bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New insights into the origins and radiation of the mid-Palaeozoic Gondwanan stem tetrapods
Authors: LONG John A. , CLEMENT Alice M. , CHOO Brian 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThe earliest tetrapodomorph fishes appear in Chinese deposits of Early Devonian age, and by the Middle Devonian they were widespread globally. Evidence for the earliest digitated tetrapods comes from largely uncontested Middle Devonian trackways and Late Devonian body fossils. The East Gondwana Provence (Australasia, Antarctica) fills vital gaps in the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of the tetrapods, with the Gondwanan clade Canowindididae exhibiting a high degree of endemism within the early part of the stem tetrapod radiation. New anatomical details ofKoharalepis, from the Middle Devonian Aztec Siltstone of Antarctica, are elucidated from synchrotron scan data. These include the position of the orbit, the condition of the hyomandibular, the shape of the palate and arrangement of the vomerine fangs. Biogeographical and phylogenetic models of stem tetrapod origins and radiations are discussed.
Subseafloor Temperature Variations Influenced by Variations in Bottom Water Temperature and Pressure: New High Resolution Observations and Implications
Authors: Davis Earl E. , Villinger Heinrich 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA new instrument developed for monitoring acceleration, tilt, and pressure at the ocean floor also measures sediment temperature 1 m below the seafloor. Four deployments have been completed and connected to the Ocean Networks Canada cabled observatory, one on the inner Cascadia accretionary prism, two on the outer prism, and one on the sedimented eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Relative amplitudes and phases of temperature variations measured at the seafloor and in the sediment at periods greater than roughly 1 week constrain the thermal diffusivity of the upper meter of subseafloor sediment to be 4 × 10−7 m2/s. Clear ±0.1‐mK amplitude tidal sediment temperature variations are also resolved. These are too large and regular to be the consequence of downward thermal diffusion from the seafloor and too large to be the consequence of fluid migration driven along the sediment geotherm by poroelastic response to tidal loading. The variations are closely correlated with tidal pressure variations, however, and we infer that these temperature signals reflect adiabatic heating and cooling. The lapse rates inferred from the observations at two of the sites are close to the values for seawater but significantly higher than predicted for a mixture that includes sediment grains. The values observed by both instruments at the outer prism site, located near methane‐bearing‐fluid springs, are particularly high, 20% higher than predicted for a sediment‐seawater mixture. This discrepancy could be reconciled if free gas or methane hydrate were present within the pore volume.
Key Dynamical Factors Driving the Kuroshio Subsurface Water to Reach the Zhejiang Coastal Area
Authors: Xu Lingjing , Yang Dezhou , Benthuysen Jessica A. , Yin Baoshu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObservations indicate a seasonal variation of the Kuroshio subsurface water (KSSW) intrusion into the coastal region off the Zhejiang Province of China. The observed temperature and salinity distributions suggest a stronger intrusion in June and weaker intrusion in December. A hydrodynamic model well reproduces the seasonal variation of temperature and salinity characteristics and the current structure over the continental shelf. A passive tracer in the subsurface layer is used to investigate the movement of the KSSW. Tracer experiments confirm the seasonal variation of the KSSW intrusion, showing that the intrusion is stronger in summer and weaker in autumn and winter. Moreover, tracer concentrations suggest that in general it takes at least 1.5 months for the KSSW from east of Taiwan to reach the Zhejiang coastal area. Analyses of the momentum balances indicate that the KSSW's northward movement is regulated by the geostrophic current, while the shoreward intrusion results from the bottom Ekman effect. The seasonal changes in pressure gradients and vertical eddy viscosities contribute to the KSSW intrusion into the Zhejiang coastal area in June rather than in December. Sensitivity experiments show that the seasonal variation of the KSSW intrusion is mainly induced by the different wind stresses in summer and winter. The stronger southerly monsoon, the weaker and warmer Taiwan Warm Current, and the stronger and colder Kuroshio Current are favorable to the KSSW intrusion.
The Role of Ocean Heat Transport in Rapid Sea Ice Declines in the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble
Authors: Auclair Gabriel , Tremblay L. Bruno 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMany climate models, including the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM‐LE), predict future rapid sea ice declines in the Arctic linked with anomalies in northward Ocean Heat Transport (OHT). Using CESM‐LE, we find that the partitioning of the poleward OHT between the different Arctic gates (Barents Sea Opening, BSO; Bering Strait; and Fram Strait) is key to this link with the rapid declines. Sixty‐four of the 79 rapid declines in CESM‐LE are correlated with the OHT anomalies through one of the gates. Rapid declines that happen earlier in the simulations when the sea ice covers the continental shelves are correlated with OHT anomalies. The interaction between OHT and sea ice happens mainly over continental shelves since most rapid declines are correlated with the BSO or Bering Strait OHTs and only a few with the Fram Strait OHT (often also correlated with BSO or Bering Strait OHTs). In most rapid declines not correlated with OHT, the September Sea Ice Extent (SIE) prior to the decline is smaller than the area covered by the deep basins. Those are associated with surface heat flux since the ice‐atmosphere heat fluxes are more strongly correlated with the sea ice concentrations over the deep basins than the ice‐ocean heat fluxes. Our results suggest that OHTs are causing rapid sea ice declines when the SIE is large enough to cover the continental shelves and that the atmosphere is the main driver when the initial SIE is located only over the deep basins.
Transcriptional changes in the Japanese scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) shellinfested by Polydora provide insights into the molecular mechanism of shell formation and immunomodulation
Authors: Mao Junxia , Zhang Wenjing , Zhang Xiaosen , Tian Ying , Wang Xubo , Hao Zhenlin , Chang Yaqing 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe Japanese scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) is one of the most important aquaculture species in Asian countries; however, it has suffered severe infection by Polydora in northern China in recent years, causing great economic losses. The Polydora parasitizes the shell of scallops, badly destroying the shell’s structure. To investigate the molecular response mechanism of M. yessoensis to Polydora infestion, a comprehensive and niche-targeted cDNA sequence database for diseased scallops was constructed. Additionally, the transcriptional changes in the edge mantle, central mantle and hemocytes, tissues directly related to the disease, were first described in this study. The results showed that genes involved in shell formation and immunomodulation were significantly differentially expressed due to the infestation. Different transcriptional changes existed between the two mantle regions, indicating the different molecular functions likely responsible for the formation of different shell layers. The differential expression of genes for immune recognition, signal transduction and pathogen elimination presented an integrated immune response process in scallops. Moreover, neuromodulation and glycometabolism involved in the regulation process with relevant function significantly enriched. The study provides valuable information for mechanism study of shell formation and immunomodulation in scallops.
Endogenous toxins and the coupling of gregariousness to conspicuousness in Argidae and Pergidae sawflies
Authors: Boevé Jean-Luc , Nyman Tommi , Shinohara Akihiko , Schmidt Stefan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPhytophagous insects tend to be either cryptic and solitary, or brightly colored and gregarious, as a defense against vertebrate predators. Here, we tested whether potent defensive chemicals producedde novoby larvae of Argidae and Pergidae sawflies have influenced the evolutionary relationship between larval appearance and levels of gregariousness. Phylogeny-based correlation analyses indicated only a weak trend for solitary species to be cryptic, and for gregarious ones to be conspicuous. Numerous Argidae were cryptic–solitary or conspicuous–gregarious, whereas most Pergidae were conspicuous–gregarious. Both families also included not truly gregarious but aggregated species, i.e. with individuals more evenly distributed on the host plant. By considering two specific morphological traits, predominant body coloration and contrasting spots on body, each one was (weakly) associated with appearance but none with gregariousness, which reflects the functional relevance of appearance as a whole. Furthermore, Argidae can display alternate appearances during successive larval instars. Finally, an independent contrasts test showed no obvious correlation between two major toxic peptides. Our results point towards diversely combined patterns of linked ecological traits in these insects. By assuming that warning coloration is more warranted against vertebrate than invertebrate predators, we suggest that the occurrence itself of toxins allowed this diversity via differing predator guilds and environmental factors, to which these insects were confronted during evolution.
Analysis of genome-wide variants through bulked segregant RNA sequencing reveals a major gene for resistance to Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica oleracea
Authors: Dakouri Abdulsalam , Zhang Xingguo , Peng Gary , Falk Kevin C. , Gossen Bruce D. , Strelkov Stephen E. , Yu Fengqun 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTwo cabbage (Brassica oleracea) cultivars ‘Tekila’ and ‘Kilaherb’ were identified as resistant to several pathotypes of Plasmodiophora brassicae. In this study, we identified a clubroot resistance gene (Rcr7) in ‘Tekila’ for resistance to pathotype 3 of P. brassicae from a segregating population derived from ‘Tekila’ crossed with the susceptible line T010000DH3. Genetic mapping was performed by identifying the percentage of polymorphic variants (PPV), a new method proposed in this study, through bulked segregant RNA sequencing. Chromosome C7 carried the highest PPV (42%) compared to the 30–34% in the remaining chromosomes. A peak with PPV (56–73%) was found within the physical interval 41–44 Mb, which indicated that Rcr7 might be located in this region. Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR was used to confirm the association of Rcr7 with SNPs in the region. Rcr7 was flanked by two SNP markers and co-segregated with three SNP markers in the segregating population of 465 plants. Seven genes encoding TIR-NBS-LRR disease resistance proteins were identified in the target region, but only two genes, Bo7g108760 and Bo7g109000, were expressed. Resistance to pathotype 5X was also mapped to the same region as Rcr7. B. oleracea lines including ‘Kilaherb’ were tested with five SNP markers for Rcr7 and for resistance to pathotype 3; 11 of 25 lines were resistant, but ‘Kilaherb’ was the only line that carried the SNP alleles associated with Rcr7. The presence of Rcr7 in ‘Kilaherb’ for resistance to both pathotypes 3 and 5X was confirmed through linkage analysis.
Protective role of Dihydromyricetin in Alzheimer’s disease rat model associated with activating AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway
Authors: Sun Ping , Yin Jun-Bo , Liu Li-Hua , Guo Jian , Wang Sheng-Hai , Qu Chun-Hui , Wang Chun-Xia 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to understand the possible role of the Dihydromyricetin (DHM) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) rat model through regulation of the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway. Rats were divided into Sham group, AD group, AD + DHM (100 mg/kg) group and AD + DHM (200 mg/kg) group. The spatial learning and memory abilities of rats were assessed by Morris Water Maze. Then, the inflammatory cytokines expressions were determined by radioimmunoassay while expressions of AMPK/SIRT1 pathway-related proteins by Western blot; and the apoptosis of hippocampal cells was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay. AD rats had an extended escape latency with decreases in the number of platform crossings, the target quadrant residence time, as well as swimming speed, and the inflammatory cytokines in serum and hippocampus were significantly elevated but AMPK/SIRT1 pathway-related proteins were reduced. Meanwhile, the apoptosis of hippocampal cells was significantly up-regulated with decreased Bcl-2 and increased Bax, as compared with Sham rats (all P&lt;0.05). After AD rats treated with 100 or 200 mg/kg of DHM, the above effects were significantly reversed, resulting in a completely opposite tendency, and especially with 200 mg/kg DHM treatment, the improvement of AD rats was more obvious. DHM exerts protective role in AD via up-regulation of AMPK/SIRT1 pathway to inhibit inflammatory responses and hippocampal cell apoptosis and ameliorate cognitive function.
Das Gefühl der Machtlosigkeit
Authors: Blumenrode Stefan 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungWenn Patienten sich machtlos fühlen, führt das häufig zu Resignation und
Aggression. Unser Autor geht den Ursachen auf den Grund und schildert, mit
welchen Interventionen Sie Patienten neue Hoffnung schenken können.
Critical Genes in White Adipose Tissue Based on Gene Expression Profile Following Exercise
Authors: Wang Haitang , Lee J.- , Tian Ye 
Published: November 2018

AbstractExercise is recognized as an effective method to prevent obesity and alleviate metabolic diseases. Browning of white adipose has the advantage of decreasing insulin resistance. We aim to identify critical differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in white adipose tissue after exercise. We downloaded the gene dataset GSE68161 of C57BL/6 mice from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Then, we analyzed the effect of exercise on up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs by GEO2R and performed protein-protein interaction network analyses. We then identified hub-genes in white adipose tissue and crosstalk genes of a single pathway by the STRING database and Cytoscape. In this study, 72 DEGs were screened out, and they mainly function in glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and in the primary biological process of fatty acid oxidation regulation. The top 5 hub-genes screened out were SLC27A1, COX7A1, PPARGC1A, FABP3, and UCP1. The 3 crosstalk genes found were SLC27A1, SLC27A2, and PPARA. These 3 genes might function as a bridge of the PPAR signaling pathway, adipocytokine signaling pathway and the insulin resistance pathway. SLC27A1 is critical gene for the interactions of signaling pathways in subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Therefore, further relationships between the browning of white adipose and insulin resistance need to be studied.
Antioxidants Facilitate High–intensity Exercise IL–15 Expression in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Pérez-López Alberto , Martin-Rincon Marcos , Santana Alfredo , Perez-Suarez Ismael , Dorado Cecilia , Calbet Jose , Morales-Alamo David 
Published: November 2018

AbstractInterleukin (IL)-15 stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis, fat oxidation, glucose uptake and myogenesis in skeletal muscle. However, the mechanisms by which exercise triggers IL-15 expression remain to be elucidated in humans. This study aimed at determining whether high-intensity exercise and exercise-induced RONS stimulate IL-15/IL-15Rα expression and its signaling pathway (STAT3) in human skeletal muscle. Nine volunteers performed a 30-s Wingate test in normoxia and hypoxia (PIO2=75 mmHg), 2 h after placebo or antioxidant administration (α-lipoic acid, vitamin C and E) in a randomized double-blind design. Blood samples and muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained before, immediately after, and 30 and 120 min post-exercise. Sprint exercise upregulated skeletal muscle IL-15 protein expression (ANOVA, P=0.05), an effect accentuated by antioxidant administration in hypoxia (ANOVA, P=0.022). In antioxidant conditions, the increased IL-15 expression at 120 min post-exercise (33%; P=0.017) was associated with the oxygen deficit caused by the sprint (r=–0.54; P=0.020); while, IL-15 and Tyr705-STAT3 AUCs were also related (r=0.50; P=0.036). Antioxidant administration promotes IL-15 protein expression in human skeletal muscle after sprint exercise, particularly in severe acute hypoxia. Therefore, during intense muscle contraction, a reduced PO2 and glycolytic rate, and possibly, an attenuated RONS generation may facilitate IL-15 production, accompanied by STAT3 activation, in a process that does not require AMPK phosphorylation.
Increased Expression Levels of Metalloprotease, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloprotease, Metallothionein, and p63 in Ectopic Endometrium: An Animal Experimental Study
Authors: Brandão Verônica Cristina Moraes , Meola Juliana , Garcia Sergio Britto , Candido-dos-Reis Francisco José , Poli-Neto Omero Benedicto , Nogueira Antonio Alberto , Rosa-e-Silva Julio Cesar 
Published: November 2018

Objective To characterize the patterns of cell differentiation, proliferation, and tissue invasion in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of rabbits with induced endometriotic lesions via a well- known experimental model, 4 and 8 weeks after the endometrial implantation procedure.
Methods Twenty-nine female New Zealand rabbits underwent laparotomy for endometriosis induction through the resection of one uterine horn, isolation of the endometrium, and fixation of tissue segment to the pelvic peritoneum. Two groups of animals (one with 14 animals, and the other with15) were sacrificed 4 and 8 weeks after endometriosis induction. The lesion was excised along with the opposite uterine horn for endometrial gland and stroma determination. Immunohistochemical reactions were performed in eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues for analysis of the following markers: metalloprotease (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease (TIMP-2), which are involved in the invasive capacity of the endometrial tissue; and metallothionein (MT) and p63, which are involved in cell differentiation and proliferation.
Results The intensity of the immunostaining for MMP9, TIMP-2, MT, and p63 was higher in ectopic endometria than in eutopic endometria. However, when the ectopic lesions were compared at 4 and 8 weeks, no significant difference was observed, with the exception of the marker p63, which was more evident after 8 weeks of evolution of the ectopic endometrial tissue.
Conclusion Ectopic endometrial lesions seem to express greater power for cell differentiation and tissue invasion, compared with eutopic endometria, demonstrating a potentially invasive, progressive, and heterogeneous presentation of endometriosis.
Surgical Endoscopy: Future Directions
Authors: Sippey Megan , Lam Wanda , Ali Ahmed , Marks Jeffrey 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSince the introduction of the modern endoscope in 1957, numerous advances have been made in its use. The endoscope has transitioned from a primarily diagnostic tool at its inception, to now offering a plethora of therapeutic interventions including Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES). Advances in the endoscope, endoscopic imaging modalities, and therapeutic tools and platforms have contributed to recent, and upcoming, progression in NOTES. Current states of these advancements are reviewed.
Cause of Ascending Aortic Dilatation in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valves: The Final Link
Authors: Robicsek Francis , Madjarov Jeko M. , Padera Robert F. 
Published: November 2018

Background This article discusses about the cause of dilatation of the ascending aorta in patients with congenitally bicuspid aortic valves (CBAVs). Some members of the profession believe that it is genetic, while others attribute it to turbulence. The author previously presented in vitro data proving that CBAVs are inherently morphological stenotic, even in the absence of measurable gradient and clinical symptoms. This article reinforces the view that the dilatation of the ascending aorta in patients with CBAV represents a “poststenotic dilatation” by demonstrating that the structure of the aortic wall is normal in infants who have CBAV as a sole cardiac anomaly.
Methods The aortic wall was studied in newborns who had CBAV as the sole cardiovascular anomaly and in those where CABV was associated with other inborn cardiovascular defects.
Results We found that in patients where CBAV is the sole cardiovascular anomaly, aortic structure is normal at birth, but abnormal if additional cardiovascular anomalies are present.
Conclusions Dilatation of the ascending aorta in patients, where CBAV is the only cardiovascular anomaly, is caused by turbulence (poststenotic dilatation). If additional cardiovascular anomalies are present, this process may be exaggerated by genetic abnormalities of the aortic wall.
UBL domain of Usp14 and other proteins stimulates proteasome activities and protein degradation in cells
Authors: Kim Hyoung Tae , Goldberg Alfred L. 
Published: November 2018

Significance
26S proteasomes catalyze most of the protein degradation in eukaryotic cells, and their activity is precisely regulated. Upon binding ubiquitinated proteins, proteasomes become activated. This activation is triggered by binding of the ubiquitin chain to the proteasome-associated deubiquitinating enzyme Usp14/Ubp6. In studying this activation mechanism, we discovered that Usp14’s ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain by itself stimulates multiple proteasome activities and thus appears to mediate the activation by ubiquitinated proteins. Many other proteins contain UBL domains, and we show that the UBL domains of other proteins also stimulate the proteasomes’ degradative capacity. Thus, activation of proteasomes may represent a general new role for UBL-containing proteins. Furthermore, overexpressing the UBL domain in cells increases overall protein breakdown, which may have therapeutic applications.
Translational switching of Cry1 protein expression confers reversible control of circadian behavior in arrhythmic Cry-deficient mice
Authors: Maywood Elizabeth S. , Elliott Thomas S. , Patton Andrew P. , Krogager Toke P. , Chesham Johanna E. , Ernst Russell J. , Beránek Václav , Brancaccio Marco , Chin Jason W. , Hastings Michael H. 
Published: November 2018

Significance
Circadian rhythms dominate our lives through our daily cycle of sleep and wakefulness. They are controlled by a brain master clock: the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). SCN timekeeping pivots around a molecular loop incorporating Cryptochrome (Cry) proteins; global loss of these proteins disables the clock. We developed a biologically appropriate translational switch based on genetic code expansion to achieve reversible control of Cry1 expression. Cry1 translation in neurons of arrhythmic Cry-null SCN slices immediately, reversibly, and dose-dependently initiated circadian molecular rhythms. Cry1 translation in SCN neurons was sufficient to initiate circadian behavior rapidly and reversibly in arrhythmic Cry-null mice. This demonstrates control of mammalian behavior using translational switching, a method of broad applicability.