bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of visual priors and induced hallucinations in chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Valton Vincent , Karvelis Povilas , Richards Katie L , Seitz Aaron R , Lawrie Stephen M , Seriès Peggy 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Prominent theories suggest that symptoms of schizophrenia stem from learning deficiencies resulting in distorted internal models of the world. To test these theories further, we used a visual statistical learning task known to induce rapid implicit learning of the stimulus statistics. In this task, participants are presented with a field of coherently moving dots and are asked to report the presented direction of the dots (estimation task), and whether they saw any dots or not (detection task). Two of the directions were more frequently presented than the others. In controls, the implicit acquisition of the stimuli statistics influences their perception in two ways: (i) motion directions are perceived as being more similar to the most frequently presented directions than they really are (estimation biases); and (ii) in the absence of stimuli, participants sometimes report perceiving the most frequently presented directions (a form of hallucinations). Such behaviour is consistent with probabilistic inference, i.e. combining learnt perceptual priors with sensory evidence. We investigated whether patients with chronic, stable, treated schizophrenia (n = 20) differ from controls (n = 23) in the acquisition of the perceptual priors and/or their influence on perception. We found that although patients were slower than controls, they showed comparable acquisition of perceptual priors, approximating the stimulus statistics. This suggests that patients have no statistical learning deficits in our task. This may reflect our patients’ relative wellbeing on antipsychotic medication. Intriguingly, however, patients experienced significantly fewer (P = 0.016) hallucinations of the most frequently presented directions than controls when the stimulus was absent or when it was very weak (prior-based lapse estimations). This suggests that prior expectations had less influence on patients’ perception than on controls when stimuli were absent or below perceptual threshold.
Specialized Somatosensory–Motor Integration Functions in Musicians
Authors: Hirano Masato , Kimoto Yudai , Furuya Shinichi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSomatosensory signals play roles in the fine control of dexterous movements through a somatosensory–motor integration mechanism. While skilled individuals are typically characterized by fine-tuned somatosensory functions and dexterous motor skills, it remains unknown whether and in what manner their bridging mechanism, the tactile–motor and proprioceptive–motor integration functions, plastically changes through extensive sensorimotor experiences. Here, we addressed this issue by comparing physiological indices of these functions between pianists and nonmusicians. Both tactile and proprioceptive stimuli to the right index finger inhibited corticospinal excitability measured by a transcranial magnetic stimulation method. However, the tactile and proprioceptive stimuli exerted weaker and stronger inhibitory effects, respectively, on corticospinal excitability in pianists than in nonmusicians. The results of the electroencephalogram measurements revealed no significant group difference in the amplitude of cortical responses to the somatosensory stimuli around the motor and somatosensory cortices, suggesting that the group difference in the inhibitory effects reflects neuroplastic adaptation of the somatosensory–motor integration functions in pianists. Penalized regression analyses further revealed an association between these integration functions and motor performance in the pianists, suggesting that extensive piano practice reorganizes somatosensory–motor integration functions so as to enable fine control of dexterous finger movements during piano performances.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and Increased Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the United States
Authors: Serpa Jose A , Huynh Gabriel N , Nickell Julie B , Miao Hongyu 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) decreases HIV transmission. Some studies have raised concerns about a potential association between the implementation of HIV PrEP and the growing incidence rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States.MethodsWe conducted a quasi-experimental (interrupted time series) analysis of STI (syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia) rates before (2000–2012) and after (2013–2017) the implementation of HIV PrEP. We also performed correlations between HIV PrEP utilization and STI cases at the national (2012–2017) and state (2017) levels. We defined HIV PrEP utilization as the number of people taking tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine for HIV prevention.ResultsHIV PrEP implementation was associated with 25% (relative risk [RR] 1.254, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.245–1.263; P &lt; .001) and 26% (RR 1.260, 95% CI 1.257–1.264; P &lt; .001) increases in syphilis and gonorrhea rates, respectively, and a 12% reduction in chlamydia rates (RR: 0.884, 95% CI 0.883–0.885; P &lt; .001). HIV PrEP utilization was correlated with the numbers of syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia cases (spearman coefficients 1.00, 0.94, and 0.94, respectively; P &lt; .001, P &lt; .01, and P &lt; .01, respectively). At the state level, HIV PrEP was also correlated with the number of cases of syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia (spearman coefficients 0.85, 0.81, and 0.85, respectively; Ps &lt; .001 for all correlations).ConclusionsThe implementation and utilization of HIV PrEP in the United States were associated with increased rates of STIs. Further studies to confirm these associations and to elucidate potential causes are needed.
Creatinine clearance after cimetidine administration in a new short procedure: comparison with plasma and renal clearances of iohexol
Authors: Stehlé Thomas , El Karoui Khalil , Sakka Mehdi , Ismail Ahmad , Matignon Marie , Grimbert Philippe , Canoui-Poitrine Florence , Prié Dominique , Audard Vincent 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundCreatinine clearance after cimetidine administration (Cim-CreatClr) was once proposed as a method of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measurement, but has been largely abandoned. We investigated whether a new short procedure for Cim-CreatClr determination could be considered an appropriate method for GFR measurement.MethodsA 150-min protocol involving oral cimetidine administration was developed to determine Cim-CreatClr. In total, 168 patients underwent simultaneous assessments of creatinine clearance before and after cimetidine administration [basal creatinine clearance (Basal-CreatClr) and Cim-CreatClr, respectively], renal iohexol clearance and plasma iohexol clearance (R-iohexClr and P-iohexClr, respectively). We compared the agreement between the various methods of GFR measurement, using Bland–Altman plots to determine biases, precisions (standard deviation of the biases) and accuracy (proportions of GFR values falling within 10, 15 and 30% of the mean: P10, P15 and P30, respectively).ResultsAfter cimetidine administration, Basal-CreatClr decreased by 19.8% [95% reference limits of agreement (95% LoA): −2.2 to 41.7%]. The bias between Cim-CreatClr and P-iohexClr was −0.6% (95% LoA −26.8 to 28%); the precision was 14.0%; P10, P15 and P30 were 57.1% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 49.3 to 64.7%], 73.2% (95% CI 65.8 to 79.7%) and 97.0% (95% CI 93.2 to 99.0%), respectively. Due to the positive bias (16.7%; 95% LoA −3.6 to 36.9%) of Cim-CreatClr relative to R-iohexClr, accuracy of Cim-CreatClr relative to R-iohexClr was poor despite a good precision (10.3%).ConclusionsOur study shows a high level of agreement between Cim-CreatClr and P-iohexClr. These results suggest that this short Cim-CreatClr procedure is a valid method for GFR measurement, which might be useful, in particular, in situations in which P-iohexClr is not suitable or not available.
Sex and regional differences in myocardial plasticity in aortic stenosis are revealed by 3D model machine learning
Authors: Bhuva Anish N , Treibel Thomas A , De Marvao Antonio , Biffi Carlo , Dawes Timothy J W , Doumou Georgia , Bai Wenjia , Patel Kush , Boubertakh Redha , Rueckert Daniel , O’Regan Declan P , Hughes Alun D , Moon James C , Manisty Charlotte H 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Aims
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in aortic stenosis (AS) varies widely before and after aortic valve replacement (AVR), and deeper phenotyping beyond traditional global measures may improve risk stratification. We hypothesized that machine learning derived 3D LV models may provide a more sensitive assessment of remodelling and sex-related differences in AS than conventional measurements.

Methods and results
One hundred and sixteen patients with severe, symptomatic AS (54% male, 70 ± 10 years) underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance pre-AVR and 1 year post-AVR. Computational analysis produced co-registered 3D models of wall thickness, which were compared with 40 propensity-matched healthy controls. Preoperative regional wall thickness and post-operative percentage wall thickness regression were analysed, stratified by sex. AS hypertrophy and regression post-AVR was non-uniform—greatest in the septum with more pronounced changes in males than females (wall thickness regression: −13 ± 3.6 vs. −6 ± 1.9%, respectively, P < 0.05). Even patients without LVH (16% with normal indexed LV mass, 79% female) had greater septal and inferior wall thickness compared with controls (8.8 ± 1.6 vs. 6.6 ± 1.2 mm, P < 0.05), which regressed post-AVR. These differences were not detectable by global measures of remodelling. Changes to clinical parameters post-AVR were also greater in males: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) [−37 (interquartile range −88 to −2) vs. −1 (−24 to 11) ng/L, P = 0.008], and systolic blood pressure (12.9 ± 23 vs. 2.1 ± 17 mmHg, P = 0.009), with changes in NT-proBNP correlating with percentage LV mass regression in males only (ß 0.32, P = 0.02).

Conclusion
In patients with severe AS, including those without overt LVH, LV remodelling is most plastic in the septum, and greater in males, both pre-AVR and post-AVR. Three-dimensional machine learning is more sensitive than conventional analysis to these changes, potentially enhancing risk stratification.

Clinical trial registration
Regression of myocardial fibrosis after aortic valve replacement (RELIEF-AS); NCT02174471. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02174471.
Dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy: a comprehensive genotype-imaging phenotype study
Authors: Augusto João B , Eiros Rocio , Nakou Eleni , Moura-Ferreira Sara , Treibel Thomas A , Captur Gabriella , Akhtar Mohammed M , Protonotarios Alexandros , Gossios Thomas D , Savvatis Konstantinos , Syrris Petros , Mohiddin Saidi , Moon James C , Elliott Perry M , Lopes Luis R 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Aims
Myocardial scar detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance has been associated with sudden cardiac death in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Certain genetic causes of DCM may cause a malignant arrhythmogenic phenotype. The concepts of arrhythmogenic left ventricular (LV) cardiomyopathy (ALVC) and arrhythmogenic DCM are currently ill-defined. We hypothesized that a distinctive imaging phenotype defines ALVC.

Methods and results
Eighty-nine patients with DCM-associated mutations [desmoplakin (DSP) n = 25, filamin C (FLNC) n = 7, titin n = 30, lamin A/C n = 12, bcl2-associated athanogene 3 n = 3, RNA binding motif protein 20 n = 3, cardiac sodium channel NAv1.5 n = 2, and sarcomeric genes n = 7] were comprehensively phenotyped. Clustering analysis resulted in two groups: ‘DSP/FLNC genotypes’ and ‘non-DSP/FLNC’. There were no significant differences in age, sex, symptoms, baseline electrocardiography, arrhythmia burden, or ventricular volumes between the two groups. Subepicardial LV late gadolinium enhancement with ring-like pattern (at least three contiguous segments in the same short-axis slice) was observed in 78.1% of DSP/FLNC genotypes but was absent in the other DCM genotypes (P < 0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and global longitudinal strain were lower in other DCM genotypes (P = 0.053 and P = 0.015, respectively), but LV regional wall motion abnormalities were more common in DSP/FLNC genotypes (P < 0.001). DSP/FLNC patients with non-sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) had more LV scar (P = 0.010), whereas other DCM genotypes patients with NSVT had lower LVEF (P = 0.001) than patients without NSVT.

Conclusion
DSP/FLNC genotypes cause more regionality in LV impairment. The most defining characteristic is a subepicardial ring-like scar pattern in DSP/FLNC, which should be considered in future diagnostic criteria for ALVC.
Disseminated melioidosis with native valve endocarditis: a case report
Authors: Subramony Hariharan , Gunasekaran Sengottuvelu , Paul Pandi Vinodh Kumar 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram negative, soil-water saprophytic bacterium endemic in South-East Asia and Northern Australia. Melioidosis is being increasingly diagnosed in other regions like India, China, and Sri Lanka during recent years. The clinical presentation of melioidosis is extremely variable.

Case summary
We present a case of melioidosis presenting as native valve infective endocarditis with concomitant hepatic and splenic abscesses. This is the second case of melioidosis with infective endocarditis reported from India.

Discussion
Melioidosis can present with pneumonia, pleural effusion, subcutaneous abscesses, visceral abscesses, osteomyelitis, and septicaemia, but cardiac involvement is rare. Endocarditis due to melioidosis is rare (∼1%) and is rarely reported in literature. This case highlights the unusual presentation of this emerging disease.
Comparison of effects of cervical headgear treatment on skeletal facial changes when the treatment time is altered: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Julku Johanna , Pirilä-Parkkinen Kirsi , Tolvanen Mimmi , Pirttiniemi Pertti 
Published: June 2019

Summary

Background
There is a lack of evidence based on longitudinal information in the field of Class II malocclusion management with cervical headgear (CH), especially in a randomized setting.

Objectives
The main objective of this study was to evaluate skeletal facial changes, particularly in vertical dimensions, after Kloehn-type CH treatment in children when the timing of treatment is altered.

Trial design
Prospective, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial.

Methods
Screened children with Class II malocclusion were randomized in 1:1 ratio to two groups of equal size by sealed-envelope randomization: the early group (EG), where active CH treatment was started at the age of 7.8 years, and the late group (LG), where CH treatment was started at the age of 9.5 years. The active treatment was continued until normal Class I occlusion on first molars was achieved. Cephalograms were taken at three different time points. Changes in cephalometric measurements were compared between groups and genders. Blinding was applicable for outcome evaluation.

Results
Of 67 randomized children, 56 completed the study. Upper face height increased during the CH treatment phase, as the parameter N–ANS increased significantly during the active treatments of EG (P < 0.05) and LG (P < 0.05). Also, the parameter NSL–PL increased significantly during the treatment of EG (P < 0.01) and during the treatment of LG (P < 0.01). The Gonial angle decreased significantly in the early CH treatment group compared to the later treatment group (T0–T2: P < 0.01). CH improved the antero-posterior jaw relationship. No harms were encountered.

Conclusions
Although the upper face height increased, the mandible showed anterior rotation after CH treatment. The Gonial angle was significantly decreased in the EG compared to the LG. There were gender-specific differences in both sagittal and vertical dimensions when examining interrelations in dimensional changes. The differences found between the early and later treatment groups were not clinically important when the cephalometric results are considered.

Clinical registration
ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02010346).
Cognitive and Functional Status of Persons Newly Enrolled at Dementia-Specific Adult Day Centers and Burden of Their Caregivers
Authors: Chiriboga David A , Park Nan S , Gilbert Karen , Molinari Victor A , Barnes Mary 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Recognizing the important role that dementia-specific adult day centers have in maintaining persons with a neurocognitive disorder in their home, this article examines three critical indicators at the time when people first enroll in such a center: cognitive and functional impairment of the enrollee, and burden reported by their family caregivers. We also considered variations in these 3 indicators by race/ethnicity and by the relationship of caregiver to the new enrollee.

Research Design and Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis of data collected by a nonprofit organization operating 11 dementia-specific adult day centers located on the east coast of Florida. Nursing staff conducted intake interviews with enrollees and their caregivers, and assessed functional status within one month of admission. Instruments included the Zarit Burden Scale and components of the Minimum Data Set: the Brief Interview for Mental Status (BIMS) and 4 measures of functional status.

Results
On average the cognitive scores of newly enrollees were well-within the range indicated for severe impairment, and these levels did not differ by race/ethnicity. Burden reported by caregivers however differed significantly, with Latinx caregivers reporting the greatest burden and African American/Black caregivers reporting the least. Further, while daughters generally reported higher levels of burden than other family caregivers, Black daughters reported the least.

Discussion and Implications
Results suggest a need for greater dissemination efforts about adult day programs to the Latinx community, as well as attention to the disparate burden placed upon differing family relationships of caregivers to enrollees.
A continuum model of multi-phase reactive transport in igneous systems
Authors: Keller Tobias , Suckale Jenny 
Published: June 2019

SUMMARY
Multiphase reactive transport processes are ubiquitous in igneous systems. A challenging aspect of modelling igneous phenomena is that they range from solid-dominated porous to liquid-dominated suspension flows and therefore entail a wide spectrum of rheological conditions, flow speeds and length scales. Most previous models have been restricted to the two-phase limits of porous melt transport in deforming, partially molten rock and crystal settling in convecting magma bodies. The goal of this paper is to develop a framework that can capture igneous system from source to surface at all phase proportions including not only rock and melt but also an exsolved volatile phase. Here, we derive an n-phase reactive transport model building on the concepts of Mixture Theory, along with principles of Rational Thermodynamics and procedures of Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics. Our model operates at the macroscopic system scale and requires constitutive relations for fluxes within and transfers between phases, which are the processes that together give rise to reactive transport phenomena. We introduce a phase- and process-wise symmetrical formulation for fluxes and transfers of entropy, mass, momentum and volume, and propose phenomenological coefficient closures that determine how fluxes and transfers respond to mechanical and thermodynamic forces. Finally, we demonstrate that the known limits of two-phase porous and suspension flow emerge as special cases of our general model and discuss some ramifications for modelling pertinent two- and three-phase flow problems in igneous systems.
A combinatorial approach to determine earthquake magnitude distributions on a variable slip-rate fault
Authors: Geist Eric L , Parsons Tom 
Published: June 2019

SUMMARYCombinatorial methods are used to determine the spatial distribution of earthquake magnitudes on a fault whose slip rate varies along strike. Input to the problem is a finite sample of earthquake magnitudes that span 5 kyr drawn from a truncated Pareto distribution. The primary constraints to the problem are maximum and minimum values around the target slip-rate function indicating where feasible solutions can occur. Two methods are used to determine the spatial distribution of earthquakes: integer programming and the greedy-sequential algorithm. For the integer-programming method, the binary decision vector includes all possible locations along the fault where each earthquake can occur. Once a set of solutions that satisfy the constraints is found, the cumulative slip misfit on the fault is globally minimized relative to the target slip-rate function. The greedy algorithm sequentially places earthquakes to locally optimize slip accumulation. As a case study, we calculate how earthquakes are distributed along the megathrust of the Nankai subduction zone, in which the slip rate varies significantly along strike. For both methods, the spatial distribution of magnitudes depends on slip rate, except for the largest magnitude earthquakes that span multiple sections of the fault. The greedy-sequential algorithm, previously applied to this fault (Parsons et al., 2012), tends to produce smoother spatial distributions and fewer lower magnitude earthquakes in the low slip-rate section of the fault compared to the integer-programming method. Differences in results from the two methods relate to how much emphasis is placed on minimizing the misfit to the target slip rate (integer programming) compared to finding a solution within the slip-rate constraints (greedy sequential). Specifics of the spatial distribution of magnitudes also depend on the shape of the target slip-rate function: that is, stepped at the section boundaries versus a smooth function. This study isolates the effects of slip-rate variation along a single fault in determining the spatial distribution of earthquake magnitudes, helping to better interpret results from more complex, interconnected fault systems.
Variables affecting first-year student commitment during the transition to college in Ireland
Authors: Daniels Natasha , Sheahan Jerome , MacNeela Pádraig 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Third-level student attrition rates internationally are a cause for concern. Thus, student retention and academic success are top priorities for colleges, and students alike. In addition to this, student well-being is a growing public health concern. This study explores the need to incorporate well-being as a predictor in traditionally academically focused models of student persistence during the transition to college. A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted with 574 first-year students aged 17–22 years attending a university in Ireland to examine the effect of student persistence and well-being variables on student commitment during the transition to college. This study highlights the connection between student academic, social and well-being variables during the transition to college within the fitted models that emerged from the data. Student well-being plays a key role ensuring student persistence during the transition to college. The results support our hypothesis that many student variables have the potential to substantially impact student commitment during the first-year transition to college. These variables include student depression, self-rated health, academic environment, peer connections and perceiving the academic programme to be an appropriate personal choice. It is therefore important for education institutions to acknowledge and address student persistence and student well-being in an integrative way and for traditionally academically focused student retention models to orientate to incorporate student well-being.