bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IAGA: a major role in understanding our magnetic planet
Authors: Mandea Mioara , Petrovský Eduard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Throughout the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics's (IUGG's) centennial anniversary, the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is holding a series of activities to underline the ground-breaking facts in the area of geomagnetism and aeronomy. Over 100 years, the history of these research fields is rich, and here we present a short tour through some of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy's (IAGA's) major achievements. Starting with the scientific landscape before IAGA, through its foundation until the present, we review the research and achievements considering its complexity and variability, from geodynamo up to the Sun and outer space. While a number of the achievements were accomplished with direct IAGA involvement, the others represent the most important benchmarks of geomagnetism and aeronomy studies. In summary, IAGA is an important and active association with a long and rich history and prospective future.
IACS: past, present, and future of the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences
Authors: Allison Ian , Fierz Charles , Hock Regine , Mackintosh Andrew , Kaser Georg , Nussbaumer Samuel U. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) became the
eighth and most recent association of IUGG at the general assembly in
Perugia, Italy, in July 2007. IACS was launched in recognition of the
importance of the cryosphere within the Earth system, particularly at a time
of significant global change. It was the first new association of the union
to be formed in over 80 years and IACS celebrated its 10th anniversary only a
year before the IUGG centennial. The forbearers of IACS, however, stretch
back even further than IUGG, starting with the formation of the Commission
Internationale des Glaciers (CIG) by the International Geological Congress in
1894. Here we record the history of the transition from CIG to IACS, the
scientific objectives that drove activities and changes, and some of the key
events and individuals involved.
The global distribution of the M1 ocean tide
Authors: Woodworth Philip L. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The worldwide distribution of the small degree-3 M1 ocean
tide is investigated using a quasi-global data set of over 800 tide gauge
records and a global tide model. M1 is confirmed to have a geographical
variation in the Atlantic consistent with the suggestion of Platzman (1984b)
and Cartwright (1975) that M1 is generated in the ocean as a consequence of
the spatial and temporal overlap of M1 in the tidal potential and one (or at
least a small number of) diurnal ocean normal mode(s). As a consequence, it is
particularly strong around the UK and on North Sea coasts (amplitudes
∼10 mm). This analysis shows that their suggestion is also
consistent to a great extent with the observed small amplitudes in the
Pacific and Indian oceans. However, there are differences at the regional
and local level which require much further study via more sophisticated
ocean tidal modelling. By contrast, what is called the M1'
tide (a combination of several degree-2 lines in the tidal potential with
frequencies close to that of M1) is shown to have a geographical
distribution consistent with expectations from other degree-2 diurnal tides,
apart from locations such as around the UK where tidal interactions
introduce complications. As far as I know, this is the first time that these
small tidal constituents have been mapped on a global basis and, in
particular, the first time that the ocean response to the degree-3 component
of the tidal potential has been investigated globally.
The oldest platylepadid turtle barnacle (Cirripedia, Coronuloidea): a new species of Platylepas from the Lower Pleistocene of Italy
Authors: Collareta Alberto , Reitano Agatino , Rosso Antonietta , Sanfelippo Rossana , Bosselaers Mark , Bianucci Giovanni , Insacco Gianni 
Published: April 2019

Coronuloid barnacles are epibionts of several marine vertebrates (including cetaceans and sea turtles) as well as invertebrates, and are assigned to two families of turtle barnacles (Chelonibiidae Pilsbry, 1916 and Platylepadidae Newman & Ross, 1976) and one family of whale barnacles (Coronulidae Leach, 1817). Chelonibiids and coronulids have a scanty, albeit significant fossil record extending back to the Eocene and Pliocene, respectively; in turn, the fossil record of platylepadids is limited to a single record from the Upper Pleistocene. Here we report on an isolated carinolateral compartment of Platylepas Gray, 1825, the type genus of the family, from Lower Pleistocene (Gelasian) epibathyal deposits exposed at Milazzo (Sicily, Italy). This specimen is here designated holotype of a new species, †Platylepas mediterranea sp. nov. We argue that, like most extant members of Platylepas, †P. mediterranea sp. nov. lived partially embedded in the skin of a sea turtle. This record of an extinct platylepadid – the first from the Mediterranean region and the second worldwide – pushes back the fossil record of Platylepadidae to the lowermost Quaternary, thus possibly supporting an even earlier (e.g., Neogene) timing for the origin of this family and adding a new chapter to the evolutionary history of one of the most diverse and successful lineages of epizoic crustaceans.
Simulating the effects of climate change across the geographical distribution of two medicinal plants in the genus Nardostachys
Authors: Li Junjun , Wu Jie , Peng Kezhong , Fan Gang , Yu Haiqing , Wang Wenguo , He Yang 
Published: April 2019

Background
The medicinal plants of Radix et Rhizoma Nardostachyos include Nardostachys jatamansi and N. chinensis. Traditionally, the two plants have been used to treat many diseases. Because of their special aroma, they are also commonly used in the food and cosmetics industry. Recently, N. jatamansi and N. chinensis have been overexploited due to their economic importance, resulting in a sharp decline in their wild resources. Predicting potential distributions of the genus Nardostachys under different climate scenarios and understanding its preferred habitat are of great significance for their conservation, artificial cultivation, and assessment of their value.

Methods
The Maxent model was used to predict the potential geographical distributions of the genus Nardostachys under current and future climatic conditions based on two representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) for the 2050s and 2070s. These data were used to study the effects of climate variables.

Results
The results show that the potential distribution of the two species will increase, thus more suitable habitats will be present in China. The suitable habitat for N. chinensis presents a relatively stable growth compared to N. jatamansi. In addition, precipitation plays a crucial role in modeling the effects of climate change on the genus Nardostachys. This study provides theoretical guidance for the cultivation of N. chinensis.
Evolution and methodology of Japanese machizukuri for the improvement of living environments
Authors: Satoh Shigeru 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMachizukuri emerged as a way for residents to solve local community problems autonomously and, throughout the past half century, it has experienced a unique development process. This paper describes its history, the various methods accumulated through continuous practice, and its achievements and prospects, as follows. Section presents the context in which Japanese machizukuri was born. Even though similar trends appeared all over the world in response to the turbulent social context in the latter half of the 1960s, unique conditions in Japan gave way to a specific approach, which is today called machizukuri. Section presents its evolutive process, from the birth of machizukuri until the present. Studying the development of particular systems, methods, designs, and planning techniques over time, three generations can be identified. Section addresses the research and practical development of machizukuri as developed by the author of this paper. Finally, Section describes and summarizes the future prospects and challenges of machizukuri.
Robust contour tracking of nonholonomic mobile robots via adaptive velocity field motion planning scheme
Authors: Muñoz‐Vázquez Aldo Jonathan , Sánchez‐Torres Juan Diego , Parra‐Vega Vicente , Sánchez‐Orta Anand , Martínez‐Reyes Fernando 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThis paper aims at designing a contour tracking scheme based on an adaptive velocity field formulation, for the case of uncertain nonholonomic (differential drive) mobile robots, with its dynamic controller. First, to handle kinematic uncertainties that deviate the map of the velocity field into wheel velocities, a linear parameterization of the uncertain Jacobian operator is proposed to synthesize an adaptive kinematic controller that shapes correctly the velocity field. Then, a robust model‐free dynamic controller is proposed to compensate in finite time for uncertain dynamics and disturbances, enforcing the kinematic reference. Finally, a representative simulation study is discussed to show the reliability of the proposed scheme.
Engineering Hydrogels beyond a Hydrated Network
Authors: Wieduwild Robert , Xu Yong , Ostrovidov Serge , Khademhosseini Ali , Zhang Yixin , Orive Gorka 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn recent years, many mechanical, physical, chemical, and biochemical features of biomatrices have emerged as important properties to dictate the fates of cells. To construct chemically defined biomaterials to recapitulate various biological niches for both cell biology research and therapeutic utilities, it has become increasingly clear that a simple hydrated polymer network would not be able to provide the complex cues and signaling required for many types of cells. The researchers are facing a growing list of mechanophysical and biochemical properties, while each of them could be an important cellular trigger. To include all these design parameters in screening and synthesis is practically difficult, if not impossible. Developing novel high throughput screening technology by combining assay miniaturization, computer simulations, and modeling can help researchers to tackle the challenge to identify the most relevant parameters to tailor materials for specific applications.
A Simple Model for Binding and Rupture of Bacterial Cells on Nanopillar Surfaces
Authors: Watson Gregory S. , Green David W. , Watson Jolanta A. , Zhou Zupeng , Li Xin , Cheung Gary S. P. , Gellender Marty 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSurfaces based on both chemical and physical mechanisms of attack may yield the next generation of bactericidal and antibacterial surfaces. A simple model is presented based on surface energies explaining the physical action of attack on bacteria (deformation/rupture) by nanopillar surfaces. The analysis is subject to three important constraints which impact on the optimal nanopillar radius, spacing, and length: 1) Nanopillar radius >> the Minimum nanopillar radius which allows for cell wall conformation (so that the surface energy releases when the outer cell layer binds to the nanopillar > work required to bend the layer around the nanopillar). 2) The inter‐nanopillar spacing must be << the size of the bacterial cell (so that the cell becomes bound to several nanopillars). 3) The length of the nanopillars must be greater than the distance that the bacteria cell wall would be pulled along the nanopillar shaft.
Off‐Axis Holography with Uniform Illumination via 3D Printed Diffractive Optical Elements
Authors: Wang Hao , Liu Yejing , Ruan Qifeng , Liu Hailong , Ng Ray J. H. , Tan You Sin , Wang Hongtao , Li Ying , Qiu Cheng‐Wei , Yang Joel K. W. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDiffractive optical elements (DOEs) provide a compact and energy‐efficient solution to project arbitrary grayscale images onto a distant screen. Unfortunately, they invariably suffer from the zero order spot, which is caused mainly by undiffracted light that travels along the optical axis of an illuminating laser beam. To produce projected images without the bright spot, one can either shift the intended projection off‐axis or block the zero order. However, images projected by these methods are occluded by the dark fringes of the diffraction pattern (“shadowing” effect) or increase the complexity of the optical setup. Here, a new type of DOE is introduced with blazed facets to shift the laser power into the off‐axis direction. By adding blazed facets onto each phase element of a computer‐generated hologram, far‐field projections that are free of both the zero order spot and shadowing effects are produced while maintaining a diffraction efficiency as high as 86%. The blazed facets are fabricated by 3D direct laser writing, which enables continuous phase modulation within a single pixel. This concept of sub‐pixel level modification of diffractive optical elements can be extended to other applications requiring precise wavefront shaping or detection, such as 3D displays, mixed‐reality technology, and optical analog computing.
Meta‐analyses identify differentially expressed microRNAs in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Schulz Jessica , Takousis Petros , Wohlers Inken , Itua Ivie O.G. , Dobricic Valerija , Rücker Gerta , Binder Harald , Middleton Lefkos , Ioannidis John P.A. , Perneczky Robert , Bertram Lars , Lill Christina M. 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveMicroRNA (miRNA)‐mediated (dys)regulation of gene expression has been implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD), although results of miRNA expression studies remain inconclusive. We aimed to identify miRNAs that show consistent differential expression across all published expression studies in PD.MethodsWe performed a systematic literature search on miRNA expression studies in PD and extracted data from eligible publications. After stratification for brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)‐derived specimen, we performed meta‐analyses across miRNAs assessed in three or more independent data sets. Meta‐analyses were performed using effect‐size– and p‐value–based methods, as applicable.ResultsAfter screening 599 publications, we identified 47 data sets eligible for meta‐analysis. On these, we performed 160 meta‐analyses on miRNAs quantified in brain (n = 125), blood (n = 31), or CSF (n = 4). Twenty‐one meta‐analyses were performed using effect sizes. We identified 13 significantly (Bonferroni‐adjusted α = 3.13 × 10–4) differentially expressed miRNAs in brain (n = 3) and blood (n = 10) with consistent effect directions across studies. The most compelling findings were with hsa‐miR‐132‐3p (p = 6.37 × 10–5), hsa‐miR‐497‐5p (p = 1.35 × 10–4), and hsa‐miR‐133b (p = 1.90 × 10–4) in brain and with hsa‐miR‐221‐3p (p = 4.49 × 10–35), hsa‐miR‐214‐3p (p = 2.00 × 10–34), and hsa‐miR‐29c‐3p (p = 3.00 × 10–12) in blood. No significant signals were found in CSF. Analyses of genome‐wide association study data for target genes of brain miRNAs showed significant association (α = 9.40 × 10–5) of genetic variants in nine loci.InterpretationWe identified several miRNAs that showed highly significant differential expression in PD. Future studies may assess the possible role of the identified brain miRNAs in pathogenesis and disease progression as well as the potential of the top blood miRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis, progression, or prediction of PD. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:835–851.
Microwave Metamaterials
Authors: Chen Tianyi , Tang Wenxuan , Mu Jing , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractMetamaterials (MTMs) are artificial materials composed of subwavelength particles, which are engineered to achieve various electromagnetic (EM) responses. Since the first practical realization and experimental verification of MTMs by Pendry et al. in the late 1990s, great efforts have been made in theoretical study as well as practical utilizations. Among them, the effective medium theory provides a basis for the description as well as an accurate method for the design of MTMs, and leads to the development of many novel devices with interesting functionalities. With the employment of transformation and geometric optics, more high‐performance engineering applications have been realized using MTMs. Recently, the concept of metasurfaces has been proposed, which further promotes the practical applications of advanced MTMs. Herein, the effective medium theory is first introduced. After that, typical devices and applications based on conventional bulk MTMs and newly‐conceived metasurfaces are summarized to demonstrate the flexible capability of microwave MTMs in the manipulation of EM waves.
Transfer hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by nickel complexes bearing an NHC [CNN] pincer ligand
Authors: Wang Zijing , Li Xiaoyan , Xie Shangqing , Zheng Tingting , Sun Hongjian 
Published: April 2019

Four NHC [CNN] pincer nickel (II) complexes, [iPrCNN (CH2)4‐Ni‐Br] (5a), [nBuCNN (CH2)4‐Ni‐Br] (5b), [iPrCNN (Me)2‐Ni‐Br] (6a) and [nBuCNN (Me)2‐Ni‐Br] (6b), bearing unsymmetrical [C (carbene)N (amino)N (amine)] ligands were synthesized by the reactions of [CNN] pincer ligand precursors 4 with Ni (DME)Cl2 in the presence of Et3N. Complexes 5a and 5b are new and were completely characterized. The transfer hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by the four pincer nickel complexes were explored. Complexes 5a and 6a have better catalytic activity than 5b and 6b. With a combination of NaOtBu/iPrOH/80 °C and 2% catalyst loading of 5a, 77–98% yields of aromatic alcohols could be obtained.
Psychodynamics and their associated myths and fantasies in the contemporary American right wing
Authors: Nelson Joshua 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe contemporary American right wing is predominantly composed of White working‐class and wealthier White Americans who, according to recent research, report profound fears of cultural displacement and the loss of American exceptionalism. This group's dynamics and processes, the psychologies of its leader, Donald Trump, and component members, and its associated versions of certain foundational American myths and fantasies contain significant elements of both narcissism and paranoia. These myths include that of America being a divine “City Upon a Hill,” the story of the idyllic, pre‐Civil War “Old South,” and the Horatio Alger myth of “bootstrapping” up the economic ladder. These idealized, fantasied narratives are manipulated and exploited by those in positions of power, thus exacerbating members' fear, shame, and rage. Increased understanding of these psychological phenomena can aid psychoanalysts in consulting about and, when possible, engaging directly with these individuals, especially when facing significant psychological, sociocultural, and political obstacles.
Forward inference in risky choice: Mapping gaze and decision processes
Authors: Schoemann Martin , Schulte‐Mecklenbeck Michael , Renkewitz Frank , Scherbaum Stefan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe study of cognitive processes is built on a close mapping between three components: overt gaze behavior, overt choice, and covert processes. To validate this overt–covert mapping in the domain of decision‐making, we collected eye‐movement data during decisions between risky gamble problems. Applying a forward inference paradigm, participants were instructed to use specific decision strategies to solve those gamble problems (maximizing expected values or applying different choice heuristics) during which gaze behavior was recorded. We revealed differences between overt behavior, as indicated by eye movements, and covert decision processes, instructed by the experimenter. However, our results show that the overt–covert mapping is for some eye‐movement measures not as close as expected by current decision theory, and hence question reverse inference as being prone to fallacies due to a violation of its prerequisite, that is, a close overt–covert mapping. We propose a framework to rehabilitate reverse inference.
Construction of second generation protease‐deficient hosts of Bacillus subtilis for secretion of foreign proteins
Authors: Zhao Leizhen , Ye Bin , Zhang Qi , Cheng Dan , Zhou Chaoyang , Cheng Shan , Yan Xin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAlthough one of the major factors limiting the application of Bacillus subtilis as an expression host has been its production of at least eight extracellular proteases, researchers have also noticed that some proteases benefited the secretion of foreign proteins at times. Therefore, to maximize the yield of a foreign protein, the proteases should be selectively inactivated. This raises a new question that how to identify the favorable and unfavorable proteases for a target protein. Here, an evaluation system containing nine mutant strains of B. subtilis 168 was developed to address this question. The mutant strain PD8 has all the eight proteases inactivated whereas each of the other eight mutant strains expresses only one kind of these eight proteases. The target protein is secreted in these nine mutant strains; if the production of target protein in a mutant strain is higher than that in strain PD8, the corresponding protease is regarded as favorable. Accordingly, the optimal protease‐deficient host is constructed through inactivating the unfavorable proteases. The effectiveness of this system was confirmed by expressing three foreign proteins. This study provides a strategy for improving the secretion of a foreign protein in B. subtilis through tailoring a personalized protease‐deficient host.
Hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma after perioperative management of portal hypertension
Authors: Takemura N , Aoki T , Hasegawa K , Kaneko J , Arita J , Akamatsu N , Makuuchi M , Kokudo N 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Indications for hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have portal hypertension (PH) have been controversial. Some studies have concluded that PH is a contraindication to hepatectomy, whereas others have suggested that perioperative prophylactic management (PPM) can help overcome complications after hepatectomy associated with PH. The objective of this retrospective study was to assess the short- and long-term outcomes after hepatectomy for HCC in patients with PH, with or without PPM.

Methods
Records were reviewed of consecutive patients who underwent hepatectomy for HCC, with or without PPM of PH, in a single institution from 1994 to 2015. Patients were divided into three groups: those who received PPM for PH (PPM group), patients who had PH but did not receive PPM (no-PPM group) and those without PH (no-PH group).

Results
A total of 1259 patients were enrolled, including 123 in the PPM group, 181 in the no-PPM group and 955 in the no-PH group. Three- and 5-year overall survival rates were 74·3 and 53·1 per cent respectively in the PPM group, 69·2 and 54·9 per cent in the no-PPM group, and 78·1 and 64·2 per cent in the no-PH group (P = 0·520 for PPM versus no PPM, P = 0·027 for PPM versus no PH, and P &lt; 0·001 for no PPM versus no PH). Postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were 26·0 and 0·8 per cent respectively in the PPM group, 29·8 and 1·1 per cent in the no-PPM group, and 20·3 and 0 per cent in the no-PH group.

Conclusion
The present study has demonstrated acceptable outcomes among patients with HCC who received appropriate management for PH in an Asian population. Enhancement of the safety of hepatic resection through use of PPM may provide a rationale for expansion of indications for hepatectomy in patients with PH.