bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human toxoplasmosis: a systematic review for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in clinical samples
Authors: Hosseini S. A. , Amouei A. , Sharif M. , Sarvi Sh. , Galal L. , Javidnia J. , Pagheh A. S. , Gholami S. , Mizani A. , Daryani A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractToxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) as an obligate intracellular protozoan with a worldwide distribution can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals and humans. This study aims to provide a summary of the available data on genotypes of T. gondii in human. Five databases including MEDLINE in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched for the T. gondii genotyping in human during 1995–August 2017. Next, we screened all the articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, 26 studies were eligible regarding genotyping T. gondii in human samples. In clonal genotyping, 167 out of 286 cases (58%) were infected with type II. Genetic characterisation of T. gondii isolates displayed that type II was the most predominant genotype in human with the prevalence of 64.3%, 62.1% and 41.7% in patients with AIDS, congenital and ocular toxoplasmosis, respectively. In ToxoDB genotyping, most individuals were infected with genotypes #9 and #65 (21.2%). Based on these results, genotype profile of T. gondii isolates is different throughout the world. The strains in Asian and African countries are characterised by low genetic diversity, while in North and South America a wide diversity of this parasite is found. In countries without any data (e.g. Australia, Western and Southern Africa and Western Asia), identification of T. gondii genotypes might discover higher genetic diversity.
What predicts overgeneral memory in youth? Testing the CaR-FA-X model longitudinally in community adolescents
Authors: Gutenbrunner Charlotte , Salmon Karen , Jose Paul E. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOvergeneral autobiographical memory, the tendency to report general memories when asked to report specific event recollections, has been implicated in the development and maintenance of psychopathology. The dominant model of overgeneral memory, the CaR-FA-X model (Williams et al., 2007), proposes that three cognitive processes (increased rumination and avoidance, and reduced executive control) either independently, or in interaction, interfere with successful memory retrieval. Although psychopathology increases significantly during adolescence, no research has tested this model in its entirety, including interaction effects, longitudinally in community youth. We tested the model with 323 adolescents (152 females, 171 males) across four annual assessment points. Increased avoidance predicted higher proportions of overgeneral memories from Time 3 to Time 4, but this association was stronger for youth with elevated depressive symptoms across the four waves, and limited to memories generated in response to negative cue words. This finding may indicate that youth with stable higher levels of depression remember in an overgeneral way to avoid re-elicitation of negative event-related emotions. In youth with lower depression levels across time, the CaR-FA-X mechanisms did not predict overgeneral memory.
HPA-axis multilocus genetic variation moderates associations between environmental stress and depressive symptoms among adolescents
Authors: Starr Lisa R. , Huang Meghan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractResearch suggests that genetic variants linked to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis functioning moderate the association between environmental stressors and depression, but examining gene–environment interactions with single polymorphisms limits power. The current study used a multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) approach to measuring HPA-axis–related genetic variation and examined interactions with acute stress, chronic stress, and childhood adversity (assessed using contextual threat interview methods) with depressive symptoms as outcomes in an adolescent sample (ages 14–17, N = 241; White subsample n = 192). Additive MGPSs were calculated using 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms within HPA-axis genes (CRHR1, NR3C2, NR3C1, FKBP5). Higher MGPS directly correlated with adolescent depressive symptoms. Moreover, MGPS predicted stronger associations between acute and chronic stress and adolescent depressive symptoms and also moderated the effect of interpersonal, but not noninterpersonal, childhood adversity. Gene–environment interactions individually accounted for 5%–8% of depressive symptom variation. All results were retained following multiple test correction and stratification by race. Results suggest that using MGPSs provides substantial power to examine gene–environmental interactions linked to affective outcomes among adolescents.
“History Has Its Eyes on You”: Hamilton and the Introductory American Government Course
Authors: Adler William D. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThis article explores how the musical Hamilton can be used as a way to bring students to a new understanding of American government at the introductory level. As a recent pop-culture smash, Hamilton has brought to the fore the possibility of a new civic conversation about our political beginnings. With many citizens lacking a sufficient understanding of American political culture at this fraught time, the introductory American government course is the ideal place to enhance civic understanding. This article discusses how music from the Hamilton cast album, as well as videos about the show, were used during two semesters of the introductory American government course at a regional public university. Doing so encouraged discussion and active learning about key concepts and critical moments in American history that have shaped politics through the present day.
Using unfolding case studies to better prepare the public health nutrition workforce to address the social determinants of health
Authors: Palermo Claire , Kleve Sue , McCartan Julia , Brimblecombe Julie , Ferguson Megan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe public health nutrition workforce has been reported to be underprepared for practice. The present study aimed to test the ability of an unfolding case study approach to support the public health nutrition workforce for the workplace, with a focus on improved access to nutritious food.DesignTwo unfolding case studies were trialled with undergraduate students in two-hour workshops to enhance their capability to address access to nutritious food as a social determinant of health. The approach provided information about the case using a staged approach that supported learners to review and reply to information and then continue this process as the case became increasingly complex.SettingMelbourne, Australia.ParticipantsThirty-eight undergraduate nutrition and dietetics students.ResultsThe analysis revealed that the unfolding case study approach provided a place to challenge and deepen knowledge and think about the application of theory. As the cases developed and became more challenging, students were supported to consider appropriate approaches and recognised the constant evolution and dynamic nature of practice.ConclusionsThis learning activity challenged students and supported deep learning about possible solutions. It may also be useful at a graduate level and for continuous education of nutritionists and/or dietitians to empower the workforce to address the social determinants of health, rather than just acknowledging them as a set of barriers that prevent people and communities from achieving optimal health. Further work is required to investigate how unfolding case studies in curricula shape preparedness for practice of public health nutrition.
The making of four ideologies of globalization
Authors: de Wilde Pieter 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRecent societal conflicts over immigration, free trade and EU membership testify to the controversiality of globalization in Western societies. Brexit, Trump, the refugee crisis, and the debate around transatlantic trade and investment partnership (TTIP) are clear illustrations of the salience of globalization in politics. Many argue that neoliberal ideology supports and drives globalization. This raises the question whether opposition to globalization is also ideological, and how. This contribution investigates the existence of ideologies of globalization. It does so presenting a novel rigorous version of Freeden’s analytical morphological approach to ideologies, with deductive conceptualization drawing on political philosophy combined with inductive correlational analysis at the level of individual arguments. It presents original representative claims analysis data on debates over climate change, human rights, migration, trade, and regional integration in the United States, Germany, Poland, Mexico, Turkey, the European Parliament, and the United Nations General Assembly between 2004 and 2011. It shows that we are witnessing the making of four ideologies of globalization: liberalism, cosmopolitanism, communitarianism, and statism. Each has its own distinctive grouping of concepts. Their emergence may solidify a globalization cleavage in Western societies, shape democratic politics for years to come, and affect the course of globalization itself.
Prediction on operating range of passive troposcatter detection system
Authors: Liu Zan , Chen Xihong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractElectromagnetic wave of enemy radar propagated by troposcatter is a valuable candidate for beyond line-of-sight detection. There is no analytical study considering the operating range of passive troposcatter detection system. In this paper, we study the way to predict the operating range, which is dominated by propagation loss. The key propagation loss models including statistic model and real-time model are analyzed. During deducing the latter loss model, Hopfield model is introduced to precisely describe the tropospheric refractivity. Meanwhile, rain attenuation is also taken into consideration. Several examples demonstrate the feasibility of predicting operating range through the proposed method.
Event‐Scale Dynamics of a Parabolic Dune and Its Relevance for Mesoscale Evolution
Authors: Delgado‐Fernandez Irene , Smyth Thomas A. G. , Jackson Derek W. T. , Smith Alexander B. , Davidson‐Arnott Robin G. D. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractParabolic dunes are widespread aeolian landforms found in a variety of environments. Despite modeling advances and good understanding of how they evolve, there is limited empirical data on their dynamics at short time scales of hours and on how these dynamics relate to their medium‐term evolution. This study presents the most comprehensive data set to date on aeolian processes (airflow and sediment transport) inside a parabolic dune at an event scale. This is coupled with information on elevation changes inside the landform to understand its morphological response to a single wind event. Results are contextualized against the medium‐term (years) allowing us to investigate one of the most persistent conundrums in geomorphology, that of the significance of short‐term findings for landform evolution. Our field data suggested three key findings: (1) sediment transport rates inside parabolic dunes correlate well with wind speeds rather than turbulence; (2) up to several tonnes of sand can move through these landforms in a few hours; and (3) short‐term elevation changes inside parabolic dunes can be complex and different from long‐term net spatial patterns, including simultaneous erosion and accumulation along the same wall. Modeled airflow patterns along the basin were similar to those measured in situ for a range of common wind directions, demonstrating the potential for strong transport during multiple events. Mesoscale analyses suggested that the measured event was representative of the type of events potentially driving significant geomorphic changes over years, with supply‐limiting conditions playing an important role in resultant flux amounts.
Frictional Heating Processes and Energy Budget During Laboratory Earthquakes
Authors: Aubry J. , Passelègue F. X. , Deldicque D. , Girault F. , Marty S. , Lahfid A. , Bhat H. S. , Escartin J. , Schubnel A. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDuring an earthquake, part of the released elastic strain energy is dissipated within the slip zone by frictional and fracturing processes, the rest being radiated away via elastic waves. While frictional heating plays a key role in the energy budget of earthquakes, it could not be resolved by seismological data up to now. Here we investigate the dynamics of laboratory earthquakes by measuring frictional heat dissipated during the propagation of shear instabilities at stress conditions typical of seismogenic depths. We estimate the complete energy budget of earthquake rupture and demonstrate that the radiation efficiency increases with thermal‐frictional weakening. Using carbon properties and Raman spectroscopy, we map spatial heat heterogeneities on the fault surface. We show that an increase in fault strength corresponds to a transition from a weak fault with multiple strong asperities and little overall radiation, to a highly radiative fault behaving as a single strong asperity.
Slower Snowmelt in Spring Along With Climate Warming Across the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Wu Xuejiao , Che Tao , Li Xin , Wang Ninglian , Yang Xiaofan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractClimate warming is altering historical patterns of snow accumulation and ablation, hence threatening natural water resources. We evaluated the impact of climate warming on snowmelt rates using the GlobSnow v2.0 and the second Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications data sets over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) during the past 38 years (1980–2017). Higher ablation rates were found in the locations with deeper snow water equivalent (SWE) because high snow melt rates occurred in late spring and early summer in deep snowpack regions. In addition, due to the reduction of SWE in deep snowpack regions, moderate and high snow ablation rates showed a decreasing trend. Therefore, slower snowmelt rates were found over the entire NH in a warmer climate in general. Based on projections of SWE in Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 climate scenarios, slower snowmelt rates in the NH may continue to happen in the future.
Stress Shadow on the Southwest Portion of the Longmen Shan Fault Impacted the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake Rupture
Authors: Liu Chang , Dong Peiyu , Zhu Bojing , Shi Yaolin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) unilaterally ruptured the Longmen Shan fault (LMSF) along eastern Tibet. The earthquake rupture propagated about 270 km northeastward, whereas it propagated only about 20 km southwestward along the strike of the fault. Although a significant attention has been paid to the question of predominantly unilateral propagation, the primary reasons for this type of propagation remain unclear. In this research, we examined the change of Coulomb stress along the LMSF caused by the historical earthquakes near and on the LMSF from 1725 to 2008. We found that the 14 preceding large earthquakes (M ≥ 6.5) on the Xianshui He fault cast a stress shadow on the SW segment of the LMSF, which was not activated by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake rupture. The 1970 Dayi earthquake on the SW segment of the LMSF contributed significantly to this stress shadow. Compared with the segment of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake rupture, this stress shadow caused strong stress contrasts of −214, −22, and −80 kPa in the seismic gap of the very SW segment of the LMSF, the rupture zone of the 2013 Lushan earthquake, and the seismic gap between the 2008 Wenchuan and 2013 Lushan earthquake ruptures, respectively. Stress contrasts in these values were consistent with tectonic loading over 165, 17, and 62 years, respectively, by integrating an interseismic stress‐loading rate of 1.3 kPa/a. We proposed that this stress shadow might have created a barrier at the SW segment, preventing the earthquake rupture propagating southwestward.
A Nonparametric Approach for Assessing Precision in Georeferenced Point Clouds Best Fit Planes: Toward More Reliable Thresholds
Authors: Gallo Leandro C. , Cristallini Ernesto O. , Svarc Marcela 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe fitting of a plane to data points is essential to the geosciences. However, it is recognized that the reliability of these best fit planes depends upon the point set distribution and geometry, evaluated in terms of the eigen‐based parameters derived from the moment of inertia analysis. Despite its significance, few studies have addressed the uncertainties of the analysis, which can adversely affect the reproduction of results one of the cornerstones of scientific endeavor. Aiming to contribute toward the neglected issue of the moment of inertia precision, we have developed a bootstrap resampling scheme to empirically discover the distribution of uncertainties in the orientation of best fit planes. Dispersion of the bootstrapped normal vectors to the best fit plane is regarded as a measure of precision, evaluated with the maximum angular distance from the optimal solution. This rationale was tested using Monte Carlo‐generated samples covering a comprehensive range of shape parameters to assess the dependence between eigen parameters and their inherent bias. Our results show that the oblateness of the point cloud is a robust parameter to assess the reliability of the best fit plane. Given this, the method was then applied to a publicly available lidar data set. We argue that georeferenced point clouds with an oblateness parameter greater than 3 and 1.5 may be placed at 95% confidence levels of 5° and 10°, respectively. We propose using these values as thresholds to obtain robust best fit planes, guaranteeing reproducible results for scientific research.
Formation Features of Steps and Branches of an Upward Negative Leader
Authors: Huang Haitao , Wang Daohong , Wu Ting , Takagi Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe have analyzed the high‐speed video of an upward negative leader that exhibited multiple branches. From the video, which was recorded at a frame rate of 300 kiloframes per second (3.3 μs per frame), we have identified 75 leader steps, 21 being from the leader main channel and 54 from 4 branches of the leader. Through analyzing each individual leader step and branch in detail, we found a similar formation pattern for both the leader step and the branch. This pattern can be described in the following sequence: (1) the streamer area forms ahead of the leader tip, (2) the streamer area and the backward leader channel increase in luminosity, (3) the streamer area and the leader channel decrease in luminosity, (4) the streamer area reilluminates ahead of the leader tip, and (5) the reilluminated streamer area develops to a new leader tip and a new streamer area is emitted forward ahead of the new leader tip.
Radar Reflectivity and Altitude Distributions of Lightning as a Function of IC, CG, and HY Flashes: Implications for LNOx Production
Authors: Mecikalski Retha M. , Carey Lawrence D. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTwo dimensional (2‐D) histogram distributions of lightning flashes relative to radar reflectivity and altitude were created using a total of 41,180 intercloud/intracloud (IC) flashes, 3,326 cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes, and 4,349 hybrid (HY) flashes that originated in multicells; 111,479 IC flashes, 8,588 CG flashes, and 11,699 HY flashes that originated in mesoscale convective systems; and 91,283 IC flashes, 3,023 CG flashes, and 7,872 HY flashes that originated in supercells that occurred over northern Alabama and southern Tennessee. It was shown that although CG flashes initiate and propagate at the same altitude irrespective of storm type, IC flashes could have differences of up to 10 °C, while for HY flashes these differences increased to up to 20 °C relative to storm type. Further, IC, CG, and HY flashes propagated in lower reflectivities than where they initiated, while CG flashes initiated and propagated within higher reflectivities than IC and HY flashes. HY flashes were also twice as large as IC flashes and ~40% larger than CG flashes, and flashes that originated in mesoscale convective systems had larger overall sizes as compared to multicells and supercells. When comparing the new 2‐D histogram distributions to the legacy distributions used for the calculation of lightning‐produced nitrogen oxides (LNOx), it was shown that the new distributions perform much better, with higher Pearson product moment correlation coefficient values and much lower root‐mean‐square errors. These new distributions are thus more appropriate to use when modeling LNOx and will lead to more accurate LNOx estimations than using the legacy distributions.
ClNO2 Yields From Aircraft Measurements During the 2015 WINTER Campaign and Critical Evaluation of the Current Parameterization
Authors: McDuffie Erin E. , Fibiger Dorothy L. , Dubé William P. , Lopez Hilfiker Felipe , Lee Ben H. , Jaeglé Lyatt , Guo Hongyu , Weber Rodney J. , Reeves J. Michael , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Schroder Jason C. , Campuzano‐Jost Pedro , Jimenez Jose L. , Dibb Jack E. , Veres Patrick , Ebben Carlena , Sparks Tamara L. , Wooldridge Paul J. , Cohen Ronald C. , Campos Teresa , Hall Samuel R. , Ullmann Kirk , Roberts James M. , Thornton Joel A. , Brown Steven S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNitryl chloride (ClNO2) plays an important role in the budget and distribution of tropospheric oxidants, halogens, and reactive nitrogen species. ClNO2 is formed from the heterogeneous uptake and reaction of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on chloride‐containing aerosol, with a production yield, ϕ(ClNO2), defined as the moles of ClNO2 produced relative to N2O5 lost. The ϕ(ClNO2) has been increasingly incorporated into 3‐D chemical models where it is parameterized based on laboratory‐derived kinetics and currently accepted aqueous‐phase formation mechanism. This parameterization models ϕ(ClNO2) as a function of the aerosol chloride to water molar ratio. Box model simulations of night flights during the 2015 Wintertime INvestigation of Transport, Emissions, and Reactivity (WINTER) aircraft campaign derived 3,425 individual ϕ(ClNO2) values with a median of 0.138 and range of 0.003 to 1. Comparison of the box model median to those predicted by two other field‐based ϕ(ClNO2) derivation methods agreed within a factor of 1.3, within the uncertainties of each method. In contrast, the box model median was 75–84% lower than predictions from the laboratory‐based parameterization (i.e., [parameterization − box model]/parameterization). An evaluation of factors influencing this difference reveals a positive dependence of ϕ(ClNO2) on aerosol water, opposite to the currently parameterized trend. Additional factors may include aqueous‐phase competition reactions for the nitronium ion intermediate and/or direct ClNO2 loss mechanisms. Further laboratory studies of ClNO2 formation and the impacts of aerosol water, sulfate, organics, and ClNO2 aqueous‐phase reactions are required to elucidate and quantify these processes on ambient aerosol, critical for the development of a robust ϕ(ClNO2) parameterization.