bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plankton community responses to pulsed upwelling events in the southern Taiwan Strait
Authors: Zhong Yanping , Hu Jun , Laws Edward A , Liu Xin , Chen Jixin , Huang Bangqin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe used field observations (mapping and time-series observations) and satellite data to investigate the changes of environmental factors and plankton community structure during four pulsed upwelling events in the southern Taiwan Strait (STWS) during August 2004 and July 2005. Based on the surface temperature, salinity, and concentrations of nitrate, oxygen, and chlorophyll a (Chl a), we identified three stages of upwelling: recent, mature, and aged upwelled water. Diatoms and Synechococcus dominated during the first two and third stages of the upwelling, respectively. In recently upwelled water, phytoplankton grew rapidly, and nutrient concentrations were relatively high. Diatoms accounted for &gt;69% of the total Chl a in recently upwelled and mature water. As the upwelled water aged, the phytoplankton community shifted to coexistence of diatoms and Synechococcus. The microzooplankton community was dominated by aloricate ciliates and tintinnids during upwelling, but the abundance of heterotrophic dinoflagellates increased as the upwelled water matured. Microzooplankton grazing reached a maximum during the mature stage and approximately balanced phytoplankton growth in aged, upwelled water. Overall, our study revealed rapid changes in the plankton community during the different stages of upwelling that reflected the complex and dynamic nature of upwelling systems.
The Supervision (or Not) of the 1969 OAU Refugee Convention
Authors: Sharpe Marina 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This article covers the supervision of the 1969 Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (1969 Convention). It begins by defining treaty supervision and describing key understandings of it in the international refugee law literature. These are then harnessed to create a model of supervision (the Supervisory Model) to frame the ensuing discussion. How the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees is supervised is presented within this Supervisory Model, by way of background. The article then moves on to its principal focus, beginning with an overview of the calls for, and claims regarding, supervision of the 1969 Convention. The need for supervision is then established based on two principal elements. First, the 1969 Convention’s incomplete implementation in States parties to the treaty, in both refugee status determination and in relation to rights guaranteed by the instrument. Secondly, existing bodies with quasi-supervisory or supervisory mandates – the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees – are not effectively redressing such implementation deficiencies. With the need for supervision established, a new supervisory mechanism is proposed and the procedural options to create it are outlined.
Longitudinal Change of Body Mass Index Is Associated With Alanine Aminotransferase Elevation After Complete Viral Suppression in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients
Authors: Wang Kaifeng , Lin Weiyin , Kuang Zhe , Fan Rong , Liang Xieer , Peng Jie , Guo Yabing , Chen Jinjun , Liu Zhihong , Hu Xiaoyun , Wu Yaobo , Shen Sheng , Sun Jian , Hou Jinlin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Little is known about cause and intervention for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation after complete viral suppression in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB).

Methods
In this prospective cohort study, patients with CHB who were treated with nucleos(t)ide analogs and maintained undetectable levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for at least 6 months were enrolled. Patients were followed up at 6-month intervals, and anthropometric, biochemical, and virological assessments were performed.

Results
Of 1965 patients with median follow-up of 18.36 months, one third of patients experienced ALT elevation. Baseline high body mass index ([BMI] defined as ≥25 kg/m2), younger age, and liver cirrhosis independently increased the risk of longitudinal ALT elevation. At the end of follow-up, 89 (4.8%) patients reverted to low BMI, and 92 (5.0%) developed to high BMI. Compared with persistent high BMI, reversion to low BMI reduced the risk of ALT elevation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19–0.77); compared with persistent low BMI, onset of high BMI increased the risk of ALT elevation (aOR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.02–3.11).

Conclusions
High BMI is an independent predictor for ALT elevation after complete HBV DNA suppression. Improvement of BMI may have a beneficial effect on ALT normalization and even long-term outcomes.
Evaluating the impact of a hospital scale-up phase of a quality improvement intervention in Ghana on mortality for children under five
Authors: Singh Kavita , Speizer Ilene , Barker Pierre M , Agyeman-Duah Josephine Nana Afrakoma , Agula Justina , Akpakli Jonas Kofi , Akparibo Salomey , Dasoberi Ireneous N , Kanyoke Ernest , Steenwijk Johanna Hermina , Yabang Elma , Twum-Danso Nana A Y , Sodzi-Tettey Sodzi 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the scale-up phase of a national quality improvement initiative across hospitals in Southern Ghana.

Design
This evaluation used a comparison of pre- and post-intervention means to assess changes in outcomes over time. Multivariable interrupted time series analyses were performed to determine whether change categories (interventions) tested were associated with improvements in the outcomes.

Setting
Hospitals in Southern Ghana

Participants
The data sources were monthly outcome data from intervention hospitals along with program records.

Intervention
The project used a quality improvement approach whereby process failures were identified by health staff and process changes were implemented in hospitals and their corresponding communities. The three change categories were: timely care-seeking, prompt provision of care and adherence to protocols.

Main outcome measures
Facility-level neonatal mortality, facility-level postneonatal infant mortality and facility-level postneonatal under-five mortality.

Results
There were significant improvements for two outcomes from the pre-intervention to the post-intervention phase. Postneonatal infant mortality dropped from 44.3 to 21.1 postneonatal infant deaths per 1000 admissions, while postneonatal under-five mortality fell from 23.1 to 11.8 postneonatal under-five deaths per 1000 admissions. The multivariable interrupted time series analysis indicated that over the long-term the prompt provision of care change category was significantly associated with reduced postneonatal under five mortality (β = −0.0024, 95% CI −0.0051, 0.0003, P < 0.10).

Conclusions
The reduced postneonatal under-five mortality achieved in this project gives support to the promotion of quality improvement as a means to achieve health impacts at scale.
Developing a university-accredited Lean Six Sigma curriculum to overcome system blindness
Authors: McNamara Martin , Teeling SeÁn Paul 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper discusses the development of a Lean Six Sigma (LSS) postgraduate education programme that has enabled the delivery of over 90 quality improvement projects led by its graduates across 50 healthcare organizations in Ireland. A key success factor in embedding and sustaining LSS in these organizations was the accreditation by a major, national, research-intensive university of the LSS education programme from which the students graduated. To ensure the programme’s approval by the university it was necessary to contextualize LSS within established conceptual frameworks. This helped counter misconceptions that what was proposed was technical training in tools and techniques to provide quick fixes for routine healthcare process issues. Two related conceptual frameworks were selected to frame the curriculum: Senge’s Fifth Discipline and Deming’s System of Profound Knowledge. This paper focuses on how a central element of both frameworks, systems thinking or appreciation for a system, was enacted in the curriculum using Oshry’s work on system blindness. Showing how systems thinking was conceptualized in the curriculum established the legitimacy and credibility of the programme within academia. This led to the approval of the first university-accredited graduate programme in LSS for healthcare in Ireland.
Ecomorphology of Neotropical Electric Fishes: An Integrative Approach to Testing the Relationships between Form, Function, and Trophic Ecology
Authors: Evans K M , Kim L Y , Schubert B A , Albert J S 
Published: July 2019

SynopsisThe relationship between form and function is thought to play an integral role in structuring broad-scale patterns of morphological evolution and resource utilization. In ecomorphological studies, mechanical performance is widely understood to constrain the evolution of form and function. However, the relationship between form, function, and resource utilization is less clear. Additionally, seasonal fluctuations in resource availability may further complicate patterns of resource use. How organisms cope with these complexities, and the effect of these factors on broadscale patterns of morphological evolution is also poorly understood. Here we use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics, biomechanics, stable isotope analysis, and gut-content analysis to study trophic evolution in a clade of riverine-adapted electric fishes from a region with high seasonal variability; the Amazon River. We find significant and phylogenetically structured relationships among measures of trophic ecology and skull shape. We also recover a significant relationship between the mechanical advantage of the mandible and trophic position, where species feeding at higher trophic levels have narrower jaws with lower mechanical advantages, and species feeding at lower trophic levels have deeper jaws with higher mechanical advantages. Our results indicate that selection is driving the evolution of mandible shape and performance toward specialization on different trophic ecologies.
Administration of Tumescence in Pediatric Burn Patients Causes Significant Hypertension
Authors: Weis Holly B , Meinhardt Kyle E , Minhajuddin Abu , Viroslav Hannah , Colletti Meaghan , Weis Joshua J , Taveras Luis R , Madni Tarik D , Imran Jonathan B , Clark Audra T , Pickett Maryanne L , Phelan Herb A , Ambardekar Aditee P 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe effects of injecting tumescence containing phenylephrine in pediatric burn patients are unknown, but anecdotally our clinicians note a high incidence of hypertension requiring treatment. This study sought to determine whether tumescence with phenylephrine was associated with hypertension requiring treatment in our pediatric burn patients. This was a retrospective cohort study of pediatric burn patients who underwent tangential excision with split-thickness autografting, excision alone, or autografting alone from 2013 to 2017. Records were reviewed for hypertensive episodes, defined as ≥2 consecutive blood pressure readings that were >2 SD above normal. Published intraoperative age- and sex-adjusted standards were used to define reference values. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used when appropriate. In total, 258 operations were evaluated. Mean patient age was 7.6 ± 5.2 years, and 64.7% were male. Patients were predominately white (69.8%). Overall, there was a 62.8% incidence of hypertension. On univariate logistic regression analysis, duration of operation, estimated blood loss, treated TBSA, and weight-adjusted volume of tumescence were significant predictors of intraoperative hypertension (P < .01). On multivariate analysis, weight-adjusted volume of tumescence alone was significantly associated with the presence of hypertension with an odds ratio of 2.0 (95% confidence interval: 1.33–3.04). Of the 162 operations which exhibited at least one episode of significant hypertension, 128 cases (79%) were treated. Intraoperative administration of phenylephrine-containing tumescence in pediatric burn patients is associated with clinically significant hypertension requiring treatment. This practice should be conducted with caution in pediatric burn operations until its clinical implications are defined.
Mechanisms by Which Obesity Impacts Survival from Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Orgel Etan , Sea Jessica L , Mittelman Steven D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has steadily risen over the past decades, even doubling in more than 70 countries. High levels of body fat (adiposity) and obesity are associated with endocrine and hormonal dysregulation, cardiovascular compromise, hepatic dysfunction, pancreatitis, changes in drug metabolism and clearance, inflammation, and metabolic stress. It is thus unsurprising that obesity can affect the development of and survival from a wide variety of malignancies. This review focuses on acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most common malignancy in children, to explore the multiple mechanisms connecting acute lymphoblastic leukemia, obesity, and adipocytes, and the implications for leukemia therapy.
Transnational Public Policy as an International Practice in Investment Arbitration
Authors: Marcoux Jean-Michel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
International investment arbitration tribunals have used the doctrine of transnational public policy to prevent claimants whose investments are tainted with illegality from obtaining redress. Whereas tribunals generally have the authority to apply transnational public policy when deciding a claim, they have often assumed rather than demonstrated the obligation for foreign investors to comply with the doctrine. This article proposes an interdisciplinary account that draws upon ‘international practices’ in International Relations theory to understand the normative pull toward this obligation. It does so by shedding light on tribunals’ general lack of consideration for a proper legal basis to impose an obligation on foreign investors to comply with transnational public policy. It then suggests that the normativity of the doctrine primarily rests on a practice that is reproduced and reinforced by tribunals themselves. Understanding transnational public policy as an international practice ultimately illustrates the role of tribunals to reform international investment law.
The Role of the United Nations in Promoting Transparency in the International Treaty Framework
Authors: Agar Jonathan , Mobech Christel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the role played by the United Nations in promoting transparency in the international treaty framework, as mandated under Article 102 of the Charter on the registration and publication of treaties. Beginning with an exploration of the historical origins of Article 102, an overview is provided of the role played by the different organs of the Organization in the registration and publication process. Drawing on the thousands of entries in the UN electronic treaty database, as well as the practice of the Secretariat of the United Nations in exercising its functions under Article 102, the chapter further explores some key trends in global treaty-making activity. Finally, consideration is given to the challenges faced by the Organization in realizing the aims of Article 102 and how the registration and publication process could be reinvigorated through action by member states in the General Assembly.
Comparative Environmental Law
Authors: Viñuales Jorge E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis volume examines the building blocks of environmental law across different jurisdictions. More specifically, it provides a cartography of environmental law, with a focus on its underlying logic, main arrangements and their variations, and how it is embedded within the broader legal arrangements developed to tackle other questions. In this context, this preliminary chapter provides an overview of the comparative method as it applies to the overall research project leading to the present volume. It discusses descriptive and evolutionary approaches, the conceptual approach, the functionalist approach, the factual approach, legal formants, the contextualist approach, and legal transplants. It then considers a range of methodologies proposed by comparative law experts, including the bottom-up functionalism and top-down functionalism, before explaining the methodology used for the organization of this book. The chapter concludes by summarizing a tentative structure of comparative environmental law as a single overall technology.
People’s Republic of China
Authors: Wang Xi 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the environmental law system of the People’s Republic of China. It first provides an overview of the allocation of powers within the Chinese system as regards environmental protection, taking into account the relevant constitutional provisions for environmental governance. In particular, it discusses China’s political system and powers relating to environmental legislation, law enforcement inspection, oversight of government work, review and approval of governmental budgets for environmental protection, and appointment and dismissal of governmental officials involved in environmental protection. The chapter goes on to consider the structure and substance of China’s environmental law before turning to the implementation of the environmental law framework, placing emphasis on the role of administrative institutions and judicial organization relating to environmental protection. Finally, it analyses the process of environmental governance in China by the IPPEP Model, a conceptual model that describes the Interactions of Parties in Process of Environmental Protection (IPPEP).
Environmental Law and Private Law
Authors: Howarth David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between environmental law and private law. It first explains what private law is before discussing two aspects of the relationship between environmental law and private law: private law as environmental law and environmental law in private law. The chapter shows how private law can act as environmental law in three distinct ways: it can facilitate agreements protective of the environment, grant rights to prevent or to demand compensation for environmental harm, and refuse to facilitate agreements that harm the environment. Actionable damage, conditions of liability, causation, remedies, particular problems of climate change litigation, and refusal to enforce environmentally damaging agreements are also discussed. The chapter concludes with an analysis of two dimensions of environmental law in private law: environmental crimes as the basis of private law actions and environmental regulatory compliance as a defence in private law actions.
The discovery of weak coherent pulsations in the ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 1313 X-2
Authors: Sathyaprakash R , Roberts T P , Walton D J , Fuerst F , Bachetti M , Pinto C , Alston W N , Earnshaw H P , Fabian A C , Middleton M J , Soria R 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We report the detection of weak pulsations from the archetypal ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) NGC 1313 X-2. Acceleration searches reveal sinusoidal pulsations in segments of two out of six new deep observations of this object, with a period of ∼1.5 s and a pulsed fraction of ${\sim } 5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. We use Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate that the individual detections are unlikely to originate in false Poisson noise detections given their very close frequencies; their strong similarity to other pulsations detected from ULXs also argues they are real. The presence of a large bubble nebula surrounding NGC 1313 X-2 implies an age of order 1 Myr for the accreting phase of the ULX, which implies that the neutron star’s (NS) magnetic field has not been suppressed over time by accreted material, nor has the NS collapsed into a black hole, despite an average energy output into the nebula two orders of magnitude above Eddington. This argues that most of the accreted material has been expelled over the lifetime of the ULX, favouring physical models including strong winds and/or jets for NS ULXs.
Do evolved stars in the LMC show dual dust chemistry?
Authors: Marini E , Dell’Agli F , García-Hernández D A , Groenewegen M A T , Puccetti S , Ventura P , Villaver E 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTWe study a group of evolved M-stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud, characterized by a peculiar spectral energy distribution. While the 9.7 $\mu$m feature arises from silicate particles, the whole infrared data seem to suggest the presence of an additional featureless dust species. We propose that the circumstellar envelopes of these sources are characterized by a dual dust chemistry, with an internal region, harbouring carbonaceous particles, and an external zone, populated by silicate, iron, and alumina dust grains. Based on the comparison with results from stellar modelling that describe the dust formation process, we deduce that these stars descend from low-mass (M &lt; 2 M⊙) objects, formed 1–4 Gyr ago, currently evolving either in the post-AGB phase or through an after-pulse phase, when the shell CNO nuclear activity is temporarily extinguished. Possible observations able to confirm or disregard the present hypothesis are discussed.
What Is Cultural Fit?
Authors: Mobasseri Sanaz , Goldberg Amir , Srivastava Sameer B. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
How people fit into social groups is a core topic of investigation across multiple sociological subfields, including education, immigration, and organizations. In this chapter, we synthesize findings from these literatures to develop an overarching framework for conceptualizing and measuring the level of cultural fit and the dynamics of enculturation between individuals and social groups. We distinguish between the cognitive and behavioral dimensions of fitting in, which previous work has tended to either examine in isolation or to conflate. Reviewing the literature through this lens enables us to identify the strengths and limitations of unitary—that is, primarily cognitive or primarily behavioral—approaches to studying cultural fit. In contrast, we develop a theoretical framework that integrates the two perspectives and highlights the value of considering their interplay over time. We then identify promising theoretical pathways that can link the two dimensions of cultural fit. We conclude by discussing the implications of pursuing these conceptual routes for research methods and provide some illustrative examples of such work.
Cultural Blind Spots and Blind Fields
Authors: Friedman Asia 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter elaborates the concept of cultural blind spots, which are social patterns of inattention. Both sensory and cognitive forms of selective attention are foundational mechanisms of the social construction process. Despite this, and despite the presence of the unattended in social life as a consistent but often implicit theme in social theory, cultural blind spots have never previously been explicitly theorized. Nonetheless, there is a rich conceptual foundation for a social theory of blind spots in research establishing thinking and perceiving as sociocultural processes, as well as in studies of everyday life and the taken for granted. A synthesis of this theoretical background suggests two different cognitive processes that create blind spots—focusing and habituation—each with a slightly different structure of attention and relationship to power, normativity, and the unmarked. Despite these differences, both types of blind spots provide insight into social construction as a process of excluding information, and both suggest analytic strategies for revealing the previously inattended. Key strategies discussed include adopting mindsets conducive to deautomatization and defamiliarization and analytically creating attentional shifts through reversing, marking the unmarked, filter analysis, and multisensory research.