bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tissue plasminogen activator promotes white matter integrity and functional recovery in a murine model of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Xia Yuguo , Pu Hongjian , Leak Rehana K. , Shi Yejie , Mu Hongfeng , Hu Xiaoming , Lu Zhengyu , Foley Lesley M. , Hitchens T. Kevin , Dixon C. Edward , Bennett Michael V. L. , Chen Jun 
Published: September 2018

Significance
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is employed in stroke patients to lyse blood clots, but its therapeutic potential in brain trauma victims is far from settled, partly due to fears of internal bleeding. The long-term effects of tPA upon the white matter of the brain and neurological outcomes after head trauma are also uncertain. To address these gaps, we performed electrophysiological, anatomical, and behavioral studies in genetically modified or wild-type mice subjected to traumatic brain injury and infused tPA through the nose. We found that natural or synthetic forms of tPA protect or repair white matter tracts without magnifying internal bleeding. Thus, tPA treatment after brain injury promotes communication across neuronal networks through nerve fiber tracts and improves long-term adaptive behavior.
Decoding and encoding the discourse meaning of punctuation
Authors: Wang Caiwen 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This exploratory research examines translation students’ use of punctuation, by applying Newmark’s (1988) classical idea of punctuation as a discourse unit for meaning demarcation. Data were collected from a group of 25 Chinese students studying specialised translation at a British university. The research focuses on the use of two punctuation marks in English: comma and period or full stop. The aim is to investigate how students of translation analyse the meaning of a source text with punctuation marks and how they subsequently convert this meaning into the target language again using punctuation marks. It is found that students generally do not automatically copy the punctuation marks of the source text into the translation. They will customize or modify the original punctuation marks according to their meaning analysis of the text and their knowledge of punctuation in source and target languages. Finally, we will discuss the implications of the research for translation education.
Can serious games help to mitigate climate change? Exploring their influence on Spanish and American teenagers’ attitudes / ¿Pueden los serious games ayudar a mitigar el cambio climático? Una exploración de su influencia sobre las actitudes de los adolescentes españoles y estadounidenses
Authors: Ouariachi Tania , Gutiérrez-Pérez José , Olvera-Lobo María-Dolores 
Published: September 2018

There is an urgent need to curb emissions and mitigate climate change, and this fight requires a change in teenagers’ attitudes. In search of new approaches targeting youth, online games are seen as a promising tool for communication and education. Using the serious game 2020 Energy as a case study, the main objective of this paper is to examine the influence of the game on Spanish and American teenagers’ attitudes ( N = 108), employing a pretest-posttest design with an experimental condition (playing the game) and a control condition (not playing the game). Results show that there have not been statistically significant differences after playing the game, although when looking closer at each factor, some positive consequences can be found.
Community sport and social cohesion: in search of the practical understandings of community sport practitioners in Flanders
Authors: Sabbe Shana , Bradt Lieve , Spaaij Ramón , Roose Rudi 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCurrent literature suggests that community sport contributes to social cohesion. Yet, empirical research is still scant, and existing conceptualizations of social cohesion in the context of community sport are dominated by a social capital approach emphasizing the individual over the structural conditions that need to be addressed if social cohesion is to be achieved. This article aims to provide more insight into how social cohesion is operationalized in community sport practices. Qualitative research on the practical understandings of community sport practitioners was undertaken across three cities in Flanders, Belgium. The findings suggest that practitioners adopt both individual and structural understandings of social cohesion. Moreover, they experience that their efforts to develop a structural approach are pressured by a dominant individualized approach. These findings reveal a disjuncture between academic constructs of social cohesion and the practical understandings of community sport practitioners. The article proposes ways to address the need for the empirical and conceptual development of social cohesion in the context of community sport and the broader community development field.
Insight into the specificity and severity of pathogenic mechanisms associated with missense mutations through experimental and structural perturbation analyses
Authors: Medina-Carmona Encarnación , Betancor-Fernández Isabel , Santos Jaime , Mesa-Torres Noel , Grottelli Silvia , Batlle Cristina , Naganathan Athi N , Oppici Elisa , Cellini Barbara , Ventura Salvador , Salido Eduardo , Pey Angel L 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Most pathogenic missense mutations cause specific molecular phenotypes through protein destabilization. However, how protein destabilization is manifested as a given molecular phenotype is not well understood. We develop here a structural and energetic approach to describe mutational effects on specific traits such as function, regulation, stability, subcellular targeting or aggregation propensity. This approach is tested using large-scale experimental and structural perturbation analyses in over thirty mutations in three different proteins (cancer-associated NQO1, transthyretin related with amyloidosis and AGT linked to primary hyperoxaluria type I) and comprising five very common pathogenic mechanisms (loss-of-function and gain-of-toxic function aggregation, enzyme inactivation, protein mistargeting and accelerated degradation). Our results revealed that the magnitude of destabilizing effects and, particularly, their propagation through the structure to promote disease-associated conformational states largely determine the severity and molecular mechanisms of disease-associated missense mutations. Modulation of the structural perturbation at a mutated site is also shown to cause switches between different molecular phenotypes. When very common disease-associated missense mutations were investigated, we also found that they were not among the most deleterious possible missense mutations at those sites, and required additional contributions from codon bias and effects of CpG sites to explain their high frequency in patients. Our work sheds light on the molecular basis of pathogenic mechanisms and genotype–phenotype relationships, with implications for discriminating between pathogenic and neutral changes within human genome variability from whole genome sequencing studies.
Effect of fluconazole prophylaxis on Candida fluconazole susceptibility in premature infants
Authors: Autmizguine Julie , Smith P Brian , Prather Kristi , Bendel Catherine , Natarajan Girija , Bidegain Margarita , Kaufman David A , Burchfield David J , Ross Ashley S , Pandit Paresh , Schell Wiley A , Gao Jamie , Benjamin Daniel K ,   Fluconazole Prophylaxis Study Team, MacGilvray Scott , Wade Kelly , Bidegain Margarita , Toms Rune , Finer Neil , Burchfield David , Stewart Dan , Arrieta Antonio , Duara Shahnaz , Shankaran Seetha , Nedrelow Jonathan , White Robert , Kantak Anand , Shattuck Karen , Pammi Mohan , Kennedy Kathleen , Sanchez Pablo , Bendel Catherine , Dhanireddy Ramasubbareddy , Bloom Barry , Hudak Mark , Perenyi Agnes , Neu Natalie , Ezeanolue Echezona , Kim Roger , Hudak Mark , Ross Ashley , Mundakel Gratias , Pandit Paresh , Ross Ashley , Poindexter Brenda , Gordon Phillip 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Extremely premature infants are at high risk of developing invasive candidiasis; fluconazole prophylaxis is safe and effective for reducing invasive candidiasis in this population but further study is needed. We sought to better understand the effect of prophylactic fluconazole on a selection of fluconazole-resistant Candida species.

Methods
We evaluated the susceptibility to fluconazole of Candida isolates from premature infants (<750 g birth weight) enrolled in a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluconazole prophylaxis. Candida species were isolated through surveillance cultures at baseline (study day 0–7), period 1 (study day 8–28) and period 2 (study day 29–49). Fluconazole MICs were determined for all Candida isolates.

Results
Three hundred and sixty-one infants received fluconazole (n = 188) or placebo (n = 173). After the baseline period, Candida colonization was significantly lower in the fluconazole group compared with placebo during periods 1 (5% versus 27%; P < 0.001) and 2 (3% versus 27%; P < 0.001). After the baseline period, two infants (1%) were colonized with at least one fluconazole-resistant Candida in each group. Median fluconazole MIC was similar in both treatment groups at baseline and period 1. However, in period 2, median MIC was higher in the fluconazole group compared with placebo (1.00 versus 0.50 mg/L, P = 0.01). There was no emergence of resistance observed and no patients developed invasive candidiasis with a resistant Candida isolate.

Conclusions
Fluconazole prophylaxis decreased Candida albicans and ‘non-albicans’ Candida colonization and was associated with a slightly higher fluconazole MIC for colonizing Candida isolates.
Impact of Case-Specific Education and Face-to-Face Feedback to Prescribers and Nurses in the Management of Hospitalized Patients With a Positive Clostridium difficile Test
Authors: Fabre Valeria , Markou Theodore , Sick-Samuels Anna , Rock Clare , Avdic Edina , Shulder Stephanie , Dzintars Kathryn , Saunders Heather , Andonian Jennifer , Cosgrove Sara E 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Approaches to changing providers’ behavior around Clostridium difficile (CD) management are needed. We hypothesized that case-specific teaching points and face-to-face discussions with prescribers and nurses would improve management of patients with a positive CD test.

Methods
Charts of patients age ≥18 years with positive CD tests hospitalized July 2016 to May 2017 were prospectively reviewed to assess CD practices and generate management recommendations. The study had 4 periods: baseline (pre-intervention), intervention #1, observation, and intervention #2. Both interventions consisted of an in-person, real-time, case-based discussion and education by a CD Action Team (CDAT). Assessment occurred within 24 hours of a positive CD test for all periods; during the intervention periods, management was also assessed within 48 hours after CDAT-delivered recommendations. Outcomes included proportion of patients receiving optimized treatment and incidence rate ratios of practice changes (both CDAT-prompted and CDAT-independent).

Results
Overall, the CDAT made recommendations to 84 of 96 CD cases during intervention periods, and providers accepted 43% of CDAT recommendations. The implementation of the CDAT led to significant improvement in bowel movement (BM) documentation, use of proton pump inhibitors, and antibiotic selection for non-CD infections. Selection of CD-specific therapy improved only in the first intervention period. Laxative use and treatment of CD colonization cases remained unchanged. Only BM documentation, a nurse-driven task, was sustained independent of CDAT prompting.

Conclusions
A behavioral approach to changing the management of positive CD tests led to self-sustained practice changes among nurses but not physicians. Better understanding of prescribers’ decision-making is needed to devise enduring interventions.
Suzaku and NuSTAR X-ray spectroscopy of γ Cassiopeiae and HD 110432
Authors: Tsujimoto Masahiro , Morihana Kumiko , Hayashi Takayuki , Kitaguchi Takao 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
γ Cas and its dozen analogs comprise a small but distinct class of X-ray sources. They are early Be-type stars with an exceptionally hard thermal X-ray emission. The X-ray production mechanism has been under intense debate. Two competing ideas are (i) the magnetic activities in the Be star and its disk, and (ii) the mass accretion onto the unidentified white dwarf (WD). We adopt the latter as a working hypothesis and apply physical models developed to describe the X-ray spectra of classical WD binaries containing a late-type companion. Models of non-magnetic and magnetic accreting WDs were applied to γ Cas and its brightest analog HD 110432 using the Suzaku and NuSTAR data. The spectra were fitted by the two models, including the Fe fluorescence and the Compton reflection in a consistent geometry. The derived physical parameters are in a reasonable range in comparison to their classical WD binary counterparts. Additional pieces of evidence in the X-ray spectra—partial covering, Fe L lines, Fe i fluorescence—were not conclusive enough to classify these two sources into a subclass of accreting WD binaries. We discuss further observations, especially long-term temporal behaviors, which are important to elucidate the nature of these sources, if indeed they host accreting WDs.
Factors That Affect Length of Hospital Stay After Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery
Authors: Vorasubin Nopawan , Alexander Thomas H. , Mastrodimos Bill , Cueva Roberto A. 
Published: September 2018

Objective:
To identify perioperative factors that influence hospital length of stay (LOS) after resection of vestibular schwannoma (VS).

Study Design:
Retrospective case review.

Setting:
Tertiary skull base referral center.

Patients:
Patients who underwent acoustic neuroma resection between January 1, 2007 and January 1, 2014.

Interventions:
Approaches used for VS resection included translabyrinthine and retrosigmoid.

Main Outcome Measures:
LOS and several perioperative factors that may delay hospital discharge were examined. Factors included were patient demographics (age and sex), tumor characteristics (size), surgical factors (operative time, approach, revision surgery, date of surgery), and immediate postoperative factors (presence of vertigo or immediate postoperative complications).

Results:
Two hundred eighty-eight patients underwent VS resection during the study period. Two hundred fifty-five patients had complete charts available for review. LOS ranged from 1 to 10 days with an average of 2.66 days and mode of 2 days. One hundred thirty-one patients were admitted for ≤2 days and 124 patients stayed longer. Of the perioperative factors examined with univariate analysis, female gender (p = 0.0266) and presence of postoperative vertigo (p < 0.0001) were statistically significant factors associated with LOS >2 days. On multivariate logistic regression analysis with odds ratios (OR), older patient age (OR = 1.028, p = 0.0177), female gender (OR = 1.810, p = 0.0314), longer operative time (OR = 1.424, p = 0.0007), and presence of postoperative vertigo (OR = 4.904, p < 0.0001) carried a statistically significant increased odds toward a LOS >2 days.

Conclusions:
VS surgery and postoperative care can be carried out efficiently with a minimal LOS. Identifying factors that may prolong LOS may help the operative team anticipate and address needs to optimize LOS.
What to Do When Cochlear Implant Users Plateau in Performance: a Pilot Study of Clinician-guided Aural Rehabilitation
Authors: Moberly Aaron C. , Vasil Kara , Baxter Jodi , Ray Christin 
Published: September 2018

Hypothesis:
For experienced adult cochlear implant (CI) users who have reached a plateau in performance, a clinician-guided aural rehabilitation (CGAR) approach can improve speech recognition and hearing-related quality of life (QOL).

Background:
A substantial number of CI users do not reach optimal performance in terms of speech recognition ability and/or personal communication goals. Although self-guided computerized auditory training programs have grown in popularity, compliance and efficacy for these programs are poor. We propose that CGAR can improve speech recognition and hearing-related QOL in experienced CI users.

Methods:
Twelve adult CI users were enrolled in an 8-week CGAR program guided by a speech-language pathologist and audiologist. Nine patients completed the program along with pre-AR and immediate post-AR testing of speech recognition (AzBio sentences in quiet and in multitalker babble, Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant words in quiet), QOL (Nijmegen Cochlear Implant Questionnaire, Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults/Elderly, and Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale), and neurocognitive functioning (working memory capacity, information-processing speed, inhibitory control, speed of lexical/phonological access, and nonverbal reasoning). Pilot data for these nine patients are presented.

Results:
From pre-CGAR to post-CGAR, group mean improvements in word recognition were found. Improvements were also demonstrated on some composite and subscale measures of QOL. Patients who demonstrated improvements in word recognition were those who performed most poorly at baseline.

Conclusions:
CGAR represents a potentially efficacious approach to improving speech recognition and QOL for experienced CI users. Limitations and considerations in implementing and studying aural rehabilitation approaches are discussed.
A Polymer-Based Extended Release System for Stable, Long-term Intracochlear Drug Delivery
Authors: Pierstorff Erik , Chen Shanshan , Chaparro Maria Paola , Cortez John M. , Chen Yen-Jung , Ryu Su Young , Tsai Sherry M. , Baum Marc M. , Yang Wan Wan , Kalinec Federico , Smith Thomas , Ludwig Stacey , Slattery William H. 
Published: September 2018

Objective:
Investigate a new polymer-based drug coating suitability for safe intracochlear delivery and ability to maintain long-term physiologically active levels of the corticosteroid fluticasone propionate.

Study Design:
In vitro dissolution study to evaluate release profiles of polymer-coated drug particles and in vivo studies using a guinea pig model to measure perilymph drug concentrations at specific time points after implantation with polymer-coated drug particles and evaluate their effect on hearing function.

Methods:
Polymer-coated fluticasone propionate (FP) particles were surgically implanted in guinea pigs through the round window membrane into the cochlear scala tympani. In the pilot study, pre- and post-op hearing thresholds were conducted on days 7, 14, and 42. In a second study, post-op hearing thresholds were conducted on days 90, 120, and 180. Perilymph drug concentrations were measured on the same time points.

Results:
In 15 of 16 animals from day 7 through day 90, drug levels were within the targeted range, with no initial burst release detected. Drug was present in all animals on day 90 and was detected in some animals at 120 and 180 days. Hearing was tested and compared with non-implanted ears. Very good hearing preservation was observed in ears implanted with intracochlear particles when compared with contralateral ears.

Conclusions:
The polymer-based extended release system is effective in providing long-term, stable drug delivery for at least 90 days with good hearing outcomes. The results of this study support the potential for achieving long-term drug delivery with a single intracochlear administration.
Neuropeptides encoded bynlp-49modulate locomotion, arousal and egg-laying behaviours inCaenorhabditis elegansvia the receptor SEB-3
Authors: Chew Yee Lian , Grundy Laura J. , Brown André E. X. , Beets Isabel , Schafer William R. 
Published: September 2018

Neuropeptide signalling has been implicated in a wide variety of biological processes in diverse organisms, from invertebrates to humans. TheCaenorhabditis elegansgenome has at least 154 neuropeptide precursor genes, encoding over 300 bioactive peptides. These neuromodulators are thought to largely signal beyond ‘wired’ chemical/electrical synapse connections, therefore creating a ‘wireless’ network for neuronal communication. Here, we investigated how behavioural states are affected by neuropeptide signalling through the G protein-coupled receptor SEB-3, which belongs to a bilaterian family of orphan secretin receptors. Using reverse pharmacology, we identified the neuropeptide NLP-49 as a ligand of this evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide receptor. Our findings demonstrate novel roles for NLP-49 and SEB-3 in locomotion, arousal and egg-laying. Specifically, high-content analysis of locomotor behaviour indicates thatseb-3andnlp-49deletion mutants cause remarkably similar abnormalities in movement dynamics, which are reversed by overexpression of wild-type transgenes. Overexpression of NLP-49 in AVK interneurons leads to heightened locomotor arousal, an effect that is dependent onseb-3.Finally,seb-3andnlp-49mutants also show constitutive egg-laying in liquid medium and alter the temporal pattern of egg-laying in similar ways. Together, these results providein vivoevidence that NLP-49 peptides act through SEB-3 to modulate behaviour, and highlight the importance of neuropeptide signalling in the control of behavioural states.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Connectome to behaviour: modellingC. elegansat cellular resolution’.
Three-dimensional simulation of the
Caenorhabditis elegans
body and muscle cells in liquid and gel environments for behavioural analysis
Authors: Palyanov Andrey , Khayrulin Sergey , Larson Stephen D. 
Published: September 2018

To better understand how a nervous system controls the movements of an organism, we have created a three-dimensional computational biomechanical model of the
Caenorhabditis elegans
body based on real anatomical structure. The body model is created with a particle system–based simulation engine known as Sibernetic, which implements the smoothed particle–hydrodynamics algorithm. The model includes an elastic body-wall cuticle subject to hydrostatic pressure. This cuticle is then driven by body-wall muscle cells that contract and relax, whose positions and shape are mapped from
C. elegans
anatomy, and determined from light microscopy and electron micrograph data. We show that by using different muscle activation patterns, this model is capable of producing
C. elegans
-like behaviours, including crawling and swimming locomotion in environments with different viscosities, while fitting multiple additional known biomechanical properties of the animal.

This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Connectome to behaviour: modelling
C. elegans
at cellular resolution’.
Signatures of proprioceptive control inCaenorhabditis eleganslocomotion
Authors: Denham Jack E. , Ranner Thomas , Cohen Netta 
Published: September 2018

Animal neuromechanics describes the coordinated self-propelled movement of a body, subject to the combined effects of internal neural control and mechanical forces. Here we use a computational model to identify effects of neural and mechanical modulation on undulatory forward locomotion ofCaenorhabditis elegans, with a focus on proprioceptively driven neural control. We reveal a fundamental relationship between body elasticity and environmental drag in determining the dynamics of the body and demonstrate the manifestation of this relationship in the context of proprioceptively driven control. By considering characteristics unique to proprioceptive neurons, we predict the signatures of internal gait modulation that contrast with the known signatures of externally or biomechanically modulated gait. We further show that proprioceptive feedback can suppress neuromechanical phase lags during undulatory locomotion, contrasting with well studied advancing phase lags that have long been a signature of centrally generated, feed-forward control.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Connectome to behaviour: modellingC. elegansat cellular resolution’.