bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’insertion professionnelle par la création d’activité : le cas des entrepreneures-salariées
Authors: Fontier Virginie 
Published: October 2019

Le nombre de Coopératives d’Activité et d’Emploi (CAE) ainsi que la part des créateurs accompagnés ne cessent de croître. Cette croissance s’est accompagnée d’une féminisation marquée des effectifs. L’objet de cet article est d’expliquer dans les grandes lignes pourquoi les CAE constituent une alternative d’insertion professionnelle favorable pour certaines femmes qui se confrontent à la construction genrée de l’espace social. Les CAE proposent un modèle de sécurisation du parcours entrepreneurial qui s’adapte davantage à la construction genrée du monde du travail et à un entrepreneuriat qualifié de « féminin ». Si les femmes se représentent l’entrepreneuriat comme une expérience « risquée », alors l’entrepreneuriat salarié est une alternative permettant le développement d’un « entrepreneur prudent ». JEL Codes : L2, L26.
Gouverner par l’accompagnement. Quand l’État professionnalise les associations employeuses
Authors: Cottin-Marx Simon 
Published: October 2019

La puissance publique dispose de nombreux outils pour gouverner le monde associatif. Dans cet article, nous laissons de côté les formes de « gouvernement dur », pour nous intéresser à une forme plus douce, mais néanmoins efficace : le « gouvernement par l’accompagnement ». Pour illustrer ce concept, nous mobilisons l’exemple du Dispositif Local d’Accompagnement (DLA), une politique publique d’Etat qui offre du conseil en gestion aux associations employeuses afin de les professionnaliser. La mise en œuvre de ce dispositif est complètement externalisée, réalisée par des associations, pour les associations, avec des consultants associatifs. Si l’Etat semble disparaître de cette politique publique, il en reste le pilote et les objectifs qu’il a fixés sont bien suivis. Le DLA pousse les associations à structurer le travail, à se préoccuper davantage de l’emploi, et les amène à développer leurs ressources privées et marchandes pour le sauver. Sans injonction, en douceur le dispositif joue un rôle d’accélérateur des mutations gestionnaires qu’impose leur environnement. JEL codes : L31.
Militants malgré eux ? Les jeunes contestataires face à la répression en Biélorussie
Authors: Shukan Tatyana 
Published: October 2019

Cet article analyse la diversité des effets de la répression sur l’action collective à partir de l’exemple du militantisme contestataire des jeunes en Biélorussie. En prêtant une attention particulière au vécu des situations à risque et aux premières expériences de la répression – soutki , i.e. peines de détention de courte durée – ainsi qu’aux empreintes que ces expériences laissent sur les trajectoires sociales et militantes des jeunes engagés, il met en lumière les mécanismes de socialisation à la répression qui s’opère progressivement au cours du militantisme. Il montre aussi que si la répression renforce la détermination des jeunes à défier les autorités et consolide leurs collectifs, elle les enferme, sur le long terme, dans une marginalité tant sociale que politique dont ils peinent à sortir. À cet égard, l’exil offre une des rares portes de sortie de cet univers contraignant et une possibilité de continuer à militer, de l’étranger, pour la promotion de la démocratie en Biélorussie.
L’État contre-attaque : la contre-para-diplomatie espagnole face à la Catalogne (2012-2017)
Authors: Castan Pinos Jaume , Sacramento Jeremy 
Published: October 2019

Les acteurs gouvernementaux infra-étatiques pratiquent de plus en plus la diplomatie parallèle (ou para-diplomatie) pour promouvoir leurs intérêts au niveau international. Pourtant, toutes les pratiques para-diplomatiques ne sont pas accueillies de la même façon sur la scène internationale. En fait, dans certains cas, en particulier lorsqu’il y a risque de sécession, les acteurs infra-étatiques voient leur para-diplomatie susciter frictions et obstruction, en général de la part de la politique étrangère au niveau étatique, processus que nous appelons contre-para-diplomatie. Cet article est consacré aux stratégies para-diplomatiques qu’a employées la Catalogne, et aux mesures contre-para-diplomatiques auxquelles l’Espagne a eu recours durant la période troublée allant de 2012 à 2017. Selon nos conclusions, les objectifs para-diplomatiques de la Catalogne ont été gravement affectés par les stratégies contre-para-diplomatiques, devenues l’un des piliers de la politique extérieure de l’Espagne.
La protection des algorithmes par le secret des affaires
Authors: Marty Frédéric 
Published: October 2019

La protection des algorithmes par des droits de propriété intellectuelle étant imparfaite, les entreprises dominantes de l’économie numérique recourent principalement au secret des affaires pour veiller à l’intégrité de leur actif essentiel. Non seulement l’algorithme est un élément central de leur avantage compétitif, mais sa transparence pourrait permettre à des tiers d’en fausser stratégiquement les résultats. Cependant, cette nécessaire opacité peut également faire le jeu de stratégies de manipulations algorithmiques émanant de l’opérateur dominant lui-même et servant de base à des abus d’éviction ou à des abus d’exploitation. D’arme nécessaire, le secret des affaires pourrait s’avérer une source de risques contentieux pour l’entreprise dominante. En effet, comment le juge de la concurrence peut-il faire la part des choses entre défense sur la base de l’efficience et manœuvres anticoncurrentielles ? Après avoir présenté dans une première partie quelques éléments d’économie du secret des affaires, nous nous attachons, en seconde partie, à l’illustration et à l’analyse de ce risque concurrentiel pour les plateformes dominantes de l’économie numérique. Codes JEL : K21, L41
Para una historización de la relación entre cine y memoria. Las producciones sobre la dictadura de Pinochet (fines de los 70 e inicios de los 80)
Authors: Pérez Marcy Campos 
Published: October 2019

Le présent article a pour objectif de comprendre et de situer historiquement le lien entre mémoire et cinéma, à partir du discours associé aux productions sur la dictature militaire chilienne. Comme corpus, nous utiliserons des interviews de réalisateurs, des analyses du cinéma de l’exil et des productions réalisées à l’intérieur du Chili, toutes apparues dans les publications de la période mentionnée. Dans une première partie, nous aborderons les discours associés au cinéma chilien de l’exil, et dans une deuxième partie ceux qui concernent la production audiovisuelle réalisée au Chili au début des années 80.
« La République des fils », mémoire en héritage. Pratiques mémorielles des descendants des Républicains espagnols
Authors: Salmon Monviola Olivia 
Published: October 2019

En France, les descendants de réfugiés républicains espagnols se réunissent en associations pour faire vivre la mémoire de leurs aînés, unis par un destin commun et une communauté de cause. L’héritage est conséquent : une mémoire collective marquée par le traumatisme de la guerre civile et de l’exil. Le passage de témoins entre la première génération et les suivantes s’est accompli. Aujourd’hui, entre mémoire et engagement, les descendants des républicains espagnols en France expriment leur filiation de multiple façon.
Effect of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy on Maternal Health Outcomes at Primary Health Care Centers in Gaza Strip – Palestine
Authors: Elqatrawi Khalil Jamil , Yaqoub Eljedi Ashraf 
Published: October 2019

Aims: To identify the possible effects of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) on maternal health outcomes of women attended primary health care centers (PHCCs) in Gaza Strip – Palestine.
Study Design: A cross-sectional comparative design.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at 6 PHCCs from August 2016 to May 2017.
Methodology: Two groups of 215 hypertensive mothers and 215 normotensive mothers in the last pregnancy were recruited by 3-stage stratified random sampling technique. A detailed questionnaire filled through face to face interviews in addition to medical records revision in 2017. Pearson's Chi-square and t-tests were used to compare the outcomes between the two groups.
Results: HDP in 215 women were classified as pregnancy-induced hypertension (n = 153, 71.2%) and chronic hypertension (n = 62, 27.8%). The mean age of HDP women was 28.8 ± 6.8 years. About 40.9% live in refugee camps; 23.7% had gravida ≥ 7; 54.6% had BMI > 30 and 21.9% had a history of twice or more abortions. Only 20% of HDP women received preconception care. Cesarean section and assisted delivery were significantly higher among hypertensive mothers (37.2% and 26.9%) compared with non-hypertensive (16.3% and 8.4%) respectively (P = 0.001). Incidence of preeclampsia/eclampsia, antepartum hemorrhage and postpartum hemorrhage, were significantly higher among HDP women (29.3%, P = 0.001; 14%, p=0.001; 7%, P = 0.003 respectively) while no significant differences in abrupio placenta (0.9%; P = 0.25), placenta previa (0.5%, P = 0.75) HELLP syndrome (0.9%, P = 0.24) were found between the two groups. 20.9% mothers with pregnancy-induced hypertension were not recovered and developed chronic hypertension.
Conclusion: Women with HDP are at higher risk to have adverse maternal outcomes compared to normotensive women in GS. Preconception care, early diagnosis and prenatal follow-up would improve maternal and fetal prognosis.
A small molecule chaperone rescues the stability and activity of a cancer‐associated variant of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 in vitro
Authors: Strandback Emilia , Lienhart Wolf‐Dieter , Hromic‐Jahjefendic Altijana , Bourgeois Benjamin , Högler Anja , Waltenstorfer Daniel , Winkler Andreas , Zangger Klaus , Madl Tobias , Gruber Karl , Macheroux Peter 
Published: October 2019

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is a human FAD‐dependent enzyme that plays a crucial role in the antioxidant defense system. A naturally occurring single‐nucleotide polymorphism (NQO1*2) in the NQO1 gene leads to an amino acid substitution (P187S), which severely compromises the activity and stability of the enzyme. The NQO1*2 genotype has been linked to a higher risk for several types of cancer and poor survival rate after anthracycline‐based chemotherapy. In this study, we show that a small molecular chaperone (N‐(2‐bromophenyl)pyrrolidine‐1‐sulfonamide) repopulates the native wild‐type conformation. As a consequence of the stabilizing effect, the enzymatic activity of the P187S variant protein is strongly improved in the presence of the molecular chaperone in vitro.
A new homogeneity index definition for evaluation of radiotherapy plans
Authors: Yan Lingling , Xu Yingjie , Chen Xinyuan , Xie Xin , Liang Bin , Dai Jianrong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPurposeThe goal of this study was to define a new homogeneity index (HI) to evaluate dose homogeneity within a target volume.Materials and MethodsThe new HI is based on the area under an ideal dose‐volume histogram curve (IA), the area under the achieved dose‐volume histogram curve (AA), and the overlapping area between the IA and AA (OA). It is defined as the ratio of the square of OA to the product of the IA and AA. To evaluate the performance of the new HI, 88 cases were selected and two plans were designed for each case. The homogeneity of the two plans was first evaluated by three physicists, with their judgments forming the evaluation standard and then evaluated by the new HI and other HIs of Dmax/Dp, D5/D95, (D2 − D98)/Dp, (D2 − D98)/D50 and S‐index. An evaluation was determined to be accurate if its result was agreed upon by physicists. The percentage accuracy of evaluation was calculated as the ratio of the number of accurate evaluations to the total number of evaluations. Pearson's chi‐square test was performed for statistical analysis.ResultsThe percentage accuracies of the new HI, Dmax/Dp, D5/D95, (D2 − D98)/Dp, (D2 − D98)/D50, and S‐index were 98.51%, 88.80%, 94.78%, 94.78%, 96.27%, and 97.01%, respectively. The newly defined HI had the highest accuracy of all the HIs, with the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe newly defined HI was shown to be effective in the evaluation of dose homogeneity, and we recommended it for evaluating the homogeneity of radiotherapy plans.
Oxindole‐chromones C3 Synthons Directed Stereocontrolled Construction of Five Contiguous Stereocenters on Spiro[tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]chromanone‐oxindole]s
Authors: Xu Sheng‐Wen , Liu Xiong‐Wei , Zuo Xiong , Zhou Gen , Gong Yi , Liu Xiong‐Li , Zhou Ying 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe first example of bifunctional oxindole‐chromone C3 synthon directed organocatalytic cascade cycloaddition reaction is developed, serving as a fruitful strategy for the facile access of optically active tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]chromanone bearing one spirooxindole with five contiguous stereocenters. All the products are smoothly obtained with up to 83% yield, >20:1 d.r. and >99% ee. This is also the first asymmetric catalytic construction of tetrahydrocyclopenta[b] chromanone and tetrahydrocyclopenta[b]chromanone‐spirooxindole scaffold, thus to facilitate the search for new bioactive entities.magnified image
Sonography education in the clinical setting: The educator and trainee perspective
Authors: Burnley Kylie , Kumar Koshila 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroductionSonography is a complex clinical skill. However, in spite of its complexity, little has been published about how these skills are taught in Australia or internationally. This paper explores Australian sonographer educators' and trainees' perceptions regarding the teaching of sonography skills, with a specific focus on the procedural dimension of the process. A secondary aim is the identification of the Australian sonographer educator workforce and teaching settings.MethodsData were collected from trainee and educator sonographers via an online survey and semi‐structured interviews, following ethics approval and informed consent. All data was anonymous or de‐identified. Descriptive statistics were generated for quantitative data and qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe online survey of 72 full responses found that a majority of Australian sonography education occurs in general sonography private practice (52%), with most practices employing up to three trainee sonographers concurrently (78%). Forty‐nine per cent of sonographers self‐identified as primary clinical supervisors, with the majority (58%) of these holding no teaching qualifications. Fifty per cent of participants reported using a five‐step method of teaching the procedural dimension of the process. Qualitative findings revealed four themes related to sonography skills teaching including importance of repeated observation and practice, identification of the teaching model, providing opportunity for feedback and having flexibility to adapt the skill teaching model when applicable.ConclusionThis exploratory mixed‐methods study highlights the educator and trainee perspectives of sonography skills teaching. Based on these findings, the authors propose that sonography skills teaching maximise the opportunities for trainees to engage in observation, hands‐on learning and obtain constructive feedback. It is also suggested that sonography practices support educators to extend their education skills to ensure high‐quality clinical teaching.
Usefulness of point‐of‐care ultrasound in the clinical suspicion of lung tumours prior to CT: A case report and discussion
Authors: Blanco‐Alonso Silvia , Tung‐Chen Yale , Villén‐Villegas Tomás 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLung ultrasound may serve as a diagnostic and therapeutic guidance in many respiratory conditions, especially before thorax CT is available.
Aktivitätsbasierte Sensorik: ein synthetisch‐methodischer Ansatz für die selektive molekulare Bildgebung und darüber hinaus.
Authors: Bruemmer Kevin J. , Crossley Steven W. M. , Chang Christopher J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDie Ursprünge der aktivitätsbasierten Sensorik (ABS) liegen in der supramolekularen Chemie und der Entwicklung selektiver chemischer Rezeptoren nach dem Schlüssel‐Schloss‐Prinzip. In kurzer Zeit hat sich daraus ein eigenes Forschungsgebiet entwickelt, in dem die Synthese und Regulierung chemischer Moleküle zur Vermittlung biologischer Signal‐ und Stresskaskaden – insbesondere Metallionen und niedermolekulare Substanzen – untersucht werden. In chemischen Reaktionen wird die unterschiedliche Reaktivität biologischer Moleküle genutzt, um mit selektiven und empfindlichen Synthesemethoden ihre Rolle in komplexen lebenden Systemen aufzuklären. Die große Anwendungsbreite dieses reaktionsgetriebenen Ansatzes erleichtert den Einsatz auf Plattformen für die Bildgebung, von Fluoreszenz und Lumineszenz über Photoakustik und Magnetresonanz bis zur PET. Der Einsatz von ABS‐Methoden wird auch auf weitere Felder ausgeweitet, z. B. für die Suche nach Wirkstoffen und Materialien.
Mo2C‐Derived Polyoxometalate for NIR‐II Photoacoustic Imaging‐Guided Chemodynamic/Photothermal Synergistic Therapy
Authors: Liu Gongyuan , Zhu Jiawei , Guo Heng , Sun Aihui , Chen Peng , Xi Lei , Huang Wei , Song Xuejiao , Dong Xiaochen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTo overcome the current limitations of chemodynamic therapy (CDT), a Mo2C‐derived polyoxometalate (POM) is readily synthesized as a new CDT agent. It permits synergistic chemodynamic and photothermal therapy operating in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) biological transparent window for deep tissue penetration. POM aggregated in an acidic tumor micro‐environment (TME) whereby enables specific tumor targeting. In addition to the strong ability to produce singlet oxygen (1O2) presumably via Russell mechanism, its excellent photothermal conversion enhances the CDT effect, offers additional tumor ablation modality, and permits NIR‐II photoacoustic imaging. Benefitting from the reversible redox property of molybdenum, the theranostics based on POM can escape from the antioxidant defense system. Moreover, combining the specific responsiveness to TME and localized laser irradiation, side‐effects shall be largely avoided.
Nanostructured Carbon Based Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media
Authors: Lei Chaojun , Lyu Siliu , Si Jincheng , Yang Bin , Li Zhongjian , Lei Lecheng , Wen Zhenhai , Wu Gang , Hou Yang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDevelopment of cost‐effective and highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts has become a vital project of renewable energy technologies. The OER is critical for a variety of electrochemical energy devices such as water electrolyzers, metal‐air batteries, CO2 reduction, and electrosynthesis of ammonia. Compared to extensively studied metal oxide catalysts, graphitized carbon catalysts have been newly emerged as promising OER catalysts especially in less corrosive alkaline media, due to their low cost, high electrical conductivity, unique physicochemical properties, and excellent electrocatalytic performances. In this review, we discussed recent advances in nanostructured carbon electrocatalysts. At first, metal‐free OER carbon electrocatalysts including single‐ and multi‐heteroatom doping and edge‐ and defect‐rich defects are introduced. Then, transition metal and heteroatom co‐doped nanocarbons are summarized including Co−N−C, Ni−N−C, and Fe‐N−C. In addition, carbon based hybrid electrocatalysts are highlighted, which include carbon based transition metal nitrides (TMNx), sulfides (TMSx), and selenides (TMSex), and phosphides (TMPx). Finally, current challenges and perspective for future research on carbon‐based OER catalysts are outlined.
The use of aliskiren as an antifibrotic drug in experimental models: A systematic review
Authors: Altarejo Marin Thainá , Machado Bertassoli Bruno , Alves de Siqueira de Carvalho Alzira , Feder David 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAliskiren is an oral antihypertensive medication that acts by directly inhibiting renin. High levels of circulating renin and prorenin activate the pathological signaling pathway of fibrosis. This drug also reduces oxidative stress. Thus, the aim of this systematic review is to analyze experimental studies that show the actions of aliskiren on fibrosis. PubMed and LILACS databases were consulted using the keywords aliskiren and fibrosis within the period between 2005 and 2017. Fifty‐three articles were analyzed. In the heart, aliskiren attenuated remodeling, hypertrophy, inflammatory cytokines, collagen deposition, and oxidative stress. In the kidneys, there was a reduction in interstitial fibrosis, the infiltration of inflammatory cells, apoptosis, proteinuria, and in the recruitment of macrophages. In diabetic models, an improvement in the albumin/creatinine relationship and in the insulin pathway in skeletal muscles was observed; aliskiren was beneficial to pancreatic function and glucose tolerance. In the liver, aliskiren reduced fibrosis, steatosis, inflammatory cytokines, and collagen deposition. In the lung and peritoneal tissues, there was a reduction in fibrosis. Many studies have reported on the beneficial effects of aliskiren on endothelial function and arterial rigidity. A reduction in fibrosis in different organs is cited by many authors, which complies with the results found in this review. However, studies diverge on the use of the drug in diabetic patients. Aliskiren has antifibrotic potential in several experimental models, interfering with the levels of fibrogenic cytokines and oxidative stress. Therefore, its use in diseases in which fibrosis plays an important pathophysiological role is suggested.
Raising young with limited resources: supplementation improves body condition and advances fledging of Canada Jays
Authors: Freeman Nikole E. , Norris D. Ryan , Sutton Alex O. , Newman Amy E. M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFood availability early in life can play a vital role in an individual's development and success, but experimental evidence for the direct effects of food on body condition, physiology, and survival of young animals in the wild is still relatively scarce. Food‐caching Canada Jays (Perisoreus canadensis) begin breeding in the late winter and, therefore, rely on either cached food or seemingly limited quantities of fresh food to feed nestlings in the early spring. Using a 2‐yr food supplementation experiment conducted during the nestling period and 40 yr of observational data on food supplemented by the public, we examined whether food quantity during early life influenced the physiology, body condition, timing of fledging, and survival of young Canada Jays in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. Experimental food supplementation of breeding pairs advanced the fledging date of young by 24% (5.5 d) compared to controls. In 1 yr of the experiment, nestlings raised on experimentally supplemented territories had lower feather corticosterone concentrations and were in higher body condition than controls. Across treatment and control nests, young that successfully fledged had lower concentrations of feather corticosterone and were in higher body condition than those that did not fledge. Based on 40 yr of observational data, nestling body condition was positively related to the degree of food supplementation by park visitors and nestlings in higher body condition were more likely to be observed in the population in the following fall. Our results demonstrate how food availability early in life can have important downstream consequences on metrics related to individual fitness, including first year survival.