bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow Features of the Near Wake of the Australian Boobook Owl (Ninox boobook) During Flapping Flight Suggest an Aerodynamic Mechanism of Sound Suppression for Stealthy Flight
Authors: Lawley Jonathan , Ben-Gida Hadar , Krishnamoorthy Krishnan , Hackett Erin E , Kopp Gregory A , Morgan Gareth , Guglielmo Christopher G , Gurka Roi 
Published: February 2019

SynopsisThe mechanisms associated with the ability of owls to fly silently have been the subject of scientific interest for many decades and may be relevant to bio-inspired design to reduce noise of flapping and non-flapping flying devices. Here, we characterize the near wake dynamics and the associated flow structures produced during flight of the Australian boobook owl (Ninox boobook). Three individual owls were flown at 8 ms−1 in a climatic avian wind tunnel. The velocity field in the wake was sampled at 500 Hz using long-duration high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) while the wing kinematics were imaged simultaneously using high speed video. The time series of velocity maps that were acquired over several consecutive wingbeat cycles enabled us to characterize the wake patterns and to associate them with the phases of the wingbeat cycle. We found that the owl wake was dramatically different from other birds measured under the same flow conditions (i.e., western sandpiper, Calidris mauri and European starling, Sturnus vulgaris). The near wake of the owl did not exhibit any apparent shedding of organized vortices. Instead, a more chaotic wake pattern was observed, in which the characteristic scales of vorticity (associated with turbulence) are substantially smaller in comparison to other birds. Estimating the pressure field developed in the wake shows that owls reduce the pressure Hessian (i.e., the pressure distribution) to approximately zero. We hypothesize that owls manipulate the near wake to suppress the aeroacoustic signal by controlling the size of vortices generated in the wake, which are associated with noise reduction through suppression of the pressure field. Understanding how specialized feather structures, wing morphology, or flight kinematics of owls contribute to this effect remains a challenge for additional study.
Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Versus Omega-6 Fatty Acids for the Control of Cancer-Related Fatigue Among Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Peppone Luke J , Inglis Julia E , Mustian Karen M , Heckler Charles E , Padula Gilbert D A , Mohile Supriya G , Kamen Charles S , Culakova Eva , Lin Po-Ju , Kerns Sarah L , Cole Sharon , Janelsins Michelle C 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundCancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common side effect of adjuvant therapy and becomes a chronic problem for approximately one-third of survivors. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3-PUFA) demonstrated preliminary antifatigue effects in previous research, but have not been investigated in fatigued cancer survivors.MethodsBreast cancer survivors 4–36 months posttreatment with a CRF score of 4 or more of 10 using the symptom inventory (SI) were randomly assigned to O3-PUFA (fish oil, 6 g/d), omega-6 PUFA (O6-PUFA; soybean oil, 6 g/d), or a low-dose combination of O3-/O6-PUFA (3 g/d O3-PUFA and O6-PUFA) for 6 weeks. CRF was assessed by the SI (screening question), the Brief Fatigue Inventory, and the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Index. Protein and mRNA levels of inflammatory and antioxidant biomarkers, along with fatty acid and lipid levels, were assessed at baseline and week 6. Statistical tests were two-sided.ResultsA total of 108 breast cancer survivors consented; 97 subjects were randomly assigned and 81 completed the trial. The SI CRF score decreased by 2.51 points at week 6 with O6-PUFA and by 0.93 points with O3-PUFA, with statistically significant between-group difference (effect size = −0.86, P &lt; .01). Similar changes were observed for the Brief Fatigue Inventory and Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Index but were not statistically significant. Stratified analyses showed the largest benefit was observed in those with severe baseline CRF (≥7). Compared with O3-PUFA, O6-PUFA supplementation statistically significantly decreased proinflammatory markers in the TNF-α signaling pathway.ConclusionContrary to our original hypothesis, O6-PUFA statistically significantly reduced CRF compared with O3-PUFA. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to elucidate mechanisms of action.
Embedded Attitudes
Authors: Blumberg Kyle , Holguín Ben 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a puzzle involving embedded attitude reports. We resolve the puzzle by arguing that attitude verbs take restricted readings: in some environments the denotation of attitude verbs can be restricted by a given proposition. For example, when these verbs are embedded in the consequent of a conditional, they can be restricted by the proposition expressed by the conditional’s antecedent. We formulate and motivate two conditions on the availability of verb restrictions: (i) a constraint that ties the content of restrictions to the “dynamic effects” of sentential connectives and (ii) a constraint that limits the availability of restriction effects to present tense verbs with first-person subjects. However, we also present some cases that make trouble for these conditions, and outline some possible ways of modifying the view to account for the recalcitrant data. We conclude with a brief discussion of some of the connections between our semantics for attitude verbs and issues concerning epistemic modals and theories of knowledge.
Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations
Authors: Yelmen Burak , Mondal Mayukh , Marnetto Davide , Pathak Ajai K , Montinaro Francesco , Gallego Romero Irene , Kivisild Toomas , Metspalu Mait , Pagani Luca 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Genetic variation in contemporary South Asian populations follows a northwest to southeast decreasing cline of shared West Eurasian ancestry. A growing body of ancient DNA evidence is being used to build increasingly more realistic models of demographic changes in the last few thousand years. Through high-quality modern genomes, these models can be tested for gene and genome level deviations. Using local ancestry deconvolution and masking, we reconstructed population-specific surrogates of the two main ancestral components for more than 500 samples from 25 South Asian populations and showed our approach to be robust via coalescent simulations.
Our f3 and f4 statistics–based estimates reveal that the reconstructed haplotypes are good proxies for the source populations that admixed in the area and point to complex interpopulation relationships within the West Eurasian component, compatible with multiple waves of arrival, as opposed to a simpler one wave scenario. Our approach also provides reliable local haplotypes for future downstream analyses. As one such example, the local ancestry deconvolution in South Asians reveals opposite selective pressures on two pigmentation genes (SLC45A2 and SLC24A5) that are common or fixed in West Eurasians, suggesting post-admixture purifying and positive selection signals, respectively.
Left M2 Occlusion With Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2b Recanalization Using “Solumbra” Technique: Video Case
Authors: Munich Stephan A , Vakharia Kunal , Levy Elad I 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Mechanical thrombectomy has become the accepted standard of care in patients with large-vessel occlusions; however, the management of more distal occlusions is more variable. Although often less clinically severe than proximal occlusions, M2 occlusions can cause significant disability, particularly when they occur in the dominant cerebral hemisphere. Recanalization of M2 occlusions with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator has been reported to be unreliable (only successful in 30.8% of cases).
1
Reliable recanalization of M2 occlusions (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction [TICI] grade 2b or 3 in 76.9% of cases) using contemporary endovascular techniques has been reported.
2
A multi-institutional experience demonstrated similar radiographic and clinical success rates when comparing direct aspiration and primary stent retrieval to treat M2 occlusions.
3

In this video, we present the case of a 62-yr-old woman with a left M2 occlusion treated using the “Solumbra” technique.
4
This technique utilizes a stent retriever in conjunction with aspiration, which is achieved by advancing the aspiration catheter adjacent to the clot. The small caliber of the M2 segment prohibits the advancement of the large-bore aspiration catheter into this segment. However, as demonstrated in this video, placement of the aspiration catheter at the M2 ostia with deployment of the stent retriever in the M2 clot can provide effective recanalization. It should be noted that care should be taken when advancing a guide catheter into the petrous carotid artery for support as this is an advanced maneuver and may increase the risk of iatrogenic injury in inexperienced hands.
Consent was obtained from the patient prior to performing the procedure. Institutional Review Board approval is not required for the report of a single case.
Revisiting real exchange rate volatility: non-traded goods and cointegrated TFP shocks
Authors: Dogan Aydan , Bettendorf Timo 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
International real business cycle (IRBC) models predict a real exchange rate volatility that is much lower than the levels observed in the data. In this paper, we build a two-country IRBC model with both a traded and a non-traded goods sector, and calibrate it to UK-euro area (EA) data. We provide evidence on the existence of a cointegrating relationship between UK and EA traded sector total factor productivity (TFP) by estimating a vector error correction model (VECM). To account for this relationship, we incorporate non-stationary technology shocks in the traded sectors in our model, and show that then the model is able to match the observed volatility of the UK–EA real exchange rate. Our analysis points out that both the presence of non-traded sectors and non-stationary technology shocks are necessary to account for the observed volatility in the real exchange rate.
Introduction
Authors: Christens Brian D. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Several branches of social science have sought to generate greater understanding of the ways that people work together to build power and exercise greater control over issues of concern to them. This book examines this existing interdisciplinary work, and seeks to simultaneously integrate and advance it. This chapter describes the Wisconsin Uprising as an example of a systems change effort that did not produce its intended effects in the sociopolitical arena. The fact that many observers and leaders were surprised by the outcome illustrates the importance of careful attention to topics of community power and empowerment. The chapter then summarizes the basic arguments and explains the contents, organization, and intended uses of the book.
Human Development
Authors: Christens Brian D. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Perceived control in the settings that a person inhabits is both an underpinning and an outcome of positive human development. This is no less true for the civic or sociopolitical domain than for the family, school, or workplace. It should come as no surprise, then, that perceived control in the sociopolitical domain—an important indicator of psychological empowerment—has been found to be related to other positive developmental outcomes. Yet, for psychological empowerment to be understood in a way that links it inextricably with organizational and community-level empowerment processes, it is not sufficient to focus only on perceived control. Critical awareness of the source, nature, and instruments of power, for example, must be taken into account. This chapter delves into theory and research on the psychological aspects of empowerment and their interplay with other human developmental and educational processes. Although particular attention is paid to the role of empowerment in youth development, psychological empowerment continues to play a vital role in development and education during adulthood.
Community Development
Authors: Christens Brian D. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Most have treated empowerment at the community level in vague terms. Scholars in community development and health promotion have identified domains of community empowerment, but these were designed for—and are infrequently used beyond—programmatic contexts. Others have drawn in concepts from social movement studies and sociological work on neighborhood social processes to understand community empowerment, yet these frameworks have not been linked to community power structure or to psychological or organizational empowerment processes. Chapter 6 therefore constructs a new conceptual framework for community empowerment. The intent is to bring empowerment theory closer to being able to realize its fundamental goals of acting as an integrated orientation for action and an infrastructure for systematic research.
The Science of Selecting Least-Worst Options
Authors: Shortland Neil D. , Alison Laurence J. , Moran Joseph M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents the SAFE-T model of decision-making—a descriptive model that offers an innovative insight-generating platform through which the process of making military decisions can come into better focus. It is simpler than most models and thus quicker, pragmatically connected to the military decision-making process in terms of being phase-based, and supported by empirical evidence (as well as retaining components of experience and expertise). There are several more specific benefits to applying the SAFE-T model to military decision-making. One is that the phased nature of the SAFE-T model helps identify not only factors that influence the decision-making process but also how the current decision-making phase is influenced differentially by each factor.
Formulating Plans
Authors: Shortland Neil D. , Alison Laurence J. , Moran Joseph M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Plan formulation concerns how decision-makers arrive at the means to achieve their objectives, and it involves setting out various plans or courses of action that are constrained by an individual’s perception of the perceived risk. This chapter focuses on how options are evaluated and what determines “desirability.” The centrality of values and goals, at both the individual and the organizational level, and how the goals that people set can guide their judgments under uncertainty are examined. In addition, the chapter highlights how the nature of the situation affects the process through which options are generated and compared. Finally, chapter discusses inertia traps that individuals can fall into when they fail to decide between equally adverse choices.
Techno-Romance and Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Konstam Varda 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which technology influences the romantic behavior of emerging adults. From meeting new romantic partners to managing existing relationships to breaking up and recovering from breakups, computer-mediated communication (CMC) is entwined with romance. The ways in which CMC can objectify users and overwhelm them with too many choices are examined here. The chapter also examines dating apps as well as technologically influenced behaviors and challenges, such as “technoference” and sexting. The 29 study participants share their thoughts and experiences related to CMC and social networking sites, and how the inevitable presence of technology has affected their romantic lives.
Pathways Toward Adulthood
Authors: Konstam Varda 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how emerging adults form identities in the domains of work and romance. Today’s emerging adults are motivated to self-actualize in both domains, but the path to that end is long and tortuous and now occupies most of their 20s. Emerging adults are now marrying, if at all, in their late 20s or early 30s. Friends and parents are providing the needed support that spouses once provided during the 20s decade. Studies reveal that men and women take slightly divergent pathways to adulthood, but that they ultimately share a similar vision in which both partners can have fulfilling careers while coming together for a committed long-term relationship. The delay of commitment allows for romantic experimentation and learning by trial and error, an opportunity that many emerging adults, particularly those who are well resourced, seem to be taking advantage of.
For Better or . . . Not
Authors: Konstam Varda 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the role marriage plays in the life planning and behavior of emerging adults. Most emerging adults hold marriage in positive regard and plan to get married at some point. As emerging adults age, however, finances, career development, education, and job availability lead them to flexibly shift their “marital horizons” and become more open to marital alternatives, such as remaining single or cohabitating. Emerging adults are getting married later and are also remaining single in increasing numbers. Although the dominant cultural model of marriage is one that promotes individual growth and self-actualization, there is an emerging class divide. Partners are expecting more from marriage while investing less time in their partners. New models for marital behavior and expectations may be needed to address why some marriages are more satisfying than ever before, while a great number are falling short, encumbered by individual, cultural, and structural considerations.
Of Law and Other Artificial Normative Systems
Authors: Berman Mitchell N. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
How should the normative landscape and law’s place within it be conceptualized? On the face of things, people navigate a multiplicity of independent artificial normative systems—legal systems, sports, games, etiquette, fashion, families, and so forth—that are of their own making and that deliver and maintain rules and oughts that are only ‘formally’ normative and may conflict. In recent years, however, several prominent legal philosophers, Ronald Dworkin most notably, have advocated some version of a ‘one-system picture’ according to which appearances deceive, and we inhabit just a single domain of ‘real’, ‘genuine’, or ‘robust’ normativity. This chapter presents an alternative picture that aims to vindicate, rather than to refute, outward appearances—an alternative picture that, it is claimed, reflects background assumptions that legal positivists widely share but that is oddly marginalized, nearly invisible, in the current legal philosophical literature. It has three main ambitions: to surface and sharpen the central features of this ‘standard positivist picture’, to make sense of H. L. A. Hart’s own complex and shifting relationship to that picture, and to isolate and critically evaluate arguments advanced by one-system theorists that purport to show that such a picture is circular or eliminable. The chapter concludes by suggesting possible lessons that legal philosophers might learn by paying more systematic attention to the broader universe of artificial normative systems in which law is situated.
Theoretical Disagreements in Law: Another Look
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In “Explaining Theoretical Disagreement” (2009), the chapter’s author defended an answer to Ronald Dworkin’s argument that legal positivists cannot adequately explain disagreements among judges about what the criteria of legal validity are. This chapter responds to a variety of critics, in particular, Kevin Toh. It argues that Toh misrepresents H. L. A. Hart’s own views, and misunderstands the role of "presupposition" in both Hart and Kelsen. The chapter further argues that a correct reading of Hart is compatible with the error-theoretic interpretation of theoretical disagreement the author defended in 2009.
Hybrid Dispositionalism and the Law
Authors: Marques Teresa 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Dworkin’s famous argument from legal disagreements poses a problem for legal positivism by undermining the idea that the law can be (just) the result of the practice and attitudes of norm-applying officials. In recent work, the chapter author argued that a hybrid contextualist theory paired with a dispositional theory of value—a hybrid dispositionalism, for short—offers the resources to respond to similar disagreement-based arguments in other evaluative and normative domains. This chapter claims that the theory the author advocates can extend to legal statements and disputes, and shares some important features with Toh’s (2011) idea that legal statements express shared acceptance of norms. The chapter proposes that a contextualist semantics for legal statements paired with the pragmatic communication of implicatures that express shared acceptances of norms, achieves the same goal that Toh aims at.
Rules
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Rules are mental representations of the form If condition, then action, where matching the condition leads to execution of the action. Chaining rules together makes possible solution of complex problems, such as figuring out how to get from one city to another. Mental rules of this sort are also important for explaining people’s ability to generate and comprehend language. Semantic pointers provide a valuable supplement to conventional theories of rules in two ways. First, they show how rules as mental representations can also be neural representations, through encoding and binding of if–then, the condition, and the action, all as patterns of firing. Second, semantic pointers show how conditions and actions can go beyond verbal information to incorporate all kinds of sensory information.
Between Plato and the Gods
Authors: Peterson Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Aelius Aristides navigates the aggressive, ad hominem humor of Old Comedy within his broader project of constructing a new social and intellectual paradigm of elite behavior. A significant component of this project is the intersection of rhetoric and religious concerns. While Aristides finds use for certain features of Old Comedy, in particular its use of invective and self-reflexivity, he expresses profound unease at the prospect that its style of humor might be performed in the context of a religious festival. For example, he invokes Old Comedy to dispel Plato’s criticism of rhetoric in To Plato: In Defense of the Four (Or. 3) and cites the parabasis as a model of self-praise to justify his own engagement in the practice (Or. 28). Then, in contrast to these uses of the genre as a literary source, in Or. 29 he calls for a ban on comic performances in terms that bear a striking resemblance to Old Comic humor and the traditional criticisms directed at it.
Lucian’s Prolaliai and the Dynamics of Competition
Authors: Peterson Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Like the well-known dialogues discussed in the previous chapter, Lucian’s prolaliai, or sophistic prologues, underscore the satirist’s profound engagement with Old Comedy. Despite their obvious differences in form and context, three of these prolaliai—You are a Literary Prometheus, Zeuxis or Antiochus, and Heracles—mimic the agonistic and rhetorical strategies of an Aristophanic parabasis. Of particular interest is the degree to which the comic poets’ stage biographies appear to inform the details that Lucian provides about his own career. Taken together with Aelius Aristides’s Or. 29, discussed in chapter 2, these texts point to an interest in parabatic language that was capable of divorcing it from its original performance context.