bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and first‐aid training of river users in Australia: A strategy for reducing drowning
Authors: Peden Amy E. , Franklin Richard C. , Leggat Peter A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIssue addressedRivers are a leading location for fatal drowning worldwide, often geographically isolated from timely medical assistance. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) benefits drowning victims and those who suffer cardiac arrests. This study explored CPR and first‐aid training of river users in Australia.MethodsAdult river users (18+ years) were surveyed at four high‐risk river drowning sites. Respondents were asked the last time they undertook CPR (responses converted into: “CPR ever undertaken”—yes/no; and “CPR training current”—yes/no (training undertaken ≤12 months ago). Responses were explored by demographics and social determinants of health.ResultsOf those surveyed (N = 688), 98.4% responded regarding CPR. Seventy‐five percent (74.9%) had undertaken CPR training previously. Females and 35‐ to 44‐year‐olds were more likely to have undertaken training (P < 0.05). Males and older people (65+ years) were less likely to hold a current qualification (P < 0.05). Major city residents reported a longer mean time (5.4 years) since last trained than remote and very remote locations (2.0 years). People in low socio‐economic areas had a shorter time since qualification current (5.8 years) than those in areas deemed high (7.2 years).ConclusionCurrent CPR qualifications are important, particularly among those visiting high‐risk river drowning locations. System‐level, upstream strategies that should be explored include compulsory CPR training in secondary schools and linking CPR updates to motor vehicle licence renewals.So what?Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a vital component of multifaceted river drowning prevention. Social determinants of health, such as socio‐economic disadvantage and geographical isolation, were not barriers to participation or currency of qualification.
Comparative analysis of transcervical resection and loop electrosurgical excision in the treatment of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Chen Meizhuang , Cai Huihua , Chen Songqiang , Wu Xinyi , Ma Xiao , Liu Mubiao , Chen Le 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of transcervical resection of the cervix (TCRC) and loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) in the treatment of high‐grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL).MethodsA retrospective case record review was conducted of patients with HSIL treated with TCRC or LEEP at Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences and Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China, from 2009 to 2015. The clinical characteristics, cone margin statuses, clinical outcomes, and adverse events were compared between the two groups.ResultsAmong 647 included patients, 292 (45.1%) were treated with TCRC and 355 (54.9%) with LEEP. The incidences of positive margins, persistent and recurrent lesions, and intraoperative bleeding were lower in the TCRC group than in the LEEP group (P<0.001 for all comparisons). The rates of cervical adhesions were comparable between the two groups. During TCRC, 78 (26.7%) intrauterine lesions were diagnosed; most of these had been missed by transvaginal sonography.ConclusionTCRC may be an alternative method to LEEP in the treatment of HSIL. Compared with LEEP, TCRC has comparable clinical efficacy without additional adverse events. Moreover, TCRC is useful for detecting and/or removing intrauterine lesions during surgery.
A study of Cook Islands nurses' attitudes towards electronic medical records technology
Authors: Frank Jonathan , Salmona Michelle , Rivard Peter , Al‐Amin Mona 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Polynesian nurse prided herself on her ability to describe her patient's pain in a one‐page hand written note to her doctor. Now, the electronic medical records system was asking her to choose 1 to 10 on a drop down menu scale. This paper analyzed through a series of interviews what it is like for nurses in the remote Cook Islands to use Western‐designed medical information systems. Their experiences were examined through the lens of social construction of learning and cultural diffusion. Analysis of qualitative interview data suggested cultural as well as infrastructural barriers to engaged learning. Future researchers are advised to consider Facilitating Factors and Cultural Embeddedness constructs when considering technology adoption attitudes of medical practitioners in remote archipelago.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Surviving and Indulging in an Unwelcoming Host
Authors: Mishra Archita , Surolia Avadhesha 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMore than a century has passed since the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), we still are nowhere close to eradicating this deadly disease. Moreover, emergence of new drug‐resistant strains has further complicated the situation, making it even more difficult to treat by conventional therapy regimens. Humans are the only reservoir for the existence and propagation of Mtb, which suggests that its latent forms will be most difficult to eradicate, till the human race lasts. Mtb has been associated with us for ages and its evolution is strictly guided to exploit its human host for survival and spread. The strategies employed by Mtb are unique and host specific, thereby making it hard to break this association without accurate understanding of this host‐pathogen interaction. Metabolic pathways have always been at the heart of Mtb pathogenesis, with a continuous cross‐talk between the pathogen and the host. Over the years, Mtb has mastered the art of manipulating the host machinery, along with modulating its own metabolism for survival in the hostile conditions. Here we aim to summarize the history of tuberculosis, its pathology and recent advances in basic understanding of the machinery, with eventual gape on the novel therapeutic strategies emerged in the past decade. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):917–925, 2018
Glucocorticoid‐Induced Autophagy Protects Osteocytes Against Oxidative Stress Through Activation of MAPK/ERK Signaling
Authors: Kar Rekha , Riquelme Manuel A. , Hua Rui , Jiang Jean X. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAutophagy confers protective or detrimental effects on cells depending on the cellular context. We showed here that oxidative stress‐induced cell death in osteocytic MLO‐Y4 cells coincided with decreased autophagy. Decreased autophagy was also observed in osteocytes of superoxide dismutase 1‐ (SOD1‐) deficient mice. Oxidative stress‐induced osteocyte death was exacerbated by an autophagy inhibitor, chloroquine, suggesting a protective function of basal autophagy levels against oxidative stress‐induced cell death. Pretreatment with dexamethasone reduced the susceptibility of osteocytes to oxidative stress‐induced cell death and conferred protection against TNFα/cycloheximide‐induced cell death. Inhibition of MAPK/ERK attenuated the formation of autophagosome, leading to increased osteocyte cell death. Taken together, our results suggest that autophagy, induced by moderate levels of glucocorticoids, leads to the preconditioning of osteocytes and conveys a novel cell‐protective function against cell death induced by oxidative stress and other insults. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Solving the riddle: Unraveling the mechanisms of blocking the binding of leukotoxin by therapeutic antagonists in periodontal diseases
Authors: Abdullahi Maryam , Olotu Fisayo A. , Soliman Mahmoud E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram‐negative bacteria that has gained wide recognition for its causative role in the development of various immune diseases, which includes localized aggressive periodontitis. Its ability to evade host defense mechanisms is mediated by the secretion of leukotoxin (LtxA), which induces death of white blood cells (leukocytes) by specific binding to their surface‐expressed leukocyte function–associated receptor (LFA‐1) in its active state. Therapeutic compounds that interfere with this pathogenic process and abrogate A. actinomycetemcomitans virulence have been reported in literature. These include doxycycline, and more recently phytochemical compounds such as hamamelitanin, resveratrol, naringin, and quercetin. However, the question remains how do they work? Therefore, with the aid of computational tools, we explore the molecular mechanisms by which they possibly elicit their therapeutic functions. Molecular mechanics Poisson/Boltzmann surface area analyses revealed that these compounds bind favorably to active LFA‐1 with high affinity and considerable stability, indicative of their ability to occupy the LtxA binding site (LBS) and prevent LtxA binding. The conformational transition of open LFA‐1 to its closed state further describe the mechanistic activity of these compounds. In addition to notable reductions in structural mobility and flexibility, the burial of surface‐exposed interactive side chains at the LBS was observed, an occurrence that could alter the complementary binding of LtxA. It is also important to mention that these occurrences were induced more prominently by the phytochemicals. We believe that these findings will enhance the scope of drug design and discovery for potent LtxA antagonists with improved activities and therapeutic efficacies in the treatment of virulent A. actinomycetemcomitans diseases.
Retracted: Long noncoding RNA SNHG16 contributes to the development of bladder cancer via regulating miR‐98/STAT3/Wnt/β‐catenin pathway axis
Authors: Feng Feng , Chen Aiping , Huang Junjian , Xia Qinghua , Chen Yougen , Jin Xunbo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the role and the possible mechanism of the long noncoding small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 (SNHG16) in bladder cancer development. The expression of SNHG16 in the tumor tissues and plasma of patients with bladder cancer as well as bladder cancer cell lines was detected. T24 cells were then transfected with sh‐SNHG16 to further investigate the effects of suppression of SNHG16 on T24 cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. In addition, the regulatory relationships between SNHG16 and miR‐98 as well as the target of miR‐98 were explored. Besides, the association between SNHG16 and the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway was further elucidated. The SNHG16 expression was upregulated in the tumor tissues and plasma of patients with bladder cancer, as well as bladder cancer cells. Suppression of SNHG16 inhibited T24 cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and suppressed migration and invasion in vitro. In addition, SNHG16 negatively regulated miR‐98 expression and regulated the malignant behaviors of T24 cells through sponging miR‐98. Moreover, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) was identified as a functional target of miR‐98, and miR‐98 regulated the malignant behaviors of bladder cancer cells by targeting STAT3. Besides, suppression of SNHG16 inhibited the activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, which was further regulated by miR‐98 and STAT3, indicating that the effects of SNHG16/miR‐98/STAT3 on T24 cells were achieved through the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. Our findings reveal that long noncoding RNAs SNHG16 is upregulated in bladder cancer and contributes to the development of bladder cancer possibly via regulating the miR‐98/STAT3/Wnt/β‐catenin pathway axis. The SNHG16/miR‐98/STAT3/Wnt/β‐catenin pathway axis may provide a new strategy for bladder cancer treatment.
Bidirectional regulation of adenosine 5′‐monophosphate–activated protein kinase activity by berberine and metformin in response to changes in ambient glucose concentration
Authors: Xiao Yuanyuan , Xu Miao , Alimujiang Miriayi , Bao Yuqian , Wei Li , Yin Jun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBoth berberine and metformin are well‐known antihyperglycemic agents for diabetes treatment. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation is often considered as the most important molecular mechanism although the mechanism has been challenged recently. Up to now, when the ambient glucose level changes dynamically, the interaction between AMPK activity and the glucose‐lowering effects of the agents remains largely unknown. To address this issue, HepG2 hepatocytes and C2C12 myotubes were preincubated at normal (5.6 mM), moderate (15 mM), or high (30 mM) glucose concentrations followed by moderate‐glucose incubation plus berberine or metformin treatment. Preincubation at high glucose concentration followed by moderate‐glucose incubation activated the AMPK pathway, but the activation was abolished with berberine or metformin treatment. In contrast, alteration from normal glucose to moderate glucose concentration in the medium suppressed AMPK activity, which was activated by berberine or metformin. Both metformin and berberine decreased the intercellular adenosine triphosphate content, enhanced glucose consumption, and lactate release under all three preincubation glucose concentrations regardless of AMPK activity. In conclusion, AMPK activated by glucose reduction is inhibited by berberine or metformin. The elevation of glucose level led to suppressed AMPK activity, which was activated with the addition of agents. The potent glucose‐lowering effects with minimal hypoglycemia of berberine and metformin may be partially due to their bidirectional regulation of the AMPK signaling pathway. Berberine and metformin promote glucose metabolism via stimulation of glycolysis, which may not be related to AMPK activity.
Excreted‐secreted antigens of Toxoplasma gondii inhibit Foxp3 via IL‐2Rγ/JAK3/Stats pathway
Authors: Chen Jinling , Huang Caiqun , Zhu Dandan , Chen Liuting , Wang Jianxin , Sun Xiaolei , Hu Liang , Duan Yinong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractToxoplasma gondii excreted‐secreted antigens (ESA) could lead to the fetal abortion especially in the early stage of pregnancy. Deficit in regulatory T cells is a critical event in the fetal abortion. Transcription factor forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) mediates differentiation and functional roles on regulatory T cells. Previously, we revealed that ESA inhibited Foxp3 through the suppression of transforming growth factor‐β type II receptor, phosphorylation of Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4. Knockdown of Smad2 collaborated with ESA to further inhibit Foxp3. The decrease in Foxp3 caused by ESA reversed via forced expression of Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4, respectively. In this study, we investigate whether other signaling pathways are implicated in ESA‐induced Foxp3 downregulation. EL4 cells were cultured and stimulated with ESA. Interleukin‐2 receptor γ (IL‐2Rγ) chain, Janus kinase 3 (JAK3), signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5), Stat3, phosphorylation of Stat5 and Stat3 were assayed by Western blot analysis. Phosphorylation of Stat5 and Stat3 was further measured by cellular immunofluorescence. The expression plasmid of pcDNA3.1‐Stat3 and pcDNA3.1‐Stat5b was constructed, respectively. The concentration of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) in the culture supernatants was detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. ESA inhibited the level of JAK3, phosphorylation of Stat5 and Stat3, and Foxp3 in EL4 cells. The suppressive effects of ESA on Foxp3 were attenuated by forced expression of Stat5 and Stat3. In addition, ESA suppressed IL‐2Rγ in EL4 cells, while IL‐2Rγ agonist could markedly reverse the diminished Foxp3 caused by ESA. Furthermore, ESA directly influenced the expression of IL‐2Rγ, rather than the availability of IL‐2 indirectly. ESA suppressed the level of Foxp3 via inhibiting IL‐2Rγ/JAK3/Stats signaling pathway in EL4 cells.
LncRNA CRNDE is a biomarker for clinical progression and poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Ding Chenguang , Han Feng , Xiang Heli , Xia Xinxin , Wang Yuxiang , Dou Meng , Zheng Jin , Li Yang , Xue Wujun , Ding Xiaoming , Tian Puxun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractColorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) served as an oncogenic long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) to be involved in the initialization and development of human cancers. However, the clinical significance and biological function of CRNDE in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) was not fully understood. In our study, we found CRNDE levels were increased in ccRCC tissue specimens and cell lines, and corrected with advanced clinical stage, large tumor size, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and poor pathological grade in patients with ccRCC. Furthermore, levels of CRNDE were negatively correlated with overall survival of patients with ccRCC, and high‐expression of CRNDE was an independent poor prognostic factor for patients with ccRCC. Moreover, loss‐of‐function and gain‐of‐function approaches showed CRNDE‐enhanced ccRCC cell migration and invasion through modulating EMT‐associated genes. In conclusion, CRNDE acts as an oncogenic lncRNA in ccRCC.
Interaction between epidermal growth factor receptor and interleukin‐6 receptor in NSCLC progression
Authors: Yuquan Bai , Hexiao Tang , Laiyi Wan , Gaofeng Pan , Xuefeng Zhou , Ming Xu , Yanhong Wei , Li Zhang , Jinping Zhao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEven though the interaction between epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) and interleukin‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) has been found in many tumors, there is a lack of relevant in‐depth study of lung cancer. The following study investigates the interaction of EGFR and IL‐6R in lung cancer. In the current study, EGFR, IL‐6, and glycoprotein 130 (GP130) were highly expressed in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue samples and were associated with clinicopathological features and poor prognosis of patients with NSCLC. Furthermore, the effect of EGF and IL‐6 on biological behavior of lung cancer cells (cell proliferation, invasion, cycle, and apoptosis) and the expression of EGFR, GP130, p‐protein kinase B (p‐AKT), and p‐p44/42 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p‐p44/42 MAPK) was significantly stronger compared with other treatment groups (all P < 0.05). These results suggest that EGFR and IL‐6R have synergistic effects on NSCLC progression. This could help to solve the problem of EGFR inhibitors in the treatment of lung cancer resistance and improve the efficacy of current treatment for lung cancer through a combination of EGFR and IL‐6R signaling pathways.
Differential regulation of estrogen in iron metabolism in astrocytes and neurons
Authors: Xu Manman , Tan Xu , Li Na , Wu Hao , Wang Yue , Xie Junxia , Wang Jun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated an effect of estrogen on iron metabolism in peripheral tissues. The role of estrogen on brain iron metabolism is currently unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect and mechanism of estrogen on iron transport proteins. We demonstrated that the iron exporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1) and iron importer divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) were upregulated and iron content was decreased after estrogen treatment for 12 hr in primary cultured astrocytes. Hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 alpha (HIF‐1α) was upregulated, but HIF‐2α remained unchanged after estrogen treatment for 12 hr in primary cultured astrocytes. In primary cultured neurons, DMT1 was downregulated, FPN1 was upregulated, iron content decreased, iron regulatory protein (IRP1) was downregulated, but HIF‐1α and HIF‐2α remained unchanged after estrogen treatment for 12 hr. These results suggest that the regulation of iron metabolism by estrogen in astrocytes and neurons is different. Estrogen increases FPN1 and DMT1 expression by inducing HIF‐1α in astrocytes, whereas decreased expression of IRP1 may account for the decreased DMT1 and increased FPN1 expression in neurons.
Insight into the large‐scale upstream fermentation environment using scaled‐down models
Authors: Olughu Williams , Deepika Gurjot , Hewitt Chris , Rielly Chris 
Published: August 2018

AbstractScaled‐down models are small‐scale bioreactors, used to mimic the chemical (pH, nutrient and dissolved oxygen) and physical (pressure, viscosity and temperature) gradients known to occur in the large‐scale fermenter. Conventionally, before scaling up any bioprocess, small‐scale bioreactors are used for strain selection, characterisation and optimisation. The typical small‐scale environment is homogenous, hence all the cells held within the small‐scale bioreactor can be assumed to experience the same condition at any point in time. However, for the large‐scale bioreactor, this is not the case, due to its inhomogeneous environment. Three different scaled‐down models are reviewed here, and the results suggest that a bacterium responds to changes in its environment rapidly and the magnitude of response to environmental oscillations is organism‐specific. The reaction and adaption of a bacterium to an inhomogeneous environment in most cases result in productivity and quality losses. This review concludes that consideration of fermentation gradients should be paramount when researchers screen for high yielding mutants in bioprocess development and doing this would help mitigate performance loss on scale‐up. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
A suspensory way of life: Integrating locomotion, postures, limb movements, and forces in two‐toed sloths Choloepus didactylus (Megalonychidae, Folivora, Pilosa)
Authors: Granatosky Michael C. , Karantanis Nikolaos E. , Rychlik Leszek , Youlatos Dionisios 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOver the last decade, we have learned much about the anatomy, evolutionary history, and biomechanics of the extant sloths. However, most of this study has involved studying sloths in controlled conditions, and few studies have explored how these animals are behaving in a naturalistic setting. In this study, we integrate positional activities in naturalistic conditions with kinematic and kinetic observations collected on a simulated runway to best capture the biomechanical behavior of Linnaeus’s two‐toed sloths. We confirm that the dominant positional behaviors consist of hanging below the support using a combination of forelimbs and hindlimbs, and walking quadrupedally below the branches. The majority of these behaviors occur on horizontal substrates that are approximately 5–10 cm in diameter. The kinematics of suspensory walking observed both in the naturalistic settings and on simulated arboreal runways are dominated by movement of the proximal limb elements, while distal limb elements tend to show little excursion. Joint kinematics are similar between the naturalistic setting and the simulated runway, but movements of the shoulder and hip tend to be exaggerated while moving in simulated conditions. Kinetic patterns of the two‐toed sloth can be explained almost entirely by considering them as an inverted linked strut. However, medially directed forces toward the substrate were more frequent than expected in the forelimb, which may help sloths maintain a better “grip” on the substrate. This study serves as a model of how to gain a comprehensive understanding of the functional‐adaptive profile of a particular species.