bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The joint effects of bilingualism, DLD and item frequency on children's lexical‐retrieval performance
Authors: Degani Tamar , Kreiser Varda , Novogrodsky Rama 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundBilingual children and children diagnosed with developmental language disorder (DLD) are characterized by reduced lexical‐retrieval abilities. Few studies examined their joint contribution and the mechanisms underlying these effects in the lexical domain.AimsTo explore the joint effects of bilingualism and DLD by adopting a four‐group comparison in which the difference between bi‐ and monolingual children with DLD is directly compared with that of bi‐ and monolingual children with typical language development (TLD). In addition, to examine the mechanisms underlying the effects of bilingualism and DLD on children's lexical‐retrieval abilities, we tested how item's characteristics (frequency of use) modulate the effects of bilingualism and DLD.Methods & ProceduresFifty‐eight children (aged 9–14 years) participated in the current study. They were either Hebrew monolingual or Hebrew–English bilinguals and were either diagnosed with DLD or had TLD. Children completed a Hebrew picture‐naming task and verbal short‐term memory tests. The influence of participants’ characteristics, including bilingualism, DLD and verbal short‐term memory, as well as item's characteristics (frequency of use) were tested.Outcomes & ResultsAccuracy analysis revealed that bilingual children scored lower than monolingual children and that children with DLD scored lower than children with TLD. Critically, the two factors interacted such that their joint presence resulted in less‐than‐additive effects. Specifically, although bilingual children with DLD performed worse than all other groups, they performed better than expected under an additive model. Interestingly, monolingual children with DLD performed similarly to bilingual children with TLD. Increased verbal short‐term memory was associated with better performance across the four groups. Finally, bilingualism and DLD interacted with item frequency, such that being bilingual, having DLD, or both, resulted in increased sensitivity to item frequency manifested in exceptionally lower performance on low‐frequency items.Conclusions & ImplicationsThe findings suggest that the strength of linguistic representations contribute to the effects of bilingualism and DLD. Further, the presence of bilingualism in the context of DLD does not exaggerate the impact of DLD. Clinically, this suggests that differences between bi‐ and monolingual children with DLD must be considered in reference to the gap in lexical‐retrieval performance observed between bi‐ and monolingual children with TLD. Finally, because monolingual children with DLD and bilingual children with TLD performed similarly, sensitive diagnostic tools and intervention programmes should be adopted to allow correct identification and treatment of bilingual children with DLD.
Good Samaritan harm reduction policy and drug overdose deaths
Authors: Atkins Danielle N. , Durrance Christine Piette , Kim Yuna 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo examine the effects of a harm reduction policy, specifically Good Samaritan (GS) policy, on overdose deaths.Data Sources/Study SettingSecondary data from multiple cause of death, mortality records paired with state harm reduction and substance use prevention policy.Study DesignWe estimate fixed effects Poisson count models to model the effect of GS policy on overdose deaths for all, prescription, and illicit drugs, controlled substances, and opioids, while controlling for other harm reduction and substance use prevention policies.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsWe merge secondary data sources by state and year between 1999 and 2016.Principal findingsWe fail to identify a statistically significant effect of GS policy in reducing overdose deaths broadly.ConclusionsWhile we are unable to identify an effect of GS policy on overdose deaths, GS policy may have important effects on first‐stage outcomes not investigated in this paper. Given recent state policy changes and rapid increase in many categories of overdose deaths, additional research should continue to examine the implementation and effects of harm reduction policy specifically and substance use prevention policy broadly.
Hot Off the Press: Hospital Observation Upon Reversal (HOUR) With Naloxone: A Prospective Clinical Prediction Rule Validation Study
Authors: Morgenstern Justin , Heitz Corey , Bond Chris , Milne William K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis is a prospective observational study looking to validate a previously derived decision rule designed to help safely discharge opioid overdose patients from the emergency department after 1 hour. They included a convenience sample of 538 adult patients who had received naloxone pre‐hospital and compared the Hospital Observation Upon Reversal (HOUR) rule with clinical judgement. The primary outcome of interest was a broadly defined composite of adverse events. The HOUR rule had a sensitivity of 84.1% (95% CI 76.2‐92.1%) and a specificity of 62.1% (95% CI 57.6‐66.5%), which was very similar to clinical judgement. Clinical judgement would have missed 12 adverse events, while the HOUR rule would have missed 13, although most of those adverse events were probably minor.
The effect of erector spinae plane block on respiratory and analgesic outcomes in multiple rib fractures: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Adhikary S. D. , Liu W. M. , Fuller E. , Cruz‐Eng H. , Chin K. J. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryRegional anaesthesia is often helpful in improving respiratory function and analgesia following multiple rib fractures. The erector spinae plane block has become the technique of choice in our institution due to its relative simplicity and purported safety. The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to determine its effectiveness in improving respiratory and analgesic outcomes. We reviewed electronic medical records of patients with traumatic rib fractures admitted to a level‐one trauma centre between January 2016 and July 2017, who also received erector spinae plane blocks. We analysed the following outcomes before and up to 72 h after erector spinae plane blockade: incentive spirometry volume; maximum numerical rating scale static pain scores; and 12‐h opioid consumption. Pre‐ and post‐block data were compared. We included 79 patients, 77% of whom received continuous erector spinae plane block for a mean (SD) of 3.7 (1.9) days. The majority (85%) had other associated injuries. Incentive spirometry volumes improved from 784 (694) to 1375 (667) ml (p < 0.01) during the first 24 h following erector spinae plane blockade. Pain scores were reduced from 7.7 (2.5) to 4.7 (3.2) in the first three hours (p < 0.01). Reductions in opioid consumption were observed but did not achieve statistical significance. These improvements were largely sustained for up to 72 h. Mean arterial blood pressure remained unchanged from baseline. In conclusion, erector spinae plane blocks were associated with improved inspiratory capacity and analgesic outcomes following rib fracture, without haemodynamic instability. We propose that it should be considered to be a viable alternative to other regional analgesic techniques when these are not feasible.
Home‐based training using neuromuscular electrical stimulation in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: A pilot study
Authors: Palanova Petra , Mrkvicova Veronika , Nedbalkova Marta , Sosikova Michaela , Konecny Petr , Jarkovsky Jiri , Marques Emanuel , Novakova Marie , Pohanka Michal , Soucek Miroslav , Dobsak Petr 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThere is ample evidence that maintenance of basic physical fitness through exercise training is crucial for patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Rehabilitation based on neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of thigh muscles has been shown to have many beneficial effects in patients with chronic diseases. It is likely that NMES could have beneficial effects also in patients on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). NMES was applied for 20 weeks to 14 patients on CAPD, mean age 61.9 (8.7) years, using battery‐powered stimulators (CEFAR‐REHAB X2; Sweden) and self‐adhesive electrodes 80 × 130 mm (PALS Platinum; Denmark). Stimulation characteristics: biphasic current, pulse width 400 μs, 8 seconds contraction‐12 seconds relaxation, frequency modulation 40‐60 Hz, and maximal intensity 60 mA. NMES was home‐based and applied simultaneously to quadriceps muscles of both legs (2 × 30 min/day). Functional performance, muscle power (Fmax), arterial stiffness (assessed by cardio‐ankle vascular index‐CAVI), and quality of life by KDQOL‐SF evaluation was done at baseline and at the end of program. Home NMES improved significantly the main functional parameters: VO2peak/kg increased by +2.2 (1.6) mL O2/kg/min (P < 0.002), peak workload by +0.1 (0.1) W/kg (P < 0.005), and distance walked in 6 MWT by +44.7 (58.4) m (P < 0.008). Only insignificant changes were observed in CAVI and Fmax. KDQOL‐SF analysis showed significant improvement in seven parameters of QoL (P < 0.012‐0.049). This pilot study is the first clinical report dealing with the use of NMES in patients on CAPD. The results demonstrate that an improvement of exercise capacity and QoL can be achieved by home‐based NMES in CAPD patients.
Scleral buckling versus vitrectomy for young japanese patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the era of microincision surgery: real‐world evidence from a multicentre study in Japan
Authors: Shu Ingen , Ishikawa Hiroto , Nishikawa Hiroki , Morikawa Shohei , Okamoto Fumiki , Sakamoto Taiji , Sugimoto Masahiko , Kondo Mineo , Iwasaki Masanori , Kinoshita Takamasa , Toibana Toshi , Mitamura Yoshinori , Takamura Yoshihiro , Motohashi Ryosuke , Shimura Masahiko , Sakurai Yutaka , Takeuchi Masaru , Gomi Fumi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate real‐world evidence for young Japanese patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) by retrospectively examining surgical procedures and clinical outcomes in the Japan Clinical Retina Study group.MethodsThis was a multicentre retrospective study of the medical records of 562 young patients (384 males and 178 females; mean age: 33.0 ± 11.8 years) who had been diagnosed with RRD and who underwent surgical procedures in participating centres during the period between April 2013 and August 2016.ResultsThe selected surgeries were scleral buckling (SB) for 295 eyes (49.7%) and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for 262 eyes (44.1%). Between the two surgical procedures, there was no significant difference in the primary anatomical reattachment rate (PARR, SB = 92.2%, PPV = 93.9%); improvements in vision were noted in both groups. The incidences of proliferative vitreoretinopathy and cataract formation within 1 year of PPV were 2.3% (p = 0.0047) and 6.5% (p = 0.0005), whereas they were 0% and 1.0% in the SB group, respectively.ConclusionScleral buckling (SB) and PPV were chosen with almost equal frequency for young patients with RRD. Clinical outcomes for SB and PPV exhibited a similar PARR. The incidence of cataract formation after PPV may constitute an important limitation of the procedure.
Optimizing outcomes for children with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in low‐ and middle‐income countries by early correct diagnosis, reducing toxic death and preventing abandonment
Authors: Chantada Guillermo , Lam Catherine G. , Howard Scott C. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryIn high‐income countries, more than 90% of children with mature B‐cell lymphomas are cured with frontline therapy. However, cure requires prompt and correct diagnosis, careful risk stratification, very intense chemotherapy and meticulous supportive care, together with logistical support for patients who live far from the cancer centre or face financial barriers to receiving care. In low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC), cure rates range from 20% to 70% because of lack of diagnosis, misdiagnosis, abandonment of treatment, toxic death and excess relapse with reduced‐intensity regimens. Fortunately, a wide range of successful interventions in LMIC have reduced these causes of avoidable treatment failure. Public awareness campaigns have led to societal awareness of childhood cancer; telepathology has improved diagnosis, even in remote areas; subsidized chemotherapy, transportation, housing and food have reduced abandonment; and hand hygiene, nurse training programmes and health system improvements have reduced toxic death. These interventions can be deployed everywhere and at low cost, so are highly scalable. Children and adolescents with Burkitt lymphoma can be cured in all countries by making a timely correct diagnosis, applying protocols adapted to the local context, preventing abandonment of therapy and avoiding toxic death. Reducing these causes of treatment failure is feasible and highly cost‐effective everywhere.
Use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer active surveillance
Authors: Glass Allison S. , Dall'Era Marc A. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesTo review the role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) for active surveillance (AS) of prostate cancer.Materials and MethodsWe performed a comprehensive search of Medline and Embase databases for relevant articles in the English language. Search terms included ‘prostate cancer', ‘active surveillance' or ‘monitoring', ‘expectant management', and ‘MRI'. We also reviewed practice guidelines from recognized international associations or societies involved in prostate cancer care. Articles were selected by both authors for relevance to the subject matter.ResultsThe ability of mpMRI to visualize primarily high‐grade tumours within the prostate may improve risk stratification for men considering AS for prostate cancer. Multiple mostly single‐institution studies have found that the addition of mpMRI and a targeted biopsy strategy can improve AS patient selection over standard TRUS biopsy alone. The high negative predictive value of mpMRI may allow men to avoid early repeat biopsy and may offer the possibility to tailor biopsy strategies. The presence of a radiographically positive lesion on mpMRI at baseline is predictive of higher likelihood of radiographic progression over time while on AS.ConclusionsMRI has shown promise in both patient selection and monitoring for men who undergo AS for prostate cancer. There are multiple barriers to the widespread use of mpMRI for AS including quality, cost and access to care.
Best practice in active surveillance for men with prostate cancer: a Prostate Cancer UK consensus statement
Authors: Merriel Samuel W.D. , Hetherington Liz , Seggie Andrew , Castle Joanna T. , Cross William , Roobol Monique J. , Gnanapragasam Vincent , Moore Caroline M. ,   the Prostate Cancer UK Expert Reference Group on Active Surveillance
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesTo develop a consensus statement on current best practice of active surveillance (AS) in the UK, informed by patients and clinical experts.Subjects and MethodsA consensus statement was drafted on the basis of three sources of data: systematic literature search of national and international guidelines; data arising from a Freedom of Information Act request to UK urology departments regarding their current practice of AS; and survey and interview responses from men with localized prostate cancer regarding their experiences and views of AS. The Prostate Cancer UK Expert Reference Group (ERG) on AS was then convened to discuss and refine the statement.ResultsGuidelines and protocols for AS varied significantly in terms of risk stratification, criteria for offering AS, and protocols for AS between and within countries. Patients and healthcare professionals identified clinical, emotional and process needs for AS to be effective. Men with prostate cancer wanted more information and psychological support at the time of discussing AS with the treating team and in the first 2 years of AS, and a named healthcare professional to discuss any questions or concerns they had. The ERG agreed 30 consensus statements regarding best practice for AS. Statements were grouped under headings: ‘Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria’; ‘AS follow‐up protocol’ and ‘When to stop AS’.ConclusionSignificant variation currently exists in the practice of AS in the UK and internationally. Men have clear views on the level of involvement in treatment decisions and support from their treating professionals when receiving AS. The Prostate Cancer UK AS ERG has developed a set of consensus statements for best practice in AS. Evidence for best practice in AS, and the use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in AS, is still evolving, and further studies are needed to determine how to optimize AS outcomes.
Adrenoceptor regulation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin in muscle and adipose tissue
Authors: Chia Ling Yeong , Evans Bronwyn A. , Mukaida Saori , Bengtsson Tore , Hutchinson Dana S. , Sato Masaaki 
Published: February 2019

A vital role of adrenoceptors in metabolism and energy balance has been well documented in the heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. It has been only recently demonstrated, however, that activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) makes a significant contribution to various metabolic and physiological responses to adrenoceptor agonists. mTOR exists as two distinct complexes named mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) and has been shown to play a critical role in protein synthesis, cell proliferation, hypertrophy, mitochondrial function, and glucose uptake. This review will describe the physiological significance of mTORC1 and 2 as a novel paradigm of adrenoceptor signalling in the heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Understanding the detailed signalling cascades of adrenoceptors and how they regulate physiological responses is important for identifying new therapeutic targets and identifying novel therapeutic interventions.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors—New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc
Updates in the function and regulation of α1‐adrenoceptors
Authors: Akinaga Juliana , García‐Sáinz J. Adolfo , S. Pupo André 
Published: February 2019

α1‐Adrenoceptors are seven transmembrane domain GPCRs involved in numerous physiological functions controlled by the endogenous catecholamines, noradrenaline and adrenaline, and targeted by drugs useful in therapeutics. Three separate genes, whose products are named α1A‐, α1B‐, and α1D‐ adrenoceptors, encode these receptors. Although the existence of multiple α1‐adrenoceptors has been acknowledged for almost 25 years, the specific functions regulated by each subtype are still largely unknown. Despite the limited comprehension, the identification of a single class of subtype‐selective ligands for the α1A‐ adrenoceptors, the so‐called α‐blockers for prostate dysfunction, has led to major improvement in therapeutics, demonstrating the need for continued efforts in the field. This review article surveys the tissue distribution of the three α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system, genitourinary system, and CNS, highlighting the functions already identified as mediated by the predominant activation of specific subtypes. In addition, this review covers the recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of each of the α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes by phosphorylation and interaction with proteins involved in their desensitization and internalization.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Adrenoceptors—New Roles for Old Players. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.14/issuetoc
Microglial inflammation and phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease: Potential therapeutic targets
Authors: Nizami Sohaib , Hall‐Roberts Hazel , Warrier Sharat , Cowley Sally A. , Di Daniel Elena 
Published: February 2019

One of the largest unmet medical needs is a disease‐modifying treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, the role of microglia in disease, particularly AD, has gained great interest, following the identification of several disease risk‐associated genes that are highly expressed in microglia. Microglia play a critical homeostatic role in the brain, with neuroinflammatory and phagocytic mechanisms being of particular importance. Here, we review the role of NLRP3, the complement system, and the triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) in modulating microglial functions. We have reviewed the targets, their molecular pathways and the therapeutic interventions aimed at modulating these targets, in the hope of discovering a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Therapeutics for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: New Directions for Precision Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.18/issuetoc
Histamine in the kidneys: what is its role in renal pathophysiology?
Authors: Grange Cristina , Gurrieri Maura , Verta Roberta , Fantozzi Roberto , Pini Alessandro , Rosa Arianna Carolina 
Published: February 2019

Starting with a role for histamine role in renal haemodynamics, evidence has accumulated, over time, suggesting a wider range of actions on renal function and this has renewed interest in the pathophysiological role of histamine in the kidney. Here we provide an up‐to‐date review of this topic. As the kidney expresses enzymes that synthesize and metabolise histamine, along with its receptors, all the components for histaminergic transmission are present in this tissue. The distribution of histamine receptors matches a wide range of effects. We address the questions of the redundancy of H1and H2receptors in renal haemodynamics, the complementary role of H1and H4receptors in renal filtration and reabsorption, and the dichotomy between local and neuronal H1and H3receptors. Experimental models of renal disease raise the possibility of new therapeutic approaches based on histamine. The effects of histamine on renal function are not yet fully understood and their elucidation is still ongoing.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on New Uses for 21st Century. To view the other articles in this section visithttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.3/issuetoc
Expressive Vocabulary Predicts Nonverbal Executive Function: A 2‐year Longitudinal Study of Deaf and Hearing Children
Authors: Jones Anna , Atkinson Joanna , Marshall Chloe , Botting Nicola , St Clair Michelle C. , Morgan Gary 
Published: February 2019

Numerous studies suggest an association between language and executive function (EF), but evidence of a developmental relationship remains inconclusive. Data were collected from 75 deaf/hard‐of‐hearing (DHH) children and 82 hearing age‐matched controls. Children were 6–11 years old at first time of testing and completed a battery of nonverbal EF tasks and a test of expressive vocabulary. These tasks were completed again 2 years later. Both groups improved their scores on all tasks over this period. DHH children performed significantly less well than hearing peers on some EF tasks and the vocabulary test at both time points. Cross‐lagged panel models showed that vocabulary at Time 1 predicted change in EF scores for both DHH and hearing children but not the reverse.