bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Victimhood and Heroes and Hierarchies
Authors: Lawther Cheryl 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHierarchies of victimhood are often predicated on distinctions between what Madlingozi (2007) has termed ‘good’ victims and ‘bad’ victims and the question of who can or should be considered a ‘victim’. Chapter 3 argues that the creation of hierarchies of victimhood frequently runs deeper than the demarcation of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ victims. Drawing on the themes of celebration and censure, this chapter offers a new lens through which to understand the construction of hierarchies of victimhood in transitional justice. Structured by three overlapping themes—hierarchies of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ victims; hierarchies and heroes for the cause; and hierarchies and ‘the silence of social opprobrium’—this chapter argues that in the transitional politics of praise and denunciation, the ‘net’ of social control is often tightly calibrated to highlight and celebrate the actions of those victims considered ‘heroes’ within each community and simultaneously exclude—or censure—less comfortable variants of victimhood (Cohen 1985).
Doing Victimhood: Agency, Activism, and the Mobilisation of Empathy
Authors: Lawther Cheryl 
Published: November 2024

AbstractChapter 5 interrogates the intersection between agency and the role of victims’ groups in the construction and politicisation of victimhood in transitional justice. It argues that where victims’ groups compete for empathy on the basis of opposing conceptualisations of victimhood, the practices undertaken and results gained may be profoundly disempowering, ‘trap’ victims in a victim identity, and reinforce polarised understandings of innocence and guilt. Organised into five parts, the chapter begins by tracing the evolution of victims’ groups in Northern Ireland. Using a case study approach, it then analyses how the direct use of individual and collective experiences of harm and the choice to explicitly foreground those experiences in campaigning efforts can be an expression of agency and a form of empowerment. The third, fourth, and fifth parts of the chapter take a more critical turn, interrogating the claim that a ‘victims industry’ exists in Northern Ireland; examining how victims’ groups mobilise empathy through contested ‘repertoires of victimhood’ (de Waardt 2016); and exploring how the intersection between competing mobilisation strategies and the political currency of victimhood can provide a fertile ground for the politicisation of victims’ groups and a trajectory of action that puts victims and survivors at risk of capture and exploitation by victim group leaders. In doing so, this chapter disrupts easy and uncritical assumptions that victim participation promotes enhanced agency and empowerment to bring into view crucial questions concerning politics, power relations, and the positionality of victim group leaders.
Conclusion
Authors: Lawther Cheryl 
Published: November 2024

AbstractChapter 8 concludes the book. It returns to the themes that have been covered and notes the way that they intersect and overlap. Drawing together the findings of the previous chapters, it reflects on the local and global significance of this work. The chapter then ends with a call to move beyond innocence and guilt so as to embrace narrative complexity when seeking to understand the construction, reproduction, and politicisation of victimhood. Doing so is vital to both interrogating what we ‘see’ and ‘hear’ as experiences of victimhood and coming to a more rounded and truly ‘victim-centred’ conceptualisation of harm.
Socialism and International Law: Legacies of Innovation, Contradiction, and Failure
Authors: Grosescu Raluca , Richardson-Little Ned 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
From Eastern Europe to Africa, Asia, and Latin America, socialist states and experts fundamentally shaped progressive ideas of international law: from anti-imperialism, to self-determination, to anti-racism and health as a human right. This introductory chapter argues for closer scrutiny of the role of global socialism in international law making and its role in contesting Eurocentric and liberal-focused approaches. It also invites for a nuanced analysis of the divisions that existed between socialisms from different world regions and across the North–South divide and which were crucial in undermining the creation of a unified global socialist vision of international law. Eastern European states often found it more productive to collaborate with the West while socialist states in the Global South had more in common with other postcolonial states regardless of ideology. Such scrutiny challenges two main meta-narratives of international law history: a Eurocentric canon of liberal progress and an anticolonial and anti-imperial account focusing solely on Third World contestations of the Western international order.
A Socialist Legal Universalism? Cold War Struggles Over International Law
Authors: Gehrig Sebastian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Recent scholarship on the history of international law has challenged the idea that state socialist countries stifled the development of international law until the end of the Cold War. This chapter traces the evolution of state socialist approaches to international law emanating from the Soviet Union since the October Revolution and their reception, adoption, and rejection across the socialist world. Against the often-siloed scholarship on domestic and international law, it argues that state socialist approaches to international law were intrinsically linked to the larger issue of what role law ought to play in the building of socialism and, later, in the maintenance of ‘developed socialism’. This deeper ideological issue of party-state doctrine invariably reflected on the thinking of state socialist legal experts about international law and their concepts of international order and the law governing it in a world changed by decolonization and the Cold War.
Soviet Lawyers and Concepts of Aggression in International Law
Authors: Penn Michelle 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the different ways that Soviet lawyers articulated the concepts of aggression and crimes against peace to both domestic and international audiences. Focusing on the writings of Aron Trainin and Pyotr Romashkin, I argue that although Soviet approaches to the concepts of aggression and crimes against peace varied in their specifics according to both political concerns and evolving ideas in international law, there was a remarkable consistency to Soviet definitions of aggression between the 1930s and 1960s. This constancy was likely in part due to Soviet propaganda about the inherent peacefulness of socialist states, which made the concept of aggression more foundational to Soviet understandings of international law than other crimes. While the Soviet definitions of genocide and crimes against humanity changed with the international developments of the postwar period, aggression remained the criminal offence underlying essentially all international atrocities throughout the mid-twentieth century in Soviet international law.
Health as a Human Right and Eastern European Anticolonialism
Authors: Iacob Bogdan C 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores the contributions of state socialist regimes to the codification of health as a human right. Their representatives’ interventions are ascertained at the intersection between the drafting of international law (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) and activities at the World Health Organization. Eastern European experts connected health as a human right to self-determination, anti-racism, and ideas about state-managed, national medical services with the widest possible access for a country’s population. The chapter underlines the multipolar geography of these debates: Latin American and postcolonial states had an essential role in the codification of the right; the West too was not a monolith, just as state socialism was not. Eastern European experts and their allies consolidated health as a human right by making it interdependent with other rights—a legacy for the post-Cold War years.
Protecting Culture Through International Law in the Postwar World
Authors: Bekus Nelly 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the contribution of Eastern European socialist states to the formation of the international protection of culture in the context of armed conflicts after the Second World War. Drawing on archival materials from international institutions and national governments, the chapter scrutinizes three acts of international lawmaking: the Nuremberg Trials, the 1948 Genocide Convention, and the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The chapter argues that the experience of Nazi occupation was deployed by various Eastern Europe states to reinforce the ideological battle against racism and Western colonialism, while countries from the same region, formerly aligned with the Axis, used socialist ideas to reinvent their international status. The development of a new regime of protection of culture reiterated major strains of conflicting interests in a Cold War order, but it also facilitated common initiatives between the East, the West, and the Third World.
Socialist Internationalism and Decolonizing Moralities in the UN Anti-Trafficking Regime, 1947–54
Authors: Dolinsek Sonja , Hetherington Philippa 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the late 1940s, state socialist governments proclaimed that commercial sex did not exist under socialism. At the same time, they were enthusiastic participants in the drafting of a new UN Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others. This chapter explores state socialist involvement in the global moral reform drive accompanying the 1949 Convention. It traces the ideological coherence between Socialist Bloc and ‘Western’ delegations on the desirability of prostitution’s abolition. Conversely, it highlights splits on issues of jurisdiction, manifesting in the Soviet call for the eradication of the draft Convention’s ‘colonial clause’, which allowed states to adhere to or withdraw from international instruments on behalf of ‘non-self-governing territories’. It is argued that critiques of the colonial clause discursively stitched together global moral reform and opposition to imperialism, according socialist and newly decolonized delegations an ideological win in the early Cold War.
Terrorists, Revolutionaries, and Migrants: Cold War Conflicts and Convergences over International Air Hijacking Law
Authors: Richardson-Little Ned 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
State socialist Eastern Europe played a significant role in decolonizing aviation law but also in cementing the hijacking of civilian aircraft as a serious international crime that required prosecution or extradition. Motivated by fears of mass illicit emigration, Eastern Bloc states took an extremely hard line against hijacking—even when committed by ideological allies. As a result, alliances in the negotiations of international conventions against hijacking were ever shifting. The Eastern Bloc at times allied with the Global South against the West to make international law less colonial and more universally accessible, and at others allied with their Western capitalist rivals to try to eliminate the possibility of hijackers claiming asylum. The particular concerns of the Eastern Bloc about illicit emigration created a rift with Global South states, especially socialist states, which prioritized protecting national liberation movements that engaged in hijacking from prosecution as terrorists.
Christology and the Logic of Grace in Fifth-Century Gaul
Authors: Fairbairn Donald 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Scholarly treatments of the ‘Semi-Pelagian Controversy’ give very little attention to the connection between Christology and grace in the thought of the fifth-century Gallic writers, but in fact, John Cassian, Vincent of Lérins, Prosper of Aquitaine, and Faustus of Riez all wrote against Nestorianism as well as writing on grace. The southern Gallic writers saw Nestorius as claiming that Christ was a man united to the Word by virtue of his merits. In contrast, these writers insisted, like Augustine, that we must understand Christ as the Word himself who has come down to live as a man for our salvation, and thus the Christology of both Augustine and the Gallic writers was Cyrillian/Chalcedonian, not ‘Antiochene’. But in spite of this similar Christology, the Gallic writers reasoned from Christology to grace differently than Augustine. Beginning with the inability of fallen humanity to accomplish salvation, Augustine reasoned from the Fall to predestination, and then to the particular aspects of grace in the lives of the elect, with little attention to more general effects of the Incarnation for all human beings. In contrast, the Gallic writers reasoned from the Fall to the Incarnation, and on the basis of this reasoning they emphasized the universal effects of the Incarnation on all, as well as the particular effects on individual Christians. The Gallic writers should not be called ‘Semi-Pelagian’, because they, like Augustine, stressed the priority of divine grace in salvation. But they secured this priority through their treatment of the Incarnation, not through a particular understanding of predestination.
Introduction
Authors: Fairbairn Donald 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Introduction surveys scholarship on the ‘Semi-Pelagian Controversy’ in order to show that whereas older scholarship adopted a paradigm of degrees of emphasis on divine and human action in order to distinguish the Gallic writers from Augustine, newer scholarship has identified many different factors in the discussion. The survey also notes the relative lack of attention to Christology in the interpretation of that discussion and explains the way this study will build on the work of Fairbairn, Casiday, and Jaros that does give some attention to the relation between Christology and grace. The Introduction also includes a brief overview of the relation between grace and Christology in the thought of Theodore and Nestorius, as well as a survey of the Nestorian controversy itself, as background to the reflections of the Gallic writers on ‘Nestorianism’. Key terms such as ‘Nestorianism’, ‘Pelagianism’, ‘non-Augustinian’ (as opposed to ‘anti-Augustinian’ or ‘anti-Augustine’) are explained.
Leporius
Authors: Fairbairn Donald 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks in detail at Leporius’s Libellus emendationis in order to explore the connections between ‘Pelagian’ ideas and proto-‘Nestorian’ ones in the thought of the pre-correction Leporius. Before his correction, Leporius saw Christ as a man united to the Word, and there are also indications that he saw salvation as an upward ascent of humankind to God. In sharp contrast, under the correction of Augustine and others, the monk began to see Christ as the Word himself who had become human, and to see salvation in terms of the downward action of God to the human sphere. There is no indication of whether Leporius would have followed Augustine in linking the predestination of the man Christ to the predestination of Christians, but Leporian thought, along with that of Augustine, is a key component of the background to the Gallic writers on whom the study will concentrate.
Conclusion
Authors: Fairbairn Donald 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This work has demonstrated that the Christology of the Gallic writers, like that of Augustine, was not ‘Antiochene’ but was anti-‘Nestorian’ and broadly Cyrillian/Chalcedonian. In spite of this broad agreement on Christology, however, the Gallic writers diverged significantly from Augustine on charitology. Nevertheless, this does not mean that Christology and grace are unrelated issues. Instead, the issues are connected, but the Gallic writers reasoned from the Fall to the Incarnation and then to grace, whereas Augustine reasoned from the Fall to predestination and then to the Incarnation. The connections described in this study imply that further work may need to be done on subsequent charitological developments in Gaul (especially the Second Council of Orange), and it may also be fruitful to explore the connections between the Gallic conception of Christology and grace outlined here and the understanding of the same issues in other regions of the patristic church. The ‘Gallic’ conception may not have been merely regional but may have been common to other parts of the church as well.
Comparative legal teaching in eighteenth-century Oxford: an analysis of Thomas Bever’s Appendix to his lectures
Authors: Korporowicz Łukasz Jan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the 1760s and 1770s, Thomas Bever, a once-eminent but today nearly-forgotten English civilian, was delivering a course of lectures devoted to civil law at Oxford. The final part of those lectures, known as the Appendix, was of a different character from the earlier parts. In the Appendix Bever discussed the development of the law and constitution of 15 European countries. His description was an attempt to compare different systems and to abstract general legal concepts common to different countries. Along with other issues, Bever was specifically interested in abstracting the common roots of medieval feudalism. The analysis offered in this article is the result of archival investigation comparing two different versions of Bever’s lecture notes. The main objective of the article is to reconstruct Bever’s narrative, together with analysing his methodology and the intellectual framework of his work. This investigation reveals the intricacies of the legal education offered at Oxford in the second half of the eighteenth century.
CMTT-JTracker: a fully test-time adaptive framework serving automated cell lineage construction
Authors: Chen Liuyin , Fu Sanyuan , Zhang Zijun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Cell tracking is an essential function needed in automated cellular activity monitoring. In practice, processing methods striking a balance between computational efficiency and accuracy as well as demonstrating robust generalizability across diverse cell datasets are highly desired. This paper develops a central-metric fully test-time adaptive framework for cell tracking (CMTT-JTracker). Firstly, a CMTT mechanism is designed for the pre-segmentation of cell images, which enables extracting target information at different resolutions without additional training. Next, a multi-task learning network with the spatial attention scheme is developed to simultaneously realize detection and re-identification tasks based on features extracted by CMTT. Experimental results demonstrate that the CMTT-JTracker exhibits remarkable biological and tracking performance compared with benchmarking tracking methods. It achieves a multiple object tracking accuracy (MOTA) of $0.894$ on Fluo-N2DH-SIM+ and a MOTA of $0.850$ on PhC-C2DL-PSC. Experimental results further confirm that the CMTT applied solely as a segmentation unit outperforms the SOTA segmentation benchmarks on various datasets, particularly excelling in scenarios with dense cells. The Dice coefficients of the CMTT range from a high of $0.928$ to a low of $0.758$ across different datasets.
Three-dimensional tissue engineered skeletal muscle modelling facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: Franken Marnix , van der Wal Erik , Zheng Dongxu , den Hamer Bianca , van der Vliet Patrick J , Lemmers Richard J L F , van den Heuvel Anita , Dorn Alexandra L , Duivenvoorden Cas G A , in’t Groen Stijn L M , Freund Christian , Eussen Bert , Tawil Rabi , van Engelen Baziel G M , Pijnappel Pim W W M P , van der Maarel Silvère M , de Greef Jessica C 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by sporadic misexpression of the transcription factor double homeobox 4 (DUX4) in skeletal muscles. So far, monolayer cultures and animal models have been used to study the FSHD disease mechanism and for FSHD therapy development, but these models do not fully recapitulate the disease and there is a lack of knowledge on how DUX4 misexpression leads to skeletal muscle dysfunction.
To overcome these barriers, we have developed a three-dimensional tissue engineered skeletal muscle (3D-TESM) model by generating genetically matched myogenic progenitors (MPs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells of three mosaic FSHD patients.
3D-TESMs derived from genetically affected MPs recapitulate pathological features including DUX4 and DUX4 target gene expression, smaller myofiber diameters, and reduced absolute forces upon electrical stimulation. RNA sequencing data illustrates increased expression of DUX4 target genes in 3D-TESMs compared to two-dimensional (2D) myotubes, and cellular differentiation was improved by 3D culture conditions. Treatment of 3D-TESMs with three different small molecules identified in drug development screens in 2D muscle cultures showed no improvements, and sometimes even declines, in contractile force and sarcomere organization. These results suggest that these compounds either have a detrimental effect on the formation of 3D-TESMs, an effect that might have been overlooked or was challenging to detect in 2D cultures and in vivo models, and/or that further development of the 3D-TESM model is needed.
In conclusion, we have developed a 3D skeletal muscle model for FSHD that can be employed for preclinical research focusing on DUX4 expression and downstream pathways of FSHD in relation to contractile properties. In the future, we expect that this model can also be used for preclinical drug screening.
Bleeding risk using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with anticoagulants after venous thromboembolism: a nationwide Danish study
Authors: Petersen Søren Riis , Bonnesen Kasper , Grove Erik Lerkevang , Pedersen Lars , Schmidt Morten 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
The bleeding risk of using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients treated with oral anticoagulants for venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains unclear.

Methods
A nationwide cohort study of 51 794 VTE patients initiating oral anticoagulants between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2022 was conducted. Time-dependent multivariate cause-specific Cox regression was used to compute adjusted hazard ratios between NSAID use and hospital-diagnosed bleeding episodes.

Results
Event rates for any bleeding per 100 person-years were 3.5 [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.4–3.7] during periods without NSAID use and 6.3 (95% CI, 5.1–7.9) during periods with NSAID use (number needed to harm = 36 patients treated for 1 year). Compared with non-use, the adjusted hazard ratios for any bleeding associated with NSAID use were 2.09 (95% CI, 1.67–2.62) overall, 1.79 (95% CI, 1.36–2.36) for ibuprofen, 3.30 (95% CI, 1.82–5.97) for diclofenac, and 4.10 (95% CI, 2.13–7.91) for naproxen. Compared with non-use, the adjusted hazard ratios associated with NSAID use were 2.24 (95% CI, 1.61–3.11) for gastrointestinal bleeding, 3.22 (95% CI, 1.69–6.14) for intracranial bleeding, 1.36 (95% CI, .67–2.77) for thoracic and respiratory tract bleeding, 1.57 (95% CI, .98–2.51) for urinary tract bleeding, and 2.99 (95% CI, 1.45–6.18) for anaemia caused by bleeding. Results were consistent for anticoagulant and VTE subtypes.

Conclusions
Patients treated with oral anticoagulants for VTE had a more than two-fold increased bleeding rate when using NSAIDs. This increased bleeding rate was not restricted to the gastrointestinal tract.