bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CFD study with consideration of the surrounding buildings using a through-wall unit air conditioning system
Authors: Kubo Hirotaka , Tsukami Shiro , Icinose Masayuki , Kato Takaya 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In order to select the operation patterns of a through-wall unit (TWU) according to the air conditioning needs of the ocupants, it is necessary to confirm the indoor thermal environment and natural ventilation effects by the operation patterns. CFD analysis was performed utilizing Building Information Modeling (BIM) and the outdoor fan characteristics of a TWU by a full-scale performance experiments. It was confirmed that the airside economizer mode using the outdoor fan on an improved TWU supplies a sufficient ventilation rate of about 4.5 ACPH to the office and it can provide a good indoor thermal environment during no wind conditions. In addition, CFD analysis using the night-time cool breeze mode with consideration of the surrounding buildings was conducted. As a whole, a good indoor environment of about 26 to 27°C could be obtained with about 3 ACPH ventilation and a cool breeze effect. It was confirmed that by conducting precise analysis on the whole building, a stable effect was obtained, regardless of the difference in building height and wind direction.
Influence of air leakage from building façade on the energy efficiency of air conditioning system in Tropic Asia
Authors: Mabuchi Yukiko , Ichinose Masayuki , Chaloeytoy Kittiwoot , Yamauchi Ro 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Many buildings are being built in Southeast Asian cities due to rapid economic growth. Because large-scale buildings, such as office buildings, in particular, consume a large amount of energy, it is essential to construct environmental buildings for global climate change. Despite the improving airtight performance of building envelopes for effective energy saving, almost no research regarding them in Southeast Asia is done at present. Therefore, this paper aims to determine the current state of energy conservation effects of office buildings in Asian cities. This research adopts on-site measurement and energy-simulation methods to evaluate the sealing performance of the office building envelope in Bangkok, Hanoi, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taipei. In the field survey, the CO2 leakage rate from the building envelope, covered with a vinyl cloth, is investigated using the tracer gas method. In addition, air quality, internal and external differential pressure, and energy consumption are measured. Furthermore, indoor environmental quality such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, CO2 density, clo value and MRT are measured. The evaluation of the energy conservation performance of the target buildings is multifaceted. In the energy simulation part of this study, actual data are used with simulation software to calculate the energy performance of the heating and cooling load. This research is focused on energy conservation in Hanoi because the amount of air leakage was higher there than the other cities in Tropical Asia. Furthermore, we verified how much of the energy conservation is realized by changing the performance of the air leakage in the model. This paper discusses the current situation of Asian buildings in terms of the results and suggests an appropriate energy conservation model for Asian tropical office buildings.
Development of Urban Timber Buildings using Glued Laminated Timber having Fire Resistance
Authors: Miyazaki K , Matsuzaki H 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In Japan med- and high-rise timber buildings have started to spread in urban areas, based on the building regulations that differ from those in Europe, the cost of timber materials, and the culture for use of timber. It is considered that the use of timber materials in med- and high-rise buildings in urban areas is essential for the environmental and economic sustainability of Japan, which is a major forest country, so we are promoting the development of technologies for use of timber materials in buildings. There are 15 projects in which the fire resistant glulam materials and CLT that satisfy Japan’s fireproof standards have been applied, including those currently being designed.
Design, decision-making and trade-offs in the Centre for Sustainable Development (La Maison du développement durable) in Canada
Authors: Oliver A , Leoto R , Lizzaralde G , Petter A M , Roy N 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In order to fight climate change and reduce carbon emissions, professionals in the construction sector often strive for optimal mechanical / technical solutions and assume that a “best” solution exists at a given time and in a given place. But what happens in sustainable building projects when different sustainability or project objectives run at odds with one another? The Maison du développement durable or Centre for Sustainable Development (CSD) – a LEED platinum certified building — is recognized as one of the most sustainable buildings in Canada. This mixed-use building, conceived to be a social and environmental hub in downtown Montreal, houses 3000 m2 of office space and conference rooms. The design included a series of innovations, such as a five-storey biofiltering wall and an under-floor air delivery system. In 2018, the Fayolle-Magil Construction Research Chair in Architecture, the Building Sector and Sustainability from Université de Montréal and the Canadian NGO Équiterre partnered to conduct a post-occupancy evaluation (POE) of the MDD. The study focused on six functional and architectural aspects of the MDD and involved analyzing 12 integrated design workshops, dozens of project documents, and specifically gathering new data. The results show that finding what is “best” is not what happened in reality. Instead, professionals were required to make a series of trade-offs in decision-making. Some examples of these tradeoffs include: adaptability vs. cost, air quality vs. energy performance, shared spaces vs. building floorplate efficiency, and innovation in the design phase vs. long-term operations. This paper shows that tradeoffs adopted during the design phase impacted the MDD’s performance. The results of this study are not only valuable to the project’s partners, but also to the construction industry in general, offering insight into design compromises in sustainable office buildings.
“Embodied and Operational Carbon of Typical Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems in Office Buildings in Washington State: A study of buildings registered under LEED v3 2009”
Authors: Rodriguez BX , Amany L , Simonen K 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems contribute significantly to operational energy and CO2e emissions during the service life of office buildings. Over the last decade, stringent energy codes have enabled the introduction of new HVAC technologies to reduce operational CO2e emissions. However, life cycle carbon emissions of buildings are odivided into operational carbon (OC) and embodied carbon (EC). Operational carbon are the CO2e emissions generated from the burning of fossil fuels used to heat, cool and power the building space during its service life, while EC encompasses the CO2e emissions equivalent to producing, procuring, installing, mantaining, repairing and disposing of the materials and components that make up the building. Over the last decade, broad efforts have improved the understanding of the role that HVAC system selection play in overall OC, nevertheless, EC of HVAC has remained unexamined This paper aims to identify typical HVAC systems used in office building design in Washington State and explore the effects of current practice on total energy use, operational and embodied CO2e. The study sample is composed of twenty office buildings in Washington State registered under the LEED v3 2009 version, from which 15 have obtained LEED certification in the last two years. The projects are registered under the New Construction (NC), Core and Shell (CS), Existing Buildings and Operation and Maintenance (EB:OM) and Commercial Interiors (CI) products and comply with the requirements established in the ASHRAE 90.1-2007 energy standard. The results show that typical HVAC system selection is often a combination of different technologies for ventilation, heating and cooling, and that in general: smaller buildings tend to incorporate high efficiency packaged units while medium and large size buildings typically rely on High Performance Variable Air Volume (HPVAV) systems or hydronic systems such as chilled beams and water source heat pumps (WSHP). The results also indicate that data available through the LEED v3 2009 documentation system on embodied carbon of the mechanical systems is limited and that simplified methods to assess embodied carbon of HVAC are needed in order to integrate EC into whole life assessment of Mechanical Systems.
Approachable ZEB (Zero Energy Building) (Part.2) - ZEB for Everyone -
Authors: Shiraishi K , Ishibashi R 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In addition to policy target in Japan (ZEB (Zero Energy Building) is scheduled for new buildings on the average by 2030), the efforts to decarbonize corporate activities are accelerated and private needs of ZEB is growing after Paris Agreement. On the other hand, most of owners tend to be careful to invest in ZEB due to high cost to realize ZEB in general. With above background, we’re promoting ZEBs at the same cost as general buildings and have designed and built “Office-TS and Office-AI” as model projects of ZEB to meet such private needs of ZEB. Based on our policy to provide ZEB with a lot of owners by reasonable cost, economically ZEBs are realized with design of both comfort and ecology by optimum combination of general technologies with excellent cost –performance. Currently in general, most of other existing ZEBs are the demonstration projects implemented by Design or Construction Companies, therefore, it is very advanced examples to provide ZEBs with general private clients. “Approachable ZEB” which can be realized economically will contribute sustainable corporate activities of many owners and sustainable social foundation. In below actual two “Approachable ZEB” projects are introduce; Office-TS has set an energy-saving target of <Nearly ZEB > (more than 75% energy saving) and Office-AI <ZEB Ready> (more than 50% energy saving). Both are realized with the general technologies also with the same cost level as other general non-ZEB projects.
Approachable ZEB (Zero Energy Building) (Part 1) - Current situation of our latest projects for ZEB -
Authors: Takai Hiroaki , Hirai Masako , Ishiguro Takeshi , Kojima Fukuo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We introduce the outline of the ZEB buildings we designed. Then, we analyse the plots on the ZEB chart, the completion year, the building type, the characteristics of these building, and the possibility of realizable ZEB, etc. And we mention the planning method to achieve ZEB Ready, and Nearly ZEB with less cost. And in this report, the breakdowns of reduction rates with reference to the standard energy consumption are described in figures of energy indicator in all these ZEB ready to Net ZEB projects. Such descriptions are also rare in WSBEC. Also, it seems that there is little description in WSBEC that refers to the relationship between the increase in investment costs and the reduction in energy costs. Taking care of the the clients, we do not mention in this report, but we will make oral comments at the oral presentation.
A study toward the realization of net zero energy building in urban areas
Authors: Tanaka Takuya 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we report the results of an empirical study on an urban ZEB pilot building constructed in May 2014. The objectives of the research are to develop individual elemental technologies for ZEB and to demonstrate the energy of the entire building. In order to realize and popularize urban ZEB, we have developed and demonstrated a facade design that makes maximum use of the outer walls of buildings, a lighting system that utilizes a skeleton ceiling made of reverse beams, and a core radiation heating and cooling system. As a result of the demonstration while actually operating it as an office building, PEB was achieved with an annual energy balance of 43 [MJ/m2a], energy consumption : 437 [MJ/m2a], energy generation : 480 [MJ/m2a]. In addition, we will report the results of the demonstration on the characteristics such as peak power of buildings obtained through the operation and future problems such as reduction of standby power. As a result of this demonstration, it was possible to extract elemental technology necessary for realization of ZEB in urban areas, building scale, future problems, etc.
Analysis of Heat Accommodation Effect in District Heating and Cooling Systems
Authors: Inoshita Y , Sumiyoshi D , Akashi Y , Kitora H 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate a method to improve the efficiency of heat source systems in two buildings by heat accommodation of cold/hot water between two facilities, and to clarify the energy saving effect. In this report, measured value analysis and simulation on the representative days are carried out. Heat source systems in two buildings located east and west across a road are targeted as the east district system and west district system. Overall, the equipment in the west area has better performance. First, the heat accommodation effect was verified by a measured values analysis. The analysis was carried out by comparing the representative days. Improvement of the east district SCOP was seen when remitting cold heat from the east district to the west district. In addition, it was confirmed that the heat recovery heat pump was operated by remitting hot water from the west district to the east district, and total SCOP of both districts improved. Next, efficiency is analyzed using a simulation model. We conducted a simulation to shift the load of each district and examined effective heat accommodation control. As a result of the simulation on the representative day, by remitting the load in the west district to the east district during the night and remitting the load in the east district to the west district during the day, heat recovery heat pump in the west district operated more, and the total SCOP of both districts improved. Examination by the measured value analysis and simulation showed that control to operate heat recovery heat pumps in the west area more is effective.
Detecting Anomalous Energy Consumption from Profiles
Authors: Abe Hiroto , Bogaki Kazuaki , Rijal H.B. , Sugiyama Mahito 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Controlling and reducing electric energy consumption is a critical issue across all over the countries for human wellbeing. However, approaches to achieve energy consumption reduction of individual occupants have not been established yet as both problems of collecting a large amount data of energy consumption and constructing prediction models are challenging. Here we show a case-study of energy consumption analysis, in which households with anomalous energy consumption can be completely detected using a questionnaire about their profiles without seeing actual energy consumption. Our approach is based on simple data mining techniques of outlier detection and decision trees, hence it can be easily implemented in the condominium housing market.
Refurbishment of UK school buildings: Challenges of improving energy performance using BIM
Authors: Al Bunni Asem , Shayesteh Homeira 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
UK Schools are part of the existing buildings whose operational carbon must be reduced to meet the government target of reducing carbon emissions to 80% by 2050. State funding for refurbishment is the most feasible option using two routes: Condition Improvement Fund (CIF) which is restricted to improving the physical aspects of school facilities; and Salix Energy Efficiency Fund (SEEF) aimed at energy/equipment retrofit measures. Although the use of BIM technology (underpinned by the government soft-landing (GSL) framework) together with the use of energy modelling/simulation tools have become integral to making buildings more energy efficient, they are constrained by lack of adoption. This study used primary and secondary data to investigate the effectiveness of contemporary BIM and energy simulation technologies in refurbishment of existing school buildings. Secondary data collected from 10 case studies of schools that benefitted from SEEF was supported by primary data from survey questionnaire of 126 professionals involved in refurbishment. Results showed that: (a) CIF and SEEF ought to operate in synergy due to the interaction of a building’s physical envelope with heat transfer and energy used by equipment and systems; (b) refurbishment professionals are not fully adopting BIM which in turn affects managing the buildings in their operational phase; and (c) some schools are not getting technical advice on how to optimise the funds they receive from SEEF leading to non-optimal investment. Recommendations provided include: extensive training on BIM and GSL to heads of schools; upskilling of professionals on using building pathology techniques that are compatible with BIM together with COBie and NBS Toolkit; advise government agencies to reconcile the purpose of CIF and SEEF for carbon reduction solution in schools.
Development of Single and Combined Fan-Use Models in Japanese Dwellings
Authors: Imagawa H , Rijal H B , Shukuya M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thermal adjustment is one of the most important behaviours. In daily life, we use some behavioural adjustments for thermal comfort. Especially, fan use is most common adaptive behaviour for the active thermal adjustments. The occupant behaviour stochastic models were proposed by some previous studies. However, the relative proportion of each behaviour has not yet been fully understand. It is important to estimate the proportion of each behaviour relatively because the selection of abehaviour is determined in relation to each others. In our previous study, the stochastic models of window opening/closed, cooling and heating use were integrated to one model. The integrated fan use model is useful for understanding the occupant behaviour. The objective of this research is to clarify the fan use in relation to the window opening and cooling use. The occupant behaviour surveys were conducted in 120 dwellings during a four-year period in Kanto region of Japan. From this survey, we have collected 36, 114 responses. The major findings are: 1) The proportion of fan use was highest in summer; 2) The stochastic model of fan use was explained by outdoor air temperature, and the combined stochastic model of “fan use” and “window opening or cooling use” were also developed; and 3) The proportion of “combined fan use” was higher than that of “fan single use”. The results indicated that the residents use the fan together with some other thermal adjustments. The knowledge of this research, as the next step of research, will be implemented in building thermal simulation.
Analysis of electricity usage habits based on electricity and hot water supply demand detail measurement of 10 houses
Authors: Kihara M , Ikegami T , Sumiyoshi D , Choi Y , Yamamoto T , Ogino T 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In recent years, energy-generating devices such as residential use fuel cell cogeneration systems (FCCGS) have been spreading. A solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC), which is a type of FCCGS, determines the amount of power generation and power generation time according to the demand for electricity and hot water supply in houses. Therefore, residents’ lifestyle influences a PEFC’s load following speed and efficiency. However, there are few actual surveys of household electricity and hot water supply demand, and we haven’t fully grasped factors that affect them. Therefore, we aim to acquire home electricity and hot water usage habits that affect PEFC operation by measuring detailed electricity and hot water supply demand in 10 houses in Japan. In addition, we also conducted a questionnaire survey for the households and analysed the influence of resident’s behaviour on demand for electricity and hot water supply. We can’t see instantaneous changes in the amount of PEFC generated based on hourly data, so we measured the electricity consumption of the entire house and the electricity consumption and hot water consumption of each household appliance every 2 seconds. In this report, we analysed the usage habits of home appliances.
Appropriate indoor environment for southeast asian people; physiological and psychological responses to humidity
Authors: Kawakami R , Hasebe H 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to verify the necessity to control indoor humidity in Southeast Asia, while the setting temperature of indoor air is increased for energy-saving. Therefore, physiological and psychological responses to ambient humidity were studied using subject experiments in a climate chamber where indoor air condition can be controlled at discretion. For easily finding the characteristics of Southeast Asians, two subject groups, hot humid and temperate natives, participated in the test. As a result, this study revealed an existence of the variation in the physiological and the psychological reactions to a change in ambient humidity, regarding hot humid natives. In particular, a surrounding with high humidity tend to reduce heat flux on forehead and humidity acceptability. These circumstances could not be found in the temperate natives. The conclusion drawn from our experiments is that it is necessary to control not only indoor temperature but also humidity in the case of a building where there are occupants coming from hot humid locations. However, it remains a challenge for future researches to investigate the amount of sweating, physiological and psychological responses of the whole body and the influence of long-term acclimatization for artificial environment upon physical and mental well-being.