bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co-ingestion of whole eggs or egg whites with glucose protects against postprandial hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress and dysregulated arginine metabolism in association with improved vascular endothelial function in prediabetic men
Authors: McDonald Joshua D. , Mah Eunice , Chitchumroonchokchai Chureeporn , Reverri Elizabeth J. , Li Jinhui , Volek Jeff S. , Villamena Frederick A. , Bruno Richard S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractReplacing a portion of a glucose challenge with whole eggs (EGG) or egg whites (WHITE) was shown to protect against glucose-induced impairments in vascular function. We hypothesised in the present study that previously observed vasoprotection following co-ingestion of EGG or WHITE with glucose was attributed to limiting postprandial hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress that improves NO∙ bioavailability. Prediabetic men completed a randomised, cross-over study in which they ingested isoenergetic meals containing 100 g glucose (GLU), or 75 g glucose with 1·5 EGG, seven WHITE or two egg yolks (YOLK). At 30 min intervals for 3 h, we assessed plasma NO∙ metabolites, the lipid peroxidation biomarker malondialdehyde, antioxidants, arginine and its methylated metabolites (asymmetric dimethylarginine and symmetric dimethylarginine), tetrahydrobiopterin redox status, vasoconstrictors and inflammatory markers. Compared with GLU, malondialdehyde was lower and NO∙ metabolites were greater in EGG and WHITE, but YOLK was not different from GLU. Malondialdehyde was inversely correlated with NO∙ metabolites and vascular function, whereas NO∙ metabolites were positively correlated with vascular function. Compared with GLU, arginine was greater, but asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine and angiotensin-II were lower in all egg-based meals. Antioxidants, tetrahydrobiopterin redox status and inflammatory markers did not differ among treatments. Thus, while each egg-based meal improved arginine metabolism, only EGG and WHITE limited lipid peroxidation. This suggests that vasoprotection mediated by EGG and WHITE likely occurs in an NO∙-dependent manner by improving arginine metabolism and attenuating oxidative stress that otherwise limit NO∙ biosynthesis and bioavailability to the vascular endothelium.
Beyond market behavior: Evolved cognition and folk political economic beliefs
Authors: Andrews Talbot M. , Delton Andrew W. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBoyer & Petersen (B&P) lay out a compelling theory for folk-economic beliefs, focusing on beliefs about markets. However, societies also allocate resources through mechanisms involving power and group decision-making (e.g., voting), through the political economy. We encourage future work to keep folkpoliticaleconomic beliefs in mind, and sketch an example involving pollution and climate change mitigation policy.
Callixylon wendtiisp. nov., a new species of archaeopteridalean progymnosperm from the Late Devonian of Anti-Atlas, Morocco
Authors: Tanrattana Mélanie , Meyer-Berthaud Brigitte , Decombeix Anne-Laure 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTArchaeopterid trees were the main components of most Late Devonian forests. Their aerial axes characterised by a eustele with mesarch primary xylem strands, leaf traces departing radially from cauline bundles and secondary xylem tracheids with radial pits arranged in groups, are referred to the genusCallixylonZalessky. The nineteen species ofCallixylondescribed to date from North America, North Africa, Europe, Xinjiang and several parts of Russia range from the late Givetian to the Mississippian. In this paper, we describe a new species ofCallixylonfrom two specimens collected in the Famennian locality of Mader el Mrakib in eastern Anti-Atlas.Callixylon wendtiisp. nov. is characterised by the presence of sclerotic nests in the pith, a new character for the genus. Its wood shows narrow rays of variable height, with unevenly distributed ray tracheids. Small vascular traces crossing the wood within the two innermost growth rings are interpreted as evidence for short-lived leaves. This discovery adds to the diversity of the genusCallixylonin an area of northern Gondwana that may have been favourable to the establishment of a diverse community of archaeopterid trees.
A Faulted Thin‐Sheet Model of Plate Boundary Deformation That Fits Observations
Authors: Haines John , Sutherland Rupert 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe present a thin‐sheet approach to modeling deformation at diffuse plate boundaries. We specify plate motion boundary conditions, geometry of the boundary, locations and weakness values of faults, the distribution of sheet weakness, and force potentials that result from surface loads, gravitational potential energy, and flow beneath the sheet. Model optimization is achieved by repeating three steps: (1) a work rate functional is minimized to determine a physical model defined by a priori information; (2) an a posteriori model with identical dimensions and parameters, but different functional form, is constructed, to find a better kinematic fit to observations; and (3) a priori parameters are adjusted, based on comparison of a priori and a posteriori models, and subject to considerations such as constitutive relationships, along‐fault slip distribution profiles, or spatial models of weakness based on other data. Diverse observations of velocity, strain rate, fault slip rate, or fault slip direction are weighted and simultaneously compared with predictions, without bias introduced by arbitrary grouping. We propose an efficient method for estimating optimized model parameters (sheet and fault weakness values and force potentials) that has a wide range of applications: synthesis of observations and boundary conditions into a uniform kinematic model of plate boundary deformation at Earth's surface, physical consideration of long‐term average weakness/stress at the top of the lithosphere and fault weakness/traction, and construction of hypotheses to guide future theoretical or observational studies. We illustrate application of the modeling method to plate boundary deformation in northern South Island, New Zealand.
Tracking Submarine Volcanic Activity at Monowai: Constraints From Long‐Range Hydroacoustic Measurements
Authors: Metz D. , Watts A. B. , Grevemeyer I. , Rodgers M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMonowai is a submarine volcanic center in the Kermadec Arc, Southwest Pacific Ocean. In the past, activity at the volcano had been intermittently observed in the form of fallout at the sea surface, discolored water, changes in seafloor topography, and T phase seismicity, but there is no continuous record for more recent years. In this study, we investigated 3.5 years of recordings at a hydrophone array of the International Monitoring System, located near Juan Fernández Islands, for long‐range underwater sound waves from Monowai. Results from direction‐of‐arrival calculations and density‐based spatial clustering indicate that 82 discrete episodes of activity occurred between July 2003 and March 2004 and from April 2014 to January 2017. Volcanic episodes are typically spaced days to weeks apart, range from hours to days in length, and amount to a cumulative sum of 137 days of arrivals in total, making Monowai one of the most active submarine arc volcanoes on Earth. The resolution of the hydrophone recordings surpasses broadband network data by at least 1 order of magnitude, identifying seismic events as low as 2.2 mb in the Kermadec Arc region. Further observations suggest volcanic activity at a location approximately 400 km north of Monowai in the Tonga Arc and at Healy or Brothers volcano in the southern Kermadec Arc. Our findings are consistent with previous studies and highlight the exceptional capabilities of the International Monitoring System network for the scientific study of active volcanism in the global ocean.
Precipitation Redistribution Method for Regional Simulations of Radioactive Material Transport During the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Authors: Saya Akane , Yoshikane Takao , Chang Eun‐Chul , Yoshimura Kei , Oki Taikan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTo reproduce more accurate deposition maps of radioactive materials released in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011, our study focuses on the uncertainty of atmospheric transport simulations caused by precipitation. In our new method, simulated wet deposition distribution of 137Cs is modified by high‐resolution radar rain gauge data of observed precipitation. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to examine the impact of using both different reanalyzed meteorological data sets as boundary condition and the observation data of precipitation as the redistribution of simulated precipitation. Among the results, the experiment modified by high‐resolution radar rain gauge data realized the most accurate cumulative 137Cs deposition from 18 to 27 March. While the meteorological field is reasonably simulated in the atmospheric transport model in the experiments, the results showed that applying observed precipitation also contributes to improve the accuracy of simulated wet deposition amount.
Potential Impacts of Climate Variation on Potato Field Evapotranspiration: Field Experiment and Numerical Simulation of Potato Water Use in an Arid Site
Authors: Hou Lizhu , Hu Bill X. , Li Huan , Wan Li 
Published: August 2018

AbstractClimate change would significantly affect crop evapotranspiration processes. Many studies have been conducted for various crops. However, there is a lack of sufficient observational evidence on how climate change would influence potato evapotranspiration. In this paper, an experimental potato field in Maowusu Desert, northwest of China, was used to investigate the effect of climate change on potato evapotranspiration. Temporal variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET0) were comprehensively investigated during 1954–2013, which shows that annual temperature and ET0 had significant increasing trends in the past 60 years. Meanwhile, an experimental crop of potato was grown in Maowusu Desert to investigate water‐soil‐air‐plant‐human nexus in 2016, and a HYDRUS‐1D model for the unsaturated flow in a potato field was calibrated and validated with measured soil water tensions and soil water contents at various depths during the potato growing periods from 8 to 16 August 2016 and from 6 September to 3 October 2016, respectively. The model computed the actual potato evapotranspiration (ETa) as 183 mm during the whole growing period from 5 June to 3 October 2016. The groundwater contribution to potato water use was calculated to be 320 mm during the growing season in 2016. As the atmospheric temperature increases, the reference crop evapotranspiration increases, the actual potato evapotranspiration increases too. The actual potato evapotranspiration increase with temperature increase will lead to a bigger water resource pressure in this area. The study results provide the basis for managing crop irrigation in the region in the future.
Did Smoke From City Fires in World War II Cause Global Cooling?
Authors: Robock Alan , Zambri Brian 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBetween 3 February and 9 August 1945, an area of 461 km2 in 69 Japanese cities, including Hiroshima and Nagasaki, was burned during the U.S. B‐29 Superfortress air raids. In the previous 5 years, 205 km2 in German cities were destroyed, so the smoke that was generated was spread out over a much longer period of time than that from Japan in 1945. Observations of solar irradiance show reductions consistent with the hypothesis that smoke was injected into the stratosphere by the city fires. Historical simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5, with no smoke in their forcing, showed no postwar cooling. Global average surface air temperature observations during and following World War II are problematic, because of issues with measuring sea surface temperatures, but there were no large volcanic eruptions, El Niño, or La Niña during this period to confuse the record. Nevertheless, 1945 and 1946 global average land surface air temperatures were not significantly lower than the average for 1940–1944. Estimates of the amount of smoke generated by the fires are somewhat uncertain. Although the climate record is consistent with an expected 0.1–0.2 K cooling, because of multiple uncertainties in smoke injected to the stratosphere, solar radiation observations, and surface temperature observations, it is not possible to formally detect a cooling signal from World War II smoke.
The Influences of the Arctic Troposphere on the Midlatitude Climate Variability and the Recent Eurasian Cooling
Authors: Ye Kunhui , Jung Thomas , Semmler Tido 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the influence of the Arctic troposphere on the climate at midlatitudes is critical for projecting the impacts of ongoing and anticipated Arctic changes such as Arctic amplification and rapid sea ice decline over the Northern Hemisphere. In this study, we analyze a suite of atmospheric model experiments, with and without atmospheric relaxation toward reanalysis data, to study the impacts of the Arctic troposphere on the midlatitude atmospheric circulation and climate variability. The Arctic troposphere is found to strongly impact the interannual variability of the atmospheric circulation and temperature over the midlatitude continents. The major mechanisms for the impacts of Arctic troposphere include the modulation of the large‐scale atmospheric circulation, the associated heat transport over the continents, and the impacts on synoptic variations in the North Atlantic‐European sector. The impact of the Arctic troposphere on the intensity of the Siberian High is an important factor for how the Arctic can influence temperature variability in south Siberia and East Asia. The trends in the Arctic troposphere in recent decades are closely linked to the recent winter cooling in Northern Eurasia. These recent cooling trends are not driven by the trends in sea surface temperature/sea ice, tropical atmosphere, and the stratosphere. It is argued that the temperature trend pattern of warm Arctic‐cold Eurasia is a manifestation of two possibly independent phenomena and the cooling trend is contributed to by the Arctic troposphere through impacting the large‐scale atmospheric circulation, the atmospheric blocking frequency, and the intensity of the Siberian High.
Lithium and fluoxetine regulate the rate of phosphoinositide synthesis in neurons: a new view of their mechanisms of action in bipolar disorder
Authors: Saiardi Adolfo , Mudge Anne W. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLithium is widely used to treat bipolar disorder, but its primary mechanism of action is uncertain. One proposal has been that lithium’s ability to inhibit the enzyme inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) reduces the supply of recycled inositol used for membrane phosphoinositide (PIns) synthesis. This 28-year-old hypothesis is still widely debated, however, largely because total levels of PIns in brain or in cultured neurons do not decrease after lithium treatment. Here we use mature cultured cortical neurons to show that, although lithium has little effect on steady-state levels of either inositol or PIns, it markedly inhibits the rate of PIns synthesis. Moreover, we show that rapid synthesis of membrane PIns preferentially uses inositol newly imported from the extracellular space. Unexpectedly, we also find that the antidepressant drug fluoxetine (FLUO: Prozac) stimulates the rate of PIns synthesis. The convergence of both lithium and FLUO in regulating the rate of synthesis of PIns in opposite ways highlights PIns turnover in neurons as a potential new drug target, as well as for understanding mood control in BD. Our results also indicate new avenues for investigation of how neurons regulate their supply of inositol.
Towards a unifying mechanistic model for silicate glass corrosion
Authors: Lenting Christoph , Plümper Oliver , Kilburn Matt , Guagliardo Paul , Klinkenberg Martina , Geisler Thorsten 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBorosilicate glasses are currently used for the immobilization of highly radioactive waste and are materials of choice for many biomedical and research industries. They are metastable materials that corrode in aqueous solutions, reflected by the formation of silica-rich surface alteration layers (SAL). Until now, there is no consensus in the scientific community about the reaction and transport mechanism(s) and the rate-limiting steps involved in the formation of SALs. Here we report the results of multi-isotope tracer (2H,18O,10B, 30Si, 44Ca) corrosion experiments that were performed with precorroded and pristine glass monoliths prepared from the six-component international simple glass and a quaternary aluminum borosilicate glass. Results of transmission electron microscopy and nanoscale analyses by secondary ion mass spectrometry reveal a nanometer-sharp interface between the SAL and the glass, where decoupling of isotope tracer occurs, while proton diffusion and ion exchange can be observed within the glass. We propose a unifying mechanistic model that accounts for all critical observations so far made on naturally and experimentally corroded glasses. It is based on an interface-coupled glass dissolution-silica precipitation reaction as the main SAL forming process. However, a diffusion-controlled ion exchange front may evolve in the glass ahead of the dissolution front if SAL formation at the reaction interface significantly slows down due to transport limitations.
Feature-dependent intrinsic functional connectivity across cortical depths in the human auditory cortex
Authors: Wu Pu-Yeh , Chu Ying-Hua , Lin Jo-Fu Lotus , Kuo Wen-Jui , Lin Fa-Hsuan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFrequency preference and spectral tuning are two cardinal features of information processing in the auditory cortex. However, sounds should not only be processed in separate frequency bands because information needs to be integrated to be meaningful. One way to better understand the integration of acoustic information is to examine the functional connectivity across cortical depths, as neurons are already connected differently across laminar layers. Using a tailored receiver array and surface-based cortical depth analysis, we revealed the frequency–preference as well as tuning–width dependent intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) across cortical depths in the human auditory cortex using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We demonstrated feature-dependent iFC in both core and noncore regions at all cortical depths. The selectivity of frequency–preference dependent iFC was higher at deeper depths than at intermediate and superficial depths in the core region. Both the selectivity of frequency–preference and tuning–width dependent iFC were stronger in the core than in the noncore region at deep cortical depths. Taken together, our findings provide evidence for a cortical depth-specific feature-dependent functional connectivity in the human auditory cortex.
Peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 (Padi2) is expressed in Sertoli cells in a specific manner and regulated by SOX9 during testicular development
Authors: Tsuji-Hosokawa Atsumi , Kashimada Kenichi , Kato Tomoko , Ogawa Yuya , Nomura Risa , Takasawa Kei , Lavery Rowena , Coschiera Andrea , Schlessinger David , Harley Vincent R. , Takada Shuji , Morio Tomohiro 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPeptidyl arginine deiminases (PADIs) are enzymes that change the charge of proteins through citrullination. We recently foundPadi2was expressed exclusively in fetal Sertoli cells. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptional regulation ofPadi2and the role of PADI2 in testicular development. We showed SOX9 positively regulatedPadi2transcription and FOXL2 antagonized it in TM3 cells, a model of Sertoli cells. The responsive region to SOX9 and FOXL2 was identified within thePadi2sequence by reporter assay. In fetal testes fromSox9knockout (AMH-Cre:Sox9flox/flox) mice,Padi2expression was greatly reduced, indicating SOX9 regulatesPadi2 in vivo.In vitroanalysis using siRNA suggested PADI2 modified transcriptional regulation by SOX9. However,Padi2−/−XY mice were fertile and showed no apparent reproductive anomalies. Although, PADI2 is known as an epigenetic transcriptional regulator through H3 citrullination, no significant difference in H3 citrullination between wildtype andPadi2−/−XY gonads was observed. These results suggestPadi2is a novel gene involved in testis development that is specifically expressed in Sertoli cells through the regulation by SOX9 and FOXL2 and PADI2 supports regulation of target genes by SOX9. Analysis of thePadi2−/−XY phenotype suggested a redundant factor compensated for PADI2 function in testicular development.
Numerical Simulation of Particulate Matter 2.5 Distribution in a Roadway
Authors: Feng Guorui , Liao Qi , Hu Shengyong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLarge amounts of dust particles pose serious hazards to the health and safety of China’s coal miners during roadway blasting processes. It is known that among these dust particles, Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) does the greatest amount of harm. In order to study the distributions of the PM2.5 in roadway blasting processes, a mathematical model of the gas-solid two-phase flow was established in this study, which was based on a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Method (DSMC). Then, a multiphase flow program was developed. This study’s results indicated that following the blasting processes, fine dust particles gradually floated up and were suspended for long durations in the underground roadway space. The medium-sized dust particles slowly sink to the ground and were eventually expelled before settling to the floor of the roadway. The coarse particles were rapidly settled to the roadway floor. It was determined that the PM2.5 particles in the front end of the dust group could not be quickly diluted, and the concentrations were high until it is expelled from the roadway, whereas the PM2.5 dust particles in the back end of the underground roadway were found to be gradually diluted. Eventually, the PM2.5 concentrations exhibited an alternating thin to dense phase distribution. When compared with the Particulate Matter 5 (PM5), it was found that the PM2.5 was more difficult to discharge, and easily formed serious PM2.5 dust air pollution. This study’s results were determined to be conductive to the future control of PM2.5 in the underground roadway blasting processes.
The use of random forests modelling to detect yeast-mannan sensitive bacterial changes in the broiler cecum
Authors: Corrigan A. , Russell N. , Welge M. , Auvil L. , Bushell C. , White B. A. , Murphy R. A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this study, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene targeting the V4-V6 regions was conducted to assess the cecal microbial alterations in response to dietary supplementation with a yeast derived mannan rich fraction (MRF) in standard commercial broiler production settings across four separate broiler trials. The resulting data was analysed to identify consistent changes in the bacterial community structure of the broiler cecum in response to MRF supplementation. Subsequently, the datasets from each individual trial were pooled and analysed for differences between control and MRF supplemented diets at day 35 posthatch. The results from this analysis showed that Phylum Firmicutes was decreased and Phylum Bacteroidetes was increased across all four trials at day 35 posthatch when compared to the control. An extension of the random forest bioinformatics approach to discover a highly relevant set of microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) which are indicative of MRF supplementation in the broiler cecum was then used. This approach has enabled the identification of a novel set of yeast-mannan sensitive bacterial OTUs in the cecal microbiome. This information will be helpful in developing potential future nutritional strategies and will be favourable to the poultry industry.