bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Flow in Multibody Limb Models: A Case Study in Frogs
Authors: Richards Christopher T 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA frog jump is both simple and difficult to comprehend. The center-of-mass (COM) follows a two-dimensional (2D) path; it accelerates diagonally upward, then traces a predictable arc in flight. Despite this simplicity, the leg segments trace intricate trajectories to drive the COM both upwards and forwards. Because the frog sits crouched with sprawled legs, segments must pivot, tilt, and twist; they solve a long-recognized problem of converting non-linear 3D motion of the leg segments to linear 2D motion of the COM. I use mathematical approaches borrowed from robotics to address: How do frogs manipulate the flow of kinetic energy through their body to influence jump trajectory? I address (1) transfer of motion through kinematic transmission and (2) transfer of motion through dynamic coupling of segment mass-inertia properties. Using a multi-body simulation, I explore how segment acceleration induces rotations at neighboring segments (even without accounting for bi-articular muscles). During jumps, this inertial coupling mechanism is likely crucial for modulating the direction of travel. The frog case study highlights a useful computational framework for studying how limb joints produce coordinated motion.
Lexicographer’s Lacunas or How to Deal with Missing Representative Dictionary Forms on the Example of Czech
Authors: Kováříková Dominika , Škrabal Michal , Cvrček Václav , Lukešová Lucie , Milička Jiří 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
When compiling a list of headwords, every lexicographer comes across words with an unattested representative dictionary form in the data. This study focuses on how to distinguish between the cases when this form is missing due to a lack of data and when there are some systemic or linguistic reasons. We have formulated lexicographic recommendations for different types of such ‘lacunas’ based on our research carried out on Czech written corpora. As a prerequisite, we calculated a frequency threshold to find words that should have the representative form attested in the data. Based on a manual analysis of 2,700 nouns, adjectives and verbs that do not, we drew up a classification of lacunas. The reasons for a missing dictionary form are often associated with limited collocability and non-preference for the representative grammatical category. Findings on unattested word forms also have significant implications for language potentiality.
Rousettus aegyptiacus Bats Do Not Support Productive Nipah Virus Replication
Authors: Seifert Stephanie N , Letko Michael C , Bushmaker Trenton , Laing Eric D , Saturday Greg , Meade-White Kimberly , van Doremalen Neeltje , Broder Christopher C , Munster Vincent J 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a bat-borne zoonotic pathogen that can cause severe respiratory distress and encephalitis upon spillover into humans. NiV is capable of infecting a broad range of hosts including humans, pigs, ferrets, dogs, cats, hamsters, and at least 2 genera of bats. Little is known about the biology of NiV in the bat reservoir. In this study, we evaluate the potential for the Egyptian fruit bat (EFB), Rousettus aegyptiacus, to serve as a model organism for studying NiV in bats. Our data suggest that NiV does not efficiently replicate in EFBs in vivo. Furthermore, we show no seroconversion against NiV glycoprotein and a lack of viral replication in primary and immortalized EFB-derived cell lines. Our data show that despite using a conserved target for viral entry, NiV replication is limited in some bat species. We conclude that EFBs are not an appropriate organism to model NiV infection or transmission in bats.
Effect of Feeding Honey Bee (Apis mellifera Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies With Honey, Sugar Solution, Inverted Sugar, and Wheat Starch Syrup on Nosematosis Prevalence and Intensity
Authors: Papežíková Ivana , Palíková Miroslava , Syrová Eva , Zachová Anna , Somerlíková Kristina , Kováčová Veronika , Pecková Lucie 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Here, we present the results of a 2-year field trial aimed at testing the effect of overwintering on different feeds on the course of Nosema ceranae infection. In August 2015, four experimental bee colony groups were established. After the last honey harvest, each colony was provided with 20 kg of feed, either honey, sugar (3:2 solution in tap water), inverted syrup made of sucrose, or wheat starch syrup. Samples of live bees were collected from each beehive in August (before feeding), November, and May. The following year, feeding and sampling were performed in the same way. Bees were examined microscopically to estimate the percentage of Nosema-infected individuals in the sample and the spore number per bee. Fitness parameters were also measured in all colonies. In all hives, presence of N. ceranae was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction. Nosema apis was not detected in the apiary. Significant differences in nosematosis prevalence and/or intensity were observed between the experimental groups. For most parameters, best results were recorded in the group fed with honey. Worst fitness and highest nosematosis prevalence and intensity were found in colonies fed with wheat starch syrup.
Odorant-Based Detection and Discrimination of Two Economic Pests in Export Apples
Authors: Mas Flore , Horner Rachael , Cazères Sylvie , Alavi Maryam , Suckling David Maxwell 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDetection of pest infestations in fresh produce traded internationally could offer improved prospects for reducing the movement of unwanted pests. Because immature stages of some pests can be difficult to find visually, other cues such as herbivore-induced volatiles that can potentially be detected at the early stages of infestation are worth investigating. In this study, we artificially infested postharvested apples (Malus × domestica ‘Royal Gala’) with two economic apple pests, the specialist codling moth (CM, Cydia pomonella Linnaeus, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the generalist Queensland fruit fly (QFF, Bactrocera tryoni, Froggatt, Diptera: Tephritidae) and collected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) over time (days 0, 6, and 14–15). In both infestation experiments, we found a strong and significant interaction between time and treatment. Apples infested with the QFF emitted lower total amounts of VOCs than uninfested apples, whereas apples infested with the CM released similar total amounts of VOCs. Apples infested with CM had increases in several hexyl and butyl esters, which were particularly noticeable after 15 d. In contrast, changes in ethyl esters were characteristics of QFF infestation and could be detected from day 6. Our multilevel and multivariate statistical analysis identified specific volatile biomarkers for each species at each sampling time that can be used to design a new tool for remote detection and surveillance of these invasive pests in harvested apples. Nevertheless, other information such as the cultivar as well as the storage condition needs to be taken into consideration to increase accuracy of future odorant-based sensors for pest identification.
Effectiveness of Hot-Water Immersion Against Brevipalpus yothersi (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) as a Postharvest Treatment for Lemons
Authors: Revynthi Alexandra M , Peña Jorge E , Moreno Jessica M , Beam Andrea L , Mannion Catharine , Bailey Woodward D , Carrillo Daniel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCitrus leprosis is a destructive disease of citrus caused by several viruses (CiLVs) that are quarantine pests in the United States. Brevipalpus yothersi Baker (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) vectors the most virulent strain of CiLV. This mite is present in the United States and could facilitate the spread of the disease if CiLV reaches the country. Postharvest treatments could mitigate B. yothersi on imported commodities from areas where CiLV exists. The current study explores the effectiveness of hot-water immersion as a postharvest treatment against B. yothersi. Lemons were immersed in water at 21, 48, 53, or 63°C for 5, 10, and 15 min. Immersions at 53 and 63°C for all time schedules dislodged over 99% of adult mites. Lemon fruit quality and B. yothersi egg viability after hot-water immersion were also evaluated. Fruit quality significantly decreased in lemons treated at 63°C resulting in decay (grade 3, rejection), while at 53°C there was a quality reduction (grade 2, minimum acceptable market level) compared to lemons immersed at 21°C or nontreated controls (grade 1). None of the eggs hatched when the lemons were immersed in water at 63°C and an average of 1.5% hatched at 53°C for all time schedules. Immersion in water at 53°C for 5 min dislodged 99.71% and 57.14% of adult and immature mites, respectively, and resulted in 98.11% unhatched eggs without significant fruit quality reduction. Hot-water immersion could be a key component in a systems approach to control B. yothersi on imported citrus fruits from countries where citrus leprosis is present.
ASEAN at the Crossroads: Trap and Track between CPTPP and RCEP
Authors: Wu Chien-Huei 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In the wake of the mega-free trade agreements, all of the 10 member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations are determined to participate in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership and to maintain the centrality of the Association of South East Asian Nations whereas Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam have also opted for the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. In view of divergent positions of member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations, this paper asks two questions: empirically, what drives individual member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations toward the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership or Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership; normatively, do the different positions embraced by member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations weaken the coherence of external relations of the Association of South East Asian Nations and undermine its centrality in Asian regionalism. I argued that Singapore’s participation in the Trans-Pacific Partnership is mainly motivated by its wish to set the rules of free trade agreements in the Asian Pacific. Brunel aims to diversify its domestic economy and to undergo economic reform through international commitments. Vietnam and Malaysia joined the Trans-Pacific Partnership with a view to accessing American market, but Vietnam’s Trans-Pacific Partnership participation should also be understood in the context of its aggressive free trade agreements strategy. This paper argues that solidarity within member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations does not prevent economically advanced member countries from participating in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership for market access; nonetheless, the need of Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar should be taken into account through special and differential treatment in Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership negotiations.
Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a retrospective, multi-institutional study
Authors: Nitta Masahiro , Kuroda Satoshi , Nagao Kentaro , Higure Taro , Zakoji Hidenori , Miyakita Hideshi , Usui Yukio , Hasegawa Masanori , Kawamura Yoshiaki , Shoji Sunao , Miyajima Akira 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
We evaluated the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for urothelial bladder cancer.

Methods
We retrospectively examined 140 consecutive patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (clinical stage T2 to T4 and N0) who underwent radical cystectomy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy at four academic institutions between January 2006 and December 2016. Patients were categorized into the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group (those who underwent treatment with any neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen; n = 69) and the non-neoadjuvant chemotherapy group (those who did not receive any neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen; n = 71). The primary outcome measure was overall survival.

Results
The 5-year overall survival rates were 58.0% and 61.8% in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy and non-neoadjuvant chemotherapy groups, respectively (P = 0.320). The 5-year overall survival rates for the neoadjuvant chemotherapy and non-neoadjuvant chemotherapy groups were 64.8% and 68.4%, respectively, among cT2N0 patients (P = 0.688) and 38.6% and 21.6%, respectively, among cT3-4aN0 patients (P = 0.290). When patients with cT3-4aN0 disease in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group were divided into responders (&lt;pT2) and non-responders (pT2-pT4), responders (&lt;pT2) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a better 5-year overall survival rate (83.6%) than non-responders (pT2-pT4; 23.1%; P &lt; 0.05); this was also observed in the non-neoadjuvant chemotherapy group (21.6%; P &lt; 0.05). On multivariate analysis, the pathological T stage (&lt;pT2 vs. ≥pT2) was a significant predictor of overall survival in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group.

Conclusion
Among cT3-4aN0 patients, survival outcomes were significantly better in responders (&lt;pT2) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy than in non-responders (≥pT2) and in patients in the non-neoadjuvant chemotherapy group. Among patients with advanced stage disease (cT3 or 4), responders (&lt;pT2) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a significant survival benefit.
Effectiveness of rapid titration with intravenous administration of oxycodone injection in advanced cancer patients with severe pain
Authors: Nakajima Nobuhisa 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Some cancer patients suddenly develop severe, excruciating pain that requires rapid management using opioid medication. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of rapid titration using oxycodone injection. Study subjects were advanced cancer patients who experienced severe pain (numeric rating scale ≥7) and needed prompt pain relief. Primary endpoint was (i) time required for the initial sign of significant analgesia to become evident. Secondary endpoints were (ii) pain relief stabilization success rate and (iii) adverse effects. Groups treated with oxycodone (oxycodone group) and morphine (morphine group) were retrospectively compared. The oxycodone group had 33 cases and the morphine group had 32 cases: (i) 15.6 ± 4.3 min in the oxycodone group and 19.3 ± 4.7 min in the morphine group (P = 0.001); (ii) 70 and 63% within 24 hours, and 88 and 84% within 48 hours in the oxycodone group and the morphine group, respectively (P = 0.36, 0.48). Although (iii) adverse effects appeared in both groups in the form of respiratory suppression, etc., the effects were mild. Rapid titration using oxycodone injections may be considered a beneficial choice.
Competition and Federal Contractor Performance
Authors: Brunjes Benjamin M 
Published: September 2019

AbstractContracts are increasingly used in government as a way to insert competition into public agencies and policy implementation. Competition among contractors is theorized to drive down costs, encourage innovation, and boost accountability. However, there have been few studies on whether competition actually leads to improved performance among contractors. This analysis examines nearly 25,000 federal contracts to determine how competition is related to performance. Findings indicate that competitively sourced contracts are more likely to suffer from performance problems. However, relationships between contractor and agency correlate with fewer performance problems. This suggests that competition may not be leading to the benefits that many might expect. Instead, relationships and shared experiences, along with other factors, may matter more when seeking to improve contractor performance.
Things Fall Apart, Border Crossing and the Psychology of Exile
Authors: Okolie Mary J. N 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBringing Chinua Achebe’s seminal text, Things Fall Apart, into the current global scholarship on refugees provides a consideration of the problem of displacement from a literary perspective. While there is a substantial body of criticism on Things Fall Apart, there has not been tangible concentration on the psychology of Okonkwo’s exile in the text. This article expands upon the literature by locating Achebe’s seminal text and the narrative strand of Okonkwo’s exile in the discourse of refugee studies. By examining Okonkwo’s pre-exilic and post-exilic life as intrinsically connected to his exile, it foregrounds the inevitable psycho-traumatic effect of exile on the refugee’s mind that plays out in the form of violence on the self, and on the victim’s human and material environment.
Primary actinomycosis of the big toe: a case report and literature review
Authors: Almarzouq Sawsan F , Almarghoub Mohammed A , Almeshal Obaid 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Actinomyces are Gram-positive branching bacteria that are part of the human gastrointestinal microflora. These organisms can cause actinomycosis, which is a slowly progressive suppurative infection involving the cervicofacial region. Primary involvement of extremities is very rare. Here, we present primary actinomycosis of the lower extremity and a review of related literature. A 35-year-old female from Al-Kharj City (agricultural area) presented to our plastic surgery clinic with complaints of a large mass on the left big toe that caused embarrassment and difficulty in wearing footwear. The patient underwent wide local excision and coverage of the big toe defect with Kutler bilateral V-Y advancement flaps. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose actinomycosis in subacute or chronic inflammatory soft tissue lesions. Proper surgical intervention and antimicrobial are essential to treat the disease. We conclude that a high index of suspicion is required to diagnose actinomycosis in subacute or chronic inflammatory soft tissue lesions.
Impact of galactic interactions on the evolution of the far-infrared–radio correlation
Authors: Pavlović M , Prodanović T 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
A strong correlation has been known to exist between the far-infrared (FIR) and radio emission of star-forming galaxies. Observations have shown that, although scatter is present, this correlation holds over a range of redshifts and does not evolve. However, there have been a number of more recent observations, especially in higher redshift surveys, indicating the opposite. The question that then presents itself is: what is driving this evolution? In this work, we explore the possibility that the answer might be hiding in galactic interactions and revealed by morphology. We present a number of models based on the evolving number of galaxies of different morphological types, some of which could potentially explain the observed trends and scatter in general. Furthermore, we analyse a small sample of 34 submillimetre galaxies for which observations have been published and morphology classified. In this sample, we look at the FIR–radio correlation separately in galaxies of different morphological types. We find that, while for both disc and irregular star-forming galaxies there are hints of evolution of this correlation with redshift, where this evolution appears to be stronger in irregular galaxies, due to low number statistics, both samples are also consistent with no evolution, making it difficult at this point to discriminate between models. However, when analysis was performed on the combined sample, an evolving and decreasing trend was indeed found, indicating that evolution should be expected in at least one of the morphological types.
A highly alkaline-stable metal oxide@metal–organic framework composite for high-performance electrochemical energy storage
Authors: Zheng Shasha , Li Qing , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan , Xu Qiang 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMost metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) hardly maintain their physical and chemical properties after exposure to alkaline aqueous solutions, thus precluding their use as potential electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. Here, we present the design and synthesis of a highly alkaline-stable metal oxide@MOF composite, Co3O4 nanocube@Co-MOF (Co3O4@Co-MOF), via a controllable and facile one-pot hydrothermal method under highly alkaline conditions. The obtained composite possesses exceptional alkaline stability, retaining its original structure in 3.0 M KOH for at least 15 days. Benefitting from the exceptional alkaline stability, unique structure, and larger surface area, the Co3O4@Co-MOF composite shows a specific capacitance as high as 1020 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and a high cycling stability with only 3.3% decay after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1. The as-constructed solid-state flexible device exhibits a maximum energy density of 21.6 mWh cm−3.
Impact of Setting up an “Endocarditis Team” on the Management of Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Ruch Yvon , Mazzucotelli Jean-Philippe , Lefebvre François , Martin Aurélie , Lefebvre Nicolas , Douiri Nawal , Riegel Philippe , Hoang Minh Tam , Petit-Eisenmann Hélène , Hansmann Yves , Argemi Xavier 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Infective endocarditis (IE) remains a severe disease with a high mortality rate. Therefore, guidelines encourage the setup of a multidisciplinary group in reference centers. The present study evaluated the impact of this “Endocarditis Team” (ET).

Methods
We conducted a monocentric observational study at Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France, between 2012 and 2017. The primary end point was in-hospital mortality. Secondary end points were 6-month and 1-year mortality, surgery rate, time to surgical procedure, duration of effective antibiotic therapy, length of in-hospital stay, and sequelae. We also assessed predictors of in-hospital mortality.

Results
We analyzed 391 episodes of IE. In the post-ET period, there was a nonsignificant decrease in in-hospital mortality (20.3% vs 14.7%, respectively; P = .27) and sequelae, along with a significant reduction in time to surgery (16.4 vs 10.3 days, respectively; P = .049), duration of antibiotic therapy (55.2 vs 47.2 days, respectively; P &lt; .001), and length of in-hospital stay (40.6 vs 31.9 days, respectively; P &lt; .01). In a multivariate analysis, the post-ET period was positively associated with survival (odds ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.20–0.96; P = .048).

Conclusions
This multidisciplinary approach exerted a positive impact on the management of IE and should be considered in all hospitals managing IE.
Did Groupthink or Polythink Derail the 2016 Raqqa Offensive?
Authors: Barr Kasey , Mintz Alex 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the effect of group dynamics on the 2016 decision within the administration of President Barack Obama to lead the international coalition in a mission to liberate Raqqa, Syria, from the Islamic State. The authors show that whereas the groupthink syndrome characterized the decision-making process of the US-led coalition’s decision to attack Raqqa, it was polythink that characterized the decision-making dynamics both in the US-led coalition and within the inner circle of Obama’s own foreign policy advisors. Through case-study analysis, the authors illustrate that groupthink is more likely in strategic decisions, whereas polythink is more likely in tactical decisions.