bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Source and grain-size influences upon the clay mineral distribution in the Skagerrak and northern Kattegat
Authors: Bengtsson H. , Stevens R. L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBottom sediments from 78 sites in the Skagerrak-Kattegat area have been used to determine the semi-quantitative distribution of clay minerals, and to interpret sediment provenance and the transport pathways. The sediment reflects incorporation of four sources, affected both by earlier glacial processes and on-going marine mixing. The southern North Sea, characterized by dioctaheadral illite, kaolinite and smectite, is the dominating source. The central North Sea provides a limited, but significant, source for chlorite. The sediment from the Swedish west coast has an unweathered character, containing trioctaheadral illite, vermiculite, illite-vermiculite mixed-layer minerals and chlorite. The contribution from the southern Kattegat (southern Sweden and Denmark) is dominated by kaolinite and smectite. Correlation between clay content and the contents of smectite, kaolinite and chlorite in the Skagerrak indicate that the clay mineral distribution is influenced by sorting. This grain-size dependency must be considered when interpreting sources.
Local fluctuations in feldspar frameworks
Authors: Hayward Stuart A. , Salje Ekhard K. H. , Chrosch Jutta 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAt any set of thermodynamic conditions a mineral will have some well defined equilibrium crystal structure. However, this structure can be locally disturbed by crystal defects, such as domain walls or solute atoms. This distorted structure will only affect a finite volume within the crystal, but the need to retain continuity within the crystal means that this volume must be non-zero. This means, for example, that the boundary between two domains will include a transition zone from one domain's crystal structure to that of the other domain. Thick twin domain walls can be studied quantitatively, by measuring the intensity of diffuse diffraction between pairs of twin-related Bragg peaks. In alkali feldspar (Or30) at room temperature, these walls are approximately 25 Å thick. Similarly, a single solute atom in a mineral will only affect a small region within a crystal. As a result, chemical mixing will only occur in a substitutional solid solution once there is significant overlap between the strain fields around individual solute atoms. This causes the ‘plateau effect’, where the properties of a phase transition are independent of composition. In alkali feldspar, this plateau extends from albite to 2% Or, which corresponds to a strain field radius of 10 Å.These phenomena can be modelled using Ginzburg-Landau theory, which predicts that the range of these strain fields will increase as the temperature is raised to Tc. This has been confirmed by measuring the thickness of twin walls as a function of temperature.
Polymorphisms of clotting factors modify the risk for primary intracranial hemorrhage
Authors: Corral Javier , Iniesta Juan Antonio , González-Conejero Rocio , Villalón Marino , Vicente Vicente 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Intracranial hemorrhage is the third most frequent cause of cerebrovascular disease, but few genetic risk factors have been associated with its development. Recently, it has been reported that some polymorphisms that affect clotting factors increase the risk for thrombosis. However, reports have analyzed the effect of polymorphisms influencing the hemostatic state in bleeding disorders insufficiently. A case-control study was conducted of 201 patients with spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage and 201 control subjects matched for age, race, sex, and selected risk factors (hypertension, smoking, and alcohol consumption). Genomic polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the prevalence of 4 polymorphisms: factor V Leiden, prothrombin 20210A, factor VII−323 Del/Ins of a decanucleotide, and factor XIII V34L. Subjects with factor V Leiden had decreased risk for spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio, 0.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.95). The frequency of the prothrombin 20210A/G genotype was also lower among patients than controls (1.5% vs 3%, respectively). Moreover, carriers of the −323 Ins allele of factor VII had a 1.54-fold risk for intracranial hemorrhage (95% CI, 1.03-2.72). Finally, no significant differences were observed in the prevalence of factor XIII V34L polymorphism between patients and controls. Therefore, new genetic factors affecting the risk for spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage were identified. These data, together with the relevance of these polymorphisms in thrombotic diseases, support the idea that a polymorphism may play opposite roles in thrombosis and hemorrhage, suggesting an explanation for the high frequency of these polymorphisms in the general population.
Interleukin-4 variant (BAY 36-1677) selectively induces apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells
Authors: Srivannaboon Kleebsabai , Shanafelt Armen B. , Todisco Elisabetta , Forte Carla P. , Behm Frederick G. , Raimondi Susana C. , Pui Ching-Hon , Campana Dario 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) suppresses the growth of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells, but its clinical usefulness is limited by proinflammatory activity due mainly to the interaction of cytokine with endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Stroma-supported cultures of leukemic lymphoblasts were used to test the antileukemic activity of an IL-4 variant, BAY 36-1677, in which the mutations Arg 121 to Glu and Thr 13 to Asp ensure high affinity for IL-4Rα/IL-2Rγ receptors expressed by lymphoid cells, without activation of the IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα receptors mainly expressed by other cells. BAY 36-1677 (25 ng/mL) was cytotoxic in 14 of 16 cases of B-lineage ALL; the median reduction in cell recovery after 7 days of culture was 85% (range, 17%-95%) compared to results of parallel cultures not exposed to the cytokine. Twelve of the 14 sensitive cases had t(9;22) or 11q23 abnormalities; 3 were obtained at relapse. BAY 36-1677 induced apoptosis in leukemic lymphoblasts but did not substantially affect the growth of normal CD34+ cells, thus conferring a growth advantage to normal hematopoietic cells over leukemic lymphoblasts in vitro. BAY 36-1677 had antileukemic activity equal or superior to that produced by native IL-4, but it lacked any effects on the growth of endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The molecular manipulation of IL-4 to abrogate its proinflammatory activity has generated a novel and therapeutically promising cytokine for the treatment of high-risk ALL.
Stromal cell–derived factor 1α increases polyploidization of megakaryocytes generated by human hematopoietic progenitor cells
Authors: Guerriero Raffaella , Mattia Gianfranco , Testa Ugo , Chelucci Cristiana , Macioce Giampiero , Casella Ida , Samoggia Paola , Peschle Cesare , Hassan Hamisa Jane 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe alpha chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been shown to be expressed on human hematopoietic progenitor cells and during the megakaryocytic differentiation pathway. Stromal cell–derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is the ligand for CXCR4. In this study, the role of SDF-1α in megakaryocytopoiesis was investigated. CD34+ progenitors purified from peripheral blood were grown in serum-free liquid suspension culture supplemented with thrombopoietin to obtain a virtually pure megakaryocytic progeny. In this condition, the addition of SDF-1α gives rise to megakaryocytes (MKs) showing an increased DNA content and a rise of lobated nuclei, as compared with untreated cells: at day 5, approximately 20% of the cells already showed the presence of more than one nuclear lobe versus fewer than 5% in the control cells; at day 12, approximately 85% of the cells were of large size and markedly polyploid, whereas approximately 60% of the control cells were polyploid, showed fewer lobes, and were a smaller size. This effect was dose-dependent and did not affect the megakaryocytic proliferation. Experiments with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD98059 suggested a role for MAPK pathway on SDF-1α–induced endomitosis. Furthermore, SDF-1α induced a significant increase in the number of proplatelet-bearing MKs and promoted the migration of megakaryocytic cells. Treatment with SDF-1α caused reduction in CXCR4 abundance on the plasma membrane, seemingly owing to receptor internalization. Furthermore, the presence of SDF-1α did not affect the expression of megakaryocytic markers, indicating that differentiation and polyploidization are independently regulated events.
Notch1 inhibits differentiation of hematopoietic cells by sustaining GATA-2 expression
Authors: Kumano Keiki , Chiba Shigeru , Shimizu Kiyoshi , Yamagata Tetsuya , Hosoya Noriko , Saito Toshiki , Takahashi Tokiharu , Hamada Yoshio , Hirai Hisamaru 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNotch signaling is involved in cell fate decisions in many systems including hematopoiesis. It has been shown that expression of an activated form of Notch1 (aNotch1) in 32D mouse myeloid progenitor cells inhibits the granulocytic differentiation induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Results of the current study show that aNotch1, when expressed in F5-5 mouse erythroleukemia cells, also inhibits erythroid differentiation. Comparison of the expression levels of several transcription factors after stimulation for myeloid and erythroid differentiation, in the presence or absence of aNotch1, revealed that aNotch1 did not change its regulation pattern with any of the transcription factors examined, except for GATA-2, despite its inhibitory effect on differentiation. GATA-2 was down-regulated when the parental 32D and F5-5 were induced to differentiate into granulocytic and erythroid lineages, respectively. In these induction procedures, however, the level of GATA-2 expression was sustained when aNotch1 was expressed. To ascertain whether maintenance of GATA-2 is required for the Notch-induced inhibition of differentiation, the dominant-negative form of GATA-3 (DN-GATA), which acted also against GATA-2, or transcription factor PU.1, which was recently shown to be the repressor of GATA-2, was introduced into aNotch1-expressing 32D (32D/aNotch1) cells that do not express GATA family proteins other than GATA2. Both DN-GATA and PU.1 reversed the phenotype of 32D/aNotch1 inducing its differentiation when G-CSF was added. Furthermore, enforced expression of HES-1, which is involved in Notch signaling, delayed differentiation of 32D, and again this phenotype was neutralized by DN-GATA. These results indicate that GATA-2 activity is necessary for the Notch signaling in hematopoietic cells.
High remission rate in T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia with CAMPATH-1H
Authors: Dearden Claire E. , Matutes Estella , Cazin Bruno , Tjønnfjord Geir E. , Parreira Antonio , Nomdedeu Benet , Leoni Pietro , Clark Fiona J. , Radia Deepti , Rassam Saad M. B. , Roques Tony , Ketterer Nicolas , Brito-Babapulle Vasantha , Dyer Martin J. S. , Catovsky Daniel 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL) is a chemotherapy-resistant malignancy with a median survival of 7.5 months. Preliminary results indicated a high remission induction rate with the human CD52 antibody, CAMPATH-1H. This study reports results in 39 patients with T-PLL treated with CAMPATH-1H between March 1993 and May 2000. All but 2 patients had received prior therapy with a variety of agents, including 30 with pentostatin; none achieved complete remission (CR). CAMPATH-1H (30 mg) was administered intravenously 3 times weekly until maximal response. The overall response rate was 76% with 60% CR and 16% partial remission (PR). These responses were durable with a median disease-free interval of 7 months (range, 4-45 months). Survival was significantly prolonged in patients achieving CR compared to PR or no response (NR), including one patient who survived 54 months. Nine patients remain alive up to 29 months after completing therapy. Seven patients received high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell support, 3 of whom remain alive in CR 5, 7, and 15 months after autograft. Stem cell harvests in these patients were uncontaminated with T-PLL cells as demonstrated by dual-color flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction. Four patients had allogeneic stem cell transplants, 3 from siblings and 1 from a matched unrelated donor. Two had nonmyeloablative conditioning. Three are alive in CR up to 24 months after allograft. The conclusion is that CAMPATH-1H is an effective therapy in T-PLL, producing remissions in more than two thirds of patients. The use of stem cell transplantation to consolidate responses merits further study.
Effect of a large deletion of the basic domain of mitranscription factor on differentiation of mast cells
Authors: Morii Eiichi , Ogihara Hideki , Oboki Keisuke , Kataoka Tatsuki R. , Maeyama Kazutaka , Fisher David E. , Lamoreux M. Lynn , Kitamura Yukihiko 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The mi transcription factor (MITF) is a basic-helix-loop-helix-leucine zipper transcription factor that is important for the development of mast cells. Cultured mast cells (CMCs) of mi/mi genotype express abnormal MITF (mi-MITF), but CMCs of tg/tg genotype do not express any MITFs. It was previously reported thatmi/mi CMCs showed more severe abnormalities thantg/tg CMCs, indicating that mi-MITF had inhibitory function. Whereas mi-MITF contains a single amino acid deletion in the basic domain, MITF encoded bymiewallele (ew-MITF) deletes 16 of 21 amino acids of the basic domain. Here the effect of a large deletion of the basic domain was examined. Inmiew/miew CMCs, the expression pattern of genes whose transcription was affected by MITF was comparable to that of tg/tg CMCs rather than to that ofmi/mi CMCs. This suggested that ew-MITF lacked any functions. The part of the basic domain deleted inew-MITF appeared necessary for either transactivation or inhibition of transactivation.
Sustained suppression of hepatitis C virus by interferon and ribavirin in hemophilic patients not responding to interferon monotherapy
Authors: Santagostino Elena , Rumi Maria Grazia , Rivi Monica , Colombo Massimo , Mannucci Pier Mannuccio 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Thirty-nine hemophiliac patients, negative for human immunodeficiency virus, with chronic hepatitis C who failed to respond to interferon (IFN) at 3 million units (MU) given subcutaneously thrice weekly for at least 3 months were retreated with 5 MU IFN for 6 months followed by 3 MU IFN in combination with daily oral doses of 1 or 1.2 g ribavirin. Thirty-four patients (87%) completed the study. In 4 patients treatment was discontinued because of treatment-related symptoms; 1 patient dropped out. Dosage reduction was required in 10 patients (26%) because of ribavirin-related anemia or IFN-related side effects. By intention-to-treat analysis, 14 (37%) had a sustained virologic response with preference for those infected by genotypes other than type 1 (43% versus 12%) and with high transaminases levels (168 U/L versus 116 U/L). Thus, IFN and ribavirin combination therapy led to a sustained suppression of hepatitis in one third of hemophiliac patients resistant to conventional monotherapy.
High-Throughput Tissue Microarray Analysis Used to Evaluate Biology and Prognostic Significance of the E-Cadherin Pathway in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Bremnes R. M. , Veve R. , Gabrielson E. , Hirsch F. R. , Baron A. , Bemis L. , Gemmill R. M. , Drabkin H. A. , Franklin W. A. 
Published: July 2002

PURPOSE: E-cadherin (E-cad) and its associated intracellular molecules, catenins, are critical for intercellular epithelial adhesion and are often expressed in non–small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). We constructed tissue microarrays (TMAs) to investigate the expression of cadherins and catenins and their prognostic significance in NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Tumor tissue samples from 193 patients with stages I to III NSCLC were obtained from the University of Colorado Cancer Center and Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. Viable tumor was sampled in triplicate for the TMAs, and slides were stained by immunohistochemistry with antibodies against E-cad, N-cadherin, alpha (α)-, beta (β)-, and gamma (γ)-catenin, p120, p27, and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene product. Clinical data were collected by the tumor registries. Patients were followed for a median period of 51 months (range, 18 to 100 months). RESULTS: Absent or severely reduced membranous expression for E-cad, α-, β-, and γ-catenin, and p120 were observed in 10%, 17%, 8%, 31%, and 61% of the cases, respectively. Tumor cell dedifferentiation correlated with reduced expression for E-cad, β-catenin, γ-catenin, and p120 in squamous cell carcinomas but not in adenocarcinomas. There was an inverse correlation between nodal metastasis and expression of E-cad and γ-catenin. Besides the traditional clinical prognostic variables, E-cad and α-, β-, and γ-catenin expression were of positive prognostic value in univariate survival analyses. In multivariate analysis, E-cad expression was the only independent prognostic factor for survival in addition to age, node status, tumor status, and pathologic surgical margins. CONCLUSION: Reduced expression of E-cad and catenins is associated with tumor cell dedifferentiation, local invasion, regional metastasis, and reduced survival in NSCLC. E-cad is an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC survival.
An Engineered Recombinant Spider Silk Protein Providing Disulfide‐Locked Control over Self‐Assembly and Fiber Formation
Authors: Sulekha Anamika , Evans Sara , Badichi Akher Farideh , Ghimire Anupama , Reith Melissa A. , Liu Xiang‐Qin , Xu Lingling , Rainey Jan K. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSpider silks are renowned for their mechanical properties. The notably tough Argiope trifasciata aciniform silk is spun from a protein predominantly comprising a series of identical 200 residue units (“W units”). In solution, each W unit has a globular 5‐helix domain connected to its neighbors by intrinsically disordered linkers while the fiber contains mixed α‐helical, β‐sheet and disordered structuring. Helix 5 is more dynamic and prone to denaturation than the remainder of the globular domain, implying that it may structurally transform during fiber spinning. Rational cysteine substitutions are introduced at a proximal pair of serines in helix 5 and in helix 1 of the globular domain. Upon disulfide formation, the helix 5 C‐terminal region loses helicity and experiences increased backbone dynamics, while the remainder of the globular structure is effectively unperturbed. Fiber formation by hand‐drawing and wet‐spinning is prevented in the disulfide‐locked state, but readily possible in the reduced (“unlocked”) state. The disulfide‐locked state differs from the unlocked state with much more heterogeneous pre‐fibrillar assembly in spinning dope and through prevention of β‐sheet formation upon cooling following thermal denaturation. This engineered protein thus provides a chemically‐reversible disulfide‐locked state of aciniform silk with modified self‐assembly propensity and fiber formation.
A Cd‐Free Electron Transport Layer Simultaneously Enhances Charge Carrier Separation and Transfer in Sb2Se3 Photocathodes for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production
Authors: Chen Shuo , Chen Yong , Aziz Hafiz Sartaj , Zhang Han‐Hua , Li Ze‐Long , Chen Yue‐Xing , Zeng Yu‐Jia , Zheng Zhuang‐Hao , Hu Ju‐Guang , Su Zheng‐Hua , Liang Guang‐Xing 
Published: December 2024

AbstractEfficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a pivotal technique to achieve sustainable hydrogen production, driving the exploration for high‐performance photoelectrodes. Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) semiconductor has received significant attention due to its cost‐effectiveness, eco‐friendly nature, and favorable photoelectric properties. However, traditional Sb2Se3‐based photocathodes typically employ cadmium sulfide (CdS) as an electron transport layer (ETL), which introduces toxicity and stability issues, hindering their commercial application potential. This study develops a versatile method to improve the PEC performance of Sb2Se3‐based photocathodes by incorporating Cd‐free (Zn,Sn)O ETL. Comprehensive investigations demonstrate remarkable improvement in surface and heterojunction interface properties, leading to charge carrier dynamics optimization with highly interesting carrier separation efficiency of 96.5% and transfer efficiency of 93.6%. As a result, the champion Mo/Sb2Se3/(Zn,Sn)O/TiO2/Pt photocathode delivers a notable photocurrent density (Jph) of 31.8 mA cm−2 (close to its theoretical value), and a half‐cell solar‐to‐hydrogen (HC‐STH) conversion efficiency of 4.32%. This advancement highlights a promising pathway toward large‐scale and environmentally friendly solar hydrogen production applications.
Integrating Interactive Ir Atoms into Titanium Oxide Lattice for Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis
Authors: Li Yang , Zhao Guoxiang , Zuo Shouwei , Wen Linrui , Liu Qiao , Zou Chen , Ren Yuanfu , Kobayashi Yoji , Tao Huabing , Luan Deyan , Huang Kuowei , Cavallo Luigi , Zhang Huabin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIridium (Ir)‐based oxide is the state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalyst for acidic water oxidation, yet it is restricted to a few Ir‐O octahedral packing modes with limited structural flexibility. Herein, the geometric structure diversification of Ir is achieved by integrating spatially correlated Ir atoms into the surface lattice of TiO2 and its booting effect on oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is investigated. Notably, the resultant i‐Ir/TiO2 catalyst exhibits much higher electrocatalytic activity, with an overpotential of 240 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and excellent stability of 315 h at 100 mA cm−2 in acidic electrolyte. Both experimental and theoretical findings reveal that flexible Ir─O─Ir coordination with varied geometric structure plays a crucial role in enhancing OER activity, which optimize the intermediate adsorption by adjusting the d‐band center of active Ir sites. Operando characterizations demonstrate that the interactive Ir─O─Ir units can suppress over‐oxidation of Ir, effectively widening the stable region of Ir species during the catalytic process. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, equipped with i‐Ir/TiO2 as an anode, gives a low driving voltage of 1.63 V at 2 A cm−2 and maintains stable performance for over 440 h. This work presents a general strategy to eliminate the inherent geometric limitations of IrOx species, thereby inspiring further development of advanced catalyst designs.