bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petrogenesis of mafic granulite in South Altyn Tagh, NW China: Constraints from petrology, zircon U–Pb chronology, and geochemistry
Authors: Li Yunshuai , Zhang Jianxin , Li Yanguang , Mostofa Khan M.G. , Yu Shengyao , Guo Jing , Dong Juan , Peng Yinbiao , Jin Mengqi , Zhou Guisheng 
Published: March 2019

Mafic granulite, garnet peridotite, and garnet pyroxenite occurred as slices or lenses within dominant felsic granulite, and they together constitute a high‐pressure metamorphic terrane in the Bashiwake unit, South Altyn Tagh, Northern Tibet, China. Previous studies focused on the metamorphic evolution, and geothermobarometry results indicated that the mafic granulite has experienced high pressure/(ultra‐)high temperature (HP/(U)HT) metamorphism, followed by a medium pressure (MP) granulite‐facies overprint. However, the nature and petrogenesis of the mafic granulite in the dominant felsic granulite are poorly known. Combining the previous geothermobarometry results with the petrographic observations, mineral chemistry, and pseudosection modelling in this study, at least four stages were suggested for the metamorphic evolution of the mafic granulites in the South Altyn Tagh, including the eclogite‐facies stage (3–4 GPa, 910–1000°C), high pressure–ultrahigh temperature (HP–UHT) metamorphism, an isothermal decompression, and subsequent MP granulite‐facies overprint. The U–Pb dating of zircons yielded two age clusters: one age cluster at ca. 500 Ma, representing the retrograde age of HP–UHT metamorphism after the eclogite‐facies stage, and another age cluster of ca. 900 Ma that represented the age of the protolith for the mafic granulite. This indicated that the protolith of the mafic granulite was formed in the early Neoproterozoic and then was taken to extreme temperatures and pressures during the early Palaeozoic orogenic event. The elemental abundances of the mafic granulites in the Bashiwake area clearly indicated that they were higher in FeO and TiO2, but were significantly lower in MgO, Cr, and Ni than those of associated garnet peridotites/pyroxenites, and they showed LREE‐enriched patterns with slightly positive Eu anomalies. Sr–Nd isotopic data suggested a basaltic magmatic origin with crust contamination for the protolith of the mafic granulite. Integrating these results together with previous studies, we suggest that the mafic granulites were derived from the basaltic magma intrusion in the continental crust during the Neoproterozoic and subsequently suffered a common HP/UHT metamorphism with felsic crust rocks in the early Palaeozoic (ca. 500 Ma) after the eclogite‐facies metamorphism related to the continental collision (>500 Ma).
Antidementia medication use by aged care facility residents with dementia
Authors: Lind Kimberly E. , Gray Leonard C. , Raban Magdalena Z. , Georgiou Andrew , Westbrook Johanna I. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesLittle is known about the use of antidementia medications in Australia. Other countries have reported sociodemographic disparities in use. Our objective was to estimate prevalence, duration, and time to initiation of antidementia medication (cholinesterase inhibitors or memantine) among Australians with dementia in residential aged care facilities and to evaluate resident and facility factors associated with use.MethodsDynamic retrospective cohort study of people with dementia in 68 residential aged care facilities during 2014 to 2017 using electronic health record and medication administration data. Regression evaluated relationships between medication use (prevalence, duration, and time to initiation) and resident and facility characteristics.ResultsFive thousand three hundred fifty‐four residents with dementia were included in the analyses. Annual prevalence of antidementia medication use was less than 10% each year and decreased during the study period by 2‐percentage points by 2017 (relative to 2014). Antidementia medication use varied by sociodemographic characteristics (3‐points lower for single, 4‐points lower for divorced relative to married residents, and 3‐points higher for Australian‐born). Each point in ADL score was associated with 0.1‐point lower medication use. Antidementia medication use was lower in outer regional facilities. Most comorbidities were associated with lower antidementia medication use (myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease and heart failure 3‐points lower, respiratory disease, and diabetes 2‐points lower). Age had a complex relationship with antidementia medication use that varied by sex and if medication was started before or after admission. After admission, males initiated antidementia medication earlier than females.ConclusionsAntidementia medication use in Australian facilities was lower than in other countries and varied by clinical and sociodemographic factors.
Isolated leptomeningeal progression from sinonasal carcinomas: Implications for staging workup and treatment
Authors: Dagan Roi , Bryant Curtis M. , Mendenhall William M. , Amdur Robert J. , Morris Christopher G. , Lanza Donald C. , Dziegielewski Peter T. , Justice Jeb M. , Lobo Brian C. , Silver Natalie L. , Fernandes Rui , Bunnell Anthony , Guthrie Troy , Gopalan Priya K. , Rahman Maryam , Tavanaiepour Daryoush 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the rate and risk factors of isolated leptomeningeal progression in sinonasal carcinomas.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed imaging and clinical records to determine progression patterns, and estimated rates using the Kaplan‐Meier method. We evaluated risk factors using proportional hazard regression.ResultsWe analyzed 120 patients who received adjuvant or primary radiotherapy for sinonasal carcinomas. Most patients had T4 disease (68%) and underwent surgery (84%) and chemotherapy (72%). Twenty‐seven (23%) patients developed distant metastases (DM), including 20 (17%) with isolated DMs. Leptomeningeal progression was the most common site of isolated DMs (n = 9; 45%) with an average disease‐free interval of 1.2 years (0.1‐4.3 years). High‐grade histology (P = 0.0003), intracranial invasion (P < 0.0001), and neuroendocrine histology (P = 0.06) were associated with increased risk.ConclusionsIsolated leptomeningeal progression is a common pattern of DM in advanced sinonasal carcinomas. We recommend adding cerebrospinal fluid cytology and contrast‐enhanced spine MRI to routine staging evaluations for high‐risk patients.
Review of inbound medical tourism and legal details of obtaining a visa for treatment of head and neck cancer
Authors: Young Lauren K. , Vimawala Swar , Ahmad Nadir , Kushnir Vlad , Bonawitz Steven C. , Brody Joshua D. , Enriquez Miriam L. , Koshkareva Yekaterina A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe aim to provide a review of inbound medical tourism and the legal process of obtaining a visa for medical/surgical treatment for the patients with head and neck cancer.MethodsWe reviewed current statistics and the medical and legal literature regarding inbound medical tourism and the process of obtaining a visa for patients traveling to the United States for medical treatment. To illustrate this process, we present a case of an advanced‐staged and disfiguring facial polymorphous high‐grade adenocarcinoma in a previously healthy 29‐year‐old woman from Liberia.ResultsThis report provides a synopsis of available statistical data on inbound medical tourism and the legal aspects of obtaining a visa for patients seeking medical care from abroad.ConclusionsMedical tourists traveling to the United States for treatment of head and neck pathologies face considerable barriers in obtaining prompt care, leading to a possible increased disease burden and difficulty in rendering oncologic treatment.
Small Cage Uranofullerenes: 27 Years after Their First Observation
Authors: Gómez‐Torres Alejandra , Esper Ronda , Dunk Paul W. , Morales‐Martínez Roser , Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Echegoyen Luis , Poblet Josep M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe tetravalently stabilized fullerene cage of C28 is historically the most elusive small fullerene cage observed by employing the laser vaporization synthesis methodology. Its first observation reported by Smalley et al. in 1992 suggests that C28 is potentially the smallest and most stable fullerene ever observed. By using the Krätschmer−Huffman arc discharge synthesis method, we have recently succeeded in synthesizing a series of uranium‐endohedral fullerenes which differ from those reported by Smalley and co‐workers. Intrigued by this interesting mismatch, we tuned our experimental conditions to favor the formation and detection of these missing species. Experiments done using solvents of varying polarity allowed the observation of several empty and uranofullerenes. Extractions with pyridine and o‐DCB allowed for observation of small U@C2n (2n=28, 60, 66, 68, 70) by high resolution Fourier‐Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS). This is the first time that U@C28 is observed in soot produced by the Krätschmer‐Huffman arc‐discharge methodology. Carbon cage selection and spin density distribution on the endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) U@C60, U@C70, and U@C72 were studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A plausible pathway for the formation of U@D3h‐C74 from U@D5h‐C70 through two C2 insertions and one Stone‐Wales rearrangement is proposed.
GOOGLE'S Duplex: Pretending to be human
Authors: O'Leary Daniel E. 
Published: March 2019

SUMMARYGoogle's Duplex is a computer‐based system with natural language capabilities that provides a human sounding conversation as it performs a set of tasks, such as making restaurant reservations. This paper analyses Google's Duplex and some of the initial reaction to the system and its capabilities. The paper does a text analysis and finds that the system‐generated text creates standardized ratings that suggest the text is analytical, authentic and possesses a generally positive tone. As would be expected for the applications for which it is being used, the text is heavily focused on the present. In addition, this analysis indicates that the text provides evidence of social processes, cognitive processes, tentativeness and affiliation. Further, this paper examines some of the characteristics of speech that Duplex uses to sound human. Those capabilities appear to allow the system pass the Turing test for some well‐structured tasks. However, this paper investigates some of the ethics of pretending to be human and suggests that such impersonation is against evolving computer codes of ethics.
Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction: Uptake of familial cardiac screening and parental knowledge from a single tertiary care center
Authors: Shikany Amy R. , Parrott Ashley , James Jeanne , Madueme Peace , Nicole Weaver Kathryn , Cassidy Christine , Khoury Philip R. , Miller Erin M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLeft ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) malformations exhibit higher heritability than other cardiac lesions and cardiac screening is encouraged for first‐degree relatives. This study sought to determine the uptake of familial cardiac screening in families with an infant with an LVOTO and assess parental knowledge regarding genetics and heritability of LVOTO. A chart review of the period 2010–2015 identified 69 families who received genetic counseling regarding a diagnosis of LVOTO in an infant. Surveys assessing familial cardiac screening and parental knowledge were completed by a parent in 24 families (completion rate of 35%). Forty percent (36/89) of all at‐risk first‐degree family members completed cardiac screening. The presence of additional congenital malformations in the affected infant was the only significant factor reducing the uptake of familial cardiac screening (p = 0.003). The reported uptake of screening for subsequent at‐risk pregnancies was 11/12 (92%) compared to 25/77 (32%) of living at‐risk relatives. Survey respondents answered seven knowledge questions with an average score of 5.2 and all correctly identified that LVOTO can run in families. Uptake of familial cardiac screening is occurring in less than half of at‐risk individuals, despite parents demonstrating basic knowledge and receiving genetic counseling. Follow‐up counseling in the outpatient setting to review familial screening recommendations should be considered to increase uptake and optimize outcomes.
The impact and cost‐effectiveness of community‐based HIV self‐testing in sub‐Saharan Africa: a health economic and modelling analysis
Authors: Cambiano Valentina , Johnson Cheryl C , Hatzold Karin , Terris‐Prestholt Fern , Maheswaran Hendy , Thirumurthy Harsha , Figueroa Carmen , Cowan Frances M , Sibanda Euphemia L , Ncube Getrude , Revill Paul , Baggaley Rachel C , Corbett Elizabeth L , Phillips Andrew ,   for Working Group on Cost Effectiveness of HIV self‐testing in Southern Africa
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe prevalence of undiagnosed HIV is declining in Africa, and various HIV testing approaches are finding lower positivity rates. In this context, the epidemiological impact and cost‐effectiveness of community‐based HIV self‐testing (CB‐HIVST) is unclear. We aimed to assess this in different sub‐populations and across scenarios characterized by different adult HIV prevalence and antiretroviral treatment programmes in sub‐Saharan Africa.MethodsThe synthesis model was used to address this aim. Three sub‐populations were considered for CB‐HIVST: (i) women having transactional sex (WTS); (ii) young people (15 to 24 years); and (iii) adult men (25 to 49 years).We assumed uptake of CB‐HIVST similar to that reported in epidemiological studies (base case), or assumed people use CB‐HIVST only if exposed to risk (condomless sex) since last HIV test. We also considered a five‐year time‐limited CB‐HIVST programme. Cost‐effectiveness was defined by an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER; cost‐per‐disability‐adjusted life‐year (DALY) averted) below US$500 over a time horizon of 50 years. The efficiency of targeted CB‐HIVST was evaluated using the number of additional tests per infection or death averted.ResultsIn the base case, targeting adult men with CB‐HIVST offered the greatest impact, averting 1500 HIV infections and 520 deaths per year in the context of a simulated country with nine million adults, and impact could be enhanced by linkage to voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC). However, the approach was only cost‐effective if the programme was limited to five years or the undiagnosed prevalence was above 3%. CB‐HIVST to WTS was the most cost‐effective. The main drivers of cost‐effectiveness were the cost of CB‐HIVST and the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV. All other CB‐HIVST scenarios had an ICER above US$500 per DALY averted.ConclusionsCB‐HIVST showed an important epidemiological impact. To maximize population health within a fixed budget, CB‐HIVST needs to be targeted on the basis of the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV, sub‐population and the overall costs of delivering this testing modality. Linkage to VMMC enhances its cost‐effectiveness.
Exploring social harms during distribution of HIV self‐testing kits using mixed‐methods approaches in Malawi
Authors: Kumwenda Moses K , Johnson Cheryl C , Choko Augustine T , Lora Wezzie , Sibande Wakumanya , Sakala Doreen , Indravudh Pitchaya , Chilongosi Richard , Baggaley Rachael C , Nyirenda Rose , Taegtmeyer Miriam , Hatzold Karin , Desmond Nicola , Corbett Elizabeth L 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIntroductionHIV self‐testing (HIVST) provides couples and individuals with a discreet, convenient and empowering testing option. As with all HIV testing, potential harms must be anticipated and mitigated to optimize individual and public health benefits. Here, we describe social harms (SHs) reported during HIVST implementation in Malawi, and propose a framework for grading and responding to harms, according to their severity.MethodsWe report findings from six HIVST implementation studies in Malawi (2011 to 2017) that included substudies investigating SH reports. Qualitative methods included focus group discussions, in‐depth interviews and critical incident interviews. Earlier studies used intensive quantitative methods (post‐test questionnaires for intimate partner violence, household surveys, investigation of all deaths in HIVST communities). Later studies used post‐marketing reporting with/without community engagement. Pharmacovigilance methodology (whereby potentially life‐threatening/changing events are defined as “serious”) was used to grade SH severity, assuming more complete passive reporting for serious events.ResultsDuring distribution of 175,683 HIVST kits, predominantly under passive SH reporting, 25 serious SHs were reported from 19 (0.011%) self‐testers, including 15 partners in eight couples with newly identified HIV discordancy, and one perinatally infected adolescent. There were no deaths or suicides. Marriage break‐up was the most commonly reported serious SH (sixteen individuals; eight couples), particularly among serodiscordant couples. Among new concordant HIV‐positive couples, blame and frustration was common but rarely (one episode) led to serious SHs. Among concordant HIV‐negative couples, increased trust and stronger relationships were reported. Coercion to test or disclose was generally considered “well‐intentioned” within established couples. Women felt empowered and were assertive when offering HIVST test kits to their partners. Some women who persuaded their partner to test, however, did report SHs, including verbal or physical abuse and economic hardship.ConclusionsAfter more than six years of large‐scale HIVST implementation and in‐depth investigation of SHs in Malawi, we identified approximately one serious reported SH per 10,000 HIVST kits distributed, predominantly break‐up of married serodiscordant couples. Both “active” and “passive” reporting systems identified serious SH events, although with more complete capture by “active” systems. As HIVST is scaled‐up, efforts to support and further optimize community‐led SH monitoring should be prioritized alongside HIVST distribution.
Using baseline to diagnose internal states? Listen closely
Authors: Leins Drew A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLittle is known about the mechanisms underlying how interviewers establish and monitor baselines of respondent behaviour. This study addresses this knowledge gap by characterising the practice of establishing baselines and measuring the accuracy of interviewer judgements based on assessments of baseline and departure behaviours. Eighteen professional interviewers viewed two videos of naturalistic interviews, reported the cues they perceived as informative for establishing and assessing a baseline, and diagnosed respondents' internal states. Participants reported multiple cue types as informative, but predominantly relied on non‐verbal cues. Overall, participants were sensitive to 27% of respondents' identified internal states but showed improvement over time. They achieved a hit rate of 20% during early interview stages and a hit rate of 33% during late stages. Although non‐verbal cues dominated reports, attending to verbal cues afforded participants greater efficiency in identifying respondent internal states. Implications and recommendations for practice are discussed.
Ankle strength, muscle size, and adipose content following unilateral tibiotalar arthrodesis
Authors: Nichols Jennifer A. , Foreman Kenneth Bo , Barg Alexej , Saltzman Charles L. , Anderson Andrew E. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTTibiotalar arthrodesis is commonly used to treat end‐stage ankle osteoarthritis. Post‐operative impairments are often attributed to limited ankle motion. However, whether muscular deficits also exist, thereby potentially contributing to impairments, is unknown. This study aimed to identify post‐operative deficits in ankle musculature by examining range of motion, strength (maximum isometric ankle joint torque), and leg composition (cross‐sectional area of individual tissue types: bone, subcutaneous adipose, intramuscular adipose, muscle). Ten individuals with unilateral tibiotalar arthrodesis participated. Paired t‐tests (p < 0.05) identified differences between the fused and contralateral, control limb. The results indicate that individuals with tibiotalar arthrodesis have profound losses of range of motion and strength. Across participants, range of motion in the fused limb was 53.5 ± 11.7%, 66.8 ± 6.3%, 38.2 ± 18.7%, 37.8 ± 13.6% less than the control for dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, and eversion, respectively. The largest strength deficit was in dorsiflexion, with the fused limb producing 47.2 ± 9.4% less torque than the control. The quantity and quality of muscle tissue was also negatively affected in individuals following tibiotalar arthrodesis. The total cross‐sectional area of the fused limb was 11.4 ± 5.4% smaller than the control limb. This change was primarily due to the 16.1 ± 6.7% decrease in muscle cross‐sectional area. However, intramuscular adipose was significantly increased. Although the posterior compartment demonstrated a significant decrease in cross‐sectional area, when accounting for differences in total cross‐sectional area, the relative sizes of the four muscle compartments were consistent between limbs. This cross‐sectional study motivates longitudinal research examining muscular deficits and whether these deficits are reversible with exercise and rehabilitation. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Radiographic‐based measurement of tibiofemoral joint space width and magnetic resonance imaging derived articular cartilage thickness are not related in subjects at risk for post traumatic arthritis of the knee
Authors: Lonza Geordie C. , Gardner‐Morse Mack G. , Vacek Pamela M. , Beynnon Bruce D. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTJoint space width (JSW), measured as the distance between the femoral and tibial subchondral bone margins on two‐dimensional weight‐bearing radiographs, is the initial imaging modality used in clinical settings to diagnose and evaluate the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). While, JSW is the only structural outcome approved by the FDA for studying the treatment of this disease in phase III clinical trials, recent reports suggest that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based measurements of OA changes are superior due to increased sensitivity and specificity to the structural changes associated with progression of this disease. In the current study, we examined the relationship between radiographic JSW and MRI‐derived articular cartilage thickness in subjects 4 years post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) who were at increased risk for the onset and early progression of post‐traumatic OA, and in uninjured subjects with normal knees (Control). In both ACLR and Control groups, there were large measurement biases, wide limits of agreement, and poor correlation between the two measurement techniques. Clinical significance: The finding from this study suggest that the two methods of examining changes associated with the onset and early progression of PTOA either characterize different structures about the knee and should not be used interchangeably, or two‐dimensional JSW measurements are not sensitive to small changes in articular cartilage thickness. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res