bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive assessment of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Celikbilek Asuman , Celikbilek Mehmet , Bozkurt Gurbet 
Published: April 2018

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate cognitive performance for the first time in participants with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).

Participants and methods
In total, 70 participants with NAFLD and 73 age-matched and sex-matched healthy participants were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study. The diagnosis of NAFLD was made on the basis of abdominal ultrasonography findings. Anthropometric indices were calculated, and routine laboratory analyses were carried out for each participant. All participants provided sociodemographic data and completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Cognitive functions were evaluated using the Turkish version of the MoCA, with a cut-off score for mild cognitive impairment of less than 21 points.

Results
The MoCA scores were significantly lower in participants with NAFLD than in the healthy group (P<0.05). In addition, more NAFLD participants than healthy participants presented with deficits in the visuospatial (P<0.05) and executive function domains (P<0.05). In the multivariate model, education level [2.79 (1.12–6.96); P<0.05] and area of residence [5.68 (2.24–14.38); P<0.001] were associated independently with cognitive dysfunction in both the NAFLD and the healthy groups. The MoCA scores were correlated negatively with fibrosis 4 scores in NAFLD participants (r=−0.359; P<0.05). However, hepatosteatosis grade and the presence of metabolic syndrome were not correlated with MoCA scores in the NAFLD group (P>0.05).

Conclusion
Our results show that NAFLD patients may have early or subtle cognitive dysfunction, including in the visuospatial and executive function domains, as indexed by scores on the MoCA test. Further targeted psychometric testing will be required to confirm the presence of cognitive impairment in this population.
Enhancing human cord blood hematopoietic stem cell engraftment by targeting nuclear hormone receptors
Authors: Guo Bin , Huang Xinxin , Broxmeyer Hal E. 
Published: April 2018

Purpose of review
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a life-saving therapy for hematological and nonhematological diseases. Cord blood is a source of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), but limited numbers of HSCs in single cord blood units, which may cause delayed neutrophil, platelet, and immune cell reconstitution, is a major problem for efficient transplantation. Ex-vivo expansion and enhanced homing of cord blood HSC may overcome this disadvantage and improve its long-term engraftment. Here, we discuss the role of nuclear hormone receptors signaling in human cord blood HSC engraftment.

Recent findings
Antagonizing retinoid acid receptor (RAR) signaling promotes human HSC expansion and increases myeloid cell production. Cord blood CD34+ cells expanded by SR1 promotes efficient myeloid recovery after transplantation compared with control groups, and leads to successful engraftment. Short-term treatment of glucocorticoids enhances homing and long-term engraftment of human HSCs and HPCs in NSG mice. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) antagonism expands human HSCs and HPCs by preventing differentiation and enhancing glucose metabolism. These findings demonstrate that nuclear hormone receptor signaling components might be promising targets for improving human cord blood HCT.

Summary
Better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying human HSC expansion and homing mediated by nuclear hormone receptor signaling pathways will facilitate enhanced HCT efficacy.
Reassessment of the Risk-stratified GD-2008 ALL Protocol
Authors: Que Li-ping , Huang Ke , Fang Jian-pei , Xu Hong-gui , Zhou Dun-hua , Li Yang , Xu Lv-hong , Li Jian , Chen Hai-lei 
Published: April 2018

Objective:
To explore the clinical features and outcomes of relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) at our center, achieve the early detection of risk factors for recurrence and assess the risk-stratified Guangdong (GD)-2008 ALL protocol.

Materials and Methods:
In total, 59 Chinese childhood ALL patients treated with the GD-2008 ALL protocol who relapsed between July 2008 and March 2015 were enrolled in this study. Their clinical features and outcomes were retrospectively analyzed and compared with those of 218 patients who achieved continuous complete remission.

Results:
Of the 285 study participants, 8 died of treatment-related infections or other complications before remission, 218 achieved continuous complete remission, and 59 patients relapsed, yielding a relapse rate of 20.7%. The number of relapsed patients in the standard-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk groups were 15 (17.0%), 27 (19.7%), and 17 (32.7%), respectively. Risk factors included age 10 years and above at first diagnosis, white blood cell (WBC) count ≥50×109/L, poor prednisone response, failure to achieve bone marrow complete remission at day 15 of induction chemotherapy. High-risk stratification and a high level (≥0.1%) of minimal residual disease at day 33 were the risk factors for relapse. Multivariate analysis showed that a high WBC at first diagnosis was an independent risk factor for relapse (P=0.000).

Conclusion:
For the GD-2008 ALL risk stratification based on age and initial WBC, 10 years of age and WBC 50×109/L can be used as cut-offs. Patients at high risk benefited from the GD-2008 ALL protocol. In addition, the impact of minimal residual disease on prognosis should be considered.
Clinical Study of Second Branchial Cleft Anomalies
Authors: Lee Dong Hoon , Yoon Tae Mi , Lee Joon Kyoo , Lim Sang Chul 
Published: April 2018

Objective:
The objective of this study was to review the clinical characteristics and surgical treatment outcomes of second branchial cleft anomalies, and to evaluate the usefulness and accuracy of preoperative fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of branchial cleft cysts.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was performed at Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital from January 2010 to December 2016.

Results:
Among 25 patients with second branchial cleft anomalies, in 23 patients (92.0%), these anomalies presented as cysts, and in the remaining 2 patients (8.0%), these anomalies presented as fistulas. Fine-needle aspiration cytology had a diagnostic sensitivity of 100%, a positive-predictive value of 100%, and accuracy of 100% for diagnosing second branchial cleft cyst. All patients of second branchial cleft anomalies were treated surgically under general anesthesia. No recurrence of second branchial cleft anomalies was observed.

Conclusion:
Branchial cleft cysts were the most common type of second branchial cleft anomalies. Preoperative FNAC is a useful and accurate method for preoperative evaluation of branchial cleft cysts. Surgical excision of second branchial cleft anomalies is the treatment of choice without any complications and with no recurrence.
Cleft Palate Repair Using Single Flap Palatoplasty in Patient With Associated Palatal Hemangioma
Authors: Kara Murat , Calis Mert , Akyuz Canan , Ozgur Figen 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Hemangiomas are the most common tumors of childhood with an average incidence of 10%. It is unusual for hemangiomas, which are already rarely seen isolated on the palate, to coexist with cleft palate as in the authors’ patient. Four months old baby was admitted with isolated Veau 2 cleft palate and a red-purple colored raised lesion involving almost the whole right side of the hard palate. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed intensive contrasting solid nodule with a lobulated contour that was covering the right half of the hard palate, measuring 2.2×1.3 cm. To reduce the size of the vascular lesion 7 mg/d oral propranolol treatment was initiated. Following reduction in the size of hemangioma, the cleft palate was repaired at 11 months of age. Single mucoperiosteal flap from the left side of the palate preserving the major palatine artery was elevated whereas right mucoperisteal flap was minimally dissected not to interfere with the hemangioma. No intraoperative and postoperative complications in both the early and late term were experienced. As a result, since early palatal repair is important to obtain ideal speech outcomes in cleft patients, repair should be performed in similar patients with hemangiomas without delaying the timing.
Percutaneous Autologous Fat Injection Following 2-Layer Flap Lower Blepharoplasty for the Correction of Tear Trough Deformity
Authors: Kim Jeenam , Shin Hyojeong , Lee Myungchul , Shin Donghyeok , Kim Soonheum , Jo Dongin , Kim Cheolkeun , Kim Heonjoon , Choi Hyungon 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Tear trough deformity has been an area that has received much attention in terms of esthetic improvements. Fat transposition has been commonly used for the treatment of tear trough deformity. As some patients have had minimal improvement by that method, we propose the use of fat grafting combined with open blepharoplasty to complement the sunken area, including some of anterior maxilla region, and evaluate and precisely remove the excessive tissue.
Lower blepharoplasty was performed by separating the skin and muscle flap. The excessive or laxed tissue was evaluated during the procedure and resected in each flap. Fat grafting was performed after completing a lower blepharoplasty, to ensure accurate placement on the spot where the surgeon originally intended. Overcorrection is not recommended.
No serious complications were reported during a period of 10 years. Only 4 patients required a secondary fat injection.
Patients who require structural correction of the lower eyelid area (eg, aggressive herniated fat, excessive skin laxity, or bulky orbicularis oculi muscle) and who need complementary material to fill the lower lid area (eg, deep, wide sunken area or relative exophthalmos) are good candidates for blepharoplasty with a fat grafting procedure.
Sex Difference in the Morphology of Pineal Gland in Adults Based on Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Han Qing , Li Youqiong , Wang Jincheng , Zhao Xue 
Published: April 2018

Purpose:
We aimed to figure out the anatomical features of pineal gland region on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to explore the sex difference in pineal gland-related parameters with increasing age.

Methods:
We measured the pineal gland on MRI images from 198 healthy adults (96 males and 102 females). Included subjects were divided into 4 age groups. After 3-dimensional reconstruction, the anatomic features of pineal gland and its distances to superior colliculus and splenium of corpus callosum were analyzed in each group. The prevalence of cystic pineal gland was calculated. Moreover, we calculated the volume of pineal gland (PGV) and explored the differences of PGV in males and females across different age groups. Linear regression analysis was performed to detect the relationship between age and pineal gland-related parameters.

Results:
In 198 subjects, the mean length, width, and height of pineal gland were 7.58 ± 0.45 mm, 4.92 ± 0.40 mm, and 2.90 ± 0.20 mm. The distances between pineal gland and superior colliculus as well as splenium of corpus callosum were 3.96 ± 0.92 mm and 4.3 ± 1.89 mm, respectively. The PGV was 54.1 ± 7.02 mm3. Significant sex differences were found in pineal gland length (P < 0.001), cranial cavity diameter (P < 0.001), pineal gland index (P < 0.001) and PGV values (P = 0.02). The prevalence of cystic pineal gland was 36.4% in total subjects, 41.7% in males and 32.4% in females. No linear relationship was found between age and pineal gland parameters.

Conclusion:
We measured the pineal gland morphology based on MRI images. Significant influences on pineal gland parameters were found in subjects with different sex, whereas no effect was observed from age.
Orbital Fracture Reconstruction Using Prebent, Anatomic Titanium Plates: Technical Tips to Avoid Complications
Authors: Purnell Chad A. , Vaca Elbert E. , Ellis Marco F. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Orbital fractures are common. In patients where there is significant loss of the medial wall and orbital floor, anatomic prebent 3-dimensional plates allow efficacious restoration of orbital volume. However, the large size of these plates can result in technical difficulties with plate placement, especially in fractures with complete loss of 2 walls of the orbit. In this article, the authors review the pertinent anatomy of the bony orbit with respect to fracture and landmarks in fracture reduction. The authors also note the 3 most commonly encountered problems with the placement of anatomic plates: poor exposure, failure to identify the posterior ledge for the plate, and rotational issues with plate placement resulting in impingement. Technical tips are given to help overcome these issues intraoperatively.
New Rhizotomy Procedure for Primary Spasmodic Torticollis
Authors: Hua Chunhui , Pu Benfang , Liu Kaizhang , Huang Zhenyu , Li Changhua , Zhao Changyi , Li Xinyuan 
Published: April 2018

Objective:
Spasmodic torticollis (ST) is an idiopathic neurologic disorder affecting the muscles of the neck. Surgery is a preferred treatment, when conservative treatments or Botulinum neurotoxin injections fail to relieve the symptoms. Our objective here is to report the outcome of a new surgical method for treating ST patients in our department.

Methods:
The new procedure consists of rhizotomy of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) and C1–C2 nerve roots, coagulation of the distal end of SAN (Group A). The results of this procedure were compared with a group of patients who underwent only rhizotomy of the SAN and anterior C1–C2 nerve roots (Group B). Clinical data were retrospectively collected from 39 patients with laterocollis and rotatory torticollis subtypes of ST from Jun 1, 2014 to Jun 1, 2015. The effect of the surgery was evaluated by the reduction in the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) total scores preoperatively and postoperatively. The mean duration of the postoperative follow-up period was 2.57 years, ranging from 2 to 3 years.

Results:
The mean preoperative TWSTRS score was 65.89 ± 3.55 and 65.80 ± 3.45 in Groups A and B, respectively. Six months after the surgery, the TWSTRS scores decreased to 40.00 ± 12.14 and 26.04 ± 11.77, respectively. There was a statistically significant improvement preoperatively and postoperatively in both groups (P < 0.05). The decrease in TWSTRS score of Group B was more significant than that of Group A (P < 0.05). The main complications included shoulder numbness, shoulder weakness, and hoarseness.

Conclusions:
The procedure in this study provides a new and effective surgical method for patients with ST. This procedure should be recommended if conservative therapy does not offer satisfactory relief of symptoms.
Evaluation of Facial Anthropometry Using Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry and Direct Measuring Techniques
Authors: Düppe Katarina , Becker Magnus , Schönmeyr Björn 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In this study, 14 standard facial distances on 10 adult volunteers were measured directly with a caliper and indirectly on two-dimensional images using the 3dMDtrio system. Two raters performed the measurements with at least 1 week between rating sessions. The intra- and inter-rater reliabilities and agreement of the measurements were calculated using intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), mean absolute difference (MAD), and Bland-Altman plots with limits of agreement (LOA). The 2 raters had an average discrepancy (MAD) of 1.6 mm when their digital measurements were compared to their direct measurements. The reliability of the digital and direct methods varied greatly depending on which of the 14 anthropometric distances that was being assessed. Only 6 digitally and 5 directly measured anthropometric distances showed both an ICC >0.75 and a MAD <1 mm, in the intra-rater as well as the inter-rater measurements. The Bland-Altman plots and LOA displayed the same pattern. In summary, the digital and direct methods were generally compatible in terms of reliability and agreement. However, the reliability and agreement between the 14 anthropometric measurements varied considerably, indicating that poor landmark identification is the main limitation to both modern and traditional measuring techniques in the face. Consequently, some anthropometric landmarks warrant further definition or prior anthropometric training by the evaluators. The authors also recommend that the MADs and LOAs provided in this report are put into relation to the facial distance that is being evaluated and its clinical context.
GTS-21 Reduces Inflammation in Acute Lung Injury by Regulating M1 Polarization and Function of Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Wang Jing , Li Ruiting , Peng Zhiyong , Zhou Wenhai , Hu Bo , Rao Xin , Yang Xiao , Li Jianguo 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Background:
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe outcome of sepsis. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) play key roles in defense, resolution in ALI. The polarization of AMs is dependent on micro environmental stimuli and might influence the progression of ALI. Gainesville Tokushima scientists (GTS)-21, a selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), has recently been established to be promising in the treatment of ALI. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the GTS-21-mediated suppression of inflammatory responses has been explored only partially. In this study, we examined the relation between GTS-21 and AM polarization in ALI.

Methods:
The adoptive transfer of M1 (classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated)-polarized AMs was performed to AM-depleted ALI mice, along with the administration of GTS-21 in a murine model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI and in isolated AMs that had been stimulated by LPS in vitro.

Results:
The adoptive transfer of M1-polarized AMs aggravated the inflammatory response in the lung in contrast to the adoptive transfer of M2-polarized AMs. GTS-21 protected the lung from the effect of LPS, preventing injury and decreasing the number of AMs, AM-related pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, high mobility group box 1 expression levels in AMs. In addition, GTS-21 significantly diminished the number of M1-polarized AM and increased the number of M2-polarized AM, by flow cytometry, RT-PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the Arg1 and iNOS activity assays.

Conclusion:
The GTS-21 substantially ameliorates LPS-induced ALI. This protection is predominantly associated with the inhibition of pulmonary AM M1 polarization and alteration in AM function.
Stabilization of global temperature at 1.5°C and 2.0°C: implications for coastal areas
Authors: Nicholls Robert J. , Brown Sally , Goodwin Philip , Wahl Thomas , Lowe Jason , Solan Martin , Godbold Jasmin A. , Haigh Ivan D. , Lincke Daniel , Hinkel Jochen , Wolff Claudia , Merkens Jan-Ludolf 
Published: April 2018

The effectiveness of stringent climate stabilization scenarios for coastal areas in terms of reduction of impacts/adaptation needs and wider policy implications has received little attention. Here we use the Warming Acidification and Sea Level Projector Earth systems model to calculate large ensembles of global sea-level rise (SLR) and ocean pH projections to 2300 for 1.5°C and 2.0°C stabilization scenarios, and a reference unmitigated RCP8.5 scenario. The potential consequences of these projections are then considered for global coastal flooding, small islands, deltas, coastal cities and coastal ecology. Under both stabilization scenarios, global mean ocean pH (and temperature) stabilize within a century. This implies significant ecosystem impacts are avoided, but detailed quantification is lacking, reflecting scientific uncertainty. By contrast, SLR is only slowed and continues to 2300 (and beyond). Hence, while coastal impacts due to SLR are reduced significantly by climate stabilization, especially after 2100, potential impacts continue to grow for centuries. SLR in 2300 under both stabilization scenarios exceeds unmitigated SLR in 2100. Therefore, adaptation remains essential in densely populated and economically important coastal areas under climate stabilization. Given the multiple adaptation steps that this will require, an adaptation pathways approach has merits for coastal areas.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The Paris Agreement: understanding the physical and social challenges for a warming world of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels’.
Solar geoengineering as part of an overall strategy for meeting the 1.5°C Paris target
Authors: MacMartin Douglas G. , Ricke Katharine L. , Keith David W. 
Published: April 2018

Solar geoengineering refers to deliberately reducing net radiative forcing by reflecting some sunlight back to space, in order to reduce anthropogenic climate changes; a possible such approach would be adding aerosols to the stratosphere. If future mitigation proves insufficient to limit the rise in global mean temperature to less than 1.5°C above preindustrial, it is plausible that some additional and limited deployment of solar geoengineering could reduce climate damages. That is, these approaches could eventually be considered as part of an overall strategy to manage the risks of climate change, combining emissions reduction, net-negative emissions technologies and solar geoengineering to meet climate goals. We first provide a physical-science review of current research, research trends and some of the key gaps in knowledge that would need to be addressed to support informed decisions. Next, since few climate model simulations have considered these limited-deployment scenarios, we synthesize prior results to assess the projected response if solar geoengineering were used to limit global mean temperature to 1.5°C above preindustrial in an overshoot scenario that would otherwise peak near 3°C. While there are some important differences, the resulting climate is closer in many respects to a climate where the 1.5°C target is achieved through mitigation alone than either is to the 3°C climate with no geoengineering. This holds for both regional temperature and precipitation changes; indeed, there are no regions where a majority of models project that this moderate level of geoengineering would produce a statistically significant shift in precipitation further away from preindustrial levels.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The Paris Agreement: understanding the physical and social challenges for a warming world of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels’.