bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critical Research Agenda for Social Justice and Public Health
Authors: Krieger Nancy 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Critical and creative work can and must be done to determine why injustice exists, including who gains and who loses and how it wreaks its woe, thereby generating knowledge for both rectifying harm and creating just and sustainable solutions. Critical research questions focus on: What is the evidence that social injustice harms health? What can be done to prevent this harm? There are four key reasons to develop a research agenda for social justice in public health: (1) ignorance forestalls action. (2) The “facts” never “speak for themselves.” (3) Specificity matters. (4) Research can exacerbate, and even generate, rather than help rectify social inequalities in health. This chapter discusses a proposal for a public health research agenda that advances issues of social justice and includes four components: theory, monitoring, etiology, and prevention. For each component, the author delineates broad principles and provides specific examples.
Mobilizing the Marginalized
Authors: Ahuja Amit 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In India, a young democratic system has undermined the legitimacy of a two-thousand-year-old social system that excluded and humiliated an entire people by treating them as untouchables. This incomplete, but irreversible change in Indian society and politics has been authored by the mobilization of some of the most marginalized citizens in the world and counts as one of the most significant achievements of Indian democracy. Dalits, the former untouchables in India, who number over 200 million, have been mobilized by social movements and political parties, but their mobilization is puzzling. Dalits’ parties perform poorly in elections in states historically home to movements demanding social equality while they do well in other states where such movements have been weak or entirely absent. For Dalits, collective action in the social sphere appears to undermine rather than bolster collective action in the electoral sphere. Mobilizing the Marginalized shows how social movements by marginalized ethnic groups—those who are stigmatized by others and disproportionately poor—undermine bloc voting to generate competition for marginalized citizens’ votes across political parties. The book presents evidence showing that a marginalized group gains more from participating in a social movement and dividing support among parties than from voting en bloc for an ethnic party.
Disease Constituencies
Authors: Best Rachel Kahn 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the second half of the twentieth century, disease advocacy evolved from universal campaigns to patients’ constituencies. Changes in the experience of health and illness and the nationwide expansion of political advocacy laid the groundwork for patient-led campaigns. Then, AIDS and breast cancer activists constructed a new type of disease advocacy on the foundations of the gay rights and women’s health movements. Unlike the earlier disease crusades, these movements were led by patients banding together to fight diseases that affected them personally, and they blazed a trail for patients suffering from other diseases. As patients’ activism became increasingly legitimate, disease nonprofits proliferated, patients took over congressional hearings, and disease walks and ribbons became an inescapable feature of American public life.
Geographic Information System Data
Authors: Foster Stephanie , Adams Erica , Dunn Ian , Dent Andrew 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Place is one of the basic tenets of a field investigation. Both the who and the when of infection are relative to and often dependent on the where. Geographic information science, systems, software (collectively known as GIS), and methods are among the tools epidemiologists use in defining and evaluating the where. This chapter reviews GIS applications as they pertain to the 10 steps of a field investigation. This chapter offers recommendations about the types of geographic data, equipment, and software necessary for GIS and provides considerations for visualization and spatial analysis. An overview is included of sample data sets that might prove useful for estimating and defining the population in a particular study area (e.g., population data from the US Census) as are recommendations for geospatial methods for estimating sociodemographic characteristics and disease rates by using these data within GIS. This chapter should provide field epidemiologists with a greater spatial awareness that will help guide the design, collection, analysis, and dissemination of findings from a field investigation.
Nurturing Our Humanity
Authors: Eisler Riane , Fry Douglas P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nurturing Our Humanity sheds new light on our personal and social options in today’s world, showing how we can build societies that support our great human capacities for consciousness, caring, and creativity. It brings together findings—largely overlooked—from the natural and social sciences debunking the popular idea that we are hardwired for selfishness, war, rape, and greed. Its groundbreaking approach reveals connections between disturbing trends like climate change denial and regressions to strongman rule. Moving past right versus left, religious versus secular, Eastern versus Western, and other familiar categories that do not include our formative parent-child and gender relations, it looks at where societies fall on the partnership-domination scale. On one end is the domination system that ranks man over man, man over woman, race over race, and humans over nature. On the other end is the more peaceful, egalitarian, gender-balanced, and sustainable partnership system. Nurturing Our Humanity explores how behaviors, values, and socioeconomic institutions develop differently in these two environments, documents how this affects nothing less than how our brains develop, examines cultures from this new perspective (including societies that for millennia oriented toward partnership), and proposes actions supporting the contemporary movement in this more life-sustaining and enhancing direction. It shows how through today’s ever more fearful, frenzied, and greed-driven technologies of destruction and exploitation, the domination system may lead us to an evolutionary dead end. However, a more equitable and sustainable way of life is biologically possible and culturally attainable: we can change our course.
Innovation Is a Knowledge Problem
Authors: Potts Jason 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter furnishes a new theoretical foundation for thinking about the economics of innovation and the innovation problem as a knowledge problem, and a collective action problem, and therefore a governance problem. The theory of the innovation commons is therefore based in new institutional economics. It builds on the analytic frameworks of four key theorists: Deirdre McCloskey on the moral and cultural foundations under which innovation can occur as an evolutionary social process; Friedrich Hayek on “use of knowledge in society,” on cultural evolution, on the ideas of both distributed knowledge and group selection; Oliver Williamson on the coordination problem of idiosyncratic investment under uncertainty and the hazards that contains; and Elinor Ostrom, who resolves the Hayek and Williamson knowledge conditions with a general solution to the collective action problem of knowledge discovery by pooling knowledge through institutional evolution.
“One’s Own Home Is Better Than All Other Places”
Authors: Saunders Jennifer B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores various discourses and practices in which a transnational community engages that help to redefine places as home, sacred space, and connected across the oceans. After briefly reviewing relevant theories of space, place, and home, it examines the ways the Guptas and their community define home through people who live and visit there. The chapter demonstrates how immigrants (particularly women) also help redefine their new locations as home through their narrative performances. Constructing home in a transnational context inevitably includes narratives that speak about movement across spaces. Speech about visits to India inevitably focuses on family and transformative moments. Speech about visits abroad from India requires an agility that can negotiate a new understanding of family relationships, home, and connections across the oceans. These discourses imaginatively create connections between spaces that are physically unconnected.
Women's Activism, Feminism, and Social Justice
Authors: McLaren Margaret A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Informed by practices of women’s activism in India, this book proposes a feminist social justice framework to address the wide range of issues women face globally, including economic exploitation; sexist oppression; racial, ethnic, and caste oppression; and cultural imperialism. The feminist social justice framework provides an alternative to mainstream philosophical frameworks that analyze and promote gender justice globally: universal human rights, economic projects such as microfinance, and cosmopolitanism. These frameworks share a commitment to individualism and abstract universalism that underlie certain liberal and neoliberal approaches to justice. Arguing that these frameworks emphasize individualism over interdependence, similarity over diversity, and individual success over collective capacity, McLaren draws on the work of Rabindranath Tagore to develop the concept of relational cosmopolitanism. Relational cosmopolitanism prioritizes our connections, while acknowledging power differences. Extending Iris Young’s theory of political responsibility, McLaren shows how Fair Trade connects to the economic solidarity movement. The Self-Employed Women’s Association and MarketPlace India empower women through access to livelihoods as well as fostering leadership capabilities that allow them to challenge structural injustice through political and social activism. Their struggles to resist economic exploitation and gender oppression through collective action show the importance of challenging individualist approaches to achieving gender justice. The book concludes with a call for a shift in our thinking and practice toward reimagining the possibilities for justice from a relational framework, from independence to interdependence, from identity to intersectionality, and from interest to sociopolitical imagination.
Globalization and Women’s Empowerment
Authors: McLaren Margaret A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that cooperatives, because of their focus on both overcoming social oppression and economic exploitation, foster both economic and feminist empowerment for women. First, the chapter discusses the neoliberal economic policies of globalization, which have a disproportionately negative impact on women. Because economic and gender inequality often coincide, projects to enhance women’s empowerment have focused on economic empowerment. This narrow definition of women’s empowerment does not address gender inequality and sexist oppression; nor does it take into account structural and social change. Development strategies to redress women’s economic vulnerability include access to microfinance institutions. However, an increase in material goods alone does not challenge the social, economic, and political structures that create poverty and social marginalization. Cooperatives explicitly promote social equality and challenge the individualism underlying other social institutions. Cooperatives intentionally develop leadership, challenge inequality, and foster the collective capacities needed to challenge structural oppression and systemic exploitation.
Responsibility for Global Justice and Transnational Feminist Solidarity Projects
Authors: McLaren Margaret A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that Iris Marion Young’s approach to unjust social systems and her acknowledgment that each of us is placed differently in those systems provides an important resource for engaging with questions of sexist oppression globally, while being attentive to intersectionality and power relations. After an explication of Young’s theory of political responsibility, criticisms of her theory are addressed. Because Young’s theory of political responsibility draws on feminist concepts such as social location, power, and privilege, it provides a more nuanced way to understand global justice than abstract universal frameworks such as human rights or cosmopolitanism. Extending Young’s theory, the chapter argues that global cross-border alliances can positively promote not only changes in unjust institutions and structures at the transnational level but also foster new local institutions, organizations, and practices that are fairer and more just, such as Fair Trade.
Protecting Animals Within and Across Borders
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Extraterritorial jurisdiction stands at the juncture of international law and animal law and promises to open a path to understanding and resolving the global problems that challenge the core of animal law. As corporations have relocated and the animal industry (agriculture, medical research, entertainment, etc.) has dispersed its production facilities across the territories of multiple states, regulatory gaps and fears of a race to the bottom have become a pressing issue of global policy. Protecting Animals Within and Across Borders provides enough background to allow readers to understand why extraterritorial jurisdiction must respond to these developments, counters objections that readers might raise, and describes how to improve animal law in tandem. The heart of the work is a fully fledged catalog of options for extraterritorial jurisdiction, which states can employ to strengthen their animal laws. The book offers top-down perspectives drawn from general international law and trade law, and complements them with a bottom-up view from the perspective of animal law. The approach connects the law of jurisdiction to substantive law and opens up deeper questions about moral directionality, state and corporate duties owed to animals, and the comparative advantages of applying constitutional, criminal, and administrative animal law across the border. To ensure that extraterritorial animal law does not become complicit in oppressing ethnic, cultural, or any other minorities, the book offers critical interdisciplinary perspectives, informed by studies on posthumanism and postcolonialism. Readers will further learn when and how extraterritorial jurisdiction violates international law, and the consequences of exercising it illegally under international law. This work answers questions about how and why extraterritorial jurisdiction can overcome the steepest hurdles for animal law and help us move toward a just global interspecies community.
Introduction: Protecting Animals in an Age of Globalization
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this introduction to Protecting Animals Within and Across Borders, readers are introduced to the topic of extraterritorial animal law and given a roadmap for the book. The chapter explains how animals are bred in one country, slaughtered in another, processed in another, then exported, and that highly mobile multinational corporations systematically exploit weaker animal laws to decrease production costs. Evidence is offered to show that states, policymakers, lawyers, and the public all seek to determine whether and how animals can be protected across borders. The chapter describes the arc of subsequent chapters and their interrelation, making the case that these complex problems can only be solved if they are analyzed from multiple perspectives, including trade, public international, and animal law. The final section outlines the author’s methodology to solve the problems the text raises.
Mapping the Territory of Animal Law
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 cuts through the tangle of scholarly arguments that obscure the law of jurisdiction, and offers a robust conceptual framework in which jurisdiction and extraterritoriality can be situated. It first describes the historical and conceptual factors that have redistributed jurisdictional space and corrects the most common misapprehensions voiced about jurisdiction by legislators and scholars. To elucidate the terms and concepts behind territoriality and extraterritoriality, the author develops a comprehensive extraterritoriality framework that categorizes jurisdictional norms by their anchor point, their regulated content, and their ancillary effects. The framework, which draws on established principles of the law of jurisdiction, can be used to determine whether a matter is territorial, indirect extraterritorial, or direct extraterritorial. The author introduces four case groups to illustrate the challenges animal law poses to the modi operandi of the law of jurisdiction and uses them to demonstrate the feasibility of the framework.
Shifting Spatial Dimensions of Animal Law
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 lays the groundwork for protecting animals in international law by presenting a series of arguments that justify applying domestic animal law across borders. It first describes the most pressing challenges raised by the globalization of animal production and asks if concluding a treaty is the most rational approach to solving them. It provides evidence for the assumption that treaty-making is both unlikely and undesirable, and that extraterritorial jurisdiction offers considerable comparative benefits by creating a dense jurisdictional net of overlapping laws. Chapter 2 then demonstrates in detail that animal law is highly entangled in economic terms (which serves as a justification for extraterritorial jurisdiction in economic law) and subject to a common consensus about the proper treatment of animals (which serves as a justification for extraterritorial jurisdiction in criminal law). Together, these arguments prove that states have a shared interest in protecting animals more effectively across the border.
The Unanswered: Indirect Protection through the GATT
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the breadth and scope of options available to states that want to indirectly protect animals across the border, in particular under the law of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The flurry of academic discussion at the intersection of animal and trade law was sparked by the Appellate Body’s Seals report in 2014, but it failed to cut deep enough to link to the doctrine of jurisdiction under general international law, and efforts to enter negotiations to more thoroughly protect animals in trade never materialized. The author advances the discussion and fills a gap in scholarship by examining whether and how states can use trade law to indirectly protect animals abroad through import prohibitions, taxes and tariffs, as well as labels. An analysis of the legality of trade-restrictive measures that indirectly protect animals under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) precedes a discussion of justifications for violating the agreement.
Extended Jurisdiction through Foreign Policy, Soft Law, and Self-Regulation
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on whether states can use extended forms of extraterritorial jurisdiction to protect animals abroad, including foreign policy rules, investment agreements, jurisdiction assigned to international bodies, and self-regulation by private actors. These subtler forms of extraterritorial regulation are fully established and widely used in human rights law. When applied to animal law, they yield substantial benefits for states that want to protect animals abroad by reaching beyond traditional command-and-control structures and tapping the expertise of non-state actors. The focus of this chapter is on investment rules, export credit standards, bilateral investment treaties, bilateral free trade agreements, impact assessments, reporting, corporate social responsibility, codes of conduct, and the Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises, issued by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Parameters of Substantive Law
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 shows ways to meaningfully connect the various jurisdictional tools to protect animals abroad to substantive law, and determines whether substantive law puts constraints on them. A central question at this intersection is whether states can use extraterritorial jurisdiction to lower standards abroad, for example, as a side effect to lucrative trade deals. Insights from general international, trade, and animal law will help illuminate this question. The author then determines the level of consistency animal laws must maintain to survive the scrutiny of international law. The author creates a hierarchy of presumptions to guide public authorities in their decisions about which animal laws, at a minimum, meet the requirements of beneficence and consistency. The chapter concludes with an argument that states should have a duty to protect animals abroad, and that corporations should have a duty to respect animals abroad, akin to the obligations set up under the UN “Protect, Respect and Remedy” framework.
Comparative Vantage Points of Extraterritorial Animal Law
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 provides legislators with a full description of the comparative advantages of applying animal law across the border. It first clarifies the scope of extraterritorial jurisdiction by examining what kinds of administrative, criminal, and civil animal laws can be used extraterritorially. Using a functional comparative approach, the author describes the benefits of extraterritorial applying animal law extraterritorially, including constitutionally enshrined state objectives, rights and prohibitions, and duties of compassion. Criminal animal law (including advanced rules on corporate liability) and administrative animal law (including advanced standards on keeping, transporting, and slaughter) can also create significant advantages for animals when used to protect them across borders. The author describes these in detail and concludes that there are good reasons to believe that only a few of the existing animal laws can operate as exemplary models. For animal law to yield substantial benefits in extraterritorial application, it first must emancipate itself from the dominant animal use paradigm.
Legality of Extraterritorial Jurisdiction under International Law
Authors: Blattner Charlotte E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 10 examines the legal risks of protecting animals abroad by offering a full analysis into the legality of extraterritorial jurisdiction under international law, and is intended to guide states that wish to use it. The reader is introduced to the types of jurisdictional conflicts that can emerge in animal law and shown how states can unilaterally prevent, manage, or mitigate them (such as through the principle of reasonableness, the rule of law, and the prohibition of double jeopardy). The chapter describes avenues for conflict resolution, including resorting to the principle of comity, or entering bilateral and multilateral treaty negotiations. It then elucidates the circumstances under which exercise of jurisdiction violates international law, in particular, the principles of sovereign equality, nonintervention, territorial integrity, and self-determination of peoples. The chapter concludes with an examination of the consequences a breach entails under international law, which is as useful for animal law as much as for other fields of law grappling with extraterritoriality.