bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When trade unions turn to litigation: ‘getting all the ducks in a row’
Authors: Guillaume Cécile 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDriven by their members' demands and the need to adopt more combative legal strategies in order to oppose the deterioration of working and employment conditions, British trade unions have developed in‐house legal expertise and supported many individual and multiple claims. This article investigates the variation in unions' legal practices and examines their organisational responses to law and the role of compliance professionals in the regulation of employment litigation. It provides a nuanced account of the influence of legal rationality on the framing of union strategies and shows that, under certain conditions, trade unions are able to build multi‐pronged tactics by using litigation as a complement to other forms of action.
Part 1: Historical and Theoretical Underpinnings
Authors: Rosenblatt Roger A. 
Published: June 2018

This set of six manuscripts describes the content and impact of the WAMI Rural Hospital Project (RHP), a research and development effort supported by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, designed to improve the delivery of health services in six rural communities in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. The major objective of the RHP—an activity which spanned a four‐year period from 1985 through 1988—was to assist the project communities in improving the financial stability and quality of care of their local health care systems. Special attention was directed at helping the communities determine and implement an appropriate scope of health services, improve management and governance of the local health care enterprise, recruit and retain additional health personnel, and increase the extent to which community residents used local health services.In this first section we discuss the historical antecedents and conceptual underpinnings of the RHP and describe the five principal phases of the project. Theseinclude: (1) selection of communities for participation in the RHP, (2) comprehensive analysis of the health care system in each community, (3) community health services planning, including the development of comprehensive strategic plans, (4) implementation of techniques to improve local health services, and (5) project dissemination and evaluation. A pre‐test, post‐test model was employed to assess qualitative and quantitative changes in a variety of key measures of health system performance, including organization and management, scope of services, fiscal viability of the rural hospital, and utilization and patient satisfaction with health services in each community. The results of this evaluation constitute the balance of this report.
Part 2: Changes in the Availability and Utilization of Health Services
Authors: Lishner Denise M. , Amundson Bruce A. , Hart L. Gary 
Published: June 2018

A major goal of the Rural Hospital Project (RHP) was to assist communities in defining an optimal scope of hospital and community health services. It was hypothesized that a rational basis for service planning would result in an expansion of locally provided health services, increased local hospital and physician market share, improved hospital workload performance, and higher levels of consumer satisfaction with community‐based services. However, given the recent decline in performance of many small rural hospitals in general and in RHP hospitals in particular, at a minimum, stabilization of these troubled facilities could be considered a successful outcome.Data were collected from the six rural communities participating in the RHP both before and after the intervention (1985 and 1989) to assess changes in community scope of health services and utilization patterns. Comparative data were also compiled from peer group hospitals when available.Results generally demonstrated stabilization or expansion in: (1) the range of community and hospital services, (2) the availability of community physicians and visiting specialties, and (3) physician and hospital market share. While findings were mixed for patient days, average daily census, and number of births, substantial increases were documented for the number of surgical procedures, emergency room visits, and x‐rays over the study period. RHP hospitals generally outperformed peer group hospitals on market share measures.
Part 3: Building Health Care Leadership in Rural Communities
Authors: Elder William G. , Amundson Bruce A. 
Published: June 2018

The WAMI Rural Hospital Project (RHP) intervention combined aspects of community development, strategic planning and organizational development to address the leadership issues in six Northwest rural hospitals. Hospitals and physicians, other community health care providers and local townspeople were involved in this intervention, which was accomplished in three phases. In the first phase, extensive information about organizational effectiveness was collected at each site. Phase two consisted of 30 hours of education for the physician, board, and hospital administrator community representatives covering management, hospital board governance, and scope of service planning. In the third phase, each community worked with a facilitator to complete a strategic plan and to resolve conflicts addressed in the management analyses.The results of the evaluation demonstrated that the greatest change noted among RHP hospitals was improvement in the effectiveness of their governing boards. All boards adopted some or all of the project's model governance plan and had successfully completed considerable portions of their strategic plans by 1989. Teamwork among the management triad (hospital, board, and medical staff) was also substantially improved. Other improvements included the development of marketing plans for the three hospitals that did not initially have them and more effective use of outside consultants. The project had less impact on improving the functioning of the medical chief of staff, although this was not a primary target of the intervention. There was also relatively less community interest in joining regional health care associations. The authors conclude that an intervention program tailored to address specific community needs and clearly identified leadership deficiencies can have a positive effect on rural health care systems.
Part 5: Community Perception of Local Health Care Services
Authors: Hart L. Gary , Lishner Denise M. , Amundson Bruce A. 
Published: June 2018

Rural health care facilities commonly employ community health care surveys as marketing research instruments to assess consumer utilization of and satisfaction with local services. However, there is little information on the use of survey findings as a way to design interventions to enhance consumer satisfaction and hospital viability. A community survey was administered in six Northwest rural communities as part of the Rural Hospital Project (RHP) to identify weaknesses in local health care services, guide remedial activities, act as a catalyst for change, and assess changes in community perceptions following project interventions.Descriptive findings revealed problems typically observed in small rural communities, including relatively low hospital and physician market share, outmigration for certain types of health care not available locally, and dissatisfaction with some aspects of hospital and physician services. Satisfaction with various aspects of care tended to be lower among males, the uninsured, and younger respondents.Comparisons of survey responses before (1985) and after (1989) the RHP generally demonstrated stability in hospital and physician market share, with project hospitals performing well in 1989 in comparison to other rural hospitals of similar size. The percentage of respondents who rated overall quality of local hospital and physician care positively generally increased or remained stable over the study period. Substantial decreases in satisfaction levels were found for access to care. Importantly, gains were made in those areas and services which received particular emphasis in the project.
Book Reviews
Authors: Wald Marlena M. 
Published: June 2018

CARTER CENTER OF EMORY UNIVERSITY AND THE PARK RIDGE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF HEALTH, FAITH, AND ETHICS. Healthy People 2000: A Role for America's Religious Communities. Edited by Micah Marty. Chicago, IL: Park Ridge Center, 1991. 42 pp.—$4.STOTO, MICHAEL A., BEHREN, RUTH, AND ROSEMONT, CONNIE, editors. Healthy People 2000: Citizens Chart the Course. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990, 228 pp.—$24.U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE. Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1990. 2 volumes. (SUDOC no. HE20.2 D63/8) (DHHS Publication nos. 9150212 and 91‐50213) Vol. 1, 692 pp.—$31; Vol. 2,154 pp.—$9.
Motherwort injection for preventing postpartum hemorrhage in pregnant women with cesarean section: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chen Wenwen , Yu Jiajie , Tao Huan , Cai Yujia , Li Youping , Sun Xin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the impact of motherwort injection alone or combined with oxytocin for preventing postpartum hemorrhage in pregnant women with caesarean section.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials were performed. PubMed, EMbase, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Chinese database Sino‐Med, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (CNKI), VIP Chinese Science and Technique Journals Database, WanFang, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared motherwort injection alone or motherwort injection combined with oxytocin in pregnant women receiving cesarean section were included. Paired reviewers independently screened abstracts and full texts for eligibility, assessed risk of bias, and extracted data. We performed random‐effects meta‐analyses of RCTs along with a limited number of prespecified subgroup hypotheses, and sensitivity analyses were carried out with other statistical approaches.ResultsForty‐six RCTs (n = 7359) proved eligible. Compared with oxytocin, both motherwort injection and motherwort injection combined with oxytocin had a significantly lower blood loss within 2 hours (MD = −21.81, 95% CI −37.05 to −6.58 and MD = −53.04, 95% CI −61.68 to −44.39); lower blood loss within 24 hours (MD = −25.44, 95% CI −39.38 to −11.51 and MD = −67.81, 95% CI −78.02 to −57.60); and lower the risk of adverse events (ORPeto 0.40, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.96 and ORPeto 0.50, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.71). Motherwort injection combined with oxytocin also decreased the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.35.)ConclusionsIn pregnant women with cesarean section, motherwort injection suggests an obvious benefit and less adverse event.
Calendar synchronization of gasoline price increases
Authors: Noel Michael D. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn many retail gasoline markets with Edgeworth price cycles, large and regular price increases occur on the same day of the week every week, that is, they are calendar synchronized. In this article, I test whether calendar synchronization leads to higher or lower consumer expenditures on gasoline compared to a world with cycles but without calendar synchronization. On one hand, firms may attempt to trigger price increases just prior to periods of normally high demand. On the other, consumers may be better able to predict and shift purchases to low price days of the cycle. Using high‐frequency gasoline volume data and matching it to high‐frequency price data, I find that the latter effect dominates. All else equal, consumer expenditures on gasoline fall with calendar synchronization in the study markets. I also calculate intertemporal price elasticities and find them to be high.
Development of a continuous cell line from larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its use in the study of the microsporidian, Loma morhua
Authors: MacLeod Michael J. , Vo Nguyen T. K. , Mikhaeil Michael S. , Monaghan S. Richelle , Alexander J. Andrew N. , Saran Mandeep K. , Lee Lucy E. J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn vitro cell culture methods are crucial for the isolation, purification and mass propagation of intracellular pathogens of aquatic organisms. Cell culture infection models can yield insights into infection mechanisms, aid in developing methods for disease mitigation and prevention, and inform commercial‐scale cultivation approaches. This study details the establishment of a larval cell line (GML‐5) from the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its use in the study of microsporidia. GML‐5 has survived over 100 passages in 8 years of culture. The line remains active and viable between 8 and 21°C in Leibovitz‐15 (L‐15) media with 10% foetal bovine serum and exhibits a myofibroblast phenotype as indicated by immuno‐positive results for vimentin, α‐smooth muscle actin, collagen I and S‐100 proteins, while being desmin‐negative. GML‐5 supports the infection and development of two microsporidian parasites, an opportunistic generalist (Anncaliia algerae) and cod‐specific Loma morhua. Using GML‐5, spore germination and proliferation of L. morhua was found to require exposure to basic pH and cool incubation temperatures (8°C), in contrast to A. algerae, which required no cultural modifications. Loma morhua‐associated xenoma‐like structures were observed 2 weeks postexposure. This in vitro infection model may serve as a valuable tool for cod parasitology and aquaculture research.
Change in scalding fluids by time in poultry slaughterhouse and its effect on microbiological quality of carcasses
Authors: Incili Gökhan Kürşad , Çalicioğlu Mehmet 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the condition of scalding on the microbiological quality of the chilled carcasses. For this purpose, clean (A) or dirty (B) water was used for scalding, samples were collected in every 30 min for 150 min from each of three scalding tanks (Tank 1, Tank 2, Tank 3), from drips collected after defeathering and inner‐outer bird washing steps, and from chilled carcasses (C). All samples were analyzed for the microbiologically and also physicochemical parameters of scalding fluids. Total aerobic counts significantly increased in all of the scalding tanks as the time progress in both groups A and B. As a result, effect of scalding with clean water on microbiological quality of the broiler carcasses disappeared within the first 30 min, and no meaningful difference was found during the remaining time period.Practical applicationsScalding is carried out at static water using either clean or dirty water in small or medium‐size broiler slaughterhouses. Organic substances, dry matters, and protein levels in scalding tanks increase by the time and these parameters effects the carcass contamination. In this study, moderate correlation was found between the organic matter level in the scalding tanks and the numbers of coliform bacteria of the carcasses. This correlation between the level of organic matter in the scalding water and coliform bacteria may indicate that this parameter can have a potential to be used as critical limit in plants using clean water‐scalding.
A Comparative Workforce Study of Midwives Practicing in the State of Texas
Authors: Burpo Rebecca H. , Nodine Priscilla M. , Hastings‐Tolsma Marie , Brucker Mary C. , Griggs Jackie , Wilcox Sarah , Camune Barbara D. , Callahan Tiffany 
Published: June 2018

IntroductionAccess to quality care is a problem in Texas, an ethnically diverse state with large birth numbers. The state has over 300 areas designated as medically underserved, and a severe lack of obstetricians and midwives. Minimal data exist on midwifery's contribution, and no known study compares the work environment and clinical practice of the 2 state‐recognized midwifery paths, licensed midwives (LMs) and certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs). The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in practice by CNMs and LMs, the latter of whom are generally certified professional midwives. The specific aims were to 1) describe the differences in demographic and employment characteristics of CNMs and LMs, 2) identify the geographic areas and population groups served by CNMs and LMs, and 3) compare the nature and scope of CNM and LM clinical practices.MethodsOnline parallel surveys of Texas LMs and CNMs were conducted in December 2015 and January 2016. The REDCap data management system housed the 123‐ and 125‐item surveys for LMs and CNMs, respectively, addressing demographics, populations served, and clinical practice. A comparative statistical analysis, using Fisher's exact test, Pearson's chi‐squared test, and Independent Samples t‐tests, was performed.ResultsThe survey response rates of LMs and CNMs were 35.4% (n = 75) and 31.9% (n = 143), respectively. Differences in demographics, employment status, workload, scope of practice, risk assessment, time‐based care management, and technology use were observed.DiscussionFindings represent the first attempt to describe the Texas midwifery workforce. In a large state with health care provider shortages, this step is pivotal in addressing strategies for providing services for women and infants. This groundwork can provide the foundation for including midwifery in a state health plan.
Can the transverse foramen/vertebral artery ratio of double transverse foramen subjects be a risk for vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attacks?
Authors: Sanchis‐Gimeno Juan A. , Blanco‐Perez Esther , Llido Susanna , Perez‐Bermejo Marcelino , Nalla Shahed , Mata‐Escolano Federico 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe C6 is the cervical vertebra into which the vertebral artery enters the passage of the transverse foramen and it is the vertebra most affected by double transverse foramina. There is currently little information about the relation between the vertebral artery and the double transverse foramen in C6. We aimed to test whether subjects with a double transverse foramen in C6 have a reduced transverse foramen/vertebral artery ratio when compared with normal anatomy subjects who possess a single transverse foramen which may be a risk for transient vertebral artery stenosis. We measured the area of the transverse foramen and the vertebral artery in 27 double transverse and 56 normal anatomy subjects using computed tomography angiography. We found significant differences in the area of the transverse foramen between double transverse and normal subjects (P < 0.001) but not between the vertebral artery area of double transverse and normal subjects (P = 0.829). The subjects with double transverse foramina have a reduced transverse foramen/vertebral artery ratio, which may be a possible risk for transient vertebral artery stenosis.
Transorbital Sonography for Early Prognostication of Hypoxic‐Ischemic Encephalopathy After Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Ertl Michael , Weber Sarah , Hammel Gertrud , Schroeder Christoph , Krogias Christos 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEEarly prognostication of the outcome in resuscitated post cardiac arrest (CA) patients remains challenging especially if treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Brain edema caused by hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) can indirectly be estimated by transorbital sonography (TOS) taking in account the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). The prognostic value of this easy, safe, and reproducible technique was investigated in this study.METHODSA total of 49 patients, initially unconscious (Glasgow Coma Scale ≤6) after successful resuscitation, were enrolled into this prospective observational study. Sonographic ONSD measurements were performed twice on day of admission (day 0) and once on days 1 and 2 after CA. Beyond ONSD, established prognostic parameters like neuron specific enolase and gray‐white matter ratios were assessed. Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score served as outcome parameter.RESULTSA total of 15 (31.3%) patients had a good outcome (CPC‐score 1–2), 8 patients (14.6%) had severe disability (CPC‐score 3–4), and 26 (54.2%) had a fatal outcome (CPC‐score 5). Already in the first measurement on day 0, nonsurvivors showed significantly higher ONSD values (P < .001). For predicting mortality, a threshold of 5.75 mm was calculated with a specificity of 100%. ONSD did not differ significantly depending on hypothermia (P = .7009).CONCLUSIONEarly and reliable prognostication of outcomes in patients with HIE can be simplified by ONSD values gathered with the use of TOS. Main advantages compared to other established markers are prognostication within the first 24 hours and independence from therapy with hypothermia. A higher level of accuracy can be reached by combining computed tomography (gray‐to‐white matter ratio values) and ONSD values.
How the Variations of the Thickness in Ceramic Restorations of Lithium Disilicate and the Use of Different Photopolymerizers Influence the Degree of Conversion of the Resin Cements: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Martins Felipe V. , Vasques Wesley F. , Fonseca Edgard M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate how the thickness variations in ceramic restorations of lithium disilicate and the use of different photopolymerizers influence the degree of conversion of the resin cements.MethodsThis study was performed according to the PRISMA checklist. The bibliographic research was performed to identify in vitro studies until December 2017 in the databases MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The selected studies were submitted to bias risk assessment. In the meta‐analysis the data were evaluated using Review Manager Software v.5.3, with random‐effect model at a 5% significance level.ResultsThe meta‐analysis in this study showed that despite the translucency of lithium disilicate, significant reduction of light was observed when activated through the ceramic. The degree of conversion was higher in the control groups in which the resin cement was photopolymerized without the interposition of the ceramic material.ConclusionsThe thinner the ceramic material, the higher the degree of conversion. A thickness greater than 1.0 mm drastically reduces the degree of conversion of dual‐curing or light‐curing resins. The curing unit with irradiance of 3200 to 3505 mW/cm2 showed improvements in conversion values.
Evaluating the effect of metronidazole plus amoxicillin‐clavulanate versus amoxicillin‐clavulanate alone in canine haemorrhagic diarrhoea: a randomised controlled trial in primary care practice
Authors: Ortiz V. , Klein L. , Channell S. , Simpson B. , Wright B. , Edwards C. , Gilbert R. , Day R. , Caddy S. L. 
Published: June 2018

ObjectivesTo investigate the benefit of supplementing amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid therapy with metronidazole in dogs presenting to a primary care veterinary practice with severe haemorrhagic diarrhoea.Materials and MethodsProspective randomised blinded trial on dogs presenting with haemorrhagic diarrhoea of less than 3 days duration to a primary care veterinary hospital and also requiring intravenous fluid therapy. Cases were randomised to receive either metronidazole or saline, in addition to standard supportive therapy consisting of amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid, intravenous fluid therapy, buprenorphine and omeprazole. Treatment efficacy was measured by duration of hospitalisation and daily scoring of disease severity.ResultsThirty‐four cases successfully completed the trial. There was no significant difference in hospitalisation time between treatment groups (mean for dogs receiving metronidazole was 29.6 hours and for controls was 26.3 hours) nor in daily clinical scores.Clinical SignificanceThis study strongly suggests that addition of metronidazole is not an essential addition to amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid therapy for treatment of severe cases of haemorrhagic diarrhoea in dogs.