bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What can we learn from a race with one runner? A comment on Foreman‐Peck and Zhou, ‘Late marriage as a contributor to the industrial revolution in England’
Authors: Edwards Jeremy , Ogilvie Sheilagh 
Published: September 2018

AbstractForeman‐Peck and Zhou's claim that late marriage was a major contributor to the industrial revolution in England cannot be sustained. They consider neither other influences on English industrialization nor other European economies where marriage age was high throughout the early modern period but industrialization came much later. It is not possible to argue that late marriage age was a major contributor to English industrialization without analysing other possible contributing factors. Any consideration of this question must assess marriage age alongside other causes of industrialization and explain why other European economies with a higher marriage age industrialized much later than England.
Surgical management of marginal tears/avulsions of the suspensory ligament branches in 29 Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Kadic D. T. N. , Minshall G. J. , Wright I. M. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryBackgroundSuspensory ligament branch injuries are common in horses. Most of these injuries are grouped together and considered as a single pathologic entity.ObjectivesTo report a specific injury of the abaxial margin of the suspensory ligament branches and to report its surgical management and outcome.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsAll horses with suspensory ligament branch injuries over a 9‐year period (2007–2015) were identified. Horses with injuries which, on ultrasonographic examination, appeared to have defects in the abaxial margin of the suspensory ligament branch, that were subsequently confirmed during surgery were selected.ResultsTwenty‐nine cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria with a specific lesion location on the abaxial margin of the suspensory ligament branch. Nineteen horses raced successfully after surgery, nine returned to training but failed to race and one was lost to follow‐up.Main limitationsThe absence of a comparable population of non‐surgically managed horses in this study means that the contribution of removing torn tissue cannot confidently be assessed.ConclusionsThe location and morphology of injuries described in this study is consistent, which suggests aetiopathogenic commonality. This case series suggests this type of injury has an identity of its own, differs from other types of suspensory ligament branch injuries and represents a previously undescribed subgroup.
Toxic adjuvants alter the function and phenotype of dendritic cells to initiate adaptive immune responses induced by oral Helicobacter pylori vaccines
Authors: Luo Shuanghui , Liu Wei , Zeng Zhiqin , Ye Feng , Hu Chupeng , Xu Ningyin , Huang An , Xi Tao , Xing Yingying 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundToxic adjuvant is considered as an indispensable constituent for oral Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) vaccines. However, the elaborate role of toxic adjuvant in the initiation of adaptive immune response is largely undescribed.Materials and methodsWe employed an acid‐resistant HP55/PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) delivery system encapsulating three antigens (Hsp, Nap, and Lpp20) from H. pylori and accompanied with three adjuvants (LPS, CpG, and chimeric flagellum (CF)) to explore the underlying mechanism of the adjuvant constituent. H. pylori‐specific antibody responses were detected by ELISA. Gastric inflammatory and Th1/Th17 responses were analyzed by flow cytometry. Expressions of inflammatory cytokines were measured by quantitative real‐time PCR.ResultsIn bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells’ (BMDCs) model, the addition of toxic adjuvants is responsible for the proinflammatory function, but not the mature phenotype of BMDCs. In vivo, intestinal loop injection with NPs + LPS, rather than NPs alone, altered the dendritic cell (DC) phenotypes in mesenteric lymph nodes and drove a local proinflammatory microenvironment. In a prophylactic vaccination model, mice immunized with NPs + adjuvants significantly reduced the gastric colonization of H. pylori, induced antigen‐specific antibody responses and Th1/Th17 cell responses. After H. pylori challenge, these mice showed potent recall responses involving both neutrophil and inflammatory monocyte infiltration. Additionally, TLR4 knockout mice were immunized with NPs + LPS and NPs + CF, respectively; only the recipients of NPs + CF orchestrated a protective response to control bacterial infection.ConclusionsOur study indicated that toxic adjuvants within oral H.pylori vaccines altered the function and phenotype of dendritic cells and facilitated the establishment of proinflammatory microenvironment to initiate adaptive immune responses.
Online Masquerade: Redesigning the Internet for Free Speech Through the Use of Pseudonyms
Authors: Véliz Carissa 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAnonymity promotes free speech by protecting the identity of people who might otherwise face negative consequences for expressing their ideas. Wrongdoers, however, often abuse this invisibility cloak. Defenders of anonymity online emphasise its value in advancing public debate and safeguarding political dissension. Critics emphasise the need for identifiability in order to achieve accountability for wrongdoers such as trolls. The problematic tension between anonymity and identifiability online lies in the desirability of having low costs (no repercussions) for desirable speech and high costs (appropriate repercussions) for undesirable speech. If we practice either full anonymity or identifiability, we end up having either low or high costs in all online contexts and for all kinds of speech. I argue that free speech is compatible with instituting costs in the form of repercussions and penalties for controversial and unacceptable speech. Costs can minimise the risks of anonymity by providing a reasonable degree of accountability. Pseudonymity is a tool that can help us regulate those costs while furthering free speech. This article argues that, in order to redesign the Internet to better serve free speech, we should shape much of it to resemble an online masquerade.
Adolescent self‐harm with and without suicidality: cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses of a Swedish regional register
Authors: Bjureberg Johan , Ohlis Anna , Ljótsson Brjánn , D'Onofrio Brian M. , Hedman‐Lagerlöf Erik , Jokinen Jussi , Sahlin Hanna , Lichtenstein Paul , Cederlöf Martin , Hellner Clara 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundSelf‐harm is common and there is a need for studies that investigate the relevance of this behavior in clinical samples to inform risk assessment and treatment. The objectives in the current studies were to compare clinical and psychosocial correlates and subsequent adverse outcomes in youth who present to child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) with self‐harm only (SH), self‐harm with suicidality (SH+SU), with those without any indication of SH or SH+SU.MethodsWe conducted a case–control study and a longitudinal cohort study using data from a regional clinical care register, and Swedish national registers. The case–control study included all patients (5–17 years) between 2011 and 2015 (N = 25,161). SH and SH+SU cases were compared with controls (patients without SH) regarding a range of correlates. The longitudinal study included former CAMHS patients (N = 6,120) who were followed for a median time of 2.8 years after termination of CAMHS contact regarding outcomes such as clinical care consumption, social welfare recipiency, and crime conviction.ResultsIn the case–control study, both the SH and SH+SU groups received more clinical care, had lower global functioning, and higher odds of having mental disorders compared to controls. In most comparisons, the SH+SU group had more problems than the SH group. In the longitudinal study, the same pattern emerged for most outcomes; for example, the adjusted hazard ratio for recurrent care due to self‐harm was 23.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 17.0–31.4) in the SH+SU group compared to 3.9 (95% CI, 2.3–6.7) in the SH group.ConclusionsAdolescent patients presenting with self‐harm have higher risks for adverse outcomes than patients without self‐harm. Suicidality in addition to self‐harm is associated with more severe outcomes, importantly recurrent episodes of care for self‐harm.
Sexuality and Cognitive Status: A U.S. Nationally Representative Study of Home‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Lindau Stacy Tessler , Dale William , Feldmeth Gillian , Gavrilova Natalia , Langa Kenneth M. , Makelarski Jennifer A. , Wroblewski Kristen 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesTo determine patterns and prevalence of sexual behavior, problems, and attitudes in individuals with different cognitive status.DesignWe used data from the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project to describe the relationship between sexual behavior, function, and cognitive status (normal, mild cognitive impairment, dementia), classified using an adapted Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) (0–30 points).SettingU.S. home‐dwelling older adults.ParticipantsNationally representative probability sample of 3,196 adults (1,682 women, 1,514 men) aged 62 to 91 (mean 72).MeasurementsCognitive status and sexual activity, problems, and attitudes.ResultsThe weighted response rate was 74%. Mean MoCA score was 22.7. Of partnered people with dementia, 59% of men and 51% of women were sexually active, including 41% of those aged 80 to 91; 46% of all men (95% confidence interval (CI)=37.8–53.2%) and 18% of all women (95% CI=13.6–21.5%) with dementia were sexually active. The rate of sexual function problems was high across gender and cognitive groups (77%). Having sex primarily out of obligation was similar across cognitive groups for women (12%) and higher in men with dementia (17%) than other men (2–5%; P <.001). The majority of people were having sex less often than they would like. Few men (17%) or women (1%) with dementia talked with a doctor about sex.ConclusionMany home‐dwelling men and women with dementia are sexually active. Although the rate of sexual function problems was uniformly high, people with lower cognitive function infrequently discussed sex with a physician.
Searching for meaning: A grounded theory of family resilience in adult ICU
Authors: Wong Pauline , Liamputtong Pranee , Koch Susan , Rawson Helen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimTo explore families’ experiences of their interactions in an Australian adult intensive care unit (ICU) to develop a grounded theory that can be used by critical care nurses to improve patient‐ and family‐centred care (PFCC).BackgroundFamilies in ICU play an important role in the patient's recovery and outcomes. However, families are at risk of significant psychological morbidity due to their experiences in ICU. Although many ICU patients can make their own decisions, a large proportion are unconscious or chemically sedated and unable to contribute to decisions about their care, leaving the decision‐making role to the family. Therefore, the families’ psychosocial and emotional well‐being must be supported by implementing evidence‐based interventions that align with a PFCC approach. This study describes the findings of a grounded theory of family resilience in ICU, of which the core category is Regaining control. The focus of this paper is on the major category: Searching for meaning.MethodsWe adopted a constructivist grounded theory method. Twenty‐five adult family members (n = 25) of 21 patients admitted unexpectedly to an ICU in metropolitan Australia were recruited. In‐depth interviews were used to collect the data, and the analytical processes of constructivist grounded theory underpinned the development of a core category and related subcategories.ResultsWhen adult family members experience the unexpected admission of a relative to ICU, they move towards a state of being beyond emotional adversity and regaining control when facilitated to search for meaning in their situation. When families were able to make sense of their situation and find a purpose by contributing to their relative's recovery, it encouraged them to cope and be resilient.ConclusionsOur findings can be used to promote PFCC in ICU, which considers a collaborative approach to meet the patient's needs while providing emotional and psychosocial support to their families.
Periodontal condition and levels of bacteria associated with periodontitis in individuals with bipolar affective disorders: A case‐control study
Authors: Cunha Fabiano A. , Cota Luís O. M. , Cortelli Sheila C. , Miranda Tais B. , Neves Fernando S. , Cortelli José R. , Costa Fernando O. 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveTo evaluate the epidemiological and microbiological aspects of the potential association between bipolar affective disorder (BAPD) and periodontitis.MethodologyThe present case‐control study comprised 176 individuals with BAPD and 176 controls. All individuals underwent a complete full‐mouth periodontal examination and microbiological sampling. Data on bleeding on probing, probing depth, and clinical attachment level in all present teeth were recorded. Quantification of total bacterial load and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, and Porphyromonas gingivalis counts were performed through qPCR. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis, Spearman correlation and multivariate logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of periodontitis was 39.7% among controls and 58.5% among individuals with BAPD (OR = 2.13; 95% CI 1.39‐3.27). A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis counts were significantly higher in individuals with BPAD and periodontitis. The final multivariate logistic regression revealed that periodontitis was strongly associated with the total bacterial load (OR = 1.91; 95% IC = 1.0‐1.99; P < 0.001) and the depressive phase of BPAD (OR = 28.94; 95% IC = 4.44‐177.27; P < 0.001).ConclusionBAPD was associated with increased risk for periodontitis. Individuals with BPAD presented higher levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis, suggesting that periodontitis could be a co‐morbidity frequently found in individuals with BAPD.
Short‐Term Traffic Speed Forecasting Based on Attention Convolutional Neural Network for Arterials
Authors: Liu Qingchao , Wang Bochen , Zhu Yuquan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAs an important part of the intelligent transportation system (ITS), short‐term traffic prediction has become a hot research topic in the field of traffic engineering. In recent years, with the emergence of rich traffic data and the development of deep learning technologies, neural networks have been widely used in short‐term traffic forecasting. Among them, the Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), especially the Long Short‐Term Memory network (LSTM) shows the excellent ability of time‐series tasks. To improve the prediction accuracy of the LSTM, some research uses the spatial–temporal matrix or Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract the spatial features of the data for the LSTM network to use. In this article, we propose an attention CNN to predict traffic speed. The model uses three‐dimensional data matrices constructed by traffic flow, speed, and occupancy. The spatial–temporal features extraction and the attention models are all performed by the convolution unit. Experiments on traffic data at 15‐minute intervals show that the proposed algorithm has considerable advantages in predicting tasks compared to other commonly used algorithms, and the proposed algorithm has an improvement effect for cases with missing data. At the same time, by visualizing the weights generated by the attention model, we can see the influence of different spatial–temporal data on the forecasting task.
AbmR (Rv1265) is a novel transcription factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that regulates host cell association and expression of the non‐coding small RNA Mcr11
Authors: Girardin Roxie C. , Bai Guangchun , He Jie , Sui Haixin , McDonough Kathleen A. 
Published: September 2018

SummaryGene regulatory networks used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) during infection include many genes of unknown function, confounding efforts to determine their roles in Mtb biology. Rv1265 encodes a conserved hypothetical protein that is expressed during infection and in response to elevated levels of cyclic AMP. Here, we report that Rv1265 is a novel auto‐inhibitory ATP‐binding transcription factor that upregulates expression of the small non‐coding RNA Mcr11, and propose that Rv1265 be named ATP‐binding mcr11 regulator (AbmR). AbmR directly and specifically bound DNA, as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and this DNA‐binding activity was enhanced by AbmR’s interaction with ATP. Genetic knockout of abmR in Mtb increased abmR promoter activity and eliminated growth phase‐dependent increases in mcr11 expression during hypoxia. Mutagenesis identified arginine residues in the carboxy terminus that are critical for AbmR’s DNA‐binding activity and gene regulatory function. Limited similarity to other DNA‐ or ATP‐binding domains suggests that AbmR belongs to a novel class of DNA‐ and ATP‐binding proteins. AbmR was also found to form large organized structures in solution and facilitate the serum‐dependent association of Mtb with human lung epithelial cells. These results indicate a potentially complex role for AbmR in Mtb biology.
Olley and Pakes‐style Production Function Estimators with Firm Fixed Effects
Authors: Lee Yoonseok , Stoyanov Andrey , Zubanov Nikolay 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe show that control function estimators (CFEs) of the firm production function, such as Olley–Pakes, may be biased when productivity evolves with a firm‐specific intercept, in which case the correctly specified control function will contain a firm‐specific term, omitted in the standard CFEs. We develop an estimator that is free from this bias by introducing firm fixed effects in the control function. Applying our estimator to the data, we find that it outperforms the existing CFEs in terms of capturing persistent unobserved heterogeneity in firm productivity. Our estimator involves minimal modification to the standard CFE procedures and can be easily implemented using common statistical software.
Cervical instability in patients with Trisomy 21: The eternal gamble
Authors: Bertolizio Gianluca , Saint‐Martin Christine , Ingelmo Pablo 
Published: September 2018

SummaryPatients with Trisomy 21 are particularly at risk of cervical instability due to ligamentous laxity and osseous abnormalities. Up to 30% of Trisomy 21 patients are affected by atlanto‐axial or atlanto‐occipital instability, but only 1%‐2% of cases are symptomatic. The radiologic assessment of cervical instability is not unanimously considered mandatory. The dynamic cervical spine radiograph is the most common screening tool for ruling out cervical spine instability in patients with Trisomy 21, and it is often requested before surgery. Several measurements have been investigated to assess the presence and degree of cervical instability; however, no conclusive recommendations have been forthcoming. In daily practice, many anesthesiologists may provide anesthesia via such means as laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation during surgery, without any radiological investigations before surgery. This review focuses on the diagnostic and prognostic measures available to evaluate the presence and degree of cervical instability in patients with Trisomy 21 and to propose practical recommendations to be applied in clinical practice.
Opportunity equality and development: Rural income mobility and city size in China
Authors: Chen Binkai , Liu Dan , Lu Ming 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the relationship between city size and rural intergenerational mobility using prefecture‐level data in China. We find that intergenerational mobility in rural areas is positively related to urban population of the affiliated cities. This correlation is partially driven by better coverage of secondary and university education for the rural young who reside close to large cities. Moreover, our further investigation shows that the return to high school education is less dependent on parent incomes around larger cities for rural young people.
Prevalence and causes of vision loss in Latin America and the Caribbean in 2015: magnitude, temporal trends and projections
Authors: Leasher Janet L , Braithwaite Tasanee , Furtado João M , Flaxman Seth R , Lansingh Van Charles , Silva Juan Carlos , Resnikoff Serge , Taylor Hugh R , Bourne Rupert R A 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence and causes of blindness and vision impairment for distance and near in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) in 2015 and to forecast trends to 2020.MethodsA meta-analysis from a global systematic review of 283 cross-sectional, population-representative studies from published and unpublished sources from 1980 to 2014 in the Global Vision Database included 17 published and 6 unpublished studies from LAC.ResultsIn 2015, across LAC, age-standardised prevalence was 0.38% in all ages and 1.56% in those over age 50 for blindness; 2.06% in all ages and 7.86% in those over age 50 for moderate and severe vision impairment (MSVI); 1.89% in all ages and 6.93% in those over age 50 for mild vision impairment and 39.59% in all ages and 45.27% in those over 50 for near vision impairment (NVI). In 2015, 117.86 million persons were vision impaired; of those 2.34 million blind, 12.46 million with MSVI, 11.34 million mildly impaired and 91.72 million had NVI. Cataract is the most common cause of blindness. Undercorrected refractive-error is the most common cause of vision impairment.ConclusionsThese prevalence estimates indicate that one in five persons across LAC had some degree of vision loss in 2015. We predict that from 2015 to 2020, the absolute numbers of persons with vision loss will increase by 12% to 132.33 million, while the all-age age-standardised prevalence will decrease for blindness by 15% and for other distance vision impairment by 8%. All countries need epidemiologic research to establish accurate national estimates and trends. Universal eye health services must be included in universal health coverage reforms to address disparities, fragmentation and segmentation of healthcare
Visual acuity outcomes in cytomegalovirus retinitis: early versus late diagnosis
Authors: Ausayakhun Somsanguan , Yen Michael , Jirawison Choeng , Ausayakhun Sakarin , Khunsongkiet Preeyanuch , Leenasirimakul Prattana , Kamphaengkham Siripim , Snyder Blake M , Heiden David , Holland Gary N , Margolis Todd P , Keenan Jeremy D 
Published: September 2018

AimsTo determine if early dilated fundus examination for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis leads to better visual outcomes in areas with limited HIV care, where patients may have long-standing retinitis before they are diagnosed with HIV.MethodsTwenty-four eyes of 17 patients with CMV retinitis who were seen at an urban HIV clinic in Chiang Mai, Thailand, were included in this retrospective cohort study. Participants were divided into two groups based on the amount of time from the first documented CD4 count below 100 cells/mm3 to the first eye examination for CMV retinitis. Average visual acuity in each group was calculated at the time CMV retinitis was first detected, and then at 3, 6 and 12 months after diagnosis.ResultsThe group of patients who received an eye examination within approximately 4 months of the initial low CD4 count measurement had better baseline visual acuity (median 20/30,IQR 20/20 to 20/60) compared with patients who presented later (median 20/80, 20/60 to hand motion); p=0.03). Visual acuity did not change significantly during the 12-month study period in either the early group (p=0.69) or late group (p=0.17).ConclusionIn this study, patients who were examined sooner after a low CD4 count had better vision than patients who were examined later. Routine early screening of patients with CD4 counts under below 100 cells/mm3 may detect earlier disease and prevent vision loss.