bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory roles and functions in information-based regulation: a systematic review
Authors: Bowen Frances , Panagiotopoulos Panos 
Published: July 2018

Information-based regulation occurs when regulators use information to drive changes in behaviours in order to achieve public policy objectives. Information-based regulation has emerged as an alternative way to regulate firms compared with more traditional direct command-and-control and market-based policy instruments within the contemporary regulatory state. Despite growing international interest, challenges remain in understanding the roles for regulators in information-based regulation, the functions of regulators in shaping and leveraging information flows, and the administrative capacities required to fulfil them. Based on a systematic review methodology, this article synthesises the findings of 130 peer-reviewed articles in the environmental, energy and food policy areas. It develops a typology of functions for regulators and outlines the new administrative capacities required in the contemporary regulatory state, particularly in standard setting, assurance and intermediation, and smart data management. Points for practitioners Regulation by information is becoming popular in many part of the world beyond its original genesis in the US and other developed countries. The design and implementation of such schemes creates new challenges for regulators. Our review integrates relevant research in three policy areas (environment, food and energy) and develops a new typology of functions performed by regulators. The article is the first to discuss how the roles and functions of regulators need to change in the contemporary information and regulatory environment. It also emphasises the importance of regulatory involvement in information-based regulation, which has traditionally been seen as a deregulatory approach.
Use of the False-Profile Radiographic View to Measure Pelvic Incidence
Authors: Li Ryan T. , Liu Raymond W. , Neral Mithun , Gould Heath , Hu Emily , Nho Shane , Salata Michael J. 
Published: July 2018

Background: Pelvic incidence (PI) is an important variable in assessing spinopelvic balance that is associated with hip pathology. A lateral radiograph of the pelvis can be used to measure PI, but this view is not routinely performed in the clinical setting during evaluation of hip pain. The false-profile (FP) radiographic view of the hip is commonly obtained to measure acetabular coverage. Purpose: To evaluate the tolerance of PI measurements to pelvic rotation and assess the feasibility of using an FP radiograph to obtain an accurate measurement of PI. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A mathematical model was developed to predict the change in PI with rotation. Fluoroscopic images were obtained of 6 reconstructed cadaveric adult pelvis and femur specimens at varying degrees of rotation, including a perfect lateral and FP image. PI was measured with the midpoint between the centers of the femoral heads as a reference point. The findings were confirmed clinically by retrospectively reviewing FP radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans of 40 clinical patients. PI was measured on FP radiographs and CT scans by 2 independent reviewers. Results: With dry cadaveric pelvis specimens, the discrepancy in PI measured between fluoroscopic FP and lateral views was 1.6° (95% CI, 0.7°-2.4°). There was excellent agreement between CT and FP radiographs with regard to measurement of PI (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.78-0.98). Mean discrepancy in PI measured between the 40 clinical FP radiographs and CT scans was 2.8° (range, 0.1°-9.1°). Conclusion: Increased rotation from a lateral view results in greater error in measuring PI, although relatively nominally with a 2.8° error with the 25° of rotation in clinical true FP views. These data demonstrate that FP radiographs can be used to measure PI with reasonable accuracy.
Comparison of Lateralizing Calcaneal Osteotomies for Varus Hindfoot Correction
Authors: An Tonya W. , Michalski Max , Jansson Kyle , Pfeffer Glenn 
Published: July 2018

Background: There is limited consensus on the optimal operative technique for correcting heel varus in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. This comparative study evaluated the ability of 4 lateralizing calcaneal osteotomies, with and without Dwyer wedge resection and coronal rotation of the posterior tuberosity, to correct severe heel varus. Methods: The computed tomography (CT) scan of a teenage CMT patient with severe hindfoot varus was used to create 3-dimensional (3D)–printed models of the talus, calcaneus, and cuboid. A custom jig facilitated precise replication of the osteotomy cuts. Four different configurations were created: oblique osteotomy with lateralization, oblique osteotomy with lateralization and internal rotation of the posterior tuberosity, Dwyer wedge resection with lateralization, and Dwyer wedge resection with lateralization and internal rotation. CT scans were performed on each model before and after osteotomy. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate differences in several predefined radiographic parameters. Results: The sequential transformations generated increasing lateral translation of the weight-bearing calcaneus. Dwyer wedge osteotomy significantly improved lateralization (effect = 8.0 mm), valgus hindfoot angle (effect = 6.1 degrees), and coronal calcaneal tilt (effect = −17.6 degrees) compared with the oblique osteotomy. Internal rotation of the posterior tuberosity further improved lateralization (effect = 3.3 mm), valgus hindfoot angle (effect = 2.5 degrees), and coronal calcaneal tilt (effect = −11.7 degrees). Dwyer osteotomy models had on average 5-mm shorter posterior tuberosity lengths than the oblique osteotomies. The addition of rotation did not significantly affect length. Conclusions: Significant lateralization of the posterior tuberosity was achieved in all transformations. The Dwyer wedge osteotomy improved hindfoot valgus angle, coronal calcaneal tilt, and lateralization of the weight-bearing surface compared with oblique osteotomy. Posterior tuberosity internal rotation further lateralized the plantar surface and normalized weight bearing. Lateralization, combined with Dwyer osteotomy and coronal plane internal rotation, achieved the greatest correction of varus heel. Clinical Relevance: This study compares multiple lateralizing calcaneal osteotomies and proposes a combined technique of lateralization, Dwyer wedge resection, and coronal plane rotation to address advanced cavovarus hindfoot deformities.
Thiazide Diuretic Dose and Risk of Kidney Stones in Older Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Alexander R. Todd , McArthur Eric , Jandoc Racquel , Welk Blayne , Fuster Daniel G. , Garg Amit X. , Quinn Robert R. 
Published: July 2018

Background: Thiazide diuretics are commonly prescribed to prevent kidney stones. However, it is unclear whether higher doses confer greater benefit. Objective: To determine whether lower doses of thiazide diuretics confer a similar protective effect against kidney stone events as higher doses. Design: Population-based cohort study. Setting: Linked health administrative databases in Ontario, Canada. Patients: Older adults newly prescribed a thiazide diuretic between 2003 and 2014 were separated into 2 groups based on daily dose: low dose (⩽12.5 mg hydrochlorothiazide/chlorthalidone, or ⩽1.25 mg indapamide) or high dose. Measurements: The primary outcome was time to a kidney stone event, using diagnosis and procedure codes. A secondary outcome was kidney stone surgery. Methods: An association between thiazide diuretic dose and a kidney stone event was estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: A total of 536 of 105 239 patients (0.51%) experienced a kidney stone event. We did not detect a difference in kidney stone risk in the high-dose relative to the low-dose group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.93-1.31). Results were similar when analysis was restricted to the more specific outcome of kidney stone surgery. Neither a history of prior kidney stones nor the type of thiazide diuretic modified the effect of diuretic dose on outcome. Limitations: Patients were >65 years old and we were unable to adjust for some potential confounders such as dietary factors. Conclusions: Lower dose thiazide diuretics appear to confer a similar protective effect as higher dose thiazides against the development of kidney stones.
Effectiveness of a multicenter training programme to teach point‐of‐care vascular ultrasound for the detection of peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes
Authors: Normahani Pasha , Agrawal Rishi , Bravis Vasilliki , Falinska Agnieszka , Bloomfield Linda , Mehar Zaheer , Gaulton Dawn , Sangster Alex , Arkle Tracey , Gomm Corinna , Aslam Mohamed , Standfield Nigel J. , Jaffer Usman 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a training programme to teach a focused bedside ultrasound scan (PAD‐scan; Podiatry Ankle Duplex Scan) for the detection of arterial disease in people with diabetes.MethodsFive podiatrists and one diabetologist across two hospitals were enrolled in a structured training programme consisting of a training course (1‐day), supervised scanning (5‐weeks), independent scanning (3‐weeks) and a final evaluation of performance (1‐day).Time, technical skills (Duplex Ultrasound Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills tool (DUOSATS); minimum score = 6, maximum score = 26) and accuracy (level of agreement with vascular scientist PAD‐scan assessment) were assessed for every supervised scan and again for the final evaluation of performance.ResultsA total of 90 PAD‐scans in 65 patients were performed during the supervised phase. Participants demonstrated significant improvements in median time (19 min(IQR 13.9–25.5) vs 9.3 min (IQR 7.3–10.5);p = 0.028) and DUOSATS scores (17.5 (IQR 16.8–21) vs 25 (IQR 24–25.3); p = 0.027). At the final evaluation, participants completed scans in 5.4 min (IQR 5.3–5.9), achieved full DUOSAT scores and perfect agreement with the vascular scientist.ConclusionA structured training programme, integrated into diabetic foot clinics, was effective in teaching the PAD‐scan
Antibiotic use on paediatric inpatients in a teaching hospital in the Gambia, a retrospective study
Authors: Chaw Pa Saidou , Schlinkmann Kristin Maria , Raupach-Rosin Heike , Karch André , Pletz Mathias W. , Huebner Johannes , Nyan Ousman , Mikolajczyk Rafael 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Background
Antibiotics are useful but increasing resistance is a major problem. Our objectives were to assess antibiotic use and microbiology testing in hospitalized children in the Gambia.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis of paediatric inpatient data at The Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital in Banjul, The Gambia. We extracted relevant data from the admission folders of all patients (aged > 28 days to 15 years) admitted in 2015 (January–December), who received at least one antibiotic for 24 h. We also reviewed the microbiology laboratory record book to obtain separate data for the bacterial isolates and resistance test results of all the paediatric inpatients during the study period.

Results
Over half of the admitted patients received at least one antibiotic during admission (496/917) with a total consumption of 670.7 Days of Antibiotic Therapy/1000 Patient-Days. The clinical diagnoses included an infectious disease for 398/496, 80.2% of the patients on antibiotics, pneumonia being the most common (184/496, 37.1%). There were 51 clinically relevant bacterial isolates, Klebsiella species being the most common (12/51, 23.5%), mainly from urine (11/12, 91.7%). Antibiotic resistance was mainly to ampicillin (38/51, 74.5%), mainly reported as Coliform species 11/51, 21.6%.

Conclusions
More than half of the admitted patients received antibiotics. The reported antibiotic resistance was highest to the most commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin. Efforts to maximize definitive antibiotic indication such as microbiological testing prior to start of antibiotics should be encouraged where possible for a more rational antibiotic use.
Understanding the attitudes toward sunless tanning product use: implication of tanning product consumption
Authors: Yoo Jeong-Ju , Cho Hyeon Jeong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe goal of this study is to test the antecedents of overall attitudes toward sunless tanning product use. The data collected from 302 US female college students with an average age of 20.11 were included in the analysis. A structural equation modeling was performed to test the hypothesized relationships. The results revealed that body surveillance and social ostracism influenced the individuals’ cutaneous body image dissatisfaction, which also influenced perceived attractiveness and fitness of tanned appearance. Perceived tanning attractiveness and perceived tanning physical fitness positively influences attitudes toward tanning product use. It is evident that seeing one’s own body through the lens of others is at the root of positive attitudes toward sunless tanning products. Positive attitudinal changes toward sunless tanning products can be successfully established emphasizing sunless tanning products as fashion consumption. The findings in this study have important relevance, in that tanning products can be marketed as cosmetic appearance-enhancement products for people to look attractive, toned, and fit.
Heterogeneity and Coexistence of T790M and T790 Wild-Type Resistant Subclones Drive Mixed Response to Third-Generation Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors in Lung Cancer
Authors: Piotrowska Zofia , Hazar-Rethinam Mehlika , Rizzo Coleen , Nadres Brandon , Van Seventer Emily E. , Shahzade Heather A. , Lennes Inga T. , Iafrate Anthony J. , Dias-Santagata Dora , Leshchiner Ignaty , Jessop Nicholas A. , Hu Haichuan , Digumarthy Subba R. , Nagy Rebecca J. , Lanman Richard B. , Moody Susan , Niederst Matthew J. , Engelman Jeffrey A. , Hata Aaron N. , Corcoran Ryan B. , Sequist Lecia V. 
Published: July 2018

Purpose Third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors like nazartinib are active against EGFR mutation–positive lung cancers with T790M-mediated acquired resistance to initial anti-EGFR treatment, but some patients have mixed responses. Methods Multiple serial tumor and liquid biopsies were obtained from two patients before, during, and after treatment with nazartinib. Next-generation sequencing and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction were performed to assess heterogeneity and clonal dynamics. Results We observed the simultaneous emergence of T790M-dependent and -independent clones in both patients. Serial plasma droplet digital polymerase chain reaction illustrated shifts in relative clonal abundance in response to various systemic therapies, confirming a molecular basis for the clinical mixed radiographic responses observed. Conclusion Heterogeneous responses to treatment targeting a solitary resistance mechanism can be explained by coexistent tumor subclones harboring distinct genetic signatures. Serial liquid biopsies offer an opportunity to monitor clonal dynamics and the emergence of resistance and may represent a useful tool to guide therapeutic strategies.
Prednisolone induces osteoporosis-like phenotypes via focal adhesion signaling pathway in zebrafish larvae
Authors: Huo Lei , Wang Lei , Yang Zhaoyao , Li Pingyuan , Geng Dechun , Xu Yaozeng 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
Patients taking glucocorticoid or glucocorticoid-like drugs for an extended period of time may develop osteoporosis, termed glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP). GIOP is the most common form of secondary osteoporosis, but the mechanism underlying its development is unclear. In the present study, we used prednisolone to treat zebrafish larvae to investigate GIOP. Our RNA deep-sequencing (RNA-seq) results show that prednisolone affects genes known to act in the extracellular region. Therefore the extracellular region, extracellular matrix, and collagen trimer might be involved in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the focal adhesion signaling pathway is the most enriched signaling pathway in terms of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). In this pathway, integrin subunit alpha 10 (itga10) and integrin subunit beta like 1 (itgbl1), genes encoding two adapter proteins, were down-regulated in the prednisolone-treated larvae. Further experiments showed that prednisolone contributes to GIOP by down-regulating itga10 and itgbl1.
Sex Differences in Training Loads during British Army Basic Training
Authors: O’LEARY THOMAS J. , SAUNDERS SAMANTHA C. , MCGUIRE STEPHEN J. , VENABLES MICHELLE C. , IZARD RACHEL M. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To compare training loads between men and women during 14 wk of British Army standard entry basic training.

Methods
Thirty-one male (mean ± SD: age, 21 ± 4 yr; height, 1.78 ± 0.08 m; mass, 77.1 ± 10.5 kg) and 28 female (age, 22 ± 4 yr; height, 1.65 ± 0.05 m; mass, 63.9 ± 8.9 kg) British Army recruits had external (distance) and internal (HR, training impulse [TRIMP], RPE) training loads measured during weeks 1, 2, 6, 12, and 13 of basic training. Total energy expenditure was measured during weeks 1 to 2 and weeks 12 to 13.

Results
Daily distance was higher for men than women (13,508 ± 666 vs 11,866 ± 491 m, respectively, P < 0.001). Average daily HR (29% ± 3% vs 30% ± 3% HR reserve) and RPE (4 ± 1 vs 4 ± 1) were not different between men and women, respectively (P ≥ 0.495). Daily TRIMP was higher for women than men (492 ± 130 vs 261 ± 145 au, respectively, P < 0.001). Total energy expenditure was higher for men than women during weeks 1 to 2 (4020 ± 620 vs 2847 ± 323 kcal·d−1, respectively) and weeks 12 to 13 (4253 ± 556 kcal·d−1 vs 3390 ± 344 kcal·d−1, respectively) (P < 0.001). Daily RPE, HR, and TRIMP were related to daily distance (R
2 = 0.18–0.57, P ≤ 0.037), and daily RPE was related to daily TRIMP and HR (R
2 = 0.37–0.77, P ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions
Sex differences in training loads could contribute to the greater injury risk for women during basic training. Daily RPE appears a practical option for measuring internal training load during military training.
MIGRAÇÃO, PESQUISA BIOGRÁFICA E COMUNIZAÇÃO DE EXPERIÊNCIAS DE VIDA
Authors: Ozório Barroso Lúcia Maria 
Published: July 2018

Resumo: Refletimos sobre a problemática comunitária e o processo migratório, quer dizer, sobre as alianças deste processo com a construção de um comum no mundo. A experiência de mobilidade precisa ser compreendida desde as experiências de vida, perspectiva que dá importância ao encontro dialógico com os atores deste processo. As histórias orais de vida em comum, nosso dispositivo de pesquisa e de resistência, aprofundam nossas reflexões. Como dispositivo da biopolítica tem como chave de ouro a produção de subjetividades que busca responder às urgências de um comum no presente. Buscamos apostar no potencial revolucionário da memória nas suas conexões com o comum, reservatório de heterogêneses, intervindo numa memória sequestrada e sobrecodificada que quer silenciar as diferenças. Este trabalho no campo imanente da memória permite o surgimento das potências revolucionárias de afetos imemoriais que convocam experiências de liberação, contribuindo para a reconstrução de si e de um comum no mundo, produzindo subjetividades. Palavras chave: Processo migratório. Comum. Histórias orais de vida em comum. Subjetividades. Abstract: We reflect on the community issues and the migration process, that is, on the alliances of this process with the construction of a common in the world. The experience of mobility needs to be understood from life experiences, a perspective that gives importance to the dialogical encounter with the actors of this process.The oral life stories in common as a research device, of resistance, allows to deepen this perspective. As a device of biopolitics, it has as a golden key the production of subjectivities that seeks to respond to the urgencies of a common in the present. We seek to bet on the revolutionary potential of memory in its connections with the common, reservoirofheterogenesis, seeking to intervene in a kidnapped and overcoded memory that wants to silence the differences. Work with the immanent field of memory permeated by the common allows the emergence of the revolutionary powers of immemorial affections that call for liberation experiences, contributing to the reconstruction of oneself and of a common in the world, producing subjectivities.Keywords: Migrationprocess. Common. Oral lifestories in common. Subjectivities.
LONG-TERM SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF TOCILIZUMAB IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS OF MODERATE OR HIGH ACTIVITY (RESULTS OF PHASE III MULTICENTER EXTENSION CLINICAL STUDY ML28124)
Authors: Nasonov E. L. , Stanislav M. L. , Mazurov V. I. , Chernykh T. M. , Sorotskaya V. N. , Salnikova T. S. , Saikovsky R. S. , Reshet’ko O. V. , Popova T. A. , Shmidt E. I. , Tyurin V. P. , Shilkina N. P. , Bokarev I. N. , Kanevskaya M. Z. , Yakushin S. S. 
Published: July 2018

Objective: to assess the long-term safety and efficiency of tocilizumab (TCZ) therapy in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of moderate and high activity, who have completed the basic WA19926 study, as well as the rate of sustained drug-free remission.Subjects and methods. A long-term open-label multicenter Phase III extension study (ML28124) was conducted using a group of 49 patients (36 (73.5%) women and 13 (26.5%) men; mean age 53.3±10.8 years) with early RA of moderate and high activity. All the patients received an intravenous infusion of TCZ 8 mg/kg every 4 weeks for 104 weeks (a total of 27 infusions). The safety assessment criteria were the rate and severity of all adverse events (AE), serious AE (SAE), and AE of particular interest; the rate of AE causing drug dosage changes or withdrawal from the study; the frequency of clinically significant laboratory abnormalities. The analysis of efficiency (secondary end points) included changes of DAS8, which was calculated using erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (DAS28-ESR) and SDAI, the of tender joint count (TJC) and swollen joint count (SJC); the number of patients who had achieved drug-free remission; and the time to a RA exacerbation in patients who had achieved non-drug remission.Results and discussion. The total rate of AE was found to be 69.4%; that of SAE was 10.2%; SAE were 6.9% of the the total number of AE; AE of particular interest were 17.2% of the total number of AE. More than one-third (35.6%) of the AE caused drug dose changes or therapy discontinuation or complete cessation. The laboratory clinically significant abnormalities included those in complete blood cell counts (blood alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total and direct bilirubin, creatinine, and glucose). The evaluation efficiency analysis showed that the main disease activity measures (DAS28-ESR, SDAI, SJC, and TJC) decreased at 104-week follow-up versus at baseline. The rate of drug-free remission was 71.4%; that of recurrence was 40.0% (the median time to recurrence was 23 weeks). The findings suggest that the safety profile of TCZ is acceptable in the long-term treatment of early RA and correspond to earlier results.