bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does early exposure to caffeine promote smoking and alcohol use behavior? A prospective analysis of middle school students
Authors: Kristjansson Alfgeir L. , Kogan Steven M. , Mann Michael J. , Smith Megan L. , Juliano Laura M. , Lilly Christa L. , James Jack E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackground and AimsDespite the negative consequences associated with caffeine use among children and youth, its use is increasingly widespread among middle school students. Cross‐sectional studies reveal links between caffeine and other substance use. The potential for caffeine use to confer increased vulnerability to substance use, however, has not been investigated using prospective designs. We hypothesized that caffeine use at baseline would be associated positively with increased alcohol use, drunkenness, smoking and e‐cigarette use.DesignProspective cohort study with 12 months separating baseline from follow‐up.SettingWest Virginia, USA.ParticipantsMiddle school students (6th and 7th grades; n = 3932) in three West Virginia (WV) counties provided data at baseline and follow‐up 12 months later.MeasurementsYouth self‐reported their use of caffeine from multiple sources (e.g. soda, energy drinks, coffee and tea), cigarette smoking, electronic cigarette use, alcohol use and drunkenness.FindingsCross‐lagged path models for individual substance use categories provided a good fit to the data. Controlling for demographic variables and other substance use at baseline, caffeine at time 1 (T1) was associated positively with T2 cigarette smoking (β = 0.27, P = 0.001), e‐cigarette use (β = 0.21, P = 0.001), alcohol use (β = 0.17, P = 0.001) and drunkenness (β = 0.15, P = 0.001). Conversely, non‐significant relations emerged between three of four substances at T1 and caffeine at T2. Positive relations were found between e‐cigarette use at T1 and caffeine use at T2 (β = 0.07, P = 0.006). These findings were supported by an omnibus model with all substances included. Specifically, significant relations were observed between caffeine at T1 and all substance use outcomes at T2, whereas no significant relations were observed between substance use and caffeine over time.ConclusionsCaffeine may promote early use of other types of substances among middle school‐aged adolescents.
Parents with troubled upbringings and their perception of childhood
Authors: Herland Mari Dalen 
Published: April 2018

AbstractApplying qualitative data from a 30‐year‐long follow‐up study, this article examines how 30 parents with troubled upbringings talk about and present their children through stories about parenthood. Two overall themes were identified: (a) the perception of childhood with the associated subcategories “being engaged in school” and “the value of eating rituals and leisure activities” and (b) having agency with the associated subcategories “being heard and put first” and “meeting the children's needs.” The findings exemplify how these parents' backgrounds build into current discursive understandings about parenthood and childhood and how conflicting emotions from their own childhood affect their present view of their children. Attention is paid to the idea of how these parents “invest” in discursive positions regarding their children. The findings apply to both theoretical and practical social work, addressing the need for an understanding of how parents with troubled childhoods understand and consequently interact with their children.
When and how to use Q methodology to understand perspectives in conservation research
Authors: Zabala Aiora , Sandbrook Chris , Mukherjee Nibedita 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUnderstanding human perspectives is critical in a range of conservation contexts, for example, in overcoming conflicts or developing projects that are acceptable to relevant stakeholders. The Q methodology is a unique semiquantitative technique used to explore human perspectives. It has been applied for decades in other disciplines and recently gained traction in conservation. This paper helps researchers assess when Q is useful for a given conservation question and what its use involves. To do so, we explained the steps necessary to conduct a Q study, from the research design to the interpretation of results. We provided recommendations to minimize biases in conducting a Q study, which can affect mostly when designing the study and collecting the data. We conducted a structured literature review of 52 studies to examine in what empirical conservation contexts Q has been used. Most studies were subnational or national cases, but some also address multinational or global questions. We found that Q has been applied to 4 broad types of conservation goals: addressing conflict, devising management alternatives, understanding policy acceptability, and critically reflecting on the values that implicitly influence research and practice. Through these applications, researchers found hidden views, understood opinions in depth and discovered points of consensus that facilitated unlocking difficult disagreements. The Q methodology has a clear procedure but is also flexible, allowing researchers explore long‐term views, or views about items other than statements, such as landscape images. We also found some inconsistencies in applying and, mainly, in reporting Q studies, whereby it was not possible to fully understand how the research was conducted or why some atypical research decisions had been taken in some studies. Accordingly, we suggest a reporting checklist.
Detecting semantic‐based communities in node‐attributed graphs
Authors: Sun Heli , Du Hongxia , Huang Jianbin , Sun Zhongbin , He Liang , Jia Xiaolin , Zhao Zhongmeng 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn social network analysis, community detection on plain graphs has been widely studied. With the proliferation of available data, each user in the network is usually associated with additional attributes for elaborate description. However, many existing methods only concentrate on the topological structure and fail to deal with node‐attributed networks. These approaches are incapable of extracting clear semantic meanings for communities detected. In this paper, we combine the topological structure and attribute information into a unified process and propose a novel algorithm to detect overlapping semantic communities. Moreover, a new metric is designed to measure the density of semantic communities. The proposed algorithm is divided into 3 phases. First, we detect local semantic subcommunities from each node's perspective using a greedy strategy on the metric. Then, a supergraph, which consists of all these subcommunities is created. Finally, we find global semantic communities on the supergraph. The experimental results on real‐world data sets show the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach against other state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Socio‐economic disadvantage is associated with heavier drinking in high but not middle‐income countries participating in the International Alcohol Control Study
Authors: Huckle Taisia , Romeo Jose S. , Wall Martin , Callinan Sarah , Holmes John , Meier Petra , Mackintosh Anne‐Maree , Piazza Marina , Chaiyasong Surasak , Cuong Pham Viet , Casswell Sally 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroduction and AimsTo investigate if socio‐economic disadvantage, at the individual‐ and country‐level, is associated with heavier drinking in some middle‐ and high‐income countries.Design and MethodsSurveys of drinkers were undertaken in some high‐ and middle‐income countries. Participating countries were Australia, England, New Zealand, Scotland (high‐income) and Peru, Thailand and Vietnam (middle‐income). Disadvantage at the country‐level was defined as per World Bank (categorised as middle‐or high‐income); individual‐level measures were (i) years of education and (ii) whether and individual was under or over the poverty line in each country. Measures of heavier drinking were (i) proportion of drinkers that consumed 8+ drinks and (ii) three drinking risk groups (lower, increasing and higher). Multi‐level logistic regression models were used.ResultsIndividual‐level measures of disadvantage, lower education and living in poverty, were associated with heavier drinking, consuming 8+ drinks on a typical occasion or drinking at the higher risk level, when all countries were considered together. Drinkers in the middle‐income countries had a higher probability of consuming 8+ drinks on a typical occasion relative to drinkers in the high‐income countries. Interactions between country‐level income and individual‐level disadvantage were undertaken: disadvantaged drinkers in the middle‐income countries were less likely to be heavier drinkers relative to those with less disadvantage in the high‐income countries.Discussion and ConclusionsAssociations between socio‐economic disadvantage and heavier drinking vary depending on country‐level income. These findings highlight the value of exploring cross‐country differences in heavier drinking and disadvantage and the importance of including country‐level measurements to better elucidate relationships.
Dorzagliatin (HMS5552), a novel dual‐acting glucokinase activator, improves glycaemic control and pancreatic β‐cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes: A 28‐day treatment study using biomarker‐guided patient selection
Authors: Zhu Xiao‐Xue , Zhu Da‐Long , Li Xiao‐Ying , Li Ya‐Lin , Jin Xiao‐Wei , Hu Tian‐Xin , Zhao Yu , Li Yong‐Guo , Zhao Gui‐Yu , Ren Shuang , Zhang Yi , Ding Yan‐Hua , Chen Li 
Published: April 2018

AimsTo investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a dual‐acting glucokinase activator, dorzagliatin, and its safety, tolerability and effect on pancreatic β‐cell function in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Materials and methodsA total of 24 T2D patients were selected, utilizing a set of predefined clinical biomarkers, and were randomized to receive dorzagliatin 75 mg twice or once daily (BID, QD respectively) for 28 days. Changes in HbA1c and glycaemic parameters from baseline to Day 28 were assessed. In addition, changes in β‐cell function from baseline to Day 32 were evaluated.ResultsSignificant reductions in HbA1c were observed in both regimens on Day 28 (−0.79%, 75 mg BID; −1.22%, 75 mg QD). Similar trends were found in the following parameters, including reductions from baseline in fasting plasma glucose by 1.20 mmol/L and 1.51 mmol/L, in 2‐hour postprandial glucose by 2.48 mmol/L and 5.03 mmol/L, and in glucose AUC0–24 by 18.59% and 20.98%, for the BID and QD groups, respectively. Both regimens resulted in improvement in β‐cell function as measured by steady state HOMA 2 parameter, %B, which increased by 36.31% and 40.59%, and by dynamic state parameter, ΔC30/ΔG30, which increased by 24.66% and 167.67%, for the BID and QD groups, respectively. Dorzagliatin was well tolerated in both regimens, with good pharmacokinetic profiles.ConclusionsDorzagliatin treatment for 28 days in Chinese T2D patients, selected according to predefined biomarkers, resulted in significant improvement in β‐cell function and glycaemic control. The safety and pharmacokinetic profile of dorzagliatin supports a subsequent Phase II trial design and continued clinical development.
Explaining regional disparities in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Chapman Sheila , Meliciani Valentina 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe paper analyses the determinants and the evolution of income disparities across regions within Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) over 1991–2011. We add to the literature in different ways. First, we adapt the categories that Rodriguez‐Pose used for studying convergence among oldEUmembers toCEECs regions. This allows us to assess the relevance of geo‐sectoral groups (urban areas, old industrialized areas and peripheral areas) for newcomer regions. Second, we introduce a new category, that of ‘successful Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)‐based restructuring’ in order to capture regions that, often through considerableFDI, manage to reconvert their old industrial base. We then analyze whether this group helps understand catching‐up/falling behind processes inCEECs. We test the relevance of these groups by means of both non‐parametric and spatial regression analyses. We find that they help explain the increase in within‐countries’ regional disparities especially after the turn of the century.
Contrasting carbon and nitrogen rhizodeposition patterns of soya bean (Glycine max L.) and oat (Avena nuda L.)
Authors: Zang H. , Qian X. , Wen Y. , Hu Y. , Ren C. , Zeng Z. , Guo L. , Wang C. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryLegumes can use photosynthetic energy to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N) by rhizobium‐legume symbiosis and this might result in contrasting patterns of carbon (C) and N rhizodeposition compared to those of cereals. Accurate quantification of C and N derived from rhizodeposition (CdfR and NdfR) is crucial to estimate the C and N input by legumes and cereals. We quantified the amounts of CdfR and NdfR from soya bean (Glycine max L.) and oat (Avena nuda L.) with the cotton‐wick labelling method. The plants were labelled twice with a pulse of a solution containing both 13C‐glucose and 15N‐urea at the fifth and sixth week after planting. The amount of CdfR and NdfR in soya bean was two to six times larger than that in oat. More than 70% of belowground C and N was contributed by rhizodeposition and 61–85% of this was present at a 0–25‐cm (top) depth. The 0–25 to 25–50‐cm (top‐to‐sub) ratio of rhizodeposition was larger than that of root biomass in soya bean, indicating stronger root activity and deposition capacity in topsoil than in subsoil. In contrast, a similar top‐to‐sub ratio of rhizodeposition and root biomass was observed in oat. The C:N ratio of rhizodeposition from soya bean was three times larger than that of roots, whereas the C:N ratios of roots and rhizodeposition were similar in oat. The larger N rhizodeposition from soya bean represents an important N pool, which increases the N‐availability for co‐existing or subsequent crops.Highlights
We quantified the amounts of C and N rhizodeposition from soya bean and oat.
The plants were pulse labelled twice with 13C and15N using the cotton‐wick stem feeding method.
More than 70% of belowground C and N was contributed by rhizodeposition.
The larger N rhizodeposition from soya bean represents an important pool of N.
Demography and rapid local adaptation shape Creole cattle genome diversity in the tropics
Authors: Pitt Daniel , Bruford Michael W. , Barbato Mario , Orozco‐terWengel Pablo , Martínez Rodrigo , Sevane Natalia 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe introduction of Iberian cattle in the Americas after Columbus’ arrival imposed high selection pressures on a limited number of animals over a brief period of time. Knowledge of the genomic regions selected during this process may help in enhancing climatic resilience and sustainable animal production. We first determined taurine and indicine contributions to the genomic structure of modern Creole cattle. Second, we inferred their demographic history using approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), linkage disequilibrium (LD) and Ne Slope (NeS) analysis. Third, we performed whole genome scans for selection signatures based on cross‐population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP‐EHH) and population differentiation (FST) to disentangle the genetic mechanisms involved in adaptation and phenotypic change by a rapid and major environmental transition. To tackle these questions, we combined SNP array data (~54,000 SNPs) in Creole breeds with their modern putative Iberian ancestors. Reconstruction of the population history of Creoles from the end of the 15th century indicated a major demographic expansion until the introduction of zebu and commercial breeds into the Americas ~180 years ago, coinciding with a drastic Ne contraction. NeS analysis provided insights into short‐term complexity in population change and depicted a decrease/expansion episode at the end of the ABC‐inferred expansion, as well as several additional fluctuations in Ne with the attainment of the current small Ne only towards the end of the 20th century. Selection signatures for tropical adaptation pinpointed the thermoregulatory slick hair coat region, identifying a new candidate gene (GDNF), as well as novel candidate regions involved in immune function, behavioural processes, iron metabolism and adaptation to new feeding conditions. The outcomes from this study will help in future‐proofing farm animal genetic resources (FAnGR) by providing molecular tools that allow selection for improved cattle performance, resilience and welfare under climate change.
Partitioning of the net CO2 exchange using an automated chamber system reveals plant phenology as key control of production and respiration fluxes in a boreal peatland
Authors: Järveoja Järvi , Nilsson Mats B. , Gažovič Michal , Crill Patrick M. , Peichl Matthias 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) drives the carbon (C) sink–source strength of northern peatlands. Since NEE represents a balance between various production and respiration fluxes, accurate predictions of its response to global changes require an in depth understanding of these underlying processes. Currently, however, detailed information of the temporal dynamics as well as the separate biotic and abiotic controls of the NEE component fluxes is lacking in peatland ecosystems. In this study, we address this knowledge gap by using an automated chamber system established across natural and trenching/vegetation removal plots to partition NEE into its production (i.e., gross and net primary production; GPP and NPP) and respiration (i.e., ecosystem, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration; ER, Rh and Ra) fluxes in a boreal peatland in northern Sweden. Our results showed that daily NEE patterns were driven by GPP while variations in ER were governed by Ra rather than Rh. Moreover, we observed pronounced seasonal shifts in the Ra/Rh and above/belowground NPP ratios throughout the main phenological phases. Generalized linear model analysis revealed that the greenness index derived from digital images (as a proxy for plant phenology) was the strongest control of NEE, GPP and NPP while explaining considerable fractions also in the variations of ER and Ra. In addition, our data exposed greater temperature sensitivity of NPP compared to Rh resulting in enhanced C sequestration with increasing temperature. Overall, our study suggests that the temporal patterns in NEE and its component fluxes are tightly coupled to vegetation dynamics in boreal peatlands and thus challenges previous studies that commonly identify abiotic factors as key drivers. These findings further emphasize the need for integrating detailed information on plant phenology into process‐based models to improve predictions of global change impacts on the peatland C cycle.
Mating system does not predict niche breath
Authors: Park Daniel S. , Ellison Aaron M. , Davis Charles C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimSelf‐pollinating plants (‘selfers’) have larger geographical ranges and inhabit higher latitudes than their outcrossing relatives. This finding has led to the hypothesis that selfers also have broader climatic niches (‘niches’) because the increased likelihood of successful colonization into new areas and the initial purging of deleterious mutations could offset the inability of selfers to adapt to new environments owing to low heterozygosity. Here, we examine the niches of hundreds of closely related selfing and outcrossing species to determine whether selfers do indeed have larger niche breadths.LocationGlobal.Time periodCurrent.Major taxa studiedTwenty clades of flowering plants comprising 424 species.MethodsWe estimated and compared the climatic niches of 194 pairs of sister species across 15 families, which differed in mating system. We incorporated these results into models predicting niche breadth and its change over time to estimate the effects of mating system on niche breadth. Furthermore, we compared the degree of niche divergence between sister‐species pairs of various mating system combinations.ResultsSelfers did not have wider niche breadths than their outcrossing sister taxa. Sister pairs of selfers also exhibited greater niche overlap than outcrossing sisters, implying that niche expansion becomes limited after the transition to selfing. Furthermore, the niche breadth of selfers was predicted to decrease significantly faster than that of closely related outcrossers.Main conclusionsOur results demonstrate a decoupling in the range size and niche breadth of selfers. The larger geographical range and comparable niche breadths of many selfers is most likely to be a temporary phenomenon caused by a transiently expanded realized niche, and both will become constricted over time in comparison to outcrossers.
Tree species with limited geographical ranges show extreme responses to ectomycorrhizas
Authors: Karst Justine , Burns Cole , Cale Jonathan A. , Antunes Pedro M. , Woods Michaela , Lamit Louis J. , Hoeksema Jason D. , Zabinski Catherine , Gehring Catherine A. , La Flèche Marc , Rúa Megan A. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAimAt continental scales, abiotic factors such as climate are typically used to explain differences in plant ranges. Although biotic interactions also underlie the biogeography of plants, the importance of plant‐associated microbes is often overlooked when predicting ranges. In particular, symbiotic microbes may influence the distribution of plants that engage in strong interactions with them. We tested whether seedling response to inoculation by ectomycorrhizal fungi explains range size of trees. To examine mechanisms underlying the relationship between range size and response to inoculation, we also examined to what extent sympatry between host and fungi influenced this relationship.LocationGlobal.Time periodContemporary.Major taxa studiedTrees and fungi forming ectomycorrhizas.MethodsUsing a dataset of 1,275 observations from 126 papers, we calculated mean biomass response (effect size) of 59 tree species to fungal inoculation. We extracted host range area from digitized maps of native distributions, and determined whether hosts were naturally sympatric with fungal species used as inoculum by searching herbaria databases with geospatially referenced data.ResultsTree species with seedling effect sizes falling above or below the average response tended to have small ranges and those with average responses, large ranges. Moreover, hosts inoculated with fungi whose ranges were allopatric to their own had higher biomass compared to those that were inoculated by sympatric fungi, suggesting that the extent of geographical overlap between trees and symbiotic fungi may attenuate the mutualism.Main conclusionsWe demonstrate that mycorrhizas may underlie host biogeographical patterns at the continental scale. Our study is novel in the scope of species and scale tested, and points to a possible mechanism underlying this pattern related to the process of mutualism breakdown accruing over time at local geographical scales. For ectomycorrhizal tree species, performance may increase when exposed to fungal partners without a recent shared evolutionary history.