bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endogene Endophthalmitis: Ursachen, Keimspektrum, Therapie und Visusverlauf
Authors: Mayer Christian , Loos Daria , Feucht Nikolaus , Zapp Daniel , Prahs Philipp Maximilian , Tandogan Tamer , Khoramnia Ramin 
Published: April 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Die endogene Endophthalmitis ist eine seltene und schwere Entzündung des Auges im Rahmen einer infektiösen Allgemeinerkrankung, die im schlimmsten Fall zum Verlust des betroffenen Auges führen kann.
Material und Methoden In einem 5-Jahres-Zeitraum wurden 20 Augen mit einer endogenen Endophthalmitis behandelt und retrospektiv untersucht. Auswertungsparameter waren epidemiologische Daten, Ursachen, Begleiterkrankungen, Keimspektrum, Therapie und Visusverlauf.
Ergebnisse Der Anteil endogener an allen Endophthalmitiden betrug 13,2% (n = 20/152; 20 Augen von 17 Patienten). Bei 15% (n = 3/20) lag eine bilaterale endogene Endophthalmitis vor. Bei 9 von 17 der Patienten lag die Ursache in einer generalisierten Sepsis, bei 2 von 17 im Urogenitaltrakt und bei jeweils 1 Fall in einer Endokarditis und Leberabszess. Bei 4 von 17 wurden keine ursächlichen Herde gefunden. Acht der 17 Patienten litten an einem Diabetes mellitus, 6 an Niereninsuffizienz und je 2 Patienten an Malignomen, Pneumonie oder Rheuma. Eine Organtransplantation erhielten 2 Patienten, 15 hatten kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen, 3 der Patienten waren medikamentös immunsupprimiert und 2 gaben einen Drogenabusus an. Die Infektionen waren in 4 von 17 Patienten durch Streptokokken, in 3 durch Candida, in 2 durch Herpesviren und jeweils einmal durch gramnegative Stäbchen, Staphylococcus aureus bzw. Bacillus cereus verursacht. Ohne Keimnachweis verblieben 5 Fälle. Das Zeitintervall vom Beginn der Beschwerden bis zur Diagnose und Intervention war mit 4 Tagen (min.: 1; max.: 39) im Vergleich zu den anderen Endophthalmitisursachen am längsten (p < 0,001). Der Visus lag bei Erstvorstellung im Median bei logMAR 2,0 (n = 19/20), nach 1 Monat bei logMAR 1,3 (n = 15/20), nach 3 Monaten ebenfalls bei logMAR 1,3 (n = 15/20) und 1 Jahr nach Behandlungsbeginn bei logMAR 0,1 (n = 9/20). Innerhalb eines Jahres trat bei 2 von 20 Augen eine Netzhautablösung auf und einmal ein Endophthalmitisrezidiv; 5 der 17 der Patienten verstarben. Eine Enukleation war nie erforderlich.
Schlussfolgerung Die endogene Endophthalmitis wird oft aufgrund einer begleitenden schweren nicht ophthalmologischen Grunderkrankung zu spät erkannt. Ein fehlender Verdacht bei den nicht ophthalmologisch erfahrenen behandelnden Kollegen und verspätete Vorstellung mit später Diagnosestellung ist ein ungelöstes Problem und mitverantwortlich für die ohnehin schlechte Visusprognose. Für den Augenarzt beeinflussbar ist meist nur die Wahl der richtigen Therapie.
Geschichten über Pocken
Authors: Jung E. 
Published: April 2018

ZusammenfassungDie WHO erklärte die Welt als „pockenfrei“ ab 1980. Zuvor aber traten in Deutschland noch mehrere Kleinepidemien auf, von denen der Einzelfall in Hamburg 1957 der Kleinepidemie in Heidelberg gegenübergestellt wird mit 20 Pockenkranken, von denen zwei verstarben. Zur Verbesserung von Diagnose und Prozedere wurde eine mobile Pockenkommission gegründet, deren Einsatz hier dargestellt wird. Diese Bemühungen wurden beendet, weil die Welt ab 1980 pockenfrei geblieben ist.
Recommendations to maintain immune health in athletes
Authors: Walsh Neil P. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNumerous studies over the last 35 years report an increase in upper respiratory infection (URI) symptoms in athletes during periods of heavy training and competition. Challenges athletes face such as heavy exercise and life stress influence immune function via activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system and the resulting immunoregulatory hormones. Both innate and acquired immunity are often reported to decrease transiently in the hours after heavy exertion, typically 15–70%: prolonged heavy training sessions in particular have been shown to decrease immune function; potentially providing an ‘open window’ for opportunistic infections. Whether the observed changes in immunity with acute strenuous exercise or periods of heavy training account for the increased susceptibility to URI symptoms remains contentious. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that URI symptoms hinder athletic training and competition; underpinning the need to identify the prominent risk factors and appropriate countermeasures. Recent studies have identified prominent risk factors, including: intensified training in the winter; long‐haul travel; low energy availability; high levels of psychological stress and anxiety; and depression. Given the shared pathways and effector limbs for the body's response to physical and psychological challenges, it is logical that psychological strain influences immunity and illness incidence in athletes under heavy training; indeed, stress and anxiety have recently been shown to modify the immune response to exercise. This mini‐review provides new insights and evidence‐based recommendations for coping with the various challenges that athletes encounter on immune health, including: heavy exercise; life stress; sleep disruption; environmental extremes and nutritional deficits.
Anabolic–androgenic steroid use and correlates in Norwegian adolescents
Authors: Sandvik Morten Renslo , Bakken Anders , Loland Sigmund 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper surveys the prevalence and correlates of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) use among Norwegian adolescents, and examines the degree to which sports participation is a mediating or moderating factor to well‐known correlations between AAS use and problem behaviour. The data come from the “Ungdata” study, a cross‐national youth survey system offered to all municipalities in Norway (response rate: 74%, N = 77,572). The study demonstrates a lifetime prevalence of AAS use of 1.27% and a higher prevalence among boys (1.81%) than girls (0.76%). The analyses show that AAS use is clearly related to problem behaviour such as violence and other substance use. When controlling for problem behaviour, there are no correlations between AAS use and exercising in a sports club or on one's own, whilst there is a weak positive correlation between AAS use and exercising in a gym or engaging in other forms of physical exercise such as dancing or martial arts. These patterns are more or less the same for boys and for girls. We conclude that adolescent AAS use is a low‐prevalence phenomenon that primarily takes place in smaller subgroups of individuals who engage in other forms of problem behaviour as well.
Presenting self-monitoring test results for consumers: the effects of graphical formats and age
Authors: Tao Da , Yuan Juan , Qu Xingda 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effects of graphical formats and age on consumers’ comprehension and perceptions of the use of self-monitoring test results.MethodsParticipants (36 older and 36 young adults) were required to perform verbatim comprehension and value interpretation tasks with hypothetical self-monitoring test results. The test results were randomly presented by four reference range number lines: basic, color enhanced, color/text enhanced, and personalized information enhanced formats. We measured participants’ task performance and eye movement data during task completion, and their perceptions and preference of the graphical formats.ResultsThe 4 graphical formats yielded comparable task performance, while text/color and personalized information enhanced formats were believed to be easier and more useful in information comprehension, and led to increased confidence in correct comprehension of test results, compared with other formats (all p’s &lt; .05). Perceived health risk increased as the formats applied more information cues (p = .008). There were age differences in task performance and visual attention (all p’s &lt; .01), while young and older adults had similar perceptions for the 4 formats. Personalized information enhanced format was preferred by both groups.ConclusionsText/color and personalized information cues appear to be useful for comprehending test results. Future work can be directed to improve the design of graphical formats especially for older adults, and to assess the formats in clinical settings.
The outflow structure of GW170817 from late-time broad-band observations
Authors: Troja E , Piro L , Ryan G , van Eerten H , Ricci R , Wieringa M H , Lotti S , Sakamoto T , Cenko S B 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
We present our broad-band study of GW170817 from radio to hard X-rays, including NuSTAR and Chandra observations up to 165  d after the merger, and a multimessenger analysis including LIGO constraints. The data are compared with predictions from a wide range of models, providing the first detailed comparison between non-trivial cocoon and jet models. Homogeneous and power-law shaped jets, as well as simple cocoon models are ruled out by the data, while both a Gaussian shaped jet and a cocoon with energy injection can describe the current data set for a reasonable range of physical parameters, consistent with the typical values derived from short GRB afterglows. We propose that these models can be unambiguously discriminated by future observations measuring the post-peak behaviour, with Fν ∝ t∼−1.0 for the cocoon and Fν∝ t∼−2.5 for the jet model.
Nuclear Spin Attenuates the Anesthetic Potency of Xenon Isotopes in Mice
Authors: Li Na , Lu Dongshi , Yang Lei , Tao Huan , Xu Younian , Wang Chenchen , Fu Lisha , Liu Hui , Chummum Yatisha , Zhang Shihai 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
Xenon is an elemental anesthetic with nine stable isotopes. Nuclear spin is a quantum property which may differ among isotopes. Xenon 131 (131Xe) has nuclear spin of 3/2, xenon 129 (129Xe) a nuclear spin of 1/2, and the other seven isotopes have no nuclear spin. This study was aimed to explore the effect of nuclear spin on xenon anesthetic potency.

Methods
Eighty C57BL/6 male mice (7 weeks old) were randomly divided into four groups, xenon 132 (132Xe), xenon 134 (134Xe), 131Xe, and 129Xe groups. Due to xenon’s low potency, loss of righting reflex ED50 for mice to xenon was determined with 0.50% isoflurane. Loss of righting reflex ED50 of isoflurane was also measured, and the loss of righting reflex ED50 values of the four xenon isotopes were then calculated. The exact polarizabilities of the isotopes were calculated.

Results
Combined with 0.50% isoflurane, the loss of righting reflex ED50 values were 15 ± 4%, 16 ± 5%, 22 ± 5%, and 23 ± 7% for 132Xe, 134Xe, 131Xe, and 129Xe, respectively. For xenon alone, the loss of righting reflex ED50 values of 132Xe, 134Xe, 131Xe, and 129Xe were 70 ± 4%, 72 ± 5%, 99 ± 5%, and 105 ± 7%, respectively. Four isotopes had a same exact polarizability of 3.60 Å3.

Conclusions
Xenon isotopes with nuclear spin are less potent than those without, and polarizability cannot account for the difference. The lower anesthetic potency of 129Xe may be the result of it participating in conscious processing and therefore partially antagonizing its own anesthetic potency. Nuclear spin is a quantum property, and our results are consistent with theories that implicate quantum mechanisms in consciousness.
The Seven-Year Cost-Effectiveness of Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion Versus Cervical Disc Arthroplasty
Authors: Kim Jun S. , Dowdell James , Cheung Zoe B. , Arvind Varun , Sun Li , Jandhyala Chanakya , Ukogu Chierika , Ranson William , Jacobs Samantha , McAnany Steven , Cho Samuel Kang-Wook 
Published: April 2018

Study Design.
Markov model analysis.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to determine the 7-year cost-effectiveness of single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) versus cervical disc replacement (CDR) for the treatment of cervical disc degeneration.

Summary of Background Data.
Both ACDF and CDR are acceptable surgical options for the treatment of symptomatic cervical disc degeneration. Past studies have demonstrated at least equal effectiveness of CDR when compared with ACDF in large randomized Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) studies. Short-term cost-effectiveness analyses at 5 years have suggested that CDR may be the preferred treatment option. However, adjacent segment disease and other postoperative complications may occur after 5 years following surgery.

Methods.
A Markov model analysis was used to evaluate data from the LDR Mobi-C IDE study, incorporating five Markov transition states and seven cycles with each cycle set to a length of 1 year. Transition state probabilities were determined from complication rates, as well as index and adjacent segment reoperation rates from the IDE study. Raw SF-12 data were converted to health state utility values using the SF-6D algorithm for 174 CDR patients and 79 ACDF patients.

Results.
Assuming an ideal operative candidate who is 40-years-old and failed appropriate conservative care, the 7-year cost was $103,924 for ACDF and $105,637 for CDR. CDR resulted in the generation of 5.33 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), while ACDF generated 5.16 QALYs. Both ACDF and CDR were cost-effective, but the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $10,076/QALY in favor of CDR, which was less than the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $50,000/QALY.

Conclusion.
ACDF and CDR are both cost-effective strategies for the treatment of cervical disc degeneration. However, CDR is the more cost-effective procedure at 7 years following surgery. Further long-term studies are needed to validate the findings of this model.

Level of Evidence: 1
Practice of Teledermatopathology: A Systematic Review
Authors: Saleh Jasmine 
Published: April 2018

Introduction:
Teledermatopathology has the potential to revolutionize the practice of diagnosing skin diseases. This review provides an overview of the advantages, limitations, and future directions of teledermatopathology.

Methods:
MEDLINE was searched via PubMed and Google Scholar databases for relevant articles published from 2012 to the present. Additional articles were also identified by hand-searching.

Results:
A total of 2675 citations were identified in the initial search. Two thousand five hundred seventy-three were excluded based on duplicates and review of titles and abstracts. Eighty studies failed to meet the inclusion criteria, resulting in a total of 22 articles for analysis. Nine additional articles were hand-searched.

Conclusions:
Recent studies report that telepathology increases access to specialists, reduces interpretive errors and health care expenditures, improves the efficiency of workflow, and optimizes patient outcomes. It also facilitates international collaboration by widening global access to dermatopathology services and providing educational resources in underserved areas. However, the quality and regulations of digital slide imaging in teledermatopathology need to be improved.
Effectiveness of Topical Sucralfate in the Management of Pressure Ulcer in Hospitalized Patients: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Ala Shahram , Saeedi Majid , Gholipour Afshin , Ahmadi Motahareh , Asoodeh Ali , Shiva Afshin 
Published: April 2018

Background:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of topical sucralfate in the management of pressure ulcer (PU) in hospitalized patients.

Methods:
Forty hospitalized patients with stage II PU were included in this prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial and were randomly divided into 2 groups receiving either sucralfate gel or placebo, on a daily basis. The patients were visited every day for 14 days, the ulcer was evaluated using the Pressure Ulcer Scale for Healing (PUSH) and changes to the measured scores over time were used as an indicator of wound healing.

Results:
There were no statistically significant differences in any of the demographic characteristics between both groups. Both of the interventions reduced the average PUSH score, and at the end of the trial, all but 2 patients were healed. One in each group discontinued the trial because of exacerbation of the ulcer. No significant between-group difference in the average PUSH score reduction was observed (6.36 ± 2.11 vs. 5.89 ± 1.41, P = 0.42). Although the average healing time was less in the sucralfate group (6.05 ± 2.17 vs. 7.78 ± 3.42), the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.07).

Conclusions:
Sucralfate gel does not improve healing of PU compared with placebo.
Digested sludge-derived three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon for high-performance supercapacitor electrode
Authors: Zhang Jia-Jia , Fan Hao-Xiang , Dai Xiao-Hu , Yuan Shi-Jie 
Published: April 2018

Digested sludge, as the main by-product of the sewage sludge anaerobic digestion process, still contains considerable organic compounds. In this protocol, we report a facile method for preparing digested sludge-derived self-doped porous carbon material for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes via a sustainable pyrolysis/activation process. The obtained digested sludge-derived carbon material (HPDSC) exhibits versatile O-, N-doped hierarchical porous framework, high specific surface area (2103.6 m
2
g
−1
) and partial graphitization phase, which can facilitate ion transport, provide more storage sites for electrolyte ions and enhance the conductivity of active electrode materials. The HPDSC-based supercapacitor electrodes show favourable energy storage performance, with a specific capacitance of 245 F g
−1
at 1.0 A g
−1
in 0.5 M Na
2
SO
4
; outstanding cycling stability, with 98.4% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles; and good rate performance (211 F g
−1
at 11 A g
−1
). This work provides a unique self-doped three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon material with a favourable charge storage capacity and at the same time finds a high value-added and environment-friendly strategy for disposal and recycling of digested sludge.
A single loss of photosynthesis in diatoms
Authors: Onyshchenko Anastasiia , Ruck Elizabeth C. , Nakov Teofil , Alverson Andrew J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractLoss of photosynthesis is a common and often repeated trajectory in nearly all major groups of photosynthetic eukaryotes. One small subset of ‘apochloritic’ diatoms in the genus Nitzschia have lost their ability to photosynthesize and require extracellular carbon for growth. Similar to other secondarily nonphotosynthetic taxa, apochloritic diatoms maintain colorless plastids with highly reduced plastid genomes. Although the narrow taxonomic breadth of apochloritic diatoms suggests a single loss of photosynthesis in the common ancestor of these species, previous phylogenetic analyses suggested that photosynthesis was lost multiple times. We sequenced additional phylogenetic markers from the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes for a larger set of taxa and found that the best trees for datasets representing all three genetic compartments provided low to moderate support for monophyly of apochloritic Nitzschia, consistent with a single loss of photosynthesis in diatoms. We sequenced the plastid genome of one apochloritic species and found that it was highly similar in all respects to the plastid genome of another apochloritic Nitzschia species, indicating that streamlining of the plastid genome had completed prior to the split of these two species. Finally, it is increasingly clear that some locales host relatively large numbers apochloritic Nitzschia species that span the phylogenetic diversity of the group, indicating that these species co-exist because of resource abundance or resource partitioning in ecologically favorable habitats. A better understanding of the phylogeny and ecology of this group, together with emerging genomic resources, will help identify the factors that have driven and maintained the loss of photosynthesis in this group, a rare event in diatoms.
Giant Viruses and their mobile genetic elements: the molecular symbiotic hypothesis
Authors: Filée Jonathan 
Published: April 2018

SummaryAmong the virus world, Giant viruses (GVs) compose one of the most successful eukaryovirus families. In contrast with other eukaryoviruses, GV genomes encode a wide array of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that encompass diverse, mostly prokaryotic-like, transposable element families, introns, inteins, restriction-modification systems and enigmatic classes of mobile elements having little similarities with known families. Interestingly, several of these MGEs may be beneficial to the GVs, fulfilling two kinds of functions: 1) degrading host or competing virus/ virophages DNA and 2) promoting viral genome integration, dissemination and excision into the host genomes.By providing fitness advantages to the virus in which they reside, these MGES compose a kind of molecular symbiotic association in which both partners should be regarded as grantees. Thus, protective effects provided by some of these MGEs may have generated an arms race between competing GVs in order to encode the most diverse arsenal of anti-viral weapons, explaining the unusual abundance of MGEs in GV genomes by a kind of ratchet effect.Highlight-Giant Virus (GV) genomes are loaded with diverse classes of mobile genetic elements (MGEs)-MGEs cooperate with GV genes in order to fulfill viral functions.-Site-specific endonucleases encoded by MGEs are used as anti-host or anti-competing viral compounds-Integrase/transposase genes derived from MGEs have been recruited to generate integrative proviral forms.-MGEs and GVs may thus compose a mutualistic symbiosis
How destructive leadership influences compulsory organizational citizenship behavior
Authors: Wu Mengying , Peng Zhenglong , Estay Christophe 
Published: April 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the underlying influence of destructive leadership on hindrance stress and compulsory organizational citizenship behavior (CCB) by developing a moderated mediation model, which examines the mediating role of hindrance stress and the moderating role of supervisor–subordinateguanxi.Design/methodology/approachBy using 324 samples collected from multiple companies in southeast China, the model is tested through multiple linear hierarchical regressions, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and PROCESS bootstrapping program in SPSS and AMOS software.FindingsResults reveal that hindrance stress fully mediates the relationship between destructive leadership and CCB, and supervisor–subordinateguanximoderates the strength of the indirect effect between destructive leadership and CCB (via hindrance stress), so that the mediated relationship is stronger when supervisor–subordinateguanxiis low rather than high.Originality/valueThe study contributes to display the influence path and contingency mechanism of destructive leadership as a stressor on employees’ negative behavior in the workplace. The moderated mediation model results not only develop the research on the relationship between negative leadership and employee behavior in terms of leadership effectiveness but also provide a new viewpoint to explore the relationship between leadership and employee behavior.