bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the combined use of two different respiratory monitoring systems for 4D CT simulation and gated treatment
Authors: Liu Jie , Lin Teh , Fan Jiajin , Chen Lili , Price Robert , Ma C‐M Charlie 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPurposeTwo different respiratory monitoring systems (Varian's Real‐Time Position Management (RPM) System and Siemens’ ANZAI belt Respiratory Gating System) are compared in the context of respiratory signals and 4D CT images that are accordingly reconstructed. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of combined use of RPM and ANZAI systems for 4DCT simulation and gated radiotherapy treatment, respectively.MethodsThe RPM infrared reflecting marker and the ANZAI belt pressure sensor were both placed on the patient's abdomen during 4DCT scans. The respiratory signal collected by the two systems was synchronized. Fifteen patients were enrolled for respiratory signal collection and analysis. The discrepancies between the RPM and ANZAI traces can be characterized by phase shift and shape distortion. To reveal the impact of the changes in respiratory signals on 4D images, two sets of 4D images based on the same patient's raw data were reconstructed using the RPM and ANZAI data for phase sorting, respectively. The volume of whole lung and the position of diaphragm apex were measured and compared for each respiratory phase.ResultsThe mean phase shift was measured as 0.2 ± 0.1 s averaged over 15 patients. The shape of the breathing trace was found to be in disagreement. For all the patients, the ANZAI trace had a steeper falloff in exhalation than RPM. The inhalation curve, however, was matched for nine patients, steeper in ANZAI for five patients and steeper in RPM for one patient. For 4D image comparison, the difference in whole‐lung volume was about −4% to +4% and the difference in diaphragm position was about −5 mm to +4 mm, compared in each individual phase and averaged over seven patients.ConclusionsCombined use of one system for 4D CT simulation and the other for gated treatment should be avoided as the resultant gating window would not fully match with each other due to the remarkable discrepancy in breathing traces acquired by the two different surrogate systems.
Template‐Free Synthesis of Electroconductive Triphenylamine–Silica Nanotubes Exhibiting a Mixed‐Valence State
Authors: Mizoshita Norihiro , Inagaki Shinji 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe self‐assembly and polycondensation of a triphenylamine‐derived organosilane precursor in an aqueous mixture result in electroactive organosilica nanotubes without the use of template materials. The nanotubes are easily synthesized by the slow addition of water to an acidified organic solution of the precursor, followed by basification with an aqueous NaOH solution. In contrast to conventional sol–gel methods that yield amorphous organosilica materials, the present organosilica nanotubes exhibit birefringence due to the orientation of the triphenylamine moieties within the tube walls. The template‐free formation of nanotubes with optical anisotropy suggests a roll‐up mechanism of 2D nanosheets consisting of hydrolyzed precursors. The organosilica nanotubes contain a high density of oriented triphenylamine moieties, and exhibit a mixed‐valence state with a near‐infrared absorption band due to chemical doping along with high electrical conductivities, on the order of 10−3–10−2 S cm−1. Such nanostructured organosilicas, comprising an electroactive framework, are useful for optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications.
Synthesis of Pseudocapacitive Porous Metal Oxide Nanoclusters Anchored on Graphene for Aqueous Energy Storage Devices with High Energy Density and Long Cycling Stability along with Ultrafast Charging Capability
Authors: Choi Jae Won , Ock Il Woo , Kim Keon‐Han , Jeong Hyung Mo , Kang Jeung Ku 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRealization of safe electrochemical energy storages with high energy density and long cycle life along with the high power density enabling fast charging is a major challenge. Here, a strategy to realize high‐performance aqueous energy storages using porous Mn3O4 (p‐MG) positive and porous Fe2O3 (p‐FG) negative electrodes, where granular nanoclusters composing nanoparticles are produced on graphene through lithiation‐induced conversion and the shortened ion diffusion lengths in p‐MG and p‐FG give fast charging rate and excellent cycle stability is reported. Furthermore, it is found from cyclic voltammetry curves and specific capacitances that porous metal oxide structures play mainly as redox reaction sites, while graphene structures provide electrical conductivity to active sites. Indeed, the full‐cell configuration of p‐MG and p‐FG in a hybrid capacitor exhibits a distinguished high energy density exceeding those of aqueous batteries, in addition to excellent capacity retention over 30 000 redox cycles and the energy density 2.5‐fold higher than that of its counterpart with pristine Mn3O4 and Fe2O3 nanocrystals. Additionally, this capacitor shows the high power density allowing ultrafast charging in that the full cells in series can be charged within several seconds by the rapid USB charger, thus outperforming those of typical aqueous batteries by about 100‐fold.
Constructing 3D and Flexible Plasmonic Structure for High‐Performance SERS Application
Authors: Li Chonghui , Yu Jing , Xu Shicai , Jiang Shouzhen , Xiu Xianwu , Chen Chuansong , Liu Aihua , Wu Tianfu , Man Baoyuan , Zhang Chao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSubstrate design has attracted much interest in development of an effective surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor. A flexible SERS substrate with excellent performance needs to be sensitive to details of the preparation process; this sensitivity represents a significant challenge for practical applications as opposed to laboratory research applications. Here, a 3D flexible plasmonic structure, AgNPs@MoS2/pyramidal polymer (polymethyl methacrylate), is fabricated using a simple and low‐cost method. Using experiments and theoretical simulations, the SERS performance of the proposed substrate is assessed in terms of its high enhancement factor, ultrasensitivity, quantifiability, reproducibility, stability, and reusability. Finally, the ultralow in situ detection limits of the standard melamine solution and melamine in milk are found to be 10−10 and 10−6m, respectively, which meet the demand for real applications in the food security field.
Synthesis, optimization, and evaluation of polyvinyl alcohol‐based hydrogels as controlled combinatorial drug delivery system for colon cancer
Authors: Abdullah Orva , Usman Minhas Muhammad , Ahmad Mahmood , Ahmad Sarfaraz , Barkat Kashif , Ahmad Aousaf 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe purpose of current research work was to synthesize and evaluate the cross‐linked ternary hydrogels using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and two monomers itaconic acid and methacrylic acid. Controlled combinatorial drug delivery systems (CCDDS) were synthesized by free radical solution polymerization method using ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross‐linking agent. 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) and leucovorin calcium (LC) were loaded in combination into synthesized gels for colonic delivery. Various characterizations such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry,TGA, powder X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were performed to confirm the cross‐linking of functional groups, thermal stability, crystal structure, and surface morphology of developed formulations. Swelling and drug release was performed at higher and lowerpH(1.2, 7.4) buffer solution. Increase in swelling was observed at higherpH7.4. Cumulative percent release of 5‐FUandLCwas 29.8% and 27.2% atpH1.2, and 86.9% and 87.01% atpH7.4, respectively. Kinetic modeling was applied on optimized hydrogel formulation, and the results showed that release of 5‐FUandLCbest expressed by first‐order kinetic model with regression coefficient (R2) value 0.937 for 5‐FUand 0.963 forLC. Acute oral toxicity was performed on healthy rabbits, and results showed that the synthesizedCCDDSis nontoxic and compatible with biological system. In vivo studies on rabbits were conducted usingHPLC, and plasma drug concentration and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. Newly synthesizedCCDDSshowed a goodpH‐responsive swelling and controlled drug delivery characteristics.CCDDScan be used as excellent carrier for various therapeutic agents, which are compatible with biological system.
Evaluation of dielectric cure monitoring for in situ measurement of natural rubber vulcanization
Authors: Chueangchayaphan Narong , Nithi‐Uthai Nattapong , Techakittiroj Kittiphan , Manuspiya Hathaikarn 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA novel in situ rubber cure monitoring system (RCMS) has been developed for monitoring the progress of vulcanization based on the measurement of electrical properties. The sensors connected to an LCR meter were embedded in the compression mold and measured changes in the electrical properties of rubber during vulcanization. Frequencies ranging from 0.75 to 100 kHz were probed for capacitance and conductance, and 5 kHz frequency was found suitable for monitoring natural rubber vulcanization. The results show that capacitance during curing correlated with the time profile of torque from a moving die rheometer (MDR). The scorch time and optimum cure time obtained from MDR and RCMS were reported. The degree of cure and the cure rate from two methods were compared. Good correlations between the alternative methods were observed, supporting the potential of in situ RCMS during the vulcanization of natural rubber.
The promise of primatology fulfilled?
Authors: Higham James P. , Dominy Nathaniel J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn 1972, Sherwood Washburn, one of the forerunners of biological anthropology, gave an invited address during the 4th Congress of the International Primatological Society in Portland, Oregon, in which he expounded his vision for the field of primatology. His address was published the following year in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology and titled: “The promise of primatology.” In this centennial commentary, we revisit Washburn's “promise”, 45 years on. His address and article discuss the constraints acting on the field, including a positioning of the discipline across different kinds of university departments, and within the social sciences, which he viewed as a mixed blessing. Prescient aspects of Washburn's address include a focus on the need to study communication multimodally, and a hope that the study of mechanisms would become foundational within the field. We discuss new promising aspects of primatology, focusing on technological advances in a number of areas highlighted by Washburn that have ushered in new eras of research, and the increasingly large number of long‐term field sites, which see the discipline well‐set for new developmental and longitudinal studies. We find much to admire in Washburn's keen foresight, and natural intuition. Washburn hoped that primatology would repudiate the notion that “the social should be studied without reference to the biological.” In this regard, we consider much of Washburn's promise fulfilled.
Development of a Minimal Photosystem for Hydrogen Production in Inorganic Chemical Cells
Authors: Nakanishi Keita , Cooper Geoffrey J. T. , Points Laurie J. , Bloor Leanne G. , Ohba Masaaki , Cronin Leroy 
Published: August 2018

AbstractInorganic chemical cells (iCHELLs) are compartment structures consisting of polyoxometalates (POMs) and cations, offering structured and confined reaction spaces bounded by membranes. We have constructed a system capable of efficient anisotropic and hierarchical photo‐induced electron transfer across the iCHELL membrane. Mimicking photosynthesis, our system uses proton gradients between the compartment and the bulk to drive efficient conversion of light into chemical energy, producing hydrogen upon irradiation. This illustrates the power of the iCHELL approach for catalysis, where the structure, compartmentalisation and variation in possible components could be utilised to approach a wide range of reactions.
Jenseits von Friedel und Crafts: dirigierte Alkylierung von C‐H‐Bindungen in Arenen
Authors: Evano Gwilherm , Theunissen Cédric 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDie Alkylierung von Arenen ist eine der grundlegendsten Transformationen in der chemischen Synthese und führt in vielen wissenschaftlichen Bereichen zu privilegierten Molekülgerüsten. Klassische Methoden für die Einführung von Alkylgruppen in Arene beruhen zumeist auf der Friedel‐Crafts‐Reaktion, Radikaladditionen, Metallierungen oder Präfunktionalisierungen von Arenen; die Anwendungsbreite, Effizienz und Selektivität dieser Methoden sind jedoch begrenzt. Außerdem bauen sie auf der inhärenten Reaktivität des Ausgangsarens auf, die die Alkylierung in einer bestimmten Position bevorzugt und die Einführung von Alkylketten an anderen Stellen wesentlich schwieriger macht. Dieses Problem kann durch die Verwendung einer dirigierenden Gruppe angegangen werden, die in Gegenwart eines Metallkatalysators die regioselektive Alkylierung einer C‐H‐Bindung vereinfacht. Diese dirigierten Alkylierungen von C‐H‐Bindungen in Arenen werden im vorliegenden Aufsatz zusammengefasst.
Catalytic Enantioselective [10+4] Cycloadditions
Authors: Donslund Bjarke S. , Jessen Nicolaj Inunnguaq , Bertuzzi Giulio , Giardinetti Maxime , Palazzo Teresa A. , Christensen Mette Louise , Jørgensen Karl Anker 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe first peri‐ and stereoselective [10+4] cycloaddition between catalytically generated amino isobenzofulvenes and electron‐deficient dienes is described. The highly stereoselective catalytic [10+4] cycloaddition exhibits a broad scope with high yields, reflecting a robust higher‐order cycloaddition. Experimental and computational investigations support a kinetic distribution of intermediate rotamers dictating the enantioselectivity, which relies heavily on additive effects.
Spatially Separating the Conformers of a Dipeptide
Authors: Teschmit Nicole , Horke Daniel A. , Küpper Jochen 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAtomic‐resolution‐imaging approaches for single molecules, such as coherent X‐ray diffraction at free‐electron lasers, require the delivery of high‐density beams of identical molecules. However, even very cold beams of biomolecules typically have multiple conformational states populated. We demonstrate the production of very cold (Trot≈2.3 K) molecular beams of intact dipeptide molecules, which were then spatially separated into the individual populated conformational states. This is achieved using the combination of supersonic expansion laser‐desorption vaporization with electrostatic deflection in strong inhomogeneous fields. This represents the first demonstration of a conformer‐separated and rotationally cold molecular beam of a peptide, which enables the investigation of conformer‐specific chemistry using inherently non‐conformer‐specific techniques. It furthermore represents a milestone toward the direct structural imaging of individual biological molecules with atomic resolution by ultrafast diffractive‐imaging methods.
The Open Circuit Voltage in Biofuel Cells: Nernstian Shift in Pseudocapacitive Electrodes
Authors: Conzuelo Felipe , Marković Nikola , Ruff Adrian , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the development of biofuel cells great effort is dedicated to achieving outstanding figures of merit, such as high stability, maximum power output, and a large open circuit voltage. Biofuel cells with immobilized redox mediators, such as redox polymers with integrated enzymes, show experimentally a substantially higher open circuit voltage than the thermodynamically expected value. Although this phenomenon is widely reported in the literature, there is no comprehensive understanding of the potential shift, the high open circuit voltages have not been discussed in detail, and hence they are only accepted as an inherent property of the investigated systems. We demonstrate that this effect is the result of a Nernstian shift of the electrode potential when catalytic conversion takes place in the absence or at very low current flow. Experimental evidence confirms that the immobilization of redox centers on the electrode surface results in the assembled biofuel cell delivering a higher power output because of charge storage upon catalytic conversion. Our findings have direct implications for the design and evaluation of (bio)fuel cells with pseudocapacitive elements.
Preparation and characterization of magnetically separable MgFe2O4/Mg(OH)2 nanocomposite as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for regioselective one‐pot synthesis of β‐chloroacetates from epoxides
Authors: Hassanzadeh Shadi , Eisavi Ronak , Abbasian Mojtaba 
Published: August 2018

Magnetically separable MgFe2O4/Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles were fabricated and characterized using various techniques. These nanoparticles were used as a new catalyst for regioselective one‐pot synthesis of β‐chloroacetates from epoxides in the presence of NiCl2⋅6H2O and acetic anhydride. All reactions were carried out in ethanol at room temperature within 22–80 min giving the β‐chloroacetates in high to excellent yields. The nanocatalyst was easily separated using an external magnet and reused several times without any significant loss of efficiency or magnetic property.
Effect of Mn addition on the low‐temperature NH3‐selective catalytic reduction of NOx over Fe2O3/activated coke catalysts: Experiment and mechanism
Authors: Yin Shoulai , Zhu Baozhong , Sun Yunlan , Zi Zhaohui , Fang Qilong , Li Guobo , Chen Cheng , Xu Tianyu , Li Jiaxin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFe2O3/activated coke (AC) and Mn–Fe2O3/AC catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method for the low‐temperature selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with ammonia (NH3). These catalysts were characterized by X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, isothermal N2 adsorption/desorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature program reduction by H2, and temperature programmed desorption of NH3 methods. Experimental results show that Fe2O3/AC catalyst with Mn addition exhibits an excellent NOx conversion at low temperature. Nearly more than 94.7% NOx conversion of 8Mn6Fe/AC catalyst was obtained at 180–240°C. The results of NH3 transient reaction and adsorption capacity of NOx indicate that 8Mn6Fe/AC catalyst has the capacity to adsorb gaseous NH3 and NOx on the catalyst surface. 6Fe/AC catalyst with a certain amount addition of Mn increases the dispersion of γ‐Fe2O3 phase, and ratios of Fe3+/(Fe2+ + Fe3+) and Oβ/(Oβ + Oα) obtained good reducibility and a lot of acid sites, which play important roles in improving the NOx conversion. The influences of SO2 and H2O on the NOx conversion over 8Mn6Fe/AC catalyst were also investigated. The good H2O poisoning resistance was obtained.
Vanillin‐based polymers: IV. Hydrovanilloin epoxy resins
Authors: Amarasekara Ananda S. , Garcia‐Obergon Rocio , Thompson Audie K. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTIn this study, hydrovanilloin synthesized by electrochemical dimerization of vanillin has been used as a renewable substitute for bisphenol A for the preparation of epoxy resins. The reaction of the disodium salt of hydrovanilloin:epichlorohydrin 1:2 mol ratio at 80°C for 30 min in water gave a hydrovanilloin – diglycidyl ether phenoxy resin. This hard thermoplastic resin showed Tg of 135°C and stable up to 255°C in air. On the other hand, the disodium salt of hydrovanilloin:epichlorohydrin 1:4 mol ratio at 80°C for 30 min in water gives a curable oligomer of hydrovanilloin – diglycidyl ether with 2.1 repeating units. This oligomer could be cured with aliphatic diamines: 1,2‐diaminoethane, 1,4‐diaminobutane, 1,6‐diaminohexane, and isophorone diamine to give hard epoxy resins with Tg values of 116, 118, 149 and 146°C, respectively. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47000.
Solutions to poor service delivery in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Duncan Ron , Banga Chris 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe paper discusses the problems that have plagued service delivery in Papua New Guinea—both over the long term and with the rollout of the District Development Authority Act of 2014. Various principal/agent and moral hazard problems are identified as well as the persistent poor delivery of national government funds to the local level; the difficulty of recruiting civil service skills into positions in local‐level government; and confirmation that the power to make decisions at the district level remains much the same as before with the composition and influence of the District Development Authority Boards little changed from the former arrangements. Looking at service delivery from a supply–demand perspective, ways are suggested in which improvements may be realised. It appears more likely that improvements will come from an emphasis on increasing the demand for better governance of service delivery rather than from continuing to seek improvements in the supply side of service delivery.
Konzepte der Barodesie
Authors: Medicus Gertraud , Fellin Wolfgang , Schranz Fabian 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDie Barodesie ist ein Materialmodell für granulare Materialien, das gewisse Ähnlichkeiten mit der Hypoplastizität aufweist. Sie wurde von Kolymbas eingeführt und basiert auf den Hypothesen von Goldscheider für das asymptotische Bodenverhalten. Gängige Beziehungen der Bodenmechanik, wie z. B. die Beziehung für die Steifigkeit von Ohde bzw. Janbu, eine Spannungs‐Dilatanz‐Beziehung und Prinzipien der Critical State Soil Mechanics, lassen sich leicht in das vorgestellte Modell einbeziehen. In diesem Artikel werden die Konzepte der Barodesie an einfachen und bekannten Beispielen (zum Teil eindimensional) erklärt. Der Text ist damit ein guter Einstieg in die Barodesie und Materialmodellierung.
Modellierung des Baugrunds bei der Finite‐Element‐Berechnung von Bodenplatten
Authors: Werkle Horst , Slongo Lukas 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBodenplatten werden i. d. R. mit dem Bettungsmodulverfahren berechnet. Dessen wesentlicher Vorteil liegt in der Einfachheit der Modellbildung. Die Defizite des Verfahrens sind aber auch hinlänglich bekannt. In den im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau verwendeten Finite‐Element‐Programmen stehen heute durchaus mechanisch konsistentere Verfahren wie das Steifemodulverfahren oder die Modellierung des Baugrunds mit Volumenelementen zur Verfügung. Anhand einer Parameterstudie mit einer rechteckförmigen Bodenplatte werden die Ergebnisse des Bettungsmodulverfahrens mit denjenigen des Steifemodulverfahrens für typische Belastungsarten und Bodenarten verglichen und bewertet. Es zeigt sich, dass die Ergebnisse des Bettungsmodulverfahrens i. d. R. auf der sicheren Seite liegen, d. h. die Biegemomente in der Bodenplatte überschätzen. Dies ist aber nicht immer – insbesondere nicht bei Flächenlasten – der Fall.Anhand des Beispiels einer Bodenplatte mit linienartigen Wandlasten und Einzellasten durch Stützen werden Effekte, die sich bei der Überlagerung von Lastfällen einstellen, untersucht. Dabei wird deutlich, dass bei der Überlagerung von Biegemomenten mit unterschiedlichen Vorzeichen, die sich beispielsweise bei positiven Momenten unter Stützen mit negativen Momenten aus Wandlasten an den Plattenrändern ergeben, sich beim Bettungsmodulverfahren Ergebnisse auf der unsicheren Seite einstellen können. In solchen Fällen wird bei Berechnungen nach dem Bettungsmodulverfahren empfohlen, die abmindernden Biegemomente aus Wandlasten nicht in voller Größe anzusetzen oder die Bodenplatte mit dem Steifemodulverfahren zu berechnen. Alternativ kann eine geeignete, dem Steifemodulverfahren entsprechende Bettungsmodulverteilung iterativ bestimmt werden.