bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New perspectives on the BOSS small-scale lensing discrepancy for the Planck ΛCDM cosmology
Authors: Lange Johannes U , Yang Xiaohu , Guo Hong , Luo Wentao , van den Bosch Frank C 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We investigate the abundance, small-scale clustering, and galaxy–galaxy lensing signal of galaxies in the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). To this end, we present new measurements of the redshift and stellar mass dependence of the lensing properties of the galaxy sample. We analyse to what extent models assuming the Planck18 cosmology fit to the number density and clustering can accurately predict the small-scale lensing signal. In qualitative agreement with previous BOSS studies at redshift z ∼ 0.5 and with results from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we find that the expected signal at small scales ($0.1 \lt r_{\rm p}\lt 3 \, h^{-1}\, {\rm {Mpc}}$) is higher by $\sim 25{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ than what is measured. Here, we show that this result is persistent over the redshift range 0.1 &lt; z &lt; 0.7 and for galaxies of different stellar masses. If interpreted as evidence for cosmological parameters different from the Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) findings, our results imply $S_8 = \sigma _8 \sqrt{\Omega _{\rm m}/ 0.3} = 0.744 \pm 0.015$, whereas S8 = 0.832 ± 0.013 for Planck18. However, in addition to being in tension with CMB results, such a change in cosmology alone does not accurately predict the lensing amplitude at larger scales. Instead, other often neglected systematics like baryonic feedback or assembly bias are likely contributing to the small-scale lensing discrepancy. We show that either effect alone, though, is unlikely to completely resolve the tension. Ultimately, a combination of the two effects in combination with a moderate change in cosmological parameters might be needed.
Factors Associated With Postoperative Confusion and Prolonged Hospital Stay Following Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery for Parkinson Disease
Authors: Abboud Hesham , Genc Gencer , Saad Saira , Thompson Nicolas , Oravivattanakul Srivadee , Alsallom Faisal , Yu Xin Xin , Floden Darlene , Gostkowski Michal , Ahmed Anwar , Ezzeldin Ayman , Marouf Hazem M , Mansour Ossama Y , Fernandez Hubert H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Several patient and disease characteristics are thought to influence DBS outcomes; however, most previous studies have focused on long-term outcomes with only a few addressing immediate postoperative course.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate predictors of immediate outcomes (postoperative confusion and length of postoperative hospitalization) following deep brain stimulation surgery (DBS) in Parkinson disease (PD) patients.

METHODS
We conducted a retrospective study of PD patients who underwent DBS at our institution from 2006 to 2011. We computed the proportion of patients with postoperative confusion and those with postoperative hospitalization longer than 2 d. To look for associations, Fisher's exact tests were used for categorical predictors and logistic regression for continuous predictors.

RESULTS
We identified 130 patients [71% male, mean age: 63 ± 9.1, mean PD duration: 10.7 ± 5.1]. There were 7 cases of postoperative confusion and 19 of prolonged postoperative hospitalization. Of the 48 patients with tremors, none had postoperative confusion, whereas 10.1% of patients without tremors had confusion (P = .0425). Also, 10.2% of patients with preoperative falls/balance-dysfunction had postoperative confusion, whereas only 1.6% of patients without falls/balance-dysfunction had postoperative confusion (P = .0575). For every one-unit increase in score on the preoperative on-UPDRS III/MDS-UPDRS III score, the odds of having postoperative confusion increased by 10% (P = .0420). The following factors were noninfluential: age, disease duration, dyskinesia, gait freezing, preoperative levodopa-equivalent dose, number of intraoperative microelectrode passes, and laterality/side of surgery.

CONCLUSION
Absence of tremors and higher preoperative UPDRS III predicted postoperative confusion after DBS in PD patients. Clinicians’ awareness of these predictors can guide their decision making regarding patient selection and surgical planning.
Why are some African countries succeeding in their democratic transitions while others are failing?
Authors: Coulibaly Dramane , Omgba Luc Désiré 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the determinants of the disparities in the levels of democracy in Africa. Taking the end of the Cold War as a quasi-natural experiment for African countries, we find a robust positive relationship between the share of the emigrant population in the 1970s–1980s and the outcome of democratic transitions in the countries of origin of emigrants. Additionally, the effect of emigration on democracy decreases according to the duration of the migrant population in the host countries: the longer the duration of the migrant population, the greater the impact on democracy, ceteris paribus. The supportive evidence demonstrates that a larger population of emigrants enabled citizens to develop an independent civil society. In contrast, a small emigrant population during autocratic rule did not allow such development. In this case, the incumbents retained their bargaining power and determined the agenda of the transitions; consequently, institutional changes were less likely to occur.
Microbrook, Mesobrook, Macrobrook
Authors: Jilke Sebastian , Olsen Asmus Leth , Resh William , Siddiki Saba 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article assesses the field of public administration from a conceptual and methodological perspective. We urge public administration scholars to resolve the ambiguities that mire our scholarship due to the inadequate treatment of levels of analysis in our research. Overall, we encourage methodological accountability through a more explicit characterization of one’s research by the level of analysis to which it relates. We argue that this particular form of accountability is critical for effective problem solving for advancing theory and practice.
Responsiveness and Minimal Important Change for Pain and Disability Outcome Measures in Pregnancy-Related Low Back and Pelvic Girdle Pain
Authors: Ogollah Reuben , Bishop Annette , Lewis Martyn , Grotle Margreth , Foster Nadine E 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Pregnancy-related low back pain and pelvic girdle pain (LBP/PGP) are common and negatively impact the lives of many pregnant women. Several patient-based outcome instruments measure treatment effect, but there is no consensus about which measure to use with women who have these pain presentations.

Objective
The objective was to compare the responsiveness of 3 outcome measures in LBP/PGP: Oswestry Disability Index-version 2.0 (ODI), Pelvic Girdle Questionnaire (PGQ), and 0 to 10 numerical rating scale for pain severity (NRS); and to estimate a minimal important change (MIC) for these measures in pregnancy-related LBP/PGP.

Design
This was a methodology study using data from a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Methods
Women (N = 124) with pregnancy-related LBP/PGP were recruited to a pilot randomized controlled trial evaluating the benefit of adding acupuncture to standard care, of whom 90 completed an 8-week follow-up. Responsiveness was evaluated by examining correlation between change score and the external anchor (6-point global perceived effect scale) and by using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. MIC was estimated using anchor-based methods.

Results
All measures showed good responsiveness, with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve ranging from 0.77 to 0.90. The estimated MICs were 3.1, 11.0, 9.4, 13.3, and 1.3 for the ODI, PGQ-total, PGQ-activity, PGQ-symptoms, and NRS, respectively. All the measures, apart from ODI, had MICs larger than the measurement error.

Limitations
The lack of an optimal “gold standard” or external criterion for assessing responsiveness and MIC was a limitation of this study.

Conclusion
All 3 outcome measures demonstrated good responsiveness. MICs were derived for each instrument. The PGQ at 8 weeks postrandomization was identified as an appropriate outcome measure for pregnancy-related LBP/PGP because it is specific to these pain presentations and assesses both activity limitations and symptoms. The NRS is an efficient, shorter alternative.
Acoustomicrofluidic separation of tardigrades from raw cultures for sample preparation
Authors: Afzal Muhammad , Park Jinsoo , Destgeer Ghulam , Ahmed Husnain , Iqrar Syed Atif , Kim Sanghee , Kang Sunghyun , Alazzam Anas , Yoon Tae-Sung , Sung Hyung Jin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Tardigrades are microscopic animals widely known for their ability to survive in extreme conditions. They are the focus of current research in the fields of taxonomy, biogeography, genomics, proteomics, development, space biology, evolution and ecology. Tardigrades, such as Hypsibius exemplaris, are being advocated as a next-generation model organism for genomic and developmental studies. The raw culture of H. exemplaris usually contains tardigrades themselves, their eggs, faeces and algal food. Experimentation with tardigrades often requires the demanding and laborious separation of tardigrades from raw samples to prepare pure and contamination-free tardigrade samples. In this paper, we propose a two-step acoustomicrofluidic separation method to isolate tardigrades from raw samples. In the first step, a passive microfluidic filter composed of an array of traps is used to remove large algal clusters in the raw sample. In the second step, a surface acoustic wave-based active microfluidic separation device is used to deflect tardigrades continuously from their original streamlines inside the microchannel and thus isolate them selectively from algae and eggs. The experimental results demonstrated the efficient separation of tardigrades, with a recovery rate of 96% and an impurity of 4% algae on average in a continuous, contactless, automated, rapid and biocompatible manner.
Exploring the Construct of Psychological Safety in Medical Education
Authors: Tsuei Sian Hsiang-Te , Lee Dongho , Ho Charles , Regehr Glenn , Nimmon Laura 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
Psychological safety (PS) is recognized as key in health professions education. However, most studies exploring PS in medical education have focused on mistreatment, thus focusing on what PS is not. The authors set out to explicitly explore learners’ concept of PS in the context of medical education to better understand and define PS and its educational consequences for medical students.

Method
This descriptive exploratory study was conducted in the context of a pilot peer-assisted learning (PAL) program. The program brought together residents and medical students for 16 semiformal learning sessions. Eight medical students from a PAL program were recruited for semistructured interviews to explore their experiences of PS. Transcripts were thematically analyzed using an inductive approach, and social ecological theory was integrated in the later stages of analysis.

Results
Students described PS as not feeling judged. Having supportive relationships with peers and mentors improved PS. Students’ sense of PS appeared to free them to focus on learning in the present moment without considering the consequences for their image in the eyes of others. Feeling safe also seemed to facilitate relationship building with the mentors.

Conclusions
A sense of PS appears to free learners from constantly being self-conscious about projecting an image of competence. This enables learners to be present in the moment and concentrate on engaging with the learning task at hand. The authors propose that the term “educational safety” be used to describe a relational construct that can capture the essence of what constitutes PS for learners.
Pediatric, Surgery, and Internal Medicine Program Director Interpretations of Letters of Recommendation
Authors: Saudek Kris , Treat Robert , Goldblatt Matthew , Saudek David , Toth Heather , Weisgerber Michael 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
Literature describing program director (PD) perceptions of letters of recommendation (LORs) and “code” used by letter writers is limited. In 2016, a survey instrument was distributed nationally to pediatric PDs asking them to rate their interpretations of components of LORs. The results confirmed that letter phrases convey code, but these results were not known to be generalizable outside of pediatrics. The purpose of this study was to expand the survey to surgery and internal medicine (IM) PDs looking for areas of agreement or variation between the 3 specialties.

Method
The survey was sent nationally to surgery and IM PDs asking them to rate LORs in 3 areas on a 5-point Likert scale: 14 commonly used phrases, 13 letter features, and 10 applicant abilities. The LOR phrases were grouped using principal component analysis (PCA). Mean scores of components were analyzed with repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results
Response rates: pediatrics 43% (486 of 1079), surgery 55% (151 of 277), and IM 42% (170 of 408). PCA generated groups of positive, neutral, and negative phrases with moderate to strong correlation with each other for all 3 specialties. There were significant differences between the mean Likert scores of the positive, neutral, and negative groups of phrases for all 3 specialties (all P < .001). “Showed improvement” was rated the most negative phrase by all 3 specialties.

Conclusions
Key elements of LORs include distinct phrases depicting different degrees of endorsement of candidates. Pediatric, surgery, and IM PDs interpret letter components differently.
Effects of Moving the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 After Core Clerkships on Step 2 Clinical Knowledge Performance
Authors: Jurich Daniel , Santen Sally A. , Paniagua Miguel , Fleming Amy , Harnik Victoria , Pock Arnyce , Swan-Sein Aubrie , Barone Michael A. , Daniel Michelle 
Published: July 2019

Purpose
To investigate the effect of a change in the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 timing on Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) scores, the effect of lag time on Step 2 CK performance, and the relationship of incoming Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) score to Step 2 CK performance pre and post change.

Method
Four schools that moved Step 1 after core clerkships between academic years 2008–2009 and 2017–2018 were analyzed. Standard t tests were used to examine the change in Step 2 CK scores pre and post change. Tests of differences in proportions were used to evaluate whether Step 2 CK failure rates differed between curricular change groups. Linear regressions were used to examine the relationships between Step 2 CK performance, lag time and incoming MCAT score, and curricular change group.

Results
Step 2 CK performance did not change significantly (P = .20). Failure rates remained highly consistent (pre change: 1.83%; post change: 1.79%). The regression indicated that lag time had a significant effect on Step 2 CK performance, with scores declining with increasing lag time, with small but significant interaction effects between MCAT and Step 2 CK scores. Students with lower incoming MCAT scores tended to perform better on Step 2 CK when Step 1 was after clerkships.

Conclusions
Moving Step 1 after core clerkships appears to have had no significant impact on Step 2 CK scores or failure rates, supporting the argument that such a change is noninferior to the traditional model. Students with lower MCAT scores benefit most from the change.
Factors Associated With Response to Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Depression Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Ponsford Jennie , Lee Nicole K. , Wong Dana , McKay Adam , Haines Kerrie , Downing Marina , Alway Yvette , Furtado Christina , O'Donnell Meaghan L. 
Published: July 2019

Background:
Given the high frequency and significance of anxiety and depression following traumatic brain injury (TBI), there is a need to evaluate the efficacy of psychological interventions and to understand factors influencing response to such interventions. The present study investigated factors associated with positive response to cognitive behavioral therapy adapted for cognitive impairments (CBT-ABI) for individuals with anxiety and depression following TBI, including demographic and injury-related factors, pretreatment levels of anxiety and depression, working alliance, and change expectancy as predictors.

Methods:
Participants were 45 individuals enrolled in an active treatment condition within a randomized controlled trial, examining the efficacy of a 9-session CBT-ABI program for anxiety and depression following TBI. These participants completed all CBT sessions.

Results:
Mixed-effects regressions controlling for baseline anxiety and depression indicated that for anxiety, older age at injury, as well as higher level of baseline anxiety, was associated with greater symptom reduction. For depression, longer time since injury and higher expectancy for change, as well as higher baseline level of depression, were significantly associated with a greater reduction in depression symptoms.

Conclusions:
This study paves the way for more detailed studies of the therapeutic processes involved in alleviating anxiety and depression following TBI.
RECURRENCES OF RETINAL DETACHMENT AFTER RETINECTOMY
Authors: Beuste Thomas , Rebollo Olivier , Parrat Eric , Guigou SÉBASTIEN , Mérité Pierre-Yves , Meyer Franck , Rouhette HervÉ , Lorenzi Umberto , Soler Vincent , Le Piffer Anne-Laure , Matonti FrÉdÉric , Denion Eric 
Published: July 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate the different mechanisms of retinal detachment recurrence after retinectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and to study its outcome and prognosis.

Methods:
Retrospective, multicenter study conducted between January 2009 and November 2016. Retrospective review of 56 patients with recurrent RD (RRD) after a first relaxing retinectomy.

Results:
The secondary retinal attachment rate was 58.9% (33/56 cases). The various mechanisms of RRD were mainly related to PVR (52/56 cases: 93%). This PVR was anterior in 10 cases (21%), posterior in 31 cases (60%), and combined anterior and posterior in 11 cases (21%). The RRD mechanism was not PVR in 4 of the 56 cases. Some of the RRD mechanisms were specific to retinectomy: fibrosis of the edge of the retinectomy (26 cases: 46.4%), beyond-the-edge proliferation (8 cases: 14.3%), and severe inferior retinal folding (2 cases: 3.6%). In the 2 cases of severe inferior retinal folding, the retina could not be reattached. The anatomical outcome and the mechanism of RRD (anterior PVR, posterior PVR, or combined anterior and posterior PVR) were not correlated (P = 0.12). Visual acuity was significantly better only in patients with complete secondary success, that is, having an attached retina after silicone oil removal: mean preoperative visual acuity was 2.01 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution versus 1.01 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution postoperatively (P = 0.019).

Conclusion:
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy caused most of the recurrences, and the anatomical outcome did not depend on the type of PVR involved. Only complete secondary success (attached retina after silicone oil removal) was accompanied by visual acuity improvement.
Fatty acid suppression of glial activation prevents central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury
Authors: Georgieva Marieta , Wei Yuting , Dumitrascuta Maria , Pertwee Roger , Finnerup Nanna B. , Huang Wenlong 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
About half of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) develop debilitating central neuropathic pain (CNP), with no effective treatments. Thus, effective, safe, and novel therapies are needed urgently. Previously, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reported to confer neuroprotection in preclinical SCI models. However, its therapeutic potential on SCI-CNP remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that intravenous DHA administrations with 3-day intervals (250 nmol/kg; starting 30 minutes after injury and maintained for 6 weeks) effectively prevented SCI-CNP development in a clinically relevant rat contusion model. SCI-CNP was assessed by a novel sensory profiling approach combining evoked pain measures and pain-related ethologically relevant rodent behaviours (burrowing, thigmotaxis, and place/escape avoidance) to mimic those for measuring human (sensory, affective, cognitive, and spontaneous) pain. Strikingly, already established SCI-CNP could be abolished partially by similar DHA administrations, starting from the beginning of week 4 after injury and maintained for 4 weeks. At spinal (epicenter and L5 dorsal horns) and supraspinal (anterior cingulate cortex) levels, both treatment regimens potently suppressed microglial and astrocyte activation, which underpins SCI-CNP pathogenesis. Spinal microgliosis, a known hallmark associated with neuropathic pain behaviours, was reduced by DHA treatments. Finally, we revealed novel potential roles of peroxisome proliferator–activated and retinoid X receptors and docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHA's metabolite) in mediating DHA's effects on microglial activation. Our findings, coupled with the excellent long-term clinical safety of DHA even in surgical and critically ill patients, suggest that systemic DHA treatment is a translatable, effective, safe, and novel approach for preventing and managing SCI-CNP.
The Association Between Mutuality, Anxiety, and Depression in Heart Failure Patient-Caregiver Dyads
Authors: Dellafiore Federica , Chung Misook L. , Alvaro Rosaria , Durante Angela , Colaceci Sofia , Vellone Ercole , Pucciarelli Gianluca 
Published: July 2019

Background
Heart failure (HF) patient-caregiver dyads experience severe psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression. A variable that has been found to be associated with anxiety and depression in patients and caregivers in severe chronic conditions is mutuality. However, this association has not been explored in HF patient-caregiver dyads to date.

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations among mutuality, anxiety, and depression in HF patient-caregiver dyads.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional study. Mutuality, anxiety, and depression in HF patient-caregiver dyads were assessed using the Mutuality Scale (MS) total and 4 dimension scores and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, respectively. Data were analyzed using the actor-partner interdependence model to examine how mutuality of patients and caregivers was associated with both the patients' own (actor effect) and their partners' anxiety and depression (partner effect).

Results
A sample of 366 dyads of patients with HF (mean age, 72 years; 56% male) and caregivers (mean age, 54 years; 73.3% female) was enrolled. Regarding patient anxiety, we observed only an actor effect between the MS dimension scores of “love and affection” and “reciprocity” and anxiety in patients (B = −1.108, P = .004 and B = −0.826, P = .029, respectively). No actor and partner effects were observed concerning caregiver anxiety. Regarding depression, we observed that only the MS dimension of “love and affection” in patients had both an actor (patient: B = −0.717, P = .032) and a partner (caregiver: B = 0.710, P = .040) effect on depression.

Conclusions
The assessment of MS in HF patient-caregiver dyads is important to formulate interventions aimed at improving anxiety and depression in patients and caregivers.