bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased perfusion of the posterior cingulate gyri shown by a cingulate island score is a possible marker of vulnerability to behavioural and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study
Authors: Yasuno Fumihiko , Matsuoka Kiwamu , Miyasaka Toshiteru , Takahashi Masato , Kitamura Soichiro , Yoshikawa Hiroaki , Hattori Hideyuki , Kichikawa Kimihiko , Kishimoto Toshifumi 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundThe cingulate island score (CIScore), which indicates the Z‐score ratio of the posterior cingulate gyri to the medial occipital area, has been shown to be useful for differentiating dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our aim was to investigate associations between the clinical symptoms of AD and the CIScore as an index of the relative decrease in perfusion of the posterior cingulate gyri that occurs in the early stages of AD.MethodsSeventeen patients with early‐stage AD and 13 patients with amnesic mild cognitive impairment were examined. Z‐score maps of technetium‐99m ethyl cysteinate dimer single‐photon emission computed tomography images acquired from the patients were converted, and the CIScore was determined by using the easy Z‐score imaging system. The relationships between the CIScore and clinical symptom scores were tested.ResultsA significant correlation was identified between the CIScore and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire score. No significant correlations were identified between the CIScore and other measures of cognitive function. Based on a CIScore of 0.39, we correctly differentiated patients with and without behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), with a sensitivity of 72.2% and specificity of 75.0%.DiscussionUsing technetium‐99m ethyl cysteinate dimer single‐photon emission computed tomography, we observed that decreased posterior cingulate gyri perfusion, relative to the medial occipital area, in prodromal and early AD was closely associated with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia. Therefore, our findings suggest that CIScore is not only useful for discriminating dementia with Lewy bodies from AD, but it can also be clinically used as a specific indicator of the vulnerability to behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in the early stages of AD.
Distress financing of out‐of‐pocket health expenditure in India
Authors: Sangar Shivendra , Dutt Varun , Thakur Ramna 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn the absence of a universal health insurance mechanism, the increasing burden of out‐of‐pocket (OOP) health expenditure has become a growing concern in India. To cope with the cost of illness, people use either their savings and income, or they have to rely upon distress means of finance such as depletion of household assets, borrowings from banks and moneylenders, and contributions from family and friends. This paper analyses the changes that have taken place in the incidence and covariates of distress financing in India by using data from National Sample Survey Organisation for the years 2004 and 2014. Results indicate that during this period the incidence of distress sources as a means to finance OOP health expenditure has hovered around 50%. Further, the results reveal a significant socioeconomic gradient in the incidence of distress financing. Socioeconomic and health‐related covariates significantly impact the likelihood of distress financing as a means to cope with OOP health expenditure. The results indicate the need for government action to formulate a comprehensive plan through an increase in public spending on health care that will improve the quantity and quality of the public health‐care system and enhance the scope of health insurance in India.
Land rental markets and rural poverty dynamics in Northern Ethiopia: Panel data evidence using survival models
Authors: Ghebru Hosaena , Holden Stein 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThere is growing interest in understanding the links between land reforms, land markets, and poverty reduction in Africa. The study uses four‐wave panel data from the northern highlands of Ethiopia to assess the dynamics of rural poverty taking into account the status of participation of rural households in the land rental market. Applying both nonparametric (Kaplan–Meier estimator) and semi‐parametric survival models that control for duration dependence of poverty transition, results show participation and degree of participation on the supply side of the tenancy market (landlords) have highly significant and positive effect on the chances of escaping poverty while the same cannot be said about the demand side of the tenancy market (tenants). The empirical evidence also confirms that households headed by older and literate people have relatively larger exit rates from poverty as compared with households headed by younger and illiterate ones. Though transacting farmers may engage themselves in win–win rental arrangements by the time they join the tenancy market, results indicate that gains are unequal as those tenants who enter the markets from low economic leverage (were poor) are liable to face a lower margin of net gains, which may limit their ability to move out of poverty.
Monitoring population levels of physical activity and sedentary time in Norway across the lifespan
Authors: Hansen Bjørge Herman , Kolle Elin , Steene‐Johannessen Jostein , Dalene Knut Eirik , Ekelund Ulf , Anderssen Sigmund Alfred 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPurposeThe pandemic of physical inactivity is recognized globally but there is a scarcity of studies employing valid and reliable assessment methods of physical activity (PA) across the lifespan. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive description of objectively measured PA, sedentary time, and prevalence of meeting PA recommendations, in a population‐based sample of Norwegian children, adolescents and adults.MethodsChildren and adolescents (6, 9 and 15‐year‐olds) were surveyed in 2011, and adults and older people (20‐85‐year‐olds) were surveyed in 2014/15, including more than 8000 individuals. Anthropometric data were measured in children and adolescents and self‐reported in the adult sample. PA was assessed by ActiGraph accelerometers for seven consecutive days, and PA indices include total PA (counts per minute), intensity‐specific PA, and adherence to PA recommendations.ResultsSix‐year‐olds are 21% and 70% more active than 9‐ and 15‐year‐olds, respectively (P < 0.001). Nine‐year‐olds are 40% more active compared to 15‐year‐olds (P < 0.001). Moving from adolescence (15‐year‐olds) into adulthood (20‐65 years) yields a further reduction in total PA by 18%. Among six‐, nine‐ and 15‐year olds, 90%, 77%, and 48% meet the current PA recommendations, respectively, while adherence among adults and older people are 33% and 31%, respectively. Overweight and obese individuals had lower odds of meeting PA recommendations.ConclusionsThe results from the Norwegian surveillance system indicate a strong association between age and indices of physical activity. The vast majority of Norwegian adults do not meet the PA recommendations and public health action are needed to increase PA in Norway.
Technology and the endless “cat and mouse” game: A review of the interpersonal cybervictimization literature
Authors: Clevenger Shelly L. , Navarro Jordana N. , Gilliam Mia 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAs technology has rapidly advanced, so have the opportunities for perpetrators to leverage these improvements for nefarious purposes with interpersonal cybercrimes where the intent is to harm a person by making them fearful, upset, or vulnerable. In this review of the literature, the state of knowledge about interpersonal cybercrimes will be explored. This will include cyberbullying and cyber aggression, cyberstalking, and cybersexual exploitation. Within this review, definitions of these crimes will be provided, along with knowledge regarding prevalence rates and incident characteristics, along with issues confronting each subfield of cybervictimization and responses and initiatives that have been taken to combat these crimes. Although this review will undoubtedly become dated in only a few years given the rapid advancement of these crimes, it serves as a call that academics and stakeholders alike must keep pace with those seeking to harm others through technology.
Phosphorus sorption capacity and availability along a toposequence of agricultural soils: effects of soil type and a decade of fertilizer applications
Authors: Nobile C. M. , Bravin M. N. , Tillard E. , Becquer T. , Paillat J.‐M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSoil type and changes in soil properties due to long‐term fertilizer application are each known to alter phosphorus (P) availability. Our aim was to determine the respective effects of soil type and fertilizer application on the available P content and proportion of inorganic P (Pi) vs. organic P (Po). Five field trials where mineral and organic fertilizers were applied for a decade along a toposequence (two andosols, one andic cambisol, one nitisol and one arenosol) were investigated. Legacy P (i.e. P accumulated in soil with fertilizer applications minus P lost by plant uptake, erosion and leaching) was used to study the effect of fertilizer application rate. P availability was determined by classic extractions and by the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (Pi‐DGT). The solid‐solution Pi (Kd) partitioning coefficient was determined to assess the soil Pi sorption capacity. Kd decreased from the andosol (median: 3231 L/kg) to the arenosol (median: 103 L/kg), suggesting a decrease in Pi sorption with the soil evolution. In addition, Kd decreased with increasing pH for all soil types and with increasing content of organic carbon for the arenosol, showing that Pi sorption capacity changed with the changes in soil properties induced by fertilizer application. Pi‐DGT (from <0.01 to 0.27 mg/L) and Pi‐water (from <0.1 to 40.7 mg/kg) changed with the soil type and fertilizer application rate. Our study suggests that advice for P fertilizer management should integrate the effects of repeated fertilizer application on soil pH and organic carbon content, which change soil P availability.
Meeting the need for corrective spectacles in visually impaired Chinese school children: the potential of ready-made spectacles
Authors: Zhu Zhuoting , Ellwein Leon B , Wang Sean K , Zhao Jialiang , He Mingguang 
Published: October 2018

PurposeTo assess the potential of ready-made (spherical) spectacles (RMS) in meeting the need for refractive correction in visually impaired children in China.MethodsEligible children aged 5–17 years were identified from the three study sites in China. Distance visual acuity was measured with a retroilluminated logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution chart with tumbling E optotypes. Cycloplegic autorefraction was performed on all children using a handheld autorefractor. If uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was ≤20/40 in either eye, best corrected visual acuity was measured with subjective refractive error.Results A total of 13 702 children were enumerated from the three studies, with 12 334 (90.0%) having both reliable visual acuity measurements and successful cycloplegia. Among the 12 334 study children, the prevalence of UCVA ≤20/40 in the better seeing eye was 16.4% (95% CI 15.0% to 17.8%), with 91.1% (1843) of these improving by ≥3 lines of visual acuity with refractive correction. Prevalence was 12.7% (95% CI 11.5% to 13.9%) for UCVA <20/50 with 97.4% (1521) improving by ≥3 lines, and 9.38% (95% CI 8.39% to 19.4%) for UCVA ≤20/63 with 98.4% (1138) improving by ≥3 lines. Depending on the severity of visual impairment, 62.8%–64.0% of children could be accommodated with RMS if not correcting for astigmatism of ≤0.75 dioptres and anisometropia of ≤0.50 spherical equivalent dioptres. Approximately 87% of children could be accommodated with RMS if astigmatism and anisometropia limits were increased to ≤1.25 and ≤1.50 dioptres, respectively.ConclusionsRMS could substantially alleviate visual morbidity in two-thirds or more of visually impaired schoolchildren in China. This cost-effective approach to refractive correction might also be useful in low/middle-income countries with poor access to optometric services.
Heart rate variability following youth concussion: how do autonomic regulation and concussion symptoms differ over time postinjury?
Authors: Paniccia Melissa , Verweel Lee , Thomas Scott G , Taha Tim , Keightley Michelle , Wilson Katherine E , Reed Nick 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesFollowing youth concussion, objective physiological indicators are needed to corroborate changes in subjective clinical measures. The objectives of the current study were to: (1) explore the effect of concussion on heart rate variability (HRV) across days postinjury in youth athletes aged 13–18 years old, compared with healthy age-matched and sex-matched controls and (2) examine the relationship between postconcussion symptom domains (physical, cognitive, fatigue and emotional) and HRV.MethodsProspective, longitudinal, case-control study (N=44). This study comprised 29 concussed athletes between the ages of 13 and 18 years old (21 females, 8 males) and 15 age-matched and sex-matched controls). All participants completed baseline testing, which included demographic information (age, sex, concussion history), self-reported concussion symptoms (Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory [PCSI]) and a 24-hour heart rate recording via the Polar RS800CX system. The PCSI and HRV were collected weekly while the participant was symptomatic and then 1, 3 and 6 months following symptom resolution. HRV variables included time and frequency domain measures. Data visualisations and mixed effects modelling were used to derive parsimonious models.ResultsHRV increased across days postinjury. Concussion symptom domains (physical, cognitive, fatigue and emotional) all had a significant main effect on HRV; concussed participants who reported more symptoms had higher HRV compared with those who reported fewer symptoms. Visualisations of HRV depict the recovery trajectory as non-linear across time. No significant differences on HRV measures were found between concussed and control participants.ConclusionThese preliminary findings provide the foundation to understand the varied trajectory and relationship between objective physiological measures and subjective symptom reporting.
Microglia activation in the offspring of prenatal Poly I: C exposed rats: a PET imaging and immunohistochemistry study
Authors: Li Xue , Tian Xin , Lv Luxian , Hei Gangrui , Huang Xufeng , Fan Xiaoduo , Zhang Jinming , Zhang Jianjiang , Pang Lijuan , Song Xueqin 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundThe well-known ‘pyrotherapy’ of Julius Wagner-Jauregg might be the beginning of the study on the immunological concepts of schizophrenia. As the primary immune effector cells in the brain, microglia play a pivotal role in neuroinflammatory processes. Maternal viral infection during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for psychiatric disorders with presumed neurodevelopmental origin, including autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. The present study was to quantify microglia activation in vivo in the mature offspring of rats exposed to polyriboinosinic–polyribocytidilicacid (Poly I:C) during pregnancy using 11C-PK11195 positron emission tomography (PET) and immunohistochemistry.ObjectiveThe study aimed to quantify microglia activation in vivo in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in mature offspring of prenatal Poly I:C exposed rats.MethodsOffspring of Poly I:C-treated dams were the model group, offspring of saline-treated dams were the control group. Behavioural test for two groups was taken by spontaneous activity, prepulse inhibition (PPI) and latent inhibition (LI) test (including active avoidance conditioning task and passive avoidance conditioning task). Randomly selected successful model rats were assessed by behavioural test in the model group and control group rats. 11C-PK11195 micro-PET/CT and immunohistochemistry were performed on the selected rats to measure microglia activation.ResultsThe treatment group showed hyperlocomotion and deficits in PPI and LI compared with the control group. The treatment group also showed an increased 11C-PK11195 uptake ratio in the prefrontal cortex (t=−3.990, p=0.003) and hippocampus (t=−4.462, p=0.001). The number of activated microglia cells was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (hippocampus: t=8.204, p<0.001; prefrontal: t=6.995, p<0.001). Within the treatment group, there were significant correlations between the behavioural parameters and the activation of microglia as measured by PET and immunohistochemistry.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrated microglia activation in vivo in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in mature offspring of prenatal Poly I:C exposed rats. This study suggests that microglia activation may play a possible or potential role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Low salivary cortisol levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis exposed to oral glucocorticoids: a cross-sectional study set within UK electronic health records
Authors: Joseph Rebecca M , Ray David W , Keevil Brian , van Staa Tjeerd P , Dixon William G 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundGlucocorticoids (GCs) suppress endogenous cortisol levels which can lead to adrenal insufficiency (AI). The frequency of GC-induced AI remains unclear. In this cross-sectional study, low morning salivary cortisol (MSC) levels were used as a measure of adrenal function. The study aim was to investigate the prevalence of low MSC in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) currently and formerly exposed to oral GCs, and the association with potential risk factors.MethodsSample collection was nested within UK primary care electronic health records (from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink). Participants were patients with RA with at least one prescription for oral GCs in the past 2 years. Self-reported oral GC use was used to define current use and current dose; prescription data were used to define exposure duration. MSC was determined from saliva samples; 5 nmol/L was the cut-off for low MSC. The prevalence of low MSC was estimated, and logistic regression was used to assess the association with potential risk factors.Results66% of 38 current and 11 % of 38 former GC users had low MSC. Among former users with low MSC, the longest time since GC withdrawal was 6 months. Current GC dose, age and RA duration were significantly associated with increased risk of low MSC.ConclusionThe prevalence of low MSC among current GC users is high, and MSC levels may remain suppressed for several months after GC withdrawal. Clinicians should therefore consider the risk of suppressed cortisol and remain vigilant for symptoms of AI following GC withdrawal.
The study of a high-isolation single-pole-double-throw RF MEMS switch
Authors: Han Lei , Xiao Shen 
Published: October 2018

In this paper, design, fabrication and measurements of a novel single-pole-double-throw three-state RF MEMS switch based on silicon substrate are presented. The RF MEMS switch consists of two UV-shaped beam push–pull thermal actuators which have three states of ON, OFF and Deep-OFF by using current actuation. When the switch is at Deep-OFF state, it can provide a higher isolation. The switch is fabricated by MetalMUMPs process. The measurement results show that, to the proposed single-pole-double-throw RF MEMS switch, when Switch I is at the ON state and Switch II is at the OFF state, the return loss is better than −16 dB, the insertion loss of Port1 and Port2 is less than −0.9 dB and the isolation of Port3 and Port1 is better than −22 dB at the frequency range from 8 GHz to 12 GHz. When Switch I is at the ON state and the actuator of Switch II is pulled back, which is called the Deep-OFF state, the return loss of Port1 is better than −15.5 dB, the insertion loss of Port1 and Port2 is better than −0.8 dB, and the isolation of Port3 and Port1 is better than −23.5 dB can be achieved at the frequency range from 8 GHz to 12 GHz.
3D Deep Learning from CT Scans Predicts Tumor Invasiveness of Subcentimeter Pulmonary Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Zhao Wei , Yang Jiancheng , Sun Yingli , Li Cheng , Wu Weilan , Jin Liang , Yang Zhiming , Ni Bingbing , Gao Pan , Wang Peijun , Hua Yanqing , Li Ming 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Identification of early-stage pulmonary adenocarcinomas before surgery, especially in cases of subcentimeter cancers, would be clinically important and could provide guidance to clinical decision making. In this study, we developed a deep learning system based on 3D convolutional neural networks and multitask learning, which automatically predicts tumor invasiveness, together with 3D nodule segmentation masks. The system processes a 3D nodule-centered patch of preprocessed CT and learns a deep representation of a given nodule without the need for any additional information. A dataset of 651 nodules with manually segmented voxel-wise masks and pathological labels of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH), adenocarcinomas in situ (AIS), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), and invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma (IA) was used in this study. We trained and validated our deep learning system on 523 nodules and tested its performance on 128 nodules. An observer study with 2 groups of radiologists, 2 senior and 2 junior, was also investigated. We merged AAH and AIS into one single category AAH-AIS, comprising a 3-category classification in our study. The proposed deep learning system achieved better classification performance than the radiologists; in terms of 3-class weighted average F1 score, the model achieved 63.3% while the radiologists achieved 55.6%, 56.6%, 54.3%, and 51.0%, respectively. These results suggest that deep learning methods improve the yield of discriminative results and hold promise in the CADx application domain, which could help doctors work efficiently and facilitate the application of precision medicine.

Significance:
Machine learning tools are beginning to be implemented for clinical applications. This study represents an important milestone for this emerging technology, which could improve therapy selection for patients with lung cancer.