bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A susceptibility-based rainfall threshold approach for landslide occurrence
Authors: Monsieurs Elise , Dewitte Olivier , Demoulin Alain 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Rainfall threshold determination is a pressing issue in
the landslide scientific community. While major improvements have been made towards more reproducible techniques for the identification of triggering
conditions for landsliding, the now well-established rainfall intensity or
event-duration thresholds for landsliding suffer from several
limitations. Here, we propose a new approach of the frequentist method for
threshold definition based on satellite-derived antecedent rainfall
estimates directly coupled with landslide susceptibility data. Adopting a
bootstrap statistical technique for the identification of threshold
uncertainties at different exceedance probability levels, it results in
thresholds expressed as AR = (α±Δα)⋅S(β±Δβ), where AR is antecedent rainfall (mm), S is
landslide susceptibility, α and β are scaling parameters, and
Δα and Δβ are their uncertainties. The main
improvements of this approach consist in (1) using spatially continuous
satellite rainfall data, (2) giving equal weight to rainfall characteristics
and ground susceptibility factors in the definition of spatially varying
rainfall thresholds, (3) proposing an exponential antecedent rainfall
function that involves past daily rainfall in the exponent to account for
the different lasting effect of large versus small rainfall,
(4) quantitatively exploiting the lower parts of the cloud of data points, most
meaningful for threshold estimation, and (5) merging the uncertainty on
landslide date with the fit uncertainty in a single error estimation. We
apply our approach in the western branch of the East African Rift based on
landslides that occurred between 2001 and 2018, satellite rainfall estimates
from the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission Multi-satellite Precipitation
Analysis (TMPA 3B42 RT), and the continental-scale map of landslide
susceptibility of Broeckx et al. (2018) and provide the first regional rainfall
thresholds for landsliding in tropical Africa.
A Fluid Ideal: Dialectical Virtues and the Possibility of Debate
Authors: Crosswhite James 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
The notion of debate suggests an orderly controversy and so contains an implicit ideal of orderliness. This orderliness has a fluid reality but is structured by a regard for procedural equality. This ideal becomes possible in practice only to the degree that participants in debate are guided by habits and capabilities described here as dialectical virtues.
It Is All There: From Reason to Reasoning-in-the-World
Authors: Rickert Thomas 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
The emergence of narratives concerning post-truth, alternative facts, fake news, and the like underpins a felt sense of crisis about the possibility of debate, insofar as argument depends on truth norms. This essay argues that the post-truth narrative is regressive. It depends on Enlightenment-derived standards of truth that were from the beginning impoverished. I argue that rather than appeal nostalgically to the past, we should look to arguments interior to rhetorical history that point to truth norms that include worldly experience, or thereness. Using examples from Protagoras, Johann Georg Hamann, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, I briefly expand on different ways of conceiving how to marry worldly involvements to our conceptions of knowledge. The world, inclusive of radical technological change, doesn't just shape but takes part in who we are and what we know, say, and do. In this sense, argument and debate are ambient phenomena.
Development of a Smart Air Quality Monitoring System and its Operation
Authors: Sung Yaeseul , Lee Seungmin , Kim Yeonkyung , Park Hanbai 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Indoor air quality control becomes a critical role in protecting human life due to a significant increase in indoor living time with industrial development. However, air purifier and ventilation systems are installed in many indoor places, and qualities of air are not guaranteed without effective monitoring systems. In this study, we developed a smart indoor air quality monitoring device, measuring components of PM10, PM2.5, PM1, CO, CO2, VOCs, temperature and humidity. The smart air quality monitoring system is commutated with a developed smartphone application using short and long distance communication modules. The smart application basically provides air quality information (daily, monthly, yearly), air management methods, and emerging environmental issues. For the system verification, we tested the developed air quality monitoring system with other reliable measuring devices. As results, the gaps between our developed system and other reliable measuring devices are PM10 (±4%), PM2.5 (±4%), CO (±1%), CO2 (±1%), VOCs (±2%), temperature (±1%) and humidity (±2%). We found that the developed smart air quality monitoring system is sufficiently reliable comparing to other measuring devices. Therefore, the smart air quality monitoring system would help improve indoor air quality in real time and can be used for future air quality prediction.
Le genre et les performances de l’élève modèrent-ils l’influence de l’école fréquentée sur les aspirations professionnelles ?
Authors: Dupont Virginie , Lafontaine Dominique 
Published: April 2019

La recherche en sciences de l’éducation a montré que les aspirations professionnelles des jeunes de 15 ans étaient liées à l’école fréquentée. Tous les jeunes sont-ils toutefois influencés de la même manière par ce contexte ? Au travers de ré-analyses des données du Programme international pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (2015) pour la Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, nous tenterons de répondre à cette question générale. Plus précisément, il s’agira de voir si l’influence des performances moyennes de l’école fréquentée par le jeune sur ses aspirations diffère significativement selon le genre, d’une part, et selon les performances scolaires de l’élève, d’autre part. Il apparait que les filles et les élèves faibles sont plus sensibles au contexte scolaire qu’ils fréquentent. Ainsi, pour ces élèves, fréquenter une école plutôt qu’une autre joue un rôle encore plus important dans la détermination de leurs aspirations.
Prevalence of P. falciparum Gametocyte Carrying between Two Sympatric Ethnic Groups Living in Seasonal Malaria Transmission Setting of Burkina Faso after Universal Bed Nets Coverage Campaigns
Authors: Samuel Serme S. , Noëlie Henry Bere , Salif Sombie , Amidou Diarra , Desire Kargougou , Benjamin Sombie S. , Edith C. Bougouma , Valentina Mangano , Issa Ouedraogo N. , Alfred Tiono , Yves Traore , Issiaka Soulama , David Modiano , Sodiomon Sirima B. 
Published: April 2019

Aims: This study aimed to compare the prevalence of P. falciparum gametocyte carriage in two sympatric ethnic groups living in seasonal malaria transmission setting in Burkina Faso.
Study Design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from September to November 2017 in children aged from 2 to 12 years and living in Barkoundouba, avillage located at the Northeast part of Ouagadougou, capital city of Burkina Faso. The study participants were subject to clinical examination including axillary temperature. Blood samples were collected from finger pricks to performed RDT and blood smears for malaria diagnosis and on filter paper for molecular detection of the parasite. Any case of fever (temperature ≥ 37.5°C) with RDT positive was treated according to national guideline.
Methodology: We included 461 patients in this study. P. falciparum presence and densities were determined by microscopy using Giemsa-stained thick blood smears. The nested PCR was used to confirm the presence of the asexual parasites assessed by the microscopy.
Results: P. falciparum prevalence assessed by microscopy was 83 (32.55%) and 103 (50%) for Fulani and Mossi respectively, whereas the prevalence by nested PCR was 88 (39.11%) for Fulani and 121 (68.75%) for Mossi. The gametocyte carriage in the two ethnic groups was: 3.53% for Fulani and 11.65% for Mossi. The prevalence ratio for P. falciparum asymptomatic and gametocyte carriers was 1.5 and 3 in favor of Mossi group respectively.
Conclusion: This study showed that the Fulani have a lower prevalence of P. falciparum compared to the Mossi group despite the decrease of parasitemia and prevalence in both groups compared to previous studies.
Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Salmonella Species among Food Handlers in Khartoum- State (Sudan)
Authors: Ahmed Nor Eldein Mohammed Ali , Hassan Abdullahi Nur , Ibrahim Holi Mohamed Ahmed , Galander Isam 
Published: April 2019

Aims/Objectives: To screen the prevalence of Salmonella fecal carriage among healthy foodhandlers and to identify the common species of Salmonella among study population and its antibacterial susceptibility in Khartoum state by taking stool samples.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Khartoum state, Sudan, from January 2009 to December 2009.
Methodology: Stool samples were collected, processed and cultured on suitable bacterial culture media. Presence of colonies resembling (non-lactose fermenting) Salmonella species were further studied to identify the bacterium by using appropriate biochemical tests.Confirmation and serotyping of isolates were done by using Salmonella antisera. Antibacterial susceptibility test for common antibacterial drugs were also studied.
Results: A total of 387 stool samples collected from apparently healthy food handlers werestudied. Salmonella fecal carriage among food handlers was 17 (4.4%) and the highest prevalence was noted in Umbada locality (5.1%). Salmonella Paratyphi B was the commonest 14 (3.6%), followed by Salmonella Typhi 2(0.5%) and Salmonella Cholerasuis 1 (0.3%). Our study revealed that 141 (36.4%) of food handlers were illiterate, 29 (7.5%) werepreschool, 134 (34.6%) were elementary school graduates 68 (17.6%) and 15 (3.9%) university graduates. Forty two (10.9%) of the studied cases mentioned that, they sometimes wash their hands by soap after defecation, while, 9 (2.3%) never washed theirhands. The study also, revealed that 3 (17.6%) of positive food handlers have had history ofprevious typhoid or gastroenteritis. The study demonstrated that Salmonella species isolated were sensitive to co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone and cefuroxime.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated the presence of considerable number of Salmonella fecal carriage among food handlers in Khartoum state. Most of them were illiterate and had poor compliance of hand washing after toilet use. Study also revealed that isolated Salmonella species were highly susceptibility to the common first line antibiotics used in Sudan.
Therapist and Coloniser
Authors: Rigby Garrick 
Published: April 2019

This article discusses issues in treating the historical trauma of Māori, the colonised peoples of Aotearoa New Zealand. The advent of Māori psychotherapy has enabled valuable insight into the needs of such clients, but, even as it helps define a space of safety and nurture for Māori, questions arise about how non-Māori practitioners might treat Māori clients from outside this largely intra-cultural process. The article focuses on the response from New Zealand Pākehā (that is, New Zealanders of European descent), due to the fact that they are in the most primary bicultural relationship with Māori, in which an inherent white privilege and coloniser status complicates the relational process. Finally, the article discusses the difficulties Pākehā experience in bridging intercultural divides around cultural competency, power structures, and the importance of cultural self-awareness, which may also have a wider multicultural relevance to other tauiwi (non-Maori) practitioners.
Whakarāpopotonga
He matapakinga kaupapa whakatika i te hītori whetuki o te Māori, te tangata pēhitia o Aotearoa. Nō te tīmatanga ake o te whakaora hinengaro Māori te whakamanahanga o ngā mātauranga mārihi ki ngā hiahia ō aua kiritaki, engari, ahakoa e āwhinahia ana te tautuhi ātea haumanu, poipoi mō te Māori, ka ara tonu ake te pātai mō te momo whakaora kiritaki Māori ā ngā kaiwhakaora o iwi kē i waho ake i tēnei hātepe ahurei-takitahi. Ka arotika atu tēnei tuhinga ki te urupare mai ā ngā Pākehā, nā te mea ko rātau te kākano rua mātāmua ki te Māori, e puta ake nei te momo hao ā-mā me te tūranga kaipēhitanga hai whakauaua i te hātepe whakawhanaunga. Hai whakamutunga, ka matapakihia te uauatanga o te wheako Pākehā ki te whakawhiti tautuhi ahurei whakapā ki te toa ahurei, te mana whakatakotoranga, me te tokānuku o te tuakiri ahurei, ā, tērā pea he pānga whānui ake anō ki ngā kaimahi (iwi kē) kākano maha.
In Vivo
Optical Imaging for Immune Response
Authors: Liu Shaojun , Feng Wei , Zhang Chao , Yu Tingting , Zhu Dan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Cells of the immune system play a critical role in defence against invading microorganisms. Conventional histological analysis can provide protein expression level better than cell morphology and location. In contrast, intravital imaging shows a great potential in monitoring the dynamic process of the immune response, from cell–cell interactions to cell–molecule interactions. In particular,
in vivo
optical imaging can track the dynamics of the immune response with high spatiotemporal resolution. This article introduces the development of
in vivo
optical imaging for immune responses in various tissues and organs, using different imaging windows.

Key Concepts

Immune response is a physiological process of the immune system against antigen stimulation. It is a complicated dynamic response including activation of immune cells and the effect of immune‐mediated factors.

Intravital multiphoton imaging has the advantages of lower photobleaching and phototoxicity, deeper imaging depth and subcellular resolution, which is a significant tool for visualisation of cell–cell and cell–molecule interactions under pathophysiologic conditions.

Microglia, as a sentinel, participate in the immune response of the brain, whose immune behaviour plays an important role in the brain function and brain diseases.

Skin has essential immunological functions as the first line of defence against foreign antigen challenges, which is an ideal organ to study the immune response due to its accessibility.

Tissue optical clearing methods can effectively improve optical imaging resolution and depth, which have shown a great potential in immunology research.
Pharmacometabolomics
Authors: Chalikiopoulou Constantina , Patrinos George P , Katsila Theodora 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Decision‐making remains challenging in nearly all aspects of health and disease, despite the tremendous information growth and technological advances we enjoy. Decisions made should be better‐informed and cost‐effective, resulting from reliable contextual data interpretation that encapsulates the heterogeneity of living systems. Pharmacometabolomics serves as a holistic and often, big‐data tool to predict the outcome of a xenobiotic intervention in an individual on the basis of a mathematical model that is built on preintervention metabotypes. Such metabolic phenotypes are the net result of the interplay between the genome and the environment, capturing fully interindividual variability. Being an omics approach itself, pharmacometabolomics may also synergize with other omics to empower tailored‐made theranostics and optimise patient stratification and disease management. As a paradigm, cardiovascular diseases grasp such a momentum for pharmacometabolomics.

Key Concepts

Decision‐making is of fundamental importance in every aspect of our lives, including both health and disease states.

Precision medicine holds promise for optimum patient stratification and tailored‐made theranostics.

Pharmacometabolomics is based on individual metabotypes (metabolic phenotypes) prior to a xenobiotic intervention to predict its outcome via mathematical modelling.

Metabotypes map interindividual variability, shedding light into the interplay of the genome with the environment.

Pharmacometabolomics may be coupled to other omics (pharmacogenomics, transcriptomics, etc.) empowering data reliability.

Cardiovascular diseases share a multifactorial pathophysiology in which both genomics and environmental influences play a key role.

It remains challenging to predict who will suffer from a cardiovascular disease, who will respond to therapeutic interventions and/or who will experience one or more cardiovascular events.
Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Dynamics
Authors: Serrat Roman 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Mitochondrial dynamics are a series of different processes that will determine the structure and distribution of this organelle. They include the processes of mitochondrial transport, which allows mitochondria to move along cellular cytoskeleton; fusion and fission processes, which regulate the structure, shape and morphology of these organelles; and the selective degradation or mitophagy, eliminating damaged mitochondria. Moreover, recent studies have described a new mechanism that will also affect mitochondrial distribution: mitochondrial transfer between cells in case of damage or cellular stress. Altogether, these dynamics are essential to allow mitochondria develop their proper function and, consequently, its disruption will be directly related with the initiation or progression of several diseases. Both facts highlight the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics.

Key Concepts

The Miro/Trak proteins are the main complex that determines mitochondrial transport and consequently the distribution of mitochondria.

Mitochondrial morphology and shape result from the equilibrium between fission and fusion processes.

Selective degradation of mitochondria (mitophagy) regulates and it is regulated by mitochondrial transport, fusion and fission.

Mitochondria are not limited by cellular boundaries, they can move also between cells in the process called mitochondrial transfer.

Deregulation of mitochondrial dynamics will impair normal physiological responses and is directly related to several diseases.

Neurons are highly vulnerable to dysfunction in mitochondrial dynamics.
Bilin Metabolism in Plants: Structure, Function and Haem Oxygenase Regulation of Bilin Biosynthesis
Authors: Shekhawat Gyan Singh , Parihar Suman , Mahawar Lovely , Khator Khushboo , Bulchandani Neha 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBilins are open‐chain tetrapyrroles with a wide range of visible and nearly visible‐light absorption and emission properties. The linear tetrapyrrole molecules function as chromophores of the light‐harvesting phycobiliproteins and phytochrome‐mediated light sensing in photosynthetic organisms. They are derived from the cyclic precursor haem. The initial step in bilin biosynthesis is the conversion of haem into biliverdin (BV IX α) catalysed by haem oxygenase, which is subsequently reduced to specific bilins by ferredoxin‐dependent bilin reductases (FDBRs). Bilins usually bound to apoproteins via single or double covalent bonds to form a macromolecular complex phycobilisomes. The attachment of apoproteins to bilin is an autocatalytic process, but bilin lyases are required for the specific attachment of bilin chromophores to phycobiliprotein apoproteins. Besides the biosynthesis, structure and functions of bilins, this article also aims to recapitulate and discuss the current progress in the field of bilins and to emphasise the emerging areas.Key ConceptsBilins are open‐chain tetrapyrrole non‐metallic colour compounds formed as a metabolic product of protoporphyrin IX.Biliverdin IX α is the common precursor of all naturally occurring bilins.Haem oxygenase (HO) and ferredoxin‐dependent bilin reductases (FDBRs) are the two key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of bilins.Phycobiliproteins assemble with bilins to form phycobilisomes, which help in light harvesting and energy transfer.Bilin plays a significant role in various physiological processes, namely, photosynthesis, respiration, light perception, signalling, cell defence against oxidative stress, nitrate and sulfate assimilation and programmed cell death.
Phenotypic Variation through Ontogeny: Ceratophryid Frogs as a Model
Authors: Fabrezi Marissa , Quinzio Silvia Inés , Goldberg Javier , Cruz Julio César , Pereyra Mariana Chuliver , Wassersug Richard Joel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

The South American frogs of the family Ceratophryidae (three genera, twelve extant species) display unusual larval diversity and developmental variation despite rather similar adults. Many adult features of ceratophryids are associated with terrestrial/fossorial habits and resistance to desiccation; however, adults of the genus
Lepidobatrachus
are aquatic. Morphological novelties have evolved in the ceratophryid feeding mechanism that makes them capable of feeding on exceptional large prey (i.e. megalophagy).
Lepidobatrachus
is unusual in having less ecomorphological differences between its larvae and adults than virtually all other anurans. Some unique features are differentiated in the tadpole and then exaggerated in the adult (e.g., a posterior displaced jaw articulation) in a manner unseen in other anurans. Both the larvae and the frog are similarly able to capture large prey underwater. The article reviews how shifts in developmental patterns have led to a novel way of life for both larval and adult
Lepidobatrachus
spp.

Key Concepts

Derived features of ceratophryid larvae carry over metamorphosis to the adults and are central to the overall morphological evolution of Ceratophryidae.

Ceratophryidae shows how evolution can act upon development to produce organisms with novel structures and ecology.

Megalophagy is associated with a wealth of other specialisations that are products of shifts in development.

The origin of evolutionary novelties in
Lepidobatrachus
's ontogeny has produced a dramatic and unique larval ecomorphology.

Lepidobatrachus
has broken metamorphic constraints to achieve common and shared larval and adult adaptations for megalophagy and feeding underwater.
Anion‐Modulated HER and OER Activities of 3D Ni–V‐Based Interstitial Compound Heterojunctions for High‐Efficiency and Stable Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Yan Haijing , Xie Ying , Wu Aiping , Cai Zhicheng , Wang Lei , Tian Chungui , Zhang Xiaomeng , Fu Honggang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOverall water splitting driven by a low voltage is crucial for practical H2 evolution, but it is challenging. Herein, anion‐modulation of 3D Ni–V‐based transition metal interstitial compound (TMIC) heterojunctions supported on nickel foam (Ni3N‐VN/NF and Ni2P‐VP2/NF) as coupled hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts for efficient overall water splitting is demonstrated. The heterointerface in Ni3N‐VN has a suitable H* absorption energy, being favorable for enhancing HER activity with onset overpotential (ηonset) of zero and Tafel slope of 37 mV dec−1 in 1 m KOH (close to that of Pt/C/NF). For the OER, the synergy of Ni2P‐VP2 with oxide species can give enhanced activity with ηonset of 220 mV and Tafel slope of 49 mV dec−1. The good activity is ascribed to heterointerface for activating the intermediates, good conductivity of TMICs for electron‐transfer, and porous structure facilitation of mass‐transport. Additionally, the minimal mutual influence of Ni3N‐VN/NF and Ni2P‐VP2/NF allows easy coupling for efficient overall water splitting with a low driving voltage (≥1.43 V), a voltage of 1.51 V at 10 mA cm−2, and remarkable durability for 100 h. It can be driven by a solar cell (1.5 V), indicating its potential to store intermittent energy.