bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a New Failure Criterion for Burst Pressure Prediction of Corroded Pipes in Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Tao Gang 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Burst pressure prediction of corroded pipes in Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has commonly adopted various forms of stress-based criteria by comparing the von Mises stress in the corroded ligament with a reference stress associated with the material’s true Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS). However, many variations and inconsistencies exist in terms of how the von Mises stress is selected and what is the appropriate reference stress. These inconsistencies not only cause confusion in selecting the appropriate failure criterion, but also lead to challenges in accurate prediction of burst pressure for corroded pipes.
In light of physical burst test evidence, a plastic instability-based failure criterion was recently proposed for FEA prediction of burst pressure of corroded pipes. This new failure criterion is fundamentally identical to that used for predicting the burst pressure of uncorroded pipes. Based on the physical burst test results from a recent research program, this study critically examined the prediction performance of the plastic instability-based criterion and various stress-based criteria by statistical methods. The plastic instability-based criterion clearly demonstrated a more consistent prediction performance than the stress-based criteria. As an important implication of this study, the new failure criterion significantly improved the confidence of FEA prediction of burst pressure for corroded pipes in the absence of physical burst tests. The findings of this study also confirmed the ductile failure mechanism of corroded pipes and therefore demonstrated the importance of incorporating the strain hardening property in pipe corrosion assessment models.
Modified Pipe Connectors for High Pressure Pipe Joints
Authors: Sippy Haresh K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In high-pressure [excess to 100 bar pressure] piping circuits in a refinery, petrochemical plants, fertilizer plants, power plants, etc., piping ends are connected with flanges/bolts/gaskets designed as per ASME B31.3 which is a process piping code. ASME B16.5/B16.20 is one of the popular removable flanged/gasketed joint arrangements However, these gasketed joints tend to leak at high pressures. Therefore, many end users are forced to weld piping ends [Refer Figure 2].
However, welding of piping ends reduces the flexibility of maintaining piping system as the end user is required to cut the pipe / weld for maintenance / modification and then re-weld the pipe. This is a very cumbersome and time-consuming activity as it involves on site welding which is very skilled work followed by local post weld heat treatment, and non-destructive examinations such as Ultrasonic examination or Radiographic examination.
Therefore, there is a need for a convenient and foolproof design of removable pipe connectors that can be used to connect two pipe ends easily and can be detached easily whenever required.
Some plant operators are now using clamped pipe connectors with T-shaped metal seals as an alternative to conventional ring flanges.
The work in this paper relates to an improved pipe connector design that involves a self-energized gasket combined with a blind cover, designed to work with the “Modified pipe connector” system. Additionally, it incorporates a mechanism that allows for online testing of the equipment without requiring its removal from the operational loop.
The improved pipe connector, design incorporates a specially designed self-energized Y-shaped sealing ring [Gasket] that provides multi-stage sealing such that:
- A first stage sealing is achieved by “when the clamp bolts are tightened, the hubs are drawn together by wedge action on the two clamps compressing the Y-shaped sealing ring.
- A second stage sealing is achieved by increasing the sealing pressure between the seal and hub faces thereby reinforcing the seal.
With the improved/modified pipe connector we aim to achieve a more reliable and leak tight joint.
Extensive analysis has been carried out to substantiate the above and the results of the same have been included in this paper.
Neural Network for Constitutive Modeling of Beam Structures
Authors: Ji Beilei , Mei Qipei , Taraghi Pouya , Adeeb Samer 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Constitutive modeling plays a vital role in simulating the stress-strain behavior of structures within various engineering applications. Traditionally, constitutive models relied on experimental tests to accurately characterize the stress-strain relationship. In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in the development of advanced constitutive laws due to the high cost associated with testing. However, numerical computations based on advanced constitutive laws heavily relies on numerical integration which is time-consuming and computationally demanding. This leads to the need to develop an alternate approach. In this study, a neural network-based constitutive model using TensorFlow was proposed to capture the non-linear relationship between stress and strain in beam structures. A case study was conducted where the neural network-based constitutive model was implemented to predict the axial force and bending moment of the pipeline subjected to ground displacement, modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam with large deformations. The comparative analysis with traditional numerical integration schemes was pursued to assess the performance of the proposed model. The results showed a significant reduction in computation time when dealing with large data sizes. Additionally, the impacts of the training data samples on the applicability of the neural network constitutive model were investigated. The findings of this study support that the neural network-based constitutive model serve as a more efficient tool for extensive numerical simulations in the design and structural analysis of beam structures.
Flange Face Damages and Its Management for Plant Construction in Oil and Gas Industries
Authors: Yamazaki Koichi , Takahashi Atsushi , Kawai Masahiro , Tsuda Takahiro 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Flange faces, in particular piping flange, often encounter mechanical and corrosion damages during the plant construction. Of the damages, mechanical one is easier to identify in terms of when it occurs and what causes it, and the responsibilities for a repair or a replacement is clearly attributed to which of the stakeholders, flange purchasers, flange manufacturers, stockiest, shipping companies, piping spool fabricators or piping erectors. For the corrosion damage, however, the responsibilities are often argued among the stakeholders because it is unknown when and why the damages occurred.
In order to avoid this meaningless argument and to prevent the corrosion, rust preventive coating is usually applied to flange faces for temporary protection by flange manufacturers due to easy application and anti-corrosion performance, however, the rust preventions selected and applied by flange manufacturers may not sufficiently prevent flange faces from corrosion during the plant construction. This is because there are many factors affecting corrosion to consider, such as site conditions and storage duration in construction sites. Due to these complicated factors, contractors for plant construction are facing with the difficulty of managing flange protection.
In order to solve the difficulty, this paper introduces and discusses that damage experiences, potential countermeasures against the damage and the example of flange face managements such as selection of rust preventive coatings and on-site preservation strategy.
Implementation of Non-Backing Gas GTAW Welding for Stainless Steel Process Piping in Oil and Gas Industries
Authors: Zhou Bin , Takahashi Atsushi 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) is a widely used welding process for joining stainless steel (SS) pipe work in oil and gas industries. For pipe welding of SS, back shielding by inert gas and its maintenance for the first few layers are required to obtain good weldability and quality of welds.
However, asphyxiation accidents of welders entering piping inside for repair by residual inert gas unfortunately are still reported, and unexpected remaining isolations inside piping for back shielding sometimes become concerns for obstructing fluid flow or damaging piping components.
To solve the concerns, some measures had been introduced to the industries. However, those measures cannot be widely applied due to lack of economical rationality such as necessity of special equipment and long training period of welders, and reduction of operational reliability with remaining slag and sticky spatters caught by radiography. To overcome those issues, non-backing gas (NBG) GTAW was introduced to apply SS piping welding by use of high silicon (Si) solid filler because positive results of weldability and quality of welds had been introduced in ASME PVP2022 [1].
This paper presents experiences of the first implementation of NBG-GTAW with high Si containing solid filler for SS process piping welding in oil and gas industries.
Fracture Toughness Tests on Western RPV Steels Using Small Scale Specimen Technique – Evaluation of Results
Authors: Obermeier Florian , Altstadt Eberhard , Hein Hieronymus , Das Aniruddh , May Johannes 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In order to ensure continued safe operation of European nuclear reactors, it is necessary to solve specific issues that arise from irradiation induced reactor pressure vessel (RPV) embrittlement under long term operation. This requires an extension of the RPV surveillance programs to cover longer operation times than originally planned. The limited availability of surveillance materials poses a challenge for the feasibility of such programs. Among others, the use of the small specimen technology is a promising option to overcome the lack of materials. For example, a number of up to 16 sub-sized 0.16T-C(T) specimens (4 mm thickness) can be manufactured from two tested Charpy sized (10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm) specimens, allowing a reliable determination of the reference temperature T0. Such Charpy sized fracture mechanics specimens are currently widely used in the RPV surveillance programs.
To support the acceptability for fracture mechanics testing of irradiated and unirradiated RPV steels using sub-sized specimens, a joined R&D project was launched partly financed by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. The partners are the technical University of Dresden / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (research institutes) and the Framatome GmbH (commercial nuclear company / supplier).
The objectives of the presented project are to identify a set of relevant RPV materials in unirradiated as well as irradiated conditions, to manufacture 0.16T-C(T) specimens and to test these specimens in accordance with the standard ASTM E 1921. The results shall be compared with results measured on standard sized fracture toughness specimens to demonstrate the transferability of the data. Moreover, the applicability of small scale testing under hot cell conditions will be demonstrated in view of manufacturing, pre-cracking procedure, measurements of crack-opening displacement and load line displacement.
The primary purpose is to demonstrate that the results measured on sub-sized specimens can safely be used in the safety assessment of RPVs. In addition, the results will establish a basis to assess results from international projects regarding sub-sized fracture mechanics specimens.
This paper presents the selected materials, the fracture toughness test results from small scale specimen testing, a comparison with results from standard sized specimen and fractography examinations. Results of a local approach analysis to support the interpretation of the test results are presented as well.
An Application of Random Response Analysis for Analyzing Vibration Fatigue Failures Due to Liquid Impingement Loads
Authors: Kummari Seetha Ramudu , Bifano Michael F. P. , Rinas Derek L. , Ishtiaque Hassan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Vibration fatigue failures of components or structures subjected to liquid impingement loads are common in oil and gas, and petrochemical industries. The impulse force due to liquid impingement is random in nature as the magnitude of the force depends on factors such as the way in which liquid breaks-up as it impinges, the variation in the droplet sizes, and the frequency of the droplet’s impingement. Often the designers estimate the impingement load as an equivalent static force based on the principles of rate of change of momentum. While such static equivalent load is a good estimate for the time-averaged force, the use of such force alone in the design analyses is unconservative. A better way to design the components for liquid impingement loads is to treat the impingement loads as random loading and analyze the components using random response analysis as discussed in this paper. In the random response analysis, the liquid impingement load is defined in a statistical sense; power spectral density (PSD) as a function of frequency. The stresses from the random response analysis are a measure of root-mean-square (RMS) stress. Such RMS stresses can be compared to an RMS stress limit that can be obtained by integrating fatigue damage defined using a design fatigue (S-N) curve. This paper discusses an application of the random response analysis for identifying the root cause of a pressure vessel’s internal deflector support cracking and the design changes to the deflector for protection against such vibration fatigue failures in the future.
Project FRACTESUS: Fracture Toughness Round Robin on a High Copper Weld Using Miniature C(T) Specimens – Results and Discussion
Authors: Obermeier Florian , Uytdenhouwen Inge , Altstadt Eberhard , Cicero Sergio , Sánchez Marcos , Echols John , Bonny Giovanni 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The present FRACTESUS project aims to determine the effect of specimen size on the fracture toughness properties. Finite element models (FEM) are used to investigate the difference between large-size and miniature compact tension (MC(T)) specimens and quantitatively assess the resulting loss of constraint due to size reduction. The optimal range of usability of MC(T) specimens can therefore be determined and evidenced with experimental results. Large inter-laboratory testing is included in the FRACTESUS project to prove the repeatability and reproducibility of the small-scale testing of fracture toughness properties. Various materials relevant for most of the available reactor materials and irradiation conditions are investigated.
The experimental round robin on unirradiated materials has been completed by 13 different laboratories. The reference temperatures T0 obtained from MC(T) specimens by the different laboratories are compared to the one obtained from larger (mostly 1T-C(T)) specimens for six different materials. The considered materials are relevant for the nuclear industry and consist of four base (15Kh2MFAA, A533B LUS, A533B JRQ, A508 Cl.3) and two weld (ANP-5 and 73W) materials.
In this regard, the present publication will elaborate on the investigations and the results achieved during the round robin of the material ANP-5. The ANP-5 weld metal is a modified NiCrMo1 UP weld belonging to a 6-meter (236 inch) reactor pressure vessel (RPV) test weldment. This test weldment was manufactured and post weld heat treated by Klöckner Werke AG and is supposed to be representative for RPV weldments of 1st generation pressurized water reactors (PWR). The special feature of this material is the high copper content, which makes it particularly susceptible to irradiation-induced embrittlement.
In the framework of the FRACTESUS project the material was investigated according to the ASTM E1921 standard by five partners: SCK CEN, University of Cantabria, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority and the Framatome GmbH. Nearly 100 miniature C(T) specimens were tested to determine the transition temperature T0 and to compare it with the results of standard sized specimen. Within this ANP-5 test program two test series performed different than expected. A sharp transition from brittle to ductile without a distinct transition range was observed. The results of the test program and reasons for the unexpected material behavior will be discussed hereinafter.
Feasibility Journey – Fitness for Service Assessment of Pipeline Materials in Repurposing Existing Natural Gas Pipelines to Transport Hydrogen – Natural Gas Blends
Authors: Esmaeely Saba N. , Prewitt Thomas Joseph , Finneran Shane 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Repurposing existing energy systems to low carbon sources is a necessary step toward decarbonization of the energy systems since it provides opportunities for time and cost-efficient transition overcoming the high cost of and public resistance to building new infrastructures. As part of such transitions, existing natural gas networks are being evaluated for compatibility with transporting hydrogen, either as hydrogen – natural gas (H2 – NG) blend, or as a steppingstone to potentially transport 100% hydrogen.
Considering change of service from natural gas to hydrogen, or H2-NG blend, requires evaluating the fitness for purpose of the system for the planned operating conditions to support a safe and reliable transition. This repurposing assessment should consider the potential impact of hydrogen on mechanical properties of the material (e.g. hydrogen embrittlement (HE)), which has been one of the main areas of investigation focusing on the boundaries where the existing materials are susceptible to hydrogen. Additionally, impacts to safety, risk, and integrity management should be assessed. However, there is a recognized lack of guideline on utilizing the existing data on HE toward re-defining the operating conditions and determining the remaining life of an existing pipeline when transitioning to H2/NG. The current paper discusses the challenges which should be considered in the Fitness-for-Service (FFS) assessment of an existing pipeline including, inline inspection (ILI) compatibility, flaw detection, reassessment/re-evaluation for FFS, revised remaining life, options for pressure reduction to enable H2 blending or transport.
Analyses of Stress Intensity Factor Solutions for Subsurface Flaws In Flat Plates
Authors: Li Suo , Li Yinsheng , Lu Kai , Lacroix Valéry , Dulieu Pierre 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The stress intensity factor (SIF) solutions for subsurface flaws in flat plates are provided in Appendix A of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section XI. A part of the SIF solutions was initially provided in the 2015 edition. The solutions were obtained for the fourth order polynomial stress distribution base on the influence function method. The solutions were expanded in the 2021 edition for subsurface flaws near the surface of the plate. The additional solutions were obtained based on the J-integral from the elastic finite element analyses. However, recent investigations have found that there is a minor discrepancy in trend between the two sets of SIF solutions because they were obtained by using different numerical methods. Although the discrepancy is very small, the change in trend causes some difficulties in engineering applications. In this work, the SIF solutions are recalculated using the same numerical method based on the J-integral from elastic finite element analyses. The results are compared with the solutions in the current Section XI, RSE-M, and are finally cross-checked with the results obtained from an independent numerical model. The results are useful to eliminate the discrepancy in trend in the SIF solutions for subsurface flaws in flat plates in the current edition of Section XI.
Performance Analysis of 12MnNiVR High Strength Steel Plate for Large Oil Storage Tanks in China
Authors: Zhou Yunmeng , Chen Zhiwei , Jia Xiaoliang , Ji Fang , Cui Gaoyu , Li Xiang 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Large storage tank is the most common, effective and mature container for storing oil. It plays an important role in national construction and national economic development. In the past, the steel plates used to make large oil storage tanks always imported abroad, which severely restricted the development of the industry. Many Chinese manufacturers spent several years on developing steels plate in order to promoting the development of the industry. 12MnNiVR is one of the steel for making large oil storage developed by Chinese manufacturers. In this paper, the properties of steel plate for large oil storage tank are studied. Through the comparative analysis of 12MnNiVR steel plate test data and enterprise standard performance indexes of major steel plate manufacturers from China and abroad, including chemical composition, yield strength, tensile strength, elongation after fracture and impact absorption energy, the results show that the performance indexes of 12MnNiVR steel plate produced in China are significantly higher than the requirements of GB/T 19189-2011, and most of the performance indicators have been stricter than the requirements of Japanese Standard JIS G3115-2005. The materials used for large storage tanks in China have completely replaced the imported materials and realized localization. The development of steel plate not only meets the development needs of large oil storage tank, but also improves the market competitiveness.
Fracture and Fatigue Properties of High Strength Ferritic Steel Welds in High Pressure Hydrogen
Authors: Ortolani Matteo , Bortot Paolo , Connolly Matthew , Buck Zackary 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
High strength ferritic steels are very commonly used for construction of pressure vessels for hydrogen storage and transportation, thanks to the combination of affordable cost and availability of material for construction. As hydrogen becomes more and more important as a carbon-neutral energy vector, the number and size of installations for hydrogen storage are expected to grow, and large vessels fabricated by welding are among the possible solutions to meet this increasing demand of storage capacity.
Ferritic steels suffer from hydrogen assisted cracking, and therefore safe design requires reliable knowledge of their fracture and fatigue properties when exposed to pressurized hydrogen environment. Thankfully, this information is today available for most commonly used steel grades ([1], [2]).
However, these known design curves are specific for wrought products, whose microstructure is achieved by precise heat treatment conditions, typically, quenching and tempering. Welding, however, inevitably produces a local transformation of the material’s microstructure, and a gradient of properties in the volume surrounding the solidified pool. Therefore, fabricating any high strength steel pressure equipment that includes welds, requires characterization of the fracture and fatigue properties of the different microstructural regions.
Previous work from the same authors ([3]) demonstrated the variable performance of high strength steel welds in gaseous hydrogen, and thus the effect of welding parameters. This paper expands the previously published information, presenting new experimental findings on the FCGR behavior of welded joints made from a low a carbon weldable high strength steel, P690 QL2 ([4]).