bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philosophie et histoire : Dialectique de l'universel et du particulier
Authors: Ndzomo-Molé Joseph 
Published: October 2018

À propos de la philosophie et de l’histoire, l’article précise qu’il ne s’agit
pas d’entendre le terme histoire comme la branche des sciences humaines dont
l’historien est le spécialiste : la science du passé humain; le terme histoire
renvoie précisément au devenir humain lui-même. La question est donc de savoir si la
philosophie peut influencer l’histoire. Il est d’abord question de la dépendance
historique de la philosophie : la réflexion philosophique est une réaction de la
raison à des stimuli historiques, et l’expérience historique est la matière des
concepts philosophiques. On peut cependant parler de la fécondité historique de la
philosophie : le philosophe peut, par ses idées, influencer des pensées à l’origine
de nouvelles doctrines politiques ou de nouvelles perspectives scientifiques ; les
textes des philosophes majeurs sont d’une actualité qui résiste à l’histoire parce
qu’à partir de leur contexte historique, leurs auteurs ont pensé la condition
humaine. Il est donc nécessaire d’apprendre l’histoire de la philosophie,
c’est-à-dire de s’exercer à lire les textes philosophiques en pensant avec leurs
auteurs.
La norme juridique et la langue: histoire d’une intimité renforcée
Authors: Viangalli François 
Published: October 2018

Le droit et la linguistique entretiennent des rapports extrêmement étroits.
Pour qui tente d’élucider le concept même de droit, il est impossible de faire
l’économie d’une appréhension linguistique du phénomène juridique. Le phénomène
normatif est en effet pour l’essentiel un phénomène linguistique. Certes, le droit
repose sur le recours à la force publique pour assurer en dernier recours sa mise en
œuvre. Toutefois, bien que ce recours à la force soit parfois indispensable, il
n’est pas dans la majorité des situations nécessaire. L’obéissance repose la plupart
du temps sur l’expression seule de la norme et de ses attributs par le langage, à
égalité avec le comportement collectif. Si la langue est ainsi le vecteur
prépondérant quoique non exclusif du droit, il n’est pas étonnant que la tendance du
Prince soit de contrôler celle-ci, qu’il s’agisse d’en maîtriser le contenu – tel
que le vocabulaire ou la grammaire – ou plus largement l’usage. Or ce contrôle
conduit à l‘époque contemporain à l’émergence d’un véritable contentieux des
langues. Déjà observée par Jean-Louis Calvet sur le terrain social, la « guerre des
langues » sera peut-être, à l’heure où la communication numérique bouleverse les
sociétés politiques, l’un des phénomènes majeurs du XXIe siècle.
La notion de pluri-officalité dans les Constitutions nationales. Les exemples
espagnol, italien, suisse et belge
Authors: Arlettaz Jordane 
Published: October 2018

Le concept de co-officialité, ou encore de pluri-officialité, est au cœur du
droit linguistique des États plurilingues. Reposant sur la reconnaissance officielle
de plusieurs langues sur un même territoire, il semble répondre à un besoin de
coexistence pacifique des langues, à rebours du monolinguisme imposé. En réalité, la
pluri-officialité soulève de multiples questions consécutives à la mise en œuvre de
ses exigences. Les exemples italien, espagnol, suisse et belge sont là pour le
montrer. La pluri-officialité repose généralement sur un principe de territorialité,
qui confine la langue minoritaire à un territoire donné, ou chaque langue égale à un
territoire propre, et non sur un principe de personnalité qui réserverait le cours
officiel de la langue à chaque locuteur de celle-ci quelle que soit sa situation
géographique. Mais ce principe de territorialité a pour effet de générer
consécutivement un nécessaire transfert de compétences au profit de la province où
la langue est officialisée, car pour mettre en œuvre l’usage officiel de cette
dernière, il est techniquement nécessaire de mobiliser des moyens administratifs,
techniques et humains ; et ce, quel que soit le domaine d’intervention matériel de
ladite langue. En conséquence à cela, la pluri-officialité est intimement liée à un
processus de juste répartition des compétences et moyens entre l’État et la province
où la langue considérée aura cours. On aperçoit ici à quel point la
pluri-officialité amène par contrecoup un travail de surveillance, de contrôle et
d’adaptation des compétences respectives de chaque province, et constitue donc non
seulement un problème linguistique, mais aussi un problème juridique et
politique.
Alpha shapes: Determining 3D shape complexity across morphologically diverse structures
Authors: Gardiner James D , Behnsen Julia , Brassey Charlotte A 
Published: October 2018

Background. Following recent advances in bioimaging, high-resolution 3D models of biological structures are now generated rapidly and at low-cost. To utilise this data to address evolutionary and ecological questions, an array of tools has been developed to conduct 3D shape analysis and quantify topographic complexity. Here we focus particularly on shape techniques applied to irregular-shaped objects lacking clear homologous landmarks, and propose the new ‘alpha-shapes’ method for quantifying 3D shape complexity.
Methods. We apply alpha-shapes to quantify shape complexity in the mammalian baculum as an example of a morphologically disparate structure. Micro- computed-tomography (μCT) scans of bacula were conducted. Bacula were binarised and converted into point clouds. Following application of a scaling factor to account for absolute differences in size, a suite of alpha-shapes was fitted to each specimen. An alpha shape is a formed from a subcomplex of the Delaunay triangulation of a given set of points, and ranges in refinement from a very coarse mesh (approximating convex hulls) to a very fine fit. ‘Optimal’ alpha was defined as the degree of refinement necessary in order for alpha-shape volume to equal CT voxel volume, and was taken as a metric of overall shape ‘complexity’.
Results Our results show that alpha-shapes can be used to quantify interspecific variation in shape ‘complexity’ within biological structures of disparate geometry. The ‘stepped’ nature of alpha curves is informative with regards to the contribution of specific morphological features to overall shape ‘complexity’. Alpha-shapes agrees with other measures of topographic complexity (dissection index, Dirichlet normal energy) in identifying ursid bacula as having low shape complexity. However, alpha-shapes estimates mustelid bacula as possessing the highest topographic complexity, contrasting with other shape metrics. 3D fractal dimension is found to be an inappropriate metric of complexity when applied to bacula.
Conclusions. The alpha-shapes methodology can be used to calculate ‘optimal’ alpha refinement as a proxy for shape ‘complexity’ without identifying landmarks. The implementation of alpha-shapes is straightforward, and is automated to process large datasets quickly. Beyond genital shape, we consider the alpha-shapes technique to hold considerable promise for new applications across evolutionary, ecological and palaeoecological disciplines.
When a snake bites
Authors: Coppola CPT. Marco , Hogan David E. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Primary care physicians may be required to treat snake-bitten patients and must differentiate between venomous and nonvenomous snakes. The chief distinguishing characteristics of venomous snakes are fangs and a single row of subcaudal anal plates. The physiologic effects of snake venom are on the cardiovascular, hematologic, and neurovascular systems. The snake-bitten patient first needs supportive treatment and stabilization. Then, the physician must establish whether envenomation has occurred, grade it, and monitor edema around the bite. Local treatment, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and tetanus prophylaxis should be used for all envenomation grades. The decision to administer antivenin therapy should be made on clinical grounds and the envenomation grade. Its use, however, can lead to anaphylaxis and anticomplement reactions.
Subclinical human papillomavirus infection in a high-risk population
Authors: Muckerman Donna R. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, which has been linked to cervical dysplasia and carcinoma, causes one of the most frequently diagnosed sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States. To determine the prevalence of subclinical HPV infection, to detect any association with dysplasia, and to investigate risk factors, the author studied 249 sexually active adolescent girls and young women in a highrisk population by questionnaire, pelvic examination, cytology, and dot blot nucleic acid hybridization. The prevalence of subclinical HPV infection of the cervix was 10.4%. HPV-DNA positivity was associated with dysplasia, an increased number of sexual partners, and the part-time use of a birth control method. No association was found between subclinical HPV infection and race, cigarette smoking, oral contraceptive use, or the presence of other STDs. The use of HPV screening methods should be considered in select high-risk persons or groups.
Managed care and graduate medical education: Mutual objectives, barriers, and prospects
Authors: Fry Lincoln J. , Natkow Neil 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Osteopathic medical schools are in an excellent position to cooperate with managed care providers because of an overlap of their common objectives. The authors maintain that osteopathic medical schools and managed care providers need to work together to promote integrated graduate medical education-managed care systems or face the possibility of being at the mercy of a fragmented healthcare reform movement. Issues related to common objectives and barriers to integrated graduate medical education-managed care systems are discussed, along with possible solutions.
Kudüs Tasarısı Oylaması ve Türkiye'nin Ortadoğu'daki İmajı / Voting of Jerusalem Proposal and Turkey's Image in the Middle East
Authors: Pınar Latif 
Published: October 2018

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>On December 6<sup>th</sup>, 2017, The United States President Donald Trump declared that the USA had unilaterally accepted Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and that he had instructed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to move the US Embassy in Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. Right after this declaration under the leadership of Turkey a draft resolution containing criticism of the president Trump and matters related to determining the status of Jerusalem was prepared and submitted to the United Nations General Assembly for voting. This resolution proposal, titled as "Israel's Activities in East Jerusalem and Palestinian Territory under Occupation", was voted at a special session of the United Nations General Assembly on December 21<sup>st</sup>, 2017 and was adopted on the basis of 128 admission, 9 rejection and 35 noncommittal votes. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the voting carried out in the United Nations General Assembly on the image of Turkey in the Middle East.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>6 Aralık 2017'de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Donald Trump, Kudüs'ü tek taraflı bir şekilde İsrail'in başkenti olarak kabul ettiğine ve Tel Aviv'de bulunan Amerikan Büyükelçiliği'nin Kudüs'e taşınması için Dış İşleri Bakanlığı'na talimat verdiğine yönelik bir açıklama yapmıştır. Bu açıklamanın hemen ardından Türkiye'nin öncülüğünde, Başkan Trump'ın kararının eleştirilmesi ve Kudüs'ün statüsünün belirlenmesine ilişkin bir takım hususları içeren bir karar tasarısı hazırlanmış ve oylanmak üzere Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu'na sunulmuştur. İsrail'in İşgal Altındaki Doğu Kudüs ve Filistin Topraklarındaki Faaliyetleri başlıklı bu karar tasarısı, 21 Aralık 2017'de Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu'nda gerçekleştirilen bir özel oturumda oylamaya sunulmuş ve 128 kabul, 9 ret ve 35 çekimser oy neticesinde kabul edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, Birleşmiş Milletler Genel Kurulu'nda gerçekleştirilen söz konusu oylamanın Türkiye'nin Ortadoğu'daki imajına olan etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.</p>
Links between achievement, executive functions, and self‐regulated learning
Authors: Rutherford Teomara , Buschkuehl Martin , Jaeggi Susanne M. , Farkas George 
Published: October 2018

SummaryStudent self‐regulated learning (SRL) is theorized to draw upon cognitive resources such as executive functions (EF) in support of planning, monitoring, and control processes in the service of academic goals. Prior work has demonstrated connections between direct measures of EF and reports of regulation behaviors, but this has not been frequently extended using an SRL framework to classroom behaviors and resulting school achievement. We find relations between inhibition and shifting elements of EF and teacher reports of SRL and links between both and student achievement on standardized tests and classroom grades in mathematics and language arts. We also find that links between EF and math achievement are partially mediated through SRL. Our results suggest that aspects of EF can support or may be a bottleneck for SRL and thus academic achievement, and as such, they have implications for cognitive and educational interventions.
Manipulating the Trade‐off Between Quantum Yield and Electrical Conductivity for High‐Brightness Quasi‐2D Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Wang Zhibin , Wang Fuzhi , Sun Wenda , Ni Ruihao , Hu Siqian , Liu Jiyan , Zhang Bing , Alsaed Ahmed , Hayat Tasawar , Tan Zhan'ao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractQuasi‐two‐dimensional (quasi‐2D) perovskites are attracting much attention due to their impressive luminescence properties. However, the introduction of insulating bulky cations reduces the charge transport property of mixed‐dimensional perovskites and leads to lowered brightness and increased turn‐on voltage. The trade‐off between high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and electrical conductivity should be well manipulated to obtain high‐performance perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs). Herein, quasi‐2D perovskite BA2(CsPbBr3)n‐1PbBr4‐PEO with high PLQY and excellent carrier injection efficiency is demonstrated by incorporating bulky n‐butylammonium bromide (BABr), CsPbBr3, and polyethylene oxide (PEO). BA can intercalate into the three‐dimensional perovskite framework to form a layered (quasi‐2D) perovskite structure. The ion conductive polymer PEO is used to protect quasi‐2D perovskite crystals. Additional BABr is removed by using anhydrous isopropyl alcohol as a washing agent due to its selective dissolubility. By carefully modulating the optical and electrical properties of quasi‐2D perovskite films, the maximum luminance of PeLEDs is dramatically enhanced from 191 to 33533 cd m−2, which is the brightest green quasi‐2D PeLED reported thus far, leading to an increase in external quantum efficiency from 1.81% to 8.42%. This work provides a promising route to control the optical and electrical properties of quasi‐2D perovskite films for high‐performance optoelectronic devices.
A Dynamic 3D Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Frameworks with Highly Water Affinity
Authors: Luo Yang‐Hui , He Xiao‐Tong , Hong Dan‐Li , Chen Chen , Chen Fang‐Hui , Jiao Jia , Zhai Li‐Hai , Guo Li‐Hong , Sun Bai‐Wang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOwing to the critical roles it plays for both structure and functionality, hydrogen bonding has high hopes for the orientated applications in hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs). Here in this work, a hydrogen‐bonding strategy is performed for adjusting the structure and functionality of a heme‐like ligand meso‐tetra(carboxy‐phenyl)‐porphyrin (TCPP) with co‐former 1,3‐di(4‐pyridyl) propane (1,3‐DPP). A 3D dynamic HOF TCPP‐1,3–DPP, with permanent porosity is obtained. For this HOF, the two components form novel robust 1D porous stripes, with the 1,3‐DPP molecules acting as the lining for the pores that are confined within the region between adjacent carboxyphenyl moieties of TCPP. This confinement has tuned the affinities of TCPP from hydrophobic into hydrophilic. Interestingly, the 1D stripes are further stacked by weak π…π interactions into a 3D framework, the latter is highly dynamic with 1D stripes sliding back and forth, upon pressurized and water adsorption in the solid‐state under ambient conditions, respectively. The activated TCPP‐1,3–DPP has a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of 258 m2 g−1, and shows a maximum adsorption capacity about 9.8% for water during the adsorption–desorption cycles, demonstrating a promising candidate for the real‐world application in effective dehydration of industrial gases under ambient conditions.
Dynamic Covalent Bond‐Assisted Programmed and Traceless Protein Release: High Loading Nanogel for Systemic and Cytosolic Delivery
Authors: Su Shan , Wang Yao‐Yi , Du Fu‐Sheng , Lu Hua , Li Zi‐Chen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSystemic and cytosolic delivery represents a grand challenge preventing many therapeutic proteins from clinical applications. Despite tremendous progresses in the past decade, most approaches generally lack the ability of triggered traceless protein release, require complicated formulation, and/or yield low protein loading. By using the protein as a crosslinker, here, a simple and general formulation affording protein nanogels (NG) with uniformed sizes and exceptionally high protein loading (>50%) is reported. By using the fine‐tuned bis‐ and monosubstituted maleamic anhydride‐amine chemistry for the crosslinking of the protein and a 4‐armed PEG‐MA4, the NG is implemented with a tandem pH‐programmed and traceless release character. The final NG, CDM‐MA‐NG, is stable under normal physiological conditions and effectively protects the crosslinked cargo cytochrome C from serum fouling, proteolytic and thermal degradation. In vitro, CDM‐MA‐NG exhibits a high level of cellular uptake and potent cancer cell killing only when incubated at pH 6.5, but not 7.4. Systemic administration of CDM‐MA‐NG leads to significantly inhibited tumor growth and extended survival rate. Given the abundance of the amine groups on protein surface, this work describes a universal platform for therapeutic protein formulation, and opens up enormous opportunities for the systemic, cytosolic, and traceless delivery of protein‐based nanomedicines.
Toward Air Stability of Thin GaSe Devices: Avoiding Environmental and Laser‐Induced Degradation by Encapsulation
Authors: Zhao Qinghua , Frisenda Riccardo , Gant Patricia , Perez de Lara David , Munuera Carmen , Garcia‐Hernandez Mar , Niu Yue , Wang Tao , Jie Wanqi , Castellanos‐Gomez Andres 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGallium selenide (GaSe) is a novel 2D material, which belongs to the layered III–VIA semiconductors family and attracted interest recently as it displays single‐photon emitters at room temperature and strong optical nonlinearity. Nonetheless, few‐layer GaSe is not stable under ambient conditions and it tends to degrade over time. Here atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and optoelectronic measurements are combined in photodetectors based on thin GaSe to study its long‐term stability. It is found that the GaSe flakes exposed to air tend to decompose forming first amorphous selenium and Ga2Se3 and subsequently Ga2O3. While the first stage is accompanied by an increase in photocurrent, in the second stage, a decrease in photocurrent is observed, which leads to the final failure of GaSe photodetectors. Additionally, it is found that the encapsulation of the GaSe photodetectors with hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) can protect the GaSe from degradation and can help to achieve long‐term stability of the devices.
Sulfuration of an Fe–N–C Catalyst Containing FexC/Fe Species to Enhance the Catalysis of Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media and for Use in Flexible Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Qiao Yueyang , Yuan Pengfei , Hu Yongfeng , Zhang Jianan , Mu Shichun , Zhou Jihang , Li Hao , Xia Huicong , He Jing , Xu Qun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDuring the preparation of atomically dispersed Fe–N–C catalysts, it is difficult to avoid the formation of iron‐carbide‐containing iron clusters (“FexC/Fe”), along with the desired carbon matrix containing dispersed FeNx sites. As a result, an uncertain amount of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurs, making it difficult to maximize the catalytic efficiency. Herein, sulfuration is used to boost the activity of FexC/Fe, forming an improved system, “FeNC–S–FexC/Fe”, for catalysis involving oxygen. Various spectroscopic techniques are used to define the composition of the active sites, which include Fe–S bonds at the interface of the now‐S‐doped carbon matrix and the FexC/Fe clusters. In addition to outstanding activity in basic media, FeNC–S–FexC/Fe exhibits improved ORR activity and durability in acidic media; its half‐wave potential of 0.821 V outperforms the commercial Pt/C catalyst (20%), and its activity does not decay even after 10 000 cycles. Interestingly, the catalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) simultaneously improves. Thus, FeNC–S–FexC/Fe can be used as a high‐performance bifunctional catalyst in Zn–air batteries. Theoretical calculations and control experiments show that the original FeNx active centers are enhanced by the FexC/Fe clusters and the Fe–S and C–S–C bonds.
A Surface Reconstruction Route to High Productivity and Selectivity in CO2 Electroreduction toward C2+ Hydrocarbons
Authors: Kibria Md Golam , Dinh Cao‐Thang , Seifitokaldani Ali , De Luna Phil , Burdyny Thomas , Quintero‐Bermudez Rafael , Ross Michael B. , Bushuyev Oleksandr S. , García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Yang Peidong , Sinton David , Sargent Edward H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractElectrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO2) is a promising technology to use renewable electricity to convert CO2 into valuable carbon‐based products. For commercial‐scale applications, however, the productivity and selectivity toward multi‐carbon products must be enhanced. A facile surface reconstruction approach that enables tuning of CO2‐reduction selectivity toward C2+ products on a copper‐chloride (CuCl)‐derived catalyst is reported here. Using a novel wet‐oxidation process, both the oxidation state and morphology of Cu surface are controlled, providing uniformity of the electrode morphology and abundant surface active sites. The Cu surface is partially oxidized to form an initial Cu (I) chloride layer which is subsequently converted to a Cu (I) oxide surface. High C2+ selectivity on these catalysts are demonstrated in an H‐cell configuration, in which 73% Faradaic efficiency (FE) for C2+ products is reached with 56% FE for ethylene (C2H4) and overall current density of 17 mA cm‐2. Thereafter, the method into a flow‐cell configuration is translated, which allows operation in a highly alkaline medium for complete suppression of CH4 production. A record C2+ FE of ≈84% and a half‐cell power conversion efficiency of 50% at a partial current density of 336 mA cm‐2 using the reconstructed Cu catalyst are reported.
Mobile Microrobots for Active Therapeutic Delivery
Authors: Erkoc Pelin , Yasa Immihan C. , Ceylan Hakan , Yasa Oncay , Alapan Yunus , Sitti Metin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractRecent advances in the versatility and sophistication of design, fabrication, and control methods of mobile microrobots could have a transforming impact on future healthcare technologies. Self‐propelled or remotely actuated, synthetic, or biohybrid microrobots can navigate to difficult‐to‐reach regions in the human body to deliver therapeutics for microscopically localized medical interventions. Here, recent progress in the design of microrobotic systems concerning therapeutic delivery of drugs, cells, and genetic materials is reported. This perspective prioritizes the design aspects of microrobots for medical cargo loading, navigation in biologically relevant environments, and controlled cargo release. In the final section, future prospects and a discussion on the critical shortcomings for the benchside‐to‐bedside translation of medical microrobots are provided.