bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant stem cells and de novo organogenesis
Authors: Sang Ya Lin , Cheng Zhi Juan , Zhang Xian Sheng 
Published: March 2018

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
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II.
Regeneration‐initial cell: the origin of regeneration
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III.
Acquiring regeneration competency: the essential intermediate step for hormone‐induced regeneration
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IV.
Hormonal induction of stem cell regulators: the program for de novo establishment of apical meristems
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V.
Conclusions and perspectives
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Acknowledgements
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Author contributions
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References
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SummaryHigh cellular plasticity confers remarkable regeneration capacity to plants. Based on the activity of stem cells and their regulators, higher plants are capable of regenerating new individuals. De novo organogenesis exemplifies the regeneration of the whole plant body and is exploited widely in agriculture and biotechnology. In this Tansley insight article, we summarize recent advances that facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying de novo organogenesis. According to our current knowledge, this process can be divided into three steps, including activation of regeneration‐initial cells, acquisition of competency and de novo establishment of apical meristems. The functions of stem cells and their regulators are critical to de novo organogenesis, whereas auxin and cytokinin act as triggers and linkers between different steps.
Peeking at a plant through the holes in the wall – exploring the roles of plasmodesmata
Authors: Lu Kuan‐Ju , Danila Florence R. , Cho Yueh , Faulkner Christine 
Published: March 2018

SummaryPlasmodesmata (PD) are membrane‐lined pores that connect neighbouring plant cells and allow molecular exchange via the symplast. Past studies have revealed the basic structure of PD, some of the transport mechanisms for molecules through PD, and a variety of physiological processes in which they function. Recently, with the help of newly developed technologies, several exciting new features of PD have been revealed. New PD structures were observed during early formation of PD and between phloem sieve elements and phloem pole pericycle cells in roots. Both observations challenge our current understanding of PD structure and function. Research into novel physiological responses, which are regulated by PD, indicates that we have not yet fully explored the potential contribution of PD to overall plant function. In this Viewpoint article, we summarize some of the recent advances in understanding the structure and function of PD and propose the challenges ahead for the community.
DNA is hypomethylated in circadian manifestations of bruxism
Authors: Oporto GH , Salazar LA 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the global DNA methylation levels in patients under bruxism treatment and a control group.MethodsSubjects undergoing bruxism treatment were classified in awake bruxism (42 patients), sleep bruxism (32 patients) and both conditions (42 patients). The control group included 42 individuals. A colorimetric assay (MethylFlash Methylated DNA 5‐mC Quantification Kit, Epigenetic Group Inc., NY, USA) was used to determine the global DNA methylation levels.ResultsStatistically significant differences were found in amounts of methylated DNA in all circadian manifestations of bruxism compared with a control group (sleep bruxism = 0.95% ± 2.02%; awake bruxism = 0.87% ± 2.1%; sleep and awake bruxism = 0.17% ± 0.25%; Control = 1.69% ± 1.6%; Kruskal–Wallis test [p = .0001] followed by Dunn’s test [p < .05]).ConclusionPatients undergoing bruxism treatment exhibited hypomethylated DNA levels when compared to control group. Our results suggest that DNA hypomethylation might be a novel aetiologic factor in bruxism aetiology. Further researches must be performed exploring the role of epigenetics modifications in circadian manifestations of bruxism.
The role of unregulated care providers in Canada—A scoping review
Authors: Afzal Arsalan , Stolee Paul , Heckman George A. , Boscart Veronique M. , Sanyal Chiranjeev 
Published: March 2018

Aims and objectivesThis scoping review explored: (i) the role of unregulated care providers in the healthcare system; (ii) their potential role on interprofessional teams; (iii) the impact of unregulated care provider’s role on quality of care and patient safety; and (iv) education and employment standards.BackgroundUnregulated care providers in Canada assist older adults with personal support and activities of daily living in a variety of care settings. As the care needs of an aging population become increasingly complex, the role of unregulated care providers in healthcare delivery has also evolved. Currently, many unregulated care providers are performing tasks previously performed by regulated health professionals, with potential implications for quality of care and patient safety. Information is fragmented on the role, education and employment standards of unregulated care providers.MethodsA scoping review was conducted following the methods outlined by Arksey and O'Malley (International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8, 2005, 19) and Levac, Colquhoun, and O'Brien (Implementation Science, 5, 2010, 69). An iterative search of published and grey literature was conducted from January 2000 to September 2016 using Medline, CINAHL, SCOPUS and Google. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to identify relevant studies published in English.ResultsThe search yielded 63 papers for review. Results highlight the evolving role of unregulated care providers, a lack of recognition and a lack of authority for unregulated care provider decision‐making in patient care. Unregulated care providers do not have a defined scope of practice. However, their role has evolved to include activities previously performed by regulated professionals. Variations in education and employment standards have implications for quality of care and patient safety.ConclusionsUnregulated care providers are part of an important workforce in the long‐term care and community sectors in Canada. Their evolving role should be recognised and efforts made to leverage their experience on interprofessional teams and reduce variations in education and employment standards.Implications for practiceThis study highlights the evolving role of unregulated care providers in Canada and presents a set of recommendations for implementation at micro, meso, and macro policy levels.
Prevalence and risk factors for myopia and other refractive errors in an adult population in southern India
Authors: Joseph Sanil , Krishnan Tiruvengada , Ravindran Ravilla D. , Maraini Giovanni , Camparini Monica , Chakravarthy Usha , Ravilla Thulasiraj D. , Hutchings Andrew , Fletcher Astrid E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPurposeTo investigate prevalence and risk factors for myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism in southern India.MethodsRandomly sampled villages were enumerated to identify people aged ≥40 years. Participants were interviewed for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and attended a hospital‐based ophthalmic examination including visual acuity measurement and objective and subjective measurement of refractive status. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) worse than −0.75 dioptres (D), hyperopia as SE ≥+1D and astigmatism as cylinder <−0.5.ResultsThe age‐standardised prevalences of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism were 35.6% (95% CI: 34.7–36.6), 17.0% (95% CI: 16.3–17.8) and 32.6 (29.3–36.1), respectively. Of those with myopia (n = 1490), 70% had advanced cataract. Of these, 79% had presenting visual acuity (VA) less than 6/18 and after best correction, 44% of these improved to 6/12 or better and 27% remained with VA less than 6/18. In multivariable analyses (excluding patients with advanced cataract), increasing nuclear opacity score, current tobacco use, and increasing height were associated with higher odds of myopia. Higher levels of education were associated with increased odds of myopia in younger people and decreased odds in older people. Increasing time outdoors was associated with myopia only in older people. Increasing age and female gender were associated with hyperopia, and nuclear opacity score, increasing time outdoors, rural residence and current tobacco use with lower odds of hyperopia. After controlling for myopia, factors associated with higher odds of astigmatism were age, rural residence, and increasing nuclear opacity score and increasing education with lower odds.ConclusionsIn contrast to high‐income settings and in agreement with studies from low‐income settings, we found a rise in myopia with increasing age reflecting the high prevalence of advanced cataract.
Mechanical bacterial lysate administration prevents exacerbation in allergic asthmatic children—The EOLIA study
Authors: Emeryk Andrzej , Bartkowiak‐Emeryk Malgorzata , Raus Zbigniew , Braido Fulvio , Ferlazzo Guido , Melioli Giovanni 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundDespite progress in asthma management, prevention of asthma exacerbation remains challenging in school‐aged children with allergic asthma. New therapeutic approaches are needed. Previously, a chemical bacterial lysate has been successfully used in preschool children to reduce wheezing attacks. We assessed the effect of Polyvalent Mechanical Bacterial Lysate (PMBL®) Tablet on asthma clinical course and control in 6‐ to 16‐year‐old children with partly controlled or uncontrolled allergic asthma.MethodsA randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study was performed in 152 patients exhibiting allergic asthma assigned to receive Placebo or PMBL®. Eligible patients underwent four visits during the 9‐month study. Asthma control level was assessed by ACT/C‐ACT score.ResultsThe main criterion was not achieved as ACT/C‐ACT changes were similar in both groups at the end of the 3‐month treatment period. However, the mean number (±SD) of asthma exacerbations was significantly lower with PMBL® Tablet than with Placebo at Week 12 (0.3 ± 0.6 vs 0.8 ± 1.1, P = .009) and over the total study period (1.1 ± 1.3 vs 1.9 ± 2.0, P = .01). Consistently, the mean number of days with exacerbation per patient was significantly lower with PMBL® Tablet (13.3 ± 11.2 vs 19.8 ± 15.7 over the whole study, P = .009). Treatment with PMBL® Tablet prolonged the time to second exacerbation by 55% (Hazard Ratio [HR]=0.45; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.27 to 0.77, P = .002) and to third exacerbation by 74% (HR=0.26; 95% CI 0.12 to 0.58, P < .001). No serious adverse event related to PMBL® Tablet administration was recorded.ConclusionAdministration of PMBL® Tablet represents a safe and effective means for significantly reducing the rate of exacerbations in school‐aged allergic asthmatic children. (EudraCT 2013‐000737‐12 and NCT02541331)
Increasing specific immunoglobulin E levels correlate with the risk of anaphylaxis during an oral food challenge
Authors: Yanagida Noriyuki , Sato Sakura , Takahashi Kyohei , Nagakura Ken‐ichi , Asaumi Tomoyuki , Ogura Kiyotake , Ebisawa Motohiro 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundOral food challenges (OFCs) are necessary to diagnose food allergies; however, these tests can cause anaphylaxis. Higher specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels to causative food have been associated with a positive OFC. To date, no data have been found to indicate the factors associated with severe symptoms or anaphylaxis among challenge‐positive patients. This study aimed to clarify the association of sIgE with causative foods and anaphylaxis during OFC among the whole study population and challenge‐positive patients.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study collected symptom and severity data between June 2012 and December 2016 during an open OFC to diagnose food allergy or confirm tolerance acquisition. We analyzed the risk factors for anaphylaxis during OFC.ResultsA total of 2272 cases were analyzed (median age: 3.5 years; egg: 1166 cases; milk: 589 cases; wheat: 388 cases; and peanut: 129 cases). Among 979 challenge‐positive patients, anaphylactic reactions were observed in 334 cases. A statistically significant association was observed between anaphylaxis during OFC and higher sIgE levels to causative foods (odds ratio: 2.71, 95% confidence interval: 1.94‐3.78, for the third compared to the first tertile, P‐value for trend <.001). Only gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological symptoms were also statistically significantly associated with higher sIgE levels to causative foods.ConclusionsThe risk of all symptoms, except skin symptoms, during OFCs increased with increasing sIgE levels, and this consequently increased anaphylaxis during OFCs. The mechanism of how sIgE affects the prevalence of gastrointestinal, respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological symptoms or anaphylaxis is unknown; thus, further study is required.
Lung ultrasound reclassification of chest X‐ray data after pediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: Cantinotti Massimiliano , Ait Ali Lamia , Scalese Marco , Giordano Raffaele , Melo Manuel , Remoli Ettore , Franchi Eliana , Clemente Alberto , Moschetti Riccardo , Festa Pierluigi , Haxiademi Dorela , Gargani Luna 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIntroductionLung ultrasound is gaining consensus for the diagnosis of some pulmonary conditions. Pulmonary complications are common in pediatric cardiac surgery. However, its use remains limited in this setting. Our aim was to test the feasibility of lung ultrasound following pediatric cardiac surgery and to compare lung ultrasound and chest X‐ray findings, assessing whether lung ultrasound may provide additional information.MethodsOne hundred and thirty‐eight lung ultrasound examinations were performed in 79 children (median age 9.3 months) at different time points after surgery. For each hemithorax, 3 areas (anterior/lateral/posterior) have been evaluated in the upper and lower halves of the chest (for a total of 6 scanning sites per side). Pleural effusion, atelectasis, and the number of B‐lines were investigated.ResultsLung ultrasound was feasible in all cases in at least 1 of the 3 areas. Feasibility was different for the lateral, posterior, and anterior areas (100%, 90%, and 78%, respectively). The posterior areas were more sensitive than anterior and lateral ones in the diagnosis of effusion/atelectasis. In 81 cases, lung ultrasound allowed reclassification of chest X‐ray findings, including 40 new diagnoses (diagnosis of effusion/atelectasis with negative chest X‐ray reports) and 41 changes in diagnosis (effusions reclassified as atelectasis/severe congestion or vice versa). Although new diagnosis of small‐to‐moderate effusion/atelectasis was of limited clinical value, in 29 cases the new diagnosis changed the therapeutic approach.ConclusionLung ultrasound is feasible and accurate for the diagnosis of common pulmonary conditions after pediatric cardiac surgery, allowing reclassification of chest X‐ray findings in a significant number of patients.
Perioperative management of children with glycogen storage disease type II—Pompe disease
Authors: Bosman Linelot , Hoeks Sanne E. , González Candel Antonia , van den Hout Hannerieke J. M. , van der Ploeg Ans T. , Staals Lonneke M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundPompe disease is a rare metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme acid α‐glucosidase. Glycogen accumulation damages skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, causing a progressive and debilitating muscle weakness and cardiomyopathy. As life expectancy has much improved since the introduction of enzyme replacement therapy an increasing number of patients are referred for surgical procedures. Due to the potential cardiopulmonary complications, these patients form a high‐risk group for the anesthesiologist.AimsIn this study, we investigated the incidence of perioperative complications in children with Pompe disease treated in our hospital since the introduction of enzyme replacement therapy.MethodsAnesthetic and perioperative data of children with Pompe disease treated between 1999 and 2015 in the Erasmus MC—Sophia Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, were collected, retrospectively.ResultsOf the 65 children with Pompe disease, 34 patients underwent in total 77, mostly low‐risk, surgical procedures. Twenty‐one children had the classic infantile form and 13 had a nonclassic presentation of Pompe disease. In 13 (16.8%) procedures, 1 or more perioperative complications occurred. Perioperative desaturation was the main complication (12.9%), followed by arrhythmia (3.8%) and heart failure requiring diuretic treatment (2.6%). One child died 2 days postoperatively, but this was considered unrelated to the procedure.ConclusionDespite the potentially high anesthetic risk for children with Pompe disease under enzyme replacement therapy, the incidence of perioperative complications in our study was relatively low. Our data suggest that with proper precautionary measures and a critical choice of timing of the operation, general anesthesia in children with Pompe disease could be relatively safe nowadays.
The impact of Narcotrend™ EEG‐guided propofol administration on the speed of recovery from pediatric procedural sedation—A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Weber Frank , Walhout Laurence C. , Escher Johanna C. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundPropofol is often used for procedural sedation in children undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy. Reliable assessment of the depth of hypnosis during the endoscopic procedure is challenging. Processed electroencephalography using the Narcotrend Index can help titrating propofol to a predefined sedation level.AimsThe aim of this trial was to investigate the impact of Narcotrend Index‐guided titration of propofol delivery on the speed of recovery.MethodsChildren, aged 12‐17 years, undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy under procedural sedation, had propofol delivered via target controlled infusion either based on Narcotrend Index guidance (group NI) or standard clinical parameters (group C). Sedation was augmented with remifentanil in both study groups. The primary endpoint of this study was to compare the speed of fulfilling discharge criteria from the operating room between study groups. Major secondary endpoints were propofol consumption, discharge readiness from the recovery room, hypnotic depth as measured by the Narcotrend Index, and adverse events.ResultsOf the 40 children included, data were obtainable from 37. The time until discharge readiness from the operating room was shorter in group NI than in group C, with a difference between medians of 4.76 minutes [95%CI 2.6 to 7.4 minutes]. The same accounts for recovery room discharge times; difference between medians 4.03 minutes [95%CI 0.81 to 7.61 minutes]. Propofol consumption and the percentage of EEG traces indicating oversedation were higher in group C than in group NI. There were no significant adverse events in either study group.ConclusionNarcotrend Index guidance of propofol delivery for deep sedation in children aged 12‐17 years, underdoing gastrointestinal endoscopy results in faster recovery, less drug consumption, and fewer episodes of oversedation than dosing propofol according to clinical surrogate parameters of depth of hypnosis. The results of this study provide additional evidence in favor of the safety profile of propofol/remifentanil for procedural sedation in adequately selected pediatric patients.
Severe postintubation tracheobronchial rupture
Authors: Vedovati Sergio , Consonni Francesco , Nacoti Mirco , Bonanomi Ezio 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTracheal injury is a rare complication after pediatric intubation. The choice of treatment depends on the size of the lesion and on the underlying disease. We present a complex case of severe tracheal injury treated with success with tracheal stent positioning.
A red cell preservation strategy reduces postoperative transfusions in pediatric heart surgery patients
Authors: Nathan Meena , Tishler Brielle , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Matte Gregory S. , Howe Robert J. , Durham Linda , Boyle Sharon , Mathieu Derek , Fynn‐Thompson Francis , DiNardo James A. , Ibla Juan C. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundBlood transfusion has well‐documented adverse effects. As part of a blood conservation initiative at our center, we began routine use of cell saver for all congenital heart surgery performed on cardiopulmonary bypass since 2014.AimsThis study aimed to compare transfusion rates prior to, and in the first and second year after this initiative. We hypothesized that cell saver use would decrease transfusion requirements in second year after use of the cell saver compared to the pre cell saver group.MethodsConsecutive patients under 18 years undergoing congenital heart surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass were retrospectively analyzed as 3 one‐year cohorts defined above. We excluded patients who required mechanical support or reoperation at index admission. Baseline characteristics, and use of blood intraoperatively and postoperatively were compared between groups.ResultsThe 3 groups had similar baseline characteristics. Blood use was significantly lower in year 2 after cell saver initiation as compared to the pre cell saver group both intra‐ and postoperatively. The median difference in volume of intraoperative blood transfusion was lower by 138 mL/m2 (−266, −10 mL/m2) in year 2 when compared to the pre cell saver group. Similarly, the proportion of subjects requiring red blood cell transfusion postoperatively on day of surgery was lower by 10% (−15%, −6%).ConclusionStandardized use of cell saver significantly decreased perioperative blood use in children undergoing cardiac surgery at our center. A risk‐adjusted transfusion threshold for children undergoing heart surgery needs to be developed to further decrease exposure to blood products and associated costs.
Butler's Stone
Authors: Tilley John J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn the eleventh of Joseph Butler's Fifteen Sermons we find his best‐known argument against psychological hedonism. Elliott Sober calls that argument Butler's stone, and famously challenges it. I consider whether Butler's stone has value. In doing so I examine, and reject, two possible responses to Sober's objection. This involves, in part, discussing Lord Kames's version of the stone argument, which has hitherto escaped scholarly attention. Finally, I explain an important value of Butler's stone, which I have not found previously discussed. Butler's stone blocks an inference, persuasive to many people, which purports to show that we intrinsically desire only pleasure.