bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Axisymmetric three-dimensional gravity currents generated by lock exchange
Authors: Inghilesi Roberto , Adduce Claudia , Lombardi Valentina , Roman Federico , Armenio Vincenzo 
Published: July 2018

Unconfined three-dimensional gravity currents generated by lock exchange using a small dividing gate in a sufficiently large tank are investigated by means of large eddy simulations under the Boussinesq approximation, with Grashof numbers varying over five orders of magnitudes. The study shows that, after an initial transient, the flow can be separated into an axisymmetric expansion and a globally translating motion. In particular, the circular frontline spreads like a constant-flow-rate, axially symmetric gravity current about a virtual source translating along the symmetry axis. The flow is characterised by the presence of lobe and cleft instabilities and hydrodynamic shocks. Depending on the Grashof number, the shocks can either be isolated or produced continuously. In the latter case a typical ring structure is visible in the density and velocity fields. The analysis of the frontal spreading of the axisymmetric part of the current indicates the presence of three regimes, namely, a slumping phase, an inertial–buoyancy equilibrium regime and a viscous–buoyancy equilibrium regime. The viscous–buoyancy phase is in good agreement with the model of Huppert (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 121, 1982, pp. 43–58), while the inertial phase is consistent with the experiments of Britter (Atmos. Environ., vol. 13, 1979, pp. 1241–1247), conducted for purely axially symmetric, constant inflow, gravity currents. The adoption of the slumping model of Huppert & Simpson (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 99 (04), 1980, pp. 785–799), which is here extended to the case of constant-flow-rate cylindrical currents, allows reconciling of the different theories about the initial radial spreading in the context of different asymptotic regimes. As expected, the slumping phase is governed by the Froude number at the lock’s gate, whereas the transition to the viscous phase depends on both the Froude number at the gate and the Grashof number. The identification of the inertial–buoyancy regime in the presence of hydrodynamic shocks for this class of flows is important, due to the lack of analytical solutions for the similarity problem in the framework of shallow water theory. This fact has considerably slowed the research on variable-flow-rate axisymmetric gravity currents, as opposed to the rapid development of the knowledge about cylindrical constant-volume and planar gravity currents, despite their own environmental relevance.
A new species of trionychid turtle from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Fruitland Formation of New Mexico, USA
Authors: Joyce Walter G. , Lyson Tyler R. , Sertich Joseph J.W. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNew shell material of a trionychid turtle from the Upper Cretaceous (upper Campanian) Fossil Forest Member of the Fruitland Formation of northwestern New Mexico represents a new species,Gilmoremys gettyspherensis. The material consists of right costals I–III, V, VI, and VIII, left costals V, VII, and VIII, the left half of the entoplastron, the right hypo- and xiphiplastron, and the left hyo-, hypo-, and xiphiplastron. The specimen shows great similarities to the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) trionychidGilmoremys lancensis(Gilmore, 1916) by having a relatively thin shell, carapacial sculpturing consisting of fine pits combined with extended sinusoidal ridges or grooves, free costal rib ends, presence of a preneural, a distally constricted costal I and distally expanded costal II, two lateral hyoplastral processes, low hyoplastral shoulders, and full midline contact of the elongate xiphiplastra, but differs by being smaller, having raised sinusoidal ridges on the carapace instead of grooves, less distally expanded costals II, and less elongate xiphiplastra. Phylogenetic analysis placesGilmoremys gettyspherensisn. sp. as sister toGilmoremys lancensisnear the base of the clade Plastomenidae. Like the majority of previously described plastomenid materials, the type specimen ofGilmoremys gettyspherensisn. sp. was collected from a mudstone horizon, suggesting a preference for ponded environments.UUID:http://zoobank.org/e7165061-d86b-46b7-a1f8-c31f5a8ed628
Dietary curcumin supplementation attenuates inflammation, hepatic injury and oxidative damage in a rat model of intra-uterine growth retardation
Authors: He Jintian , Niu Yu , Wang Fei , Wang Chao , Cui Tao , Bai Kaiwen , Zhang Jingfei , Zhong Xiang , Zhang Lili , Wang Tian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRats with a normal birth weight (NBW) or intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) were fed basic diets (NBW and IUGR groups) or basic diets supplemented with curcumin (NC and IC groups) from 6 to 12 weeks. The body weight of IUGR rats was lower (P<0·05) than that of the controls. Rats with IUGR showed higher (P<0·05) concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6; higher (P<0·05) activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in their serum; and increased (P<0·05) concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHDG) in the liver compared with the NBW rats. The livers of IUGR rats exhibited a lower (P<0·05) superoxide dismutase activity and decreased (P<0·05) metabolic efficiency of the hepatic glutathione redox cycle compared with those of the NBW rats. In response to dietary curcumin supplementation, concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and activities of AST and ALT in the serum and MDA, PC and 8-OHDG in the liver were lower (P<0·05), and the hepatic glutathione redox cycle in the liver was improved (P<0·05) in the IC group than in the IUGR group. These results were associated with lower (P<0·05) phosphorylated levels of the NF-κB pathway and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and higher (P<0·05) mRNA expression of genes involved in the nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (Nfe2l2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway in the liver of the IC rats than that of the IUGR rats. Maternal undernutrition decreased birth weight and led to inflammation, oxidative damage and injury in rats. Curcumin appeared to be beneficial in preventing IUGR-induced inflammation, oxidative damage and injury by activating the expression of the NF-κB, JAK/STAT andNfe2l2/AREpathways in the liver.
Laser-driven electron acceleration in hydrogen pair-ion plasma containing electron impurities
Authors: Kargarian A. , Hajisharifi K. , Mehdian H. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this paper, the intense laser heating of hydrogen pair-ion plasma with and without electron impurities through investigation of related nonlinear phenomena has been studied in detail, using a developed relativistic particle-in-cell simulation code. It is shown that the presence of electron impurities has an essential role in the behavior of nonlinear phenomena contributing to the laser absorption including phase mixing, wave breaking, and stimulated scatterings. The inclusion of electron into an initial pure hydrogen plasma not only causes the occurrence of stimulated scattering considerably but also leads to the faster phase-mixing and wave breaking of the excited electrostatic modes in the system. These nonlinear phenomena increase the laser absorption rate in several orders of magnitude via inclusion of the electrons into a pure hydrogen pair-ion plasma. Moreover, results show that the electrons involved in enough low-density hydrogen pair-ion plasma can be accelerated to the MeV energy range.
Congenital superior caval vein aneurysm in a newborn with cystic lymphangioma: a rare case report
Authors: Attene Jessica , Casorelli Ernesto , Versacci Paolo 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDilatation of the superior caval vein is extremely rare, with few cases described among newborns. The association of aneurysm of the superior caval vein and lymphatic malformation is extremely uncommon. We report a case of a female infant with a prenatal diagnosis of superior caval vein aneurysm presenting at birth with a neck mass that was found to be a cystic lymphangioma.
The eye in CHD
Authors: Nasir-Ahmad Subha , Cordina Rachael , Liew Gerald , McCluskey Peter , Celermajer David 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a rise in the number patients with CHD surviving into adulthood. Many have complications related to their CHD or its treatments, outside the heart, including ocular abnormalities. The objective of this review is to highlight the ocular abnormalities that occur in adults with CHD, either from their condition or related to the common drugs prescribed to manage it. In particular, we reviewed the effects of cyanosis, coarctation of the aorta, endocarditis, and the side effects of Sildenafil and Amiodarone. A change in the retinal vasculature is a common observation with cyanosis or coarctation of the aorta. Occlusion of the retinal vessels may also be observed in cyanotic patients, as well as those with infectious endocarditis. Sildenafil has established ocular side effects; here they are explored in the context of therapy for pulmonary hypertension. Similarly, Amiodarone has established ocular risks, which are summarised. The high prevalence of ocular consequences in adult CHD patients reinforces the need for knowledge of the risks involved and for frequent ophthalmological screening where appropriate.
Arthropod pest complex and associated damage in field-grown tomato in Senegal
Authors: Diatte Mamadou , Brévault Thierry , Sylla Serigne , Tendeng Etienne , Sall-Sy Dienaba , Diarra Karamoko 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBiotic factors (including insect pests) constrain field-grown tomato production in Senegal. However, little information is available on the identity and life system of key pests. The objectives of this study were to: (i) update key pest records of field-grown tomato in the central vegetable-producing area along the northern coast of Senegal, known as the Niayes area; (ii) map their spatial and temporal incidence and (iii) understand insecticide use by growers to control the pests. A total of 98 tomato fields distributed in three zones along a north–south transect in the Niayes area were monitored over four crop cycles from 2012 to 2014. As expected, the tomato fruitworm Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was the most destructive pest with an occurrence of 92% in sampled fields (90/98) and up to 38% damaged fruits in one field at the time of sampling. The proportion of damaged fruits did not differ among zones, but was significantly higher in the early dry season compared to the late dry season. The invasive tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was detected in 53% of sampled fields (52/98), mainly in the south of the Niayes area in the late dry season. Because of their ability to adapt to unstable environment and insecticides, this insect pest assemblage is a new challenge that farmers have to deal with while decreasing their use of broad-spectrum insecticides.
Identifying the Recurrence Patterns of Nonvolcanic Tremors Using a 2‐D Hidden Markov Model With Extra Zeros
Authors: Wang Ting , Zhuang Jiancang , Buckby Jodie , Obara Kazushige , Tsuruoka Hiroshi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNonvolcanic tremor activity has been observed in many places worldwide. In some regions, their activity was observed to accompany slow slip events. Before examining whether and how nonvolcanic tremor activity is related to slow slip, it is essential to understand quantitatively the spatiotemporal migration patterns of nonvolcanic tremors. We developed a 2‐D hidden Markov model to automatically analyze and forecast the spatiotemporal behavior of tremor activity in the regions Kii and Shikoku, southwest Japan. This new automated procedure classifies the tremor source regions into distinct segments in 2‐D space and infers a clear hierarchical structure of tremor activity, where each region consists of several subsystems and each subsystem contains several segments. The segments can be quantitatively categorized into three different types according to their occurrence patterns: episodic, weak concentration, and background, extending earlier knowledge gained from handpicked tremor swarms. The Kii region can be categorized into four different subsystems, with two often linked to each other. The Shikoku region can be divided into six subsystems, with two in central Shikoku linked to each other. Moreover, a significant increase in the proportion of tremor occurrence was detected in a segment in southwest Shikoku before the 2003 and 2010 long‐term slow slip events in the Bungo channel. This highlights the possible correlation between nonvolcanic tremor and slow slip events. The model can be used to analyze tremor data from other regions.
Satellite‐Observed Impacts of Wildfires on Regional Atmosphere Composition and the Shortwave Radiative Forcing: A Multiple Case Study
Authors: Fu Yuyun , Li Rui , Huang Jianguo , Bergeron Yves , Fu Yunfei , Wang Yu , Gao Zongting 
Published: July 2018

AbstractEmissions of aerosols and trace gases from wildfires and their direct shortwave radiative forcing (DSRF) at the top of atmosphere were studied using satellite observations from Moderate‐Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, Clouds and Earth Radiant Energy System on Aqua, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument on Aura. The dominant fuel types of the selected fire cases in the northeast of China (NEC), Siberia (Russia), and California (USA) are cropland, mixed forest, and needle‐leaf forest, respectively. For the cropland fire case in NEC, the fire radiative power‐based emission coefficients (Ce) of aerosol is 20.51 ± 2.55 g/MJ, half that of the forest fire cases in Siberia (40.01 ± 9.21 g/MJ) and California (45.23 ± 8.81 g/MJ), and the carbon monoxide (CO) Ce (23.94 ± 11.83 g/MJ) was about one third and half that of the forest fire cases in Siberia and California, respectively. However, the NOx (NO2 + NO) Ce (2.76 ± 0.25g MJ−1) of the cropland fire in NEC was nearly 3 times that of those forest fire cases. Ratios of NOx to aerosol, HCHO, and CO in the cropland case in NEC show much higher values than those in the forest fire cases. Despite the differences of the Ce and the composition ratios, the DSRF efficiency of smoke aerosol at the top of atmosphere showed similar values among those fire cases. Our results highlight the large variability of emission rate and relative chemical composition but similar DSRF efficiencies among wildfires, which would provide valuable information for understanding the impact of fire on air quality and climate.
Generation of High Mountain Precipitation and Temperature Data for a Quantitative Assessment of Flow Regime in the Upper Yarkant Basin in the Karakoram
Authors: Kan Baoyun , Su Fengge , Xu Baiqing , Xie Ying , Li Jiule , Zhang Hongbo 
Published: July 2018

AbstractImproved daily precipitation and temperature data at 5 × 5‐km grids for 1960–2015 were developed for the Upper Yarkant basin (UYB) based on observations of precipitation gradients and temperature lapse rates. The developed climate data are then used to drive the VIC‐Glacier hydrological model to simulate the runoff process for the UYB. A large altitudinal dependence is observed in both precipitation and temperature, with three altitudinal patterns of precipitation gradient for the elevation bands of <2,000 m, 2,000–3,000 m, and >3,000 m, respectively, and a strong seasonal variation in temperature lapse rate ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 °C/100 m. Basin precipitation and temperature data are greatly improved in both amount and spatial variations after the orographic adjustments. Glacier melt runoff is the dominant water source of the UYB accounting for about 52% of annual total flows, followed by snowmelt (about 26%), and rainfall runoff (about 22%). About 60% of basin runoff originates from the high altitudes (>5,000 m), and about 32% and 8% of runoff originate from middle (4,000–5,000 m) and low (<4,000 m) altitudes, respectively. The variations in annual runoff in the UYB were mainly controlled by glacier melt runoff, middle and high altitudes, and temperature in warm seasons during 1965–2015. However, rainfall and snowmelt runoff, and low altitudes, were playing an increasingly important role in total flow variations of the UYB due to the increase of warm season temperatures in 1994–2015 and precipitation in the entire simulation period.
Determining the Wave Vector Direction of Equatorial Fast Magnetosonic Waves
Authors: Boardsen Scott A. , Hospodarsky George B. , Min Kyungguk , Averkamp Terrance F. , Bounds Scott R. , Kletzing Craig A. , Pfaff Robert F. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe perform polarization analysis of the equatorial fast magnetosonic waves electric field over a 20‐min interval of Van Allen Probes A waveform receiver burst mode data. The wave power peaks at harmonics of the proton cyclotron frequency indicating that the spacecraft is near or in the source region. The wave vector is inferred from the direction of the major axis of the electric field polarization ellipsoid and the sign of the phase between the longitudinal electric and compressional magnetic field components. We show that wave vector is preferentially in the azimuthal direction as opposed to the radial direction. From Poynting flux analysis one would infer that the wave vector is primarily in the radial direction. We show that the error in the Poynting flux is large ~90°. These results strongly imply that the wave growth occurs during azimuthal propagation in the source region for this event.
Chemical Diversity of Sands Within the Linear and Barchan Dunes of the Bagnold Dunes, Gale Crater, as Revealed by APXS Onboard Curiosity
Authors: O'Connell‐Cooper C. D. , Thompson L. M. , Spray J. G. , Berger J. A. , VanBommel S. J. , Gellert R. , Boyd N. I. , DeSouza E. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAlpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer (APXS) results for Phase 2 of the Bagnold Dunes campaign, focusing on the linear dunes, complement those from Phase 1 (barchan dunes) and add to our understanding of active Martian dune systems. This work highlights both compositional similarities and differences across the dune field. The concentration of elements associated with mafic minerals in coarser grains and along active ripple crests, previously identified in the barchan dunes, highlights differences in Martian and terrestrial weathering, transport, and sorting processes. Concentration of a Cr‐Ti mineral phase within the linear sands is identified. The inactive ripple fields are geochemically similar to soil, while active ripple fields are similar to sands. Inferred dust content (S + Cl + Zn concentrations), derived from APXS analyses, provide geochemical confirmation of current and seasonal activity variations, within the barchan and linear dunes, as well as revealing a continuum between inactive soils and active sands.
The Composition of Plasma inside Geostationary Orbit Based on Van Allen Probes Observations
Authors: Yue Chao , Bortnik Jacob , Li Wen , Ma Qianli , Gkioulidou Matina , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Wang Chih‐Ping , Thorne Richard M. , Lui Anthony T. Y. , Gerrard Andrew J. , Spence Harlan E. , Mitchell Donald G. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe composition of the inner magnetosphere is of great importance for determining the plasma pressure and thus the currents and magnetic field configuration. In this study, we perform a statistical survey of equatorial plasma pressure distributions and investigate the relative contributions of ions and electron with different energies inside of geostationary orbit under two auroral electrojet levels based on over 60 months of observations from the Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron and Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment mass spectrometers onboard Van Allen Probes. We find that the total and partial pressures of different species increase significantly at high auroral electrojet levels with hydrogen pressure being dominant in the plasmasphere. The pressures of the heavy ions and electrons increase outside the plasmapause and develop a strong dawn‐dusk asymmetry with ion pressures peaking at dusk and electron pressure peaking at dawn. In addition, ring current hydrogen with energies ranging from 50 keV up to several hundred keV is the dominant component of plasma pressure during both quiet (>90%) and active times (>60%), while oxygen with 10 < E < 50 keV and electrons with 0.1 < E < 40 keV become important during active times contributing more than 25% and 20% on the nightside, respectively, while the helium contribution is generally small. The results presented in this study provide a global picture of the equatorial plasma pressure distributions and the associated contributions from different species with different energy ranges, which advance our knowledge of wave generation and provide models with a systematic baseline of plasma composition.
Incorporating a Large‐Scale Constraint Into Radar Data Assimilation to Mitigate the Effects of Large‐Scale Bias on the Analysis and Forecast of a Squall Line Over the Yangtze‐Huaihe River Basin
Authors: Yue Xinjian , Shao Aimei , Fang Xue , Li Lanqian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWhen there is an obvious large‐scale bias between a regional simulation and its driving global analysis, the regional model will provide inaccurate background information for radar data assimilation, which may eventually yield location errors associated with predicted precipitation. A case study of a squall line over the Yangtze‐Huaihe river basin presents such a situation. In this regard, we propose an approach to incorporate a large‐scale constraint into radar data assimilation to mitigate the effects of large‐scale bias on analysis and forecast results, in which global analysis data are introduced into the regional model using the spectral nudging technique to improve the quality of the first guess and background error statistics in radar data assimilation. A series of experiments are conducted with the Weather Research and Forecasting model and its three‐dimensional variational system to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to introduce a large‐scale constraint into radar data assimilation. The experimental results demonstrate that the introduction of global analysis data can effectively correct the large‐scale bias and significantly improve the forecast skill of large‐scale patterns and convection initiation. The background error covariance (BE) obtained with the large‐scale constraint plays an important role in improving the assimilation effect. The length scales of BE are reduced after the large‐scale bias is removed, which represents a partial solution to the overestimation of BE reported in previous studies. In addition, applying a larger nudging wave number to radar data assimilation domain is not appropriate because the use of a larger wave number can negatively impact the three‐dimensional variational analysis.