bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated language essay scoring systems: a literature review
Authors: Hussein Mohamed Abdellatif , Hassan Hesham , Nassef Mohammad 
Published: August 2019

Background
Writing composition is a significant factor for measuring test-takers’ ability in any language exam. However, the assessment (scoring) of these writing compositions or essays is a very challenging process in terms of reliability and time. The need for objective and quick scores has raised the need for a computer system that can automatically grade essay questions targeting specific prompts. Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems are used to overcome the challenges of scoring writing tasks by using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature for the AES systems used for grading the essay questions.

Methodology
We have reviewed the existing literature using Google Scholar, EBSCO and ERIC to search for the terms “AES”, “Automated Essay Scoring”, “Automated Essay Grading”, or “Automatic Essay” for essays written in English language. Two categories have been identified: handcrafted features and automatically featured AES systems. The systems of the former category are closely bonded to the quality of the designed features. On the other hand, the systems of the latter category are based on the automatic learning of the features and relations between an essay and its score without any handcrafted features. We reviewed the systems of the two categories in terms of system primary focus, technique(s) used in the system, the need for training data, instructional application (feedback system), and the correlation between e-scores and human scores. The paper includes three main sections. First, we present a structured literature review of the available Handcrafted Features AES systems. Second, we present a structured literature review of the available Automatic Featuring AES systems. Finally, we draw a set of discussions and conclusions.

Results
AES models have been found to utilize a broad range of manually-tuned shallow and deep linguistic features. AES systems have many strengths in reducing labor-intensive marking activities, ensuring a consistent application of scoring criteria, and ensuring the objectivity of scoring. Although many techniques have been implemented to improve the AES systems, three primary challenges have been identified. The challenges are lacking of the sense of the rater as a person, the potential that the systems can be deceived into giving a lower or higher score to an essay than it deserves, and the limited ability to assess the creativity of the ideas and propositions and evaluate their practicality. Many techniques have only been used to address the first two challenges.
Variability and Functionalities of Salts Used in Traditional African Food Preparations
Authors: Ngoualem Franklin K. , Nguimbou Richard M. , Ndjouenkeu Robert 
Published: August 2019

Aims: Determine the variability and usages of Traditional Alkaline Salts (TAS) used in Africa, specifically in Cameroon.
Place and Duration of the Study: This study was done in different agro-ecological areas of Cameroon between January and August 2015.
Methodology: Individual interviews of women (204) found in markets of different Agro-ecological areas of Cameroon (Sudano-sahelian, high Guinea savannah, Western highlands and Humid forest) by using a semi-structured questionnaire.
Results: Traditional Alkaline Salts used in Cameroon are rocks (Lakes’ deposits) and plant-based salts (plant-based ashes, their solutions, their filtrates and evaporites of these filtrates). They are mainly used in food preparations, but also as drugs (rocks only). They are used in food preparations as technological auxiliary (preservatives, emulsifiers, taste improvers, color improvers/maintainers, texture improvers/modifiers) and for biological functionalities (avoidance of stomach distending and stomach cleaning of breastfeeding women).
Conclusion: Diversity of TAS, their functionalities, frequency and level of use, raise up research issues on their chemical composition, the mechanism involved in their properties, their stability and their toxicology risk.
Software Reliability Assurance in Practice
Authors: Mijumbi Rashid , Okumoto Kazu , Asthana Abhaya 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe increasing importance and complexity of software in communications systems necessitates an evolution in software reliability assurance practices. In this article, we discuss the past of software reliability growth modeling (SRGM) – an essential component of software reliability assurance – so as to motivate the need for an automated, dynamic, and cloud‐based approach for SRGM. We then propose an exponential model‐based algorithm for predicting software defects in late phases of software development. Moreover, we also propose an early defect prediction model (eDPM), which can be used during early stages of software development when traditional methods are not as accurate. We also discuss how these two methods can be integrated to result into an enhanced SRGM model. Finally, we also discuss a number of steps that can be followed to identify and quantify improvement actions to assure the delivery of reliable software. Throughout the article, we use examples from real, large‐scale telecommunications software projects to illustrate the implications and accuracy of the presented algorithms.
Metamaterial Lenses
Authors: Yin Jia Yuan , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLenses, among the most significant components used in manipulating electromagnetic (EM) waves, have undergone rapid development with the application of metamaterials, yielding new metamaterial lenses. Metamaterial lenses exhibit unique properties not shown by conventional lenses. Different types of metamaterial lenses are reviewed in this article, and for a better understanding, some typical examples are discussed.
Room‐Temperature Micropillar Growth of Lithium–Titanate–Carbon Composite Structures by Self‐Biased Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering for Lithium Ion Microbatteries
Authors: Etula Jarkko , Lahtinen Katja , Wester Niklas , Iyer Ajai , Arstila Kai , Sajavaara Timo , Kallio Tanja , Helmersson Ulf , Koskinen Jari 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHere, an unidentified type of micropillar growth is described at room temperature during conventional direct‐current magnetron sputtering (DC‐MS) deposition from a Li4Ti5O12+graphite sputter target under negative substrate bias and high operating pressure. These fabricated carbon–Li2O–TiO2 microstructures consisting of various Li4Ti5O12/Li2TiO3/Lix
TiO2 crystalline phases are demonstrated as an anode material in Li‐ion microbatteries. The described micropillar fabrication method is a low‐cost, substrate independent, single‐step, room‐temperature vacuum process utilizing a mature industrial complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible technology. Furthermore, tentative consideration is given to the effects of selected deposition parameters and the growth process, as based on extensive physical and chemical characterization. Additional studies are, however, required to understand the exact processes and interactions that form the micropillars. If this facile method is further extended to other similar metal oxide–carbon systems, it could offer alternative low‐cost fabrication routes for microporous high‐surface area materials in electrochemistry and microelectronics.
Soft‐Nanoparticle Functionalization of Natural Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Elkhoury Kamil , Russell Carina S. , Sanchez‐Gonzalez Laura , Mostafavi Azadeh , Williams Tyrell J. , Kahn Cyril , Peppas Nicholas A. , Arab‐Tehrany Elmira , Tamayol Ali 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTissue engineering has emerged as an important research area that provides numerous research tools for the fabrication of biologically functional constructs that can be used in drug discovery, disease modeling, and the treatment of diseased or injured organs. From a materials point of view, scaffolds have become an important part of tissue engineering activities and are usually used to form an environment supporting cellular growth, differentiation, and maturation. Among various materials used as scaffolds, hydrogels based on natural polymers are considered one of the most suitable groups of materials for creating tissue engineering scaffolds. Natural hydrogels, however, do not always provide the physicochemical and biological characteristics and properties required for optimal cell growth. This review discusses the properties and tissue engineering applications of widely used natural hydrogels. In addition, methods of modulation of their physicochemical and biological properties using soft nanoparticles as fillers or reinforcing agents are presented.
Fabrication Techniques for Vascular and Vascularized Tissue Engineering
Authors: Wang Ziyu , Mithieux Suzanne M. , Weiss Anthony S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractImpaired or damaged blood vessels can occur at all levels in the hierarchy of vascular systems from large vasculatures such as arteries and veins to meso‐ and microvasculatures such as arterioles, venules, and capillary networks. Vascular tissue engineering has become a promising approach for fabricating small‐diameter vascular grafts for occlusive arteries. Vascularized tissue engineering aims to fabricate meso‐ and microvasculatures for the prevascularization of engineered tissues and organs. The ideal small‐diameter vascular graft is biocompatible, bridgeable, and mechanically robust to maintain patency while promoting tissue remodeling. The desirable fabricated meso‐ and microvasculatures should rapidly integrate with the host blood vessels and allow nutrient and waste exchange throughout the construct after implantation. A number of techniques used, including engineering‐based and cell‐based approaches, to fabricate these synthetic vasculatures are herein explored, as well as the techniques developed to fabricate hierarchical structures that comprise multiple levels of vasculature.
A Novel Icephobic Strategy: The Fabrication of Biomimetic Coupling Micropatterns of Superwetting Surface
Authors: Li Xinlin , Wang Guoyong , Zhan Bin , Li Shuyi , Han Zhiwu , Liu Yan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis work proposes a biphilic icephobic surface by combining the top‐down and bottom‐up methods. It is found that the impacting droplet on biphilic surface is divided into several parts during the recoiling process, which can significantly reduce the drop contact time before freezing. The anti‐icing test of the biphilic surface in the simulated environment also proves its excellent icephobic capacity. At one aspect, the freezing delay time on biphilic surface is positively correlated with the pillar diameters and negatively correlates with the distance of adjacent pillars. At another aspect, the stress concentrator at the edge between the superhydrophobic area and superhydrophilic area results in the dramatic reduction of ice adhesion strengths. In the real environment test, substantial particle ice is found on the biphilic surface. Different from the glaze ice and rime ice, the particle ice has a smaller contact area with the surface and is easier to be removed. Furthermore, the as‐prepared biphilic surface possesses good mechanical robustness and a long lifespan in the cyclic icing/melting test. It is shown that the new class of nonwetting surfaces presented here can be useful for anti/deicing applications in the future.
Mechanically Robust and Highly Flexible Nonvolatile Charge‐Trap Memory Transistors Using Conducting‐Polymer Electrodes and Oxide Semiconductors on Ultrathin Polyimide Film Substrates
Authors: Yang Ji‐Hee , Kim Do‐Kyun , Yoon Myung‐Han , Kim Gi‐Heon , Yoon Sung‐Min 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFlexible charge‐trap memory thin‐film transistors (CTM‐TFTs) are fabricated and characterized for next‐generation highly functional consumer electronics. Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and 1.2‐µm‐thick polyimide (PI) films are introduced as source/drain electrodes and plastic substrates, respectively, to realize highly flexible CTM‐TFTs with conducting polymers. A uniquely structured sacrificial layer is suggested for the lithography‐compatible transfer and patterning processes of PEDOT:PSS on inorganic Al2O3 barrier layers are prepared on the PI substrates. The CTM‐TFTs show significantly improved device performance compared with those of the previous proto‐type devices, including a memory window (MW) of 16.8 V and program speed of 100 µs at a program pulse amplitude of ±20 V. Furthermore, the MWs and on/off current ratio do not shown remarkable degradation, and total variations within a range of less than 7.5% are observed even under harsh bending strains with a curvature radius of 1 mm. Additionally, the mechanical robustness of the fabricated CTM‐TFTs is quantitatively discussed based on the contributions of the conducting polymer electrode and the ultrathin PI film to further improve device performance of the flexible CTM‐TFTs.
Direct Light‐Writing of Nanoparticle‐Based Metallo‐Dielectric Optical Waveguide Arrays Over Silicon Solar Cells for Wide‐Angle Light Collecting Modules
Authors: Biria Saeid , Wilhelm Thomas S. , Mohseni Parsian K. , Hosein Ian D. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHere presented are the properties and performance of a new metallo‐dielectric waveguide array structure as the encapsulation material for silicon solar cells. The arrays are produced through light‐induced self‐writing combined with in situ photochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Each waveguide comprises a cylindrical core consisting of a high refractive index polymer and silver nanoparticles homogenously dispersed in its medium, all of which are surrounded by a low refractive index common cladding. The waveguide array‐based films are processed directly over a silicon solar cell. Arrays with systematically varied concentration of AgSbF6 as the salt precursor are explored. The structures are tested for their wide‐angle light capture capabilities, specifically toward enhanced conversion efficiency and current production of encapsulated solar cells. Observed are increases in the external quantum efficiency, especially at wide incident angles up to 70°, and nominal increases in the short circuit current density by 1 mA cm−2 (relative to an array without nanoparticles). Enhanced light collection is explained in terms of the beneficial effect of scattering by the nanoparticles along the waveguide cores. This is a promising approach toward solar cell encapsulants that aid to increase solar cell output over both the course of the day and year.
Recent Advances on Activatable NIR‐II Fluorescence Probes for Biomedical Imaging
Authors: Tang Yufu , Pei Feng , Lu Xiaomei , Fan Quli , Huang Wei 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNewly emerging fluorescence imaging in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) permits visualization of deep anatomical features with unprecedented spatial resolution due to its minimized autofluorescence, optical scattering and absorption of tissue, and increased applicable power at longer wavelengths than the traditional NIR (NIR‐I, 650–900 nm) fluorescence imaging. Compared with “always‐on” NIR‐II fluorescence probes, activatable NIR‐II fluorescence probes that can change their fluorescence signals by pathologic parameters stimuli, hold great promise for providing high target‐to‐background ratio, significantly improving specificity and sensitivity of early disease detection. Additionally, such probes provide an excellent opportunity to understand the underlying pathological mechanism at the molecular level in order to optimize therapeutic interventions. Here, the recent advances in the development of activatable NIR‐II fluorescence probes for bioimaging and biosensing are reviewed. The photochemical design mechanisms and biomedical applications of these probes are described in detail. Moreover, the present challenges to completely exhibit the potential of activatable NIR‐II fluorescence probes for optical theranostics in life science are also discussed. Finally, the future perspective is further analyzed.
Electrochemical Oxidative C−H Sulfonylation of Anilines
Authors: Lu Fangling , Li Jun , Wang Tao , Li Zhen , Jiang Minbao , Hu Xingxing , Pei Hongqiao , Yuan Feng , Lu Lijun , Lei Aiwen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAn electrochemical oxidative C−H sulfonylation of anilines without a metal catalyst and an external oxidant has been developed. Various sodium sulfinates are compatible, generating the desired products in up to 96% yield. Preliminary mechanism studies suggest that a radical cross‐coupling process is involved in this transformation.
Interleukin‐17A potentiates interleukin‐13‒induced eotaxin‐3 production by human nasal epithelial cells from patients with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Wang Wei Wei , Zhu Kai , Yu Hong Wei , Pan Yong Liang 
Published: August 2019

BackgroundInterleukin (IL)‐17A is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR). Increased expression of IL‐17A is correlated with disease severity and nasal eosinophilia. However, the molecular mechanisms by which IL‐17A contributes to T‐helper 2 cytokine IL‐13‒driven pathology in AR remain unclear. We sought to obtain mechanistic insight into how IL‐17A and IL‐13 regulate the epithelial production of eotaxin‐3 representing eosinophilic inflammation in AR.MethodsHuman nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) from AR patients were cultured and stimulated with IL‐17A, IL‐13, or IL‐17A and IL‐13. Phosphorylated signal transducer activator of transcription 6 (p‐STAT6) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in HNECs were assayed using Western blotting. Immunocytochemistry was used to determine p‐STAT6‒positive expression in the cells. Eotaxin‐3 expression in the cells and culture supernatants was evaluated using real‐time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsStimulation with IL‐13 alone induced STAT6 phosphorylation and promoted p‐STAT6 nuclear translocation, leading to eotaxin‐3 production by HNECs. These effects were further enhanced by cotreatment with IL‐13 and IL‐17A, whereas IL‐17A alone had no impact on STAT6 or eotaxin‐3 expression. Incubation with IL‐17A or IL‐13 increased the level of SOCS1 protein in the cells, whereas the addition of IL‐17A attenuated IL‐13‒induced SOCS1 expression.ConclusionIL‐17A potentiated IL‐13‒driven STAT6 activation through the downregulation of SOCS1 expression, leading to enhancement of eotaxin‐3 production by HNECs. These factors contributed to eosinophilic inflammation in AR.
A Flame‐Reaction Method for the Large‐Scale Synthesis of High‐Performance SmxCoy Nanomagnets
Authors: Ma Zhenhui , Tian Hui , Cong Liying , Wu Qiong , Yue Ming , Sun Shouheng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe report a flame‐reaction method to synthesize high‐performance SmxCoy (x=1, y=5; x=2, y=17) particles on a multigram scale. This flame reaction allows the controlled decomposition of Sm(NO3)3 and Co(NO3)2 to 320 nm SmCo‐O (SmCoO3 + Co3O4) particles. A 5.8 g sample of SmCo3.8‐O particles was coated with CaO and then reduced at 900 °C by Ca to give 4.2 g of 260 nm SmCo5 particles. The SmCo5 particles are strongly ferromagnetic and the aligned particles in epoxy resin exhibit a large room‐temperature coercivity (Hc) of 41.8 kOe and giant (BH)max (maximum magnetic energy product) of 19.6 MGOe, the highest value ever reported for SmCo5 made by chemical methods. This synthesis can be extended to synthesize Sm2Co17 particles, providing a general approach to scaling up the synthesis of high‐performance SmxCoy nanomagnets for permanent magnet applications.
Influence of phosphorous‐based flame retardants on the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled PC/ABS copolymer blends
Authors: Pogorelčnik Barbara , Pulko Irena , Wilhelm Thomas , Žigon Majda 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTThe effects of three commercial aryl phosphate flame retardants (FRs; bisphenol A bis(diphenyl diphosphate) [BDP], triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and a proprietary oligomeric phosphate ester (OPE)) and a compatibilizer (methacrylate‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer [MBS]) on the thermal and mechanical properties of FR‐recycled PC/acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (r‐PC/r‐ABS) blends are investigated. The addition of FRs to r‐PC/r‐ABS blends increases the storage, tensile, and flexural moduli, indicating a reinforcing effect. However, at elevated temperatures, FRs reduce the glass transition temperature and act as plasticizers. The thermal stability of r‐PC/r‐ABS/FR blends at 10% mass loss increases in the following order: r‐PC/r‐ABS/TPP < r‐PC/r‐ABS/BDP < r‐PC/r‐ABS/OPE < r‐PC/r‐ABS/OPE/MBS. Kinetics of thermal decomposition of the FR r‐PC/r‐ABS blends is studied calculating the thermal decomposition activation energies by the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method. Scanning electron microscopy shows that r‐PC/r‐ABS/OPE blend is only partly miscible, while homogeneous structure is formed in the r‐PC/r‐ABS/OPE/MBS blend, which is supported by its good mechanical and thermal properties. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48377.
Updated abundance estimates for common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting West Bay, Texas
Authors: Litz Jenny A. , Ronje Errol I. , Whitehead Heidi R. , Garrison Lance P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

West Bay is located along the south‐west portion of Galveston Bay, Texas, and has been delimited as a bay, sound, and estuary (BSE) common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) stock area under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. The most recent abundance estimate available for the West Bay BSE stock is from 2001 and is considered outdated for management purposes.
This study provides an updated abundance estimate using photo‐identification capture‐mark‐recapture (CMR) data collected from West Bay during the winter of 2014 and summer of 2015. The CMR data were analysed using both Pollock's robust design models and Poisson‐log normal mark‐resight models.
Differences between the model types are discussed, and the abundance estimates derived from the mark‐resight models are recommended for management use (50.63 [unconditional SE 2.23] in the winter and 44.36 [unconditional SE 1.18] in the summer).
Whereas the updated abundance estimates are higher than the previously reported estimates, which varied between 28 and 38, they still indicate that West Bay supports a small population of bottlenose dolphins. As a result, the West Bay BSE stock should be closely monitored for impacts, particularly those related to human caused stressors.