bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generalization of Syntactic Knowledge in Semiartificial Language Learning
Authors: Tao Yan , Williams John N. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA hallmark of grammatical knowledge is the ability to parse novel syntactic structures. Previous artificial language studies have examined learning hierarchical structures, but few have involved meaningful language and shown generalization to novel structures. This study addressed this issue using the semiartificial language paradigm. The experimental group of monolingual English speakers was exposed to singly embedded sentences combining Chinese syntax with English lexis. A novel testing procedure was used where participants made plausibility judgments on grammatical sentences featuring two‐level embedding. Only correct application of the rules underlying the training sentences permitted correct discrimination of plausible and implausible sentences. The experimental group performed above chance, an untrained control group performed at chance, and an untrained and unaware Chinese control group showed above‐chance performance. Confidence judgments and rule recognition analysis suggested that learning was implicit. We concluded that the experimental group demonstrated structural generalization and might have acquired the syntactic rule system.
Cholesterol Peroxidation as a Special Type of Lipid Oxidation in Photodynamic Systems
Authors: Girotti Albert W. , Korytowski Witold 
Published: July 2018

AbstractLike other unsaturated lipids in cell membranes and lipoproteins, cholesterol (Ch) is susceptible to oxidative modification, including photodynamic oxidation. There is a sustained interest in the pathogenic properties of Ch oxides such as those generated by photooxidation. Singlet oxygen (1O2)‐mediated Ch photooxidation (Type II mechanism) gives rise to three hydroperoxide (ChOOH) isomers: 5α‐OOH, 6α‐OOH and 6β‐OOH, the 5α‐OOH yield far exceeding that of the others. 5α‐OOH detection is relatively straightforward and serves as a definitive indicator of 1O2 involvement in a reaction, photochemical or otherwise. Like all lipid hydroperoxides (LOOHs), ChOOHs can disrupt membrane or lipoprotein structure/function on their own, but subsequent light‐independent reactions may either intensify or attenuate such effects. Such reactions include (1) one‐electron reduction to redox‐active free radical intermediates, (2) two‐electron reduction to redox‐silent alcohols and (3) translocation to other lipid compartments, where (1) or (2) may take place. In addition to these effects, ChOOHs may act as signaling molecules in reactions that affect cell fates. Although processes a‐c have been well studied for ChOOHs, signaling activity is still poorly understood compared with that of hydrogen peroxide. This review focuses on these various aspects Ch photoperoxidation and its biological consequences.
Intense White Molecular Fluorescence from Naphthoxazole‐Quinoline Derivatives
Authors: Zanocco Renzo P. , Valdebenito Silvana , Gidi Yasser , Zapata‐Torres Gerald , Lemp Else , Nonell Santi , Zanocco Antonio L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractNaphthoxazole derivatives are small heterocyclic compounds endowed with outstanding fluorescence properties. In this work, we report a detailed study of the intense white light fluorescence observed in naphthoxazole‐quinoline dyads in solvent mixtures including at least a strong hydrogen bonding solvent. The same phenomenon was also studied in inclusion complexes naphthoxazole derivatives—sulfonated‐βCD either in aqueous solution as well as in solid phase. A novel mechanism of white molecular fluorescence generation based on solvent‐to‐fluorophore proton transfer facilitated by ground state hydrogen bonding was characterized. The emission combines both, a blue charge transfer fluorescence emitted by the locally excited singlet state along with a red‐shifted emission from a proton transfer complex.
Cultivation of native fish in Mexico: cases of success
Authors: Dávila‐Camacho Claudia Araceli , Galaviz‐Villa Itzel , Lango‐Reynoso Fabiola , Castañeda‐Chávez María del Refugio , Quiroga‐Brahms Cecilia , Montoya‐Mendoza Jesús 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAquaculture practice in Mexico is commonly carried out with some freshwater species, which are introduced in the region for its production, with technology developed in other countries. The growth of this activity has been slow, sometimes leading to loss of investments due to difficulties in the implementation of foreign technological packages, poor selection and inadequate management of the species, or farming sites, and even confusing legal procedures. Mexico stands out for the development of crops of exotic species more than native species, of which most are freshwater type. There are thirty‐four recorded species of freshwater fish, six of them are native and twenty‐eight are introduced species. The success of cultivating native species lies mainly in the process of selecting species with potential and certain characteristics. Mariculture is relatively new in Mexico; it has been intensibly developed, mostly in the north‐west of the country. It has a great potential due to the high commercial value of its species, excellent quality and demand in the market. Ornamental aquaculture is the most developed in Mexico; the main producer is the state of Morelos, with total technological expertise in production of introduced and native species. It should be noted that this success has been achieved, in some cases, with the support of projects from government institutions, universities, research centres, associations and private companies. Pointing out that the common factor for a successful aquaculture practice is an ecosystemic and sustainable approach, continuously improving practices and fish farming management, while complying with regulatory standards.
Terrorism and international air travel: A gravity approach
Authors: Mitra Devashish , Pham Cong S. , Bandyopadhyay Subhayu 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe present a theoretical model (adapted from the structural gravity model by Anderson and van Wincoop, American Economic Review, 93, 2003, 170) to capture the effects of terrorism on air passenger traffic between nations affected by terrorism. We then use equations derived from this model, in conjunction with alternative functional forms for trade costs, to estimate the effects of terrorism on bilateral air passenger service flows from 58 source countries to 26 destination countries during 2000–14. An additional small‐scale terrorist incident in the origin country and destination country together results in a reduction in bilateral air passenger travel by, at least, 1.3% and 0.81%, respectively, for pairs of countries located 1,000 and 2,000 km or less apart. The adverse impact of transnational terrorism is approximately five times larger. Terrorism adversely impacts bilateral air passenger travel both by reducing national output and especially by increasing psychological distress. Last but not the least, international air passenger travel is found to be extremely sensitive to fatal terrorist attacks and terrorist attacks on targets such as airports, travel or tourists.
An observational study of patients’ attitudes to tattoos and piercings on their physicians: the ART study
Authors: Cohen Marissa , Jeanmonod Donald , Stankewicz Holly , Habeeb Keith , Berrios Matthew , Jeanmonod Rebecca 
Published: July 2018

IntroductionPerceptions regarding body art change over time as societal norms change. Previous research regarding patients' perceptions of physicians with exposed body art have been hampered by flaws in design methodology that incorporate biases into patient responses. This study was performed to determine whether emergency department (ED) patients perceived a difference in physician competence, professionalism, caring, approachability, trustworthiness and reliability in the setting of exposed body art.MethodsStandardised surveys about physician competence, professionalism, caring, approachability, trustworthiness and reliability rating providers on a five point Likert scale were administered to patients in an ED after an encounter with a physician provider who demonstrated no body art modification, non-traditional piercings, tattoos, or both piercings and tattoos. Each provider served as their own control. Patients were blinded to the purpose of the survey.ResultsPatients did not perceive a difference in physician competence, professionalism, caring, approachability, trustworthiness or reliability in the setting of exposed body art. Patients assigned top box performance in all domains >75% of the time, regardless of physician appearance.ConclusionIn the clinical setting, having exposed body art does not significantly change patients' perception of the physician.
Upregulated immune checkpoint HHLA2 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target
Authors: Chen Dongming , Chen Wei , Xu Yong , Zhu Meng , Xiao Yi , Shen Yanhao , Zhu Shuai , Cao Changchun , Xu Xianlin 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundClear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a malignant urogenital cancer with high mortality; however, current progress in understanding its molecular mechanism and predicting clinical treatment outcome is limited. Therefore, this study is to evaluate the clinical significance of immune inhibitory molecular human endogenous retrovirus-H long terminal repeat-associating protein 2 (HHLA2) in ccRCC prognosis and transcriptional regulatory network.MethodsExpression ofHHLA2in ccRCC was examined by an online database platform ONCOMINE. The ONCOMINE result was independently validated by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier survival was generated using IBM SPSS Statistics V.22. ccRCC tissues cells with high HHLA2 were sorted and subjected to microarray transcriptional profiling and analysis.ResultsIt was shown that expression of HHLA2 was statistically significantly increased in ccRCC tissues compared with normal renal tissues at both transcriptional and protein level. Moreover, the expression of HHLA2 was closely correlated with multiple clinicopathological features including tumour size, clinical stage and histological grade. High HHLA2 expression was associated with poor overall survival and clinical outcome. Comprehensive microarray analysis further identified thousands of HHLA2 targets including mRNA, long non-coding RNA and circular RNA that might function in various biological processes, especially, immune response.ConclusionIncreased HHLA2 expression was observed in ccRCC tumour tissue, which leads to a remarkable shorter overall survival and poorer prognosis. Together with other molecular evidence, we have demonstrated that HHLA2 could be a potential prognostic biomarker for ccRCC.
Costs, contracts and the narrative of prosperity: an economic analysis of smallholder tobacco farming livelihoods in Kenya
Authors: Magati Peter , Lencucha Raphael , Li Qing , Drope Jeffrey , Labonte Ronald , Appau Adriana Boakyewaa , Makoka Donald , Goma Fastone , Zulu Richard 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundThe tobacco industry has used the alleged negative impacts on economic livelihoods for tobacco farmers as a narrative to oppose tobacco control measures in low/middle-income countries. However, rigorous empirical evidence to support or refute this claim remains scarce. Accordingly, we assess how much money households earn from selling tobacco, and the costs they incur to produce the crop, including labour inputs. We also evaluate farmers’ decision to operate under contract directly with tobacco manufacturers and tobacco leaf-buying companies or to operate as independent farmers.MethodsA stratified random sampling method was used to implement a nationally representative household-level economic survey of 585 farmers across the three main tobacco growing regions in Kenya. The survey was augmented with focus group discussions in all three regions to refine and enrich the context of the findings.ResultsBoth contract and independent farmers experience small profit margins per acre, with contract farmers operating at a loss. Even when family labour is excluded from the calculation, income levels remain low, particularly considering the typically large households. Generally, tobacco farmers enter into contracts with tobacco companies because they have a ‘guaranteed’ buyer for their tobacco leaf and receive the necessary agricultural inputs (fertiliser, seeds, herbicides and so on) without paying cash up-front.ConclusionsTobacco farming households enter into contract with tobacco companies to realise perceived economic benefits. The narrative that tobacco farming is a lucrative economic undertaking for smallholder farmers, however, is inaccurate in the context of Kenya.
Re-evaluation of the Permian macrofossils from the Parnaíba Basin: biostratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeographical implications
Authors: Iannuzzi Roberto , Neregato Rodrigo , Cisneros Juan C. , Angielczyk Kenneth D. , Rößler Ronny , Rohn Rosemarie , Marsicano Claudia , Fröbisch Jörg , Fairchild Thomas , Smith Roger M. H. , Kurzawe Francine , Richter Martha , Langer Max C. , Tavares Tatiane M. V. , Kammerer Christian F. , Conceição Domingas M. , Pardo Jason D. , Roesler Guilherme A. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Although Permian fossils have been known from the Parnaíba Basin for two centuries, and some faunal and flora elements are well known worldwide, research on the fossil assemblages from this basin has lagged relative to other, more accessible basins. In the last decade, however, there has been a significant increase in the study of fossils from the two Permian units of the basin: the Pedra de Fogo and Motuca formations. The goal of this contribution is to synthesize and update the existing data on the Permian macrofossils from these formations, and to use them to address biostratigraphic, palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeographical questions. The Pedra de Fogo and Motuca formations are likely to be Cisuralian in age. Contrary to previous reports, there is more than one stratigraphic interval that preserves petrified fossil plants. The possible marine influence proposed for the Pedra de Fogo Formation must be reassessed based on the strongly terrestrial character of its fossil assemblages. Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic conditions are inferred to be wetter than is typically predicted for this region of the globe based on climatic modelling. Despite sharing some taxa with the Euramerican and Gondwanan biogeographical provinces, the Parnaíba Basin was likely to have been part of a distinct biogeographical province, as indicated by the high degree of endemism displayed by its Permian floras and faunas.
CircNT5E Acts as a Sponge of miR-422a to Promote Glioblastoma Tumorigenesis
Authors: Wang Renjie , Zhang Sai , Chen Xuyi , Li Nan , Li Jianwei , Jia Ruichao , Pan Yuanqing , Liang Haiqian 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Circular RNA and long noncoding RNA function as efficient miRNA sponges that regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. However, the sponges of functional miRNAs in glioblastoma remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a subset of circRNAs and lncRNAs that are specifically increased in miR-422a–downregulated glioblastoma tissues. We characterized a novel circRNA derived from NT5E, named circNT5E, that is regulated by ADARB2 binding to sites flanking circRNA-forming introns. We hypothesized that circNT5E may serve as a sponge against miR-422a in glioblastoma tumorigenesis. circNT5E controlled multiple pathologic processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. circNT5E directly bound miR-422a and inhibited miR-422a activity. Furthermore, circNT5E was observed to sponge other miRNAs, exhibiting tumor suppressor–like features in glioblastoma. Taken together, these findings highlight a novel oncogenic function of circRNA in glioblastoma tumorigenesis.
Significance: Microarray profiling of circRNA/lncRNA/mRNA in glioblastoma identifies circNT5E as an oncogenic circular RNA and a sponge of miR-422a. Cancer Res; 78(17); 4812–25. ©2018 AACR.
Determination of Tumor Margins with Surgical Specimen Mapping Using Near-Infrared Fluorescence
Authors: Gao Rebecca W. , Teraphongphom Nutte T. , van den Berg Nynke S. , Martin Brock A. , Oberhelman Nicholas J. , Divi Vasu , Kaplan Michael J. , Hong Steven S. , Lu Guolan , Ertsey Robert , Tummers Willemieke S.F.J. , Gomez Adam J. , Holsinger F. Christopher , Kong Christina S. , Colevas Alexander D. , Warram Jason M. , Rosenthal Eben L. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
For many solid tumors, surgical resection remains the gold standard and tumor-involved margins are associated with poor clinical outcomes. Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging using molecular agents has shown promise for in situ imaging during resection. However, for cancers with difficult imaging conditions, surgical value may lie in tumor mapping of surgical specimens. We thus evaluated a novel approach for real-time, intraoperative tumor margin assessment. Twenty-one adult patients with biopsy-confirmed squamous cell carcinoma arising from the head and neck (HNSCC) scheduled for standard-of-care surgery were enrolled. Cohort 1 (n = 3) received panitumumab-IRDye800CW at an intravenous microdose of 0.06 mg/kg, cohort 2A (n = 5) received 0.5 mg/kg, cohort 2B (n = 7) received 1 mg/kg, and cohort 3 (n = 6) received 50 mg. Patients were followed 30 days postinfusion and adverse events were recorded. Imaging was performed using several closed- and wide-field devices. Fluorescence was histologically correlated to determine sensitivity and specificity. In situ imaging demonstrated tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) of 2 to 3, compared with ex vivo specimen imaging TBR of 5 to 6. We obtained clear differentiation between tumor and normal tissue, with a 3-fold signal difference between positive and negative specimens (P &lt; 0.05). We achieved high correlation of fluorescence intensity with tumor location with sensitivities and specificities &gt;89%; fluorescence predicted distance of tumor tissue to the cut surface of the specimen. This novel method of detecting tumor-involved margins in surgical specimens using a cancer-specific agent provides highly sensitive and specific, real-time, intraoperative surgical navigation in resections with complex anatomy, which are otherwise less amenable to image guidance.
Significance: This study demonstrates that fluorescence can be used as a sensitive and specific method of guiding surgeries for head and neck cancers and potentially other cancers with challenging imaging conditions, increasing the probability of complete resections and improving oncologic outcomes. Cancer Res; 78(17); 5144–54. ©2018 AACR.
Epistatic Oncogenic Interactions Determine Cancer Susceptibility to Immunotherapy
Authors: Etxeberria Iñaki , Teijeira Alvaro , Montuenga Luis M. , Berraondo Pedro , Melero Ignacio 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Summary: Cancer genetic alterations and epigenetics control the malignant phenotype of tumor cells and the stroma. Synergistic oncogenic alterations may cooperatively dictate immunogenicity, level of infiltration by immune system cells, and response to immunotherapy in an epistatic fashion. The work of Skoulidis and colleagues shows that concomitant RAS and STK11/LKB1 mutations in non–small cell lung adenocarcinomas result in primary resistance to PD-1–based immunotherapy and poor T-cell infiltration. Cancer Discov; 8(7); 794–6. ©2018 AACR.
See related article by Skoulidis et al., p. 822.
Linking Endogenous Factor Xa Activity, a Biologically Relevant Pharmacodynamic Marker, to Edoxaban Plasma Concentrations and Clinical Outcomes in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 Trial
Authors: Yin Ophelia Q.P. , Antman Elliott M. , Braunwald Eugene , Mercuri Michele F. , Miller Raymond , Morrow David , Ruff Christian T. , Truitt Kenneth , Weitz Jeffrey I. , Giugliano Robert P. 
Published: July 2018

Background:
We previously reported exogenous antifactor Xa (FXa) activity as a pharmacokinetic surrogate marker for edoxaban plasma concentrations. Inhibition of endogenous FXa activity is a more biologically relevant pharmacodynamic measure of edoxaban activity. Here we describe the value of endogenous FXa activity as a pharmacodynamic marker linking edoxaban concentrations and clinical outcomes in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial (Effective Anticoagulation With Factor Xa Next Generation in Atrial Fibrillation–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Study 48).

Methods:
In ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48, edoxaban was administered in higher dose (60/30 mg QD) and lower dose (30/15 mg QD) regimens. Both regimens incorporated a 50% dose reduction in patients with characteristics known to increase edoxaban concentration. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling was performed in a subgroup of 3029 patients who had samples collected for endogenous FXa activity (measured using an assay after endogenous FX was activated with Russell viper venom).

Results:

Endogenous FXa activity decreased with increasing edoxaban concentrations of ≤440 ng/mL, indicating that inhibition of endogenous FXa activity is saturated above this concentration threshold. Baseline endogenous FXa activity averaged 92.1±20.9% (relative to normal control samples) and was lower with older age, with lower body weight, and in male patients. Model-predicted 24-hour average percentages of inhibition of endogenous FXa activity were 35.8±5.18, 29.1±3.92, 21.9±3.80, and 16.4±2.70 for the higher dose edoxaban regimen 60 mg, dose-reduced higher dose edoxaban regimen 30 mg, lower dose edoxaban regimen 30 mg, and dose-reduced lower dose edoxaban regimen 15 mg groups, respectively. A greater average percentage of inhibition of endogenous FXa activity was associated with a lower incidence of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism and a higher risk of major bleeding (
P
<0.001). In a typical subject, the predicted risks for the 10th and 90th percentiles of inhibition of endogenous FXa activity were 1.04% and 0.57% for incidence of ischemic stroke or systemic embolism and 1.35% and 2.33% for major bleeding, respectively.

Conclusions:
The extent of inhibition of endogenous FXa activity is influenced by edoxaban dosing and clinical characteristics, and it is associated with both antithrombotic benefit and risk of bleeding. This approach of linking endogenous FXa activity to clinical outcomes may be used to guide dose selection in future clinical trials, monitor patients in certain clinical scenarios, or refine the doses of oral FXa inhibitors in patients who require precise anticoagulation therapy.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00781391.