bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projected effects of Climate‐change‐induced flow alterations on stream macroinvertebrate abundances
Authors: Kakouei Karan , Kiesel Jens , Domisch Sami , Irving Katie S. , Jähnig Sonja C. , Kail Jochem 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGlobal change has the potential to affect river flow conditions which are fundamental determinants of physical habitats. Predictions of the effects of flow alterations on aquatic biota have mostly been assessed based on species ecological traits (e.g., current preferences), which are difficult to link to quantitative discharge data. Alternatively, we used empirically derived predictive relationships for species’ response to flow to assess the effect of flow alterations due to climate change in two contrasting central European river catchments. Predictive relationships were set up for 294 individual species based on (1) abundance data from 223 sampling sites in the Kinzig lower‐mountainous catchment and 67 sites in the Treene lowland catchment, and (2) flow conditions at these sites described by five flow metrics quantifying the duration, frequency, magnitude, timing and rate of flow events using present‐day gauging data. Species’ abundances were predicted for three periods: (1) baseline (1998–2017), (2) horizon 2050 (2046–2065) and (3) horizon 2090 (2080–2099) based on these empirical relationships and using high‐resolution modeled discharge data for the present and future climate conditions. We compared the differences in predicted abundances among periods for individual species at each site, where the percent change served as a proxy to assess the potential species responses to flow alterations. Climate change was predicted to most strongly affect the low‐flow conditions, leading to decreased abundances of species up to −42%. Finally combining the response of all species over all metrics indicated increasing overall species assemblage responses in 98% of the studied river reaches in both projected horizons and were significantly larger in the lower‐mountainous Kinzig compared to the lowland Treene catchment. Such quantitative analyses of freshwater taxa responses to flow alterations provide valuable tools for predicting potential climate‐change impacts on species abundances and can be applied to any stressor, species, or region.
Evaluating the influence of energy and residential development on the migratory behavior of mule deer
Authors: Wyckoff Teal B. , Sawyer Hall , Albeke Shannon E. , Garman Steven L. , Kauffman Matthew J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMigratory ungulates are often exposed to anthropogenic infrastructure along their migration routes. Understanding the influence of such development on migratory behavior is critical to successful planning and conservation. Impermeable barriers have obvious and detrimental effects to migratory ungulate populations, but the influence of semi‐permeable barriers, where the connectivity of migration habitat is maintained but the migration routes are compromised by anthropogenic development, remains unclear. We evaluated the influence of development on the migratory behavior of individual mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in western Wyoming, USA. We used fine‐scale movement data to evaluate the influence of anthropogenic infrastructure on deer movement rates, stopover use, and fidelity to migration routes for individual animals across multiple seasons and years. Deer avoided human infrastructure when selecting stopover sites. Fidelity to migration routes and stopover areas, as measured by the degree of spatial overlap between years, was not influenced by development, except in one heavily developed area. Our results suggested that deer increased rate of movement, reduced time in stopovers, and shifted stopovers in areas of intense development. In most cases, deer maintained fidelity to migration routes, regardless of development, suggesting that deer mediated exposure to development by altering movement—rates and timing—rather than the routes they traversed. This work adds to a growing number of studies indicating that development can disrupt migratory behavior. Understanding how different types and intensities of development influence migration can help inform land‐use planning and conservation of migratory ungulates.
Do environmental incidents affect state‐level environmental building policy?
Authors: Bose Feler , Brower Jake 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article explores the impact of environmental incidents or focusing events on state‐level “green” building policy‐making in the United States. Environmental policy researchers have identified several factors and their impact on states’ ability and willingness to formulate green policies. A recent study by Bose and Pandey shows that state‐level environmental incidents are important in determining environmental policy linked to climate and energy issues. We test for the impact of environmental incidents and its interaction with the strength of environmental organizations on the formulation of green policies at the state level that are tied to green building policy. Empirical results from the longitudinal data indicate that the states that witness environmental incidents in the current period are less likely to formulate environmental policies during that period. Further, changes in environmental membership are negatively associated with green building policy. We also find that environmental organizations do not root their advocacy programs on the previous period's environmental incident(s). This indicates that environmental focusing events do not affect state‐level green building policy. Our results partly agree and partly differ from Bose and Pandey's work on climate and energy issues. These results contribute to our understanding of the critical determinants of environmental policy‐making.
Environmental Impacts of Photovoltaics: The Effects of Technological Improvements and Transfer of Manufacturing from Europe to China
Authors: Stamford Laurence , Azapagic Adisa 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSolar power deployment is expanding rapidly alongside improvements in manufacturing processes and solar technology performance. This expansion has coincided with great cost reductions and a shift in manufacturing to China, but the environmental effects of these developments remain unclear. This study uses life cycle assessment (LCA) to estimate the environmental impacts for silicon‐based photovoltaic (PV) systems installed in two locations—the United Kingdom (UK) and Spain—in the years 2005 and 2015 to assess the changes that have occurred in the past decade. Manufacturing is considered in both Europe and China to analyze the effects of the aforementioned market shift. The results show that technological improvements have reduced the environmental impacts by an average of 45 %, ranging from 29 % (eutrophication) to 80 % (ozone layer depletion); the carbon footprint has been approximately cut in half. However, the shift of manufacturing to China has increased environmental impacts by an average of 9–13 % relative to manufacturing in Europe. Acidification is much higher for Chinese‐made systems, negating all of the technological progress that has been made over the past decade. Thus, the future impacts of PV are highly dependent upon environmental improvements in the Chinese energy mix. Learning rates for environmental impacts are estimated at 6–26 %, thereby leading to expected impact reductions of 8–34 % by the year 2025, which would bring the impacts of Chinese‐made PV systems back down to the levels currently achieved by systems made in Europe.
Improving the CBS‐based partitioned semi‐implicit coupling algorithm for fluid‐structure interaction
Authors: He Tao , Yang Jian , Baniotopoulos Charalampos 
Published: February 2018

SummaryWe detail in this work 2 simple but effective alternatives to improve the characteristic‐based split–based partitioned semi‐implicit coupling algorithm for fluid‐structure interaction. The basic idea lies in introducing the end‐of‐step velocity into the implicit stages of the 2 algorithms integrating different splits. The algorithm built upon the second‐order pressure split is further stabilized via the pressure gradient projection with particular emphasis on the extremely low mass ratio. The smoothed finite element method is exploited for spatial discretization of fluid and solid equations. Even without any accelerators, both the semi‐implicit solvers incorporating fixed‐point iterations engender visible improvements versus the previously published data for several benchmarks.
Forecasting the duration of short‐term deflation episodes
Authors: Charemza Wojciech , Makarova Svetlana , Wu Yinkai 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe paper proposes a simulation‐based approach to multistep probabilistic forecasting, applied for predicting the probability and duration of negative inflation. The essence of this approach is in counting runs simulated from a multivariate distribution representing the probabilistic forecasts, which enters the negative inflation regime. The marginal distributions of forecasts are estimated using the series of past forecast errors, and the joint distribution is obtained by a multivariate copula approach. This technique is applied for estimating the probability of negative inflation in China and its expected duration, with the marginal distributions computed by fitting weighted skew‐normal and two‐piece normal distributions to autoregressive moving average ex post forecast errors and using the multivariate Student t copula.
Embracing Disruptive New Science? Biotelemetry Meets Co-Management in Canada's Fraser River
Authors: Young Nathan , Corriveau Marianne , Nguyen Vivian M , Cooke Steven J , Hinch Scott G 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Evidence-based management of fisheries means being continually open to new sources of scientific findings and data, but this is difficult when there is uncertainty or disagreement about their value and utility. We submit that this is the case for rapidly advancing animal tracking research, or biotelemetry. While biotelemetry science has been broadly accepted in fisheries and aquatic research communities, its incorporation into fisheries policy and management has been limited. To gain insight into this disjuncture, we conducted an exploratory study of perspectives on biotelemetry among government employees and nongovernmental stakeholders involved in co-managing salmon fisheries in Canada's Fraser River. Using a knowledge mobilization theoretical framework, we examine how respondents perceived biotelemetry research across three dimensions: its epistemic value (its capacity to generate useful and valid new knowledge), its practical value (relative to real-world considerations such as cost), and its degree of fit or discord with existing policy and management practices. We find a wide range of views between both groups, which may explain the hesitant uptake of biotelemetry into policy and management in this case. We conclude by advancing several research questions as a guide for future study of the integration of new sources of knowledge into evidence-based management.
Reusable Photocatalytic Optical Fibers for Underground, Deep‐Sea, and Turbid Water Remediation
Authors: Teixeira Sara , Magalhães Bruno , Martins Pedro M. , Kühn Klaus , Soler Lluís , Lanceros‐Méndez Senentxu , Cuniberti Gianaurelio 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAn approach for underground, deep, and turbid water remediation is presented based on optical fibers with a photocatalytic coating. Thus, photocatalytic TiO2 P25 nanoparticles immobilized in a poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) matrix are coated on polymeric optical fibers (POFs) and the photocatalytic performance of the system is assessed under artificial sunlight. To the best of our knowledge, poly(methyl methacrylate)‐POF coated with TiO2/PVDF and the reusability of any type of POF for photocatalytic applications are not previously reported. The photocatalytic efficiency of the hybrid material in the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and its reusability are evaluated here. It is shown that 50 w/w% of TiO2 P25 achieves a degradation of 95% after 72 h under artificial sunlight and a reusability of three times leads to a loss of activity inferior to 11%. The efficient removal of ciprofloxacin and the stability of the POF coated with TiO2 P25 successfully demonstrate its suitability in the degradation of pollutants with potential application in regions with low light illumination, as in underground and deep water.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Screening in the Community to Reduce Osteoporotic Fractures in Older Women in the UK: Economic Evaluation of the SCOOP Study
Authors: Turner David A , Khioe Rebekah Fong Soe , Shepstone Lee , Lenaghan Elizabeth , Cooper Cyrus , Gittoes Neil , Harvey Nicholas C , Holland Richard , Howe Amanda , McCloskey Eugene , O'Neill Terence W , Torgerson David , Fordham Richard ,   the SCOOP Study Team
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT

The SCOOP study was a two-arm randomized controlled trial conducted in the UK in 12,483 eligible women aged 70 to 85 years. It compared a screening program using the FRAX® risk assessment tool in addition to bone mineral density (BMD) measures versus usual management. The SCOOP study found a reduction in the incidence of hip fractures in the screening arm, but there was no evidence of a reduction in the incidence of all osteoporosis-related fractures. To make decisions about whether to implement any screening program, we should also consider whether the program is likely to be a good use of health care resources, ie, is it cost-effective? The cost per gained quality adjusted life year of screening for fracture risk has not previously been demonstrated in an economic evaluation alongside a clinical trial. We conducted a “within trial” economic analysis alongside the SCOOP study from the perspective of a national health payer, the UK National Health Service (NHS). The main outcome measure in the economic analysis was the cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained over a 5-year time period. We also estimated cost per osteoporosis-related fracture prevented and the cost per hip fracture prevented. The screening arm had an average incremental QALY gain of 0.0237 (95% confidence interval –0.0034 to 0.0508) for the 5-year follow-up. The incremental cost per QALY gained was £2772 compared with the control arm. Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves indicated a 93% probability of the intervention being cost-effective at values of a QALY greater than £20,000. The intervention arm prevented fractures at a cost of £4478 and £7694 per fracture for osteoporosis-related and hip fractures, respectively. The current study demonstrates that a systematic, community-based screening program of fracture risk in older women in the UK represents a highly cost-effective intervention. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of Flexible Tacrolimus Drug Concentration Monitoring Approach in Patients Receiving Extended‐Release Once‐Daily Tacrolimus Tablets
Authors: Philosophe Benjamin , Leca Nicolae , West‐Thielke Patricia M. , Horwedel Timothy , Culkin‐Gemmell Christine , Kistler Kristin , Stevens Daniel R. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe majority of United States kidney transplant patients are treated with tacrolimus, a drug effective in preventing graft rejection, but with a narrow therapeutic range, necessitating close monitoring to avoid increased risks of transplant rejection or toxicity if the tacrolimus concentration is too low or too high, respectively. The trough drug concentration tests are time sensitive; patients treated on a twice‐daily basis have blood draws exactly 12 hours after their previous dose. The schedule's rigidity causes problems for both patients and health care providers. Novel once‐daily tacrolimus formulations such as LCPT (an extended‐release tablet by Veloxis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cary, North Carolina) have allowed for blood draws on a once‐daily basis; however, even that schedule can be restrictive. Results from tests taken either before or after that 24‐hour target time may be discarded, or worse, may lead to inappropriate dose changes. Data from ASTCOFF, a phase 3B pharmacokinetic clinical trial (NCT02339246), demonstrated that the unique pharmacokinetic curve of LCPT may allow for a therapeutic monitoring window that extends for 3 hours before or after the 24‐hour monitoring target. Furthermore, important tools to help clinicians interpret these levels, such as formulas to estimate the 24‐hour trough level if an alternative monitoring time is used, were constructed from these data. These study results give treating clinicians access to data that allow them to safely use and monitor LCPT in their patients and expand the body of evidence surrounding differentiation and practical application of the novel LCPT tacrolimus formulation.
Framework Theory of Conceptual Change to Interpret Undergraduate Engineering Students' Explanations About Mechanics of Materials Concepts
Authors: Brown Shane , Montfort Devlin , Perova‐Mello Natasha , Lutz Ben , Berger Amber , Streveler Ruth 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundConceptual change is a process in which an individual's understanding and the basis of this understanding change over time. Vosniadou's framework theory explains conceptual change in terms of how students learn to relate the observable and unobservable in everyday phenomena. As a result, courses that relate physical phenomena to complex abstractions – such as Mechanics of Materials – are useful spaces for exploring conceptual change.PurposeThis paper leverages Vosniadou's framework theory of conceptual change to explore students' reasoning and to identify trends about their understanding of fundamental concepts of mechanics of materials.Design/MethodThis research is based on the qualitative analysis of semi‐structured interviews with ninety engineering undergraduate students enrolled in a Mechanics of Materials course. Interviews were qualitatively analyzed to capture students' understanding of mechanics of materials concepts under different loading scenarios.ResultsOur results found two common persistent beliefs in student reasoning in both the axial and bending load cases: that shear and normal stress depend on (a) the direction and (b) the location of an applied load. We propose that students' “nonscientific” beliefs are part of an intermediate, synthetic model of conceptual understanding created as students assimilate their presuppositions of mechanics of materials with newly acquired information based on the scientific concepts.ConclusionsStudents form naïve conceptual beliefs based on their experiences with loading scenarios that impede their abilities to more effectively assimilate new concepts into their current framework theories. A better understanding of student reasoning and what influences it can inform instructional techniques to help students develop science‐based reasoning in mechanics of materials.
Employee‐Owned Firms from a Stakeholder Perspective
Authors: Fernández‐Guadaño Josefina , López‐Millán Manuel 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study focuses on the role of employee‐owned firms (EOFs) in value creation from a stakeholder perspective. EOFs have been defined as Social Economy enterprises in Spain following guiding principles that in our opinion should empower stakeholder governance. Therefore, the impact of employee share ownership on value creation for shareholders and stakeholders has been measured on the basis of a sample of 1006 enterprises. The results reveal that EOFs have a positive and significant influence on the distribution of value in favour of the employees but not the other stakeholders. This finding, which allows us to partially accept one of the proposed hypotheses, is consistent with previous evidence that EOFs set their objectives to maximize the value obtained by the participating employees through their financial participation in the business, and not, therefore, to maximize profits. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal changes in myocardial T1 and T2 relaxation times related to diffuse myocardial fibrosis in aortic stenosis; before and after aortic valve replacement
Authors: Kvernby Sofia , Rönnerfalk Mattias , Warntjes Marcel , Carlhäll Carl‐Johan , Nylander Eva , Engvall Jan , Tamás Éva , Ebbers Tino 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundDiffuse myocardial fibrosis is associated with adverse outcomes, although detection and quantification is challenging. Cardiac MR relaxation times mapping represents a promising imaging biomarker for diffuse myocardial fibrosis.PurposeTo investigate whether relaxation times can detect longitudinal changes in myocardial tissue composition associated with diffuse fibrosis in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) before and after aortic valve replacement (AVR).Study typeProspective longitudinal study.Population/Subjects/Phantom/Specimen/Animal ModelFifteen patients with severe AS.Field Strength/Sequence3T / 3(3)3(3)5‐MOLLI, T2‐GraSE, and 3D‐QALAS.AssessmentPatients underwent MR examinations at three timepoints: before AVR, as well as 3 and 12 months after AVR. Data from each patient was analyzed in 16 myocardial segments.Statistical TestsThe segment‐wise T1 and T2 data were analyzed over time after surgery using linear mixed models for repeated measures analysis.ResultsThe results showed that T1 relaxation times were significantly (P < 0.05) shorter 3 and 12 months postoperative than preoperative and that the T2 relaxation times were significantly (P < 0.05) longer 3 and 12 months postoperative than preoperative for both 3D and 2D mapping methods. No significant changes were seen between 3 and 12 months postoperative for any of the methods (P = 0.06/0.19 for T1 with 3D‐QALAS/MOLLI and P = 0.09/0.25 for T2 with 3D‐QALAS/GraSE).Data ConclusionWe demonstrated that changes in myocardial relaxation times and thus tissue characteristics can be observed within 3 months after AVR surgery. The significant changes in relaxation times from preoperative examinations to the follow‐up may be interpreted as a reduction of interstitial fibrosis in the left ventricular wall.Level of Evidence: 1Technical Efficacy: Stage 3J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:799–807.
Application of Nano‐Polymer Emulsion for Inhibiting Shale Self‐Imbibition in Water‐Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Xu Jian‐gen , Qiu Zhengsong , Zhao Xin , Zhang Yubin , Li Gongrang , Huang Weian 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn order to effectively solve shale instability problems in the drilling process, the remarkable capillary effect of shale formations cannot be ignored. In this paper, we report the development and characterization of a nano‐polymer emulsion (SDPE) as a shale self‐imbibition control agent in water‐based drilling fluids. Spontaneous imbibition experiments, surface tension measurements, contact angle measurements, particle size distribution analysis, linear swelling tests, and hot‐rolling cuttings dispersion tests were conducted to evaluate the comprehensive performance of SDPE. The results show that the water absorption of shale samples in SDPE emulsions is significantly less than in deionized water. At a concentration of 2.0%, the absorption mass decreased from 7.51 to 2.59%. Reducing the surface tension of the testing fluids, increasing the contact angle of the shale samples, and maintaining the nanoscale size were the important considerations for SDPE to greatly decrease the capillary effect. The low swelling rate and high recovery rate indicate that SDPE also exhibits strong shale hydration inhibition performance. Compared with water‐based drilling fluids without SDPE, drilling fluids with SDPE present higher yield point/plastic viscosity values, and also decrease the filtration loss. Based on our findings, SDPE has the potential to be a good shale self‐imbibition control agent and to help mitigate the shale instability problems.