bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Publicising the Crusade: English
Bishops and the Jubilee Indulgence
of 1455
Authors: HARRIS JONATHAN 
Published: July 2002

According to the Byzantine scholar Andronicus Callistus, the fall
of
Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks on 29 May 1453 was a
cataclysm of such magnitude that it was mourned not only by the
Greeks, but by people of every nation. This may sound like the type of

rhetorical flourish with which Byzantine authors were fond of adorning

their works, yet recent scholarship has tended, if anything, to corroborate

Callistus' assertion. Over the past few years, historians of the crusades

have been largely successful in showing that the fifteenth century, far
from
witnessing the decline of the crusading ideal, was a period when it
remained as potent as ever, even in a country as far removed from the
main theatres of action as England. Consequently, the fall of such an
important Christian city was greeted with shock and anger throughout
western Europe, and for the rest of the century the burning question for

crusading strategists was how the disaster could be reversed.It is of course true that no large-scale expedition was ever launched

against the Turks after 1453, the efforts of successive popes ultimately

failing to organise a united Christian response. Yet this does not detract

from the overwhelming evidence that all sections of western society took

the threat posed to Christendom very seriously, and continued to believe

that to take up arms against the infidel was one of the highest acts of
piety.
Trapped acoustic modes in aeroengine intakes with swirling flow
Authors: COOPER A. J. , PEAKE N. 
Published: July 2002

A theoretical model of an aeroengine intake–fan system is developed in order to show
the existence of acoustic resonance in the intake. In general this phenomenon can be
linked to instabilities in aircraft engine inlets.The model incorporates a slowly varying duct intake and accounts for the swirling
flow downstream of the fan. The slow axial variation in cross-section gives rise to
turning points where upstream-propagating acoustic modes are totally reflected into
downstream-propagating modes. The effect of the swirling flow downstream can be
to cut off a mode which is cut on upstream of the fan. It is shown that these two
aspects of the flow, coupled with the effects of the fan (represented by an actuator
disc), can lead to acoustic modes becoming trapped in the intake, thus giving rise to
pure acoustic resonance.A whole range of system parameters, such as axial, fan and swirl Mach numbers,
which satisfy the conditions for resonance are identified. The effects of a stationary
blade row behind the fan are also considered leading to a second family of resonant
states. In addition we find resonance due to reflection of acoustic modes at the open
(inlet) end of the duct.
Water wave scattering by a step of arbitrary profile
Authors: PORTER R. , PORTER D. 
Published: July 2002

The two-dimensional scattering of water waves over a finite region of arbitrarily
varying topography linking two semi-infinite regions of constant depth is considered.
Unlike many approaches to this problem, the formulation employed is exact in the
context of linear theory, utilizing simple combinations of Green's functions appropriate
to water of constant depth and the Cauchy–Riemann equations to derive a
system of coupled integral equations for components of the fluid velocity at certain
locations. Two cases arise, depending on whether the deepest point of the topography
does or does not lie below the lower of the semi-infinite horizontal bed sections.
In each, the reflected and transmitted wave amplitudes are related to the incoming
wave amplitudes by a scattering matrix which is defined in terms of inner products
involving the solution of the corresponding integral equation system.This solution is approximated by using the variational method in conjunction with
a judicious choice of trial function which correctly models the fluid behaviour at the
free surface and near the joins of the varying topography with the constant-depth
sections, which may not be smooth. The numerical results are remarkably accurate,
with just a two-term trial function giving three decimal places of accuracy in the
reflection and transmission coefficents in most cases, whilst increasing the number of
terms in the trial function results in rapid convergence. The method is applied to a
range of examples.
Verbal working memory storage and processing deficits in HIV-1 asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals
Authors: YORK M. K. , FRANKS J. J. , HENRY R. R. , HAMILTON W. J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Verbal working memory (WM), which relies on intact functioning of frontostriatal circuits, has been suggested as a cognitive domain that is preferentially affected in HIV-1 infection. Although several studies have found WM impairments in HIV-1 infected patients, Baddeley's classic WM model has not been studied extensively in this population.Methods. We used two cognitive neuropsychological approaches to examine verbal WM deficits in 18 HIV-1 seronegative, 16 HIV-1 asymptomatic, and 20 HIV-1 symptomatic patients. First, based on Baddeley's WM model of the Phonological Loop, we used the phonological similarity effect and the irrelevant speech effect to evaluate each individual's phonological store, and the word-length effect and the articulatory suppression effect to evaluate the articulatory control process. Secondly, an individual differences approach, which focuses on the capacity limitation of the WM system and potentially integrates the functions of Baddeley's Central Executive component with the Phonological Loop, was adopted. We evaluated each patient's simultaneous storage and processing of auditory material using the Verbal Memory Span test.Results. The HIV-1 symptomatic individuals, but not the HIV-1 asymptomatic subjects, demonstrated impaired short-term storage of verbal material in the phonological store on Baddeley's measures. Although the HIV-1 asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects demonstrated intact rehearsal of speech-based material in the articulatory control process, both groups demonstrated impairment on the Verbal Memory Span test.Conclusions. These findings suggest that deficits in simultaneous short-term storage and processing occur during both early and later stages of HIV-1 infection.
Autobiographical memory and dissociation in
borderline personality disorder
Authors: JONES B. , HEARD H. , STARTUP M. , SWALES M. , WILLIAMS J. M. G. , JONES R. S. P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This study investigated whether individuals with borderline personality disorder
(BPD) tend to be overgeneral in their autobiographical recall and whether the extent of their
overgeneral recall covaries with their susceptibilities to dissociative experiences, as expected on
theoretical grounds.Methods. Twenty-three patients with BPD and 23 matched controls completed the Autobiographical
Memory Test (AMT) and self-report measures of depression, anxiety, trait anger and
dissociative experiences.Results. Participants with BPD scored significantly higher than the control group on the measures
of depression, anxiety, trait anger, and dissociative experiences and also retrieved significantly more
general memories on the AMT. The number of general memories retrieved by the BPD group
correlated significantly with their dissociation scores but not with their scores on mood measures.Conclusions. Patients with BPD have difficulties in recalling specific autobiographical memories.
These difficulties are related to their tendency to dissociate and may help them to avoid episodic
information that would evoke acutely negative affect.
Social disability in schizophrenia: its development and prediction over 15 years in incidence cohorts in six European centres
Authors: WIERSMA D. , WANDERLING J. , DRAGOMIRECKA E. , GANEV K. , HARRISON G. , AN DER HEIDEN W. , NIENHUIS F. J. , WALSH D. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This paper focuses on the long-term course of social disability in schizophrenia assessed at first onset, and after 1, 2 and 15 years in incidence cohorts in six European centres in Bulgaria, Germany, Ireland, The Netherlands, the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom. The study population comprises 349 patients comprising 75% of the original cohorts.Methods. Social disability was assessed in a standardized way with the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule.Results. Social disability in schizophrenia appears to be a persistent phenomenon. Its severity decreased overall in the period of follow-up, but this was not so in a small group traced to hospital or sheltered accommodation. Only 17% of subjects had no disability and 24% still suffered from severe disability. The great majority lived with their family, a partner, or alone. A deteriorating course was more frequent than late improvement. Gender, age, onset, duration of untreated psychosis or type of remission during the first 2 years did not predict the long-term outcome of disability. Severity of disability at the first three assessments of the illness contributed significantly to the explanation of its variance at 15 years.Conclusion. Disability generally ameliorates, but less than expected or hoped. It needs continuing attention and care in this era of de-institutionalization.
The molecular biology of Huntington's disease
Authors: HO L. W. , CARMICHAEL J. , SWARTZ J. , WYTTENBACH A. , RANKIN J. , RUBINSZTEIN D. C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with an autosomal
dominant mode of inheritance. It leads to progressive dementia, psychiatric symptoms and an
incapacitating choreiform movement disorder, culminating in premature death. HD is caused by an
increased CAG repeat number in a gene coding for a protein with unknown function, called
huntingtin. The trinucleotide CAG codes for the amino acid glutamine and the expanded CAG
repeats are translated into a series of uninterrupted glutamine residues (a polyglutamine tract).Methods. This review describes the epidemiology, clinical symptomatology, neuropathological
features and genetics of HD. The main aim is to examine important findings from animal and
cellular models and evaluate how they have enriched our understanding of the pathogenesis of HD
and other diseases caused by expanded polyglutamine tracts.Results. Selective death of striatal and cortical neurons occurs. It is likely that the HD mutation
confers a deleterious gain of function on the protein. Neuronal intranuclear inclusions containing
huntingtin and ubiquitin develop in patients and transgenic mouse models of HD. Other proposed
mechanisms contributing to neuropathology include excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, impaired
energy metabolism, abnormal protein interactions and apoptosis.Conclusions. Although many interesting findings have accumulated from studies of HD and other
polyglutamine diseases, there remain many unresolved issues pertaining to the exact roles of
intranuclear inclusions and protein aggregates, the mechanisms of selective neuronal death and
delayed onset of illness. Further knowledge in these areas will inspire the development of novel
therapeutic strategies.
An empirical approach to subtype identification in individuals with social phobia
Authors: ENG W. , HEIMBERG R. G. , COLES M. E. , SCHNEIER F. R. , LIEBOWITZ M. R. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The present study used cluster analysis procedures to identify empirically subgroups
of patients with social phobia in a large clinical sample.Method. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) was administered to 382 patients from several
studies of the treatment of social phobia. LSAS fear ratings were summed into four subscale scores
(social interaction, public speaking, observation by others, eating and drinking in public) based on
a previous factor analytical study of the LSAS. In order to produce a stable and robust solution,
these factor scores were submitted to a two-stage clustering procedure consisting of an
agglomerative-hierarchical clustering method followed by an iterative non-hierarchical clustering
method.Results. Three patient subgroups were identified based on their pattern of feared social situations
on the LSAS. These groups were labelled: (1) pervasive social anxiety; (2) moderate social
interaction anxiety; and (3) dominant public speaking anxiety. Clusters differed significantly on age
and age of social phobia onset, as well as on measures of social anxiety, general anxiety and
depressive symptomatology. Clusters also differed in the percentage of assigned patients who met
criteria for the generalized subtype of social phobia and avoidant personality disorder.Conclusions. The results provide empirical support for the existence of three subgroups in a clinical
sample of individuals with social phobia and contribute to the growing evidence for the
heterogeneity of social phobia. Further study of the conceptual, clinical and aetiological significance
of these subgroups is needed.
Sleep, not REM sleep, is the royal road to dreams
Authors: Borbély Alexander A. , Wittmann Lutz 
Published: July 2002

The advent of functional imaging has reinforced the attempts to define dreaming as a sleep state-dependent phenomenon. PET scans revealed major differences between nonREM sleep and REM sleep. However, because dreaming occurs throughout sleep, the common features of the two sleep states, rather than the differences, could help define the prerequisite for the occurrence of dreams.[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Solms; Revonsuo; Vertes & Eastman]
Toward a new neuropsychological isomorphism
Authors: Occhionero M. , Esposito M. J. 
Published: July 2002

The deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is likely to be essential for generating some characteristics of the dream. The heterogeneous nature of NREM sleep makes it difficult to assume that there are different NREM dream triggers. Different cortical and subcortical neurophysiological conditions modulate mentation both in waking and in sleeping without any specific direct triggering factor.[Solms]
Reports and Surveys
Authors: Rudall B.H. 
Published: July 2002

ADVANCES IN ROBOTIC TECHNIQUES1. Robotics in MedicineThere have been a number of reports in this section of the progress being made in applying robotic techniques to medical processes. High on the list of achievements in this area have been the attempts to help in surgical operations. Already reports here have dealt with improved aids for surgeons with increased facilities for viewing and of producing images of the patient's progress. Indeed, operations assisted by links with remote centres of expertise and with internet information databanks are no longer unusual. All of these facilities and devices have been, in the main, aids to the operating medical staff but automated surgery still remains a remote goal, although there are many experimental systems in existence. From the Pennsylvania Hershey Medical Centre, USA, however, comes a report of a truly robotic heart surgeon called Zeus. On this occasion it appears that Zeus is not some robotics researchers speculative design for an automated
medical robot but a working system that is starting its medical trials in a real-life hospital.
Intelligent Transportation Systems –
Value Adder For Users Or Nerd's Toy?
Authors: Foyer Peter , Porooshasp Kambiz , Calafel Jordi 
Published: July 2002

This paper, and the following five papers, were presented during the Telematics Automotive 99
Conference held at the National Exhibition Centre, Birmingham, 13th to 15th April 1999. This
first paper sets the scene for the more detailed technical aspects of the later papers. Copies of
the full proceedings of Telematics Automotive 99 are available on loan from The Cundall
Library.Globalisation of both markets and supply has been nowhere more obvious than in motor
cars. These vehicles create not only the most free economic pipeline known to man but also
a revolution in personal freedom. They are unlikely to go away; we have to find ways of
living with them by coping with the environmental problems and the many forms of traffic
problem: congestion, driving and support skills and car crime. In other areas, notably
manufacturing and commerce, automation and advanced communications have enabled
radical improvements in quality, productivity and environmental impact. This effect has yet
to reach road transport in volume; the environmental and traffic problems are growing at
least as fast as the populations of vehicles grow. The risk with such an important enabler as
telematics is that it is seen as a plaything for gadget-minded users, rather than a key enabler
for ongoing use of the car in the face of unrelenting pressures of congestion and
environmental damage.
The USA plastics recycling industry: a survey of manufacturers and vendors of recycled plastic products
Authors: HADJILAMBRINOS CONSTANTINE 
Published: July 2002

Despite efforts spanning more than a decade, plastics continue to be the least recycled component of the USA's municipal waste stream. This study addresses a significant gap in knowledge about the operation of the plastics recycling market by investigating and analysing the characteristics and experiences of manufacturers and vendors of consumer products with recycled plastics content.The study collected information through a survey of this segment of the USA's plastics recycling industry. The analysis of this information confirmed that the industry, as a whole, is young. Nevertheless, it offers a very wide variety of products. These face stiff competition from virgin resin plastic products, or from other virgin competing materials such as wood and cotton. Recycled plastic products are often more expensive than their competitors. Some manufacturers and vendors, especially the younger ones, addressed this problem by finding a niche market with consumers who are willing to pay a premium for environmentally friendly products. On the other hand, companies whose products are successfully competing against virgin products are more likely to have operated longer, to be vertically integrated (producing raw materials and consumer products), and to be more diversified in the number of resins they handle.Manufacturers and vendors of recycled plastic products in the USA have gained considerable experience since the early years of plastics recycling. Nonetheless, they continue to face some serious challenges. Operators of materials recovery facilities that process PCR have an important role to play in supporting the industry by improving the quality of their product (i.e. PCR). However, the most important factor for securing continued growth of the industry is the expansion of markets for the industry's products. The responses to the survey indicate that, while there are actions that manufacturers and vendors can take to increase their chances of success, the effect of government policy remains overwhelming. Policymakers can facilitate growth in plastics recycling by stepping up their efforts to implement effective demand-side policies and by adopting policies to internalize the environmental and social externalities of plastics manufacturing and use.
A preliminary qualitative analysis of the axial skeleton of tupaiids (Mammalia, Scandentia): functional morphology and phylogenetic implications
Authors: Sargis Eric J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this study, the axial skeleton of 14 species of tupaiids (tree shrews) was analysed functionally and compared to that of other archontan mammals. Several differences that relate to differential substrate use were found in the ribs and vertebrae. These differences included cranio‐caudal width of the ribs; number of thoracic, lumbar, and caudal vertebrae; cranio‐caudal width of the atlas; orientation of the spinous process of the axis; length and cranio‐caudal width of the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae; length of the spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae; length and orientation of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae; and the number of sacral vertebrae that articulate with the ilia. The ribs and vertebrae of the arboreal Ptilocercus lowii, the only ptilocercine, exhibit adaptations for a stable thorax that probably facilitate bridging locomotion. The vertebral columns of tupaiines, on the other hand, are more mobile and allow more flexion and extension of the spine; this increased flexion and extension increases stride length, which in turn increases speed in bounding or galloping mammals such as terrestrial tupaiines. It is proposed here that the attributes of the thorax of Ptilocercus are primitive for the Tupaiidae, that the ancestral tupaiid was arboreal, that the tupaiine condition is derived, and that the ancestral tupaiine was terrestrial. It is also proposed that: Ptilocercus may be primitive for the Archonta in its axial skeletal features; a stable thorax was first evolved in an arboreal ancestral archontan; the adaptations for stability of the thorax were retained in the Volitantia (dermopterans and chiropterans) for certain locomotor types, including gliding or flying; a mobile thorax evolved in conjunction with the shift to graspleaping in the ancestral euprimate. These scenarios may be further tested by quantitative analyses of vertebral osteology, as well as myological analyses of the epaxial musculature.
Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Biswas S. , Sankar K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFood habits of tigers Panthera tigris and population attributes of prey species (population structure, density and biomass) were studied in the tropical dry deciduous forest of Pench National Park, Central India, from November 1998 to April 1999. Scat analysis and line transect method were used to estimate tiger food habits and density of major prey species, respectively. The 61.1 km2 intensive study area was found to have very high ungulate density (90.3 animals km−2) with chital Axis axis being the most common species (80.7 animals km−2), followed by sambar Cervus unicolor (6.1 animals km−2). Common langur Presbytis entellus was the most abundant (77.2 animals km−2) primate species. When the density figures were multiplied by the average weight of each prey species, a high biomass density of 6013.25 kg km−2 was obtained for the intensive study area. Chital (47.3%) along with sambar (14.5%) and wild pig Sus scrofa (10.9%) constituted the major part of the tiger's diet. If there is food choice, tigers seem to kill medium‐ and large‐sized species more often. Wild pig and sambar were consumed more than their availability, whereas chital were taken in proportion to their availability. Gaur Bos gaurus and nilgai Bosephalus tragocamelus were not represented in the tiger's diet. Common langur was consumed in lesser proportion by tigers than expected by estimates of its density. The average weight of animals consumed by tigers in the intensive study area was 82.1 kg. The analyses revealed that Pench harbours very high prey density and tigers are mostly dependent on the wild ungulates rather than on domestic livestock as is the case in many other areas in the Indian subcontinent. These two factors thus make Pench National Park a potential area for long‐term conservation of tigers.