recent move towards a middle ground that integrates classic and discursive approaches to (im)politeness. We outline the key tenets of integrative pragmatics that afford such a move, before illustrating how these can be implemented through a case study focusing on an incident in Big Brother UK where the (ostensibly) jocular use of a racial slur by a contestant caused offence and the subsequent removal of that contestant from the show. Our analyses draw from multiple methods, including those of interactional pragmatics and corpus pragmatics. In this way, we aim to both highlight the fundamentally pragmatic basis of (im)politeness, as well as the need for a nuanced and complex theorisation that integrates multiple perspectives and methods of analysis.
Testing the morphological congruency effect in offline comprehension
Authors: Cho Jacee 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The Morphological Congruency Hypothesis states that non-target-like production or comprehension of L2 functional morphology is due to problems in activating L2 grammatical meanings that are not morphologically marked in L1 (Jiang, 2004, 2007). The present study examines whether the hypothesis holds true in L2 offline performance by comparing L1-English and L1-Korean speakers’ offline comprehension of the L2 Russian Genitive of Negation encoding specificity in negative sentences. Specificity under negation is morphologically encoded in Russian and Korean but not in English. In an acceptability judgment task, however, L1-English and L1-Korean speakers have shown similar judgment patterns. These results suggest that morphological congruency may not have the same effect in offline performance as in online performance.
Another look at L2 acquisition of French clitics and strong pronouns
Authors: Shimanskaya Elena 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The present study investigated the L2 acquisition of French clitic and strong object pronouns by adult Anglophone learners. While most previous research has focused on French object clitics and acquisition of their placement, the current study reports on two experiments comparing acquisition of clitics with acquisition of strong pronouns, investigating how L2 knowledge of pronominalization is connected to knowledge of argument structure. A grammaticality judgment task with corrections was used to examine learners’ interlanguage in each experiment. Emerging knowledge of clitics appears not to be delayed when compared to knowledge of strong pronouns complements of prepositions. Additionally, acquiring target-like associations between argument structure and pronominalization in L2 French proved as challenging (if not more) as acquiring clitics’ non-canonical sentential position.
Animacy-based processing loads in anaphora resolution in (non-native) French
Authors: Dekydtspotter Laurent , Black Mark , Frimu Rodica , Panwitz Amber Rae 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This article examines animacy-based processing loads in conceptual structure in native and non-native processing of French during the resolution of pronouns lui/elle ‘3p.sing.masc/fem’, son ‘3p.sing.gen,’ and le/la ‘3p.sing.masc/fem.acc’ in displaced constituents under reconstruction. Both lui and son in décision (à propos de lui)/(à son sujet) ‘decision about him’ involve complements, whereas le in décision le concernant ‘decision regarding him’ involves modification. In a group of advanced non-native speakers, animacy activations linked to lui differed from those linked to son relative to baseline le, despite complement status. This was not the case in native speakers. We argue that processing lui/elle vs. son in conceptual structure engages animacy at distinct levels, reflecting lexical selection and indicating that lexically defined interface representations are privileged.
The Bottleneck Hypothesis extends to heritage language acquisition
Authors: Montrul Silvina 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The Bottleneck Hypothesis (Slabakova, 2008) aims to predict which aspects of the grammatical architecture are particularly problematic in second language grammars. When comparing the acquisition of the different linguistic modules, L2 learners appear to struggle more with morphology – the bottleneck of acquisition – than with syntax and semantics. The linguistic behavior of early bilinguals who are heritage speakers appears to be similar to L2 acquisition in many respects, and their apparent similarities have sparked substantial research comparing the linguistic abilities of L2 learners and heritage speakers. This chapter extends the Bottleneck Hypothesis to heritage speakers and examines how input and output factors may cause morphology to be the bottleneck in heritage language acquisition as well.
Testing the predictions of the Scalpel Model in L3/Ln acquisition
Authors: Clements Maria , Domínguez Laura 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The Scalpel Model (SM) (Slabakova, 2017) argues that neither the L1 nor the L2 has a privileged status in L3 acquisition so transfer can occur from either the L1 or the L2 and on a property-by-property basis. We tested these predictions by examining the acquisition of Chinese null and overt subjects by twenty-five L3 Chinese learners divided into two groups: L1 English-L2 Spanish-L3 Chinese learners and L1 English-L2 non-null subject language-L3 Chinese learners. Results from a Written Production Task and a Pronoun Interpretation Task showed transfer from both background languages but for different properties supporting that transfer can, indeed, be partial in L3 acquisition. We argue that existing structural similarities between the background and the target languages are important as well.
Language dominance and transfer selection in L3 acquisition
Authors: Puig-Mayenco Eloi , Miller David , Rothman Jason 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This study examines the role Language Dominance plays in determining the source of transfer in the Initial Stages of L3 processing by investigating Negative Quantifiers in L3 English to discriminate between two possible sources of transfer in the L3 grammar of Catalan/Spanish early bilinguals. Using a Self-Paced Reading technique, two groups of early bilinguals differing in their dominant language were tested: Catalan-dominant (n = 13) and Spanish-dominant (n = 9). Our results provide evidence that Language Dominance (LD) does not trump other traditionally-assumed variables in determining the source of transfer. Additionally, the data provide evidence that true beginners of an L3 are sensitive to morphosyntactic violations when their procedural knowledge of the L3 is examined, meaning that applying methodologies that tap procedural knowledge in L3 acquisition is viable and needed (cf. Rothman, Alemán Bañón, & González Alonso, 2015).
What is easy and what is hard
Authors: White Lydia 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of research, past and present, which has explored the extent to which linguistic theory and generative second language (L2) research offer insights for the language classroom. A number of issues are addressed, including the potential role of negative evidence, questions raised by linguistically misleading input, and linguistic accounts relating to acquisition orders. Consideration is given to proposals grounded in linguistic description (such as Slabakova’s Bottleneck Hypothesis) and how such proposals can help to pinpoint problem areas for L2 learners, as well as ways of making such descriptions accessible to language teachers. It is concluded that uncovering implications for language teaching is a bonus and not a requirement of research on second language acquisition.
Nutrition.
Authors: Creasy G. L. , Creasy L. L. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

This chapter talks mainly about mineral substances that the vines need to grow and produce fruit. The nutrient analysis (including soil and plant analysis) and correction strategies and well as the different macronutrients (N, P, S, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, B and Cl) are described. Oxygen, hydrogen and carbon, derived from water and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, are also vital but will not be discussed further.
Anti-nutrient components and their concentrations in edible parts in vegetable families.
Authors: Lo D. , HsinI Wang , WanJen Wu , RayYu Yang 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Information on food composition including types and contents of nutrients and anti-nutrients is important for food and nutrition research. There is satisfactory information on established nutritive elements for various food groups. However, literature on anti-nutrient component generally scattered and scanty on few major food groups and commonly consumed plant parts. A better understanding of both the positive and negative qualities of vegetable component would help develop better evidence-based promotion and appropriate dietary strategies. This paper reviews seven types of anti-nutrient elements in vegetables: oxalates, phytates, nitrates, tannins, glucosinolates, saponins and alkaloids and their effects, mechanisms, content and processing methods. A total of 360 research papers were systematically identified and 123 were selected with acceptable anti-nutrient data. Vegetable families and plant parts with highest content of each anti-nutrient were identified, with the Leguiminosae family having highest content of phytate, tannins and saponins, and leafy vegetables having high oxalate. The simplest food processing methods to reduce anti-nutrients in vegetables are boiling and removal of certain plant parts. While consumption of vegetables with anti-nutrients do not normally cause adverse effects in the general population, future research to determine nutrient bioavailability based on diets will help increase awareness and improve recommendations on plant food intake.
Digital revolution and Big Data: a new revolution in agriculture.
Authors: Himesh S. , Rao E. V. S. P. , Gouda K. C. , Ramesh K. V. , Rakesh V. , Mohapatra G. N. , Rao B. K. , Sahoo S. K. , Ajilesh P. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This review considers the role of Big Data (BD), the digital revolution, the application of Internet of Things (loTs) and sensor technologies in the agriculture sector. The introduction is focussed on the ongoing research efforts on BD within agriculture sector, basic features of BD and latest development in BD analytics tools. In subsequent sections, the importance of BD applications in the agriculture sector and examples of their success stories in increasing farm productivity, current scenario on BD and digital agriculture, the future prospects of BD and bottlenecks in its implementation in agriculture sector are discussed. Agriculture sector is undergoing a new revolution and transformation, driven by IoT, sensor technologies, BD and cloud computing. This digital revolution in agriculture is very promising and will enable the agriculture sector to move to the next level of farm productivity and profitability. This transformation process looks irreversible and poised to revolutionize not only agriculture but the entire farm-to-food sector.
Wormlions prefer both fine and deep sand but only deep sand leads to better performance
Authors: Bar-Ziv Michael A , Bega Darar , Subach Aziz , Scharf Inon 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Wormlions are small fly larvae that dig pits in loose soil to trap their prey. Similar to other trap-building predators, like spiders and antlions, they depend on the habitat structure for successful trap construction and prey catch. We examined whether sites at which wormlions are present differ in sand depth and particle size from nearby sites, at which wormlions are absent. Next, in the laboratory we manipulated both sand depth and type (fine vs. coarse) to determine their joint effect on microhabitat preference, the size of the constructed pit, wormlion movement, and their latency to respond to prey. We expected better performance by wormlions in fine and deep sand, and the sand in wormlions’ natural sites to be finer and deeper. However, in only partial agreement with our expectations, wormlion sites featured finer sand but not deeper sand. In the laboratory, wormlions preferred both fine and deep sand, and moved more in shallow and coarse sand, which we interpret as an attempt to relocate away from unfavorable conditions. However, only deep sand led to larger pits being constructed and to a faster response to prey. The preference for fine sand could, therefore, be related to other benefits that sand provides. Finally, body mass was a dominant factor, interacting with the preference for both deep and fine sand: deep over shallow sand was more favored by large wormlions and fine over coarse sand by smaller ones. Our results suggest that several factors should be incorporated when studying microhabitat selection.