bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
B Cell Fcγ Receptor IIb Modulates Atherosclerosis in Male and Female Mice by Controlling Adaptive Germinal Center and Innate B-1-Cell Responses
Authors: Bagchi-Chakraborty Jayashree , Francis Anna , Bray Toni , Masters Leanne , Tsiantoulas Dimitrios , Nus Meritxell , Harrison James , Broekhuizen Michelle , Leggat Jennifer , Clatworthy Menna R. , Espéli Marion , Smith Kenneth G.C. , Binder Christoph J. , Mallat Ziad , Sage Andrew P. 
Published: May 2019

Objective—
Investigate the impact of modulating B cell FcγRIIb (Fcγ receptor IIb) expression on atherosclerosis.

Approach and Results—

Western diet–induced atherosclerosis was assessed in
Ldlr
−
/−
or
Apoe
−/−
mice with B cell–specific overexpression of FcγRIIb or with an FcγRIIb promoter mutation that alters FcγRIIb expression in germinal center (GC) B cells. In males, overexpression of FcγRIIb on B cells severely reduced activated, class switched B cell responses, as indicated by reductions in GC B cells, plasma cells, and serum IgG but not IgM antibodies. Male mice overexpressing FcγRIIb developed less atherosclerosis, suggesting a pathogenic role for GC B cell IgG responses. In support of this hypothesis, male mice with a promoter polymorphism-driven reduction in FcγRIIb on GC B cells but not plasma cells have a converse phenotype of enhanced GC responses and IgG2c antibodies and enhanced atherosclerosis. IgG2c significantly enhanced TNF (tumor necrosis factor) secretion by CD11b
+
CD11c
+
cells expressing the high-affinity receptor FcγRIV. In females, overexpression of FcγRIIb on B cells not only reduced GC B cell responses but also substantially reduced B-1 cells and IgM antibodies, which translated into acceleration of atherosclerosis. Promoter-driven reduction in FcγRIIb did not alter GC B cell responses in females and, therefore, had no impact on atherosclerosis.

Conclusions—
B cell FcγRIIb differentially alters proatherogenic adaptive GC B cell and atheroprotective innate B-1 responses in male and female mice fed a western diet. Our results highlight the importance of a better understanding and ability to selectively target B cell responses in future immunotherapeutic approaches against human cardiovascular disease.

Visual Overview—
An online visual overview is available for this article.
Evaluation of Diffusion Lesion Volume Measurements in Acute Ischemic Stroke Using Encoder-Decoder Convolutional Network
Authors: Kim Yoon-Chul , Lee Ji-Eun , Yu Inwu , Song Ha-Na , Baek In-Young , Seong Joon-Kyung , Jeong Han-Gil , Kim Beom Joon , Nam Hyo Suk , Chung Jong-Won , Bang Oh Young , Kim Gyeong-Moon , Seo Woo-Keun 
Published: May 2019

Background and Purpose—
Automatic segmentation of cerebral infarction on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is typically performed based on a fixed apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) threshold. Fixed ADC threshold methods may not be accurate because ADC values vary over time after stroke onset. Deep learning has the potential to improve the accuracy, provided that a large set of correctly annotated lesion data is used for training. The purpose of this study was to evaluate deep learning–based methods and compare them with commercial software in terms of lesion volume measurements.

Methods—
U-net, an encoder-decoder convolutional neural network, was adopted to train segmentation models. Two U-net models were developed: a U-net (DWI+ADC) model, trained on DWI and ADC data, and a U-net (DWI) model, trained on DWI data only. A total of 296 subjects were used for training and 134 for external validation. An expert neurologist manually delineated the stroke lesions on DWI images, which were used as the ground-truth reference. Lesion volume measurements from the U-net methods were compared against the expert’s manual segmentation and Rapid Processing of Perfusion and Diffusion (RAPID; iSchemaView Inc) analysis.

Results—
In external validation, U-net (DWI+ADC) showed the highest intraclass correlation coefficient with manual segmentation (intraclass correlation coefficient, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.99–1.00) and sufficiently high correlation with the RAPID results (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.98–0.99). U-net (DWI+ADC) and manual segmentation resulted in the smallest 95% Bland-Altman limits of agreement (−5.31 to 4.93 mL) with a mean difference of −0.19 mL.

Conclusions—
The presented deep learning–based method is fully automatic and shows a high correlation of diffusion lesion volume measurements with manual segmentation and commercial software. The method has the potential to be used in patient selection for endovascular reperfusion therapy in the late time window of acute stroke.
Debates on the Diya (Blood Money): Contemporary Juristic Discourse and Women’s Rights
Authors: Shaham Ron 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The present study focuses on a fatwa issued in 2005 by Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī. Unlike the predominant opinion of all law schools that the female’s diya is half that of a male’s, al-Qaraḍāwī argues that it is equal to that of a male’s. I claim that the encounter between the Modern-Salafi juristic methodology, applied by al-Qaraḍāwī, and the Traditional-Salafi methodology, applied by those who opposed his fatwa, captures in a nutshell the main features of current juristic debates in general, and debates on the legal status of women in particular. Although the strict methodology of Traditional-Salafis does not hold substantive potential for change, Modern-Salafis are able to undermine the orthodox positions by exploiting the lack of agreement on the authoritative reports and the ambiguous definitions of consensus, to form legal opinions that enhance women’s status.
A revision of the Chilean tribe Lichniini Burmeister, 1844 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae)
Authors: HAWKINS SHAUNA JOY 
Published: May 2019

The tribe Lichniini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae), which includes two genera and six species, is revised. A key to species, descriptions of genera and species, a checklist, distributional and temporal data, and designation of lectotypes and neotypes are given. The genus Lichnia Erichson, 1835 includes two species: L. gallardoi Gutiérrez, 1941 and L. limbata Erichson, 1835 (lectotype designated). The genus Arctodium Burmeister, 1844 includes four species: A. discolor (Erichson, 1835) (neotype designated), A. mahdii new species, A. planum (Blanchard, 1850) (lectotype designated), and A. vulpinum (Erichson, 1835) (lectotype designated). The following nomenclatural changes are made: Lichniini is transferred from Glaphyridae to Melolonthinae (Scarabaeoidea: Scarabaeidae) and the spelling is emended from “Lichnini” to “Lichniini”; Dasychaeta Erichson, 1847 is a new junior synonym of Lichnia; Dasychaeta lateralis Erichson, 1847 (neotype designated) is a new junior synonym of L. limbata; Lichnia porteri Gutiérrez, 1941 (neotype designated) is a new junior synonym of L. gallardoi; Cratoscelis aterrima Blanchard, 1850 (lectotype designated) is a new junior synonym of A. vulpinum; Cratoscelis canicapilla Philippi & Philippi, 1864 (lectotype designated) is a new junior synonym of A. planum; Cratoscelis gayana Blanchard, 1850 (lectotype designated) is a new junior synonym of A. vulpinum; Cratoscelis striolata Redtenbacher, 1868 (lectotype designated) is a new junior synonym of A. vulpinum; Cratoscelis villosa Blanchard, 1850 (lectotype designated) is a new junior synonym of A. vulpinum; and Cratoscelis Erichson, 1835 is a junior homonym of Cratoscelis Lucas, 1834 (Araneae: Sicariidae) and a synonym of Arctodium Burmeister, 1844.
Pseudecheneis suppaetula, a new species of glyptosternine catfish (Teleostei: Sisoridae) from India
Authors: NG HEOK HEE 
Published: May 2019

A new species of sisorid catfish, Pseudecheneis suppaetula, is described from tributaries of the Ganges River in India. Pseudecheneis suppaetula can be distinguished from congeners in having a combination of a long adipose-fin base (at least 2.0 times length of anal-fin base; 26.6–30.6% SL), small eye (8.1–8.3% SL), the presence of pale spots on the body, and the neural spines of the last 2–3 preanal and first 6–7 postanal vertebrae gradually increasing in height.
A new species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephalidae) from the western flank of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia
Authors: MUESES-CISNEROS JONH JAIRO 
Published: May 2019

A new species of the Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus group is named from the western flank of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia in the departamento de Santander. The species is similar to E. savagei Pyburn and Lynch and E. carranguerorum Lynch, although it is also similar to E. douglasi Lynch of the E. galdi group with which it is sympatric. Eleutherodactylus. padrecarlosi n. sp. differs from the previous species in external morphology, size and osteology. This new species, with E. ixalus Lynch and E. w-nigrum (Boettger) are at the moment the only three species of the E. conspicillatus group those occur on the western flank of the Cordillera Oriental of Colombia.
Dynamics Behind a Record-Breaking Trough over Mexico and Internal Atmospheric Variability during El Niño
Authors: Lillo Samuel P. , Parsons David B. , Peña Malaquias 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA major winter storm took place over Mexico during 7 to 11 March 2016, impacting 28 states and leaving four million families without power. Extensive agricultural damage and livestock deaths were also reported with widespread snow across central and northern Mexico. North of the border, this system resulted in record-breaking flooding and severe weather in Texas and Louisiana. The event was due to a trough that deepened and cut off over central Mexico with 500-hPa heights that were nine standard deviations below normal, well beyond previous records! Motivated by the societal impacts of this event, this study investigates factors that contributed to the extreme trough and influenced its predictability in forecast models. A strong El Niño provided the antecedent conditions, with enhanced tropical convection over the central Pacific, a strengthened subtropical anticyclone, and poleward Rossby wave dispersion. However, unlike past strong El Niños, the North Pacific preceding this event was characterized by significant synoptic-scale Rossby wave activity on the midlatitude jet stream including multiple wave packets tracking around the globe during February and March. The interaction of one of these packets with the subtropical anticyclone aloft resulted in a large anticyclonic wave break over the east Pacific, leading to the amplification of the downstream trough over Mexico. The ability of numerical weather prediction to capture this extreme trough is directly related to the predictability of the Rossby wave packet. These results are also discussed within the context of the relationship between El Niño, Rossby wave activity, and extreme events in western North America.
The Relationship between the ITCZ and MJO Initiation over the Indian Ocean
Authors: Zelinsky Rachel C. , Zhang Chidong , Liu Chuntao 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Understanding convective initiation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) remains an unmet challenge. MJO initiation has been perceived as a process starting from a convectively suppressed large-scale condition with gradual growth of shallow convection to congestus and to deep convective and stratiform systems that cover a large-scale area. During the DYNAMO field campaign over the Indian Ocean, MJO initiation was observed to start from an existing intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) south of the equator. This raises a question of what possible role the ITCZ may play in convective initiation of the MJO. This study addresses this question through analysis of satellite observations of precipitation and a global reanalysis product. By setting several criteria, MJO and ITCZ events were objectively identified and grouped according to whether MJO initiation was immediately preceded by an ITCZ. The results demonstrate that an ITCZ is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for convective initiation of the MJO. Nonetheless, evolution of the large-scale circulation, moisture, and convective characteristics during MJO initiation can be different with and without a preexisting ITCZ. Convective growth begins gradually before and during MJO initiation when there is a preexisting ITCZ whereas it is abrupt and slightly delayed without a preexisting ITCZ. Such differences are presumably related to the existing large-scale moist condition of the ITCZ. The results from this study suggest that there are multiple mechanisms for convective initiation of the MJO, which should be considered in theoretical understanding of the MJO.
Characteristics and Variations of Low-Level Jets and Environmental Factors Associated with Summer Precipitation Extremes over the Great Plains
Authors: Hodges Derek , Pu Zhaoxia 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Low-level jets (LLJs) are associated with 10%–45% of the summer precipitation in the U.S. Great Plains region (GPR). This study uses the NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis data product (1979–2017) to characterize the association between LLJs and precipitation extremes (anomalously wet versus dry) during the summer months (June–August) over the GPR. It is found that the number, distribution, and direction of LLJs are not clearly associated with the precipitation anomalies. The characteristics and structural variations of the LLJs and their large-scale and mesoscale environment are then examined to identify the links between LLJs and precipitation extremes. Results show that dry and wet summers vary by synoptic anomaly patterns. During dry summers the anomalous ridging results in a warmer and drier environment, primarily through subsidence, which inhibits precipitation near LLJs. In contrast, during wet summers, a reduction in subsidence occurs, resulting in stronger lift and a cooler and moister environment, which leads to enhanced precipitation near LLJs. The LLJ speed, orientation, and spatial properties vary according to the synoptic anomaly patterns. LLJs do not drive precipitation extremes, but instead, they respond to them. Specifically, the LLJ exit region is characterized by stronger baroclinity and higher moisture content during the wet years. The higher moisture content allows for ascending air parcels to reach saturation more quickly, while the stronger baroclinity increases the warm advection associated with the LLJ. This, in turn, leads to faster rising motion and is therefore closely associated with the location and intensity of the LLJ associated precipitation.
Frontogenesis and Variability in Denmark Strait and Its Influence on Overflow Water
Authors: Spall Michael A. , Pickart Robert S. , Lin Peigen , Appen Wilken-Jon von , Mastropole Dana , Valdimarsson H. , Haine Thomas W. N. , Almansi Mattia 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA high-resolution numerical model, together with in situ and satellite observations, is used to explore the nature and dynamics of the dominant high-frequency (from one day to one week) variability in Denmark Strait. Mooring measurements in the center of the strait reveal that warm water “flooding events” occur, whereby the North Icelandic Irminger Current (NIIC) propagates offshore and advects subtropical-origin water northward through the deepest part of the sill. Two other types of mesoscale processes in Denmark Strait have been described previously in the literature, known as “boluses” and “pulses,” associated with a raising and lowering of the overflow water interface. Our measurements reveal that flooding events occur in conjunction with especially pronounced pulses. The model indicates that the NIIC hydrographic front is maintained by a balance between frontogenesis by the large-scale flow and frontolysis by baroclinic instability. Specifically, the temperature and salinity tendency equations demonstrate that the eddies act to relax the front, while the mean flow acts to sharpen it. Furthermore, the model reveals that the two dense water processes—boluses and pulses (and hence flooding events)—are dynamically related to each other and tied to the meandering of the hydrographic front in the strait. Our study thus provides a general framework for interpreting the short-time-scale variability of Denmark Strait Overflow Water entering the Irminger Sea.
Involvement of TNF-α and IFN-γ in Inflammation-Mediated Cochlear Injury
Authors: Moon Sung K. , Woo Jeong-Im , Lim David J. 
Published: May 2019

Objectives: Inflammation is crucial for the pathogenesis of acquired sensorineural hearing loss, but the precise mechanism involved remains elusive. Among a number of inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a pivotal role in cisplatin ototoxicity. However, TNF-α alone is cytotoxic to cochlear sensory cells only at the extremely high concentrations, suggesting the involvement of other factors that may sensitize cells to TNF-α cytotoxicity. Since interferon gamma (IFN-γ) importantly contributes to the cochlear inflammatory processes, we aim to determine whether and how IFN-γ affects TNF-α cytotoxicity to cochlear sensory cells. Methods: TNF-α expression was determined with western blotting in RSL cells and immunolabeling of mouse temporal bone sections. HEI-OC1 cell viability was determined with MTT assays, cytotoxicity assays, and cytometric analysis with methylene blue staining. Cochlear sensory cell injury was determined in the organotypic culture of the mouse organ of Corti. Results: Spiral ligament fibrocytes were shown to upregulate TNF-α in response to pro-inflammatory stimulants. We demonstrated IFN-γ increases the susceptibility of HEI-OC1 cells to TNF-α cytotoxicity via JAK1/2-STAT1 signaling. TNFR1-mediated Caspase-1 activation was found to mediate the sensitization effect of IFN-γ on TNF-α cytotoxicity. The combination of IFN-γ and TNF-α appeared to augment cisplatin cytotoxicity to cochlear sensory cells ex vivo. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest the involvement of IFN-γ in the sensitization of cochlear cells to TNF-α cytotoxicity, which would enable us to better understand the complex mechanisms underlying inflammation-mediated cochlear injury.
Parathyroid Update: A Review of 220 Cases
Authors: Summers Gordon W. 
Published: May 2019

A total of 220 patients have undergone cervical exploration for hyperparathyroidism by the author. A review of 125 cases was published in 1991. An additional 95 patients have been explored in the subsequent four years. Subtotal parathyroidectomy was performed in 39 patients with chronic renal failure. Exploration was successful in over 97% of the 181 patients diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism. Single adenomas were found in 146, double adenomas in 11, and multiple gland hyperplasia in 19 patients. Two of the five patients in whom cervical exploration failed were ultimately diagnosed with benign familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. Twenty-four adenomas were ectopic. Preoperative thallium-technetium scans and ultrasound correctly localized only 61% of the adenomas. Technetium sestamibi scans were correct in two of four adenomas. Only 47% of ectopic adenomas were correctly localized by isotope scanning and 29% by ultrasound. All four glands should be examined at initial exploration. Because of the occurrence of double adenomas, contralateral exploration is always indicated regardless of whether an enlarged gland and a normal one are found on the first side. All enlarged parathyroids should be removed when dealing with single or multiple adenomas; subtotal parathyroidectomy (3-1/2 glands) should be performed in multiple gland hyperplasia. Frozen section confirmation of excised parathyroid tissue is essential. If exploration is unsuccessful, ectopic locations, such as the retroesophageal areas, thymus, anterior and posterior mediastinum, carotid sheath and thyroid lobe, must be examined carefully. Preoperative localization studies are not as reliable as an experienced parathyroid surgeon.
Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Angiography in Diagnosis of Sigmoid Sinus Thrombosis
Authors: Davison Steven P. , Facer George W. , McGough Paul F. , McCaffrey Thomas V. , Reder Paul A. 
Published: May 2019

Magnetic resonance angiography is an established radiologic technique which is rapidly becoming useful in imaging the head and neck. Currently, this imaging modality is important in the diagnosis of sigmoid sinus thrombosis caused by otologic disease. Since the introduction of antibiotic therapy, the percentage of deaths attributed to intracranial complications from otitic disease has decreased from 2.5 to approximately 0.25% of documented deaths. Also, the incidence of sinus thrombosis within this group has decreased, but it is still a serious and potentially lethal condition. Sinus thrombosis is suspected clinically when mastoid disease progresses, with picket fence fever pattern, chills, headaches and signs of papilledema. Definitive diagnosis is necessary before surgical treatment. The Queckenstedt test is unreliable, computed tomography is better suited for demonstrating thrombosis of the sagittal sinus rather than the sigmoid sinus, and conventional angiography (although it provides excellent visualization) has the hazard of ionizing radiation and requires vessel puncture and the use of intraarterial contrast agents. We present two cases of thrombosis of the sigmoid sinus as an intracranial otologic complication which were diagnosed definitively with magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography. The combination of magnetic resonance imaging, which showed the thrombosis displaying abnormal signal intensity, and magnetic resonance angiography, which demonstrated the absence of flow in the sinus, was an ideal diagnostic tool. For both patients, treatment consisted of mastoidectomy, sigmoid sinus decompression and antibiotics.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss Caused by NSAID-Induced Aseptic Meningitis
Authors: Davison Steven P. , Marion Mitchell S. 
Published: May 2019

Aseptic meningitis is a rare complication of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. Otologic symptoms may include sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. A 66-year-old woman sought the care of an otologist for sudden bilateral sensorineural hearing loss and a substantial increase in baseline tinnitus. The patient had previously undergone a left tympanoplasty secondary to cholesteatoma and had been treated for atypical face pain with Ibuprofen taken every six hours for three months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium demonstrated abnormal enhancement of the dura mater and the surrounding basal cisterns, with extension of enhancing dura mater into the internal auditory canals. Cerebrospinal fluid examination revealed evidence of aseptic meningitis. An audiogram confirmed new bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing loss and tinnitus resolved and no abnormalities were observed with MRI when nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication was discontinued. Otolaryngologists are well aware of the otologic sequelae in patients with meningitis. However, NSAIDs need to be considered as possible causal agents in the evaluation of meningitis with otologic symptoms.
Investigation of Endolymphatic Hydrops by Electrocochleography in Patients with Cogan's Syndrome
Authors: Benitez Jaime T. , Bojrab Dennis I. , Lubbers Donald E. , Arsenault Michael D. 
Published: May 2019

We compared auditory and vestibular function between a patient with typical Cogan's syndrome and a patient with atypical Cogan's syndrome. Repeat audiograms demonstrated fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss in the affected ear. Brainstem auditory evoked response testing revealed no abnormalities. Hallpike caloric testing showed a decreased response in the affected ear in the typical case and responses within normal limits in the atypical case. Sinusoidal harmonic acceleration was normal in the typical case, and there was an abnormal phase at 0.01 Hz in the atypical case. Endolymphatic hydrops was investigated by electrocochleography. In both patients, there was an enhancement of the summating potential, with an increased ratio of summating potential to action potential amplitude. This finding is consistent with endolymphatic hydrops.