bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Journey to the East: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Early Reception of St. Augustine in China
Authors: Gao Yuan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn modern scholarship, much ink has been spilled over the significance of St. Augustine in the history of Western philosophy and theology. However, little effort has been made to clarify the legacy of Augustine in East Asia, especially his contribution to China during the early Jesuit missionary work through the Maritime Silk Road. The present article attempts to fill this lacuna and provide a philosophical analysis of the encounter of Chinese indigenous religions with St Augustine, by inquiring into why and how Augustine was taken as a model for the Chinese in their acceptance of the Christian faith. The analysis is split into three parts. The first part reflects on the contemporary disputations over the quality of the paraphrasing work of the early Jesuits, analyzing the validity of the allegedly careless inaccuracies in their introduction of Augustine's biography. The second part analyses some rarely discussed Chinese translations of Augustine, which I recently found in the Nanjing Union Theological Seminary, with particular focus on their ideological context. In particular, the paraphrased text concerning Augustine's theory of sin and the two cities will be highlighted. The third part goes a step further in exploring the reason why Augustine was considered an additional advantage in dealing with the conflicts between Christian and Confucian values. The primary contribution this essay makes is to present a philosophical inquiry into the role of Augustine in the early acceptance of Christianity in China by suggesting that a strategy of “Confucian-Christian synthesis” had been adopted by the Jesuit missionaries. Thereby, they accommodated Confucian terms without dropping the core values of the orthodox Catholic faith. The conclusion revisits the critics’ arguments and sums up with an evaluation of the impact of Augustine's religious values in the indigenization of Christianity in China.
Crustal Structure of the Eastern Arunta Region, Central Australia, From Magnetotelluric, Seismic, and Magnetic Data
Authors: Kirkby Alison , Duan Jingming 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe present a 3‐D inversion of magnetotelluric data acquired along a 340‐km transect in Central Australia. The results are interpreted with a coincident deep crustal seismic reflection survey and magnetic inversion. The profile crosses three Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic basement provinces, the Davenport, Aileron, and Warumpi Provinces, which are overlain by remnants of the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Centralian Surperbasin, the Georgina and Amadeus Basins, and the Irindina Province. The inversion shows conductors near the base of the Irindina Province that connect to moderately conductive pathways from 50‐km depth and to off‐profile conductors at shallower depths. The shallow conductors may reflect anisotropic resistivity and are interpreted as sulfide minerals in fractures and faults near the base of the Irindina Province. Beneath the Amadeus Basin, and in the Aileron Province, there are two conductors associated strong magnetic susceptibilities from inversions, suggesting they are caused by magnetic, conductive minerals such as magnetite or pyrrhotite. Beneath the Davenport Province, the inversion images a conductive layer from ∼15‐ to 40‐km depth that is associated with elevated magnetic susceptibility and high seismic reflectivity. The margins between the different basement provinces from previous seismic interpretations are evident in the resistivity model. The positioning and geometry of the southern margin of the crustal conductor beneath the Davenport Province supports the positioning of the south dipping Atuckera Fault as interpreted on the seismic data. Likewise, the interpreted north dipping margin between the Warumpi and Aileron Province is imaged as a transition from resistive to conductive crust, with a steeply north dipping geometry.
Stochastic Assessment of Nonpoint Source Contamination: Joint Impact of Aquifer Heterogeneity and Well Characteristics on Management Metrics
Authors: Vincent Henri Christopher , Harter Thomas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNonpoint source (NPS) groundwater contamination in sedimentary basin aquifers with overlying agricultural activities increasingly threatens groundwater supplies. The role of aquifer heterogeneity has not been well understood in the assessment of NPS and in linking pollution sources to impacts in water supply wells. A typical well taps into and mixes groundwater varying in age by decades or even centuries. This study investigates the joint impact of aquifer heterogeneity and pumping well characteristics (well depth, pumping rate, and screen length) on expected values of and uncertainty about key management metrics: (1) travel time of a NPS contaminant to a production well, (2) spatiotemporal characteristics of the source area, and (3) contaminant compliance at production wells. A stochastic approach is employed using Monte Carlo simulation of flow and nonreactive transport in 3‐D highly heterogeneous alluvial aquifer systems. Well design is shown to dominate the distribution of travel time mixing and the overall location and spread of the source area. Larger extraction intensity and closer proximity to the land surface are shown to significantly suppress effects of large aquifer heterogeneity on uncertainty on all metrics. Deep wells and wells with lower pumping rates have more uncertain source areas. Long‐term NPS contaminants with high source concentration (>10 times compliance level) will be exceeded in most wells within decades, while low‐intensity source concentrations (2–4 times compliance level, typical for nitrate and salinity) have large uncertainty about time to exceedance suggesting wide variability among a set of wells with similar well design subject to the same NPS pollution.
A World of Cobenefits: Solving the Global Nitrogen Challenge
Authors: Houlton Benjamin Z. , Almaraz Maya , Aneja Viney , Austin Amy T. , Bai Edith , Cassman Kenneth G. , Compton Jana E. , Davidson Eric A. , Erisman Jan Willem , Galloway James N. , Gu Baojing , Yao Guolin , Martinelli Luiz A. , Scow Kate , Schlesinger William H. , Tomich Thomas P. , Wang Chao , Zhang Xin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNitrogen is a critical component of the economy, food security, and planetary health. Many of the world's sustainability targets hinge on global nitrogen solutions, which, in turn, contribute lasting benefits for (i) world hunger; (ii) soil, air, and water quality; (iii) climate change mitigation; and (iv) biodiversity conservation. Balancing the projected rise in agricultural nitrogen demands while achieving these 21st century ideals will require policies to coordinate solutions among technologies, consumer choice, and socioeconomic transformation.
Meridional Distribution of Middle‐Energy Protons and Pressure‐Driven Currents in the Nightside Inner Magnetosphere: Arase Observations
Authors: Imajo S. , Nosé M. , Kasahara S. , Yokota S. , Matsuoka A. , Keika K. , Hori T. , Teramoto M. , Yamamoto K. , Oimatsu S. , Nomura R. , Fujimoto A. , Shinohara I. , Miyoshi Y. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe examined the average meridional distribution of middle‐energy protons (10–180 keV) and pressure‐driven currents in the nightside (20–04 hr magnetic local time) ring current region during moderately disturbed times using the Arase satellite's data. Because the Arase satellite has a large inclination orbit of 31°, it covers the magnetic latitude (MLAT) in the range of −40° to 40° and a radial distance of <6RE. We found that the plasma pressure decreased significantly with increasing MLAT. The plasma pressure on the same L* shell at 30° < MLAT < 40° was ∼10–60% of that at 0° < 4 MLAT < 10°, and the rate of decrease was larger on lower L* shells. The pressure anisotropy, derived as the perpendicular pressure divided by the parallel pressure minus 1, decreased with radial distance and showed a weak dependence on MLAT. The magnitude of the plasma beta at 30°<MLAT<40° was 1 or 2 orders smaller than that at 0°<MLAT<10°. The plasma pressure normalized by the value at 0°<MLAT<10° estimated from the magnetic strength and anisotropy was roughly consistent with the observed plasma pressure for L*=3.5–5.5. The azimuthal pressure‐gradient current derived from the plasma pressure was distributed over MLAT∼0–20° , while the curvature current was limited within MLAT∼0–10° . We suggest that the latitudinal dependence should be taken into account in interpretations of plasma parameters in successive orbits during magnetic storms.
Surface‐Atmosphere Coupling Scale, the Fate of Water, and Ecophysiological Function in a Brazilian Forest
Authors: Baker Ian T. , Denning A.Scott , Dazlich Don A. , Harper Anna B. , Branson Mark D. , Randall David A. , Phillips Morgan C. , Haynes Katherine D. , Gallup Sarah M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTropical South America plays a central role in global climate. Bowen ratio teleconnects to circulation and precipitation processes far afield, and the global CO2 growth rate is strongly influenced by carbon cycle processes in South America. However, quantification of basin‐wide seasonality of flux partitioning between latent and sensible heat, the response to anomalies around climatic norms, and understanding of the processes and mechanisms that control the carbon cycle remains elusive. Here, we investigate simulated surface‐atmosphere interaction at a single site in Brazil, using models with different representations of precipitation and cloud processes, as well as differences in scale of coupling between the surface and atmosphere. We find that the model with parameterized clouds/precipitation has a tendency toward unrealistic perpetual light precipitation, while models with explicit treatment of clouds produce more intense and less frequent rain. Models that couple the surface to the atmosphere on the scale of kilometers, as opposed to tens or hundreds of kilometers, produce even more realistic distributions of rainfall. Rainfall intensity has direct consequences for the “fate of water,” or the pathway that a hydrometeor follows once it interacts with the surface. We find that the model with explicit treatment of cloud processes, coupled to the surface at small scales, is the most realistic when compared to observations. These results have implications for simulations of global climate, as the use of models with explicit (as opposed to parameterized) cloud representations becomes more widespread.
Seasonal and Topographic Variations in Ecohydrological Separation Within a Small, Temperate, Snow‐Influenced Catchment
Authors: Knighton James , Souter‐Kline Valessa , Volkmann Till , Troch Peter A. , Kim Minseok , Harman Ciaran J. , Morris Chelsea , Buchanan Brian , Walter M. Todd 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe hypothesis of ecohydrological separation (ES) proposes that the water contained in surface soils is not uniformly extracted by root water uptake nor uniformly displaced by infiltration. Rather vegetation selectively removes water held under tension, and water infiltrating wet soil will bypass much of the water‐filled pore space. Methodological differences across previous studies have contributed to disagreement concerning the prevalence of ES. We measured stable isotopes of O and H in precipitation, snowpack, canopy throughfall, and stream water over a period of 18 months in a temperate catchment. At six locations across a wetness gradient, we sampled bulk soil water isotopes weekly and xylem water of Eastern hemlock and American beech stems seasonally. We used these observations in a soil column model including StorAge Selection functions to estimate the isotopic composition and ages of groundwater recharge and ET. Our findings suggest ES may exist with spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Root water uptake ages possibly vary between Eastern hemlock and American beech, suggesting functional strategies for water uptake may control the presence of ES. Newly infiltrated water bypassing the shallow soil was the most likely explanation for bulk soil isotopic measurements made at upslope locations during the winter and summer seasons, whereas rapid displacement of stored soil water by infiltrated waters was the most likely during the spring and fall seasons. Future research incorporating high temporal frequency soil and plant xylem water isotopic measurements applied to StorAge Selection functions may provide a useful framework for understanding rooting zone isotope dynamics.
A broadband achromatic metalens array for integral imaging in the visible
Authors: Fan Zhi-Bin , Qiu Hao-Yang , Zhang Han-Le , Pang Xiao-Ning , Zhou Li-Dan , Liu Lin , Ren Hui , Wang Qiong-Hua , Dong Jian-Wen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntegral imaging is a promising three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that captures and reconstructs light field information. Microlens arrays are usually used for the reconstruction process to display 3D scenes to the viewer. However, the inherent chromatic aberration of the microlens array reduces the viewing quality, and thus, broadband achromatic imaging remains a challenge for integral imaging. Here, we realize a silicon nitride metalens array in the visible region that can be used to reconstruct 3D optical scenes in the achromatic integral imaging for white light. The metalens array contains 60 × 60 polarization-insensitive metalenses with nearly diffraction-limited focusing. The nanoposts in each high-efficiency (measured as 47% on average) metalens are delicately designed with zero effective material dispersion and an effective achromatic refractive index distribution from 430 to 780 nm. In addition, such an achromatic metalens array is composed of only a single silicon nitride layer with an ultrathin thickness of 400 nm, making the array suitable for on-chip hybrid-CMOS integration and the parallel manipulation of optoelectronic information. We expect these findings to provide possibilities for full-color and aberration-free integral imaging, and we envision that the proposed approach may be potentially applicable in the fields of high-power microlithography, high-precision wavefront sensors, virtual/augmented reality and 3D imaging.
Nanosecond modulation of thermal emission
Authors: Wasserman Daniel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFemtosecond laser pulses are used to modulate the thermal emission from semiconductor materials at the nanosecond timescale. A visible-frequency laser photoexcites energetic free carriers in intrinsic Si and GaAs wafers. As these free carriers return to equilibrium, they not only emit thermal radiation on a picosecond time scale but also modulate the semiconductor thermal emission on a nanosecond to microsecond time scale, offering a novel route towards ultrafast infrared optical pulses.
Mitochondrially-targeted APOBEC1 is a potent mtDNA mutator affecting mitochondrial function and organismal fitness in Drosophila
Authors: Andreazza Simonetta , Samstag Colby L. , Sanchez-Martinez Alvaro , Fernandez-Vizarra Erika , Gomez-Duran Aurora , Lee Juliette J. , Tufi Roberta , Hipp Michael J. , Schmidt Elizabeth K. , Nicholls Thomas J. , Gammage Payam A. , Chinnery Patrick F. , Minczuk Michal , Pallanck Leo J. , Kennedy Scott R. , Whitworth Alexander J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSomatic mutations in the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) have been linked to multiple disease conditions and to ageing itself. In Drosophila, knock-in of a proofreading deficient mtDNA polymerase (POLG) generates high levels of somatic point mutations and also small indels, but surprisingly limited impact on organismal longevity or fitness. Here we describe a new mtDNA mutator model based on a mitochondrially-targeted cytidine deaminase, APOBEC1. mito-APOBEC1 acts as a potent mutagen which exclusively induces C:G>T:A transitions with no indels or mtDNA depletion. In these flies, the presence of multiple non-synonymous substitutions, even at modest heteroplasmy, disrupts mitochondrial function and dramatically impacts organismal fitness. A detailed analysis of the mutation profile in the POLG and mito-APOBEC1 models reveals that mutation type (quality) rather than quantity is a critical factor in impacting organismal fitness. The specificity for transition mutations and the severe phenotypes make mito-APOBEC1 an excellent mtDNA mutator model for ageing research.
The cascade of global trade to large climate forcing over the Tibetan Plateau glaciers
Authors: Yi Kan , Meng Jing , Yang Haozhe , He Cenlin , Henze Daven K. , Liu Junfeng , Guan Dabo , Liu Zhu , Zhang Lin , Zhu Xi , Cheng Yanli , Tao Shu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) aerosols constitute unique and important anthropogenic climate forcers that potentially accelerate the retreat of glaciers over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau (HTP). Here we show that a large amount of BC emissions produced in India and China—a region of BC emissions to which the HTP is more vulnerable compared with other regions—are related to the consumption of goods and services in the USA and Europe through international trade. These processes lead to a virtual transport pathway of BC from distant regions to the HTP glaciers. From a consumption perspective, the contribution from India to the HTP glaciers shows a rapid increasing trend while the contributions from the USA, Europe, and China decreased over the last decade. International trade aggravates the BC pollution over the HTP glaciers and may cause significant climate change there. Global efforts toward reducing the cascading of BC emissions to Asia, especially the Indian subcontinent, are urgently needed.
Adaptive responses of animals to climate change are most likely insufficient
Authors: Radchuk Viktoriia , Reed Thomas , Teplitsky Céline , van de Pol Martijn , Charmantier Anne , Hassall Christopher , Adamík Peter , Adriaensen Frank , Ahola Markus P. , Arcese Peter , Miguel Avilés Jesús , Balbontin Javier , Berg Karl S. , Borras Antoni , Burthe Sarah , Clobert Jean , Dehnhard Nina , de Lope Florentino , Dhondt André A. , Dingemanse Niels J. , Doi Hideyuki , Eeva Tapio , Fickel Joerns , Filella Iolanda , Fossøy Frode , Goodenough Anne E. , Hall Stephen J. G. , Hansson Bengt , Harris Michael , Hasselquist Dennis , Hickler Thomas , Joshi Jasmin , Kharouba Heather , Martínez Juan Gabriel , Mihoub Jean-Baptiste , Mills James A. , Molina-Morales Mercedes , Moksnes Arne , Ozgul Arpat , Parejo Deseada , Pilard Philippe , Poisbleau Maud , Rousset Francois , Rödel Mark-Oliver , Scott David , Senar Juan Carlos , Stefanescu Constanti , Stokke Bård G. , Kusano Tamotsu , Tarka Maja , Tarwater Corey E. , Thonicke Kirsten , Thorley Jack , Wilting Andreas , Tryjanowski Piotr , Merilä Juha , Sheldon Ben C. , Pape Møller Anders , Matthysen Erik , Janzen Fredric , Dobson F. Stephen , Visser Marcel E. , Beissinger Steven R. , Courtiol Alexandre , Kramer-Schadt Stephanie 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBiological responses to climate change have been widely documented across taxa and regions, but it remains unclear whether species are maintaining a good match between phenotype and environment, i.e. whether observed trait changes are adaptive. Here we reviewed 10,090 abstracts and extracted data from 71 studies reported in 58 relevant publications, to assess quantitatively whether phenotypic trait changes associated with climate change are adaptive in animals. A meta-analysis focussing on birds, the taxon best represented in our dataset, suggests that global warming has not systematically affected morphological traits, but has advanced phenological traits. We demonstrate that these advances are adaptive for some species, but imperfect as evidenced by the observed consistent selection for earlier timing. Application of a theoretical model indicates that the evolutionary load imposed by incomplete adaptive responses to ongoing climate change may already be threatening the persistence of species.
Plasmodium myosin A drives parasite invasion by an atypical force generating mechanism
Authors: Robert-Paganin Julien , Robblee James P. , Auguin Daniel , Blake Thomas C. A. , Bookwalter Carol S. , Krementsova Elena B. , Moussaoui Dihia , Previs Michael J. , Jousset Guillaume , Baum Jake , Trybus Kathleen M. , Houdusse Anne 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPlasmodium parasites are obligate intracellular protozoa and causative agents of malaria, responsible for half a million deaths each year. The lifecycle progression of the parasite is reliant on cell motility, a process driven by myosin A, an unconventional single-headed class XIV molecular motor. Here we demonstrate that myosin A from Plasmodium falciparum (PfMyoA) is critical for red blood cell invasion. Further, using a combination of X-ray crystallography, kinetics, and in vitro motility assays, we elucidate the non-canonical interactions that drive this motor’s function. We show that PfMyoA motor properties are tuned by heavy chain phosphorylation (Ser19), with unphosphorylated PfMyoA exhibiting enhanced ensemble force generation at the expense of speed. Regulated phosphorylation may therefore optimize PfMyoA for enhanced force generation during parasite invasion or for fast motility during dissemination. The three PfMyoA crystallographic structures presented here provide a blueprint for discovery of specific inhibitors designed to prevent parasite infection.
The generation and use of recombinant extracellular vesicles as biological reference material
Authors: Geeurickx Edward , Tulkens Joeri , Dhondt Bert , Van Deun Jan , Lippens Lien , Vergauwen Glenn , Heyrman Elisa , De Sutter Delphine , Gevaert Kris , Impens Francis , Miinalainen Ilkka , Van Bockstal Pieter-Jan , De Beer Thomas , Wauben Marca H. M. , Nolte-‘t-Hoen Esther N. M. , Bloch Katarzyna , Swinnen Johannes V. , van der Pol Edwin , Nieuwland Rienk , Braems Geert , Callewaert Nico , Mestdagh Pieter , Vandesompele Jo , Denys Hannelore , Eyckerman Sven , De Wever Olivier , Hendrix An 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecent years have seen an increase of extracellular vesicle (EV) research geared towards biological understanding, diagnostics and therapy. However, EV data interpretation remains challenging owing to complexity of biofluids and technical variation introduced during sample preparation and analysis. To understand and mitigate these limitations, we generated trackable recombinant EV (rEV) as a biological reference material. Employing complementary characterization methods, we demonstrate that rEV are stable and bear physical and biochemical traits characteristic of sample EV. Furthermore, rEV can be quantified using fluorescence-, RNA- and protein-based technologies available in routine laboratories. Spiking rEV in biofluids allows recovery efficiencies of commonly implemented EV separation methods to be identified, intra-method and inter-user variability induced by sample handling to be defined, and to normalize and improve sensitivity of EV enumerations. We anticipate that rEV will aid EV-based sample preparation and analysis, data normalization, method development and instrument calibration in various research and biomedical applications.