bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Safety Training Needs of Spanish-Speaking Workers in the Southeastern Logging Industry
Authors: O'Neal Brandon , Shaffer Robert , Rummer Robert 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Safety in logging operations in the southeastern United States has long been an important issue. Recently, a growing number of Spanish-speaking workers (SSW) have gained employment on logging operations in the region. There is concern that injury and fatality rates could increase due to inexperience, possible lack of proper safety training, and language-barrier problems attributed to SSW. The objectives of this study are to, (1) determine the current percentage of the logging workforce in the southeastern United States comprised of SSW, (2) document the current state of logging safety training as it relates to SSW, and (3) recommend strategies to address the short- and long-term logging safety training needs of SSW. Data regarding the current population of SSW were collected in 2005 through field surveys of 1,890 logging crews operating in the southeastern United States. Additional data were acquired through field interview questionnaires completed in the fall of 2005 with 41 sample logging contractors who employ SSW. As of 2005, SSW represented 3.37% of the logging industry workforce in the southeastern United States. Ten percent of the operations surveyed employed one or more SSW. Of the questionnaire respondents, 90% employed at least one SSW who understood English well enough to effectively interpret instructions to the other SSW. Seventy-three percent of the loggers interviewed believed that “hands-on” demonstration training was the most effective way to present safety training to SSW. A majority of the respondent loggers believed that simply distributing safety training manuals and brochures printed in Spanish was unlikely to be effective, because only about one-half of the SSW they employed were literate. Recommendations were developed, based on the relevant literature and data collected through the questionnaire, to address the safety concerns associated with SSW in the logging industry.
Extent of Recreational Incidents and Determinants of Liability Insurance Coverage for Hunters and Anglers in Mississippi
Authors: Sun Changyou , Pokharel Sangita , Daryl Jones W. , Grado Stephen C. , Grebner Donald L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Private landowners refrain from opening their lands for recreational use in fear of potential liability. This study examined the extent of actual bodily injuries and property damages sustained by hunters and anglers in Mississippi during the hunting and fishing seasons from 2002/03 to 2004/05. The percentage of liability insurance coverage on hunters and anglers and determinants of the pattern were also analyzed. Data were acquired from a telephone survey on a random sample of adults who purchased Mississippi hunting and fishing licenses for the 2004/05 season. The survey revealed that 1% of respondents had incidents related to their recreational activities from 2002/03 to 2004/05. About 17% of respondents had liability insurance coverage in the 2004/05 season. Age, years of hunting, and income were positively related to the purchase of liability insurance. In addition, Caucasians or nonresidents of Mississippi had a higher likelihood of having insurance coverage. The results revealed that special liability insurance has been helpful in reducing monetary losses from recreational use, and furthermore, liability insurance may be more effectively promoted in several ways.
Utilizing Forest Biomass by Adding a Small Chipper to a Tree-Length Southern Pine Harvesting Operation
Authors: Westbrook Michael D. , Dale Greene W. , Izlar Robert L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We investigated the addition of a small chipper (Conehead 565) to a mechanized, tree-length system to harvest tops, limbs, and understory (1–4 in. dbh) biomass. Three replicates of three treatments (A, tree-length only; B, tree-length with limbs and tops chipped; and C, tree-length with limbs, tops, and understory chipped) were evaluated in a 33-year-old slash pine plantation on a flatwoods site in the lower coastal plain of Echols County, Georgia. The site contained an estimated 7.7 green tons/ac of understory biomass with an average dbh of 2 in. Water oak, swamp bay, and red maple accounted for 73% of the stems. Roundwood production averaged 65.8 tons/ac and did not differ significantly across the three clearcut treatments. A vanload of chips was produced for every 18 and 5 truckloads of roundwood in Treatments B and C, respectively. There were significant differences in the weight per acre of chips produced between Treatment B (3.8 green tons/ac) and Treatment C (10.8 green tons/ac) at the α = 0.1 significance level but not at the 0.05 significance level. Total production averaged 28.6 tons per scheduled machine-hour and did not differ significantly across the three treatments. Green chips averaged 45% moisture content when produced, and laboratory results showed heat content values of 19.1 MJ/kg, which is comparable to other woody biomass. Nutrient removals from the site were relatively low, with losses associated with Treatment B comparable to annual atmospheric deposition. Raking costs associated with site preparation were significantly reduced (by $23/ac) on Treatment C, where the understory was also chipped. Both Treatment B and Treatment C had significantly less area lost to debris piles (1.0%) after site preparation than tree-length harvesting without chipping residuals (1.7%). Chipping logging residues along with understory stems in a clearcut harvest produced quality energy chips at a competitive cost, reduced site preparation cost, and increased plantable area.
A Spatial Panel Data Analysis of Tree Planting in the US South
Authors: Li Yanshu , Zhang Daowei 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study used panel data models with spatial error correlation to analyze private tree planting in the US South from 1955 to 2003. Controlling for statewide, fixed effects allows us to disentangle the effect of spatial interaction from that of state heterogeneity and omitted variables. The results show that there is significant spatial interdependence among the southern states in private tree planting. Harvest rates, softwood sawtimber price, income levels, cost of capital, and federal and state cost-share programs are important factors affecting nonindustrial private (nonindustrial private forestland [NIPF]) tree planting. Harvest rates, softwood sawtimber and pulpwood prices, and planting cost are important factors affecting forest industry (FI) tree planting. Finally, the Soil Bank Program has had substitution effects on southern FI tree planting and nonsubsidized NIPF tree planting.
Comparison of Systematic Line-Point and Double Sampling Designs for Pine and Hardwood Forests in the Western Gulf
Authors: Coble Dean W. , Grogan Jason 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study compared systematic line-point sampling (SS) and double sampling (DS) methodologies on an operational basis for four typical forest cover types found in the Western Gulf Coastal Plain. The purpose was to determine whether DS saves time while not sacrificing precision in an operational cruise. DS cruises were more efficient than SS controls (standard of comparison) 50%–80% of the time, depending on the forest cover type. For these cruises, gains in efficiency ranged from 33 to 106%. Gains were associated with increased precision rather than total time savings, which is ideal for sale cruises. An additional DS cruise design, which would be ideal for management cruises, was evaluated and resulted in time savings with slight loss of precision.
A Standardized, Cost-Effective, and Repeatable Remote Sensing Methodology to Quantify Forested Resources in Texas
Authors: Unger Dan , Kroll James , Hung I-Kuai , Williams Jeffrey , Coble Dean , Grogan Jason 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A standardized remote sensing methodology was evaluated for its use in quantifying the forested resources of the state of Texas in a timely and cost-effective manner. Landsat data from 2002 were used to create a land cover base map encompassing a four-county study area in East Texas. Site-specific and non-site-specific accuracy assessments of the classified map indicate that overall the 2002 base map accuracy of 72.78% was within acceptable remote sensing standards for Landsat data and that forest cover types derived from 2002, 1987, and 1980 Landsat data were within 4.4, 0.5, and 7.4% agreement with Forest Inventory and Analysis Program data collected in 1988, 1988, and 1980 respectively. A classified image representing five age class distributions for all forest cover types, derived through a Boolean manipulation of forest cover type maps from 2002, 1997, 1992, 1987, 1984, 1980, and 1974, indicates that overall map accuracy for age class distributions based on 30-m Landsat data from 1974 through 2002 was 58.69%. Overall, results indicate that remote sensing in conjunction with ground truthing can accurately quantify forest composition and age distributions using standardized and readily available data.
Dual-Cropping Loblolly Pine for Biomass Energy and Conventional Wood Products
Authors: Scott D. Andrew , Tiarks Allan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Southern pine stands have the potential to provide significant feedstocks for the growing biomass energy and biofuel markets. Although initial feedstocks likely will come from low-value small-diameter trees, understory vegetation, and slash, a sustainable and continuous supply of biomass is necessary to support and grow a wood bioenergy market. As long as solidwood products are more valuable, bioenergy production will not be the primary market for southern pine. A study exploring a dual-cropping system for southern pine bioenergy and solidwood products was begun in 1982 in Louisiana to determine the phosphorus (P) nutritional requirements of the system. Fertilization of 60 kg ha−1 of P was required to produce 90% of the maximum volume at the age of 22 years. Direct-seeding pine in the interrows of a traditional pine plantation produced about 10.2 Mg ha−1 of biomass for energy at the age of 5 years but had no lasting effect on the planted pine height, diameter, or standing volume. The system is a viable method to produce both bioenergy and solidwood products. Herbaceous competition control and nitrogen (N) fertilization likely would make the system even more productive and profitable.
Survival of Longleaf and Loblolly Pines Planted at Two Spacings in an East Texas Bahiagrass Silvopasture
Authors: Oswald Brian P. , Farrish Kenneth W. , Beierle Micah-John 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The practice of combining intensive timber and forage production on the same site, a silvopasture system, offers landowners the potential for diversification of income. The establishment of such a system in a pasture setting offers unique challenges compared with traditional timber or forage systems. In 2003, a silvopasture demonstration was established south of Carthage, Texas, in a pasture dominated by bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum). Four replications of treatments composed of open pasture, longleaf (Pinus palustris) and loblolly (Pinus taeda) pine planted at a traditional spacing, and longleaf and loblolly pine planted at a silvopasture spacing were established. Due to high mortality rates, replanting of trees occurred in 2004 and 2005. Third-year seedling survival was highest for loblolly pine in both planting systems, and forage production levels did not significantly differ among treatments. Wild hog damage contributed to the low longleaf pine seedling survival rates.
Effects of Urban Sprawl on Hunting Participation in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Poudyal Neelam C. , Cho Seong-Hoon , Hodges Donald G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hunting is an important but declining activity in the Southeastern United States. Although our understanding of what causes this decline is incomplete, the period of decline coincided with rapid urbanization in the region. Urban sprawl, which is changing sociocultural traditions and leisure patterns, may be a driver in declines in hunting. Therefore, using county-level data for the Southeastern United States, we developed a log-linear demand model of hunting to estimate effects of urban sprawl on hunting. Results suggest that an increase in urban population and dispersal of low-density residential development in the wildland reduced hunting participation in the region. This implies that feasibility and effectiveness of hunting as a wildlife management tool may decrease if the current urbanization trend persists in the region. Results also suggest a need to promote hunting within urban populations and for maintaining hunting opportunities by promoting tighter management of urban sprawl to conserve huntable areas, increasing public hunting land, and possibly increasing public access to private lands.
Native American Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners in Southeastern Oklahoma
Authors: Holley A. Gordon , Taylor Eric L. , Ross William G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study attempts to characterize the Native American forest landowners in a three-county area of southeastern Oklahoma through a mail-out landowner survey. The total forestland owned by the survey respondents totaled to 12,211 ac with a mean of 140 ac. However, 56% of the respondents own less than 80 ac. More than one-half of the Native American respondents live on or adjacent to their forestland and only 17% are absentee landowners. Almost 60% of the landowners indicated personal reasons as their primary reason for owning their forestland followed by 19% for economic uses and 17% for recreational uses. Over one-half of these landowners indicated they have harvested their forest sometime in the past. Of the 45% that have not harvested their forest in the past, 31% indicated that either stumpage prices were too low or that their trees were not mature yet. Although most Native American forest landowners are involved in managing their forestland, lack of knowledge on forest management and harvesting strategies is an impediment to more effective, active management.
Stock Type, Subsoiling, and Density Impact Productivity and Land Value of a Droughty Site
Authors: Blazier Michael A. , Dunn Michael 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Management practices that overcome low seedling survival and poor tree growth of well-drained, droughty sites can improve their productivity and profitability. This study was established to explore tree and stand growth trends, potential forest product yields, and land expectation values of loblolly pine on a droughty site in response to (1) seedling stock type, (2) subsoiling, and (3) stand density regime. In winter 1993, container (CONT) and bareroot (BARE) seedlings were planted with or without subsoiling at 746 trees per hectare (TPH). BARE seedlings were planted without subsoiling at 1,493 TPH to provide a comparison between low-density treatment combinations and a conventional (CONV) management regime for this site type. Tree growth was monitored periodically through age 13 years. Yield trajectories were estimated by predicting forest product yields with FASTLOB using age 13 years stand characteristics, and land expectation value was determined from revenue predictions and costs associated with each treatment. Low-density regimes that included CONT seedlings or subsoiling before BARE seedling planting improved tree growth through midrotation and had yield estimates comparable with that of a CONV regime. However, land expectation values associated with subsoiling were lower than those of low-density CONT and CONV regimes because of its cost and negligible benefits for seedling survival.
Influence and Effectiveness of Financial Incentive Programs in Promoting Sustainable Forestry in the South
Authors: Jacobson Michael G. , Greene John L. , Straka Thomas J. , Daniels Steven E. , Kilgore Michael A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
State forestry officials responsible for forestry incentive programs in each of the 13 southern states were surveyed concerning their opinions on financial incentive programs available to nonindustrial private forest owners. The forestry officials were asked to name and describe the public and private programs available in their state, to assess forest owners' awareness of each program, its appeal among the owners aware of it, its effectiveness in encouraging sustainable forestry and enabling owners to meet their objectives, and the percent of program practices that remain in place and enrolled acres that remain in forest over time. They also were asked to suggest ways to improve the programs. The Forest Stewardship, Forest Land Enhancement, and Forest Legacy Programs were among the top rated federal programs. Programs sponsored by states and private organizations tended to be more narrowly targeted than federal programs and scored well for specific attributes. The forestry officials' suggestions for program improvement centered largely on improving program visibility and availability, increasing and ensuring long-term consistency in program funding, and simplifying the application and approval process.
Does Row Orientation Affect the Growth of Loblolly Pine Plantations?
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Burkhart Harold E. , Carlson Colleen A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Analysis of covariance methods applied to long-term loblolly pine spacing trial growth data showed that the orientation of rows with regard to a particular azimuth direction had no significant impact on either basal area or dominant height growth through the age of 20 years. Results were consistent for a range of planting densities and spacings and across a range of ages that included very young ages before crown closure. These results suggest that for loblolly pine growing in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain areas of Virginia and North Carolina, the selection of row orientation at plantation establishment can be made based on criteria other than growth.
Opportunities for Fertilization of Loblolly Pine in the Sandhills of the Southeastern United States
Authors: Albaugh Timothy , Allen H. Lee , Fox Thomas R. , Carlson Colleen A. , Rubilar Rafael A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We examined growth responses to fertilization applied one or two times at three Sandhill sites versus annually at the Southeast Tree Research and Education Site (SETRES; and also in the Sandhills) and compared observed responses to the Southwide average response for midrotation fertilization (55 ft3 ac−1 year−1). At sites 1 and 2, average annual volume growth response (AVG) was significantly less (39 and 43%, respectively) than at SETRES, whereas site 3 AVG was similar to that of SETRES. At sites 2, 3, and SETRES, the AVGs of 82, 90, and 128 ft3 ac−1 year−1, respectively, significantly exceeded the Southwide average response of 55 ft3 ac−1 year−1. The diameter class with the most stems per acre at sites 2 and 3 increased 2 in. with fertilization. Resulting diameters were less than chip-n-saw size. Sandhill site fertilization may be appropriate where the superpulp premium is sufficient or wet-condition wood supply is limited. However, given the large Sandhill site fertilizer response, decisions regarding spacing, thinning, product goals, and fertilization become interdependent and require adequate planning to maximize economic return from fertilization. Foliar nutrient concentration assessments were recommended to identify nutrients other than nitrogen and phosphorus that may limit growth when fertilizing Sandhill sites.
Effect of Thinning on Aboveground Biomass Accumulation and Distribution in Naturally Regenerated Shortleaf Pine
Authors: Sabatia Charles O. , Will Rodney E. , Lynch Thomas B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The accumulation and relative distribution of standing biomass to different aboveground tree components was investigated in 46–53-year-old naturally regenerated shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands growing in the Ouachita Mountains of southeastern Oklahoma that were thinned to different levels 16 years previously. The thinning levels were 50% full stocking, 70% full stocking, and a 140% full stocking unthinned control. After 16 years, the unthinned controls had more total aboveground biomass, bole wood, bark, and foliage standing biomass per hectare but had less branch standing biomass than the more heavily thinned stands. Foliage biomass as a proportion of total stand biomass was similar among the three treatment levels. Bark biomass proportion was significantly less in thinned to 50% treatment compared with the other treatments. Bole wood biomass proportion in thinned to 50% treatment was significantly less than in the control. The proportion in branches was significantly greater in the thinned treatments compared with the proportion in the unthinned control. These results suggest that thinning increases biomass distribution to branches at the expense of stems, after 16 years of postthinning stand growth.
Enhancing Forest Technology: Research Priorities of the Southern Forest Sector
Authors: Vance Eric D. , Cazell Ben H. , Chappell H. Nick , Duzan Howard W. , Jacobson Marshall A. , Johnson John R. , Rakestraw James L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The southern forest sector has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade, including shifts in land ownership (from integrated forest product companies to organizations with different objectives and time horizons) and losses of forestland to development. The ability to support sustainable biomass production for traditional and emerging markets is at risk because of a decline in industry research infrastructure and because of dilution of government agency and university forest productivity research with other priorities. To assess forest productivity research priorities, a survey was distributed to integrated forest products companies, real estate investment trusts, timber investment management organizations, and consulting organizations based in the South. Environmental services were a top priority for all organization types, cited as a high or very high priority by 74% of respondents, followed by forest management (64%), improving wood quality delivered to mills (57%), and biotechnology and tree improvement (39%). The highest priority individual research needs were to quantify the potential of managed forests to sequester carbon and sustain water quality and biodiversity and to update growth and yield models to account for changing stand, genetic, management, and environmental factors. Respondents rely mostly on university cooperatives and industrial research organizations for both basic and applied/technology transfer research.
State of Pine Decline in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Eckhardt Lori , Sayer Mary Anne Sword , Imm Don 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pine decline is an emerging forest health issue in the southeastern United States. Observations suggest pine decline is caused by environmental stress arising from competition, weather, insects and fungi, anthropogenic disturbances, and previous management. The problem is most severe for loblolly pine on sites that historically supported longleaf pine, are highly eroded, or are not managed. The purposes of this technical note are (1) to describe the symptomology and extent of pine decline in the southeastern United States; (2) to describe its connection with root disease, resource stress, and silviculture; and (3) to summarize the consensus opinion of scientists and land managers during a workshop sponsored by the US Army Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program regarding the scope of this syndrome and the best research avenues to counter its potential effect on the sustainability of southern pine forests.