bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomechanical and Functional Improvements Gained by Proximal Tibia Osteotomy Correction of Genu Varum in Patients with Knee Pain
Authors: Da Cunha Rachael J. , Kraszewski Andrew P. , Hillstrom Howard J. , Fragomen Austin T. , Rozbruch S. Robert 
Published: April 2019

Background Mechanical axis malalignment contributes to abnormal forces across the knee joint. Genu varum, or increased medial mechanical axis deviation (MAD), increases force transmission and contact pressures to the medial compartment. With increasing MAD and femoral-tibial mechanical axis angle (MAA), contact forces within the medial or lateral compartment of the knee significantly increase with increasing deformity. This may lead to knee pain, further deformity, and medial compartment degenerative joint disease, which can interfere with participation in sports and diminish quality of life. Purposes/Questions We sought to evaluate patients with knee pain with bilateral genu varum and determine the effect of bilateral proximal tibial osteotomies on knee biomechanics, deformity correction, and functional outcomes. Methods This was a single-center, prospective study of eight limbs in four patients. Consecutive patients presenting with knee pain and bilateral genu varum originating from the proximal tibia were included. All patients underwent staged bilateral proximal tibial osteotomies with gradual deformity correction with an external fixator. Subjects underwent a three-dimensional (3D) instrumented motion analysis during level walking. A 3D lower extremity model was built and bilateral knee frontal plane kinematics and kinetics during the stance phase of gait were determined. Radiographic analysis was performed including assessment of MAD, MAA, and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA). Functional outcomes were assessed with the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), the 36-item Short-Form Survey (SF-36), the Lower Limb Questionnaire (LLQ), and a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. Results The average time in the external fixator for a single limb was 97 days. The average follow-up period was 310 days. All biomechanical outcomes significantly improved, including knee adduction angle (7.8° to 1.8°), knee adduction moments (first peak, − 0.450 to − 0.281 nm/kg, and second peak, − 0.381 to − 0.244 nm/kg), and knee adduction moment impulse (− 0.233 to − 0.150 nm s/kg). There was a significant improvement in MAA, MAD, and MPTA. All patients showed qualitative improvement in mean scores on VAS (11.8 to 0.0), LLQ (77 to 93), KOOS (64 to 84), and SF-36 (71 to 88). Conclusion These findings suggest that bilateral proximal tibial osteotomy may be effective in improving knee biomechanics during gait and correcting mechanical alignment in patients with bilateral genu varum. Patients also demonstrated improvement in functional outcome scores. This technique should thus be considered in patients with varus knee osteoarthritis in the setting of genu varum to alleviate symptoms and potentially decrease further clinical deterioration.
Effectiveness of Hall current and exponential heat source on unsteady heat transport of dusty TiO2-EO nanoliquid with nonlinear radiative heat
Authors: Mahanthesh Basavarajappa , Shashikumar Nagavangala Shankarappa , Gireesha Bijjanal Jayanna , Animasaun Isac Lare 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The problem of exponential heat source across a flowing nanofluid (TiO2-EO; titanium oxide-Engine oil) containing tiny dust particles on a deformable planar plate has been an open question in meteorology. In this paper, the boundary layer transient two-phase flow of dusty nanoliquid on an isothermal plate which is deforming with time-dependent velocity in the presence of exponential heat source is studied. The impacts of Hall current, nonlinear radiative heat and an irregular heat source (temperature based heat source and exponential space-based heat source) are also accounted. Dusty nanofluid is the composition of dust particles and nanoliquid (TiO2-EO). Using relevant transformations, the system of PDEs is rehabilitated to the system of ODEs and then treated numerically. Exploration of the impacts of pertinent parameters on velocity and temperature fields is performed via graphical illustrations. Numeric data for skin friction factor and the Nusselt number is presented and their characteristics are analyzed/quantified through the slope of linear regression via data points.
Highlights Boundary layer flow of dusty nanoliquid past a isothermal plate is studied. Impacts of Hall current and irregular heat source are also accounted. Role of physical parameters are focused in momentum and heat transport distributions. Numeric data for skin friction factor and the Nusselt number is presented.
Direct numerical simulation of high-speed transition due to roughness elements
Authors: Shrestha Prakash , Candler Graham V. 
Published: April 2019

We study and compare instability mechanisms of a Mach 5.65 laminar boundary layer tripped by an isolated diamond-shaped trip and by an array of diamond-shaped trips using direct numerical simulations. A low-Reynolds-number experiment, consisting of the trip array (Semper & Bowersox, AIAA J., vol. 55 (3), 2017, pp. 808–817), is used to validate our simulations. Three dynamically prominent flow structures are observed in both trip configurations. These flow structures are the upstream vortex system, the shock system, and the downstream shear layers/counter-rotating streamwise vortices that originate from the top and sides of the trips. Analysis of the power spectral density of pressure reveals the source of instability to be an interaction between the shear layers and the counter-rotating streamwise vortices downstream of both trip configurations. The interaction leads to the formation of hairpin-like structures that eventually break down to turbulent flow. This finding contrasts with that of an isolated cylindrical trip (Subbareddy et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 748, 2014, pp. 848–878) where the upstream vortex system is found to be the source of instability. Therefore, the shape of a trip plays an important role in the instability mechanism. Furthermore, dynamic mode decomposition (Rowley et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 641, 2009, pp. 115–127; Schmid, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 656, 2010, pp. 5–28) of three-dimensional snapshots of pressure fluctuations unveil globally dominant modes consistent with the power spectral density analysis in both diamond-shaped trip configurations.
First report of Eocene gadiform fishes from the Trans-Urals (Sverdlovsk and Tyumen regions, Russia)
Authors: Marramà Giuseppe , Carnevale Giorgio , Smirnov Pavel V. , Trubin Yaroslav S. , Kriwet Jürgen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe recent 2014–2017 controlled excavations carried out in quarries of Sverdlovsk and Tyumen regions, Ural and Western Siberia, are contributing to the knowledge of the middle to late Eocene marine fauna from the Turgay Strait, mainly composed of invertebrates and cartilaginous and bony fishes. Here we present a preliminary report of the bony fishes collected during the campaigns carried out in two Eocene Trans-Urals localities. The sediments of these localities were deposited in a large epicontinental marine basin during the middle to late Eocene, when the Turgay Strait connected the Arctic waters to the North and the Peritethys to the South. Most of the bony fish material examined can be assigned to codfishes (Gadiformes) according to morphological comparison with living and fossil taxa. In particular, nearly complete three-dimensionally preserved lower jaws are confidently assigned to the Merlucciidae, whereas isolated vertebrae and bones are referred to as Gadiformes incertae sedis. This report documents the easternmost occurrence of this group of fishes in the northern hemisphere during the early phases of their radiation, revealing their presence into the Turgay Strait before its closure.
Increased QT and P-wave dispersion during attack-free period in pediatric patients with migraine attacks
Authors: Tosun Oyku , Karatoprak Elif 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Migraine is a common neurovascular disease characterised with recurrent attacks by pain-free periods. It has been suggested that both sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunctions play a role in its pathophysiology.Aim:The aim of our study was to investigate the ECG changes during attack-free period in children with migraine, in terms of QTc interval, QTc, and P-wave dispersion to evaluate the autonomic nervous system disturbance.Methods:Sixty children who were diagnosed with migraine were included as patient group and 50 healthy, age- and body mass index-matched children who were examined for innocent murmur were included as control group. The patients’ routine ECG records were screened from the outpatient clinic files. The durations of P-wave, QT, and QTc intervals and dispersion values and heart rates (beats/minute) were compared between the patient and control groups.Results:P maximum and P dispersion were significantly higher, and P minimum was significantly lower in the migraine group compared with the control group. QT–QTc maximum and QT–QTc dispersion were significantly higher and QT–QTc minimum was significantly lower in the migraine group compared with the control group.Conclusion:According to our findings, although migraine patients were asymptomatic and no arrhythmia was detected in the surface ECG, sympathovagal balance in the sympathetic system, which may be disrupted in favour of the sympathetic system, should continue even in the attack-free period, and we should be careful in terms of serious arrhythmias that may develop in these patients.
A pilot study of acceptance-based behavioural weight loss for adolescents with obesity
Authors: Tronieri Jena Shaw , Wadden Thomas A. , Leonard Sharon M. , Berkowitz Robert I. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackground:Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a psychological treatment that has been found to increase weight loss in adults when combined with lifestyle modification, compared with the latter treatment alone. However, an ACT-based treatment for weight loss has never been tested in adolescents.Methods:The present pilot study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a 16-week, group ACT-based lifestyle modification treatment for adolescents and their parents/guardians. The co-primary outcomes were: (1) mean acceptability scores from up to 8 biweekly ratings; and (2) the percentage reduction in body mass index (BMI) from baseline to week 16. The effect size for changes in cardiometabolic and psychosocial outcomes from baseline to week 16 also was examined.Results:Seven families enrolled and six completed treatment (14.3% attrition). The mean acceptability score was 8.8 for adolescents and 9.0 for parents (on a 1–10 scale), indicating high acceptability. The six adolescents who completed treatment experienced a 1.3% reduction in BMI (SD = 2.3, d = 0.54). They reported a medium increase in cognitive restraint, a small reduction in hunger, and a small increase in physical activity. They experienced small improvements in most quality of life domains and a large reduction in depression.Conclusions:These preliminary findings indicate that ACT plus lifestyle modification was a highly acceptable treatment that improved weight, cognitive restraint, hunger, physical activity, and psychosocial outcomes in adolescents with obesity.
Projected Changes in United States Regional Extreme Heat Days Derived From Bivariate Quantile Mapping of CMIP5 Simulations
Authors: Schoof J. T. , Pryor S. C. , Ford T. W. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractProjections of multivariate climate extremes require methodological approaches that can maintain relationships among variables. Here we apply a piecewise multivariate quantile mapping approach to temperature and humidity projections from a subset of models from the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project and analyze the resulting climatology of extreme heat days (EHDs) with explicit consideration of the prevailing humidity. The piecewise multivariate bias correction method shows good fidelity in reproducing the frequency of different types of extreme heat events in the historical period. Projections for U.S. regions and individual cities for both the middle and end of the century are characterized by increases in the frequency of EHDs, and especially those characterized by high humidity. For many regions and individual cities, there is no overlap between the frequency of high‐humidity EHDs in general circulation model ensembles from the historical and future periods, indicating that increases in extreme heat are robust. Analysis of 500‐mb height, sea‐level pressure, and low‐level circulation composites for historical and future periods indicates that the Fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project models reproduce basic large‐scale circulation features associated with EHDs in U.S. regions and that future changes in extreme heat are related primarily to large‐scale warming rather than enhancement of regional circulation anomalies.
Significant Climate Impact of Highly Hygroscopic Atmospheric Aerosols in Delhi, India
Authors: Wang Yu , Chen Ying 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHygroscopicity of aerosol (κchem) is a key factor affecting its direct and indirect climate effects, however, long‐term observation in Delhi is absent. Here we demonstrate an approach to derive κchem from publicly available data sets and validate it (bias of 5%–30%) with long‐term observations in Beijing. Using this approach, we report the first estimation of κchem in Delhi and discuss its climate implications. The bulk‐averaged κchem of aerosols in Delhi is estimated to be 0.42 ± 0.07 during 2016–2018, implying a higher activation ability as cloud condensation nuclei in Delhi compared with Beijing and continental averages worldwide. To activate a 0.1‐μm particle, it averagely requires just a supersaturation of ~0.18% ± 0.015% in Delhi but ~0.3% (Beijing), 0.28%–0.31% (Asia, Africa, and South America) and ~0.22% (Europe and North America). Our results imply that representing κchem of Delhi using Asian/Beijing average may result in a significant underestimation of aerosol climate effects.
SRTM2gravity: An Ultrahigh Resolution Global Model of Gravimetric Terrain Corrections
Authors: Hirt Christian , Yang Meng , Kuhn Michael , Bucha Blažej , Kurzmann Andre , Pail Roland 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe present a new global model of spherical gravimetric terrain corrections that take into account the gravitational attraction of Earth's global topographic masses at 3″ (~90 m) spatial resolution. The conversion of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission‐based digital elevation data to implied gravity effects relies on the global evaluation of Newton's law of gravitation, which represents a computational challenge for 3″ global topography data. We tackled this task by combining spatial and spectral gravity forward modeling techniques at the 0.2‐mGal accuracy level and used advanced computational resources in parallel to complete the 1 million CPU‐hour‐long computation within ~2 months. Key outcome is a 3″ map of topographic gravity effects reflecting the total gravitational attraction of Earth's global topography at ~28 billion computation points. The data, freely available for use in science, teaching, and industry, are immediately applicable as new in situ terrain correction to reduce gravimetric surveys around the globe.
Seasonal Water “Pump” in the Atmosphere of Mars: Vertical Transport to the Thermosphere
Authors: Shaposhnikov Dmitry S. , Medvedev Alexander S. , Rodin Alexander V. , Hartogh Paul 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe present results of simulations with the Max Planck Institute Martian general circulation model implementing a hydrological cycle scheme. The simulations reveal a seasonal water “pump” mechanism responsible for the upward transport of water vapor. This mechanism occurs in high latitudes above 60° of the southern hemisphere at perihelion, when the upward branch of the meridional circulation is particularly strong. A combination of the mean vertical flux with variations induced by solar tides facilitates penetration of water across the “bottleneck” at approximately 60 km. The meridional circulation then transports water across the globe to the northern hemisphere. Since the intensity of the meridional cell is tightly controlled by airborne dust, the water abundance in the thermosphere strongly increases during dust storms.
Stress‐Induced Anomalous Transport in Natural Fracture Networks
Authors: Kang Peter K. , Lei Qinghua , Dentz Marco , Juanes Ruben 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe investigate the effects of geological stress on fluid flow and tracer transport in natural fracture networks. We show the emergence of non‐Fickian (anomalous) transport from the interplay among fracture network geometry, aperture heterogeneity, and geological stress. In this study, we extract the fracture network geometry from the geological map of an actual rock outcrop, and we simulate the geomechanical behavior of fractured rock using a hybrid finite‐discrete element method. We analyze the impact of stress on the aperture distribution, fluid flow field, and tracer transport properties. Both stress magnitude and orientation have strong effects on the fracture aperture field, which in turn affects fluid flow and tracer transport through the system. We observe that stress anisotropy may cause significant shear dilation along long, curved fractures that are preferentially oriented to the stress loading. This, in turn, induces preferential flow paths and anomalous early arrival of tracers. An increase in stress magnitude enhances aperture heterogeneity by introducing more small apertures, which exacerbates late‐time tailing. This effect is stronger when there is higher heterogeneity in the initial aperture field. To honor the flow field with strong preferential flow paths, we extend the Bernoulli Continuous Time Random Walk model to incorporate dual velocity correlation length scales. The proposed upscaled transport model captures anomalous transport through stressed fracture networks and agrees quantitatively with the high‐fidelity numerical simulations.
Single cell fluorescence imaging of glycan uptake by intestinal bacteria
Authors: Hehemann Jan-Hendrik , Reintjes Greta , Klassen Leeann , Smith Adam D , Ndeh Didier , Arnosti Carol , Amann Rudolf , Abbott D Wade 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Microbes in the intestines of mammals degrade dietary glycans for energy and growth. The pathways required for polysaccharide utilization are functionally diverse; moreover, they are unequally dispersed between bacterial genomes. Hence, assigning metabolic phenotypes to genotypes remains a challenge in microbiome research. Here we demonstrate that glycan uptake in gut bacteria can be visualized with fluorescent glycan conjugates (FGCs) using epifluorescence microscopy. Yeast α-mannan and rhamnogalacturonan-II, two structurally distinct glycans from the cell walls of yeast and plants, respectively, were fluorescently labeled and fed to Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482. Wild-type cells rapidly consumed the FGCs and became fluorescent; whereas, strains that had deleted pathways for glycan degradation and transport were non-fluorescent. Uptake of FGCs, therefore, is direct evidence of genetic function and provides a direct method to assess specific glycan metabolism in intestinal bacteria at the single cell level.
Enhanced discriminative aversive learning and amygdala responsivity in 5-HT transporter mutant mice
Authors: Lima João , Sharp Trevor , Bannerman David M. , McHugh Stephen B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractGenetic variation in the human serotonin transporter (5-HTT) has been linked to altered fear learning but the data are inconsistent and the mechanism is unclear. The present study investigated conditioned aversive learning in 5-HTT knockout (KO) mice while simultaneously recording neural network activity (theta oscillations) and hemodynamic responses (tissue oxygen delivery) from the amygdala, a brain region necessary for forming fearful memories. Conditioned aversive learning was measured using a discrimination learning task in which one auditory cue was paired with foot-shock, whereas a second auditory cue was not. Compared with wild-type mice, 5-HTTKO mice exhibited faster discrimination learning. This effect was associated with stronger theta frequency oscillations and greater hemodynamic changes in the amygdala in response to both the emotionally relevant cues and the unconditioned foot-shock stimulus. Furthermore, hemodynamic responses to the unconditioned stimulus predicted behavioral discrimination performance the following day. Acute pharmacological 5-HTT blockade in wild-type mice produced a similar effect, to the extent that administration of citalopram during the fear conditioning sessions enhanced fear memory recall. Collectively, our data argue that loss of 5-HTT function enhances amygdala responsivity to aversive events and facilitates learning for emotionally relevant cues.
Small molecule electro-optical binding assay using nanopores
Authors: Cai Shenglin , Sze Jasmine Y. Y. , Ivanov Aleksandar P. , Edel Joshua B. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe identification of short nucleic acids and proteins at the single molecule level is a major driving force for the development of novel detection strategies. Nanopore sensing has been gaining in prominence due to its label-free operation and single molecule sensitivity. However, it remains challenging to detect small molecules selectively. Here we propose to combine the electrical sensing modality of a nanopore with fluorescence-based detection. Selectivity is achieved by grafting either molecular beacons, complementary DNA, or proteins to a DNA molecular carrier. We show that the fraction of synchronised events between the electrical and optical channels, can be used to perform single molecule binding assays without the need to directly label the analyte. Such a strategy can be used to detect targets in complex biological fluids such as human serum and urine. Future optimisation of this technology may enable novel assays for quantitative protein detection as well as gene mutation analysis with applications in next-generation clinical sample analysis.
Therapeutic role of miR-19a/19b in cardiac regeneration and protection from myocardial infarction
Authors: Gao Feng , Kataoka Masaharu , Liu Ning , Liang Tian , Huang Zhan-Peng , Gu Fei , Ding Jian , Liu Jianming , Zhang Feng , Ma Qing , Wang Yingchao , Zhang Mingming , Hu Xiaoyun , Kyselovic Jan , Hu Xinyang , Pu William T. , Wang Jian’an , Chen Jinghai , Wang Da-Zhi 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe primary cause of heart failure is the loss of cardiomyocytes in the diseased adult heart. Previously, we reported that the miR-17-92 cluster plays a key role in cardiomyocyte proliferation. Here, we report that expression of miR-19a/19b, members of the miR-17-92 cluster, is induced in heart failure patients. We show that intra-cardiac injection of miR-19a/19b mimics enhances cardiomyocyte proliferation and stimulates cardiac regeneration in response to myocardial infarction (MI) injury. miR-19a/19b protected the adult heart in two distinctive phases: an early phase immediately after MI and long-term protection. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis demonstrates that genes related to the immune response are repressed by miR-19a/19b. Using an adeno-associated virus approach, we validate that miR-19a/19b reduces MI-induced cardiac damage and protects cardiac function. Finally, we confirm the therapeutic potential of miR-19a/19b in protecting cardiac function by systemically delivering miR-19a/19b into mice post-MI. Our study establishes miR-19a/19b as potential therapeutic targets to treat heart failure.