bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural mechanisms underlying the precision of visual working memory
Authors: Zhao Yijie , Kuai Shuguang , Zanto Theodore P. , Ku Yixuan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe neural mechanisms associated with the limited capacity of working memory has long been studied, but it is still unclear how the brain maintains the fidelity of representations in working memory. Here, an orientation recall task for estimating the precision of visual working memory was performed both inside and outside an fMRI scanner. Results showed that the trial-by-trial recall error (in radians) was correlated with delay period activity in the lateral occipital complex (LOC) during working memory maintenance, regardless of the memory load. Moreover, delay activity in LOC also correlated with the individual participant’s precision of working memory from a separate behavioral experiment held two weeks prior. Furthermore, a region within the prefrontal cortex, the inferior frontal junction (IFJ), exhibited greater functional connectivity with LOC when the working memory load increased. Together, our findings provide unique evidence that the LOC supports visual working memory precision, while communication between the IFJ and LOC varys with visual working memory load.
Inhibition of classical and alternative modes of respiration in C. albicans leads to cell wall remodelling and increased macrophage recognition
Authors: Duvenage Lucian , Walker Louise A. , Bojarczuk Aleksandra , Johnston Simon A. , MacCallum Donna M. , Munro Carol A. , Gourlay Campbell W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe human fungal pathogen C. albicans requires respiratory function for normal growth, morphogenesis and virulence. As such the mitochondria represent an enticing target for the development of new antifungal strategies. This possibility is further bolstered by the presence of fungal specific characteristics. However, respiration in C. albicans, as is the case in many fungal organisms, is facilitated by redundant electron transport mechanisms that makes direct inhibition a challenge. In addition, many chemicals known to target the electron transport chain are highly toxic. Here we make use of chemicals with low toxicity in mammals to efficiently inhibit respiration in C. albicans. We find that use of the Nitric Oxide donor, Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP), and the alternative oxidase inhibitor, SHAM, prevent respiration, lead to a loss in viability and to cell wall rearrangements that increase the rate of uptake by macrophages in vitro and in vivo. We propose that SNP+SHAM treatment leads to transcriptional changes that drive cell wall re-arrangement but which also prime cells to activate transition to hyphal growth. In line with this we find that pre-treatment of C. albicans with SNP+SHAM leads to an increase in virulence. Our data reveals strong links between respiration, cell wall remodelling and activation of virulence factors. Our findings also demonstrate that respiration in C. albicans can be efficiently inhibited with chemicals which are not damaging to the mammalian host, but that we need to develop a deeper understanding of the roles of mitochondria in cellular signalling if they are to be developed successfully as a target for new antifungals.Author SummaryCurrent approaches to tackling fungal infections are limited and new targets must be identified to protect against the emergence of resistant strains. We investigate the potential of targeting mitochondria, organelles required for energy production, growth and virulence, in the yeast human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Our findings suggest that mitochondria can be targeted using drugs that can be tolerated by humans and that this treatment enhances their recognition by immune cells. However release of C. albicans cells from mitochondrial inhibition appears to activate a stress response that increases traits associated with virulence. Our results make it clear that mitochondria are a valid target for the development of anti-fungal strategies but that we must determine the mechanisms by which they regulate stress signalling and virulence ahead of successful therapeutic advance.
Virus and CTL dynamics in the extra-follicular and follicular tissue compartments in SIV-infected macaques
Authors: Wodarz Dominik , Skinner Pamela J. , Levy David N. , Connick Elizabeth 
Published: May 2018

AbstractData from SIV-infected macaques indicate that virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are mostly present in the extrafollicular (EF) compartment of the lymphoid tissue, with reduced homing to the follicular (F) site. This contributes to the majority of the virus being present in the follicle and represents a barrier to virus control. Using mathematical models, we investigate these dynamics. Two models are analyzed. The first assumes that CTL can only become stimulated and expand in the extra-follicular compartment, with migration accounting for the presence of CTL in the follicle. In the second model, follicular CTL can also undergo antigen-induced expansion. Consistent with experimental data, both models predict increased virus compartmentalization in the presence of stronger CTL responses and lower virus loads, and a more pronounced rise of extra-follicular compared to follicular virus during CD8 cell depletion experiments. The models, however, differ in other aspects. The follicular expansion model results in dynamics that promote the clearance of productive infection in the extrafollicular site, with any productively infected cells found being the result of immigration from the follicle. This is not observed in the model without follicular CTL expansion. The models further predict different consequences of introducing engineered, follicular-homing CTL, which has been proposed as a therapeutic means to improve virus control. Without follicular CTL expansion, this is predicted to result in a reduction of virus load in both compartments. The follicular CTL expansion model, however, makes the counter-intuitive prediction that addition of F-homing CTL not only results in a reduction of follicular virus load, but also in an increase in extrafollicular virus replication. These predictions remain to be experimentally tested, which will be relevant for distinguishing between models and for understanding how therapeutic introduction of F-homing CTL might impact the overall dynamics of the infection.
A new in vitro assay measuring direct interaction of nonsense suppressors with the eukaryotic protein synthesis machinery
Authors: Ng Martin Y. , Zhang Haibo , Weil Amy , Singh Vijay , Jamiolkowski Ryan , Baradaran-Heravi Alireza , Roberge Michel , Jacobson Allan , Friesen Westley , Welch Ellen , Goldman Yale E. , Cooperman Barry S. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTNonsense suppressors (NonSups) induce “readthrough”, i.e., the selection of near cognate tRNAs at premature termination codons and insertion of the corresponding amino acid into nascent polypeptide. Prior readthrough measurements utilized contexts in which NonSups can promote readthrough directly, by binding to one or more of the components of the protein synthesis machinery, or indirectly, by several other mechanisms. Here we utilize a new, highly-purified in vitro assay to measure exclusively direct nonsense suppressor-induced readthrough. Of 16 NonSups tested, 12 display direct readthrough, with results suggesting that such NonSups act by at least two different mechanisms. In preliminary work we demonstrate the potential of single molecule fluorescence energy transfer measurements to elucidate mechanisms of NonSup-induced direct readthrough, which will aid efforts to identify NonSups having improved clinical efficacy.Table of Contents artwork
Clarification and confocal imaging of the non-human primate placental micro-anatomy
Authors: Sargent James A. , Roberts Victoria HJ , Gaffney Jessica , Frias Antonio E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPlacental function is essential for the development of the fetus, and is – in part – related to the 3D arrangement of the villous and vascular geometry. Recent advances in tissue clarification techniques allow for deep high-resolution imaging with confocal microscopy without altering the spatial characteristics of the tissue. These image stacks can be analyzed quantitatively to provide insights regarding the villous and vascular micro-anatomy as well as the interrelationships between the two. However, such analyses require optimization of the tissue preparation, immuno-labeling, and clarification protocol in order to provide reliable results suitable for the detection of subtle differences in pathologic pregnancies. Placental and fetal development are similar between human and non-human primate pregnancies, with the latter serving as a reliable, validated, highly-controlled, well-characterized translational model for the former.We present a protocol for the preparation, immuno-labeling, and clarification of the non-human primate placenta optimized for confocal microscopy and subsequent quantification of the micro-anatomic structures.
Guiding the conversation
Authors: Walden Justin 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how public relations practitioners view their role in guiding their organizations’ frontline (nonnominated) employees’ social media use and the tensions that organizations must navigate when they interact with their employees online.

Design/methodology/approach
This study utilizes in-depth interviews with 24 PR practitioners in the USA. Data were analyzed via grounded theory’s approach to open, axial, and select coding.

Findings
PR practitioners engage in three activities to guide employees’ social media use: serving as a reactive-technical resource; supporting employee communities; and responding to incidental monitoring of social media posts.

Research limitations/implications
The study extends stakeholder theory by describing the normative expectations that are placed on employees when it comes to discussing the organization online.

Practical implications
Recommendations are offered for PR practitioners regarding the boundary-respecting management of nonnominated employees’ social media use.

Social implications
Findings point to a greater understanding about frontline workers’ roles in supporting their organizations and the need for organizations to carefully explain social media policies.

Originality/value
Scholars have not fully explored the challenges that firms face when they seek to influence employees’ personal social networking activities. There is new insight about the ways in which organization can ethically engage with employees in digitally mediated spaces.
Dealing with an abusive boss in China
Authors: Zeng Wei , Zhou Ying , Shen Zhengyu 
Published: May 2018

PurposeThis study aims to examine how reward expectancy mediates the effect of abusive supervision on organizational citizenship behavior. Furthermore, drawing upon regulatory focus theory, this paper proposes and tests the moderating role of promotion focus in the proposed mediating effect.Design/methodology/approachBoth hierarchical regression and PROCESS macro are conducted to analyze longitudinal data collected from 142 MBA students in different industries in the People’s Republic of China.FindingsResults reveal that abusive supervision was negatively related to both organization-directed citizenship behavior (OCBO) and individual-directed citizenship behavior (OCBI) through undermining individual reward expectancies. Results also show that promotion focus moderated the negative effect of abusive supervision on reward expectancy, such that the relationship was stronger when promotion focus was higher. In addition, the indirect effect of abusive supervision on OCBO and OCBI carried through reward expectancy was also stronger among individuals with higher promotion focus.Originality/valueIt contributes to the literature on abusive supervision by offering a new perspective regarding the mechanism of abusive supervision influence on organizational citizenship behavior. The findings thus shed insights into cognitions and motivations that are associated with organizational citizenship behavior. In addition, it is the first to link abusive supervision with regulatory focus theory to examine the decrease of organizational citizenship behavior.
Consumer expenditure inequality in India: a source decomposition analysis
Authors: Sen Jayanta , Das Debarati 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to deal with a closer look into the nature and extent of consumer expenditure inequality in India to identify the major contributions those are embedded, particularly after the economic reforms. Relative contributions of major consumption items/sources to the overall expenditure inequality are quantitatively examined in terms of a decomposition exercise. Eventually, the paper investigates the relative marginal effects of expenditure components/sources on overall inequality.

Design/methodology/approach
Gini index is used to measure the degree of inequality in consumer expenditure. Contribution of each expenditure sources to overall inequality is estimated by using source decomposition technique of Gini index contributed by Lerman and Yitzhaki.

Findings
The study observes that the inequality in consumer expenditure has increased in both the rural and the urban parts of India during the post-reform period. Non-food expenditure is more unevenly distributed, and it has been found to be more pro-rich in nature. Expenditure on cereals and pulses still exhibits higher inequality-reducing effect in rural and urban India. Education and health-care expenses have been inequality-increasing in the country. Contribution of expenditure on miscellaneous consumer services, durable goods, education and health care to the overall expenditure inequality is significantly higher.

Originality/value
The study identifies the capacity of different expenditure sources towards increasing or decreasing the overall inequality which is crucial for better redistributive policies to be adopted to enhance the well-being of the economy in real sense.
Designing successful participatory platforms with a public intent: Lessons learned from practitioners, scholars, and citizen participants
Authors: Treisman Chase , Kelley Tanya M. , Johnston Erik W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPublic organizations have interacted with citizens through increasingly sophisticated internet-enabled technology. Participatory platforms emerged from Web 2.0 technologies in the mid-2000s as a governance mechanism to engage citizens in the process of effecting social change. Although the potential of platforms is recognized, its successful implementation has faced challenges. To begin to get a handle on how to best design and manage participatory platforms, we conducted an exploratory participatory action research study grounded in two events – The Policy Challenge and NSF Workshop on Participatory Platforms with a Public Intent. Both events communed practitioners, scholars, and citizen participants with diverse experience and expertise conducting and researching platforms. The insights expressed through the events and follow-up interviews and online survey informed our development of a participatory platform lifecycle and design framework to assist designing successful participatory platforms.
A bibliometric analysis of venture capital research
Authors: Cancino Christian A. , Merigo Jose M. , Torres Juan P. , Diaz David 
Published: May 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to present the evolution of academic research in venture capital (VC) research between 1990 and 2014.Design/methodology/approachThe study analyzes the most influential journals in VC research by analyzing papers, which were published on the Web of Science database.FindingsResults show a steady increasing rate of VC research during the past 25 years. The paper reports the 40 academic journals that permanently publish articles about VC research.Originality/valueThe main contribution of this work is to develop a general overview of the leading journals in VC research, which leads to the development of a future research agenda for bibliometric analysis, such as the review of the most productive and influential authors, universities and countries in VC research.
Social power of preadolescent children on influence in their mothers’ purchasing behavior
Authors: Carrillo Miriam , Gonzalez-Sparks Alicia , Salcedo Nestor U. 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the relationship between legitimate and expert social power types of preadolescent children on the influence perception in their mothers’ purchasing behavior in Peruvian toy stores. The literature review takes into consideration the concepts of social power and the influence on family behavior to then focus on social power within family behavior with the purpose of mainly developing four hypotheses regarding purchasing behavior.

Design/methodology/approach
The methodology followed a non-experimental transversal correlational-causal design. A pilot sample size of 67 cases was used. The sample was based on an objective population of Peruvian mothers of families that live in northern Lima and that go to purchase toys to major shopping centers with their children aged 8-11 years.

Findings
The results show that the expert social power, as well as the legitimate social power, has a strong relationship. In addition, both social powers have an impact on the influence perception in purchasing child-mother, but not on the influence perception in purchasing mother-child. Moreover, the test of moderation of the expenditure level on toy purchases did not have an effect on the context that was studied.

Originality/value
The contribution shows that important changes are happening in the consumption behavior on the aspect of children influencing mothers, and that for Latin American contexts, the level of expenditure still does not crucially affect the causality demonstrated.
Conflicts of interest in finance
Authors: Kinander Morten 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
Relying on research from social psychology and business ethics, this paper aims to argue that the current massive regulatory regime surrounding the attempts to curb what is perceived to be damaging conflicts of interests in the financial industry is based on misguided assumptions, and that the trend of increasingly detailed rule-making, supervision and sanctioning in this area might be counter-effective. This should cause financial services legislators and regulators to be cautious when proposing more detailed rules as solutions to perceived problems. The paper argues that disclosure is no remedy for a harmful conflict of interest, and that such an obligation can only be based on the client’s right to know about the conflict. This right, however, does not, in itself, justify all the extensive and detailed regulation in the area. The paper ends with a recommendation for more research into the moral reasoning ability of financial services professionals, as well as the interplay between judgment and rules in the finance industry.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper relies on research within behavioural moral psychology, and applies it to business ethics with the aim of discussing the impact of regulation on moral reasoning within the finance industry.

Findings
Regulation might lead to a decrease in moral reasoning, which is the premise of proper handling of conflicts of interest. Additionally, disclosure of unavoidable conflicts of interest might even strengthen the negative consequences of such conflicts.

Research limitations/implications
More research should be conducted within the financial services sector about the effect of regulation on individual judgment.

Practical implications
The paper proposes that care should be exercised when proposing increased and complex regulation to avoid unintended and adverse consequences for the financial services industry.

Originality/value
The paper synthesises existing research within different fields – such as moral psychology and analytic business ethics – and applies it to financial regulation.
Towards an early history (1955-1975) of marketing research in India
Authors: Parameswaran Ravi , Parameswaran Krishna 
Published: May 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to attempt to trace the origins and early history of the development of the market research practice in India. It covers the period 1955-1975.Design/methodology/approachA search of key terms in databases such as Google Scholar and ABI-INFORM indicated there was limited data in the public domain on the subject and that the information gleaned was not adequate to trace the birth of the market research practice in India. As there was very little recorded history, the researchers decided to initiate a recording of the history using the available literature, on the reminiscences of the authors and, to a limited extent, contemporaries of the pioneers in the field.FindingsThe origins of market research in India can be traced to its supporting role in gauging the efficacy of advertising. Examination of the history of advertising leads to the conclusion that marketing research arrived in India in the decade of the 1950s, initiated by Burmah-Shell’s needs for market research. S. H. Benson (London) Ltd was selected to undertake the pioneering market research that led to the birth of Indian Market Research Service, headed by Krishnaier Parameswaran. Marketing research in India presented numerous challenges (that were overcome) because the operating environment was very different than in advanced countries.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the paucity of information in the literature, this investigation as per the authors’ knowledge represents the first attempt to record the birth and early history of marketing research in India. The recording of history is limited by the fact that many of the early pioneers and collaborators are no longer alive and because of the difficulty in retrieving archival mostly proprietary information.Originality/valueIn determining the future of a practice, it is important to know the history of the practice. It helps determine whether history proceeds in a random manner or whether it proceeds following some discernable patterns. In an area that has been ahistorical, this research identifies the origins of the practice. It is hoped that other researchers build upon this construction of the early history of marketing research in India based on their experiences and knowledge of the pioneering companies and practitioners and using sound historiographical tenets.