EBV Can Induce Somatic Hypermutation in Naïve B Cells In Vitro but Ig Class Switching Requires T Cell Help.
Authors: Chaganti Sridhar , Pastor Noelia Begue , Baldwin Gouri , Shannon-Lowe Claire , Feederle Regina , Croom-Carter Debbie , Stylianou Juliana , Bell Andrew I. , Rickinson Alan B. , Delecluse Henri-Jacques 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Following primary infection, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes life long persistence in the host IgD− CD27+ memory B cell compartment rather than the IgD+ CD27+ marginal zone (MZ)-like or the IgD+ CD27− naïve B cell compartments. One possible explanation for such exclusive persistence in memory B cells is that EBV preferentially infects memory B cells. Alternatively, the virus may infect all B cell subsets but then drive MZ and naïve B cells to acquire the Ig isotype-switched phenotype and hypermutated Ig genotype of memory cells. Here we ask whether there is any evidence for one or other hypothesis from in vitro experiments. B cells from healthy donor blood samples were FACS sorted on the basis of IgD/CD27 expression into naïve, MZ, and memory B cell subsets with purities of >99%, >97% and >98% respectively. Analysis of the IgVH sequence further confirmed purity of the FACS sorted B cell subsets. Accordingly, 102 of 105 IgVH sequences amplified from purified naïve B cells were germ-line where as the vast majority of sequences amplified from MZ and memory B cells were mutated. All three B cell subsets expressed equal amounts of CD21 (EBV receptor on B cells), bound similar amounts of virus, and transformed with equal efficiency to establish B lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in vitro. Naïve B cell transformants upregulated CD27 expression but retained the IgM+, IgD+ phenotype as determined by FACS analysis and RT-PCR; MZ-B derived LCLs likewise were IgM+, IgD+, CD27+; and memory-B derived LCLs were consistently CD27+, IgD− and expressed either IgG, IgA or in some cases IgM. Therefore, EBV infection per se did not induce class switching. However, both naïve and MZ-B derived LCLs could still be induced to switch to IgG in the presence of CD40 ligand and IL-4; signals that are normally provided by T cells in vivo. To assess if EBV infection might drive Ig hypermutation, we carried out IgVH sequence analysis on the naïve-B derived LCL clones. Interestingly, 42 of 114 clonal IgVH sequences amplified from naïve-B derived LCLs had 3 or more mutations and the patterns of mutation seen were consistent with that produced by somatic hypermutation (SHM). Furthermore, within some naïve-B cell derived LCL clones, there were both germ-line and mutated sequences all sharing the same VDJ rearrangement (CDR3 sequence), again implying sequence diversification following EBV transformation of a single naïve B cell. Some intraclonal variation of the already hypermutated IgVH sequence was also noted in memory and MZ-B derived LCLs further suggesting ongoing mutational activity. Consistent with this, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression was upregulated in transformants as assessed by real time RT-PCR. Our in vitro data is therefore compatible with a model of EBV persistence where the virus infects all mature B cell subsets but then drives infected naïve B cells to acquire a memory genotype by inducing SHM. In addition, EBV infected naïve and MZ-B cells may undergo Ig class switching to acquire the IgD− CD27+ memory phenotype in the presence of T cell help in vivo. EBV’s ability to induce SHM may also contribute to the lymphomagenic potential of the virus in addition to its B cell transforming and growth promoting properties.