bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gold Nanoclusters Enhanced Photocatalytic Property of Bismuth Oxychloride
Authors: Chen Rui , Wang Lili , Yan Yan , Lu Xin , Wang Xin , Yang Qiang 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper have synthesized bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) nanoplate (BNS) by hydrothermal method and fabricated BiOCl‐gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) heterostucture nanomaterials (BANC) through electrostatic interaction. X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations indicate Au NCs successfully modified on BNS. The small energy gap makes Au NCs suitable for absorbing sunlight, while staggered energy bands between Au NCs and BiOCl could effectively separate electrons and holes, resulting in enhanced photocatlytic performance. Actually, under simulated sunlight irradiation, BANC could completely degrade rhodamine B within 30 minutes. In addition to this, the photostability test showed that the structure of BNAC did not changed after irradiation.
Progress on the Photocatalytic Reduction Removal of Chromium Contamination
Authors: Zhao Zengying , An He , Lin Jing , Feng Mingchao , Murugadoss Vignesh , Ding Tao , Liu Hu , Shao Qian , Mai Xianmin , Wang Ning , Gu Hongbo , Angaiah Subramania , Guo Zhanhu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRapid industrialization leads to increased wastewater discharge encompassing hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), which leads to serious environmental problems of toxicity and potential carcinogenicity. Removal of these species is normally carried out by ion‐exchange, precipitation, membrane filtration, sorption, photocatalytic reduction, etc. This review mainly focuses on the photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reduction of Cr (VI), because of their advantages over other methods such as reduced risk of secondary pollution by non‐reduced Cr (VI), no sludge formation, no need for a large amount of chemical reagents, clean and easy installation. The main factors influencing the photocatalytic reduction efficiency of Cr (VI) such as catalyst activity, solution pH, Cr adsorption on the catalyst and additives, are briefly discussed. Finally, a special emphasis is provided to the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reduction of Cr (VI).
Bariatric Surgery Versus Lifestyle Intervention in Class I Obesity: 7–10‐Year Results of a Retrospective Study
Authors: Vitiello Antonio , Angrisani Luigi , Santonicola Antonella , Iovino Paola , Pilone Vincenzo , Forestieri Pietro 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and the International Federation of Surgery for Obesity (IFSO) have both stated that bariatric surgery (BS) should not be denied in Class I patients. However, lifestyle intervention (LI), such as diet plus gym programs, is still considered the preferred approach for subjects with a BMI ranging from 30 to 35 kg/m2. The aim of this study was to retrospectively compare results of LI and BS in patients in Class I obesity.MethodsRetrospective analysis of prospective maintained databases of two centers for the “Interdisciplinary Treatment of Obesity” was performed. All patients in Class I obesity and follow‐up >7 years were included in the study. Subjects were divided into two groups: BS group that included patients who had undergone surgery and LI group that included patients who underwent lifestyle intervention (LI). Percentage of excess body mass index loss (%EBMIL) and comorbidities remission were recorded.ResultsSeventy‐six patients were included in the study. Fifty‐six subjects were submitted to surgery (BS group); 20 subjects were treated with nonsurgical approach (LI group). In BS group, 34 underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric band, 13 laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), and 9 laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass. EWL% resulted significantly higher in BS group at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 years (p < 0.01).ConclusionBariatric surgery is more effective than LI for patients in Class I obesity. Due to its versatility, low‐risk profile and high‐effectiveness LSG could be the standard intervention for these patients.
Negotiating Intelligence, Nerdiness, and Status in Physics Master’s studies
Authors: Johansson Anders 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMotivated by widespread concerns for representation and equity in physics education, this study investigates negotiations of identity positions of master’s students in physics. The goal is to explore how sociocultural features of physics can structure the possibilities for becoming a physicist. Interviews with international master’s students in physics were analyzed focusing on perceived norms about physics and how students responded to and negotiated these in crafting a position as competent physicists-to-be. The results show how physics master’s students from varying backgrounds have to negotiate stereotypes of intelligence and nerdiness, as well as an implicit ranking of physics specializations. The stereotype that physicists are intelligent and nerdy is further complicated in physics studies, as some specializations—the more pure and theoretical—are viewed as more intellectually demanding and are in this way accorded a higher status. Students on these specializations are simultaneously seen as more intelligent and more nerdy, while a perception that students who choose other subjects do this just because they are notgood enoughto do theoretical physics is perpetuated. These notions become significant in relation to western society’s high regard of authentic intelligence and idolization of geniuses, ideas that can serve as powerful ideals in physics. This study gives novel insight about how well-known norms and stereotypes about physics come to matter in physics master’s students’ negotiations to become recognized as competent physicists.
A Fragmented Training Environment: Discourse Models in the Talk of Physics Teacher Educators
Authors: Larsson Johanna , Airey John , Danielsson Anna T. , Lundqvist Eva 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article reports the results of an empirical study exploring the discourses of physics teacher educators. We ask how the expressed understandings of a physics teacher education programme in the talk of teacher educators potentially support the identity construction of new teachers. Nine teacher educators from different sections of a physics teacher programme in Sweden were interviewed. The concept of discourse models was used to operationalise how the discourses of the teacher education programme potentially enable the performance of different physics teacher identities. The analysis resulted in the construction of four discourse models that could be seen to be both enabling and limiting the kinds of identity performances trainee physics teachers can enact. Knowledge of the models thus potentially empowers trainee physics teachers to understand the different goals of their educational programme and from there make informed choices about their own particular approach to becoming a professional physics teacher. We also suggest that for teacher educators, knowledge of the discourse models could facilitate making conscious, informed decisions about their own teaching practice.
Maternal folic acid deficiency stimulates neural cell apoptosis via miR‐34a associated with Bcl‐2 in the rat foetal brain
Authors: Li Wen , Li Zhenshu , Zhou Dezheng , Zhang Xumei , Yan Jing , Huang Guowei 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEmbryonic development is a critical period wherein brain neurons are generated and organized. Maternal dietary folate, a cofactor in one‐carbon metabolism, modulates neurogenesis and apoptosis in foetal brain neurons. We hypothesized that aberrant neuronal apoptosis may affect the development of the central nervous system during maternal folic acid deficiency, with evident effects because maternal folic acid deficiency modulates the microRNA‐34a associated with Bcl‐2 pathway during embryonic development. Four‐week‐old female Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided randomly into two groups (10 rats per group): a folate‐deficient diet group and a folate‐normal diet group. The diets were administered to the rats 60 d before mating, which was continued for the pregnant dams until parturition. Maternal folic acid deficiency increased neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus and the cortex in the offspring. Furthermore, maternal folic acid deficiency increased the ratio of cleaved caspase‐3/caspase‐3, followed by an increase in caspase‐3 activity. Moreover, maternal folic acid deficiency downregulated Bcl‐2 and upregulated Bax, and this effect associate with maternal folic acid deficient increases expression of microRNA‐34a. Together, the present results indicate that maternal folic acid deficiency stimulates neuronal apoptosis via microRNA‐34a associated with Bcl‐2 signalling in rat offspring.
Complications of Genital Enlargement Surgery
Authors: Furr James , Hebert Kristi , Wisenbaugh Eric , Gelman Joel 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Introduction
The objective of genital enlargement surgery is to increase length and/or girth for cosmetic reasons; however, newer techniques have been recently reported to be associated with only minor complications in a small percentage of patients.

Aim
We aim to report the severe complications of penile augmentation surgery seen at a referral center and describe their subsequent management.

Methods
Institutional review board approval was obtained. We reviewed our prospectively collected database for all patients who presented with complications of genital enlargement surgery from 2002–2016.

Main Outcome Measure
Interventions following complications of genital enlargement surgery.

Results
11 Patients were identified. Mean age was 47 (21–77) years. Prior procedures included subcutaneous injection of silicone outside a medical setting, girth enhancement procedures involving the subcutaneous placement or injection of substances including fat, other substances, or subcutaneous silicone implants. All patients who underwent subcutaneous penile implant underwent removal prior to presentation. Adverse changes included sexually disabling penile deformity and severe shortening, curvature, edema, subcutaneous masses, infection, non-healing wounds, and sexual dysfunction. 10 patients underwent corrective surgery, with 2 requiring multiple procedures and 3 requiring split-thickness skin grafting. All 10 patients had an improved cosmetic appearance and those who had disabling shortening had significantly improved functional length.

Clinical Implications
Report of such adverse events should assist in appropriate perioperative counseling prior to genital enhancement surgery.

Strength & Limitations
Few reports of debilitating complications of penile enlargement exist in literature. However, without knowing the overall number of procedures performed, the true complication incidence is not known.

Conclusion
Penile and scrotal enhancement surgery can be associated with major disabling complications, leading to deformity and functional compromise in men with prior normal anatomy and function. Patients should be aware of these risks.
Engaging new Antarctic learners and ambassadors through flexible learning, open education and immersive video lectures
Authors: Priestley Rebecca , Dohaney Jacqueline , Atkins Cliff , Salmon Rhian , Robinson Kealagh 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn April 2017, Victoria University of Wellington launched ICE101X—Antarctica: From Geology to Human History—on the global edX platform. This Massive Open Online Course, or MOOC, attracted 5735 learners from around the world, who engaged with content about Antarctic science, history, geology, and culture, primarily through video lectures filmed in Antarctica. Analysis of feedback from learners in three iterations of the course, offered between 2015 and 2017 and culminating in ICE101X, revealed that learners enjoyed the immersive Antarctic field lectures and learning through a diverse set of disciplinary lenses, had some preconceptions about Antarctica that were challenged by the course content, and completed the course with a new sense of interest in and protection of Antarctica.
The processing of dialectal variants: Further insight from French
Authors: DUFOUR SOPHIE , CHUANG YU-YING , NGUYEN NOËL 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTIn two semantic priming experiments, this study examined how southern French speakers process the standard French [o] variant in closed syllables in comparison to their own variant [ɔ]. In Experiment 1, southern French speakers showed facilitation in the processing of the associated target word VIOLET whether the word prime mauve was pronounced by a standard French speaker ([mov]) or a southern French speaker ([mɔv]). More importantly, Experiment 1 has also revealed that words of type mauve, which are subject to dialectal variation, behave exactly in the same way as words of type gomme, which are pronounced with [ɔ] by both southern and standard French speakers, and for which we also found no modulation in the magnitude of the priming effect as a function of the dialect of the speaker. Experiment 2 replicated the priming effect found with the standard French variant [mov], and failed to show a priming effect with nonwords such as [mœv] that also differ from the southern French variant [mɔv] by only one phonetic feature. Our study thus provides further evidence for efficient processing of dialectal variants during spoken word recognition, even if these variants are not part of the speaker’s own productions.
What do we do now? Examining civilian masculinity/ies in contemporary liberal civil-military relations
Authors: Millar Katharine M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn contemporary Western, liberal democratic societies, the soldier is frequently regarded as ‘the best of us’, taking on the unlimited liability for the protection and betterment of the whole. In the context of volunteer militaries and distant conflicts, the construction of men (and the universalised masculine citizen) as ‘always-already’ soldiers (or potential soldiers) poses a substantial obstacle to the identification or performance of ‘good’ civilian masculinity – particularly during wartime. The theorisation and articulation of a positive, substantive civilian masculinity, or masculinities, rather than one defined simply by an absence of military service and implication in the collective use of violence, is a central challenge of contemporary politics. As a means of illuminating the complex dynamics of this challenge, this article examines charitable practices of civilian support for the military, and corresponding constructions of masculinity, in the UK during the ‘war on terror’. In doing so, the article demonstrates the ways in which gendered ‘civilian anxiety’, through its connection to citizenship, comes to condition the political possibilities and subjectivities of all those who seek belonging in the liberal political community. The article concludes by arguing for the essentiality of a research programme oriented around ‘civilianness’, and civilian masculinity/ies.
The invocation of the right to self-defence in response to armed attacks conducted by armed groups: Implications for attribution
Authors: de Wet Erika 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe right to self-defence in Article 51 of the United Nations Charter is increasingly being invoked in response to armed attacks conducted by armed groups located in a territory of another state, with or without the (direct) assistance of such a state. This article examines the implications of the invocation of the right to self-defence under these circumstances for the principles of attribution within thejus ad bellumparadigm. First, it illuminates how the threshold requirements for indirect armed attacks (that is, the state acting through a private actor) have been lowered since the 1986Nicaraguadecision of the International Court of Justice. In so doing, the article suggests that in order to prevent a complete erosion of the benchmarks of an indirect armed attack, the notions of ‘substantial involvement’ in an armed attack, ‘harbouring’, and ‘unwillingness’ should be interpreted as manifestations of due diligence. Thereafter, the article illustrates that there is also an increasing attribution of armed attacks directly to non-state actors, notably those located in areas over which territorial states have lost control. Such states could be depicted as being ‘unable’ to counter the activities of non-state actors. The article further submits that particularly in these instances, the principle of necessity within the self-defence paradigm can play an important role in curbing the potential for abuse inherent in the vague notion of ‘inability’, if interpreted in light of Article 25 of the Articles on State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts.
LEARNING AND THE SIZE OF THE GOVERNMENT SPENDING MULTIPLIER – ERRATUM
Authors: Quaghebeur Ewoud 
Published: November 2018

Table 4 of this article was incorrectly published with subheadings in Table 4 missing. The publisher regrets this error and the correct version of Table 4 is presented here.
Table 4.Present-value multipliers for different specifications of fiscal policy in the new Keynesian model with rational expectations and with adaptive learningRational expectationsAdaptive learningImpact1 year4 years6 yearsImpact1 year4 years6 yearsStrategy 1: Lump-sum financing (baseline model)$\frac{{PV\left( {\Delta Y} \right)}}{{PV\left( {\Delta G} \right)}}\$0.510.500.460.431.011.000.990.97$\frac{{PV\left( {\Delta C} \right)}}{{PV\left( {\Delta G} \right)}}\$−0.29−0.30−0.34−0.370.090.090.070.06$\frac{{PV\left( {\Delta I} \right)}}{{PV\left( {\Delta G} \right)}}\$−0.20−0.20−0.20−0.20−0.08−0.08−0.09−0.09Strategy 2: Capital tax financing$\frac{{PV\left( {\Delta Y} \right)}}{{PV\left( {\Delta G} \right)}}\$0.320.290.120.020.430.380.200.08$\frac{{PV\left( {\Delta C} \right)}}{{PV\left( {\Delta G} \right)}}\$−0.23−0.26−0.40−0.48−0.08−0.12−0.27−0.37$\frac{{PV\left( {\Delta I} \right)}}{{PV\left( {\Delta G} \right)}}\$−0.68−0.69−0.70−0.71−0.80−0.80−0.81−0.82Strategy 3: Labor tax financing$\frac{{PV\left( {\Delta Y} \right)}}{{PV\left( {\Delta G} \right)}}\$−0.64−0.68−0.85−0.950.480.470.430.40$\frac{{PV\left( {\Delta C} \right)}}{{PV\left( {\Delta G} \right)}}\$−1.07−1.10−1.24−1.33−0.37−0.38−0.41−0.43$\frac{{PV\left( {\Delta I} \right)}}{{PV\left( {\Delta G} \right)}}\$−0.71−0.71−0.73−0.74−0.17−0.18−0.18−0.18Note: See main text for a description of the different financing strategies.
Bereavement risk assessment of family caregivers of patients with cancer: Japanese version of the Bereavement Risk Assessment Tool
Authors: Uchida Tomohiro , Satake Noriaki , Nakaho Toshimichi , Inoue Akira , Saito Hidemitsu 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe Bereavement Risk Assessment Tool (BRAT) seems to be useful in identifying those who are likely to suffer from the more severe consequences of bereavement. To date, however, only a few studies have examined bereavement risk using the BRAT. This study investigated bereavement risk in family caregivers of patients with cancer using the Japanese version of the Bereavement Risk Assessment Tool (BRAT-J). We also investigated the relationship of bereavement risk with psychological distress and resilience among caregivers to determine the validity of the BRAT-J.MethodsWe conducted family psychoeducation in the palliative care unit of Tohoku University Hospital with participants who were recruited in this study. Among the participants, 50 family caregivers provided their written informed consent and were included in this study. Participants were assessed using the BRAT-J and completed the Japanese version of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) and the Tachikawa Resilience Scale (TRS).ResultsAccording to the BRAT-J, five individuals (10%) were in the high category of bereavement risk (level 4 or 5). We also found that family caregivers of patients experienced many different pressures, such as facing the unknown; their own work; and insufficient financial, practical, or physical resources. These issues are associated with various mental problems. Additionally, the level of bereavement risk was significantly correlated with K6 scores (ρ = 0.30, p = 0.032), and the TRS score (ρ = –0.44, p = 0.001). These correlations confirmed previous findings and that the BRAT-J can be an efficient screening tool for the bereavement risk of family caregivers of patients with cancer.Significance of resultsIt appears that the BRAT-J is useful in predicting the likelihood of difficulties or complications in bereavement for family caregivers and could help to provide support with these issues when needed.
Welcome to papers from the 4th International Meeting of Agora Paleobotanica – Preface
Authors: Cascales-Miñana Borja , Prestianni Cyrille , Gerrienne Philippe 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTOn 7–9 July 2016, the palaeontological association Agora Paleobotanica organised its fourth international meeting. It took place at the National History Museum of Brussels and was attended by 45 delegates. This special volume of the Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh compiles key papers presented at this meeting. The topics covered include a wide variety of Devonian to Miocene plant taxa, with exciting new data on both mega- and microfossils.
Models of shareholder democracy: A transnational approach
Authors: SINGER ABRAHAM , RON AMIT 
Published: November 2018

Abstract:Existing discussions about shareholder control work with a state-centric and Westphalian conception of democracy. Therefore, they see the corporation as a state-analogue: shareholders (citizens) elect a board (legislature) charged with the responsibility to ensure that the executive follows their ‘collective interest’. We claim that state-centric models of democracy are not apt for an environment of corporate governance characterised by complex interdependence, porous boundaries, and criss-crossing relations of weak allegiances. Instead, we suggest that recent theories of transnational democracy provide us with better models for thinking about ‘popular’ control in such an environment. We look at shareholder democracy not as a system where a single body representing a ‘demos’ tries to control a single executive; instead, we view shareholders as constituting multipledêmoiwhich must coordinate and collaborate to control multiple corporate executives. We emphasise deliberation and communicative power as a central mechanism for thesedêmoiof shareholders to effectuate control.
Outlawry but with teeth: The problem of enforcing peace through international institutions
Authors: PALCHETTI PAOLO 
Published: November 2018

Abstract:If the main merit of The Internationalists is to shed light, in a powerful and convincing way, on the transformative power of rules, the role of institutions – and in particular of the United Nations and its collective security system centred around the activity of the Security Council – does not come out of the book as clearly as it might. It is submitted that the decision to concentrate upon the rule – the prohibition to use force – while limiting the attention paid to the institution – the United Nations and its collective security system – is not without consequence, particularly given the strict link existing, in the common perception, between the rule and the institution. This brief comment will focus on certain ambivalences emerging from the book about the contribution of the United Nations, as a peace-enforcing organisation, to fostering the emergence of a New World Order, as well as its continuing relevance for preserving the effectiveness of the principle on non-use of force.