bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid Keck Spectroscopy of Cataclysmic Variables
Authors: Skidmore Warren , Horne Keith , Pearson Kevin , Gomer Richard , O'Brien Kieran , Okе Bev 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We present an analysis of Rapid Keck Spectroscopy of the CVs AM Her (polar) and SS Cyg (dwarf nova). We decompose the spectra into constant and variable components and identify different types of variability in AM Her with different characteristic timescales. The variable flickering component of the accretion disc flux md the observational characteristics of a small flare in SS Cyg are isolated.
X-Ray Observations of Classical and Recurrent Novae in Outburst
Authors: Orio M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractI review X-ray observations of classical and recurrent novae in outburst, some of them recently done with Chandra and XMM-Newton for 12 objects. Significant X-ray flux is emitted by the nova shell, with a peak luminosity up to Lx = 1035 erg s–1 in the 0.2-10 keV range. In recurrent nova systems, or in novae hosting a red giant, the source of X-rays may be previous circumstellar matter shocked by the nova wind. However, for most classical novae, X-rays originate inside the nebula ejected in the outburst. The data indicate a very high fraction of shocked material, and a non-smooth, varying wind outflow. A nebular emission line spectrum is also observed at late phases. In about half of the observed novae, the central white dwarf appears as a very luminous supersoft X-ray source for 1 to 9 years after the outburst. It is the best type of object to study the characteristics of shell hydrogen burning on white dwarfs in single degenerate systems. Still incomplete statistics indicate that the duration of the supersoft X-ray phase is peaked around ≃2 years. The correlation of the X-ray light curve with the nova properties is not quite clear. Recently, “template grating spectra” with high S/N have been obtained for V4743 Sgr. The X-ray light curve of this nova reveals a rich and complex power spectrum, with signatures of non-radial g-mode oscillations of the white dwarf. The oscillations and the spectra allow to determine the properties of the shell hydrogen burning white dwarf.
Preliminary Results on Intermittent Behaviour of Millisecond Pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658
Authors: Menna M. T. , Papitto A. , Burderi L. , Di Salvo T. , Stella L. , Robba N. R. 
Published: June 2019

We analyzed RXTE data from the burst of the year 2000 of the X-ray millisecond binary pulsar SAX J 1808.4-3658 with the intent of determining the new orbital parameters.We used the observations of SAX J1808.4-3658 performed by the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) when the source was again detected in outburst during the period January-March 2000 (Wijnands et al. 2001). In particular we examined the data from the Proportional Counter Array (РСA) (Jahoda et al. 1996). We first applied barycentric correction to the data using the optical coordinates of the source (Roche et al. 98).
Feeding and milk protein production
Authors: Thomas P. C. 
Published: June 2019

This paper reviews the effects of feeding on milk protein production. It deals, first, with the chemical composition of the milk proteins and the extent to which the composition is influenced by diet, the synthesis of proteins in the mammary gland and the effects of variations in the supply of amino acids and of the energy-yielding nutrients that are absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. There is then an examination of the impact of changes in dietary energy and protein supply on the content and yield of protein in milk and specific consideration of particular features of ration formulation, including supplementary energy concentrate foods, supplementary lipids and amount and type of supplementary protein foods. Finally, it is argued that the effects of diet on milk protein production are evaluated best simply in terms of milk protein yield; some of the pitfalls of interpreting information on milk protein content in practice are pointed out.It is concluded that the yield of milk protein is determined by the dietary supply of energy-yielding constituents and protein but that presently employed systems for ration formulation do not provide a satisfactory means of interrelating milk protein yield and the intake of nutrients in the cow's diet.
Upland sheep production systems
Authors: Maxwell T. J. , Lloyd Mary D. , Dickson I. A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractUpland sheep production systems based on the utilisation of enclosed sown pastures are considered in relation to environmental constraints, recent trends in marketing requirements and a continuing need to improve economic efficiency. The need for quantitatively described decision making in relation to both the testing, development and application of new technology is discussed with particular reference to those factors influencing herbage growth, utilisation and management.Relatively few upland farms are capable of producing marketable fat lambs before the decline in returns per kg lamb in June. Although higher returns for heavier fat or store lambs can be obtained in the autumn, the degree to which this maximizes the returns per ha will be dependent upon the stocking rate and ewe and lamb performance during the summer. It will also be dependent on the extent to which there is competition for pasture in the autumn and its effect on ewe live weight and condition during the pre-mating and post-mating period; weight and condition will affect reproductive performance which has a substantial effect on returns per ha.The significance of sward height as a means of controlling the performance of sheep grazing sown pastures is reviewed in relation to ongoing and completed systems experiments and development projects. It is concluded that, for practical purposes, a sward height held between 3.5 and 5.5 cm will provide a sound basis for management of the lactating ewe and suckling lamb until weaning. The means of achieving sward height control in varying farming situations and the development of commercially viable management systems is considered.In the development of systems towards improving production efficiency, a better description of responses to both level and pattern of N used is required. The need for a better understanding of responses of the ewe in terms of ovulation rate and embryo wastage to changing sward characteristics in the autumn and to the use of supplementary feeding is also required. New techniques, such as the endocrine manipulation of reproductive performance, need to be assessed in relation to existing practices and performance.
The future contribution of the hills and uplands to agricultural output
Authors: Eadie J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe brief from the organisers for this paper was to attempt to draw together the scientific and technical information presented at this meeting and to relate it to land use in the hills and uplands. This requires matters to be set in the context of the political and economic framework within which agriculture makes its contribution to food production, to the generation of economic activity and to the maintenance of the social fabric of the hills and uplands.
Animal genetic resources — the perspective for developing countries
Authors: Cunningham E. P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn developed and developing countries livestock are very important contributors to total agricultural output. Many breeds of different species have become either extinct or nearly so. With the spread of more advanced agricultural systems to many parts of the world, specialized strains of livestock, from a greatly reduced number of breeds within a species, have been bred for specific, but widely different, environmental conditions. This has led to a dilemma in the context of the balance to be effected between conservation of the present variety of genetic resources on the one hand and the need to concentrate increasingly on a narrow range of genotypes in the interests of improved efficiency on the other hand. The paper addresses this dilemma and discusses the FAO-instigated global programme—Animal Genetic Resources — which was designed to monitor changes in animal genetic resources on a global scale with the development of legal and regulatory instruments where necessary.
Determinants of success in livestock development projects in developing countries: a review of World Bank experience
Authors: de Haan C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis paper reviews the major determinants of success in World-Bank-funded livestock development projects. First, it summarizes past project results. Secondly, it analyses the main determinants of success, i.e. the appropriateness of technologies used, the adequacy of producer incentives provided and the capacity of the responsible institutions for project planning and implementation. It illustrates the importance of these factors with experiences from Bank-funded livestock projects. Finally, the paper concludes with some thoughts on trends and requirements of future livestock development and recommendations for future research.
A British point of view
Authors: Saunders A 
Published: June 2019

The whole supply chain ‘matters’ in the changing market and it is important to involve all links in the chain when striving to achieve sustainability by reducing any conflicts between different sectors, by removing prejudices and by improving the ‘sharing’ of knowledge, costs and profits. Accordingly, to provide a comprehensive overview of who matters, consideration must be given to all of the following:•The producer•The feed manufacturer•The genetics supplier•The processor•The manufacturer•The veterinary surgeon•The retailer•The consumer
Engineering choices into animal environments
Authors: Wathes C. M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe means by which choice can be engineered into farm animal environments are described, focusing upon intensive systems of husbandry where choices are the most limited. Choice is assumed to be both necessary and desirable.The principal components of choice are: (i) environmental choice; (ii) nutritional choice; and (iii) social choice. The management of herds rather than individuals and the persistent trend towards increased intensification generally reduces the opportunities for animals to exercise their environmental and social choices. However, extensive systems can also restrict choice and provide an environment that may, in some cases, be equally barren.Several common problems may make the provision of choice difficult, including variability and precision of individual choices and the conflicts between the interests of individual animals (as distinct from groups) and farmers themselves.The availability of choice can be improved by modifying existing systems or developing new systems of livestock husbandry. The choice of physical environments may be made by self selection by an individual animal in a heterogeneous environment; active animal control of an environmental modifier, or automatic control with continual monitoring of physiological and behavioural states. The enrichment of barren environments could also embrace artificial stimulation of the senses. Improving the choice of space for its many social and other uses is likely to be difficult given the financial constraints of livestock husbandry. There are few technical difficulties to improving nutritional choices available to livestock, e.g. automated feeding systems which provide multiple rations.
The geography of the Estuary and Firth of Clyde
Authors: Tivy Joy 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe relative resource value and use of the Estuary and Firth of Clyde have varied through time. Until the eighteenth century the estuary was difficult to navigate. The firth, with its rich fishing grounds and sheltered harbours, was the focus of early settlement. However, increasing trade with the Americas, larger ships and growing competition between Glasgow and the more accessible ports of Greenock and Dumbarton stimulated plans to improve the navigability of the estuary. This was achieved by deepening and widening the main channel, a process which continued as the size of ships increased and more sophisticated techniques of river improvement developed. Within a century and a half the bed of the estuary was transformed from an obstacle to navigation into a major water-route, from which the largest passenger liners in the world were launched.Since the Second World War the relative resource values of the estuary and the firth have changed with the increase in air travel, the decline of ship building and heavy industry on the Clyde, and the increase in the size of cargo vessels. The economic focus shifted from the estuary to the natural, deepwater harbours of the firth.At present redevelopment of derelict docklands and industrial sites along the estuary is taking place, while the firth is suffering from the effects of economic recession. Planning is now being increasingly directed toward the development of the amenity, recreational and tourist potential of both the estuary and the firth.
Effects of air pollutants on buildings and materials
Authors: Butlin R. N. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe main pollutants affecting materials are sulphur dioxide and sulphates, nitrogen oxides and nitrates, chlorides, carbon dioxide and ozone. In marine environments it is important to separate the effects of anthropogenic pollutants from marine sources of the same substances. The effects of paniculate matter, especially from diesel vehicle emissions is of increasing significance.In buildings containing books, historical artefacts or other works of art indoor pollutants may cause significant degradation. These pollutants may either be lower concentrations of pollutants originating outdoors or other substances generated from synthetic materials, paints, varnishes and display cases as well as from combustion for heating.The materials most sensitive to pollutants are calcareous building stones and ferrous metals. Manifestations of damage include losses of mass, changes in porosity, discoloration and embrittlement. In the case of stone it is difficult to (1) dissociate the effects of historical concentrations of pollution from current ones and (2) to establish background rates of erosion or decay in the absence of pollutants.Damage to materials in polluted atmospheres can be attributed to dry or wet deposition of pollutants, or dissolution in rainfall in the case of stone. Estimates of the contributions of the different mechanisms of decay have been made in programmes in the U.S.A. and the U.K.To obtain estimates of the economic cost of damage from acid deposition it is necessary to know how decay rates are related quantitatively to pollutants and meteorological parameters (damage functions), and the distribution of materials exposed in buildings and in geographical areas. There are few damage functions available and those in existence lack general applicability. There is. therefore, much importance attached to national and international exposure programmes that have been established to assess the responses of a range of materials to different environments. Such work is also of interest in predicting the potential effects of climatic changes on materials.Methodologies have been developed to enable estimates of economic costs of damage to be made. These are being refined with better data on rates of decay obtained from mathematical models and from exposure programmes. The concept of target loads for damage, originally devised for the natural environment, is being introduced to help assess the action needed to reduce degradation of sensitive materials and buildings.
Effect of straw addition on composition and activity of soil microbial biomass
Authors: Killham K. , Sinclair A. H. , Allison M. F. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe size and activity of the fungal component of the straw-decomposing soil microbial biomass was investigated for three sites in eastern Scotland. The fungi were found (by means of selective substrate-amended respiration, FDA-active hyphal lengths, and cellulolytic plate count) increasingly to dominate the soil microbial biomass with repeated enrichment disturbance from straw incorporation. Development of a biomass with a greater fungal component was also associated with an increased biomass C:N ratio response to straw inputs and more rapid decomposition of 14C-labelled straw, suggesting that continued straw incorporation can cause a “substrate-adapted” microbial biomass to develop which is able to decompose straw increasingly rapidly.
Evaluation of NOSCOW
Authors: Broadbent P. J. , Topps J. H. , Clark J. J. , Bruce J. M. 
Published: June 2019

Two data sets have been used to evaluate NOSCOW, a model of the energy system of cows which allows milk production and live-weight change to be predicted simultaneously from dietary energy intake (Bruce, Broadbent and Topps, 1984).Black and White Danish Dairy Cows (SDM) were used by Østergaard (1979) to study concentrate feeding strategies. There were nine treatments which differed in the level and pattern of concentrates fed over the first 36 weeks of lactation. These treatments caused substantial differences in the levels and patterns of energy intake.
The effects of lactation length and feed level on subsequent reproductive performance in the sow
Authors: Henry R. W. , Pickard D. W. , Hughes P. E. 
Published: June 2019

Previous research suggests that the feeding stratagem employed during a particular stage of the reproductive cycle may evoke an immediate response and/or a more long-term response in reproductive performance. This trial was designed to investigate the effect of feed restriction during lactation on reproductive performance when lactation periods of 10 and 35 days were employed.Eighty, second to fifth parity Large White x Landrace sows were used in the experiment. The sows were allocated on a parity and liveweight basis to one of the following four lactation treatments:-1)35 day lactation; fed 7 kg/day of a standard proprietary diet during lactation2)35 day lactation; fed 3 kg/day during lactation3)10 day lactation; fed 7 kg/day during lactation4)or 10 day lactation; fed 3 kg/day during lactation.All sows were then fed 3 kg/day during the weaning to remating interval and 2.2 kg/day throughout gestation. Creep feed was offered ad libitum to the litters of sows on treatments 1 and 2 from 10 days post partum. Liveweight and backfat (maximum shoulder, P2 and minimum loin) measurements were taken at regular intervals throughout the experimental period. Piglet weaning weights and subsequent birth weights were recorded.
“Response of Growing Male Kids to Repeat Zeranol Implantation”
Authors: Silva M. , Berenguer F. 
Published: June 2019

The response to repeat Zeranol implantation assessed in terms of LWG was evaluated under grazing conditions in both entire and castrated male kids, in order to determine wether the use of the anabolic was of economical importance under the system most widely used for goat meat production.Forty five Spanish Granedine male kids aged 2 weeks were randomly divided in 3 groups. Group A remained as control, Groups B and C were implanted on weeks 0, 8 and 16 of the 24 week trial with 12 mg. of Zeranol and Group C was also castrated at the begining of this experiment.The kids remained with their mothers on a Star grass plot for the first implantation period, afterwards they were weaned and their feeding depended only on grass pluss salt and minerals.To avoid coccidiosis outbreaks the kids were given Amprolvet Super on a 0.006 concentration in the drinking water all through the trial. The animals were weighted fornightly.after a 18 hour fasting period.
The value of liquid skimmed milk in piglet creep rations
Authors: Davies O D , Howard D W 
Published: June 2019

Dried skimmed milk (DSM) is a common constituent of piglet creep rations. Liquid skimmed milk (ISM) is considerably cheaper per unit of feed value and if it could be fed successfully to young pigs as a substitute for DSM without adversely affecting performance, significant savings could be made in weaner rearing costs.Twenty litters from Large White x Landrace sows, totalling 199 piglets, were offered one of two creep rations.
Replacement of Skim Milk with Whey Products in Milk Substitutes for the Calf
Authors: Stobo I J F , Ganderton P , Perfitt M W 
Published: June 2019

Although milk substitutes attract a large subsidy from the EEC provided they contain at least 600 g skim milk solids/kg, several cheaper whey-based products have been Introduced commercially in recent years. Nevertheless, information on the nutritive value of such products is lacking. Since the calf is vulnerable to digestive upsets especially during the first month of life, an experiment was made to assess the effect on health and performance of replacing some or all of the skim milk solids with a mixture of whey powder and whey protein concentrate.Experimental Thirty-two Friesian bull calves in a randomised block experiment were given one of four milk substitute diets containing 200 g fat and 260 g crude protein/kg DM from 2 to 64 days of age. The reconstituted diets (1 powder:6 water, w/w) were offered to appetite twice daily by bucket at 38°C. The quantities of skim milk solids in each formulation were (g/kg DM): none (diet WP1), 200 (diet WP2). 400 (diet WP3) and 600 (diet WP4), as shown in Table 1. In vitro tests showed that coagulation with rennin did not occur with diets WP1 and WP2 and the clot formed with diet WP3 was much softer than that with diet WP4.
“Management options within a quota regime”
Authors: Craven J A 
Published: June 2019

The introduction of milk quotas within the European Economic Community may not have been a popular choice in 1984 but with the benefit of hindsight, few dairy farmers in the UK would now advocate their removal.Contrary to expectations, profitability on dairy farms since 1984 appears to have improved, admittedly from a very low base. Farmers have been compelled to re-consider their management practices and have concentrated on the priority of lowering production costs. Price factors have also worked in favour of margins and agricultural suppliers have been forced to compete for a reducing market through keen price competition. At the same time quotas have themselves become a substantial asset without any investment on behalf of the original owner.There can be no guarantee that quotas will continue indefinitely as political policies can change at short notice. It Is, however, self evident that such a mechanism does work at least in terms of controlling milk supply. Most observers therefore take the view that quotas will remain a long term constraint within which dairy farmers must manage their businesses.
The Feeding of Dairy Cows with Fodder Beet and Concentrate containing Two Levels of Protein
Authors: Roberts D J , Sabri M S 
Published: June 2019

Fodder beet is a high yielding crop in terms of dry matter (DM) per hectare with yields of up to 12 t DM ha-1 from the roots and 2 to 5 t DM ha-1 from the tops. The root has a high metabolizable energy (ME) content and the average utilized metabolizable energy (UME) per hectare is 150% of average grass silage UME production (Heppel, 1985). The roots are highly digestible and can be used in dairy cow diets as a substitute for silage or concentrates. Most research work has shown an increase in total dry matter intake when fodder beet is included in a dairy cow ration (Roberts, 1987). The effect on animal performance, particularly milk fat content, is however more variable (Sabri, 1987). One reason for the differences may be the level of protein supplementatio in the fodder beet rations.This experiment evaluated the interactions between the feeding of fodder beet and level of protein supplementation in the concentrate on feed intake and cow performance.