bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The End of Cheap Talk About Poverty Reduction
Authors: Collado Diego , Cantillon Bea , Van den Bosch Karel , Goedemé Tim , Vandelannoote Dieter 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Available evidence suggests that social investment and employment strategies are important but not sufficient for poverty reduction. Thus, European Union countries must not only develop effective employment policies but also ensure adequate social protection. This would require increasing social transfers for working and nonworking households, while protecting work incentives. In this chapter, we show that this is not an inexpensive option. We calculate the hypothetical cost of closing the poverty gap while maintaining the existing average labor-market participation incentives at the bottom of the income distribution. We do so in three types of welfare regimes, namely those of Belgium, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. Results show that this would require around two times the budget needed just to lift all disposable household incomes to the poverty threshold. The cost would obviously be lower in countries with smaller poverty gaps and with weaker participation incentives.
The Age of Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The introduction provides a historical motivation for undertaking an ontology of motion. The major historical events of global migration, the digital image, and quantum physics are part of a larger shift taking place toward the increasing importance of motion at the turn of the twenty-first century. The exceptions to the rules of the previous static paradigms have now themselves become the rules in a whole new kinetic paradigm. We have entered a new historical era, defined in large part by the primacy of movement and mobility, and are now in need of a new ontology appropriate to our time.
Sensation
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter puts forward a kinetic theory of sensation. Sensation occurs at the period where a flow folds back over itself and touches itself. It is the ambiguous kinetic structure of the period itself—the double or split affect of periodicity. Sensation is the kinetic difference between sensibility and the sensed. The two are identical in the period of sensation (the sensed) but differentiated in the continuous movement of the flow across its cycle (sensibility). Sensation is the kinetic differentiation internal to existence that makes possible self-affection or self-sensation. In short, sensation is the sense of the sensed as the kinetic identity of the kinetically different.
Circulation
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that being flows and folds, but is also distributed by a field. Flows join into stable folds, and folds are conjoined into things, but things are also arranged or ordered together through a field of circulation. This is the third concept in the theory of motion. A field is a single continuous flow that has a kinetic vector for each period on its surface. If flows intersect and folds periodically cycle, fields organize them all in a continuous feedback loop. This chapter provides a kinetic theory of how conjoined flows become organized according to distinct regimes or fields of motion.
Prehistoric Mythology
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The dominant description of being as space coincides roughly with the historical period called the Neolithic. This ontological description was articulated not in written language or an alphabet, which would not be invented for several thousand more years, but through another language altogether—one of images. This chapter argues that there are three interrelated sign groups that rise to mythological dominance across almost all European Neolithic groups: the Venus, the egg, and the spiral. These graphic signs are not like the others—dogs, goats, combs, tools, lunar images, and so on—but have a privileged status not just in the sheer number of their creation and geographical ubiquity across Neolithic Europe during this time, but also in the primacy of their ontogenetic function to explain how being comes to be what it is.
Ancient Cosmology I
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In this chapter (and the next three) we look at how the kinetic description or logos of eternity emerged historically as the dominant name for being. The thesis of these four chapters is to show that the dominant ancient ontological description of being implicitly and explicitly relies on a description of centrifugal motion. The argument of this chapter is that the dominant determination of being as eternity coincided roughly with the historical period of ancient cosmologies found in the writings of the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Semitic peoples, and the Greeks beginning around 5000 bce and lasting to around 500 ce, although traces of it certainly began earlier in some areas and lingered later in others.
Ancient Cosmology IV
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that after the preceding account of the early Greek philosophers, it is now possible to appreciate the truly incredible but hardly original cosmological synthesis of centrifugal motion and spherology achieved by Plato (with the help of Socrates, who was the contemporary of many early Greek philosophers) and Aristotle. This chapter shows the cosmology of the sphere at work in Plato and Aristotle. In Plato’s work, the single clearest exposition of the kinetics of eternity occurs in his dialogue The Timaeus. Similar accounts are given throughout Plato’s work, but since the focus of The Timaeus is on cosmology, it provides the most robust account.
The Book I
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that medieval and early modern ontological descriptions made use of a new material technology of inscription with the same tensional regime: the book. Without assuming any direct causation, the following two chapters show a clear similarity of kinetic structure in both theological description and its technology of inscription during this time. The new kind of kinography that rose to dominance in the West around the fourth and fifth centuries was called “bibliography”. The rise of bibliography, or book writing, functioned according to two major kinographic operations: the binding of the book, and the comprehension (or kinetic tension between author and the reader) of the book. Between the fifth and eighteenth centuries, two major book technologies were used in theological descriptions: the manuscript codex, from the fifth to fifteenth centuries, and the printed codex, from the fifteenth up to the eighteenth century.
Modern Phenomenology III
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that after Marx’s analysis of capitalist temporality, Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) introduced an even more radical elasticity into transcendental temporality in the form of an “absolute flow of time.” This move set him apart from both Hume and Kant. Hume had to explicitly presuppose the continuous passing of time, but he could not defend this thesis on the basis of our experience of successive moments. Husserl’s remarkable innovation therefore was to multiply and stretch the temporal field itself such that any given temporal field can become a subcirculation or conjunction within an even larger field. This is possible, as we will see, because the flow of time is absolutely elastic.
Conclusion
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Being and Motion puts forth a new conceptual and ontological framework of analysis that begins with the primacy of motion. Indeed, the early twenty-first century has already shown itself to be an age defined increasingly by motion—by migration and global mobility, by kinetic theories of quantum fields, and by the mobility of the digital image. This short conclusion highlights the main theses put forward by this book and reviews what we have gained from them, their limitations, and what directions they have opened for future research. The conclusion looks at the five main theses of the book, the consequences of these theses, the limitations of the book as a whole, and the areas of future research.
The Workshop of the World
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The chapter describes the rapid growth of Chinese manufacturing since 1979, and its increasing share of global industrial output. The chapter analyses the factors that have made the manufacturing sector so competitive internationally, considering the role of wages and productivity, economies of scale and scope, the exchange rate and government subsidies. It highlights several characteristics of China’s manufactured exports, including the significant role played by foreign firms, the high levels of import content (although this has been declining over time), and technological upgrading. These characteristics reflect the integration of China into a regional production network in East Asia. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ways in which China’s expansion has helped reduce the prices of manufactured goods and has affected the manufacturing production and exports of other countries.
A Voracious Dragon?
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Economic growth in China has had a major impact on global commodity markets. The Chapter documents the significance of China in terms of its share of global consumption and world imports of a number of commodities, as well as China’s dependence on such imports. This shows that there is considerable variation between different commodities, with China being particularly important for minerals and metals. Chinese demand has had an impact on commodity prices and was one factor that contributed to the commodity boom of 2002–11. Non-price aspects of Chinese involvement are also discussed, including Chinese strategies to secure resources; Chinese policies to encourage processing at home; and the specific characteristics of the Chinese market in terms of social and environmental standards.
Going Global
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The chapter documents the growth of Chinese outward direct foreign investment (OFDI) and overseas projects carried out by Chinese contractors. The chapter discusses some of the problems in measuring Chinese OFDI. It shows the continuing importance of state-owned enterprises in China’s Go Global policy and discusses whether the international expansion of Chinese firms is primarily state driven or market driven. It shows that although political objectives played a role in the early expansion of Chinese firms, strategic economic factors and commercial objectives have played the most important roles in recent years. Resources and markets have been major drivers of the internationalization of Chinese firms. Chinese firms have also been involved in strategic-asset-seeking investment in developed countries.
China’s Economic Expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The chapter documents the growth of economic relations between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), focussing on trade, foreign direct investment, Chinese construction and engineering projects, loans, and aid. The chapter highlights the way in which these are sometimes combined in resources-for-infrastructure deals. It shows the variety of different actors involved in these relationships, including state and non-state actors, on both the Chinese and African sides. It then discusses the role of strategic diplomatic, strategic economic, and commercial objectives in the growing Chinese involvement in SSA. It also addresses questions of African agency and the interests of African actors in economic relations with China. The impact of political, strategic economic and commercial factors on different types of economic relations is then analyzed econometrically.
Social, Political, and Environmental Impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Some of the most controversial aspects of China’s economic presence in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) relate to the social, political, and environmental impacts. Many of the claims that are made are based on anecdotal evidence, and there is a need for more systematic research on these aspects. In terms of social impacts, the chapter discusses employment, wages, working conditions, and labour rights. Political issues addressed include claims that China’s involvement supports authoritarian regimes, encourages corruption, and leads to conflict and political instability. These claims are not generally supported, and SSA countries have benefitted from the increased policy space that Chinese involvement gives them. The environmental effects of both increased exports to China and the activities of Chinese firms in SSA are analyzed. Contrasting case studies illustrate the negative impacts of China on forestry, and the positive effects of Chinese support for wind and solar power.
Social, Political, and Environmental Impacts in Latin America
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Rather less has been written about the social, political, and environmental impacts of China on Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) than the economic impacts. In terms of social impacts, the chapter considers the effects in terms of both employment and the way in which Chinese companies in the extractive industries have affected local communities. In LAC, discussion of the political implications have mainly focussed on whether or not China’s growing presence represents a threat to US interests in the region, but there is no evidence that China is exercising undue political influence in the region as the case studies of Brazil and Venezuela illustrate. There is little systematic evidence concerning the environmental impacts, although the case of soybeans illustrates the potential negative consequences of growing demand from China.
Conclusion
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
By way of conclusion, this chapter focusses on two issues. The first is how China’s relations with Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are likely to be affected in the future by recent changes in the Chinese economy and its internationalization. Since 2012, the Chinese economy has been characterized by a ‘New Normal’ of slower economic growth and a rebalancing of the economy towards increased domestic consumption and less reliance on investment and exports. China also launched the One Belt, One Road (OBOR) initiative in 2013, which seeks to link China with other Asian countries and Europe through major investment projects. The second issue concerns the continuing tensions that derive from the asymmetric economic relations between China and the two regions and whether steps will be taken to resolve them.
Changing Global Discourses
Authors: Leisering Lutz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
All major international organizations had rejected the idea of social cash transfers to the poor until the late 1990s. Why did they adopt the idea by the mid-2000s? It is argued that the 1990s witnessed new discourses among international organizations—on poverty, development, risk, human rights, and universalism—that created an ideational window of opportunity for cash transfers to emerge as a global idea. The new discourses provided new reasons for social security, by raising new global social questions and invoking new social responsibilities of international organizations and states. In particular, the right to social security, laid down in 1948 by the UN, was re-interpreted during the 1990s to require individualized welfare benefits for the poor. Powerful discourse coalitions and discursive practices propelled the new discourses. However, the move towards extending social security was checked by the enduring developmental thinking geared to achieving welfare in the long run by market means and macroeconomic policies.
Grammaticalization and inflectionalization in Iranian
Authors: Haig Geoffrey 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe oldest attested Iranian languages underwent erosion and loss (or at least simplification) of much of their inherited inflectional morphology. These processes, echoing similar developments elsewhere in Indo-European, affected the categories of gender, case, aspect, person, and modality. The modern languages have since restored the old categories to varying degrees, providing a rich source for observing the mechanisms of grammaticalization. This chapter focuses on the innovation of inflectional person marking, based on erstwhile clitic pronouns. While person indexing for subjects may adhere to the predicted pathway for the grammaticalization of agreement, yielding obligatory verb-bound agreement markers in some languages, the grammaticalization of object indexing does not progress beyond the stage of clitic pronouns, despite the same etymological origin as the subject pronouns, and an even longer time-depth. The chapter also discusses the grammaticalization of a new accusative case marker in Persian, and of an innovated progressive aspect.
Grammaticalization in the North Caucasian languages
Authors: Arkadiev Peter , Maisak Timur 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe chapter presents an overview of selected grammaticalization phenomena in the two branches of the (North) Caucasian languages: the Circassian branch of the Northwest Caucasian family and the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian family. For the former, we focus on the grammaticalization of body-part nouns as locative applicative prefixes and of motion verbs as suffixes with abstract Aktionsart-like meanings, and on various constructions with auxiliary verbs, showing that rich polysynthetic morphosyntax of Circassian languages provides means to differentiate degrees of integration of such complexes. For the Lezgic languages, we concentrate on the grammaticalization and morphologization of matrix verbs which includes not only well-known cases like copulas and existential verbs becoming auxiliaries in various periphrastic tense-aspect forms—‘do’ becoming a causative auxiliary or ‘say’ becoming a quotative or reportative marker—but also a typologically rare development of the verb ‘see’ into a ‘verificative’ marker ?to find out whether the situation takes place’.
A Hitchin Connection for a Large Class of Families of Kähler Structures
Authors: Andersen Jørgen Ellegaard , Rasmussen Kenneth 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter presents a Hitchin connection constructed in a setting which significantly generalizes the setting covered by the first author, which, in turn, was a generalization of the moduli space covered in the original work on the Hitchin connection. In fact, this construction provides a Hitchin connection which is a partial connection on the space of all compatible complex structures on an arbitrary but fixed prequantizable symplectic manifold which satisfies a certain Fano-type condition. The subspace of the tangent space to the space of compatible complex structures on which the constructed Hitchin connection is defined is of finite codimension if the symplectic manifold is compact. It also proves uniqueness of the Hitchin connection under a further assumption. A number of examples show that this Hitchin connection is defined in a neighbourhood of the natural families of complex structures compatible with the given symplectic form which these spaces admit.
Deformation Theory of Lie Bialgebra Properads
Authors: Merkulov Sergei , Willwacher Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents the homotopy derivations of the properads governing even and odd Lie bialgebras, as well as involutive Lie bialgebras. The answer may be expressed in terms of the Kontsevich graph complexes. In particular, this shows that the Grothendieck–Teichmuller group acts faithfully and essentially transitively on the completions of the properads governing even Lie bialgebras and involutive Lie bialgebras, up to homotopy. This shows also that, in contrast to the even case, the properad governing odd Lie bialgebras admits precisely one non-trivial automorphism—the standard rescaling automorphism, and that it has precisely one non-trivial deformation, which we describe explicitly.
Hyperfunctions, the Duistermaat–Heckman Theorem and Loop Groups
Authors: Jeffrey Lisa C. , Mracek James A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis chapter investigates the Duistermaat–Heckman theorem using the theory of hyperfunctions. In applications involving Hamiltonian torus actions on infinite-dimensional manifolds, the more general theory seems to be necessary in order to accommodate the existence of the infinite-order differential operators which arise from the isotropy representations on the tangent spaces to fixed points. The chapter quickly reviews the theory of hyperfunctions and their Fourier transforms. It then applies this theory to construct a hyperfunction analogue of the Duistermaat–Heckman distribution. The main goal will be to study the Duistermaat–Heckman distribution of the loop space of SU(2) but it will also characterize the singular locus of the moment map for the Hamiltonian action of T×S1 on the loop space of G. The main goal of this chapter is to present a Duistermaat–Heckman hyperfunction arising from a Hamiltonian group action on an infinite-dimensional manifold.
Wild Character Varieties, Meromorphic Hitchin Systems and Dynkin Diagrams
Authors: Boalch Philip 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe theory of Hitchin systems is something like a ‘global theory of Lie groups’ where one works over a Riemann surface rather than just at a point. This chapter describes how one can take this analogy a few steps further by attempting to make precise the class of rich geometric objects that appear in this story (including the non-compact case) and discusses their classification, outlining a theory of ‘Dynkin diagrams’ as a step towards classifying some examples of such objects.
Threefold Extremal Contractions of Type (IIA)
Authors: Mori Shigefumi , Prokhorov Yuri 
Published: December 2018

AbstractLet (X, C) be a germ of a threefold X with terminal singularities along an irreducible reduced complete curve C with a contraction f:(X,C)→(Z,o) such that C=f−1(o)red and −KX is f-ample. Assume that (X, C) contains a point of type (IIA). This chapter continues the study of such germs containing a point of type (IIA), started in our previous paper.