bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Shear Lip Symmetry on the Fracture Behavior of Charpy Specimens
Authors: Lucon Enrico 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
An investigation was conducted at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on the influence of shear lip symmetry on the fracture behavior (absorbed energy and data scatter) of Charpy specimens at different energy levels, corresponding to NIST low-energy, high-energy, and super-high-energy certified verification specimens. Whenever both shear lips are on the same tested specimen half (symmetrical fracture), absorbed energy tends to be lower than when each specimen half includes one shear lip (asymmetrical fracture). Fracture type does not have a significant effect on impact toughness or variability at low- or high-energy levels, but its influence becomes significant above 200 J. Specifically, super-high-energy specimen lots do not fulfill the NIST requirement (sample size &lt; 5.0) when both fracture types are combined, whereas they may become acceptable if only symmetrical or asymmetrical fractures are considered. This tendency is particularly clear for the 9310 (3-nickel) steel, which is currently under consideration for the reinstatement of super-high-energy specimens in the NIST Standard Reference Materials catalog. The most effective method for preventing the formation of shear lips, and therefore avoiding this type of bimodal behavior, is to side-groove the Charpy specimens for a total thickness reduction of 10 %.
Higher Levels of Protein Palmitoylation in the Frontal Cortex across Aging Were Associated with Reference Memory and Executive Function Declines
Authors: Zamzow Daniel R. , Elias Valerie , Acosta Varinia A. , Escobedo Emily , Magnusson Kathy R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCognitive decline with aging is often due to altered levels of protein expression. The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) and the complex of proteins surrounding the receptor are susceptible to age-related changes in expression. In the frontal cortex of aged mice, there is a significant loss of expression of the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR, an increase in Fyn expression, and no change in PSD-95. Studies have also found that, in the frontal cortex, phosphorylation of GluN2B subunits and palmitoylation of GluN2 subunits and NMDAR complex proteins are affected by age. In this study, we examined some of the factors that may lead to the differences in the palmitoylation levels of NMDAR complex proteins in the frontal cortex of aged animals. The Morris water maze was used to test spatial learning in 3- and 24-month-old mice. The acyl–biotinyl exchange method was used to precipitate palmitoylated proteins from the frontal cortices and hippocampi of the mice. Additionally, brain lysates from old and young mice were probed for the expression of fatty acid transporter proteins. An age-related increase of palmitoylated GluN2A, GluN2B, Fyn, PSD-95, and APT1 (acyl protein thioesterase 1) in the frontal cortex was associated with poorer reference memory and/or executive functions. These data suggest that there may be a perturbation in the palmitoylation cycle in the frontal cortex of aged mice that contributes to age-related cognitive declines.
Stress Elicits Contrasting Effects on the Structure and Number of Astrocytes in the Amygdala versus Hippocampus
Authors: Naskar Saptarnab , Chattarji Sumantra 
Published: January 2019

AbstractStress causes divergent patterns of structural and physiological plasticity in the hippocampus versus amygdala. However, a majority of earlier studies focused primarily on neurons. Despite growing evidence for the importance of glia in health and disease, relatively little is known about how stress affects astrocytes. Further, previous work focused on hippocampal astrocytes. Hence, we examined the impact of chronic immobilization stress (2 h/d, 10 d), on the number and structure of astrocytes in the rat hippocampus and amygdala. We observed a reduction in the number of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes in the basal amygdala (BA), 1 d after the end of 10 d of chronic stress. Detailed morphometric analysis of individual dye-filled astrocytes also revealed a decrease in the neuropil volume occupied by these astrocytes in the BA, alongside a reduction in the volume fraction of fine astrocytic protrusions rather than larger dendrite-like processes. By contrast, the same chronic stress had no effect on the number or morphology of astrocytes in hippocampal area CA3. We also confirmed previous reports that chronic stress triggers dendritic hypertrophy in dye-filled BA principal neurons that were located adjacent to astrocytes that had undergone atrophy. Thus, building on earlier evidence for contrasting patterns of stress-induced plasticity in neurons across brain areas, our findings offer new evidence that the same stress can also elicit divergent morphological effects in astrocytes in the hippocampus versus the amygdala.
A Multiple Piccolino-RIBEYE Interaction Supports Plate-Shaped Synaptic Ribbons in Retinal Neurons
Authors: Müller Tanja M. , Gierke Kaspar , Joachimsthaler Anneka , Sticht Heinrich , Izsvák Zsuzsanna , Hamra F. Kent , Fejtová Anna , Ackermann Frauke , Garner Craig C. , Kremers Jan , Brandstätter Johann H. , Regus-Leidig Hanna 
Published: January 2019

Active zones at chemical synapses are highly specialized sites for the regulated release of neurotransmitters. Despite a high degree of active zone protein conservation in vertebrates, every type of chemical synapse expresses a given set of protein isoforms and splice variants adapted to the demands on neurotransmitter release. So far, we know little about how specific active zone proteins contribute to the structural and functional diversity of active zones. In this study, we explored the nanodomain organization of ribbon-type active zones by addressing the significance of Piccolino, the ribbon synapse-specific splice variant of Piccolo, for shaping the ribbon structure. We followed up on previous results, which indicated that rod photoreceptor synaptic ribbons lose their structural integrity in a knockdown of Piccolino. Here, we demonstrate an interaction between Piccolino and the major ribbon component RIBEYE that supports plate-shaped synaptic ribbons in retinal neurons. In a detailed ultrastructural analysis of three different types of retinal ribbon synapses in Piccolo/Piccolino-deficient male and female rats, we show that the absence of Piccolino destabilizes the superstructure of plate-shaped synaptic ribbons, although with variable manifestation in the cell types examined. Our analysis illustrates how the expression of a specific active zone protein splice variant (e.g., Piccolino) contributes to structural diversity of vertebrate active zones.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRetinal ribbon synapses are a specialized type of chemical synapse adapted for the regulated fast and tonic release of neurotransmitter. The hallmark of retinal ribbon synapses is the plate-shaped synaptic ribbon, which extends from the release site into the terminals' cytoplasm and tethers hundreds of synaptic vesicles. Here, we show that Piccolino, the synaptic ribbon specific splice variant of Piccolo, interacts with RIBEYE, the main component of synaptic ribbons. This interaction occurs via several PxDLS-like motifs located at the C terminus of Piccolino, which can connect multiple RIBEYE molecules. Loss of Piccolino disrupts the characteristic plate-shaped structure of synaptic ribbons, indicating a role of Piccolino in synaptic ribbon assembly.
Anticipatory Neural Activity Improves the Decoding Accuracy for Dynamic Head-Direction Signals
Authors: Zirkelbach Johannes , Stemmler Martin , Herz Andreas V.M. 
Published: January 2019

Insects and vertebrates harbor specific neurons that encode the animal's head direction (HD) and provide an internal compass for spatial navigation. Each HD cell fires most strongly in one preferred direction. As the animal turns its head, however, HD cells in rat anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (ADN) and other brain areas fire already before their preferred direction is reached, as if the neurons anticipated the future HD. This phenomenon has been explained at a mechanistic level, but a functional interpretation is still missing. To close this gap, we use a computational approach based on the movement statistics of male rats and a simple model for the neural responses within the ADN HD network. Network activity is read out using population vectors in a biologically plausible manner, so that only past spikes are taken into account. We find that anticipatory firing improves the representation of the present HD by reducing the motion-induced temporal bias inherent in causal decoding. The amount of anticipation observed in ADN enhances the precision of the HD compass read-out by up to 40%. More generally, our theoretical framework predicts that neural integration times not only reflect biophysical constraints, but also the statistics of behaviorally relevant stimuli; in particular, anticipatory tuning should be found wherever neurons encode sensory signals that change gradually in time.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAcross different brain regions, populations of noisy neurons encode dynamically changing stimuli. Decoding a time-varying stimulus from the population response involves a trade-off: For short read-out times, stimulus estimates are unreliable as the number of stochastic spikes is small; for long read-outs, estimates are biased because they lag behind the true stimulus. We show that optimal decoding of temporally correlated stimuli not only relies on finding the right read-out time window but requires neurons to anticipate future stimulus values. We apply this general framework to the rodent head-direction system and show that the experimentally observed anticipation of future head directions can be explained at a quantitative level from the neuronal tuning properties, network size, and the animal's head-movement statistics.
An analysis of surveillance screening for SDHB-related disease in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Tufton Nicola , Shapiro Lucy , Sahdev Anju , Kumar Ajith V , Martin Lee , Drake William M , Akker Scott A , Storr Helen L 
Published: January 2019

Objective Phaeochromocytomas (PCC) and paragangliomas (PGL) are rare in children. A large proportion of these are now understood to be due to underlying germline mutations. Here we focus on succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) gene mutation carriers as these tumours carry a high risk of malignant transformation. There remains no current consensus with respect to optimal surveillance for asymptomatic carriers and those in whom the presenting tumour has been resected.

Method We undertook a retrospective analysis of longitudinal clinical data of all children and adolescents with SDHB mutations followed up in a single UK tertiary referral centre. This included index cases that pre-dated the introduction of surveillance screening and asymptomatic carriers identified through cascade genetic testing. We also conducted a literature review to inform a suggested surveillance protocol for children and adolescents harbouring SDHB mutations.

Results Clinical outcomes of a total of 38 children are presented: 8 index cases and 30 mutation-positive asymptomatic carriers with 175 patient years of follow-up data. Three of the eight index cases developed metachronous disease and two developed metastatic disease. Of the 30 asymptomatic carriers, 3 were found to have PGLs on surveillance screening.

Conclusions Surveillance screening was well tolerated in our paediatric cohort and asymptomatic paediatric subjects. Screening can identify tumours before they become secretory and/or symptomatic, thereby facilitating surgical resection and reducing the chance of distant spread. We propose a regular screening protocol commencing at age 5 years in this at-risk cohort of patients.
Incretin-based therapies for patients with type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Lili , Shao Zhuo , Xia Ying , Qin Jiabi , Xiao Yang , Zhou Zhiguang , Mei Zubing 
Published: January 2019

Objective Combined treatment with an incretin-based drug, such as a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) or a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, and basal insulin is a new strategy for improving glucose control in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We performed a meta-analysis to assess the effect of this combined treatment on glycaemic control, insulin dose, severe hypoglycaemia, weight gain and gastrointestinal side effects in T1DM patients.

Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published before July 16, 2018. The primary outcome was glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondary outcomes included total daily insulin dose, body weight, severe hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal side effects.

Results Nine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 2389 patients were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. The pooled data suggested that incretin-based therapy was associated with a reduction in HbA1c levels (weighted mean difference (WMD) −0.17%, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.24 to −0.11, P < 0.001), total daily insulin dose (WMD −5.53 IU/day, 95% CI −8.89 to −2.17, P = 0.001) and body weight (WMD −3.24 kg, 95% CI −4.43 to −2.04, P < 0.001). Incretins did not increase the risk of severe hypoglycaemia (odds ratio (OR) 0.83, 95% CI 0.60–1.16, P = 0.287) but increased the occurrence of gastrointestinal side effects (OR 3.46, 95% CI 2.20–5.45, P < 0.001).

Conclusions In T1DM patients, GLP-1 RAs, but not DPP-4 inhibitors, combined with insulin appear to be an effective therapy but may increase the occurrence of gastrointestinal side effects.
Three Names of Imagination
Authors: Sabolius Kristupas 
Published: January 2019

The author works through phenomenological concept of imagination and its noetic function by analyzing three main ‘names’ found in Husserl’s description of die Phantasie: presentification, neutralization and modification. Although all these terms mean that objects are not given ‘in person’ or ‘bodily’ (leibhaftig) and refer to the ‘lack reality’, the closer examination of their status reveals that the latter characteristic of imagination is drawn from the intellectual perspective and, consequently, undergoes the rationalization of ‘reality perception’. But it is namely the active modification, registered in the field of perception as well, discloses the hidden layers of experience due to which the mode of actual situation could assume different levels of intensity.
Secular Everyday Life and Religious Sense: Relationship between the Ethical and Religious Spheres
Authors: Bacevičiūtė Danutė 
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the problem of religious sense in the secular everyday life. With reference to Charles Taylor’s analysis of secularization, the author tries to distance herself from the prevailing sociological thesis about the decline of religion in the life of contemporary society and rethink what religion means today? One can notice that “the myth of the Enlightenment” is deeply entrenched in our secular everyday consciousness, so the approach to the religious in the traditional sense is quite aggravated. Nevertheless, such a situation provides a possibility to contemplate the everyday life itself. Derrida’s notion of “religion without religion” allows us to reflect the character of a contemporary religious discourse as well as to envisage the tension between ethical and religious spheres in the daily acts of decision-making, choice, and responsibility. Not traditional religious forms but the structure of religious relationship enables us to talk about religious sense in the secular everyday life.
Сводный катaлог арабскоалфавитных рукописей литовских татар: коллекция Гродненского государственного музея истории религии
Authors: Мишкинене Галина 
Published: January 2019

Galina MiškinienėThe Summary Catalogue of Lithuanian Tatar Manuscripts in Arabic Script: the Collection in Grodno Religion History Museum
One of the main tasks in year 2007 was composition of summary catalogue of Lithuanian Tatar manuscripts in Arabic script. Recently, the manuscript collections have been supplemented by new findings coming from some Tartars families. These findings will be presented in the new summary catalogue of Lithuanian Tatar manuscripts. In this catalogue will be described collections stored in Kazan, Minsk, Grodno, Leipzig, London, Saint Petersburg, and elsewhere. One of the collections that is described in this article is stored in Grodno Religion History Museum.
Древнейшая восточнославянская служба Перенесению мощей святителя Николая Мирликийского (9 мая) как переработка переводной службы Перенесению мощей апостола Варфоломея (24 августа)
Authors: Темчин Сергей Юрьевич Юрьевич 
Published: January 2019

The author argues that the East Slavic liturgical service for the translation of the relics of St. Nicholas of Myra (9 May), which contains a Slavonic acrostic, is merely an adaptation of the Slavonic version of the Byzantine liturgical service for the translation of the relics of St. Bartholomew the Apostle (24 August), presumably composed by Joseph the Hymnographer. In the canon, no more than 6 troparia out of the total number of 28 are quite original compositions and do not depend on the above Byzantine model. Since the East Slavic service, like its Byzantine model, contains the minimum of stichera, it can be dated to the initial stage in the development of the Old East Slavic hymnography.
Tarp norminio ir subordinuoto vyriškumo formų: vyrai, jųseksualumas ir maskulinizmo politika šiuolaikinėje Lietuvoje
Authors: Tereškinas Artūras 
Published: January 2019

The article examines hegemonic and subordinated forms of masculinity in contemporary Lithuania. Using the opinion survey „The Crisis of Male Roles in Lithuania” (2002) and a wide array of literature theorizing men and masculinities, it attempts to answer the following questions: how can we assess the influence of different masculinities to men themselves and gender policies in Lithuania? What kind of masculinity policy can support a feminist project of social transformation?
The survey „The Crisis of Male Roles in Lithuania” allows us to conclude that both Lithuanian men and women largely support traditional norms of hegemonic masculinity. This masculinity is based on heterosexuality, economic autonomy, being able to provide for one’s family, being rational, being successful, keeping one’s emotions in check and not doing anything considered feminine.
The dominant form of masculinity in Lithuania is constructed not only in relation to femininities but also in relation to subordinated and marginalized masculinities, particularly homosexual masculinities. Homosexuality is the repository of everything that is symbolically expelled from hegemonic masculinity. As the survey demonstrates, homophobia is much stronger among men than women in Lithuania. This can be explained by the fact that in order to be „real men” males have to separate themselves from both women and homosexual men. Furthermore, Lithuanian men’s negative attitude towards homosexuality can also be related to their traditional attitudes toward gender roles and family. The view that gays transgress the gender system is rather widespread among them.
The author argues that the dominance of a single model of masculinity at the expense of multiple masculinities makes men more vulnerable to acts of violence against themselves and their families. The article advocates self-awareness and critical reflection about gender identities among men and male groups that could help dismantle hegemonic masculinity and dispel the notion that there is only one way to be a ‘real man’. Promoting models of masculinity along less sexist, homophobic and misogynist lines could benefit both women and men.
Socialinio darbo paslaugų privatizavimas gerovės valstybėje: samprata ir modeliai
Authors: Kotova Liubov 
Published: January 2019

Vilniaus universitetas, Universiteto g. 9/1, LT-01513 VilniusEl. paštas: liubov.kotova@fsf.stud.vu.lt
Šiame straipsnyje aptariami kelis dešimtmečius Europoje ir po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo Lietuvoje vykstantys pokyčiai socialinio darbo paslaugų sektoriuje, kuriems apibūdinti vartojamas privatizavimo terminas. Socialinio darbo paslaugų sektoriuje privatizavimas pirmiausia suprantamas kaip ne pelno siekiančių visuomeninių organizacijų, dažniau vadinamų nevyriausybinėmis organizacijomis, ir neformalaus sektoriaus plėtra, taip pat pelno siekiančių paslaugas teikiančių organizacijų atsiradimas. Kitaip tariant, kalbama apie tai, kad gerovės valstybės atsakomybė už tam tikras gerovės paslaugas perkeliama iš viešojo sektoriaus į privatų. Šiuos pokyčius galima bandyti aiškinti veikėjo ir neoinstitucionalizmo teorijomis ir jų sanglauda. Straipsnyje analizuojama bendra privatizavimo samprata ir galimi modeliai bei jų ypatumai socialinio darbo paslaugų1 sektoriuje.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: socialinio darbo paslaugos, privatizavimas, privatizavimo modeliai, gerovės valstybė.Privatisation Of Social Work Services In Welfare State: Concept And PatternsLiubov Kotova
SummaryThis article focuses on the changes in social care sector which took place in Europe and after the restitution of independence in Lithuania the last decades and are named as privatization. In social care sector privatization is known as a process of services provision by non-profit public agencies (NGOs), informal sector and by profit agencies. These changes can be explained by actor and new-institutionalism theories as well as by the mix of these two theories. This article presents general privatisation concept and potential patterns as well as peculiarities of these in social care (social work services) sector.According to the actor theory, the expansion or decline of welfare state is understood as results of individuals or collectives’ rational actions. As rational actors cope with different previous political decisions, institutional frames and other limitations and possibilities it is useful to analyse privatization in the light of new-institutionalism theory as well. According to the new-institutionalism theory, the institutions of welfare state are reflected and formed by choices and strategies of actors. The way and models of privatization depend on welfare state institutions. Two ideal institutional types are separated – pluralist and corporatist institutions. Analysis of these ideal institutional types’ differences defining regulation, organization, financing and production helps to explain the extent and models of privatization.Key words: social care, personal social services, privatization, privatization patterns, welfare state.