bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Catalytic Performance of Modified SBA-16 in Liquid Phase Reaction
Authors: Veli Simsek , Pinar Avci 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
A new mesoporous silica SBA-16 (called SP-16) was prepared by the direct hydrothermal method using Pluronic F127 (triblock copolymer; EO106PO70EO106) as surfactant and TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate) as silica source. The catalyst property of the SBA-16 was attained by loading the STA (Silicotungstic acid) active compound. The loading contents of STA were determined between 5 % and 40 % based on weight ratio of W and Si (W/Si). Catalytic activities and sustainability of SP-16 (10–20 %, W/Si) catalysts were determined by esterification (liquid phase reaction methanol and acetic acid) reactions at 343-353K, under autogenic pressure, 1/1–1/2 feed molar ratios (methanol/acetic acid) and in the presence of 0.4 g catalyst in the semi-batch reactor for 6 - 24h. Acetic acid conversion values of 10 and 20 % catalysts with 1/1 molar ratio at the end of 24h were obtained as 32–52.9 % and 47–60 %, respectively. On the other hand, when 1/2 molar ratio at 353K was used, 20 % catalyst showed 82.2 % conversion. Moreover, a second reaction experiment of 10 % catalyst was also carried out in identical conditions in the presence of catalyst recovered after the first methyl acetate reaction. The first and second reaction results of 10 % catalyst indicated that catalytic activity and sustainability were preserved for both 6 and 24h analyses. The physical properties of the materials obtained were investigated by Nitrogen sorption at 77K (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), Multiple Internal Reflection (DRIFT), Thermo-gravimetry/Differential thermal analysis(TG/DTA), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and MAPPING analysis methods.
Determinants of Base-Pair Substitution Patterns Revealed by Whole-Genome Sequencing of DNA Mismatch Repair DefectiveEscherichia coli
Authors: Foster Patricia L , Niccum Brittany A , Popodi Ellen , Townes Jesse P , Lee Heewook , MohammedIsmail Wazim , Tang Haixu 
Published: June 2018

AbstractProofreading during DNA replication and post-replication mismatch repair are two major defenses against mutations. Foster et al. and Niccum et al. used mutation accumulation and whole genome sequencing to assemble a database of thousands...Mismatch repair (MMR) is a major contributor to replication fidelity, but its impact varies with sequence context and the nature of the mismatch. Mutation accumulation experiments followed by whole-genome sequencing of MMR-defective Escherichia coli strains yielded ≈30,000 base-pair substitutions (BPSs), revealing mutational patterns across the entire chromosome. The BPS spectrum was dominated by A:T to G:C transitions, which occurred predominantly at the center base of 5′NAC3′+5′GTN3′ triplets. Surprisingly, growth on minimal medium or at low temperature attenuated these mutations. Mononucleotide runs were also hotspots for BPSs, and the rate at which these occurred increased with run length. Comparison with ≈2000 BPSs accumulated in MMR-proficient strains revealed that both kinds of hotspots appeared in the wild-type spectrum and so are likely to be sites of frequent replication errors. In MMR-defective strains transitions were strand biased, occurring twice as often when A and C rather than T and G were on the lagging-strand template. Loss of nucleotide diphosphate kinase increases the cellular concentration of dCTP, which resulted in increased rates of mutations due to misinsertion of C opposite A and T. In an mmr ndk double mutant strain, these mutations were more frequent when the template A and T were on the leading strand, suggesting that lagging-strand synthesis was more error-prone, or less well corrected by proofreading, than was leading strand synthesis.
Primer reporte de parásitos gastrointestinales en Jirafas (<i>Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata</i>) de cautiverio, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Authors: Palacios Quirós Esteban , Jiménez Rocha Ana Eugenia , Pivovarova Tania 
Published: June 2018

La jirafa (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata), es una especie de ungulado poligástrico, originario del continente africano cuyas poblaciones en cautiverio han aumentado de manera exponencial. Las enfermedades parasitarias se catalogan como una de las principales causas de mortalidad en esta especie. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las especies y géneros de parásitos gastrointestinales (PGI) en jirafas de cautiverio en Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Se analizó en total 37 muestras de heces de 10 jirafas procedentes de un centro turístico. Las cuales se recolectaron de enero a mayo del 2017 en cuatro muestreos, excepto a una de ellas, nacida durante el estudio. El muestreo se realizó al momento de la defecación. Las heces fueron transportadas en frío a una temperatura de ≈4 oC, y remitidas al Laboratorio de Parasitología de la Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional. Las muestras fueron procesadas por técnicas coprológicas (Sheather, y sedimentación) para determinar la presencia de huevos de nematodos, trematodos y cestodos; inmunológicas (FasTest® Crypto-Giardia Strip), para detectar parásitos zoonóticos como Cryptosporidium parvum y Giardia duodenalis; McMaster para determinar la carga parasitaria (huevos por gramos de heces= HPG) del grupo Strongylida y el coprocultivo para determinar el porcentaje de larvas infectantes (L3). El 100 % de las jirafas analizadas fueron positivas a PGI, teniendo toda la población parásitos del grupo Strongylida. Las L3 identificadas correspondieron a 100 % Haemonchus spp., 10 % Cooperia spp. y 20 % Strongyloides papillosus. No se encontraron PGI zoonóticos. El rango de HPG fluctuó de < 50 a 625. El porcentaje de larvas infectantes del grupo Strongylida identificadas por coprocultivo fue 100 % (10/10) de Haemonchus spp. y 10 % (1/10) de Cooperia spp. Únicamente una jirafa tuvo infección mixta por Haemonchus y Cooperia. Este estudio representa el primer reporte de la presencia de PGI en jirafas de Costa Rica, y es el primero que identifica Cooperia spp. y Strongyloides papillosus en el nivel mundial.
Measuring the Reading of Inscriptions on Tombstones in the Past: Theoretical Approach
Authors: Tolkačevski Kšištof 
Published: June 2018

[full article, abstract in English; abstract in Lithuanian]
If you own a book, it doesn’t mean at all that you have read it. Thus how the reading activity that took place in the past could be analysed and measured? And what methods could be used in case of extraordinary reading material, such as inscriptions on tombstones? In this article the author aims to show the possibility of investigating and measuring the process of reading inscriptions on tombstones in the past by applying Paul Connerton’s social theory on memory. Connerton’s model was tested on tombstones from Catholic cemeteries in Vilnius from the 19th century, the theoretical approach of applying this model is described in this article.
Representações Sociais Docentes: EaD e Educação Presencial
Authors: Carneiro David Vieira , Monteiro Patrícia Ortiz 
Published: June 2018

A Educação a Distância cresceu nos últimos anos e hoje é parte do sistema educacional brasileiro. Nesse contexto, ela forma diversos profissionais, inclusive professores. Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar as representações sociais de docentes do curso de Pedagogia da EaD e da educação presencial sobre as diferenças entre as modalidades. O tema se justifica, pois permite analisar como se orienta a ação dos docentes das modalidades, assim como seu comportamento. A metodologia utilizada foi entrevistas com perguntas abertas com doze docentes, sendo seis da EaD e seis da modalidade presencial. Os resultados apontaram para a ideia de que a educação presencial é considerada mais eficiente do que a EaD por docentes das duas modalidades. Palavras-chave: EaD, Representações, Pedagogia. Social Representations of Teachers: DE and face-to-face educationAbstractDistance education has grown in recent years and today it is part of the Brazilian educational system. In this context, it prepares different professionals, including teachers. This article aims to identify the social representations of teachers of the Teacher Education at a Distance (DE) program and the face-to-face program regarding the differences between these modalities. The theme is justified because it allows to analyze teachers actions in the modalities as well as their behavior. The methodology used was open questions interviews with 12 teachers, being 6 of the DE and 6 of the face-to-face modality. The results point to the idea that face-to-face education is considered to be more effective than DE by teachers of both modalities. Keywords: Distance education, Social representations, Teacher Education (Pedagogy).
MODELAGEM DA FERMENTAÇÃO ALCOÓLICA INDUSTRIAL CONTÍNUA COM MÚLTIPLOS REATORES EM SÉRIE
Authors: Zanardi Mayara Dos Santos , Da Costa Junior Esly Ferreira 
Published: June 2018

<p><em>A modelagem nos permite prever o comportamento do processo e, posteriormente, propor melhorias, com o objetivo de obter o máximo rendimento do produto. No Brasil, o etanol é obtido, principalmente, a partir da fermentação da sacarose, presente na cana-de-açúcar. A fermentação ocorre em bioreatores e pode ser conduzida de forma contínua. Esse trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver e simular modelos matemáticos para um processo de fermentação real, contínuo e com cinco reatores em série. Os dados experimentais foram obtidos em uma usina autônoma, localizada no município de Linhares-ES. A empresa utiliza como matéria-prima o caldo cana-de-açúcar e a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Os modelos matemáticos foram obtidos a partir da equação do balanço de massa para cada componente de interesse no reator. A integração numérica do sistema de EDOs é realizada pelo método de Runge-Kutta de 4ª ordem. O problema de otimização não linear, utilizado para encontrar os valores dos parâmetros cinéticos, é resolvido utilizando o método de otimização Simplex Nelder-Mead, implementado no software Matlab®. A concentração dos componentes no reator não foi constante, mesmo se tratando de um processo contínuo, porque o mesmo não opera no estado estacionário. Os modelos que consideraram a inibição por produto apresentaram um melhor desempenho em representar o processo de fermentação quando comparados aos modelos sem inibição. </em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>ABSTRACT</em></p><p><em></em><em>The modeling allows us to predict the behavior of the process and then to propose improvements, with objective to obtain the maximum yield of the product. In Brazil ethanol is mainly obtained from the fermentation of sucrose, present in the sugarcane. Fermentation occurs in bioreactors and can be conducted continuously. This work has the objective to develop and to simulate mathematical models for a real continuous fermentation process, with five reactors in series. The experimental data were obtained in an autonomous plant, located in the Linhares-ES. The company uses as raw material sugarcane juice and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. The mathematical models were obtained from the equation of mass balance for each component of interest in the reactor. The numerical integration of the ODE system is performed by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The nonlinear optimization problem, used to find the kinetic parameter values, is solved using the Nelder-Mead Simplex optimization method implemented in Matlab® software. The concentration of the components in the reactor wasn’t constant, even if it is a continuous process, because it doesn’t operate at steady state. The models that considers the inhibition by product, presented a better performance, in representing the fermentation process, when compared with the models without inhibition.</em></p>
ESTUDO CINÉTICO: HIDRÓLISE ALCALINA DE ÉSTERES
Authors: Souza Douglas Antônio Alves de , Oliveira Gabriella Noronha de , Valério Pedro Prates 
Published: June 2018

<p><em>Ésteres são compostos orgânicos também aplicáveis às indústrias químicas. Quando associados a uma base forte, como hidróxido de sódio (NaOH), os ésteres tendem a ser hidrolisados, produzindo sais orgânicos e álcool. Considerando aplicabilidades industriais, presente trabalho tem como objetivo estimar parâmetros cinéticos relacionados à reação de hidrólise alcalina dos ésteres acetato de etila, estearina e palmitato de isopropila. Observou-se que os parâmetros cinéticos estimados (</em><em>E<sub>a</sub>, k<sub>o</sub></em><em>, k, r<sub>A0</sub><strong>) </strong>diferiram<strong> </strong></em><em>entre os compostos estudados. Para todos os tratamentos as concentrações de ésteres decresceram com o tempo, se tornando mais rápidas com aumento da temperatura, tendo como base o modelo de Arrhenius.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><em>ABSTRACT</em></p><p><em>Esters are organic compounds also applicable to the chemical industries. When associated with a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), the esters tend to be hydrolysed, producing organic salts and alcohol. The present work considers the industrial applicability of esters while estimating kinetic parameters related to the alkaline hydrolysis reaction of ethyl acetate esters, stearin and isopropyl palmitate. It was observed that the estimated kinetic parameters </em>(<em>E<sub>a</sub>, k<sub>o</sub></em>, <em>k, r<sub>A0</sub></em><strong>) </strong><em>differed between the compounds studied. For all treatments, the concentrations of esters decreased with time, becoming faster with increasing temperature, based on the Arrhenius model.</em></p>
Hydrogeochemistry and lead contamination of groundwater in the north part of Esfahan province, Iran
Authors: Pazand Kaveh , Khosravi Davoud , Ghaderi Mohammad Reza , Rezvanianzadeh Mohammad Reza 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
Geochemical and hydrogeochemical studies were conducted to assess the origin and geochemical mechanisms driving lead enrichment in groundwaters of semi-arid regions in Central Iran. In this study, 149 water samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations of Pb and As in about 68% and 27% of the samples, respectively, exceeded WHO guidelines. Analyzing the results of ICP-MS of parental rocks and aquifer sediments shows that unweathered volcanic rocks were the primary source for lead mobilizing to groundwaters.
La angustia de encontrarse con Dios.
Authors: Stuven María Teresa 
Published: June 2018

The existential philosophy of Martin Heidegger by Edith Stein is a critique of Heidegger´s Being and time. Stein summarizes the fundamental lines of Heidegger´s opus magnum and then criticizes it from phenomenology, Scholastics, and Christianism, the religion she converted to. Her critical standing focuses on the main concepts on which the work is based, such as the starting point of ontology, the being, Dasein, the condition of the thrown one, the fall, temporality, the One, death, and the denial of God’s existence. The purpose of this study is to examine the reasons that make impossible to affrm God’s existence in Heidegger´s Being and time.
Juventude, religião e política: alguns apontamentos teóricos
Authors: Cardozo Carlos Eduardo 
Published: June 2018

Nos estudos acerca da juventude e política encontramos posições que ora qualificam essa experiência como apática e desconectada da política, ora como essencialmente predisposta à política. Essas questões são formuladas ao longo do texto, a partir do que seria o cenário perceptível das relações entre religião e política. No plano da cultura e do cotidiano, da esfera pública e da política, os atores religiosos se movimentam e trazem a público sua linguagem, ethos, demandas, nas mais diversas direções. O cenário atual suscita reposicionamentos temáticos e teóricos dos cientistas sociais, que são identificados e discutidos no texto.
THE QUALITY OF TEACHER-MADE TEST IN EFL CLASSROOM AT THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AND ITS WASHBACK IN THE LEARNING
Authors: Lebagi Desrin , Sumardi S. , Sudjoko S. 
Published: June 2018

One of essential phases in language learning is measurement. Test as a tool of measurement process must then be well constructed. The quality of test itself can be determined through test item analysis. However, in some occasions, teachers tend to ignore test item analysis because of time limitation and other responsibilities. Referring to this problem, this research aimed to describe the quality of test items including the difficulty index, the discrimination index, the distractor index, and the reliability of the test and the Washback of teacher-made test on students’ motivation in learning English. It was conducted at Gamaliel Elementary School in academic year of 2016-2017. This case study utilized purposive sampling. In collecting the data, the researcher used interview, observation, and document analysis as the techniques of collecting data. The informants were an English teacher and students of Gamaliel Elementary School. The documents were students’ answer sheets. In analyzing test items, the researchers used ITEMAN program. The result of this study shows that the teacher-made test can be classified in good test. The test brings both positive and negative Washback in students’ motivation in learning. Therefore, it is recommended for the teacher to conduct test analysis as a way of evaluating and improving his teaching and learning and test itself as well as to encourage the students to study even though they are not confronted with a test.
The SiLuDrain Trial: a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing standard versus silver-impregnated lumbar drains
Authors: Jakobs Martin , Klein Sabrina , Eigenbrod Tatjana , Unterberg Andreas W. , Sakowitz Oliver W. 
Published: June 2018

OBJECTIVECatheter-associated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infection remains a serious event, especially for patients in neurocritical care units. The use of external ventricular drain (EVD) catheters impregnated with antimicrobial substances has led to a significant reduction of infection rates. This study was undertaken to compare the use of antimicrobial, silver-impregnated external lumbar drains (si-ELDs) and conventional ELDs.METHODSPatients with an indication for ELD placement were randomized to receive either a conventional or an si-ELD catheter. Regular assessment for CSF infections and device-related complications was performed. Neurosurgeons placing the ELD rated the usability and handling of the catheter on a 6-item ordinal performance scale (range: 1, very bad, to 5, very good). All microorganisms isolated in this study were tested for silver-susceptibility via a catheter-roll method.RESULTSA total of 48 patients were enrolled in the trial. The si-ELD catheters showed a nonsignificantly lower infection rate compared to conventional ones (4.2% vs 16.7%, p = 0.16). The majority of infections were caused by Staphylococcus species. Device-related complications occurred significantly less often with silver-impregnated-catheters than with conventional ones (8.3% vs 37.5%, p = 0.02). The usability was rated significantly better for si-ELDs (p = 0.003). Antimicrobial susceptibility was shown for si-ELDs against various Staphylococcus spp., but Candida parapsilosis and Escherichia coli were not affected by this antimicrobial agent.CONCLUSIONSSilver-impregnated ELD catheters, which could potentially reduce the number of CSF infections, show significantly better properties in regard to handling and fewer device-related complications. Whether they are superior to antibiotic-impregnated catheters or a clinical regimen involving antibiotic prophylaxis remains to be proven.Clinical trial registration no.: DRKS00013513 (Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien)
Southeast Asian Butterfly Project
Authors: Miracle Eulàlia , Loo Tina , Caspers Max 
Published: June 2018

Butterflies are important ecosystem components. They play a major role in pollination, are preyed upon and parasitized by other species, and because of their specific habitat requirements, populations can change quickly and are widely regarded as sensitive environmental indicators, being used to assess factors ranging from climate change to land management. So in addition to their enormous aesthetic appeal and educational value to the layperson, they are important to the scientific community in investigating pressing climate change and biodiversity issues.
While attention to and knowledge of butterflies in western countries is significant, this is not necessarily the case for species-rich tropical areas. Naturalis Biodiversity Center possesses a world-class collection of Southeast Asian butterflies, Indonesian specimens in particular, and would like to bridge this geographic gap in knowledge by embarking on a five-year project to establish an online presence of Southeast Asian butterflies. We hope to establish a consortium of interested international museums and institutes to join us in documenting species-level natural histories, distribution and occurrence data, and photos. The data we will be using will come from literature, digitized collections and observations. Ultimately, we hope to also develop a species identification app, provide links to Red List species protection data, serve as an online field guide for butterfly enthusiasts, and promote and stimulate European Union (EU) and Southeast Asian collection digitization. We will begin this year with a pilot project limited to swallowtails (Papilionidae) in our initial effort to provide an online resource of Southeast Asian butterflies for scientists, educators and laypersons alike.
The Field Guide to the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape app: A Partnership Between the Gunditjmara Community and Museums Victoria
Authors: Smith Ursula , Knight Georgia , Lovett-Murray Tyson , Rose Denis , Henry Dermot 
Published: June 2018

In March 2011 Museums Victoria participated in the Australian Biological Resources Study’s Bush Blitz in Kurtonitj, Lake Condah and Tyrendarra Indigenous Protected Areas in western Victoria. These areas form part of the Budj Bim Cultural Heritage Landscape recently nominated for World Heritage Status. The Bush Blitz found 854 species that were not previously recorded from the reserves, including over a dozen new to science. Thousands of specimens of plants and animals were collected during the survey, including over 1000 by Museums Victoria.
The Bush Blitz ran in close cooperation with Gunditjmara Traditional Owners and Working on Country rangers. The relationship established between Museums Victoria and the Gunditjmara during the initial Bush Blitz resulted in several return trips by Museum scientists. From these grew a project to combine the Gunditjmara’s traditional knowledge of the animals of their Country with the scientific knowledge generated through the Bush Blitz and other surveys.
The result is a free app for iOS and Android, the Field Guide to the Budj Bim Cultural Landscape, presenting over 250 species found in and around the area. For over two-thirds of these species traditional knowledge is included, such as names in the Dhauwurd Wurrung language, information on how they were hunted and used as well as beliefs and stories. Images and descriptions of cultural objects related to daily life in this landscape are also presented. The app contains over 700 images of wildlife and country as well as calls from frogs, birds and mammals.
The content of the app was developed by staff at Museums Victoria in collaboration with the Gunditj Mirring Traditional Owners Aboriginal Corporation. We believe this is the first time this sort of synthesis of cultural knowledge specific to the biodiversity of an area has been presented alongside the scientific knowledge.
The app is being used on Country by Gunditjmara for education within the community, by heritage researchers working in the area and by other visitors to Stone Country. We hoped the app would be a model that other communities could adopt using the freely available code and we have had enquires about managing data for similar projects. All the information in the app is stored within the museum’s collection management database (EMu) allowing its association with taxonomy as well as specimens from the area, enriching our knowledge and understanding of our collections.