bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paper-Gate: The Philadelphia Bell and the “Scandal” That Brought Down the World Football League
Authors: Crawford Denis M. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
On August 4, 1974, Philadelphia Inquirer sportswriter Frank Dolson reported that the Philadelphia Bell, a team in the World Football League (WFL), lied about the number of tickets they had sold. Dolson determined the team only sold 20,000 of the 120,000 tickets reported by Bell officials. The team gave the other 100,000 away to fill the stadium in an action known to show business promoters as “papering.” Coining the term “Paper-Gate,” Dolson vilified the Bell, equating their operations with the Nixon Watergate scandal occurring at the same time. Dolson's use of the suffix “-gate” was an early example of the use of it as shorthand for scandal. His Paper-Gate term quickly became a national phenomenon as reporters in other WFL cities learned of widespread papering throughout the league. Within days the league was a national joke, the Bell and other teams were on the verge of bankruptcy, and Bell president Jack Kelly resigned on the same day as President Richard M. Nixon.
The Local Is Global: Philadelphia's Weatherwomen Bring the War Home to Pennsylvania
Authors: Bloodworth Jeff 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Local and state histories need not be parochial. This article examines the intersection of Pennsylvania with swirling global revolutionary winds in the 1960s and 1970s, especially the Weathermen (later called the Weather Underground). It further studies how Philadelphia produced a radical pacifist, direct action, prefigurative political impulse within the New Left. Led in the Keystone State by Philadelphia-educated women, or Weatherwomen, the movement intersected with global revolutionary actions. The Weathermen, a splinter group of the Students for a Democratic Society, were the products of a relatively sophisticated and systematic set of transnational revolutionary ideas. Philosophically led by the young French radical Regis Debray and Latin American revolutionaries Fidel Castro and Che Guevara, these globally minded radicals built and promoted a revolutionary program aimed to topple Western liberal capitalism.
Circular RNA expression profiles in extracellular vesicles from the plasma of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Li Qingqing , Geng Shasha , Yuan Huixiao , Li Yang , Zhang Shuxian , Pu Lin , Ge Jianli , Niu Xianping , Li Yandong , Jiang Hua 
Published: October 2019

Tumor‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their contents are involved in the development of human malignancies. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), enriched in EVs, can regulate diverse cellular processes by acting as microRNA (miRNA) sponges or through other mechanisms. In the present study, we explored the potential roles of circRNAs in EVs in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). First, plasma was obtained from patients with PDAC (n = 8) and healthy volunteers (n = 8), and EVs were isolated by the ultracentrifugation method. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the size and form of the isolated EVs. The circRNA expression profiles of EVs were investigated by high‐throughput whole transcriptome sequencing. We then further validated the accuracy of the circRNA sequencing data by quantitative real‐time PCR analysis using plasma samples and PC cell lines, and subsequently performed bioinformatics analysis to reveal the potential functional roles of the differentially expressed circRNAs and to construct a circRNA‐miRNA interaction network to predict the target miRNAs of these circRNAs. Our work provides novel targets for further studies concerning the pathogenesis of PDAC.
DVH analysis using a transmission detector and model‐based dose verification system as a comprehensive pretreatment QA tool for VMAT plans: Clinical experience and results
Authors: Mohamed Yoosuf Ahamed B. , AlShehri Salem , Alhadab Abdulrahman , Alqathami Mamdooh 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPurposeDose volume histogram (DVH)‐based analysis is utilized as a pretreatment quality assurance tool to determine clinical relevance from measured dose which is difficult in conventional gamma‐based analysis. In this study, we report our clinical experience with an ionization‐based transmission detector and model‐based verification system, using DVH analysis, as a comprehensive pretreatment QA tool for complex volumetric modulated arc therapy plans.Methods and MaterialsSeventy‐three subsequent treatment plans categorized into four clinical sites (Head and Neck, Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis) were evaluated. The average dose (Dmean) and dose received by 1% (D1) of the planning target volumes (PTVs) and organs at risks (OARs) calculated using the treatment planning system (TPS) were compared to a computed (model‐based) and reconstructed dose, from the measured fluence, using DVH analysis. The correlation between gamma (3% 3 mm) and DVH‐based analysis for targets was evaluated. Furthermore, confidence and action limits for detector and verification systems were established.ResultsLinear regression confirmed an excellent correlation between TPS planned and computed dose using a model‐based verification system (r2 = 1). The average percentage difference between TPS calculated and reconstructed dose for PTVs achieved using DVH analysis for each site is as follows: Head and Neck — 0.57 ± 2.8% (Dmean) and 2.6 ± 2.7% (D1), Abdomen — 0.19 ± 2.8% and 1.64 ± 2.2%, Thorax — 0.24 ± 2.1% and 3.12 ± 2.8%, Pelvis 0.37 ± 2.4% and 1.16 ± 2.3%, respectively. The average percentage of passed gamma values achieved was above 95% for all cases. However, no correlation was observed between gamma passing rates and DVH difference (%) for PTVs (r2 = 0.11). The results demonstrate a confidence limit of 5% (Dmean and D1) for PTVs using DVH analysis for both computed and reconstructed dose distribution.ConclusionDVH analysis of treatment plan using a model‐based verification system and transmission detector provided useful information on clinical relevance for all cases and could be used as a comprehensive pretreatment patient‐specific QA tool.
Isolated ‘soft signs’ of fetal choroid plexus cysts or echogenic intracardiac focus – consequences of their continued reporting
Authors: Prentice Grace , Welsh Alec , Howat Amy , Ross Dominic , Henry Amanda 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundChoroid plexus cysts (CPC) and echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF) are obsolete soft markers found on morphology ultrasound and not a valid reason for adjusting fetal risk of aneuploidy.MethodWe conducted a retrospective audit of women referred to genetic counsellor and fetal medicine services at St George Hospital (SGH) and the Royal Hospital for Women (RHW) for CPC and EIF from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2016 inclusive.ResultsIn total, 208 CPC and/or EIF referrals were identified, 118 (57%) of which were for isolated CPC and/or EIF and 102 (49%) occurring in women low risk for aneuploidy prior to morphology ultrasound. Significantly, more women had undergone combined first‐trimester screening in the 2014 to 2016 epoch vs. previous years at both SGH (P = 0.03) and RHW (P = 0.004). However, the number of women referred for CPC and EIF remained relatively constant. No fetus was born with a major structural or chromosomal abnormality in the group of low‐risk women with isolated signs. However, 18% of these women were referred to both genetic counselling and fetal medicine services, 7% had NIPT after morphology, 14% had amniocentesis, and 33% had additional ultrasound(s).ConclusionDespite advances in screening technology, low‐risk women are still referred to specialist services for these 2 soft signs and undergoing unnecessary follow‐up, NIPT and amniocentesis.
Thermal Efficiency of Solar Steam Generation Approaching 100 % through Capillary Water Transport
Authors: Liang Hanxue , Liao Qihua , Chen Nan , Liang Yuan , Lv Guiqin , Zhang Panpan , Lu Bing , Qu Liangti 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSolar‐driven interfacial water evaporation yield is severely limited by the low efficiency of solar thermal energy. Herein, the injection control technique (ICT) achieves a capillary water state in rGO foam and effectively adjusts the water motion mode therein. Forming an appropriate amount of capillary water in the 3D graphene foam can greatly increase the vapor escape channel, by ensuring that the micrometer‐sized pore channels do not become completely blocked by water and by exposing as much evaporation area as possible while preventing solar heat from being used to heat excess water. The rate of solar steam generation can reach up to 2.40 kg m−2 h−1 under solar illumination of 1 kW m−2, among the best values reported. In addition, solar thermal efficiency approaching 100 % is achieved. This work enhances solar water‐evaporation performance and promotes the application of solar‐driven evaporation systems made of carbon‐based materials.
Activity‐Based Sensing: A Synthetic Methods Approach for Selective Molecular Imaging and Beyond
Authors: Bruemmer Kevin J. , Crossley Steven W. M. , Chang Christopher J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEmerging from the origins of supramolecular chemistry and the development of selective chemical receptors that rely on lock‐and‐key binding, activity‐based sensing (ABS)—which utilizes molecular reactivity rather than molecular recognition for analyte detection—has rapidly grown into a distinct field to investigate the production and regulation of chemical species that mediate biological signaling and stress pathways, particularly metal ions and small molecules. Chemical reactions exploit the diverse chemical reactivity of biological species to enable the development of selective and sensitive synthetic methods to decipher their contributions within complex living environments. The broad utility of this reaction‐driven approach facilitates application to imaging platforms ranging from fluorescence, luminescence, photoacoustic, magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography modalities. ABS methods are also being expanded to other fields, such as drug and materials discovery.
Visible Light‐Induced, Metal‐Free Denitrative [3+2] Cycloaddition for Trisubstituted Pyrrole Synthesis
Authors: Karki Bhupal S. , Devi Lalita , Pokhriyal Ayushi , Kant Ruchir , Rastogi Namrata 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA metal‐free, regioselective synthesis of trisubstituted pyrroles has been developed through a formal [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between 2H‐azirines and nitroalkenes under visible light/photoredox‐catalyzed conditions. The reaction proceeds through 2H‐azaallenyl radical addition on β‐nitrostyrenes in a Michael fashion followed by a base‐mediated denitration reaction. The directive group influence of the nitro group controls the regiochemistry of the reaction.
One‐Pot Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ternary 1T‐MoS2/Hexa‐WO3/Graphene Composites for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Naz Raheela , Liu Qinglei , Abbas Waseem , Imtiaz Muhammad , Zada Imran , Ahmad Javed , Li Tengfei , Gu Jiajun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA new ternary composite of 1T‐molybdenum disulfide, hexagonal tungsten trioxide, and reduced graphene oxide (M‐W‐rGO) is synthesized by using a one‐pot hydrothermal process. The synergetic effect of 1T‐MoS2 and hexa‐WO3 nanoflowers improves the electrochemical performance for supercapacitors by inducing additional active sites and hexagonal tunnels, respectively, which lead to high storage capacity and easy transfer of electrolyte ions. The ternary M‐W‐rGO composite has a high specific capacitance of 836 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, which is nearly twice that of binary composites of M‐rGO and W‐rGO with high capacitance retention of 86.35 % after 3000 cycles at a high current density of 5 A g−1. This study provides a new ternary composite that can be used as an electrode material for high‐performance supercapacitors.
Highly Efficient Singlet Oxygen Generators Based on Ruthenium Phthalocyanines: Synthesis, Characterization and in vitro Evaluation for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Ferreira Joana T. , Pina João , Ribeiro Carlos A. F. , Fernandes Rosa , Tomé João P. C. , Rodríguez‐Morgade M. Salomé , Torres Tomás 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe synthesis of ruthenium(II) phthalocyanines (RuPcs) endowed with one carbohydrate unit—that is, glucose, galactose and mannose—and a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) ligand at the two axial coordination sites, respectively, is described. Two series of compounds, one unsubstituted at the periphery, and the other one bearing eight PEG chains at the isoindole meta‐positions, have been prepared. The presence of the axial DMSO unit significantly increases the phthalocyanine singlet oxygen quantum yields, related to other comparable RuPcs. The compounds have been evaluated for PDT treatment in bladder cancer cells. In vitro studies have revealed high phototoxicity for RuPcs unsubstituted at their periphery. The phototoxicity of PEG‐substituted RuPcs has been considerably improved by repeated light irradiation. The choice of the axial carbohydrate introduced little differences in the cellular uptake for both series of photosensitizers, but the phototoxic effects were considerably higher for compounds bearing mannose units.
Consumer mobility predicts impacts of herbivory across an environmental stress gradient
Authors: Lamb Robert W. , Smith Franz , Witman Jon D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEnvironmental stress impedes predation and herbivory by limiting the ability of animals to search for and consume prey. We tested the contingency of this relationship on consumer traits and specifically hypothesized that herbivore mobility relative to the return time of limiting environmental stress would predict consumer effects. We examined how wave‐induced water motion affects marine communities via herbivory by highly mobile (fish) vs. slow‐moving (pencil urchin) consumers at two wave‐sheltered and two wave‐exposed rocky subtidal locations in the Galapagos Islands. The exposed locations experienced 99th percentile flow speeds that were 2–5 times greater than sheltered locations, with mean flow speeds >33 cm/s vs. <16 cm/s, 2–7 times higher standing macroalgal cover and 2–3 times lower cover of crustose coralline algae than the sheltered locations. As predicted by the environmental stress hypothesis (ESH), there was a negative relationship between mean flow speed and urchin abundance and herbivory rates on Ulva spp. algal feeding assays. In contrast, the biomass of surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) and parrotfishes (Labridae: Scarinae) was positively correlated with mean flow speed. Ulva assays were consumed at equal rates by fish at exposed and sheltered locations, indicating continued herbivory even when flow speeds surpassed maximum reported swimming speeds at a rate of 1–2 times per minute. Modeled variation in fish species richness revealed minimal effects of diversity on herbivory rates at flow speeds <40 cm/s, when all species were capable of foraging, and above 120 cm/s, when no species could forage, while increasing diversity maximized herbivory rates at flow speeds of 40–120 cm/s. Two‐month herbivore exclusion experiments during warm and cool seasons revealed that macroalgal biomass was positively correlated with flow speed. Fish limited macroalgal development by 65–91% at one exposed location but not the second and by 70% at the two sheltered locations. In contrast, pencil urchins did not affect algal communities at either exposed location, but reduced macroalgae by 87% relative to controls at both sheltered locations. We propose an extension of the ESH that is contingent upon mobility to explain species‐specific changes in feeding rates and consumer effects on benthic communities across environmental gradients.
A novel and effective pretreatment to stimulate short‐chain fatty acid production from waste activated sludge anaerobic fermentation by ferrous iron catalyzed peracetic acid
Authors: Wang Jie , Shang Kankan , Guo Xueyan , Xia Xingyan , Da Liangjun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study investigates a novel, efficient and green pretreatment approach using ferrous iron catalyzed peracetic acid oxidation (Fe2+/PAA) on anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge. The underlying mechanisms are also studied for both the chemical and microbial effects.RESULTSThe results indicate that Fe2+/PAA exhibit significant positive synergistic effect on short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) generation, especially acetic acid. The maximal SCFA concentration of 272 mg COD g−1 VSS is obtained with Fe2+ (2.7 mmol L–1)/PAA (3.0 mmol L–1), which is 5.2 times that of the control test. Fe2+/PAA can effectively facilitate sludge solubilization due to the disruption of extracellular polymeric substances structure and microbial cells. The biodegradability of released organic substance is also improved due to the oxidation of non‐biodegradable substances. The activity of functional enzymes for hydrolysis and acidification is enhanced but that for methanogenesis is inhibited. Further analysis on microbial community structure indicates that phylum Firmicutes and genera Proteiniclasticum showed the maximal positive correlation with SCFA production, while the abundance of methanogenic archaea especially acetoclastic methanogenic archaea is inhibited by Fe2+/PAA treatment. Moreover, the presence of Fe2+ lengthened the oxygen release period of PAA, the main functional reactive oxygen species are hydroxyl radicals and Fe2+ facilitated PAA generates more hydroxyl radicals thus enhancing the oxidation ability of PAA.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrated that Fe2+/PAA can be used as an effective pretreatment method for SCFA accumulation in sludge anaerobic fermentation process. The findings obtained in this study will supply information for the application of Fe2+ catalyzed PAA pre‐oxidation in sludge treatment. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of NaCl removal from biodiesel‐derived crude glycerol by ion exchange to enhance dihydroxyacetone production by Gluconobacter thailandicus in minimal medium
Authors: Jittjang Siripa , Jiratthiticheep Isaree , Kajonpradabkul Patcharida , Tiatongjitman Thitita , Siriwatwechakul Wanwipa , Boonyarattanakalin Siwarutt 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDChloride salts are major impurities in biodiesel‐derived crude glycerol that can impact dihydroxyacetone (DHA) production. Ion exchange was performed to remove these salts. DHA production from crude glycerol was investigated, before and after an ion exchange treatment in shake‐flask fermentation and batch fermentation. DHA production from treated crude glycerol was further studied in fed‐batch fermentation.RESULTSIn shake‐flask fermentation, the DHA production from the treated crude glycerol was 56.1 ± 1.87 g L−1. This is 16.2 g L−1 (41%) higher than the DHA production from crude glycerol without the ion exchange treatment at 72 h. The DHA production from the treated crude glycerol was 61.9 ± 2.57 g L−1, with a DHA production yield (DHA moles per glycerol moles) of > 99 ± 4.4% at 138 h in the batch fermentation. The DHA concentration from the treated crude glycerol was 8.1 g L−1 higher than in the crude glycerol fermentation. In fed‐batch fermentation, the DHA production was not significantly higher than that in the batch fermentation due to product inhibition when the DHA concentration reaches 65.05 ± 4.52 g L−1 or more, after 156 h.CONCLUSIONThis study shows that salt impurities in crude glycerol negatively impact the DHA production by Gluconobacter thailandicus TBRC 3351 cultured in crude glycerol minimal media. Removing chloride salts from crude glycerol can improve the DHA yield, both in the shake‐flask and the batch fermentation. Fed‐batch fermentation can also increase the DHA production, but to a lesser extent because of the product inhibition mechanism. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Manufacture of defatted canola meal with enhanced nutritive composition by air classification on an industrial scale
Authors: Rempel Curtis , Li Xiaodong , Geng Xin , Liu Qiang , Zhang Yachuan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDAir classification was used to fractionate canola meal (CM). The effect of combinations of air classification conditions, including rotor speed ranging from 300 to 1200 rpm, air stream rate from 700 to 860 cfpm, and secondary air from 0 to 30%, on particle size and nutritive composition was investigated. Response surface methodology was used to develop response surface equations to estimate these effects.RESULTSProtein concentration increased in almost all the fine fractions. Effects of both secondary air and rotor speed of the air classifier were significant at P ≤ 0.1 and P ≤ 0.01, respectively. Almost all the fine fractions contained more oil. Rotor speed, air stream rate, and their interaction were significant at P ≤ 0.01. Both acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were shifted to the coarse fractions during the air classification. The rotor speed was significant for both ADF and NDF at P ≤ 0.01.CONCLUSIONSProtein shifted to the fine fractions. The highest protein concentration in the fine CM fraction was estimated to be 404.2 g kg−1, demonstrating an enhancement of 10.7%. ADF and NDF shifted to the coarse CM fractions and were respectively estimated to be 294.8 and 332 g kg−1, which were increased by 52.7% and 43.7%. Oil shifted to the fine fractions. The highest concentration was predicted to be 59.7 g kg−1, increased by 45.6%. Fine or coarse fraction yields were estimated to be 35–50%, indicating that they are acceptable for an industrial manufacture. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A high‐gain circularly polarized Fabry‐Perot antenna with chiral metamaterial‐based circular polarizer
Authors: Hu Yan‐wen , Wang Yu , Yan Zhong‐ming , Zhou Hong‐cheng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA high‐gain circularly polarized Fabry‐Perot (FP) antenna with chiral metamaterial (CMM)‐based circular polarizer is presented in this paper. It consists of two cavities. One is a U‐shaped slot microstrip antenna with a partially reflecting surface (PRS), acting as an FP cavity. The other is composed of PRS and CMM plate which act as a circular polarizer. According to the experimental results, within the impedance bandwidth of 0.63 GHz from 8.71 to 9.34 GHz, the axial ratio and reflection coefficient S11 of the antenna are less than 3 and −10 dB, respectively. At 9 GHz, the maximum gains of simulation and measurement are 18.5 and 18.3 dB, respectively. The measurement results are according well with the simulation results. Similar methods can be extended to other bands to design high‐gain circularly polarized antennas.