bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrahigh Photoresponsive Device Based on ReS2/Graphene Heterostructure
Authors: Kang Byunggil , Kim Youngchan , Yoo Won Jong , Lee Changgu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHeterostructures that combine graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, such as MoS2, MoTe2, and WS2, have attracted attention due to their high performances in optoelectronic devices compared to homogeneous systems. Here, a photodevice based on a hybrid van der Waals heterostructure of rhenium disulfide (ReS2) and graphene is fabricated using the stacking method. The device presents a remarkable ultrahigh photoresponsivity of 7 × 105 A W−1 and a detectivity of 1.9 × 1013 Jones, along with a fast response time of less than 30 ms. Tremendous photocurrents are generated in the heterostructure due to the direct bandgap, high quantum efficiency, and strong light absorption by the multilayer ReS2 and the high carrier mobility of graphene. The ReS2/graphene heterostructured device displays a high photocurrent under the applied gate voltages due to the photogating effect induced by the junction between graphene and ReS2. The ReS2/graphene heterostructure may find promising applications in future optoelectronic devices, providing a high sensitivity, flexibility, and transparency.
Household water sharing: A review of water gifts, exchanges, and transfers across cultures
Authors: Wutich Amber , Budds Jessica , Jepson Wendy , Harris Leila M. , Adams Ellis , Brewis Alexandra , Cronk Lee , DeMyers Christine , Maes Kenneth , Marley Tennille , Miller Joshua , Pearson Amber , Rosinger Asher Y. , Schuster Roseanne C. , Stoler Justin , Staddon Chad , Wiessner Polly , Workman Cassandra , Young Sera 
Published: September 2018

Water sharing offers insight into the everyday and, at times, invisible ties that bind people and households with water and to one another. Water sharing can take many forms, including so‐called “pure gifts,” balanced exchanges, and negative reciprocity. In this study, we examine water sharing between households as a culturally embedded practice that may be both need‐based and symbolically meaningful. Drawing on a wide‐ranging review of diverse literatures, we describe how households practice water sharing cross‐culturally in the context of four livelihood strategies (hunter‐gatherer, pastoralist, agricultural, and urban). We then explore how cross‐cutting material conditions (risks and costs/benefits, infrastructure and technologies), socioeconomic processes (social and political power, water entitlements, ethnicity and gender, territorial sovereignty), and cultural norms (moral economies of water, water ontologies, and religious beliefs) shape water sharing practices. Finally, we identify five new directions for future research on water sharing: conceptualization of water sharing; exploitation and status accumulation through water sharing, biocultural approaches to the health risks and benefits of water sharing, cultural meanings and socioeconomic values of waters shared; and water sharing as a way to enact resistance and build alternative economies.This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Value of Water
Human Water > Rights to Water
Evaluation of three mainstream numerical weather prediction models with observations from meteorological mast IJmuiden at the North Sea
Authors: Kalverla Peter , Steeneveld Gert‐Jan , Ronda Reinder , Holtslag Albert AM 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNumerical weather prediction models play an important role in the field of wind energy, for example, in power forecasting, resource assessment, wind farm (wake) simulations, and load assessment. Continuous evaluation of their performance is crucial for successful operations and further understanding of meteorology for wind energy purposes. However, extensive offshore observations are rarely available. In this paper, we use unique met mast and Lidar observations up to 315 m from met mast “IJmuiden,” located in the North Sea 85 km off the Dutch coast, to evaluate the representation of wind and other relevant variables in three mainstream meteorological models: ECMWF‐IFS, HARMONIE‐AROME, and WRF‐ARW, for a wide range of weather conditions. Overall performance for hub‐height wind speed is found to be comparable between the models, with a systematic wind speed bias <0.5 m/s and random wind speed errors (centered RMSE) <2 m/s. However, the model performance differs considerably between cases, with better performance for strong wind regimes and well‐mixed wind and potential temperature profiles. Conditions characterized by moderate wind speeds combined with stable stratification, which typically produce substantial wind shear and power fluctuations, lead to the largest misrepresentations in all models.
Preoperative and postoperative medical therapies for chronic rhinosinusitis: National surveys among Chinese otolaryngologists
Authors: Huang Zhen‐Xiao , Li Yun‐Xia , Wu Yu‐Bin , Liu Hai‐Cheng , Zhou Bing 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate clinical practice patterns of preoperative and postoperative medical therapies immediately surrounding sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) by Chinese otolaryngologists.MethodsTwo anonymous web‐based surveys of preoperative and postoperative medical therapies were performed. These surveys assessed the frequency of prescription of oral corticosteroids, intranasal corticosteroid sprays, oral antibiotics, nasal saline irrigation, oral antihistamines, nasal antihistamines, anti‐leukotriene agents, topical decongestants and oral mucolytics.ResultsA total of 304 (17.5%) preoperative and 143 (23.5%) postoperative questionnaires were completed and returned. Seventy‐eight percent, 63% and 56% of respondents used preoperative intranasal corticosteroid sprays, oral antibiotics and oral mucolytics “always or often”, respectively. Ninety‐four percent, 93%, 72% and 69% of respondents used postoperative intranasal corticosteroid sprays, nasal saline irrigation, oral antibiotics and oral mucolytics “always or often”, respectively. Oral antihistamines, nasal antihistamines, anti‐leukotrienes and topical decongestants were not commonly used preoperatively or postoperatively.ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that current practice patterns of preoperative medical therapies among otolaryngologists are not uniformly based on evidence‐based outcomes research. Postoperative oral antibiotics, intranasal corticosteroid sprays, nasal saline irrigation and oral mucolytics are commonly used by a majority of Chinese otolaryngologist for CRS. Practice patterns of postoperative medical therapy reflect recent guidelines.
The Centrality of Connectedness: A Conceptual Synthesis of Attending, Belonging, Engaging and Flowing
Authors: Bowles Terence , Scull Janet 
Published: September 2018

Over the past decade, researchers have called for a reconceptualisation of school connectedness. A review of literature between 1990 and 2016 was completed to define school connectedness and identified four factors: attending, belonging, engaging, and flow. The review of the published literature from 1990 to 2016 that related to the four factors was undertaken to define each of these terms and their relevance to school connectedness.Subsequently, based on the four factors, a sequential, four-level model of school connectedness was proposed. The model suggests a progression from minimal connection to a deep level of acculturation and shared meaning relevant for adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age. It is argued that the four factors form the foundation for engagement and suggests the possibility of an experience of flow as a result of a student's connectedness with school. The literature on which the model is based draws together social, emotional, behavioural, and cognitive terms central to learning. The purpose of the review is to move beyond individual factors to propose an explanation for the sequence of graduated connection. Practically, the model provides a template for establishing the student's current experience of school to facilitate interventions to optimise connectedness with school.
Life transitions and leisure activity engagement among older Americans: findings from a national longitudinal study
Authors: Lee Yura , Chi Iris , Ailshire Jennifer A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOne of the major aspects of successful ageing is active engagement in later life. Retirement and widowhood are two significant life transitions that may largely influence leisure engagement patterns among older adults. Limited findings exist regarding the impact of life transitions on leisure activity engagement due to the scarcity of longitudinal data with repeated measurement of older individuals’ leisure engagement. This study longitudinally examined changes in leisure activity engagement as influenced by retirement and widowhood using five waves of national panel data from the Health and Retirement Study and its supplementary Consumption and Activities Mail Survey. Multi-level modelling was conducted with retirement and widowhood status as time-varying variables. Socio-economic status, depressive symptoms, cognitive function, self-rated health and functional limitations were also included as time-varying and time-invariant covariates. Findings show that engagement in mental, physical, social and household activities significantly decreased during an eight-year period. Moreover, transition from working to retired status was associated with increased engagement in mental, social and household activities but decreased engagement in physical activities among men only. Transition from married to widowhood status was associated with decreased engagement in household activities among women only. Encouraging active leisure engagement among individuals who experience either or both life transitions may help maintain their health after transition.
Psychological Resilience as a Predictor of Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms in Children With Single and Multiple Concussion
Authors: Laliberté Durish Christianne , Yeates Keith Owen , Brooks Brian L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the relationship of psychological resilience to persistent post-concussive symptoms (PCS) in children with a history of single or multiple concussions, as well as orthopedic injury (OI).Methods:Participants (N=75) were children, ages 8–18 years, who sustained a single concussion (n=24), multiple concussions (n=25), or an OI (n=26), recruited from a tertiary care children’s hospital. All participants sustained injuries at least 6 months before recruitment, with an average time since injury of 32.9 months. Self-reported psychological resilience was measured using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and both self- and parent-reported PCS were measured using the Post-Concussion Symptom Inventory. Hierarchical regression analyses examined psychological resilience as a predictor of PCS, both as a main effect and as a moderator of group differences.Results:Multiple concussions and low psychological resilience were both significant predictors of persistent PCS. Resilience was not a significant moderator of group differences in PCS.Conclusions:Sustaining multiple concussions may increase a child’s risk of persistent PCS; however, high psychological resilience may serve as a protective factor, regardless of the number or type of injuries sustained. These findings provide support for developing and testing interventions aimed at increasing psychological resilience as a potential means of improving outcomes for children suffering from persistent PCS after concussion. (JINS, 2018,24, 759–768)
Constituent analysis of iodine intake in Armenia
Authors: Hutchings Nicholas , Aghajanova Elena , Baghdasaryan Sisak , Qefoyan Mushegh , Sullivan Catherine , He Xuemei , van der Haar Frits , Braverman Lewis , Bilezikian John P 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to assess the universal salt iodization (USI) strategy in Armenia by characterizing dietary iodine intake from naturally occurring iodine, salt-derived iodine in processed foods and salt-derived iodine in household-prepared foods.DesignUsing a cross-sectional cluster survey model, we collected urine samples which were analysed for iodine and sodium concentrations (UIC and UNaC) and household salt samples which were analysed for iodine concentration (SI). SI and UNaC data were used as explanatory variables in multiple linear regression analyses with UIC as dependent variable, and the regression parameters were used to estimate the iodine intake sources attributable to native iodine and iodine from salt in processed foods and household salt.SettingArmenia is naturally iodine deficient; in 2004, the government mandated a USI strategy.SubjectsWe recruited school-age children (SAC), pregnant women (PW) and non-pregnant women of reproductive age (WRA).ResultsFrom thirteen sites covering all provinces, sufficient urine and table salt samples were obtained from 312 SAC, 311 PW and 332 WRA. Findings revealed significant differences between groups: contribution of native iodine ranged from 81% in PW to 46% in SAC, while household salt-derived iodine contributed from 19% in SAC to 1% in PW.ConclusionsDifferences between groups may reflect differences in diet. In all groups, household and processed food salt constituted a significant part of total iodine intake, highlighting the success and importance of USI in ensuring iodine sufficiency. There appears to be leeway to reduce salt intake without adversely affecting the iodine status of the population in Armenia.
The Relationship Between Microfracture Damage and the Physical Properties of Fault‐Related Rocks: The Gole Larghe Fault Zone, Italian Southern Alps
Authors: Rempe Marieke , Mitchell Thomas M. , Renner Jörg , Smith Steven A. F. , Bistacchi Andrea , Di Toro Giulio 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAlthough geological, seismological, and geophysical evidence indicates that fracture damage and physical properties of fault‐related rocks are intimately linked, their relationships remain poorly constrained. Here we correlate quantitative observations of microfracture damage within the exhumed Gole Larghe Fault Zone (Italian Southern Alps) with ultrasonic wave velocities and permeabilities measured on samples collected along a 1.5‐km‐long transect across the fault zone. Ultrasonic velocity and permeability correlate systematically with the measured microfracture intensity. In the center of the fault zone where microfractures were pervasively sealed, P wave velocities are the highest and permeability is relatively low. However, neither the crack porosity nor the permeability derived by modeling the velocity data using an effective‐medium approach correlates well with the microstructural and permeability measurements, respectively. The applied model does not account for sealing of microfractures but assumes that all variations in elastic properties are due to microfracturing. Yet we find that sealing of microfractures affects velocities significantly in the more extensively altered samples. Based on the derived relationships between microfracture damage, elastic and hydraulic properties, and mineralization history, we (i) assess to what extent wave velocities can serve as a proxy for damage structure and (ii) use results on the present‐day physical and microstructural properties to derive information about possible postseismic recovery processes. Our estimates of velocity changes associated with sealing of microfractures quantitatively agree with seismological observations of velocity recovery following earthquakes, which suggests that the recovery is at least in part due to the sealing of microfractures.
3‐D Crustal Shear‐Wave Velocity Structure of the Taiwan Strait and Fujian, SE China, Revealed by Ambient Noise Tomography
Authors: Zhang Yayun , Yao Huajian , Yang Hsin‐Ying , Cai Hui‐Teng , Fang Hongjian , Xu Jiajun , Jin Xing , Kuo‐Chen Hao , Liang Wen‐Tzong , Chen Kai‐Xun 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe Taiwan Strait, along with the southeastern continental margin of the Eurasian plate, Fujian in SE China, is not far from the convergent boundary between the Eurasian plate and the Philippine Sea plate. Although this region is considered tectonically relatively inactive, many small earthquakes still occur, and normal faults are well developed in the strait. To better understand the geological processes in this region, we use 2 years of ambient noise data from more than 100 stations in Fujian and Taiwan to obtain a 3‐D crustal shear‐wave velocity model using a direct surface‐wave inversion method. Our results show that the low‐velocity zone beneath the Zhenghe‐Dapu suture zone plays an important role in the tectonic evolution of the Fujian area. The relatively high velocity in the eastern part of the suture zone and low velocity in the west correspond to the Mesozoic magmatic zone and the Wuyi‐Yunkai orogenic belt in Fujian, respectively. The coastline of Fujian presents a high‐velocity anomaly in the upper crust, which is related to the Mesozoic Pingtan‐Dongshan metamorphic belt. The long strip‐like high‐velocity zone through the rift basins in the strait is interpreted as igneous rocks due to extension of the lithosphere in the Cenozoic. Two‐stage extension with different extensive centers in the strait may be the reason for the high‐ and low‐velocity anomalies in the middle to lower crust and uppermost mantle of the strait.
Investigating Earth's Formation History Through Copper and Sulfur Metal‐Silicate Partitioning During Core‐Mantle Differentiation
Authors: Mahan B. , Siebert J. , Blanchard I. , Badro J. , Kubik E. , Sossi P. , Moynier F. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIdentifying extant materials that act as compositional proxies for Earth is key to understanding its accretion. Copper and sulfur are both moderately volatile elements; however, they display different geochemical behavior (e.g., phase affinities). Thus, individually and together, these elements provide constraints on the source material and conditions of Earth's accretion, as well as on the timing and evolution of volatile delivery to Earth. Here we present laser‐heated diamond anvil cell experiments at pressures up to 81 GPa and temperatures up to 4,100 K aimed at characterizing Cu metal‐silicate partitioning at conditions relevant to core‐mantle differentiation in Earth. Partitioning results have been combined with literature results for S in Earth formation modeling to constrain accretion scenarios that can arrive at present‐day mantle Cu and S contents. These modeling results indicate that the distribution of Cu and S in Earth may be the result of accretion largely from material(s) with Cu contents at or above chondritic values and S contents that are strongly depleted, such as that in bulk CH chondrites, and that the majority of Earth's mass (~3/4) accreted incrementally via pebble and/or planetesimal accretion.
A Shear‐Limited Flocculation Model for Dynamically Predicting Average Floc Size
Authors: Kuprenas R. , Tran Duc , Strom Kyle 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe accuracy of sediment transport models depends on the selection of an appropriate sediment settling velocity. In general, settling velocity is primarily dependent on the size and density of the particles in the water column. Determining this value for mud suspensions can be difficult because the small cohesive particles can aggregate to form flocs whose sizes and density are a function of hydrodynamic and physiochemical conditions of the suspension. Here we present a new model for predicting floc size as a function of hydrodynamic conditions and inherited floc sizes. The new approach is a simple modification to the existing Winterwerp (1998, https://doi.org/10.1080/00221689809498621) floc size model. The modification is significant in that it yields predictions that are more inline with observations and theory regarding the upper limit on floc size. The modification we propose is to make the ratio of the applied stress on a floc, over the strength of the floc, a function of the floc size relative to the Kolmogorov microscale. The outcome of the modification is that flocs are not allowed to surpass the Kolmogorov microscale in size and that calibrated aggregation and breakup coefficients obtained at one suspended sediment concentration can be used to predict floc size under other concentrations without recalibration. In this paper, we present the motivation for the modification, the functionality of the modification, and we make a comparison of the updated model with laboratory and field data. Overall, the modification shows promise as a tool for improved prediction of cohesive mud transport.
Broadband RF Interferometric Mapping and Polarization (BIMAP) Observations of Lightning Discharges: Revealing New Physics Insights Into Breakdown Processes
Authors: Shao Xuan‐Min , Ho Cheng , Caffrey Michael , Graham Paul , Haynes Brian , Bowers Gregory , Blaine William , Dingus Brenda , Smith David , Rassoul Hamid 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBroadband radio frequency (RF) interferometry was first introduced in 1996 for lightning studies. The technique has since been improved significantly and has been increasingly widely used in the lightning community. In addition to the interferometry, we now introduce a broadband polarization capability that simultaneously measures the full polarization state of the corresponding RF sources. Polarization observation provides another level of understanding of the discharge processes. In this paper, we describe the new system and present example observations with such a system. Initial observations of impulsive lightning RF pulses, a K‐event leader, and the initiating process for an intracloud flash are presented. The impulsive pulses were often linearly polarized and are consistent with conventional breakdown processes, whereas some occasional pulses were elliptically polarized and are likely related to relativistic breakdown processes. The K‐event was detected polarized along a section of its channel, and the orientation of the polarization was mostly orthogonal to the channel, apparently due to the preceding charge deposition along the channel. The intracloud flash in this paper was initiated with downward fast positive streamers, and the corresponding signals were linearly polarized, consistent with conventional breakdown processes. The orientations of the polarization were nearly uniformly aligned with the propagation direction of the streamers, indicating a near uniform electric field in the region of the initiating streamers. Finally, an observation of a cosmic‐ray shower is presented.