bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Focusing Energy-Critical Nonlinear Wave Equation With Random Initial Data
Authors: Kenig Carlos , Mendelson Dana 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We consider the focusing energy-critical quintic nonlinear wave equation in 3D Euclidean space. It is known that this equation admits a one-parameter family of radial stationary solutions, called solitons, which can be viewed as a curve in $ \dot H^s_x({{\mathbb{R}}}^3) \times H^{s-1}_x({{\mathbb{R}}}^3)$, for any $s&gt; 1/2$. By randomizing radial initial data in $ \dot H^s_x({{\mathbb{R}}}^3) \times H^{s-1}_x({{\mathbb{R}}}^3)$ for $s&gt; 5/6$, which also satisfy a certain weighted Sobolev condition, we produce with high probability a family of radial perturbations of the soliton that give rise to global forward-in-time solutions of the focusing nonlinear wave equation that scatter after subtracting a dynamically modulated soliton. Our proof relies on a new randomization procedure using distorted Fourier projections associated to the linearized operator around a fixed soliton. To our knowledge, this is the 1st long-time random data existence result for a focusing wave or dispersive equation on Euclidean space outside the small data regime.
Basepoint Free Cycles on 0n from Gromov–Witten Theory
Authors: Belkale P , Gibney A 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Basepoint free cycles on the moduli space $\overline{\operatorname{M}}_{0,n}$ of stable $n$-pointed rational curves, defined using Gromov–Witten invariants of smooth projective homogeneous spaces are introduced and studied. Intersection formulas to find classes are given. Gromov–Witten divisors for projective space are shown equivalent to conformal blocks divisors for type A at level 1.
Quadratic Twists of Abelian Varieties With Real Multiplication
Authors: Shnidman Ari 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Let $F$ be a totally real number field and $A/F$ an abelian variety with real multiplication (RM) by the ring of integers $\mathcal {O}$ of a totally real field. Assuming $A$ admits an $\mathcal {O}$-linear 3-isogeny over $F$, we prove that a positive proportion of the quadratic twists $A_d$ have rank 0. If moreover $A$ is principally polarized and $III(A_d)$ is finite, then a positive proportion of $A_d$ have $\mathcal {O}$-rank $1$. Our proofs make use of the geometry-of-numbers methods from our previous work with Bhargava, Klagsbrun, and Lemke Oliver and develop them further in the case of RM. We quantify these results for $A/\mathbb {Q}$ of prime level, using Mazur’s study of the Eisenstein ideal. For example, suppose $p \equiv 10$ or $19 \pmod {27}$, and let $A$ be the unique optimal quotient of $J_0(p)$ with a rational point $P$ of order 3. We prove that at least $25\%$ of twists $A_d$ have rank 0 and the average $\mathcal {O}$-rank of $A_d(F)$ is at most 7/6. Using the presence of two different 3-isogenies in this case, we also prove that roughly $1/8$ of twists of the quotient $A/\langle P\rangle$ have nontrivial 3-torsion in their Tate–Shafarevich groups.
Combination of Azithromycin and Gentamicin for Efficient Treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
Authors: Ren Huan , Liu Yiwei , Zhou Jingyi , Long Yuqing , Liu Chang , Xia Bin , Shi Jing , Fan Zheng , Liang Yuying , Chen Shuiping , Xu Jun , Wang Penghua , Zhang Yanhong , Zhu Guangbo , Liu Huimin , Jin Yongxin , Bai Fang , Cheng Zhihui , Jin Shouguang , Wu Weihui 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Trans-translation is a ribosome rescue system that plays an important role in bacterial tolerance to environmental stresses. It is absent in animals, making it a potential treatment target. However, its role in antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains unknown.

Methods
The role and activity of trans-translation during antibiotic treatment were examined with a trans-translation–deficient strain and a genetically modified trans-translation component gene, respectively. In vitro assays and murine infection models were used to examine the effects of suppression of trans-translation.

Results
We found that the trans-translation system plays an essential role in P. aeruginosa tolerance to azithromycin and multiple aminoglycoside antibiotics. We further demonstrated that gentamicin could suppress the azithromycin-induced activation of trans-translation. Compared with each antibiotic individually, gentamicin and azithromycin combined increased the killing efficacy against planktonic and biofilm-associated P. aeruginosa cells, including a reference strain PA14 and its isogenic carbapenem-resistance oprD mutant, the mucoid strain FRD1, and multiple clinical isolates. Furthermore, the gentamicin-azithromycin resulted in improved bacterial clearance in murine acute pneumonia, biofilm implant, and cutaneous abscess infection models.

Conclusions
Combination treatment with gentamicin and azithromycin is a promising strategy in combating P. aeruginosa infections.
A Practical Guide to Sliding and Surface Semilandmarks in Morphometric Analyses
Authors: Bardua C , Felice R N , Watanabe A , Fabre A -C , Goswami A 
Published: July 2019

SynopsisAdvances in imaging technologies, such as computed tomography (CT) and surface scanning, have facilitated the rapid generation of large datasets of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) specimen reconstructions in recent years. The wealth of phenotypic information available from these datasets has the potential to inform our understanding of morphological variation and evolution. However, the ever-increasing ease of compiling 3D datasets has created an urgent need for sophisticated methods of capturing high-density shape data that reflect the biological complexity in form. Landmarks often do not take full advantage of the rich shape information available from high-resolution 3D specimen reconstructions, as they are typically restricted to sutures or processes that can be reliably identified across specimens and exclude most of the surface morphology. The development of sliding and surface semilandmark techniques has greatly enhanced the quantification of shape, but their application to diverse datasets can be challenging, especially when dealing with the variable absence of some regions within a structure. Using comprehensive 3D datasets of crania that span the entire clades of birds, squamates and caecilians, we demonstrate methods for capturing morphology across incredibly diverse shapes. We detail many of the difficulties associated with applying semilandmarks to comparable regions across highly disparate structures, and provide solutions to some of these challenges, while considering the consequences of decisions one makes in applying these approaches. Finally, we analyze the benefits of high-density sliding semilandmark approaches over landmark-only studies for capturing shape across diverse organisms and discuss the promise of these approaches for the study of organismal form.
User stories as lightweight requirements for agile clinical decision support development
Authors: Kannan Vaishnavi , Basit Mujeeb A , Bajaj Puneet , Carrington Angela R , Donahue Irma B , Flahaven Emily L , Medford Richard , Melaku Tsedey , Moran Brett A , Saldana Luis E , Willett Duwayne L , Youngblood Josh E , Toomay Seth M 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to demonstrate applicability of user stories, progressively elaborated by testable acceptance criteria, as lightweight requirements for agile development of clinical decision support (CDS).Materials and MethodsUser stories employed the template: As a [type of user], I want [some goal] so that [some reason]. From the “so that” section, CDS benefit measures were derived. Detailed acceptance criteria were elaborated through ensuing conversations. We estimated user story size with “story points,” and depicted multiple user stories with a use case diagram or feature breakdown structure. Large user stories were split to fit into 2-week iterations.ResultsOne example user story was: As a rheumatologist, I want to be advised if my patient with rheumatoid arthritis is not on a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD), so that they receive optimal therapy and can experience symptom improvement. This yielded a process measure (DMARD use), and an outcome measure (Clinical Disease Activity Index). Following implementation, the DMARD nonuse rate decreased from 3.7% to 1.4%. Patients with a high Clinical Disease Activity Index improved from 13.7% to 7%. For a thromboembolism prevention CDS project, diagrams organized multiple user stories.DiscussionUser stories written in the clinician’s voice aid CDS governance and lead naturally to measures of CDS effectiveness. Estimation of relative story size helps plan CDS delivery dates. User stories prove to be practical even on larger projects.ConclusionsUser stories concisely communicate the who, what, and why of a CDS request, and serve as lightweight requirements for agile development to meet the demand for increasingly diverse CDS.
Skeletal response to whole body vibration and dietary calcium and phosphorus in growing pigs
Authors: Huseman Chelsie J , Sigler Dennis H , Welsh Thomas H , Suva Larry J , Vogelsang Martha M , Dominguez Brandon J , Huggins Shannon , Paulk Chad 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe quality and strength of the skeleton is regulated by mechanical loading and adequate mineral intake of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). Whole body vibration (WBV) has been shown to elicit adaptive responses in the skeleton, such as increased bone mass and strength. This experiment was designed to determine the effects of WBV and dietary Ca and P on bone microarchitecture and turnover. A total of 26 growing pigs were utilized in a 60-d experiment. Pigs were randomly assigned within group to a 2 × 2 factorial design with dietary Ca and P concentration (low and adequate) as well as WBV. The adequate diet was formulated to meet all nutritional needs according to the NRC recommendations for growing pigs. Low Ca, P diets had 0.16% lower Ca and 0.13% lower P than the adequate diet. Pigs receiving WBV were vibrated 30 min/d, 3 d/wk at a magnitude of 1 to 2 mm and a frequency of 50 Hz. On days 0, 30, and 60, digital radiographs were taken to determine bone mineral content by radiographic bone aluminum equivalency (RBAE) and serum was collected to measure biochemical markers of bone formation (osteocalcin, OC) and bone resorption (carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks, CTX-I). At day 60, pigs were euthanized and the left third metacarpal bone was excised for detailed analysis by microcomputed tomography (microCT) to measure trabecular microarchitecture and cortical bone geometry. Maximum RBAE values for the medial or lateral cortices were not affected (P > 0.05) by WBV. Pigs fed adequate Ca and P tended (P = 0.10) to have increased RBAE max values for the medial and lateral cortices. WBV pigs had significantly decreased serum CTX-1 concentrations (P = 0.044), whereas animals fed a low Ca and P diet had increased (P < 0.05) OC concentrations. In bone, WBV pigs showed a significantly lower trabecular number (P = 0.002) and increased trabecular separation (P = 0.003), whereas cortical bone parameters were not significantly altered by WBV or diet (P > 0.05). In summary, this study confirmed the normal physiological responses of the skeleton to a low Ca, P diet. Interestingly, although the WBV protocol utilized in this study did not elicit any significant osteogenic response, decreases in CTX-1 in response to WBV may have been an early local adaptive bone response. We interpret these data to suggest that the frequency and amplitude of WBV was likely sufficient to elicit a bone remodeling response, but the duration of the study may not have captured the full extent of an entire bone remodeling cycle.
QTLs Associated with Resistance to Cardiomyopathy Syndrome in Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Boison Solomon , Ding Jingwen , Leder Erica , Gjerde Bjarne , Bergtun Per Helge , Norris Ashie , Baranski Matthew , Robinson Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) caused by piscine myocarditis virus is a major disease affecting the Norwegian Atlantic salmon industry. Three different populations of Atlantic salmon from the Mowi breeding program were used in this study. The first 2 populations (population 1 and 2) were naturally infected in a field outbreak, while the third population (population 3) went through a controlled challenged test. The aim of the study was to estimate the heritability, the genetic correlation between populations and perform genome-wide association analysis for resistance to this disease. Survival data from population 1 and 2 and heart atrium histology score data from population 3 was analyzed. A total of 571, 4312, and 901 fish from population 1, 2, and 3, respectively were genotyped with a noncommercial 55,735 Affymetrix marker panel. Genomic heritability ranged from 0.12 to 0.46 and the highest estimate was obtained from the challenge test dataset. The genetic correlation between populations was moderate (0.51–0.61). Two chromosomal regions (SSA27 and SSA12) contained single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with resistance to CMS. The highest association signal (P = 6.9751 × 10−27) was found on chromosome 27. Four genes with functional roles affecting viral resistance (magi1, pi4kb, bnip2, and ha1f) were found to map closely to the identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In conclusion, genetic variation for resistance to CMS was observed in all 3 populations. Two important quantitative trait loci were detected which together explain half of the total genetic variance, suggesting strong potential application for marker-assisted selection and genomic predictions to improve CMS resistance.
The CETA Opinion of the European Court of Justice and its Implications—Not that Selfish After All
Authors: Riffel Christian 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In Opinion 1/17, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) found the investment court system compatible with European Union (EU) law. The ruling concerned the mechanism in the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) but the Court’s reasoning is equally applicable to other investment courts as established, for example, in the EU’s investment protection agreements with Singapore and Vietnam. This outcome was far from clear, given that in the past the accession to international dispute settlement bodies regularly foundered on the autonomy of the EU legal order. The present article parses the CETA Opinion and explores its implications. It particularly focuses on autonomy as a constitutional principle and its advancement in Opinion 1/17. Importantly, the ECJ accepted the superiority of a court created by international agreement in relation to the said agreement. Furthermore, it clarified that it is not prerequisite for the Court to rule first on the meaning to be given to an act of EU law before that act can be the subject matter of an investment dispute. Finally, the pdrerogative of the EU to autonomously set the level of protection of a public welfare goal must be secured in a treaty for the EU to join it.
The Colonization of Necrophagous Larvae Accelerates the Decomposition of Chicken Carcass and the Emission of Volatile Attractants for Blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Recinos-Aguilar Yensy María , García-García Maria Dolores , Malo Edi A , Cruz-López Leopoldo , Rojas Julio C 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe decomposition of a living being involves a series of changes produced by a number of interacting abiotic and biotic factors. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the colonization of blowflies on the decomposition of chicken carcasses and on the emission of sulfur compounds. The loss of the mass of carcasses and the release rate of sulfur compounds were compared for 30 d in chicken carcasses with and without blowflies in field conditions. The tissue degradation was slower in the carcasses without insects compared to those colonized by blowflies. The decomposition stages of fresh, bloated, active decay, and advanced decay were observed in the carcasses without flies; while the decomposition stages of fresh, active decay, advanced decay, and dry remains were identified in carcasses with flies. Two sulfur compounds, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, were present during the entire decomposition process. The emission of these compounds is not directly associated with the presence of the blowflies’ immature stages during the whole decomposition process. However, in cadavers with insects, the highest emission of both compounds occurred in day 2, while in cadavers without insects, the peak of emission was observed in day 4. In addition, the presence of the larval stages I and II of Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1842) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and Cochliomyia macellaria Fabricius, 1775 (Diptera: Calliphoridae) matched with the peak of emission of both compounds.
Dietary and Exercise Interventions for Pediatric Oncology Patients: The Way Forward
Authors: Esbenshade Adam J , Ness Kirsten K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This review focuses on diet and exercise interventions that have been conducted in pediatric cancer and pediatric stem cell transplant patients. It examines the different reasons for conducting lifestyle interventions with attention to the different outcome measurements and feasibility of these measures with an argument toward a need for standardization to move the field forward.
Treaty-Making at the United Nations
Authors: Mathias Stephen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Beginning in the mid-1970s, the UN General Assembly conducted a review of the multilateral treaty-making process. A 1980 Report of the Secretary-General on this review concluded that there was “extensive diversity” among the various procedures that had been utilized in treaty-making processes, including whether such processes made use of established entities or were ad hoc in nature, the extent to which this involved expert or representative bodies, and the extent of the involvement of the General Assembly. The only generalization that was seen to be possible was that such processes almost always involved a multistage process. This chapter assesses the conclusions of the Secretary-General’s 1980 Report in light of the practice of the intervening years, focusing, in particular, on the role of the Secretariat in the treaty-making process, and adopting for the purposes of its analysis the five stages in the multilateral treaty-making process as identified in the Secretary-General’s 1980 Report: initiation of treaty-making, formulation of multilateral treaties, adoption of multilateral treaties, post-adoption concerns, and supplementing and updating treaties. This chapter also briefly discusses other treaty-making activities of the Secretariat.
The Place of Treaties in the Codification and Progressive Development of International Law
Authors: Gaja Georgio 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Codification of international law may be pursued by various methods. This contribution analyzes advantages and disadvantages of codification conventions. Treaties defined as codification conventions express customary rules in a revised form. They often contain provisions that cover matters not previously regulated or that supplement or specify existing rules. Whether a treaty displaces a customary rule in the relations between the states that are parties generally is a matter of interpretation of the relevant treaty. The limited number of ratifications of codification conventions that have entered into force raises problems concerning the relations between these conventions and customary rules. The present contribution also examines the consideration by the International Court of Justice of the relations between codification conventions and customary rules. In many cases, the Court has not provided reasons for concluding that the content of the customary rule corresponds to that of a provision in the codification convention. In recent years, the General Assembly has often chosen not to promote a codification convention, but there is no good reason for abandoning recourse to an instrument that has significantly contributed to the development of international law in several areas.
Environment and Sustainable Development
Authors: Cordonier Segger Marie-Claire , Harrington Alexandra 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the UN contributions to treaty-making in practice on the environment and sustainable development. It begins with a brief survey of the crafting and “clustering” of multilateral environmental agreements as international responses to emerging global environmental problems. Specifically, this chapter considers the role of the UN in this process, focusing on successive waves of treaty-making over recent decades. It suggests that the UN has played a very important role in negotiations in this field, and continues to serve as a crucial and valuable actor in the implementation and refinement of these treaties and the broader problem-based clusters, in spite of very limited resources. This chapter identifies several key treaties that address a selection of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs,) leading to a concluding consideration of how international accords in this field are, in turn, contributing to the UN Charter. It suggests that, without the UN-facilitated treaties, many SDGs could be considered “hollow,” dependent on voluntary collaborations, and devoid of reliable regimes to achieve their targets. Not all relationships are equally integrated. Fragmentation, duplication, unintended overlapping of obligations or even conflicts may exist. As international governance becomes more sophisticated and complex, these interrelated instruments can be negotiated, implemented, and interactionally refined across multiple nested levels. To this end, this chapter argues that adoption of the SDGs may support greater coherence across the UN system.
Trade and Development
Authors: Mbengue Makane Moïse 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyzes the UN’s contribution to the field of trade and development. Despite UN treaty-making being scarce in this area, the Organization has played a decisive role in the building and shaping of the multilateral trading system. In particular, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has allowed for a better integration of developmental concerns within multilateral trade. In addition to these aspects of direct influence by the UN, it has also had some indirect impact on the construction of the jurisprudence in the context of the WTO dispute settlement system.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Kwakwa Edward 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The international intellectual property (IP) system remains one of the areas of law in which norm-setting through the treaty method is at its most prolific. This chapter discusses the trend of prolific treaty-making in IP, a trend that is at variance with the generally slow pace of treaty-making in other areas of international law. It reviews norm-setting through treaty-making in the IP field and discusses the historical and political forces that have shaped the international IP system today. The IP system nevertheless needs to adopt non-treaty means of norm-setting or international cooperation. Certain platforms and other non-treaty means are in vogue now and will likely increasingly be used in the IP setting. This chapter also describes some of the new and innovative means of non-treaty forms of international cooperation in the IP arena, and ends with the prediction that the multilateral system of cooperation in IP will continue to be enhanced through a combination of treaty and non-treaty forms of collaboration.