bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking corruption in contemporary African philosophy: Old wine cannot fit
Authors: Ndaguba Emeka A. , Ndaguba Onyinye J. , Tshiyoyo Michel M. , Shai Kgothatso B. 
Published: June 2018

To conceive the notion of corruption presupposes the existence of corrupt individuals, groups or organisations. The existence of corrupt individuals, groups or organisations you might say presupposes the presence of an entity. Every entity (i.e. state or corporate) has laid down procedures, processes and methods of doings and functioning. When these procedures and processes are negated, one could be accused of subversion. Subversion is an element in the definition of administrative corruption and is the unwillingness to follow stipulated plans of actions. An action that negates procedures falls under corrupt practice. This article will answer the following research questions: How has corruption been framed and perceived and what are the underlining consequences in Africa? In what ways, if any, has the prevailing perception of corruption undermined and understated the notion of corruption in Africa? In what ways can a remedial be conceived in the fight to make Africa free of corruption? And finally: How can Kleptoafronia be conceived as a panacea for corruption in the continent? This article uses themes and narrative analysis in the qualitative realm to provide answers to the research questions. Over 500 scholarly materials were read and scanned from journal articles, Internet sources, textbooks and several academic indexes to provide evidence for the arguments in this article from five disciplinary standpoints: political science, public administration, criminology, psychology and medical sciences. This article is a conceptual article that tends to demonstrate that corruption in Africa is a psych-administrative disorder termed – Kleptoafronia.
Evaluation of potential sources of a priori ozone profiles for TEMPO tropospheric ozone retrievals
Authors: Johnson Matthew S. , Liu Xiong , Zoogman Peter , Sullivan John , Newchurch Michael J. , Kuang Shi , Leblanc Thierry , McGee Thomas 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Potential sources of a priori ozone (O3) profiles for use in
Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) satellite
tropospheric O3 retrievals are evaluated with observations from
multiple Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) systems in North America.
An O3 profile climatology (tropopause-based O3 climatology
(TB-Clim), currently proposed for use in the TEMPO O3 retrieval
algorithm) derived from ozonesonde observations and O3 profiles from
three separate models (operational Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5)
Forward Processing (FP) product, reanalysis product from Modern-era
Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA2), and
the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM)) were: (1) evaluated with TOLNet
measurements on various temporal scales (seasonally, daily, and hourly) and
(2) implemented as a priori information in theoretical TEMPO tropospheric
O3 retrievals in order to determine how each a priori impacts the
accuracy of retrieved tropospheric (0–10 km) and lowermost tropospheric
(LMT, 0–2 km) O3 columns. We found that all sources of a priori
O3 profiles evaluated in this study generally reproduced the vertical
structure of summer-averaged observations. However, larger differences
between the a priori profiles and lidar observations were calculated when
evaluating inter-daily and diurnal variability of tropospheric O3.
The TB-Clim O3 profile climatology was unable to replicate observed
inter-daily and diurnal variability of O3 while model products, in
particular GEOS-Chem simulations, displayed more skill in reproducing these
features. Due to the ability of models, primarily the CTM used in this study,
on average to capture the inter-daily and diurnal variability of tropospheric
and LMT O3 columns, using a priori profiles from CTM simulations
resulted in TEMPO retrievals with the best statistical comparison with lidar
observations. Furthermore, important from an air quality perspective, when
high LMT O3 values were observed, using CTM a priori profiles
resulted in TEMPO LMT O3 retrievals with the least bias. The
application of near-real-time (non-climatological) hourly and daily model
predictions as the a priori profile in TEMPO O3 retrievals will be
best suited when applying this data to study air quality or event-based
processes as the standard retrieval algorithm will still need to use a
climatology product. Follow-on studies to this work are currently being
conducted to investigate the application of different CTM-predicted
O3 climatology products in the standard TEMPO retrieval algorithm.
Finally, similar methods to those used in this study can be easily applied by
TEMPO data users to recalculate tropospheric O3 profiles provided
from the standard retrieval using a different source of a priori.
The implementation of NEMS GFS Aerosol Component (NGAC) Version 2.0 for global multispecies forecasting at NOAA/NCEP – Part 2: Evaluation of aerosol optical thickness
Authors: Bhattacharjee Partha Sarathi , Wang Jun , Lu Cheng-Hsuan , Tallapragada Vijay 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. An accurate representation of aerosols in global numerical weather prediction
(NWP) models is important to predict major air pollution events and to also
understand aerosol effects on short-term weather forecasts. Recently the
global aerosol forecast model at NOAA, the NOAA Environmental Modeling System
(NEMS) GFS Aerosol Component (NGAC), was upgraded from its dust-only
version 1 to include five species of aerosols (black carbon, organic carbon,
sulfate, sea salt and dust). This latest upgrade, now called NGACv2, is an
in-line aerosol forecast system providing three-dimensional aerosol mixing
ratios along with aerosol optical properties, including aerosol optical
thickness (AOT), every 3 h up to 5 days at global
1∘×1∘ resolution. In this paper, we evaluated
nearly 1.5 years of model AOT at 550 nm with available satellite retrievals,
multi-model ensembles and surface observations over different aerosol
regimes. Evaluation results show that NGACv2 has high correlations and low
root mean square errors associated with African dust and also accurately
represented the seasonal shift in aerosol plumes from Africa. Also, the model
represented southern African and Canadian forest fires, dust from Asia, and
AOT within the US with some degree of success. We have identified model
underestimation for some of the aerosol regimes (particularly over Asia) and
will investigate this further to improve the model forecast. The addition of
a data assimilation capability to NGAC in the near future is expected to
provide a positive impact in aerosol forecast by the model.
TAMSAT-ALERT v1: a new framework for agricultural decision support
Authors: Asfaw Dagmawi , Black Emily , Brown Matthew , Nicklin Kathryn Jane , Otu-Larbi Frederick , Pinnington Ewan , Challinor Andrew , Maidment Ross , Quaife Tristan 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Early warning of weather-related hazards enables farmers, policy makers and
aid agencies to mitigate their exposure to risk. We present a new operational
framework, Tropical Applications of Meteorology using SATellite data and
ground based measurements-AgricuLtural EaRly warning sysTem (TAMSAT-ALERT),
which aims to provide early warning for meteorological risk to agriculture.
TAMSAT-ALERT combines information on land-surface properties, seasonal
forecasts and historical weather to quantitatively assess the likelihood of
adverse weather-related outcomes, such as low yield. This article describes
the modular TAMSAT-ALERT framework and demonstrates its application to risk
assessment for low maize yield in northern Ghana (Tamale). The modular design
of TAMSAT-ALERT enables it to accommodate any impact or land-surface model
driven with meteorological data. The implementation described here uses the
well-established General Large Area Model (GLAM) for annual crops to provide
probabilistic assessments of the meteorological hazard for maize yield in
northern Ghana (Tamale) throughout the growing season. The results show that
climatic risk to yield is poorly constrained in the beginning of the season,
but as the season progresses, the uncertainty is rapidly reduced. Based on the
assessment for the period 2002–2011, we show that TAMSAT-ALERT can
estimate the meteorological risk on maize yield 6 to 8 weeks in advance
of harvest. The TAMSAT-ALERT methodology implicitly weights forecast and
observational inputs according to their relevance to the metric being
assessed. A secondary application of TAMSAT-ALERT is thus an evaluation of the
usefulness of meteorological forecast products for impact assessment. Here,
we show that in northern Ghana (Tamale), the tercile seasonal forecasts of
seasonal cumulative rainfall and mean temperature, which are routinely issued
to farmers, are of limited value because regional and seasonal temperature and
rainfall are poorly correlated with yield. This finding speaks to the
pressing need for meteorological forecast products that are tailored for
individual user applications.
Autonomous ice sheet surface mass balance measurements from cosmic rays
Authors: Howat Ian M. , de la Peña Santiago , Desilets Darin , Womack Gary 
Published: June 2018

Abstract. Observations of mass accumulation and net balance on glaciers
and ice sheets are sparse due to the difficulty of acquiring manual
measurements and the lack of a reliable remote-sensing method. The
methodology for recording the water-equivalent accumulation of snowfall using
the attenuation of fast neutrons generated by cosmic ray impacts was
developed in the 1970s and has been employed in large-network snowpack
monitoring but has yet to be applied to glaciers and ice sheets. In order to
assess this potential method, we installed a cosmic ray neutron-sensing
device at Summit Camp, Greenland, in April 2016. Hourly neutron count was
recorded for ∼ 24 months and converted to water-equivalent thickness
after correcting for variability in atmospheric pressure and incoming cosmic
radiation. The daily accumulation estimates are analysed for noise level and
compared to manual surface core and snow stake network measurements. Based on
measurements of up to 56 cm of water equivalent, we estimate the sensor's
precision to be better than 1 mm for water-equivalent thicknesses less than
14 cm and better than 1 cm in up to 140 cm, or approximately 0.7 %.
Our observations agree with the surface core measurements to within their
respective errors, with temporary biases that are explained by snow drifting,
as supported by comparison to the snow stake network. Our observations reveal
large temporal variability in accumulation on daily to monthly scales, but
with similar annual totals. Based on these results, cosmic ray sensing
represents a potentially transformative method for acquiring continuous in
situ measurements of mass accumulation that may add constraint to glacier and
ice sheet mass balance estimates from meteorological models and remote
sensing.
Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasoundguided cognitive fusion biopsy of the prostate: Clinically significant cancer detection rates stratified by the Prostate Imaging and Data Reporting System version 2 assessment categories
Authors: John Susan , Cooper Steven , Breau Rodney H. , Flood Trevor A. , Cagiannos Ilias , Lavallée Luke T. , Morash Christopher , O’Sullivan Joseph , Schieda Nicola 
Published: June 2018

Introduction: We aimed to report the clinically significant prostate cancer (PCa) detection rate in men undergoing magnetic resonance imaging-transrectal ultrasound (MRI-TRUS)-cognitive fusion (CF) targeted biopsies stratified by the Prostate Imaging and Data Reporting System (PI-RADS) version 2 (v2) scores.
Methods: With a quality assurance waiver from the institutional review board, we identified a cohort of men who underwent MRITRUS- CF and synchronous template biopsy from 2015–2017. MRI (PI-RADS v2 score, lesion size, lesion location [peripheral or transition zone (PZ/TZ)]), and CF-TRUS biopsy (operator experience, TRUS visibility, and number of biopsies) features were extracted. The primary outcome was diagnosis of clinically significant (Gleason score ≥3+4=7 or International Society of Urological Pathology [ISUP] grade group ≥2) PCa.
Results: During the study period, 131 men (with 142 PI-RADS v2 score ≥3 lesions) met inclusion criteria; 98 men had previously negative template biopsy and 33 were on active surveillance for previously detected low-grade PCa. In total, 41.9% (55/131) men had clinically significant PCa — 17.6% (23/131) detected on targeted biopsy only, 8.4% (11/131) on template biopsy only, and 16.0% (21/131) on both targeted and template biopsy. Clinically significant PCa detection stratified by PI-RADS v2 scores were: 11.1% (3/27) for score 3 (indeterminate), 42.9% (24/56) for score 4 (significant cancer likely), and 35.6% (21/59) for score 5 (significant cancer very likely). Clinically significant PCa detection rates in targeted biopsies were better among PZ (41.8% [33/79]) compared to TZ (23.8% [15/63]) lesions (p=0.025) in TRUS-visible lesions (p=0.033) and in the most experienced radiologists (p=0.05), with no difference by lesion size or number of additional core biopsies performed (all p>0.05).
Conclusions: CF-MRI-TRUS-guided targeted biopsy yielded substantially lower rates of clinically significant cancer in PI-RADS v2 score 4 and 5 lesions when compared to published results using in-bore MR-guided or automated MRI-TRUS fusion guidance systems. Cancer detection was worst for TZ lesions.
New Bounds on Poisson Approximation for Random Sums of Independent Binomial Random Variables}
Authors: Le Giang Truong 
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we use the Stein-Chen method to obtain new bounds on Poisson approximation for random sums of independent binomial random variables. Some results related to sums of independent binomial distributed random variables are also investigated. The received results in the present study are more general and sharper than some known results.
Beëindigingsbedingen zijn helemaal het einde, of toch niet?
Authors: Schelhaas H.N. , Spanjaard J.H.M. 
Published: June 2018

Beëindigingsbedingen zijn helemaal het einde, of toch niet?
Een veel gekozen boilerplateclausule in contracten is de beëindigingsclausule. Niet altijd wordt echter duidelijk gemaakt welke wijze van beëindiging partijen beogen: een vorm van ontbinding in de zin van artikel 6:265 BWof een bijzondere contractuele beëindigingsvorm? Auteurs bespreken de leerstukken van opzegging en ontbinding en bespreken in dat kader de voors en tegens van veel gekozen beëindigingsclausules.
Smart contracts?
Authors: Stam J.K. 
Published: June 2018

Smart contracts?
De termen ‘smart contracts’ en ‘blockchain’ kunnen verwarrend zijn. Zo hoeven smart contracts geen contracten te zijn, maar kunnen ze dat wel zijn. Ze zijn, anders dan de naam wellicht doet vermoeden, nog niet intelligent (althans: niet in combinatie met een blockchain). En hoewel vaak gesproken wordt van de blockchain, is er niet slechts één (soort). Dit artikel beoogt misverstanden met betrekking tot de relatief nieuwe termen smart contracts en blockchain te voorkomen.
Framing and Bias: A Literature Review of Recent Findings
Authors: Beratšová Adriana , Krchová Kristína , Gažová Nikola , Jirásek Michal 
Published: June 2018

Framing bias is an individual decision-making misconception caused by the fact that a person interprets the surrounding world according to a decision frame chosen by her or his subjective opinion. This article aims to review various kinds of factors that cause and affect framing or lead to debiasing, i.e. a decrease in the resulting framing bias. The objective of the study is carried out using a literature review that analyzes recent empirical studies. As a result, numerous factors are identified that according to the studies have an impact on framing. It transpires that four broader groups of these factors can be established – decision situation setup (amount of information, additional presentation of options), experience (knowledge, engagement), effort (attention, complexity, the amount of information to process) and demographics (gender, nationality).
The effect of running versus cycling high-intensity intermittent exercise on local tissue oxygenation and perceived enjoyment in 18–30-year-old sedentary men
Authors: Kriel Yuri , Askew Christopher D. , Solomon Colin 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundHigh-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been proposed as a time-efficient exercise format to improve exercise adherence, thereby targeting the chronic disease burden associated with sedentary behaviour. Exercise mode (cycling, running), if self-selected, will likely affect the physiological and enjoyment responses to HIIT in sedentary individuals. Differences in physiological and enjoyment responses, associated with the mode of exercise, could potentially influence the uptake and continued adherence to HIIT. It was hypothesised that in young sedentary men, local and systemic oxygen utilisation and enjoyment would be higher during a session of running HIIT, compared to a session of cycling HIIT.MethodsA total of 12 sedentary men (mean ± SD; age 24 ± 3 years) completed three exercise sessions: a maximal incremental exercise test on a treadmill (MAX) followed by two experiment conditions, (1) free-paced cycling HIIT on a bicycle ergometer (HIITCYC) and (2) constant-paced running HIIT on a treadmill ergometer (HIITRUN). Deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb) in the gastrocnemius (GN), the left vastus lateralis (LVL) and the right vastus lateralis (RVL) muscles, oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and physical activity enjoyment (PACES) were measured during HIITCYC and HIITRUN.ResultsThere was a higher HHb in the LVL (p= 0.001) and RVL (p= 0.002) sites and a higher VO2(p= 0.017) and HR (p< 0.001) during HIITCYC, compared to HIITRUN. RPE was higher (p< 0.001) and PACES lower (p= 0.032) during HIITCYC compared to HIITRUN.DiscussionIn sedentary individuals, free-paced cycling HIIT produces higher levels of physiological stress when compared to constant-paced running HIIT. Participants perceived running HIIT to be more enjoyable than cycling HIIT. These findings have implications for selection of mode of HIIT for physical stress, exercise enjoyment and compliance.
Incidence of ill-health related job loss and related social and occupational factors. The “unfit for the job” study: a one-year follow-up study of 51,132 workers
Authors: Lesage Francois-Xavier , Dutheil Frederic , Godderis Lode , Divies Aymeric , Choron Guillaume 
Published: June 2018

Objective
The analysis of ill-health related job loss may be a relevant indicator for the prioritization of actions in the workplace or in the field of public health, as well as a target for health promotion. The aim of this study was to analyze the medical causes, the incidence, and the characteristics of employees medically unfit to do their job.

Methods
This one-year prospective study included all workers followed by occupational physicians in an occupational health service in the south of France. The incidence of unfitness for work have been grouped according to the main medical causes and analyzed. We performed a multivariate analysis in order to adjust the observed risk of job loss based on the age groups, sex, occupation and the activity sectors.

Results
A total of 17 occupational physicians followed up 51,132 workers. The all-cause incidence of being unfit to return to one’s job was 7.8‰ (n = 398). The two main causes of being unfit for one’s job were musculoskeletal disorders (47.2%, n = 188) and mental ill-health (38.4%, n = 153). Being over 50 years old (Odds ratio (OR) 2.63, confidence interval 95% CI [2.13–3.25]) and being a woman (OR 1.52, 95% CI [1.21–1.91]) were associated with the all-cause unfitness, independent of occupation and activity sector.

Conclusions
Identification of occupational and demographic determinants independently associated with ill-health related job loss may provide significant and cost-effective arguments for health promotion and job loss prevention.
Glycosylation and Disease
Authors: Dwek Miriam , Markiv Anatoliy 
Published: June 2018

AbstractGlycosylation is the process of attachment of carbohydrates (glycans) to proteins and lipids to form the glycoproteins and glycolipids found in eukaryotic organisms. Glycosylation reactions are amongst the most common posttranslational modifications that have been reported on proteins, and they function to alter protein size, stability, charge and antigenicity. Glycosylation plays an important role in cancer, inherited diseases, pathogen–host interactions and immune recognition.Key ConceptsThe analysis of glycosylation is more complex than DNA and RNA or protein analysis as glycosylation is a non‐template‐driven event.N‐linked glycosylation commences in the endoplasmic reticulum and is completed in the Golgi apparatus.O‐linked glycosylation commences and is completed in the Golgi apparatus.N‐linked glycosylation occurs on asparagine residues in the consensus sequon Asn‐X‐Ser/Thr.O‐linked glycosylation occurs on serine and threonine residues.Many enzymes are involved in bothN‐andO‐linked glycosylation.Glycans play a role in sperm–egg interactions, the implantation process and embryonic development.Congenital disorders in glycosylation result from autosomally dominant mutations in enzymes involved in glycosylation pathways.Glycosylation of proteins influences their half‐life in the serum.N‐andO‐linked glycosylation have been reported to be altered in cancer and implicated in all of the steps in the metastatic cascade.
Philosophy of Molecular Biology
Authors: Brigandt Ingo 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Ongoing empirical discoveries in molecular biology have generated novel conceptual challenges and perspectives. Philosophers of biology have reacted to these trends when investigating the practice of molecular biology and contributed to scientific debates on methodological and conceptual matters. Some major philosophical issues in molecular biology are as follows: First, philosophical accounts of mechanistic explanation yield a notion of explanation in the context of molecular biology that does not have to rely on laws of nature and comports well with molecular discovery. Second, reductionism continues to be debated and increasingly rejected by scientists. Philosophers have likewise moved away from reduction towards integration across fields or integrative explanations covering several levels of organisation. Third, although the gene concept has undergone substantial transformation and even fragmentation, it still enjoys widespread use by molecular biologists, which has prompted philosophers to understand the empirical reasons for this. At the same time, it has been argued that the notion of ‘genetic information’ is largely an empty metaphor, which generates the illusion of explanatory understanding without offering an adequate explanation of molecular and developmental mechanisms.

Key Concepts

Mechanistic explanation yields a notion of explanation for molecular biology that does not have to invoke laws of nature.

Philosophical accounts of mechanistic explanation mesh well with how discovery in molecular biology works.

The idea that all biological knowledge can be reduced to one fundamental theory or that all explanations are reductive has largely been abandoned.

Reductionism tends to be replaced in favour of integration across fields or explanations combining features from different levels of organisation.

The concept of the gene has undergone substantial transformation throughout its history. Despite its more recent fragmentation, the gene concept is still widely used.

The notion of ‘genetic information’ is largely a metaphor, generating the illusion of explanatory understanding, and cannot be articulated in a manner conforming to mechanistic explanations of molecular and developmental processes.