bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organ sparing of linac‐based targeted marrow irradiation over total body irradiation
Authors: Warrell Gregory R. , Colussi Valdir C. , Swanson Wayne L. , Caimi Paolo F. , Mansur David B. , de Lima Marcos J. G. , Pereira Gisele C. 
Published: October 2019

PurposeTargeted marrow irradiation (TMI) is an alternative conditioning regimen to total body irradiation (TBI) before bone marrow transplantation in hematologic malignancies. Intensity‐modulation methods of external beam radiation therapy are intended to permit significant organ sparing while maintaining adequate target coverage, improving the therapeutic ratio. This study directly compares the dose distributions to targets and organs at risk from TMI and TBI, both modalities conducted by general‐use medical linacs at our institution.MethodsTMI treatments were planned for 10 patients using multi‐isocentric feathered volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) plans, delivered by 6 MV photon beams of Elekta Synergy linacs. The computed tomography (CT) datasets used to obtain these plans were also used to generate dose distributions of TBI treatments given in the AP/PA extended‐field method. We compared dose distributions normalized to the same prescription for both plan types. The generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) of Niemierko for organs and target volumes was used to quantify effective whole structure dose and dose savings.ResultsFor the clinical target volume (CTV), no significant differences were found in mean dose or gEUD, although the radical dose homogeneity index (minimum dose divided by maximum dose) was 31.7% lower (P = 0.002) and the standard deviation of dose was 28.0% greater (P = 0.027) in the TMI plans than in the TBI plans. For the TMI plans, gEUD to the lungs, brain, kidneys, and liver was significantly lower (P < 0.001) by 47.8%, 33.3%, 55.4%, and 51.0%, respectively.ConclusionTMI is capable of maintaining CTV coverage as compared to that achieved in TBI, while significantly sparing organs at risk. Improvement on sparing organs at risk permits a higher prescribed dose to the target or the maximum number of times marrow conditioning may be delivered to a patient while maintaining similar typical tissue complication rates.
Mechanical and thermal performances of epoxy resin/graphitic carbon nitride composites
Authors: Qi Yuhao , Zhu Guangda , Zheng Junping 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a series of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) was synthesized under different thermal oxidation etching temperatures and epoxy/g‐C3N4 composites were prepared via solution blending. The morphology and structure of g‐C3N4 were investigated by transmission electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The tensile fracture morphology and structure of epoxy resin (EP) composites were demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and XRD, respectively. Mechanical properties of EP composites were characterized by tensile testing, and the thermal performances were investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis. The results revealed that the active groups on g‐C3N4 sheets increased under thermal oxidation etching and the C to N ratio of g‐C3N4 decreased from 0.94 to 0.76 with the increasing etching temperature. Noticeably, the tensile strength of EP composites was enhanced by 58% with the addition of C3N4‐NS‐500 and the thermal properties were also improved significantly, including T0.5 (the decomposition temperature at the mass loss of 50%) increased by 21.5 °C and glass transition temperature improved by 8 °C. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48598.
Power‐law behaviour of hourly precipitation intensity and dry spell duration over the United States
Authors: Yang Lichao , Franzke Christian L. E. , Fu Zuntao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPrecipitation is an important meteorological variable which is critical for weather risk assessment. For instance, intense but short precipitation events can lead to flash floods and landslides. Most statistical modelling studies assume that the occurrence of precipitation events is based on a Poisson process with exponentially distributed waiting times while precipitation intensities are typically described by a gamma distribution or a mixture of two exponential distributions. Here, we show by using hourly precipitation data over the United Sates that the waiting time between precipitation events is non‐exponentially distributed and best described by a fractional Poisson process. A systematic model selection procedure reveals that the hourly precipitation intensities are best represented by a two‐distribution model for about 90% of all stations. The two‐distribution model consists of (a) a generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) model for bulk precipitation event sizes and (b) a power‐law distribution for large and extreme events. Finally, we analyse regional climate model output to evaluate how the climate models represent the high‐frequency temporal structure of U.S. precipitation. Our results reveal that these regional climate models fail to accurately reproduce the power‐law behaviour of intensities and severely underestimate the long durations between events.
An improved moisture and wind maximization method for probable maximum precipitation estimation and its application to a small catchment in China
Authors: Zhou Yan , Liang Zhongmin , Hu Yiming , Li Dayang , Liu Tian , Lei Xiaohui 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe probable maximum flood (PMF) is the highest design criterion for major hydraulic projects whose failure might cause severe loss of life and property. The probable maximum precipitation (PMP) is the corresponding extreme design rainfall, which is defined as the theoretically greatest depth of precipitation for a given duration over a particular area under modern meteorological conditions. The moisture and wind maximization (MWM) method is widely used in deriving 24‐hr PMP. However, variables in MWM factor (e.g., maximum precipitable water and wind speed) are collected from full study durations regardless of their respective main moisture inflow directions in each year. This issue could lead to higher PMP estimates which could lead to costs in the construction of hydraulic structures. To alleviate this possible problem, an improved moisture and wind maximization (IMWM) approach is proposed based on the concept of a “wind rose diagram”, data (e.g., rainfall, wind speed, dew point) are grouped according to the main moisture inflow directions of a study catchment. Analysis shows the IMWM approach has the potential to provide lower PMPs, which would have economic implications for hydraulic designs. The storm transposition approach is applied for safety, extraordinary storms occurring in the homogeneous rainfall region are transposed to a study catchment after being maximized by the IMWM method. In addition, statistical methods, including storm formulation, trend analysis and hydrological frequency analysis, are used for deriving short‐duration PMPs. The Nash instantaneous unit hydrograph coupled with regional empirical formulas is then applied to estimate PMFs. As an example, PMP/PMF estimation approaches are applied to an important flood control project located in a small ungauged catchment of China. The study can provide a scientific basis for the construction of the study project as well as a reference for similar high‐hazard projects.
Interleaved, undersampled radial multiple‐acquisition steady‐state free precession for improved left atrial cine imaging
Authors: Robb Jaime S. , Hu Chenxi , Peters Dana C. 
Published: October 2019

PurposeBalanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) left atrial (LA) cine suffers from off‐resonance artifacts, particularly in the pulmonary veins (PVs). Linear combination or multiple‐acquisition SSFP (MA‐SSFP) effectively removes banding but greatly increases scan time. We hypothesized that MA‐SSFP with interleaved radial undersampling, where each phase‐cycling is acquired with an interleaved set of radial projections, would improve image quality of LA cine with a small increase of scan time and streak artefacts.MethodsUndersampled radial MA‐SSFP with and without interleaving was compared with fully sampled radial bSSFP by means of simulations, phantoms, and in vivo imaging. Ten healthy subjects were imaged on a 3T scanner, with bSSFP and MA‐SSFP cine of the left atrium, and B0‐mapping. Images were assessed (1 = worst, 5 = best) by 2 independent readers, with respect to 5 qualitative criteria and apparent signal‐to‐noise ratio.ResultsIn healthy subjects, off‐resonance differed from the right inferior PVs to the LA cavity by 163 Hz ± 73 Hz at 3T. Compared with fully sampled radial bSSFP, interleaved radial MA‐SSFP significantly improved image quality with respect to off‐resonance artifacts (3.8 ± 0.6 versus 2.3 ± 1.0; P = 0.005), PV conspicuity (2.8 ± 1.0 versus 4.3 ± 0.5; P = 0.005), and the number of visualized PVs (1.7 ± 0.4 versus 0.9 ± 0.7; P = 0.008), although with greater streak artifacts (3.4 ± 0.4 versus 4.9 ± 0.2; P = 0.004) and lower measured apparent signal‐to‐noise ratio (24 ± 9 versus 69 ± 36; P = 0.002). Flow artifacts were similar. Interleaved radial MA‐SSFP reduced streaking artifacts and increased apparent signal‐to‐noise ratio versus noninterleaved radial.ConclusionsInterleaved radial MA‐SSFP cine reduces banding artifacts with an acceptable increase of scan time and streak artifacts. The proposed technique improves the LA and PV visualization in bSSFP cine imaging.
Displaying enhancing factors on the surface of occlusion bodies improves the insecticidal efficacy of a baculovirus
Authors: Lei Chengfeng , Yang Shili , Lei Wenxiao , Nyamwasa Innocent , Hu Jia , Sun Xiulian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDBaculoviruses provide long‐lasting control of crop pests and are harmless to humans and non‐target animals, making them attractive bioinsecticides. Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) has a wide‐host range and is one such commercial bioinsecticide, but its low infectivity to older larvae and less‐sensitive species precludes its large‐scale application. We sought to improve the infectivity of AcMNPV.RESULTSTwo enhancing factors, the truncated enhancin from Agrotis segetum granulovirus and GP37 from Cydia pomonella granulovirus, were expressed in fusion with the N‐terminal and middle domain of the polyhedrin envelope protein of AcMNPV. Western blotting and immunoelectron microscopy analysis indicated that the enhancing factors were expressed on the occlusion bodies of the resulting AcMNPV variants. Bioassays showed that the median lethal doses of the recombinant viruses were 3.9‐fold to 7.4‐fold lower than those of the wild‐type virus against the second and fourth instar of Spodoptera exigua larvae. The yields of occlusion bodies from the two recombinants in S. exigua larvae were comparable with those of the wild‐type virus both in vitro and in vivo. Further bioassays showed that the AcMNPV variants fusing the enhancing factors were incapable of infecting the second instar larvae of S. litura, Helicoverpa armigera, and Pyrausta nubilalis, which were not sensitive to the wild‐type AcMNPV.CONCLUSIONThese genetically modified AcMNPV variants exhibited an enhanced infectivity and may offer better baculovirus control of crop pests. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A Model for Optimizing Railway Alignment Considering Bridge Costs, Tunnel Costs, and Transition Curves
Authors: Ghoreishi Benyamin , Shafahi Yousef , Hashemian Seyed Elyas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Owing to wide-ranging searches (there are various alignments between two points) as well as complex and nonlinear cost functions and a variety of geometric constraints, the problem of optimal railway alignment is classified as a complex problem. Thus, choosing an alignment between two points is usually done based on a limited number of alignments designed by experts. In recent years, the study of railway alignment optimization has shown the importance of optimization and the introduction of various algorithms and their usefulness in solving different problems. It is expected that applying meta-heuristic optimization algorithms such as methods based on swarm intelligence can lead to better alignments. In this study, we tried to modify models based on previous studies in order to design and develop a model based on a single framework to provide three-dimensional optimization of alignments applicable in the real world. To obtain this, the particle swarm algorithm is used and a geographic information system is incorporated as a means of search in three-dimensional space. In particular, the cost function used in previous studies considering the costs related to structures (bridges and tunnels) are improved regarding hydraulic structure alignments. Furthermore, the transition curve of horizontal alignment and slope restrictions of curves are considered in this project by using the penalty function in order to obtain the most practical results possible. Finally, this study examines three problems for which the results are acceptable in cases of railway alignment geometry and its application in the real world.
Lithium Metal Anode Materials Design: Interphase and Host
Authors: Wang Hansen , Liu Yayuan , Li Yuzhang , Cui Yi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Li metal is the ultimate anode choice due to its highest theoretical capacity and lowest electrode potential, but it is far from practical applications with its poor cycle lifetime. Recent research progresses show that materials designs of interphase and host structures for Li metal are two effective ways addressing the key issues of Li metal anodes. Despite the exciting improvement on Li metal cycling capability, problems still exist with these methodologies, such as the deficient long-time cycling stability of interphase materials and the accelerated Li corrosion for high surface area three-dimensional composite Li anodes. As a result, Coulombic efficiency of Li metal is still not sufficient for full-cell cycling. In the near future, an interphase protected three-dimensional composite Li metal anode, combined with high performance novel electrolytes might be the ultimate solution. Besides, nanoscale characterization technologies are also vital for guiding future Li metal anode designs.

Graphic Abstract
Impacts of Currents and Waves on Bottom Drag Coefficient in the East China Shelf Seas
Authors: Fan Renfu , Zhao Liang , Lu Youyu , Nie Hongtao , Wei Hao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHigh‐frequency measurements of waves, currents, and turbulence were made using the bottom‐mounted tripod equipped with the Nortek 6‐MHz acoustic Doppler velocimetry at eight mooring stations in the East China Shelf Seas. The observational data are analyzed to estimate the bottom drag coefficient and also the contributions from currents and waves. Variations of bottom drag coefficient caused by currents show no obvious relationship with water depth. Generally, the current‐induced drag coefficient decreases with the strengthening currents, and the wave‐induced drag coefficient increases with the enhancing waves. Synthesis analyses of the observational data reveal a scale relationship between the current‐induced drag coefficient and the turbulent Reynolds number and that between the wave‐induced drag coefficient and the bottom wave orbital velocity. The analyses show no significant impacts of waves on turbulent Reynolds stress, and the total bottom drag coefficient is the sum of that due to currents and waves. The empirical formula for bottom drag coefficient derived from this study may help to improve the simulation of tides, storm surges, and sediment transport in coastal seas.
Simulation of Chemical Transport by Typhoon Mireille (1991)
Authors: Preston Ari D. , Fuelberg Henry E. , Barth Mary C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study examines the transport of chemical species to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) by Typhoon Mireille (1991). We follow an integrated research approach, using in situ flight data when available and results from a high‐resolution chemical transport model. The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with chemistry (WRF‐Chem) was used with an innermost grid spacing of 3 km to explicitly resolve the convection being studied. Mireille was well simulated based on comparisons between the simulated fields and in situ chemical measurements from NASA's Pacific Exploratory Mission‐West A field project. Results from the simulated fields show that pollution from distant sources is ingested by Mireille and subsequently lofted by eyewall convection to the upper troposphere, enhancing concentrations in this region. Flux calculations suggest that a strong tropical cyclone (TC), such as Mireille, can impact UTLS chemistry as much as a continental middle‐latitude cyclone. Furthermore, overshooting convective cells in Mireille produced values of chemical flux density at tropopause level that are as much as 15–30 times greater than that of theTC as a whole. Although overshooting tops comprise only a small area of the simulated total TC, they transport large quantities of gaseous species to the upper troposphere because of their strong updrafts.
Silk sericin intake leads to increases in l-serine and l-tyrosine levels in the mouse brain and the simultaneous facilitation of brain noradrenergic turnover
Authors: Kawano Yui , Yating Hu , Sasaki Masahiro , Furuya Shigeki 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Sericin is a protein component of the silkworm cocoon, and contains a high proportion of L-serine, but it has been mostly disposed of as an industrial waste. However, recent studies have revealed its unique biological functionalities beneficial to human health. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of acute oral intake of sericin on amino acid and neurotransmitter metabolism in the mouse brain. Acute administration of chemically modified sericin (0.26 g/30 g body weight) increased L-serine and L-tyrosine levels in the serum and brain, although the L-tyrosine content in the sericin was less than 3% (w/w). In addition, sericin administration led to a significant facilitation of noradrenergic turnover via enhancement of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol, a principal metabolite of noradrenaline, in several of the brain regions examined. These present findings suggest that oral intake of sericin efficiently delivers L-serine and L-tyrosine to the brain, thus stimulating noradrenergic activity in the brain.
Abbreviations: DA: dopamine; 5-HIAA: 5-hydroxyindoleicetic acid; 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine; HVA: homovanillic acid; MHPG: 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol; 3-MT: 3-methoxytyramine; NA: noradrenaline; NM: normetanephrine; Veh: vehicle
Role of Cycle Threshold in Clostridioides difficile Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing as a Predictor of Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Jonica Emily R , Sulis Carol A , Soni Kanupriya , Hughes Michelle , Jones Eric , Weinberg Janice , Miller Nancy S , Farraye Francis A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Distinguishing Clostridioides difficile infection from colonization is challenging in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Cycle threshold (Ct), the cutoff for PCR positivity, has been investigated in non-IBD patients.

Methods
Patients with positive C. difficile PCR (25 IBD, 51 non-IBD) were identified retrospectively. Fifteen-day outcomes were assessed.

Results
Ct correlated with diarrheal days in non-IBD (P = 0.048), but not IBD patients (P = 0.769). IBD patients had shorter LOS and less severe infection, but more diarrheal days (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
IBD patients had a milder course but Ct results were not significant. Larger studies are needed to clarify utility of Ct in IBD.
Time series forecasting with model selection applied to anomaly detection in network traffic
Authors: Saganowski Łukasz , Andrysiak Tomasz 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In herein article an attempt of problem solution connected with anomaly detection in network traffic with the use of statistic models with long or short memory dependence was presented. In order to select the proper type of a model, the parameter describing memory on the basis of the Geweke and Porter-Hudak test was estimated. Bearing in mind that the value of statistic model depends directly on quality of data used for its creation, at the initial stage of the suggested method, outliers were identified and then removed. For the implementation of this task, the criterion using the value of interquartile range was used. The data prepared in this manner were useful for automatic creation of statistic models classes, such as ARFIMA and Holt-Winters. The procedure of calculation of model parameters’ optimal values was carried out as a compromise between the models coherence and the size of error estimation. Then, relations between the estimated network model and its actual parameters were used in order to detect anomalies in the network traffic. Considering the possibility of appearance of significant real traffic network fluctuations, procedure of updating statistic models was suggested. The results obtained in the course of performed experiments proved efficacy and efficiency of the presented solution.
Association of Circulating Vitamin D With Colorectal Cancer Depends on Vitamin D–Binding Protein Isoforms: A Pooled, Nested, Case-Control Study
Authors: Gibbs David Corley , Song Mingyang , McCullough Marjorie L , Um Caroline Y , Bostick Roberd M , Wu Kana , Flanders W Dana , Giovannucci Edward , Jenab Mazda , Brustad Magritt , Tjønneland Anne , Perez-Cornago Aurora , Trichopoulou Antonia , Tsilidis Konstantinos K , Hultdin Johan , Barricarte Gurrea Aurelio , Bueno-de-Mesquita Bas , Mahamat-Saleh Yahya , Kühn Tilman , Gunter Marc J , Weiderpass Elisabete , Fedirko Veronika 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D] concentrations are consistently inversely associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in observational studies. However, it is unknown whether this association depends on the functional GC-rs4588*A (Thr436Lys) variant encoding the vitamin D–binding protein-2 (DBP2) isoform, which may affect vitamin D status and bioavailability.

Methods
We analyzed data from 1710 incident CRC cases and 1649 incidence-density–matched controls nested within three prospective cohorts of mostly Caucasians. Study-specific incidence rate ratios (RRs) for associations of prediagnostic, season-standardized 25(OH)D concentrations according to DBP2 isoform with CRC were estimated using multivariable unconditional logistic regression and were pooled using fixed-effects models. All statistical significance tests were two-sided.

Results
The odds of having 25(OH)D concentrations less than 50 nmol/L (considered insufficient by the Institute of Medicine) were 43% higher for each DBP2-encoding variant (rs4588*A) inherited (per DBP2 odds ratio [OR] = 1.43, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.27 to 1.62, Ptrend = 1.2 × 10−8). The association of 25(OH)D concentrations with CRC risk differed by DBP2: 25(OH)D concentrations considered sufficient (≥ 50 nmol/L), relative to deficient (&lt; 30 nmol/L), were associated with a 53% lower CRC risk among individuals with the DBP2 isoform (RR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.33 to 0.67), but with a non–statistically significant 12% lower risk among individuals without it (RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.61 to 1.27) (Pheterogeneity = .01).

Conclusions
Our results suggest that the 25(OH)D-CRC association may differ by DBP isoform, and those with a DBP2-encoding genotype linked to vitamin D insufficiency may particularly benefit from adequate 25(OH)D for CRC prevention.