bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Segregational drift and the interplay between plasmid copy number and evolvability
Authors: Ilhan Judith , Kupczok Anne , Woehle Christian , Wein Tanita , Hülter Nils F. , Rosenstiel Philip , Landan Giddy , Mizrahi Itzhak , Dagan Tal 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe ubiquity of plasmids in all prokaryotic phyla and habitats and their ability to transfer between cells marks them as prominent constituents of prokaryotic genomes. Many plasmids are found in their host cell in multiple copies. This leads to an increased mutational supply of plasmid-encoded genes and genetically heterogeneous plasmid genomes. Nonetheless, the segregation of plasmid copies into daughter cells during cell division is considered to occur in the absence of selection on the plasmid alleles. We investigate the implications of random genetic drift of multicopy plasmids during cell division – termed heresegregational drift– to plasmid evolution. Performing experimental evolution of low- and high-copy non-mobile plasmids inEscherichia coli, we find that the evolutionary rate of multicopy plasmids does not reflect the increased mutational supply expected according to their copy number. In addition, simulated evolution of multicopy plasmid alleles demonstrates that segregational drift leads to increased loss frequency and extended fixation time of plasmid mutations in comparison to haploid chromosomes. Furthermore, an examination of the experimentally evolved hosts reveals a significant impact of the plasmid type on the host chromosome evolution. Our study demonstrates that segregational drift of multicopy plasmids interferes with the retention and fixation of novel plasmid variants. Depending on the selection pressure on newly emerging variants, plasmid genomes may evolve slower than haploid chromosomes, regardless of their higher mutational supply. We suggest that plasmid copy number is an important determinant of plasmid evolvability due to the manifestation of segregational drift.
An interdisciplinary study around the reliquary of the late cardinal Jacques de Vitry
Authors: Decorte Ronny , Polet Caroline , Boudin Mathieu , Tilquin Françoise , Matroule Jean-Yves , Dieu Marc , Charles Catherine , Carlier Aurore , Lebecque Fiona , Deparis Olivier 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe reliquary of Jacques de Vitry, a prominent clergyman and theologian in the early 13th century, has experienced several transfers over the last centuries, which seriously question the attribution of the remains to the late Cardinal. Uncertainty about the year of his birth poses an additional question regarding his age at death in 1240. The reliquary, located in the Saint Marie d’Oigines church, Belgium, was reopened in 2015 for an interdisciplinary study around his relics as well as the Treasure of Oignies, a remarkable cultural heritage notably built from Jacques de Vitry’s donation. Anthropological, isotopic and genetic analyses were performed independently on the remains found in the reliquary. Results of the analyses provided evidence that the likelihood that these remains are those of Jacques de Vitry is very high: the remains belong to the same human male individual and the historical tradition about his age is confirmed. In addition, a separate relic (left tibia) was analysed and found to match with the remains of the reliquary (right tibia). The unique Jacques de Vitry’s mitre, made of parchment, was sampled non-destructively and the extracted parchment collagen was analysed by a proteomic method in order to determine the animal species. The results showed that, surprisingly, not all parts of the mitre were made from the same species. All together, these findings are expected to fertilize knowledge carried by historical tradition around the relics of Jacques de Vitry and his related cultural heritage.
Host adaptation and convergent evolution increases antibiotic resistance without loss of virulence in a major human pathogen
Authors: Fajardo-Lubián Alicia , Ben Zakour Nouri L. , Agyekum Alex , Iredell Jonathan R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAs human population density and antibiotic exposure increases, specialised bacterial subtypes have begun to emerge. Arising among species that are common commensals and infrequent pathogens, antibiotic-resistant ‘high-risk clones’ have evolved to better survive in the modern human. Here, we show that the major matrix porin (OmpK35) ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeis not required in the mammalian host for colonisation, pathogenesis, nor for antibiotic resistance, and that it is commonly absent in pathogenic isolates. This is found in association with, but apparently independent of, a highly specific change in the co-regulated partner porin, the osmoporin (OmpK36), which provides enhanced antibiotic resistance without significant loss of fitness in the mammalian host. These features are common in well-described ‘high-risk clones’ ofK. pneumoniae, as well as in unrelated members of this species and similar adaptations are found in other members of the Enterobacteriaceae that share this lifestyle. Available sequence data indicates evolutionary convergence, with implications for the spread of lethal antibiotic-resistant pathogens in humans.Author summaryKlebsiella pneumoniaeis a Gram-negative enterobacteria and a significant cause of human disease. It is a frequent agent of pneumonia, and systemic infections can have high mortality rates (60%). OmpK35 and OmpK36 are the major co-regulated outer membrane porins ofK. pneumoniae. OmpK36 absence has been related to antibiotic resistance but decreased bacterial fitness and diminished virulence. A mutation that constricts the porin channel (Gly134Asp135 duplication in loop 3 of the porin, OmpK36GD) has been previously observed and suggested as a solution to the fitness cost imposed by loss of OmpK36.In the present study we constructed isogenic mutants to verify this and test the impact of these porin changes on antimicrobial resistance, fitness and virulence. Our results show that loss of OmpK35 has no significant cost in bacterial survival in nutrient-rich environments nor in the mammalian host, consistent with a predicted role outside that niche. When directly compared with the complete loss of the partner osmoporin OmpK36, we found that isogenic OmpK36GD strains maintain high levels of antibiotic resistance and that the GD duplication significantly reduces neither gut colonisation nor pathogenicity in a pneumonia mouse model. These changes are widespread in unrelated genomes. Our data provide clear evidences that specific variations in the loop 3 of OmpK36 and the absence of OmpK35 inK. pneumoniaeclinical isolates are examples of successful adaptation to human colonization/infection and antibiotic pressure, and are features of a fundamental evolutionary shift in this important human pathogen.
Tribological performance, electrochemical behavior and biocompatibility of high-temperature gas-nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy
Authors: Kao Wen-Hsien , Su Yean-Liang , Horng Jeng-Haur , Yang Shu-Er 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the tribology, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of high-temperature gas-nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy.

Design/methodology/approach
The tribological properties were studied by reciprocating wear tester. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by using potentiodynamic polarization test. The purified mouse leukaemic monocyte macrophage cells are used to investigate the biocompatibility.

Findings
The results show that the nitriding treatment leads to a significant improvement in the hardness and tribological properties of Ti6Al4V alloy. Specifically, compared to untreated Ti6Al4V, the hardness increases from 3.24 to 9.02 GPa, while the wear rate reduces by 12.5 times in sliding against a Ti6Al4V cylinder and 19.6 times in sliding against a Si3N4 ball. Furthermore, the nitriding treatment yields an improved corrosion resistance and a biocompatibility similar to that of untreated Ti6Al4V.

Originality/value
The nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy is an ideal material for the fabrication of load-bearing artificial implants.
Client-identified auditor’s initial negotiation tactics: a social-identity perspective
Authors: Svanberg Jan , Öhman Peter , Neidermeyer Presha E. 
Published: July 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the connection between the type of negotiation tactics auditors use when they ask their clients to make adjustments to their financial reports, focusing on three distributive and two integrative negotiation tactics, and whether the auditors identify with their clients.Design/methodology/approachA survey was used to capture 152 experienced Swedish audit partners’ perspectives on what type of negotiation technique they would use thinking about their largest client in a hypothetical situation.FindingsThe results show that the more auditors identify with their clients, the more likely they are to adopt two of the distributive negotiation tactics, conceding and compromising.Originality/valueBuilding on the findings in the accounting literature that auditors’ identification with clients constrains their judgments, this study finds that auditors’ identification with clients also has an impact on the auditors’ initial selection of negotiation tactics.
Value of emergency department triage data to describe and understand patterns and mechanisms of cycling injuries
Authors: Eley Rob , Vallmuur Kirsten , Catchpoole Jesani 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo characterise patients presenting to EDs for a bicycle‐related injury, identify contributing factors to the injuries and describe the data gaps.MethodsA retrospective study of bicycle‐related injury presentations over the 5 year period 2010–2014 to two major metropolitan EDs. Data collected from the emergency presentation database consisted of patient demographics, presenting complaint, discharge diagnosis and details about the circumstances and mechanism of the accident.ResultsBicycle injuries (n = 4144) increased from 20.0 to 25.2 per 1000 injury presentations over 5 years. Patients were 80% male across all age groups and 35% of presentations occurred at the weekend. Fractures accounted for one‐third (34%) of all injuries, while injuries to the upper extremities and head resulted in 36% and 19% of cases, respectively. Admission rate was 17%. The number of falls exceeded collisions (1611 vs 937), and in the 13.3% of the fall cases where documentation was present for which how the fall occurred, over half were attributed to bike handling errors. Information related to type of bicycle, accident location, type of activity, protective clothing worn (including helmets) and visibility aids was not recorded for over 95% of the cases.ConclusionBicycle injuries carry a considerable burden to the ED and the incidence of presentations appears to be rising. The current triage data, designed to provide a rapid assessment for medical urgency, are limited to describing broad demographics, trends and causes.
Effect of a clinical flowchart incorporating Wells score, PERC rule and age‐adjusted D‐dimer on pulmonary embolism diagnosis, scan rates and diagnostic yield
Authors: Buntine Paul , Thien Francis , Stewart John , Woo Yee Ping , Koolstra Martin , Bridgford Lindsay , Datta Mineesh , Gwini Stella M 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the association between the use of a flowchart incorporating Wells score, PERC rule and age‐adjusted D‐dimer and subsequent imaging and yield rates of computed tomography pulmonary angiogram and nuclear medicine ventilation perfusion scans being ordered in the ED for the assessment of pulmonary embolism.MethodsA flowchart governing ED pulmonary embolism investigation was introduced across three EDs in Melbourne, Australia for a 12 month period. Comparison of pulmonary embolism imaging rates and yield with the preceding 12 months was performed.ResultsA total of 1815 pre‐implementation scans were performed compared with 1116 scans post‐implementation. Because of growth in patient attendances over this time, this equated to an imaging rate of 14.5 per 1000 presentations pre‐implementation and 8.6 per 1000 presentations post‐implementation (P < 0.001). Overall pulmonary embolism imaging yield rates rose from 9.9% to 16.5% (P < 0.001). A total of 179 pre‐implementation pulmonary embolisms were identified, with an incidence of 1.4 per 1000 presentations. This compared to 184 pulmonary embolisms post‐implementation, with an incidence of 1.4 per 1000 presentations (P = 0.994).ConclusionThe introduction of a clinical flowchart incorporating Wells score, PERC rule and age‐adjusted D‐dimer was associated with an increase in ED computed tomography pulmonary angiogram and nuclear medicine ventilation perfusion yield rate from 9.9% to 16.5% across the three enrolment hospitals when investigating possible pulmonary embolism. This corresponded to a 40% relative reduction in pulmonary embolism imaging. Diagnosis rates remained unchanged and no cases of missed pulmonary embolism attributable to the flowchart were identified.
The role of immigration and reinforcement in the population dynamics of a long‐lived bird: implications for the conservation of threatened species
Authors: Soriano‐Redondo A. , Hilton G. M. , Gutiérrez J. S. , Lock L. , Stanbury A. , Votier S. C. , Bearhop S. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractUnderstanding population dynamics requires knowledge of the differential effects of survival, productivity and dispersal on population growth. This is particularly important for the conservation of small and recently established populations, where stochastic births and deaths may result in negative growth and even extinction. Here, we investigated the population dynamics of a small population of Eurasian cranes Grus grus in the UK and the effect of a population reinforcement in population growth. We also estimated the probability that the conservation status of cranes improves in the future. We developed stochastic population models to assess the population dynamics and the effect of adding 90 individuals between 2010 and 2014. The best‐supported models suggest that the crane population is self‐sustaining with an annual adult survival of 0.88, but suffers from low productivity. In addition, much of the population increase has been driven by immigration of birds from continental Europe. We found that population reinforcement resulted in a 50% increase in the projected population size, from 178 to 275 breeding pairs over the next 50 years. We showed that the relative contribution of immigration to population growth declined from 43%, when the translocated birds were not considered, to 29%, when they were included in the breeding pool. Moreover, after the population reinforcement, the probability of the population improving its conservation status increased from just above zero to 32%. In light of the recent increase in translocation programs worldwide, our study highlights the need to consider population dynamics to successfully predict the increase in population size when management strategies, such as reintroductions and reinforcements, are planned.
Confronting ageism: The potential of intergenerational contemporary art events to increase understandings of older adults and ageing
Authors: Cook Peta S , Vreugdenhil Anthea , Macnish Brienna 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveTo explore the impact of an innovative intergenerational art event showcasing retirement village life on attendees’ understandings of older adults and ageing.MethodsA survey of 93 art event attendees was conducted immediately after 16 sessions of the event (78% response rate). Respondents reported on their event experience and its impact on their understandings of older adults and attitudes towards ageing. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) used to test for differences between age groups (18–34, 35–64 and 65+ years).ResultsOver 90% of attendees reported the art event helped them develop an understanding of the lives of older people, with the greatest impact on young and middle‐aged adults. The majority of young and middle‐aged adults, however, expressed concern about their own ageing.ConclusionResults suggest that intergenerational art events have the potential to increase understandings of older adults and their lives, but this may not translate into personalised comfort with ageing.
Language experience influences audiovisual speech integration in unimodal and bimodal bilingual infants
Authors: Mercure Evelyne , Kushnerenko Elena , Goldberg Laura , Bowden‐Howl Harriet , Coulson Kimberley , Johnson Mark H , MacSweeney Mairéad 
Published: July 2018

AbstractInfants as young as 2 months can integrate audio and visual aspects of speech articulation. A shift of attention from the eyes towards the mouth of talking faces occurs around 6 months of age in monolingual infants. However, it is unknown whether this pattern of attention during audiovisual speech processing is influenced by speech and language experience in infancy. The present study investigated this question by analysing audiovisual speech processing in three groups of 4‐ to 8‐month‐old infants who differed in their language experience: monolinguals, unimodal bilinguals (infants exposed to two or more spoken languages) and bimodal bilinguals (hearing infants with Deaf mothers). Eye‐tracking was used to study patterns of face scanning while infants were viewing faces articulating syllables with congruent, incongruent and silent auditory tracks. Monolinguals and unimodal bilinguals increased their attention to the mouth of talking faces between 4 and 8 months, while bimodal bilinguals did not show any age difference in their scanning patterns. Moreover, older (6.6 to 8 months), but not younger, monolinguals (4 to 6.5 months) showed increased visual attention to the mouth of faces articulating audiovisually incongruent rather than congruent faces, indicating surprise or novelty. In contrast, no audiovisual congruency effect was found in unimodal or bimodal bilinguals. Results suggest that speech and language experience influences audiovisual integration in infancy. Specifically, reduced or more variable experience of audiovisual speech from the primary caregiver may lead to less sensitivity to the integration of audio and visual cues of speech articulation.
Combination of solifenacin with tamsulosin reduces prostate volume and vascularity as opposed to tamsulosin monotherapy in patients with benign prostate enlargement and overactive bladder symptoms: Results from a randomized pilot study
Authors: Sakalis Vasileios , Sfiggas Vasileios , Vouros Ioannis , Salpiggidis George , Papathanasiou Athanasios , Apostolidis Apostolos 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesTo identify the potential influence of antimuscarinics on morphometric parameters of the prostate in patients with benign prostatic enlargement and overactive bladder.MethodsNon‐neurological patients with prostate volume >30 mL, predominately storage lower urinary tract symptoms, three or more urgency episodes per 24 h, maximum flow rate ≥10 mL/s and post‐void residual ≤100 mL were recruited for this study. They were randomized to receive either tamsulosin or tamsulosin + solifenacin. Patients were submitted to transrectal and transvesical ultrasonography, pressure‐flow study and prostate‐specific antigen test, and completed the International Prostate Symptom Score, bladder diary and overactive bladder questionnaire at induction and at 6 months. End‐study changes in morphometric prostate parameters (total prostate and adenoma volumes, prostate vascularity), as measured by transrectal ultrasound, were the principal outcomes.ResultsA reduction in total prostate volume (mean −9.5%) was noted in the combination group, as opposed to an increase in the monotherapy group (+9.2%; P < 0.001). Similar changes were reflected in adenoma volume (monotherapy +17.4% vs combination −12.5%, P = 0.001) and in prostate vascularity (monotherapy +149.3% vs combination −19.8%, P = 0.001). Both treatment regimens improved the International Prostate Symptom Score (P = 0.001); monotherapy improved the voiding subscale (P = 0.01) more, whereas combination therapy improved the storage subscale (P = 0.024). Cystometric capacity improved in the combination group (P < 0.001). Post‐void residual was increased in the combination group (+34.79%), as opposed to a decrease in the monotherapy group (−17.05%; P = 0.001).ConclusionsThe results of this pilot study suggest that solifenacin might affect morphometric properties of the prostate, decreasing total prostate and adenoma volume, as well as vascularity. A molecular effect of antimuscarinics on the prostate, in parallel with their expected bladder effect, warrants further investigation.
Role of increasing leukocyturia for detecting the transition from asymptomatic bacteriuria to symptomatic infection in women with recurrent urinary tract infections: A new tool for improving antibiotic stewardship
Authors: Cai Tommaso , Lanzafame Paolo , Caciagli Patrizio , Migno Serena , Mereu Liliana , Mattevi Daniele , Luciani Lorenzo G , Tateo Saverio , Malossini Gianni , Bjerklund Johansen Truls E 
Published: July 2018

ObjectivesTo evaluate the importance of leukocyturia in detecting the transition from asymptomatic bacteriuria to symptomatic infection in women with recurrent urinary tract infections.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, we evaluated all women with recurrent urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria who had been enrolled in two previous studies. Data from urological visits, urine analyses and microbiological evaluations were collected. Patients were divided into two groups: patients with symptomatic recurrence (group A) and patients without recurrence (group B), with a mean follow‐up period of 38.8 months. Data on leukocyturia and clinical data were compared. Logistic regression analyses were carried out and areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated.ResultsA total of 301 women with symptomatic urinary tract infection were included in group A, whereas 249 women without clinical infection were included in group B. Group A showed a higher level of leukocytes in the urinary analysis taken at the moment of recurrence when compared with the baseline value (mean leukocytes per high power field 54 ± 5 vs 19 ± 6 at baseline; P < 0.0001). When an increase of leukocytes/mm3 of >150% from baseline was used for logistic regression, the area under the receiver operating characteristic of the model was 0.82 (95% CI 0.78–0.94; P = 0.01). An increase of leukocytes/mm3 of >150% from baseline had a sensitivity of 90.1% and a specificity of 91.2% for symptomatic urinary tract infection.ConclusionsThis study shows that an increase of leukocyturia of >150% from baseline has a predictive role for the transition from asymptomatic bacteriuria to symptomatic urinary tract infection in women with recurrent urinary tract infections.