bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of the Pressure Agglomeration Process of Coal and Plant-Based Waste
Authors: OBIDZIŃSKI Sławomir , DOŁŻYŃSKA Magdalena , SOSNA Krzysztof 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The aim of the research was to examine the pressure agglomeration process of agri-biomass waste ie. straw with an additive of 20% hard coal. The analyzed parameters included as independent variables the process temperature and the moisture content of the substrate mixture. During the experiment there were examined the maximum densifying pressures and the obtained granule density. The study of the agglomeration process was carried out on a laboratory stand SS-3 (open chamber). The process took place at temperatures of 30, 50, 70, 90°C and the moisture contents of the fuel mixture were 15, 20, 25%. During the test, a sample of 0.6 g was poured into the thickening chamber where, as a result of the piston movement, they were compacted. The high maxiumum densifying pressures (approx. 30 MPa in process temperature of 30°C) obtained while the thickening of straw mixture with 20% of coal indicate a low compaction ability of the material. Increasing the humidity of the compacted coal straw from 15 to 25% caused a decrease in the maximum thickening pressures, compaction and density. The highest density (1149 kg·m-3) was obtained at 20% material humidity and process temperature of 30°C.

Streszczenie
Celem badań była analiza procesu ciśnieniowej aglomeracji odpadów rolno-biomasowych, tj. słomy z 20% dodatkiem węgla kamiennego. Analizowane parametry obejmowały jako zmienne niezależne temperaturę procesu i zawartość wilgoci w mieszaninie substratów. Podczas eksperymentu zbadano maksymalne ciśnienia zagęszczania oraz gęstość uzyskanych granul. Badania procesu aglomeracji przeprowadzono na stanowisku laboratoryjnym SS-3 (zapatrzonym w otwartą komorę zagęszczającą). Proces przeprowadzono w temperaturach 30, 50, 70 i 90°C, a zawartość wilgoci w mieszaninie paliwowej wynosiła 15, 20, 25%. Podczas testu w komorze zagęszczającej umieszczano próbkę 0.6 g, w wyniku ruchu tłoka zostawały one aglomerowane. Wysokie maksymalne ciśnienia zagęszczania (około 30 MPa w temperaturze 30°C) uzyskane podczas zagęszczania mieszanki słomy z 20% węgla wskazują na niską zdolność zagęszczania materiału. Zwiększenie wilgotności mieszaniny słomy i węgla z 15 do 25% spowodowało zmniejszenie maksymalnych sił zagęszczających i gęstości. Najwyższą gęstość (1149 kg·m-3) uzyskano przy 20% wilgotności materiału i temperaturze procesu wynoszącej 30°C.
Evaluation of Quality of Bottom Sediments of Water Reservoir Poraj by Applying Sediment Quality Guidelines and Spiatal Analysis
Authors: ROZPONDEK Katarzyna , ROZPONDEK Rafał 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of bottom sediments of water reservoir Poraj by applying a set of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and a spatial analysis. Samples of bottom sediments were collected at 46 measuring points. Collected samples were analyzed in terms of total trace element content, toxicity and organic matter. Concentrations of three trace elementss were above PEC value: Zn (22% of samples), Pb (17%) and Cd (17%). Considering mean PECQ value, 17% of samples were predicted to be toxic. For TEC value, 76% of bottom sediments samples were predicted to be non-toxic. Values of PECQ ranged from 0.04 to 2.08 with mean of 0.38. PERI from 4.36 to 323.62 with mean of 55.35. PERI above 150 was observed in 17% of collected samples. The Coefficient of determination were determined between studied factors: PERI and PECQ (R2= 0.98), PECQ and TEC (R2= 0.99), PERI and TEC (R2= 0.98), PERI and PE (R2= 0.06), PECQ and PE (R2= 0.07). Low correlation between toxic effect and PERI or PECQ indicated that there are other factors that contribute to the toxicity of the sediments. Spatial analysis performed in geostatistical software allowed determining areas with the highest ecological risk.

Streszczenie
Celem badań była ocena jakości osadów dennych zbiornika wodnego Poraj z zastosowaniem wytycznych dotyczących jakości osadów (ang. SQGs – Sediment Quality Guidelines) oraz analiz przestrzennych. Próbki osadów dennych zostały pobrane na podstawie regularnej siatki kwadratów zawierającej 46 punktów pomiarowych. Pobrane próbki zostały poddane analizom laboratoryjnym pod kątem zawartości metali śladowych, toksyczności oraz materii organicznej. Zawartość trzech metali śladowych przekroczyła odpowiadającą wartość PEC: Zn (22% próbek), Pb (17%) i Cd (17%). Porównując wartość PECQ, 17% próbek określa się jako prawdopodobnie toksyczne. Dla TEC w 76% badanego materiału nie wykryto toksyczności. Wartości PECQ zawierały się w przedziale od 0.04 do 2.08 z wartością średnią 0.38, PERI od 4.36 do 323.62 z wartością średnią 55.35. Wartość PERI ponad 150 została zaobserwowana w 17% próbek. Wyznaczono współczynnik determinacji pomiędzy badanymi wskaźnikami: PERI i PECQ (R2= 0.98), PECQ i TEC (R2= 0.99), PERI i TEC (R2= 0.98), PERI i PE (R2= 0.06), PECQ i PE (R2= 0.07). Niska wartość korelacji pomiędzy procentowym efektem toksyczności a analizowanymi wskaźnikami wskazuję na udział innych czynników wpływających na toksyczność osadów dennych zbiornika wodnego Poraj. Na podstawie rozkładów przestrzennych wyznaczono obszary z największym ryzykiem ekologicznym.
Safety and Efficacy of Tocolytics for the Treatment of Spontaneous Preterm Labour
Authors: Lamont Ronald F. , Jørgensen Jan S. 
Published: April 2019

Background:Preterm birth is the major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Attempts to reduce the burden may be proactive using biochemical or biophysical prediction and preventative measures. If these efforts fail, then the approach may have to be reactive using tocolytics to inhibit spontaneous preterm labour.Objective:We have reviewed the evidence concerning the safety and efficacy of various classes of tocolytic agents.Results:The evidence to support the use of magnesium sulfate or nitric oxide donors as a tocolytic is poor. Compared to placebo or no treatment, there is evidence to support the efficacy of calcium channel blockers (mainly nifedipine), prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (mainly indomethacin and sulindac), oxytocin receptor antagonists (mainly atosiban) and β2-agonists (mainly ritodrine, terbutaline, salbutamol and fenoterol). Maternal safety concerns have reduced the use of β2-agonists. Fetal safety and gestational age restrictions have largely condemned prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors to second-line therapy. First-line therapy in Europe and other parts of the world outside the USA and Australia is limited to calcium channel blockers and oxytocin receptor antagonists. With respect to efficacy, atosiban and nifedipine are similar, but the robustness of the evidence favours atosiban. With respect to safety, atosiban is clearly the safest tocolytic as there are fetomaternal concerns with nifedipine, particularly in high daily doses.Conclusion:The perfect tocolytic that is uniformly effective and safe does not exist. Cost, licensing and informed consent are considerations involved in the choice. Efforts continue to develop and introduce other or better agents, including novel compounds such as progesterone, PGF2α antagonists and statins.
In Silico and 3D QSAR Studies of Natural Based Derivatives as Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors
Authors: Malik Neelam , Dhiman Priyanka , Khatkar Anurag 
Published: April 2019

<P>Background: A large number of disorders and their symptoms emerge from deficiency or overproduction of specific metabolites has drawn the attention for the discovery of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of disorders. Various approaches such as computational drug design have provided the new methodology for the selection and evaluation of target protein and the lead compound mechanistically. For instance, the overproduction of xanthine oxidase causes the accumulation of uric acid which can prompt gout. </P><P> Objective: In the present study we critically discussed the various techniques such as 3-D QSAR and molecular docking for the study of the natural based xanthine oxidase inhibitors with their mechanistic insight into the interaction of xanthine oxidase and various natural leads.Conclusion:The computational studies of deferent natural compounds were discussed as a result the flavonoids, anthraquinones, xanthones shown the remarkable inhibitory potential for xanthine oxidase inhibition moreover the flavonoids such as hesperidin and rutin were found as promising candidates for further exploration.<P>
Potentiation of PBD Dimers by Lipophilicity Manipulation
Authors: Cailleau Thaїs , Adams Lauren R. , Arora Neha , Kang Gyoung-Dong , Masterson Luke , Patel Neki , Hartley John A. , Mao Shenlan , Harper Jay , Howard Philip W. 
Published: April 2019

Background & Introduction:Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimers are highly potent DNA cross-linking agents used as warheads in Antibody Drug Conjugates (ADCs) for cancer therapy. We propose to investigate the correlation existing between the lipophilicity of those molecules and their activity (both in vitro and in vivo) as well as any effect observed during conjugation.Materials and Methods:Reaction progress was monitored by Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) using Merck Kieselgel 60 F254 silica gel, with a fluorescent indicator on aluminium plates. Visualisation of TLC was achieved with UV light or iodine vapour unless otherwise stated. Flash chromatography was performed using Merck Kieselgel 60 F254 silica gel.Results:We have successfully designed and synthesized a novel PBD warhead (SG3312) with enhanced physicochemical properties. The warhead also displayed increased potency in vitro. After overcoming some epimerization issues, the synthesis of enantiomerically pure payload was achieved (SG3259) and fulfilled our criteria for a simplified and more efficient conjugation. No addition of propylene glycol was required, and high DAR and excellent monomeric purity were achieved.Conclusion:The ADC (Herceptin-maia-SG3259) has been shown to release the active warhead (SG3312) upon exposure to Cathepsin B and demonstrated encouraging activity both in vitro and in vivo.
Protein-Protein Interactions of Phosphodiesterases
Authors: Al-Nema Mayasah Y. , Gaurav Anand 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that play a key role in terminating cyclic
nucleotides signalling by catalysing the hydrolysis of 3’, 5’- cyclic adenosine monophosphate
(cAMP) and/or 3’, 5’ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), the second messengers within the cell
that transport the signals produced by extracellular signalling molecules which are unable to get into the
cells. However, PDEs are proteins which do not operate alone but in complexes that made up of a many
proteins.

Objective:
This review highlights some of the general characteristics of PDEs and focuses mainly on the
Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) of selected PDE enzymes. The objective is to review the role of PPIs
in the specific mechanism for activation and thereby regulation of certain biological functions of PDEs.

Methods:
Methods The article discusses some of the PPIs of selected PDEs as reported in recent scientific literature.
These interactions are critical for understanding the biological role of the target PDE.

Results:
The PPIs have shown that each PDE has a specific mechanism for activation and thereby regulation
a certain biological function.

Conclusion:
Targeting of PDEs to specific regions of the cell is based on the interaction with other proteins
where each PDE enzyme binds with specific protein(s) via PPIs.
Design and Synthesis of New Sulfonamides-Based Flt3 Inhibitors
Authors: Abutayeh Reem F. , Almaliti Jehad , Taha Mutasem O. 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Flt3 is an oncogenic kinase involved in different leukemias. It is most
prominently associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Flt3-specific inhibitors have shown
promising results in interfering with AML.

Methods:
The crystallographic structures of two inhibitors complexed within Flt3, namely, quizartinib
and F6M, were used to guide the synthesis of new sulfonamide-based Flt3 inhibitors.

Results:
One of the prepared compounds showed low micromolar anti-Flt3 bioactivity, and interestingly,
low micromolar bioactivity against the related oncogenic kinase VEGFR2.

Conclusion:
Sulfonamides were successfully used as privileged scaffolds for the synthesis of
novel Flt3 inhibitors of micromolar potencies.
Pyrimidinone Associated Triazole Carboxamides: Synthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxicity and DNA Binding Studies
Authors: Bhaskar Prakash , Tholappanavara Suresha K. , Kalal Bhuvanesh S. , Kumar Vasantha , Siddegowda Ananda K.C. , Vijaykumar Sowmya H.B. , Pai Vinitha R. , Ganapathy Sujan 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Pyrimidinones and its derivatives are present in many anti-cancer agents. It has
been reported that these substances were proven to have significant activities against different types of
human cancers. The incorporation of [1,2,3]-triazole, a nitrogen-rich unit not only increases the efficacy
but also increases the lipophilicity of the drug molecule. As our research was to synthesize newer molecules
of effective cytotoxicity, we focused on pyrimidinone and [1,2,3]-triazoles systems, as important
scaffolds with the expectation of potential cytotoxic properties.

Methods:
Novel series of [1,2,3]-triazole carboxamides (5a-j) were synthesized, starting from 3-(2-
chloroethyl)-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one. The structure of all the synthesized
compounds was elucidated based on IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and LC-MS data. Compounds were
focused for their in vitro cytotoxicity against A375 melanoma cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 breast
cancer cell lines and HEK 293-Human embryonic kidney cell lines using colorimetric MTT assay. The
potent compound was evaluated for the DNA binding studies.

Results:
Most of the Pyrimidinone conjugated [1,2,3]-triazole carboxamides found to be selective towards
melanoma cancer cell lines than breast cancer cell lines. Compounds 5d, 5i and 5b were effective
against A375 cancer cell lines and are found to be non-toxic against HEK 293-Human embryonic kidney
cell lines. The potent compound 5d showed good intrinsic binding constant (Kb) value 3.12 x 103
M-1 in UV based DNA titration.

Conclusion:
Newly synthesized Pyrimidinone conjugated [1,2,3]-triazole carboxamide derivatives
showed the significant cytotoxicity and the potent compound showed good intrinsic binding constant in
UV based DNA titration.
A Comprehensive Review on Importance and Quantitation of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and their Active Metabolites in Commercial Dosage Forms
Authors: Rahman Habibur , Haque S.K. Manirul , Siddiqui Masoom Raza 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects more than twenty-one
million people throughout the world. Schizophrenia also causes early death. Schizophrenia and other
related psychotic ailments are controlled by the prescription of antipsychotic drugs, which act by blocking
certain chemical receptors in the brain and thus relieves the symptoms of psychotic disorder. These
drugs are present in the different dosage forms in the market and provided in a certain amount as per the
need of the patients.

Objective:
Since such medications treat mental disorders, it is very important to have a perfect and accurate
dose so that the risk factor is not affected by a higher or lower dose, which is not sufficient for
the treatment. For accurate assay of these kinds of drugs, different analytical methods were developed
ranging from older spectrophotometric techniques to latest hyphenated methods.

Results:
The current review highlights the role of different analytical techniques that were employed in
the determination and identification of antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites. Techniques such as
spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas
chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry employed in the method development of
such antipsychotic drugs were reported in the review. Different metabolites, identified using the hyphenated
techniques, were also mentioned in the review. The synthesis pathways of few of the metabolites
were mentioned.

Conclusion:
The review summarizes the analyses of different antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites.
A brief introduction of illnesses and their symptoms and possible medications were highlighted. Synthesis
pathways of the associated metabolites were also mentioned.
Electron-Microscopic Investigation of the Distribution of Titanium Dioxide (rutile) Nanoparticles in the Rats’ Small Intestine Mucosa, Liver, and Spleen
Authors: Hendrickson Olga D. , Platonova Tatyana A. , Pridvorova Svetlana M. , Zherdev Anatoly V. , Gmoshinsky Ivan V. , Vasilevskaya Lyudmila S. , Shumakova Аntonina А. , Hotimchenko Sergey А. , Dzantiev Boris B. 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is currently one of the most widely known
nanomaterials produced for different purposes. The adverse effects of nano-dispersed TiO2 cause a
serious concern about human health problems related to the intake of TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs).
The investigation of TiO2 NPs’ penetration through the gut epithelium into secondary organs and the
relevant biological effects has an undoubted importance when assessing the potential risk of using
TiO2 NPs.

Objective:
In the current study, we investigated the effect of rutile TiO2 NPs on tissues of the small
intestine, liver, and spleen. For this purpose, we used a physiological model that simulates the single
administration of TiO2 NPs directly into the intestinal lumen of an experimental animal.

Methods:
Suspensions TiO2 NPs were administered via an isolated loop of the small intestine at a
single dose of 250 mg/kg of body weight. TiO2 NPs were detected in rats’ tissues by transmission
electron microscopy.

Results:
TiO2 NPs were found in tissues of the small intestine mucosa, liver, and spleen. The administration
of TiO2 NPs resulted in different changes in the cellular ultrastructures: hyperplasia of the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in the size of the mitochondria, the emergence of local
extensions into the perinuclear space, and the appearance of myelin-like structures.

Conclusion:
The ultrastructural changes found in the individual cells of the small intestine, liver, and
spleen indicated intracellular pathology, induced by the high doses of the TiO2 NPs. The spleen
tissue appeared to be the most sensitive to the effect of TiO2 NPs.
Understanding Twitter Hashtags from Latent Themes Using Biterm Topic Model
Authors: Bhat Muzafar R. , Bashir Burhan , Kundroo Majid A. , Ahanger Naffi A. 
Published: April 2019

:
Social media, in general, and Twitter, in particular, provide a space for discourses,
contemporary narratives besides a discussion about few specific social issues. People respond to
these events by writing short text messages.

Background:
Hashtag “#”, a specific way to respond to a given raised discourse, narrative or any
contemporary issue is usual to social media. Netizens write a short message as their opinion about
any given issue represented using a given Hashtag. These small messages generally tend to have a
latent topic (theme) as one’s opinion about it.

Objective:
This research is aimed to extract, represent and understand those hidden themes.

Methods:
Biterm Topic Model (BTM) has been used in this study given its ability to deal with the
short messages unlike Latent Dirichlet Allocation that expects a document to have a significant
length.

Results:
Twitter Hashtag #M
comments. Data has been modelled with ten (10) topic.

Conclusion:
The experimental results show that the proposed approach to understand the twittter
hashtages from latent themes using biterm topic modelling method is very effective as compared to
other methods.
Compact Flow-Through Electrochemical Cell - A Novel Perspective in Industrial Manufacture of Perchlorates
Authors: Menon Sananth H. , Madhu G. , Mathew J. 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Sodium Perchlorate is one of the major starting intermediate product for the manufacture of various Perchlorates viz, Ammonium perchlorate as solid oxidizer and Strontium Perchlorate as Secondary Injection Thrust Vector Control (SITVC) in launch vehicles. This critical product is manufactured industrially by electrochemical oxidation of Sodium Chlorate solution at the anodic surface. Lead dioxide is preferred in various perchlorate cells because of its low cost. Infrequent detachment of Lead dioxide deposits from the substrate during electrolysis is a grave issue confronted by associated electrochemists in bulk manufacture of chemicals. Moreover, a cheaper alternative for continuous manufacture of Sodium Perchlorate using Lead dioxide electrodes has been an onus among various industrial electrochemists.

Objective/ Benefits:
Development of a suitable compact flow through electrochemical cell using superfluous or detached Lead dioxide crystals as ‘particle’ electrodes is the major objective of this paper. This compact bed electrochemical cell, is extraordinarily helpful when confronting with lesser reactant concentration or time consuming reactions. Besides, this proposal adds on flexibility in trimming the size of cells when compared with bulky design of conventional cells. Another objective was to demonstrate continuous electrosynthesis of Sodium perchlorate using Lead dioxide without resorting to expensive Platinum.

Method:
A suitable single bed and a dual bed compact electrochemical cell was made using HDPE body, perforated Poly Propylene distributor, detached Lead dioxide particles, nylon mesh, etc. Four such dual bed cells were made for final demonstration for continuous electro synthesis application.

Results:
From various experimental trials, an optimum values for temperature, flow rate and current load were determined as 600°C, 800 mL/min and 80 A respectively, in single bed system. Inorder to avoid current penetration issue, dual bed cells were employed. Subsequently, critical operational strategy and systematic configuration for arrangement of dual bed cells were made for demonstrating continuous bed electrochemical cells.

Conclusion
An average current efficiency of about 78.5% could be achieved which is 20-25 % higher than conventional parallel plate electrode system.