bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maritime Spatial Planning and the EU’s Blue Growth Policy: Past, Present and Future Perspectives
Authors: Schultz-Zehden Angela , Weig Barbara , Lukic Ivana 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses the role of Maritime spatial planning (MSP) and its relationship to Blue Growth. After presenting differences among European sea-basins with regard to blue sector development, it underlines the need for a differentiated definition and policy support for Blue Growth. We argue that MSP should be adapted towards the different Blue Growth support needs of countries, regions and maritime sectors throughout Europe. The success of MSP as a tool to support Blue Growth depends on how strongly MSP is intertwined with other measures of the Integrated Maritime Policy and territorial development measures. MSP should be seen more strongly in strategic future development planning, for example, highlighting potential development areas which may stimulate economic growth in territorial areas lagging behind others.
Monodromy inflation and an emergent mechanism for stabilising the cosmological constant
Authors: Padilla Antonio 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe show that a pair of field theory monodromies in which the shift symmetry is broken by small, well motivated deformations, naturally incorporates a mechanism for cancelling off radiative corrections to the cosmological constant. The lighter monodromy sector plays the role of inflation as well as providing a rigid degree of freedom that acts as a dynamical counterterm for the cosmological constant. The heavier monodromy sector includes a rigid dilaton that forces a global constraint on the system and the cancellation of vacuum energy loops occurs at low energies via the sequestering mechanism. This suggests that monodromy constructions in string theory could be adapted to incorporate mechanisms to stabilise the cosmological constant in their low energy descriptions.
An action for extended string Newton-Cartan gravity
Authors: Bergshoeff Eric A. , Grosvenor Kevin T. , Şimşek Ceyda , Yan Ziqi 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We construct an action for four-dimensional extended string Newton-Cartan gravity which is an extension of the string Newton-Cartan gravity that underlies nonrelativistic string theory. The action can be obtained as a nonrelativistic limit of the EinsteinHilbert action in General Relativity augmented with a term that contains an auxiliary two-form and one-form gauge field that both have zero flux on-shell. The four-dimensional extended string Newton-Cartan gravity is based on a central extension of the algebra that underlies string Newton-Cartan gravity.
The construction is similar to the earlier construction of a three-dimensional Chern-Simons action for extended Newton-Cartan gravity, which is based on a central extension of the algebra that underlies Newton-Cartan gravity. We show that this three-dimensional action is naturally obtained from the four-dimensional action by a reduction over the spatial isometry direction longitudinal to the string followed by a truncation of the extended string Newton-Cartan gravity fields. Our construction can be seen as a special case of the construction of an action for extended p-brane Newton-Cartan gravity in p + 3 dimensions.
Some results on the penalised nematic liquid crystals driven by multiplicative noise: weak solution and maximum principle
Authors: Brzeźniak Zdzisław , Hausenblas Erika , Razafimandimby Paul André 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we prove several mathematical results related to a system of highly nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations (PDEs). These stochastic equations describe the dynamics of penalised nematic liquid crystals under the influence of stochastic external forces. Firstly, we prove the existence of a global weak solution (in the sense of both stochastic analysis and PDEs). Secondly, we show the pathwise uniqueness of the solution in a 2D domain. In contrast to several works in the deterministic setting we replace the Ginzburg–Landau function$$\mathbb {1}_{|{\mathbf {n}}|\le 1}(|{\mathbf {n}}|^2-1){\mathbf {n}}$$1|n|≤1(|n|2-1)nby an appropriate polynomial$$f({\mathbf {n}})$$f(n)and we give sufficient conditions on the polynomialffor these two results to hold. Our third result is a maximum principle type theorem. More precisely, if we consider$$f({\mathbf {n}})=\mathbb {1}_{|d|\le 1}(|{\mathbf {n}}|^2-1){\mathbf {n}}$$f(n)=1|d|≤1(|n|2-1)nand if the initial condition$${\mathbf {n}}_0$$n0satisfies$$|{\mathbf {n}}_0|\le 1$$|n0|≤1, then the solution$${\mathbf {n}}$$nalso remains in the unit ball.
Direct numerical simulation of backward-facing step flow at and expansion ratio 2
Authors: Pont-Vílchez A. , Trias F. X. , Gorobets A. , Oliva A. 
Published: January 2019

Backward-facing step (BFS) constitutes a canonical configuration to study wall-bounded flows subject to massive expansions produced by abrupt changes in geometry. Recirculation flow regions are common in this type of flow, driving the separated flow to its downstream reattachment. Consequently, strong adverse pressure gradients arise through this process, feeding flow instabilities. Therefore, both phenomena are strongly correlated as the recirculation bubble shape defines how the flow is expanded, and how the pressure rises. In an incompressible flow, this shape depends on the Reynolds value and the expansion ratio. The influence of these two variables on the bubble length is widely studied, presenting an asymptotic behaviour when both parameters are beyond a certain threshold. This is the usual operating point of many practical applications, such as in aeronautical and environmental engineering. Several numerical and experimental studies have been carried out regarding this topic. The existing simulations considering cases beyond the above-mentioned threshold have only been achieved through turbulence modelling, whereas direct numerical simulations (DNS) have been performed only at low Reynolds numbers. Hence, despite the great importance of achieving this threshold, there is a lack of reliable numerical data to assess the accuracy of turbulence models. In this context, a DNS of an incompressible flow over a BFS is presented in this paper, considering a friction Reynolds number ($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$) of 395 at the inflow and an expansion ratio 2. Finally, the elongation of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities along the shear layer is also studied.
A pilot study on the provision of tracheostomy healthcare and patient engagement in quality improvement measures: a global perspective
Authors: Swords C , Manji A , Ward E , Arora A 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundWork describing patient and family outcomes after tracheostomy has indicated that patients do not feel prepared at the time of discharge.ObjectivesTo assess healthcare professional–patient interactions in tracheostomy care and the current provision of care.MethodA global electronic survey was disseminated via e-mail.ResultsThe majority of respondents were nursing or speech and language staff, from over 10 countries. Only 23 per cent of respondents’ institutions routinely offered patients the ability to meet people with a tracheostomy pre-operatively. Only 31 per cent consistently provided or co-ordinated full nursing and equipment requirements on discharge. Only half of the institutions participated in tracheostomy quality improvement initiatives; less than one-third of these involved patients.ConclusionThe provision of tracheostomy care in hospital and at discharge can be improved. The current practice of clinician-led audit is becoming less viable; future initiatives should focus upon patient-centred outcomes to ensure excellence in healthcare delivery.
Change in IQ in schizophrenia patients and their siblings: a controlled longitudinal study
Authors: Van Haren N. E. M. , Van Dam D. S. , Stellato R. K. ,   Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) investigators
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundLower intelligence quotient (IQ) has frequently been reported in patients with schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether IQ declines (further) after illness onset and what the familial contribution is to this change. Therefore, we investigate IQ changes during the course of illness in patients with non-affective psychosis, their siblings and controls.MethodsData are part of the longitudinal Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) study in the Netherlands and Belgium. Participants underwent three measurements, each approximately 3 years apart. A total of 1022 patients with non-affective psychosis [illness duration: 4.34 (s.d.= 4.50) years], 977 of their siblings, and 565 controls had at least one measure of IQ (estimated from four subtests of the WAIS-III).ResultsAt baseline, IQ was significantly lower in patients (IQ = 97.8) and siblings (IQ = 108.2;p< 0.0001) than in controls (IQ = 113.0;p< 0.0001), and in patients as compared with siblings (p< 0.0001). Over time, IQ increased in all groups. In siblings, improvement in IQ was significantly more pronounced (+0.7 points/year) than in patients (+0.5 points/year;p< 0.0001) and controls (+0.3 points/year;p< 0.0001). IQ increase was not significantly correlated with improvement in (sub)clinical outcome in any of the groups.ConclusionsDuring the first 10 years of the illness, IQ increases to a similar (and subtle) extent in a relatively high-functioning group of schizophrenia patients and controls, despite the lower IQ in patients at baseline. In addition, the siblings’ IQ was intermediate at baseline, but over time the increase in IQ was more pronounced.
Modeling Population Dynamics of Kochia (Bassia scoparia) in Response to Diverse Weed Control Options
Authors: Osipitan O. Adewale , Dille J. Anita , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar V. , Knezevic Stevan Z. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractKochia [Bassia scoparia(L.) A. J. Scott] is a problematic weed species across the Great Plains, as it is spreading fast and has developed herbicide-resistant biotypes. It is imperative to understand key life-history stages that promote population expansion ofB. scopariaand control strategies that would provide effective control of these key stages, thereby reducing population growth. Diversifying weed control strategies has been widely recommended for the management of herbicide-resistant weeds. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop a simulation model to assess the population dynamics ofB. scopariaand to evaluate the effectiveness of diverse weed control strategies on long-term growth rates ofB. scopariapopulations. The model assumed the existence of a glyphosate-resistant (GR) biotype in theB. scopariapopulation, but at a very low proportion in a crop rotation that included glyphosate-tolerant corn (Zea maysL.) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. The parameter estimates used in the model were obtained from various ecological and management studies onB. scoparia. Model simulations indicated that seedling recruitment and survival to seed production were more important than seedbank persistence forB. scopariapopulation growth rate. Results showed that a diversified management program, including glyphosate, could provide excellent control ofB. scopariapopulations and potentially eliminate already evolved GRB. scopariabiotypes within a given location. The most successful scenario was a diverse control strategy that included one or two preplant tillage operations followed by preplant or PRE application of herbicides with residual activities and POST application of glyphosate; this strategy reduced seedling recruitment, survival, and seed production during the growing season, with tremendous negative impacts on long-term population growth and resistance risk inB. scoparia.
Fully Developed Superrotation Driven by the Mean Meridional Circulation in a Venus GCM
Authors: Sugimoto Norihiko , Takagi Masahiro , Matsuda Yoshihisa 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFully developed superrotation is reproduced for the first time in very long term simulations with a dynamical Venus general circulation model (GCM) driven by a zonally averaged component of the realistic solar heating only. Starting from a motionless state with temperature distribution including a low static stability layer in the lower cloud layer, the fast superrotating zonal flow of ~100 m/s is established after 500 Earth years. In this experiment, the mean meridional circulation is responsible for generating the superrotation, because effects of thermal tides, topography, radiation process, and cloud physics are excluded in the present simulations. Sensitivity experiments indicate that the vertical eddy viscosity smaller than 0.02 m2/s is necessary for the fast superrotation to appear. The low static stability layer also strongly affects the superrotation with high‐latitude jets through angular momentum transport by baroclinic/barotropic instability in the cloud layer.
Evaluating Simulations of Interhemispheric Transport: Interhemispheric Exchange Time Versus SF6 Age
Authors: Yang Huang , Waugh Darryn W. , Orbe Clara , Patra Prabir K. , Jöckel Patrick , Lamarque Jean‐Francois , Tilmes Simone , Kinnison Douglas , Elkins James W. , Dlugokencky Edward J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTwo recent studies using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) observations to evaluate interhemispheric transport in two different ensembles of atmospheric chemistry models reached different conclusions on model performance. We show here that the different conclusions are due to the use of different metrics and not differences in the performance of the models. For both model ensembles, the multimodel mean interhemispheric exchange time τex agrees well with observations, but in nearly all models the SF6 age in the southern hemisphere is older than observed. This occurs because transport from the northern extratropics into the tropics is too slow in most models, and the SF6 age is more sensitive to this bias than τex. Thus, simulating τex correctly does not necessarily mean that transport from northern midlatitudes into the southern hemisphere is correct. It also suggests that more attention needs to be paid to evaluating transport from northern midlatitudes into the tropics.
Dynamics of Surface‐Water Connectivity in a Low‐Gradient Meandering River Floodplain
Authors: Czuba Jonathan A. , David Scott R. , Edmonds Douglas A. , Ward Adam S. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHigh‐resolution topography reveals that floodplains along meandering rivers in Indiana commonly contain intermittently flowing channel networks. We investigated how the presence of floodplain channels affects lateral surface‐water connectivity between a river and floodplain (specifically exchange flux and timescales of transport) as a function of flow stage in a low‐gradient river‐floodplain system. We constructed a two‐dimensional, surface‐water hydrodynamic model using Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC‐RAS) 2D along 32 km of floodplain (56 km along the river) of the East Fork White River near Seymour, Indiana, USA, using lidar elevation data and surveyed river bathymetry. The model was calibrated using land‐cover specific roughness to elevation‐discharge data from a U.S. Geological Survey gage and validated against high‐water marks, an aerial photo showing the spatial extent of floodplain inundation, and measured flow velocities. Using the model results, we analyzed the flow in the river, spatial patterns of inundation, flow pathways, river‐floodplain exchange, and water residence time on the floodplain. Our results highlight that bankfull flow is an oversimplified concept for explaining river‐floodplain connectivity because some stream banks are overtopped and major low‐lying floodplain channels are inundated roughly 19 days per year. As flow increased, inundation of floodplain channels at higher elevations dissected the floodplain, until the floodplain channels became fully inundated. Additionally, we found that river‐floodplain exchange was driven by bank height or channel orientation depending on flow conditions. We propose a conceptual model of river‐floodplain connectivity dynamics and developed metrics to analyze quantitatively complex river‐floodplain systems.
Predicting Wave‐Induced Sediment Resuspension at the Perimeter of Lakes Using a Steady‐State Spectral Wave Model
Authors: Roberts D. C. , Moreno‐Casas P. , Bombardelli F. A. , Hook S. J. , Hargreaves B. R. , Schladow S. G. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA steady‐state spectral wave model, STWAVE, is evaluated as a tool for predicting wave‐induced sediment resuspension in lake littoral zones. Steady‐state wave height and bed‐shear stress estimates are tested against 2 years of high‐frequency wave height and turbidity data from six littoral measurement stations in Lake Tahoe. Average wave and sediment resuspension response to a broad range of wind conditions are well captured by the model. Despite steady‐state assumptions, the model reproduces patterns in wave height and sediment resuspension under time‐varying wind conditions at sites with different wave exposure. Model results are insensitive to the measurement location of wind data input among six offshore meteorological buoys. Uniform and variable wind field assumptions yield similar resuspension predictions. Results representing the steady‐state response to spatially uniform wind speed‐direction combinations enable output from a single set of model runs to serve as a reasonable static reference for hindcasting and predicting wave resuspension patterns. This obviates the need for repeated model runs, making STWAVE output an efficient tool for exploring long‐term spatio‐temporal patterns in nearshore wave forcing. Application of this tool is limited by wave height overprediction for short fetches and presumably by the validity of uniform wind field assumptions over very long fetches. Applied successfully at Lake Tahoe, we find that the north and east shores, exposed to the prevailing southwesterly winds, see resuspension conditions upward of 3,000 hr/year, while the south and west shores typically see less than 500. Location‐specific resuspension hours can vary by upward of ±200 hr/year due to shifting interannual wind patterns.
Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture With Downscaled Land Surface Temperatures Using a Data Fusion Approach for Heterogeneous Agricultural Land
Authors: Bai Liangliang , Long Di , Yan La 
Published: January 2019

AbstractField‐scale surface soil moisture (SSM, 0–10 cm), which is closely linked with land surface temperature (LST), is particularly important to agricultural water resource management. Active and passive microwave remote sensing‐based SSM retrievals on the order of kilometer squared resolutions are difficult to apply to heterogeneous agricultural land surfaces that may need SSM data at a resolution of 30 m. In this study, the High‐resolution Urban Thermal Sharpener and Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model were applied to downscale optical and thermal remote sensing data simultaneously by blending Landsat and MODIS red‐near infrared‐LST data, with the ultimate goal to generate field‐scale SSM values from the trapezoidal approach. To evaluate the performance of the downscaled LSTE (based on the Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model method) and SSM, an irrigation district (Area 1) in Inner Mongolia and an irrigation district in the North China Plain (Area 2) with varying spatial heterogeneity were selected as the testbeds. Results indicated that the downscaled LSTE was highly consistent with synchronous Landsat LSTH and in situ LST measurements in Area 1, with the root‐mean‐square error ranging from 0.73 to 2.75 K. Compared with the MODIS SSM, the average root‐mean‐square error of the downscaled SSM improved from 0.048 to 0.038 cm3/cm3 for both areas. The downscaled LSTE and SSM developed in this study enhance the spatiotemporal resolutions of the SSM estimates, maximizing the potential of remotely sensed information for agricultural water resource management.
The risks of HCV infection among Brazilian crack cocaine users: incorporating diagnostic test uncertainty
Authors: Coutinho Carolina , Bastos Leonardo S. , da Mota Jurema Corrêa , Toledo Lidiane , Costa Katia , Bertoni Neilane , Bastos Francisco I. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDespite the initiative by WHO and other international organizations to eliminate HCV in the medium term, hepatitis C infection is still a major public health problem. Even non-injecting drugs users who engage in harmful or addictive drug use are at greater risk of acquiring the infection, when compared to the general population. This study evaluate risk factors for HCV infection in users of crack/cocaine in Brazil, using multilevel models that incorporate variations in the sensitivity and specificity of the respective diagnostic tests. The sample included all the participants of a national survey on street crack cocaine users with serologically reactive result in the rapid test for the HCV as well as 4 non-reactive controls, matched by sex, age category, and major geographic region of residence. Multilevel logistic regression models were used, with and without incorporation of the diagnostic test’s sensitivity and specificity values. The odds of HCV infection were 85% higher among polydrug users, 7.81 times higher among injecting drug users, and 3.69 times higher in those reporting to have genital ulcers. Statistical modeling strategies that incorporate the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests in challenging settings are useful for studying the association between risk factors and infection status.
Unique Spin Vortices and Topological Charges in Quantum Dots with Spin-orbit Couplings
Authors: Luo Wenchen , Naseri Amin , Sirker Jesko , Chakraborty Tapash 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSpin textures of one or two electrons in a quantum dot with Rashba or Dresselhaus spin-orbit couplings reveal several intriguing properties. We show here that even at the single-electron level stable spin vortices with tunable topological charges exist. These topological textures appear in the ground state of the dots. The textures are stabilized by time-reversal symmetry breaking and are robust against the eccentricity of the dot. The topological charge is directly related to the sign of the z component of the spin in a large dot, allowing a direct probe of its topological properties. This would clearly pave the way to possible future topological spintronics. The phenomenon of spin vortices persists for the interacting two-electron dot in the presence of a magnetic field.
Intrinsic and extrinsic noise of gene expression in lineage trees
Authors: Thomas Philipp 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCell-to-cell heterogeneity is driven by stochasticity in intracellular reactions and the population dynamics. While these sources are usually studied separately, we develop an agent-based framework that accounts for both factors while tracking every single cell of a growing population. Apart from the common intrinsic variability, the framework also predicts extrinsic noise without the need to introduce fluctuating rate constants. Instead, extrinsic fluctuations are explained by cell cycle fluctuations and differences in cell age. We provide explicit formulas to quantify mean molecule numbers, intrinsic and extrinsic noise statistics in two-colour experiments. We find that these statistics differ significantly depending on the experimental setup used to observe the cells. We illustrate this fact using (i) averages over an isolated cell lineage tracked over many generations as observed in the mother machine, (ii) population snapshots with known cell ages as recorded in time-lapse microscopy, and (iii) snapshots with unknown cell ages as measured from static images or flow cytometry. Applying the method to models of stochastic gene expression and feedback regulation elucidates that isolated lineages, as compared to snapshot data, can significantly overestimate the mean number of molecules, overestimate extrinsic noise but underestimate intrinsic noise and have qualitatively different sensitivities to cell cycle fluctuations.