bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
B-02 Neuropsychological Deficits Following Right Hemisphere Cerebrovascular Accidents in a Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis C, and Polysubstance Abuse
Authors: Olzmann A , Inscore A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
In right hemisphere cerebrovascular accident (CVA), expected deficits might include inattention syndromes, visuospatial impairment, or neglect. This case study adds to the literature by presenting neuropsychological data from a patient with a complex medical history who experienced two right hemisphere CVAs. The aim is to demonstrate that neuropsychological deficits following CVA may not be as expected in patients with comorbidities, and to highlight the importance of neuropsychological assessment in such cases.

Method
The patient is a 69-year-old, right-handed, African American man who presented with reading and memory difficulties, problems recognizing faces, and vision impairment following right occipital and temporoparietal ischemic CVAs. Comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation was conducted. Formal measures were utilized, but the examiners were also required to devise appropriate bedside measures.

Results
The patient had difficulty recognizing his caregiver’s face. He could not identify facial expressions made by examiners, but commented on individual facial features. Design copies were distorted/fragmented, and he evidenced difficulty integrating visual components into a whole. He also demonstrated spelling and verbal memory impairment (BDAE Oral Spelling raw = 0; HVLT-R recall and recognition < 1st percentile). Full results are included in a supplemental data table.

Conclusions
Results were strongly suggestive of simultanagnosia, though this disorder typically results from bilateral parietal-occipital lesions. Additionally, the neuropsychological impairments noted extended beyond those typical of right hemisphere CVA, likely related to the patient’s history of multiple comorbidities (e.g., infectious disease, polysubstance abuse). This case highlights the importance of neuropsychological assessment in the care of medically complex patients, and the unique ability of neuropsychologists to conduct such evaluations.
B-07 Benzodiazepine Use Is Associated with an Increased Risk for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
Authors: Saloner R , Tyree G , Grelotti D , Ma Q , Letendre S , Heaton R , Cherner M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
Despite potential for dependence and adverse neurological effects, long-term benzodiazepine (BDZ) use is common among persons living with HIV (PLWH). As PLWH are at risk for CNS dysfunction, we retrospectively examined the association between BDZ use and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND).

Methods
306 PLWH (mean age = 45.1 years) underwent comprehensive neurobehavioral evaluations. Current BDZ use (BDZ+) was determined via self-report. Using propensity scores, 153 BDZ- individuals were matched to 153 BDZ+ participants on demographics, HIV disease characteristics, and comorbidities. Multiple regression models examined HAND and demographically-adjusted neurocognitive T-scores as a function of BDZ group, adjusting for estimated premorbid ability, current affective symptoms, and nadir CD4 count. Secondary analyses explored neurocognitive correlates of positive BDZ urine toxicology screens (TOX+).

Results
Median BDZ use was 24 months. Compared to BDZ-, BDZ+ had higher likelihood of HAND (OR = 2.14; p = .003) and poorer global (d = -0.33, p = .005), processing speed (d = -0.29, p = .013), and motor T-scores (d = -0.35, p = 0.003). Compared to BDZ+/TOX-, BDZ+/TOX+ users exhibited additional decrements in global (p = .033), executive function (p = .019), and delayed recall T-scores (p = .006).

Conclusions
BDZ use may elevate risk for HAND, potentially through diffuse neurocognitive slowing and acute compromise of recall and higher-order capacities. These effects are robust to psychosocial and HIV-specific factors and occur in comparison to a tightly-matched BDZ- group. Indications for BDZs (e.g., insomnia) may also impact neurocognition and/or manifest from latent neuropathology. Longitudinal studies should evaluate potential causal associations between HAND and BDZs. Given the extent of BDZ use and possibility of neurocognitive recovery post-abstinence, interventional studies should explore treatment alternatives to BDZs in PLWH.
B-09 Cerebral Grey Matter After Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest In Good Outcome Survivors
Authors: Byron-Alhassan A , Fang Z , Collins B , Tulloch H , Quinlan B , Le May M , Chakraborty S , Smith A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) on cognitive functioning and brain volumes, in good outcome survivors.

Method
Participants were medically stable OHCA survivors. Two control groups were also recruited: patients who experienced myocardial infarction (MI), and healthy controls (HC) with no history of cardiovascular disease. Neuropsychological assessment was conducted using the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB). Imaging was performed on a 3T Siemens Trio MRI scanner. Cerebral grey matter volume (GM; measured by voxel-based morphometry in SPM12) results are presented.

Results
Participants (nOHCA = 9, nMI = 19, nHC = 13) ranged in age from 30 to 85 years. When controlling for age, whole-brain analyses revealed decreased GM in anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral hippocampus in the OHCA and in the MI group compared to the HC group. In addition, the MI group had decreased GM compared to the HC in the thalamus and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (p < .001). No significant differences in GM were observed between the MI and OHCA groups. The hippocampus was selected as a region-of-interest for further analyses. The Total NAB Index was correlated with hippocampal GM in the OHCA group but not in the MI group (rOHCA = .78, p = .014).

Conclusions
Results revealed select areas of GM reduction in OHCA and MI groups, suggesting a contribution of cardiovascular disease to observed atrophy. Reductions are related to cognitive performance only in the cardiac arrest group which may suggest that these volume losses represent clinically meaningful changes.
B-10 Cognition, Depressive Symptoms and Disability in Patients with Migraine
Authors: Sebrow L , Klepper J , Seng E 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
To examine the relationship between cognition and disability, and to evaluate the hypothesis that depressive symptoms moderate this relationship.

Method
Seventy-seven adults with migraine (M age = 45.2, SD = 7.4, 89.6% female, 85.7% White, Non- Hispanic, and 46.8% with a graduate degree) recruited from a headache center completed surveys assessing demographics, disability, (Headache Disability Inventory [HDI]), depressive symptoms (PROMIS Depression), and cognition (Trail Making Test, WAIS-IV Coding and Digit Span, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Rey Complex Figure Test, Stroop, Letter and Animal Fluency). Correlations examined relationships between cognition and disability; linear regressions examined the interaction between cognition and depressive symptoms on disability.

Results
Higher HDI was associated with lower Animal Fluency (ρ = -.28, p = .014) and Coding (r = -.23, p = .048). PROMIS Depression did not moderate the relationships between Coding (β = -.57, p = .443) and the HDI or Animal Fluency (β = -.69, p = .422) and the HDI. When controlling for the relationship between PROMIS Depression and HDI (β = .51=, p = < .01), Coding was no longer significant (β =-.09, p = .384). In another model, when controlling for the relationship between PROMIS Depression and HDI (β = .51=, p = < .01), Animal Fluency was no longer significant (β = -.15, p = .137).

Conclusion
Poorer performance on attention/processing speed and semantic fluency tasks were associated with headache-related disability. These relationships were not moderated by depressive symptoms and were no longer significant when adjusting for depressive symptoms.
B-11 Cognitive Performance in Depressed and Non-Depressed Patients with de novo Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Honsey B , WymanChick K 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
Compare cognitive performance in early-stage Parkinson Disease (PD) participants with and without depression.

Method
Data from the Parkinson’s Progression Marker Initiative were utilized. We examined data from 422 participants diagnosed with PD within the previous two years (age = 61.7±9.7 years, education = 15.6±3.0 years). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) using a cutoff score of ≤5 to indicate the absence of clinical depression. Cognitive tests included Hopkins Verbal Memory Test-Revised (HVLT-R), Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO), Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), and Category Fluency. Motor scores were measured by the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III. Demographic and clinical variables for the two groups were compared using independent samples t-tests and chi-square analyses.

Results
The non-depressed group (n = 280) was significantly older; t(246.08) = 2.25, p = .026 and had higher education; t(420) = 2.35, p = .019; and duration of PD symptoms; t(170.58) = -2.13, p = .035 than the depressed group (n = 142). The groups did not differ in terms of race, gender, handedness, side of onset, or severity of motor symptoms. There was no significant differences in performance on HVLT, JLO, SDMT, or Category Fluency; however, the non-depressed group performed better on LNS than the depressed group, t(420) = 2.05, p = .041.

Conclusion(s)
There is no significant difference in cognitive performance between early-stage PD participants with and without depression, with the exception of significantly lower working memory performance in the depressed group.
B-16 Evaluating the Effects of Obesity on Cognitive Functioning in a Sample of Multiple Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Newman C , McDermott A 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
Fergenbaum et al., 2009 found that obesity was linked to increased cognitive issues in otherwise healthy individuals, while another study found obesity to be neuroprotective in a sample of dementia patients (Fitzpatrick et al., 2009). The present study explores whether obesity is associated with worse cognitive dysfunction in those with Multiple Sclerosis (MS).

Method
This study examined archival neuropsychological test data of 40 patients diagnosed with MS. Participants were separated into two groups based on their BMI: healthy/overweight individuals and obese/morbidly obese. ANOVA was performed to compare performances between groups on tasks measuring learning and memory, processing speed, and executive functioning; areas commonly affected in MS.

Results
Significant differences between groups were noted on only portions of two different tests; unstructured verbal learning (p = .003) and mental sequencing (p = .048), but no differences were found in other tasks. Particularly, performance was statistically equal between groups on measures of response inhibition (p = .887), visual processing speed (p = .182), visuospatial learning (p = .118), visuospatial free recall (p = .205), simple auditory attention (p = .630), working memory (p = .223), psychomotor speed (p = .969), and complex divided attention (p = .202).

Conclusion
Obese patients with MS scored significantly better on the majority of tasks that we reviewed. These results seem to contradict a study that examined healthy subjects but seems to replicate findings in at least one clinical population; those with dementia. It is possible that increased BMI in clinical populations may indicate better overall health leading to better cognition, though if it is actually neuroprotective and only limited to MS and dementia is uncertain. Future research endeavors are discussed.
Health Locus of Control and Symptom Validity Testing in a Military Context
Authors: Armistead-Jehle P , Grills C 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
The base rate of symptom validity test (SVT) failure in the military has been the subject of recent investigation. Secondary gain is a potential factor in this population; however, frank malingering may not account for all cases of SVT failure. As a result, other psychological and social factors potentially associated with validity test failure have been suggested and include nocebo effect, diagnosis threat, and perceived injustice. Locus of Control (LOC) has been associated with a range of medical/psychological conditions/outcomes and this study examined the relationship between LOC and SVT performance.

Method
A retrospective review of adult patients administered the Multi-dimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLCS) and the MMPI-2-RF (n = 53) or the PAI (n = 143) in the context of neuropsychological assessments in a military treatment facility was conducted.

Results
MHLCS Internal and Powerful Others subscales had very limited associations with the evaluated SVTs. However, the MHLCS Chance subscale was significantly correlated with MMPI-2-RF Fp (r = .37, p < .05) and Fs (r = .29, p < .05) and PAI NIM scales (r = .26, p < .01). The MHLCS Chance subscale scores were significantly higher in those failing the PAI NIM (t = 3.0, p < .01) and MMPI-2-RF Fp (t = 2.5, p < .05) and FBS (t = 2.5, p < .05) scales, with moderate to large effect sizes (Cohen’s d ranging from 0.76 to 0.99).

Conclusions
The current data indicate limited relationships between MHLC internal and powerful others subscales and SVT performance. However, higher Chance subscale scores were associated with failed SVTs.
A Systematic Review of the Specificity of the Test of Memory Malingering in Children
Authors: Clark H , Martin P , Schroeder R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
The present study, adhering to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, is the first systematic review of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) to examine the specificity of traditional adult cutoffs in children ages 5-18.

Data Selection
Article search terms and selection criteria were identified a priori. A search of PsycINFO and PubMED in January 2018 identified 539 peer-reviewed journal articles published from 1997-2017. Studies were excluded if they did not involve a pediatric sample, did not provide a means for ensuring validity external to the TOMM, contained samples overlapping those of other included studies, or did not provide sufficient data to calculate specificity values at traditional cutoffs. Frequencies of true negatives and false positives were extracted. When not available, these counts were calculated from sample size and specificity values. Data extraction was completed independently by the first two authors with any discrepancies rectified via discussion. Data were synthesized using a fixed effects model to calculate overall specificity.

Data Synthesis
Application of selection criteria resulted in 9 articles comprising 13 samples for Trial 2 and 3 studies comprising 5 samples for Retention. Weighted mean specificity was 0.98 for Trial 2 (n = 662) and 0.99 for Retention (n = 173) at standard cutoffs.

Conclusions
TOMM Trial 2 and Retention at traditional cutoffs maintain specificity values in pediatrics comparable to those of adults. Given limited research on the potential impact of very young age and extremely low cognitive functioning, further research will be important in determining the generalizability of these results across all pediatric populations.
Predictors of Life Expectancy After an Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis in a National Multi-Center Autopsy-Confirmed Sample
Authors: Schaffert J , LoBue C , Presley C , Hynan L , Wilmoth K , Lacritz L , Hart J , Cullum C M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
Life expectancy varies between 3-12 years following the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is an important clinical question for patients and families. Current literature is limited by relatively small sample sizes and a reliance on clinical diagnoses. This study sought to evaluate predictors of AD life expectancy in a large autopsy-confirmed sample.

Methods
Baseline data from individuals 50 years and older clinically and neuropathologically diagnosed with AD (N=764) were obtained from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center. Life expectancy was calculated in months from AD diagnosis to death. Nineteen variables (demographic, medical/health, disease severity, and psychiatric) obtained at dementia diagnosis were examined. Variables that showed significant differences in life expectancy using t-tests and Pearson correlations (14 of 19) were then entered into a forward multiple regression.

Results
Seven predictors in the model explained 27% of the variance in life expectancy (F= 40.7, R-squared= 0.267). Lower MMSE scores (β= 0.339, p < .001), male sex (β= -0.144, p < .001), older age (β= -0.130, p < .001), non-Hispanic Caucasian race/ethnicity (β= 0.115, p < .001), greater impairment on the Functional Activities Questionnaire (β= -0.091, p=.042), abnormal neurological/physical exam (β= -0.083, p=.011), and higher Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire total scores (β= -0.079, p=.016) predicted shorter life expectancy.

Conclusions
Global cognitive impairment, sex, age, race/ethnicity, functional impairment, abnormal neurological exam findings, and psychiatric symptoms explain a significant proportion of life expectancy following an AD diagnosis. Future studies should explore the relationship between life expectancy, specific neurological abnormalities, and psychiatric symptoms. These 7 predictors could potentially be used to predict life expectancy in individuals diagnosed with AD.
Validating the Reliable Change Index with Tensor-Based Morphometry: the ADNI-MEM and the ADNI-EF
Authors: Lin S , Fletcher E , Gavett B 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
The Reliable Change Index (RCI) is a commonly used method for interpreting change in neuropsychological test scores over time. However, the RCI is a psychometric phenomenon that, to date, has not been validated by neuroanatomical evidence.

Method
Longitudinal neuroimaging and neuropsychological data from baseline and one-year follow-up visits were retrieved from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. The RCI was used to identify participants showing reliable decline on ADNI-MEM and ADNI-EF factor scores, which provide composite measures of memory and executive functioning, respectively. For each cognitive test score, two groups (reliable change vs. no reliable change) were matched on potential confounding variables using a genetic algorithm. Longitudinal neuroanatomical data were analyzed using tensor-based morphometry.

Results
Whole brain analysis revealed that reliable change on ADNI-MEM was associated with extended atrophy of the temporal lobe, the parahippocampal gyrus, the entorhinal cortex, and the posterior cingulate gyrus (Left Figure). Similar extended atrophy patterns were found for reliable change on ADNI-EF, except that the atrophy was more extensive and of higher magnitude (Right Figure). Regional analysis further confirmed that in such brain regions, the reliable change group manifested higher grey matter loss than the no change group.

Conclusion
The current study not only validated clinical usage of the RCI with neuroanatomical evidence but also practically suggested patterns of likely brain atrophy when reliable cognitive decline is detected.
Outcome Following Concussion: Prospective Investigation into the Cumulative Effects of a Prior History of Brain Injury and a History of Repeated Sub-Concussive Injuries on Recovery
Authors: Bailie J , Remigio-Baker R , Cole W , Stuessi K , Ettenhofer M , West T , Qashu F , Gregory E 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the impact of patient history of repeated head injury (RHI) and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) on recovery from an acute concussion.

Methods
There were 64 participants from 3 military installations treated for an acute concussion ( < 72 hours) and monitored at < 72 hours, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. Participants had no concussion in the last year and no history of moderate/severe TBI. TBI history was based on the Ohio State University TBI Identification Method and limited to mTBI with loss of consciousness. Primary outcome was symptoms evaluated using the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory. A total of 33 participants completed the study.

Results
Participants were as follows: n = 12 TBI(-)/RHI(-); n = 6 TBI(+)/RHI(-); n = 9 TBI(-)/RHI(+); n = 6 TBI(+)/RHI(+). A multivariate ANOVA examining TBI/RHI group effect on symptoms was significant (F = 2.31, p = 0.010), whereby the TBI(+)/RHI(+) had higher symptom scores than other groups at < 72 hours, 1 week, and 6 months. At 1 month, TBI(+)/RHI(+) had more symptoms than the TBI(-)/RHI(+). At 3 months, the TBI(+)/RHI(+) had higher symptom scores than the TBI(-)/RHI(-) and the TBI(-)/RHI(+). The TBI(-)/RHI(+) did not differ from TBI(-)/RHI(-) except at 1 week where they had lower overall symptoms.

Conclusions
Participants with an acute mTBI had more severe symptoms if they had RHI and a prior remote mTBI. The combination of these two factors had a negative impact on recovery for up to 6 months. RHI in the absence of TBI did not impact recovery.
The Influence of Atypical Sleep Before Baseline Concussion Testing
Authors: Riegler K , Arnett P 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Objective
To examine the role of an atypical night of sleep prior to baseline neuropsychological testing on symptom reporting and cognitive functioning in student-athletes.

Method
182 (M = 138, F = 44) athletes were assessed on neuropsychological battery at baseline. Athletes were categorized as sleeping a typical amount (within 1.5 hours, N = 128) or less (> 1.5 hours less, N = 54) the night prior to baseline. The Cognitive Health Questionnaire (CHQ) assessed typical levels of sleep and the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) assessed hours of sleep the night before. Independent samples t-tests compared the two groups on the following outcome measures: affective, somatic, sleep, and cognitive post-concussion symptom scale (PCSS) clusters, headache, Beck-Depression Inventory-Fast Screen (BDI-FS), and composites of memory and attention/processing speed.

Results
Athletes getting less sleep than typical the night before a baseline assessment reported significantly more depression symptoms on the BDI-FS (p < .001) and significantly more symptoms on all PCSS symptoms scales: affective (p < .001), cognitive (p < .001), physical (p < .001), and sleep (p = .001). A trend in the same direction was present for headache (p = .06). The groups did not significantly differ on performance on either composite of cognitive functioning (p > .05).

Conclusions
Sleeping less than the typical amount the night before a baseline assessment results in self-reported higher levels of depression symptoms across all domains of the PCSS.