bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IGNORING PSYCHOMETRIC PROBLEMS IN THE STUDY OF GROUP DIFFERENCES IN COGNITIVE TEST PERFORMANCE
Authors: Wicherts Jelte M. 
Published: July 2018

SummaryIn a recent study, te Nijenhuis et al. (2017) used a version of Jensen’s method of correlated vectors to study the nature of ethnic group differences on Raven’s Progressive Matrices test. In this comment, the author points out that this method has been shown to be psychometrically inappropriate in studying group differences in performance on dichotomous (correctly or incorrectly scored) items. Specifically, the method uses item statistics like the item-total correlation that necessarily differ across groups differing in ability and employs a linear model to test inherent non-linear relations. Wicherts (2017) showed that this method can provide correlations far exceeding r=0.44 in cases where the group differences cannot possibly be on g because the items measure different traits across the groups. The psychometric problems with their method cast serious doubts on te Nijenhuis et al.’s conclusions concerning the role of g in the studied group difference in cognitive test performance.
THIS (METHOD) IS (NOT) FINE
Authors: Wicherts Jelte M. 
Published: July 2018

SummaryIn their response to my criticism of their recent article in Journal of Biosocial Science (te Nijenhuis et al., 2017), te Nijenhuis and van den Hoek (2018) raise four points none of which concerns my main point that the method of correlated vectors (MCV) applied to item-level data represents a flawed method. Here, I discuss te Nijenhuis and van den Hoek’s four points. First, I argue that my previous application of MCV to item-level data showed that the method can yield nonsensical results. Second, I note that meta-analytic corrections for sampling error, imperfect measures, restriction of range and unreliability of the vectors are futile and cannot help fix the method. Third, I note that even with perfect data, the method can yield negative correlations. Fourth, I highlight the irrelevance of te Nijenhuis and van den Hoek (2018)’s point that my comment had not been published in a peerreviewed journal by referring to my articles in 2009 and 2017 on MCV in peer-reviewed journals.
Dynamic transmission modelling to address infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccine schedule modifications in the UK
Authors: Wasserman M. , Lucas A. , Jones D. , Wilson M. , Hilton B. , Vyse A. , Madhava H. , Brogan A. , Slack M. , Farkouh R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has been part of routine immunisation in a 2 + 1 schedule (two primary infant doses and one booster during the second year of life) in the UK since 2010. Recently, the UK's Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation recommended changing to a 1 + 1 schedule while conceding that this will increase disease burden; however, uncertainty remains on how much pneumococcal burden – including invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and non-invasive disease – will increase. We built a dynamic transmission model to investigate this question. The model predicted that a 1 + 1 schedule would incur 8777–27 807 additional cases of disease and 241–743 more deaths over 5 years. Serotype 19A caused 55–71% of incremental IPD cases. Scenario analyses showed that booster dose adherence, effectiveness against carriage and waning in a 1 + 1 schedule had the most influence on resurgence of disease. Based on the model assumptions, switching to a 1 + 1 schedule will substantially increase disease burden. The results likely are conservative since they are based on relatively low vaccine-type pneumococcal transmission, a paradigm that has been called into question by data demonstrating an increase of IPD due to several vaccine serotypes during the last surveillance year available.
‘A century homework,’: how fertilisation causes elevation of respiration in the sea urchin egg
Authors: Asami Kouichi 
Published: July 2018

The lecture given by Dr Yasumasu should be considered from two points of view, namely its significance in the field of developmental biology and his own personal history as a developmental biologist.In 1908 Otto Warburg published a paper entitled ‘Beobachtungen üeber die Oxydationsprozesse im Seeigelei’ (Warburg, 1908). This is one of his earliest works, where he measured respiration of eggs with Winkler's method not with his manometer. This was the first paper describing the fact that the respiration in unfertilised eggs was considerably lower than that in fertilised ones. Many researchers confirmed his experiments and extended them. Borei (1948) measured oxygen consumption of oocytes and unfertilised and fertilised eggs and compared his results with those of other researchers. He observed that the respiration of eggs declined after they were removed from the ovary and placed into seawater and that it increased at fertilisation. He observed an exponential increase in respiration of fertilised eggs or embryos from the cleavage stage to the hatching blastula. He also observed an initial burst of respiration but failed to record it exactly. Ohnishi & Sugiyama (1963) measured the initial burst of respiration quantitatively with the oxygen electrode method. Thus, respiration of sea urchin eggs and early embryos was divided into three phases: respiration of unfertilised eggs, the initial burst of respiration at fertilisation and the respiration of fertilised eggs. The respiration of fertilised eggs increased exponentially with progression of development until hatching.
Adult rudiment formation in brachiolaria larvae after disturbances in their bilateral asymmetry during the earlier stages
Authors: Kuraishi Ritsu 
Published: July 2018

In echinoderm development, conversion of the oral-aboral axis takes place during metamorphosis, and the left and right sides of larvae become the oral and aboral sides of juveniles, respectively. Since the rudiments of the adult organs are formed before metamorphosis, late brachiolaria larvae of Asterina pectinifera show distinct bilateral asymmetry. On the other hand, early bipinnaria larvae look almost symmetric bilaterally, except for hydropore and posterior coelomic pouch formation which take place only on the left side. The relationship between the axis of the adult rudiment and the bilateral asymmetry in the coeloms of early stage larvae was examined by (1) bisecting larvae, (2) discarding left or right anterior coeloms (lac, rac) and/or left posterior coelom (1pc) and (3) replacing lac or rac with the counterpart.In normal brachiolaria larvae, adult organs such as hydrolobes and adult spicules are formed in the posterior part of the larval body. In the left half of the adult rudiment, a row of five adult arm-type spicules are aligned along the median plane. Hydrolobes, which form the hydrovascular system in the juvenile, were observed on the left of the arm-type spicules. The right half of the rudiment was covered with adult disc-type spicules (Fig. 1). The left half derived from larvae older than 40 h (mouth formation stage) lacked adult disctype spicules, and two rows of arm-type spicules existed on both side of the median plane (L-type; Fig. 2a).
Thyroid hormones and metamorphosis of sea urchin larvae
Authors: Suyemitsu Takashi 
Published: July 2018

Algae were supplied continuously to four-armed pluteus larvae of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus until the adult rudiment reached stage g, which is the initial stage of rudiment formation (Chino et al., 1994) After stage g, one group of larvae was reared without the addition of algae for comparison of the development of the adult rudiment with that in larvae given algae. Three days later, only 9.1 ± 0.3% of larvae without algae had reached stage j, while 76.8 ± 0.6% of larvae with algae had reached a stage beyond j, which indicates the formation of the complete adult rudiment.When larvae at rudiment stage g were reared in a medium supplemented with T4 or its derivatives, such as T3, 3,3′,5′-L-triiodothyronine (rT3) or triiodothyropropionine (Tp3), in place of algae, the adult rudiment developed in a dose-dependent manner. T4 was the most effective and induced formation of the adult rudiment in more than 70% of specimens at 1 nM and in almost 100% at 100 nM. T3 was one-tenth as effective as T4. Other derivatives were still less effective. On the other hand, casein, ovalbumin, tyrosine and a mixture of 20 amino acids had no effect on the development of larvae and adult rudiments, suggesting that they were not available as nutrients and sources of thyroid hormones.
Three new components contained in the vitelline coat of Tegula pfeifferi
Authors: Haino-Fukushima Kazu , Fan Xuxi , Nakamura Shouka 
Published: July 2018

The vitelline coat (VC) lysin of Tegula, a marine molluscan genus, is released from the acrosome of sperm during fertilisation and can lyse the VC of only the same species. The lytic action of this lysin against the VC is not an enzymatic reaction, but a stoichiometric and irreversible one (Haino-Fukushima, 1974).The VC of Tegula pfeifferi consists of glycoproteins containing sulphated polysaccharides, which account for roughly two-thirds of the entire weight of the VC. The presence of a large quantity of polysaccharides in the VC had prevented rapid progress in the analysis of its protein components. Last year, we succeeded in a complete solubilisation of the VC by boiling for a long time in 1% SDS solution, and determined the cDNA sequence coding for a mature 41 kDa glycoprotein, which appears to be the major component of the VC from the results of SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The cDNA, referred to as vcp41, comprises 1072 base pairs and contains one open reading frame with a sequence for 319 amino acids containing 19 amino acids of a signal peptide. The deduced amino acid sequence has five N-glycosylation sites and ten cysteine residues. It seems that almost 7 kDa in this 41kDa glycoprotein is polysaccharide constituents (Fan & Haino-Fukushima, 1998).
Changes in the activities of protein phosphatase type 1 and type 2A in sea urchin embryos during early development
Authors: Kawamoto Manabu , Fujiwara Akiko , Kuno Shin-ichi , Yasumasu Ikuo 
Published: July 2018

Serine/threonine protein phosphatases expected to participate in the process of signal transduction, cell movement such as cell division and gene expression (Kinoshita et al., 1990; Healy et al., 1991; Mayer-Jaekel et al., 1993; Mumby & Walter, 1993), are classified into type 1 (PP1), type 2A (PP2A), type 2B and type 2C in mammalian cells. PP1 and PP2A are known to be strongly inhibited by okadaic acid (OA) (Tachibana et al., 1981; Bialojan Takai, 1988), a polyether fatty acid isolated from the marine sponge Halicondria okadai (Haystead et al., 1989). OA is also known to inhibit PP2A at lower concentrations than that to block PP1 in mammalian cells, but does not inhibit the activities of other phosphatase species (Ishihara et al., 1989).The p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) splitting activity in the extract obtained from eggs of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus was found to be inhibited by OA and calyculin A (CLA), potent inhibitors of PP1 and PP2A. OA-sensitive phosphatases are known to catalyse pNPP splitting (Takai & Mieskes, 1991), in the same manner as other OA-insensitive phosphatases.Four peaks of the pNPP splitting activity were obtained by QAE-Toyopearl chromatography in the extract of sea urchin eggs. In two of these four peaks, pNPP splitting reactions were strongly inhibited by OA and CLA at quite low concentration. High sensitivities of the pNPP splitting reaction to OA and CLA in these two peaks suggest that pNPP splitting results from the reaction catalysed by PP2A. The molecular masses of proteins exhibiting OA-sensitive pNPP splitting activities in these two peaks were found to be about 160 kDa by Superdex 200HR, and were similar to that of mammalian PP2A trimeric holoenzyme. By immunoblot analyses with anti-human PP2A catalytic subunit antibody, an immunoreactive 36 kDa protein was found by SDS-PAGE in a peak of OA-sensitive pNPP splitting activity obtained by QAE-Toyopearl chromatography. Sea urchin eggs have at least two PP2A-like enzymes with similar molecular masses to that of mammalian PP2A, and one of them contains human-type catalytic subunit.
A comparative study of repeated sequences in the SM50 gene of some sea urchins
Authors: Goto Masayuki , Matsumoto Masahiro , Kitajima Takashi , Hino Akiya 
Published: July 2018

Spicule matrix proteins of sea urchin embryo are the specific products of the micromere / primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) lineage, and are considered to be involved in spicule formation (Wilt, 1999). One of these proteins, SM50, has been described for three species: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (SP), Lytechinus pictus (Lp) and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (Hp) (for references see Wilt, 1999). The nucleotide and amino acid sequences are well conserved in these species. SM50 proteins of these species have repetitive amino acid sequences in the carboxyl-terminal half of the proteins. Therefore, examination of SM50 sequences, especially the repetitive sequence region, in various species will help an understanding of the process of sea urchin ontogeny and evolution. In this study we tried to amplify, by PCR, the SM50 sequences of species for which no sequence data are reported.Total DNA was extracted from the sperm of sea urchins by standard procedures. The purified DNA was subjected to PCR to amplify the repetitive amino acid region and its upstream region. The primers were designed based on the highly conserved sequences in the reported SM50 as Consensus-Degenerate Hybrid Oligonucleotide Primers (Rose et al., 1997). The amplified products were gel-purified, and sequenced using ABI PRISM 310 Genetic Analyzer using PCR primers. The determined nucleotide sequences were translated into amino acid sequences and compared among species with a phylogenetic tree constructed by the neighbour-joining method. For indirect immunofluorescent staining, embryos were fixed with 70% methanol and reacted with rabbit antiserum against recombinant SM50 protein.
Distribution of apoptosis-like cells in sea urchin early embryogenesis
Authors: Mizoguchi Hazime , Kudo Dai , Shimizu Yumi , Hirota Keiko , Kawai Shinobu , Hino Akiya 
Published: July 2018

It has been reported that the number of cells per embryo increases from the cleavage stage to the pluteus stage. Also, it has been reported that the number of cells per embryo from the early gastrula stage to the mid-gastrula stage increases very slightly (Mizoguchi, 1999). A detailed analysis of cell proliferation during this period would thus seem to be necessary.On the other hand, Roccheri et al. (1997) reported spontaneous apoptosis at the early pluteus stage, especially in the regions of arm and intestine. However, it is unknown whether apoptosis occurs before the pluteus stage.Using the Tumor, Neuro and/or Cardio TACS in situ apoptosis detection kit (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling: TUNEL method, Trevigen, USA), the Comet assay kit (Trevigen, USA) and DAPI (4,6-diamidino-2-phenylinodole dihydrochloride) staining, we investigated the distribution of apoptosis-like cells in sea urchins during early embryogenesis to clarify the relationship between cell death and morphogenesis.The embryos of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus were used in the present study. Three methods of detection of apoptosis signals in the embryos were performed: (1) defects in chromosomes and punctured nuclear envelopes of cells were detected by DAPI staining; (2) apoptosis-like cells were stained a brown colour by the TUNEL method; (3) some clear tails which detected the fragmentation of DNA were found by the Comet assay. These signals indicate apoptosis-like cells.
Geographic divergence of gamete recognition systems in two species in the sea urchin genus Strongylocentrotus
Authors: Biermann Christiane H. , Marks Jessica A. 
Published: July 2018

Two closely related species in the camarodont sea urchin family Strongylocentrotidae, Strongylocentrotus pallidus and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, have circumarctic ranges with overlapping depth distributions and spawning seasons. Both species show genetic differences between Europe and the Pacific in the nuclear sperm bindin gene, and S. droebachiensis also differs in mitochondrial DNA. Gamete recognition systems of allopatric populations may or may not have drifted apart, but are unlikely to have diverged by reinforcing selection. Geographic divergence in gamete compatibility may illustrate mutational biases and variability and hence possible initial stages of reproductive isolation.We carried out fertilisation experiments with both species' gametes from Norway and from the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Serially diluted sperm were added to egg suspensions in factorial designs, and fertilisation success was assessed by counting the proportion of cleaving embryos. To separate the specificity of the acrosome reaction from subsequent sperm–egg binding steps, a subsample of sperm was pre-activated by performing the last dilution step in diluted egg jelly from conspecific females. Fertilisation successes were compared by logistic regression ANCOVAs over five, 4-fold sperm dilutions for each cross. The graphs shown here illustrate fertilisation success for one sperm concentration only.
Utilization of Mobile Integrated Health Providers During a Flood Disaster in South Carolina (USA)
Authors: Gainey Christopher E. , Brown Heather A. , Gerard William C. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAs health care systems in the United States have become pressured to provide greater value, they have embraced the adoption of innovative population health solutions. One of these initiatives utilizes prehospital personnel in the community as an extension of the traditional health care system. These programs have been labeled as Community Paramedicine (CP) and Mobile Integrated Health (MIH). While variation exists amongst these programs, generally efforts are targeted at individuals with high rates of health care utilization. By assisting with chronic disease management and addressing the social determinants of health care, these programs have been effective in decreasing Emergency Medical Services (EMS) utilization, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions for enrolled patients.The actual training, roles, and structure of these programs vary according to state oversight and community needs, and while numerous reports describe the novel role these teams play in population health, their utilization during a disaster response has not been previously described. This report describes a major flooding event in October 2015 in Columbia, South Carolina (USA). While typical disaster mitigation and response efforts were employed, it became clear during the response that the MIH providers were well-equipped to assist with unique patient and public health needs. Given their already well-established connections with various community health providers and social assistance resources, the MIH team was able to reconnect patients with lost medications and durable medical equipment, connect patients with alternative housing options, and arrange access to outpatient resources for management of chronic illness.Mobile integrated health teams are a potentially effective resource in a disaster response, given their connections with a variety of community resources along with a unique combination of training in both disease management and social determinants of health. As roles for these providers are more clearly defined and training curricula become more developed, there appears to be a unique role for these providers in mitigating morbidity and decreasing costs in the post-disaster response. Training in basic disaster response needs should be incorporated into the curricula and community disaster planning should identify how these providers may be able to benefit their local communities.Gainey CE, Brown HA, Gerard WC. Utilization of mobile integrated health providers during a flood disaster in South Carolina (USA). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(4):432–435
Tectonic History of the Kaapvaal Craton: Constraints From Rheological Modeling
Authors: Kgaswane Eldridge M. , Rathod Ganesh W. , Saunders Ian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn this study, the lithospheric strength of the Kaapvaal Craton is determined using deformation laws describing the failure of rocks at lithospheric depths. Shear wave velocity results from a previous study were used to constrain the rheological profiles associated with each of the 64 broadband seismic stations deployed across the craton. The other constraint, are the geotherms estimated assuming steady state conditions. In order to address the random and complex nature of uncertainties inherent in geotherms at lithospheric depths, a Monte Carlo simulation approach is used to find well‐constrained geotherms for each of the terrains within the craton. The optimized geotherms were subsequently used to determine the rheological profiles associated with each of the 64 localities. The resultant rheological profiles show seismogenic depths of 5–16 km for the craton and further show that the craton can basically be delineated into three strength domains. Most parts of the Kimberley terrain and minor parts elsewhere in the craton show a mechanically weak crust with a strength ratio less than 0.5, a substantial portion of the Witwatersrand terrain shows moderate strength ratios between 0.5 and 1.0, and the rest of the craton shows a mechanically strong crust corresponding to strength ratios greater than 1.0. Strength ratio is an indication of the extent of lower crustal to mantle strength. Low strength ratio regions correlate with parts of the craton that had a significant deformation history while high strength ratio regions correlate with a stable lithosphere that had minor or no deformation history.
The Vertical Structure of a Loop Current Eddy
Authors: Meunier T. , Pallás‐Sanz E. , Tenreiro M. , Portela E. , Ochoa J. , Ruiz‐Angulo A. , Cusí S. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe vertical structure of a recently detached Loop Current Eddy (LCE) is studied using in situ data collected with an underwater glider from August to November 2016. Altimetry and Argo data are analyzed to discuss the context of the eddy shedding and evolution as well as the origin and transformation of its thermohaline properties. The LCE appeared as a large body of nearly homogeneous water between 50 and 250 m confined between the seasonal and main thermoclines. A temperature anomaly relative to surrounding Gulf's water of up to 9.7∘ C was observed within the eddy core. The salinity structure had a double core pattern. The subsurface fresh core had a negative anomaly of 0.27 practical salinity unit, while the deeper saline core's positive anomaly reached 1.22 practical salinity unit. Both temperature and salinity maxima were stronger than previously reported. The saline core, of Caribbean origin, was well conserved during its journey from the Yucatan Basin to the Loop Current and at least 7 months after eddy detachment. The fresher homogeneous core resulted from surface diabatic transformations including surface heat fluxes and mixing within the top 200 m during the winter preceding eddy detachment. Heat and salt excess carried by the LCE were large and require important negative heat fluxes and positive fresh water input to be balanced. The geostrophic velocity structure had the form of a subsurface intensified vortex ring.