bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Flood Reactivity Regions via the Functional Clustering of Hydrographs
Authors: Brunner Manuela I. , Viviroli Daniel , Furrer Reinhard , Seibert Jan , Favre Anne‐Catherine 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFlood hydrograph shapes contain valuable information on the flood‐generation mechanisms of a catchment. To make good use of this information, we express flood hydrograph shapes as continuous functions using a functional data approach. We propose a clustering approach based on functional data for flood hydrograph shapes to identify a set of representative hydrograph shapes on a catchment scale and use these catchment‐specific sets of representative hydrographs to establish regions of catchments with similar flood reactivity on a regional scale. We applied this approach to flood samples of 163 medium‐size Swiss catchments. The results indicate that three representative hydrograph shapes sufficiently describe the hydrograph shape variability within a catchment and therefore can be used as a proxy for the flood behavior of a catchment. These catchment‐specific sets of three hydrographs were used to group the catchments into three reactivity regions of similar flood behavior. These regions were not only characterized by similar hydrograph shapes and reactivity but also by event magnitudes and triggering event conditions. We envision these regions to be useful in regionalization studies, regional flood frequency analyses, and to allow for the construction of synthetic design hydrographs in ungauged catchments. The clustering approach based on functional data which establish these regions is very flexible and has the potential to be extended to other geographical regions or toward the use in climate impact studies.
Lateral, Vertical, and Longitudinal Source Area Connectivity Drive Runoff and Carbon Export Across Watershed Scales
Authors: Zimmer Margaret A. , McGlynn Brian L. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractWatersheds are three‐dimensional hydrologic systems where the longitudinal expansion/contraction of stream networks, vertical connection/disconnection between shallow and deep groundwater systems, and lateral connectivity of these water sources to streams mediate runoff production and nutrient export. The connectivity of runoff source areas during both baseflow and stormflow conditions and their combined influence on biogeochemical fluxes remain poorly understood. Here we focused on a set of 3.3 and 48.4 ha nested watersheds (North Carolina, USA). These watersheds comprise ephemeral and intermittent runoff‐producing headwaters and perennial runoff‐producing lowlands. Within these landscape elements, we characterized the timing and magnitude of precipitation, runoff, and runoff‐generating flow paths. The active surface drainage network (ASDN) reflected connectivity to, and contributions from, source areas that differed under baseflow and stormflow conditions. The baseflow‐associated ASDN expanded and contracted seasonally, driven by the rise and fall of the seasonal water table. Superimposed on this were event‐activated source area contributions driven by connectivity to surficial and shallow subsurface flow paths. Frequently activated shallow flow paths also caused increased in‐stream dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations with increases in runoff across both watershed scales. The spread and variability within this DOC‐runoff relationship was driven by a seasonal depletion of DOC from continual shallow subsurface flow path activation and subsequent replenishment from autumn litterfall. Our findings suggest that hydrobiogeochemical signals at larger watershed outlets can be driven by the expansion, contraction, and connection of lateral, longitudinal, and vertical source areas with distinct runoff generation processes.
Soil and Atmospheric Controls on the Land Surface Energy Balance: A Generalized Framework for Distinguishing Moisture‐Limited and Energy‐Limited Evaporation Regimes
Authors: Haghighi Erfan , Short Gianotti Daniel J. , Akbar Ruzbeh , Salvucci Guido D. , Entekhabi Dara 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe relationship between evaporative fraction (EF) and soil moisture (SM) has traditionally been used in atmospheric and land‐surface modeling communities to determine the coupling strength between land surfaces and the atmosphere in the context of the dominant evaporation regime (energy or moisture limited). However, observation‐based analyses suggest that EF‐SM relationship in a given region can shift subject to other environmental factors, potentially influencing the determination of the dominant evaporation regime. This implies more complex dependencies embedded in the conventional EF‐SM relationship and that in fact it is a multidimensional function. In this study, we develop a generalized EF framework that explicitly accounts for dependencies on other environmental conditions. We show that large scatter in observed EF‐SM relationships is primarily due to the projection of variations in other dimensions and propose a normalization of the EF‐SM relationship accounting for the dimensions and dependencies not included in the conventional relationship. In this first study, we focus on bare soil conditions in order to establish the basic theoretical framework. The new generalized EF framework provides new insights into the origin of transition between energy‐limited and moisture‐limited evaporation regimes (marked by a critical SM), linked to soil type and meteorological input data (primarily wind speed and air temperature, but not solar radiation) dominating the evolution of land surface temperature and thus the relative efficiency of surface energy balance components during surface drying. Our results offer new opportunities to advance predictive capabilities quantifying land‐atmosphere coupling for a wide range of present and projected meteorological input data.
Expanding the “Active Layer”: Discussion of Church and Haschenburger (2017) What is the “Active Layer”? Water Resources Research 53, 5–10, Doi:10.1002/2016WR019675
Authors: Ashmore Peter , Peirce Sarah , Leduc Pauline 
Published: February 2018

AbstractChurch and Haschenburger (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019675) make helpful distinctions around the issue of defining the active layer, with which we agree. We propose expanding discussion and definition of the “active layer” in fluvial bedload transport to include the concept of the “morphological active layer.” This is particularly applicable to laterally unstable rivers (such as braided rivers) in which progressive morphological change over short time periods is the process by which much of the bedload transport occurs. The morphological active layer is also distinguished by variable lateral and longitudinal extent continuity over a range of flows and transport intensity. We suggest that the issue of forms of active layer raised by Church and Haschenburger opens up an important discussion on the nature of bedload transport in relation to river morpho‐dynamics over the range of river types.
Other organisms. Hindgut spirochetes of termites and cockroaches
Authors: Paster Bruce J. 
Published: February 2018

In the hindguts of termites and wood‐eating cockroaches, spirochetes are common inhabitants that occur free in the gut fluid and attached to the surfaces of protozoa. These adherent spirochetes are involved in some forms of protozoan motility and may contribute to the health of the protozoan. The size of hindgut spirochetes ranges widely and, with one exception, they have characteristic internal periplasmic flagella. However, some species have additional distinctive features. Only a limited number of species has been grown in pure or mixed culture. Phylogenetically, most of the termite and cockroach spirochetes belong within the genusTreponema, although some fall within the genusSpirochaetaand some belong to newly proposed genera. The complete genome sequence is available for several of the cultivable taxa.Spirochaetes /Spirochaetia / Spirochaetales / Other organisms. Hindgut spirochetes of termites and cockroaches
Robinsoniella
Authors: Lawson Paul A. 
Published: February 2018

Ro.bin.so.ni.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.Robinsoniellain honor of Isadore M. Robinson, in recognition of his many contributions to swine microbiology.Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Lachnospiraceae / RobinsoniellaGram‐stain‐positive, ovoid to short rods occurring as single cells or in pairs. Endospores are formed. Anaerobic. Growth is observed with glucose in addition to a range of carbohydrates. The major end products of metabolism include acetate and succinate, but no butyrate is detected. The cell‐wall murein is based onmeso‐diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. No respiratory quinones are detected. Polar lipids include an aminophosphoglycolipid, an aminophospholipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipids, phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. The major long‐chain cellular fatty acid profile consists of a complex mixture of straight‐chain saturated, monounsaturated, andiso‐methyl‐branched acids. Member of the classClostridia, familyLachnospiraceae. Known habitats are feces of human and animals and human clinical sources.DNA G + C content (mol%): Approximately 48.7 (HPLC); approximately 41 (WGS).Type species:Robinsoniella peoriensisCotta, Whitehead, Falsen, Moore and Lawson 2009, 154VP.
High Adherence to System‐Level Performance Measures for Rheumatoid Arthritis in a National Early Arthritis Cohort Over Eight Years
Authors: Barber Claire E. H. , Schieir Orit , Lacaille Diane , Marshall Deborah A. , Barnabe Cheryl , Hazlewood Glen , Thorne J. Carter , Ahluwalia Vandana , Bartlett Susan J. , Boire Gilles , Haraoui Boulos , Hitchon Carol , Keystone Edward , Tin Diane , Pope Janet E. , Denning Lisa , Bykerk Vivian P. ,   Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort Investigators
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveTo assess adherence to 3 system‐level performance measures in a national early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cohort.MethodsPatients enrolled in the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (2007–2015) who met 1987 or 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism criteria with <1 year of symptom duration and ≥1 year of followup after enrollment were included. Performance measures assessed were the percentage of RA patients seen in yearly followup, and the number of gaps between visits of >12 or >14 months, the percentage of RA patients treated with a disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD), and days from RA diagnosis to initiation of a DMARD. Results are shown stratified by enrollment year to assess for temporal changes in performance.ResultsA total of 1,763 early RA patients were included (mean age 54 years, 73% female, and 82% white). At enrollment, mean ± SD disease duration was 6 ± 3 months, and Disease Activity Score in 28 joints was 5.1 ± 1.5. Over 8 years, the proportion of patients seen in annual followup declined from 100% to 91%. Over followup, 42% of patients had 0 gaps in care of >12 months, and 64% had 0 gaps >14 months. The percentage of DMARD‐treated early RA patients was and remained high (95–87%), and the percentage receiving DMARDs within 14 days of diagnosis was 75%. Median time‐to‐DMARD therapy was 1 day, indicating DMARDs were initiated at diagnosis (90th percentile 93 days).ConclusionThere was evidence of high adherence to system‐level performance measures in this early RA cohort following a protocol. Small declines in performance were noted with increasing length of patient followup. Our findings are useful for performance measure benchmarking.
Tuning the Electronic and Photonic Properties of Monolayer MoS2 via In Situ Rhenium Substitutional Doping
Authors: Zhang Kehao , Bersch Brian M. , Joshi Jaydeep , Addou Rafik , Cormier Christopher R. , Zhang Chenxi , Xu Ke , Briggs Natalie C. , Wang Ke , Subramanian Shruti , Cho Kyeongjae , Fullerton‐Shirey Susan , Wallace Robert M. , Vora Patrick M. , Robinson Joshua A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDoping is a fundamental requirement for tuning and improving the properties of conventional semiconductors. Recent doping studies including niobium (Nb) doping of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten (W) doping of molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) have suggested that substitutional doping may provide an efficient route to tune the doping type and suppress deep trap levels of 2D materials. To date, the impact of the doping on the structural, electronic, and photonic properties of in situ‐doped monolayers remains unanswered due to challenges including strong film substrate charge transfer, and difficulty achieving doping concentrations greater than 0.3 at%. Here, in situ rhenium (Re) doping of synthetic monolayer MoS2 with ≈1 at% Re is demonstrated. To limit substrate film charge transfer, r‐plane sapphire is used. Electronic measurements demonstrate that 1 at% Re doping achieves nearly degenerate n‐type doping, which agrees with density functional theory calculations. Moreover, low‐temperature photoluminescence indicates a significant quench of the defect‐bound emission when Re is introduced, which is attributed to the MoO bond and sulfur vacancies passivation and reduction in gap states due to the presence of Re. The work presented here demonstrates that Re doping of MoS2 is a promising route toward electronic and photonic engineering of 2D materials.
Looking into the Future: Toward Advanced 3D Biomaterials for Stem‐Cell‐Based Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Liu Zhongmin , Tang Mingliang , Zhao Jinping , Chai Renjie , Kang Jiuhong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractStem‐cell‐based therapies have the potential to provide novel solutions for the treatment of a variety of diseases, but the main obstacles to such therapies lie in the uncontrolled differentiation and functional engraftment of implanted tissues. The physicochemical microenvironment controls the self‐renewal and differentiation of stem cells, and the key step in mimicking the stem cell microenvironment is to construct a more physiologically relevant 3D culture system. Material‐based 3D assemblies of stem cells facilitate the cellular interactions that promote morphogenesis and tissue organization in a similar manner to that which occurs during embryogenesis. Both natural and artificial materials can be used to create 3D scaffolds, and synthetic organic and inorganic porous materials are the two main kinds of artificial materials. Nanotechnology provides new opportunities to design novel advanced materials with special physicochemical properties for 3D stem cell culture and transplantation. Herein, the advances and advantages of 3D scaffold materials, especially with respect to stem‐cell‐based therapies, are first outlined. Second, the stem cell biology in 3D scaffold materials is reviewed. Third, the progress and basic principles of developing 3D scaffold materials for clinical applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are reviewed.
Conjugated Polyelectrolytes Bearing Various Ion Densities: Spontaneous Dipole Generation, Poling‐Induced Dipole Alignment, and Interfacial Energy Barrier Control for Optoelectronic Device Applications
Authors: Lee Seungjin , Nguyen Thanh Luan , Lee Sang Yun , Jang Chung Hyeon , Lee Bo Ram , Jung Eui Dae , Park Song Yi , Yoon Yung Jin , Kim Jin Young , Woo Han Young , Song Myoung Hoon 
Published: February 2018

AbstractConjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) with π‐delocalized main backbones and ionic pendant groups are intensively studied as interfacial layers for efficient polymer‐based optoelectronic devices (POEDs) because they facilitate facile control of charge injection/extraction barriers. Here, a simple and effective method of performing precise interfacial energy level adjustment is presented by employing CPEs with different thicknesses and various ion densities under electric poling to realize efficient charge injection/extraction of POEDs. The effects of the CPE ion densities and electric (positive or negative) poling on the energy level tuning process are investigated by measuring the open‐circuit voltages and current densities of devices with the structure indium tin oxide/zinc oxide/CPE/organic active layer/molybdenum oxide/gold while changing the CPE film thickness. The performances of inverted polymer light‐emitting diodes and inverted polymer solar cells are remarkably improved by precisely controlling the interfacial energy level matching using optimum CPE conditions.
Laser‐Reduced Graphene: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Wan Zhengfen , Streed Erik W. , Lobino Mirko , Wang Shujun , Sang Robert T. , Cole Ivan S. , Thiel David V. , Li Qin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractLaser reduction of graphene oxide has attracted significant interest in recent years, because it offers a highly flexible, rapid, and chemical‐free graphene fabrication route that can directly write on almost any solid substrate with down to sub‐micrometer feature size. Laser‐reduced graphene (LRG) is explored for various important applications such as supercapacitors, sensors, field effect transistors, holograms, solar cells, flat lenses, bolometers, thermal sound sources, cancer treatment, water purification, lithium‐ion batteries, and electrothermal heaters. This contribution reviews most recent research progress on the aspects of fabrication, properties, and applications of LRG. Particular attention is paid to the mechanism of LRG formation, which is still debatable. The three main theories, including the photochemical process, the photothermal process, and a combination of both processes, are discussed. Strategies for tuning the properties and performance of LRG, such as the laser parameters, chemical doping, structure modulation, and environment control, are highlighted. LRGs with better performance including smaller feature size, higher conductivity, and more flexible morphology design in both 2D and 3D formats will offer tremendous opportunities for advancement in electronics, photonic, and optoelectronic applications.
Enabling Angioplasty‐Ready “Smart” Stents to Detect In‐Stent Restenosis and Occlusion
Authors: Chen Xing , Assadsangabi Babak , Hsiang York , Takahata Kenichi 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDespite the multitude of stents implanted annually worldwide, the most common complication called in‐stent restenosis still poses a significant risk to patients. Here, a “smart” stent equipped with microscale sensors and wireless interface is developed to enable continuous monitoring of restenosis through the implanted stent. This electrically active stent functions as a radiofrequency wireless pressure transducer to track local hemodynamic changes upon a renarrowing condition. The smart stent is devised and constructed to fulfill both engineering and clinical requirements while proving its compatibility with the standard angioplasty procedure. Prototypes pass testing through assembly on balloon catheters withstanding crimping forces of >100 N and balloon expansion pressure up to 16 atm, and show wireless sensing with a resolution of 12.4 mmHg. In a swine model, this device demonstrates wireless detection of blood clot formation, as well as real‐time tracking of local blood pressure change over a range of 108 mmHg that well covers the range involved in human. The demonstrated results are expected to greatly advance smart stent technology toward its clinical practice.
[18F]AV‐1451 tau‐PET and primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Josephs Keith A. , Martin Peter R. , Botha Hugo , Schwarz Christopher G. , Duffy Joseph R. , Clark Heather M. , Machulda Mary M. , Graff‐Radford Jonathan , Weigand Stephen D. , Senjem Matthew L. , Utianski Rene L. , Drubach Daniel A. , Boeve Bradley F. , Jones David T. , Knopman David S. , Petersen Ronald C. , Jack Clifford R. , Lowe Val J. , Whitwell Jennifer L. 
Published: February 2018

ObjectivesTo assess [18F]AV‐1451 tau‐PET (positron emission tomography) uptake patterns across the primary progressive aphasia (PPA) variants (logopenic, semantic, and agrammatic), examine regional uptake patterns of [18F]AV‐1451 independent of clinical diagnosis, and compare the diagnostic utility of [18F]AV‐1451, [18F]‐fluorodeoxygluclose (FDG)‐PET and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to differentiate the PPA variants.MethodsWe performed statistical parametric mapping of [18F]AV‐1451 across 40 PPA patients (logopenic‐PPA = 14, semantic‐PPA = 13, and agrammatic‐PPA = 13) compared to 80 cognitively normal, Pittsburgh compound B–negative controls, age and gender matched 2:1. Principal component analysis of regional [18F]AV‐1451 tau‐PET standard uptake value ratio was performed to understand underlying patterns of [18F]AV‐1451 uptake independent of clinical diagnosis. Penalized multinomial regression analyses were utilized to assess diagnostic utility.ResultsLogopenic‐PPA showed striking uptake throughout neocortex, particularly temporoparietal, compared to controls, semantic‐PPA, and agrammatic‐PPA. Semantic‐PPA and agrammatic‐PPA showed milder patterns of focal [18F]AV‐1451 uptake. Semantic‐PPA showed elevated uptake (left>right) in anteromedial temporal lobes, compared to controls and agrammatic‐PPA. Agrammatic‐PPA showed elevated uptake (left>right) throughout prefrontal white matter and in subcortical gray matter structures, compared to controls and semantic‐PPA. The principal component analysis of regional [18F]AV‐1451 indicated two primary dimensions, a severity dimension that distinguished logopenic‐PPA from agrammatic‐PPA and semantic‐PPA, and a frontal versus temporal contrast that distinguishes agrammatic‐PPA and semantic‐PPA cases. Diagnostic utility of [18F]AV‐1451was superior to MRI and at least equal to FDG‐PET.Interpretation[18F]AV‐1451binding characteristics differ across the PPA variants and were excellent at distinguishing between the variants. [18F]AV‐1451binding characteristics were as good or better than other brain imaging modalities utilized in clinical practice, suggesting that [18F]AV‐1451 may have clinical diagnostic utility in PPA. Ann Neurol 2018 Ann Neurol 2018;83:599–611
One‐Step Synthesis of Hybrid Core–Shell Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Yang Xinyu , Yuan Shuai , Zou Lanfang , Drake Hannah , Zhang Yingmu , Qin Junsheng , Alsalme Ali , Zhou Hong‐Cai 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEpitaxial growth of MOF‐on‐MOF composite is an evolving research topic in the quest for multifunctional materials. In previously reported methods, the core–shell MOFs were synthesized via a stepwise strategy that involved growing the shell‐MOFs on top of the preformed core‐MOFs with matched lattice parameters. However, the inconvenient stepwise synthesis and the strict lattice‐matching requirement have limited the preparation of core–shell MOFs. Herein, we demonstrate that hybrid core–shell MOFs with mismatching lattices can be synthesized under the guidance of nucleation kinetic analysis. A series of MOF composites with mesoporous core and microporous shell were constructed and characterized by optical microscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, gas sorption measurement, and scanning electron microscopy. Isoreticular expansion of microporous shells and orthogonal modification of the core was realized to produce multifunctional MOF composites, which acted as size selective catalysts for olefin epoxidation with high activity and selectivity.