bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making a master filterer: Ontogeny of specialized filtering plates in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
Authors: Cohen Karly Elizabeth , Hernandez L. Patricia 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFilter feeding fishes possess several morphological adaptations necessary to capture and concentrate small particulate matter from the water column. Filter feeding teleosts typically employ elongated and tightly packed gill rakers with secondary bony or epithelial modifications that increase filtering efficiency. The gill rakers of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, silver carp, are anatomically distinct from and more complex than the filtering apparatus of other teleostean fishes. The silver carp filtering apparatus is composed of biserial, fused filtering plates used to capture particles ranging in size from 4 to 80 μm. Early in ontogeny, at 15–25 mm standard length (SL), silver carp gill rakers are reminiscent of other more stereotypical teleostean rakers, characterized by individual lanceolate rakers that are tightly packed along the entirety of the branchial arches. At 30 mm SL, secondary epithelial projections and concomitant dermal ossification begin to stitch together individual gill rakers. During later juvenile stages, dermal bone further modifies the individual gill rakers and creates a bony scaffold that supports the now fully fused and porous epithelium. By adulthood, the stitching of bone and complete fusion of the overlying epithelium creates rigid filtering plates with morphologically distinct faces. The inner face of the plates is organized into a net‐like matrix while the outer face has a sponge‐like appearance comprised of differently sized pores. Here, we present morphological data from an ontogenetic series of the filtering apparatus within silver carp. These data inform hypotheses regarding both how these gill raker plates may have evolved from a more basal condition, as well as how this novel architecture allows this species to feed on exceedingly small phytoplankton, particles that represent a greater filtering challenge to the typical anatomy of the gill rakers of fishes.
CSR initiative characteristics and employee engagement: An impact‐based perspective
Authors: Opoku‐Dakwa Akwasi , Chen Chao C. , Rupp Deborah E. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThough corporations depend on the work of employees to achieve important humanitarian and environmental outcomes, research on employee engagement in corporate social responsibility initiatives (CSRIs) remains limited and fragmented. Building on existing studies, we develop a theoretical model explaining when and why CSRIs, on the basis of their distinctive characteristics, would be engaging to employees. Adopting the lens of social cognitive theory, we position employees as potential agents of social change, whose efforts are enabled through CSRIs that are expected to meaningfully impact stakeholders (including the employees themselves, their employing organizations, and external beneficiaries). We first model CSRIs in terms of their focus characteristics, which reflect the different types of goals that CSRIs can have. We then explain how these CSRI characteristics promote employee engagement through anticipated impacts that are commensurate with employees' personal expectations. Lastly, we explain how these effects depend on organizational support for the CSRI, which shapes employees' beliefs about the collective efficacy of the organization to achieve the CSRI goals, and on employees' identities, which determine the types of CSRI impacts that are more meaningful and therefore more conducive to engagement. We conclude with a discussion of implications for research and practice.
Retronasal olfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Othieno Florence , Schlosser Rodney J. , Storck Kristina A. , Rowan Nicholas R. , Smith Timothy L. , Soler Zachary M. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveThe goals of this study were to assess retronasal olfaction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and describe clinical factors that influence retronasal olfaction. This study sought to investigate the influence of retronasal olfaction on patient‐perceived outcomes and examine the relationship between retronasal and orthonasal olfaction.MethodsRetronasal olfactory function was tested using odorized powders in the oral cavity, whereas Sniffin' Sticks test (Burghart Instruments, Wedel, Germany) were used to assess orthonasal function prospectively in 69 adult CRS patients. Endoscopic evaluation of the olfactory cleft was scored using the Olfactory Cleft Endoscopy Scale (OCES). Several quality‐of‐life (QOL) instruments relating to sinonasal, olfactory, and chemosensory functions were used to assess the interactions between patient‐reported outcome measures and retronasal olfaction.ResultsThere was strong correlation between retronasal and total orthonasal olfaction scores (r = 0.77, P < 0.001) as well as retronasal scores with orthonasal subscores. Retronasal scores were worse in patients with nasal polyposis (P = 0.002), asthma (P = 0.04), and aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) (P = 0.02), whereas OCES was the only independent predictor of retronasal olfaction (r = −0.42, P < 0.001). Significant correlation existed between retronasal olfaction and olfactory‐specific QOL and chemosensory smell scores.ConclusionFew studies have examined retronasal olfaction in CRS patients. In this cohort, CRS patients demonstrated deficits in retronasal olfaction, with worse scores in patients with nasal polyposis, asthma, and AERD. Retronasal olfaction scores correlate with degree of inflammation of the olfactory cleft. Retronasal olfaction correlated strongly with orthonasal olfaction and patient‐reported smell and taste metrics, although orthonasal olfaction may have a stronger correlation with these metrics.Level of EvidenceNA. Laryngoscope, 2437–2442, 2018
Long‐term outcomes in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma with adjuvant and salvage radiotherapy after surgery
Authors: Katsoulakis Evangelia , Leeman Jonathan E. , Lok Benjamin H. , Shi Weiji , Zhang Zhigang , Tsai Jillian C. , McBride Sean M. , Sherman Eric J. , Cohen Marc , Wong Richard , Ganly Ian , Lee Nancy Y. , Riaz Nadeem 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveEarly‐stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) represents a heterogeneous group of patients, and locoregional recurrence rates are as high as 25% with surgery alone. Radiotherapy (RT) is typically reserved as part of salvage multimodality therapy after salvage surgery because it is generally thought that there is no significant detriment to salvage therapy. Our aim was to examine outcomes for recurrent OCSCC treated with salvage surgery and radiation and compare them to outcomes for patients treated with adjuvant postoperative RT upfront.MethodsWe identified 425 patients with OCSCC treated with postoperative RT at our institution. The 5‐year rates of local failure, locoregional failure (LRF), survival, and distant metastasis (DM) were the main outcome measures. We performed a landmark analysis and examined the same outcomes in the adjuvant versus salvage cohorts using Cox proportional hazards and Fine‐Gray competing risk method.ResultsThe adjuvant cohort had higher tumor (T) (P < 0.0001) and nodal (N) (P < 0.0001) stage than the salvage cohort's stage at initial presentation. On multivariate analysis, a strategy of salvage RT experienced poorer overall survival (OS) compared to upfront adjuvant RT (hazard ratio [HR] 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26–2.70; P = 0.002). Moreover, salvage surgery followed by RT patients experienced increasing risk of LRF (HR 1.56; 95% CI, 1.18–2.06; P = 0.002) and (DM) (HR 1.53; 95% CI, 1.08–2.17; P = 0.02) on multivariate analysis. Additional analysis was performed excluding salvage cohort with advanced disease at initial presentation (T3–T4 and N2). Salvage RT treatment selection for early‐stage OCSCC continued to experience significantly poorer OS as compared to adjuvant RT (HR 1.48; 95% CI, 1.002–2.19; P = 0.049).ConclusionEarly‐stage OCSCC patients who are observed and experienced recurrence requiring salvage therapy (surgery and RT) have worse oncologic outcomes than locally advanced patients receiving upfront adjuvant RT. Prospective randomized studies are needed to identify high‐risk subset of early‐stage OCSCC comparing adjuvant RT versus observation, followed by salvage surgery and RT at recurrence.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 2539–2545, 2018
Shallow ponds are biogeochemically distinct habitats in salt marsh ecosystems
Authors: Spivak Amanda C. , Gosselin Kelsey M. , Sylva Sean P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRunaway expansion of shallow ponds can catalyze the conversion of vegetated marshes into open water environments. Predicting how this transition affects ecosystem functioning is difficult because little is known about pond biogeochemistry. We characterized sediment organic matter sources and transformations in three ponds with different plant communities, over alternating periods of tidal isolation and flushing, during summer and fall, using a combination of stable isotopes, lipid biomarkers, and benthic fluxes. Sediment respiration rates (1.66 ± 0.09 mmol C m−2 d−1 to 28.53 ± 7.76 mmol C m−2 d−1) were comparable to shallow estuaries and driven by sulfate reduction. Rates varied across ponds, reflecting differences in summertime Ruppia maritima and macroalgae abundances, but were similar between seasons. Interactions between aboveground plant and sediment bacterial communities translated into distinct biogeochemical processes across the three ponds. Tidal isolation and summer weather intensified plant and bacterial community effects on pond carbon dynamics, resulting in algal biomass and lipid δ13C values that were 3–12‰ enriched, compared to nearby habitats. Surface sediment organic matter mainly derived from pond microalgae and was compositionally distinct from tidal creeks and marshes. Surprisingly, sediment bacteria were not tightly coupled to benthic microalgae but decomposed multiple carbon sources in surface sediments and became increasingly reliant on buried peat at deeper horizons. Pond development over time could largely be explained by sediment respiration and the simultaneous accretion of the surrounding marsh platform. The role of decomposition in pond expansion is consistent with previous assessments based on whole‐pond metabolism rates. Consequently, future pond expansion could alter ecosystem biogeochemistry and reduce carbon storage.
A “BRD” in the Hand Worthy of Four in the Trap: Validation of Optimal Bycatch Reduction Device (BRD) Size to Maximize Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus Entry and Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys terrapin Exclusion Through Theoretical Modeling and Application
Authors: Arendt Michael D. , Schwenter Jeffrey A. , Dingle Julie , Evans Christopher A. , Waldrop Ellen , Czwartacki Brooke , Fowler Amy E. , Whitaker J. David 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Wire-mesh traps are extensively used to harvest blue crabs Callinectes sapidus but also capture over 40 other species. Numerous studies have evaluated bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) to reduce the incidental capture of one species, the diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin, since 1992. Despite decades of research, widespread adoption of BRDs as a conservation action has not occurred, which partly stems from seemingly conflicting results from a multitude of BRD designs along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. In this study, we developed a simple scoring system to assess the probability of trap entry by legal-sized (≥12.7-cm carapace width; n = 736) blue crabs as well as trap exclusion of diamondback terrapins (n = 985) based on morphometric measurements for both species. Probability of entry or exclusion for each legal-sized blue crab and diamondback terrapin was assessed for each of 8,196 theoretical BRD sizes encompassing the range of BRD widths and heights actually tested since 1992. Predictive relationships for trap entry or exclusion for each theoretical BRD size were evaluated as a function of three geometric BRD attributes: BRD area (cm2), diagonal BRD opening (cm), and the ratio of BRD width to height. Comparison of observed (35 data sets) versus predicted (entry or exclusion probabilities for BRDs) catches for both species revealed that BRDs have performed as predicted for legal-sized blue crab catch (slope = 0.99; &gt;81,000 crabs) but have captured considerably fewer diamondback terrapins than predicted based on BRD size alone (slope = 0.28; 1,430 diamondback terrapins). Analyses also substantiated superior (i.e., &gt;30% better) diamondback terrapin exclusion potential for a BRD we designed that measured 5.1–6.4 cm (height) × 7.3 cm (width). Increasing the width of this BRD by 0.4 cm would also achieve a 99% capture probability for legal-sized blue crabs, comparable to other widely tested and marketed BRD designs.
Accumulating Data to Optimally Predict Obesity Treatment (ADOPT): Recommendations from the Biological Domain
Authors: Rosenbaum Michael , Agurs‐Collins Tanya , Bray Molly S. , Hall Kevin D. , Hopkins Mark , Laughlin Maren , MacLean Paul S. , Maruvada Padma , Savage Cary R. , Small Dana M. , Stoeckel Luke 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundThe responses to behavioral, pharmacological, or surgical obesity treatments are highly individualized. The Accumulating Data to Optimally Predict obesity Treatment (ADOPT) project provides a framework for how obesity researchers, working collectively, can generate the evidence base needed to guide the development of tailored, and potentially more effective, strategies for obesity treatment.ObjectivesThe objective of the ADOPT biological domain subgroup is to create a list of high‐priority biological measures for weight‐loss studies that will advance the understanding of individual variability in response to adult obesity treatments. This list includes measures of body composition, energy homeostasis (energy intake and output), brain structure and function, and biomarkers, as well as biobanking procedures, which could feasibly be included in most, if not all, studies of obesity treatment. The recommended high‐priority measures are selected to balance needs for sensitivity, specificity, and/or comprehensiveness with feasibility to achieve a commonality of usage and increase the breadth and impact of obesity research.SignificanceThe accumulation of data on key biological factors, along with behavioral, psychosocial, and environmental factors, can generate a more precise description of the interplay and synergy among them and their impact on treatment responses, which can ultimately inform the design and delivery of effective, tailored obesity treatments.
Accumulating Data to Optimally Predict Obesity Treatment (ADOPT) Core Measures: Psychosocial Domain
Authors: Sutin Angelina R. , Boutelle Kerri , Czajkowski Susan M. , Epel Elissa S. , Green Paige A. , Hunter Christine M. , Rice Elise L. , Williams David M. , Young‐Hyman Deborah , Rothman Alexander J. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundWithin the Accumulating Data to Optimally Predict obesity Treatment (ADOPT) Core Measures Project, the psychosocial domain addresses how psychosocial processes underlie the influence of obesity treatment strategies on weight loss and weight maintenance. The subgroup for the psychosocial domain identified an initial list of high‐priority constructs and measures that ranged from relatively stable characteristics about the person (cognitive function, personality) to dynamic characteristics that may change over time (motivation, affect).ObjectivesThis paper describes (a) how the psychosocial domain fits into the broader model of weight loss and weight maintenance as conceptualized by ADOPT; (b) the guiding principles used to select constructs and measures for recommendation; (c) the high‐priority constructs recommended for inclusion; (d) domain‐specific issues for advancing the science; and (e) recommendations for future research.SignificanceThe inclusion of similar measures across trials will help to better identify how psychosocial factors mediate and moderate the weight loss and weight maintenance process, facilitate research into dynamic interactions with factors in the other ADOPT domains, and ultimately improve the design and delivery of effective interventions.
π‐Plasmon absorbance films of carboxylic functionalized CNTs coupled with renewable PGP platforms
Authors: Fares Mohammad M. 
Published: April 2018

π‐Plasmon absorbance films of carboxylic functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) coupled with renewable and recycled polycaprolactone grafted pectin (PGP) platforms as successful alternative for ordinary nondegradable platforms were investigated. Characterization of the synthesized carboxylic functionalized CNTs was performed using 1H NMR and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared for structural identification, thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetric analysis for thermal stability, and X‐ray powder diffraction for crystal structure, whereas the characterization of prepared PGP was done by means of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared for chemical structure, differential scanning calorimetry for melting endotherms of polycaprolactone and high crystalline structure of PGP, and thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetric analysis for thermal stability of PGP. Fabrication of water‐dispersed carboxylic functionalized CNTs coupled with PGP films was performed by casting technique in the presence of Ca2+ as cross‐linker. The thin films were tested for π‐plasmon absorbance using UV‐Vis spectrometry. Different fractions of carboxylic functionalized CNTs and PGP films demonstrated π‐plasmon absorbance broad peaks at λmax = 232 nm, which corresponded to 5.36 eV. The fabrication of novel films from renewable recycled PGP platform and advanced carboxylic functionalized CNTs properties will be the key features for many of next forthcoming technologies. The PGP considered as environment‐friendly and easily degradable platforms will be a successful alternative for conventional nondegradable electronic platforms, and water‐dispersed carboxylic functionalized CNTs with advanced properties will be finding accelerating executive applications.
Temporal trends of splenectomy in pediatric hospitalizations with immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Bhatt Neel S. , Bhatt Parth , Donda Keyur , Dapaah‐Siakwan Fredrick , Chaudhari Riddhi , Linga Vijay Gandhi , Patel Bhumi , Lekshminarayanan Anusha , Bhaskaran Smita , Zaid‐Kaylani Samer , Badawy Sherif M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundSplenectomy is considered an effective treatment for immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) with 70–80% response rate. However, its current use is limited in children with ITP. It is unclear if the rates of splenectomy have changed over time. Using a large nationally representative database, we aimed to study the trends of splenectomy in pediatric hospitalizations with ITP, and the factors associated with splenectomy during these encounters.MethodsUsing National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS), and international classification of diseases (9th revision), clinical modification (ICD‐9‐CM) codes, we studied pediatric ITP hospitalizations with occurrence of total splenectomy between 2005 and 2014.ResultsOut of 37,844 weighted ITP hospitalizations from 2005 to 2014; total splenectomy was performed in 954 encounters. Splenectomy rate declined over time (3.4% [2005–2006] to 1.6% [2013–2014], P < 0.001) with the younger age (≤5 years) having the most notable decline (0.91% [2005–2006] to 0.14% [2013–2014], P < 0.001). Splenectomy had higher odds of being performed electively than non‐electively (odds ratio [OR]: 19.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 12.06–31.02, P < 0.001). Encounters with intracranial bleed were associated with the occurrence of splenectomy (OR: 17.87, 95% CI: 5.07–62.97, P < 0.001). Intracranial bleed (P < 0.001), gastrointestinal bleed (P < 0.01), sepsis (P < 0.001), and thrombosis (P < 0.001) were associated with longer length of stay and higher cost of hospitalization.ConclusionsOverall, splenectomy rates consistently declined over time. Intracranial hemorrhage during hospitalizations with ITP was associated with occurrence of splenectomy. Future studies should continue to reevaluate the rates of splenectomy in pediatric ITP in the presence of various second‐line pharmacologic agents.
Pediatric Early Warning Systems aid in triage to intermediate versus intensive care for pediatric oncology patients in resource‐limited hospitals
Authors: Agulnik Asya , Nadkarni Anisha , Mora Robles Lupe Nataly , Soberanis Vasquez Dora Judith , Mack Ricardo , Antillon‐Klussmann Federico , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPediatric oncology patients hospitalized in resource‐limited settings are at high risk for clinical deterioration resulting in mortality. Intermediate care units (IMCUs) provide a cost‐effective alternative to pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Inappropriate IMCU triage, however, can lead to poor outcomes and suboptimal resource utilization. In this study, we sought to characterize patients with clinical deterioration requiring unplanned transfer to the IMCU in a resource‐limited pediatric oncology hospital. Patients requiring subsequent early PICU transfer had longer PICU length of stay. PEWS results prior to IMCU transfer were higher in patients requiring early PICU transfer, suggesting PEWS can aid in triage between IMCU and PICU care.
Seeding and cross‐seeding fibrillation of N‐terminal prion protein peptides PrP(120–144)
Authors: Wang Yiming , Hall Carol K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPrion diseases are infectious neurodegenerative diseases that are capable of cross‐species transmission, thus arousing public health concerns. Seed‐templating propagation of prion protein is believed to underlie prion cross‐species transmission pathology. Understanding the molecular fundamentals of prion propagation is key to unravelling the pathology of prion diseases. In this study, we use coarse‐grained molecular dynamics to investigate the seeding and cross‐seeding aggregation of three prion protein fragments PrP(120–144) originating from human (Hu), bank vole (BV), and Syrian hamster (SHa). We find that the seed accelerates the aggregation of the monomer peptides by eliminating the lag phase. The monomer aggregation kinetics are mainly determined by the structure of the seed. The stronger the hydrophobic residues on the seed associate with each other, the higher the probability that the seed recruits monomer peptides to its surface/interface. For cross‐seeding aggregation, we show that Hu has a strong tendency to adopt the conformation of the BV seed and vice versa; the Hu and BV monomers have a weak tendency to adopt the conformation of the SHa seed. These two findings are consistent with Apostol et al.'s experimental findings on PrP(138–143) and partially consistent with Jones et al.'s finding on PrP(23–144). We also identify several conformational mismatches when SHa cross‐seeds BV and Hu peptides, indicating the existence of a cross‐seeding barrier between SHa and the other two sequences. This study sheds light on the molecular mechanism of seed‐templating aggregation of prion protein fragments underlying the sequence‐dependent transmission barrier in prion diseases.