bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pedro Miguel Fault Investigations: Borinquen Dam 1e Construction and the Panama Canal Expansion
Authors: Schug David L. , Salter Paul , Goetz Christopher , Irving Derek 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Borinquen Dam 1E is part of the new Pacific Access Channel (PAC) of the Panama Canal Expansion. The 2.3-km-long zoned rockfill dam forms the navigational channel providing navigation access from the Gaillard Cut to the new Post-Panamax Pacific Locks. A key geologic objective during construction was to confirm locations and activity of faults mapped at the dam during design, namely the Pedro Miguel Fault (PMF) and its suspected newly mapped “main trace.” The design allowed for core and filter widening at the anticipated location of the PMF at the south abutment and at a west branch of the PMF (believed to be the main active trace of the fault) mapped along the dam axis about one-third of the way north from the south abutment. As-built geologic mapping revealed complex faulting associated with the PMF crossing the southeast half of the foundation, the PAC, and the nearby Dam 1W foundation along a north-south trend. Trenching and age dating of alluvium overlying the faults crossing the Dam 1E foundation and overlying the PMF at Dam 1W indicated the unfaulted alluvium was latest Pleistocene to early Holocene age. At Dam 1E, the core and filters were widened to accommodate potential fault rupture on the PMF and a previously unrecognized fault revealed across the width of the dam foundation. The west branch of the PMF (trenched and mapped during design investigations) was determined to not exist at Dam 1E based on mapping the dam foundation and other extensive excavations created for the PAC.
The Geology and Mineralization of the High Lake Volcanic-hosted Massive Sulfide Deposit, Nunavut
Authors: PETCH C.A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The High Lake polymetallic deposit is located in the northern Slave province, 40 km south of Coronation Gulf, Nunavut. The main zone, the AB zone, hosts an estimated resource of 3.56 Mt grading 5.0% copper, 1.1% zinc, 0.06% lead, 1.7 g/t gold, and 18.2 g/t silver. Archean felsic metavolcanic and metavolcaniclastic rocks are the dominant rock type and are associated with lesser mafic metavolcanic and carbonate-rich metasedimentary rocks. The sequence strikes north-northeast, dips steeply to the west, and is truncated to the west by a large granodioritic intrusion. The mineralization at the AB zone is comprised of massive and stringer chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrrhotite-pyrite±galena. At the core of the mineralized zone, intensely chlorite-altered rocks are locally metamorphosed to form distinctive zones of anthophyllite-magnetite-cordierite-altered rock. Peripheral to the mineralized core, alteration consists of sericitization, silicification, and weaker chloritization. Primary morphology and facing direction of the zone are difficult to interpret in part due to poor primary metal zonation of the deposit. However, the irregular shape of the mineralized zone and the erratic zones of zinc enrichment at the fringes are consistent with the interpretation that the zone was formed by the replacement of a porous volcaniclastic pile.
Tumor secreted ANGPTL2 facilitates recruitment of neutrophils to the lung to promote lung pre-metastatic niche formation and targeting ANGPTL2 receptor signaling prevents metastatic disease.
Authors: Charan Manish , Dravid Piyush , Cam Maren , Setty Bhuvana , Roberts Ryan D , Houghton Peter J , Cam Hakan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Abstract
Background: The pre-metastatic niche (PMN) represents an abnormal microenvironment devoid of cancer cells, but favoring tumor growth. Little is known about the mechanisms that generate the PMN or their effects on host cells within metastasis-prone organs. Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor of bone made devastating through aggressive metastatic spread primarily to the lung. Mechanisms driving this tropism for lung tissue remain elusive though likely invoke specific interactions between tumor cells and the lung microenvironment.
Methods: By using spontaneous metastatic models, we investigated whether lung epithelial cells are essential for primary tumor induced neutrophil recruitment in lung and subsequently initiating PMN formation in osteosarcoma. Effects of a non–RGD-based integrin binding peptide (ATN-161) on osteosarcoma metastasis was examined in tail-vein mouse injection model.
Results: Serum levels of ANGPTL2 in osteosarcoma patients are significantly higher compared to those in healthy controls. Tumor-derived ANGPTL2 stimulates lung epithelial cells, which is essential for primary tumor-induced neutrophil recruitment in lung and subsequent pre-metastatic niche formation. In addition, tumor cell-derived ANGPTL2 disrupts vascular endothelial cell-cell junctions, increases the permeability of lung capillaries, and facilitates the trans-endothelial passage of tumor cells. Furthermore, we showed that pharmaceutical inhibition of ANGPTL2 signaling by ATN-161 diminished metastatic load in lungs likely due to reduction of the lung pre-metastatic niche formation.
Conclusions: Our data provide plausible evidence that activation of lung epithelial α5β1 receptor by ANGPTL2 induces chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment causing tumor growth-favoring lung microenvironment for incoming metastatic cancer cells. Pharmaceutical inhibition of ANGPTL2 signaling by ATN-161 diminished metastatic load suggesting possible therapeutic utility of ATN-161 in early stage osteosarcoma in children.
Shear Wave Elasticity by Tracing Total Nodule Showed High Reproducibility and Concordance with Fibrosis Leading to Discrepant Cut-off Values in Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Yoo Myung Hi , Kim Hye Jeong , Choi In Ho , Park Suyeon , Kim Sang Jin , Park Hyeong Kyu , Byun Dong Won , Suh Kyoil 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Background Although shear wave elastography (SWE) is reported to be useful in detecting malignant thyroid nodules, it showed a wide range of cut-off values of elasticity index (EI) in detecting malignant nodules. The cause of discrepancy has not been clarified yet. Fibrosis of the tumors is known to increase the EI in SWE, and matching of SWE and surgical histopathology has not been fully illustrated in thyroid cancer. We aimed to evaluate the reproducibility of the new total nodular region of interest (ROI) method excluding the subjective features of focal circular ROI placement and to determine the lesion that causes the elevation of EI on SWE and on histopathology.
Methods A total of 29 thyroid cancers from 28 patients were included. We evaluated the reproducibility of EI in the new total nodular ROI using Q-Box Trace program and compared the EI in focal nodular ROI using a 3-mm circular area. We analyzed the correlation between fibrosis and EI.
Result The coefficient of variation (CV) of the intrarater assay was significantly lower in total nodular ROI than in focal nodular ROI within the image in rater 1 (1.7% vs. 13.4%, p<0.001) and in rater 2 (1.4% vs. 16.9%, p<0.001) and in different images in rater 1 (7.6% vs. 12.3%, p=0.040) and in rater 2 (7.5% vs. 19.8%, p=0.004). Moreover, CV of the interrater assay showed similar results (14.9% vs. 19%, p=0.030). Interrater intraclass correlation coefficient showed better agreement in total nodular ROI than in focal nodular ROI (0.863 vs. 0.783). The degree of fibrosis on histopathology showed significant correlations with EI (EMean, p<0.001; EMax, p=0.027), and the location of fibrosis was concordant with the high EI area on SWE.
Conclusion Our study revealed that the new total nodular ROI method showed higher reproducibility and better agreement in intra- and interrater assay than the focal nodular ROI method, suggesting a new, valuable, and standardized method in clinical practice. Moreover, our results showed that causes the elevation of EI leading to wide discrepant cut-off values of thyroid cancer was the formation of fibrosis.
Comparative Distribution of Small Mammals Diversity in Protected and Non-Protected Area of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Julius William-Dee  , Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan  , Qhairil Rosli  , Muhd Amsyari Morni  , Isham Azhar  , Lee Sim Lim  , Roberta Chaya Tawie Tingga  , Mohd Ridwan Abdul Rahman  
Published: July 2019

Rapid urbanisation in Malaysia has led to an increase in anthropogenic activities, inducing degradation of the natural environment. This advocates the necessity of wildlife and resource inventories be conducted at available forested areas, promoting steady improvement in the existing conservation and management plans, especially for threatened taxa such as the small mammals. Small mammals surveys was conducted at Tasik Bera, Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve, Sungkai Wildlife Conservation Centre, Penang Island, and Wang Kelian State Park. Harp traps, mist-nets, cage traps and pitfall traps were set during the surveys. Rhinolophus affinis was the most abundant (N = 61) volant small mammal, followed by Rhinolophus lepidus (N = 27). Meanwhile, the most abundant non-volant small mammal are Leopoldamys sabanus (N = 33), followed by Maxomys rajah (N = 25), and Tupaia glis (N = 22). Two species of shrews, Suncus etruscus and Crocidura monticola were caught as singletons. The results indicated that Ulu Gombak Forest Reserve has the highest species diversity (H’ = 2.754), whereas Penang Island recorded the lowest (H’ = 2.245). The species lists of small mammals generated from the survey will be significant for various stakeholders’ conservation and monitoring plans.

Pembangunan yang semakin pesat di Malaysia telah meningkatkan bilangan aktiviti antropogenik, sekaligus menyebabkan kemerosotan alam sekitar. Ini menunjukkan bahawa perlunya inventori hidupan liar dan sumber alam sekitar dijalankan di dalam kawasan hutan yang sedia ada, untuk mempromosikan peningkatan yang seimbang dalam pelan pemuliharaan dan pengurusan yang sedia ada, terutamanya untuk haiwan yang terancam seperti spesies mamalia kecil. Kajian mamalia kecil telah dijalankan di Tasik Bera, Hutan Simpan Ulu Gombak, Pusat Konservasi Hidupan Liar Sungkai, Pulau Pinang, dan Taman Negeri Wang Kelian. Harp trap, mist net, cage trap dan pitfall trap telah dipasang untuk kajian. Spesies Rhinolophus affinis (N = 61) merupakan spesies yang paling banyak ditangkap, diikuti dengan R. Lepidus (N = 27). Manakala untuk mamalia kecil tidak terbang, species Leopoldamys sabanus merupakan spesies paling banyak (N = 33) diikuti dengan Maxomys rajah (N = 25) dan Tupaia glis (N = 22). Dua spesies cencurut, Suncus etruscus dan Crocidura monticola masing-masing telah ditangkap dengan jumlah satu individu bagi setiap satu spesies. Hutan Simpan Ulu Gombak merekodkan kepelbagaian spesies yang paling tinggi (H’ = 2.754), manakala Pulau Pinang merekodkan nilai yang paling rendah (H’ = 2.245). Senarai mamalia kecil yang telah direkodkan melalui kajian ini merupakan maklumat yang signifikan bagi tujuan pemantauan dan konservasi biodiversiti.
Molecular Sexing of Southeast Asian Barn Owl, Tyto alba javanica, using Blood and Feather
Authors: Shakinah Ravindran  , Wai Kan Woo  , Safwan Saufi  , Wan Nur Amni  , Noor Hisham Hamid  , Cik Mohd Rizuan Zainal Abidin  , Intan Ishak  , Ghows Azzam  , Hasber Salim  
Published: July 2019

Sexing of birds is important for ecology and evolutionary biology studies, as well as breeding and conservation programs especially for sexually monomorphic birds. As for barn owls, Tyto alba, confirmation of sex is important for conservation as well as introduction programs to control rodent pest populations. Molecular sexing of Southeast Asian subspecies, Tyto alba javanica was carried out using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification followed by 3% agarose gel electrophoresis. Primers P2/P8 and 2550F/2718R for the amplification of CHD gene (Chromo Helicase DNA-binding gene) were tested and both gave successful results. 2550F/2718R primer set gave better results as the gap between double bands was larger. DNA extracted from blood, whole diluted blood, and DNA extracted from feathers was used to molecularly sex owls. DNA extracted from feather gave the least effective results owing to contamination and low DNA concentration, while sexing owls using direct whole diluted blood provided a cost and time effective method. Sequencing of CHD gene from Tyto alba javanica showed 98% to 99% similarity in identity when compared to CHD gene of Tyto alba alba.

Penentuan jantina burung adalah penting untuk tujuan kajian ekologi dan biologi evolusi, serta program pembiakan dan konservasi terutamanya bagi burung yang mempunyai ciri monomorfik. Bagi burung pungguk jelapang Tyto alba, pengesahan jantina adalah penting untuk konservasi serta program pengenalan bagi kawalan tikus perosak. Penentuan jantina secara molekular untuk subspesies Asia Tenggara, Tyto alba javanica, telah dijalankan menggunakan Reaksi Rantai Polimerase (PCR) diikuti 3% gel agaros elektroforesis. Primer P2/P8 and 2550F/2718R untuk amplifikasi gen CHD (Chromo Helicase DNA-binding gene) diuji dan kedua-dua set primer memberi keputusan yang berjaya. Set primer 2550F/2718R memberi hasil yang lebih baik kerana jurang di antara jalur berganda lebih terang. DNA yang diekstrak dari darah, darah yang dicairkan, serta DNA yang diekstrak dari bulu burung digunakan untuk menentukan jantina burung. DNA yang diekstrak dari bulu memberi keputusan yang kurang memuaskan akibat pencemaran serta kuantiti DNA yang rendah. Penentuan jantina menggunakan darah yang dicairkan merupakan kaedah yang menjimatkan kos serta masa. Penjujukan gen CHD dari Tyto alba javanica menunjukkan 98% hingga 99% kesamaan identiti bila dibandingkan gen CHD Tyto alba alba.
Phosphorus and Soil Health Management Practices
Authors: Duncan Emily W. , Osmond Deanna L. , Shober Amy L. , Starr Laura , Tomlinson Peter , Kovar John L. , Moorman Thomas B. , Peterson Heidi M. , Fiorellino Nicole M. , Reid Keith 
Published: July 2019

Core Ideas
Trade‐offs exist in nutrient losses for soil health management.
Combining soil health practices and other BMPs can exacerbate or mitigate P losses.
There are limitations of soil health practices and reducing P losses.
Educators should discuss BMP trade‐offs associated with P loss.
Soil health has gained widespread attention in agronomic and conservation communities due to its many purported benefits, including claims that implementation of core soil health practices (e.g., conservation tillage, cover crops) will improve water quality by curtailing runoff losses of nutrients such as phosphorus (P). However, a review of the existing literature points to well‐established findings regarding trade‐offs in water quality outcomes following the implementation of core soil health practices. In fact, both conservation tillage and cover crops can exacerbate dissolved P losses, undermining other benefits such as reductions in particulate P (sediment‐bound P) losses. Soil health management must be pursued in a manner that considers the complex interaction of nutrient cycling processes and produces realistic expectations. Achieving water quality goals through soil health practices will require adaptive management and continued, applied research to support evidence‐based farm management decisions.
Runoff and Leachate Phosphorus and Nitrogen Losses from Grass‐Vegetated Soil Boxes Amended with Biosolids and Fertilizer
Authors: Silveira Maria L. , O'Connor George A. , Lu Yanyan , Erickson John E. , Brandani Carolina , Kohmann Marta M. 
Published: July 2019

Recent evidence suggests an upward trend in surface water phosphorus (P) concentrations in many segments of Florida, including the upper basin of the St. Johns River, a region that currently receives about two‐thirds of the state Class B biosolids land application. Concerns about water quality in this area are encouraging reexamination of the regulations governing biosolids programs. The objectives of this study were (i) to identify and thoroughly characterize the main biosolids sources routinely applied in the region, and (ii) to evaluate runoff and leachate N and P losses from a typical Florida Spodosol amended with biosolids or commercial inorganic fertilizer. Biosolids and inorganic fertilizer were surface applied uniformly at a rate equivalent to ∼114 kg P ha−1, which corresponded to a typical P load associated with nitrogen (N)‐based biosolids application. Soluble reactive P (SRP) was the predominant form of P lost in runoff and leachate. Inorganic P fertilizer increased flow‐weighted runoff total P concentrations nearly 60‐fold relative to control treatment (0.4 vs. 22 mg P L−1 for control and fertilizer treatments, respectively). With exception of biological P removal (BPR) biosolids, all other tested biosolids yielded flow‐weighted runoff P concentrations similar to untreated soils. Cumulative P and N losses (as a percentage of P and N applied) were greater from commercial inorganic fertilizer (∼38% of P and 46% of N) than any biosolids source (3% of P and 6% of N). Results demonstrate the value of water‐extractable P (WEP) as an indicator of biosolids P loss potential.Core Ideas
Biosolids presented a lower risk of P and N losses than inorganic fertilizer.
Nitrogen and P lability varies significantly depending on the biosolids treatment process.
Data supported the usefulness of water‐extractable P as an indicator of biosolids P loss potential.
More field research is warranted to understand nutrient dynamics in biosolids‐amended soils.
Baseline carbon emission assessment in water utilities in Jordan using ECAM tool
Authors: Saidan Motasem , Khasawneh Hussam J. , Aboelnga Hassan , Meric Sureyya , Kalavrouziotis Ioannis , Jasem Al sharifa H. , Hayek Bassam O. , Al-Momany Salam , Al Malla Mohammad , Porro Jose C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study presents a baseline assessment of carbon emissions in water utilities in Madaba, Jordan. The Energy Performance and Carbon Emissions Assessment and Monitoring Tool (ECAM) is applied in the present study in order to reduce indirect and direct emissions. Input data for the assessment included inter alia, population, water volumes, energy consumption, and type of wastewater treatment. The methodology focuses on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy use that is directly associated with the utility operations covering the whole water cycle. The ECAM's Quick Assessment revealed that 89.7% of the energy is consumed in abstraction and distribution systems of water supply, whereas wastewater collection, treatment, and discharge consumed only 10.3% in Madaba. The detailed ECAM tool assessment results showed that total GHG emissions from the entire water and wastewater system in Madaba are approximately 28.122 million kg CO2/year. The water supply is the major contributor to GHG accounting for 62.4%, while 37.6% of GHG emissions result from sewage treatment, and are associated with treatment process requirements considered in this work, in addition to sludge transport from septic tanks to the wastewater treatment plant. The findings of this work can help the utility to undertake energy efficiency and GHG reduction measures.
The Anthelmintic Effect on Strongyloides venezuelensis Induced by BnSP- 6, a Lys49-phospholipase A2 Homologue from Bothrops pauloensis Venom
Authors: Rodrigues Jéssica Peixoto , Vasconcelos Azevedo Fernanda Van Petten , Zoia Mariana Alves Pereira , Maia Larissa Prado , Correia Lucas Ian Veloso , Costa-Cruz Julia Maria , de Melo Rodrigues Veridiana , Goulart Luiz Ricardo 
Published: July 2019

Background:Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) from snake venoms have a broad potential as pharmacological tools on medicine. In this context, strongyloidiasis is a neglected parasitic disease caused by helminths of the genus Strongyloides. Currently, ivermectin is the drug of choice for treatment, however, besides its notable toxicity, therapeutic failures and cases of drug resistance have been reported. BnSP-6, from Bothorps pauloensis snake venom, is a PLA2 with depth biochemical characterization, reporting effects against tumor cells and bacteria.Objective:The aim of this study is to demonstrate for the first time the action of the PLA2 on Strongyloides venezuelensis.Methods:After 72 hours of treatment with BnSP-6 mortality of the infective larvae was assessed by motility assay. Cell and parasite viability was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, autophagic vacuoles were labeled with Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) and nuclei of apoptotic cells were labeled with Propidium Iodide (PI). Tissue degeneration of the parasite was highlighted by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).Results:The mortality index demonstrated that BnSP-6 abolishes the motility of the parasite. In addition, the MTT assay attested the cytotoxicity of BnSP-6 at lower concentrations when compared with ivermectin, while autophagic and apoptosis processes were confirmed. Moreover, the anthelmintic effect was demonstrated by tissue degeneration observed by TEM. Furthermore, we report that BnSP-6 showed low cytotoxicity on human intestinal cells (Caco-2).Conclusion:Altogether, our results shed light on the potential of BNSP-6 as an anthelmintic agent, which can lead to further investigations as a tool for pharmaceutical discoveries.
Trial of Available Energy Evaluation of Highly Cross-linked Starch and Modified Cellulose Based on Breath H2 Excretion
Authors: Nakamura Sadako , Tanabe Kenichi , Yamate Misa , Osada Sanae , Oku Tsuneyuki 
Published: July 2019

Background:
The energy value of a substance is essential in nutritional labeling. However,
the available energy of newly developed highly cross-linked phosphate starch (HCPS-N) and
modified cellulose (MC) are unknown.

Objective:
To evaluate the available energy of HCPS-N and MC, an indirect and simple method
which was applied as an indicator of the fermentability based on the breath hydrogen excretion, was
used.

Methods:
HCPS-N was made from tapioca starch by polymerization in the presence of 0.5% phosphoric
acid. MC was made from microcrystalline cellulose, maltodextrin, and karaya gum to attain a
highly stable suspension. The present study was carried out using a within-subject, repeatedmeasures
design. Blood was collected at 30 min intervals for 3 h after the ingestion of 30 g of a test
substance. The end-respiratory gas was collected for 14 h after ingestion of 5 g of a test substance to
evaluate the available energy.

Results and Discussion:
Plasma glucose and insulin levels did not elevate after the ingestion of
HCPS-N, although they increased significantly after glucose ingestion. In the experiments to evaluate
the available energy, breath hydrogen excretion after ingesting HCPS-N did not increase distinctly
during the experiment. Breath hydrogen excretion after preceding HCPS-P (0 kcal) ingestion was also
markedly smaller compared with the peak value at 4 h after FOS ingestion. For the ingestion of
MC, breath hydrogen excretion increased scarcely, and the basal level remained until the end of the
experiment.

Conclusion:
The available energies were evaluated to be 0 kcal/g for HCPS-N and 1 kcal/g for MC
in healthy humans.