bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Extent of Magnetospheric ELF/VLF Waves using Multipoint PWING Ground Stations at Subauroral Latitudes
Authors: Takeshita Yuhei , Shiokawa Kazuo , Ozaki Mitsunori , Manninen Jyrki , Oyama Shin‐Ichiro , Connors Martin , Baishev Dmitry , Kurkin Vladimir , Oinats Alexey 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMagnetospheric extremely low frequency/very low frequency (ELF/VLF) waves are plasma waves emitted from high‐energy electrons in the magnetosphere. These waves have received much attention, as they contribute to the acceleration and loss of relativistic electrons in the radiation belts through wave‐particle interactions. The longitudinal extent of ELF/VLF waves has not been well‐understood, although the extent is important in quantitative evaluation of relativistic electron variations. In this study, we analyzed data from continuous ground‐based simultaneous observations of ELF/VLF waves over a 2‐month period in November and December of 2017, using six loop antennas located at roughly equal intervals around the north geomagnetic pole at ∼60° magnetic latitudes. We estimated the longitudinal extent of magnetospheric ELF/VLF waves based on their occurrence rate. Our results showed that the ELF/VLF wave occurrence rate differed by twofold to threefold, depending on the longitudes of the observation sites. We explain this difference in terms of longitudinal differences in the ionosphere's magnetic field intensity, possibly due to the electron loss that occurs during the bounce motion at longitudes of small magnetic field intensity. Based on our statistical analysis, we estimated the typical longitudinal extent of ELF/VLF waves as ∼76°. Time series analysis results showed that the large longitudinal extent of the ELF/VLF waves occurs frequently during the main phase of geomagnetic storms and is also associated with substorms represented by the auroral electrojet index.
Expanding Auroral Loops
Authors: Haerendel Gerhard 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA new scenario is presented for the energy supply to the auroral acceleration process. It applies to auroral arcs, which are propagating into regions of magnetic fields with shears with lower than those existing behind the arc. This pertains in particular to expanding U‐loops or other active protrusions. A Poynting flux, emerging out of the interior of the associated current system with strongly sheared field, flows into the auroral acceleration region or fracture zone. One half of the energy is consumed by the acceleration process. The other half flows (mainly upward) into the current sheet and is expended by shearing the newly incorporated field into the direction of the internal field. This is enabled by the magnetic connectivity being broken inside the region of parallel electric potential drops. The latter are formally attributed to the presence of an anomalous resistivity in the auroral current sheet. Simple relations describe the energy transport and consumption. An important quantity is the width of the arc. It follows from the balance of the energy transport inside and out of the acceleration region. Since the process involves first breaking of the field lines, to be followed by building up shear stresses, the name “constructive magnetic fractures” has been chosen for distinguishing it from “destructive fractures,” which applies to embedded arcs. Which of these two processes is acting can be easily recognized by the direction of motion of the auroral rays or folds, whether they are opposed to or in parallel with the convective flow behind the arc.
Proton Aurora on Mars: A Dayside Phenomenon Pervasive in Southern Summer
Authors: Hughes Andréa , Chaffin Michael , Mierkiewicz Edwin , Deighan Justin , Jain Sonal , Schneider Nicholas , Mayyasi Majd , Jakosky Bruce 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe present observations of proton aurora at Mars made using the Imaging UltraViolet Spectrograph (IUVS) onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. Martian proton aurora display a prominent intensity enhancement in the hydrogen Lyman‐alpha (121.6 nm) emission between ~110 and 150 km altitude. Using altitude‐intensity profiles from periapsis limb scan data spanning nearly two Martian years, we create a comprehensive database of proton aurora and characterize their phenomenology. Due to Mars' lack of a global dipole magnetic field, Martian proton aurora are expected to form on the dayside via electron stripping and charge exchange between solar wind protons and the neutral corona. We observe proton aurora in ~14% of dayside periapsis profiles (with notable seasonal variability), making proton aurora the most commonly observed type of aurora at Mars. We determine that the primary factors influencing proton aurora occurrence rates are solar zenith angle and season. The highest proton aurora occurrence rates are at low solar zenith angles on the Mars dayside, consistent with known formation processes. Proton aurora have highest emission enhancements, peak intensities, peak altitudes, and occurrence rates (nearing 100%) around southern summer solstice. This time period corresponds with the seasonal inflation of the neutral lower atmosphere, the onset of Martian dust storm season, seasonally increased coronal hydrogen column densities, and higher atmospheric temperature and solar wind flux following perihelion. The results of our study provide a new understanding of the primary factors influencing proton aurora, and the long‐term variability of these phenomena as observed over multiple Mars years.
Understanding the genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders: the potential role of genomic regulatory blocks
Authors: Barešić Anja , Nash Alexander Jolyon , Dahoun Tarik , Howes Oliver , Lenhard Boris 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRecent genome-wide association studies have identified numerous loci associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. The majority of these are in non-coding regions, and are commonly assigned to the nearest gene along the genome. However, this approach neglects the three-dimensional organisation of the genome, and the fact that the genome contains arrays of extremely conserved non-coding elements termed genomic regulatory blocks (GRBs), which can be utilized to detect genes under long-range developmental regulation. Here we review a GRB-based approach to assign loci in non-coding regions to potential target genes, and apply it to reanalyse the results of one of the largest schizophrenia GWAS (SWG PGC, 2014). We further apply this approach to GWAS data from two related neuropsychiatric disorders—autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder—to show that it is applicable to developmental disorders in general. We find that disease-associated SNPs are overrepresented in GRBs and that the GRB model is a powerful tool for linking these SNPs to their correct target genes under long-range regulation. Our analysis identifies novel genes not previously implicated in schizophrenia and corroborates a number of predicted targets from the original study. The results are available as an online resource in which the genomic context and the strength of enhancer–promoter associations can be browsed for each schizophrenia-associated SNP.
Association between the exposure to anti-angiogenic agents and tumour immune microenvironment in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours
Authors: Yoo Changhoon , Ryu Yeon-mi , Kim Sang-Yeob , Kim Jihun , Ock Chan Young , Ryu Min-Hee , Kang Yoon-Koo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundTumour immune microenvironment (TIME) of gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) is largely unknown.MethodsA total of 81 surgical specimens from 67 patients with advanced GISTs were categorised into treatment groups: tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-naive,n = 20; imatinib-progressed and no exposure to sunitinib or regorafenib (IM-PD),n = 30; and imatinib-progressed and sunitinib and/or regorafenib-treated (IM-PD/SU-treated),n = 31. Multiplexed immunofluorescence staining and RNA sequencing were performed to define TIME.ResultsPD-L1 expression rate (>1%) of DOG-1+tumour cells was 5.0, 6.7, and 29.0% in TKI-naive, IM-PD, and IM-PD/SU-treated group, respectively (p = 0.02). FoxP3 expression of CD3+T cells and CD204+CD68+monocytes per DOG-1+cells was significantly higher in IM-PD/SU-treated group compared to TKI-naive and IM-PD groups (p < 0.05). IM-PD/SU-treated group showed increased expression of PD-1 on CD3+T cells (p = 0.03 vs TKI-naive; p = 0.003 vs IM-PD) and DOG-1+tumour cells (p = 0.02 vs TKI-naive;p = 0.006 vs IM-PD), TIM-3 expression on CD3+T cells (p = 0.01 vs TKI-naive;p = 0.002 vs IM-PD), and LAG3 expression on CD3+T cells (p = 0.001 vs TKI-naive;p = 0.004 vs IM-PD). In the RNAseq analysis,TIGITexpression was significantly increased in IM-PD/SU-treated GISTs compared to IM-PD (p = 0.01).ConclusionImmunosuppressive phenotype was predominant in tumours treated with anti-angiogenic agents compared to TKI-naive and IM-treated tumours.
Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screening identified PHGDH as a critical driver for Sorafenib resistance in HCC
Authors: Wei Lai , Lee Derek , Law Cheuk-Ting , Zhang Misty Shuo , Shen Jialing , Chin Don Wai-Ching , Zhang Allen , Tsang Felice Ho-Ching , Wong Ceci Lok-Sze , Ng Irene Oi-Lin , Wong Carmen Chak-Lui , Wong Chun-Ming 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSorafenib is the standard treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the development of drug resistance is common. By using genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screening, we identify phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the first committed enzyme in the serine synthesis pathway (SSP), as a critical driver for Sorafenib resistance. Sorafenib treatment activates SSP by inducing PHGDH expression. With RNAi knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout models, we show that inactivation of PHGDH paralyzes the SSP and reduce the production of αKG, serine, and NADPH. Concomitantly, inactivation of PHGDH elevates ROS level and induces HCC apoptosis upon Sorafenib treatment. More strikingly, treatment of PHGDH inhibitor NCT-503 works synergistically with Sorafenib to abolish HCC growth in vivo. Similar findings are also obtained in other FDA-approved tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), including Regorafenib or Lenvatinib. In summary, our results demonstrate that targeting PHGDH is an effective approach to overcome TKI drug resistance in HCC.
Resonant catalysis of thermally activated chemical reactions with vibrational polaritons
Authors: Campos-Gonzalez-Angulo Jorge A. , Ribeiro Raphael F. , Yuen-Zhou Joel 
Published: October 2019

AbstractInteraction between light and matter results in new quantum states whose energetics can modify chemical kinetics. In the regime of ensemble vibrational strong coupling (VSC), a macroscopic number $$N$$
N
of molecular transitions couple to each resonant cavity mode, yielding two hybrid light–matter (polariton) modes and a reservoir of $$N-1$$
N
−
1
dark states whose chemical dynamics are essentially those of the bare molecules. This fact is seemingly in opposition to the recently reported modification of thermally activated ground electronic state reactions under VSC. Here we provide a VSC Marcus–Levich–Jortner electron transfer model that potentially addresses this paradox: although entropy favors the transit through dark-state channels, the chemical kinetics can be dictated by a few polaritonic channels with smaller activation energies. The effects of catalytic VSC are maximal at light–matter resonance, in agreement with experimental observations.
Embryonic mesothelial-derived hepatic lineage of quiescent and heterogenous scar-orchestrating cells defined but suppressed by WT1
Authors: Kendall Timothy James , Duff Catherine Mary , Boulter Luke , Wilson David H. , Freyer Elisabeth , Aitken Stuart , Forbes Stuart John , Iredale John Peter , Hastie Nicholas Dixon 
Published: October 2019

AbstractActivated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) orchestrate scarring during liver injury, with putative quiescent precursor mesodermal derivation. Here we use lineage-tracing from development, through adult homoeostasis, to fibrosis, to define morphologically and transcriptionally discreet subpopulations of aHSCs by expression ofWT1, a transcription factor controlling morphological transitions in organogenesis and adult homoeostasis. Two distinct populations of aHSCs expressWT1after injury, and both re-engage a transcriptional signature reflecting embryonic mesothelial origin of their discreet quiescent adult precursor.WT1-deletion enhances fibrogenesis after injury, through upregulated Wnt-signalling and modulation of genes central to matrix persistence in aHSCs, and augmentation of myofibroblastic transition. The mesothelial-derived lineage demonstrates punctuated phenotypic plasticity through bidirectional mesothelial-mesenchymal transitions. Our findings demonstrate functional heterogeneity of adult scar-orchestrating cells that can be whole-life traced back through specific quiescent adult precursors to differential origin in development, and defineWT1as a paradoxical regulator of aHSCs induced by injury but suppressing scarring.
SOS: symmetry-operational similarity
Authors: Cheong Sang-Wook 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSymmetry often governs condensed matter physics. The act of breaking symmetry spontaneously leads to phase transitions, and various observables or observable physical phenomena can be directly associated with broken symmetries. Examples include ferroelectric polarization, ferromagnetic magnetization, optical activities (including Faraday and magneto-optic Kerr rotations), second harmonic generation, photogalvanic effects, nonreciprocity, various Hall-effect-type transport properties, and multiferroicity. Herein, we propose that observable physical phenomena can occur when specimen constituents (i.e., lattice distortions or spin arrangements, in external fields or other environments) and measuring probes/quantities (i.e., propagating light, electrons, or other particles in various polarization states, including vortex beams of light and electrons, bulk polarization, or magnetization) share symmetry-operational similarity (SOS) in relation to broken symmetries. In addition, quasi-equilibrium electronic transport processes such as diode-type transport effects, linear or circular photogalvanic effects, Hall-effect-type transport properties ((planar) Hall, Ettingshausen, Nernst, thermal Hall, spin Hall, and spin Nernst effects) can be understood in terms of symmetry-operational systematics. The power of the SOS approach lies in providing simple and physically transparent views of otherwise unintuitive phenomena in complex materials. In turn, this approach can be leveraged to identify new materials that exhibit potentially desired properties as well as new phenomena in known materials.
Transcriptomic profiling of sesame during waterlogging and recovery
Authors: Dossa Komivi , You Jun , Wang Linhai , Zhang Yanxin , Li Donghua , Zhou Rong , Yu Jingyin , Wei Xin , Zhu Xiaodong , Jiang Shiyang , Gao Yuan , Mmadi Marie A. , Zhang Xiurong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSesame is naturally adapted to arid environments but highly susceptible to waterlogging stress. A few hours of waterlogging (lasting over 36 h) are detrimental to the crop growth, yield and survival. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying sesame responses to waterlogging and recovery, it is essential to design a high-resolution time-series experiment. In this study, we reported the RNA-seq profiling of two contrasting genotypes under waterlogging and recovery. The plants were grown in pots and subjected to waterlogging treatment at the flowering stage for 36 h and subsequently, 12 h drainage. Root samples were collected in triplicate at 22 time points under waterlogging/drainage treatments and at 10 time points in the control condition. This represents a total of 195 biological samples and the RNA-seq yielded over eight billion reads. Basic data analyses demonstrated a clear separation of transcriptomes from control, waterlogging and drainage treatments. Overall, the generated high-quality and comprehensive RNA-seq resources will undoubtedly advance our understanding of waterlogging/drainage responses in a non-model sensitive crop.
The capacity of wastewater treatment plants drives bacterial community structure and its assembly
Authors: Kim Young Kyung , Yoo Keunje , Kim Min Sung , Han Il , Lee Minjoo , Kang Bo Ram , Lee Tae Kwon , Park Joonhong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBacterial communities in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) affect plant functionality through their role in the removal of pollutants from wastewater. Bacterial communities vary extensively based on plant operating conditions and influent characteristics. The capacity of WWTPs can also affect the bacterial community via variations in the organic or nutrient composition of the influent. Despite the importance considering capacity, the characteristics that control bacterial community assembly are largely unknown. In this study, we discovered that bacterial communities in WWTPs in Korea and Vietnam, which differ remarkably in capacity, exhibit unique structures and interactions that are governed mainly by the capacity of WWTPs. Bacterial communities were analysed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and exhibited clear differences between the two regions, with these differences being most pronounced in activated sludge. We found that capacity contributed the most to bacterial interactions and community structure, whereas other factors had less impact. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that microorganisms from high-capacity WWTPs are more interrelated than those from low-capacity WWTPs, which corresponds to the tighter clustering of bacterial communities in Korea. These results will contribute to the understanding of bacterial community assembly in activated sludge processing.
Silicon-Carbon composite anodes from industrial battery grade silicon
Authors: Andersen Hanne Flåten , Foss Carl Erik Lie , Voje Jorunn , Tronstad Ragnar , Mokkelbost Tommy , Vullum Per Erik , Ulvestad Asbjørn , Kirkengen Martin , Mæhlen Jan Petter 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this work, silicon/carbon composites for anode electrodes of Li-ion batteries are prepared from Elkem’s Silgrain® line. Gentle ball milling is used to reduce particle size of Silgrain, and the resulting Si powder consists of micrometic Si with some impurities. Silicon/carbon composite with CMC/SBR as a dual binder can achieve more than 1200 cycles with a capacity of 1000 mAh g−1 of Si. This excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the use of a buffer as a solvent to control the pH of the electrode slurry, and hence the bonding properties of the binder to the silicon particles. In addition, the use of FEC as an electrolyte additive is greatly contributing to a stabilized cycling by creating a more robust SEI layer. This work clearly demonstrates the potential of industrial battery grade silicon from Elkem.
Hydroxyurea alters circulating monocyte subsets and dampens its inflammatory potential in sickle cell anemia patients
Authors: Guarda Caroline C. , Silveira-Mattos Paulo S. M. , Yahouédéhou Sètondji C. M. A. , Santiago Rayra P. , Aleluia Milena M. , Figueiredo Camylla V. B. , Fiuza Luciana M. , Carvalho Suellen P. , Oliveira Rodrigo M. , Nascimento Valma M. L. , Luz Nívea F. , Borges Valéria M. , Andrade Bruno B. , Gonçalves Marilda S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSickle cell anemia (SCA) is a hemolytic disease in which vaso-occlusion is an important pathophysiological mechanism. The treatment is based on hydroxyurea (HU), which decreases leukocyte counts and increases fetal hemoglobin synthesis. Different cell types are thought to contribute to vaso-occlusion. Nevertheless, the role of monocytes subsets remains unclear. We investigated frequencies of monocytes subsets in blood and their response to HU therapy, testing their ability to express pro-inflammatory molecules and tissue factor (TF). We identified major changes in monocyte subsets, with classical monocytes (CD14++CD16−) appearing highly frequent in who were not taking HU, whereas those with patrolling phenotype (CD14dimCD16+) were enriched in individuals undergoing therapy. Additionally, HU decreased the production of TNF-α, IL1-β, IL-6, IL-8 as well as TF by the LPS-activated monocytes. Likewise, frequency of TF-expressing monocytes is increased in patients with previous vaso-occlusion. Moreover, activated monocytes expressing TF produced several pro-inflammatory cytokines simultaneously. Such polyfunctional capacity was dramatically dampened by HU therapy. The frequency of classical monocytes subset was positively correlated with percentage cytokine producing cells upon LPS stimulation. These findings suggest that classical monocytes are the subset responsible for multiple pro-inflammatory cytokine production and possibly drive inflammation and vaso-occlusion in SCA which is damped by HU.
A spatial similarity of stereochemical environments formed by amino acid residues defines a common epitope of two non-homologous proteins
Authors: Nakashima Kentaro , Iwashita Shintaro , Suzuki Takehiro , Kato Chieko , Kohno Toshiyuki , Kamei Yasutomi , Sasaki Motoki , Urayama Osamu , Ohno-Iwashita Yoshiko , Dohmae Naoshi , Song Si-Young 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIt is critical for development of high-quality antibodies in research and diagnostics to predict accurately their cross-reactivities with “off-target” molecules, which potentially induce false results. Herein, we report a good example of such a cross-reactivity for an off-target due to a stereochemical environment of epitopes, which does not simply depend on amino acid sequences. We found that significant subpopulation of a polyclonal peptide antibody against Bcnt (Bucentaur) (anti-BCNT-C antibody) cross-reacted with a completely different protein, glutamine synthetase (GS), and identified four amino acids, GYFE, in its C-terminal region as the core amino acids for the cross-reaction. Consistent with this finding, the anti-BCNT-C antibody strongly recognized endogenously and exogenously expressed GS in tissues and cultured cells by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we elucidated that the cross-reaction is caused by a spatial similarity between the stereochemical environments formed by amino acid residues, including the GYFE of GS and the GYIE of Bcnt, rather than by their primary sequences. These results suggest it is critical to comprehensively analyze antibody interactions with target molecules including off-targets with special attention to the physicochemical environments of epitope-paratope interfaces to decrease the risk of false interpretations of results using antibodies in science and clinical applications.