bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intracellular Localization of Microbial Transglutaminase and Its Influence on the Transport of Gliadin in Enterocytes
Authors: Stricker Sebastian , de Laffolie Jan , Rudloff Silvia , Komorowski Lars , Zimmer Klaus‐Peter 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTObjective:Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic inflammatory disorder, characterized by the destruction of duodenal epithelium. The CD8+ T cells involved are associated with cross‐presentation. In addition to other factors, the rising prevalence of CD might be induced by microbial transglutaminase (mTG) an enzyme frequently used in food production that shares enzymatic and antigenic properties of tissue transglutaminase (TG2), the autoantigen in CD. We hypothesized that mTG and gliadin are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), indicating cross‐presentation of both antigens.Methods:Apical incubation of duodenal biopsies from CD and control patients was performed with mTG alone or with mTG and simultaneously with Frazer's fraction. Evaluation was carried out by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy.Results:Approximately 6% to 9% of the intracellular mTG and gliadin were transported to the ER of enterocytes. RACE cells (Rapid uptake of Antigen into the Cytosol of Enterocytes) displayed an enhanced antigen uptake into a dilated ER. mTG strongly localized at the basolateral membrane and the lamina propria.Conclusions:mTG and gliadin are transported to the ER of enterocytes and to a greater extent to the ER of RACE cells, suggesting cross‐presentation of exogenous antigens. The strong localization of mTG at the basolateral membrane and the lamina propria may also indicate a potential antigenic interaction with cells of the immune system. Since mTG may not only been taken up with food stuffs but could also be released by bacteria within the intestinal microbiota, further investigations are needed regarding the role of mTG in CD pathogenesis.
Fecal Microbiota Transplant for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Cho Stanley , Spencer Elizabeth , Hirten Robert , Grinspan Ari , Dubinsky Marla C. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTObjectives:Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (RCDI) increases morbidity and mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is known to be very effective for RCDI in non‐IBD patients with cure rates up to 91%. The same success rates of FMT have not been reported in patients with IBD with RCDI, and the data in pediatrics are limited. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of FMT for RCDI in established pediatric patients with IBD.Methods:We performed a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients with IBD and RCDI (≥3 episodes) who underwent FMT via colonoscopy at a tertiary care IBD center. The primary outcome was the rate of RCDI within 60 days post‐FMT. The secondary outcomes were recurrence rate by 6 months, rate of colectomy, and time to recurrence.Results:Of the 8 eligible patients, 6 had ulcerative colitis, 1 had IBD‐unspecified, and 1 had Crohn disease. Median (interquartile range) age was 13 (11–14) years. All patients were on vancomycin at FMT. Two patients (25%) had RCDI by 60 days post‐FMT and another 3 patients had RCDI between 60 days and 6 months. The median time to recurrence was 101 (40–139) days. Two patients (25%) who developed recurrence went to colectomy after FMT.Conclusions:With a cure rate of 75% at 60 days, FMT administered for the treatment of RCDI may be an effective treatment option in pediatric IBD. However, there appears to be a significant rate of late recurrence of C difficile infection after 60 days in these patients.
Staff Nurses’ Perspectives of Resources Needed During Floating
Authors: Hoffman Ann , von Sadovszky Victoria 
Published: October 2018

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to examine nurses’ perceptions regarding the resources needed during floating.

BACKGROUND
Most studies report on patterns of floating and the characteristics of float pool nurses. No studies exist regarding staff nurses’ views of the types of resources needed to support floating.

METHODS
Staff nurses in a pediatric hospital (N = 220) completed an electronic survey of both open- and close-ended questions. Close-ended data were analyzed with frequencies and percentages. Open-ended data were content-analyzed and then frequencies and percentages of categories of responses were performed. χ
2 Analyses were used to examine relationships between the variables.

RESULTS
There were no significant relationships between resources and years at the institution and number of times floated in past year. The top 3 categories of resources needed to float by nurse participants included having an assigned a resource/buddy, mini-orientation, and electronic updates about the units they are floating to.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings underscore common frustrations nurses experience during floating and ways that nurse executives can create a more satisfactory floating environment and increase nursing satisfaction.
Early Surgical Treatment in Anterior Synostotic Plagiocephaly: Is This the Best Choice?
Authors: Gasparini Giulio , Saponaro Gianmarco , Moro Alessandro , De Angelis Paolo , Pelo Sando 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
At the end of craniofacial growth, in anterior synostotic plagiocephaly, some aesthetical deficiencies may still be evident. This can depend on an inadequate initial correction or on altered postoperative growth or even on the combination of the 2 factors.
Aesthetic alterations can result from various factors that could potentially affect the skeleton, the skin, subcutaneous, and muscular tissues.
The pathological changes in the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues are greater in patients who have undergone multiple surgical treatments of the frontoorbital area. The aim of this observational cohort study is to assess the residual aesthetic and functional impairment at the end of skeletal growth, in patients affected by anterior synostotic plagiocephaly who have undergone surgery at an early age. The purpose is to investigate whether early surgery can still be considered unavoidable in patients with this malformation.
Between July 2012 and February 2015, patient's data were retrieved from our archives among the patients referred to our department from 2003 to 2012 for Anterior Synostotic Plagiocephaly at an early age.
The authors studied this patient with CT scans and photographic documentation. On CT scans, the authors have assessed skeletal alterations, soft tissues alterations, and muscular tissue alterations. With photographic documentation, the authors have studied the perception of the malformation among external subjects.
From this study it was possible to demonstrate that is many esthetical alterations are to still to be found in patients treated with an early surgical approach; for this reason in children without early complications, the authors suggest that surgical treatment should be delayed after the end of craniofacial growth.
The Ex Vivo Time of Fresh Autologous Cartilage Before Transplantation and Cartilage Absorption Degree
Authors: Fan Qing-Chun , Tian Hua , Wang Xu-Kai 
Published: October 2018

Objective:
This study aims to determine the relationship between the time of autogenous cartilage in vitro and the degree of absorption in animal experiments.

Methods:
New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the time of cartilage in vitro: 1-hour group, 2-hour group, and 3-hour group. A volume of ear cartilage was taken and transplanted into the back, according to the group. After 1 month, the volume was taken out and remeasured. Then, these were compared by scanning electron microscopy and hematoxylin and eosin staining.

Results:
The cartilage bulk absorption level of different groups is different (P < 0.05). There was statistical significance when the 3-hour group was compared with the other 2 groups (P < 0.05). This shows that cartilage volume absorption level becomes higher after 3 hours. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that before and after transplantation, the arrangement of collagen fibers and the gap between these fibers changed. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that there were some morphological changes in chondrocytes, and the degree of chondrocyte apoptosis increased with time, which was accompanied by granulation tissue formation. In addition, the cartilage tissue survived after transplantation.

Conclusion:
The change in cartilage volume was more obvious after 3 hours of autogenous fresh cartilage transplantation, when compared with that of the first 2 hours. The longer the time of light microscopy was, the longer the apoptosis of cartilage cells, the more serious the destruction of collagen fibers and the cartilage matrix, and the greater the absorption of cartilage and the new chondrocytes.
Assessment of Neurologic Disorders and Rare Intracranial Anomalies Associated With Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Kucukguven Arda , Calis Mert , Topaloglu Haluk , Ozgur Figen 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Accompanying neurologic disorders directly affect psychosocial development of cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CLP) patients and make it difficult for their family to look after them properly. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity and the incidence of additional neurologic malformations in children with CLP and to evaluate their effects on cleft care. All patients who applied to our Cleft and Craniofacial Center between July 2014 and July 2017 were included in the study. Demographic and perioperative data such as gender, cleft type, syndromic status of the patient, associated neurologic anomalies, timing and duration of operation, hospitalization period, and follow-up period in the intensive care unit are all recorded. All patients received an interdisciplinary evaluation including pediatric neurology specialists in terms of mental and/or motor developmental delay, epilepsy, and other neurologic disorders. After detailed neurologic examination, 83 (3.8%) out of 2190 were reported as having a neurologic defect. The most leading neurologic disorder was found to be mental-motor retardation in 57 children followed by epileptiform disorders detected in 36 children. In 22 patients, rare intracranial pathologies were detected on magnetic resonance imaging. According to our results, having a neurologic pathology increases the need for intensive care unit stay by 5 times in these patients. There was statistically significant relationship between hospitalization period, age of cleft surgery, and neurologic pathologies in these patients. Neurologic disorders could complicate cleft care, cause delays in the planned surgery schedule, and increase perioperative and postoperative morbidity.
Clinical Outcomes Between Atrophic and Nonatrophic Mandibular Fracture in Elderly Patients
Authors: Kim Tae Gon , Chung Kyu Jin , Lee Jin Ho , Kim Yong-Ha , Lee Jun Ho 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The number of elderly patients with mandibular fracture is rapidly increasing. To improve outcome, it is important to understand the age-related characteristics of mandibular fracture. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the impact of atrophic change on mandibular fracture in elderly patients. The retrospective study was conducted in patients aged ≥65 years old, who underwent surgery for the treatment of mandibular fracture in our hospital from March 2006 until March 2015. Patient characteristics, such as age and gender, causes of injury, anatomic location of fracture, height of mandibular body, extent of atrophy, location of surgical sites, postoperative outcomes, and the follow-up period, were examined. Descriptive statistics were compared between atrophic and nonatrophic mandibles. The patients included 17 males and 12 females and the mean age was 71.9 years old. The average follow-up period was 6.06 months. Regarding occlusion and complications, there were no statistical differences between the atrophic and nonatrophic mandibular fractures. As major complications, nonunion occurred in 2 patients and malunion in 1 patient. There was no mortality associated with anesthesia or surgery. Atrophic and nonatrophic mandibular fractures in elderly patients can be treated successfully with surgery. There was no significant difference with respect to major complications between patients with atrophic and nonatrophic mandibular fractures.
Three-Year Follow-Up of a Patient With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Treated With Maxillary Protraction and Alveolar Bone Grafting: An Approach Exploring the Potential Power of Growth
Authors: Chen Zhengxi , Shi Jiajun , Jin Can , Chen Zhiyi , Tong Qian , Li Zhujun , Chen Zhenqi 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Clinically, patients with operated unilateral cleft lip and palate always present with a concave profile, depressed midface, maxillary hypoplasia, narrow upper dental arch, and class III malocclusion. In this clinical report, the authors describe the successful orthodontic treatment of a patient with unilateral cleft lip and palate. A boy, 7 years 11 months of age, with a history of unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate presented with a Class I malocclusion on Skeletal Class III base. A satisfactory occlusion and a favorable lateral profile were achieved after maxillary protraction (face mask) combined with fixed appliance treatment, including alveolar bone grafting surgery. An acceptable occlusion and facial proportion were maintained after a 3-year retention period. These results suggest orthodontic treatment with growth interference is an effective option for a patient with cleft lip and palate.
The Treatment of Lower Jaw Defects Using Vascularized Fibula Graft and Dental Implants
Authors: Khachatryan Levon , Khachatryan Grigor , Hakobyan Gagik 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This study is based on an analysis of the results of treatment of 21 patients with mandibular defects of different localization and etiology who underwent reconstruction with fibula free flap. Postoperative clinical and radiographic controls were made regularly, the criteria for implant success were assessed.
The postoperative evolution of the patients was favorable, with the integration of the fibula vascularized grafts. Complete engraftment of bone autografts and wound healing was obtained in all observations. In all 21 patients, fibula flaps provided adequate conditions for implant placement. The coefficient of osteointegration of implants 3 years after bone grafting was 97%.
Using a vascularized autograft from the fibula to replace the defects of the lower jaw provides the conditions for a full rehabilitation of patients. The methods of reconstructive surgery and implantation make it possible to successfully perform the replacement of defects in the maxillofacial region, being one of the methods medical and social rehabilitation of patients with this pathology.
A New Approach to Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding in Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate and Severe Cleft Width
Authors: Titiz Serap , Gözlüklü Ozgür 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe a new approach to the presurgical orthopedic treatment of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients with severe cleft width. Modified nostril retainers manufactured from soft acrylic were used for the nasal molding. This technique enables the separation of the nasal molding without having to reduce the cleft width to 5 mm. Nasal molding with the modified nostril retainer resulted in the patient and the physician experiencing a more comfortable treatment period.
Therapeutic opportunities and pitfalls in the treatment of axon degeneration
Authors: Simon David J. , Watkins Trent A. 
Published: October 2018

Purpose of review
The current review analyzes recent findings that suggest that axon degeneration is a druggable process in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and a subset of traumas.

Recent findings
Emerging evidence reveals that axon degeneration is an active and regulated process in the early progression of some neurodegenerative diseases and acute traumas, which is orchestrated through a combination of axon-intrinsic and somatically derived signaling events. The identification of these pathways has presented appealing drug targets whose specificity for the nervous system and phenotypes in mouse models offers significant clinical opportunity.

Summary
As the biology of axon degeneration becomes clear, so too has the realization that the pathways driving axon degeneration overlap in part with those that drive neuronal apoptosis and, importantly, axon regeneration. Axon-specific disorders like those seen in CIPN, where injury signaling to the nucleus is not a prominent feature, have been shown to benefit from disruption of Sarm1. In injury and disease contexts, where involvement of somatic events is prominent, inhibition of the MAP Kinase DLK exhibits promise for neuroprotection. Here, however, interfering with somatic signaling may preclude the ability of an axon or a circuit to regenerate or functionally adapt following acute injuries.
Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal and technical opportunities and challenges
Authors: Cath Corinne 
Published: October 2018

This paper is the introduction to the special issue entitled: ‘Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal and technical opportunities and challenges'. Artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly permeates every aspect of our society, from the critical, like urban infrastructure, law enforcement, banking, healthcare and humanitarian aid, to the mundane like dating. AI, including embodied AI in robotics and techniques like machine learning, can improve economic, social welfare and the exercise of human rights. Owing to the proliferation of AI in high-risk areas, the pressure is mounting to design and govern AI to be accountable, fair and transparent. How can this be achieved and through which frameworks? This is one of the central questions addressed in this special issue, in which eight authors present in-depth analyses of the ethical, legal-regulatory and technical challenges posed by developing governance regimes for AI systems. It also gives a brief overview of recent developments in AI governance, how much of the agenda for defining AI regulation, ethical frameworks and technical approaches is set, as well as providing some concrete suggestions to further the debate on AI governance.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal, and technical opportunities and challenges’.
Ethical governance is essential to building trust in robotics and artificial intelligence systems
Authors: Winfield Alan F. T. , Jirotka Marina 
Published: October 2018

This paper explores the question of ethical governance for robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) systems. We outline a roadmap—which links a number of elements, including ethics, standards, regulation, responsible research and innovation, and public engagement—as a framework to guide ethical governance in robotics and AI. We argue that ethical governance is essential to building public trust in robotics and AI, and conclude by proposing five pillars of good ethical governance.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal, and technical opportunities and challenges’.
Democratizing algorithmic news recommenders: how to materialize voice in a technologically saturated media ecosystem
Authors: Harambam Jaron , Helberger Natali , van Hoboken Joris 
Published: October 2018

The deployment of various forms of AI, most notably of machine learning algorithms, radically transforms many domains of social life. In this paper we focus on the news industry, where different algorithms are used to customize news offerings to increasingly specific audience preferences. While this personalization of news enables media organizations to be more receptive to their audience, it can be questioned whether current deployments ofalgorithmic news recommenders(ANR) live up to their emancipatory promise. Like in various other domains, people have little knowledge of what personal data is used and how such algorithmic curation comes about, let alone that they have any concrete ways to influence these data-driven processes. Instead of going down the intricate avenue of trying to make ANR more transparent, we explore in this article ways to give people more influence over the information news recommendation algorithms provide by thinking about and enabling possibilities to expressvoice. After differentiating four ideal typical modalities of expressing voice (alternation, awareness, adjustment and obfuscation) which are illustrated with currently existing empirical examples, we present and argue foralgorithmic recommender personaeas a way for people to take more control over the algorithms that curate people's news provision.This article is part of a theme issue ‘Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal, and technical opportunities and challenges’.
Attention explores space periodically at the theta frequency
Authors: Senoussi Mehdi , Moreland James C. , Busch Niko A. , Dugué Laura 
Published: October 2018

AbstractVoluntary attention is at the core of a wide variety of cognitive functions. Attention can be oriented to and sustained at a location, or reoriented in space to allow processing at other locations – critical in an ever-changing environment. Numerous studies have investigated attentional orienting in time and space but little is known about the spatio-temporal dynamics of attentional reorienting. Here, we explicitly manipulated attentional reorienting using a cueing procedure in a 2-AFC orientation discrimination task. We interrogated attentional distribution by flashing two probe stimuli with various delays between the pre-cue and target stimuli. Then, we used the probabilities of both probes and none of the probes being correctly reported to solve a second-degree equation, which estimates the report probability at each probe location. We demonstrated that attention reorients periodically at ∼4 Hz (theta) between the two stimulus locations. We further characterized the processing dynamics at each stimulus location, and demonstrated that attention samples each location periodically at ∼11 Hz (alpha). Finally, simulations support our findings and show that this method is sufficiently powered, making it a valuable tool for studying the spatio-temporal dynamics of attention.
Cell Mechanics at the Rear Act To Steer the Direction of Cell Migration
Authors: Allen Greg M. , Lee Kun Chun , Barnhart Erin L. , Tsuchida Mark A. , Wilson Cyrus A. , Gutierrez Edgar , Groisman Alexander , Mogilnerd Alex , Theriot Julie A. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryMotile cells navigate complex environments by changing their direction of travel, generating left-right asymmetries in their mechanical subsystems to physically turn. Currently little is known about how external directional cues are propagated along the length scale of the whole cell and integrated with its force-generating apparatus to steer migration mechanically. We examine the mechanics of spontaneous cell turning in fish epidermal keratocytes and find that the mechanical asymmetries responsible for turning behavior predominate at the rear of the cell, where there is asymmetric centripetal actin flow. Using experimental perturbations we identify two linked feedback loops connecting myosin II contractility, adhesion strength and actin network flow in turning cells that are sufficient to recreate observed cell shapes and trajectories in a computational model. Surprisingly, asymmetries in actin polymerization at the cell leading edge play only a minor role in the mechanics of cell turning – that is, cells steer from the rear.HighlightsFish keratocytes can migrate with persistent angular velocity, straight or in circles.Asymmetry in protrusion at the leading edge is not sufficient to generate persistent turning.Asymmetries in myosin II contraction, actin flow and adhesion at the cell rear cause turns.Our new computational model of migration predicts observed cell trajectories.