bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of US Latino Literature and American Realism
Authors: Guerra Ramón J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of Latino literature in the United States during the time when realism emerged as a dominant aesthetic representation. Beginning with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) and including the migrations resulting from the Spanish-American War (1898) and the Mexican Revolution (1910), Latinos in the United States began to realistically craft an identity served by a sense of displacement. Latinos living in the United States as a result of migration or exile were concerned with similar issues, including but not limited to their predominant status as working-class, loss of homeland and culture, social justice, and racial/ethnic profiling or discrimination. The literature produced during the latter part of the nineteenth century by some Latinos began to merge the influence of romantic style with a more socially conscious manner to reproduce the lives of ordinary men and women, draw out the specifics of their existence, characterize their dialects, and connect larger issues to the concerns of the common man, among other realist techniques.
The Censorship of Realist and Naturalist Novels, Then and Now
Authors: Town Caren J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on several realist and naturalist works that have been subject to censorship by librarians, editors, publishers, or the legal system. It examines censorship allegations made by authors and later by critics and biographers about Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” (1892), Stephen Crane’s Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) and The Red Badge of Courage (1895), Hamlin Garland’s The Rose of Dutcher’s Cooley (1895), Kate Chopin’s The Awakening (1899), Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie (1901) and An American Tragedy (1925), and Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle (1906). Finally, it connects the historical context of the censorship issue to the recent debates on college campuses about speech codes and to contemporary book censorship and free-speech cases in the public schools.
Realist Temporalities and the Distant Past
Authors: Dawson Melanie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores realist fiction that attempts to imagine a past that remains largely invisible to the viewing eye or that challenges a realist fascination with the visible world. As characters focus on the ancient past, particularly Roman and Greek ruins, they display consternation at the degree to which the past summons an imaginative response that they (and the narratives) find disconcerting. Even more challenging for the realist imagination is the deep, geological past, which enters literary texts via moments of discomfort, so uncomfortably does it fit the parameters of a scenic mode of writing. Nature writing, I argue, fares far better in its capacity to imagine a distant past for the natural world and one that has left its signs on the visible landscape.
Teaching Literary Realism in Transnational America
Authors: Cadle Nathaniel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter contends that foregrounding transnational approaches in classrooms provides opportunities to advocate the value of studying literary realism to students, administrators, and the broader community. Literature’s capacity to enable recognition, whether it leads to greater self-awareness or the acknowledgment of others, makes it a powerful tool for social justice, inspiring social movements and filling the emotional needs of the disempowered. Centering the teaching of realism on such authors as Charles Chesnutt, Abraham Cahan, and Sui Sin Far, who rendered the multicultural composition of the United States more legible, helps the academy’s increasingly diverse student body see themselves and one another in the long tradition of American literature. Assigning lesser-taught texts by William Dean Howells, Henry James, and other canonical authors demonstrates realism’s continued relevance, because these texts address the challenges of incorporating diversity into the body politic and the ethical implications of the United States’ global power.
American Realism and Gender
Authors: Campbell Donna M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Critical to the development of realism was the issue of gender, not only in terms of realism’s rejection of the mode of sentimentalism and the genre of women’s fiction but also regarding the women who wrote realism throughout the decades when realism was a dominant literary form. Early realists such as Rebecca Harding Davis, Rose Terry Cooke, Elizabeth Stoddard, and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps protested the abuses of industrialism and the unequal gender dynamics encoded in marriage laws while promoting alternative visions of women as independent agents. Second-generation realists Constance Fenimore Woolson, Frances E. W. Harper, and Mary E. Wilkins Freeman questioned the dogma of realism as preached by William Dean Howells and Henry James, ranging beyond the limits of decorum regarding race and sexuality to do so. Early twentieth-century writers stretched the limits of realism further by incorporating elements of other forms, including New Woman, utopian, and travel narratives; immigrant and tourist fiction; Native American legends and popular westerns; and novels of region. The resulting reconsideration of women writers yields a realism that remains faithful to Howells’s ideal of the “truthful treatment of material” while ranging beyond realism’s limits by including a wide range of experiences conditioned by gender and race.
The School-to-Prison Pipeline
Authors: Girvan Erik J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Among the core values of a democratic system is that children and youth, whatever their background, should have an equal opportunity to become responsible, productive, and successful members of society. In moderation, exclusionary school discipline, such as suspensions and expulsions, may support this value by helping schools to preserve safe and orderly learning environments. In excess and when applied more frequently to students of color, however, removing students from the classroom undermines equal educational opportunity. This chapter explains how the rights that federal antidiscrimination law creates for students are poorly suited to protect them from the excessive and inequitable use of exclusionary discipline embodied in what is frequently referred to as the “school-to-prison pipeline.” It first introduces and defines the school-to-prison pipeline with respect to its central characteristics related to school discipline. The chapter then reviews the scope of the basic sources of federal antidiscrimination law and identifies the limited circumstances in which they prohibit use of exclusionary discipline. Third, it summarizes the results of empirical research investigating the primary causes of racial disparities in exclusionary school discipline. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how federal law does not support or advance the value of equal education opportunity in this context because it fails to account for or address the major causes of excessive and inequitable exclusionary discipline, and with some thoughts about moving forward.
Bible Translation in the Colonial Project in Africa and Its Impact on African Languages and Cultures
Authors: Mbuwayesango Dora R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Christian missionaries played a major role in the colonial project in Africa, and the translation of and the translated Bible impacted African peoples in a variety of ways. This essay discusses how the role of Bible translation in the colonial project in Africa and its impact on African languages and cultures is evaluated through postcolonial analysis. Three translation practices are highlighted to demonstrate Bible translation’s negative impact on African languages and cultures: namely, adoption of the names of African deities, negative distortions of religio-cultural meanings, and rejection of significantly cultural charged words.
The Bible in the German Empire
Authors: Rieger Joerg 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Even though Germany’s colonial empire lasted merely three decades, from 1884 to 1915, German colonial fantasies shaped intellectual production from the late eighteenth century onward. This cultural climate shapes a great variety of engagements with the Bible, from the beginnings of liberal theology with Friedrich Schleiermacher to missionary efforts and the rather abstract academic productions of biblical scholarship in the late nineteenth century, including the prominent history of religions school. At the same time, there are also efforts to resist colonial tendencies, sometimes in the work of the same authors who otherwise perpetuate the colonial spirit.
Reflections on the Study of Expertise and Its Implications for Tomorrow’s World
Authors: Ward Paul , Maarten Schraagen Jan , Gore Julie , Roth Emilie M. , Hoffman Robert R. , Klein Gary 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we reflect on the themes that emerged throughout this Handbook. First, we review why expertise is not always revered and ask whether this relates to the way expertise has been defined and measured. We then re-examine definitions of expertise presented throughout the Handbook as well as the idea that expertise is, in part, about increasing one’s cognitive ability to adapt to complexity. Next, we take a look at where we have been, as a community of communities of expertise researchers, and whether we are heading in good directions, placing an especial focus on how expertise is and should be measured. In the penultimate section, we present some ideas about future areas of research recommended by chapter authors. Finally, we present a potential way forward for researchers to continue to move the field of expertise studies in a positive direction and, ultimately, to better prepare individuals to operate effectively in tomorrow’s workplace.
Meditation in Contemporary Monastic Life
Authors: Starkey Caroline 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the multiple roles that meditation plays in the lives of contemporary Buddhist monastics. Specifically, and drawing on rich ethnographic data, it focuses on the experiences of women who have taken Buddhist ordination within six different Buddhist groups and lineages in the British Isles. This chapter provides a brief history of the lived experience of meditation among emerging and established Buddhist monastic groups in Britain and an analysis of the role, function, and value of meditation practices, particularly among women. It makes comparisons between women of different Buddhist traditions in their approach to meditation and considers the implications of this for understanding the function of meditation in the Buddhist monastic tradition. Underpinning this approach is a challenge to assumptions about the individualistic nature of meditation in the contemporary West, emphasizing its communal role among monastic women in Britain.
Hume’s Science of Mind and Newtonianism
Authors: Demeter Tamás 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the prospects and consequences of various ways to forge Newtonian connections to Hume’s philosophy. Two points of view are offered from which these connections are visible and evaluable: first, Hume’s experimental method for the studying of the mind, particularly his reliance on analysis, synthesis and successive approximations in relation to Newton’s method and Newton-inspired methodologies; and second, the relation of Hume’s model of the mind to Newton’s model of the natural world, particularly the congruence of Hume’s theory of association with the chemical idea of elective affinities as opposed to gravity. In conclusion, the chapter summarizes the significance of these connections for competing interpretations of Hume’s science of the mind.
Cognitive and behavioral therapy for insomnia increases the use of continuous positive airway pressure therapy in obstructive sleep apnea participants with comorbid insomnia: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Sweetman Alexander , Lack Leon , Catcheside Peter G , Antic Nick A , Smith Simon , Chai-Coetzer Ching Li , Douglas James , O’grady Amanda , Dunn Nicola , Robinson Jan , Paul Denzil , Williamson Paul , McEvoy R Doug 
Published: August 2019

AbstractStudy ObjectivesInsomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) commonly co-occur which makes OSA difficult to treat with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). We conducted a randomized controlled trial in participants with OSA and co-occurring insomnia to test the hypothesis that initial treatment with cognitive and behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-i), versus treatment as usual (TAU) would improve insomnia symptoms and increase subsequent acceptance and use of CPAP.MethodsOne hundred and forty-five participants with OSA (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 15) and comorbid insomnia were randomized to either four sessions of CBT-i, or TAU, before commencing CPAP therapy until 6 months post-randomization. Primary between-group outcomes included objective average CPAP adherence and changes in objective sleep efficiency by 6 months. Secondary between-group outcomes included rates of immediate CPAP acceptance/rejection, and changes in; sleep parameters, insomnia severity, and daytime impairments by 6 months.ResultsCompared to TAU, participants in the CBT-i group had 61 min greater average nightly adherence to CPAP (95% confidence interval [CI] = 9 to 113; p = 0.023, d = 0.38) and higher initial CPAP treatment acceptance (99% vs. 89%; p = 0.034). The CBT-i group showed greater improvement of global insomnia severity, and dysfunctional sleep-related cognitions by 6 months (both: p &lt; 0.001), and greater improvement in sleep impairment measures immediately following CBT-i. There were no between-group differences in sleep outcomes, or daytime impairments by 6 months.ConclusionsIn OSA participants with comorbid insomnia, CBT-i prior to initiating CPAP treatment improves CPAP use and insomnia symptoms compared to commencing CPAP without CBT-i. OSA patients should be evaluated for co-occurring insomnia and considered for CBT-i before commencing CPAP therapy.Clinical TrialTreating comorbid insomnia with obstructive sleep apnea (COMSIA) study: A new treatment strategy for patients with combined insomnia and sleep apnea, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=365184 Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12613001178730. Universal Trial Number: U1111-1149-4230.
Association between adherence to continuous positive airway pressure treatment and cost among medicare enrollees
Authors: Chhatre Sumedha , Chang Yoon Hee A , Gooneratne Nalaka S , Kuna Sam , Strollo Patrick , Jayadevappa Ravishankar 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the cost associated with sleep apnea and effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment on costs among fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries.MethodsRetrospective cohort design using 5% Medicare claims between 2006 and 2010. Medicare beneficiaries with and without sleep apnea diagnosis between 2007 and 2008 were identified and followed retrospectively for 2 years pre-index-date and 2 years post-index-date. We defined CPAP fill as at least one durable medical equipment claim for CPAP in 6-month period. At least three CPAP fills was defined as “full adherence,” and one or two CPAP fills was “partial adherence.” We used interrupted time series and generalized linear log-link models to study the association between sleep apnea, CPAP treatment, and costs. To minimize bias, we used propensity score and instrumental variables approach.ResultsSleep apnea was associated with higher costs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.58, 1.63) compared to those without sleep apnea. Almost half of those with sleep apnea received CPAP treatment. Interrupted time series analysis indicated post level increase in mean monthly cost for full CPAP adherence group, partial CPAP adherence group and no-CPAP group. However, the increase was smallest for the full CPAP adherence group. Full CPAP adherence was associated with lower change in cost (OR = 0.92; 95% CI = 0.88, 0.97) compared to the no-CPAP group.ConclusionsMedicare beneficiaries with sleep apnea experience increased cost. Full adherence to CPAP treatment for sleep apnea was associated with lower increase in cost. These findings emphasize the need to effectively identify and treat sleep apnea in Medicare patients.
Crossbreeding effects on growth and efficiency in beef cow–calf systems: evaluation of Angus, Caracu, Hereford and Nelore breed direct, maternal and heterosis effects
Authors: Mendonça Fábio S , MacNeil Michael D , Leal Willian S , Azambuja Rodrigo C C , Rodrigues Pedro F , Cardoso Fernando F 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine breed additive and heterosis effects on growth curves, total milk yield (TMY), calf weaning weight (WW), predicted energy intake (EI), and cow efficiency (CE) of purebred and crossbred beef cows raised in Southern Brazil. The data were from 175 purebred and crossbred cows representing eight genetic groups: Angus (A), Hereford (H), Nelore (N), A × H (AH), H × A (HA), A × N (AN), N × A (NA), and Caracu (C) × A (CA). Growth of the cows was modeled using the nonlinear Brody function and machine milking was used to assess TMY. WW was linearly adjusted to 210 d. EI was predicted with an equation in which the independent variables were estimates of parameters of the Brody function and TMY. The ratio of WW to EI estimated CE. Taurine–indicine heterosis effects were significant for all traits, and greater than those for taurine breed crosses. In general, crossbred cows were heavier at maturity, matured earlier, produced more milk, weaned heavier calves, and were predicted to consume more energy. Thus, they were more efficient than purebred cows, despite their greater predicted feed intake. Among the purebreds, A cows matured most rapidly, weighed the least at maturity, produced the most milk, weaned the heaviest calves, were predicted to consume the least energy; and were therefore most efficient among the breeds that were evaluated. These results are useful as inputs to bioeconomic models that can be used to predict productive and economic outcomes from crossbreeding and to facilitate recommendations for beef producers of southern Brazil and other similar subtropical climatic regions.
Setting Yourself Up for Success: Locked Plating in Periprosthetic Fractures About Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Pires Robinson E. , Kfuri Mauricio 
Published: August 2019

Summary:
As the incidence of total knee arthroplasty increases, a concurrent increase in periprosthetic fractures will also occur. This article focuses on the most common fracture types and current strategies adopted to overcome this challenging clinical problem. Our goal is to outline the role of locking plates in the management of knee periprosthetic fractures.
Setting Yourself Up for Success: Retrograde Intramedullary Nailing in Periprosthetic Fractures About Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Medda Suman , Snoap Tyler , Carroll Eben A. 
Published: August 2019

Summary:
Treatment of periprosthetic fractures above total knee arthroplasty remains challenging because of assessment of implant stability and the short segment of often osteoporotic bone available for distal fixation. Fractures with significant medial comminution should undergo retrograde intramedullary nailing or dual-implant fixation, as isolated lateral locked plating is not indicated. There are a multitude of objective and subjective factors incorporated into the decision to proceed with retrograde nailing including assessment of the patient's functional status, fracture morphology, implant stability, and compatibility of the prosthesis with retrograde nailing. Here, we review the steps to success in using retrograde intramedullary nailing in the treatment of specific periprosthetic fractures about total knee arthroplasty.
Periprosthetic Femur Fractures Around a Loose Femoral Stem
Authors: Rozell Joshua C. , Donegan Derek J. 
Published: August 2019

Summary:
A critical component in the evaluation of a patient with a periprosthetic hip fracture is determination of stem stability. Failure to critically evaluate preoperative radiographs and subsequently intraoperative stem position may result in an incorrect treatment algorithm and early catastrophic failure of the implant construct. In 2018, this is becoming a larger issue as demand for revision total hip arthroplasty increases. Several factors contribute to the type of implant used in these fractures and depend on age, activity level, comorbidities, and available bone stock. The purpose of this article is to review the evaluation of periprosthetic hip fractures around a loose stem and provide tips and tricks for their management to allow for a successful, long-lasting outcome.
ABRUPTLY EMERGING VESSELS IN EYES WITH MYOPIC PATCHY CHORIORETINAL ATROPHY
Authors: Xie Shiqi , Fang Yuxin , Du Ran , Yokoi Tae , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Uramoto Kengo , Yoshida Takeshi , Ohno-Matsui Kyoko 
Published: August 2019

Purpose:
To determine the prevalence and characteristics of abruptly emerging vessels (AEVs) within patchy atrophy (PA) in myopic eyes.

Methods:
We studied 160 highly myopic eyes of 144 patients between March and November in 2016. Fundus photographs and swept-source optical coherence tomography images were analyzed.

Results:
Patient mean age was 67.1 ± 10.5 years. Mean axial length was 30.9 ± 2.0 mm. The mean size of the 264 PAs was 5.6 ± 8.3 mm2. Abruptly emerging vessels were detected in 69 (43.1%) eyes and were located within or near PA edge in fundus photographs. Swept-source optical coherence tomography showed that the AEVs were continuous with perforating scleral vessels and were observed on the inner surface of the sclera at the site where they appeared in fundus photographs. A slight bowing of sclera around the AEVs was observed in 41 (59%) eyes. Patchy atrophy with AEVs was significantly larger (10.7 ± 11.3 mm2) than PA without AEVs (3.4 ± 5.1 mm2).

Conclusion:
Abruptly emerging vessels are commonly found in eyes with myopic PA. The sclera surrounding the AEVs is slightly bowed. Further studies are needed to determine whether the penetrating site of AEVs is structurally more fragile and leads to Bruch membrane defects or AEVs are secondarily involved during PA progression.