bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloy Castings
Authors: Sigworth Geoffrey K. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe strength of aluminum castings can be improved significantly by heat treatments, which control the size, shape, and distribution of the impurity elements in the casting. This article presents a discussion on the heat treatment of aluminum alloy castings, with a focus on the fundamental technical aspects involved in each process step. The intent is to convey a good understanding of the fundamental aspects of heat treatment. Typical heat treatments of aluminum casting alloys are presented in a table. The article describes the solution heat treatment, quenching, and preaging of Al-Si-Mg alloys, as well as the solution heat treatment and artificial aging of Al-Si-Cu-Mg casting alloys.
Metallurgy of Heat Treatable Aluminum Alloys
Authors: MacKenzie D. Scott 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Heat treatment of aluminum alloys frequently refers to the heat treatable aluminum alloys that can be strengthened by solution treatment, quenching, and subsequent hardening. This article introduces the general metallurgy of strengthening aluminum alloys by heat treatment. It discusses various heat treatable alloying elements, such as copper, chromium, iron, magnesium, silicon, zinc, and lithium. The article describes the age-hardening treatments and generalized precipitation sequence for aluminum alloys. It reviews the solution heat treatment in terms of solution heating time and temperature, as well as high-temperature oxidation. The article also discusses quench sensitivity, vacancy loss, grain-boundary precipitates, and quench delay for the heat treatment of aluminum. It concludes with a discussion on the deformation of aluminum alloys prior to aging.
Chemical and Electrolytic Brightening
Authors: Oakley Mary , Chandler Wayne 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Chemical brightening (bright dipping) and electrolytic brightening (electropolishing) are essentially selective-dissolution processes, in which the high points of a rough surface of aluminum are attacked more rapidly than the depressions, and the peaks and valleys are smoothed to produce a bright and beautiful finish. This article discusses the metallurgical factors, optical factors, and applications of the chemical and electrolytic brightening. It compares the chemical brightening and electrolytic brightening, and presents the advantages of the chemical and electrolytic brightening processes in terms of performance and economy. The article describes the phosphoric-nitric acid baths and phosphoric-sulfuric acid baths used for chemical brightening. Solution compositions and operating conditions for three commercial electropolishing processes, as well as for suitable post-treatments, are presented in a table.
Permanent Mold Casting of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Lampman S. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAluminum casting in steel and iron permanent molds is used widely throughout industry, and the vast majority of permanent mold castings are made of aluminum and its alloys. There are several methods used to cast aluminum in permanent molds. This article focuses on permanent mold casting with molten aluminum fed by gravity, low pressure, vacuum and centrifugal pressure, and squeeze casting. It discusses the major variables that affect the life of permanent molds, including pouring temperature, casting shape, cooling methods, heating cycles, storage, and cleaning. The article reviews the basic components of mold coatings: refractory fillers, binder, and carrier. Casting defects and suggested corrective actions for permanent mold casting are summarized in a table. The article concludes with a discussion on thin-wall permanent-mold castings.
Resistance Welding of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Spinella D.J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe resistance welding processes commonly employed for joining aluminum are resistance spot welding, resistance seam welding, resistance roll welding, upset and flash welding for butt joining welding, and high-frequency resistance welding. This article discusses the general factors affecting resistance welding: electrical and thermal conductivities, rising temperature, plastic range, shrinkage, and surface oxide. It reviews the weldability of base materials such as Alclad alloys and aluminum metal-matrix composites. The article describes the joint design and welding procedures for resistance spot welding, as well as the joint type, equipment, and welding procedures for seam and roll spot welding. It concludes with information on flash welding, high-frequency welding, and cross-wire welding.
Mechanical Finishing of Aluminum
Authors: Finn Michael E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMechanical finishes usually can be applied to aluminum using the same equipment used for other metals. This article describes the two types of grinding used in mechanical finishing: abrasive belt grinding and abrasive wheel grinding. It reviews the binders and fluid carriers used in buffing, and discusses satin finishing and barrel finishing. It also describes lapping and honing techniques that are of special interest in treating aluminum parts that have received hard anodic coatings. Honing recommendations for aluminum alloys are presented in a table.
Aluminum Casting Alloys and Casting Processes
Authors: Sigworth Geoffrey 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAluminum casting alloys are among the most versatile of all common foundry alloys and generally have high castability ratings. This article provides an overview of the common methods of aluminum shape casting. It discusses the designations of aluminum casting alloys categorized by the Aluminum Association designation system. The article summarizes the basic composition groupings of aluminum casting alloy and discusses the effects of specific alloying elements and impurities. The characteristics of the important casting processes are summarized and compared in a table. The article presents the advantages and disadvantages of green sand casting, permanent mold casting, semipermanent mold casting, and high-pressure die casting. A discussion on other casting processes, such as investment casting, lost foam, plaster mold casting, pressure casting, centrifugal casting, and semisolid casting, is also included.
Die Casting
Authors: Hartlieb Martin , Anderson Kevin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNearly two-thirds of the aluminum castings made in North America are produced using high-pressure die casting techniques. This article compares and contrasts traditional high-pressure die casting with an improved version that uses a vacuum to pull air out of the die in order to reduce porosity in as-cast parts. It begins by describing a typical cycle for a traditional cold-chamber die casting machine, using detailed illustrations to show how gas can become trapped in the liquid metal. It then presents various remedies, ultimately focusing on vacuum die casting for the production of high-integrity parts. In addition to vacuum technology, the article discusses casting alloys, dies, and cells, and describes some of the benefits of structural die castings.
Adhesive Bonding
Authors: Burt Victoria 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Adhesive bonding is a proven technology in the manufacture of automotive assemblies, helping carmakers achieve weight reduction goals without compromising body stiffness, crash performance, and noise-vibration-handling characteristics. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of adhesive-bonded aluminum joints and the procedures used to produce them. It addresses surface preparation, the addition of interfacial coatings and primers, and the application of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins. The article examines the nature and role of the various layers that constitute the joint and explains how each contributes to performance. It also discusses adhesive selection factors, joint design, and testing procedures.
Laser Beam Machining of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Pantawane Mangesh V. , Joshi Sameehan S. , Dahotre Narendra B. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article focuses on a variety of laser beam machining (LBM) operations of aluminum and its alloys, namely, laser cutting, laser drilling, laser milling, laser turning, laser grooving, laser scribing, laser marking, and laser micromachining. It presents different approaches for carrying out machining operations, laser processing parameters, efficiency and accuracy of the process, and the effect of laser processing parameters on the quality of the machined surface. The article provides an overview of the various conventional (chip forming) and nonconventional machining techniques employed for aluminum-based materials. A comparison of the various aspects of LBM with other non-conventional techniques is also presented. The article also describes the features of LBM techniques employed for aluminum and its alloys for different types of machining.
Extrusion and Drawing of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Saha Pradip 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article describes the direct hot extrusion process and the typical sequence of operations for producing extruded aluminum shapes from soft and medium-grade aluminum alloys, hard alloys, and aluminum-matrix composites. It discusses key process variables, including extrusion speed and exit temperature, and their effect on product quality. The article also provides information on extrusion presses, press dies, and tooling, and addresses quality issues such as surface defects, blistering, and internal cracking. It concludes with a discussion on the drawing of solid section and aluminum tube.
Gender Issues in the Optics of the Docudays UA International Human Rights Documentary Film Festival
Authors: Оксана Чепелик  
Published: December 2018

The range of films, presented within the Docudays UA Film Festival, that took place on March, 23–30, 2018 were examined with in the programs SIMPLE FEMALE EQUALITY, QUEERALITY, SENIOR EQUALITY and the other films, dedicated to gender issue, that explored the topic «Equal Equalities» with the aim to include them into national cultural study discourse, as a subject for reflections and discussions. It is marked that gender is a not an anatomy, but set of rules that all of us, men and women, unavoidably execute, or violate. The importance for a theory and practice whether the documentary cinema gets signals from modern society that is in the cramps of giving birth of the future is pointed out, and what signals are got by the society from documentary, whether the cinematographic world catches the vibrations of our time through the art? The washed out of limit between an art, activism and work with social problems, that the documentary captures, is pointed. The article determines the position of Docudays UA — as cultural and political phenomenon in Ukrainian society is determined, insisting on acquisition by Ukraine of own subjectivity in the documentary cinema with its followіg presentation within important international film festivals.
ZASADA PRZESTRZEGANIA Z URZĘDU WŁAŚCIWOŚCI PRZEZ ORGANY ADMINISTRACJI PUBLICZNEJ
Authors: Sawicka Marta 
Published: December 2018

The norm resulting from the Article 19 of Administrative Code formulates the principle ofroutinely abiding to the jurisdiction by the organs of public administration, from which the doctrineand judicial decisions derive individual directives. According to the principle an organ cannotundertake any action in the proceedings if it turns out not to be a relevant authority. This principle also determines the action to which the organ is obliged in such a case, namely establishing therelevant authority and promptly sending the application in question. Similarly, the principle obligesthe public administration body to initiate jurisdiction dispute to protect its scope of responsibilitiesagainst other organs and to avoid introducing into other organs’ scope of responsibilities for matterswhich are not theirs by virtue of law.Failure to comply with the principle of routinely abiding jurisdiction by the organ of publicadministration constitutes a disqualifying defect of the proceedings, which results in the decisiondeclared invalid in accordance with article 156 paragraph 1 item 1 of the Administrative Code. Itremains irrelevant, what kind of jurisdiction (material, local, or appeal) was breached when thedecision was taken or the fact that the settlement is correct with regard to its content.
MEDIAZIONE CONCILIATIVA E FISCALITÁ INDIRETTA – PARTE PRIMA1: IL REGIME DELL’IMPOSTA DI BOLLO
Authors: PARENTE SALVATORE ANTONELLO 
Published: December 2018

The system of tax benefits to the parties recognised that access to mediation proceedings raisescertain problems for the lack of uniformity of legislation, poorly supported at the level of detailconcerning discipline tax benefits.Articles 17, paragraphs 1–3, and 20, d.lgs. March 4, 2010, n. 28, regulate three different typesof tax breaks: two, in terms of indirect taxation, consisting of tax for acts of mediation procedure(total exemption from stamp duty for all acts, documents and measures relating to the mediationprocess; partial relief from registration tax, which applies to only verbal agreement); the third,however, with regard to direct taxation, with the features of a tax credit commensurate withcompensation paid by the parties to the mediation body.The first tax measure of favor, governed by art. 17, paragraph 2, d.lgs. n. 28/2010, in line withprevious experiences on extrajudicial conciliation corporate matters (art. 39, paragraph 1, d.lgs.January 17, 2003, n. 5), consists in exemption from stamp duty (d.P.R. October 26, 1972, n. 642)and each expense, fee or right of any kind and nature, concerning acts, documents and measuresrelating to the mediation process.In applying these principles, are not subject to stamp duty or clerical rights, mediation,the accompanying documents, the act of accession to the ombudsman’s proposal, the proposalformulated by the ombudsman mediation, the mediation and the lack of agreement, together withany copies, memories, in addition to the appointment of any technical consultants. Similarly, are exempt from stamp tax the act of appointment and acceptance of the mandateconferred by the mediator, the mediation affairs registry, the list of mediators entered the body,subscribe to the ombudsman’s impartiality and service evaluation.It is doubtful whether the term expense, fee or right of any kind and nature can be understoodin the sense, in order to apply the exemption to other types of taxes not expressly mentioned: forexample, cadastral and mortgage taxes.
Udostępnianie informacji publicznej przez partie polityczne
Authors: Szczęch Norbert 
Published: December 2018

Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej oraz Ustawa z 6 września 2001 r. o dostępie do informacji publicznej gwarantują prawo dostępu do informacji dotyczącej działalności organów władzy publicznej oraz podmiotów wykonujących zadania publiczne. Partie polityczne są zobowiązane ustawą do udostępniania informacji dotyczących ich finansowania. Co więcej, jak orzekł Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny, nie ma wątpliwości, że każda partia polityczna spełnia funkcje publiczne (OSK 513/13). Rezultatem tego stanowiska jest zobowiązanie partii do udostępniania informacji dotyczących ich aktywności oraz finansów. Judykatura uzupełnia regulacje ustawowe o wiele dodatkowych reguł, m. in. definicja dokumentu urzędowego z Kodeksu Postępowania Cywilnego nie ma zastosowania na gruncie omawianej ustawy; sfera informacji publicznych obejmuje wszelkiego rodzaju dane dotyczących wydatkowania przez partię środków finansowych, w tym opłaconych przez nią faktur i zawartych umów cywilnoprawnych jak również informacje dotyczące sposobu ustalania wysokości składek członkowskich oraz dokumentów, na podstawie których ta składka jest ustalana. Partie są także zobowiązane do ujawniania uchwał zarządu oraz innych dokumentów wytworzonych przez struktury partyjne, chyba, że mają one charakter ogólny i nie zawierają żadnych dodatkowych informacji. Nie posiadają natomiast takiego statusu informacje i dokumenty dotyczące spotkania liderów partii politycznych, jak również inne informacje o metodach i środkach działania danej partii.
EVALUASI DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB
Authors: Ridho Ubaid 
Published: December 2018

This article explains the importance of evaluation as one of the learning components, particularly in Arabic teaching and learning. In the learning process there are two main activities, namely learning done by the students and teaching done by the teacher, the two activities are to achieve the objectives set out in the lesson plan. In this article, readers are invited by the author to discuss various matters related to the evaluation of Arabic learning, such as the objectives and principles of evaluation, the variety of evaluation, and the signs in the preparation of test equipment, whether test or non test techniques.
Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang pentingnya evaluasi sebagai salah satu komponen pembelajaran, utamanya dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar bahasa Arab. Dalam proses pembelajaran ada dua kegiatan utama, yaitu belajar yang dilakukan oleh peserta didik dan mengajar yang dilakukan oleh guru, dua kegiatan tersebut adalah untuk mencapai tujuan yang telah ditetapkan dalam rencana pembelajaran. Dalam artikel ini, pembaca diajak penulis untuk berdiskusi tentang berbagai hal terkait evaluasi pembelajaran bahasa Arab, diantaranya adalah tujuan dan prinsip evaluasi, ragam evaluasi, dan rambu-rambu dalam penyusunan alat tes, baik teknik tes atau non tes.
Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Maharah Qiroah Berbasis Karakter Di Perguruan Tinggi
Authors: Fitriani Laily 
Published: December 2018

عرفنا يأن التربية هي عملية مستمرة ولها علاقة قوية لتكوين شخصية المتربـــي. عندما افتتح أبواب العولمة كان العالم يتسابقون الناس في سريع التأثر بوجود التكنولوجيا الحديثة. بمرور الزمان كانت التربية السلوكية في إندونيسيا لو تكن ناحجا. ولذلك يحتاج إلي المحاولات الوافرة من قبل المعلمين لبناء سلوكة المتعلمين السليمة. وهذه المحاولة من ناحية المنهج الدراسي أو الطرق التدريس أو المواد الدراسية.
هذه المقالة البسيطة ستبحث عن أهمية التربية السلوكية في إندونيسيا وكيف خطوات تطبيق التربية السلوكية في المادة الدراسية خاصة في مادة مهارة القراءة الأولى في المرحلة الجامعية.
وخلاصة من هذه المقالة، أن تطوير المواد الدراسية مهم جدا وله أثر قوي من قبل المتعلمين، لأن عند قراءة المادة سوف يستنتج المتعلمين أكثر من القيم السلوقية في المادة وتحقيق هذه المحاولات ممكنة أن يعمل من قبل المعلمين.
MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB
Authors: Mahmudah Siti 
Published: December 2018

كانت المشكلات المركّبة في عملية التعليم اللغة العربية أساسيا. وكانت العناصر الكثيرة تأثيرها إمّاالداخلية تشتقّ من الطلبة الذين لايحافزوا ولايحبّوا الدرس اللغة العربية، والعناصرالخارجية تشتقّ من الحالات منها المدرّس وهو عنصر مهمّ كلاعب الابتدائ في عملية التعليم اللغة العربية. وغير ذالك المادّة والوسائل الإيضاح يساهمان على تحديد نجاح عملية التعليم.والوسائل الإيضاح بأنواعه المختلفة منها سمعية، بصرية وسمعية بصرية تقديم لتسهيل في عملية التعليم لأنه يستطيع أن يرغم تحفيزية الطلبة ويعنف الامتصاصية والمحتجزات الطلبة، ليساعد المدرس تبليغ الدرس المحسوس للطلبة والأهداف في تعليم اللغة العربية تتحقّق شاملة.
وكانت الوظيفة والفائدة والسهمة في وسائل الإيضاح.والوفق في استخدام الواسائل الإيضاح يتعلّق بالمادّة والغرض في تعليم اللغة العربية. ولذالك ليست الوسائل الإيضاح المعينة التي تلائم بجميع الحلات في تعليم اللغة العربية ولكن تتفق بالحجات في تعليم اللغة العربية و القدرة في تحضيرها،لان الوسائل الإيضاح لاتتحتّم بالجنس الإلكترونك ولكن تستطيع بالجنس المتواضع.

Pada dasarnya proses belajar mengajar bahasa Arab memiliki masalah yang komplek. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhinya, baik secara interen maupun eksteren. Faktor intern berasal dari diri siswa, kebanyakan dari para siswa kurang termotivasi dalam belajar bahasa Arab dan bahkan banyak siswa yang juga tidak menyenangi pelajaran bahasa Arab. Sedangkan faktor eksteren berasal dari beberapa hal, guru menjadi salah satu faktor penting sebagai pemeran utama dalam proses pembelajaran. Selain itu sumber belajar dan media pembelajaran juga berperan dalam menentukan keberhasilan proses pembelajaran. Media pembelajaran dengan berbagai macam bentuknya baik berupa audio, visual maupun audio visual hadir untuk mempermudah proses belajar mengajar bahasa Arab karena dapat mendorong motivasi belajar siswa, dapat mempertinggi daya serap dan retensi siswa terhadap materi pelajaran, sehingga membantu para pengajar dalam menyampaikan materi yang bisa lebih konkrit diterima siswa sehingga tujuan pembelajaran bahasa Arab dapat tercapai secara maksimal.
Media pembelajaran mempunyai fungsi, kegunaan dan peranan yang komplek dalam pembelajaran bahasa Arab. Cocok atau tidaknya penggunaan media tertentu dalam pembelajaran bergantung pada tujuan dan materi pembelajaran . Sehingga tidak ada media tertentu yang terbaik dan cocok untuk segala situasi dan kondisi pembelajaran, namun media yang cocok adalah media yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan pembelajaran dan ketersediaan media itu sendiri dalam sebuah lembaga pendidikan, karena penggunaan media pembelajaran tidak harus yang berjenis elektronik tetapi juga bisa berbentuk media sederhana yang ada.
RANCANG BANGUN LOAD BALANCING DUA INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (ISP) BERBASIS MIKROTIK
Authors: Ardianto Feby , Alfaresi Bengawan , Darmadi Agus 
Published: December 2018

Load balancing merupakan teknik untuk mendistribusikan beban trafik pada dua atau lebih jalur koneksi secara seimbang, agar trafik dapat berjalan optimal, memaksimalkan throughput, memperkecil waktu tanggap dan menghindari overload pada salah satu jalur koneksi. Pemilihan Per Connection Clasifier (PCC) load balancing dikarenakan metode tersebut dapat meningkatkan kecepatan koneksi dan membagi kedua gateway agar tidak terjadi overload. Tujuan Penelitian untuk mengimplementasikan fitur load balancing pada mikrotik agar dapat lebih efektif dalam meratakan beban traffic pada kedua jalur koneksi internet. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan empat tahapan 1). indentifikasi, 2). pengadaan perangkat hardware dan software,3). Perancangan atau desain jaringan, 4).pengujian jaringan. Pengujian kualitas koneksi dari masing-masing Internet Service Provider (ISP) dibagi menjadi tiga; Hasil pertama pada saat koneksi ISP 1 enable dan koneksi ISP 2 disable didapat ping 64 ms, download 0,87 Mbps dan uploud 0,93 Mbps. Hasil kedua koneksi ISP 2 enable dan koneksi ISP 1 disable didapat ping 102 ms, download 0,50 Mbps dan uploud 0,03 Mbps. dan untuk hasil ketiga koneksi ISP 1 dan koneksi ISP 2 di enable didapat ping 431 ms, download 0,73 Mbps dan uploud 0,15 Mbps
STUDI SISTEM PENTANAHAN SALURAN UDARA TEGANGAN TINGGI(SUTT) PENGHANTAR 150 KV LUBUK LINGGAU - PEKALONGAN PT. PLN (PERSERO) UNIT PEMBANGKIT DAN TRAMSISI (UPT) BENGKULU
Authors: Putra Dian Eka , Angga Fitra 
Published: December 2018

High-voltage 150 kV air ducts that use open wire are very likely to cause interference, both external and internal interference. And one of the most common disorders is due to lightning strikes. To optimize the distribution of electrical energy in the high voltage air duct, an earth system is installed at the foot of the tower. This study was conducted to calculate the value of foot tower resistance installed on 150 kV high voltage air line Lubuk Linggau - Pekalongan. Here it will also be discussed to minimize the resistance in earth that exceeds the set standard. Based on measurements using earth tester obtained several towers have a resistance value exceeding the standard on Tower T.20 of 14.5 ohms, Tower T.53 of 12.43 Ohm and Tower T.151 10.33 ohms. After adding the electrode rod obtained by T.20 to 8.056 ohm, T.53 became 8.055 ohms, T.151 8.51 ohms. Of the total 150 kV high voltage air ducts in Lubuk Linggau - Pekalongan, the grounding system is still good and capable of flowing the fault current to the ground