bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA
Authors: CROSBY WILLIAM H. , DAMESHEK WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a hemolytic anemia of obscure origin, characterized by a defect of the erythrocytes which makes them susceptible to hemolysis by a normal plasma or serum factor.
2. The hemolytic reaction does not involve a complement-antibody reaction but is rather an enzyme-like reaction which is related to the coagulation mechanism of the blood.
3. Evidence suggests that the heat-labile hemolytic factor in PNH, if not identical with the serum coagulation accelerator, resembles it in many aspects. The hemolytic factor is present in plasma as an inert precursor which is activated by thrombin.
4. The action of this enzyme in vivo is discussed. Its possible relationship to various other manifestations of the disease is mentioned.
5. Dicumarol was able to inhibit hemolysis in a patient with PNH. Therapeutically, the drug was disappointing. It did not reduce the hemolytic precursor and did not prevent hemolytic crises. However, its use was not dangerous, suggesting that it may be of value during crises of this disease when thrombosis is a threat. It is possible that as yet undiscovered dicumarol-like drugs which would inhibit the production of serum Ac-globulin factor and of the hemolytic factor might offer a means of treatment for patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
6. Dilute heparin facilitates the activation of the hemolytic enzyme by thrombin. The use of heparin in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria may be dangerous.
7. Lysis of PNH cells by a substance related to clotting mechanism offers a new approach to the study of the coagulation problem.
MICROSCOPIC AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE AUER BODIES IN LEUKEMIC CELLS
Authors: ACKERMAN G. ADOLPH 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
(1) Seventeen cases of acute leukemia with Auer bodies have been reported. Studies were carried out on 7 cases of acute monocytic leukemia and 3 cases of subacute myelogenous leukemia.
(2) Histochemical studies showed the Auer bodies to be oxidase, peroxidase, and periodic acid-Schiff positive; sudanophilic, slightly metachromatic and to give positive tests for acetal lipids and ribonucleic acid.
(3) The Auer bodies were negative for acid and alkaline phosphatase, lipase, glycogen, desoxyribonucleic acid and were non-birefringent.
(4) A change in the chemical nature of the Auer body from an acid condition to a more neutral state was noted. This change corresponded with the changes of the normal cytoplasmic granulation of the myelocytes and monocytes during maturation.
(5) The effects of cellular movements, trauma, and temperature changes upon the Auer bodies were studied.
(6) Several leukemic cells, containing Auer bodies, were studied during the process of mitosis.
(7) A theory as to the formation and disintegration of the Auer bodies has been presented.
Effect of phagocytosis on the reduced soluble sulfhydryl content of human granulocytes
Authors: Mendelson DS , Metz EN , Sagone AL Jr 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The role of reduced glutathione in relation to hexose monophosphate shunt activity and peroxide detoxification has been well established in human erythrocytes. Less is known about the content of reduced glutathione in phagocytic leukocytes and the changes that occur during functional activity. We have measured the reduced sulfhydryl content of normal resting human granulocytes and of cells isolated from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Normal cells and those from the patient with chronic granulomatous disease contained similar concentrations of reduced sulfhydryls. Stimulation of a phagocytic response by incubation with opsonized zymosan particles resulted in prompt and nearly complete depletion of intracellular glutathione from normal granulocytes. This fall in reduced glutathione concentration was dependent on the phagocytic load. Exposure of chronic granulomatous disease granulocytes to a similar phagocytic load resulted in a slower and less complete fall in reduced glutathione. In normal cells, those from the chronic granulomatous disease patient, and those from an obligate carrier of the disease, the decrement in reduced glutathione during phagocytosis was correlated with oxidation of 14C-1-glucose and 14C-formate, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and the chemiluminescence phenomenon.
Effect of anti-P1A1 antibody on human platelets. II. Mechanism of the complement-dependent release reaction
Authors: Schreiber AD , Cines DB , Zmijewski C , Colman RW 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We studied the mechanism by which complement activated by anti-P1A1 antibody elicits the platelet release reaction. Anti-P1A1 antibody mediates its action through the classic complement pathway, and its effect depends on the concentration of IgG antibody on the platelet surface. At relatively high concentrations of anti-P1A1 antibody the release reaction was mediated by a mechanism in part independent of extracellular ADP and metabolic energy and inhibited by only high concentrations of PGE1. However, at lower concentrations of anti-P1A1 antibody the release reaction was dependent on metabolic energy and ADP, and the concentration of PGE1 required to inhibit platelet release was similar to that required to inhibit ADP-induced release. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor acetylsalicylic acid inhibited the release reaction at all nonlytic antibody levels studied. None of the agents studied inhibited the induction of platelet lysis by very high concentrations of anti-P1A1 antibody, and no effect of antibody on platelet 14C-serotonin uptake was observed at antibody concentrations that did not mediate direct in vitro alteration. These studies suggest the possible use of pharmacologic agents in modifying some complement- mediated platelet alterations.
Granulocyte function during lithium therapy
Authors: Cohen MS , Zakhireh B , Metcalf JA , Root RK 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Random migration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal ability of neutrophils from 5 patients receiving lithium carbonate were compared with those of neutrophils from healthy donors. These cells functioned normally in all respects. Neither sera from patients receiving lithium carbonate nor the addition of lithium chloride to control cells in vitro significantly altered their functional capacity. These findings suggest that neutrophil function in patients receiving lithium therapy is preserved, and they support the potential utility of this drug as a leukopoietic agent in neutropenic states.
Fetal hemoglobin in polycythemia vera: cellular distribution in 50 unselected patients
Authors: Hoffman R , Papayannopoulou T , Landaw S , Wasserman LR , DeMarsh QB , Chen P , Stamatoyannopoulos G 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Fetal hemoglobin was studied in 50 unselected patients with polycythemia vera with chemical determinations of Hb F and measurements of F-cell levels using fluorescent anti-Hb F antibodies. Although in the majority of the patients Hb F production did not differ from that in normal controls, in 20% of the patients F-cell values were above the normal range. There was no correlation between F-cell values and duration of disease, treatment modality, presence of myelofibrosis, or hematologic parameters at the time of study. In 5 of 50 patients 30%-- 45% of the erythrocytes contained Hb F; such striking elevations of F cells may reflect a distorted differentiation of erythroid precursor cells in certain patients with this disorder.
Studies on the Effect of Splenectomy on the Total Leukocyte Count in the Albino Rat
Authors: PALMER J. G. , KEMP ILEEN , CARTWRIGHT G. E. , WINTROBE M. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Following splenectomy in the albino rat, the total leukocyte count increased approximately 100 per cent in seven days, and remained significantly elevated for seventy to ninety days, after which time time leukocytes returned to normal levels. This increase in circulating leukocytes was due to an increase in both neutrophils and mononuclear cells. Partial omentectomy and unilateral nephrectomy produced increases of less magnitude and much shorter duration than those which followed splenectomy.
2. Removal of as much as 75 per cent of the spleen resulted in a leukocyte increase resembling in magnitude and duration that of control operations.
3. When small portions (less than 10 per cent) of the spleen were transplanted to other sites, the leukocyte response also resembled that which followed the control operations.
4. When splenectomy was performed in one partner of parabiotic rats, no rise occurred in the leukocyte count of either animal. When the spleen of the second partner was then removed, a rise in the leukocyte count of both animals occurred.
5. When rats were made leukopenic by pteroylglutamic acid deficiency, no rise in the leukocytes in the peripheral blood occurred following splenectomy.
6. It is concluded that in the rat the spleen exerts an influence on the level of circulating leukocytes, and that the results of these experiments support but do not conclusively prove the hypothesis that this organ exerts this influence by controlling the rate of production and/or liberation of leukocytes in the bone marrow. These studies do not exclude the possibility that under certain circumstances the spleen may destroy white cells.
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Authors: YOUNG LAWRENCE E. , PLATZER RICHARD F. , ERVIN DONALD M. , IZZO MARY JANE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Three patients with hereditary spherocytosis and 1 patient with the Fanconi syndrome (pancytopenia and multiple congenital abnormalities) were transfused prior to splenectomy with normal erythrocytes of types which could be differentiated serologically from those of the recipients. The proportions of donated and patient’s cells in peripheral blood and in blood washed from the minced spleens were determined by differential agglutination, and the osmotic and mechanical fragilities of the two types of cells in peripheral and splenic blood were measured by differential agglutination of the corpuscles remaining in each test tube after partial hemolysis had occurred.
2. In each case of hereditary spherocytosis the proportion of recipient’s cells was much higher in splenic than in peripheral blood, indicating selective retention of the thicker corpuscles within the spleen. Osmotic fragility of thie patient’s red cells was much greater in samples of splenic mince blood than in peripheral venous samples, while the fragility of the donated red corpuscles was normal or nearly normal in both splenic and peripheral blood.
In the patient exhibiting the Fanconi syndrome, on the other hand, neither the patient’s red cells nor donated red cells were retained to any extent in the spleen and the fragility of neither type of cell was altered.
3. Spleens removed surgically from 3 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura were perfused with mixtures of normal A or B cells and group O cells drawn from a splenectomized individual with hereditary spherocytosis. During perfusion the spheroidal cells were selectively removed from the mixtures and at the end of each experiment red cells of this type predominated in the blood samples washed from the minced spleens. A fourth excised spleen was perfused with a mixture of two types of normal cells, neither of which was retained to any extent by the spleen during perfusion. The perfusion experiments show that spleens from patients with nonhemolytic disease are also capable of selective trapping of spheroidal cells.
4. The experiments described indicate that the spleen acts as a filter and trap and as an "incubator" in accelerating destruction of red corpuscles in patients with hereditary spherocytosis.
A Simplified Technic of Spectrography and Its Application to the Study of Intracellular Hemoglobin
Authors: METCALF W. K. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A simplified microspectrograph for use in the visible range is described.
2. A nonrecording microdensitometer for use with the above is discussed.
3. The Soret band of hemoglobin is demonstrable in individual erythrocytes and is not affected by fixing or staining.
4. The ratio of the hemoglobin concentration to cosin staining is constant in erythrocytes and the cytoplasm of immature red cells but not in the nucleus.
5. There is no detectable hemoglobin or verdoperoxidase in the granules present in the eosinophile granulocytes of the camel.
6. Both dried and fixed and stained erythrocytes can take up carbon monoxide from the atmosphere.
Congenital Leukemia
Authors: BERNHARD WILLIAM G. , GORE IRA , KILBY RALPH A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Four new cases of congenital leukemia reported here may be added to the 14 acceptable cases in the literature. In all except 1 of these cases cells of the granulocytic series were involved; males predominated over females in a ratio of more than 2 to 1. Congenital anomalies were present in 3 of the 4 cases we have reported, indicating a growth disturbance early in fetal life. Contrary to the usual finding in childhood leukemia, cells of the granulocytic series in the 4 cases reported here exhibited a fair degree of differentiation and in this respect are similar to those which characterize the chronic form of the disease. It seems likely, therefore, that the leukemia existed during a significant portion of intrauterine life.
The Cholinesterase of Erythrocytes in Anemias
Authors: SABINE JEAN 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Activity-pS curves were determined experimentally for the cholinesterase of the erythrocytes in various human anemias.
2. The data were analyzed to give experimental values for the apparent dissociation constants, K8 of the active enzyme-substrate complex (ES) and K2 of the inactive complex (ES2), and the theoretic limiting velocity V.
3. The analysis showed that the enzyme in the cells of anemia is the same as that in normal cells. The abnormally high enzymic activity (initial velocity at a single substrate concentration) known to occur in various anemias and the change from low activity in pernicious anemia in relapse to high activity during treatment are attributable to changes in concentration of the enzyme.
4. The enzyme in the red cells of pernicious anemia in relapse was not activated by folic acid or liver extract.
5. It was shown experimentally that the reticulocytes and young cells of normal blood and of pernicious anemia during treatment contain much higher concentrations of enzyme than old cells. The increased concentration persists for some time after the reticulum has disappeared.
6. The relative concentration of enzyme in the red cells is a more sensitive indicator of hyperactive hematopoiesis than the reticulocyte count.
7. Evidence is presented that failure of elevation of enzymic concentration in severe anemia is associated specifically with suppression or malfunction of the hematopoietic system.
8. It is believed that the relative concentration of enzyme can be used as a test of bone marrow function in severe anemias. It is hoped that further investigation may result in a useful test of wider application.
Megaloblastic Erythropoiesis in Patients with Cirrhosis of the Liver
Authors: Movitt E. R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
MOVITT, E. R.: Megaloblastic erythropoiesis in patients with cirrhosis of the liver Blood 5: 468-477 (May), 1950. In figure 2, pages 471, parts (a) and (b) were reversed. The upper photomicrograph (a) actually shows bone marrow after treatment; the lower (b) shows marrow before treatment.
Serum Anti-Proteases in the Leukemias
Authors: WEST PHILIP M. , SMITH BETTY W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Quantitative changes in two serum anti-proteases in several types of adult leukemia are described. High anti-chymotrypsin and low anti-rennin concentrations were observed in the acute leukemias while the reverse was found in chronic forms of the disease. The relationship between the enzyme inhibitors and disease activity in leukemia is similar to that reported in cancer patients.
Effects Produced by Trypsin on Certain Properties of the Human Red Cell
Authors: PONDER ERIC 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Human red cells treated with trypsin in such a way as to become agglutinable in the presence of incomplete antibodies are affected in certain other respects. Their volume is slightly increased, their ghosts are unusually rigid or "volume-occupying," their osmotic and mechanical fragilities are slightly increased and their electrophoretic mobility is reduced. These changes are probably due to effects on the protein components of the red cell surface ultrastructure. Similar effects are also produced by the related enzyme mexacain.
Studies on Abnormal Hemoglobins
Authors: SINGER KARL , CHERNOFF AMOZ I. , SINGER LILY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
By means of fractional denaturation, it is possible to follow the progress of alkaline degradation of resistant hemoglobins. A characteristic pattern was established for the fetal compound. The alkali resistant hemoglobin fractions in Mediterranean anemia and in some acquired hematologic conditions (acute leukemia and chronic aregenerative anemia) behaved like the fetal pigment. In sickle cell anemia only 4 out of 11 specimens were found to have fetal hemoglobin, whereas the others seem to have a fetal-like compound. Similarly, in 2 members of one family with hereditary spherocytosis, the resistant pigment was also fetal-like. The significance of these findings for the hypothesis that the resistant hemoglobin fractions in these disorders represent either a continuation or a reactivation of the production of the embryonic pigment is discussed.
Hemolytic Disease in Newborn Dogs
Authors: YOUNG LAWRENCE E. , CHRISTIAN RICHARD M. , ERVIN DONALD M. , DAVIS R. WENDELL , O’BRIEN WILLIAM A. , SWISHER SCOTT N. , YUILE CHARLES L. , Izzo Mary Jane , Peters Jane Hogestyn 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
YOUNG, LAWRENCE E., CHRISTIAN, RICHARD M., ERVIN, DONALD M., DAVIS, R. WENDELL, O’BRIEN, WILLIAM A., SWISHER, SCOTT N. AND YUILE, CHARLES L.: Hemolytic disease in newborn dogs. Blood 6: 291-313 (April) 1951.
Page 293, fourth line from bottom should read: "72 parts of M/l5 Na2HPO4" instead of "72 parts of M/12 Na2HPO4."
Page 297, table 1, under observations of pups in litter H, should read: "Two pups suckling mother of litter G during first day" instead of "mother of litter F."
Studies in Rh Sensitization
Authors: WIENER ALEXANDER S. , NAPPI RAFFAELE , GORDON EVE B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The results of repeated Rh antibody titrations on 65 sensitized Rh-negative pregnant woman carrying Rh-positive fetuses are presented and analyzed. Considering that a rise in antibody titer antenatally could result only from a leakage of fetal blood into the maternal circulation, the findings indicate that such a leakage occurs antenatally in about 1 out of every 3 or 4 normal pregnancies. Similarly, evidence is presented indicating that fetal blood leaks into the maternal circulation in about 1 out of 3 deliveries. Since, previously, it has been shown that approximately 40 per cent of Rh-negative individuals can be sensitized by two injections of Rh-positive blood spaced four months apart, one can calculate the chance of sensitization resulting from pregnancy with an Rh-positive fetus. The calculations show that in Rh-negative women who have received a previous injection of Rh-positive blood, there is about one chance in 12 or 13 that the first baby will be erythroblastotic (cf. Levine and Waller).16 In women who have never received any injection of blood which might sensitize them, the chance that the first baby will be erythroblastotic is negligible, because for this to occur it would be necessary for blood to leak into the maternal circulation antenatally on at least two occasions spaced four months apart, once to prime the patient and the second time to stimulate the appearance of antibodies.8 This never occurred in the present series of cases. It was also calculated that in Rh-negative primiparae who have never received an injection of Rh-positive blood, the chance of Rh antibodies appearing after the birth of an Rh-positive baby is approximately 2 out of 45, and, as a matter of fact, this has been found to occur by other workers10 in 2 out of 65 cases. It was further calculated that in Rh-negative women who had never received an injection of Rh-positive blood, the chance of their second baby being erythroblastotic is about 1 in 20, which agrees well with the actual observations. By extending the calculations, one could also estimate the chance of an erythroblastotic baby at the third, fourth, and later pregnancies.
Five cases are described in detail in order to illustrate the value of periodic antenatal Rh antibody titrations in the management of sensitized Rh-negative women.
The Use of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone and Cortisone in the Treatment of Leukemia and Leukosarcoma
Authors: ROSENTHAL MARTIN C. , SAUNDERS RICHARD H. , SCHWARTZ LAWRENCE I. , ZANNOS LEDA , SANTIAGO ENRIQUE PEREZ , DAMESHEK WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Forty-two patients with various diseases of leukocytic proliferation were treated with one or more courses of adrenocorticotropic hormone or cortisone.
Of 13 patients with acute or subacute lymphocytic leukemia who received adequate courses of treatment, 9 (69 per cent) developed objective and hematologic evidence of well defined remissions. Remissions were, however, brief, lasting one to ten weeks. Retreatments produced further remissions but a state of refractoriness was eventually reached.
Of 5 patients with acute granulocytic leukemia only 1 showed a slight clinical improvement with therapy. An actual acceleration of the process occurred in 2 cases.
Two cases of monocytic leukemia showed no response and death seemed to be hastened.
In 5 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, distinct improvement occurred in 4, particularly in those showing terminal leukemia with anemia, exfoliative dermatitis, or symptomatic hemolytic anemia.
All of 5 cases of lymphosarcoma showed some degree of improvement. Features benefited were organ enlargement, symptomatic hemolytic anemia and anemia.
In 5 cases of Hodgkin’s disease, 3 were notably benefited particularly with respect to constitutional symptoms. There was, however, no fundamental alteration of the disease process.
Only 1 case of 5 with multiple myeloma showed a favorable response. Hyperglobulinemia decreased to a variable extent in all cases, as did Bence-Jones proteinuria. The characteristics of remission including reticulocytosis, thrombocytosis, white cell response and marrow picture are detailed. The effect of ACTH on the level of serum globulins, the activity of abnormal hemagglutinins, and sedimentation rate are likewise discussed. The nonspecific effects of adrenocorticotropic therapy are indicated.
Comment is made of the undesirable effects of ACTH therapy. These included psychoses, fluid retention, hypertension, convulsions, porcine, obesity, acne, hirsutes and diabetes mellitus.
The therapeutic effectiveness of ACTH is compared with the existing available methods of therapy in the hematologic conditions under discussion.