bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treaty Stasis
Authors: Israel Brian 
Published: June 2019

We shouldn’t necessarily be concerned when international lawmaking is a victim of its own success. A trend in a given domain of international governance in which multilateral treaty-making gives way to bilateral and non-binding alternatives does not itself signal a decline in the influence or efficacy of international law. It may in fact be a normal symptom of a properly functioning international legal framework—as much a cause for celebration among international lawyers as for concern.I wish to offer some brief reflections on this Agora theme, The End of Treaties?, from the perspective of a lawyer responsible for engineering international cooperation. I say “engineering” because international lawyers in this role must carefully weigh design tradeoffs in selecting among potential cooperative mechanisms, not unlike an engineer weighing the tradeoffs between materials in designing to a performance and cost specification. Like architects, international lawyers must also be attuned to the social dimensions of the arrangements they craft, but should ultimately privilege function above the aesthetics of legal form. Ugly international cooperative arrangements may nevertheless perform beautifully.
Identifying International Organizations’ Contributions to Custom
Authors: DeBartolo David M. 
Published: June 2019

It is widely acknowledged that international organizations (IOs) indirectly affect customary international law by catalyzing and focusing State practice. But next year the International Law Commission and Michael Wood, its Special Rapporteur on the Identification of Customary International Law, are primed to address a more contentious issue: when and how IOs can directly contribute, like States, to custom.This past summer the Commission’s Drafting Committee provisionally adopted a draft conclusion stating that “[i]n certain cases, the practice of international organizations also contributes to the formation, or expression, of rules of customary international law.” Based on Wood’s Second Report dated May 2014, three topics merit particular attention in the year ahead: 1) distinguishing State practice from IO practice, 2) scrutinizing potentially relevant types of IO practice, and 3) considering types of cases in which such IO practice might contribute to custom. (While the Drafting Committee declined to include definitions in its draft conclusions, this article defines “IO” as Wood did in his Second Report: “an intergovernmental organization.”)
Does Custom Have A Source?
Authors: Bodansky Daniel 
Published: June 2019

Customary international law often seems like a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. According to Manley O. Hudson, even the drafters of the International Court of Justice Statute “had no very clear idea as to what constituted international custom.” The situation has not changed much since then.I got my first taste of the difficulties in identifying custom when I was a junior attorney at the U.S. Department of State and was assigned the task of preparing the U.S. submission in a juvenile death penalty case before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. The juvenile death penalty is prohibited by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the American Convention on Human Rights, but the question in the Inter-American Commission case was whether it is also prohibited as a matter of customary international law.
Steak Knives, Beady Eyes, and Tiny Little Arms (A Portrait of T. rex as a Scavenger)
Authors: Horner John R. 
Published: June 2019

I'll begin with the obvious question, how many people saw the movie “Jurassic Park”? How many people believed it? In the movie, “Jurassic Park”, there were basically two stars. Tyrannosaurus rex was one of them and the Velociraptors (or Deinonychus, or whatever they happened to be) were the others. What you might also know is that I was an advisor on the movie. All I was able to do was basically tell them when the dinosaurs were walking right and tell Laura Dern how to pronounce her words.Any time the dinosaurs were going to do something, any time Steven Spielberg wanted to have the dinosaurs do something in the movie, he would ask me if I thought they could do that. If I said yes or no, he would take that as an answer. But if I said maybe, he would just do whatever he wanted. That's fiction.
Dinosaur Habitats: An Example from the Late Cretaceous Fossil Forest Study Area, San Juan Basin, Northwestern New Mexico
Authors: Wolberg Donald L. 
Published: June 2019

In recent years paleontology has witnessed explosive popularity in schools at all grade levels as well as among the general public. It is ironic that although paleontology continues to receive such interest and attention, teaching and research programs at universities, industry, museums and elsewhere are in decline with fewer positions committed to paleontology and less interest in collecting or storing fossils. Yet, the fact remains that paleontology is a cornerstone of geologic and evolutionary science, as well as having important contributions to make towards discovering and evaluating natural resources. The truths recognized more than a century ago by F. B. Meek and A. H. Worthen (1866), although written in a style that belies its age, are still appropriate:“When it is therefore borne in mind, that coal and other valuable minerals were not indiscriminately distributed through the earth, but were mainly formed or deposited, at least in quantities and under conditions to be useful to man, during particular geological periods, the importance of knowing to what epoch of the earth's history the rocks of any given district belong, before undertaking mining enterprises of any kind, will be readily understood, and the intelligent general reader will at once comprehend why it is that geologists give so much attention to fossils. In short, the first and most important step in the prosecution of a geological survey, is a careful and thorough study and investigation of the organic remains found in every seam and stratum of the rocks of the district to be explored; for without a knowledge of these, all conclusions in regard to the geological structure of the country, or of the age and position in the geological column of its rocks, must necessarily be vague and unreliable. Indeed, without the aid of Palaeontology, Geology would scarcely be entitled to rank as a science at all.”
Heritability of Age at Menarche in South Korean Female Twins
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi , Jin Hee-Jeong , Lee Siwoo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractGenetic and environmental influences on age at menarche (AAM) have rarely been examined in Asian females. This study aimed to investigate the heritability of AAM in South Korean female twins. The AAM data from 1370 female twins (933 monozygotic [MZ] twins, 294 dizygotic [DZ] twins and 160 female members of opposite-sex DZ twins) born between 1988 and 2001 were analyzed. The age of the sample at the time of the assessment ranged from 16 to 28 years with a mean of 19.3 (SD = 2.2) years. The mean AAM in the total sample was 12.49 (SD = 1.41) years. Although the mean AAM decreased with increasing birth years, it levelled off in birth years 2000–2001. Maximum likelihood MZ and DZ twin correlations were 0.72 [95% CI (0.67, 0.76)] and 0.35 [95% CI (0.19, 0.50)], respectively. The results of model-fitting analysis indicated that the additive genetic and individual-specific environmental effects were 72% [95% CI (67%, 76%)] and 28% [95% CI (24%, 33%)], respectively. Neither nonadditive genetic nor shared environmental effects were significant.
Dicamba volatility in humidomes as affected by temperature and herbicide treatment
Authors: Mueller Thomas C. , Steckel Lawrence E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis research examined dicamba measurements following an application to soil inside a humidome. The dicamba formulations examined were the diglycolamine (DGA) and diglycolamine plus VaporGrip® (DGA+VG), both applied with glyphosate. Post-application dicamba measurements were related to ambient temperature, with more dicamba detected as the temperature increased. There also appeared to be a minimum temperature of ~15 C at which dicamba decreased to low levels. The addition of glyphosate to dicamba formulations decreased the spray mixture pH and increased the observed dicamba air concentrations. Adding glyphosate to DGA+VG increased detectable dicamba air concentrations by 2.9 to 9.3 times across the temperature ranges examined. Particle drift would not be expected to be a factor in the research, as applications were made remotely before treated soil was transported into the greenhouse. The most probable reason for the increased detection of dicamba at higher temperatures and with mixtures of glyphosate is via volatility.
Die 5-Item-Skala zur Messung der momentan verfügbaren Selbstkontrollkapazität (SMS-5) im Lern- und Leistungskontext
Authors: Lindner Christoph , Lindner Marlit Annalena , Retelsdorf Jan 
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. In Leistungssituationen sind Personen angehalten Selbstkontrolle aufzuwenden, um ihre Aufmerksamkeit, Gedanken und Emotionen zielgerichtet zu regulieren. Selbstkontrolle wird als begrenzte mentale Kapazität betrachtet, die situativen Fluktuationen unterliegt und sich kurzfristig erschöpfen kann. In dieser Validierungsstudie stellen wir eine 5-Item-Skala zur Messung der momentan verfügbaren Selbstkontrollkapazität (SMS-5) basierend auf der State Self-Control Capacity Scale (SSCCS) vor, mit dem Ziel auch in kurzen zeitlichen Abständen intra- und interindividuelle Variabilitäten der momentan verfügbaren Selbstkontrollkapazität (d. h. die Ausprägung der empfundenen mentalen Erschöpfung) ökonomisch abzubilden und externe Kriterien im Lern- und Leistungskontext valide vorherzusagen. Die interne Struktur der SMS-5 erwies sich in Stichproben von Auszubildenden ( N = 2 395), Zehntklässlerinnen und Zehntklässlern ( N = 129) und Studierenden ( N = 95; N = 140) als eindimensional. Zusammenfassend zeichnete sich die SMS-5 als valides, reliables, über Ausbildungsgruppen, Geschlecht und Zeit invariantes und änderungssensitives Instrument zur ökonomischen Messung der momentan verfügbaren Selbstkontrollkapazität im Lern- und Leistungskontext ab, das gegenüber der SSCCS in der Vorhersage externer Kriterien vergleichbar gut abschnitt. Die SMS-5 empfiehlt sich besonders, um durch kurzfristig wiederholte Messungen, Veränderungen der Selbstkontrollkapazität im zeitlichen Verlauf von Lern- und Leistungshandlungen abzubilden.
Das Angstbewältigungsinventar für medizinische Situationen (ABI-MS)
Authors: C. Sturmbauer Sarah , Hock Michael , Rathner Eva-Maria , R. Schwerdtfeger Andreas 
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Das „Angstbewältigungsinventar für medizinische Situationen“ (ABI-MS) ist ein Situations-Reaktions-Inventar, das habituelle Präferenzen für den Einsatz kognitiv vermeidender und vigilanter Bewältigungsstrategien in potenziell bedrohlichen medizinischen Kontexten messen soll. Im ABI-MS, das sich konzeptuell und methodisch an das Angstbewältigungs-Inventar (ABI; Krohne & Egloff, 1999 ) anlehnt, werden 4 Szenarien vorgegeben (Blutabnahme, Schnittwunde, Darmspiegelung und Narkose), in die sich die Personen hineinversetzen sollen. Zu jedem Szenario werden jeweils 4 kognitiv vermeidende und 4 vigilante Reaktionsoptionen gegeben, deren Zutreffen die Personen beurteilen. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden Struktur und psychometrische Qualität des ABI-MS geprüft. Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen ( N = 2 131) auf der Basis des Zwei-Parameter Logistischen Item-Response-Modells bestätigen die Annahme zweier situationsübergreifender Faktoren der Angstbewältigung in medizinischen Kontexten. Das Inventar erreicht zufriedenstellende Reliabilitäten. Eine Retest-Untersuchung belegt, dass primär habituelle Präferenzen erfasst werden. Korrelationen mit Verfahren zur Messung von Angstbewältigung und Persönlichkeitseigenschaften geben Hinweise auf die konvergente und diskriminante Validität des ABI-MS.
More Extreme Precipitation in Chinese Deserts From 1960 to 2018
Authors: Li Guoshuai , Yang Hong , Zhang Ying , Huang Chunlin , Pan Xiaoduo , Ma Mingguo , Song Minhong , Zhao Haipeng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractExtreme precipitation over drylands, especially deserts, has been observed, whereas the precipitation changes in Chinese deserts have been rarely studied. Here, we used a daily grid precipitation data set generated via weather station data (0.25° horizontal grid spacing) to investigate the spatial and temporal changes in extreme precipitation in Chinese deserts. Extreme precipitation based on the changes in the total precipitation (PRCPTOT) and the annual maximum daily precipitation (Rx1day) in the Chinese desert exhibited markedly increasing trends and presented a spatial distribution of wetting in the western deserts and drying in the eastern deserts. The increase in extreme precipitation could minimize wind erosion and intensify dune stabilization in the western Chinese deserts.
Modeling Porosity Evolution Throughout Reaction‐Induced Fracturing in Rocks With Implications for Serpentinization
Authors: Zhang Lingran , Nasika Christina , Donzé Frédéric‐Victor , Zheng Xiaojiao , Renard François , Scholtès Luc 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNumerical modeling based on the discrete element method was used to explore the kinetics and mechanics of fractures induced by mineral volumetric expansion during rock hydration. Two systems were considered: the hydration of periclase into brucite and the hydration of peridotite into serpentine. We modeled the coupling between mineral transformation, stress, volume increase, and deformation by simulating the volumetric growth of discrete elements based upon an Avrami‐type kinetics equation. The model was implemented to consider the effects of stress and temperature on reaction kinetics as well as the alteration of material properties during hydration reactions. We were able to reproduce experimental evidences observed during the transformation of periclase into brucite, including volume growth, fracturing of periclase, formation of a porosity pulse, as well as the slow‐down effect of effective stress on the kinetics of the transformation. The model was also applied to study the serpentinization process. We estimated a bell‐shaped relationship between temperature and reaction rate of peridotite transformation following observations made during serpentinization experiments. For both periclase and peridotite systems, we characterized a relationship between the formation of a porosity pulse and the rate of fracture development within the medium. During serpentinization, the amplitude of the porosity pulse and the duration of this pulse depend on the reaction rate and, therefore, on the temperature. Our investigations provide geomechanical explanations on how native dihydrogen formed during serpentinization can be expelled and initiates its migration process.
Low‐Level and Surface Wind Jets Near Sea Ice Edge in the Beaufort Sea in Late Autumn
Authors: Liu Zheng , Schweiger Axel 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLow‐level wind jets (LLJs) and strong surface winds are frequently observed near the sea ice edge in the presence of strong thermal contrast between open water and sea ice. Two LLJ cases near the sea ice edge in the Beaufort Sea are examined using dropsonde observations made from Seasonal Ice Zone Reconnaissance Survey flights. Ensembles of Polar Weather Research and Forecast simulations with and without sea ice demonstrate the contribution of the surface thermal contrast to the boundary layer structure, the LLJ, and surface ice edge jets. Because the surface temperature contrast only influences the lower most hundreds of meters in the atmospheric boundary layer, its contribution to the temperature gradient and wind speed at the level of the LLJ is limited. The sea ice does strengthen the LLJ by extending the LLJ northward over sea ice and increasing the maximum LLJ wind speeds by up to 13% and as much as 29% further north at a lower altitude. However, the primary reason for the observed strong winds in these two cases are the synoptic interactions between anticyclones and approaching cyclones. The effect of the surface thermal contrast on surface winds is controlled by a separate mechanism. The cold and stable boundary layer over sea ice prevents the momentum transport from the LLJ to the surface. This leads to weaker surface winds over sea ice and confines the strong surface winds close to the sea ice edge. This mechanism contributes to the frequent occurrence of the surface “ice edge jets.”
Subtropical High Affects Interdecadal Variability of Tropical Cyclone Genesis in the South China Sea
Authors: Li Hong , Xu Fanghua , Sun Jingru , Lin Yanluan , Wright Jonathon S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInterdecadal variability of tropical cyclone (TC) genesis in the South China Sea (SCS) during 1982–2015 is investigated using observations and atmospheric reanalysis data. TC genesis primarily occurs in the northern SCS (north of 13 °N) in July–September (summer), while in the southern SCS (south of 13 °N) in October–December (autumn). The TC genesis location is consistent with the climatological distribution of TC genesis potential index. Noticeably, the TC genesis frequency (TCGF) is relatively low in 1982–1993 and 2003–2015 while relatively high in 1994–2002 in summer in the SCS. In autumn, the TCGF shows an abrupt transition from high to low in the early 2000s in the SCS. It is found that such interdecadal change of TCGF is closely related to the east‐westward movement of the subtropical high (SH). When the SH is close to the SCS, large‐scale air subsidence, low‐level divergence, negative vorticity, and high pressure are prominent and inhabit TC genesis in the SCS. On the contrary, when the SH moves away from the SCS, environmental conditions become more favorable for TC genesis. In addition, the localized atmospheric intraseasonal variability can affect TCGF at interdecadal time scales as well.
Multicomponent Satellite Assessment of Drought Severity in the Contiguous United States From 2002 to 2017 Using AMSR‐E and AMSR2
Authors: Du J. , Kimball J. S. , Velicogna I. , Zhao M. , Jones L. A. , Watts J. D. , Kim Y. , A G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 sensors (AMSR) have provided multifrequency microwave measurements of the global terrestrial water cycle since 2002. A new AMSR surface wetness index (ASWI) was developed by analyzing the near‐surface atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD), surface volumetric soil moisture (VSM), and land surface fractional open water (FW) time series from an established AMSR Land Parameter Data Record (LPDR). The ASWI allows for multicomponent and independent satellite assessments of near‐surface drought conditions by exploiting the weighted anomalies of VPD, VSM, and FW. Comparisons between ASWI and more traditional drought metrics, including the Palmer moisture anomaly index (PDSI‐Z) and the U.S. Drought Monitor, showed generally consistent classifications of drought severity for three major droughts over the Contiguous United States since 2002. The AWSI showed moderate (0.3 ≤ R ≤ 0.7 for 56% of area) to strong (R > 0.7 for 29% of area) correlations with the PDSI‐Z during the summer months (June–August) from 2002 to 2017. ASWI and PDSI‐Z differences were attributed to AMSR retrieval uncertainties and the different aspects of drought represented by the indices. Comparisons between ASWI and the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment drought severity index (GRACE‐DSI) showed strong correspondence (R = 0.61) in regions where possible long‐term total water storage changes occurred. The sole reliance of the ASWI on satellite microwave remote sensing and continuing AMSR2 operations enables effective global monitoring of drought conditions while providing new information on the atmosphere, soil, and surface water components of drought.
Evaluation of Satellite and Reanalysis Precipitable Water Vapor Data Sets Against Radiosonde Observations in Central Asia
Authors: Jiang Jie , Zhou Tianjun , Zhang Wenxia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCentral Asia is facing severe water shortages and conflicts. The spatiotemporal variations of precipitable water vapor (PWV) are important aspects in understanding the water cycle and water resources. However, station observations in central Asia are limited and the performance of satellite and reanalysis products of PWV in central Asia has not been evaluated. Based on radiosonde observations, we show evidence that the two satellite products, namely, Atmospheric Infrared Sounder‐only and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit, are applicable to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of PWV in central Asia. The two satellite products can capture the main climatological features, annual cycle, and monthly variations of PWV in central Asia, with high correlations with radiosonde observations, although slightly underestimate PWV values by −15% to 0%. All the eight current state‐of‐the‐art reanalysis data sets, including European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis, the fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)1, NCEP2, Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, 55‐year modern Japanese Reanalysis Project, Modern Era Retrospective‐Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), and MERRA version 2 (MERRA2), can reasonably reproduce the spatiotemporal variations of PWV, although with an overestimation in spring, autumn, and winter and an underestimation in summer. ERA5 and MERRA2 (NCEP1 and NCEP2) perform better (poorer) compared with other reanalysis data sets. A skill‐weighted ensemble mean of reanalysis data sets is constructed based on the different performance of individual data sets. It is better for understanding the climatological spatial pattern than the equally weighted ensemble mean and individual reanalysis data sets, while ERA5 is suggested to be used for revealing the interannual variations of PWV in central Asia.
Earthquake Impact on Active Margins: Tracing Surficial Remobilization and Seismic Strengthening in a Slope Sedimentary Sequence
Authors: Molenaar Ariana , Moernaut Jasper , Wiemer Gauvain , Dubois Nathalie , Strasser Michael 
Published: June 2019

AbstractStrong earthquakes at active ocean margins can remobilize vast amounts of surficial slope sediments and dynamically strengthen the margin sequences. Current process understanding is obtained from resulting event deposits and low‐resolution shear strength data, respectively. Here we directly target a site offshore Japan where both processes are expected to initiate, that is, at the uppermost part (15 cm) of a sedimentary slope sequence. Based on a novel application of short‐lived radionuclide data, we identified, dated, and quantified centimeter‐scale gaps related to surficial remobilization. Temporal correlation to the three largest regional earthquakes attest triggering by strong earthquakes (Mw >8). Also, extremely elevated shear strength values suggest a strong influence of seismic strengthening on shallow sediments. We show that despite enhanced slope stability by seismic strengthening, earthquake‐induced sediment transport can occur through surficial remobilization, which has large implications for the assessment of turbidite paleoseismology and carbon cycling at active margins.