bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Experiment in Teaching Eastern Arrernte in Central Australia
Authors: Graham A. 
Published: May 2019

Alice Springs, the major regional centre in Central Australia, has a population of about 19,000, with about 25 to 30 per cent Aboriginal or of Aboriginal descent.There are two high schools in Alice Springs, the largest being the Alice Springs High School with about 700 students, the majority of whom (including the Aboriginal students), have English as their first language. The school teaches to matriculation level and has traditionally offered a number of languages – including French, German, Indonesian and Italian.The school population would have little knowledge of Aboriginal languages and the associated culture. At the time the Eastern Arrernte course was proposed the one time elective, Aboriginal Studies, was no longer offered due to lack of availability of staff, and lack of interest and expertise among existing staff. So, here was a senior high school, in the centre of country where Aboriginal cultures and languages are thriving, which offered little to enlighten its students about the life-style of a people they saw and heard daily in the streets and fringe camps of Alice Springs.Central Australia is rich in Aboriginal languages and over the years there have been many discussions and two attempts to teach Aboriginal languages. One involved the teaching of a ‘Top End’ language, Gupapuyngu, chosen because some teaching materials had been prepared and because the teacher involved had worked in Arnhem Land. The other was one of the Western Desert languages, Pitjantjatjara, a language traditionally spoken south-west of Alice Springs. In both cases, when the teachers involved left, the programs closed.
Australian Economic History : An Alternative View
Authors: Broadbent D. 
Published: May 2019

The 1980 National Aboriginal Education Conference went on record as saying it saw that as an ‘area of concern’ history textbooks on Aborigines are racist.Australians’ economic history is racist in that standard economic texts do not discuss Aborigines at all, or mention them only peripherally.The economic history of Australia is usually written from one or two perspectives, both European. The first involves the flow of external capital, labour and entrepreneurship into what was essentially an empty land awaiting exploitation. This has led to emotive pictures of Australia’s economic development in terms of hardy pioneers driving sheep and cattle into remote parts, and hard-working men clearing land for crops, both groups subject to the usual environmental hazards of droughts, floods and natives.The second view has led to the picture of the country riding on the sheep’s back. In economic terms this meant that the profits earned by wool exports (and later gold) generated capital within the country for economic expansion. This is the Staple theory of economic growth. Neither viewpoint takes into account the Aboriginal people. Nor could they, because they are theories of Capitalism, and nineteenth century Capitalism did not have a human face. The profit motive was supreme. Aborigines were not seen as being at all useful to the process of economic growth once it had got under way.Up to a point, however, the Aborigine was useful. He could guide settlers and explorers across inhospitable landscapes and lead them to water. Having done this, he had outlived his usefulness and was hounded to the edges of the new economic landscape – to extinction in many places.
To a Teacher New to Aboriginal Students
Authors: Sharpe M. 
Published: May 2019

Whenever I revisit an Aboriginal community where I am known (and there are several), despite the awkwardness of language and culture difference, I find a sense of relief. Here, while I readjust to Aboriginal English, Kriol or another language, I don’t have to make conversation to fill up the silences. Silence is allowed.I look back and realise I have come to this discovery instinctively and did not always feel at ease with silence. When in 1967 I camped by a billabong on a cattle station and a very shy 16 year old (now my ‘younger sister’) was sent to keep me company at night, I found it an imposition and awkward. I didn’t know what to talk about and she didn’t talk to me much. I would have been less lonely by myself! A teacher recently in the same area spoke of a woman who would call on him after school, and sit and have a cup of tea while he needed to get work done. Gradually he began to do his work while she sat, and realised in time that this was quite acceptable in her culture that he do so.It is very seldom in our society that we are happy with silence in company with others. (Older married couples often don’t talk as much to each other; while in some cases this indicates their being at ease with one another, it is not always so!). Not only do we avoid silences (especially so for women! – some men are more tactiurn), but we expect very prompt responses to questions and comments. I like a little longer to respond than many others; consequently in discussions someone else usually gets in first. But occasionally I find someone slower to respond than I find comfortable. If I get myself to wait just that little bit longer for a response, it is well worth it.
The Place of Teaching Reading in the Buenos Aires Curriculum
Authors: Boland Santiago 
Published: May 2019

(In Buenos Aires a new curriculum model has been adopted in which reading is seen as a small part of a child’s total schooling.)In 1975, the Ministry of Education of Buenos Aires Province started an experimental project to change the whole curriculum of the Primary School. In December 1980, the new curriculum for the first cycle of the Elementary School was approved as the result of these five years of experimental work.
Initiatives in Religious Education for Handicapped Children, Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Briese B. D. 
Published: May 2019

The Crossroads Special Education Task Group was formed in Queensland early in 1983 at the request of the Joint Board of Christian Education of Australia and New Zealand. Crossroads is an Australia wide, inter-church organisation which promotes the welfare of handicapped persons through:
(a) regular club programs which have spirtual, recreational, educational and social aspects;(b) holiday activities under structured leadership and help from “enablers”;(c) special assistance to handicapped persons in church and Sunday school;(d) provision of religious education programsin State special schools;(e) chaplaincies to sheltered employment centres and institutions.
Australia’s sugar tale
Authors: Gupta Adyya , Miller Caroline , Harford Jane , Smithers Lisa G , Braunack-Mayer Annette 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:To establish high intake of free sugars and its related disease burden as a significant public health challenge in Australia.Design:We discuss five key actions to reduce intake of free sugars tailored to the Australian context. These strategies are informed by reviewing the global scientific evidence on the effectiveness of a range of policy responses to reduce intake of free sugars at the population level.Setting:Australia.Participants:Australian population.Results:The five key actions to reduce population levels for intake of free sugars tailored to the Australian context include prioritising health in trade agreements and policy; introducing a fiscal policy supporting health and promoting food reformulation; regulating advertising and improving labelling; strengthening the current dietary guidelines; and encouraging healthy choices.Conclusions:The adoption and implementation of the strategies discussed in the current commentary would aid in tackling the rising health burden from the intake of free sugars in Australia.
An online decision support tool to evaluate ecological weed management strategies
Authors: Bessette Douglas , Wilson Robyn , Beaudrie Christian , Schroeder Clayton 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWeeds remain the most commonly cited concern of organic farmers. Without the benefit of synthetic herbicides, organic farmers must rely on a host of ecological weed management (EWM) practices to control weeds. Despite EWM’s ability to improve soil quality, the perceived rate of integrated EWM strategy adoption remains low. This low adoption is likely a result of the complexity in designing and evaluating EWM strategies, the tendency for outreach to focus on the risks of EWM strategies rather than their benefits, and a lack of quantitative measures linking the performance of EWM strategies to farmers’ on-farm objectives and practices. Here we report on the development and deployment of an easy-to-use online decision support tool (DST) that aids organic farmers in identifying their on-farm objectives, characterizing the performance of their practices, and evaluating EWM strategies recommended by an expert advisory panel. Informed by the principles of structured decision making, the DST uses multiple choice tasks to help farmers evaluate the short- and long-term trade-offs of EWM strategies, while also focusing their attention on their most important objectives. We then invited organic farmers across the United States, in particular those whose email addresses were registered on the USDA’s Organic Research Integrity Database, to engage the DST online. Results show considerable movement in participants’ (n= 45) preferences from practices focused on reducing weeding costs and labor in the short term to EWM strategies focused on improving soil quality in the long term. Indeed, nearly half of those farmers (48%) who initially ranked a strategy composed of their current practices highest ultimately preferred a better-performing EWM strategy focused on eliminating the weed seedbank over 5 yr.
Levees Formed by Turbidity Currents: A Depth‐Averaged Modeling Treatment
Authors: Halsey Thomas C. , Kumar Amit 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe formation of levees with accompanying channels is a ubiquitous feature of turbidity flows both in submarine canyons and on submarine fans. We examine the latter situation using numerical and theoretical calculations based on a depth‐averaged model for subaqueous turbidity currents, introduced by Parker et al. (1986, https://doi.org/S0022112086001404) and reinterpreted by Halsey et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012635). Using a novel similarity solution to these equations, applied to a two‐component sand/mud flow, we show that in a well‐defined limit levees form along rays emanating from the source of the flows, which in our case is the outlet of a submarine canyon. The width of the channel between the levees decreases as particle size increases and increases with increasing slope of the surface. The levees form with a characteristic right‐triangle shape, with the steep slope facing inward toward the channel. The levee height is comparable to the height of the turbidity flow. Levees form even in the absence of preexisting scour. We confirm these analytical results with numerical simulations of the depth‐averaged equations. Further downslope, the formation of levees seems to be inconsistent with an erosion law introduced by Garcia and Parker (1991, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1991)117:4(414)), calling the applicability of this law to natural systems into question.
Finite‐Frequency Inversion of Cross‐Correlation Amplitudes for Ambient Noise Source Directivity Estimation
Authors: Datta Arjun , Hanasoge Shravan , Goudswaard Jeroen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe present a new method for determining the azimuthal variation of ambient noise sources, which combines the computational speed and simplicity of traditional approaches with the rigor of waveform‐inversion‐based approaches to noise source estimation. This method is based on a previously developed theoretical framework of sensitivity kernels for cross‐correlation amplitudes. It performs a tomographic inversion for ambient noise sources on the Earth's surface and is suitable for small‐ (local‐) scale studies. We apply the method to passive seismic data acquired in an exploration context and account for azimuth‐dependent uncertainties in observed cross‐correlation amplitudes. Our inversion results correlate well with the azimuthal distribution of noise sources suggested by signal‐to‐noise ratio analysis of noise cross‐correlation functions.
Nutrient-extraction blender preparation reduces postprandial glucose responses from fruit juice consumption
Authors: Redfern K M , Cammack V L , Sweet N , Preston L A ,   SoBHCS Student Team, Jarvis M A , Rees G A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough whole-fruit consumption is regarded as protective against type 2 diabetes (T2DM), conventionally prepared fruit juice is associated with increased T2DM risk, and current public health advice recommends its restriction. ‘Nutrient extractor’ style blenders are increasing in popularity worldwide as an alternative means of juicing fruit, but little is known about their effect on postprandial glucose levels. The current study investigated the effect of nutrient extraction on postprandial blood glucose response and glycemic index (GI) compared with a glucose control for both mixed fruit and a high GI fruit (mango). Remarkably, consumption of nutrient-extracted mixed fruit resulted in a significant lowering of the GI (32.7±8.5) compared with whole mixed fruit (66.2±8.2, P<0.05). For the high GI mango, there were no differences between nutrient-extracted and whole fruit, indicating that even for a high GI fruit the effect of nutrient extraction does not increase GI compared with the whole fruit. These findings suggest that, in contrast to conventionally prepared fruit juice, fruit juice prepared by nutrient extraction in some cases elicits a more favorable postprandial glycemic response than whole fruit and even for high GI fruits do not worsen the response. The mechanism responsible for this effect is currently unclear. However, these results suggest that fruit homogenized by nutrient extraction should be considered as a potential dietetic strategy for glycemic control.
DDX5 plays essential transcriptional and post-transcriptional roles in the maintenance and function of spermatogonia
Authors: Legrand Julien M. D. , Chan Ai-Leen , La Hue M. , Rossello Fernando J. , Änkö Minna-Liisa , Fuller-Pace Frances V. , Hobbs Robin M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMammalian spermatogenesis is sustained by mitotic germ cells with self-renewal potential known as undifferentiated spermatogonia. Maintenance of undifferentiated spermatogonia and spermatogenesis is dependent on tightly co-ordinated transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. The RNA helicase DDX5 is expressed by spermatogonia but roles in spermatogenesis are unexplored. Using an inducible knockout mouse model, we characterise an essential role for DDX5 in spermatogonial maintenance and show thatDdx5is indispensable for male fertility. We demonstrate that DDX5 regulates appropriate splicing of key genes necessary for spermatogenesis. Moreover, DDX5 regulates expression of cell cycle genes in undifferentiated spermatogonia post-transcriptionally and is required for cell proliferation and survival. DDX5 can also act as a transcriptional co-activator and we demonstrate that DDX5 interacts with PLZF, a transcription factor required for germline maintenance, to co-regulate select target genes. Combined, our data reveal a critical multifunctional role for DDX5 in regulating gene expression programmes and activity of undifferentiated spermatogonia.
Discovery of hexagonal ternary phase Ti2InB2 and its evolution to layered boride TiB
Authors: Wang Junjie , Ye Tian-Nan , Gong Yutong , Wu Jiazhen , Miao Nanxi , Tada Tomofumi , Hosono Hideo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMn+1AXn phases are a large family of compounds that have been limited, so far, to carbides and nitrides. Here we report the prediction of a compound, Ti2InB2, a stable boron-based ternary phase in the Ti-In-B system, using a computational structure search strategy. This predicted Ti2InB2 compound is successfully synthesized using a solid-state reaction route and its space group is confirmed as P$$\bar 6$$

6

¯

m2 (No. 187), which is in fact a hexagonal subgroup of P63/mmc (No. 194), the symmetry group of conventional Mn+1AXn phases. Moreover, a strategy for the synthesis of MXenes from Mn+1AXn phases is applied, and a layered boride, TiB, is obtained by the removal of the indium layer through dealloying of the parent Ti2InB2 at high temperature under a high vacuum. We theoretically demonstrate that the TiB single layer exhibits superior potential as an anode material for Li/Na ion batteries than conventional carbide MXenes such as Ti3C2.
The brain represents people as the mental states they habitually experience
Authors: Thornton Mark A. , Weaverdyck Miriam E. , Tamir Diana I. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSocial life requires us to treat each person according to their unique disposition. To tailor our behavior to specific individuals, we must represent their idiosyncrasies. Here, we advance the hypothesis that our representations of other people reflect the mental states we perceive those people to habitually experience. We tested this hypothesis by measuring whether neural representations of people could be accurately reconstructed by summing state representations. Separate participants underwent functional MRI while considering famous individuals and individual mental states. Online participants rated how often each famous person experiences each state. Results supported the summed state hypothesis: frequency-weighted sums of state-specific brain activity patterns accurately reconstructed person-specific patterns. Moreover, the summed state account outperformed the established alternative—that people represent others using trait dimensions—in explaining interpersonal similarity. These findings demonstrate that the brain represents people as the sums of the mental states they experience.
Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) exploit tortoises (Kinixys erosa) via percussive technology
Authors: Pika Simone , Klein Harmonie , Bunel Sarah , Baas Pauline , Théleste Erwan , Deschner Tobias 
Published: May 2019

AbstractChimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), one of humankinds’ closest living relatives, are known to hunt and consume the meat of various animal taxa. Although some researchers have presented indirect evidence that chimpanzees may also prey on tortoises, until now, direct observations of this behaviour did not exist. Here, we provide systematic descriptions of the first observations of chimpanzee predation on tortoises (Kinixys erosa). We made these unprecedented observations on newly habituated chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) of the Rekambo community, living in the Loango National Park, Gabon. The behaviour qualified as customary, that is occurring in most or all adult males, involved a distinct smashing technique, and resulted frequently in food sharing with other group members. Our observations shed new light on the hitherto little understood percussive technology of chimpanzees, and expand our current knowledge on chimpanzees’ dietary and predatory repertoires with respect to reptiles. We also report a case of food storage and discuss it in the context of future-oriented cognition. Our findings suggest the need for more nuanced interpretations of chimpanzees’ cognitive skills in combination with an in-depth understanding of their unique socio-ecological niches. They further emphasize the importance of nonhuman primate field observations to inform theories of hominin evolution.
Reduced mosquito survival in metal-roof houses may contribute to a decline in malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Lindsay Steve W. , Jawara Musa , Mwesigwa Julia , Achan Jane , Bayoh Nabie , Bradley John , Kandeh Balla , Kirby Matthew J. , Knudsen Jakob , Macdonald Mike , Pinder Margaret , Tusting Lucy S. , Weiss Dan J. , Wilson Anne L. , D’Alessandro Umberto 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn The Gambia, metal-roof houses were hotter during the day than thatched-roof houses. After 24 h, the mortality of Anopheles gambiae, the principal African malaria vector, was 38% higher in metal-roof houses than thatched ones. During the day, mosquitoes in metal-roof houses moved from the hot roof to cooler places near the floor, where the temperature was still high, reaching 35 °C. In laboratory studies, at 35 °C few mosquitoes survived 10 days, the minimum period required for malaria parasite development. Analysis of epidemiological data showed there was less malaria and lower vector survival rates in Gambian villages with a higher proportion of metal roofs. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the indoor climate of metal-roof houses, with higher temperatures and lower humidity, reduces survivorship of indoor-resting mosquitoes and may have contributed to the observed reduction in malaria burden in parts of sub-Saharan Africa.
Electrochemical water oxidation by simple manganese salts
Authors: Heidari Sima , Singh Jitendra Pal , Feizi Hadi , Bagheri Robabeh , Chae Keun Hwa , Song Zhenlun , Khatamian Maasoumeh , Najafpour Mohammad Mahdi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecently, it has been great efforts to synthesize an efficient water-oxidizing catalyst. However, to find the true catalyst in the harsh conditions of the water-oxidation reaction is an open area in science. Herein, we showed that corrosion of some simple manganese salts, MnCO3, MnWO4, Mn3(PO4)2 · 3H2O, and Mn(VO3)2 · xH2O, under the water-electrolysis conditions at pH = 6.3, gives an amorphous manganese oxide. This conversion was studied with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), as well as, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectroelectrochemistry and electrochemistry methods. When using as a water-oxidizing catalyst, such results are important to display that long-term water oxidation can change the nature of the manganese salts.
Integrating data from different survey types for population monitoring of an endangered species: the case of the Eld’s deer
Authors: Bowler Diana E. , Nilsen Erlend B. , Bischof Richard , O’Hara Robert B. , Yu Thin Thin , Oo Tun , Aung Myint , Linnell John D. C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDespite its value for conservation decision-making, we lack information on population abundances for most species. Because establishing large-scale monitoring schemes is rarely feasible, statistical methods that combine multiple data sources are promising approaches to maximize use of available information. We built a Bayesian hierarchical model that combined different survey data of the endangered Eld’s deer in Shwesettaw Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) in Myanmar and tested our approach in simulation experiments. We combined spatially-restricted line-transect abundance data with more spatially-extensive camera-trap occupancy data to enable estimation of the total deer abundance. The integrated model comprised an ecological model (common to both survey types, based on the equivalence between cloglog-transformed occurrence probability and log-transformed expected abundance) and separate observation models for each survey type. We estimated that the population size of Eld’s deer in SWS is c. 1519 (1061–2114), suggesting it is the world’s largest wild population. The simulations indicated that the potential benefits of combining data include increased precision and better sampling of the spatial variation in the environment, compared to separate analysis of each survey. Our analytical approach, which integrates the strengths of different survey methods, has widespread application for estimating species’ abundances, especially in information-poor regions of the world.