bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Switching the Electronic Properties of ZnO Surfaces with Negative T‐Type Photochromic Pyridyl‐dihydropyrene Layers and Impact of Fermi Level Pinning
Authors: Wang Qiankun , Ligorio Giovanni , Schlesinger Raphael , Diez‐Cabanes Valentin , Cornil David , Garmshausen Yves , Hecht Stefan , Cornil Jérôme , List‐Kratochvil Emil J. W. , Koch Norbert 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRemote control of the electronic energy levels by external stimuli such as light will enable optoelectronic devices with improved or additional functionalities. Here, it is demonstrated that the electronic properties of ZnO interfaced with negative T‐type photoswitches, that is, pyridyl‐dihydropyrene (Py‐DHP), can indeed be photomodulated. The process of forward switching of Py‐DHP with green light from an isomer with a low energy gap to an isomer with a wider one is followed by a thermally activated backward transfer. Using photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory modeling, it is shown that Py‐DHP ring closure/opening reactions result in a reversible shift of frontier occupied molecular levels by 0.7 eV with respect to the Fermi level. Notably, in both molecular configurations, the energy level alignment at ZnO/Py‐DHP interfaces is governed by a Fermi level pinning at the lowest unoccupied molecular level. Moreover, upon switching, an increase in the ionization energy for Py‐DHP multilayers compared to that of a monolayer is observed. This is attributed to a different preferred molecular orientation in monolayer versus multilayers. The results show that a dynamic tuning of the energy level alignment at inorganic/organic interfaces by external stimuli is feasible and will aid the development of photoprogrammable optoelectronic devices.
Hole Injection and Rectifying Heterojunction Photodiodes through Vacancy Engineering in MoS2
Authors: Bhattacharjee Shubhadeep , Vatsyayan Ritwik , Ganapathi Kolla Lakshmi , Ravindra Pramod , Mohan Sangeneni , Bhat Navakanta 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe lack of techniques for counter doping in two dimensional (2D) semiconductors has hindered the development of p/n junctions, which are the basic building blocks of electronic devices. In this work, low‐energy argon ions are used to create sulfur vacancies and are subsequently “filled” with oxygen to create p‐doped MoS2−xOx. The incorporation of oxygen into the MoS2 lattice and hence band‐structure modification reveal the nature of the p‐type doping. These changes are validated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence measurements combined with density functional theory calculations. Electrical measurements reveal a complete flip in carrier polarity from n‐type to p‐type, which is further examined using temperature‐dependent transport measurements. The enhancement of p‐field‐effect transistor characteristics is facilitated by employing top‐gated transistors and area‐selective vacancy engineering only in the contact regions. Finally, on the same flake, an in‐plane MoS2 (n)/MoS2−xOx (p) type‐I (straddling) heterojunction with rectifying behavior and excellent broadband photoresponse is demonstrated and explained using band diagrams. The spatial/metallurgical abruptness (<100 nm) of the heterojunctions is ascertained using Raman mapping. This process of vacancy engineering, which enables air‐stable, area‐selective, controlled, CMOS‐compatible doping of 2D semiconductors is envisioned to open new vistas in the development of high‐performance electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Use of Hyperaccumulator to Enrich Metal Ions for Supercapacitor
Authors: Liang Chen , Li Chunguang , He Yiqiang , Li Guanghua , Yu Ying , Lou Yue , Shi Zhan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractInspired by the capability of hyperaccumulators to enrich heavy metal ions, metal‐loaded biomass is prepared, and the metal nanospheres are dispersed in hierarchical porous carbon skeletons uniformly after activation. The raw material comes from nature and is renewable and environmentally friendly. The simple process leads to effective loading of metal ions, and the cobalt ion solution is reusable, which meets the requirements of green chemistry. The product achieves high specific capacitance because cobalt nanospheres exhibit obvious pseudocapacitance, and the hierarchical porous carbon skeletons lead to low impedance, which is beneficial for the rate performance. This experiment provides a new strategy for the preparation of biochar and metal‐composite‐based supercapacitor electrode materials.
Metal Sulfide‐Decorated Carbon Sponge as a Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst and Absorbant for Polysulfide in High‐Loading Li2S Batteries
Authors: He Jiarui , Chen Yuanfu , Manthiram Arumugam 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOwing to its high theoretical specific capacity (1166 mA h g−1) and particularly its advantage to be paired with a lithium‐metal‐free anode, lithium sulfide (Li2S) is regarded as a much safer cathode for next‐generation advanced lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, the low conductivity of Li2S and particularly the severe “polysulfide shuttle” of lithium polysulfide (LiPS) dramatically hinder their practical application in Li–S batteries. To address such issues, herein a bifuctional 3D metal sulfide‐decorated carbon sponge (3DTSC), which is constructed by 1D carbon nanowires cross‐linked with 2D graphene nanosheets with high conductivity and polar 0D metal sulfide nanodots with efficient electrocatalytic activity and strong chemical adsorption capability for LiPSs, is presented. Benefiting from the well‐designed multiscale, multidimensional 3D porous nanoarchitecture with high conductivity, and efficient electrocatalytic and absorption ability, the 3DTSC significantly mitigates LiPS shuttle, improves the utilization of Li2S, and facilitates the transport of electrons and ions. As a result, even with a high Li2S loading of 8 mg cm−2, the freestanding 3DTSC‐Li2S cathode without a polymer binder and metallic current collector delivers outstanding electrochemical performance with a high areal capacity of 8.44 mA h cm−2.
Quantum Interference Line Shifts of Broad Dipole‐Allowed Transitions
Authors: Udem Thomas , Maisenbacher Lothar , Matveev Arthur , Andreev Vitaly , Grinin Alexey , Beyer Axel , Kolachevsky Nikolai , Pohl Randolf , Yost Dylan C. , Hänsch Theodor W. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHigh‐resolution laser spectroscopy serves the purpose of determining the energy difference between states of atoms and molecules with the best possible accuracy. Therefore, one may face the problem of finding the center of a symmetric line within a small fraction of the line width, or one needs to extract the energy difference from an asymmetric line without a uniquely defined center. Multiplets of atomic resonance lines are subject to mutual line pullings and give rise to asymmetric line distortions due to quantum interference. This paper reviews the treatment of these distortions for dipole‐allowed one‐photon transitions. Specific examples are given for hydrogen and helium spectroscopy.
Pulsed radiofrequency of the brachial plexus in the treatment of chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy of the upper limb
Authors: Vinagre J. M. , Doody K. , Harmon D. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryWe describe the treatment of chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy in the upper limb of a patient via ultrasound‐guided pulsed radiofrequency of the brachial plexus. A 54‐year‐old female, who underwent chemotherapy and mastectomy for left‐sided breast cancer, presented to the pain clinic describing continuous and severe shock‐like pain in the posterolateral aspect of the left upper limb, above the elbow. A diagnosis of chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy was made. Pain management with multi‐modal analgesia was not fully effective and pulsed radiofrequency was offered as an alternative. Ultrasonography of the supraclavicular region was used to identify the brachial plexus, followed by pulsed radiofrequency using an insulated‐tip needle that produced paraesthesia in the affected area. Onset of pain relief occurred one week post‐procedure and lasted approximately 10 weeks. An estimated 80% decrease in pain intensity was reported by the patient. We propose that pulsed radiofrequency can be offered as a pain management alternative in certain presentations of chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy.
Selenium Nanocomposite Cathode with Long Cycle Life for Rechargeable Lithium‐Selenium Batteries
Authors: Cui Yi , Zhou Xinwei , Guo Wei , Liu Yuzi , Li Tianyi , Fu Yongzhu , Zhu Likun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSelenium (Se) is a potential cathode material for high energy density rechargeable lithium batteries. In this study, a binder‐free Se‐carbon nanotube (CNT) composite electrode has been prepared by a facile chemical method. At initial state, Se is present in the form of branched nanowires with a diameter of <150 nm and a length of 1–2 μm, interwoven with CNTs. After discharge and re‐charge, the Se nanowires are converted to nanoparticles embedded in the CNT network. This synthesis method provides a path for fabricating the Se cathodes with controllable mass loading and thickness. By studying the composite electrodes with different Se loading and thickness, we found that the electrode thickness has a critical impact on the distribution of Se during repeated cycling. Promising cycling performance was achieved in thin electrodes with high Se loading. The composite electrode with 23 μm thickness and 60 % Se loading shows a high initial capacity of 537 mAh g−1 and stable cycling performance with a capacity of 401 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 1 C rate. This study reports a synthesis strategy to obtain Se/CNT composite cathode with long cycle life for rechargeable Li−Se batteries.
Der Braune Noddi
Authors: Thaler Ellen , Bresson Roby T. 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungSeit 1986 wurde das Sozialverhalten der Braunen Noddi‐Seeschwalbe Anous stolidus auf der Seychellen‐Insel „Bird Island“ beobachtet. Die endemische Population (ca. 2500 Vögel) wurde ab 1996 farbig beringt, 2015–17 galt der Schwerpunkt dem Vergleich von „Hochbrütern“ und „Bodenbrütern“, den Beziehungen zwischen nachbarlich eng brütenden Paaren, Partnertreue und Reaktionen auf Partnerverluste. Wir konnten beweisen, dass nachbarliche Bruthelfer bereits frühzeitig rekrutiert werden und monatelang abrufbar bleiben. Gruppenkontakt wird durch Kopulationen außerhalb des Brutpaars verstärkt, dazu boten sich Weibchen und Männchen an. Die Gruppenmitglieder brüteten paarweise monogam, doch in Notsituationen wie bei Partnerverlust sprang bei Bodenbrütern sofort ein bereits bekannter Noddi als Helfer ein. Küken wurden dadurch vor Fressfeinden und vor aggressiven Nachbarn geschützt. Bei Hochbruten ließen sich dagegen keine Helfer beobachten. Zwar sind deren Junge weniger durch Brutfeinde gefährdet, doch bei Partnerverlust kamen Hochbrut‐Küken ebenfalls um. Durch das fehlende Helfer‐System ist der Bruterfolg deshalb bei Hochbrütern trotz des schwächeren Feinddrucks kleiner. Heute sorgt der Inseltourismus dazu, dass der Braune Noddi für die Brut zunehmend auf Palmen ausweichen muss. Was das für ihr Überleben bedeutet, ist noch ungewiss.
Molecular Insight and Mode of Inhibition of α‐Glucosidase and α‐Amylase by Pahangensin A from Alpinia pahangensisRidl.
Authors: Loo Kong Yong , Leong Kok Hoong , Sivasothy Yasodha , Ibrahim Halijah , Awang Khalijah 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe inhibition of carbohydrate‐hydrolyzing enzymes in human digestive organs is crucial in controlling blood sugar levels, which is important in treating type 2 diabetes. In the current study, pahangensin A (1), a bis‐labdanic diterpene characterized previously in the rhizomes of Alpinia pahangensis Ridl., was identified as an active dual inhibitor for α‐amylase (IC50=114.80 μm) and α‐glucosidase (IC50=153.87 μm). This is the first report on the dual α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities of a bis‐labdanic diterpene. The Lineweaver‐Burk plots of compound 1 indicate that it is a mixed‐type inhibitor with regard to both enzymes. Based on molecular docking studies, compound 1 docked in a non‐active site of both enzymes. The dual inhibitory activity of compound 1 makes it a suitable natural alternative in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Dexmedetomidine protects against high mobility group box 1‐induced cellular injury by inhibiting pyroptosis
Authors: Ji Xuexia , Guo Yuanbo , Zhou Guobin , Wang Yan , Zhang Jianxing , Wang Zhipeng , Wang Qing 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDexmedetomidine (DEX) is a widely used clinical anesthetic with proven anti‐inflammatory effects. Both high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and pyroptosis play an important role in the inflammatory response to infection and trauma. Thus far, there have been no studies published addressing the effect of DEX on HMGB1 and pyroptosis. In order to fill this gap in the literature, bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) were exposed to HMGB1 (4 µg/mL) with or without DEX (50 μM) pretreatment. The production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines [such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukin 1β (IL‐1β), and IL‐18], phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and P38, and the activation of caspase‐1 were measured by enzyme immunosorbent assay, western blot analysis, confocal microscope, and flow cytometry, respectively. We found that DEX protected against HMGB1‐induced cell death of BMDMs. In addition, DEX suppressed the generation of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐18 as well as the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and P38. Moreover, DEX inhibited caspase‐1 activation and decreased pyroptosis. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the protective effect of DEX in mediating HMGB1‐induced cellular injury, thus indicating that DEX may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the management of infection and trauma‐derived inflammation.
MiR‐377 inhibits wear particle‐induced osteolysis via targeting RANKL
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Xiaomeng , Chang Li , Wang Fei 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPeriprosthetic osteolysis caused by wear particles is the main factor that affects the long‐term efficacy of artificial joint replacement, and macrophages play a vital role in the pathogenesis of periprosthetic osteolysis, while the potential mechanism underlying this is still unclear. To investigate the underlying role of miR‐377 in wear particle‐induced osteolysis (PIO), blood samples from patients undergoing arthroplasty were collected for analyzing the correlation between miR‐377 expression and the clinicopathological parameters of PIO. Peripheral blood macrophages were obtained to compare the miR‐377 and receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) expressions. Bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) following titanium (Ti) particle treatment and/or miR‐377 mimic transfection were used. The expressions of RANKL, pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and the osteoclast‐related molecules tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and cathepsin K (CTSK) were determined using real‐time polymerase chain reaction or western blotting or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay or TRAP staining, when appropriate. The interaction between miR‐377 and RANKL was assessed by luciferase reporter assay. The in vivo role of miR‐377 in PIO was evaluated using a mouse calvarial osteolysis model. There were significant differences in downregulated miR‐377 expression between the different numbers of particles in the joint prostheses. The Ti particle treatment increased pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels, downregulated RANKL and increased osteoclast activity in BMMs, while miR‐377 overexpression led to the opposite effect. Taken together, miR‐377 downregulated the target gene RANKL, resulting in PIO inhibition. MiR‐377 relieved PIO by negatively regulating RANKL.
The “appropriate adult”: What they do and what they should do in police interviews with mentally disordered suspects
Authors: Farrugia Laura , Gabbert Fiona 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn almost all countries worldwide, the first point of contact with the criminal justice system is with the police. A large proportion of these individuals may have vulnerabilities, such as mental health difficulties. Given the complexities associated with vulnerable suspects, such interviews may be compromised, which could lead to a miscarriage of justice. In England and Wales, the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and its accompanying Codes of Practice lay down requirements for interviewing vulnerable suspects and provide for attendance of “appropriate adults” to support communication between police and the vulnerable suspect. To date, however, their role has been underresearched.Aims/HypothesesTo explore the role of appropriate adults in police interviews and test the hypotheses, first, that appropriate adults more commonly remain passive during interview than expected from guidance and, second, that any interventions are more likely than not to follow examples in current guidance.MethodsTranscripts of police interviews conducted with suspects with possible mental disorder and an appropriate adult present (N = 27) were analysed using a specially developed coding framework.ResultsAppropriate adults were significantly more likely to remain passive than to intervene, even when current guidance would suggest intervention. When they did intervene, however, such interventions were significantly more likely than not to follow from guidance than the vulnerable suspect's needs. Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984.Conclusions/implications for practiceIn our sample, appropriate adults were not fulfilling their role as outlined in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984 and accompanying Codes of Practice; specifically, they appeared to know what to do but not when to do it. There is a heightened risk of a miscarriage of justice in such circumstances without improvements.
Very late hepatic arterial thrombosis manifesting as central biliary necrosis: A rare presentation
Authors: Soares Vitor A. , Arcuri Roberto A. , Parente Daniella B. , Marchiori Edson 
Published: April 2019

Key Clinical MessageHepatic artery thrombosis should always be considered on a liver graft recipient with mild and nonspecific symptoms, even after a decade of the transplantation.
Influence of Lithium and Lanthanum Treatment on TiO2 Nanofibers and Their Application in n‐i‐p Solar Cells
Authors: Ambroz Filip , Sathasivam Sanjayan , Lee Roxanna , Gadipelli Srinivas , Lin Chieh‐Ting , Xu Shengda , Poduval Radhika K. , Mclachlan Martyn A. , Papakonstantinou Ioannis , Parkin Ivan P. , Macdonald Thomas J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe addition of cations to TiO2 photoelectrodes is routinely accepted as a route to enhance the performance of conventional n‐i‐p solar cells. However, this is typically achieved in multiple steps or by the incorporation of expensive and hydroscopic cationic precursors such as lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide. In addition, it is often unclear as to whether the incorporation of such cation sources is inducing “doping” or simply transformed into cationic oxides on the surface of the photoelectrodes. In this study, TiO2 nanofibers were produced through a simple electrospinning technique and modified by introducing lithium and lanthanum precursors in one step. Our results show that the addition of both cations caused minimal substitutional or interstitial doping of TiO2. Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller measurements showed that lanthanum‐treated TiO2 nanofibers had an increase in surface area, which even exceeded that of TiO2 P25 nanoparticles. Finally, treated and untreated TiO2 nanofibers were used in n‐i‐p solar cells. Photovoltaic characteristics revealed that lanthanum treatment was beneficial, whereas lithium treatment was found to be detrimental to the device performance for both dye‐sensitized and perovskite solar cells. The results discuss new fundamental understandings for two of the commonly incorporated cationic dopants in TiO2 photoelectrodes, lithium and lanthanum, and present a significant step forward in advancing the field of materials chemistry for photovoltaics.
The Discovery of LML134, a Histamine H3 Receptor Inverse Agonist for the Clinical Treatment of Excessive Sleep Disorders
Authors: Troxler Thomas , Feuerbach Dominik , Zhang Xuechun , Yang Charles R. , Lagu Bharat , Perrone Mark , Wang Tie‐Lin , Briner Karin , Bock Mark G. , Auberson Yves P. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHistamine H3 receptor (H3R) inverse agonists that have been in clinical trials for the treatment of excessive sleep disorders, have been plagued with insomnia as a mechanism‐based side effect. We focused on the identification of compounds that achieve high receptor occupancy within a short time, followed by rapid disengagement from the receptor, a target profile that could provide therapeutic benefits without the undesired side effect of insomnia. This article describes the optimization work that led to the discovery of 1‐(1‐methyl‐6‐oxo‐1,6‐dihydropyridazin‐3‐yl)piperidin‐4‐yl 4‐cyclobutylpiperazine‐1‐carboxylate (18 b, LML134).
New technologies for smart cities – high‐resolution air pollution maps based on intelligent sensors
Authors: Banach Marzena , Talaśka Tomasz , Dalecki Jakub , Długosz Rafał 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThis paper presents a contribution in the development of a wireless sensor network, which can be used for building, in real time, dense air pollution maps, for compact urban areas. Such system may be useful for cyclists and pedestrians moving through the city. Based on such data, they can select the route in such a way, as to avoid the most polluted areas. An important step here may be development of miniaturized and cheap intelligent sensors, capable not only of data recording and transmitting, but also of some on‐site data processing and prediction. Such sensors require a development of small and power efficient circuit, including data processing unit integrated with an artificial neural network (ANN) in a single chip. We present a prototype chip that contains main components of such sensors, which include a programmable 10‐bit analog‐to‐digital converter, a programmable clock generator, and selected blocks of the ANN. The chip is a reconfigurable device, with many testing abilities. For this reason, one of the main challenges was a fast and efficient programming and testing tool. Such tool has been developed by us and is described in this work in detail along with selected measurement results. The presented work is an extended version of our conference paper (“Novel solutions for smart cities—creating air pollution maps based on intelligent sensors”).
CudaCHPre2D: A straightforward preprocessing approach for accelerating 2D convex hull computations on the GPU
Authors: Qin Jiayu , Mei Gang , Cuomo Salvatore , Guo Sixu , Li Yixuan 
Published: April 2019

SummaryAn effective strategy for accelerating the calculation of convex hulls is to filter the input points by discarding interior points. In this paper, we present such a straightforward preprocessing approach by discarding the points locating in a convex polygon formed by 16 extreme points. Extreme points of a planar point set do not alter when all points are rotated with the same angle in the plane. Four groups of four extreme points with min or max x or y coordinates can be found for the original point set and three rotated point sets. These 16 extreme points are used to form a planar convex polygon. We discard those points locating in the convex polygon and calculate the desired convex hull of the remaining points. The proposed preprocessing algorithm is evaluated on two computational platforms. Experiments show that, when employing the proposed preprocessing algorithm on the computational platform 1, it achieves speedups of approximately 4 ×∼5× on average and 5 ×∼6× in the best cases over the cases where the proposed approach is not used, while on the computational platform 2, the speedups are approximately 6 ×∼9× on average and 9 ×∼14× in the best cases. Moreover, more than 99% input points can be discarded in most cases.