bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Employee Movements from Audit Firms to Audit Clients
Authors: Finley Andrew R. , Kim Mindy H. J. , Lamoreaux Phillip T. , Lennox Clive S. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTRegulators have expressed concerns about the “revolving door” between auditors and clients, whereby audit employees move directly from audit firms to audit clients (i.e., “direct alumni hires”). Regulators are concerned that these direct hires could compromise audit quality, partly because these employees could have previously audited their hiring company's financial statements. In contrast, we examine accounting and finance executives who move indirectly from audit firms to audit clients and who could not have previously audited the hiring company's financial statements (i.e., “indirect alumni hires”). We show that indirect hires occur more often than the direct hires that have concerned regulators. We predict and find that both direct and indirect alumni hires are associated with lower rates of executive turnover and audit firm turnover. However, there is no evidence that the reduced rates of executive turnover are explained by managerial entrenchment or that these hires are associated with lower audit quality. Overall, our findings suggest that direct and indirect employee movements from audit firms to audit clients are beneficial to executives, audit clients, and audit firms because they reduce the incidence of costly turnover.
Comparative analysis of experimental data
Authors: Freckleton Robert P. , Rees Mark 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe consider the problem of how to analyse data from experiments conducted on multiple species. This seems to have been largely overlooked in the literature, and we highlight that the use of species as experimental units creates issues for both the design and analysis of experiments.We distinguish fully randomized experiments in which all treatments are applied to all species from those experiments in which the factor of interest varies at the species level, that is, treatments are not randomly allocated to species. In this latter case, the distribution of the experimental factor across species may be random, phylogenetically structured or species may be chosen in order to phylogenetically balance the sample (e.g. through sister‐species comparisons).We show using simulations that the design of the experiment in terms of the phylogenetic distribution of the treatment can affect power and Type I error, and that commonly used approaches (Linear Mixed Models andANOVAs) may have poor statistical properties (high Type I errors) when both the predictors and response data show strong phylogenetic signal.We highlight that the true phylogenetic generalized least squares model yield has good statistical properties but show that in some cases the true variance structure may be difficult to identify empirically. Moreover, many current comparative tools do not allow such analyses to be easily applied, and we highlight some of those that do.
Pharmacological clearance of senescent cells improves survival and recovery in aged mice following acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Walaszczyk Anna , Dookun Emily , Redgrave Rachael , Tual‐Chalot Simon , Victorelli Stella , Spyridopoulos Ioakim , Owens Andrew , Arthur Helen M. , Passos João F. , Richardson Gavin D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in individuals over 60 years old. Aging is associated with an increased prevalence of coronary artery disease and a poorer prognosis following acute myocardial infarction (MI). With age, senescent cells accumulate in tissues, including the heart, and contribute to age‐related pathologies. However, the role of senescence in recovery following MI has not been investigated. In this study, we demonstrate that treatment of aged mice with the senolytic drug, navitoclax, eliminates senescent cardiomyocytes and attenuates profibrotic protein expression in aged mice. Importantly, clearance of senescent cells improved myocardial remodelling and diastolic function as well as overall survival following MI. These data provide proof‐of‐concept evidence that senescent cells are major contributors to impaired function and increased mortality following MI and that senolytics are a potential new therapeutic avenue for MI.
Nudging the financial market? A review of the nudge theory
Authors: Cai Cynthia Weiyi 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA systematic review of the nudge literature and an examination of its applications across different domains reveals that: (i) a nudge, in the sense of using choice architecture to push people to choose desired results, works well; and (ii) a nudge, in the sense of pushing people to choose desired results so that people will be better off, remains questionable. In financial markets, regulators and financial intermediaries currently use nudge theory to: (i) adjust how investment choices are presented to investors; and (ii) provide information in a selective way. Besides nudging investors, it is also possible for regulators to nudge financial intermediaries towards making more ethical decisions.
Inhibitory‐control event‐related potentials correlate with individual differences in alcohol use
Authors: O'Halloran Laura , Rueda‐Delgado Laura M. , Jollans Lee , Cao Zhipeng , Boyle Rory , Vaughan Christina , Coey Phillip , Whelan Robert 
Published: March 2019

AbstractImpulsivity is a multidimensional construct that is related to different aspects of alcohol use, abuse, and dependence. Inhibitory control, one facet of impulsivity, can be assayed using the stop‐signal task (SST) and quantified behaviorally via the stop‐signal reaction time (SSRT) and electrophysiologically using event‐related potentials (ERPs). Research on the relationship between alcohol use and SSRTs, and between alcohol use and inhibitory‐control ERPs, is mixed. Here, adult alcohol users (n = 79), with a wide range of scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), completed the SST under electroencephalography (EEG) (70% of participants had AUDIT total scores greater than or equal to 8). Other measures, including demographic, self‐report, and task‐based measures of impulsivity, personality, and psychological factors, were also recorded. A machine‐learning method with penalized linear regression was used to correlate individual differences in alcohol use with impulsivity measures. Four separate models were tested, with out‐of‐sample validation used to quantify performance. ERPs alone statistically predicted alcohol use (cross‐validatedr = 0.28), with both early and late ERP components contributing to the model (larger N2, but smaller P3, amplitude). Behavioral data from a wide range of impulsivity measures were also associated with alcohol use (r = 0.37). SSRT was a relatively weak statistical predictor, whereas the Stroop interference effect was relatively strong. The addition of nonimpulsivity behavioral measures did not improve the correlation (r = 0.34) and was similar when ERPs were combined with non‐ERP data (r = 0.29). These findings show that inhibitory control ERPs are robustly correlated individual differences in alcohol use.
The effect of a novel intravenous fluid (Oxsealife®) on recovery from haemorrhagic shock in pigs
Authors: Oller L. , Dyer W. B. , Santamaría L. , Largo C. , Javidroozi M. , Shander A. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBlood transfusion is given according to haemoglobin thresholds aimed at restoration of arterial oxygen‐carrying capacity. Patient survival after severe haemorrhagic shock depends on restoration of microvascular perfusion, tissue oxygen delivery, endothelial function and organ integrity. We investigated a novel crystalloid fluid designed for tissue oxygen delivery, Oxsealife®, with components that generate microvascular nitric oxide and scavenge reactive oxygen species generated during ischaemia–reperfusion injury. The amount of dissolved oxygen in blood progressively increased during step‐wise in vitro haemodilution with this fluid, suggesting that the oxygen solubility coefficient of blood is dynamic, not static. We performed a pilot safety and efficacy study to compare resuscitation with this novel crystalloid vs. whole blood transfusion in a swine haemorrhagic shock model with animals bled to an arterial lactate oxygen debt target. Despite contributing no haemoglobin, viscosity nor oncotic potential, resuscitation with Oxsealife after severe haemorrhagic shock restored central haemodynamic parameters comparable to stored allogeneic blood transfusion. Tissue perfusion, oxygenation and metabolic outcomes were equivalent between treatment groups. Increased consumption of bicarbonate in animals given Oxsealife suggested greater capillary recruitment and enhanced clearance of acidic tissue metabolites. Serum markers of organ function, animal activity during recovery and histological analysis of tissue morphology and endothelial glycocalyx integrity confirmed functional recovery from haemorrhagic shock. We conclude that recovery of tissue oxygen delivery and organ function after haemorrhagic shock may not be dependent on treatments that increase haemoglobin levels. Oxsealife shows promise for treatment of severe haemorrhagic shock and may reduce the requirement for allogeneic blood products.
Detection of protamine 2 in bovine spermatozoa and testicles
Authors: Hamilton T. R. S. , Simões R. , Mendes C. M. , Goissis M. D. , Nakajima E. , Martins E. A. L. , Visintin J. A. , Assumpção M. E. O. A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundSperm DNA integrity is crucial for transmission of genetic information to future generations and DNA damage can occur during chromatin packaging. Chromatin packaging involves the replacement of somatic nucleosomal histones by nuclear proteins called protamines. Protamine 1 (PRM1) is transcribed and translated in spermatids of all mammals; however, protamine 2 (PRM2) is transcribed in low levels in spermatids and it is not yet described in bull mature spermatozoa.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess gene and protein expression of PRM2 and corroborate gene and protein expression of PRM1 in bull spermatozoa and testis.Materials and methodsFor this purpose, absolute q‐RT‐PCR was performed to calculate the number of copies of PRM1 and PRM2 mRNAs in bovine epididymal spermatozoa and testicular tissue. Western blot and mass spectrometry were performed to identify PRM1 and PRM2 in samples of bovine epididymal spermatozoa. Samples of bovine testicular tissue were collected to identify PRM1 and PRM2 by immunohistochemistry.ResultsWe evaluated that the number of PRM1 mRNA copies was about hundred times higher than PRM2 mRNA copies in sperm and testicular samples (p < 0.0001). In addition, we estimated the PRM1: PRM2 ratio based on mRNA number of copies. In spermatozoa, the ratio was 1: 0.014, and in testicle, the ratio was 1: 0.009. We also evaluated the immunolocalization for PRM1 and PRM2 in bovine testis, and both proteins were detected in spermatids. Western blot and mass spectrometry in bovine epididymal spermatozoa confirmed these results.ConclusionOur work identifies, for the first time, PRM2 in bovine epididymal spermatozoa and in testis. Further studies are still needed to understand the role of PRM2 on the chromatin of the spermatozoa and to verify how possible changes in PRM2 levels may influence the bull fertility.
Humanin levels in human seminal plasma and spermatozoa are related to sperm quality
Authors: Rao M. , Wu Z. , Wen Y. , Wang R. , Zhao S. , Tang L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundHumanin has reportedly been expressed in testis and spermatozoa, but no study has yet reported its presence in human seminal plasma (SP).ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the presence of humanin in human SP and to determine the correlation between humanin levels in SP/spermatozoa and sperm quality.Materials and methodsSemen samples for SP/sperm humanin level measurement were collected from 164 patients who attended our andrology clinic for fertility evaluation. The localization of humanin in spermatozoa was evaluated using an immunofluorescence method, and SP/sperm humanin levels were measured with ELISA. Correlations between SP/sperm humanin levels and sperm parameters were analyzed.ResultsHumanin was expressed in the midpiece of the spermatozoa. Humanin concentrations in the SP ranged from 24.4 to 285.1 pg/mL, with a median of 89.7 pg/mL. The SP humanin concentrations in patients with normospermia were significantly higher than those in patients with oligospermia (p < 0.001), asthenospermia (p = 0.002), and oligoasthenospermia (p < 0.001). Spearman analysis showed a positive and significant correlation between SP humanin concentration and sperm concentration (r = 0.75, p < 0.001), and progressive sperm motility (r = 0.29, p < 0.001). Sperm humanin level was significantly and positively associated with progressive sperm motility (r = 0.70, p < 0.001). In addition, a significantly higher level of humanin was found in swim‐up spermatozoa than in non‐swim‐up spermatozoa (p = 0.03).ConclusionsSeminal plasma and sperm humanin levels were significantly and positively correlated with sperm quality, especially sperm motility. Further studies of the origin of SP humanin and its role in spermatogenesis should be conducted.
Editorial: biomarker predictors of non‐response to TNFα antagonists—the quest continues
Authors: Shouval Dror S. , Ben‐Horin Shomron 
Published: March 2019

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Verstockt et al papers. To view these articles,
visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15126, and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15212.
Antimicrobial dosing for common equine drugs: a content review and practical advice for veterinarians in Australia
Authors: Hardefeldt LY , Crabb HK , Bailey KE , Gilkerson JR , Billman‐Jacobe H , Browning GF 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundAppropriate dosing with antimicrobial agents is critical for effective treatment and to prevent the development of antimicrobial resistance.MethodsA review was undertaken of equine journal articles (Equine Veterinary Journal,Equine Veterinary Education,Australian Veterinary Journal,Australian Equine Veterinarian,Journal of Veterinary Internal MedicineandJournal of Equine Veterinary Science) between January 2015 and August 2018. Those with dosing regimens for procaine penicillin G, gentamicin or trimethoprim‐sulfonamide in adult horses were examined and evaluated. Pharmacokinetics and ‐dynamics of these drugs were also reviewed.Results & ConclusionThe most frequently reported doses for penicillin, gentamicin and trimethoprim‐sulfonamide were 20–25,000 IU/kg, 6.6 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, respectively. Veterinarians treating equine patients in Australia should be aware of the current recommended doses and inter‐dosing intervals to ensure efficacy in therapy and to preserve the usefulness of these antimicrobials for the future.
Antebrachiometacarpal arthrodesis in five dogs
Authors: Lewis ST , Lewis DD , Cross AR , Radasch RM , Boekhout‐Ta C 
Published: March 2019

Case reportsFive dogs (4 with severe carpal contracture, 1 with a chronically infected carpal joint) underwent antebrachiometacarpal arthrodesis. Excision of all carpal bones, except the accessory carpal bone, was done, either because of persistent infection or to allow the manus to be arthrodesed in a functional position. All five dogs developed varying degrees of soft tissue swelling of the surgical site following surgery. All five arthrodeses achieved complete osseous union within 4–67 weeks. The immediate postoperative distal radiometacarpal frontal plane angulation ranged from 1° to 19° (mean ± SD: 7 ± 8°). The immediate postoperative distal radiometacarpal sagittal plane angulation ranged from 6° to 26° (mean ± SD: 17 ± 9°). Plate coverage of the secured metacarpal bone(s) ranged from 75% to 87% (mean ± SD: 80 ± 4%). Infection necessitated plate removal in four dogs, 3–17 (mean ± SD: 8 ± 6) months following surgery and 0–15 (mean ± SD: 5 ± 7) weeks following radiographic documentation of complete osseous union.ConclusionDespite one dog having marked elbow incongruency and degenerative joint disease and one dog having an ipsilateral radial nerve deficit, all five dogs improved and had acceptable limb function at the time of the final evaluation, which ranged from 25 to 296 (mean ± SD: 99 ± 111) weeks following surgery.
A randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical phase IIa trial on safety, immunomodulatory effects and pharmacokinetics of EA‐230 during experimental human endotoxaemia
Authors: van Groenendael Roger , Kox Matthijs , Leijte Guus , Koeneman Bouke , Gerretsen Jelle , van Eijk Lucas , Pickkers Peter 
Published: March 2019

AimsEA‐230 is a human chorionic gonadotropin hormone‐derived linear tetrapeptide, developed for the treatment of systemic inflammation‐related disorders. EA‐230 has shown promising immunomodulatory and tissue‐protective effects in animals and an excellent safety profile in human phase I studies that we performed. The present phase IIa study follows‐up on these results by investigating the safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of EA‐230 under systemic inflammatory conditions induced by experimental human endotoxaemia.MethodsIn this randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled phase IIa study, systemic inflammation was induced by intravenous administration of Escherichia coli‐derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At t = 0 hours, 36 healthy male volunteers received 2 ng/kg LPS, followed by a 2‐hour continuous infusion of EA‐230 (15, 45 and 90 mg/kg/h, n = 8 per group) or placebo (n = 12).ResultsEA‐230 was well tolerated and showed a favourable safety profile. Treatment with the highest dose of EA‐230 resulted in a significant attenuation of the LPS‐induced increase in plasma levels of inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, IL‐1 receptor antagonist, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, macrophage inflammatory proteins‐1α and ‐1β, and vascular cell adhesion protein‐1 (% reduction of 48, 28, 33, 28, 14, 16 and 19 respectively, p < .01), and reduced fever (peak decrease from 1.8 ± 0.1°C to 1.3 ± 0.2°C, P < .05) and symptom scores (peak decrease from 7.4 ± 1.0 to 4.0 ± 1.2 points, P < .05). EA‐230 exhibited a very short elimination half‐life and a large volume of distribution in the highest dosage group (geometric mean and 95% confidence interval: 0.17 [0.12–0.24] hours and 2.2 [1.3–3.8] L/kg, respectively).ConclusionAdministration of EA‐230 is safe and results in attenuation of the systemic inflammatory response in humans.
Live cell optical assay for precise characterization of receptors coupling to Gα12
Authors: Masuho Ikuo , Skamangas Nickolas K. , Martemyanov Kirill A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHeterotrimeric G proteins are essential mediators of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) signalling to intracellular effectors. There is a considerable diversity of G protein subunits that channel signals initiated by GPCRs into specific outcome. In particular, mammalian genomes contain 16 conserved genes encoding G protein α subunits with unique properties. Of four Gα subfamilies (Gi/o, Gq, Gs and G12/13), members of the G12/13 group have received considerable attention for their roles in carcinogenesis. However, our ability to study activation of G12/13 by GPCRs with the power to distinguish between the two subunits is limited. Here, we present an adaptation of the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)‐based assay to specifically monitor activity of Gα12 in living cells. In this kinetic assay, agonist‐induced release of Venus‐tagged Gβγ subunits from Gα12 is followed in real time using nano‐luciferase (Nluc)–tagged BRET donor. Using this assay, we characterized bradykinin B2 receptor (BDKRB2) and found that the receptor couples to Gα12 in addition to Gαo, and Gαq, but not to Gαs. We demonstrated the utility of this assay to quantify rates of G protein activation and inactivation as well as performing dose‐response studies while rank ordering signalling via individual Gα subunits. We further showed the utility of this assay to other GPCRs by demonstrating Gα12 coupling of cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR). Introduction of the Gα12‐coupling BRET assay is expected to accelerate characterization of GPCR actions on this understudied G protein.
A comparative study of digital informal learning: The effects of digital competence and technology expectancy
Authors: He Tao , Li Shihua 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of digital competence and technology expectancy and how they interact with cultural differences on digital informal learning (DIL) of university students have different cultural backgrounds. Empirical data collected from a survey conducted both in China and Belgium, the total sample consists of 335 Chinese and 197 Belgians. Partial least square with formative assessment was employed to test the proposed model and multi‐groups comparison analysis was conducted to examine the moderation effects of cultural difference on influential factors related to students’ DIL behaviors. The results highlighted the essential role of digital competence and technology expectancy in DIL. Cultural difference revealed a strong influence on the motive pattern of DIL behaviors. This study raised some major implications for educational researchers and practitioners alike. Specifically, the paper introduced and stressed the role of digital competence in informal learning context which was rarely considered in prior studies in terms of learning ecology. The study expanded current theoretical understanding of technology adoption in informal learning environments across different cultural contexts. The finding has shown both a homogeneous informal learning behavior and motive variance between different two cultural backgrounds. The study also provided a set of practical implications, including the need for digital competence training in today’s digital era, and the need for a satisfactory user interface design globally.
Design of diffusion‐controlled drug delivery devices for controlled release of Paclitaxel
Authors: Pramanik Anurag , Garg Sanjeev 
Published: March 2019

AbstractControlled drug delivery devices were predicted in a reverse engineering framework for the controlled release of Paclitaxel, an anti‐cancer drug, widely used in the treatment of solid tumors. Using quantitative structure–property relationship models for mutual diffusion coefficients of the drug in biocompatible and biodegradable polymers and partition coefficients of the drug between polymers and blood, a framework was developed to predict optimal drug delivery devices for desired dosage regimens. The validation of the predicted mutual diffusion and partition coefficients using experimental data was reported in previous studies. Optimal design parameters along with selection of most appropriate polymers suitable for different dosage regimens, selected based on current clinical practice, were predicted for maximum bioavailability of the drug while maintaining the released drug concentration in blood within the therapeutic range. Reservoir and monolithic type of diffusion‐controlled drug delivery devices of different shapes and sizes were predicted with different initial drug loadings and bioavailability for different dosage regimens. The effects of the released Paclitaxel from these devices on the tumor growth were also modeled using a previously reported mathematical pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model. The proposed approach can easily be used to design other diffusion‐controlled drug delivery devices.