bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing the urban wind island effect
Authors: Droste A M , Steeneveld G J , Holtslag A A M 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Wind is a key component of the urban climate due to its relevance for ventilation
of air pollution and urban heat, wind nuisance, as well as for urban wind energy
engineering. These winds are governed by the dynamics of the atmosphere closest
to the surface, the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Making use of a conceptual
bulk model of the ABL, we find that for certain atmospheric conditions the
boundary-layer mean wind speed in a city can surprisingly be higher than its
rural counterpart, despite the higher roughness of cities. This urban wind
island effect (UWI) prevails in the afternoon, and appears to be caused by a
combination of differences in ABL growth, surface roughness and the ageostrophic
wind, between city and countryside. Enhanced turbulence in the urban area
deepens the ABL, and effectively mixes momentum into the ABL from aloft.
Furthermore, the oscillation of the wind around the geostrophic equilibrium,
caused by the rotation of the Earth, can create episodes where the urban
boundary-layer mean wind speed is higher than the rural wind. By altering the
surface properties within the bulk model, the sensitivity of the UWI to urban
morphology is studied for the 10 urban local climate zones (LCZs). These LCZs
classify neighbourhoods in terms of building height, vegetation cover etc, and
represent urban morphology regardless of culture or location. The ideal
circumstances for the UWI to occur are a deeper initial urban boundary-layer
than in the countryside, low-rise buildings (up to 12 m) and a moderate
geostrophic wind (∼5 m s−1). The UWI phenomenon challenges
the commonly held perception that urban wind is usually reduced due to drag
processes. Understanding the UWI can become vital to accurately model urban air
pollution, quantify urban wind energy potential or create accurate background
conditions for urban computational fluid dynamics models.
Population structure of Miscanthus sacchariflorus reveals two major polyploidization events, tetraploid-mediated unidirectional introgression from diploid M. sinensis, and diversity centred around the Yellow Sea
Authors: Clark Lindsay V , Jin Xiaoli , Petersen Karen Koefoed , Anzoua Kossanou G , Bagmet Larissa , Chebukin Pavel , Deuter Martin , Dzyubenko Elena , Dzyubenko Nicolay , Heo Kweon , Johnson Douglas A , Jørgensen Uffe , Kjeldsen Jens Bonderup , Nagano Hironori , Peng Junhua , Sabitov Andrey , Yamada Toshihiko , Yoo Ji Hye , Yu Chang Yeon , Long Stephen P , Sacks Erik J 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackground and AimsMiscanthus, a C4 perennial grass native to East Asia, is a promising biomass crop. Miscanthus sacchariflorus has a broad geographic range, is used to produce paper in China and is one of the parents (along with Miscanthus sinensis) of the important biomass species Miscanthus × giganteus. The largest study of M. sacchariflorus population genetics to date is reported here.MethodsCollections included 764 individuals across East Asia. Samples were genotyped with 34 605 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) and ten plastid microsatellites, and were subjected to ploidy analysis by flow cytometry.Key ResultsSix major genetic groups within M. sacchariflorus were identified using SNP data: three diploid groups, comprising Yangtze (M. sacchariflorus ssp. lutarioriparius), N China and Korea/NE China/Russia; and three tetraploid groups, comprising N China/Korea/Russia, S Japan and N Japan. Miscanthus sacchariflorus ssp. lutarioriparius was derived from the N China group, with a substantial bottleneck. Japanese and mainland tetraploids originated from independent polyploidization events. Hybrids between diploid M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis were identified in Korea, but without introgression into either parent species. In contrast, tetraploid M. sacchariflorus in southern Japan and Korea exhibited substantial hybridization and introgression with local diploid M. sinensis.ConclusionsGenetic data indicated that the land now under the Yellow Sea was a centre of diversity for M. sacchariflorus during the last glacial maximum, followed by a series of migrations as the climate became warmer and wetter. Overall, M. sacchariflorus has greater genetic diversity than M. sinensis, suggesting that breeding and selection within M. sacchariflorus will be important for the development of improved M. × giganteus. Ornamental M. sacchariflorus genotypes in Europe and North America represent a very narrow portion of the species’ genetic diversity, and thus do not well represent the species as a whole.
Developing a Computerized Brief Cognitive Screening Battery for Botswana: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Plattner Ilse Elisabeth , Mbakile-Mahlanza Lingani , Marobela Shathani , Kgolo Tumelo Juliet Faith , Monyane-Pheko Makhetha Motheo Bakang , Patel Viral , Feinstein Anthony 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Objective
To determine the feasibility of using a brief computerized battery for assessing cognition in citizens of Botswana.

Method
A group of 134 healthy subjects were administered a brief computerized battery of tests (Stroop, Symbol Digit Modalities Test (c-SDMT), and 2 and 4 second versions of the Paced Visual Serial Addition Test (PVSAT)). Half the subjects were tested in English and the other half in Setswana.

Results
All subjects completed the 20 min battery. Participants administered the tests in English had more years of education (p < .001) and were more likely to be male (p = .024) than those administered the tests in Setswana. There were no significant cognitive differences between the English and Setswana groups. Predictors of cognition were education (c-SDMT, PVSAT 4 and 2 second versions), age (Stroop, c-SDMT), and sex (c-SDMT), with females performing better than males on the latter. Language was not associated with performance on any of the cognitive tests and there were no significant interactions between language and any of the demographic predictors of cognition.

Conclusions
The results demonstrate that our brief computerized approach is feasible with similar findings obtained for both language groups. Two further phases to the development of the Botswana version of the brief computerized battery can now proceed. The first is to obtain normative data from a larger sample representative of Botswana society in general. The second will be to validate the cognitive measures in a sample of people with acquired brain injury using the normative data to determine thresholds for impairment.
Using Normalization Process Theory to Evaluate the Implementation of Montessori-based Volunteer Visits Within a Canadian Long-term Care Home
Authors: Hunter Paulette V , Thorpe Lilian , Hounjet Celine , Hadjistavropoulos Thomas 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Montessori-based interventions (MBIs) have potential to improve the life quality of long-term care residents with dementia. In this study, we aimed to understand the processes by which staff integrated a volunteer-led MBI into practice within a special dementia care unit, and to explore staff members ’ perceptions of associated strengths and limitations.

Research Design and Methods
This study relied on a qualitative descriptive design. Following a 3-month period of volunteer involvement, we conducted 21 interviews with staff members to document perceptions of the new program and subjected interview transcripts to qualitative content analysis, guided by normalization process theory.

Results
During the implementation of the volunteer-led MBI, staff members developed a shared understanding of the intervention, a sense of commitment, practical ways to support the intervention, and opinions about the value of the residents. Overall, we found that the volunteer-led MBI was quickly and successfully integrated into practice and was perceived to support both residents and staff members in meaningful ways. Nevertheless, some limitations were also identified.

Discussion and Implications
Volunteer-delivered MBIs are a useful adjunct to practice within a special dementia care unit. This article raises attention to some strengths and limitations associated with this approach.
A Modified Lateral Orbitotomy Approach to the Superior Orbital Fissure: A Video Case Report and Review of Anatomy
Authors: Alzhrani Gmaan A , Gozal Yair M , Sherrod Brandon A , Couldwell William T 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The lateral orbitotomy approach (LOA) is often used for accessing the orbital contents and middle skull base; however, most prior descriptions of the LOA involve complete drilling of the lateral orbital wall. This practice requires retraction of the orbital contents and produces postoperative diplopia that the patient experiences for a limited time.

OBJECTIVE
To describe a modified LOA with partial sparing of the lateral orbital wall for accessing lesions of the superior orbital fissure (SOF).

METHODS
One patient with a progressively enlarging SOF lesion and visual loss underwent a modified LOA for resection. The orbital rim lateral to the SOF was removed as a bone flap, and the greater wing of the sphenoid inferior to the SOF was drilled to expose the lesion. The lateral orbital wall was thinned but was not completely removed. The orbital rim was resecured with miniplates and screws.

RESULTS
Gross total resection of the SOF mass was achieved without unnecessary exposure or retraction of the orbital contents. Histopathologic analysis of the resected mass was consistent with a cavernous hemangioma. The patient had a good cosmetic outcome without complication.

CONCLUSION
Modified LOA with partial sparing of the lateral orbital wall is a feasible approach for lesions of the SOF.
Recommendations for evaluating and managing idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Provencher Daniel M. , Jauregui Andrew R. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease characterized by progressive and irreversible fibrosis of lung parenchyma that reduces lung function. This rare, incurable disease often is mistaken for an inflammatory condition. IPF typically manifests in older men and is associated with a history of smoking. Disease progression is rapid, with a 5-year survival rate of 20%. Treatment options include lung transplantation and medical therapies to reduce the steady decline in lung function. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis, and management of IPF.
Development of a Foundations of Simulation Teaching Course for Nurse Educators
Authors: Gore Teresa , Singh Oma Baliram 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Academic leaders in a college of nursing were faced with an increasing need to integrate high quality simulations into their undergraduate curriculum; however, there was a general lack of expertise in the subject area among faculty. The leaders supported the development of an online course that focused on improving foundational simulation knowledge. The course, developed through collaboration between a faculty simulation expert and an instructional designer, was specifically designed to focus on key simulation objectives to improve the simulation skill set of faculty. Posttest scores revealed an increase in simulation knowledge.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Video-Enhanced Advanced Airway Curriculum for Pediatric Residents
Authors: Miller Kelsey A. , Monuteaux Michael C. , Aftab Saima , Lynn Alex , Hillier Debra , Nagler Joshua 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
Pediatric advanced airway management is a low-frequency but critical procedure, making it challenging for trainees to learn. This study examined the impact of a curriculum integrating prerecorded videos of patient endotracheal intubations on performance related to simulated pediatric intubation.

Method
The authors conducted a randomized controlled educational trial for pediatric residents between January 2015 and June 2016 at Boston Children’s Hospital. Investigators collecting data were blinded to the intervention. The control group received a standard didactic curriculum including still images, followed by simulation on airway trainers. The intervention group received a video-enhanced didactic curriculum including deidentified intubation clips recorded using a videolaryngoscope, followed by simulation. The study assessed intubation skills on simulated infant and pediatric airway scenarios of varying difficulty immediately after instruction and at three months.

Results
Forty-nine trainees completed the curriculum: 23 received the video-enhanced curriculum and 26 received the standard curriculum. Median time to successful intubation was 18.5 and 22 seconds in the video-enhanced and standard groups, respectively. Controlling for mannequin age and difficulty, residents receiving the video-enhanced curriculum successfully intubated faster (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.65 [1.25, 2.19]). Video-enhanced curriculum participants also demonstrated decreased odds of requiring multiple attempts and of esophageal intubation. At three-month follow-up, residents who received the video-enhanced curriculum remained faster at intubation (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.93 [1.23, 3.02]).

Conclusions
Integrating videos of patient intubations into an airway management curriculum improved participating pediatric residents’ intubation performance on airway trainers with sustained improvement at three months.
Mentorship Is Not Enough: Exploring Sponsorship and Its Role in Career Advancement in Academic Medicine
Authors: Ayyala Manasa S. , Skarupski Kimberly , Bodurtha Joann N. , González-Fernández Marlís , Ishii Lisa E. , Fivush Barbara , Levine Rachel B. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
To explore how sponsorship functions as a professional relationship in academic medicine.

Method
The authors conducted semistructured interviews with Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine faculty in 2016: department chairs (sponsors) and faculty participants of an executive leadership development program (protégés). Using editing analysis style, the authors coded interview transcripts for thematic content; a coding framework and themes were derived using an iterative process.

Results
Five themes were identified from 23 faculty interviews (12 sponsors, 11 protégés): (1) Mentorship is different: Sponsorship is episodic and focused on specific opportunities; (2) Effective sponsors are career-established and well-connected talent scouts; (3) Effective protégés rise to the task and remain loyal; (4) Trust, respect, and weighing risks are key to successful sponsorship relationships; (5) Sponsorship is critical to career advancement. Sponsorship is distinct from mentorship, though mentors can be sponsors if highly placed and well connected. Effective sponsors have access to networks and provide unequivocal support when promoting protégés. Effective protégés demonstrate potential and make the most of career-advancing opportunities. Successful sponsorship relationships are based on trust, respect, mutual benefits, and understanding potential risks. Sponsorship is critical to advance to high-level leadership roles. Women are perceived as being less likely to seek sponsorship but as needing the extra support sponsorship provides to be successful.

Conclusions
Sponsorship, in addition to mentorship, is critical for successful career advancement. Understanding sponsorship as a distinct professional relationship may help faculty and academic leaders make more informed decisions about using sponsorship as a deliberate career-advancement strategy.
Weekly Teriparatide Administration and Preoperative Anterior Slippage of the Cranial Vertebra Next to Fusion Segment < 2 mm Promote Osseous Union After Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Ushirozako Hiroki , Hasegawa Tomohiko , Ebata Shigeto , Oba Hiroki , Ohba Tetsuro , Mukaiyama Keijiro , Isogai Yukihiro , Okada Eisaku , Ojima Toshiyuki , Takahashi Jun , Haro Hirotaka , Matsuyama Yukihiro 
Published: August 2018

Study Design.
A multicenter case-control study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to investigate the independent predictors of osseous union after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF).

Summary of Background Data.
PLIF is usually performed to treat lumbar degenerative diseases in elderly patients. Some patients exhibit intervertebral pseudoarthrosis.

Methods.
We analyzed 66 elderly patients with osteoporosis who underwent PLIF from 2011 to 2014 (all women, mean age 71 years, follow-up period ≥6 months). Patients were randomly allocated to receive either treatment with weekly teriparatide, starting at 1 week postoperatively, or no teriparatide. Preoperative lumbar spine radiographs were obtained, and the amount of anterior slippage was measured. Osseous union was assessed by computed tomography at 6 months postoperatively.

Results.
Thirty-three patients (50%) showed complete osseous union, while 33 did not. Teriparatide was administered in 20 (61%) patients of the union group and in 9 (27%) patients of the nonunion group (P < 0.01). The preoperative anterior slippage of the cranial vertebra next to fusion segment < 2 mm was observed in 16 (49%) and 4 (12%) patients in the union and nonunion groups, respectively (P < 0.01). Multivariate regression analysis showed that teriparatide administration (odds ratio, 4.75; 95% confidence interval: 1.51–14.90; P < 0.01) and preoperative anterior slippage of the cranial vertebra next to fusion segment < 2 mm (odds ratio, 5.90; 95% confidence interval: 1.53–22.70; P < 0.01) were independently associated with osseous union within 6 months after PLIF. At 6 months postoperatively, the mean femoral neck bone mineral density significantly increased by 1.1% in the union group and decreased by 1.3% in the nonunion group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion.
Weekly teriparatide administration and preoperative anterior slippage of the cranial vertebra next to fusion segment < 2 mm were independent predictors of osseous union within 6 months after PLIF. Our findings suggest that biological and mechanical factors may influence the improvement of spinal fusion.

Level of Evidence: 4
Cervical Alignment of Anterior Cervical Hyperostosis Causing Dysphagia
Authors: Kawamura Ichiro , Tominaga Hiroyuki , Tanabe Fumito , Yamamoto Takuya , Taniguchi Noboru 
Published: August 2018

Study Design.
Retrospective case control study.

Objective.
To investigate whether cervical alignment is related to dysphagia in patients with cervical diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).

Summary of Background Data.
DISH involves a wide range of ligamentous ossifications, which can cause dysphagia. However, even patients with a high degree of ossification can have only mild dysphagia. Dysphagia results from esophageal compression due to ossification; however, the exact cause of dysphagia is unknown.

Methods.
We reviewed five patients with advanced dysphagia due to anterior cervical hyperostosis who underwent resection (S group), and five patients with mild symptoms who were only monitored (NS group). The patients were evaluated using the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) and plain kinetic radiographs of the cervical spine. The O–C2 angle, M–C angle, C2–7 angle, and C2–6a angle were measured in the flexion, neutral, and extension positions. We compared these parameters in the S group versus the NS group, and compared the pre- and postoperative values in the S group.

Results.
The EAT-10 score indicated a high degree of dysphagia in the S group preoperatively (25 [22–27]) compared with the NS group (1 [1–6]). In the S group, the EAT-10 score significantly decreased postoperatively to 1 (0–1), and improvement of dysphagia was observed. There was a significant difference between the S and NS groups in the ΔC2–7 and ΔC2–6a, and between pre- and postoperative values in the S group. There were no significant changes in O–C2 angle and M–C angle, which are parameters of the superior cervical vertebrae.

Conclusion.
The present results suggest that the restriction of flexion due to cervical spine ankylosis may be one of the reasons for dysphagia in patients with DISH.

Level of Evidence: 4
PROMIS Physical Function Score Strongly Correlates With Legacy Outcome Measures in Minimally Invasive Lumbar Microdiscectomy
Authors: Khechen Benjamin , Haws Brittany E. , Patel Dil V. , Bawa Mundeep S. , Elboghdady Islam M. , Lamoutte Eric H. , Karmarkar Sailee S. , Singh Kern 
Published: August 2018

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort.

Objective.
This study aims to determine the validity of the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) physical function (PF) in minimally invasive lumbar discectomy (MIS LD) patients.

Summary of Background Data.
PROMIS was designed to allow for assessment of clinical outcomes in fewer questions than previous outcome measures with the goal of reducing noncompliance associated with longer, time-consuming surveys. However, there exists a paucity of evidence regarding the efficacy of the PROMIS PF domain in patients undergoing MIS LD.

Methods.
A surgical database of patients undergoing 1–3 level MIS LD was retrospectively reviewed. Postoperative changes in PROMIS PF scores were analyzed at 6-weeks, 12-weeks, and 6-months using paired Student t tests. PROMIS scores were compared to Oswestry disability index (ODI), visual analog scale (VAS) back, and VAS leg scores. Correlations were tested using Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results.
Forty-one MIS LD patients were identified, reporting an average preoperative PROMIS PF score of 35.36 ± 7. Patients demonstrated significant improvement in ODI, VAS back, and VAS leg scores. Additionally, strong associations with PROMIS scores were observed for preoperative and postoperative ODI (r range: 0.5735–0.8543) and postoperative VAS back (r range: 0.5332–0.6522) and VAS leg pain (r range: 0.5257–0.6412).

Conclusion.
Patients undergoing MIS LD demonstrated significant improvements in PROMIS PF, ODI, VAS back, and VAS leg pain postoperatively. Additionally, improvements in PROMIS physical function scores at each postoperative time point were determined to be significantly correlated with ODI, VAS back, and VAS leg pain. The results of the current study demonstrate PROMIS PF has strong utility as a postoperative outcome assessment tool.

Level of Evidence: 4