bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying dispersal between marine protected areas by a highly mobile species, the bottlenose dolphin,Tursiops truncatus
Authors: Nykänen Milaja , Dillane Eileen , Englund Anneli , Foote Andrew D. , Ingram Simon N. , Louis Marie , Mirimin Luca , Oudejans Machiel , Rogan Emer 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe functioning of marine protected areas (MPAs) designated for marine megafauna has been criticized due to the high mobility and dispersal potential of these taxa. However, dispersal within a network of smallMPAs can be beneficial as connectivity can result in increased effective population size, maintain genetic diversity, and increase robustness to ecological and environmental changes making populations less susceptible to stochastic genetic and demographic effects (i.e., Allee effect). Here, we use both genetic and photo‐identification methods to quantify gene flow and demographic dispersal betweenMPAs of a highly mobile marine mammal, the bottlenose dolphinTursiops truncatus. We identify three populations in the waters of western Ireland, two of which have largely nonoverlapping core coastal home ranges and are each strongly spatially associated with specificMPAs. We find high site fidelity of individuals within each of these two coastal populations to their respectiveMPA. We also find low levels of demographic dispersal between the populations, but it remains unclear whether any new gametes are exchanged between populations through these migrants (genetic dispersal). The population sampled in the Shannon Estuary has a low estimated effective population size and appears to be genetically isolated. The second coastal population, sampled outside of the Shannon, may be demographically and genetically connected to other coastal subpopulations around the coastal waters of theUK. We therefore recommend that the methods applied here should be used on a broader geographically sampled dataset to better assess this connectivity.
The importance of size, location, and vegetation composition of perennial fallows for farmland birds
Authors: Meichtry‐Stier Kim S. , Duplain Jérôme , Lanz Michael , Lugrin Bernard , Birrer Simon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAcross Europe, patches of un‐cropped land (field margins, fallows, etc.) have been established and managed as part of agri‐environment schemes (AES) to counteract the decrease in farmland biodiversity. Various studies demonstrate a positive impact of such un‐cropped land on different taxa. However, there is potential to further improve the efficiency of fallow options for farmland birds. In a long‐term monitoring, 12 breeding farmland bird species and sizes of perennial fallows were recorded from 1992 to 2015 in a 6.1 km2area in Switzerland. Furthermore, habitat composition and fallow characteristics were mapped in 2012. We calculated population trends, analyzed habitat associations and revealed the impact of fallow habitat characteristics on territory density. The proportion of fallows in the study site increased from 1.4% (1992) to 8.5% (2012). Population trends of six of 12 censused species increased significantly over the same time, four species showed no trend and trends of two species decreased. Seven species were analyzed in more detail, for five of them fallows were overrepresented around their territory center points compared to arable fields and grassland. The overall territory density of these five species was higher in small fallows which were not placed next to a wood and which held bramblerubusspp., shrubs and the tall‐growing forb goldenrod (Solidago canadensisandS. gigantea). Our study confirms that perennial fallows are a highly suitable option to support different farmland birds in arable landscapes. Yet, we recommend optimizing fallows through careful site selection and management, such that they are not established on shady locations and are structurally diverse by allowing brambles, shrubs, and tall‐growing forbs to occur. We suggest adapting the Swiss AES in this regard. Biodiversity‐related advisory services available for farmers could increase the probability that fallow options are implemented and managed properly for targeted species.
Hybridization and postzygotic isolation promote reinforcement of male mating preferences in a diverse group of fishes with traditional sex roles
Authors: Moran Rachel L. , Zhou Muchu , Catchen Julian M. , Fuller Rebecca C. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBehavioral isolation is thought to arise early in speciation due to differential sexual and/or natural selection favoring different preferences and traits in different lineages. Instead, behavioral isolation can arise due to reinforcement favoring traits and preferences that prevent maladaptive hybridization. In darters, female preference for male coloration has been hypothesized to drive speciation, because behavioral isolation evolves before F1 inviability. However, as with many long‐lived organisms, the fitness of second‐generation hybrids has not been assessed because raising animals to adulthood in the laboratory is challenging. Of late, reinforcement of male preferences has been implicated in darters because male preference for conspecific females is high in sympatry but absent in allopatry in multiple species pairs. The hypothesis that reinforcement accounts for behavioral isolation in sympatry assumes that hybridization and postzygotic isolation are present. Here, we used genomic and morphological data to demonstrate that hybridization is ongoing between orangethroat and rainbow darters and used hybrids collected from nature to measure postzygotic barriers across two hybrid generations. We observed sex ratio distortion in adult F1s and a dramatic reduction in backcross survival. Our findings indicate that selection to avoid hybridization promotes the evolution of male‐driven behavioral isolation via reinforcement in this system.
Improving conservation effectiveness of nature reserve for golden snub‐nosed monkey, a niche‐based approach
Authors: Yan Zhaogui , Teng Mingjun , He Wei , Wang Yuan , Yang Jingyuan , Wang Pengcheng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractReserve selections are often opportunistic rather than strategic and coordinated, and consequently, many reserves are ineffective to achieve their intended goals of conservation. Here, we assessed the conservation effectiveness of a reserve for the golden snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) with a niche‐based approach. We assessed habitat usage of the monkeys in Shennongjia Nature Reserve (SNR) and attributes of 14 environmental variables that could potentially affect the monkeys’ habitat use. Spatial distribution of potentially suitable habitat for the monkeys was then modeled with Maxent, a niche‐based model, and conservation effectiveness of SNR was assessed by comparing the current boundary of the reserve with the spatial distribution of the modeled potential habitat and the current habitat area of the monkeys. Only 59% of the habitat area and 61% of the predicted potential habitat area were under the protection of SNR. To improve conservation effectiveness of SNR, we proposed that the current SNR be enlarged by 270 km2. The enlarged reserve would encompass 100% of the existing habitat area plus 89% of the predicted potential habitat area. Using the niche‐based approach, we were able to integrate habitat usage data of the target species with that of remote sensing to identify areas potentially suitable as habitat for the species. This information can be used not only for improving conservation effectiveness of existing reserves but also for the effective planning and designing of new reserves.
Examining the interglacial high‐elevation refugia scenario in East Asian subtropical mountain systems with the frog species Leptobrachium liui
Authors: Zheng Yuchi , Hu Junhua , Zeng Xiaomao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe effects of Quaternary climatic oscillations on the distributions of organisms in different parts of the world are not equally well understood, limiting the ability to understand the determinants of biodiversity. Compared with the mountain regions in southern Europe and southwestern North America, such effects on high‐elevation species in the East Asian subtropical mountain systems located in southern and southeastern China have seldom been addressed. In this study, using Leptobrachium liui (Megophryidae), we made one of the earliest attempts to examine the interglacial high‐elevation refugia scenario in these Asian mountains. Based on our current understanding of the study system, we formulated a hypothesis that these frogs of western origin were distributed more widely and continuously during glacial phases, allowing eastward dispersal, and that they are currently isolated in interglacial refugia at higher elevations. Microsatellite data and mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data were obtained with extensive sampling followed by the synthesis of phylogeographic and population genetic analyses and modeling of the species distribution. The analyses revealed a sequential eastward divergence of microsatellite clusters and gene lineages accompanied by a decline in genetic diversity. Molecular dating estimates revealed divergence events in the Pleistocene, and a reduction in local populations was inferred to have occurred at a time comparable to the end of the last glacial. Strong genetic isolation by distance reflecting a more continuous historical distribution was detected. Furthermore, environmental niche models inferred a wide planar distribution during the last glacial maximum, providing further support for the hypothesis.
The effects of a bacterial challenge on reproductive success of fruit flies evolved under low or high sexual selection
Authors: Nystrand Magdalena , Cassidy Elizabeth J. , Dowling Damian K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe capacity of individuals to cope with stress, for example, from pathogen exposure, might decrease with increasing levels of sexual selection, although it remains unclear which sex should be more sensitive. Here, we measured the ability of each sex to maintain high reproductive success following challenges with either heat‐killed bacteria or procedural control, across replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster evolved under either high or low levels of sexual selection. Our experiment was run across four separate sampling blocks. We found an interaction between bacterial treatment, sexual selection treatment, and sampling block on female reproductive success. Specifically, and only in the fourth block, we observed that bacterial‐challenged females that had evolved under high sexual selection, exhibited lower reproductive success than bacterial‐challenged females that had evolved under low sexual selection. Furthermore, we could trace this block‐specific effect to a reduction in viscosity of the ovipositioning substrate in the fourth block, in which females laid around 50% more eggs than in previous blocks. In contrast, patterns of male reproductive success were consistent across blocks. Males that evolved under high sexual selection exhibited higher reproductive success than their low‐selection counterparts, regardless of whether they were subjected to a bacterial challenge or not. Our results are consistent with the prediction that heightened sexual selection will invoke male‐specific evolutionary increases in reproductive fitness. Furthermore, our findings suggest that females might pay fitness costs when exposed to high levels of sexual selection, but that these costs may lie cryptic, and only be revealed under certain environmental contexts.
Connectivity and habitat typology drive CO2 and CH4 fluxes across land–water interfaces in lowland rivers
Authors: Bolpagni Rossano , Laini Alex , Mutti Tiziana , Viaroli Pierluigi , Bartoli Marco 
Published: August 2018

AbstractLowland rivers are assumed to be a net source of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). However, little is known about the contribution of marginal permanent and temporary riverine aquatic systems to river carbon metabolism. Elevation, in relation to flooding, hydro‐morphological, and ecological features of such habitats, can affect the gas fluxes across the water–atmosphere interfaces and the periodically air‐exposed riverbeds. This hypothesis was investigated in the lowland sector of the Po River (Northern Italy) from May to September 2008. Five different aquatic habitats were considered: the main river course; a backwater habitat; and three lateral lentic waterbodies—an oxbow and two quarry lakes of different age. The water mass was always CO2 and CH4 supersaturated, and gas fluxes were from the water to the atmosphere. In the highly dynamic river course and backwaters, CO2 emission rates were nearly one order of magnitude greater than in the lentic and hypoxic oxbow and quarry lakes. By contrast, CH4 fluxes peaked in the lentic, deeper, and permanent water bodies. At sediment–atmosphere interfaces, the CO2 emissions increased along an organic matter, a water saturation, and a chlorophyll a gradient, attaining the maximum rates in the periodically air‐exposed riverbed and marginal sandy sediments. These differences in gas fluxes resulted from either the submersion persistence or the alternation of submersion and emersion phases, which were ultimately due to the gap between elevation and river water variations. All this stresses the critical role of marginal aquatic habitats for river C budget.
Floating seed dispersal in open channel flow with emergent vegetation
Authors: Liu Xiaoguang , Zeng Yuhong , Huai Wenxin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the effects of stem density and flow velocity on interaction processes between two types of floating particles and rigid emergent vegetation in open channel flow. A new definition of the probability that a floating particle interacts with a stem is proposed and validated, and particle–stem interaction processes (including collision and capture mechanisms) are further explored, including a collision model proposed and validated to predict the probability of collision with a correction parameter. We also establish an appropriate length scale to analyse the particle–stem mechanism (for the vegetation characteristics and arrangement used in this study). A more accurate statistical model based on Gamma function is proposed to describe floating particle dispersal from unvegetated section to vegetated section, which is verified compared with exponential model, and two empirical formulas are proposed to apply the Gamma distribution to the particle dispersal in natural systems. We also propose a dimensionless parameter to evaluate the attraction capacity of the floating particle attached to the stem based on analysing forces acting on the particle. Phenomena observed in these experiments are presented for future analysis and research.
Subcarriers assignment scheme for multiple secondary users in OFDMA‐based IEEE 802.22 WRAN: A game theoretic approach
Authors: Gupta Nitin , Dhurandher Sanjay Kumar , Woungang Isaac 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this work, cognitive radio and orthogonal frequency division multiple access–based IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area networks is considered. Generally, subchannel is assigned to the user having the best channel gain to that subchannel and problem is known to be NP‐hard. This assignment sometimes results in the unfair allocation where user with best channel gain is allocated more carriers as compared with the user with worst channel condition. In this work, a suboptimal algorithm is developed in which initially optimal number of subcarriers are found considering the equal power distribution. The problem is formulated as an oligopoly market competition and a noncooperative Cournot game is used in which different unlicensed secondary users (SUs) compete for the number of subcarriers based upon the data rate they are getting from current channel condition. The fair distribution of subcarriers is ensured by finding the Nash equilibrium. After subchannels are assigned to the SUs, power allocation is performed for each user with the water‐filling algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can attain superior performance over considered benchmark scheme in the literature in terms of minimum data rate and fairness achieved by the SU. Results validating fair allocation of subcarriers is also shown.
Task‐evoked functional connectivity does not explain functional connectivity differences between rest and task conditions
Authors: Lynch Lauren K. , Lu Kun‐Han , Wen Haiguang , Zhang Yizhen , Saykin Andrew J. , Liu Zhongming 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDuring complex tasks, patterns of functional connectivity differ from those in the resting state. However, what accounts for such differences remains unclear. Brain activity during a task reflects an unknown mixture of spontaneous and task‐evoked activities. The difference in functional connectivity between a task state and the resting state may reflect not only task‐evoked functional connectivity, but also changes in spontaneously emerging networks. Here, we characterized the differences in apparent functional connectivity between the resting state and when human subjects were watching a naturalistic movie. Such differences were marginally explained by the task‐evoked functional connectivity involved in processing the movie content. Instead, they were mostly attributable to changes in spontaneous networks driven by ongoing activity during the task. The execution of the task reduced the correlations in ongoing activity among different cortical networks, especially between the visual and non‐visual sensory or motor cortices. Our results suggest that task‐evoked activity is not independent from spontaneous activity, and that engaging in a task may suppress spontaneous activity and its inter‐regional correlation.
Serum Angiopoietin‐2 Predicts Mortality and Kidney Outcomes in Decompensated Cirrhosis
Authors: Allegretti Andrew S. , Vela Parada Xavier , Ortiz Guillermo A. , Long Joshua , Krinsky Scott , Zhao Sophia , Fuchs Bryan C. , Sojoodi Mozhdeh , Zhang Dongsheng , Karumanchi S. Ananth , Kalim Sahir , Nigwekar Sagar U. , Thadhani Ravi I. , Parikh Samir M. , Chung Raymond T. 
Published: August 2018

Acute kidney injury in decompensated cirrhosis has limited therapeutic options, and novel mechanistic targets are urgently needed. Angiopoietin‐2 is a context‐specific antagonist of Tie2, a receptor that signals vascular quiescence. Considering the prominence of vascular destabilization in decompensated cirrhosis, we evaluated Angiopoietin‐2 to predict clinical outcomes. Serum Angiopoietin‐2 was measured serially in a prospective cohort of hospitalized patients with decompensated cirrhosis and acute kidney injury. Clinical characteristics and outcomes were examined over a 90‐day period and analyzed according to Angiopoietin‐2 levels. Primary outcome was 90‐day mortality. Our study included 191 inpatients (median Angiopoietin‐2 level 18.2 [interquartile range 11.8, 26.5] ng/mL). Median Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score was 23 [17, 30] and 90‐day mortality was 41%. Increased Angiopoietin‐2 levels were associated with increased mortality (died 21.9 [13.9, 30.3] ng/mL vs. alive 15.2 [9.8, 23.0] ng/mL; P < 0.001), higher Acute Kidney Injury Network stage (stage I 13.4 [9.8, 20.1] ng/mL vs. stage II 20.0 [14.1, 26.2] ng/mL vs. stage III 21.9 [13.0, 29.5] ng/mL; P = 0.002), and need for renal replacement therapy (16.5 [11.3, 23.6] ng/mL vs. 25.1 [13.3, 30.3] ng/mL; P = 0.005). The association between Angiopoietin‐2 and mortality was significant in unadjusted and adjusted Cox regression models (P ≤ 0.001 for all models), and improved discrimination for mortality when added to MELD score (integrated discrimination increment 0.067; P = 0.001). Conclusion: Angiopoietin‐2 was associated with mortality and other clinically relevant outcomes in a cohort of patients with decompensated cirrhosis with acute kidney injury. Further experimental study of Angiopoietin/Tie2 signaling is warranted to explore its potential mechanistic and therapeutic role in this population.
Stepwise Self‐Assembly and Dynamic Exchange of Supramolecular Snowflakes
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Wang Heng , Shi Junjuan , Wang Pingshan , Liu Changlin , Wang Ming , Li Xiaopeng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSnowflake, a highly symmetrical hexagram figure, is challenging to be expressed by chemistry/supramolecular chemistry due to the complex structure. Herein, we have constructed super snowflake supramolecules using terpyridine (tpy)‐based metal‐organic building blocks with
tpy‐Ru(II)‐tpy
and
tpy‐Zn(II)‐tpy
connectivities through stepwise strategies in high yield. The structures were characterized by multi‐dimensional mass spectrometry and multi‐dimensional NMR spectrometry. In order to address the stability/tolerance of our designed super snowflake structures, ligand exchange behaviors between different supramolecules with various arm length were fully investigated by mass spectrometry. The study revealed that three modes could exist in such binary systems, including full exchange, partial exchange and self‐sorting (no exchange) depending on the length difference of ligands.
Renaissance of the Methane Adsorbents
Authors: Shi Zhao‐Lin , Zhang Yue‐Biao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractClean vehicles empowered by natural gas is an immediate solution to meet the demands of the cut off of CO2 emission, energy crisis, and air‐pollution control. To boost the on‐board storage capacity, safety and efficiency, great efforts have been made in developing advanced porous materials as methane adsorbents to store more gas under lower pressure or in a more compact space so‐called adsorbed natural gas (ANG) technique. A blooming of methane adsorbents and the competition of methane storage records have been therefore awakened by the reticular chemistry of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), through which the adsorption sites, functionalities, and nano‐confinement space can be then controlled and manipulated. In this personal account, we walk through the research paradigm shifts in MOFs for on board methane storage. Furthermore, inspiration and considerations are also discussed, which can be further transferred into the discovery of other methane adsorbents.
Migration and sociodemographic factors associated with sense of place attitudes among migrants of African background in Northern and Western Netherlands
Authors: Counted Victor , Moustafa Ahmed , Renzaho Andre 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article investigates migration and sociodemographic factors associated with attitudes toward specific geographic settings (place attachment [PA], place identity, place dependence [PD]) in a cross‐sectional data (N = 175) of sub‐Saharan African residents in the Northern Netherlands and the Western Netherlands. Overall, it was found that scores of PA and PD were stronger in long‐term African residents (more than 5 years) than among short‐term residents (less than 5 years). The region of residence was positively related to PD, with participants in western Netherlands having stronger PD compared to those in the northern region. Language proficiency was inversely associated with PD among participants with a little knowledge of Dutch compared to those who could speak Dutch fluently. Older African residents (aged 46–55 years) were more likely to develop PA and PD than their younger counterparts (aged 18–25 years). PA scores were significantly lower for participants with a tertiary education background compared to those with a high school education or less educational attainment. PD scores were lower in females than males, and participants from Western Africa had stronger levels of PD compared to those from Central Africa. Implications of these findings are discussed.