Genotypic clustering does not imply recent tuberculosis transmission in a high prevalence setting: A genomic epidemiology study in Lima, Peru
Authors: Dixit Avika , Freschi Luca , Vargas Roger , Calderon Roger , Sacchettini James , Drobniewski Francis , Galea Jerome T. , Contreras Carmen , Yataco Rosa , Zhang Zibiao , Lecca Leonid , Kolokotronis Sergios-Orestis , Mathema Barun , Farhat Maha R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundWhole genome sequencing (WGS) can elucidateMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) transmission patterns but more data is needed to guide its use in high-burden settings. In a household-based transmissibility study of 4,000 TB patients in Lima, Peru, we identified a large MIRU-VNTR Mtb cluster with a range of resistance phenotypes and studied host and bacterial factors contributing to its spread.MethodsWGS was performed on 61 of 148 isolates in the cluster. We compared transmission link inference using epidemiological or genomic data with and without the inclusion of controversial variants, and estimated the dates of emergence of the cluster and antimicrobial drug resistance acquisition events by generating a time-calibrated phylogeny. We validated our findings in genomic data from an outbreak of 325 TB cases in London. Using a larger set of 12,032 public Mtb genomes, we determined bacterial factors characterizing this cluster and under positive selection in other Mtb lineages.FindingsFour isolates were distantly related and the remaining 57 isolates diverged ca. 1968 (95% HPD: 1945-1985). Isoniazid resistance arose once, whereas rifampicin resistance emerged subsequently at least three times. Amplification of other drug resistance occurred as recently as within the last year of sampling. High quality PE/PPE variants and indels added information for transmission inference. We identified five cluster-defining SNPs, includingesxVS23L to be potentially contributing to transmissibility.InterpretationClusters defined by MIRU-VNTR typing, could be circulating for decades in a high-burden setting. WGS allows for an improved understanding of transmission, as well as bacterial resistance and fitness factors.FundingThe study was funded by the National Institutes of Health (Peru Epi study U19-AI076217 and K01-ES026835 to MRF). The funding sources had no role in any aspect of the study, manuscript or decision to submit it for publication.Research in contextEvidence before this studyUse of whole genome sequencing (WGS) to study tuberculosis (TB) transmission has proven to have higher resolution that traditional typing methods in low-burden settings. The implications of its use in high-burden settings are not well understood.Added value of this studyUsing WGS, we found that TB clusters defined by traditional typing methods may be circulating for several decades. Genomic regions typically excluded from WGS analysis contain large amount of genetic variation that may affect interpretation of transmission events. We also identified five bacterial mutations that may contribute to transmission fitness.Implications of all the available evidenceAdded value of WGS for understanding TB transmission may be even higher in high-burden vs. low-burden settings. Methods integrating variants found in polymorphic sites and insertions and deletions are likely to have higher resolution. Several host and bacterial factors may be responsible for higher transmissibility that can be targets of intervention to interrupt TB transmission in communities.