bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling of proton acceleration in application to a ground level enhancement
Authors: Afanasiev A. , Vainio R. , Rouillard A. P. , Battarbee M. , Aran A. , Zucca P. 
Published: February 2018

Context. The source of high-energy protons (above ~500 MeV) responsible for ground level enhancements (GLEs) remains an open question in solar physics. One of the candidates is a shock wave driven by a coronal mass ejection, which is thought to accelerate particles via diffusive-shock acceleration. Aims. We perform physics-based simulations of proton acceleration using information on the shock and ambient plasma parameters derived from the observation of a real GLE event. We analyse the simulation results to find out which of the parameters are significant in controlling the acceleration efficiency and to get a better understanding of the conditions under which the shock can produce relativistic protons.
Methods. We use the results of the recently developed technique to determine the shock and ambient plasma parameters, applied to the 17 May 2012 GLE event, and carry out proton acceleration simulations with the Coronal Shock Acceleration (CSA) model.
Results. We performed proton acceleration simulations for nine individual magnetic field lines characterised by various plasma conditions. Analysis of the simulation results shows that the acceleration efficiency of the shock, i.e. its ability to accelerate particles to high energies, tends to be higher for those shock portions that are characterised by higher values of the scattering-centre compression ratio rc and/or the fast-mode Mach number MFM. At the same time, the acceleration efficiency can be strengthened by enhanced plasma density in the corresponding flux tube. The simulations show that protons can be accelerated to GLE energies in the shock portions characterised by the highest values of rc. Analysis of the delays between the flare onset and the production times of protons of 1 GV rigidity for different field lines in our simulations, and a subsequent comparison of those with the observed values indicate a possibility that quasi-perpendicular portions of the shock play the main role in producing relativistic protons.
Mapping the core of the Tarantula Nebula with VLT-MUSE
Authors: Castro N. , Crowther P. A. , Evans C. J. , Mackey J. , Castro-Rodriguez N. , Vink J. S. , Melnick J. , Selman F. 
Published: February 2018

We introduce VLT-MUSE observations of the central 2′× 2′ (30 × 30 pc) of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud. The observations provide an unprecedented spectroscopic census of the massive stars and ionised gas in the vicinity of R136, the young, dense star cluster located in NGC 2070, at the heart of the richest star-forming region in the Local Group. Spectrophotometry and radial-velocity estimates of the nebular gas (superimposed on the stellar spectra) are provided for 2255 point sources extracted from the MUSE datacubes, and we present estimates of stellar radial velocities for 270 early-type stars (finding an average systemic velocity of 271 ± 41 km s−1). We present an extinction map constructed from the nebular Balmer lines, with electron densities and temperatures estimated from intensity ratios of the [S II], [N II], and [S III] lines. The interstellar medium, as traced by Hα and [N II] λ6583, provides new insights in regions where stars are probably forming. The gas kinematics are complex, but with a clear bi-modal, blue- and red-shifted distribution compared to the systemic velocity of the gas centred on R136. Interesting point-like sources are also seen in the eastern cavity, western shell, and around R136; these might be related to phenomena such as runaway stars, jets, formation of new stars, or the interaction of the gas with the population of Wolf–Rayet stars. Closer inspection of the core reveals red-shifted material surrounding the strongest X-ray sources, although we are unable to investigate the kinematics in detail as the stars are spatially unresolved in the MUSE data. Further papers in this series will discuss the detailed stellar content of NGC 2070 and its integrated stellar and nebular properties.
The Primary Physis
Authors: Choi David , Moore Michael , Brian James 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe primary physis is responsible for long bone growth in children and adolescents. Injury and physiologic or metabolic stress to the primary physis present unique radiologic findings that are important for radiologists to recognize and diagnose. Appreciation of the anatomy and histology of the primary physis forms the basis for understanding the imaging findings associated with pathologic conditions affecting the primary physis. Salter-Harris injuries, physeal bars, growth arrest lines, rickets, and focal periphyseal edema zones are common conditions with recognizable radiologic presentations. Proper diagnosis of these primary physeal conditions will aid in the treatment of affected pediatric patients.
Nuclear Medicine Applications in Pediatric Musculoskeletal Diseases: The Added Value of Hybrid Imaging
Authors: Iyer Ramesh , Stanescu A. , Parisi Marguerite 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe introduction of diphosphonates in the 1970s revolutionized not only nuclear medicine but musculoskeletal imaging as well, providing functional assessment of entities such as osteomyelitis, trauma, and osseous metastatic disease. Although rarely the first-line imaging modality used today, nuclear medicine procedures continue to play a pivotal role in the evaluation of musculoskeletal diseases in children, providing whole-body assessment of disease involvement. More recently, the introduction of technologies such as single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT), as well as newer positron-emitting tracers such as 18fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose and sodium 18F-fluorine, particularly when combined with CT (positron emission tomography/CT), have injected new life into the older established techniques and expanded the application of nuclear medicine imaging into new arenas. This article discusses the utility of standard nuclear medicine procedures as they apply to children with musculoskeletal disorders, focusing on the added value of and indications for SPECT/CT. Subsequently, we discuss the expanding role of positron-emitting agents in infection, trauma, and for the diagnosis, staging, and therapeutic response monitoring of children with malignant bone and soft tissue tumors. Differences between disease processes encountered in children as compared with adults are discussed; developmental variants that can, but should not, be confused with disease are illustrated. The need for pediatric-specific protocols is addressed.
Hepatitis B – Ein Ausblick auf aktualisierte Leitlinien
Authors: Cornberg Markus 
Published: February 2018

Was ist neu?
Natürlicher Verlauf und Therapieindikation Die Nomenklatur der 4 Phasen der chronischen Hepatitis-B-Virus (HBV) -Infektion wurde modifiziert. Es wird zwischen HBeAg-positiver Infektion, HBeAg-positiver Hepatitis, HBeAg-negativer Infektion und HBeAg-negativer Hepatitis unterschieden. Eine klare Therapieindikation besteht bei einer Hepatitis, insbesondere bei Leberfibrose oder Leberzirrhose. Die Therapie von Schwangeren mit hoher HBV-DNA > 200 000 IU/ml zur Verhinderung der vertikalen Transmission auf das Neugeborene hat nun einen höheren Stellenwert. Unter immunsuppressiver Therapie kann eine inaktive oder „ausgeheilte“ HBV-Infektion in lebensbedrohlicher Form reaktivieren. Die Prävention einer HBV-Reaktivierung ist daher ein zentrales Thema in neuen Leitlinien.
Therapie der chronischen Hepatitis B Neben dem Standard (direkt antiviral wirkende Nukleosid/Nukleotidanaloga [NA]) steht mit Tenofovir-Alafenamid (TAF) ein neues NA zur Verfügung. Die antivirale Wirksamkeit ist mit Tenofovir-Disoproxil (TDF) vergleichbar. Durch höhere intrazelluläre Konzentrationen des Wirkstoffs Tenofovir ist eine geringere Ausgangsdosis des Prodrugs TAF erforderlich, sodass Nebenwirkungen geringer sein können. Die Anwendung beschränkt sich aber auf Patienten mit Niereninsuffizienz und oder Osteoporose, die Therapie mit NA ist meist eine Dauertherapie. Bei HBeAg-negativen Patienten sollte die Therapie erst nach Erreichen eines HBsAg-Verlusts abgesetzt werden. Allerdings kann man in Einzelfällen die NA-Therapie jetzt früher abbrechen. Geeignete Kandidaten sind Patienten ohne fortgeschrittene Fibrose mit einer langjährigen HBV-DNA-Suppression (> 3 Jahre) – mit einem engmaschigen Kontrollintervall als Voraussetzung. Das neue Ziel in der HBV-Therapie heißt „HBV-cure“, d. h. die funktionelle Heilung der chronischen Infektion. Hier laufen aktuell zahlreiche Phase-I- bis II-Studien.
Hepatitis Delta Bei der Hepatitis Delta ist weiterhin pegyliertes Interferon-alfa (PEG-IFN) die einzig effektive Therapie. Die Therapiedauer sollte mindestens 48 Wochen betragen. Eine längere Therapiedauer kann bei deutlichem Abfall des HBsAg sinnvoll sein, um einen HBsAg-Verlust zu erreichen. Aktuell werden hoffnungsvolle neue antivirale Konzepte (z. B. Lonafarnib, Myrcludex) in Phase-II-Studien evaluiert. Da die Hepatitis Delta einen „Orphan Disease“-Status hat, können diese Medikamente schneller entwickelt bzw. zugelassen werden.
Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials challenging the usefulness of purgative preparation before small-bowel video capsule endoscopy
Authors: Gkolfakis Paraskevas , Tziatzios Georgios , Dimitriadis George , Triantafyllou Konstantinos 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Background The usefulness of purgative preparation before small-bowel video capsule endoscopy is controversial. We aimed to examine the effect of purgative preparation on small-bowel video capsule endoscopy outcomes.
Methods We performed literature searches in MEDLINE and the Cochrane library for randomized controlled trials evaluating the effect of purgative preparation (polyethylene glycol, sodium phosphate, others) vs. clear-liquid diet/fasting in patients undergoing small-bowel capsule endoscopy. Meta-analysis outcomes included the examination’s diagnostic yield, small-bowel mucosal visualization quality, the examination’s completion rate, and gastric and small-bowel transit times. The effect size on study outcomes was calculated using a fixed- or random-effect model, as appropriate, and is shown as the risk ratio (RR) with 95 % confidence interval (CI).
Results We identified 12 eligible trials with 17 sets of data including 1221 subjects. Significant heterogeneity was detected with no evidence of publication bias. As compared with clear-liquid diet, purgative bowel preparation did not increase capsule endoscopy diagnostic yield (RR 1.17 [95 %CI 0.97 to 1.40]; P = 0.11). Neither the small-bowel mucosal visualization quality (RR 1.14 [95 %CI 0.96 to 1.35]; P = 0.15) nor completion rate for the examination (RR 0.99 [95 %CI 0.95 to 1.04]; P = 0.76) significantly improved after purgative preparation. Purgatives also had no effect on video capsule endoscopy gastric and small-bowel transit times.
Conclusions Our analysis challenges the usefulness of purgative preparation for improving the diagnostic yield of small-bowel video capsule endoscopy and the quality of small-bowel mucosal visualization.
Interdisziplinäre Therapie der Lungentuberkulose
Authors: Pfannschmidt Joachim , Schönfeld Nicolas 
Published: February 2018

ZusammenfassungDie chirurgische Therapie der Lungentuberkulose war seit der breiten Verfügbarkeit effektiver Antibiotika nur noch in seltenen Fällen indiziert. Die zunehmende Problematik multiresistenter Tuberkulosestämme in den letzten 2 Jahrzehnten hat die Bedeutung chirurgischer Therapieverfahren jedoch erneut in den Fokus gerückt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Darstellung der wesentlichen Indikationskriterien zur chirurgischen Behandlung im interdisziplinären Konzept mit den heutigen Möglichkeiten der tuberkulostatischen Therapie.
Twins and twin-related domains in a grain boundary-engineered 304 stainless steel
Authors: Liu Tingguang , Xia Shuang , Ru Xiangkun , Bai Qin , Zhou Bangxin , Lu Yonghao 
Published: February 2018

The grain boundary (GB) network of a GB-engineered 304 stainless steel was investigated in three dimensions. The GB-engineered sample had a high proportion of twin-related boundaries (∼70%). However, these boundaries were not distributed uniformly, but rather in large-sized twin-related domains (TRDs). All grains within a TRD can be connected by a tree-shaped twin-chain. Any two grains within a TRD have ∑3 n-type misorientation, where the n-value could be determined according to the twin-chain. These results show that the formation of large-sized TRDs is correlated with extensively progressed multiple-twinning processes. A quadruple-junction has three twin-boundaries at most. Furthermore, all observed quadruple-junctions within TRDs have at least one twin-boundary. The common spatial morphologies of twin-boundaries are plane-shape, tunnel-shape and semi-closed tunnel-shape. This paper is part of a thematic issue on Nuclear Materials.
The Cognitive and Communicative Functions of Term Variation in Research Articles: A Comparative Study in Psychology and Geology
Authors: Fernández-Silva Sabela 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This article reports a study about the behavior and functions of term variation in research articles (RAs) in Geology and Psychology. The aim of the study was twofold: first, to investigate the role of intra-textual term variation as a device for the representation and transfer of specialized knowledge; second, to explore whether there are disciplinary differences and whether these differences can be chalked up to different perceptions of this phenomenon among subject field experts. Two methods of data collection were combined: corpus-based analysis of 38 RAs in Spanish; and semi-structured interviews with six experts. Results show that the incidence of term variation is higher in Psychology, although both groups manifested a positive attitude toward variation. Corpus analysis and interviews confirm that term variation is used as a cognitive device, to provide information about the concept’s characteristics and relationships with other concepts; and as a communicative device to avoid repetition, to accommodate to the audience and to generalize. In sum, term variation proves to be an important device for constructing and communicating specialized knowledge for both disciplines.
It is time to apply biclustering: a comprehensive review of biclustering applications in biological and biomedical data
Authors: Xie Juan , Ma Anjun , Fennell Anne , Ma Qin , Zhao Jing 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBiclustering is a powerful data mining technique that allows clustering of rows and columns, simultaneously, in a matrix-format data set. It was first applied to gene expression data in 2000, aiming to identify co-expressed genes under a subset of all the conditions/samples. During the past 17 years, tens of biclustering algorithms and tools have been developed to enhance the ability to make sense out of large data sets generated in the wake of high-throughput omics technologies. These algorithms and tools have been applied to a wide variety of data types, including but not limited to, genomes, transcriptomes, exomes, epigenomes, phenomes and pharmacogenomes. However, there is still a considerable gap between biclustering methodology development and comprehensive data interpretation, mainly because of the lack of knowledge for the selection of appropriate biclustering tools and further supporting computational techniques in specific studies. Here, we first deliver a brief introduction to the existing biclustering algorithms and tools in public domain, and then systematically summarize the basic applications of biclustering for biological data and more advanced applications of biclustering for biomedical data. This review will assist researchers to effectively analyze their big data and generate valuable biological knowledge and novel insights with higher efficiency.
Translating Basic Research on the Aging Family to Caregiving Intervention: The Case of Within-Family Differences
Authors: Pillemer Karl , Gilligan Megan 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Since its inception, the field of gerontology has sought to establish optimal connections between the scientific activities of researchers and the real-world concerns of practitioners and clinicians. The concept of translational research has emerged in recent years as a model for bridging the gap between science and service. This article provides an example of how basic research findings can be translated to provide guidance for intervention in the area of family caregiving. We review findings from an innovative program of research on within-family differences, which extends theory and research from the developmental psychological study of children to the family in later life. The within-family difference perspective focuses on how the individual parent–child dyads in a particular family differ from and are affected by other dyads. Basic research on this topic has revealed the extent of parental favoritism in later life, factors related to parental differential treatment of offspring, and the consequences of such favoritism and treatment on sibling relationship quality and psychological well-being. Four examples are provided of ways in which attention to within-family differences research could enhance caregiving interventions.
Spine Surgery in the Ambulatory Surgery Center Setting: Value-Based Advancement or Safety Liability?
Authors: Sivaganesan Ahilan , Hirsch Brandon , Phillips Frank M , McGirt Matthew J 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Here, we systematically review clinical studies that report morbidity and outcomes data for cervical and lumbar surgeries performed in ambulatory surgery centers (ASCs). We focus on anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), posterior cervical foraminotomy, cervical arthroplasty, lumbar microdiscectomy, lumbar laminectomy, and minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion (TLIF) and lateral lumbar interbody fusion, as these are prevalent and surgical spine procedures that are becoming more commonly performed in ASC settings.
A systematic search of PubMed was conducted, using combinations of the following phrases: “outpatient,” “ambulatory,” or “ASC” with “anterior cervical discectomy fusion,” “ACDF,” “cervical arthroplasty,” “lumbar,” “microdiscectomy,” “laminectomy,” “transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,” “spine surgery,” or “TLIF.”
In reviewing the available literature to date, there is ample level 3 (retrospective comparisons) and level 4 (case series) evidence to support both the safety and effectiveness of outpatient cervical and lumbar surgery. While no level 1 or 2 (randomized clinical trials) evidence currently exists, the plethora of real-world clinical data creates a formidable argument for serious investments in ASCs for multiple spine procedures.
Histopathological Findings After Reirradiation Compared to First Irradiation of Spinal Bone Metastases With Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy: A Cohort Study
Authors: Foerster Robert , Cho B C John , Fahim Daniel K , Gerszten Peter C , Flickinger John C , Grills Inga S , Jawad Maha S , Kersh C Ronald , Létourneau Daniel , Mantel Frederick , Sahgal Arjun , Shin John H , Winey Brian A , Guckenberger Matthias 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) of the spine provides superior tumor control, but vertebral compression fractures are increased and the pathophysiological process underneath is not well understood. Data on histopathological changes, particularly after salvage SBRT (sSBRT) following conventional irradiation, are scarce.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate surgical specimens after sSBRT and primary SBRT (pSBRT) regarding histopathological changes.

METHODS
We assessed 704 patients treated with spine SBRT 2006 to 2012. Thirty patients underwent salvage surgery; 23 histopathological reports were available. Clinical and histopathological findings were analyzed for sSBRT (69.6%) and pSBRT (30.4%).

RESULTS
Mean time to surgery after sSBRT/pSBRT was 8.3/10.3 mo (P = .64). Reason for surgery included pain (sSBRT/pSBRT: 12.5%/71.4%, P = .25), fractures (sSBRT/pSBRT: 37.5%/28.6%, P = .68), and neurological symptoms (sSBRT/pSBRT: 68.8%/42.9%, P = .24). Radiological tumor progression after sSBRT/pSBRT was seen in 71.4%/42.9% (P = .2). Most specimens displayed viable/proliferative tumor (sSBRT/pSBRT: 62.5%/71.4%, P = .68 and 56.3%/57.1%, P = .97). Few specimens showed soft tissue necrosis (sSBRT/pSBRT: 20%/28.6%, P = .66), osteonecrosis (sSBRT/pSBRT: 14.3%/16.7%, P = .89), or bone marrow fibrosis (sSBRT/pSBRT: 42.9%/33.3%, P = .69). Tumor bed necrosis was more common after sSBRT (81.3%/42.9%, P = .066). Radiological tumor progression correlated with viable/proliferative tumor (P = .03/P = .006) and tumor bed necrosis (P = .03). Fractures were increased with bone marrow fibrosis (P = .07), but not with osteonecrosis (P = .53) or soft tissue necrosis (P = .19). Neurological symptoms were common with radiological tumor progression (P = .07), but not with fractures (P = .18).

CONCLUSION
For both, sSBRT and pSBRT, histopathological changes were similar. Neurological symptoms were attributable to tumor progression and pathological fractures were not associated with osteonecrosis or tumor progression.
Outcomes and Costs of Patients Admitted to the ICU Due to Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage
Authors: Fernando Shannon M. , Reardon Peter M. , Dowlatshahi Dar , English Shane W. , Thavorn Kednapa , Tanuseputro Peter , Perry Jeffrey J. , Rosenberg Erin , Wijdicks Eelco F. , Heyland Daren K. , Kyeremanteng Kwadwo 
Published: February 2018

Objectives:
Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage, including subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although many of these patients will require ICU admission, little is known regarding their outcomes and the costs incurred. We evaluated this population in order to identify outcomes and cost patterns.

Design:
Retrospective cohort analysis of a health administrative database.

Setting:
Two ICUs within a single hospital system.

Patients:
Eight-thousand four-hundred forty-seven patients admitted to ICU from 2011 to 2014, of whom 332 had a diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage. Control patients were defined as randomly selected age, sex, and comorbidity index–matched nonintracranial hemorrhage ICU patients (1:4 matching ratio).

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Mean age of ICU intracranial hemorrhage patients was 60.1 years, and 120 (36.1%) died prior to discharge. Intracranial hemorrhage was associated with a mean total cost of $75,869, compared with $52,471 in control patients (p < 0.01). Mean cost per survivor of intracranial hemorrhage patients was $118,813. Subarachnoid hemorrhage was associated with significantly higher mean total costs than intracerebral hemorrhage ($92,794 vs $53,491; p < 0.01) and higher mean cost per day ($4,377 vs $3,604; p < 0.01). Patients with intracranial hemorrhage who survived to hospital discharge were significantly costlier than decedents ($100,979 vs $30,872; p < 0.01). Intracranial hemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulant use had a mean total cost of $152,373, compared with $66,548 in nonoral anticoagulant intracranial hemorrhage (p < 0.01).

Conclusions:
Patients admitted to ICU with intracranial hemorrhage have high costs and high mortality, leading to elevated cost per survivor. Subarachnoid hemorrhage patients incur greater costs than intracerebral hemorrhage patients, and oral anticoagulant–associated intracerebral hemorrhage is particularly costly. Our findings provide novel information regarding financial impact of this common ICU population.