bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organic Carbon Flux in Ditches during the Growing Season in a Drained Alpine Peatland
Authors: Wang Danyang , Li Zhiwei , Li Zhongwu , You Yuchi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe carbon budget dynamics of peatlands plays a crucial role in both the response of peatland ecosystems to environmental change and the effect of environmental change on peatlands. Studies on northern peatlands have suggested that the reliable assessment of the carbon budget must include the carbon flux at the land‐stream interface. But this argument has not been proved in the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, the world's largest alpine system. To address the knowledge gap, in the growing season (May to October) of 2016, we chose Riganqiao peatland, a typical peatland in the Zoige Basin of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau which has been intensely drained via ditches since the 1960s. The objective of this study was to measure the organic carbon export from ditches, and to estimate what proportion of the carbon budget can be attributed to this export. Results showed that, during the growing season in 2016, total organic carbon flux in ditches was 2,345 t (8.6 g m−2), of which particulate organic carbon accounted for 12% and dissolved organic carbon for 88%. This flux decreased the carbon budget of Riganqiao peatland by 11.2% (from +76.8 g m−2 to +68.2 g m−2), making it a weakened carbon sink. This result revealed that organic carbon export from ditches plays an important role in the carbon balance in peatland of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau.
Controls on soil carbon dioxide and methane fluxes from a peat swamp vary by hydrogeomorphic setting
Authors: Davidson Scott J. , Strack Maria , Bourbonniere Richard A. , Waddington James M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCarbon dynamics of temperate peat swamps are a largely understudied component of wetland carbon cycling. Under a changing climate, hydrometeorological conditions may change, and understanding how peat swamps may be impacted is important. We investigated the importance of hydrogeomorphic setting on controlling soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes from a temperate peat swamp in southern Ontario, Canada over a 3‐year period. We chose three different hydrogeomorphic settings: (a) a site with strong wetland‐stream interactions (i.e., an unconfined stream channel; unconfined), (b) a site with limited wetland‐stream interactions (confined), and (c) an interior site (no wetland–stream interaction). The differing hydrogeomorphic conditions between the sites resulted in differences in carbon fluxes. The unconfined site maintained a higher water table across all three study years, providing conditions that are not favourable to CO2production. The confined and interior sites sustained a much lower water table, with conditions more conducive to CO2efflux. The unconfined site also had the highest CH4emissions due to the increased anoxic conditions favourable for CH4production as a result of the higher water table position. Hydrogeomorphic setting was found to be important for understanding within site variation, suggesting the sites may respond differently to longer‐term shifts in environmental conditions. This may change relationships between sites if the responses are strong enough to significantly alter carbon fluxes, decomposition, and potential peat accumulation rates. It is important to understand the locally specific responses to environmental conditions within peat swamp ecosystems, in order to make future predictions about whole ecosystem function under changing conditions.
The dynamics of band (peak) shape development in capillary zone electrophoresis in the case of two co‐migrating analytes: The displacement and the tag‐along effects
Authors: Dvořák Martin , Kalus Michal , Dovhunová Magda , Dubský Pavel , Gaš Bohuslav 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPeak shapes in electrophoresis are often distorted from the ideal Gaussian shape due to disturbing phenomena, of which the most important is electromigration dispersion. For fully dissociated analytes, there is a tight analogy between nonlinear models describing a separation process in chromatography and electrophoresis. When the velocity of the separated analyte depends on the concentration of the co‐analyte, the consequence is a mutual influence of the analytes couples, which distorts both analyte zones. In this paper, we introduce a nonlinear model of electromigration for the analysis of two co‐migrating fully dissociated analytes. In the initial stages of separation, they influence each other, which causes much more complicated peak shapes. The analysis has revealed that the two most important phenomena—the displacement and the tag‐along effects—are common both for nonlinear chromatography and electrophoresis, though their description is partly based on rather different phenomena. The comparison between the nonlinear model of electromigration we describe and the numerical computer solution of the original continuity equations has proven an almost perfect agreement. The predicted features in peak shapes in initial stages of separation have been fully confirmed by the experiments.
Durability of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Loss With Nucleotide Analogue and Peginterferon Therapy in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Lok Anna S. , Zoulim Fabien , Dusheiko Geoffrey , Chan Henry L.Y. , Buti Maria , Ghany Marc G. , Gaggar Anuj , Yang Jenny C. , Wu George , Flaherty John F. , Subramanian G. Mani , Locarnini Stephen , Marcellin Patrick 
Published: October 2019

In patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is considered a functional cure. However, HBsAg loss is uncommon with existing therapies, and predictive factors associated with HBsAg seroreversion are unknown. Using pooled data from three phase 3 clinical trials of patients with CHB treated with nucleos(t)ide analogue (NUC) monotherapy or peginterferon (Peg‐IFN) ± NUC combination therapy, we conducted a retrospective analysis to characterize patients who achieved sustained HBsAg loss, the predictors of HBsAg seroreversion, and the impact of hepatitis B surface antibody (anti‐HBs) seroconversion on durability of HBsAg loss. In these three international trials, 1,381 adults with CHB received either NUC monotherapy for up to 10 years or Peg‐IFN‐containing regimens for up to 1 year. A total of 55 patients had confirmed HBsAg loss, defined as two or more consecutive negative‐qualitative HBsAg results, with a minimum of one repeat result after the end of treatment. Throughout a median of 96 (quartile [Q]1, Q3, 46, 135) weeks follow‐up after HBsAg loss, HBsAg loss was durable in 82% (n = 45) of patients, with 10 patients experiencing HBsAg seroreversion. Anti‐HBs seroconversion was observed during follow‐up in 78% of patients who lost HBsAg and in 60% of those who subsequently seroreverted. In analyzing predictors of HBsAg seroreversion, study treatment was significant, yet anti‐HBs seroconversion and treatment duration after initial HBsAg loss were not. Risk of HBsAg seroreversion was observed to be lower if HBsAg loss was sustained through the off‐treatment week 24 visit (8/10 seroreversions occurred by posttreatment week 24). Conclusion: HBsAg loss after NUC or Peg‐IFN‐containing regimens was durable in 82% of patients with CHB. Anti‐HBs seroconversion and treatment duration after initial HBsAg loss were not significantly associated with durability of HBsAg loss.
Electroacupuncture protects rats from ischemic brain injury via coffilin in mice
Authors: Sun Juguang , Shi Jiangfeng , Hou Jinyi , Guo Chunhui , Heng Xueli , Qi Guanghui 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to study the expression level of cofilin after electroacupuncture (EA) pretreatment, using ischemic brain injury model in mice. In addition, infarct volume and neurological functions were measured to understand whether electroacupuncture stimulation could restore the functions of the brain.MethodsTotal of 36 mice was randomly divided into three groups: sham group, middle cerebral artery occlusion model (MACO), and middle cerebral artery occlusion model pretreated with EA (MACO + EA). Mice were stimulated at “Baihui (G20)” and “Dazhui (G14)” 24 hours before focal cerebral ischemia. Infarct volume and neuronal function of brain tissue were scored among different experimental groups. The expression level of cofilin and phosphocofilin of brain tissue were evaluated by using Western blot analysis. TUNEL assay was performed to determine the degree of cell apoptosis.ResultsCompared with the sham group, the level of cofilin was dramatically reduced in the MACO group. EA pretreatment could reduce the protein level of cofilin, while EA therapy could also upregulate the protein level of phosphocofilin. Improved neuronal function, smaller infarct volume, and reduced neuronal apoptosis were observed among the mice underwent EA before middle artery occlusion.ConclusionOur results from Western blot analysis and TUNEL assay might suggest that the upregulation of cofilin was concerned with the EA protects rats from ischemic brain injury. Cofilin might be a potential target for developing drugs against brain ischemia.
The efficacy and safety of elbasvir/grazoprevir treatment in HCV genotype 1 patients in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Tzu‐Cheng , Deng Shin‐Tarng , Hsu Chao‐Wei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundElbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) is a new generation, fixed‐dose, combination antiviral drug used in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (GT) 1 or 4 infection. Our study evaluates the clinical efficacy and safety of EBR/GZR after its launch in Taiwan.MethodsThis is a retrospective observational study. Patients who had received EBR/GZR for chronic HCV GT 1 between June 2017 and April 2018 were recruited. Patients’ age, sex, HCV GT, changes in HCV RNA level before and after treatment, sustained virologic response 12 weeks (SVR12) after the cessation of drug administration, side effects, and interaction effects were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety.ResultsA total of 149 patients were recruited. Of them, 145 (97.3%) had HCV GT 1b, and the rest had HCV GT 1a; most of the EBR/GZR‐related side effects in this study were mild. Three participants were discontinued because their alanine transaminase levels were elevated to over 10 times the upper limit of normal. The therapeutic effect analyses revealed a rapid virologic response rate of 95.3% and an SVR12 rate of 98%. Subgroup analyses performed using SVR12 as the outcome variable revealed three demographic factors HCV GT 1, hepatocellular carcinoma medical history, and noncirrhosis plus HCV RNA level.ConclusionsThis study confirmed that EBR/GZR is safe and effective for treating patients with HCV GT 1 and exhibited excellent overall clinical efficacy in Taiwan. The therapeutic effects are unrelated to factors such as sex, HCV RNA level before treatment, and history of liver cirrhosis.
Daily minimum temperature and precipitation control on spring phenology in arid‐mountain ecosystems in China
Authors: Du Jun , Li Kai , He Zhibin , Chen Longfei , Lin Pengfei , Zhu Xi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractClimate anomaly has caused substantial shifts in phenology of mountain ecosystems, but the underlying mechanism of phenological responses to climate change is still not well understood. In essence, the abundance of vegetation communities increases the complexity of phenology‐climate relationships, leading to a certain limitation in predictions of future dynamics among different vegetation types using a unified model. In this study, we focused on the climatic constraints on spring phenology in arid mountains (AMs) of China, and emphasis was laid on accurate representation of mechanisms that control phenology across different vegetation types. We Firstly explored spatio‐temporal variations in satellite‐derived estimates of starting date of vegetation growing season (SOS) over the period 2000–2015 using moderate‐resolution imaging spectro‐radiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Phenological models in response to climate variability were then established by using mixed‐effect models based on satellite observations and an extensive dataset of climatic measurements. Our results showed that the climatic regulation on SOS varied greatly over vegetation types. More climatic factors that regulate phenological development were found in grassland than forest and shrubland. At ecosystem level, two critical climate factors, daily minimum temperature (Tmin) and precipitation, explained 74–95% of total variability in predicted SOS. The observed sensitivity to Tmin is expected to be closely linked with the risk of frost damage, while preseason precipitation determines water availability in spring. The varying ecosystem sensitivity revealed the different resilience and adaptability to changing climate among vegetation types, which have been linked to their eco‐physiological characteristics (e.g., water use efficiency) and environmental conditions (e.g., elevation). Overall, our results indicate a strong dependence of spring phenology on Tmin and precipitation, and create an opportunity for a more realistic representation of vegetation phenology and growth of AM plants in China in land surface models.
Parameter study and shape optimisation of a generalised ellipse dimple‐textured face seal
Authors: Guiyue Kou , Xinghu Li , Yan Wang , Mouyou Lin , Kanran Zhou , Mingfei Mu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA new type of generalised ellipse dimple has been introduced to improve load‐carrying capacity (LCC) of gas face seal. Theoretical model was developed to study the influence of key geometrical parameters of generalised ellipse dimple texture on LCC and leakage rate of gas face seal. Then the optimised shape of dimples for maximum LCC under different working conditions were obtained using genetic algorithm method. It is observed that generalised ellipse dimple with proper unit number and long axis included angle can enhance LCC and make a better balance between LCC and sealing characteristics of gas face seal compared with conventional ellipse or circle dimple at high speed. Dimple‐textured gas face seal with multirow radial dimples outperforms that with single‐row radial dimple on sealing characteristics.
All‐Dry Hydrophobic Functionalization of Paper Surfaces for Efficient Transfer of CVD Graphene
Authors: Çıtak Emre , İstanbullu Bilal , Şakalak Hüseyin , Gürsoy Mehmet , Karaman Mustafa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this study, the successful transfer of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)‐grown graphene on an ordinary printing paper surface is demonstrated. Pristine paper is not a suitable substrate for graphene transfer because of its fragile and hydrophilic nature against the chemicals used during the transfer process. Two different fluoroalkyl polymers, namely poly(hexafluorobutyl acrylate) (PHFBA) and poly(perfluorodecyl acrylate) (PPFDA) are coated on paper surfaces by an initiated CVD (iCVD) technique to make the paper surfaces hydrophobic. Hydrophobicity is found to be an important factor in order for the graphene to be transferred onto the paper substrate. Although surfaces coated with PPFDA possess better hydrophobicity owing to their longer perfluoroalkyl group and higher roughness, the graphene transfer is found to be more successful on a PHFBA‐coated surface. A thin film of PHFBA on the paper surface acts as a prime layer for effective and defect‐free transfer of graphene and makes the paper surface ideal and robust during the graphene transfer process. The as‐transferred graphene layer on the PHFBA‐coated paper surface shows high conductivity values, even after repeated folding and flattening cycles.
Design and experimental evaluation of a novel on‐body textile antenna for unicast applications
Authors: Anbalagan Abirami , Sundarsingh Esther Florence , Ramalingam Vimal Samsingh 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA symmetric multilayered embroidered textile antenna is proposed in this article. The proposed antenna is designed at industrial, scientific, and medical band frequency of 2.45 GHz, to be used as a wearable made of Zari and cotton cloth. An end‐to‐end slot has been introduced to improve return loss and efficiency. The four‐layered antenna is fabricated using conventional embroidery and the layers are sewn together to form the entire structure. Measurements on the fabricated antenna are performed to validate the characteristics of the structure in bent, crumpled, and wet conditions. Results with regard to return loss, gain, bandwidth, and radiation pattern were presented to prove the usefulness of the structure. Furthermore, the antenna was integrated with Arduino Uno development board and tested for data transmission as a wearable system.
Stable multiwavelength Tm‐doped fiber laser with a microfiber knot resonator
Authors: Deng Ya‐Dong , Zhou Yan , Yin Tao‐Ce , Chen Da‐Ru , Yu Zhang‐Wei , Qiang Ze‐Xuan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe presented a compact and enduring multiwavelength Tm‐doped fiber laser at 2 μm employing a microfiber knot resonator (MKR). The MKR, made by the flame‐brushing technique, has a fiber diameter of 10 μm and a ring diameter of 150 μm. The MKR plays a role as both the comb filter and the power equalization device, which is critical for the stable multiwavelength Tm‐doped fiber laser. By properly adjusting the pump power, three wavelength lasing channels (1956.2, 1964.4, and 1971.8 nm) were observed stable and their average power density was around −8.76 dBm with 1 W pump power. In addition, the channel spacing is 5.8 nm with the 3‐dB bandwidth of the channel smaller than 0.5 nm. The experiments demonstrated that the MKR can be utilized as a comb filter with the suitable transmission spectrum to reach a steady multiwavelength Tm‐doped fiber laser.
The gap between the aorta and the superior vena cava: A sonographic sign of persistent left superior vena cava and associated abnormalities
Authors: Wertaschnigg Dagmar , Rolnik Daniel L. , Ramkrishna Jayshree , da Silva Costa Fabricio , Meagher Simon 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the distance between the right superior vena cava (SVC) and the aorta in fetuses with bilateral superior vena cava as a possible sonographic marker for this.MethodsThis was a nested case‐control study including 20 cases of bilateral SVC and 40 gestational age‐matched controls. The distance between the right SVC and the aorta was measured at the level of the three‐vessel trachea view in stored images, as well as the diameters of the aorta and the right SVC.ResultsThe distance between the aorta and the right SVC was significantly larger in the cases of a left SVC compared with controls, P < .001. A distance of 2.0 mm or more was found in 70% of the cases and 5% of the controls, with a gestational‐age adjusted area under the receiver‐operating characteristics (ROC) curve for the diagnosis of left SVC of 0.93 (95% CI 0.87‐0.99). The aorta and the right SVC were significantly smaller in cases compared with controls, and there was a significant association with other cardiac and extracardiac abnormalities amongst cases of persistent left SVC.ConclusionAn increased distance between the aorta and the right SVC is associated with the diagnosis of bilateral SVC.
Safety of Performing a Graded Exercise Test Early after Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Johnson Liam , Kramer Sharon F. , Catanzariti Gabriella , Kaffenberger Tina , Cumming Toby , Bernhardt Julie 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundLow cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a predictor of stroke risk and poor outcome poststroke. Fitness levels are rarely assessed in the acute phase and it is unclear if it is safe for stroke survivors and people with transient ischemic attack (TIA) to perform a graded exercise test to assess fitness.ObjectiveTo determine if people within 14 days post stroke can safely perform a graded exercise test.DesignObservational study.SettingResearch institute.ParticipantsPeople with stroke or TIA admitted to an acute stroke unit.InterventionNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasuresSafety of performing a graded exercise test early post stroke. Safety outcomes were (1) occurrence of an adverse event or (2) <85% blood oxygen saturation (SpO2). Participants performed a graded exercise test on a recumbent stepper at a research institute <2 weeks postevent. CRF was determined by measuring peak volume of oxygen uptake (VO2peak) using a metabolic cart.ResultsTwenty‐nine participants were enrolled in the study (median age 69 years; interquartile range 58‐75). Sixteen were diagnosed with TIA and 13 with a mild stroke. Twenty‐eight participants completed the test; one participant was unable to perform the test due to back pain. The test was terminated due to standardized stopping criteria in 26 cases (5 = volitional fatigue, 6 = unable to keep required cadence, 15 = reaching 85% HRmax), one due to safety (ie, SpO2 < 85%), and one was inadvertently terminated before stopping criteria were reached. Average CRF determined by the exercise test was low; mean VO2peak of 16.2 ± 4.5 mL/kg/min for men (n = 20) and 12.4 ± 3.6 mL/kg/min for women (n = 8).ConclusionsDetermining exercise capacity early post stroke and TIA using a graded exercise test appears to be safe in patients with mild deficits. This information should be useful to plan tailored exercise programs. Further research should focus on determining safety of exercise testing in more severely affected stroke survivors.
Cellular Deformations Induced by Conical Silicon Nanowire Arrays Facilitate Gene Delivery
Authors: Chen Yaping , Aslanoglou Stella , Gervinskas Gediminas , Abdelmaksoud Hazem , Voelcker Nicolas H. , Elnathan Roey 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEngineered cell–nanostructured interfaces generated by vertically aligned silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays have become a promising platform for orchestrating cell behavior, function, and fate. However, the underlying mechanism in SiNW‐mediated intracellular access and delivery is still poorly understood. This study demonstrates the development of a gene delivery platform based on conical SiNW arrays for mechanical cell transfection, assisted by centrifugal force, for both adherent and nonadherent cells in vitro. Cells form focal adhesions on SiNWs within 6 h, and maintain high viability and motility. Such a functional and dynamic cell–SiNW interface features conformational changes in the plasma membrane and in some cases the nucleus, promoting both direct penetration and endocytosis; this synergistically facilitates SiNW‐mediated delivery of nucleic acids into immortalized cell lines, and into difficult‐to‐transfect primary immune T cells without pre‐activation. Moreover, transfected cells retrieved from SiNWs retain the capacity to proliferate—crucial to future biomedical applications. The results indicate that SiNW‐mediated intracellular delivery holds great promise for developing increasingly sophisticated investigative and therapeutic tools.
Using machine learning techniques to identify rare cyber‐attacks on the UNSW‐NB15 dataset
Authors: Bagui Sikha , Kalaimannan Ezhil , Bagui Subhash , Nandi Debarghya , Pinto Anthony 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper uses a hybrid feature selection process and classification techniques to classify cyber‐attacks in the UNSW‐NB15 dataset. A combination of k‐means clustering, and a correlation‐based feature selection, were used to come up with an optimum subset of features and then two classification techniques, one probabilistic, Naïve Bayes (NB), and a second, based on decision trees (J48), were employed. Our results show that this hybrid feature selection method in combination with the NB model was able to improve the classification accuracy of most attacks, especially the rare attacks. The false alarm rates were lower for most of the attacks, and particularly the rare attacks, with this combination of feature selection and the NB model. The J48 decision tree model, however, did not perform any better with the feature selection, but its classification rate for all attack families was already very high, with or without feature selection.