bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Heretic in the Schoenberg Circle: Roberto Gerhard's First Engagement with Twelve-Tone Procedures inAndantino
Authors: ALONSO TOMÁS DIEGO 
Published: August 2019

AbstractShortly before finishing his studies with Arnold Schoenberg, Roberto Gerhard composedAndantino, a short piece in which he used for the first time a compositional technique for the systematic circulation of all pitch classes in both the melodic and the harmonic dimensions of the music. He modelled this technique on the tri-tetrachordal procedure in Schoenberg's Prelude from the Suite for Piano, Op. 25 but, unlike his teacher, Gerhard treated the tetrachords as internally unordered pitch-class collections. This decision was possibly encouraged by his exposure from the mid-1920s onwards to Josef Matthias Hauer's writings on ‘trope theory’. Although rarely discussed by scholars,Andantinooccupies a special place in Gerhard's creative output for being his first attempt at ‘twelve-tone composition’ and foreshadowing the permutation techniques that would become a distinctive feature of his later serial compositions. This article analysesAndantinowithin the context of the early history of twelve-tone music and theory.
Pkd1-targeted mutation reveals a role for the Wolffian duct in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Tee J. B. , Dnyanmote A. V. , Lorenzo M. K. , Lee O. R. , Grisaru S. , Suk M. , Acott P. D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSeveral life-threatening diseases of the kidney have their origins in mutational events that occur during embryonic development. In this study, we investigate the role of the Wolffian duct (WD), the earliest embryonic epithelial progenitor of renal tubules, in the etiology of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). ADPKD is associated with a germline mutation of one of the two Pkd1 alleles. For the disease to occur, a second event that disrupts the expression of the other inherited Pkd1 allele must occur. We postulated that this secondary event can occur in the pronephric WD. Using Cre-Lox recombination, mice with WD-specific deletion of one or both Pkd1 alleles were generated. Homozygous Pkd1-targeted deletion in WD-derived tissues resulted in mice with large cystic kidneys and serologic evidence of renal failure. In contrast, heterozygous deletion of Pkd1 in the WD led to kidneys that were phenotypically indistinguishable from control in the early postnatal period. High-throughput sequencing, however, revealed underlying gene and microRNA (miRNA) changes in these heterozygous mutant kidneys that suggest a strong predisposition toward developing ADPKD. Bioinformatic analysis of this data demonstrated an upregulation of several miRNAs that have been previously associated with PKD; pathway analysis further demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes in the heterozygous mutant kidneys were overrepresented in signaling pathways associated with maintenance and function of the renal tubular epithelium. These results suggest that the WD may be an early epithelial target for the genetic or molecular signals that can lead to cyst formation in ADPKD.
Association between birth weight and childhood cardiovascular disease risk factors in West Virginia
Authors: Umer Amna , Hamilton Candice , Cottrell Lesley , Giacobbi Peter , Innes Kim , Kelley George A. , Neal William , John Collin , Lilly Christa 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe reported associations between birth weight and childhood cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors have been inconsistent. In this study, we investigated the relationship between birth weight and CVD risk factors at 11 years of age. This study used longitudinally linked data from three cross-sectional datasets (N= 22,136) in West Virginia; analysis was restricted to children born full-term (N= 19,583). The outcome variables included resting blood pressure [systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP)] and lipid profile [total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, non-HDL, and triglycerides (TG)]. Multiple regression analyses were performed, adjusting for child’s body mass index (BMI), sociodemographics, and lifestyle characteristics. Unadjusted analyses showed a statistically significant association between birth weight and SBP, DBP, HDL, and TG. When adjusted for the child’s BMI, the association between birth weight and HDL [b= 0.14 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.18) mg/dl per 1000 g increase] and between birth weight and TG [b= –0.007 (–0.008, –0.005) mg/dl per 1000 g increase] remained statistically significant. In the fully adjusted model, low birth weight was associated with higher LDL, non-HDL, and TGs, and lower HDL levels. The child’s current BMI at 11 years of age partially (for HDL, non-HDL, and TG) and fully mediated (for SBP and DBP) the relationship between birth weight and select CVD risk factors. While effects were modest, these risk factors may persist and amplify with age, leading to potentially unfavorable consequences in later adulthood.
Very Slow Rotation of Earth's Inner Core From 1971 to 1974
Authors: Vidale John E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe rate that Earth's inner core rotates relative to the mantle and crust has been debated for decades. Nonrotational processes, including internal deformation and flow in the outer core, have also been proposed to explain observed seismic changes. The observed changes thus far have been so inconsistent and weak as to hamper convincing interpretation. Here, we examine waves backscattered from within the inner core, which can more robustly evaluate rotation, from two nuclear tests 3 years apart in Novaya Zemlya, Russia. We have extended our previous analysis of these explosions using precise station corrections and the full Large Aperture Seismic Array, thus revealing how the time shifts depend on slowness and lag time and halving our rotation rate estimate. Our derived 0.07°/year inner core superrotation rate from 1971 to 1974 is more robust and slower than most previous estimates and may require interesting reinterpretations of localized signals previously interpreted as inner core rotation.
Advected Air Mass Reservoirs in the Downwind of Mountains and Their Roles in Overrunning Boundary Layer Depths Over the Plains
Authors: Pal Sandip , Lee Temple R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAtmospheric boundary layer depths (BLDs) over continental sites have long been meticulously characterized. However, a downwind‐footprint concept for BLDs over plains under the impact of seasonally and spatially changing horizontal advection of BLDs off elevated terrains has remained unexplored. For the first time, we provide observational evidence of the impact of mountains on regional BLDs using 25‐years (1991–2015) of rawinsonde‐retrieved afternoon BLDs over 22 sites located in the mountains' (Rockies and Appalachians) downstream. Results suggest that mountain‐advected air mass, elevated terrains, and wind play a significant role in modulating BLD variability “miles away” from terrains. We found significant BLD contrasts over the plains (400–1,500 m) under mountain‐advected versus flatland‐advected flows pertaining to elevated mixed layers off the mountain ranges. The BLD contrasts were higher in the downwind of Rockies than the Appalachians, and higher BLD contrasts were observed in spring and summer (900–1,500 m) than in fall and winter (100–500 m). These findings will help build advanced parameterizations in models where BLD simulations around complex terrain still remain a hurdle.
Origin of Long‐Wavelength Magnetic Anomalies at Subduction Zones
Authors: Williams Simon E. , Gubbins David 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMost subduction zones have associated long‐wavelength anomalies in the lithospheric magnetic field observed at satellite altitude. We model the 13 subduction zones defined by seismicity and seismic tomography using vertically integrated magnetizations that are increasing, level, or decreasing away from the trench. These mimic end members of a magnetized mantle wedge, a uniform layer, and a magnetized dipping lithospheric slab. They are added to a global model of vertically integrated magnetization based on continental and oceanic geology. We find the dipping slab places the anomaly too close to the trench, while the other two fit the data equally well and use the level model in the main part of the study. Anomalies at the Sunda, Aleutians, Cascadia, Central American, and Kamchatka‐Japan zones are well modeled by uniform magnetization of differing susceptibilities and spatial extents. We show the South American anomaly is weak because the magnetization lies mainly in the null space that produces no external potential magnetic field. There is no anomaly associated with the Ryukyu system, possibly because the present subduction started too recently for magnetization to have formed. The magnetic anomaly stretching down the Baja California peninsula is not present in the prediction because there is no seismicity on which to base a slab geometry, but recent tomography suggests a fossil slab there and we propose historic subduction as the origin of the Baja magnetic anomaly. Finally, we discuss the mineralogical origins of the magnetization and favor serpentinization of the region above the subducted plate.
Inclusion of Viscosity Into Classical Homogeneous Nucleation Theory for Water Bubbles in Silicate Melts: Reexamination of Bubble Number Density in Ascending Magmas
Authors: Nishiwaki Mizuki , Toramaru Atsushi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTo evaluate the effect of melt viscosity on bubble nucleation, we formulated the homogeneous nucleation rate of water bubbles to explicitly include melt viscosity. The viscosity coefficient appears in the preexponential factor of the nucleation rate in terms of the Péclet number: the ratio of the bubble growth timescale by molecular diffusion and the viscous relaxation timescale. The preexponential factor is almost constant when viscosity is low (or a high Péclet number), whereas it linearly decreases with increasing viscosity (or a decreasing Péclet number) exceeding the crossover value of viscosity, under a given supersaturation. The crossover point depends on whether homogeneous or heterogeneous nucleation takes place. We numerically solved the evolution of bubble nucleation and growth processes in ascending magmas by using the new nucleation rate formula and a precise approximation of moment equations of the bubble size distribution function. The resultant bubble number density has two regimes, similar to the previous study, but the transition point between the diffusion‐controlled regime and the viscosity‐controlled regime moves to higher viscosity or higher decompression rates by 0.6 log units at the maximum. In the viscosity‐controlled regime, the effect of the better approximation of bubble size distribution moment equations reduces bubble number density by a few orders of magnitude compared with the previous study. As a result of compiling the past laboratory experimental data, it turned out that all the experiments are conducted under the conditions equivalent to the diffusion‐controlled regime. We propose an experimental condition to confirm the presence of the viscosity‐controlled regime.
How Does Seismic Rupture Accelerate? Observational Insights From Earthquake Source Time Functions
Authors: Renou Julien , Vallée Martin , Dublanchet Pierre 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObservation of the seismic process for a large earthquake population is of key interest to detect potential magnitude‐dependent behaviors and, more generally, to quantify how seismic rupture develops. In contrast with studies focusing on the first radiated waves, we here propose to characterize the growing phase leading to the main seismic moment release episode(s), which we refer to as the development phase. Our analysis uses the 2,221 teleseismic source time functions (STFs) of shallow dip‐slip earthquakes provided by the global SCARDEC database and consists in measuring the moment acceleration during the development phase at prescribed moment rates. This approach is therefore insensitive to hypocentral time uncertainties and aims at quantifying how seismic ruptures accelerate, independently of when they accelerate. Our results first show that rupture acceleration does not exhibit any magnitude‐dependent signal emerging above the intrinsic measurements variability. We thus use the full STF catalog to characterize the moment rate
of the development phase and show that, on average,
with nd equal to 2.7. This time evolution therefore does not follow the steady t2 growth expected for classical circular crack models, which indicates that stress drop and/or rupture velocity transiently vary during the development phase. We finally illustrate with a synthetic STF catalog that, due to initial rupture variability, approaches based on hypocentral time are not expected to fully characterize the behavior of the development phase.
Pacific Water Pathway in the Arctic Ocean and Beaufort Gyre in Two Simulations With Different Horizontal Resolutions
Authors: Hu Xianmin , Myers Paul G. , Lu Youyu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA set of numerical simulations (with horizontal resolutions of 1/4° and 1/12°) is conducted to study the Pacific Water pathway in the Arctic Ocean and the freshwater content in Beaufort Gyre. Passive tracer tags the Pacific Water entering through Bering Strait into the Arctic Ocean and further reveals its circulation routes and spatial distribution. Both the 1/4° and 1/12° simulations show Pacific Water mainly follows the Transpolar Drift over the integration period of 2002–2016, with a limited amount being able to flow eastward along the Alaskan coast to enter the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. However, the circulation pattern of Pacific Water within the Beaufort Gyre is quite different with a stronger and tighter anticyclonic circulation in the 1/12° simulation corresponding to the difference in freshwater content. The 1/12° simulation successfully reproduces the overall recent increasing trend in the freshwater content in the Beaufort Gyre, while the 1/4° simulation fails to maintain the high freshwater content state after 2007. Budget analysis suggests that this difference in Beaufort Gyre freshwater storage is mainly caused by lateral advection. The lateral freshwater flux is decomposed into two components due to the slow‐varying circulation and mesoscale eddies. The difference in the capability to resolve eddies in the two simulations causes the difference in the temporal evolution of both components of the lateral flux.
Interacting Effects of Plant Invasion, Climate, and Soils on Soil Organic Carbon Storage in Coastal Wetlands
Authors: Yang Ren‐Min 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCoastal wetland soils store large amounts of organic carbon, which is becoming vulnerable to environmental changes such as exotic species invasion and climate change. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is also related to soil biogeochemical factors. To understand the mechanisms of these changes in regulating SOC, it is necessary to characterize the direct and indirect effects of exotic species invasion, climate, and soil variables on SOC. We used a structural equation model to identify the key driving mechanisms of SOC storage to a depth of 1 m at 15 sites on the East China coast, whereSpartina alternifloraLoisel. (S. alterniflora) invasion has significantly influenced SOC storage. The model revealed several patterns that are expected to explain the enhanced SOC storage.Spartina alterniflorainvasion had a direct effect on SOC storage mainly due to its impacts on biomass production. Temperature had an important influence on SOC storage and the subsurface SOC content. SOC storage was also related to the interacting effects ofS. alterniflorainvasion and soil biogeochemical properties such as soil salinity, fine soil fraction, and bulk density. The relative contribution of SOC in the topsoil to SOC storage at a depth of 1 m decreased over time, while the contribution increased for the SOC below the surface. These results highlight the interactions amongS. alterniflorainvasion, climate, and soil properties in regulating SOC dynamics. Our results imply that the relative importance of vertical patterns to SOC storage associated withS. alterniflorainvasion and temperature fluctuations will change over time.
Inhibition of IRE1α RNase activity reduces NLRP3 inflammasome assembly and processing of pro-IL1β
Authors: Talty Aaron , Deegan Shane , Ljujic Mila , Mnich Katarzyna , Naicker Serika D. , Quandt Dagmar , Zeng Qingping , Patterson John B. , Gorman Adrienne M. , Griffin Matthew D. , Samali Afshin , Logue Susan E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe inflammasome is a multiprotein complex assembled in response to Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). Inflammasome activation occurs through a two-step mechanism, with the first signal facilitating priming of inflammasome components while the second signal triggers complex assembly. Once assembled, the inflammasome recruits and activates pro-caspase-1, which in turn processes pro-interleukin (IL)-18 and pro-IL-1β into their bio-active forms. Owing to its key role in the regulation of innate immune responses, the inflammasome has emerged as a therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory conditions. In this study we demonstrate that IRE1α, a key component of the Unfolded Protein Response, contributes to assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Blockade of IRE1α RNase signaling lowered NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, caspase-1 activation and pro-IL-1β processing. These results underscore both the importance and potential therapeutic relevance of targeting IRE1α signaling in conditions of excessive inflammasome formation.
Directed self-assembly of a helical nanofilament liquid crystal phase for use as structural color reflectors
Authors: Park Wongi , Ha Taewoo , Kim Teun-Teun , Zep Anna , Ahn Hyungju , Shin Tae Joo , Sim Kyung Ik , Jung Taek Sun , Kim Jae Hoon , Pociecha Damian , Gorecka Ewa , Yoon Dong Ki 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The fabrication of molecular structures with a desired morphology, e.g., nanotubes, nanoribbons, nanosprings, and sponges, is essential for the advancement of nanotechnology. Unfortunately, realization of this objective is expensive and complicated. Here, we report that irradiating a film comprising azobenzene derivatives with UV light produces oriented arrays of helical nanofilaments via the photoisomerization-induced Weigert effect. As a result, structural colors are observed due to the extrinsic chiral reflection in the visible wavelength range, and the reflected color can be tuned by adjusting the molecular length of the azobenzene derivative. This simple fabrication method can be used for fabricating large, reversible, and patternable color reflectors, providing a new platform for interference-based structural coloration as it exists in nature, such as morpho butterflies, green-winged teal, and various beetles.
The cost of obtaining rewards enhances the reward prediction error signal of midbrain dopamine neurons
Authors: Tanaka Shingo , O’Doherty John P. , Sakagami Masamichi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMidbrain dopamine neurons are known to encode reward prediction errors (RPE) used to update value predictions. Here, we examine whether RPE signals coded by midbrain dopamine neurons are modulated by the cost paid to obtain rewards, by recording from dopamine neurons in awake behaving monkeys during performance of an effortful saccade task. Dopamine neuron responses to cues predicting reward and to the delivery of rewards were increased after the performance of a costly action compared to a less costly action, suggesting that RPEs are enhanced following the performance of a costly action. At the behavioral level, stimulus-reward associations are learned faster after performing a costly action compared to a less costly action. Thus, information about action cost is processed in the dopamine reward system in a manner that amplifies the following dopamine RPE signal, which in turn promotes more rapid learning under situations of high cost.
Ice sheets matter for the global carbon cycle
Authors: Wadham J. L. , Hawkings J. R. , Tarasov L. , Gregoire L. J. , Spencer R. G. M. , Gutjahr M. , Ridgwell A. , Kohfeld K. E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe cycling of carbon on Earth exerts a fundamental influence upon the greenhouse gas content of the atmosphere, and hence global climate over millennia. Until recently, ice sheets were viewed as inert components of this cycle and largely disregarded in global models. Research in the past decade has transformed this view, demonstrating the existence of uniquely adapted microbial communities, high rates of biogeochemical/physical weathering in ice sheets and storage and cycling of organic carbon (>104 Pg C) and nutrients. Here we assess the active role of ice sheets in the global carbon cycle and potential ramifications of enhanced melt and ice discharge in a warming world.
Separate lanes for adding and reading in the white matter highways of the human brain
Authors: Grotheer Mareike , Zhen Zonglei , Lerma-Usabiaga Garikoitz , Grill-Spector Kalanit 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMath and reading involve distributed brain networks and have both shared (e.g. encoding of visual stimuli) and dissociated (e.g. quantity processing) cognitive components. Yet, to date, the shared vs. dissociated gray and white matter substrates of the math and reading networks are unknown. Here, we define these networks and evaluate the structural properties of their fascicles using functional MRI, diffusion MRI, and quantitative MRI. Our results reveal that there are distinct gray matter regions which are preferentially engaged in either math (adding) or reading, and that the superior longitudinal and arcuate fascicles are shared across the math and reading networks. Strikingly, within these fascicles, reading- and math-related tracts are segregated into parallel sub-bundles and show structural differences related to myelination. These findings open a new avenue of research that examines the contribution of sub-bundles within fascicles to specific behaviors.
The structure of a polygamous repressor reveals how phage-inducible chromosomal islands spread in nature
Authors: Ciges-Tomas J. Rafael , Alite Christian , Humphrey Suzanne , Donderis J. , Bowring Janine , Salvatella Xavier , Penadés José R. , Marina Alberto 
Published: August 2019

AbstractStl is a master repressor encoded by Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity islands (SaPIs) that maintains integration of these elements in the bacterial chromosome. After infection or induction of a resident helper phage, SaPIs are de-repressed by specific interactions of phage proteins with Stl. SaPIs have evolved a fascinating mechanism to ensure their promiscuous transfer by targeting structurally unrelated proteins performing identically conserved functions for the phage. Here we decipher the molecular mechanism of this elegant strategy by determining the structure of SaPIbov1 Stl alone and in complex with two structurally unrelated dUTPases from different S. aureus phages. Remarkably, SaPIbov1 Stl has evolved different domains implicated in DNA and partner recognition specificity. This work presents the solved structure of a SaPI repressor protein and the discovery of a modular repressor that acquires multispecificity through domain recruiting. Our results establish the mechanism that allows widespread dissemination of SaPIs in nature.