bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transnational Networks
Authors: Heyvaert Veerle 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the transnational and networked aspects of contemporary environmental law and governance. It first explains why there is a need for a deeper and stronger engagement with the transboundary nature of environmental law before discussing the rise of transnational networks as sources of environmental law and governance, along with the reasons for their proliferation and the possibility that they will persist in the coming decades. The chapter then introduces a mapping approach that may facilitate the inclusion of transnational networks in comparative analyses. The proposed methodology organizes the field into five cohorts of transnational networks: public/public networks; public/private networks; private/public networks; private/private networks; and hybrid networks. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the impact of engaging with transnational networks on the practice of comparative environmental law, along with the challenges and opportunities that such networks present for comparative studies.
Environmental Planning
Authors: Wang Jin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of environmental plans as an instrument of environmental law and policy across jurisdictions. It first explains the concept of environmental plan, how environmental plans evolved in different jurisdictions, and the theory of environmental plans before considering the contents of national environmental plans. Using the examples of China, Sweden, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union, the chapter examines the emergence and consolidation of national environmental plans, their underlying rationales, the processes through which they are formulated, and the areas most frequently addressed by them. It also shows how national environmental plans are implemented in those jurisdictions, along with their legal effects.
Protection of Sites
Authors: Reid Colin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of protected sites in biodiversity conservation and in the overall conservation enterprise. It first provides an overview of the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s work on definition and classification for protected sites before discussing the legal basis and the governance arrangements for protected areas. It then considers a range of issues surrounding the designation of protected sites, along with legal measures for their conservation and enhancement (e.g. management plans, controls on visitors and activities, positive conservation). It also explores the issue of enforcement and various measures used for the conservation of marine-protected areas before concluding with an analysis of two major challenges which may necessitate a rethinking of the role and place of protected areas in conservation: the first arises from our improved understanding of what is needed for biodiversity to thrive, and the second is posed by climate change.
Command and Control Standards and Cross-jurisdictional Harmonization
Authors: Lange Bettina 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines the strengths and weaknesses of ‘command and control’ environmental standards. It argues that a key shortcoming of such standards is a ‘conceptualization gap’: i.e. limited conceptualizations of how the natural environment works, and how it is influenced by human actions. After considering a working definition of command and control standards, the chapter discusses their significance, how they are related to self-regulation and economic incentives, and their implementation deficit. The chapter then explains how applied science models that analyse environmental risks can help to close the ‘conceptualization gap’ that limits the significance and effectiveness of command and control environmental standards. It suggests that closing the conceptualization gap can involve to rely on integrated and harmonized standards, which, in turn, can be achieved by using the abstract, conceptual, and thus potentially trans-jurisdictional ‘language of science’. To this end, the chapter introduces the DPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts, and Responses) applied science model, describing its features and highlighting its limitations in providing an integrated view of environmental risks.
The Assessment of Environmental Impact
Authors: Craik Neil 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of environmental assessment (EA) in mediating between the scientific, political, and normative elements within environmental decision-making. It first provides an overview of the origins of EA and how it spread worldwide before considering the different theoretical models that have been developed to explain the structure and role of EA as an institutionalized approach to environmental decision-making. It then discusses the elements of environmental impact assessment (EIA) as a policy instrument, namely: application, screening, scoping, participation, decisions, and follow-up and monitoring. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the convergence and divergence in EA practice and how the diverging approaches to EA may affect the degree or type of influence that assessment processes have on environmental outcomes.
A Cartography of Environmental Education
Authors: Cutter-McKenzie-Knowles Amy , Logan Marianne , Khatun Ferdousi , Malone Karen 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a historical and policy cartography of environmental education. It begins with a brief historical overview of significant environmental education initiatives, focusing on how they became part of a highly political and intergovernmental agenda and how the concept of sustainable development has infiltrated the field of environmental education. It then considers the neoliberal relationship between environmental education and sustainable development before providing a cartography of environmental education policies and an analysis of ‘currents’ (the complex and evolving perspectives and pedagogies) in the field. Two case studies of environmental education are discussed, namely, the Climate Change + Me project in Australia and the story of a teacher named Rose in Bangladesh who inspired environmental consciousness and sustainable practices amongst her students.
Environmental Liability
Authors: Hinteregger Monika 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the potential and the limits of civil law for the prevention and remediation of environmental harm. It first provides a brief overview of the environmental liability regimes established by international conventions, including those on nuclear liability and oil pollution damage by ships, and the basic rules of selected national tort laws (e.g. fault-based liability, no-fault liability for pollution damage, product liability, neighbourhood law and nuisance). It then considers the main problems of environmental liability, namely: proof of causation, legal standing for the remediation and compensation of environmental damage, the evaluation of natural resource damage, and the relationship between tort liability and environmental regulations. The chapter concludes with a critical analysis of the uses of tort law in environmental protection while also emphasizing that it must meet some requirements in order to become fully effective.
Environmental Law and Constitutional and Public Law
Authors: Pedersen Ole W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship of environmental law to public and constitutional law. More specifically, it considers ‘points of interactions’ between public and constitutional law and environmental law and shows that these points of interaction are found throughout the ‘life cycle’ of environmental law. The chapter explores the ways in which environmental law is shaped by rules and doctrines of public and constitutional law, first by discussing policy and law-making in the administrative state. It then analyses constitutional environmental norms and their functions, the local and domestic context of constitutional environmental provisions, the non-constitutional points of interaction between environmental law and public and constitutional law, and how the form and content of environmental law are shaped by domestic structures of government (and governance). The chapter concludes with an assessment of the impact of environmental law on public and constitutional law.
The ‘Red Radio Ring’: ionized and molecular gas in a starburst/active galactic nucleus at z ∼ 2.55
Authors: Harrington Kevin C , Vishwas A , Weiß A , Magnelli B , Grassitelli L , Zajaček M , Jiménez-Andrade E F , Leung T K D , Bertoldi F , Romano-Díaz E , Frayer D T , Kamieneski P , Riechers D , Stacey G J , Yun M S , Wang Q D 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We report the detection of the far-infrared (FIR) fine-structure line of singly ionized nitrogen, [N ii] 205 $\mu$m , within the peak epoch of galaxy assembly, from a strongly lensed galaxy, hereafter ‘The Red Radio Ring’; the RRR, at z = 2.55. We combine new observations of the ground-state and mid-J transitions of CO (Jup = 1, 5, 8), and the FIR spectral energy distribution (SED), to explore the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM) properties of the RRR. All line profiles suggest that the H ii regions, traced by [N ii] 205 $\mu$m , and the (diffuse and dense) molecular gas, traced by CO, are cospatial when averaged over kpc-sized regions. Using its mid-IR-to-millimetre (mm) SED, we derive a non-negligible dust attenuation of the [N ii] 205 $\mu$m line emission. Assuming a uniform dust screen approximation results a mean molecular gas column density &gt;1024 cm−2, with a molecular gas-to-dust mass ratio of 100. It is clear that dust attenuation corrections should be accounted for when studying FIR fine-structure lines in such systems. The attenuation corrected ratio of $L_{\rm N\,{\small II}205} / L_{\rm IR(8\!-\!1000\, \mu m)} = 2.7 \times 10^{-4}$ is consistent with the dispersion of local and z &gt; 4 SFGs. We find that the lower limit, [N ii] 205 $\mu$m -based star formation rate (SFR) is less than the IR-derived SFR by a factor of 4. Finally, the dust SED, CO line SED, and $L_{\rm N\,{\small II}205}$ line-to-IR luminosity ratio of the RRR is consistent with a starburst-powered ISM.
Effects of re-acceleration and source grammage on secondary cosmic rays spectra
Authors: Bresci V , Amato E , Blasi P , Morlino G 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
The ratio between secondary and primary cosmic ray (CR) particles is the main source of information about CR propagation in the Galaxy. Primary CRs are thought to be accelerated mainly in supernova remnant shocks and then released in the interstellar medium. Here, they produce secondary particles by occasional collisions with interstellar matter. As a result, the ratio between the fluxes of secondary and primary particles carries information about the amount of matter CRs have encountered during their journey from their sources to the Earth. Recent measurements by AMS-02 revealed an unexpected behaviour of two main secondary-to-primary ratios, the Boron-to-Carbon ratio and the antiproton-to-proton ratio. In this work, we discuss how such anomalies may reflect the action of two phenomena that are usually overlooked, namely the fact that some fraction of secondary particles can be produced within the acceleration region, and the non-negligible probability that secondary particles encounter an accelerator (and are re-accelerated) during propagation. Both effects must be taken into account in order to correctly extract information about CR transport from secondary-to-primary ratios.
Dark-ages reionization and galaxy formation simulation – XVII. Sizes, angular momenta, and morphologies of high-redshift galaxies
Authors: Marshall Madeline A , Mutch Simon J , Qin Yuxiang , Poole Gregory B , Wyithe J Stuart B 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We study the sizes, angular momenta, and morphologies of high-redshift galaxies, using an update of the meraxes semi-analytic galaxy evolution model. Our model successfully reproduces a range of observations from redshifts z = 0–10. We find that the effective radius of a galaxy disc scales with ultraviolet (UV) luminosity as $R_\mathrm{ e}\propto L_{\textrm{UV}}^{0.33}$ at z = 5–10, and with stellar mass as $R_e\propto M_\ast ^{0.24}$ at z = 5 but with a slope that increases at higher redshifts. Our model predicts that the median galaxy size scales with redshift as Re ∝ (1 + z)−m, where m = 1.98 ± 0.07 for galaxies with (0.3–1)$L^\ast _{z=3}$ and m = 2.15 ± 0.05 for galaxies with (0.12–0.3)$L^\ast _{z=3}$. We find that the ratio between stellar and halo specific angular momentum is typically less than 1 and decreases with halo and stellar mass. This relation shows no redshift dependence, while the relation between specific angular momentum and stellar mass decreases by ∼0.5 dex from z = 7 to z = 2. Our model reproduces the distribution of local galaxy morphologies, with bulges formed predominantly through galaxy mergers for low-mass galaxies, disc-instabilities for galaxies with M* ≃ 1010–$10^{11.5}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$, and major mergers for the most massive galaxies. At high redshifts, we find galaxy morphologies that are predominantly bulge-dominated.
A classifier to detect elusive astronomical objects through photometry
Authors: D. Bhavana , Vig S , Ghosh S K , Gorthi Rama Krishna Sai S 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
The application of machine learning principles in the photometric search of elusive astronomical objects has been a less-explored frontier of research. Here, we have used three methods, the neural network and two variants of k-nearest neighbour, to identify brown dwarf candidates using the photometric colours of known brown dwarfs. We initially check the efficiencies of these three classification techniques, both individually and collectively, on known objects. This is followed by their application to three regions in the sky, namely Hercules (2° × 2°), Serpens (9° × 4°), and Lyra (2° × 2°). Testing these algorithms on sets of objects that include known brown dwarfs show a high level of completeness. This includes the Hercules and Serpens regions where brown dwarfs have been detected. We use these methods to search and identify brown dwarf candidates towards the Lyra region. We infer that the collective method of classification, also known as ensemble classifier, is highly efficient in the identification of brown dwarf candidates.
Recurrent Losses and Rapid Evolution of the Condensin II Complex in Insects
Authors: King Thomas D , Leonard Christopher J , Cooper Jacob C , Nguyen Son , Joyce Eric F , Phadnis Nitin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCondensins play a crucial role in the organization of genetic material by compacting and disentangling chromosomes. Based on studies in a few model organisms, the condensins I and II complexes are considered to have distinct functions, with the condensin II complex playing a role in meiosis and somatic pairing of homologous chromosomes in Drosophila. Intriguingly, the Cap-G2 subunit of condensin II is absent in Drosophila melanogaster, and this loss may be related to the high levels of chromosome pairing seen in flies. Here, we find that all three non-SMC subunits of condensin II (Cap-G2, Cap-D3, and Cap-H2) have been repeatedly and independently lost in taxa representing multiple insect orders, with some taxa lacking all three. We also find that all non-Dipteran insects display near-uniform low-pairing levels regardless of their condensin II complex composition, suggesting that some key aspects of genome organization are robust to condensin II subunit losses. Finally, we observe consistent signatures of positive selection in condensin subunits across flies and mammals. These findings suggest that these ancient complexes are far more evolutionarily labile than previously suspected, and are at the crossroads of several forms of genomic conflicts. Our results raise fundamental questions about the specific functions of the two condensin complexes in taxa that have experienced subunit losses, and open the door to further investigations to elucidate the diversity of molecular mechanisms that underlie genome organization across various life forms.
Biogenesis of RNase P RNA from an intron requires co-assembly with cognate protein subunits
Authors: Palsule Geeta , Gopalan Venkat , Simcox Amanda 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
RNase P RNA (RPR), the catalytic subunit of the essential RNase P ribonucleoprotein, removes the 5′ leader from precursor tRNAs. The ancestral eukaryotic RPR is a Pol III transcript generated with mature termini. In the branch of the arthropod lineage that led to the insects and crustaceans, however, a new allele arose in which RPR is embedded in an intron of a Pol II transcript and requires processing from intron sequences for maturation. We demonstrate here that the Drosophila intronic-RPR precursor is trimmed to the mature form by the ubiquitous nuclease Rat1/Xrn2 (5′) and the RNA exosome (3′). Processing is regulated by a subset of RNase P proteins (Rpps) that protects the nascent RPR from degradation, the typical fate of excised introns. Our results indicate that the biogenesis of RPR in vivo entails interaction of Rpps with the nascent RNA to form the RNase P holoenzyme and suggests that a new pathway arose in arthropods by coopting ancient mechanisms common to processing of other noncoding RNAs.
ULK1 phosphorylates Mad1 to regulate spindle assembly checkpoint
Authors: Yuan Fengjie , Jin Ximin , Li Dan , Song Yuanshuai , Zhang Nan , Yang Xin , Wang Lina , Zhu Wei-Guo , Tian Chan , Zhao Ying 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation during mitosis. Here, we show that ULK1, a serine/threonine kinase that plays a key role in initiation of autophagy, also has an important function in the activation of SAC. ULK1 phosphorylates the SAC protein Mad1 at Ser546 to recruit Mad1 to kinetochores. Furthermore, Rod/ZW10/Zwilch (RZZ) complex may serve as a receptor for phos-Ser546-Mad1 at kinetochore, since phosphorylation of Mad1 by ULK1 strengthens the interaction between Mad1 and RZZ complex. In addition, deletion of ULK1 increases chromosome instability and cytotoxicity of paclitaxel, resulting in significant impairment of cancer cell growth. These findings highlight the role of ULK1 as a protein kinase controlling the fidelity of chromosome segregation and cell-cycle progression.
Metaphorical Creativity
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Most accounts of metaphorical creativity from a cognitive linguistic perspective build on the idea that there are conventional correspondences (mappings) between well-established domains (a source and a target) and that metaphorical creativity occurs when new mappings are added to the conventional ones. But, in many cases, a fuller account of metaphorical creativity is necessary. This chapter argues, relying on previous work, that many cases of creativity cannot be explained unless close attention is paid to the role of context in metaphorical creativity. Its specific suggestion is that it is important to try to be coherent not only with universal embodiment as a major factor in metaphorical conceptualization but also with several other factors that regulate the conceptualization of the world, such as the situational, discourse, and cognitive-conceptual context. This coherence with context results in the creation of context-induced metaphors that are often novel and unconventional.
Priming and Framing
Authors: Sonnett John 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
As cultural sociology has begun to incorporate more detailed models of cognition into its theories, one promising area for further theoretical and methodological development is the study of media and communication. To this end, this chapter reviews interdisciplinary research on priming and framing, two closely related concepts that have been subject to much debate in psychology, communication studies, and political science. Priming is often said to focus on what information is presented and framing on how information is presented, although these elements overlap in actual communication practices. While some scholars define framing to encompass both the what and the how of communication, others subsume framing under agenda setting as a second-order priming effect, and yet others advocate separating the theories of priming and framing because they have different assumptions. Rather than taking a position within these debates, this chapter identifies eight dimensions of communication and cognition that can be used as a conceptual toolkit for reflecting on and designing studies of framing and priming using observational data. Whether future studies use one or the other or neither concept, giving attention to issues raised in these interdisciplinary debates can help clarify both theoretical and methodological approaches to cognitively-oriented sociology.
Productive Methods in the Study of Culture and Cognition
Authors: McDonnell Terence E. , Vercel Kelcie L. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Productive methods (McDonnell 2014) are one methodological strategy for drawing out and measuring cognitive processes in social research. Productive methods build on methodological advances in the areas of participatory research, arts-based research, creativity research, visual methods, and focus group research, and capitalize on the advantages of attending to embodiment, emotion, and interaction. Productive methods require research participants to work together to create a cultural object, some thing that did not exist prior to the research. By observing this collaboration and production process, and comparing the process with the product, the researcher gains access to difficult-to-obtain data, including implicit and nondiscursive cognition and cultural schemas. Productive methods offer one solution to the widely acknowledged challenge of studying and measuring cognition.
An Assessment of Methods for Measuring Automatic Cognition
Authors: Miles Andrew 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Sociologists increasingly incorporate cognitive processes into their theoretical models. To date, scholars have paid particular attention to “Type 1” processes that are characterized by automatic activation and execution. This chapter evaluates methods that have been advanced for measuring Type 1 (or automatic) cognition, with the goal of bringing the most useful, well-validated, and promising measures into sociology. It begins with a discussion of general principles for measuring automatic processes, and then applies these principles to evaluate how well existing measures accomplish this task. Measures of three types of constructs are examined—evaluations and motivations, habits, and cognitive schemas—along with methods for comparing the relative effects of automatic and deliberate cognition on behavior.
Methods for Studying the Contextual Nature of Implicit Cognition
Authors: Shepherd Hana R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with the contention that many key theoretical questions in the sociology of culture depend on our understanding of the interaction of culture at the individual level and forms of culture that exist external to individuals. A central assumption of this argument is that processes of implicit cognition, an aspect of how culture is stored at the individual level, depend on the social, physical, and cultural environmental of an individual. The chapter reviews findings and methods from multiple fields that can inform the study of the relationship between individual level implicit cognition and environmental context. It examines this relationship in terms of how context informs both the acquisition and the activation of implicit cognition at the individual level. Drawing on studies of implicit cognition measures in real-world settings, and laboratory and survey experiments, it discusses how these methods can be used to examine outstanding questions in the sociology of culture.