bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Deoban Structural Belt of the Garhwal Himalaya
Authors: Ganesan T. M. , Verma R. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Deoban structural belt is a WNW-ESE trending autochthonous belt and exposes some of the oldest sediments of the Lesser Himalaya. The Deoban Group represents a thick pile of carbonate sequence of Riphean age deposited in a stable shelf environment. It is succeeded by the geosynclinal sequence' of the Simla Group in the central and southern parts of the basin. In the northern part it is succeeded paraconformably by eugeosynclinal sediments of the Jaunsar Group comprising argillaceous and argillocalcareous rocks with associated volcanics and lenticular conglomerate and boulder bed at places. The Jaunsar Group is welded to its basement in the northern part, while in the south it rides over the Simle Group (some times the Deoban) which is now marked by the Tons thrust. The Pharat and Bidalna windows expose the Simla Group rocks beneath tbe Chandpur Formation of the Jaunsar Group in a tectonic window of the Krol superficial nappe over the Simla Group
The Shali and the Barahat-Pithoragarh structural belts are the continuation of the Deoban structural belt in the west and east respectively, beneath the veneer of the Jaunsar or the Jaunsar-Jutogh thrust sheets.
Geochemistry of the Precambrian Magmatic Rocks of Mayurbhanj District, Orissa
Authors: Iyengar S. V. P. , Kresten P. , Paul D. K. , Brunfelt A. O. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the Mayurbhanj area, Orissa, Badampahar group of rocks formed the cratonic block for younger Dhanjori Group. From the composition of the chilled facies of the gabbro-anorthosite, the parent magma is believed to be low in potash and alumina. The chondrite normalised REE pattern of the ultrabasic rock of Badampahar Group is unfractionated. In contrast, the gabbro-anorthosites have fractionated REE pattern with Eu anomaly. The degree of fractionation increases in the granite-granophyres. Th/U ratios systematically increase with the total REE content. It is suggested that the source region of the magmatic rocks is anomalous in respect of the large ion lithophile elements.
Petrophysical Studies on Metabasics of the Sanko-Kargil Area, Kashmir Himalaya
Authors: Gogte B. S. , Sarma K. V. L. N. S. , Ramana Y. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Petrologically, the metabasites comprise of metavolcanics (metabasalt, spilitic basalt, metadolerite, spilitic diabase and trachybasalt), green schists, amphibolites and meta-greywackes, and of these the meta volcanics are the most predominant. The physical properties of these rocks are: density (2.77-3.00 g cm-3), porosity (0.2-1.9%), compressional velocity (5-7 km sec-1), shear velocity (3-4km sec-1), P-anisotropy (up to 7.6%), compressive strength (700-2800kg cm-2), tensile strength (70-190 kg cm-2), Young's modulus (6.5-11.5 × 10-11 dynes cm-2), and Poisson's ratio (0.14-0.29). These variations in the physical parameters are due to (i) Metamorphic effects (low to moderate P and T conditions, green schist-amphibolite facies), (ii) The serpentinization of the phenocryst minerals, (iii) The glassy nature of the groundmass, and (iv) The differences in the groundmass/phenocryst ratios.
In general, the physical parameters of these crustal rocks from the Himalayas are higher than those of Deccan basalts even at ambient conditions. This is due to (i) Differences in their mineralogical characters, and (ii) The mode of their occurrence, the former being associated with highly folded, disturbed and tectonically affected eugeosynclinal zones, whereas the latter are of the fissure eruption type, relatively free from metamorphic effects and large scale tectonic activity.
Statistical Analysis of the Minor Fold Axes in a Part of Dudhatoli Synform Around Thalisain, Garhwal Himalaya, U. P
Authors: Khanduri H. C. , Srivastava R. K. , Dave V. K. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Within the Dudhatoli Group in the southern limb of Dudhatoli synform four mappable units have been recognised viz., the Dudhatoli granitoids, Dudhatoli schist, Flaggy quartzite and the Manila phyllite. In the area under study two generations of minor folds are recognised. Statistical analysis of minor fold axes has been carried out. It is concluded that the axes of two fold generations are not randomly distributed, they have different mean plunge direction with 2 and 196 degree of freedom. The folds of first generation (F1 have little or poor clustering while folds of second generation (F2) have close clustering. It is also envisaged that F1 and F2 folds have been formed under different tectonic environment.
Superposed Rivers Flowing Along Older Structures
Authors: Subramanyan V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Superposed river-valleys have all along been generally classified as transverse valleys in geomorphic literature. A study of some unquestionably superposed rivervalleys reveals that this transverse relation to the exhumed geological structure is not always necessary. How a river-valley, which originates on a covermass, gets superposed on the older rocks, after cutting through the former, will depend on the orientation of the exhumed features vis-a-vis the river-valley that is getting superposed on them. If the superposition takes place onto ancient valleys that are themselves structure controlled, the superposed river-valleys will then be aligned along these older structures and not transverse to them. A few such significant cases are discussed.
Neospathodus Praekummeli-A New Species of Conodont from Lower Triassic of Spiti
Authors: Bhatt D. K. , Joshi V. K. , Arora R. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The paper describes a new species of the conodont form-genus Neospathodus Mosher, under the specific name N. praekummeli sp. nov. The presently recorded new species has a close morphologic and biostratigraphic relation with the well-known Dienerian guide-species N. kummeli Sweet.
In the Lower Triassic sequence of Spiti the first appearance of N. praekummeli sp. nov. marks the base of Ophiceras bed. It is likely that N. kummeli Sweet has evolved from N. praekummeli sp. nov. near the base of Ophiceras bed.
Sulphur Isotope Abundance Variations in Sulphides of the Dharwar Craton-Part III: Hutti
Authors: Menon A. G. , Venkatasubramanian V. S. , Vasudev V. N. , Ananta Iyer G. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The d34S values of pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite samples from the gold bearing quartz-sulphide reefs of Hutti have been measured. A narrow range of mantle-meteoritic values is observed indicating a magmatic-hydrothermal origin of the ores. An attempt is made to evaluate the solution parameters by the Ohmoto procedure, as outlined in Parts I and II.
Petrochemical Studies of the Lansdowne Granite Gneiss, Lesser Himalaya, India
Authors: Elsdon R. , Gupta L. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Petrochemical studies on fourteen representative samples of the Lansdowne Granite Gneiss indicate close compositional uniformity. Most of the analyses fall within the field of granodiorite, and lie close to the low-pressure ternary minimum in the system Qz-Or-Ab-H2O. Inter-element relationships indicate an initial magmatic origin, with pronounced gneissosity due to later deformation.
On the Depositional Environment of the Nagthat Quartzite, Lesser Himalaya
Authors: Singh Indra Bir 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Nagthat quartzite shows well-developed sequences of a shallow tidal sea, and represents deposits of coastal sand bar/shoal complex and mixed flats. The sand bar deposits show large-scale cross-bedding of bar type, mega-ripple bedding and abundant planes of discontinuity. The mixed flat deposits show lenticular and flaser bedding, wavy bedding, tidal bedding, small ripple bedding, parallel bedding and laminated mud. Ripples showing characteristics of shallow-water and falling water-level environments are commonly present. In a typical Nagthat quartzite, sand bar deposits and mixed flat deposits alternate with each other in a cyclic manner. The Nagthat quartzite denotes deposit of a stable shelf association.
Occurrence of Paired-Metamorphic Belts in the Himalaya
Authors: Virdi N. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Indus Suture Zone in Eastern Ladakh shows two metamorphic belts, a northern low pressure belt and the southern high pressure belt. The two belts to be referred to as Pongong and Zildat-Sumdo metamorphic belts respectively are now separated by the Ladakh batholith and post-batholith Indus flyschoidal sediments. Postmetamorphic thrusting has narrowed the width of the two belts though they can be traced for over 100km in the Indian territory before they extend into Tibet. The Pongong belt shows andalusite-kyanite-sillimanite type metamorphism accompanied by andesitic and rhyolitic volcanism and granitic activity. The Zildat-Sumdo belt is characterized by glaucophanitic metamorphism accompanied by abundant basites and ultra-basites. The two belts do not differ much in age though the high-pressure belt may be slightly younger. They have developed due to subduction and accompanying regional metamorphism.
Induced Polarisation Surveys for Sulphide Bearing Gold Lodes in the Kolar Gold Field, Kolar District, Karnataka
Authors: Menon A. K. , Bose R. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Induced Polarisation (Time Domain) surveys were carried out in different blocks of the Kolar Gold Fields for the delineation of sulphide bearing auriferous lodes. In the Mysore Mine area (McTaggart and Edgar Shaft area) three zones of I. P. anomaly were outlined with chargeability highs of the order of 10 to 20 milliseconds with a corresponding fall in the apparent resistivity values by about 100 ohm-metres, Exploratory trenches over the eastern anomaly zone exposed the mineralised band which helped in fixing borchole locations. A strike length of about 250 metres bctween Mysore Mine magazine and the black rock dumps has proved to be interesting as a possible economic potential zone for gold.
Incompatible Trace Element Geochemistry of Archaean Metavolcanic Rocks from the Bababudan Volcanic-Sedimentary Belt, Karnataka
Authors: Bhaskar Rao Y. J. , Drury S. A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Data on the incompatible trace elements Ti, Rb, Sr, Ba, Zr, Nb, Y, rare-earth elements, Sc, Hf, Ta and Th are presented for basalts, andesites and rhyodacites from the Archaean Bababudan greenstone belt. All samples are genetically related and show general calc-alkaline affinities. The parent magma is proposed to have been formed by about 15 per cent partial melting of mantle at shallow depths. The source mantle is shown to have been enriched in light REE and Zr relative to primitive mantle with 2-3 times chondritic abundances. The parent magma evolved by progressive fractionation of, first olivine and pyroxene to produce incompatible element-enriched alld Cr, Ni and Co depleted tholeiites, which were then accompanied by plagioclase feldspar and possibly magnetite to generate the andesites and rhyodacites. Standard tectonic characterization parameters do not give consistent results for this suite, and until more is known about overall structure, stratigraphy and relative ages within the South Indian Archaean craton, a precise setting cannot be ascribed.
Paleoflow Analysis of Late Paleozoic Gondwana Deposits of Giridih and Adjoining Basins and Paleogeographic Implications
Authors: Tewari R. C. , Casshyap S. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Late Paleozoic Gondwana rocks underlying the Giridih, Jainty and Saharjuri basins, and Dhakoi outlier of south Bihar comprise Talchir, Karharbari and Barakar Formations. The Talchir strata exhibit a facies change from conglomeratic in the Dhakoi outlier in the south to dominantly sandy, shaly to silty in the Giridih and other basins towards north. The Karharbari abounds in pebbly, very coarse, coarse to medium sandstone (~85% by volume) with thin interbeds of shale (~7%) and coal (~8%). In contrast, the succeeding Barakar is characterised by more of shale (~36%) and coal (~21 %) than sandstone (~43%) which is largely medium to coarse grained. Paleoflow analysis based on cross bedding and other directional attributes reveals a gradual shift with time in paleodrainage in that it was directed towards west-northwest (297 ±46°) during Talchir, northwest (343 ±42°) in Karharbari and towards north (359 ±: 50°) in Barakar. The uniformity of northerly paleoflow during Karharbari and Barakar times in the given area and in the adjoining Gondwana basins to the south is suggestive of a unified Gondwana basin in this part of peninsular India. It is inferred that the outlet of Gondwana streams in this part was dominantly northward.
Trace Element Studies and Origin of Magnetite-Quartzites of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Subba Reddy N. , Prasad C. V. R. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Magnetite-quartzites of Tamil Nadu associated with pyroxene granulites and gneisses occur in the Precambrian high grade granulite terrain. A study of distribution of ferride group of trace elements in separated magnetites suggests that the magnetite-quartzites and pyroxene granulites may have differrent modes of origin-metasedimentary and metavolcanic respectively. However, a volcano-sedimentary process for the magnetite-quartzites may have to be considered in view of the close association of metavolcanics.
Iron Formations in Archaean Granulite-Gneiss Belts With Special Reference to Southern India
Authors: Prasad C. V. R. K. , Subba Reddy N. , Windley B. F. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In Archaean granulite-gneiss belts there are banded iron formations (BIF) less than 20m thick which are weakly banded magnetite quartzites occurring in a supracrustal sequence of quartzites, mica schists, marbles and metavolcanic amphibolites. This sequence forms stratigraphic markers within voluminous intrusive tonalitic to trondbjemitic gneisses. These rocks are highly folded and metamorphosed to high amphibolite or granulite facies at 7-12 kb pressure in the lower Archaean crust. Such iron formations are well represented in Tamil Nadu, Southern Karnataka, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh in South India; in Hebei Province in China; Kola Peninsula, Stanovoy Range, and Ukraine in USSR; Kambui schists of Sierra Leone; Nimba series of Liberia; Limpopo belt of southern Africa; Imataca complex of Venezuela; Uivak gneisses of Labrador; and Amitsoq gneisses of West Greenland. They are obviously different in type and environment from the Proterozoic Superior type of BIF; it is shown here how they are different from the Archaean Algoma type of BIF. They were deposited in a quartzite-pelite-carbonate association and they lack the silicate-carbopate-sulphide facies of the Algoma-type which, in contrast, was deposited with a greywacke-flyschconglomerate- shale association in subsiding basins (Greenstone belts). Because they are dissimilar to the Algoma-type of BIF in both their sedimentary facies and tectonic environment (the granulite-gneiss belts are not highly metamorphosed greenstone belts), they should be given a separate status and we tentatively suggest they be termed the Tamil Nadu type.
Dehydroxylation and Dehydration as Parameters for Characterisation of Clays Part I: Montmorillonite, Attapulgite and Illite
Authors: Venugopal J. S. , Hirannaiah B. V. , Majumder S. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An improved TG and DTG method for identification of montmorillonite, i11ite and attapulgite has been described. The effect of the modified experimental conditions on individual dehydration pattern and the Bouncing dehydration phenomena have been discussed. New thermal parameters for clay characterization have been elucidated. This technique involves a simple instrument design which could be fabricated indigenously and can be used for species identification or even routine quality control work in laboratories which Jack sophisticated and expensive instrumentation.
Interpretation of Landsat Imagery of a Part of the Son Valley and its Correlation With Bouguer Gravity and Airborne Magnetic Anomaly Data
Authors: Gupta Arindam 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A belt of volcano-sedimentary formations extending from the south-western margin of the area towards ENE along the Son valley has been traced on the LANDSAT imageries. These formations, which are considered to be the homotaxial equivalents of the 'Bijawar Series' occurring south of the Bundelkhand granite massif, rest on granite gneiss in the central and eastern parts of the area and are overlain towards north and south by the members of the Vindhyan and Gondwana Supergroups respectively. The significant litho-stratigraphic, structural and metamorphic features of the belt of volcano-sedimentary formations suggest that it may be classified as a 'Greenstone belt'.
Probable occurrence of the volcano-sedimentary formations and sub-crustal basic rocks beneath the Vindhyan and Gondwana Formations have been inferred in certain sections based on the interpretation of Bouguer gravity and airborne magnetic anomaly data.
The Khondalites of Orissa, India - A Case Confusing Terminology
Authors: Banerji P. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The paper traces the progressive metamorphosis of the term 'Khondalite' from 1902 to 1975 from a specific rock name to the collective group name of a suite of high grade metamorphic and metasomatic rocks and presents examples of the extent of compositional variations of these rocks from Dhenkanal, Angul and Tikarpara areas of Orissa. It is recommended that prevalent usage of the term 'Khondalite' as a mapping unit should be discontinued by general consensus, since the term can now be used only in the sense of a 'group'.
Cambrian Trace Fossils from the Spiti Valley, Himachal Himalaya
Authors: Bhargava O. N. , Kumar Gopendra , Gupta S. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Trace fossils Diplichnites spp., ? Dimorphichnus, Monomorphichnus spp., trilobite scratch marks, Gyrochorte, Gordia, ? Astropolithon, ? Scolicia, Planolites, Skolithos are reported from the Kunzam La Formation of the Haimanta Group of the Parahio section, Spiti valley. This fossil assemblage occurs 460m below the Middle Cambrian trilobite zone and 1620 m above Precambrian-Cambrian acritarch zone and may represent late Lower to Early Middle Cambrian age. These occur in sediments laid in a low energy environment.
Structural Studies Around Kathar, Udaipur Rajasthan
Authors: Mohanty Saradaprasad 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The deceptively simple map pattern of quartzite, marble, and phyllite and mica schist, with nearly NS 'generalized strike' and steep dips of beds around Kathar in the Udaipur district, Rajasthan, conceals folds of two generations in large scale and structures of two additional phases in smaller scales. The folds of the first set (F1) are isoclinal with a pervasive axial plane cleavage (S1), which has largely blurred stratification in the more schistose rocks. These are buckle folds modified extensively by flattening. The S1 cleavage and F1 axial planes have been involved in tight to isoclinal upright folding on nearly NS-striking axial planes (F2). These folds have extensively reoriented the F1 axes and axial planes, but because of the style and orientation of the folds of the two systems, both the sets of axial planes have subparallel strikes in a major part of the area. Hook-shaped folds with double closures and orthogonal relation of stratification and S1 cleavage point to the presence of F1 folds. The F2 folds are also flattened parallel folds formed by a maximum compressive strain in a horizontal EW direction. Rare F3 folds with subhorizontal axial planes are gravity-induced. The F4 kinks with WNW-striking axial planes may represent structures formed by longitudinal shortening in the last stage of deformation.
Mode of Occurrence and Origin of Manganese Ores of Shimoga District, Karnataka
Authors: Krishna Rao B. , Srinivasan R. , Ramachandra B. L. , Sreenivas B. L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Four types of manganese ores are distinguished: 1. Reworked metasedimcntary ore in Precambrian banded manganese formation; 2. Sedimentary oolitic/pisolitic ore associated with claystone; 3. Cavity filling/replacement type ore in weathered Precambrian phyllitic schists and laterites; 4. Bouldery-pebbly float ore in soils and laterite. The reworked metasedimentary ore is low in silica (~6%), high in Fe content (~26%) and its Mn/Fe ratio varies between 0.75 and 1.2. The oolitic/pisolitic ore on the other hand is high in silica (~14%), low in Fe ( ~17%) and Mn/Fe ratio of 1.7 and 2.1. Supergene processes, during Tertiary-Quaternary (7) have contributed significant quantities of sedimentary oolitic/pisolitic ore and minor amount of cavity filling/replacement type ore. The surficial exposures of reworked metasedimentary and oolitic/pisolitic ores have been subjected to mechanical disintegration and detrital accumulation with repeated breaks leading to extensive development or float ore in both laterite and soil profile.
Origin of Miliolite Rocks of Kutch-Microfaunal Evidences
Authors: Desai Geeta , Hardas M. G. , Patel M. P. , Merh S. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Miliolites occur within the Kutch highlands as thin horizontal sheets occupying topographic depressions or as obstacle dunes resting against the slopes of big hills. Sheet deposits of the low-lying ground, reveal a marine origin and are seen to consist of pellets and microfossils embedded in a micritic to fine sparry matrix. These valley-fill sheet deposits are characterised by a faunal assemblage typical of warm, clear, shallow, carbonate-rich sea, where terrigenous influx was poor. On the other hand, the obstacle dunes typically comprise aeolinites and appear to have developed during the regression of the sea, the strong winds having lifted the exposed carbonate sands and dumped them against the nearby hillsides. The higher strand line indicated by these marine miliolites could be related to one of the Quaternary transgressions.
Rare Minerals in Rajpura-Dariba Ores-Some Further Comments
Authors: Deb M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Thirteen rare sulfides, sulfo-salts and native metals: geocronite, owyheeite, bournonite, polybasite/pearceite, native arsenic, enargite, electrum, aurostibite, pyrargyrite, argentite, argentopyrite, gudmundite, stannite (?l) have been identified in the Rajpura-Dariba ores on the basis of their optical properties including quantitative spectral reflectance. The localisation of these rare minerals in remobilised veins of massive chalcopyrite or galena-tenantite along with their crystallisation history suggests that most of the rare minerals formed by mobilization of the metals involved during regional metamorphism under amphibolite facies conditions.
Computer Modelling for Regional Groundwater Simulation and Estimation of Irrigation Potential For Vedavati River Basin* - Summary of Findings
Authors: Achutha Rao A. , Sridharan K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Vedavati River drainage basin covering an area of 24,200 km2 falls in the monsoon depression zone and is prone to frequent drought conditions. The study is mainly directed to get as near a physical definition of the actual basin which would enable a systematic mathematical treatment. A mathematical model has been formulated and on the basis of this, a computer program was developed. The model was calibrated using field data and it is found useful in making reliable forecast of groundwater potential, for safe yield in order to prevent over exploitation.