bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of tenofovir and renal disease for the HIV-treating clinician
Authors: Venter Willem D.F. , Fabian June , Feldman Charles 
Published: July 2018

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF, commonly termed ‘tenofovir’) is the antiretroviral most commonly implicated in antiretroviral-induced nephrotoxicity. As patients on successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) age, their risk for developing renal disease may increase in part because of ART itself, but more importantly, because of HIV-associated and non-HIV-associated comorbidity. Therefore, clinicians need an approach to managing renal disease in people on TDF. TDF as a cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) is uncommon, and clinicians should actively exclude other causes (Box 1). In TDF-associated AKI, TDF should be interrupted in all cases, and replaced, or ART interrupted altogether. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate toxicity can present as AKI or CKD, and as a full or partial Fanconi’s syndrome. TDF has a small but definite negative impact on kidney function (up to a 10% decrease in glomerular filtration rate [GFR]). This occurs because of altered tubular function in those exposed to TDF for treatment and as pre-exposure prophylaxis. Renal function should be assessed using creatinine-based estimated GFR at the time of initiation of TDF, if ART is changed, at 1–3 months, and then ideally every 6–12 months if stable. Specific tests of tubular function are not routinely recommended; in the case of clinical concern, a spot protein or albumin: creatinine ratio is preferable, but in resource-limited settings, urine dipstick can be used. More frequent monitoring may be required in those with established CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] < 50 mL/min/1.73 m2) or risk factors for kidney disease. The most common risk factors are comorbid hypertension, diabetes, HIV-associated kidney disease, hepatitis B or C co-infection, and TDF in combination with a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor. Management of these comorbid conditions must be prioritised in this group. If baseline screening eGFR is < 50 mL/min/1.73 m2, abacavir (the preferred option), and dose-adjusted TDF (useful if concomitant hepatitis B), zidovudine or stavudine (d4T) remain alternatives to full-dose TDF. If there is a rapid decline in kidney function (eGFR drops by more than 25% and decreases to < 50 mL/min/1.73 m2 from of baseline function), or there is new onset or worsening of proteinuria or albuminuria, clinicians should review ART and other potentially nephrotoxic medications and comorbidity and conduct further testing if indicated. If kidney function does not improve after addressing reversible causes of renal failure, then referral to a nephrologist is appropriate. In the case of severe CKD, timeous referral for planning for renal replacement therapy is recommended. Tenofovir alafenamide, a prodrug of tenofovir, appears to have less renal toxicity and is likely to replace TDF in future.
A Cross-Specialty Examination of Resident Error Disclosure and Communication Skills Using Simulation
Authors: Gardner Aimee K. , Lim Gi , Minard Charles G. , Guffey Danielle , Pillow M. Tyson 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT

Background
Disclosure of medical errors is important to patients and physicians, but formal disclosure training during the graduate medical education curriculum is limited.

Objective
We examined resident competence related to error disclosure, using standardized patient (SP) ratings of resident communication skills.

Methods
All first-year residents from medicine, radiology, emergency medicine, orthopedic surgery, and neurological surgery completed a 20-minute simulated session in which they were provided background information on a medical error they had made and were asked to disclose the error to an SP acting as a family member. Residents were then debriefed and completed a postscenario questionnaire. The SPs completed an 11-item communication assessment and 3 milestone rating tools on professionalism (PROF-1, PROF-3) and interpersonal and communication skills (ICS-1).

Results
Ninety-six residents from a single institution participated toward the end of the intern year. Communication assessment scores ranged from 23% to 100% (mean [SD], 80.6 [17.0]). Mean (SD) milestone ratings across specialties were 2.80 ± 0.92 for PROF-1, 2.48 ± 0.92 for PROF-3, and 2.45 ± 0.92 for ICS-1. One-way analysis of variance revealed no significant differences among specialties on milestone or communication ratings. Residents who accepted personal responsibility for the error (84.55 [14.06]) received significantly higher communication ratings from SPs compared with residents who did not (66.67 [19.52], P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
This SP assessment of error disclosure by first-year residents from multiple specialties was feasible and acceptable. It revealed areas of improvement as well as considerable variation in communication skills and professionalism among residents.
Rethinking food production in West Africa: The prehistorical perspective
Authors: Okoroafor S.I. 
Published: July 2018

Food sufficiency in a society can guarantee development in it. In West Africa today, there is food shortage reality to malnutrition, hunger and starvation. This has ignited negative trends such as corrupt practices, lack of respect for societal values and low esteem of the people among other vices. The need for food is sin qua non to all human requirements yet it is not receiving appropriate attention by peoples and governments of the region. It would appear that the region lacks the experience but history here approached through prehistorical analytical tools does not ascend to this. The environment is capable of producing the food if only the peoples can strive. And they would be happier if they do.
CALIPSO lidar level 3 aerosol profile product: version 3 algorithm design
Authors: Tackett Jason L. , Winker David M. , Getzewich Brian J. , Vaughan Mark A. , Young Stuart A. , Kar Jayanta 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite
Observations) level 3 aerosol profile product reports globally gridded,
quality-screened, monthly mean aerosol extinction profiles retrieved by
CALIOP (the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization). This paper
describes the quality screening and averaging methods used to generate the
version 3 product. The fundamental input data are CALIOP level 2 aerosol
extinction profiles and layer classification information (aerosol, cloud, and
clear-air). Prior to aggregation, the extinction profiles are
quality-screened by a series of filters to reduce the impact of layer
detection errors, layer classification errors, extinction retrieval errors,
and biases due to an intermittent signal anomaly at the surface. The relative
influence of these filters are compared in terms of sample rejection
frequency, mean extinction, and mean aerosol optical depth (AOD). The
“extinction QC flag” filter is the most influential in preventing
high-biases in level 3 mean extinction, while the “misclassified cirrus
fringe” filter is most aggressive at rejecting cirrus misclassified as
aerosol. The impact of quality screening on monthly mean aerosol extinction
is investigated globally and regionally. After applying quality filters, the
level 3 algorithm calculates monthly mean AOD by vertically integrating the
monthly mean quality-screened aerosol extinction profile. Calculating monthly
mean AOD by integrating the monthly mean extinction profile prevents a low
bias that would result from alternately integrating the set of extinction
profiles first and then averaging the resultant AOD values together.
Ultimately, the quality filters reduce level 3 mean AOD by −24 and
−31 % for global ocean and global land, respectively, indicating the
importance of quality screening.
Future extreme precipitation intensities based on a historic event
Authors: Manola Iris , van den Hurk Bart , De Moel Hans , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. In a warmer climate, it is expected that precipitation intensities will
increase, and form a considerable risk of high-impact precipitation
extremes. This study applies three methods to transform a historic extreme
precipitation event in the Netherlands to a similar event in a future warmer
climate, thus compiling a “future weather” scenario. The first method uses
an observation-based non-linear relation between the hourly-observed summer
precipitation and the antecedent dew-point temperature (the Pi–Td relation).
The second method simulates the same event by using the convective-permitting
numerical weather model (NWP) model HARMONIE, for both present-day and future warmer conditions. The
third method is similar to the first method, but applies a simple linear
delta transformation to the historic data by using indicators from The Royal
Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI)'14 climate scenarios. A
comparison of the three methods shows comparable intensity changes, ranging
from below the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) scaling to a 3 times CC increase per
degree of warming. In the NWP model, the position of the events is somewhat
different; due to small wind and convection changes, the intensity changes
somewhat differ with time, but the total spatial area covered by heavy
precipitation does not change with the temperature increase. The Pi–Td method
is simple and time efficient compared to numerical models. The outcome can
be used directly for hydrological and climatological studies and for impact
analysis, such as flood-risk assessments.
Hier zit een luchtje aan. Over het wegwerken van afvalstoffen door co-vergisting
Authors: Mehlbaum Shanna 
Published: July 2018

Smelly business. Disposing illegal waste through fermentation production processes for biofuel
Fermentation production processes for biofuel lead to sustainable energy, but the fermenters can also be used to dispose illegal wastes. Although it’s known that the fermentation business is susceptible for illegal behavior, so far little empirical research is carried out about the modus operandi and criminogenic factors. In this study a crime script analysis (CSA) is conducted to map the criminal process. This analysis shows that the true nature of the illegal waste is concealed by trading without or with falsified (transport) documents and illegal blending. Legal traders operate illegal and form the crucial connection between disposers and end receivers. Criminogenic factors, such as complexity of regulation and inspection, European policy differences and the lack of profitability of the fermenters, make the branch vulnerable for criminal behavior. Intervention options are formulated per phase of the criminal process and aim at prevention or increasing the chance being caught.
APPLICATION OF LAYER-BY-LAYER METHOD FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF ACARICIDE AGENTS ON CELLULOSIC TEXTILE MATERIALS
Authors: Prokhorova Anna A. , Odintsova Olga I. , Avakova Ekaterina O. , Kuzmenko Victoria А. 
Published: July 2018

The professional clothing with a repellent finish becomes necessary in the modern world. It is used for foresters, geologists, rescue workers, firefighters, military, personnel of mineral exploration, drilling and gas fields, etc. Clothing with a repellent finish as prophylactic in periods of tick-borne encephalitis epidemics becomes especially relevant. The purpose of the study was to develop a technology of textile materials permanent repellent finishing by means of oppositely charged poly electrolytes. The cotton and cotton- polyester textile materials with surface density from 123 to 350 g/m2, previously prepared for the repellent finishing, were served as a research object. The polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) and Akremony were used as a polyelectrolytes. The influence of the polyelectrolytes application sequence on the kinetics of repellent release from textile materials was investigated by means of gas chromatography. Analysis of textile materials repellent finishing technical results showed that the percentage of alfatsipermetrin on fabric, processed according to the proposed technology, remained unchanged after five washings. Thus, the resulting acaricidal effect is stable to wet treatments. The test of the costumes protective effect with inserts of processed fabric in respect ticks in the natural focus of tick-borne viral encephalitis in the Irkutsk region was carried out. On the basis of completed researches the possible technological schemes of textile materials acaricidal finishing was developed. The obtained results allow recommending the developed technology for imparting of acaricidal properties to textile materials.
Retrospective evaluation of sedation techniques for tooth extraction in pediatric patients
Authors: Günay Canpolat Dilek , Kütük Nükhet , Yılmaz Asan Canay , Alkan Alper 
Published: July 2018

Objective: Due to
lack of past experiences and cooperation in anxious and fearful children,
tooth
extraction may be difficult to manage in dentistry. The aims of this retrospective study were to evaluate
the various sedation techniques, complications and the characteristics of
children whose tooth extraction were performed with deep sedation.

Materials and Methods: After
approval by the Local Ethics Committee, a retrospective analysis was performed
using the records of 885 patients between the ages of 1-15 years, between 2012
and 2014, and treated with deep sedation for tooth extraction. The authors
described the characteristics of children, the various sedation techniques and
complications.

Results: The mean weight of the
patients was 20.09±7.3 kilogram and the mean age was 5.72±2.5 years. The
mean duration of the operations was 16.14±5.4 minutes. Propofol, ketamine,
propofol-ketamine combination, alfentanil, midazolam, sevoflurane inhalation,
sevoflurane inhalation+propofol were used fpr the anesthesia. There were no
statistically significant differences among the anesthesic agents, nausea and
vomiting (p=0.09), and sore throat
(p=0.857) and arrhythmia, bronchospasm and hypoxia (p&gt;0.05).

Conclusions: We
concluded that, propofol was a better option for deep sedation in pediatric
dental extraction due to short duration time, rapid recovery and less
nausea-vomiting. Ketamine-propofol combination may be used as an alternative to
propofol alone.
When to Start Population-Wide Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Cusick Marika M. , Tisdale Rebecca L. , Chertow Glenn M. , Owens Douglas K. , Goldhaber-Fiebert Jeremy D. , Salomon Joshua A. 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceSodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have changed clinical management of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and made population-wide screening for CKD a viable strategy. Optimal age of screening initiation has yet to be evaluated.ObjectiveTo compare the clinical benefits, costs, and cost-effectiveness of population-wide CKD screening at different initiation ages and screening frequencies.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cost-effectiveness study used a previously published decision-analytic Markov cohort model that simulated progression of CKD among US adults from age 35 years and older and was calibrated to population-level data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors was derived from the Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) trial. Mortality, quality-of-life weights, and cost estimates were obtained from published cohort studies, randomized clinical trials, and US Centers for Medicare &amp;amp; Medicaid Services data. Analyses were performed from June 2023 through September 2024.ExposuresOne-time or periodic (every 10 or 5 years) screening for albuminuria, initiated at ages between 35 and 75 years, with and without addition of SGLT2 inhibitors to conventional CKD therapy (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers).Main Outcomes and MeasuresCumulative incidence of kidney failure requiring kidney replacement therapy (KRT); life years, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), lifetime health care costs (2024 US currency), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios discounted at 3% annually.ResultsFor those aged 35 years, starting screening at age 55 years, and continuing every 5 years through age 75 years, combined with SGLT2 inhibitors, decreased the cumulative incidence of kidney failure requiring KRT from 2.4% to 1.9%, increased life expectancy by 0.13 years, and cost $128 400 per QALY gained. Although initiation of screening every 5 years at age 35 or 45 years yielded greater gains in population-wide health benefits, these strategies cost more than $200 000 per additional QALY gained. The comparative values of starting screening at different ages were sensitive to the cost and effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors; if SGLT2 inhibitor prices drop due to patent expirations, screening at age 55 years continued to be cost-effective even if SGLT2 inhibitor effectiveness were 30% lower than in the base case.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study found that, based on conventional benchmarks for cost-effectiveness in medicine, initiating population-wide CKD screening with SGLT2 inhibitors at age 55 years would be cost-effective.
Perceived Mistreatment and Professional Identity of Medical Students in China
Authors: Ma Xuanxuan , Shen Ziyue , Xiao Ruilian , Wu Hongbin 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceMistreatment is a common experience among medical students, with various negative consequences of such perceived mistreatment reported. However, few large-scale studies have investigated the association between perceived mistreatment and the formation of medical students’ professional identities.ObjectiveTo investigate medical students’ perceived mistreatment during medical school and its association with professional identity.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis repeated cross-sectional study included medical students graduating between 2019 and 2022 at 135 medical schools in China. Analyses were performed from July 25, 2023, to May 15, 2024.ExposureThe China Medical Student Survey includes 5 items designed to measure students’ perceived experiences of mistreatment.Main Outcomes and MeasuresProfessional identity was measured using a validated 7-item scale adapted from the Macleod Clark Professional Identity Scale. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine the association between perceived mistreatment and medical students’ professional identity.ResultsA total of 94 153 students (53 819 female [57.2%]; 83 548 Han ethnicity [88.7%]) were analyzed, representing 67.2% of the medical graduates enrolled in all responding medical schools. Most medical students reported having experienced at least 1 mistreatment incident (79 554 students [84.5%]). Medical students reported being required to perform personal service (57 455 students [61.0%]), experiencing mistreatment by patients (67 439 students [71.6%]), being publicly humiliated (24 348 students [25.9%]), being unjustly treated (35 926 students [38.2%]), and experiencing deliberate harassment (46 082 students [48.9%]). A negative association and saturation effect (where effect size plateaus after moderate exposure of mistreatment) were found between the degree of mistreatment and medical students’ professional identity scores. Compared with students who had not reported mistreatment, students who reported single (β, −0.30; 95% CI, −0.33 to −0.28; P &amp;lt; .001), moderate (β, −0.66; 95% CI, −0.69 to −0.63; P &amp;lt; .001), and high (β, −0.62; 95% CI, −0.65 to −0.58; P &amp;lt; .001) frequency of mistreatment were more likely to have lower professional identity scores; this association persisted but was attenuated after adjusting for students’ sociodemographic characteristics and was consistent across all the types of mistreatment.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this national, repeated cross-sectional study, a high prevalence of mistreatment among medical students in China and a negative association between perceived mistreatment and medical students’ professional identity was found. Further research is needed to ensure that medical schools offer supportive and respectful learning environments.
Domain‐General Individual Differences in Visual Comparison: Generalisability and Stability of Visual Comparison Ability Re‐Visited
Authors: Growns Bethany , Gough Mia , Helm Rebecca K. 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTVisual comparison is the ability to ‘match’ visual stimuli like fingerprints or faces and decide whether they are from the same source or different sources (e.g., fingerprint‐matching). Limited research has investigated individual differences in this ability. In this paper, we present the results of three studies that explore the generalisability and stability of five visual comparison tasks (fingerprints, faces, artificial‐prints, footwear and toolmarks). We report data from three new studies examining the generalisability and stability of footwear comparison (Exp. 1) and toolmark comparison (Exp. 2), as well as the generalisability of all five comparison tasks (Exp. 3). Our results reveal that visual comparison ability generalises across all five comparison tasks and has stable test–retest reliability over time.
Enhanced Photosensitizer Wettability via Anchoring Competition of Violet Phosphorus Quantum Dots for Breakthroughs in Photodynamic Film Sterilization
Authors: Zhang Zuwang , Zhang Chi , Wang Na , Hu Yayun , Cui Lu , Wang Jianlong , Zhu Lingyan , Zhang Jinying , Wang Rong 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWettability is important for photodynamic film sterilization since higher wettability enhances the capture of bacteria in contact with photosensitizers. Herein, a small number of violet phosphorus quantum dots (VPQDs) are anchored into hypericin bacterial cellulose films (VP/Hy‐BC films) to improve wettability, reducing the water contact angle from 56.8° to 33.0°. This modification facilitated more effective interactions between the bacteria and photosensitizers, rapidly inactivating 7 log10 CFU/mL of Staphylococcus aureus within 60 min. First‐principles calculations and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that VPQDs, with their low spatial site resistance, reduced the intermolecular Hy self‐aggregation force. This increased the solvent‐accessible surface area of VP/Hy by ≈25.7%, thereby decreasing hydrophobic photosensitizer aggregation. Consequently, more active sites are exposed, remarkably improving the photoelectron transfer efficiency. VP/Hy‐BC demonstrated exceptional efficacy in inhibiting bacterial proliferation; for instance, it extended beef shelf life by up to 10 days. The findings of this study will aid the development of health‐conscious, eco‐friendly, and efficient antimicrobial packaging films.
Nanocarbon Materials: Synthesis of Newly Discovered Carbon Nanoframes and Hollow Carbon Nanocubes
Authors: Lin Zezhong , Du Bingxuan , Zhang Conglin , Ji Qingsong , Yang Xiaobo , Li Haichao 
Published: November 2024

AbstractNanocarbons are emerging at the forefront of nanoscience, and a wide variety of nanocarbons with unique structures have appeared over the past two decades. Currently, many carbon nanostructures have not been synthesized in the field of nanocarbons. The focus of this work is to present a new ideology and report two carbon nanostructures that have never been reported before. Inspired by the phenomenon of crystal growth, a new concept of thought is proposed. In brief, the diversity of crystal structures is utilized to enable surfactants to replicate their framework structures to create carbon nanomaterials with novel structures. In this work, carbon nanoframes (CNFEs) and hollow carbon nanocubes (HCNBs) synthesized by the 3‐(N,N‐dimethyldodecylammonio) propanesulfonate (SB3‐12)@NaCl self‐assembly strategy are used as proof of the ideology concept. It is shown that the prepared CNFEs have tunable dimensions (320–565 nm) and specific optical properties (fluorescence). The obtained HCNBs are 575 ± 20 nm in size and have fluorescent properties. It is found that changes in the concentration of SB3‐12 are a key driver of size changes, especially morphological evolution. It is believed that the ideology of this work provides a new entry point for the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials.