bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Islam, pureté et modernité: Les « innovations blâmables » en débat au Maghreb, 1920-1950
Authors: Jomier Augustin 
Published: August 2019

RésumésDes années 1930 aux années 1950, le Mzab, région du Nord du Sahara algérien alors sous domination française, fut secoué par des polémiques autour de la consommation de produits européens : étaient-ils ou non licites ? Ces questions ont jusqu’à présent été envisagées comme une forme de résistance culturelle à la colonisation, ou comme le signe de la difficile adaptation de l’« islam » à la « modernité ». Des lettrés qui se voulaient « réformistes » auraient été les fers de lance de cette adaptation, par opposition à des « conservateurs » caricaturés comme arc-boutés à une tradition stérile. À partir du cas du Mzab et de sources liées à la normativité islamique, cet article, qui explore d’une façon inédite le rapport entre islam, modernité et colonisation, démontre que d’autres logiques étaient à l’œuvre : pour les acteurs, l’enjeu portait avant tout sur la pureté de leur communauté et les moyens de la préserver, dans un moment d’incertitude culturelle et politique. À l’aide des outils de la normativité islamique, partisans et adversaires de ces innovations façonnaient des images différentes de leur communauté et lui assignaient des limites distinctes. Faisant dialoguer sources coloniales et islamiques, historiographie des sociétés coloniales et islamologie, la démonstration remet en cause une lecture de l’histoire contemporaine de l’islam centrée sur les notions de modernité et de réforme, qui étaient essentiellement instrumentales dans ces débats. Elle fait aussi entendre la pluralité des rationalités à l’œuvre dans les sociétés colonisées du Maghreb, tranchant avec une historiographie d’ordinaire aveugle à leur complexité interne.
« Chassez le naturel… »: Les sciences sociales aux prises avec le déterminisme biologique (note critique)
Authors: Berlivet Luc 
Published: August 2019

RésumésL’objet de cette note critique est d’analyser les principaux apports de la recherche historique, et, dans une moindre mesure, sociologique et anthropologique, des dix dernières années dans trois domaines distincts mais imbriqués : l’histoire de l’eugénisme, de l’hérédité et de la notion biologique de race. Après avoir clarifié les relations existant entre ces différents objets trop souvent amalgamés, l’article s’emploie à comparer l’évolution de leurs champs de recherche respectifs, en distinguant ce qui relève de l’approfondissement de thèmes déjà abordés précédemment et ce qui participe de l’exploration de perspectives nouvelles. Des développements sont consacrés aux approfondissements historiographiques relatifs aux politiques eugénistes de stérilisation forcée, au rapport étroit qui a pu se nouer entre eugénisme et natalisme dans certains pays comme la France, ou encore à la généalogie de la catégorie de race et aux dispositifs d’objectivation de la diversité raciale. Le renouvellement profond des trois domaines de recherche au cours de la période considérée est analysé à travers deux dimensions complémentaires : l’élargissement notable de l’horizon géographique des enquêtes et la reproblématisation des objets scientifiques. Alors même que la focalisation des travaux antérieurs sur les expériences européennes et nord-américaines avait pu laisser croire que la biopolitique, l’eugénisme et le « racisme scientifique » étaient l’apanage des pays occidentaux, la multiplication récente de recherches portant sur l’Amérique latine, l’Asie et, dans une moindre mesure, le Moyen-Orient et l’Afrique, a définitivement invalidé cette vision réductrice. Parallèlement, une meilleure prise en compte des perspectives de genre, l’exploration des continuités historiques entre eugénisme et génétique médicale, ainsi que la réévaluation du rôle de la (bio)médecine dans les débats sur l’hérédité humaine et la notion de race ont profondément renouvelé les trois champs de recherche étudiés.
An online diagnosis technique for simultaneous measurement of the fundamental, second and third harmonics in one snapshot
Authors: Dong Xue , Pan Xingchen , Liu Cheng , Zhu Jianqiang 
Published: August 2019

A three-wavelength coherent-modulation-imaging (CMI) technique is proposed to simultaneously measure the fundamental, second and third harmonics of a laser driver in one snapshot. Laser beams at three wavelengths (1053 nm, 526.5 nm and 351 nm) were simultaneously incident on a random phase plate to generate hybrid diffraction patterns, and a modified CMI algorithm was adopted to reconstruct the complex amplitude of each wavelength from one diffraction intensity frame. The validity of this proposed technique was verified using both numerical simulation and experimental analyses. Compared to commonly used measurement methods, this proposed method has several advantages, including a compact structure, convenient operation and high accuracy.
Outcomes of an electronic medical record (EMR)–driven intensive care unit (ICU)-antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) ward round: Assessing the “Five Moments of Antimicrobial Prescribing”
Authors: Devchand Misha , Stewardson Andrew J. , Urbancic Karen F. , Khumra Sharmila , Mahony Andrew A. , Walker Steven , Garrett Kent , Grayson M. Lindsay , Trubiano Jason A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjective:The primary objective of this study was to examine the impact of an electronic medical record (EMR)–driven intensive care unit (ICU) antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) service on clinician compliance with face-to-face AMS recommendations. AMS recommendations were defined by an internally developed “5 Moments of Antimicrobial Prescribing” metric: (1) escalation, (2) de-escalation, (3) discontinuation, (4) switch, and (5) optimization. The secondary objectives included measuring the impact of this service on (1) antibiotic appropriateness, and (2) use of high-priority target antimicrobials.Methods:A prospective review was undertaken of the implementation and compliance with a new ICU-AMS service that utilized EMR data coupled with face-to-face recommendations. Additional patient data were collected when an AMS recommendation was made. The impact of the ICU-AMS round on antimicrobial appropriateness was evaluated using point-prevalence survey data.Results:For the 202 patients, 412 recommendations were made in accordance with the “5 Moments” metric. The most common recommendation made by the ICU-AMS team was moment 3 (discontinuation), which comprised 173 of 412 recommendations (42.0%), with an acceptance rate of 83.8% (145 of 173). Data collected for point-prevalence surveys showed an increase in prescribing appropriateness from 21 of 45 (46.7%) preintervention (October 2016) to 30 of 39 (76.9%) during the study period (September 2017).Conclusions:The integration of EMR with an ICU-AMS program allowed us to implement a new AMS service, which was associated with high clinician compliance with recommendations and improved antibiotic appropriateness. Our “5 Moments of Antimicrobial Prescribing” metric provides a framework for measuring AMS recommendation compliance.
Infection surveillance and prevention strategies to detect and prevent postaccess breast tissue expander infections
Authors: Sharara Sima L. , Saunders Heather M. , Fabre Valeria , Cosgrove Sara E. , Fellerman Donna P. , Rock Clare , Trexler Polly A. , Lewis Laura B. , Bernstein Meg G. , Manahan Michele A. , Sacks Justin M. , Rosson Gedge D. , Maragakis Lisa L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractNo standardized surveillance criteria exist for surgical site infection after breast tissue expander (BTE) access. This report provides a framework for defining postaccess BTE infections and identifies contributing factors to infection during the expansion period. Implementing infection prevention guidelines for BTE access may reduce postaccess BTE infections.
The role of conspiracy mentality in denial of science and susceptibility to viral deception about science
Authors: Landrum Asheley R. , Olshansky Alex 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMembers of the public can disagree with scientists in at least two ways: people can reject well-established scientific theoriesandthey can believe fabricated, deceptive claims about science to be true. Scholars examining the reasons for these disagreements find that some individuals are more likely than others to diverge from scientists because of individual factors such as their science literacy, political ideology, and religiosity. This study builds on this literature by examining the role of conspiracy mentality in these two phenomena. Participants were recruited from a national online panel (N= 513) and in person from the first annual Flat Earth International Conference (N= 21). We found that conspiracy mentality and science literacy both play important roles in believing viral and deceptive claims about science, but evidence for the importance of conspiracy mentality in the rejection of science is much more mixed.
Discovering the Senate's Fundamental Nature: Moving beyond the Supreme Court's 2014 Opinion
Authors: O'Brien Gary William 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn the 2014 reference, the Supreme Court sought to discover the Senate's “essential nature” in order to determine what reforms parliament could legislate unilaterally. Making use of a classification model found in comparative and historical studies, the Court concluded that the Senate was a “complementary legislative body of sober second thought.” This article re-examines the Court's narrow definition of the Senate's perceived role and presents evidence that its essential characteristics are direct continuations of various pre-Confederation design principles. Limiting a description of its architecture to a single model that eclipses all other roles the Senate may play shifts the debate on Senate reform, which in the recent past has laid emphasis on resolving the conflict among the models embedded in the upper chamber's essential characteristics. The article concludes by reviewing previous constitutional initiatives that aimed at bringing those models more in tune with modern Canada and by making suggestions about how reform proposals could better succeed.
Balanced pairs, cotorsion triplets and quiver representations
Authors: Estrada Sergio , Pérez Marco A. , Zhu Haiyan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBalanced pairs appear naturally in the realm of relative homological algebra associated with the balance of right-derived functors of the Hom functor. Cotorsion triplets are a natural source of such pairs. In this paper, we study the connection between balanced pairs and cotorsion triplets by using recent quiver representation techniques. In doing so, we find a new characterization of abelian categories that have enough projectives and injectives in terms of the existence of complete hereditary cotorsion triplets. We also provide a short proof of the lack of balance for derived functors of Hom computed using flat resolutions, which extends the one given by Enochs in the commutative case.
Poverty, Shame and Ethics in Contemporary China
Authors: YANG LICHAO , WALKER ROBERT 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTaking China as a critical case, this article questions recent literature that asserts that shame attached to poverty is both ubiquitous and always problematic. In China, the concepts of shame, loss of face,lian(integrity) andmian(reputation) once provided an ethical framework under which the existence of poverty both indicated ineffective governance and provided individuals in poverty with opportunities to demonstrate virtuous behaviour in coping with life’s hardships. Maoist rhetoric went further presenting poor peasants as national heroes albeit the outcome of Maoist policies was often to hurt the most disadvantaged most. Subsequent marketisation has transformed poverty into a manifestation of personal failing with poverty-related shame having the same likely negative consequences as found elsewhere.
Behavioural inhibition and valuation of gain/loss are neurally distinct from approach/withdrawal
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Corr Philip J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Gain or omission/termination of loss produces approach; while loss or omission/termination of gain produces withdrawal. Control of approach/withdrawal motivation is distinct from valuation of gain/loss and does not entail learning – making “reward” and “punishment” ambiguous. Approach-withdrawal goal conflict engages a neurally distinct Behavioural Inhibition System, which controls “anxiety” (conflict/passive avoidance) but not “fear” (withdrawal/active avoidance).
Symmetric conflicts also allow for the investigation of attack and defense
Authors: Hüffmeier Joachim , Mazei Jens 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
De Dreu and Gross argue that only asymmetric games allow the motives underlying defense and attack to be disentangled. However, the Prisoner's Dilemma Game Alt matrix (PDG-Alt matrix), a modified symmetric PDG, also allows these motives to be disentangled. Studies using the PDG-Alt matrix produced findings contradicting a central claim of De Dreu and Gross.
Advantaged- and disadvantaged-group members have motivations similar to those of defenders and attackers, but their psychological characteristics are fundamentally different
Authors: Shnabel Nurit , Becker Julia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Modern societies are characterized by group-based hierarchies. Similar to attackers, disadvantaged-group members wish to change the status quo; like defenders, advantaged-group members wish to protect it. However, the psychological arrays that are typical of disadvantaged- and advantaged-group members are opposite to those of attackers and defenders – suggesting that the Attacker-Defender Game does not capture the dynamics between advantaged and disadvantaged groups.
Toward the need to discriminate types of attackers and defenders in intergroup conflicts
Authors: Katna Dashalini , Cheon Bobby K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Here, we argue that attackers in intergroup conflicts are also likely to hold strong identity fusion, anticipate threat from the out-groups, and retaliate by signaling preemptive aggressiveness, which may not be asymmetrically exclusive to defenders. We propose that the study of the intergroup and intragroup dynamics could highlight more specific, robust markers to differentiate types of defenders from attackers.
The importance of raiding ecology and sex differences in offensive and defensive warfare
Authors: Lopez Anthony C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
De Dreu and Gross offer a compelling synthesis of a growing literature on the psychology of attack and defense. I argue that human raiding ecology suggests the need to endogenize attacker-defender move order as well as opportunities for tactical mismatch available to defenders. Perhaps most significantly, I draw attention to the surprising lacunae in sex differences across attack and defense.
Towards the elucidation of evolution of out-group aggression
Authors: Mifune Nobuhiro , Simunovic Dora 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We focus on the implications of De Dreu and Gross's findings for the evolutionary perspective on out-group aggression and in-group cooperation. Although their experimental protocols are potentially useful in determining the origins of out-group aggression in humans, they so far provide inconclusive evidence only. We suggest ways of furthering our understanding of the connection between parochial cooperation and intergroup conflict.
‘When it faded in her … it faded in me’: a qualitative study exploring the impact of care-giving on the experience of spousal intimacy for older male care-givers
Authors: Fee Anne , McIlfatrick Sonja , Ryan Assumpta 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOlder male care-givers play an increasingly important role in informal care-giving, yet they have received little attention in the literature. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of care-giving on the experience of spousal intimacy for older male care-givers. Twenty-four older male care-givers, drawn from a region of the United Kingdom, participated in one-to-one interviews about their care-giving role. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data, and the study was underpinned by theories of masculinity. Three main themes were identified: (a) ‘Impact of care-giving on the experience of sexual intimacy’; (b) ‘Impact of care-giving on the experience of emotional intimacy’; and (c) ‘Not up for discussion’. When sexual intimacy declined, some older male care-givers prioritised emotional intimacy; some struggled with the decline; and some were reluctant to discuss the issue. Additionally, some care-givers reported that they had not received support from external support providers for declining sexual or emotional intimacy. Intimacy has been highlighted as important for care-givers given its link with care-giver wellbeing and quality of life. Results of this study suggest that sexual and emotional intimacy was an issue for older male care-givers, and that this issue should be considered by external support providers as part of a holistic assessment of need in order to tailor effective support.
Determining the Volume Expansion at Grain Boundaries Using Extended Energy-Loss Fine Structure Analysis
Authors: Nandi Proloy , Howe James M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGrain boundaries (GBs) play an important role in material behavior, so considerable effort has gone into determining their structure and properties. Studies of GBs have revealed a correlation between the GB energy and expansion of the planes normal to the GB, or the so-called normal volume expansion. In this investigation, the volume expansion at several GBs was experimentally determined using extended energy-loss fine structure (EXELFS) analysis in a scanning/transmission electron microscope, allowing changes in the nearest-neighbor (n.n.) distances to be determined with nanometer spatial resolution. EXELFS performed on three-model GBs showed that the average n.n. distances at the GBs increased with increasing GB energy. Additionally, the total volume expansion at the GBs, calculated using complementary plasmon energy profiles, showed excellent agreement with volume expansions measured using other experimental techniques. Hence, this study demonstrates that EXELFS is a useful technique to measure the normal volume expansion at GBs. When combined with the results from complementary studies on the same GBs using valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy, this work further shows that the GB energy increases in relation to both the decrease in electron density at the GB and an accompanying increase in specific volume expansion at the GB.
The effect of oxygen concentration on the germination of some weed species under control conditions
Authors: Yasin Muhammad , Andreasen Christian 
Published: August 2019

AbstractContinuous use of heavy machinery in fields and frequent farm traffic sometimes result in soil compaction. Soil compaction reduces the oxygen (O2) concentration in soil capillaries and hence lowers the O2 availability for germinating seeds. We investigated how reduced O2 levels changed germination behavior of weeds to elucidate their potential to adapt to O2-deficient soils (compacted, compressed, and waterlogged soils and soils with hard surfaces). Two similar laboratory experiments were conducted with five O2 treatments (20.9%, 15%, 10%, 5%, and 2.5%). The germination percentage of the invasive weed hairy fiddleneck [Amsinckia menziesii (Lehm.) A. Nelson &amp; J.F. Macbr. var. menziesii] and the common weeds common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and Persian speedwell (Veronica persica Poir) was not significantly reduced at 15% O2. The germination of scarlet pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis L. ssp. arvensis), silky windgrass [Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv.], catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine L.), and knawel (Scleranthus annuus L.) was significantly reduced at 15% O2. The highest germination was obtained at 20.9% O2 for blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.), A. spica-venti, G. aparine, annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), scentless chamomile [Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.], field violet (Viola arvensis Murray) and the less common weeds A. arvensis and S. annuus. Distribution of flora in the landscape may change on O2-deficient soils by reducing germination of some species such as A. arvensis and S. annuus and favoring others like A. menziesii and C. album. The ability to germinate at 2.5% and 5% O2 may contribute to explain why A. myosuroides and A. menziesii have become successful as weeds on O2-deficient soils, as they maintained a germination percentage between 34% and 58% at 2.5% O2.
A Self‐Regulating Equilibrium Magnetopause Model With Applications to Saturn
Authors: Hardy F. , Achilleos N. , Guio P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe describe a new method of constructing an equilibrium magnetopause surface based on the pressure balance between external and internal pressure sources. Details are given for every step of the procedure, including the initial pressure balance condition (which determines magnetopause morphology), the related underlying assumptions, and the final optimized magnetopause surface. Our method produces a final equilibrium magnetopause surface that satisfies the local balance between the solar wind dynamic pressure and planetary magnetic pressure with an error no greater than 1%. We also discuss the contribution of hot plasma pressure and equatorial ring currents and their effects on magnetopause morphology. For each optimized magnetopause boundary, we give coefficients for fitted polynomial approximations to allow simple and accurate reproductions for practical applications. We specifically discuss the potential application to the modeling of Saturn's magnetopause and describe how the equilibrium magnetopause model can be used to estimate the compressibility of the boundary.
Sedimentary Organic Carbon Budget Across the Slope to the Basin in the Southwestern Ulleung (Tsushima) Basin of the East (Japan) Sea
Authors: Lee Jae Seong , Han Jeong Hee , An Sung‐Uk , Kim Sung‐Han , Lim Dhongil , Kim Dongseon , Kang Dong‐Jin , Park Young‐Gyu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWith the total sediment oxygen uptake rates measured using an in situ benthic chamber, vertical distributions of organic carbon, and sedimentation rates estimated by excess 210Pb across the slope to the basin sediment of the southwestern region of the Ulleung (Tsushima) Basin (UB), the partitioning of organic carbon fluxes in the sediment was estimated to understand the biogeochemical cycles of organic carbon in the high productivity marginal sea. The results of depth attenuation of total oxygen uptake (TOU) demonstrate that the organic carbon oxidation of the UB sediment was 2.5 times higher than that obtained from the empirical relationship of the global's depth attenuation of TOU. Similar to TOU, the high mass accumulation rates observed in the slope region were 9.5 times higher than the rate in the basin, indicating that the slope may act as the depocenter of organic carbon. The organic carbon budget with water depth gradient implies that a significant fraction of the organic carbon deposited into sediment is supplied by lateral transport down the slope. Definite increasing C/N ratio with water depth indicates that the refractory organic carbon seems to be successively transported later from shelf to slope. The total burial flux in the sediment of southwestern UB was estimated to be 0.46±0.04 Tg C/year, which is similar to the megadepocenter of the Congo River fan. Our results imply that the UB sediment may be an important biogeochemical reaction place not only for organic carbon but also materials linked to primary production.