bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Summative Assessment in Second Life: A Case Study
Authors: Olasoji Remy , Henderson-Begg Stephanie 
Published: August 2018

Learning spaces like 3D virtual world environments are recent additions to technological tools believed to have the potential to transform educational processes, especially in flexible / distance education. The immersiveness of the environment affords opportunities for a sense presence lacking from traditional online learning environments. Geographically dispersed students are able to learn in an environment similar to their traditional classrooms without forfeiting the ability to learn at own pace and in their own time. Many educational establishments are however still trying to work out how to use these environments effectively for teaching and learning. Using the environment for assessment adds another level of complication and has been subjected to mixed reviews. Issues relating to matching avatars with ‘real’ students, accessibility and fairness etc., make assessment in Second Life a contentious subject. Many agree however that Second Life offers opportunities for students to enhance their skills in several areas which include scripting, graphics design and 3D object creation. This article explores a case study which used Second Life for summative assessment with a group of 5 students on MSc Applications of Bioinformatics programme.
Herstelrechtvoorzieningen in het (nieuwe) Wetboek van Strafvordering: geen luxe maar noodzaak met het oog op de realisering van een humane rechtspleging
Authors: Claessen J. 
Published: August 2018

Herstelrechtvoorzieningen in het (nieuwe) Wetboek van Strafvordering: geen luxe maar noodzaak met het oog op de realisering van een humane rechtspleging
In deze bijdrage staat het herziene voorstel van wet centraal strekkende tot invoering van een nieuwe Titel – ‘Herstelrechtvoorzieningen’ – in het (nieuwe) Wetboek van Strafvordering. Het wetsvoorstel is in feite een ‘burgerinitiatiefwetsvoorstel’ en is geschreven door een initiatiefgroep bestaande uit medewerkers van de Universiteit Maastricht en Restorative Justice Nederland in samenwerking met een denktank van vele professionals werkzaam in de strafrechtspraktijk, onder wie rechters, officieren van justitie, advocaten, mediators, politiemedewerkers en gevangenispersoneel. De auteur zet in deze bijdrage niet alleen de proeve van wetgeving uiteen, maar plaatst deze ook binnen een passende rechtshistorische context en voorziet haar voorts van zijn persoonlijke commentaar en visie.
DNAReplication: Prokaryotes
Authors: Smith Shanna J , Lingeman Robert G , Li Caroline M , Raoof Mustafa , Hickey Robert J , Malkas Linda H 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe accurate replication of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is necessary to all biological life. DNA replication involves three distinct phases: initiation, elongation and termination, and the commonality runs through all types of living cellular‐based organisms. While all forms of life replicate DNA in a similar manner, higher order organisms tend to have more proteins and enzymes involved in the process, with complex mechanisms poorly understood. For this reason, bacteria and archaeans have proven to be valuable tools to be used to further our understanding of mammalian life. The most commonly characterised of the prokaryotes is the bacteriaEscherichia coli(E. coli) and its infecting phages (bacteriophages), with each having a mechanism unique to the process.Key ConceptsThe study of replication in prokaryotes has formed the basis of our understanding of replicative mechanisms common to all organisms.Escherichia coli(E. coli) is an excellent bacterial system that can be used to study the three distinct stages of DNA replication: initiation, elongation and termination.Bacteriophages represent a special group of prokaryote‐like systems that provide a platform to study specific mechanisms of replication in a more isolated and simplified manner.Circular single‐stranded DNA bacteriophages, such as ΦX174, replicate their genome through an intermediate double‐stranded replicative form.Double‐stranded DNA bacteriophages, such as λ, cyclise upon infection and replicate similar to their host.T series bacteriophage systems do not cyclise upon infection, and have developed clever strategies to terminate DNA replication without loss of genetic information (3′ overhang problem).
A Primer on Reaction–Diffusion Models in Embryonic Development
Authors: Thompson Matthew J , Othmer Hans G , Umulis David M 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

A fundamental problem in developmental biology is understanding how complex patterns and organised tissues develop from a small group of nearly identical cells. A wealth of experimental data has exposed the complexity of the molecular networks guiding cellular decisions of organisation and patterning – networks whose output evolves over space and time as development progresses. Integrating this data into reaction–diffusion (RD) mathematical models that describe the spatiotemporal dynamics of molecular species during development provides a rigorous approach to test the plausibility of hypothesised mechanisms guiding pattern formation, to understand how the complexity is regulated and to optimise experimental design. RD modelling provides a complementary mode of inquiry that both depends on and informs experimental research. RD systems are used in developmental biology to model morphogen‐mediated pattern formation.

Key Concepts

Integrating wet lab experiments with spatiotemporal mathematical modelling enables greater hypothesis testing ability than either method alone.

Viewing developing embryos as engineered dynamical systems designed to satisfy performance objectives is a helpful mental framework for model‐based analysis in developmental biology.

Reaction‐transport equations (simplified to reaction–diffusion here) are indispensable when studying developmental patterning and morphogenesis.

Turing networks and positional information are the primary conceptual bases of pattern specification.

Model reproducibility is as important to consider as experimental reproducibility and should be the focus during implementation and communication of the model definition.
R
ed
Q
ueen Theory
Authors: da Silva Jack 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

The Red Queen theory was introduced to explain the apparent constancy of extinction rates. The theory states that extinction rates remain constant because taxa are in continuous evolutionary arms races with other taxa. This macroevolution version of the theory is not well supported. However, a microevolution version of the theory, in which species maintain constant levels of adaptation because of antagonistic coevolution, is well supported, especially for hosts and their parasites. The Red Queen hypothesis is now most often used to refer to the idea that host–parasite coevolution favours sexual reproduction. Meiotic recombination in hosts is proposed to generate rare genotypes, which are selectively favoured if parasites are adapted to the most common host genotypes. However, the genetic mechanism underlying the advantage of recombination in models of host–parasite coevolution is not entirely clear.

Key Concepts

The Red Queen theory was developed to explain the apparent constancy of extinction rates.

The theory proposes that continuous evolutionary arms races among species explain the constancy of extinction rates.

The Red Queen theory applied to macroevolution is not well supported.

The Red Queen theory applied to microevolution is well supported.

The theory is now mostly associated with the idea that host–parasite coevolution favours the evolution of sex.

Fluctuating fitness epistasis among genetic loci involved in the interaction between a host and its parasites may favour meiotic recombination.

Alternatively, recombination is favoured by selective interference among beneficial mutations in finite populations, and host–parasite coevolution maintains this interference.
Survival of Whirling-Disease-Resistant Rainbow Trout Fry in the Wild: A Comparison of Two Strains
Authors: Avila Brian W. , Winkelman Dana L. , Fetherman Eric R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Introduced pathogens can affect fish populations, and three main factors affect disease occurrence: the environment, host, and pathogen. Manipulating at least one of these factors is necessary for controlling disease. Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for salmonid whirling disease, became established in Colorado during the 1990s and caused significant declines in wild Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss populations. Attempts to re-establish Rainbow Trout have focused on manipulating salmonid host resistance. A Rainbow Trout strain known as GR × CRR was developed for stocking in Colorado by crossing a whirling-disease-resistant strain known as the German Rainbow Trout (GR) with the Colorado River Rainbow Trout (CRR). The GR × CRR fish exhibit resistance similar to that shown by GR, and survival and reproduction were expected to be similar to those of CRR. One disadvantage of stocking GR × CRR is that outcrossing and backcrossing could decrease resistance, and laboratory studies have indicated that this can occur. A potential disadvantage of stocking pure GR is lower survival due to domestication. To compare fry survival between the strains, a field experiment was conducted in 1.6-km reaches of nine Colorado streams. Each stream was stocked in August 2014 with 5,000 GR × CRR and 5,000 GR individuals. In October 2014, April 2015, and August 2015, apparent survival was assessed. Two laboratory predation experiments were also conducted. The field experiment revealed that short-term apparent survival was influenced by stream, and growth rate was influenced by strain and stream. However, after 12 months, there was no difference in apparent survival or growth rate between the GR and GR × CRR strains. Laboratory experiments showed that survival did not differ between the strains when confronted with Brown Trout Salmo trutta predation. Our results indicate that the GR strain is a viable option for stocking in streams where M. cerebralis is enzootic. Further evaluation is needed to determine whether GR fish will survive to maturity and reproduce.
Thresholds in the Relationship of Quadriceps Strength With Functional Limitations in Women With Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Bacon Kathryn L. , Segal Neil A. , Øiestad Britt Elin , Lewis Cora E. , Nevitt Michael C. , Brown Carrie , LaValley Michael P. , McCulloch Charles E. , Felson David T. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate thresholds of strength below which individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA) may have more difficulty carrying out physical functions of daily life. Individuals below such thresholds might benefit more from strengthening interventions than those with greater strength.MethodsWe studied individuals with symptomatic OA at baseline in the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study who had knee extensor strength measured isokinetically at 60º/second. Participants underwent a 20‐meter walk test and a sit‐to‐stand test and answered questions from the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. Physical function results were plotted against measures of quadriceps strength (Nm) (and as strength:body weight) for the worst knee. Loess technique was used to examine inflection points. Nonlinear relationships were examined in piecewise linear regression models. Differences were tested using linear and logistic regression models.ResultsThe study had 834 participants (65.8% women). The mean ± SD age of the participants was 62.9 ± 7.9 years. In women, there were thresholds of strength below which the slope of strength versus function was steeper: walking speed (<58 Nm), chair stand time (<32 Nm), and the McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index functions of rising from a chair and getting on/off the toilet (<38 Nm). We found no thresholds in men. Loess analyses using strength:weight showed similar results.ConclusionIn individuals with symptomatic knee OA, thresholds in the strength function relationship may help identify individuals, especially women, at the brink of disability insofar as strength and capacity for daily tasks. In those with low strength, small increments in strength may be associated with improvement in function and greater ease with common daily life, emphasizing the importance of preventing loss of strength.
Proportionate adaptive filtering algorithms based on mixed square/fourth error criterion with unbiasedness criterion for sparse system identification
Authors: Ma Wentao , Duan Jiandong , Cao Jiuwen , Li Yingsong , Chen Badong 
Published: August 2018

SummaryTwo novel adaptive filtering algorithms based on the mixed square/fourth error criterion are proposed for solving sparse system identification problems. Motivated by the fact that the proportionate update scheme can enhance the tracking ability of the system, we develop a proportionate least mean square/fourth (PLMS/F) algorithm in this paper. Combining the proportionate update scheme and the LMS/F algorithm, the proposed PLMS/F algorithm shows superiority for non‐Gaussian noise environments. Moreover, to further improve the performance of the PLMS/F algorithm in the noisy input cases, a bias‐compensated PLMS/F algorithm is developed by incorporating an unbiased criterion to compensate the bias caused by input noises. Simulation results in the context of the sparse system identification framework demonstrate that the proposed PLMS/F and bias‐compensated PLMS/F algorithms can achieve excellent identification performance in terms of steady‐state misalignment and convergence speed under noisy input and non‐Gaussian output noise environments.
Remote Control of Intracellular Calcium Using Upconversion Nanotransducers Regulates Stem Cell Differentiation In Vivo
Authors: Kang Heemin , Zhang Kunyu , Pan Qi , Lin Sien , Wong Dexter Siu Hong , Li Jinming , Lee Wayne Yuk‐Wai , Yang Boguang , Han Fengxuan , Li Gang , Li Bin , Bian Liming 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRemote control of stem cell differentiation in vivo by stimuli‐responsive nanomaterials with the use of tissue‐penetrative stimuli is an appealing strategy for versatile regulation in stem cell therapy. In this study, an upconversion nanotransducer (UCNT)‐based nanocomplex with photolabile caging of chondro‐inductive kartogenin (KGN) and/or either calcium chelator or calcium supplier (caged calcium), and subsequent coupling of integrin‐binding ligand via cyclodextrin‐adamantine supramolecular complexation is utilized. Near‐infrared (NIR)‐to‐ultraviolet light conversion by UCNT nanocomplex triggered intracellular photo‐uncaging and release of cargo molecules, thereby allowing direct regulation of real‐time intracellular calcium levels. While intracellular KGN delivery led to the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into hypertrophic chondrocytes, NIR‐regulated intracellular calcium decrease and KGN delivery induced their differentiation into chondrocytes by inhibiting hypertrophy. Conversely, intracellular calcium increase and KGN delivery promoted the differentiation of hMSCs into osteoblasts via endochondral pathway. To the best of knowledge, this is the first demonstration of utilizing NIR‐controllable nanomaterials for regulating stem cell differentiation by controlling intracellular calcium, both in vitro and in vivo. This versatile control can facilitate the translation of stem cells to remotely controlled treatment of diseases in composite tissues involving various cell types.
Nitrogen Fixation Reaction Derived from Nanostructured Catalytic Materials
Authors: Wang Shengyao , Ichihara Fumihiko , Pang Hong , Chen Hao , Ye Jinhua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAn efficient nitrogen fixation reaction is highly desirable for obtaining the essential chemicals and energy carriers but remains a challenge due to the strong nonpolar bonding and considerable activation barrier of the NN triple bond (bond energy 940.95 kJ mol−1). Using an appropriate nanostructured catalyst that strongly interacts with nitrogen could promote adsorption and activation, lowering the energy barrier of nitrogen fixation and thus resulting in a relatively mild reaction. In this article, the review of the recent progress in nanostructured catalytic materials for nitrogen fixation is presented, including a comprehensive introduction and discussion on the pathway and mechanism of nitrogen fixation reaction, the recent achievements of a variety of nanostructured catalysts, and the kinds of catalytic nitrogen fixation reactions they are used in. In addition, the challenges faced by the reaction, strategies of catalyst design, and outlooks for further improving the performance of nitrogen fixation are also highlighted.
Nanostructured Conversion‐Type Negative Electrode Materials for Low‐Cost and High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wei Xiujuan , Wang Xuanpeng , Tan Xin , An Qinyou , Mai Liqiang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEmerging sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted a great attention as promising energy storage devices because of their low cost and resource abundance. Nevertheless, it is still a major challenge to develop anode materials with outstanding rate capability and excellent cycling performance. Compared to intercalation‐type anode materials, conversion‐type anode materials are very potential due to their high specific capacity and low cost. A new insight and summary on the recent research advances on nanostructured conversion‐type anode materials for SIBs is provided herein. The corresponding synthesis methods, sodium storage properties, electrochemical mechanisms, advanced techniques on studying the crystal structures, and optimization strategies for high‐performance batteries are presented. Finally, the remaining challenges and perspectives for the future development of conversion‐type anode materials in the energy storage fields are proposed.
Superoleophobic Slippery Lubricant‐Infused Surfaces: Combining Two Extremes in the Same Surface
Authors: Dong Zheqin , Schumann Martin F. , Hokkanen Matti J. , Chang Bo , Welle Alexander , Zhou Quan , Ras Robin H. A. , Xu Zhenliang , Wegener Martin , Levkin Pavel A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe ability to create superoleophobic surfaces repellent toward low‐surface‐tension liquids is important for various applications, and has been recently demonstrated using re‐entrant or doubly re‐entrant microtopography. Liquid droplets on such surfaces feature composite liquid–solid–air interfaces, whereas composite liquid–lubricant–air interfaces would have potential for additional repellency. Here, the development of a novel slippery superoleophobic surface with low adhesion is demonstrated via combining doubly re‐entrant microtopography with slippery lubricant‐infused porous surfaces. This is realized by using 3D direct laser writing to fabricate doubly re‐entrant micropillars with dedicated nanostructures on top of each pillar. The top nanostructures stabilize the impregnated slippery lubricant, while the re‐entrant geometry of the micropillars prevents lubricant from spreading. The slippery layer reduces the adhesion of liquid to the pillars, as proved using scanning droplet adhesion microscopy (SDAM), while the doubly re‐entrant micropillars make the surface superoleophobic. This novel interface combining two extremes, superoleophobicity and slippery lubricant‐infused surface, is of importance for designing superoleophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces with advanced liquid repellent, anti‐icing, or anti‐fouling properties.
Superlubricity of Graphite Sliding against Graphene Nanoflake under Ultrahigh Contact Pressure
Authors: Li Jinjin , Li Jianfeng , Luo Jianbin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSuperlubricity of graphite sliding against graphene can be easily attained at the nanoscale when it forms the incommensurate contact under a low contact pressure. However, the achievement of superlubricity under an ultrahigh contact pressure (>1 GPa), which has more applications in the lubrication of micromachine and nanomachine, remains unclear. Here, this problem is addressed and the robust superlubricity of graphite is obtained under ultrahigh contact pressures of up to 2.52 GPa, by the formation of transferred graphene nanoflakes on a silicon tip. The friction coefficient becomes as low as 0.0003, a state that is attributed to the extremely low shear strength of the graphene/graphite interface in the incommensurate contact. When the pressure exceeds some threshold, the superlubricity state collapses suddenly with the friction coefficient increasing ≈10 times. The failure of superlubricity originates from the delamination of the topmost graphene layers on graphite under ultrahigh contact pressures, which requires the tip to provide additional exfoliation energies during the sliding process. The results demonstrate that the superlubricity of graphite sliding against graphene can exist stably under ultrahigh contact pressure, which would appear to accelerate its application in nanoscale lubrication.
Recent updates in perioperative chemotherapy and recurrence pattern of gastric cancer
Authors: Kanaji Shingo , Suzuki Satoshi , Matsuda Yoshiko , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Yamamoto Masashi , Yamashita Kimihiro , Oshikiri Taro , Matsuda Takeru , Nakamura Tetsu , Sumi Yasuo , Kakeji Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection has become the global standard procedure for locally advanced gastric cancer to maximally reduce locoregional recurrence. In East Asia, based on the evidence of the ACTS‐GC and the CLASSIC trials, postadjuvant chemotherapy with S‐1 monotherapy or capecitabine and oxaliplatin after curative D2 gastrectomy is the current standard strategy. However, approximately 20% to 30% of patients still develop distant recurrence even after these postadjuvant chemotherapies, especially in those with pathological stage III disease. This review summarizes recent (2008‐2018) evidence on the benefits of adjuvant therapy for locally advanced gastric cancer. JACRO GC‐07, a Phase III trial, recently showed a superior 3‐year recurrence‐free survival of the S‐1 plus docetaxel regimen in comparison to S‐1 monotherapy for patients with pathological stage III gastric cancer after curative D2 gastrectomy. With regard to recent new evidence on neoadjuvant strategy, JCOG0501, a Phase III trial, did not show any superiority in 3‐year overall survival (OS) of additional neoadjuvant chemotherapy with S‐1/cisplatin over postadjuvant S‐1 monotherapy in scirrhous type gastric cancer. Further clinical trials of neoadjuvant chemotherapy are ongoing to improve the poor prognosis for gastric cancer with extensive lymph node metastases. These trials could lead to new evidence for improved treatment of gastric cancer in the near future.