bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Court, Rabbinic
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The ways in which rabbinic courts are presented in rabbinic literary sources cannot be considered historically reliable. The literary sources are keen on presenting post‐70
ce
rabbis as leaders of a monolithic court system that replicated the priestly monarchy from before the destruction of the Temple. In reality, rabbis seem to have functioned as informal adjudicators who gave individual legal advice alongside a range of other Jewish and Roman judicial bodies. Only in the early Middle Ages did rabbinic courts/academies become more institutionalized in the Near Middle East.
Yu Hong, sarcophagus
Authors: Cao Yin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Yu Hong's sarcophagus, discovered at Taiyuan in Shanxi province in 1999, was the first of its kind to be excavated scientifically in China. Its importance lies in how it reveals the interactions between the East and West along the Silk Road by the sixth century. This is shown by its combination of traditional Chinese architecture, iconographic decorations in the style of Persian and Buddhist art, and motifs reflecting Zoroastrianism.
Frontiers, Hittite
Authors: İlgi Gerçek N. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The Late Bronze Age Hittite polity had a flexible territorial structure. It was separated from its neighbors by fluid and fluctuating frontiers rather than clear and uniform boundaries. Starting with the Early Empire period (ca. 1450
bce
), frontiers of the Hittite heartland constituted a special category in Hittite territorial organization and provincial administration. These regions were subject to special regulations closely monitored by the Hittite king.
Kramer, Samuel Noah (1897–1990)
Authors: Foster Benjamin R. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Samuel Noah Kramer was a leading figure in the creation of the modern discipline of Sumerology. He was the first to piece together, decipher, and edit major works of Sumerian mythology and literature. He also wrote extensively for a popular audience; it is largely thanks to him that the Sumerians became widely known outside of the small domain of cuneiform studies.
Marcian
Authors: Chevreau Emmanuelle 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Aelius Marcianus was a Severan jurist of the early third century. He is the author of nine works:
Appeals
in two books, a monograph on
Informers
, another monograph on the
Action on Mortgage
,
Institutes
in sixteen books, two books on criminal trials,
Notes on Papinian's adultery
in three books,
Rules
in five books, a monograph on the
Senatus Consultum Turpillianum
, and (possibly)
Digests
. There are 283 extracts from Marcian in the
Digest
of Justinian.
Capito (Gaius Ateius Capito)
Authors: Buongiorno Pierangelo 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Gaius Ateius Capito (ca. 50
bce
–22
ce
) was one of the most important jurists during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. He owed his prominence to his political and ideological contributions to the Augustan principate, of which he was the main theoretician, and to his scholarly work, which was especially influential with regard to the
ius sacrum
and the
ius publicum
.
Africanus (Sextus Caecilius Africanus)
Authors: Doria Carla Masi 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Sextus Caecilius Africanus was a Roman jurist active in the mid‐second century
ce
. He was a student of Salvius Iulianus, a member of the Sabinian school, and author of
Quaestiones
in nine books heavily influenced by his teacher's thought, as well as of
Epistulae
in at least twenty books. Africanus is praised by Aulus Gellius for his vast legal learning.
Sardinia, Nuragic Iron Age
Authors: Hayne Jeremy 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The Sardinian Nuragic Iron Age marks a new phase in the prehistory of Sardinia. The Iron Age was a period of transformation and reorganization of the Nuragic communities who no longer lived in the Bronze Age towers but whose life and sociopolitical organization were centered around compact villages and large sanctuaries. The period also signals greater contact with Levantine traders and settlers whose presence also led to the fragmentation of the Bronze Age culture and the creation of the Iron Age.
Nuraghe Su Nuraxi of Barumini
Authors: Perra Mauro 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Nuraghe
Su Nuraxi
at Barumini is the nuraghe
par excellence
for a number of reasons: it is famous even among non‐specialists; it is the only prehistoric monument of Sardinia to be officially recognized by UNESCO; it has a four‐towered structure, which is the standard architectural form of complex towered Nuragic constructions. Its story, painstakingly reconstructed by the discoverer of the site, Giovanni Lilliu, signaled the revival of Nuragic archaeology around the mid‐twentieth century, and its grounding in stratigraphic methodology. Su Nuraxi was first built towards the end of the Middle Bronze Age (early fourteenth century
bce
) and remained occupied until the Early Iron Age (ninth century
bce
), after which came several phases of reuse in the Punic and Roman periods and the Early Middle Ages.
Pithekoussai (Ischia), Phoenician
Authors: Marín‐Aguilera Beatriz 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
There are clear signs of a Phoenician presence within the Greek community in Pithekoussai. Phoenician graffiti on amphorae, and several vessels and plates have been found in Greek sites on Ischia, and it is therefore very likely that a group of Phoenicians lived among Greek settlers on the island.
Tunisia, Iron Age
Authors: Sanmartí Joan 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

The indigenous societies of Tunisia during the Iron Age are still poorly known, due to a research tradition that has privileged other periods and civilizations. However, some recent work indicates the existence from the early first millennium
bce
of a fully sedentary society, which used iron at least since the ninth century
bce
and experienced quick demographic growth. From the middle of the first millennium
bce
there are signs of urbanization and the creation of a progressively hierarchical and unequal society. Carthaginian pressure on the local population from the fifth century
bce
may have favored the formation of the historically known Libyan monarchies in Numidia and Mauritania.
Sicily, Monte Polizzo
Authors: Mühlenbock Christian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Monte Polizzo was one of the major indigenous settlement in western Sicily during the sixth century
bce
. The site was most extensively inhabited, covering approximately 20 hectares, from 625 to 550
bce,
when it was destroyed and subsequently abandoned. Excavated houses reveal a complex architecture with a very rich repertoire of objects mostly relating to local culture, including household cult, production, consumption, craftwork, and commerce. The local religion was equally complex and focused around an open‐air sanctuary related worship of deer.
Sicily, Pantalica
Authors: Leighton Robert 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Pantalica is a large limestone promontory in southeast Sicily known chiefly for a series of extensive cemeteries comprising chamber tombs cut out of the rock, dating mainly between the thirteenth and seventh centuries
bce
. Evidence of subsequent occupation includes a defensive ditch and wall, a Late Antique residential building, rock‐cut dwellings of variable date, and three medieval oratories. The site gives its name to the Late Bronze and Iron Age “Pantalica culture,” typical of southern Sicily in the period before Greek colonization.
Monte Iato, Sicily
Authors: Kistler Erich 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Monte Iato lies in the heart of the mountainous hinterland of western Sicily. Owing to the advantages of this central position also in terms of transport, Monte Iato was settled during the early seventh century
bce
at the latest; by the early fifth century
bce
, the settlement had become one of the most important indigenous centers of the west‐Sicilian interior. After a period of decline, it flourished once again in the early third century, the indigenous settlement acquiring the appearance of a Hellenistic polis together with the name Iaitas. After various phases of political and ethnic upheaval, the ancient city developed into medieval Giato, which, as the last refuge of the west‐Sicilian caliphate, was destroyed in 1246
ce
by Frederick II.
Mithradates I of Parthia
Authors: Gregoratti Leonardo 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Mithradates I was the king of Parthia from 171 to 139/138
bce
. Through a series of successful military campaigns, he managed to expand considerably the Parthian kingdom from Central Asia to the Euphrates river. Under his rule, the Arsacids became one of the major powers in western Asia.
Vologases I of Parthia
Authors: Gregoratti Leonardo 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Vologases I (51–77/79
ce
) was an Arsacid monarch who ruled Parthia after a period of major crisis. Through realizing some of the ideas Artabanos II and other predecessors had conceived in order to strengthen the role of the king and the state structure, he managed to grant to the empire a period of stability and prosperity.
Tributum
Authors: Tan James 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Tributum
was a levy paid by Roman citizens of property in order to fund military pay. It was only levied in years when military demands necessitated it, and could be repaid if a commander chose. The sources generally claim that it was instituted in 406
bce
, and was permanently suspended in 167
bce
thanks to the abundance of other revenue. Though the evidence is problematic, the usual reconstruction holds that
tribuni aerarii
collected it from fellow tribesmen and paid the soldiers directly. As the only “tax” on property, it was a cornerstone of the Roman republican fiscal base.
Aulus Persius Flaccus
Authors: Bartsch Shadi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAulus Persius Flaccus was a Roman satirist of the Neronian period. His extant work, six short satires and a prologue, advocate Stoic self‐constraint by means of unsettling medical and digestive metaphors that emphasize the consequences of bad morals (as well as bad diet and bad poetic taste) upon the health of the individual.
Remote dosimetric auditing of clinical trials: The need for vendor specific models to convert images to dose
Authors: Miri Narges , Vial Philip , Greer Peter B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIntroductionA previous pilot study has demonstrated the feasibility of a novel image‐based approach for remote dosimetric auditing of clinical trials. The approach uses a model to convert in‐air acquired intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) images to delivered dose inside a virtual phantom. The model was developed using images from an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) on a Varian linear accelerator. It was tuned using beam profiles and field size factors (FSFs) of a series of square fields measured in water tank. This work investigates the need for vendor specific conversion models for image‐based auditing. The EPID measured profile and FSF data for Varian (vendor 1) and Elekta (vendor 2) systems are compared along with the performance of the existing Varian model (VM) and a new Elekta model (EM) for a series of audit IMRT fields measured on vendor 2 systems.Materials and methodsThe EPID measured beam profile and FSF data were studied for the two vendors to quantify and understand their relevant dosimetric differences. Then, an EM was developed converting EPID to dose in the virtual water phantom using a vendor 2 water tank data and images from corresponding EPID. The VM and EM were compared for predicting vendor 2 measured dose in water tank. Then, the performance of the new EM was compared to the VM for auditing of 54 IMRT fields from four vendor 2 facilities. Statistical significance of using vendor specific models was determined.ResultsObserved dosimetry differences between the two vendors suggested developing an EM would be beneficial. The EM performed better than VM for vendor 2 square and IMRT fields. The IMRT audit gamma pass rates were (99.8 ± 0.5)%, (98.6 ± 2.3)% and (97.0 ± 3.0)% at respectively 3%/3 mm, 3%/2 mm and 2%/2 mm with improvements at most fields compared with using the VM. For the pilot audit, the difference between gamma results of the two vendors was reduced when using vendor specific models (VM: P < 0.0001, vendor specific models: P = 0.0025).ConclusionA new model was derived to convert images from vendor 2 EPIDs to dose for remote auditing vendor 2 deliveries. Using vendor specific models is recommended to remotely audit systems from different vendors, however, the improvements found were not major.
An additional tilted‐scan‐based CT metal‐artifact‐reduction method for radiation therapy planning
Authors: Kim Changhwan , Pua Rizza , Lee Chung‐Hwan , Choi Da‐in , Cho Byungchul , Lee Sang‐wook , Cho Seungryong , Kwak Jungwon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPurposeAs computed tomography (CT) imaging is the most commonly used modality for treatment planning in radiation therapy, metal artifacts in the planning CT images may complicate the target delineation and reduce the dose calculation accuracy. Although current CT scanners do provide certain correction steps, it is a common understanding that there is not a universal solution yet to the metal artifact reduction (MAR) in general. Particularly noting the importance of MAR for radiation treatment planning, we propose a novel MAR method in this work that recruits an additional tilted CT scan and synthesizes nearly metal‐artifact‐free CT images.MethodsThe proposed method is based on the facts that the most pronounced metal artifacts in CT images show up along the x‐ray beam direction traversing multiple metallic objects and that a tilted CT scan can provide complementary information free of such metal artifacts in the earlier scan. Although the tilted CT scan would contain its own metal artifacts in the images, the artifacts may manifest in a different fashion leaving a chance to concatenate the two CT images with the metal artifacts much suppressed. We developed an image processing technique that uses the structural similarity (SSIM) for suppressing the metal artifacts. On top of the additional scan, we proposed to use an existing MAR method for each scan if necessary to further suppress the metal artifacts.ResultsThe proposed method was validated by a simulation study using the pelvic region of an XCAT numerical phantom and also by an experimental study using the head part of the Rando phantom. The proposed method was found to effectively reduce the metal artifacts. Quantitative analyses revealed that the proposed method reduced the mean absolute percentages of the error by up to 86% and 89% in the simulation and experimental studies, respectively.ConclusionsIt was confirmed that the proposed method, using complementary information acquired from an additional tilted CT scan, can provide nearly metal‐artifact‐free images for the treatment planning.
Assessing key factors influencing orange juice demand in the current US market
Authors: Heng Yan , Ward Ronald W. , House Lisa A. , Zansler Marisa 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe US orange juice (OJ) industry has experienced dramatic changes and pressure from both the supply and demand side in the past decade. It is critical for the industry to understand and enhance consumer's demand to sustain the higher prices associated with decreased production and maintain demand for the point in time where production can recover. This study utilized both Nielsen scanner data and a unique consumer tracker database to explore the impact of key factors on OJ consumption to estimate the return on investment. The usage of two datasets and multiple methods increases the reliability of results. Our results identified several demand drivers including demographics, health conditions, promotion awareness, and consumer's positive perceptions. Moreover, this study implies that a larger positive impact can be obtained by focusing on the positive aspects over responding to negative news. Therefore, we suggest the industry enhance generic promotion and advertising awareness and develop marketing programs that emphasize the positive attributes and benefits of OJ.
Semaphorin 3A inhibits allergic inflammation by regulating immune responses in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis
Authors: Xiang Rong , Xu Yu , Zhang Wei , Kong Yong‐Gang , Tan Lu , Chen Shi‐Ming , Deng Yu‐Qin , Tao Ze‐Zhang 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundIt has been reported that semaphorin 3A (sema3A) could improve allergic symptoms in allergic rhinitis (AR) mice. However, the immunomodulatory roles of sema3A in AR remain unclear. This study was performed to determine the immunoregulatory effects of sema3A on airway inflammation in an AR mice model.MethodsFirst, sema3A expression was measured in the serum of AR patients and also in a mice model. Then, nasal symptoms, ovalbumin (OVA)‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) production, cytokine levels, and histologic structure were analyzed in OVA‐sensitized mice, sema3A mice, mice given saline, and controls. The percentages of CD4+IL‐4+IFN‐γ‐ Th2 cells, CD4+IFN‐γ+IL‐4‐ Th1 cells, CD4+IL‐17+ Th17 cells, and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells in the spleen were also analyzed.ResultsSerum sema3A levels in both AR patients and OVA‐sensitized mice decreased significantly compared with controls. The intranasal administration of sema3A reduced allergic symptom scores, eosinophil infiltration, and OVA‐specific IgE production in OVA‐sensitized mice. In addition, levels of IL‐4 and IL‐17 as well as percentages of CD4+IL‐17+Th17 cells were suppressed by sema3A administration. Levels of IFN‐γ and IL‐10 and ratios of CD4+ IFN‐γ+IL‐4‐ Th1/CD4+IL‐4+IFN‐γ‐ Th2 cells, as well as percentages of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells, were increased by administration of sema3A.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that sema3A suppressed allergic inflammation in AR via inhibition of Th2/Th17 responses and enhancement of Th1/Treg responses.
Gamma‐aminobutyric acidergic transmission underlies interictal epileptogenicity in pediatric focal cortical dysplasia
Authors: Blauwblomme Thomas , Dossi Elena , Pellegrino Christophe , Goubert Emmanuelle , Iglesias Beatriz Gal , Sainte‐Rose Christian , Rouach Nathalie , Nabbout Rima , Huberfeld Gilles 
Published: December 2018

ObjectiveDysregulation of γ‐aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) transmission has been reported in lesional acquired epilepsies (gliomas, hippocampal sclerosis). We investigated its involvement in a developmental disorder, human focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), focusing on chloride regulation driving GABAergic signals.MethodsIn vitro recordings of 47 human cortical acute slices from 11 pediatric patients who received operations for FCD were performed on multielectrode arrays. GABAergic receptors and chloride regulators were pharmacologically modulated. Immunostaining for chloride cotransporter KCC2 and interneurons were performed on recorded slices to correlate electrophysiology and expression patterns.ResultsFCD slices retain intrinsic epileptogenicity. Thirty‐six of 47 slices displayed spontaneous interictal discharges, along with a pattern specific to the histological subtypes. Ictal discharges were induced in proepileptic conditions in 6 of 8 slices in the areas generating spontaneous interictal discharges, with a transition to seizure involving the emergence of preictal discharges. Interictal discharges were sustained by GABAergic signaling, as a GABAA receptor blocker stopped them in 2 of 3 slices. Blockade of NKCC1 Cl− cotransporters further controlled interictal discharges in 9 of 12 cases, revealing a Cl− dysregulation affecting actions of GABA. Immunohistochemistry highlighted decreased expression and changes in KCC2 subcellular localization and a decrease in the number of GAD67‐positive interneurons in regions generating interictal discharges.InterpretationAltered chloride cotransporter expression and changes in interneuron density in FCD may lead to paradoxical depolarization of pyramidal cells. Spontaneous interictal discharges are consequently mediated by GABAergic signals, and targeting chloride regulation in neurons may be considered for the development of new antiepileptic drugs. Ann Neurol 2019; 1–14 ANN NEUROL 2019;85:204–217.
Longitudinal tau accumulation and atrophy in aging and alzheimer disease
Authors: Harrison Theresa M. , La Joie Renaud , Maass Anne , Baker Suzanne L. , Swinnerton Kaitlin , Fenton Laura , Mellinger Taylor J. , Edwards Lauren , Pham Julie , Miller Bruce L. , Rabinovici Gil D. , Jagust William J. 
Published: December 2018

ObjectiveTo determine the rate of tau accumulation in healthy older adults (OA) and patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), as well as the relationship of tau accumulation to cortical atrophy.MethodsTwo longitudinal flortaucipir (FTP) positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were acquired from 42 OA (21 Pittsburg compound B [PiB]+, age = 77.6 ± 4.6 years, 25 female [F]/17 male [M]) and 19 PiB+ patients with AD (age = 63.1 ± 10.3 years, 12 F/7 M) over 1 to 3 years of follow‐up. FTP change, structural MRI measures of atrophy, and cross‐modal correlations were examined on a voxelwise level. Regional annual percentage change in FTP was also calculated.ResultsVoxelwise FTP change in AD showed the greatest increases in lateral and medial frontal lobes. Atrophy over the same interval was more widespread and included posteromedial cortical areas, where tau accumulation rates were lower. In OA, FTP binding increased in bilateral temporal lobe and retrosplenial cortex, accompanied by atrophy in the same regions. There were no associations between voxelwise change in FTP and sex, PiB, or APOE. Regional FTP significantly increased at follow‐up in OA and patients with AD. Mixed effects models showed greater FTP increases in AD compared to OA, and no differences within OA based on PiB status.InterpretationOur findings indicate that tau accumulates even in amyloid‐negative healthy OA and this process can be measured with in vivo tau‐PET. In OA, tau accumulation and atrophy share a similar topography. In AD, tau increases more rapidly and accumulation occurs in frontal regions that are not yet undergoing significant atrophy. Ann Neurol 2019; 1–12 ANN NEUROL 2019;85:229–240.
Comparative study of adsorption for m‐phenylenediamine in aqueous solution onto chemically modified resins
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Nan , Liu Zongtang , Dai Jianjun , Fei Zhenghao 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTFour kinds of hypercrosslinked resins (acidic resins labeled SAMR and TAMR and heterocyclic resins IDLMR and PRLMR) were synthesized as adsorbents to remove m‐phenylenediamine (MPD) from aqueous solution comparably. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area and pore size distribution of the two types of resins have been compared, and the infrared spectra of the resins confirm the presence of the modified groups. The adsorption isotherms illustrate that the Freundlich equation fits more appropriately than the Langmuir equation or the Temkin equation. In addition, the kinetic curves indicate that the pseudo‐second‐order model is a better fit than the pseudo‐first‐order model. The thermodynamic studies show that the isosteric adsorption enthalpy changes (ΔH) and the Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) are both negative, revealing that all of the adsorption processes are spontaneous and exothermic. All of the modified resins exhibit the best adsorption capacity at pH = 6.24. The results show that the acidic resins have better adsorption of MPD. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47378.