bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Honest signaling and the double counting of inclusive fitness
Authors: Levin Samuel R. , Caro Shana M. , Griffin Ashleigh S. , West Stuart A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInclusive fitness requires a careful accounting of all the fitness effects of a particular behavior. Verbal arguments can potentially exaggerate the inclusive fitness consequences of a behavior by including the fitness of relatives that was not caused by that behavior, leading to error. We show how this “double-counting” error can arise, with a recent example from the signaling literature. In particular, we examine the recent debate over whether parental divorce increases parent–offspring conflict, selecting for less honest signaling. We found that, when all the inclusive fitness consequences are accounted for, parental divorce increases conflict between siblings, in a way that they can select for less honest signaling. This prediction is consistent with the empirical data. More generally, our results illustrate how verbal arguments can be misleading, emphasizing the advantage of formal mathematical models.
Pregnant women have inadequate fiber intake while consuming fiber‐rich diets in low‐income rural setting: Evidences from Analysis of common “ready‐to‐eat” stable foods
Authors: Zerfu Taddese Alemu , Mekuria Aleme 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe intake of fiber‐rich foods during pregnancy has several health benefits to the pregnant woman including lowering the risks of diabetes, preeclampsia, and constipation. However, little is known about the content, daily intake levels, and adequacy of fiber among pregnant women in many low‐income settings. We aimed to identify common food items and determine adequacy of dietary fiber intake levels among pregnant women in rural Ethiopia. Dietary data were collected from a subsample (n = 55) of pregnant women enrolled to a larger prospective cohort study (n = 414). Dietary intake level was measured using repeated 24‐hr dietary recall method and weighing the total amount of daily food. Fiber content was determined using the Weende method supplemented by other sources.The mean [±SD] dietary fiber intake level was 25.89 [±5.09 mg/g] per day, which declined across pregnancy trimester from 26.01 [±9.18 mg/g] to 22.67 [±9.01 mg/g] and 24.56 [±9.98 mg/g] during the first, to second and third pregnancy trimesters, respectively. Boiled cereals and coffee contributed to nearly two‐thirds (63.2%) of the daily fiber intake, while the major bulk of daily food, enjera, contributed to less than a quarter (24.3%) of the fiber intake. Though dietary patterns favor diversified intake for fiber, the mean intake levels below the recommended levels and proportion of women getting adequate to the physiologic stages of pregnancy were inadequate compared to the standard. Mothers, in such community, could benefit from increasing overall intake of existing food to satisfy their fiber needs during pregnancy.
Daratumumab for relapsed or refractory AL amyloidosis with high plasma cell burden
Authors: Schwotzer Rahel , Manz Markus Gabriel , Pederiva Stefanie , Waibel Christine , Caspar Clemens , Lerch Erika , Flammer Andreas J. , Brouwers Sofie , Seeger Harald , Heimgartner Raphael , Fehr Thomas , Rossi Davide , Bianchi Elena , Stüssi Georg , Ghilardi Guido , Gerber Bernhard 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDaratumumab, an anti‐CD38 antibody, is effective in AL amyloidosis with low tumor burden. Data of daratumumab treatment in patients with AL amyloidosis but high tumor burden (≥10% bone marrow plasma cells) are limited. We report retrospective data of 10 consecutive patients with high tumor burden treated with daratumumab for relapsed/refractory AL amyloidosis. The median age at diagnosis was 62.3 years; all patients had cardiac involvement, and six (60%) patients had renal involvement. Median bone marrow plasma cell infiltration was 15% (range 10%‐40%), and the median difference between involved and noninvolved free light‐chains (dFLC) was 446 mg/L (range 102‐1392 mg/L). Patients had a median of three prior lines of therapy, including bortezomib in all patients and lenalidomide in seven (70%) patients. The median time to first hematological response was 14 days (range 7‐28 days), and the median time to best hematological response was 64 days (range 7‐301 days). The hematological overall response was 90%, with high‐quality response (≥ very good partial remission [VGPR]) in 70% of the patients. Fifty percent of the patients had a cardiac response after a median of 3.8 months (range 0.7‐9.1). Infusion‐related adverse events ≤ grade 2 occurred in seven (70%) patients and grade 3 adverse events in one patient. After a median follow‐up time of 10 months, eight (80%) patients continued to receive daratumumab. We conclude that daratumumab is a very effective and safe treatment option in AL patients with relapsed/refractory disease and high disease burden at diagnosis. Daratumumab leads to rapid disease control and improvement of organ function.
Exploring the interaction of surface roughness and slope gradient in controlling rates of soil loss from sloping farmland on the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Li Taotao , Zhao Longshan , Duan Hongteng , Yang Yifan , Wang Yu , Wu Faqi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSurface roughness and slope gradient are two important factors influencing soil erosion. The objective of this study was to investigate the interaction of surface roughness and slope gradient in controlling soil loss from sloping farmland due to water erosion on the Loess Plateau, China. Following the surface features of sloping farmland in the plateau region, we manually prepared rough surfaces using four tillage practices (contour drilling, artificial digging, manual hoeing, and contour plowing), with a smooth surface as the control measure. Five slope gradients (3°, 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20°) and two rainfall intensities (60 and 90 mm/hr) were considered in the artificial rainfall simulation experiment. The results showed that the runoff volume and sediment yield increased with increasing slope gradient under the same tillage treatment. At gentle slope gradients (e.g., 3° and 5°), the increase in surface roughness prevented the runoff and sediment production, that is, the surface roughness reduced the positive effect of slope gradient on the runoff volume and sediment yield to a certain extent. At steep slope gradients, however, the enhancing effect of slope gradient on soil erosion gradually increased and surpassed the reduction effect of surface roughness. This study reveals the existence of a critical slope gradient that influences the interaction of surface roughness and slope gradient in controlling soil erosion on sloping farmland. If the slope gradient is equal to or less than the critical value, an increase in surface roughness would decrease soil erosion. Otherwise, the increase in surface roughness would be ineffective for preventing soil erosion. The critical slope gradient would be smaller under higher rainfall intensity. These findings are helpful for us to understand the process of soil erosion and relevant for supporting soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau region of China.
Oil dispersant Corexit 9500 is weakly estrogenic, but does not skew the sex ratio in Alligator mississippiensis
Authors: McNabb Nicole A. , Bernhard Melissa C. , Brunell Arnold , Lowers Russell H. , Katsu Yoshinao , Spyropoulos Demetri D. , Kohno Satomi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDuring the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, vast quantities of a chemical dispersant Corexit 9500 were applied in remediation efforts. In addition to the acute toxicity, it is essential to evaluate Corexit further with a broader scope of long‐term sublethal endocrine endpoints. The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is an excellent organism for such an endeavor. It exhibits temperature‐dependent sex determination, in which egg incubation temperatures during a thermosensitive period (TSP) in embryonic development determine the sex of embryos. Estrogen signals play a critical role in this process. For example, a single exposure to exogenous estrogen during the TSP overrides the effects of temperature and leads to skewed sex ratios. At a concentration of 100 ppm, Corexit significantly induced transcriptional activity of both alligator nuclear estrogen receptors 1 and 2 in vitro in reporter gene assays. To investigate the estrogenic effects of Corexit on gonadal development, alligator eggs were exposed to Corexit at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.25, 2.5 and 25 ppm) before the TSP in ovo. Exposure to Corexit at 0.25 and 25 ppm significantly delayed hatching and growth. Corexit exposure at any treatment level did not affect sex ratios or testicular mRNA abundance as measured at 1‐week post‐hatching, suggesting that the combination of Corexit components did not synergize enough to induce ovarian development in ovo. These results point to a need for further investigations on individual and combined components of Corexit to understand better their long‐term effects on the development and reproductive health of alligators and other coastal aquatic wildlife.
Portal venous gas by ultrasound in advance of impending necrotizing enterocolitis of a very low birth weight infant
Authors: Yue Guang , Yang Hua , Jin Mei , Deng Ying , Ju Rong 
Published: September 2019

AbstractNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious complication of premature infants, portal venous gas (PVG) under X‐ray, and ultrasound is a typical manifestation of this disease. We report a case of a very low birth weight (VLBW) infant with PVG unexpectedly detected by ultrasound before the onset of NEC. After positive ultrasound result, clinical manifestations, X‐ray, and lab tests confirmed the diagnosis of NEC. This is the first report of a similar case, demonstrating the value of ultrasonography in prediction or early diagnosis of NEC, which may change our understanding of the disease and the timing of examination.
Visualization of microfibrillar elements in cross‐section of polyacrylonitrile fiber along the fiber spinning line
Authors: Gao Quan , Jing Min , Chen Meiling , Zhao Shengyao , Wang Wenli , Qin Jianjie , Wang Chengguo 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe microfibrils served as the structural elements in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber, which played an important role in the quality of the PAN precursor fibers. Their morphologies were examined by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The microfibrils existed in all of PAN fibers and arranged evenly in the cross‐sections. Furthermore, the pores existed between the microfibrils. The unoriented microfibrillar network was already formed in nascent fiber during coagulated process. Although the microfibrillar network was elongated and the microfibrils oriented along the fiber longitudinal direction during the spinning process, the interconnected microfibrillar network was still existed in the fiber transverse section. Furthermore, the transverse connection of the microfibrils was reinforced and the small microfibrils were tended to aggregate into the large fibrils. For mechanical performance of PAN fibers, their tensile strength increased to 708 MPa and the elongation at break decreased to 15.5%. PAN fibers exhibited ductile rupture during the mechanical test and the microfibrils served as reinforcing elements.
Screening for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in community setting: A cohort study using controlled attenuation parameter‐transient elastography
Authors: Teeratorn Nicha , Piyachaturawat Panida , Thanapirom Kessarin , Chaiteerakij Roongruedee , Sonsiri Kanokwan , Komolmit Piyawat , Tangkijvanich Pisit , Rerknimitr Rungsun , Adams Leon , Treeprasertsuk Sombat 
Published: September 2019

Background/AimThe global problems of chronic liver disease and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are increasing. We examined the prevalence of NAFLD and significant liver stiffness in an asymptomatic population and identified the predictors of significant fibrosis in NAFLD.MethodWe prospectively enrolled Thai subjects, aged 18–80 years, from four regions (Bangkok, Central, North, South) of Thailand from March 2013 to November 2016. All participants underwent controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) measurement for liver fat quantification and transient elastography (TE) for liver stiffness measurement (LSM). NAFLD was defined as liver fat ≥10% (CAP ≥ 306 dB/m). Of 1145 participants, 782 (68.3%) were eligible for analysis.ResultThe mean age ± standard deviation (SD) was 53.1 ± 4.6 years, and 71.6% were female. The mean ± SD values of CAP and LSM of the overall cohort were 241.9 ± 61.4 dB/m and 5.5 ± 3.8 kPa, respectively. The prevalence of NAFLD was 18.0%, whereas 5.4% of the cohort had nonobese NAFLD (BMI < 25 kg/m2), and 2.8% had lean NAFLD (BMI < 23 kg/m2). The prevalence of significant liver fibrosis (≥F2) in NAFLD subjects was 18.4%. On multivariate analysis, the degree of significant fibrosis in NAFLD was significantly associated with male gender and a history of dyslipidemia.ConclusionNAFLD with significant fibrosis (≥F2) is prevalent in asymptomatic populations. The predictors of significant fibrosis in NAFLD were male gender and dyslipidemia. Screening for NAFLD using CAP/TE in asymptomatic populations should be considered in hospitals with available facilities.
An Yb(OTf)3‐catalyzed, convergent synthesis of new pyranyl‐ and chromenyl‐substituted quinolines through an eco‐friendly approach
Authors: Kumarasamy Chandraprakash , Sundarasamy Amsaveni , Mathan Sankaran , Chokkalingam Uvarani , Athar Ata , Subramaniam Mohan Palathurai , Thangaraj Suresh 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA one‐pot, multicomponent, convergent microwave synthesis of some new pyranyl‐ and chromenyl‐substituted quinolines has been reported. Twenty compounds were prepared by the reaction of 2‐methoxy‐3‐formyl quinoline (1a‐d), malononitrile (2), and kojic acid (4a‐d)/1,3‐cyclohexadione or dimedone (6a‐h)/α‐ or β‐naphthol (8a‐d, 8e‐h). The structures were confirmed by infrared (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, mass, and single‐crystal X‐ray analyses. On comparison with the use of conventional Lewis acid catalysts and various metal triflates under microwave conditions, the latter contributed to good yields, in specific use of the recyclable Yb(OTf)3 catalyst attributed to high yields of the desired product. The protocol reported herein is solvent free, cost effective, and eco‐friendly.
Food Banks in Glasgow and Ogoniland: A Cross‐country Comparison
Authors: Okeke‐Ogbuafor Nwamaka , Gray Tim 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn the face of governmental failure across the world to effectively tackle the menace of hunger, this paper explores the perceptions of food bank users in Glasgow in Scotland and Ogoniland in Nigeria's Niger Delta. It relies extensively on qualitative data collected in Glasgow and Ogoniland between 2013 and 2016. Results show that although the concept of food bank is more widespread and established in Glasgow than in Ogoniland, both Glaswegians and Ogonis are increasingly becoming dependent on food banks. In Glasgow, food banks have moved from being last, and short‐term, resorts, to becoming permanent means of alleviating hunger. However, the managers of these food banks are clearly unsure about their long‐term sustainability, and this paper argues that the established model of food bank operating in Glasgow should not be replicated in Ogoniland. Instead, using Freire's concept of ‘education for critical consciousness', we suggest an alternative model for food banks that shifts the focus from alleviating hunger to tackling the causes of poverty, that is, a shift from dependency to independency. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical downscaling to project extreme hourly precipitation over the United Kingdom
Authors: Rau Markus , He Yi , Goodess Clare , Bárdossy András 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObserved trends, theory and modelling results all suggest increases in future extreme precipitation due to climate warming. The largest increases are expected in short‐duration events with less than a day. Relatively few previous studies have focused specifically on the projection of sub‐daily precipitation extremes. In this study, a statistical downscaling method based on circulation patterns (CPs) is developed to project site‐specific extreme hourly precipitation over the United Kingdom. First, a CP‐classification categorizes extreme hourly precipitation events based on the underlying atmospheric pressure conditions on each day. An analogue day method is then used to find for each future day the most similar day in the past by comparing the predictor values of daily precipitation and temperature simulated by regional climate models (RCMs) with observations conditioned on different CPs and seasons. Finally, the maximum hourly precipitation records on the most similar days are extracted and perturbed using precipitation duration‐temperature relationships. The applied statistical downscaling method is a combination of the analogue and the regression‐based method. It is found that the statistical downscaling method is able to reproduce observed extreme hourly precipitation. In terms of future changes under a warmer climate, it is shown that increases in extreme hourly precipitation can be as high as 112% but are highly variable depending on the rainfall stations, the future time periods, the emission scenarios, and the different RCM runs.
Stable isotopes reveal independent carbon pools across an Arctic hydro‐climatic gradient: Implications for the fate of carbon in warmer and drier conditions
Authors: Osburn Christopher L. , Anderson N. John , Leng Melanie J. , Barry Christopher D. , Whiteford Erika J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractArctic lakes are poised for substantial changes to their carbon (C) cycles in the near future. Autochthonous processes in lakes which consume inorganic C and create biomass that can be sequestered in sediments are accompanied by allochthonous inputs of organic matter from the surrounding watershed. Both C sources can be mineralized and degassed as CO2, but also become recalcitrant and accumulate in pelagic waters. Using stable carbon isotope (δ13C) values and elemental ratios as geochemical proxies, we investigated diverse organic matter sources to lakes located across a hydro‐climatic gradient in Southwest Greenland. Particulate organic matter (POM) and sediments were clearly of autochthonous algal origin, while dissolved organic matter (DOM) was a mix between autochthonous macrophytes and allochthonous watershed sources. Our results imply that a warmer and drier Arctic will lead to decoupled C pools: a water column dominated by increasingly autochthonous, macrophytic DOM, and sediments dominated by autochthonous algal POM.
Electroactive Composite of FeCl3‐Doped P3HT/PLGA with Adjustable Electrical Conductivity for Potential Application in Neural Tissue Engineering
Authors: Zhang Shouyan , Yan Huanhuan , Yeh Jui‐Ming , Shi Xincui , Zhang Peibiao 
Published: September 2019

AbstractConducting polymers (CPs) is one of intelligent biomaterials with the specific properties of reversible redox states, which have a significant effects on the cell behaviors and nerve tissue regeneration. However, the effects of CPs with different electrical conductivity on the behaviors of nerve cells are rarely reported. Therefore, a kind of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with certain molecular weight is synthesized by Kumada catalyst transfer polymerization (KCTP) method and employed to prepare bioabsorbable and electroactive intelligent composites of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/Poly(glycolide‐lactide) (P3HT/PLGA). FeCl3 doping electroactive membranes with different electrical conductivities are prepared to investigate the cell behaviors. On the substrate with higher electrical conductivity, the proliferation of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells (PC12 cells) is significantly promoted and neurite length is increased obviously. In particular, the most significant improvements are the neuron gene expression of Synapsin 1 and microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2) by the composites with high conductivity. These results suggest that P3HT/PLGA with suitable electrical conductivity have a positive role in promoting neural growth and differentiation, which is promising for advancing potential application of nerve repair and regeneration.
Peptide‐Assisted Design of Precision Polymer Sequences: On the Relevance of the Side‐Chain Sequences and the Variability of the Backbone
Authors: Celasun Sensu , Maron Eva , Börner Hans G. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFunctional sequences of monodisperse, sequence‐defined oligo(amide‐urethane)s are designed based on a peptide sequence as blueprint. The translation of a discrete side‐chain functionality sequence from a known peptide‐based solubilizer of the photosensitizer meta‐tetra(hydroxyphenyl)‐chlorin, into a non‐peptidic precision polymer backbone is demonstrated. The resulting peptidomimetic precision polymers retain the functions of the parent peptide sequence, showing analogues sensitivity toward single monomer mutations/exchanges and even exceeding the parent peptide equivalent by reaching up to 69% higher payload capacities and more favored release kinetics.
Copolymerization of Ethylene and Fluoroalkylnorbornene Using Highly Active ansa‐(Fluorenyl)(amido)titanium‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Sun Yanjie , Wang Chen , Tanaka Ryo , Shiono Takeshi , Cai Zhengguo 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFluoroalkyl‐functionalized semi‐crystalline polyolefin is obtained by the copolymerization of ethylene and 2‐nonafluorobutyl‐5‐norbornene using ansa‐dimethylsilylene(fluorenyl)(amido)titanium complexes 1a and 1b as catalysts. The copolymerization proceeds with a moderate activity affording a copolymer with high fluorine content up to 5.7 mol% (22 wt%). The melting point decreases from 134 to 82 °C according to the increase of comonomer content. Observation of a single melting point of the copolymer obtained from complex 1b clearly shows the uniform structure of the copolymer, whereas complex 1a gives copolymer with two melting points. The number‐averaged molecular weight of the copolymer reaches over a 105 order of magnitude, which enables the formation of thin film via solvent casting process. Tensile moduli of these copolymers are greatly affected by both molecular weight of the copolymer and comonomer content, and almost comparable with that of low‐density linear polyethylene.
Network Topology of the States Probed by a Glassy Polymer during Physical Aging
Authors: Vogiatzis Georgios Grigorios , van Breemen Lambèrt Cécile Angelo , Hütter Markus 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTrajectories of a long‐chain atactic polystyrene system, obtained from long Molecular Dynamics simulations in the glassy state, are mapped onto a time series of inherent structures of the potential energy landscape. The topology of the network of states formed is analyzed by employing graph‐theoretical concepts. It is found that the network of the inherent structures visited by the system in the course of physical aging has both a scale‐free and a small‐world character. There exist minima acting as highly connected hubs in the network and trench‐like sequences of states driving the system from one hub to another. In contrast to previous studies of scale‐free networks in other branches of science, where the topology results from the static connectivity of the network's entities, this network is created by adding one‐by‐one the inherent structures traversed by the system during its evolution in time.