bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genre maps as a method to visualize engineering writing and argumentation patterns
Authors: Berdanier Catherine G. P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundGraduate engineering students are required to write for academic audiences; however, very few engineering programs teach engineering academic writing, and similarly, little research has been conducted on graduate engineering student writing.Purpose/HypothesisThe purposes of this study were to investigate the argumentation patterns employed in the research statements of graduate engineering students who won NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) awards as an example of authentic graduate engineering student academic writing and to introduce visual genre maps as a method of analyzing argument structure.Design/MethodThis study employed genre analysis methods to investigate the argumentation patterns of a corpus of 50 winning engineering NSF GRFP research proposals, using a rhetorical move‐step coding framework modified from prior genre work in English research.ResultsThe genre analysis resulted in nine rhetorical moves and subcategorical steps. The argumentation codes were graphed as a function of progress through the document to create maps of argumentation that can be compared across the corpus. Four resulting categories of genre maps emerged from the findings, indicating major patterns in argumentation structure.ConclusionsThe study of rhetorical moves of engineering graduate student research proposals offers students and instructors a way to present engineering writing from a genre lens. Genre maps may be an effective way for writers to envision the shape of written arguments and craft stronger technical messages.
New Biphenyl‐Based Bispyrazolines: Synthesis, Antimicrobial, and Docking Studies
Authors: Yusuf Mohamad , Nisa Shehneela , Paul Kamaldeep 
Published: August 2019

In this study, a series of new bispyrazolines 8(a–f) have been prepared from the cyclization reactions of bischalcones 7(a–f) with phenyl hydrazine by refluxing under the alkaline alcoholic (KOH/EtOH) conditions. The O‐alkylation reactions of hydroxyl substituted chalcone 6 with different 1,ω‐dibromoalkanes in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate, tetrabutylammonium iodide, and dry acetone afforded the symmetrical new bischalcones 7(a–f) in good yields. Chalcone 6 was realized by using the Claisen–Schmidt reaction of m‐hydroxyacetophenone with bipheny‐4‐carboxaldehyde. The various spectroscopic parameters such as IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and ESI‐MS have been thoroughly used for the structural interpretations of the newly prepared products. The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of these compounds have been examined with the help of serial tube dilution method, and many of the tested products were found to be revealing the promising antimicrobial properties, which were evident from their minimum inhibitory concentration values. The molecular docking simulations of the synthesized substances have also been achieved to observe the structural association into the active site of the Escherichia coli FabH (PdB: 3IL9). Docking results of these compounds suggested that bispyrazoline 8b demonstrated the lowest binding energy that describes its higher stability into the pocket of E. coli. The excellent inhibitory activity of this bisheterocycle against E. coli FabH may be ascribed on the basis of hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions.
Feeding kinematics and morphology of the alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula, Lacépède, 1803)
Authors: Lemberg Justin B. , Shubin Neil H. , Westneat Mark W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLiving gars are a small clade of seven species that occupy an important position on the actinopterygian phylogenetic tree as members of Holostei, sister‐group to teleosts, and exhibit many plesiomorphic traits used to interpret and reconstruct early osteichthyan feeding mechanisms. Previous studies of gar feeding kinematics have focused on the ram‐based, lateral‐snapping mode of prey capture found in the narrow‐snouted Lepisosteus genus, whereas this study focuses on a member of the broad‐snouted Atractosteus sister‐genus, the alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula, Lacépède, 1803). High‐speed videography reveals that the feeding system of alligator gars is capable of rapid expansion from anterior to posterior, timed in a way to generate suction, counteract the effects of a bow‐wave during ram‐feeding, and direct a unidirectional flow of water through the feeding system. Reconstructed contrast‐enhanced μCT‐based cranial anatomy and three‐dimensional modeling of linkage mechanics show that a lateral‐sliding palatoquadrate, flexible intrasuspensorial joint, pivoting interhyal, and retractable pectoral girdle increase the range of motion and expansive capabilities of the alligator gar feeding mechanism. Reconstructions of muscular anatomy, inferences from in vivo kinematics, and in situ manipulations show that input from the hyoid constrictors and hypaxials play an important role in decoupling and modulating the dual roles of the sternohyoideus during feeding: hyoid retraction (jaw opening) and hyoid rotation (pharyngeal expansion). The alligator gar possesses an intricate feeding mechanism, capable of precise control with plesiomorphic muscles that represent one of the many ways the ancestral osteichthyan feeding mechanism has been modified for prey capture.
Application of the normalized relative error distribution analysis for non‐destructive quality control of drugs by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Galeev Roman R. , Saveliev Anatoly A. , Galeeva Ekaterina V. , Falaleeva Tatyana S. , Aryslanov Ilshat R. , Semanov Dmitry A. , Davletshin Rustam R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDevelopment of drug quality control methods using non‐invasive methods, in particular Raman spectroscopy, is an important task in the pharmaceutical industry. This paper presents a new approach to the analysis of drug spectra obtained with portable Raman spectrometers. It represents a normalized relative error distribution analysis (nReDA). The proposed method uses the Pearson residuals distribution statistics and, compared with the correlation method, allows increasing the screening sensitivity to foreign components that are not contained in the original sample, with the same resistance to changes in the noise distribution and the peak ratios. On the basis of the statistical data, the nReDA in some way is similar to the techniques such as principal component analysis, however, it requires a considerably less spectra to build a representative model and is suitable for comparing Raman spectra, having a noise other than the Gaussian one. The paper shows the prospects of the algorithm for creating a spectral library and solving the problem of transferring Raman libraries to a large number of spectrometers of the same type.
Preparation of a high‐performance thermally shrinkable polystyrene SERS substrate via Au@Ag nanorods self‐assembled to detect pesticide residues
Authors: Zhao Hang , Hasi Wuliji , Li Nan , Sha Xuanyu , Han Siqingaowa 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper reports a “bottom‐up” substrate preparation method using a two‐phase interface self‐assembly technology that combines silver‐coated gold core–shell nanorods with the thermally shrinkable polystyrene (TSP) support material for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), that is, TSP‐SERS substrate. The gold nanorods with long absorption wavelength were used as the core, and the silver shells were coated to obtain the core–shell nanostructures with a stronger resonance with the wavelength of the light source. The density of the nanostructures and numbers of “hot spots” within the light spot increased via the three‐dimensional folding feature formed by thermal shrinkage. The combined effect of the two factors increases the enhancement factor by an order of magnitude to 107 after thermal contraction. The detection concentration of 4‐mercaptobenzoic acid can reach 10−9 M, and the maximum relative standard deviation is only 8.9%. In fact, the detection limit of benzimidazole on the surface of apple can reach 0.5 mg/L, and the recovery deviation is controlled within the range of 11.7%. The practical detection of benzimidazole pesticide residues showed that this method has wide application prospects in the detection of pesticide residues.
Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in sweet potato after heat treatment
Authors: Kim Min Young , Lee Byong Won , Lee Hyeong‐Un , Lee Yu Young , Kim Mi Hyang , Lee Jin Young , Lee Byoung Kyu , Woo Koan Sik , Kim Hyun‐Joo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe ability of heat treatment with a soaking solvent to increase soluble phenolic compounds due to the liberation or breakdown of the cell matrix has been investigated in various plants. This study investigated the changes in phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of 12 sweet potato cultivars after heat treatment with distilled water or prethanol A.RESULTSThe highest total polyphenol content (134.67 mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract residue) and flavonoid content (65.43 mg catechin equivalents/g extract residue) was observed in the ‘Jami’ (JM) cultivar after heat treatment with prethanol A. Higher polyphenol and flavonoid content was generally observed in the purple sweet potato cultivars. Salicylic acid was the major phenolic acid, followed by protocatechuic acid or chlorogenic acid in almost all untreated sweet potato cultivars. The salicylic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, and caffeic acid content of the sweet potatoes increased after the heat treatment, whereas the protocatechuic acid and chlorogenic acid content decreased. The highest 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethyl benzothiazoline)‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity levels were observed in the JM cultivar subjected to heat treatment with prethanol A (48.15 and 80.00 mg TE/g extract residue, respectively).CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that heat treatment with a soaking solvent is an efficient method to enhance the antioxidant characteristics of Korean sweet potato cultivars. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of high levels of CO2on the electrochemical behavior and the enzymatic and non‐enzymatic antioxidant systems in black and white table grapes stored at 0 °C
Authors: Romero Irene , Domínguez Irene , Doménech‐Carbó Antonio , Gavara Rafael , Escribano Maria Isabel , Merodio Carmen , Sanchez‐Ballesta Maria Teresa 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this study, we analyzed the effect of the application of high levels of CO2 (20 kPa CO2 + 20 kPa O2 + 60 kPa N2) for 3 days at low temperature on a white table‐grape cultivar (Superior Seedless) in comparison with a black one (cv. Autumn Royal) in terms of quality parameters. We also used a solid‐state voltammetry methodology to analyze the effect of the 3‐day gaseous treatment in berry tissues from both cultivars in the first stage of storage. We determined the role of the non‐enzymatic (total phenols, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity) and the enzymatic antioxidant (catalase (GCAT), ascorbate peroxidase (VcAPX) gene expression) systems in the behaviors of both cultivars.RESULTSOur results indicate that the application of a 3‐day gaseous treatment was effective in maintaining the quality of black and white table grapes for up to 28 days of storage at 0 °C. The electrochemical methodology applied was useful for differentiating between skin and pulp samples, and between black and white table grape cultivars. Some molecular mechanisms were modulated in the skin of both cultivars to overcome oxidative stress, which was not manifested with the same intensity in grapes treated with CO2 for 3 days. However, some differences were observed in relation to the non‐enzymatic system.CONCLUSIONThe 3‐day gaseous treatment was useful to maintain black and white table grape quality at 0 °C. The voltammetry analysis indicated that CO2‐treated samples from the skin and pulp showed more similarity to freshly harvested ones. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro studies on the interactions of blood lipid level‐related biological molecules with gallic acid and tannic acid
Authors: Zeng Xiangquan , Sheng Zhongting , Li Xiangxin , Fan Xinguang , Jiang Weibo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo provide the scientific evidence for a possible new mechanism of hypolipidemic effects of gallic acid (GA) and tannic acid (TA), the binding capacity of GA and TA with blood lipid level‐related biological molecules, including fat, cholesterol and cholates, were investigated in vitro. Additionally, we attempted to study the interactions of cholates with GA and TA by spectroscopic methods, high‐performance liquid chromatography electrospray‐ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐MS) analysis and molecular modeling studies.RESULTSOur results demonstrated that both GA and TA were capable of binding with the blood lipid level‐related biological molecules in vitro. The fat‐binding capacity of TA was 122.1% that of GA when the addition of polyphenol was 90 mg. The inhibitory effects of GA and TA on the cholesterol solubility in mixed micelles and liquid egg yolk exhibited a dose‐dependent relationship (0.5–2.0 mg mL−1). In cholate‐binding tests, TA showed higher affinity for sodium cholate than GA at a concentration of 2.0 mg mL−1, while no significant difference in the affinity for sodium deoxycholate was found between GA and TA. Moreover, the data of spectroscopic methods, HPLC‐ESI‐MS analysis and molecular modeling studies indicated that GA and TA might precipitate cholates through hydrophobic interactions and intermolecular hydrogen bonds rather than covalent bonds.CONCLUSIONThe findings of the present study suggested that the binding capacity of GA and TA with blood lipid level‐related biological molecules might play a crucial role in their hypolipidemic effects in animals. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Temporally Controlled Ultrasonication‐Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Miniemulsion
Authors: Zaborniak Izabela , Chmielarz Paweł 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDue to the increasing requirement for more environmentally and industrially relevant approaches in macromolecules synthesis, ultrasonication‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (sono‐ATRP) in miniemulsion media is applied for the first time to obtain precisely defined poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (PBA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) homopolymers, and poly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐block‐poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PBA‐b‐PtBA) and poly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐block‐poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA‐b‐PBA) copolymers. It is demonstrated in the reaction setup with strongly hydrophilic catalyst copper(II) bromide/tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine (CuIIBr2/TPMA) responsible for two principal mechanisms – interfacial and ion‐pair catalysis reflecting single‐catalyst approach. This solution turns out to be an excellent tool in controlled preparation of well‐defined polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution (up to Ð = 1.28) and preserves chain‐end functionality (DCF = 0.02% to 0.32%). Temporal control over the polymer chain growth is successfully conducted by turning the ultrasonication on/off. Taking into consideration long OFF stage (92.5 h) during ultrasonication‐induced polymerization in miniemulsion, synthesis is efficiently reinitiated without any influence on controlled characteristics maintaining the precise structure of received PBA homopolymers, confirmed by narrow molecular weight distribution (Ð = 1.26) and high retention of chain‐end functionality (DCF = 0.01%). This procedure constitutes an excellent simple and eco‐friendly approach in preparation of functional polymeric materials.
Controlling the Aspect Ratio of Supramolecular Fibers by Ultrasonication
Authors: Steinlein Christoph , Kreger Klaus , Schmidt Hans‐Werner 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTailoring the fiber length of supramolecular fibers with a homogeneous length distribution is challenging. Typically, self‐assembly processes, a bottom‐up approach, allow controlling the supramolecular fiber diameter but not the fiber length. Therefore, in this study, a top‐down approach, namely ultrasonication, is applied to achieve dimensional control of the length of supramolecular fibers. As a supramolecular building block, the benzenetrisamide (BTA),1,3,5‐tris(2,2‐dimethylpropionylamino)benzene (t‐Bu‐BTA), is selected since it effectively forms rigid supramolecular submicron fibers from solution. The important ultrasonication processing parameters, such as sonication time, fiber concentration, dispersion medium, and dispersion temperature are systematically varied to determine their influence on the final fiber length and length distribution. Controlling the cutting into short submicron fibers is readily achieved by adjusting the applied sonication time and the viscosity of the dispersion medium. Based on these results, it is now possible to tailor the aspect ratio of supramolecular submicron fibers.
Contrast Acuity With Different Colors in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Gupta Harsh V. , Zhang Nan , Driver‐Dunckley Erika , Mehta Shyamal H. , Beach Thomas G. , Adler Charles H. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundAbnormal color vision and contrast acuity may have significant impact on daily activities.ObjectiveEvaluate color visual acuity, at high and low contrast, in Parkinson's disease (PD) and controls using an iPad application.MethodsColor visual acuity was tested with the Variable Contrast Acuity Chart (King‐Devick Test LLC, Oakbrook Terrace, IL) on an iPad 2 at 40 cms using five colors (red, green, blue, yellow, and black) at low (2.5%) and high (100%) contrast. A numerical score (0–95) was assigned based on the number of correctly identified letters.ResultsThirty‐six PD (mean ± standard deviation age 68 ± 10 years) and 36 controls (72 ± 11.2 years) were studied. PD disease duration was 6.4 ± 4.6 years; MDS‐UPDRS part II was 11.7 ± 7.0, and part III was 24.5 ± 9.9. After adjusting for age and sex, PD patients had significantly (P < 0.05) lower scores at high (100%) as well as low (2.5%) contrast for all five colors tested (red, green, blue, yellow, and black), except yellow low contrast (2.5%; P = 0.10). The largest effect size (0.88) was with yellow high contrast, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy using a cut‐off score of 82 was 31%, 97%, 92%, 58%, and 64%, respectively. No correlation to disease duration was found.ConclusionsThis iPad application may be a simple‐to‐use biomarker for assessing color vision in PD. Further research is needed to determine disease specificity and whether there is a role in monitoring disease progression, treatment response, and identifying prodromal PD.
The Geographic Diversity of Spinocerebellar Ataxias (SCAs) in the Americas: A Systematic Review
Authors: Teive Hélio A. G. , Meira Alex T. , Camargo Carlos Henrique F. , Munhoz Renato P. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe frequency and presentation of each of the most common forms of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) varies widely. In the case of the Americas, this diversity is particularly dynamic given additional social, demographic, and cultural characteristics.ObjectiveTo describe the regional prevalence and clinical phenotypes of SCAs throughout the continent.MethodsA literature search was performed in both MEDLINE and LILACS databases. The research was broadened to include the screening of reference lists of systematic review articles for additional studies. Investigations dating from the earliest available through 2019. Only studies in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were included. We analyzed publications with genetically confirmed cases only, ranging from robust samples with epidemiological data to case reports and case series from each country or regions.ResultsOverall, SCA3 is the most common form in the continent. Region‐specific prevalence and ranking of the common forms vary. On the other hand, region‐specific phenotypic variations were not consistently found based on the available literature analyzed, with the exception of the absence of epilepsy in SCA10 consistently described in a particular cluster of cases in South Brazil.ConclusionSystematic, multinational studies analyzing in detail the true frequencies of SCAs across the Americas as well as distinct clinical signs and clues of each form would be ideal to look for these potential variations.
Handwriting Movement Abnormalities in Symptomatic and Premanifest Huntington's Disease
Authors: Caligiuri Michael , Snell Chase , Park Sungmee , Corey‐Bloom Jody 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundKinematic measures of handwriting movements are sensitive to mild subclinical motor abnormalities stemming from a wide range of disorders involving the basal ganglia including Huntington's disease (HD). Prior research has not investigated handwriting movements in at‐risk individuals in the premanifest stage of HD.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine whether handwriting movement abnormalities are present prior to clinically manifest chorea in HD.MethodsA total of 38 symptomatic HD, 30 gene‐positive premanifest, and 25 healthy control participants completed handwriting tasks consisting of circles, loops, sentences, and spirals with a noninking pen on a digitizing tablet. Multiple measures of pen stroke kinematics and pressure were measured along with the cognitive and motor status of each participant. Burden of pathology and CAG × age product scores were obtained from each participant with HD.ResultsParticipants with HD exhibited significantly longer and more variable stroke durations, decreased handwriting smoothness, and increased and more variable pen pressures when compared with the healthy controls. We found significant positive associations between stroke duration and both burden of pathology and CAG × age product. Results from a discriminant function analysis revealed a 7‐factor model that distinguished premanifest from healthy controls with 85% accuracy. Factors in the model included greater variability in stroke amplitude, velocity and pen pressure, higher levels of pen pressure, longer stroke durations, and lower velocities for combinations of handwritten circles, sentences, and spirals.ConclusionsThese findings support the clinical utility of dynamic measures of handwriting kinematics as a potential early behavioral biomarker in HD.