bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pagan Origin of Christmas According to ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Tathbīt
Authors: Connelly Coleman 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Tathbīt dalāʾil al-nubuwwa of the chief qāḍī of Rayy ʿAbd al-Jabbār al-Hamadhānī (d. 1024 or 1025) contains a lengthy digression asserting early Christianity’s gradual corruption by the pagan Romans. One of the Muʿtazilī theologian’s most striking claims regards the origin of Christmas, which he argues derives from a pagan holiday of the “Romans and Greeks” called the Nativity of Time. Previous scholarship has attempted to identify this holiday as a festival known from the ancient Graeco-Roman Mediterranean world. However, ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s construction of “Roman and Greek” paganism is highly indebted to Arabic reports on the Ṣābians of Ḥarrān, whom he mentions before and after his Christmas account. In turn, this article collects references in roughly contemporary Arabic sources to a pagan Aramaean holiday called variously the Festival of the Nativity or the Festival of the Nativity of Time. The article argues that ʿAbd al-Jabbār in fact refers to this holiday, having learned of it from a report on Ḥarrānian religion. To conclude, the article situates the Christmas account within ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s broader comparative religious project and briefly treats its influence upon Ibn Taymiyya (d. 1328).
Remains of Ottoman buildings in the city of al-Ludd
Authors: Daʿadli Tawfiq 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The location of the city of al-Ludd, between the lowlands and the coastal plain, made it an attractive settlement site through the ages. This location brought with it, on the one hand, a fertile catchment area and on the other, caravans looking for a safe inland route. The last settlement phase that resulted in the medieval town was extant until the mid-twentieth century, whence it was demolished leaving only a dozen buildings standing. Those remains are the starting point for this study in which we discuss topics such as shrines, sheikhs’ tombs, the soap industry and public bath, presented here as part of a preliminary survey that lays the ground for further discussion of the town’s urban dynamics.
Vortex index identification and unidirectional propagation in Kagome photonic crystals
Authors: Deng Wei-Min , Chen Xiao-Dong , Chen Wen-Jie , Zhao Fu-Li , Dong Jian-Wen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Vortex field in photonic metamaterials has been revealed in recent years, which provides an extra degree of freedom to control the behavior of electromagnetic waves, such as the unidirectional propagation in topological metamaterials and orbital angular momentum multiplexing in optical fibers. Achieving topologically protected unidirectionality needs an external source either with a vortex index of m = ±1 (i.e. 2πm phase winding around phase singularity) or with a spin index of ±1 (i.e. right- or left-handed circular polarization). However, it is still an open question on the relationship between higher-order (|m | > 1) vortex field and topological metamaterials. Here, we study the excitation of valley bulk states by a source with a higher-order vortex index in Kagome photonic crystals. The selection rule for the excitation of valley bulk states is derived and can be applied to predict the selective excitation of valley bulk states by a source with a higher-order vortex index. Interestingly, we find that the Fourier spectrum and the averaged Fourier spectrum of the Ez
component enable us to identify the vortex index of the source. Besides, it is shown that the unidirectional edge states can be excited by a source with a vortex index of 1 or 2 in a straight or 120° detour waveguide. Our work paves the way for the demonstration of the selection rule and may have potential applications in optical mode identification.
Effect of gamma irradiation on the physicochemical and rheological properties of enzyme-catalyzed tragacanth-based injectable hydrogels
Authors: Tavakol Moslem , Vasheghani-Farahani Ebrahim , Mohammadifar Mohammad Amin , Dehghan-Niri Maryam 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In the present study, gamma irradiation was applied to promote the mechanical properties of enzyme- mediated in situ forming hydrogels prepared with tyramine-functionalized gum tragacanth (TA-GT). For this purpose, after gamma irradiation of powder or hydrocolloid solution of gum tragacanth (GT), the physiochemical and rheological properties of GT solution, and resultant hydrogel was investigated. In situ forming hydrogels were prepared via horseradish peroxidase catalyzed coupling reaction of TA-GT in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Gamma irradiation led to a decrease in GT molecular weight and solution viscosity. Also, the solubility of GT improved and the separation of water soluble/swellable part of gum samples became easier, using gamma irradiation. In addition, by gamma irradiation of GT powder at doses of 5–15 kGy, a polymeric solution with higher concentration could be prepared that resulted in the promotion of hydrogels storage modulus. Further increase of irradiation dose did not improve storage modulus due to the extra decrease of gum molecular weight.
Biochemical engineering in China
Authors: Ding Mingzhu , Chen Biqiang , Ji Xiaojun , Zhou Jingwen , Wang Huiyuan , Tian Xiwei , Feng Xudong , Yue Hua , Zhou Yongjin , Wang Hailong , Wu Jianping , Yang Pengpeng , Jiang Yu , Mao Xuming , Xiao Gang , Zhong Cheng , Xiao Wenhai , Li Bingzhi , Qin Lei , Cheng Jingsheng , Yao Mingdong , Wang Ying , Liu Hong , Zhang Lin , Yu Linling , Chen Tao , Dong Xiaoyan , Jia Xiaoqiang , Zhang Songping , Liu Yanfeng , Chen Yong , Chen Kequan , Wu Jinglan , Zhu Chenjie , Zhuang Wei , Xu Sheng , Jiao Pengfei , Zhang Lei , Song Hao , Yang Sheng , Xiong Yan , Li Yongquan , Zhang Youming , Zhuang Yingping , Su Haijia , Fu Weiping , Huang Yingming , Li Chun , Zhao Zongbao K. , Sun Yan , Chen Guo-Qiang , Zhao Xueming , Huang He , Zheng Yuguo , Yang Lirong , Su Zhiguo , Ma Guanghui , Ying Hanjie , Chen Jian , Tan Tianwei , Yuan Yingjin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chinese biochemical engineering is committed to supporting the chemical and food industries, to advance science and technology frontiers, and to meet major demands of Chinese society and national economic development. This paper reviews the development of biochemical engineering, strategic deployment of these technologies by the government, industrial demand, research progress, and breakthroughs in key technologies in China. Furthermore, the outlook for future developments in biochemical engineering in China is also discussed.
Bildung und Mobilitätsprozeß – Eine Anwendung der Pfadanalyse
Authors: Müller Walter 
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung
In den meisten Mobilitätsstudien wird gezeigt, daß der berufliche Status des Sohnes vom beruflichen Status des Vaters abhängt. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht Prozesse, in denen sich die „Statusvererbung“ vollzieht. Dabei wird BLAU/DUNCANS (1967) pfadanalytisches Modell des Mobilitätsprozesses auf deutsche Daten angewendet und erweitert. Mit besonderer Aufmerksamkeit wird der Einfluß von Ausbildung auf die berufliche Karriere verfolgt. Eines der Hauptergebnisse ist die These, daß berufsbezogene Ausbildungsgänge während des Berufslebens ein wichtiger Faktor zur Egalisierung ungleicher Startbedingungen sind und weniger durch selektive Einflüsse der sozialen Herkunft bestimmt sind als der Erfolg von Kindern und Jugendlichen auf dem „Ersten Bildungsweg“.
A new framework to measure entrepreneurial ecosystems at the regional level
Authors: Sternberg Rolf , Bloh Johannes von , Coduras Alicia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The term ‘entrepreneurial eco-system’ (EES) currently belongs to the most popular ones in economic geography – and in the practice of start-up support policies in many countries, too. Due to its exclusively positive connotations the usage of this term creates unrealistic hopes among entrepreneurship support practitioners. Scholars may be reminded to previous supposed panaceas of regional economic policies like clusters, ‘creative class’ members or high-tech industries. As for these predecessors as well, the concept is “fuzzy” (Markusen 1999), the available empirics are “scanty” (ibid.) and its perception among policymakers is oversimplified, exclusively positive and partially naïve. To a degree, this is a consequence of an extremely unclear definition of what is meant by an EES. The undertheorization of the EES discourse, as observed by some scholars, is not due to a lack of conceptual approaches per se, but due to a lack of convincing, theoretically strong approaches. In fact, the majority of the EES publications is conceptual or even theoretical, usually without any serious empirical underpinning. From our perspective the latter has one important consequence: EES theory is weak because there is a lack of representative, comprehensive and sophisticated empirical studies, indicators and methods to measure EES. This paper provides a unique attempt to measure EES at the sub-national level of regions, that is, from our perspective, the most appropriate spatial level to identify and measure (and theorize) EES as the regional entrepreneurship literature provides striking evidence in favor of entrepreneurship as being primarily a regional (or local) event. Our paper contributes to the current EES debate by arguing that a robust empirical measurement of various EES at the sub-national level may help to improve the quality of EES theory. We propose to start with Erik Stam’s interpretation of an EES based upon ten “conditions” for whom we develop specific variables for application in concrete data collection exercises in different regions. We develop an overall EES index as well as subnational indices for each of the ten conditions. We also propose a method to care for the various weighting problems to be solved. Our attempt has been successfully pretested in Germany and Spain and has meanwhile entered a more ambitious pilot phase in 2018. One of this paper’s aims is to get feedback from scholars studying EES regarding our proposed method.
A small-flowered natural Odontoglossum hybrid (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae) from Ecuador
Authors: Dalström Stig , Higgins Wesley E. 
Published: April 2019

A new small-flowered natural Odontoglossum hybrid from northwestern Ecuador is described and illustrated with a line drawing and a photograph. The novelty is compared with its sympatric parent species, Odontoglossum armatum and O. mirandum. The flower of the new natural hybrid has shorter erect lateral lip-lobes compared to those for O. mirandum, but distinctly longer erect lateral lip-lobes compared to those for O. armatum, which are basically lacking altogether. The taxonomic status of the variable O. mirandum is briefly discussed.
Key words: Ecuador, new hybrid, Odontoglossum, Orchidaceae, Oncidiinae
Negative Differential Conductivity in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs: Real Space Charge Transfer from 2D to 3D GaN States?
Authors: Deng J. , Gaska R. , Shur M. S. , Khan M. A. , Yang J. W. 
Published: April 2019

We report on non-thermal negative differential conductivity (NDC) in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs grown on sapphire substrates by low-pressure MOCVD. The sheet electron density was on the order of few times 1012cm−2 and the Hall mobility was 1,000 cm2/V.s. The HEMTs had threshold voltage close to zero and could operate at high positive gate bias up to 3 to 3.5 Volts, with a very low gate leakage current. NDC was observed at the gate bias larger than 1.5V and at the drain biases between approximately 0.5Vg and Vg. We excluded the possibility of self-heating as the cause, since the NDC occurs at relatively small power levels where self-heating effects are negligible.An explanation we provided for the NDC effect is the new mechanism of real space charge transfer from 2D to 3D GaN states, which leads to a decrease in the channel mobility at large 2D electron gas densities. The observed low leakage can be explained by an enhanced molar fraction of aluminum at the heterointerface that results in a larger conduction band discontinuity. Our model that accounts for the piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects is consistent with the observed NDC effect. The Hall mobility dependence on the gate bias and sheet carrier concentration [1] is consistent with the real space transfer mechanism.This NDC effect in GaN/AlGaN HEMTs may find applications in high-performance digital circuits at elevated temperatures.
Effect of Oregano, Cumin and Cinnamon Essential Oils on Fermentation Quality in Alfalfa Silages
Authors: SOYCAN ÖNENÇ Sibel , KORKMAZ TURGUD Firdevs 
Published: April 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the oregano (OEO), cumin (CEO) and cinnamon (CINEO) essential oils on fermentation quality, metabolic energy (ME) contents and relative feed value (RFV) of alfalfa silages.Material and Methods: Alfalfa was harvested in the end of April, at the early bloom-stage, was wilted for 3 hours and chopped to approximately to a size of 2.0 cm. OEO, CEO and CINEO essential oils were added as additivies in an amount of 600 mg/kg wet chopped alfalfa, yet no additives were added to the control (CONT) group. The packages of silage were kept in a covered storage (18±4 °C) for 60 days for fermentation.Results: The addition of cumin and cinnamon led to a significant increase in dry matter (DM) (P&lt;0.05). The addition of essential oils at high level caused an increase in lactic acid (LA), while the amount of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) decreased inversely correlated with LA (P&lt;0.05). The treatment was increased lactic acid bacteria (LAB) numbers, and also caused a decrease in the number of yeast and mould at a significant level (P &lt;0.05). All three essential oils led to a decrease in pH, the amount of weigth loss (WL) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). In the cumin and cinnamon essential oil treatments increased amount of enzimatic solubility organic matter (ESOM) (P&lt;0.05).Conclusion: It was concluded that OEO, CEO and CINEO promote to increase LAB population. In addition, MEESOM content calculated through ESOM was increased in OEO and CINEO treatments.
Entrevista com Junia Sales Pereira: o PNLD em perspectiva
Authors: Oliveira Sandra Regina Ferreira de , Caimi Flávia Eloisa 
Published: April 2019

A entrevistada põe em perspectiva o PNLD, considerando sua história, principais transformações e tendências. Faz um balanço dos principais desafios do programa, considerando: os fundamentos éticos, políticos e republicanos que deveriam orientar as políticas públicas do livro e da leitura; os embates epistêmicos em torno dos livros didáticos e literários no âmbito das políticas públicas no Brasil ; a relevância da participação das Universidades nos mecanismos de regulação e qualificação; a necessária pluralização do mercado editorial, contemplando projetos e orientações teórico-conceituais diferenciados; o desafio do monitoramento dos usos e interações produzidas pelos livros na sala de aula; a valorização dos sentidos sociais e culturais dos livros didáticos no Brasil; principais desafios e avanços - efeitos do PNLD - nos livros didáticos certificados pelo programa, em especial os de História.
Percepção de pescadores do norte fluminense sobre a viabilidade da pesca artesanal com a implantação de megaempreendimento portuário
Authors: ZAPPES Camilah Antunes , OLIVEIRA Pablo da Costa , DI BENEDITTO Ana Paula Madeira 
Published: April 2019

O objetivo deste estudo é descrever a percepção de famí­­lias que dependem da pesca artesanal no norte fluminense em relação í­Â influência do Complexo Logí­­stico Industrial do Porto do Açu (CLIPA) sobre esta atividade. Entre 2011 e 2015 foram realizadas 270 entrevistas etnográficas em Atafona, Barra do Açu e Farol de São Tomé, totalizando 90 entrevistas em cada localidade, 30 entre pescadores, 30 entre seus cônjuges e 30 entre seus filhos. Em Atafona e no Farol de São Tomé a pesca é principalmente marinha e na Barra do Açu é lacustre, envolvendo modalidades com redes, linhas e armadilhas. Os entrevistados relacionaram prejuí­­zos í­Â pesca causados pelo CLIPA, mas a sobrepesca também foi apontada. Na Barra do Açu, a pesca é criticamente afetada pelo CLIPA, pois se localiza na área de influência direta do empreendimento. Os entrevistados sugeriram como soluções í­Â s interferências do CLIPA, a suspensão das restrições relacionadas í­Â pesca e capacitação dos pescadores em outras atividades.
PENGAJARAN BAHASA BERBASIS TUGAS (TASK BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING): PENDEKATAN YANG EFEKTIF DALAM PENGAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS
Authors: Cholifah Maria 
Published: April 2019

This paper highlights the benefits of implementing Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) in teaching-learning of four skills of English. TBLT focuses on how English language is applied in accomplishing a certain task. TBLT also cultivates studenys’ self-efficacy and enthusiasm in learning. Task-based activities create advantageous atmospheres in language learning since they focus on the outcomes of learning by maximizing the use of Engliah language. Furthermore, this paper discusses the essence, the purposes, and the effects of TBLT in enhancing students’ four skills of English.
Keywords: TBLT, four skills of English, teaching-learning of English.
THE ANALYSIS OF CONFLICTS REFLECTED BY MAI CHARACTERS IN “RISE OF THE GUARDIANS” MOVIE
Authors: Rachmawati Putri 
Published: April 2019

This study focuses on the analysis of the main characters; Jack Frost, Santa Claus, the Tooth Fairy, the Easter Bunny, Pitch Black, and the Sandman’s internal and external conflicts in “Rise of the Guardians” Movie. The purpose of this study is to find out type of the internal and external conflicts based on the William Kenney’s theory. The study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative approach. The findings of this study; internal conflict: Jack Frost vs. Himself and the external conflict include Santa Claus vs. Yeti, Jack Frost vs. Easter Bunny, Pitch Black vs. Group of Guardians, Jack Frost vs. Group of Guardians, Jack Frost vs. Pitch Black. The problem solving of those conflict is competitive, because the Group of the Guardians pursues their own concerns at the Pitch Black’s expense.

Key Words: Conflict, main character, rise of the guardians, movie
PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN MENULIS DESKRIPSI DENGAN METODE OBSERVASI TERPADU SISWA KELAS X SMK PGRI PAKISAJI MALANG
Authors: Roudhotul Jannah Ina 
Published: April 2019

Writing is a skill that language is used to communicate indirectly and not face-to-face with other people. Writing skills do not come naturally, but it requires adequate exercises. This study examines the learners’ problems in essay writing descriptions using the integrated observation learning methods. The lack of ability of the students in writing a description is due to lack of interest of students to learn, teachers’ traditional methods in teaching, and the theory – oriented activities without practice writing especially writing descriptions. The use of an integrated observation method proved to increase the ability of students to write descriptions. It can be taken from the test given to the students to write descriptions. With integrated observation learning, learners are able to generate ideas into writing descriptions by conducting an observation during the learning takes place. An observation was done outside of the classroom and school environment as well as just around the backyard of the school, so the students have a lot of good ideas to compose a good essay.

Key Words: Improved, writing, descriptions, integrated observation method.
Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Refractory Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Huang Xianghua , Chen Wencui , Ren Guisheng , Zhao Liang , Guo Jinzhou , Gong Dehua , Zeng Caihong , Hu Weixin , Liu Zhihong 
Published: April 2019

Background and objectives
Our study evaluated the efficiency and safety of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation treatment for patients with refractory lupus nephritis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
From July 2011 to January 2015, a total of 22 patients with refractory lupus nephritis were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood stem cells were mobilized with cyclophosphamide and granulocyte colony stimulating factor and reinfused after treatment with cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte globulin. The primary end point was the rate of remission, and secondary end points included the survival and relapse rates, changes in proteinuria, kidney function, and serology immunologic test. All complications were recorded for safety assessment.

Results
Twenty-two patients were enrolled and underwent stem cell mobilization. There were nine men and 13 women, with a median lupus nephritis duration of 46 (33–71) months. The mean number of CD34+ cells was (7.3±3.8)×106/kg. All patients had successful engraftment, and the median times of granulocyte and platelet engraftment were 8 (7–9) and 9 (6–10) days, respectively. The major complications of stem cell transplantation were fever and gastrointestinal tract symptoms. The treatment-related mortality was 5% (one of 22). After a median follow-up of 72 (60–80) months, 18 (82%) patients achieved completed remission, one (5%) patient achieved partial remission, and one patient had no response and received peritoneal dialysis at 12 months after transplantation. The 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates were 91% and 53%, respectively. Six patients experienced relapse during the follow-up, and the relapse rate was 27%.

Conclusions
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant could be used as a treatment option for refractory lupus nephritis, because it was relatively safe and associated with good outcomes.
ON ADHESIVE THEORIES IN MULTILAYERED INTERFACES, WITH PARTICULAR REGARD TO "SURFACE FORCE APPARATUS" GEOMETRY
Authors: Tricarico Michele , Papangelo Antonio , Constantinescu Andrei , Ciavarella Michele 
Published: April 2019

Adhesion is a key factor in many tribological processes, especially wear. We generalize a recent formulation for the indentation of a multilayered material using an efficient integral transform method, to the case of adhesion, using a simple energetic transformation in the JKR regime. Then, we specialize the study for the geometry of the Surface Force Apparatus, which consists of two thin layers on a substrate, where the intermediate layer is softer than the other two. We find the pull-off force under "force control" (i.e. for "soft" loading systems), as well as under "displacement control" (i.e. for "rigid" systems), as a function of the geometrical thicknesses and material properties ratios, and the method is fully implemented in a fast Mathematica code, available to the public (see Appendix).