bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Putting Canada in the penalty box: Trade and welfare effects of eliminating North American Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Baier Scott L. , Bergstrand Jeffrey H. , Bruno John P. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThree years ago, very few economists would have imagined that one of the newest and fastest growing research areas in international trade is the use of quantitative trade models to estimate the economic welfare losses from dissolutions of major countries' economic integration agreements (EIAs). In 2016, "Brexit" was passed in a UK referendum. Moreover, in 2019, the existence of the entire North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is at risk if the US withdraws—a threat President Trump has made if the proposed US–Mexico–Canada Agreement is not passed by the US Congress. We use state‐of‐the‐art econometric methodology to estimate the partial (average treatment) effects on international trade flows of the six major types of EIAs. Armed with precise estimates of the average treatment effect for a free trade agreement, we examine the general equilibrium trade and welfare effects of the elimination of NAFTA (and for robustness US withdrawal only). Although all the member countries' standards of living fall, surprisingly the smallest economy, Mexico, is not the biggest loser; Canada is the biggest loser. Canada's welfare (per capita income) loss of 2.11% is nearly two times that of Mexico's loss of 1.15% and is nearly eight times the US' loss of 0.27%. The simulations will illustrate the important influence of trade costs—international and intranational—in contributing to the gains (or losses) from an EIA's formation (or elimination).
Heat and Mass Transfer in an Unsteady Magnetohydrodynamics Al2O3–Water Nanofluid Squeezed Between Two Parallel Radiating Plates Embedded in Porous Media With Chemical Reaction
Authors: Mohamed R. A. , Rida S. Z. , Arafa A. A. M. , Mubarak M. S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this paper, the influence of chemical reaction and heat source/sink on an unsteady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) nanofluid flow that squeezed between two radiating parallel plates embedded in porous media is investigated analytically. We consider water as base fluid and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as its nanoparticle. We reduced the basic partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations which are solved by the homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effects of the squeeze number, permeability parameter of porous media, Hartmann number, thermal radiation parameter, Prandtl number, heat source/sink parameter, Eckert number, Schmidt number, and scaled parameter of chemical reaction on the flow, heat, and mass transfer are considered and assigned to graphs. The physical quantities such as Sherwood number, Nusselt number, and skin friction coefficient are computed for Al2O3–water, TiO2–water, Ag–water, and Cu–water nanofluids and assigned through graphs.
A Novel Transducer for Measurement of Skin Blood Flow Using Radio Frequency Energy
Authors: I. Latif Saeed , M. Austin Chad , W. Chatham Jeremy , E. Stewart Brent , H. Stubblefield Thomas , A. Nelson David 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The rate of blood flow in the skin has relevance to several cardiovascular conditions of clinical significance. However, there is no accepted fast, easy way to noninvasively measure the volumetric rate of blood flow per unit tissue volume. Previous work has suggested the potential for using skin heating from radio frequency (RF) energy in the millimeter wave (MMW) band, with simultaneous monitoring of skin surface temperature as a means for noninvasive skin blood flow measurement. This work presents a design and in vitro test results for a simple transducer for MMW blood flow measurement. The transducer consists of a Ka band microstrip antenna and an infrared temperature sensor integrated in a thermoplastic housing. A prototype was tested in a controlled flow chamber, using a commercial tissue phantom material. The device was tested at eight flow rates ranging from 0.25 ml min−1 to 20 ml min−1, equivalent to approximately 10–800 ml min−1·per 100 cm3 of tissue. The differences in temperature increase at exposure time t=60 s were statistically significant (n = 5) so as to allow resolution of flow rates of 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 2.0, 10, and 20 ml min−1. The ensemble average of temperature increase versus time over the 60 s exposure window were described by a simple two-parameter lumped model which can be correlated with the flow rate. The flow rate model parameter does not scale directly with the flow in the experimental chamber however. This may suggest limitations either in the model or the experimental procedure.
Stochastic Fatigue Life Prediction Based on a Reduced Data Set
Authors: Celli Dino , Shen M.-H. Herman , Scott-Emuakpor Onome , Holycross Casey , George Tommy 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide a novel stochastic life prediction approach capable of predicting the total fatigue life of applied uniaxial stress states from a reduced dataset reliably and efficiently. A previously developed strain energy-based fatigue life prediction method is integrated with the stochastic state space approach for prediction of total cycles to failure. The approach under consideration for this study is the Monte Carlo method (MCM) where input is randomly generated to approximate the output of highly complex systems. The strain energy fatigue life prediction method is used to first approximate SN behavior from a set of two SN data points. This process is repeated with another unique set of SN data points to evaluate and approximate distribution of cycles to failure at a given stress amplitude. Uniform, normal, log-normal, and Weibull distributions are investigated. From the MCM, fatigue data are sampled from the approximated distribution and an SN curve is generated to predict high cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior from low cycle fatigue (LCF) data.
Thermohydrodynamic Performance Evaluation of Recharging, Interrupted and Simple Microchannels: A Comparative Study
Authors: Samal Sangram Kumar , Moharana Manoj Kumar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this study, a three-dimensional numerical investigation on the thermohydrodynamic performance of a recently proposed recharging microchannel (RMC) is carried out. In this design, a straight microchannel is split into more than one smaller length channels (having individual inlet and outlet) placed end to end. This design enhances overall heat transfer and maintains temperature uniformity across the substrate length. The comparison of fluid flow and heat transfer performance of RMC, interrupted microchannel (IMC) and straight microchannel (SMC) with the same hydraulic diameter and substrate length are presented to explore the effect of geometrical configuration on heat transfer enhancement. The parametric variations include the number of channels (n), transverse wall length (Ltw), channel aspect ratio (α), and flow Reynolds number. The results reveal that recharging microchannel shows better thermal performance compared to simple and interrupted microchannel with a maximum performance factor of 1.80. The results also indicate that the performance factor of RMC increases with an increase in the number of small channels, transverse wall length, and channel aspect ratio. The outcome of this study indicates the possible use of recharging microchannel heat sinks for high heat flux removal applications such as electronic cooling.
Simulation of Energy Dissipation and Heat Transfers of a Braking System Using the Discrete Element Method: Role of Roughness and Granular Plateaus
Authors: Nguyen Viet-Dung , Dufrénoy Philippe , Coorevits Patrice 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study focuses on the energy dissipation by friction on the interface of a braking system and the effects of roughness and granular plateaus on heat propagation. Faced with the difficulty of defining velocity accommodation and thermal partition between the two bodies in contact (disk and pad, for example,), the authors model the third body (friction) layer with circular particles detached from the pad. From a numerical point of view, this paper proposes a strategy of storing mechanical calculations in steady-state and using it for successive thermal processing in discrete element method (DEM) code. Thus, the heat is generated due to interparticle friction and is dissipated in the disk/pad interface by conductance. Accordingly, this coupling micro–macro model aims to determine the temperature rise of the pad/disk interface and to identify the equivalent thermal resistance. In line with that, the authors provide discussions of these parameters compared to experimental/empirical data as reported in the literature review and limitations of the model.
Evaluation of Radiation Effects on Residents Living Around the NSRR Under External Hazards
Authors: Motome Yuiko , Akiyama Yoshiya , Murao Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The nuclear safety research reactor (NSRR) is a research reactor of training research isotopes general atomics—annular core pulse reactor (TRIGA-ACPR) type, located in the Nuclear Science Research Institute (NSRI). The NSRR facility has been utilized for fuel irradiation experiments to study the behaviors of nuclear fuels under reactivity-initiated accident (RIA) conditions. Under the new regulation standards, which was established after the Fukushima Daiichi accident, research reactors are regulated based on the risk of the facilities. The graded approach is introduced in the regulation. To apply the graded approach, the radiation effects on residents living around the NSRR under the external hazards were evaluated, and the level of the risk of the NSRR facility was investigated. This paper summarizes the result of the evaluation in the case where the safety functions are lost due to a tornado, an earthquake followed by a tsunami. There is fuel in the reactor core, fresh fuel storage, and spent fuel storage. As the effects from reactor core, we evaluate the external exposure to radiation and exposure from the release of fission products assuming that loss of function to shut down the reactor, break of cladding tubes, loss of reactor pool water, and collapse of the reactor building. As the effects from fresh fuel storage, we evaluate the internal exposure assuming that the fresh fuel particles released into the air because of breaking into pieces. In addition, we evaluate the critical safety assuming that the critical safety shapes of the fresh fuel storage are lost. As the effects from spent fuel storage, we evaluate the critical safety assuming that the critical safety shapes of the spent fuel storage are lost. All in all, the risk is confirmed to be relatively low, since the effective dose on the residents is found to be below 5 mSv per event due to the loss of the safety functions caused by the tornado, earthquake, and the accompanying tsunami.
Solution of Thermoacoustic Eigenvalue Problems With a Noniterative Method
Authors: Buschmann Philip E. , Mensah Georg A. , Nicoud Franck , Moeck Jonas P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Gas turbine combustors are prone to undesirable combustion dynamics in the form of thermoacoustic oscillations. Analysis of the stability of thermoacoustic systems in the frequency domain leads to nonlinear eigenvalue problems (NLEVP); here, “nonlinear” refers to the fact that the eigenvalue, the complex oscillation frequency, appears in a nonlinear fashion. In this paper, we employ a noniterative strategy based on contour integration in the complex eigenvalue plane, which returns all eigenvalues inside the contour. An introduction to the technique is given, and is complemented with guidelines for the specific application to thermoacoustic problems. Two prototypical nonlinear eigenvalue problems are considered: a network model of the classical Rijke tube with an analytic flame response model and a finite element discretization of an annular model combustor with an experimental flame transfer function (FTF). Computation of all eigenvalues in a domain of interest is vital to assess stability of these systems. We demonstrate that this is generally challenging for iterative strategies. An eigenvalue solver based on contour integration, in contrast, provides a reliable, noniterative method to achieve this goal.
Muscle Damage During a Soccer World Cup Preparatory and Competition Period
Authors: Bok Daniel , Jukić Igor 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To report creatine kinase ([CK]) responses during a soccer World Cup preparatory and first-leg period and to determine the influence of aerobic fitness on postmatch [CK] responses. Methods: Eleven national-team players were analyzed in this study. A lactate threshold test was performed during the first 3 d, whereas fingertip blood was drawn most mornings (21 out of 30 d) for [CK] measurements. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used for determining the effect of time on [CK] measurements, whereas Pearson correlation coefficient was used for assessing associations between the changes in [CK] and velocities associated with blood lactate concentrations of 2 (v2) and 4 mmol·L−1 (v4). Results: Peak [CK] concentrations were consistently reached on the first day after the match with values of 474 (261), 520 (419), and 460 (126) U·L−1 but with no significant differences between them. [CK] concentrations returned to prematch values (331 [201] U·L−1) on the second day after the match. The change in [CK] concentration between prematch and postmatch day was largely correlated (r = .614, P = .044) with v2. Conclusions: Top-level soccer players display low levels of muscle damage during official tournaments, and they recover before the next match. Postmatch muscle damage is greater in players with higher aerobic endurance because this fitness quality enables them to execute high-intensity activities known to be a major contributor to muscle damage.
Assessing the Internal Reliability and Construct Validity of the General Movement Competence Assessment for Children
Authors: Ng Jonathan Leo , Button Chris , Collins Dave , Giblin Susan , Kennedy Gavin 
Published: October 2019

Validated assessment tools for movement competence typically involve the isolation and reproduction of specific movement forms, which arguably neglects individuals’ ability to combine and adapt movements to overcome constraints within a dynamic environment. A new movement assessment tool, the General Movement Competence Assessment (GMCA), was developed for this study using Microsoft Kinect. Movement competence of 83 children (36 boys and 47 girls), aged 8–10 years (9.06 ± 0.75 years) was measured using the GMCA. An exploratory approach was undertaken to examine the internal consistency reliability (McDonald’s omega coefficient) and factorial structure of the GMCA for the study sample. Factorial structure was determined using exploratory factor analysis by principal component analysis with varimax rotation. For the sample data, reliability for the GMCA games were acceptable (ω = 0.53–0.89) and indicated that combinations of movement attributes were measured by GMCA games. Factorial analysis extracted four movement constructs accounting for 71.31% of variance. Dexterity was tentatively identified as a new independent construct alongside currently accepted movement constructs (i.e., locomotion, object-control, stability). While further development of the GMCA is still required, initial results are encouraging in view of an objective and theoretically informed approach to assess general movement competence in children.
Colorectal cancer screening with faecal immunochemical testing, sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy: a microsimulation modelling study
Authors: Buskermolen Maaike , Cenin Dayna R , Helsingen Lise M , Guyatt Gordon , Vandvik Per Olav , Haug Ulrike , Bretthauer Michael , Lansdorp-Vogelaar Iris 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective
To estimate benefits and harms of different colorectal cancer screening strategies, stratified by (baseline) 15-year colorectal cancer risk.

Design
Microsimulation modelling study using MIcrosimulation SCreening ANalysis-Colon (MISCAN-Colon).

Setting

A parallel guideline committee (
BMJ
Rapid Recommendations) defined the time frame and screening interventions, including selection of outcome measures.

Population
Norwegian men and women aged 50-79 years with varying 15-year colorectal cancer risk (1-7%).

Comparisons
Four screening strategies were compared with no screening: biennial or annual faecal immunochemical test (FIT) or single sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy at 100% adherence.

Main outcome measures
Colorectal cancer mortality and incidence, burdens, and harms over 15 years of follow-up. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.

Results
Over 15 years of follow-up, screening individuals aged 50-79 at 3% risk of colorectal cancer with annual FIT or single colonoscopy reduced colorectal cancer mortality by 6 per 1000 individuals. Single sigmoidoscopy and biennial FIT reduced it by 5 per 1000 individuals. Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and annual FIT reduced colorectal cancer incidence by 10, 8, and 4 per 1000 individuals, respectively. The estimated incidence reduction for biennial FIT was 1 per 1000 individuals. Serious harms were estimated to be between 3 per 1000 (biennial FIT) and 5 per 1000 individuals (colonoscopy); harms increased with older age. The absolute benefits of screening increased with increasing colorectal cancer risk, while harms were less affected by baseline risk. Results were sensitive to the setting defined by the guideline panel. Because of uncertainty associated with modelling assumptions, we applied a GRADE rating of low certainty evidence to all estimates.

Conclusions
Over a 15 year period, all screening strategies may reduce colorectal cancer mortality to a similar extent. Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy may also reduce colorectal cancer incidence, while FIT shows a smaller incidence reduction. Harms are rare and of similar magnitude for all screening strategies.
Bereavement support effectiveness for parents of infants and children: a systematic review
Authors: Ainscough Tom , Fraser Lorna , Taylor Joanna , Beresford Bryony , Booth Alison 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesThis systematic review aims to assess the effectiveness of bereavement support interventions (BSIs) for parents of an infant or a child who has died from a medical condition or in unforeseen circumstances.MethodsA systematic search of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase and CINAHL (1980 to January 2018) was performed to identify studies investigating BSIs for the parents of children who died between the ages of 24 weeks gestation and 30 years. Due to significant clinical and methodological heterogeneity between studies, a narrative synthesis was performed.ResultsThe database searches returned 24 550 records, with a further 6 identified through other sources. Of these, eight studies, reported in nine papers, met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were conducted in the USA (n=5) and in perinatal/neonatal deaths (n=6). Five of the included studies were randomised controlled trials and three were non-randomised comparative studies. Interventions were delivered to groups, individuals or families. Outcomes of interest were grief, mental health, physical health and ‘others’. There were major concerns over the quality of study methods and reporting. Only three of the nine studies reported a significant difference between experimental and control arm participants in any outcomes, despite a total of 23 outcomes being measured.ConclusionsPoor methodology and reporting of the few studies which have assessed BSIs for parents limit any conclusions on their effectiveness. Agreement on core outcomes and more robust study methodology are required in this neglected area of research.
Long-term analgesic pharmacotherapy in addiction to intranasal fentanyl
Authors: Olczak Bartlomiej , Zaforemska Anna , Cialkowska-Rysz Aleksandra 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveThe risk of inappropriate use of opioid drugs increases, especially the short-acting ones. The risk of addiction in patients with cancer with a relatively good prognosis is a challenge. The aim of the study is to evaluate the decision to continue therapy with a short-acting fentanyl.MethodsThe study concerns a 49-year-old male patient with an advanced neuroendocrine tumour in the pre-sacral region. The research method includes the medical history and physical examination, an analysis of the patient’s medical record and a self-designed questionnaire to assess the degree of dependence on opioid drugs.ResultsThe analysis of the results of the survey confirmed the patient’s dependence on opioid drugs. He gave positive answers to 16 out of 19 questions in the survey.ConclusionDespite an addiction, the improvement of life quality is of the utmost importance. Therefore, decision to continue the intranasal fentanyl therapy is justified because of toleration and a high satisfactory effect.
Physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical services augment ground ambulance paediatric airway management in urban areas: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Garner Alan A , Bennett Nicholas , Weatherall Andrew , Lee Anna 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesPaediatric intubation is a high-risk procedure for ground emergency medical services (GEMS). Physician-staffed helicopter EMS (PS-HEMS) may bring additional skills, drugs and equipment to the scene including advanced airway management beyond the scope of GEMS even in urban areas with short transport times. This study aimed to evaluate prehospital paediatric intubation performed by a PS-HEMS when dispatched to assist GEMS in a large urban area and examine how often PS-HEMS provided airway intervention that was not or could not be provided by GEMS.MethodsWe performed a retrospective observational study from July 2011 to December 2016 of a PS-HEMS in a large urban area (Sydney, Australia), which responds in parallel to GEMS. GEMS intubate without adjuvant neuromuscular blockade, whereas the PS-HEMS use neuromuscular blockade and anaesthetic agents. We examined endotracheal intubation success rate, first-look success rate and complications for the PS-HEMS and contrasted this with the advanced airway interventions provided by GEMS prior to PS-HEMS arrival.ResultsOverall intubation success rate was 62/62 (100%) and first-look success was 59/62 (95%) in the PS-HEMS-treated group, whereas the overall success rate was 2/7 (29%) for the GEMS group. Peri-intubation hypoxia was documented in 5/65 (8%) of the PS-HEMS intubation attempts but no other complications were reported. However, 3/7 (43%) of the attempted intubations by GEMS were oesophageal intubations, two of which were unrecognised.ConclusionsPS-HEMS have high success with low complication rates in paediatric prehospital intubation. Even in urban areas with rapid GEMS response, PS-HEMS activated in parallel can provide safe and timely advanced prehospital airway management for seriously ill and injured children beyond the scope of GEMS practice. Review of GEMS airway management protocols and the PS-HEMS case identification and dispatch system in Sydney is warranted.