bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recurrent neural networks can explain flexible trading of speed and accuracy in biological vision
Authors: Spoerer Courtney J , Kietzmann Tim C , Mehrer Johannes , Charest Ian , Kriegeskorte Nikolaus 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDeep feedforward neural network models of vision dominate in both computational neuroscience and engineering. The primate visual system, by contrast, contains abundant recurrent connections. Recurrent signal flow enables recycling of limited computational resources over time, and so might boost the performance of a physically finite brain or model. Here we show: (1) Recurrent convolutional neural network models outperform feedforward convolutional models matched in their number of parameters in large-scale visual recognition tasks on natural images. (2) Setting a confidence threshold, at which recurrent computations terminate and a decision is made, enables flexible trading of speed for accuracy. At a given confidence threshold, the model expends more time and energy on images that are harder to recognise, without requiring additional parameters for deeper computations. (3) The recurrent model’s reaction time for an image predicts the human reaction time for the same image better than several parameter-matched and state-of-the-art feedforward models. (4) Across confidence thresholds, the recurrent model emulates the behaviour of feedforward control models in that it achieves the same accuracy at approximately the same computational cost (mean number of floating-point operations). However, the recurrent model can be run longer (higher confidence threshold) and then outperforms parameter-matched feedforward comparison models. These results suggest that recurrent connectivity, a hallmark of biological visual systems, may be essential for understanding the accuracy, flexibility, and dynamics of human visual recognition.Author summaryDeep neural networks provide the best current models of biological vision and achieve the highest performance in computer vision. Inspired by the primate brain, these models transform the image signals through a sequence of stages, leading to recognition. Unlike brains in which outputs of a given computation are fed back into the same computation, these models do not process signals recurrently. The ability to recycle limited neural resources by processing information recurrently could explain the accuracy and flexibility of biological visual systems, which computer vision systems cannot yet match. Here we report that recurrent processing can improve recognition performance compared to similarly complex feedforward networks. Recurrent processing also enabled models to behave more flexibly and trade off speed for accuracy. Like humans, the recurrent network models can compute longer when an object is hard to recognise, which boosts their accuracy. The model’s recognition times predicted human recognition times for the same images. The performance and flexibility of recurrent neural network models illustrates that modeling biological vision can help us improve computer vision.
3D-Cell-Annotator: an open-source active surface tool for single cell segmentation in 3D microscopy images
Authors: Tasnadi Ervin A. , Toth Timea , Kovacs Maria , Diosdi Akos , Pampaloni Francesco , Molnar Jozsef , Piccinini Filippo , Horvath Peter 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSummarySegmentation of single cells in microscopy images is one of the major challenges in computational biology. It is the first step of most bioimage analysis tasks, and essential to create training sets for more advanced deep learning approaches. Here, we propose 3D-Cell-Annotator to solve this task using 3D active surfaces together with shape descriptors as prior information in a fully- and semi-automated fashion. The software uses the convenient 3D interface of the widely used Medical Imaging Interaction Toolkit (MITK). Results on 3D biological structures (e.g. spheroids, organoids, embryos) show that the precision of the segmentation reaches the level of a human expert.Availability and implementation3D-Cell-Annotator is implemented in CUDA/C++ as a patch for the segmentation module of MITK. The 3D-Cell-Annotator enabled MITK distribution can be downloaded at:www.3D-cell-annotator.org. It works under Windows 64-bit systems and recent Linux distributions even on a consumer level laptop with a CUDA-enabled video card using recent NVIDIA drivers.Contactsfilippo.piccinini@irst.emr.itandhorvath.peter@brc.mta.hu
Motor cortex can directly drive the globus pallidal neurons in a projection neuron type dependent manner in rat
Authors: Karube Fuyuki , Takahashi Susumu , Kobayashi Kenta , Fujiyama Fumino 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe basal ganglia (BG) are critical for the control of motor behaviors and for reinforcement learning. Here, we demonstrate in rats that primary and secondary motor areas (M1 and M2) make functional synaptic connections in the globus pallidus (GP), not usually thought of as an input site of the BG using optogenetics and morphological analysis. The cortical excitation in the GP was as strong as that in the STN. GP neurons projecting to the striatum were preferentially innervated by the motor cortex. Morphological observation revealed that the density of axonal boutons from motor cortices in the GP was approximately 30% of that in the striatum, but was comparable to that in the STN. M1 and M2 projected differentially to the BG in terms of topography and substructures. These results suggest that cortico-pallidal innervation is an additional excitatory input to the BG, and can affects behaviors via the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus loop.
Single-nuclei transcriptomic analysis of the subthalamic nucleus reveals different Pitx2-positive subpopulations
Authors: Papathanou Maria , Björklund Åsa K. , Martis-Thiele Mihaela M. , Wallén-Mackenzie Åsa 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe subthalamic nucleus is a compartmentalized structure formed during development with each division serving a different function. A few molecular markers such as transcription factors involved in the formation and maintenance of the STN have been identified, and whilst a few more genes have been reported to be expressed in the STN, the complete transcriptomic landscape of the mature STN remains elusive. So far genes associated with the adult STN have been expressed throughout the structure. It therefore remains to establish if the functional division of this structure is attributed to a molecular diversity comprising of subpopulations. In this study a single-nuclei RNA-sequencing of genetically labelled Pitx2-Cre was conducted to identify the molecular heterogeneity of the STN. The findings revealed two subpopulations of the STN marked by the expression of Baiap3/Fxyd6 or Fgf11. Moreover additional Pitx2+ subpopulations with distinct signature markers that characterize neighboring structures of the STN such as the parasubthalamic nucleus, the lateral hypothalamus, the zona incerta and the mammillary nucleus were also identified.
A Comparison of Comorbidities and their Contribution to Medical Resource Utilization for Matched HIV-Infected and Uninfected Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Odlum Michelle , Yoon Sunmoo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHIV long-term survivorship is characterized by higher rates of comorbidities compared to uninfected groups. Aging with HIV involves complex interactions of factors (e.g., Individual Characteristics, Infections) that result in a 20% increase in comorbidity risk. With over half of the 1.1 million people living with HIV in the US age 50 and over, the need exists to further understand this interplay and differences in aging-related outcomes. Electronic health record data was analyzed for HIV infected (N=208) and uninfected (N=208) adult inpatients, propensity score matched by age and gender. Diagnostic codes were extracted that comprise the factors of Individual Characteristics, High Risk Behaviors, Chronic Conditions, Mental Health Conditions and Infections. Identified codes were assessed for their contributions to medical resource utilization, based on Charlson Comorbidity scores. Significant contributors to high Charslon scores for HIV infected patients were age (β=0.116; [95% CI 0.077, 0.155]) and admission frequency (β=0.159; [95% CI 0.114, 0.205]) in addition to the comorbidities of acute kidney failure (β=3.27; [95% CI 1.76, 4.78]), hypertension (β= −1.77; [95% CI −2.99, −0.551]). Significant contributors for HIV uninfected patients were age (β=0.110; [95% CI 0.087, 0.133]), length of hospital stay (β=0.006; [95% CI 0.003, 0.009]), acute kidney failure (β=1.556; [95% CI 0.611, 2.50]), heart failure (β= 1.713; [95% CI 0.717, 2.71]), and diabetes mellitus II (β= 1.385; [95% CI 0.634, 2.14]). Our findings enhance the understanding of the contributions to medical resource utilization based on HIV status and can inform intervention efficacy for improved HIV aging outcomes.
DrosophilaAop imposes a delay on E(spl)-mediated repression of Ato during R8 specification
Authors: Majot Adam T. , Jozwick Lucas M. , Bishop Clifton P. , Bidwai Ashok P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDrosophilaretinal patterning requires the expression of Atonal (Ato) through coordinated regulation of 5’ and 3’ enhancer modules.ato-3’directs initial expression of Ato which then directs autoregulation via5’-ato. Notch (N) signaling also regulates5’-ato, first enhancing Ato expression and later repressing Ato by inducing E(spl) bHLHs. N signaling balances these opposing functions by directing its obligate nuclear transcription factor, Suppressor of Hairless (Su(H)), only in repressing5’-ato. In this study, we reveal a novel and more nuanced role for Su(H) in its regulation of5’-ato. During retinal patterning, Su(H) is required for the expression Anterior open (Aop), which, in turn, promotes5’-atoactivity. We demonstrate that Aop is induced early in retinal patterning via N pathway activity, wherein Aop is required cell-autonomously for robust Ato expression during photoreceptor specification. Inaopmutants, expression from bothatoenhancers is perturbed, suggesting that Aop promotes the Ato autoregulation through maintenance ofato-3’activity. Clonal analysis indicates that Aop indirectly opposes E(spl)-mediated repression of Ato. In the absence of both Aop and E(spl), Ato expression is restored and the founding ommatidial photoreceptors, R8s, are specified. These findings suggest that N signaling, through a potentially conserved relationship with Aop, imposes a delay onatorepression, thus permitting autoregulation and retinogenesis.Author SummaryThe eye of the fruit fly has served as a paradigm to understand tissue patterning. Complex intercellular signaling networks cooperate during retinal development to allow cells to become specialized visual-system precursor neurons at a specific time and place. These neurons are precisely spaced within the developing retina and later recruit other cells to form the repeated units that comprise insect eyes. The exact placement of each precursor cell precipitates from the precise regulation of theatonalgene, which is first expressed in a cluster of (10-20) cells before becoming restricted to only one cell from each cluster. The Notch signaling pathway is required for both aspects ofatonalregulation, first permitting up-regulation within each cluster, and then the subsequent down-regulation to a single cell. However, the connection between these two modes of Notch signaling had remained unclear. In this report, we have identified that theanterior opengene is required to impose a delay on the restrictive mode of Notch signaling, permitting the initial up-regulation of atonal to occur freely. In flies mutant foranterior open,atonalbypasses its own up-regulation and proceeds directly to its singled-out pattern but with significantly diminished robustness than occurs normally.
Redesign of morphing UAV's winglet using DS algorithm based ANFIS model
Authors: Konar Mehmet 
Published: June 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present a novel approach based on the differential search (DS) algorithm integrated with the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) winglet design.

Design/methodology/approach
The winglet design of UAV, which was produced at Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics in Erciyes University, was redesigned using artificial intelligence techniques. This approach proposed for winglet redesign is based on the integration of ANFIS into the DS algorithm. For this purpose, the cant angle (c), the twist angle (t) and taper ratio (λ) of winglet are selected as input parameters; the maximum value of lift/drag ratio (Emax) is selected as the output parameter for ANFIS. For the selected input and output parameters, the optimum ANFIS parameters are determined by the DS algorithm. Then the objective function based on optimum ANFIS structure is integrated with the DS algorithm. With this integration, the input parameters for the Emax value are obtained by the DS algorithm. That is, the DS algorithm is used to obtain both the optimization of the ANFIS structure and the necessary parameters for the winglet design. Thus, the UAV was reshaped and the maximum value of lift/drag ratio was calculated based on new design.

Findings
Considerable improvements on the max E are obtained through winglet redesign on morphing UAVs with artificial intelligence techniques.

Research limitations/implications
It takes a long time to obtain the optimum Emax value by the computational fluid dynamics method.

Practical implications
Using artificial intelligence techniques saves time and reduces cost in maximizing Emax value. The simulation results showed that satisfactory Emax values were obtained, and an optimum winglet design was achieved. Thus, the presented method based on ANFIS and DS algorithm is faster and simpler.

Social implications
The application of artificial intelligence methods could be used in designing more efficient aircrafts.

Originality/value
The study provides a new and efficient method that saves time and reduces cost in redesigning UAV winglets.
Under the microscope – an examination of the supports for ethnic entrepreneurs in Ireland
Authors: Birdthistle Naomi 
Published: June 2019

PurposeBecause entrepreneurs operate in a world of uncertainty, the ability to analyse a situation, extract the important and ignore the superfluous, compare potential outcomes, and extrapolate from other experiences to the current one is vital. Researchers have identified several skills an entrepreneur requires to operate their business and the purpose of this paper is to examine if the training and support necessary for entrepreneurship to occur within ethnic communities exists in Ireland.Design/methodology/approachThis study was carried out among established ethnic entrepreneurs and representatives from support agencies in Ireland. A quantitative research methods approach was adopted using online surveys. Responses from 36 ethnic entrepreneurs and eight support organisations were received.FindingsTargeted programmes offered by service providers included programmes in foreign languages; providing literature in foreign languages; and specially designed seminars for ethnic entrepreneurs. Of the established ethnic entrepreneurs, the majority indicated that, although they have deficiencies in their skillset they did not avail of programmes because they were unaware of them.Originality/valueIrish service providers need to provide additional services to ethnic entrepreneurs to be on par with their EU counterparts. Irish service providers need to provide general and targeted training programmes through minority languages. If Ireland wants to continue being known as the “land of a hundred thousand welcomes” and be able to support the much-anticipated asylum seekers who may choose entrepreneurship as a career option, it needs to consider the adoption of the recommendations of this study and provide better tailored services for the ethnic entrepreneur.
Refining the PoinTER “human firewall” pentesting framework
Authors: Archibald Jacqueline M. , Renaud Karen 
Published: June 2019

Purpose
Penetration tests have become a valuable tool in the cyber security defence strategy in terms of detecting vulnerabilities. Although penetration testing has traditionally focussed on technical aspects, the field has started to realise the importance of the human in the organisation, and the need to ensure that humans are resistant to cyberattacks. To achieve this, some organisations “pentest” their employees, testing their resilience and ability to detect and repel human-targeted attacks. In a previous paper, the authors reported on PoinTER (Prepare TEst Remediate), a human pentesting framework, tailored to the needs of SMEs. This paper aims to propose improvements to refine the framework. The improvements are based on a derived set of ethical principles that have been subjected to ethical scrutiny

Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted a systematic literature review of academic research, a review of actual hacker techniques, industry recommendations and official body advice related to social engineering techniques. To meet the requirements to have an ethical human pentesting framework, the authors compiled a list of ethical principles from the research literature which they used to filter out techniques deemed unethical.

Findings
Drawing on social engineering techniques from academic research, reported by the hacker community, industry recommendations and official body advice and subjecting each technique to ethical inspection, using a comprehensive list of ethical principles, the authors propose the refined GDPR-compliant and privacy respecting PoinTER framework. The list of ethical principles, as suggested, could also inform ethical technical pentests.

Originality/value
Previous work has considered penetration testing humans, but few have produced a comprehensive framework such as PoinTER. PoinTER has been rigorously derived from multiple sources and ethically scrutinised through inspection, using a comprehensive list of ethical principles derived from the research literature.
Impact of exposure to mass media on female empowerment: evidence from India
Authors: Dasgupta Shatanjaya 
Published: June 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate if women’s exposure to mass media, i.e. television, radio, and print media, is a determinant of female empowerment in India. Indicators of empowerment include female autonomy in domestic decision-making, freedom of movement, financial knowledge and independence, attitudes regarding acceptability of violence against women, actual and desired fertility and use and decisions about contraception.

Design/methodology/approach
Data for the analysis come from two rounds of the National Family and Health Survey, a large-scale nationally representative household survey. First, ordinary least squares estimation is used to obtain the parameter estimates. To overcome endogeneity concerns, instrumental variables estimation is also used.

Findings
The results reveal a strong positive effect of exposure to mass media on women’s status in India.

Research limitations/implications
These findings highlight the effectiveness of mass media in influencing women positively.

Originality/value
This paper captures the cumulative effects of three types of media: television, radio and print media. It also takes advantage of the most recent data available together with using instrumental variables estimation to overcome endogeneity concerns.
Entirely possible overruns: how people think and talk about probabilistic cost estimates
Authors: Teigen Karl Halvor , Andersen Bjørn , Alnes Sigurd Lerkerød , Hesselberg Jan-Ole 
Published: June 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine people’s understanding and evaluation of uncertainty intervals produced by experts as part of a quality assurance procedure of large public projects.Design/methodology/approachThree samples of educated participants (employees in a large construction company, students attending courses in project management and judgment and decision making, and judges of district and appeal courts) answered questionnaires about cost estimates of a highway construction project, presented as a probability distribution.FindingsThe studies demonstrated additivity neglect of probabilities that are graphically displayed. People’s evaluations of the accuracy of interval estimates revealed a boundary (a “cliff”) effect, with a sharp drop in accuracy ratings for outcomes above an arbitrary maximum. Several common verbal phrases (what “can” happen, is “entirely possible” and “not surprising”) which might seem to indicate expected outcomes were regularly used to describe unlikely values near or at the top of the distribution (an extremity effect).Research limitations/implicationsAll judgments concerned a single case and were made by participants who were not stakeholders in this specific project. Further studies should compare judgments aided by a graph with conditions where the graph is changed or absent.Practical implicationsExperts and project managers cannot assume that readers of cost estimates understand a well-defined uncertainty interval as intended. They should also be aware of effects created by describing uncertain estimates in words.Originality/valueThe studies show how inconsistencies in judgment affect the understanding and evaluation of uncertainty intervals by well-informed and educated samples tested in a maximally transparent situation. Readers of cost estimates seem to believe that precise estimates are feasible and yet that costs are usually underestimated.
Bottled water versus tap water
Authors: Graydon Ryan Christopher , Gonzalez Paola Andrea , Laureano-Rosario Abdiel Elias , Pradieu Guillermo Reginald 
Published: June 2019

PurposeBottled water consumption continues to break records worldwide and its environmental impact is often underestimated by the consumer. Many factors affect individuals’ choices to consume tap water and bottled water including perceived health risks and water quality. The University of South Florida (USF) has joined a nationwide initiative to become carbon-neutral, and reducing bottled water consumption was a chosen strategy. The purpose of this study was to assess the risk perceptions and drinking water choices of the USF-Tampa campus community.Design/methodology/approachA sample of 561 students, faculty and staff members responded to an online survey. The survey contained questions about the use of bottled water and tap water, reusable water bottles, risk perceptions and demographics.FindingsThe results revealed that certain groups – undergraduate students and ethnic/racial minorities (e.g. black/African American, Hispanic/Latino) – drank significantly more bottled water. Among political ideologies, Liberals drank the least bottled water. Females and minorities had significantly greater risk perceptions of the tap water on campus. Important perceived benefits were tap water being less expensive and better for the environment than bottled water. Important perceived barriers were poor tasting tap water and the desire for filtered water.Originality/valueThe findings suggest the need for public health campaigns to increase awareness of health, environmental and financial consequences of bottled water consumption. Such campaigns should aim to discourage bottled water and any potential increased sugar-sweetened beverage consumption while promoting tap water consumption.