bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulating secondary organic aerosol from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors: comparison to outdoor chamber experiments, effect of oligomerization on SOA formation and reactive uptake of aldehydes
Authors: Couvidat Florian , Vivanco Marta G. , Bessagnet Bertrand 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. New parameterizations for the formation of organic aerosols were developed. These parameterizations cover secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from biogenic and anthropogenic precursors, NOx dependency, oligomerization and the reactive uptake of pinonaldehyde. These parameterizations were implemented in a box model in which the condensation and/or evaporation of semi-volatile organic compounds was simulated by the Secondary Organic Aerosol Processor (SOAP) model to take the dynamic evolution of concentrations into account.The parameterizations were tested against several experiments carried out in previous studies in the EUPHORE outdoor chamber. Two datasets of experiments were used: the anthropogenic experiments (in which SOA is formed mainly from a mixture of toluene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene and o-xylene) and the biogenic experiments (in which SOA is formed mainly from α-pinene and limonene).When assuming no wall deposition of organic vapors, satisfactory results (bias lower than 20 %) were obtained for the biogenic experiments and for most of the anthropogenic experiments. However, a decrease of SOA concentrations (up to 30 %) was found when taking wall deposition of organic vapors into account (with the parameters of Zhang et al., 2014). The anthropogenic experiments seem to indicate a complex NOx dependency that could not be reproduced by the model. Oligomerization was found to have a strong effect on SOA composition (oligomers were estimated to account for up to 78 % of the SOA mass) and could therefore have a strong effect on the formation of SOA. The uptake of pinonaldehyde (which is a high-volatility semi-volatile organic compound, SVOC) onto acidic aerosol was found to be too slow to be significant under atmospheric conditions (no significant amount of SOA formed after 3 days of evolution), indicating that the parameterization of Pun and Seigneur (2007) used in some air quality models may lead to an overestimation of SOA concentrations. The uptake of aldehydes could nevertheless be an important SOA formation pathway for less volatile or more reactive aldehydes than pinonaldehyde.Regarding viscosity, a low effect of viscosity on SOA concentrations was estimated by the model, although a decrease of SVOC evaporation was found when taking it into account, as well as a lower sensitivity of concentrations to changes of temperature during the experiments.
The Future of Art Criticism: Objectivism Goes to the Movies
Authors: Barrowman Kyle 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBy virtue of an extended consideration of problems and possibilities in the discipline of film studies toward the goal of constructing an Objectivist aesthetics of cinema, this article examines some of the most pressing issues facing contemporary art criticism. Opposing tenets of an Aristotelian aesthetic tradition against tenets of a Kantian aesthetic tradition, the author attempts to resolve a number of long-standing aporias in the Objectivist aesthetics and in the philosophy of art more broadly in the hopes of charting a fruitful path for the future of art criticism.
Ayn Rand's “Integrated Man” and Russian Nietzscheanism
Authors: Grigorovskaya Anastasiya Vasilievna 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The purpose of the article is to identify the influence on Ayn Rand's work of Friedrich Nietzsche in Silver Age Russia. The analysis focuses on Rand's novels We the Living, The Fountainhead, Atlas Shrugged, and some of her nonfiction philosophical essays. Thus Spake Zarathustra: A Book for All and None is the work by Nietzsche that is central to the analysis.
Money, Morality, and the Need for Entrepreneurship
Authors: Weinman Sara Michelle 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In Atlas Shrugged, the observations of the character Francisco d'Anconia are used to illustrate the connection between Objectivism, morality, and economics. In response, the author demonstrates how today's socioeconomic movements not only are inconsistent with d'Anconia's view but will likely lead to further large-scale economic and moral crises, unless an economic system is established that will protect the individual's right to worthwhile production, income, and ownership.
Longitudinal assessment of anchored transponder migration following lung stereotactic body radiation therapy
Authors: McDonald Andrew M. , Colvin Tyler , Boggs D. Hunter , Spencer Sharon A. , Popple Richard A. , Clayton Ravinder , Minnich Douglas , Dobelbower Michael C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPurposeTo assess the long‐term stability of the anchored radiofrequency transponders and compare displacement rates with other commercially available lung fiducial markers. We also sought to describe late toxicity attributable to fiducial implantation or migration.Materials and methodsThe transponder cohort was comprised of 17 patients at our institution who enrolled in a multisite prospective clinical trial and underwent bronchoscopic implantation of three anchored transponders into small (2–2.5 mm) airways. We generated a comparison cohort of 34 patients by selecting patients from our institutional lung SBRT database and matching 2:1 based on the lobe containing tumor and proximity to the bronchial tree. Assessment of migration was performed by rigidly registering the most recent follow‐up CT scan to the simulation scan, and assessing whether the relative geometry of the fiducial markers had changed by more than 5 mm. Toxicity outcomes of interest were hemoptysis and pneumothorax.ResultsThe median follow‐up of patients in the transponder cohort was 25.3 months and the median follow‐up in the comparison cohort was 21.7 months. When assessing the most recent CT, all fiducial markers were within 5 mm of their position at CT simulation in 11 (65%) patients in the transponder group as compared to 23 (68%) in the comparison group (P = 0.28). One case of hemoptysis was identified in the transponder cohort, and bronchoscopy confirmed bleeding from recurrent tumor; no cases of hemoptysis were noted in the comparison cohort. No case of pneumothorax was noted in either group.ConclusionNo significant difference in the rates of fiducial marker retention and migration were noted when comparing patients who had anchored transponders placed into small airways and a 2:1 matched cohort of patients who had other commercially available lung fiducial markers placed. In both groups, no late or chronic toxicity appeared to be related to the implanted fiducial markers.
Local Delivery and Sustained‐Release of Nitric Oxide Donor Loaded in Mesoporous Silica Particles for Efficient Treatment of Primary Open‐Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Hu Chunchun , Sun Jianguo , Zhang Yu , Chen Jian , Lei Yuan , Sun Xinghuai , Deng Yonghui 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) donors are ideal drug candidates for reducing intraocular pressure in the treatment of glaucoma. However, poor cornea penetration, short duration of efficacy, and narrow therapeutic index of most NO donors obstruct their clinical applications in glaucoma treatment. This study reports a novel NO donor delivery system based on mesoporous silica nanoparticles that can readily overcome the above difficulties and deliver the NO‐donating drug sodium nitroprusside to the target tissues (trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with sodium nitroprusside can produce more exogenous NO and sustain higher NO concentration in animal eye models, which significantly extend the duration of intraocular pressure reduction from 3 to 48 h with only 1/40 of the dose of sodium nitroprusside solution. These findings open up the possibility of mesoporous silica nanoparticles loading sodium nitroprusside for effective management of ocular hypertension.
Ultimate Control over Hydrogen Bond Formation and Reaction Rates for Scalable Synthesis of Highly Crystalline vdW MOF Nanosheets with Large Aspect Ratio
Authors: Shen Yuxia , Shan Bohan , Cai Hui , Qin Ying , Agarwal Ashutosh , Trivedi Dipesh B. , Chen Bin , Liu Lei , Zhuang Houlong , Mu Bin , Tongay Sefaattin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLarge‐scale synthesis of van der Waals (vdW) metal–organic framework (MOF) nanosheets with controlled crystallinity and interlayer coupling strength is one of the bottlenecks in 2D materials that has limited its successful transition to large‐scale applications. Here, scalable synthesis of mBDC (m = Zn and Cu) 2D MOFs at large scales through a biphase method is demonstrated. The results show replacing water molecules with pyridine eliminates hydrogen bond formation at metal cluster sites. This prohibits tight coupling across adjacent MOF layers and sustains controllable 2D vdW MOF growth. It is further shown that control over the growth speed, crystallinity, and thickness can be achieved by addition of a controlled amount of triethylamine and formic acid to achieve highly crystalline vdW MOF nanosheets with extraordinarily high aspect ratio. The described synthesis route can easily be scaled up for large‐scale production either by deposition onto desired substrates or in crystalline layered powder form. Owing to its large lateral size, vdW nature, and high crystallinity, it is possible to perform atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, and Raman measurements on the 2D MOFs. The results not only establish their vibrational properties and layer‐dependent responses but also show striking differences from other 2D inorganic materials.
Enhanced Spontaneous Polarization in Ultrathin SnTe Films with Layered Antipolar Structure
Authors: Chang Kai , Kaloni Thaneshwor P. , Lin Haicheng , Bedoya‐Pinto Amilcar , Pandeya Avanindra K. , Kostanovskiy Ilya , Zhao Kun , Zhong Yong , Hu Xiaopeng , Xue Qi‐Kun , Chen Xi , Ji Shuai‐Hua , Barraza‐Lopez Salvador , Parkin Stuart S. P. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract2D SnTe films with a thickness of as little as 2 atomic layers (ALs) have recently been shown to be ferroelectric with in‐plane polarization. Remarkably, they exhibit transition temperatures (Tc
) much higher than that of bulk SnTe. Here, combining molecular beam epitaxy, variable temperature scanning tunneling microscopy, and ab initio calculations, the underlying mechanism of the Tc
enhancement is unveiled, which relies on the formation of γ‐SnTe, a van der Waals orthorhombic phase with antipolar inter‐layer coupling in few‐AL thick SnTe films. In this phase, 4n − 2 AL (n = 1, 2, 3…) thick films are found to possess finite in‐plane polarization (space group Pmn21), while 4n AL thick films have zero total polarization (space group Pnma). Above 8 AL, the γ‐SnTe phase becomes metastable, and can convert irreversibly to the bulk rock salt phase as the temperature is increased. This finding unambiguously bridges experiments on ultrathin SnTe films with predictions of robust ferroelectricity in GeS‐type monochalcogenide monolayers. The observed high transition temperature, together with the strong spin‐orbit coupling and van der Waals structure, underlines the potential of atomically thin γ‐SnTe films for the development of novel spontaneous polarization‐based devices.
Lipids: Source of Static Electricity of Regenerative Natural Substances and Nondestructive Energy Harvesting
Authors: Kim Dong Wook , Kim Sang‐Woo , Jeong Unyong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIt is familiar to everyone that human skin and hair easily lose electrons and cause static electricity as they undergo friction with other materials. Such natural regenerative substances take a high ranking in the triboelectric series. Even though the static electricity of regenerative natural substances has been a long‐term curiosity in human history, it is not yet clear which of their components causes the positive static charges. This study reveals that lipid layers on the surface of regenerative substances (skin, hair, leaves, cells) and even synthetic lipids are responsible for this positive static electricity and shows that it is possible to manufacture lipid‐based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs). Using the characteristic that lipids on leaves regenerate within a few hours, lipids from living tree leaves are collected, and lipid‐based nondestructive TENGs are fabricated. The concept of energy‐harvesting vines is also presented, which can generate electricity when they are wrapped loosely on living tree branches. This study suggests how to harvest electricity while preserving nature as it is.
Design of an Inorganic Mesoporous Hole‐Transporting Layer for Highly Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Yu , Yang Zhou , Wang Shubo , Zheng Xiaojia , Wu Yihui , Yuan Ningyi , Zhang Wen‐Hua , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe unstable feature of the widely employed organic hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) (e.g., spiro‐MeOTAD) significantly limits the practical application of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Therefore, it is desirable to design new structured PSCs with stable HTMs presenting excellent carrier extraction and transfer properties. This work demonstrates a new inverted PSC configuration. The new PSC has a graded band alignment and bilayered inorganic HTMs (i.e., compact NiOx and mesoporous CuGaO2). In comparison with planar‐structured PSCs, the mesoporous CuGaO2 can effectively extract holes from perovskite due to the increased contact area of the perovskite/HTM. The graded energy alignment constructed in the ultrathin compact NiOx, mesoporous CuGaO2, and perovskite can facilitate carrier transfer and depress charge recombination. As a result, the champion device based on the newly designed mesoscopic PSCs yields a stabilized efficiency of ≈20%, which is considered one of the best results for inverted PSCs with inorganic HTMs. Additionally, the unencapsulated PSC device retains more than 80% of its original efficiency when subjected to thermal aging at 85 °C for 1000 h in a nitrogen atmosphere, thus demonstrating superior thermal stability of the device. This study may pave a new avenue to rational design of highly efficient and stable PSCs.
Pyridine‐Hydrazone Ligands in Asymmetric Palladium‐Catalyzed 1,4‐ and 1,6‐Additions of Arylboronic Acids to Cyclic (Di)enones
Authors: de Gracia Retamosa María , Álvarez‐Casao Yolanda , Matador Esteban , Gómez Ángela , Monge David , Fernández Rosario , Lassaletta José M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCatalysts generated by combinations of Pd(TFA)2 and enantiomerically pure pyridine‐hydrazone ligands have been applied to the 1,4‐addition of arylboronic acids to β‐substituted cyclic enones, building all‐carbon quaternary stereocenters in high yields and enantioselectivities (up to 93% ee). The developed methodology allows the efficient introduction of ortho‐substituted aryl groups in β‐position of cyclopentanone cores, giving scaffolds present in a broad range of biologically active natural products. These Pd(II)‐complexes served also as catalysts in the 1,6‐addition of arylboronic acids to cyclic dienones, affording complete regioselectivities, moderate yields and good enantioselectivities (up to 80% ee).magnified image
Influence of Mesoporous Silica Properties on Cyclic Carbonate Synthesis Catalysed by Supported Aluminium(Salen) Complexes
Authors: Carvalho Patricia A. , Comerford James W. , Lamb Katie J. , North Michael , Reiss Paul S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBy modification of pore size and morphology, pore‐expanded variants of SBA‐15 and KIT‐6 have been utilised as mesoporous silica supports for the immobilisation of a bimetallic aluminium‐salen complex. The performance of the resulting heterogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide and terminal epoxides was assessed. Support materials which retained higher pore volume and surface areas after catalyst immobilisation demonstrated enhanced conversions to the desired cyclic carbonates. This was rationalised to be a consequence of the promotion of reactant mass transport through a less‐inhibited pore structure.magnified image
Electric‐Field Control of Magnetic Order: From FeRh to Topological Antiferromagnetic Spintronics
Authors: Feng Zexin , Yan Han , Liu Zhiqi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractUsing an electric field instead of an electric current (or a magnetic field) to tailor the electronic properties of magnetic materials is promising for realizing ultralow‐energy‐consuming memory devices because of the suppression of Joule heating, especially when the devices are scaled down to the nanoscale. Here, recent results on giant magnetization and resistivity modulation in a metamagnetic intermetallic alloy, FeRh, which is achieved by electric‐field‐controlled magnetic phase transitions in multiferroic heterostructures are summarized. Furthermore, this approach is extended to topological antiferromagnetic spintronics, which is currently receiving attention in the magnetic society. Furthermore, the antiferromagnetic order parameter can switch back and forth via a small electric field. In the end, the possibility of manipulating exotic physical phenomena in the emerging topological antiferromagnetic spintronics field via the electric‐field approach is envisioned.
Kinetic Stability of Bulk LiNiO2 and Surface Degradation by Oxygen Evolution in LiNiO2‐Based Cathode Materials
Authors: Kong Fantai , Liang Chaoping , Wang Luhua , Zheng Yongping , Perananthan Sahila , Longo Roberto C. , Ferraris John P. , Kim Moon , Cho Kyeongjae 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCapacity degradation by phase changes and oxygen evolution has been the largest obstacle for the ultimate commercialization of high‐capacity LiNiO2‐based cathode materials. The ultimate thermodynamic and kinetic reasons of these limitations are not yet systematically studied, and the fundamental mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this work, both phenomena are studied by density functional theory simulations and validation experiments. It is found that during delithiation of LiNiO2, decreased oxygen reduction induces a strong thermodynamic driving force for oxygen evolution in bulk. However, oxygen evolution is kinetically prohibited in the bulk phase due to a large oxygen migration kinetic barrier (2.4 eV). In contrast, surface regions provide a larger space for oxygen migration leading to facile oxygen evolution. These theoretical results are validated by experimental studies, and the kinetic stability of bulk LiNiO2 is clearly confirmed. Based on these findings, a rational design strategy for protective surface coating is proposed.
Variations in ramet performance and the dynamics of an alpine evergreen herb,Gentiana nipponica, in different snowmelt conditions
Authors: Kawai Yuka , Kudo Gaku 
Published: November 2018

Premise of the StudyVariation in demographic parameters reflects the life‐history strategies of plants in response to specific environments. We aimed to investigate the intraspecific variation in life‐history traits of a clonal alpine herb,Gentiana nipponica, in various snowmelt conditions.MethodsIndividual ramets within genets accumulate leaves for 7–9 yr without shedding, and die after reproduction. We tested the physiological function of accumulated leaves for reproduction and monitored the ramet demography in early, intermediate, and late snowmelt populations over 3 yr. Then, we simulated ramet dynamics using the demographic parameters.Key ResultsOld leaves had a carbon storage function, and the initiation of reproduction depended on the amount of ramet leaves. Growth and reproductive performance were highest in the population with an intermediate snowmelt period. The early snowmelt population showed short persistence periods due to restricted growth and high mortality of the ramets. The late snowmelt populations showed slow growth, but high survival rate of the ramets, in which the ramet size at reproduction was smallest and fruit formation was often suppressed by the short growing period.ConclusionsLimiting factors dictating the distribution ofG. nipponicadiffered between the early and late snowmelt habitats. High mortality and restricted growth, because of the harsh environment, determine the distribution limit toward earlier snowmelt locations. By contrast, late snowmelt strongly limited fecundity because of the short period for fruit maturation. The difference in snowmelt time provides a clear gradient of selective forces that may promote local adaptation among neighboring populations.
Association of prepubertal obesity with pubertal development in Chinese girls and boys: A longitudinal study
Authors: Li Wenyan , Liu Qin , Deng Xu , Chen Yiwen , Yang Bo , Huang Xin , Østbye Truls 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the association of prepubertal body mass index (BMI) and weight status with pubertal development in boys and girls in Chongqing, China.MethodsIn a longitudinal study, 1237 students (695 boys and 542 girls) were recruited from Chongqing, China, and examined at baseline, then followed every 6 months for three and a half years. Height, weight, testicular volume, and breast development were measured at every examination. Age of first spermatorrhea and menarche were obtained from self‐report. Subjects were divided into normal weight, overweight, and obese groups according to baseline BMI. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to examine the association of BMI and weight status with pubertal development.ResultsIn girls, higher prepubertal BMI increased the chance of earlier menarche (hazards ratio (HR): 1.205, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.151‐2.261) and breast development (HR: 1.092, 95% CI: 1.045‐1.142). Girls in the overweight (HR: 2.605, 95% CI: 1.716‐3.956) and obese (HR: 2.565, 95% CI: 1.603‐4.103) groups had an increased risk of early menarche compared with those in the normal weight group, while only overweight was associated with an increased risk for earlier breast development (HR: 1.469, 95% CI: 1.024‐2.108). In boys, higher prepubertal BMI was significantly associated with the timing of first spermatorrhea (HR: 1.054, 95% CI: 1.004‐1.106) and testicular development (HR: 1.098, 95% CI: 1.063‐1.135). Overweight (HR: 1.672, 95% CI: 1.204‐2.322) and obesity (HR: 1.598, 95% CI: 1.135‐2.249) increased the hazard of earlier testicular development compared with the normal weight group, while no significant differences were detected among the three weight groups in terms of time to first spermatorrhea.ConclusionsHigher prepubertal BMI was associated with earlier puberty in both Chinese boys and girls.
Contrasting Reactivity of 2‐chloro‐1‐formyl‐3‐hydroxymethylenecyclohexene and its Schiff Bases towards Disodium Diselenide: Isolation of Selenospirocycles versus Azapentalenes
Authors: Venkateshwaran Krishnan , Rajesh Prasad Poonam , Deka Rajesh , Raju Saravanan , Singh Harkesh B. , Butcher Ray J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA convenient approach for the synthesis of alicyclic selenospirocycles, 24 and 25, stabilized by intramolecular chalcogen bonding (IChB) is reported by the reaction of 5‐alkyl‐2‐chloro‐1‐formyl‐3‐hydroxymethylenecyclohexene derivatives {alkyl=H (22), Me (23)} with in situ generated disodium diselenide (Na2Se2). However, when 2‐chloro‐1‐formyl‐3‐hydroxymethylenecyclohexene, 22 is condensed with aniline or 4‐methoxyaniline and the resulting Schiff bases 26 and 27 are subjected to identical reactions, the Schiff bases undergo cyclisation to afford brightly colored, fused 1,6‐diaza‐6a‐selenapentalene derivatives 28–29, instead of the expected selenospirocycles. The aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) reaction of N‐(2‐bromo‐3‐nitrobenzyl)naphthylamine, 33 with nBuSeLi affords N‐[2‐(butylselanyl)‐3‐nitrobenzyl]naphthylamine, 34. The bromination of 34 results in the formation of cyclic isoselenazolines, 35. Selenospirocycles 24 and 25, 1,6‐diaza‐6a‐selenapentalenes 28 and 29 and isoselenazoline 35 are authenticated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. Compounds 24, 25 and 35 are stabilized by intramolecular secondary interactions.