bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inheritance of blooming time in walnut, with regard to the property of reproductional autoregulation of species
Authors: Szentiványi P. 
Published: December 2018

A great number of crosses have been made with Hungarian and foreign varieties as partners to breed improved varieties. This species shows a particular trait, namely the autoregulation of fruit set, which affects considerably the productivity of commercial orchards. Thus the inheritance of the blooming time of the male and female flowers has been explored for several years in the progenies.
It has been stated that
- the feature of the partners does not turn up predictably in the progeny,
- it is most important to take into consideration the blooming time class of both, male and female flowers in planning associations of varieties for commercial orchards.
- in years of irregular spring weather the stability of the blooming time of the variety or in other words the deviation of the actual blooming time of variety from its characteristic blooming-time class is also very important.
Pollen viability of ‘Besztercei plum' clones depending on the effect of the year
Authors: Horváth A. , Orosz-Kovács Zs. , Surányi D. , Erdős Z. , Gulyás S. , Farkas Á. , Róka K. 
Published: December 2018

The percentage of dark staining pollen grains was higher in spring of 1996 than in the previous year. Data in 1998 resemble those of 1995, concerning the large amount of medium staining pollen grains in the majority of clones. Some clones produced excellent quality pollen also in the third year. whereas there were significant differences in other clones in various years.
The warmer February-March period in 1995 induced an early blooming, and frost affected the orchard not only in winter months, but also immediately before and during blooming. Thus, frost was the possible cause of weaker quality pollen this year. In 1996 warming began a bit late, but it was not broken by drastic falls in temperature, except for the middle of April, when a smaller frost affected the orchard. It is likely that this frost did not influence pollen quality of `Besztercei' and 'Early Besztercei' plum clones significantly. In 1998 warming was continuous and steady, the orchard was not affected by frost immediately before blooming. In March, however, there was frost almost every day, according to daily minimum temperatures.
Effect of physical treatments on germination of Ginkgo biloba L.
Authors: Koczka N. , Orlóczi L. , Ferenczy A. Z. , Stefanovits-Bányai É. , Dimény J. 
Published: December 2018

In our country the maindenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba L.) is raised mainly from seeds, so the aim of our experiments was to determine the most useful generative propagation method. However, some experiments have been conducted earlier connected to the germination of the species, but the comparative control of physical seed treatment was done first time by the authors.
After the statistical evaluation of the results it can be stated that the percentage of germination has significantly increased if the seeds received physical treatment (scalding, mechanical scouring). Hereby the pericarp is getting soft or growing thinner, so the germination of the seed is easier. These treatments are extraordinarily simple, easy to carry out and their effect is very favourable, that is why their use is strongly advised.
Comparing the seeds collected at different times was found that the ability of germination is decreasing proportionally with the time spent in the open field. On the basis of our experiments and of earlier practice in Hungarian tree nurseries, our opinion is that the stratification of seeds is not necessary.
Pruning and incidences of diseases and pests in environmentally oriented apple growing systems: some aspects
Authors: Holb I. J. , Gonda I. , Bitskey K. 
Published: December 2018

In Hungary, fruit growers are increasingly interested in environmentally oriented growing methods, such as organic and integrated systems. The main factor in creating such systems is the establishment of a system of cultivar-pruning-plant protection based on production technology. Therefore, our aim was to examine the susceptibility of apple cultivars to diseases and pests and the effect of pruning technique on diseases and pests in organic and integrated growing systems.
Two pathogens (Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha) and two pests (Leueoptera malifoliella, Pannonychus ulmi) were observed in organic and integrated systems under "strong" and "weak" pruning techniques. Our results showed that, compared to integrated production, the pathogens and pests infected the trees more in the organic system. The pruning technique affected mainly the cultivars susceptible to diseases and pests. In general, the "weak" pruning technique correlated with a higher level of damage caused by diseases and pests than the "strong" pruning technique, especially in the organic growing system. The reason that techniques should be carefully chosen is that shoots grow faster and more vigorously after employing the "strong" pruning technique. This supports a better preservation of the trees, as a result of reduced susceptibility of plant tissues to diseases and pests.
Investigation of some production factors on yield and quality of dry beans
Authors: Nemeskéri E. 
Published: December 2018

The correlation between plant density and yield average shows that the volume of yield increases in varieties of large and medium-size seeds up to a plant density of 285-400 thousand/ha, after which it declines.
On the basis of the results, yield averages at plant densities of 285-334 thousand plant/ha are 0.17 t/ha higher than those achieved at low density (200 thousand plant/ha).
High levels of potassium fertilizer did not enhance the yield of dry beans. With adequate-water supply the high level of potassium decreased the number of pods and seeds per plant compared with a basic level of fertilizer, which could ensure 2.5 t/ha yield.
Scab resistance in Malus sp. progenies - inheritance and resistance stability
Authors: G. Tóth M. , Kovács Sz. , D. Rozsnyay Zs. 
Published: December 2018

Susceptibility of progenies of some Ma/us species to apple scab was evaluated. Susceptibility of hybrid families was observed first in greenhouse after artificial inoculations by the suspension of the pathogen, Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint., then in open field. The Hungarian type of Malus floribunda, which proved to be scab resistant in our examinations, has a positive effect on the segregation of progenies to resistant and susceptible individuals as a male parent, not depending on the rate of susceptibility of the other parent. However, the German type of Malus floribunda and Malus prunifolia act as dominant, highly susceptible parents.
Malus x purpurea and Malus baccata, which proved to be highly susceptible to apple scab in open field and in artificial inoculations, transmits its susceptibility only slightly to its progenies as a male parent.
According to our experiments, the inheritance of scab resistance of Malus floribunda cannot be considered as monogenic, as published by other authors.
Scab susceptibility of parents influences the segregation of progenies to resistant or susceptible individuals. The moderately scab susceptible `Idared' as female parent has a statistically proved positive effect on the segregation of its progenies.
More factors indicate the appearance of a new race of Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint.: change of the symptoms in the greenhouse; considerable increase of susceptible individuals after greenhouse inoculation in 1997; more and more progenies of the male parent Malus floribunda became susceptible to scab in open field.
The effect of soil coverage on the soil quality
Authors: Sári Sz. , Kappel N. , Sipos B. Z. , Forró E. 
Published: December 2018

In this study we carried out experiments with soil samples originated from the Haschberg variety elderberry orchard and wild-growing plants from Szigetcsép Experimental Farm.
During the examinations we wanted to know how the black polyethene foliar soil coverage influences the quality of soil and the distribution of different nitrogen forms.
We studied the individual covered (foliar soil coverage for every plant), the full covered (foliar soil coverage was laid in the rows) and the uncovered threatments.
During the experiments we pointed out that the foliar coverage influences the condition of the soil unfavourably. Because of the coverage there is less air flow in soils, the lack of oxygen leads to degradating of soil life and results humus materials of poor quality.
Stimulating effect of distilled water
Authors: Zatykó J. 
Published: December 2018

It is an early observation that plants in poor soil are developing roots quicker and more abundantly than on rich one. There is a similar correlation between the nutrient status of medium and adventitious root formation.
In order to throw more light on the background of this strange phenomenon we started a systematic experimental program in which the biological effects of distilled water as model factor was investigated.
The experiments proved that the root formation of Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cuttings with 3 cm long hypocotyls was promoted by distilled water.
The phenomenon above accompanied with slower decline and faster recovery of total and also water-soluble protein content, more intensive efflux of amino acids, greater amount of tryptophane and increased uptake of water compared to those in control hypocotyls. From other data obtained we may suspect that some additional active substance unknown for us also contributes to the stimulation of root initiation in distilled water.
Variability of the data indicating the fertility of different plum varieties
Authors: Szabó Z. , Nyéki J. 
Published: December 2018

Self-fertility and fertility at conditions of open pollination in plum varieties is strictly determined by genetic factors. However, rates of fruit set are highly variable according to growing sites as well as to seasons, which may result from a couple of inner and outer conditions, but mainly from the method applied in seizing the facts of fertility in the experiments planned including the number of replications of treatments. During three successive years, 4-16 trees of each of the four plum varieties have been selected and 16-64 branches were tagged either for checking their fertility as pollinated freely or isolated excluding the access of foreign pollen. The data of fruit set have been processed in order to determine the variability of the data, subsequently, the number of replications necessary to make reliable decisions. Both autogamy and open pollination displayed multiple differences between branches and trees studied.
A number of 20 branches are needed yearly for each variety, the branches should be distributed on 5 trees at least for checking the autogamy, whereas on 10 trees for the results of open pollination. Each variety and treatment should be represented in three seasons, at least because of the different weather conditions.
Hungaricum as a quality of fruits and fruit products
Authors: Soltész M. , Nyéki J. , Szabó Z. , Papp J. 
Published: December 2018

The territory of the Hungarian state is largely suitable for the purpose of growing fruits of the temperate zone species. During the next decennia, the annual volume of Hungarian fruit production is expected to be around 1.1-1.3 million tons, from which some 15% is considered to be a produce of Hungary or "Hungaricum" (90 thousand tons of sour cherry, 50 thousand tons of apricot, 20 thousand tons of raspberry, 10 thousand tons of walnut). These fruits symbolise the country's special quality, which are worth to catch the interest the foreign consumers.
The category of Hungaricum involves almost exclusively varieties of Hungarian origin as sour cherries, apricots, raspberries and walnuts, and they are representing outstanding qualities on the international markets.
As for the fruit products the fruit brandies are eligible to be "Hungaricum" and are called exclusively "Pálinka". The Pálinka, provided to be distinguished with a geographic mark and will be competitive on the world market. Smaller quantities, though significant produce is represented by the deep frozen raspberry.
Evaluating vase life and tissue structure of some compositae (Asteraceae) species
Authors: Tar T. , Hassan F. A. S. 
Published: December 2018

The vase life of cut flowers and effects of various chemicals was examined with the help of a pulse treatment. According to the results using of chemicals (preservatives, disinfectants as well as blocking of synthesis of ethylene) is ineffective if it is used after seeding This shows the great importance of harvesting time.
Using 8-HQS or l-MCP + 8-HQS proved to be the best for vase life in most of the samples. Using these materials did not prevent the appearance of air bubbles in the stems and absorption could be observed continuously.
To examine the tissue structure reaction of chemicals stems were stained with toluidin-blue, and high of absorption was measured. It was found that in cases, when absorption was bad, small air bubbles blocked the xylem vessels.
All the species examined (Aster linosyris, Achillea collina, Aster novi-belgii, Inula britannica, Solidago canadensis, Inula ensifolia, Senecio jacobea) show similar reactions to chemicals because they are the members of the same family.
Bud-, flower- and fruit-density in stone fruits
Authors: Szabó Z. , Nyéki J. 
Published: December 2018

In 164 varieties of five stone fruit species, counts of flower buds, flowers and fruits set have been performed, regularly, between 1982 and 2002. The critical number and sample size has been determined for the purpose to estimate the yielding potential of peach plantations. For a rapid test, 10 shoots per variety are recommended. In sour cherry and peach varieties, the number and ratio of leaf and flower buds has been assessed on bearing shoots of different length.
The typical flower bud density of 129 peach varieties varies, as a rule, between 0.13 and 1.10 bud/cm. Three groups of flower-bud-densities could be distinguished: low (0-0.40 bud/cm), intermediate (0.41-0.60 bud/cm), high (more than 0.60 bud/cm). About 62% of varieties belong to the intermediate group. Negative correlation has been found between flower density and relative fruit set, whereas positive correlation between flower density and fruit yield.
The results are utilised in the description and choice of varieties, moreover, in choosing of optimal pruning policies. Varieties of high flower bud densities are recommended to be preferred for growing sites with frequent late frosts. Abundantly yielding varieties of low vegetative vigour are to be pruned more severely than those characterised by low yields, vigorous growth and low flower density. Sour cherry varieties, which are inclined to grow "whips" ought to be stimulated to grow longer shoots (40-50 cm per year), than varieties woid of that tendency (30-40 cm).
Relationship between flowering, fruit setting and environmental factors on consecutive clusters in greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L) Karsten)
Authors: Pék Z. , Helyes L. 
Published: December 2018

The main season of greenhouse tomato begins late winter or early spring in the northern Temperate Zone. During this period decisive environmental factors affect flowering and fruit setting.
In the present experiments, progress and dynamics of greenhouse tomato flowering and fruit set were examined in 1999 and 2001 spring. The beginning and the end of flowering and fruit set, the number of flowers and fruits set in each cluster were recorded. Flowering and fruit set characteristics were analysed with respect to the accumulated PAR and temperature were calculated for each cluster. One flower required 31.3 mol M-2 of accumulated PAR and 38 °C of sum temperature as an average for anthesis. One fruit required 27.9 mol m-2 of accumulated PAR and 33.3 °C of sum temperature as an average for fruit setting.
Wahl der Technologie und Beschäftigung in Entwicklungsländern
Authors: Schoeller Wolfgang 
Published: December 2018

Für das anhaltend große Interesse, das seit mehreren Jahren auch in der BRD der Frage der Wahl der Technologie im Industrialisierungsprozeß der Entwicklungsländer entgegengebracht wird, dürften insbesondere folgende Gründe maßgebend sein:
- Die allgemein verlangsamten industriellen Wachstumsraten in den westlichen Industrienationen sind von einem entsprechend niedrigen Stand der Neu- und Erweiterungsinvestitionen begleitet.- Die Branchenstruktur der BRD weist eine im Vergleich zu den übrigen hochentwickelten Industrienationen besonders ausgeprägte Stellung der Industrien des Kapitalgütersektors aus, der zudem in der Zusammensetzung der Exporte vorherrschend ist.- Die allgemein verlangsamten industriellen Wachstumsraten in den westlichen Industrienationen werfen daher für den Kapitalgütersektor der BRD ein besonders schwerwiegendes Problem in Form einer langfristigen Stabilisierung der Nachfrage auf. War es in den 50er und 60er Jahren für die westdeutsche Industrie noch möglich, angesichts einer asynchron verlaufenden Konjunktur in den westlichen Industrienationen die fehlende interne Nachfrage durch steigende Exporte zu kompensieren, so scheint gegenwärtig aufgrund der verallgemeinerten Konjunkturentwicklung dieser Ausweg verwehrt zu sein.- Unter der wohl realistischen Annahme einer noch fortdauernden Periode verlangsamten industriellen Wachstums oder gar rezessiver Konjunkturentwicklung in den westlichen Industrienationen, stellt sich allgemein für diese Länder, insbesondere auch für die BRD, das Problem, Möglichkeiten zu erschließen, die Nachfrage für die Industrien des Kapitalgütersektors langfristig zu stabilisieren.
تحسين فاعلية نظام الرقابة الداخلية وفق أنموذج COSO
Authors: الدوغجي علي حسين , الخيرو ايمان مؤيد 
Published: December 2018

يهدف البحث الى تحسين فاعلية نظام الرقابة الداخلية وفق انموذج COSO وذلك من خلال التعرف على مدى توافر مكونات النظام على وفق الانموذج ومن ثم تحسين فاعلية كل مكون من خلال التركيز على مجالات التحسين في كل مكون, اذ انه تم التطرق الى انموذجCOSO ومن ثم مؤامته مع البيئة العراقية الحالية وذلك بإدخال بعض التحسينات على الانموذج منها بعض اليات حوكمة الشركات المتمثلة بمجلس الادارة, والادارة العليا, لجنة التدقيق, لجنة التعيينات ولا سيما ان مستلزمات تطبيقها متوافرة في القوانين والتشريعات العراقية الحالية مع الاخذ بنظر العناية اجراء بعض التعديلات عليها لتصبح موازية لتلك النظم المطبقة في دول العالم المتقدم (الولايات المتحدة, دول الاتحاد الاوربي وغيرها) ولا سيما وان العراق اصبح بلدا منفتحا على العالم.
اهم الاستنتاجات التي توصل اليها البحث

ان مستلزمات تطبيق بعض آليات حوكمة الشركات والمتمثلة (مجلس الادارة والادارة العليا ولجنة التدقيق الداخلي ولجنة التعيينات) متوافرة من خلال ما توفره مواد قانون الشركات فيما يتعلق بتشكيل مجلس الادارة من اعضاء تنفيذيين وغير تنفيذيين مما يسهل تشكيل لجنة التدقيق ولجنة التعيينات, اذ يعد تشكيل لجنة التدقيق من اعضاء مجلس الادارة غير التنفيذيين من اهم الادوات التي تسهم في تحسين كفاءة نظام الرقابة الداخلية وفاعليته.
ان نطاق التدقيق الداخلي تغير من حيث التركيز على الجوانب المالية ليشمل الجوانب الادارية والتشغيلية وكل اوجه النشاط ومساهمته في اضافة قيمة للوحدة من خلال تقديم الخدمات التأكيدية والاستشارية.
توظيف التحليل العاملي الاستكشافي لأستخلاص عوامل الولاء المنظمي والرضا الوظيفي دراسة حالة في الكلية التقنية الادارية – بغداد
Authors: نامق فيصل ناجي 
Published: December 2018

لغرض قياس مستوى الولاء التنظيمي والرضا الوظيفي لأعضاء الهيئة التدريسية في احدى الكليات التابعة لوزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي تم الاعتماد على عينة من أعضاء الهيئة التدريسية في الكلية التقنية الادارية – بغداد كنموذج لذلك. كانت عينة البحث مؤلفة من ( 50 ) عضو هيئة تدريسية متوزعين على الاقسام العلمية الاربعة ( قسم المعلوماتية، قسم الجودة، قسم المالية والمحاسبية، قسم ادارة العمليات) والتي تشكل نسبة ( 49% ) من تدريسي الكلية وقد تم توزيع استمارات الاستبانة على عينة البحث بصورة متناسبة مع عدد التدريسين في كل قسم علمي.
تم أستخدام التحليل العاملي لغرض أستخلاص العوامل وتصنيفها في مجموعات بحسب درجة تشبعها وعلاقاتها بالعوامل الاخرى قيد الدراسة . وقد تم التوصل الى معرفة اهم المتغيرات التي تم استخلاصها وذات التأثير الكبير لكافة المحاور الخاصة بالولاء التنظيمي والرضا الوظيفي مع بيان الاهمية النسبية لكل متغير.
تضمن البحث أربعة مباحث اساسية المبحث الاول منهجية البحث فيما كان الاطار المفاهيمي للبحث من نصيب المبحث الثاني وتضمن المبحث الثالث تحليل النتائج العملية وكانت الاستنتاجات والتوصيات من نصيب المبحث الرابع.

المصطلحات الاساسية للبحث/
تأثير تحليل البيئة الداخلية في جودة الخدمة الصحية دراسة استطلاعية في مستشفى العلوية التعليمي للولادة
Authors: احمد يوسف عبد الاله 
Published: December 2018

المستخلص
يسعى البحث الحالي لتبين علاقة وتأثير تحليل البيئة الداخلية في جودة الخدمة الصحية في مستشفى العلوية التعليمي للولادة، وقد اعتمد الباحث المنهج التكاملي في اعتماد "المنهج الوصفي التحليلي" وذلك بغرض دراسة العلاقات بين المتغيرات الرئيسة والفرعية من خلال جمع البيانات التي يتطلبها موضوع البحث وتحليلها، و"منهج دراسة الحالة" في دراسة البيانات والمعلومات المتعلقة بالبعد المالي ضمن متغير البيئة الداخلية للبحث.
إذ تجسدت مشكلة البحث في تساؤل جوهري مفاده (هل هناك تأثير لتحليل البيئة الداخلية في جودة الخدمة الصحية)، لذا هدف البحث إلى اختبار أثر تطبيق البيئة الداخلية في جودة الخدمة الصحية.
وقد اعتمد البحث تشكيلة من الأساليب الإحصائية في التحليل وهي الأوساط الحسابية، النسب المئوية، والانحرافات المعيارية لقياس مستوى اتفاق عينة البحث ودرجة تشتتها بخصوص المتغيرات الوصفية وكذلك معامل الارتباط والانحدار الخطي البسيط، لاختبار فرضيتي البحث الخاصة بالعلاقة والأثر والنسب المالية اللازمة لتشخيص مدى التحسن في البعد المالي وما يعكسه من تحسن في جودة الخدمة الصحية.
وقد افرز عرض وتحليل نتائج البحث عن جملة من الاستنتاجات وأهمها وجود علاقة وتأثير معنوية للبيئة الداخلية في جودة الخدمة الصحية للمستشفى عينة البحث، والتوصيات وأهمها ضرورة تبني إدارة المستشفى عينة البحث الأساليب الإدارية العلمية الحديثة وتطبيقها (إدارة الجودة الشاملة، المواصفة الدولية القياسية، التحسين المستمر) من أجل تحسين جودة الخدمات الصحية، فضلاً عن متابعة اهتمام إدارة المستشفى عينة البحث بعوامل البيئة الداخلية لما لها من تأثير في جودة الخدمة الصحية.
بناء نموذج احتمالي لاوقات الفشل باستخدام تحويل انتروبي لتوزيع Burr Type-XII
Authors: جابر اسماء غالب , صالح اسيل نوري 
Published: December 2018

المستخلص
تعرف الانتروبي بأنها مقياس لعدم التأكد . قد تم استعمال تحويل الانتروبي باستخدام دالة التوزيع التراكمية ودالة المعولية للتوزيع المستمر Burr Type-XII في حالة البيانات التي تعاني من التذبذب لبناء نموذج التوزيع التوزيع الأحتمالي الجديد من تطبيق تحويل انتروبي على التوزيع الأحتمالي المستمر Burr Type-XII واختبرت الدالة الجديدة ووجدت أنها تحقق شروط الدالة الأحتمالية ، وتم اشتقاق الوسط الحسابي والدالة الأحتمالية التجميعية لكي يتم إعتمادها في توليد البيانات لغرض تنفيذ تجارب المحاكاة . تم بعد ذلك تقدير معلمات التوزيع الأحتمالي التي تم إستخراجها من صيغة التوزيع لدالة أوقات الفشل باستخدام طريقة الإمكان الأعظم وطريقة وايت وطريقة المقدر المختلط ، والمقارنة بينهما بإعتماد معيار متوسط مربعات الخطأ (MSE) للمقارنة بين النتائج باستخدام اسلوب المحاكاة في الجانب التجريبي للوصول الى افضلية المقدرات ولحجوم عينات مختلفة لمعلمتي الشكل والقياس للتوزيع . حيث بينت النتائج ان مقدرات المقدر المختلط لمعلمة الشكل هي الأفضل اما مقدرات معلمة القياس فقد اظهرت النتائج ان مقدرات المقدر وايت هي الأفضل