bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
143 Supplemental effects of whey permeate on growth performance and gut health of nursery pigs
Authors: Jang Ki Beom , Purvis Jerry M , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Lactose or milk oligosaccharides in milk products may enhance gut health and thus growth of nursery pigs. This study aimed to evaluate supplemental effects of increasing levels of whey permeate on growth performance and gut health in nursery pigs during 7 to 11 kg BW. 1,200 pigs at 7.5 kg BW were allotted to 6 treatments based on a randomized complete block design using BW of pen as blocks. Treatment diets were formulated to meet NRC nutrient requirements with 6 levels of whey permeate (0, 3.75, 7.50, 11.25, 15.00, and 18.75%) and fed to pigs for 11 d. Feed intake and BW were measured during 11 d, and 1 pig per pen were euthanized to collect the jejunum to evaluate TNF-α, IL-8, morphology, digestive enzyme activity, crypt cell proliferation rate, and microbiota. Data were analyzed using contrasts in the MIXED procedure and a broken-line analysis in NLIN procedure of SAS. Increasing whey permeate linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG (349 to 414 g/d) and G:F (0.783 to 0.851), tended to linearly increase (P = 0.062) ADFI (442 to 484 g/d), linearly increased (P < 0.05) crypt cell proliferation rate (27.8 to 37.0%), linearly decreased (P < 0.05) lactase activity (15.84 to 6.60 U/mg), and tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.082) crypt depth (268 to 251 μm). Using a broken line analysis, the optimum supplementation level of whey permeate was 13.60% for G:F. Supplementation of whey permeate increased (P < 0.05) IL-8 (170 to 209 pg/mg) and decreased (P < 0.05) Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio (6.24 to 3.24) in the jejunum. In conclusion, supplementation of whey permeate enhanced growth performance and also positively affected gut health by modulating inflammatory response and microbiota in the jejunum of nursery pigs from 7 to 11 kg BW.
149 A bioactive, mineral-based feed additive improved growth performance in commercial nursery pigs
Authors: Song Ran , Sinn Sue , Musser Rob , Friesen Kim 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
NutriQuest Protect™(NQP) is a bioactive mineral-based feed additive that helps control enteric bacteria in nursery pigs. Previous studies have shown feeding NQP improves growth performance and reduces diarrhea in weanling pigs experimentally challenged with E. coli F18 or K88. Six experiments were conducted following the same procedure to evaluate the effect of feeding NQP on growth performance of commercial nursery pigs. In each experiment, weanling pigs (weaning BW = 5.4 ± 0.05 kg) were housed in pens (27 pigs per pen) randomly assigned to either a control diet (CON) or a diet containing NQP at 2.0 g/kg, resulting in 106 replicated pens per treatment over six experiments. Pigs were fed their respective experimental diets for 22–26 d post-weaning in a two-phase feeding program. Five out of the 6 experiments did not utilize feed medications or pharmacological ZnO supplementation. Data from the six experiments were compiled for meta-analysis using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Pigs fed NQP had greater ADG in each of the six experiments, ranging from a 2.3 to 18.1% improvement, with the meta-analysis showing an average of 7.6% improvement compared with CON (0.22 vs. 0.20 kg/d, P < 0.001). The higher growth rate resulted in 0.3 kg heavier pig BW at the end of the experiment for NQP-fed pigs compared with CON-fed pigs (10.8 vs. 10.5 kg, P = 0.001). Pig ADFI of the NQP treatment was also greater in each of the six experiments with the meta-analysis showing an average of 4.4% improvement compared with CON (0.33 vs. 0.31 kg/d, P < 0.001). Additionally, feed efficiency (G/F) was 3.0% higher in pigs fed NQP compared with CON (0.65 vs. 0.67, P = 0.001). Results from the six experiments indicate that including NQP in the diet of weanling pigs improves growth performance in a commercial production system.
146 Effects of feeding soluble fiber (dextrin) to pigs pre- and post-weaning on growth performance and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production
Authors: Chastain Clayton S , Richert Brian T , Schinckel Allan P , Johnson Tim A , Wickware Carmen L , Thayer Morgan T , Mills Kayla M , Feldpausch Julie A , Palencia Jorge Y P , Richert Jacob A , Radcliffe John S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Thirty-two barrows were used in a 35-d experiment with the objective of evaluating effects of supplemental soluble fiber (dextrin) pre- and post-weaning on growth performance and VFA production. Pigs were blocked by genetics and BW, and randomly allotted to treatments in a 2x2 factorial design with or without fiber pre-weaning and with or without fiber post-weaning. Fiber was suspended in chocolate milk and administered orally through a syringe from 14 d prior to weaning until 4 d post-weaning, after which it was included in the diet at 1%. At weaning, pigs were group housed by treatment and allowed ad libitum access to a common starter diet. On d 4 post-weaning, pigs were moved to individual pens and fed diets with or without 1% fiber. Weights and feed intake were recorded 14 and 3 d prior to weaning and on d 0, 4, 11, and 21 post-weaning. On d 21 post-weaning, pigs were euthanized, and large intestine contents were collected for VFA analysis. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS with pig as the experimental unit. Growth performance was not affected (P > 0.10) by treatment. A trend for an interaction of pre- and post-weaning fiber supplementation was observed for acetate (P = 0.052) and butyrate (P = 0.087) concentrations in large intestine contents. Pigs fed fiber only in the nursery had the highest acetate concentration, while pigs never receiving fiber had the lowest concentration. Pre-weaning fiber supplementation followed by no fiber in the nursery resulted in the highest butyrate concentrations with all other treatments being similar. Fiber supplementation pre-weaning tended (P = 0.053) to reduce isobutyrate concentrations. Pigs not receiving fiber post-weaning had increased valerate concentrations (P = 0.0245). There were no changes observed in propionate or isovalerate concentrations (P > 0.10). Fiber supplementation caused alterations in VFA concentrations when fed during pre- and post-weaning, indicating possible shifts in the microbiome, immune status and barrier function of the intestinal tract.
156 Effects of feeding increasing amounts of finishing diet blended with nursery diets on growth performance and economics of nursery pigs
Authors: Wu Fangzhou , Tokach Mike D , Jones Cassandra K , Hastad Chad W , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Goodband Robert D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In wean-to-finish systems, nursery diets are commonly blended with leftover finishing feed from the previous group. A total of 1,260 pigs (initially 10.6 kg) were used in a 28-d study to determine the effects of feeding increasing amounts of finishing feed to nursery pig on growth performance and economics. At weaning, pigs were placed into pens (21 pigs/pen) and fed commercial nursery diets in a 5-phase program with phases 1 and 2 fed before the start of the experiment. Phase changes were based on feed budgets of 2.5, 3.7, 3.7, 9.5, and 9.5 kg/pig in phases 1 to 5, respectively. At the beginning of phase 3, pens of pigs were blocked by weight and room and allotted randomly to 1 of 4 treatments (15 replications/treatment). Treatments consisted of a dose-titration of blending increasing amounts (0, 1.25, 2.50, and 3.75 kg/pig) of a late finisher feed (0.74% SID Lys) into phase 3 nursery diet. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of dietary treatment and random effects of weight block and room. Contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing finisher feed amount. Overall, increasing the amount of late finisher feed blended into the phase 3 nursery diet decreased ADG (linear, P = 0.050) and tended to decrease (linear, P < 0.07) ADFI and final BW, but did not affect G:F (Table 1). Feed cost, gain value, and feed cost/kg gain decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as finishing feed budget increased from 0 to 3.75 kg/pig. However, income-over-feed-cost was not different among treatments. In conclusion, feeding increasing amounts of late finisher feed to 11-kg nursery pigs decreased overall ADG and ADFI, but did not affect income-over-feed-cost.
155 Effects of soybean meal level and distillers dried grains with solubles inclusion on growth performance of late nursery pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Tokach Mike D , Gaines Aaron M , Ratliff Brent W , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) level in diets with or without distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance of late nursery pigs. A total of 1,064 and 1,011 pigs (PIC 280×1050; initially 10.5 ± 0.36 and 10.9 ± 0.22 kg) were used in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively, with 21 to 27 pigs per pen. Pens were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with 7 replicates per treatment per experiment. Treatments 1 to 3 were diets with 23% DDGS and 21, 27, or 35% SBM. Treatments 4 and 5 were corn-SBM diets with 27 or 35% SBM. Diets were balanced to 1.30% standardized ileal digestible lysine and 2,606 kcal of net energy/kg. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit and block as random effect. There was no evidence for treatment × experiment interactions, thus data from both trials were combined. Feeding diets with 23% DDGS decreased (P = 0.033) ADFI and improved (P = 0.033) G:F compared to corn-SBM diets, which may indicate underestimation of DDGS net energy. When analyzed as a factorial with or without DDGS, pigs fed diets with 35% SBM had a tendency (P = 0.052) for increased ADG and improved (P = 0.001) G:F compared with diets with pigs fed 27% SBM. As SBM increased from 21 to 35% in diets with DDGS, ADG (linear, P = 0.001) and G:F (quadratic, P = 0.007) improved. In summary, feeding diets with increasing SBM improved growth performance in late nursery pigs.
153 Impacts of two energy sources (modified soy oil and medium chain triglycerides) on growth performance and health of nursery pigs
Authors: Ebarb Sara , Faris Richard , Zhao Junmei , Williams Sabrina , Price Kathryn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of a modified soy oil (MSO) in diets with or without medium chain triglycerides from palm kernel oil (MCT). The study utilized 1,840 pigs (~19 d of age; 5.4 ± 0.2 kg), 10 pens/treatment, and ~22 pigs/pen. Two barns were blocked separately by pen location and randomly allocated to treatments. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 4 factorial utilizing diets containing one of four levels of MSO (0, 0.15, 0.25, or 0.40%) and two levels of MCT [without vs with (0.50% d 0 to 7; 0.25% d 7 to 41)]. Pen weights were obtained on d 0, 7, 23, and 41 post-weaning, mortalities and removals were tracked, and growth performance parameters were calculated. Constructed contrasts were: linear and quadratic main effects of MSO, main effect of MCT, and all possible interactions. Overall (d 0 to 41), there was a quadratic interaction (P < 0.01) between MSO and MCT for G:F (without MCT: 0.78, 0.78, 0.79, 0.76; with MCT: 0.78, 0.77, 0.78, 0.78 kg/kg). For growth performance parameters, no other interactions were significant (P > 0.10). Addition of MSO linearly increased (P < 0.01) d 41 BW (19.8, 20.3, 20.5, 20.8 kg), ADG (0.34, 0.35, 0.36, 0.37 kg/d), and ADFI (0.43, 0.46, 0.45, 0.48 kg/d). Including MCT in diets reduced (P < 0.05) d 41 BW (20.6, 20.1 kg), ADG (0.36, 0.35 kg/d), and ADFI (0.46, 0.45 kg/d). Probability of resulting in mortality and removals was linearly reduced (P < 0.01; 13.0, 8.2, 9.5, 6.6%) as MSO increased in the diet. A tendency for a linear interaction (P < 0.10) for probability of receiving injectable antibiotics was observed. The addition of MSO improved growth performance and health parameters, while MCT reduced the growth performance and did not impact health parameters of nursery pigs.
160 Can growth performance, digesta characteristics, and oxidative status of swine fed diets high in insoluble fiber be improved? An investigation into the mode of action of xylanase
Authors: Petry Amy L , Huntley Nichole F , Bedford Mike R , Patience John F 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Xylanase may improve the utilization of insoluble fiber by the pig, but its mode of action (MOA) is incompletely understood. The experimental objective was to investigate xylanase MOA in vivo in growing pigs fed a diet higher in insoluble fiber. Sixty gilts (n = 15 pigs/treatment; 25.43 ± 0.88 kg BW; L337 X Camborough, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were blocked by weight, housed individually, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a low-fiber control (LF; NDF=8.45%), a 30% corn bran higher-fiber control (HF; NDF=24.5%), HF + 100 mg xylanase/kg (HF+XY; Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK), and HF + 50 mg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide/kg (HF+AX; 3–7 degrees of polymerization). Gilts were fed ad libitum for 36 d, followed by a 10-d period of being limit fed (80% of average ad libitum intake) and housed in metabolism crates for use in a related study. Pigs and feeders were weighed on d 0 and 36. On d 46, pigs were necropsied and ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta pH were measured; serum was collected for malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) analysis. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED (SAS; 9.4) as a randomized complete block design with pig as the experimental unit, block and replicate as random effects, and treatment as a fixed effect. Insoluble fiber reduced ADG (858 vs. 698 g/d; LF vs. HF, P < 0.001) and GF (0.433 vs. 0.353; LF vs. HF, P < 0.001), but not ADFI (P > 0.05). Xylanase, but not arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide, when compared to HF, improved ADG (762 vs. 698 g/d; P < 0.05), GF (0.382 vs. 0.353; P < 0.05), and final BW (P < 0.05). Cecal and colonic pH did not differ (P > 0.05), but LF and HF+XY reduced ileal pH (P < 0.05). Xylanase supplementation increased serum TAC (P < 0.05), and tended to reduce MDA (P = 0.098). In conclusion, xylanase supplementation improved insoluble fiber utilization. The MOA could include mitigation of reactive oxygen species.
163 Xylanase and fermentable xylo-oligosaccharides improve performance in grower-finisher pigs fed a corn-soybean meal based diet
Authors: Cordero Gustavo , Kim Jae Cheol , Whenham Natasha , Masey-O’Neill Helen , Srinongkote Saksit , González-Ortiz Gemma 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Cecal inoculum collected from broilers fed a diet supplemented with xylanase showed increased gas production in an in vitro fermentation study with arabinoxylan-based substrates, indicating that intestinal microbiota can adapt to increase the capability to ferment arabinoxylans when pre-exposed to xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) produced by xylanase. As the most abundant non-starch polysaccharides in a corn-soybean meal-based diet is arabinoxylan, this study tested the hypothesis that a blend of a xylanase and XOS will improve growth performance of pigs compared with those fed a diet supplemented with xylanase alone. One hundred twenty male crossbred (Landrace x Large white x Duroc) pigs (77 days average age; 30 kg average body weight -BW) were allocated to one of three treatments: CTR (control diet), XYL (CTR diet supplemented with 100 g/t of xylanase [Econase XT, AB Vista]) and XYL+XOS [CTR diet supplemented with 100 g/t of xylanase and XOS (Signis, AB Vista)]. Each treatment had ten replicates, with 4 animals each. The control diet was formulated with corn, soybean meal, DDGS and cassava meal as major ingredients. Pelleted diets were fed over 3 phases: grower (30–60 kg), finisher 1 (60–80 kg) and finisher 2 (80–100 kg). Average daily gain (ADG) and daily feed intake (ADFI) were measured from 30 to 100 kg and feed efficiency calculated (FCR). No treatment effects were observed on ADFI. Pigs offered the XYL+XOS had increased ADG (CTR = 1.058 vs XYL+XOS= 1.086 g/pig/d; P = 0.02) compared with those supplemented with xylanase alone (CTR = 1.058 vs XYL = 1.067 g/pig/d; P = 0.40). Feed efficiency was improved with XYL (2.65; P = 0.042) and XYL+XOS (2.60; P < 0.001) compared with CTR (2.71). These results suggest that xylanase in combination with XOS further improves daily gain and FCR compared with a xylanase alone. Interestingly the differences between XYL and XYL+XOS become more apparent in older animals, when the microbiome matures and possibly digests fiber more effectively.
158 Growth performance of weaned pigs fed multi-enzyme supplemented corn-soybean meal-based diets – two semi-commercial studies
Authors: Li Wenting , Feng Jie 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two studies were conducted with same set-up at a commercial facility to determine the effects of supplementing corn-SBM-based diets with or without a multi-enzyme on performance of nursery pigs. A total of 240 piglets (per trial) weaned at 25 d of age were randomly assigned to the 12 pens (10 barrows and 10 gilts per pen) pre-assigned with one of the experimental diets: a drug-free control diet containing 3000 ppm Zn and 1000 FTU phytase/kg with or without a multi-enzyme (4,000 U of xylanase, 150 U of amylase, 150 U of β-glucanase and 3000 U of protease/kg feed, n = 6). The diets were fed for 6 wks in 2 growth phases (phase 1: 0–2 weeks; phase 2: 3–6 weeks). Feed intake (ADFI), body weight (BW), body weight gain (ADG) were recorded by phase. Data were analysed by MIXED procedure of SAS (9.4) and significance was declared at P < 0.05. In phase 1, fecal scores were visually assessed daily by pen, ranging from 1 to 5 (1 = hard; 2 = firm; 3 = soft; 4 = very soft; 5 = watery feces). The frequency of diarrhea by pen were calculated by counting pigs with a diarrhea score of 3 or greater. In both trials, ADG during the first phase was improved by 30 (trial 1) or 40 g (trial 2) vs. control (P < 0.05). Final BW in piglets fed enzyme treatment was 1.4 (P < 0.05) or 1.2 kg (P > 0.05) heavier in trial 1 and 2, respectively vs. those fed the control diet. The ADFI was not affected by enzyme inclusion (P > 0.05). In addition, during the 1st phase, improvement in fecal condition (average 1.96 vs. 2.27; P < 0.05) and reduction in diarrhea incident (average 3.0 vs. 5.05%; P < 0.05) were observed in both trials when multi-enzyme treatment was fed to the piglets. In conclusion, the addition of multi-enzyme for weaned pigs improved growth performance and health condition.
164 Digestibility, fecal characteristics, and blood parameters of adult dogs fed high fat diets
Authors: Kilburn Logan R , Rossoni Serao Mariana C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Pet foods may be formulated with decreased starch to meet consumer demands for less processed diets. Fats and oils may be added to low starch diets to meet energy requirements, but little information is known about its effects on canine health. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding adult dogs increasing levels of fat in low carbohydrate diets on apparent digestibility, fecal characteristics, and overall health status. Eight adult beagles were used in a 4x4 replicated Latin square design. Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 fat levels within a phase: 32.1% (TRT1), 37.1% (TRT2), 41.9% (TRT3), and 46.5% (TRT4). Fat levels were adjusted with the inclusion of canola oil to a commercial diet. Each dog was fed to exceed their energy requirement based on NRC recommendation for maintenance. Dogs were fed their respective diet twice daily for 15 d with ad libitum water. In each phase, total fecal collections were done d 11–15 and blood samples were taken on d 15. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with diet and room as fixed effects; period and dog were random. Covariates of baseline, initial body weight, and/or initial body condition score were dependent on trait. Digestibility improved linearly with fat level for dry matter (P = 0.021), organic matter (P = 0.019), and fat (P = 0.001). Fecal output decreased as levels of fat increased in the diet (P = 0.002). There was no effect of fat level on stool quality or short chain fatty acid and ammonia concentrations in fecal samples (P > 0.1). Blood samples were analyzed for complete blood counts and chemistry profiles. All parameters remained within normal reference intervals. Blood urea nitrogen levels decreased with increased fat level (P = 0.03). Overall, the increase of dietary fat improved digestibility, did not disrupt fecal characteristics, and maintained the health status of each dog.
166 Fate of pentoses in the small intestine and hindgut of growing pigs
Authors: Abelilla Jerubella J , Stein Hans H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypotheses that pentoses absorbed from the small intestine of pigs reduce energy utilization and that pentoses that reach the hindgut are fermented. In Exp. 1, 24 barrows (9.95 ± 0.51 kg) with a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to a completely randomized design with 3 diets that contained 15% glucose, 15% xylose, or 15% arabinose. Ileal digesta, feces, and urine were collected from all pigs. Data were analyzed via ANOVA using the Proc Mixed Procedure of SAS. No differences among diets were observed for apparent total tract digestibility of GE or for DE, but ME in xylose and arabinose diets was reduced (P < 0.01) compared with the glucose diet (Table 1) indicating that xylose and arabinose that are absorbed from the small intestine are excreted in the urine. In Exp. 2, 21 barrows (18.02 ± 1.1 kg) were allotted to a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 7 pigs per treatment. A diet based on corn starch, casein, and 15% glucose was fed for 11 d. On d 4 through 11, saline, xylose, or arabinose (3% of the daily feed) was infused into the cecum of pigs via an ileal cannula, and feces and urine were collected. Data were analyzed as in Exp. 1. Infused xylose or arabinose was not detected in feces of the pigs infused with pentoses indicating that pentoses are fully fermented in the hindgut (Table 1). In conclusion, dietary free pentoses are absorbed prior to the end of the small intestine, but partially excreted in the urine, and therefore may reduce energy utilization. If pentoses are liberated in the hindgut, they may contribute to the energy status of the pig by being fermented with a subsequent absorption of short chained fatty acids.
167 Increasing weaning age: a tool to improve pig performance in a multisite production system
Authors: Faccin Jamil E G , Laskoski Fernanda , Hernig Luciana , Ulguim Rafael , Mellagi Ana Paula , Bortolozzo Fernando 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of weaning age on pig performance in a multisite production system. A total of 1,176 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough) were used in a 136-d growth trial with 21 pigs per pen, 14 replications per age on nursery and 10 on finishing phase, in a randomized complete block design with two blocks of nursery and finishing sites. All pigs within each block were weaned in a common day from a 5000-sow farm. Treatments included weaning litters at 19, 22, 25, or 28 d of age. Pen was the experimental unit for data analysis. Increasing weaning age from 19 to 28 d increased ADG (linear, P < 0.001), and ADFI (linear, P < 0.001), decreased removal rate (linear, P = 0.001), tended to increase G:F (linear, P = 0.081), and showed no evidence for difference in mortality rate (P > 0.05) in the initial 42 d after weaning. Finishing ADG also was improved (linear, P = 0.001) by increasing weaning age; however, there was no evidence for difference (P > 0.05) in removal or mortality rate in the finisher. When analyzed the ADG at a common day of life (164 d of age), no evidence for difference (P > 0.05) were found between the four weaning ages tested. In conclusion, the present study suggests increasing weaning age up to 28 d can be an effective management strategy to improve nursery and finishing growth performance in multisite pig production. However, the growth rate on a lifetime basis is not affected by the weaning age.