bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy and water mass balance of Lake Untersee and its perennial ice cover, East Antarctica
Authors: Faucher Benoit , Lacelle Denis , Fisher David A. , Andersen Dale T. , McKay Christopher P. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLake Untersee is one of the largest perennially ice-covered lakes in Dronning Maud Land. We investigated the energy and water mass balance of Lake Untersee to understand its state of equilibrium. The thickness of the ice cover is strongly correlated with sublimation rates; variations in sublimation rates across the ice cover are largely determined by wind-driven turbulent heat fluxes and the number of snow-covered days. Lake extent and water level have remained stable for the past 20 years, indicating that the water mass balance is in equilibrium. The lake is damned by the Anuchin Glacier and mass balance calculation suggest that subaqueous melting of terminus ice contributes 40–45% of the annual water budget; since there is no evidence of streams flowing into the lake, the lake must be connected to a groundwater system that contributes 55–60% in order to maintain the lake budget in balance. The groundwater likely flows at a rate of ~8.8 × 10−2m3s−1, a reasonable estimate given the range of subglacial water flux in the region. The fate of its well-sealed ice cover is likely tied to changes in wind regime, whereas changes in water budget are more closely linked to the response of surrounding glaciers to climate change.
Growth, fecundity, and competition between aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant and -susceptible Asia Minor bluegrass (Polypogon fugax)
Authors: Tang Wei , Chen Jie , Yu Xiaoyue , Zhang Jianping , Lu Yongliang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAsia Minor bluegrass (Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud.) is a problem grass weed of winter crops in China, where a population has become resistant to aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) herbicides. The mechanism of resistance is due to an Ile-2041-Asn mutation of the ACCase gene. Screen house experiments were conducted to study the growth, fecundity characteristics, and competitive ability of this aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant (APP-R) biotype compared with a susceptible (APP-S) biotype. When grown under noncompetitive conditions, the APP-R P. fugax developed more rapidly than the APP-S plants, with earlier tiller and panicle emergence and seed shedding; the APP-R P. fugax set seeds nearly 12 d earlier than the APP-S biotype. APP-R and APP-S biotypes had similar aboveground dry weight before the flowering stage. Fecundity of the APP-R biotype was similar to the APP-S biotype (8.57 g seeds plant−1 and 0.17 g seeds panicle−1 versus 8.22 g seeds plant−1 and 0.13 g seeds panicle−1, respectively). Ultimately, the relatively slower-developing APP-S P. fugax had 50% more shoot dry weight than the APP-R plants. Relative competitiveness among the APP-R and APP-S P. fugax biotypes was investigated through replacement series experiments. No difference in competitive ability was measured between APP-R and APP-S biotypes on the basis of shoot dry weight before the tillering stage. These results indicate that there is no apparent fitness penalty for the APP-R P. fugax. The shorter growth cycle of APP-R with no apparent fitness penalty suggests that growers will need begin weed control earlier and possibly include vegetative crops with an even shorter growth cycle in their rotations.
Streamflow in the Columbia River Basin: Quantifying Changes Over the Period 1951‐2008 and Determining the Drivers of Those Changes
Authors: Forbes Whitney L. , Mao Jiafu , Ricciuto Daniel M. , Kao Shih‐Chieh , Shi Xiaoying , Tavakoly Ahmad A. , Jin Mingzhou , Guo Weidong , Zhao Tianbao , Wang Yutao , Thornton Peter E. , Hoffman Forrest M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTrend, detection, and attribution analyses were performed using naturalized streamflow observations and routed land surface model runoff for 10 subbasins in the Columbia River Basin during water years 1951–2008. The Energy Exascale Earth System land‐surface model (ELM) version 1.0 and the Routing Application for Parallel computatIon of Discharge (RAPID) routing model were used to conduct semi‐factorial simulations driven by multiple sets of bias‐corrected forcing data sets. Four main potential drivers, including climate change (CLMT), CO2 concentration (CO2), nitrogen deposition (NDEP), and land use and land cover change (LULCC), were analyzed during the assessment. All subbasins showed significant (α = 0.10) declines in the observed amount of annual total streamflow, except for the Middle and Upper Snake and Upper Columbia Subbasins. These declines were led by significant decreases in June–October streamflow, which also directly led to significant decreases in peak and summer streamflow. Except for the Snake River Subbasins, LULCC had the same pattern of declines in monthly streamflow, but the period was shifted to May–September. NDEP also had significant trends in June–October; however, rather than decreases, the trends showed significant increases in streamflow. While there were significant trends in CO2, NDEP, and LULCC, their signals of change were weak in comparison to the signal in CLMT and the natural internal variability found in streamflow. Overall, the detection and attribution analysis showed that the historical changes found in annual total, center of timing of, and summer mean streamflow could be attributed to changing climate and variability.
Analysis and Mapping of an Updated Terrestrial Heat Flow Data Set
Authors: Lucazeau F. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe number of heat flow measurements at the Earth surface has significantly increased since the last global analysis (Pollack et al., 1993, https://doi.org/10.1029/93RG01249), and the most recent of them provide insights into key locations. This paper presents a new compilation, which includes approximately 70,000 measurements. Continental heat flow (67 mWm−2) does not change significantly, but the differences are more important for oceanic heat flow. The divergence with conductive cooling models is reduced significantly for young ages of the seafloor, since the most recent measurements (92 mWm−2) are significantly higher on average than the older ones (79 mWm−2). This is related to a better quality and a better sampling of measurements in regions affected by hydrothermal circulation. The total Earth heat loss derived from these most recent measurements is estimated to ∼40–42 TW and represents only 3–5 TW less than with a conductive cooling model (∼45–47 TW). Hydrothermal heat loss in the oceanic domain is estimated with a new method based on the ruggedness of the seafloor and represents ∼1.5 TW more than previous estimates. The heat flow variability on continents is so large that defining a trend with stratigraphic or tectono‐thermal age is difficult and makes extrapolation from age a poor predictor. On the other hand, additional geological and geophysical information can be combined with age for better predictions. A generalized similarity method was used here to predict heat flow on a global 0.5° × 0.5° grid. The agreement with local measurements is generally good and increases with the number and quality of proxies.
Ship Emission Impacts on Air Quality and Human Health in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) Region, China, in 2015, With Projections to 2030
Authors: Chen Chen , Saikawa Eri , Comer Bryan , Mao Xiaoli , Rutherford Dan 
Published: July 2019

Ship emissions contribute to air pollution, increasing the adverse health impacts on people living in coastal cities. We estimated the impacts caused by ship emissions, both on air quality and human health, in 2015 and future (2030) within the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China. In addition, we assessed the potential health benefits of implementing an Emission Control Area (ECA) in the region by predicting avoided premature mortality with and without an ECA. In 2015, ship emissions increased PM2.5 concentrations and O3 mixing ratios by 1.4 μg/m3 and 1.9 ppb, respectively, within the PRD region. This resulted in 466 and 346 excess premature acute deaths from PM2.5 and O3, respectively. Premature mortality from chronic exposures was even more significant, with 2,085 and 852 premature deaths from ship‐related PM2.5 and O3, respectively. In 2030, we projected the future ship emissions with and without an ECA, using two possible land scenarios. With an ECA, we predicted 76% reductions in SO2 and 13% reductions in NOx from the shipping sector. Assuming constant land emissions from 2015 in 2030 (2030 Constant scenario), we found that an ECA could avoid 811 PM2.5‐related and 108 O3‐related deaths from chronic exposures. Using 2030 Projected scenario for land emissions, we found that an ECA would avoid 1,194 PM2.5‐related and 160 O3‐related premature deaths in 2030. In both scenarios, implementing an ECA resulted in 30% fewer PM2.5‐related premature deaths and 10% fewer O3‐related premature deaths, illustrating the importance of reducing ship emissions.
Wind‐Induced Ground Motion: Dynamic Model and Nonuniform Structure for Ground
Authors: Mohammadi M. , Hickey C. J. , Raspet R. , Naderyan V. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWind‐induced ground vibrations are a source of noise in seismic surveys. In a previous study, a wind‐ground coupling theory was developed to predict the power spectral density of ground motions caused by wind perturbations on the ground surface. The prediction was developed using a superposition of the point source response of an elastic isotropic homogeneous medium deforming quasi‐statically with the statistical description of the wind‐induced pressure fluctuations on the ground. Model predictions and field measurements were in agreement for the normal component of the displacement but underpredicted the horizontal component. In this paper, two generalizations are investigated to see if they lead to increased horizontal displacement predictions: (1) First, the dynamic point source response is calculated and incorporated into the ground displacement calculation. Measured ground responses are used to incorporate losses into the dynamic calculation. (2) The quasi‐static response function for three different types of nonuniform grounds are calculated and used in the seismic wind noise superposition. The dynamic point source response and the three more realistic ground models result in larger horizontal displacements for the point source at distances on the order of 1 m or greater from the source. However, the superposition to predict the seismic wind noise is dominated by the displacements very close to the point source where the prediction is unchanged. This research indicates that the modeling of the wind‐induced pressure source distribution must be improved to predict the observed equivalency of the vertical and horizontal displacements.
Geoelectric Field Evaluation During the September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm: MA.I.GIC. Model
Authors: Piersanti M. , Di Matteo S. , Carter B. A. , Currie J. , D'Angelo G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe space environment near Earth is constantly subjected to changes in the solar wind flow generated at the Sun. Examples of this variability are the occurrence of powerful solar disturbances, such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The impact of CMEs on the Earth's magnetosphere perturbs the geomagnetic field causing the occurrence of geomagnetic storms. Such extremely variable geomagnetic fields trigger geomagnetic effects measurable not only in the geospace but also in the ionosphere, upper atmosphere, and on the ground. For example, during extreme events, rapidly changing geomagnetic fields generate intense geomagnetically induced currents (GICs). In recent years, GIC impact on the power networks at middle and low latitudes has attracted attention due to the expansion of large‐scale power networks into these regions. This paper presents a new model, called MA.I.GIC. (Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere‐Ground‐Induced Current), to derive the geoelectric field used to determine the magnitude of GICs. In addition, we discuss the results of the MA.I.GIC. model applied to the September 2017 Geomagnetic Storm with particular focus on the two sudden impulses occurring on 6 and 7 September 2017, and the two main phases on 7 and 8 September 2017.
The color of health: how racism, segregation, and inequality affect the health and well-being of preterm infants and their families
Authors: Beck Andrew F. , Edwards Erika M. , Horbar Jeffrey D. , Howell Elizabeth A. , McCormick Marie C. , Pursley DeWayne M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRacism, segregation, and inequality contribute to health outcomes and drive health disparities across the life course, including for newborn infants and their families. In this review, we address their effects on the health and well-being of newborn infants and their families with a focus on preterm birth. We discuss three causal pathways: increased risk; lower-quality care; and socioeconomic disadvantages that persist into infancy, childhood, and beyond. For each pathway, we propose specific interventions and research priorities that may remedy the adverse effects of racism, segregation, and inequality. Infants and their families will not realize the full benefit of advances in perinatal and neonatal care until we, collectively, accept our responsibility for addressing the range of determinants that shape long-term outcomes.
Simple security proof of twin-field type quantum key distribution protocol
Authors: Curty Marcos , Azuma Koji , Lo Hoi-Kwong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTwin-field (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) was conjectured to beat the private capacity of a point-to-point QKD link by using single-photon interference in a central measuring station. This remarkable conjecture has recently triggered an intense research activity to prove its security. Here, we introduce a TF-type QKD protocol which is conceptually simpler than the original proposal. It relies on the pre-selection of a global phase, instead of the post-selection of a global phase, which significantly simplifies its security analysis and is arguably less demanding experimentally. We demonstrate that the secure key rate of our protocol has a square-root improvement over the point-to-point private capacity, as conjectured by the original TF QKD.
A full-width half-maximum method to assess retinal vascular structural changes in patients with ischemic heart disease and microvascular angina
Authors: Xu Bo Lun , Zhou Wen Li , Zhu Tie Pei , Cheng Ke Yun , Li Yi Jie , Zhan Hai Jing , Jiang Li Gang , Tong Yu Hua 
Published: July 2019

AbstractChest pain patients without obstructive ischemic heart disease (IHD) have increased attention in the clinical practice as carrying higher cardiovascular (CV) risk and impaired life quality. Retinal vasculature is a novel but reliable risk factor of atherosclerosis and systemic vascular diseases. However, the association of retinal blood vessels and unobstructed IHD, as known as microvascular angina (MA) is poorly understood. This study compared retinal vascular structures of obstructive IHD and MA using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and full-width half-maximum (FWHM) methods to provide new risk predictive evidence of MA. Fundus vessels of 120 IHD patients, including 91epicardial IHD and 29 MA patients, and 66 control subjects were evaluated. Significant differences in the retinal arterial lumen diameter (RALD), retinal arterial outer diameter (RAOD), and arteriovenous ratio (AVR) have been found (P < 0.05). The severity of IHD was negatively correlated with diameters of RAOD, RALD and AVR (P < 0.05). In conclusion, there were significant differences in the retinal vascular structure between IHD patients and patients with MA. Thus, assessment of retinal vascular structure is suggested to evaluate CV risk of IHD patients, despite having no obstructive IHD.
Identification of the Catechin Uptake Transporter Responsible for Intestinal Absorption of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Mice
Authors: Ishii Shunsuke , Kitazawa Hidefumi , Mori Takuya , Kirino Aya , Nakamura Shun , Osaki Noriko , Shimotoyodome Akira , Tamai Ikumi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMany studies have shown that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg) contribute to the health benefits of green tea, although its bioavailability is usually low. However, the mechanism underlying its intestinal absorption remains unclear. In human subjects, it has been reported that the bioavailability of EGCg increases after repeated oral catechin intake. We hypothesized that a certain uptake transporter was involved in this increase, and investigated a novel EGCg transporter. We first confirmed the increase in EGCg bioavailability in mice fed the catechin diet for two weeks. Then, in situ intestinal catechin infusion exhibited that the absorption of EGCg in the ileum was selectively increased in mice fed the catechin diet. A comprehensive analysis of plasma membrane proteins revealed 10 candidates for EGCg transporter, which were selectively increased in the ileum. EGCg uptake by a Xenopus laevis oocyte expressed with respective transporter revealed that oocytes microinjected with DTDST cRNA exhibited significantly higher EGCg uptake. Furthermore, uptake of EGCg by CHO-K1 cells stably expressing DTDST was significantly higher than that by mock cells, which was nullified by treating with a DTDST inhibitor. In conclusion, this study identified DTDST as a novel intestinal EGCg transporter that is upregulated after repeated oral catechin intake.
Transfer entropy for synchronized behavior estimation of interpersonal relationships in human communication: identifying leaders or followers
Authors: Takamizawa Kenji , Kawasaki Masahiro 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA person’s behavioral rhythms are synchronized spontaneously and unconsciously with those of other people, which often have positive effects, such as facilitating cooperation on tasks and promoting empathy for others. Although synchronization is induced by mutual interaction, it is unclear whether both individuals have the same influence. Is there a division of roles, in which some people are leaders and some followers? To address this, we calculated the transfer entropy (TE) of behavioral rhythms in a two-person cooperative tapping task, which provides an estimate of the direction of information propagation between two systems. We used TE to identify the causal relationship between two people (leader and follower); that is, the significant differences in the TE from one partner to another and vice versa. In this study, if there was a high TE from one individual (e.g., participant A) to the other individual (e.g., participant B), we defined participant A as the leader group and B as the follower group. First, using computer simulations, the programs which tapping intervals were almost independent with or were almost same with those of the partner programs were identified as the leader or follower, respectively, thereby confirming our hypothesis. Second, based on the results of the human experiment, we identified the leader and follower in some groups. Interestingly, the leader group showed a high systemizing quotient, which is related to communication deficits in developmental disorders such as autism. The results are consistent with participants’ subjective impressions of their partners. Our methods can be used to estimate the interpersonal division of roles in complex human communications.
Voltage fluctuation mitigation: fast allocation and daily local control of DSTATCOMs to increase solar energy harvest
Authors: Quoc Hung Duong , Mishra Yateendra 
Published: July 2019

This study presents a methodology for reactive power compensation provided by distribution static synchronous compensators (DSTATCOMs) to mitigate the voltage fluctuation and increase the solar energy harvest via photovoltaic (PV) inverters accordingly in medium‐voltage distribution systems. An approximate method that uses one power flow run with the base‐case system is analytically developed to offer a fast estimation of the location and size of DSTATCOMs to enhance the local voltage controllability over sunshine hours. This study then presents daily local reactive power control, where the control signals are calculated based on instantaneous measurements of the voltage at each bus without requiring any communications. The control method involves estimating the amount of reactive power support by the installed DSTATCOMs to reduce the voltage fluctuation during daytime while PV inverters are fully used to harvest the solar energy. At night‐time, the DSTATCOMs operate as a master in voltage‐controlled mode with other PV inverters in load mode if required to minimise the energy loss while improving the voltage profile. The proposed method has been tested on a 69‐bus distribution system with 1 min load and 1 s solar power profiles and validated using a repeated power flow‐based exact solution.
Ag‐deposited carbon‐coated Fe3O4 magnetic microparticles as highly efficient and recyclable catalysts
Authors: Ye YingJie , Li Yue , Gao FengXian , Zhang YongXing 
Published: July 2019

In this work, Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) with average sizes of 20 nm were well‐dispersed on the surfaces of magnetic carbon‐coated Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@C) microparticles through a simple in situ growth process. The catalytic efficiency of the as‐prepared AgNPs‐decorated Fe3O4@C particles was evaluated using a model reaction based on the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) by an excess of NaBH4. The kinetic data of the reduction reaction could be explained by the assumption of a pseudo‐first‐order reaction with regard to 4‐NP. Also the particles are catalytically more active due to their extremely high‐density AgNPs immobilised on the surfaces of Fe3O4@C particles. Significantly, the Fe3O4@C@Ag catalysts can be easily separated from the reaction media by applying an external magnet, and can be reused for several cycles.
High-sensitivity maps of molecular ions in L1544
Authors: Redaelli E. , Bizzocchi L. , Caselli P. , Sipilä O. , Lattanzi V. , Giuliano B. M. , Spezzano S. 
Published: July 2019

Context. The deuterium fraction in low-mass prestellar cores is a good diagnostic indicator of the initial phases of star formation, and is also a fundamental quantity to infer the ionisation degree in these objects.
Aims. With the analysis of multiple transitions of N2H+, N2D+, HC18O+, and DCO+ we are able to determine the molecular column density maps and the deuterium fraction in N2H+ and HCO+ toward the prototypical prestellar core L1544. This is the preliminary step to derive the ionisation degree in the source.
Methods. We used a non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) radiative transfer code combined with the molecular abundances derived from a chemical model to infer the excitation conditions of all the observed transitions. This allowed us to derive reliable maps of the column density of each molecule. The ratio between the column density of a deuterated species and its non-deuterated counterpart gives the sought-after deuteration level.
Results. The non-LTE analysis confirms that, for the molecules analysed, higher-J transitions are characterised by excitation temperatures that are ≈1–2 K lower than those of the lower-J transitions. The chemical model that provides the best fit to the observational data predicts the depletion of N2H+ and to a lesser extent of N2D+ in the innermost region. The peak values for the deuterium fraction that we find are D/HN2H+ = 0.26−0.14+0.15 and D/HHCO+=0.035−0.012+0.015, in good agreement with previous estimates in the source.