bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Distinctive Value of Elections and the Case for Compulsory Voting
Authors: Chapman Emilee Booth 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this article, I defend compulsory voting on the grounds that it reinforces the distinctive and valuable role that elections play in contemporary democracy. Some scholars have suggested that mandatory voting laws can improve government responsiveness to members of poor and marginalized groups who are less likely to vote. Critics of compulsory voting object that citizens can participate in a wide variety of ways; voting is not important enough to justify forcing people to do it. These critics neglect the importance of voting's particular role in contemporary democratic practice, though. The case for compulsory voting rests on an implicit, but widely shared, understanding of elections as special moments of mass participation that manifest the equal political authority of all citizens. The most prominent objections to mandatory voting fail to appreciate this distinctive role for voting and the way it is embedded within a broader democratic framework.
Rescue therapy for hypercapnia due to high PEEP mechanical ventilation in patients with ARDS and renal failure
Authors: Grant April A. , Hart Valerie J. , Lineen Edward B. , Forsberg Brian C. , Klima Alan , Mirsaeidi Mehdi , Schulman Ivonne H. , Badiye Amit , Vianna Rodrigo M. , Patel Amit , Loebe Matthias , Ghodsizad Ali 
Published: November 2018

AbstractExtracorporeal removal of carbon dioxide in patients experiencing severe hypercapnia due to lung protective mechanical ventilation was first described over four decades ago. There have been many devices developed and described in the interim, many of which require additional training, resources, and staff. This manuscript describes a readily available and relatively simple adjunct that can provide partial lung support in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome complicated by severe hypercapnia and acute kidney injury requiring dialysis.
A Robust Removing Unwanted Variation–Testing Procedure via -Divergence
Authors: Hung Hung 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Identification of differentially expressed genes (DE genes) is commonly conducted in modern biomedical research. However, unwanted variation inevitably arises during the data collection process, which can make the detection results heavily biased. Various methods have been suggested for removing the unwanted variation while keeping the biological variation to ensure a reliable analysis result. Removing unwanted variation (RUV) has recently been proposed for this purpose, which works by virtue of negative control genes. On the other hand, outliers frequently appear in modern high-throughput genetic data, which can heavily affect the performances of RUV and its downstream analysis. In this work, we propose a robust RUV-testing procedure (a robust RUV procedure to remove unwanted variance, followed by a robust testing procedure to identify DE genes) via -divergence. The advantages of our method are twofold: (a) it does not involve any modeling for the outlier distribution, which makes it applicable to various situations; (b) it is easy to implement in the sense that its robustness is controlled by a single tuning parameter of -divergence, and a data-driven criterion is developed to select . When applied to real data sets, our method can successfully remove unwanted variation, and was able to identify more DE genes than conventional methods.
Variation in bucco‐palatal maxillary sinus width does not permit a meaningful sinus classification
Authors: Bertl Kristina , Mick René‐Bernard , Heimel Patrick , Gahleitner André , Stavropoulos Andreas , Ulm Christian 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe bucco‐palatal sinus width (SW) appears as relevant factor for graft consolidation after maxillary sinus (MS) floor augmentation. The present study aimed to assess (a) SW at different height levels of posterior teeth, (b) possible factors influencing SW, and (c) whether a simple/meaningful sinus classification based on SW is possible.MethodsThe following parameters were recorded on computed tomographies of 76 edentulous and 86 partially edentulous maxillary quadrants displaying 383 tooth sites in total: (a) alveolar ridge height, (b) ‐area, (c) ‐width 2 mm apical to the alveolar crest, (d) ‐width at the sinus floor, and (e) SW and sinus area at a level 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm above the sinus floor. The possible influence of gender, tooth position [i.e., premolar (PM); molar (M)], tooth‐gap extent, and residual alveolar ridge dimensions on SW was assessed. Further, based on percentiles of average values or on the frequency distribution of SW <10, 10–15, or >15 mm, it was attempted to classify the sinus at each given site into narrow, average, or wide.ResultsGender and tooth‐gap extent presented no relevant impact on MS dimensions; however, significant differences were observed among the various tooth positions regarding all evaluated parameters. The lower the residual alveolar ridge, the wider the MS at 4–10 mm height, while the wider the residual alveolar ridge, the wider the MS. Large variation in SW classes among the different height levels within the same tooth position and among tooth positions within the same person was observed, irrespective of the threshold applied. Further, at a MS height of 10 mm at PM1, PM2, M1, and M2, SW was <10 mm in 68%, 33%, 0%, and 7% of the cases, respectively, while in 3%, 21%, 65%, and 57%, respectively, SW was >15 mm.ConclusionsThere is a large variation in SW depending on the height level within the sinus and on tooth position, which does not permit a simple/meaningful classification of each sinus as “narrow,” “average,” or “wide.” Nevertheless, narrow sinuses (<10 mm) are rather prevalent in the premolar region, while wide sinuses (>15 mm) in the molar region; further, a wider and shorter residual alveolar ridge is associated with a wider SW.
Limited open access in socioecological systems: How do communities deal with environmental unpredictability?
Authors: Chiaravalloti Rafael Morais , Dyble Mark 
Published: November 2018

AbstractClassical theory on the commons holds that rules are fundamental to sustainability. However, open access may be present in many sustainable socioecological systems. Here, we explore the interaction between environmental unpredictability and cooperation in a fishery in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. We show that a variable annual flood pulse combined with channel blockages results in a high turnover in fishing grounds. To counter this variability, fishers openly share information about fishing areas with all community members, but are highly territorial with neighboring communities. We argue that this open access within communities but common property between communities represents a system of limited open access and, using a mathematical model, suggest that such a system is favored under conditions of moderate competition and high levels of resource unpredictability. Failing to take into account the social norms that underpin limited open access systems may undermine conservation interventions.
Fracture analysis of V‐notched rubbers: An experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Heydari‐Meybodi Mahdi , Ayatollahi Majid R. , Dehghany Mohammad , Berto Filippo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this study, the rupture load in rubbers weakened by sharp V‐notch is investigated under mode I loading. To this end, first, mode I fracture tests are performed on V‐notched samples made of styrene‐butadiene rubbers and the corresponding rupture loads are obtained. Then, the effective stretch (ES) criterion, which was recently developed by the present authors for rupture assessment of cracked rubber parts, is extended and used for the V‐notched rubbers. It is shown that similar to cracked rubbers, the state of stress near the notch tip is also nearly uniaxial. By employing the ES criterion, the critical displacements corresponding to the rupture in the tested samples are calculated. Finally, the predictions of the criterion are compared with the corresponding experimental values, and good consistency is shown to exist.
Connected Seas II: The perception and memory of the seas
Authors: North Michael 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe second part of my article “Connected Seas” examines the perception and memory of the seas as an element of maritime connectivity. It introduces the concept of realm of memory (lieu de mémoire) into maritime history. In four comparative case studies on the Sound, the Straits of Gibraltar, the Dardanelles, and the Straits of Malacca, the application of the concept of lieu de mémoire is tested with respect to the various memories of the seafaring nations and ethnic communities.
Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy for large pheochromocytoma: Comparative outcomes
Authors: Shiraishi Koji , Kitahara Seiji , Ito Hideaki , Oba Kazuo , Ohmi Chietaka , Matsuyama Hideyasu 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesTo evaluate operative and oncological outcomes of laparoscopic adrenalectomy through a transperitoneal approach and retroperitoneal approach for large (>5 cm in diameter) pheochromocytomas.MethodsWe retrospectively compared the results of a transperitoneal approach with those of a retroperitoneal approach in 22 patients (mean age 57.5 years, range 38–76 years) with unilateral large pheochromocytomas (12 right, 10 left). The mean body mass index, operation time, pneumoperitoneum time, estimated blood loss, fluctuation in blood pressure and complication rate were compared between the two approaches.ResultsThe mean tumor diameter (range) was 7.0 cm (range 5.2–15.5 cm), and no significant differences were observed between the transperitoneal approach and retroperitoneal approach in any baseline clinical parameter. For right‐sided procedures, significant differences were found for operation time (113 vs 85 min), pneumoperitoneum time (93 vs 64 min) and estimated blood loss (96 vs 23 mL; P < 0.05, transperitoneal approach and retroperitoneal approach, respectively). No open conversion or recurrence was reported, but one right transperitoneal approach case required blood transfusion. No difference in these parameters was noted on the left side.ConclusionsFor right side procedures, the retroperitoneal approach is feasible, safer and faster than the transperitoneal approach for large pheochromocytomas. Early transection of the feeding artery is beneficial for managing the tumor and reducing the risk of bleeding.
Regional Rural‐Urban Differences in E‐Cigarette Use and Reasons for Use in the United States
Authors: Mumford Elizabeth A. , Stillman Frances A. , Tanenbaum Erin , Doogan Nathan J. , Roberts M. E. , Wewers M. E. , Chelluri Devi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether there are rural/urban differences in e‐cigarette use and reasons for use that vary across the 10 Health & Human Services (HHS) regions.MethodsAge‐adjusted bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted for n = 225,413 respondents to the 2014–2015 Tobacco Use Supplement‐Current Population Survey to estimate the prevalence of e‐cigarette use. Reasons for e‐cigarette use were collected from n = 16,023 self‐respondents who reported ever using e‐cigarettes.FindingsWhile nationally rural residents appeared more likely to use e‐cigarettes, adjusted results indicated that current e‐cigarette use was significantly less likely across the northern and western regions (New England, East North Central, Heartland, North Central Mountain, Northwest, and Southwest Pacific regions). Reasons for e‐cigarette use differed by urban/rural status and region; for example, the rationale to use e‐cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid was significantly more common among rural compared to urban adults in the New England and New York/New Jersey regions, but less common in the Southeast.ConclusionsFor several regions, there were no significant rural/urban differences in e‐cigarette use and reasons for use. Yet those regions that present differences face the need to develop public health approaches to minimize urban/rural disparities in health education, services, and outcomes related to tobacco use, particularly where access to health care is limited. Public health campaigns and guidance for clinical care within HHS regions should be tailored to reflect regional differences in beliefs about e‐cigarettes.
Canine urethral sphincter pressure profile under incremental inflation of an artificial cuff: a cadaver study
Authors: Milodowski E. J. , Friend E. J. , Granger N. , Doran I. C. P. 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesTo determine whether artificial urethral sphincter filling volume is proportional to peak pressure exerted on the urethra.Materials and MethodsUrethral pressure profilometry was performed in five female, medium‐sized, mixed‐breed canine cadavers following artificial urethral sphincter placement. Maximum urethral pressure was recorded following sequential incremental inflation of 0.15 mL and compared to baseline pressure and between dogs using two‐way analysis of variance.ResultsArtificial urethral sphincter placement in cadavers was associated with an increase in urethral pressure, which was significantly correlated with inflation volume. The correlation was non‐linear and demonstrated considerable individual variation. Maximum urethral pressures after artificial urethral sphincter placement exceeded those reported in conscious continent dogs within a narrow volume range, in which a 0.15 mL infusion more than doubled maximal urethral pressures.Clinical SignificanceRapid increases in urethral pressure from the artificial urethral sphincter over a small range of filling volumes (0.15 mL increments) might explain why some clinical cases can become suddenly dysuric following incremental inflations. We suggest that smaller increments of filling (0.05 to 0.1 mL) may achieve finer pressure control.
Capillary flow disturbances after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: A contributor to delayed cerebral ischemia?
Authors: Anzabi Maryam , Angleys Hugo , Aamand Rasmus , Ardalan Maryam , Mouridsen Kim , Rasmussen Peter Mondrup , Sørensen Jens Christian Hedemann , Plesnila Nikolaus , Østergaard Leif , Iversen Nina Kerting 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe high mortality and morbidity after SAH is partly due to DCI, which is traditionally ascribed to development of angiographic vasospasms. This relation has been challenged, and capillary flow disturbances are proposed as another mechanism contributing to brain damage after SAH.ObjectiveTo investigate capillary flow changes 4 days following experimental SAH.MethodsSAH was induced by endovascular perforation of circle of Willis. We used TPM to evaluate blood flow characteristics. Cortical capillary diameters were investigated by both TPM and histology.ResultsWe found elevated CTH and MTT of blood in SAH mice compared to sham animals. We observed capillaries with stagnant RBCs, and capillaries with increased RBC LD in the SAH group, suggesting severe blood maldistribution among cortical capillaries. Favoring that these capillary flow changes were primary to upstream vasoconstrictions, TPM showed no significant differences in arteriolar diameter between groups, while histological examination showed reduced capillary diameter in SAH group.ConclusionOur study shows profound subacute hypoperfusion and capillary flow disturbances in a mouse SAH model and suggests that these changes are the result of changes in capillary function, rather than upstream vasospasm.
YocM a small heat shock protein can protect Bacillus subtilis cells during salt stress
Authors: Hantke Ingo , Schäfer Heinrich , Janczikowski Armgard , Turgay Kürşad 
Published: November 2018

SummarySmall heat shock proteins (sHsp) occur in all domains of life. By interacting with misfolded or aggregated proteins these chaperones fulfill a protective role in cellular protein homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that the sHsp YocM of the Gram‐positive model organism Bacillus subtilis is part of the cellular protein quality control system with a specific role in salt stress response. In the absence of YocM the survival of salt shocked cells is impaired, and increased levels of YocM protect B. subtilis exposed to heat or salt. We observed a salt and heat stress‐induced localization of YocM to intracellular protein aggregates. Interestingly, purified YocM appears to accelerate protein aggregation of different model substrates in vitro. In addition, the combined presence of YocM and chemical chaperones, which accumulate in salt stressed cells, can facilitate in vitro a synergistic protective effect on protein misfolding. Therefore, the beneficial role of YocM during salt stress could be related to a mutual functional relationship with chemical chaperones and adds a new possible functional aspect to sHsp chaperone activities.
Impaired electron transfer accounts for the photosynthesis inhibition in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) subjected to ammonium stress
Authors: Wang Feng , Gao Jingwen , Shi Songmei , He Xinhua , Dai Tingbo 
Published: November 2018

No single mechanism can provide an adequate explanation for the inhibition of photosynthesis when plants are supplied with ammonium (NH4+) as the sole nitrogen (N) source. We performed a hydroponic experiment using two N sources [5 mM NH4+ and 5 mM nitrate (NO3−)] to investigate the effects of NH4+ stress on the photosynthetic capacities of two wheat cultivars (NH4+‐sensitive AK58 and NH4+‐tolerant XM25). NH4+ significantly inhibited the growth and light‐saturated photosynthesis (Asat) of both cultivars, but the extent of such inhibition was greater in the NH4+‐sensitive AK58. The CO2 concentration did not limit CO2 assimilation under NH4+ nutrition; though both stomatal and mesophyll conductance were significantly suppressed. Carboxylation efficiency (CE), light‐saturated potential rate of electron transport (Jmax), the quantum efficiency of PSII (ΦPSII), electron transport rate through PSII [Je(PSII)], and Fv/Fm were significantly reduced by NH4+. As a result, NH4+ nutrition resulted in a significant increase in the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion radicals (O2•−), but these symptoms were less severe in the NH4+‐tolerant XM25, which had a higher capacity of removing elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, NH4+ N sources might decreased electron transport efficiency and increased the production of ROS, exacerbating damage to the electron transport chain, leading to a reduced plant photosynthetic capacity.
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation of eosinophilic granuloma with bone graft surgery and a modified implant‐supported hybrid prosthesis: A case report with a 6‐year follow‐up
Authors: Kurt Meral , Bal Bilge Turhan , Uraz Ahu , Kahraman Sevil 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEosinophilic granuloma is the most common form of Langerhans cell histiocytosis and corresponds with bone lesions characterized by pain, rapid growth, and high tendency of recurrence after inadequate curettage. It is a rare disease that is difficult to diagnose clinically and radiographically because it mimics other odontogenic cysts and tumors. In this report, the reconstruction of an osseous defect with an iliac graft and a modified implant‐supported hybrid prosthesis after surgical excision of an eosinophilic granuloma in the mandible of a 27‐year‐old male patient was described. The patient was satisfied with the functional and esthetic results of the implant‐supported restoration and a 6‐year follow‐up showed no sign of recurrence.
New Composite Membrane of Carboxylated Polysulfone (CPS)– Polyphenylene Ether Ether Sulfone (PPEES) as Potential Material for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Authors: Hegde C. , Isloor A. M. , Belavadi G. , Kumar R. 
Published: November 2018

In the present study, carboxylated polysulfone (CPS) and Poly (1,4–phenylene ether ether–sulfone) (PPEES) NF membranes for their application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) were investigated. New NF membranes were prepared by blending PPEES with CPS solution in NMP (5 wt. %) by the solution casting procedure using K–control coater. The membranes have been characterized by thermal analysis, water uptake, IEC measurements, proton conductivity performance and methanol crossover. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was at length used to decide proton conductivity. The addition of CPS increased the water uptake capability of the synthesized membrane and resulted in enhanced proton conductivity. The conductivity values in the range of 10–4 –10–2 S/cm were obtained for the new CPS–PPEES membranes. The conductivities of the membranes showed increasing trend as a function of operating temperature and wt. % of CPS. Membrane of the type CM1 gave the conductivity in the range of 0.12 S/cm at 100°C. The results showed that, CPS/PPEES is a promising membrane material for possible use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
Cellulose and Chitosan Composite Membranes for Protein and Salt Filtration
Authors: Rakbamrung P. , Wanichapichart P. , Tirawanichakul Y. 
Published: November 2018

Cellulose membrane (SE) was prepared by culturing Acetobacter xylinum in a media with sucrose as a carbon source and was used as a supporting membrane in this study. Pore size of the supporting membrane was studied by means of molecular weight cut off (MWCO) and SEM micrographs. For making cellulose/chitosan composite membrane SE/CH, chitosan solution was used as a coating polymer and applied by a casting method.This resulted in a smaller hydraulic permeability coefficient (Lp) from 6.7 × 10–11 m3 N–1 s–1 in membrane SE to 1.94 × 10–12 m3 N–1 s–1 in the composite membrane SE/CH. Using PEG of several molecular weights as feed solution, the MWCO of the SE membrane was 200 kDa while that of the SE/CH membrane was 6 kDa. The former rejected 1 g L–1 BSA by 80%. With pH between 3 and 8, the composite membrane SE/CH rejected NaCl and NaHCO3 by 50%, independent of the pH level. However, when using a divalent salt solution of MgSO4 the rejection was increased up to 85%, with an optimum at pH 6–7 and a permeate flux of 5.0 L m–2h–1 at pressures of 0.5 MPa.
Effect of DEA in Membrane Gas Absorption System Using Polymeric Flat Sheet Membrane
Authors: Ahmad A. L. , Sunarti A. R. , Lee K. T. , Fernando W. J. N. 
Published: November 2018

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential process of the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from flue gases by using developed membrane gas absorption system. The experiments were performed in membrane gas absorption system consisted 0.45 μm pore size microporous polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF) flat sheet membrane. Diethanolamine (DEA) solution was employed as the liquid absorbent. The operating parameters such as the gas and liquid flow rate were setup at 100 cm3/min and 25 cm3/min and liquid absorbent was at room temperature. The effect of DEA concentration was studied with variation in range 1 M to 5 M. In addition, the experiments were carried out with 20%, 40% and 100% gas ratio CO2 to N2. The results show that hydrophobic polymeric membranes such as PVDF can be efficiently used for gas absorption with optimized concentration of DEA.