bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Displacement of Simulated Flabby Tissue by Different Tray Designs and Impression Materials
Authors: Shin Jae‐Ok , Ko Kyung‐Ho , Huh Yoon‐Hyuk , Cho Lee‐Ra , Park Chan‐Jin 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPurposeTo compare the effect of 3 tray designs and 3 commonly used impression materials on the displacement of flabby tissue during maxillary edentulous impression by superimposition of 3D digital models.Materials and MethodsFifteen maxillary edentulous casts with simulated flabby tissue were fabricated by modifying a standard maxillary edentulous acrylic resin cast. Three types of impression trays were fabricated: trays with conventional relief, trays with additional relief, and trays with an open window. Three impression materials were tested: light‐body polysulfide, light‐body vinylpolysiloxane, and zinc oxide eugenol paste. For the analysis of tissue displacement during impression making, the test and control stone casts were scanned using a 3D laser scanner, and the 3D digital models were superimposed using metrology software. Statistical analyses were performed with an α = 0.05.ResultsNegative deviations were recorded at the areas of the alveolar crest, posterior part of flabby tissue, and middle of the palate. On the other hand, a positive deviation was recorded at the area of the anterior part of flabby tissue. A significant difference in the displacement of flabby tissue was found when using different tray designs (p < 0.0001). The tray with the open window showed significantly low tissue displacement at the flabby tissue region. Depending on sites, the amount of flabby tissue displacement showed different significances by the different impression materials used (anterior part: p < 0.0001; alveolar crest: p = 0.097; posterior part: p < 0.0001). Conventionally relieved trays showed significantly higher values of displacement at the anterior part of flabby tissue (p < 0.0001), while trays with open windows showed similar values of displacement at all measuring points, and no significant differences among different impression materials were found (p = 0.104).ConclusionsThere were significant differences in the displacement of flabby tissue with different tray designs, especially with displacement occurring at the anterior and posterior parts of flabby tissue. Tray designs should be considered in order to make proper impressions when flabby tissue is present.
Susceptibility to Oral Antiseptics and Virulence Factors Ex Vivo Associated with Candida spp. Isolated from Dental Prostheses
Authors: Barbosa Amir Horiquini , Damasceno Jaqueline Lopes , Casemiro Luciana Assirati , Martins Carlos Henrique Gomes , Pires Regina Helena , Candido Regina Célia 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPurposeTo isolate Candida spp. from dental prosthesis users’ saliva and to evaluate the isolates for the presence of several virulence factors. This research also aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of 3 commercial mouthwashes/oral antiseptic formulations containing 0.12% chlorhexidine, 0.07% cetylpyridinium, or 0.075% cetylpyridinium against planktonic and sessile (biofilm mode) yeast cells.Materials and MethodsForty‐three Candida yeasts were isolated from 32 of 70 selected patients, and the virulence factors of C. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis species were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and proteinase in plates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and in vitro biofilm assay evaluated the antifungal activity of antiseptics.ResultsC. albicans, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis were detected in mono and mixed cultures. Only C. albicans displayed genes related to adhesion and proteinases (ALS2, ALS3, SAP1, and SAP3). The aspartate proteinase activity was found in 60.46% of isolates. The tested antiseptic formulations exhibited a MIC less than 1.25% toward yeasts in the planktonic mode. According to XTT ((2,3‐bis(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium‐5‐carboxanilide) assay results, most Candida isolates and all mixed cultures formed biofilms within 24 hours. The evaluated antiseptic formulations were also active against biofilms.ConclusionMost virulence factors investigated here (ALS2, ALS3, SAP1, and SAP3) occurred in the majority of the Candida spp. isolates, especially in C. albicans. The tested mouthwash formulations were effective against all the yeast isolates in both the planktonic and sessile growth modes. Developing alternative therapies that can avoid or control biofilm formation is necessary to prevent oral candidiasis and other Candida spp. infections.
Frequency of bacteriuria in dogs with chronic kidney disease: A retrospective study of 201 cases
Authors: Lamoureux Anaïs , Da Riz Fiona , Cappelle Julien , Boulouis Henri‐Jean , Benchekroun Ghita , Cadoré Jean‐Luc , Krafft Emilie , Maurey Christelle 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundStudies have shown an increased prevalence of positive urine culture (PUC) in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD); no information is available in dogs.ObjectivesTo document the PUC frequency in a cohort of dogs with CKD, determine risk factors for PUC, and identify associations between clinicopathologic data and PUC.AnimalsTwo hundred one client‐owned dogs with CKD.MethodsRetrospective, observational study. Dogs recruited from 2 veterinary teaching hospitals were included if they were diagnosed with CKD and had a culture performed on urine collected by cystocentesis. The PUC frequency was calculated, multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors, and associations with clinicopathologic data were investigated.ResultsSixty‐five dogs (32%) with CKD had PUC, including 8 (28%) in International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage 1; only 8% showed signs of a urinary tract infection.Escherichia coliwas the most common isolate (67%). A PUC was more likely in females (odds ratio [OR], 3.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.67‐6.37;P< .001) than males and in dogs with isosthenuria (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.24‐5.03;P= .01) than in dogs with urine‐specific gravity 1.013‐1.024. A positive leukocyte esterase test and microorganisms found by urine sediment analysis were significantly associated with PUC (bothP< .001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceDogs with CKD, even IRIS stage 1, have a high frequency of PUC and most cases are asymptomatic. A urine culture could be considered in the routine evaluation of dogs with CKD, but the clinical relevance of a PUC remains unknown and needs further evaluation.
Phototactic tails: Evolution and molecular basis of a novel sensory trait in sea snakes
Authors: Crowe‐Riddell Jenna M. , Simões Bruno F. , Partridge Julian C. , Hunt David M. , Delean Steven , Schwerdt Julian G. , Breen James , Ludington Alastair , Gower David J. , Sanders Kate L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDermal phototaxis has been reported in a few aquatic vertebrate lineages spanning fish, amphibians and reptiles. These taxa respond to light on the skin of their elongate hind‐bodies and tails by withdrawing under cover to avoid detection by predators. Here, we investigated tail phototaxis in sea snakes (Hydrophiinae), the only reptiles reported to exhibit this sensory behaviour. We conducted behavioural tests in 17 wild‐caught sea snakes of eight species by illuminating the dorsal surface of the tail and midbody skin using cold white, violet, blue, green and red light. Our results confirmed phototactic tail withdrawal in the previously studiedAipysurus laevis, revealed this trait for the first time inA. duboisiiandA. tenuis, and suggested that tail photoreceptors have peak spectral sensitivities between blue and green light (457–514 nm). Based on these results, and an absence of photoresponses in fiveAipysurusandHydrophisspecies, we tentatively infer that tail phototaxis evolved in the ancestor of a clade of sixAipysurusspecies (comprising 10% of all sea snakes). Quantifying tail damage, we found that the probability of sustaining tail injuries was not influenced by tail phototactic ability in snakes. Gene profiling showed that transcriptomes of both tail skin and body skin lacked visual opsins but contained melanopsin (opn4x) in addition to key genes of the retinal regeneration and phototransduction cascades. This work suggests that a nonvisual photoreceptor (e.g., Gq rhabdomeric) signalling pathway underlies tail phototaxis, and provides candidate gene targets for future studies of this unusual sensory innovation in reptiles.
Deep segregation in the open ocean: Macaronesia as an evolutionary hotspot for low dispersal marine invertebrates
Authors: Vieira Pedro E. , Desiderato Andrea , Holdich David M. , Soares Pedro , Creer Simon , Carvalho Gary R. , Costa Filipe O. , Queiroga Henrique 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDiversification and speciation of terrestrial organisms are anticipated in oceanic islands such as Macaronesia, a group of Atlantic islands that have remained unconnected to continental landmasses. Hitherto, the diversification of marine organisms in oceanic islands, especially those with low vagility, has received little direct empirical analysis using molecular markers. Here, we focus on such a case study, through applying a multilocus molecular approach to investigate the diversity and evolution of a group that lacks a planktonic larval stage, the isopod genus Dynamene, in Macaronesia and Northeast Atlantic. Sequences of two mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA) and two nuclear (18S rRNA and 28S rRNA) loci were obtained from specimens of Dynamene edwardsi (Lucas, 1849), Dynamene magnitorata Holdich, 1968 and Dynamene bidentata (Adams, 1800) collected along the Northeast Atlantic and Macaronesia. Although no major phylogeographic structure was detected in D. bidentata and D. magnitorata, from five to nine deeply divergent lineages were evident within D. edwardsi. The divergent lineages displayed genetic distances comparable to those found among established species of peracarids. D. edwardsi exhibits a long, rich and complex phylogeographic history in Macaronesia, where the geodynamics of the islands possibly associated with founder effects and subsequent lack of gene flow among populations confounds patterns based on geographic proximity of targeted populations. Our findings collectively suggest a much larger role of oceanic islands in the diversification of marine invertebrates than previously anticipated. The work provides insights into the origins and dynamics of ongoing geographic segregation and associated deep divergence among sister evolutionary lineages in Macaronesia.
A Roma Nation? Constructing Romani identity in the context of extreme displacement
Authors: Webb Emily 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe process of displacement has affected the articulation of collective identity among the Romani diaspora. The nation state persists as the main vehicle through which diasporic identities are formulated. A challenge to this is when a diaspora has lost its homeland as its territorial reference point. This article reflects on the way in which the Romanies – a 1,000‐year‐old diaspora – confront traditional understandings of diasporic identity as combining the ideas of a loss and longing for a homeland. It explores the limits and possibilities of building a collective Romani identity in the context of extreme displacement, with reference to narratives of identity and belonging articulated by the Romani diaspora in Britain.
Lipid droplet biogenesis regulated by the FgNem1/Spo7‐FgPah1 phosphatase cascade plays critical roles in fungal development and virulence in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Liu Na , Yun Yingzi , Yin Yanni , Hahn Matthias , Ma Zhonghua , Chen Yun 
Published: February 2019

Summary

Lipid droplets (LDs) control lipid metabolism in eukaryotic cells in general. However, the biogenesis regulation and biological functions of LDs are largely unknown in pathogenic fungi.

Rapamycin treatment results in a significant increase of LD biogenesis in Fusarium graminearum. Molecular mechanisms of the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway in regulating LD biogenesis and the functions of LD in virulence of F. graminearum were investigated in depth by combining genetic, cytological and phenotypic strategies.

TOR in Fusarium graminearum (FgTOR) inhibition by rapamycin induces LD biogenesis through the FgPpg1/Sit4 signaling branch. FgPpg1 promotes phosphorylation of protein phosphatase FgNem1 by the protein kinase FgCak1. The phosphorylated FgNem1 dephosphorylates the phosphatidate phosphatase FgPah1. Dephosphorylated FgPah1 is active and stimulates LD biogenesis. Moreover, deletion of FgNem1/Spo7 or FgPah1 leads to serious defects in vegetative growth, sexual development and virulence.

The results of this study provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanism and biological functions of the LDs in the devastating pathogenic fungus F. graminearum.
Terrestrial biosphere models may overestimate Arctic CO2 assimilation if they do not account for decreased quantum yield and convexity at low temperature
Authors: Rogers Alistair , Serbin Shawn P. , Ely Kim S. , Wullschleger Stan D. 
Published: February 2019

Summary

How terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) represent leaf photosynthesis and its sensitivity to temperature are two critical components of understanding and predicting the response of the Arctic carbon cycle to global change.

We measured the effect of temperature on the response of photosynthesis to irradiance in six Arctic plant species and determined the quantum yield of CO2 fixation () and the convexity factor (θ). We also determined leaf absorptance (α) from measured reflectance to calculate on an absorbed light basis () and enabled comparison with nine TBMs.

The mean was 0.045 mol CO2 mol−1 absorbed quanta at 25°C and closely agreed with the mean TBM parameterisation (0.044), but as temperature decreased measured diverged from TBMs. At 5°C measured was markedly reduced (0.025) and 60% lower than TBM estimates. The θ also showed a significant reduction between 25°C and 5°C. At 5°C θ was 38% lower than the common model parameterisation of 0.7.

These data show that TBMs are not accounting for observed reductions in and θ that can occur at low temperature. Ignoring these reductions in and θ could lead to a marked (45%) overestimation of CO2 assimilation at subsaturating irradiance and low temperature.
Semaglutide as a promising antiobesity drug
Authors: Christou Georgios A. , Katsiki Niki , Blundell John , Fruhbeck Gema , Kiortsis Dimitrios N. 
Published: February 2019

SummarySemaglutide is a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1 RA) with a long elimination half‐life, allowing subcutaneous (sc) administration once per week. Both the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved once‐weekly sc semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The weight loss efficacy of once‐weekly sc semaglutide appears to be superior compared with the other once‐weekly GLP‐1 RAs in patients with T2DM. Semaglutide was recently evaluated as an antiobesity drug in a phase II dose‐finding trial, which demonstrated superior weight loss efficacy of once daily sc semaglutide compared with both placebo and once daily 3.0 mg liraglutide in patients with obesity but without T2DM. The magnitude of semaglutide‐induced weight loss in this study exceeded the criteria of both the EMA and FDA for antiobesity drugs, and there were no safety concerns, indicating the eligibility of once daily sc semaglutide as a future antiobesity drug.
Explaining subnational variations in early childhood education and care. A fuzzy‐set analysis of the Italian case
Authors: Da Roit Barbara , Sabatinelli Stefania , Arlotti Marco 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAlthough cross‐country differences in the development of early childhood education and care (ECEC) services have been widely researched, the pronounced subnational variation that characterizes many countries is little researched. This article aims to contribute filling this gap by investigating the factors underlying ECEC development in Italian regions, where take‐up rates of public and subsidized daycare centers, behind a national average of 12%, range from 2% in some Southern regions to 25% in Emilia Romagna (North‐East). The article explores the configurations of economic, socio‐demographic, political, institutional, and cultural factors possibly responsible for high and low ECEC development through Fuzzy‐set/Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Results show that economic development and female employment are necessary but not sufficient conditions for ECEC development; similarly, familistic values, the lack of early ECEC development and of social capital are necessary but not sufficient conditions for limited expansion. The analysis identifies multifaceted patterns of (non)expansion, thus demonstrating the complexity of social policy development processes and preventing determinism based on need, cultural, or economic factors.
Are the Most Competitive Men More Resilient to Failures than the Most Competitive Women? Evidence from Professional Golf Tournaments*
Authors: Rosenqvist Olof 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivesWomen are underrepresented in top positions and experimental evidence suggests that one explanation is gender differences in preferences for competition, that is, fewer women than men enter competition‐intensive careers. Less is known about whether there are remaining gender differences in competitiveness within the subpopulation of men and women that choose to pursue such careers, which creates further female underrepresentation in top positions. Studying a subcomponent of competitiveness, namely resilience to failures, this article provides quasi experimental evidence from the field on this issue.MethodsI study professional golfers’ resilience to failures by estimating the causal effect of a failure in one tournament on the performance in the next.ResultsThe results show that both male and female golfers respond negatively to failures, and that their responses are virtually identical.ConclusionThus, in this particular subpopulation of competitive men and women there seems to be no gender difference in resilience to failures.
Two-dimensional magnetic crystals and emergent heterostructure devices
Authors: Gong Cheng , Zhang Xiang 
Published: February 2019

The ultimate in thin-film magnetism
The alignment of the magnetic properties of atoms gives rise to a wealth of simple and exotic properties that can be exploited. As the dimension of the material is reduced, such that the atoms are in a single monolayer, it was widely believed that thermal fluctuations overwhelm and prevent magnetic ordering. Gong and Zhang review the developments that have followed the recent discovery of magnetism in two-dimensional materials. Recognizing that magnetic anisotropy can be used to induce stable magnetism in atomic monolayers, they provide an overview of the materials available and the physical understanding of the effects and then discuss how these effects could be exploited for widespread practical applications.

Science
, this issue p.
eaav4450
Outcomes of small-gauge vitreoretinal surgery without scleral-depressed shaving of the vitreous base in the era of wide-angle viewing systems
Authors: Tabandeh Homayoun , London Nikolas J S , Boyer David S , Flynn Jr Harry W 
Published: February 2019

PurposeTo evaluate outcomes of small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) without scleral-depressed shaving of the vitreous base.MethodsRetrospective, consecutive case series. Surgical technique included small-gauge PPV (25G, 23G, 25G+ or 27G) and wide-angle vitrectomy viewing system in all cases. No cases were excluded based on the level of complexity of RD. Outcome measures were retinal reattachment rates and Snellen visual acuity (best-corrected visual activity [BCVA]).Results312 eyes of 301 patients, mean age 60.8 years, and mean follow-up 23.1 months. Baseline characteristics included macula-off RD in 207 (66%) eyes, psudophakia in 124 (40%) eyes, high myopia in 74 (24%) eyes and giant retinal tear in 14 (5%) eyes. The retina was reattached with one procedure in 296 (95%) eyes. Final retinal reattachment was achieved in 310 (99%) eyes. The BCVA at baseline was >20/40 in 76 (24%) eyes, 20/50–20/100 in 48 (15%) eyes, 20/200–20/400 in 46 (15%) eyes and <20/400 in 142 (46%) eyes. At the last follow-up, the BCVA was >20/40 in 168 (54%) eyes, 20/50–20/100 in 60 (19%) eyes, 20/200–20/400 in 49 (16%) eyes and <20/400 in 35 (11%) eyes. The mean change in logMAR equivalent was −0.12 for the macula-on group and −1.13 for the macula-off group (p<0.0001).ConclusionSmall-gauge PPV without scleral-depressed vitreous base shaving can be associated with good anatomical and visual outcomes. Case selection based on the complexity of RD may not be required when considering small-gauge PPV.
Intensive upper limb neurorehabilitation in chronic stroke: outcomes from the Queen Square programme
Authors: Ward Nick S , Brander Fran , Kelly Kate 
Published: February 2019

ObjectivePersistent difficulty in using the upper limb remains a major contributor to physical disability post-stroke. There is a nihilistic view about what clinically relevant changes are possible after the early post-stroke phase. The Queen Square Upper Limb Neurorehabilitation programme delivers high-quality, high-dose, high-intensity upper limb neurorehabilitation during a 3-week (90 hours) programme. Here, we report clinical changes made by the chronic stroke patients treated on the programme, factors that might predict responsiveness to therapy and the relationship between changes in impairment and activity.MethodsUpper limb impairment and activity were assessed on admission, discharge, 6 weeks and 6 months after treatment, with modified upper limb Fugl-Meyer (FM-UL, max-54), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT, max-57) and Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory (CAHAI, max-91). Patient-reported outcome measures were recorded with the Arm Activity Measure (ArmA) parts A (0–32) and B (0–52), where lower scores are better.Results224 patients (median time post-stroke 18 months) completed the 6-month programme. Median scores on admission were as follows: FM-UL = 26 (IQR 16–37), ARAT=18 (IQR 7–33), CAHAI=40 (28-55), ArmA-A=8 (IQR 4.5–12) and ArmA-B=38 (IQR 24–46). The median scores 6 months after the programme were as follows: FM-UL=37 (IQR 24–48), ARAT=27 (IQR 12–45), CAHAI=52 (IQR 35–77), ArmA-A=3 (IQR 1–6.5) and ArmA-B=19 (IQR 8.5–32). We found no predictors of treatment response beyond admission scores.ConclusionWith intensive upper limb rehabilitation, chronic stroke patients can change by clinically important differences in measures of impairment and activity. Crucially, clinical gains continued during the 6-month follow-up period.