bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of size-controlled atomically precise gold clusters
Authors: Zhang Jiangwei , Li Zhimin , Zheng Kai , Li Gao 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this article, synthetic strategies and characterization methodologies of atomically precise gold clusters have been summarized. The typical and effective synthetic strategies including a systematic “size-focusing” methodology has been developed for attaining atomically precise gold clusters with size control. Another universal synthetic methodology is ligand exchange-induced size/structure transformation (LEIST) based on from one stable size to another. These two methodologies have largely expanded the “universe” of atomically precise gold clusters. Elite of typical synthetic case studies of ligand protected gold clusters are presented. Important characterization techniques of these atomically precise gold clusters also are included. The identification and characterization of gold clusters have been achieved in terms of nuclearity (size), molecular formulation, and geometrical structures by the combination of these techniques. The determination of gold cluster structure based on single crystals is of paramount importance in understanding the relationship of structure–property. The criterion and selection of these typical gold clusters are all “strictly” atomically precise that all have been determined ubiquitously by single crystal diffraction. These related crystallographic data are retrieved from Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) up to 30th November 2017. Meanwhile, the cutting edge and other important characterization methodologies including electron diffraction (ED), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXFAS), and synchrotron sources are briefly reviewed. The new techniques hold the promise of pushing the limits of crystallization of gold clusters. This article is not just an exhaustive and up to date review, generally summarized synthetic strategies, but also a practical guide regarding gold cluster synthesis. We called it a “Cookbook” of ligand protected gold clusters, including synthetic recipes and characterization details.Graphical Abstract:
Fundamental principles of battery design
Authors: Zschornak Matthias , Meutzner Falk , Lück Jessica , Latz Arnulf , Leisegang Tilmann , Hanzig Juliane , Nentwich Melanie , Zosel Jens , Balbuena Perla B. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
With an increasing diversity of electrical energy sources, in particular with respect to the pool of renewable energies, and a growing complexity of electrical energy usage, the need for storage solutions to counterbalance the discrepancy of demand and offer is inevitable. In principle, a battery seems to be a simple device since it just requires three basic components – two electrodes and an electrolyte – in contact with each other. However, only the control of the interplay of these components as well as their dynamics, in particular the chemical reactions, can yield a high-performance system. Moreover, specific aspects such as production costs, weight, material composition and morphology, material criticality, and production conditions, among many others, need to be fulfilled at the same time. They present some of the countless challenges, which make battery design a long-lasting, effortful task. This chapter gives an introduction to the fundamental concepts of batteries. The principles are exemplified for the basic Daniell cell followed by a review of Nernst equation, electrified interface reactions, and ionic transport. The focus is addressed to crystalline materials. A comprehensive discussion of crystal chemical and crystal physical peculiarities reflects favourable and unfavourable local structural aspects from a crystallographic view as well as considerations with respect to electronic structure and bonding. A brief classification of battery types concludes the chapter.
Shape-controlled metal nanoparticles for electrocatalytic applications
Authors: García-Cruz Leticia , Montiel Vicente , Solla-Gullón José 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The application of shape-controlled metal nanoparticles is profoundly impacting the field of electrocatalysis. On the one hand, their use has remarkably enhanced the electrocatalytic activity of many different reactions of interest. On the other hand, their usage is deeply contributing to a correct understanding of the correlations between shape/surface structure and electrochemical reactivity at the nanoscale. However, from the point of view of an electrochemist, there are a number of questions that must be fully satisfied before the evaluation of the shaped metal nanoparticles as electrocatalysts including (i) surface cleaning, (ii) surface structure characterization, and (iii) correlations between particle shape and surface structure. In this chapter, we will cover all these aspects. Initially, we will collect and discuss about the different practical protocols and procedures for obtaining clean shaped metal nanoparticles. This is an indispensable requirement for the establishment of correct correlations between shape/surface structure and electrochemical reactivity. Next, we will also report how some easy-to-do electrochemical experiments including their subsequent analyses can enormously contribute to a detailed characterization of the surface structure of the shaped metal nanoparticles. At this point, we will remark that the key point determining the resulting electrocatalytic activity is the surface structure of the nanoparticles (obviously, the atomic composition is also extremely relevant) but not the particle shape. Finally, we will summarize some of the most significant advances/results on the use of these shaped metal nanoparticles in electrocatalysis covering a wide range of electrocatalytic reactions including fuel cell-related reactions (electrooxidation of formic acid, methanol and ethanol and oxygen reduction) and also CO2 electroreduction.

Graphical Abstract:
Zinc-Selenium reagents in organic synthesis
Authors: Santi Claudio , Capoccia Lucia , Monti Bonifacio 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOrganoselenolates, due to the high polarizability of the chalcogen atoms, are generally weak bases and soft nucleophiles used to introduce in stereoselective and mild way a selenium functionality through substitution or addition reactions. Among several methods reported for their preparation, recently the reduction of Se-Se or Se-Halogen bond mediated by elemental zinc becomes particularly attractive for the simplicity and the efficiency of the protocols. An overview on the most recent developments in the field is here reported.
Selenium and Tellurium Electrophiles in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Singh Fateh V. , Wirth Thomas 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter highlights the utility of electrophilic achiral and chiral organoselenium reagents in organic synthesis. A range of reactions from alkene functionalizations, the functionalization of aliphatic and aromatic C–H bonds using stoichiometric and catalytic approaches as well as rearrangement reactions are described. In addition, the utility of organotellurium reagents in organic synthesis is covered in this chapter.
Nanostructured anode materials
Authors: Subrahmanyam Goriparti , Ermanno Miele , Zaccaria Remo Proietti , Claudio Capiglia 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Throughout the lithium ion battery (LIB) history, since they were mass produced by Sony in 1991, graphite-based materials have been the anode material of choice. There have been enormous efforts to search for ways of tapping higher energy with alternative anode materials to work in LIBs. Yet, those materials have always been subjected to detrimental mechanisms that hinder their applications in LIBs. Will nanotechnology and nanostructured anode materials change the energy storage technologies markedly in the future?
Photocatalysis with nucleic acids and peptides
Authors: Kuhlmann Arthur , Hermann Sergej , Weinberger Michael , Penner Alexander , Wagenknecht Hans-Achim 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In chemical photocatalysis, the photophysical process is coupled to a subsequent chemical reaction. The absorbed light energy contributes to the overall energy balance of the reaction and thereby increases its sustainability. Additionally, oligonucleotides and oligopeptides offer the possibility to control regio- and stereoselectivity as catalysts of organic reactions by providing potential substrate binding sites. We follow this path and want to explore how important substrate binding sites are for photocatalysis. The general concepts of photochemistry and biooligomer catalysis are combined for photochemically active DNAzymes for [2 + 2]-cycloadditions and proline-rich short peptides for nucleophilic additions to styrenes.
Electrodes: definitions and systematisation – a crystallographers view
Authors: Meutzner Falk , Zschornak Matthias , Nentwich Melanie , Monti Damien , Leisegang Tilmann 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Electrodes are, in combination with electrolytes and the active, reacting materials the function-giving materials in electrochemical energy storage devices. They are responsible for the transfer of electrons and provide the surface at which the electrochemical reactions take place. Those electrochemical reactions span the potential difference which drives the battery. We present a crystallographically inspired systematisation of all electrodes found in electrochemical storages that comprise inert and reactive electrodes, subdivided in active and passive electrodes, and solvation, mixed crystal, and phase transition electrodes, respectively. After the description of all electrode types we present a concise summary of battery chemistries and the applied electrode types.
Positive electrodes based on Ion-implanted SrTiO3
Authors: Stöber Max , Cherkouk Charaf 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAn O2-electrode was fabricated using a metal ion implanted SrTiO3single crystal. The time resolved oxygen exchange rate of ion implanted strontium titanate (SrTiO3) single crystals was studied by means of oxygen solid electrolyte coulometry (OSEC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed in order to determine structural changes after ion implantation. Moreover, theoretical modelling based on defect chemistry under equilibrium conditions was applied for determining of effective rate constants. OSEC measurements turn out to be a damage and calibration free method, which was used for the first time in order to characterize kinetic parameters of oxygen exchange on single crystalline surfaces.
Online chemical adsorption studies of Hg, Tl, and Pb on SiO2 and Au surfaces in preparation for chemical investigations on Cn, Nh, and Fl at TASCA
Authors: Lens Lotte , Yakushev Alexander , Düllmann Christoph Emanuel , Asai Masato , Ballof Jochen , Block Michael , David Helena May , Despotopulos John , Di Nitto Antonio , Eberhardt Klaus , Even Julia , Götz Michael , Götz Stefan , Haba Hiromitsu , Harkness-Brennan Laura , Heßberger Fritz Peter , Herzberg Rodi D. , Hoffmann Jan , Hübner Annett , Jäger Egon , Judson Daniel , Khuyagbaatar Jadambaa , Kindler Birgit , Komori Yukiko , Konki Joonas , Kratz Jens Volker , Krier Jörg , Kurz Nikolaus , Laatiaoui Mustapha , Lahiri Susanta , Lommel Bettina , Maiti Moumita , Mistry Andrew K. , Mokry Christoph , Moody Ken , Nagame Yuichiro , Omtvedt Jon Petter , Papadakis Philippos , Pershina Valeria , Runke Jörg , Schädel Matthias , Scharrer Paul , Sato Tetsuya , Shaughnessy Dawn , Schausten Brigitta , Thörle-Pospiech Petra , Trautmann Norbert , Tsukada Kazuaki , Uusitalo Juha , Ward Andrew , Wegrzecki Maciej , Wiehl Norbert , Yakusheva Vera 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Online gas-solid adsorption studies with single-atom quantities of Hg, Tl, and Pb, the lighter homologs of the superheavy elements (SHE) copernicium (Cn, Z=112), nihonium (Nh, Z=113), and flerovium (Fl, Z=114), were carried out using short-lived radioisotopes. The interaction with Au and SiO2 surfaces was studied and the overall chemical yield was determined. Suitable radioisotopes were produced in fusion-evaporation reactions, isolated in the gas-filled recoil separator TASCA, and flushed rapidly to an adjacent setup of two gas chromatography detector arrays covered with SiO2 (first array) and Au (second array). While Tl and Pb adsorbed on the SiO2 surface, Hg interacts only weakly and reached the Au-covered array. Our results contribute to elucidating the influence of relativistic effects on chemical properties of the heaviest elements by providing experimental data on these lighter homologs.
Emerging public health threat of e-waste management: global and Indian perspective
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj , M Vijayageetha , Sakthivel Manikandanesan , Sarveswaran Gokul 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background
Electrical and electronic waste or e-waste is emerging as a major public health threat worldwide because of rapid advances in technology leading to the generation of large amount of wastes and a lack of knowledge in handling of these wastes.

Objective
The current review discusses the current e-waste problem worldwide, as a public health concern, with a specific focus on India and recommendations to have effective e-waste management.

Methods
This is a traditional review study. The burden of e-waste, regulations and its impact on health and the environment at the global and country level were identified using various search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and ScienceDirect. Books, case studies, legislation documents, reports, original articles and other documents from international organizations and specific governmental agency websites were retrieved. In total, 33 original articles, reports, case studies and documents were used for this review.

Results
In 2016, 44.7 million tonnes of e-waste was generated with 2 million tonnes produced in India alone. Out of this, only 20% of the e-waste generated globally was handled properly. The situation is worse in India where more than 90% of the e-waste was handled by informal sector workers. An important problem with the process is that they do not take necessary precautionary measures before handling e-waste. Components which are not suitable for reuse are burnt openly or disposed of through open dumping. Most of the informal sector workers are illiterate making them unaware of the hazardous chemicals that can be released later into the water sources and the environment.

Conclusion
The current review shows that the e-waste poses a serious global public health threat leading to significant environmental and health risks. Most of the developing countries including India were found to be lagging behind in the implementation of environmentally sound formal recycling processes. Hence, a better life cycle assessment model which have been successfully implemented in other developing countries should be introduced in India.
An approximation result and Monte Carlo simulation of the adapted solution of the one-dimensional backward stochastic differential equation
Authors: Sghir A. , Seghir D. , Hadiri S. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In this paper, we give an approximation result for the
adapted solution of the one-dimensional backward stochastic
differential equation driven by a one-dimensional Brownian motion
(BSDE for short). To prove our main result, we linearize the
generator of the BSDE around a deterministic nominal reference
trajectory by using a Taylor series expansion. We then find an
approximate linear model of the BSDE. A test of our method is given
with a numerical scheme driven by the Monte Carlo simulation. We
believe that our result is new and valid for the multidimensional
case.
Fibromyalgia patients and healthy volunteers express difficulties and variability in rating experimental pain: a qualitative study
Authors: Stussman Barbara J. , Nahin Richard L. , Čeko Marta 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background and aims
Despite the enormous body of literature spanning more than 50 years describing results of pain experiments, very few have used qualitative methods to explore subjects’ thoughts while scoring experimental painful stimuli, and none in the available literature have used qualitative interviews to do so. The current study examined how participants in experimental pain research delineate pain ratings to better understand the unique influences of the experimental setting on pain scores. An additional aim was to highlight how individuals with fibromyalgia and healthy volunteers are differently influenced by characteristics of the experimental setting.

Methods
This was an inductive, qualitative study in which individual, semi-structured interviews were performed with 31 fibromyalgia patients and 44 healthy volunteers. Participants had taken part in a pain experiment during which a thermode was used to induce painful heat stimuli on two skin areas. There were two primary interview questions analyzed for this report: (1) “Thinking back to when you were getting the heat pain on your leg, what were you thinking about when deciding on your pain score?” and (2) Participants who said that it was difficult to decide on a pain score were asked to, “Describe what made it difficult to choose a number.” Thematic analysis was used to generate conceptual categories from textual data and find common themes.

Results
Three notable differences were found between fibromyalgia patients and healthy volunteers: (1) using current daily pain as a benchmark was seen more in patients, (2) wanting to appear strong in front of the study investigators was more common in healthy volunteers, and (3) becoming mentally fatigued from rating many stimuli was more common for fibromyalgia patients. Thoughts while scoring pain included: (1) comparing with previous or current pain, (2) self-monitoring of one’s ability to endure the pain, (3) focusing on the physical aspects of the pain, (4) knowing the experimental setting is safe, (5) focusing on the pain scale as an anchor, and (6) desire to appear strong. Additionally, five difficulties in scoring experimental pain were identified: (1) falling asleep, (2) mentally fatigued, (3) feeling as though they were guessing, (4) having to make a quick decision, and (5) difficulty in being consistent.

Conclusions
This study provides insights into the thoughts of participants in experimental pain research studies. Participants were distracted and influenced by the experimental setting and some factors differed for fibromyalgia patients versus healthy volunteers.

Implications
Understanding the ways in which the experimental setting influences pain ratings may help pain researchers better design and interpret studies. Researchers can use these findings to mitigate difficulties for participants in experimental research to add to its validity.
Prevalence, localization, perception and management of pain in dance: an overview
Authors: Lampe Jasmin , Borgetto Bernhard , Groneberg David A. , Wanke Eileen M. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Background and aims
Pain is a highly complex bio-psychosocial phenomenon that may present a (potential) health risk and either occurs as a warning sign or a symptom of injury. It cannot be ruled out that these rising or changing requirements in dance of all styles, are reflected in health-related outcomes such as pain. The aim of this narrative review article is to outline an overview of prevalence and localization, concepts of performance pain and injury pain, pain perception and pain management in dance. At that consequences of pain and influencing factors focusing on different dance styles or forms of professionalism are discussed.

Methods
The databases CINAHL, Cochrane, Google Scholar, Medline, MeSH and Web of Science were screened for relevant articles.

Results
Pain prevalence in dance is very high. Pain localizations can be related to high dance-specific mechanical stress on the musculoskeletal system. Depending on the pain characteristics, dancers perceive pain as “positive” (performance pain) or “negative” (injury pain). Concerning pain attitudes and management, dancers show an increasing pain tolerance. Pain seems to be accepted as a necessity, often ignored and dancing is continued despite pain.

Conclusions
The findings of this article suggest that occurrence of pain, pain perception, coping with pain and pain history appear to be connected to dance-specific mechanical stress as well as to socialization in dance culture. In dance, effects of pain on health seem to be associated with characteristics of pain and pain behavior.

Implications
The results highlight the high relevance of pain in dance and the need to take into account preventive as well as rehabilitative measures.
A regime switching skew-normal model of contagion
Authors: Chan Joshua C.C. , Fry-McKibbin Renée A. , Hsiao Cody Yu-Ling 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
A flexible multivariate model of a time-varying joint distribution of asset returns is developed which allows for regime switching and a joint skew-normal distribution. A suite of tests for linear and nonlinear financial market contagion is developed within the framework. The model is illustrated through an application to contagion between US and European equity markets during the Global Financial Crisis. The results show that correlation contagion dominates coskewness contagion, but that coskewness contagion is significant for Greece. A flight to safety to the US is also evident in the significance of breaks in the skewness parameter in the crisis regime. Comparison to the Asian crisis shows that similar patterns emerge, with a flight to safety to Japan, and Malaysia affected by coskewnes contagion with Hong Kong.
Verb-framed spatial deixis in Mesoamerican languages and the increasing complexity of source constructions via Spanishde
Authors: Robbers Maja , Hober Nicole 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper aims to investigate the non-overt marking of spatial relations in the Mesoamerican area with regard to the relationship between spatial interrogatives and spatial declaratives. It is argued that languages which indiscriminately employ the same word form as spatial deictic interrogative for all three basic spatial relations,place, goalandsource, do not employ grammaticalized markers for allative and/or ablative functions. Instead they rely on motion verb constructions the semantics of which determine the spatial reference as well as the direction of motion. These systems, however, change via the intrusion of the Spanish prepositionde.
Inflectional class shifts in the Mazatec diasystem: Innovation, contact and metatypes
Authors: Léonard Jean Léo , Fulcrand Julien 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper aims at broadening the interdisciplinary field of linguistic typology and dialectology, through diasystemic ecology, from the standpoint of inflectional morphology. Mazatec inflectional classes and intricate patterns of paradigm diversification are scrutinized through a survey of dialect taxonomies and an overall model describing main parameters, such as subconflation, inflectional class shifts and metatypes. This approach provides as efficient a grid to observe dialect divergence and convergence as traditional isoglosses, especially considering the high degree of regularity and systematicity of inflectional class processes in the Mazatec dialect network.