bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citizens’ Culpability and Responsibility for States’ Actions
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter returns to the outstanding issue of whether citizens might have responsibility for what their states do in a weaker form than culpability. That is to say, even if they are not members of the collective agent that is the state, they might nonetheless come to have responsibilities for what it does. In the first part of the chapter, the focus is on whether weak collective agency can support collective culpability, and it is argued, through a thought experiment in three variations, that it cannot. In the second part of the chapter, the focus is on alternatives to culpability, including complicity, association, benefit, privilege, and assistance. Difficulties with some of these are noted, but it is argued that there may yet be responsibilities from several of these sources, particular when there are ‘culpability shortfalls’.
Emulating Plato
Authors: O'Neill Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Through an exploration of Shelley’s poetic and discerning translation of Plato’s Symposium and Ion, this chapter closely examines the nuance of language with which Shelley responds to the Greek, and details the way in which Shelley’s translation achieves, through both form and idea, an unparalleled closeness in spirit to Plato’s original work. It explores Shelley’s stylistic range in tracing Plato’s movement between thought and language, and how his prose serves to echo and intensify the Platonic concepts of the Symposium through intricate forms, broadened perspectives, and a sense of the complex significance of the idea of love. The chapter demonstrates how Shelley’s poems, and in this case his poetic translations, ‘have remarkable intra-textual memories’. The chapter also traces Plato’s lasting influence on Shelley and on his metamorphosis into a great poet: how the poet’s interrelations with Plato, and specifically the Symposium, contribute to his development into a poet more capable of allowing for conflicting perspectives, for dialogue, and debate. Platonic ideas and their evolution feed into Shelleyan concepts in such works as A Defence of Poetry, and Shelley explores the nature of poetic inspiration and the role of a poet in his or her own culture in his translation of Ion. Chapter 1 additionally considers the ways in which, through his translations of and commentary on Plato, Shelley highlights what he calls the ‘vulgar error’ of differentiating between poetry and prose as separate and distinct literary forms.
‘A Kind of an Excuse’
Authors: O'Neill Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter reconsiders Shelley’s intertextual relationship with Wordsworth and focusses particularly on Shelley’s works written in his later years when he lived in Italy. In examining what is perhaps Shelley’s profoundest poetic relationship, it analyses a complex and productive interchange of influence and creativity. It pays attention to the works Shelley wrote as ‘corrective tributes’ to Wordsworth, and traces Shelley’s disappointment over what he perceives to be Wordsworth’s decline, which is tempered by his acknowledgement of the persisting value of the older poet’s work. The chapter traces the ongoing debate for Shelley between his ‘recollection’ of Wordsworth’s ‘former greatness’ and the ‘embittered irony’ with which he jabs at Wordsworth’s perceived hypocrisy for abandoning his former values. It identifies the ways in which Shelley uses allusion to turn Wordsworth’s words back upon himself as condemnation. But throughout, the chapter continually identifies passages in Shelley’s poetry, and their underlying characteristics, that identify the ongoing affinity the younger poet had with Wordsworth. It traces each poet’s approaches (both differing and similar) to a belief in nature and in the imagination, to the dialogue between imagination and reality, to the soul, to consciousness, to being, and to poetic power. It discusses Shelley’s desire to portray Wordsworth as a poet of the unseen. The chapter identifies ways in which Shelley’s poems take on new and revitalized meaning when read in the light of the younger poet’s recurring engagement with Wordsworth.
‘The Fixed and the Fluid’
Authors: O'Neill Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of poetic identity in the works of and literary relationship between Shelley and Byron. It identifies the mutual responsiveness of the two poets as well as their responsiveness to the self in poetry. For both poets, there is a great awareness of the possibility to re-imagine the self through poetry: to ‘multiply’ and be multiplied, to become ‘immortal’ through the continuance of one’s ideas and poetic visions, and to be born again in the minds and hearts of those readers who are receptive to the poet’s creations. Both poets, through their poetic works, explore the value of poetry through different forms. Byron’s narrative form provides means by which he can explore the self through opposing poles. As the chapter points out, for Byron, ‘Stories fix and identify; but they are also the doorways towards novelty and escape’. Shelley’s intense lyricism provides an opportunity to test the imagination’s capacity for movement between poles, to be at once fixed and fluid. Both poets present identity through the lens of poetic surrogates through whom they explore notions of isolation, the concept of heroism, a sense of suffering, and the very mortal wish for the timelessness of the soul. The two authors also deftly probe the relationship between author and reader. The chapter also explores the converging and diverging ways in which Byron and Shelley respond to Wordsworthian ideas of identity. It details how the poets’ friendship and intellectual exchange ‘changed who they were as poets’. Throughout, the chapter examines the skill with which each poet creates his works, and traces how poetic form corresponds to poetic idea.
‘Materials for Imagination’
Authors: O'Neill Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chapter 14 examines Hemans’s subterranean though profound engagement with Shelley in her poetry from 1822 onward. After discussing how Hemans often drew Byron and Shelley together, even as she was alert and responsive to their differences, the chapter shows how Hemans responded to Shelley in particular in order to individuate her more subjective, later-career poetry. Shelley often comes to Hemans’s mind as a fraught ally when ‘intersubjectivity’, in the form of intertextual responsiveness, points up poetic aloneness. At the same time, she continually reworks Shelleyan pursuit into a poetry of quasi-transcendental intimation that rarely settles for banal piety, but prompts us, rather, to see in her work a poet grappling with the aesthetic challenge of constructing her own poetic habitation out of the ‘materials for imagination’ available in her culture.
Undoing Stereotypes
Authors: McKibbin Ross 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter is an attempt to understand Britain’s political culture by comparing it with the political culture of Australia, a country which was (and is) very similar, but which differs in several important ways. It was (and still is) argued that Australia is a more open and democratic society than Britain; and that is something widely believed in both countries. The chapter argues that that was probably true before the First World War—though easily exaggerated—but much less true after the First World War. That war, I believe, had very different consequences for Australia than for Britain—and in Australia they were significantly more damaging. It becomes much more difficult to argue that after 1918 Australia, in fact, was more democratic than Britain or Britain was less democratic than Australia—a conclusion that probably is counter-intuitive and something the Australians might find hard to believe..
Conclusion
Authors: McKibbin Ross 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The concluding chapter is divided into five sub-sections. That on the First World War argues that Britain’s experience of the war was comparatively benign, in so far as this was possible; a perhaps surprising and counter-intuitive conclusion. I have used the study of Keynes’s attitude to the rentier to consider more widely the political economy of interwar Britain. The ‘Decay of Industrial Society’ looks at the political and social consequences of Britain’s decline as an industrial economy: a decline fundamental to Britain’s history after the Second World War. ‘A Whole Social System’ argues for the significance of sport not only as part of popular life but also as fully representative of the wider connections of Britain’s social and political life. Finally, in ‘What Kind of Democracy’, I suggest how these together helped shape the kind of democracy that emerged in Britain in the twentieth century.
Introduction
Authors: Driediger-Murphy Lindsay G. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Introduction traces the state of the question in modern studies of augury and explains why the current consensus is open to challenge. It highlights current developments in the study of Roman and Greek religion and culture, as well as anthropological studies of divination, which suggest that a re-evaluation is possible and needed. The limitations of ‘functionalist’ interpretations of divination are discussed. Four guiding principles for the inquiry are outlined: (1) The purpose of augury was to obtain information from Jupiter about how and when to act. (2) Augury included some consistent rules and sign-interpretations, with which most of its users were familiar. (3) Augury worked by consensus, as specific rules, precedents, and customs were balanced against contingent circumstances. This consensus compelled elite compliance with the divinatory system and acceptance of its results. (4) Religion at Rome was ‘embedded’, but also meaningful in its own right.
The Changing Relationships between Research, Society, and Policy in the Netherlands
Authors: Kremer Monique 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The WRR, The Dutch Scientific Council for Government Policy, has been a key advisory body in the field of migration and integration since the late 1970s. The heated reception of its 2007 report Identification with the Netherlands—rechristened the Máxima report after a speech by the then Crown Princess—marked an important turning point. Analysis of its reception shows that scientifically informed policy advice must increasingly address two developments: the growing significance of public opinion and the changing relationship between science, policy, and politics. To continue to fulfil its role as honest broker, scientific policy advice must be aware of the breadth of academic and other stakeholder opinion and of deeper public worries and emotions, without being captured by the ‘public majority’. This is necessary in an age when reaching out to the publics—often via media—appears as the most effective route to making an impact on politicians and policy-making.
Aristotle in the Ethic Wars
Authors: Berryman Sylvia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Beginning from a short history of ethics offered in Korsgaard’s The Sources of Normativity, this chapter notes the practice—dating back to Anscombe’s ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’—of offering narratives about the history of modern ethics in order to unsettle the metaphysical picture underlying the rise of non-cognitivism or subjectivism in ethics. These narratives often feature Aristotelian virtue ethics as a potential alternative, and have shaped the reading of Aristotle’s ethics. The supposed ‘gap’ separating ancient and modern ethics is questioned, and with it the claim that Aristotle was unreflective about the grounding of his ethics; the supposition is also disputed that he regarded human nature as an ‘Archimedean Point’ to ground the demands of ethics, as the work of Williams and Foot might suggest. From a survey of modern appropriations of his ideas, two research questions are isolated: was Aristotle an Archimedean naturalist, and was he metaethically naive?
Nature and the Sources of Normativity
Authors: Berryman Sylvia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Examining Aristotle’s intellectual milieu, this chapter argues that the supposedly modern questions about the ‘sources of normativity’ are being asked by Aristotle’s contemporaries, even without the spur of the modern sciences. The challenge to traditional beliefs from materialism, awareness of cultural variations and from sophistic challengers unsettled belief in traditional piety, requiring philosophers to seek other forms of justification. Plato’s work clearly shows a felt need for metaphysical foundations of ethics. The subjectivism of the Cyrenaic school, among others, put pressure on the notion that there is a true good beyond appearances. This chapter notes that—on one reading of the justification for Aristotle’s teleology—he might reasonably have seen the appeal to human nature as an external point of appeal to justify the demands of ethics; the question is whether he did do so.
Buying Oroonoko in Salem
Authors: Moore Sean D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter maps the reception of John Hawkesworth’s theatrical adaptation of Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko in Salem, Massachusetts, in the 1760s, explaining how the literary representation of what Ramesh Mallipeddi calls the enslaved person’s “spectacular suffering” shaped both anti-slavery sentiment and the appropriation of that sentiment by Anglo-American patriots complaining of being enslaved by Britain. It situates this contextualization within the central space of reading in the city, the Salem Social Library, a proprietary subscription library founded by men made wealthy by the slave trade and related enterprises like fish, sugar, molasses, and rum distilling. The reading habits of these men are mapped by reference to the library’s surviving 1760s circulation ledger. Methodologically, it argues that sequential borrowings of volumes of a title, and the velocity of their circulation to members, should count as evidence of the reception of works. It also discusses Massachusetts patriot and abolitionist activity in the 1760s.
Slaves as Securitized Assets
Authors: Moore Sean D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Charles Johnstone’s Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea, is an “it-narrative” about the transatlantic circulation of a coin, so it is only appropriate that it appealed to readers in colonial America due to their transactions in people, currency, and objects. By studying how this book circulated in Charleston, South Carolina—the port made most wealthy by slave trading—and in the other colonies, this chapter asks questions about the separation of objects and objectified people like slaves in the period, exploring how the colonial reception of “it-narratives” helped produce a distinction between them for anti-slavery purposes. By centering its analysis on the social network of enslavers constitutive of the Charleston Library Society, the consumption of novels such as Samuel Richardson’s Pamela by Eliza Lucas Pinckney and others can now be seen as slavery-enabled reading. It shows an extreme example of investment of slavery money into tasteful imports like books.
Productivity—health and wealth
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Although productivity is the ultimate engine of economic growth in the global economy, health leaders tend to avoid the subject. As a result, we are faced with a reality in which investment has been hampered. Instead of promoting productivity, national decision-makers have provided short-term decisions. These types of quick solutions and short-term thinking have prevented healthcare from making a substantial and sustainable contribution to national wealth creation through raised productivity. In this chapter, Mark Britnell outlines the goals of productivity within the healthcare sector. He discusses how education, innovation, technology, improved infrastructure, and enhanced business models increase productivity within healthcare.
Israel—start-up nation
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, Mark Britnell focuses on Israel’s healthcare system, one of the best-kept secrets in healthcare. He looks at how Israel has achieved a primary care-led health system with four health maintenance organizations (HMOs) providing citizens with both choice and comprehensive cover. Primary and community care spend first exceeded that of secondary and acute care 20 years ago, but it has taken time. Its origins can be traced back to 1911 when an orchard worker had his arm severed and 150 immigrant workers joined together to form a mutual aid healthcare organization called Clalit, a non-governmental, non-profit entity. They knew that to help themselves they had to help each other, and Clalit is now the largest HMO in Israel with 14 hospitals and more than 1,200 primary and specialized clinics. The health system of Israel is not perfect but is highly innovative—not least in its use of patient information—and deserves attention.
Loving your staff—bring joy to work
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Doctors and nurses globally are feeling unloved and underappreciated. Clinicians are expensive to train and it takes years, and once lost, they are not easily replaced. Yet we lose people from their first day in the job. They might quit because of the job itself or through personal circumstances. But if health systems want to retain people throughout their working lives, they are going to have to support them through life events—births, deaths, parenthood, sickness, caring, older age. They will also have to support them through every stage of their career too, from first job, through promotion and into retirement. They are also, like any other industry, going to have to meet legitimate expectations of a healthy, happy relationship with work. In this chapter, Mark Britnell argues that most companies spend time and effort understanding exactly what their customers want and need of them, and that it now is high time healthcare providers started asking the same about their workforce.
The United States of America—disunited states
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, Mark Britnell takes a close look at the American healthcare system. He analyses the openly polarized American society, and how this is reflected in its health systems. American healthcare can deliver the finest service to some, and yet leave millions without insurance. It is the only OECD country without universal health coverage but leads the world in research. He looks at the United States’s slightly low density of physicians with 2.6 per 1,000 population compared with the OECD average of 3.0, and how this aggregate figure hides shortfalls and surpluses across the country spanning specialties, regions, and income brackets.
“Godot Has Arrived!”
Authors: Malagodi Mara 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the process and modalities of constitutional reform that led to the federal restructuring of Nepal’s unitary state. It first considers the context that led to the question of federalism in Nepal, focusing on identity politics and the role of mainstream political parties and political elites during the period 1990–2006. It then looks at the period of constitutional engagement, taking into account the establishment of the first Constituent Assembly (CA1) and its eventual dissolution. It also discusses the outcome of federalization as well as the lessons that can be drawn from the process, especially with regard to territorial restructuring, identity politics, and the range of institutional responses to demands for social inclusion. A new Constitution was promulgated on September 20, 2015, but it did not bring about radical institutional restructuring and was met with growing protests in the Terai plains near the Indian border.
After the Scottish Independence Referendum
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the independence referendum in Scotland, held on September 18, 2014, and its implications for the federal direction of the United Kingdom. The referendum saw 55 percent of Scots say “No” to the question: “Should Scotland be an Independent Country?”. Despite this result, the referendum has sparked a further process of decentralization. The chapter first describes the context that led to the Scottish independence referendum, focusing in particular on the success of the Scottish National Party (SNP) in the parliamentary elections of May 2011 and why the referendum emerged from—and was organized within—the normal contours of constitutional democracy. It then considers the period of constitutional engagement and the outcome of the referendum before concluding with an analysis of some of the lessons that can be drawn from it with regard to constitutional change and the issue of secession.
Context-Free Semantics
Authors: Santorio Paolo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOn a traditional view, the semantics of natural language makes essential use of a context parameter, i.e. a set of coordinates that representss the situation of speech. In classical frameworks, this parameter plays two roles: it contributes to determining the content of utterances and it is used to define logical consequence. This paper argues that recent empirical proposals about context shift in natural language, which are supported by an increasing body of cross-linguistic data, are incompatible with this traditional view. The moral is that context has no place in semantic theory proper. We should revert back to so-called multiple-indexing frameworks that were developed by Montague and others, and relegate context to the postsemantic stage of a theory of meaning.
The Construction of Economic Rights in the InfoSoc Directive
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Turning specifically to the discussion of economic rights, this chapter shows how the Court’s application of certain standards discussed in Chapter 2 has resulted in common approaches—and overall broad scope—of the economic rights harmonized by the InfoSoc Directive, these being the rights of reproduction, communication/making available to the public, and distribution. This chapter also contains a discussion of the de facto harmonization of the originality requirement at the EU level and the understanding of ‘work’ under the InfoSoc Directive. With regard to the right of distribution, its exhaustion—especially following the first lawful sale copies in digital format (digital exhaustion)—is also discussed.
Relevance of EU Copyright Law to (Future) Non-EU Member States
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact of CJEU copyright case law on national copyright regimes, even beyond the wording of EU directives as transposed into national legal systems. To this end, it focuses on the UK and, following a discussion of what immediate changes the departure from the EU and the EEA (Brexit) would have (also with regard to issues of exhaustion), it explores to what extent case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has changed UK copyright law. EU decisions have had an impact in areas such as: copyright subsistence, subject matter categorization, primary/accessory liability, standard of infringement, exceptions and limitations, and enforcement (with particular regard to website blocking jurisprudence). Overall, this chapter shows the legacy of CJEU case law, and how pervasive the impact of such case law is.