bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA AND KEEPING QUALITY OF PASTEURIZED DAIRY PRODUCTSl1,2
Authors: Elliker P. R. , Sing E. L. , Christensen L. J. , Sandine W. E. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
A study was made showing relationship between post-pasteurization contamination of milk and cream and increase in bacterial count of bottled and paper carton products during storage at 45 F for 5 days. A survey indicated extensive post-pasteurization contamination in plants not employing this type of keeping quality test. The 5-day at 45 F test was more sensitive than the coliform test in detecting post pasteurization contamination. Excessive numbers of thermoduric bacteria in the raw supply also were detected by this method when plant equipment was properly cleaned and sanitized.
Special in-line sampling techniques were developed to determine source of contamination. One procedure employed sterile disposable hypodermic syringes inserted through rubber stoppered nipples welded into lines at different locations in the system. Another technique involved removal of samples by insertion of sterile disposable hypodermic syringes through rubber or neoprene gaskets between joints in different locations in the plant.
Bottle and paper carton filler equipment offered special cleaning and sanitizing problems and suggestions were made on steps to minimize contamination from these sources.
Application of the 5-day at 45 F keeping quality test followed by careful study of contamination sources has greatly improved shelf life of pasteurized fluid milk and cream and has represented a real economic advantage to plants adopting the program.
AIR-BORNE MICROORGANISM POPULATIONS IN FOOD PACKAGING AREAS1,2
Authors: Heldman D. R. , Hedrick T. I. , Hall C. W. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
A slit air-sampler was used to ascertain the numbers of air-borne bacteria, yeasts and molds in dairy product packaging areas. The mean air-borne bacteria count for all food packaging areas investigated was below 6 per ft3. The highest mean count for a daily sampling period was just over 10 per ft3. The mean count for air-borne yeasts was 2 per ft3 for all samples collected. About 17% of all counts were less than 1 yeast per 5 ft3. The mean air-borne mold count for all samples was over 12 per ft3 with nearly 10% of the counts over 20 per ft3. A mean count in cottage cheese packaging was over 22 mold per ft3 while mean counts for individual sampling days revealed populations as high as 67 mold per ft3. There were significant day to day variations in all areas and standard deviations of daily sampling periods indicated significant variations within 4-hr test periods. Some degree of correlation between worker activity and air-borne counts was indicated by the results. However, it is evident that other factors also contribute to the air-borne population.
THE EFFECTS OF PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF DAIRY PRODUCTS ON CHLORINATED INSECTICIDE RESIDUE1, 2
Authors: Langlois B. E. , Liska B. J. , Hill D. L. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
The effects of processing and storage of butter, ice cream, Swiss-type cheese, condensed milk, and dry whole milk powder from milk containing DDT, lindane, and DDT and lindane in combination were studied. The only change in structure occurred to DDT and lindane during drying of the milk into powder. Lindane suppressed the amount of DDT residue in milk when both insecticides were fed together. In general, the finished products other than dry whole milk contained the same amount of insecticide as the raw milk when expressed on a fat basis.
CONTAMINATION OF FROZEN VEGETABLES BY COAGULASE-POSITIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI1
Authors: Splittstoesser D. F. , Hervey G. E. R. , Wettergreen W. P. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
The incidence of coagulase-positive staphylococci was determined in 112 samples of peas, green beans, and corn collected during different stages of processing for freezing. The highest staphylococcal counts were found in peas, 7.3 per g, while the greatest percentage of staphylococcal contaminated samples, 64%, was obtained with corn. The data indicated that although the hands of employees were a major source of these organisms, other factors were also involved. The gravity separator, used in the processing of peas, was found to be a potential area for staphylococcal build-up.
STUDIES WITH A BACTERIOPHAGE INHIBITORY MEDIUM
Authors: Henning D. R. , Sandine W. E. , Elliker P. R. , Hays Helen A. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
A phage resistant starter culture medium was examined for its ability to inhibit bacteriophages under several conditions. The medium also was tested for its ability to support growth of single strain starter culture organisms and for its effect on viability of starter bacteria during storage at 2 and −20 C. When prepared according to manufacturer's directions, the medium prevented phage proliferation and eliminated phages from infected cultures within three transfers. Preparation of the medium with water of 500 ppm hardness did not affect its phage-inhibiting properties. Single strains of Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus cremoris and Streptococcus diacetilactis grew well in the medium though there was variation between strains; Leuconostoc species were not able to grow well. Storage survival of starter organisms in the phage resistant medium also revealed considerable variation between strains; Leuconostoc sp. and S. diacetilactis survived poorly when stored in the medium, especially at 2 C, while S. lactis and S. cremoris survived well when held at −20 C.
SOME FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR VARIATION IN COUNTING SOMATIC CELLS ON PRESCOTT-BREED SMEARS OF MILK1
Authors: Schneider R. , Jasper D. E. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
By means of direct microscopic observation of cells in stained smears and projection of a series of color transparencies, differences in criteria used by individuals for identification of cells to be counted in Prescott-Breed smears were discovered and described. Extensive studies revealed a unique pattern of cell distribution within smears which can materially affect the outcome of a cell count depending upon the area selected for cell counting. Among other factors, variation in size of the smear was found to have a marked affect upon resultant sample count.
LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN RESEARCH ON BOTULISM1
Authors: Foster E. M. , Sugiyama H. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Research on C. botulinum is proceeding throughout the world at a pace never before equalled, with greatest emphasis on type E. It is now clear that this organism is widley distributed in the aquatic environment and may be a frequent contaminant of fish and other marine animals. Much is still to be learned about its ecology and why it occurs in higher concentrations in some environments than in others. Although a large body of information has accumulated about the organism's characteristics, there is still much to be done before the public can be protected with certainty against further outbreaks.
EFFECT OF PSEUDOMONADS AND ACHROMOBACTERACEAE ON GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS1,2
Authors: Seminiano Erlinda N. , Frazier W. C. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Pseudomonas and Achromobacteraceae cultures, mostly from foods, were tested for their effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus 196E in Trypticase Soy Broth at different temperatures (10 to 30 C) and with different ratios of effectors to staphylococci in inocula. Most cultures inhibited the staphylococcus, with inhibition becoming greater with decreasing proportions of S. aureus in the inoculum and decreasing temperatures of incubation, but inhibition usually was not as great as had been found with most coliform and lactic acid bacteria. Only a few of the Pseudomonas cultures could keep numbers of S. aureus below 5 × 106 cells per ml, even with an initial ratio of effectors to staphylococci of 100 : 1 and a low incubation temperature, although most cultures of Pseudomonas and Achromobacteraceae delayed the attainment of these numbers. Especially effective in inhibition of S. aureus were strains of Pseudomonas striata and P. mildenbergii or convexa, and a culture of Alcaligenes viscolactis.
At 15 C Pseudomonas fluorescens, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Achromobacter xerosis stimulated S. aureus enough during early growth to hasten the attainment of hazardous numbers of staphylococci by several hours. At 15, 25 and 30 C most cultures, however, delayed the growth of S. aureus, and all kept maximal numbers of staphylococci below those reached by the coccus growing alone, although numbers usually were less by only about one- to two-thirds.
Most strains of two Pseudomonas species affected S. aureus similarly, and the effects of eight species of effectors on two strains of S. aureus were, for the most part, similar.
EFFECT OF A HIGH-LEVEL AND A LOW-LEVEL MILK PIPELINE ON MILK FAT ACID DEGREE VALUES1
Authors: Gholson J. H. , Gelpi A. J. , Frye J. B. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
Dairy farm milk pipelines located 2 ft below normal udder level and 4 ft above, respectively, were used to determine the effect of milk pipeline height on induced lipolysis. Three trials involving 86 cows and 54 observations were made. The combined data from the three groups, when averaged, indicated mean spontaneous Acid Degree Value increases above mean initial values of 0.68 for the low line and 1.16 for the high line. These results were highly significant (P &lt;0.01) with milk handled through the high line showing a mean ADV increase of 0.48 more than the low line.
VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE OF FARM BULK TANK MILK AT TIME OF PICK UP1
Authors: Randolph H. E. , Langlois B. E. , Conner D. J. 
Published: November 2018

Summary
A study was made of the temperature of bulk tank milk at the time of pick up. The study included 534 Grade A producers from routes of 29 bulk tank haulers, with 22 brands of tanks ranging in age from &lt;1 to &gt;10 yr. Actual temperatures of milk at the time of pick up ranged from 0 to 12.8C (32 to 55 F). Differences were observed in the temperature of the top layer of milk before agitation and the blend temperature after agitation. Butterfat particles and ice were observed in approximately 8% and 2% of the tanks, respectively.
Approximately 8% of the bulk tank thermometers were either broken or out of order. About 20% of the tank thermometers' readings did not check within ± 3F of those of a test thermometer. The majority of the bulk tank haulers did not carry or use a test thermometer to check the temperature of the milk.
Fluvial response to changes in the magnitude and frequency of sediment supply in a 1-D model
Authors: Müller Tobias , Hassan Marwan A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. In steep headwater reaches, episodic mass movements can deliver large volumes
of sediment to fluvial channels. If these inputs of sediment occur with a
high frequency and magnitude, the capacity of the stream to rework the
supplied material can be exceeded for a significant amount of time. To study
the equilibrium conditions in a channel following different episodic sediment
supply regimes (defined by grain size distribution, frequency, and magnitude
of events), we simulate sediment transport through an idealized reach with
our numerical 1-D model “BESMo” (Bedload Scenario Model). The model
performs well in replicating flume experiments of a similar scope (where
sediment was fed constantly, in one, two, or four pulses) and allowed the
exploration of alternative event sequences. We show that in these
experiments, the order of events is not important in the long term, as the
channel quickly recovers even from high magnitude events. In longer
equilibrium simulations, we imposed different supply regimes on a channel,
which after some time leads to an adjustment of slope, grain size, and
sediment transport that is in equilibrium with the respective forcing
conditions. We observe two modes of channel adjustment to episodic sediment
supply. (1) High-frequency supply regimes lead to equilibrium slopes and
armouring ratios that are like conditions in constant-feed simulations. In
these cases, the period between pulses is shorter than a “fluvial evacuation
time”, which we approximate as the time it takes to export a pulse of
sediment under average transport conditions. (2) In low-frequency regimes the
pulse period (i.e., recurrence interval) exceeds the “fluvial evacuation
time”, leading to higher armouring ratios due to the longer exposure of the
bed surface to flow. If the grain size distribution of the bed is fine and
armouring weak, the model predicts a decrease in the average channel slope.
The ratio between the “fluvial evacuation time” and the pulse period
constitutes a threshold that can help to quantify how a system responds to
episodic disturbances.
Long-Term Survival and Glycemic Control with Toceranib Phosphate and Prednisone for a Metastatic Canine Insulinoma
Authors: Flesner Brian K. , Fletcher Jon M. , Smithee Taylor , Boudreaux Bonnie 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTCanine insulinoma is a highly metastatic neoplasm that is associated with a guarded to poor prognosis in dogs with distant metastases. A median survival of 6 mo has been reported for dogs with metastatic insulinoma. The dog in this report, diagnosed with stage III pancreatic insulinoma, had long-term glycemic control with survival of over 24 mo while receiving prednisone and toceranib phosphate after partial pancreatectomy. Toceranib phosphate has been shown to be an efficacious therapy for canine mast cell tumors with increasing evidence that it may be beneficial in the medical management of neuroendocrine tumors.
THE POSSIBILITY OF COPROCESSING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE - MSW IN CLINKER KILNS TO CEMENT PRODUCTION
Authors: Meystre J. A. , Silva R. J. 
Published: November 2018

The objective of this paper is to present an analysis of coprocessing in a cement production plant using Municipal Solid Waste - MSW as a secondary fuel and show the main advantages that burn into a incineration plant. The manufacture of Portland cement is a process that requires a large consumption of thermal and electrical energy and front of the immense worldwide energetic demand has increased its value every day. The typical operating cost involving this energy achieves 40% of the final product and due to increasing world consumption justifies the efforts to reduce the costs associated with its production. The use of high efficiency equipment coupled with the replacement of fossil fuels and conventional raw material for alternative products has given good results. The method of disposal of MSW in landfills in large urban centers is being used less and less. The creation of environmental laws increasingly severe shortages of allied areas not disturbed and the high cost of construction and operation of landfills hinders its viability. Moreover, there is a problem related to the emissions of gaseous and liquid effluents that help raise the cost for its control and treatment. The MSW, when recovered and separated, can become recyclable products and as energy sources. After separation of the usable material (organic matter and recyclable), remaining MSW materials with sufficient calorific value can be used in kilns to produce clinker. Moreover, the ash resulting from combustion may be incorporated in the clinker decreasing the initial amount of raw material. The use of MSW as alternative fuel has shown to be feasible in the clinker kiln, but their use is still limited by their availability, since their segregation is rarely practiced. The substitution of alternative inputs introduce restrictions to the process which must be safely handled in order to ensure the minimum quality and productivity of cement production plants. The use of MSW must have a thorough characterization of your composition, because of directly influences in the final product.
Dynamic Analysis of Nucleosides and Carbohydrates during Developmental Stages of Cordyceps militaris in Silkworm (Bombyxmori)
Authors: Wang Lan-Ying , Liang Xiao , Zhao Jing , Wang Ying , Li Shao-Ping 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Background: Cultured Cordyceps militaris is very popular. Objective: To gain dynamic insight into activity markers in fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) in Bombyxmori (B. mori), also named silkworm. Methods: The development stages of samples at 3, 9, 12, 19, 27, and 33 days after inoculation (DAI) were collected. HPLC coupled with diode array detection and evaporative light-scattering detection method (HPLC–DAD–ELSD) was used to determine eight makers, including six nucleosides and two carbohydrates from the samples. Results: C. militaris cultured 33 DAI with fifth star silkworm larva could accumulate higher levels of cordycepin (13.43 mg/g) than the highest reported cordycepin (8.57 g/L). The contents of cordycepin, adenosine, and trehalose were gradually increased with the formation of C. militaris fruiting bodies on silkworm larva, while mannitol was decreased. The change of guanosine was similar to uracil. Conclusions: Results suggested that mannitol could be accumulated in a short period during mycelium growth and could metabolize and transform into energy store and trehalose during fruit body formation. The inosine in the insect was completely utilized and transformed. The synergistic formation of cordycepin and adenosine or differences in metabolized pathways are a great possibility according to the same trend. Highlights: This research offered some reference to further find a certain regularity or metabolic mechanism.
Les usages du passé comme marqueurs des transformations de la culture politique québécoise en regard des débats constitutionnels (1960-1971)
Authors: Brousseau Desaulniers Antoine 
Published: November 2018

Cet article propose de retracer les changements observables dans l’instrumentalisation du passé par les responsables politiques québécois dans le cadre de la montée en importance de la question constitutionnelle au cours des années 1960. L’étude des débats parlementaires et des discours prononcés par les responsables politiques permet de regrouper les conflits de représentations qui ont lieu en trois « moments » de la culture politique québécoise de cette décennie. Ainsi, l’enjeu de l’héritage de Maurice Duplessis cède le pas à la question de la cohabitation entre les deux peuples fondateurs de la Confédération à la veille du centenaire de celle-ci. Cette question, d’abord consensuelle, est éventuellement l’objet de déchirements spectaculaires entre les acteurs du champ politique québécois.
Politiques de sécurité et unités de police pacificatrice à Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Dias Felix Annabelle 
Published: November 2018

La sécurité publique est un enjeu qui s’est imposé à la ville de Rio de Janeiro au début des années 2000. Les méga-événements sportifs ont accéléré le processus de réforme des politiques publiques de sécurité. En 2008, le gouverneur de l’État de Rio de Janeiro, Sergio Filho Cabral, met en place une politique « de pacification » de la ville. Le principal objet de cette politique réside en la création d’unités de police pacificatrice (UPP), une forme de police de proximité dont la mission est de réduire les taux de violence et de criminalité dans les favelas. Une nouveauté dans le paysage des politiques de sécurité de la région, puisque, jusqu’alors, les seules politiques de sécurité implantées dans les favelas consistaient en des opérations d’occupations ponctuelles répressives. L’instauration d’une politique de pacification pose donc des questions concernant sa mise en oeuvre sur le terrain. Comment met-on en place une police de proximité dans des endroits où l’État a longtemps été considéré comme absent ? Dans quelle mesure les policiers ne reproduisent-ils pas les pratiques habituelles violentes et répressives ? Quelle est la place du policier sur le terrain et comment construit-il une relation de proximité avec la population ?
Pour un postdoctorat réussi : les douze pièges à éviter1
Authors: Daigneault Pierre-Marc 
Published: November 2018

Le postdoctorat est de plus en plus populaire auprès des doctorants et des nouveaux docteurs en science politique qui aspirent à une carrière universitaire pour laquelle il y a beaucoup d’appelés et peu d’élus. Mais comment obtenir du financement postdoctoral et réussir son postdoctorat ? Je réponds à cette question à partir de mon expérience personnelle. Après avoir présenté les différents types de postdoctorat, je discute des « pièges » à éviter relatifs au candidat, au projet de recherche et à la demande de financement. Je conclus sur une note positive en proposant aux chercheurs postdoctoraux des objectifs ambitieux mais atteignables.
Prevalence of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stages by Social Determinants of Health
Authors: Zhu Ruixin , Wang Ran , He Jingjing , Wang Langrun , Chen Huiyu , Niu Xiaokang , Sun You , Guan Yiran , Gong Yifan , Zhang Liwei , An Peng , Li Keji , Ren Fazheng , Xu Weili , Guo Jie 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceCardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome—a novel, multistage, multisystem disorder as defined by the American Heart Association—is highly prevalent in the US. However, the prevalence of CKM stages by social determinants of health (SDOH) remains unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate whether the prevalence of CKM stages varies by SDOH in US adults.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2018) and included a nationally representative sample of adults aged 30 to 79 years through complex, multistage probability sampling. Data were analyzed from April 1 to June 15, 2024.ExposuresThe exposures included 5 CKM stages (ie, stages 0-4) reflecting progressive pathophysiology, with advanced (stages 3 or 4) and nonadvanced (stages 0, 1, or 2) disease. CKM stages were defined based on risk factors for metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease.Main Outcome and MeasuresThe main outcome was the age-standardized prevalence of CKM stages and advanced CKM stages across SDOH, including education, marital status, family income, food security, health insurance, employment, home ownership, and health care access.ResultsAmong 29 722 participants (weighted mean [SE] age, 50.8 [0.1] years; weighted 50.7% male), the age-standardized prevalence of CKM stages 0 to 4 was 13.6% (95% CI, 13.0%-14.3%), 29.9% (95% CI, 29.1%-30.7%), 43.7% (95% CI, 42.9%-44.5%), 4.7% (95% CI, 4.4%-5.0%), and 8.1% (95% CI, 7.6%-8.5%), respectively. Significant differences were observed in the prevalence of CKM stages across all unfavorable SDOH of interest compared with their favorable counterparts, with unemployment (18.8% [95% CI, 17.7%-20.1%] vs 11.4% [95% CI, 11.0%-11.9%]), low family income (16.1% [95% CI, 15.4%-16.8%] vs 10.1% [95% CI, 9.5%-10.7%]), and food insecurity (18.3% [95% CI, 17.1%-19.6%] vs 11.7% [95% CI, 11.2%-12.2%]) associated with an increased likelihood of advanced CKM stages. Participants with 2 or more unfavorable SDOH were more likely to have advanced CKM stages (age-standardized prevalence, 15.8% [95% CI, 15.2%-16.5%] vs 10.5% [95% CI, 9.9%-11.1%] with &amp;lt;2 unfavorable SDOH). Living in a rented home (15.9% [95% CI, 14.7%-17.0%] vs 9.3% [95% CI, 8.7%-9.9%] owning the home) or not living with a partner (13.2% [95% CI, 12.3%-14.3%] vs 9.2% [95% CI, 8.5%-9.8%] living with a partner) increased the likelihood of advanced CKM stages in female but not male participants.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, disparities in the prevalence of CKM stages by SDOH, particularly family income, food security, and employment, with notable sex differences, were observed in US adults. These findings highlight the need to address inequities in CKM syndrome through targeted interventions.