bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of l-carnitine supplementation and sugar beet pulp inclusion in gilt gestation diets on gilt live weight, lactation feed intake, and offspring growth from birth to slaughter1
Authors: Rooney Hazel B , O’Driscoll Keelin , O’Doherty John V , Lawlor Peadar G 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of l-carnitine (CAR) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) inclusion in gilt gestation diets on gilt live weight, cortisol concentration, lactation feed intake, and lifetime growth of progeny. Eighty-four pregnant gilts (Large White × Landrace) were randomly assigned to a treatment at day 38 of gestation until parturition; Control (0% SBP, 0 g CAR), CAR (0.125 g/d CAR), SBP (40% SBP), and SBP plus CAR (40% SBP, 0.125 g/d CAR). Gilts were weighed and back-fat depth was recorded on day 38, day 90, and day 108 of gestation and at weaning. Gilt saliva samples were collected pre-farrowing and fecal consistency was scored from entry to the farrowing room until day 5 post-partum. The number of piglets born (total, live, and stillborn) and individual birth weight was recorded. Piglet blood glucose concentration was measured 24 h post-partum and pigs were weighed on day 1, day 6, day 14, day 26, day 76, day 110, and day 147 of life. Carcass data were collected at slaughter. There was no interaction between CAR and SBP for any variable measured. The SBP-fed gilts were heavier on day 90 and day 108 of gestation (P < 0.05) and lost more weight during lactation (P < 0.05) than control gilts. They also had a greater fecal consistency score (P < 0.01). Total farrowing duration, piglet birth interval, and lactation feed intakes were similar between treatments (P > 0.05). The number of piglets born (total, live, and stillborn) and piglet birth weight was likewise similar between treatments (P > 0.05). Piglets from CAR-fed gilts had lower blood glucose concentrations (P < 0.01), while piglets from SBP-fed gilts had greater blood glucose concentrations (P < 0.01). Piglets from CAR gilts had a lower average daily gain between day 1 and day 6 (P < 0.05) and day 14 and day 26 post-partum (P < 0.05) compared to piglets from control gilts. However, CAR gilts weaned a greater number of pigs (P = 0.07). Live weight and carcass weight at slaughter were heavier for pigs from CAR gilts (P < 0.05) and from SBP gilts (P < 0.05). Pigs from CAR gilts (P < 0.01) and SBP gilts (P < 0.05) had increased carcass muscle depth. In conclusion, no benefit was found from the combined feeding of CAR and SBP. Fed separately, CAR increased the live weight, carcass weight, and muscle depth of progeny at slaughter. Feeding a high SBP diet increased fecal consistency in gilts pre-farrowing and increased live weight and carcass muscle depth of progeny.
Observations on the habitat, color polymorphism, and sexual system of the semi-terrestrial shrimp Merguia oligodon (De Man, 1888) (Decapoda: Caridea: Merguiidae)
Authors: Malay Maria Celia (Machel) D , Rañises Dina Mae L 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We report the semi-terrestrial shrimp Merguia oligodon (De Man, 1888) (Merguiidae Christofferson, 1987) from surveys of the mangrove forests fringing Taklong Island, Guimaras, Western Visayas, Philippines. This remarkable species is capable of walking and even jumping on dry land. We found that the Taklong Island population is fully nocturnal, and during night-time low tides the shrimp are found in small aggregations under logs well above the water line, while during night-time high tides they occur singly just above the water line or about a centimeter below the water surface. Observations of sexual characters indicate that M. oligodon is likely a protandric hermaphrodite, which has implications for the probable ancestral condition in caridean shrimps. Live color patterns appear to change ontogenetically and are not identical with other reported populations elsewhere in the Indo-West Pacific. The mangroves of Taklong Island were heavily impacted by the 2006 M/T Solar I oil spill, and the presence of M. oligodon in this mangrove forest is a sign of recovery from the effects of the bunker-oil spill.
Toxicity of Fipronil and Emamectin Benzoate and Their Mixtures Against Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) With Relation to GABA Content
Authors: Kandil Mohamed A , Fouad Eman A , El Hefny Dalia E , Abdel-Mobdy Yasmin E 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fipronil and emamectin benzoate (EMB) are effective insecticides for controlling cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. Fipronil works by blocking gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) gated chloride. In contrast, EMB is activating GABA transporters. The objectives of our study were to assess relative toxicity of the technical fipronil and EMB alone and in mixture against S. littoralis. In addition, the GABA content was simultaneously determined using HPLC. Technical fipronil and EMB and their mixtures were applied topically to the fourth-instar larvae, and their LD50 values were estimated after 48 h. Results demonstrated that the LD50 for EMB applied alone was 0.751 ng/larva which was much less than for fipronil 7.271 ng/larva. Each of the two insecticides alone showed a significant decrease in GABA content at LD10, LD25, and LD50 doses, while their mixtures induced GABA levels. The highest potentiation was observed when both insecticides were in a mixture at the ratio of LD10:LD10 which was associated with higher increase in GABA levels. Moreover, the weight of the alive larvae was less than that was in the untreated control. However, all mixtures exhibited potentiation effect, except for the mixture of fipronil at LD50 with EMB at LD10, LD25, and LD50 that had antagonistic effect correlated with the lowest decrease in GABA level. Results suggested that lower doses of both insecticides in a binary mixture had potentiation effect against S. littoralis. This mixture could be used in combination as field application for successful and effective control of S. littoralis and would also help in managing insecticide resistance.
Assessing Insecticide Effects in Forests: A Tree-Level Approach Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Leroy Benjamin M L , Gossner Martin M , Lauer Florian P M , Petercord Ralf , Seibold Sebastian , Jaworek Jessica , Weisser Wolfgang W 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLarge-scale field studies on the ecological effects of aerial forest spraying often face methodological challenges, such as insufficient funding, difficult logistics, and legal obstacles. The resulting routine use of underpowered designs could lead to a systematic underestimation of insecticide effects on nontarget arthropod communities. We tested the use of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for experimental insecticide applications at tree level to increase replication in cost-efficient way. We assessed the effects of two forestry insecticides, diflubenzuron (DFB) and tebufenozide (TBF), on the oak defoliator, Thaumetopoea processionea (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), and on nontarget, tree-living Lepidoptera. Individual trees were sprayed with either insecticide or left unsprayed, in a fully factorial design involving 60 trees. Caterpillars fallen from tree crowns were sampled as a measure of mortality, while caterpillar feeding activity was monitored by collecting frass droppings. Both DFB and TBF led to greater mortality of T. processionea and lower Lepidoptera feeding activity than control levels. TBF caused measurable mortality in nontarget groups, affecting Macrolepidoptera more strongly than Microlepidoptera, while there was no significant side effect of DFB. The high treatment efficacy against the target pest indicates that UAV technology is well-suited for the application of insecticide in forests. We detected distinct responses to different insecticides among nontarget groups and suggest there is an influence of application timing and biological traits in these differences, emphasizing the need for more ecologically orientated risk assessment. UAV-supported designs can be used to link laboratory bioassays and large-scale experiments, allowing for more comprehensive assessments of insecticide effects in forest ecosystems.
The Amendments to the Regulations of the Court
Authors: Chaitidou Eleni 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article presents and critically discusses the amendments to the Regulations of the International Criminal Court that entered into force in November 2018. The amendments concern the procedural requirements to start an investigation regarding the crime of aggression when a situation has been referred to the Court by a State Party or when the Prosecutor intends to open an investigation proprio motu. In these cases, the Prosecutor must notify the United Nations Security Council and enquire whether it intends to make a determination of an act of aggression. If the Security Council does not make such a determination, the Prosecutor must request the Pre-Trial Chamber to authorize the commencement of the investigation. The amended Regulations aim to ensure that the judges are prepared to entertain such a request relating to the crime of aggression.
Immature Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Collected From Peromyscus leucopus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) and Peromyscus maniculatus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) Nests in Northern Wisconsin
Authors: Larson Ryan T , Lee Xia , Zembsch Tela , Bron Gebbiena M , Paskewitz Susan M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say, is the primary Lyme disease vector in the eastern United States. Both immature stages of I. scapularis take blood meals from mice belonging to the genus Peromyscus. Mice are active during the night and spend the majority of diel periods in nests. Thus, immature I. scapularis have a greater opportunity to drop from Peromyscus hosts while in nests compared with the forest floor. Here, we collected 11 Peromyscus nests during a 3-mo period during which the immature I. scapularis are known to be active. We then examined nesting materials for the presence of I. scapularis. Immature I. scapularis were detected in 64% of Peromyscus nests examined. Additionally, 55% of the nests contained at least one Dermacentor variabilis Say larva. Eighty-seven percent of all larval ticks found within nests were blood-fed. Because Peromyscus spp. are highly competent reservoirs of numerous tick-borne pathogens, the ticks that detach in their nests may be important for the maintenance of tick-borne diseases. However, further studies are needed to determine the fate of the I. scapularis that detach in Peromyscus nests.
A Comparative Modeling Analysis of Risk-Based Lung Cancer Screening Strategies
Authors: ten Haaf Kevin , Bastani Mehrad , Cao Pianpian , Jeon Jihyoun , Toumazis Iakovos , Han Summer S , Plevritis Sylvia K , Blom Erik F , Kong Chung Yin , Tammemägi Martin C , Feuer Eric J , Meza Rafael , de Koning Harry J 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Risk-prediction models have been proposed to select individuals for lung cancer screening. However, their long-term effects are uncertain. This study evaluates long-term benefits and harms of risk-based screening compared with current United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations.

Methods
Four independent natural history models were used to perform a comparative modeling study evaluating long-term benefits and harms of selecting individuals for lung cancer screening through risk-prediction models. In total, 363 risk-based screening strategies varying by screening starting and stopping age, risk-prediction model used for eligibility (Bach, PLCOm2012, or Lung Cancer Death Risk Assessment Tool [LCDRAT]), and risk threshold were evaluated for a 1950 US birth cohort. Among the evaluated outcomes were percentage of individuals ever screened, screens required, lung cancer deaths averted, life-years gained, and overdiagnosis.

Results
Risk-based screening strategies requiring similar screens among individuals ages 55–80 years as the USPSTF criteria (corresponding risk thresholds: Bach = 2.8%; PLCOm2012 = 1.7%; LCDRAT = 1.7%) averted considerably more lung cancer deaths (Bach = 693; PLCOm2012 = 698; LCDRAT = 696; USPSTF = 613). However, life-years gained were only modestly higher (Bach = 8660; PLCOm2012 = 8862; LCDRAT = 8631; USPSTF = 8590), and risk-based strategies had more overdiagnosed cases (Bach = 149; PLCOm2012 = 147; LCDRAT = 150; USPSTF = 115). Sensitivity analyses suggest excluding individuals with limited life expectancies (&lt;5 years) from screening retains the life-years gained by risk-based screening, while reducing overdiagnosis by more than 65.3%.

Conclusions
Risk-based lung cancer screening strategies prevent considerably more lung cancer deaths than current recommendations do. However, they yield modest additional life-years and increased overdiagnosis because of predominantly selecting older individuals. Efficient implementation of risk-based lung cancer screening requires careful consideration of life expectancy for determining optimal individual stopping ages.
‘Think of Him as The President’: Tabloid Trump and the Political Imaginary, 1980–1999
Authors: Baym Geoffrey 
Published: August 2019

AbstractYears before Twitter, Fox News, or reality TV, Donald Trump became a public figure through his presence in tabloid media. Much of that focused on sex and spectacle, but early tabloid coverage of Trump was also surprisingly political, with speculation about a possible presidential campaign beginning as early as 1987. Although that coverage has been largely overlooked, this study reveals that tabloid media played a central role in building the foundations of Trump’s political identity. It tracks the early articulation of the Trump character and its simultaneous politicization within a media space outside the ostensibly legitimate arena of institutional public-affairs journalism. In so doing, it reveals the deeper contours of an imagined political world in which a Trump presidency could be conceivable in the first instance—a political imaginary adjacent to the deep assumptions of liberal Democracy, and therefore long invisible to most serious observers of presidential politics.
An unusual cause of bowel ischemia in an intensive care unit patient with herpes simplex virus encephalitis
Authors: Seomangal Karishma , Bashir Yasir , Boland Michael , Neary Paul 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We present a case of an unexpected cause of bowel ischemia in an intensive care unit patient with herpes simplex virus encephalitis who required an operation. A 79-year-old lady was being worked up and treated for encephalitis with antibiotics and an antiviral. On Day 13, she developed abdominal pain, and an ultrasound showed cholelithiasis but no cholecystitis; thus conservative treatment was advocated. By Day 18, pain localized to the right iliac fossa, and she had an emergency laparotomy that showed bowel ischemia and perforation of the caecum with the cause being a terminal ileal adhesional band. An extended right hemicolectomy and ileostomy was performed. Patients with significant comorbidities who are intensive care unit-dependent may still have unexpected clinical challenges. We advocate an increased clinical vigilance in this cohort for unexpected life-threatening presentations such as bowel ischemia and more specifically the cause of the bowel ischemia.
Ebola virus outbreak in North Kivu and Ituri provinces, Democratic Republic of Congo, and the potential for further transmission through commercial air travel
Authors: Tuite Ashleigh R , Watts Alexander G , Khan Kamran , Bogoch Isaac I 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
The 2018–2019 Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in North Kivu and Ituri provinces, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), continues to spread. The recent discovery of cases in Uganda and in Goma, a major city in the eastern DRC, raises concern for potential EVD transmission in distant locales via commercial air travel.

Methods
We examined air travel patterns from the affected region with itinerary-level data from the International Air Transport Association for the year 2018 between July and October, inclusive. We focused on three scenarios: (i) travel from Beni airport, (ii) travel from Beni, Goma and Bunia airports and (iii) travel from Beni, Goma and Bunia, and Kigali airports. We evaluated country-level Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index (IDVI) scores for traveller destinations.

Results
There were 2255 commercial air passengers departing from Beni Airport during the specified time frame, all with domestic destinations, and 55% of which were to Goma. A total of 29 777 passengers travelled from Beni, Bunia and Goma airports during this time frame, with most travel (94.6%) departing from Goma Airport. A total of 72.4% of passengers’ final destination from these three airports were within the DRC, primarily to Kinshasa. There were 166 281 outbound passengers from Beni, Bunia, Goma and Kigali airports with the majority (82.1%) of passengers departing from Kigali. The most frequent destinations from these airports were Nairobi, Kinshasa and Entebbe. Eight of the 10 destinations with greatest passenger volumes are to countries with IDVI scores less than 0.4.

Conclusion
There is little commercial airline connectivity from the current EVD-affected area; however, larger cities in DRC and throughout East Africa should be aware of the low potential for EVD importation through this route. Most countries at greatest risk for EVD importation have limited capacity to manage these cases.
MOS spectroscopy of protocluster candidate galaxies at z = 6.5
Authors: Calvi R , Rodríguez Espinosa J M , Mas-Hesse J M , Chanchaiworawit K , Guzman R , Salvador-Solé E , Gallego J , Herrero A , Manrique A , Marín Franch A 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
The epoch corresponding to a redshift of z ∼ 6.5 is close to full re-ionization of the Universe, and early enough to provide an intriguing environment to observe the early stage of large-scale structure formation. It is also an epoch that can be used to verify the abundance of a large population of low luminosity star-forming galaxies that are deemed responsible for cosmic re-ionization. Here, we present the results of follow-up multi-object spectroscopy using OSIRIS at Gran Telescopio Canarias of 16 Ly α emitter (LAE) candidates discovered in the Subaru/XMM Newton Deep Survey. We have securely confirmed 10 LAEs with sufficient signal-to-noise ratio of the Ly α emission line. The inferred star formation rates of the confirmed LAEs are on the low side, within the range 0.9–4.7 M⊙ yr−1. However, they show relatively high Ly α rest frame equivalent widths. Finally we have shown that the mechanical energy released by the star formation episodes in these galaxies is enough to create holes in the neutral hydrogen medium such that Lyman continuum photons can escape to the intergalactic medium, thus contributing to the re-ionization of the Universe.
Reverse shocks in the relativistic outflows of gravitational wave-detected neutron star binary mergers
Authors: Lamb Gavin P , Kobayashi Shiho 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
The afterglows to gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are due to synchrotron emission from shocks generated as an ultrarelativistic outflow decelerates. A forward and a reverse shock will form, however, where emission from the forward shock is well studied as a potential counterpart to gravitational wave-detected neutron star mergers the reverse shock has been neglected. Here, we show how the reverse shock contributes to the afterglow from an off-axis and structured outflow. The off-axis reverse shock will appear as a brightening feature in the rising afterglow at radio frequencies. For bursts at ∼100 Mpc, the system should be inclined ≲20° for the reverse shock to be observable at ∼0.1–10 d post-merger. For structured outflows, enhancement of the reverse shock emission by a strong magnetic field within the outflow is required for the emission to dominate the afterglow at early times. Early radio photometry of the afterglow could reveal the presence of a strong magnetic field associated with the central engine.
Deviations from normal distributions in artificial and real time series: a false positive prescription
Authors: Morris Paul J , Chakraborty Nachiketa , Cotter Garret 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTTime-series analysis allows for the determination of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) and Probability Density Function (PDF) for astrophysical sources. The former of these illustrates the distribution of power at various time-scales, typically taking a power-law form, while the latter characterizes the distribution of the underlying stochastic physical processes, with Gaussian and lognormal functional forms both physically motivated. In this paper, we use artificial time series generated using the prescription of Timmer & Koenig to investigate connections between the PDF and PSD. PDFs calculated for these artificial light curves are less likely to be well described by a Gaussian functional form for steep (Γ⪆1) PSD indices due to weak non-stationarity. Using the Fermi LAT monthly light curve of the blazar PKS2155-304 as an example, we prescribe and calculate a false positive rate that indicates how likely the PDF is to be attributed an incorrect functional form. Here, we generate large numbers of artificial light curves with intrinsically normally distributed PDFs and with statistical properties consistent with observations. These are used to evaluate the probabilities that either Gaussian or lognormal functional forms better describe the PDF. We use this prescription to show that PKS2155-304 requires a high prior probability of having a normally distributed PDF, $P(\rm {G})~$ ≥ 0.82, for the calculated PDF to prefer a Gaussian functional form over a lognormal. We present possible choices of prior and evaluate the probability that PKS2155-304 has a lognormally distributed PDF for each.
Radiative transfer distortions of Lyman α emitters: a new Fingers-of-God damping in the clustering in redshift space
Authors: Byrohl Chris , Saito Shun , Behrens Christoph 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
Complex radiative transfer (RT) of the Lyman α photons poses a theoretical challenge to galaxy surveys that infer the large-scale structure with Lyman α emitters (LAEs). Guided by RT simulations, prior studies investigated the impact of RT on the large-scale LAE clustering, and claimed that RT induces a selection effect which results in an anisotropic distortion even in real space but in an otherwise negligible effect in redshift space. However, our previous study, which relies on a full RT code run on the Illustris simulations, shows that the anisotropic selection effect was drastically reduced with higher spatial resolution. Adopting the same simulation framework, we further study the impact of RT on the LAE clustering in redshift space. Since we measure LAE’s radial position through a spectral peak of Lyman α emission, the frequency shift due to RT contaminates the redshift measurement and hence the inferred radial position in redshift space. We demonstrate that this additional RT offset suppresses the LAE clustering along the line of sight, which can be interpreted as a novel Fingers-of-God (FoG) effect. To assess the FoG effect, we develop a theoretical framework modelling the impact of the RT similar to that of the small-scale peculiar velocity which is commonly studied in the context of the redshift space distortion (RSD). Although our findings strongly encourage a more careful RSD modelling in LAE surveys, we also seek a method to mitigate the additional FoG effect due to RT by making use of other information in a Lyman α spectrum.