bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abbas Kiarostami at Bard College with Five, March 4, 2007
Authors: MacDonald Scott 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the months following the Islamic Revolution in Iran, filmmaking itself looked to be an endangered art form. Some Iranian filmmakers left the country; Abbas Kiarostami stayed—though for a time he was not making films. He turned to photography and produced a distinguished body of landscape representation. Then he returned to filmmaking, working far from Tehran in the Iranian countryside and in a low-key, but powerful and passionate way distinct from his more urban pre-revolutionary work. This public interview (at Bard College) with Kiarostami focuses on his experimental film Five (2003), a film originally made for an event in honor of Japanese filmmaker Yasujirō Ozu. Five is made up of five very minimal scenes, filmed at the edge of the Caspian Sea: scenes of a quiet surf, of several dogs hanging out on the beach, of a gaggle of geese and ducks, of men walking on a boardwalk, and, in the longest scene, a full moon reflected in the water. Five now seems a premonition of the final film Kiarostami finished before his death in 2016, 24 Frames (2018).
The Outrageous Idea of Christian Teaching
Authors: Glanzer Perry , Alleman Nathan , Marsden George 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There are thousands of Christian professors, many of whom claim “Christian” as their primary identity and teaching as their primary responsibility. Much of the current literature about the integration of faith and learning focuses on the differences between Christian scholarship and Christian teaching. As a result, few books explore how Christian identity, or a particular Christian identity (e.g., Baptist, Anglican), shapes teaching. In addition, few works examine what identity-influenced teaching outside of one’s professional identity looks like in the contemporary university. One distinguishing feature of this book is that it addresses both those subjects by exploring responses of Christian professors to questions about how them. By drawing upon a mixed-methods survey of over 2,300 Christian professors, this book reveals the wide range of wisdom that contemporary professors offer about how they practice faith-informed teaching. The second unique quality of this book is that it situates the findings of this study within the wider scholarly conversation about the role of identity-informed teaching. It describes the tensions within this conversation between those who advocate for restraining the influence of one’s extraprofessional identities and those who, in the name of authenticity, promote the full integration of one’s primary identities into the classroom. It then sets forth an original position that draws from empirical research to provide a nuanced approach to this issue. Overall, the book charts new ground regarding how professors think about Christian teaching in particular, as well as how professors should approach identity-informed teaching in general.
Discrimination and Oppression
Authors: Lindemann Hilde 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The chapter surveys the feminist ethicist’s tool kit, introducing and explaining such concepts as gender neutrality, androcentrism, and difference. Gender neutrality is broken down into a critical examination of androgyny and assimilation that is put to use in a reflection on affirmative action. This is followed by a consideration of oppression and how it operates.
Feminist Ethics of Care and Responsibility
Authors: Lindemann Hilde 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth discussion of two specifically feminist moral theories. It opens with a discussion of the ethics of care, followed by criticisms and how they can be addressed. Then it takes up what might be called a feminist ethics of responsibility, which stresses the importance of relationships other than caring ones. Here, morality is depicted as practices of responsibility that may be thrust upon one, contested, accepted, delegated, deflected, and so on, and that are often epistemically rigged in favor of those in positions of power. The chapter closes by pointing out that both feminist moral theories insist on the fundamental importance of human relationships, are keenly attentive to unjust power imbalances, and begin with nonideal, real-time personal interactions.
Between Impunity and Imperialism
Authors: Davis Kevin E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Between Impunity and Imperialism: The Regulation of Transnational Bribery describes the legal regime that regulates transnational bribery, identifies and explains the rationales that have guided its evolution, and suggests directions for reform. The broad argument is that the current regime embodies a set of values, theories, and practices labeled the “OECD paradigm.” A key premise is that transnational bribery is a serious problem which merits a vigorous legal response, particularly given the difficulty of detecting instances of bribery. The shape of the appropriate response can be summed up in the phrase, “every little bit helps.” In practice this means that: prohibitions should capture a broad range of conduct; enforcement should target as broad a range of actors as possible; sanctions should be as stiff as possible; and as many enforcement agencies as possible should be involved in the enforcement process. The OECD paradigm embraces two interrelated propositions: that transnational bribery is a serious problem and that it demands a uniform response. An important challenge to the OECD paradigm, labeled the “anti-imperialist critique,” accepts that transnational bribery is a serious problem but denies that the appropriate legal responses must be uniform. This book explores both the OECD paradigm and the anti-imperialist critique, and provides a detailed analysis of their implications for the key elements of transnational bribery law. It concludes by suggesting that the competing views can be reconciled by moving toward a more inclusive and experimentalist regime which accommodates reasonable disagreements about regulatory design and is crafted with due attention to the interests of all affected parties.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Kevin E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of transnational bribery law, as well as the associated anti-bribery regime, and describes both the dominant approach to its design and an important critique. Transnational bribery law is defined by four questions: What types of conduct should be targeted? Which actors ought to be considered complicit? What sanctions ought to be imposed? Who should bear the benefits and burdens of imposing those sanctions? The dominant approach to these questions can be called the OECD paradigm. That paradigm generally presumes that legal institutions outside the state whose official has been bribed ought to prohibit a broad range of conduct, target a wide range of actors, impose severe sanctions, and involve as many agencies as possible in enforcement. The anti-imperialist critique challenges the OECD paradigm in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, fairness, due process, and legitimacy. An inclusive experimentalist approach offers a way to reconcile these competing views.
Imperial Anti-corruption Law
Authors: Davis Kevin E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of transnational bribery law to its antecedents in two landmarks trials from the Roman and British empires: Cicero’s prosecution of Verres and the impeachment of Warren Hastings, former Governor General of India, led by Edmund Burke. Both prosecutors rejected what Burke called geographical morality in favor of the relatively cosmopolitan view that corrupt practices ought to be condemned regardless of where they take place. The trials demonstrate both the potential benefits of this kind of legal initiative and the challenges associated with allowing politically partisan actors to prosecute cases on behalf of foreigners based on complex financial transactions in remote locations in the context of a large organization. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of transnational aspects of British and French anti-corruption law and bribery law in the postcolonial era.
Criteria for Evaluation
Authors: Davis Kevin E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets out the criteria for evaluation of transnational bribery law. The UN Convention against Corruption suggests that the law ought to address the problems posed by bribery effectively and efficiently in a manner compatible with due process. Legitimacy and fairness are also potentially relevant. In order to apply these precepts, the chapter considers the nature of the problems posed by bribery, how to measure the progress in mitigating those problems, and then defines the concepts of effectiveness, efficiency, due process, legitimacy, and fairness. Effectiveness can be defined in many different ways depending on whether one focuses on impacts on victims, wrongdoers, and potential victims or wrongdoers. These distinctions correspond to three traditional objectives for legal regulation, namely, compensation, condemnation, and prevention. It is also necessary to distinguish impacts on fellow nationals and foreigners.
When Should Organizations Be Liable for Transnational Bribery?
Authors: Davis Kevin E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
When should organizations, as opposed to individuals, be the targets of sanctions for transnational bribery? The OECD paradigm calls for the net of liability to be cast widely, not only over individual perpetrators but also over the organizations they represent, and perhaps also over companies that own, merge with, or acquire those entities. There have even been moves to sanction states whose officials have solicited or accepted bribes, including by barring recovery of compensation from the bribe payer. Organizational liability is typically justified as a way to induce private regulation, which is presumed to be relatively effective and efficient. However, the effectiveness of self-regulation is contingent on factors such as the presence of complementary legal institutions and expertise. There are also questions about its expense and legitimacy.
Durable Ethnicity
Authors: Telles Edward , Sue Christina A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Despite the common perception that most persons of Mexican origin in the United States are undocumented immigrants or the young children of immigrants, the majority are citizens and have been living in the United States for three or more generations. On many dimensions of integration, this group initially makes strides on education, English language use, socioeconomic status, intermarriage, residential segregation, and political participation, but progress on some dimensions halts at the second generation as poverty rates remain high and educational attainment declines for the third and fourth generations, although ethnic identity remains generally strong. In these ways, the experience of Mexican Americans differs considerably from that of previous waves of European immigrants who were incorporated and assimilated fully into the mainstream within two or three generations. This book examines what ethnicity means and how it is negotiated in the lives of multiple generations of Mexican Americans.
Introduction
Authors: Telles Edward , Sue Christina A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mexican Americans are unique in the panoply of American ethnoracial groups in that they are the descendants of the largest and longest lasting immigration stream in U.S. history. Today, there are approximately 24 million U.S.-born Mexican Americans, many of whom are multiple generations removed from their immigrant ancestors. Contrary to traditional assimilation theories, which predict that ethnicity and ethnic distinctions will disappear by the third generation, Mexican Americans exhibit a persistent and durable ethnicity with regard to their ethnic identity, culture, and networks. However, there is much heterogeneity within the population which ranges on a continuum from symbolic ethnicity to consequential ethnicity. We argue that one of the reasons for the group-level durability and the within-group variation is due to the existence of a strong ethnic core, the importance of which has been overlooked in previous assimilation theories.
The Ghost and the Machine
Authors: Williams R. John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A number of recent discussions of The Book of Mormon have attempted to push beyond the tired debates of apologists and critics by “bracketing” questions of the book’s ancient historicity. According to this approach, old efforts at affirming the text’s historicity only restrain and delimit our interpretive efforts by requiring in advance either dismissals of the volume’s sacred status (showing, for example, how many elements in the text have some correlative cultural referent in Joseph’s Smith’s New England religious environment; hence, fraud) or else faith-promoting reconstructions of its ancient historical origins (showing, by contrast, how many elements in the book can be explained only by transhistorical, angelic delivery; hence, Word of God). This essay argues that despite these pitfalls the narrative and structural realities of The Book of Mormon make all such attempts impossible. It is in this sense that the book provides a valuable case study in textual interpretation.
The Book of Mormon and the Bible
Authors: Hardy Grant 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Book of Mormon appeared in American history at a time of religious turmoil. As it attempted to answer questions posed by Christians and skeptics alike, it did so through narrative rather than direct exegetical commentary or doctrinal exposition (though such genres were at times incorporated into its narrative). Moreover, Joseph Smith’s book was presented as a newly revealed ancient scripture, equal in authority to the Bible. Consequently, while it shared many characteristics with the emerging genre of biblical fiction and reflected shifts in political culture from Old Testament inflected nationalism to a New Testament emphasis on individual salvation, The Book of Mormon was nevertheless an unusual literary and religious work. From a theological perspective, it affirmed many elements of conservative Christianity, including angels, prophecy, divine providence, and spiritual gifts, yet its very existence as extra-biblical scripture challenged notions of the uniqueness and sufficiency of the Bible. The Book of Mormon was clearly intended to be a companion to the Bible, and the connections between the two include not only thematic elements, but also archaic diction, shared phrasing, allusions, and subtle modifications of familiar biblical expressions that recontextualize and explain theological concepts and ambiguities.
An American Book of Chronicles
Authors: Shalev Eran 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
By the time Joseph Smith published The Book of Mormon, Americans had been producing and consuming faux biblical texts for close to a century. Imitating a practice that originated as a satirical literary genre in eighteenth-century Britain, Americans began producing pseudo-biblical texts during the Revolution. This essay demonstrates how the prism of pseudo-biblicism allows us to view The Book of Mormon as emerging from a larger biblico-American world. The genre demonstrates how pervasive the Bible was in the cultural landscape of the Republic and the ease with which Americans lapsed into biblical language. As this essay points out, however, pseudo-biblical discourse also sheds new light on The Book of Mormon. The similarities between The Book of Mormon and other pseudo-biblical texts provide a significant context to understanding the creation and reception of Smith’s text, the culture of biblicism in the nineteenth century, and the intellectual history of the early American Republic.
How the Mormons Became White
Authors: Coviello Peter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This essay scrutinizes the place of race and indigeneity in The Book of Mormon, paying special attention to the ways questions of origins work themselves out in relation to the text’s altogether singular narrative form. Taking up the strains of anti-imperial critique to be found in the work—its glancing vision of the putative heroes, the Nephites, as self-blinded imperialists—the essay examines how precisely this sense of the political morality of The Book of Mormon played out in the Mormons’ ventures into the West, where it came to be routed through the Saints’ fractured identifications and disidentifications with Native peoples, with the imperial United States, and with their own scriptural forebears.
“We’re Going to Take Our Land Back Over”
Authors: Thayne Stanley J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Reading is a cultural activity, meaning that we read from a particular space and cultural positionality. An ethnography of reading, then, takes into account how one’s positionality affects one’s reading, and, concomitantly, how that reading reflects (and affects) one’s position in the world. As I argue and hope to subsequently demonstrate, Indigenous peoples read The Book of Mormon from a particular space that places them in a special, and potentially fraught, relationship to the text. Since The Book of Mormon claims to be a history of the peopling of the Americas, the stakes of interpretation are particularly high for Indigenous Americans, because, for those who accept the historicity and sacred status of The Book of Mormon as scripture, it has significant bearing on articulations of ancestry, identity, and Indigeneity. In this chapter I provide an ethnographic reading of an Indigenous woman’s reading of The Book of Mormon from the Catawba Indian Nation.
The Book of Mormon and the Reshaping of Covenant
Authors: Givens Terryl 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Book of Mormon can be situated within the context of a tradition of covenantal rhetoric. The book is introduced by its editor as assurance to an American remnant of Israel of “the covenants of the Lord, that they are not cast off.” The term covenant occurs almost 200 times in the text—but it undergoes particular permutations that endow the concept with new shades of meaning. First, against the book’s stark apocalypticism, the gold plates themselves embody the durability of covenant and secure a bridge from ancient to restoration forms of relation to the divine. Second, The Book of Mormon hints at a soteriological reconstruction of covenant that emerges in the context of Smith’s radical theism and his reconstitution of heaven into an anthropocentric rather than theocentric heaven. Covenant, in this light, becomes constitutive of, rather than preparatory for, the celestial society that itself comprises the Mormon heaven.
An ʿĀ lim in the Russian Empire
Authors: Spannaus Nathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Following the Russian conquests of the 16th century, ulama became the foremost social authorities for Volga-Ural Muslims. Tsarist efforts at governing the Muslim population increasingly focused on them in the 18th century, with greater tolerance and state support for Islamic institutions alongside a co-optation of scholars’ authority. In 1788, the Orenburg Spiritual Assembly was founded, placing all ulama under a hierarchy controlled by the state. The Spiritual Assembly offered stability and permanence to Islamic institutions, allowing for a flourishing in Islamic scholarship, but it also transformed the ulama and application of Islamic law. This chapter addresses Muslims’ shifting relationship to the Russian state and the structural changes to Islamic institutions, and how this impacted scholarship. Focusing specifically on ulama in the 18th and early 19th centuries, it places Qursawi’s life and career within this context, particularly his education, the formation of his thought, and his condemnation in Bukhara for heresy.
Ijtihād and the Function of Legal Theory
Authors: Spannaus Nathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ijtihad is a major aspect of Qursawi’s reformism. He understands it as the exercise of Islamic legal interpretation, forming a necessary link between scripture and the daily life of the community. But he argues that the structures of taqlid, especially rigid ranks for fuqaha within the madhhab, have severed that link. He states that ijtihad must be carried out, and he takes the radical position that it is an obligation upon all Muslims. Everyone should learn methods of interpretation to verify scholars’ pronouncements and determine correct action. In this, he relies on conventional Hanafi jurisprudence, if broadened in its scope. Although at odds with his contemporaries, who insisted upon taqlid (in some cases to an extreme degree) this chapter argues that this radical stance is warranted by the changes to the ulama under Russian rule, and obliging legal interpretation upon everyone promotes adherence to sharia in an environment where it had been undermined.
The Question of the Divine Attributes
Authors: Spannaus Nathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As part of his reformism, Qursawi criticized the prevailing orthodoxy regarding the divine attributes (sifat), which was one of the central issues in Sunni theology. Qursawi rejects the position, articulated by Sa‘d al-Din Taftazani, that there are seven or eight separate attributes, dependent on God and possible of existence (mumkin). Although he accepts the basic premises of the issue in post-Avicennian kalam, Qursawi argues that Taftazani’s stance makes the attributes too distinct from God, violating God’s fundamental oneness (tawhid). He focuses on the attributes’ multiplicity (ta‘addud), differentiation (mughayara), and superaddition (ziyada) as erroneous, arguing they render the attributes contingent entities, in contrast to God’s inherent necessity (as wajib al-wujud), infringing upon His transcendence (tanzih). This stance brought accusations of Mu‘tazilism against Qursawi and led to his condemnation for heresy in Bukhara. Qursawi further criticizes kalam as too based in rational speculation, leading to error and spreading incorrect beliefs.
Postclassical Kalām
Authors: Spannaus Nathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Qursawi’s stance on the attributes was shaped by trends in the theological tradition, as ideas from ibn ‘Arabi’s metaphysics became very influential in later kalam in Central Asia, incorporated into mainstream Sunni scholarship by figures such as ‘Abd al-Rahman Jami and Jalal al-Din Dawani. These ideas revolved around ontological issues, particularly of the relationship between God’s existence and the (non)existence of everything else. But this dichotomy left the status of the divine attributes in question, which Qursawi’s stance seeks to address. This chapter discusses how ibn ‘Arabi’s “school” influenced postclassical kalam in Central Asia, Qursawi’s criticism of that tradition, and how his thought responded to this influence. It focuses particularly on the work of Ahmad Sirhindi, who was a major figure in this setting, as Qursawi and most of his contemporary opponents were members of Sirhindi’s Naqshbandi-Mujaddidi Sufi order.