bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sublittoral benthic fauna of the estuary and Firth of Forth, Scotland
Authors: Elliott M. , Kingston Paul F. 
Published: May 2019

SynopsisThe structure of the sublittoral benthic macro-invertebrate populations of the Forth estuary and firth, Scotland, is described, giving the species richness, abundance and biomass for the area from the freshwater tidal limit to the North Sea boundary. Eight faunal associations have been defined, which include classical Petersen communities in the marine area and transition associations within the estuary. The spatial distributions of the associations are predominantly the result of the physical environment, but superimposed on the effects of salinity, sediment type and bathymetry are the effects of urbanisation, industrialisation, dredging and spoil disposal and thermal discharges. The benthos of the major part of the firth has been little affected, although that of the peripheral and estuarine areas does show anthropogenic effects.The water column-benthos and fisheries-benthos interactions are also discussed. Elevated levels of nutrients in the water column may be the cause of enriched benthic populations in the firth and an assessment of the fish-benthos coupling indicates an estuarine functioning similar to other northwestern European areas.
A cropping systems approach to salinity management in California
Authors: Cassman Kenneth G. , Rains D. William 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn irrigated cropland of the semi-arid and arid regions of California, the lack of drainage outflow requires reassessment of crop rotation patterns. As regulatory actions place limits on drainage water quality and quantity, growers will be forced to manage water more efficiently and rely more heavily on salt-tolerant crops. Improved water use efficiency depends on integrated cropping systems in which cultural practices interact to reduce leaching requirements while maintaining productivity, profitability, and the environment. The success of this approach will require a better understanding of the physiological basis of plant salt tolerance and the evolution of soil properties as influenced by crop rotation, tillage, crop residue and soil fertility management. An increased commitment to evaluate such interactions in long-term field studies is needed.
Dairy farm feeding and income effects of using Voisin grazing management of permanent pastures
Authors: Murphy William M. , Rice John R. , Dugdale David T. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPermanent pastures produce far below their potential, as they are usually managed in the northcentral and northeastern United States. Dairy farmers in these regions generally feed their cattle year-round from stored forage and purchased concentrates, and use permanent pastures as mere holding or exercise areas, grazing them continuously. This practice involves high operating costs that, combined with lower milk prices, have resulted in greatly reduced profit margins. Farming practices that return more net income are needed. The Voisin system of rotational grazing management, which applies intensive management to forage crops on pastureland, is widely used on dairy and sheep farms in New Zealand. Farmers using the Voisin system there have low operating costs and obtain high yields of excellent quality forage over long grazing periods; increased net income results Between 1 May and 1 October 1984, 497 forage samples were taken and analyzed from permanent pastures grazed according to the Voisin management system on six Vermont dairy farms. This was done to provide farmers with current estimates of forage feeding value so that they could balance their cows' rations accordingly throughout the season, and determine if they could improve the profitability of their farms by using Voisin grazing management. Average grazingseason analyses (dry weight) were: 22.5% dry matter, 22.4% crude protein, 20.8% available protein, 28.4% acid detergent fiber, 1.18% calcium, .48% phosphorus, 1.60% potassium, .22% magnesium, and 1.58 Mcal/kg net energy lactation. Average dry forage yield was 8.9 metric tons/ha. Dry matter intake was adequate for milk production up to 36 kg/cow/day. Forage protein and energy contents were sufficient for at least 25 and 18 kg milk/day, respectively. On three farms where economic factors were calculated, net profits per cow averaged $67 more during the 5-month period from using Voisin grazing management, compared to continuous grazing of the same pastureland in the year before Voisin management was used. This profit resulted mainly from feed savings and a more favorable milk:concentrate ratio of 4.1:1 obtained with Voisin management, compared to 2.7:1 with continuous grazing and more feeding of stored or machine-harvested forage. Voisin-managed pastures can produce high yields of excellent-quality forage that can be incorporated into dairy feeding programs, thereby reducing feed costs and increasing profitability of the farming operations.
Health as the Moral Principle of Post-Genomic Society: Data-Driven Arguments Against Privacy and Autonomy
Authors: SNELL KAROLIINA 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:In Finland, as well as all over the globe, great weight is put on the possibilities of large data collections and ‘big data’ for generating economic growth, enhancing medical research, and boosting health and wellbeing in totally new ways. This massive data gathering and usage is justified by the moral principle of improving health. The imperative of health thus legitimizes data collection, new infrastructures and innovation policy. It is also supported by the rhetoric of health promotion. New arrangements in health research and innovations in the health sector are justified, as they produce health, while the moral principle of health also obligates individual persons to pursue healthy lifestyles and become healthy citizens. I examine how, in this context of Finnish data-driven medicine, arguments related to privacy and autonomy become silenced when contrasted with the moral principle of health.
The Dictates of Conscience: Can They Justify Conscientious Refusals in Healthcare Contexts?
Authors: CARMAN MARY 
Published: May 2019

Abstract:In a recent article in this journal, Steve Clarke (2017) identifies two different bases for conscience-based refusals in healthcare: (1) all-things-considered moral judgments, and (2) the dictates of conscience. He argues that these two bases have distinct roles in justifying conscientious objection. However, accepting that there are these two bases, I argue that both are not able to justify conscientious objection. In particular, I argue that the second basis of the dictates of conscience cannot justify conscience-based refusal in a healthcare context. Even if someone objects in a healthcare context on the basis of the dictates of her conscience, and even if we can explain why she objects with reference to the dictates of her conscience, her objection will only be justified if she makes a judgment.
Airport Disaster Management
Authors: Bergot G.P. 
Published: May 2019

Coping with an airport disaster is difficult. It is enough to have once been the witness of such an event to understand the enormity of the problem. Instantaneously, the routine atmosphere becomes a nightmare. There are smoke, flames, vehicles, useful people and useless people and above all, the dead, the injured, and the uninjured survivors, some of whom are running about.An airport disaster plan should be carefully set up and applied as strictly as possible. Many features exist in our favor: (a) we know the place; (b) we can roughly evaluate in advance the magnitude of the problem as far as the number of victims is concerned, thanks to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) studies; (c) we can keep in mind the classification of the injured and the medical policy with which now all seem to agree, that is to give on-site immediate care and control evacuation; and (d) we can utilize the medical resources of the surrounding community in a co-ordinated way. This paper summarizes the basic principles for disaster control.
Initial Medical Management of a Mini-Disaster with a Transformer Fire Emitting Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Authors: Saxena K. , Johnson P. , Hryhorezuek D. , Orris P. , Kominsky J.R. 
Published: May 2019

On June 22, 1982, the main power transformer at a local high school (St. Paul, Minnesota) overheated, causing the pressure relief valve to operate and release smoke and mist throughout the building. The transformer contained thermal-dielectric fluid with the tradename “Pyranol,” consisting of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) in the form of “Aroclor” and chlorinated benzenes. The transformer did not explode or flame. The emmission characterized by a “white mist” occurred over an approximately 4-hour period with resultant contamination of basement and first floor areas. The temperature of the emission was estimated to be approximately 250-300°F.“Pyranol” contains PCB aroclor 1260 (45%) and chlorinated benzenes (40% trichloro and 15% tetrachlorobenzenes). Commercial PCB preparations manufactured in the United States have been marketed under the trade name “Aroclor.” Several grades of Aroclor have been designated by numbers such as 1260. The first two digits represent the type of molecule (12 = chlorinated biphenyl). The last wo digits give the weight percent of chlorine.The fire was discovered by the school janitor and the firefighters arrived at 5:40 a.m. As the firefighters walked near the transformer, several men began complaining of nausea, sore throat and burning of exposed skin. Firefighters having symptoms were asked to go out in the open and were immediately hosed down with water. Initially, 14 firefighters were taken to the emergency room of St. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center, where they were evaluated, treated and released. When inquiry was begun to find out what kind of substance was burning, it was discovered that the transformer which contained “Pyranol” (installed in the school in 1958) had overheated.
Strengthening Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health policy: lessons from a case study of food and nutrition
Authors: Browne Jennifer , Gleeson Deborah , Adams Karen , Minniecon Deanne , Hayes Rick 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To examine key factors influencing the prioritisation of food and nutrition in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health policy during 1996–2015.Design:A qualitative policy analysis case study was undertaken, combining document analysis with thematic analysis of key informant interviews.Setting:Australia.Participants:Key actors involved in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health policy between 1996 and 2015 (n 38).Results:Prioritisation of food and nutrition in policy reduced over time. Several factors which may have impeded the prioritisation of nutrition were identified. These included lack of cohesion among the community of nutritionists, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leaders and civil society actors advocating for nutrition; the absence of an institutional home for nutrition policy; and lack of consensus and a compelling policy narrative about how priority nutrition issues should be addressed. Political factors including ideology, dismantling of public health nutrition governance structures and missing the opportunities presented by ‘policy windows’ were also viewed as barriers to nutrition policy change. Finally, the complexity and multifaceted nature of nutrition as a policy problem and perceived lack of evidence-based solutions may also have constrained its prioritisation in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health policy.Conclusions:Future advocacy should focus on embedding nutrition within holistic approaches to health and building a collective voice through advocacy coalitions with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leadership. Strategic communication and seizing political opportunities may be as important as evidence for raising the priority of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health issues.
First report of genome size and ploidy of the underutilized leguminous tuber crop Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus erosus and P. tuberosus) by flow cytometry
Authors: Pati Kalidas , Zhang Fangning , Batley Jacqueline 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCytological understanding is an important parameter to understand the genetic architecture of yam bean. The ploidy level and genome size of two cultivated species of yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus and P. tuberosus) were estimated using flow cytometric analysis of young leaf tissue, with propidium iodide as a fluorescent dye. Six genotypes of P. erosus and three genotypes of P. tuberosus were analysed. Rice (Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare) and Mung bean (Vigna radiata cv Berken) were used as internal reference standards. Variation of 2C nuclear DNA content among the six P. erousus lines was 4.18%, ranging from 1.17 to 1.22 pg, whereas only 1.8% variation was observed among the three P. tuberosus lines, which ranged from 1.07 to 1.09 pg. Moreover, it was found that the nuclear DNA content of P. tuberosus was lower than that of P. erosus. The result of the flow cytometric analysis showed that all the species were diploid (2n = 2x) and coefficient of variation (CV%) of all the accessions of the two species was less than 3.5%. This is the first report of ploidy analysis and genome size estimation of the leguminous underutilized tuber crop yam bean using flow cytometry. This result will be helpful for yam bean genome sequencing and crop improvement programmes.
The influence of phenolic compounds on the preference of winter wheat cultivars by cereal aphids
Authors: Leszczyǹski Bogumił , Warchoł Jolanta , Niraz Seweryn 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe effect of phenolic compounds on the preference for winter wheat cultivars as hosts by cereal aphids and the effect of the phenolics, reported in the leaves of cereals, on feeding intensity of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) larvae was investigated. Preference for the studied winter wheat cultivars was associated with the level of phenolic compounds naturally occurring in the plants. The tested dihydroxyphenols showed highest inhibition of the feeding of R. padi larvae.
Resistance of four potato varieties to the potato tuber moth, phthorimaea operculella (zell.) in storage
Authors: Ojero M. F. O. , Mueke J. M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInsect-free tubers of four potato varieties, namely Kenya Baraka, Anett, Kerrs Pink and Roslin Gucha were exposed to adult Phlhorimaea operculella for 14 days in uncontrolled conditions in storages. On examination of the tubers 16 days after exposure, the percentage of infested tubers was determined: Kenya Baraka—62.50, Anett—77.50, Kerrs Pink—85.00 and Roslin Gucha—86.25%. The larvae made the following mean tunnel lengths: 44.65, 95.33, 88.33 and 104.23 cm in Kenya Baraka, Anett, Kerrs Pink and Roslin Gucha varieties, respectively. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the number of tubers infested (per cent), there were significant differences in the mean length of tunnels made by the larvae in Kenya Baraka and the other three varieties at P < 0.05. The mean number of larvae which survived in 10 tubers were 6.75, 11.25, 15.75 and 18.00 for Kenya Baraka, Anett, Kerrs Pink and Roslin Gucha varieties, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between Kenya Baraka and Kerrs Pink; Kenya Baraka and Roslin Gucha; and Roslin Gucha and Anett varieties (P < 0.05). Thus Roslin Gucha was the least resistant of the four varieties tested, whereas Kenya Baraka emerged as the most resistant variety. The mechanism of resistance in this case was most probably antibiosis.
The distribution and climbing behaviour of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann on grass stems
Authors: Chiera J. W. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe distribution of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus on Setaria sphacelata flowerheads was investigated. Adult tick counts in a paddock, heavily infested with ticks for experimental purposes, revealed an aggregated distribution by deviating significantly from the expected Poisson distribution, but producing a good fit to the expected negative binomial distribution. A higher proportion of the ticks were on old dry flowerheads than on young green ones. Tests carried out in the laboratory confirmed the marked preference for old flowerheads and the aggregated pattern of distribution. The tick counts in the field revealed no sexual aggregation, though the total number of females collected was significantly higher than that of the males.
Efficacy of natural embelin against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst
Authors: Chander Harish , Ahmed S. M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe efficacy of natural embelin isolated from berries of Embelia ribes Burm. against Tribolium castaneum Herbst is discussed. Embelin mixed with wheat samples at concentrations of 0.1875% and above exhibited high efficacy by bringing about adult mortality even after 8 months of storage. Productivity (progeny/adult-day) of the test insect was also reduced significantly in treatments as compared to controls at different intervals of storage. After 8 months of storage, significant reduction in F1, progeny at the lowest concentration was mainly due to larvicidal action of embelin. In the present study, embelin did not exhibit any chemosterilant action or contact toxicity to adult beetles. Germination of wheat treated with embelin even at the highest concentration of 0.750% was not impaired to any significant extent.
A compact microstrip lowpass filter with wide stopband using rectangular resonator and high impedance elements
Authors: Kazemi Seyed Hamed , Hayati Mohsen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn this paper, a microstrip lowpass filter using rectangular resonators is designed. To weaken the undesired harmonics from 10 to 20 GHz, a stair-shaped suppressing cell and also high impedance elements at the edges are utilized. It should be noted that for analyzing the proposed filter, an LC model is used and the design is done in such a way that the coupling effects of the close-up lines are reduced as much as possible, so that they are ignored in the circuit analysis. The designed filter has a cut-off frequency of 1.01 GHz and the transition band is only 0.1 GHz. In addition to compression of dimensions, the stopband bandwidth is 18.7 times the cut-off frequency (18.7 × fc). The attenuation rate in the passband reaches 0.081 dB which indicates that the passband is flat. In the stopband, disturbing harmonics have been dampened to −23.5 dB and a good bandwidth is achieved. The figure of merit of the proposed filter is 180 387 and it is a good benchmark for the overall comparison of the proposed filter with the previous works.
Retrieval of Chemical Abundances in Titan's Upper Atmosphere From Cassini UVIS Observations With Pointing Motion
Authors: Fan Siteng , Shemansky Donald E. , Li Cheng , Gao Peter , Wan Linfeng , Yung Yuk L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCassini/Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) Far‐UV observations of stellar occultations at Titan are well suited for probing its atmospheric composition and structure. However, due to instrument pointing motion, only 5 out of tens of observations have been analyzed. We present an innovative retrieval method that corrects for the effect of pointing motion by forward modeling the Cassini/UVIS instrument response function with the pointing motion value obtained from the SPICE C‐kernel along the spectral dimension. To illustrate the methodology, an occultation observation made during flyby T52 is analyzed, when the Cassini spacecraft had insufficient attitude control. A high‐resolution stellar model and an instrument response simulator that includes the position of the point source on the detector are used for the analysis of the pointing motion. The Markov chain Monte Carlo method is used to retrieve the line‐of‐sight abundance profiles of eleven species (CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, HCN, C4H2, C6N2, C6H6, haze, HC3N, and C2N2) in the spectral vector fitting process. We obtain tight constraints on all of the species aside from C2H6, C2N2, and C6N2, for which we only retrieved upper limits. This is the first time that the T52 occultation was used to derive abundances of major hydrocarbon and nitrile species in Titan's upper and middle atmosphere, as pointing motion prohibited prior analysis. With this new method, nearly all of the occultations obtained over the entire Cassini mission could yield reliable profiles of atmospheric composition, allowing exploration of Titan's upper atmosphere over seasons, latitudes, and longitudes.
Characteristics of High‐Energy Proton Responses to Geomagnetic Activities in the Inner Radiation Belt Observed by the RBSP Satellite
Authors: Xu Jiyao , He Zhaohai , Baker D. N. , Roth Ilan , Wang Chi , Kanekal S. G. , Jaynes A. N. , Liu Xiao 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHigh‐energy trapped particles in the radiation belts constitute potential threats to the functionality of satellites as they enter into those regions. In the inner radiation belt, the characteristics of high‐energy (>20 MeV) protons variations during geomagnetic activity times have been studied by implementing 4‐year (2013–2016) observations of the Van Allen probes. An empirical formula has been used to remove the satellite orbit effect, by which proton fluxes have been normalized to the geomagnetic equator. Case studies show that the region of L < 1.7 is relatively stable, while L > 1.7 is more dynamic and the most significant variation of proton fluxes occurs at L = 2.0. The 4‐year survey at L = 2.0 indicates that for every geomagnetic storm, sharp descent in proton fluxes is accompanied by the corresponding depression of SYM‐H index, with a one‐to‐one correspondence, regardless of the storm intensity. Proton flux dropouts are synchronous with SYM‐H reduction with similar short timescales. Our observational results reveal that high‐energy protons in the inner radiation belt are very dynamic, especially for the outer zone of the inner belt, which is beyond our previous knowledge.
Interannual Variability of Antarctic Intermediate Water in the Tropical North Atlantic
Authors: Fu Yao , Wang Chunzai , Brandt Peter , Greatbatch Richard J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInterannual variability of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) in the tropical North Atlantic is investigated using the GECCO2 ocean state estimate and Argo data. AAIW salinity variability near the western boundary is highly correlated with the transport along the western boundary on interannual timescales. Northward propagating anomalies are associated with the western boundary transport variability that, to some extent, is related to the large‐scale wind stress curl forcing by means of the Sverdrup balance. AAIW anomalies also propagate westward with the speed of baroclinic Rossby waves, indicating that the displacement of the meridional salinity gradient by westward propagation of baroclinic Rossby waves plays a role in the variability of AAIW characteristics. Slower eastward spreading of AAIW anomalies is identified on decadal timescales likely associated with the advection of salinity anomalies by weak eastward current bands. Understanding the observed interannual and decadal variability of AAIW salinity is important to properly interpret salinity changes reported in response to changes in the hydrological cycle.