bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regular and copular fragments in Basaá
Authors: Bassong Paul Roger 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The aim of this Article is to propose that fragment answers in Basaá (Bantu) derive from two different sources, namely, a regular source and a copular source. Regular fragments are those that are derived by movement of a Negative Polarity Item (NPI) or a CP complement to the left periphery of the clause followed by clausal ellipsis (Merchant 2004 and related work). Conversely, copular fragments involve a biclausal structure whereby the focalized fragment, no matter the syntactic function it fulfills in clause structure, finally ends up being the subject of the null verbal copula of the main clause. The fragment is initially selected as the external argument of the null verbal copula within the matrix VP along the lines of the VP-Internal Subject Hypothesis (Koopman and Sportiche 1991). From Spec-VP it raises to Spec-TP to satisfy the EPP requirements. The internal argument of the null copula is a headless relative in which a relative operator (covert/overt) moves to Spec-CP, a position above FocP the target of ellipsis. This gives rise to a structure whereby the fragment answer in the matrix clause and the relative operator in the embedded clause resist ellipsis. The analysis also provides semantic evidence that copular fragments are not clefts. The ellipsis approach is supported by a range of grammatical properties such as connectivity effects, locality constraints and subcategorization requirements. This paper is not only a contribution to Merchant’s (2004) ellipsis approach but it also provides new evidence for our understanding of the crosslinguistic variation of ellipsis.
Predicting Temporal Gait Kinematics From Running Velocity
Authors: Gray Adrian , Price Michael , Jenkins David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Gray, A, Price, M, and Jenkins, D. Predicting temporal gait kinematics from running velocity. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2379–2382, 2021—The manner in which stride frequency (f) changes in response to running velocity (v) is well established. Notably, as running velocity increases, duty factor (d, the % of the stride in stance) decreases, concomitantly with higher stride frequencies. Mathematical descriptions of this relationship do not exist, limiting our ability to reasonably predict gait-based metrics from wearable technologies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish prediction equations for stride frequency and duty factor from running velocity. On 2 occasions, 10 healthy men (aged, 21.1 ± 2.2 years) performed constant pace running efforts at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 m·s−1 over a 10-m segment on a tartan athletics track. Running efforts were filmed using a digital video camera at 300 frames per second, from which stride duration, support duration, and swing duration were determined. Regression equations to predict stride frequency and duty factor from running velocity were established by curve fitting. Acceptable test-retest reliability for the video-based determination of stride frequency (intraclass correlation = 0.87; typical error of the measurement [TEM] = 0.01 Hz; coefficient of variation [CV] = 2.9%) and duty factor (r = 0.93; TEM = 1%; CV = 3.9%) were established. The relationship between stride frequency and running velocity was described by the following quadratic equation: f = 0.026·v
2 − 0.111·v + 1.398 (r
2 = 0.903). The relationship between duty factor and running velocity was described by the quadratic equation d = 0.004·v
2 − 0.061·v + 0.50 (r
2 = 0.652). The relationships between v and f and between v and d are consistent with previous observations. These equations may contribute broader locomotor models or serve as input variables in data fusion algorithms that enhance outputs from wearable technologies.
Effects of Personal Protective Equipment on the Performance of Federal Highway Policemen in Physical Fitness Tests
Authors: Marins Eduardo F. , Cabistany Leo , Bartel Charles , Dawes Jay , Del Vecchio Fabrício Boscolo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Marins, EF, Cabistany, L, Bartel, C, Dawes, J, and Del Vecchio, FB. Effects of personal protective equipment on the performance of Federal Highway Policemen in physical fitness tests. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 11–19, 2020—Personal protective equipment (PPE), worn by police officers, provides protection and can modify physiological and performance responses during physical efforts. Physiological, perceptual, and physical responses were compared with PPE (WPPE) and without PPE (NPPE) among the Brazilian Federal Highway Policemen (FHP). Nineteen (n = 19) FHP completed 2 experimental trials: NPPE and WPPE (load = 8.3 kg). Tests of aerobic and anaerobic power, muscular strength and endurance, as well as change of direction speed (CODS) were performed under both conditions. Heart rate reductions were shown at the second ventilatory threshold (1.4%) and maximal exercise (1.5%) WPPE. In comparison with NPPE, physical performance in the WPPE condition showed decreases in the following: treadmill time at maximal exercise (21%, p < 0.001); time in the isometric trunk test (28.9%, p < 0.001); vertical jump height (11.6 and 10.5%, p < 0.001); standing long jump distance (7.3%, p < 0.001); bar hang time (14.8%, p < 0.05); and CODS (2.6%, p < 0.05). Results indicate that PPE use reduces physical performance of FHP in cardiorespiratory, strength, power, and CODS tests.
Single-Joint Exercise Results in Higher Hypertrophy of Elbow Flexors Than Multijoint Exercise
Authors: Mannarino Pietro , Matta Thiago , Lima Jefferson , Simão Roberto , Freitas de Salles Belmiro 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Mannarino, P, Matta, T, Lima, J, Simão, R, and Freitas de Salles, B. Single-Joint Exercise Results in Higher Hypertrophy of Elbow Flexors Than Multijoint Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2677–2681, 2021—Recent data suggest that single-joint exercises are unnecessary to maximize the resistance training (RT) results in novice to advanced individuals. However, the present literature is still inconsistent on this topic and controversy arises. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the unilateral dumbbell row (DR) (multiple-joint) vs. unilateral biceps curl (BC) (single-joint) exercises on strength and elbow flexors muscle thickness (MT). Ten untrained men were assigned to an 8-week RT program for elbow flexors, one arm performing DR and the other performing BC in a within-subject design. After a familiarization, pretraining MT was measured using an ultrasound (US) technique, and strength was tested using 10 repetition maximum (10RM) tests. After pretesting, 8 weeks of RT (4–6 sets, 8–12 repetitions to concentric failure, 2 sessions per week) was performed. Post-testing was conducted in the same order as pretesting 48 and 72 hours after the last session. Single-joint BC exercise resulted in higher hypertrophy of elbow flexors (11.06%) than the DR (5.16%) multijoint exercise after 8 weeks of RT (p = 0.009). The 10RM improvement was higher for DR in DR-trained arm, whereas 10RM for BC was higher in BC-trained arm. The single-joint exercise resulted in higher hypertrophy of the elbow flexors than multijoint exercise after 8 weeks of RT, whereas strength improvements were greater in accordance with specificity of RT exercise. Therefore, in RT prescription for elbow flexors hypertrophy, single-joint exercises such as BC should be emphasized.
Internal Load From Hard Training Sessions Is Related to Changes in Performance After a 10-Week Training Period in Adolescent Swimmers
Authors: Pind Rasmus , Mäestu Evelin , Purge Priit , Jürgenson Janno , Arend Mati , Mäestu Jarek 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Pind, R, Mäestu, E, Purge, P, Jürgenson, J, Arend, M, and Mäestu, J. Internal load from hard training sessions is related to changes in performance after a 10-week training period in adolescent swimmers. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2846–2852, 2021—The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and its categorization with the changes in swimming performance in adolescent swimmers. National level swimmers (age 16.4 ± 2.1 years, V̇o
2max 50.0 ± 4.0 ml·min−1·kg−1) participated in a 10-week period preceding the National Winter Championships. Pre-training and post-training physiological parameters and swimming performance were measured. All training bouts with sRPE data were recorded. In addition, trainings were categorized as light, moderate, or hard. For calculating the corresponding internal training load (ITL), 2 fixed categorizations were applied based on earlier published sources and an individualized categorization based on ventilatory thresholds. During the 10-week training period, large to very large increases were found in aerobic (effect size [ES] = 1.58) and anaerobic threshold power output W·kg−1 (ES = 2.46), respectively, and smaller, but significant, improvement in 100-m swimming performance (ES = 0.36). Total ITL during the 10-week period was significantly related to changes in anaerobic threshold (r = 0.81). Fixed and individualized sRPE methods from hard sessions were associated with changes in V̇o
2max (r = 0.77) and performance of only 100-m leg kicks (r = 0.76), respectively. Internal training load was related to changes in performance variables during the 10-week study period. Using individualized sRPE values, the accumulation of the ITL from hard training sessions was associated with changes in V̇o
2max and swimming performance. The aforementioned categorization could help coaches in appropriate application of ITL for assessing the total training load in adolescent swimmers.
Peak Movement and Technical Demands of Professional Australian Football Competition
Authors: Johnston Rich D. , Murray Nick B. , Austin Damien J. , Duthie Grant 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Johnston, RD, Murray, NB, Austin, DJ, and Duthie, G. Peak movement and technical demands of professional Australian football competition. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2818–2823, 2021—The aim of this study was to determine the average peak movement and technical demands of professional Australian football (AF) across a number of period durations using an observational cohort design. This information will be able to guide duration-specific intensities for training drills. Microtechnology and technical performance data were recorded across 22 games of the 2017 AF League season. The peak 1-, 3-, 5-, 7-, and 10-minute rolling periods were determined from each game for each player for each frequency of skill involvements. Average speed (m·min−1) and accelerometer load (PlayerLoad; PL·min−1) were used as measures of physical output, and any disposal of the football or tackle was used as a technical involvement. Linear mixed models and Cohen's effect size (ES) statistic were used to determine the impact technical involvements had on movement profiles. There were substantial reductions in average speed across each duration as the number of technical involvements increased, other than for the 10-minute period. The reductions in speed were greatest during the 1-minute period for 1 (ES = −0.59 ± 0.13), 2 (ES = −1.96 ± 0.17), and 3 (ES = −2.39 ± 0.27) involvements. Similarly, less pronounced reductions were seen for accelerometer load, other than during the 7- and 10-minute periods where there were small to moderate increases in load for periods with technical involvements. Players may have to perform as many as 3 technical involvements a minute while covering 150–160 m·min−1. This information provides coaches with the peak speed, accelerometer load, and technical demands of competition. There are reductions in movement profiles as the number of technical involvements increases.
Effects of Age on Physical Match Performance in Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Rey Ezequiel , Costa Pablo B. , Corredoira Francisco J. , Sal de Rellán Guerra Alex 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Rey, E, Costa, PB, Corredoira, FJ, and Sal de Rellán Guerra, A. Effects of age on physical match performance in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): 1244–1249, 2023—This study aimed to evaluate the effects of age using a large-scale analysis of match physical performance in professional soccer players. A total of 10,739 individual match observations were undertaken on outfield players competing in the first and second divisions of the Spanish soccer professional leagues during the 2017–2018 season, using a computerized tracking system (TRACAB, Chyronhego, New York, NY). The players were classified into five positions and into 5 age groups (<20 years, 20–24.9 years, 25–29.9 years, 30–34.9 years, and ≥35 years). The results showed that (a) professional soccer players aged ≥30 years exhibit a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in the total distance covered, medium-speed running distance, high-speed running (HSR) distance, very HSR (VHSR) distance, sprint distance, and maximum running speed compared with younger players (<30 years); (b) professional soccer players aged ≥35 years exhibit a significant decrease (p < 0.01) in the number of HSR, number of VHSR, and number of sprints compared with younger players (<35 years); and (c) all playing positions reduced their physical performance; however, external midfielders were less affected by age effects. In conclusion, this study demonstrates players' physical match performance reduces with increasing age. Such findings may help coaches and managers to better understand the effects of age on match-related physical performance and may have the potential to assist in decisions regarding recruitment and player list management within professional soccer clubs.
Physical Demands of Refereeing Rugby Sevens Matches at Different Competitive Levels
Authors: Sant'Anna Ricardo T. , Roberts Simon P. , Moore Lee J. , Stokes Keith A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Sant'Anna, RT, Roberts, SP, Moore, LJ, and Stokes, KA. Physical demands of refereeing rugby sevens matches at different competitive levels. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3164–3169, 2021—The aim of this study was to compare the physical demands of officiating across different competitive levels in rugby sevens. An observational design was used involving 27 referees (26 men and 1 woman, age: 27 ± 6 years, body mass [mean ± SD]: 78.5 ± 9.3 kg, and height: 179 ± 5 cm). Global Navigation Satellite Systems data were collected across a total of 114 matches during 5 separate rugby sevens tournaments played in England—between May and July 2018—categorized into 4 competitive levels: (a) international, (b) professional, (c) semiprofessional, and (d) amateur. Compared with referees officiating at the international, professional, and semiprofessional levels, referees officiating at the amateur level covered less total (p < 0.001) and relative distance (p < 0.001). In addition, these referees covered more distance walking and jogging (p < 0.001). Amateur referees also completed fewer sprints (p = 0.006), repeated high-intensity efforts (RHIEs) per game (p < 0.001), and spent longer between RHIEs (p = 0.015). Finally, for the amateur referees, the duration of the longest repeated high-intensity bout (i.e., worst case scenario) was lower (p < 0.001), with less distance covered (p < 0.001) and fewer high-intensity accelerations (p < 0.001). Refereeing rugby sevens is therefore more physically demanding at higher competitive levels, particularly in terms of high-intensity efforts. The results provide vital information for practitioners involved in the physical preparation of rugby sevens referees.
Biomechanical Associates of Performance and Knee Joint Loads During A 70–90° Cutting Maneuver in Subelite Soccer Players
Authors: McBurnie Alistair J. , Dos'Santos Thomas , Jones Paul A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
McBurnie, AJ, Dos'Santos, T, Jones, PA. Biomechanical associates of performance and knee joint loads during a 70–90° cutting maneuver in subelite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3190–3198, 2021—The aim of this study was to explore the “performance-injury risk” conflict during cutting, by examining whole-body joint kinematics and kinetics that are responsible for faster change-of-direction (COD) performance of a cutting task in soccer players, and to determine whether these factors relate to peak external multiplanar knee moments. 34 male soccer players (age: 20 ± 3.2 years; body mass: 73.5 ± 9.2 kg; height: 1.77 ± 0.06 m) were recruited to investigate the relationships between COD kinetics and kinematics with performance and multiplanar knee joint moments during cutting. Three-dimensional motion data using 10 Qualisys Oqus 7 infrared cameras (240 Hz) and ground reaction force data from 2 AMTI force platforms (1,200 Hz) were collected to analyze the penultimate foot contact and final foot contact (FFC). Pearson's or Spearman's correlations coefficients revealed performance time (PT), peak external knee abduction moment (KAM), and peak external knee rotation moment (KRM) were all significantly related (p < 0.05) to horizontal approach velocity (PT: ρ = −0.579; peak KAM: ρ = 0.414; peak KRM: R = −0.568) and FFC peak hip flexor moment (PT: ρ = 0.418; peak KAM: ρ = −0.624; peak KRM: ρ = 0.517). Performance time was also significantly (p < 0.01) associated with horizontal exit velocity (ρ = −0.451) and, notably, multiplanar knee joint loading (peak KAM: ρ = −0.590; peak KRM: ρ = 0.525; peak KFM: ρ = −0.509). Cohen's d effect sizes (d) revealed that faster performers demonstrated significantly greater (p < 0.05; d = 1.1–1.7) multiplanar knee joint loading, as well as significantly greater (p < 0.05; d = 0.9–1.2) FFC peak hip flexor moments, PFC average horizontal GRFs, and peak knee adduction angles. To conclude, mechanics associated with faster cutting performance seem to be “at odds” with lower multiplanar knee joint loads. This highlights the potential performance-injury conflict present during cutting.
Roles for Stress Response and Cell Wall Biosynthesis Pathways in Caspofungin Tolerance in Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Pianalto Kaila M , Billmyre R Blake , Telzrow Calla L , Alspaugh J Andrew 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Limited antifungal diversity and availability are growing problems for the treatment of fungal infections in the face of increasing drug resistance. The echinocandins, one of the newest classes of antifungal drugs, inhibit production of a crucial cell wall component. However, these compounds do not effectively inhibit the growth of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, despite potent inhibition of the target enzyme in vitro. Therefore, we performed a forward genetic screen to identify cellular processes that mediate the relative tolerance of this organism to the echinocandin drug caspofungin. Through these studies, we identified 14 genetic mutants that enhance caspofungin antifungal activity. Rather than directly affecting caspofungin antifungal activity, these mutations seem to prevent the activation of various stress-induced compensatory cellular processes. For example, the pfa4Δ mutant has defects in the palmitoylation and localization of many of its target proteins, including the Ras1 GTPase and the Chs3 chitin synthase, which are both required for caspofungin tolerance. Similarly, we have confirmed the link between caspofungin treatment and calcineurin signaling in this organism, but we suggest a deeper mechanism in which caspofungin tolerance is mediated by multiple pathways downstream of calcineurin function. In summary, we describe here several pathways in C. neoformans that contribute to the complex caspofungin tolerance phenotype in this organism.
NOTAS PARA UMA ONTOLOGIA RELACIONAL DEFLACIONÁRIA OU NÃO CONTRAMÃO DA HISTÓRIA: DE SCHELLING A PLATÃO
Authors: Luft Eduardo 
Published: July 2019

As filosofias de Platão e Schelling têm como traço comum o projeto de construção de uma ontologia relacional. Sua grande divergência reside na compreensão do princípio filosófico capaz de fundar tal ontologia. A Filosofia da Identidade do jovem Schelting estã ancorada na atividade de autodesdobramento da subjetividadeabsoluta. A critica a esta teleologia do incondicionado exigirá um renovado diálogo com a filosofia platônica. O autor encontra no Filebo platônico a inspiração para o desenvolvimento de uma possível ontologia deflacionária.
Paz: concepto y discurso en la prensa costarricense. El caso de La Nación, Semanario Universidad y el Eco Católico, 1981-1990
Authors: Astorga Sánchez Leonardo 
Published: July 2019

El presente artículo analiza cómo el concepto “paz” fue utilizado por el discurso mediático de los periódicos costarricenses La Nación, Semanario Universidad yEl Eco Católico durante los años 1981 y 1990. El estudio parte de la importancia de los conceptos como vehículos lingüísticos que logran acumular experiencias propias de los actores que hacen uso de ellos y que se expresan a través del discurso como práctica social. Se plantea que “paz” fue un concepto clave a la hora de abordar el tema de los acuerdos y negociaciones llevadas a cabo por los estados centroamericanos en medio de una crisis política y la fuerte injerencia de potencias, principalmente, los Estados Unidos. El trabajo reconstruye una disputa política e ideológica sobre el tipo de “Paz” que se buscaba promover y que se veía reflejada en los discursos sobre Contadora y el Plan Arias.
MANAJEMEN PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN DI MADRASAH
Authors: Qodariyah Siti Muchlishotul , Khoiruddin Heri 
Published: July 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana profil, dasar proses dan eksekusi dalam pengambilan keputusan setiap kegiatan yang ada di MTs Al-Ichlash Serang baru Bekasi, faktor penunjang dan penghambat dalam menentukan satu pilihan kegiatan yang disepakati bersama dan akan dijalankan untuk pelaksanaan pendidikan di MTs Al-Ichlash Serang Baru Kabupaten Bekasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi, wawancara dan teknik penyalinan dokumen. Analisis data dilakukan dengan kategorisasi data dan penafsiran data. Adapun uji absah data dilakukan dengan perpanjang keikutsertaan, ketekunan pengamatan, cek teman sejawat, analisis kasus negatif, kecukupan referensi, uraian rinci dan auditing. Hasil yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini bahwa dalam pengambilan keputusan yang dilakukan untuk penyelenggaraan kegiatan yang ada di MTs Al-Ichlash mengacu pada standar pelayanan minimal. Adapun setiap semester adanya perubahan kegiatan dan pergantian pekerjaan di setiap staf dengan cara musyawarah dan mempertimbang-kan kenyataan sesungguhnya yang ada di lingkungan madrasah serta kebutuhan pendidikan. Karna kepala sekolah MTs Al-Ichlash sendiri memegang prinsip bahwa “Sepintar apapun tanpa musyawarah adalah kesalahan besar” karena dalam organisasi mempunyai anggota dan semua itu harus mengetahui alur berjalannya semua aktivitas kegiatan yang akan dilaksanakan.