bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Rapid, Sensitive and Reliable Detection of Trace Explosives Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry (PS‐MS)
Authors: Costa Catia , van Es Elsje M. , Sears Patrick , Bunch Josephine , Palitsin Vladimir , Mosegaard Kirsten , Bailey Melanie J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this publication we work towards providing fast, sensitive and selective analysis of explosive compounds collected on swabs using paper spray mass spectrometry. We have (a) increased the size of the paper spray substrate to 1.6×2.1 cm for compatibility with current practise in swabbing for explosive material; (b) developed a method for determining a successful extraction of analyte from the substrate to reduce false negative events; and (c) expanded the range of analytes that can be detected using paper spray to include the peroxide explosive HMTD, as well as nitroglycerine (NG), picric acid (PA) and tetryl. We report the development of a 30 s method for the simultaneous detection of 7 different explosive materials using PS‐MS with detection limits below 25 pg, as well as detection of HMTD at 2500 pg, showing an improvement on previously published work.
Study on Comparative Performance of CL‐20/RDX‐based CMDB Propellants
Authors: Wang Jiangning , Yang Lilong , Zheng Wei , Zhang Jun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe energy, combustion and combustion residues properties of composite modified double‐base (CMDB)propellants with CL‐20 were compared to those propellants with RDX. The energy characteristic of CL‐20/RDX‐CMDB propellants had also been calculated theoretically based on the principle of minimum free energy. The energy property of propellants with CL‐20 was found to be evidently enhanced in comparison to those propellants containing RDX. The findings on combustion properties revealed that the combustion properties of CL‐20‐CMDB propellants were contrary to the of RDX‐CMDB propellants. With the mass fraction of CL‐20 increasing in the propellants, the burning rates of propellants can be enhanced significantly, but the burning rates of propellants containing RDX decreased. Analysis of the combustion residues for CL‐20/RDX‐CMDB propellants revealed that the C, Cu and Pb elements aggregated on combustion surface, which may be useful for guiding the regulation of combustion performance of high‐performance CMDB propellants containing CL‐20.
Heat of Formation Assessment of Organic Azido Compounds Used as Green Energetic Plasticizers by QSPR Approaches
Authors: Sheibani Nasser 
Published: May 2019

AbstractQuantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) approaches were applied as a tool for assessment of the standard enthalpy of formation of 40 organic azido compounds with different molecular structure which are used as energetic plasticizers in energetic material formulations. Chemical structures of these compounds were encoded into several sets of molecular descriptors, which represent various physical and chemical properties of these molecules. A total number of 1475 molecular descriptors of 22 different types were selected and calculated. Then a stepwise regression method was applied to determine the most relevant molecular descriptors which have significant effects on the ΔH°f of azido compounds. Finally, the best subsets regression method and also the response plot of PLS regression is used to evaluate the predictive power of the selected molecular descriptors and find out the possibility to reduce the dimension of the initially developed model. The finally derived models displayed a good predictive ability arising from the determination coefficient corresponding to the leave one out (LOO) cross validation technique (R2=0.9821, 0.9962 and
=0.9907, 0.9851 respectively). Moreover, the obtained results of this investigation are compared with results which have been calculated using “Energetic Materials Designing Bench (EMDB), Version 1.0” software package.
Linear effects of nontraditional Coriolis terms on intertropical convergence zone forced large‐scale flow
Authors: Ong Hing , Roundy Paul E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article promotes a measure to validate the hydrostatic approximation via scaling the nontraditional Coriolis term (NCT) in the zonal momentum equation. To demonstrate the scaling, this study simulates large‐scale flow forced by a prescribed heat source, mimicking the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) using a linearized forced‐dissipative model. The model solves two similar equations, between which the only difference is the inclusion of NCTs. The equations are derived using the following approximations: anelastic, equatorial beta‐plane, linearized, zonally symmetric, steady, and a constant dissipation coefficient. The large‐scale flows simulated with and without NCTs are compared in terms of the meridional–vertical circulation, the zonal wind, and the potential temperature. Both results appear like the Hadley circulation. With the model parameters controlled, the differences between the results without NCTs and those with NCTs yield the linear biases due to omitting NCTs. The most prominent bias is a westerly wind bias in the ITCZ heating region that emerges because omitting NCTs prevents the associated westward acceleration when heating‐induced vertical motion is present. The zonal wind bias divided by the zonal wind with NCTs is 0.120 ± 0.007 in terms of the westerly maximum and 0.0452 ± 0.0005 in terms of the root mean square (RMS) when the prescribed ITCZ mimics the observed ITCZ in May over the East Pacific. These normalized measures of the zonal wind bias increase with a narrower ITCZ or an ITCZ closer to the Equator, because of a weaker subtropical jet stream given the same vertical heating profile. This difference can be traced by a nondimensional parameter scaling the ratio of the NCT to the traditional Coriolis term. The scaling encourages the restoration of NCTs into global models.
An exploratory study to investigate the relationship between social license to operate and sustainable development strategies
Authors: Panda Swapna Sonali , Sangle Shirish 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA social license to operate (SLO) has become imperative for extractive and resource‐intensive industries due to their high potential for conflicts. Firms are still struggling to maintain their SLO despite its growing importance. Because most of the extractive industries orient on sustainable development strategies (SDS), this paper investigates the relationship between SLO and SDS through an exploratory study by means of eight semistructured in‐depth interviews. Content analysis of these interviews is done by Atlas.ti software. In essence, this paper provides a perspective on how firms working in extractive industries can employ SDS to gain and maintain an SLO. Along with focus SLO, the study reveals the growing importance of stakeholders in the said industries and gives the direction of how managing the stakeholders can help the firms in the long run.
Synthesis of Crystalline OMS‐2 with Urea Hydrogen Peroxide and its Application in Aerobic Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Li Bo , Bi Xiuru , Zhou Jinbo , Li Changming , Zhao Peiqing , Meng Xu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCryptomelane‐type manganese oxide (OMS‐2) was synthesized successfully using urea hydrogen peroxide (urea⋅H2O2) as the reductant in an acidic buffer solution. As‐prepared crystalline material was fully characterized by XRD, BET, XPS, SEM and HRTEM. The results demonstrate that OMS‐2 has nanofiber with short nanorod morphologies, very rich oxygen vacancy defects and more exposed crystal facets compared with ones synthesized with other H2O2‐containing reductants. These unique properties make nanostructural OMS‐2 an excellent heterogeneous catalyst in aerobic oxidation reactions, such as selective oxidation of mercaptan and oxygenation of alkylarenes.
Bioinspired Nacre‐Like Alumina with a Metallic Nickel Compliant Phase Fabricated by Spark‐Plasma Sintering
Authors: Wat Amy , Ferraro Claudio , Deng Xu , Sweet Andrew , Tomsia Antoni P. , Saiz Eduardo , Ritchie Robert O. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMany natural materials present an ideal “recipe” for the development of future damage‐tolerant lightweight structural materials. One notable example is the brick‐and‐mortar structure of nacre, found in mollusk shells, which produces high‐toughness, bioinspired ceramics using polymeric mortars as a compliant phase. Theoretical modeling has predicted that use of metallic mortars could lead to even higher damage‐tolerance in these materials, although it is difficult to melt‐infiltrate metals into ceramic scaffolds as they cannot readily wet ceramics. To avoid this problem, an alternative (“bottom‐up”) approach to synthesize “nacre‐like” ceramics containing a small fraction of nickel mortar is developed. These materials are fabricated using nickel‐coated alumina platelets that are aligned using slip‐casting and rapidly sintered using spark‐plasma sintering. Dewetting of the nickel mortar during sintering is prevented by using NiO‐coated as well as Ni‐coated platelets. As a result, a “nacre‐like” alumina ceramic displaying a resistance‐curve toughness up to ≈16 MPa m½ with a flexural strength of ≈300 MPa is produced.
Functional Metallofullerene Materials and Their Applications in Nanomedicine, Magnetics, and Electronics
Authors: Wang Taishan , Wang Chunru 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEndohedral metallofullerenes exhibit combined properties from carbon cages as well as internal metal moieties and have great potential in a wide range of applications as molecule materials. Along with the breakthrough of mass production of metallofullerenes, their applied research has been greatly developed with more and more new functions and practical applications. For gadolinium metallofullerenes, their water‐soluble derivatives have been demonstrated with antitumor activity and unprecedented tumor vascular‐targeting therapy. Metallofullerene water‐soluble derivatives also can be applied to treat reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐induced diseases due to their high antioxidative activity. For magnetic metallofullerenes, the internal electron spin and metal species bring about spin sensitivity, molecular magnets, and spin quantum qubits, which have many promising applications. Metallofullerenes are significant candidates for fabricating useful electronic devices because of their various electronic structures. This Review provides a summary of the metallofullerene studies reported recently, in the fields of tumor inhibition, tumor vascular‐targeting therapies, antioxidative activity, spin probes, single‐molecule magnets, spin qubits, and electronic devices. This is not an exhaustive summary and there are many other important study results regarding metallofullerenes. All of this research has revealed the irreplaceable role of metallofullerene materials.
Water governance and justice in Cape Town: An overview
Authors: Enqvist Johan P. , Ziervogel Gina 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe drought that drew the world's attention to Cape Town in early 2018 was the worst on record, threatening to cut off household taps for 4 million people. Even before the drought, the city's relation to water was complex; South Africa still struggles with the legacy of racial inequality including its implications for water justice. Spatial and economic segregation of people initiated when Europeans first settled in the Cape culminated during the apartheid era 1948–1994. It forcibly moved hundreds of thousands of “colored” and “black” Capetonians to inferior housing in low‐lying areas prone to flooding and with limited access to water, sanitation, and other services. Post‐1994 policies have aimed to promote water justice for all citizens, but municipalities have struggled with implementation especially in rapidly growing informal settlements. During the recent drought, the City of Cape Town ramped up its program for water demand management, including pressure reduction, leak repairs, and public awareness‐raising campaigns. However, poor communication and a lack of trust contributed to a near‐panic situation at the threat of “Day Zero” as dams almost ran dry in the first half of 2018. Saved by winter rains, Cape Town is now exploring additional water sources and developing a new Water Strategy. Taken together, the City's experiences demonstrate that sustainable water governance needs to acknowledge the interrelated threats of drought and flooding, and the range of impacts these threats as well as the City's responses have on a population still defined by extreme inequality.This article is categorized under:
Engineering Water > Planning Water
Human Water > Water Governance
Science of Water > Water Extremes
Southern Mesopotamia: Water and the rise of urbanism
Authors: Altaweel Mark 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe region of southern Mesopotamia, in modern southern Iraq, was home to perhaps the world's oldest cities and complex societies. Such cities and towns developed closely to irrigation works and other water features, with major settlements developed along levees and so‐called turtle backs made up of natural accumulation and human‐made debris. While water was a critical component to the rise of cities, it was also the unique evolution of societies to their complex landscape, including the development of different social practices that made the region develop early cities. By‐products of these social developments included religious institutions and inequality but also the rise of governments, written language, laws, and other forms of social development we associate with our own societies. Recent work in southern Iraq demonstrates that the region was likely occupied much earlier than we thought; new climate data and other work will mean our picture on how the environment shaped the development of urban‐based societies in southern Mesopotamia will evolve in the coming years. New fieldwork, including surveys and excavations, will also shape a new understanding of how urbanism arose in this complex landscape.This article is categorized under:Human Water > Water as Imagined and RepresentedScience of Water > Water and Environmental ChangeEngineering Water > Planning Water
Analysis and study of two‐dimensional parameter bifurcation of wind power farms and composite loads
Authors: Saidi Abdelaziz Salah , Ben Slimene Marwa , Khlifi Mohamed Arbi , Fazle Azeem Mohammad , Al Ahmadi Salah , Draou Azzedine 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study focuses on the stability of power system based on codimension‐two bifurcation theory. In this paper, we investigate the impact of load modeling on permissible wind power generation margins in distribution networks. The study considers codimension‐two bifurcations of equilibria and limit cycles in wind power systems depending on varying two parameters simultaneously. The principle parameter is the wind power generation, and the other parameter depends on the different types of loads. The types of loads are ZIP, exponential recovery, dynamic induction loads, and composite load models. To study the effects of the induction motor loads, the proportion of the static component in the motor load is changed and assessed with respect to their mechanical loads. Wind generation margin boundaries are traced, and saddle‐node, Hopf, and limit‐induced bifurcation branches are obtained, delimiting the stable and unstable operating regions in the parameter space. The analysis presented in this paper can pave the way for determining methods for improving and monitoring these margins with consideration to the system parameters and load composition.
The Use of Antiseptic Solutions in the Prevention and Management of Penile Prosthesis Infections: A Review of the Cytotoxic and Microbiological Effects of Common Irrigation Solutions
Authors: Pan Shu , Rodriguez Dayron , Thirumavalavan Nannan , Gross Martin S. , Eid J. Francois , Mulcahy John , Munarriz Ricardo 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The Mulcahy salvage fundamentally altered the management of penile prosthesis infections (PPI). Central to this procedure is a sequence of antiseptic irrigations that aims to remove and eradicate pathogenic microflora from the infected field, thus preparing for immediate reimplantation. The antiseptic solutions and their respective concentrations, however, have never been evaluated for efficacy.

Aim
This review critically examines 3 commonly used antiseptic irrigation solutions (povidone-iodine [PVI], hydrogen peroxide [H2O2], and chlorhexidine gluconate [CHG]) in terms of their antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, and clinical use.

Methods
A PubMed literature review was performed on articles published between 2003 and 2018. Both preclinical as well as clinical studies from various surgical disciplines were included in this review.

Main Outcome Measure
The original salvage protocol selected for irrigation solutions at concentrations that are likely detrimental to native tissue.

Results
All 3 agents demonstrate in vitro cytotoxic effects at subclinical concentrations, but H2O2 is associated with the most significant deleterious properties. It does not seem to broaden antimicrobial coverage beyond what is covered by PVI. Dilute PVI (0.35–3.5% with exposure time of at least 3 minutes) possesses the most robust clinical evidence as an intraoperative adjunct, reducing the incidence of postoperative infectious complications. chlorhexidine gluconate is a promising new agent but lacks clinical data.

Clinical implication
Improvements in the salvage protocol are warranted based on current evidence. Careful selection of lavage solution and usage of the lowest necessary concentration will help achieve desired antimicrobial activity while avoiding native tissue cytotoxicity. Strength and limitation: The study is limited by its retrospective nature, and the heterogeneity of literature reviewed precluded a formal meta-analysis. Furthermore, future studies will need to address the roles of normal saline and antibiotic irrigations as intraoperative adjuncts for infection prevention.

Conclusion
Diluted PVI (0.35–3.5% for 3 minutes) may be beneficial in the prevention of PPI. Evidence supports its use both in the setting of primary implantation as well as salvage of infected hardware. An improved, evidence-based protocol may increase positive outcomes of urologic prosthetic surgery.
The Development of an Active Learning Program for the Medical Responders in a Nuclear Disaster
Authors: Tsujiguchi Takakiyo , Ito Katsuhiro , Sato Daishi , Mikami Junko , Shiroma Yoshitaka , Hasegawa Arifumi , Yamamura Hitoshi , Kashiwakura Ikuo 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTObjective:In Japan, with the revision of the Nuclear Emergency Response Guidelines in 2015, nuclear emergency medical assistance teams responsible for the medical treatment in the acute phase of nuclear disaster have been developed nationwide. The purpose of this research is to develop active learning materials for the education of medical staff, to confirm the educational effect of the materials, and to identify the gaps in nuclear disaster risk reduction in Japan.Methods:We established a working group and created active learning materials. We trained members of the nuclear emergency medical assistance team using the developed active learning materials and then conducted a questionnaire survey for trainees who participated in the training.Results:Regarding the developed teaching materials, out of 33 trainees, 33 (100%) answered “easy to understand” or “a little understandable” to the item dealing with how to use the radiation detectors and attaching/detaching personal protective equipment. Regarding the simulation about practicing hospital support and medical provision, 3 (8%) answered “a little confusing.”Conclusion:The study demonstrated that the developed materials have an educational effect. Additionally, the results of the trainee questionnaire showed the necessity for improvement in the triage system and new protocols to help both the patients and responders.
Relationship between family history of alcohol problems and different clusters of depressive symptoms
Authors: Castaldelli-Maia J. M. , Silva N. R. , Ventriglio A. , Gil F. , Torales J. , Bhugra D. , de Andrade A. G. , Baldassin S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectives:Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial syndrome with significant interactions between genetic and environmental factors. This study specifically investigates the association between family history of alcohol problems (FHAP) and family history of depression (FHD), and how these relate to different clusters of depressive symptoms.Methods:Correlations between FHAP and FHD and different clusters of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were studied. We sampled 333 employees from a general hospital who had been receiving a psychiatric consultation between 2005 and 2012. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models were conducted to explore these correlations.Results:There was a significant positive correlation between FHAP and BDI affective score. This result remained significant even after the adjustment for other variables considered as important factors for MDD, such as gender, age, marital status, education, ethnic group and FHD. More specifically, FHAP was correlated with dissatisfaction and episodes of crying among the affective symptoms. FHAP showed no statistical difference in any of the other clusters score or in the BDI total score. Moreover, as expected, we found a correlation between FHD and BDI total score and Somatic and Cognitive clusters.Conclusion:FHAP should be routinely investigated in individuals presenting with depressive symptoms. This is especially important in cases presenting with dissatisfaction and episodes of crying in patients who do not endorse criteria for MDD. Due to study limitations, the findings require replication by neurobiological, epidemiological and clinical studies.
Influence of North Atlantic climate variability on glacier mass balance in Norway, Sweden and Svalbard
Authors: BONAN DAVID BROOKING , CHRISTIAN JOHN ERICH , CHRISTIANSON KNUT 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTClimate variability can complicate efforts to interpret any long-term glacier mass-balance trends due to anthropogenic warming. Here we examine the impact of climate variability on the seasonal mass-balance records of 14 glaciers throughout Norway, Sweden and Svalbard using dynamical adjustment, a statistical method that removes orthogonal patterns of variability shared between each mass-balance record and sea-level pressure or sea-surface temperature predictor fields. For each glacier, the two leading predictor patterns explain 27–81% of the winter mass-balance variability and 24–69% of the summer mass-balance variability. The spatial and temporal structure of these patterns indicates that accumulation variability for all of the glaciers is strongly related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) also modulating accumulation variability for the northernmost glaciers. Given this result, predicting glacier change in the region may depend on NAO and AMO predictability. In the raw mass-balance records, the glaciers throughout southern Norway have significantly negative summer trends, whereas the glaciers located closer to the Arctic have negative winter trends. Removing the effects of climate variability suggests it can bias trends in mass-balance records that span a few decades, but its effects on most of the longer-term mass-balance trends are minimal.