bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Engineering Strategies for the Enhanced Microalgal Production of Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (LC‐PUFAs)
Authors: Ghiffary Mohammad Rifqi , Kim Hyun Uk , Chang Yong Keun 
Published: May 2019

Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFAs), largely obtained from fish oil, serve as valuable dietary supplements with many health benefits, especially arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. In recent years, interest in the sustainable production of LC‐PUFAs using heterologous production hosts has drastically increased because overfishing and polluted oceans have led to a gradual decline in the supply of LC‐PUFAs from fish oil in the last few decades. Some species of microalgae have been considered to be an ideal producer of LC‐PUFAs as they inherently accumulate large amounts of LC‐PUFAs and utilize CO2 using light energy. Also, a growing number of genetic toolboxes have become available, and the microalgal cultivation process is amenable to a scale‐up. In fact, tremendous progress has been achieved in the development of high‐performance strains of microalgae through metabolic engineering that has led to the efficient production of fatty acids and various derivatives in the last decade. This review discusses metabolic engineering strategies that have contributed to the enhanced production of LC‐PUFAs using microalgae, including optimizing fatty acid biosynthetic pathway and intracellular supply of precursors and cofactors, as well as engineering transcription factors.
Long noncoding RNA RP11‐547D24.1 regulates proliferation and migration in papillary thyroid carcinoma: Identification and validation of a novel long noncoding RNA through integrated analysis of TCGA database
Authors: Guo Kai , Chen Lili , Wang Yunjun , Qian Kai , Zheng Xiaoke , Sun Wenyu , Sun Tuanqi , Wu Yi , Wang Zhuoying 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLong noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to be key regulators of numerous biological processes, and substantial evidence supports that abnormal lncRNA expression plays a significant role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. However, the mechanism by which lncRNAs function in thyroid carcinoma are still unclear. To investigate the role of lncRNAs in the tumorigenesis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), we analyzed lncRNA data in The Cancer Genome Atlas RNA‐Seq database. A comparison of lncRNAs in cancerous thyroid tissues and normal tissues revealed hundreds of differentially expressed lncRNAs. Of 7589 lncRNAs identified in 561 thyroid cancer cases (503 cancerous tissues and 58 normal tissues), the expression levels of 144 were found to be aberrant (|log2 fold change| >2 and adjusted P < 0.05). The top 10 lncRNAs with the most significant differences were LINC01977, RP11‐363E7.4, RP3‐483K16.4, RP11‐547D24.1, RUNDC3A‐AS1, AC093609.1, CTD‐2008L17.2, HAGLROS, UNC5B‐AS1, and LINC01354. In addition, CTD‐2008L17.2, HAGLROS, AC093609.1, UNC5B‐AS1, and RUNDC3A‐AS1 were shown to play vital roles in determining the histological cancer type. Furthermore, RP11‐547D24.1 and UNC5B‐AS1 could distinguish patients with different stages of PTC. The lncRNA RP11‐547D24.1 was validated by loss‐of‐function assays, revealing that downregulation of this lncRNA regulates thyroid tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis, invasion, and migration. This study demonstrates the potential for using lncRNAs to interpret the pathogenesis and development of PTC.
Inflammatory activation of microglia by Staphylococcus aureus caused phenotypic alterations and affected glioblastoma growth
Authors: Zhang Bo , Zhang Junwen , Fang Sheng , Zhang Mengmeng , Liu Sisi , Tian Yifu , Ma Mengjiao , Liu Fusheng , Jin Guishan 
Published: May 2019

As the most common type of tumour in brain, glioma has a high rate of morbidity and mortality and easily penetrates the surrounding normal brain parenchyma. The immunosuppressive microenvironment, which is similar to that in other neoplasms, is believed to participate in the tumorigenesis of glioma. Thus, many experts are seeking to exploit microenvironment as a therapeutic target. In the present study, we focused on microglia polarization to investigate the anti‐glioma response of microglia inflammatory activation by Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in vivo. First, we found that intratumor injection of S. aureus delayed glioma growth in C57/BL6 mice. Then, we showed that inflammatory microglia activated by S. aureus inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. This inhibition was likely related to the phenotypic switch observed in microglia. In intracranial tumour models, the microglia activated by S. aureus exerted antitumour efficacy and prolonged animal survival. Taken together, our results suggest that microglia activated by S. aureus have antitumour efficacy, which may be a potential therapeutic agent for glioma.Significance of the studyIn this study, we mainly demonstrated the antitumour efficacy of microglia after activated by S. aureus. Firstly, we found that intratumor injection of S. aureus inhibited the tumour growth in intracranial orthotopic glioma model. In addition, we found that the microglia around the glioma may exert antitumour efficacy, and its phenotype may be altered by stimulation of S. aureus. Our data manifested that S. aureus did not directly suppress cell proliferative, migration, and invasion capacity, but by activating microglia. And in mice GL261 GBMs, injection of microglia after cocultured with S. aureus inhibited tumour growth and prolonged animal survival.
Effect of annealing temperature on morphology and physicochemical properties of cornstarch complexed with oleic acid and molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Zhang Xing , Wang Yu‐Sheng , Chen Hai‐Hua 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackground and objectivesAnnealing treatment (ANN) as a mild hydrothermal method to improve the complexation between starch and lipids has scarcely been studied. Moreover, the mechanism of starch pretreated by ANN on the complexation between starch and fatty acid still has not been investigated. Therefore, the object of this research was to investigate the effect of ANN pretreatment temperature (50, 55, and 60°C) on the morphology, crystal structure, and thermal properties of CSANN‐OA complex by using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and DSC. The mechanism of the complexation between starch and OA was simulated by the molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) method.FindingsThe results of complex indexes (CI) indicated that CSANN was easier to complex with OA than CSU, and the optimal ANN pretreatment temperature to promote the complexation between CSANN and OA was 50°C. The CLSM displayed that ANN pretreatment at 50°C caused more and stronger fluorescence fragments in CSANN‐OA than that of ANN pretreatment at 55 or 60°C. XRD of both CSU‐OA and CSANN‐OA changed to V‐type crystalline. The relative crystallinity (RC) and gelatinization enthalpy (ΔH) of the complex were decreased with increasing ANN pretreatment temperature, but the gelatinization temperature range (Tc–To) remains unchanged. According to results of MDS, Van der Waals might be dominate driving force between AM and OA.ConclusionsThese results suggest that ANN pretreatment is an effective method to promote the complexation of ANN starch with more polar or nonpolar components.Significance and noveltyThis result can provide available information about the complexation effect and complexation mechanism between starch subjected to ANN pretreatment and fatty acid.
CVX‐based algorithms for constructing various optimal regression designs
Authors: Wong Weng Kee , Zhou Julie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCVX‐based numerical algorithms are widely and freely available for solving convex optimization problems but their applications to solve optimal design problems are limited. Using the CVX programs in MATLAB, we demonstrate their utility and flexibility over traditional algorithms in statistics for finding different types of optimal approximate designs under a convex criterion for nonlinear models. They are generally fast and easy to implement for any model and any convex optimality criterion. We derive theoretical properties of the algorithms and use them to generate new A‐, c‐, D‐ and E‐optimal designs for various nonlinear models, including multi‐stage and multi‐objective optimal designs. We report properties of the optimal designs and provide sample CVX program codes for some of our examples that users can amend to find tailored optimal designs for their problems. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 47: 374–391; 2019 © 2019 Statistical Society of Canada
Unusual topographic specializations of retinal ganglion cell density and spatial resolution in a cliff‐dwelling artiodactyl, the Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana)
Authors: Coimbra João Paulo , Alagaili Abdulaziz N. , Bennett Nigel C. , Mohammed Osama B. , Manger Paul R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana) occurs in information‐rich visual habitats including the edges of cliffs and escarpments. In addition to needing enhanced spatial resolution to find food and detect predators, enhanced visual sampling of the lower visual field would be advantageous for the control of locomotion in such precarious terrains. Using retinal wholemounts and stereology, we sought to measure how the ganglion cell density varies across the retina of the Nubian ibex to reveal which portions of its surroundings are sampled with high resolution. We estimated a total of ~1 million ganglion cells in the Nubian ibex retinal ganglion cell layer. Topographic variations of ganglion cell density reveal a temporal area, a horizontal streak, and a dorsotemporal extension, which are topographic retinal features also found in other artiodactyls. In contrast to savannah‐dwelling artiodactyls, the horizontal streak of the Nubian ibex appears loosely organized possibly reflecting a reduced predation risk in mountainous habitats. Estimates of spatial resolving power (~17 cycles/degree) for the temporal area would be reasonable to facilitate foraging in the frontal visual field. Embedded in the dorsotemporal extension, we also found an unusual dorsotemporal area not yet reported in any other mammal. Given its location and spatial resolving power (~6 cycles/degree), this specialization enhances visual sampling toward the lower visual field, which would be advantageous for visually guided locomotion. This study expands our understanding of the retinal organization in artiodactyls and offers insights on the importance of vision for the Nubian ibex ecology.
Self‐compassion, self‐forgiveness, suicidal ideation, and self‐harm: A systematic review
Authors: Cleare Seonaid , Gumley Andrew , O'Connor Rory C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSelf‐compassion has been implicated in the aetiology and course of mental health with evidence suggesting an association between greater self‐compassion and lower emotional distress. However, our understanding of the nature and extent of the relationship between self‐compassion and self‐harm (self‐injury regardless of suicidal intent) or suicidal ideation remains unclear. This review, therefore, aimed to critically evaluate the extant literature investigating this relationship. To do so, a systematic search, including terms synonymous with self‐compassion, was conducted on three main psychological and medical databases (Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Medline). Only studies investigating self‐compassion or self‐forgiveness and self‐harm or suicidal ideation were found to be relevant to the review. Eighteen studies were included in the final narrative synthesis. Heterogeneity of studies was high, and the majority of studies were quantitative and cross‐sectional (n = 16) in design. All studies reported significant associations between higher levels of self‐forgiveness or self‐compassion and lower levels of self‐harm or suicidal ideation. Several studies suggested that self‐compassion or self‐forgiveness may weaken the relationship between negative life events and self‐harm. In conclusion, this review highlights the potential importance of self‐compassion in the aetiology of suicidal thoughts and self‐harm. We discuss the clinical and research implications.
Applications of Photoswitches in the Storage of Solar Energy
Authors: Sun Cai‐Li , Wang Chenxu , Boulatov Roman 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPhotoswitches are organic or organometallic chromophores that undergo a reversible chemical transformation upon absorption of light. Among the most commonly studied photoswitches are stilbenes and azobenzenes, capable of efficient interconversion between cis and trans isomers. When one isomer is significantly less thermodynamically stable than the other, photoisomerization of the stable to the metastable isomer converts a fraction of the absorbed photon energy into excess free energy (chemical potential). If the metastable isomer is sufficiently inert at room temperature, its photoconversion provides a means of storing solar energy, which is recovered by triggering heat‐releasing thermal conversion of the metastable to the stable isomer. In other words, such a photoswitch acts as a battery that captures solar energy, stores it as chemical potential and releases it on demand as heat. This process is known as molecular solar thermal energy storage or a molecular solar thermal battery. Unlike the more established conventional solar thermal storage, which uses sunlight to heat, melt or vaporize material, molecular solar thermal energy storage does not require thermal insulation to prevent discharge but relies on the kinetic activation barrier separating the two isomers. Unlike solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion by photosplitting of H2O or photoreduction of CO2, which comprise open‐system cycles, photoswitches are thermodynamically closed storage media. Successful deployment of molecular solar thermal energy storage requires new photoswitches that combine a seemingly contradictory set of molecular parameters: a large difference in the free energies of the two isomers separated by a large kinetic barrier; a high quantum yield of photogeneration of the metastable isomer that itself is either photochemically inactive or transparent to sunlight; highly selective isomerizations that allow many charge/discharge cycles without accumulation of side‐products even at high discharge temperatures. While the optimal photoswitch for molecular solar thermal energy storage remains to be invented, a large body of empirical observations acquired in the past decade provides several potentially valuable starting points for such a search.
Photocatalytic Oxidation of α‐C−H Bonds in Unsaturated Hydrocarbons through a Radical Pathway Induced by a Molecular Cocatalyst
Authors: Zhao Guixia , Hu Bin , Busser G. Wilma , Peng Baoxiang , Muhler Martin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTo improve the photocatalytic oxidation of α‐C−H bonds in unsaturated hydrocarbons, N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) was used as a molecular cocatalyst with CdS as the photoabsorber. Compared with previously reported photocatalysts involving solid cocatalysts, metal‐free NHPI offers better sustainability in addition to the significantly enhanced performance as cocatalyst. The photogenerated holes were transferred into the more active phthalimide‐N‐oxyl radical (PINO) by reacting with NHPI. In this way, α‐C−H bond oxidation was significantly improved through the activation by PINO; even for the sluggish toluene oxidation, the apparent quantum efficiency was as high as 36.5 %. The effects of substrates/NHPI concentration ratio, reaction temperature, and time as well as the reaction intermediates were comprehensively studied. It was possible to identify ketones/aldehydes as the primary products, and overoxidation was controlled by adjusting the substrates/NHPI concentration ratio and reaction time. Thus, the radical path induced by the NHPI–PINO redox pair is an efficient alternative to boost the sluggish photocatalytic oxidation of α‐C−H bonds.
Capacitive Sodium‐Ion Storage Based on Double‐Layered Mesoporous Graphene with High Capacity and Charging/Discharging Rate
Authors: Zhu Xiao , Jiang Qinyuan , Wang Tianshuai , Zhang Qianfan , Jia Xilai , Zhang Rufan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as an ideal alternative to lithium‐ion batteries, but the larger radius of Na+ compared with Li+ results in lower energy density, shorter cycle life, and sluggish kinetics of SIBs. Therefore, it is of significant importance to explore appropriate Na+ storage materials with high capacity and fast Na+ transport kinetics. Herein, doublelayered mesoporous graphene nanosheets codoped with oxygen and nitrogen (O,N‐MGNSs) were developed as a new cathode material with high Na+ storage capacity and fast ion‐transport kinetics for SIBs. The codoping of MGNSs with oxygen and nitrogen by in situ chemical vapor deposition endowed them with a hierarchical porous network, robust structures, good conductivity, and abundant functional groups. The O,N‐MGNSs could host Na+ in two ways: surface adsorption and surface redox reaction, and this endowed them with high Na+ storage capacity and fast charging/discharging rates in SIBs. Electrochemical results revealed that the O,N‐MGNSs delivered a reversible capacity of 156 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 (corresponding to a rate of 3 C) between 1.5 and 4.2 V and exhibited a high cycling stability (95 % capacity retention at 1 A g−1 for more than 1000 cycles).
Can Metallic Sodium Electrodes Affect the Electrochemistry of Sodium‐Ion Batteries? Reactivity Issues and Perspectives
Authors: Pfeifer Kristina , Arnold Stefanie , Becherer Julian , Das Chittaranjan , Maibach Julia , Ehrenberg Helmut , Dsoke Sonia 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) are promising energy‐storage devices with advantages such as low cost and highly abundant raw materials. To probe the electrochemical properties of NIBs, sodium metal is most frequently applied as the reference and/or counter electrode in state‐of‐the‐art literature. However, the high reactivity of the sodium metal and its impact on the electrochemical performance is usually neglected. In this study, it is shown that spontaneous reactions of sodium metal with organic electrolytes and the importance of critical interpretation of electrochemical experiments is emphasized. When using sodium‐metal half‐cells, decomposition products contaminate the electrolyte during the electrochemical measurement and can easily lead to wrong conclusions about the stability of the active materials. The cycling stability is highly affected by these electrolyte contaminations, which is proven by comparing sodium‐metal‐free cell with sodium‐metal‐containing cells. Interestingly, a more stable cycling performance of the Li4Ti5O12 half‐cells can be observed when replacing the Na metal counter and reference electrodes with activated carbon electrodes. This difference is attributed to the altered properties of the electrolyte as a result of contamination and to different surface chemistries.
Solar wind driven electrostatic instabilities with generalized (r, q) distribution function
Authors: Nasir Warda , Ehsan Zahida , Qureshi M. N. S. , Shah H. A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUsing Boltzmann–Vlasov kinetic model, a currentless ion acoustic instability driven by stream of solar wind plasma is studied in a non‐thermal distributed electrons and ions. The non‐thermal distribution considered here is the generalized distribution which has low energetic flat‐top and velocity power law tail at higher energies. The instability threshold is found to be affected and depends upon the spectral indices r and q. It is found that the growth rate increases with the decrease in the value of r and increase with q. Moreover, such kinetic instability has also been discussed for three species electron–ion–dust plasma using the generalized (r, q) distribution function. Such case is of interest when the solar wind is streaming through the cometary plasma in the presence of interstellar dust and excites electrostatic instabilities. The dispersion properties and growth rates for ion‐acoustic and dust‐acoustic mode are calculated analytically and plotted for different values of the spectral indices r and q.
Effects of non‐extensive electrons on the sheath of dusty plasmas with variable dust charge
Authors: El Ghani O. , Driouch I. , Chatei H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this study, a detailed investigation of the problem of sheath is presented using the fluid model in a magnetized three‐component dusty plasma system comprising positive ions, dust grains with variable charge and q‐non‐extensive electrons (i.e., the electrons evolve far away from their Maxwellian thermodynamic equilibrium [q = 1]). The effects of q‐non‐extensivity parameter on the plasma sheath parameters are studied numerically. A significant change is observed in the quantities characterizing the sheath with the presence of the super‐extensive electrons (q < 1) and sub‐extensive electrons (q > 1). In addition, based on the orbital motion limited theory, by taking various forces acting on the dust particle into consideration, the dynamics of the dust located within the sheath, that is, the dust grain charging inside the sheath, is examined under different values of q. It is found that the q‐non‐extensivity has affected significantly the dynamics and the charging process of the dust grains in the sheath.
Nelder‐Mead–based power optimization for secrecy enhancement in amplify‐and‐forward cooperative relay networks
Authors: Shemi P.M. , Jibukumar M.G. , Ali M.A. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryCooperative communication based on relaying nodes has been considered as a promising technique to increase the physical layer security (PLS) performance in wireless communications. In this paper, an optimal power allocation (OPA) scheme based on Nelder‐Mead (NM) algorithm is proposed for improving the secrecy rate of amplify‐and‐forward (AF) cooperative relay networks employing cooperative jamming (CJ) scheme. The proposed hybrid jamming scheme allows the source and selected relay to transmit the jamming signal along with the information to confound the eavesdropper. The path selection probability of ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is used for selecting the relay for transmission. The performance based on secrecy rate is evaluated for “n” trusted relays distributed dispersedly between the source and destination. Gradient‐based optimization and three‐dimensional exhaustive search methods are used as benchmark schemes for comparison of the proposed power optimization algorithm. The secrecy performance is also compared with conventional AF scheme and CJ scheme without power optimization (EPA). The impact of single and multiple relays on secrecy performance is also evaluated. Numerical results reveal that, compared with the gradient method and exhaustive search algorithm, the proposed power allocation strategy achieves optimal performance. Also, the derived OPA results show a significantly higher secrecy rate than the EPA strategy for both CJ and AF schemes.