bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships within the tropical clade of Orobanchaceae
Authors: Morawetz Jeffery J. , Randle Christopher P. , Wolfe Andrea D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe tropical clade of Orobanchaceae contains approximately forty genera, typically with fewer than ten species each, and contributes significantly to the variation in floral morphology found within the family. Despite the economic importance of this clade, which contains three of four most important genera of crop parasites within the family, it has been under–sampled in previous phylogenies. We tested the monophyly of the tropical clade and its major genera using DNA sequences from the nuclear (internal transcribed spacer) and plastid (rpl16, trnT–L) genomes. The tropical clade was strongly supported as monophyletic in all analyses, and four main clades were recovered. The earliest diverging lineage from the remainder of the tropical clade is comprised of the shrubby genera Asepalum and Cyclocheilon, previously placed within Cyclocheilaceae. The atypical holoparasitic Alectra alba was shown to belong within the primarily holoparasitic Harveya, and the hemiparasitic Harveya obtusifolia was shown to belong to an otherwise holoparasitic lineage within Harveya. Both New World Melasma species were included here for the first time, and these were shown to be more closely related to the Neotropical hemiparasitic Escobedia than the African Melasma lineage. These results support a previous study recognizing Nesogenes within the tropical clade of Orobanchaceae rather than the separate family Nesogenaceae.
The evolutionary history of BeringianSmelowskia(Brassicaceae) inferred from combined microsatellite and DNA sequence data
Authors: Carlsen Tor , Elven Reidar , Brochmann Christian 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe used the genusSmelowskia, which is distributed in Asia and North America and comprises both diploids and polyploids, as an example to address phylogeny, biogeography and polyploidization in the recently (ca. 3 million years ago) formed arctic biome with particular reference to the Beringian area. We combined data from high–resolution nuclear markers (seven SSR loci) with sequences from two nuclear regions (the low copyRPA2region and the multicopy nrITS region) and five plastid regions (trnLUAA and rps16 introns, trnHGUG–psbA, trnLUAA–trnFGAA, and 5′prs12–rpl20spacers). The different nuclear markers showed a congruent pattern that fits well with that observed in morphology and geography, while the plastid data showed some incongruence. Both sequence and SSR data support merging ofSmelowskia porsildii, S. spathulatifolia, andS. jurtzeviiinto a single species (S. porsildii). An Asian origin of the Beringian taxa was inferred, resulting in two separate lineages of American–Beringian/American taxa. The SSR data confirmed polyploidy in several species, supporting the major role of this process in the evolution of the arctic flora.
A phylogeny of the Areae (Araceae) implies thatTyphonium, Sauromatum, and the Australian species ofTyphoniumare distinct clades
Authors: Cusimano Natalie , Barrett Matthew D. , Hetterscheid Wilbert L.A. , Renner Susanne S. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWith in excess of 70 species, the Southeast Asian/Australian genusTyphoniumis the largest genus of the Areae, a tribe that includes up to nine smaller genera of whichSauromatumandLazarumhave recently been reduced to the synonymy ofTyphonium.To test the circumscription and relationships ofTyphoniumto the other Areae, we used chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences (4319 aligned nucleotides) for 86 of the total 153 species, including representatives of all relevant genera. In the resulting phylogeny,Typhoniumspecies fall into three well–supported clades: the first comprises mostTyphoniumspecies, including the type, T. trilobatum ; the second consists of the type ofSauromatum, S. guttatum, and other species formerly placed in that genus; the third includes only Australian endemics. Each of the remaining six genera of Areae is monophyletic. Sauromatum andTyphoniumare not sister groups, requiring the recognition ofSauromatum. The Australian clade also needs to be ranked as a genus to achieve similar levels of morphological, geographic, and genetic distinctness among the genera of Areae. However, since only 10 of the 16 described Australian endemics currently placed inTyphoniumhave so far been sequenced, not including the type of the name of the Australian genusLazarum, we refrain from applying this name to the Australian clade. Among the nomenclatural and taxonomic results of this study are a key to the nine species ofSauromatum, and five new combinations. We also report two new chromosome counts and discuss the implications of the molecular phylogeny for the evolution ofSauromatumkaryotypes.
Intercontinentally disjunct species are derived rather than relictual in the moss genus Daltonia (Bryophyta)
Authors: Yu Jing , Devos Nicolas , Majestyk Piers , Shaw A. Jonathan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe present a phylogenetic analysis of the moss genus Daltonia based on nucleotide sequences from three plastid loci (psbT, trnL, trnG) plus the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (ITS), including 9 of 21 species in this genus. Of the nine species, seven are well–supported as monophyletic, even when multiple accessions came from different continents. Early diverging species in the genus have relatively restricted ranges that are limited to a single continent, whereas most or all later–diverging species have broad intercontinental distributions. The observation that intercontinental distributions are repeated in multiple monophyletic species suggests that a key innovation underlying enhanced abilities for long dispersal evolved within Daltonia, and that this potential was inherited among derived species from their common ancestor. The nature of this (these) innovation(s) remains obscure, but may be related to both relaxation of ecological limitations on establishment, and to effective dispersal of spores per se.
Geographical speciation related to Pleistocene range shifts in the western Mediterranean mountains (Reseda sect. Glaucoreseda, Resedaceae)
Authors: Martín-Bravo Santiago , Valcárcel Virginia , Vargas Pablo , Luceño Modesto 
Published: February 2019

AbstractReseda sect. Glaucoreseda is a monophyletic group composed of five endemic tetraploid species with a disjunct distribution in the high mountains and plateaus of the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco. It was previously suggested that range shifts induced by Quaternary glaciations played an important role in the speciation of the group. We studied the evolution of R. sect. Glaucoreseda in order to infer historical range dynamics and speciation processes, and to understand current distributional patterns. Phylogeographic analyses were performed using nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid trnL–F and rps16 sequences. Cloning of additive ITS sequences was carried out to elucidate the origin of intra–individual polymorphisms. A dated phylogeny based on ITS and cpDNA (rbcL, matK, trnL–F) sequences was used to estimate divergence times of R. sect. Glaucoreseda. Time estimates using Penalized Likelihood analyses indicate a late Pleistocene diversification of R. sect. Glaucoreseda. Incomplete lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphisms due to recent divergence, rather than rampant hybridisation, is suggested as the main cause of the phylogenetic incongruence detected between nuclear and plastid datasets. Our results support the vicariance hypothesis for population disjunctions in the Iberian Peninsula, in which an ancestral, widespread species could have undergone differentiation by Quaternary interglacial fragmentation. In contrast, long–distance dispersal across the Strait of Gibraltar may have been involved in the colonisation of North African plateaus by R. battandieri.
The phylogenetic significance of vestured pits in Boraginaceae
Authors: Rabaey David , Lens Frederic , Smets Erik , Jansen Steven 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe bordered pit structure in tracheary elements of 105 Boraginaceae species is studied using scanning electron microscopy to examine the systematic distribution of vestured pits. Forty–three species out of 16 genera show a uniform presence of this feature throughout their secondary xylem. Most vestures are small, unbranched and associated with the outer pit aperture of bordered intervessel pits. The feature is likely to have originated independently in the distantly related subfamilies Boraginoideae (tribe Lithospermeae) and Ehretioideae. The distribution of vestures in Ehretia agrees with recent molecular phylogenies: (1) species with vestured pits characterise the Ehretia I group (incl. Rotula), and (2) species with non–vestured pits belong to the Ehretia II group (incl. Carmona). The occurrence of vestured pits in Hydrolea provides additional support for excluding this genus from Hydrophylloideae, since Hydrolea is the only species of this subfamily with vestured pits. Functional advantages of vestured pits promoting parallel evolution of this conservative feature are suggested. The hydraulic benefits of poorly developed vestures remain underinvestigated.
A re–examination of the type specimens of Yuania H.C. Sze 1953 and its junior synonym Russellites Mamay 1968 (Noeggerathiales)
Authors: Wang Jun , Chaney Dan 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe noeggerathialean fossil names Yuania H.C. Sze and Russellites Mamay are shown to be synonymous, with the latter being the junior synonym of the former. Examination and re–illustration of the type material of both Yuania and Russellites shows that they are indistinguishable taxonomically. Both sets of material have pinnules with clasping bases and concave apices in which the veins converge but do not anastomose. Sze's original description of Yuania was incorrect in indicating that the leaves were petiolate and that the veins converged. Yuania may be the first plant taxon identified in the Permian floras of China and North America with vegetative and reproductive organs represented on both continents.
Latin diagnosis: Time to let go
Authors: Figueiredo Estrela , Moore Gerry , Smith Gideon F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractArticle 36.1 of the International code of botanical nomenclature (McNeill & al., 2006) requires that, as from 1 January 1935, all names of new plant taxa (algae and fossils excepted) can be validly published only if they are accompanied by a Latin description or diagnosis or by a reference to an effectively published Latin diagnosis or description. Although several past Nomenclature Section meetings have voted on proposals to have this requirement lifted, the liberation of plant nomenclature, and by implication plant taxonomy, from this impediment remains elusive. We argue that the Latin requirement must be removed now as it represents a relict that does not serve the purposes for which it was originally intended. Previous proposals to delete the requirement of a Latin description or diagnosis for the valid publication of a plant name have all had strings attached. We propose (Figueiredo & al. in Taxon 59: 659–660, this issue) that, as from the effective date of the Melbourne Code (a suitable date after the Melbourne Congress), a diagnosis or description in any language would suffice to effect valid publication of a plant name, the algae and fossils excepted, provided all of the other provisions for valid publication have been satisfied.
Origin and distribution of autopolyploids via apomixis in the alpine species Ranunculus kuepferi (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Cosendai Anne-Caroline , Rodewald Jan , Hörandl Elvira 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe evolution of polyploids is strongly influenced by their mode of origin. Autopolyploidy is often hampered by disturbances of chromosome pairing and segregation at meiosis, while allopolyploids exhibit fewer meiotic problems and potentially have selective advantages because of hybridity. Apomixis, the asexual reproduction via seed in flowering plants, can overcome problems of meiotic reduction, favouring range expansions of polyploids. We elucidate the origin and genetic structure of apomictic cytotypes of the alpine species Ranunculus kuepferi by analyzing five microsatellite loci (SSRs) and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) on eight diploid and twelve polyploid populations from across the range of the species. Multiple allelism appears in three SSR loci in all polyploid cytotypes and is likely a result of facultative unbalanced meiotic events, as it is typical for autopolyploids. Low frequencies of private AFLP fragments (3%) and SSR alleles (4%) in tetraploids suggest that they evolved from diploid populations without the contribution of another divergent parental gene pool. A Neighbor‐joining tree of AFLPs revealed a low genetic divergence of cytotypes and at least three independent origins of tetraploid populations. Autopolyploidy is in R. kuepferi likely evolutionarily young and still has signatures of a facultative unbalanced meiosis. The shift to apomixis avoided consequences of meiotic problems and therefore enhanced rapid establishment of autotetraploids. The lack of hybridity in polyploids suggests that apomixis is successful even without genomic novelty. The distributional success of polyploid cytotypes is probably more due to the benefits of apomictic reproduction than to genetic consequences of polyploidization.
Southern European glacial refugia: A tale of tales
Authors: Feliner Gonzalo Nieto 
Published: February 2019

AbstractInterpretations of current diversity patterns based on the contraction/expansion model forced by climatic oscillations during the last two million years are commonplace in phylogeographic literature. Of the wealth of scientific studies accumulated during the past two decades in Europe, the ones we understand best are those mostly from higher latitudes, probably because patterns were simplified to a great extent by major losses of diversity during glacial periods. In Southern European regions (or in general, in those places where ice effects were less severe) the situation is quite different and to some extent opposite. These regions are referred to as refugia because they are known to contain more genetic diversity than elsewhere. This is not only due to preservation of genotypes that went extinct in other places, however, but also to the intensity and accumulation of a number of processes in a patchy landscape across a varied topography. A lack of general phylogeographic patterns in these regions is one consequence. Speaking of a single refugium to refer to each of the peninsulas, however, is an oversimplification. Even speaking of multiple unconnected refugia does not adequately reflect the complexity of the processes that shaped the current genetic and specific diversity.
Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences with chromosomal and morphological data confirm and refine sectional and series classification within Melampodium (Asteraceae, Millerieae)
Authors: Stuessy Tod F. , Blöch Cordula , Villaseñor José L. , Rebernig Carolin A. , Weiss-Schneeweiss Hanna 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe genus Melampodium consists of 40 species distributed throughout Mexico and Central America with extensions into the southwestern United States and Colombia and Brasil of South America. The genus reflects broad chromosomal evolution involving dysploidy and polyploidy withn = 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18, 20, 23, 24, 27, 28, 30, and 33 having been documented (x = 9, 10, 11, 12, and 14). The most recent classification of the genus, based primarily on morphology and chromosome num bers, recognized six taxonomic sections: Alcina, Bibractiaria, Melampodium, Rhizomaria, Serratura, and Zarabellia. Section Melampodium, which contains 22 species, was divided into five series: Cupulata, Leucantha, Longipila, Melampodium, and Sericea. This hypothesis had been tested by previous morphological phenetic and cladistic analyses, and several problem areas had been highlighted, especially involving section Alcina, but no modifications to the classification have been made. Recent molecular studies utilizing nrITS, 5S rDNA spacer and low‐copy nuclear PgiC gene, plus plastid matK and psbA‐trnH regions allow the classificatory hypothesis to be tested more precisely. Congruence between ITS and matK phylogenies for all species reveals sections Bibractiaria, Rhizomaria, and Serratura to be holophyletic. The largest section Melampodium is holophyletic with both plastid markers, but M. longipilum is shown as an outlier (tying to sect. Rhizomaria) in all nuclear marker phylogenies (ITS, PgiC and 5S rDNA spacer). Section Zarabellia appears holophyletic in matK but biphyletic with ITS, suggesting recogni tion of two distinct series. Section Alcina is the most problematic, being triphyletic in ITS and matK, and with the species not connecting to the same relatives. These insights recommend recognition of three sections from within section Alcina, one hous ing M. nutans (Nutantia Stuessy, sect. nov.) another M. glabrum (Glabrata Stuessy, sect. nov.) and a third M. perfoliatum (sect. Alcina (Cav.) DC.). These may represent ancient independent lines that have diverged from original x = 11 ancestors. Within section Melampodium, 5S rDNA NTS, PgiC and psbA‐trnH, in addition to ITS and matK, provide insights on relationships among taxonomic series. Series Leucantha and Longipila are holophyletic, and series Cupulata nearly so, with M. glabribracteatum deserving treatment in a series of its own. The most complex relationships are between series Melampodium, Cupulata, and Sericea, the latter comprising five exclusively polyploid taxa (4x and 6x). Molecular and cytogenetic data reveal allopolyploid origins for all of these polyploids, in some cases involving hybridization between the two series Cupulata and Melampodium / Sericea, such as with M. mayfieldii and M. longicorne, which exacerbates taxonomic circumscription.
Phylogeny and divergence times of Bactridinae (Arecaceae, Palmae) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences
Authors: Eiserhardt Wolf L. , Pintaud Jean-Christophe , Asmussen-Lange Conny , Hahn William J. , Bernal Rodrigo , Balslev Henrik , Borchsenius Finn 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBactridinae include about 150 species of spiny Neotropical palms in five genera that are ecologically important in several vegetation types such as open woodland (Acrocomia), lowland rainforest (Astrocaryum, Bactris), and montane forest (Aiphaness). The subtribe also includes the only exclusively lianescent palm genus in the Neotropics (Desmoncus). We present a fully resolved molecular phylogeny of 41 species of Bactridinae, representing all genera as well as most of the currently ac ‐ cepted infrageneric taxa (subgenera, sections etc.) and recently proposed informal groups. Analyses are based on five plastid DNA regions (matK, trnQ‐rps16, rps16 intron, trnD‐trnT, trnL‐trnF) and three nuclear markers (PRK, RPB2, ITS). A combined dataset was analysed with likelihood and parsimony methods. The results show that all accepted taxa at and above the generic level are monophyletic with high support. Astrocaryum alatum and A. mexicanum, recently segregated into a genus of their own (Hexopetion), form a strongly supported monophyletic group sister to the remaining Astrocaryum species. Desmoncus and Acrocomia are resolved as sister genera, and together they are sister to the remaining Bactridinae. This finding contrasts with that of two previous studies reporting Acrocomia to be sister to the rest of the subtribe. Aiphanes is resolved as sister to Bactris and Astrocaryum. Species‐level relationships recovered within Astrocaryum and Bactris disagree to a large extent with previous morphology‐based infrageneric classifications, suggesting that those characters are homoplasious, particularly within Bactris. A Bayesian dating analysis using the relaxed‐clock model indicates that most genera of Bactridinae diverged during a relatively short period around the Eocene–Oligocene boundary, which might explain the difficulties in resolving the phylogenetic backbone of the group. The mostly Andean genus Aiphanes shows an initial radiation of early lineages in the Oligocene (around 25 Ma ago) corresponding to an early uplift phase of the cordillera. These taxa are nowadays restricted to the mountain forests of Colombia and Ecuador. The main diversification of Andean Aiphanes began in the Miocene (around 11 Ma ago). This study provides the first substantial insight into Bactridinae phylogeny and sets the stage for more comprehensively sampled species‐level studies analysing drivers of diversity of Neotropical palms, speciation patterns, character evolution, or biogeography.
Phylogeny, morphology, and biogeography of Haplophyllum (Rutaceae), a species‐rich genus of the Irano‐Turanian floristic region
Authors: Salvo Gabriele , Manafzadeh Sara , Ghahremaninejad Farrokh , Tojibaev Komiljon , Zeltner Louis , Conti Elena 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHaplophyllum A. Juss. is one of the most species‐rich, but poorly‐known genera of Rutaceae (citrus family), reaching maximum species diversity in Turkey, Iran, and Central Asia. Many of its species exhibit a narrow geographic range ("narrow endemics"), which makes them particularly vulnerable to extinction. Despite its importance for the characterization of the Irano‐Turanian floristic region, the evolution of species diversity in Haplophyllum has never been examined in a phylogenetic and biogeographic context. We generated gene trees from DNA sequences of four regions of the chloroplast genome for 118 accessions, representing 66% of the species diversity of the genus. Additionally, Haplophyllum was examined morphologically. The phylogenetic analyses showed that several species of the genus do not form reciprocally monophyletic groups. Optimization of morphological characters on the chloroplast DNA phylogeny indicated that most of the species, in particular those with a widespread geographic distribution, can only be diagnosed by combinations of homoplasious character states. Homoplasy notwithstanding, the main morphological characters traditionally used to classify the genus are consistent with the molecular phylogeny of Haplophyllum. Finally, the Mediterranean representatives of Haplophyllum were found to be embedded within a clade that includes primarily Irano‐Turanian species, suggesting multiple invasions of the Mediterranean basin from the east.
Phylogeny and taxonomy of Tribulocarpus (Aizoaceae): A paraphyletic species and an adaptive shift from zoochorous trample burrs to anemochorous nuts
Authors: Thulin Mats , Thiede Joachim , Liede-Schumann Sigrid 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe phylogenetic position and circumscription of the disjunct African genus Tribulocarpus is investigated with DNA sequences from plastid rps16 and trnL‐F, and nuclear ITS. Representatives from all four subfamilies of Aizoaceae are included in the analyses, most of them from Aizooideae and Sesuvioideae. The position of Tribulocarpus as sister to the rest of Sesuvioideae is confirmed, and we agree that the genus should be referred to this subfamily. Tetragonia retusa is found to be part of the Tribulocarpus clade with strong support. A new taxonomy of Tribulocarpus with two species is proposed and the new combination Tribulocarpus retusus is made. A lectotype is designated for Tetragonia somalensis. Tribulocarpus dimorphanthus, disjunctly distributed in south‐western and north‐eastern Africa, is retrieved as paraphyletic with regard to T. retusus, endemic in Somalia, as the latter is sister to the north‐east African part of T. dimorphanthus only. Despite the genetic difference between the samples from the disjunct populations of T. dimorphanthus no morphological differences could be detected. Tribulocarpus dimorphanthus–T. retusus is suggested as an example of a progenitor‐derivative species pair, where T. retusus has budded off from the north‐eastern partial area of distribution of T. dimorphanthus. The compound and spiny fruits of T. dimorphanthus versus the simple and broadly winged fruits of T. retusus indicate a rapid adaptive shift from zoochorous trample burrs to anemochorous nuts.