bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic Differences in Parental Communication About Location
Authors: Maita María del Rosario , Jauck Daniela , Donnelly Seamus , Peralta Olga 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis study explored whether parental directions about location differ by socioeconomic status (SES) and whether children’s performance is associated with parental spatial directions. We designed a task in which parents hid a toy in one of five identical boxes in a small-scale space, and then verbally guided their children’s search. Middle-SES(MSES) parents employed more language in general than low-SES(LSES) parents. However, groups used the same amount of spatial terms, suggesting that providing effective spatial directions is probably a matter of quality than quantity. Parents differed in the use of frames of reference; withLSESparents scarcely using them, which resulted in ambiguous reference.MSESparents showed a higher rate of person frames of reference and proximity terms, and their children performed better in the task. Our results suggest that spatial communication including person frames of reference combined with proximity information might be an effective strategy to communicate location.
Supernatural Agent Cognitions in Dreams
Authors: McNamara Patrick , Teed Brian , Pae Victoria , Sebastian Adonai , Chukwumerije Chisom 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPurpose:To test the hypothesis that supernatural agents (SAs) appear in nightmares and dreams in association with evidence of diminished agency within the dreamer/dream ego.Methods:Content analyses of 120 nightmares and 71 unpleasant control dream narratives.Results:We found that SAs overtly occur in about one quarter of unpleasant dreams and about half of nightmares. When SAs appear in a dream or nightmare they are reliably associated with diminished agency in the dreamer. Diminished agency within the dreamer occurs in over 90% of dreams (whether nightmares or unpleasant dreams) that have overt SAs. In about half of nightmare reports the SA appears suddenly with no clear emergence pattern. In some two thirds of unpleasant dreams, however, the SA emerged from a human character. The SA’s gender was indeterminate in most dreams with SAs but the SA communicated with the dreamer in 24% of nightmares and only 13% of unpleasant dreams. In most nightmares, the SA intended to harm the dreamer and in one third of nightmares the dreamer was the victim of physical agression by the SA. SA intentions in unpleasant dreams were more varied and actually benign in 13% of cases.Conclusion:Supernatural agents reliably appear in nightmares and unpleasant dreams in association with diminished agency in the dreamer. Diminished agency in an individual may facilitate supernatural agent cognitions.
Space fit for a king: spatial ecology of king cobras (Ophiophagus hannah) in Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, Northeastern Thailand
Authors: Marshall Benjamin Michael , Strine Colin Thomas , Jones Max Dolton , Artchawakom Taksin , Silva Ines , Suwanwaree Pongthep , Goode Matt 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
A species’ spatial ecology has direct implications for that species’ conservation. Far-ranging species may be more difficult to conserve because their movements increase their chances of encountering humans. The movements can take them out of protected areas, which is especially risky for species that are routinely persecuted. The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), a large venomous elapid, is subject to anthropogenic pressures, such as persecution and habitat loss. Here we present results from a study using radio telemetry to quantify movements and habitat use of nine king cobras in and around a protected area in Northeast Thailand. This study is the first investigation into the movements and habitat use of king cobras outside of the Western Ghats, India. On average, the tracked king cobra’s use areas of 493.42 ± 335.60 ha (95% fixed kernel), moving 183.24 ± 82.63 m per day. King cobras did not remain in intact forested area. Five of the individuals frequently used the human-dominated agricultural areas surrounding the protected area, appearing to make regular use of irrigation canals. Two adult males showed increases in movements during the breeding season. One male’s increased breeding season range caused him to venture beyond the protected area, shifting his habitat use from intact forests to scrub in human-dominated areas. King cobras’ large home range and willingness to use anthropogenic landscapes merits special consideration from conservation planners.
Eschatology, Androgynous Thinking, Encratism, and the Question of Anti-Gnosticism in 2 Clement 12 (Part Two)
Authors: Kelhoffer James A. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Part One of this investigation problematized the use by numerous scholars of an untenably broad definition of “Gnosticism” to support the inference that 2 Clement 12 criticizes gnostic Christ-believers. Part Two completes the analysis of 2 Clement 12 and examines 2 Clement 13, which casts further doubt upon the notion that 12:5-6 calls for sexual renunciation. It is argued that 12:1-13:4 is not polemical and does not censure any distinctively gnostic views or praxes. By shedding both the supposedly gnostic background of the dominical logion about “the two” becoming “one,” about the “outside” being like the “inside,” and about “neither male nor female” (12:2b, 6b) and an antignostic agenda for the interpretations of the logion (12:3-5), scholarship has a better chance of opening up promising avenues for interpreting 12:1-13:4. In particular, the call to cultivate thinking that does not take into account a Christian’s gender (12:5) and the notion that the kingdom’s arrival depends on believers’ moral development (12:6) merit further investigation.
Origen’s Explicit References to Aristotle and the Peripateticians
Authors: Limone Vito 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The acquaintance of Origen with Aristotle and Peripatetic tradition is still unexplored in scholarship due to both the lack of documentation concerned with the Peripatetic school in the early imperial period and to the equivocal and complex approach of the early Christians to the classical philosophy. The chief aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of Origen’s knowledge of Aristotelian thought by investigating his explicit references to Aristotelian texts and doctrines. In this respect, the analysis will focus on Origen’s references to the biography of Aristotle, to the doctrines explicitly attributed to Aristotle and the Peripateticians, finally to some specific Peripateticians.
Reading Gospel of Thomas 100 in the Fourth Century: From Roman Imperialism to Pachomian Concern over Wealth
Authors: Fowler Kimberley A. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Recent scholarship has made strides in evidencing a Pachomian monastic relationship to the Nag Hammadi Codices, yet this remains to be sufficiently investigated through analysis of Nag Hammadi material bearing Pachomian traits, or best explained within a Pachomian ideological environment. In this article I argue that Gospel of Thomas 100’s redaction of the “give to Caesar what is Caesar’s” pericope (Mk 12:13-17 par.) can be better understood in light of conflict between Pachomian material wealth and ascetic aspirations. The redaction demonstrates that conflict over Roman tax payment, crucial in the first-century context of the Synoptic Gospels, is in this fourth-century context essentially irrelevant.
A Stochastic Precipitation Generator Conditioned by a Climate Index
Authors: De Vera Alejandra , Terra Rafael 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis work presents a stochastic daily precipitation generator that incorporates a climate index to reflect the associated, seasonally varying, influence on simulated precipitation statistics. The weather generator is based on a first-order, two-state Markov chain to simulate the occurrence of daily precipitation and a gamma distribution to compute the nonzero daily precipitation amounts. Therefore, it has four parameters that are, in turn, allowed to vary daily following an autoregressive linear model in Gaussian space that simulates the parameters’ deviations from their climatological seasonal cycle. This model is forced by the independently predicted evolution of a climate index and captures how the model parameters and, therefore, precipitation are gradually shifted by the associated climate signal. In this case, the Niño-3.4 index is used to account for the influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon on precipitation in Uruguay. However, the methodology is general and could be readily transferable to indices of other climate modes or downscaling algorithms for seasonal climate prediction. The results show that the proposed methodology successfully captures the ENSO signal on precipitation, including its seasonality. In doing so, it greatly reduces the underestimation of the seasonal and interannual precipitation variability, a well-known limitation of standard weather generators termed the “overdispersion” phenomenon. This work opens interesting opportunities for the application of seasonal climate forecasts in several process-based models (e.g., crop, hydrological, electric power system, water resources), which may be used to inform the decision-making and planning processes to manage climate-related risks.
The Gulf of Mexico and ENSO Influence on Subseasonal and Seasonal CONUS Winter Tornado Variability
Authors: Molina Maria J. , Allen John T. , Gensini Vittorio A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractEl Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) influence winter tornado variability and significant tornado (EF2+, where EF is the enhanced Fujita scale) environments. Increases occur in the probability of a significant tornado environment from the southern Great Plains to the Midwest during La Niña, and across the southern contiguous United States (CONUS) during El Niño. Winter significant tornado environments are absent across Florida, Georgia, and the coastal Carolinas during moderate-to-strong La Niña events. Jet stream modulation by ENSO contributes to higher tornado totals during El Niño in December and La Niña in January, especially when simultaneous with a warm GoM. ENSO-neutral phases yield fewer and weaker tornadoes, but proximity to warm GoM climate features can enhance the probability of a significant tornado environment. ENSO intensity matters; stronger ENSO phases generate increases in tornado frequency and the probability of a significant tornado environment, but are characterized by large variance, in which very strong El Niño and La Niña events can produce unfavorable tornado climatological states. This study suggests that it is a feasible undertaking to expand spring seasonal and subseasonal tornado prediction efforts to encompass the winter season, which is of importance given the notable threat posed by winter tornadoes. Significant tornadoes account for 95% of tornado fatalities and winter tornadoes are rated significant more frequently than during other seasons.
Role of Ocean Model Formulation in Climate Response Uncertainty
Authors: Krasting John P. , Stouffer Ronald J. , Griffies Stephen M. , Hallberg Robert W. , Malyshev Sergey L. , Samuels Bonita L. , Sentman Lori T. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOceanic heat uptake (OHU) is a significant source of uncertainty in both the transient and equilibrium responses to increasing the planetary radiative forcing. OHU differs among climate models and is related in part to their representation of vertical and lateral mixing. This study examines the role of ocean model formulation—specifically the choice of the vertical coordinate and the strength of the background diapycnal diffusivity Kd—in the millennial-scale near-equilibrium climate response to a quadrupling of atmospheric CO2. Using two fully coupled Earth system models (ESMs) with nearly identical atmosphere, land, sea ice, and biogeochemical components, it is possible to independently configure their ocean model components with different formulations and produce similar near-equilibrium climate responses. The SST responses are similar between the two models (r2 = 0.75, global average ~4.3°C) despite their initial preindustrial climate mean states differing by 0.4°C globally. The surface and interior responses of temperature and salinity are also similar between the two models. However, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) responses are different between the two models, and the associated differences in ventilation and deep-water formation have an impact on the accumulation of dissolved inorganic carbon in the ocean interior. A parameter sensitivity analysis demonstrates that increasing the amount of Kd produces very different near-equilibrium climate responses within a given model. These results suggest that the impact of the ocean vertical coordinate on the climate response is small relative to the representation of subgrid-scale mixing.
Ageostrophic Secondary Circulation at a Submesoscale Front and the Formation of Gravity Currents
Authors: Pham Hieu T. , Sarkar Sutanu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLarge-eddy simulations are performed to investigate the development of the ageostrophic secondary circulation (ASC) and associated transport in a submesoscale front. Based on the observations in the northern Bay of Bengal and in the Pacific cold tongue, the model front has a large cross-front density difference that is partially compensated with lateral temperature and salinity gradients. Vertical stratification is varied in different cases to explore its effect on the ASC. The evolution of the ASC differs with stratification. When the front is unstratified, shear instabilities, which develop from the geostrophic shear, cause the front to slump. Cold water from the light side propagates across the front on the surface, while warm water from the dense side spreads in the opposite direction at depth. In cases with stratifications, a shear layer driven by the cross-front pressure gradient forms at the surface to initiate the ASC. Shear-driven turbulence associated with the enhanced shear in the layer causes the front to slump, and the development of the ASC onward is similar to the unstratified case. Irrespective of the initial stratification of the strong fronts simulated here, the surface layer evolves into a gravity current. The ASC is composed of the surface gravity current and a countercurrent that are separated by a middle layer with enhanced stratification and a thermal inversion. Turbulent dissipation is enhanced at the nose of the gravity current and in a sheared region somewhat behind the leading edge of the countercurrent. The gravity current propagates at a speed proportional to the buoyancy difference across the front in the case with no stratification.
The Effect of Northern Hemisphere Winds on the Meridional Overturning Circulation and Stratification
Authors: Cessi Paola 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe current paradigm for the meridional overturning cell and the associated middepth stratification is that the wind stress in the subpolar region of the Southern Ocean drives a northward Ekman flow, which, together with the global diapycnal mixing across the lower boundary of the middepth waters, feeds the upper branch of the interhemispheric overturning. The resulting mass transport proceeds to the Northern Hemisphere of the North Atlantic, where it sinks, to be eventually returned to the Southern Ocean at depth. Seemingly, the wind stress in the Atlantic basin plays no role. This asymmetry occurs because the Ekman transport in the Atlantic Ocean is assumed to return geostrophically at depths much shallower than those occupied by the interhemispheric overturning. However, this vertical separation fails in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre region. Using a conceptual model and an ocean general circulation model in an idealized geometry, we show that the westerly wind stress in the northern part of the Atlantic provides two opposing effects. Mechanically, the return of the Ekman transport in the North Atlantic opposes sinking in this region, reducing the total overturning and deepening the middepth stratification; thermodynamically, the subpolar gyre advects salt poleward, promoting Northern Hemisphere sinking. Depending on which mechanism prevails, increased westerly winds in the Northern Hemisphere can reduce or augment the overturning.
Environmental Conditions Associated with Observed Snowband Structures within Northeast U.S. Winter Storms
Authors: Ganetis Sara A. , Colle Brian A. , Yuter Sandra E. , Hoban Nicole P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNortheast U.S. winter storms commonly exhibit multiple meso-β-scale (L < 200 km) bands of enhanced radar reflectivity and precipitation. We use radar observations, upper-air soundings, and reanalyses from 108 cases of cool season (October–April) storms from 1996 to 2016 that occurred within the coastal corridor from Delaware to Maine to identify and assess various banding structures and environments. Banding can occur in several configurations among storms, and banding characteristics can differ at different times within the same storm. We classified 6-h storm periods as containing long (>200 km) single bands, single bands co-occurring with sets of mesoscale multibands, multibands only, and radar echoes without any bands using a combination of automated and manual methods. Use of radar reflectivity data at 0.5-dB precision and a variable rather than a fixed threshold showed that the occurrence of long single bands without any mesoscale multibands was rare, occurring in only 5 of 113 6-h periods. The most frequently occurring band configuration (55%) was concurrent single bands and multibands, which usually were present in the northwest quadrant of mature cyclones. Sets of multibands without a nearby single band usually occurred in the northeast quadrant of a cyclone poleward of weak midlevel forcing along a warm front. Overall, mesoscale single and multibands more commonly occurred after the cyclone occluded than in the developing stages. Multibands occurred in a wide range of frontogenesis and moist potential vorticity environments.
An Objective Track Similarity Index and Its Preliminary Application to Predicting Precipitation of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Ren Fumin , Qiu Wenyu , Ding Chenchen , Jiang Xianling , Wu Liguang , Xu Yinglong , Duan Yihong 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Combining dynamical model output and statistical information in historical observations is an innovative approach to predicting severe or extreme weather. In this study, in order to examine a dynamical–statistical method for precipitation forecasting of landfalling tropical cyclones (TC), an objective TC track similarity area index (TSAI) is developed. TSAI represents an area of the enclosed scope surrounded by two TC tracks and two line segments connecting the initiating and ending points of the two tracks. The smaller the TSAI value, the greater the similarity of the two TC tracks, where a value of 0 indicates that the two tracks overlap completely. The TSAI is then preliminarily applied to a precipitation forecast test of landfalling TCs over South China. Given the considerable progress made in TC track forecasting over past few decades, TC track forecast products are also used. Through this test, a track-similarity-based landfalling TC precipitation dynamical–statistical ensemble forecast (LTP_DSEF) model is established, which consists of four steps: adopting the predicted TC track, determining the TC track similarity, checking the seasonal similarity, and making an ensemble prediction. Its application to the precipitation forecasts of landfalling TCs over South China reveals that the LTP_DSEF model is superior to three numerical weather prediction models (i.e., ECMWF, GFS, and T639/China), especially for intense precipitation at large thresholds (i.e., 100 or 250 mm) in both the training (2012–14) and independent (2015–16) samples.
Disability Rating and 1-Year Mortality Among Veterans With Service-Connected Health Conditions
Authors: Maynard Charles , Nelson Karin , Fihn Stephan D. 
Published: September 2018

Objectives: Military service is associated with an increased risk of disability and death after discharge. This study determined the relationships among characteristics, disability ratings, and 1-year mortality risks of veterans receiving compensation for service-connected health conditions (ie, conditions related to illnesses or injuries incurred or aggravated during military service). Methods: This study included 4 010 720 living veterans who had ≥1 service-connected health condition and were receiving disability compensation on October 1, 2016. We obtained data on veteran demographic, military service, and disability characteristics from the Veterans Benefits Administration VETSNET file and on 1-year mortality from the Veterans Administration vital status file. We compared veteran characteristics and 1-year mortality rates within and between the following combined service-connected disability rating categories: low, 10% to 40% disability; medium, 50% to 90% disability; high, 100% disability. We used logistic regression analysis to determine the relationships between disability ratings and 1-year mortality rates. Results: Of 4 010 720 veterans, 515 095 (12.8%) had high disability ratings, 1 600 786 (39.9%) had medium disability ratings, and 1 894 839 (47.2%) had low disability ratings. The 1-year mortality rates were 4.5% for those with high disability, 1.9% for those with medium disability, and 1.9% for those with low disability ratings. Compared with veterans with low disability ratings, veterans with high disability ratings had more than twice the odds of 1-year mortality (odds ratio = 2.45; 95% confidence interval, 2.40-2.50). Conclusions: The combined disability rating is an important determinant of short-term survival among veterans with service-connected health conditions. Veterans with a 100% disability rating comprise a highly select group with increased short-term risk of death due at least in part to their military service. Future studies assessing the relationships among combat exposure, age, duration of disability, disability ratings, and survival would be valuable.