bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extreme Weather and Forest Management in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States
Authors: DeWalle David R. , Buda Anthony R. , Fisher Ann 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Projected climate change could have major effects on forest management because of the potential for increased frequency, duration, and/or severity of extreme weather events. We surveyed public and private forestland management groups in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States to better understand current interactions between extreme weather events and forest land management and to help predict future impacts. Our questionnaire addressed the importance and types of problems created by extreme weather events, the coping strategies employed to mitigate problems, and the overall economic effects of extreme weather. Responses were received from 322 forest managers/users (54% response rate) primarily representing state natural resources agencies, forestry consulting firms, large industrial forestry companies and smaller logging companies. Overall, respondents rated the impacts of extreme weather on their operations as low to modest; however, over 20% experienced “major” effects because of extreme weather over the past 10 yr. The highest rated impacts were: (1) reduced access to forestland because of flooding, deep snow, or wind- and ice-damaged trees; (2) increased costs for road and facility maintenance, and (3) direct damage to trees by wind, snow, or ice and subsequent effects on timber supplies and market prices. Mitigation strategies most commonly mentioned were switching of silvicultural systems and changing site preparation and planting schemes, but most respondents had not altered their management due to extreme weather. When asked about effects of a hypothetical 25% increase in severe weather, the most common mitigation strategy was increased investment in new equipment and facilities. Short-term economic impacts of severe weather varied between “supply increasing” conditions associated with increased tree damage and salvage operations and “supply decreasing” conditions related to reduced access to forest land. Increased severe weather due to climate change can be expected to have small to modest effects on forest management and users overall, but areas subjected to hurricanes and ice storms within the Mid-Atlantic region appear to be more sensitive to impacts of severe weather. North. J. Appl. For. 20(2):61–70.
Hardwood Stumpage Price Trends and Regional Market Differences in Pennsylvania
Authors: Linehan Peter E. , Jacobson Michael G. , McDill Marc E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pennsylvania is a major hardwood lumber producing state. Since 1984, the Pennsylvania Timber Market Report (TMR) has provided quarterly stumpage and mill-delivered prices for important timber species groups for four subregions within the state. Stumpage price data covering the period from 1984 to 2000 are available for eight species groups. These series were analyzed with log-linear regression to determine nominal and real price growth rates. While all species show increasing prices over the period, three distinct groups are identified. Black cherry and hard maple show the highest rates of price growth (10.1% to 14.1% nominal and 6.5% to 10.7% real); northern red oak, soft maple, and yellow-poplar form an intermediate group (6.6% to 9.5% nominal and 3.1% to 6.1% real); and white oak, white ash, and miscellaneous hardwoods show the lowest rates of growth (4.3% to 6.8% nominal and 0.0% to 3.6% real). Additionally, a regression model with qualitative regional variables (i.e., “dummy” variables) was used to test whether the four market regions used by the TMR are statistically different, in terms of both the general level of prices and rates of change. The results clearly show significant differences in the price levels and trends among all regions for at least some species groups. The two regions showing the fewest significant differences are the southeast and southwest regions. The two northern regions are quite different from the southern regions. The northwest region was the most distinct of all the regions. Specific regional differences are noted for individual species groups. North. J. Appl. For. 20(3):124–130.
Mortality Patterns Following Spruce Budworm Infestation in Unprotected Spruce-Fir Forests in Maine
Authors: Solomon Dale S. , Zhang Lianjun , Brann Thomas B. , Larrick David S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cumulative and annual mortality of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] were examined over a 10 yr period to follow the mortality patterns in unprotected spruce-fir forests in northern Maine. Different mortality patterns were determined based on stand composition classes and merchantability classes. In general, balsam fir was more vulnerable to budworm attack, and reached 92–100% basal area mortality and 84–97% stem density mortality 12 yr after the start of the outbreak. Red spruce, in contrast, had approximately 32–59% basal area mortality and 30–66% stem density mortality during the same time period. Balsam fir mortality started 1 to 2 yr before spruce, while spruce mortality continued 2 to 3 yr after fir mortality was completed. Higher mortality was found in smaller trees than sawtimber-sized trees. Stands with hardwood components (30–70% in basal area) had the lowest mortality rate for both species. Furthermore, Schnute growth function (Schnute 1981) was used to characterize the cumulative mortality trajectories after the defoliation of spruce and fir by stand composition classes. The models estimated the time when annual mortality achieved maximum, the cumulative mortality at that time, and the asymptotic mortality over a long time period after the start of the attack. The information can provide guidelines for predicting protection strategies and scheduling salvage harvests.
Splitting in Fire-Killed Trees in the Boreal Forest of Alberta
Authors: Nakamura Nobutaka , Woodard Paul M. , Bach Lars 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tree boles in the boreal forests of Alberta, Canada will split once killed by a stand-replacing crown fire. A total of 1,485 fire-killed trees were sampled, 1 yr after burning, in 23 plots in 14 widely separated stands within a 370,000 ha fire. Sampling occurred in the Upper and Lower Foothills natural subregions. The frequency of splitting varied by species but averaged 41% for all species. The order in the frequency of splitting was balsam fir, black spruce, white spruce and lodgepole pine. The type of splitting (straight, spiral, or multiple) varied by species, as did the position of the split on the tree bole. Aspect or solar angle was not statistically related to the type or occurrence of splitting.
Effects of Selective Forest Harvesting on Organic Matter Inputs and Accumulation in Headwater Streams
Authors: Kreutzweiser David P. , Capell Scott S. , Beall Frederick D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Organic matter inputs and accumulation were measured in streams of low-order forest watersheds across a gradient of selective harvesting with no protective riparian buffers assigned. Comparisons were made among sites in selection-cut (average 29% basal area removal), shelterwood-cut (average 42% basal area removal), diameter limit-cut (average 89% basal area removal), and undisturbed tolerant hardwood catchments. The diameter limit harvest was an intentionally high-disturbance treatment and is not a normal silvicultural prescription for tolerant hardwoods in Ontario. Time trend analyses were conducted to examine differences among sites over a pre- and postharvest experimental period. Selection-based harvesting at up to 42% basal area removal with no riparian buffers did not significantly alter average over-stream canopy cover, leaf litter and other organic matter inputs, benthic particulate organic matter accumulation, or woody debris abundance. Harvesting impacts on over-stream canopy cover and organic matter inputs appeared to be minimized by natural crown architecture (overlap in crowns of over-stream trees, residual mid-crown canopy) and by careful logging practices including retention of many immediate streamside trees (within a few meters of the stream channel) and avoidance of felling directly into the streams. Dissolved organic matter fluxes increased slightly for 1 year after harvest and were associated with increased water yield. At the diameter limit harvesting intensity (about 89% basal area removal), significant effects on organic matter inputs and accumulation in streams were detected. The results indicate that selective harvesting of hardwood forests at up to about 42% basal area removal can be conducted without causing significant reductions in organic matter inputs and accumulation in headwater streams, even without prescribed streamside buffer strips.
An Evaluation of Changes in Tree Crown Characteristics to Assess Forest Health in Two Indiana State Parks
Authors: Randolph KaDonna C. , Moser John W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An evaluation of tree crown characteristics was conducted by means of a Forest Health Monitoring study in Turkey Run and Shades State Parks, Indiana. Crown dieback, foliage transparency, and crown density were summarized for three consecutive measurement years, and the short-term changes in these characteristics were quantified in an effort to identify potential forest health concerns. In both Shades and Turkey Run State Parks, no significant changes were detected in the levels of crown dieback and crown density. Only for Shades hardwoods, and more specifically hickory trees (Carya spp.), was there an unfavorable change in foliage transparency; however, this change did not appear extraordinary given the Forest Health Monitoring measurement quality objectives. This study demonstrated that given the current body of knowledge about the acceptable levels for the crown characteristics, the majority of trees in Shades and Turkey Run State Parks are not exhibiting responses to extreme stress and should be considered healthy.
A GIS Methodology for Generating Riparian Tree Planting Recommendations
Authors: Carver Andrew D. , Danskin Scott D. , Zaczek James J. , Mangun Jean C. , Williard Karl W. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a method for determining optimal planting recommendations for bottomlands and riparian buffer strips within a geographic information system (GIS) framework. The specific objective of this study was the development of a decision support model to generate riparian tree-planting recommendations based on site characteristics. Unlike previous research, this study enhances the usefulness of conventional site evaluation guides by incorporating digital soil surveys and other spatial data at a level of detail and automation previously unavailable. Research was conducted in the Cypress Creek Quadrangle, southern Illinois, and planting recommendations were generated for eight bottomland hardwood species. Model results were consistent with accepted silvicultural recommendations. Species were consistently placed within sites most suitable for each individual's requirements, and as a result, model recommendations should produce riparian forests optimizing growth potential. By adopting this approach, more productive forest cover could be established while concurrently reducing costs associated with on-site evaluations.
Equations for Predicting Merchantable Yield and Diameter Distribution for Lake States Red Pine
Authors: Mack Timothy J. , Burk Thomas E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article describes the construction and application of a stand-level merchantable yield equation for red pine in the Lake States. The equation predicts merchantable cubic foot volume for the stand based on minimum dbh and top size thresholds defined by the user. The merchantable yield equation can be used to model the merchandizing of user-defined products from stands given total stand volume, quadratic mean dbh, and the number of trees per acre. Also presented is an equation for estimating the distribution of trees per acre within a stand by dbh class. The equation predicts number of trees per acre larger than a specified dbh given the surviving number of trees per acre and mean dbh. The trees per acre equation can be used to describe the distribution of both diameter and basal area given number of trees per acre and quadratic mean dbh.
Growth and Injury Patterns of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) Seedlings as Affected by Hardwood Overstory Density and Weeding Treatments
Authors: Krueger Jerome A. , Puettmann Klaus J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
White pine seedlings were underplanted under a range of overstory densities in a hardwood stand in northern Minnesota. Vegetation surrounding seedlings was left untreated (control), weeded annually, or completely removed through monthly weeding. After 4 years, the benefit of weeding woody competition for diameter growth of seedlings was limited to areas with relatively open overstory conditions. Seedling height growth was reduced in areas with higher overstory density, but improved through weeding treatments that removed woody vegetation. The removal of herbaceous vegetation did not improve growth of seedlings in any conditions. Open growing conditions created by overstory removal and weed control resulted in higher incidences of seedling injuries, e.g., through infection by white pine blister rust. Conditions for pine bark adelgids also were enhanced in areas with low overstory densities and weeding treatments. The incidence for white pine weevil seems to follow a similar pattern, although the number of trees infected was minimal. Results show that improving growing conditions through management of the overstory and understory vegetation improves seedling growth rates, but must be balanced with potentially higher incidences of seedling injuries under more open conditions.
Use of an Aspen Overstory to Control Understory Herbaceous Species, Bluejoint Grass (Calamagrostis canadensis), and Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium)
Authors: Maundrell Chris , Hawkins Chris 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To enhance white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] regeneration and growth, the potential for using an aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) overstory to suppress bluejoint grass [Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.)] and fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L) was investigated. Response to canopy opening was assessed on 10 treatments where the canopy had been incrementally opened. At the summer solstice, measurements of attenuated light were taken at 1.3 meters (breast height). Bluejoint grass and fireweed both responded with greater ground cover as the photosynthetic photon flux density increased (R2 = 0.84, P = 0.0002; R2 = 0.90, P = 0.0001; respectively). Where aspen has developed an overstory canopy, it may be possible to control competing vegetation to create favorable environmental conditions for spruce re-establishment, growth, and release while encouraging a sustainable mixedwood stand.
Efficient Sampling Grids for Timber Cruises
Authors: Brooks John R. , Wiant Harry V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations are provided to permit forest inventory specialists to quantitatively estimate the total field inventory travel distance, and thus time, based solely on inputs of property size, the number of inventory samples desired, and the type of systematic grid employed. Total inventorytravel time is estimated for square and varying rectangular grid spacings for property sizes from 100 to 10,000 ac to estimate the time savings for rectangular grids over square grid patterns for the same number of inventory samples.
Developing and Evaluating Tree Height-Diameter Models at Three Geographic Scales for Black Spruce in Ontario
Authors: Peng Changhui , Zhang Lianjun , Zhou Xiaolu , Dang Qinglai , Huang Shongming 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A total of 11,612 black spruce trees were measured from permanent sample plots across the boreal and central regions of Ontario and were used to fit the well-known Chapman-Richards growth model at provincial, regional, and ecoregional scales. The results suggest that the height-diameter relationships of black spruce vary with different geographic regions and scales. There were significant variations in height-diameter relationships for black spruce between boreal and central regions as well as among some of the seven ecoregions. The ecoregion-based height-diameter models presented here will provide more accurate predictions for tree height and, consequently, tree volume than these models developed at both provincial and regional scales. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of tree species should be considered in developing and applying ecoregion-based height-diameter models for predicting local tree height.
Bat Activity in Harvested and Intact Forest Stands in the Allegheny Mountains
Authors: Owen Sheldon F. , Menzel Michael A. , Edwards John W. , Ford W. Mark , Menzel Jennifer M. , Chapman Brian R. , Wood Petra Bohall , Miller Karl V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We used Anabat acoustical monitoring devices to examine bat activity in intact canopy forests, complex canopy forests with gaps, forests subjected to diameter-limit harvests, recent deferment harvests, clearcuts and unmanaged forested riparian areas in the Allegheny Mountains of West Virginia in the summer of 1999. We detected eight species of bats, including the endangered Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis). Most bat activity was concentrated in forested riparian areas. Among upland habitats, activity of silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) was higher in open, less cluttered vegetative types such as recent deferment harvests and clearcuts. Our results suggest that bat species in the central Appalachians partially segregate themselves among vegetative conditions based on differences in body morphology and echolocation call characteristics. From the standpoint of conserving bat foraging habitat for the maximum number of species in the central Appalachians, special emphasis should be placed on protecting forested riparian areas. North. J. Appl. For. 21(3):154 –159.
Avoiding Spurious Conclusions from Forest Service Estimates of Timber Volume, Growth, Removal, and Mortality
Authors: Luppold William , McWilliams William H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest inventory statistics developed by the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) units are useful in examining a variety of economic and biological issues, including forest-industry plant location, biological supplies of specific timber species, forest health, and long-term sustainability of timber resources. In general, these statistics accurately represent the resource, especially at the inventory-unit and state levels. However, several issues related to data collection must be understood to prevent spurious conclusions, especially when examining forest change characteristics such as removals, mortality, net growth, or the growth-removal ratio. Because FIA statistics are developed by sampling procedures, they are subject to sampling error. As the size of the forest area under study decreases, the number of observations used to develop FIA statistics decreases. The number of observations used to calculate FIA statistics can be particularly inadequate when examining net growth, removals, mortality, and growth-removal ratios of specific species for geographical areas smaller than inventory units. North. J. Appl. For. 21(4):194–199.
Short-Term Temperature Response in Forest Floor and Soil to Ice Storm Disturbance in a Northern Hardwood Forest
Authors: Likens Gene E. , Dresser Brian K. , Buso Donald C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Significant changes in the temperature of forest floor and soil of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest occurred as a result of canopy damage caused by a major ice storm in Jan. 1998. The summertime patterns among open, brush-pile, and reference sites were clear and repeatable: (1) air temperatures at all sites peaked at about the same time each day although the average open-site values were 1 to 4°C higher; (2) the pattern at 2- and 15-cm [0.8- and 5.9-in.] depths was similar to air; (3) the open value was 5 to 9 and 6 to 10°C higher than that in the reference site and brush-pile sites, respectively; (4) there was a lag of ∼0.3 hours for daily peak temperatures between the air and 2-cm depth, and ∼3.3 hours between the daily maximum temperature at 2- and 15-cm depth for the open sites; (5) the open site temperature at both 2- and 15-cm depth was ∼2°C higher than reference and brush-pile temperatures (average daily temperature for the brush-pile site rose to be roughly equal to that in the open site in Aug. 1999 and Aug. 2000, while the reference site remained about 2°C lower); (6) small, but not statistically significant, changes were observed at the 50-cm [19.7-in.] depth where the open site was ∼1°C higher than the brush-pile or reference sites; and (7) regrowth of vegetation in the canopy gaps during the first 3 years reduced forest floor temperatures to or below the temperature at the 2-cm depth in the reference site. These results have potential ecological importance to the northern hardwood forest ecosystem. North. J. Appl. For. 21(4):209 –219.
Long-Term Economic Simulation: Even-Aged and Uneven-Aged Examples from the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP)
Authors: Treiman Thomas , Dwyer John , Larsen David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Much of the software and many of the algorithms commonly used to simulate forest growth and harvesting activities have been optimized for short-term projections based primarily on larger-sized trees and are focused on even-aged silvicultural systems. Using data on trees 1.5 in. dbh and larger from the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP), we have adapted the widely available Landscape Management System (LMS) and Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) software to make long-term simulations using even and uneven-aged silvicultural management systems. MOFEP is designed to test the long-term effects of even-aged, uneven-aged, and no harvest treatments on a variety of ecosystem attributes. To simulate the economic outcomes of these three treatments, we have written new LMS algorithms that simulate the effects of uneven-aged harvesting. Our results show that in the Missouri Ozarks even-aged and uneven-aged management silvicultural systems yield long-term (100 years) economic outcomes that are not statistically different. This result reinforces the need for land managers or landowners to consider esthetics, nontraditional forest products, and other nonmarket values in their decision matrix. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):42– 47.