bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active learning for classifying long‐duration audio recordings of the environment
Authors: Kholghi Mahnoosh , Phillips Yvonne , Towsey Michael , Sitbon Laurianne , Roe Paul 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

This paper presents an active learning (AL) framework for the classification of 1‐min audio recordings derived from long‐duration recordings of the environment. The goal of the framework was to investigate the efficacy of AL on reducing the manual annotation effort required to label a large volume of acoustic data according to its dominant sound source, while ensuring the high quality of automatically labelled data.

We present a comprehensive empirical comparison through extensive simulation experiments of a range of AL approaches against a Random Sampling baseline for soundscape classification. Random Forest is used as a benchmark supervised approach to build classifiers in the AL framework. Also, 12 summary indices extracted for each 1 min of 13‐month recording are used as features for training the classifiers.

Our experimental findings demonstrate that (a) among existing query strategies, those based on classifier confidence and diversity of samples are more effective for very large datasets where the classes are imbalanced in size; (b) by considering a practical target performance (i.e. F‐measure equal or greater than 0.8, 0.85 and 0.9) for AL, only 5–16 hr of manual annotation effort is required to build a classifier that automatically annotates a large amount (13 months) of unlabelled audio data.

Active learning has a key role to play in alleviating the burden of manual annotation required to build classifiers which can support effective monitoring of species diversity in at‐risk ecosystems.
Review article: pathogenesis of Crohn's perianal fistula—understanding factors impacting on success and failure of treatment strategies
Authors: Tozer P. J. , Lung P. , Lobo A. J. , Sebastian S. , Brown S. R. , Hart A. L. , Fearnhead N. ,   of ENiGMA Collaboration
Published: June 2018

SummaryBackgroundEvidence from groups who have studied fistula aetiology and extrapolation from interventional studies supports a multifactorial hypothesis of Crohn's perianal fistula, with several pathophysiological elements that may contribute to fistula formation, persistence and resistance to treatment.AimAn evidence synthesis of current understanding of pathophysiological factors underlying Crohn's perianal fistula is presented, exploring the fundamental reasons why some treatments succeed and others fail, as a means of focussing clinical knowledge on improving treatment of Crohn's perianal fistula.MethodsEvidence to support this review was gathered via the Pubmed database. Studies discussing pathophysiological factors underpinning perianal fistula, particularly in Crohn's disease, were reviewed and cross‐referenced for additional reports.ResultsPathophysiological factors that impact on success or failure of interventions for Crohn's perianal fistulae include the high‐pressure zone, obliterating the dead space, disconnecting the track from the anus, removing epithelialisation, eradicating sepsis and by‐products of bacterial colonisation, correcting abnormalities in wound repair and removing the pro‐inflammatory environment which allows fistula persistence. Most current interventions for Crohn's perianal fistulae tend to focus on a single, or at best two, aspects of the pathophysiology of Crohn's anal fistulae; as a result, failure to heal fully is common.ConclusionsFor an intervention or combination of interventions to succeed, multiple factors must be addressed. We hypothesise that correct, timely and complete attention to all of these factors in a multimodal approach represents a new direction that may enable the creation of an effective treatment algorithm for Crohn's anal fistula.
Subcutaneous rather than intravenous ustekinumab induction is associated with comparable circulating drug levels and early clinical response: a pilot study
Authors: Rowan C. R. , Keegan D. , Byrne K. , Cullen G. , Mulcahy H. E. , Sheridan J. , Ryan E. J. , de Vries A. , D'Haens G. , Doherty G. A. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryBackgroundUstekinumab (USK) is licenced for intravenous induction and subcutaneous (S/C) maintenance in Crohn's disease.AimTo evaluate ustekinumab trough concentrations and clinical response with exclusive subcutaneous ustekinumab induction.MethodsPatients with Crohn's disease who initiated treatment with subcutaneous ustekinumab at a single academic centre were included in this pilot study. A dosage of 360 mg ustekinumab was given subcutaneously in divided doses; 180 mg at Week 0, 90 mg at Week 1 and 90 mg at Week 2, with corresponding ustekinumab trough concentrations assessed to Week 8. The primary outcome measures were trough serum ustekinumab levels and clinical remission at Week 8. Secondary outcome measures were trough serum ustekinumab levels at Week 1 & 2 and changes in C‐reactive protein, albumin and faecal calprotectin at Week 8.ResultsNineteen patients were included. Median Week 8 ustekinumab trough concentrations were 6.1 μg/mL (Inter‐quartile range 4‐9.8 μg/mL). There was a significant improvement in Harvey Bradshaw index from Week 0 (median HBI 5; interquartile range 2‐8) to Week 8 (median HBI 1; interquartile range 0‐3) (P = 0.002). C‐reactive protein levels did not change significantly but faecal calprotectin improved significantly; median faecal calprotectin at Week 0 was 533 μg/g; at Week 8, it was 278 μg/g (P = 0.038).ConclusionsUstekinumab trough concentrations are comparable whether ustekinumab induction treatment was administered subcutaneously or intravenously. A significant improvement in symptoms and faecal calprotectin was noted. These results support the use of subcutaneous induction as an alternative if there are barriers to intravenous induction.
Sarcopenia is associated with the risk of significant liver fibrosis in metabolically unhealthy subjects with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Han E. , Lee Y.‐h. , Kim B. K. , Park J. Y. , Kim D. Y. , Ahn S. H. , Lee B.‐W. , Kang E. S. , Cha B.‐S. , Han K.‐H. , Kim S. U. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryBackgroundSarcopenia is significantly associated with the degree of liver fibrosis. This study investigated the influence of sarcopenia on liver fibrosis in individuals with chronic hepatitis B.MethodsData from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008‐2011 were analysed. The sarcopenia index (total appendicular skeletal muscle mass [kg]/body mass index [kg/m2]) was calculated using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Sarcopenia was defined as the lowest quintile sarcopenia index value (cut‐offs: 0.89 for men and 0.58 for women). The fibrotic burden was assessed using the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score and fibrosis‐4 index. Significant fibrosis was defined as the highest nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score quartile and a fibrosis‐4 index ≥2.67.ResultsAmong the 506 respondents with chronic hepatitis B (258 men and 248 women), the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score and fibrosis‐4 index identified sarcopenia and significant fibrosis in 126 (24.9%) and 217 (42.9%), respectively. Sarcopenia was significantly associated with significant fibrosis, regardless of the fibrosis prediction model used (all P < 0.05). When the study population was stratified according to metabolic factors, sarcopenia was specifically associated with an increased risk of significant fibrosis among subgroups with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis (odds ratio 2.37‐3.57; all P < 0.05). An independent association between sarcopenia and significant fibrosis was identified after adjusting for other confounders (odds ratio 2.67‐3.62 by the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score and 2.04‐2.62 by the fibrosis‐4 index; all P < 0.05).ConclusionsSarcopenia is associated with significant fibrosis in subjects with chronic hepatitis B, specifically those with obesity, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and liver steatosis.
An expert consensus to standardise definitions, diagnosis and treatment targets for anti‐fibrotic stricture therapies in Crohn's disease
Authors: Rieder F. , Bettenworth D. , Ma C. , Parker C. E. , Williamson L. A. , Nelson S. A. , van Assche G. , Di Sabatino A. , Bouhnik Y. , Stidham R. W. , Dignass A. , Rogler G. , Taylor S. A. , Stoker J. , Rimola J. , Baker M. E. , Fletcher J. G. , Panes J. , Sandborn W. J. , Feagan B. G. , Jairath V. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryBackgroundFibrotic stricture is a common complication of Crohn's disease (CD) affecting approximately half of all patients. No specific anti‐fibrotic therapies are available; however, several therapies are currently under evaluation. Drug development for the indication of stricturing CD is hampered by a lack of standardised definitions, diagnostic modalities, clinical trial eligibility criteria, endpoints and treatment targets in stricturing CD.AimTo standardise definitions, diagnosis and treatment targets for anti‐fibrotic stricture therapies in Chron's disease.MethodsAn interdisciplinary expert panel consisting of 15 gastroenterologists and radiologists was assembled. Using modified RAND/University of California Los Angeles appropriateness methodology, 109 candidate items derived from systematic review and expert opinion focusing on small intestinal strictures were anonymously rated as inappropriate, uncertain or appropriate. Survey results were discussed as a group before a second and third round of voting.ResultsFibrotic strictures are defined by the combination of luminal narrowing, wall thickening and pre‐stenotic dilation. Definitions of anastomotic (at site of prior intestinal resection with anastomosis) and naïve small bowel strictures were similar; however, there was uncertainty regarding wall thickness in anastomotic strictures. Magnetic resonance imaging is considered the optimal technique to define fibrotic strictures and assess response to therapy. Symptomatic strictures are defined by abdominal distension, cramping, dietary restrictions, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and post‐prandial abdominal pain. Need for intervention (endoscopic balloon dilation or surgery) within 24‐48 weeks is considered the appropriate endpoint in pharmacological trials.ConclusionsConsensus criteria for diagnosis and response to therapy in stricturing Crohn's disease should inform both clinical practice and trial design.
Informed consent and nudging
Authors: Simkulet William 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn order to avoid patient abuse, under normal situations before performing a medical intervention on a patient, a physician must obtain informed consent from that patient, where to give genuine informed consent a patient must be competent, understand her condition, her options and their expected risks and benefits, and must expressly consent to one of those options. However, many patients refrain from the option that their physician believes to be best, and many physicians worry that their patients make irrational healthcare decisions, hindering their ability to provide efficient healthcare for their patients. Some philosophers have proposed a solution to this problem: they advocate that physicians nudge their patients to steer them towards their physician's preferred option. A nudge is any influence designed to predictably alter a person's behavior without limiting their options or giving them reasons to act. Proponents of nudging contend that nudges are consistent with obtaining informed consent. Here I argue that nudging is incompatible with genuine informed consent, as it violates a physician's obligation to tell their patients the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth during adequate disclosure.
Dyserythropoiesis in the diagnosis of the myelodysplastic syndromes and other myeloid neoplasms: problem areas
Authors: Goasguen Jean E. , Bennett John M. , Bain Barbara J. , Brunning Richard , Vallespi Maria‐Teresa , Tomonaga Masao , Zini Gina , Renault Alain ,   (The International Working Group on Morphology of MDS)
Published: June 2018

SummaryAn evaluation of the significance of specified dyserythropoietic features in suspected myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukaemia with erythroid dysplasia was made by means of evaluation of 100 electronic images of bone marrow erythroblasts from each of 20 subjects: 11 with a myeloid neoplasm, six with another condition that could cause erythroid dysplasia and three healthy controls. The evaluation was carried out independently by seven experienced haematologists/haematopathologists who were blinded to the diagnosis. The majority of the dyserythropoietic features listed in the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues were validated, although karyorrhexis was found to be infrequent and lacking in specificity; multinuclearity and megaloblastosis were more often observed but also lacked specificity. Good majority agreement on the identification of dysplastic features was obtained. Despite this, it was demonstrated that a reliable diagnosis of MDS can often not be made on the basis of erythroid morphology alone. Interpretation of dyserythropoiesis must be carried out with full knowledge of other clinicopathological features and with a constant awareness of the other conditions that can be confused with MDS. An iron stain is essential, as cases with ring sideroblasts may otherwise not be recognised as having MDS.
ENDOGENOUS CYCLES IN A SIMPLE MODEL WITH LAGGED EXTERNALITIES ON PRODUCTIVITY
Authors: Nishida Keigo 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a simple model of endogenous cycles. In the model, working experience creates learning‐by‐doing externalities that improve labor productivity but it takes long time before the externalities come into effect. In addition, individuals have preferences with a subsistence consumption level. In the presence of the subsistence consumption requirement, a productivity increase generates the income effect that surpasses the substitution effect, and individuals choose to increase leisure time at the expense of supplying labor. The interactions between productivity changes through the lagged externalities and labor supply generate cycles endogenously. The model analysis shows that the dynamics exhibit cyclical fluctuations around a unique steady state.
Children's Vulnerability to Interparental Conflict: The Protective Role of Sibling Relationship Quality
Authors: Davies Patrick T. , Parry Lucia Q. , Bascoe Sonnette M. , Martin Meredith J. , Cummings E. Mark 
Published: June 2018

This study tested whether the strength of the mediational pathway involving interparental conflict, adolescent emotional insecurity, and their psychological problems depended on the quality of their sibling relationships. Using a multimethod approach, 236 adolescents (Mage = 12.6 years) and their parents participated in three annual measurement occasions. Tests of moderated mediation revealed that indirect paths among interparental conflict, insecurity, and psychological problems were significant for teens with low, but not high, quality bonds with siblings. High‐quality (i.e., strong) sibling relationships conferred protection by neutralizing interparental conflict as a precursor of increases in adolescent insecurity. Results did not vary as a function of the valence of sibling relationship properties, adolescent sex, or gender and age compositions of the dyad.
Does Parent–Child Discussion of Peer Provocations Reduce Young Children's Hostile Attributional Bias?
Authors: van Dijk Anouk , Poorthuis Astrid M.G. , Thomaes Sander , de Castro Bram O. 
Published: June 2018

Two studies investigated whether parent–child discussion of peer provocations reduces young children's hostile attributional bias. Study 1 (N = 109, age 4–7)—an observational study—showed that parent–child discussion of nonhostile attributions (when reading a picture book) predicted reductions in children's hostile attributional bias from pre‐ to postdiscussion. Study 2 (N = 160, age 4–6)—an experimental study—showed that stimulating parents to discuss either nonhostile attributions or normative beliefs (vs. a control condition) reduced children's hostile attributional bias in response to hypothetical vignettes, but not in response to a staged peer provocation. These findings suggest that by framing social situations, parents may help their children perceive less hostility in their social worlds.
Treatment effect of CDKN1A on rheumatoid arthritis by mediating proliferation and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes cells
Authors: Gang X , Xu H , Si L , Zhu X , Yu T , Jiang Z , Wang Y 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of CDKN1A in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Related gene expression data screened from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were processed with network analysis. Protein–protein interaction was analysed through string database. Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) was used to measure mRNA and microRNA expression. Cell proliferation and cell cycle were tested by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Transwell migration and invasion assay was used to test cell migration and invasion. CDKN1A screened by bioinformatics methods showed differential expression in RA cells compared with healthy controls (HC), and was at an important position in the protein–protein interaction network of RA. Compared with the HC group, CDKN1A was down-regulated in human RA synovium tissues and human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (HFLS). Contrary to CDKN1A silencing, CDKN1A over-expression significantly inhibited the proliferation and invasion of HFLS-RA, arrested HFLS-RA in G0/G1 phase and down-regulated the expressions of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, while it up-regulated the expression of IL-10. CDKN1A over-expression could also suppress phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (pSTAT-1) expression. MiR-146a, highly expressed in RA tissues, could regulate CDKN1A negatively. Anti-146a suppressed cell proliferation and invasion, and at the same time enhanced IL-10 expression but inhibited IL-6, TNF-α and pSTAT-1 expression. The results indicated that CDKN1A over-expression, which could be enhanced by miR-146a suppression, inhibited the proliferation of invasion in HFLS-RA. This was probably a result of suppressed pSTAT-1, IL-6 and TNF-α expression and enhanced IL-10 expression.
Hyponatremia, falls and bone fractures: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Norello Dario , Parenti Gabriele , Sforza Alessandra , Maggi Mario , Peri Alessandro 
Published: June 2018

SummaryObjectiveTo perform a meta‐analysis based on published studies that compared falls and bone fractures between patients with and without hyponatremia.ContextThere is evidence suggesting that hyponatremia is associated with an increased risk of falls and bone fractures.DesignAn extensive Medline, Embase and Cochrane search was performed to retrieve all studies published up to, 30 April 2017, using the following words: “hyponatremia” or “hyponatraemia” AND “falls” and “bone fractures.” A meta‐analysis was performed including all studies comparing falls and bone fractures in subjects with or without hyponatremia.Patients and ResultsOf 216 retrieved articles, 15 studies satisfied inclusion criteria encompassing a total of 51 879 patients, of whom 2329 were hyponatremic. Across all studies, hyponatremia was associated with a significantly increased risk of falls (MH‐OR = 2.14[1.71; 2.67]. This result was confirmed when only hospitalized patients were considered (MH‐OR = 2.44 [1.97; 3.02]). A meta‐regression analysis showed that the hyponatremia‐related risk of falls was higher in those studies considering a lower serum [Na+] cut‐off to define hyponatremia. Interestingly, the estimated risk of falls related to hyponatremia was already significantly higher when a serum [Na+] cut‐off of 135 mmol/L was considered (MH‐OR = 1.26[1.23;1.29]). The presence of hyponatremia was also associated with a higher risk of fractures, particularly hip fractures (MH‐OR = 2.00[1.43;2.81]).ConclusionsThis study confirms that hyponatremia is associated with an increased risk of falls and bone fractures. The clinical, social and economic relevance of such association is strengthened by the increased incidence of hyponatremia in older people.
Small for gestational age is a risk factor for the development of delayed thyrotropin elevation in infants weighing less than 2000 g
Authors: Uchiyama Atsushi , Watanabe Hirokazu , Nakanishi Hidehiko , Totsu Satsuki 
Published: June 2018

SummaryObjectiveDelayed thyrotropin (TSH) elevation (dTSHe) is common in low birthweight infants. We aimed to clarify the risk factors for the development of dTSHe in infants weighing <2000 g at birth.Patients and MethodsAccording to Japanese guidelines, infants with birthweight <2000 g underwent second capillary TSH screening within 30 days, either at 1 month of age; or when weight reached 2.5 kg; or at discharge. dTSHe was defined as TSH >20 mIU/L by venous sampling following a normal result (<15 mIU/L) at first screening aged 4‐6 days. For each infant who developed dTHSe three babies without dTSHe were selected and matched for gestational age and birth year. Small for gestational age (SGA) was defined as a birthweight <10th percentile for the gestational age and sex. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for the development of dTSHe.ResultsAmong the 911 study infants, 17 infants (1.9%) had dTSHe. The median (range) birthweight in the dTSHe group (796 [388‐1912] g) was significantly smaller than the comparison group (961 [408‐1981] g) (P = 0.04). The number (%) of SGA infants was significantly higher in the dTSHe group (12 [71%]) than in the comparison group (13 [25%]) (P = 0.001). The multivariate analysis revealed that SGA was an independent risk factor for the development of dTSHe (adjusted odds ratio, 9.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.5‐32.8; P = 0.001).ConclusionsSmall for gestational age is an independent risk factor for the development of dTSHe in infants with a birthweight <2000 g. The influence of prematurity, a matching criterion for this study, on dTSHe requires additional study.