bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blue Te Nanoneedles with Strong NIR Photothermal and Laser‐Enhanced Anticancer Effects as “All‐in‐One” Nanoagents for Synergistic Thermo‐Chemotherapy of Tumors
Authors: Yu Nuo , Li Jinning , Wang Zhaojie , Yang Shuyan , Liu Zixiao , Wang Yanshu , Zhu Meifang , Wang Dengbin , Chen Zhigang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe conventional blue Te nanostructures exhibit strong photoabsorption in the near‐infrared (NIR) region but have ultralong lengths (tenths of micrometers), while purple Te nanostructures with short lengths (such as nanodots and nanorods) show extremely low intensity of the NIR band. These Te nanostructures cannot achieve simultaneously both the suitable size and high NIR absorption, undoubtedly hindering their bioapplication. Herein, blue Te nanoneedles are prepared through a facile one‐pot reduction route for the first time, and they have strong NIR absorbance while maintaining the shortened length (<500 nm). Compared to purple Te nanorods, blue Te nanoneedles have higher photothermal conversion efficiency using a 915 nm laser and exhibit laser‐enhanced antioxidative activity toward scavenging of free radicals. These blue nanoneedles show significant discrimination in cytotoxicity toward different cell‐lines, and demonstrate anticancer activity induced by mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, when blue Te nanoneedles are injected in tumors of mice, tumors can be detected by thermal/photoacoustic imaging, and satisfactory therapeutic effects are achieved through the synergistic thermo‐chemotherapy in contrast to the limited therapeutic effect of  Te‐alone treatment. Therefore, these blue Te nanoneedles can be served as a novel theranostic nanoagent for simultaneous multimodal imaging and synergistic thermo‐chemotherapy for tumors.
A Plesiohedral Cellular Network of Graphene Bubbles for Ultralight, Strong, and Superelastic Materials
Authors: Yeo Seon Ju , Oh Min Jun , Jun Hyun Min , Lee Minhwan , Bae Jung Gun , Kim Yeseul , Park Kyung Jin , Lee Seungwoo , Lee Daeyeon , Weon Byung Mook , Lee Won Bo , Kwon Seok Joon , Yoo Pil J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAdvanced materials with low density and high strength impose transformative impacts in the construction, aerospace, and automobile industries. These materials can be realized by assembling well‐designed modular building units (BUs) into interconnected structures. This study uses a hierarchical design strategy to demonstrate a new class of carbon‐based, ultralight, strong, and even superelastic closed‐cellular network structures. Here, the BUs are prepared by a multiscale design approach starting from the controlled synthesis of functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets at the molecular‐ and nanoscale, leading to the microfluidic fabrication of spherical solid‐shelled bubbles at the microscale. Then, bubbles are strategically assembled into centimeter‐scale 3D structures. Subsequently, these structures are transformed into self‐interconnected and structurally reinforced closed‐cellular network structures with plesiohedral cellular units through post‐treatment, resulting in the generation of 3D graphene lattices with rhombic dodecahedral honeycomb structure at the centimeter‐scale. The 3D graphene suprastructure concurrently exhibits the Young's modulus above 300 kPa while retaining a light density of 7.7 mg cm−3 and sustaining the elasticity against up to 87% of the compressive strain benefiting from efficient stress dissipation through the complete space‐filling closed‐cellular network. The method of fabricating the 3D graphene closed‐cellular structure opens a new pathway for designing lightweight, strong, and superelastic materials.
Concept, Theory, Design, and Applications of Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Microwave Frequencies
Authors: Tang Wen Xuan , Zhang Hao Chi , Ma Hui Feng , Jiang Wei Xiang , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSurface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are highly localized surface waves that exist on the interface of two media with opposite permittivities at optical frequencies. To produce spoof SPPs at microwave or terahertz frequencies, plasmonic metamaterials have been proposed by making subwavelength structures on a metal surface. Spoof SPPs inherit the properties of natural SPPs, including dispersion characteristics, field confinement, and subwavelength resolution, and therefore are highly expected to offer new solutions for advanced circuits and systems with high integration, compact size, and excellent performance. In this article, the development of spoof SPPs in recent years is reviewed, focusing primarily on the basic concept, theory, design method, and applications in microwave engineering. First, the concept and theory of SPPs and spoof SPPs are introduced, along with development from bulky waveguides to ultrathin transmission lines (TLs) and the unique merits of this new type of TL. Then, the design method is studied, including the feeding strategy of spoof SPP TLs and the realization of reconfigurable spoof SPPs. Recent progress on the engineering realization of plasmonic circuits is also demonstrated, including passive SPP circuits, active SPP devices, and SPP antennas. Finally, the future directions and potential applications of microwave spoof SPPs are discussed.
High Contrast Detection of Water‐Filled Terahertz Nanotrenches
Authors: Jeong Jeeyoon , Yun Hyeong Seok , Kim Dasom , Lee Kang Sup , Choi Han‐Kyu , Kim Zee Hwan , Lee Sang Woon , Kim Dai‐Sik 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe convergence of nano‐optics with an aqueous environment is promising for future chemical or biological applications. While the rapid development in nanofabrication has led to the realization of sub‐10 nm nanogaps of various structures, coupling water into high aspect ratio metallic nanogaps with a well‐defined area is not yet demonstrated. Here, arrays of 10 nm wide metallic trenches are reported filled with dielectric, air, liquid water, and various molecules in optical hotspots. Due to the high height‐to‐width aspect ratio of 20:1 and strong gap plasmon coupling in the 10 nm width, the trenches show distinct spectral changes at terahertz frequencies under changing gap materials, from which the full etching and water filling of the 10 nm gap can be unambiguously confirmed. A 75% transmitted amplitude decrease is observed through 200 nm deep trenches upon water filling, which converts to an effective 1100‐fold increase in the water absorption coefficient. The gap‐filling scheme can be applied to distinguish different liquids with 400 attoliters of volume or to detect rhodamine 6G molecules inside the gap with surface‐enhanced Raman scattering. Accordingly, the scheme can also be applied to a general class of polar organic molecules suitable for various biological or chemical applications.
Large‐Area, Solution‐Processed, Hierarchical MAPbI3 Nanoribbon Arrays for Self‐Powered Flexible Photodetectors
Authors: Lim Seongdong , Ha Minjeong , Lee Youngsu , Ko Hyunhyub 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOrganic–inorganic perovskites with micro‐/nanostructures exhibit outstanding optical and electrical properties, thus attracting increased attention as components of high‐performance optoelectronic devices, but the fabrication of complex micro‐/nanostructured perovskites shows limited success. This study describes the fabrication of hierarchical methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) nanoribbon (NR) arrays with controlled internal nanorod structures by simple spin‐coating with solvent treatment process and investigates the suitability of these arrays for high‐performance and multifunctional photodetectors. In the UV‐to‐800‐nm range, photodetectors based on the hierarchical MAPbI3 NR arrays exhibit specific detectivities 18.1–23.7 times higher than those of photodetectors based on MAPbI3 films due to the effective photon management and reduced charge trap states in the hierarchical MAPbI3 NR arrays. The solution‐processed hierarchical MAPbI3 NRs can be fabricated on various substrates including ultrathin polyimide, which facilitates the development of flexible photodetectors with highly stable photoresponse under bending strain. Furthermore, the ferroelectricity and the highly anisotropic alignment of MAPbI3 NR arrays allow multifunctional photodetectors capable of self‐powered and polarization‐sensitive light detection, respectively. The strategy used to fabricate hierarchical organic–inorganic perovskite NR arrays is believed to be applicable to other types of perovskites and can probably be used to construct various optoelectronic devices based on hierarchical nanostructures.
Self‐Powered Colloidal Wurtzite‐Structure Quantum Dots Photodetectors Based On Photoinduced‐Pyroelectric Effect
Authors: Jin Lufan , Zhang Yating , Yu Yu , Chen Zhiliang , Li Yifan , Cao Mingxuan , Che Yongli , Yao Jianquan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractColloidal wurtzite‐structure CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (CWQDs), with noncentral asymmetry structure and spontaneous polarization, have an extensive potential for applications based on the pyroelectric effect, such as energy harvestors, self‐powered nanogenerators, and photosensors. Here, a low‐cost, easy‐fabrication, and high‐speed self‐powered photodetector is demonstrated, which performs independently without any external power source. The response of the device caused by the photoinduced‐pyroelectric effect is experimentally investigated based on the Au/CWQDs/Au edge‐electrodes structure, which exhibits an ultrafast photoresponse with a rising time of 20.6 µs and a falling time of 30.1 µs. Moreover, the frequency and temperature dependence of the device also is investigated under zero bias. This work provides a new approach to achieve self‐powered photodetectors, which may show promise for extensive batch applications, such as wireless sensing, optothermal detection, optoelectronic communication, and energy harvesting.
A Photoelectrochemical Device with Dynamic Interface Energetics: Understanding of Structural and Physical Specificities and Improvement of Performance and Stability
Authors: Jung Jin‐Young , Yu Jin‐Young , Yoon Sanghwa , Yoo Bongyoung , Lee Jung‐Ho 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe basic configuration of a photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting device contains a semiconductor junction, which separates charge carriers by developing interface energetics. Recently, porous metal oxide/semiconductor junctions have shown that flat‐band potentials (Vfb), representing interface energetics, could be dynamically changed with PEC reactions. However, it remains unclear as to what structural and physical specificities of the porous metal oxide induce the dynamic Vfb. Herein, it is demonstrated that the electrolyte permeability and nanocrystal structure of porous NiOx are crucial for the dynamic Vfb in porous NiOx integrated Si photocathodes. A comparison of the dense and porous NiOx with electrolyte impermeable and permeable features, respectively, shows that Vfb changes only in the porous NiOx. The porous NiOx also exhibits a nanocrystal structure and increased Vfb values with a decrease in nanocrystal size. As a result of the increased Vfb, the porous NiOx achieves much higher PEC performance compared to that of the dense NiOx. However, electrolyte permeability causes electrochemical decomposition of the Si component. Thus, a cointegration of the porous and dense NiOx bilayers, which ensures stable PEC operation for 10 h while achieving high potentials of 0.2 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode at a photocurrent of 10 mA cm−2, is proposed.
A Vision toward Ultimate Optical Out‐Coupling for Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Displays: 3D Pixel Configuration
Authors: Chen Yi‐Jiun , Lee Wei‐Kai , Chen Yi‐Ting , Lin Chun‐Yu , Wen Sheng‐Wen , Jiao Min , Su Guo‐Dong , Lin Hoang Yan , Visser Robert J. , Kwak Byungsung Leo , Chen Chung‐Chia , Lin Wan‐Yu , Wang Steve , Chang Chorng‐Ping , Wu Chung‐Chih 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDespite stringent power consumption requirements in many applications, over years organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) displays still suffer unsatisfactory energy efficiency due to poor light extraction. Approaches have been reported for OLED light out‐coupling, but they in general are not applicable for OLED displays due to difficulties in display image quality and fabrication complexity and compatibility. Thus to date, an effective and feasible light extraction technique that can boost efficiencies and yet keep image quality is still lacking and remains a great challenge. Here, a highly effective and scalable extraction‐enhancing OLED display pixel structure is proposed based on embedding the OLED inside a three‐dimensional reflective concave structure covered with a patterned high‐index filler. It can couple as much internal emission as possible into the filler region and then redirect otherwise confined light for out‐coupling. Comprehensive multi‐scale optical simulation validates that ultimately high light extraction efficiency approaching ≈80% and excellent viewing characteristics are simultaneously achievable with optimized structures using highly transparent top electrodes. This scheme is scalable and wavelength insensitive, and generally applicable to all red, green, and blue pixels in high‐resolution full‐color displays. Results of this work are believed to shed light on the development of future generations of advanced OLED displays.
Local Deformation of Glasses is Mediated by Rigidity Fluctuation on Nanometer Scale
Authors: Benzine Omar , Bruns Sebastian , Pan Zhiwen , Durst Karsten , Wondraczek Lothar 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMicroscopic deformation processes determine defect formation on glass surfaces and, thus, the material's resistance to mechanical failure. While the macroscopic strength of most glasses is not directly dependent on material composition, local deformation and flaw initiation are strongly affected by chemistry and atomic arrangement. Aside from empirical insight, however, the structural origin of the fundamental deformation modes remains largely unknown. Experimental methods that probe parameters on short or intermediate length‐scale such as atom–atom or superstructural correlations are typically applied in the absence of alternatives. Drawing on recent experimental advances, spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy is now used in the THz‐gap for mapping local changes in the low‐frequency vibrational density of states. From direct observation of deformation‐induced variations on the characteristic length‐scale of molecular heterogeneity, it is revealed that rigidity fluctuation mediates the deformation process of inorganic glasses. Molecular field approximations, which are based solely on the observation of short‐range (interatomic) interactions, fail in the prediction of mechanical behavior. Instead, glasses appear to respond to local mechanical contact in a way that is similar to that of granular media with high intergranular cohesion.
Hybridizing Strong Quadrupole Gap Plasmons Using Optimized Nanoantennas with Bilayer MoS2 for Excellent Photo‐Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Sriram Pavithra , Su Dong‐Sheng , Periasamy Arun Prakash , Manikandan Arumugam , Wang Sheng‐Wen , Chang Huan‐Tsung , Chueh Yu‐Lun , Yen Ta‐Jen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPlasmonic nanoantennas with efficient scattering and strong electromagnetic field confinement are integrated into atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides to gain insight into nanoscale light–matter interactions. Herein, unusual quadrupole gap plasmons (QGPs) are introduced in the tailored nanoantennas. The field enhancement of such QGPs is further maximized by optimizing the structure of the nanoantennas using a statistical method. In addition, the optimized nanoantennas are employed on a chemical vapor reaction‐grown bilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) to tune and intensify the optical response of MoS2. The optimized QGP structure performance was enhanced by a factor of 27.87 and a beneficial continuous bilayer MoS2 can be applied in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with superior outcomes. MoS2@QGP acts as an excellent photocatalyst for HER activity because of its accelerated electron injection process, which is faster than the electron–hole pair recombination, supported by the good light‐trapping capacity of the QGP structure and plentiful accepting sites of the continuous bilayer MoS2 film. The experimental results demonstrate that the QGP enhances the intrinsic catalytic properties of bilayer MoS2 for photocatalytic reactions.
Lithium Ion Capacitors in Organic Electrolyte System: Scientific Problems, Material Development, and Key Technologies
Authors: Han Pengxian , Xu Gaojie , Han Xiaoqi , Zhao Jingwen , Zhou Xinhong , Cui Guanglei 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLithium ion capacitors (LICs), which are hybrid electrochemical energy storage devices combining the intercalation/deintercalation mechanism of a lithium‐ion battery (LIB) electrode with the adsorption/desorption mechanism of an electric double‐layer capacitor (EDLC) electrode, have been extensively investigated during the past few years by virtue of their high energy density, rapid power output, and excellent cycleability. In this review, the LICs are defined as the devices with an electrochemical intercalation electrode and a capacitive electrode in organic electrolytes. Both electrodes can serve as anode or cathode. Throughout the history of LICs, tremendous efforts have been devoted to design suitable electrode materials or develop novel type LIC systems. However, one of the key challenges encountered by LICs is how to balance the sluggish kinetics of intercalation electrodes with high specific capacity against the high power characteristics of capacitive electrode with low specific capacitance. Herein, the developments and the latest advances of LIC in material design strategies and key techniques according to the basic scientific problems are summarized. Perspectives for further development of LICs toward practical applications are also proposed.
Controlling Surface Oxides in Si/C Nanocomposite Anodes for High‐Performance Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zheng Guorui , Xiang Yuxuan , Xu Liangfan , Luo Hao , Wang Baolin , Liu Yang , Han Xiang , Zhao Weimin , Chen Shijian , Chen Hailong , Zhang Qiaobao , Zhu Ting , Yang Yong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSi/C composites represent one promising class of anode materials for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries. To achieve high performances of Si‐based anodes, it is critical to control the surface oxide of Si particles, so as to harness the chemomechanical confinement effect of surface oxide on the large volume changes of Si particles during lithiation/delithiation. Here a systematic study of Si@SiOx/C nanocomposite electrodes consisting of Si nanoparticles covered by a thin layer of surface oxide with a tunable thickness in the range of 1–10 nm is reported. It is shown that the oxidation temperature and time not only control the thickness of the surface oxide, but also change the structure and valence state of Si in the surface oxide. These factors can have a strong influence on the lithiation/delithiation behavior of Si nanoparticles, leading to different electrochemical performances. By combining experimental and modeling studies, an optimal thickness of about 5 nm for the surface oxide layer of Si nanoparticles is identified, which enables a combination of high capacity and long cycle stability of the Si@SiOx/C nanocomposite anodes. This work provides an in‐depth understanding of the effects of surface oxide on the Si/C nanocomposite electrodes. Insights gained are important for the design of high‐performance Si/C composite electrodes.
An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record
Authors: Leslie Andrew B. , Beaulieu Jeremy , Holman Garth , Campbell Christopher S. , Mei Wenbin , Raubeson Linda R. , Mathews Sarah 
Published: August 2018

Premise of the StudyConifers are an important living seed plant lineage with an extensive fossil record spanning more than 300 million years. The group therefore provides an excellent opportunity to explore congruence and conflict between dated molecular phylogenies and the fossil record.MethodsWe surveyed the current state of knowledge in conifer phylogenetics to present a new time‐calibrated molecular tree that samples ~90% of extant species diversity. We compared phylogenetic relationships and estimated divergence ages in this new phylogeny with the paleobotanical record, focusing on clades that are species‐rich and well known from fossils.Key ResultsMolecular topologies and estimated divergence ages largely agree with the fossil record in Cupressaceae, conflict with it in Araucariaceae, and are ambiguous in Pinaceae and Podocarpaceae. Molecular phylogenies provide insights into some fundamental questions in conifer evolution, such as the origin of their seed cones, but using them to reconstruct the evolutionary history of specific traits can be challenging.ConclusionsMolecular phylogenies are useful for answering deep questions in conifer evolution if they depend on understanding relationships among extant lineages. Because of extinction, however, molecular datasets poorly sample diversity from periods much earlier than the Late Cretaceous. This fundamentally limits their utility for understanding deep patterns of character evolution and resolving the overall pattern of conifer phylogeny.
Cytogenetic abnormalities in systemic mastocytosis: WHO subcategory‐specific incidence and prognostic impact among 348 informative cases
Authors: Shah Sahrish , Pardanani Animesh , Elala Yoseph C. , Lasho Terra L. , Patnaik Mrinal M. , Reichard Kaaren K. , Hanson Curtis A. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Tefferi Ayalew 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) system lists five morphological categories of systemic mastocytosis (SM): indolent (ISM), smoldering, SM with an associated hematological neoplasm (SM‐AHN), aggressive (ASM) and mast cell leukemia (MCL). Recent studies have highlighted the prognostic importance of mutations in SM, including ASXL1, RUNX1, and SRSF2. In contrast, information on incidence of cytogenetic abnormalities in SM and their prognostic relevance, especially in the context of mutations, is limited. In the current study, we retrospectively reviewed the cytogenetic findings in 348 consecutive cases of SM (median age 59 years; 53% males); 41% constituted ISM, 45% SM‐AHN, 14% ASM and two cases of MCL. Karyotype was abnormal in 53 (15%) cases with incidences of 6% for ISM, 26% for SM‐AHN and 8% for ASM (P < .001); among SM‐AHN cases, abnormal karyotype incidences were 0% for SM‐AHN‐lymphoid and 28% for SM‐AHN‐myeloid (P < .001). Clinical correlative studies disclosed significant associations between abnormal karyotype and male sex (P = .002), age > 60 years (P = .04), thrombocytopenia (P < .001) and anemia (P < .001), but not with the presence of adverse mutations (P = .19). In univariate analysis, abnormal karyotype was associated with inferior survival (HR 3.0, 95% CI 2.0‐4.3), specifically confirmed for ASM (HR 4.9, 95% CI 1.1‐16.1) and SM‐AHN (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2‐2.7). Sample size adequacy allowed additional multivariable analysis in SM‐AHN‐myeloid, which disclosed independent prognostic contribution from adverse mutations (P = .003), anemia (P = .003) and thrombocytopenia (P = .001), but not from abnormal karyotype (P = .31). Our observations suggest that mutations are prognostically more relevant than karyotype in SM.