bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial Activity of Acacia nilotica Stem-Bark Fractions against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli
Authors: Jabaka R. D. , Manga S. B. , Daniel Attah, D. , Nuhu U. D. 
Published: February 2019

Aims: This research was carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of Acacia nilotica stem bark extract and bioactive fractions against the test bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli).
Place and Duration of Study: Acacia nilotica was collected within Aliero town, Kebbi State, Nigeria between April and September, 2017.
Methodology: The crude and bioactive fractions were obtained using soxhlet extraction and column chromatographic method respectively. The qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted to detect the presence of some phytochemical constituents in the crude extract and fractions. The antibacterial activity was determined at various concentrations (10, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/ml) using disc diffusion method.
Results: The crude antibacterial activity indicated that ethanol extract showed higher activity than the n-hexane extract with 14.0±0.00 and 12.0±0.00 mm zones of inhibition compared with the control drug (10 µg Ciprofloxacin drug), which showed 14.0±0.00 and 13.0±0.00 mm zone of inhibition against the test bacteria. The MIC and MBC values determined for ethanol extracts against the test bacteria was 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml, while the MIC and MBC values obtained for n-hexane extracts were 25 and 50 mg/ml against the test bacteria. The bioactive fractions (Yellow, Purple and Blue Black Fractions) tested against the test bacteria showed higher activity compared with the crude extract. The phytochemical properties of the plant crude extract and the bioactive fractions indicated the presence of phenol, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and glycosides and this attributed to the high antibacterial activities of 17.0±0.00 and 16.0±0.00 mm showed by the fractions against Staphylococcus aureus and 15.67± and 14.0±0.00 mm against Escherichia coli respectively.
Conclusion: Acacia nilotica crude extract and fractions exhibited antibacterial activity which was comparable to the standard drug ciprofloxacin. This validates the folkloric medicinal use of this plant by the indigenous people of Aliero, Kebbi State.
Sexual Experiences of Nursing Students and Its Correlates at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Otakpor A. N. , Aina I. O. 
Published: February 2019

Background: The sexual experiences of individuals impacts on their psychological well-being. The study determined the sexual experiences of student nurses at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), as well as other factors which may be contributory to the enjoyment of their sexual experience and psychological health.
Methods: The Sexual Experience Inventory (SEI) and the Index of Self-Esteem (ISE) were administered on the final year nursing students at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital.
Results: One hundred and twenty nine (129) nursing students participated. All participants were females; 123 (95.3%) were single, 84% of them were aged 21 to 28 years. Eighty seven (67.4%) were sexually active.
The desire for sexual satisfaction and religious teachings were the factors which determined the frequency of sexual activities in 39.1% and 36.8% of the respondents respectively. Among the sexually active, 47% had more than one sexual partner. The experience of orgasm was statistically related to the enjoyment of sexual activity (χ2=12.08, p=0.00) Circumcision was not found to be statistically important in the determination of sexual enjoyment in the respondents studied (χ2= 0.03, p=0.85). Both circumcision and sexual enjoyment did not significantly affect self-esteem.
Conclusion: Over half of the students in this study were sexually active with first intercourse occurring early between 17 to 22 years. Achievement of orgasm was important for sexual satisfaction and enjoyment however, the presence or absence of orgasm and circumcision did not affect the self-esteem of the students.
Differential Legal Protections for Biologics vs Small-Molecule Drugs in the US
Authors: Wouters Olivier J. , Vogel Matthew , Feldman William B. , Beall Reed F. , Kesselheim Aaron S. , Tu S. Sean 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceBiologics approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) receive 12 years of guaranteed protection from biosimilar competition compared with 5 years of protection from generic competition for new small-molecule drugs. Under the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, biologics are exempt from selection for Medicare price negotiation for 11 years compared with 7 years for small-molecule drugs. Congress codified these differing legal protections on the premise that biologics require more time and resources to develop and have weaker patent protection, necessitating additional protections for manufacturers to recoup their development costs and generate adequate returns on investment.ObjectiveTo review empirical evidence from the US experience with biologics to analyze the assumptions underlying longer periods of market exclusivity and protection from price negotiation compared with small-molecule drugs.Evidence ReviewRecent data on development times, clinical trial success rates, research and development costs, patent protection, market exclusivity periods, revenues, and treatment costs of biologics vs small-molecule drugs were analyzed.FindingsThe FDA approved 599 new therapeutic agents from 2009-2023, of which 159 (27%) were biologics and 440 (73%) were small-molecule drugs. Median development times were 12.6 years (IQR, 10.6-15.3 years) for biologics vs 12.7 years (IQR, 10.2-15.5 years) for small-molecule drugs (P = .76). Biologics had higher clinical trial success rates at every phase of development. Median development costs were estimated to be $3.0 billion (IQR, $1.3 billion-$5.5 billion) for biologics and $2.1 billion (IQR, $1.3 billion-$3.7 billion) for small-molecule drugs (P = .39). Biologics were protected by a median of 14 patents (IQR, 5-24 patents) compared with 3 patents (IQR, 2-5 patents) for small-molecule drugs (P &amp;lt; .001). The median time to biosimilar competition was 20.3 years (IQR, 16.9-21.7 years) compared with 12.6 years (IQR, 12.5-13.5 years) for small-molecule drugs. Biologics achieved higher median peak revenues ($1.1 billion in year 13; IQR, $0.5 billion-$2.9 billion) than small-molecule drugs ($0.5 billion in year 8; IQR, $0.1 billion-$1.2 billion; P = .01) and had higher median revenues in each year following FDA approval. The median annual cost of treatment was $92 000 (IQR, $31 000-$357 000) for biologics and $33 000 (IQR, $4000-$177 000) for small-molecule drugs (P = .005).Conclusions and RelevanceThere is little evidence to support biologics having longer periods of market exclusivity or protection from negotiation. As a result of differential treatment, US law appears to overly reward the development of biologics relative to small-molecule drugs.
Association of Severe Maternal Morbidity With Subsequent Birth
Authors: Tsamantioti Eleni , Sandström Anna , Lindblad Wollmann Charlotte , Snowden Jonathan M. , Razaz Neda 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceWomen who experience severe maternal morbidity (SMM) might have lasting health issues, and the association of SMM with the probability of future reproductive intentions is unknown.ObjectiveTo examine the association between SMM in a first birth and the probability of a subsequent birth.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRetrospective, population-based cohort study conducted among 1 046 974 women in Sweden who had their first birth between 1999 and 2021.ExposureOverall SMM and SMM subtypes were identified among all deliveries at 22 weeks of gestation or later (including complications within 42 days of delivery) from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and National Patient Register.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAll women with a recorded first delivery were followed up from 43 days postpartum until the first day of the last menstrual period of the second pregnancy that resulted in a birth (stillbirth or live birth) or until death, emigration, or end of follow-up on December 31, 2021. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate associations between SMM and time to subsequent birth with adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs). Sibling analysis was performed to evaluate potential genetic and familial confounding.ResultsA total of 36 790 women (3.5%) experienced an SMM condition in their first birth. Women with any SMM had a lower incidence rate of subsequent birth compared with those without SMM in their first delivery (136.6 vs 182.4 per 1000 person-years), with an aHR of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.87-0.89). The probability of subsequent birth was substantially lower among women with severe uterine rupture (aHR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.27-0.85), cardiac complications (aHR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.41-0.58), cerebrovascular accident (aHR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.50-0.73), and severe mental health conditions (aHR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.44-0.53) in their first birth. The associations were not influenced by familial confounding as indicated by sibling analyses.Conclusions and RelevanceOur findings suggest that women who experience SMM in their first birth are less likely to have a subsequent birth. Adequate reproductive counseling and enhancing antenatal care are crucial for women with a history of SMM.
Psychiatric Comorbidities in Persons With Epilepsy Compared With Persons Without Epilepsy
Authors: Kwon Churl-Su , Rafati Ali , Ottman Ruth , Christensen Jakob , Kanner Andres M. , Jetté Nathalie , Newton Charles R. 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceSeveral psychiatric disorders have been found to occur more frequently in persons with epilepsy (PWE) than in persons without epilepsy.ObjectiveTo summarize the prevalence of 20 psychiatric disorders in PWE compared with persons without epilepsy.Data SourcesThe search included records from inception to February 2024 in Ovid, MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO.Study SelectionPublished epidemiological studies examining the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among PWE compared with persons without epilepsy were systematically reviewed. There were no restrictions on language or publication date.Data Extraction and SynthesisAbstracts were reviewed in duplicate, and data were extracted using a standardized electronic form. Descriptive statistics and meta-analyses are presented.Main Outcomes and MeasuresData were recorded on the prevalence of 20 psychiatric disorders among PWE compared with persons without epilepsy. Meta-analyses were performed along with descriptive analyses.ResultsThe systematic search identified 10 392 studies, 27 of which met eligibility criteria. The meta-analyses included 565 443 PWE and 13 434 208 persons without epilepsy. The odds of most psychiatric disorders studied were significantly increased in PWE compared with those without epilepsy, including anxiety (odds ratio [OR], 2.11; 95% CI, 1.73-2.58); depression (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 1.94-3.09); bipolar disorder (OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 2.23-4.36); suicidal ideation (OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.75-2.88) but not suicide attempt (OR, 3.17; 95% CI, 0.49-20.46); psychotic disorder (OR, 3.98; 95% CI, 2.57-6.15); schizophrenia (OR, 3.72; 95% CI, 2.44-5.67); obsessive-compulsive disorder (OR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.76-4.15); posttraumatic stress disorder (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.14-2.73); eating disorders (OR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.73-2.01); alcohol misuse (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.27-5.83) and alcohol dependence (OR, 4.94; 95% CI, 3.50-6.96) but not alcohol abuse (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 0.60-7.37); substance use disorder (OR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.61-4.72); autism spectrum disorder (OR, 10.67; 95% CI, 6.35-17.91); and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (OR, 3.93; 95% CI, 3.80-4.08).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this comprehensive study, most psychiatric comorbidities examined were significantly more prevalent in PWE than in those without epilepsy. These findings show the high burden of psychiatric comorbidities in PWE. This, in turn, underscores the need for appropriately identifying and treating psychiatric comorbidity in epilepsy to manage patients effectively and improve quality of life.
Incidence of Side Effects Associated With Acetaminophen in People Aged 65 Years or More: A Prospective Cohort Study Using Data From the Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Authors: Kaur Jaspreet , Nakafero Georgina , Abhishek Abhishek , Mallen Christian , Doherty Michael , Zhang Weiya 
Published: November 2024

ObjectiveThe main objective of this study is to examine the safety of oral acetaminophen at its therapeutic dose in adults aged ≥65 years.MethodsThis population‐based cohort study used the Clinical Practice Research Datalink‐Gold data. Participants were aged ≥65 years registered with a UK general practice for at least 12 months between 1998 and 2018. Acetaminophen exposure was defined as at least two acetaminophen prescriptions within six months of the first acetaminophen prescription, the first prescription date being the index date. Acetaminophen nonexposure was defined as the absence of two acetaminophen prescriptions within six months over the study period. We calculated propensity score (PS) for acetaminophen prescription and undertook inverse probability treatment weighting using PS and PS‐matched analyses to account for confounding. Missing data were handled using multiple imputation. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards regression model.ResultsIn total, 180,483 acetaminophen exposed and 402,478 unexposed participants were included in this study. Acetaminophen exposure was associated with an increased risk of perforation or ulceration or bleeding (aHR 1.24; 95% CI 1.16–1.34), uncomplicated peptic ulcers (aHR 1.20; 95% CI 1.10–1.31), lower gastrointestinal bleeding (aHR 1.36; 95% CI 1.29–1.46), heart failure (aHR 1.09; 95% CI 1.06–1.13), hypertension (aHR 1.07; 95% CI 1.04–1.11), and chronic kidney disease (aHR 1.19; 95% CI 1.13–1.24).ConclusionDespite its perceived safety, acetaminophen is associated with several serious complications. Given its minimal analgesic effectiveness, acetaminophen as the first‐line oral analgesic option for long‐term conditions in older people requires careful reconsideration.image
2D Ferroelectric Metal–Organic Frameworks for Ultralow Power Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Xian Zhenhui , Li Changjian , Dong Yangda , Peng Mengping , Yu Ye , Zhang Yuan , Huang Boyuan , Zhong Gaokuo , Xie Shuhong , Li Jiangyu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract2D ferroelectrics open a new realm of nonvolatile memory and computing devices, while metal–organic frameworks (MOF) offer tremendous possibilities to design and optimize ferroelectric performance. Integrating a MOF ferroelectric gate with a semiconducting channel provides new strategy toward ultralow power ferroelectric field effect transistors (FeFETs), yet no 2D MOF is experimentally demonstrated to be ferroelectric yet. Here, the study successfully develops 2D ferroelectric MOF nanosheets, {CuL2(H2O)2(NO3)2(H2O)1.5·(CH3OH)}∞ wherein L denotes PhPO(NH4Py)2, abbreviated as {CuIIL2}n‐MOF, and confirm its ferroelectricity down to 7 nm thickness. A large polarization of ≈14.2 µC cm−2, small coercive field of ≈33.3 V µm−1, and excellent endurability >106 cycles are found in 2D {CuIIL2}n‐MOF nanosheets. This enables to fabricate FeFETs using 2D {CuIIL2}n‐MOF as the gate and MoS2 as the channel, achieving an on/off ratio of 107 with ultralow off‐state current of 100 fA and tunable memory window, making it exceptional among known FeFETs and very promising for next‐generation ultralow power memories and computing devices
Synergistic Fe/Fe3C@Fe‐NC@Carbon Nanotube Heterostructure for Enhanced CO2 Capture and Mineral Recovery from Desalination Brine
Authors: Vo Truong‐Giang , Ng Yan‐Ting , Thangasamy Pitchai , Xi Shibo , Venkatramanan Raghunath , Shiong Simon Choo Sze , Gao Jiajian , Liu Yan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMetal recovery coupled with CO2 mineralization from sustainable sources, such as seawater, has garnered significant attention from environmental science and resource utilization perspectives. Herein, an earth‐abundant and efficient Fe/Fe3C@Fe‐N‐codoped carbon@carbon nanotube (Fe/Fe3C@Fe‐NC@CNT) hybrid cathodic catalyst is introduced for electrochemically extracting magnesium and calcium from desalination brine while capturing CO2 to produce valuable Mg(OH)2 and CaCO3. The Fe/Fe3C@Fe‐NC@CNT, featuring the combination of single‐atomic Fe sites and graphitic layer‐wrapped Fe/Fe3C nanoparticles encapsulated within N‐doped mesoporous carbon tubes, achieves over 90% of Ca2+ and Mg2+ metal cations recovery efficiency at 25 mA cm−2 for 6 h. More importantly, the Fe/Fe3C@Fe‐NC@CNT hybrid catalyst efficiently suppresses the competitive hydrogen evolution side reaction even at high currents and boasts a wider operating potential range compared to benchmark Pt/C, enhancing the metal recovery efficiency and CO2 capture capability. These findings underscore the potential of the Fe/Fe3C@Fe‐NC@CNT hybrid catalyst in revolutionizing brine management and waste stream handling, offering a promising and sustainable solution to these critical environmental challenges.
Quantitative Identification of Dopant Occupation in Li‐Rich Cathodes
Authors: Wu Tianhao , Zhang Xu , Li Yuqiang , Du Haozhe , Liu Tongchao , Yang Yubo , Zhang Zihe , Liu Xiaosong , Huang Qingzhen , Ren Yang , Qu Jiangtao , Zhao Shu , Wang Boya , Zheng Rongkun , Amine Khalil , Yu Haijun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractElemental doping is widely used to improve the performance of cathode materials in lithium‐ion batteries. However, macroscopic/statistical investigation on how doping sites are distributed in the material lattice, despite being a key prerequisite for understanding and manipulating the doping effect, has not been effectively established. Herein, to solve this predicament, a universal strategy is proposed to quantitatively identify the locations of Al and Mg dopants in lithium‐rich layered oxides (LLOs). Solid evidence confirms that Al prefers to occupy the transition metal (TM) layer, while Mg evenly occupies both TM and Li layers. As a result, Mg significantly reduces the thickness of LiO2 slabs at room temperature, which will increase the energy barrier of oxygen activation and enhance the structure stability of LLOs. The suppressed oxygen activity in Mg‐doped LLO can be kinetically unlocked at 55 °C. The different characteristics of Al and Mg enlighten an Al/Mg co‐doping strategy to optimize LLOs, which significantly improves the cycle performance while lifting the capacity. These insights from the quantitative identification of doping sites shed light on the manipulation of doping effects toward better cathodes.
Quantification of Interfacial Charges in Multilayered Nanocapacitors by Operando Electron Holography
Authors: Zhang Leifeng , Raza Muhammad Hamid , Wu Rong , Gruel Kilian , Dubourdieu Catherine , Hÿtch Martin , Gatel Christophe 
Published: November 2024

AbstractInterfaces in heterostructures play a major role in the functionality of electronic devices. Phenomena such as charge trapping/detrapping at interfaces under electric field affect the dynamics of metal/oxide/metal capacitors and metal/oxide/semiconductor transistors used for memory and logic applications. Charge traps are also key for the stabilization of a ferroelectric polarization and its ability to switch in ferroelectric devices such as ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs). However, electric‐field induced charging phenomena remain unclear even in conventional dielectric heterostructures due to a lack of direct measurement methods. Here, it is shown how operando off‐axis electron holography can be used to quantify the charges trapped at the dielectric/dielectric interfaces as well as metal/dielectric interfaces in HfO2‐ and Al2O3‐based nanocapacitors. By mapping the electrostatic potential at sub‐nanometer spatial resolution while applying a bias, it is demonstrated that these interfaces present a high density of trapped charges, which strongly influence the electric field distribution within the device. The unprecedented sensitivity of the electron holography experiments coupled with numerical simulations highlights for the first time the linear relationship between the trapped charges at each interface and the applied bias, and the effect of the trapped charges on the local electrical behavior.
Vertical‐Structure Overcomes the Strain Limit of Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Dai Shilei , Zhang Xinran , Liu Xu , Tian Xinyu , Cui Binbin , Pang Ivo , Luo Haixuan , Liu Dingyao , He Xuecheng , Chen Xiaonan , Zhang Junyao , Wang Zhongrui , Huang Jia , Zhang Shiming 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIntrinsically stretchable organic electrochemical transistors (IS‐OECTs), utilizing organic mixed ionic‐electronic conductors (OMIECs) as their channel materials, have drawn great attention recently because of their potential to enable seamless integration between bioelectronic devices and living systems. However, the fabrication of IS‐OECTs presents challenges due to the limited availability of OMIEC materials that possess the desired combination of mechanical and electrical properties. In this work, 1) we report the first successful fabrication of a vertical intrinsically stretchable OECT (VIS‐OECT), achieved by using elastoadhesive electrodes; 2) we experimentally proved that vertical architecture can push the strain limit of an IS‐OECT from 20% to 50%; and 3) the above finding introduces an unconventional design concept: the strain limit of an IS‐OECT can surpass the intrinsic stretchability of the constituent OMIECs by employing vertical structure.
Ultrafast Symmetry Control in Photoexcited Quantum Dots
Authors: Guzelturk Burak , Portner Joshua , Ondry Justin , Ghanbarzadeh Samira , Tarantola Mia , Jeong Ahhyun , Field Thomas , Chandler Alicia M. , Wieman Eliza , Hopper Thomas R. , Watkins Nicolas E. , Yu Jin , Cheng Xinxin , Lin Ming‐Fu , Luo Duan , Kramer Patrick L. , Shen Xiaozhe , Reid Alexander H. , Borkiewicz Olaf , Ruett Uta , Zhang Xiaoyi , Lindenberg Aaron M. , Ma Jihong , Schaller Richard D. , Talapin Dmitri V. , Cotts Benjamin L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSymmetry control is essential for realizing unconventional properties, such as ferroelectricity, nonlinear optical responses, and complex topological order, thus it holds promise for the design of emerging quantum and photonic systems. Nevertheless, fast and reversible control of symmetry in materials remains a challenge, especially for nanoscale systems. Here, reversible symmetry changes are unveiled in colloidal lead chalcogenide quantum dots on picosecond timescales. Using a combination of ultrafast electron diffraction and total X‐ray scattering, in conjunction with atomic‐scale structural modeling and first‐principles calculations, it is revealed that symmetry‐broken lead sulfide quantum dots restore to a centrosymmetric phase upon photoexcitation. The symmetry restoration is driven by photoexcited electronic carriers, which suppress lead off‐centering for about 100 ps. Furthermore, the change in symmetry is closely correlated with the electronic properties, and the bandgap transiently red‐shifts in the symmetry‐restored quantum dots. Overall, this study elucidates reversible symmetry changes in colloidal quantum dots, and more broadly defines a new methodology to optically control symmetry in nanoscale systems on ultrafast timescales.