bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divestment From Fossil Fuels: Evidence From Ownership Data
Authors: Naef Alain , Trouvé Benjamin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Fossil divestment, or the sale of fossil fuel financial assets, aims to redirect capital towards sustainable energy sources. Historical precedents, such as divestment during South African Apartheid, successfully pressured governments to drive change. But is there any substantial evidence of fossil fuel divestment today? Here we show that large-scale divestment remains limited, with only certain religious organizations, universities, and public institutions actively reducing fossil fuel holdings. Using a new database of 30 million investor positions across 312 major fossil fuel companies, we reveal distinct short- and long-term divestment drivers: while short-term divestment is primarily triggered by declining oil prices, long-term divestment is influenced by anticipated environmental and climate policy risks. Yet, only a minority of investors consider these long-term risks in their fossil fuel investment strategies, indicating a hesitant shift towards divestment as a response to climate concerns.
Radio Frequency Interference Detection by Classification Models based on Signal Fingerprints of Earth Stations
Authors: Azevedo Josinaldo , Vidal Paulo , Goldschmidt Ronaldo , Salles Ronaldo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Satellite networks are essential around the world and, sometimes, are the only means of connection in regions that are difficult to access. Such networks use wireless communication and are affected by interfering signals, which makes it important to identify the origin of these signals. The main technique for identifying the origin of interfering signals is geolocation. However, geolocation may return an area that is in fact occupied by several ground stations, making it difficult to identify the real source of interference. This work proposes a method that can reduce the number of stations listed by the geolocation technique, by applying classification models to radio frequency fingerprint characteristics extracted from the signals. The proposed method achieved an accuracy greater than 98\% in experiments with real data involving 64,800 signal instances and 6 ground stations.
Techno-Economical Assessment of Kappaphycus alvarezii Carrageenan Extraction Plant
Authors: Subakti Felix , Noguchi Ryozo , Diharmi Andarini , Miyasaka Juro , Ohdoi Katsuaki , Ito Ayana 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Kappaphycus alvarezii carrageenan extraction was optimized using a software-based process simulation. The study focused on the Indonesian seaweed industry, utilizing the advanced modeling capabilities of “SuperPro™”. The simulation involved comprehensive analysis of the extraction process, from dried seaweed transport to final carrageenan production. Furthermore, an economic sensitivity analysis was conducted, incorporating the seaweed production cost as a critical parameter. This analysis provides valuable insights into the financial viability of Kappaphycus alvarezii carrageenan extraction by considering the variations in the input costs, market prices, and other economic factors. The data show that a factory producing Kappaphycus alvarezii carrageenan is both technically and economically feasible within a 10-year lifespan. The plant processes 11.5 MT of raw Kappaphycus seaweed per batch, amounting to an annual input of 44.045 MT raw materials, and an annual output of 3.14 MTs of carrageenan, totaling the processing of 13,074 MTs of Kappaphycus alvarezii carrageenan annually with a payback period of around 8 year and a return on investment of 11.33%. The results provide information for stakeholders, including seaweed farmers, processors, and policymakers, about the potential financial benefits and challenges associated with scaling-up Kappaphycus alvarezii carrageenan extraction in Indonesia.
The coupled PLUS-InVEST-XGBoost model explores the response of climate to ecosystem services in SSP scenarios
Authors: Zhai Duanqiang , Zhuo Jian , Wang Rongyao 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Climate change stands as one of the most significant challenges globally, affecting regional ecosystems with broad and unpredictable consequences. Incorporating climate change into ecosystem monitoring is essential for sustainability. However, the relationship between climate variables and ecosystem services remains underexplored, and the specific impacts of these variables are not well understood. This study introduces a comprehensive framework to investigate the effects of climate variables on regional ecology. Using CMIP6 climate data, alongside the PLUS and InVEST models, this research predicts the spatial distribution of ecosystem services (ESs). Additionally, Spearman correlation analysis assess the trade-offs and synergies among four ecological indicators, and the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model is utilized to analyze the response of these indicators to climate variables. The results showed that the ecological land type was protected and restored under the SSP126 scenario. The SSP245 scenario recommends moderate land development; The SSP585 scenario is characterized by rapid economic growth and urban expansion eroding ecological land. In the future, ESs index changes dramatically, SSP126 shows an increase, and the other two scenarios are reduced. The four ecosystem service functions show synergistic effect. Among the climate variables, there are significant changes from year to year. SSP126 scenario is considered to be the best path for regional ESs under climate change. We suggest that managers continue to control regional carbon emissions. Precipitation is always a positive factor to promote the development of regional ecosystem, and future development can reduce the uncertainty of future development by taking advantage of climate.
A Pontomesencephalic-Mesolimbic Circuit Underlying Activity-Based Anorexia
Authors: Liu Shuai , Peng Beibei , Chen Yan , Gao Xu , Xin Yushi , Zhang Yuxiao , Lu Mingli , Li Wenyan , Yang Deqi , Bao Chaofei 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorder with a high mortality rate. The compulsivity of the disorder leads to an emerging dopamine (DA)-centered hypothesis. However, the key underlying mechanism of AN remains elusive. In the present study, we identified a critical circuit from the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), in a well-established animal model of AN (activity-based anorexia, ABA). Using in vivo and in vitro electrophysiology, optogenetics, chemogenetics, and fiber photometry, we found that the LPBN-VTA circuit bidirectionally modulated the food intake and reinforcement behaviors. Furthermore, the excitability of VTA-projecting LPBN neurons was increased in ABA mice, and inhibition of this circuit significantly increased food intake and survival rate in ABA mice. The LPBN glutamatergic neurons targeted medial VTA DA neurons indirectly via inhibitory GABA interneurons, underlying the hypoactivity of the VTA DA neurons in ABA mice. This hypoactivity was also due to decreased function of the high-conductance calcium- and voltage-dependent potassium (BK) channels on the DA neurons. Notably, intra-VTA infusion of a BK channel agonist rescued DA neuronal firing and survival rate in ABA mice. These results have elucidated the critical role of the LPBN-VTA circuit and the potential channel pathology in the disorder, which may serve as a key to the development of drug treatments and intervention strategies for AN.
Space charge drives electromechanical conversion via a piezoelectric-like effect in ion implanted polymers
Authors: Sherrell Peter , Šutka Andris , Fiedler Holger , Linarts Artis , Malnieks Kaspars 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Ion implantation is a powerful tool to modify materials chemistry and structure. The implantation process was considered to result in a net-neutral material, due to implanted ionic charge being compensated by the host materials lattice. Here, we show ion implantation into polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) results in an uncompensated ‘space charge’ region – requiring a reconsideration of ion implantation into polymers. This is demonstrated via electromechanical testing of Cu implanted PTFE as a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Previously, ion implantation into polymers has shown to increase TENG performance, attributed to increasing the prevalence of electron transfer during contact-separation testing. This attribution to electron transfer is incorrect, with significant electromechanical conversion being observed in 1 x 1016 Cu ions cm− 2 implanted polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in both piezoelectric mode testing and in non-contact induction measurements – where electron transfer cannot occur. These results, indicate that the implantation of Cu ions creates a space charge effect in the PTFE matrix, and the subsequent charge asymmetry creates an electric field enhancing TENG performance, analogous to hybrid piezoelectric-TENGs. These results demonstrate that ion implanted polymers possess space charge and can be used directly for sensing, creating a new pathway for electromechanical conversion materials.
Observations reveal changing coastal storms around the United States
Authors: Morim Joao , Wahl Thomas , Rasmussen D.J. , Calafat Francisco , Vitousek Sean , Dangendorf Sönke , Kopp Robert , Oppenheimer Michael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Understanding extreme storm surge events that threaten low-lying coastal communities is key to effective coastal flood mitigation and adaptation measures. However, estimates of extremes storm surge events from observations are sparse and highly uncertain along most coastal regions owing to data limitations. There is also lack of observational evidence about their long-term (underlying) trends and how such trends contribute to overall extreme sea-level changes. Here, we analyze the U.S. tide-gauge observational network using a spatio-temporal Bayesian hierarchical framework, which provides robust empirical spatially-continuous estimates of extreme storm surge likelihoods and their underlying long-term trend since 1950 along U.S. coastlines. We find that observational estimates have underestimated likelihoods of storm surge extremes across over 80% of tide gauge locations nationwide. Additionally, and contrary to prevailing beliefs, storm surge extremes show significant trends within widespread regions along the U.S. coastlines, providing new evidence of changing coastal storm intensity during the historical monitoring period. Regional hotspots exist where storm surge trends are comparable to, or even exceed, trends in mean sea-level rise and its major individual components. These findings advance traditional coastal design/planning practices that rely on estimates obtained from discrete observations and assume stationarity in storm surge extremes.
Dual-layered Mantle Lithosphere Beneath Southeastern Canadian Cordillera
Authors: Gu Yu , Huang Songyun , Johnston Stephen 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

The craton edge beneath southwestern Canada has been characterized as a 'lithospheric step' involving the transition from the warm Cordillera to an ancient, mechanically strong North American craton. Using converted shear waves that are sensitive to this boundary zone, our study offers a new snapshot of this transition and reveals the existence of westward-dipping interfaces west of the Rocky Mountain Trench (RMT), where a young upper crustal fault that appears to have developed between these two geologically distinct landmasses. These interfaces correlate well, both in location and strength, with horizontal shear-velocity gradient zones within the craton core. In a span of 400–600 km west of the RMT, the presence of two distinctive horizontal structural gradients (at ~ 75 km and ~ 180 km) suggests a dual-lithosphere architecture, where the Precambrian craton core (Laurentia) now underplates the southeastern Cordilleran lithosphere. The morphology of the craton edge suggests influences from uplift and convective erosion over the past 60 million years.
Off-fault damage controls near-surface rupture behaviour in soft sediments
Authors: De Paola Nicola , Bullock Rachael , Holdsworth Robert , Marco Shmuel , Nielsen Stefan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Surface-rupturing faults represent some of the most devastating examples of earthquake-related hazards. Near surface rupture behaviour is poorly understood, due to limited information concerning the amount of off-fault energy dissipated in a volume surrounding the propagating rupture tip. Here, we show that the energy dissipated by off-fault damage in shallow seismic faults can slow down and arrest ruptures in the near surface regions. We integrate experimental results with field measurements from near-surface seismic faults in the Dead Sea, to estimate that off-fault damage is up to 85% of the total fracture energy dissipated during a Mw ≈ 6 rupture events. Our numerical simulations predict that such high amount of off-fault energy dissipation in the shallow portion of the fault can slow down and arrest ruptures in soft sediments. Our findings plausibly explain the slow rupture velocities and low radiation efficiencies observed in shallow ruptures in soft sediments.
Adopting Augmented Reality to Improve Visual Inspection in a Single-Visit Cervical Cancer Screening Framework
Authors: Singhal Seema , Gandhi Tapan , Ganguly Arjun , Jayraj Aarthi S 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background Cervical cancer is a major public health concern in India, accounting for one-fifth of the global burden. This study examines the use of Augmented Reality (AR) technology to enhance diagnostic accuracy among healthcare providers (HCPs) within a single-visit screening framework, addressing the shortage of expert gynaecologists for onsite mentoring.Methods We developed an AR-enabled tool using the Microsoft HoloLens 2 headset to assist in cervical cancer screening by identifying suspected lesion areas. A remote healthcare worker equipped with the HoloLens collaborated with a specialized practitioner operating a computer to annotate suspicious regions on a simulated plastic cervix model with a designated lesion, simulating real-life conditions.Results The AR system projected a 3D cervix model into the real environment for remote annotation, demonstrating an average error rate of 8.75% (± 2.3%) during trials.Conclusion The HoloLens 2 AR system has been shown to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of visual cervical cancer screening, with significant potential to improve screening in underserved areas. Future plans include using two AR devices to enhance accuracy in real-world data collection and further trials to validate its effectiveness and scalability in diverse healthcare settings.
Fintech-driven Green Economy Leapfrog: An Exploration of Jiangsu Province Paths Based on Entropy Weighted TOPSIS-Coupled Coordination Models
Authors: Zhang Ruitian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

In the context of global economic shifts and escalating environmental concerns, the emergence of financial technology (fintech) stands out as a critical determinant in shaping sustainable economic pathways. Based on the actual conditions in Jiangsu Province, this study constructs a green economic development evaluation system that encompasses five subsystems: society, economy, energy, environment, and technology, comprising 28 indicators. By employing the entropy-weight TOPSIS method and a coupling coordination model, the paper analyzes the development of Jiangsu’s green economy from 2013 to 2020. The research results indicate the following: (1) During the study period, the coordination among subsystems in Jiangsu Province generally progressed well. By 2020, the coordination index surpassed 0.65, indicating a moderate level of coordination overall. (2) The main pressures on Jiangsu’s green economic development stem from energy and environmental factors. (3) There is a clear gap between technological advancement and economic expansion, underscoring the need to strengthen investments in green technology and infrastructure. Addressing this gap is critical for mitigating low energy efficiency and promoting a resilient green economy. By revealing the multiple impacts of financial technology on green economic development, this study provides important theoretical foundations and empirical support for the dynamic relationship between technological innovation and sustainable development. The findings not only offer new insights into the role of fintech in driving green economic transitions but also provide valuable references for policymakers in formulating strategies to promote investments in green technology and infrastructure.
Condomless sexual encounters among female sex workers included in a longitudinal coital diary study in Zimbabwe
Authors: Maringwa Galven , Kujeke Tatenda , Makamba Memory , Jamali Gracious , Chabata Sungai T. , Jones Harriet , Machingura Fortunate , Fearon Elizabeth , Cowan Frances M. , Hargreaves James R. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Background: Compared with the general female population, female sex workers (FSWs) experience a greater burden of STIs, including HIV. Consistent condom use reduces HIV risk; however, while many FSWs are aware of condom efficacy, this knowledge does not consistently translate into use. This study aimed to assess the frequency of condomless sex among FSWs at the sexual encounter level and identify factors associated with FSW characteristics, partner types, and encounter conditions.
Methods: We conducted a longitudinal coital diary study in two Zimbabwe cities between 25 November 2020 and 30 December 2021. Pictorial diaries were developed in collaboration with FSWs. We recruited participants via snowball sampling and asked them to complete a daily diary of their sexual encounters with each partner for one month, repeated over three nonconsecutive months spread over 12 months. The recordedinformation included condom use categorized as none, partial, or full; types of sexual activity; partner types; partner age; FSW age;experiences of violence; and contact with the Key Populations (KP) Programme. To identify factors associated with condomless sex, we used hierarchical Poisson regression modeling.
Results: A total of 404 FSWs reported 62,559 sex encounters, with 17,325 (27.7%) reported as condomless. Encounters with permanent partners had the highest likelihood of condomless sex (59.5%; adjusted relative risk [aRR] 3.83, 95% CI: 3.38-4.35), followed by regular partners (25.6%; aRR 1.63, 95% CI: 1.50-1.78) compared with new partners (15.0%). Adjustments included site, FSW age, partner age, violence, and KP programme contact. Compared with FSWs aged ≥25 years (29.7%), those aged ≥35 years were less likely to be condomless (22.1%; aRR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.66-0.94). Compared with those without violence (24.1%), thoseinvolving violence were more likely to be condomless (57.7%; aRR 2.32, 95% CI: 2.00-2.70). Compared with those without contact (32.9%), those with programme contact reported fewer condomless encounters (25.9%; aRR 0.81, 95% CI: 0.90-0.94).
Conclusion: Condomless sex ismore common in encounters with regular and permanent partners, younger FSWs, and encounters involving violence, whereas older FSWs and frequent KP programme contacts report fewer condomless encounters. These findings emphasize the need for continued condom promotion, counseling, violence mitigation, and training in condom negotiation skills.
New insights into the involvement of residue D1/V185 in Photosystem II function in Synechocystis 6803 and Thermosynechococcus vestitus
Authors: Boussac Alain , Sellés Julien , Sugiura Miwa , Burnap Robert L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

The effects of D1-V185T and D1-V185N mutations in Photosystem II (PSII) from Thermosynechococcus vestitus (formerly T. elongatus) and Synechocystis 6803, respectively, were studied using both EPR and optical kinetics. EPR spectroscopy reveals the presence of a mixture of a S2 state in a high spin configuration (S2HS) and in a low spin configuration (S2LS) in both mutants. In contrast to the S2HS in the wild type, the S2HS state in the D1-V185T mutant does not progress to the S3 state at 198 K. This inability is likely due to alterations in the protonation state and hydrogen-bonding network around the Mn4CaO5 cluster. Optical studies show that these mutations significantly affect proton release during the S3-to-S0 transition. While the initial fast proton release associated with TyrZ● formation remains unaffected within the resolution of our measurements, the second, and slower, proton release is delayed, suggesting that the mutations disrupt the hydrogen-bonding interactions necessary for efficient deprotonation of substrate water (O6). This disruption in proton transfer also correlates with slower water exchange in the S3 state, likely due to non-native hydrogen bonds introduced by the threonine or asparagine side chains at position 185. These findings point to a critical role of D1-V185 in regulating both proton transfer dynamics and water binding, underscoring a complex interplay between structural and functional changes in PSII.
Understanding Rate and Capacity Limitations in Li-S Batteries based on Solid-state Sulfur Conversion in Confinement
Authors: Gungor Ayca Senol , von Mentlen Jean-Marc , Ruthes Jean G. A. , García-Soriano Francisco J. , Talian Sara Drvarič , Presser Volker , Porcar Lionel , Vizintin Alen , Wood Vanessa , Prehal Christian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Li-S batteries with an improved cycle life of over one thousand cycles have been achieved using cathodes of sulfur-infiltrated nanoporous carbon with carbonate-based electrolytes. In these cells, a protective cathode-electrolyte-interphase (CEI) is formed, leading to solid-state conversion of S to Li2S in the nanopores. This prevents the dissolution of polysulfides and slows capacity fade. However, there is currently little understanding of what limits the capacity and rate performance of these Li-S batteries. Here, we aim to deepen the understanding of the capacity and rate limitation using a variety of structure-sensitive and electrochemical techniques, such as operando small angle neutron scattering (SANS), operando X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge/discharge. Operando SANS and XRD give direct evidence of CEI formation and solid-state sulfur conversion occurring inside the nanopores. Electrochemical measurements using two nanoporous carbons with different pore sizes suggest that charge transfer at the active material interfaces and the specific CEI/active materials structure in the nanopores play the dominant role in defining capacity and rate performance. This work helps defining strategies to increase the sulfur loading while maximizing sulfur usage, rate performance, and cycle life.