bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating definitions of salmonid thermal refugia using in situ measurements in the Eel River, Northern California
Authors: Greer George , Carlson Stephanie , Thompson Sally 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThermal microrefugia, sites within a landscape which are relatively protected from temperature extremes and warming trends, may be necessary for the conservation of animal species as climates warm. In freshwater environments, cold water fish species such as Pacific salmonids already rely on thermal microrefugia to persist in the southern extent of their range. Identifying sites that can provide such thermal microrefugia is essential to inform conservation and management decisions. At present, however, there is no consensus on appropriate ways to identify such sites, and multiple approaches are presented in the literature. Here, we use high resolution thermal data from two cold‐water zones created at the confluence of tributaries with a warm main channel of the South Fork Eel River in Northern California to demonstrate that the characteristics of cold zones identified as thermal microrefugia are not robust to the choice of microrefugium definition. Common definitions disagree on the existence, volume, seasonal temporal trends, and diurnal variations in microrefugia at the two confluences. The disagreements arise from the complex interaction between the confluence mixing regime with diurnal/seasonal warming patterns and how this shapes the distribution of water temperature at the confluences, and how it is classified by each definition. The disagreements cannot be resolved by simple bias correction approaches. Given that all existing definitions rely on simplifications that negate the nuanced way fish use cold water zones and respond to thermal stress, alternative observation and classification approaches may be needed to characterize cold zones in rivers as thermal microrefugia.
Discriminating between neurofibromatosis‐1 and typically developing children by means of multimodal MRI and multivariate analyses
Authors: Nemmi Federico , Cignetti Fabien , Assaiante Christine , Maziero Stephanie , Audic Fredrique , Péran Patrice , Chaix Yves 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNeurofibromatosis Type 1 leads to brain anomalies involving both gray and white matter. The extent and granularity of these anomalies, together with their possible impact on brain activity, is still unknown. In this multicentric cross‐sectional study we submitted a sample of 42 typically developing and 38 neurofibromatosis‐1 children to a multimodal MRI assessment including T1, diffusion weighted and resting state functional sequences. We used a pipeline involving several features selection steps coupled with multivariate statistical analysis (supporting vector machine) to discriminate between the two groups while having interpretable models. We used MRI indexes measuring macro (gray matter volume) and microstructural (fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity) characteristics of the brain, as well as indexes of brain activity (fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations) and connectivity (local and global correlation) at rest. We found that structural indexes could discriminate between the two groups, with the mean diffusivity leading to performance as high as the combination of all structural indexes combined (accuracy = 0.86), while functional indexes had worse performances. The MRI signature of NF1 brain pathology is a combination of gray and white matter abnormalities, as measured with gray matter volume, fractional anisotropy, and mean diffusivity.
Computer‐Aided Diagnosis of Solid Breast Lesions With Ultrasound: Factors Associated With False‐negative and False‐positive Results
Authors: Wu Jia‐yi , Zhao Zi‐zhuo , Zhang Wen‐yue , Liang Ming , Ou Bing , Yang Hai‐yun , Luo Bao‐ming 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesTo investigate factors that may lead to false‐positive or false‐negative results in a computer‐aided diagnostic system (S‐Detect; Samsung Medison Co, Ltd, Seoul, Korea) for ultrasound (US) examinations of solid breast lesions.MethodsThis prospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Sun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital. All patients signed and provided written informed consent before biopsy or surgery. From September 2017 to May 2018, 269 consecutive women with 338 solid breast lesions were included. All lesions were examined with US and S‐Detect before biopsy or surgical excision. The final US assessments made by radiologists and S‐Detect were matched to the pathologic results. Patient and lesion factors in the “true” and “false” S‐Detect groups were compared, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the factors associated with false S‐Detect results.ResultsThe mean age of the patients ± SD was 42.6 ± 12.9 years (range, 18–77 years). Of the 338 lesions, 209 (61.8%) were benign, and 129 (38.2%) were malignant. Larger lesions, the presence of lesion calcifications detected by B‐mode US, and grades of 2 and 3 according to Adler et al (Ultrasound Med Biol 1990; 16:553–559) were significantly associated with false‐positive S‐Detect results (odds ratio [OR], 1.071; P = .006; OR, 5.851; P = .001; OR, 1.726; P = .009, respectively). Smaller lesions and the absence of calcifications detected by B‐mode US in malignant solid breast lesions were significantly associated with false‐negative S‐Detect results (OR, 1.141; P = .015; OR, 7.434; P = .016).ConclusionsLarger benign lesions, the presence of lesion calcifications, and high degrees of vascularity are likely to show false‐positive S‐Detect results. Smaller malignant lesions and the absence of calcifications are likely to show false‐negative S‐Detect results.
Changes in soil phosphorus and its influencing factors following afforestation in Northern China
Authors: Li Xiankun , Li Yanan , Peng Shouzhang , Chen Yunming , Cao Yang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractChanges in soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks following afforestation have been widely studied at different scales. However, soil phosphorus (P) dynamics following afforestation are poorly understood, especially at the regional scale. This paper studied the effects of prior land use (cropland, grassland, and barren land), tree species (conifer, broadleaf, shrub, and mixed), plantation age (young, middle, and old), and climate on soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus stocks change in the top 20 cm following afforestation based on a synthesis of 50 recent publications in northern China. We also considered possible confounding effects between these factors. The results showed that, overall, soil total phosphorus and available phosphorus stocks significantly decreased by 7.3% and significantly increased by 8.8%, respectively, following afforestation. Prior land use was found to be the most important driver in determining changes in soil P stocks. Compared with a significant decrease in P of afforestation of former cropland and grassland, afforestation of barren land caused no clear decrease in P. Tree species was found to have a limited effect on changes in soil P after afforestation, and broadleaf afforestation has a lower P demand than coniferous forests in the studied region. Plantation age did not affect the dynamics of P stocks. Our results showed confounding effects of precipitation, prior land use, and tree species, which impacted the estimates of the drivers of changes in P stocks. These results highlighted the importance of tree species selection and replication across sites that receive different amounts of precipitation.
Structural connectivity‐based topography of the human globus pallidus: Implications for therapeutic targeting in movement disorders
Authors: Cacciola Alberto , Milardi Demetrio , Bertino Salvatore , Basile Gianpaolo Antonio , Calamuneri Alessandro , Chillemi Gaetana , Rizzo Giuseppina , Anastasi Giuseppe , Quartarone Angelo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding the topographical organization of the cortico‐basal ganglia circuitry is of pivotal importance because of the spreading of techniques such as DBS and, more recently, MR‐guided focused ultrasound for the treatment of movement disorders. A growing body of evidence has described both direct cortico‐ and dento‐pallidal connections, although the topographical organization in vivo of these pathways in the human brain has never been reported.ObjectiveTo investigate the topographical organization of cortico‐ and dento‐pallidal pathways by means of diffusion MRI tractography and connectivity based parcellation.MethodsHigh‐quality data from 100 healthy subjects from the Human Connectome Project repository were utilized. Constrained spherical deconvolution–based tractography was used to reconstruct structural cortico‐ and dento‐pallidal connectivity. Connectivity‐based parcellation was performed with a hypothesis‐driven approach at three different levels: functional regions (limbic, associative, sensorimotor, and other), lobes, and gyral subareas.ResultsExternal globus pallidus segregated into a ventral associative cluster, a dorsal sensorimotor cluster, and a caudal “other” cluster on the base of its cortical connectivity. Dento‐pallidal connections clustered only in the internal globus pallidus, where also associative and sensorimotor clusters were identified. Lobar parcellation revealed the presence in the external globus pallidus of dissociable clusters for each cortical lobe (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital), whereas in internal globus pallidus only frontal and parietal clusters were found out.ConclusionWe mapped the topographical organization of both internal and external globus pallidus according to cortical and cerebellar connections. These anatomical data could be useful in DBS, radiosurgery and MR‐guided focused ultrasound targeting for treating motor and nonmotor symptoms in movement disorders. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Quad‐polarization reconfigurable antenna with wideband operation
Authors: Wu Hsing‐Fu , Wei You‐Heng , Chen Tsair‐Rong , Row Jeen‐Sheen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA design for quad‐polarization‐agile antenna is described. A multiport crossed dipole that can provide dual orthogonal linear polarizations is used as the radiating element of the design. When the crossed dipole is fed with a tunable power divider, the two linear polarization radiations can be simultaneously excited with same amplitudes and difference phases. The resultant polarization modes include ±45° linear polarizations, right‐handed circular polarization, and left‐handed circular polarization. The overlapped operation bandwidth of the four polarization modes is about 49%, and the antenna operating in each polarization mode has almost the same radiation patterns. These patterns are also stable against frequency. Moreover, the occupied area of the polarization reconfigurable antenna is about 0.43λ0 × 0.43λ0.
MicroRNA changes in maternal serum from pregnancies complicated by twin‐twin transfusion syndrome: A discovery study
Authors: Mackie Fiona L. , Baker Bernadette C. , Beggs Andrew D. , Stodolna Agata , Morris Rachel Katie , Kilby Mark D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are used as biomarkers in cardiovascular disease and cancer. miRNAs are involved in placental development but have not previously been investigated in twin‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Our aim is to explore the miRNA profile of TTTS pregnancies.MethodInitial miRNA profiling was performed using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) panel on maternal serum samples taken from five women prior to fetoscopic laser ablation for TTTS and compared with serum samples from five women with uncomplicated monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies. Validation RT‐PCR was performed in an additional cohort of eight TTTS pregnancies and eight uncomplicated pregnancies.ResultsMedian gestational age at sampling in the TTTS and control groups was 20+0 weeks (interquartile range [IQR], 19+4‐20+0) and 20+2 weeks (IQR, 20+0‐20+2), respectively. All samples passed quality control. One control sample was excluded as a biological outlier. Thirty‐one of 752 miRNAs were significantly different: 17 were upregulated and 14 downregulated in the TTTS group, although they did not remain significant following Benjamini‐Hochberg correction for multiple testing. The six miRNAs chosen for validation demonstrated no significant difference.ConclusionThis is the first study to investigate miRNA changes in TTTS pregnancies. We did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in miRNAs in TTTS pregnancies, but further investigation is required.
Thermal and pH dual‐responsive hydrogels based on semi‐interpenetrating network of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and collagen nanofibrils
Authors: Ding Cuicui , Zhang Min , Ma Miao , Zheng Jiaojiao , Yang Qili , Feng Ren 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHydrogels with environment‐sensitive properties have great potential applications in the controlled drug release field. In this paper, hybrid hydrogels with semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPNs), composed of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) as the thermo‐sensitive component by in situ polymerization and self‐assembled collagen nanofibrils as the pH‐sensitive framework, were prepared for controlled release of methyl violet as a model drug. From Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, it was indicated that the crosslinking of PNIPAM in the presence of collagen nanofibrils led to the formation of semi‐IPNs with homogeneous porous structure, and the semi‐IPNs showed improved thermal stability and elastic properties compared with the native collagen as determined using differential scanning calorimetry and rheologic measurements. Furthermore, the semi‐IPNs possessed swelling behaviors quite different from those of neat collagen or PNIPAM hydrogel under various pH values and temperatures. Correspondingly, as expected, the drug release behavior in vitro for semi‐IPNs performed variously compared with that for single‐component semi‐IPNs, which revealed the tunable performance of semi‐IPNs for release ability. Finally the thermo‐ and pH‐responsive mechanism of the semi‐IPNs was illuminated to provide guidance for the application of the thermo‐ and pH‐sensitive collagen‐based hybrid hydrogels in controlled drug delivery systems. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Microphase segregation and selective chain scission of poly(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline)‐block‐polystyrene
Authors: Tran Helen , Bergman Harrison M. , de la Rosa Victor R. , Maji Samarendra , Parenti Kaia R. , Hoogenboom Richard , Campos Luis M. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTHerein, we report the design and synthesis of a block copolymer (BCP) with a high Flory–Huggins interaction parameter to access 10 nm feature sizes for potential lithographic applications. The investigated BCP is poly[(2‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline)‐block‐styrene] (PMeOx‐b‐PS), where the PMeOx segment functions as a hydrophilic segment. Two BCPs with different molecular weights were prepared using PMeOx as macroinitiator for copper(0) mediated controlled radical polymerization. The thin film self‐assembly of the obtained PMeOx‐b‐PS was performed by solvent annealing and investigated by atomic force microscopy. Both polymers formed PMeOx cylinders in a PS matrix with an average cylinder diameter of 10.5 nm. Additionally, the ability of the PMeOx domains to selectively degrade under ultraviolet irradiation was explored. It was shown that scission of the PMeOx block does occur selectively, and furthermore that the degraded domains can be removed while leaving the PS matrix intact. By combining synthetic accessibility, small feature sizes, and a selectively cleavable domain, this new BCP system holds significant promise as a lithographic mask for patterning surfaces with high precision. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1349–1357
Investigation of the sensitivity of Plasmopara viticola to amisulbrom and ametoctradin in French vineyards using bioassays and molecular tools
Authors: Fontaine Séverine , Remuson Florent , Caddoux Laëtitia , Barrès Benoit 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDComplex III inhibitors are key compounds in the control of Plasmopara viticola. They are prone to the development of resistance, as demonstrated by the emergence of resistance to quinone‐outside inhibitors. By using a combination of bioassays and molecular methods, we monitored sensitivity to amisulbrom and ametoctradin in P. viticola populations in French vineyards from 2012 to 2017.RESULTSWe found that the alternative oxidase (AOX)‐related resistance mechanism was common in French P. viticola populations. Target‐site resistance to ametoctradin was first detected in 2015 and is likely caused by a single point mutation in the cytochrome b gene, leading to the S34L substitution. The role of this substitution in resistance to ametoctradin was corroborated by another study using an experimental model. A molecular biology method has been developed to detect the mutant allele. To date, the frequency of this mutation is low in French P. viticola populations and it is often co‐detected with the wild‐type allele.CONCLUSIONPopulations of P. viticola displaying evidence of AOX‐related resistance were detected for every surveyed year, and their occurrence in French vineyards seems to be increasing over time. This resistance mechanism is currently threatening the efficacy of complex III inhibitors in the field. The low frequency of the S34L allele conferring resistance to ametoctradin, and the instability of resistant phenotypes in some populations, suggest that a fitness cost may be associated with the mutation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Using cerium chloride to control soluble orthophosphate concentration and improve the dewaterability of sludge: Part I. Mechanistic understanding
Authors: Zhang Dian , Angelotti Bob , Schlosser Erick , Novak John T. , Wang Zhi‐Wu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCerium chloride (CeCl3), being a superior orthophosphate (OP) precipitant, was found to be able to significantly improve sludge dewaterability in terms of sludge cake dryness and capillary suction time. In order to offer insights into the mechanism behind OP removal associated dewaterability improvement, the change in sludge specific resistance to filtration (SRF), compressibility (K), and bound water contents (Ub) in response to CeCl3 and CePO4 addition at the two cationic polymer doses was mathematically simulated. Results showed that 29.8 g/kg dry solid CePO4 addition was able to decrease the SRF by 52%, decrease the Ub by 42%, and reduce the K by 18%. Importantly, CeCl3 addition of equal cerium molarity showed even higher SRF and Ub reductions by 67% and 54%, respectively, but the same K reduction. A new theory depicting how the OP has outcompeted negatively charged sludge particles for cationic polymers is put forward in this study to interpret the effect of OP removal on sludge dewaterability improvement.Practitioner points

Efficient orthophosphate (OP) removal and sludge dewaterability improvement were achieved with CeCl3 addition.

Both CePO4 precipitate and OP removal contributed to the improved dewaterability.

Competition between OP and sludge particles for cationic polymers was explained.
Transient Ionospheric Upflow Driven by Poleward Moving Auroral forms Observed During the Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling 2 (RENU2) Campaign
Authors: Burleigh M. , Zettergren M. , Lynch K. , Lessard M. , Moen J. , Clausen L. , Kenward D. , Hysell D. , Liemohn M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study examines cumulative effects of a series of poleward moving auroral forms on ion upflow and downflow. These effects are investigated using an ionospheric model with inputs derived from the Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling 2 (RENU2) sounding rocket campaign. Auroral precipitation inputs are constrained by all‐sky imager brightness values resulting in significant latitudinal structuring in simulated ionospheric upflows due to transient forcing. For contrast, a case with steady forcing generates almost double the O+ upflow transport through 1,000 km when compared to poleward moving auroral form‐like structures. At high altitudes, model results show a spread in upflow response time dependent on ion mass, with molecular ions responding slower than atomic ions by several minutes. While the modeled auroral precipitation is not strong enough to accelerate ions to escape velocities, source populations available for higher‐altitude energization processes are greatly impacted by variable forcing exhibited by the RENU2 event.
A Comparison of Electron Densities Derived by Tomographic Inversion of the 135.6‐nm Ionospheric Nightglow Emission to Incoherent Scatter Radar Measurements
Authors: Dymond K. F. , Nicholas A. C. , Budzien S. A. , Stephan A. W. , Coker C. , Hei M. A. , Groves K. M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe 135.6‐nm emission of atomic oxygen has become a workhorse for satellite remote sensing of the nighttime ionosphere. Previous work on interpreting the 135.6‐nm emission established the importance of properly modeling the mutual neutralization and radiative recombination contributions to the volume emission rate and emphasized the importance of modeling and interpreting the transfer and transport of the radiation. Recently, we developed and published a new inversion approach called Volume Emission Rate Tomography, which handles the radiation transfer as part of the tomography process. We compare electron density distributions derived using the Volume Emission Rate Tomography technique to interpret the 135.6‐nm measurements made by the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager instruments aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites in 2010. These retrievals are validated against electron densities measured during overflights of the Advanced Research Project Agency Long‐range Tracking and Identification Radar incoherent scatter radar. The mean percentage difference between the Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager‐derived electron densities and those measured by Advanced Research Project Agency Long‐range Tracking and Identification Radar was 14%, when radiative recombination was the only source considered in the inversion process. When the mutual neutralization and radiation transport sources of emission are included in the inversions, the mean percentage decreased to 4%, thereby confirming that these sources are necessary to accurately derive the electron density from the 135.6‐nm emission.
Wave Attenuation by Sea Ice Turbulence
Authors: Voermans J. J. , Babanin A. V. , Thomson J. , Smith M. M. , Shen H. H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe dissipation of wave energy in the marginal ice zone is often attributed to wave scattering and the dissipative mechanisms associated with the ice layer. In this study we present observations indicating that turbulence generated by the differential velocity between the sea ice cover and the orbital wave motion may be an important dissipative mechanism of wave energy. Through field measurements of under‐ice turbulence dissipation rates in pancake and frazil ice, it is shown that turbulence‐induced wave attenuation coefficients are in agreement with observed wave attenuation in the marginal ice zone. The results suggest that the turbulence‐induced attenuation rates can be parameterized by the characteristic wave properties and a coefficient. The coefficient is determined by the ice layer properties.