bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of nitrogen transformation dynamics in alfalfa and red clover and their mixture silages
Authors: Dong Zhihao , Chen Lei , Li Junfeng , Yuan Xianjun , Shao Tao 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to characterize the dynamics of nitrogen (N) transformations in alfalfa and red clover and their mixture during ensiling. Alfalfa, red clover and a mixture of them (1:1 on fresh weight) were ensiled for 3, 5, 7, 14 and 30 days. The fermentation qualities and dynamic change of N components of the three silages were determined. Red clover and mixed silages showed better fermentation qualities, indicated by lower (p < 0.05) pH value, higher (p < 0.05) lactic acid concentration compared with alfalfa silage after ensiling. Retarded N transformation was observed in red clover and mixed silages, as evidenced by lower (p < 0.05) free amino acid concentrations at all intervals of ensiling, higher (p < 0.05) peptide N and lower (p < 0.05) ammonia N concentrations after 14 days of ensiling as opposed to alfalfa silage. Mixing red clover apparently delayed the degradation process of alfalfa protein in mixed silage, as demonstrated by no significant difference in non‐protein N (NPN) concentrations in comparison with pure red clover silage at most intervals of ensiling. The results of this study, from the perspective of N transformation, confirmed the lower rate of protein degradation in red clover in contrast to alfalfa during ensiling and potentially provide an effective strategy to reduce protein loss for alfalfa silage production.
A small, distant war? Historiographical reflections on the Malayan Emergency
Authors: Keo Bernard Z. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Malayan Emergency (1948–1960), one of the earliest conflicts of the Cold War, remains understudied despite the voluminous literature produced by specialists on the topic. Most of these works have focused primarily on unpacking the lessons offered by the Emergency in the realm of counterinsurgency at the expense of explorations of the conflict as a lived experience. This article explores how the historiography on the Emergency has changed over time, focusing on how it has been studied primarily in terms of its political and military implications with the key debate emerging over which strategy and tactics ultimately led to British victory. One school of thought argues that success was a consequence of British forces embarking to win “hearts and minds” rather than focusing on traditional warfare. Newer works have challenged this discourse, suggesting instead that the Emergency was won through strict and oftentimes violent “population control.” While these approaches have been integral to furthering understandings of the Emergency, the overwhelming focus on the military aspects of the Emergency has resulted in a number of gaps in the field, which this article highlights before concluding with discussions on how these gaps might be addressed.
Micro‐CT evaluation of the removal of root fillings using the ProTaper Universal Retreatment system supplemented by the XP‐Endo Finisher file
Authors: Aksel H. , Küçükkaya Eren S. , Askerbeyli Örs S. , Serper A. , Ocak M. , Çelik H. H. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimTo compare the removal of root fillings in extracted teeth using the ProTaper Universal Retreatment system (PTUR) followed by a supplementary preparation with the XP‐Endo Finisher file.MethodologyThe mesiobuccal root canals of 30 extracted mandibular first molars were instrumented with ProTaper Universal NiTi files up to F2 and filled with one of the following sealers using a single‐cone technique (n = 10): AH Plus, NeoMTA Plus and EndoSequence BC. The root fillings were removed using the PTUR system with additional apical preparation using ProTaper F2 and F3 files. Then, an additional preparation with an XP‐Endo Finisher file was performed. The samples were scanned using micro‐CT before and after retreatment and again after the use of the XP‐Endo Finisher to assess the volume of remaining filling material. Data were analysed by Kruskal–Wallis and Friedman's two‐way analysis of variance tests with Bonferroni correction.ResultsNo significant difference in the initial filling volume was observed amongst the groups (P > 0.05). The amount of filling materials in each group decreased significantly after retreatment with rotary files (P < 0.05). After initial retreatment, the volume of the remaining filling amongst the groups was similar (P > 0.05). Additional preparation with the XP‐Endo Finisher improved the removal of filling materials regardless of the sealer type (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn the mesiobuccal root canals of extracted mandibular first molars, additional preparation using an XP‐Endo Finisher file, after using the PTUR system and F3 ProTaper instruments, enhanced the removal of filling materials from root canals.
Self‐signal‐on fluorescent colorimetric protocol for rapid authentication of horsemeat adulterated beef samples with functional designed probes
Authors: Qin Panzhu , Qiao Dongqing , Gao Yan , Yao Li , Lu Jianfeng , Xu Jianguo , Chen Wei 
Published: February 2019

SummaryRapid authentication of meat adulteration is of great importance for food safety. A new FRET‐based self‐signal‐on fluorescent colorimetric PCR approach for rapid, sensitive and specific identification of horsemeat ingredient has been developed. A specific hairpin probe was designed and integrated with the forward primer for the detection of horsemeat. This specific hairpin sequence was designed to generate fluorescent signal only when primers are incorporated into the formation of double‐stranded PCR product. The fluorescent signal of the PCR product is in a linear relationship with the proportion of horsemeat ingredient, and could be used for the quantitative detection of horsemeat ingredient in meat products without any post‐treatment or analysis of the amplicons. Based on the fluorescent signal intensity, rapid and convenient detection of horsemeat ingredient in beef products was successfully achieved with satisfied specificity and sensitivity.
Changes of peach juices during the shelf‐life and their in vitro effect on glycolipid digestion and neurotransmitter metabolism
Authors: Nowicka Paulina , Teleszko Mirosława , Wojdyło Aneta 
Published: February 2019

SummaryIn this study, the polyphenols content, α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase and cholinesterase‐inhibiting activities of cloudy peach (Prunus persica) juices, were measured immediately after thermal treatment and after storage (6 months at 4 and 30 °C). The study showed that some cultivars were more useable for industry than others. Due to the high content of polyphenols and a high ability to inhibit enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, noteworthy are the juices obtained from ‘Redheaven early’ and ‘Redheaven’ cultivars. The content of total phenolics ranged from 1109.7 to 390.7 mg/L of juice, and the dominant fraction was polymeric procyanidins. Following 6 months of storage a significant change was observed in the content of polyphenols, especially flavonols and anthocyanins. The data compiled from the conducted study indicate that peach juice could be useful for the juice industry as a promising source of bioactive compounds.
Optimising chitosan–pectin hydrogel beads containing combined garlic and holy basil essential oils and their application as antimicrobial inhibitor
Authors: Torpol Kittikoon , Sriwattana Sujinda , Sangsuwan Jurmkwan , Wiriyacharee Pairote , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon 
Published: February 2019

SummaryChitosan–pectin hydrogel beads that trap and release the maximal amount of combined garlic and holy basil essential oils to inhibit food microorganisms were developed based on the central composite design, with chitosan (0.2–0.7% w/v), pectin (3.5–5.5% w/v) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) (5.0–20.0% w/v) contents. The optimal bead consisted of 0.3–0.6% w/v chitosan, 3.9–5.1% w/v pectin and 8.0–17.0% w/v CaCl2, which had a high encapsulation efficiency (62.16–79.06%) and high cumulative release efficiency (31.55–37.81%) after storage at 5 °C for 15 days. Optimal hydrogel beads were packed into a cellulose bag to evaluate antimicrobial activity by the disc volatilisation method. The beads inhibited Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus but did not affect Lactobacillus plantarum and Salmonella Typhimurium. The oil‐containing beads could potentially be applied in food packaging to inhibit the mentioned microorganisms.
Variables which predict maternal self‐efficacy: A hierarchical linear regression analysis
Authors: Yap Dorcas Fen‐Fung , Nasir Nasriah , Tan Karen S. M. , Lau Lily H. S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundChildren with developmental disabilities tend to develop challenging behaviours. Parenting programmes that focus on behaviour management may help parents address these difficult behaviours by increasing parenting self‐efficacy. However, the literature on parenting self‐efficacy is still limited due to measurement variability in conceptualization and operationalization of the construct, and heavy reliance on cross‐sectional data.MethodThis study utilized hierarchical linear regression to examine the predictors of parenting self‐efficacy in 284 mothers who attended a parenting programme in a hospital's Department of Child Development in Singapore.ResultsOur model was able to explain 37% of variance in parenting self‐efficacy. After controlling for general stress and specific parenting hassles, the programme was still found to be effective in improving mothers’ parenting self‐efficacy.ConclusionsResults are discussed in terms of their implications for developing a model for parenting self‐efficacy, and possible improvements to be made on the parenting programme.
A comparative morphometric study of sensory capacity in geometrid moths
Authors: Javoiš Juhan , Davis Robert B. , Tammaru Toomas 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDiet breadth and the degree of capital breeding have been established as major determinants of species‐specific ecology of herbivorous insects. Both of these variables are related to resource foraging and therefore can be expected to have effects on sensory capacity. However, such effects have remained poorly studied, let alone in phylogenetically explicit multi‐species comparisons. We contribute to filling this gap in a study of 60 species of geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), using adult head measures (eye size, antennal length and shape, forehead width) as indices of sensory capacity. When controlled for body size, eyes of the more capital breeding species (i.e. those with low contribution of adult feeding to reproduction) were found to be smaller, and female antennae shorter, than in income breeders. Feathery (vs simple filiform) male antennae were more frequently present in the capital breeders and in larger species. Regarding diet breadth, generalist species were found to have relatively wider male foreheads than specialists. The results suggest that (a) breeding strategy rather than diet breadth predicts sensory capacity in geometrids, (b) capital breeding (vs income breeding) is related to low sensory capacity in females, and (c) in contrast, males of the capital breeding species have evolved towards elevated olfactory capacity.
Educational Differences in Cognitive Life Expectancy Among Older Adults in Brazil
Authors: Andrade Flavia Cristina Drumond , Corona Ligiana Pires , de Oliveira Duarte Yeda Aparecida 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesTo investigate the differences in life expectancy with and without cognitive impairment (CI) by educational levels and sex in Brazil.DesignLongitudinal observational study.SettingThe sample was drawn from three waves (2000, 2006, and 2010) of the Health, Well‐Being, and Aging Study (Saúde, bem‐estar e envelhecimento; SABE) collected in São Paulo, Brazil.ParticipantsAdults aged 60 years and older (N = 2116).MeasurementsEducational levels were estimated in the baseline wave (2000), cognition was assessed in all waves, and mortality data were obtained through the state and municipal mortality system in Brazil. Interpolation of Markov chain methods was used to estimate life expectancy with and without CI by education and sex.ResultsLife expectancy without CI at the age of 60 years was 13.0 years among men with no education and 17.6 years among their counterparts with 8 years of schooling. On the other hand, life expectancy with CI was higher among men with no education than those with more education (3.2 and 0.6 years, respectively). Among 60‐year‐old women without education, life expectancy without CI reached 16.2 years, but it was considerably higher among more educated women (22.7 years). Life expectancy with CI reached 4.5 years among women aged 60 years with no education, vs 1.0 year among women with 8 years of schooling.ConclusionsAdults older than 60 years with no education live shorter lives and with longer periods of CI than those with education. Women in São Paulo live longer lives than men, but they live with CI for a greater number of years.
Serum biotin and zinc in male androgenetic alopecia
Authors: El‐Esawy Fatma Mohamed , Hussein Mohamed Saber , Ibrahim Mansour Amira 
Published: February 2019

SummaryBackgroundMale androgenetic alopecia (MAGA) is caused by the conversion of the terminal to vellus hair. Zinc is one of the most studied trace elements in hair disorders and biotin is one of the most prescribed supplement for its treatment.ObjectivesThe study aimed to evaluate serum zinc and biotin levels in MAGA patients to answer the question if there is a value to add zinc or biotin as a supplements in the MAGA treatment.Patients and MethodsSixty MAGA patients and 60 age, sex, and body mass index‐matched healthy volunteers were included. We measured serum biotin and zinc in all participants.ResultsZinc (µg/dL) was lower significantly in patients compared to controls (P = 0.01), suboptimal biotin (ng/L) levels were in patients, and within normal values in controls (P = 0.01). A positive significant correlation was found between serum zinc and serum biotin (r = 0.489, P = 0.001). Serum zinc and biotin showed a nonsignificant correlation with age and disease duration. A non‐significant relation was obtained between the MAGA grades, and zinc (P = 0.485) and biotin levels (P = 0.367).ConclusionsSerum zinc showed subnormal value and adding zinc supplement in MAGA treatment is recommended. Serum biotin showed a suboptimal level in MAGA patients that is not correlated with patients’ age or disease severity. Biotin supplement in MAGA treatment may add value to hair quality and texture. We recommend future biotin evaluation in serum combined with its metabolites in MAGA patients’ urine.
18F‐Florbetaben PET/CT to Assess Alzheimer's Disease: A new Analysis Method for Regional Amyloid Quantification
Authors: Alongi Pierpaolo , Sardina Davide Stefano , Coppola Rosalia , Scalisi Salvatore , Puglisi Valentina , Arnone Annachiara , Raimondo Giorgio Di , Munerati Elisabetta , Alaimo Valerio , Midiri Federico , Russo Giorgio , Stefano Alessandro , Giugno Rosalba , Piccoli Tommaso , Midiri Massimo , Grimaldi Luigi M.E. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEWhile AD can be definitively confirmed by postmortem histopathologic examination, in vivo imaging may improve the clinician's ability to identify AD at the earliest stage. The aim of the study was to test the performance of amyloid PET using new processing imaging algorithm for more precise diagnosis of AD.METHODSAmyloid PET results using a new processing imaging algorithm (MRI‐Less and AAL Atlas) were correlated with clinical, cognitive status, CSF analysis, and other imaging. The regional SUVR using the white matter of cerebellum as reference region and scores from clinical and cognitive tests were used to create ROC curves. Leave‐one‐out cross‐validation was carried out to validate the results.RESULTSForty‐four consecutive patients with clinical evidence of dementia, were retrospectively evaluated. Amyloid PET scan was positive in 26/44 patients with dementia. After integration with 18F‐FDG PET, clinical data and CSF protein levels, 22 of them were classified as AD, the remaining 4 as vascular or frontotemporal dementia. Amyloid and FDG PET, CDR 1, CSF Tau, and p‐tau levels showed the best true positive and true negative rates (amyloid PET: AUC = .85, sensitivity .91, specificity .79). A SUVR value of 1.006 in the inferior frontal cortex and of 1.03 in the precuneus region was the best cutoff SUVR value and showed a good correlation with the diagnosis of AD. Thirteen of 44 amyloid PET positive patients have been enrolled in clinical trials using antiamyloid approaches.CONCLUSIONSAmyloid PET using SPM‐normalized SUVR analysis showed high predictive power for the differential diagnosis of AD.
Chalcone analogues: Synthesis, activity against Meloidogyne incognita, and in silico interaction with cytochrome P450
Authors: Silva Fabíola J. , Campos Vicente P. , Oliveira Denilson F. , Gomes Vanessa A. , Barros Aline F. , Din Zia Ud , Rodrigues‐Filho Edson 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTo contribute the development of new products to control plant‐parasitic nematodes, 12 chalcone analogues were synthesized and screened for activity against Meloidogyne incognita. Three caused mortality greater than negative controls in second‐stage juvenile M. incognita, with values varying from 19.9% to 100%. The most active chalcone analogue was (1E,4E)‐1,5‐di(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐butylpenta‐1,4‐dien‐3‐one (compound 6), which had an LC50 value of 41 µg/ml. Under the same conditions, the commercial nematicide Carbofuran® (2,2‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1‐benzofuran‐7‐yl methylcarbamate) presented an LC50 equal to 101 µg/ml. When this chalcone analogue was applied to tomato plants infested with M. incognita, reductions in the numbers of galls and eggs of 51% and 68% were observed, respectively. According to in silico studies, the enzyme target of compound 6 in M. incongita is cytochrome P450, which is important for the oxidation of several substances in the nematode. Therefore, compound 6 is potentially useful for the development of new products to control M. incongita.
Ontogeny of food grasping in mouse lemurs: behavior, morphology and performance
Authors: Boulinguez‐Ambroise G. , Zablocki‐Thomas P. , Aujard F. , Herrel A. , Pouydebat E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn primates, grasping constitutes a vital function involved in many behaviors. Anatomical specializations of the prehensile extremities originated early‐on in their evolution. However, the precise functional and ecological contexts that have driven this evolution remain unclear. Interspecific comparative studies show that a given morphology can induce different grasping behaviors and also that a given behavior can be performed using different morphological structures. In this context, an intraspecific ontogenetic approach offers the opportunity to describe the relations between patterns in grasping behavior and patterns of grasping morphology. We quantified manual grasping strategies and the associated morphometric (i.e. segments lengths) and performance (i.e. pull strength) traits for both limbs during the development of a small arboreal primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). Our results show an early onset of grasping in young mouse lemurs. Moreover, younger individuals had relative longer hindlimbs (i.e. tibia and metatarsus) allowing them to have near‐maximal levels of grasping strength. This very fast development despite an incomplete neuromuscular development highlights the importance of this grasping function directly after birth.
Year‐to‐year variability of epifaunal assemblages on a mobile hard substrate—Case study from high latitudes
Authors: Balazy Piotr , Kuklinski Piotr 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPast polar regional studies on temporal trends of benthic systems have mostly been performed on soft bottom communities. Fewer studies have dealt with hard bottom, and none have been performed with mobile hard substrates, yet these are common, abundant and host high biodiversity—usually higher than similar substrates even if the latter were larger in size. In this study, we analysed the variability of epifaunal assemblages on a mobile hard substrate (Buccinum sp. and Littorina sp. shells utilized by hermit crab Pagurus pubescens) collected annually during 5 years (2005–2009) in Spitsbergen Island (Svalbard Archipelago, 78° N) and Northern Norway (68° N). The epifaunal assemblages were variable over the observed period, with differences in abundance, diversity (S, H′) and assemblage structure. Among the species that contributed the most to the observed differences were barnacle Semibalanus balanoides, serpulid polychaetes (Circeis armoricana, Spirobranchus triqueter) and foraminiferans (Discorbis rosacea, Lobatula lobatula), which dominate the assemblages. Analyses indicated that epifauna found on hermit crab shells is mostly influenced by environmental effects linked to NAO, its seasonal values (esp. winter), sometimes lagged. Strong changes were coinciding with a NAO phase shift. Years with positive NAO tend do have higher number of species, abundance and diversity. Differences between Spitsbergen and Northern Norway are most likely driven by geographic setting of the sites and its implications (e.g., hydrography). By exploring the sensitivity to large‐scale climate variability and its direct consequences, the study helps assess the potential of environment monitoring through hermit crabs epifauna. It provides also a baseline data allowing comparative, or after disturbance, studies in future.
Comparative phylogeography of trans‐Andean freshwater fishes based on genome‐wide nuclear and mitochondrial markers
Authors: Rincon‐Sandoval Melissa , Betancur‐R Ricardo , Maldonado‐Ocampo Javier A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Neotropical region represents one of the greatest biodiversity hot spots on earth. Despite its unparalleled biodiversity, regional comparative phylogeographic studies are still scarce, with most focusing on model clades (e.g. birds) and typically examining a handful of loci. Here, we apply a genome‐wide comparative phylogeographic approach to test hypotheses of codiversification of freshwater fishes in the trans‐Andean region. Using target capture methods, we examined exon data for over 1,000 loci combined with complete mitochondrial genomes to study the phylogeographic history of five primary fish species (>150 individuals) collected from eight major river basins in Northwestern South America and Lower Central America. To assess their patterns of genetic structure, we inferred genealogical concordance taking into account all major aspects of phylogeography (within loci, across multiple genes, across species and among biogeographic provinces). Based on phylogeographic concordance factors, we tested four a priori biogeographic hypotheses, finding support for three of them and uncovering a novel, unexpected pattern of codiversification. The four emerging inter‐riverine patterns are as follows: (a) Tuira + Atrato, (b) Ranchería + Catatumbo, (c) Magdalena system and (d) Sinú + Atrato. These patterns are interpreted as shared responses to the complex uplifting and orogenic processes that modified or sundered watersheds, allowing codiversification and speciation over geological time. We also find evidence of cryptic speciation in one of the species examined and instances of mitochondrial introgression in others. These results help further our knowledge of the historical geographic factors shaping the outstanding biodiversity of the Neotropics.