bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ten States of Nonvolatile Memory through Engineering Ferromagnetic Remanent Magnetization
Authors: Zhong Hai , Wen Yan , Zhao Yuelei , Zhang Qiang , Huang Qikun , Chen Yanxue , Cai Jianwang , Zhang Xixiang , Li Run‐wei , Bai Lihui , Kang Shishou , Yan Shishen , Tian Yufeng 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEmerging nonvolatile multilevel memory devices have been regarded as a promising solution to meet the increasing demand of high‐density memory with low‐power consumption. In particular, decimal system of the new computers instead of binary system could be developed if ten nonvolatile states are realized. Here, a general remanent magnetism engineering method is proposed for realizing multiple reliable magnetic and resistance states, not depending on a specific material or device structure. Especially, as a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, ten states of nonvolatile memory based on the manipulation of ferromagnetic remanent magnetization have been revealed in both Co/Pt magnetic multilayers with strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and MgO‐based magnetic tunneling junctions at room temperature. Considering ferromagnets have been one of the key factors that enabled the information revolution from its inception, this state‐of‐the‐art remanent magnetism engineering approach has a very broad application prospect in the field of spintronics.
Mobility Deception in Nanoscale Transistors: An Untold Contact Story
Authors: Nasr Joseph R. , Schulman Daniel S. , Sebastian Amritanand , Horn Mark W. , Das Saptarshi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMobility is a critical parameter that is routinely used for benchmarking the performance of field‐effect transistors (FETs) based on novel nanomaterials. In fact, mobility values are often used to champion nanomaterials since high‐performance devices necessitate high mobility values. The current belief is that the contacts can only limit the FET performance and hence the extracted mobility is an underestimation of the true channel mobility. However, here, such misconception is challenged through rigorous experimental effort, backed by numerical simulations, to demonstrate that overestimation of mobility occurs in commonly used geometries and in nanomaterials for which the contact interface, contact doping, and contact geometry play a pivotal role. In particular, dual‐gated FETs based on multilayer MoS2 and WSe2 are used as case studies in order to elucidate and differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic contact effects manifesting in the mobility extraction. The choice of 2D layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) as the semiconducting channel is motivated by their potential to replace and/or coexist with Si‐based aging FET technologies. However, the results are equally applicable to nanotube‐ and nanowire‐based FETs, oxide semiconductors, and organic‐material‐based thin‐film FETs.
Preoperative management of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea with acetazolamide
Authors: Tilak Ashwini M. , Koehn Heather , Mattos José , Payne Spencer C. 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundSpontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea has been associated with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP). As such, ICP reducing measures are commonly employed to optimize repair. Although postoperative acetazolamide use has been described, no data currently exists on the potential for preoperative use.MethodsA retrospective review was performed including patients treated for anterior spontaneous CSF leaks by a single surgeon over a 6‐year period during which acetazolamide therapy (250 mg twice daily) was employed before considering surgical repair. The primary endpoint was whether the patient went on to require surgical repair.ResultsA total of 16 patients were identified who were pretreated with acetazolamide. Leak sites were noted as cribriform (5/16), sphenoid (8/16), ethmoid (1/16), multiple (1/16), and indeterminate (1/16). Five patients had resolution of their rhinorrhea without surgery (31.3%). Mean follow‐up for these nonsurgical patients was 470 days (range, 64 to 857 days). There were no differences in the patients’ age or site of leak between surgical and nonsurgical patients (p = 0.65, p = 0.52, respectively). Nonsurgical patients had a lower body mass index (BMI) than surgical patients (p = 0.04).ConclusionThis is the first study to report the use of acetazolamide therapy as a primary treatment option for spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea. This therapy enabled surgery to be avoided in 31.3% of patients. This would indicate that in the absence of other contraindications for delaying repair, a trial of acetazolamide therapy could be considered as an initial option in the management of isolated spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea.
Analysis of 24‐hour surgical cancellations in an academic rhinology and skull base surgery practice
Authors: Roxbury Christopher R. , Shah Janki , Tang Dennis , Kshettry Varun R. , Recinos Pablo F. , Woodard Troy D. , Taylor Mark , Sindwani Raj 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundLate cancellations within 24 hours of surgery lead to decreased utilization of operating room time with loss of productivity, decreased access to care, and inconvenience to patients and staff. To date, no studies have analyzed 24‐hour cancellations in a tertiary rhinology practice.MethodsAll procedures performed at a tertiary rhinology/skull base practice from January 2016 to December 2017 were reviewed. Twenty‐four‐hour cancellations were analyzed by procedure type and reason for cancellation. Avoidable cancellations were late cancellations that could have been prevented by review of medical records or communication by hospital staff with the patient before surgery. Univariate analysis was performed to determine predictive factors for cancellations.ResultsA total of 39 of 640 surgical cases were cancelled (6.1%) within 24 hours of surgery. Of these, 69.2% were inflammatory and 30.8% were skull base cases. The mean number of operating room minutes lost was 151 (60 of 210) for inflammatory and 263 (102 of 480) for skull base cases. Avoidable cancellations were seen in 25 of 35 (71.4%) cases. Patients undergoing inpatient or skull base surgery were more likely to have medical cancellations than patients undergoing outpatient or inflammatory surgery (91.7% vs 43.5%, p = 0.01; 83.3% vs 47.8%, p = 0.07).ConclusionThis is the first study to analyze 24‐hour cancellations in tertiary rhinology/skull base surgery. The results suggest that a majority of late cancellations are avoidable and that skull base and inpatient surgeries are more likely to be canceled for medical reasons. Further studies are required to better characterize surgical cancellations in rhinology and identify strategies to try to prevent them.
Early fetal echocardiography
Authors: McBrien Angela , Hornberger Lisa K. 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesTo explore the technical aspects and clinical utility of early fetal echocardiography and screening of the fetal heart in early pregnancy. Also, to document differences in cardiac structure and function which can be demonstrated in the late first/early second trimesters.MethodsIn addition to summarizing our own experiences of late first/early second trimester fetal echocardiography, we reviewed the literature to explore clinical indications for, technical aspects, safety, accuracy, strengths and weaknesses of early fetal echocardiography.ResultsIn the current era, an increasing number of fetuses are identified as being at risk of congenital heart disease from as early as the late first trimester. In experienced hands, early fetal echocardiography can pick up a high proportion of congenital heart disease with good reliability for the majority of lesions. Early fetal echocardiography is relatively poor at assessing pulmonary veins, the atrioventricular valves and lesions that typically occur later or progress during the course of pregnancy. There is increasing interest in widespread implementation of an early obstetric anomaly screen which includes an assessment of the fetal heart for all pregnancies. There are a variety of hemodynamic differences in the late first/early second trimester compared with later in pregnancy.ConclusionEarly fetal echocardiography is has become an established tool for detection of congenital heart disease. It affords opportunities to learn about the true spectrum and progression of congenital heart disease in‐utero. Operators should be mindful of safety issues, technical aspects and hemodynamic findings which differ when performing echocardiograms at this stage of pregnancy.
From Bugs to Bioplastics: Total (+)‐Dihydrocarvide Biosynthesis by Engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: Ascue Avalos Gabriel A. , Toogood Helen S. , Tait Shirley , Messiha Hanan L. , Scrutton Nigel S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe monoterpenoid lactone derivative (+)‐dihydrocarvide ((+)‐DHCD) can be polymerised to form shape‐memory polymers. Synthetic biology routes from simple, inexpensive carbon sources are an attractive, alternative route over chemical synthesis from (R)‐carvone. We have demonstrated a proof‐of‐principle in vivo approach for the complete biosynthesis of (+)‐DHCD from glucose in Escherichia coli (6.6 mg L−1). The pathway is based on the Mentha spicata route to (R)‐carvone, with the addition of an ′ene′‐reductase and Baeyer–Villiger cyclohexanone monooxygenase. Co‐expression with a limonene synthesis pathway enzyme enables complete biocatalytic production within one microbial chassis. (+)‐DHCD was successfully produced by screening multiple homologues of the pathway genes, combined with expression optimisation by selective promoter and/or ribosomal binding‐site screening. This study demonstrates the potential application of synthetic biology approaches in the development of truly sustainable and renewable bioplastic monomers.
Estimating precipitation extremes using the log‐histospline
Authors: Huang Whitney K. , Nychka Douglas W. , Zhang Hao 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOne of the commonly used approaches in modeling extremes is the peaks‐over‐threshold (POT) method. The POT method models exceedances over a threshold that is sufficiently high so that the exceedance has approximately a generalized Pareto distribution. This method requires the selection of a threshold that might affect the estimates. Here, we propose an alternative method, the log‐histospline (LHSpline), to explore modeling the tail behavior and the remainder of the density in one step using the full range of the data. LHSpline applies a smoothing spline model to a finely binned histogram of the log‐transformed data to estimate its log density. By construction, a LHSpline estimation is constrained to have polynomial tail behavior, a feature commonly observed in daily rainfall observations. We illustrate the LHSpline method by analyzing precipitation data collected in Houston, Texas.
Conceptual framework underpinning management of soil health—supporting site‐specific delivery of sustainable agro‐ecosystems
Authors: Stockdale Elizabeth A. , Griffiths Bryan S. , Hargreaves Paul R. , Bhogal Anne , Crotty Felicity V. , Watson Christine A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe need for sustainable intensification of agricultural production has ushered in a growing awareness of soil health and a requirement to identify with some certainty how changes to land management will affect soil. From an agricultural perspective, the active management of soil health needs to balance the production of a healthy and profitable crop with environmental protection and improvement. However, the extreme spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soils, and the complexity of biological, physical and chemical interactions therein, makes predicting management effects on soil health challenging. Although the general principles underlying effects on soil health are well understood, they still need interpretation in a local context and the inclusion of site‐specific details. Approaches from landscape ecology provide a potential framework to integrate consideration of the structural (pools, patterns), dynamic and functional (processes, flows) aspects of the soil system. These approaches allow the crucial transition from a “descriptive and general” understanding toward a “detailed and site‐specific” prediction to be made. Using this conceptual framework, we have taken knowledge of the effects of fixed site factors (soil type and climatic zone), cropping systems and farm management practices on a range of soil physical, chemical and biological parameters forUKlowland agricultural systems, and have developed a predictive framework that shows semi‐quantitatively the effects of typical management choices on soil health and crop yield.
Rescuing the negative impact of human endogenous retrovirus envelope protein on oligodendroglial differentiation and myelination
Authors: Göttle Peter , Förster Moritz , Gruchot Joel , Kremer David , Hartung Hans Peter , Perron Hervé , Küry Patrick 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRemyelination in the adult CNS depends on activation, differentiation, and functional integration of resident oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) and constitutes the only spontaneous neuroregenerative process able to compensate for functional deficits upon loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths as it is observed in multiple sclerosis. The proteins encoded by p57kip2‐ and by human endogenous retrovirus type W (pHERV‐W) envelope genes were previously identified as negative regulators of OPC maturation. We here focused on the activity of the ENV protein and investigated how it can be neutralized for an improved myelin repair. We could demonstrate that myelination in vitro is severely affected by this protein but that application of an anti‐ENV neutralizing antibody, currently investigated in clinical trials, can rescue the generation of internodes. We then compared p57kip2 and ENV dependent inhibitory mechanisms and found that a dominant negative version of the p57kip2 protein can equally save OPCs from myelination failure in response to ENV‐mediated TLR4 activation. Additional experiments addressing p57kip2's underlying mode of action revealed a direct interaction with ATP6v1d, a central component of a vascular ATPase. Its pharmacological blocking was then shown to exert an analogous myelination rescue effect in presence of the ENV protein. Therefore, our study provides mechanistic insights into oligodendroglial inhibition processes and presents three different means to counteract the anti‐myelination effect of the ENV protein. These observations are therefore of interest in light of understanding the complexity of the numerous oligodendroglial inhibitors and might promote the establishment of novel regenerative therapies.
The use of direct care in nursing home residents: A longitudinal cohort study over 3 years
Authors: Vossius Corinna , Selbæk Geir , Šaltytė Benth Jūratė , Wimo Anders , Bergh Sverre 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesTo evaluate the trend in the use of direct care in a cohort of nursing home (NH) residents and explore its association with resident characteristics and organizational factors.Methods/designA total of 696 NH residents from 47 Norwegian NHs were included at admissions at NH. In 537 residents, the use of direct care was assessed every 6 months over a course of 3 years. A multiple model was estimated to identify demographic, clinical, and organizational characteristics associated with the use of direct care time.ResultsSix months after admission, on average, 76.2 hours of direct care were rendered to each resident per month, while this number was reduced to 50.3 hours per month at the end of the study period. Most residents (92%) showed a stable use of direct care time, while a small group of residents displayed a much higher and varying use of direct care time. Increasing dementia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and decreasing function in activities of daily living were associated with higher use of direct care time. Direct care time constituted about 50% of the staff's working time.ConclusionIn Norwegian NHs, high use of direct care time was associated with younger age, more severe dementia, and severe neuropsychiatric symptoms. By identifying factors that impact on direct care time, preventive measures might be put in place to the benefit of the residents and possibly to improve resource use. Further research should explore the association between direct care time, quality of care, and the residents' quality of life.
Addressing challenges of high spatial resolution UHF fMRI for group analysis of higher‐order cognitive tasks: An inter‐sensory task directing attention between visual and somatosensory domains
Authors: Aquino Kevin M. , Sokoliuk Rodika , Pakenham Daisie O. , Sanchez‐Panchuelo Rosa Maria , Hanslmayr Simon , Mayhew Stephen D. , Mullinger Karen J. , Francis Susan T. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractFunctional MRI at ultra‐high field (UHF, ≥7 T) provides significant increases in BOLD contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) compared with conventional field strength (3 T), and has been exploited for reduced field‐of‐view, high spatial resolution mapping of primary sensory areas. Applying these high spatial resolution methods to investigate whole brain functional responses to higher‐order cognitive tasks leads to a number of challenges, in particular how to perform robust group‐level statistical analyses. This study addresses these challenges using an inter‐sensory cognitive task which modulates top‐down attention at graded levels between the visual and somatosensory domains. At the individual level, highly focal functional activation to the task and task difficulty (modulated by attention levels) were detectable due to the high CNR at UHF. However, to assess group level effects, both anatomical and functional variability must be considered during analysis. We demonstrate the importance of surface over volume normalisation and the requirement of no spatial smoothing when assessing highly focal activity. Using novel group analysis on anatomically parcellated brain regions, we show that in higher cognitive areas (parietal and dorsal‐lateral‐prefrontal cortex) fMRI responses to graded attention levels were modulated quadratically, whilst in visual cortex and VIP, responses were modulated linearly. These group fMRI responses were not seen clearly using conventional second‐level GLM analyses, illustrating the limitations of a conventional approach when investigating such focal responses in higher cognitive regions which are more anatomically variable. The approaches demonstrated here complement other advanced analysis methods such as multivariate pattern analysis, allowing UHF to be fully exploited in cognitive neuroscience.
Systems Engineering, Data Analytics, and Systems Thinking: Moving Ahead to New and More Complex Challenges
Authors: Kenett Ron S. , Zonnenshain Avigdor , Swarz Robert S. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTDuring the last decade, industries in advanced economies have experienced significant changes in their engineering and manufacturing practices, processes, and technologies that have the potential to create a resurgence in their engineering and manufacturing activities. This phenomenon referred to as the Fourth Industrial Revolution or Industry 4.0 ‐ a term used commonly in Europe about high digitization in manufacturing, loosely equivalent to advanced manufacturing used in the United States. The term's basis comes from advanced manufacturing and engineering technologies, such as massive digitization, big data analytics, advanced robotics and adaptive automation, additive and precision manufacturing (3D printing), modeling and simulation, artificial intelligence, and the nano‐engineering of materials. This revolution presents challenges and opportunities to the systems engineering discipline. For example, virtually all systems will have porous and ill‐defined boundaries and requirements. Under Industry 4.0, systems will have access to large types and numbers of external devices, and enormous quantities of data, which must undergo analysis through data analytics. It is, therefore, the right time for enhancing the development and application of data‐driven and evidence‐based systems engineering. One of the trends in data analytics is the shift from detection to prognosis and predictive monitoring in systems testing and maintenance using prognostics and health monitoring (PHM). Also, it is proposed to practice evidence‐based risk management as a more effective approach for managing the systems’ risks.
A Fresh Look at Systems Engineering – What is it, How Should it Work?
Authors: Sillitto Hillary , Martin James , Griego Regina , McKinney Dorothy , Arnold Eileen , Godfrey Patrick , Dori Dov , Krob Daniel , Jackson Scott 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTINCOSE's definition of systems engineering was compared to the aspirations set out in the INCOSE Systems Engineering Vision 2025 for systems engineering as it ought to be to address modern challenges. Doing this led us to three fundamental realisations. First, while “20th century systems” were, for the most part, “deterministic” or nearly so, 21st century systems are on the other hand increasingly non‐deterministic, adaptive or “evolutionary.” Second, while “20th Century systems engineering management” was implicitly based on a “command and control” paradigm, 21st Century systems engineering, to be successful, will usually need to use a more collaborative leadership paradigm. And third, that while 20th Century systems were largely “single systems”, designed to “solve” specific problems, 21st Century systems are almost invariably networked, and are parts of complex extended enterprises with multiple, often conflicting, stakeholder objectives, that are intimately related to complex societal challenges. We used elements of soft systems methodology (SSM) to understand the implication and consequences of the paradigm shift implied by these realisations. A revised strawman definition of systems engineering is offered for consideration by INCOSE, showing the changes that would be required to take these and related factors into account.
Dextran‐based hydrogel with enhanced mechanical performance via covalent and non‐covalent cross‐linking units carrying adipose‐derived stem cells toward vascularized bone tissue engineering
Authors: Cai Litao , Li Jitian , Quan Songtao , Feng Wei , Yao Junna , Yang Minglu , Li Wuyin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHydrogels for biomedical applications were limited toward bone tissue engineering due to the poor mechanical performance. Tough hydrogels with strong and elastic features have received extensive attention, the application of which, however, was limited by their degradation. The present study introduced an approach to enhance mechanical properties of hydrogel while ensuring its degradation. Carboxyl dextran (Dex) was grafting modified by poly (ε‐caprolactone) (PCL), sequentially followed by being cross‐linked through polyethyleneglycol 400 (PEG400) to yield a gel with covalent cross‐linking units in DMSO. The gel was underwent solvent displacement in H2O to induce hydrophobic association of PCL to form non‐covalent cross‐linking units. The tough Dex‐g‐PCL hydrogel showed maximum strain of Dex‐g‐PCL hydrogel was 90% ± 6%, with the corresponding stress of 2.7 ± 0.2 MPa, which was significantly enhanced when comparing to dextran hydrogel (maximum strain 65% ± 5%, with the corresponding stress of 0.225 ± 0.06 MPa). Most hydrogel degraded after 12 w in vivo with only a little residues. Adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) proliferated well after being seeded in hydrogel to form micro‐mass at 14 days post‐seeding. In vitro and in vivo angiogenesis, as well as in vitro osteogenesis illustrated the potential of the Dex‐g‐PCL hydrogel carrying ASCs toward vascularized bone tissue engineering. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1120–1131, 2019.