bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta‐analysis of chromosome‐scale crossover rate variation in eukaryotes and its significance to evolutionary genomics
Authors: Haenel Quiterie , Laurentino Telma G. , Roesti Marius , Berner Daniel 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the distribution of crossovers along chromosomes is crucial to evolutionary genomics because the crossover rate determines how strongly a genome region is influenced by natural selection on linked sites. Nevertheless, generalities in the chromosome‐scale distribution of crossovers have not been investigated formally. We fill this gap by synthesizing joint information on genetic and physical maps across 62 animal, plant and fungal species. Our quantitative analysis reveals a strong and taxonomically widespread reduction of the crossover rate in the centre of chromosomes relative to their peripheries. We demonstrate that this pattern is poorly explained by the position of the centromere, but find that the magnitude of the relative reduction in the crossover rate in chromosome centres increases with chromosome length. That is, long chromosomes often display a dramatically low crossover rate in their centre, whereas short chromosomes exhibit a relatively homogeneous crossover rate. This observation is compatible with a model in which crossover is initiated from the chromosome tips, an idea with preliminary support from mechanistic investigations of meiotic recombination. Consequently, we show that organisms achieve a higher genome‐wide crossover rate by evolving smaller chromosomes. Summarizing theory and providing empirical examples, we finally highlight that taxonomically widespread and systematic heterogeneity in crossover rate along chromosomes generates predictable broad‐scale trends in genetic diversity and population differentiation by modifying the impact of natural selection among regions within a genome. We conclude by emphasizing that chromosome‐scale heterogeneity in crossover rate should urgently be incorporated into analytical tools in evolutionary genomics, and in the interpretation of resulting patterns.
The hetZ gene indirectly regulates heterocyst development at the level of pattern formation in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120
Authors: Videau Patrick , Rivers Orion S. , Tom Sasa K. , Oshiro Reid T. , Ushijima Blake , Swenson Vaille A. , Philmus Benjamin , Gaylor Michael O. , Cozy Loralyn M. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryMulticellular development requires the careful orchestration of gene expression to correctly create and position specialized cells. In the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, nitrogen‐fixing heterocysts are differentiated from vegetative cells in a reproducibly periodic and physiologically relevant pattern. While many genetic factors required for heterocyst development have been identified, the role of HetZ has remained unclear. Here, we present evidence to clarify the requirement of hetZ for heterocyst production and support a model where HetZ functions in the patterning stage of differentiation. We show that a clean, nonpolar deletion of hetZ fails to express the developmental genes hetR, patS, hetP and hetZ correctly and fails to produce heterocysts. Complementation and overexpression of hetZ in a hetP mutant revealed that hetZ was incapable of bypassing hetP, suggesting that it acts upstream of hetP. Complementation and overexpression of hetZ in a hetR mutant, however, demonstrated bypass of hetR, suggesting that it acts downstream of hetR and is capable of bypassing the need for hetR for differentiation irrespective of nitrogen status. Finally, protein–protein interactions were observed between HetZ and HetR, Alr2902 and HetZ itself. Collectively, this work suggests a regulatory role for HetZ in the patterning phase of cellular differentiation in Anabaena.
Economic evaluations of system‐based obesity interventions – the case for a new approach
Authors: Sonntag D. , Sweeney R. , Litaker D. , Moodie M. 
Published: April 2018

SummarySystem‐based interventions are of increasing interest as they seek to modify environments (e.g. socio‐cultural system, transport system or policy system) that promote development of conditions such as obesity and its related risk factors. In our commentary, we draw attention to features of the system‐based approach that may explain the relative absence of economic evaluations of the cost‐effectiveness of these interventions, needed to guide decision‐making on which to deploy. We present and discuss potentially applicable methods and alternative approaches based on our experiences in two major system‐based interventions currently underway (in Melbourne, Australia and Gaggenau, Germany) that begin to fill this gap. We feel the issues and potential solutions outlined in this commentary are important for a broad range of stakeholders (e.g. clinicians, interventionalists, policy makers) to consider as they seek to address the issue of obesity.
Rule A
Authors: Turner P. Roger , Capes Justin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRule A: if it's metaphysically necessary that p, we may validly infer that no one is even partly morally responsible for the fact that p. Our principal aim in this article is to highlight the importance of this rule and to respond to two recent challenges to it. We argue that rule A is more important to contemporary theories of moral responsibility than has previously been recognized. We then consider two recent challenges to the rule and argue that neither challenge successfully undermines the rule's initial appeal.
Treatment of recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis post‐kidney transplantation in Australian and New Zealand children: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Francis Anna , Didsbury Madeleine , McCarthy Hugh , Kara Tonya 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDisease recurrence affects around a third of renal transplants for children with FSGS and is associated with poor graft outcomes. Unfortunately, there are no large trials guiding treatment for recurrent FSGS. We aimed to describe current therapies and treatment response for recurrent FSGS in 4 centres in Australia and New Zealand. Data were collected on children (age <18 years) with recurrent FSGS (1990‐2015). We reviewed patient charts to obtain clinical information. Ethics approval was obtained from the relevant boards. Complete records were available on 24 patients (62% female, 54% Caucasian). Median time to first recurrence was 4 days (IQR 2‐5 days). There were 14 separate treatment regimens, involving an average of 2 agents. The most common therapies were plasma exchange (20/24 patients, 83%), cyclosporin (15/24, 63%), and methylprednisolone (9/24, 38%). Full remission was achieved in 15 (63%), partial remission in 2 (8%), and no remission in 7 (29%) patients. Of the patients with no remission, 5 lost their graft to recurrent disease and 1 to concurrent acute vascular rejection. The plethora of different treatment regimens reflects the poor evidence guiding management for recurrent FSGS. More research is needed to improve outcomes.
A falls case summary: Application of the public health nursing intervention wheel
Authors: Leahy‐Warren Patricia , Day Mary Rose , Philpott Lloyd , Glavin Kari , Gjevjon Edith Roth , Steffenak Anne Kjersti Myhrene , Nordhagen Live S. , Egge Hilde , Healy Elizabeth , Mulcahy Helen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe Public Health Intervention Wheel (PHIW) is a population‐based practice model that encompasses three levels of practice (community, systems, and individual/family) and 17 public health interventions. Each intervention and practice level contributes to improving population health. Public health nurses (PHNs) provide care at the three levels of practice. Prevention of falls is a public health issue and the majority of falls happen at home. Therefore, prevention and management of falls in the community could benefit from a public health systems approach by PHNs underpinned by the PHIW.Case PresentationA hypothetical case is presented of a 78‐year‐old gentleman who had a fall which resulted in a fractured right acetabulum and surgery before being discharged home.MethodsThe aim of this paper was to use a case summary to illustrate PHN practice in the context of the PHIW as applied to falls management and prevention. This paper focuses on fall incidence and PHN response in Ireland and Norway. The PHIW is described and relevant interventions from the PHIW are applied to PHN practice in managing the case.ConclusionsThe PHIW model provides insight into the potential scope of public health nursing in falls, articulating PHN practice in the community.
Hemodialysis: A model for extreme physiology in a vulnerable patient population
Authors: Kooman Jeroen P. , Katzarski Krassimir , van der Sande Frank M. , Leunissen Karel M. , Kotanko Peter 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHemodialysis (HD) is a lifesaving treatment for patients with end‐stage renal disease, which is very efficient in the correction of abnormalities of the internal environment. However, this efficiency also induces significant hemodynamic, thermal, and respiratory stressors. These have parallels with the extreme physiologic demands which are normally mainly experienced by healthy subjects under adverse environmental conditions, with the difference that they must be endured by a vulnerable patient population. Hemodynamic stress induced by ultrafiltration leads to a decline in circulating blood volume, which may result in intradialytic hypotension (IDH) and changes in tissue perfusion, which may have long‐term consequences for the function of vital organs such as the brain and the heart. Pronounced declines in central venous oxygen saturation have been observed during routine HD, which are related to the circulatory stress imposed upon the patient. Apart from patient‐related factors, thermal stress induced by HD may lead to skin vasodilation, counteracting the normal hemodynamic response to hypovolemia, which has important pathophysiologic correlates in heat syncope. Lastly, respiratory stress is reflected by prolonged arterial hypoxemia during HD, which is both related to patient‐related factors, but may also be partly because of the treatment itself, especially during the first 30‐60 minutes. Whereas hypoxemia during HD is related to increased mortality, its role in the reduced tissue oxygen delivery during HD should be further defined. Treatment modifications, such as cool or temperature‐controlled HD, may reduce circulatory and thermal stress, which also may translate into a reduced risk of long‐term cardiac or cerebral damage. However, as circulatory stress is mainly time‐dependent, prolonged, or more dialysis treatment may reduce the homeostatic burden on the patient.
The Magic of the Personal Touch: Field Experimental Evidence on Money and Appreciation as Gifts*
Authors: Bradler Christiane , Neckermann Susanne 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we use two field experiments in professional settings to explore the effort levels of individuals in response to gifts. We extend the literature by looking at non‐financial gifts that signal worker appreciation and gifts that combine financial and non‐financial elements with or without a personal touch. We find that while money and appreciation are individually effective, these only work well together when they are combined with a personal touch. This suggests that responses to gifts are sensitive to the presentation of the gift as well as to interpersonal elements; these are factors that have so far been largely ignored in the literature but are easy to incorporate into existing principal–agent models.
Smoothed Isotonic Estimators of a Monotone Baseline Hazard in the Cox Model
Authors: Lopuhaä Hendrik P. , Musta Eni 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe consider the smoothed maximum likelihood estimator and the smoothed Grenander‐type estimator for a monotone baseline hazard rateλ0in the Cox model. We analyze their asymptotic behaviour and show that they are asymptotically normal at ratenm/(2m+1), when λ0ism≥2 times continuously differentiable, and that both estimators are asymptotically equivalent. Finally, we present numerical results on pointwise confidence intervals that illustrate the comparable behaviour of the two methods.
An Optimal Semiparametric Method for Two‐group Classification
Authors: Baek Seungchul , Komori Osamu , Ma Yanyuan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn the classical discriminant analysis, when two multivariate normal distributions with equal variance–covariance matrices are assumed for two groups, the classical linear discriminant function is optimal with respect to maximizing the standardized difference between the means of two groups. However, for a typical case‐control study, the distributional assumption for the case group often needs to be relaxed in practice. Komori et al. (Generalized t‐statistic for two‐group classification. Biometrics 2015, 71: 404–416) proposed the generalized t‐statistic to obtain a linear discriminant function, which allows for heterogeneity of case group. Their procedure has an optimality property in the class of consideration. We perform a further study of the problem and show that additional improvement is achievable. The approach we propose does not require a parametric distributional assumption on the case group. We further show that the new estimator is efficient, in that no further improvement is possible to construct the linear discriminant function more efficiently. We conduct simulation studies and real data examples to illustrate the finite sample performance and the gain that it produces in comparison with existing methods.
The analysis of left truncated bivariate data using frailty models
Authors: Wang Antai , Chandra Krishnendu , Jia Xieyang 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we study the properties of frailty models for bivariate data under fixed left truncation. It turns out that the distribution of completely observable pairs is also a member of the Archimedean copula family. We propose a new estimation strategy to analyze this type of data using the corresponding Kendall distribution. A general goodness‐of‐fit test procedure is then developed for selecting the best model. Our strategies are generalization of the methodologies proposed for left truncated data. We demonstrate our new approaches using simulations and an illustrative example and end our paper with some discussion.
“Embodying” dirty work: A review of the literature
Authors: Simpson Ruth , Simpson Alexander 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article reviews the growing literature on dirty work, i.e., work that is seen as disgusting or degrading and argues for a more “embodied” understanding of such work. It points to a tendency in the literature to focus on the nature of the task or role and on social and moral dimensions of the work at the expense of its material and embodied aspects. The latter are discussed through three, interrelated themes: “embodied suitability” whereby forms of dirty work are seen as suitable for some “working bodies” and not for others; “staining” which is presented as both a material and a symbolic process; and the role of work practices in both supporting and undermining ideological constructions around the work. The article concludes by arguing for a more comprehensive approach which includes both the material and the symbolic into accounts of such work.
Sexual assault
Authors: Long Lisa , Butler Bernadette 
Published: April 2018

Key content

Sexual assault is common, with one in five women aged 16–59 years having experienced sexual violence.

The choices for women regarding reporting sexual assault and referral to a sexual assault referral centre should be widely known in obstetrics and gynaecology.

Healthcare professionals should offer basic first aid, emergency contraception and screening/prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections including HIV.

This article outlines the role of the forensic medical examination and future long‐term needs of women who have experienced sexual assault.

The basic laws regarding sexual assault are discussed.

Learning objectives

To understand the prevalence of sexual assault and its impact on women's health.

To understand the basic appropriate management of those reporting sexual assault and the different options available to women.

To be able to document findings and take early evidence.

Ethical issues

Healthcare professionals are often frightened of the disclosure. They need to be supportive and non‐judgemental.

Careful documentation of history and findings are important in view of possible legal proceedings.

Sharing of information with other professionals may need to be considered without having the client's consent to protect vulnerable adults, adolescents and general public.
Latent therapeutic demand model for the immunoglobulin replacement therapy of primary immune deficiency disorders in the USA
Authors: Stonebraker J. S. , Hajjar J. , Orange J. S. 
Published: April 2018

Background and ObjectivesOur research aim is to model latent therapeutic demand (LTD) for the immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IgGRT) of primary immune deficiency disorders (PIDDs) in the USA. Given the high level of variability of IgGRT use and major differences among American and European practices in the management of patients with PIDDs, we develop a USA‐specific LTD model for common variable immune deficiency (CVID), hyper IGM syndrome, severe combined immune deficiency, Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome and X‐linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).Methods and MaterialsWe use decision analysis methods to model the underlying IgGRT demand for PIDDs by assessing USA‐specific epidemiology and treatment. Data for the epidemiology and treatment variables were obtained from the medical literature, USIDNET and Immune Deficiency Foundation. The uncertainty surrounding the variables was modelled using probability distributions and evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation.ResultsThe mean treatment dose from USIDNET and European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) was significantly different for treating CVID, and the number of annual infusions from USIDNET and ESID was significantly different for treating CVID and XLA. The mean and standard deviation of LTD for all PIDDs is 105·1 ± 88·5 g per 1000 population, with CVID contributing the most to LTD.ConclusionEstimating country‐specific LTD is important to ensure an adequate supply of IgGRT and an optimal treatment for patients with PIDDs and for improving national healthcare policymaking and production planning.
Prolonged prenatal hypoxia selectively disrupts collecting duct patterning and postnatal function in male mouse offspring
Authors: Walton Sarah L , Singh Reetu R , Little Melissa H , Bowles Josephine , Li Joan , Moritz Karen M 
Published: April 2018

Key points
In the present study, we investigated whether hypoxia during late pregnancy impairs kidney development in mouse offspring, and also whether this has long‐lasting consequences affecting kidney function in adulthood.
Hypoxia disrupted growth of the kidney, particularly the collecting duct network, in juvenile male offspring. By mid‐late adulthood, these mice developed early signs of kidney disease, notably a compromised response to water deprivation.
Female offspring showed no obvious signs of impaired kidney development and did not develop kidney disease, suggesting an underlying protection mechanism from the hypoxia insult.
These results help us better understand the long‐lasting impact of gestational hypoxia on kidney development and the increased risk of chronic kidney disease.
AbstractPrenatal hypoxia is a common perturbation to arise during pregnancy, and can lead to adverse health outcomes in later life. The long‐lasting impact of prenatal hypoxia on postnatal kidney development and maturation of the renal tubules, particularly the collecting duct system, is relatively unknown. In the present study, we used a model of moderate chronic maternal hypoxia throughout late gestation (12% O2 exposure from embryonic day 14.5 until birth). Histological analyses revealed marked changes in the tubular architecture of male hypoxia‐exposed neonates as early as postnatal day 7, with disrupted medullary development and altered expression of Ctnnb1 and Crabp2 (encoding a retinoic acid binding protein). Kidneys of the RARElacZ line offspring exposed to hypoxia showed reduced β‐galactosidase activity, indicating reduced retinoic acid‐directed transcriptional activation. Wild‐type male mice exposed to hypoxia had an early decline in urine concentrating capacity, evident at 4 months of age. At 12 months of age, hypoxia‐exposed male mice displayed a compromised response to a water deprivation challenge, which was was correlated with an altered cellular composition of the collecting duct and diminished expression of aquaporin 2. There were no differences in the tubular structures or urine concentrating capacity between the control and hypoxia‐exposed female offspring at any age. The findings of the present study suggest that prenatal hypoxia selectively disrupts collecting duct patterning through altered Wnt/β‐catenin and retinoic acid signalling and this results in impaired function in male mouse offspring in later life.
An Ecological Exploration of Facilitators to Participation in a Mosque-Based Physical Activity Program for South Asian Muslim Women
Authors: Abdulwasi Munira , Bhardwaj Meena , Nakamura Yuka , Zawi Maha , Price Jennifer , Harvey Paula , Banerjee Ananya Tina 
Published: April 2018

Background: This descriptive qualitative study informed by an ecological framework explored factors influencing South Asian Muslim women’s decisions to participate in a mosque-based physical activity intervention. Methods: Individual, face-to-face, semistructured interviews were conducted in English, Hindi, or Urdu with 12 South Asian Muslim women at their home or mosque in Ontario, Canada. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and managed, sorted, and analyzed for themes through a process of descriptive analysis. Results: The participants described as follows: (1) intrapersonal facilitators, which included their feelings, beliefs, and motivations to continue with this intervention; (2) interpersonal facilitators detailing the support that they had received from others during the intervention; and (3) environmental facilitators, which highlighted convenience and access to physical activity opportunities in a local community setting. Conclusion: This intervention displayed how South Asian Muslim women were motivated to continue with the mosque-based physical activity intervention due to interpersonal, intrapersonal, and environmental facilitators. The findings can be used to increase further understanding of how mosques may provide culturally and religiously sensitive contexts for physical activity interventions for South Asian Muslim women.