bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Auditing: An Evaluation of Unsuspected Tissue Specimen Misidentification
Authors: Demetrick Douglas J. 
Published: June 2018

Context.—Specimen misidentification is the most significant error in laboratory medicine, potentially accounting for hundreds of millions of dollars in extra health care expenses and significant morbidity in patient populations in the United States alone. New technology allows the unequivocal documentation of specimen misidentification or contamination; however, the value of this technology currently depends on suspicion of the specimen integrity by a pathologist or other health care worker.Objective.—To test the hypothesis that there is a detectable incidence of unsuspected tissue specimen misidentification among cases submitted for routine surgical pathology examination.Design.—To test this hypothesis, we selected specimen pairs that were obtained at different times and/or different hospitals from the same patient, and compared their genotypes using standardized microsatellite markers used commonly for forensic human DNA comparison in order to identify unsuspected mismatches between the specimen pairs as a trial of “molecular auditing.” We preferentially selected gastrointestinal, prostate, and skin biopsies because we estimated that these types of specimens had the greatest potential for misidentification.Results.—Of 972 specimen pairs, 1 showed an unexpected discordant genotype profile, indicating that 1 of the 2 specimens was misidentified. To date, we are unable to identify the etiology of the discordance.Conclusions.—These results demonstrate that, indeed, there is a low level of unsuspected tissue specimen misidentification, even in an environment with careful adherence to stringent quality assurance practices. This study demonstrates that molecular auditing of random, routine biopsy specimens can identify occult misidentified specimens, and may function as a useful quality indicator.
Is perfectionism associated with academic burnout through repetitive negative thinking?
Authors: Garratt-Reed David , Howell Joel , Hayes Lana , Boyes Mark 
Published: June 2018

Academic burnout is prevalent among university students, although understanding of what predicts burnout is limited. This study aimed to test the direct and indirect relationship between two dimensions of perfectionism (Perfectionistic Concerns and Perfectionistic Strivings) and the three elements of Academic Burnout (Exhaustion, Inadequacy, and Cynicism) through Repetitive Negative Thinking. In a cross-sectional survey, undergraduate students (n = 126, Mage = 23.64, 79% female) completed well-validated measures of Perfectionism, Repetitive Negative Thinking, and Academic Burnout. Perfectionistic Concerns was directly associated with all elements of burnout, as well as indirectly associated with Exhaustion and Cynicism via Repetitive Negative Thinking. Perfectionistic Strivings was directly associated with less Inadequacy and Cynicism; however, there were no indirect associations between Perfectionistic Strivings and Academic Burnout operating through Repetitive Negative Thinking. Repetitive Negative Thinking was also directly related to more burnout Exhaustion and Inadequacy, but not Cynicism. It is concluded that future research should investigate whether interventions targeting Perfectionistic Concerns and Repetitive Negative Thinking can reduce Academic Burnout in university students.
Pressure‐Induced Metallization and Robust Superconductivity in Pristine 1T‐SnSe2
Authors: Zhou Yonghui , Zhang Bowen , Chen Xuliang , Gu Chuanchuan , An Chao , Zhou Ying , Cai Kaiming , Yuan Yifang , Chen Chunhua , Wu Hao , Zhang Ranran , Park Changyong , Xiong Yimin , Zhang Xiuwen , Wang Kaiyou , Yang Zhaorong 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBand engineering in layered metal dichalcogenides leads to a variety of physical phenomena and has obtained considerable attention recently. In this work, pressure‐induced metallization and superconductivity in pristine 1T‐SnSe2 is reported via electrical transport and synchrotron X‐ray diffraction experiments. Electrical transport results show that the metallization emerges above 15.2 GPa followed by appearance of superconducting transition at 18.6 GPa. The superconductivity is robust with a nearly constant Tc ≈ 6.1 K between 30.1 and 50.3 GPa. High‐pressure synchrotron X‐ray diffraction experiments indicate that the 1T‐SnSe2 phase maintains up to 46.0 GPa. Although the theoretical predicted structural transition and decomposition of SnSe2 into Sn3Se4 and Se are not detected, it is argued that the structural instability under high pressure might be crucial for the superconductivity. These findings demonstrate that 1T‐SnSe2 is a very rare system from which superconductivity can be driven via multiple ways.
Fractional carbon dioxide laser resurfacing of skin grafts: long‐term results of a prospective, randomized, split‐scar, evaluator‐blinded study
Authors: Datz Elisabeth , Schönberger Carmen , Zeman Florian , Koller Michael , Berneburg Mark , Landthaler Michael , Karrer Sigrid , Hohenleutner Ulrich , Hohenleutner Silvia 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundFractional ablative resurfacing is frequently used for treating atrophic and acne scars as well as for the early improvement of scars after surgery. No evidence‐based clinical data on improving the appearance of skin grafts by fractional CO2‐laser resurfacing have been available so far.ObjectivesThe primary outcome parameter was the adaptation of the skin graft to the surrounding skin 2, 6, and 12 months after the second laser treatment. Secondary outcome parameters were melanin variation, skin roughness, resizing of the skin graft, and patient satisfaction with cosmetic results.MethodsThe randomized half of the skin graft was treated with the fractional CO2‐laser two times in a 4‐week interval, whereby the first laser treatment was conducted 3–8 weeks after surgery. Two independent dermatologists assessed the adaptation of the treated area and the untreated control of the skin graft to the surrounding skin using follow‐up pictures and an 11‐point scale (0 representing no adaptation at all and 10 complete adaptation).ResultsAdaptation to the surrounding skin was significantly improved after laser therapy. The mean investigator ratings showed poor adaptation to the surrounding skin before the first treatment (treatment: 2.24 ± 1.00; control group: 1.95 ± 1.27; P < .001; n = 26) but significant improvement at the follow‐up visits (8 weeks: treatment: 6.38 ± 1.47; control group 5.29 ± 1.27; P < .001; 6 months: treatment: 7.31 ± 1.24; control group 6.04 ± 0.91; 12 months: treatment: 7.6 ± 1.26; control group: 6.57 ± 1.02; n = 26). After fractional ablative laser treatment, appearance of the skin grafts was significantly improved for all time points. Profilometric analysis showed significantly reduced skin roughness 1 year after laser treatment compared to control (P = .003). Pigmentary irregularities were improved. Melanin distribution was significantly more uniform 1 year after laser treatment compared to control (P = .034). Patients were reasonably satisfied with both sides of the skin graft before treatment but more satisfied with the laser‐treated side at the other time points (P < .001).ConclusionsAdaptation of the skin graft to the surrounding skin was significantly improved after ablative fractional skin resurfacing. Skin roughness and melanin variation were also improved. Patient satisfaction with the appearance of the skin graft was significantly higher after graft resurfacing. Thus, this treatment modality can be recommended for patients wishing to improve the appearance of their skin graft. Lasers Surg. Med. 50:1010–1016, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internalized HIV stigma, bullying, major depressive disorder, and high-risk suicidality among HIV-positive adolescents in rural Uganda
Authors: Ashaba S. , Cooper-Vince C. , Maling S. , Rukundo G. Z. , Akena D. , Tsai A. C. 
Published: June 2018

Background.Studies conducted in sub-Saharan Africa suggest a high prevalence of depression and suicidality among adolescents living with HIV (ALWH). This is an important public health issue because depression is known to compromise HIV treatment adherence. However, the drivers of depression and suicidality in this population are unclear. We conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the associations between internalized stigma, bullying, major depressive disorder, and suicidality.Methods.We conducted a cross-sectional survey between November 2016 and March 2017, enrolling a consecutive sample of 224 ALWH aged 13–17 years. We collected information on demographic characteristics, internalized HIV-related stigma (using the six-item Internalized AIDS-Related Stigma Scale), bullying victimization (using the nine-item Social and Health Assessment Peer Victimization Scale), major depressive disorder [using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID)], and suicidality (also using the MINI-KID). We fitted multivariable logistic regression models to estimate the associations between stigma, bullying, major depressive disorder, and suicidality.Results.Thirty-seven participants (16%) had major depressive disorder, 30 (13%) had suicidality, and nine (4%) had high-risk suicidality. Ninety-one participants (41%) had high levels of internalized stigma, while 97 (43%) reported two or more bullying events in the past year. In multivariable logistic regression models, major depressive disorder had a statistically significant association with bullying (AOR = 1.09; 95% CI 1.00–1.20;p= 0.04); while suicidality (low, moderate, high risk) had statistically significant associations with both bullying (AOR = 1.09; 95% CI 1.01–1.17;p= 0.02) and stigma (AOR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.03–1.30;p= 0.02).Conclusions.Among ALWH in rural Uganda, stigma and bullying are strongly associated with major depressive disorder and suicidality. There is a need to incorporate psychological interventions in the mainstream HIV care to address these challenges for optimal management of HIV among ALWH.
Blocks of decimal digits
Authors: McLean K. Robin 
Published: June 2018

Recently a friend kindly made me a birthday card whose background consisted of rows and rows of digits, some 3000 in all. There appeared to be no discernible pattern in the digits. Perhaps they had been taken from a table of random numbers. They were certainly not the opening digits of the decimal parts of π or , although they might, so far as I knew, have been consecutive digits of either number in some section remote from the decimal point.On thinking about this, I realised that they must be the opening digits of the decimal part of the square root of some whole number. Indeed, they must be the opening digits of the decimal parts of the square roots of infinitely many positive integers. It is remarkably easy to prove this and the argument is simple enough to be appreciated and understood in school classrooms at GCSE level.
GLACiAR, an Open-Source Python Tool for Simulations of Source Recovery and Completeness in Galaxy Surveys
Authors: Carrasco D. , Trenti M. , Mutch S. , Oesch P. A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe luminosity function is a fundamental observable for characterising how galaxies form and evolve throughout the cosmic history. One key ingredient to derive this measurement from the number counts in a survey is the characterisation of the completeness and redshift selection functions for the observations. In this paper, we present GLACiAR, an open python tool available on GitHub to estimate the completeness and selection functions in galaxy surveys. The code is tailored for multiband imaging surveys aimed at searching for high-redshift galaxies through the Lyman-break technique, but it can be applied broadly. The code generates artificial galaxies that follow Sérsic profiles with different indexes and with customisable size, redshift, and spectral energy distribution properties, adds them to input images, and measures the recovery rate. To illustrate this new software tool, we apply it to quantify the completeness and redshift selection functions for J-dropouts sources (redshift z ~ 10 galaxies) in the Hubble Space Telescope Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies Survey. Our comparison with a previous completeness analysis on the same dataset shows overall agreement, but also highlights how different modelling assumptions for the artificial sources can impact completeness estimates.
Mea Culpa: Apology Legislation, Accountability and Care
Authors: Levasseur Karine , MacDonald Fiona 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIncreasingly, jurisdictions are adopting “apology legislation” that allow medical professionals to apologize to patients and family members when an adverse event occurs while disallowing the introduction of the apology in a liability case as evidence of fault or liability. While apology legislation itself is fairly straightforward, its potential meaning and impact is much more complex. This paper conceptualizes apology legislation from an accountability and ethics of care perspective. These two concepts—accountability and care—are distinct but interrelated concepts and this dual theoretical approach offers a rich analysis on the potential impact(s) of apology legislation. We argue that apology legislation is a mechanism added to the existing accountability regime that can offer important opportunities to express and practise care. As an accountability mechanism, apology legislation creates space for an accountability relationship to emerge between medical professionals and their patients. Apology legislation also addresses long-standing gaps in how we as a society think about health care and respond to patients and families in ways that challenge the dominant “consumer of services” role. It is in this sense that apology legislation has the potential to destabilize traditional notions of social citizenship. Last, we argue that empirical research is urgently needed to know to what degree apologies contribute to accountability and the transformation of health care.
SOCIAL STATUS AND CLASSICISM IN THE VISUAL AND MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE SWEET BANQUET IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND
Authors: STEWART LOUISE 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAround 1520, at the court of Henry VIII of England, a new meal type emerged. Called the ‘banquet’, this took place after the main meal, in a distinct space, and consisted of sweet foods, spiced wine, and sculptural sugarwork. Originally developing at court, the sweet banquet was quickly embraced by the nobility and gentry. This article investigates the adoption of this dining practice in the wealthy country houses of early modern England and the reasons for its popularity in this specific context. It draws on state papers, published works, and household accounts to establish the ways in which the banquet was utilized and understood by early modern elites. This evidence makes it clear that a high-status person would have expected to be entertained with a sweet banquet at any important social occasion involving their peers. An examination of the visual and material cultures associated with the banquet establishes that it was a highly effective means by which to express class status at a time of anxiety regarding social mobility. As an appropriation of the ancient symposium, it provided opportunities to engage with the intellectual and visual cultures of the classical world and the Renaissance.
Governance Practices and Symbolism: De facto sovereignty and public authority in ‘Tigerland’
Authors: TERPSTRA NIELS , FRERKS GEORG 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article focuses on how the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) insurgency performed de facto sovereignty and public authority in Northeastern Sri Lanka. It is situated within the wider academic debate on governance by state and non-state actors. We venture to unravel the complex linkages between the LTTE's governance practices and legitimation strategies by looking at narratives, performances, and inscriptions. While monopolizing the justice and policing sectors, in other sectors the LTTE operated pragmatically in conjunction with the state. The organization tried to generate and sustain public authority and legitimacy through a variety of violent and non-violent practices and symbols. It ‘mimicked’ statehood by deploying, among others, policing, uniforms, ceremonies, nationalist songs, commemorations of combatants, and the media. This not only consolidated its grip on the Northeast, but also engineered a level of support and compliance. We conclude that the LTTE's governance included practices that were created and carried out independently from the Sri Lankan state, while others took shape within a pre-existing political order and service provision by the state. The article elucidates the LTTE's mimicry of the state, as well as the operation of parallel structures and hybrid forms of state-LTTE collaboration. This facilitates a nuanced understanding of rebel governance beyond a simple state versus non-state binary.
THE GAP BETWEEN ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS AND CLINICAL PRACTICE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF ECONOMIC EVALUATIONS ON DABIGATRAN FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Authors: Rolden Herbert J.A. , van der Wilt Gert Jan , Maas Angela H.E.M. , Grutters Janneke P.C. 
Published: June 2018

Objectives:As model-based economic evaluations (MBEEs) are widely used to make decisions in the context of policy, it is imperative that they represent clinical practice. Here, we assess the relevance of MBEEs on dabigatran for the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).Methods:We performed a systematic review on the basis of a developed questionnaire, tailored to oral anticoagulation in patients with AF. Included studies had a full body text in English, compared dabigatran with a vitamin K antagonist, were not dedicated to one or more subgroup(s), and yielded an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. The relevance of all MBEEs was assessed on the basis of ten context-independent factors, which encompassed clinical outcomes and treatment duration. The MBEEs performed for the United States were assessed on the basis of seventeen context-dependent factors, which were related to the country's target population and clinical environment.Results:The search yielded twenty-nine MBEEs, of which six were performed for the United States. On average, 54 percent of the context-independent factors were included per study, and 37 percent of the seventeen context-dependent factors in the U.S. studies. The share of relevant factors per study did not increase over time.Conclusions:MBEEs on dabigatran leave out several relevant factors, limiting their usefulness to decision makers. We strongly urge health economic researchers to improve the relevance of their MBEEs by including context-independent relevance factors, and modeling context-dependent factors befitting the decision context concerned.
SIEVES AND THE MINIMAL RAMIFICATION PROBLEM
Authors: Bary-Soroker Lior , Schlank Tomer M. 
Published: June 2018

The minimal ramification problem may be considered as a quantitative version of the inverse Galois problem. For a nontrivial finite group $G$, let $m(G)$ be the minimal integer $m$ for which there exists a $G$-Galois extension $N/\mathbb{Q}$ that is ramified at exactly $m$ primes (including the infinite one). So, the problem is to compute or to bound $m(G)$.In this paper, we bound the ramification of extensions $N/\mathbb{Q}$ obtained as a specialization of a branched covering $\unicode[STIX]{x1D719}:C\rightarrow \mathbb{P}_{\mathbb{Q}}^{1}$. This leads to novel upper bounds on $m(G)$, for finite groups $G$ that are realizable as the Galois group of a branched covering. Some instances of our general results are: $$\begin{eqnarray}1\leqslant m(S_{k})\leqslant 4\quad \text{and}\quad n\leqslant m(S_{k}^{n})\leqslant n+4,\end{eqnarray}$$ for all $n,k>0$. Here $S_{k}$ denotes the symmetric group on $k$ letters, and $S_{k}^{n}$ is the direct product of $n$ copies of $S_{k}$. We also get the correct asymptotic of $m(G^{n})$, as $n\rightarrow \infty$ for a certain class of groups $G$.Our methods are based on sieve theory results, in particular on the Green–Tao–Ziegler theorem on prime values of linear forms in two variables, on the theory of specialization in arithmetic geometry, and on finite group theory.
Measurement and Conceptual Approaches to Religious Violence: The Use of Natural Language Processing to Generate Religious Violence Event-Data
Authors: Brathwaite Robert , Park Baekkwan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractHow do we measure religious violence? This study is focused on utilizing new methodological approaches and data sources to measure religiously motivated violence. Previous attempts to measure religious violence concentrated on coding U.S. State Department International Religious Freedom reports or utilizing existing datasets on armed conflict/civil wars. These previous attempts provided state-level data of the levels of religiously motivated violence, but due to data limitations cannot provide more fine-grained measures of specific acts of violence tied to religious motivation. In particular, accounting for varying levels of intensity especially in regards to non-lethal acts of religiously motivated violence is missing. This study builds upon previous attempts focusing on the creation of more fine-grained measures and accounting for its variation at the sub-national level utilizing natural language processing. The data generated are used to examine incidences of reported religious violence in India from 2000 to 2015.
Transformative change through Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES): a conceptual framework and application to conservation agriculture in Malawi
Authors: Bell Andrew Reid , Benton Tim G. , Droppelmann Klaus , Mapemba Lawrence , Pierson Oliver , Ward Patrick S. 
Published: June 2018

Non-technical summaryA major challenge in addressing the loss of benefits and services provided by the natural environment is that it can be difficult to find ways for those who benefit from them to pay for their preservation. We examine one such context in Malawi, where erosion from soils disturbed by agriculture affects not only farmers’ incomes, but also damages aquatic habitat and inhibits the storage and hydropower potential of dams downstream. We demonstrate that payments from hydropower producers to farmers to maintain land cover and prevent erosion can have benefits for all parties involved.
Co-producing climate policy and negative emissions: trade-offs for sustainable land-use
Authors: Dooley Kate , Christoff Peter , Nicholas Kimberly A. 
Published: June 2018

Non-technical summaryUnder the Paris Agreement, nations have committed to preventing dangerous global warming. Scenarios for achieving net-zero emissions in the second half of this century depend on land (forests and bioenergy) to remove carbon from the atmosphere. Modelled levels of land-based mitigation could reduce the availability of productive agricultural land, and encroach on natural land, with potentially significant social and environmental consequences. However, these issues are poorly recognized in the policy-uptake of modelled outputs. Understanding how science and policy interact to produce expectations about mitigation pathways allows us to consider the trade-offs inherent in relying on land for mitigation.