bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic evidence for the generic circumscription of Cineraria L. (Asteraceae‐Senecioneae)
Authors: Cron Glynis V. , Balkwill Kevin , Knox Eric B. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPhylogenetic analyses of separate and combined plastid trnL‐trnF and nuclear ITS DNA sequences were used to investigate the delimitation of Cineraria with respect to five species previously included in Cineraria, its infrageneric structure, and to contribute to knowledge regarding its relationships in the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae). The molecular phylogenetic study (corroborated by morphological evidence) has resulted in a revised generic concept/circumscription for Cineraria with the removal of anomalous species from the genus and the recognition of two new genera: Bolandia and Oresbia. Bolandia comprises two South African species (B. argillacea, B. pedunculosa) previously included in Cineraria. The monotypic Oresbia heterocarpa (syn.: C. tomentosa) has unique morphological features and exhibits strongly incongruent placement with Kleinia galpinii versus Dendrosenecio kilimanjari in the trnL‐trnF and ITS datasets, respectively. Two other species previously placed in Cineraria are reinstated as Senecio cordifolius (syn.: C. mitellifolia) or reassigned as S. hederiformis (syn.: C. hederifolia) because of their close relationships to species currently placed in Senecio s.l. in a clade that also includes Pericallis. Cineraria now has a coherent morphological concept as plants with palmately veined leaves, radiate, calyculate capitula, obtuse/penicillate style apices and obovate, compressed cypselae with two distinct margins or wings and a substantial carpopodium. The species‐level comparisons within Cineraria show surprisingly limited amounts of DNA variation that nonetheless have striking points of incongruence between the trnL‐trnF and ITS datasets. Cineraria evidently experienced a rapid biogeographic and morphological diversification periodically punctuated by bouts of reticulate evolution. Investigations into relationships within the Senecioneae concur with previous reports that Cineraria is related to Pericallis and Dendrosenecio, and our increased taxonomic sampling identifies Bolandia as a putative sister‐genus to Cineraria.
Phylogeographic implications of an AFLP phylogeny of the American diploid Hordeum species (Poaceae: Triticeae)
Authors: Pleines Thekla , Blattner Frank R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe American species of Hordeum form a monophyletic group of closely related species, in which a rapid radiation took place in South America during the last two million years. Species relationships within this group could up to now not be clarified because of the small sequence differences among the species or incomplete sorting of ancient alleles. To overcome these problems we analyzed 65 samples covering all 13 diploid New World species with amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis (AFLP). Six primer combinations yielded 858 fragments, 765 of which were potentially parsimony informative. Two samples of diploid Asian Hordeum species were included as outgroup taxa. AFLP analysis was able to resolve species relationships, showing Californian H. brachyantherum as sister to four major phylogenetic groups from South America. These are a central Argentine and northern Andean group (H. cordobense, H. muticum), a mainly central to northern Argentine group including two North American species (H. erectifolium, H. euclaston, H. intercedens, H. pusillum, H. stenostachys), a group occurring mainly in southern Patagonia (H. comosum, H. patagonicum, H. pubiflorum), and a group of two species, whose close relationship has not been inferred before (H. chilense, H. flexuosum). Within these groups, sister species can be resolved with high bootstrap support, while statistical support for the branches defining the relationships among these groups is relatively low. The AFLP results support the monophyly of the three annual New World species, as well as earlier findings regarding intercontinental long‐distance dispersals from South to North America.
On the phylogenetic position and taxonomic value of Gagea trinervia (Viv.) Greuter and Gagea sect. Anthericoides A. Terracc. (Liliaceae)
Authors: Peruzzi Lorenzo , Tison Jean-Marc , Peterson Angela , Peterson Jens 
Published: February 2019

AbstractGagea trinervia and G. graeca, both diploid (2n = 24), share several features that appear unusual in the genus: white flowers, relatively late flowering, and red bulb tunics. They are genetically rather close but can be distinguished with karyology and molecular markers (nrITS‐region). They were indeed thought to be conspecific by many authors, however, exhibit major ontogenetic, morphological and anatomical differences which indicates a strongly divergent evolution. Gagea trinervia differs from G. graeca in having bulbils with stolon‐like hypopodium, a regular sister bulbil at the immature stage, an unifacial, juvenile‐like basal leaf to adult stage, few cauline leaves, few flowers and a low level of sexual reproduction. These two species make up Gagea sect. Anthericoides, the most early‐branching clade of the genus, endemic to the Mediterranean. The closest species phylogenetically is Gagea serotina, that is referred to the separate section Lloydia (Salisb.) Peruzzi & al. comb. & stat. nov.
Putative parentage of six Old World polyploids in Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae: Scorzonerinae) based on ITS, ETS, and plastid sequence data
Authors: Mavrodiev Evgeny V. , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUsing plastid, ITS, and ETS sequences, we investigated the parentage of polyploids Tragopogon buphthalmoides, T. castellanus, T. coloratus, T. gracilis, T. latifolius, and T. tuberosus. One of the parents of T. tuberosus is a member of the Collini clade (likely T. marginatus) and the second parent is part of the Angustissimi clade, most likely T. pusillus. Tragopogon bornmuelleri and T. rechingeri are not likely parents of T. buphthalmoides. Tragopogon crocifolius and T. lamottei are parents of T. castellanus. Tragopogon latifolius var. latifolius is an allotetroploid, with one parent from the Angustissimi clade (T. graminifolius or T. pusillus) and the other parent is a diploid or tetraploid from the Profundisulcati clade (likely T. buphthalmoides); one likely parent of tetraploid T. coloratus is a tetraploid T. buphthalmoides and the other one is a diploid T. australis (T. porrifolius ssp. australis). Molecular data clearly argue against the inclusion of this tetraploid within T. coloratus (2n = 12). Tragopogon tomentosulus is not closely related to T. gracilis. Tragopogon acanthocarpus is nonmonophyletic based on rDNA and plastid sequence data. Homogenization of rDNA repeats has occurred to varying degrees in the Eurasian polyploids.
Ulva umbilicalis L. and Porphyra umbilicalis Kütz. (Rhodophyta, Bangiaceae): a molecular and morphological redescription of the species, with a typification update
Authors: Brodie Juliet , Irvine Linda , Neefus Christopher D. , Russell Stephen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractProblems with the name and concept of the entity known as “Porphyra umbilicalis” that have led to confusion over its identity for more than 250 years are addressed. The name was first used by Kützing (1843), who provided a diagnosis based entirely on material collected from Scotland by Scheele, but he later subsumed it under another species. Jacob Agardh (1883) transferred Ulva umbilicalis L. (1753) to Porphyra. We show that this nomenclatural problem can be resolved by typifying the names Ulva umbilicalis L. and Porphyra umbilicalis Kütz. Although we have located a Scheele specimen of Porphyra, there is no evidence that Kützing based his description of P. umbilicalis on this material. We have therefore selected a specimen of P. umbilicalis from Scotland as neotype of P. umbilicalis Kütz. which fits both his diagnosis and the current concept of P. umbilicalis and for which we have molecular data. We also provide a revised diagnosis and designate the specimen chosen as the neotype of P. umbilicalis Kütz. as the epitype of Ulva umbilicalis L.
History of the typification of conserved and rejected names, including an account of the typification of Bangia Lyngb. (Bangiaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Silva Paul C. , Nelson Wendy A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe provision for conserved and rejected generic names entered the botanical code of nomenclature 25 years before the type method was adopted. All conserved and rejected generic names approved by an international botanical congress prior to 1954 were applied in accordance with circumscriptions. Bringing the lists of names into accordance with the type method resulted in the finding that many names had been unnecessarily conserved, Bangia Lyngb. among them. Silva's choice of Conferva fuscopurpurea Dillwyn as generitype must be rejected in favor of Pfeiffer's previous choice of C. atropurpurea Mert. ex Roth. Bangiadulcis W.A. Nelson, based on C. atropurpurea, is thus rendered a superfluous name for Bangia Lyngb. The latter name when properly typified applies to a genus that currently comprises a single freshwater species. Generic limits remain to be established among the phylogenetically diverse marine populations currently assigned to Bangia.
Patrocladistics, nothing new
Authors: Wiley E.O. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPatrocladograms that are logically inconsistent with phylogenetic tree hypotheses cannot be used to circumscribe monophyletic ("holophyletic") groups. Patrocladograms are graphs that assert hypotheses of similarity. Phylogenetic trees are graphs that assert hypotheses of common (or unique) ancestry. Monophyly is a concept derived from ancestry, not similarity. Further, patrocladograms that are logically inconsistent with phylogenetic trees also distort interpretations of character evolution, rendering characters homoplastic on patrocladograms that appear homologous on phylogenetic trees. "Patrocladistics" is simply another variety of evolutionary taxonomy that generates paraphyletic groups, resulting in classifications that are logically inconsistent with the phylogenies on which they are supposedly based. Contrary to the conclusions of Stuessy & König (2008), if one wishes to maintain a logically consistent system relevant to the evolutionary paradigm, there is every reason to constrain classification by branching structure of well‐corroborated phylogenetic trees in a cladistic context.
Taxonomy was the foundation of Darwin's evolution
Authors: Winsor Mary P. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDarwin's belief in branching evolution was based upon his familiarity with the taxonomy of his day. Facts from biogeography, embryology, and paleontology acquired deep significance because biologists had come to believe that natural classification expressed real relationships. Although Charles Darwin's presentation of his theory in theOrigin of Species, as well as descriptions of Darwinism after the Modern Synthesis of the 1940s, imply that establishing the causal role of natural selection was essential to proving that evolution has occurred, this is contradicted by Darwin's personal experience and by his own words. It is helpful to compare the history and logical structure of Darwin's revolutionary theory to the Copernican Revolution, for the moving Earth was recognized long before Newton identified causes to explain its motion. Copernicus saw that fixing the Sun as the center of planetary motion explained the appearance of the heavens better than the Ptolemaic system did, and Darwin saw that branching evolution explains the "truly wonderful fact" that a hierarchy of nested groups appears natural.
Phylogeny, origin, and biogeographic history of Aesculus L. (Sapindales) – an update from combined analysis of DNA sequences, morphology, and fossils
Authors: Harris AJ , Xiang Qiu-Yun(jenny) , Thomas David T. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractConflicting phylogenies and biogeographic hypotheses for Aesculus L. were reevaluated using data integrating morphology, fossils, and DNA sequences. A more robust phylogeny of Aesculus was constructed by increasing taxon and character sampling to include 42 morphological characters and five DNA regions including rps16, trnHK, matK, ITS, and part of the LEAFY gene. Our analyses revealed three well‐supported major lineages in Aesculus. These are sect. Calothyrsus excluding A. californica, sect. Macrothyrsus + A. californica, and sect. Aesculus + sect. Pavia + sect. Parryana. The relationship of sect. Aesculus to sect. Parryana + sect. Pavia is strongly supported and previously unreported. Relationships among the three major clades remained incompletely resolved. Biogeographic and divergence time analyses using DIVA and Multidivtime support a Paleocene origin of Aesculus in eastern Asia and western North America, and showed that the genus subsequently dispersed into eastern North America, Central America, and Europe. Our results support that Aesculus originated as an element of the Paleogene mesophilic flora in the Beringian region with multiple eastward migrations characterizing the early spatial history of this genus. This biogeographic history supports Trans‐Beringian migration of plants in the very early Paleogene.
Phylogeny and evolution of the Arctium‐Cousinia complex (Compositae, Cardueae‐Carduinae)
Authors: López-Vinyallonga Sara , Mehregan Iraj , Garcia-Jacas Núria , Tscherneva Olga , Susanna Alfonso , Kadereit Joachim W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe phylogeny and evolution of the Arctium‐Cousinia complex, including Arctium, Cousinia as one of the largest genera of Asteraceae, Hypacanthium and Schmalhausenia, is investigated. This group of genera has its highest diversity in the Irano‐Turanian region and the mountains of Central Asia. We generated ITS and rpS4‐trnT‐trnL sequences for altogether 138 species, including 129 (of ca. 600) species of Cousinia. As found in previous analyses, Cousinia is not monophyletic. Instead, Cousinia subgg. Cynaroides and Hypacanthodes with together ca. 30 species are more closely related to Arctium, Hypacanthium and Schmalhausenia (Arctioid clade) than to subg. Cousinia (Cousinioid clade). The Arctioid and Cousiniod clades are also supported by pollen morphology and chromosome number as reported earlier. In the Arctioid clade, the distribution of morphological characters important for generic delimitation, mainly leaf shape and armature and morphology of involucral bracts, are highly incongruent with phylogenetic relationships as implied by the molecular data. No taxonomic solution for this conflict can be offered, and the characters named are interpreted as homoplasious. Although phylogenetic resolution in the Cousinioid clade is poor, our ITS and rpS4‐trnT‐trnL sequences contain some phylogenetic information. For example, the six annual species of the Cousinioid clade fall into two groups. Poor phylogenetic resolution probably results from lack of characters and the high number of taxa in this species‐rich and comparatively young (ca. 8.7 mya) lineage. We hypothesize that speciation in the Cousinioid clade was mainly allopatric.
The common chamomile and the scentless mayweed revisited
Authors: Hansen Hans V. , Christensen Knud Ib 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe nomenclature of common chamomile, sea mayweed and scentless mayweed is discussed with reference to nomenclatural history, typifications, and the provisions of the ICBN. During the period 1753–1763, Linnaeus managed to mess up the naming of common chamomile, sea mayweed, and scentless mayweed, although he must have been very familiar with these species. Originally, Linnaeus intended to name the scentless mayweed as Matricaria chamomilla, the common chamomile as M. recutita, and the sea mayweed as M. maritima, but later he referred the common chamomile to M. suaveolens, the scentless mayweed to M. inodora, and the sea mayweed to M. inodora var. maritima. The major problem in Linnaeus's classification of the European Matricaria is his treatment of the common chamomile and the scentless mayweed. Matricaria chamomilla fits the scentless mayweed according to the original description, while the lectotype, Herb. Clifford 415, although uncharacteristic, is referable to common chamomile.
Phylogenetic relationships of Piptochaetium Presl (Poaceae: Stipeae) and related genera reconstructed from nuclear and chloroplast sequence datasets
Authors: Barber Janet C. , Hames Kasey A. , Cialdella Ana Maria , Giussani Liliana M. , Morrone Osvaldo 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTPiptochaetium (Poaceae, Pooideae, Stipeae) is a New World genus of grasses distributed primarily in temperate South America, with several species extending into Central and southern North America. The genus comprises 36 species and 2 varieties. Morphological synapomorphies for the genus include involute lemma margins that fit into the palea groove, a bi‐keeled palea longer than the lemma and protruding from the lemma apex, and fundamental cell sidewalls that are regularly dentate. The closely related genera Nassella (116 species) and Jarava (59 species) are also primarily South American, with a few species found in Central and North America. Published molecular studies to date have focused upon generic‐level relationships within the tribe Stipeae, but none have included more than a few representatives of each genus. We present here results of phylogenetic analyses of these genera based upon combined DNA sequences of both nuclear (ITS) and cpDNA (rpl16, trnL‐F) markers. Piptochaetium is supported as monophyletic in all studies, whereas Nassella is recovered as monophyletic only if Jarava plumosa is included. Infrageneric relationships of Piptochaetium are also compared to a recent morphological phylogeny of the genus.
Phylogenetic structure of the grass subfamily Pooideae based on comparison of plastid matK gene–3′trnK exon and nuclear ITS sequences
Authors: Schneider Julia , Döring Elke , Hilu Khidir W. , Röser Martin 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThe grass subfamily Pooideae was studied using DNA sequence information from the chloroplast (cp) matK gene–3′trnK exon and the nuclear ribosomal (nr) ITS1–5.8S gene–ITS2 in a sample of 67 taxa covering all of its tribes. Branches with strong bootstrap support are consistently resolved in both datasets, whereas discrepancy is confined to low‐support or unsupported nodes in one of the datasets. The results do not reveal a significant role of past hybridisation, plastid lineage sorting or reticulation in the evolutionary diversification of the major lineages of the subfamily. The combined analysis of the plastid and nuclear datasets results in a largely well‐supported pattern of divergence for the major lineages of the subfamily. Some re‐alignments of tribes and subtribes are proposed and discussed with reference to relevant morphological and structural characters. We propose the recognition of broader tribes Nardeae with subtribes Nardinae and Lygeinae, Meliceae with subtribes Brylkiniinae and Melicinae, Stipeae with subtribes Ampelodesminae and Stipinae, and Triticeae with subtribes Littledaleinae, Brominae and Hordeinae. For the tribe complex of Aveneae and Poeae, the clear‐cut split into two major clades and further resolution into some high‐support lineages depicted by cpDNA is not contradicted by nuclear ITS and their taxonomic treatment as separate tribes or a single tribe remains an unanswered question.
Morphology, phylogeny and biogeography of Turnera L. (Turneraceae)
Authors: Mercedes Arbo Maria , Espert Shirley M. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTCladistic analyses are made based on morphological characters and chromosome basic numbers in order to test the monophyly of the nine series of genus Turnera (Turneraceae). Series Annulares and Turnera are monophyletic, and also series Anomalae with the exception of two species with unknown fruit and seed morphology. Series Microphyllae and Papilliferae should be merged, and also series Salicifoliae and Stenodictyae together with some species of series Capitatae. The Capitatae split in several groups and series Leiocarpae is unresolved. The Turnera sidoides complex should be separated into a new series. Biogeographic analyses show that the major diversification of the genus took place in the Chaquean subregion, with vicariance and dispersal events to other Neotropical subregions and Africa.
Effects of Pleistocene glaciations on the genetic structure of Saxifraga florulenta (Saxifragaceae), a rare endemic of the Maritime Alps
Authors: Szövényi Péter , Arroyo Karina , Guggisberg Alessia , Conti Elena 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThe high species diversity and endemism of the Maritime Alps suggest that this region may have held several refugia during the Pleistocene glaciations. Nevertheless, this assumption has rarely been examined. Here we investigate the genetic diversity of Saxifraga florulenta, a rare endemic restricted to siliceous substrates in the Maritime Alps. Overlaying the maximum extension of the ice sheet during the Pleistocene, the current distributions of S. florulenta and siliceous substrates suggest the existence of two putative refugial areas in the Maritime Alps. By using evidence from amplified fragment length polymorphisms we aim at elucidating whether genetic structure of the species corresponds to this two‐refugia hypothesis and how this genetic information can be used to ensure its long‐term conservation. Low levels of species‐wide and within‐population genetic diversity were detected, suggesting strong historical bottlenecks. Bayesian and principal coordinate analyses identified two population groups in agreement with the two refugia hypothesis. However, weak genetic divergence between these groups suggests that their separation happened more recently, and that S. florulenta survived the Pleistocene glaciations in one main refugium. The lack of a significant correlation among genetic and geographic distances implies that populations are not at migration‐drift equilibrium and current levels of gene flow among them do not appear to be sufficient to balance the effect of genetic drift. Hence, in future conservation strategies, special care should be taken to preserve both gene pools and prevent further fragmentation of populations.
Capacity building in taxonomy and systematics
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNeeds‐driven capacity building is required as a matter of urgency to overcome the present lack of taxonomists and systematists who are skilled in natural history and collections. This must necessarily include the training of the next generation of taxonomists, appropriate leadership for natural history collections and the involvement of practicing taxonomists to change the perception of taxonomy by decision‐makers.