bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifetime and Recent Experiences of Violence Among College Women
Authors: Fantasia Heidi Collins , Sutherland Melissa A. , Hutchinson M. Katherine 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and sexual violence (SV) are serious issues for female college students. Approximately one third of women have experienced physical violence or SV in their lifetime. Female college students experience high rates of both IPV and SV. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to describe the experiences of violence and associated factors reported by college women.

Methods:
This secondary analysis included data from a cross-sectional study focused on IPV/SV screening in college health centers. Random samples of female undergraduate students, aged 18–25 years, from five participating universities in the northeastern United States were contacted via email and invited to participate in the study. Eight hundred seventy-three young women met the inclusion criteria and completed survey measures.

Results:
More than half (52%, n = 457) of female undergraduate students reported having experienced at least one episode of violence in their lifetime. Almost 12% reported experiencing IPV or SV during the preceding semester. For women reporting recent experiences of violence, forced unwanted sexual activities accounted for nearly half of all reported episodes of violence (n = 46). Heavier alcohol drinking on the weekends was correlated with reports of forced sex.

Discussion:
The results highlight the prevalence of past and recent IPV/SV and increased risk among college women. Further research is needed to identify risk factors of both victimization and perpetration and the milieu of risk on college campuses. Forensic nurses should be key stakeholders in the development and implementation of interventions for violence education, screening, and referral.
Interplay Between Socioeconomic Status and Otitis Media Disease Burden in Resource-rich and Resource-poor Nations
Authors: Guys Nicholas , Ramsey Tam , Kandinov Aron , Svider Peter F. , Jyung Robert W. , Hong Robert , Sheyn Anthony 
Published: August 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis:
To characterize global differences in otitis media (OM)-related disease burden between socioeconomically advantaged and disadvantaged nations.

Methods:
Using the Global Health Data Exchange, worldwide OM burden was evaluated using age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 individuals in 183 countries from 1990 to 2015. Countries were organized by socioeconomic status using Human Development Index (HDI) values collected from the United Nations Development Program. Gini coefficients and concentration indices were employed to analyze disparities in OM disease burden.

Results:
From 1990 to 2015, the mean DALY rate across all nations decreased by 21.9%. When considering disease burden in relation to socioeconomic status, age-standardized DALYs decreased as HDI values increased (p < 0.001). For both children and adults, DALY rates were significantly different between HDI groups (p < 0.01). Gini coefficients decreased from 0.821 in 1990 to 0.810 in 2015, indicating a modest reduction in international health inequality. Global disparities in OM disease burden, as measured by the concentration index, worsened from 1990 to 2010 before showing a small trend reversal in 2015.

Conclusions:
To our knowledge, this is the first analysis investigating socioeconomic-related global disparities in OM disease burden using HDI values, Gini coefficients, and concentration indices. While the overall mean decrease in DALY rate from 1990 to 2015 is encouraging, the net decrease in concentration index during this period suggests less-developed nations continue to shoulder a disproportionate burden. Greater resource allocation to resource-poor nations may be warranted, as disease burden negatively impacts these countries to a greater degree.
Advances in machine perfusion, organ preservation, and cryobiology: potential impact on vascularized composite allotransplantation
Authors: Burlage Laura C. , Tessier Shannon N. , Etra Joanna W. , Uygun Korkut , Brandacher Gerald 
Published: August 2018

Purpose of review
In this review, we discuss novel strategies that allow for extended preservation of vascularized composite allografts and their potential future clinical implications for the field of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA).

Recent findings
The current gold standard in tissue preservation – static cold preservation on ice – is insufficient to preserve VCA grafts for more than a few hours. Advancements in the field of VCA regarding matching and allocation, desensitization, and potential tolerance induction are all within reasonable reach to achieve; these are, however, constrained by limited preservation time of VCA grafts. Although machine perfusion holds many advantages over static cold preservation, it currently does not elongate the preservation time. More extreme preservation techniques, such as cryopreservation approaches, are, however, specifically difficult to apply to composite tissues as the susceptibility to ischemia and cryoprotectant agents varies greatly by tissue type.

Summary
In the current scope of extended preservation protocols, high subzero approaches of VCA grafts will be particularly critical enabling technologies for the implementation of tolerance protocols clinically. Ultimately, advances in both preservation techniques and tolerance induction have the potential to transform the field of VCA and eventually lead to broad applications in reconstructive transplantation.
Improving Patient Flow From the Emergency Department Utilizing a Standardized Electronic Nursing Handoff Process
Authors: Potts Lisa , Ryan Catherine , Diegel-Vacek Lauren , Murchek Alisa 
Published: August 2018

OBJECTIVE
The goal of this project was to decrease handoff delays from the emergency department (ED) as measured by ready to move (RTM)–to–occupied time.

BACKGROUND
ED boarding compromises the quality, safety, and experience of patient care. Lack of standardized and transparent handoff communication contributes to boarding time. This process improvement initiative implemented a standardized electronic situation, background, assessment, and recommendation (eSBAR) format-based nursing handoff process from the ED to a medical unit.

METHODS
Nursing staff were educated face-to-face regarding the initiative background, significance, and process. Outcomes were measured before and after eSBAR implementation.

RESULTS
Before implementation, the house-wide average RTM-to-occupied time was 83.6 minutes. This decreased to 49 minutes (a 41.4% decrease) 3 weeks after implementation and improved further to 47 minutes at 10 months after implementation. No related patient safety or quality issues were identified.

CONCLUSIONS
The use of an electronic, standardized handoff communication process resulted in decreased boarding time and increased bed flow efficiency.
Death and Dying Over 30 Years in the ICU: Personal Reflection
Authors: Argent Andrew C. 
Published: August 2018

Objective:
To describe individual perspective over ~30 years in a PICU in Cape Town, South Africa.

Data Sources:
Personal experience and reflection, complemented by published local data.

Study Selection:
Not applicable/illustrative publications of local other data.

Data Extraction:
Not applicable/or other (as appropriate).

Data Synthesis:
Narrative, experiential reflection.
Learning From Investigation After Death
Authors: Griffiths Benedict T. , Sebire Neil J. , Brierley Joe 
Published: August 2018

Objectives:
The acceptability of traditional postmortem examination to bereaved families, coupled with a misguided professional view about their limited utility, has led to decrease in this ultimate investigation. Research recurrently demonstrates that postmortem examination provides clinically relevant information despite ever-improving diagnostic techniques. This review examines postmortem examination for children who die in PICU—whether consented or nonconsented (legally mandated). It explores how such investigations might provide useful information and suggests that PICU and pathology teams work together to provide information for bereaved families to either enable them to consent to postmortem interventions or understand necessary forensic processes. Newer technologies such as postmortem imaging and laparoscope-assisted/ultrasound-guided tissue sampling are reviewed, with the hope that greater acceptability to families may lead to a welcome resurgence in postmortem information for clinicians, tempered by realization that widespread acceptance of their equivalence to standard techniques by most forensic services is awaited.

Data Sources:
Literature review.

Study Selection:
Journal articles describing practices in pediatric and adult postmortem examination.

Data Extraction:
Not available.

Data Synthesis:
Not available.

Conclusions:
The PICU team have a duty to help bereaved parents understand what postmortem investigations are available, or might be mandated, after the death of their child. A thoughtful, unhurried, and compassionate discussion should be arranged with expert pathology teams and any specialists who have cared for the child to explain how investigations can provide information about what is involved—including availability and suitability of newer techniques. This should include information about when a child’s body, organs, or tissues will be available for the funeral, necessary legal procedures and how and when results will be explained to them.
Discussing Death as a Possible Outcome of PICU Care
Authors: Gilleland Jonathan C. , Parshuram Christopher S. 
Published: August 2018

Objectives:
To describe practical considerations related to discussions about death or possible death of a critically ill child.

Data Sources:
Personal experience and reflection. Published English language literature.

Study Selection:
Selected illustrative studies.

Data Extraction:
Not available.

Data Synthesis:
Narrative and experiential review were used to describe the following areas benefits and potential adverse consequences of conversations about risk of death and the timing of, preparation for, and conduct of conversations about risk of death.

Conclusions:
Timely conversations about death as a possible outcome of PICU care are an important part of high-quality ICU care. Not all patients “require” these conversations; however, identifying patients for whom conversations are indicated should be an active process. Informed conversations require preparation to provide the best available objective information. Information should include distillation of local experience, incorporate the patients’ clinical trajectory, the potential impact(s) of alternate treatments, describe possible modes of death, and acknowledge the extent of uncertainty. We suggest the more factual understanding of risk of death should be initially separated from the more inherent value-laden treatment recommendations and decisions. Gathering and sharing of collective knowledge, conduct of additional investigations, and time can increase the factual content of risk of death discussions. Timely and sensitive delivery of this best available knowledge then provides foundation for high-quality treatment recommendations and decision-making.
Notes on the Development of the Slovenian Ethical Recommendations for Decision-Making on Treatment and Palliative Care of Patients at the End of Life in Intensive Care Medicine
Authors: Grosek Stefan , Orazem Miha , Groselj Urh 
Published: August 2018

Objectives:
To describe the process of development of “Slovenian Ethical Recommendations for Decision-Making on Treatment and Palliative Care of Patients at the End of Life in Intensive Care Medicine” and its final outcomes.

Data Sources:
Personal experience and reflection, complemented by published data.

Study Selection:
Not applicable.

Data Extraction:
Not applicable.

Data Synthesis:
Narrative, experiential reflection, literature review.

Conclusions:
Slovenian ethical recommendations bring a small piece to a long tradition of ethical practice in a small European country. Despite the availability of informative international guiding documents on the issue, there are several specific good reasons for a small country or a region to develop its own unique guidelines (i.e., lack of local directives and legislation, unique cultural and political situation, need for development of professional expertise and terminology, and to educate healthcare providers). The authors strongly believe that our recommendations positively impact practice and will support best possible integrated palliative and end-of-life quality care with the ICU.
When a Child Dies in the PICU Despite Ongoing Life Support
Authors: Lewis-Newby Mithya , Clark Jonna D. , Butt Warwick W. , Dryden-Palmer Karen , Parshuram Christopher S. , Truog Robert D. 
Published: August 2018

Objectives:
To examine the circumstance of death in the PICU in the setting of ongoing curative or life-prolonging goals.

Data Sources:
Multidisciplinary author group, international expert opinion, and use of current literature.

Data Synthesis:
We describe three common clinical scenarios when curative or life-prolonging goals of care are pursued despite a high likelihood of death. We explore the challenges to providing high-quality end-of-life care in this setting. We describe possible perspectives of families and ICU clinicians facing these circumstances to aid in our understanding of these complex deaths. Finally, we offer suggestions of how PICU clinicians might improve the care of children at the end of life in this setting.

Conclusions:
Merging curative interventions and optimal end-of-life care is possible, important, and can be enabled when clinicians use creativity, explore possibilities, remain open minded, and maintain flexibility in the provision of critical care medicine. When faced with real and perceived barriers in providing optimal end-of-life care, particularly when curative goals of care are prioritized despite a very poor prognosis, tensions and conflict may arise. Through an intentional exploration of self and others’ perspectives, values, and goals, and working toward finding commonality in order to align with each other, conflict in end-of-life care may lessen, allowing the central focus to remain on providing optimal support for the dying child and their family.
Logistics of Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Therapies in PICU
Authors: Dryden-Palmer Karen , Haut Cathy , Murphy Samantha , Moloney-Harmon Patricia 
Published: August 2018

Objectives:
To describe practical considerations and approaches to best practices for end-of-life care for critically ill children and families in the PICU.

Data Sources:
Literature review, personal experience, and expert opinion.

Study Selection:
A sampling of the foundational and current evidence related to the withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies in the context of childhood critical illness and injury was accessed.

Data Extraction:
Moderated by the authors and supported by lived experience.

Data Synthesis:
Narrative review and experiential reflection.

Conclusions:
Consequences of childhood death in the PICU extend beyond the events of dying and death. In the context of withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies, achieving a quality death is impactful both in the immediate and in the longer term for family and for the team. An individualized approach to withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies that is informed by empiric and practical knowledge will ensure best care of the child and support the emotional well-being of child, family, and the team. Adherence to the principles of holistic and compassionate end-of-life care and an ongoing commitment to provide the best possible experience for withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies can achieve optimal end-of-life care in the most challenging of circumstances.
Unusual Presentation of Hurthle Cell Carcinoma With TENIS Syndrome as Left Atrial Thrombus on 18F-FDG PET/CT
Authors: Sood Apurva , Parihar Ashwin Singh , Sood Ashwani , Kumar Rajender , Prakash Gaurav , Singhal Manphool , Gulati Ajay , Mittal Bhagwant Rai , Bahl Ajay , Singh Shashank 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) with thyroglobulin elevation and negative 131I scintigraphy (TENIS) syndrome is a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma. Treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer has an excellent outcome, but treatment options in TENIS are limited with the exception of surgically amenable disease. We present a case of TENIS syndrome with incidental detection of tumor thrombus in right pulmonary vein extending to the left atrium on 18F-FDG PET/CT and subsequently complicating as an occipital bleed. The timely detection of the thrombus facilitated early initiation of anticoagulant therapy. However, the intracranial bleed precluded the continuation of anticoagulant therapy.
A Case of Glioblastoma With Calcified Region Imaged With 18F-NaF PET/CT
Authors: Ishimura Mariko , Yamamoto Yuka , Mitamura Katsuya , Norikane Takashi , Nishiyama Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

18F-NaF is a bone-seeking positron-emitting tracer with high sensitivity and specificity for detection of osseous lesions. We report a case of primary glial tumor that showed extraosseous uptake on 18F-NaF PET/CT. CT revealed a mass in the right parietal lobe with calcification. 18F-NaF PET/CT showed abnormal tracer uptake in the brain tumor, which was subsequently confirmed to be a glioblastoma by histologic examination.
Neurophysiological biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Vucic Steve , Rutkove Seward B. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose of review
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the motor neurons, characterized by upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) dysfunction. There have been significant technological advances in the development of neurophysiological biomarkers of UMN and LMN dysfunction in ALS. In this review, we discuss major advances in development of neurophysiological biomarkers in ALS, critiquing their potential in diagnosis and prognosis of ALS, as well as utility in monitoring treatment effects.

Recent findings
The threshold tracking transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) technique has established cortical hyperexcitability as an early and specific biomarker of UMN dysfunction in ALS, and associated with neurodegeneration. In addition to establishing cortical hyperexcitability as a pathophysiological mechanism, threshold tracking TMS has enabled an earlier diagnosis of ALS and provided a means of monitoring effects of therapeutic agents. Biomarkers of LMN dysfunction, including motor unit number estimation, the neurophysiological index, electrical impedance myography and axonal excitability techniques, have all exhibited utility in monitoring disease progression.

Summary
In addition to enhancing ALS diagnosis, the development of novel neurophysiological biomarkers has implications for clinical trials research and drug development, enabling the assessment of biological efficacy of agents in early stages of drug development.
Algorithmic regulation and the rule of law
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille 
Published: August 2018

In this brief contribution, I distinguish between code-driven and data-driven regulation as novel instantiations of legal regulation. Before moving deeper into data-driven regulation, I explain the difference between law and regulation, and the relevance of such a difference for the rule of law. I discuss artificial legal intelligence (ALI) as a means to enable quantified legal prediction and argumentation mining which are both based on machine learning. This raises the question of whether the implementation of such technologies should count as law or as regulation, and what this means for their further development. Finally, I propose the concept of ‘agonistic machine learning’ as a means to bring data-driven regulation under the rule of law. This entails obligating developers, lawyers and those subject to the decisions of ALI to re-introduce adversarial interrogation at the level of its computational architecture.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The growing ubiquity of algorithms in society: implications, impacts and innovations'.
The growing ubiquity of algorithms in society: implications, impacts and innovations
Authors: Olhede S. C. , Wolfe P. J. 
Published: August 2018

The growing ubiquity of algorithms in society raises a number of fundamental questions concerning governance of data, transparency of algorithms, legal and ethical frameworks for automated algorithmic decision-making and the societal impacts of algorithmic automation itself. This article, an introduction to the discussion meeting issue of the same title, gives an overview of current challenges and opportunities in these areas, through which accelerated technological progress leads to rapid and often unforeseen practical consequences. These consequences—ranging from the potential benefits to human health to unexpected impacts on civil society—are summarized here, and discussed in depth by other contributors to the discussion meeting issue.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The growing ubiquity of algorithms in society: implications, impacts and innovations'.
Motor module generalization across balance and walking is reduced after stroke
Authors: Allen Jessica L. , Kesar Trisha M. , Ting Lena H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHere, we examined features of muscle coordination associated with reduced walking performance in chronic stroke survivors. Using motor module (a.k.a. muscle synergy) analysis, we identified differences in the modular control of overground walking and standing reactive balance in stroke survivors compared to age-similar neurotypical controls. In contrast to previous studies that demonstrated reduced motor module number post-stroke, our cohort of stroke survivors did not exhibit a reduction in motor module number compared to controls during either walking or reactive balance. Instead, the pool of motor modules common to walking and reactive balance was smaller, suggesting a reduction in generalizability of motor module function across behaviors. The motor modules common to walking and reactive balance tended to be less variable and more distinct, suggesting more reliable output compared to motor modules specific to one behavior. Indeed, higher levels of motor module generalization was associated with faster walking speeds in stroke survivors. Further, recruitment of a common independent plantarflexor module across both behaviors was associated with faster walking speeds. Our work is the first to show that motor module generalization across walking and balance may help to distinguish important and clinically-relevant differences in walking performance across stroke survivors that would have been overlooked by examining only a single behavior. Finally, as similar relationships between motor module generalization and walking performance have been demonstrated in healthy young adults and individuals with Parkinson’s disease, our work suggests that motor module generalization across walking and balance may be important for well-coordinated walking.New and NoteworthyOur study is the first to simultaneously examine neuromuscular control of walking and standing reactive balance in stroke survivors. We show that motor module generalization across these behaviors (i.e., recruiting common motor modules) is reduced compared to neurotypical controls, which is associated with slower walking speeds. This is true despite no difference in motor module number between groups within each behavior, suggesting that motor module generalization across walking and balance is important for well-coordinated walking.