bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping of control measures to prevent secondary transmission of STEC infections in Europe during 2016 and revision of the national guidelines in Norway
Authors: Veneti L. , Lange H. , Brandal L. , Danis K. , Vold L. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In 2016, we reviewed preventive control measures for secondary transmission of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in humans in European Union (EU)/European Free Trade Association (EEA) countries to inform the revision of the respective Norwegian guidelines which at that time did not accommodate for the varying pathogenic potential of STEC. We interviewed public health experts from EU/EEA institutes, using a semi-structured questionnaire. We revised the Norwegian guidelines using a risk-based approach informed by the new scientific evidence on risk factors for HUS and the survey results. All 13 (42%) participating countries tested STEC for Shiga toxin (stx) 1, stx2 and eae (encoding intimin). Five countries differentiated their control measures based on clinical and/or microbiological case characteristics, but only Denmark based their measures on routinely conducted stx subtyping. In all countries, but Norway, clearance was obtained with ⩽3 negative STEC specimens. After this review, Norway revised the STEC guidelines and recommended only follow-up of cases infected with high-virulent STEC (determined by microbiological and clinical information); clearance is obtained with three negative specimens. Implementation of the revised Norwegian guidelines will lead to a decrease of STEC cases needing follow-up and clearance, and will reduce the burden of unnecessary public health measures and the socioeconomic impact on cases. This review of guidelines could assist other countries in adapting their STEC control measures.
Subjective Consequentialism and the Unforeseeable
Authors: Jay Christopher 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAs is already well known, subjective consequentialists face a challenge which arises from the fact that many (perhaps even most) of the consequences of an action areunforeseeable: this fact makes trouble for the assignment of expected values. Recently there has been some discussion of the role of ‘indifference’ principles in addressing this challenge. In this article, I argue that adopting a principle of indifference to unforeseeable consequences will not work – not because of familiar worries about the rationality of such indifference principles, but because subjective consequentialist theories which adopt such principles end up entailing either deontic indeterminacy or arbitrary deontic variance. This is because of another well-known fact: that possibilities do not ‘agglomerate’.
How to tag non-standard language: Normalisation versus domain adaptation for Slovene historical and user-generated texts
Authors: Zupan Katja , Ljubešić Nikola , Erjavec Tomaž 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPart-of-speech (PoS) tagging of non-standard language with models developed for standard language is known to suffer from a significant decrease in accuracy. Two methods are typically used to improve it: word normalisation, which decreases the out-of-vocabulary rate of the PoS tagger, and domain adaptation where the tagger is made aware of the non-standard language variation, either through supervision via non-standard data being added to the tagger’s training set, or via distributional information calculated from raw texts. This paper investigates the two approaches, normalisation and domain adaptation, on carefully constructed data sets encompassing historical and user-generated Slovene texts, in particular focusing on the amount of labour necessary to produce the manually annotated data sets for each approach and comparing the resulting PoS accuracy. We give quantitative as well as qualitative analyses of the tagger performance in various settings, showing that on our data set closed and open class words exhibit significantly different behaviours, and that even small inconsistencies in the PoS tags in the data have an impact on the accuracy. We also show that to improve tagging accuracy, it is best to concentrate on obtaining manually annotated normalisation training data for short annotation campaigns, while manually producing in-domain training sets for PoS tagging is better when a more substantial annotation campaign can be undertaken. Finally, unsupervised adaptation via Brown clustering is similarly useful regardless of the size of the training data available, but improvements tend to be bigger when adaptation is performed via in-domain tagging data.
The impact of a CBT-based bipolar disorder psychoeducation group on views about diagnosis, perceived recovery, self-esteem and stigma
Authors: Richardson Thomas , White Lucy 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPrevious research has shown that psychoeducation for bipolar disorder (BD) improves symptoms and reduces relapse risk, but there is little research on how this impacts stigma, perceived recovery and views about diagnosis. The aim of this study was to explore whether a cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT)-based 12-week BD psychoeducation group conducted in a community mental health team for adults impacted perceived stigma, diagnosis-related self-esteem, recovery and views about diagnosis. The case series pre- and post-group had 23 participants across three groups. The Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, views on Manic Depression Questionnaire, Bipolar Recovery Questionnaire and author-constructed questions were completed pre and post. Twenty participants completed the group. An intent-to-treat repeated measures multiple analysis of variance showed significantly improved perceived recovery and improvements in sense of control and understanding around their diagnosis. Other specific questions such as understanding of triggers and impact of thinking patterns also improved. However, there was no change in the perceived stigma or self-esteem associated with living with BD. CBT-based psychoeducation groups may help improve perceived recovery and factors such as sense of control in BD. However, there appears to be no impact on stigma and self-esteem, and the role of non-specific factors needs to be examined further.Key learning aims(1)To raise awareness of the impact of stigma and self-esteem in bipolar disorder.(2)To understand the content and structure of CBT-based psychoeducation groups.(3)To consider the potential benefits of CBT-based psychoeducation groups beyond symptoms and relapse reduction on factors such as perceived recovery.
Meta-heuristic optimization algorithms for simultaneous optimization of sidelobe level and directivity of uniformly excited concentric ring array antennas
Authors: Dutta Kailash Pati , Mahanti G. K. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis paper proposes the novel application of three meta-heuristic optimization algorithms namely crow search algorithm, moth flame optimization, and symbiotic organism search algorithm for the synthesis of uniformly excited multiple concentric ring array antennas. The objective of this work is to minimize the sidelobe level (SLL) and maximize the peak directivity simultaneously. Three different cases are demonstrated separately with various constraints such as optimal inter-element spacing and/or optimal ring radii. Comparative study of the algorithms using common parameters such as SLL, directivity, first null beam width, best cost, and run time has been reported. Investigation results prove the superiority of case 3 over other cases in terms of directivity and SLL. This work demonstrates the potential of these algorithms.
Herbicide programs for the termination of grass and broadleaf cover crop species
Authors: Whalen Derek M. , Bish Mandy D. , Young Bryan G. , Conley Shawn P. , Reynolds Daniel B. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Bradley Kevin W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe use of cover crops in soybean production systems has increased in recent years. There are many questions surrounding cover crops—specifically about benefits to crop production and most effective herbicides for spring termination. No studies evaluating cover crop termination have been conducted across a wide geographic area, to our knowledge. Therefore, field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Arkansas, Indiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Wisconsin for spring termination of regionally specific cover crops. Glyphosate-, glufosinate-, and paraquat-containing treatments were applied between April 15 and April 29 in 2016 and April 10 and April 20 in 2017. Visible control of cover crops was determined 28 days after treatment. Glyphosate-containing herbicide treatments were more effective than paraquat- and glufosinate-containing treatments, providing 71% to 97% control across all site years. Specifically, glyphosate at 1.12 kg ha−1 applied alone or with 2,4-D at 0.56 kg ha−1, saflufenacil at 0.025 kg ha−1, or clethodim at 0.56 kg ha−1 provided the most effective control on all grass cover crop species. Glyphosate-, paraquat-, or glufosinate-containing treatments were generally most effective on broadleaf cover crop species when applied with 2,4-D or dicamba. Results from this research indicate that proper herbicide selection is crucial to successfully terminate cover crops in the spring.
Comment on “First Observation of Mesosphere Response to the Solar Wind High‐Speed Streams” by W. Yi et al.
Authors: Tsurutani Bruce T. , Hajra Rajkumar , Echer Ezequiel , Lakhina Gurbax S. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWhile Yi, Reid, Xue, Younger, Spargo, et al. (2017, http://doi:10.1002/2017JA024446) described the observational results showing solar wind high‐speed stream (HSS) impacts on the mesosphere over Antarctica, the specific physical mechanism behind them was not discussed. We discussed here how magnetospheric wave‐particle interactions and energetic ~20‐ to 50‐keV electron precipitation into the auroral zone atmosphere (diffuse auroras) during HSS intervals can cause the observed effects in the mesosphere.
Joint Inversion of Coseismic and Early Postseismic Slip to Optimize the Information Content in Geodetic Data: Application to the 2009 Mw6.3 L'Aquila Earthquake, Central Italy
Authors: Ragon Théa , Sladen Anthony , Bletery Quentin , Vergnolle Mathilde , Cavalié Olivier , Avallone Antonio , Balestra Julien , Delouis Bertrand 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWhen analyzing the rupture of a large earthquake, geodetic data are often critical. These data are generally characterized by either a good temporal or a good spatial resolution, but rarely both. As a consequence, many studies analyze the coseismic rupture with data that also include one or more days of early postseismic deformation. Here, we invert simultaneously for the coseismic and postseismic slip with the condition that the sum of the two models remains compatible with data covering the two slip episodes. We validate the benefits of this approach with a toy model and an application to the 2009 Mw6.3 L'Aquila earthquake, using a Bayesian approach and accounting for epistemic uncertainties. For the L'Aquila earthquake, we find that if early postseismic deformation is not an explicitly acknowledged coseismic signal, coseismic slip models may overestimate the peak amplitude while long‐term postseismic models may largely underestimate the total postseismic slip amplitude. This example illustrates how the proposed approach could improve our comprehension of the seismic cycle, fault frictional properties, and the spatial and temporal relationship between seismic rupture, afterslip, and aftershocks.
A Comparison of 36Cl Nuclear Bomb Inputs Deposited in Snow From Vostok and Talos Dome, Antarctica, Using the 36Cl/Cl− ratio
Authors: Pivot S. , Baroni M. , Bard E. , Giraud X. ,   ASTER Team
Published: September 2019

Abstract36Cl production in the atmosphere is modulated by the magnetic field intensity of both the Sun and the Earth. The record of 36Cl concentration along with that of 10Be in ice cores may therefore provide information as to their variability. To better understand the 36Cl signal in glaciological archives, we measured its concentration in Talos Dome snow samples (mean accumulation rate of 8 g cm−2 year−1 water equivalent) spanning the 1910 to 1980 CE period with a resolution of one sample every 3 years from 1955 to 1980 C.E., and in Vostok snow samples (mean accumulation rate of 1.96 g cm−2 year−1 water equivalent) spanning the 1949 to 2007 CE period with a 6‐month resolution that had never before been obtained. Marine nuclear bomb tests in the late 1950s produced anthropogenic 36Cl, which was injected into the stratosphere and spread around the globe. In the late 1950s this anthropogenic pulse led to an increase of 36Cl concentration at Talos Dome that was more than 100 times higher than the prebomb and postbomb values. It is noteworthy that the atmosphere of Vostok remains polluted by anthropogenic 36Cl today. This pollution results from gaseous H36Cl mobility at low accumulation sites and implies re‐emission of 36Cl from the snowpack that is not observed at Talos Dome. The 36Cl/Cl− ratio may be used to discriminate the stratospheric anthropogenic 36Cl source from the tropospheric natural 36Cl source, which allows us to discuss the immobile vs. mobile 36Cl in the Vostok snowpack.
Phase Stability and Thermal Equation of State of Iron Carbide Fe3C to 245 GPa
Authors: Hu Xiaojun , Fei Yingwei , Yang Jing , Cai Yang , Ye Shijia , Qi Meilan , Liu Fusheng , Zhang Mingjian 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe conducted shock wave experiments on iron carbide Fe3C up to a Hugoniot pressure of 245 GPa. The correlation between the particle velocity (up) and shock wave velocity (us) can be fitted into a linear relationship, us = 4.627(±0.073) + 1.614(±0.028) up. The density‐pressure relationship is consistent with a single‐phase compression without decomposition. The inference is further supported by the comparison of the observed Hugoniot density with the calculated Hugoniot curves of possible decomposition products. The new Hugoniot data combined with the reported 300‐K isothermal compression data yielded a Grüneisen parameter of γ = 2.23(7.982/ρ)0.29. The thermal equation of state of Fe3C is further used to calculate the density profile of Fe3C along the Earth's adiabatic geotherm. The density of Fe3C was found to be too low (by ~5%) to match the observed density in the Earth's inner core, and Fe3C is unlikely a dominant component of the inner core.
Nineteenth‐Century Tides in the Gulf of Maine and Implications for Secular Trends
Authors: Ray R. D. , Talke S. A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSince the early twentieth century, the amplitudes of tidal constituents in the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy display clear secular trends that are among the largest anywhere observed for a regional body of water. The M2 amplitude at Eastport, Maine, increased at a rate of 14.1 ± 1.2 cm per century until it temporarily dropped during 1980–1990, apparently in response to changes in the wider North Atlantic. Annual tidal analyses indicate M2 reached an all‐time high amplitude last year (2018). Here we report new estimates of tides derived from nineteenth century water‐level measurements found in the U.S. National Archives. Results from Eastport, Portland, and Pulpit Harbor (tied to Bar Harbor) do not follow the twentieth century trends and indicate that the Gulf of Maine tide changes commenced sometime in the late nineteenth or early twentieth centuries, coincident with a transition to modern rates of sea‐level rise as observed at Boston and Portland. General agreement is that sea level rise alone is insufficient to cause the twentieth‐century tide changes. A role for ocean stratification is suggested by the long‐term warming of Gulf of Maine waters; archival water temperatures at Boston, Portland, and Eastport show increases of ∼2 °C since the 1880s. In addition, a changing seasonal dependence in M2 amplitudes is reflected in a changing seasonal dependence in water temperatures. The observations suggest that models seeking to reproduce Gulf of Maine tides must consider both sea level rise and long‐term changes in stratification.
A Stochastic Representation of Temperature Fluctuations Induced by Mesoscale Gravity Waves
Authors: Kärcher B. , Podglajen A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractUbiquitous mesoscale gravity waves generate high cooling rates important for cirrus formation. We make use of long‐duration balloon observations to devise a probabilistic model describing mesoscale temperature uctuations (MTF) away from strong wave sources. We define background conditions based on observed probability distributions of temperature and underlying vertical wind speed fluctuations. We show theoretically that MTF are subject to damping at a rate near the Coriolis frequency when the vertical wind speed fluctuations are autocorrelated over a fraction of a Brunt‐Väisälä period. We find that for background wave activity, a decrease in temperature of 1K translates into cooling rate standard deviations and mean updraft speeds of 4–8Kh−1 and ≈ 10–20 cms−1, respectively, depending on latitude and stratification. We introduce an effective Coriolis frequency to generate cooling rates in equatorial regions consistent with balloon data. Above ice saturation, MTF are large enough to affect ice crystal nucleation. Our results help constrain uncertainty in aerosol‐cirrus interactions, provide insights to better meet challenges in comparing measurement data with model simulations, and support the development of cutting‐edge ice cloud schemes in global models.
Global Distribution of Superbolts
Authors: Holzworth R. H. , McCarthy M. P. , Brundell J. B. , Jacobson A. R. , Rodger C. J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe use World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data on the radiated radio frequency electromagnetic energy per stroke to identify the upper tip of the global lightning stroke energy distribution. The mean stroke energy is about 1,000 J per stroke in the very low frequency band between 5 and 18 kHz, while the distribution used in this paper is limited to strokes in that band above 1 MJ, about 3 orders of magnitude above the mean. It is shown that these energies are representative of the tip of the optical distribution, first identified by Turman (1977) above 10 GW per stroke, which he termed “superbolts.” The distribution peaks globally in the Northern Hemisphere winter (November–February) with most superbolts being found in the North Atlantic west of Europe, the winter Mediterranean Sea, and a strong local maximum over the Andes in South America. We identify regions with somewhat fewer superbolts in the North Pacific east of Japan in winter, along the equator of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and south of South Africa. We find very few superbolts during April–October each year. While superbolts are scattered around the globe, the local occurrence peaks do not coincide with the usual three main lightning “chimneys.” Unlike the distribution of all normal global lightning, we find superbolts predominantly over the oceans and seas, with fewer over the continents, just the opposite of all global lightning.
Impact of preoperative prostate magnetic resonance imaging on the surgical management of high-risk prostate cancer
Authors: Baack Kukreja Janet , Bathala Tharakeswara K. , Reichard Chad A. , Troncoso Patricia , Delacroix Scott , Davies Benjamin , Eggener Scott , Smaldone Marc , Minhaj Siddiqui Mohummad , Tollefson Matthew , Chapin Brian F. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effect of adding multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) to pre-surgical planning on surgical decision making for the management of high-risk prostate cancer (HRPC).

Patients and methods
A survey was designed to query multiple centers on surgical decisions of 41 consecutive HRPC cases seen from 2012 to 2015. HRPC was defined by the National Comprehensive Cancer Center Network guidelines. Six fellowship-trained urologic oncologists were asked for their surgical plan in regards to the degree of planned nerve-sparing and lymph node dissection. Two rounds of surveys were administered to six external urologic oncologists. The first survey included the case description only and the second included case description with mpMRI images and report. The correct surgical plan was analyzed by correlation of the degree of planned surgical excision and consistency with the final pathologic evaluation. A priori, an effect size of 20% change was used to determine statistical significance, at p < 0.05.

Results
All cases had at least one change to surgical planning after mpMRI review. Forty (98%) patients had a change in the degree of planned nerve sparing: wider excision in 32% and increased nerve sparing in 24%. After mpMRI the correct surgical plan change was made in 49% for the right and left 51%, decreasing the potential for positive margins. Lymph node dissection was altered from standard to extended lymph node dissection in 17%.

Conclusions
Although mpMRI is not integrated in guidelines for preoperative planning in HRPC, its use may impact surgical planning, cancer control, and quality of life.
Protease Nexin I is a feedback regulator of EGF/PKC/MAPK/EGR1 signaling in breast cancer cells metastasis and stemness
Authors: Tang Tingting , Zhu Qinhua , Li Xinping , Zhu Gaole , Deng Siwei , Wang Yingshan , Ni Lingyu , Chen Xinyuan , Zhang Yanfeng , Xia Tiansong , Zen Ke , Pan Yi , Jin Liang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBreast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, which remains incurable once metastatic. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small subset of breast cancer cells, which are the radical cause of drug resistance, tumor relapse, and metastasis in breast cancer. The extracellular serine protease inhibitor serpinE2, also named protease nexin-1 (PN-1), contributes to enhanced metastasis of cancer cells mainly by remodeling the tumor matrix. In this study, we found that PN-1 was up-regulated in breast cancer, which promoted cell invasion, migration and stemness. Furthermore, by using specific inhibitors, we discovered that epidermal growth factor (EGF) up-regulated PN-1 in breast cancer cells through cascade activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to the activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), which finally led to the up-regulation of early growth response protein 1 (EGR1). Moreover, EGF signaling was further activated as a feedback of PN-1 up-regulation through PN-1 blocking HtrA1. Taken together, our findings revealed a novel signaling axis that up-regulated PN-1 expression in breast cancer cells, and the new mechanism of PN-1-promoted breast cancer metastasis, which may provide new insights into identifying novel therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
An all-photonic full color RGB system based on molecular photoswitches
Authors: Naren Gaowa , Hsu Chien-Wei , Li Shiming , Morimoto Masakazu , Tang Sicheng , Hernando Jordi , Guirado Gonzalo , Irie Masahiro , Raymo Françisco M. , Sundén Henrik , Andréasson Joakim 
Published: September 2019

AbstractOn-command changes in the emission color of functional materials is a sought-after property in many contexts. Of particular interest are systems using light as the external trigger to induce the color changes. Here we report on a tri-component cocktail consisting of a fluorescent donor molecule and two photochromic acceptor molecules encapsulated in polymer micelles and we show that the color of the emitted fluorescence can be continuously changed from blue-to-green and from blue-to-red upon selective light-induced isomerization of the photochromic acceptors to the fluorescent forms. Interestingly, isomerization of both acceptors to different degrees allows for the generation of all emission colors within the red-green-blue (RGB) color system. The function relies on orthogonally controlled FRET reactions between the blue emitting donor and the green and red emitting acceptors, respectively.