bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age Effects on Neural Representation and Perception of Silence Duration Cues in Speech
Authors: Roque Lindsey , Gaskins Casey , Gordon-Salant Sandra , Goupell Matthew J. , Anderson Samira 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
Degraded temporal processing associated with aging may be a contributing factor to older adults' hearing difficulties, especially in adverse listening environments. This degraded processing may affect the ability to distinguish between words based on temporal duration cues. The current study investigates the effects of aging and hearing loss on cortical and subcortical representation of temporal speech components and on the perception of silent interval duration cues in speech.

Method
Identification functions for the words DISH and DITCH were obtained on a 7-step continuum of silence duration (0–60 ms) prior to the final fricative in participants who are younger with normal hearing (YNH), older with normal hearing (ONH), and older with hearing impairment (OHI). Frequency-following responses and cortical auditory-evoked potentials were recorded to the 2 end points of the continuum. Auditory brainstem responses to clicks were obtained to verify neural integrity and to compare group differences in auditory nerve function. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the peripheral or central factors that contributed to perceptual performance.

Results
ONH and OHI participants required longer silence durations to identify DITCH than did YNH participants. Frequency-following responses showed reduced phase locking and poorer morphology, and cortical auditory-evoked potentials showed prolonged latencies in ONH and OHI participants compared with YNH participants. No group differences were noted for auditory brainstem response Wave I amplitude or Wave V/I ratio. After accounting for the possible effects of hearing loss, linear regression analysis revealed that both midbrain and cortical processing contributed to the variance in the DISH–DITCH perceptual identification functions.

Conclusions
These results suggest that age-related deficits in the ability to encode silence duration cues may be a contributing factor in degraded speech perception. In particular, degraded response morphology relates to performance on perceptual tasks based on silence duration contrasts between words.
Lexical Influences on Errors in Masked Speech Perception in Younger, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults
Authors: Jesse Alexandra , Helfer Karen S. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose
In situations with a competing talker, lexical properties of words in both streams affect the recognition of words in the to-be-attended target stream. In this study, we tested whether these lexical properties also influence the type of errors made by listeners across the adult life span.

Method

Errors from a corpus collected by
Helfer and Jesse (2015)
were categorized as phonologically similar to words in the target and/or masker streams. Younger, middle-aged, and older listeners had produced these errors when trying to identify key words from a target stream while ignoring a single-talker masker. Neighborhood density and lexical frequency of target words and masker words had been manipulated independently.

Results
Lexical properties of target words influenced all types of errors. With higher frequency maskers, the probability of responding with a masker word increased and the phonological influence of target words decreased. Lower levels of lexical competition for maskers increased the probability that listeners reported a word phonologically related to both masker and target words. The influence of masker words increased across the adult life span, as evidenced by phonological intrusions into responses and the temporary failure in selectively attending to the target stream. The effects of lexical properties on error patterns, however, were consistent across age groups.

Conclusions
The ease of recognition of words in both attended and unattended speech influences the breakdown of speech perception. These influences remain robust across the adult life span.
Poorer Speech Reception Threshold in Noise Is Associated With Lower Brain Volume in Auditory and Cognitive Processing Regions
Authors: Rudner Mary , Seeto Mark , Keidser Gitte , Johnson Blake , Rönnberg Jerker 
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Hearing loss is associated with changes in brain volume in regions supporting auditory and cognitive processing. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a systematic association between hearing ability and brain volume in cross-sectional data from a large nonclinical cohort of middle-aged adults available from the UK Biobank Resource (
http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk
).

Method
We performed a set of regression analyses to determine the association between speech reception threshold in noise (SRTn) and global brain volume as well as predefined regions of interest (ROIs) based on T1-weighted structural images, controlling for hearing-related comorbidities and cognition as well as demographic factors. In a 2nd set of analyses, we additionally controlled for hearing aid (HA) use. We predicted statistically significant associations globally and in ROIs including auditory and cognitive processing regions, possibly modulated by HA use.

Results

Whole-brain gray matter volume was significantly lower for individuals with poorer SRTn. Furthermore, the volume of 9 predicted ROIs including both auditory and cognitive processing regions was lower for individuals with poorer SRTn. The greatest percentage difference (−0.57%) in ROI volume relating to a 1
SD
worsening of SRTn was found in the left superior temporal gyrus. HA use did not substantially modulate the pattern of association between brain volume and SRTn.

Conclusions
In a large middle-aged nonclinical population, poorer hearing ability is associated with lower brain volume globally as well as in cortical and subcortical regions involved in auditory and cognitive processing, but there was no conclusive evidence that this effect is moderated by HA use. This pattern of results supports the notion that poor hearing leads to reduced volume in brain regions recruited during speech understanding under challenging conditions. These findings should be tested in future longitudinal, experimental studies.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.7949357
A VLT/FLAMES survey for massive binaries in Westerlund 1
Authors: Clark J. S. , Ritchie B. W. , Negueruela I. 
Published: April 2019

Context. X-ray emission from massive stars was first reported four decades ago, but the precise physics governing its formation as a function of stellar properties and binarity remains not fully understood. With the recent suggestion that such objects may be important sites of cosmic ray production, a better understanding of their high-energy properties is particularly timely.
Aims. The young massive cluster Westerlund 1 provides an ideal testbed for understanding this emission, with over 50 cluster members detected in historical X-ray observations. In the decade since these data were obtained, significant new multi-epoch observations of the cluster have been made, allowing a fundamental reappraisal of the nature of both X-ray bright and dark stars.
Methods. Optical spectroscopy permits accurate classification of cluster members, while multi-epoch observations of a sub-set allow identification and characterisation of the binary population.
Results. A total of 45 X-ray sources within Wd1 now have precise spectral classifications. Of these, 16 have been identified as candidate or confirmed massive binaries. X-ray emission is confined to O9-B0.5 supergiants, Wolf-Rayets and a small group of highly luminous interacting/post-interaction OB+OB binaries. Despite their presence in large numbers, no emission is seen from earlier, less evolved O stars or later, cooler B super-/hypergiants. A total of 22 stars have X-ray properties that are suggestive of a contribution from emission originating in a wind collision zone.
Conclusions. We suppose that the lack of X-ray emission from O giants is due to their comparatively low intrinsic bolometric luminosity if, as expected, they follow the canonical LX/Lbol relation for hot stars. The transition away from X-ray emission for OB supergiants occurs at the location of the bistability jump; we speculate that below this limit, stellar wind velocities are insufficient for internal, X-ray emitting shocks to form. Our results are consistent with recent findings that massive binaries are not uniformly brighter than single stars of comparable luminosity or spectral type, although it is noteworthy that the brightest and hardest stellar X-ray sources within Wd1 are all either confirmed or candidate massive, interacting/post-interaction binaries.
Fortschritte in der Pankreatologie
Authors: Rosendahl Jonas 
Published: April 2019

AbstractProf. Dr. med. Joachim Mössner has always been committed to an honest, evidence-based medicine that focuses on the patient. To him, research has always been an important basis of good medicine: His research focuses on the physiological and pathophysiological processes of pancreatic diseases. He was successful in characterizing signaling pathways at the cellular level. Based on his findings, genetic association studies were conducted. He thus contributed to a better understanding of the development of acute and chronic pancreatitis.
Sepsis nach elektiver Septumplastik und
Nasenmuschelverkleinerung
Authors: Stölzel Katharina , Zhang Lichun , Borowski Tordis , Olze Heidi , Schroeder Tim , Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Nee Jens 
Published: April 2019

FallberichtEin 20-jähriger adipöser Patient stellte sich im August 2018 in einer auswärtigen
Klinik zur Septumplastik und Muschelverkleinerung bei Septumdeviation und
Muschelhyperplasie ohne relevante Vorerkrankungen vor. Intraoperativ war keine
Antibiotikagabe erfolgt. Postoperativ wurde der Patient zur weiteren Betreuung mit
Doyle-Splinten und Gelaspon® auf die Normalstation verlegt. Es war
Hochsommer und die Krankenzimmertemperatur bei ausgefallener Klimaanlage sehr hoch.
Wie erst später fremdanamnestisch bekannt wurde, hatte der Patient eine bereits vor
stationärer Aufnahme mehrere Tage bestehende, aber nicht mitgeteilte Enteritis. Am
Morgen des ersten postoperativen Tages wies der Patient Zeichen der Sepsis auf:
arterielle Hypotonie, Tachykardie, Tachypnoe und Desorientierung (= quick Sepsis –
related organ failure assessment Score [qSOFA Score] = positiv). Es erfolgte die
Gabe von Kristalloiden und bei Schwellung des Gesichtes die Entfernung der
Doyle-Splinte. Ungeachtet dessen kam es zur progredienten Verschlechterung und
Entwicklung eines schweren Schocks, so dass mit der Gabe von Vasopressoren begonnen
wurde. Bei zusätzlich beginnender respiratorischer Erschöpfung wurde die Indikation
zur Intubation gestellt. Während der Intubation kam es zur Aspiration. Zur weiteren
intensivmedizinischen Versorgung erfolgte aus kapazitären Gründen die Verlegung auf
die interdisziplinäre internistische Intensivstation unserer Klinik mit zunächst
unklarem Infektfokus. Bei Übernahme war der Patient intubiert und beatmet (CPAP PEEP
9 mbar, Druckunterstützung 16 mbar, FiO2 0,8) und hoch katecholaminpflichtig
(Noradrenalin 1 µg/kg/min, Epinephrin 0,2 µg/kg/min).
Hearing Loss in Agricultural Workers Exposed to Pesticides and Noise
Authors: Choochouy Nattagorn , Kongtip Pornpimol , Chantanakul Suttinun , Nankongnab Noppanun , Sujirarat Dusit , Woskie Susan R 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAgricultural workers who have concurrent exposure to pesticides and noise are at increased risk of hearing loss. We recruited 163 Thai conventional and 172 organic farmers to answer our questionnaires about personal demographics, agricultural activities, and pesticide and agricultural machinery use. This information was used to calculate the years of conventional (pesticide use) farming and the years of agricultural noise exposure, and to estimate semiquantitative metrics for pesticide exposure (cumulative intensity score-years) and cumulative noise exposure (dB(A)-years) for each conventional farmer. All participants underwent pure tone audiometric testing. The mean hearing threshold in the low-frequency band (0.5–2 kHz) and high-frequency band (3–6 kHz) were used for analysis. Years involved in conventional farming and years using agricultural machinery were associated with an increase in the average hearing threshold for the high-frequency band after controlling for age, ever exposed to industrial noise and cigarette smoking. The highest category of cumulative insecticide exposure (score-years), cumulative organophosphates exposure (score-years) and cumulative noise exposure (dB(A)-years) were also associated with an increased high-frequency band hearing threshold among conventional farmers. Results from the full cohort and the subcohort of conventional farmers support each other and the hypothesis that pesticide and noise have an additive effect on hearing, since no model interactions were significant.
Phaeobacter inhibens controls bacterial community assembly on a marine diatom
Authors: Majzoub Marwan E , Beyersmann Paul G , Simon Meinhard , Thomas Torsten , Brinkhoff Thorsten , Egan Suhelen 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTBacterial communities can have an important influence on the function of their eukaryotic hosts. However, how microbiomes are formed and the influence that specific bacteria have in shaping these communities is not well understood. Here, we used the marine diatom Thalassiosira rotula and the algal associated bacterium Phaeobacter inhibens as a model system to explore these questions. We exposed axenic (bacterial-free) T. rotula cultures to bacterial communities from natural seawater in the presence or absence of P. inhibens strain 2.10 or a variant strain (designated NCV12a1) that lacks antibacterial activity. We found that after 2 days the bacterial communities that assembled on the host were distinct from the free-living communities and comprised predominately of members of the Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria. In the presence of P. inhibens a higher abundance of Alphaproteobacteria, Flavobacteriia and Verrucomicrobia was detected. We also found only minor differences between the communities that established in the presence of either the wild type or the variant P. inhibens strain, suggesting that the antibacterial activity of P. inhibens is not the primary cause of its influence on bacterial community assembly. This study highlights the dynamic nature of algal microbiome development and the strong influence individual bacterial strains can have on this process.
Does Good Governance Matter more for Energy Investment? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Sy Amadou N R , Sow Mariama 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between three global priorities: access to energy, good governance, and financing for development. Using the World Governance Indicators (WGI), it finds that while governance matters for raising domestic revenues, its effect on external financing sources is mixed. Good governance, except for political stability, does not appear to matter much for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) to oil exporting countries but is positively associated with FDI to oil importing countries. In contrast, official development finance (ODA) is positively associated with good governance. The bigger bang for improving governance is at home in the form of increased tax revenues (excluding resource rents). The paper also uses the newly developed Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable Energy (RISE) and finds that improved governance is associated with increased private investment and ODA to the energy sector. In contrast, Chinese investment to the sector appears not to be responsive to changes in governance.
In vitro 3D phenotypic drug screen identifies celastrol as an effectivein vivoinhibitor of polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Booij Tijmen H , Leonhard Wouter N , Bange Hester , Yan Kuan , Fokkelman Michiel , Plugge Anna J , Veraar Kimberley A M , Dauwerse Johannes G , van Westen Gerard J P , van de Water Bob , Price Leo S , Peters Dorien J M 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPolycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a prevalent genetic disorder, characterized by the formation of kidney cysts that progressively lead to kidney failure. The currently available drug tolvaptan is not well tolerated by all patients and there remains a strong need for alternative treatments. The signaling rewiring in PKD that drives cyst formation is highly complex and not fully understood. As a consequence, the effects of drugs are sometimes difficult to predict. We previously established a high throughput microscopy phenotypic screening method for quantitative assessment of renal cyst growth. Here, we applied this 3D cyst growth phenotypic assay and screened 2320 small drug-like molecules, including approved drugs. We identified 81 active molecules that inhibit cyst growth. Multi-parametric phenotypic profiling of the effects on 3D cultured cysts discriminated molecules that showed preferred pharmacological effects above genuine toxicological properties. Celastrol, a triterpenoid from Tripterygium Wilfordii, was identified as a potent inhibitor of cyst growth in vitro. In an in vivo iKspCre-Pkd1lox,lox mouse model for PKD, celastrol inhibited the growth of renal cysts and maintained kidney function.
Diagnosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma: a systematic review of the utility of CSF screening and the role of early brain biopsy
Authors: Morell Alexis A , Shah Ashish H , Cavallo Claudio , Eichberg Daniel G , Sarkiss Christopher A , Benveniste Ronald , Ivan Michael E , Komotar Ricardo J 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Because less-invasive techniques can obviate the need for brain biopsy in the diagnosis of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), it is common practice to wait for a thorough initial work-up, which may delay treatment. We conducted a systematic review and reviewed our own series of patients to define the role of LP and early brain biopsy in the diagnosis of PCNSL.

Methods
Our study was divided into 2 main sections: 1) systematic review assessing the sensitivity of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis on the diagnosis of PCNSL, and 2) a retrospective, single-center patient series assessing the diagnostic accuracy and safety of early biopsy in immunocompetent PCNSL patients treated at our institution from 2012 to 2018.

Results
Our systematic review identified 1481 patients with PCNSL. A preoperative LP obviated surgery in 7.4% of cases. Brain biopsy was the preferred method of diagnosis in 95% of patients followed by CSF (3.1%). In our institutional series, brain biopsy was diagnostic in 92.3% of cases (24/26) with 2 cases that required a second procedure for diagnosis. Perioperative morbidity was noted in 7.6% of cases (n = 2) due to hemorrhages after stereotactic brain biopsy that improved at follow-up.

Conclusions
The diagnostic yield of CSF analyses for PCNSL in immunocompetent patients remains exceedingly low. Our institutional series demonstrates that early biopsy for PCNSL is safe and accurate, and may avert protracted work-ups. We conclude that performing an early brain biopsy in a suspected case of PCNSL is a valid, safe option to minimize diagnostic delay.
Effect of dietary intervention, with or without co-interventions, on inflammatory markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic literature review
Authors: Reddy Anjana J , George Elena S , Roberts Stuart K , Tierney Audrey C 
Published: April 2019

AbstractContextNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of liver disorders, ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), with inflammation acting as a key driver in its pathogenesis and progression. Diet has the potential to mediate the release of inflammatory markers; however, little is known about the effects of various diets.ObjectiveThis systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary interventions on cytokines and adipokines in patients with NAFLD.Data SourcesThe electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library were searched for clinical trials investigating dietary interventions, with or without supplementation, on cytokines and adipokines in NAFLD patients.Data ExtractionBasic characteristics of populations, dietary intervention protocol, cytokines, and adipokines were extracted for each study. Quality of evidence was assessed using the American Dietetic Association criteria.Data AnalysisNineteen studies with a total of 874 participants were included. The most frequently reported inflammatory outcomes were C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), adiponectin, and leptin. Hypocaloric, isocaloric, or low-fat diets significantly (P < 0.05) lowered levels of CRP, TNF-α, and adiponectin. The addition of nutraceutical or pharmacological supplementation to dietary interventions appeared to elicit additional benefits for all of the most frequently reported inflammatory markers.ConclusionsHypo- or isocaloric diets alone, or with co-interventions that included a nutraceutical or pharmacological supplementation, appear to improve the inflammatory profile in patients with NAFLD. Thus, anti-inflammatory diets may have the potential to improve underlying chronic inflammation that underpins the pathophysiological mechanisms of NAFLD. In the absence of any known liver-sensitive markers, the use of cytokines and adipokines as a surrogate marker of liver disease should be further investigated in well-controlled trials.