bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diet and colorectal cancer in UK Biobank: a prospective study
Authors: Bradbury Kathryn E , Murphy Neil , Key Timothy J 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Most of the previous studies on diet and colorectal cancer were based on diets consumed during the 1990s.

Methods
We used Cox-regression models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios for colorectal cancer by dietary factors in the UK Biobank study. Men and women aged 40–69 years at recruitment (2006–10) reported their diet on a short food-frequency questionnaire (n = 475 581). Dietary intakes were re-measured in a large sub-sample (n = 175 402) who completed an online 24-hour dietary assessment during follow-up. Trends in risk across the baseline categories were calculated by assigning re-measured intakes to allow for measurement error and changes in intake over time.

Results
During an average of 5.7 years of follow-up, 2609 cases of colorectal cancer occurred. Participants who reported consuming an average of 76 g/day of red and processed meat compared with 21 g/day had a 20% [95% confidence interval (CI): 4–37] higher risk of colorectal cancer. Participants in the highest fifth of intake of fibre from bread and breakfast cereals had a 14% (95% CI: 2–24) lower risk of colorectal cancer. Alcohol was associated with an 8% (95% CI: 4–12) higher risk per 10 g/day higher intake. Fish, poultry, cheese, fruit, vegetables, tea and coffee were not associated with colorectal-cancer risk.

Conclusions
Consumption of red and processed meat at an average level of 76 g/d that meets the current UK government recommendation (≤90 g/day) was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Alcohol was also associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, whereas fibre from bread and breakfast cereals was associated with a reduced risk.
Rigid Sides of Approximately Finite-Dimensional Simple Operator Algebras in Non-Separable Category
Authors: Suzuki Yuhei 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Applying Popa’s orthogonality method to a new class of groups, we construct amenable group factors that are prime and have no infinite-dimensional regular abelian $\ast$-subalgebras. By adjusting Farah–Katsura’s solution of Dixmier’s problem to the von Neumann algebra setting, we obtain the 1st examples of prime approximately finite-dimensional factors and tensorially prime simple AF-algebras. Our results are proved in Zermelo--Fraenkel set theory with the axiom of choice (ZFC), thus in particular answering questions asked by Farah–Hathaway–Katsura–Tikuisis. We also directly determine central sequences of certain crossed products. This concludes the failure of the Kirchberg $\mathcal{O}_{\infty }$-absorption theorem in the non-separable setting.
Using word embeddings to expand terminology of dietary supplements on clinical notes
Authors: Fan Yadan , Pakhomov Serguei , McEwan Reed , Zhao Wendi , Lindemann Elizabeth , Zhang Rui 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of applying word embeddings to expand the terminology of dietary supplements (DS) using over 26 million clinical notes.MethodsWord embedding models (ie, word2vec and GloVe) trained on clinical notes were used to predefine a list of top 40 semantically related terms for each of 14 commonly used DS. Each list was further evaluated by experts to generate semantically similar terms. We investigated the effect of corpus size and other settings (ie, vector size and window size) as well as the 2 word embedding models on performance for DS term expansion. We compared the number of clinical notes (and patients they represent) that were retrieved using the word embedding expanded terms to both the baseline terms and external DS sources expanded terms.ResultsUsing the word embedding models trained on clinical notes, we could identify 1–12 semantically similar terms for each DS. Using the word embedding expanded terms, we were able to retrieve averagely 8.39% more clinical notes and 11.68% more patients for each DS compared with 2 sets of terms. The increasing corpus size results in more misspellings, but not more semantic variants and brand names. Word2vec model is also found more capable of detecting semantically similar terms than GloVe.ConclusionOur study demonstrates the utility of word embeddings on clinical notes for terminology expansion on 14 DS. We propose that this method can be potentially applied to create a DS vocabulary for downstream applications, such as information extraction.
Detectability of Dissociative Psychoactive Substances in Urine by Five Commercial Phencyclidine Immunoassays
Authors: Gomila Isabel , Leciñena Maria Ángeles , Elorza Miguel Ángel , Pastor Yolanda , Sahuquillo Laura , Servera Miguel , Puiguriguer Jordi , Barcelo Bernardino 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMethoxetamine (MXE) and the arylcyclohexylamines 3-methoxy-PCP (3-MeO-PCP) and 4-methoxy-PCP (4-MeO-PCP) are substituted analogs of the dissociative psychoactive substances ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP), respectively. They have emerged on the new psychoactive substances (NPS) market as legal alternatives to these classically banned dissociatives. Little data has been published regarding the cross-reactivity of these NPS in PCP immunoassays (IAs). The aim of this work was to explore the possibilities of detecting 3-MeO-PCP, 4-MeO-PCP, MXE and ketamine in commercial IAs for PCP. The cross-reactivity study was performed in five different PCP IAs using urine-free, spiked samples and urine samples obtained from two 3-MeO-PCP overdose cases. 3-MeO-PCP and 4-MeO-PCP showed cross-reactivity (ranging from 1–143%) in all PCP IAs evaluated. MXE only showed very weak cross-reactivity (ranged from 0.04 to 0.25%) and ketamine was not detected in any PCP IA evaluated. Urine samples from the two overdose cases were positive for PCP in all IAs evaluated. The commercial PCP IAs evaluated exhibited utility as rapid, preliminary screening techniques for 3-MeO-PCP and 4-MeO-PCP, but not for ketamine. The low reactivity of MXE limits its detectability in the PCP IAs evaluated.
Antibiosis Levels to Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Cowpea Commercial Cultivars and Landrace Varieties
Authors: Costa Eduardo Neves , Evangelista Bruna Moura Dias , Fernandes Marcos Gino 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a major pest of cowpea, (Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp.) (Fabales: Fabaceae), and to date, few tactics are available to control this pest. This study was conducted to evaluate whether cowpea commercial cultivars and landrace varieties express antibiosis to S. frugiperda. The commercial cultivars were developed by the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), and the landrace varieties were obtained from indigenous communities of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The effects of the cowpea genotypes (commercial cultivars and landrace varieties) were assessed on the development, survival, and reproductive capacity of the insect. Out of six genotypes, the two landraces were the most resistant to the pest. Landrace Juti decreased larval weight and survival, and no larvae reached the pupal phase. Landrace Nioaque adversely affected the larval and pupal weight, the period of development from larva to pupa, adult emergence, and the period of development from larva to adult. The cultivar Fradinho was classified as moderately resistant for reducing the larval and pupal weights, and delaying the period of development from larva to pupa. The cultivar Miranda was susceptible regarding the growth and survival of S. frugiperda, however, females reared on this cultivar laid a lower number of eggs. The resistant genotypes, especially the landrace varieties are promising for future plant breeding programs, with the objective of developing resistant cultivars to S. frugiperda larvae.
A new approach to finding galaxy groups using Markov Clustering
Authors: Stothert L , Norberg P , Baugh C M 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We present a proof of concept of a new galaxy group finder method, Markov graph CLustering (MCL) that naturally handles probabilistic linking criteria. We introduce a new figure of merit, the variation of information (VI) statistic, used to optimize the free parameter(s) of the MCL algorithm. We explain that the common friends-of-friends (FoF) method is a subset of MCL. We test MCL in real space on a realistic mock galaxy catalogue constructed from an N-body simulation using the galform model. With a fixed linking length FoF produces the best group catalogues as quantified by the VI statistic. By making the linking length sensitive to the local galaxy density, the quality of the FoF and MCL group catalogues improve significantly, with MCL being preferred over FoF due to a smaller VI value. The MCL group catalogue recovers accurately the underlying halo multiplicity function at all multiplicities. MCL provides better and more consistent group purity and halo completeness values at all multiplicities than FoF. As MCL allows for probabilistic pairwise connections, it is a promising algorithm to find galaxy groups in photometric surveys.
Reviewing the evidence on breast milk composition and immunological outcomes
Authors: Boix-Amorós Alba , Collado Maria Carmen , Van’t Land Belinda , Calvert Anna , Le Doare Kirsty , Garssen Johan , Hanna Heather , Khaleva Ekaterina , Peroni Diego G , Geddes Donna T , Kozyrskyj Anita L , Warner John O , Munblit Daniel 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA large number of biologically active components have been found in human milk (HM), and in both human and animal models, studies have provided some evidence suggesting that HM composition can be altered by maternal exposures, subsequently influencing health outcomes for the breastfed child. Evidence varies from the research studies on whether breastfeeding protects the offspring from noncommunicable diseases, including those associated with immunological dysfunction. It has been hypothesized that the conflicting evidence results from HM composition variations, which contain many immune active molecules, oligosaccharides, lactoferrin, and lysozyme in differing concentrations, along with a diverse microbiome. Determining the components that influence infant health outcomes in terms of both short- and long-term sequelae is complicated by a lack of understanding of the environmental factors that modify HM constituents and thereby offspring outcomes. Variations in HM immune and microbial composition (and the differing infantile responses) may in part explain the controversies that are evidenced in studies that aim to evaluate the prevalence of allergy by prolonged and exclusive breastfeeding. HM is a “mixture” of immune active factors, oligosaccharides, and microbes, which all may influence early immunological outcomes. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth overview of existing evidence on the studied relationships between maternal exposures, HM composition, vaccine responses, and immunological outcomes.
Effects of weight-neutral approaches compared with traditional weight-loss approaches on behavioral, physical, and psychological health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Dugmore Jaslyn A , Winten Copeland G , Niven Hannah E , Bauer Judy 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Context
Weight-neutral approaches for health are emerging therapeutic alternatives to traditional weight-loss approaches. The existing literature base comparing these approaches has not yet been systematically evaluated by a meta-analysis.

Objective
This review aims to determine if weight-neutral approaches are valid alternatives to weight-loss approaches for improving physical, psychological, and behavioral health outcomes.

Data Sources
Embase, Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL, and the University of Queensland Library databases were searched.

Study Selection
Peer-reviewed, experimental, or quasi-experimental studies that included weight-neutral and weight-loss arms and reported physical, psychological, or behavioral outcomes were eligible. A total of 525 studies were identified through initial database searches, with 10 included in the final analysis after exclusion criteria were applied.

Data Extraction
Screening and eligibility assessment of studies followed the PRISMA protocol. The following outcomes were extracted: weight, body mass index, lipid and glucose variables, blood pressure, eating behavior, self-esteem, depression, quality of life, physical activity, and diet quality.

Data Analysis
Studies were graded per the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) level-of-evidence tool and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics quality-evaluation tool. Effect sizes were examined as a meta-analysis of standardized and mean differences using a random-effects inverse-variance model with 95%CIs. Practice recommendations for each outcome were graded per NHMRC body-of-evidence guidelines.

Conclusions
Weight-neutral approaches resulted in greater improvement in bulimia (P = 0.02), but no significant differences were observed for any other outcome. Weight-neutral approaches may be as effective as weight-loss methods for improving physical, psychological, and behavioral outcomes. Limitations include inconsistent definitions of both approaches and variable time frames of follow-up.
Terms-of-trade and counterterrorism externalities
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Subhayu , Sandler Todd , Younas Javed 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article investigates the interplay of trade and terrorism externalities under free trade between a developed nation that exports a manufactured good to and imports a primary product from a developing nation. A terrorist organization targets both nations and reduces its attacks in response to a nation’s defensive counterterrorism efforts, while transferring some of its attacks abroad. Terms-of-trade considerations lead the developed nation to raise its counterterrorism level beyond the ‘small-country’ level, thus compounding its overprovision of these measures. By contrast, the developing nation limits its defensive countermeasures below that of the small-country level. This asymmetry is a novel finding. The analysis is extended to include proactive countermeasures to weaken the terrorist group. Again, the developed country raises its efforts owing to the terms-of-trade externality, which now opposes the underprovision associated with proactive efforts. A second extension allows for several developing-country exporters of the primary product.
Simulation of Dural Repair in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery With the Use of a Perfusion-Based Cadaveric Model
Authors: Buchanan Ian A , Min Elliot , Pham Martin H , Donoho Daniel A , Bakhsheshian Joshua , Minneti Michael , Zada Gabriel , Giannotta Steven L , Hsieh Patrick C , Liu John C 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
In an era of curtailed work hours and concerns over achieving technical proficiency in the repertoire of procedures necessary for independent practice, many residencies have turned to model simulation as an educational adjunct. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak repair after inadvertent durotomy in spine surgery is a fundamental skillset for any spine surgeon. While primary closure with suture is not always necessary for small durotomies, larger defects, on the other hand, must be repaired. However, the dire consequences of inadequate repair dictate that it is generally performed by the most experienced surgeon. Few intraoperative opportunities, therefore, exist for CSF leak repair by trainees.

OBJECTIVE
To simulate dural repair in spine surgery using minimal-access techniques.

METHODS
A cohort of 8 neurosurgery residents was evaluated on their durotomy repair efforts in a perfusion-based cadaveric model.

RESULTS
Study participants demonstrated consistent improvement across trials, with a significant reduction in closure times between their initial (12 min, 7 sec ± 4 min, 43 sec) and final attempts (7 min, 4 sec ± 2 min, 6 sec; P = .02). Moreover, all trainees—irrespective of postgraduate year—were able to accomplish robust dural closures resistant to simulated Valsalva maneuvers. Participants reported high degrees of model realism and exhibited significant increases in postprocedure confidence scores.

CONCLUSION
Our results support use of perfusion-based simulation models as a complement to neurosurgery training, as it affords unrestricted opportunities for honing psychomotor skillsets when resident learning is increasingly being challenged by work-hour limitations and stricter oversight in the context of value-based healthcare.
Surgical Outcomes in Post-Traumatic Epilepsy: A Single Institutional Experience
Authors: Hitti Frederick L , Piazza Matthew , Sinha Saurabh , Kvint Svetlana , Hudgins Eric , Baltuch Gordon , Diaz-Arrastia Ramon , Davis Kathryn A , Litt Brian , Lucas Timothy , Chen H Isaac 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a debilitating sequela of traumatic brain injury (TBI), occurring in up to 20% of severe cases. This entity is generally thought to be more difficult to treat with surgical intervention.

OBJECTIVE
To detail our experience with the surgical treatment of PTE.

METHODS
Patients with a history of head injury undergoing surgical treatment for epilepsy were retrospectively enrolled. Engel classification at the last follow-up was used to assess outcome of patients that underwent surgical resection of an epileptic focus. Reduction in seizure frequency was assessed for patients who underwent vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) or responsive neurostimulator (RNS) implantation.

RESULTS
A total of 23 patients met inclusion criteria. Nineteen (82.6%) had mesial temporal sclerosis, 3 had lesional neocortical epilepsy (13.0%), and 1 had nonlesional neocortical epilepsy (4.3%). Fourteen patients (60.9%) underwent temporal lobectomy (TL), 2 underwent resection of a cortical focus (8.7%), and 7 underwent VNS implantation (30.4%). Three patients underwent RNS implantation after VNS failed to reduce seizure frequency more than 50%. In the patients treated with resection, 11 (68.8%) were Engel I, 3 (18.8%) were Engel II, and 2 (12.5%) were Engel III at follow-up. Average seizure frequency reduction in the VNS group was 30.6% ± 25.6%. RNS patients had reduction of seizure severity but seizure frequency was only reduced 9.6% ± 13.6%.

CONCLUSION
Surgical outcomes of PTE patients treated with TL were similar to reported surgical outcomes of patients with nontraumatic epilepsy treated with TL. Patients who were not candidates for resection demonstrated variable response rates to VNS or RNS implantation.
The attachment of a settlor’s rights under Liechtenstein Law
Authors: Nigg Thomas , Vogt Domenik 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Settlors regularly want to reserve extensive powers over the assets contributed to a trust. However, this bears the risk that the trust is more vulnerable to attacks from the settlor’s creditors. Thus, setting up a trust frequently involves striking a balance between the reservation of rights and asset protection. In an unprecedented case, the Liechtenstein Supreme Court recently dealt with the question of whether the rights of the settlor of a Liechtenstein trust were attachable. The Supreme Court came to the conclusion that the rights of the debtor, who acted as settlor, protector, and beneficiary of the trust in question, could be attached collectively pursuant to Article 242 of the Liechtenstein Act on Enforcement dated 24 November 1971 (Exekutionsordnung, ‘EO’). This article summarizes and analyses the main considerations of the Liechtenstein Supreme Court and discusses possible ways of structuring Liechtenstein trusts so as to ensure the protection of the trust assets from potential creditor clawbacks.
Impact of formaldehyde addition to spray-dried plasma on functional parameters and animal performance1
Authors: Campbell Joy M , Crenshaw Joe D , Polo Javier , Mellick Dillon , Bienhoff Mark , Stein Hans H 
Published: March 2019

AbstractExperimental objectives of this study were to determine effects of formaldehyde treatment on the chemical composition of spray-dried plasma (SDP) and to test the hypothesis that growth performance of pigs fed formaldehyde-treated diets containing SDP or diets containing formaldehyde-treated SDP is not reduced compared with pigs fed untreated control diets. Sal CURB ASF liquid antimicrobial and CURB RM Extra liquid mold inhibitor (Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA) were applied on SDP at 0.1% or 0.3% to determine effects of the products on chemical and functional properties of SDP. Regardless of product, there were no changes in SDP for analyzed protein, ash, pH, or moisture concentration, but IgG concentration in SDP was decreased 8% and 24%, respectively, for 0.1% and 0.3% inclusion of Sal CURB or CURB RM. Two feeding studies using weaned pigs were conducted to determine effects of formaldehyde applied at 0.3% to SDP (experiment 1) or 0.3% to a complete diet containing 5% SDP (experiment 2). Experiment 1 pigs (n = 265) were weaned at 20 ± 2 d of age and allotted to five treatment groups. Experiment 2 pigs (n = 135) were weaned in two groups at 20 ± 2 d of age and allotted to three treatments groups. In experiment 1, the untreated control diet contained soy protein concentrate (SPC) and test diets contained 2.5% or 5.0% SDP without or with formaldehyde treatment. In experiment 2, formaldehyde was applied to a diet containing 5% SDP and an untreated SPC control diet and an untreated diet containing 5% SDP were also included in the experiment. In experiment 1, linear increases (P &lt; 0.05) in average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were observed as SDP was included in the diets and the relative bioavailability of formaldehyde-treated SDP was 62% (P = 0.018) if calculations were based on ADG and 15% (P = 0.031) if calculations were based on ADFI. In experiment 2, pigs fed the SDP diet untreated or treated with formaldehyde had increased (P &lt; 0.05) final body weight, ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with pigs fed the control diet. However, formaldehyde treatment of the plasma-containing diet did not affect pig growth performance compared with pigs fed the untreated SDP diet. In conclusion, formaldehyde treatment applied directly on SDP affects analyzed concentrations of IgG and reduces growth rate of pigs. Treating a complete diet containing 5% SDP with formaldehyde did not affect pig growth performance, and pigs fed diets containing SDP had improved growth performance than those fed the control diet without SDP.