bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data use in Kenyan secondary schools
Authors: Omoso Elisha , Schildkamp Kim , Pieters Jules 
Published: June 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the data available and their use by Kenyan secondary school teachers and head teachers.

Design/methodology/approach
Using a qualitative case study design, this study utilised interviews and documentary evidence to explore the data available and their use within Kenyan schools.

Findings
The data available in Kenyan schools were similar except for context data which had slight variations between schools. Head teachers mainly used school-level data to monitor school functioning, plan and develop school-level policies which mainly focused on school and curriculum improvement but little on teacher improvement. Teacher improvement attempts were mostly via benchmarking. The results also show that Kenyan head teachers hide inspection reports from teachers and that some head teachers used data creatively than others. For example, one head teacher used data to start a feeding programme to support economically disadvantaged students. Teachers, however, mostly used classroom-level data to plan lessons and monitor students’ progress.

Research limitations/implications
The study results may be used for data use comparative studies between developing and developed countries.

Practical implications
Based on the findings, data use training is needed to help Kenyan schools use data to improve teachers and teaching.

Originality/value
Accountability and data use are at the centre of many school improvement efforts the world over. The last two decades, for example, show pressure on schools to account for the resources invested and for the education they provide to children mainly in the form of data. Regrettably, studies pay little attention to data use in schools within developing countries such as Kenya.
Geographic charisma and the potential energy of Ebola
Authors: Herrick Clare 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Ebola virus is unparalleled in its charismatic ability to ignite fear, anxiety and disgust at a scale grossly disproportionate to the number of lives it claims. As an archetypal ‘Emerging Infectious Disease’ (EID), this designation and the politics that have encircled it have provided Ebola with a conceptual space in which epidemiology and geography to splice together in the genesis and maintenance of its charismatic valence. Even before the West African outbreak of 2013–2016, Ebola was an ‘exceptional’ and ‘master status’ disease around which media attention mobilised to an unparalleled degree and effect. This paper argues that even if never directly conceptualised as such, Ebola is uniquely charismatic among EIDs and, more, this charisma can be understood geographically. To do so, the paper proceeds in three parts to explore how Ebola's geographic charisma emerges from: (i) it being fixed ‘in place’ as something innately African; (ii) fears about the virus moving ‘out of place’ and (iii) its ‘potential energy’ or the persistent unease generated by the uncertainty of when and where the virus's potential geographies will become actual.
The Psychopathological Profile of Cannibalism: A Review of Five Cases
Authors: Raymond Sophie , Léger Anne‐Sophie , Gasman Ivan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn today's society, human cannibalism is extremely rare and represents an unthinkable act of violence. Scientific literature on the topic is sparse due to significant methodological problems, such as collecting enough data and generating unbiased analyses. The purpose of this article is to illustrate some psychodynamic aspects of cannibalism. After a review of the literature, we will present and compare five cannibalistic patients hospitalized in the Henri Colin secure unit (Villejuif, France). The patients described fall into two subgroups, suffering either from severe schizophrenia or from a mixed personality disorder with sadistic and psychopathic features associated with paraphilia. For the schizophrenia group, cannibalism is a self‐defense reaction to a perceived threat of destruction: survival depends on the annihilation or assimilation of the other. For the mixed personality disorder group, ego and narcissism are the central issue with a desire to overcome deep‐rooted frustrations by means of an extraordinary act.
Time from arrest to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Park Jeong Ho , Song Kyoung Jun , Shin Sang Do , Ro Young Sun , Hong Ki Jeong 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe association between the time from arrest to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) and survival from out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether time to ECPR is associated with survival in OHCA.MethodsWe analysed the Korean national OHCA registry from 2013 to 2016. We included adult witnessed OHCA patients with presumed cardiac aetiology who underwent ECPR. Patients were excluded if their arrest times or outcomes were unknown. The primary outcome was survival to discharge. Multivariable logistic regression analysis controlling for potential confounders was conducted and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to determine the association between time to ECPR and survival.ResultsThere were 40 352 witnessed OHCAs with presumed cardiac aetiology. One hundred and forty patients had ECPR applied on arriving at their ED, 13 of these patients survived to discharge and seven were neurologically intact. Median time from arrest to ECPR was 74 min (IQR 61–90). Time from arrest to ECPR was significantly and inversely associated with survival to discharge for every 10 min increase in time (AOR 0.73, 95% CI 0.53–1.00) in 10 min intervals. AOR for time from arrest to ECPR ≤60 min was independently associated with improved survival (AOR 6.48, 95% CI 1.54–27.20).ConclusionEarly initiation of ECPR is associated with improved survival after OHCA. Because we analysed a nationwide OHCA registry, which lacks uniform selection criteria for ECPR, further prospective study is warranted.
The role of the dietitian in the management of malnutrition in the elderly: A systematic review of current practices
Authors: Fleurke Matthijs , Voskuil Dorien W. , Beneken genaamd Kolmer Deirdre M. 
Published: June 2019

AimThe prevalence of age‐related malnutrition is increasing in almost all Western countries. Because of their expertise, dietitians should have a central role in the management of malnutrition. This review aimed to synthesise the literature on the role of the dietitian in the management of malnutrition in the elderly in comparison with other health professionals.MethodsIn November 2018, a search of Embase, Medline Ovid, Cinahl Ebscohost, Cochrane Central, Web of Science and Google Scholar was undertaken using ‘dietitian’, ‘elderly’ and ‘malnutrition’ as the main search terms. Qualitative and quantitative empirical research studies that focussed on the role of dietitians as the (main) subject of the study were included. Data extraction and data synthesis were performed by the three authors using a thematic synthesis approach.ResultsThree themes emerged from the coding and synthesis of the 21 included studies. The first theme demonstrates that other health professionals' time for, and knowledge of, screening policies negatively affects the role of the dietitian. The second theme demonstrates that the importance of nutritional care is acknowledged. However, this does not always imply familiarity with dietetics nor does it always mean that other health professionals think involving dietitians is worth the effort. The third theme demonstrates that issues of workload appeared to be especially important in crossing or guarding role boundaries.ConclusionsThe role of dietitians in managing age‐related malnutrition is not always clear and coherent. Therefore, how dietitians shape their role to provide optimal management of malnutrition in the elderly is open to debate.
Building Resilience and Social Cohesion in Conflict
Authors: Aall Pamela , Crocker Chester A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractExaminations of the effectiveness of diplomacy in conflict resolution generally focus on official political institutions and the roles that they play. This article takes a different tack and focuses on the social institutions and groups that exist in and are affected by a conflict environment. This article argues that conflict resilience— which we define here as the ability to resist and recover from conflict — and its ability to contribute to social cohesion are key dimensions of the ability to manage conflict in the types of conflicts that are prevalent in the world today. We examine several different definitions and examples of conflict resilience, and identify actions that outside actors can take to support resilient institutions and groups, particularly in the areas of supporting effective domestic institutions, promoting inclusion and encouraging good leadership.
Negotiating Complex Conflicts
Authors: Albin Cecilia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOpposing notions of justice held by parties frequently contribute to the complexity of conflict and its resolution. Yet the implications of this reality remain poorly explored in scholarship and often little recognized in policy approaches. This chapter delineates different causes behind and roots of opposing justice notions in conflicts situations. A range of means available to tackle them are then developed. So called integrative strategies of negotiation and conflict resolution are put forward as most promising if certain preparatory steps, involving a third party and trust building among other matters, are taken.
Risk factors associated with an increase in the size of ground‐glass lung nodules on chest computed tomography
Authors: Yoon Hee‐Young , Bae Ji‐Yun , Kim Yookyung , Shim Sung Shin , Park Sojung , Park So‐Young , Kim Soo Jung , Ryu Yon Ju , Chang Jung Hyun , Lee Jin Hwa 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundThe detection rate of ground‐glass nodules (GGNs) in the lung has increased with the increased use of low‐dose computed tomography (CT) of the chest for cancer screening; however, limited data is available on the natural history, follow‐up, and treatment of GGNs. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with an increase in the size of GGNs.MethodsA total of 338 patients (mean ages, 59.8 years; males, 35.5%) with 689 nodules who underwent chest CT at our institute between June 2004 and February 2014 were included in this study. The cut‐off date of follow‐up was August 2018. We analyzed the size, solidity, number, and margins of the nodules compared with their appearance on previous chest CT images. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify risk factors associated with nodule growth.ResultsThe median follow‐up period was 21.8 months. Of the 338 patients, 38.5% had a history of malignancy, including lung cancer (8.9%). Among the 689 nodules, the median size of the lesions was 6.0 mm (IQR, 5–8 mm), and the proportion of nodules with size ≥10 mm and multiplicity was 17.1% and 66.3%, respectively. Compared to the nodules without an increase in size, the 79 nodules with an increase in size during the follow‐up period were initially larger (growth group, 7.0 mm vs. non‐growth group, 6.0 mm; P = 0.027), more likely to have a size ≥10 mm (26.6% vs. 15.9%; P = 0.018), and had less frequent multiplicity (54.4% vs. 67.9%, P = 0.028). In the multivariate analysis, nodule size ≥10 mm (hazard ratio [HR], 2.044; P = 0.005), a patient history of lung cancer (HR: 2.190, P = 0.006), and solitary nodule (HR: 2.499, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors for nodule growth.ConclusionCareful follow‐up of GGNs is warranted in patients with a history of malignancy, a large , or a solitary nodule.
Methods for Evaluating the Association Between Alcohol Outlet Density and Violent Crime
Authors: Trangenstein Pamela J. , Curriero Frank C. , Jennings Jacky M. , Webster Daniel , Latkin Carl , Eck Raimee H. , Jernigan David H. 
Published: June 2019

BackgroundThe objective of this analysis was to compare measurement methods—counts, proximity, mean distance, and spatial access—of calculating alcohol outlet density and violent crime using data from Baltimore, Maryland.MethodsViolent crime data (n = 11,815) were obtained from the Baltimore City Police Department and included homicides, aggravated assaults, rapes, and robberies in 2016. We calculated alcohol outlet density and violent crime at the census block (CB) level (n = 13,016). We then weighted these CB‐level measures to the census tract level (n = 197) and conducted a series of regressions. Negative binomial regression was used for count outcomes and linear regression for proximity and spatial access outcomes. Choropleth maps, partial R2, Akaike's Information Criterion, and root mean squared error guided determination of which models yielded lower error and better fit.ResultsThe inference depended on the measurement methods used. Eight models that used a count of alcohol outlets and/or violent crimes failed to detect an association between outlets and crime, and 3 other count‐based models detected an association in the opposite direction. Proximity, mean distance, and spatial access methods consistently detected an association between outlets and crime and produced comparable model fits.ConclusionsProximity, mean distance, and spatial access methods yielded the best model fits and had the lowest levels of error in this urban setting. Spatial access methods may offer conceptual strengths over proximity and mean distance. Conflicting findings in the field may be in part due to error in the way that researchers measure alcohol outlet density.
The effects of an aviation‐style computerised pre‐induction anaesthesia checklist on pre‐anaesthetic set‐up and non‐routine events
Authors: Jelacic S. , Bowdle A. , Nair B. G. , Togashi K. , Wu C. , Boorman D. J. , Cain K. C. , Lang J. D. , Dellinger E. P. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis prospective, observational study compared the proportion of cases with missing critical pre‐induction items before and after the implementation of an aviation‐style computerised pre‐induction anaesthesia checklist. Trained observers recorded the availability of critical pre‐induction items and evaluated the characteristics of the pre‐induction anaesthesia checklist performance including provider participation and distraction level, resistance to the use of the checklist and the time required for completion. Surgical cases that met the criteria for inclusion in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program at a single academic hospital were selected for observation. A total of 853 cases were observed before and 717 after implementation of the checklist. The proportion of cases with failure to perform all pre‐induction steps decreased from 10.0% to 6.4% (p = 0.012). There was also a significant decrease in the proportion of cases with non‐routine events from 1.2% cases before to none after checklist implementation (p = 0.003). In 17 cases, the checklist alerted the anaesthesia provider to correct a mistake in pre‐induction preparation.
The relationship between galectin‐3 levels and fragmented QRS (fQRS) in patients with heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
Authors: Barman Hasan Ali , Durmaz Eser , Atici Adem , Kahyaoglu Serdar , Asoglu Ramazan , Sahin Irfan , Ikitimur Baris 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundFragmented QRS (fQRS) complex is an electrocardiographic pattern which reflects myocardial scarring. We aimed to investigate the relationship between the presence of fragmented QRS (fQRS) on electrocardiogram (ECG) and plasma galectin‐3 levels in patients with heart failure (HF) and severely decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≤ 35%).MethodsWe prospectively enrolled 125 symptomatic HF patients (NYHA class II‐III) with severely reduced LVEF (≤35%). fQRS was identified in ECG. Galectin‐3 and N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) levels were measured. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence (n = 40) or absence (n = 85) of a fQRS on ECG.ResultsMajority of patients were male (87.70%), and mean age was 65.1 ± 11.6. Galectin‐3 and NT‐proBNP levels were found to be significantly higher in the fQRS (+) group compared with the fQRS (−) group (NT‐proBNP 5,362 ± 701 pg/ml vs. 4,452 ± 698 pg/ml; p < 0.001, galectin‐3 607 ± 89.8 pg/ml vs. 509.4 ± 63.5 pg/ml; p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed galectin‐3 and NT‐proBNP levels are the presence of fQRS on ECG (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The area under the curve using the galectin‐3 level for fQRS was 0.819.ConclusionsfQRS and serum galectin‐3 levels are associated with myocardial fibrosis and are associated with poor prognosis in heart failure. In our study, a positive correlation was found between serum galectin‐3 levels and fQRS on ECG.
Long‐term metformin use may improve clinical outcomes in diabetic patients with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and bridging fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis
Authors: Vilar‐Gomez Eduardo , Vuppalanchi Raj , Desai Archita P. , Gawrieh Samer , Ghabril Marwan , Saxena Romil , Cummings Oscar W. , Chalasani Naga 
Published: June 2019

SummaryBackgroundMetformin may protect against hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes.AimTo investigate whether long‐term use of metformin improves survival and reduces liver‐related outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis.MethodsA total of 191 diabetic patients with biopsy‐proven non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and bridging fibrosis or compensated cirrhosis were retrospectively identified at Indiana University Medical Center between October 2004 and January 2016. Of them, 110 were users and 81 never‐users of metformin. Primary outcomes were transplant‐free survival, development of hepatocellular carcinoma or a first event of hepatic decompensation.ResultsCirrhosis was present in 85% of metformin users and 88% of nonusers. Metformin dose was greater than or equal to 1 g/d in 104 out of 110 users and its median duration of use was 6 (95% CI: 4.4‐7.9) years. The mean follow‐up was 6.92 and 6.80 years for metformin users and non‐users, respectively. During follow‐up, 28 patients developed hepatocellular carcinoma (metformin users: 7, nonusers: 21), and 52 died (metformin users: 7, nonusers: 24) or were transplanted (metformin users: 13, non‐users: 13). Metformin use was associated with lower risk of overall mortality or transplant (HR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.24‐0.74, P = 0.003) and hepatocellular carcinoma (sHR: 0.25; 95% CI: 0.11‐0.58, P = 0.001), and remained independently associated with both outcomes after propensity‐score and covariate‐adjusted analyses. No instances of hepatotoxicity or lactic acidosis were observed.ConclusionOur study demonstrated an association between long‐term metformin use and reduced the risk of all‐cause mortality/transplant and hepatocellular carcinoma in diabetics with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis.
Kantian constructivism and the Reinhold–Sidgwick objection
Authors: Scholten Matthé 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn this paper, I give a reconstruction of the so‐called Reinhold–Sidgwick objection and show that Korsgaard‐style Kantian constructivists are committed to two key premises of the underlying argument. According to the Reinhold–Sidgwick objection, the Kantian conception of autonomy entails the absurd conclusion that no one is ever morally responsible for a morally wrong action. My reconstruction of the underlying argument reveals that the objection depends on a third premise, which says that freedom is a necessary condition for moral responsibility. After mapping the common replies to the objection, I demonstrate that none of these replies is available to Kantian constructivists. But they need not be committed to the absurd conclusion that no one is ever morally blameworthy. Kantian constructivists who want to resist the Reinhold–Sidgwick objection are well advised to subject the third premise of the underlying argument to critical scrutiny.
Impaired vocal communication, sleep‐related discharges, and transient alteration of slow‐wave sleep in developing mice lacking the GluN2A subunit of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors
Authors: Salmi Manal , Del Gallo Federico , Minlebaev Marat , Zakharov Andrey , Pauly Vanessa , Perron Pauline , Pons‐Bennaceur Alexandre , Corby‐Pellegrino Séverine , Aniksztejn Laurent , Lenck‐Santini Pierre‐Pascal , Epsztein Jérôme , Khazipov Rustem , Burnashev Nail , Bertini Giuseppe , Szepetowski Pierre 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveGlutamate‐gated N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are instrumental to brain development and functioning. Defects in the GRIN2A gene, encoding the GluN2A subunit of NMDARs, cause slow‐wave sleep (SWS)‐related disorders of the epilepsy‐aphasia spectrum (EAS). The as‐yet poorly understood developmental sequence of early EAS‐related phenotypes, and the role of GluN2A‐containing NMDARs in the development of SWS and associated electroencephalographic (EEG) activity patterns, were investigated in Grin2a knockout (KO) mice.MethodsEarly social communication was investigated by ultrasonic vocalization (USV) recordings; the relationship of electrical activity of the cerebral cortex with SWS was studied using deep local field potential or chronic EEG recordings at various postnatal stages.ResultsGrin2a KO pups displayed altered USV and increased occurrence of high‐voltage spindles. The pattern of slow‐wave activity induced by low‐dose isoflurane was altered in Grin2a KO mice in the 3rd postnatal week and at 1 month of age. These alterations included strong suppression of the delta oscillation power and an increase in the occurrence of the spike‐wave bursts. The proportion of SWS and the sleep quality were transiently reduced in Grin2a KO mice aged 1 month but recovered by the age of 2 months. Grin2a KO mice also displayed spontaneous spike‐wave discharges, which occurred nearly exclusively during SWS, at 1 and 2 months of age.SignificanceThe impaired vocal communication, the spike‐wave discharges occurring almost exclusively in SWS, and the age‐dependent alteration of SWS that were all seen in Grin2a KO mice matched the sleep‐related and age‐dependent manifestations seen in children with EAS, hence validating the Grin2a KO as a reliable model of EAS disorders. Our data also show that GluN2A‐containing NMDARs are involved in slow‐wave activity, and that the period of postnatal brain development (postnatal day 30) when several anomalies peaked might be critical for GluN2A‐dependent, sleep‐related physiological and pathological processes.