bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
G-EYE advanced colonoscopy for improved polyp detection rates – a randomized tandem pilot study with different endoscopists
Authors: Dümcke Sebastian , Haschemi Jafer , Tresch Achim , Borger Dietmar , Kirchner Ann-Christin , Teubner Daniel , Kiesslich Ralf , Hoffman Arthur , Rey Johannes Wilhelm 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Background and aims The most commonly missed polyps in colonoscopy are those located behind haustral folds. The G-EYE system is a standard colonoscope consisting of re-processable balloon at its distal tip. The G-EYE balloon improves the detection of polyps by straightening the haustral folds. In our back-to-back tandem study, we aimed to determine whether and to what extent the G-EYE system could reduce adenoma miss rates in screening colonoscopy.
Methods Patients referred to colonoscopy were randomized into 2 groups. Group A underwent a standard colonoscopy (SC) followed by balloon colonoscopy (BC), and Group B underwent BC followed by SC. In this randomized tandem study, the investigator’s level of training and the endoscopists themselves were changed after each withdrawal. Each endoscopist was blinded to the results of the first withdrawal.
Results Fifty-eight patients were enrolled and randomized into 2 groups with similar baseline characteristics. Nine patients were excluded from the study. Twenty-five patients underwent SC followed by BC while 24 underwent BC followed by SC. The adenoma miss rate for SC was 41 %, with an additional detection rate of 69 % for BC (ratio 1.69). The overall miss rate for polyps was 60 % for SC, with an additional detection rate of 150 % for BC (ratio 2.5). Experienced investigators who used BC were able to identify an additional 7 polyps while inexperienced investigators.
Conclusions Although our results could not clearly confirm that BC improves adenoma detection, the investigator’s experience appears to be a major determinant of the adenoma detection rate.
The Manchester Triage System (MTS): a score for emergency management of patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Cornelius Constantin , Hoffman Arthur , Tresch Achim , Krey Joerg , Kiesslich Ralf , Galle Peter Robert , Rey Johannes Wilhelm , Nguyen-Tat Marc 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Background Suspected gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a common initial diagnosis in emergency departments. Despite existing endoscopic scores to estimate the risk of GI bleeding, the primary clinical assessment of urgency can remain challenging. The 5-step Manchester Triage System (MTS) is a validated score that is often applied for the initial assessment of patients presenting in emergency departments.
Methods All computer-based records of patients who were admitted between January 2014 and December 2014 to our emergency department in a tertiary referral hospital were analyzed retrospectively. The aim of our retrospective analysis was to determine if patient triage using the MTS is associated with rates of endoscopy and with presence of active GI bleeding.
Results In summary, 5689 patients with a GI condition were treated at our emergency department. Two hundred eighty-four patients (4.9 %) presented with suspected GI bleeding, and 165 patients (58 %) received endoscopic diagnostic. Endoscopic intervention for hemostasis was needed in 34 patients (21 %). In patients who underwent emergency endoscopy, triage into MTS categories with higher urgency was associated with higher rates of endoscopic confirmation of suspected GI bleeding (79 % of patients with MTS priority levels 1 or 2, 53 % in level 3 patients, and 40 % in levels 4 or 5 patients; p = 0.024).
Conclusions The MTS is an established tool for triage in emergency departments and could have a potential to guide early clinical decision-making with regards to urgency of endoscopic evaluation in patients with suspected GI bleeding.
Azo compounds as a family of organic electrode materials for alkali-ion batteries
Authors: Luo Chao , Borodin Oleg , Ji Xiao , Hou Singyuk , Gaskell Karen J. , Fan Xiulin , Chen Ji , Deng Tao , Wang Ruixing , Jiang Jianjun , Wang Chunsheng 
Published: February 2018

Significance
Organic electrode materials are promising for green and sustainable secondary batteries due to the light weight, abundance, low cost, sustainability, and recyclability of organic materials. However, the traditional organic electrodes suffer from poor cycle stability and low power density. Here, we report a family of organic electrode materials containing azo functional groups for alkali-ion batteries. The azo compound, azobenzene-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid lithium salt, exhibits superior electrochemical performance in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries, in terms of long cycle life and high rate capability. The mechanism study demonstrates that the azo group can reversibly react with Li ions during charge/discharge cycles. Therefore, this work offers opportunities for developing stable and high-rate alkali-ion batteries.
wine min Unferð
Authors: Williams Graham 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper argues for a reconsideration of the pragmatics ofBeowulf, specifically in relation to speech in what is known as the “Unferð Episode”, and more generally in terms of the poem’s placement in the ethnopragmatic history of English. Previous critics have almost unanimously read sarcasm into Beowulf’s treatment of the initially hostile Unferð (e.g., in his address to the latter aswine min, ‘my friend’), and in turn historical pragmaticists have discussed the poem in relation to Germanic insult-boasts, or flyting. By discussing the relevant contextual and co-textual frames, I show that previous interpretations along these lines have failed to recognize the import of Beowulf’s courtly speech.
The influence of Italian manners on politeness in England, 1550–1620
Authors: Culpeper Jonathan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper focuses on the influence of Italian conduct manuals, as translated into English, in the second half of the sixteenth century and early seventeenth century. I approach this task in two ways. One is to trace the rise of the termmanners, and also to examine the words with which it typically cohabited, thus giving a sense of the discourses of which it was a part. The analysis reveals a dramatic rise in usage of the term in the period 1550–1624, and its role in discourses to do with social regulation, negative evaluation and moralizing. The other is to undertake a detailed comparison of Della Casa’sGalateoand, in particular,Brown and Levinson (1987). The major finding here is the close similarity between the two. Along the way, the paper also airs some theoretical distinctions relating to notions of politeness, notably the distinction between first- and second-order politeness, and touches on some of the features of the social context of Early Modern England.
Discursive (re)construction of “witchcraft” as a community and “witch” as an identity in the eighteenth-century Hungarian witchcraft trial records
Authors: Petykó Márton 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This paper provides a qualitative historical (socio)pragmatic analysis of records of three eighteenth-century Hungarian witchcraft trials using a socio-cognitive model of discursive community and identity construction. I aim to describe how the general social and legal context of witchcraft became situated and interpreted in the actual witchcraft trial records from the delegated officials’ perspective. I argue that in the analysed records, the officials did not simply apply a codified definition of “witchcraft”, but they discursively (re)constructed “witchcraft” as a community and “witch” as the defendants’ identity. Thus, from the officials’ perspective, discursive community and identity construction established a relationship between the general context of witchcraft and the actual witchcraft trials. In order to reconstruct this process, I investigate the linguistic constructs by which the delegated officials actively created “witchcraft” and the defendants’ “witch” identity as mental constructs.
Meaning-making practices in the history of medical English
Authors: Taavitsainen Irma 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGenres work through conventions of communicative patterns. Variation in them is related to sociolinguistic parameters of writers and readers as well as situational and contextual factors, including culture. Conventions of writing change slowly and there are elements that remain constant throughout centuries but acquire new connotations. I shall first discuss genre theories and methods of studies at the interface between language and literature, and then provide a case study. The top genre of scholastic research was the commentary with a distinct genre structure. It was first introduced in Middle English in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and became established in Early Modern English, as my examples will show. The transition period is particularly intriguing as the old thought style began to give way to new ideas, and observation proved inherited wisdom erroneous. Commentaries had an afterlife in spurious writings, providing an empirical example of genre dynamics and proving the usefulness of the notion of genre script as applied in this case study.1
A computational model of the discovery of writing
Authors: Sproat Richard 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper reports on a computational simulation of the evolution of early writing systems from pre-linguistic symbol systems, something for which there is poor evidence in the archaeological record. The simulation starts with a completely concept-based set of symbols, and then spreads those symbols and combinations of these to morphemes of artificially generated languages based on semantic and phonetic similarity.While the simulation is crude, it is able to account for the observation that the development of writing systemsex nihiloseems to be facilitated in languages that have largely monosyllabic morphemes, or that have abundant ablauting processes. We are also able to model what appears to be two possible lines of development in early writing whereby symbols are associated to the sounds ofallmorphemes linked to a concept (as seems to have been the case in Sumerian), versus just one morpheme linked to a concept (as seems to have been the case in Chinese). Finally, the model is able to offer an account of the apparent rapid development of writing in Mesopotamia that obviates the need to posit a conscious invention of writing, as proposed by Glassner.The proposed model thus opens a new approach to thinking about the emergence of writing and its properties, something that, as noted above, has scant direct archaeological evidence.The software is released open-source on GitHub.
Early Thai orthography
Authors: Diller Anthony 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOrthographic complexity in Thai is traced diachronically to account for non-linear relationships in the current writing system. As a result of orthographic conservatism over a period of phonological change, an earlier direct phoneme-grapheme isomorphism has shifted to a complex configuration with abstract reinterpretation. What were originally segmental graphemes have acquired hierarchical functions in suprasegmental tone marking. However, aspects of this account have been challenged. A debate has arisen regarding the origins of Thai writing. An early inscription with consistent use of tone marks has been deemed a fake, causing a local uproar. This inscriptional debate is described in some detail as it provides a context appropriate for examining more general questions raised byShare & Daniels (2016)and others regarding multi-dimensional hierarchical depth in orthographic systems. Central to Thai orthographic depth is the claim that early Thai writers marked phonemic tone.
Sustainable nutrition.
Authors: Gustafson D. I. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
A new paradigm - 'sustainable nutrition' - has emerged where distinct streams of scientific discourse are beginning to overlap: in global change, environmental science, agriculture, food security, nutrition, sustainable development and public health. A broadening of perspective has accompanied this new way of thinking, which holistically considers overall food system performance, as measured by economic, environmental, societal, nutrition and health outcomes. This systems approach includes analysis of entire food supply chains: beginning with the production of essential agricultural inputs, animal and crop farm operations, fisheries and aquaculture, processing, storage, distribution, preparation, consumption and ending with waste disposal. The burgeoning scientific literature on this topic is reviewed here, which points to four actions that are needed to achieve sustainable nutrition: (1) carefully define terminology and agree upon quantifiable measures, metrics and methods of assessing the status of sustainable nutrition; (2) bridge the gap between the ability to characterize national-scale food system performance and the diet and health of individuals, by gender, age and socio-economic status; (3) better coordinate and resource the efforts now underway at local and regional levels that attempt to enhance sustainable nutrition; and (4) facilitate consensus-building across the full spectrum of food system stakeholders on the trans-sectoral, ethically based policies and other interventions that are needed across entire food supply chains in order to attain sustainable nutrition.
Finding hope
Authors: Milona Michael 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper defends a theory of hope according to which hopes are composed of a desire and a belief that the object of the desire is possible. Although belief plus desire theories of hope are now widely rejected, this is due to important oversights. One is a failure to recognize the relation that hope-constituting desires and beliefs must stand in to constitute a hope. A second is an oversimplification of the explanatory power of hope-constituting desires. The final portion of the paper uses an enhanced understanding of the psychology of hope to make progress on normative questions about hoping well.
Induced phenylamide accumulation in response to pathogen infection and hormone treatment in rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Morimoto Noriko , Ueno Kotomi , Teraishi Masayoshi , Okumoto Yutaka , Mori Naoki , Ishihara Atsushi 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Rice plants accumulate various specialized metabolites, including phenylamides, in response to pathogen attack. We prepared 25 phenylamides, and developed a method of analyzing them by multiple reaction monitoring with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We analyzed phenylamides in rice leaves infected with Cochliobolus miyabeanus and Xanthomonas oryzae. The phenylamides induced included benzoyltryptamine, cinnamoyl-, p-coumaroyl-, feruloyl-, and benzoylserotonins, cinnamoyl and benzoyltyramines, feruloylagmatine, and feruloylputrescine. Some of the phenylamides exhibited antimicrobial activity against C. miyabeanus and X. oryzae, indicating that they are phytoalexins. Treatment with jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine, and ethephone also induced phenylamide accumulation. The compositions of the induced amides varied depending on the plant hormone used, and cinnamoyltryptamine, cinnamoylserotonin, and cinnamoyltyramine were not induced by the plant hormones. These findings suggest that several plant hormones and additional factors are involved in phenylamide accumulation in response to pathogen infection in rice.
Comparative effects of ethylene inhibitors onAgrobacterium-mediated transformation of drought-tolerant wild watermelon
Authors: Malambane Goitseone , Nonaka Satoko , Shiba Hiroshi , Ezura Hiroshi , Tsujimoto Hisashi , Akashi Kinya 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEthylene (C2H4), a phytohormone that is produced in response to both abiotic and biotic stresses, is an important factor influencing the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. In this study, effects of various ethylene inhibitors on the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in drought-tolerant wild watermelon was comparatively examined. Consequently, in comparison to the application of chemical inhibitors such as AgNO3 and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), lower ethylene level was observed when the infecting Agrobacterium contained a gene for 1-aminocyclopropane-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase (acdS), which cleaves ethylene precursor ACC into α-ketobutyrate and ammonia. GUS histochemical and spectrophotometric enzyme assays showed that acdS was more effective in enhancing gene transfer than the chemical ethylene inhibitors. Efficiency of transgenic shoots formation was higher in acdS- and AVG-treated explants. These observations demonstrated that controlling the ethylene level during co-cultivation and shoot formation, particularly using the acdS-harboring Agrobacterium, is advantageous for enhancing the transformation efficiency in this plant.
Silencing of lncRNA ZFAS1 inhibits malignancies by blocking Wnt/β-catenin signaling in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Xu Weiran , He Liang , Li Ying , Tan Yan , Zhang Fan , Xu Hong 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Gastric cancer is a common malignancy with high mortality. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) zinc finger antisense (ZFAS)1 is upregulated in gastric cancer specimens compared with the para-carcinoma tissues. The silencing of ZFAS1 inhibited the growth, proliferation, cell cycle progress, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and enhanced the sensitivity to cis-platinum or paclitaxel in SGC7901 cells, as evidenced by the expression changes of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, Cyclin B1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-14. The ZFAS1 also activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Subsequently, the ZFAS1 knockdown-induced the inhibition of migration, invasion, EMT and resistance to chemotherapeutic reagens was reversed by the overexpression of β-catenin. In summary, the silencing of ZFAS1 inhibited the growth, proliferation, cell cycle progress, migration, invasion, EMT and chemotherapeutic tolerance by blocking the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in gastric cancer cells.
Supersaturated Sparse Graphs and Hypergraphs
Authors: Ferber Asaf , McKinley Gweneth , Samotij Wojciech 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA central problem in extremal graph theory is to estimate, for a given graph H, the number of H-free graphs on a given set of n vertices. In the case when H is not bipartite, Erd̋s, Frankl, and Rödl proved that there are 2(1+o(1))ex(n, H) such graphs. In the bipartite case, however, bounds of the form 2O(ex(n, H)) have been proven only for relatively few special graphs H. As a 1st attempt at addressing this problem in full generality, we show that such a bound follows merely from a rather natural assumption on the growth rate of n ↦ ex(n, H); an analogous statement remains true when H is a uniform hypergraph. Subsequently, we derive several new results, along with most previously known estimates, as simple corollaries of our theorem. At the heart of our proof lies a general supersaturation statement that extends the seminal work of Erd̋s and Simonovits. The bounds on the number of H-free hypergraphs are derived from it using the method of hypergraph containers.
Direct Lyman continuum and Ly α escape observed at redshift 4
Authors: Vanzella E , Nonino M , Cupani G , Castellano M , Sani E , Mignoli M , Calura F , Meneghetti M , Gilli R , Comastri A , Mercurio A , Caminha G B , Caputi K , Rosati P , Grillo C , Cristiani S , Balestra I , Fontana A , Giavalisco M 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
We report on the serendipitous discovery of a z = 4.0, M1500 = −22.20 star-forming galaxy (Ion3) showing copious Lyman continuum (LyC) leakage (∼60 per cent escaping), a remarkable multiple peaked Ly α emission, and significant Ly α radiation directly emerging at the resonance frequency. This is the highest redshift confirmed LyC emitter in which the ionizing and Ly α radiation possibly share a common ionized channel (with NH I &lt; 1017.2 cm−2). Ion3 is spatially resolved, it shows clear stellar winds signatures like the P-Cygni N vλ1240 profile, and has blue ultraviolet continuum (β = −2.5 ± 0.25, Fλ ∼ λβ) with weak low-ionization interstellar metal lines. Deep VLT/HAWKI Ks and Spitzer/IRAC 3.6 and 4.5μm imaging show a clear photometric signature of the H α line with equivalent width of 1000 Å rest-frame emerging over a flat continuum (Ks − 4.5μm ≃ 0). From the SED fitting, we derive a stellar mass of 1.5 × 109 M⊙, SFR of 140 M⊙ yr−1 and age of ∼10 Myr, with a low dust extinction, E(B − V) ≲ 0.1, placing the source in the starburst region of the SFR−M* plane. Ion3 shows similar properties of another LyC emitter previously discovered (z = 3.21, Ion2, Vanzella et al. 2016). Ion3 (and Ion2) represents ideal high-redshift reference cases to guide the search for reionizing sources at z &gt; 6.5 with JWST.
Creation and Assessment of a Clinical Predictive Calculator and Mortality Associated With Candida krusei Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Kronen Ryan , Hsueh Kevin , Lin Charlotte , Powderly William G , Spec Andrej 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundCandida krusei bloodstream infection (CK BSI) is associated with high mortality, but whether this is due to underlying comorbidities in affected patients or the organism itself is unknown. Identifying patient characteristics that are associated with CK BSI is crucial for clinical decision-making and prognosis.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of hospitalized patients with Candida BSI at our institution between 2002 and 2015. Data were collected on demographics, comorbidities, medications, procedures, central lines, vital signs, and laboratory values. Multivariable logistic and Cox regression were used to identify risk factors associated with CK and mortality, respectively.ResultsWe identified 1873 individual patients who developed Candida BSI within the study period, 59 of whom had CK BSI. CK BSI was predicted by hematologic malignancy, gastric malignancy, neutropenia, and the use of prophylactic azole antifungals, monoclonal antibodies, and β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations. The C-statistic was 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.81–0.91). The crude mortality rates were 64.4% for CK BSI and 41.4% for non-CK BSI. Although CK was associated with higher mortality in univariable Cox regression, this relationship was no longer significant with the addition of the following confounders: lymphoma, neutropenia, glucocorticoid use, chronic liver disease, and elevated creatinine.ConclusionsSix patient comorbidities predicted the development of CK BSI with high accuracy. Although patients with CK BSI have higher crude mortality rates than patients with non-CK BSI, this difference is not significant when accounting for other patient characteristics.
Actinotignum schaalii Infection: A Clandestine Cause of Sterile Pyuria?
Authors: Horton Lucy E , Mehta Sanjay R , Aganovic Lejla , Fierer Joshua 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
Actinotignum schaalii is an underappreciated cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in older adults. The diagnosis may be missed due to difficulty isolating and identifying the organism. Complications can result because the organism is intrinsically resistant to 2 commonly used drugs to treat UTI, as illustrated by this case.