bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioural science and policy: where are we now and where are we going?
Authors: SANDERS MICHAEL , SNIJDERS VEERLE , HALLSWORTH MICHAEL 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe use of behavioural sciences in government has expanded and matured in the last decade. Since the Behavioural Insights Team (BIT) has been part of this movement, we sketch out the history of the team and the current state of behavioural public policy, recognising that other works have already told this story in detail. We then set out two clusters of issues that have emerged from our work at BIT. The first cluster concerns current challenges facing behavioural public policy: the long-term effects of interventions; repeated exposure effects; problems with proxy measures; spillovers and general equilibrium effects and unintended consequences; cultural variation; ‘reverse impact’; and the replication crisis. The second cluster concerns opportunities: influencing the behaviour of government itself; scaling interventions; social diffusion; nudging organisations; and dealing with thorny problems. We conclude that the field will need to address these challenges and take these opportunities in order to realise the full potential of behavioural public policy.
The future of behavioral insights: on the importance of socially situated nudges
Authors: VAN DER LINDEN SANDER 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSocially minded nudges are the more sociable cousin of regular nudges: they reveal important information about other people's behavior, raise normative expectations about what is desirable, can be shared and transmitted online or offline and leverage social incentives and sanctions that regulate individual and group behavior. In this article, I argue that many of the most successful nudges – that is, nudges that have been well replicated, offer positive spill-over and whose effects last over time – have in fact been social nudges. Moreover, the efficacy of other nudges can be enhanced by considering the social dimension of the problem that they are trying to address. In asking where behavioral science should go next, I argue that although the Behavioural Insights Team has traditionally shied away from addressing more complex and sticky societal issues, socially situated nudges are particularly well suited to address many of the important challenges raised by Sanderset al.(2018).
Putting the public back in behavioral public policy
Authors: DE JONGE PATRICIA , ZEELENBERG MARCEL , VERLEGH PEETER W.J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBehavioral public policies are aimed at influencing the behavior of the public in a way that is advantageous for the public itself and within the law. Sanders, Snijders and Hallsworth (2018, this issue) summarize the state of the art of this new field of study and introduce a number of challenges and opportunities for the time to come. We address an additional challenge that is present and central in all attempts to influence behavior, namely thepublic– the people that are the target of behavioral public policies. We review evidence revealing that people do not passively accept those influence attempts, but often show reactant responses. We propose that the Persuasion Knowledge Model provides a framework both to understand the reactions of the public and to facilitate communication between academic researchers and practitioners.
Serum fatty acids and progression from dengue fever to dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome
Authors: Villamor Eduardo , Villar Luis A. , Lozano-Parra Anyela , Herrera Víctor M. , Herrán Oscar F. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPUFA might modulate inflammatory responses involved in the development of severe dengue. We aimed to examine whether serum PUFA concentrations in patients diagnosed with dengue fever (DF) were related to the risk of progression to dengue haemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS). A secondary aim was to assess correlations between fatty acids (FA) and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with DF. We conducted a prospective case–control study nested within a cohort of patients who were diagnosed with DF and followed during the acute episode. We compared the distribution of individual FA (% of total FA) at onset of fever between 109 cases who progressed to DHF/DSS and 235 DF non-progressing controls using unconditional logistic regression. We estimated correlations between baseline FA and cytokine concentrations and compared FA concentrations between the acute episode and >1 year post-convalescence in a subgroup. DHA was positively related to progression to DHF/DSS (multivariable adjusted OR (AOR) for DHA in quintile 5v. 1=5·34, 95 % CI 2·03, 14·1;Ptrend=0·007). Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) was inversely associated with progression (AOR for quintile 5v. 1=0·30, 95 % CI 0·13, 0·69;Ptrend=0·007). Pentadecanoic acid concentrations were inversely related to DHF/DSS. Correlations of PUFA with cytokines at baseline were low. PUFA were lower during the acute episode than in a disease-free period. In conclusion, serum DHA in patients with DF predicts higher odds of progression to DHF/DSS whereas DGLA and pentadecanoic acid predict lower odds.
A personal experience in Turkey, Iran and China: The need for the ICRC to adapt in a multipolar world
Authors: Ryter Pierre 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis Opinion Note is a reflection on the challenges faced by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in emerging countries that want to be heard in the humanitarian world without being major donors. The author underlines the importance of the feeling of humiliation that can be seen in the narratives of these countries. After listing some of the specific activities that can be developed in such contexts, he refers to the concept of strategic anchoring developed by the ICRC in order to work more effectively in a world that is becoming increasingly multipolar.
Evidence for auto-catalytic mineral dissolution from surface-specific vibrational spectroscopy
Authors: Schaefer Jan , Backus Ellen H. G. , Bonn Mischa 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe dissolution of minerals in water is typically studied on macroscopic length- and time-scales, by detecting dissolution products in bulk solution and deducing reaction rates from model assumptions. Here, we report a direct, real-time measurement of silica dissolution, by monitoring how dissolution changes the first few interfacial layers of water in contact with silica, using surface-specific spectroscopy. We obtain direct information on the dissolution kinetics of this geochemically relevant mineral. The interfacial concentration of dissolution products saturates at the level of the solubility limit of silica (~millimolar) on the surprisingly short timescale of tens of hours. The observed kinetics reveal that the dissolution rate increases substantially with progressing dissolution, suggesting that dissolution is an auto-catalytic process.
Microcavity-integrated graphene waveguide: a reconfigurable electro-optical attenuator and switch
Authors: Sui Guorong , Wu Jun , Zhang Yuehua , Yin Chenhui , Gao Xiumin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGraphene has been widely utilized in optoelectronic applications due to its high carrier mobility, and extremely fast optical response. Microcavity-integrated graphene waveguide structure is one basic module of integrated photonic devices which can greatly improve the light-matter interaction strength. The enhanced optical absorption in the undoped graphene layer results from the light trapping and the corresponding long light-graphene interaction length. Tuning the Fermi energy level of the graphene layer enables the electro-optical modulation. We report the realization of reconfigurable electro-optical attenuator and switch with unity-order modulation depth in light reflection and transmission at near-infrared frequency. The transformation from a lossy absorber to a quasi-perfect transparent condition of the monolayer graphene by tuning the Fermi level leads to the unity-order tunability of the electro-optical attenuator and switch. We investigate theoretically and numerically the absorption properties of the designed microcavity-integrated graphene with respect to different graphene Fermi levels. Electro-optical attenuator with attenuating coefficient from 10% to 98.29% is fulfilled. On-off electro-optical switching with a switching contrast larger than 21 dB is demonstrated. Our approach provides the possibilities of graphene photonics applied in communications, and sensing.
Limited role of spatial self-structuring in emergent trade-offs during pathogen evolution
Authors: Buendía Víctor , Muñoz Miguel A. , Manrubia Susanna 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPathogen transmission and virulence are main evolutionary variables broadly assumed to be linked through trade-offs. In well-mixed populations, these trade-offs are often ascribed to physiological restrictions, while populations with spatial self-structuring might evolve emergent trade-offs. Here, we reexamine a spatially-explicit, SIR model of the latter kind proposed by Ballegooijen and Boerlijst with the aim of characterising the mechanisms causing the emergence of the trade-off and its structural robustness. Using invadability criteria, we establish the conditions under which an evolutionary feedback between transmission and virulence mediated by pattern formation can poise the system to a critical boundary separating a disordered state (without emergent trade-off) from a self-structured phase (where the trade-off emerges), and analytically calculate the functional shape of the boundary in a certain approximation. Beyond evolutionary parameters, the success of an invasion depends on the size and spatial structure of the invading and invaded populations. Spatial self-structuring is often destroyed when hosts are mobile, changing the evolutionary dynamics to those of a well-mixed population. In a metapopulation scenario, the systematic extinction of the pathogen in the disordered phase may counteract the disruptive effect of host mobility, favour pattern formation and therefore recover the emergent trade-off.
A facile and highly sensitive resonance Rayleigh scattering-energy transfer method for urea using a fullerene probe
Authors: Yao Dongmei , He Zining , Wen Guiqing , Liang Aihui , Jiang Zhiliang 
Published: August 2018

Under ultrasound conditions, a deep yellow fullerene (C60) colloid was prepared, which exhibits two resonance Rayleigh scattering peaks at 385 nm and 530 nm.
Intrajejunale Levodopa- und Apomorphin-Infusion zur Therapie motorischer Komplikationen bei fortgeschrittener Parkinson-Krankheit
Authors: Antonini Angelo , Jost Wolfgang H. 
Published: August 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Entwicklung motorischer Fluktuationen und Dyskinesien charakterisiert den Übergang vom frühen zum fortgeschrittenen Parkinson-Stadium. Aktuelle Strategien der oralen Therapie umfassen die stärkere Verteilung von Levodopa, ihre verlängerte Wirkdauer durch Gabe von Enzymblockern (MAO- und COMT-Hemmern) und Dopaminagonisten. Mit fortschreitender Krankheit wird die Motorik jedoch zunehmend abhängig von der Levodopa-Resorption und dessen Bioverfügbarkeit im Plasma, was schließlich zu motorischen Fluktuationen führt. Wenn Patienten nach der optimierten oralen Medikationsanpassung weiterhin funktionelle Einschränkungen bei den Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens haben, sollten Infusionstherapien mit Apomorphin oder Levodopa und operative Verfahren (Tiefe Hirnstimulation) in Betracht gezogen werden. Im Vergleich zur pulsatilen oralen Therapie kann durch die Infusion von Apomorphin oder Levodopa eine kontinuierlichere striatale Stimulation der Dopaminrezeptoren erzielt werden, was zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der off-Zeiten und Dyskinesien, insbesondere der peak-dose-Dyskinesien, führt. Langjährige Erfahrungen mit diesen Behandlungen zeigen bedauerlicherweise, dass die motorischen Komplikationen durch eine kontinuierliche Stimulation des Rezeptors nicht komplett reversibel sind, was darauf hindeutet, dass Veränderungen der synaptischen Plastizität und Konnektivität nicht einfach rückgängig gemacht werden können, nachdem sie erst einmal etabliert sind. Wünschenswert wäre ein Einsatz zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt, zu dem sich motorische Komplikationen erst entwickeln und nicht in einem späten Stadium, wenn diese schon ausgeprägt sind. Vorläufige Ergebnisse beim frühen Einsatz der Tiefen Hirnstimulation oder einer frühen Pumpenbehandlung legen nahe, dass dies erfolgsversprechend erscheint, aber bevor es in der klinischen Praxis implementiert wird, bedarf es auch einer detaillierten Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse.
Change in Head Shape of Newborn Infants in the Week following Birth: Contributing Factors
Authors: Frémondière Pierre , Marchal François , Thollon Lionel , Saliba-serre Bérangère 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe aim of this work is to assess the influence of design factors: continuous numerical variables (age at first measurement, time lapse, and birth weight) and nominal categorical variables (sex of neonate, delivery outcome) on the neonatal head shape change. Sixty newborns were included in this study and 13 cephalometric variables were measured. Multiple linear regressions with change from baseline were performed. Country of birth of the mothers, centile scale of birth weight, and degree of flexion were used in a descriptive analysis. The suboccipitobregmatic difference is significantly correlated with the age at the first measurement (B = 0.058; p = 0.008). Only two cephalometric variables are correlated with the time lapse between measurements: the bitragion difference (B = –0.042; p = 0.039) and the head circumference (B = 0.056; p = 0.047). The biparietal difference is significantly correlated with the birth weight (B = –0.001; p = 0.038), and the mentovertical difference is significantly correlated with the sex “female” (B = 2.764; p = 0.025). Concerning the delivery outcomes, the suboccipitofrontal difference is significantly correlated with the cesarean section (B = 2.455; p = 0.012), and the occipitofrontal difference is significantly correlated with the Thierry's spatula extraction (B = 2.097; p = 0.048). Results suggest that instrumental extractions may have an important impact on neonatal head shape change. When operative intervention in the second stage of labor is required, the options, risks, and benefits of vacuum and forceps must be considered given the possible neonatal complications (cephalohematomas, retinal hemorrhages, external ocular injuries, facial nerve palsies).
Effect of Mannitol Infusion on Optic Nerve Injury After Acute Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Brain Injury
Authors: Guvenc Gonul , Kizmazoglu Ceren , Aydin Hasan Emre 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The primary aim of this paper is to investigate the neuroprotective and antiinflammatory effects of mannitol on optic nerve injury after acute traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage and brain injury in rat models. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH) were produced by a custom-made weight-drop impact acceleration device. Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups. Group I (n = 10) was the sham group, group II (n = 10) received TBI, and group III (n = 10) received TBI + mannitol (1 mg/kg intravenously). Optic nerve tissue glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) levels were measured 4 hours after the trauma. The authors used Kruskal–Wallis variance analysis and Mann–Whitney U tests for statistical analysis. Optic nerve tissue GPx levels were significantly higher in group III than in groups I and II (P < 0.05). Optic nerve tissue IL-1β levels were significantly lower in group III than in group II (P < 0.05) and higher than in group I (P < 0.05).
Mannitol increased the antioxidant GPx levels and decreased the IL-1β levels, which can protect the optic nerve from secondary injury after severe acute trauma. Mannitol plays an important role in the treatment of acute severe indirect optic nerve injury after TBI and tSAH.
Minimum Quality Threshold in Pre-Clinical Sepsis Studies (MQTiPSS): An International Expert Consensus Initiative for Improvement of Animal Modeling in Sepsis
Authors: Osuchowski Marcin F. , Ayala Alfred , Bahrami Soheyl , Bauer Michael , Boros Mihaly , Cavaillon Jean-Marc , Chaudry Irshad H. , Coopersmith Craig M. , Deutschman Clifford S. , Drechsler Susanne , Efron Philip , Frostell Claes , Fritsch Gerhard , Gozdzik Waldemar , Hellman Judith , Huber-Lang Markus , Inoue Shigeaki , Knapp Sylvia , Kozlov Andrey V. , Libert Claude , Marshall John C. , Moldawer Lyle L. , Radermacher Peter , Redl Heinz , Remick Daniel G. , Singer Mervyn , Thiemermann Christoph , Wang Ping , Wiersinga W. Joost , Xiao Xianzhong , Zingarelli Basilia 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
Preclinical animal studies precede the majority of clinical trials. While the clinical definitions of sepsis and recommended treatments are regularly updated, a systematic review of preclinical models of sepsis has not been done and clear modeling guidelines are lacking. To address this deficit, a Wiggers-Bernard Conference on preclinical sepsis modeling was held in Vienna in May, 2017. The goal of the conference was to identify limitations of preclinical sepsis models and to propose a set of guidelines, defined as the “Minimum Quality Threshold in Preclinical Sepsis Studies” (MQTiPSS), to enhance translational value of these models. A total of 31 experts from 13 countries participated and were divided into six thematic Working Groups: Study Design, Humane modeling, Infection types, Organ failure/dysfunction, Fluid resuscitation, and Antimicrobial therapy endpoints. As basis for the MQTiPSS discussions, the participants conducted a literature review of the 260 most highly cited scientific articles on sepsis models (2002–2013). Overall, the participants reached consensus on 29 points; 20 at “recommendation” and nine at “consideration” strength. This Executive Summary provides a synopsis of the MQTiPSS consensus. We believe that these recommendations and considerations will serve to bring a level of standardization to preclinical models of sepsis and ultimately improve translation of preclinical findings. These guideline points are proposed as “best practices” for animal models of sepsis that should be implemented. To encourage its wide dissemination, this article is freely accessible on the Intensive Care Medicine Experimental and Infection journal websites. In order to encourage its wide dissemination, this article is freely accessible in Shock, Infection, and Intensive Care Medicine Experimental.
Competitive intelligence failures
Authors: Maungwa Tumelo , Fourie Ina 
Published: August 2018

PurposeCompetitive intelligence failures have devastating effects in marketplaces. They are attributed to various factors but seldom explicitly to information behaviour. This paper addresses causes of competitive intelligence failures from an information behaviour lens focussing on problems with key intelligence and information needs. The exploratory study was conducted in 2016/2017. Managers (end-users) identify key intelligence needs on which information is needed, and often other staff members seek the information (proxy information seeking). The purpose of this paper is to analyse problems related to key intelligence and information needs, and make recommendations to address the problems.Design/methodology/approachThe study is placed in a post-positivism research paradigm, using qualitative and limited quantitative research approaches. In total, 15 participants (competitive intelligence professionals and educators/trainers originating from South Africa and the USA) contributed rich data through in-depth individual interviews.FindingsProblems associated with articulation of information needs (key intelligence needs is the competitive intelligence term – with a broader scope) include inadequate communication between the person in need of information and the proxy information searcher; awareness and recognition of information needs; difficulty in articulation, incomplete and partial sharing of details of needs.Research limitations/implicationsParticipant recruitment was difficult, representing mostly from South Africa. The findings from this exploratory study can, however, direct further studies with a very understudied group.Practical implicationsHowever, revealed valuable findings that can guide research.Originality/valueLittle has been published on competitive intelligence from an information behaviour perspective. Frameworks guiding the study (a combination of Leckieet al.’s 1996 and Wilson’s, 1981 models and a competitive intelligence life cycle), however, revealed valuable findings that can guide research.
Exploring cleanliness in the Dutch facilities management industry: a Delphi approach
Authors: Vos Martijn C. , Galetzka Mirjam , Mobach Mark P. , Van Hagen Mark , Pruyn Ad T.H. 
Published: August 2018

PurposeThis paper aims to identify antecedents that influence perceived cleanliness by consulting experts and end-users in the field of facilities management (facility service providers, clients of facility service providers and consultants). Business models were evaluated to understand why some antecedents are adopted by practitioners and others are not.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative study, with end-users (n= 7) and experts (n= 24) in the field of facilities management, was carried out to identify antecedents of perceived cleanliness. Following the Delphi approach, different research methods including interviews, group discussions and surveys were applied.FindingsActual cleanliness, cleaning staff behaviour and the appearance of the environment were identified as the three main antecedents of perceived cleanliness. Client organisations tend to have a stronger focus on antecedents that are not related to the cleaning process compared to facility service providers.Practical implicationsMore (visible) cleaning, maintenance, toilets, scent, architecture and use of materials offer interesting starting points for practitioners to positively influence perceived cleanliness. These antecedents may also be used for the development of a standard for perceived cleanliness.Originality/valueA basis was created for the development of an instrument that measures perceived cleanliness and includes antecedents that are typically not included in most of the current standards of actual cleanliness (e.g. NEN 2075, ISSA).
Likelihood and cost impact of engineering change requirements for DoD contracts
Authors: Ellis James C. , White Edward , Ritschel Jonathan D. , Valentine Shawn M. , Lucas Brandon , Cordell Ian S. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
There appears to be no empirical-based method in the literature for estimating if an engineering change proposal (ECP) will occur or the dollar amount incurred. This paper aims to present an empirically based approach to address this shortfall.

Design/methodology/approach
Using the cost assessment data enterprise database, 533 contracts were randomly selected via a stratified sampling plan to build two regression models: one to predict the likelihood of a contract experiencing an ECP and the other to determine the expected median per cent increase in baseline contract cost if an ECP was likely. Both models adopted a stepwise approach. A validation set was placed aside prior to any model building.

Findings
Not every contract incurs an ECP; approximately 80 per cent of the contracts in the database did not have an ECP. The likelihood of an ECP and the additional amount incurred appears to be statistically independent of acquisition phase, branch of service, commodity, contract type or any other factor except for the basic contract amount and the number of contract line item numbers; both of these later variables equally affected the contract percentage increase because of an ECP. The combined model overall bested current anecdotal approaches to ECP withhold.

Originality/value
This paper both serves as a published reference point for ECP withholds in the archival forum and presents an empirically based method for determining per cent ECP withhold to use.