bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unprecedented 34S‐enrichment of pyrite formed following microbial sulfate reduction in fractured crystalline rocks
Authors: Drake Henrik , Whitehouse Martin J. , Heim Christine , Reiners Peter W. , Tillberg Mikael , Hogmalm K. Johan , Dopson Mark , Broman Curt , Åström Mats E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn the deep biosphere, microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) is exploited for energy. Here, we show that, in fractured continental crystalline bedrock in three areas in Sweden, this process produced sulfide that reacted with iron to form pyrite extremely enriched in 34S relative to 32S. As documented by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) microanalyses, the δ34Spyrite values are up to +132‰V‐CDT and with a total range of 186‰. The lightest δ34Spyrite values (−54‰) suggest very large fractionation during MSR from an initial sulfate with δ34S values (δ34Ssulfate,0) of +14 to +28‰. Fractionation of this magnitude requires a slow MSR rate, a feature we attribute to nutrient and electron donor shortage as well as initial sulfate abundance. The superheavy δ34Spyrite values were produced by Rayleigh fractionation effects in a diminishing sulfate pool. Large volumes of pyrite with superheavy values (+120 ± 15‰) within single fracture intercepts in the boreholes, associated heavy average values up to +75‰ and heavy minimum δ34Spyrite values, suggest isolation of significant amounts of isotopically light sulfide in other parts of the fracture system. Large fracture‐specific δ34Spyrite variability and overall average δ34Spyrite values (+11 to +16‰) lower than the anticipated δ34Ssulfate,0 support this hypothesis. The superheavy pyrite found locally in the borehole intercepts thus represents a late stage in a much larger fracture system undergoing Rayleigh fractionation. Microscale Rb–Sr dating and U/Th–He dating of cogenetic minerals reveal that most pyrite formed in the early Paleozoic era, but crystal overgrowths may be significantly younger. The δ13C values in cogenetic calcite suggest that the superheavy δ34Spyrite values are related to organotrophic MSR, in contrast to findings from marine sediments where superheavy pyrite has been proposed to be linked to anaerobic oxidation of methane. The findings provide new insights into MSR‐related S‐isotope systematics, particularly regarding formation of large fractions of 34S‐rich pyrite.
Modelled biophysical impacts of conservation agriculture on local climates
Authors: Hirsch Annette L. , Prestele Reinhard , Davin Edouard L. , Seneviratne Sonia I. , Thiery Wim , Verburg Peter H. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIncluding the parameterization of land management practices into Earth System Models has been shown to influence the simulation of regional climates, particularly for temperature extremes. However, recent model development has focused on implementing irrigation where other land management practices such as conservation agriculture (CA) has been limited due to the lack of global spatially explicit datasets describing where this form of management is practiced. Here, we implement a representation of CA into the Community Earth System Model and show that the quality of simulated surface energy fluxes improves when including more information on how agricultural land is managed. We also compare the climate response at the subgrid scale where CA is applied. We find that CA generally contributes to local cooling (~1°C) of hot temperature extremes in mid‐latitude regions where it is practiced, while over tropical locations CA contributes to local warming (~1°C) due to changes in evapotranspiration dominating the effects of enhanced surface albedo. In particular, changes in the partitioning of evapotranspiration between soil evaporation and transpiration are critical for the sign of the temperature change: a cooling occurs only when the soil moisture retention and associated enhanced transpiration is sufficient to offset the warming from reduced soil evaporation. Finally, we examine the climate change mitigation potential of CA by comparing a simulation with present‐day CA extent to a simulation where CA is expanded to all suitable crop areas. Here, our results indicate that while the local temperature response to CA is considerable cooling (>2°C), the grid‐scale changes in climate are counteractive due to negative atmospheric feedbacks. Overall, our results underline that CA has a nonnegligible impact on the local climate and that it should therefore be considered in future climate projections.
Evapotranspiration and water yield of a pine‐broadleaf forest are not altered by long‐term atmospheric [CO2] enrichment under native or enhanced soil fertility
Authors: Ward Eric J. , Oren Ram , Seok Kim Hyun , Kim Dohyoung , Tor‐ngern Pantana , Ewers Brent E. , McCarthy Heather R. , Oishi Andrew Christopher , Pataki Diane E. , Palmroth Sari , Phillips Nathan G. , Schäfer Karina V. R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractChanges in evapotranspiration (ET) from terrestrial ecosystems affect their water yield (WY), with considerable ecological and economic consequences. Increases in surface runoff observed over the past century have been attributed to increasing atmospheric CO2concentrations resulting in reducedETby terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we evaluate the water balance of aPinus taeda(L.) forest with a broadleaf component that was exposed to atmospheric [CO2] enrichment (ECO2; +200 ppm) for over 17 years and fertilization for 6 years, monitored with hundreds of environmental and sap flux sensors on a half‐hourly basis. These measurements were synthesized using a one‐dimensional Richard's equation model to evaluate treatment differences in transpiration (T), evaporation (E),ET, andWY. We found that ECO2did not create significant differences in standT, ET, orWYunder either native or enhanced soil fertility, despite a 20% and 13% increase in leaf area index, respectively. WhileT,ET, andWYresponded to fertilization, this response was weak (<3% of mean annual precipitation). Likewise, whileEresponded to ECO2in the first 7 years of the study, this effect was of negligible magnitude (<1% mean annual precipitation). Given the global range of conifers similar toP. taeda, our results imply that recent observations of increased global streamflow cannot be attributed to decreases inETacross all ecosystems, demonstrating a great need for model–data synthesis activities to incorporate our current understanding of terrestrial vegetation in global water cycle models.
Realizing the right to development: Some reflections
Authors: Kamga Serges Djoyou 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFrom its inception into the human rights discourse, the right to development (RTD) has been contentious. Nevertheless, as result of various activities including the adoption of the UN Declaration on it, the RTD is now “a fait accompli.” This article reflects on what should be done for its effective realization and sustainability. The article finds that at the national level, states should adopt constitutionalism characterized by separation of powers and respect for rule of law and adopt human centered development policies. At the international level, states should cooperate in adopting responsive development policies and ensure that these policies as well as the international environment at large are conducive to the realization of the RTD. Similarly, transnational companies should play their role. In these endeavors at the global level, given the reluctance of the global powers to the RTD, China should use its influence in the G8, G20, and the BRICS to persuade other powerful stakeholders to give effect to the RTD.
Basal‐subtype bladder tumours show a ‘hot’ immunophenotype
Authors: Hodgson Anjelica , Liu Stanley K , Vesprini Danny , Xu Bin , Downes Michelle R 
Published: June 2018

AimsBasal and luminal molecular subgroups of muscle‐invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC) can be recognised by the use of immunohistochemical markers. Studies have shown that responses to chemotherapy and outcomes differ among these subtypes. High‐grade UC of the bladder is an immunogenic neoplasm that induces a substantial intratumoral and peritumoral immune response; the phenotype of infiltrating immune cells may yield prognostic information and predict response to therapy. In this study, we aimed to correlate the immunohistochemical phenotype of high‐grade UC with immune microenvironment composition.Methods and resultsTwo hundred and thirty‐five cases of high‐grade UC treated with cystectomy were reviewed. Clinicopathological variables for each case were recorded, and disease‐free survival at last follow‐up was calculated. Invasive front inflammation and tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes were scored for each case. Two hundred and seven cases were used to construct a triplicate‐core tissue microarray (TMA), with sections stained for cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 and GATA3. Of the evaluable cases, 167 were designated as luminal (CK5/6− and GATA3+) and 29 as basal (CK5/6+ and GATA3−). Additional sequential TMA sections were stained for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD68, CD163, FOXP3, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1), and programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) (SP263). Basal‐subtype tumours showed a trend towards worse disease‐specific survival (P = 0.078). There were statistically significant associations between basal subtype and CD8 expression (P = 0.008), PD‐1 expression (P = 0.001), and PD‐L1 expression (P = 0.014). Lower CD4/CD8 and increased CD8/FOXP3 ratios (P = 0.047 and P = 0.031, respectively) were also identified in the basal‐subtype group.ConclusionsBasal‐subtype high‐grade UC has an abundance of CD8+ T cells with increased expression of inhibitory markers, indicative of a ‘hot’ immunophenotype.
Relationship between sintering methods and physical properties of the low positive thermal expansion material Al2W3O12
Authors: Prisco Luciana P. , Marzano Mayara , Pontón Patricia I. , Costa Antonio M. L. M. , da Costa Neto Celio A. , Sweet Greg , Romao Carl P. , White Mary Anne , Marinkovic Bojan A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCeramic materials from the A2M3O12 family with near‐zero thermal expansion are good candidates for applications requiring high thermal shock resistance. Considering their inherently low thermal conductivity, the bulk forms of A2M3O12 have to present Young's moduli and mechanical strength close to 100 GPa and 100 MPa, respectively, in order to compete with the state‐of‐the‐art materials used to avoid thermal shock. The relationship between sintering, microstructure, and physical properties within the A2M3O12 family is generally unknown while the preparation of bulks with high mechanical resistance remains a great challenge. Bulk samples of dense Al2W3O12 (96%TD) have been obtained by pressureless three‐stage sintering (TSS) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The Young's moduli and hardness of samples prepared by SPS were 50% higher than that measured for TSS samples and more than 100% in comparison to the Al2W3O12 bulk (91%TD). UV‐Vis spectroscopy confirmed that A2M3O12 phases are wide band‐gap semiconductors (3.11 eV). When prepared by SPS, black Al2W3O12 absorbed light within the visible spectrum due to the introduction of donor sites within the band‐gap. No enhancement of the mechanism causing negative thermal expansion was observed for black Al2W3O12. The mechanical properties achieved were significantly improved over those previously reported in literature for Al2W3O12.
Development and validation of a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of chicken, turkey and duck in processed meat products
Authors: Kim Mi‐Ju , Yoo Insuk , Yang Seung‐Min , Suh Seung‐Man , Kim Hae‐Yeong 
Published: June 2018

SummaryWe developed a multiplex PCR assay for the efficient detection of chicken, turkey and duck meat. Three species‐specific primer sets targeting 12S rRNA gene of turkey and mitochondrial cytochrome b (CYTB) gene of chicken and duck were selected. A universal primer pair targeting 18S rRNA gene was additionally used as a positive control. PCR product sizes for endogenous control, chicken, turkey and duck were confirmed to be 99 bp, 133 bp, 163 bp and 204 bp respectively. The specificity of each primer pairs was evaluated in 20 animal species. The limit of detection of this multiplex PCR assay was 1 pg for all species. Furthermore, this method was successfully applied to 31 commercial meat samples and validated at intra‐laboratory. This multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous identification of chicken, turkey and duck meat in processed products can be utilised to monitor various processed food products for food control and regulation.
Corruption, Policing and Migration: Exploring the Interaction Between Migrant Workers and Police in Russia, Ukraine and the UK
Authors: Markovska Anna , Serdyuk Alexey , Sokurenko Valerii 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe rights of migrant workers and their experiences in host countries have been high on the political agendas of Europe and beyond. This article uses data from 138 semi‐structured interviews conducted with migrant workers in the UK, Russia and Ukraine to study their relationships with the police in host countries. We aim to contribute to the literature on policing and migration by analysing three different host countries, and the experience of temporary migrant workers regarding policing within each country. We suggest that the interplay between the experiences of policing in home and host countries can provide important insights into the practicalities of policing, but should not be considered apart from the context of the ethnic origin of migrant workers.
Predictors and enablers of mental health nurses’ family‐focused practice
Authors: Grant Anne , Reupert Andrea , Maybery Darryl , Goodyear Melinda 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFamily‐focused practice improves outcomes for families where parents have a mental illness. However, there is limited understanding regarding the factors that predict and enable these practices. This study aimed to identify factors that predict and enable mental health nurses’ family‐focused practice. A sequential mixed methods design was used. A total of 343 mental health nurses, practicing in 12 mental health services (in acute inpatient and community settings), throughout Ireland completed the Family Focused Mental Health Practice Questionnaire, measuring family‐focused behaviours and other factors that impact family‐focused activities. Hierarchical multiple regression identified 14 predictors of family‐focused practice. The most important predictors noted were nurses’ skill and knowledge, own parenting experience, and work setting (i.e. community). Fourteen nurses, who achieved high scores on the questionnaire, subsequently participated in semistructured interviews to elaborate on enablers of family‐focused practice. Participants described drawing on their parenting experiences to normalize parenting challenges, encouraging service users to disclose parenting concerns, and promoting trust. The opportunity to visit a service user's home allowed them to observe how the parent was coping and forge a close relationship with them. Nurses’ personal characteristics and work setting are key factors in determining family‐focused practice. This study extends current research by clearly highlighting predictors of family‐focused practice and reporting how various enablers promoted family‐focused practice. The capacity of nurses to support families has training, organizational and policy implications within adult mental health services in Ireland and elsewhere.
Early discharge in acute mental health: A rapid literature review
Authors: Clibbens Nicola , Harrop Deborah , Blackett Sally 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLong psychiatric hospital stays are unpopular with services users, harmful, and costly. Economic pressures alongside a drive for recovery‐orientated care in the least restrictive contexts have led to increasing pressure to discharge people from hospital early. Hospital discharge is, however, complex, stressful, and risky for service users and families. This rapid literature review aimed to assess what is known about early discharge in acute mental health. Searches were conducted in nine bibliographic databases, reference lists, and targeted grey literature sources. Fourteen included papers focused on early discharge in mental health, a population over 18 years with a mental health condition, and reported outcomes on therapeutic care or service delivery. Quality appraisal was undertaken using The Mixed Method Appraisal Tool. The meta‐summary of the literature found that early discharge was neither provided to all inpatients nor limited to the Crisis Resolution and Home Treatment (CRHT) service model internationally. Early discharge interventions required collaborative working and discharge planning. It was not associated with unplanned readmissions and had a small effect on length of stay. Most studies reported service outcomes, whereas health outcomes were underreported. Professionals and service users were positive about early discharge and service users asked for peer support. Carers preferred hospital or day hospital care suggesting their need for respite. Limitations in the scope, detail, and quality of the evidence about early discharge leave an unclear picture of the components of early discharge as an intervention, its effectiveness, cost‐effectiveness, or outcomes.
Effectiveness of Active Support for adults with intellectual disability in residential settings: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Flynn Samantha , Totsika Vasiliki , Hastings Richard P. , Hood Kerry , Toogood Sandy , Felce David 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe review examined the effectiveness of Active Support (RQ1) and stakeholders’ experiences of the model (RQ2).MethodData were meta‐analysed (RQ1; studies = 14) and synthesized narratively (RQ2; studies = 10).ResultsBy follow‐up (6 months post‐training), effect sizes (RQ1) for resident total activity engagement were significant and ranged from small (d = 0.33, 95% CIs: 0.10–0.50) to large (Tau‐U = 0.95, 95% CIs: 0.64–1.25) depending on study design. Follow‐up changes in staff assistance were moderate (d = 0.56, 95% CIs: 0.23–0.89; Tau‐U 0.63, 95% CIs: 0.32–0.93) and large for quality of support (d = 1.03, 95% CIs: 0.61–1.44). Other outcomes did not change.ConclusionsActive Support was more effective following complete staff training, in larger settings, at lower staff‐to‐resident ratios and with less experienced staff. Active Support training and outcomes were valued by staff and residents (RQ2), and staff experienced increased job satisfaction. Lower staff turnover and organizational readiness appear crucial for maintaining implementation.
Evaluation of clinical decision support systems for diabetes care: An overview of current evidence
Authors: Jia Pengli , Zhao Pujing , Chen Jingjing , Zhang Mingming 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundSystematic reviews (SRs) have shown that clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) have the potential to improve diabetes care. However, methods of measuring and presenting outcomes are varied, and conclusions have been inconsistent. In addition, the reporting and methodological quality in this field is unknown, which could affect the integrity and accuracy of research. Therefore, it is difficult to confirm whether CDSSs are effective in improving diabetes care.ObjectiveTo comprehensively evaluate the effects of CDSS on diabetes care and to examine the methodological and reporting qualities.MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from their inception to February 2017. Systematic reviews investigating the effects of CDSS on diabetes care were included. Outcomes were determined in advance and assessed separately for process of care and patient outcomes. Methodological and reporting qualities were assessed by AMSTAR and PRISMA, respectively.ResultsSeventeen SRs, consisting of 222 unique randomized controlled trials and 102 nonrandomized controlled trials, were included. Evidence that CDDS significantly impacted patient outcomes was found in 32 of 102 unique studies of the 15 SRs that examined this effect (31%). A significant impact of CDSS on process of care was found in 117 out of 143 unique studies of the 11 SRs that examined this effect (82%). Ratings for overall scores of AMSTAR resulted in a mean score of 6.5 with a range of scores from 3.5 to 10.0. Reporting quality related to methodological domains was particularly incomplete.ConclusionsClinical decision support systems improved the quality of diabetes care by inconsistently improving process of care or patient outcomes. There is evidence that CDSS for providing alerts, reminders, or feedback to participants were most likely to impact diabetes care. Poor reporting of methodological domains, together with qualitative or narrative methods to combine findings, may limit the confidence in research evidence.
Clinical validation of the nursing diagnosis of impaired memory in patients with a stroke
Authors: de Lima Ferreira Gabriele , de Oliveira Lopes Marcos V. , Montoril Michelle H. , Diniz Camila M. , Santana Rosimere F. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimTo validate the clinical indicators for the nursing diagnosis of impaired memory among patients with a stroke.MethodsA sample of 123 patients who had been admitted with a stroke was evaluated by using a questionnaire that was designed to identify the presence of the clinical indicators for the diagnosis of impaired memory, according to the NANDA International taxonomy. Measures of sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each clinical indicator by using random‐effects latent class analysis.ResultsThe clinical indicators that demonstrated high levels of diagnostic accuracy included the following: an inability to learn new skills and an inability to retain new skills. The inability to learn new skills and the inability to carry out previously learned skills were identified as the clinical indicators with high sensitivity and specificity in the latent class model with adjustment for age. The inability to retain new skills indicator showed better diagnostic accuracy in individuals with lower educational levels.ConclusionThe clinical indicators of the impaired memory diagnosis were observed frequently in patients with a stroke; in these patients, impaired memory was characterized by the inability to learn or retain new skills and was influenced by the age and educational level.
Rural‐Urban Difference in Workplace Supports and Impacts for Employed Caregivers
Authors: Henning‐Smith Carrie , Lahr Megan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPurposeThis study examines rural‐urban differences in employed caregivers’ access to workplace supports, negative impacts of caregiving on work, and the association between work and caregiver strain, which can have negative impacts on health.MethodsWe used a cross‐sectional analysis of employed caregivers (n = 635) from the 2015 Caregiving in the US survey, including bivariate comparisons of caregiver characteristics, access to workplace benefits, and workplace impacts by rural‐urban location, as well as ordered logistic regression models to assess the relationship between workplace benefits and impacts and caregiver strain, stratified by rural‐urban location.FindingsEmployed rural caregivers had significantly fewer workplace benefits available to them (1.3 out of 5 vs 1.9, P < .001), compared with urban caregivers. In particular, employed rural caregivers were less likely to have access to telecommuting, employee assistance programs, and paid leave. For the full sample, having more negative workplace impacts was associated with greater caregiver strain (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.65, P < .001); for employed rural caregivers, using paid help for caregiving was associated with more strain (AOR: 4.39, P < .05).ConclusionsMore should be done to support all employed caregivers, especially those in rural locations who have more limited access to workplace supports and who may be more negatively impacted by the financial toll of caregiving and of missing work because of caregiving responsibilities. Interventions could range from employer‐initiated programs to local, state, or national policies to improve supports provided to employed caregivers in urban and rural areas.