bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Behavior of Functionally Graded Nano-Cylinders Under Radial Pressure Based on Strain Gradient Theory
Authors: Shishesaz M. , Hosseini M. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the mechanical behavior of a functionally graded nano-cylinder under a radial pressure is investigated. Strain gradient theory is used to include the small scale effects in this analysis. The variations in material properties along the thickness direction are included based on three different models. Due to slight variations in engineering materials, the Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be constant. The governing equation and its corresponding boundary conditions are obtained using Hamilton’s principle. Due to the complexity of the governed system of differential equations, numerical methods are employed to achieve a solution. The analysis is general and can be reduced to classical elasticity if the material length scale parameters are taken to be zero. The effect of material indexn, variations in material properties and the applied internal and external pressures on the total and high-order stresses, are well examined. For the cases in which the applied external pressure at the inside (or outside) radius is zero, due to small effects in nano-cylinder, some components of the high-order radial stresses do not vanish at the boundaries. Based on the results, the material inhomogeneity indexn, as well as the selected model through which the mechanical properties may vary along the thickness, have significant effects on the radial and circumferential stresses.
First report of Hirnantian (Upper Ordovician) high-latitude peri-gondwanan macrofossil assemblages from Portugal
Authors: Colmenar Jorge , Pereira Sofia , Young Timothy P. , da Silva Carlos M. , Sá Artur A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe first report of theHirnantiahigh-latitude peri-Gondwanan Fauna from Portugal (Upper Ordovician, Ribeira do Braçal Formation) is presented here. The described macroassemblages are fairly diverse containing fossils of brachiopods, trilobites, echinoderms, machaeridians, and ostracodes. Among the brachiopods, the most abundant isMirorthis mira.Plectothyrellacf.P.libyca,Paromalomenacf.P.polonica,Plectoglossa? sp., and a small indeterminate discinoid are also present. The trilobites are represented by abundant sclerites ofMucronaspiscf.M.mucronata, and an isolated cranidium and pygidium assigned toFlexicalymene. The occurrence ofMucronaspisandFlexicalymenerepresents the first record of these genera in Portugal. Echinoderms are dominant in the basal bed of the formation; the columnal plates tentatively ascribed to morphogenusPentagonocyclicusare the most abundant, followed by the echinosphaeritids. Abundant disarticulated machaeridian plates, of the genusPlumulites, associated with trilobites are present in one of the localities. Ostracodes were found in one single locality and have been assigned tentatively to the genusHerrigia. Ramose and massive bryozoans also occur in the assemblage. This new macrofossil assemblage supports the assignment of an Hirnantian age for the Ribeira do Braçal Formation. Most of the brachiopod species and the dalmanitidMucronaspisare commonly present in Hirnantian deposits globally, but the presence in the assemblage of a brachiopod close toPlectothyrella libyca, a cold-water species, previously reported only from the Hirnantian of Libya and Morocco, is noticeable. This strengthens the case for a high latitudinal setting of the present-day territory of the Portuguese Central Iberian Zone during the Late Ordovician.
Tobacco cessation behaviors among a sample of US Navy personnel
Authors: Hall Matthew T. , Austin Ryan P. , Do Tai A. , Richardson Alec G. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe US Navy utilizes numerous resources to encourage smoking cessation. Despite these efforts, cigarette smoking among service members remains high. Electronic cigarettes (EC) have provided an additional cessation resource. Little is known regarding the utilization efficacy of these cessation resources in the US Navy.AimsThis study sought to explore the utilization and efficacy of ECs and other smoking cessation resources.MethodsAn anonymous cross-sectional survey was conducted at a military clinic from 2015 to 2016. Participants were active duty in the US Navy and reported demographics, smoking behaviors, and utilization of cessation resources.ResultsOf the 977 participants in the study, 14.9% were current and 39.4% were former smokers. Most current smokers (83.6%) previously attempted cessation, smoked an average of 2–5 cigarettes per day (34.7%), and smoked every day of the month (26.4%). The number of daily cigarettes smoked and number of days cigarettes were smoked per month was not significantly different between cigarette-only smokers and EC dual users (p= 0.92,p= 0.75, respectively). Resources used by current and former smokers include: ‘cold turkey’ (44.6%, 57.1%, respectively), ECs (22.3%, 24.7%), nicotine patch (8.3%, 1.3%), medicine (6.6%, 3.9%), nicotine gum (5.8%, 10.4%), and quit programs (2.5%, 2.6).ConclusionCurrent and former cigarette smokers utilized similar resources to quit smoking. Electronic cigarettes are being used for cessation but do not significantly reduce the number of cigarettes smoked on a daily or monthly basis. Future studies may benefit from exploring the use of cessation resources and ECs within the military as a whole.
‘The Heart of the Country’: The Primacy of Peasants and Maize in Modern Guatemala
Authors: Carey David 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMuch of the agricultural history of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Latin America has been dominated by studies of export products and economies. Yet just as important for national development were domestic markets supplied by small-scale farmers. Using Guatemala as a case study for Latin America, this article examines the challenges faced by farmers producing for local, regional and national markets. Over the course of the national period, state authorities’ sporadic concern for domestic agriculture provided indigenous small-scale farmers with opportunities to advance their agendas, which ranged from resisting forced labour to maintaining their traditional agricultural practices. By the 1930s, domestic foodstuff production had increased markedly because in the early twentieth century state authorities had joined small-scale farmers to actively promote domestic-use agriculture.
Avian haemosporidian infections in rufous-collared sparrows in an Andean dry forest: diversity and factors related to prevalence and parasitaemia
Authors: Cadena-Ortiz Héctor , Mantilla Juan S. , de Aguilar Juan Rivero , Flores Diana , Bahamonde Daniela , Matta Nubia E. , Bonaccorso Elisa 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDespite intensive research during the last few decades, understanding of ecological and physiological factors related to haemosporidian infections in birds is still fragmentary. Since more model organisms are needed in order to understand these infections in the wild, we analysed avian haemosporidian infections in the rufous-collared sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis, Emberizidae) in a dry forest of the Ecuadorian Andes. Parasite diversity was screened using molecular and morphological approaches. By molecular diagnosis, we identified three linages that were phylogenetically placed in the context of molecular haemosporidian diversity and associated with a morphospecies. By microscopy, we identified five described morphospecies and one additional undescribed morphospecies. We found that avian haemosporidian prevalence on the study site was 76.3%. Additionally, we used a series of generalized linear models to explore the potential relationship of parasite prevalence and parasitaemia with a set of variables related to physiological and environmental conditions. Although our results revealed associations of haemosporidian infections with precipitation, age and sampling site, the models only explained a small fraction of the variation.
Unconfirmed death as a predictor of psychological morbidity in family members of disappeared persons
Authors: Isuru Amila , Hewage S. N. , Bandumithra Padmakumara , Williams S. S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe 2004 tsunami, the civil conflict until 2009 and the youth insurrection in the late 1980s in Sri Lanka resulted in many persons being classified as ‘missing’ as they disappeared and were unaccounted for. Our aim was to compare the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) and prolonged grief disorder (PGD) in families of disappeared individuals, who eventually received the mortal remains and those who did not.MethodAn ethically approved cross sectional study was conducted in a purposively selected sample after informed consent. Information on the circumstances of the family member going missing was gathered. Culturally adapted versions of the General Health Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Scale were administered. Those who screened positive were assessed by a psychiatrist on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 criteria to arrive at a diagnosis.ResultsOf 391 cases of disappearances studied, MDD (17.5% v. 6%) and PGD (22% v. 7%) were significantly higher in those who did not eventually receive the mortal remains of the disappeared person. Among those who did not receive the mortal remains, being unsure whether the disappeared person was dead or alive was highly predictive of MDD and PGD. Mothers and wives, older family members and those with a family history of mental illness were more vulnerable.ConclusionsFamily members of missing individuals unsure whether their loved one was alive or dead have higher psychological morbidity in the form of MDD and PGD.
‘At risk mental state’ clinics for psychosis – an idea whose time has come – and gone!
Authors: Ajnakina Olesya , David Anthony S. , Murray Robin M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAt Risk Mental State (ARMS) clinics are specialised mental health services for young, help-seeking people, thought to be at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis. Their stated purpose is to reduce transitions from the ARMS state to clinical psychotic disorder. Reports of ARMS clinics provide ‘evidence-based recommendations’ or ‘guidance’ for the treatment of such individuals, and claim that such clinics prevent the development of psychosis. However, we note that in an area with a very well-developed ARMS clinic (South London), only a very small proportion (4%) of patients with first episode psychosis had previously been seen at this clinic with symptoms of the ARMS. We conclude that the task of reaching sufficient people to make a major contribution to the prevention of psychosis is beyond the power of ARMS clinics. Following the preventative approaches used for many medical disorders (e.g. lung cancer, coronary artery disease), we consider that a more effective way of preventing psychosis will be to adopt a public health approach; this should attempt to decrease exposure to environmental factors such as cannabis use which are known to increase risk of the disorder.
Inverse Dynamics of a 3-P[2(US)] Translational Parallel Robot
Authors: Mazare Mahmood , Taghizadeh Mostafa , Najafi M. Rasool 
Published: December 2018

SummaryIn this paper, a type of parallel robot with three translational degrees of freedom is studied. Inverse and forward kinematic equations are extracted for position and velocity analyses. The dynamic model is derived by Lagrange’s approach and the principle of virtual work and related computational algorithms implementing inverse and forward dynamics are presented. Furthermore, some numerical simulations are performed using the kinematic and dynamic models in which the results show good agreement with expected qualitative behavior of the mechanism. Comparisons with the results of work-energy and impulse-momentum methods quantitatively verify the validity of the derived equations of motion. Also, a relative computational effectiveness is observed in implementation of virtual work model via the simulations.
Factors for Self-Managing Care Following Older Adults’ Discharge from the Emergency Department: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Marr Sharon , Hillier Loretta M. , Simpson Diane , Vinson Sigrid , Goodwill Sarah , Jewell David , Hazzan Afeez Abiola 
Published: December 2018

RÉSUMÉCette étude avait pour but d’identifier les facteurs qui influent sur la capacité des personnes âgées à prendre en charge leur santé après une consultation au service des urgences (SU). Les questionnaires de l’enquête (n = 380) ont été remplis en SU par des personnes âgées et leurs aidants et visaient à évaluer leur perception de la compréhension de l’information qui leur était fournie. Des entrevues (n = 51) ont été réalisées avec un sous-échantillon de participants au cours des quatre semaines suivant leur consultation au SU et ont examiné les facteurs ayant une incidence sur l’autogestion des problèmes de santé. La perception de la compréhension de l’information reçue en SU (« oui, certainement ») était meilleure lors de la consultation au SU (91 %) que lors du suivi (71 %), lorsque 20 % des participants ne comprenaient pas ou n’étaient pas certains qu’ils avaient compris ce qui leur avait été communiqué en SU. Les patients ont rapporté que l’autogestion de leurs problèmes de santé était influencée par: la communication avec le personnel du SU, la compréhension des attentes suivant le congé de l’hôpital, l’état de santé, la disponibilité des aidants et divers facteurs externes. De plus, les soignants ont aussi mentionné l’appui aux soignants et la résistance des patients aux recommandations. L’utilisation de stratégies adaptées aux aînés en SU (p. ex. recommandations écrites, confirmation de la compréhension des recommandations), particulièrement celles liées à l’identification des personnes à risque et de celles nécessitant davantage de soutiens transitoires ou un meilleur accès ou intégration aux ressources disponibles dans la communauté amélioreraient l’autogestion des problèmes de santé suivant les consultations en SU.
The impact of childhood trauma and psychophysiological reactivity on at-risk women's adjustment to parenthood
Authors: Oosterman Mirjam , Schuengel Carlo , Forrer Mirte L. , De Moor Marleen H. M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have an impact on women's adaptation to parenthood, but mechanisms are poorly understood. Autonomic nervous system reactivity was tested as a potential mediating mechanism in a sample of 193 at-risk primiparous women. ACEs were measured retrospectively during pregnancy. A baby cry-response task was administered during pregnancy while indicators of sympathetic reactivity (pre-ejection period; PEP) and parasympathetic reactivity (respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) were recorded. Parenting self-efficacy, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were measured during pregnancy and 1 year after giving birth. Harsh discipline was measured 2 years after giving birth. Structural equation modeling was employed to test whether baseline PEP and RSA and reactivity mediated links between ACEs and postnatal outcomes, adjusted for prenatal variables. High ACEs predicted less RSA reactivity (p = .02), which subsequently predicted increases in depressive symptoms (p = .03). The indirect effect was not significant (p = .06). There was no indirect link between high ACEs and harsh parenting through PEP nor RSA (n = 98). The parasympathetic nervous system may be involved in negative affective responses in the transition to parenthood among women exposed to childhood trauma.
Population density and habitat loss of Chestnut-headed PartridgeArborophila cambodianain south-west Cambodia
Authors: CHHIN SOPHEA , SOUTER NICHOLAS J. , NGOPRASERT DUSIT , BROWNE STEPHEN J. , SAVINI TOMMASO 
Published: December 2018

SummaryThirty-two percent of bird species in South-East Asia are likely to become extinct by the end of this century. However, due to a lack of data this number may be an underestimate. The Chestnut-headed PartridgeArborophila cambodianafound in south-west Cambodia’s Cardamom Mountain range is a largely unknown potentially at-risk species. We used line transects and camera traps to surveyA. cambodianain four protected areas in the Cardamom Mountains to estimate population densities. We also assessed their current distribution range and broad scale habitat changes from 1996 to 2016. We foundA. cambodianain evergreen and semi-evergreen forest at a density of 1.23 calling males/km2, and at altitudes above 400 m and where the slope was between 11 and 43o. From 1996 to 2016A. cambodiana’spotential habitat decreased by 11%, whilst the total evergreen forest cover in the Cardamom Mountains decreased by 20%.A. cambodianahas a very restricted range within which the habitat has been fragmented. Compounded by human disturbance and development activities that negatively affect the species, we suggest a revision of its IUCN Red List status from ‘Least Concern’ to ‘Near Threatened’ as it partially meets a range of threatened Red List species criteria.
Rare case of septum primum malposition defect in dextrocardia and situs inversus totalis without heterotaxy syndrome
Authors: Jhaveri Simone , Erenberg Francine , Yaman Malek 
Published: December 2018

AbstractSeptum primum malposition defect is an extremely rare CHD and is often found in patients with visceral heterotaxy, particularly of the polysplenia type. We describe a unique patient with dextrocardia, situs inversus totalis, and bilateral superior vena caval veins without heterotaxy syndrome who was diagnosed with an interatrial defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage due to malposition of the septum primum.
Dietary glycaemic index and cognitive function: prospective associations in adults of the 1946 British birth cohort
Authors: Philippou Elena , Pot Gerda K , Heraclides Alexandros , Richards Marcus , Bendayan Rebecca 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveEvidence suggests that the rate of glucose release following consumption of carbohydrate-containing foods, defined as the glycaemic index (GI), is inversely associated with cognitive function. To date, most of the evidence stems from either single-meal studies or highly heterogeneous cohort studies. We aimed to study the prospective associations of diet GI at age 53 years with outcomes of verbal memory and letter search tests at age 69 years and rate of decline between 53 and 69 years.DesignLongitudinal population-based birth cohort study.SettingMRC National Survey for Health and Development.ParticipantsCohort members (n 1252).ResultsUsing multivariable linear and logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders, associations of higher-GI diet with lower verbal memory, lower letter search speed and lower number of hits in a letter search test were attenuated after adjustments for cognitive ability at age 15 years, educational attainment, further training and occupational social class. No association was observed between diet GI at 53 years and letter search accuracy or speed–accuracy trade-off at 69 years, or between diet GI at 53 years and rate of decline between 53 and 69 years in any cognitive measure.ConclusionsDiet GI does not appear to predict cognitive function or decline, which was mainly explained by childhood cognitive ability, education and occupational social class. Our findings confirm the need for further research on the association between diet and cognition from a life-course perspective.
Cross-sectional associations of physical activity and gross motor proficiency with adiposity in South African children of pre-school age
Authors: Draper Catherine E , Tomaz Simone A , Jones Rachel A , Hinkley Trina , Twine Rhian , Kahn Kathleen , Norris Shane A 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity, gross motor skills and adiposity in South African children of pre-school age.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingHigh-income urban, and low-income urban and rural settings in South Africa.ParticipantsChildren (3–6 years old,n268) were recruited from urban high-income (n46), urban low-income (n91) and rural low-income (n122) settings. Height and weight were measured to calculate the main outcome variables: BMI and BMI-for-ageZ-score (BAZ). Height-for-age and weight-for-ageZ-scores were also calculated. Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers were used to objectively measure physical activity; the Test of Gross Motor Development (Version 2) was used to assess gross motor skills.ResultsMore children were overweight/obese and had a higher BAZ from urban low-income settings compared with urban high-income settings and rural low-income settings. Being less physically active was associated with thinness, but not overweight/obesity. Time spent in physical activity at moderate and vigorous intensities was positively associated with BMI and BAZ. Gross motor proficiency was not associated with adiposity in this sample.ConclusionsThe findings of this research highlight the need for obesity prevention particularly in urban low-income settings, as well as the need to take into consideration the complexity of the relationship between adiposity, physical activity and gross motor skills in South African pre-school children.
Why are US men retiring later?
Authors: Hou Wenliang , Munnell Alicia , Sanzenbacher Geoffrey Todd , Li Yinji 
Published: December 2018

AbstractOver the past two decades, the share of individuals claiming Social Security at the Early Eligibility Age has dropped and the average retirement age has increased. At the same time, Social Security rules have changed substantially, employer-sponsored retirement plans have shifted from defined benefit (DB) to defined contribution (DC), health has improved, and mortality has decreased. In theory, all of these changes could lead to a trend toward later claiming. Disentangling the effect of any one change is difficult because they have been occurring simultaneously. This paper uses the Gustman and Steinmeier structural model of retirement timing to investigate which of these changes matter most by simulating their effects on the original cohort (1931–1941) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The predicted behavior is then compared with the actual retirements of the Early Boomer cohort (1948–1953) to see how much of the later cohort's delayed claiming and retirement can be explained by these changes. The Early Boomer cohort was less likely to be fully retired than the HRS cohort at both age 62 (36.7% vs. 44.0%) and age 64 (49.5% vs. 53.9%). The model suggests that the shift from DB toward DC plans was the biggest contributor to these declines, followed by better health. Social Security rules and improvements in mortality played smaller roles.