bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applying deep learning and the ecological home range concept to document the spatial distribution of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar L.) in experimental tanks
Authors: Kumaran Santhosh K. , Solberg Lars E. , Izquierdo-Gomez David , Cañon-Jones Hernan A. , Mage Ingrid , Noble Chris 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Auditing fish welfare within the aquaculture research community relies on the thorough monitoring of outcome- (biotic) and input-based (e.g., abiotic) elements. The community utilises operational and laboratory-based welfare indicators (i.e., OWIs and LABWIs) as fit-for-purpose tools to help with that task. Incorporating behavioural auditing in this toolbox can sometimes be challenging because sourcing quantitative data is often labour intensive, and it can be a time-consuming process. Digitalization of this auditing via the use of computer vision and artificial intelligence can help automate the monitoring process, help gather continuous quantitative data and help process optimisation and the decision-making process. This study i) adapts the DeepLabCut framework, based on computer vision and machine learning, to obtain pose estimation of Atlantic salmon parr under replicated experimental conditions, ii) quantifies the fish spatial distribution through a toolbox of metrics inspired by the ecological concepts home range and core area, and iii) applies it to inspect behavioural variability in and around feeding. These results demonstrate that the aforementioned methodology can automate the auditing of i) fish detection, ii) spatial distribution of fish in tanks and iii) the variability of spatial distribution before, during and after feeding within and between tanks and days. This can provide stakeholders with valuable information on how the fish use their rearing environment and can be used to inspire further development of technologies for behavioural auditing of fish in research settings.
The control of magnetization reversal by tuning the interlayer exchange interaction in magnetic multilayers
Authors: Yu Seunghoon , Park Jinhyeok , Jo Yonghwan , Kim Woojong , Kim Hyeonsu , Kim Mingu , Jung Myung-Hwa , Rhie Kungwon , Lee Kyujoon 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

The interest of noncollinear spin structures in magnetic multilayers has recently gained a lot of interest in spintronics due to the observation of unique phenomena in these systems. In magnetic multilayers coupled by the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) interaction the study of noncollinear interactions has gained interest. In this paper, we study the magnetization reversal of two magnetic layers with different magnetic anisotropy directions coupled by the RKKY interaction. We have chosen Pt/Co/Ru/Co40Fe40B20 structures where the Pt/Co show perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and CoFeB show an in-plane magnetic anisotropy.
Simplified radar architecture based on information metasurface
Authors: Cui Tie Jun , Wang Si Ran , Chen Zhan Ye , Chen Shao Nan , Dai Jun Yan , Zhang Jun Wei , Qi Zhen Jie , Wu Lijie , Sun Meng Ke , Zhou Qunyan , Li Hui Dong , Luo Zhangjie , Cheng Qiang 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Modern radar typically employs a chain architecture that consists of radio-frequency (RF) and intermediate frequency (IF) units, baseband digital signal processor, and information display. However, this architecture often results in high costs, significant hardware demands, and integration challenges. Here we propose a simplified radar architecture based on space-time-coding (STC) information metasurfaces. With their powerful capabilities to generate multiple harmonic frequencies and customize their phases, the STC metasurfaces play a key role in chirp signal generation, transmission, and echo reception. Remarkably, the receiving STC metasurface can implement dechirp processing directly on the RF level and realize the digital information outputs, which are beneficial to lower the hardware requirement at the receiving end while potentially shortening the time needed for conventional digital processing. As a proof of concept, the proposed metasurface radar is tested in a series of experiments for target detection and range/speed measurement, yielding results comparable to those obtained by conventional methods. This study provides valuable inspiration for a new radar system paradigm to combine the RF front ends and signal processors on the information metasurface platform that offers essential functionalities while significantly reducing the system complexity and cost.
Academic self-efficacy and perceived stressors for surgical practice in nursing students: A descriptive and correlational design
Authors: Ozsaker Esma , Aykut Zuleyha , Doruker Nihal Celikturk , Koze Burcak Sahin , Gecit Sinem 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background: In high-stress surgical settings, it's crucial to recognize nursing students' academic self-confidence and the stressors they perceive. This understanding helps them effectively navigate their educational journey and cultivate a strong professional identity.
Methods: This study aimed to determine the relationship between nursing students' academic self-efficacy and perceived stressors for professional practice in surgical clinics. The study design is descriptive and correlational. A total of 284 undergraduate nursing students practicing in surgical clinics at a university in Izmir province were recruited during the 2022-2023 academic year. A Personal Information Form, the Academic Nurse Self-Efficacy Scale (ANSES), and the Nursing Students' Perceptions of Clinical Stressors Scale (NSPCSS-TR) were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Spearman correlation analysis were used to analyze the data.
Results: The mean age of the students included in the study was 21.02±1.52 years. The mean total score of the ANSES was 51.50±6.88 and the mean total score of the NSPCSS-TR was 82.98±15.58. There was no statistically significant relationship between the ANSES and NSPCSS-TR scores (r:-0.022, p:0.711). It was found that there was a statistically significant positive weak relationship between the ANSES sociability sub-dimension score and the NSPCSS-TR academic performance of the instructor sub-dimension score (r:0.190, p:0.001). It was found that there was a statistically significant negative weak relationship (r:-0.163, p:0.006) between ANSES external emotion management subscale score and NSPCSS-TR inappropriate situations in the clinical environment subscale score.
Conclusions: This study found that nursing students' perceptions of academic self-efficacy and clinical stressors were high. It is recommended that programs aimed at improving the academic self-efficacy of nursing students should be implemented, that clinical practice should be emphasized as an important part of nursing education and that comprehensive studies should be conducted to reduce perceived stress in surgical clinics.
Transcriptomic and Physiological Insights into Auxin-Mediated Root Growth and Potassium Uptake in Tobacco Under Low- Potassium Stress
Authors: Guan Kunhao , Li Yingying , Zhang Yuyin , Yang Jie , Ge Zixuan , Dai Xiaoyan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background
Improving plant potassium uptake efficiency is of great significance for agricultural production. Auxin, as a key plant hormone, promotes root growth activity and enhances the plant's ability to absorb and accumulate mineral nutrients. To investigate the role of auxin in root growth and potassium uptake mechanisms under low-potassium stress, this study utilized tobacco as a model plant and conducted hydroponic experiments.
Results
Low-potassium stress significantly impaired root development and potassium uptake in tobacco plants. Under these conditions, exogenous IAA enhanced root development and increased potassium uptake, while NPA inhibited root growth and adversely affected potassium absorption and retention. Transcriptome sequencing under low-potassium conditions identified 8,381 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two treatment groups, which were primarily enriched in pathways related to photosynthesis-antenna proteins, photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and the MAPK signaling pathway. Analysis of DEGs associated with auxin signaling, potassium ion channels, transporters, and transcription factors revealed several key genes involved in the response to low-potassium stress, including KUP6, IAA14, ARF16, PIN1, SKOR, NPF7.3, and AP2/ERF. Notably, KUP6 was upregulated following IAA treatment and downregulated with NPA, indicating that this potassium ion transporter gene plays a crucial role in the auxin-mediated alleviation of low-potassium stress in tobacco, likely linked to endogenous auxin levels
Conclusions
Our research reveals that potassium deficiency impairs root development and uptake in tobacco, and auxin plays a critical role in mitigating this stress. This study highlights auxin’s regulatory function in enhancing root growth and potassium absorption under low-potassium conditions, offering insights into the molecular mechanisms of potassium stress response
Arterial pulsations and transmantle pressure synergetically drive glymphatic flow
Authors: Nozaleda Guillermo L. , Coenen Wilfried , Haughton Victor , Sánchez Antonio L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Clearance of waste material from the brain by the glymphatic system results from net flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through perivascular spaces surrounding veins and arteries. In periarterial spaces, this bulk flow is directed from the cranial subarachnoid space towards the brain’s interior. The precise pumping mechanism explaining this net inflow remains unclear. While in vivo experiments have shown that the pulsatile motion in periarterial spaces is synchronized with arterial pulsations, peristalsis alone has been deemed insufficient to explain bulk flow. In this study we examine an alternative mechanism based on the interaction between arterial pulsations and fluctuations in transmantle pressure. Previously studied using pressure data from a hydrocephalus patient, this mechanism is analyzed here in healthy subjects using in vivo flow measurements obtained via phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Arterial pulsations are derived from flow-rate measurements of arterial blood entering the cranial cavity, while transmantle-pressure fluctuations are computed using measurements of CSF flow in the cerebral aqueduct. The two synchronized waveforms are integrated into a canonical multi-branch model of the periarterial spaces, yielding a closed-form expression for the bulk flow. The results confirm that the dynamic interactions between arterial pulsations and transmantle pressure are sufficient to generate a positive inflow along periarterial spaces.
PnNAC03 from Panax notoginseng Functions in Positively Regulating Saponins and Lignin Biosynthesis During Cell Wall Formation
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqin , Huang Yuying , Shi Yue , Wang Xin , Chen Wenqin , Amu Laha , Wang Baowei , Pen Zhenyu , Wang Xiaohui , Wei Shengli 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

NAC transcription factor family protein play an important role in modulation of secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Saponins are the major bioactive compounds for Panax notoginseng which is a world-famous medicinal plant, and possess multiple pharmacological activities. Secondary cell wall play crucial roles in P.notoginseng growth and stress resistance. However, the investigations on NAC transcription factors in regulation of saponin biosynthesis and secondary cell wall formation remain elusive. In this study, we cloned and characterized a NAC transcription factor, PnNAC03, which is nuclear-localized protein and exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Inhibition of PnNAC03 with RNAi method in P. notoginseng calli resulted in a significant reduction in the content of saponin and the expression of the saponin biosynthetic genes, including PnSS, PnSE, and PnDS. Additionally, PnNAC03 was demonstrated to bind to the promoters of these genes and thereby enhancing their expression. Furthermore, overexpression of PnNAC03 in Arabidopsis thaliana led to the increase of secondary cell wall thickness and lignin content, and upregulation of the expression of AtPAL and AtC4H. RNAi-mediated silencing of PnNAC03 in P. notoginseng further confirmed its role in lignin biosynthesis, as lignin content and the expression levels of PnPAL and PnC4H were significantly lowered. Furthermore, PnNAC03 could directly bind to the promoters of PAL and C4H in both A. thaliana and P. notoginseng. Collectively, our results highlight the dual regulatory role of PnNAC03 in promoting both saponin biosynthesis and lignin accumulation, providing valuable insights for the molecular breeding of P. notoginseng.
Concentration-dependent effects of melatonin: physiological and metabolic processes in Pfaffia glomerata plants grown in vitro
Authors: Silva José V. S. , Silva Tatiane D. , Felipe Sérgio H. S. , Batista Diego S. , Henschel Juliane M. , Fortini Evandro A. , Farias Letícia M. , Leite João P. V. , Almeida Michelle M. V. , Machado Kleiton L. G. , Otoni Wagner C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Melatonin is a multifunctional molecule active in various metabolic processes, influencing the accumulation of bioactive metabolites in medicinal plants such as Pfaffia glomerata. This species has pharmacological and medicinal properties, mainly due to the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E) production. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of exogenous melatonin on the growth and development, physiology, and content of 20-E in P. glomerata plants. To achieve this, P. glomerata was grown in vitro for 35 days in a culture medium supplemented with 0, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 μM melatonin. Morphophysiological parameters, antioxidant defenses, and 20-E production were subsequently assessed. Melatonin reduced pigment content, with higher concentrations (≥ 500 µM) impairing plant growth and biomass accumulation. However, melatonin also triggered antioxidant response mechanisms, leading to increased antioxidant enzymes activity and flavonoid contents, while simultaneously reducing lipid peroxidation in leaves and H2O2 accumulation in roots. Moreover, melatonin increased the levels of amino acids, proline and proteins in the roots, while also promoting the production of 20-E (at 10 µM) and increasing the contents of zeatin, ACC, and methyl jasmonate, which are important stress-related hormones. Our findings provide further insight into the role of melatonin as a regulatory molecule in plants, with its effects being concentration-dependent.
Soil heterotrophic respiration repressed by drought stress more than soil autotrophic respiration in Stipa breviflora desert steppe, China
Authors: Han Chunxue , Sun Zhiqiang , Li Haigang 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Quantification of soil carbon emissions in desert steppes is a key issue in determining the carbon budget in arid regions. However, the changes in and driving mechanisms of soil respiration (Rs) and its components in response to drought in ecosystems under long-term water stress remain unclear. In this study, rain reduction by 30% and 50% experiments were conducted to simulate drought during the growing season in 2023 in the Stipa breviflora desert steppe. Total Rs and soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) were measured, and simultaneously, the surface soil temperature and moisture were measured at 0–10 cm. Surface soil microorganisms, microbial biomass carbon, and enzymatic activity were also tested. The results showed that drought significantly decreased soil microbial biomass carbon and enzymatic activity and inhibited Rs by 21.2% and 34.1%, with Rh contributing 16.2% and 27.5%, and autotrophic respiration (Ra) contributing 5.0% and 6.6%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of drought on soil Ra only appeared at the beginning of the growing season and then disappeared with plant growth because of the drought-resistant ability of plants in the desert steppe. Rh is the primary soil carbon release process occurring in the desert steppe, approximately four times that of Ra. Soil temperature and moisture jointly regulated Rh under extreme drought conditions (rainfall reduction of 50%); however, their influence on Ra became insignificant. This study indicates that drought slowed the decomposition of soil organic carbon and had a weak effect on plant root respiration in the S. breviflora desert steppe.
Mitigating the additive bias with the ad-IAT: a pilot study
Authors: Neroni Maria Adriana 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

The term "additive bias" refers to the tendency of individuals to solve problems by adding elements, even when removing elements would be a more effective approach. Both anecdotal evidence and research have shown that this bias can significantly influence decision-making and problem-solving, often leading to sub-optimal solutions. In this Brief Communication, I present the results of a pilot study assessing the effectiveness of the newly developed Additive Bias Implicit Association Test (ad-IAT) as an educational tool for increasing individuals' awareness of their own biases. The findings suggest that the ad-IAT provides educational benefits comparable to those gained from direct experience with biases, which typically requires more time and conscious awareness to develop.
The Influence of Section Diameter on the Ultrasonic Fatigue Response of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured via Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Trombley Megan , Birnbaum Andrew , Allison John 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

In this investigation, the influence of section diameter on high cycle fatigue (HCF) behavior of additively manufactured 316L stainless steel was characterized. Three gauge-section diameters (5.0 mm, 2.5 mm, and 1.5 mm) were examined for their influence on the ultrasonic fatigue response of samples built via laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF). HCF was conducted under full reversed loading (\(\:R=-1\)) conditions. A total of 130 specimens were characterized in the as-built state at maximum stresses ranging from 70 to 220 MPa. A Random Fatigue Limit (RFL) model using a Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) was used to quantify statistical variability and estimate an S-N curve fit. The fatigue response shows that the largest gauge diameter (5.0 mm) resulted in the lowest fatigue strength at 89.5 ± 5.6 MPa, and the smallest diameter (1.5 mm) resulted in the highest fatigue strength at 122.0 ± 32.8 MPa. The 2.5 mm diameter specimens exhibited a fatigue strength of 98.7 ± 7.0 MPa. The primary failure mechanism in all as-built specimens was surface initiated cracking from crevices in the as-built surface finish. Additional specimens with a nominal diameter of 5.0 mm were fatigue tested with the as-built surface removed via low stress surface grinding. The fatigue strength of these samples increased to 170 MPa when 75 µm of the surface was removed and 179 MPa when the surface contour was entirely removed. Residual stresses were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and show a reduced axial residual stress with reduction in gauge diameter. Additional specimens were fatigue tested after undergoing a stress relief anneal, resulting in a 51% reduction in the residual stress and a 30% improvement in fatigue strength. An in-depth analysis of the microstructure, surface roughness, defects, and fracture surface indicate that both the surface condition and residual stress are the primary factors influencing the observed diameter effects on HCF.
Construction and Analysis of China's Carbon Emission Model Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Wang Xinzi , Sun Jian , Liang Mengkun , Ren Xiaoru , Liu Xuezhi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

In response to the formidable challenge of China's substantial carbon emissions, this study introduces a comprehensive research paradigm that integrates "modeling + SHAP analysis + scenario forecasting" from the perspective of machine learning. Utilizing carbon emission data spanning from 1997 to 2021, we have constructed a machine learning model and conducted an in-depth analysis of the key factors influencing carbon emissions. Based on current national policies, predictions for carbon emissions have been made. Firstly, factors affecting carbon emissions were selected in accordance with the principle of data availability. Secondly, by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficients, nine explanatory variables including the share of coal in total energy consumption and urbanization rate, had correlation coefficients of 0.6 or higher and significantly correlated with China's carbon emissions. Subsequently, the contribution of each explanatory variable in the optimal model was quantified using the SHAP method, revealing that energy intensity and urbanization rate are the key factors affecting China's carbon emissions, exerting negative and positive impacts, respectively. Finally, through policy scenario simulation, the trend of China's carbon emissions from 2022 to 2030 was predicted. The study indicates that China's carbon emissions plateau from 2022 to 2028 and peak in 2028, with an estimated carbon emission volume of approximately 9,720 million tons in 2030.
Surviving Martian Brines: Proteomic Analysis of Escherichia coli’s Adaptation to Perchlorate Stress
Authors: Kloss Lea , Doellinger Joerg , Gries Anne , Soler Elisa , Lasch Peter , Heinz Jacob 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Brines, potentially formed by the deliquescence and freezing point depression of highly hygroscopic salts, such as perchlorates (ClO4-), may allow for the spatial and temporal stability of liquid water on present-day Mars. It is therefore of great interest to explore the microbial habitability of Martian brines, for which our current understanding is, however, still limited. Putative microbes growing in the perchlorate-rich Martian regolith may be harmed due to the induction of various stressors including osmotic, chaotropic, and oxidative stress. We adapted the model organism Escherichia coli to increasing sodium perchlorate concentrations and used a proteomic approach to characterize the adaptive phenotype. Separately, the microbe was adapted to elevated concentrations of sodium chloride and glycerol, which enabled us to distinguish perchlorate-specific adaptation mechanisms from those in response to osmotic, ion and water activity stress. We found that the perchlorate-specific stress-response focused on pathways alleviating damage to nucleic acids, presumably caused by increased chaotropic and/ or oxidative stress. The significant enrichments that have been found include DNA repair, RNA methylation and de novo inosine monophosphate (IMP) biosynthesis. Our study provides insights into the adaptive mechanisms necessary for microorganisms to survive under perchlorate stress, with implications for understanding the habitability of Martian brines.