bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein utilisation by the mammary gland in lactating dairy cows
Authors: Metcalf J A , Beever D E , Sutton J D , Humphries D J 
Published: June 2019

Milk output has been manipulated by dietary methods for many years, however the underlying mechanisms for changes in milk composition are as yet unclear. In an attempt to further understand these mechanisms we have compared the mammary uptake of metabolites on two isoenergetic diets with different protein levels expected to provide different amounts of amino acid to the mammary gland.Early- to mid-lactation Friesian cows were used to examine the effect of increased dietary protein supply on the supply of metabolites to and uptake by the mammary gland in relation to milk protein synthesis. Two barley based concentrates were formulated to contain 20.8 (Cl) or 29.1 (C2) g N/kg DM, using fishmeal (Provimi 66, high UDP) as the supplementary protein and fed with grass silage (28.3 g N/kg DM) at a total dry matter intake of 17 kg/day. In Experiment 1 these diets were fed at 50:50 (concentrate:silage) to four lactating cows fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae in a simple crossover design.
Effect of extrusion and steam flaking of cereals on growth rate and feed utilisation by weaned pigs
Authors: P. B. Lynch  , I. Zoccarato  
Published: June 2019

Heat treated cereals whether steamed and flaked or extruded are widely used in pig starter diets despite the dearth of experimental information to support the view that cooking of cereals improves their utilisation by young pigs or improves growth performance of weaned pigs.McCone et al. (1991) showed that micronisation and flaking of cereals had no beneficial effect on pig performance. The objective in the present trial was to evaluate extruded and steamed-flaked wheat and steamed-flaked maize in diets for pigs immediately after weaning.
The response to thrice-daily milking and its relationship to cisternal storage capacity in dairy cows
Authors: Dewhurst R.J. , Knight C.H. 
Published: June 2019

Recently there has been increased interest in the effects of changing the milking frequency of dairy cows because of the possibilities of either increased milking frequency, through the use of robot-milkers or of once-daily milking as a part of a programme of extensification. Archer (1983), reviewing the literature and data from herds monitored by Farm Management Services, found milk yield responses on changing from twice- to thrice-daily milking from -0.14 to +0.49. These differences represent large between-animal differences in responses to thrice-daily milking and there is a need to identify sources of this variation.Milk is stored in the udder in both the cistern and the secretory alveolar tissue itself. Since milk contains a protein which is inhibitory to secretion, storage within the secretory tissue is disadvantageous and reduces the efficiency of secretory tissue. Work at the Hannah Research Institute has shown that the effect of the inhibitor can be overcome by milking more frequently and that the response to thrice-daily milking of goats was greater with animals having smaller cisterns.
Conceptus development following blastocyst transfer to ewes induced to ovulate at 28 days post-partum
Authors: Wallace J.M. , Aitken R.P. , Cheyne M.A. 
Published: June 2019

The use of laparoscopic intrauterine insemination to deposit semen directly into the tip of the uterine horn thus bypassing the involuting uterus ensures fertilization in ewes induced to ovulate at 3 to 5 weeks post-partum. Acceptable pregnancy rates are achieved if embryos from post-partum donors are transferred to a normal uterine environment (60%; Wallace, Robinson & Aitken, 1989a) but embryos rarely survive when transferred or returned to a post-partum uterus (0-25%; Wallace, Robinson & Aitken, 1989b; McKelvey, Wallace, Robinson & Aitken, 1989). Furthermore, when conceptus development was assessed at Day 16 after insemination only a small sub-set of post-partum ewes remained pregnant, suggesting that any defect in the maternal/embryonic dialogue which may inhibit the re-establishment of pregnancy in post-partum ewes occurs prior to this stage (Wallace, Ashworth, Aitken & Cheyne, 1991).In the current study a novel blastocyst transfer procedure was developed to test whether the post-partum uterus can support conceptus development during the period of rapid growth coincident with the maternal recognition of pregnancy.
The effect of two feeding patterns on performance of bred doe kids in late pregnancy
Authors: Scanlan S , Roger L C 
Published: June 2019

Breeding does at an early age can accelerate genetic progress in a breeding programme. However there is little information on the management and nutrition of bred doe kids. This trial investigated flat rate and stepped rate allocations of energy during the last 9 weeks pre-kidding and the effects of these treatments on the subsequent performance of both does and kids.In December 1990 42 first and second cross cashmere doe kids were selected for breeding on the basis of liveweight (minimum 18.5 kg) and housed until kidding in early May. Two 3 year old New Zealand bucks were run with them for 4 weeks. A complete diet, consisting of grass nuts and maize gluten was fed during the housing period.
Body composition and performance of autumn-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows during lactation: chemical composition of the body
Authors: Gibb M.J. , Ivings W.E. , Sutton J.D. 
Published: June 2019

One of the major limitations in nutritional studies of lactation in dairy cows is the unknown contribution of body tissues to the energy status of the animal. Both fat and protein are thought to be mobilised in early lactation (Bauman and Elliot, 1983) when nutrient intake is insufficient to meet the demands for energy and amino acids. The present experiment investigates the effects of diet on changes in weights of chemically determined fat and crude protein (CP) in the carcass and non-carcass fractions over the first 29 weeks of lactation.Body composition was measured by serial slaughter of autumn-calving dairy cows offered grass silage (206 g CP and 18.56 MJ GE per kg DM)ad libitumand 3(L), 6(M) or 9(H) kg DM/day of concentrate (206 g CP/kg DM)(Sutton, Aston, Beever and Fisher, 1992). Cows with post-calving live weights between 500 and 700 kg and previous lactation yields between 5000 and 7000 litres were used, and were blocked for parity and expected calving date before allocation across treatments and slaughter times. Six cows were slaughtered at 2 to 4 dayspost partum(week 0), and two from each treatment (one 2nd, and one 3rd or 4th parity) at 2, 5, 8, 11,14,19, 24 or 29weeks post partum.After slaughter the right half carcass and all other non-carcass components were frozen and minced before chemical analysis for fat, CP, ash and water. All weights were adjusted by covariance for live weightpost partumand parity. Energy content was calculated assuming values of 39.19 and 23.23 MJ/kg for fat and CP respectively.
Relationship between cisternal storage capacity and tolerance of once-daily milking in dairy cows
Authors: Knight Christopher H. , Dewhurst Richard J. 
Published: June 2019

Once-daily milking reduces fixed costs, may be used strategically as a quota-management tool and could become the production system of choice in a programme of extensification. However, milk secretion is reduced during once-daily milking, through the action of an autocrine feedback inhibitor. This natural milk protein is active in milk stored within the secretory tissue, but not in cisternal milk (since it is then remote from its site of action). Consequently, large-cisterned cows should tolerate infrequent milking better than those with small cisterns, by virtue of storing a greater proportion of their milk in a site where the inhibitor is inactive. The aim of this experiment was to test this hypothesis.A group of 9 multiparous and 2 primiparous Friesian-Holstein cows from the Hannah herd calving in March and April 1991 were selected for study. All had been free of clinical mastitis during the current lactation. Throughout the experiment the group were managed routinely at grass as part of the main herd, and were fed a flat rate of 2.4 kg/d of an 18% protein concentrate feed. Normal milking was twice daily at 15:9 h intervals, and yield was recorded at each milking.
The fat soluble vitamin and fatty acid composition of colostrum, milk and fatty composition of erythrocyte membranes in calves supplemented with vitamin E and linoleic acid
Authors: Scaife J R , Khombe Mabel , Paton Fiona , Acamovic T , MacDonald D C 
Published: June 2019

Colostrum and milk contain a number of important components such as immunoglobulins, fat soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids which have a marked influence on the health and welfare of the neonatal calf. The requirement of the neonatal calf for vitamin E is partly dependent on the dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Harris and Embree (1963) recommended that the ratio of vitamin E to linoleic acid (mg/g) should be between 1.5 to 2.5. Vitamin E is required to provide protection against peroxidative damage to the unsaturated fatty acids of plasma and membrane lipids and has been shown to play an important role in the development and maintenance of the immune system (Machlin and Bendich, 1987; Bendich, 1989). A study was conducted to examine the ratio of vit E to C18:2 in colostrum and milk and to investigate the effects of different dietary ratios of vit E to C18:2 erythrocyte membrane lipid composition.Twelve Hereford x Friesian cows were used in this experiment. Seventeen calves born to these cows, five sets of twins and seven singles, were randomly allocated to four treatment groups as follows. Group A -untreated controls; groups B and C - supplemented with different levels of vitamin E; group D -supplemented with vitamin E and C18:2.
The Effect of Lameness on Milk Production in Friesian-Holstein Cows
Authors: Merritt J.B. , Manson F.J. , Russell W.B. , Downham D.Y. 
Published: June 2019

In a recent study carried out over three years, on a commercial Cheshire dairy herd, 86% of animals were found to be lame at some time. This level of disease is considerably higher than has been reported, (Rowlands, Russell and Williams, 1983; Dohoo, Martin, Meek and Sandals, 1983) and may have important economic implications.Lameness has been associated with reduced 305 day yields (Rowlands and Lucey, 1986), lower than average lifetime yield (Cobo Abreu, Martin, Wiiloughby and Stone, 1979), lower yields in early lactation (Enevoldson and Grohn, 1991), and a reduction in percentage milk protein (Bigras-Poulin, Meek and Martin, 1990).
From where do dairy farmers get their information?
Authors: Shimoda T. , Heine M.H. , Woodhouse R.C. , Rowlinson P. 
Published: June 2019

Dairy Farmers receive information from the whole range of the sector relating to the dairying industry, whether they actively seek information or not. The survey carried out attempted to identify British farmers’ perception of the information sources of greatest value to them. This survey was limited to a sample of dairy farmers in England and Wales.A postal survey was conducted with questionnaires being sent to 306 dairy farmers selected from the Public Register of the Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales. The sample size was 1.0% of registered dairy farmers from each of the eleven MMB regions. The questionnaire was in six parts. The first contained three questions on the farm itself (i.e. the MMB region, breed of cow, herd size). The remaining parts concerned five categories of potential information sources. These were: (1) hard copy (i.e. printed) publications from official or semi-official bodies, firms which provided agrochemicals, feedstuffs, machinery etc and their sales agencies, and the farming press; (2) broadcasting services on the radio and TV; (3) databases services from database producers or viewdata/teletext; (4) individual contacts which were precoded as MAFF/ADAS advisers, the MMB/Genus consultants, private consultants, other farmers, agrochemicals/fertilsers suppliers, feedstuffs suppliers, pharmaceutical suppliers, machinery suppliers and veterinary surgeons; and (5) other institutions which identified such remaining sources as educational institutes, research institutes, information centres, public libraries, and farming organisations.
The effect of formaldehyde and formic acid as silage additives on the ruminal degradation of a grass-legume silage
Authors: Lopez S. , Carro M.D. , Carpintero C. , Gonzalez J.S. 
Published: June 2019

One of the main problem of preserving forages by ensiling is the high proportion of non-protein N of the silage as a consequence of the proteolitic action of plant enzymes and the consequent poor utilization of N by the ruminant.Several procedures have been developed with the aim of reduce this protein breakdown but these methods could reduce the ammount of N available for tie rumen microbes and the N digestibility in the post-runinal tract. This study was set up to determine the rumen degradation characteristics of silages treated wit different additives.Three silages were lade from the 3rd cut of a grass-legune mixture sward in 1 t capacity silos. The herbages were treated with either no additive (C), formic acid (4 1 of a solution of 85% foric acid/t of grass) (F) or fonaldehyde (4.9 g fonaldehyde/100 g grass CP) (FA).
The effect of an additive on the aerobic stability and subsequent intake of grass silages
Authors: Davies O D 
Published: June 2019

A major difficulty in producing detailed rations for ruminants, where grass silage is offered ad libitum lies in the accurate prediction of silage intake. It is well documented that ammonia and increased levels of acetic, butyric, caproic and valeric acids in grass silages have negative effects on intake, whilst increased organic matter digestibility has a positive effect. (Gill, Book and Thiago, 1988). A laboratory assessment of silage fermentation characteristics is usually determined from freshly cored samples. Depending on the stability of the silage, and the feeding method, results of such assessments may not be indicative of the silage on offer to stock.A laboratory method of determining the aerobic stability of silage has been developed by ADAS at Slough Laboratories between 1988 and 1990, (Brooks 1990).
The effect of haulage distance oh the performance and welfare of beef bulls and the eating quality of beef
Authors: Sinclair K D , Jessiman C , Clark A M 
Published: June 2019

Previous studies in this area have tended to concentrate on the effects of short haulage distances on the behavioural patterns of bulls (Kenny and Tarrant, 1987) and the incidence of dark cutting beef following pre slaughter mixing (Price and Tennessen, 1981). To date, the current authors are unaware of any study which has been conducted to evaluate the effects of haulage distance and sex on the welfare of beef cattle and the eating quality of beef. As part of a much larger recording scheme such a study was conducted with 96 young continental cross beef bulls and 8 continental cross beef steers.50 beef bulls and 8 beef steers from similar farms were subjected to a road journey of some 250 miles lasting about 480 minutes to an abattoir near Aberdeen. A further 46 beef bulls, which had originally come from similar farms to those outlined above, were subjected to an average road journey of 10 miles to the same abattoir, this journey lasting approximately 20 minutes.
Effect of GnRH pulse infusion on LH profiles and ovarian follicle populations at 7 weeks post-partum in beef cows in different body conditions
Authors: Pinto Andrade L. , Rhind S.M. , Wright L.A. , McMillen S.R. , Whyte T.K. 
Published: June 2019

Previous studies have indicated that low body condition (LBC) at calving increases the duration of the postpartum anoestrous period in suckling beef cows (Henricks et al 1986; Wright et al 1987). The results of recent experiments also suggest that animals in LBC have a reduced incidence of LH pulses (Wright et al 1990) which is associated with a reduction in the incidence of large, oestrogenic, potentially ovulatory ovarian follicles (Prado et al 1990).An experiment was designed to determine a) whether or not the normal process of follicular development can be accelerated in LBC cows by infusion of pulses of GnRH, so that their postpartum anoestrous period was as short as that of cows in HBC and b) the effect of GnRH pulse infusions on associated gonadotropin profiles.
Effect of urea on the rumen digestion in sheep of straw and grain fractions from whole crop wheat
Authors: Givens D I , Moss A R , Adamson A H , Reeve A 
Published: June 2019

There has been Increased Interest 1n the making and feeding of whole-crop wheat (WCW) 1n recent years. WCW provides an alternative source of forage to grass silage, higher dry matter (DM) yields than grass and an alternative means of straw disposal. Conservation is often based on the Incorporation of urea which is hydrolysed to ammonia which preserves the crop without the losses associated with fermentation. Ørskov et al (19B3) have shown that urea applied to whole crop barley and oats at 60gkg-1 DM produced adequate crop preservation. Since WCW is essentially a two component diet consisting of cell wall-rich straw and starch-rich grains, it is essential to understand the digestion characteristics of each. In addition, since urea has been extensively used to upgrade straws (eg Jayasurlya and Pearce, 1983; Williams et al, 1984) any upgrading effect of urea on WCW needs confirming.
The effect of yeast and distillery by-products on the fermentation in the rumen simulation technique (rusitec)
Authors: Newbold C.J. , Wallace R.J. 
Published: June 2019

The practice of adding low levels of non-commensal yeast and fungi to ruminant diets is increasingly gaining acceptance as a means of manipulating rumen fermentation to benefit production. Reported benefits include an increased degradability of forages in the rumen and an improved flow of microbial protein from the rumen (Williams and Newbold, 1990).Distillery by-products, such as pot ale syrup, are commonly included in ruminant diets as an energy source. However, pot ale syrup contains a substantial number of yeast cells. The aim of the present study was to establish if different yeasts and yeast-containing by-products had similar effects on rumen fermentation to those found with a commercial yeast culture feed additive.Two commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae preparations (Alkosel, Alko Biotechnology, Finland and Yea-sacc, Alltech, UK), active dried baker's yeast (United Distillers, UK) and two pot ale syrups from the Inchgower and Dailuaine distilleries were compared for their effects on the fermentation in the rumen simulation technique (Rusitec).
Effects of yeast culture on rumen fermentation and liveweight gain in bulls fed isonitrogenous diets of barley/urea or barley/soya
Authors: Elhassan S.M. , Wallace R.J. , Newbold C.J. , Chen X.B. , Edwards I.E. , Topps J.H. 
Published: June 2019

Yeast culture (YC) based on Saccharomyces cerevisiae is gaining increasing acceptance as a feed additive for ruminants. Production responses to YC have been reported in growing and lactating animals. It has been suggested that these responses are at least partly due to enhanced microbial growth in and microbial nitrogen flow from the rumen (Williams and Newbold, 1990). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of YC on rumen fermentation, microbial growth and liveweight gain in bulls fed isonitrogenous diets containing either urea or soya.Thirty two Limousin cross Friesian bulls (liveweight 344 kg) were allocated to treatments on the basis of previous growth rate and initial liveweight. Animals received mixed diets of barley/urea (92% rolled barley, 5% cane molasses, 1.5% urea and 1.5% minerals/vitamin mix) or barley/soya (86.75% rolled barley, 5% cane molasses, 0.75% urea, 6% soyabean meal and 1.5% minerals/vitamin mix) plus or minus 1.5 kg/ tonne YC (Yea-sacc1026 , Alltech, UK) (Table 1). YC was added to the diet prior to mixing. All rations were offered ad libitum twice daily until slaughter (460 kg). Rumen fluid samples were withdrawn by stomach tube 5 and 10 weeks after the beginning of the trial. The outflow of microbial nitrogen from the rumen was estimated from the appearance of purine derivatives in the urine as described previously (Chen et al., 1990).
Rumen microbial protein supply to sheep given diets containing either urea or casein as the main N source
Authors: Chen X. B. , Gu C. X. , Zhang W. X. , Ørskov E. R. 
Published: June 2019

The ability of rumen microbes to synthesize protein from ammonia-N enables the use of non-protein-N as a N source in ruminant diets. The strategy for feed formulation therefore would be to meet the microbial N requirement with a cheap N source (such as urea) and to increase the proportion of dietary protein for use directly by the host animal. There has been some indication that the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis could be higher if protein N is provided (Stock, Klopfenstein, Brink, Britton and Harmon, 1986). The objective of this experiment was to compare the use of urea and casein as a source of rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN) for the production of microbial protein in sheep.Five male Blackface x Suffolk lambs (33-42 kg live weight) fitted with rumen cannula were used. The animals were fed a restricted amount (721 g DM/day) of a low-N basal diet with or without supplementation with either urea or casein.
Effects of final cooking temperature on the eating quality of pork loin steaks
Authors: Wood J.D. , Nute G.R. , Fursey G.A.J. , Cuthbertson A. 
Published: June 2019

Research conducted during the last few years shows that several factors affect the eating quality of pork and that it is possible to obtain good eating quality at low levels of fat in the carcass (ie. P2 ˂ 10mm). A Blueprint approach to meat quality improvement can be taken by combining appropriate genetic, nutritional, animal welfare and meat processing inputs.It is widely believed that care taken during cooking is important if the full benefit of the improved practices is to be realised. However there is little objective research on which to base recommendations. This study set out to examine the effects of cooking temperature on grilled loin steaks, a popular product although vulnerable to cooking abuse.
The effect of the energy amd protein content of a strawmix supplement on the milk production and bloat incidence of cows grazing a high clover pasture
Authors: Phillips C.J.C. , James N.L. 
Published: June 2019

A mixed perennial ryegrass and white clover sward must be grazed to a short height to encourage clover growth. If high milk output is expected a supplement must be offered. A straw and concentrate mix (strawmix) utilizes surplus straw and enables nutrient intake to be controlled. Forage supplements also reduce the risk of bloat. In this experiment strawmix supplements of varying energy and protein content were compared.Twenty Friesian dairy cows were allocated to a Latin Square design with five treatments: no supplement N, or pasture supplements of high or low energy (E and e) and high or low protein (P or p) in a factorial design (Table 1). Energy and protein contents were manipulated by changing the concentration of molasses and soyabean meal respectively.