bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor I. Response to Acute Granulocytopenia
Authors: SHADDUCK RICHARD K. , NAGABHUSHANAM N. G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The in vitro growth of hemopoietic colonies, in the presence of an active colony stimulating factor (CSF), provides a useful model for evaluation of potential humoral factors controlling granulopoiesis. The present investigations were undertaken to assess the relationship between rapidly induced granulocytopenia in rats and the presence of heightened CSF activity. Sera from control animals showed virtually no activity (0-3 colonies). Significant levels of CSF (40-60 colonies) were demonstrated within 2-6 hr after rabbit antirat neutrophil serum (ANS). The increased activity corresponded with the phase of rapid neutrophil destruction. However, in animals rendered neutropenic by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide, ANS administration was also associated with a prompt rise in CSF levels; the magnitude of this response approximated that seen in animals treated with ANS alone. These results suggest that heightened CSF may accompany destruction of relatively small numbers of neutrophils. The temporal appearance of heightened CSF activity in relation to induced granulocytopenia is consistent with the concept that this factor may be a regulator of granulopoiesis.
Origin of Osteogenic Precursor Cells in Extramedullary Marrow Implants
Authors: MANIATIS ALICE , TAVASSOLI MEHDI , CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Autologous extramedullary marrow implantation leads to the formation of a nodule consisting of bone and hemopoietic tissue. Irradiation of the marrow immediately prior to implantation with up to 1000 rads does not interfere with the regenerative process. Since this amount of radiation is lethal for most of the hemopoietic cells the cell initiating the regeneration must be more radioresistant and is therefore probably associated with the relatively radioresistant marrow stroma. When the marrow was irradiated with 4000 rads 2 wk prior to implantation it did not regenerate even though at the time of implantation it contained numerous hemopoietic cells. This suggests that the hemopoietic cells do not play a significant role in the regeneration of marrow implants.
Excretion and Distribution of Iron During Chronic Deferoxamine Therapy
Authors: LUKENS JOHN N. , NEUMAN LESLIE A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In order to evaluate the consequences of chronic chelation therapy on iron overload, the cumulative excretion and tissue distribution of iron were analyzed in a child given deferoxamine (DFO) for transfusion hemosiderosis. During 5 yr of treatment, DFO induced a mean urinary loss of 13.0 mg iron per 24 hr per 500 mg injected. Of the 32 grams of iron administered as transfused red cells during the treatment period 30% was recovered in the urine. Mapping of the tissue distribution of iron was facilitated by splenectomy after 41 mo of chelation therapy. Despite an abundance of iron in Kupffer cells and bone marrow reticulum cells, the spleen was depleted of iron. The heterogeneous distribution of reticuloendothelial iron suggests that the spleen contains a reservoir of metabolically active, chelatable iron, whereas those parts of the reticuloendothelial system less active in heme catabolism store iron in a metabolically dormant, nonchelatable pool. The capacity of DFO to chelate spleen iron in the face of severe erythroid hypoplasia suggests that transferrin-prompted flow of iron across cell membranes is not necessary for chelate mobilization.
Case Report: Tetraploid Leukemia
Authors: TRUJILLO JOSÉ M. , CORK ANN , DREWINKO BENJAMIN , HART JACQUELINE S. , FREIREICH EMIL J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A patient with acute leukemia and tetraploid blast cells in the bone marrow is reported. The patient was a 69-yr-old white male who was referred to our institution for chemotherapy. His bone marrow contained 89% blasts, 30% of which were peroxidase positive. The clinical history was characterized by a rapid, downhill course, and the patient expired 1 mo after admission in spite of chemotherapy. At autopsy, nests of viable leukemic cells were still present in the bone marrow. Cytogenetic studies demonstrated a true tetraploid karyotype with 92 chromosomes. The various mechanisms that may lead to the establishment of a tetraploid clone and the clinical implications of the presence of these cells in acute leukemia are discussed. So far as we know, this is the first case in which a true tetraploid clone associated with human neoplasia has been identified.
Remission Maintenance Therapy for Meningeal Leukemia: Intrathecal Methotrexate vs. Intravenous bis-Nitrosourea
Authors: SULLIVAN MARGARET P. , VIETTI TERESA J. , HAGGARD MARY ELLEN , DONALDSON MILTON H. , KRALL JOHN M. , GEHAN EDMUND A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Central nervous system infiltrates have become a major cause of morbidity among leukemic children and may constitute a site from which a remission marrow is again infiltrated. Conventional intrathecal methotrexate (IT MTX) therapy produces excellent palliation and complete reversal of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid findings for periods ranging from 6 to 414 days (median 87 days). The CNS remission maintenance potential of (1) IT MTX, 12 mg/sq m, every 6-8 wk, and (2) bis-nitrosourea (BCNU), 100 mg/sq m intravenously, every 6-8 wk were compared with "no therapy" maintenance. Only those children in CNS remission 6-8 wk following induction therapy were eligible for randomization to the maintenance study. The duration of CNS remission for BCNU-maintained and "no therapy" patients was similar, with a median length of remission of 96 days and 112 days, respectively. The median duration of remission for the MTX maintenance group was 472 days. The differences in length of CNS remission between the MTX group and the other two groups were statistically highly significant (p < 0.01 for both comparisons). Headache, fever, and/or vomiting occurred in 38% of the children after one or more of the intrathecal maintenance treatments and, in general, symptoms tended to worsen as maintenance continued.
Effect of Cyclophosphamide on the Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cell Compartment as Measured by Different Assay Techniques
Authors: HELLMAN SAMUEL , GRATE HELEN E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Three different methods have been used to measure the survival of the hematopoietic stem cell pool following treatment with cyclophosphamide. Two of these systems measure the stem cell pool by its ability to proliferate and differentiate into mature progeny. In both these methods irradiated recipient mice receive syngeneic bone marrow from either normal or cyclophosphamide-treated animals. A period of time is allowed for the transplanted progenitor cells to divide and differentiate, and then the progeny produced are assayed. Ability to form red blood cells is assessed by the amount of radioactive iron incorporated into newly formed erythrocytes. Capacity for granulocyte formation is measured by peripheral white blood cell counts following endotoxin stimulation. The pool as measured by its ability to produce erythrocytic progeny appears to be more sensitive than as measured by its ability to produce granulocytic progeny. The spleen colony assay gives results similar to the assay of granulocytic progeny. These results, taken with previous data indicating decrease in erythroid precursors in spleen colonies derived from cells surviving cyclophosphamide, are interpreted as indicating a decrease in ability for erythroid differentiation in cells surviving cyclophosphamide.
L2C Guinea Pig Lymphatic Leukemia: A "B" Cell Leukemia
Authors: Shevach E. M. , Ellman L. , Davie J. M. , Green I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Lymphoid cells of the immune system can be divided into two functional compartments. The thymus derived population, "T" cells, is responsible for cell mediated immunity. The bone marrow derived population, "B" cells, is responsible for antibody production. Although these two populations are functionally different, it has not yet been possible to distinguish them morphologically. Recent experimental work in the mouse has shown that the B cells bear easily detectable immunoglobulin. The T cells can be distinguished by the isoantigen, theta. The B or T cell origin of the lymphocytes of human or animal leukemia has received little attention. In the present study, we have examined the functional and morphologic properties of a guinea pig lymphatic leukemia L2C. L2C cells secrete T2 immunoglobulin and also bear this immunoglobulin on their surface. L2C cells have the recently described lymphocyte receptor for antigen-antibody-complement complexes (found on normal B lymphocytes). Finally, the L2C cell fails to be stimulated in vitro by mitogens capable of stimulating thymus-derived lymphocytes. Thus, the L2C cell appears to be of B lymphocyte origin. The availability of a large number of pure B lymphoid cells will provide a useful tool for the study of the cellular receptors of lymphoid cells and for the preparation of antisera specific for the T cell and B cell populations. The application of the techniques described in this paper to classify other lymphoid neoplasms as to their T or B cell origin may lead to both theoretic and therapeutic advances.
Erythropoietin Production in the Anephric Rat. I. Relationship Between Nephrectomy, Time of Hypoxic Exposure, and Erythropoietin Production
Authors: Schooley J. C. , Mahlmann L. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The serum erythropoietin levels of adult male and female rats exposed immediately after nephrectomy to a simulated altitude of 22,000 ft for 5 hr is measurable but decreased to about l5% of normal. Erythropoietin is not detected in the serum of adult female and male rats when the interval between nephrectomy and the beginning of the hypoxic exposure is increased to 8 and 16 rr, respectively. The ability of an anephric rat to respond to this hypoxic stimulus progressively decreases with increasing time after nephrectomy. The ability of young anephric rats to increase their serum erythropoietin levels is little altered if the rats are exposed to hypoxia immediately after nephrectomy, but exposure to the same hypoxic stimulus 24 hr later results in a significant reduction in erythropoietin production. The ability of both normal and anephric rats to produce erythropoietin is reduced or abolished by actinomycin D. The serum erythropoietin produced in hypoxic anephric rats is immunologically indistinguishable from normal erythropoietin.
An Electron Microscopic Study of the Bone Marrow of the Rat in an Experimental Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: CHEN LI-TSUN , HANDLER EVELYN E. , HANDLER EUGENE S. , WEISS LEON 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Alterations in the vascular sinus and hematopoietic compartment of rat bone marrow were observed with electron microscopy during the pathogenesis of an acute myelogenous leukemia. As the disease progresses, the sinus wall becomes damaged and disintegrates; normal hemic elements disappear, and the marrow compartment becomes packed with leukemic myeloblasts. Viruslike particles are present in intercellular spaces and appear to bud from leukemic cells.
Bone Formation by Hemopoietic Tissue: Separation of Preosteoblast From Hemopoietic Stem Cell Function in the Rat
Authors: Amsel Sheldon , Dell Elisabeth S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The bone marrow preosteoblast was studied using bone formation by subcutaneously placed syngeneic grafts of hemopoietic tissue as the test for the presence of the preosteoblast. The hind limbs of rats were irradiated with 0, 300, 600, or 900 rads, and the femoral and tibial marrow were removed and grafted 4 hr-90 days following irradiation. Grafts of the irradiated marrow, adjusted to match the unirradiated grafts in number of cells or weight of tissue, showed a marked decrease to absence of bone-forming ability over the 90-day period. The hemopoietic cells of this marrow 90 days following irradiation, except for a decrease in cellularity by one quarter, were thought to be normal as judged by differential counts and the presence of hemopoietic stem cells. The interpretations of this separation of the hemopoietic from the bone-forming function of marrow are that the preosteoblast is a nonmigrating cell and that it is not derived from the hemopoietic stem cell.
Granulopoiesis During Myleran-induced Suppression of Transplantable Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Udupa K. B. , Okamura H. , Reissmann K. R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Granulopoiesis was studied in mice whose colony-forming units (CFU) had been suppressed to undetectable levels by Myleran. Measurements of the myelocyte-metamyelocyte transition rate and other parameters showed significant granulopoietic regeneration at a time when no CFU were demonstrable. This regeneration is attributed to the proliferation of intermediate granulopoietic stem cells, and the findings thus confirm the existence of such cells in an in vivo system. Acceleration of erythropoiesis in the Myleran-treated mice by large does of erythropoietin was without effect upon the concomitant granulopoietic regeneration, indicating that intermediate stem cells are not interchangeable and that the otherwise described competition for stem cells between the two systems must occur at the primitive CFU level.
Bone Marrow Response to Erythropoietin in Polycythemia Vera and Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia
Authors: Zucker Stanley , Howe Diane M. , Weintraub Lewis R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The regulation of erythropoiesis was studied in patients with polycythemia vera and chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL). An in vitro culture system was employed to determine the response of bone marrow cells to erythropoietin. In normal subjects, iron incorporation into heme (during the 18th to 22nd hr of culture) was increased by 35% (mean) in erythropoietin-treated cultures as compared to control cultures. Erythropoietin was ineffective in stimulating iron incorporation into heme in five patients with polycythemia vera. The marrow response to erythropoietin in vitro was within the normal range in three patients with CGL (37% stimulation). Thus, the role of erythropoietin in the control of erythropoiesis in myeloproliferative syndromes appears variable.
Hemoglobin Synthesis in Short-term Cultures of Human Fetal Hematopoietic Tissues
Authors: Basch Ross S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hemoglobin synthesis in the erythropoietic tissues of 11 normal human fetuses ranging in age from 6 to 21 wk has been studied. The incorporation of 3H-labeled and 14C-labeled leucine, valine, and isoleucine into the separated hemoglobins has been measured, and rates of synthesis of hemoglobins F0, F1, and A determined. Hemoglobin A synthesis could be detected in all of the embryos studied and was produced in fetal liver and spleen, as well as bone marrow and peripheral reticulocytes. The effect of a partially purified preparation of human erythropoietin (ESF: NIH, NHI Erythropoietin Committee; pool Al Ta LSL) on short-term cultures of these tissues has also been studied. Three phases of hepatic erythropoietin sensitivity have been observed. Early in gestation (before 10-12 wk), when the liver is predominantly an erythropoietic organ, cultured cells respond poorly to ESF; later (14-18 wk) as the hepatic functions of the liver begin to become dominant, maximal ESF sensitivity is achieved. At this time treated cultures synthesize up to ten times more hemoglobin than do controls. ESF responsiveness subsequently begins to decline, and by 21 wk only modest (1.5- to twofold) increments in hemoglobin synthesis are produced by ESF. No changes in the pattern of hemoglobins synthesized were noted as a consequence of ESF stimulation.
Comparison of Chromatographic Patterns of Low Molecular Weight RNA From Burkitt Lymphoma, Infectious Mononucleosis, EB-Virus Transformed, and Normal Human Lymphoblasts
Authors: Fujioka Seitoku , O’Hopp Susan , Gerber Paul , Gallo Robert C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The chromatographic characteristics of uridine- and methyl-labeled low molecular weight RNA (4S and 5S) of human lymphoblasts from Burkitt lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis, and EB-virus transformed lymphocytes were compared with lymphoblasts from normal donors (cell line) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-transformed peripheral blood lymphocytes. No significant differences in these RNA profiles were found between the lymphoblast cell line from a normal donor and the lymphoblast cell line derived from a patient with infectious mononucleosis. The profiles of uridine-labeled RNA but not methyl-labeled RNA of Burkitt lymphoma and EB-virus transformed cells differed from the normal control cells, i.e., the lymphoblast cell line derived from a normal donor and PHA-transformed lymphocytes, respectively. The findings suggest that the elution pattern of low molecular weight nonmethylated RNA of Burkitt lymphoma and EB-virus transformed cells are similar but differ from normal and infectious mononucleosis lymphoblasts. These differences apparently reflect variations in the relative amount of certain species of nonmethylated low molecular weight RNA that probably represents 5S RNA and/or messenger RNA fragments.
Detection of Glucose-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency by a Screening Procedure
Authors: Blume Karl-Georg , Beutler Ernest 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A method for rapid detection of red cell glucose-phosphate isomerase deficiency is described. The procedure is based on the appearance of fluorescence, caused by TPNH, that is generated in the linked glucose-phosphate isomerase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction.
Hematopoiesis in the Embryonic Mouse Spleen: An Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Djaldetti Meir , Bessler Hanna , Rifkind Richard A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The events of hematopoiesis in the C57/BI6J embryonic mouse spleen are described, beginning with the appearance of the splenic rudiment (12th gestational day). Immature erythroid precursors appear on day 12 of embryonic development, but foci of mature red cell precursors were not seen until day 15. Red cell precursors were observed in the spleen up to day 19 after birth. Mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes were present by day 12, whereas megakaryocytic precursors appear on day 12. Although young cells of the lymphocytic series were identified on the 16th gestational day, a marked proliferation of lymphatic cells was noted at the end of the gestational period and immediately after birth.
Graft-vs.-Host Activity of Thymocytes: Relationship to the Role of Thymocytes in Hemopoiesis
Authors: Goodman Joan Wright , Burch Kay T. , Basford Nancy L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The importance of graft-vs.-host (GVH) activity to the ability of thymocytes to augment hemopoiesis in radiation chimeras was investigated. Parental (P) lymph node cells were found by the 59Fe-uptake method not to have an analogous augmentative effect. When thymus donor, marrow donor, and irradiated recipient were chosen immunogenetically so that GVH could occur in either the presence or absence of graft-vs.-graft (GVG) activity, it was seen that GVH reactivity per se resulted in no improvement of marrow growth. However, when P thymocytes specifically tolerant to an F1 hybrid host were administered with P marrow, augmentation was three times greater than when nontolerant P thymocytes were given. It was concluded that GVH activity not only is not essential but actually is detrimental to augmentation. Ninety-day survival of chimeras given specifically tolerant P thymocytes was better than that of mice given P marrow only and very much better than those given marrow and nontolerant thymocytes.
Multiple Myeloma Incidence in Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia: Racial and Seasonal Variations
Authors: McPhedran Peter , Heath Clark W. , Garcia Joan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Between 1963 and 1967, 120 cases of multiple myeloma were diagnosed in residents of metropolitan Atlanta, Ga. These cases represent an incidence of 4.0/100,000 per yr for black people and 2.1 for white people. While the rate for black people is the highest yet identified for any population, it is probably an underestimate because of underreporting for older age groups. More cases were diagnosed in winter than in summer months. Retrospective data regarding symptoms at onset suggest that this seasonal variation may at least in part reflect the winter occurrence of acute respiratory infections, which may bring existing neoplasia to medical attention.
THE EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL SURFACES ON BLOOD COAGULABILITY, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO POLYETHYLENE
Authors: DONOVAN THOMAS J. , ZIMMERMANN BERNARD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The reaction to small pieces of polyethylene and lucite in the subcutaneous tissues of 30 rats was studied at intervals up to three months after insertion. Polyethylene was shown to compare favorably in respect to minimum tissue reaction, with the well-tolerated lucite.
2. A series of clotting times was performed in polyethylene, paraffin, collodion and glass tubes. The clotting time in polyethylene tubes was about twice as long as in glass, and nearly as long as in paraffin and collodion-lined tubes. These data are similar to Hirschboeck’s findings for lucite tubes.
3. Clot retraction was found to be moderate and essentially similar in polyethylene, paraffin, and glass tubes. It was slight or absent in collodion tubes.
4. Capillary tubes of polyethylene were shown to repel water initially and then gradually to attract water over a period of days to a maximum height about one-half of that in glass tubes. Thus polyethylene follows Lampert’s rule, which states that the effect of a surface in delaying the coagulation of blood is proportional to the capacity of that surface for repelling water.
THE RESPONSE OF EOSINOPHILS IN THE GUINEA PIG TO SENSITIZATION, ANAPHYLAXIS AND VARIOUS DRUGS
Authors: SAMTER MAX 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The eosinophilic response of the guinea pig sensitized and reinjected with the specific antigen varies with the nature of the antigen used, but also with the individual guinea pig in any groupsensitized and reinjected with the same antigen.
2. Certain antihistamine drugs which abolish anaphylactic symptoms, do not abolish the eosinophilic response.
3. The severity of anaphylactic "shock" symptoms has no influence on the eosinophilic response.
4. Histamine phosphate has no effect on the eosinophil count of nonsensitized guinea pigs protected by benadryl; it causes a distinct eosinophilic response in sensitized animals.
5. Heparin—in the dose injected—produced only an insignificant rise in the peripheral eosinophil count of sensitized guinea pigs; adenosine had no effect.
6. Attempts were made to correlate the eosinophilic response in bone marrow, blood and shock tissue of guinea pigs sensitized and reinjected with a specific antigen. The variation within a wide range of the number of eosinophils in the bone marrow of nonsensitized and of sensitized, reinjected guinea pigs is emphasized. A definite correlation seems to exist between the presence of a large number of eosinophils in blood and lungs; it is shown, however, that this observation permits only limited conclusions.
7. The factors which account for discrepancies in the interpretation of the eosinophilic response, e.g., nature of antigen, route of administration and characteristics of species, are analyzed.
8. The significance of the findings is reviewed in the light of previous work.
"REFINED" LIVER EXTRACT IN TROPICAL MACROCYTIC ANEMIA
Authors: PATEL J. C. , BHENDE Y. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A series of 45 cases of T.M.A. treated with "refined" liver extract is reported.
2. "Refined" liver extract was found to be effective in 39 cases.
3. It was found that 2 or 3 ml. of refined liver extract (Examen N.P.) was sufficient to produce an optimum response.
4. As judged from therapeutic observations, it is suggested that in the majority of cases of T.M.A. the deficiency is similar to that in Addisonian pernicious anemia, though the mode of production of the deficiency may not be the same.