bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Economic Burden of COVID-19: Findings from Southern Iran
Authors: Faryabi Reza , Bordbar Shima , Bahmaei Jamshid , Yusefi Ali Reza 
Published: December 2024

Background and Objective
COVID-19 is an acute respiratory disease that poses a significant threat to public health. Recognizing the impact and costs associated with this disease can assist policymakers in making informed decisions about the allocation of resources. Therefore, this study estimated the economic burden of COVID-19 from a societal perspective, focusing on patients admitted to the referral hospital for this disease in southern Iran in 2022.

Methods
This descriptive and analytical study employed a random sampling method to select patients admitted to hospitals affiliated with Jiroft University of Medical Sciences in southern Kerman, Iran. The sampling period spanned from March 2020 to February 2021. In total, 450 patients were included in this study. A researcher-made checklist was used as the data collection tool. The data were then analyzed using a t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The analysis was performed using SPSS23, with the significance level set at 0.05.

Results
The study estimated the total direct cost, total indirect cost, total cost of the studied patients, and the economic burden of COVID-19 disease as 600,211.89, 193,667.28, 793,879.17, and 4,186,389.48 dollars, respectively. A statistically significant correlation was found between length of stay (r=0.858, p<0.001), type of insurance (F=2.853, P=0.023), and total direct cost.

Conclusion
Based on these results, it is evident that COVID-19 has imposed a substantial economic burden. The study findings emphasize the need for decision-makers to take measures and implement effective interventions to address COVID-19. This can be achieved by controlling risk factors, drawing upon successful experiences from other countries, and following recommendations provided by international organizations. By reducing the number of infections, the economic burden associated with the disease can be alleviated.
Effects of the Herbal Soft Gel Capsule Containing Pimpinella Anisum, Oenothera Biennis, and Salvia Sclarea Oils on Premenstrual Syndrome: A
Triple-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial Study
Authors: Simbar Masoumeh , Mahboubi Mohaddese , Nazarpour Soheila , Majd Hamid Alavi , Kiani Zahra , Fakari Farzaneh Rashidi , Khorrami Mobina , Keyvanfar Sepideh , Saberi Naiereh 
Published: December 2024

Objective:
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a combination of physical and psychological
symptoms that start during the luteal phase. There are no specific effective and safe remedies to relieve
these symptoms. However, there is a great tendency to use herbal medicines instead of chemical
medicines. This study aimed to assess and compare the effects of a soft gel capsule containing Pimpinella
anisum, Oenothera biennis, and Salvia sclarea oils (POS) with control, before and after use in two
consecutive cycles, on physical and psychological symptoms of PMS.

Methods:
This was a triple-blind randomized clinical trial performed on 67 female students, who were
residents in dormitories of the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science in Tehran, Iran. The participants
were randomly divided into two groups: soft gel capsule users containing POS as the intervention
group (n=32) and sunflower as the control group (SF) (n=35). The participants were 18-35 years
old female students who were affected by PMS. The capsules were used twice daily, from the 21st day
of the menstrual cycle to 2 days after the menstruation, for two consecutive menstrual cycles. The tools
for data collection were three questionnaires: a personal information questionnaire, a valid and reliable
daily PMS symptom report (DSR) form, and a side effects assessment questionnaire. The physical, psychological,
and general symptoms of PMS were assessed by the DSR, and the results were taken before
and after intervention and between groups of the study.

Results:
Before and after the intervention, the comparison showed significant effectiveness of POC in
reducing general, physical, and psychological symptoms after the first and second months of use. However,
the comparison of the groups did not show a significant difference between the two groups regarding
their PMS symptoms and the side effects of the medicines (p<0.05).

Conclusion:
POS is a combination of three herbal medicines effective on the symptoms of premenstrual
syndrome, which can be used effectively and safely to improve the physical and psychological symptoms
of premenstrual syndrome. This herbal remedy can be recommended by health care providers to
women, who suffer from PMS symptoms and prefer to use herbal remedies instead of synthetic drugs.
Further studies are necessary to evaluate the combined herbal remedies as well as the effectiveness of
sunflower oil on PMS symptoms.

Clinical Trail Registration No.:
IRCT20190306042943N1.
Multiplikasi Tunas Kentang Merah (<i>Solanum Tuberosum</i> L.) dengan Aplikasi ZPT NAA Dan BAP Secara In Vitro
Authors: Wardana Rudi , Mauidah Ana Uzunul , Jumiatun Jumiatun , Widodo Tirto Wahyu , Firgiyanto Refa 
Published: December 2024

Rendahnya produksi kentang merah di Indonesia dikarenakan terbatasnya ketersediaan bibit unggul dan bibit rentan terhadap serangan patogen. Perlu adanya solusi alternatif untuk meningkatkan mutu bibit kentang merah yang seragam dan bebas patogen yaitu melalui teknik kultur in vitro. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsentrasi terbaik NAA dan BAP terhadap multipikasi tunas kentang merah secara in vitro. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan Politeknik Negeri Jember. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial (RALF) yang terdiri dari atas dua faktor. Faktor pertama adalah konsentrasi Napthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) meliputi 0,1 mg/l; 0,3 mg/l; 0,5 mg/l. Faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) meliputi 1 mg/l; 1,5 mg/l; 2 mg/l). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kombinasi konsentrasi 0,3 mg/l NAA dan 1,5 mg/l BAP berpengaruh berbeda nyata terhadap tinggi tunas (7,03 cm). Aplikasi konsentrasi NAA 0,1 mg/l berpengaruh berbeda nyata terhadap waktu munculnya kalus (9,44 HST). Pada aplikasi konsentrasi BAP 1,5 mg/l berpengaruh berbeda nyata terhadap waktu muncul tunas yaitu 8,78 HST dan jumlah daun (7,58 helai).
Onde impera o medo: socioeducação, violência e afetos hostis no Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Camatta Clara , Lowenkron Laura , Mallart Fábio 
Published: December 2024

A proposta do presente artigo é refletir sobre o modo pelo qual a violência no cotidiano de uma instituição de internação socioeducativa é exercida por meio de afetos hostis. Esses afetos expressam relações de poder que separam, hierarquizam e diferenciam determinados atores institucionais, bem como são elementos garantidores de humanidade. Para tanto, apresenta-se uma etnografia realizada em uma unidade de internação socioeducativa masculina do Rio de Janeiro, o Centro de Socioeducação Dom Bosco, analisando a partir do corpo de mulher branca da pesquisadora, entendido como “fora de lugar” nesta instituição, as condições de entrada e circulação no espaço. Serão examinados ainda os modos de habitar essa instituição e as possibilidades e limites de relação com cada ator institucional, especialmente os jovens internos e os agentes socioeducativos. No percurso etnográfico, ficam evidentes as formas de violência sutil exercidas na instituição por meio de afetos hostis, seja na construção de uma atmosfera de medo, nojo e/ou desprezo. Afetos esses experimentados tanto nas relações entre os diversos sujeitos que transitam pela internação quanto destes com o espaço de privação de liberdade. Desse modo, revela-se como tais afetos participam e são instrumentos de uma gestão de fluxos, própria às dinâmicas das instituições de confinamento.
Analisis Pemasaran dan Pendapatan Pedagang Bibit Sapi PO Kebumen di Pasar Hewan Argopeni Kecamatan Kebumen Kabupaten Kebumen
Authors: Rohman Miftakhu , Nuraeni Nunur 
Published: December 2024

Latar Belakang: Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pendapatan pedagang pedet sapi PO Kebumen dan alur pemasarannya di Pasar Argopeni Kecamatan Kebumen Kabupaten Kebumen. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli – Agustus 2024 di Pasar Hewan Argopeni Kecamatan Kebumen Kabupaten Kebumen. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui presentase penjualan bibit sapi PO Kebumen yang menggunakan jasa blantik dan tanpa blantik di Pasar Hewan Argopeni Kabupaten Kebumen, mengetahui besarnya pendapatan pedagang bibit sapi PO Kebumen di Pasar Hewan Argopeni Kabupaten Kebumen, dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh profil pedagang bibit sapi PO Kebumen sebagai variabel bebas yang terdiri dari umur, pengalaman dan pendidikan terhadap pendapatan sebagai varibel terikat. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode survey menggunakan instrumen kuesioner dalam pengambilan data. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan sensus dimana sampel pedagang bibit sapi PO Kebumen sebanyak 20 orang. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis adalah analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukan koefisien korelasi regresi liner berganda untuk pendapatan pedagang bibit sapi PO Kebumen di Pasar Hewan Argopeni Kecamatan Kebumen diperoleh persamaan garis regresi sebagai berikut: Y = 69563504,49 + -823614,803X1 + 513154,4409 X2 + -1925899,81 X3. Berdasarkan nilai Multiple R 0,419 bahwa korelasi yang sangat kuat antara umur, pengalaman dan pendidikan dengan pendapatan. Hasil analisis variansi menunjukan bahwa varibel umur, pengalaman dan pendidikan berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap pendapatan pedagang bibit sapi PO Kebumen. Saluran pemasaran bibit sapi PO Kebumen di Pasar Hewan Argopeni yang menggunakan jasa blantik sebesar 77,25% dan yang tanpa blantik sebesar 22,75%. Pendapatan rata-rata pedagang bibit sapi PO Kebumen di Pasar Hewan Argopeni Kebumen adalah sebesar Rp. 21.423.500,-/bulan. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan nilai Multiple R 0,419 menunjukan bahwa tidak terdapat korelasi antara umur, pengalaman dan pendidikan dengan pendapatan.
HUBUNGAN SOSIAL EKONOMI ORANG TUA DENGAN KELANJUTAN PENDIDIKAN ANAK DI DESA KLAMBIR LIMA KEBUN
Authors: Boangmanalu Amoi 
Published: December 2024

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) Untuk mengetahui keadaan sosial ekonomi orangtua anak usia 15-18 tahun (2) Untuk mengetahui besar kecilnya laju anak dalam melanjutkan pendidikan (3) Untuk mengetahui hubungan sosial ekonomi orangtua dengan kelanjutan pendidikan anak usia 15-18 tahun di Dusun XIX Germenia Desa Klambir Lima Kebun Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif asosiatif denga menggunakan metode survey untuk mendapatkan data dari tempat tertentu yang alamiah (bukan buatan) tetapi dengan melakukan perlakuan dalam pengumpulan data misalnya dengan mengedarkan kuesioner, test, wawancara terstruktur dan sebagainya. Penelitian korelasional yang merupakan bertujuan untuk mengetahui atau memperoleh informasi tentang hubungan variabel bebas dengan variabel terikatPopulasi dalam penelitian ini seluruh orangtua yang memiliki anak usia 15-18 tahun yang berjumlah 127, sampel 32 orang. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara sosial ekonomi orang tua dengan kelanjutan pendidikan anak di Desa Germenia Klambir Lima Kebun Kabupaten Deli Serdang dengan tingkat koefisien korelasi 0,970 yaitu termasuk dalam kategori sangat tinggi. Hal ini memperjelas bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat sosial ekonomi orang tua maka semakin besar peluang anaknya untuk melanjutkan pendidikan.Kata Kunci: anak, pendidikan, sosial ekonomi, orang tua
Administrative Culture(s) of International Organizations: Introduction
Authors: Becker Peter 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This introduction explores several approaches to the analysis of administrative culture. It argues that we should go beyond an often simplistic equation of culture to the informal dimensions of an administrative organization. Instead, administrative culture emerges from the interrelations between the formal and informal aspects of administration and, in turn, shapes both. This argument builds on Niklas Luhmann’s concept of complementary »expectation structures«. It has been developed in the study of the public administration of the nation state, which has been the unquestioned framework for research on administrative cultures. There is an intellectual surplus in testing the approach with the formation and transformation of international public administration. The introduction also proposes an investigation into personnel, communication, and knowledge management in international organizations as avenues for further research on the administrative cultures of International Organizations.
Conducting diplomacy for the League: the missions of Secretariat officials
Authors: van Dijk Pelle 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Throughout the interwar period, officials of the League of Nations Secretariat travelled across the world to conduct activities for the international organization. Building on the emerging literature on the work of the first generation of international civil servants, this article will show how these missions became an integral part of the work of the League’s Information Section to conduct a form of diplomacy, and bring the work of the League in the public eye. In the reports they wrote, officials tried to capture the state of public opinion on the League and described what they did to improve it.
Who Begins: Transfer and Transformation of Administrative Culture From the League of Nations to the World Health Organization
Authors: Schacht Anastassiya 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article reconstructs the course of WHO-establishing activities and analyses how the WHO’s administrative culture was a continuation of its interwar predecessor, the League of Nations Health Organization, with the momentum of the war’s aftermath allowing for several overdue re-arrangements. Based on documentation of the WHO, the League of Nations Archive, as well as private records of key players, the article first traces strategic considerations by key players from only partially corresponding expert clusters, all entitled and aspiring to establish their version of the best public health agency possible. The establishing interactions between key experts and officials, but also personnel pooling logic and the early WHO’s approach to managing diversity of its staff speak for a considerable transfer of practices in administration between the predecessor and successor organizations.
Despite the UN authorities’ programmatic statements, documents on the founding years of the WHO reveal an unbroken continuity of many intact administrative practices, functional bodies, and work focuses from the LNHO. These were largely defined by new labels and added to the legitimacy that the WHO needed in its formative years. Analyzing these continuities from the interwar decades of public health internationalism, the article spotlights the junctures where deliberate changes were undertaken disguised as the zero hour, allowing to resolve the previously unmanaged issues. The text thus contributes to a more complex and comprehensive picture of how international bodies of a global scale survive and live on, even after their presumed and declared death.
A Very Personal View on the Role of the ILO
Authors: Weiss Manfred 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The article sketches the history, the structure and the function of the International Labour Organization (ILO). In the first part the focus is on trans-national standard setting. There not only the merits and specific problems, concerning in particular the implementation of transnational labour standards, are described but also the implications of the shift from hard law to soft law are discussed. The second part is devoted to technical cooperation. Here the author’s own experiences serve as illustration of the big variety of such cooperation. It can be shown that successful technical cooperation is a precondition for successful standard setting.
Lernen aus dem Völkerbund. Egon Ranshofen-Wertheimer und seine Studie „The International Secretariat. A Great Experiment in International Administration“ (1945)
Authors: Payk Marcus M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The establishment of a permanent international secretariat is one of the great innovations of the League of Nations. The administrative apparatus of Geneva was not simply an international office with national representatives but gradually evolved into a new kind of authority beyond the individual member states. This development, however, was much less planned than it might have seemed. Since Article 6 of the League Covenant of 1919 avoided any details on the administrative machinery of the Secretariat, its institutional structure and functioning were essentially shaped by the first Secretary General, Sir Eric Drummond, and its staff. Among them was the Austrian Egon Ferdinand Ranshofen-Wertheimer (1894–1957), who, after 1945, wrote one of the first studies on this “great experiment” in international administration. This article revisits this publication and places it in its historical context.
The Art Nouveau Influence on the Residential Buildings of Raimondo D’Aronco
Authors: Erarslan Alev 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are known as the Westernization Period of Ottoman architecture. As in all the various types of structures built in this period, the Western influence is also seen in residential architecture. During this period, the Neo-Baroque, Neo-Gothic, Neo- Classic, Orientalism, Eclecticism, Art Nouveau, Swiss Chalet and English Victorian styles, as well as other European-based architectural movements exerted a definitive effect on Ottoman architecture, producing a rich diversity of styles as a result. One of the styles that was generally implemented by foreign architects was Art Nouveau. The most powerful representative of Art Nouveau in Ottoman architecture was Raimondo D’Aronco. The aim of this article is to discuss the influence on residential architecture of the Art Nouveau style that came to dominate Ottoman architecture from 1893, as seen in the designs of Raimondo D’Aronco.
The Thinking Process of Students in Proving Ceva's Theorem in Basic Geometry Course
Authors: Widiastuti Anisa , Susanto Susanto , Suwito Abi , Kurniati Dian , Lestari Nurcholif Diah Sri 
Published: December 2024

. The thinking process is crucial in identifying students' challenges in formulating logical arguments, particularly when proving geometric concepts such as Ceva's Theorem. This study investigates the cognitive processes of students with high and medium mathematical ability to solve proof problems related to Ceva's Theorem. Adopting a qualitative approach, the research employed a case study design, utilising data collection techniques including tests, interviews, observations, documentation, and triangulation. The research subjects comprised two undergraduate students of Mathematics Education, representing a medium and high mathematical ability category. The research findings revealed that students with high mathematical ability progressed through assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium stages in proving Ceva's Theorem. In contrast, students with moderate mathematical ability experienced the disequilibrium phase first before advancing to assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium. The fundamental difference between these two groups lies in their ability to identify the question posed in the problem and correctly identify the theorem to be proved. This research provides valuable insights into the cognitive processes involved in mathematical proof, offering an in-depth understanding of how students approach the proof of Ceva's Theorem.
The Prevalence of Enterotoxin SEA and SEB genes in Staphylococcus aureus Multidrug-resistant Isolates from Clinical Specimens in Baghdad Province
Authors: Hussein Ghufran Hamdan , Mohammed Rana Kadhum 
Published: December 2024

Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus are frequent in both public and medical settings. The objective of the current study was to assess the prevalence of the SEA and SEB genes in S. aureus clinical isolates. A hundred-sixty samples were obtained from several sources including wounds, urine samples, burns and respiratory tract, during period between October 2022 - January 2023, from Kadhimiya Hospital, Karkh General Hospital and Yarmouk Hospital. The samples were then subjected to several examinations including microscopic examination (gram staining), cultural characteristics on mannitol salt agar, hemolysis characteristic on blood agar and biochemical tests (oxidase, catalase, and coagulase), to confirm S. aureus isolates. These isolates were also subjected to several antibiotics to select the multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates. Based on the results, high percentages of S. aureus isolates were found to be sensitive to antibiotics, All the isolates (100%) were sensitive to vancomycin (VA), 95.5% were sensitive to both chloramphenicol (C) and rifampin (RA), 93.2% were sensitive to clindamycin (DA), trimethoprim (TR), levofloxacin (LE), followed by 90.9, 88.6 and 75% were sensitive to oxacillin (OX), gentamicin (CN) and doxycycline (DO) respectively. However, 47.75 and 38.6% of isolates were resistant to azithromycin (AZM) and cefoxitin (CX) respectively. The frequency of SEA and SEB genes was estimated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results revealed that, out of 27 S. aureus isolates tested, 8 had a single band for the SEA gene (102 bp), while 9 had a band for the SEB gene (164 bp). The findings indicated that the majority of S. aureus harboured both Sea and Seb genes.
Bab XXV: Tarian dan Musik
Authors: Kruyt Albert 
Published: December 2024

1. Tarian raego. 2. Tarian kayori. 3. Metende bomba. 4. Menari tanpa nyanyian. 5. Instrumen perkusi. Gendang (ganda, karatu, tibuu). 6. Cara menabuh gendang. 7. Alat musik perkusi lainnya (padengko, nggongi). 8. Alat musik tiup. Seruling. 9. Alat musik tiup. Klarinet (banci-banci, lele’o). 10. Alat musik tiup. Terompet (tambolo, ntua-ntuangi). 11. Alat musik lidah (reeree, woringi). 12. Alat musik petik (geso-geso, dunde, tandilo)