bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aids in Infants and Children
Authors: Sunarto Sunarto 
Published: February 2019

Children are infected by HIV, 80% vertically, from HIV infected mothetS mostly near or at delivery. Because heterosexual transmission of HIV among adults is more and more important it is estimated that at the end of this century there will be totally more than 10 million HIV infected children.
Three quarters of HIV-infected babies show non specific symptoms at the early phase, including failure to thrive, chronic diarrhea, recurrent bacterial injections, mucocutanous infection.
Cytotropism of HIV to neroe cells resul.ts tn inflammation, neroe cell damage and neuronal loss. Progressive neurologic abnormalities and developmental milestone regression or developmental retardation will be the results. Pneumocystics carinii infection has worse prognosis than lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia which more commonly occurred in HIV injected children. Diarrhea is a troublesome problem in children with AIDS. Kaposi's sarcoma and secondary cancer are rare in pediatric AIDS. Anemia and thrombocytopenia is common among AIDS children. In developing countries children with AIDS die within the year following the appearance of the symptoms, whereas asymptomatic HIV-injected children will live longer with high risk of recurrent and opportunistic injections.
The hallmark of AIDS in children is the same as in adults,iI.e. the decrease of the number and function of CD4 lymphocytes. This in turn influences the junctions of other immunocompetent cells and loss of immunity is the result. Many things are still unexplainable in children AIDS.
Blood Bilirubin Content in Neonatal Tetanus Patient with Hyperbilirubinemia during Treatment with Intravenous Diazepam
Authors: Soeetomenggolo Taslim S. 
Published: February 2019

An evaluation on 128 neonatal tetanus patients with hyperbilirubinemia was done at the Department of Child Health, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jakarta. The patients were treated with high dosages of diazepam intravenously. This drug is potential to cause the increase of blood bilirubin, and in turn this latter condition is potential to cause kernicterus.
Of the 128 patients there were 70 males and 58 females. The age of the patients were mostly (79.6 %) 4- 7 days.
Fourteen of the 128 patients showed the increase of their blood bilirubin content during the second day of treatment, but after that it declined gradually during the next 3 days. The mortality of the 14 patients was 8 (57.1 %), so far no kernicterus was recorded among them.
Among the 128 patients, 114 patients showed the decrease of their blood bilirubin content during the treatment. During 3 days the blood bilirubin content became less than 10 mg/dL. No kernicterus was recorded among those patients.
It was concluded that intravenous diazepam is not dangerous in patients with mild and moderate hyperbilirubinemia, and no kernicterus was recorded during evaluation.
Nutritional Status of Children in Three Pre-elementary Schools in Medan, North Sumatera Abstract
Authors: Gani Abdul , Miraza Erliana Malik , Lubis Iskandar Z. , Hamid Endang D. , Tarigan Sjarjikat 
Published: February 2019

Anthropometric measurements have been taken on 162 children of Methodist, Dharma Wanita USU and Aisyiah pre-elementary schools in Medan to assess their nutritional status. This study was done cross sectionally from january to February 1990.
The nutritional status of those children were then compared among those schools with the assumption that father's income and educational level of mothers were different. By the parameters of W!A, HI A. q.nd WIH it showed that the nutritional status of children in the pre-elementary schools were generally quite good. Using parameters W/A and W/H there was a significant difference between the children in Methodist and in Aisyiah (p <0.001).
University graduated mothers could be found in Dharma Wan ita USU, whereas in Methodist and Aisyiah pre-elementary schools the mothers were mostly secondary high school graduates.
Father's income above Rp. 150.000,- could be found in Methodist pre-elementary school subsequently followed by Dharma Wanita USU pre-elementary schools, whereas in A isyiah pre-elementary school the father's income was mostly between Rp. 100.000,and Rp. 149.999,-.
By using the Water/ow classification we found 9.88% children with acute Protein Calorie Malnutrition, whereas chronic Protein Calorie Malnutrition only 2.46%. The nutritional status of children in the three pre-elementary schools could be concluded as good.
Catheter Related Infections in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Garna Herry 
Published: February 2019

During a 9-month prospective study, from August, 1988 to April, 1989, a total number of 4328 hospitalized pediatric patients at the Department of Child Health, Padjadjaran University, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung, were observed to identify skin and soft tissue nosocomial infections (not included postoperative), especially catheter related injections.
The gastroentestinal tract was the most frequent site of nosocomial infections (44.3%), then subsequently followed by skin infection (22.6%), bacteremia (16.3%) and urinary tract infection (14.1%). The most frequent cause of nosocomial skin infections like phlebitis was IVFD occurring in 82 out of 93 patients (88.2%). The overall phlebitis attact rate was 4.2% . When the duration of infusion is devided into 3 groups of 0-36 hours, 37-72 hours and ≥ 73 hours, then it becomes clear that the longer the duration of infusion, the higher the attack rate (x2=8.07, p<0.05).
Klebsiella pneumonia seemed to be the pathogen most frequently associated with nosocomial skin infections (26. 7%), followed by Enterobacter aerogenes (20.0%), and then E. coli, Ps. aeruginosa and S. aureus 13.3% each. It could be concluded that the risk of contracting phlebitis from JVFD with a duration of ≥ 73 hours was. 1.9 times higher than that of less than 72 hours.
Persistent Diarrhea: Possible Risk Factors in Indonesia
Authors: Sunoto Sunoto 
Published: February 2019

From the management point of view, acute diarrhea in Indonesian children is not a big problem anymore. Persistent diarrhea, although the prevalence is less than 10% of acute diarrhea, hut the case fatality rate is about 5-7 times higher which is account for 30-50% of total diarrhea deaths.
There are many factors which may contribute to the etiologies of persistent diarrheas. They are among others the specific agents mainly the invasive bacterias (Galmonella spp, Shigella spp, Campylobacter spp, Enteroinvasive E. coli, etc.), Giardia Lamblia and E. histolytica; malnutrition, malabsorption syndromes, systemic infections mainly measles; and last but not least the missmanagement of acute diarrhea, particularly the abundance use of antibiotics and antidiarrheal agents, the late of giving food to the patients and the too early giving semisolid food in normal young baby less than 4-6 month of age.
Mantoux Test in Under-five Children Visiting the out~patient Child Clinic of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan
Authors: Dalimunthe A. Razak , Daulay Ridwan M. , Lubis Iskandar Z. , Lubis Helmi Muchtar , Siregar Zakaria 
Published: February 2019

To assess the difference of Mantoux test result of under-five children who bad had BCG vaccination and those who bad not, a cross sectional study was conducted in the out patient child clinic of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan.
This study was conducted from February 6, 1990 until March 3, 1990 comprising 328 under-five children (164 who bad received BCG vaccination and 164 who bad not).
We found positive Mantoux tests in 86.0% of under-five children who bad BCG vaccination and 9.2% of under-five children who not bad (P<0.001). Tbe diameter of induration of Mantoux tests in the under-five children who bad received BCG at the age of 1 year or less was significantly different from those who bad received it at the age of older than 1 year (P<0.001).
Positive Mantoux test with a diameter of ≥ 5 mm, done after 1 year or more was found in 21. 7% of children who bad BCG vaccination in the neonatal period.
Factors associated with pericardial effusion in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Rachmawati Pediana , Murni Indah K. , Nugroho Sasmito , Noormanto Noormanto , Sumadiono Sumadiono 
Published: February 2019

Background Cardiovascular involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been reported to range from 4-78%. Complications can affect all structures of the heart, including the endocardium, myocardium, pericardium, and valves. Pericarditis is the most common manifestation, with an incidence of 11-54% in SLE patients. Pericardial effusion is often observed in patients with pericarditis, and can be confirmed by echocardiography.
Objective To determine factors associated with pericardial effusion in children with SLE.
Methods We conducted a restrospective cross-sectional study by reviewing medical records of children with SLE aged less than 18 years who underwent echocardiography at the Dr. Sardjito Hospital. Yogyakarta, from January 2011 to March 2018. Patients with congenital heart disease or incomplete medical records were excluded. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to determine factors that independetly associated with pericardial effusion.
Results Among 165 children with SLE, 73 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of pericardial effusion was 54.8%. Median age was 13 (range 5-17) years and the female-to-male ratio was 8:1. Hemolytic anemia (OR=4.135; 95%CI 1.039 to 16.453; P=0.044) was significantly associated with pericardial effusion.
Conclusion Hemolytic anemia is significantly associated with pericardial effusion in children with SLE.
Multi-Dimensional Chebyshev Polynomials: A Non-Conventional Approach
Authors: Cesarano Clemente 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chebyshev polynomials are traditionally applied to the approximation theory where are used in polynomial interpolation and also in the study of di erential equations, in particular in some special cases of Sturm-Liouville di erential equation. Many of the operational techniques presented, by using suitable integral transforms, via a symbolic approach to the Laplace transform, allow us to introduce polynomials recognized belonging to the families of Chebyshev of multi-dimensional type. The non-standard approach come out from the theory of multi-index Hermite polynomials, in particular by using the concepts and the related formalism of translation operators.
A Survey of Riemannian Contact Geometry
Authors: Blair David E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis survey is a presentation of the five lectures on Riemannian contact geometry that the author gave at the conference “RIEMain in Contact”, 18-22 June 2018 in Cagliari, Sardinia. The author was particularly pleased to be asked to give this presentation and appreciated the organizers’ kindness in dedicating the conference to him. Georges Reeb once made the comment that the mere existence of a contact form on a manifold should in some sense “tighten up” the manifold. The statement seemed quite pertinent for a conference that brought together both geometers and topologists working on contact manifolds, whether in terms of “tight” vs. “overtwisted” or whether an associated metric should have some positive curvature. The first section will lay down the basic definitions and examples of the subject of contact metric manifolds. The second section will be a continuation of the first discussing tangent sphere bundles, contact structures on 3-dimensional Lie groups and a brief treatment of submanifolds. Section III will be devoted to the curvature of contact metric manifolds. Section IV will discuss complex contact manifolds and some older style topology. Section V treats curvature functionals and Ricci solitons. A sixth section has been added giving a discussion of the question of whether a Riemannian metric g can be an associated metric for more than one contact structure; at the conference this was an addendum to the third lecture.
On the solvability of a nonlocal problem for the system of Sobolev-type differential equations with integral condition
Authors: Assanova Anar T. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of a classical solution to a nonlocal problem for a system of Sobolev-type differential equations with integral condition are established. By introducing a new unknown function, we reduce the considered problem to an equivalent problem consisting of a nonlocal problem for the system of hyperbolic equations of second order with a functional parameter and an integral relation. We propose the algorithm for finding an approximate solution to the investigated problem and prove its convergence.
Tearing up the sanity clause: A class action
Authors: Chiaro Delia 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The law and lawyers are so pervasive in US life and culture that it should come as no surprise that they invite the kind of parody that the cinematic tradition has displayed from the birth of the movies to the present day. By examining a small number of well-known courtroom comedies, this short essay will examine how these movies often use an unlikely character, an outsider and an underdog in terms of class or education who is unable to adhere to the rules of judiciary procedures. While it is true that this outsider is there to be laughed at, humor also emerges from the ridiculousness of many aspects of the legal system and especially of legalese.
Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of a Trickle-Bed Reactor for Hydrotreating of Petroleum Feedstock
Authors: Ramírez-Castelán Carlos Eduardo , Hidalgo-Vivas Angélica , Brix Jacob , Jensen Anker Degn , Huusom Jakob Kjøbsted 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In this work, a model for a trickle-bed reactor for catalytic hydrotreating (HDT) of oil fractions is developed and simulations are performed to investigate its behavior. The model considers dynamic, one-dimensional plug-flow to describe a heterogeneous, adiabatic trickle-bed reactor. It takes into consideration the main reactions present in the HDT process: hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), and hydrodearomatization (HDA) with a reconstructed petroleum feedstock using a practical approach of generation of pseudo-components by dividing the boiling point curves of the feedstock. The model is solved using the method of lines with a finite difference scheme for discretization in the axial direction and simulations are performed for an industrial hydrotreating unit to evaluate the behavior of the system under different conditions and assumptions e. g. related to the linear gas velocity. A study of the dynamics is carried out to investigate the behavior of the system with a change in the sulfur compound concentration of the feed. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of the most relevant model parameters is performed.
Comparison between NRZ/RZ Modulation Techniques for Upgrading Long Haul Optical Wireless Communication Systems
Authors: Rashed Ahmed Nabih Zaki 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This study has presented the complete comparison non return to zero (NRZ) and return to zero (RZ) modulation techniques for upgrading long haul optical wireless communication systems. Electrical signal to noise ratio is measured. Q-ranges factor are measured at the receiver side for different transmission distance from 500 to 1000  km. As well as the performance parameters of optical wireless communication systems are estimated at different transmission data rates with possible maximum transmission distance. NRZ modulation technique has outlined better performance than RZ modulation technique for upgrading optical wireless communication systems.
Balance of Power or Balance of Threat: Revisiting Ottoman Alliance Politics before the Great War
Authors: Dagi Dogachan 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The Ottoman alliance politics before the Great War has not been explored for theorizing alliance politics though it presents a unique example of alliance formation under external threat. Thus, in this article, a neo-realist balance of threat theory is utilized to examine the Ottoman decision to align with Germany in the Great War. Unlike a historical account as to why the Ottomans sided with the German-Austrian alliance, this article develops a theoretical approach that takes insights from ‘alliance theories’ to explain the Ottomans’ fateful alignment. Such an alliance theory approach underlines the dilemmas of the Ottoman decision makers and demonstrates ‘rational’ elements of their strategy of balancing the main source of the threat. By bringing alliance theories and Ottoman historiography together it is argued that the Ottomans, in their search for an alliance before the Great War, sought a “balance of threat” politics rather than a “balance of power” politics.
Induced charges and quark polarization operator at A0 background
Authors: Baranov I. A. , Skalozub V. V. 
Published: February 2019

The presence of the A0 condensate in quark-gluon plasma leads to Z(3) symmetry breaking and Furry's theorem violation. Due to this phenomenon the color charges are induced and other even-number diagrams are allowed. We calculate the first diagram of this series – tadpole diagram with one gluon line and find induced color charges in the plasma. Next, quark polarization operator in presence is calculated and partially investigated.
CORROSION PROTECTION OF CARBON STEEL USING ZIRCONIUM OXIDE/SILANE PRETREATMENT AND POWDER COATING
Authors: Chi Nguyen Van , San Pham Trung , Hang To Thi Xuan , Nhung Le Thi , Khoa Truong Anh , Hoang Nguyen , Hien Nguyen Thu 
Published: February 2019

Surface pretreatment plays important role in improvement of corrosion resistance and adhesion of organic coatings. A new generation of metal pretreatments based on nanosize zirconium oxide or ogranosilane film has been investigated recently as an alternative method to phosphatation. In this paper, ZrO2/silane composite film on carbon steel was prepared and characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrum and electrochemical measurements. The effect of ZrO2/silane surface treatment on the protection properties of powder coating was studied by salt spray test and adhesion measurement. The results obtained showed that ZrO2 was rapidly precipitated on the steel surface after first 1 minute immersion and ZrO2/silane film formed after 4 minutes immersion give best protective properties. Powder coating on carbon steel with ZrO2/silane pretreatement has equivalent protection performance like powder coating with phosphate pretreatment.
A Pairwise Meta-Analysis of Induction Chemotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: OuYang Pu-Yun , Zhang Xiao-Min , Qiu Xing-Sheng , Liu Zhi-Qiao , Lu Lixia , Gao Yuan-Hong , Xie Fang-Yun 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma has high risk of distant metastasis and mortality. Induction chemotherapy is commonly administrated in clinical practice, but the efficacy was quite controversial in and out of randomized controlled trials. We thus conducted this pairwise meta-analysis.

Materials and Methods
Trials that randomized patients to receive radiotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy with or without induction chemotherapy were identified via searches of PubMed, MEDLINE, and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Results
A total of ten trials (2,627 patients) were included. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) based on fixed effect model were 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56–0.80, p &lt; .001) for overall survival (OS) and 0.70 (95% CI 0.61–0.79, p &lt; .001) for progression-free survival (PFS), which strongly favored the addition of induction chemotherapy. The absolute 5-year survival benefits were 8.47% in OS and 10.27% in PFS, respectively. In addition, based on the available data of eight trials, induction chemotherapy showed significant efficacy in reducing locoregional failure rate (risk ratio [RR] = 0.81, 95% CI 0.68–0.96, p = .017) and distant metastasis rate (RR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.58–0.82, p &lt; .001).

Conclusion
This pairwise meta-analysis confirms the benefit in OS, PFS, and locoregional and distant controls associated with the addition of induction chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Implications for Practice
According to the results of this meta-analysis of ten trials, induction chemotherapy can prolong overall survival and progression-free survival and improve locoregional and distant controls for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Lower Extremity Amputation and Health Care Utilization in the Last Year of Life among Medicare Beneficiaries with ESRD
Authors: Butler Catherine R. , Schwarze Margaret L. , Katz Ronit , Hailpern Susan M. , Kreuter William , Hall Yoshio N. , Montez Rath Maria E. , O'Hare Ann M. 
Published: February 2019

Significance Statement
Although lower extremity amputation is common among patients with ESRD and often portends a poor prognosis, little is known about end-of-life care among these patients. The authors’ analysis of a national cohort of Medicare beneficiaries finds that patients with ESRD are far more likely than those without ESRD to undergo amputation during their final year of life. Among patients with ESRD, having a lower extremity amputation was associated with admission to and prolonged stays in acute and subacute care settings during their last year of life, as well as with dying in the hospital, discontinuing dialysis, and fewer days receiving hospice services. These findings likely signal unmet palliative care needs among seriously ill patients with ESRD who undergo lower extremity amputation.

Background
Lower extremity amputation is common among patients with ESRD, and often portends a poor prognosis. However, little is known about end-of-life care among patients with ESRD who undergo amputation.

Methods
We conducted a mortality follow-back study of Medicare beneficiaries with ESRD who died in 2002 through 2014 to analyze patterns of lower extremity amputation in the last year of life compared with a parallel cohort of beneficiaries without ESRD. We also examined the relationship between amputation and end-of-life care among the patients with ESRD.

Results
Overall, 8% of 754,777 beneficiaries with ESRD underwent at least one lower extremity amputation in their last year of life compared with 1% of 958,412 beneficiaries without ESRD. Adjusted analyses of patients with ESRD showed that those who had undergone lower extremity amputation were substantially more likely than those who had not to have been admitted to—and to have had prolonged stays in—acute and subacute care settings during their final year of life. Amputation was also associated with a greater likelihood of dying in the hospital, dialysis discontinuation before death, and less time receiving hospice services.

Conclusions
Nearly one in ten patients with ESRD undergoes lower extremity amputation in their last year of life. These patients have prolonged stays in acute and subacute health care settings and appear to have limited access to hospice services. These findings likely signal unmet palliative care needs among seriously ill patients with ESRD who undergo amputation as well as opportunities to improve their care.