Abstract 327: Functional characterization of RAD50 germline deleterious variants identified from deep targeted sequencing study of familial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lam Shiu Yeung , Ning Lvwen , Ng Hoi Yan , Lung Maria Li , Ko Josephine Mun-Yee 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), a histological subtype of esophageal cancer, is a highly prevalent malignancy in Southeast Asia with poor prognosis and high mortality rate. From previous Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) studies that sampled familial ESCC cases from Henan, a hotspot of ESCC cases in China, rare germline variants of RAD50 homolog, double strand break repair protein (RAD50) were identified and predicted to be deleterious by in silico models. We hypothesized that ESCC patients carrying dominant-negative germline or somatic RAD50 alterations with disrupted MRN (MRE11-RAD50-NBS1) functions may show improved prognosis, as tumor cells are sensitized to genotoxic agents such as cisplatin and ionizing radiation(IR). The current study aims to characterize if these identified germline loss-of-function (LOF) mutants of RAD50 exert dominant-negative impacts on double-strand break (DSB) repair and ATM/ATR signalling. A stop-gain mutation at the zinc-hook domain (RAD50-SG1), and a missense mutation at the C-terminal ATP-binding cassette (RAD50-MS1) were chosen for functional characterization. These mutations were introduced into RAD50 ORF by site-directed mutagenesis. The wildtype (RAD50-WT), RAD50-SG1 and RAD50-MS1 were expressed alongside a vector-alone control (VA) in two cell lines, U2OS and KYSE70(ESCC), using a lentiviral system. DSB repair efficiency was assessed by γH2AX foci recovery. Expression of RAD50-WT reduced the number of γH2AX foci-(+) cells compared to VA at 6 hours post-IR, hinting of an improved DSB repair efficiency while RAD50-MS1 showed no reduction in γH2AX foci-(+) cells. Intriguingly, the number of γH2AX foci-(+) cells was significantly elevated in RAD50-SG1, indicating a reduced DSB repair efficiency in a dominant-negative manner as U2OS expresses wildtype RAD50 endogenously. RAD50-SG1 expressed U2OS was sensitized to Chk-inhibitor AZD7762, when compared to RAD50-WT, RAD50-MS1 and VA control, as measured by MTT assay. Details about the downstream ATM/ATR signalling for reduced phosphorylation of ATM/ATR substrates for impaired checkpoint signalling, data of dominant-negative functional impacts of the RAD50-SG1 mutant regarding cell proliferation in the presence of DSB stimuli (cisplatin treatment/γ irradiation), DSB repair efficiency and sensitivity towards PARP inhibitor will be presented. We expect our study to provide insight into the potential therapeutic impacts of RAD50 LOF mutants with PARP inhibition or Chk inhibition. It should provide a strategy for design of new therapeutic regimens for combined targeted disruption of MRN function with PARPi or Chki, which is expected to benefit ESCC patients, who show poor responses to conventional chemotherapy and radiotheapy.
Citation Format: Shiu Yeung Lam, Lvwen Ning, Hoi Yan Ng, Maria Li Lung, Josephine Mun-Yee Ko. Functional characterization of RAD50 germline deleterious variants identified from deep targeted sequencing study of familial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 327.