bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiplexed Single-Cell Measurements of FDG Uptake and Lactate Release Using Droplet Microfluidics
Authors: Sengupta Debanti , Mongersun Amy , Kim Tae Jin , Mongersun Kellen , von Eyben Rie , Abbyad Paul , Pratx Guillem 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Glucose utilization and lactate release are 2 important indicators of cancer metabolism. Most tumors consume glucose and release lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues due to enhanced aerobic glycolysis. However, these 2 indicators of metabolism have not previously been studied on a single-cell level, in the same cell. Objective: To develop and characterize a novel droplet microfluidic device for multiplexed measurements of glucose uptake (via its analog 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose) and lactate release, in single live cells encapsulated in an array of water-in-oil droplets. Results: Surprisingly, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and lactate release were only marginally correlated at the single-cell level, even when assayed in a standard cell line (MDA-MB-231). While 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-avid cells released substantial amounts of lactate, the reverse was not true, and many cells released high amounts of lactate without taking up 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. Discussion: These results confirm that cancer cells rely on multiple metabolic pathways in addition to aerobic glycolysis and that the use of these pathways is highly heterogeneous, even under controlled culture conditions. Clinically, the large cell-to-cell variability suggests that positron emission tomography measurements of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake represent metabolic flux only in an aggregate sense, not for individual cancer cells within the tumor.
Evaluating Glucose Control With a Novel Composite Continuous Glucose Monitoring Index
Authors: Leelarathna Lalantha , Thabit Hood , Wilinska Malgorzata E. , Bally Lia , Mader Julia K. , Pieber Thomas R. , Benesch Carsten , Arnolds Sabine , Johnson Terri , Heinemann Lutz , Hermanns Norbert , Evans Mark L. , Hovorka Roman 
Published: April 2019

Objective: The objective was to describe a novel composite continuous glucose monitoring index (COGI) and to evaluate its utility, in adults with type 1 diabetes, during hybrid closed-loop (HCL) therapy and multiple daily injections (MDI) therapy combined with real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Methods: COGI consists of three key components of glucose control as assessed by CGM: Time in range (TIR), time below range (TBR), and glucose variability (GV) (weighted by 50%, 35% and 15%). COGI ranges from 0 to 100, where 1% increase of time <3.9 mmol/L (<70 mg/dl) is equivalent to 4.7% reduction of TIR between 3.9-10 mmol/L (70-180 mg/dl), and 0.5 mmol/L (9 mg/dl) increase in standard deviation is equivalent to 3% reduction in TIR. Results: Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) users with HbA1c >7.5-10%, had significantly higher COGI during 12 weeks of HCL compared to sensor-augmented pump therapy, mean (SD), 60.3 (8.6) versus 69.5 (6.9), P < .001. Similarly, in CSII users with HbA1c <7.5%, HCL improved COGI from 59.9 (11.2) to 74.8 (6.6), P < .001. In MDI users with HbA1c >7.5% to 9.9%, use of real-time CGM led to improved COGI, 49.8 (14.2) versus 58.2 (9.1), P < .0001. In MDI users with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia, use of real-time CGM led to improved COGI, 53.4 (12.2) versus 66.7 (11.1), P < .001. Conclusions: COGI summarizes three key aspects of CGM data into a concise metric that could be utilized to evaluate the quality of glucose control and to demonstrate the incremental benefit of a wide range of treatment modalities.
Simple Linear Support Vector Machine Classifier Can Distinguish Impaired Glucose Tolerance Versus Type 2 Diabetes Using a Reduced Set of CGM-Based Glycemic Variability Indices
Authors: Longato Enrico , Acciaroli Giada , Facchinetti Andrea , Maran Alberto , Sparacino Giovanni 
Published: April 2019

Background: Many glycemic variability (GV) indices exist in the literature. In previous works, we demonstrated that a set of GV indices, extracted from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data, can distinguish between stages of diabetes progression. We showed that 25 indices driving a logistic regression classifier can differentiate between healthy and nonhealthy individuals; whereas 37 GV indices and four individual parameters, feeding a polynomial-kernel support vector machine (SVM), can further distinguish between impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The latter approach has some limitations to interpretability (complex model, extensive index pool). In this article, we try to obtain the same performance with a simpler classifier and a parsimonious subset of indices. Methods: We analyzed the data of 62 subjects with IGT or T2D. We selected 17 interpretable GV indices and four parameters (age, sex, BMI, waist circumference). We trained a SVM on the data of a baseline visit and tested it on the follow-up visit, comparing the results with the state-of-art methods. Results: The linear SVM fed by a reduced subset of 17 GV indices and four basic parameters achieved 82.3% accuracy, only marginally worse than the reference 87.1% (41-features polynomial-kernel SVM). Cross-validation accuracies were comparable (69.6% vs 72.5%). Conclusion: The proposed SVM fed by 17 GV indices and four parameters can differentiate between IGT and T2D. Using a simpler model and a parsimonious set of indices caused only a slight accuracy deterioration, with significant advantages in terms of interpretability.
Social Media Content Analysis of Public Diabetes Facebook Groups
Authors: Stellefson Michael , Paige Samantha , Apperson Avery , Spratt Susannah 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Relatively little is known about how Facebook groups are used to facilitate diabetes self-management support. This study provides a critical analysis of public diabetes Facebook groups and their content. Methods: Two trained researchers independently identified 34 public Facebook diabetes groups. A coding and classification scheme was applied to the 20 most recent “wall posts” within 15 of the 34 (44.1%) largest groups (n = 300 posts). Nonparametric Mann-Whiney U tests examined differences in group characteristics between groups with more (active) and less (inactive) than 50 posts in the past month. Multivariable logistic regressions evaluated associations between group purpose, post types, membership (engagement leader vs regular user), and modality. Results: We identified 193 458 members of the 34 largest diabetes Facebook groups (Mdn size = 3124 members, IQR = 1298-8523 members). Many groups (20/34, 58.8%) were created to provide instrumental support, while fewer (12/34, 35.8%) aimed to provide emotional support. Nutrition was the only diabetes self-management topic addressed in more than 30% of posts (n = 107). Posts made by engagement leaders were almost five times more likely to appear within inactive compared to active groups. Discussion: Diabetes Facebook groups are used to share both information and emotional support, with greater emphasis placed on sharing information about nutrition. While engagement leaders should theoretically increase the credibility of online forums, frequent posts by group engagement leaders may actually lead to group decay. Health and diabetes educators should consider how to more effectively leverage social media engagement leaders to disseminate valid health information on diabetes self-management.
Advanced Training and Job Satisfaction Among Recent Canadian Plastic Surgery Graduates
Authors: DeSerres Joshua J. , Curran Matthew W. T. , Fung Eric H. , Tredget Edward E. , Wilkes Gordon H. , Olson Jaret L. 
Published: April 2019

Background: In order to increase one’s competitiveness in the current job market, Canadian plastic surgery graduates may complete additional degrees and multiple fellowships. The authors sought to determine the impact of this additional training on the practice profile of recent graduates and determine the current state of job satisfaction among this group. Methods: An anonymous cross-sectional online survey was created and sent to all 250 graduates of Canadian plastic surgery residencies from 2005 to 2015. Demographics were collected and questions grouped into clinical, teaching, research, and administrative components. Questions pertaining to job satisfaction were also included. Results: The response rate to the survey was 39%. Sixty-nine (71%) respondents had permanent attending positions at the time of survey completion, while the remaining 28 respondents did not. Among those with permanent positions, 59 (86%) completed at least one fellowship and 30 (43%) have an advanced degree. Of those who did fellowship training, 76% practice primarily in their area of subspecialty. Having an advanced degree showed a trend to a higher percentage of practice dedicated to research (5.6% vs 1.9%; P = .074) and more publications per year were seen among this group (1.31 vs 0.30; P = .028). Eighty-six percent of respondents are satisfied with their current attending position. Conclusions: The majority of recent Canadian plastic surgery graduates are undergoing fellowship training and are practicing primarily in their fields of subspecialty training. Having a postgraduate degree was associated with a higher number of publications per year as an attending surgeon. Job satisfaction is high among recent graduates.
Epidemiology of Hand and Wrist Injuries in NCAA Men’s Football: 2009–2010 to 2013–2014
Authors: Bartels Douglas W. , Hevesi Mario , Wyles Cody , Macalena Jeffrey , Kakar Sanjeev , Krych Aaron J. 
Published: April 2019

Background: Participation in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football is at an all-time high. This population of athletes experiences a substantial injury burden, with many injuries affecting the upper extremities. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of hand and wrist injuries in college football players from the academic years 2009–2010 to 2013–2014. We hypothesized that variables such as event type (practice vs game), mechanism of injury, and player position would have an effect on the injury incidence. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: An epidemiological study utilizing the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program was performed to investigate rates and patterns of hand and wrist injuries in participating varsity football teams from 2009–2010 to 2013–2014. Results: A total of 725 hand and wrist injuries were captured in 899,225 athlete-exposures. The observed practice injury rate was 0.51 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures, compared with a game injury rate of 3.60 ( P < .01). Player-on-player contact was the most common injury mechanism reported, with blocking being the most common activity at the time of injury. Offensive linemen were most likely to experience an injury. Of all injuries sustained, 71.4% resulted in no time loss from competition, whereas 9.8% of injuries resulted in longer than 7 days of time loss. A fracture resulted in the greatest time loss from competition (mean ± SD, 8.3 ± 24.0 days; median, 0 days [range, 0-148 days] for injuries sustained in a practice setting) (mean ± SD, 7.7 ± 15.8 days; median, 0 days [range, 0-87 days] for injuries sustained in a game setting). Conclusion: Hand and wrist injuries were found to be significantly more common in games when compared with practices. This study provides valuable prognostic data regarding expected time loss on a per-injury pattern basis. Further investigation on specific injury subtypes and expected time loss as a result of these injures would provide trainers, players, and coaches with useful information on an expected postinjury recovery and rehabilitation timeline.
Functional analysis of clinical response to low-dose IL-2 in patients with refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Whangbo Jennifer S. , Kim Haesook T. , Nikiforow Sarah , Koreth John , Alho Ana C. , Falahee Bryn , Kim Soomin , Dusenbury Katharine , Fields Marie J. , Reynolds Carol G. , Alyea Edwin P. , Armand Philippe , Cutler Corey S. , Ho Vincent T. , Antin Joseph H. , Soiffer Robert J. , Ritz Jerome 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPatients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) have a paucity of regulatory CD4 T cells (CD4Tregs) that mediate peripheral tolerance. In clinical trials, daily low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been administered safely for prolonged periods in patients with steroid-refractory cGVHD. Peripheral CD4Tregs expand dramatically in all patients during IL-2 therapy but clinical improvement was observed in ∼50% of patients. Here, we examined the impact of low-dose IL-2 therapy on functional T-cell markers and the T-cell repertoire within CD4Tregs, conventional CD4 T cells (CD4Tcons), and CD8+ T cells. IL-2 had profound effects on CD4Tregs homeostasis in both response groups including selective expansion of the naive subset, improved thymic output, and increased expression of Ki67, FOXP3, and B-cell lymphoma 2 within CD4Tregs. Similar changes were not seen in CD4Tcons or CD8 T cells. Functionally, low-dose IL-2 enhanced, in vitro, CD4Treg-suppressive activity in both response groups, and all patient CD4Tcons were similarly suppressed by healthy donor CD4Tregs. High-throughput sequencing of the T-cell receptor β (TCRβ) locus demonstrated that low-dose IL-2 therapy increased TCR repertoire diversity and decreased evenness within CD4Tregs without affecting CD4Tcons or CD8 T cells. Using clone-tracking analysis, we observed rapid turnover of highly prevalent clones in CD4Tregs as well as the conversion of CD4Tcons to CD4Tregs. After 12 weeks of daily IL-2, clinical responders had a greater influx of novel clones within the CD4Treg compartment compared with nonresponders. Further studies to define the function and specificity of these novel CD4Treg clones may help establish the mechanisms whereby low-dose IL-2 therapy promotes immune tolerance.
Peak oxygen uptake reference values for cycle ergometry for the healthy Dutch population: data from the LowLands Fitness Registry
Authors: Mylius Caspar Frederik , Krijnen Wilhelmus Petrus , van der Schans Cornelis Peter , Takken Tim 
Published: April 2019

Peak oxygen uptake (V′O2peak) is recognised as the best expression of aerobic fitness. Therefore, it is essential thatV′O2peakreference values are accurate for interpreting a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). These values are country specific and influenced by underlying biological ageing processes. They are normally stratified per paediatric and adult population, resulting in a discontinuity at the transition point between prediction equations. There are currently no age-related reference values available for the lifespan of individuals in the Dutch population. The aim of this study is to determine the best-fitting regression model forV′O2peakin the healthy Dutch paediatric and adult populations in relation to age.In this retrospective study, CPET cycle ergometry results of 4477 subjects without reported somatic diseases were included (907 females, age 7.9–65.0 years). Generalised additive models were employed to determine the best-fitting regression model. Cross-validation was performed against an independent dataset consisting of 3518 subjects (170 females, age 6.8–59.0 years).An additive model was the best fitting with the largest predictive accuracy in both the primary (adjusted R2=0.57, standard error of the estimate (see)=556.50 mL·min−1) and cross-validation (adjusted R2=0.57,see=473.15 mL·min−1) dataset.This study provides a robust additive regression model forV′O2peakin the Dutch population.
Emerging entities of renal cell neoplasia
Authors: Delahunt Brett , Eble John N. , Egevad Lars , Yaxley John , Thunders Michelle , Samaratunga Hemamali 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe current classification of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was formulated at the meeting of the World Health Organization Renal Tumor Panel in 2015, with the results published in the fourth edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs Bluebook in 2016. At that meeting a number of tumor types were designated as emerging or provisional entities as it was felt that they were insufficiently characterized to merit inclusion as a recognized type of RCC. One tumor type included in this designation was thyroid-like follicular RCC. Since the publication of the 2016 classification this tumor type has been further characterized and in addition to this, detailed studies on three other types of RCC (multifocal oncocytoma-like tumors associated with oncocytosis, eosinophilic solid and cystic RCC and biphasic squamoid alveolar RCC) have been published. It is now apparent that these four tumors are unique morphotypes and genotypes of RCC, and are likely to be included in the next edition of the World Health Organization classification of renal tumors. Multifocal oncocytoma-like tumors associated with oncocytosis is a benign process characterized by the presence of hundreds to thousands of oncocytic tumors in a single kidney. These tumors occur sporadically and are unrelated to the tumors of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. Eosinophilic solid and cystic RCC is characterized by a solid and cystic architecture with tumor cells consisting of bulky eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm with intracytoplasmic vacuolation. Thyroid-like follicular RCC occurs in younger patients with a female predominance. The tumor bears a striking resemblance to follicular carcinoma of the thyroid with follicles containing intraluminal proteineacous material resembling thyroglobulin. Immunostains for thyroid markers are negative. Finally, biphasic squamoid alveolar RCC consists of aggregates of large cells with pale eosinophilic cytoplasm usually arranged in a glomeruloid/alveolar pattern and surrounded by a border of basophilic cells with scanty cytoplasm. The genotype of the tumor, as well its recorded association with typical papillary RCC, has led to the suggestion that it is related to type 1 papillary RCC.
Toward a Critical Ocean Studies for the Anthropocene
Authors: DeLoughrey Elizabeth 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Recently, scholars have called for a “critical ocean studies” for the twenty-first century and have fathomed the oceanic depths in relationship to submarine immersions, multispecies others, feminist and Indigenous epistemologies, wet ontologies, and the acidification of an Anthropocene ocean. In this scholarly turn to the ocean, the concepts of fluidity, flow, routes, and mobility have been emphasized over other, less poetic terms such as blue water navies, mobile offshore bases, high-seas exclusion zones, sea lanes of communication (SLOCs), and maritime “choke points.” Yet this strategic military grammar is equally vital for a twenty-first-century critical ocean studies for the Anthropocene. Perhaps because it does not lend itself to an easy poetics, the militarization of the seas is overlooked and underrepresented in both scholarship and literature emerging from what is increasingly called the blue or oceanic humanities. This essay turns to the relationship between global climate change and the US military, particularly the Navy, and examines Indigenous challenges to the militarism of the Pacific in the poetry of Craig Santos Perez.
The Underwater Imagination
Authors: Cohen Margaret 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The 1940s and 1950s were a revolutionary era in both access to and imagination of the underwater environment in the most modernized nations of the globe. This article examines new possibilities in the exhibition of the underwater environment in film thanks to new dive and filming technologies. It focuses on how the depths are portrayed as a setting in Richard Fleischer’s 20,000 Leagues under the Sea (1954), by the Disney studio, and Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Louis Malle’s The Silent World (1956). In both films, conventions for portraying terrestrial settings are adapted to the resistant conditions of the aquatic environment. Such adaptation unleashes creativity in filmmaking and results in portrayals in which audiences are at once at home in this alien area of our planet and able to assimilate and enjoy its unprecedented vistas and savage life.
“We Cannot Think of a Time That Is Oceanless”
Authors: Uphaus Maxwell 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This essay proposes, through an analysis of T. S. Eliot’s “The Dry Salvages,” a model for the study of the sea in modernism based on British modernism’s relationship with the contemporaneous idea that the sea was the essence of British history. “The Dry Salvages” rejects the view of the sea as embodying British history entertained elsewhere in Eliot’s poetry of this period, but it continues to envision Britain as inherently caught up in the new vision it elaborates of oceanic history as an ongoing calamitous process that is nevertheless essential to historical thinking as such. The poem develops this new vision by both suppressing and drawing on Black Atlantic historical experience. As it undertakes this oceanic historical reconceptualization, “The Dry Salvages” demonstrates how, in British modernism, thinking about the sea and thinking about history are intrinsically interconnected.
An Archival Ethnography of Edward Sapir’s Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth) Texts, Correspondence, and Fieldwork through the Douglas Thomas Drawings
Authors: Green Denise Nicole 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The practice of using drawing and image rendering to declare rights and histories is long-standing among Nuu-chah-nulth people on the west coast of Vancouver Island. This article analyzes a collection of images created in 1916 by Douglas Thomas, a Nuu-chah-nulth man from the Tseshaht First Nation. His eldest son, Alex Thomas, sold these drawings to linguistic anthropologist Edward Sapir, who was at the time in charge of the anthropology division of the Geological Survey of Canada. The drawings depict critically important cultural information about ceremonial practices and protocols and are similar in style and content to the much larger-scale cedar screens (kiitsaksuu-ulthim) and cloth curtains (thliitsapilthim) of the same time period. By returning facsimile and digital copies to the family of origin, this research illustrates how anthropologists may play a role in fostering productive and reciprocal relationships between Native source communities and the archives that hold some of their treasured information.
Climate change, migration and health systems resilience: Need for interdisciplinary research
Authors: Ridde Valéry , Benmarhnia Tarik , Bonnet Emmanuel , Bottger Carol , Cloos Patrick , Dagenais Christian , De Allegri Manuela , Nebot Ariadna , Queuille Ludovic , Sarker Malabika 
Published: April 2019

Climate change is one of today's major challenges, and among the causes of population movement and international migration. Climate migrants impact health systems and how their ability to respond and adapt to their needs and patterns. To date, the resilience of health systems in the context of climate change has barely been explored. The purpose of this article is to show the importance of studying the relationship between climate change, migration, and the resilience of health systems from an interdisciplinary perspective. Resilience is an old concept, notably in the field of psychology, and is increasingly applied to the study of health systems. Yet, no research has analysed the resilience of health systems in the context of climate change. While universal health coverage is a major international goal, little research to date focused on the existing links between climate, migration, health systems and resilience. We propose an interdisciplinary approach relying on the concept of health system resilience to study adaptive and transformative strategies to articulate climate change, migration and health systems.