bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Surgery of Muscle and Tendon in Relation to Infantile Paralysis
Authors: Dunn Naughton 
Published: July 2019

(1) The most important periods in the treatment of muscles weakened as a result of infantile paralysis are the acute illness, and if necessary a prolonged convalescence. (2) Division of tendons or muscles is seldom necessary for correction of deformity. (3) Successful transference of muscle power to a new insertion, given a good surgical technique, is dependent mainly on recognition of the group action of muscles. (4) Tendon transplantation should always be helpful, but will seldom by itself produce spectacular success in the restoration of function in infantile paralysis. AbréGé.—(1) Dans le traitement des muscles affaiblis par la paralysie infantile, les périodes les plus importantes sont celles de l'affection aiguë et, au besoin, de la convalescence prolongée. (2) La division des muscles ou des tendons est rarement nécessaire pour la correction des difformités. (3) Étant donnée une bonne technique chirurgicale, le transfèrement du pouvoir musculaire à une nouvelle insertion dépend principalement de la récognition de l'action du groupe des muscles. (4) La transplantation du tendon devrait toujours être considérée utile, mais il est bien rare qu'elle produise per se le succès spectaculeux d'une restoration de fonction dans la paralysie infantile. Uebersicht.—(1) Die wichtigsten Perioden in der Behandlung von Muskeln, durch Kinder-Paralyse geschwächt, sind die der akuten Krankheit selbst und—wo notwendig—der verlängerten Genesungsdauer. (2) Für die Mässigung einer Misgestalt ist eine Trennung der Sehnen oder der Muskeln selten notwendig. (3) Bei einer guten chirurgischen Technik ist eine erfolgreiche Uebertragung der Muskelkraft auf eine neue Insertion meistenteils von der Anerkennung der Gruppenarbeit der Muskeln abhängig. (4) Eine Verpflanzung der Sehne dürfte stets nützlich sein, jedoch wird sie allein selten den frappanten Erfolg einer Wiederherstellung der Funktion bei der Kinder-Paralyse darstellen.
Discussion on the Painful Shoulder
Authors: Perkins George 
Published: July 2019

Three or four definite types are separated from among the many examples of painful shoulder and their treatment is debated:— Adhesions around the Joint.—Characterized by limitation of movement at the shoulder-joint, through the outer half of its range. Curable by manipulative surgery. Tendonitis.—Characterized by painful movements through a small arc in the middle of the normal range. Curable in the hyperacute patient by operation, in the acute by rest in partial abduction with the assistance of time. Osteo-arthritis of the Shoulder-joint.—Characterized by painful extremes of movement. Incurable but capable of alleviation by physiotherapy. Subacute Arthritis of the Shoulder-joint.—Characterized by muscle spasm at the commencement of movement. To be treated by rest on an abduction splint, and the eradication of septic foci.
The Occupational Neuroses (Including Miners' Nystagmus)
Authors: Culpin Millais 
Published: July 2019

These disorders seem to conform to the conception of “functional nervous disorder” in the narrow sense of the phrase. Specific difficulties in writers' cramp, however, often found to have symbolic significance to the patient. Cramp frequently one symptom in a larger syndrome. Both writers' and telegraphists' cramp are excrescences upon an underlying psychoneurosis, though associated symptoms are often overlooked. Miners' nystagmus supposed to be a physiological disorder that produces “neurasthenia”; ocular symptoms mostly psychoneurotic; the oscillation not a disability of itself. Night-blindness as a hysterical symptom. History of night-blindness in armies; its epidemic prevalence in Continental armies in the Great War and its comparative rarity in ours. Its absence in war pensioners and possible replacement by fear of the dark. Night-blindness in nystagmus probably a conversion of this fear. Accounts of nystagmus in crane-workers and train dispatchers. Cases of miners' nystagmus shown to be identical with psychoneuroses arising apart from nystagmus. The nervous symptoms increase as the nystagmus diminishes. Possibly the ocular disability behaves as a hysteria in guarding against further symptoms. Appearance of an occupational disorder among deep-sea divers, and the psychological investigation of individual cases described. Spurious unconsciousness was due to a condition of Angst which could be experimentally reproduced. The existence of a psychoneurotic basis and the possibility of foretelling the development of the specific disorder were demonstrated. Conclusion.—The occupational neuroses are to be regarded as minor psychoses (or psychoneuroses) and handled in accordance with modern principles of psychopathology.
The Influence of Industry on Public Health
Authors: Bridge J. C. 
Published: July 2019

Recognized specific risks of industry considered. Under Section 73, Factory and Workshop Act, certain diseases contracted in a factory or workshop are notifiable by medical practitioners to the Chief Inspector of Factories. Lead poisoning, epitheliomatous and chrome ulceration and anthrax—considered in detail. Effects of inhalation of dust in the causation of silicosis and asbestosis. Relation of these diseases to tuberculosis. Reason to believe that a large number of dusts of different characters will create pathological changes in the lung. Other diseases included in the Schedule under the Workmen's Compensation Act, e.g., nystagmus and dermatitis. Common risks, i.e., shared by the general non-industrial population, incurred by workers. Direct supervision of workers in industry. The sphere and work of a works medical officer. The effects of National Health Insurance on such service. Co-operation between panel and works doctors. Far-reaching effects of the services rendered by works medical officers. Periodic medical inspection under regulations for dangerous trades. Advice given on all medical matters. The charge that industry raises the cancer incidence considered. Means of controlling early recognition and treatment include some non-industrial cases of cancer. Anthrax in industry led to the introduction into the country of Sclavo's serum. Disinfection of wool protects the consumer. First-aid training in factories gives protection in the home. It is suggested that well-organized industry is a centre radiating the principles of preventive medicine.
Recent Laboratory Contributions to the Control of Yellow Fever
Authors: Hindle Edward 
Published: July 2019

The most important recent laboratory contributions to the control of yellow fever will be briefly summarized under three headings: (1) Methods of diagnosis, (2) Transmission, and (3) Protection. (1) Methods of diagnosis.—The development of improved methods of identification, in particular by immunity tests, has made it possible to diagnose yellow fever with much greater certainty. Moreover, since the immunity following an attack of the disease is usually of life-long duration, it is possible to determine what proportion of any particular population has been infected and also how long any district has been free from infection. The application of immunity tests to the delimitation of endemic zones, especially in West Africa, has led to a great increase in our knowledge, and yellow fever has been found to have a much wider distribution than was previously suspected. Among other methods of recognizing the disease may be mentioned complement-fixation tests and also in post-mortem material the histopathology of the liver. (2) Methods of transmission. Indirect.—The main factors in the transmision of the disease by mosquitoes have been elucidated, and the relations between the course of the infection in monkeys (and also presumably in man) and the infectivity of these animals to mosquitoes. It is found that the blood becomes infective at a very early stage, before febrile symptoms develop, and that infectivity usually disappears three to four days after the onset of fever, owing to the presence of immune bodies in the blood. It is evident that any yellow fever patient must be considered to have been capable of infecting mosquitoes before showing any signs of the disease. Many other species of mosquitoes in addition to the Aëdes ægypti have now been shown capable of transmitting yellow fever. Direct.—It is now known that it is possible to acquire yellow fever in the absence of mosquitoes, through handling infected material. Many cases of laboratory infection have now been recorded in which other sources of infection can be definitely excluded. (3) Protection.—The most important advance in this direction has been the development of practicable methods of vaccination. The use of attenuated virus was followed by the use of virus and immune serum. The development of the latter has depended mainly on the discovery that when yellow fever virus is inoculated intracerebrally into mice, after a few passages it acquires neurotropic affinities and loses to a great extent its capacity for producing a general infection. The use of such virus, combined with human or animal immune serum, has been found to result in the development of a high degree of immunity comparable in intensity with that following an attack of the disease.
Some Observations on Carcinoma of the Prostate, with Special Reference to Treatment
Authors: Feilden F. E. 
Published: July 2019

It is thought that valuable data should be obtained from a correlation of the clinical and histological features, when dealing with a large number of cases of carcinoma of the prostate. As a result it should be possible to elaborate a system of grouping, each group being characterized by a definite clinical syndrome, pathological features and individual prognosis. To be of value, a record of the end-results of treatment should be on this basis. Malignant disease of the prostate is not infrequently associated with benign hypertrophy, and not infrequently arises in a lateral or median lobe. Cystoscopy may be of definite value in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate. The perineal method of approach is the operation of choice in the small fibrous type of prostate, especially that which is suspected of being malignant. The results so far recorded in this country, in the treatment of carcinoma of the prostate by radium, are not encouraging. As a palliative method of treatment, trans-urethral diathermy should seldom be employed. The most satisfactory palliative method of treatment is a suprapubic cystostomy. Under certain circumstances, a radical perineal excision is justifiable and satisfactory results may be anticipated.
Some Observations on the Adaptation of the Cathode Ray Oscillograph to the Recording of Bio-Electrical Phenomena, with Special Reference to the Electrocardiogram
Authors: Robertson Douglas 
Published: July 2019

The mechanism of the Cathode Ray Oscillograph is described and illustrated. The character of the cathode ray image (“spot”), produced when the ray impinges on the fluorescent screen, is briefly considered. Simple associated circuits are explained (including a “Time base” circuit). The advantages and disadvantages of the Cathode ray tube as a bio-electrical recording device are briefly examined.Some of the problems associated with the design of a suitable amplifier are dealt with, in conjunction with the amount of amplification to be performed and the time relations of the electrical transient to be examined, taking the electrocardiogram as an illustration. A very short account of the theory of amplifier distortions is given, and a practical method of examining these by means of an “artificial patient” is described and demonstrated.
The Significance of the Excretion of Sex Hormones in the Urine
Authors: Callow R. K. 
Published: July 2019

Recent work on the extraction and assay of urinary sex hormones is reviewed. The “sex hormones” known to be excreted in the urine are not identical with the hormones which have been actually isolated from the organs of secretion. Experimentally it is found that when active substances are administered only a very small proportion is excreted in recognizable form, and the excreted form may even be inactive. This general statement applies to œstrogens, androgens, progestin, and gonadotropic hormone. Hormone activity in the urine is, therefore, an uncertain index of hormonal activities in the body. However, with increasing knowledge of the chemistry and metabolism of hormones, methods of urine assay have been devised which give results capable of correlation with known or assumed physiological processes, notably in pregnancy and the normal menstrual cycle, and obvious effects are produced by certain types of tumour.In the case of male hormone activity the lack of relation between urinary androgens and sexual condition has led to the assumption that the androgens in urine are largely derived from sources other than the gonads, probably from the adrenal glands. Work on this question is described in detail.
Observations on an Epidemic of Cerebrospinal Meningitis in Cyprus and the Record of a Prophylactic Experiment
Authors: MacLean I. H. , Bevan C. E. 
Published: July 2019

After a lapse of twenty-five years cerebrospinal meningitis appeared again in epidemic from during 1936–37. A prophylactic inoculation experiment was undertaken during the autumn of 1937, a few months before the second epidemic season was due to begin. Season 1936–37—836 cases—284 deaths. Season 1937–38 (after inoculation)—298 cases—81 deaths. Season 1938–39—122 cases—51 deaths (to end of May, 1939). During the second season conditions were suitable for the continuance of the epidemic. We do not think that we obtained a false result by inoculating on a waning epidemic. Our results are inconclusive because owing to the sharp decline in the morbidity neither control nor inoculated groups were fully at risk. But our results are good enough to recommend a further trial of prophylaxis in future epidemics. The percentage of the population inoculated is an important factor. The aim should be 100%. The experiment should aim at controlling not only the meningococcal carrier rate but also the general catarrh rate. We suggest that the rapid passage of the meningoccocus in association with an epidemic of nasopharyngeal catarrh raises the virulence of the meningococcus. As the opportunity of a second experience in the prevention of cerebrospinal meningitis by prophylactic inoculation seldom occurs to an individual, we take this chance of making recommendations for guiding future experiments.
Some Practical Considerations in the Control of Louse-Borne Typhus Fever in Great Britain in the Light of Experience in Russia, Poland, Rumania and China
Authors: MacKenzie Melville D. 
Published: July 2019

This paper deals with some aspects of the control of louse-borne typhus fever. The epidemic form is associated with famine and overcrowding. In producing an epidemic in a hitherto endemic area malnutrition is of greater importance than over-crowding; another factor which brings this about is widespread movement of civil or military population thus bringing non-immunes into a district where typhus is endemic. Endemic typhus usually occurs in the early months of the year, whilst the epidemic form may appear at any time. Conditions under which epidemic typhus occurs favour the outbreak of other diseases so that an uncomplicated case is rarely seen. Louse-borne typhus fever lasts from twelve to sixteen days. The incubation period is usually twelve to fourteen days, though it may be from five to twenty-one days. The onset is sudden, but is often preceded by malaise and a rise of temperature. Two common initial symptoms are acute frontal or occipital headache and bronchitis. The first sign may be mental confusion or delirium. Acute delirium is usually present after the first week.
Air Pollution
Authors: Clifton Marjorie 
Published: July 2019

Dr Marjorie Clifton describes the classification of gaseous and nongaseous constituents of air pollution and then outlines the methods of measuring these. The National Survey embraced 150 towns of all sizes throughout England and Wales and provided data on smoke and sulphur dioxide in relation to climate, topography, industrialization, population density, fuel utilization and urban development. Dr W C Turner discusses the relationship between air pollution and mortality from respiratory conditions, and particularly the incidence of chronic bronchitis. He postulates a theory that such respiratory conditions arise as an allergy to the spores of certain moulds, spore formation being encouraged by the air humidity in Greatv Britain and overcrowded and damp living conditions. He describes the results of a twenty-week study undertaken in 1962–3, showing associations between respiratory disease and levels of air pollution. Dr Stuart Carne undertook a survey in general practice to plot the patterns of respiratory illness in London during the winter of 1962–3. There were two peaks of respiratory illnesses coinciding with the fog at the beginning of December and the freeze-up from the end of December until the beginning of March.
Deafness
Authors: Weston T E T 
Published: July 2019

Dr T E T Weston describes his research into the effect of noise on hearing acuity and of deafness in the aged. He found that presbyacusis is associated with a multiplicity of factors, e.g. smoking, circulatory disturbance, urban domicile, heredity and occupational acoustic trauma. Miss W Galbraith describes the social implications of various degrees of deafness and the ways in which they can be overcome by such measures as lipreading, hearing aids and rehabilitation. Sir Terence Cawthorne discusses otosclerosis, nearly 1% of the population being affected by this type of deafness. He describes the modern operation of insertion of an artificial piston through the stapes and states that 90% of cases submitted to this operation will show immediate improvement, whilst 85% should still have retained this improvement at the end of two years.
Displacement of One Drug by Another from Carrier or Receptor Sites
Authors: Brodie Bernard B 
Published: July 2019

The medium of drug transfer is the water of plasma and extracellular fluid. Without complicating factors, the level of drug at a receptor site would be equal to that in the tissues and in plasma, and in dynamic equilibrium. Actually, almost all drugs are reversibly bound to proteins in plasma or tissue. The bound drug, often a high proportion of the total, acts as a reservoir, preventing wild fluctuations between ineffective and toxic levels of the biologically active unbound fraction.Displacement from a receptor site diminishes drug activity, but displacement from plasma or tissue proteins augments the effect by making more unbound drug available at the receptor site.Atropine has no intrinsic activity, but displaces acetylcholine or pilocarpine from receptors at para-sympathetic nerve endings. Similarly guanethidine competes with noradrenaline at sympathetic nerve endings, but in turn is displaced by amphetamine-like drugs.Many acidic drugs (phenylbutazone, sulfonamides, coumarin anticoagulants, salicylates, &c.) are highly bound to one or two sites on albumin molecules. When the limited carrying capacity of the plasma proteins is filled, any unbound surplus is usually soon metabolized or excreted, so the plasma level becomes restabilized. Meanwhile, however, there may be dramatic effects such as hypoglycemia, when sulfonamides are given to patients on tolbutamide, or bleeding when phenylbutazone is given to patients on warfarin.Although hormones, like thyroxine, insulin and cortisol, are carried by specific proteins, they too can be displaced. All the antirheumatic drugs so far examined have displaced cortisol and presumably driven it into tissues. This may be one mechanism of action. Possibly the sulfonylurea drugs act by displacing insulin from proteins in the pancreas, plasma or elsewhere.
Drug Addiction [Abridged]
Authors: Bewley Thomas H 
Published: July 2019

Dr T H Bewley discusses recent increases in the incidence of all types of drug dependence in Great Britain.Dr P H Connell considers the problem of amphetamine dependence historically and in different age groups and draws attention to the sociocultural patterns of behaviour which have sprung up amongst the adolescent and young adult population. Treatment is discussed.Dr R H V Ollendorff outlines a theory of drug addiction based upon seven ætiological factors, and stresses the importance of the general practitioner in treating the addict.
Stepwise analysis of potential accuracy-influencing factors of iodine quantification on a fast kVp-switching second-generation dual-energy CT: from 3D-printed phantom to a simple solution in clinical routine use
Authors: Böning Georg , Jahnke Paul , Feldhaus Felix , Fehrenbach Uli , Kahn Johannes , Hamm Bernd , Streitparth Florian 
Published: July 2019

Background Measurement of iodine concentration from dual-energy or spectral computed tomography (CT) provides useful diagnostic information especially in patients suffering from malignant tumors of various origins. Purpose The purpose of this study was to systematically investigate the accuracy of the measurement of iodine concentration, focusing on potential influencing factors and assessing its suitability for routine clinical use. Material and Methods First, a 3D-printed cylindrical phantom was used to assess reliability of dual-energy CT-based iodine concentration measurement. Second, a semi-anthropomorphic phantom was used to evaluate the potential impact of positional variation of the target volume as typically seen in clinical scans. Finally, a reference vial was placed on the body surface of 38 patients undergoing abdominal dual-energy CT to analyze correlations between applied doses and patient diameters. Results The position of the target volume within the cylindrical phantom and the applied dose level significantly influenced the magnitude of measured iodine concentrations ( P < 0.001). We also found a significant difference in accuracy depending on target volume position in the semi-anthropomorphic phantom ( P = 0.028). In patient scans, we observed an error of 19.6 ± 5.6% in iodine concentration measurements of a reference and significant, moderate to strong, negative correlations between measured iodine concentration, maximum patient diameter, and applied dose (maximum sagittal diameter: r = −0.455, P = 0.004; maximum coronal diameter: r=−0.517, P = 0.001; CTDIvol: r = −0.385, P = 0.017) Conclusion Dual-energy CT-based iodine concentration measurement should be interpreted with caution. In clinical examinations, placement of a reference vial could be a potential solution to relativize errors.