bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bulky Substituent Effect on Reactivity of Localized Singlet Cyclopentane‐1,3‐diyls with π‐Single Bonding (C‐π‐C) Character
Authors: Akisaka Rikuo , Abe Manabu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThorough investigation of key intermediates, such as long‐lived singlet diradicals, is essential to understand the homolytic bond cleavage reactions. In this study, we evaluate the effect of bulky substituents at the meta‐position of the phenyl ring on the bond formation process in singlet 2,2‐diethoxy‐1,3‐diarylcyclopentane‐1,3‐diyls. The bulky groups have significant influence on the diradical lifetime, as such, when the triisopropylphenyl group was used, the lifetime was 45 times longer than that of the parent diradical in benzene at 293 K.
Advances and Challenges for Aprotic Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries using Redox Mediators
Authors: Zhao Wenjia , Mu Xiaowei , He Ping , Zhou Haoshen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractInvited for this month's cover picture is the group of Prof. Ping He. The cover picture shows the reaction mechanism of redox mediators in Li‐O2 batteries. The boat represents the redox mediators (such as I3−), serving as the electron carrier between cathodes and Li2O2 products (where the woman stands). The redox mediators offer a promising avenue for reducing the overpotential, promoting the generation of Li2O2 during discharge or decomposition during charge, and improving the rate capability. Read the full text of the Review at 10.1002/batt.201900045
Chronic nicotine exposure attenuates the effects of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol on anxiety‐related behavior and social interaction in adult male and female rats
Authors: Manwell Laurie A. , Miladinovic Tanya , Raaphorst Elana , Rana Shadna , Malecki Sarah , Mallet Paul E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroductionAnxiogenic and anxiolytic effects of cannabinoids are mediated by different mechanisms, including neural signaling via cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) and nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs). This study examined the effects of prior nicotine (the psychoactive component in tobacco) exposure on behavioral sensitivity to delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; the psychoactive component of cannabis) challenge in animals.MethodsMale and female adult Sprague‐Dawley rats (N = 96) were injected daily with nicotine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle for 14 days, followed by a 14‐day drug‐free period. On test day, rats were injected with THC (0.5, 2.0, or 5.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle and anxiety‐related behavior was assessed in the emergence (EM), elevated plus maze (EPM), and social interaction (SI) tests.ResultsChronic nicotine pretreatment attenuated some of the anxiogenic effects induced by THC challenge which can be summarized as follows: (a) THC dose‐dependently affected locomotor activity, exploratory behavior, and social interaction in the EM, EPM, and SI tests of unconditioned anxiety; (b) these effects of acute THC challenge were greater in females compared with males except for grooming a conspecific; (c) prior nicotine exposure attenuated the effects of acute THC challenge for locomotor activity in the EPM test; and (d) prior nicotine exposure attenuated the effects of THC challenge for direct but not indirect physical interaction in the SI tests.ConclusionsThe ability of nicotine prior exposure to produce long‐lasting changes that alter the effects of acute THC administration suggests that chronic nicotine may induce neuroplastic changes that influence the subsequent response to novel THC exposure.
Immobilization of Lipases – A Review. Part I: Enzyme Immobilization
Authors: Thangaraj Baskar , Solomon Pravin Raj 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFree enzymes employed as biological catalysts have many advantages such as low reaction time, involving low energy and less waste output when compared to conventional chemical catalysts. However, commercial utilization of free enzymes is often hampered by the lack of operational stability, high cost, and non‐reusability. Immobilization of enzyme is an option to overcome these obstacles. Immobilized enzyme expresses stable performance in organic solvents even in adverse pH, which makes the biomolecules reusable and prosperous as a biological catalyst. Biological catalysis with immobilized enzymes is found to be an alternative method instead of chemical catalysis for chemical reactions in the foreseeable future. Sources of lipase, techniques in immobilization and cross‐linkers are dealt with in this paper.
Immobilization of Lipases – A Review. Part II: Carrier Materials
Authors: Thangaraj Baskar , Solomon Pravin Raj 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCarriers used in the immobilization process play a major role in enhancing the properties of the biocatalyst. Polymers are used as organic carriers for enzyme immobilization to improve the thermal, chemical, and operational stability of the enzyme. A variety of carriers are used in the immobilization of enzymes, e.g., mica, silica, zeolites, hydrotalcites, activated carbon, gold and magnetic nanoparticles. Silica‐based carriers offer suitable matrices for enzyme immobilization to manufacture industrial products. Immobilization on nanoparticles has become attractive in biocatalytic applications due to the combination of physical, chemical, catalytic, electronic, and optical properties. Gold nanoparticles also have received attention in the preparation of biocatalysts due to the above‐mentioned reasons. Magnetic nanoparticles are used as a carrier since they can be isolated by an external magnetic field, which is of special interest in the synthesis of organic products such as biodiesel. Different carrier materials involved in the immobilization of enzymes are discussed in this paper.
Additive‐Free Non‐Fullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Xianhe , Tang Yumin , Yang Kun , Chen Peng , Guo Xugang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWith the extensive research efforts paid over the past 30 years, the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells (OSCs) has been steadily improved from below 1 % to greater than 16 %. While fullerene derivatives have traditionally played a dominant role as acceptor materials in the first two decades, the distinctive advantages of non‐fullerene acceptors, such as tunable energy levels, broad absorption, and improved device stability, have rendered them as the mainstream acceptors in OSCs, recently. However, in most cases, processing additives are required for morphology optimization of the photoactive layer, and these additives usually possess high boiling point, which makes it difficult to remove them completely. The residual additives would accelerate performance deterioration, leading to poor device stability. Furthermore, the tedious optimization of additives complicates device fabrication and decreases performance reproducibility. In this review, we summarize the recent works based on non‐fullerene OSCs without using additives, affording insights into materials design and device fabrication for enabling highly efficient additive‐free non‐fullerene OSCs, which should be critical for the practical applications of OSCs.
Direct oxidation esterification of methacrolein with methanol: Oxygen vacancy promotion of Zr‐doped Au/CeO2 nanorods
Authors: Li Yuchao , Tian Yun , Zheng Yanxia , Ge Tingting , Fu Zhongjun , Jiao Tiantian , Wang Ming , Huang Haofei , Zuo Cuncun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA series of Zr‐doped CeO2 nanorods supported by Au nanoparticle catalysts with different morphologies were prepared for methyl methacrylate (MMA) synthesis via direct oxidation esterification of methacrolein (MAL) with methanol. Catalytic activities under mild conditions (0.3 MPa; 80°C) were evaluated in the kettle reactor. Different characterization methods, such as XRD, Raman, N2 adsorption, ICP, TEM, SEM, XPS, and H2‐TPR techniques, were applied to study the relationship between catalytic activity and structural characteristics, especially the form of Zr doped into the lattice of CeO2 and the promotion mechanism of selective oxidation. The influence of Au supported on Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 nanorods (Au/CZ‐R) was also discussed. The results exhibited that the highest catalytic activity for the oxidative esterification with a MAL conversion of 99% and a MMA selectivity of 74% was achieved. The MMA synthesis performance correlated well with the surface oxygen vacancies, in particular for the active oxygen species around the Au particles.
Efficient and Recyclable Cobalt(II)/Ionic Liquid Catalytic System for CO2 Conversion to Prepare 2‐Oxazolinones at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Zhou Zhi‐Hua , Chen Kai‐Hong , He Liang‐Nian 
Published: October 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusionConverting CO2 into value‐added chemicals represents a promising way to alleviate the CO2 derived environmental issues, for which the development of catalysts with high efficiency and recyclability is very desirable. Herein, the catalytic system by combining cobalt source and ionic liquid (IL) has been developed as the efficacious and recyclable catalyst for the carboxylative cyclization of propargylic amine and CO2 to prepare 2‐oxazolinones. In this protocol, various propargylic amines were successfully transformed into the corresponding 2‐oxazolinones with CoBr2 and diethylimidazolium acetate ([EEIM][OAc]) as the catalyst under atmospheric CO2 pressure. It is worth noting that the turnover number (TON) of this transformation can be up to 1740, presumably being attributed to the cooperative effect of the cobalt and IL. Furthermore, the existence of IL enables the catalytic system to be easily recycled to 10 times without losing its activity.
A Polarity‐Sensitive Fluorescent Amino Acid and its Incorporation into Peptides for the Ratiometric Detection of Biomolecular Interactions
Authors: Yokoo Hidetomo , Kagechika Hiroyuki , Ohsaki Ayumi , Hirano Tomoya 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA fluorescent amino acid containing our recently developed 1,5‐naphthyridin‐2(1H)‐one based‐ fluorophore, which is a structural component of the fluorescent natural compounds amarastelline A and nigakinone, has been developed. It has useful functions, that is, solvent‐polarity‐dependent change of fluorescence ratio at 370/480 nm and strong fluorescence in both aqueous solution and less polar organic solvents. To demonstrate its utility, it was incorporated into a C5 peptide with the aim of detecting the interaction of this peptide with calmodulin. As expected, the fluorescence ratio at 370/480 nm of the peptide was changed by the calmodulin only in the presence of Ca2+, thus indicating that the fluorescent peptide could sense the conformational change of calmodulin induced by Ca2+, followed by its interaction. These results also suggest that this fluorescent amino acid as well as its precursor, a succinimidyl ester, could be applicable for detecting various biomolecular interactions.
2D Sandwich‐Like α‐Zirconium Phosphate/Polypyrrole: Moderate Catalytic Activity and True Sulfur Confinement for High‐Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Liu Ye , Yan Wenjun , Zhang Wei , Kong Wei , Wang Zhongde , Hao Xiaogang , Guan Guoqing 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAlthough lithium–sulfur batteries are promising environmentally friendly and low‐cost energy storage devices with high energy densities, many obstacles such as poor conductivity, volume expansion and the “shuttle effect” still limit their large‐scale commercialization. In this work, a 2D sandwich‐like α‐ZrP/polypyrrole (α‐ZrP/PPy) material with a nanosheet structure was designed as a sulfur host. The material can provide unique ion transfer channels for the rapid transfer of Li+ ions and catalytically promote the conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Moreover, the α‐ZrP nanosheets provides a true covalent anchor for sulfur species, whereas the PPy builds a physical barrier and forms a conductive network for accelerating the electron transport and promoting the electrochemical performance. In addition, the moderate catalytic activity and true sulfur confinement effect of α‐ZrP were confirmed by experiments and theoretical calculations. The α‐ZrP/PPy@S cathode exhibits a highly reversible capacity of 727.2 mAh g−1 even at a high current density of 5 C, offering a novel cathode material for high performance Li–S batteries.
Long‐term outcomes and toxicities of carbon‐ion radiotherapy in malignant tumors of the sphenoid sinus
Authors: Hagiwara Yasuhito , Koto Masashi , Bhattacharyya Tapesh , Hayashi Kazuhiko , Ikawa Hiroaki , Nemoto Kenji , Tsuji Hiroshi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundMost of the primary sphenoid sinus tumors present with locally advanced stages with involvement of adjacent critical structures and are not amenable to radical resection. We sought to evaluate the safety and efficacy of carbon‐ion radiotherapy (C‐ion RT) for sphenoid sinus malignancies.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of 22 patients of primary sphenoid carcinomas treated with definitive C‐ion RT.ResultsAdenoid cystic carcinoma was the most common histology (15 patients, 68.2%). The median follow‐up of this cohort was 48.5 months. The actuarial local control and overall survival at 5 years were 51.0% and 62.7%, respectively. Grade 4 visual impairment and grade 4 brain necrosis were seen in six and one patient, respectively.ConclusionC‐ion RT can provide a reasonably good clinical outcome in locally advanced sphenoid sinus malignancies with a marginally higher late toxicity profile because of extremely close proximity of the target volume to critical structures.
Factors predicting for patient refusal of head and neck cancer therapy
Authors: Amini Arya , Verma Vivek , Li Richard , Vora Nayana , Kang Robert , Gernon Thomas J. , Chang Sue , Karam Sana , Massarelli Erminia , Maghami Ellie G. , Glaser Scott 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the national rate of treatment refusal in head and neck cancer (HNC).MethodsThe National Cancer Database was queried for nonmetastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Oncologic therapy referred to receipt of surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy.ResultsCompared to the 230 424 patients who received treatment, 2965 (1.3%) were reported to have refused definitive therapy. Predictors included older age, female sex, African‐American/other race, nonprivate insurance, greater comorbidities, more advanced disease, and residence closer to the treating facility (P < .05). Patients with a prior history of cancer, Hispanic race, those treated at academic centers, and those from higher income counties were less likely to refuse therapy (P < .05). Patients who refused definitive therapy experienced poorer survival (median 79.1 vs 8.7 months, P < .001).ConclusionsRefusing oncologic therapy is relatively rare in HNC and appears to be multifocal in nature.
Homogeneous‐heterogeneous chemical action and non‐Fourier flux theory effects in a flow with carbon nanotubes
Authors: Sangapatnam Suneetha , Ketineni Subbarayudu , Lalahamed Wahidunnisa , Haq Rizwan Ul 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA theoretical outline is sketched to figure out the stream of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–based CNTs along a moving surface with multiple slip effects on homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions. The nonlinear radiant, heat, and nonuniform heat source/sink is incorporated in the energy equation to discuss the heat transport phenomenon. The novel theory of non‐Fourier flux model of heat diffusion is also merged in the energy equation. Two kinds of nanoparticles are considered, namely, single wall carbon nanotubes and multiple wall carbon nanotubes, and are suspended in the working PVA to illustrate the flow behavior. Due to a large variety of applications, PVA is used in papermaking, textiles, and a variety of coatings. The principal structure of mathematical model is based upon the system of differential equations, which has been tackled through Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method in MATLAB software. Graphical images are made vs different physical parameters which emerged in the model. The heat transfer of the fluid enhances with the increase of nonuniform thermal radiation. The homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions slow down the concentration rate.
Aligning poly[1,6‐di‐(N‐carbazolyl)‐2,4‐hexadiyne] crystalline fibers as conducting channels for transistor applications
Authors: Lin Fang‐Ju , Tao Yu‐Tai 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAligned crystallites of 1,6‐di‐(N‐carbazolyl)‐2,4‐hexadiyne (DCHD) were prepared on the phenyltrichlorosilane‐modified SiO2/Si surface using the brush‐coating method. The length and width as well as the orientation of the crystallites depend on the coating speed. At a lower coating speed of 0.2 ~ 0.3 mm/s, well‐separated fibers with a width of 1–2 μm and a length of hundreds of μm were grown along the coating direction. Higher speeds resulted in shorter fibers together with randomly oriented tiny crystallites appearing in between. The diacetylene crystallites upon UV irradiation gave polydiacetylene fibers with deformations along the fiber axis. The poly(ene‐yne) backbones were shown to align along the fiber axes. With these poly‐DCHD fibers as a conducting channel for transistor fabrication, a highest field‐effect mobility of 0.039 cm2/Vs was obtained.
Towards comparative analyses of salamander limb regeneration
Authors: Dwaraka Varun B. , Voss S. Randal 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAmong tetrapods, only salamanders can regenerate their limbs and tails throughout life. This amazing regenerative ability has attracted the attention of scientists for hundreds of years. Now that large, salamander genomes are beginning to be sequenced for the first time, omics tools and approaches can be used to integrate new perspectives into the study of tissue regeneration. Here we argue the need to move beyond the primary salamander models to investigate regeneration in other species. Salamanders at first glance come across as a phylogenetically conservative group that has not diverged greatly from their ancestors. While salamanders do present ancestral characteristics of basal tetrapods, including the ability to regenerate limbs, data from fossils and data from studies that have tested for species differences suggest there may be considerable variation in how salamanders develop and regenerate their limbs. We review the case for expanded studies of salamander tissue regeneration and identify questions and approaches that are most likely to reveal commonalities and differences in regeneration among species. We also address challenges that confront such an initiative, some of which are regulatory and not scientific. The time is right to gain evolutionary perspective about mechanisms of tissue regeneration from comparative studies of salamander species.
Up-regulation of miR-27a promotes monocyte-mediated inflammatory responses in Kawasaki disease by inhibiting function of B10 cells
Authors: Luo Ying , Yang Jun , Zhang Chi , Jin Yan , Pan Hong , Liu Lanlan , Gong Yifeng , Xia Yu , Wang Guobing , Zhang Jiaosheng , Li Chengrong , Li Qiu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis and activation of monocytes plays a central role in the pathogenesis of it. B10 cells, a B cell subset with negative regulatory properties, are functionally identified by their ability to express cytoplasmic IL-10 after ex vivo stimulation. Here, we aimed to explore the functional role of B10 cells during monocyte-mediated inflammatory responses in KD, as well as elucidate the underlying microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulatory mechanisms. Expression of IL-10 by each group of B cells (total B cells, transitional B cells, naïve B cells, and memory B cells) and inhibition of monocyte-derived TNF-α by activated B cells were measured by flow cytometry. Expression of miRNAs (miR-21-3p, miR-98-5p/3p, miR-27a-3p, let7b-5p, and miR-1423p/5p) that affect IL-10 levels in B cells was quantitated by real-time PCR. The relationship between IL-10 and these miRNAs was examined by multivariate analysis. MiR-mediated RNA interference in B cells was performed to investigate the role of miR-27a on expression of IL-10. The results showed expression of cytoplasmic IL-10 in B cell subsets from patients with KD was down-regulated. The inhibitory effect of B10 cells on production of TNF-α by monocytes from patients with KD was also compromised. The miR-27a-3p expression was markedly up-regulated during the acute phrase of KD, and it promoted monocyte-mediated TNF-α release by negatively regulating expression of cytoplasmic IL-10 within B cells in vitro. The data suggest up-regulated miR-27a in B cells from patients with KD may promote monocyte-mediated inflammatory responses by inhibiting the regulatory function of B10 cells.
Characterization of tropical cyclone rapid intensification under two types of El Niño events in the Western North Pacific
Authors: Shi Donglei , Ge Xuyang , Peng Melinda , Li Tim 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the impacts of two different El Niño scenarios, the east Pacific warming El Niño (EPW) and the central Pacific warming El Niño (CPW), on the tropical cyclone (TC) rapid intensification (RI) in the western North Pacific (WNP). The ratio of TCs with at least one RI occurrence (RITC) to all TC numbers (RITC ratio) shows different monthly variations between the two El Niño groups. Higher RITC ratio is found during July–October (November–December) for the EPW (CPW) years. Further analyses indicate that the difference in the RITC ratio is attributed to differences in TC genesis locations, TC tracks and large‐scale environmental conditions. During July–October (TC peak season), TCs formed more in the southeastern region with EPW than with CPW. TCs in the southeastern WNP tend to move westward (northward) in the presence of weak (significant southerly) steering flow anomalies in EPW (CPW), allowing a longer (shorter) duration over the warm tropical ocean. Meanwhile, a smaller environmental vertical wind shear is also observed in the main RI region with EPW. These two mechanisms contribute to a higher peak‐season RITC ratio in the EPW years. During November–December (late season) of the EPW years, the southern WNP is dominated by anomalous anticyclonic flow that suppresses TC genesis and intensification, which leads to notably less TC frequency and RITC ratio. The anomalous equatorial heating source near the dateline induces cyclonic flow in the southeastern WNP through Gill‐type response during the late season in CPW years. The resulting larger low‐level relative vorticity, stronger upward motion, higher mid‐level relative humidity and weaker vertical wind shear all favour TCs genesis over the southeastern WNP and their subsequent intensification in the main RI region. In addition, a greater TC heat potential is evident during the late season in CPW. Hence, the more favourable atmospheric and oceanic conditions result in a greater late‐season RITC ratio in CPW than in EPW.