bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the McGrath Mac Video Laryngoscope and Direct Laryngoscopy for Prehospital Emergency Intubation in Air Rescue Patients: A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial*
Authors: Kreutziger Janett , Hornung Sonja , Harrer Clemens , Urschl Wilhelm , Doppler Reinhard , Voelckel Wolfgang G. , Trimmel Helmut 
Published: August 2019

Objectives:
Tracheal intubation in prehospital emergency care is challenging. The McGrath Mac Video Laryngoscope (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN) has been proven to be a reliable alternative for in-hospital airway management. This trial compared the McGrath Mac Video Laryngoscope and direct laryngoscopy for the prehospital setting.

Design:
Multicenter, prospective, randomized, controlled equivalence trial.

Setting:
Oesterreichischer Automobil- und Touring Club (OEAMTC) Helicopter Emergency Medical Service in Austria, 18-month study period.

Patients:
Five-hundred fourteen adult emergency patients (≥ 18 yr old).

Interventions:
Helicopter Emergency Medical Service physicians followed the institutional algorithm, comprising a maximum of two tracheal intubation attempts with each device, followed by supraglottic, then surgical airway access in case of tracheal intubation failure. No restrictions were given for tracheal intubation indication.

Measurements Main Results:
The Primary outcome was the rate of successful tracheal intubation; equivalence range was ± 6.5% of success rates. Secondary outcomes were the number of attempts to successful tracheal intubation, time to glottis passage and first end-tidal Co
2 measurement, degree of glottis visualization, and number of problems. The success rate for the two devices was equivalent: direct laryngoscopy 98.5% (254/258), McGrath Mac Video Laryngoscope 98.1% (251/256) (difference, 0.4%; 99% CI, –2.58 to 3.39). There was no statistically significant difference with regard to tracheal intubation times, number of attempts or difficulty. The view to the glottis was significantly better, but the number of technical problems was increased with the McGrath Mac Video Laryngoscope. After a failed first tracheal intubation attempt, immediate switching of the device was significantly more successful than after the second attempt (90.5% vs 57.1%; p = 0.0003), regardless of the method.

Conclusions:
Both devices are equivalently well suited for use in prehospital emergency tracheal intubation of adult patients. Switching the device following a failed first tracheal intubation attempt was more successful than a second attempt with the same device.
The “Cough Trick” Reduces Pain During Removal of Closed-suction Drains after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Yuenyongviwat Varah , Iamthanaporn Khanin , Tuntarattanapong Pakjai , Hongnaparak Theerawit 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Drain removal after TKA can be painful. Prior research suggests that the “cough trick,” in which a patient coughs at the same time she or he receives an injection, effectively decreases pain. To our knowledge, this intervention has not been evaluated as a way to reduce pain during other brief but painful interventions, such as removal of closed-suction drains after orthopaedic surgery.

Question/purpose
Does the cough trick reduce pain while a surgeon is removing a closed-suction drain after TKA?

Methods
Fifty-six patients with primary osteoarthritis who underwent primary TKA were randomized into two groups: drain removal as the patient coughed (n = 28 patients; three men, 25 women) or drain removal using the usual process, without the cough trick (n = 28 patients; three men, 25 women). The study groups were not different in terms of gender, BMI, surgical time, or other baseline variables, and other than the addition of the cough trick, there were no differences in surgical treatment or other elements of aftercare. Likewise, at baseline, the verbal numeric rating scale (VNRS) score for pain before the drain was removed was not different between the groups (3.1 ± 1.7 versus 3.3 ± 1.3; p = 0.72). The level of pain before and during drain removal was recorded using a VNRS by an orthopaedic surgeon who was not involved in the care of the study patients. We considered the minimum clinically important difference on the 10-point scale to be 2 points, based on prior evidence.

Results
The mean ± SD VNRS for the pain level during drain removal was lower in the cough trick group than that in the control group (1.6 ± 1.0 versus 3.7 ± 1.9, mean difference 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3-2.9; p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The cough trick during removal of a closed-suction drain tube in patients undergoing TKA reduced the level of pain in this small randomized trial. We suggest that surgeons consider this technique when removing drains after TKA because it is a noninvasive technique and it is easy to perform. Because the cough trick has been shown by others to be effective at reducing pain during venipuncture and parenteral injections, and we found it was effective for that purpose during drain removal after TKA, we believe this finding probably generalizes well to most minor procedures that cause transient, sharp pain. We suggest that it could be used to make such procedures more comfortable for patients, as well as for drain removal in other types of surgery where drains still are commonly used (including spine surgery and tumor surgery).

Level of Evidence
Level I, therapeutic study.
Will cell therapies provide the solution for the shortage of transplantable organs?
Authors: Brasile Lauren , Stubenitsky Bart 
Published: August 2019

Purpose of reviewThe potential to regenerate ischemically damaged kidneys while being perfused ex-vivo offers the best near-term solution to increasing kidney allografts for transplantation.Recent findingsThere are a number of stem-cell sources including: stromal mesenchymal cells (MSC), induced adult pluripotent stem cells, fetal stem cells from placenta, membranes, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord and hematopoietic cells. MSC are increasingly the stem cell of choice and studies are primarily focused on novel induction immunosuppression to prevent rejection. Stem-cell therapies appliedin vivomay be of limited benefit because the nonintegrating cells do not remain in the kidney and are not detectable in the body after several days. MSC therapies for transplantation have demonstrated early safety and feasibility. However, efficacy has not been clearly established. A more feasible application of a stem-cell therapy in transplantation is the administration of MSC to treat damaged renal allografts directly while being perfusedex vivo. Initial feasibility has been established demonstrating MSC-treatment results in statistically significant reduction of inflammatory responses, increased ATP and growth factor synthesis and mitosis.SummaryThe ability to regenerate renal tissue ex-vivo sufficiently to result in immediate function could revolutionize transplantation by solving the chronic organ shortage.
Assessing the role of urologists and general surgeons in the open repair of bladder injuries: Analysis of a large, statewide trauma database
Authors: Leong Joon Yau , Rshaidat Hamza , Tham Elwin , Mitsuhashi Shuji , Chung Paul H. 
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND
Bladder injuries often occur in the setting of polytrauma, and if severe, may require open surgical repairs. We assess the role of urologists and general surgeons (GS) in the open surgical management of bladder injuries and their outcomes in a traumatic setting.

METHODS
Patients who underwent open bladder injury repair secondary to trauma from 2000 to 2017 by urology or GS were identified in the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study database by International Classification of Diseases—9th Rev.—Clinical Modification procedure codes (57.19–57.93). Patient demographics, initial trauma assessment, length of hospital stay, associated complications, and mortality were evaluated. Urology management of a bladder injury was defined by documentation of a urologist in the operating room or urological consultation during the hospital stay. GS management was defined by documented bladder repair without urology involvement as described previously.

RESULTS
Of 624,504 patients in the database, 701 met inclusion criteria (419 managed by urology, 282 by GS). The most commonly performed procedure was suturing of bladder lacerations (80.5%). On univariate analysis, GS was more likely to manage patients with penetrating injuries and those who required exploratory laparotomy less than 2 hours upon arrival. Urology was more likely to manage patients with concomitant pelvic fractures and higher Injury Severity Score (ISS). On multivariate analysis, higher ISS was predictive of urology management (odds ratio, 1.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–2.87, p = 0.008), while patients who required urgent exploratory laparotomy was predictive of GS management (odds ratio, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.21–0.55, p < 0.001). Patients with concomitant pelvic fractures (n = 318) were also more likely to have higher ISS (p < 0.001) and were more likely to be managed by urology (odds ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–2.30, p = 0.046). Mortality, length of hospital stay, and complication rates were not significantly different between the two specialties and among individual procedures.

CONCLUSION
Our study describes the landscape of traumatic bladder repairs between urology and GS. GS may maintain similar patient outcomes when managing select cases of traumatic bladder injuries in the absence of urologists.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic, level IV.
Bayesian transfer in a complex spatial localisation task
Authors: Kiryakova Reneta , Aston Stacey , Beierholm Ulrik , Nardini Marko 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPrior knowledge can help observers in various situations. Adults can simultaneously learn two location priors and integrate these with sensory information to locate hidden objects. Importantly, observers weight prior and sensory (likelihood) information differently depending on their respective reliabilities, in line with principles of Bayesian inference. Yet, there is limited evidence that observers actually perform Bayesian inference, rather than a heuristic, such as forming a look-up table. To distinguish these possibilities, we ask whether previously-learnt priors will be immediately integrated with a new, untrained likelihood. If observers use Bayesian principles, they should immediately put less weight on the new, less reliable, likelihood (“Bayesian transfer”). In an initial experiment, observers estimated the position of a hidden target, drawn from one of two distinct distributions, using sensory and prior information. The sensory cue consisted of dots drawn from a Gaussian distribution centred on the true location with either low, medium, or high variance; the latter introduced after block three of five to test for evidence of Bayesian transfer. Observers did not weight the cue (relative to the prior) significantly less in the high compared to medium variance condition, counter to Bayesian predictions. However, when explicitly informed of the different prior variabilities, observers placed less weight on the new high variance likelihood (“Bayesian transfer”), yet substantially diverged from ideal. Much of this divergence can be captured by a model that weights sensory information, according only to internal noise in using the cue. These results emphasise the limits of Bayesian models in complex tasks.
Salivary gland macrophages assist tissue-resident CD8+T cell immune surveillance
Authors: Stolp B. , Thelen F. , Ficht X. , Altenburger L. M. , Ruef N. , Inavalli V. V. G. K. , Germann P. , Page N. , Moalli F. , Raimondi A. , Keyser K. A. , Jafari S. M. Seyed , Barone F. , Dettmer M. S. , Merkler D. , Iannacone M. , Sharpe J. , Schlapbach C. , Fackler O. T. , Nägerl U. V. , Stein J. V. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTissue macrophages and tissue resident memory CD8+T cells (TRM) play important roles for pathogen sensing and rapid protection of barrier tissues. To date, it is incompletely understood how these two cell types cooperate for efficient organ surveillance during homeostasis. Here, we used intravital imaging to show that TRMdynamically crawled along tissue macrophages in murine submandibular salivary glands (SMG) during the memory phase following a viral infection.Ex vivoconfined SMG TRMintegrated an unexpectedly wide range of migration modes: in addition to chemokine-and adhesion receptor-driven motility, SMG TRMdisplayed a remarkable capacity of autonomous motility in the absence of chemoattractants and adhesive ligands. This unique intrinsic SMG TRMmotility was transmitted by friction and adaptation to microenvironmental topography through protrusion insertion into permissive gaps. Analysis of extracellular space in SMG using super-resolution shadow imaging showed discontinuous attachment of tissue macrophages to neighboring epithelial cells, offering paths of least resistance for patrolling TRM. Upon tissue macrophage depletion, intraepithelial SMG TRMshowed decreased motility and reduced epithelial crossing events, and failed to cluster in response to local inflammatory chemokine stimuli. In sum, our data uncover a continuum of SMG TRMmigration modes and identify a new accessory function of tissue macrophages to facilitate TRMpatrolling of the complex exocrine gland architecture.One sentence summaryCombinedin vitroandin vivoimaging of salivary gland-resident tissue memory CD8+T cells (TRM) uncovers their unique migratory behavior and describes a novel accessory function of tissue macrophages to assist TRMsurveillance.
Construction of two-input logic gates using Transcriptional Interference
Authors: Bordoy Antoni E. , O’Connor Nolan J. , Chatterjee Anushree 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTTranscriptional Interference (TI) has been shown to regulate gene expression at the DNA level via different molecular mechanisms. The obstacles present on the DNA that a transcribing RNA Polymerase might encounter, e.g. a DNA-bound protein or another RNA Polymerase, can result in TI causing termination of transcription, thus reducing gene expression. However, the potential of TI as a new strategy to engineer complex gene expression modules has not been fully explored yet. Here we created a series of two-input devices using the presence of a roadblocking protein using both experimental and mathematical modeling approaches. We explore how multiple characteristics affect the response of genetic devices engineered to act like either AND, OR, or Single Input logic gates. We show that the dissociation constant of the roadblocking protein, inducer activation of promoter and operator sites, and distance between tandem promoters tune gate behavior. This work highlights the potential of rationally creating different types of genetic responses using the same transcription factors in subtly different genetic architectures.
Early transcriptional landscapes ofChlamydia trachomatis-infected epithelial cells at single cell resolution
Authors: Hayward Regan J. , Marsh James W. , Humphrys Michael S. , Huston Wilhelmina M. , Myers Garry S.A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChlamydiaare Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens responsible for a variety of disease in humans and animals worldwide.C. trachomatiscauses trachoma (infectious blindness) in disadvantaged populations, and is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in humans, causing reproductive tract disease. Antibiotic therapy successfully treats diagnosed chlamydial infections, however asymptomatic infections are common. High-throughput transcriptomic approaches have explored chlamydial gene expression and infected host cell gene expression. However, these were performed on large cell populations, averaging gene expression profiles across all cells sampled and potentially obscuring biologically relevant subsets of cells. We generated a pilot dataset, applying single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) toC. trachomatisinfected and mock-infected epithelial cells to assess the utility of single cell approaches to identify early host cell biomarkers of chlamydial infection. 264 time-matchedC. trachomatis-infected and mock-infected HEp-2 cells were collected and subjected to scRNA-Seq. After quality control, 200 cells were retained for analysis. Two distinct clusters distinguished 3-hour cells from 6- and 12-hours. Pseudotime analysis identified a possible infection-specific cellular trajectory forChlamydia-infected cells, while differential expression analyses found temporal expression of metallothioneins and genes involved with cell cycle regulation, innate immune responses, cytoskeletal components, lipid biosynthesis and cellular stress. Changes to the host cell transcriptome at early times ofC. trachomatisinfection are readily discernible by scRNA-Seq, supporting the utility of single cell approaches to identify host cell biomarkers of chlamydial infection, and to further deconvolute the complex host response to infection.
SIRT6 as a transcriptional coactivator of GATA4 prevents doxorubicin cardiotoxicity independently of its deacylase activity
Authors: Qian Minxian , Peng Linyuan , Liu Zuojun , Tang Xiaolong , Wang Zimei , Liu Baohua 
Published: August 2019

AbstractActivity dependent and independent functions for some enzymes are indispensable as significant biological regulators. Deacylase SIRT6 is well-known to improve stress resistance and promote lifespan extension through enzymatic activity-dependent gene silencing. However, whether and how SIRT6 non-enzymatically actives the transcriptional output hasn’t been characterized. Here, we revealed SIRT6 as a coactivator of GATA4, an essential transcription factor for postnatal cardiomyocyte survival, promoting the expression of anti-apoptotic gene. Chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX), remarkably and rapidly decreased SIRT6 expression, leading to transcriptional repression of GATA4 and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Interestingly, SIRT6 interacted with GATA4 yet enhanced GATA4 acetylation independent of its deacylase activity, by recruiting the acetyltransferase Tip60 to form a trimeric complex. Nonacyl-mimetic mutation of GATA4 thoroughly blocked its ability against DOX cardiotoxicity. Moreover,Sirt6transgenic mice exhibited preserved cardiac function with attenuated GATA4 activity in response to DOX. Thus, our studies uncover a previously unrecognized role of SIRT6 in cardioprotection independently of deacylase activity, providing the molecular basis to prevent chemotherapeutic side effects.
Distinct neural mechanisms of social orienting and mentalizing revealed by independent measures of neural and eye movement typicality
Authors: Ramot Michal , Walsh Catherine , Reimann Gabrielle E. , Martin Alex 
Published: August 2019

AbstractExtensive study of typically developing individuals and those on the autism spectrum has identified a large number of brain regions associated with our ability to navigate the social world. Although it is widely appreciated that this so-called ‘social brain’ is composed of distinct, interacting systems, these component parts have yet to be clearly elucidated. Here we used measures of eye movement and neural typicality – based on the degree to which subjects deviated from the norm – while typically developing (N = 62) and individuals with autism (N = 36) watched a large battery of movies depicting social interactions. Our findings provide clear evidence for distinct, but overlapping, neural systems underpinning two major components of the ‘social brain’, social orienting and inferring the mental state of others.
Accuracy of different modalities of reaction time testing: Implications for online cognitive assessment tools
Authors: Holden Jameson , Francisco Eric , Lensch Rachel , Tommerdahl Anna , Kirsch Bryan , Zai Laila , Dennis Robert , Tommerdahl Mark 
Published: August 2019

AbstractReaction time testing is widely used in computerized cognitive assessments, and clinical studies have repeatedly shown it to be a sensitive indicator of cognitive function. Typically, the reaction time test is administered by presenting a subject with a visual stimulus on a computer monitor and prompting the individual to respond (via keypad or computer mouse) as quickly as possible. The individual’s reaction time is calculated as the interval between presentation of the stimulus and the time recorded from the mechanical response. However, there are many inherent latencies and variabilities that may be introduced to the measure by both hardware (computer monitor and mouse) and software (operating system). Because of these delays, we hypothesized that a comparison of hardware protocols (excluding human response) would demonstrate significant differences in the resulting reaction time measures. To simulate the delays of various components of the common systems used to obtain reaction time, we conducted a simple experiment in which either a visual or tactile stimulus evoked a movement from a mechanical transducer to respond to a computer peripheral or a dedicated response device. In the first condition, a simulated visual reaction time test was conducted by flashing a visual stimulus on a computer monitor. The stimulus was detected by a dedicated light sensor, and a linear actuator delivered the mechanical response via computer mouse. The second test condition employed a mobile device as the medium for the visual stimulus, and the mechanical response was delivered to the mobile device’s touchscreen. The third and fourth test conditions simulated tactile reaction time tests in which the stimulus was generated by a dedicated hardware device. The third condition simulated a tactile stimulus, which was detected by a mechanical switch, and again a hardware device delivered the response via computer mouse. The fourth condition also simulated a tactile stimulus, but the response was delivered by a dedicated hardware device designed to store the interval between stimulus delivery and stimulus response. There were significant differences in the range of responses recorded from the four different conditions with the reaction time collected from a visual stimulus on a mobile device being the worst and the device with dedicated hardware designed for the task being the best. The results suggest that some of the commonly used visual tasks on consumer grade computers could be introducing significant errors for reaction time testing and that dedicated hardware designed for the reaction time task is needed to minimize testing errors.
Stimulation-specific information is represented as local activity patterns across the brain
Authors: Sadoun Amirouche , Chauhan Tushar , Mameri Samir , Zhang Yifan , Barone Pascal , Deguine Olivier , Strelnikov Kuzma 
Published: August 2019

AbstractModern neuroimaging represents three-dimensional brain activity, which varies across brain regions. It remains unknown whether activity within brain regions is organized in spatial configurations to reflect perceptual and cognitive processes. We developed a rotational cross-correlation method allowing a straightforward analysis of spatial activity patterns for the precise detection of the spatially correlated distributions of brain activity. Using several statistical approaches, we found that the seed patterns in the fusiform face area were robustly correlated to brain regions involved in face-specific representations. These regions differed from the non-specific visual network meaning that activity structure in the brain is locally preserved in stimulation-specific regions. Our findings indicate spatially correlated perceptual representations in cerebral activity and suggest that the 3D coding of the processed information is organized in locally preserved activity patterns. More generally, our results provide the first demonstration that information is represented and transmitted as local spatial configurations of brain activity.