bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MEDIAN NERVE ENTRAPMENT AFTER DISLOCATION OF THE ELBOW
Authors: Mannerfelt L. 
Published: February 2018

1. A lesion of the median nerve after reduction of a dislocated elbow in a boy of nine is recorded. 2. The nerve lesion was progressive, and at operation on the seventh day after injury the nerve was found to be trapped in the joint between the humerus and the ulna. 3. The nerve was freed and gradual recovery occurred.
HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION COMPLICATING PARALYSIS OF INTRACRANIAL ORIGIN
Authors: Roberts P. H. 
Published: February 2018

1. Six cases of development of heterotopic bone around joints in association with paralysis from intracranial lesions are presented. It is suggested that such bone may occur more commonly than is realised. 2. The features of these cases are very similar to those seen in association with paraplegia. 3. Extensive new bone is usually associated with fixed contractures. 4. Operation is hazardous in paraplegia but should not necessarily be so in other paralytic conditions. 5. In the presence of returning motor function excision of the bone, allowing correction of the deformity together with some movement, is a worthwhile procedure. In the hip, osteotomy alone usually requires plaster fixation with the attendant risks of venous thrombosis. Previous excision of the bone allows internal fixation of the osteotomy with early mobilisation.
CERVICAL MYELOGRAPHY IN TRACTION INJURIES OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS
Authors: Yeoman P. M. 
Published: February 2018

1. Sixty myelographs have been obtained in severe traction injuries of the brachial plexus. 2. Seventy-eight traumatic meningoceles were outlined. 3. Multiple meningoceles indicate a gloomy prognosis. 4. In forty patients the results were compared with those obtained with the "axon reflex." 5. Myelography is a valuable aid in obtaining an early prognosis but the results must be correlated with the clinical picture.
THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PIGMENTED VILLONODULAR SYNOVITIS
Authors: Byers P. D. , Cotton R. E. , Deacon O. W. , Lowy M. , Newman P. H. , Sissons H. A. , Thomson A. D. 
Published: February 2018

1. The literature on pigmented villonodular synovitis has been reviewed and a series of eighty additional cases is reported. 2. The condition usually presents either as a nodule in a finger or knee, or as a diffuse lesion in a knee. The lesions, although benign, sometimes erode or invade the tissue of adjacent bones. 3. Distinction from malignant synovioma can be made on the basis of the macroscopic appearance of the lesion at operation (relationship to joints or tendon sheaths: villonodular appearance: pigmentation), and by histological examination. 4. Treatment of the nodular form by excision is satisfactory but extensive synovectomy for diffuse lesions of the knee gives poor results. 5. The etiology of pigmented villonodular synovitis is unknown, but it appears to be a self-limiting process, possibly inflammatory in nature.
DISPLACEMENTS OF TROCHANTERIC FRACTURES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON REDUCTION
Authors: May J. M. B. , Chacha P. B. 
Published: February 2018

1. The radiological appearances of the fragments in 100 trochanteric fractures have been analysed. 2. A simple practical classification enables the correct method of reduction to be chosen. 3. In Type I fractures the proximal fragment consists of the head and neck alone. In Type II fractures the head, neck and a major part of the great trochanter constitute the proximal fragment. 4. The key role of the greater trochanter in influencing the displacement of the fragments is discussed. 5. For reduction, Type I fractures require rotation of the distal fragment to a neutral position. Type II fractures reduce in some degree of lateral rotation.
THE MANAGEMENT OF FRACTURES IN HAEMOPHILIA AND CHRISTMAS DISEASE
Authors: Kemp H. S. , Matthews J. M. 
Published: February 2018

1. The management of fractures in seven haemophiliacs and one patient with Christmas disease is described. 2. The problems of management are essentially those associated with haemorrhage into the soft tissues. 3. There is no delay in the healing of fractures, which usually occurs with a relative lack of periosteal callus. 4. The principles of transfusion therapy are discussed.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF ANTERIOR TIBIAL SYNDROME
Authors: Paton David F. 
Published: February 2018

1. A case of hernia of the anterior tibial muscles is described in which repair of the hernia under tension was followed by local muscle necrosis and contracture. 2. This case supports the theory of pathogenesis of the anterior tibial syndrome that increased tension in the compartment embarrasses the blood supply of the contained muscles.
THE CORRECTION OF FOOT DROP IN LEPROSY
Authors: Warren A. Grace 
Published: February 2018

1. The complications following standard tendon transfer to provide active correction of drop foot in Chinese patients with leprosy are reviewed. 2. An alternative method of foot drop correction is described in which reactivation of the remaining distal stump of the tibialis posterior tendon is provided to assist in maintaining the stability of the arch of the foot and to help to prevent dropped toes. 3. A review of thirteen patients is given. The indications are that this method is functionally as good as other methods. So far it has shown none of the complications usual in Chinese patients.
TRAUMATIC SEPARATION OF THE UPPER FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Ratliff A. H. C. 
Published: February 2018

1. Thirteen cases of traumatic separation of the upper femoral epiphysis have been studied. Four were previously reported and nine new cases are analysed. 2. This is a rare injury occurring in young children and is due to severe violence. 3. Separation occurred at the epiphysial plate, and severe posterior displacement was frequent. The fracture line does not penetrate the epiphysis. 4. Premature fusion, avascular necrosis or non-union (individually or together) occurred in eleven of the thirteen patients. 5. Separation of the upper femoral epiphysis is a serious injury which is likely to lead to permanent deformity.
DEFECTS IN LONG BONES FROM SEVERE NEGLECTED OSTEITIS
Authors: Griffiths J. C. 
Published: February 2018

1. Because of socio-medical deficiencies, osteitis in some parts of the world still conforms to the classical pattern seen before the introduction of antibiotics. 2. One of many complications is loss of continuity from widespread destruction of tubular bone. 3. Twelve patients with this complication are described. The most satisfactory treatment, when practicable, is the transference of an adjoining normal bone into the remnants of the defective one. 4. Two neonates each with a massive defect of the femur are described. This complication of osteitis at this age has not been reported before. 5. The long-term prognosis of lower limb defects is poor when there is failure of bone growth. Nevertheless, reconstructive procedures are still worth attempting because later amputation, if necessary, can be conservative, and prosthetic difficulties may thus be eased.
FRACTURE-DIASTASIS OF THE INFERIOR TIBIO-FIBULAR JOINT
Authors: Colton C. L. 
Published: February 2018

1. A low oblique fracture of the libula is described associated with diastasis of the inferior tibio-fibular joint. 2. Seven cases are presented in which this injury was seen. 3. A method of internal fixation is described. 4. The importance of recognising this injury is stressed.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF THE ANTERIOR CAPSULAR STRUCTURES OF THE SHOULDER IN MAN
Authors: Reeves Brian 
Published: February 2018

1. A series of experiments on the tensile strength of the anterior capsular mechanism have been performed. These show that in the young the weakest point is the glenoid labral attachment, whereas in the elderly calcification of tissues makes the capsule and subscapular tendon weaker. 2. It has been shown previously that glenoid labral detachment is the common injury in the young at the time of an acute dislocation, whereas capsular rupture and subscapularis tendon damage occur in the elderly. 3. These findings suggest that in an acute anterior dislocation of the shoulder the shoulder integuments give at their weakest point, and that it is the site of this weakest point and not the mechanism of injury which influences the liability to recurrence.
UNILATERAL LOCALISED GIGANTISM OF THE EXTREMITIES WITH LIPOMATOSIS, ARTHROPATHY AND PSORIASIS
Authors: McCarthy D. M. , Dorr C. A. , MacKintosh C. E. 
Published: February 2018

1. A woman of seventy-four presenting with gigantism of the left hand and foot, lipomatosis, progressive arthropathy and psoriasis is described. 2. The associations of the various conditions are examined in the light of the previously reported cases and the differential diagnosis of this condition (macrodystrophia lipomatosa) from other causes of localised gigantism is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF EPIPHYSIAL STAPLING ON GROWTH IN LENGTH OF THE RABBIT'S TIBIA AND FEMUR
Authors: Hall-Craggs E. C. B. , Lawrence C. A. 
Published: February 2018

1. Arrest of growth at one proximal tibial epiphysis of young rabbits was obtained by stapling. 2. Radiopaque markers allowed the subsequent growth of both proximal and distal epiphyses of the experimental and contralateral tibiae and of both lower femoral epiphyses to be followed radiographically. 3. The reduction in the normal deceleration of growth rate at the distal epiphysis found after epiphysiodesis of the proximal epiphysis was again observed. 4. This change in growth rate was not encountered in the distal femoral epiphysis lying adjacent to the stapled tibial epiphysis. 5. Removal of the staples after the change in growth rate had become established at the distal tibial epiphysis was followed by a return to an approximately normal growth rate by both proximal and distal epiphyses. 6. It is concluded that a direct relationship exists between the additional growth at the uninjured epiphysis and the deficiency in growth obtained at the stapled epiphysis, and that this change in growth rate is limited to the experimental tibia.
STERNOMASTOID TUMOUR AND MUSCULAR TORTICOLLIS
Authors: Macdonald Donald 
Published: February 2018

1. A parallel study has been made of fifty patients presenting with a sternomastoid tumour and fifty-two patients presenting with muscular torticollis. 2. In the birth histories of both these groups there was a high incidence of breech, forceps and primiparous births. The distribution of each was strikingly similar. 3. Sternomastoid tumours were right-sided in three-quarters of all cases and in an even higher proportion of the breech births. There was twice the expected incidence of plagiocephaly. Only one in seven proceeded to muscular torticollis, but in some of the remainder minor residua could be detected. 4. Muscular torticollis presented at any age, but one-third commenced in the first year of life. Only one in five gave a history of previous sternomastoid tumour. The contracture showed a predilection for the clavicular head, and was generally associated with some degree of facial asymmetry. 5. Nine of a combined 102 cases had a first or second degree similarly affected relative. 6. It is concluded that whatever the condition in the muscle at birth, it has three inconstant and variable sequelae. The torticollis may resolve completely; it may become clinically manifest as a tumour; or it may remain clinically latent, subsequently undergoing a variable degree of cicatrisation to produce torticollis. 7. The treatment of established torticollis by open division is described and the follow-up in thirty-six cases recorded. 8. This operation can be relied on to cure the principal deformity, but is accompanied by a number of minor cosmetic defects. Of these the most striking are tight bands apparently due to anomalous reattachment of the clavicular head, and loss of the sternomastoid column of the neck. 9. The method could not be relied on to cure facial asymmetry completely, even in the early years of life. However, there was some evidence to suggest that persistence of asymmetry was allied to persistence of other residua of the torticollis, for example fascial bands.
OSTEOMYELITIS OF THE METATARSAL SESAMOLDS
Authors: Colwill Michael 
Published: February 2018

1. Three cases of osteomyelitis of a metatarsal sesamoid bone are described. 2. The diagnosis should be considered in patients with acute pain under the first metatarsophalangeal joint, particularly if the temperature is elevated. 3. Failure ofdiagnosis may lead to persistent disability until sinus formation and sequestration dictate operative intervention. 4. Early antibiotic therapy may lead to resolution of the infection.
DOUBLE OSTEOTOMY FOR THE PAINFUL KNEE IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND OSTEOARTHRITIS
Authors: Benjamin A. 
Published: February 2018

1. Double osteotomy was performed on 1 50 knees between 1961 and 1969. The first fifty-seven cases were assessed independently. 2. The operation of osteotomy of the upper end of the tibia and the lower end of the femur is described. it is emphasised that the osteotomy sites are close to the bone ends and well within the cancellous expansion. 3. The indications for the operation are pain and loss of function in a mobile arthritic knee joint. 4. Flexion of the knee is important during the operation to allow the popliteal artery to be moved away from bone. Arteriograms at necropsy show the danger of damaging the popliteal artery when the knee is extended. 5. The operation appears to be equally effective in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The proliferated synovium of the active rheumatoid knee regresses rapidly following operation. 6. The operation has resulted in relief of pain and increase in function in many knees which had no deformity. When a deformity did exist before operation recurrence of the deformity did not appear to influence the result. 7. The cause of relief of symptoms after osteotomy is not known, and it is suggested that answers to the following questions should be sought: Why are some arthritic knees painful and some not ? Why does physiotherapy relieve pain ? Why does osteotomy relieve pain? Why is double osteotomy followed by regression of synovial proliferation ? Why does osteotomy sometimes fail ? Would osteotomy of one bone (tibia or femur) be sufficient?
FACIAL PARALYSIS COMPLICATING SPLINTAGE FOR CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Beddow F. Howard 
Published: February 2018

1. Four cases of facial paralysis from the incorrect use of Von Rosen or Barlow type splints are described. 2. Attention is drawn to the subcutaneous and therefore vulnerable position of the facial nerve in the newborn.
THE INCIDENCE AND TREATMENT OF SCOLIOSIS IN CEREBRAL PALSY
Authors: Balmer G. A. , MacEwen G. Dean 
Published: February 2018

1. Ten children with scoliosis and cerebral palsy of various types have been reviewed. All underwent operation for correction and stabilisation of the spinal curve, and spinal fusion. 2. Three of the ten patients required supplemental surgery in the form of regrafting, with or without reinsertion of Harrington rods. All have shown considerable correction of the curve, and in all cases the fusion appears to be consolidated. Operation has given these children stable spines which are compensated. Their ability to sit, and in some cases to stand, has improved. 3. In many such cases of scoliosis complicating cerebral palsy Harrington instrumentation and spinal fusion is the only feasible effective form of treatment.
NAIL-PATELLA SYNDROME
Authors: Aggarwal N. D. , Mittal R. L. 
Published: February 2018

1. From India a family is reported in which fifteen of fifty-seven were affected by the nail-patella syndrome. 2. Additional coincidental features not described previously were fiexion deformities of both hips and hyperextension of the interphalangeal joints of the fingers. 3. Patients affected by the condition do not always show the same blood group.
VENOUS THROMBOSIS AFTER FRACTURES OF THE UPPER END OF THE FEMUR
Authors: Culver Denis , Crawford J. S. , Gardiner J. H. , Wiley A. M. 
Published: February 2018

1. One hundred patients with fractures of the upper end of the femur were investigated clinically and radiographically to ascertain the incidence and site of deep venous thrombosis during convalescence. 2. The technique of phlebography used has its own inherent dangers, but we believe that familiarity with the technique reduces the risk of complications. 3. The investigation revealed thrombi that were clinically unsuspected and indicates a need for further investigation of factors such as manipulation and retraction that may promote deep thrombosis. 4. The study has provided a control series for an investigation of the effect of prophylactic anticoagulants upon the incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after fractures about the hip.
EFFECT OF SYNOVECTOMY ON THE CLEARANCE OF RADIOACTIVE XENON (133Xe) FROM THE KNEE JOINT OF PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Dick W. Carson , Shenkin A. , Freeman P. , Nuki G. , Whaley K. , Buchanan W. W. 
Published: February 2018

1. 133Xe clearance rates as a measure of blood flow were determined in the knees oftwo groups of patients. 2. In the first group eight patients with rheumatoid arthritis were studied before, three months after and one year after synovectomy. Blood flow values were significantly lower three months after operation but the values recorded one year after operation did not differ significantly from those before operation. 3. In the second group (twenty-one patients with rheumatoid arthritis) blood flow values were determined two to three years after synovectomy. The values obtained differed from those obtained in normal joints and fell within the range of values obtained in forty-three patients with rheumatoid arthritis who did not have synovectomy.
ANNOTATIONS ON THE ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF TIBIA VARA
Authors: Kessel Lipmann 
Published: February 2018

1. It is suggested that early weight-bearing on physiologically bowed legs in infants leads to slowing of growth of the tibia and consequent increase of the differential length between fibula and tibia. 2. Such differential growth can produce both varus and medial rotation, leading to established tibia vara or Blount's disease. 3. Stimulation of tibial growth by simple metaphysial forage can correct this deformity if performed at an early age.
SEVERE SUBLUXATION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Crellin R. Q. , Maccabe J. J. , Hamilton E. B. D. 
Published: February 2018

1. Nineteen patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis complicated by severe subluxation of the cervical spine are reported. 2. Thirteen patients had atlanto-axial subluxation. This was the only level ofinvolvement in ten. 3. The next most frequent level to be involved was C.4-5. This occurred in five patients. 4. Eleven patients required surgery for symptoms or signs of spinal cord compression or vertebral artery insufficiency. 5. Operations included six posterior fusions, three anterior fusions and two laminectomies. 6. The differential diagnosis, the radiological findings, the indications for surgery and the results of treatment are discussed.
FRACTURES OF THE FEMUR IN PAGET'S DISEASE OF BONE
Authors: Grundy Michael 
Published: February 2018

1. Sixty-three fractures of the femur occurring in forty-eight patients with Paget's disease are presented. 2. In patients with Paget's disease the femur is the bone most often fractured, although the risk of fracture is probably not much greater than that of the normal population. 3. Many femoral fractures in Paget's disease are spontaneous and are preceded by pain. Extension of a stress fracture is the most likely cause. 4. All eleven femoral neck fractures in this series failed to unite; it is suggested that neither operation nor prolonged conservative treatment is indicated. 5. Subtrochanteric fractures, if severely displaced, are best treated by intramedullary nailing. 6. Most shaft fractures may be satisfactorily treated by conservative means. Deformity of the shaft can be corrected in fractures treated by external splintage. 7. The time required for union has been neither unduly short nor unduly prolonged. 8. The long-term results in this series have been acceptable. Sarcomatous change as a complication of fracture was not observed.
RUPTURE OF THE AXILLARY ARTERY COMPLICATING DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER
Authors: Curr J. F. 
Published: February 2018

1. Complete rupture of the axillary artery caused by dislocation of the shoulder in a man aged seventy-four is reported. There was severe arteriosclerosis and the simple operation of ligation of the artery was performed with success. There was excellent function of the shoulder and hand on review thirteen years later. 2. Previously recorded cases are reviewed.
LOCALISED HVPERTROPHY OF THE SEMIMEMBRANOSUS MUSCLE SIMULATING POPLITEAL CYST
Authors: Symeonides Pan. P. , Paschaloglou Constantine 
Published: February 2018

1. Two cases of swelling in the popliteal fossa due to a local hypertrophy of the semimembranosus muscle are described and two further cases thought to be of similar nature are noted. 2. The swelling was soft, not tender, fairly well circumscribed, and without signs of inflammation. Its most characteristic feature was an increase in size and hardening of the swelling during active flexion of the knee. 3. This condition should be considered in differential diagnosis of swellings of the popliteal fossa.
ACUTE SUPPURATIVE ARTHRITIS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Paterson Dennis C. 
Published: February 2018

1. A regime of treatment for acute suppurative arthritis in childhood has been proposed. This consists of: urgent arthrotomy of the affected joint, if possible within five days; skin closure without drainage; antibiotics; and immobilisation of the joint for six weeks. 2. Fifty hips have been treated by this regime: all are clinically and radiologically normal The failure to achieve these results with other forms of treatment is due to delay in diagnosis, inadequate drainage together with lack of immobilisation of tile affected joint, and inadequate treatmellt with antibiotics. 3. Early diagnosis determines the ultimate prognosis. It is suggested that in doubtful cases exploratory arthrotomy is indicated. Eleven hips were found to Ilave some other cause for the signs and symptoms, but the children have suffered no ill effects from the arthrotomy. 4. Diagnostic aspiration is an unsatisfactory method, especially ill the case of tile hip, and should be avoided. Incision is preferable. 5. Acute suppurative arthritis of infancy is a serious condition. Diagnosis is difficult and is often delayed, so that the affected joint may be destroyed. In this small series of nine, seven affected joints were destroyed.
SUPERIOR MIGRATION OF THE HUMERAL HEAD
Authors: Weiner Dennis S. , Macnab Ian 
Published: February 2018

1. A radiological study of the acromio-humcral interval in sixty normal shoulders and in fifty-nine shoulders with known tears of the rotator cuff is reported. 2. The normal acromio-humeral interval was found to be seven to fourteen millimetres, a range that is consistent with previous observations. 3. Narrowing of this interval is a frequent concomitant of a tear of the rotator cuff. 4. An interval of five millimetres or less should be considered compatible with a tear of the rotator cuff until proven otherwise. 5. An explanation of the pathomechanics of the observation has been proposed.