bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecophenotypy, temporal and spatial fidelity, functional morphology, and physiological trade-offs among intertidal bivalves
Authors: Huntley John Warren , Schiffbauer James D. , Avila Teresa D. , Broce Jesse S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEcophenotypic variation in populations is driven by differences in environmental variables. In marine environments, ecophenotypic variation may be caused by differences in hydrodynamic conditions, substrate type, water depth, temperature, salinity, oxygen concentration, and habitat heterogeneity, among others. Instances of ecophenotypic variation in modern and fossil settings are common, but little is known about the influences of time averaging and spatial averaging on their preservation. Here we examine the shell morphology of two adjacent populations, both live collected and death assemblages, of the infaunal, suspension-feeding, intertidal bivalve Leukoma staminea from the well-studied Argyle Creek and Argyle Lagoon locations on San Juan Island, Washington. Individuals in the low-energy lagoon are free to burrow in the fine-grained substrate, while clams in the high-energy creek are precluded from burrowing in the rocky channel. Our results demonstrate variation in size and shape between the adjacent habitats. Lagoon clams are larger, more disk-shaped, and have relatively larger siphons than their creek counterparts, which are smaller, more spherical in shape, and have a relatively shallower pallial sinus. This ecophenotypy is preserved among death assemblages, although with generally greater variation due to time averaging and shell transport. Our interpretation is that ecophenotypic variation, in this case, is induced by differing hydrodynamic regimes and substrate types, cumulatively resulting in physiological trade-offs diverting resources from feeding and respiration to stability and shell strength, all of which have the potential to be preserved in the fossil record.
The asymptotic Dirichlet problems on manifolds with unbounded negative curvature
Authors: JI RAN 
Published: May 2018

AbstractElton P. Hsu used probabilistic method to show that the asymptotic Dirichlet problem is uniquely solvable under the curvature condition −Ce(2−η)r(x) ≤ KM(x) ≤ −1 with η &gt; 0. We give an analytical proof of the same statement. In addition, using this new approach we are able to establish two boundary Harnack inequalities under the curvature condition −Ce(2/3−η)r(x) ≤ KM(x) ≤ −1 with η &gt; 0. This implies that there is a natural homeomorphism between the Martin boundary and the geometric boundary of M. As far as we know, this is the first result of this kind under unbounded curvature conditions. Our proof is a modification of an argument due to M. T. Anderson and R. Schoen.
Reinfection hazard of hand-foot-mouth disease in Wuhan, China, using Cox-proportional hazard model
Authors: Peng Y. , Yu B. , Kong D. G. , Zhao Y. Y. , Wang P. , Pang B. B. , Gong J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractHand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is an acute infectious disease caused by serotypes of the enterovirus (EV) family. HFMD reinfection occurs commonly in lack of cross-protection between different EV serotypes. In this study, we investigated the hazards of HFMD reinfection using Cox-proportional hazard model. Retrospective data of 95 209 HFMD cases in Wuhan during 2008–2015 was used. Kaplan–Meier survival methods and Cox-proportional hazard model were used to estimate the hazard probabilities. Of the all HFMD cases, about 2% experienced reinfection (1842/95 209). Kaplan–Meier curves revealed the reinfection risk sharply increased before 40 months from first infection. Higher hazards of reinfection were detected among those who were males, aged 3 years and below, scattered children, belonging to urban areas and first infected with coxsackievirus (CV)-A16 compared with their respective counterparts. Cox-proportional hazard model suggested that gender, age, group, living area and serotypes of first infection had significant effect on reinfection even after adjusting for potential confounding effects of other selected factors considered in the study. These results indicate that boys aged 3 years and below, especially those living in urban areas and first infected with CV-A16 are more prone to reinfection. Interventions should be imposed on these high-risk populations.
Damaging the Future: The Health Rights of Children and the Issue of Short-Termism; Issues Facing Australian Bioethicists
Authors: DALTON-BROWN SALLY 
Published: May 2018

Abstract:This article considers recent ethical topics in Australia relating to the health rights of children in the contexts of (1) detention centers, (2) vaccination, and (3) procreative liberty, within a wider framework of discussion of the competing rights of society, parents, the child, and future generations.
Ethical Reflections on the Equity of the Current Basic Health Insurance System Reform in China: A Case Study in Hunan Province
Authors: LIU JUNXIANG , XU JINGZI , ZHANG TIANYU , MA YONGHUI 
Published: May 2018

Abstract:China’s current basic health insurance reform aims at promoting equity in the economic accessibility of health services for all citizens, to better ensure healthcare justice. Therefore, it is important to assess equity not only from a socioeconomic perspective but also from an ethical angle. This article investigates the basic health insurance system of Hunan Province in China by focusing on insurance types as well as their classification standards, mechanisms, and utilization according to local policy documents and data. This study demonstrates the reforming achievements and the inequity of institutional design according to two interrelated dimensions: equal opportunity of access to healthcare insurance and reducing inequality in insurance benefits. The article concludes that to achieve opportunity equity and outcome fairness, the reform should focus on designing the system to promote equity with respect to procedures and rules and to be more attentive to the interests of vulnerable groups and especially to rural residents.
Ethics Education in New Zealand Medical Schools
Authors: MCMILLAN JOHN , MALPAS PHILLIPA , WALKER SIMON , JONAS MONIQUE 
Published: May 2018

Abstract:This article describes the well-developed and long-standing medical ethics teaching programs in both of New Zealand’s medical schools at the University of Otago and the University of Auckland. The programs reflect the awareness that has been increasing as to the important role that ethics education plays in contributing to the “professionalism” and “professional development” in medical curricula.
A Closer Look at the Junior Doctor Crisis in the United Kingdom’s National Health Services: Is Emigration Justifiable?
Authors: TEO WENDY ZI WEI 
Published: May 2018

Abstract:This article attempts to tackle the ethically and morally troubling issue of emigration of physicians from the United Kingdom, and whether it can be justified. Unlike most research that has already been undertaken in this field, which looks at migration from developing countries to developed countries, this article takes an in-depth look at the migration of physicians between developed countries, in particular from the United Kingdom (UK) to other developed countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States (US). This examination was written in response to a current and critical crisis in the National Health Service (NHS), where impending contract changes may bring about a potential exodus of junior doctors.
“I Left the Museum Somewhat Changed”: Visual Arts and Health Ethics Education
Authors: DELANY CLARE , GAUNT HEATHER 
Published: May 2018

Abstract:A common goal of ethics education is to equip students who later become health practitioners to not only know about the ethical principles guiding their practice, but to also autonomously recognize when and how these principles might apply and assist these future practitioners in providing care for patients and families. This article aims to contribute to discussions about ethics education pedagogy and teaching, by presenting and evaluating the use of the visual arts as an educational approach designed to facilitate students’ moral imagination and independent critical thinking about ethics in clinical practice. We describe a sequence of ethics education strategies over a 3 year Doctor of Physiotherapy program, focusing on the final year professional ethics assessment task, which involved the use of visual arts to stimulate the exploration of ethics in healthcare. The data (in the form of student essays about their chosen artwork) were analyzed using both thematic and content analysis. Two key themes centered on emotional responses and lateral thinking. The use of artwork appeared to facilitate imaginative, emotional, and conceptual thinking about ethics and clinical experience (both past and future). This study provides some evidence to support the effectiveness of the use of the visual arts in promoting students’ recognition of ethical dimensions within their clinical experience and reflection on their emerging professional identity. As one student noted, she left the museum “somewhat changed.”
Partisan Affiliation and the Evaluation of Non-Prototypical Candidates
Authors: Severson Alexander W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIdeologically impure candidates—RINOs and DINOs—risk losing the endorsement of their fellow copartisans. However, which copartisans? In this article, I assess how party affiliation and the strength of partisan affiliation condition the evaluation of ideologically impure, non-prototypical candidates. Using a nationally representative survey experiment, I present evidence that while partisans negatively evaluate non-prototypical copartisans, there is not a consistent relationship between strength of identification and the degree of punitiveness. Moreover, candidate non-prototypicality causes convergence in candidate support between Republicans and Democrats. My results provide evidence that nominal partisan affiliation is by itself insufficient to save an ideologically non-prototypical candidate from the rebuke of fellow copartisans and thus that the “in-name-only” charge holds some weight.
Bridging the Partisan Divide on Immigration Policy Attitudes through a Bipartisan Issue Area: The Case of Human Trafficking
Authors: Bonilla Tabitha , Mo Cecilia Hyunjung 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTo date, while there is a rich literature describing the determinants of anti-immigrant sentiment, researchers have not identified a mechanism to reduce antipathy toward immigrants. In fact, extant research has shown that efforts to induce positive attitudes toward immigrants often backfire. What if a bridging frame strategy were employed? Can a bipartisan issue area in which there is general support act as a bridging frame to elicit more positive sentiment toward immigration among those who oppose more open immigration policies? We explore this question by conducting two survey experiments in which we manipulate whether immigration is linked with the bipartisan issue area of human trafficking. We find that in forcing individuals to reconcile the fact that a widely accepted issue position of combating trafficking also requires a reassessment of immigration policies, we can positively shift attitudes on immigration.
Vorhersage von kognitiven Fähigkeiten in der WPSSI-IV durch den ET 6-6-R
Authors: Walter Franziska , Petermann Franz , Daseking Monika 
Published: May 2018

Zusammenfassung. Das Ziel der Studie ist es die prognostische Validität des ET 6-6-R zu bestimmen. Es sollen die Leistungen in den primären Indizes der WPPSI-IV vorhergesagt werden. Getestet wurden 99 Kinder im Alter von 30 bis 70 Monaten. Der Abstand zwischen den Testungen betrug 8 bis 57 Tage. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Gesamt-IQ am besten durch die Entwicklungsbereiche Kognition und Sprache vorhergesagt werden kann. Die Regressionsmodelle mit den Kriterien Sprachverständnis und Visuell-Räumlicher Verarbeitung sind ebenfalls zufriedenstellend. Die Vorhersagewerte für das Arbeitsgedächtnis und das Fluide Schlussfolgern fallen sehr gering aus. Es besteht zudem keine Korrelation zwischen der Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit der WPPSI-IV und den Entwicklungsbereichen des ET 6-6-R. Die Analysen zeigen, dass der ET 6-6-R eine zufriedenstellende prognostische Validität für einige Indizes der WPPSI-IV aufweist. Für ein umfangreiches kognitives Profil ist es notwendig, eine Intelligenzdiagnostik durchzuführen.
Playa‐Wetlands Effects on Dryland Biogeochemistry: Space and Time Interactions
Authors: McKenna Owen P. , Sala Osvaldo E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPlayas are ephemerally flooded wetlands found in hydrologically closed dryland catchments. Recent research showed how upland‐catchment biophysical characteristics control the amount of organic carbon and nutrients that accumulates in playas from upland grasslands and shrublands. Here we further explored the role of allochthonous and autochthonous processes in fixing carbon and accruing soil nutrients in playas across a desert basin. We assessed whether playas contribute soil nutrient, organic‐carbon stocks, and primary productivity rates in amounts disproportionately higher or lower than upland grasslands and shrublands. We found that playas had higher soil carbon and nutrient storage but no difference in mean annual primary production. Playas, on average, had similar primary productivity than upland systems, because they exhibited lower productivity during extremely wet years that offset the larger productivity during average or below average precipitation years. These results suggest that playas contain higher carbon and soil nutrient stocks because of runoff‐mediated allochthonous inputs, rather than autochthonous sources, since long‐term average productivity was similar to upland ecosystems. We also used the precipitation‐aboveground net primary production (ANPP) relationships to accurately measure run‐on in playas using differences between playa and upland grassland ANPP. The dependence of playa ANPP on surface‐water inputs from upland catchments makes them susceptible to future changes in extreme precipitation events.
Direct Observations of Hydrologic Exchange Occurring With Less‐Mobile Porosity and the Development of Anoxic Microzones in Sandy Lakebed Sediments
Authors: Briggs Martin A. , Day‐Lewis Frederick D. , Dehkordy Farzaneh Mahmood Poor , Hampton Tyler , Zarnetske Jay P. , Scruggs Courtney R. , Singha Kamini , Harvey Judson W. , Lane John W. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractQuantifying coupled mobile/less‐mobile porosity dynamics is critical to the prediction of biogeochemical storage, release, and transformation processes in the zone where groundwater and surface water exchange. The recent development of fine‐scale geoelectrical monitoring paired with pore‐water sampling in groundwater systems enables direct characterization of hydrologic exchange between more‐ and less‐mobile porosity during tracer tests. We adapt this technique to sandy interface sediments at a groundwater flow‐through kettle lake. Tracer experiments were conducted within controlled‐head permeameters over a range of specified downward flow conditions over several days. Although the bed was predominantly composed of highly permeable sands and gravels, cobble inclusions created less‐mobile flow zones at the centimeter scale. Less‐mobile porosity fractions, residence times, and rates of exchange were inferred from paired bulk and fluid electrical conductivity data, without the need for inverse model calibration. The conservative solute experiments were paired with 15NO3− and other reactive amendments, revealing anaerobic processes occurring at shallow sediment depths where pore‐water sampling indicated bulk‐oxic conditions. The average less‐mobile porosity residence times as evaluated with the geoelectrical method were on 1‐hr timescales, which appear to be biogeochemically important in the context of creating anoxic microzones within less‐mobile porosity of sandy interface sediments.
Relative contributions of preprandial and postprandial glucose exposures, glycemic variability, and non-glycemic factors to HbA
1c
in individuals with and without diabetes
Authors: Færch Kristine , Alssema Marjan , Mela David J. , Borg Rikke , Vistisen Dorte 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Background/objective
There is substantial interest in dietary approaches to reducing postprandial glucose (PPG) responses, but the quantitative contribution of PPG to longer-term glycemic control (reflected in glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c) in the general population is not known. This study quantified the associations of preprandial glucose exposure, PPG exposure, and glycemic variability with HbA1c and estimated the explained variance in HbA1c in individuals with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Subjects/methods
Participants in the A1c-Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) study without T2D (n = 77) or with non-insulin-treated T2D and HbA1c<6.5% (T2DHbA1c < 6.5%, n = 63) or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (T2DHbA1c ≥ 6.5%, n = 34) were included in this analysis. Indices of preprandial glucose, PPG, and glycemic variability were calculated from continuous glucose monitoring during four periods over 12 weeks prior to HbA1c measurement. In linear regression models, we estimated the associations of the glycemic exposures with HbA1c and calculated the proportion of variance in HbA1c explained by glycemic and non-glycemic factors (age, sex, body mass index, and ethnicity).

Results
The factors in the analysis explained 35% of the variance in HbA1c in non-diabetic individuals, 49% in T2DHbA1c < 6.5%, and 78% in T2DHbA1c ≥ 6.5%. In non-diabetic individuals PPG exposure was associated with HbA1c in confounder-adjusted analyses (P < 0.05). In the T2DHbA1c < 6.5% group, all glycemic measures were associated with HbA1c (P < 0.05); preprandial glucose and PPG accounted for 14 and 18%, respectively, of the explained variation. In T2DHbA1c ≥ 6.5%, these glycemic exposures accounted for more than 50% of the variation in HbA1c and with equal relative contributions.

Conclusions
Among the glycemic exposures, PPG exposure was most strongly predictive of HbA1c in non-diabetic individuals, suggesting that interventions targeting lowering of the PPG response may be beneficial for long-term glycemic maintenance. In T2D, preprandial glucose and PPG exposure contributed equally to HbA1c.
In situ relationships between microbiota and potential pathobiota in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Bartoli Claudia , Frachon Léa , Barret Matthieu , Rigal Mylène , Huard-Chauveau Carine , Mayjonade Baptiste , Zanchetta Catherine , Bouchez Olivier , Roby Dominique , Carrère Sébastien , Roux Fabrice 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
A current challenge in microbial pathogenesis is to identify biological control agents that may prevent and/or limit host invasion by microbial pathogens. In natura, hosts are often infected by multiple pathogens. However, most of the current studies have been performed under laboratory controlled conditions and by taking into account the interaction between a single commensal species and a single pathogenic species. The next step is therefore to explore the relationships between host–microbial communities (microbiota) and microbial members with potential pathogenic behavior (pathobiota) in a realistic ecological context. In the present study, we investigated such relationships within root-associated and leaf-associated bacterial communities of 163 ecologically contrasted Arabidopsis thaliana populations sampled across two seasons in southwest of France. In agreement with the theory of the invasion paradox, we observed a significant humped-back relationship between microbiota and pathobiota α-diversity that was robust between both seasons and plant organs. In most populations, we also observed a strong dynamics of microbiota composition between seasons. Accordingly, the potential pathobiota composition was explained by combinations of season-specific microbiota operational taxonomic units. This result suggests that the potential biomarkers controlling pathogen’s invasion are highly dynamic.
Spatial self-organization resolves conflicts between individuality and collective migration
Authors: Fu X. , Kato S. , Long J. , Mattingly H. H. , He C. , Vural D. C. , Zucker S. W. , Emonet T. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCollective behavior can spontaneously emerge when individuals follow common rules of interaction. However, the behavior of each individual differs due to existing genetic and non-genetic variation within the population. It remains unclear how this individuality is managed to achieve collective behavior. We quantify individuality in bands of clonal Escherichia coli cells that migrate collectively along a channel by following a self-generated gradient of attractant. We discover that despite substantial differences in individual chemotactic abilities, the cells are able to migrate as a coherent group by spontaneously sorting themselves within the moving band. This sorting mechanism ensures that differences between individual chemotactic abilities are compensated by differences in the local steepness of the traveling gradient each individual must navigate, and determines the minimum performance required to travel with the band. By resolving conflicts between individuality and collective migration, this mechanism enables populations to maintain advantageous diversity while on the move.
Observation of an anti-PT-symmetric exceptional point and energy-difference conserving dynamics in electrical circuit resonators
Authors: Choi Youngsun , Hahn Choloong , Yoon Jae Woong , Song Seok Ho 
Published: May 2018

AbstractParity-time (PT) symmetry and associated non-Hermitian properties in open physical systems have been intensively studied in search of new interaction schemes and their applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an electrical circuit producing key non-Hermitian properties and unusual wave dynamics grounded on anti-PT (APT) symmetry. Using a resistively coupled amplifying-LRC-resonator circuit, we realize a generic APT-symmetric system that enables comprehensive spectral and time-domain analyses on essential consequences of the APT symmetry. We observe an APT-symmetric exceptional point (EP), inverse PT-symmetry breaking transition, and counterintuitive energy-difference conserving dynamics in stark contrast to the standard Hermitian dynamics keeping the system’s total energy constant. Therefore, we experimentally confirm unique properties of APT-symmetric systems, and further development in other areas of physics may provide new wave-manipulation techniques and innovative device-operation principles.
Multimorbidity Analysis According to Sex and Age towards Cardiovascular Diseases of Adults in Northeast China
Authors: Jin Lina , Guo Xin , Dou Jing , Liu Binghui , Wang Jiangzhou , Li Jiagen , Sun Mengzi , Sun Chong , Yu Yaqin , Yao Yan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) are great challenges in public health, where cardiovascular diseases (CVD) accounted for the large part of mortality that caused by NCDs. Multimorbidity is very common in NCDs especially in CVD, thus multimorbidity could make NCDs worse and bring heavy economic burden. This study aimed to explore the multimorbidity among adults, especially the important role of CVD that played in the entire multimorbidity networks. A total of 21435 participants aged 18–79 years old were recruited in Jilin province in 2012. Weighted networks were adopted to present the complex relationships of multimorbidity, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was used to evaluate the burden of multimorbidity. The prevalence of CVD was 14.97%, where the prevalence in females was higher than that in males (P < 0.001), and the prevalences of CVD increased with age (from 2.22% to 38.38%). The prevalence of multimorbidity with CVD was 96.17%, and CVD could worsen the burden of multimorbidity. Multimorbidity and multimorbidity with CVD were more marked in females than those in males. And the prevalence of multimorbidity was the highest in the middle-age, while the prevalence of multimorbidity with CVD was the highest in the old population.