bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sample Length on the Time Needed to Reach the Steady State Case
Authors: Muhi Mohsin Obaid 
Published: June 2019

In this study, ANSYS-14 was used to study the effect of the length of the sample on the time needed to reach steady state (S.S.t) for the transient heat transfer. Three samples were studied in different lengths (15, 30 and 45 cm), 2 cm high, in addition to the selection of three materials with different thermal properties and applied to different lengths. One side of the three samples was exposed to a temperature at 100 ° C, while the other side was exposed to thermal load at 25 ° C and the sample was isolated from the top and bottom surfaces. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of the time reach to the steady state when changing the length of the sample exposed to constant thermal load and materials, depending on the distance from the hot face of all lengths at a number of points (3, 6, 9 and 12) cm. From the results of the time obtained numerically from the ANSYS-14 program, the time to reach the steady state was determined when the difference between the sample temperature reached with the previous grade of 0.001.The results indicated that the time required to reach the steady state (S.S.t) increases by increasing the length of the sample in the selected points when constant thermal diffusivity (α) ,where the time needed to reach the steady state of the copper material ranged between (879-1085) seconds at a length of 15 cm and (2112- 3005) seconds at length 30 cm and (2871-4937) seconds at a length of 45 cm as well as the results showed that the time required to reach the steady state increased with the thermal diffusivity decrease where the time required to reach the steady state of the copper of the highest thermal diffusivity ranged between (879-4937) seconds for all lengths while the time required to reach the steady state of the material of the lowest thermal diffusivity (hardboard) is between (168400-1078000) seconds.
Temperature Difference Effect between Two Samples Ends on the Inception of Thermal Sensitivity
Authors: Majeed Ridha Hameed 
Published: June 2019

This paper examined the effect of the difference between the temperature of the two end of the body exposed to transient conduction heat transfer on the inception of thermal sensitivity and at different distances from the hot end of the sample. The study was based on the selection of a sample with a length of 15 cm and a fixed height of 1 cm. Four materials with different thermal properties were selected. One end of the model was exposed to three different temperatures (75, 125, and 175) oC. The other end of the sample was placed under a convection heat transfer at 25 oC. To adopt an inception indicator of thermal sensitivity of the sample when exposed to transient heat transfer, (26) oC was used because it is the nearest temperature to the initial condition of the sample. Four points were selected on different distance from hot end along the sample. The hot end temperature was also adopted as an indicator to measure the effect of the temperature difference for two body ends as the other end is subject to constant transient heat transfer. Determine the effect of the temperature difference between two body ends exposed to transient heat transfer on the inception of thermal sensitivity is study target. The results of this study showed the reverse effect of the temperature difference between two body ends exposed to transient heat transfer on the inception of thermal sensitivity, this effect increases by increasing the distance from hot sample end and depressing of thermal diffusivity. The results also showed that the values of the Thermal sensitivity inception ranged between (0.43-17845) seconds according to the distance from the hot end, its temperature, and the thermal diffusivity of sample materials for each case.
Indicators of the Mosque as a Social Type
Authors: Ra’ouf Zainab Huseen 
Published: June 2019

Sustainability emerged as a general trend in architecture within its dimensions (environmental, economic, and social) which affected on certain types of buildings especially the modern mosque architecture. The social dimension of sustainability represents the area of research interest, as it does not show the extent of its influence in determining the design characteristics of the mosque's architecture. hence, the research problem was (lack of knowledge perception of the mosque indicators that make it a social type and the absence of a clear vision of the vocabulary most achieved in local modern mosque as well as the nature of the criteria that determines the acceptance of this type of mosques within the local community).According to this the research goals are (Identify the indicators that characterize the mosque as a social type, determine the nature of the most achieved indicators within the local model, determine the index nature of the collective acceptance for this building type.)
The research determined the indicators that characterised mosque as social type and found that they are related to the indicators related to making place and living occupancy of social sustainability. These affected on layout, spatial organization and formal aspects of mosque.
The local mosque achieved these indicators partially and its design was closer to the model of the social mosque within its vocabulary which was reflected within layout and spatial aspect as it was more accomplished.as well as The research concluded that the cultural background and the living level of the recipient represent the nature of the indicator that responsible for common acceptance for this type although it does not represent a new type of mosques, but represent an extension of the comprehension functional role of the Prophet's Mosque.
Estimation of Indonesian Peat Forest Carbon Emissions based on Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Satellite Image
Authors: Awaluddin A , Sulaiman Albertus 
Published: June 2019

Calculation of carbon emission in tropical peatland forest still unsolved problem. In this paper, we propose a method to calculate carbon emission by using Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite. The SMAP images on January 2018 enhanced 1.3 radiometer Global Daily 9 km, EASE grid overlayed with peat map. The water table mapping obtained by using empirical relation between soil moisture and water table in January 2018 shows a pattern according to some observation. The carbon emission map on January 2018 shows the average is about 280 gC km-2.
Aplication of Azolla pinnata and N-Fixing Endophytic Bacteria To Enhance Chemical, Plant Properties, and Dry Weight Corn Plant at Inceptisols Jatinangor
Authors: Setiawati Mieke Rochimi , Suryatmana Pujawati , Machfud Yuliati , Tridendra Yori 
Published: June 2019

The research to determine the effect of Azolla pinnata dry weight and nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria on the chemical properties of soil and plants and the growth of corn plants on Inseptisols from Jatinangor. This experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, West Java. The experiment design was Randomized Block Design (RDB) in factorial pattern consisted of two factors and three replications. The first factor was dosage of Azolla pinnata compost consisted of four levels (0 g pot-1, 12.5 g pot-1, 25 g pot-1, 37.5 g pot-1). The second factor was nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteriaconsisted three levels: without nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria, just used nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria Acinetobacter sp., used nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria Pseudomonas sp. The results showed that there were interactions between Azolla pinnata and N2-fixing endophytic bacteria on N concentration and N uptake of corn plants. Applicaton Azolla pinnata compost with a dosage of 37.5 g pot-1 equivalent to 6 tons ha-1 can produce the highest dry weight of corn plants. Both nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria and azolla compost have not been able to increase the total N of Jatinangor Insepticols.Keywords: Azolla pinnata, nitrogen-fixing endophytic bacteria, Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., corn plant
PERANAN EKOLOGI DUSUNG DAN NON DUSUNG DAN KONTRIBUSINYA PADA KONSERVASI LINGKUNGAN DI DESA URENG KECAMATAN LEIHITU KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH
Authors: Heluth Napsiah , Matinahoru J. , Latumahina Fransina 
Published: June 2019

The research study aims to determine the ecological conditions of dusung and non dusung, and the role of the contribution to environmental conservation in Ureng Village. The research method used was purposive sampling with observation parameters were microclimate (CO2 content, air temperature, humidity), vegetation conditions and soil conditions (soil temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, soil moisture content, soil macrofauna and organic C) . The results of Paired of each parameter measured mostly show a smaller calculated t value compared to the t0.05 table value (1.8595) which means that the parameter is not a real difference, ie for the air humidity, t count = 0.27,; soil pH, t count = 0.6; soil macrofauna, t count = -0.66 and vegetation, t count = 1.01. As for the parameters of CO2; air temperature, soil temperature, , soil water content and organic C, t value of CO2 gives the value t count = - 16.06; air temperature = -5.11; soil temperature = -3.62; soil moisture, t count = 2,16; soil water content = 8.47, and C-Organic = 8.53; t count value which is greater than t table value which shows that there is a significant difference between CO2, air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil water content and C-Organic content in the dusung area which is greater than in the non-dusung area. From the results of the analysis it is known that dusung has a better role in environmental conservation when compared to non dusung which is indicated by the value of CO2 air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture, soil water content and C-organic content.
Analysis of impact of Canal Irrigation on Waterlogged areas and Environment using Geo-informatics Technology in Gujarat State
Authors: Negi Shalini , Arya Ankit , Kathota Jaydipsinh C. , Patel Ajay N. , Singh Vijay , Garg J. K. , Kalubarme Manik H 
Published: June 2019

The present study was carried out in Mahi Canal Command area in Vadodara district for monitoring the environmental impact of water logging and salinity on agriculture using Multi-temporal Remote Sensing data of past 15-years. The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (Resourcesat-1) LISS-III, LISS-IV and Landsat TM data of 2000, 2006, 2010 and 2016 covering study area was analyzed for mapping waterlogged and salt-affected areas. The data from open-well observations was also collected to monitor the impact of canal irrigation on water-table and in turn on water-logging in the study area. The point measurements of open-well data were used to generate spatial distribution maps using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) Interpolation technique and these were superimposed on Satellite data. The waterlogged and salt-affected areas delineated using Remote sensing data was validated by carrying out detailed field survey as well as spatial IDW layers of water-table in the study area. The results of analysis of agricultural area indicate that agricultural area has substantially increased due to introduction of canal irrigation which has helped to improve socio-economic condition of the farmers in the Vaghodia taluka. Agricultural area of medium and dense categories has increased during 2000 to 2016 accounting an increase from 12% to 26% in case of medium and 6.9% to 20% in dense agriculture, respectively. The water table in some of the villages in the study area has slightly come up during the period of last 15-years and at most predominantly after introduction of canal irrigation but it is much below to cause any water logging problem. However, it was also observed that waterlogged and salt-affected areas have decreased over the period of one decade due to augmentation of drainage system in the study area.
Monitoring Drought and its impact on Agriculture using Drought Indices and Geo-informatics Technology in Patan District, Gujarat
Authors: Kalubarme MANIK , Acharya Mithwa , Shukla Shital H. 
Published: June 2019

Remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) has played a
major role in the study of different types of drought i.e. agricultural or hydrological
drought. The present study on agricultural Drought assessment was carried out
in the Patan District of North Gujarat, India. This study focuses on the
assessment of climate change and its impact on Agriculture using Remote Sensing
(RS) and GIS technology. The Landsat-7 TM and Landsat-8 OLI data of
February-2002 and February-2018 covering Patan District was analysed for Land
use/Land Cover mapping and monitoring changes in agricultural area over the
period of 16-years. The Spectral vegetation index namely Normalized Difference
Vegetation Index (NDVI) was computed using Landsat-7 TM and Landsat-8 OLI
digital data for assessment of changes in agricultural vegetation during the
drought and normal monsoon periods. Meteorological data like Minimum &amp;
maximum Temperatures and rainfall was collected from State Data Centre. Various
Drought indices like Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Potential
Evapo-Transpiration (PET) and Aridity Index (AI) were computed using meteorological
data of past 16-years.

The results indicate that total agricultural
vegetation during drought season was only 21.9 per cent (2002) which has
increased to 58.7 per cent during the normal monsoon season of 2018. The
rainfall deviations were computed for various years and it was observed that high
negative rainfall deviations (-40 to -70%) having low rainfall occurrence were
associated with negative SPI values ranging from -0.5 to -1.1 in Patan
district. These positive rainfall deviations were associated with positive SPI
values of 1.08, 0.57 and 0.62 of respective years indicating moderately wet and
mildly wet conditions. During drought year of 2002 total precipitation was very
less resulting in Aridity Index of 0.09 which is classified as hyper arid for
the Patan District.
Mechanical properties characterization of resistance spot welded DP1000 steel under uniaxial tensile tests
Authors: Javaheri Ehsan , Pittner Andreas , Graf Benjamin , Rethmeier Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Resistance spot welding (RSW) is widely used in the automotive industry as the main joining method. Generally, an automotive body contains around 2000 to 5000 spot welds. Therefore, it is of decisive importance to characterize the mechanical properties of these areas for the further optimization and improvement of an automotive body structure. The present paper aims to introduce a novel method to investigate the mechanical properties and microstructure of the resistance spot weldment of DP1000 sheet steel. In this method, the microstructure of RSW of two sheets was reproduced on one sheet and on a bigger area by changing of the welding parameters, e. g. welding current, welding time, electrode force and type. Then, tensile tests in combination with digital image correlation (DIC) measurement were performed on the notched tensile specimens to determine the mechanical properties of the weld metal. The notch must be made on the welded tensile specimen to force the fracture and elongation on the weld metal, enabling the characterization of its properties. Additionally, the parameters of a nonlinear isotropic material model can be obtained and verified by the simulation of the tensile specimens. The parameters obtained show that the strength of DP1000 steel and the velocity of dislocations for reaching the maximum value of strain hardening, are significantly increased after RSW. The effect of sample geometry and microstructural inhomogeneity of the welded joint on the constitutive property of the weld metal are presented and discussed.
Characterization of boronized AISI 1050 steel and optimization of process parameters
Authors: Boztepe Mete Han , Bayramoglu Melih , Uzay Cagrı , Dagsuyu Cansu , Kokangul Ali , Geren Necdet 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In this study, AISI 1050 steel was boronized at temperatures of 800, 850, 900, 950 and 1000 °C for 3, 6, and 9 hours by means of a pack boronizing process. The formation of the boride layer was investigated. The characterization of the boronized surfaces was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Although dual phase, FeB and Fe2B were observed in the boride layer, the intensity of the FeB was slight and collected only near the outer surface which is the desired structural morphology. As the boronizing temperature and holding time strongly affect the results of both boride layer thickness and the surface hardness of the material, multi-objective mathematical models were developed for optimization. Energy consumption during boronizing was also considered. Hence, the optimum values for both temperature and holding time were determined, both of which maximize surface hardness and boride layer thickness while minimizing energy consumption.
Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of AA7075-AlN composites
Authors: Mohanavel Vinayagam , Ravichandran Manickam 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Hard ceramic particle reinforced aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) are considered a distinct category of advanced materials which command outstanding strength, good corrosion resistance and excellent wear resistance compared to conventional materials. In the present work, an Al-Zn-Mg aluminum alloy-based metal matrix composite was prepared by stir casting. The AA7075 matrix was reinforced with 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 wt.-% aluminum nitride particles for producing AMCs. Flexural strength, tensile strength and micro-hardness were studied. The microstructure of the matrix alloy and the composites was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Micron-sized aluminum nitride particles were added to the aluminum matrix to enhance the micro-hardness and the flexural and tensile strength of the composite. SEM micrographs reveal the fairly uniform dissemination of aluminum nitride particles in the composite. The results obtained indicate that the mechanical properties of the composite were increased with an increase in weight percentages of the aluminum nitride reinforcement content.
Artificial neural network approach to predict ion nitrided case depth and surface hardness of AISI 4340 steel
Authors: Sirin Sule Y. , İnal Melih 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Since surface hardness affects wear resistance and case depth affects fatigue strength, the optimum value of both is extremely important with respect to the area of use. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of predicting case depth and surface hardness in ion nitrided AISI 4340 steels as a function of process time and temperature by using artificial neural networks and to obtain useful case depth and surface hardness data from an artificial neural networks model. Two projections were created for ion nitrided case depth and surface hardness, both depending on process time and temperature, and the conclusion was reached that the experimental data provides sufficient predictability regarding the artificial neural networks model. In the multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks architecture designed, two outputs (case depth and surface hardness) were determined in the same network according to the inputs, thus providing the integrity of the system characterization. The system was created by means of a Matlab simulink graphical user interface, which determined the artificial neural networks outputs according to the specified input with the purpose of visualizing the process. Different input values could be entered for visually determining the output values of the process.
Corrosion behavior of a precipitation hardened Ni–Cr–Co–Mo alloy under partial slagging coal gasification conditions
Authors: Lee Sungkyu , Park Joohyun , Hwang Sang Yeon , Chung Seok-Woo , Lee Seung-Jong , Yun Yongseung , Kim Min Jung 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
A mechanistic exposure experiment was performed on the commercially available precipitation hardened VDM® alloy C–263 (Nicrofer® 5120 CoTi) Ni-Cr-Co-Mo alloy samples (21 wt.-% Cr, 21 wt.-% Co, 6.1 wt.-% Mo, 2.4 wt.-% Ti, 0.7 wt.-% Fe, 0.6 wt.-% Al, 0.6 wt.-% Mn, 0.4 wt.-% Si, 0.2 wt.-% Cu, 0.08 wt.-% C and bal. Ni) at coal gasification pilot plant facilities affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Engineering in Yongin, South Korea. Thermodynamic Ellingham–Pourbaix stability diagrams were constructed to provide insight into the mechanism of the observed corrosion behavior prevailing in the piping materials between the particulate removal unit and water scrubber of the coal gasification pilot plant. The thermodynamic inference on the corrosion mechanism was supplemented with the morphological, compositional and microstructural analyses of the exposed samples using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses performed on the external and cross–sectional surfaces of the recovered corrosion test samples to comprehensively examine the corrosion scale. Corrosion products with conspicuous spallation were observed after 139 h exposure to the corrosive environment (60 vol.-% CO, 28.4 vol.-%H2, 2.5 vol.-% CO2, 0.8 vol.-% CH4, 600 ppm H2S, and 110 ppm carbonyl sulfide under 2.005 MPa and 170 °C). Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy positively identified formation of rather extensively peeled–off oxides as corrosion scales on the post–exposure alloy samples, which were attributed to the combined effects of evaporation of hydrated Fe, Al, and Cr chlorides and their subsequent transformation into thin (spalled) oxides. This article contains technical contents on the effects of Cr, Mo, Fe, and Al on the observed corrosion behavior which supplement and cast engineering insight into the previously published MP 2-2018 article on corrosion behavior of Ni-Cr-Mo-Fe alloy in a similar environment.