bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Global Language of Human Rights: A Computational Linguistic Analysis
Authors: Law David S. 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Human rights discourse has been likened to a global lingua franca, and in more ways than one, the analogy seems apt. Human rights discourse is a language that is used by all yet belongs uniquely to no particular place. It crosses not only the borders between nation-states, but also the divide between national law and international law: it appears in national constitutions and international treaties alike. But is it possible to conceive of human rights as a global language or lingua franca not just in a figurative or metaphorical sense, but in a literal or linguistic sense as a legal dialect defined by distinctive patterns of word choice and usage? Does there exist a global language of human rights that transcends not only national borders, but also the divide between domestic and international law?
Empirical analysis suggests that the answer is yes, but this global language comes in at least two variants or dialects. New techniques for performing automated content analysis enable us to analyze the bulk of all national constitutions over the last two centuries, together with the world’s leading regional and international human rights instruments, for patterns of linguistic similarity and to evaluate how much language, if any, they share in common. Specifically, we employ a technique known as topic modeling that disassembles texts into recurring verbal patterns.
The results highlight the existence of two species or dialects of rights talk—the universalist dialect and the positive-rights dialect—both of which are global in reach and rising in popularity. The universalist dialect is generic in content and draws heavily on the type of language found in international and regional human rights instruments. It appears in particularly large doses in the constitutions of transitional states, developing states, and states that have been heavily exposed to the influence of the international community.
The positive-rights dialect, by contrast, is characterized by its substantive emphasis on positive rights of a social or economic variety, and by its prevalence in lengthier constitutions and constitutions from outside the common law world, especially those of the Spanish-speaking world. Both dialects of rights talk are truly transnational, in the sense that they appear simultaneously in national, regional, and international legal instruments and transcend the distinction between domestic and international law. Their existence attests to the blurring of the boundary between constitutional law and international law.
Cerebrospinal fluid cutaneous fistula after neuraxial anesthesia: an effective treatment approach
Authors: Marinho Ramiro , Sousa Mara , Machado Filipa , Fonseca Sara , Guedes Luísa 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid cutaneous fistula is a rare but potentially serious complication of epidural analgesia. We report the case of a patient submitted to total knee arthroplasty under subarachnoid block and placement of lumbar epidural catheter for post-operative analgesia. The epidural catheter was found exteriorised on the fourth post-operative day, and the patient presented with a moderate fluid leak from the puncture site that was confirmed to be cerebrospinal fluid by cytological and chemical analysis. The initial therapeutic approach consisted of bed rest, hydration and prophylactic antibiotic therapy for 3 days, but it was ineffective as the leak persisted. A suture was placed at the epidural insertion site with immediate resolution of the leak. The suture was maintained for 5 days. The patient progressed satisfactorily without requiring further therapies.
Die Grundkonzeption der CSR-Berichterstattung und ausgewählte Problemfelder
Authors: Hennrichs Joachim 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungMit der CSR-Richtlinie (2014/95/EU), umgesetzt durch das CSR-RiLi-UG v. 11.4.2017, statuiert das Gesetz ergänzende Berichtspflichten über CSR-Belange. Neu ist das nicht. Namentlich bestehen Überschneidungen zur schon seit 2004 vorgeschriebenen Lageberichterstattung über nichtfinanzielle Leistungsindikatoren (§§ 289 Abs. 3, 315 Abs. 3 HGB). Viele Großunternehmen veröffentlichen außerdem bereits freiwillig umfangreiche Nachhaltigkeitsberichte. Die Notwendigkeit einer weiteren hoheitlichen Regulierung ist vor diesem Hintergrund nicht über jeden Zweifel erhaben. Das gesetzgeberische Ziel, die Vergleichbarkeit von CSR-Angaben zu verbessern, wird angesichts der Vielzahl von unbestimmten Rechtsbegriffen und der dadurch bewirkten begrenzten Justiziabilität ebenfalls kaum erreicht.
CSR-bezogene Vorstands- und Aufsichtsratspflichten und ihre Sanktionierung
Authors: Bachmann Gregor 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag untersucht die Pflichten von Vorstand und Aufsichtsrat unter dem neuen CSR-Reporting-Regime. Sein Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Sanktionsfrage. Er kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die Neuregelung neue Berichtspflichten kreiert, die Verhaltenspflichten der Verwaltung aber nicht fundamental geändert hat. Die Sanktionen sind streng genug, um den Anforderungen des EU-Rechts zu genügen, ohne außergewöhnliche Risiken für die Verwaltung zu bergen. Ob sie treffsicher genug sind, um „Greenwashing“ zu vermeiden, muss die Zukunft zeigen.
Legitimationsfragen internationaler Rahmenwerke für die CSR-Berichterstattung: Inhalt, Regelgeber und Durchsetzungsmechanismen
Authors: Krajewski Markus 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungDie CSR-Richtlinie der EU und die entsprechenden Vorschriften der §§ 289 b ff HGB verlangen von bestimmten Unternehmen eine Berichterstattung über die Auswirkungen ihrer Tätigkeiten auf Umwelt-, Sozial- und Arbeitnehmerbelange sowie die Achtung der Menschenrechte und die Bekämpfung von Korruption und Bestechung. Hierzu können die Unternehmen auf internationale Rahmenwerke zurückgreifen, die unverbindliche Verhaltensstandards für Unternehmen formulieren. Diese Rahmenwerke unterscheiden sich bezüglich Inhalt, Regelgeber und Durchsetzungsmechanismen teils erheblich. Die damit verbundenen Legitimationsfragen werden daher auch für die jeweiligen Rahmenwerke unterschiedlich beantwortet werden müssen. Die Vielfalt der Rahmenwerke trägt kaum zu einer Vergleichbarkeit bei der Berichterstattung bei. Allerdings können sie als emergenter materieller Kern eines pluralistischen transnationalen Rechts unternehmerischer Verantwortung angesehen werden.
Corporate Social Responsibility in der Lieferkette: Governance und Verantwortlichkeiten
Authors: Rühmkorf Andreas 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag analysiert den sich entwickelnden rechtlichen Rahmen für CSR in der Lieferkette. Der Aufsatz ist eingebettet in interdisziplinäre Literatur zur Governance von globalen Lieferketten. Der Beitrag diskutiert vier nationale Gesetze, die Auswirkungen auf die Lieferketten-Governance haben: Der UK Modern Slavery Act 2015, die nationale Umsetzung der CSR-Richtlinie in Deutschland 2017, das französische devoir de vigilance Gesetz 2017 und der UK Bribery Act 2010. Die möglichen Folgen dieser Gesetze auf die Lieferketten-Governance werden dargestellt. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass sich momentan ein Trend zu hybriden Regelungsmechanismen in globalen Lieferketten abzeichnet, in dem nationales Recht eine wichtige Rolle spielt.
Internationales Privatrecht de lege lata wie de lege ferenda und Menschenrechtsverantwortlichkeit deutscher Unternehmen
Authors: Mansel Heinz-Peter 
Published: June 2018

ZusammenfassungDie haftungsrechtlichen Folgen der „Menschenrechtsverantwortung“ global agierender Unternehmen erfahren auf nationaler wie internationaler Ebene größere Aufmerksamkeit. Vor dem Hintergrund aktueller politischer Initiativen und der Einführung einer entsprechenden französischen Haftungsnorm im Code de Commerce geht der Beitrag der Frage nach, welchem Recht die Haftung einer deutschen Konzernobergesellschaft bei schwerwiegenden Delikten unterliegt, die von einer Konzernuntergesellschaft im Ausland begangen wurden. Auf die Durchgriffshaftung einer deutschen Konzernobergesellschaft ist das Gesellschaftsstatut der abhängigen Konzernuntergesellschaft anzuwenden, mithin ausländisches Recht. Das europäische internationale Deliktsrecht führt auch nicht zum deutschen Sachrecht. Versuche der Korrektur dieses Ergebnisses scheitern regelmäßig, wenn auch nicht ausnahmslos, an den in diesen Fällen mit der Bestimmung des Handlungsorts verbundenen Problemen. Menschenrechtliche Eingriffsnormen nach französischem Vorbild könnten allein de lege ferenda geschaffen werden. Auf der Ebene des berufenen materiellen Rechts kann bei der Konkretisierung der in bestimmten Verkehrskreisen erforderlichen Sorgfalt auf die 2011 verabschiedeten UN-Leitprinzipien für Wirtschaft und Menschenrechte (sog. Ruggie-Principles) im Verein mit einschlägigen CSR-Empfehlungen, Verbands- und Branchenkodizes sowie Selbstverpflichtungen von Unternehmen in ihren codes of conduct etc. zurückzugreifen sein, soweit das anwendbare Recht einen entsprechenden Auslegungsspielraum eröffnet. Dadurch kann mittelfristig ein Unternehmensstandard grenzüberschreitender menschenrechtlicher Sorgfaltspflichten entstehen.
On predicted R factors for dynamic structure crystallography
Authors: Henn Julian 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
For the evaluation of data sets from dynamic structure crystallography, it may be helpful to predict expected

R
=

I

O
N

I

O
F
F

$R = {{{I_{ON}}} \over {{I_{OFF}}}}$

-based agreement factors from the observed intensities and their corresponding standard uncertainties with laser ON and with laser OFF. The predicted R factors serve three purposes: (i) they indicate, which data sets are suitable and promising for further evaluation, (ii) they give a reference R value for the case of absence of systematic errors in the data and (iii) they can be compared to the corresponding predicted F
2-based R factors. For point (ii) it is inevitable, that the standard uncertainties from the experiment are adequate, i.e. they should adequately describe the noise in the observed intensities and must not be systematically over- or under estimated for a part of the data or the whole data set. It may be this requirement, which is currently the largest obstacle for further progress in the field of dynamic structure crystallography.
The Differential Spectroscopic Investigation of Partitioning of Reactive Dyes in Micellar Media of Cationic Surfactant, Cetyl Trimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB)
Authors: Rashid Sadaf , Usman Muhammad , Shahzad Tanvir , Saeed Muhammad , Haq Atta Ul , Ibrahim Muhammad , Siddiq Muhammad , Iram Misbah 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This manuscript reports the solubilization of two reactive dyes viz. reactive black-5 (RB-5) and reactive black-8 (RB-8) in the micellar media of cationic surfactant, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) by differential UV/visible spectroscopy. Absorption spectra of said dyes in the presence of CTAB provide strong evidence about dye–surfactant interaction. In premicellar region ion association pair is formed between dye and surfactant while in post micellar region dye molecules get accommodated within the micelles. The values of critical micelle concentration (CMC) of CTAB in the presence of dyes, partition coefficient; Kx
, free energy of partition, ∆Gp
, binding constant, Kb
and free energy of binding, ∆Gb
were determined and compared for both dyes. It is, thus, concluded that RB-5 is solubilized to greater extent than RB-8 because of its incorporation in palisade layer of micelle close to micelle-water interface.
¿Tienen significado los nombres propios?
Authors: Bahr Christian , Hernández Arocha Héctor 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis paper discusses the major linguistic theories concerned with the distinction between proper and common names. At the same time, it aims to show that a border line between both categories cannot be drawn without answering the question about the capacity of proper names to express denotative meaning. There seems to be little agreement in this respect since the classical points of view linked to Mill and Jespersen, which is why linguists and philosophers still lack a common understanding on this point. In order to clarify the origin of this debate, it will be approached from different perspectives and fields of linguistics, including an analysis of Eugenio Coseriu’s position revealed in a manuscript on this topic made available by the Eugenio-Coseriu-Foundation (www.coseriu.org) and which has remained unpublished until nowadays.
Competencia entre palatalización y nasalización en las secuencias ‑ngul‑ en castellano
Authors: Gutiérrez César 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe Latin sequences ‑ngul‑ in words such as cingulum, ungulam or singulos have evolved into two possible outcomes in Spanish: a palatal sonorant ([ɲ] or [ʎ]), or [nd]. The purpose of this paper is to provide a phonetically-based explanation to account for the sound changes that led to these outcomes in Old Spanish, as well as in other Ibero-Romance languages. In this regard, it will be shown that palatalization and nasalization were competing processes in the development of the sequences ‑ngul‑, as well as in the other structurally comparable sequences ‑ndul‑ and ‑mbul‑.
Effect of Impact Energy in ESSO Test (Part 3: Experimental Validation for New Validity Criteria of Impact Condition Giving Constant Evaluation in ESSO Test)
Authors: Kaneko Masahito , Kawabata Tomoya , Aihara Shuji 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
In our second report, whether the impact had an important effect on the results or not depended on the critical condition that was proposed by calculating the ratio of the values of Kd both for where impact was considered and where it was not considered. This proposal was shown as a look-up figure where “effect” or “no effect” conditions were shown as regions illustrated on a graph, revealing the relationship between nondimensional impact energy and arrested crack length. In order to validate the criteria included in this proposal, some experiments under high impact energy conditions were carried out by using a steel plate with a known value of brittle crack arrest toughness under ordinary conditions. The experiments were conducted near the critical boundary that divides the area of “affect” and that of “not affect” on the evaluation. It was found that the experimentally evaluated plots closely followed the relationship of existing properties under low impact energy conditions of the same material on the Arrhenius plot. Hence, the proposed validity criteria can be interpreted as being made on the safe side. In addition, if the impact energy is larger than the specified condition, it may have an important effect on the test results. In this case, the results have to be treated as reference data in spite of being an expensive test. However, these criteria can only be determined after actual testing because the criteria include arrested crack length. Therefore, the authors also tried to make a simple recommendation for obtaining valid data that can be investigated before ESSO tests and without the effect of impact.
Comparative Study of RC Members with Strengthening Using Strain Hardening Cementitious Composite and Fiber Reinforced Mortar
Authors: Zhang Yongxing , Liu Cheng , Lu Weihua , Xie Haibo , Peng Hui 
Published: June 2018

AbstractStrain hardening cementitious composite (SHCC) and fiber reinforced mortar (FRM) are considered as suitable for strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) structures, both of which belong to fiber reinforced cementitious composite (FRCC), whereas the distinctive strengthening effects of RC structure using SHCC and FRM have not been sufficiently understood until now. In this study, the comparative study of RC members with flexural strengthening using SHCC and FRM is implemented, focusing on the load carrying capacity and ductility improvement of the strengthened RC member. The result demonstrates that the load carrying capacity of the RC member, even strengthened with a plain SHCC layer, can be improved from that of the RC member with strengthening using a steel-reinforced FRM layer, and the ductility of the RC member with strengthening using a steel-reinforced SHCC layer is significantly improved from that of the RC member with strengthening using plain SHCC layer, because the multiple fine cracks in the SHCC layer are obviously increased even with a low-reinforcement-ratio steel bar adopted in the SHCC layer.
Cotton Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA2)Genes Promote Root Growth and Confer Drought Stress Tolerance in TransgenicArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Magwanga Richard Odongo , Lu Pu , Kirungu Joy Nyangasi , Dong Qi , Hu Yangguang , Zhou Zhongli , Cai Xiaoyan , Wang Xingxing , Hou Yuqing , Wang Kunbo , Liu Fang 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLate embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins play key roles in plant drought tolerance. In this study, 157, 85 and 89 candidate LEA2 proteins were identified in G. hirsutum, G. arboreum and G. raimondii respectively. LEA2 genes were classified into 6 groups, designated as group 1 to 6. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed orthologous gene pairs within the cotton genome. The cotton specific LEA2 motifs identified were E, R and D in addition to Y, K and S motifs. The genes were distributed on all chromosomes. LEA2s were found to be highly enriched in non-polar, aliphatic amino acid residues, with leucine being the highest, 9.1% in proportion. The miRNA, ghr-miR827a/b/c/d and ghr-miR164 targeted many genes are known to be drought stress responsive. Various stress-responsive regulatory elements, ABA-responsive element (ABRE), Drought-responsive Element (DRE/CRT), MYBS and low-temperature-responsive element (LTRE) were detected. Most genes were highly expressed in leaves and roots, being the primary organs greatly affected by water deficit. The expression levels were much higher in G. tomentosum as opposed to G. hirsutum. The tolerant genotype had higher capacity to induce more of LEA2 genes. Over expression of the transformed gene Cot_AD24498 showed that the LEA2 genes are involved in promoting root growth and in turn confers drought stress tolerance. We therefore infer that Cot_AD24498, CotAD_20020, CotAD_21924 and CotAD_59405 could be the candidate genes with profound functions under drought stress in upland cotton among the LEA2 genes. The transformed Arabidopsis plants showed higher tolerance levels to drought stress compared to the wild types. There was significant increase in antioxidants, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) accumulation, increased root length and significant reduction in oxidants, Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the leaves of transformed lines under drought stress condition. This study provides comprehensive analysis of LEA2 proteins in cotton thus forms primary foundation for breeders to utilize these genes in developing drought tolerant genotypes.
A Crucial Caste Regulation Gene Detected by Comparing Termites and Sister Group Cockroaches
Authors: Masuoka Yudai , Toga Kouhei , Nalepa Christine A , Maekawa Kiyoto 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAcquisition of a sterile caste is a key step in insect eusocial evolution; however, the molecular mechanisms associated with sterile caste development are unclear. To help resolve the issue, Masuoka et al. focused on soldiers—the first acquired....Sterile castes are a defining criterion of eusociality; investigating their evolutionary origins can critically advance theory. In termites, the soldier caste is regarded as the first acquired permanently sterile caste. Previous studies showed that juvenile hormone (JH) is the primary factor inducing soldier differentiation, and treatment of workers with artificial JH can generate presoldier differentiation. It follows that a shift from a typical hemimetabolous JH response might be required for soldier formation during the course of termite evolution within the cockroach clade. To address this possibility, analysis of the role of JH and its signaling pathway was performed in the termite Zootermopsis nevadensis and compared with the wood roach Cryptocercus punctulatus, a member of the sister group of termites. Treatment with a JH analog (JHA) induced a nymphal molt in C. punctulatus. RNA interference (RNAi) of JH receptor Methoprene tolerant (Met) was then performed, and it inhibited the presoldier molt in Z. nevadensis and the nymphal molt in C. punctulatus. Knockdown of Met in both species inhibited expression of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E; the active form of ecdysone) synthesis genes. However, in Z. nevadensis, several 20E signaling genes were specifically inhibited by Met RNAi. Consequently, RNAi of these genes were performed in JHA-treated termite individuals. Knockdown of 20E signaling and nuclear receptor gene, Hormone receptor 39 (HR39/FTZ-F1β) resulted in newly molted individuals with normal worker phenotypes. This is the first report of the JH–Met signaling feature in termites and Cryptocercus. JH-dependent molting activation is shared by both taxa and mediation between JH receptor and 20E signalings for soldier morphogenesis is specific to termites.
Benturan Kewenangan dan Kerjasama Pengawasan Hakim Antara Komisi Yudisial dan Mahkamah Agung
Authors: - Masripatunnisa 
Published: June 2018

Abstrak. Benturan Kewenangan dan Kerjasama Pengawasan Hakim Antara Komisi Yudisial dan Mahkamah Agung. Perubahan undang-undang Komisi Yudisial (Undang-Undang nomor 18 tahun 2011 tentang Perubahan Undang-Undang nomor 22 tahun 2004) memiliki dampak pada diperluasnya kewenangan Komisi Yudisial dalam pola rekrutmen dan pengawasan hakim di Mahkamah Agung. Perubahan kewenangan Komisi Yudisial yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 18 tahun 2011 kiranya pandangan Mahkamah Konstitusi yang dalam putusan nomor 005/PUU-IV/2006 masih sangat relevan untuk dijadikan rambu-rambu, dalam rangka Komisi Yudisial menjalankan fungsi pengawasan. Keberadaan Komisi Yudisial ini diharapkan dapat menjadi simbol mengenai pentingnya infrastruktur sistem etika perilaku (good conduct) dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Republik Indonesia menurut UUD 1945. Selain itu, Komisi Yudisial sebagai lembaga auxiliary organ terhadap lembaga kekuasaan kehakiman diharapkan juga dapat ditumbuh-kembangkan dalam sistem etika perilaku baik dalam infrastruktur maupun suprastruktur di semua sektor sebagaimana mestinya dalam rangka mewujudkan gagasan negara hukum dan prinsip “good governance’ di semua bidang. Kata kunci: Benturan Kewenangan, Pengawasan Hakim, Komisi Yudisial, Mahkamah Agung.
Percepción del embarazo adolescente en el Departamento Norte de Santander, Colombia
Authors: Trejos Herrera Ana María , Mazuera Arias Rina , Reyes Ruiz Lizeth 
Published: June 2018

Objetivo Analizar la percepción del embarazo adolescente en el Departamento Norte de Santander.Método Se realizó una investigación descriptiva de corte transversal con 406 madres adolescentes entre 10 y 19 años pertenecientes a las 6 subregiones del departamento. Se aplicó una encuesta estructurada y se tabularon los datos en el Paquete Estadístico para las Ciencias Sociales (SPSS [Statical Package for Social Sciencies]; versión No.23)Resultados El 69 % de las adolescentes considera que la falta de educación sexual está asociada al embarazo no planificado. El 66 % reconoce que los embarazos no planificados se pueden prevenir con el uso de métodos anticonceptivos, pues los embarazos indeseados son la principal causa de deserción escolar para un 62 % de las adolescentes.Discusión La garantía de un mayor acceso a la educación sexual integral junto con el acceso libre y fácil a los métodos anticonceptivos puede reducir la problemática del embarazo adolescente.