bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particle Acceleration and Synchrotron Self-Compton Emission in Blazar Jets. I. An Application to Quiescent Emission
Authors: Zheng Y. G. , Kang S. J. , Yang C. Y. , Bai J. M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
There are still some important unanswered questions about the detailed particle acceleration and escape occurring during quiescent epochs. As a result, the particle distribution that is adopted in the blazar quiescent spectral model has numerous unconstrained shapes. To help remedy this problem, we introduce an analytical particle transport model to reproduce the quiescent broadband spectral energy distribution of blazars. In this model, the exact electron distribution is solved from a generalized transport equation that contains the terms describing the first-order and second-order Fermi acceleration, the escape of particles due to both advection and spatial diffusion, and energy losses due to synchrotron emission and inverse-Compton scattering of an assumed soft photon field. We suggest that advection is a significant escape mechanism in blazar jets. We find that in our model, the advection process tends to harden the particle distribution, which enhances the high-energy components of the resulting synchrotron and synchrotron self-Compton spectra from the jets. Our model is able to roughly reproduce the observed spectra of the extreme BL Lac object 1ES 0414+009 with reasonable assumptions about the physical parameters.
Anchor Point of Electron Acceleration around Dipolarization Fronts in Space Plasmas
Authors: Liu C. M. , Fu H. S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
An anchor point, which is an energy threshold above which electrons are accelerated and below which electrons are decelerated, has recently been reported within the dipolarizing flux bundles behind dipolarization fronts (DFs) both in observations and simulations. However, what determines this point and how it is formed remain unclear. In this study, we investigate for the first time the formation of this point and the relation between this point and the plasma properties by considering a large amount of DF events measured by Cluster. We find a good correlation between this anchor point and the plasma-sheet density and temperature. We notice that such a point appears primarily in the DF events associated with strong whistlers, suggesting that it is formed due to wave-particle interactions near DFs. Quantitatively, we establish a model for the anchor point,

eV, where N and T are the normalized plasma-sheet density and temperature, respectively. With this model, we can predict the electron acceleration features behind DFs, by monitoring plasma properties in the plasma sheet. Such a model can be crucial for understanding electron acceleration regions elsewhere in space, such as reconnection diffusion region and collisionless shocks.
Emotional Cognitive Assessment and Enhancement for Mentally Disabled People
Authors: Abou El-Seoud Samir , Ahmed Samaa A. 
Published: February 2019

Autism spectrum syndrome well known as autism. Autism was delivered within the 1920s century especially in 1944. Autism is described as a development disease that influences the social abilities, nonverbal communication or what's called body language. Human beings with Autism and Asperger’s syndrome tends to have high IQ however very low EQ[1]. In addition, person who suffers autism has a tendency to have a specific habitual, aggressive reaction while converting this habitual. The Proposed concept is to develop an algorithm/method for growing emotional intelligence. The goal of the proposed concept is to assist human beings with Autism and Asperger’s syndrome that tends to have under common EI to approach normality [2]. The program will use the high IQ of the person to increase his/her EQ. To achieve this it is intended to develop program that refuse any miss behavior, or inappropriate mind-set. The advanced application acts like human, who will no longer accept to be treated in a particular manner. To enhance ones EI, people with autism ought to be taught on: �€¢ A way to cope with people in a manner they would accept. �€¢ The way to apprehend his/her emotion and accept it. �€¢ The way to express their feelings. The goal of the evolved program is to help autism users be given human beings and be selves ordinary. The program ought to teach person how to make buddies in the real existence.
Infected branchial cyst excision – the importance of timing and technique
Authors: Paramanayakam A. , Drahaman A. M. P. 
Published: February 2019

Branchial cysts are the most frequent congenital lesions in the lateral neck. We present a surgical case of a 38-year-old man who visited our clinic with a one-month history of left sided level II neck swelling associated with neck discomfort and left sided otalgia. Clinical examination revealed a firm yet mobile mass. Both ultrasound scan and CT scan showed a cystic lesion of 5cm x 4cm x 3cm in dimension lying lateral to the carotids without vascular invasion. Planned surgical excision had to be delayed due to cyst infection at the time of surgery for four weeks. Usage of the tonsillar dissector for difficult dissection enabled removal of the cyst without rupture.
Orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis: a study on clinical profile, surgical management and outcome
Authors: Rosa O. K. D. S. T. , Warnasuriya N. , Kirihene R. 
Published: February 2019

Objectives1. Evaluate the clinical signs and their correlation to Computed Tomography(CT) findings2. Assess the correlation between CT and intra-operative findings.3. To identify implicated micro-organisms.4. Evaluate the current practice in surgical management. MethodologyA descriptive retrospective study conducted at Lady Ridgeway Hospital (LRH) on 19 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery, drainage of pus and orbital decompression for radiologically suspected orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis from 01/01/2015 to 31/12/2018. ResultsClinical features were fever (73.7%), peri-orbital swelling (100%), chemosis(68.4%), proptosis(57.9%) and ophthalmoplegia(42.1%). Chemosis and ophthalmoplegia were found in 62% and 37% of the patients with intra-orbital abscesses, with only chemosis showing a statistically significant association. CT was suggestive of subperiosteal abscess or inflammation in all. Intra-operatively abscesses were found in 16 (84.2%). Of these 6 had both subperiosteal and intra-orbital abscesses. Eight had subperiosteal abscesses. Two had only intra-orbital abscesses. The CT scan failed to predict the presence of abscess within the orbital fat in 3 out of 8. The positive predictive value was 89.4% for CT to detect orbital abscesses. An Intra-operative bony defect was noted in 15.8%. The mean surgery duration was 2.04 hours. Cultures revealed MRSA(21.1%), MSSA(15.8%), Pseudomonas(10.5%), mixed growth(10.6%) and Streptococcus viridans(5.3%). ConclusionThe commonest presentations were peri-orbital swelling, fever, chemosis. MRSA and pseudomonas being the commonest organism, the appropriate empirical therapy needs further discussion. Endoscopic surgery is safe, reliable and cosmetic. As patients with intra-orbital abscesses may not be detected clinically or radiologically, we recommend routine incision of the orbital periosteum for suspected orbital complications of acute rhinosinusitis when undergoing endoscopic surgery.
TLR4 Receptor Induces 2-AG–Dependent Tolerance to Lipopolysaccharide and Trafficking of CB2 Receptor in Mast Cells
Authors: Espinosa-Riquer Zyanya P. , Ibarra-Sánchez Alfredo , Vibhushan Shamila , Bratti Manuela , Charles Nicolas , Blank Ulrich , Rodríguez-Manzo Gabriela , González-Espinosa Claudia 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) contribute to the control of local inflammatory reactions and become hyporesponsive after prolonged TLR4 activation by bacterial LPS. The molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin tolerance (ET) induction in MCs are not fully understood. In this study, we demonstrate that the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and its receptor, cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), play a role in the establishment of ET in bone marrow–derived MCs from C57BL/6J mice. We found that CB2 antagonism prevented the development of ET and that bone marrow–derived MCs produce 2-AG in a TLR4-dependent fashion. Exogenous 2-AG induced ET similarly to LPS, blocking the phosphorylation of IKK and the p65 subunit of NF-κB and inducing the synthesis of molecular markers of ET. LPS caused CB2 receptor trafficking in Rab11-, Rab7-, and Lamp2-positive vesicles, indicating recycling and degradation of the receptor. 2-AG also prevented LPS-induced TNF secretion in vivo, in a MC-dependent model of endotoxemia, demonstrating that TLR4 engagement leads to 2-AG secretion, which contributes to the negative control of MCs activation. Our study uncovers a functional role for the endocannabinoid system in the inhibition of MC-dependent innate immune responses in vivo.
USP20 Promotes Cellular Antiviral Responses via Deconjugating K48-Linked Ubiquitination of MITA
Authors: Zhang Meng-Xin , Cai Zeng , Zhang Man , Wang Xiao-Meng , Wang Yaqin , Zhao Fei , Zhou Jing , Luo Min-Hua , Zhu Qiyun , Xu Zhigao , Zeng Wen-Bo , Zhong Bo , Lin Dandan 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Mediator of IRF3 activation ([MITA] also known as STING) is a direct sensor of cyclic dinucleotide and critically mediates cytoplasmic DNA­–triggered innate immune signaling. The activity of MITA is extensively regulated by ubiquitination and deubiquitination. In this study, we report that USP20 interacts with and removes K48-linked ubiquitin chains from MITA after HSV-1 infection, thereby stabilizing MITA and promoting cellular antiviral responses. Deletion of USP20 accelerates HSV-1–induced degradation of MITA and impairs phosphorylation of IRF3 and IκBα as well as subsequent induction of type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines after HSV-1 infection or cytoplasmic DNA challenge. Consistently, Usp20−/− mice produce decreased type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines, exhibit increased susceptibility to lethal HSV-1 infection, and aggravated HSV-1 replication compared with Usp20+/+ mice. In addition, complement of MITA into Usp20−/− cells fully restores HSV-1–triggered signaling and inhibits HSV-1 infection. These findings suggest a crucial role of USP20 in maintaining the stability of MITA and promoting innate antiviral signaling.
Bioluminescent Reporting of In Vivo IFN-γ Immune Responses during Infection and Autoimmunity
Authors: Reynolds Catherine J. , Chong Deborah L. W. , Li Yihan , Black S. Lucas , Cutler Amy , Webster Zoe , Manji Jiten , Altmann Daniel M. , Boyton Rosemary J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
IFN-γ is a key cytokine of innate and adaptive immunity. It is important to understand temporal changes in IFN-γ production and how these changes relate to the role of IFN-γ in diverse models of infectious and autoimmune disease, making the ability to monitor and track IFN-γ production in vivo of a substantial benefit. IFN-γ ELISPOTs have been a central methodology to measure T cell immunity for many years. In this study, we add the capacity to analyze IFN-γ responses with high sensitivity and specificity, longitudinally, in vitro and in vivo. This allows the refinement of experimental protocols because immunity can be tracked in real-time through a longitudinal approach. We have generated a novel murine IFN-γ reporter transgenic model that allows IFN-γ production to be visualized and quantified in vitro and in vivo as bioluminescence using an imaging system. At baseline, in the absence of an inflammatory stimulus, IFN-γ signal from lymphoid tissue is detectable in vivo. Reporter transgenics are used in this study to track the IFN-γ response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in the lung over time in vivo. The longitudinal development of the adaptive T cell immunity following immunization with Ag is identified from day 7 in vivo. Finally, we show that we are able to use this reporter transgenic to follow the onset of autoimmune T cell activation after regulatory T cell depletion in an established model of systemic autoimmunity. This IFN-γ reporter transgenic, termed “Gammaglow,” offers a valuable new modality for tracking IFN-γ immunity, noninvasively and longitudinally over time.
DIFFERENCES IN EX-VIVO CHEMOSENSITIVITY TO ANTHRACYCLINES IN FIRST LINE ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
Authors: Megias-Vericat Juan Eduardo , Martínez-Cuadrón David , Martínez López Joaquin , Bergua Juan Miguel , Tormo Mar , Serrano Josefina , González Ataulfo , Pérez de Oteyza Jaime , Vives Susana , Vidriales Belen , Herrera Pilar , Vera Juan Antonio , López Martínez Aurelio , De la Fuente Adolfo , Amador María Lourdes , Hernández-Rivas José Ángel , Fernández María Ángeles , Cerveró Carlos Javier , Morillo Daniel , Hernández Campo Pilar , Gorrochategui Julián , Primo Daniel , Rojas José Luis , Guenova Margarita , Ballesteros Joan , Sanz Miguel Ángel , Montesinos Pau 
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND: Induction schedules in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are based on combinations of cytarabine and anthracyclines. The choice of the anthracycline employed has been widely studied in multiple clinical trials showing similar complete remission rates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using an ex vivo test we have analyzed if a subset of AML patients may respond differently to cytarabine combined with idarubicin, daunorubicin or mitoxantrone. Bone marrow (BM) samples of 198 AML patients were incubated for 48 hours in 96 well plates, each well containing different drugs or drug combinations at different concentrations. Ex vivo drug sensitivity analysis was made using the PharmaFlow platform maintaining the BM microenvironment. Drug response was evaluated as depletion of AML blast cells in each well after incubation. Annexin V-FITC was used to quantify the ability of the drugs to induce apoptosis, and pharmacological responses were calculated using pharmacokinetic population models.
RESULTS: Similar dose-respond graphs were generated for the three anthracyclines, with a slight decrease in EC50 with idarubicin (p=1.462E-06), whereas the interpatient variability of either drug was large. To identify those cases of selective sensitivity to anthracyclines, potency was compared, in terms of area under the curve. Differences in anthracycline monotherapy potency greater than 30% from 3 pairwise comparisons were identified in 28.3% of samples. Furthermore, different sensitivity was detected in 8.2% of patients comparing combinations of cytarabine and anthracyclines.
DISCUSSION: A third of the patients could benefit of the use of this test in the first line induction therapy selection, although it should be confirmed in a clinical trial specifically designed.
SPECTRUM AND IMMUNOPHENOTYPIC PROFILE OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA: A TERTIARY CENTER FLOW CYTOMETRY EXPERIENCE
Authors: Gupta Nishit , Pawar Ravikiran , Banerjee Sambhunath , Brahma Subhajit , Rath Asish , Shewale Sundar , Parihar Mayur , Singh Manish , SR Arun , Krishnan Shekhar , Bhattacharyya Arpita , Das Anirban , Kumar Jeevan , Bhave Saurabh , Radhakrishnan Vivek , Nair Reena , Chandy Mammen , Arora Neeraj , Mishra Deepak Kumar 
Published: February 2019

Introduction: For diagnosis, sub-categorization and follow up of Acute Leukemia (AL), phenotypic analysis using flow cytometry is mandatory.
Material and methods: We retrospectively analyzed immunophenotypic data along with cytogenetics/molecular genetics data (wherever available) from 631 consecutive cases of AL diagnosed at our flow cytometry laboratory from January 2014 to August 2017.
Results: Of the total 631 cases, 52.9% (n=334) were acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), 43.9% (n=277) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 2.2% (n=14) mixed phenotypic acute leukemia (MPAL) and0.5% (n=3) each of acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) and chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis (CML-BC). ALL cases comprised of 81.7% (n=273/334) B-cell ALLs (95.2%, n=260/273 common B-ALLs and 4.8%, n=13/273 Pro B-ALLs). CD13 was the commonest cross lineage antigen expressed in B-ALL (25.6%), followed by CD33 (17.9%) and combined CD13/CD33 (11.3%) expression. T-ALLs constituted 18.3% (n=61/334) of total ALLs and included 27.9% (n=17) cortical T- ALLs. CD13 was commonest (32.7%) aberrantly expressed antigen in T-ALLs, followed by CD117 (16.0%). AML cases included 32.1% (n=89/277) AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities, 9.0% (n=25/277) with FLT3/NPM1c mutation and 58.9% (n=163/277) AML NOS including 14.7% (n=24/163) AML M4/M5, 1.8% (n=3/163) AML M6 and 3.7% (n=6/163) AML M7. In AMLs, CD19 aberrancy was the most common (16.3%) followed by CD7 (11.9%).
Conclusion: In this study we document the spectrum; correlate the immunophenotype with genetic data of all leukemias, especially with respect to T-ALL where the data from India is scarce.
RELAPSED/REFRACTORY CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA: CHEMOIMMUNOTHERAPY, TREATMENT UNTIL PROGRESSION WITH MECHANISM-DRIVEN AGENTS OR FINITE-DURATION THERAPY?
Authors: Cuneo Antonio , Foà Robin 
Published: February 2019

Treatment of relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has dramatically improved thanks to the development of mechanism-driven agents including drugs that inhibit kinases in the BCR pathway or BCL2. The treating physician has now the opportunity to decide i) which patient can be still offered chemoimmunotherapy as salvage treatment, ii) which patient is a candidate to receiving at relapse continuous treatment with ibrutinib, idelalisib and rituximab or venetoclax and iii) which patient may benefit from a fixed-duration treatment using the BCL2 antagonist venetoclax in association with rituximab.
Ibrutinib is the most actively investigated drug in R/R CLL and data at a 7-year follow-up were reported, showing durable efficacy and favorable efficacy profile. The patients with cardiac disease, hypertension and on anticoagulant therapy are not ideal candidates for continuous therapy with this agent. Idelalisib and rituximab was tested in patients with unfavorable characteristics including cytopenias. The short follow-up and treatment emergent adverse events limit its role to patients unlikely to get a benefit with other agents. Venetoclax and rituximab is the only effective chemo-free approach for the treatment of R/R with a fixed duration (up to 24 months) schedule capable of inducing deep responses in the majority of cases with a reassuring safety profile.
While a deep knowledge of the growing body of scientific evidence is required to inform and guide the appropriate treatment choice and management, physicians cannot disregard the growing problem of sustainability
State philanthropy: The demise of charitable organisations in Botswana
Authors: Dipholo Kenneth , Molosi-France Keneilwe 
Published: February 2019

Background: Charitable organisations just like other constituents of the civil society are a vital partner to the governments. Charities provide essential services that positively impact the lives of citizens. Some charities have lobbying functions and the considerable international influence necessary to facilitate social change. Their contribution to the economic, social and political sectors of a nation is widely recognised and governments are expected to create the circumstances in which charities would continue to flourish and fulfil their obligations. However, the quest by charities to partner with governments has always proved inexplicably uneasy and full of twists and turns.Aim: This study conducted a literature review hypothesising that while the Botswana state will continue to play a role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens, strong state involvement in charity work fundamentally strikes at the very heart of the life of charitable organisations.Setting: This study conducted a review of literature on charities in Botswana positing that while charities are expected to work without direct governmental involvement, many have been subjected to state regulation and crippling state control measures. In the context of a developmental welfare state such as Botswana which has lately acquired a philanthropic character, it is argued that charitable organisations are increasingly becoming irrelevant and risk losing public trust that undergirds their core mandate of relieving suffering and providing essential services. A consequence of this would be a return to a stronger state that leaves little room for non-state actors to effectively influence social change.Methods: This study conducted a review of literature on the operations of charities in Botswana in comparison with international practices in order to dissect similarities and abnormalities that have a bearing in the legitimate and universal mandate of Botswana’s charitable organisations.Results: Three key issues emerged from this study. First, it has been discovered state philanthropy threatens to render charities obsolete. Secondly, it has been discovered that most charities have allowed themselves to operate as extended arm of the state hence are dependent on the state for their operations. As corollary of the preceding discoveries, the study maintains that for their survival, Botswana charities must recalibrate and reposition themselves in order to remain relevant.Conclusion: The article concludes that widespread state philanthropy championed by the Head of State threatens to relegate and render charitable organisations virtually irrelevant and redundant unless they re-engineer themselves.
Theoconomy: An ethical paradigm for economic prosperity
Authors: Walters Johann , Vorster Koos , Rheeder Riaan , Venter Jan 
Published: February 2019

The Parliament of the World’s Religions made a call to the international society to find shared values that could effectively direct the new world order that is characterised by its polycentric and heterogenous character. In response to the call and informed by the Global Ethics Project, a research study was conducted under the auspices of the Unit for Reformational Theology and the Development of the Society, at the North-West University, South Africa. The study focused on how the global economy could be organised differently in order to address the severe anomalies of superficial ethics of materialism, instant gratification and the philosophy of futility that underlies the unfettered consumerism of the secular age. The study therefore searched for a new framework of flourishing or an ethic paradigm for economic prosperity. The study introduces a new ethics labelled Theoconomy. In this article, the epistemology and ontology of the research study are expounded.
Genetic analysis of early onset familial coronary artery diseases
Authors: Ghorbani Mohammad Javad , Razmi Nematollah , Bagher Tabei Seyed Mohammad , Zibaeenezhad Mohammad Javad , Goodarzi Hamid Reza 
Published: February 2019

IntroductionCoronary artery diseases (CAD) are the most common causes of death. Myocardial infarction (MI) is a complex multifactorial and the most severe type of CAD. Early onset MI in a first-degree relative could be defined as an independent risk factor for CAD. This study was performed to investigate the genetic cause of early onset familial CAD.Material and methodsIn this study, the genetic cause of familial CAD was investigated in patients with a family history of CAD who underwent angiography before the age of 50 years. The patients did not have any diagnostic criteria for familial hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, or obesity, and also they were not opium or alcohol users. Whole exome sequencing in probands was performed and mutation was confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing.ResultsIn our studied population, the c.501G>C (p.K167N) mutation in the OLR1 gene was identified in a family. Mutation was confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing in the homozygous state (GG) in patients. Healthy individuals in this family were heterozygous (GC) and homozygous (CC).ConclusionsThis finding suggests that the OLR1 gene could be a possible cause of early onset familial MI. Considering that parents of all affected individuals had a consanguineous marriage, it is important to perform carrier screening and genetic counseling in this family and their close relatives as a prevention strategy in populations at risk.