bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How does gender relate to social skills? Exploring differences in social skills mindsets, academics, and behaviors among high‐school freshmen students
Authors: Tan Kevin , Oe Jin Shin , Hoang Le Minh Dung 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBoys struggle academically and behaviorally more than girls and are more likely to have difficulty with social skills. It seems likely that boys and girls do not perceive social skills in the same light. Past research has not investigated this or its relationship to academic and behavioral performance. Using data from a cohort of 9th‐grade students (n = 323) in one high school in central Illinois, this study involves interaction analyses of student mindsets about their social skills and gender. Findings indicated that females who perceive social skills as more important had higher grade point averages (GPAs), higher attendance rates, and fewer disciplinary problems than their male counterparts. Conversely, females who perceive social skills as of lesser importance have lower GPAs, poorer attendance, and more disciplinary referrals than their male counterparts. Findings highlight pertinent gender differences in the relation between social skills mindsets and outcomes among high‐school freshmen students.
HPV primary cervical screening in England: Women's awareness and attitudes
Authors: Patel Hersha , Moss Esther L. , Sherman Susan M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundPrimary human papillomavirus (HPV) cervical screening is due to be implemented in England within the next 2 years; however, the acceptability of HPV testing as the primary screening test is unclear. This study explores women's awareness and attitudes toward HPV testing/screening.MethodsQualitative interviews (semistructured and focus group) were conducted with 46 women (aged 25‐65 years) from community and secondary care settings. Data were analyzed by using the inductive‐framework method.ResultsWomen were unaware that cervical screening currently includes HPV testing and lacked HPV‐related knowledge. Emotions of shock, fear, and anxiety were reported upon receiving a positive HPV result. For women in long‐term relationships, the realization that HPV is a sexually transmitted infection was seen as a barrier to primary HPV testing. Knowledge that HPV testing is a screening test to prevent cervical cancer did not change their attitudes. Women debated the need for continued screening following a negative result. Women feared judgment by the community if they participated with primary HPV screening because they were being tested for a sexually transmitted infection, with the possible attendant perception that they had adopted a high‐risk lifestyle in comparison to nonattenders.ConclusionsThe acceptability of HPV testing may be a limiting factor in encouraging participation with screening in the future.
A comprehensive evaluation of CHEK2 germline mutations in men with prostate cancer
Authors: Wu Yishuo , Yu Hongjie , Zheng S. Lilly , Na Rong , Mamawala Mufaddal , Landis Tricia , Wiley Kathleen , Petkewicz Jacqueline , Shah Sameep , Shi Zhuqing , Novakovic Kristian , McGuire Michael , Brendler Charles B. , Ding Qiang , Helfand Brian T. , Carter H. Ballentine , Cooney Kathleen A. , Isaacs William B. , Xu Jianfeng 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundGermline mutations in CHEK2 have been associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk. Our objective is to examine whether germline pathogenic CHEK2 mutations can differentiate risk of lethal from indolent PCa.MethodsA case‐case study of 703 lethal PCa patients and 1455 patients with low‐risk localized PCa of European, African, and Chinese origin was performed. Germline DNA samples from these patients were sequenced for CHEK2. Mutation carrier rates and their association with lethal PCa were analyzed using the Fisher exact test and Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis.ResultsIn the entire study population, 40 (1.85%) patients were identified as carrying one of 15 different germline CHEK2 pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations. CHEK2 mutations were detected in 16 (2.28%) of 703 lethal PCa patients compared with 24 (1.65%) of 1455 low‐risk PCa patients (P = 0.31). No association was found between CHEK2 mutation status and early‐diagnosis or PCa‐specific survival time. However, the most common mutation in CHEK2, c.1100delC (p.T367 fs), had a significantly higher carrier rate (1.28%) in lethal PCa patients than low‐risk PCa patients of European American origin (0.16%), P = 0.0038. The estimated Odds Ratio of this mutation for lethal PCa was 7.86. The carrier rate in lethal PCa was also significantly higher than that (0.46%) in 32 461 non‐Finnish European subjects from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) (P = 0.01).ConclusionsWhile overall CHEK2 mutations were not significantly more common in men with lethal compared to low‐risk PCa, the specific CHEK2 mutation, c.1100delC, appears to contribute to an increased risk of lethal PCa in European American men.
Antiadipogenic effects of a standardized quassinoids‐enriched fraction and eurycomanone from Eurycoma longifolia
Authors: Balan D. , Chan Kit‐Lam , Murugan D. , AbuBakar Sazaly , Wong Pooi‐Fong 
Published: March 2018

Bioactive compounds of Eurycoma longifolia (EL) jack were previously shown to reduce omentum fat mass and oestradiol‐induced fatty uterine adhesion in rats. However, the exact role of EL on adipogenesis remains unknown. This study sought to investigate the effects of an EL standardized quassinoids‐enriched fraction (SQEL) and the pure compound, eurycomanone, on adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 preadipocyte cells. 3T3‐L1 cells were induced to differentiate and treated for 8 days. The treatment reduced intracellular accumulation of lipid droplets and triglycerides in the differentiating adipocytes and induced lipolysis in matured adipocytes. The expressions of adipogenic transcription factors and markers were also significantly downregulated during the early stage of differentiation. Furthermore, SQEL also suppressed body weight gain, decreased epididymal and perirenal fat pad mass and size, and reduced the accumulation of fat in the livers of C57BL/6J mice fed with normal or high‐fat diet that were concurrently given 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg (i.p) of SQEL for 12 weeks. SQEL also improved glucose intolerance and decreased the elevated total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in these mice groups. These findings suggest that SQEL could be explored as an alternative pharmacologic agent inhibiting adipogenesis for the prevention of obesity.
Thermal regime metrics and quantifying their uncertainty for North American streams
Authors: Jones N. E. , Schmidt B. J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractUnderstanding and characterizing thermal regimes is gaining popularity, but there has been little assessment of the sources and magnitudes of uncertainty among different thermal metrics. Understanding how the quantity of data influence estimates of metrics and the characterization of thermal regime is critical to resource management. We examine the influence of record length on the uncertainty of estimation for commonly used thermal metrics including mean annual maximum and minimum, timing of the annual maximum and minimum, mean annual temperature range, mean weekly maximum temperature, July maximum, minimum, and range. We selected 19 sites from U.S. Geological Survey hydrometric station network to represent stations with both small and large drainage areas across the ecoregions of the contiguous United States with at least 20 years of daily stream temperature data. We also selected 54 sites from Water Survey of Canada's hydrometric network with at least 7 years of sub‐daily data for the province of Ontario. Randomizing a progressively increasing set of years used to calculate estimates of each metric provided the percentile confidence bands that were compared with various thresholds of acceptable certainty. Bootstrap confidence bands quickly decreased in width with increasing record length and approached an acceptable level at an average of 12 years for daily data metrics. Metrics calculated using the sub‐daily data required approximately 3 years of data. The timing of annual minimum and maximum temperatures required the greatest amount of data to reduce bias to an acceptable level.
Shallow and deep water aquatic vegetation potential for a midlatitude pool of the Upper Mississippi River System with drawdown
Authors: Schorg A. J. , Romano S. P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPrior to navigation dam and levee placement, the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) flowed through a wide floodplain supporting a diverse ecosystem. Diversity was created by variable flood frequencies and water flow, but presently high and static water levels supporting river navigation have caused low diversity of aquatic vegetation in locations within the UMR. A pool‐scale water level drawdown was proposed as a wetland management tool to mimic historic low water flow for UMR Navigation Pool 18, between Oquawka and Keithsburg, IL. The objectives of this research are to determine plant species, density, and diversity expected for a drawdown in Pool 18.A seedbank and propagule assay was used to evaluate drawdown plant species response. Emergence was tested using river bottom substrate samples collected in 2009 from the proposed drawdown area. Samples were treated at two hydrologic levels: shallow (3‐cm depth) and deep (16‐cm depth). Dominant species in the shallow flooded treatment were Gratiola neglecta, Leersia oryzoides, Eleocharis palustris, Sagittaria latifolia, and Ammania coccinea. Deep flooded dominant taxa included G. neglecta, S. latifolia, Vallisneria americana, and A. coccinea. Each treatment indicated a seedbank of moderate diversity with a shallow treatment diversity of D = 0.56 and deep treatment diversity of D = 0.44. Plant density for the shallow flooded treatment was 213 stems/m2 (±112; 95% CI), and deep flooded hydrologic treatment, 206 stems/m2 (±82; 95% CI). It is expected that this drawdown will provide an intermediate ecological disturbance resulting in greater species diversity and density currently lacking in this portion of the Upper Mississippi River System.
Self‐Formed Channel Devices Based on Vertically Grown 2D Materials with Large‐Surface‐Area and Their Potential for Chemical Sensor Applications
Authors: Kim Chaeeun , Park Jun‐Cheol , Choi Sun Young , Kim Yonghun , Seo Seung‐Young , Park Tae‐Eon , Kwon Se‐Hun , Cho Byungjin , Ahn Ji‐Hoon 
Published: March 2018

Abstract2D layered materials with sensitive surfaces are promising materials for use in chemical sensing devices, owing to their extremely large surface‐to‐volume ratios. However, most chemical sensors based on 2D materials are used in the form of laterally defined active channels, in which the active area is limited to the actual device dimensions. Therefore, a novel approach for fabricating self‐formed active‐channel devices is proposed based on 2D semiconductor materials with very large surface areas, and their potential gas sensing ability is examined. First, the vertical growth phenomenon of SnS2 nanocrystals is investigated with large surface area via metal‐assisted growth using prepatterned metal electrodes, and then self‐formed active‐channel devices are suggested without additional pattering through the selective synthesis of SnS2 nanosheets on prepatterned metal electrodes. The self‐formed active‐channel device exhibits extremely high response values (>2000% at 10 ppm) for NO2 along with excellent NO2 selectivity. Moreover, the NO2 gas response of the gas sensing device with vertically self‐formed SnS2 nanosheets is more than two orders of magnitude higher than that of a similar exfoliated SnS2‐based device. These results indicate that the facile device fabrication method would be applicable to various systems in which surface area plays an important role.
Magnesium‐Based Micromotors: Water‐Powered Propulsion, Multifunctionality, and Biomedical and Environmental Applications
Authors: Chen Chuanrui , Karshalev Emil , Guan Jianguo , Wang Joseph 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe new capabilities and functionalities of synthetic micro/nanomotors open up considerable opportunities for diverse environmental and biomedical applications. Water‐powered micromachines are particularly attractive for realizing many of these applications. Magnesium‐based motors directly use water as fuel to generate hydrogen bubbles for their propulsion, eliminating the requirement of common toxic fuels. This Review highlights the development of new Mg‐based micromotors and discusses the chemistry that makes it extremely attractive for micromotor applications. Understanding these Mg properties and its transient nature is essential for controlling the propulsion efficiency, lifetime, and overall performance. The unique and attractive behavior of Mg offers significant advantages, including efficient water‐powered movement, remarkable biocompatibility, controlled degradation, convenient functionalization, and built‐in acid neutralization ability, and has paved the way for multifunctional micromachines for diverse real‐life applications, including operation in living animals. A wide range of such Mg motor‐based applications, including the detection and destruction of environmental threats, effective in‐vivo cargo delivery, and autonomous release, have been demonstrated. In conclusion, the current challenges, future opportunities, and performance improvements of the Mg‐based micromotors are discussed. With continuous innovation and attention to key challenges, it is expected that Mg‐based motors will have a profound impact on diverse biomedical and environmental applications.
Sexual Violence Through a Social Justice Paradigm: Framing and Applications
Authors: Hong Luoluo , Marine Susan B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this chapter, we explore the factors that support the occurrence of sexual violence, including the role of interlocking systems of oppression. Traditional conceptions of “prevention” are deconstructed, a social justice paradigm for addressing sexual violence is advanced, and examples of how the paradigm can be applied to practice are described.
Opening the black box of spring water microbiology from alpine karst aquifers to support proactive drinking water resource management
Authors: Savio Domenico , Stadler Philipp , Reischer Georg H. , Kirschner Alexander K.T. , Demeter Katalin , Linke Rita , Blaschke Alfred P. , Sommer Regina , Szewzyk Ulrich , Wilhartitz Inés C. , Mach Robert L. , Stadler Hermann , Farnleitner Andreas H. 
Published: March 2018

Over the past 15 years, pioneering interdisciplinary research has been performed on the microbiology of hydrogeologically well‐defined alpine karst springs located in the Northern Calcareous Alps (NCA) of Austria. This article gives an overview on these activities and links them to other relevant research. Results from the NCA springs and comparable sites revealed that spring water harbors abundant natural microbial communities even in aquifers with high water residence times and the absence of immediate surface influence. Apparently, hydrogeology has a strong impact on the concentration and size of the observed microbes, and total cell counts (TCC) were suggested as a useful means for spring type classification. Measurement of microbial activities at the NCA springs revealed extremely low microbial growth rates in the base flow component of the studied spring waters and indicated the importance of biofilm‐associated microbial activities in sediments and on rock surfaces. Based on genetic analysis, the autochthonous microbial endokarst community (AMEC) versus transient microbial endokarst community (TMEC) concept was proposed for the NCA springs, and further details within this overview article are given to prompt its future evaluation. In this regard, it is well known that during high‐discharge situations, surface‐associated microbes and nutrients such as from soil habitats or human settlements—potentially containing fecal‐associated pathogens as the most critical water‐quality hazard—may be rapidly flushed into vulnerable karst aquifers. In this context, a framework for the comprehensive analysis of microbial pollution has been proposed for the NCA springs to support the sustainable management of drinking water safety in accordance with recent World Health Organization guidelines. Near‐real‐time online water quality monitoring, microbial source tracking (MST) and MST‐guided quantitative microbial‐risk assessment (QMRA) are examples of the proposed analytical tools. In this context, this overview article also provides a short introduction to recently emerging methodologies in microbiological diagnostics to support reading for the practitioner. Finally, the article highlights future research and development needs.This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation
Science of Water > Water Extremes
Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Investigation of heavy metal distributions along 15 m soil profiles using EDXRF, XRD, SEM‐EDX, and ICP‐MS techniques
Authors: Özen Songül Akbulut , Özkalaycı Fatih , Çevik Uğur , Van Grieken Rene 
Published: March 2018

The research of soil contamination by heavy metal is an important field due to its environmental and health implications. The goal was to study the elemental mobility as a function of depth. For this reason, the distribution of heavy metals (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, and Pb) was investigated along soil profiles up to a depth of 15 m at 9 sampling sites in the Nilufer industrial district (Bursa, Turkey). Elemental analyses were done with the Epsilon 5 energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry equipment. Particle analysis was performed with a JEOL scanning electron microscope equipped with a Si(Li) X‐ray detector. The crystallographic compositions of oxide compounds in soil samples were identified by a Rigaku X‐ray diffraction instrument. Different parameters such as the soil's chemical (mineralogical structure, pH, and electrical conductivity) and physical properties (the number of blows, the stiffness index, the liquidity index, the plasticity index, and the water content) were analyzed. To assess the mobility of the heavy metals, diffusion (D) and convection coefficients (ʋ) were calculated with the finite difference method. Convection was determined to dominate the studied region. In addition, the mobility coefficient was determined for each metal. High mobilities were determined for Zn and V, moderate mobilities for Cr, Ni, Cu, and As, and low mobilities were determined for Co and Pb. The results revealed that elements had reached depths of up to 15 m, causing irreversible soil contamination that may lead to environmental health issues.
Benchmarking Measures of Network Controllability on Canonical Graph Models
Authors: Wu-Yan Elena , Betzel Richard F. , Tang Evelyn , Gu Shi , Pasqualetti Fabio , Bassett Danielle S. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The control of networked dynamical systems opens the possibility for new discoveries and therapies in systems biology and neuroscience. Recent theoretical advances provide candidate mechanisms by which a system can be driven from one pre-specified state to another, and computational approaches provide tools to test those mechanisms in real-world systems. Despite already having been applied to study network systems in biology and neuroscience, the practical performance of these tools and associated measures on simple networks with pre-specified structure has yet to be assessed. Here, we study the behavior of four control metrics (global, average, modal, and boundary controllability) on eight canonical graphs (including Erdős–Rényi, regular, small-world, random geometric, Barábasi–Albert preferential attachment, and several modular networks) with different edge weighting schemes (Gaussian, power-law, and two nonparametric distributions from brain networks, as examples of real-world systems). We observe that differences in global controllability across graph models are more salient when edge weight distributions are heavy-tailed as opposed to normal. In contrast, differences in average, modal, and boundary controllability across graph models (as well as across nodes in the graph) are more salient when edge weight distributions are less heavy-tailed. Across graph models and edge weighting schemes, average and modal controllability are negatively correlated with one another across nodes; yet, across graph instances, the relation between average and modal controllability can be positive, negative, or nonsignificant. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that controllability statistics (and their relations) differ across graphs with different topologies and that these differences can be muted or accentuated by differences in the edge weight distributions. More generally, our numerical studies motivate future analytical efforts to better understand the mathematical underpinnings of the relationship between graph topology and control, as well as efforts to design networks with specific control profiles.
Focus on fatty acids in the neurometabolic pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders
Authors: Mocking R. J. T. , Assies J. , Ruhé H. G. , Schene A. H. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractContinuous research into the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia, suggests an important role for metabolism. This narrative review will provide an up‐to‐date summary of how metabolism is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of these psychiatric disorders. We will focus on (I) the important role of fatty acids in these metabolic alterations, (II) whether fatty acid alterations represent epiphenomena or risk factors, and (III) similarities and dissociations in fatty acid alterations between different psychiatric disorders. (Historical) epidemiological evidence links fatty acid intake to psychiatric disorder prevalence, corroborated by altered fatty acid concentrations measured in psychiatric patients. These fatty acid alterations are connected with other concomitant pathophysiological mechanisms, including biological stress (hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA)‐axis and oxidative stress), inflammation, and brain network structure and function. Metabolomics and lipidomics studies are underway to more deeply investigate this complex network of associated neurometabolic alterations. Supplementation of fatty acids as disease‐modifying nutraceuticals has clinical potential, particularly add‐on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in depressed patients with markers of increased inflammation. However, by interpreting the observed fatty acid alterations as partly (mal)adaptive phenomena, we attempt to nuance translational expectations and provide new clinical applications for these novel neurometabolic insights, e.g., to predict treatment response or depression recurrence. In conclusion, placing fatty acids in context can contribute to further understanding and optimized treatment of psychiatric disorders, in order to diminish their overwhelming burden of disease.