bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Фавелы, геджеконду, «нахаловки»: сквоттерские поселения в городах развивающихся и постсоветских стран
Authors: Карбаинов Николай Иванович 
Published: February 2018

Николай Иванович Карбаинов – научный сотрудник, Социологический институт ФНИСЦ РАН. Адрес: 190005, Санкт-Петербург, ул. 7-я Красноармейская, д. 25/14. E-mail: nkarbainov@gmail.com
Цитирование: Карбаинов Н.И. (2018) Фавелы, геджеконду, «нахаловки»: сквоттерские поселения в городах развивающихся и постсоветских стран // Мир России. Т. 27. № 1. С. 135–158. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2018-27-1-135-158

В данной статье проанализированы ключевые концепции и темы исследований по проблеме сквоттерских поселений в городах развивающихся и постсоветских стран (в том числе в российских городах). По результатам анализа литературы выделены три этапа в изучении сквоттерских поселений в развивающихся странах: (1) 1950-е – первая половина 1960-х гг. – период господства теорий модернизации; (2) вторая половина 1960-х – 1970-е  гг. – период «демифологизации» и романтизации сквоттерских поселений; (3) 1980-е гг. – по настоящее время – период концептуального плюрализма. Исследования в сквоттерских поселениях в постсоветских городах стали проводится только с 1990-х  гг., но, несмотря на это обстоятельство, по своим используемым концепциям, результатам и выводам они вполне сопоставимы с исследованиями, проводимыми в развивающихся странах. В статье выделены четыре ключевые темы в исследованиях постсоветских неформальных поселений: (1) стратегии обретения недвижимости в самовольных поселениях; (2) проблема взаимоотношений жителей неформальных поселений с коренными горожанами; (3) стратегии социально-экономической адаптации мигрантов, проживающих в сквоттерских поселениях; (4) отношения жителей неформальных поселений с государственными институтами и другими политическими акторами.
A Study on the Development of a Life-Focused Foreign Language Acquisition Scale for Preschool Children: English Sample
Authors: Uslu Banu , Çağdaş Aysel 
Published: February 2018

Designing scales for preschool children in order to promote their foreign language acquisition is a complex struggle that likely involves efforts at many stages within the process of early childhood education. There is a wide range of options currently being considered for how to best measure children’s foreign language learning. The use of scientifically validated language scale is regarded as an important method. Despite a large body of evidence in terms of reliable indicators of foreign language acquisition in preschool children, there has not been a standardized, quick, easy, functional and life-based scale measurement. The purpose of the present study was to develop a valid and reliable "Life-Focused Foreign Language Acquisition Scale" (LFFLAS) for the evaluation of foreign language proficiency of preschool children who are 50-74 months-old. The study was conducted in the general survey model. 120 children from private kindergartens affiliated with the Konya National Education Directorate participated in the study. Findings related to the construct validity of the scale were obtained by factor analysis method. Based on Tetrachoric Factor Analysis, 4 sub-dimensions were found. Findings related to the reliability of the scale were obtained with the KR 20 (internal consistency) and score invariance techniques. The findings of the study revealed that the reliability coefficients related to internal consistency and score invariance of sub-scales related to LFFLAS were sufficient and the scale is valid and reliable in measuring preschool children’s foreign language acquisition. There were significant differences in the sub-scales of the scale depending on gender and age variables.
Javanese Phrase Construction in Classical Books Translation
Authors: Masrukhi Moh. 
Published: February 2018

When the system or structure of language is used and influenced by other languages, it is called interference, and it may ruin the concept of structures. This research is about Arabic phrase construction that influenced Javanese phrase construction in classical books translation (TKK). This involvement appears when the concept of Arabic’s construction is translated literally into Javanese. The research was carried out by applying theories of interference and translation. It’s analysis approach with contrastive analysis which is allegedly enabled errors to be predicted from a comparison between Arabic’s and Javanese’s phrase construction. The data were found and collected from several classical books in Arabic language (KKbA) translated by different writers. The results show that Javanese phrase construction (as the target language), particularly, with noun phrases, with adjectival phrases, with numeral phrases, and with prepositional phrases was influenced by Arabic’s murakkab or Arabic phrase construction (as the source language). Arabic has its own concept of phrase construction. The phrase construction cannot be translated into Javanese directly through word-for-word translation or literal translation. Thus, Javanese in TKK became inconvenient and ungrammatical. Arabic phrase construction is flipped around (with noun phrases and adjectival phrases) and prepositions are used and translated improperly or in the wrong position (with prepositional phrases). This research has many implications for further use, such as: for the identification and description of the deviation of Javanese phrase construction which has been affected by direct translation from the Arabic language, and furthermore, to increase the knowledge of those who are learning by increasing the realization and awareness in writing and translating (especially from Arabic to Javanese) about the fact that Arabic and Javanese have their own regulations or patterns which are different then the other language. keywords;Influence; Literal Translation; Phrase Construction ; Murakkab
Perception and Lexicon Labeling Ability on a Child with Language Delay Diagnosed As Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Psycholinguistic Study
Authors: Indah Rohmani Nur 
Published: February 2018

This research focuses on the semantics acquisition of a child with language delay diagnosed as autistic spectrum disorder (ASD). The research problem is on how the child acquired the ability to comprehend meaning. It aims at answering the questions on how the child identified lexical meanings and how he labeled targeted lexicons of his first language. The approach employed in this research is descriptive qualitative to get adequate explanation on a specific language phenomenon, namely semantics acquisition. Its design is case study with the type neo-ethnographic. As the data collection method, it uses participant observation of longitudinal study considering that the research subject has familial relation with the researcher. The data analysis shows that the semantic acquisition of the research subject has complexity in vocabulary enrichment. The research subject often performs echolalic speech when he is asked to identify or label certain object given. The typical idiosyncratic speech is shown by the unique feature of limited syllable and prosody. In general, his ability to identify lexical meanings is far exceeding his ability to label objects. He also has sensitivity to perceive the non-verbal symbol performed by the people he knows well. The use of verbal language supported by non-verbal language facilitates his perception. He finds it difficult to comprehend the lexicons having similar sound as he assumes that one lexicon represents one object which typically belongs to concrete object. In addition, the ability of the research subject in labeling objects cannot be developed easily because of his difficulty in expressing ideas through words. To pronounce the words correctly, he shows high anxiety by lowering down his speech. In selecting the lexicon he also finds it hard to use pronoun, to label homonyms and to apply both polysemy and hyponym. Accordingly, he tends to communicate only to fulfill his needs by asking things, asking the listeners to do or not to do something, and protesting something as shown in the contexts. Further, he is likely to label objects by the lexicons got from the immediate exposure.keywords; Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD); Language Acquisition; Psycholinguistics
Effect of Confinement and Well Interference on SAGD Performance - An Analytical Assessment
Authors: Zargar Zeinab , Ali S. M. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
An analytical approach is introduced, for the first time, to evaluate the effect of confinement and well interference on SAGD process and achieve a better understanding of the situation. In this stage of SAGD, adjacent chambers interfere, the effective height for oil drainage decreases and heat loss rate decreases or in a conservative design remains constant. The objectives are to predict; oil production rate, steam injection rate, thermal efficiency, steam chamber velocity, unsteady temperature profile, heat distribution, and Cumulative Steam-Oil Ratio (CSOR). In this approach, heat transfer is coupled with fluid flow. The governing equations are; Darcy's law, volumetric balance, heat conduction, constitutive equations indicating the temperature dependence of some physical properties. The model is developed based on a moving boundary problem.
A New PVT Apparatus for Automatic Measurement of Foamy Oil Generation and Stability
Authors: Luo Peng , Li Sheng , Knorr Kelvin D. , Nakutnyy Petro 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Cyclic solvent injection (CSI)—a non-thermal process option for development of post-CHOPS (cold heavy oil production with sand) heavy oil reservoirs—works by dissolving a gaseous solvent, mainly Methane (CH4) or Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and sometimes along with Propane or Butane into the in-situ heavy oil. A foamy oil is generated in-situ and produced during the production cycle due to pressure depletion. The generation and stability of foamy oil are considered important contributing factors to increased recovery from both solution gas drive and viscosity reduction mechanisms. This study used an innovative automatic flow loop apparatus to study questions about the pressure and gas type/concentration window for foamy oil generation and stability. The flow loop was applied to accurately monitor these phenomena through a number of property measurements at continuous flow conditions. Fluids inside the apparatus were automatically flowed back and forth between two upright Isco syringe pumps controlled by a LabVIEW data aquistion and control interface. The live oil in the system was depressurized either instantaneously or at a certain pressure drawdown rate to initiate foamy oil. Then, constant-volume pressure rebound (CVPR) tests and constant-pressure volume expansion (CPVE) tests were conducted, while density, viscosity, volume, and quality of the foamy oil phase were automatically measured and logged. The test results obtained with two separate gases, CH4 or CO2, revealed several fundamental mechanisms of foamy oil behaviour. Foamy oil stability was shown to be a complex function of live oil properties, solution/injection gas type, pressure drawdown rate, and shear rate. In the CVPR tests, when crude oil was saturated with CH4 or CO2 at the same bubblepoint pressure, the same pressure depletion decrement resulted in higher rebound pressure and longer time reaching stabilization for CH4 than CO2, due to slower CH4 bubble nucleation and release from the foamy oil phase. By contrast, the CPVE tests showed that the volume and viscosity increase ratio of the foamy oil phase compared to the original live oil were strongly affected by depletion pressure and drawdown rate. This indicates that, during a CSI process, there is an optimized window of pressure depletion rate and decrement that creates stable foamy oil at non-equilibrium conditions.
Steps Toward Designing the Optimum Outflow Control Device for SAGD using Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Li Lei , Ma Yongsheng , Mahmoudi Mahdi , Fattahpour Vahidoddin , Lange Carlos F. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Effective steam distribution in the injector is the key to achieve efficient and uniform reservoir heat up in SAGD operation. The focus of this research is on simulating the flow dynamics in outflow control device (OCD), the annular space between the liner and tubing, the slots, and the gap between the slotted liner and formation, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The objective is to use the approximated metamodel to optimize the OCD design and achieve more even steam distribution through the slots.
A CFD model of the steam is developed through a systematic investigation of different domain sizes to study the effect of the pressure drop across the nozzle and the steam distribution. An evenness factor is proposed to quantify the overall steam distribution and to identify problematic slot areas. Based on the developed model, the OCD design is simplified and parameterized to conduct optimization efficiently. With the CFD expert system for steam simulation, the robust simulation models corresponding to different designs are obtained, providing accurate simulation results to the optimization algorithm. Using metamodeling, the response to the five design variables is derived, and the optimum is obtained subsequently. A cylindrical region representing the vicinity of the liner is added to the periphery of the slots to translate the optimization results into the realistic design.
The CFD simulation and OCD design optimization show that the steam distribution is highly controlled by the OCD design, mainly by the nozzles’ distance to the central plane. The novel evenness factor provides a quantitative assessment of the effect of design changes and it enables the application of advanced design optimization algorithms. Fifty-five numerical experiments are conducted to obtain the relationship between the proposed evenness factor and the design variables. The overall design of the OCD can be fine-tuned to account for the steam distribution. At the beginning of the heating cycle, some flow reversal is found in some specific slots, which may lead to sand production, plugging and erosion. When the distance between the two sets of nozzles is extended to 50 mm, the normalized evenness factor shows that the steam distribution can be improved by 12.5% from the original design in which the distance used to be zero. Moreover, the velocity magnitudes in the reverse flow affected region are also reduced in the optimized design.
The CFD simulation is a powerful tool to understand the flow dynamics through OCDs. This study applies a robust CFD model to investigate the complex flow interactions that affect steam distribution through OCDs to improve their design and thus to improve the steam distribution. The provided model and the design optimization algorithm could ultimately improve the heating efficiency.
Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics at the Chamber Interface for Solvent Assisted SAGD Process
Authors: Liu Hao , Cheng Linsong , Huang Shijun , Chen Xiao , Huang Qian 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Co-injection of solvent and steam in Expanding Solvent-Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (ES-SAGD) increases the mobility of highly viscous oil relative to conventional SAGD wherein only steam is injected. This consequently results in higher oil production rates and lower energy consumption relative to SAGD due to the combined benefits of heating and dilution. Current efforts have been made to study mass transfer from a single-component-solvent/steam mixture into the heavy oil at the steam front, while the low-cost multicomponent solvent is actually co-injected with steam on the field, which presents a much more complicated interfacial condition.
In this paper, a generalized methodology has been developed to couple heat and mass transfer of this solvents–steam–heavy oil system at the interface. In the model, the equation of state and fugacity equation are integrated to calculate and analysis the equilibrium state of transition interface. Then, the transition interface model is established based on heat transfer formulations and gaseous phase convective equations. Finally, under the temperature and velocity boundaries, the model is solved by applying implicit Runge-Kutta method and the results are used to analysis the heat and mass transfer characteristics.
The predicted results show that increasing the fraction of lighter solvent can enhance mass transfer, while the heat transferred is seriously deteriorated. Besides, the closer the bubble point temperature and dew point temperature of the stream is, the smaller the elevation of mass transfer will be, but the heat transfer is almost unaffected. Therefore, to realize the best effects of heat and mass transfer, solvents with larger saturation temperature difference should be applied, and the composition of the solvents should be carefully determined according to the formation properties and solvent components.
Conducting an ES-SAGD project on a field has many challenges, especially considering its main economic factors: production increase and solvent cost. With the new methodology, an optimum multicomponent solvent can be screened from the ocean of solvent candidates for a best heat and mass transfer performance in an ES-SAGD process and hence the oil flux at the chamber edge can be maximized with a minimized solvent cost. Therefore, it is of fundamental and practical importance to study the coupled heat and mass transfer of multicomponent solvents–steam–heavy oil system at the interface.
Heavy Oil Recovery Mechanisms by Surfactant, Polymer and SP in a Non-Linear System
Authors: Guerrero F. , Bryan J. L , Kantzas A. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The aim of this work is to evaluate the micro-displacement mechanisms associated with heavy oil recovery by water and chemical flooding in a non-linear system (2D Model). To evaluate the effect of sweep efficiency improvements with no local pore level trapping of fluids, a 2D neutral water wet Hele-Shaw cell is used to visualize the dominant mechanisms of surfactant, polymer and their combinations to enhance heavy oil recovery. Waterfloods were conducted as a base line, and compared to surfactant, polymer and SP floods at different injection stages (secondary and tertiary) and under variable injection rates. Post-breakthrough oil recovery and pressure drop during the water flood and chemical flood were evaluated with the analysis of images which show the distribution of the fluids in the cell.
The results demonstrated that in waterflooding, oil pinches off the pre-formed water fingers and allows the formation of snap-off which divert further water to un-swept zones. Oil is produced discontinuously because of snap-off effects, with production of oil related to small pressure spikes in the system. This mechanism was also observed in polymer displacements. This observation can explain viscous flow of oil and discontinuous oil and water production after breakthrough in a heavy oil waterflood. Oil stripping and zones of low IFT, in the form of O/W emulsions were mechanisms observed in surfactant and SP flooding. Such emulsions are present in secondary fingers that then propagate and sweep new areas of the cell. The synergy between polymer and surfactant leads to a slightly better sweep efficiency in the cell by stripping oil and stabilizing the flood front compared to surfactant or polymer alone. Injection rate has also an impact in the flow stability and formation and flow of emulsions. At higher injection rates, flow is more unstable and leads to a less oil recovery. Multiple tests under the same conditions revealed the reproducibility levels of each displacement process.
The novelty of this study is that it provides insights into fluid flow behavior in diverging flow paths as observed in 2D systems, as opposed to linear core floods that have limited flow pathways. In particular, these visual observations help to illustrate the role that surfactants can play in heavy oil systems, with and without the addition of polymer.
Direction of Wormhole Growth Under Anisotropic Stress
Authors: Oldakowski K. , Sawatzky R. P. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The CHOPS process involves the growth of high permeability channels (wormholes) into the reservoir. The wormholes provide improved access to the reservoir, thereby substantially increasing oil production rates. As production from a group of CHOPS wells matures, wormhole networks that have developed from different wells often interconnect. This can have negative consequences. For example, water influx into one well will spread readily to a system of interconnected wells.
A better understanding of preferential trends in the development of wormhole networks could allow more optimal placement of CHOPS wells, in terms of their spatial distribution. There are several factors that could influence the direction of wormhole growth in a heavy oil reservoir. The direction of growth may be affected by heterogeneity in the distribution of petrophysical and fluid properties such as permeability, porosity, water saturation, and oil viscosity. The stress field could be another factor.
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the influence of anisotropic (unequal) horizontal principal stresses on the direction of wormhole growth in a sand pack saturated with viscous oil. The experiments were performed in a large rectangular triaxial cell (box). Each of the two perpendicular horizontal stresses and the vertical stress applied to the sand pack could be controlled independently. Oil was injected into the sand pack through flow distributors located on adjacent vertical walls of the cell. The oil flowed through the sand toward a production well in the cell. When a critical flow rate was reached, the sand failed around one of the openings in the well. The failed sand was transported by the oil into the well, resulting in the growth of a wormhole inside the pack.
The experiments indicated that, under the conditions of stress and flow that were applied, there was a tendency for wormholes to grow in the direction of the lower horizontal stress. However, this tendency was overcome when there were significant directional differences in the oil flux (pressure gradient). Then, the wormholes tended to grow in the direction of the largest oil flux. Both behaviours are consistent with the local effective stress conditions at the tip of a wormhole that lead to continuing sand failure there.