bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Incentive Scheme and Task Difficulty on Employees' Altruistic Behavior Outside the Firm
Authors: Newman Andrew H. , Tafkov Ivo D. , Zhou Flora Hailan 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTEmployer‐sponsored opportunities for altruism outside the workplace can improve employee engagement and passion within the firm, enhance the firm's corporate visibility, and improve its recruitment. There is limited understanding of whether and how a firm's management control system on employees' daily tasks can influence employee willingness to engage in altruism outside the workplace. In this study, we investigate via an experiment how the incentive scheme (tournament vs. piece rate) on employees' daily tasks interacts with the difficulty level of these tasks (low vs. high) to affect employees' altruistic behavior outside the firm. Our results indicate that, compared to a piece‐rate scheme, a tournament scheme leads to a greater decrease in non‐winning participants' altruistic behavior outside the firm when the original, incentivized task is more difficult compared to when it is less difficult. Consistent with our theory, participants' feelings of excessive entitlement partially mediate the interaction effect of incentive scheme and task difficulty on participants' altruistic behavior outside the firm. This study informs firms about how the design of its incentive scheme on employees' daily task inside the firm and the nature of that task can influence employee willingness to act altruistically outside the firm.
The Settlement Norm in Audit Legal Disputes: Insights from Prominent Attorneys
Authors: Maksymov Eldar , Pickerd Jeffrey , Lowe D. Jordan , Peecher Mark E. , Reffett Andrew , Donelson Dain C. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTPrior research indicates that most audit legal disputes settle. There is, however, little evidence of the factors that drive the settlement norm and its exceptions in audit legal disputes. To better understand these factors, we rely on theory related to how professionals manage risks and, as a result, how professions defend jurisdictional claims. We use this theoretical lens to help motivate four research questions that we probe by interviewing 27 prominent attorneys experienced in audit litigation. Consistent with our lens, our interview data indicate that attorneys manage their risks, including the risk of reputational loss, by settling based on their expectations of trial verdicts. Unlike trials, settlements simultaneously enable attorneys on both sides to limit costs and avoid catastrophic jury verdicts and, by doing so, claim “wins” for their clients. Attorneys also stress that they settle many audit disputes without any legal filings. Thus, a large subset of disputes is invisible to the public and researchers. Attorneys characterize trials as exceptions to the settlement norm that emerge due to abnormal conditions sometimes present in disputes. However, trial verdicts in these abnormal conditions help attorneys justify the use of settlements to clients, as attorneys stress that by settling they can avoid the dreaded possibility of extreme unfavorable verdicts. We conclude that as individual attorneys manage their risks, especially the risk of reputational loss, their profession maintains its public image and thereby defends its jurisdictional claims. Among the many questions we pose for future research is whether the settlement norm reduces society's ability to monitor the audit profession and, more generally, whether this norm's benefits outweigh its drawbacks.
IL‐10 to TNFα ratios throughout early first trimester can discriminate healthy pregnancies from pregnancy losses
Authors: Kaislasuo Janina , Simpson Samantha , Petersen Jesper F. , Peng Gang , Aldo Paulomi , Lokkegaard Ellen , Paidas Michale , Pal Lubna , Guller Seth , Mor Gil 
Published: October 2019

AbstractProblemEmbryo implantation and placentation require a careful immunological balance. Cytokines such as IL‐10 and TNFα have been implicated as markers of dysregulation, but have only been studied at a single time point or after a pregnancy loss. Our objective was to determine normative patterns of serum levels of IL‐10 and TNFα and their ratio throughout the first trimester in healthy pregnancies and to determine if this pattern differs from pregnancy loss.Method of studyTwo prospective longitudinal cohorts of gravidae including in vitro fertilization (IVF) and naturally conceived pregnancies with serial blood draws. Cytokines were assayed using Simple Plex. In the IVF cohort, we monitored from the implantation day up to 6 weeks of gestation; whereas in the naturally conceived cohort, sample collection began at 4 weeks and throughout the whole first trimester.ResultsIL‐10 concentrations in normal pregnancies were significantly higher than in pregnancies ending in a loss starting at 6‐8 weeks of gestation, while TNFα concentrations were significantly lower in normal than in pregnancies ending in a loss starting at 3‐5 of gestation weeks. The IL‐10 to TNFα ratio in normal pregnancies was significantly higher from 4 to 9 weeks compared to pregnancies that were lost (t test, P < .05). Changes were observed before any symptoms of miscarriage were present.ConclusionWe provide evidences of differences in early immunomodulation in healthy pregnancies vs those destined to end in first‐trimester loss. The ratio of IL‐10 to TNFα rises significantly higher in viable pregnancies as early as 4.5 weeks compared to pregnancies loss.
Fractional exhaled nitric oxide‐based asthma management: The feasibility of its implementation into antenatal care in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: McLaughlin Karen , Jensen Megan E. , Foureur Maralyn , Gibson Peter G. , Murphy Vanessa E. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundThe use of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO)‐based asthma management during pregnancy can significantly reduce asthma exacerbations in non‐smoking pregnant women. The feasibility of implementing this strategy into antenatal care has not been explored.AimsTo examine the feasibility of implementing FeNO‐based asthma management into antenatal clinics in New South Wales (NSW) Australia.Materials and MethodsSemi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews with video elicitation were conducted with healthcare professionals (HCPs) providing antenatal care in one of two hospital‐based antenatal clinics in NSW, Australia. The video shown demonstrated the use of the FeNO instrument and other aspects of the management strategy, in antenatal care. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using qualitative content analysis.ResultsA total of 20 interviews were conducted with 15 midwives, four obstetricians, and one general practitioner. Two main themes and ten sub‐themes arose: Getting a number (sub‐themes: engaging, technically easy, objective, predictive, reassuring); and Resourcing (sub‐themes: time and timing, systems, staff, education and cost). Comments included: ‘It's easy, fast and effective’ and ‘the main barrier is time’. All HCPs felt capable of facilitating the FeNO‐based management strategy, with appropriate education, and were willing to undertake this strategy, saying: ‘…it would be perfectly acceptable for a midwife or doctor to do it’; also, ‘they don't necessarily need to see a physician, it's something that midwives would take on generally…’.ConclusionParticipants in this study considered FeNO‐based asthma management for pregnant women to be a feasible addition to antenatal care following appropriate provision of resources and education.
Healthcare organizations and high profile disagreements
Authors: Moore Bryanna , Lantos John D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we examine healthcare organizations’ responses to high profile cases of doctor–parent disagreement. We argue that, once a conflict crosses a certain threshold of public interest, the stakes of the disagreement change in important ways. They are no longer only the stakes of the child’s interests or who has decision‐making authority, but also the stakes of public trust in healthcare practitioners and organizations and the wide scale spread of medical misinformation. These higher stakes call for robust organization‐level responses. There are responsible and thoughtful ways for healthcare organizations to directly engage with these cases. Hospitals should seek an alliance with the parents around the goal of public discussion and utilize web‐based platforms to provide the public with information about medical conditions, experimental treatments, and how clinical ethics deliberation in hospitals works. We outline five important lessons for healthcare organizations to keep in mind when responding to such cases. Approached with care, these cases could become “teachable moments” for both healthcare organizations and society.
Alive inside
Authors: Peterson Andrew , Owen Adrian M. , Karlawish Jason 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article provides an ethical analysis of the U.S. practice guideline update on disorders of consciousness. Our analysis focuses on the guideline’s recommendations regarding the use of investigational neuroimaging methods to assess brain‐injured patients. Complex and multifaceted ethical issues have emerged because these methods alter the clinical understanding of consciousness. We address issues of false hope, patient suffering, and cost. We argue that, in spite of these concerns, there is significant benefit to using neuroimaging to assess brain‐injured patients in most cases.
Brevifoliol ester induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells by activation of caspase pathway
Authors: Bhukya Balakishan , Fatima Kaneez , Nagar Abhishek , Lakshmi Vijaya , Dubey Poornima , Kumar Shailesh , Kumar Yogesh , Luqman Suaib , Chanda Debabrata , Tandon Sudeep , Shanker Karuna , Khan Feroz , Negi Arvind S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractProstate cancer is fourth most abundant cancer type around the globe. Brevifoliol, a rearranged taxoid from Taxus walllichiana needles has been derivatized as C5 esters using Steglich esterification reaction. Seventeen diverse analogues were evaluated against a panel of human cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Among these, two of the semi‐synthetic analogues, that is, 13 and 16 exhibited potent cytotoxicity, selectively against PC‐3, prostate cancer cell lines. In cell cycle analysis, analogue 13 induced S and G2/M phase arrest and induced apoptosis by activating caspase‐3. Compound 13 showed moderate efficacy in in‐vivo Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice. Further, compound 13 was found to be safe in Swiss albino mice up to 1,000 mg/kg dose in acute oral toxicity. Brevifoliol ester 13 may further be optimized for better efficacy.
A randomized trial comparing transanal irrigation and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation in the management of low anterior resection syndrome
Authors: Enriquez‐Navascues J. M. , Labaka‐Arteaga I. , Aguirre‐Allende I. , Artola‐Etxeberria M. , Saralegui‐Ansorena Y. , Elorza‐Echaniz G. , Borda‐Arrizabalaga N. , Placer‐Galan C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimTo assess the effectiveness of transanal irrigation (TAI) compared with posterior tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in severe and chronic low anterior resection syndrome (LARS).MethodA two‐group parallel, open‐label randomized controlled trial carried out in a single university hospital. The study population included patients with a LARS scale score of more than 29 points who had undergone rectal surgery more than 1 year previously. These were randomly allocated, with a central randomization system, following a 1:1 sequence to TAI or PTNS. The main study outcome was to achieve a reduction of at least one LARS grade in at least 50% of the patients, for each intervention.ResultsA total of 27 patients (TAI = 13, PTNS = 14) were randomized. Both groups were similar with regard to confounding factors. Four patients were excluded because of intercurrent disease or early dropout, leaving 23 (TAI,n = 10; PTNS,n = 13) for analysis. Eight out of 10 and 4 out of 13 patients were downgraded with TAI and PTNS, respectively. The median LARS score decreased from 35 [interquartile range (IQR) 32–39] to 12 (IQR 12–26) (P = 0.021) for the TAI group and from 35 (IQR 34–37) to 30 (IQR 25–33) (P = 0.045) for the PTNS group. The Vaizey score fell from 15 (IQR 11–18) to 6 (IQR 4–7) (P = 0.037) and from 14 (IQR 13–17) to 9 (IQR 7–10) (P = 0.007) with TAI and PTNS, respectively, with 80% and 38% of patients, respectively, showing decreases of more than 50%. Improvement in quality of life was observed in both groups.ConclusionBoth treatments improved the LARS score in this study but this was only significant in the TAI group.
Risk of first stroke in people with type 2 diabetes and its relation to glycaemic control: A nationwide observational study
Authors: Zabala Alexander , Darsalia Vladimer , Holzmann Martin J. , Franzén Stefan , Svensson Ann‐Marie , Eliasson Björn , Patrone Cesare , Nyström Thomas , Jonsson Magnus 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimsTo compare stroke incidence in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with that in a matched control group, and to investigate whether glucose exposure in people with T2D can predict a first‐time stroke event and mortality.Material and methodsIn a nationwide observational cohort study, individuals with T2D were linked in the Swedish National Diabetes Register and matched with five individual population‐based control subjects. We calculated crude incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and used Cox regression and multivariable hazard ratios (HRs), to estimate the risk of stroke and mortality in relation to glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels.ResultsA total of 406 271 people with T2D (age 64.1 ± 12.4 years, 45.7% women) and 2086 440 control subjects (age 64.0 ± 12.4 years, 45.7% women) were included. During a median follow‐up of 7.3 years, 26 380 people with T2D (6.5%) versus 92 375 control subjects (4.4%) were diagnosed with a stroke. The incidence rate was 10.12 events per 1000 person‐years versus 7.26 events per 1000 person‐years (HR 1.54, 95% CI 1.52‐1.56). In the T2D group after multivariable adjustments, the HRs for stroke stratified by HbA1c level were: 54‐64 mmol/mol: 1.27 (95% CI 1.22‐1.32); 65‐75 mmol/mol: 1.68 (95% CI 1.60‐1.76); 76‐86 mmol/mol: 1.89 (95% CI, 1.75‐2.05); and > 87 mmol/mol: 2.14 (95% CI 1.90‐2.42), respectively, compared with the reference category of HbA1c ≤53 mmol/mol. There was a stepwise increased risk of death after stroke, for every 10‐mmol/mol categorical increment of HbA1c (HR 1.71; 95% CI 1.47‐2.00) for the highest HbA1c category.ConclusionsAn increased risk of stroke and death was associated with poor glycaemic control in people with T2D.
Perception of Thai dental students on becoming innovative healthcare professionals
Authors: Sooampon Sutti , Sooampon Sireerat 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesThis study investigated the perception of dental students on becoming innovative healthcare professionals. The specific objective was to identify aspects of innovative healthcare development that could spur their interest in becoming more involved in healthcare research and new product development.MethodsSurvey research was conducted via questionnaires using a five‐point Likert scale response. Based on the innovation science literature, each questionnaire comprised three sets of questions that might foster dental students’ interest in healthcare innovation development. Data were obtained from 265 students from years 2, 4 and 6.ResultsThree critical dimensions of dental student's preferences were revealed. First, socially related goals were identified as important for developing healthcare innovation. Second, non‐traditional learning activities, especially lectures from experienced innovators or an industrial trip were suggested to foster interest in healthcare innovation. Third, the students thought it was important to learn about the research process that translates scientific findings into healthcare innovation.ConclusionsThis study identifies potential ways to develop dental clinicians’ interest in becoming innovative professionals who are involved in healthcare product development. This is especially true for Thailand where commercially based innovation has not yet flourished.
The red blood cell count and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the diagnosis of polycythaemia vera
Authors: Nersesjan Vardan , Zervides Kristoffer A. , Sørensen Anders L. , Kjær Lasse , Skov Vibe , Hasselbalch Hans C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundIron deficiency in polycythaemia vera (PV) may impact the validity of the haematocrit (HCT), since HCT is red blood cell count (RBC) × mean corpuscular volume (MCV).ObjectivesTo investigate (a) the effect of microcytosis on HCT, (b) the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) as a possible additional diagnostic marker for PV.Material and methodsThis study included 182 subjects: 39 with PV, 27 with essential thrombocythemia (ET) and 116 suspected of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) with a secondary cause for either thrombocytosis or erythrocytosis.ResultsPatients with PV had significantly lower ratio of MCV and serum ferritin compared to MPN suspects. A good correlation of RBC versus HCT was found for PV and MPN subjects when individuals with microcytosis were excluded (R2 = .87 in PV and R2 = .82 in MPN suspects). We found a specificity of 98% and a sensitivity of 37% for ESR <2 mm in the diagnosis of PV.ConclusionThe RBC may more precisely reflect the total red cell mass and accordingly the hypercoagulable state of the PV patient, which is integrated in the ESR. A combination of RBC and ESR is proposed as a novel tool to substitute the Hb concentration and the HCT in the diagnosis of PV.
Mirror‐mediated responses of California scrub jays (Aphelocoma californica) during a caching task and the mark test
Authors: Clary Dawson , Stow Meara K. , Vernouillet Alizée , Kelly Debbie M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMirror self‐recognition, as an index of self‐awareness, has been proposed as a precursor for more complex social cognitive abilities, such as prosocial reasoning and cooperative decision‐making. Indeed, evidence for mirror self‐recognition has been shown for animals possessing complex social cognitive abilities such as great apes, dolphins, elephants and corvids. California scrub jays (Aphelocoma californica) have provided strong evidence that non‐human animals are capable of mental state attribution. For instance, scrub jays are reported to use their experience stealing the food of others to infer that other birds may similarly intend to steal from them. If a concept of “self” is required for such complex social cognitive abilities, then scrub jays might be expected to show mirror self‐recognition. Thus, we examined whether California scrub jays are capable of mirror self‐recognition using two experimental contexts: a caching task and the mark test. During the caching task, we compared the extent to which scrub jays protected their food after caching alone, in the presence of a conspecific and in the presence of a mirror. The birds did not engage in more cache protection behaviours with a mirror present than when caching alone, suggesting scrub jays may have recognized their reflection and so did not expect cache theft. Alternative explanations for this behaviour are also discussed. During the mark test, the scrub jays were surreptitiously marked with a red or plumage‐coloured control sticker. The scrub jays showed no evidence of mirror self‐recognition during the mark test, as the birds did not preferentially attempt to remove the red mark in the presence of a mirror. Together, the results provide mixed evidence of the mirror self‐recognition abilities of California scrub jays. We highlight the need to develop alternative approaches for evaluating mirror self‐recognition in non‐human animals to better understand its relationship with complex social cognition.
Identifying potential causes of fish declines through local ecological knowledge of fishers in the Ganga River, eastern Bihar, India
Authors: Dey Subhasis , Choudhary Sunil Kumar , Dey Sushant , Deshpande Kadambari , Kelkar Nachiket 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLocal ecological knowledge (LEK) can offer insights into fisheries management by describing long‐term changes that are difficult to unravel in data‐poor river‐floodplain fisheries. LEK is derived from complex interactions between fishers’ observations of environmental change and their institutional capacities to manage fisheries. Hence, it is important to understand where and how LEK and formal scientific studies on fish species’ decline could complement each other. In this paper, the causes of decline of 58 fish and two shrimp taxa were identified from LEK data (1999–2019) obtained from river–floodplain fisheries of the Gangetic plains (Bihar, India). Qualitative analyses of LEK were used to generate species‐specific hypotheses and historical insights on their declines. Destructive fishing, overfishing and the Farakka barrage were cited by fishers as the major causes of declines. Potential reasons for these perceptions were explored in relation to fishers’ experiences of conflicts in the region over fishing rights and access.
It's coming from inside the House (of Commons): Agenda control, accountability, and interest group lobbying in majoritarian parliaments
Authors: Hopkins Vincent 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn majoritarian parliaments, the executive branch typically enjoys an informational advantage over the legislature. In theory, legislators can reduce this asymmetry with information from interest groups. In practice, the government is almost always better informed than the legislature. This article develops a model whereby a politician's access to outside information depends not just on her parliamentary power but on the diffusion of legislative agenda control among political parties—for example, during minority government. Using a new panel data set of 41,619 lobbying communications, it finds interest groups are more likely to communicate with government frontbenchers than with opposition or backbench members. This gap diminishes as agenda control diffuses to opposition parties. It also finds evidence of partisan clustering in lobbying networks during majority government. Strong legislative parties weaken accountability by restricting access to outside information, but this is conditional on the governing party's control over the agenda.
An Approximation of Inner Boundary Conditions for Wells Intersecting Highly Conductive Structures
Authors: Giese Markus , Reimann Thomas , Liedl Rudolf , Dewandel Benoit , Maréchal Jean‐Christophe , Sauter Martin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractInner boundary conditions describe the interaction of groundwater wells with the surrounding aquifer during pumping and are associated with well‐skin damage that limits water production and water derived from wellbore storage. Pumping test evaluations of wells during immediate and early time flow require assignment of inner boundary conditions. Originally, these concepts were developed for vertical well screens, and later transferred to wellbores intersecting highly conductive structures, such as preferential flow zones in fractured and karstic systems. Conceptual models for pumping test analysis in complex bedrock geology are often simplified. Classic analytical solutions generally lump or ignore conditions that limit or enhance well productivity along the well screen at the onset of pumping. Numerical solutions can represent well drawdowns in complex geological settings, such as karst systems, more precisely than many analytical solutions by accounting for additional physical processes and avoiding assumptions and simplifications. Suitable numerical tools for flow simulations in karst are discrete pipe‐continuum models that account for various physical processes such as the transient hydraulics of wellbores intersecting highly conductive structures during pumping.