bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Josephson effect in the strontium titanate/lanthanum aluminate junction*
Authors: Yang Xing , Chen Jie , Yu Yabin , Liu Quanhui 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We report theoretical studies on the newly discovered novel Josephson effect and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) at the interface of strontium titanate/lanthanum aluminate (STO/LAO). With a phenomenological boson–fermion model, the density of states is calculated and the results are consistent with the STS experiments. A typical calculation of Josephson effect is performed, and it is in qualitative agreement with the experiments. The calculations indicate that the gap states come from the pairing of quasi-particles with a finite total momentum and the Josephson current comes from the tunneling of quasi-particle pairs with zero momentum. The quasi-particles are Bogoliubov quasi-particles. Moreover, the fits using Kulikʼs formula imply that the Josephson junction at the STO/LAO interface has a point contact with the clean superconductor limit.
Full-scale 3D remote sensing of wake turbulence - a taster
Authors: Larsen G.C. , Pedersen A.T. , Hansen K.S. , Larsen T.J. , Courtney M. , Sjöholm M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to investigate the wake turbulence as based on advanced full-scale measurements which, for the first time, makes it possible directly to resolve all three turbulence components in the wake behind an operating wind turbine with high spatial- and temporal resolution. The experimental setup will be described, and analysis of selected runs will be presented with a focus on the expected inhomogeneity of this turbulence field. The analyses are performed in a meandering frame of reference, and in addition to afore mentioned wake turbulence field, the wake deficit field will be resolved and analysed. Atmospheric stability is not considered but is, however, not expected to contribute noticeably to wake turbulence nor to the wake deficit field when expressed in the meandering frame of reference.
Wakes and wake interaction between rotors and discs in an experimental model array
Authors: Okulov V L , Kabardin I K , Litvinov I V , Mikkelsen R F , Naumov I V , Sørensen J N 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to obtain a better understanding of wakes generated by 2, 3 and 4 elements (disks and/or rotors) modeling an array of wind turbines in a wind farm. We here extend the results from our previous experimental model studies on the correlation between the behavior of the wake behind dual configurations of passive disks and active rotors to establish new knowledge regarding the wake development behind the 3rd and 4th rotor operating in a wake. To accomplish this, 2D PIV velocity measurements were carried out to investigate the flow properties upstream and downstream the tested rotors and discs in the array. The study also provides measured values of power and thrust coefficients of the model turbines using strain gauges installed directly on the rotors. The aim of the laboratory experiment is to provide data to calibrate and validate wake models for design and analysis arrays of wind turbines located in wind farms.
Investigating the impact of wakes on single turbine availability
Authors: Roscher B. , Redder F. , Schelenz R. , Jacobs G. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The current trend in wind energy leads to closely packed wind farms. These short distances result in a higher turbulence and consequently higher loads. In this paper an approach is proposed to evaluate single turbine availability losses due to the wake effect by modeling material fatigue behavior of selected turbine components. First, a characteristic wake scenario is defined: While one turbine is exposed to a wind field conforming to wind class IIB, another turbine experiences higher turbulence intensities according to Frandsen’s wake model. Using a dynamic multibody simulation, turbine loads are calculated which then are analyzed using the rainflow counting algorithm (giving load range and cycle counts) before being extrapolated to design lifetime of 20 years. Subsequently, artificial material curves are estimated representing the minimum load cycles to withstand during design lifetime. The slope of these curves is determined using the slope of a representative S-N-curve for each component. Position is then determined applying Miner’s rule with unity damage at the end of design lifetime. Lastly, failure behavior is approached by using a lognormal probability distribution. As a result increased failure probabilities for the rotor hub unit (main bearing and rotor hub) are found in the wake case. First results for an annual time in wake fraction of 20 % show an increase in total failure probability from 2.30 % to up to 41.85 % at a distance between the two turbines of 3D. Applying a mean down time per failure from literature (based on modern EU wind farms) finally leads to an overall technical availability decrease due to hub unit failure of 0. 035 % in the wake case compared to the free stream case.
Tip-vortex instabilities of two in-line wind turbines
Authors: Kleine V G , Kleusberg E , Hanifi A , Henningson D S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The hydrodynamic stability of a vortex system behind two in-line wind turbines operating at low tip-speed ratios is investigated using the actuator-line method in conjunction with the spectral-element flow solver Nek5000. To this end, a simplified setup with two identical wind turbine geometries rotating at the same tip-speed ratio is simulated and compared with a single turbine wake. Using the rotating frame of reference, a steady solution is obtained, which serves as a base state to study the growth mechanisms of induced perturbations to the system. It is shown that, already in the steady state, the tip vortices of the two turbines interact with each other, exhibiting the so-called overtaking phenomenon. Hereby, the tip vortices of the upstream turbine overtake those of the downstream turbine repeatedly. By applying targeted harmonic excitations at the upstream turbine’s blade tips a variety of modes are excited and grow with downstream distance. Dynamic mode decomposition of this perturbed flow field showed that the unstable out-of-phase mode is dominant, both with and without the presence of the second turbine. The perturbations of the upstream turbine’s helical vortex system led to the destabilization of the tip vortices shed by the downstream turbine. Two distinct mechanisms were observed: for certain frequencies the downstream turbine’s vortices oscillate in phase with the vortex system of the upstream turbine while for other frequencies a clear out-of-phase behaviour is observed. Further, short-wave instabilities were shown to grow in the numerical simulations, similar to existing experimental studies [1].
Large eddy simulations of floating offshore wind turbine wakes with coupled platform motion
Authors: Johlas H M , Martí­nez-Tossas L A , Schmidt D P , Lackner M A , Churchfield M J 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

The growing prospect for large farms of floating offshore wind turbines requires a better understanding of wake effects for floating turbines, particularly the differences when compared to fixed-bottom turbine wakes. The increased range of motion of floating platforms can influence wake characteristics, affecting downstream turbines. In this work, large eddy simulations with an actuator line model are used to study downstream wake characteristics of the NREL 5 MW reference turbine mounted on the OC3-UMaine spar platform for several different metocean conditions. The simulations are carried out in the Simulator fOr Wind Farm Applications (SOWFA) coupled with OpenFAST for the platform and turbine motion. The downstream wake characteristics of the floating platform are compared to equivalent fixed-bottom cases for different wind speeds, wave heights, wind-wave alignments, and turbine yaw angles. Overall, the differences in wake shape between floating and fixed platforms are associated with mean platform displacements, while differences in turbulence are associated with time-varying platform motion. However, these observed wake differences between fixed and floating platforms are small, especially for higher wind speeds and lower wave heights.
The wake of an actuator line with a vortex-based tip/smearing correction in uniform and turbulent inflow
Authors: Meyer Forsting Alexander R , Pirrung Georg R. , Ramos-García Néstor 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe force smearing in the actuator line technique ensures its numerical stability, but also breaks its intended similarity to the lifting line by similarly smearing its vorticity in the flow domain. The wake thus induces lower velocities at the blade, linking the blade forces to the force smearing. A recently developed tuning-free, vortex-based correction recovers this missing induction, regaining the lifting-line behaviour of the actuator line. The interplay of this new smearing correction with grid and blade resolution is studied in uniform and turbulent inflow with respect to the blade forces and wake behaviour. With only 10 grid cells along the blade, the thrust is within 2.8% and the power within 5.7% of the high-resolution reference. With 20 grid cells the difference drops to 1.5% and 2.5%, respectively. The influence of the force smearing on the wake velocities dominates over the choice of correction, yet under turbulent inflow the wake characteristics become nearly independent of force smearing 6 rotor radii downstream of the turbine.
Optimal open loop wind farm control
Authors: Vitulli J.A. , Larsen G.C. , Pedersen M.M. , Ott S. , Friis-Møller M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a general purpose platform for optimal open loop control of wind power plants as seen from a power production perspective. The general idea is to change the controller design criteria from greedy individual wind turbines to a controller design facilitating cooperative and interdependent elements of a wind power plant, with the overall aim to improve the wind power plant power production conditioned on ambient mean wind speed and mean wind direction.
The flow within the wind power plant, including all essential interactions between the wind turbines, is modelled using a very fast linearized CFD RANS solver. The wind turbines are modelled as actuator discs, and two design variables per wind turbine – collective pitch, α, and tip speed ratio, λ – are initially defined for the optimization problem. However, a priory we expect one design variable to suffice – i.e. the unique set of (α, λ) representing the lowest thrust coefficient, CT
, for a given power coefficient Cp
. The conjectured collapse of the design space is justified in this paper.
Optimized control schemes for the Lillgrund offshore wind farm are derived conditioned on ambient mean wind direction and wind speed. Aggregated over a year, using the site sector Weibull distributions, an increase in the annual energy production of 1% is demonstrated.
The Centre d'Accueil Nord-Africain: social welfare and the ‘problem' of Muslim youth in Marseille, 1950–1975
Authors: Harris Dustin Alan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In recent years, historians have paid increasing attention to social welfare initiatives undertaken in post-Second World War France to integrate Muslim Algerian migrants into French society and the legacies of these initiatives after decolonization. This article engages with this field of research by focusing on a topic it has largely ignored—the so-called ‘problem' of the integration of Muslim youth. The central point of focus is the Centre d'Accueil Nord-Africain (CANA), a private welfare association founded in Marseille in 1950 that well into the mid-1970s considered the integration of male Muslim North African youth its central objective. In exploring the origins and operations of the CANA over a roughly twenty-five-year period, this article offers new insights into issues of continuity and change related to the target, approach and objectives of integrationist social welfare for Muslim North Africans in France before and after decolonization.
The effects of a temporary lysine restriction in newly weaned pigs on growth performance and body composition1
Authors: Totafurno Adam D , Huber Lee-Anne , Mansilla Wilfredo D , Wey Douglas , Mandell Ira B , De Lange Cornelis F M 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA serial slaughter study was conducted to determine the effects of a temporary Lys restriction immediately following weaning on growth performance and body composition. One hundred forty-four Yorkshire × Landrace × Duroc pigs (initial BW: 6.9 ± 0.2 kg) were randomly allocated to one of three dietary treatments (six pens per treatment with eight pigs per pen; four barrows and four gilts). For a 3-wk restriction period, pigs were fed diets that were 110% (Control) of the estimated required standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys for nursery pigs or 20% (Lys20) or 40% (Lys40) below the estimated required SID Lys. Thereafter, all pigs were fed a common grower diet containing 120% of the estimated required SID Lys for 6 wk (recovery period). During the restriction period, ADG and G:F decreased with decreasing dietary Lys concentration (linear; P < 0.01). At the end of the restriction period, BW and whole-body protein concentrations decreased (linear; P < 0.01) and carcass lipid concentrations increased (linear; P < 0.01) with decreasing dietary Lys concentration. During the first 3 wk of the recovery period, ADG and G:F increased (linear; P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) and whole-body protein concentration at week 3 of the recovery period decreased (linear; P < 0.01) with decreasing dietary Lys concentration. There were no dietary treatment differences in whole-body lipid concentration after 3 wk of the recovery period. During the second half of the recovery period (weeks 7 through 9), there were no differences in ADG or G:F; after week 6, there were no differences in final BW (50.3 ± 0.5 kg) or whole-body protein (16.9 ± 0.2%) or lipid (14.9 ± 0.7%) concentrations. In conclusion, newly weaned pigs previously fed a Lys-limiting diet for 3 wk immediately after weaning achieved full compensatory growth with no differences in BW or body composition after a 6-wk recovery period. Reducing dietary Lys concentration early after weaning is a potential means to reduce the cost of (early) nursery diets without impacting overall growth and carcass composition.
Phylogenetic position of Alternochelata lizardensis Kornicker, 1982 within Rutidermatidae (Ostracoda: Myodocopida), with an investigation into its green coloration
Authors: Peniston James H , Ellis Emily A , Churchill Celia K C , Ramirez M Desmond , Oakley Todd H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We collected the ostracod Alternochelata lizardensis Kornicker 1982 via sediment sampling and evening plankton tows at Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia. While only previously described from samples that lost their natural color, we report males of the species to have bright green bundles of pigment throughout the inner carapace membrane and at specific locations on the ostracod’s body and an unusually colorless and translucent carapace. Females have a heavier carapace and some green pigmentation. We found, in a morphological phylogenetic analysis of Rutidermatidae, that A. lizardensis is part of a paraphyletic grade with other species of Alternochelata Kornicker, 1958 and Scleraner Kornicker, 1975. The analysis also supports a monophyletic Rutiderma Brady & Norman, 1896. We also explored with microscopic and bioinformatic techniques the nature of the unusual green coloration of A. lizardensis and tested the hypothesis that it harbors photosynthetic symbionts. We first sequenced RNA extracted from the entire body of females and searched for genetic markers of possible photobionts. We found genetic matches for two species of cyanobacteria commonly found in seawater. Using fluorescent confocal microscopy to search for chlorophyll autofluorescence in the green patches, we nevertheless found no evidence for the presence of chlorophyll. From these analyses, we concluded there is no evidence that A. lizardensis harbors photosynthetic symbionts suggesting the green coloration is due to something besides photosynthetic symbionts. The framework we present here is nevertheless applicable for other taxa where photobionts are suspected.
Trade and Women—Opportunities for Women in the Framework of the World Trade Organization
Authors: Acharya Rohini , Falgueras Alamo Olga , Al-Battashi Salma Mohamed Thabit , der Boghossian Anoush , Ghei Naghm , Parcero Herrera Tania , Jackson Lee Ann , Kask Ulla , Locatelli Claudia , Marceau Gabrielle , Motoc Ioana-Virginia , Müller Anna Caroline , Neufeld Nora , Padilla Simon , Pardo de Léon Josefita , Perantakou Stella , Sporysheva Nadezhda , Wolff Christiane 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
Empowering women is a significant step on the road towards achieving sustainable development, one the of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) main goals. Today, 124 WTO Members and Observers (representing more than 75% of world trade and two-thirds of the WTO membership) support the Buenos Aires Declaration on Trade and Women’s Economic Empowerment endorsed in the margins of the 11th WTO Ministerial Conference, which seeks to remove trade barriers women face and foster their economic empowerment. This Declaration has made the WTO a key contributor, and even a leader, on the issue of women’s empowerment, in support of development and the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. At the same time, it is important to note that inclusive trade is, and always has been, at the heart of the WTO’s work.
The paper therefore offers a preliminary analysis of the various areas of the WTO where women considerations can be used to contribute to building a more inclusive trade system, whether through the numerous provisions of the WTO covered agreements or within the ‘policy space’ that currently exists in the WTO framework. By lowering trade barriers, the WTO can help everyone to participate. Supporting the integration of women into international trade is fundamental to ensuring that everyone can reap the benefits of global trade.
The activation of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome is regulated by soluble adenyl cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A pathway and required for human sperm capacitation
Authors: Zapata-Carmona Héctor , Barón Lina , Zuñiga Lidia M , Díaz Emilce Silvina , Kong Milene , Drobnis Erma Z , Sutovsky Peter , Morales Patricio 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOne of the first events of mammalian sperm capacitation is the activation of the soluble adenyl cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A (SACY/cAMP/PKA) pathway. Here, we evaluated whether the increase in PKA activity at the onset of human sperm capacitation is responsible for the activation of the sperm proteasome and whether this activation is required for capacitation progress. Viable human sperm were incubated with inhibitors of the SACY/cAMP/PKA pathway. The chymotrypsin-like activity of the sperm proteasome was evaluated using a fluorogenic substrate. Sperm capacitation status was evaluated using the chlortetracycline assay and tyrosine phosphorylation. To determine whether proteasomal subunits were phosphorylated by PKA, the proteasome was immunoprecipitated and tested on a western blot using an antibody against phosphorylated PKA substrates. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis and co-immunoprecipitation (IPP) were used to investigate an association between the catalytic subunit alpha of PKA (PKA-Cα) and the proteasome. The chymotrypsin-like activity of the sperm proteasome significantly increased after 5 min of capacitation (P &lt; 0.001) and remained high for the remaining incubation time. Treatment with H89, KT5720 or KH7 significantly decreased the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome (P &lt; 0.001). IPP experiments indicated that PKA inhibition significantly modified phosphorylation of proteasome subunits. In addition, PKA-Cα colocalized with the proteasome in the equatorial segment and in the connecting piece, and co-immunoprecipitated with the proteasome. This is the first demonstration of sperm proteasome activity being directly regulated by SACY/PKA-Cα. This novel discovery extends our current knowledge of sperm physiology and may be used to manage sperm capacitation during assisted reproductive technology procedures.
My business is your business: the Court of Appeal’s decision in MN v OP
Authors: Fletcher Thomas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This article considers the decision of the Court of Appeal in England in MN v OP [2019] EWCA Civ 679 on the circumstances in which an anonymity order will be made in connection with an application under the Variation of Trusts Act 1958. It looks at the legal framework for the decision, in particular the basis for the contention that an analogy should be drawn with proceedings under Rule 21.10 of the Civil Procedure Rules, with the result that anonymity orders should be the norm. It then sets out the conclusion and reasoning of the Court of Appeal and provides some commentary on the possible ramifications of the decision for practitioners in England and other jurisdictions.
Cardiac nitric oxide synthase 1 worsens heart failure with preserved ejection fraction through S-nitrosylation of histone deacetylase 2
Authors: Yoon Somy , Kim Mira , Lee Hangyeol , Kang Gaeun , Nam Kwang-Il , Kook Hyun , Eom Gwang Hyeon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlthough the clinical importance of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), which makes up half of heart failure, has been extensively explored, most therapeutic regimens, including nitric oxide (NO) donors, lack therapeutic benefit1-12. Here we report that neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, also known as NOS1) induces HFpEF by S-nitrosylation of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). HFpEF animal models—SAUNA (SAlty drinking water/Unilateral Nephrectomy/Aldosterone)13,14 and mild transverse aortic constriction (TAC) mice14,15—showed increased nNOS expression and NO production, which resulted in the S-nitrosylation of HDAC2. HFpEF was alleviated in S-nitrosylation-dead HDAC2 knock-in mice. Pharmacologic intervention by either nNOS inhibition or HDAC2 denitrosylation attenuated HFpEF. Our observations are the first to demonstrate a completely new mechanistic aspect in HFpEF, which may provide a novel therapeutic approach to HFpEF. In addition, our results provide evidence for why conventional NO-enhancement trials have not been effective for improving HFpEF.
Auditory Activity is Diverse and Widespread Throughout the Central Brain ofDrosophila
Authors: Pacheco Diego A , Thiberge Stephan Y , Pnevmatikakis Eftychios , Murthy Mala 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTSensory pathways are typically studied by starting at receptor neurons and following postsynaptic neurons into the brain. However, this leads to a bias in analysis of activity towards the earliest layers of processing. Here, we present new methods for volumetric neural imaging with precise across-brain registration, to characterize auditory activity throughout the entire central brain ofDrosophilaand make comparisons across trials, individuals, and sexes. We discover that auditory activity is present in most central brain regions and in neurons known to carry responses to other modalities. Auditory responses are temporally diverse, but the majority of activity, regardless of brain region, is tuned to aspects of courtship song. We find that auditory responses are stereotyped across trials and animals in early mechanosensory regions, becoming more variable at higher layers of the putative pathway, and that this variability is largely independent of spontaneous movements. This study highlights the power of using an unbiased, brain-wide approach for mapping the functional organization of sensory activity.