bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Fiscal Deficit and Government Debt on Interest Rate in Pakistan
Authors: Shakir Najia , Ullah Sami , Khan Salim Ullah , Qasim Muhammad 
Published: April 2019

The current study was conducted in the year 2014 in Pakistan to investigate the impact of fiscal deficit and government debt on the interest rate. Data on selected macroeconomic variables like fiscal deficit, government debt, GDP per capita, money supply and volume of trade etc. from the year 1990 to 2012. The study also has tried to find out that how the interest rate in the country is affected by the government debt and fiscal deficit. Augmented Dickey-Fuller test was run to address the stationary issue in the data, and then Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model test was run to check the relationship among the variables. Two models were set in the study. In the first model, the relationship of GDP per capita, money supply, total debt servicing and volume of trade showed a significant relationship with the fiscal deficit, while in the second model the relationship of inflation, fiscal deficit, money supply, government debt and public debt showed a significant relationship with the interest rate. Policy makers are advised to focus on the increase of DGP/Capita and export volume. In order to sustain the rate of inflation, the government may regulate the money supply and public borrowing.
The Nurses’ Knowledge With Regards to Both Classification and Prevention of Pressure Injury / Conhecimento dos Enfermeiros sobre Classificação e Prevenção de Lesão por Pressão
Authors: Oliveira Carvalho Francisco Matheus , Cardoso Dieffeson Da Silva , Da Rocha Gedeilson Bonfim , Mendes Jadilson Rodrigues , Cardoso Saraí De Brito , Rocha Francisca Cecília Viana 
Published: April 2019

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento dos enfermeiros sobre Lesão por Pressão. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa. Realizado com 26 Enfermeiros que compõem o quadro funcional de todos os setores de um Hospital Privado em Teresina –PI. O questionário possui duas partes: a primeira engloba os dados de caracterização dos participantes e a segunda é composta por 41 itens a serem assinalados como verdadeiro (V), falso (F) e não sei. Os dados foram analisados por meio do software SPSS. Resultados: Quanto aos acertos, 74% dos enfermeiros acertaram entre 80 a 90% do teste, 9% dos profissionais acertaram entre 60 e 69%, sendo que 9% dos profissionais acertaram entre 70 e 79% do teste, demonstrando falhas de conhecimento nos itens abordados, 9% acertaram acima de 90%, onde estes demonstraram conhecimento desejado em relação aos assuntos do teste. Conclusão: Foi possível evidenciar que a maioria dos profissionais da enfermagem demonstrou conhecimento insatisfatório sobre LPP.
The Urinary Incontinence Repercussions Towards the Elderly’s Life Quality / As Repercussões Causadas pela Incontinência Urinária na Qualidade de Vida do Idoso
Authors: Botelho De Matos Mirelle Aires , Alves Barbosa Bruna Leticia , Costa Mara Cecília , Rocha Francisca Cecília Viana , Landim Almeida Camila Aparecida Pinheiro , Amorim Fernanda Cláudia Miranda 
Published: April 2019

Objetivo: Analisar as repercussões causadas pela incontinência urinária na qualidade de vida dos idosos. Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva e exploratória, com abordagem qualitativa, composta por 12 idosos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas, em um ambulatório de urologia e ginecologia de um hospital público/escola de referência em Teresina. Os dados foram interpretados pela análise temática de conteúdo. Resultados: Os depoimentos originaram duas categorias: sentimentos negativos dos idosos com incontinência urinária e aspectos sociais que interferem na qualidade de vida dos idosos com incontinência urinária. Conclusão: A incontinência urinária nos idosos é uma patologia pouco discutida nas consultas, a baixa escolaridade dos idosos influencia na demora em procurar o tratamento para a doença e esclarecimento da mesma. Há a necessidade de um olhar diferenciado por parte dos profissionais de saúde para os idosos acometidos com esta patologia.
The Nurses’ Role With Regards to the Risks and Vulnerabilities Faced by Civil Construction Workers / Papel do Enfermeiro Sobre os Riscos e Vulnerabilidades de Trabalhadores da Construção Civil
Authors: Pereira Jamelson dos Santos , Oliveira Antonia Adília Lopes de , Araújo Bruna Patrícia de Lima , Eloi Aryanderson de Carvalho 
Published: April 2019

Objetivo: Objetivou-se analisar o papel do enfermeiro acerca dos riscos e vulnerabilidades dos trabalhadores da construção civil. Métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura, realizada durante os anos de 2014 e 2015 a partir da análise de artigos científicos contidos em bases de dados on-line. A seleção dos artigos foi realizada através das seguintes palavras-chave: construção civil, acidente de trabalho, enfermeiro do trabalho. Foram utilizados 15 artigos que tratavam sobre os riscos ocupacionais da construção civil. Resultados: É papel do enfermeiro atuar no desenvolvimento de ações preventivas capazes de minimizarem os riscos ocupacionais que os trabalhadores da construção civil estão expostos. Conclusão: É premente que o enfermeiro desenvolva uma assistência de enfermagem capaz de promover a saúde dos trabalhadores e reduzir os índices de acidentes de trabalho da construção civil. Descritores: Indústria da construção, riscos ocupacionais, papel do profissional de enfermagem.
Light Management with Patterned Micro‐ and Nanostructure Arrays for Photocatalysis, Photovoltaics, and Optoelectronic and Optical Devices
Authors: Wang Wenhui , Qi Limin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe design and fabrication of patterned micro‐ and nanostructure arrays have been demonstrated to be a powerful strategy toward efficient light management, which is of vital importance to a variety of photon‐related applications such as photocatalysis, photovoltaics, optoelectronic devices, and optical devices. Tunable optical reflectance, scattering, transmittance, and absorption can be readily achieved by adjusting the characteristics of the primary units in the micro‐/nanoarrays and the spatial patterns of the aligned units, thus realizing controllable light–matter interactions. This review describes various light management strategies based on patterned micro‐/nanoarrays, such as scattering enhancement, antireflection, resonances, photonic crystals, and plasmonic structures. Furthermore, recent advances in the applications of patterned micro‐/nanoarrays in photoelectrochemical water splitting, solar cells, photodetectors, light emitting diodes, lasers, color display, microlens arrays, and photonic crystal sensors are summarized, with particular attention paid to the light management mechanisms and the relationship between the structure and device performance. Lastly, the prospects and existing challenges facing the development of the photon‐related applications based on patterned micro‐/nanoarrays are discussed.
Electromagnetic Response and Energy Conversion for Functions and Devices in Low‐Dimensional Materials
Authors: Cao Mao‐Sheng , Wang Xi‐Xi , Zhang Min , Shu Jin‐Cheng , Cao Wen‐Qiang , Yang Hui‐Jing , Fang Xiao‐Yong , Yuan Jie 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLow‐dimensional materials have been long sought after for their particular electromagnetic (EM) functions, with promising applications in EM wave absorbing and shielding, communicating and imaging, sensing and detecting, driving and actuating, etc. Herein, across the whole EM spectrum, low‐dimensional EM functional materials and devices are highly focused on. The crystal engineering and function‐guiding features addressed relate to crystal and electronic structures, EM responses and properties, energy conversion, as well as EM wave absorbing and shielding. Moreover, insight is given into this rapidly broadening field, the main challenges are proposed and future directions are predicted.
A Human Hematopoietic Niche Model Supporting Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells In Vitro
Authors: Braham Maaike V. J. , Li Yim Amélie S. P. , Garcia Mateos Jara , Minnema Monique C. , Dhert Wouter J. A. , Öner F. Cumhur , Robin Catherine , Alblas Jacqueline 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNiches in the bone marrow regulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) fate and behavior through cell–cell interactions and soluble factor secretion. The niche‐HSPC crosstalk is a very complex process not completely elucidated yet. To aid further investigation of this crosstalk, a functional in vitro 3D model that closely represents the main supportive compartments of the bone marrow is developed. Different combinations of human stromal cells and hydrogels are tested for their potential to maintain CD34+ HSPCs. Cell viability, clonogenic hematopoietic potential, and surface marker expression are assessed over time. Optimal HSPC support is obtained in presence of adipogenic and osteogenic cells, together with progenitor derived endothelial cells. When cultured in a bioactive hydrogel, the supportive cells self‐assemble into a hypoxic stromal network, stimulating CD34+CD38+ cell formation, while maintaining the pool of CD34+38− HSPCs. HSPC clusters colocalize with the stromal networks, in close proximity to sinusoidal clusters of CD31+ endothelial cells. Importantly, the primary in vitro niche model supports HSPCs with no cytokine addition. Overall, the engineered primary 3D bone marrow environment provides an easy and reliable model to further investigate interactions between HSPCs and their endosteal and perivascular niches, in the context of normal hematopoiesis or blood‐related diseases.
Nontoxic Carbon Quantum Dots/g‐C3N4 for Efficient Photocatalytic Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus under Visible Light
Authors: Tang Chenyi , Liu Chao , Han Yu , Guo Qiaoqi , Ouyang Wei , Feng Huajun , Wang Meizhen , Xu Feng 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe widespread use of antibiotics has caused the rapid emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacterial strains and antibiotic resistance genes in the past few decades. Photocatalytic inactivation, a promising approach for the killing of pathogens, efficiently avoids the problems induced by antimicrobial drugs. However, traditional photocatalysts usually have some disadvantages, such as high costs of raw materials, ultraviolet ray excitation, and potential leaching of toxic metals. Here, a metal‐free heterojunction photocatalyst, denoted as CQDs/g‐C3N4, is synthesized through incorporating carbon quantum dots (CQDs) on graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4), which significantly enhances photocatalytic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) compared with pure g‐C3N4 in vitro. CQDs/g‐C3N4 causes a rapid increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and destruction of cell membranes under visible light, eventually leading to death of bacteria. The efficacy of CQDs/g‐C3N4 is further examined by a mouse cutaneous infection model of S. aureus. CQDs/g‐C3N4 markedly reduces the bacterial loads and prompts lesion recovery in mice, as compared with g‐C3N4‐treated group. In vivo and in vitro toxicity analyses show that the side effects of CQDs/g‐C3N4 are negligible. Considering the efficient photocatalytic inactivation and nontoxicity of CQDs/g‐C3N4, this visible‐light‐driven photocatalyst paves a brand new avenue for the treatment of S. aureus infection.
Structure–Property Relationships in Lanthanide‐Doped Upconverting Nanocrystals: Recent Advances in Understanding Core–Shell Structures
Authors: Hudry Damien , Howard Ian A. , Popescu Radian , Gerthsen Dagmar , Richards Bryce S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe production of upconverting nanostructures with tailored optical properties is of major technological interest, and rapid progress toward the realization of such production has been made in recent years. Ultimately, accurate understanding of nanostructure organization will lead to design rules for accurately tailoring optical properties. Here, the context of open questions still of general importance to the upconversion and nanocrystal communities is presented, with a particular emphasis on the structure–property relationships of core–shell upconverting nanocrystals. Although the optical properties of the latter have been thoroughly investigated, little is known regarding their atomic‐scale organization. Indeed, solving the atomic‐scale structure of such nanomaterials is challenging because of their intrinsic nonperiodic nature. Familiar concepts of crystallography are no longer appropriate; chemical and structural modulation waves must be introduced. To reveal the exact core–shell structures, innovative characterization techniques need to be applied and developed, as discussed herein. The continued development and application of structural characterization techniques will be vital to consolidate the currently incomplete link between atomic‐scale structure and upconversion properties. This will ultimately provide a valuable contribution to the emerging detailed guidelines on how to better design upconverting nanostructures to achieve given optical properties in terms of efficiency, absorption, spectral emission, and dynamics.
Role of Oxygen Vacancies at the TiO2/HfO2 Interface in Flexible Oxide‐Based Resistive Switching Memory
Authors: Zhang Rulin , Huang Hong , Xia Qing , Ye Cong , Wei Xiaodi , Wang Jinzhao , Zhang Li , Zhu Li Qiang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFlexible memory is highly desirable for data storage in portable wearable electronics. Here, a flexible bilayer TiO2/HfO2‐architecture‐based resistive random access memory (RRAM) is fabricated a on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate, and exhibits outstanding uniformity, high durability, and excellent mechanical flexibility. The coefficients of variations for high and low resistance state are ≈3.2% and ≈3%, respectively. No performance degradation is observed under mechanical stress with bending radius ranging from 70 to 10 mm. Interestingly, the performance degradation after long‐term stability tests can be recovered. An asymmetric hourglass‐shaped oxygen vacancy (Vo) distribution at the HfO2/TiO2 interface plays a key role in high performance of this flexible RRAM device. The proposed flexible RRAM devices have potential applications in wearable electronics.
Rational Strategy to Stabilize an Unstable High‐Efficiency Binary Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells with a Third Component
Authors: Zhu Youqin , Gadisa Abay , Peng Zhengxing , Ghasemi Masoud , Ye Long , Xu Zheng , Zhao Suling , Ade Harald 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLong device lifetime is still a missing key requirement in the commercialization of nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) organic solar cell technology. Understanding thermodynamic factors driving morphology degradation or stabilization is correspondingly lacking. In this report, thermodynamics is combined with morphology to elucidate the instability of highly efficient PTB7‐Th:IEICO‐4F binary solar cells and to rationally use PC71BM in ternary solar cells to reduce the loss in the power conversion efficiency from ≈35% to <10% after storage for 90 days and at the same time improve performance. The hypomiscibility observed for IEICO‐4F in PTB7‐Th (below the percolation threshold) leads to overpurification of the mixed domains. By contrast, the hypermiscibility of PC71BM in PTB7‐Th of 48 vol% is well above the percolation threshold. At the same time, PC71BM is partly miscible in IEICO‐4F suppressing crystallization of IEICO‐4F. This work systematically illustrates the origin of the intrinsic degradation of PTB7‐Th:IEICO‐4F binary solar cells, demonstrates the structure–function relations among thermodynamics, morphology, and photovoltaic performance, and finally carries out a rational strategy to suppress the degradation: the third component needs to have a miscibility in the donor polymer at or above the percolation threshold, yet also needs to be partly miscible with the crystallizable acceptor.
Reversing the Handedness of Self‐Assembled Porous Molecular Networks through the Number of Identical Chiral Centres
Authors: Tahara Kazukuni , Noguchi Aya , Nakayama Ruri , Ghijsens Elke , De Feyter Steven , Tobe Yoshito 
Published: April 2019

AbstractScanning tunnelling microscope observations at the 1‐phenyloctane/graphite interface reveal how chiral structural information at the molecular level is transferred and expressed structurally at the 2D supramolecular level for a porous system. The chirality of self‐assembled molecular networks formed by chiral dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (cDBA) derivatives having three chiral chains and three achiral chains, alternatingly, is compared with those of cDBAs having six chiral chains reported previously. While for all cDBAs homochiral surfaces are formed, their handedness is not simply a reflection of the absolute configuration of the stereogenic centres. Both the number of stereogenic centres as well as the length of the achiral chains determine the supramolecular handedness, providing a deep insight into the supramolecular chirality induction mechanisms at play. Moreover, these cDBAs act to induce chirality in porous networks formed by achiral DBAs.
Preparation of halogen‐free flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene foam by suspension polymerization
Authors: Yuan Bin , Wang Gang , Bai Shibing , Liu Pengju 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTIn this research, using hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPCTP) as the halogen‐free flame retardant, we prepared flame‐retardant expandable polystyrene (EPS) beads by suspension polymerization. The effects of process parameters and the amount of flame retardant on polystyrene (PS)/HPCTP composite beads were investigated. The results show that the change in HPCTP content has little effect on the particle size distribution of composite beads. When the oil–water ratio is 1/4, TCP dosage is 3 wt %, stirring rate is 350 rpm, initiator dosage is 1.25 wt %, and HPCTP dosage is 15 wt %, the size of the composite beads is uniform, and the average particle size is 1.12 mm. HPCTP formed nanodispersed particles in the PS matrix with an average particle size of 44.86 nm. In addition, the thermogravimetric behavior and heat‐release properties of composite beads were evaluated. The results showed that HPCTP mainly acted in the gaseous phase, which can effectively decrease the maximum mass‐loss rate of the PS/HPTCP composite beads and significantly reduce the heat‐release rate and heat‐release capacity. The EPS foams were obtained by a prefoaming method. The average cell diameter was 62.15 μm, and the foaming ratio was 11 times. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47779.
The role of plasticizers during protein thermoplastic foaming
Authors: Gavin Chanelle , Verbeek Casparus J. R. , Lay Mark C. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTProtein thermoplastics, like Novatein, typically comprise a polymer, additives, and plasticizers. During foaming, the plasticizers performed different functions; triethylene glycol (TEG) affected the Tg of the polymer, while water altered the shear viscosity and urea the extensional viscosity. Water and urea also functioned as blowing agents; increasing urea increased the expansion ratio, while an increase in TEG and water decreased it. It was concluded that at this level of plasticization, phase separation occurred and that the plasticizers are most influential during late bubble growth and stabilization. Contrary to previous thought, increasing water had no effect on the Tg, but did lower the shear viscosity, while increasing TEG had the opposite effect. This enables the properties of protein thermoplastics to be tailored during development. During foaming, lower viscosity allows more time for gases to diffuse before the viscosity in the surrounding polymer increases, restricting bubble growth. At higher TEG content, the material is processed further above its Tg, slowing down stabilization and decreasing expansion. This study clarified the role of plasticizers during foaming and showed a decrease in random coils and β‐turns (measured by FT‐IR) with increasing expansion ratio. Knowledge of these mechanisms enables tailoring properties of protein thermoplastics foams during development. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47781.
Einfluss der Gitterweite auf die Ergebnisse von Brandsimulationsmodellen und Anwendung auf ein Atrium
Authors: Riese Olaf , Klippel Andrea , Schneider Volker , Stock Boris 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine Gittersensitivitätsstudie für ein Brandszenario in einem Raum mit Verbindung zu einem Atrium mit drei verschiedenen CFD‐Modellen durchgeführt. Bei den 3 CFD‐Modellen handelt es sich um den Open‐Source Code FDS, den kommerziellen Strömungslöser CFX aus der ANSYS Suite sowie dem Brandsimulationsprogramm KOBRA 3D. Der Fokus bei den numerischen Berechnungen lag dabei auf der Untersuchung der Gittersensitivität, daher wurden gleiche oder ähnliche Ansätze zur Modellierung physikalischer Brandphänomene wie Turbulenz, Wärmestrahlung, Speziesumwandlung etc. gewählt. Die Auswertung der Daten erfolgte für physikalische Größen wie Temperaturen und Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten an definierten Messpositionen im Strömungsraum.Für brandinduzierte Auftriebsströmungen, kann zur Bewertung der Gitterweite, das Verhältnis R* zwischen dem charakteristischen Branddurchmesser D* und der Gitterweite verwendet werden. Aus der Berechnung der charakteristischen Auflösung R* für das gegebene Beispiel zeigt sich, dass eine Gitterweite mit einer Kantenlänge von 5 cm eine sehr feine Auflösung der Brandfläche darstellt. Bei charakteristischen Auflösungen R* größer als 10 verändert sich bei Berechnung mit CFX (R* = 10 bzw. 20) das Ergebnis nur noch mit Unterschieden deutlich kleiner als 5% für berechnete Temperaturen in einem Atrium.
Crenolanib‐Derived Probes Suitable for Cell‐ and Tissue‐Based Protein Profiling and Single‐Cell Imaging
Authors: Chang Yu , Zhu Dongsheng , Guo Haijun , Yin Xingfeng , Ding Ke , Li Zhengqiu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCrenolanib (CP‐868,596), a potent inhibitor of FLT3 and PDGFRα/β, is currently under phase III clinical investigation for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. However, the protein targets of Crenolanib in cancer cells remain obscure, which results in difficulties in understanding the mechanism of actions and side effects. To alleviate this issue, in this study, a photoaffinity probe and two fluorescent probes were created based on Crenolanib, followed by competitive protein profiling and bioimaging studies, with the aim of characterizing the cellular targets. A series of unknown protein hits, such as MAPK1, SHMT2, SLC25A11, and HIGD1A, were successfully identified by means of pull‐down/LC‐MS/MS; these might provide valuable clues for understanding drug action and potential toxicities. Moreover, the fluorescent probes are suitable for imaging drug distribution at the single‐cell level.
Additive‐Free Enzymatic Phosphorylation and Ligation of Artificial Oligonucleotides with C‐Nucleosides at the Reaction Points
Authors: Oda Yutaro , Chiba Junya , Kurosaki Fumihiro , Yamade Yusuke , Inouye Masahiko 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe report enzymatic phosphorylation and additive‐free ligation of DNAs containing unnatural C‐nucleotide residues through the action of T4 polynucleotide kinase and T4 DNA ligase. The artificial units are each made up of an alkynyl deoxyribose component and one of the unnatural nucleobases D*, T*, G*, and C*, corresponding—from a viewpoint of hydrogen‐bonding patterns—to natural A, T, G, and C, respectively. Phosphorylation progressed quantitatively at the 5′‐end in the cases of all of the artificial units in the chimeric DNAs. Ligation also smoothly progressed at the 5′‐end in the cases of the D* and G* nucleotide residues, but only negligibly in those of their T* and C* counterparts. Chemical redesign of the last two units successfully improved the ligation efficiency, so that enzymatic ligation worked well for all of the artificial units in every 3′‐natural⋅5′‐artificial, 3′‐artificial⋅5′‐natural, and 3′‐artificial⋅5′‐artificial terminal combination at the nicks.