bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cigarette and smokeless tobacco company smartphone applications
Authors: Navarro Mario Antonio , O’Brien Erin Keely , Hoffman Leah 
Published: July 2018

PurposeTwo previous studies indicate that prosmoking apps might encourage smoking behaviour via smoking cues. The current paper seeks to build on these studies and provide an updated overview of the characteristics of tobacco industry-sponsored apps.MethodsIn November 2017, we identified 19 unique top-selling cigarette brands, 20 smokeless tobacco brands, 30 e-cigarette brands and 43 cigar brands based on Nielsen sales from 2016 Nielsen Scantrack data and 2016 Kantar advertising data from the Kantar Media Stradegy database. We searched for these brand-sponsored apps in the Google Play and Apple iTunes US online stores.ResultsWe identified four cigarette and one smokeless tobacco brand-sponsored apps on the Google Play store, but none in the Apple store. The apps sponsored by Grizzly, Newport, Skoal, Camel and Winston used the last four digits of the users’ social security number to verify age. The Marlboro app offered another option in addition to providing a partial social security number—providing a valid home address. The main feature of all apps was location-based, time-sensitive coupons. Some apps had additional functions such as additional detailed product information, interactive help menus and games.DiscussionThis paper provides an up-to-date description of apps that are sponsored by tobacco companies. Cessation interventions could consider reminding their target audience to delete these apps to support quit attempts.
All Aboard the Metro Rail? LTMRHL’s Campaign for Stakeholder Support
Authors: Kaul Asha , Chaudhri Vidhi 
Published: July 2018

On March 6, 2015 the Brand Ambassador campaign by L&T Metro Rail Hyderabad Ltd. (LTMRHL) had taken place for a little over two years. Launched in 2013 to bring about awareness and dispel negativity about the Metro Rail project, this campaign had succeeded in securing visibility and garnering support. The corporate communication team was now debating the feasibility of the ongoing campaign and exploring various options. Based on the current review, a decision had to be taken to continue or abandon the campaign post commercial operations scheduled in July 2017. The campaign was launched in Hyderabad on January 8, 2013 through a press conference. Designed with the purpose of selecting brand ambassadors for the Hyderabad Metro Rail (HMR) project, it targeted the ‘common man’ rather than a celebrity. The choice of a common man was deliberate as the project required support from stakeholders who had become hostile due to varied political and economic reasons. Reaching out to and engaging with these stakeholders in an effort to garner support were the focal points of the campaign. The launch generated excitement and in the first week itself, there was a surge to register for the campaign. However, the intensity staggered post the felicitation ceremony on November 23, 2013. Queries related to the success and sustainability of the campaign were raised by multiple stakeholders. A two-year review in 2015 revealed that although many of the initial problems had been overcome, and negativity considerably reduced, the campaign had only achieved partial success. Will the current strategy be the gateway to success once commercial operations began, mulled Mr. Sanjay Kapoor, General Manager & Head of Corporate Communications, PR & Advertising Business, LTMRHL.
Tamul Plates Marketing Pvt. Ltd.: The Growth Challenge
Authors: Aithal Rajesh K. , Dasgupta Arindam 
Published: July 2018

Tamul Plates Marketing Private Limited (TPMC) is a four-year-old organization in the production of aercanut sheath based plates and dinnerware. It is jointly promoted by the arecanut leaf plate producers of Assam. The main work of TPMC is production and marketing of disposable plates and marketing of the leaf plate making machines. The initial journey has been pretty exciting with the organization moving from a turnover of INR 12.9 lakh to over INR 2 corers. The products offered by TPMC are unique as they make use of fallen sheaths which traditionally have been considered a waste, and turn them into an environment-friendly product which is superior to the current substitutes in the market. The market for the product is enormous, but so are the challenges of producing and marketing them. One of the many challenges which TPMC is facing is the location of the production facilities. It has been decided for production facilities to be closest to the source of raw materials, that is, the villages. However, the most lucrative markets are farthest from the source of raw material and matching the demand patterns and preferences is not easy. TPMC is taking care of this challenge by setting up entrepreneurs at the village level, but marketing and distribution remains a challenge with the reliance on wholesalers being very heavy. TPMC is preparing for the next round of growth with the expected funding around the corner. The team has done their projections and set the typical growth targets for the next phase. However, along with the typical growth targets, TPMC has also identified the triple bottom line targets for the organization. The overall growth plan has to be seen in the light of these goals as they are expected to become more and more relevant to all companies in the future.
Acute isoproterenol leads to age-dependent arrhythmogenesis in guinea pigs
Authors: Woulfe Kathleen C. , Wilson Cortney E. , Nau Shane , Chau Sarah , Phillips Elisabeth K. , Zang Shulun , Tompkins Christine , Sucharov Carmen C. , Miyamoto Shelley D. , Stauffer Brian L. 
Published: July 2018

Sudden cardiac death from ventricular arrhythmias is more common in adult patients with with heart failure compared with pediatric patients with heart failure. We identified age-specific differences in arrhythmogenesis using a guinea pig model of acute β-adrenergic stimulation. Young and adult guinea pigs were exposed to the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (ISO; 0.7 mg/kg) for 30 min in the absence or presence of flecainide (20 mg/kg), an antiarrhythmic that blocks Na+ and ryanodine channels. Implanted cardiac monitors (Reveal LINQ, Medtronic) were used to monitor heart rhythm. Alterations in phosphorylation and oxidation of ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) were measured in left ventricular tissue. There were age-specific differences in arrhythmogenesis and sudden death associated with acute β-adrenergic stimulation in guinea pigs. Young and adult guinea pigs developed arrhythmias in response to ISO; however, adult animals developed significantly more premature ventricular contractions and experienced higher arrhythmia-related mortality than young guinea pigs treated with ISO. Although there were no significant differences in the phosphorylation of left ventricular RyR2 between young and adult guinea pigs, adult guinea pigs exposed to acute ISO had significantly more oxidation of RyR2. Flecainide treatment significantly improved survival and decreased the number of premature ventricular contractions in young and adult animals in association with lower RyR2 oxidation. Adult guinea pigs had a greater propensity to develop arrhythmias and suffer sudden death than young guinea pigs when acutely exposed to ISO. This was associated with higher oxidation of RyR2. The incidence of sudden death can be rescued with flecainide treatment, which decreases RyR2 oxidation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Clinically, adult patients with heart failure are more likely to develop arrhythmias and sudden death than pediatric patients with heart failure. In the present study, older guinea pigs also showed a greater propensity to arrhythmias and sudden death than young guinea pigs when acutely exposed to isoproterenol. Although there are well-described age-related cardiac structural changes that predispose patients to arrhythmogenesis, the present data suggest contributions from dynamic changes in cellular signaling also play an important role in arrhythmogenesis.
Oxidation of ryanodine receptor after ischemia-reperfusion increases propensity of Ca2+ waves during β-adrenergic receptor stimulation
Authors: Bovo Elisa , Mazurek Stefan R. , Zima Aleksey V. 
Published: July 2018

β-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) activation produces the main positive inotropic response of the heart. During ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), however, β-AR activation can trigger life-threatening arrhythmias. Because I/R is frequently associated with oxidative stress, we investigated whether ryanodine receptor (RyR) oxidation contributes to proarrythmogenic Ca2+ waves during β-AR activation. Measurements of contractile and electrical activity from Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts revealed that I/R produces tachyarrhythmias. Ventricular myocytes isolated from I/R hearts had an increased level of oxidized glutathione (i.e., oxidative stress) and a decreased level of free thiols in RyRs (i.e., RyR oxidation). Furthermore, myocytes from I/R hearts were characterized by increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak and enhanced fractional SR Ca2+ release. In myocytes from nonischemic hearts, β-AR activation with isoproterenol (10 nM) produced only a positive inotropic effect, whereas in myocytes from ischemic hearts, isoproterenol at the same concentration triggered spontaneous Ca2+ waves. β-AR activation produced a similar effect on RyR phosphorylation in control and I/R myocytes. Treatment of myocytes from I/R hearts with the reducing agent mercaptopropionylglycine (100 μM) attenuated RyR oxidization and decreased Ca2+ wave frequency during β-AR activation. On the other hand, treatment of myocytes from nonischemic hearts with H2O2 (50 μM) increased SR Ca2+ leak and triggered Ca2+ waves during β-AR activation. Collectively, these results suggest that RyR oxidation after I/R plays a critical role in the transition from positive inotropic to arrhythmogenic effects during β-AR stimulation. Prevention of RyR oxidation can be a promising strategy to inhibit arrhythmias and preserve positive inotropic effect of β-AR activation during myocardial infarction. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Oxidative stress induced by ischemia plays a critical role in triggering arrhythmias during adrenergic stimulation. The combined increase in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak (because of ryanodine receptor oxidation) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ load (because of adrenergic stimulation) can trigger proarrythmogenic Ca2+ waves. Restoring normal ryanodine receptor redox status can be a promising strategy to prevent arrhythmias and preserve positive inotropic effect of adrenergic stimulation during myocardial infarction.
Reducing Ex Vivo Culture Improves the Antileukemic Activity of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells
Authors: Ghassemi Saba , Nunez-Cruz Selene , O'Connor Roddy S. , Fraietta Joseph A. , Patel Prachi R. , Scholler John , Barrett David M. , Lundh Stefan M. , Davis Megan M. , Bedoya Felipe , Zhang Changfeng , Leferovich John , Lacey Simon F. , Levine Bruce L. , Grupp Stephan A. , June Carl H. , Melenhorst J. Joseph , Milone Michael C. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)–mediated immunotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) highlights the potential of T-cell therapies with directed cytotoxicity against specific tumor antigens. The efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy depends on the engraftment and persistence of T cells following adoptive transfer. Most protocols for T-cell engineering routinely expand T cells ex vivo for 9 to 14 days. Because the potential for engraftment and persistence is related to the state of T-cell differentiation, we hypothesized that reducing the duration of ex vivo culture would limit differentiation and enhance the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy. We demonstrated that T cells with a CAR-targeting CD19 (CART19) exhibited less differentiation and enhanced effector function in vitro when harvested from cultures at earlier (day 3 or 5) compared with later (day 9) timepoints. We then compared the therapeutic potential of early versus late harvested CART19 in a murine xenograft model of ALL and showed that the antileukemic activity inversely correlated with ex vivo culture time: day 3 harvested cells showed robust tumor control despite using a 6-fold lower dose of CART19, whereas day 9 cells failed to control leukemia at limited cell doses. We also demonstrated the feasibility of an abbreviated culture in a large-scale current good manufacturing practice–compliant process. Limiting the interval between T-cell isolation and CAR treatment is critical for patients with rapidly progressing disease. Generating CAR T cells in less time also improves potency, which is central to the effectiveness of these therapies. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(9); 1100–9. ©2018 AACR.
The periodontal status of young age persons depending on the psychophysiological state
Authors: Luchynskiy M. A. , Piasetska L. V. , Luchynska Yu. I. 
Published: July 2018

Summary. Theviolation of the functional state of the nervous system, psycho-emotional sphere and concomitant disorders of the neuroendocrinological regulation considerably make an influence on motion and prognosis of inflammatory and inflammatory-atrophic periodontal diseases.Summary. The violation of the functional state of the nervous system, psycho-emotional sphere and concomitant disorders of the neuroendocrinological regulation considerably make an influence on motion and prognosis of inflammatory and inflammatory-atrophic periodontal diseases.The aim of the study – to analyze periodontal status of oral cavity on the background of psychophysiological status in young age persons.Materials and Methods. The study involved 96 patients 18–44 year old with periodontal diseases. For the evaluation of periodontal status, we determined the РМА index and community periodontal index СРІ. Psychophysiological tests were provided with the specialists of corresponding profile.Results and Discussion. The result of undertaken studies was that for the group 1 of patients a mean value of PMA index was in 1.6 times less than, as for the persons of the group 2 (36.49±2.87) versus (57.8±3.70) р<0.01). The detailed analysis of СРІ showed that during increasing of psychophysiological disadaptations in patients with the periodontal diseases the amount of healthy sextants diminished at one inspected.Conclusions. The high prevalence of the initial signs of psychophysiological displays have patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases, while persons with inflammatory-atrophic periodontal diseases have certainly greater frequency of sharp neurotic disorders and neurotic disorders are determined with the protracted motion.
Regenerative Potential of Neonatal Porcine Hearts
Authors: Zhu Wuqiang , Zhang Eric , Zhao Meng , Chong Zechen , Fan Chengming , Tang Yawen , Hunter Jervaughn D. , Borovjagin Anton V. , Walcott Gregory P. , Chen Jake Y. , Qin Gangjian , Zhang Jianyi 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Rodent hearts can regenerate myocardium lost to apical resection or myocardial infarction for up to 7 days after birth, but whether a similar window for myocardial regeneration also exists in large mammals is unknown.

Methods:
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was surgically induced in neonatal pigs on postnatal days 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 (ie, the P1, P2, P3, P7, and P14 groups, respectively). Cardiac systolic function was evaluated before AMI and at 30 days post-AMI via transthoracic echocardiography. Cardiomyocyte cell cycle activity was assessed via immunostaining for proliferation and mitosis markers, infarct size was evaluated histologically, and telomerase activity was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results:
Systolic function at day 30 post-AMI was largely restored in P1 animals and partially restored in P2 animals, but significantly impaired when AMI was induced on postnatal day 3 or later. Hearts of P1 animals showed little evidence of scar formation or wall thinning on day 30 after AMI, with increased measures of cell-cycle activity seen 6 days after AMI (ie, postnatal day 7) compared with postnatal day 7 in noninfarcted hearts.

Conclusions:
The neonatal porcine heart is capable of regeneration after AMI during the first 2 days of life. This phenomenon is associated with induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation and is lost when cardiomyocytes exit the cell cycle shortly after birth.
Emergency Department Visits for Atrial Fibrillation in the United States: Trends in Admission Rates and Economic Burden From 2007 to 2014
Authors: Rozen Guy , Hosseini Seyed Mohammadreza , Kaadan M. Ihsan , Biton Yitschak , Heist E. Kevin , Vangel Mark , Mansour Moussa C. , Ruskin Jeremy N. 
Published: July 2018

Background

Atrial fibrillation (
AF
) is an increasingly prevalent public health problem and one of the most common causes of emergency department (
ED
) visits. We aimed to investigate the trends in
ED
visits and hospital admissions for
AF
.

Methods and Results

This is a repeated cross‐sectional analysis of
ED
visit‐level data from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample for 2007 to 2014. We identified adults who visited
ED
s in the United States, with a principal diagnosis of AF. A sample of 864 759
ED
visits for
AF
, representing a weighted total of 3 886 520
ED
visits, were analyzed. The annual
ED
visits for
AF
increased by 30.7% from 411 406 in 2007 (95% confidence interval, 389 819–432 993) to 537 801 (95% confidence interval, 506 747–568 855) in 2014. Patient demographics remained consistent, with an average age of 69 to 70 years and slight female predominance (51%–53%) throughout the study period. Hospital admission rates were stable at ≈70% between 2007 and 2010, after which they gradually declined to 62% in 2014 (
P
trend
=0.017). Despite the decline in hospital admission rates,
AF
hospitalizations increased from 288 225 in 2007 to 333 570 in 2014 because of the increase in total annual
ED
visits during the study. The adjusted annual charges for admitted
AF
patients increased by 37% from $7.39 billion in 2007 to $10.1 billion in 2014.

Conclusions

Annual
ED
visits and hospital admissions for
AF
increased significantly between 2007 and 2014, despite a reduction in admission rates. These data emphasize the need for widespread implementation of effective strategies aimed at improving the management of patients with AF to reduce hospital admissions and the economic burden of
AF
.
Special-Needs Companion Animals and Those Who Care for Them
Authors: Katz Nathan , Burchfield Keri B. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThrough a series of in-depth interviews asking individuals about their decisions to adopt special-needs companion animals, we discovered that a combination of anthropomorphism and empathy are at play when individuals decide to adopt them. This tendency is explained using David Blouin’s typology of guardians: humanistic and protectionistic guardians anthropomorphized their companion animals, exhibited greater empathy, and were more willing to adopt animals with special needs.
Reducing the Risk of Gynecologic Cancer in Hereditary Breast Ovarian Cancer Syndrome Mutation Carriers
Authors: Casey Murray Joseph , Salzman Todd A. 
Published: July 2018

Hereditary breast ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease linked to mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in 90 percent of affected families. Female mutation carriers are highly susceptible to aggressive, often disseminated, usually fatal pelvic-abdominal carcinomatosis. This cancer risk can be markedly reduced by surgical removal of the internal gynecologic organs before the end of the fourth decade of life and by using estrogen–progestin formulations marketed for many years as combined oral contraceptives (COCs). Both risk-reducing methods are associated with unfavorable effects. Relying on the principle of double effect, this essay argues for the ethical justification of prophylactic surgery and the use of COC to reduce the risk of gynecologic cancer in HBOC syndrome mutation carriers. Summary: Hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease linked to mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in most affected families. Female mutation carriers are highly susceptible to aggressive, often disseminated, usually fatal pelvic-abdominal carcinomatosis. This cancer risk can be markedly reduced by surgical removal of the internal gynecologic organs before the end of the fourth decade of life and by using estrogen-progestin formulations marketed for many years as combined oral contraceptives. Both risk-reducing methods are associated with unfavorable effects. Relying on the principle of double effect, this essay argues for the ethical justification for those unfavorable effects.
Palliative care in the emergency department: A systematic literature qualitative review and thematic synthesis
Authors: Cooper Esther , Hutchinson Ann , Sheikh Zain , Taylor Paul , Townend Will , Johnson Miriam J 
Published: July 2018

Background: Despite a fast-paced environment, the emergency clinician has a duty to meet the palliative patient’s needs. Despite suggested models and interventions, this remains challenging in practice. Aim: To raise awareness of these challenges by exploring the experience of palliative care patients and their families and informal carers attending the emergency department, and of the clinicians caring for them. Design: Qualitative systematic literature review and thematic synthesis. Search terms related to the population (palliative care patients, family carers, clinicians), exposure (the emergency department) and outcome (experience). The search was international but restricted to English and used a qualitative filter. Title, abstracts and, where retrieved, full texts were reviewed independently by two reviewers against predefined inclusion criteria arbitrated by a third reviewer. Studies were appraised for quality but not excluded on that basis. Data sources: MEDLINE [1946-], Embase[1947-], CINAHL [1981-] and PsycINFO [1987-] with a bibliography search. Results: 19 papers of 16 studies were included from Australia ( n = 5), the United Kingdom ( n = 5), and United States ( n = 9) representing 482 clinical staff involved in the emergency department (doctors, nurses, paramedics, social workers, technicians), 61 patients and 36 carers. Nine descriptive themes formed three analytic themes: ‘Environment and Purpose’, ‘Systems of Care and Interdisciplinary Working’ and ‘Education and Training’. Conclusion: In the included studies, provision of emergency palliative care is a necessary purpose of the emergency department. Failure to recognise this, gain the necessary skills or change to systems better suited to its delivery perpetuates poor implementation of palliative care in this environment.