bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Drilling Practices on Well Integrity and Production: An Analysis and Assessment
Authors: Saumya Sachit , Sarkar Sujit Kumar , Singh Juli , Kumar Ajit , Agarwal Gaurav , Khambra Isha , Vij Jitesh , Das Bhaswati , Shedde Preetika , Majumdar Chandan , Pabla S 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Drilling is carried out in the very early stage of the well and it is critical for ensuring smooth execution of every aspect of well construction such as faster drilling, better hole cleaning, superior logging, running casing efficiently, maintaining wellbore integrity and achieving economic production. This paper will demonstrate the significance of best drilling practices to achieve good wellbore geometry, which has a profound effect on total well construction and production time and cost and sometimes even determine the success of the well.
Poor wellbore geometry, because of improper choice of drilling system i.e. mud motor or rotatory steerable, is generally related to the washed out and/or spiraled wellbore. Washed out hole is recognized by using calipers, however, the hole spiraling is difficult to detect at the early stage of the well. In spiraled holes, it becomes virtually impossible to get a good cementing job done. The poor cementing conditions behind the casing are identified using ultra-sonic images or high amplitudes values of CBL/VDL. These channels behind casing are, a clear threat to production and life cycle of the well. It is widely assumed that the squeeze jobs are an option to improve cement behind casing, however, it does not hold true in case of a spiral borehole. This paper compares the wells, drilled with different drilling system and their impact on the wellbore geometry. It also exhibits the aftermath effects on wellbore construction, well integrity and production.
Best Practice - 2oo4 Voting Logic for Centrifugal Compressors Radial Vibration Trip
Authors: Surange Vivek , Kokku Anil Kumar 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
It is important to carefully consider safety, reliability, maintainability, environmental impact and financial losses that can result from unplanned equipment outages due to faulty instrumentation (spurious trips) of Centrifugal Gas Compressors during its operation. It is all the more significant to consider the above aspects specifically during the design phase of compressor systems. Spurious tripping of equipment contribute to the production loss, risk to operations and also impacts the carbon footprint due to unwanted flaring. Optimizing the trip voting logic can reduce such spurious trips and increases the availability/integrity of equipment.
This paper provides guidance to rotating equipment/instrumentation engineers to review the existing trip voting logic for radial bearings vibrations of Centrifugal Gas Compressors and explores the possibility of implementing the 2004 voting logic considering both ends of the shaft.
The study highlights the benefit of adopting 2004 voting logic over other voting logics such as 1002 and 2002 for Centrifugal Compressor radial bearing vibrations to minimize the unwanted trips.
2004 voting logic is defined as follows:
If either end of the machine experiences high radial vibration and one of the X or Y probe reaches the trip level, and at the same time, if any other end also recognizes this increase in vibration level and crosses alarm limit of the machine, then it is a vote to trip. If only one of the four probes on the machine shows a high level or high-high level, it can be attributed typically to probe malfunction, and should not actuate a machine trip.
A study to optimize the voting logic was conducted to improve the machine reliability and availability by reducing unwanted trips due to malfunctioning of instruments. The study methodology includes: Evaluation of various industry options and generally proposed Centrifugal Compressor OEMs recommendations and guidelines in API-670.Historical data analysis of operating equipment.Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of the proposed logic (2oo4) over other voting logics i.e. 1oo2, 2oo2.Risk assessement and risk reduction performed by SIL evaluation for these Safety Integrity Functions (SIFs).
Eye in the Sky: How the Rise of Drones will Transfrom the Oil & Gas Industry
Authors: Al Amir Noora , Al Marar Mohamed Saeed 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Commercial use of drones – inspection drones to be specific – in Oil & Gas sector has been on the rise since around 2010. Leading Multinationals and some North American companies managing petroleum assets are among the first to tailor their inspection procedures incorporating the use of inspection drones. This inevitable switch is based on a rationale – safety of inspection personnel including ease of access to hazardous locations. Other factors that incentivize the use of inspection drones include time savings, lower costs, early warnings, improved data collection and sometimes the only viable option to get first hand information about an emergency event.
Petroleum industry assets are high-value-long-life assets which are built to process / handle hazardous fluids. Operation & maintenance of these assets is a carefully regulated activity under the dictates of regulatory guidance, codes & standards. These compliance obligations burden the operators of these assets to optimize operations based on reliability centered maintenance philosophy. Consequently, inspection drones have in a very short span of time (5 – 10 years), have succeeded in proving their utility to support the operators and asset managers in meeting responsibilities related to the following: A-1. Operational ResponsibilityA-2. Corporate & Social Responsibility (CSR)A-3. Environmental ResponsibilityA-4. Security Responsibility
This paper is an effort to collect and present data signifying the utility of inspection drones for asset management as well as optimized operations – onshore operations related to exploration and production as well as oil transportation.
Full Field Scale Hydrocarbon Gas Enhanced Oil Recovery Project in Offshore Vietnam -Response Analysis and Optimization Practice in Early Stage
Authors: Kawahara Yohei , Sako Yukiya , Chai Zhenjie , Nguyen Chu Chuyen , Murakami Takahiro , Nishizaki Aiko , Dao Cong Thien 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Rang Dong field in offshore Vietnam has been producing oil since 1998 from a Lower Miocene sandstone reservoir. Upon the achievement of peak oil production in 2002, gaslift and water injection have been applied to maintain oil production. With primary and secondary oil recovery applications underway, a tertiary recovery technique by immiscible hydrocarbon gas enhanced oil recovery ("HCG-EOR") had been studied since 2009. Subsequent to a successful Pilot Test in 2011, a full field scale HCG-EOR with water-alternating-gas ("WAG") scheme has been implemented since 2014. This HCG-EOR application was the first commercial EOR project in offshore Vietnam and attracted attentions in the region. The project has been successfully executed to effectively minimize the decline and contribute approximately 30 percent of oil production rate as of the date of this paper. Numerous efforts for WAG pattern optimization and accurate incremental oil evaluation were attempted.
This paper introduces coupled approach of well performance analysis and reservoir simulation study applied to the WAG optimization and incremental oil evaluation. In line with the theoretical reservoir responses of immiscible gas flooding, all the producers were classified into 3 groups by different types of performances following the WAG injection. By coloring the different groups on the well location map, reservoir engineers were able to understand the regional characteristics of response and managed to optimize WAG by allocating more gas to the regions where incremental production were dominated by tertiary recovery mechanism. For incremental oil evaluation, either decline curve analysis ("DCA") or compositional reservoir simulation is common practice, however, both techniques have its strengths and weaknesses. In this study, reservoir simulations for "past" incremental oil evaluation are always double-checked by DCA, and then prediction runs are performed. Such exercise could deliver the incremental oil evaluation of high confidence.
In addition to discussion related to such subsurface evaluations, this paper also introduces lessons leant and mitigations on actual field operation with focus on intensified sand production, injectivity deterioration and back pressure surge after gas breakthrough.
Emissions Management and Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Upstream Oil and Gas Sector - Highlights of KOC's Air Compliance Management Program ACMP as an International Best Practice
Authors: Hussain Zainab , Haider Mohammad , Asker Ali 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The Air Compliance Management Program (ACMP) is a unique project undertaken by the Kuwait Oil Company to identify and address the impact of air pollutants originating from upstream exploration and production operations on the environment in general and on human health in particular. It was the first-ever joint venture of its type between the industry (Kuwait Oil Company) and regulators (Kuwait Environment Public Authority) in this region. The objectives of the project was to utilize various advanced technologies to provide an exemplary way of managing emissions from KOC's operations and reducing their impact on human health.
The project included establishing an air quality-monitoring network, developing emissions inventories with dispersion modelling techniques to determine human health risk, developing visual based emission information, using hyperspectral remote imagery for surrogate estimation and remote sensing information for tracking pollutant masses during the project. Subsequently, an innovative source apportionment study was undertaken, utilizing satellite based techniques to define pollutant source contributions from various sources and develop abatement strategies. The study utilized emission data from all sources within Kuwait as well as emissions from marine vessels, road traffic and included regional emissions from other countries as well to estimate KOC's contribution to emissions based on monitored air quality data.
Improving Transport of Nanoparticles in Carbonate Media by pH Alteration
Authors: Felix Servin Jesus Manuel , AlSadeg Hala A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Improving long-term stability and reducing retention are active areas of research for nanoparticle-based technologies for the oil and gas industry. A common strategy to improve nanoparticle stability and reduce retention is the use of polymer and/or surfactant coatings. This manuscript describes a method to improve the transport properties of FITC-dextran through carbonate media. The proposed method is based on the observation that during Alkaline-Polymer-Surfactant flooding, polymer retention reduces as pH increases, likely as a consequence of transitioning through the point of zero (PZO) charge for the porous media. Multiple alkali agents have been identified in the past, but most of them are incompatible with brines containing a high concentration of divalent cations, such as Ca2+ and Mg2+, and are therefore incompatible with carbonate reservoirs. Sodium metaborate, however, has been reported as being compatible with hard brines and carbonate reservoirs. This study evaluates the effectiveness of sodium metaborate as an alkali agent to reduce FITC-dextran retention through carbonate matrices as a proxy for dextran-coated nanoparticles.
A series of transport experiments were conducted using chromatography columns packed with fine marble powder to evaluate the impact of pH on FITC-dextran retention. The columns were initially saturated with treated saline water and let rest for three weeks followed by the injection of three pore volumes (PVs) of treated saline water for washing purposes. Next, five PVs of a solution of FITC-dextran dissolved in treated saline water (with or without sodium metaborate tetrahydrate) was injected through the columns. Finally, 5 PVs or treated saline water (with or without sodium metaborate tetrahydrate) were used to displace the injectant. Effluent samples were collected during each phase of the experiment and analyzed using a fluorescent spectrometer. Fluorescence intensity data was converted to concentration and plotted as a function of injected volume to create a breakthrough curve and to estimate FITC-dextran recovery.
The results show a slight decrease in retention when using sodium metaborate to increase the solution pH. FITC-dextran recovery was estimated to be 47% for the injectant without sodium metaborate tetrahydrate, and 49% for the injectant with it. This trend is in agreement with previous studies looking at polymer retention and FITC-dextran retention. The experiments suggest that pH plays a significant role during the flushing phase.
The ability to transport nanoparticles through oil reservoirs can lead to a whole new range of applications including smart tracers, contrast agents and improved EOR agents and other technologies for reservoir characterization.
Novel Perforating Design Delivers Production Targets Safely and Efficiently in Gas Producing Wells
Authors: Awad Nasr , Abd El Sattar Ashraf , Sheha Mohamed , Moustafa Abdallah , Vazquez Maria Leticia , Farid Ahmed , Mohamedien Alaa , Manaa Mohamed 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Perforating a gas well efficiently requires applying technological advances to carry out a safe operation without compromising well productivity.
In this paper, is discussed the application of a pre- job plan methodology called perforating well on paper to the perforation operation of SITRA 3-4.
This methodology involved tension simulation, perforating gun and charge selection, conveyance hardware optimization, best underbalance value selection, as well as modeling of gun shock, gun movement and reservoir behavior when shooting multiple zones with different pressure regimes. Simulation methodology was performed as well real time during the perforating job to optimize static and flowing underbalance without compromising the safety of the operation and maximizing production gains.
Applications of Machine Learning and Data Mining in SpeedWise® Drilling Analytics: A Case Study
Authors: Ma Zheren , Karimi Vajargah Ali , Lee Hanna , Kansao Rami , Darabi Hamed , Castineira David 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The daily drilling report (DDR) contains the daily activities and parameters during drilling and completion (D&C) operations that can be used to identify the bottlenecks and improve efficiency. However, the datasets are large, unstructured, text heavy, not correlated to other datasets, and contain numerous gaps and errors. Thus, conducting any meaningful drilling analytics becomes cumbersome. In this paper, an innovative method is introduced to automatically clean the data and extract intelligent analytics and opportunities from these reports.
Natural language processing (NLP) and deep neural network (DNN) models are developed to extract information from unstructured DDRs. Numbers of interest (such as depths, hole sizes, casing sizes, setting depths, etc.) are extracted from text. Drilling phase, non-productive time (NPT) and the associated types are predicted with DNN models. With 30% of the dataset for training, accuracies achieved on the remaining data include 87.5% for drilling phase, 90.7% for time classifications (productive or non-productive), and 89% for associated NPT types. Then, the D&C datasets are integrated with other data sources such as production, geology, reservoir, etc. to generate a set of crucial drilling and reservoir management metrics.
The proposed method was successfully applied to several major oil fields (with total of more than 2,000 wells) in the Middle East, North America, and South America. Here, a case study is presented in which the developed method was applied to more than 200 wells drilled from 2012 to 2016 in a major oil field. By using the proposed method, the data processing and aggregation time that used to take months to accomplish was reduced to only a few days. As a result, major types of NPT were rapidly identified, which include rig-related issues such as repair and maintenance (30%), followed by stuck pipe (23%), hole/mud related issues (such as wellbore stability, mud loss, shale swelling, etc.) (20%), and downhole equipment failures and maintenance (14%).
Drilling solutions such as contractual advices, improving the mud formulations, and drilling with a rotary steerable system (RSS) were proposed to possibly mitigate the NPT and improve drilling efficiency. Implementation of the proposed solutions eventually resulted in reducing the drilling time and improving capital efficiency.
Novel technologies such as NLP, data mining, and machine learning are applied to rapidly QC, mine, integrate and analyze large volumes of D&C data. In addition, this novel approach assists D&C obstacles identification and future plan optimization with evident benefits for improving performance and capital efficiency from a reservoir management perspective.
The Temperature Effect on Selecting a Precise Multiphase Flow Correlation to Find Bottlenecks in Production Surface Network Model in Kuwaiti Fields
Authors: Almohammad Humoud 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The increasing demand for hydrocarbon made it a challenge to maintain the oil production and maximize recoverable reserves in mature fields. Interconnected flowline surface network, of oil producing wells, varying in reservoir pressure, connected to a single processing facility, resulted in network bottlenecks and other flow assurance issues. This study objective is to predict the temperature changing effect on hydraulic flow behavior and optimize the most precise multiphase flow correlation for the selected fields.
The severity of bottlenecks can be profoundly affected by seasonal temperature changes, which require studying and pre-planning to reduce or avoid production losses. A flowline network model had been built and analyzed in-house using a commercial steady-state multiphase flow simulator for one of company's Gathering Centres (GC). GC-XY problematic, high pressure, headers were considered, which are receiving production from several fields in Kuwait. For representative results; comparisons were done for the prediction of multiphase flow correlations in horizontal and inclined pipelines.
The predictions of the Beggs & Brill (1975), the Baker & Gabb (1988), the Dukler et al. (1969), the Mukherjee and Brill (1983), and the Oliemans (1976) correlations and the Xiao (1990) mechanistic model were evaluated in this study. The comparison was limited to a temperature range from −5 to 55 Celsius degrees, light oil with API above or equal 30 degrees, and 6 inches flowline inner diameter. The study displays statistical error comparison between the predictions of each multiphase flow model used and suggests a correlation for the applied conditions in the selected field. Bottlenecks had been found in the network model, and a variety of solutions were proposed and simulated to overcome the bottleneck severity due to temperature changes. The results findings show a significate potential is reducing the bottlenecks severity up to 40 percent in the designed network and production enhancement of 18,000 barrels daily.
Detailed criteria and calculations were stated to compare and select the most accurate multiphase flow correlations for the chosen fields. Also, the project explains a procedure to model the suggested solutions and find the expected enhancement of production. Temperature overestimation can lead to severe bottlenecks, which require dedicated and reliable studies to minimize the losses due to heat transfer effect on oil viscosity and flow behavior.
Initializing High H2S Fluid in a Large Carbonate Gas Reservoir, Onshore Abu Dhabi, UAE into a Dynamic Model
Authors: AlSulaity Maitha , Ghassan Majed , Ali Onood Al , Kaczorowski Norman 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The western area of Abu Dhabi's Late Jurassic Arab Formation is a huge ultra-sour gas reservoir with an areal gradient in composition. Early on, the data suggested a trend in H2S concentrations along the axis of the field with a sour gas entering from the southwest and migrating to the northeast. This sour gas contaminated the existing reservoir fluid and created the current areal gradient. Gas properties also varied, and in particular, dew point pressure.
This paper describes the innovative methodology used by ADNOC Sour Gas to input the varying compositions into the simulation model. The methodology consists of two major steps. In the first, PVT data was analyzed and correlations between H2S and other components were established. The second step involved using PETREL to create compositional maps.
Ultimately each grid block was assigned a unique composition based on the H2S concentration at that location resulting in a continuously varying compositional gradient. Concentrations of other components were assigned based on the H2S concentration.
The result was a dynamic model which duplicates the areal distribution in composition and accurately predicts the varying dew point pressures using a single Equation of State. Simulation predictions of condensate and sulfur production has been verified by actual plant yields. Four years of production has shown the veracity of the initialization of the composition in the model as no modifications to the original compositional distribution was required.
From ATI to ATA: Building the Next Generation of Operators and Technicians
Authors: Laurent Stephane 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
ADNOC's proactive response to worldwide changes affecting the industry is to enhance operational efficiencies, optimize costs and improve performance. The ATI (ADNOC Technical Institute) to ATA (ADNOC Technical Academy) transformation project is part of this response and aims to provide ADNOC with a sustainable workforce to run its business by applying an approach to training that is based on competency and performance, and where OJT (On the Job Training) plays a crucial role.
The major achievements of the transformation after the first year of its implementation are: –Implement a new curriculum that is shorter, more efficient and fully aligned with end-user needs and expectations.–Rationalize practices to optimize costs, implementing a high performance-driven culture that values good work habits and improve attitudes and commitment to HSE.–Strong efforts in rehabilitating the large majority of existing trainees (84%) to "jump the curve" and make it to the new program despite the enhanced requirements–Instil a culture whereupon students are trained to understand the importance of being accountable, working in a team, communicating effectively with others, taking initiative, knowing their strengths, building goals and ambitions and working hard to overcome their identified weaknesses.–Engaging 9 operating companies to accommodate 400 trainees on their 13 sites for OJT–Change in organizational culture by which staff and students are accountable and responsible to meet specific performance standards.–Provide re-skilling solution for existing developpees facing difficulties in finalizing their full integration to operational staff by developing a pre-program.
Further to the development of technical competence, the new program strives to contribute to the development of mature and responsible attitudes amongst our graduates, in view of a successful integration within ADNOC workforce. The first trainees will graduate in March 2019 and will integrate ADNOC Group Companies (GCs).
A priority is finalizing the work of the Assessment and Competency Development Centre in identifying the competency gaps of existing operators and technicians and addressing them through proper solutions.
ATA is working now to maximize its intake capacity and deliver 600 graduates per year as well as getting the program accredited to the diploma level.