bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) in Britain: Re-assessment of its Status as a Roman Archaeophyte
Authors: Jarman R. , Hazell Z. , Campbell G. , Webb J. , Chambers F.M. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTThe Roman period sees the introduction of many new plants and animals into Britain, with a profound impact on people's experience of their environment. Sweet chestnut is considered to be one such introduction, for which records of sweet chestnut wood and charcoal from archaeological excavations of Romano-British period contexts have been used as evidence. This paper reviews the records for sweet chestnut in Britain pre-a.d. 650, by critically evaluating original excavation reports and examining archived specimens. This review re-assesses the original identifications of sweet chestnut and/or their dating and concludes that most of the evidence that justified sweet chestnut's status as a Roman archaeophyte is untenable. The review emphasises the importance of securely identifying and directly dating plant material and of long-term curation by museums and archives. The Supplementary Material online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X19000011) contains details of all published records of finds of sweet chesnut.
Anglican Theology in the Midst of a Migration Crisis
Authors: Zink Jesse 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis article explores what Anglicanism may have to say to a world struggling with a ‘migration crisis’. It begins with the story of the nineteenth-century African martyr, Bernard Mizeki, who was both a migrant and, as a missionary, a place-maker. Using three pairs of words – place and displacement, guest and host, and journey and destination – the article connects Anglicanism’s historic emphasis on parishes and the Incarnation to contemporary thinking on migration. It argues that eschatological thinking is necessary so Christians can consider what sort of destination they offer in their communal life. It concludes by urging more study of the relationship between migration, Anglican identity, and Christian being in the world.
Targeting growth hormone function: strategies and therapeutic applications
Authors: Lu Man , Flanagan Jack U. , Langley Ries J. , Hay Michael P. , Perry Jo K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHuman growth hormone (GH) is a classical pituitary endocrine hormone that is essential for normal postnatal growth and has pleiotropic effects across multiple physiological systems. GH is also expressed in extrapituitary tissues and has localized autocrine/paracrine effects at these sites. In adults, hypersecretion of GH causes acromegaly, and strategies that block the release of GH or that inhibit GH receptor (GHR) activation are the primary forms of medical therapy for this disease. Overproduction of GH has also been linked to cancer and the microvascular complications that are associated with diabetes. However, studies to investigate the therapeutic potential of GHR antagonism in these diseases have been limited, most likely due to difficulty in accessing therapeutic tools to study the pharmacology of the receptor in vivo. This review will discuss current and emerging strategies for antagonizing GH function and the potential disease indications.
The pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member Harakiri (HRK) induces cell death in glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Kaya-Aksoy Ezgi , Cingoz Ahmet , Senbabaoglu Filiz , Seker Fidan , Sur-Erdem Ilknur , Kayabolen Alisan , Lokumcu Tolga , Sahin Gizem Nur , Karahuseyinoglu Sercin , Bagci-Onder Tugba 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHarakiri (HRK) is a BH3-only protein of the Bcl-2 family and regulates apoptosis by interfering with anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins. While its function is mainly characterized in the nervous system, its role in tumors is ill-defined with few studies demonstrating HRK silencing in tumors. In this study, we investigated the role of HRK in the most aggressive primary brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). We showed that HRK is differentially expressed among established GBM cell lines and that HRK overexpression can induce apoptosis in GBM cells at different levels. This phenotype can be blocked by forced expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, suggesting the functional interaction of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL and HRK in tumor cells. Moreover, HRK overexpression cooperates with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a known tumor-specific pro-apoptotic agent. Besides, secondary agents that augment TRAIL response, such as the histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275, significantly increases HRK expression. In addition, GBM cell response to TRAIL and MS-275 can be partly abolished by HRK silencing. Finally, we showed that HRK induction suppresses tumor growth in orthotopic GBM models in vivo, leading to increased survival. Taken together, our results suggest that HRK expression is associated with GBM cell apoptosis and increasing HRK activity in GBM tumors might offer new therapeutic approaches.
Three cell deaths and a funeral: macrophage clearance of cells undergoing distinct modes of cell death
Authors: Klöditz Katharina , Fadeel Bengt 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMacrophage clearance of apoptotic cells has been extensively investigated, but less is known regarding the clearance of cells dying by other forms of programmed cell death, e.g., necroptosis or ferroptosis. Here, we established a model of three different cell deaths using the same cell line and the occurrence of distinct cell death modalities was verified by using the specific inhibitors, zVAD-fmk, necrostatin-1, and ferrostatin-1, respectively. Cell death was characterized by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the gold standard for the demarcation of different cell death modalities. Moreover, using annexin V as a probe, we could detect surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) in all three types of cell death, and this was confirmed by using specific anti-PS antibodies. We then co-cultured the cells with human monocyte-derived macrophages and found that cells dying by all three death modalities were engulfed by macrophages. Macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells was more efficient when compared to necroptotic and ferroptotic cells with multiple internalized target cells per macrophage, as shown by TEM. We propose that clearance of dying cells also should be taken into account in the classification of different cell death modalities.
Oxytocin pathway gene networks in the human brain
Authors: Quintana Daniel S. , Rokicki Jaroslav , van der Meer Dennis , Alnæs Dag , Kaufmann Tobias , Córdova-Palomera Aldo , Dieset Ingrid , Andreassen Ole A. , Westlye Lars T. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOxytocin is a neuropeptide involved in animal and human reproductive and social behavior. Three oxytocin signaling genes have been frequently implicated in human social behavior: OXT (structural gene for oxytocin), OXTR (oxytocin receptor), and CD38 (oxytocin secretion). Here, we characterized the distribution of OXT, OXTR, and CD38 mRNA across the human brain by creating voxel-by-voxel volumetric expression maps, and identified putative gene pathway interactions by comparing gene expression patterns across 20,737 genes. Expression of the three selected oxytocin pathway genes was enriched in subcortical and olfactory regions and there was high co-expression with several dopaminergic and muscarinic acetylcholine genes, reflecting an anatomical basis for critical gene pathway interactions. fMRI meta-analysis revealed that the oxytocin pathway gene maps correspond with the processing of anticipatory, appetitive, and aversive cognitive states. The oxytocin signaling system may interact with dopaminergic and muscarinic acetylcholine signaling to modulate cognitive state processes involved in complex human behaviors.
BMP-dependent synaptic development requires Abi-Abl-Rac signaling of BMP receptor macropinocytosis
Authors: Kim Najin , Kim Sungdae , Nahm Minyeop , Kopke Danielle , Kim Joohyung , Cho Eunsang , Lee Min-Jung , Lee Mihye , Kim Seung Hyun , Broadie Kendal , Lee Seungbok 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRetrograde BMPtrans-synaptic signaling is essential for synaptic development. Despite the importance of endocytosis-regulated BMP receptor (BMPR) control of this developmental signaling, the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we provide evidence that Abelson interactor (Abi), a substrate for Abl kinase and component of the SCAR/WAVE complex, links Abl and Rac1 GTPase signaling to BMPR macropinocytosis to restrain BMP-mediated synaptic development. We find that Abi acts downstream of Abl and Rac1, and that BMP ligand Glass bottom boat (Gbb) induces macropinocytosis dependent on Rac1/SCAR signaling, Abl-mediated Abi phosphorylation, and BMPR activation. Macropinocytosis acts as the major internalization route for BMPRs at the synapse in a process driven by Gbb activation and resulting in receptor degradation. Key regulators of macropinocytosis (Rabankyrin and CtBP) control BMPR trafficking to limit BMPtrans-synaptic signaling. We conclude that BMP-induced macropinocytosis acts as a BMPR homeostatic mechanism to regulate BMP-mediated synaptic development.
Lymphocyte innateness defined by transcriptional states reflects a balance between proliferation and effector functions
Authors: Gutierrez-Arcelus Maria , Teslovich Nikola , Mola Alex R. , Polidoro Rafael B. , Nathan Aparna , Kim Hyun , Hannes Susan , Slowikowski Kamil , Watts Gerald F. M. , Korsunsky Ilya , Brenner Michael B. , Raychaudhuri Soumya , Brennan Patrick J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHow innate T cells (ITC), including invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, and γδ T cells, maintain a poised effector state has been unclear. Here we address this question using low-input and single-cell RNA-seq of human lymphocyte populations. Unbiased transcriptomic analyses uncover a continuous ‘innateness gradient’, with adaptive T cells at one end, followed by MAIT, iNKT, γδ T and natural killer cells at the other end. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals four broad states of innateness, and heterogeneity within canonical innate and adaptive populations. Transcriptional and functional data show that innateness is characterized by pre-formed mRNA encoding effector functions, but impaired proliferation marked by decreased baseline expression of ribosomal genes. Together, our data shed new light on the poised state of ITC, in which innateness is defined by a transcriptionally-orchestrated trade-off between rapid cell growth and rapid effector function.
Block copolymer derived uniform mesopores enable ultrafast electron and ion transport at high mass loadings
Authors: Liu Tianyu , Zhou Zhengping , Guo Yichen , Guo Dong , Liu Guoliang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHigh mass loading and fast charge transport are two crucial but often mutually exclusive characteristics of pseudocapacitors. On conventional carbon supports, high mass loadings inevitably lead to sluggish electron conduction and ion diffusion due to thick pseudocapacitive layers and clogged pores. Here we present a design principle of carbon supports, utilizing self-assembly and microphase-separation of block copolymers. We synthesize porous carbon fibers (PCFs) with uniform mesopores of 11.7 nm, which are partially filled with MnO2 of <2 nm in thickness. The uniform mesopores and ultrathin MnO2 enable fast electron/ion transport comparable to electrical-double-layer-capacitive carbons. At mass loadings approaching 7 mg cm−2, the gravimetric and areal capacitances of MnO2 (~50% of total mass) reach 1148 F g−1 and 3141 mF cm−2, respectively. Our MnO2-coated PCFs outperform other MnO2-based electrodes at similar loadings, highlighting the great promise of block copolymers for designing PCF supports for electrochemical applications.
Porous hypercrosslinked polymer-TiO2-graphene composite photocatalysts for visible-light-driven CO2 conversion
Authors: Wang Shaolei , Xu Min , Peng Tianyou , Zhang Chengxin , Li Tao , Hussain Irshad , Wang Jingyu , Tan Bien 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSignificant efforts have been devoted to develop efficient visible-light-driven photocatalysts for the conversion of CO2to chemical fuels. The photocatalytic efficiency for this transformation largely depends on CO2adsorption and diffusion. However, the CO2adsorption on the surface of photocatalysts is generally low due to their low specific surface area and the lack of matched pores. Here we report a well-defined porous hypercrosslinked polymer-TiO2-graphene composite structure with relatively high surface area i.e., 988 m2 g−1and CO2uptake capacity i.e., 12.87 wt%. This composite shows high photocatalytic performance especially for CH4production, i.e., 27.62 μmol g−1 h−1, under mild reaction conditions without the use of sacrificial reagents or precious metal co-catalysts. The enhanced CO2reactivity can be ascribed to their improved CO2adsorption and diffusion, visible-light absorption, and photo-generated charge separation efficiency. This strategy provides new insights into the combination of microporous organic polymers with photocatalysts for solar-to-fuel conversion.
Quantum risk analysis
Authors: Woerner Stefan , Egger Daniel J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe present a quantum algorithm that analyzes risk more efficiently than Monte Carlo simulations traditionally used on classical computers. We employ quantum amplitude estimation to price securities and evaluate risk measures such as Value at Risk and Conditional Value at Risk on a gate-based quantum computer. Additionally, we show how to implement this algorithm and how to trade-off the convergence rate of the algorithm and the circuit depth. The shortest possible circuit depth—growing polynomially in the number of qubits representing the uncertainty—leads to a convergence rate of O(M−2/3), where M is the number of samples. This is already faster than classical Monte Carlo simulations which converge at a rate of O(M−1/2). If we allow the circuit depth to grow faster, but still polynomially, the convergence rate quickly approaches the optimum of O(M−1). Thus, for slowly increasing circuit depths our algorithm provides a near quadratic speed-up compared to Monte Carlo methods. We demonstrate our algorithm using two toy models. In the first model we use real hardware, such as the IBM Q Experience, to price a Treasury-bill (T-bill) faced by a possible interest rate increase. In the second model, we simulate our algorithm to illustrate how a quantum computer can determine financial risk for a two-asset portfolio made up of government debt with different maturity dates. Both models confirm the improved convergence rate over Monte Carlo methods. Using simulations, we also evaluate the impact of cross-talk and energy relaxation errors.
Effects of a contoured foot orthosis and flat insole on plantar pressure and tibial acceleration while walking in defence boots
Authors: Bonanno Daniel R. , Ledchumanasarma Ketharasarma , Landorf Karl B. , Munteanu Shannon E. , Murley George S. , Menz Hylton B. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of a contoured, prefabricated foot orthosis and a flat insole on plantar pressure and tibial acceleration while walking in defence boots. Twenty-eight adults walked along an 8-metre walkway in a: (i) defence boot (control condition), (ii) defence boot with a flat insole, and (iii) defence boot with a contoured foot orthosis. Plantar pressure data were collected using the pedar-X in-shoe system and tibial accelerations were measured with an accelerometer. In relation to plantar pressure under the rearfoot, the contoured foot orthosis, compared to the defence boot, decreased peak pressure and maximum force, and increased contact area. Under the medial midfoot, the contoured foot orthosis and flat insole increased peak pressure, maximum force and contact area. Under the medial forefoot, the contoured foot orthosis and flat insole increased maximum force. Under the lateral forefoot, the contoured foot orthosis and flat insole increased contact area, with the flat insole also increasing maximum force. In relation to tibial acceleration, the contoured foot orthosis, compared to the defence boot, decreased tibial peak positive acceleration. These findings provide novel biomechanical evidence for the effects of contoured foot orthoses in defence boots.
Automated Tracking of Biopolymer Growth and Network Deformation with TSOAX
Authors: Xu Ting , Langouras Christos , Koudehi Maral Adeli , Vos Bart E. , Wang Ning , Koenderink Gijsje H. , Huang Xiaolei , Vavylonis Dimitrios 
Published: February 2019

AbstractStudies of how individual semi-flexible biopolymers and their network assemblies change over time reveal dynamical and mechanical properties important to the understanding of their function in tissues and living cells. Automatic tracking of biopolymer networks from fluorescence microscopy time-lapse sequences facilitates such quantitative studies. We present an open source software tool that combines a global and local correspondence algorithm to track biopolymer networks in 2D and 3D, using stretching open active contours. We demonstrate its application in fully automated tracking of elongating and intersecting actin filaments, detection of loop formation and constriction of tilted contractile rings in live cells, and tracking of network deformation under shear deformation.
The in vivo specificity of synaptic Gβ and Gγ subunits to the α2a adrenergic receptor at CNS synapses
Authors: Yim Yun Young , Betke Katherine M. , McDonald W. Hayes , Gilsbach Ralf , Chen Yunjia , Hyde Karren , Wang Qin , Hein Lutz , Hamm Heidi E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractG proteins are major transducers of signals from G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are made up of α, β, and γ subunits, with 16 Gα, 5 Gβ and 12 Gγ subunits. Though much is known about the specificity of Gα subunits, the specificity of Gβγs activated by a given GPCR and that activate each effector in vivo is not known. Here, we examined the in vivo Gβγ specificity of presynaptic α2a-adrenergic receptors (α2aARs) in both adrenergic (auto-α2aARs) and non-adrenergic neurons (hetero-α2aARs) for the first time. With a quantitative MRM proteomic analysis of neuronal Gβ and Gγ subunits, and co-immunoprecipitation of tagged α2aARs from mouse models including transgenic FLAG-α2aARs and knock-in HA-α2aARs, we investigated the in vivo specificity of Gβ and Gγ subunits to auto-α2aARs and hetero-α2aARs activated with epinephrine to understand the role of Gβγ specificity in diverse physiological functions such as anesthetic sparing, and working memory enhancement. We detected Gβ2, Gγ2, Gγ3, and Gγ4 with activated auto α2aARs, whereas we found Gβ4 and Gγ12 preferentially interacted with activated hetero-α2aARs. Further understanding of in vivo Gβγ specificity to various GPCRs offers new insights into the multiplicity of genes for Gβ and Gγ, and the mechanisms underlying GPCR signaling through Gβγ subunits.
Unexpected stray attractors in confined leader-follower dynamics driven by cone-of-vision interactions
Authors: Al-Sayegh Amara A. , Najem Sara A. , Klushin Leonid , Touma Jihad R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractExperiments with groups of fish inside a circular tank have provided valuable insights into the nature of leadership in social groups. Sophisticated mathematical models were constructed with a view to recovering observed schooling and leadership behavior in such experiments. Here, and with the help of variations on a promising class of such models, we explore a dual set of social concerns, namely the likelihood of permanent evasion from a cohesive group by a controlled individual in confinement. Our minimal model reduces to a leader-follower configuration, with cone-of-vision driven interactions inside a circular domain. We show that the resulting dynamical system sustains a rich supply of non-aligned, straying “follower” states, the dynamics on which displays (chaotic) intermittency between boundary following behavior and infrequent long flights. We map these states in configuration space and explore transitions between them. We demonstrate robustness of observed behavior by considering model variations, as well as alternate leader control trajectory. While it is too early to draw the implications of leader-follower dynamics to collective behavior, we do confirm that a model stray fish relates to a self-organized school bouncing back and forth along the diameter very much like a follower responds to a point leader in our model. We further draw the implications of our results to the study of dynamical systems with discontinuities, robotics, and the study of human behavior in the face of normative control and confinement.
Networks of ribosome flow models for modeling and analyzing intracellular traffic
Authors: Nanikashvili Itzik , Zarai Yoram , Ovseevich Alexander , Tuller Tamir , Margaliot Michael 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe ribosome flow model with input and output (RFMIO) is a deterministic dynamical system that has been used to study the flow of ribosomes during mRNA translation. The input of the RFMIO controls its initiation rate and the output represents the ribosome exit rate (and thus the protein production rate) at the 3′ end of the mRNA molecule. The RFMIO and its variants encapsulate important properties that are relevant to modeling ribosome flow such as the possible evolution of “traffic jams” and non-homogeneous elongation rates along the mRNA molecule, and can also be used for studying additional intracellular processes such as transcription, transport, and more. Here we consider networks of interconnected RFMIOs as a fundamental tool for modeling, analyzing and re-engineering the complex mechanisms of protein production. In these networks, the output of each RFMIO may be divided, using connection weights, between several inputs of other RFMIOs. We show that under quite general feedback connections the network has two important properties: (1) it admits a unique steady-state and every trajectory converges to this steady-state; and (2) the problem of how to determine the connection weights so that the network steady-state output is maximized is a convex optimization problem. These mathematical properties make these networks highly suitable as models of various phenomena: property (1) means that the behavior is predictable and ordered, and property (2) means that determining the optimal weights is numerically tractable even for large-scale networks. For the specific case of a feed-forward network of RFMIOs we prove an additional useful property, namely, that there exists a spectral representation for the network steady-state, and thus it can be determined without any numerical simulations of the dynamics. We describe the implications of these results to several fundamental biological phenomena and biotechnological objectives.