bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chaos and Strange Attractors in Pulsar Intensity Records
Authors: Romani Roger W. , Rankin J. M. , Backer D. C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe have examined high quality Arecibo data of three pulsars for evidence of strange attractors in pulse-to-pulse intensity fluctuations. Significant structure was found for PSR 0823+26, and seems related to pulse drifting and nulling activity. The low dimensionality of the possible attractor suggest that a simple dynamical model can explain this component of the flux variability.
Nonlinear Temporal Model for Formation of Pulsar Microstructures
Authors: Chian Abraham C.-L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA nonlinear plasma model which may account for temporal modulation of pulsar radio pulses is presented. Envelope solitons and envelope nonlinear wave trains can result from the nonlinear interaction of the high-frequency coherent pulsar radiation with the pulsar magnetosphere. Theories of electromagnetic envelope solitons and electromagnetic envelope nonlinear wave trains in electronpositron plasmas are reviewed. The application of this model for observation of pulsar microstructures is discussed.
On the Nature of the Circularly Polarized Component of Pulsar Radio Emission
Authors: Istomin Ya. N. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIt is shown that circular polarization occurs in the region of cyclotron resonance because the group velocities of right-hand and left-hand polarized waves are different with respect to the direction of the magnetic field. Due to the dependence of the intensity of radio emission on the coordinates across the polar cap, this difference in group velocities leads to noncompensated circular polarization proportional to the derivative of the total intensity as a function of longitude. The indicated dependence corresponds to observations of the so-called core component of pulsar radio emission.
“THE FAULT OF OUR GRANDFATHERS”: YEMEN'S THIRD-GENERATION MIGRANTS SEEKING REFUGE FROM DISPLACEMENT
Authors: Peutz Nathalie 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDrawing on ethnographic research conducted in Djibouti's Markazi camp for refugees from Yemen between 2016 and 2018, this article examines the complex motivating factors that drove a subset of Yemenis to seek refuge in the Horn of Africa. Although the primary reason for their flight to the Horn of Africa was the ongoing war, a secondary but not inconsequential driver of many of these Yemeni refugees’ current displacement was their family histories of transnational migrations and interethnic marriages. This article argues that, for this group, it was their “mixed” (muwallad) Arab and African parentage and resulting alienation in Yemen that made their flight imaginable—and, in their view, imperative. Although “mixed motive migration” is not unusual, this example underscores how spatial and social (im)mobilities in Yemen and the Horn of Africa region have been co-constituted across generations. More importantly, it has critical implications for the recently adopted Global Compact on Refugees, which promotes (among other solutions) the “local integration” of refugees in their proximate host societies.
Effect of automatic cluster remover settings on milkability, milk quality and milking irregularities of crossbred cows
Authors: Fahim Ahmad , Kamboj Madan Lal , Sirohi Ajayvir Singh , Bhakat Mukesh , Mohanty Tushar Kumar 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAutomatic cluster remover (ACR) settings regulate the end of milking by detaching the clusters based on milk flow dropping below a preset level, which needs to be standardised for different breeds of dairy animals based on their production. A study was conducted to find out the best ACR setting for milking Indian crossbred cows based on milkability, milking irregularities and milk quality. Fifty six crossbred dairy cows in lactations 1 to 4 were categorised into three groups based on the level of production; low (N = 16; <12 kg/d), medium (N = 32; 12–18 kg/d) and high (N = 08; >18 kg/d). The ACR settings tested were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 kg/min, keeping the vacuum level and pulsation settings constant. The ACR settings significantly (P < 0.01) affected the milk yield at all levels of production with a significant effect (P < 0.01) on machine-on time at 0.4 kg/min. The yield during the first 2 min of milking, average flow and peak flow rates were not affected at any level of production. The average electrical conductivity in milk was significantly (P < 0.01) lower for the low and medium yield cows without affecting the mean somatic cell count. At 0.4 kg/min, more cluster reattachments were needed because of significant amount of milk remaining in the udders post-cluster removal.
Parotid gland carcinoma: 32 years’ experience from a single institute
Authors: Nakano T , Yasumatsu R , Kogo R , Hashimoto K , Asai K , Ohga S , Yamamoto H , Nakashima T , Nakagawa T 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundParotid gland carcinoma is a rare and complicated histopathological classification. Therefore, assembling a sufficient number of cases with long-term outcomes in a single institute can present a challenge.MethodThe medical records of 108 parotid gland carcinoma patients who were treated at Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan, between 1983 and 2014 were reviewed. The survival outcomes were analysed according to clinicopathological findings.ResultsForty-six patients had low clinical stage tumours (I–II), and 62 patients had high clinical stage tumours (III–IV). Fifty-two, 10 and 46 patients had low-, intermediate- and high-grade tumours, respectively. Twenty-seven of 65 cases had positive surgical margins. In high clinical stage and intermediate- to high-grade tumours, adjuvant radiation therapy was correlated with local recurrence-free survival (p = 0.0244). Intermediate- to high-grade tumours and positive surgical margins were significantly associated with disease-specific survival in multivariate analysis (p = 0.0002 and p = 0.0058).ConclusionThe results of this study show that adjuvant radiation therapy is useful for improved local control in patients with high clinical stage and intermediate- to high-grade tumours.
Democratic Contradictions in European Settler Colonies
Authors: Paine Jack 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHow did political institutions emerge and evolve under colonial rule? This article studies a key colonial actor and establishes core democratic contradictions in European settler colonies. Although European settlers’ strong organizational position enabled them to demand representative political institutions, the first hypothesis qualifies their impulse for electoral representation by positing the importance of a metropole with a representative tradition. Analyzing new data on colonial legislatures in 144 colonies between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries shows that only British settler colonies—emanating from a metropole with representative institutions—systematically exhibited early elected legislative representation. The second hypothesis highlights a core democratic contradiction in colonies that established early representative institutions. Applying class-based democratization theories predicts perverse institutional evolution—resisted enfranchisement and contestation backsliding—because sizable European settler minorities usually composed an entrenched landed class. Evidence on voting restrictions and on legislature disbandment from Africa, the British Caribbean, and the US South supports these implications and rejects the Dahlian path from competitive oligarchy to full democracy.
A Mycenaean Bronze in the Cyprus Museum
Authors: Markides M. 
Published: June 2019

Among the latest acquisitions of the Cyprus Museum are seven pieces of bronze which, when put together, form the handles and circular rim of a large vessel.Their history is as follows. They were found (together with a gold enamelled sceptre and two bronze tripods, a description of which I hope to give later) in a field near the Church of Hagios Armenis, at the village of Episkopi, the site of the ancient Curium. All the objects together were sold to an Armenian merchant of Limassol and were seized by the police of Larnaca in December, 1903, when they were about to be secretly exported from the Island. They have been kept at the Custom House at Larnaca till lately when they were transferred to my custody and deposited in the Cyprus Museum.
Datcha—Stadia—Halikarnassos
Authors: Hasluck F. W. 
Published: June 2019

The opinion of Captain T. A. B. Spratt that the ruins at Datcha represent the Dorian city of Akanthos has naturally been adopted by subsequent cartographers as being that of the one man who has thoroughly explored the Knidian peninsula. The identification rests, like so many others, on slight evidence owing to the meagreness of ancient records concerning the city in question: added local knowledge makes another identification seem preferable.The inhabitants of Syme, on the authority of M. Chaviaras, himself a Symiote, to this day refer to the site as Stadia (Σταδία), of which Datcha is in reality only a dialectic variant with the Σ elided, as so often, by false analogy. The existence of a town called Stadia on this coast can be traced from Pliny downwards. The latter places a town variously called Pegusa or Stadia near Knidos—Est in promontorio Cnidus libera, Triopia, dein Pegusa et Stadia appellata: the name Pegusa is readily explained by the springs in the plain of Datcha, and the comparative obscurity of the town by the fact that it was in ancient times subordinate to Knidos.
On Imitation of the Venetian Sequin struck for the Levant
Authors: Hasluck F. W. 
Published: June 2019

The long-established popularity of the Venetian gold ducat or sequin as a medium for international trade in the Levant, is easily accounted for by its unvarying fineness and constant types from its first appearance in the thirteenth century to the end of the Republic in 1797. Throughout this long period it held its own as the standard gold coin of the Levant trade. Imitations of varying date, standard, and work-manship are an inevitable consequence of this popularity: they are found so far afield as India, and are even at the present day manufactured for jewellers' purposes in Alexandria.A conspicuous mediaeval example of these trade imitations is to be found in a series of more or less barbarous imitations of the sequin of Andrea Dandolo (1343–54), which, though attributed to no definite mint, have long been recognised as a Levant currency. The designs are imitated closely from the Venetian original, the name of the doge and the motto of the reverse—Sit tibi, Christe, datus quern tu—regis iste ducatus—being blundered or distorted in various ways.
Old Smyrna: the Iron Age fortifications and associated remains on the city perimeter
Authors: Nicholls R. V. 
Published: June 2019

Traces of fortifications around the area apparently once occupied by the city of Old Smyrna were observed by Louis Fauvel, and our first detailed description of them is that of Prokesch von Osten, who accompanied him there on a second visit in 1825. As we shall see later, it seems likely, though proof is no longer possible, that most of the circuit wall around the tell, as well as that on the low spur to the west of it on which the modern village now stands, as described by Prokesch, may have belonged to the defences of the classical city. Nothing today survives of these above ground, owing to extensive stone-plundering in the interval; and it is to be feared that the fate of much of this rather exposed classical enceinte has been to provide masonry either for the houses of the modern village or for the terrace walls which today encircle the tell.The plundering of this outermost circuit probably left the earlier ones inside it rather more exposed to view. I have not been able to verify which of the city walls it was that was photographed by Keil in 1911, but when Franz and Helene Miltner excavated here in 1930 a part of the late-seventh-century B.C. circuit was visible on the east side of the city. Here they cleared about 80 metres of its face, for the most part to no great depth, then picked up its line again with a small probe some 20 metres farther north. Two further small trenches seem to have located more of this late-seventh-century wall-line south-south-west of their long cut, in addition to traces of yet other circuits. Besides this they report sinking two shafts into the mound dominating the north-west corner of the tell and making two small probes in occupation levels within the city itself.
Aristotle: ‘P.A.’ I. 2–3: argument and text
Authors: Balme D. M. 
Published: June 2019

These two chapters (642 b 5–644 a 11) form a continuous argument in which Aristotle offers three reasons for rejecting ‘dichotomy’—a misnomer, as it turns out. It is the only passage where he mentions dichotomy, and the three reasons against it do not appear in his discussions of Division elsewhere. They are:1. The final differentia of a dichotomy is inadequate to mark out the species;2. Dichotomy cannot avoid splitting up natural kinds, like Birds;3. Dichotomy cannot make use of privative differentiae (στερήσεις).The rest of his argument is in support of these three reasons, as I will try to show. It falls into separate sections in which he adduces various rules and practices of Division to show that if Dichotomy is properly conducted according to these rules it cannot work. The rules that he gives here are all found elsewhere, with one minor exception at 643 a 35 which is applicable only to zoology. Neither here nor elsewhere does he suggest that division in general is unsound or useless. (He denies that it can prove, but allows that it helps towards finding a definition, An. Pr. 1. 31; An. Post. 11. 5 and 13.) True, dichotomy is a particular kind of division. But having shown that it is useless in zoology, he replaces it with another kind of division.
A Code of Conduct on Restrictive Business Practices: A Third Option
Authors: Wex Samuel 
Published: June 2019

Competing Goals in Formulating a Code of Conduct on Restrictive Business PracticesFor the past thirty years efforts to formulate and implement acceptable international norms to regulate restrictive business practices (R.B.P.’s) affecting international trade have largely failed. Yet, none can deny the necessity of such international norms in the face of the inability of national legal systems to cope with an economic order of international dimensions. The abortive International Trade Organization, as part of the Havana Charter of 1948, and the Draft E.C.O.S.O.C. International Agreement of 1953, which were originally initiated by the United States, were eventually rejected by it because “the various national policies, legislation, and enforcement procedures in this field were not sufficiently comparable.”
Canada and Namibia
Authors: Meret Livia 
Published: June 2019

In 1971 The International Court of Justice in an Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia concluded that the mandate for South-West Africa had been validly terminated by the General Assembly in Resolution 2145 (XXI) of October 27, 1966, and that “the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia being illegal, South Africa is under an obligation to withdraw its administration from Namibia immediately and thus put an end to its occupation of the Territory.” Further, the Court said that:States Members of the United Nations are under obligation to recognize the illegality of South Africa’s presence in Namibia and the invalidity of its acts on behalf of or concerning Namibia, and to refrain from any acts and, in particular, any dealings with the Government of South Africa implying recognition of the legality of or lending support or assistance to, such presence and administration.
Extradition to a State that Imposes the Death Penalty
Authors: Williams Sharon A. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireL'auteur examine la question de la peine de mort dans le contexte de l'extradition à la lumière des articles 7 et 12 de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés. Quels sont les options du Canada si l'on tient compte de la décision de la Cour européenne de Justice dans l'affaire Soering?
Charles B. Bourne: Scholar, Teacher, and Editor, Innovator in the Development of the International Law of Water Resources
Authors: Macdonald R. ST. J. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe author traces the career of one of Canada’s leading international lawyers as a teacher of international law, as the founding editor and editor-in-chief of thisYearbookfor thirty years, and as a scholar in the field of the international law of water resources. Bourne’s role in the development of the Helsinki Rules is recounted and hü fundamental difference with the work of the ILC over the competing principles of “equitable utilization” and “no appreciable harm” is analyzed.
Mondialisation et état de droit: quelques réflexions sur la normativité technologique
Authors: Boustany Katia , Crépeau François , Mackay Pierre , Mockle Daniel 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe progressive withdrawal of the state from the role of “economic agent” has had an impact upon its function of regulator. Therefore, norms production was transferred to international and national bodies favouring more non-binding normative settings (soft law) and self-regulation. This is clearly the case of the normative framework applying to technologies. As a result, the relationship between the international legal order and national legal order bears significant modifications, and fundamental rights of citizens may also be affected within democracies based on the rule of Law.
The Nova Scotia-Newfoundland Dispute over the Limits of Their Respective Offshore Areas
Authors: Hughes Valerie 
Published: June 2019

SummaryOn May 17, 2001, an arbitral tribunal established by the minister for natural resources of the government of Canada issued its decision in Phase I of the dispute between the provinces of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador over the boundary dividing their respective offshore areas. The tribunal was required to determine in Phase I, in accordance with the principles of international law governing maritime boundary delimitation, whether the line dividing the offshore areas of the two provinces had been resolved by agreement. This note discusses the dispute settlement mechanism set up to deal with this issue and the arguments made by the parties before the tribunal, and it summarizes the decision of the tribunal.
Nuclear Weapons in Outer Space
Authors: Gotlieb A. E. 
Published: June 2019

In the Latter Part of the last decade, when it began to become apparent that vehicles or devices carrying nuclear weapons could be made to enter into outer space and orbit around the earth's contours, both the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union began to put forward proposals for restricting or prohibiting such operations.The crucial year was 1957 — the year in which the Soviet Union launched its first sputnik in outer space. This scientific achievement, followed in 1961 by the advent of manned orbital satellites, made it apparent to the world at large and the lawyers among them that outer space could be utilized by man for his own purposes — and that these might not necessarily be peaceful ones.
Of Questionable Legality: The Military Use of Cluster Bombs in Iraq in 2003
Authors: Hulme Karen 
Published: June 2019

SummaryOver the past century, the laws of armed conflict have limited or prohibited the use of a number of weapons, principally due to their cruel effects or indiscriminate nature. Among the examples are chemical and biological weapons, anti-personnel mines, and blinding laser weapons. In recent years, one of the most controversial armaments used by states has been the cluster bomb. Cluster weapons are inexpensively produced area weapons with a high propensity for failure. The source of constant condemnation since the Vietnam conflict, the legality of cluster weapons remains highly questionable. With such weapons, the question is not so much whether there is a need to create new instruments of limitation, or indeed prohibition, but whether the existing laws of armed conflict are already sufficient to address any human and environmental concerns.
Global Public Policy and the World Trade Organization afterShrimp/TurtleandAsbestos
Authors: Irish Maureen 
Published: June 2019

SummaryRecent decisions of the Appellate Body of the WTO deal with the interpretation of GATT Article XX, which provides exemptions from trade obligations for important non-trade policies such as the protection of health and the environment. The article discusses those decisions, as well as the balance between trade and non-trade interests in the provisions of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.
The Decision of the International Court of Justice in the Case Concerning Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada)
Authors: Swords Colleen , Willis Alan 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn the spring of 1999, the NATO allies conducted a bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for several weeks. The campaign was a response to the failure of negotiations at Rambouillet, France, relating to a situation in Kosovo that United Nations agencies had characterized as a “humanitarian crisis.” In late April, only a few days after filing an Optional Clause declaration under the Statute of the International Court of Justice accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the court subject to reservations, Yugoslavia initiated proceedings in the court against ten NATO allies, including Canada. The application was accompanied by a request for the indication of “provisional measures” pursuant to the statute, enjoining the NATO allies from continuing the use of force against Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia relied upon its new declaration and upon the compromissary clause of the Genocide Convention as grounds of jurisdiction. In June 1999, the court refused the request for provisional measures on the ground that it lacked prima facie jurisdiction. Canada and other remaining respondents filed preliminary objections on jurisdiction and admissibility. The objections on jurisdiction were based on the grounds that had been advanced at the provisional measures stage and largely endorsed by the court: first, that Yugoslavia was not then a member of the United Nations and was therefore not entitled to make an Optional Clause declaration; second, that the declaration was limited to future disputes; and, third, that the subject matter of the dispute was not covered by the Genocide Convention, which could therefore not be invoked to establish jurisdiction.Following oral hearings in April 2004, the court ruled in a judgment of 15 December 2004 that it lacked jurisdiction. The ruling was based exclusively on the fact that Yugoslavia lacked United Nations membership and standing in the court in 1999. The judgment concludes that the exception in Article 35(2) of the statute relating to “treaties in force” does not entitle a non-member of the United Nations to appear before the court in a matter related to the Genocide Convention, which the Court interprets as applying only to treaties in existence before 1945. This reasoning came as a surprise, since the court had assiduously avoided the issue of UN membership both in its provisional measures ruling and in its decisions in closely related proceedings taken by Bosnia and Croatia against Yugoslavia pursuant to the Genocide Convention. It remains to be seen how the judgment will be reconciled with rulings already made on jurisdiction in the proceedings taken by Bosnia, where jurisdiction has already been confirmed and where hearings on the merits are scheduled for 2006.