bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Context and Capability
Authors: Levy Brian , Cameron Robert , Naidoo Vinothan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores how context influences bureaucracy. Bureaucratic behaviour and performance are interpreted as endogenous, shaped by decisions of political elites as to whether to direct their efforts towards providing public services or towards more narrowly political or private purposes. The chapter distinguishes among three broad contextual differences between the Western Cape and Eastern Cape—socio-economic, political, and institutional. It identifies the causal mechanisms through which these variables exert their influence, distinguishing between demand-side and supply-side influences. In the Eastern Cape, the consequence of an initially weak context is a low-level equilibrium trap in which incentives transmitted from the political to the bureaucratic levels reinforce factionalized loyalty within multiple patronage networks. By contrast, in the Western Cape, both demand-side and supply-side contextual variables support public service provision; however, weaknesses in ‘soft governance’ limit the positive impact.
Case Studies of School-Level Governance Dynamics in the Western Cape
Authors: Hoadley Ursula , Levy Brian , Shumane Lawule , Wilburn Shelly 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter details four case studies of school-level management practices in the appointment process of school principals. The school-level processes are used as a lens through which to refract local governance dynamics, and thereby gain insight into the broader multi-stakeholder contexts within which the principal is embedded. The contrasts between the Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces provide an ideal opportunity to explore a central theme of this book, namely how ‘good fit’ works—how preferred approaches to policy design and implementation might vary according to the contexts in which they are being undertaken. The chapter suggests that rather than viewing the interaction between hierarchical and horizontal governance as zero-sum, the task for practitioners is to find ways to make more effective the ‘both/and’ balance, with an emphasis on impersonal forms of decision-making.
Making Marriages Last
Authors: Thornton Rebecca L. , Kohler Hans-Peter 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Economists have examined investments under uncertainty in a variety of contexts. Becker et al. applied the idea to marriage and divorce, suggesting that an increased likelihood of separation or divorce reduces the incentive for spouses to invest in marriage-specific assets. This theory has since been tested empirically by measuring changes in investments in marriage-specific capital. In high HIV-prevalence contexts, marriage can lead to significant risks through spousal behaviours. Yet, individuals cannot rely on their spouse to reveal their HIV status. Couples’ HIV testing and counselling can provide spouses with credible information about each other’s HIV status. Using random variation in participation in couples’ testing, this chapter documents that uncertainty about spouses’ HIV status contributes to divorce. Innovations, such as HIV couples’ testing and counselling—and, in the future, possibly rapid self-testing—that reduce this uncertainty can thus have profound impacts on marital behaviours and stability.
Intra-Household Bargaining in Poor Countries
Authors: Baland Jean-Marie , Ziparo Roberta 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter assesses the relevance of the collective model for the analysis of households in poor countries. As an economic unit, a household creates the possibility of mutual gains for spouses thanks to the possibility of joint consumption of public goods, risk sharing, etc. The collective model assumes that households behave efficiently, in the sense that there is no misallocation or waste of household resources, given the outside options of each spouse. This chapter bridges the theoretical literature describing efficient intra-household behaviour and the development literature that collects empirical regularities pointing toward the existence of strategic decision making among spouses. It examines the key elements of the collective model and discusses its relevance to analysing intra-household behaviour in poor countries. It explores the role that risk and uncertainty, information asymmetries, power imbalances, arranged marriages, strategic investment, gender norms, and extended households play in the attainment of efficiency.
Priming the Analysis
Authors: Stark Alastair 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides a primer that introduces the reader to the key features of each of the book’s four case studies. Each case is outlined in terms of: the nature of the crisis that created a lesson-learning episode in the first instance; the format and focus of the public inquiry; the inquiry’s most important recommendations; and the nature of the reform agenda that followed. The chapter concludes with a brief reiteration of the book’s theoretical framework and how it will be applied in the analysis that follows in Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8.
Crafting and Forgetting Policy Lessons
Authors: Stark Alastair 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores the data relating to lesson-learning process. It presents an expanded conceptualization of inquiry learning that covers how lessons are produced, how they are implemented, and their shelf-life once institutionalized. This reconceptualization reveals several new and complex aspects of learning that have not been considered before in public inquiry scholarship. It also draws attention to two specific aspects of lesson-learning process, largely neglected in relation to inquiries, that influence the effectiveness of learning attempts. The first is the issue of policy transfer, which shapes the way in which inquiry lessons are crafted and communicated. The second is the issue of institutional amnesia, which often undermines the lesson-learning gains that inquiries produce.
The Power of the Beaten Path
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The introductory chapter explains contemporary interest in legal developments a century ago. Discussions and decisions at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 were the beginning of debates that continue to this day. The chapter looks in some detail at the criminality of starting a war, today known as the crime of aggression, the immunity that can be invoked by a Head of State like the Kaiser, and problems of attributing criminal responsibility to those who are not physically involved in the crime. It also addresses the creation of international criminal tribunals, which began with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
International Law and War Crimes
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
If the Kaiser were to be brought to justice, he had to be charged with war crimes in the strict sense. The Commission on Responsibilities is the first forum in which there is an attempt to define international war crimes. Building upon the Hague Conventions adopted before the outbreak of the war, a list of violations of the laws and customs of war is prepared. When the British and the French insist on adding the phrase ‘the laws of humanity’, the Americans object that this is a matter of morality and not law. The Commission also considers whether to establish an international criminal court where such international crimes might be charged.
Implementing Article 227
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In late June 1919, as preparations were underway for the signing ceremony of the Treaty of Versailles, rumours reached Paris that the German Crown Prince, who had also found asylum in the Netherlands, was returning home, where he would lead a monarchist revival. The Council of Four sent a message to the Dutch warning them of their concerns and insisting that the Kaiser be safely interned. The Allies were embarrassed when the rumour proved to be false. At the same time, the Council of Four received a strange letter from the former German Chancellor, Theobald van Bethmann-Hollweg, offering to stand in for the Kaiser and take the blame for acts attributed to him. The Council of Four also drafted a letter addressed to the Dutch demanding the Kaiser’s surrender, but agreed to wait before sending it until the Treaty of Versailles entered into force.
Readying the Case for Trial
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Lloyd George’s offer to host the trial in England was accepted by the Council of Four. But when the Prime Minister told Parliament that it would take place in London, King George V, who was the cousin of Kaiser Wilhelm II, objected strenuously. The Powers did not meet to plan the trial and organise the prosecution, although the British assigned a government lawyer to prepare a brief and to instruct two barristers. Completed in December 1919, the brief was amateurish and incomplete, reflecting either a lack of will to proceed with the trial or else a self-confidence that establishing guilt would be a simple matter. It was almost exclusively based upon published sources in the public domain.
Was He Guilty?
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The trial might well have taken place were it not for a variety of unforeseen circumstances. For example, the Dutch might have agreed to the Kaiser’s surrender and the Kaiser might even have agreed to the trial. Other options would have been a trial in absentia or a trial in the Netherlands itself. Had a trial been held, the enigmatic charge of an ‘offence against international morality and the sanctity of treaties’ would have required interpretation. Many considered that it would have covered not only violations of the laws of war within the conflict, but also the launching of the aggressive war. This would have necessitated proof that Germany was actually responsible for starting the war, and a possible inquiry into the conduct of the European Powers over several years prior to 1914, something for which the British and the French had little enthusiasm.
Implementation of Ask-Advise-Connect in a safety net healthcare system: quitline treatment engagement and smoking cessation outcomes
Authors: Piñeiro Bárbara , Vidrine Damon J , Wetter David W , Hoover Diana S , Frank-Pearce Summer G , Nguyen Nga , Zbikowski Susan M , Vidrine Jennifer I 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Ask-Advise-Connect (AAC) was designed to link smokers in primary care settings with evidence-based tobacco treatment delivered via state quitlines. AAC involves training medical staff to Ask about smoking status, Advise smokers to quit, and offer to immediately Connect smokers with quitlines through an automated link within the electronic health record. We evaluated the efficacy of AAC in facilitating treatment engagement and smoking abstinence in a 34 month implementation trial conducted in a large, safety-net health care system. AAC was implemented from April 2013 through February 2016 in 13 community clinics that provided care to low-income, predominantly racial/ethnic minority smokers. Licensed vocational nurses were trained to implement AAC as part of standard care. Outcomes included (a) treatment engagement (i.e., proportion of identified smokers that enrolled in treatment) and (b) self-reported and biochemically confirmed abstinence at 6 months. Smoking status was recorded for 218,915 unique patients, and 40,888 reported current smoking. The proportion of all identified smokers who enrolled in treatment was 11.8%. Self-reported abstinence at 6 months was 16.6%, and biochemically confirmed abstinence was 4.5%. AAC was successfully implemented as part of standard care. Treatment engagement was high compared with rates of engagement for more traditional referral-based approaches reported in the literature. Although self-reported abstinence was in line with other quitline-delivered treatment studies, biochemically confirmed abstinence, which is not routinely captured in quitline studies, was dramatically lower. This discrepancy challenges the adequacy of self-report for large, population-based studies. A more detailed and comprehensive investigation is warranted.
Giant Nevus Lipomatosus Cutaneous Superficialis on the Buttock
Authors: Takegawa Masayasu , Kakudo Natsuko , Morimoto Naoki , Hihara Masakatsu , Masuoka Hiromu , Kusumoto Kenji 
Published: November 2018

Summary:
Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis is a benign hamartoma characterized by the presence of mature ectopic adipocytes in the dermis. Here, we report a case of giant nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis, measuring 24 × 14 cm in diameter, on the buttock. The tumor was resected, and the cutaneous defect was closed with a rotation flap under general anesthesia. No complication or recurrence occurred after surgery. Giant nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis is very rare, and repair of the skin defect required plastic and reconstructive surgery.
Pedicled Peroneal Artery Perforator Flap for Knee Defect Reconstruction: Case Presentation and Literature Discussion
Authors: Alshomer Feras , Alhujayri Abdulaziz , Althubaiti Ghazi 
Published: November 2018

Summary:
There have been very limited data on the use of pedicled peroneal artery perforator flaps in knee soft-tissue reconstruction, especially for anterior and medial defects. Here, we present a case of proximally based peroneal artery perforator flap for knee soft-tissue reconstruction in a defect that included lateral, anterior, and medial surfaces of the knee presenting the technical challenges associated with this flap. A 15-year-old girl presented with extruded knee implant after osteosarcoma resection of femur. The defect involved the whole knee with the anterior and mostly the lateral knee surfaces. Her medical condition precluded the use of free tissue transfer. During her previous surgery, gastrocnemius muscles were detached with injured vascular pedicled and posterior tibial artery. Successful single-stage coverage was achieved using a large proximally based pedicled peroneal artery perforator flap. There are only few reports that described the use of peroneal artery flaps for knee soft-tissue coverage. The reach of a proximally based flap can be increased when it is raised on a distal perforator or when peroneal artery has a proximal takeoff. Furthermore, removing the fibula can facilitate the dissection and the reach of the flap till the most medial aspect of the knee. Pedicled peroneal artery perforator flap provides superior soft-tissue coverage with limited morbidity for knee soft-tissue reconstruction; however, flap reach is usually affected by anatomic variation. Preoperative planning can help to determine the reach of the flap and ease the dissection.
Exercise in Persons with Unilateral Lower-Limb Amputation and Contralateral Limb Knee Injury: A Pilot Study
Authors: Caldwell Mary E. , Marshall Benjamin , Semik Patrick , Huang Mark E. 
Published: November 2018

Introduction
Exercise habits and return to exercise in individuals with lower-limb amputation (LLA) have been reported in up to 11% to 61% of individuals with amputation, but it is unclear if these individuals meet American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) exercise guidelines and if there are any negative consequences associated with exercise. This pilot study investigated the exercise habits of individuals with unilateral nonvascular LLA to ascertain adherence to ACSM exercise guidelines and any relationships to contralateral (intact)-limb limb knee injuries.

Methods
A telephone survey was conducted with 25 individuals (n = 7, female) 22 to 90 years of age (M = 47) with nonvascular unilateral LLAs (2 transmetatarsal/Syme [TM], 13 transtibial [TT], 7 transfemoral [TF], 3 hip disarticulation [HD]) from a university hospital population. Weekly reported exercise before and after amputation (including type, frequency, duration and intensity, based on talk test correlating to intensity) as well as any history of intact-limb knee injuries was obtained. Data were analyzed using χ2 and one-way analysis of variance tests.

Results
Sixty-eight percent met the recommended ACSM guidelines for cardiorespiratory (CR) exercise before amputation and 48% of individuals met CR guidelines after amputation, and, of those, 41.7% reported sustaining intact-limb knee injuries (there were no injuries in those not meeting CR guidelines; P = 0.009). Respondents who met CR guidelines were at significantly higher risk of knee injury (P = 0.05). Also, those engaged in greater than moderate intensity CR exercise had significantly higher rates of intact knee injury compared with those exercising at low or moderate intensities (P = 0.01).

Conclusions
This pilot study suggests that engaging in an exercise routine at greater than moderate intensity may significantly increase the risk of intact-limb knee injury in individuals with unilateral LLAs. A larger study involving more subjects would be beneficial in clarifying the risk of knee injury from exercise in patients with amputation.
Dietary fat and risk of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Schlesinger Sabrina , Schwingshackl Lukas , Neuenschwander Manuela 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
Nutrition recommendations emphasize that not only dietary fat quantity but also fat quality plays a role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence for dietary fat and risk of T2D, to highlight recent findings and point out future research directions.

Recent findings
Total fat intake was not associated with risk of T2D, whereas the findings on fatty acids (FAs) and risk of T2D were controversial. Recent findings suggested that FAs from the same classes (e.g. omega-6 FAs) but different sources might be differently associated with the risk of T2D, with indication for an association with lower risk of T2D for plant-based and higher risk/no association for animal-based FAs. In addition, differences between populations from different geographic areas might exist, but no interaction effects for fat intake and genetic predisposition were observed regarding T2D risk. The simultaneous investigation of different fats and dietary patterns can provide important and meaningful insights into these associations.

Summary
The evidence for the association between dietary fat intake and risk of T2D is not conclusive yet. To strengthen the evidence, the complexity of the different associations of dietary fats should be considered in well conducted future studies.
Influenza: annual seasonal severity
Authors: Gavigan Patrick , McCullers Jonathan A. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
Influenza remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The 2017–2018 season was one of the most severe in the past decade. The exact factors determining the severity of a particular influenza season are complex and often poorly understood.

Recent findings
Factors impacting annual influenza severity include characteristics of the specific virus, influenza vaccination, and antiviral use. Although viral virulence factors are important in this context and our knowledge of these is growing, there is a complex interplay between expression of these factors and their impact on a particular patient population. Vaccination has demonstrated efficacy in preventing disease, but vaccination rates remain sub-optimal and vaccine effectiveness can vary significantly between influenza strains and patient populations. Finally, while antiviral treatment is available and has shown benefits, many patients with influenza do not receive treatment.

Summary
Strides have been made in recent years towards understanding the many factors that contribute to the severity of any particular influenza season. Obvious areas for improvement include improved vaccination rates and antiviral use. Additionally, a more complete understanding of reasons for poor strain and population-specific vaccine effectiveness may help reduce the severity of future influenza seasons.
Nursing Documentation of Postoperative Pain Management
Authors: Shoqirat Noordeen , Mahasneh Deema , Dardas Latefa , Singh Charleen , Khresheh Reham 
Published: November 2018

Background:Although proper documentation of pain for postoperative patients is essential to promote patient health outcomes, there is limited examination of nurses' documentation of pain management.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to qualitatively analyze nursing documentation of pain management among postoperative patients in Jordan.Method:A documentary analysis method was used. A purposive sample of 80 medical records were reviewed, and a total of 720 nursing records were analyzed.Results:The analysis revealed that nurses' documentation of pain management was limited, vague, incomplete, and largely dependent on their subjective evaluation. Many of the documented goals were broad, not specific, not measurable, and with no time frame.Conclusions:Documentation patterns revealed a lack of proactive and systematic approach to pain assessment and management. Furthermore, there was little documented evidence of efforts to evaluate the effectiveness of pain management interventions. Findings have important implications for standardizing documentation of pain assessment, intervention, and evaluation.
Eyes and Ears on Patient Safety: Sources of Notifications About the Health, Performance, and Conduct of Health Practitioners
Authors: Bismark Marie , Tibble Holly , Moore Jennifer Schulz , Morris Jennifer Michelle , Paterson Ron , Fletcher Martin , Studdert David 
Published: November 2018

Objective
The aim of the study was to describe the sources of notifications of concern (“notifications”) regarding the health, performance, and conduct of health practitioners from 14 registered professions in Australia.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study analyzed 43,256 notifications lodged with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency and the Health Professional Councils Authority between 2011 and 2016. We used descriptive statistical analysis to describe the characteristics of these notifications, including their source, issue and domain, and subject.

Results
Patients and their relatives lodged more than three-quarters (78%) of notifications regarding clinical performance, including diagnosis, treatment, and communication. Fellow practitioners were a common source of notifications about advertising and titles. Self-reports commonly related to health impairments, such as mental illness or substance use. Other agencies played a role in reporting concerns about prescribing or supply of medicines.

Conclusions
Various actors in the healthcare system play different roles in sketching the picture of healthcare quality and safety that notifications present to regulators. Improved understanding of which sources are most likely to raise which concerns may enhance regulators’ ability to identify and respond to patient safety risks.