bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weak and Compact Radio Emission in Early High-mass Star-forming Regions. II. The Nature of the Radio Sources
Authors: Rosero V. , Hofner P. , Kurtz S. , Cesaroni R. , Carrasco-González C. , Araya E. D. , Rodríguez L. F. , Menten K. M. , Wyrowski F. , Loinard L. , Ellingsen S. P. , Molinari S. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this study we analyze 70 radio continuum sources that are associated with dust clumps and which are considered to be candidates for the earliest stages of high-mass star formation. The detection of these sources was reported by Rosero et al., who found most of them to show weak (

mJy) and compact (

0.″6) radio emission. Herein, we used the observed parameters of these sources to investigate the origin of the radio continuum emission. We found that at least ∼30% of these radio detections are most likely to be ionized jets associated with high-mass protostars. However, for the most compact sources, we cannot discard the scenario that they represent pressure-confined H ii regions. This result is highly relevant for recent theoretical models that are based on core accretion, which predict the first stages of ionization from high-mass stars to be in the form of jets. Additionally, we found that properties such as the radio luminosity as a function of the bolometric luminosity of ionized jets from low and high-mass stars are extremely well-correlated. Our data improve upon previous studies by providing further evidence of a common origin for jets independently of luminosity.
Characteristics of Ephemeral Coronal Holes
Authors: Inglis A. R. , O’Connor R. E. , Pesnell W. D. , Kirk M. S. , Karna N. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Small-scale ephemeral coronal holes may be a recurring feature on the solar disk but have received comparatively little attention. These events are characterized by compact structures and short total lifetimes, which are substantially less than a solar disk crossing. We present a systematic search for these events, using Atmospheric Imaging Assembly extreme ultraviolet image data from the Solar Dynamics Observatory, covering the time period of 2010–2015. Following strict criteria, this search yielded four clear examples of the ephemeral coronal hole phenomenon. The properties of each event are characterized, including their total lifetime, growth and decay rates, and areas. The magnetic properties of these events are also determined using Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager data. Based on these four events, ephemeral coronal holes experience rapid initial growth of up to ∼3000 Mm2 hr−1, while the decay phases are typically more gradual. Like conventional coronal holes, the mean magnetic field in each ephemeral coronal hole displays a consistent polarity, with mean magnetic flux densities generally <10 G. No evidence of a corresponding signature is seen in solar wind data at 1 au. Further study is needed to determine whether ephemeral coronal holes are underreported events or are truly rare phenomena.
The Warm Gaseous Disk and the Anisotropic Circumgalactic Medium of the Milky Way
Authors: Qu Zhijie , Bregman Joel N. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Warm (

) gas is an important gaseous component in the galaxy baryonic cycle, which is important for understanding both gas accretion and galactic feedback processes. We built a two-dimensional disk–circumgalactic medium (CGM) model to study the warm gas distribution of the Milky Way (MW) using the absorption-line surveys of Si iv and O vi. In this model, the disk component of both ions has the same density profile (

) with a scale height of z
0 = 2.6 ± 0.4 kpc and a scale length of r
0 = 6.1 ± 1.2 kpc. For this disk component, we calculate the warm gas mass of

. The similar disk density profiles and total masses of the Si iv- and O vi-bearing gas set constraints on the ionization mechanisms. We suggest that the warm gas disk might be dominated by the Galactic fountain mechanism, which ejects and recycles gas to set both the scale height and the scale length of the warm gas disk. The CGM component in our model has a dependence on Galactic latitude, with a higher column density along the direction perpendicular to the Galactic plane (b = 90°) than along the radial direction (b = 0°). The column density difference between these two directions is 0.82 ± 0.32 dex at 6.3σ for both ions. This difference may be due to either the enrichment of Galactic feedback to the entire CGM or an additional interaction layer between the warm gas disk and the CGM; existing data cannot distinguish between these two scenarios. If this higher column density at b = 90° is for the entire CGM, the total warm CGM mass is

within the MW virial radius of 250 kpc.
FINMHD: An Adaptive Finite-element Code for Magnetic Reconnection and Formation of Plasmoid Chains in Magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Baty Hubert 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Solving the problem of fast eruptive events in magnetically dominated astrophysical plasmas requires the use of particularly well adapted numerical tools. Indeed, the central mechanism based on magnetic reconnection is determined by a complex behavior with quasi-singular forming current layers enriched by their associated small-scale magnetic islands called plasmoids. A new code is thus presented for the solution of two-dimensional dissipative magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations in cartesian geometry specifically developed to this end. A current–vorticity formulation representative of an incompressible model is chosen in order to follow the formation of the current sheets and the ensuing magnetic reconnection process. A finite-element discretization using triangles with quadratic basis functions on an unstructured grid is employed, and implemented via a highly adaptive characteristic-Galerkin scheme. The adaptivity of the code is illustrated on simplified test equations and finally for magnetic reconnection associated with the nonlinear development of the tilt instability between two repelling current channels. Varying the Lundquist number S has allowed us to study the transition between the steady-state Sweet–Parker reconnection regime (for S ≲ 104) and the plasmoid-dominated reconnection regime (for S ≳ 105). The implications for the understanding of the mechanism explaining the fast conversion of free magnetic energy in astrophysical environments such as the solar corona are briefly discussed.
Pratiques technologiques émergentes dans le théâtre et l’installation
Authors: Arnulf Théo 
Published: July 2019

Le but de cet article est de proposer et de questionner un usage mesuré des concepts de Gilbert Simondon dans le champ de la recherche sur le théâtre et les installations performatives, à travers plusieurs exemples concrets. À mesure que ces deux domaines connaissent une mutation due à la présence sur scène de machines et de dispositifs connectés, il nous paraît essentiel de faire appel à certains outils de la philosophie de la technique, d’abord pour gagner en précision sur l’objet de réflexion et le penser en dehors de son utilité immédiate, ensuite afin de confronter les stratégies perceptives des artistes à certaines thématiques contemporaines comme l’introduction positive de la technologie dans la culture ou la possibilité d’une épiphanie de la technique. Quelles expériences de l’objet technique offrent le théâtre et l’installation performative ?
Controle of begeleiding? Ervaringen met reclasseringstoezicht tijdens de voorwaardelijke invrijheidstelling
Authors: Doekhie Jennifer , van Ginneken Esther , Dirkzwager Anja , Nieuwbeerta Paul 
Published: July 2019

Control or guidance? Experiences with probation supervision during the conditional release
Little is known about how ex-prisoners’ parole supervision experiences relate to desistance. The aim of this article therefore is to gain insight into the nature of release conditions and parole supervision of ex-prisoners and parolees’ perceptions of their supervision related to the desistance process. A total of 23 Dutch parolees were interviewed in depth at three waves starting in prison up to one year after their release, and the 69 interviews were combined with their parole files containing information about conditions, violations and sanctions. Parole files revealed the practice of highly engaged parole officers, who worked with parolees to strengthen factors known to foster desistance. However, the interviews showed that most parolees found their parole experience predominantly surveillance-oriented and not very helpful for desistance. Parole was experienced as most beneficial when parole officers used their discretionary power to adjust conditions creating ‘space’ for trial-and-error.
En wat als het misgaat?
Authors: Boone Miranda 
Published: July 2019

And what happens if things go wrong? The transposition and revocation of supervision of offenders in society
The decision to revoke or recall a conditional sanction is barely researched in criminal justice research, despite the interests involved for the offender as well as society. This article reflects on some results from a comparative research project on breach decision-making (COST Action on Offender Supervision in Europe). Using Hawkins’ concept of serial decision-making, the interdependence of early stage and final stage decision makers is highlighted. The significant power exercised by early stage actors raises the issue of the need to ensure credibility of community sanctions and appropriate due process protections, without reducing their discretion so much that they cannot perform their role of supporting the offender to complete the supervisory order successfully.
Circles of Support and Accountability
Authors: Höing Mechtild , Alards Audrey 
Published: July 2019

Circles of Support and Accountability. A social network for sex offenders
In Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA) a group of trained and supervised volunteers support a medium to high-risk sex offender in his process of re-entry after detention. Sex offenders participate on a voluntary basis. Circles have a double aim: the prevention of new sexual offences and the rehabilitation of the sex offender. Circles offer social inclusion and support for behavior change, and monitor risk. They are embedded in the professional network of sex offender after care. Through a professional circle coordinator relevant information is circulated between the circle and professional agencies, to enable adequate support and interventions. Effect studies show that COSA contributes to a reduced risk of reoffending. The model was developed in Canada almost 25 years ago and has been picked up by a growing number of countries in Europe, the America’s, Asia, as well as Australia and New Zealand. Variations in the model become apparent and raise questions about the essentials of COSA.
Technologische hulpmiddelen bij toezicht op delinquenten in de samenleving
Authors: de Kogel Katy 
Published: July 2019

Technological tools for monitoring offenders in society
How can technological tools contribute to supervising and reintegrating offenders in society? Globally, technological tools for supervision are broken down into so-called first generation (GPS tracking) and second generation (smartphone and sensor technology). An overview is given of what is globally known about the effectiveness and assumed mechanisms of action of first-generation technical tools. Then it is explored what added value second-generation technical aids can have and to which working mechanisms they could connect. Smartphone and sensor technology have the potential to contribute to the rehabilitation functions of the supervision, inter alia because they offer possibilities for more personalized supervision and for the combination of supervision and treatment. Although initiatives have been started in this regard and research is ongoing, hardly anything is known yet about the effectiveness of these new technological applications. The reliability and safety of IT, as well as ethical and legal aspects also require attention.
Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Antimicrobial Study of the Root and Stem Bark Extracts of Ficus sycomorus Linn
Authors: Toma I. , Dahiru D. , Madusolumou M. A. 
Published: July 2019

This study was conducted to carryout preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antimicrobial activities of aqueous and ethanolic root and stem bark extracts of Ficus sycomorus. Qualitative phytochemical analysis for tannins, saponin, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenols, and reducing sugar was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were tested against four micro- organisms; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysentrae, and Salmonella typhi. Agar well diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial studies. Phytochemical screening of both root and stem bark aqueous extracts showed the presence of tannin, saponin, terpenoid, flavonoid, alkaloids, glycoside, steroid, reducing sugar, and phenol. Glycoside was not detected in both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the root bark. The result of the antimicrobial studies showed that the aqueous root extract have higher antimicrobial activity ranging from (2-12 mm) on the tested microorganisms than aqueous stem bark extract (3-9 mm), while for ethanol extract both stem and root bark extract has almost the same effect or antimicrobial activity on the tested pathogens ranging from (2-15 mm) which is having higher activity compared to the aqueous extracts. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of both the extracts were found to be 50 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL respectively. From this study, it can, therefore, be concluded that the root and stem bark extract is a potential antimicrobial agent which support the claim of the traditional users of this plant in herbal medicine for the treatment of diseases that are of microbial origin.
Giant Euthyroid Goitre: Clinical Profile as Seen in Otorhinolaryngology Department of a Tertiary Health Institution, in Northwestern Nigeria
Authors: Aliyu Daniel , Iseh Kufre Robert , Semen Yikawe Stephen , Amutta Stanley Baba , Solomon Joseph Hassan , Adeyeye Folusho Mercy 
Published: July 2019

Background: Goiter refers to a diffuse enlargement of thyroid gland. It has a high prevalence in adult population in endemic areas where iodized salt is not part of the regular diet.
Aim: We report the clinical profile of giant goiters seen in a tertiary hospital in Northwestern Nigeria.
Methods: A prospective study of all surgically operated cases of goiter carried out in a tertiary health hospital in Northwestern Nigeria, over a period of 6 years between January 2011 and December 2016. Bio data, duration of goiter, symptoms, geographical location, thyroid function tests, radiological reports and treatment were recorded and analyzed.
Results: Ninety-Seven patients were operated for goitre during the study period. Out of these 19 (19.6%) were giant goitres weighing between 900g-3200g. There were 13 (68.4%) females and 6 (31.6%) males with M: F ratio of 1:2.2. Age range was between 39 – 71 years with a mean age of 53.2 years. Prevalence was high in the 41-60 year age group. Duration of goiter in 13 (68.4%) of patients was between 11-20years. Retrosternal extension was observed in 7 (36.8%) patients. Tracheal deviation was the most common risk factor for respiratory complication in all the patients followed by tracheomalacia in 8(42.1%). Postoperative temporary Tracheostomy was carried out in 4(21.1%) of patients. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury occurred in 2(10.5%). No mortality was recorded.
Conclusion: Respiratory complications are commonly associated with giant goiters, a pathology that is entirely preventive if diagnosed and managed at an early stage.
Early Warning System for Flood Disaster Prediction in Wetland Area in Greater Yola Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
Authors: Bitrus Ishaya , Zirra P. B. , Omega Sarjiyus 
Published: July 2019

Natural calamity disrupts our daily life activities; thereby bring many sufferings in our life. One of the natural disasters is the flood. Flood is one of the most catastrophic disasters. However, too much rainfall courses environmental hazard. These prompted to flood prediction in order to help communities and Government with the necessary tool to take precaution to safe human life and properties. This work was developed using an (ANFIS) Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System to compare some weather parameter (temperature and relative humidity) with rainfall to forecast the amount of rainfall capable of coursing flood in the study area. From the above graph (Fig. 22) it can be seen that the actual and the forecasted rainfall followed the same pattern from 2008 to 2010 with slight decrease in 2011. A high amount of rainfall in 2012 was forecasted to be flooded during that year and tally with the forecasted rainfall on the above graph in 2012. Based on the results on the graph, it shows that from 2014 to 2017 gives a constant flow between the actual and forecasted rainfall. It is predicted that the maximum amount of rainfall forecasted was 124.0 mm which is far below the recommended flood level of 160.0 mm which reveals that, River Benue would not experience flood disaster in the year ahead. The model developed was validated using (MAPE) Mean Absolute Percentage Error as 4.0% with model efficiency of 96.0% which shows very high excellent prediction accuracy.
Karrikins: Germination Stimulants Produced by Wildfires
Authors: Smith Steven M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Karrikins are simple organic chemicals produced by wildfires that stimulate germination of dormant seeds in the soil. They are present in the smoke and char produced by the fire and are washed into the soil by the following rains. Many plant species have evolved such that their seeds remain dormant in the soil until they encounter karrikins, whereupon they can germinate. This strategy has the advantage that emerging seedlings will have plenty of light and a supply of nutrients released by the fire. Such plants are termed ‘fire ephemerals’ because they appear after fires, then flower, produce seed and die. It is believed that karrikins mimic an unidentified endogenous germination hormone. Karrikins are also similar to endogenous hormones called strigolactones that control plant development. Karrikin perception by seeds apparently requires a protein closely related to the strigolactone receptor. Karrikins or smoke can be used to stimulate germination in horticulture and landscape revegetation.

Key Concepts

Wildfires stimulate seeds in the soil to germinate which contributes to rapid revegetation.

Seeds from many plant species are adapted to respond to chemicals produced by fire.

The most active germination stimulant produced by wildfires is a butenolide named ‘karrikin’.

Karrikins can influence germination and also seedling development.

The receptor protein and molecular components of the response pathway have been identified.

Karrikins mimic an ancient endogenous plant hormone that has not yet been identified.

Karrikins stimulate germination of agricultural weeds and so might be useful for their control.

Karrikins provide tools and knowledge to help us manage our natural landscapes.

Karrikins might be useful in seed conservation work and in seed banks.

The karrikin signalling system might be applied in crop breeding for environmental resilience.
M
ethanoculleus
Authors: Lai Mei‐Chin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

N.L. neut. n.
methanum
, methane; N.L. pref.
methano
‐, pertaining to methane; L. masc. n.
culleus
, a leather bag, a sack for holding liquids; N.L. masc. n.
Methanoculleus
, methane‐producing bag.

Euryarchaeota / Methanomicrobia / Methanomicrobiales / Methanomicrobiaceae / Methanoculleus

Cells of
Methanoculleus
are irregular coccoids, occurring singly or in pairs, 0.5–2.0 µm in diameter. Stain Gram‐negative. Cells lysed by 1% SDS (w/v) due to its proteinaceous S‐layer composed of hexagonally arranged glycoprotein subunits with an apparent molecular mass of 101–138 kDa. Some strains are flagellated, but motility is not observed. Strictly anaerobic methane‐producing archaeon. The substrates for growth and methane production are H
2
/CO
2
or formate. Some species may also use 2‐propanol/CO
2
and 2‐butanol/CO
2
. Acetate is usually required as carbon source. Yeast extract or trypticase may be required. Mesophilic to thermophilic (range 10–65°C, optimal temperature 20–55°C), and there are only two moderate thermophiles within the genus
Methanoculleus
. The optimum pH for growth is about 7.0 (pH range 5.0–8.7). The optimum salt (NaCl) concentration for growth is about 0.08–0.19 M with a range from 0 to 1.3 M. The mol% G + C of the DNA is between 55 and 63. Habitats vary from sewage sludge, ground water, and palm oil mill to subsurface diatomaceous shale formation, mud from the Black Sea, volcano sediment, and marine gas hydrate core sediment.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 55–63 (
T
m
/Bd/LC/Gs).

Type species
:
Methanoculleus bourgensis
(Ollivier, Mah, Garcia and Boone 1986) Maestrojuán, Boone, Xun, Mah and Zhang 1990, 121
VP
(
Methanogenium bourgense
Ollivier, Mah, Garcia and Boone 1986, 300).
Hereditary spastic paraplegia and prominent sensorial involvement: think MAG mutations!
Authors: Roubertie Agathe , Charif Majida , Meyer Pierre , Manes Gael , Meunier Isabelle , Taieb Guillaume , Junta Morales Raul , Guichet Agnès , Delettre Cecile , Sarzi Emmanuelle , Leboucq Nicolas , Rivier François , Lenaers Guy 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHomozygous mutations in MAG, encoding the myelin‐associated glycoprotein, a transmembrane component of the myelin sheath, have been associated with SPG 75 recessive spastic paraplegia. Here, we report the first patient with two compound heterozygous novel MAG mutations (p.A151V and p.S373R) and early developmental delay with a progressive complex phenotype characterized by spastic paraplegia, peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy, intellectual disability, and sensorial dysfunctions with severe optic atrophy and hearing involvement. Brain imaging showed progressive global cerebellar atrophy. We propose that complex hereditary spastic paraplegia, with axonal and demyelinating polyneuropathy, sensorial impairment and intellectual disability might suggest MAG mutations.
Perceptual representation of spam and phishing emails
Authors: Patel Pooja , Sarno Dawn M. , Lewis Joanna E. , Shoss Mindy , Neider Mark B. , Bohil Corey J. 
Published: July 2019

SummaryUnderstanding how computer users allocate attention to features of potentially dangerous emails could help mitigate costly errors. Which features are salient? How stable is attention allocation across variation in email features? We attempted to measure the mental salience of several email features common in spam and/or phishing emails. We created two email sets: one in which messages contained company logos and urgent actionable links and one without these features. Participants rated pairwise similarity of emails within each set. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis was conducted to quantify psychological similarity between emails. A separate group rated the same emails for presence of five other features: important downloadable content, collecting personal information, account deletion or suspension, advertisement, and large images with clickable content. Regressing feature ratings onto the MDS coordinates revealed that similarity judgments were influenced mostly by advertisement/large images and collecting personal information, regardless of presence or absence of company logos and urgent actionable links.