bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law, Culture, and Race: The 1808 Murder Trial of John Joyce and Peter Matthias
Authors: Myrsiades Linda 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT
This article demonstrates that the verdicts reached in the 1808 murder trial of ex-slaves John Joyce and Peter Matthias applied procedural rules like that which applied to other inhabitants of the state as required by the 1780 Gradual Abolition Act. The defendants’ trial used due process and equal treatment under the law that then prevailed. What did not occur was the fullest application of case precedents or of provisions available under the commonwealth's 1794 Better Preventing of Crimes Act, which were within the discretion of the presiding judge. That their sentence was not just and equitable in present-day terms should not surprise any readers, but neither should the fact that those verdicts went largely unchallenged by contemporaries both in the black community and among abolitionists. This article hopes to illuminate that difference as it examines the complexities of the early nineteenth-century courtroom in Pennsylvania.
Tos Ferina asociado a morbimortalidad e inmunoprevención
Authors: Umanzor C. Sarahi Elizabeth , Prado López Lidia María 
Published: March 2019

En Honduras han existido múltiples brotes de tos ferina, sin embargo, pocos se publican y reportan como diagnóstico la reacción en cadena de Polimerasa (PCR) en tiempo real. Debe tomarse en cuenta el subregistro y el infradiagnóstico debido al bajo índice de sospecha como factores importantes a considerar en la remergencia de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Describir el Síndrome Coqueluchoide y tos ferina en el Hospital Nacional Dr. Mario Catarino Rivas (HNMCR) en el período de enero a mayo 2017. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal en niños cuyo cuadro clínico cumple con los criterios de caso probable de tos ferina. La muestra la conforman 23 pacientes. Resultados: La Tosferina afecta a niños del sexo masculino, lactante menor, durante los meses de enero y marzo. La evolución de la enfermedad tiene una media de 12 días al momento del diagnóstico, el esquema de vacunación incompleto para la edad según PAI es un factor de riesgo importante, La tos paroxística, fiebre y apnea fueron el cuadro clínico predominante acompañado de hiperleucocitosis con PCR positivos. El 37% de los casos fallecieron por complicaciones asociadas. Conclusión: A pesar de los cambios epidemiológicos que ha habido durante el transcurso del tiempo con la introducción de la vacuna contra Bordetella Pertussis, sigue siendo una enfermedad prevalente, potencialmente fatal, especialmente en lactantes menores y neonatos, se considera que la que la estrategia capullo debe ser incluida en el programa ampliado de inmunizaciones de nuestro país, recordando que la tos ferina es una enfermedad inmunoprevenible.
Palabras claveTos de 100 días, tos Ferina, Bordetella pertussi, Vacuna contra pertussis.
Urticaria aguda y tratamiento ambulatorio indicado en emergencia de dos hospitales de atención pediátrica
Authors: Torres Madrid Mario Rolando 
Published: March 2019

La urticaria aguda es una dermatosis frecuente, se calcula que ocurre en 20% de la población mundial. La tasa de prevalencia varía de acuerdo con la población de cada país entre 3.4 y 6.4%. En Honduras en el Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social (IHSS), la urticaria aguda es la cuarta causa más frecuente de dermatosis en consulta externa dermatológica pediátrica. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas-sociodemográficas y el manejo en salas de Emergencia del Hospital Nacional Mario Catarino Rivas (HNMCR) y IHSS ambos hospitales en SPS, en el período enero 2016–julio 2017. Pacientes y Métodos: El diseño de la investigación fue transversal observacional, con alcance descriptivo. Se incluyeron 83 pacientes en edad pediátrica con diagnóstico de urticaria aguda, evaluados en las emergencias del IHSS y HNMCR. Resultados: El grupo etario y raza afectados fueron los lactantes menores 68.67% (n=57) y raza mestiza 86.75% (n=72). No tenían antecedentes inmunoalérgicos 63.86% (n=53). El alimento relacionado con urticaria fue el huevo 9.64% (n=8) y entre los medicamentos; los antibióticos 23.08% (n=19). El tratamiento administrado con mayor frecuencia fue la doble terapia 65.21% (n=30) y se ingresaron 17 pacientes (20.48%). Conclusión: El manejo terapéutico y los criterios de ingreso utilizado en el servicio de emergencia no siguen los lineamientos de guías internacionales.
Palabras claveUrticaria, Angioedema, Niño.
Hambre Oculta
Authors: González Hernández Norma , Rodríguez González Susan , Arriola Agueda 
Published: March 2019

El hambre oculta es un problema a nivel mundial que ocasiona altas tasas de mortalidad si se compara con algunas de las enfermedades infectocontagiosas como malaria y tuberculosis. Cuando existe la desnutrición aumenta el deterioro en la capacidad de producción, trabajo y por ende en la producción de alimentos. Hambre oculta se define como la deficiencia crónica de micronutrientes. Afecta la salud de forma silenciosa y grave, llegando a ocasionar en muchos casos la muerte. El problema engloba a los niños con desnutrición y también a aquellos con sobrepeso que esconden la escasez de nutrientes, por lo que debemos educar a la población sobre como recibir una alimentación balanceada y equilibrada.
En Centroamérica y el Caribe existe un déficit importante de micronutrientes. Debemos de ser proactivos en mejorar la alimentación para disminuir la desnutrición y obesidad. Para ello debemos mejorar la producción de alimentos. La fortificación de granos y cereales es la opción más rentable y sostenible en las mejoras del estado nutricional, aumentando su biodisponibilidad de los nutrientes.
Erradicar el hambre y la desnutrición debe ser nuestra meta concreta, por lo que el objetivo de esta revisión es resaltar la importancia de administrar una cantidad y composición adecuada de micronutrientes desde el primer día de la gestación para hacer que disminuya este flagelo. Es nuestra responsabilidad, y debe ser parte de la política pública, ya que a los problemas éticos ligados a la desnutrición, se añaden consecuencias negativas que afectaran a todos los niños.
Palabras claveMicronutrientes, déficit de vitaminas, desnutrición, ingesta inadecuada
Cisticercosis. Reporte de Caso
Authors: González Norma , Hawith Kristell , Rodríguez Susan 
Published: March 2019

La teniasis humana/cisticercosis es una enfermedad zoonótica causada por la Taenia solium. Fue declarada por la OMS como una de las enfermedades tropicales potencialmente erradicables que afecta a las personas más pobres con condiciones ambientales desfavorables. En nuestro país, Honduras, la Dra. Rina Girard de Kaminsky en 1991 encontró tasas de infección de 2-7/1000 en el Hospital Escuela, 10/1000 en el sur y 0-6/1000 en los departamentos de Cortés y Atlántida.
La transmisión es a través de un círculo cerdo-humano; en el cual el cerdo lleva las larvas quísticas en su carne (cisticercosis), el humano la Taenia adulta (teniasis) en la luz del intestino. La cisticercosis se debe a la infección que puede ser asintomática o sintomática: diarrea, dolor abdominal, migración de proglótides y cisticercos al Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC). El diagnóstico se basa en el cuadro clínico, demostración de los huevos o quistes, pruebas inmunológicas ELISA: inmunoelectroforesis, Tomografía axial computarizada y resonancia magnética. Su tratamiento farmacológico es: Praziquantel y Albendazol a dosis de 10-20 mg/kg/día una dosis, y en Neurocisticercosis 10 días de tratamiento el cual deberá iniciarse una vez controlado el cuadro convulsivo y la hipertensión endocraneana.
Se presenta un caso de Teniasis en un lactante de 8 meses alimentado exclusivamente con leche materna. El objetivo del presente estudio es reconocer su aparición en cualquier edad, incluyendo los menores de 1 año además de recordar que es erradicable y que se pueden prevenir las complicaciones.
Palabras claveTeniasis, Cisticercosis, Taenia solium
Evaluation of Activities in Secondary School Level Turkish Workbooks According to Types of Memory and Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy
Authors: Uğur Fidan 
Published: March 2019

This study analyzes the activities in the Turkish student workbooks in the framework of secondary school level Turkish courses based on the literature of “memory, information processing process, memory-learning relationship and the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy.” It seeks to determine which activities are associated with which type of information in the parts of the long-term memory (semantic memory and episodic memory), and to identify the steps in the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy which these information are linked to. The study further presents the distribution of the activities in the books according to the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy.
Based on the results, the inspection of the distribution of the activities in the books in terms of semantic and episodic information reveals that there are more activities for the semantic dimension in all grade levels. Most of the activities in the semantic dimension, which includes academic knowledge and skills, are intended for the lower-order thinking skills; in the episodic dimension, the highest number of the activities are designed at the level of create whilst the lowest number of the activities are intended for the level of analyze and evaluate in all grade levels. The inspection of the distribution of all the activities in the books according to the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy points to that there are less activities at the level of analyze, evaluate and create, which entail higher-order thinking skills, whilst there are more activities at the level of remember, understand and apply in all grade levels.
Single Accreditation System for Graduate Medical Education: Transition Update
Authors: Buser Boyd R. , Swartwout James , Lischka Terri , Biszewski Maura 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In 2014, the American Osteopathic Association, the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education agreed to establish a new, single accreditation system for graduate medical education in the United States. This article focuses on recent policy enhancements and modifications to facilitate the transition to the single accreditation system and concludes with a discussion of the current transition planning after the end of the transition period on June 30, 2020.
Economic Growth and Environmental Pollution in Brunei: ARDL Bounds Testing Approach to Cointegration
Authors: Hemed Issa Moh’d , Faki Suleiman Malik , Suleiman Salim Hamad 
Published: March 2019

Aims: This study examined the short run and long run dynamic relationship between economic growth and environmental pollution in Brunei. We adoptedAuto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to scrutinize the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) among the studying variables by using time series data cover the period of 1974 to 2014.
Methodology: The ARDL bound test revealed the existence of long-run relationship among the integrated variables when CO2 chosen as a dependent variable.
Results: The results support the existences of EKC hypotheses in the long-run whereas in the short-run an inverted U-shaped curve was not confirmed between GDP and CO2 in Brunei. The results of Granger causality based on VECM analysis have shown unidirectional causality runs from economic growth to CO2 in the short run. Further analysis through stability test indicates the coefficients in the model are stable and do not suffers with structural break within the time taken in the study.
Conclusion: The government of Brunei should proceed to target the sustainable means of production, which has an environmental friendly and consumes less energy to enhance economic growth and maintain environmental quality in the long run.
Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activities of Bryophyllum pinnatum and Vernonia amygdalina Leaves Extracts on Selected Microbial Isolates from Wound Infection
Authors: Oluchi Okele, Faith , Ngozika Wokem, Gloria , Godwin Nwokah Easter 
Published: March 2019

Introduction: The therapeutic actions of plants may be due to the presence of some phytochemical components. Due to the increasing emergence of multi antibiotics resistance, wound pathogens are causing huge public health concerns. There is need for exploring some necessary alternatives for treatment of wound infections.
Aim: This study investigated the phytochemical and antimicrobial activities of Vernonia amygdalina and Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves extracts on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus isolates from wound infection.
Methodology: The fresh leaves of both plants were extracted using Sofowora method and the phytochemicals were screened. Different concentrations of the extract, antibiotic and ethanol were tested against the isolates using disc diffusion technique.
Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinone and fixed oils were present in the both plant extracts but saponins were only found in V. amygdalina and cardenolide were only in B. pinnatum. Quantitatively, all the phytochemicals investigated in the study were present with V. amygdalina having the highest level of saponins than Bryophyllum pinnatum (P<0.05) and low steroids with P=0.2879 (P>0.05).The crude extract of V. amygdalina had the highest zone of inhibition compared to aqueous and ethanol extracts at 75 mg/ml concentration (P<0.05) but generally, the ethanol extracts of both plants had more inhibitions at varying concentrations. Thus comparing the antimicrobial activity of various extracts of both plants on the wound isolates and the controls (antibiotics and ethanol), there was significant variation in their zones of inhibition produce (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results show that the zone of inhibition increases with the concentrations of the extracts. Therefore, the antimicrobial effect of these plants may depend on the concentration of the extract and the solvent used for extraction. This study showed that B. pinnatum and V. amygdalina could be used as an alternative therapy to antibiotics to treat wound infection caused by P. aeruginosa, E. coli and S. aureus.
Chromatin plates in the interphase nucleus
Authors: Chicano Andrea , Daban Joan‐Ramon 
Published: March 2019

Early results showed the emanation of chromatin fibers from mitotic chromosomes and nuclei swollen with water. In contrast, under metaphase ionic conditions, it was found that chromatin from mitotic chromosomes is planar and forms multilayered plates. Here, we show that in buffers containing interphase cation concentrations, the chromatin emanated from disrupted nuclei also has a planar morphology. Furthermore, the chromatin fragments produced by micrococcal nuclease digestion of nuclei form the typical beads‐on‐a‐string fibers in the absence of cations, but they self‐assemble into plate‐like structures in buffers containing magnesium. The plates from interphase nuclei do not form the thick multilayered structures observed in metaphase chromosomes, suggesting that they are more exposed to the medium to facilitate DNA replication and gene expression.
Industrial Wastes and Waste Dumps, Sampling and Analysis
Authors: Rasemann Winfried , Herbst Martin , Seltmann Udo , Kreutzmann Heinrich 
Published: March 2019

Abstract‘Waste’ is everything that the owner intends to remove, or has to be removed, or has been already removed. This is merely a juridical concept. It is only through a concrete reference that waste becomes a concrete object with a real meaning. The wastes can contain hazardous components that pollute and endanger the environment, but they can also consist of valuable materials, which are a source of secondary raw materials. To assess the environmental risk or to calculate the economic benefit of disposed or dumped material, a reliable knowledge of the waste composition is required. As experience has regularly shown, conflicts and lawsuits result when the waste composition cannot be reliably determined. The problems are created because the wastes are mixtures of particles, pieces, and lumps that vary in size and shape as well as in chemical composition and physical properties. The basis for the evaluation of a waste material are measurement results obtained from samples. The measured values generally differ from the true composition of the waste. These differences, called the measurement deviations, are random and unavoidable. To ensure that the results of investigation and evaluation are comparable, certain regulations must be followed.The present article takes up this problem on the example of different applications of waste management. The examples confirm that sampling is one of the most important measures for the characterization of waste materials.
Comparative Responsiveness of Outcome Measures for the Assessment of Pain and Function in Osteoarthritis of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Authors: Menz Hylton B. , Auhl Maria , Tan Jade M. , Levinger Pazit , Roddy Edward , Munteanu Shannon E. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveThe present study was undertaken to assess the comparative responsiveness of outcome measures used for the assessment of pain and function in individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint.MethodsEighty‐eight patients (mean ± SD age 57.2 ± 10.2 years) with OA of the first MTP joint who participated in a randomized trial completed the Foot Health Status Questionnaire (FHSQ), the Foot Function Index Revised Short Form (FFI‐RS), and 100‐mm visual analog scales (VAS) of pain and stiffness at baseline and 12 weeks. Responsiveness of the subscales for each outcome measure was determined using paired t‐tests, Cohen's d coefficient, the standardized response mean (SRM), and the Guyatt index (GI). Sample size estimations were calculated based on minimal important differences (MIDs).ResultsAll outcome measures were sensitive to change and demonstrated at least medium effect sizes. Three outcome measures exhibited large or very large effect sizes for Cohen's d coefficient, the SRM, and the GI: the FHSQ pain subscale (d = 1.03; SRM 1.10, GI score 1.30), the FFI‐RS pain subscale (d = 1.09; SRM 1.05, GI score 1.73), and the 100‐mm VAS of pain severity while walking (d = 1.22; SRM 1.07, GI score 1.78). Sample size calculations indicated that between 20 and 33 participants per group would be required to detect MIDs using these measures.ConclusionThe FHSQ pain subscale, FFI‐RS pain subscale, and the 100‐mm VAS of pain severity while walking are the most responsive outcome measures for the assessment of pain and function in individuals with OA of the first MTP joint. These findings provide useful information to guide researchers in selecting appropriate outcome measures for use in future clinical trials.
Utilizing a Spiro TADF Moiety as a Functional Electron Donor in TADF Molecular Design toward Efficient “Multichannel” Reverse Intersystem Crossing
Authors: Gan Lin , Xu Zhida , Wang Zhiheng , Li Binbin , Li Wei , Cai Xinyi , Liu Kunkun , Liang Qiumin , Su Shi‐Jian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDesigning thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials with an efficient reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) process is regarded as the key to actualize efficient organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with low efficiency roll‐off. Herein, a novel molecular design strategy is reported where a typical TADF material 10‐phenyl‐10H, 10′H‐spiro[acridine‐9, 9′‐anthracen]‐10′‐one (ACRSA) is utilized as a functional electron donor to design TADF materials of 2,4,6‐triphenyl‐1,3,5‐triazine(TRZ)‐p‐ACRSA and TRZ‐m‐ACRSA. It is unique that the intramolecular charge transfer of the ACRSA moiety and the intramolecular and through‐space intermolecular charge transfer between the TRZ and ACRSA moieties, provide a “multichannel” effect to enhance the rate of the reverse intersystem crossing process (krisc) exceeding 10−6 s−1. TADF OLEDs based on TRZ‐p‐ACRSA as an emitter show a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 28% with reduced efficiency roll‐off (EQEs of 27.5% and 22.1% at 100 and 1000 cd m−2, respectively). Yellow phosphorescent OLEDs utilizing TRZ‐p‐ACRSA as a host material show record‐high EQE of 25.5% and power efficiency of 115 lm W−1, while phosphorescent OLEDs based on TRZ‐m‐ACRSA show further lower efficiency roll‐off with EQEs of 25.2%, 24.3%, and 21.5% at 100, 1000, and 10 000 cd m−2, respectively.
Tailoring of Silver Nanocubes with Optimized Localized Surface Plasmon in a Gap Mode for a Flexible MoS2 Photodetector
Authors: Sun Bo , Wang Ziyi , Liu Zhiyong , Tan Xianhua , Liu Xingyue , Shi Tielin , Zhou Jianxin , Liao Guanglan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAlthough noble metal nanoparticles as nanoantenna have been applied in 2D material‐based optoelectronic devices, the impact of their morphologies on device performance is still rarely investigated. In this paper, the tailoring of silica‐coated Ag nanocubes with optimized localized surface plasmon in a gap mode for a flexible MoS2 photodetector is demonstrated for the first time. The finite different time domain simulation reveals that the Ag nanocubes with an edge length of 60 nm achieve a maximum electromagnetic field enhancement of 2.8 × 106‐fold under excitation of 520 nm incident light, which is about four orders of magnitude higher than that of Ag nanospheres and nanorods. The Ag nanocube modified devices exhibit excellent performance at low operating potential. External photoresponsivity reaches 7940 A W−1 at 3 V under an incident power of 2.2 pW, achieving a 38‐fold enhancement compared to the pristine MoS2 photodetector, which is more than one order of magnitude higher than most of the reported MoS2 photodetectors. The flexible devices also display a good mechanical endurance during 10 000 bending cycles. These results indicate that Ag nanocubes coupled with Ag films show great prospect for their application in the field of 2D material‐based optoelectronic devices.
Spatially Controlled Transience of Graphene‐Polymer Electronics with Silicon Singulation
Authors: Gund Ved , Ruyack Alexander , Leonardi Amanda , Vinayakumar Kadayra Basavarajappa , Ober Christopher , Lal Amit 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTransient electronics are an emerging technology for civilian and government applications that require controlled disintegration of an electronic chip into smaller components, by physical or chemical means. Here, a pillar‐on‐polymer architecture is presented for a transient system where the electronic components are partitioned on an array of silicon pillars. The pillars are mechanically tethered by a vaporizable polymer film and electrically routed with atomically thin graphene interconnects. Polymer vaporization is achieved with Joule heating of thin‐film metal heaters associated with each silicon pillar, which singulates the pillar. The pillar singulation breaks the graphene interconnects locally, without collateral damage to other on‐chip components. This process demonstrates a methodology for temporally and spatially controlled transience as any single pillar can be singulated at any time. A novel polymer‐silicon layer transfer fabrication process is used to microfabricate a 3 × 3 array of 200 µm diameter silicon pillars spaced 200 µm apart, with gold heaters and graphene interconnects, and the controlled singulation of individual pillars is demonstrated. As a demonstration of a sensor in this technology, a piezoresistive accelerometer is integrated with this platform, which uses a silicon pillar array suspended from the polymer film as a proof mass.