bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Luminal obstruction in uncomplicated appendicitis: Detection with sonography and potential clinical implications
Authors: Kuhn Karin J. , Brooke Jeffrey R. , Olcott Eric W. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPurposeTo determine the frequency of luminal obstruction on appendiceal graded compression sonography (US) in patients with uncomplicated appendicitis and test the hypothesis that this frequency is similar to the failure rates of primary antibiotic therapy for uncomplicated appendicitis when treatment selection is based on CT findings.MethodsSonograms of 150 consecutive patients with appendicitis diagnosed on ultrasound (US) and proven histopathologically were retrospectively evaluated; 114 (76.0%) had uncomplicated appendicitis, that is, appendicitis without gangrene or perforation, and were evaluated for appendicolithiasis and lymphoid hyperplasia using previously published sonographic criteria, and for luminal obstruction.ResultsOf the 114 patients with uncomplicated appendicitis, US demonstrated no luminal obstruction in 74 (64.9%) and luminal obstruction in 40 (35.1%, P = .018), the latter including 16 (40.0%) with lymphoid hyperplasia and 24 (60.0%, P = .074) with appendicolithiasis.ConclusionsUS demonstrated luminal obstruction in 35.1% of patients with uncomplicated appendicitis, similar to the published failure rates of antibiotic therapy when treatment selection is based on CT. This confirms the hypothesis, supporting the possibility that undiagnosed luminal obstruction may account for treatment failures when patients are selected by CT for primary antibiotic therapy, and suggests a role for US in selecting patients without luminal obstruction for antibiotic therapy.
Microbial assessment of pathogenic bacterial growth in ice cream and kulfa
Authors: Shaheen Shabnum , Jaffer Mehwish , Aslam Barira , Hussain Khadim , Khan Asaf , Ashfaq Muhammad , Ulfat Mobina , Sardar Andaleeb Anwar , Ahmad Mushtaq , Zafar Muhammad , Khan Farah 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCurrent study was focused to examine the total bacterial count in packed and unpacked ice cream and kulfa collected from 12 different localities of Lahore. The bacterial colonies were isolated and grown on agar‐broth media under sterilized conditions. Serial dilution technique was used to compose the replicates to get total viable count of bacteria. Results in case of packed ice cream samples indicated maximum (618 × 10–6 CFU/g) and minimum (79 × 10–6 CFU/g) bacterial count while in case of unpacked ice cream samples maximum and minimum bacterial count was 163 × 10–6 CFU/g and 71 × 10–6 CFU/g, respectively. Whereas in case of packed kulfa samples, maximum and minimum recorded bacterial count was 163 × 10–6 CFU/g and 72 × 10–6 CFU/g, respectively. The LM and SEM of the isolated bacteria were also performed for correct identification. Results indicated that the total bacterial count recorded in the samples exceeded the standard tolerable range which can lead to serious health damage of consumers.
“Drawn from Alice in Wonderland”: Expert and public debates over merit, race, and testing in Massachusetts police officer selection, 1967–1979
Authors: Probolus Kimberly 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study explores the use of tests to select police officers in Massachusetts from 1967–1979. I show how a range of actors understood the construction of merit within the context of police selection in Boston during the Civil Rights movement and how these debates raised larger questions about objectivity in the social sciences and the law. I argue that when experts exposed the way seemingly objective “intelligence” tests perpetuated racial inequality, the public rejected their expertise, instead reaffirming their trust in tests as the best way to evaluate merit and by instead challenging the law’s objectivity. This paper puts histories of merit in conversation with scholarship on affirmative action and employment discrimination to provide a fuller understanding of how intelligence tests are constructed and how nonexpert actors interpreted debates about testing, defining and redefining merit in ways that reflected their beliefs about race, opportunity, and employment.
Morphological features of the yolk processing pattern in the eastern fence lizard, Sceloporus undulatus (Phrynosomatidae)
Authors: Blackburn Daniel G. , Lestz Luisa , Barnes Madeline S. , Powers Kathryn G. , Langkilde Tracy 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFeatures of embryonic development in birds traditionally have been assumed to be shared by sauropsids in general. Herein, we document a pattern of yolk processing and cellularization in the Eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) that is fundamentally different from that of birds. In the avian pattern, cells of the yolk sac lining phagocytose, and digest yolk material. These cells release products of digestion into underlying blood vessels for transport back to the embryo. In contrast, microscopic examination of the developing eggs of S. undulatus reveals that the yolk mass is converted into vascularized, “spaghetti‐like” strands that fill the yolk sac cavity. Three successive developmental stages are involved. First, the liquid yolk is invaded by proliferating endodermal cells, which phagocytose and digest the yolk material. These cells form clumps that progressively fill the yolk sac cavity. Second, small blood vessels derived from the yolk sac vasculature invade the yolk sac cavity. Third, the endodermal cells become organized in monolayers around these vessels. This arrangement provides a means by which large numbers of endodermal cells can digest yolk, with each cell being positioned to release products of digestion into an adjacent blood vessel for transport to the embryo. The mechanism of yolk processing in this lizard species is similar to that of recently studied snakes. From its phylogenetic distribution, we infer that this pattern probably is ancestral for squamate sauropsids.
Incidence and risk factors of unplanned intubation during pediatric sedation for MRI
Authors: Kim Doyeon , Lee Eun Kyung , Jeong Ji Seon , Gil Nam‐Su , Hahm Tae Soo , Shin Young Hee 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundIt is often difficult for the pediatric patient to cooperate or to remain immobile during MR scans. Therefore, sedation is usually needed for children.PurposeTo evaluate the incidence and contributing factors of unanticipated intubation during sedation for MRI scan in children.Study TypeRetrospective observational study.Population/SubjectsIn all, 1165 charts were reviewed retrospectively of patients who had been sedated by anesthesiologists at a single institution from May 2015 to June 2016.AssessmentPatient's demographics, the region of the MRI scan, total amount of medication, duration of sedation, and any adverse event during MRI were assessed. The adverse events during sedation including airway obstruction, apnea, desaturation, bradycardia, and hypotension were also assessed.Statistical TestsRisk factors of unplanned intubation during MRI sedation were identified by univariate and multivariate analysis. Firth's exact logistic regression was used for univariate and multivariate analysis. According to the results from multiple logistic regression, a nomogram was developed to predict the risk.ResultsA total of 1165 children aged 7 days to 18 years with sedation used during an MRI scan during the study period showed an incidence of unexpected intubation as ~2% (n = 23, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.0123, 0.0295). Multivariate logistic regression revealed the following risk factors of unplanned intubation: American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class III patients (odds ratio [OR] 1.212, P < 0.001), premature birth (OR 2.317, P < 0.001), and the presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (OR 1.474, P < 0.001) or congenital heart disease (OR 1.118, P < 0.001).Data ConclusionThis study identified risk factors of unplanned intubation as follows: ASA class III patients, premature birth, and the presence of GERD or congenital heart disease. The physician should screen risk factors of unexpected intubation and maintain adequate sedation during MRI scans in pediatric patients.Level of Evidence 3.Technical Efficacy Stage 5.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1053–1061.
Comparison between an abbreviated and full MRI protocol for detecting additional disease when doing breast cancer staging
Authors: Girometti Rossano , Nitti Adriana , Lorenzon Michele , Greco Franco , Londero Viviana , Zuiani Chiara 
Published: October 2018

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that abbreviated magnetic resonance imaging (aMRI) compares well to full‐protocol MRI (fpMRI) in breast cancer (BC) screening, with the potential advantage of a less costly and complex examination. To our knowledge, the role for aMRI in staging BC has been poorly investigated, especially in assessing additional disease (ie, additional lesions compared to the index one prompting the examination).PurposeTo compare aMRI and fpMRI in detecting additional disease in BC staging.Study typeRetrospective monocentric cohort study.PopulationIn all, 87 patients with 89 biopsy‐proven index lesions referred to staging fpMRI between January–June 2016.Field Strength/SequenceA 1.5T magnet using short tau inversion recovery (STIR) T2‐weighted imaging, echoplanar diffusion‐weighted imaging, and 3D fast long angle shot (FLASH) T1‐weighted imaging.AssessmentDuring independent sessions, four readers with 1.5–20 years of experience in breast imaging, blinded to the pathological examination and previous imaging, assessed multifocal, multicentric, and contralateral additional lesions on fpMRI and aMRI (including precontrast T1‐weighted 3D FLASH sequence, first postcontrast subtracted T1‐weighted 3D FLASH sequence, and a transverse maximum intensity projection reconstruction).Statistical TestsWe calculated the per‐lesion cancer detection rate (CDR), positive predictive value (PPV), and false discovery rate (FDR) for additional disease, assessing the significance of intrareader differences in CDR with the McNemar test.ResultsPathological analysis found 36 additional lesions (multifocal, multicentric, and contralateral in 20, 15, and 1 cases, respectively). Readers' CDR was comparably high using aMRI (range 88.9–94.4%) or fpMRI (range 91.7–94.4%) (P > 0.05). PPV and FDR of aMRI (ranges 76.2–84.6% and 15.4–23.8%, respectively), and fpMRI (ranges 76.7–82.9% and 17.2–23.3%, respectively) were comparable on an intrareader basis. Using aMRI, two out of four readers induced two false‐negative cases (one case each) with presumably limited impact on surgical planning (multifocal cancers <1 cm in size).Data ConclusionaMRI was comparable to fpMRI in staging additional BC.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:e222–e230.
A bisection‐based heuristic for rapid EM‐driven multiobjective design of compact impedance transformers
Authors: Bekasiewicz Adrian , Koziel Slawomir 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDesign of microwave structures is a multiobjective task where several conflicting requirements have to be considered at the same time. For contemporary circuits characterized by complex geometries, multiobjective optimization cannot be performed using standard population‐based algorithms due to high cost of electromagnetic (EM) evaluations. In this work, we propose a deterministic approach for fast EM‐driven multiobjective design of microwave structures. Our Pareto ranking bisection algorithm (PRBA) generates candidate designs by dividing the line segments connecting previously obtained Pareto optimal solutions and refining them by means of poll‐type search involving Pareto ranking. Computational efficiency of the optimization process is ensured by a small number of objective function evaluations required by PRBA as well as by executing the algorithm using the low‐fidelity EM model of the structure at hand. The algorithm is demonstrated using a compact impedance transformer. Experimental validation is also provided.
Kimchi extracts as inhibitors of colour deterioration and lipid oxidation in raw ground pork meat during refrigerated storage
Authors: Lee Mi‐Ai , Kim Tae‐Kyung , Hwang Ko‐Eun , Choi Yun‐Jeong , Park Sung‐Hee , Kim Cheon‐Jei , Choi Yun‐Sang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDKimchi is a Korean, traditional fermented food made from Korean cabbage, radish, fermented jeotgal, ginger, garlic, and red pepper powder. It is a good source of natural antioxidants such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, vitamins, and carotenoids. In this study, the antioxidant effects of various kimchi extracts on raw ground pork during refrigerated storage were investigated. Raw ground pork samples were treated with ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxyl toluene, baechu kimchi extract (BKE), gat kimchi extract (GKE), puchu kimchi extract (PKE), and white kimchi extract (WKE) and compared with raw ground pork without antioxidant treatment (NC).RESULTSIncreased metmyoglobin (MetMb), thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS), and total bacterial counts (TBC) were observed in all meat samples after storage, whereas pH, lightness, and redness values tended to decrease with increased storage time. All treated samples had lower TBARS and MetMb values and TBC compared to the control samples. Various kimchi ethanol extracts protected raw ground pork from lipid oxidation. The most potent antioxidant was GKE, whereas WKE was the weakest.CONCLUSIONSThis study suggests that the tested extracts, especially kimchi, have potential as natural preservatives to reduce colour degradation, lipid oxidation, and bacterial count in raw ground pork meat. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of the 3‐hydroxy pyridine antioxidant effect on the thermal‐oxidative degradation of HTPB
Authors: Nazmi Ali , Yarmohammadi Masoud , Zamani Pedram Mona , Shahidzadeh Mansour 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe effect of the mixture of two antioxidants has been evaluated on the thermal‐oxidant degradation of the hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) because of its importance in the coatings and adhesives industries. 2,2‐Methylene bis(4‐methyl‐6‐tertiarybutylphenol) or A.O.2246 and 3‐hydroxy pyridine have been considered as antioxidants in this study as a common HTPB antioxidant and an active antioxidant, respectively. The thermal‐oxidant degradation behavior of the HTPB has been investigated in the presence of a mixture of two antioxidants by TGA and DTG tests, and, subsequently, the results of these tests have been interpreted by two model‐free methods, e.g., Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose and Friedman methods. The results revealed that the mixture of two antioxidants affected the activation energy of the thermal‐oxidant degradation reaction of the HTPB. The calculated activation energy value obtained from the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method was about 199 ± 1 kJ⋅mol−1. In addition, the Ea value at various conversion rates has also been calculated by using the Friedman method. This method showed that the highest Ea value in the thermal‐oxidant degradation reaction belonged to the initiation step of the reaction (about 299 kJ⋅mol−1). Moreover, the lowest activation energy value was correlated to the second step of the degradation reaction at a conversion rate of 0.6 (about 184 kJ⋅mol−1).
Using reflectance confocal microscopy to observe in vivo melanolysis after treatment with the picosecond alexandrite laser and Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser in melasma
Authors: Jo Da Jung , Kang In‐Hye , Baek Ji Hwoon , Gwak Min Jae , Lee Sang Jun , Shin Min Kyung 
Published: October 2018

ObjectivesMelasma is an acquired type of hyperpigmentation that is characterized by the appearance of scattered light‐ to dark‐brown macules and patches on the face. Recently, several lasers have been proposed as treatment options for melasma. In particular, the picosecond alexandrite laser is an ideal laser for selective photothermal melanolysis. The aim of our study was to compare the effectiveness in melanolysis of a single treatment of the picosecond alexandrite laser with that of the Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser using reflectance confocal microscopy imaging of the melasma lesions.Materials and MethodsWe performed a spilt‐face study using the picosecond alexandrite laser and Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser in eight patients with melasma. Both melasma lesions and surrounding normal skin were examined under reflectance confocal microscopy 1 and 24 hours after treatment. The melanin intensity of each skin layer was investigated.ResultsAt baseline, melasma has irregular melanin distribution and a higher melanin density than surrounding normal skin under reflectance confocal microscopy. After a single treatment with either the picosecond alexandrite laser or the Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser, both melanin‐induced reflectance and melanin index decreased.ConclusionOur findings suggest that it is feasible to assess the distribution of melanin by reflectance confocal microscopy and observe the melanolysis in melasma lesion after laser treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 51:423–429, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A bridge between dual porosity and multiscale models of heterogeneous deformable porous media
Authors: Hajiabadi Mohammad R. , Khoei Amir R. 
Published: October 2018

SummaryIn this paper, a multiscale homogenization approach is developed for fully coupled saturated porous media to represent the idealized sugar cube model, which is generally employed in fractured porous media on the basis of dual porosity models. In this manner, an extended version of the Hill‐Mandel theory that incorporates the microdynamic effects into the multiscale analysis is presented, and the concept of the deformable dual porosity model is demonstrated. Numerical simulations are performed employing the multiscale analysis and dual porosity model, and the results are compared with the direct numerical simulation through 2 numerical examples. Finally, a combined multiscale‐dual porosity technique is introduced by employing a bridge between these 2 techniques as an alternative approach that reduces the computational cost of numerical simulation in modeling of heterogeneous deformable porous media.
Surgical treatment of post‐prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence in adult men: Report from the 6th International Consultation on Incontinence
Authors: Averbeck Marcio A. , Woodhouse Christopher , Comiter Craig , Bruschini Homero , Hanus Thomas , Herschorn Sender , Goldman Howard B. 
Published: October 2018

AimsTo report the recommendations of the 6th International Consultation on Incontinence (ICI) on post‐prostatectomy urinary incontinence.MethodsThe 6th ICI committee on surgical treatment of urinary incontinence in men assessed and reviewed the outcomes of surgical therapy and updated the prior recommendations published in 2013. Articles from peer‐reviewed journals, abstracts from scientific meetings, and literature searches by hand and electronically formed the basis of this review. The resulting guidelines were presented at the 2016 ICI meeting in Tokyo, Japan.ResultsVoiding diary and pad tests are valuable for assessing quantity of leakage. Cystoscopy and/or urodynamics may be useful in guiding therapy depending on the type of incontinence and presumed etiology. Artificial Urinary Sphincter (AUS) is the preferred treatment for men with moderate to severe stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after RP. Male slings are an acceptable approach for men with mild to moderate SUI. Much discussion centers on the definition of moderate SUI. Injectable agents have a poor success rate in men with SUI. Options for recurrent SUI due to urethral atrophy after AUS implantation include changing the pressure balloon, downsizing the cuff and increasing the amount of fluid in the system. Infection and/or erosion demand surgical removal or revision of all or part of the prosthesis.ConclusionsAlthough there are several series reporting the outcomes of different surgical interventions for PPUI, there is still a need for prospective randomized clinical trials. Recommendations for future research include standardized workup and outcome measures, and complete reporting of adverse events at long‐term.
A tolerability and patient acceptability pilot study of a novel antimicrobial urinary catheter for long‐term use
Authors: Belfield Katherine , Betts Helen , Parkinson Richard , Bayston Roger 
Published: October 2018

AimsWe have developed a novel antimicrobial urinary catheter (AUC) impregnated with rifampicin, triclosan, and sparfloxacin and demonstrated that it has long‐term (∼84 days) protection against bacterial colonization in vitro. This study aimed to assess the safety and patient acceptability of this device in long‐term catheter users.MethodsAdults who use long term (>28 days) indwelling urinary catheters with capacity to consent were invited to receive the AUC at their next catheter change. The primary outcome measure was adverse events (AE) attributable to antimicrobial impregnation of the catheter. Secondary outcome measures included severity of related AEs, patient acceptability, early removal of the trial catheter, and degree of microbial colonization of trial catheters. Except for the last, outcomes were assessed by telephone interviews. Original and trial catheters were collected, and the lumens and balloons were separated and analyzed for microbiological colonization.ResultsThirty participants were recruited. Eighty four AEs were reported, and only one was rated as “probably” related to antimicrobial impregnation. The AE was mild and resolved within 48 h. A total of 82.14% of participants rated the catheter as no different or better than their usual catheter. Two participants chose to remove the AUC early due to it feeling shorter. There were significantly fewer bacterial isolates attached to the balloons of trial catheters compared to the matched original catheters.ConclusionsThe AUC has an advantageous safety profile and was acceptable to the majority of participants. Information gained from this trial will support a larger randomized controlled study of efficacy.
eXtended hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin for incompressible flow problems with unfitted meshes and interfaces
Authors: Gürkan Ceren , Kronbichler Martin , Fernández‐Méndez Sonia 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThe eXtended hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (X‐HDG) method is developed for the solution of Stokes problems with void or material interfaces. X‐HDG is a novel method that combines the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method with an eXtended finite element strategy, resulting in a high‐order, unfitted, superconvergent method, with an explicit definition of the interface geometry by means of a level‐set function. For elements not cut by the interface, the standard HDG formulation is applied, whereas a modified weak form for the local problem is proposed for cut elements. Heaviside enrichment is considered on cut faces and in cut elements in the case of bimaterial problems. Two‐dimensional numerical examples demonstrate that the applicability, accuracy, and superconvergence properties of HDG are inherited in X‐HDG, with the freedom of computational meshes that do not fit the interfaces
Ovarian cancer in adolescents and young adults
Authors: Lockley Michelle , Stoneham Sara J. , Olson Thomas A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe diagnosis of ovarian cancer in adolescents and young adults is always challenging. Many issues exist, and most important of these may be access to care with an appropriate provider. A range of histologies occur in the ovaries, and their frequency changes markedly as patients progress from adolescence to young adulthood. The very curable germ cell tumors of adolescence slowly give way to aggressive carcinomas, which require a different treatment approach. Special consideration is needed for treatment of toxicity. In an ideal world, centers consisting of pediatric, medical, and gynecological oncologists may be the most appropriate to care for these complex and diverse patients.