bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The kick with the stick
Authors: Exadaktylos A , Eggli S , Zimmermann H 
Published: July 2002

Objective—To investigate the incidence and type of severe microscooter related injuries in adults.Method—Data were collected between January and September 2000 from the University Hospital Berne, the only referral centre for major trauma in that city, using the software package Qualicare, which connects clinical data with categorised keywords, allowing the immediate localisation of patient groups with defined diagnosis or other clinical information.Results—Only 0.2% of the patients treated had suffered a microscooter accident. There were five head injuries: three facial lacerations, one fractured mandible, and one cerebral concussion. One patient showed clinical signs of a cervical whiplash injury without radiological findings. There were also two cases of finger laceration and two of muscular contusions of the lower extremities.Conclusions—Although only a small proportion of the trauma cases were the result of riding microscooters, a system of injury surveillance should be started. Furthermore, protective gear should be worn particularly when microscooters are ridden in the street.
Snow sports injuries in Scotland: a case-control study
Authors: Langran M , Selvaraj S 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To examine the incidence and patterns of snow sports injuries at the three largest commercial ski areas in Scotland and to identify factors associated with injury risk.Methods: A prospective case-control study of all injured people at Cairngorm, Glenshee, and Nevis Range ski areas during the 1999–2000 winter season. Personal details, snow sports related variables, diagnosis, and treatment were recorded. Control data were collected at random from uninjured people at all three areas. Random counts were performed to analyse the composition of the on slope population.Results: A total of 732 injuries were recorded in 674 people. Control data were collected from 336 people. The injury rate for the study was 3.7 injuries per 1000 skier days. Alpine skiers comprised 67% of the on slope population, snowboarders 26%, skiboarders 4%, and telemark skiers 2%. Lower limb injuries and sprains were the commonest injuries in alpine skiers and skiboarders. Snowboarders sustained more injuries to the upper limb and axial areas. Skiboarders and snowboarders had a higher incidence of fractures. After adjustment for other variables, three factors were all independently associated with injury: snowboarding (odds ratio (OR) 4.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.65 to 10.08), alpine skiing (OR 3.82, CI 1.6 to 9.13), and age <16 years (OR 1.9, CI 1.14 to 3.17). More than five days of experience in the current season and at least one week of experience in total had a protective effect against injury.Conclusions: Despite a change in the composition of the alpine population at Scottish ski areas, the overall rate and pattern of injury are similar to those reported previously in comparable studies. Several factors are associated with an increased risk of injury and should be targeted in future injury prevention campaigns.
Ultrasound guided sclerosis of neovessels in painful chronic Achilles tendinosis: pilot study of a new treatment
Authors: Öhberg L , Alfredson H 
Published: July 2002

Background:The mechanism that causes pain in chronic Achilles tendinosis is not known. However, high resolution colour Doppler ultrasound has shown that neovascularisation may be involved.Objective:To investigate if sclerosing the neovessels would affect the level of tendon pain.Methods:The effect of colour Doppler ultrasound guided injection of a sclerosing agent, polidocanol, against neovessels was studied in 10 patients (seven men and three women, mean age 55 years) with painful chronic mid-portion Achilles tendinosis.Results:Eight patients were satisfied with the results of treatment. There was significantly reduced pain during activity (reported on a visual analogue scale (VAS)) and no remaining neovascularisation after an average of two injections. Two patients were not satisfied, and neovascularisation remained. At the six month follow up, the same eight patients remained satisfied and could perform Achilles tendon loading activities as desired. Their VAS score had decreased from 74 before treatment to 8 (p<0.01).Conclusions:Sclerosing neovessels appears to be an effective treatment for painful chronic Achilles tendinosis, suggesting that neovessels play a key part in causing chronic tendon pain.
Respiratory symptoms and lung function in alumina refinery employees
Authors: Musk A William , de Klerk Nicholas H , Beach Jeremy R , Fritschi Lin , Sim Malcolm R , Benke Geza , Abramson Michael , McNeil John J 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESEmployees in alumina refineries are known to be exposed to a number of potential respiratory irritants, particularly caustic mist and bauxite and alumina dusts. To examine the prevalence of work related respiratory symptoms and lung function in alumina refinery employees and relate these to their jobs.METHODS2964 current employees of three alumina refineries in Western Australia were invited to participate in a cross sectional study, and 89% responded. Subjects were given a questionnaire on respiratory symptoms, smoking, and occupations with additional questions on temporal relations between respiratory symptoms and work. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured with a rolling seal spirometer. Atopy was assessed with prick skin tests for common allergens. Associations between work and symptoms were assessed with Cox's regression to estimate prevalence ratios, and between work and lung function with linear regression.RESULTSWork related wheeze, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and rhinitis were reported by 5.0%, 3.5%, 2.5%, and 9.5% of participants respectively. After adjustment for age, smoking, and atopy, most groups of production employees reported a greater prevalence of work related symptoms than did office employees. After adjustment for age, smoking, height, and atopy, subjects reporting work related wheeze, chest tightness, and shortness of breath had significantly lower mean levels of FEV1(186, 162, and 272 ml respectively) than subjects without these symptoms. Prevalence of most work related symptoms was higher at refinery 2 than at the other two refineries, but subjects at this refinery had an adjusted mean FEV1>60 ml higher than the others. Significant differences in FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio, but not FEV1, were found between different process groups.CONCLUSIONSThere were significant differences in work related symptoms and lung function between process groups and refineries, but these were mostly not consistent. Undefined selection factors and underlying population differences may account for some of these findings but workplace exposures may also contribute. The differences identified between groups were unlikely to be clinically of note.
Mortality from lung cancer among silicotic patients in Sardinia: an update study with 10 more years of follow up
Authors: Carta P , Aru G , Manca P 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the association between silica, silicosis and lung cancer, the mortality of 724 patients with silicosis, first diagnosed by standard chestxray film between 1964 and 1970, has been analysed by a cohort study extended to 31 December 1997.METHODSSmoking and detailed occupational histories were available for each member of the cohort as well as the estimated lifetime exposure to respirable silica dust and radon daughters. Two independent readers blindly classified standard radiographs according to the 12 point International Labour Organisation (ILO) scale. Lung function tests meeting the American Thoracic Society's criteria were available for 665 patients. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for selected causes of death were based on the age specific Sardinian regional death rates.RESULTSThe mortality for all causes was significantly higher than expected (SMR 1.35, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.24 to 1.46) mainly due to tuberculosis (SMR 22.0) and to non-malignant chronic respiratory diseases (NMCRD) (SMR 6.03). All cancer deaths were within the expected numbers (SMR 0.93; 95% CI 0.76 to 1.14). The SMR for lung cancer was 1.37 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.91, 34 observed), increasing to 1.65 (95% CI 0.98 to 2.77) allowing for 20 years of latency since the first diagnosis of silicosis. Although mortality from NMCRD was strongly associated to the severity of radiological silicosis and to the extent of the cumulative exposure to silica, SMR for lung cancer was weakly related to the ILO categories and to the cumulative exposure to silica dust only after 20 years of lag interval. A significant excess of deaths from lung cancer (SMR 2.35) was found among silicotic patients previously employed in underground metal mines characterised by a relatively high airborne concentration of radon daughters and among ever smokers who showed an airflow obstruction at the time of the first diagnosis of silicosis (SMR 3.29). Mortality for lung cancer related to exposure was evaluated with both the Cox's proportional hazards modelling within the entire cohort and a nested case-control study (34 cases of lung cancer and 136 matched controls). Both multivariate analyses did not show any significant association with cumulative exposure to silica or severity of silicosis, but confirmed the association between mortality for lung cancer and relatively high exposure to radon, smoking, and airflow obstruction as significant covariates.CONCLUSIONSThe findings indicate that the slightly increased mortality for lung cancer in this cohort of silicotic patients was significantly associated with other risk factors—such as cigarette smoking, airflow obstruction, and estimated exposure to radon daughters in underground mines—rather than to the severity of radiological silicosis or to the cumulative exposure to crystalline silica dust itself.
Evaluation of amlodipine, lisinopril, and a combination in the treatment of essential hypertension
Authors: Naidu M U R , Usha P R , Rao T Ramesh Kumar , Shobha J C 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and dihydropyridine calcium antagonists are well established and widely used as monotherapy in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Earlier studies combining short acting drugs from these classes require multiple dosing and were associated with poor compliance. Availability of longer acting compounds allows once daily administration to avoid the inconvenience of a multiple daily dose. It was decided to perform a randomised double blind, crossover study with the long acting calcium channel blocker amlodipine and the long acting ACE inhibitor lisinopril, given either alone or in combination in essential hypertension. Twenty four patients with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between 95 and 104 mm Hg received amlodipine 2.5 mg and 5 mg, lisinopril 5 mg and 10 mg, and their combination as per a prior randomisation schedule. Supine and standing blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at weekly intervals. Higher doses of both the drugs individually or in combination were used if the target supine DBP below 90 mm Hg was not achieved. There was a significant additional blood pressure lowering effect with the combination when compared either with amlodipine or lisinopril alone. Five mg amlodipine and 10 mg lisinopril monotherapy achieved the target blood pressure in 71% and 72% patients respectively. The combination of 2.5 mg amlodipine with 5 mg lisinopril produced a much more significant lowering of blood pressure in a higher percentage of patients than that with an individual low dose.
Survey of hospital doctors' attitudes and knowledge of oral conditions in older patients
Authors: Morgan R , Tsang J , Harrington N , Fook L 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The study was designed to assess the views and knowledge of hospital doctors in general and geriatric medicine on oral health in older people. Eighty two doctors in general and geriatric medicine at two hospitals were shown 12 colour slides of oral mucosal conditions and asked to give a diagnosis for each slide and complete a questionnaire. Completed questionnaires with the answers to the coloured slides were returned completed by 70 doctors.
The majority of doctors (84%) felt it was important to examine older patients' mouths, however only 19% (χ2 p=0.0001) routinely do so. If asked to prescribe nystatin by the nursing staff, 30% said they would do so without examining the mouth itself. Only 9% of doctors knew that wearing dentures was a specific risk factor for oral candidiasis (χ2 p=0.001). Altogether 56% of doctors did not feel confident in examining the oral cavity and most (77%) did not think they had had sufficient training in this examination. Only two doctors correctly diagnosed all of the slides. An early squamous carcinoma was misdiagnosed by 80% of the doctors (χ2p=0.0001).
Hospital doctors do not routinely inspect older patients' mouths. Even if shown slides of typical oral mucosal lesions many hospital doctors are unable to diagnose them. Issues on training need to be addressed. From the patients' point of view a public health campaign is required to educate older people on the need for a regular dental review and be aware that doctors may not be able to diagnose serious oral conditions. Key pointsFew hospital doctors routinely examine older patients' mouths.Few hospital doctors feel they have had sufficient training in examining the oral cavity.When shown textbook slides of oral conditions few doctors can accurately diagnose them.
ON THE HARDNESS OF RECOGNIZING BUNDLES IN TIME TABLE GRAPHS
Authors: LIEBERS ANNEGRET , WAGNER DOROTHEA , WEIHE KARSTEN 
Published: July 2002

In a cooperation with the national German railway company, we construct a directed graph from a set of train time tables where train stations correspond to vertices, and where pairs of consecutive stops of trains correspond to edges. We consider the problem of locating vertices of this time table graph that intuitively correspond to train stations where the underlying railroad network branches into several directions, and that induce a partition of the edge set into bundles. We formulate this problem as a graph theoretic optimization problem, and show for two versions of the problem that they are NP-hard. For the first version we show that it is even NP-complete to decide whether any other solution besides the trival one exists.
ON THE LEFTMOST DERVIATION IN MATRIX GRAMMARS
Authors: DASSOW JÜRGEN , FERNAU HENNING , PĂUN GHEORGHE 
Published: July 2002

Matrix grammars are one of the classical topics of formal languages, more specifically, regulated rewriting. Although this type of control on the work of context-free grammars is one of the earliest, matrix grammars still raise interesting questions (not to speak about old open problems in this area). One such class of problems concerns the leftmost derivation (in grammars without appearance checking). The main point of this paper is the systematic study of all possibilities of defining leftmost derivation in matrix grammars. Twelve types of such a restriction are defined, only four of which being discussed in literature. For seven of them, we find a proof of a characterization of recursively enumerable languages (by matrix grammars with arbitrary context-free rules but without appearance checking). Other three cases characterize the recursively enumerable languages modulo a morphism and an intersection with a regular language. In this way, we solve nearly all problems listed as open on page 67 of the monograph [7], which can be seen as the main contribution of this paper. Moreover, we find a characterization of the recursively enumerable languages for matrix grammars with the leftmost restriction defined on classes of a given partition of the nonterminal alphabet.
STRAIHGHTFORWARD REPRESENTATION OF A THICK NONLINEAR OPTICAL MATERIAL, WITH LINEAR AND NONLINEAR ABSORPTION
Authors: QUINTERO-TORRES R. , CARRETO-PARRA F. , NAVARRETE-MEZA Z. , ZAMBRANO-VALENCIA L. 
Published: July 2002

Z-scan is a technique where a thin sample with good optical quality is scanned through the focus of a gaussian laser beam. A sensor is placed behind a finite aperture in the far field to monitor the output from the sample. A further simplification is obtained measuring transmission only when the sample is close to the focal point, and the aperture is small. In this work. z-scan like results are obtained when a nonlinear optical material is modeled as a set of spherical lenses using geometric optics. Here we discus the thick sample case; sample thicker than the confocal length (defined by the external lens) or samples with nonlinear phase change appreciably different from zero. An absorbent material with instantaneous nonlinear response will be used. With this procedure, an explanation for the distortion in the z-scan is obtained with the increase in the aperture, the nonlinear refractive index and the sample thickness as well as with the presence of nonlinear absorption.
ON A PROPERTY OF THE FACTORIZING CODES
Authors: DE FELICE CLELIA 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we consider factorizing codesC over A, i.e. codes verifying the factorization conjecture by Schützenberger. We give a description of the structure of the words in C∩a*(A\a)a*, a being a letter in A, by using a class of factorizations of the cyclic groups discovered by Hajós.
OPTIMAL ALLOCATION OF MULTISTATE ELEMENTS IN LINEAR CONSECUTIVELY-CONNECTED SYSTEMS WITH DELAYS
Authors: LEVITIN GREGORY 
Published: July 2002

A linear consecutively-connected system consists of N + 2 linear ordered positions. The first position contains a source of a signal and the last one contains a receiver. M statistically independent multistate elements (retransmitters) with different characteristics are to be allocated at the N intermediate positions. The elements provide retransmission of the received signal to the next few positions. Each element can have different states determined by a number of positions that are reached by the signal generated by this element. The probability of each state for any given element depends on the position where it is allocated. The signal retransmission process is associated with delays. The system fails if the signal generated by the source can not reach the receiver within a specified time period. A problem of finding an allocation of the multistate elements that provides the maximal system reliability is formulated. An algorithm based on the universal generating function method is suggested for the system reliability determination. This algorithm can handle cases where any number of multistate elements are allocated in the same position while some positions remain empty. It is shown that such an uneven allocation can provide greater system reliability than an even one. A genetic algorithm is used as an optimization tool in order to solve the optimal element allocation problem.
A Case of Missed Scaphoid Dislocation in Association with Monteggia Fracture Dislocation and Compartment Syndrome
Authors: Leung Y. F. , Kam W. L. , Ip P. S. , Wai Y. L. 
Published: July 2002

A case of volar and ulnar solitary dislocation of the scaphoid of the right hand associated with type 3 Monteggia fracture dislocation (Bado) of the same limb is reported. It was complicated by median nerve palsy which was masked by the compartment syndrome of the forearm. He was treated with open reduction, internal fixation and decompression of the median nerve. The functional result is good. Solitary dislocation of the scaphoid is a very rare carpal bone injury. Isolated case reports were published in the past. However, it was complicated with median nerve palsy and masked by the compartment syndrome of the forearm that had never been described.
NOWHERE-ZERO HARMONIC SPINORS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED SELF-DUAL 2-FORMS
Authors: SCORPAN ALEXANDRU 
Published: July 2002

Let M be a closed oriented 4-manifold, with Riemannian metric g, and a [Formula: see text]-structure induced by an almost-complex structure ω. Each connection A on the determinant line bundle induces a unique connection ∇A, and Dirac operator [Formula: see text] on spinor fields. Let [Formula: see text] be the natural squaring map, taking self-dual spinors to self-dual 2-forms. In this paper, we characterize the self-dual 2-forms that are images of self-dual spinor fields through σ. They are those α for which (off zeros) c1(α)=c1(ω), where c1(α) is a suitably defined Chern class. We also obtain the formula: [Formula: see text]. Using these, we establish a bijective correspondence between: {Kähler forms α compatible with a metric scalar-multiple of g, and with c1(α)=c1(ω)} and {gauge classes of pairs (φ,A), with ∇Aφ=0}, as well as a bijective correspondence between: {Symplectic forms α compatible with a metric conformal to g, and with c1(α)=c1(ω)} and {gauge classes of pairs (φ,A), with [Formula: see text], and <∇Aφ,iφ>ℝ=0, and φ nowhere-zero}.
Dynamic document processing
Authors: Salton Gerard 
Published: July 2002

The current role of computers in automatic document processing is briefly outlined, and some reasons are given why the early promise of library automation and of the mechanization of documentation processes has not been fulfilled.
A new dynamic document environment is then outlined in which clustered files are searched and information is retrieved following an interactive user-controlled search process. Methods are described for an automatic query modification based on user needs, and for a continuous reorganization of the stored information as a function of earlier file processing and of normal collection growth. The proposed procedures provide powerful tools for information retrieval and for the control of dynamic library collections in which new items are continually added and ones are retired.
Fault tolerance under UNIX
Authors: Borg Anita , Blau Wolfgang , Graetsch Wolfgang , Herrmann Ferdinand , Oberle Wolfgang 
Published: July 2002

The initial design for a distributed, fault-tolerant version of UNIX based on three-way atomic message transmission was presented in an earlier paper [3]. The implementation effort then moved from Auragen Systems
1
to Nixdorf Computer where it was completed. This paper describes the working system, now known as the TARGON/32.

The original design left open questions in at least two areas: fault tolerance for server processes and recovery after a crash were briefly and inaccurately sketched, rebackup after recovery was not discussed at all. The fundamental design involving three-way message transmission has remained unchanged. However, in addition to important changes in the implementation, server backup has been redesigned and is now more consistent with that of normal user processes. Recovery and rebackup have been completed in a less centralized and thus more efficient manner than previously envisioned.
In this paper we review important aspects of the original design and note how the implementation differs from our original ideas. We then focus on the backup and recovery for server processes and the changes and additions in the design and implementation of recovery and rebackup.
ECOLOGY: A Personal History
Authors: Bormann F. H. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]▪ Abstract  FH Bormann, based on personal experience, recalls 55 years of association with the field of ecology, including the forces that led him into the field, research, development of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study, and clashes between ecology, policy, and politics. He concludes with thoughts on humankind's search for the quality of life and sustainability.