bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on callus growth and production flavonoid content on culture callus Acalypha indica L.
Authors: RAHAYU BEKTI , SOLICHATUN SOLICHATUN , ANGGARWULAN ENDANG 
Published: July 2018

The Objectives of the research were to study the effect of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on callus initiation and growth, as well as on flavonoid content on Acalypha indica callus. The outline of the research was that Acalypha indica as a medicinal plant potentially to be developed by in vitro culture method. The addition of 2,4-D in culture medium could induce cell proliferation, meanwhile, it also affects callus growth and production. Completely randomized design with three replicates was used in this study. Data collected were analyzed using ANOVA and followed by DMRT with 5% confidence level. The research consists of two experiments. Firstly, to study the effect of medium Murashige and Skoogâ€™s composition on callus production. The media used in this experiment were medium MS and medium MS with 2,4-D 0,5 mg/L and kinetin 0,5 mg/L. Secondly, to study the effect of 2,4-D on callus growth with 4 concentrations (0 mg/L, 1 mg/L, 2 mg/L and 3 mg/L). The research variables were initiation time, weight change, texture and color of callus. Chlorophyll content was analyzed spectrophotometrically, but flavonoid content was analyzed using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The research on callus production stage indicated that 0,5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0,5 mg/L kinetin were better than 0 mg/L 2,4-D and 0 mg/L kinetin, and resulted in highest weight change at eight weeks (920 mg). Additional amount of 3 mg/L of 2,4-D resulted in the best growth of callus indicated by highest addition of weight (10160 mg) at eight weeks. The chlorophyll analysis showed that 0 mg/L 2,4-D produced highest chlorophyll content of 3,74 Âµmol. The callus chlorophyll content would lower with rising 2,4-D concentration. The flavonoid analysis using TLC was negative on callus.
The effect of vitamin C toward the improvement of spermatogenesis and spermatozoa quality on mice (Mus musculus L.) after the addition of tobacco extract (Nicotiana tabacum L.)
Authors: NUGRAHENI TITISARI , ASTIRIN OKID PARAMA , WIDIYANI TETRI 
Published: July 2018

The aim of this research was to describe the ability of vitamin C in improving the spermatogenesis and spermatozoa quality of mice after the treatment of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) extract. The framework of the research was that it was already known that vitamin C was one of the anti-oxidant, which was able to counter free radical of the nicotine obtained in tobacco extract in improving the spermatogenesis. The research would be conducted by grouping the mice into 6 groups, and each group consists of 4 repetitions in 35 days. The first group was as control, the second group was treated with C vitamin in the dosage of 0.024 mg/g of body weight, the third group was treated with tobacco extract in the dosage of 0,121 mg/g of body weight, the fourth group was treated with tobacco extract in the dosage of 0,121 mg/g of body weight and C vitamin of 0,012 mg/g of body weight, the fifth group was treated with tobacco extract in the dosage of 0,121 mg/g of body weight and C vitamin of 0,024 mg/g of body weight, and the sixth group was treated with tobacco extract in the dosage of 0,121 mg/g of body weight and C vitamin of 0,036 mg/g of body weight. Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that tobacco extract treatment could decrease spermatogenesis quality and spermatozoa quality of mice (Mus musculus L.). C Vitamin could improve spermatogenesis and spermatozoa quality of mice after tobacco extract treatment. The optimal dosage of C vitamin treatment to improve the spermatogenesis and the quality of spermatozoa after the addition of tobacco extract treatment was 0,024 mg/g of weight.
Selection and identification of cellulolitic and lignocellulolitic fungi from organic waste of cajuput oil (Melaleuca leucadendron L.) from KPH Gundih, Regency of Grobogan
Authors: ZUMROTININGRUM BASTIYAH DEWI , SUSILOWATI ARI , WIRYANTO WIRYANTO 
Published: July 2018

The aims of this research were isolating and selecting fungi that degrading cellulose and lignocellulose of organic waste from cajuput oil distillation. The research outline is organic waste from cajuput oil distillation contain cellulose and lignocellulose that cause naturally composting process take long time. The difficulty of organic waste decomposition depends on the matters in the tissue. To speed up decomposition process it need microorganism. Fungi have more ability to degrade cellulose and lignocellulose than bacteria. Because of that it was necessary to isolate and select fungi that able to degrade cellulose and lignocellulose of organic waste from cajuput oil distillation. This research was done by isolating and identifying fungi from organic waste from cajuput oil distillation and soil where organic waste from cajuput oil distillation was throw away. The selection cellulolytic fungi by inoculate fungi on CMC agar medium and to select lignocellulolytic fungi by inoculate soil dilution 10-4 to agar medium, which was added with organic waste from cajuput oil distillation. The result showed that total of 6 fungi were isolated from organic waste from cajuput oil distillation and soil where organic waste from cajuput oil distillation was throw away. Aspergillus parasiticus, A. nidulans, and Trichoderma harzianum have ability to degrade cellulose. Fungi that have ability to degrade lignocellulose of organic waste from cajuput oil distillation is A. parasiticus. A. parasiticus more potential degrade cellulose and lignocellulose organic waste from cajuput oil distillation than other fungi that found.
Synthesis of perfume compound etil p-anisat from anethole
Authors: KUSUMANINGSIH TRIANA , HANDAYANI DESI SUCI , MAKRUF ANDI 
Published: July 2018

Synthesis of ethyl p-anisate from anethole has been done. Ethyl p-anisate is ester compound which can use as perfume component. p-anisic acid was synthesized from anethole (1 mole) which oxidised by KMnO4 (3 moles) at 40oC for 2 hours. Esterification with ethanol carried out at 78,5oC for 6 hours. Identification and determination structure compound of product synthesis used spectroscopic methods (GC, GC-MS and IR). Anethole has been isolated from anise oil as 90,3%. p-Anisic acid and ethyl p-anisate as synthesized products got 45% and 79,9% respectively.
Volatile oils analysis of fern (Pteridophyte) around Pangajaran waterfalls, Wonosalam, Jombang
Authors: MARINI YUYUN , SUTARNO SUTARNO , SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI 
Published: July 2018

The aims of the research were: to know species diversity of fern (Pteridophyte) from Pangajaran, Wonosalam, Jombang, to know fern species containing volatile oil, to know concentration and percentage similarity of substances and characteristics of the substances containing in the oil, and to know the structure of cell producing volatile oil in trees and leaf of the fern. Fern diversity was studied by field survey, volatile oil concentration measured by hydro-distillation followed with gas chromatography to further know the components in the oil, while structure of the cell producing volatile oil was detected cross section of the trees and leaf for microscopic analysis. Based on the data and analysis result can be concluded that there were 13 fern species in Pangajaran. Two of the 13 species were confirmed as producing volatile oil, Pteris beaurita Linn. and Cyathea contaminans, that were produced volatile on their leaf only. Concentration of volatile oil of leaf P. beaurita was 0,005%, while in C. contaminans 0,01%. Percentage similarity of the volatile oil between two species based on its Retention Time (RT) was 2,5%, at the RT point of 21.247 in P. beaurita and at RT point of 21.294 in C. contaminans. Percentage similarity of both species based on morphological characters was 36.36%. Location of volatile oil producing cells in both species of fern was spreadly dispersed in schlerenchyma tissue and in mesophyll tissue of the leaf.
Isolation and identification of flavonoid compounds from Curcumaâ€™s rhizome (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.)
Authors: NUGRAHANINGTYAS KHOIRINA DWI , MATSJEH SABIRIN , WAHYUNI TUTIK DWI 
Published: July 2018

This research was aimed to isolate and identify the flavonoid compounds from curcumaâ€™ rhizome (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb: Zingiberaceae). The extraction was carried out by Soxhlet method using petroleum eter, chloroform, nbutanol and methanol as the solvent agent. Those extract then qualitatively tested to identify the presence of flavonoid. Flavonoid then isolated from the extract of petroleum eter by column chromatography. The fraction resulted from chromatographic was analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. Flavonoid identification was tested by color test, spectrophotometer UV-Vis, IR and GC-MS. The color test result showed that extract of petroleum eter, chloroform and n-butanol contain flavonoid. The analyzed single fraction from column chromatography showed that f2 contains isoflavone with 2 methoxy and 1 ethyl substitutes, f4 contains isoflavone with 2 methoxy substitutes, then f9 contains isoflavone with 1 hydroxy and 2 methoxy substitutes.
The effect of naftalene acetic acid (NAA) on growth and essential oil contents of jasmine callus (Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.)
Authors: WIDYAWATI GENINGSIH , SOLICHATUN SOLICHATUN , MARLIYANA SOERYA DEWI 
Published: July 2018

The objectives of the research was to determine the effect of naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in variation concentration on the growth and the essential oil contents in Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. callus. The research used a completely randomized design with one treatment due to NAA concentration, with five replications. The treatment was the application of NAA (0 mg/L; 0.5 mg/L; 1.0 mg/L; 1.5 mg/L; and 2.0 mg/L) on the MS media. The growth of J. sambac callus was examined after 5 weeks incubation. Essential oil contents of J. sambac callus were tested by Gas Chromatography (GC). The results of the research indicated that NAA did not give a significant influence on the growth and the essential oil contents of J. sambac callus.
Effect of garlic extract (Allium sativum) on hepatic microanatomy structure and serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase levels in rats after oral treatment of CCl4
Authors: TRISTININGRUM WIWIK YULIA , HARINI MARTI , WIDIYANI TETRI 
Published: July 2018

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is known to have various pharmacological activities, such as antidiabetic, antihypertensive, anti-cholesterol, anti-atherosclerosis, thrombocyte antiaggregation, initiate fibrinolysis, antiviral and antimicrobial, anticancer and antioxidant. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of garlic extract (Allium sativum L.) on the microanatomy structure of liver and the serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) levels in rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) after the oral treatment of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The study was conducted by using 25 Wistar strain rat aged 2-3 months with body weight 200-250 grams divided into five groups, each group consisted of 5 rats as replicates which kept under the same conditions and treated for 28 days. The results showed that the treatment of garlic extract had an effect on the improvement of microanatomy structure of damaged liver cells in rats after oral treatment of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The damage was in the form of fatty liver, pyknotic, karyorrhexis, karyolysis and central vein dilatation. The treatment of garlic extract also reduced the serum pyruvate-transaminase glutamate (SGPT) levels in rats after the oral treatment of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
The growth and reserpine content of callus culture of Rauvolfia verticillata on the variation of sucrose concentration in MS medium
Authors: IRMAWATI IRMAWATI , SOLICHATUN SOLICHATUN , ANGGARWULAN ENDANG 
Published: July 2018

Irmawati, Solichatun, Anggarwulan E. 2007. The growth and reserpine content of callus culture of Rauvolfia verticillata on the variation of sucrose concentration in MS medium. Biofarmasi 5: 38-46. The aim of this research was to study the effect of the variation of sucrose concentration on the growth and reserpine content on callus culture of Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baillon. The research was conducted with callus culture method consisted of two stages. The first stage was callus initiation to induce callus from leaf explant of R. verticillata, and the second stage was the reserpine production on treatment medium. This research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) by one factor, i.e. the variation of sucrose concentration. The sucrose concentration consisted of five levels, i.e. 0 g/L, 10 g/L, 20 g/L, 30 g/L and 40 g/L, each concentration in five replicates. The collected data consisted of qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data, callus morphology, was presented descriptively. The quantitative data, included fresh weight callus, dry weight callus and reserpine content, were analyzed by using ANOVA and followed by DMRT at 5% significance level. The result of research showed that the variation of sucrose concentration influenced fresh weight callus, dry weight callus and reserpine content. The increasing of sucrose concentration tended to raise callus growth, which could be seen from the fresh and dry weight callus. The highest fresh weight callus was found in medium with sucrose concentration of 20 g/L, while the highest dry weight callus was found in medium with sucrose concentration of 40 g/L. The increasing of sucrose concentration until 30 g/L raised reserpine content, but the sucrose concentration over 30 g/L decreased the reserpine content.
Comparative study of crude and refined edible oils of sunflower and peanut
Authors: MOHAMMED ESHTIAG IBRAHIM , ALI ELMUGDAD AHMED 
Published: July 2018

Mohammed EI, Ali EA. 2017. Comparative study of crude and refined edible oils of sunflower and peanut. Biofarmasi (Rumphius J Nat Prod Biochem) 15: 1-4. The objective of this study was to compare crude and refined edible oils of sunflower and peanut from their physical properties like color, moisture, density and refractive index, and chemical properties like peroxide value, zero fatty acid, acid value, saponifiable and non-saponifiable value. For example, after refining process, the moisture content of sunflower oil was reduced from 0.07% to 0.02% and from 0.13% to 0.02% on peanut oil, the peroxide value of sunflower oil was decreased from 13.94 meq/kg to 2.77 meq/kg and from 3.137 meq/kg to 0.2 meq/kg on peanut oil. Gas chromatographic applied on sunflower oil showed that stearic acid area percentage was decreased from 0. 1.8805 to 0.3510 after refining, and for peanut oil, it was decreased from 11.1643 to 1.0281 after refining. This study showed marked differences in the physicochemical properties of sunflower and those of peanut. These properties of each crude oil were significantly changed when it was subjected to the refining process. Fatty acid components of both crude and refined were determined by GC. The study showed striking differences in the crude and refined oils from sunflower and peanut types.
Parthia capta: La última Res Gesta del emperador
Authors: González Julián 
Published: July 2018

El año 114 d. C. Trajano emprende la última y más gloriosa de sus hazañas: la guerra contra el imperio parto, que concluiría con la derrota de sus adversarios, la conquista de su capital Ctesifonte y la creación de tres nuevas provincias: Armenia, Mesopotamia y Asiria, por lo cual el senado le honró con los títulos de Optimus Augustus y el cognomen devictae gentis, Parthicus. Su repentina muerte en Selinunte, ciudad de Cilicia, en agosto del 117 d. C. y la decisión de su sucesor, Adriano, de abandonar el territorio conquistado nos han privado de conocer el final de tan exitosa empresa. The year 114 AD Trajan undertakes the last and most glorious of his deeds: the war against the Parthian empire, which would conclude with the defeat of his adversaries, the conquest of his capital Ctesiphon and the creation of three new provinces: Armenia, Mesopotamia and Assyria. Then the Senate honored him with the titles of Optimus Augustus and the cognomen devictae gentis, Parthicus. His sudden death in August 117 AD in Selinunte, a city of Cilicia, and the decision by his successor Hadrian of forsaking the conquered territory have deprived us of knowing the end of such a successful campaign.
Muhammed Abduh’un Kur’an Anlayışı Muhammed Abduh’s Perception Of Quran
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Ahmet 
Published: July 2018

Muhammed Abduh, Kur’an
yorumunda özgün bir anlayışa sahiptir. Abduh’un yorumlarında onun pragmatik yönü
ön plana çıkmaktadır. O, Kur’an’ı bir hidayet kitabı olarak görmektedir. Hayata
yansıtılan bir Kur’an anlayışını benimsemektedir. Akli bir bakış açısıyla
ayetleri değerlendirmektedir. Kur’an’ın, herkesin anlayabileceği bir yapıda
olduğu kanaatindedir. Müslümanların onu anlamak için herhangi bir aracıya
ihtiyaçları yoktur. Bu açıdan Kur’an ona göre Müslümanların hayatlarının
merkezinde yer almalıdır. Öte yandan Kur’an ve sünnet birbirinin tamamlayıcısı
iki temel kaynaktır. Ama hadislerin güvenirliği konusunda bakış açısı genelde
olumsuz bir yapıdadır. Hadisleri kabul/red konusunda onun kendine özgü
kriterleri vardır. Bu nedenle sahih olan birçok hadisi reddedebilmektedir. Fikirleriyle
çığır açan bir kişiliğe sahiptir. Onun Kur’an’a bakış açısının ortaya konması
önem arz etmektedir. Yapılacak bir çalışma aynı zamanda önemli bir boşluğu da
dolduracaktır. Çünkü konuyla ilgili çok
fazla çalışma yoktur. Bu araştırmamız, Abduh’un Kur’an anlayışını ortaya koymak
amacına yönelik olacaktır. Bunu ortaya koyarken özellikle kendi eserlerinden
istifade edilecektir. Bunun yanında konuyla ilgili
diğer kaynaklardan da yararlanılacaktır.
Endoparasites in Limnonectes magnus (Anura, Dicroglossidae) from Samar Island, Philippines with description of a new species of Aplectana (Nematoda, Cosmocercidae)
Authors: Bursey Charles R. , Goldberg Stephen R. , Siler Cameron D. , Brown Rafe M. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Aplectana samarensis sp. nov. (Ascaridida, Cosmocercidae) from the intestines of Limnonectes magnus (Anura, Dicroglossidae) is described and illustrated. Aplectana samarensis sp. nov. represents the 53rd species assigned to the genus and the 6th species reported from the Oriental region. It is easily separated from the 5 species previously reported from the region by the presence of a gubernaculum and the distribution pattern of male caudal papillae: A. macintoshii has an irregular pattern, no precloacal papillae in rows; both A. akhrami and A. dubrajpuri lack a gubernaculum; A. duttaphryni has 3 pairs of precloacal papillae forming 2 rows; A. ranae has 7 pairs of precloacal papillae forming 2 rows; A. samarensis sp. nov. has 4 pairs of precloacal papillae in 2 rows. In addition to the new species, individuals of Falcaustra dubia and Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis as well as cestode plerocercoids were also found.
Morphological and molecular study of Neorhadinorhynchus nudus (Harada, 1938) (Acanthocephala: Cavisomidae) from Auxis thazard Lacepede (Perciformes: Scombridae) in the South China Sea
Authors: Li Liang , Chen Hui-Xia , Yang Yue 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
In the present study, Neorhadinorhynchus nudus (Harada, 1938) is reported from the frigate tuna Auxis thazard (Lacepéde) (Perciformes: Scombridae), in the South China Sea for the first time. The detailed morphology of N. nudus was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy based on the newly collected material. The results showed some morphometric variability between our specimens and previous studies, including the number of hooks per longitudinal row and the size of copulatory bursa and eggs. Our SEM observations also revealed all proboscis hooks emerged from elevated round rims on proboscis surface. In addition, N. nudus was firstly characterised using molecular methods by sequencing and analysing the ribosomal ITS and mitochondrial cox1 regions. There is no nucleotide divergence found in the ITS sequences, but a low level of nucleotide variability detected in the cox1 regions (the level of intraspecific nucleotide variability being 0.75% to 2.54%). The DNA sequence data obtained herein will indeed be a useful reference for rapid and accurate species identification of Neorhadinorhynchus.
Molecular phylogenetic position of Haplometroides intercaecalis (Digenea, Plagiorchiidae)
Authors: Müller Maria Isabel , Morais Drausio Honorio , Silva Reinaldo José da 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Three valid species of Haplometroides Odhner, 1910 parasitise snakes and amphisbaenians from South America. This study provides additional data on morphometric and molecular phylogenetic position inferred from the nuclear ribosomal gene 28S (partial). DNA sequences were isolated from Haplometroides intercaecalis Silva, Ferreira and Strüssmann, 2007 found in one specimen of Phalotris matogrossensis Lema, D’Agostini and Cappellari, 2005. Five digenean specimens were recovered from the esophagus of this snake, and four specimens were used for morphometrical studies and one specimen for molecular analysis. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods was conducted with sequences available for the order Plagiorchiida and its phylogenetic position places H. intercaecalis among the brachycoeliids Brachycoelium (Dujardin, 1845) Stiles and Hassall, 1898 and Parabrachycoelium Pérez-Ponce de León, Mendoza-Garfias, Razo-Mendivil and Parra-Olea, 2011, and the mesocoeliid Mesocoelium Odhner, 1910, not closely related to plagiorchids as expected. Due to morphological differences among these families, it may be necessary to create a new family to accommodate Haplometroides spp. However, more genera/taxa as well as other molecular markers should be added in future studies to confirm our results and resolve this matter. This is the first phylogenetic positioning of digeneans of the genus Haplometroides, contributing to the systematic analysis of the helminthological biodiversity of Neotropical snakes.
Anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in feral cats on the Island of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil
Authors: Lima Débora Costa Viegas de , Magalhães Fernando Jorge Rodrigues , Andrade Muller Ribeiro , Silva José Givanildo da , Morais Eduardo Guelfer Ferrer de , Filho Carlos Diógenes Ferreira de Lima , Porto Wagner José Nascimento , Mota Rinaldo Aparecido 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan responsible for abortions, stillbirths (mainly among cattle) and neuromuscular diseases in dogs. Its importance in wild species and its impact on the environmental preservation of different ecosystems have been little described. This study aimed to investigate the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies in feral cats on the island of Fernando de Noronha and contribute epidemiological data on this disease in these animals and its impact on the environmental preservation of the island. Serum samples from 257 feral cats on the island were analyzed through the Neospora agglutination test (NAT) to search for anti-Neospora caninum antibodies. Among the 257 serum samples analyzed, 8 (3.11%) were positive in the NAT. The antibody titers were 20 in seven animals (87.5%) and 40 in one animal (12.5%). These results demonstrate that feral cats are exposed to infection by N. caninum on the island of Fernando de Noronha, at a low frequency. Greater knowledge on this infection in this animal species in this insular environment is important for elucidating its impact on the conservation of species and the maintenance of this parasite on the island.