bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Fusiform Rust-Resistant Loblolly Pine Seed Sources
Authors: Powers H. R. , Kraus J. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A greenhouse inoculation study compared resistance to fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings derived from bulk seed produced in 4 rust-resistant seed orchards, 1 rust-resistant geographic seed source (Livingston Parish, LA), and a control treatment of improved loblolly from a first-generation production orchard. The rust-resistant orchards included 2 forest industry orchards developed from the most rust-resistant clones available within a tree improvement cooperative (1st generation), and both a clonal and a seedling seed orchard from the Georgia Forestry Commission-USDA Forest Service (GFC-USFS) program (2nd generation). The most resistant seedlings (61% rust free) were from the GFC-USFS seedling orchard. The Livingston Parish seedlings and those from the GFC-USFS clonal orchard had significant resistance, both groups being 44% rust free. One forest industry orchard was intermediate in resistance (34% rust free), whereas the second industry orchard was not significantly different from the controls, with 19 and 13% of the seedlings rust free, respectively. The results emphasize the value of increased selection pressure in the future production of highly rust-resistant seedlings with a broad genetic base, and demonstrates the gains that can be achieved in advanced generations. South. J. Appl. For. 10:230-232, Nov. 1986.
The Impact of Recent Changes in State and Federal Death Tax Laws on Private NonIndustrial Forest Estates in the South¹
Authors: Walden John B. , Haney Harry L. , Siegel William C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Federal Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 has significantly influenced the intergenerational transfer of assets. There have also been many changes since 1980 in the death tax statutes of the southern states. Both developments have important implications for private woodland estates. This article discusses recent changes at both federal and state levels. It also compares differences in total death tax burdens (federal and state) between two states with different taxing systems. The study shows that the tax burden in states with a taxing regime based on the federal system is generally less, at the first death in a typical family of four, than in states with other systems. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):17-23.
Effect of Triadimefon on Development of Mycorrhizae from Natural Inoculum in Loblolly Pine Nursery Beds
Authors: Kelley Walter D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three or four applications of triadimefon at a rate of 6 oz/ac/application to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) nursery beds in the spring to control fusiform rust did not significantly affect mycorrhizal development from natural inoculum, as determined in the autumn and/or winter; higher rates (12 oz/ac and 24 oz/ac) significantly decreased amounts of mychorrhizal roots. The symbiont Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch was more drastically affected than were other mycorrhizal fungi, based on Pt indices. Use of triadimefon at a 4 x rate (24 oz/ac/application) forthree consecutive years yielded no evidence of a buildup in soil. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):49-52.
Polymeric Nursery Bed Stabilization to Reduce Seed Losses in Forest Nurseries
Authors: Carlson William C. , Anthony John G. , Plyler R. P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A polymerization treatment using Geotech, a copolymer of acrylate and vinyl acetate monomers, was used to stabilize forest nursery beds to substantially reduce wind and water erosion. Such treatment did not affect either the temperature of the seed zone in the soil or germinant emergence.Seed losses were reduced by the treatment, resulting in increased nursery yield. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):116-119.
Hardwood Plantation Growth Following Weed Control Using Herbicides and Cultivation
Authors: Zutter Bruce R. , Nelson Larry R. , Minogue Patrick J. , Gjerstad Dean H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of weed control using herbicides, cultivation, and a combination of herbicides and cultivation on the growth of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica L.) plantations were examined. Two years of weed control using herbicides, either broadcastor in a five-foot band centered on the planted row, resulted in hardwood growth greater than or equal to that for two or three years of cultivation. Cultivation in combination with the herbicide band treatment yielded greater growth than cultivation or herbicide banding alone. No appreciabledifferences in seedling survival were noted among treatments on three studies where survival was assessed. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):134-138.
Planted Pine Growth and Survival Responses to Herbaceous Vegetation Control, Treatment Duration, and Herbicide Application Technique
Authors: Creighton Jerre L. , Zutter Bruce R. , Glover Glenn R. , Gjerstad Dean H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height, diameter, and survival of loblolly (Pinus taeda), longleaf (Pinus palustris), and slash (Pinus elliottii) pines in 16 plantations aged 2 through 7 yr were summarized for plots receiving herbaceous vegetation control treatments and for untreated check plots. Treatments tested at one or more sites included spot, banded, and broadcast herbicide applications for the first one or two growing seasons after planting. Analyses of variance and orthogonal contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of one or more of the following factors at each site: herbaceous vegetation control (treated vs. check); treatment duration (1 vs. 2 yr); and application method (band vs. broadcast or spot vs. band). Competition control had a significant positive effect on height and diameter at all 16 locations, and on survival or density where competition was most intense (5 of 14 sites). A second year of herbaceous vegetation control led to significant additional gains in height and diameter at 6 and 7 of the 10 locations, respectively, where those effects could be tested. Application technique had no significant influence on any pine attribute measured. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):223-227.
Low-Water Stream Crossing Options for Southern Haul Roads
Authors: Milauskas Steven J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Low-water stream crossings provide an alternative to conventional drainage structures of culverts and bridges. Creative design and sound analysis of crossing options is necessary to minimize channel disturbance. Costs vary greatly depending on the structure type, stream characteristics, and availability of labor and materials. Simple fords consisting of crushed stone or gravel, rock-filled gabions, or concrete structures can provide economical, low-maintenance stream crossings. Fords vented with pipe or concrete box culverts, though more costly, allow placement on perennial streams. All low-water crossings require careful planning to mesh environmental impact, site characteristics, operations requirements, and cost considerations. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):11-15.
Effect of Short-Term Storage of Triadimefon-Treated Loblolly Pine Seed on Incidence of Fusiform Rust
Authors: Kelley Walter D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Protection from fusiform rust, caused by Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme Burdsall and Snow, on emerging seedlings of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was not diminished by storing the treated seeds up to 24 days before sowing. Young seedlings were inoculated with basidiospores of C quercuum f. sp. fusiforme 31 days after seeds were sown, and seedlings were examined for rust galls 7 months later. No galls were found on seedlings from seed dressed with triadimefon, regardless of length of storage. Percentages of seedlings with galls from seeds subjected to the triadimefon seed soak ranged from 12% (0 days storage) to 2% (24 days storage). Sixty-three percent of the seedlings from nontreated control seeds had galls. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):18-20
Estimating Natural Yellow-Poplar Site Index in the Hilly Coastal Plain of Alabama
Authors: Golden Michael S. , Meldahl Ralph S. , Tuttle Charles L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Separate height and site index prediction equations were developed using stem analysis data from 168 dominant and codominant yellow-poplar (Linodendron tulipifera L.) trees felled at locations scattered across the hilly Coastal Plain in Alabama. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):41-45.
Development of Nuttall Oak Following Release in a Sapling-Sized Stand
Authors: Johnson Robert L. , Krinard Roger M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Release treatments applied to 11-year-old direct-seeded Nuttall oaks (Quercus nuttallii Palmer) did not significantly increase the number of free-to-grow oaks at age 17 compared to oaks that did not receive release treatments. Treatments consisted of cutting or deadening other species that were as tall as, or 1-1/3 or 1-2/3 times taller than, the average 15-ft-tall, free-to-grow oaks. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):46-49.
Material-Use Trends in U.S. Furniture Manufacturing
Authors: Luppold William G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Furniture manufacturers in the United States are major users of a variety of wood products. In the last two decades, traditional wood products, such as hardwood lumber, veneer, and plywood have been, in part, replaced by composite panel products, such as particleboard, hardboard, and medium-density fiberboard. This paper examines the uses of traditional and composite wood products by the wood household, upholstered household, and commercial furniture industries in descriptive and numerical terms. The analysis indicates that the substitution of composite products for traditional hardwood products has subsided in recent years in the household wood furniture industry but has continued in the commercial furniture industry. Strong growth in softwood lumber use has occurred in the household wood industry and the household upholstered furniture industry but not in the commercial furniture industry. Although hardwood lumber has been displaced by softwood-based composite panel products, greater relative decreases have occurred in hardwood veneer and veneer core plywood use because of composite panel substitution. Most recent market activities, however, indicate increased use of hardwood lumber in furniture production in the 1980s. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):102-107.
Fertilization and Competition Control Accelerate Early Southern Pine Growth on Flatwoods
Authors: Swindel Benee F. , Neary Daniel G. , Comerford Nicholas B. , Rockwood Donald L. , Blakeslee George M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Combinations of several levels of three factors (species, competition and nutrients) that influence southern pine growth were tested in three replications of a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment containing 40-tree measurement plots plus buffer zones. A moisture gradient over replications, augmented by irrigation, permitted evaluation of a fourth factor (moisture regime). In addition, individual trees of selected families of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii) permitted evaluation of a fifth factor (progeny). Of all factors investigated, nutrients and competition were by far the most important in limiting tree and stand growth on a some-what poorly drained flatwoods spodosol. Continuous elimination of either nutrient deficiencies or interspecific competition quintupled stand volume at age 4 years. The combined effect of both cultural practices was more than tenfold increase in stand volume. South J. Appl. For. 12(2):116-121.
Conceptual Analysis of Southern Pine Plantation Establishment and Early Growth
Authors: Dougherty Phillip M. , Gresham Charles A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Southern pine seedling silvical requirements for early survival and growth are examined in relation to physical and chemical properties of soils of the southeastern United States. Because of its influence on almost every plant process, soil moisture is the factor of greatest concern. Solar radiation is also critical in the first years because of intense competition for light by seedlings and competing vegetation. The importance of soil aeration is also commonly realized, especially in the coastal plain. However, the threshold soil oxygen levels for survival and growth are not known. With an understanding of the silvics of southern pine, foresters can improve seedling genotype and site-preparation prescriptions to maximize seedling survival and early growth on each soil type. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):160-166.
Foliar Nitrogen Content at Lifting Correlates with Early Growth of Loblolly Pine Seedlings from 20 Nurseries
Authors: Larsen Harry S. , South David B. , Boyer James N. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Height growth of outplanted loblolly pine seedlings was monitored over a 3-year period. Growth of seedlings from 20 nurseries was correlated with initial seedling characteristics from paired samples. Height growth during the first 6 months after planting was negatively correlated with the initial seedling height and shoot/root ratio and was positively correlated with root growth potential (RGP) and root weight. However, these variables were not significantly correlated with later growth. Foliar nitrogen content (mg of foliar nitrogen per seedling) was positively correlated with both initial and subsequent field growth. Foliar nitrogen content was the only variable that was significantly correlated with diameter growth and volume growth during the third year after planting. This variable accounted for 36% of the variation among sample means for 3-year height growth. These data support a previous report that field performance of loblolly pine seedlings during the first 3 years in the field can be influenced by the foliar nitrogen content at lifting. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):181-185.
Potential Impact of the Southern Pine Beetle on Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Colonies in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Belanger Roger P. , Hedden Roy L. , Lennartz Michael R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Thirty-four red-cockaded woodpecker colonies were studied in the Georgia Piedmont to (1) determine the stand, site, and tree characteristics associated with active colonies, (2) rate the susceptibility of colony stands to southern pine beetle attack, and (3) estimate the probability of beetle attack (risk) and potential for spot spread (hazard) over a projected 30-year period. The colony stands contain mature and overmature trees of predominately loblolly pine sawtimber on soils and sites favorable for tree growth. The susceptibility of these stands to beetle attack is generally low. Estimated timber losses resulting from the probability of attack and potential spot spread are also low. Predicted number of trees killed is strongly influenced by combinations of risk, hazard, and size of southern pine beetle populations. Mature stands can be managed to reduce southern pine beetle damage and establish forest conditions favorable to the red-cockaded woodpecker. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3): 194-199.
Diameter-Distribution Yield-Prediction System for Unthinned Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations on Non-Old-Fields in East Texas
Authors: Lenhart J. David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Procedures and methods for a diameter-distribution yield-prediction system for young (4-20 years old) unthinned loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Englem.) plantations on non-old-fields in East Texas are presented. Average height and number of trees are predictors of minimum diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, and quadratic mean diameter. The three measures of diameter are then used to determine the parameters of a Weibull probability density function. After obtaining the function, the number of trees by diameter class can be calculated, and by using individual tree content equations, expected yield by diameter class can be computed. An evaluation of the system indicated that on the average, loblolly pine plantation yields were underestimated by 5.3% and slash pine plantation yields were underestimated by 8.1%. Computer programs written in FORTRAN and BASIC are available from the author for the diameter-distribution yield-prediction system. South. J. App. For. 12(4):239-242
Fusiform Rust Trends in East Texas: 1969-1987
Authors: Lenhart J. David , McGrath W. Thomas , Hackett Terry L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Five surveys of pine plantations in East Texas over an 18-year period (1969-1987) indicated that fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme Birdsall and Snow) infection rates have increased to current levels of about 50% on slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and are continuing to increase on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) to 10-15% levels. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):259-261.
Average Wood Chip Trucking Costs for the Southeastern United States
Authors: Young Timothy M. , Ostermeier David M. , Domenech Douglas W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Transportation costs of wood chips may be a significant component of the total wood chip procurement costs of a plant. Transportation costs may influence plant location and define the radius of the wood procurement area. A survey of 80 trucking companies in the southeast that haul wood chips indicated that haul costs, on a cost per ton-mile basis, were not linear with respect to distance. Haul costs for wood chips ranged from $0.139/per ton-mile for haul distances of 1 to 20 miles, to $0.074/ton-mile for haul distances greater than 60 miles. Most wood chips were transported by either contract or private motor carriers. There were no significant difference between haul costs for common, contract, and private motor carriers. The variation in haul costs of private motor carriers was smaller than that of contract or common motor carriers. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):267-269.
Improving Field Performance of Southern Pine Seedlings by Treating with Fungicides before Storage
Authors: Barnett James P. , Brissette John C. , Kais Albert G. , Jones John P. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Field survival of longleaf, shortleaf, slash, and loblolly pine seedlings that had benomyl incorporated into the packing medium was markedly improved over that of clay-slurry controls. The more difficult to store seedlings of longleaf and shortleaf pine had greater magnitudes of response than more easily stored loblolly and slash pines. The decrease in seedling survival with storage time is related to a rapid increase in pathogenic microorganisms in cold storage. Although Benlate® ¹ 50WP is now registered for this use, the most effective fungicide dosage rates for routine use with different southern pine species must still be determined. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):281-285.
Pine Regeneration Success of a Private Nonindustrial Land Owner on the South Caroline Coast
Authors: Williams Thomas M. , Lipscomb Donald J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Between 1940 and 1964 Bernard M. and Belle W. Baruch did regeneration cuts (residuals of less than 50 ft²/ac) on 3,700 acres of pine forest on Hobcaw Barony. By 1975 pine regeneration was adequate on only 1,400 acres. Loblolly pine was successfully established only on well-drainedsites along the edges of the peninsula. Pines were not regenerated by seed tree cutting and periodic burning on the poorly drained soils characteristic of the center of interstream divides. Proper understory control was more important as drainage decreased. Land owners on the lower coastalplain should be aware that understory control is vital to success of natural regeneration on poorly drained lands. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):25-28.
Southern Appalachian Hardwood Timber Market Trends
Authors: De Steiguer J. E. , Hayden L. W. , Holley D. L. , Luppold W. G. , Martin W. G. , Newman D. H. , Sheffield R. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Since 1980, the hardwood timber harvests in Southern Appalachia, and particularly in western North Carolina, have risen to a 20-year high. Increased harvests accompanied, in some cases, by rising real stumpage prices for private timber, could be interpreted as indications of economicscarcity. Large timber inventories, however, indicate that physical supply is not a major problem. Tract subdivision and changes from farm to nonfarm ownerships may be creating supply problems. While real prices for private stumpage have risen in North Carolina, prices for National Foresttimber have fallen rather drastically. Possible causes for this apparent inconsistency include accelerated National Forest harvesting and weak demand for federal timber due to "nuisance factors" associated with purchase of federal timber. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):29-33.
Estimating Tree Ages in Uneven-Aged Hardwood Stands
Authors: McGee Charles E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two groups of upland hard-wood trees from the same general area were studied by 44 volunteer observers to determine the ability of the observers to visually estimate tree ages. The error of estimate for tree ages varied by the professional category of the observer, and all categoriesof observer improved with training. The error of age estimate over all categories of observer was 40.2% on the age estimation for the first group of trees. On the second group of trees, after being supplied with the correct ages for trees in the first group, the volunteer observers reducedthe overall error to 22.1%. The best individual effort was achieved by a forester whose error on the first attempt was 16.5% with a 10.7% error on his second attempt. However, for most workers, on-the-ground training is essential for reasonable accuracy in age estimation. South. J. Appl. For.13(1):40-42.
Height Growth of Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in the Northern Post-Oak belt of Texas
Authors: Hansen Robert S. , Bilan M. Victor 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Age accounted for over 70% of the variation in tree height of 10- to 44-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations established on deep sands, moderate sands, and nonsandy soils in the Northern Post-Oak Belt of Texas. Climatic and edaphicfactors, relating either directly or indirectly to the amount of moisture available for tree use, explained up to 17% of height growth variation. Height growth of the plantations was comparable to that of plantations growing in the pine-mixed hardwood forest cover type of East Texas.
The NorthernPost-Oak Belt of Texas is an area approximately 50 to 100 miles wide located between the pine-mixed hard-wood forest type to the east and the black-land prairie to the west. Soils within the belt belong primarily to the Alfisol or Ultisol soil orders. The western-most areas of the belt receiveup to 20% less annual rain fall than the pine-mixed hardwood type of East Texas (U.S. Environmental Data and Information Service 1949-1982). The present forest of this area is dominated by post oak (Quercus stellata Wang.), black-jack oak (Quercus Marilandica Muench.), bluejack oak (Quercusincana Bartr.), and black hickory (Carya texana Buckl.) (Ward 1984). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) occur naturally only in scattered locations (Wilson and Hacker 1986). South. j. Appl. For. 13(1):5-8.
Survey of Woodyard Scaling Practices in Georgia
Authors: McNeel J. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A recent survey of the timber scaling methods used by 259 mills and woodyards across the state of Georgia indicates that weight scaling methods are used by over 77% of those surveyed. Analysis of weight-to-volume conversion ratios for different product and species groups provided throughthe survey suggests little variability for surveyed products within the state, although some regional variation was noted. The most commonly observed conversion rate for pine pulpwood was 5350 lb/cord, while mixed hardwood pulp ranged between 5600 and 5700 lb/cord. The most frequently occurringsawtimber conversion factors were 15000 lb/mbf (Scribner)for tree-length pine and 16800 lb/mbf (Doyle) for tree-length mixed hardwood. Weight-to-volume conversion rates were generally higher for mills and woodyards in the lower coastal plain when compared with other regions in the state. South.J. Appl. For. 13(2):64-68.