bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational Thinking
Authors: Denning Peter J. , Tedre Matti 
Published: August 2019

An introduction to computational thinking that traces a genealogy beginning centuries before the digital computer.
A few decades into the digital era, scientists discovered that thinking in terms of computation made possible an entirely new way of organizing scientific investigation; eventually, every field had a computational branch: computational physics, computational biology, computational sociology. More recently, “computational thinking” has become part of the K–12 curriculum. But what is computational thinking? This volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series offers an accessible overview, tracing a genealogy that begins centuries before digital computers and portraying computational thinking as pioneers of computing have described it.
The authors explain that computational thinking (CT) is not a set of concepts for programming; it is a way of thinking that is honed through practice: the mental skills for designing computations to do jobs for us, and for explaining and interpreting the world as a complex of information processes. Mathematically trained experts (known as “computers”) who performed complex calculations as teams engaged in CT long before electronic computers. The authors identify six dimensions of today's highly developed CT—methods, machines, computing education, software engineering, computational science, and design—and cover each in a chapter. Along the way, they debunk inflated claims for CT and computation while making clear the power of CT in all its complexity and multiplicity.
Who Wins in a Digital World?
Authors: MIT Sloan Management Review  
Published: August 2019

How organizations can adapt to a constantly changing business environment by being flexible but focused, embracing change, and moving fast.
In the new digital world, the unknowns are never-ending. Our ability to embrace the demands of change has become a prerequisite for success. It's not easy. We don't work the way we did last year. Next year, it will all change again. If an organization doesn't embrace the realities of change, it will be under siege from those that do. Who Wins in a Digital World explains how organizations can adapt to a constantly changing business environment by being flexible but focused, embracing change in all its messiness, and moving fast.
In articles that originally appeared in MIT Sloan Management Review, experts from business and academia discuss digital adaptability, explaining how both organizations and individuals need the ability to excel in what their roles will become as technology and their competitive ecosystem evolve. They highlight strategies and mindsets that can foster change, including boldness in the face of digitization, a focus on collaboration, and an artificial intelligence game plan. And they explore the need for speed, with one contributor declaring: “Implement first, ask questions later (or not at all).”
Once an organization accepts the fact that technological change is ongoing and inevitable, it becomes more about opportunity and less about challenge. This book shows that change can be stimulating, exhilarating, and something to be welcomed.
Contributors Stephen J. Andriole, Jacques Bughin, Thomas H. Davenport, Nathan Furr, Lynn J. Good, David Kiron, Edward E. Lawler III, Vikram Mahidhar, Paul Michelman, Jeanne Ross, Paul J. H. Schoemaker, Andrew Shipilov, Charles Sull, Donald Sull, Philip E. Tetlock, Stefano Turconi, Nicolas van Zeebroeck, Peter Weill, Thomas Williams, Stephanie L. Woerner, Christopher G. Worley, James Yoder
Against Nature
Authors: Daston Lorraine 
Published: August 2019

A pithy work of philosophical anthropology that explores why humans find moral orders in natural orders.
Why have human beings, in many different cultures and epochs, looked to nature as a source of norms for human behavior? From ancient India and ancient Greece, medieval France and Enlightenment America, up to the latest controversies over gay marriage and cloning, natural orders have been enlisted to illustrate and buttress moral orders. Revolutionaries and reactionaries alike have appealed to nature to shore up their causes. No amount of philosophical argument or political critique deters the persistent and pervasive temptation to conflate the “is” of natural orders with the “ought” of moral orders.
In this short, pithy work of philosophical anthropology, Lorraine Daston asks why we continually seek moral orders in natural orders, despite so much good counsel to the contrary. She outlines three specific forms of natural order in the Western philosophical tradition—specific natures, local natures, and universal natural laws—and describes how each of these three natural orders has been used to define and oppose a distinctive form of the unnatural. She argues that each of these forms of the unnatural triggers equally distinctive emotions: horror, terror, and wonder.
Daston proposes that human reason practiced in human bodies should command the attention of philosophers, who have traditionally yearned for a transcendent reason, valid for all species, all epochs, even all planets.
The Art of Causal Conjecture
Authors: Shafer Glenn 
Published: August 2019

In The Art of Causal Conjecture, Glenn Shafer lays out a new mathematical and philosophical foundation for probability and uses it to explain concepts of causality used in statistics, artificial intelligence, and philosophy.
The various disciplines that use causal reasoning differ in the relative weight they put on security and precision of knowledge as opposed to timeliness of action. The natural and social sciences seek high levels of certainty in the identification of causes and high levels of precision in the measurement of their effects. The practical sciences—medicine, business, engineering, and artificial intelligence—must act on causal conjectures based on more limited knowledge. Shafer's understanding of causality contributes to both of these uses of causal reasoning. His language for causal explanation can guide statistical investigation in the natural and social sciences, and it can also be used to formulate assumptions of causal uniformity needed for decision making in the practical sciences.
Causal ideas permeate the use of probability and statistics in all branches of industry, commerce, government, and science. The Art of Causal Conjecture shows that causal ideas can be equally important in theory. It does not challenge the maxim that causation cannot be proven from statistics alone, but by bringing causal ideas into the foundations of probability, it allows causal conjectures to be more clearly quantified, debated, and confronted by statistical evidence.
Artificial Intelligence in Perspective
Authors: Bobrow Daniel G. 
Published: August 2019

This major collection of short essays reviews the scope and progress of research in artificial intelligence over the past two decades. Seminal and most-cited papers from the journal Artificial Intelligence are revisited by the authors who describe how their research has been developed, both by themselves and by others, since the journals first publication. The twenty-eight papers span a wide variety of domains, including truth maintainance systems and qualitative process theory, chemical structure analysis, diagnosis of faulty circuits, and understanding visual scenes; they also span a broad range of methodologies, from AI's mathematical foundations to systems architecture. The volume is dedicated to Allen Newell and concludes with a section of fourteen essays devoted to a retrospective on the strength and vision of his work.
Sections/Contributors Artificial Intelligence in Perspective, D. G. Bobrow • Foundations, J. McCarthy, R. C. Moore, A. Newell, N. J. Nilsson, J. Gordon and E. H. Shortliffe, J. Pearl, A. K. Mackworth and E. C. Freuder, J. de Kleer • Vision, H. G. Barrow and J. M. Tenenbaum, B. K. P. Horn and B. Schunck, K. Ikeuchi, T. Kanade • Qualitative Reasoning, J. de Kleer, K. D. Forbus, B. J. Kuipers, Y. Iwasake and H. A Simon • Diagnosis, R. Davis, M. R. Genesereth, P. Szolovits and S. G. Pauker, R. Davis, B. G. Buchanan and E. H. Shortliffe, W. J. Clancey • Architectures, J. S. Aikins, B. Hayes-Roth, M. J. Stefik et al • Systems, R. E. Fikes and N. J. Nilsson, E. A Feigenbaum and B. G. Buchanan, J. McDermott. Allen Newell. H. A. Simon, M. J. Stefik and S. W. Smoliar, M. A. Arbib, D. C. Dennett, Purves, R. C. Schank and M. Y. Jona, P. S. Rosenbloom and J. E. Laird, P. E. Agre.
Bradford Books imprint
Cheating
Authors: Consalvo Mia 
Published: August 2019

A cultural history of digital gameplay that investigates a wide range of player behavior, including cheating, and its relationship to the game industry.
The widely varying experiences of players of digital games challenge the notions that there is only one correct way to play a game. Some players routinely use cheat codes, consult strategy guides, or buy and sell in-game accounts, while others consider any or all of these practices off limits. Meanwhile, the game industry works to constrain certain readings or activities and promote certain ways of playing. In Cheating, Mia Consalvo investigates how players choose to play games, and what happens when they can't always play the way they'd like. She explores a broad range of player behavior, including cheating (alone and in groups), examines the varying ways that players and industry define cheating, describes how the game industry itself has helped systematize cheating, and studies online cheating in context in an online ethnography of Final Fantasy XI. She develops the concept of "gaming capital" as a key way to understand individuals' interaction with games, information about games, the game industry, and other players.
Consalvo provides a cultural history of cheating in videogames, looking at how the packaging and selling of such cheat-enablers as cheat books, GameSharks, and mod chips created a cheat industry. She investigates how players themselves define cheating and how their playing choices can be understood, with particular attention to online cheating. Finally, she examines the growth of the peripheral game industries that produce information about games rather than actual games. Digital games are spaces for play and experimentation; the way we use and think about digital games, Consalvo argues, is crucially important and reflects ethical choices in gameplay and elsewhere.
Visual Analogy
Authors: Stafford Barbara Maria 
Published: August 2019

A groundbreaking book exploring the discovery of sameness in otherness.
Recuperating a topic once central to philosophy, theology, rhetoric, and aesthetics, this groundbreaking book explores the discovery of sameness in otherness. Analogy poses an intriguingly ancient and modern conundrum. How, in the face of cultural diversity, can a unique someone or something be perceived as like what it is not? This book is for anyone puzzled by why today, as Barbara Maria Stafford claims, "we possess no language for talking about resemblance, only an exaggerated awareness of difference." Well-designed images, Stafford argues, reveal the mind's intuitive leaps to connect known with unknown experience.
The first of four wide-ranging chapters paints a challenging overview of several pressing contemporary issues. Cloning, legal controversies about social inequity, identity politics, electronic copying, and the mimicry of virtual reality expose the need for a nuanced theory of similitude. The second examines the historical tug-of-war between analogy and allegory, or disanalogy. Stafford provocatively suggests that, since the Romantic Era, we have been living in polarizingly allegorical times. The third roots this divisiveness within the momentous shift from a magical universe, modeled on sexual bonds, to an engineered world built of discrete automated units. Finally, recent developments in computational brain research notwithstanding, major phenomenological questions about memory, emotion, intelligence, and awareness beckon. In the fourth chapter, Stafford intervenes in the consciousness debates to propose a humanistic cognitive science with bridging/analogy at its artful core.
Visual Space Perception
Authors: Hershenson Maurice 
Published: August 2019

This primer provides an overview of the principles of space perception in a handbook format that will appeal to researchers as well as students.
A renewed interest in the study of vision has attracted scholars from such diverse fields as neuroscience, computer science, mathematics, physics, and philosophy. At the same time, the development of imaging devices and popularization of stereoscopic effects has increased student interest in vision. Both groups require more depth than is available in undergraduate texts and more breadth than is usually available in handbooks.
This primer provides an overview of the principles of space perception in a handbook format that will appeal to researchers as well as students. Topics covered include geometrical and distal-proximal relationships, spatial localization, stereopsis, cyclopean perception, stimulus inadequacy, pictorial cues, perceived size and shape, Gibsonian psychophysics, lateral motion, motion in depth, perceived object motion, and motion detection.
Bradford Books imprint
Semblance and Event
Authors: Massumi Brian 
Published: August 2019

An investigation of the “occurrent arts” through the concepts of the “semblance” and “lived abstraction.”
Events are always passing; to experience an event is to experience the passing. But how do we perceive an experience that encompasses the just-was and the is-about-to-be as much as what is actually present? In Semblance and Event, Brian Massumi, drawing on the work of William James, Alfred North Whitehead, Gilles Deleuze, and others, develops the concept of “semblance” as a way to approach this question.
It is, he argues, a question of abstraction, not as the opposite of the concrete but as a dimension of it: “lived abstraction.” A semblance is a lived abstraction. Massumi uses the category of the semblance to investigate practices of art that are relational and event-oriented—variously known as interactive art, ephemeral art, performance art, art intervention—which he refers to collectively as the “occurrent arts.” Each art practice invents its own kinds of relational events of lived abstraction, to produce a signature species of semblance. The artwork's relational engagement, Massumi continues, gives it a political valence just as necessary and immediate as the aesthetic dimension.
We Used to Wait
Authors: Kinskey Rebecca 
Published: August 2019

An investigation of music videos as a form, a practice, and a literacy.
Music videos were once something broadcast by MTV and received on our TV screens. Today, music videos are searched for, downloaded, and viewed on our computer screens—or produced in our living rooms and uploaded to social media. In We Used to Wait, Rebecca Kinskey examines this shift. She investigates music video as a form, originally a product created by professionals to be consumed by nonprofessionals; as a practice, increasingly taken up by amateurs; and as a literacy, to be experimented with and mastered.
Kinskey offers a short history of the music video as a communicative, cultural form, describing the rise and fall of MTV's Total Request Live and the music video's resurgence on YouTube. She examines recent shifts in viewing and production practice, tracing the trajectory of music video director Hiro Murai from film student and dedicated amateur in the 1990s to music video professional in the 2000s. Investigating music video as a literacy, she looks at OMG! Cameras Everywhere, a nonprofit filmmaking summer camp run by a group of young music video directors. The OMG! campers and counselors provide a case study in how cultural producers across several generations have blurred the line between professional and amateur. Their everyday practices remake the notion of literacy, not only by their collaborative and often informal efforts to impart and achieve literacy but also by expanding the definition of what is considered a valuable activity, worthy of dedicated, pleasurable pursuit.
Tribe reassessment of the subhimalayan leafhopper genus Pseudosubhimalus (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) based on molecular phylogeny
Authors: Niranjana GN , Meshram Naresh M. , Shashank Pathour R. , Stuti  , Hashmi Tahseen Raza 
Published: August 2019

The phylogeny of the Pseudosubhimalus were investigated using of two different data sets, including 91 taxa and 3853 aligned nucleotide positions from the histone H3, 28S rDNA (D2 & D9–10 region). The results suggest the placement of genus in the tribe Ciacadulini, as it was clustered with Cicadulini genera. Relationships between genera of the Cicadulini were strongly supported and leads placement to tribe Cicadulini from Athysanini. Along with this, genus Pseudosubhimalus Ghauri is revised, and P. trilobatus sp. nov. (Himachal Pradesh: Katrain) is added, described from Indian subcontinent and deposited to National Pusa Collection, IARI, New Delhi, with repository number RRS1.
An Ultrarobust Composite Gel Electrolyte Stabilizing Ion Deposition for Long‐Life Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Ding Chenfeng , Fu Xuewei , Li Hao , Yang Jiayi , Lan Jin‐Le , Yu Yunhua , Zhong Wei‐Hong , Yang Xiaoping 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLithium metal batteries (LMBs) possessing ultrahigh energy density are promising next‐generation battery systems, but the short cycle life and safety concerns caused by the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites impede their broad applications. Herein, to address these issues, an ultrarobust composite gel electrolyte (CGE) that can effectively stabilize ion deposition for LMBs is designed via fabricating a specially structured aerogel as the matrix. The gel electrolyte matrix with a 3D interconnected highly porous structures and good affinity with liquid electrolytes is fabricated via compositing bacterial cellulose (BC) and Li0.33La0.557TiO3 nanowires (LLTO NWs) into an aerogel. The composite aerogel matrix demonstrates excellent wettability and liquid electrolyte uptake (586 ± 5%), and the resulting CGE presents exceptional Young's modulus of 1.15 GPa and an extremely high lithium‐ion transference number of 0.88. More significantly, the synergistic effect from the robust BC skeleton and LLTO NWs enabling stable ion deposition effectively suppresses the growth of lithium dendrites. Armed with the CGE, ultrastable symmetric Li/Li cells demonstrate a long cycle life of 1200 h and highly stable performance even at a high current density of 5 mA cm−2. Furthermore, half cells with the CGE exhibit remarkable enhancement in capacity, cycling stability, and rate performance.
Latticework Nanostructure by Chemical Function Transfer and Molecular Shape Amplification of Programmed Reactive Mesogens
Authors: Choi Yu‐Jin , Lee Yumin , Bang Geukcheon , Jeong Jinyoung , Kim Namil , Lee Ji‐Hoon , Jeong Kwang‐Un 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBy controlling the hierarchical superstructures by chemical function transfer and shape amplification of molecular building blocks, advanced materials with the desired properties can be developed. To realize this concept, a latticework nanostructure is constructed for a single‐layered negative dispersion (ND) retarder by the newly synthesized hydrogen‐donating HBP host reactive mesogen (RM) and the hydrogen‐accepting X2RM guest RM mixture. The latticework nanostructures forming the single‐layered thin film are self‐assembled where conjugated backbones of X2RM are aligned parallel to the smectic layer of HBP. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding and shape amplifications between HBP and X2RM with the help of the photoisomerization of X2RM lead to the latticework nanostructure. The newly developed single‐layered thin film exhibits ND retardation closed to the ideal value, which is applied to the flexible antireflective film. This research demonstrates that chemical function transfer and shape amplification of programmed molecules allow us to fabricate optical films with the desired properties on a macroscopic length scale.
Photonic Memristor for Future Computing: A Perspective
Authors: Mao Jing‐Yu , Zhou Li , Zhu Xiaojian , Zhou Ye , Han Su‐Ting 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPhotonic computing and neuromorphic computing could address the inherent limitations of traditional von Neumann architecture and gradually invalidate Moore's law. As photonics applications are capable of storing and processing data in an optical manner with unprecedented bandwidth and high speed, two‐terminal photonic memristors with a remote optical control of resistive switching behaviors at defined wavelengths ensure the benefit of on‐chip integration, low power consumption, multilevel data storage, and a large variation margin, suggesting promising advantages for both photonic and neuromorphic computing. Herein, the development of photonic memristors is reviewed, as well as their application in photonic computing and emulation on optogenetics‐modulated artificial synapses. Different photoactive materials acting as both photosensing and storage media are discussed in terms of their optical‐tunable memory behaviors and underlying resistive switching mechanism with consideration of photogating and photovoltaic effects. Moreover, light‐involved logic operations, system‐level integration, and light‐controlled artificial synaptic memristors along with improved learning tasks performance are presented. Furthermore, the challenges in the field are discussed, such as the lack of a comprehensive understanding of microscopic mechanisms under light illumination and a general constraint of inferior near‐infrared (NIR) sensitivity.
Temperature‐Responsive Polymer Wave Plates as Tunable Polarization Converters
Authors: Kragt Augustinus J. J. , van Gessel Iris P. M. , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Broer Dirk J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA temperature‐responsive polarization converter, which reversibly changes from a full‐wave to a half‐wave plate upon heating, is developed. The polymer wave plate has a controlled thickness and is based on a uniaxial aligned nematic semi‐interpenetrating network coating containing a specific concentration of a non‐crosslinked liquid crystal elastomer. Upon heating, the effective birefringence of the wave plate halves without changing the thickness. The function of the wave plate is demonstrated by sandwiching the tunable polarization converter between two identical right‐handed circular polarized light reflective films with a wavelength around 770 nm. At low temperatures, this optical device reflects 50% of light at 770 nm, whereas at elevated temperature 81% is reflected. Such temperature‐responsive optical devices have potential applications for both aesthetic purposes as well as energy saving windows.
An On‐Chip Quad‐Wavelength Pyroelectric Sensor for Spectroscopic Infrared Sensing
Authors: Dao Thang Duy , Ishii Satoshi , Doan Anh Tung , Wada Yoshiki , Ohi Akihiko , Nabatame Toshihide , Nagao Tadaaki 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMerging photonic structures and optoelectronic sensors into a single chip may yield a sensor‐on‐chip spectroscopic device that can measure the spectrum of matter. In this work, an on‐chip concurrent multiwavelength infrared (IR) sensor, which consists of a set of narrowband wavelength‐selective plasmonic perfect absorbers combined with pyroelectric sensors, where the response of each pyroelectric sensor is boosted only at the resonance of the nanostructured absorber, is proposed and realized. The proposed absorber, which is based on Wood's anomaly absorption from a 2D plasmonic square lattice, shows a narrowband polarization‐independent resonance (quality factor – Q of 73) with a nearly perfect absorptivity as high as 0.99 at normal incidence. The fabricated quad‐wavelength IR sensors exhibit four different narrowband spectral responses at normal incidence following the predesigned resonances in the mid‐wavelength infrared region that corresponds to the atmospheric window. The device can be applied for practical spectroscopic applications such as nondispersive IR sensors, IR chemical imaging devices, pyrometers, and spectroscopic thermography imaging.