bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of HfC nanowires grown on carbon fibers on the microstructure and thermophysical properties of C/C composites
Authors: Fu Yanqin , Zhang Yulei , Li Tao , Zhang Jian 
Published: September 2019

AbstractOne‐dimensional (1D) hafnium carbide nanowires (HfCnws) were grown in situ on carbon fibers (CFs) via a Ni‐assisted pyrolysis method of organometallic polymer precursor. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), polarized‐light optical microscopy (PLM), and Raman were used to analyze the effect of HfCnws on the microstructure of pyrolytic carbon (PyC). The specific heat capacity (HC), thermal diffusivity (TD), thermal conductivity (TC), and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of HfCnws‐C/C composites were also investigated. Results show that HfCnws wrapped by carbon nanosheet were successfully synthesized. The diameter of HfCnws is about 30 nm and the thickness of carbon nanosheet is about 10 nm, which could induce the formation of isotropic (ISO) PyC. After introducing HfCnws, the TD and CTE of HfCnws‐C/C composites were increased. Ni2HfCnws‐C/C composites show a higher TC and TD, and the CTE increased with the increasing content of HfCnws.
Lateral cracks during sliding indentation on various optical materials
Authors: Suratwala Tayyab , Steele Rusty , Shen Nan , Ray Nathan , Wong Lana , Miller Phil E. , Feit Michael 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA series of static and sliding indentation (ie, scratching) was performed and characterized on a wide range of optical workpiece materials [single crystals of Al2O3(sapphire), SiC, Y3Al5O12(YAG), CaF2, and LiB3O5(LBO); a SiO2–Al2O3–P2O5–Li2O glass ceramic (Zerodur); and glasses of SiO2:TiO2(ULE), SiO2(fused silica), and P2O5–Al2O3–K2O–BaO (Phosphate)] at various applied loads using various indenters (Vickers, 10 µm conical, and 200 µm conical). Despite having different load dependencies, the lateral crack depth formed during sliding indentation quantitatively scales with that formed during static indentation, explaining why static indentation has been historically effective in describing various grinding parameters. Depending on the indenter geometry, the amount of residual trench damage (plastic deformation and local fracturing) during sliding indentation was often enhanced by more than an order of magnitude compared with static indentation. A simple ploughing scratch model, which considers both tangential and normal stresses (where the tangential stress is amplified by relatively small tangential contact area), explains this enhancement and other observed trends. Accounting for the high correlation between residual trench depth and volumetric fracturing, the model is extended to estimate the amount of fracture damage as a function of the material properties of the workpiece, indenter geometry, and applied load. Such a model has utility in the design of optimized grinding processes, particularly the abrasive geometry. Finally, at higher loads (>1 N), lateral cracks were often observed to preferentially propagate in the forward scratching direction, as opposed to perpendicular to the scratch as typically observed. High‐speed imaging of the scratch process confirms that these cracks propagate ahead of the sliding indenter during the scratching event. Finite element stress analysis suggests the ploughing frictional forces increase the mode I tensile stresses at the leading edge of the sliding indenter explaining the direction of crack propagation of such cracks.
Mechanochemical synthesis and annealing of tungsten di‐ and tetra‐boride
Authors: Long Ying , Wu Zong , Zheng Xin , Lin Hua‐Tay , Zhang Fenglin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTungsten diboride and tetra‐boride were synthesized by a combination of mechanochemical method and the subsequent heat treatment. To clarify the formation process of tungsten diboride (WB2) and tetra‐boride (WB4) using W‐B mixture system with variable B concentration, the effects of ball‐to‐powder ratio, W to B molar ratio on mechanochemical process were studied, and the relationship between phase composition and annealing temperature was built. The results show that, the synthesis of WB2 with W:B = 1:5 can be improved by increasing ball‐to‐powder ratio from 4:1 to 6:1, but no WB4 phase can be directly synthesized by mechanochemical method. WB2 (AlB2‐WB2, P6/mmm) phase can be only synthesized with W to B molar ratio of 1:4 and 1:5. Further increase in B content to W:B = 1:6 or less, W was present as the main phase with high crystallinity (>71%). WB4 phase was formed as an annealing temperature as low as 1000°C, which was not stable and may decompose to WB2 (WB2‐WB2, P6/mmm) phase with the increase in temperature. The decomposition temperature of WB4 can be improved by increasing the B content. Compared with the W‐B mixtures (W:B = 1:12) being milled for 1 hour, the powders milled for 40 hours present 20% higher of WB4 weight fraction after being annealed at 1400°C for 2 hours.
Oxygen‐vacancy‐controlled magnetic properties with magnetic pole inversion in BiFeO3‐based multiferroics
Authors: Liu Run , Wang Zihan , Peng Silu , Bi Jian , Wu Jiangtao , Ye Zuo‐Guang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractOxygen vacancies which are generally present in ferrite oxide may significantly affect their magnetic properties. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between oxygen vacancies and magnetism is of great importance. In this work, we report an oxygen vacancy concentration dependence of magnetism in a single‐phase multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO)‐based system. The BiFeO3‐DyFeO3 (BDFO) solid solution is synthesized with controlled oxygen vacancies and is characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and AC impedance spectroscopy. The magnetic properties, especially magnetic pole inversion, are found to be highly dependent on oxygen vacancy concentration. The oxygen vacancies generate a Weiss molecular field on the Dy3+ ions in the magnetic field range of 570‐1000 Oe depending on the oxygen vacancy concentration, and result in a residual net magnetization by breaking the balance between the two nearly antiparallel spin lattices of Fe3+ ions. This work demonstrates an effective way to control oxygen vacancies and thereby the magnetic properties and sheds light on the relationship between oxygen vacancies and magnetism in BFO‐based multiferroics.
Competitive effects of free volume, rigidity, and self‐adaptivity on indentation response of silicoaluminoborate glasses
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Januchta Kacper , Jensen Lars R. , Bauchy Mathieu , Smedskjaer Morten M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLithium aluminoborate glasses have recently been found to feature high resistance to crack initiation during indentation, but suffer from relatively low hardness and chemical durability. To further understand the mechanical properties of this glass family and their correlation with the network structure, we here study the effect of adding SiO2 to a 25Li2O–20Al2O3–55B2O3 glass on the structure and mechanical properties. Addition of silica increases the average network rigidity, but meanwhile its open tetrahedral structure decreases the atomic packing density. Consequently, we only observe a minor increase in hardness and glass transition temperature, and a decrease in Poisson's ratio. The addition of SiO2, and thus removal of Al2O3 and/or B2O3, also makes the network less structurally adaptive to applied stress, since Al and B easily increase their coordination number under pressure, while this is not the case for Si under modest pressures. As such, although the silica‐containing networks have more free volume, they cannot densify more during indentation, which in turn leads to an overall decrease in crack resistance upon SiO2 addition. Our work shows that, although pure silica glass has very high glass transition temperature and relatively high hardness, its addition in oxide glasses does not necessarily lead to significant increase in these properties due to the complex structural interactions in mixed network former glasses and the competitive effects of free volume and network rigidity.
Three‐component non‐invasive risk score for undiagnosed diabetes in Chinese people: Development, validation and longitudinal evaluation
Authors: Woo Yu Cho , Gao Bin , Lee Chi Ho , Fong Carol Ho‐yi , Lui David Tak‐wai , Ming Jie , Wang Li , Yeung Kristy Man‐yi , Cheung Bernard Man‐yung , Lam Tai Hing , Janus Edward , Ji Qiuhe , Lam Karen Siu‐ling 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo develop a new non‐invasive risk score for undiagnosed diabetes in Chinese people, and to evaluate the incident diabetes risk in those with high‐risk scores, but no diabetes on initial testing.Materials and MethodsA total of 2,609 participants with no known diabetes (aged 25–74 years) who underwent oral glucose tolerance tests in Hong Kong (HK) were investigated for independent risk factors of diabetes to develop a categorization point scoring system, the Non‐invasive Diabetes Score (NDS). This NDS was validated in a cross‐sectional study of 2,746 participants in Shaanxi, China. HK participants tested to not have diabetes at baseline were assessed for subsequent incident diabetes rates.ResultsIn the HK cohort, hypertension, age and body mass index were the key independent risk factors selected to develop the NDS, with ≥28 out of 50 NDS points considered as high risk. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for undiagnosed diabetes was 0.818 and 0.720 for the HK and Shaanxi cohort, respectively. The negative predictive value was 97.4% (HK) and 95.8% (Shaanxi); the number needed to screen to identify one case of diabetes was five (HK) and 11 (Shaanxi), respectively. Among those that tested non‐diabetes at baseline, individuals with NDS ≥28 had a threefold risk of incident diabetes during the subsequent 20.9 years, compared with those with NDS <28 (P < 0.001), with a steeper rise in incident diabetes observed in those with NDS at higher tertiles.ConclusionsThis new three‐component risk score is a user‐friendly tool for diabetes screening, and might inform the subsequent testing interval for high‐risk non‐diabetes individuals.
Palladium causes bizarre skin hyperpigmentation in long‐term dihydrocodeinone ‘Braun’ abusers
Authors: Arenbergerova M. , Arenberger P. , Gkalpakiotis S. , Sticova E. , Hulkova H. , Trhlikova O. , Sikora J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackground‘Braun’ is an illegal injectable dihydrocodeinone‐enriched drug mixture of semi‐synthetic opioids. It is prepared by palladium‐catalysed hydrogenation from codeine‐containing tablets.ObjectiveWe aimed to characterize the dermatologic consequences of long‐term abuse of ‘Braun’.MethodsSkin biopsies of two long‐term ‘Braun’ abusers were evaluated histopathologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. Palladium skin content was assessed by X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.ResultsBoth patients showed generalized diffuse dark blue–grey hyperpigmentation of the skin. In both, an abnormal population of cells containing intracytoplasmic brownish granular material was identified in the papillary dermis by light microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed a dense and minimally structured material that predominantly accumulated in macrophages, fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells. XRF analysis confirmed elevated levels of palladium in the patient's skin in comparison to healthy controls.ConclusionLong‐term abuse of palladium‐contaminated dihydrocodeinone (‘Braun’) results in excessive accumulation of granular material in various dermal cell types and causes generalized diffuse skin hyperpigmentation.
Lymphomatoid papulosis: an update and review
Authors: Martinez‐Cabriales S.A. , Walsh S. , Sade S. , Shear N.H. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is a benign chronic often relapsing skin condition that belongs to theCD30‐positive cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. LyP typically presents as crops of lesions with a tendency to self‐resolve, and morphology can range from solitary to agminated or diffuse papules and plaques to nodules or tumours. The clinical–histological spectrum can range from borderline cases to overlap with primary cutaneous anaplastic cell lymphoma (pcALCL). Histology and immunophenotype commonly show overlap with otherCD30‐positive disorders and sometimes may be identical to pcALCL, making its diagnosis more difficult. Patients with LyP have an increased risk of developing a second neoplasm such as mycosis fungoides, pcALCLand/or Hodgkin lymphoma. Clinical correlation allows its proper classification and diagnosis, which is fundamental for treatment and prognosis. This review focuses on the clinical appearance, histopathological features, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and management of LyP.
Retrospective analysis of alpha‐human papillomavirus (HPV) types in tissue samples from anogenital dysplasias – introduction of the RICH (Risk of HPV‐related Carcinoma in HIV+/− patients) score
Authors: Hildebrand J.A. , Fischbeck A.J. , Hundsdoerfer B. , Clanner‐Engelshofen B.M. , Marsela E. , Wollenberg A. , Flaig M. , French L.E. , Reinholz M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundChronic viral infections caused by highly contagious human papillomaviruses (HPVs) from the alpha genus are a substantial risk factor for tumour diseases.ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to compare the HPV infection pattern with histology in a patient group of immunocompromised HIV+ and non‐immunocompromised patients with anal intraepithelial neoplasia.Materials and MethodsTissue samples (n = 210) from the anogenital area of 121 patients underwent retrospective histological and molecular examination for HPV DNA prevalence by chip analysis. The study was part of a cancer screening from the Dermatology Department of the LMU Munich, Germany. All data were collected and processed anonymously.ResultsHPV 6 or 11 are more abundant in tissue samples from histologically diagnosed condylomata acuminata (47.7%) compared to grade 1, 2, and 3 intraepithelial neoplasias (IN 1‐3). Detection of high‐risk (hr) alpha‐HPV DNA was significantly higher in tissue samples from IN 3 (67.5%) compared to IN 1 and 2 (12.9%), and compared to condylomata acuminata (29.5%). No HPV types were detected in histologically unremarkable tissue samples. There was a significant association between the prevalence of HPV 16 and the classifications IN 1 to IN 3 (χ2 (2) = 13.62, P = 0.001). We identified a significant correlation between the prevalence of high‐risk and low‐risk (lr) HPV types and HIV, especially mixed infections of different HPV types correlated with high‐grade IN. Based on the present data, we suggest the risk of carcinoma in HIV+/− patients (RICH) score and test it in the 121 patients.Conclusionshr alpha‐HPVs, mainly HPV 16, are associated with increased oncogenic potential of premalignant lesions (IN 1‐3), especially in HIV+ patients. Based on the combination of HIV/HPV‐testing and histological analysis, we identified correlations that could potentially forecast the risk of malignant transformation and summarized them in the form of RICH score.
The role of mechanical stress in the formation of plantar melanoma: a retrospective analysis of 72 chinese patients with plantar melanomas and a meta‐analysis
Authors: Gong H.Z. , Zhang S. , Zheng H.Y. , Qu T. , Li J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundWeightbearing areas of sole were reported to be significantly more vulnerable to melanoma than non‐weightbearing areas. Few studies have investigated the role that mechanical stress plays in increasing the incidence of plantar melanoma (PM).ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the potential role of mechanical stress in the formation of PM and evaluate the association of mechanical stress with certain pathological features of melanoma by using meta‐analysis.MethodsWe analysed the distribution pattern of 72 PM lesions in Chinese patients and compared their incidence and demographic and clinicopathological features based on sites with different stress exposure.ResultsThe most common region with a PM was the heel, followed by the forefoot, plantar aspect of the toes, lateral midfoot (LM) and arch. Both the heel and forefoot were significantly associated with a higher incidence of melanoma than the arch. A high density of lesions was observed in the posterior half of the heel and the lateral forefoot. Despite subtle differences in the contour maps of the density of lesions based on sex and age, different groups showed the same primary distribution tendency. The comparison between weightbearing and non‐weightbearing areas revealed no significant difference in sex, age, lateralization, clinical pigmentation, Breslow depth or ulceration. However, the meta‐analysis revealed that melanoma on weightbearing areas manifested as invasive melanoma at the time of diagnosis more frequently than cases on non‐weightbearing areas (OR = 0.300 [95% CI, 0.092–0.977]; P = 0.046).ConclusionWeightbearing areas indicating mechanical stress are correlated with a higher number of plantar melanoma compared with non‐weightbearing areas and also show a tendency to be involved by invasive melanomas at the time of diagnosis more frequently than non‐weightbearing areas.
Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing treatment efficacy and tolerance of picosecond alexandrite laser with a diffractive lens array and triple combination cream in female asian patients with melasma
Authors: Wang Y.‐J. , Lin E.‐T. , Chen Y.‐T. , Chiu P.‐C. , Lin B.‐S. , Chiang H.‐M. , Huang Y.‐H. , Wang K.‐Y. , Lin H.‐Y. , Chang T.‐M. , Chang C.‐C. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundRecent evidence suggests melasma to be a photoaging disorder. Triple combination creams (TCC: fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, hydroquinone 4% and tretinoin 0.05%) remain the gold standard treatment. Picosecond alexandrite laser treatment using a diffractive lens array (DLA) has been identified to be effective for improving photoaging conditions.ObjectiveWe aimed to compare the efficacy and tolerance of the picosecond alexandrite laser with those of DLA and TCC in female Asian patients with melasma.MethodsTwenty‐nine patients were randomly assigned to group A1 (3 laser sessions at 4‐week intervals), A2 (5 laser sessions at 4‐week intervals) or B (TCC daily for at least 8 weeks and then tapered until the final evaluation). The Melasma Area, Severity Index (MASI) score and VISIA were assessed at baseline, week 12 and week 20. By week 20, the follow‐up periods for groups A1 and A2 were 3 months and 1 month, respectively.ResultsNine, 11 and 6 participants in groups A1, A2 and B completed the study, respectively. MASI scores were significantly improved in all 3 groups at weeks 12 and 20. In groups A1, A2 and B, the improvement rates at week 20 were 53%, 38% and 50%, respectively. VISIA® analysis additionally revealed a significant improvement in spots, porphyria, pores and brown spots after 3 laser sessions (P < 0.05). Group A2 showed greater improvements than group A1 in terms of spots, wrinkles and pores; however, only red areas were significantly different (P < 0.001). All side‐effects in the 3 groups were transient and gradually subsided after 1–3 months.ConclusionPicosecond alexandrite laser treatment using DLA showed comparable efficacy with TCC for the treatment of melasma. Improvements in texture, spots, wrinkles and pores were observed in the laser groups. Patients with melasma lesions that exhibit telangiectasia may benefit from additional laser treatment sessions.
Accuracy of a smartphone application for triage of skin lesions based on machine learning algorithms
Authors: Udrea A. , Mitra G.D. , Costea D. , Noels E.C. , Wakkee M. , Siegel D.M. , de Carvalho T.M. , Nijsten T.E.C. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundMachine learning algorithms achieve expert‐level accuracy in skin lesion classification based on clinical images. However, it is not yet shown whether these algorithms could have high accuracy when embedded in a smartphone app, where image quality is lower and there is high variability in image taking scenarios by users. In the past, these applications were criticized due to lack of accuracy.ObjectiveIn this study, we evaluate the accuracy of the newest version of a smartphone application (SA) for risk assessment of skin lesions.MethodsThis SA uses a machine learning algorithm to compute a risk rating. The algorithm is trained on 131 873 images taken by 31 449 users in multiple countries between January 2016 and August 2018 and rated for risk by dermatologists. To evaluate the sensitivity of the algorithm, we use 285 histopathologically validated skin cancer cases (including 138 malignant melanomas), from two previously published clinical studies (195 cases) and from the SA user database (90 cases). We calculate the specificity on a separate set from the SA user database containing 6000 clinically validated benign cases.ResultsThe algorithm scored a 95.1% (95% CI, 91.9–97.3%) sensitivity in detecting (pre)malignant conditions (93% for malignant melanoma and 97% for keratinocyte carcinomas and precursors). This level of sensitivity was achieved with a 78.3% (95% CI, 77.2–79.3%) specificity.ConclusionsThis SA provides a high sensitivity to detect skin cancer; however, there is still room for improvement in terms of specificity. Future studies are needed to assess the impact of this SA on the health systems and its users.
Non‐melanoma skin cancer as a clinical marker for internal malignancies: a nationwide population‐based cohort study
Authors: Yun S.J. , Bae J.M. , Kim H. , Park B.C. , Kim J.S. , Seo S.H. , Ahn H.H. , Lee D.Y. , Kim Y.C. , Park H.J. , Chung K.Y. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionNon‐melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common cancers in the world, but the risk of internal malignancy in patients with NMSC has not been well investigated.ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the risk of internal malignancy in patients with NMSC compared with controls without NMSC in Korean population.MethodsThis nationwide cohort study, compared 27 259 NMSC patients with 54 518 matched controls without NMSC, 40 years or older using the data from Korea Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service from 2007 to 2016. The first 2 years were washout period, and we followed the patients for 8 years to observe the development of any internal malignancies after a diagnosis of NMSC. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine the hazard ratios (HRs) for developing internal malignancies.ResultsThe overall risk of internal malignancies at all sites was 2727.7 and 1392.4 per 100 000 person‐years for the patients with NMSC and controls, respectively. The risk was significantly higher in the patients with NMSC (HR 1.866, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.768–1.970). Bone cancer showed the highest risk (HR 12.745, 95% CI 6.288–25.834), followed by nasal cavity and larynx (HR 10.279, 95% CI 6.178–7.103), oral cavity and pharynx (HR 10.211, 95% CI 7.375–14.137), anus and anal canal (HR 8.147, 95% CI 3.893–17.051) and cervical (HR 5.900, 95% CI 3.694–9.423) cancers with risks greater than fivefold higher in NMSC patients compared with the controls. The risks of cancers of the thorax, oesophagus, breast, lung, stomach, thyroid gland and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma were also statistically higher in the patients with NMSC. In contrast, the risks of cancers of the colon and rectum were found to be significantly decreased in the patients with NMSC (HR 0.765, 95% CI 0.657–0.890).ConclusionPatients with NMSC require careful screening and follow‐up for internal malignancy.