bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Seabed Trench Formation Induced by Anchor Chain Motions
Authors: O'Neill Michael , Erbrich Carl , McNamara Anthony 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Recently there has been significant interest in the development of seabed trenches associated with anchor chains in front of suction anchors. The issue was first highlighted by Bhattacharjee et al. (2014) in relation to the Serpentina FPSO located offshore Equatorial Guinea. The subsequent implications of the Serpentina experience have been significant, such that the geotechnical design of suction anchors now often includes allowance for the potential formation of an anchor chain trench extending down to the anchor padeye.
Previous publications relating to anchor chain (mooring line) trenching have focussed primarily on observational case histories (e.g. Serpentina FPSO) and analysis of the impact of seabed trench formation on suction anchor in-place holding capacity. Furthermore, recent work by others outlined the results of 1g and centrifuge model anchor chain tests and the use of these results in the preliminary development of a chain model encompassing the progression of erosion and trench wall collapse with time.
This paper describes a new design tool which permits identification of the primary mechanism leading to the formation of seabed trenches running along the embedded section of mooring lines in front of anchors. The model provides a direct approach to estimating the extent of seabed trench formation that may arise from mooring line motions under both normal (operational) and extreme (storm/cyclonic) conditions. As inputs the design tool requires the full mooring line layout/configuration from the fairlead (located at the floating facility) down to the anchor padeye, the range of design loads at any point along the mooring line and the seabed soil properties.
Through an example study the paper demonstrates the ability of the design tool to back-analyse seabed mooring line trench formation at existing installations and predict the extent to which mooring line trenches may develop for new sites. The ability to perform site-specific assessments of trenching risk should in turn allow the industry to move away from including blanket allowances for trenches which, sometimes unnecessarily, mean that much larger anchors are planned than actually required.
How AI and Robotics can Support Marine Mining
Authors: Kampmann Peter , Christensen Leif , Fritsche Martin , Gaudig Christopher , Hanff Hendrik , Hildebrandt Marc , Kirchner Frank 
Published: April 2018

Marine Mining initiatives open up a completely new field of subsea operations. Offshore oil and gas sites are still primarily located in areas, where divers can support maintenance and repair, while future marine mining will take place in greater depths and with a complexity of machines that require support from robotic systems equipped with a substantial amount of artificial intelligence.
At the Robotics Innovation Center, a department of the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), technologies are being developed that have the potential to support marine mining in all stages from prospection to decommissioning. Various robotic technologies from systems, subsea-residence operation, inspection manipulation as well as autonomy are presented in the following chapters. Finally, a proposition for a robotic mining system is presented, that strives for minimal invasiveness of the marine environment.
La eficacia en la comunicación de las ONGD. El uso de Facebook en campañas de emergencia
Authors: Arroyo-Almaraz Isidoro , Calle Mendoza Samuel , Van Wyk Cliff 
Published: April 2018

Las redes sociales son la base de la eficacia de la comunicación de las ONGD. El objeto de estudio es determinar el papel de dichas redes y analizar las características de los mensajes en Facebook, la red social más utilizada en campañas de emergencia. Metodología. Se ha realizado una encuesta a los community managers de las ONGD, se ha estudiado el comportamiento de sus públicos a través de la tasa de interacción y realizado un análisis de contenido de los mensajes de la campaña del huracán Matthew en Haití. Resultados. Los datos muestran que en las campañas de emergencia los públicos tienen más interacciones si están bien articulados los mensajes. Conclusiones y Discusión. Las eficacias de las campañas de emergencia dependen más de la interacción de los públicos que del número de posts publicados. Cuando el público es más activo se genera la conversación horizontal que buscan las ONGD.
Eugene O'Neill's Irish “Con” Man: Charles Lever
Authors: King William Davies 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In his late plays Eugene O'Neill attends to forms of inheritance he received from growing up in a family of Irish origin. In 1946 he wrote that Irish heritage is the “thing that explains more than anything about me,” and the odd syntax is telling. A Touch of the Poet has been interpreted as O'Neill's take on his Irish émigré father James O'Neill, an actor in the romantic tradition whose overcoming of class limitations required the devices of dramatic fiction and theatrical aggrandizement, but it also reveals the influence of a novel the young O'Neill seems to have enjoyed along with his father. Confessions of Con Cregan, the Irish Gil Blas is an 1849 picaresque novel by Charles Lever, who centered his light-hearted novels on Irish characters. It contains features of characterization and plot that match elements in O'Neill's play, suggesting direct influence. The self-reflective project of O'Neill's late work reads differently in light of this intertextuality, which leads to the idea that he might have conceived his Irish identification not as a return home but ironically in terms of displacement into the transnational—an appropriate distancing given that he wrote these intimate plays far from home in the isolation of California. The pseudo-confessional aspect of Lever's novel suggests “other” ways of reading O'Neill's sly sincerity.
Reproducibility and predictors of the apnea hypopnea index across multiple nights
Authors: Alshaer Hisham , Ryan Clodagh , Fernie Geoff R , Bradley T. Douglas 
Published: April 2018

Background: Attended polysomnography (PSG) is the standard diagnostic test for sleep apnea (SA). However, due to internight variability in SA, a single night PSG may not accurately reflect the true severity of SA. Although internight variability is a well-known phenomenon, its root causes have not been fully elucidated. The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with internight variability in the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and its magnitude in the home environment.
Methods: Each participant had a full overnight PSG simultaneous with a validated portable sleep apnea monitoring device (BresoDx®) followed by two overnight home tests using the portable monitor only. Patients were stratified into those with variable AHI and consistent AHI (AHI difference ≥10 or <10 between any 2 nights, respectively). Demographics, sleepiness, sleep test variable, and supine-predominant SA (supine-SA) were examined for any association with variable AHI.
Results: Forty patients completed the protocol. The correlation between PSG and simultaneous BresoDx derived AHIs was 93.4%. Inter-class correlation between the three nights’ AHIs was 89.2%. Over two-thirds (67.5%) of patients had consistent AHIs across the three nights while 32.5% had variable AHI. AHI variability was significantly associated with supine-SA (p=0.0014) and correlated with first night’s AHI (r=0.664,p<0.001). None of the other variable, including BMI, sleepiness, gender, or test duration were associated with internight variability.
Conclusion: Although portable monitoring was highly reproducible over three nights in the majority of participants, one third had a variable AHI. Supine-SA and high AHI on the first night were predictors of high internight variability.
Experimental Study of Oblique Pedestrian Streams
Authors: Sun Lishan , Gong Qingsheng , Hao Siyuan , Wang Chao , Chen Yanyan 
Published: April 2018

The intersecting of pedestrian streams is a common phenomenon which would lead to the pedestrian deceleration, stopping, and even threat to the safety of walking. The organization of pedestrian flow is a critical factor which influences the intersection traffic. The aim of this paper is to study the characteristics of oblique pedestrian streams by a set of pedestrian experiments. Two groups of experiment participants, three volume levels and five intersecting angles were tested. The qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis methods were applied to find out the relationship between the pedestrian streams angle and pedestrian characteristics. The results indicated that the mean and median speed, exit traffic efficiency decreased initially and increased afterwards with the increase of intersecting angles when the volume was 1,000 p/h/m and 3,000 p/h/m, while the speed standard deviation changing inversely. However, these four factors show the opposite variation tendency in volume 5,000 p/h/m. Meanwhile, the quadratic function was selected to fit them. It is found that the worst speeds of pedestrian streams were 131° and 122° in volume 1,000 p/h/m and 3,000 p/h/m, respectively, and the greatest influence on pedestrian streams was 125° in volume 5,000 p/h/m. The results of this research can help establish the foundation for the organization and optimization of intersecting pedestrian streams.
Global Economy Crisis and its Impact on Operational Container Carrier’s Strategy
Authors: Jerebić Vladimir , Pavlin Stanislav 
Published: April 2018

The shipping market is an economic derivative of global production and trade, being precariously subject of their cyclic changes, depressions and expansions. This paper analyses the condition of global container shipping market, caused by long-lasting economic and financial crisis that begun in 2008, but is still much visible within the container industry, particularly through overcapacity and low freight rates. It also deals with major changes of maritime container carrier’s management strategies, development and application of advanced transportation, technological, technical, economical, organizational and commercial measures in order to adapt and cope with new business environment. Finally, an attempt is made to forecast the market, potential difficulties and to propose problem-solving measures.
Acute intermittent hypoxia enhances corticospinal synaptic plasticity in humans
Authors: Christiansen Lasse , Urbin MA , Mitchell Gordon S , Perez Monica A 
Published: April 2018

Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) enhances voluntary motor output in humans with central nervous system damage. The neural mechanisms contributing to these beneficial effects are unknown. We examined corticospinal function by evaluating motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by cortical and subcortical stimulation of corticospinal axons and the activity in intracortical circuits in a finger muscle before and after 30 min of AIH or sham AIH. We found that the amplitude of cortically and subcortically elicited MEPs increased for 75 min after AIH but not sham AIH while intracortical activity remained unchanged. To examine further these subcortical effects, we assessed spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP) targeting spinal synapses and the excitability of spinal motoneurons. Notably, AIH increased STDP outcomes while spinal motoneuron excitability remained unchanged. Our results provide the first evidence that AIH changes corticospinal function in humans, likely by altering corticospinal-motoneuronal synaptic transmission. AIH may represent a novel noninvasive approach for inducing spinal plasticity in humans.
Analysis of immediate student outcomes following a change in gross anatomy laboratory teaching methodology*
Authors: Afsharpour Salman , Gonsalves Abigail , Hosek Ronald , Partin Eric 
Published: April 2018

Objective:
To compare student performance following a change in laboratory teaching methodology from cadavers to models to virtual dissection table in a musculoskeletal gross anatomy course in a doctor of chiropractic program.

Methods:
Three marking periods of laboratory and lecture examination scores from 3 consecutive academic calendar years were evaluated and compared using simple analysis as well as analysis of variance and post hoc t tests. The 1st cohort of students (n = 352) utilized cadavers. The 2nd cohort of students (n = 350) had anatomical models as their primary gross laboratory modality. The 3rd cohort of students (n = 393) utilized virtual dissection tables.

Results:
The midterm and final laboratory examination scores were evaluated and showed successive increase in aggregate averages between cohort 1 (mean = 76.1%), cohort 2 (mean = 81.4%), and cohort 3 (mean = 85.1%). Lecture examination scores remained consistent between the cohorts at 61.2%, 62.4%, and 61.1%, respectively. Significant improvements were seen in lab exam scores between cohorts (F [2, 2113] = 58.6, p &lt; .001), and no significant differences were seen in lecture exam scores.

Conclusion:
Students utilizing virtual dissection tables scored higher on laboratory examinations than students having models or cadavers. However, they displayed a similar testing competency in lecture examinations, suggesting a possible change in laboratory examination difficulty between the cohorts but a similar knowledge base. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the long-term retention of student knowledge.
Aromaten im Blut mittels Headspace‐Gaschromatographie mit massenspektrometrischer Detektion [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2018]
Authors: Göen T. , Müller J. , Hoppe H.‐W. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe working group „Analyses in Biological Materials“ of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area verified the presented biomonitoring method.The here described analytical method enables the simultaneous determination of benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, o‐xylene, m‐xylene, p‐xylene, styrene, n‐propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene (cumene), 1,2,3‐trimethylbenzene (hemimellitene), 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5‐trimethylbenzene (mesitylene) and 1,2,3,5‐tetramethylbenzene (isodurene) in blood. For determination, the blood samples are introduced into headspace vials. The vials are sealed and heated to 50 °C in the autosampler. Subsequently, an aliquot of the vapour phase is injected into the GC system and analysed using mass spectrometry. Calibration standards are prepared in ovine blood and processed in the same way as the samples to be analysed.
Aromatic Compounds in Blood – Determination using Headspace Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection [Biomonitoring Methods, 2018]
Authors: Göen T. , Müller J. , Hoppe H.‐W. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe working group „Analyses in Biological Materials“ of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area verified the presented biomonitoring method.The here described analytical method enables the simultaneous determination of benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, o‐xylene, m‐xylene, p‐xylene, styrene, n‐propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene (cumene), 1,2,3‐trimethylbenzene (hemimellitene), 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5‐trimethylbenzene (mesitylene) and 1,2,3,5‐tetramethylbenzene (isodurene) in blood. For determination, the blood samples are introduced into headspace vials. The vials are sealed and heated to 50 °C in the autosampler. Subsequently, an aliquot of the vapour phase is injected into the GC system and analysed using mass spectrometry. Calibration standards are prepared in ovine blood and processed in the same way as the samples to be analysed.
1,4‐Dichlorbenzol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated 1,4‐dichlorobenzene [106‐46‐7] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.In mouse liver, 1,4‐dichlorobenzene causes carcinoma after oral and inhalation exposure and is mitogenic and cytotoxic. In reliable studies it is not genotoxic. As a non‐genotoxic mechanism is of prime importance and genotoxic effects play at most a minor part, provided the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) is observed, 1,4‐dichlororbenzene is now classified in Category 4 for carcinogenic substances.The chronic local NOAEC of 20 ml/m3for changes in the olfactory epithelium of the rat nose would correspond to a MAK value of 10 ml/m3. However, the most sensitive toxicological effect is hepatocellular hypertrophy with a LOAEL of 10 mg/kg body weight and day in an oral 52‐week study with dogs. Because of the low severity and incidence of the effect, a NAEL of 5 mg/kg body weight and day is assumed. This NAEL is scaled to a MAK value of 2 ml/m3.Since a systemic effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category II is assigned. As it is not known if the effects are due to the metabolites or 1,4‐dichlorobenzene itself, the default excursion factor of 2 is assigned.The NOAECs for developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits are 500 and 100 ml/m3, respectively, and the differences to the MAK value are sufficient. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and 1,4‐dichlorobenzene is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and 1,4‐dichlorobenzene remains designated with an “H” notation. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.
Maleinsäureanhydrid [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated maleic anhydride [108‐31‐6], considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.Maleic anhydride is an irritant to the upper respiratory tract. A LOAEC of 0.27 ml/m3for nasal and ocular irritation was obtained from a 6‐month inhalation study in rats, hamsters and monkeys. Since 2014 the Commission uses an empirical approach to set the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. Based on this, the MAK value for maleic anhydride is set at 0.02 ml/m3(0.081 mg/m3). Since the critical effect of maleic anhydride is local, Peak Limitation Category I with an excursion factor of 1 is confirmed and a momentary value of 0.05 ml/m3is set. Damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded and maleic anhydride remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C. Maleic anhydride is not genotoxic in vitro and in vivo. No increased tumour incidence was observed in a chronic feeding study in rats. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. In humans airway sensitization is observed. There are positive results of contact sensitization in mice and guinea pigs. Maleic anhydride continues to be designated with “Sah”.
Isopropoxyethanol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of 2‐isopropoxyethanol [
109‐59‐1
].

As 2‐isopropoxyethanol is irritating to rabbit skin and eyes an irritating potential for the respiratory tract of humans has to be assumed. In a poorly documented three‐week inhalation study in rats, nasal irritations at 1000 ml/m
3
are reported, but the nose is not histopathologically investigated in any of the inhalation studies. A MAK value of 10 ml/m
3
for 2‐isopropoxyethanol is derived by analogy with 2‐butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) which shows a similar irritation potency. For rats, the critical effect in a 28‐day inhalation study is the concentration dependent hemolytic anemia at 100 ml/m
3
and above. The NOAEC is 30 ml/m
3
. As humans are less sensitive than rats for this effect, which does not increase with prolonged exposure, the MAK value of 10 ml/m
3
should provide sufficient protection from hemolytic anemia. Since a local effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category I is designated. By analogy with 2‐butoxyethanol and 2‐propoxyethanol an excursion factor of 2 is set.

The NOAEC for developmental toxicity in rats is 600 ml/m
3
and after considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace because the blood:air partition coefficient of 2‐isopropoxyethanol is > 5 (see List of MAK‐ and BAT values chapters I b and I c) the difference to the MAK value is sufficient. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and 2‐isopropoxyethanol remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.
Succinic acid [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated succinic acid to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints.The critical effect is severe local irritation as shown with the Draize test in the rabbit eye. Inhalation studies are not available, however, effects on the respiratory tract have to be assumed. Systemic toxicity in rats in the form of reduced body weight gain occurred at 1900 mg/kg body weight/day given in drinking water. After gavage administration, blood urea nitrogen was increased in female rats from 1000 mg/kg body weight/day and urinary protein was increased in males from 300 mg/kg body weight/day. The lower LOAEL in the gavage study as compared with the drinking water study suggests adverse effects on the kidney presumably due to the bolus application.After comparing succinic acid with other solid acids, a MAK value of 2 mg succinic acid/m3I has been set in analogy to phosphoric acid, which is considered to be the worst‐case.As the critical effect is local, succinic acid is assigned to Peak Limitation Category I. In analogy to phosphoric acid an excursion factor of 2 is set.Damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed; thus, the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C.Succinic acid is not genotoxic and not carcinogenic. No contact sensitizing effects have been observed. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
Magnesiumoxid, unlöslich (Sintermagnesia) (alveolengängige Fraktion) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2018

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has reevaluated Magnesium oxide. Magnesium oxide, sintermagnesite [
1309‐48‐4
], is a biopersistent granular dust. Therefore, the respirable fraction of magnesium oxide dust has been classified in Carcinogen Category 4 and a MAK value of 0.3 mg/m³ × material density was established for the respirable fraction in analogy to the other biopersistent granular dusts. Additionally for this fraction the Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 8 was established. Since magnesium oxide is not systemically distributed and accumulates only locally in the lungs, no developmental effects due to this dust are expected to occur at the MAK value of 0.3 mg/m³ × material density (respirable, R‐fraction). Magnesium oxide has accordingly been classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Magnesium oxide is not designated with either “Sa” or “Sh” or “H”.