bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Seewoo Bhedita J , Etherington Sarah J , Rodger Jennifer 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is gaining increasing prominence as a non‐invasive neuromodulation technique for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has therapeutic potential for a range of psychiatric disorders (e.g. depression, schizophrenia) as well as neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The approach has advantages over pharmacological or electroconvulsive therapy due to its painlessness and limited side effects. The magnitude, duration and direction (increase or decrease) of TMS‐induced changes in brain excitability vary depending on the strength and timing of stimulation and the interaction of stimulation coil geometry with brain structures. The outcomes of TMS stimulation can also depend on the characteristics (e.g. age, exercise status) of the individual being treated. Despite increasing clinical use of rTMS, the cellular and network mechanisms underlying the clinical application of rTMS remain elusive and will need to be better understood to enable optimisation of clinical outcomes.

Key Concepts

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is a non‐invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a varying magnetic field to induce currents in the cortex and modulate brain function.

Single TMS pulses can be used to evoke immediate sensory or motor responses and test the speed or efficacy of conduction in a particular neural pathway.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) produces more subtle modulation of brain function that lasts beyond the end of stimulation.

Common rTMS protocols include regular trains of pulses at different frequencies (usually 1 or 10 Hz) or complex pulse trains that mimic endogenous patterns of activity in different brain regions (e.g. continuous and intermittent theta burst stimulation, biomimetic high‐frequency stimulation).

rTMS has been found to induce plasticity in the brain, with higher frequency (10–20 Hz) stimulus patterns generally associated with strengthening of cortical pathways, whereas low frequency (1 Hz) patterns usually depress the activity of a pathway.

rTMS is established as an effective therapy for major depression and for neuropathic pain and shows promise in treating some symptoms of stroke, Parkinson's Disease and schizophrenia.

Optimisation and expansion of the therapeutic utility of rTMS will require a better scientific understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which pulsed magnetic fields modulate the function of and interactions between neurons.
Eliminating Tip Dendrite Growth by Lorentz Force for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Wang Aoxuan , Deng Qibo , Deng Lijun , Guan Xuze , Luo Jiayan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractLithium metal anodes are deemed as the “Holy Grail” for next generation high energy density batteries, due to the reported highest specific capacity (3860 mAh g−1) and the lowest negative electrochemical potential (−3.04 V vs the standard hydrogen electrode). However, the notorious tip‐induced dendrite growth leads to low Coulombic efficiency, restricted lifespan, and even catastrophic short‐circuits, blocking the roadmap of their commercialization. Here, a magnetic field is introduced into the lithium plating process. The Li+ concentrated around the tips by the uneven electric field distribution can be taken off the hotpots by the Lorentz force and the tip dendrite growth can be eliminated. The relationship between current density and magnetic flux intensity is established by monitoring the deposited lithium morphology as well as the electrochemical performance, which is confirmed by mathematic modeling and COMSOL Multiphysics simulation. It is also demonstrated that the Lorentz force–induced tip dendrite elimination can be utilized practically by assembling permanent magnet‐containing prototype coin cell. It is anticipated that this physical approach can be applied to other high energy density systems as well.
Artificial Microbial Arenas: Materials for Observing and Manipulating Microbial Consortia
Authors: Wondraczek Lothar , Pohnert Georg , Schacher Felix H. , Köhler Angela , Gottschaldt Michael , Schubert Ulrich S. , Küsel Kirsten , Brakhage Axel A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFrom the smallest ecological niche to global scale, communities of microbial life present a major factor in system regulation and stability. As long as laboratory studies remain restricted to single or few species assemblies, however, very little is known about the interaction patterns and exogenous factors controlling the dynamics of natural microbial communities. In combination with microfluidic technologies, progress in the manufacture of functional and stimuli‐responsive materials makes artificial microbial arenas accessible. As habitats for natural or multispecies synthetic consortia, they are expected to not only enable detailed investigations, but also the training and the directed evolution of microbial communities in states of balance and disturbance, or under the effects of modulated stimuli and spontaneous response triggers. Here, a perspective on how materials research will play an essential role in generating answers to the most pertinent questions of microbial engineering is presented, and the concept of adaptive microbial arenas and possibilities for their construction from particulate microniches to 3D habitats is introduced. Materials as active and tunable components at the interface of living and nonliving matter offer exciting opportunities in this field. Beyond forming the physical horizon for microbial cultivates, they will enable dedicated intervention, training, and observation of microbial consortia.
Alkali Atoms Diffusion Mechanism in CuInSe2 Explained by Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Kormath Madam Raghupathy Ramya , Kühne Thomas D. , Henkelman Graeme , Mirhosseini Hossein 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAdaptive kinetic Monte Carlo simulation (aKMC) is employed to study the dynamics and the diffusion of point defects in the CuInSe2 lattice. The aKMC results show that lighter alkali atoms can diffuse into the CuInSe2 grains, whereas the diffusion of heavier alkali atoms is limited to the Cu‐poor region of the absorber. The key difference between the diffusion of lighter and heavier alkali elements is the energy barrier of the ion exchange between alkali interstitial atoms and Cu. For lighter alkali atoms like Na, the interstitial diffusion and the ion‐exchange mechanism have comparable energy barriers. Therefore, Na interstitial atoms can diffuse into the grains and replace Cu atoms in the CuInSe2 lattice. In contrast to Na, the ion‐exchange mechanism occurs spontaneously for heavier alkali atoms like Rb and the further diffusion of these atoms depends on the availability of Cu vacancies. The outdiffusion of alkali substitutional atoms from the grains results in the formation of Cu vacancies which in turn increases the hole concentration in the absorber. In this respect, Na is more efficient than Rb due to the higher concentration of Na substitutional defects in the CuInSe2 grains.
Environmental and Nutritional Effects Regulating Adipose Tissue Function and Metabolism Across Generations
Authors: Sun Wenfei , von Meyenn Ferdinand , Peleg‐Raibstein Daria , Wolfrum Christian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe unabated rise in obesity prevalence during the last 40 years has spurred substantial interest in understanding the reasons for this epidemic. Studies in mice and humans have demonstrated that obesity is a highly heritable disease; however genetic variations within specific populations have so far not been able to explain this phenomenon to its full extent. Recent work has demonstrated that environmental cues can be sensed by an organism to elicit lasting changes, which in turn can affect systemic energy metabolism by different epigenetic mechanisms such as changes in small noncoding RNA expression, DNA methylation patterns, as well as histone modifications. These changes can directly modulate cellular function in response to environmental cues, however research during the last decade has demonstrated that some of these modifications might be transmitted to subsequent generations, thus modulating energy metabolism of the progeny in an inter‐ as well as transgenerational manner. In this context, adipose tissue has become a focus of research due to its plasticity, which allows the formation of energy storing (white) as well as energy wasting (brown/brite/beige) cells within the same depot. In this Review, the effects of environmental induced obesity with a particular focus on adipose tissue are discussed.
A Novel Ultra‐Sensitive Semiconductor SERS Substrate Boosted by the Coupled Resonance Effect
Authors: Yang Lili , Peng Yusi , Yang Yong , Liu Jianjun , Huang Haoliang , Yu Bohan , Zhao Jimin , Lu Yalin , Huang Zhengren , Li Zhiyuan , Lombardi John R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRecent achievements in semiconductor surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates have greatly expanded the application of SERS technique in various fields. However, exploring novel ultra‐sensitive semiconductor SERS materials is a high‐priority task. Here, a new semiconductor SERS‐active substrate, Ta2O5, is developed and an important strategy, the “coupled resonance” effect, is presented, to optimize the SERS performance of semiconductor materials by energy band engineering. The optimized Mo‐doped Ta2O5 substrate exhibits a remarkable SERS sensitivity with an enhancement factor of 2.2 × 107 and a very low detection limit of 9 × 10−9 m for methyl violet (MV) molecules, demonstrating one of the highest sensitivities among those reported for semiconductor SERS substrates. This remarkable enhancement can be attributed to the synergistic resonance enhancement of three components under 532 nm laser excitation: i) MV molecular resonance, ii) photoinduced charge transfer resonance between MV molecules and Ta2O5 nanorods, and iii) electromagnetic enhancement around the “gap” and “tip” of anisotropic Ta2O5 nanorods. Furthermore, it is discovered that the concomitant photoinduced degradation of the probed molecules in the time‐scale of SERS detection is a non‐negligible factor that limits the SERS performance of semiconductors with photocatalytic activity.
Reducing surgical mortality in Scotland by use of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist
Authors: Ramsay G , Haynes A B , Lipsitz S R , Solsky I , Leitch J , Gawande A A , Kumar M 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist has been implemented widely since its launch in 2008. It was introduced in Scotland as part of the Scottish Patient Safety Programme (SPSP) between 2008 and 2010, and is now integral to surgical practice. Its influence on outcomes, when analysed at a population level, remains unclear.

Methods
This was a population cohort study. All admissions to any acute hospital in Scotland between 2000 and 2014 were included. Standardized differences were used to estimate the balance of demographics over time, after which interrupted time-series (segmented regression) analyses were performed. Data were obtained from the Information Services Division, Scotland.

Results
There were 12 667 926 hospital admissions, of which 6 839 736 had a surgical procedure. Amongst the surgical cohort, the inpatient mortality rate in 2000 was 0·76 (95 per cent c.i. 0·68 to 0·84) per cent, and in 2014 it was 0·46 (0·42 to 0·50) per cent. The checklist was associated with a 36·6 (95 per cent c.i. –55·2 to –17·9) per cent relative reduction in mortality (P &lt; 0·001). Mortality rates before implementation were decreasing by 0·003 (95 per cent c.i. –0·017 to +0·012) per cent per year; annual decreases of 0·069 (–0·092 to –0·046) per cent were seen during, and 0·019 (–0·038 to +0·001) per cent after, implementation. No such improvement trends were seen in the non-surgical cohort over this time frame.

Conclusion
Since the implementation of the checklist, as part of an overall national safety strategy, there has been a reduction in perioperative mortality.
Long-term results from a randomized comparison of open transinguinal preperitoneal hernia repair and the Lichtenstein method (TULIP trial)
Authors: Bökkerink W J V , Koning G G , Malagic D , Hout L , Laarhoven C J H M , Vriens P W H E 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
The short-term results of the TULIP trial comparing transinguinal preperitoneal (TIPP) inguinal hernia repair with the Lichtenstein method have been reported with follow-up of 1 year. After TIPP repair, fewer patients had chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP); they had better health status and lower costs. The present study reports the long-term outcomes of this trial.

Methods
All surviving patients initially randomized in the TULIP trial were contacted. Patients were interviewed by telephone and sent a questionnaire. Those reporting any complaints were invited for outpatient review. Chronic pain, hernia recurrence and reoperation were documented, along with any sensory change or disturbance of sexual activity.

Results
Of 302 patients initially randomized, 251 (83·1 per cent) were included in the analysis (119 TIPP, 132 Lichtenstein), with a median follow-up of 85 (range 74–117) months. Of 25 patients with chronic postoperative inguinal pain after 1 year, only one, who underwent Lichtenstein repair, still had groin pain at long-term follow-up. The overall hernia recurrence rate was 2·8 per cent (7 patients), with no difference between the groups.

Conclusion
Both TIPP and Lichtenstein hernia repairs are durable. Patients with chronic postoperative inguinal pain after 1 year can be reassured that the groin pain tends to fade over time.
SIRT3 elicited an anti‐Warburg effect through HIF1α/PDK1/PDHA1 to inhibit cholangiocarcinoma tumorigenesis
Authors: Xu Lei , Li Yang , Zhou Lixing , Dorfman Robert Gregory , Liu Li , Cai Rui , Jiang Chenfei , Tang Dehua , Wang Yuming , Zou Xiaoping , Wang Lei , Zhang Mingming 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an extremely invasive malignancy with late diagnosis and unfavorable prognosis. Surgery and chemotherapy are still not effective in improving outcomes in CCA patients. It is crucial to explore a novel therapeutic target for treating CCA. An NAD‐dependent deacetylase also known as Sirtuin‐3 (SIRT3) has been shown to regulate cellular metabolism in various cancers dynamically. However, the biological function of SIRT3 in CCA remains unclear. In this study, bioinformatics analyses were performed to identify the differentially expressed genes and pathways enriched. CCA samples were collected for immunohistochemical analysis. Three human CCA cell lines (HuCCT1, RBE, and HCCC9810) were used to explore the molecular mechanism of SIRT3 regulation of metabolic reprogramming and malignant behavior in CCA. A CCA xenograft model was then established for further validation in vivo. The data showed that SIRT3 expression was decreased and glycolysis was enhanced in CCA. Similar metabolic reprogramming was also observed in SIRT3 knockout mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SIRT3 could play an anti‐Warburg effect by inhibiting the hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF1α)/pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1)/pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDHA1) pathway in CCA cells. CCA cell proliferation and apoptosis were regulated by SIRT3‐mediated metabolic reprogramming. These findings were further confirmed in CCA clinical samples and the xenograft model. Collectively, this study suggests that in the inhibition of CCA progression, SIRT3 acts through an anti‐Warburg effect on the downstream pathway HIF1α/PDK1/PDHA1.
Methylation analysis of Gasdermin E shows great promise as a biomarker for colorectal cancer
Authors: Ibrahim Joe , Op de Beeck Ken , Fransen Erik , Croes Lieselot , Beyens Matthias , Suls Arvid , Vanden Berghe Wim , Peeters Marc , Van Camp Guy 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn addition to its implication in hereditary hearing loss, the Gasdermin E (GSDME) gene is also a tumor suppressor involved in cancer progression through programmed cell death. GSDME epigenetic silencing through methylation has been shown in some cancer types, but studies are yet to fully explore its diagnostic/prognostic potential in colorectal cancer on a large‐scale. We used public data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to investigate differences in GSDME methylation and expression between colorectal cancer and normal colorectal tissue, and between left‐ and right‐sided colorectal cancers in 432 samples. We also explored GSDME's diagnostic capacity as a biomarker for colorectal cancer. We observed differential methylation in all 22 GSDME CpGs between tumor and normal tissues, and in 18 CpGs between the left‐ and right‐sided groups. In the cancer tissue, putative promoter probes were hypermethylated and gene body probes were hypomethylated, while this pattern was inversed in normal tissues. Both putative promoter and gene body CpGs correlated well together but formed distinct methylation patterns with the putative promoter exhibiting the most pronounced methylation differences between tumor and normal tissues. Clinicopathological parameters, excluding age, did not show any effect on CpG methylation. Although the methylation of 5 distinct probes was a good predictor of gene expression, we could not identify an association between GSDME methylation and expression in general. Survival analysis showed no association between GSDME methylation and expression on 5‐year patient survival. Through logistic regression, we identified a combination of 2 CpGs, that can discriminate between cancer and normal tissue with high accuracy (AUC = 0.95) irrespective of age and tumor stage. We also validated our model in 3 external methylation datasets, from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and similar results were reached. Our results suggest that GSDME is a promising biomarker for the detection of colorectal cancer.
Diastereoselective Sonochemical Synthesis of Spirocyclopropaneoxindoles and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities
Authors: Pourshab Maryam , Asghari Sakineh , Tajbakhsh Mahmoud , Khalilpour Asieh 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAn efficient diastereoselective synthesis of spirocyclopropaneoxindoles is reported using three‐component reactions of various phenacylidenetriphenylphosphorane, isatins and phenacyl bromide under ultrasonic irradiation. The structures of synthesized spirocyclopropaneoxindoles were characterized by their spectral data. The antioxidant activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay. Among the products, those with NH group in their structure exhibited higher antioxidant activities than other derivatives. Also, in vitro cytotoxicity of compounds 4b, 4e, 4j, 4k were examined against heLa cancer cell lines using MTT assay. The results revealed that compound 4j with chlorine substituent on phenyl group displayed higher cytotoxicity activity (IC50=4.50±0.30 μg/mL) after 48 h.
Primary bilateral fronto‐temporoparietal decompressive craniectomy—An alternative treatment for severe traumatic brain injury: Case report and technical note
Authors: Pérez‐Alfayate Rebeca , Sallabanda‐Diaz Kita 
Published: April 2019

Key Clinical MessageBilateral fronto‐temporoparietal decompressive craniectomy provides bigger area of the decompression that decreases the brain tissue herniation; therefore, it leads to a decrease in the neuronal stretching effect that is probably related to functional outcomes.
Intraluminal bezoar caused obstruction and pancreatitis: A case report
Authors: Ebrahimian Saba , Ebrahimian Shadi , Nadri Sedigheh 
Published: April 2019

Key Clinical MessageAcute pancreatitis from bezoar‐induced obstruction is rare. We present an uncommon case report of a man with manifestations of Rapunzel syndrome with no known history of mental disorders. Surgical removal of the bezoar through gastrostomy and enterotomy in the absence of a psychiatric undertone will undoubtedly prevent a relapse.
Dental implant in a multiple myeloma patient undergoing bisphosphonate therapy: A case report
Authors: Bayani Mojtaba , Anooshirvani Ali Arash , Keivan Mohammad , Mohammad‐Rabei Elham 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDental implant placement in patients with multiple myeloma undergoing bisphosphonates therapy could be accomplished; however, it can turn into a successful treatment for edentulous area and functionally stabilized for many years. But a meticulous case selection, proper medical consultation with physician, minimally invasive surgery, and other cautions must be considered.
A rare case of follicular lymphoma transformed to a high‐grade B‐cell lymphoma in orbit
Authors: Vaddepally Raju K. , Hejab Amal , Dabak Vrushali , Menon Madhu 
Published: April 2019

Key Clinical MessageTransformation of lymphoma is an infrequent phenomenon, and involvement of the eye as such is even uncommon. Histological transformation in patients with follicular lymphoma who were previously treated with immune‐chemotherapy carry a poor outcome. Here, we illustrate such a case with aggressive histological transformation from a low‐grade lymphoma.
Particular etiology in a case of peripheral tetraparesis
Authors: Gheorghe Gabriela S. , Hodorogea Andreea S. , Gheorghe Andrei C. D. , Zaharia Ondin I. R. , Neacsu Ovidiu , Nanea Ioan Tiberiu , Ciobanu Ana 
Published: April 2019

Key Clinical MessageLead intoxication is a rare but potentially fatal disease without appropriate intervention. The diagnosis is often difficult because of various organs involvement. We report the case of nonprofessional lead intoxication manifested by tetraparesis, severe anemia, and hemolysis in a patient having also unknown beta thalassemia minor.
Tracking of Particles in Froth Using Neutron Imaging
Authors: Heitkam Sascha , Lappan Tobias , Eckert Sven , Trtik Pavel , Eckert Kerstin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe movement of hydrophobic particles in a rising froth column is investigated. Gadolinium particles are hydrophobized and floated by means of small air bubbles. The generated froth is investigated by neutron imaging. Particles are identified by correlating the resulting radiographs with an artificial template of a typical particle and subsequent scanning for local maxima. The movement of the particles in the froth was analyzed for different froth stabilities, which resulted from various concentrations of the frother sodium oleate. Decreasing froth stability leads to lower superficial vertical particle velocity and to higher horizontal diffusion of particles due to bubble rupture.
Radioaktive Isotope des Wasserstoffs, Kohlenstoffs und Iods
Authors: Derdau Volker 
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung und AusblickRadioaktiv markierte Wirkstoffe können auf unterschiedlichen Wegen hergestellt werden. Durch gezielte Versuche mit den markierten Substanzen lassen sich wichtige Hinweise über das Wirkungs‐ und Nebenwirkungsspektrum neu entwickelter Wirkstoffe gewinnen. Weiterhin werden nichtradioaktive Fluoreszenz‐ beziehungsweise Phosphoreszenzmarker weiterentwickelt. Diese sind vor allem in Screening‐Experimenten von Vorteil, verändern jedoch durch ihr Chromophor die Struktur der zu untersuchenden Substanz. In naher Zukunft wird man jedoch nicht auf den Einsatz radioaktiver „Sender“ verzichten können.