bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in mouse models of fear inhibition: Fear extinction, safety learning, and fear–safety discrimination
Authors: Clark Jacob W. , Drummond Sean P.A. , Hoyer Daniel , Jacobson Laura H. 
Published: February 2019

Background and PurposeWomen are overrepresented in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a mental disorder characterised by ineffective inhibition of fear. The use of male animals dominates preclinical studies, which may contribute to a lack of understanding as to why this disparity exists. Thus, the current study explores sex differences in three mouse models of fear inhibition.Experimental ApproachAll experiments tested male and female C57Bl/6J mice. Experiment 1 employed two fear conditioning protocols, in which tones were paired with footshocks of differing intensity (moderate or intense). Fear recall and extinction were tested subsequently. In Experiment 2, safety learning was investigated. Tones were explicitly unpaired with footshocks during safety conditioning. Recall of safety learning was tested 24 hr later. Experiment 3 assessed a model of fear–safety discrimination. Cued stimuli were paired or never paired with footshocks during fear and safety conditioning, respectively. Discrimination between stimuli was assessed 24 hr later.Key ResultsIn fear extinction, males, compared to females, responded with greater fear in sessions most proximal to conditioning but subsequently showed a more rapid fear extinction over time. Sex differences were not observed during safety learning. During fear–safety discrimination, both males and females discriminated between stimuli; however, males revealed a greater level of freezing to stimuli.Conclusion and ImplicationsThe current study provides evidence that sex differences influence fear but not safety‐based behaviour in C57Bl/6J mice. These findings indicate that processing of fear, but not safety, may play a greater role in sex differences observed for PTSD.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc
Live‐cell imaging of octaarginine‐modified polymer dots via single particle tracking
Authors: Luo Yao , Han Yuping , Hu Xingjie , Yin Min , Wu Changfeng , Li Qian , Chen Nan , Zhao Yun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectivesNanocarriers can greatly enhance the cellular uptake of therapeutic agents to regulate cell proliferation and metabolism. Nevertheless, further application of nanocarriers is often limited by insufficient understanding of the mechanisms of their uptake and intracellular behaviour.Materials and methodsFluorescent polymer dots (Pdots) are coated with synthetic octaarginine peptides (R8) and are analysed for cellular uptake and intracellular transportation in HeLa cervical cancer cells via single particle tracking.ResultsSurface modification with the R8 peptide efficiently improves both cellular uptake and endosomal escape of Pdots. With single particle tracking, we capture the dynamic process of internalization and intracellular trafficking of R8‐Pdots, providing new insights into the mechanism of R8 in facilitating nanostructure‐based cellular delivery. Furthermore, our results reveal R8‐Pdots as a novel type of autophagy inducer.ConclusionsThis study provides new insights into R8‐mediated cellular uptake and endosomal escape of nanocarriers. It potentiates biological applications of Pdots in targeted cell imaging, drug delivery and gene regulation.
Oral melatonin for non‐respiratory sleep disturbance in children with neurodisabilities: systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: Parker Adwoa , Beresford Bryony , Dawson Vicki , Elphick Heather , Fairhurst Caroline , Hewitt Catherine , Scantlebury Arabella , Spiers Gemma , Thomas Megan , Wright Kath , Mcdaid Catriona 
Published: February 2019

AimTo evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for managing non‐respiratory sleep disturbances in children with neurodisabilities.MethodWe performed a systematic review and meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We searched 16 databases, grey literature, and reference lists of included papers up to February 2017. Data were extracted and assessed for quality by two researchers (B.B., C.M., G.S., A.S., A.P.).ResultsThirteen trials were included, all evaluating oral melatonin. All except one were at high or unclear risk of bias. There was a statistically significant increase in diary‐reported total sleep time for melatonin compared with placebo (pooled mean difference 29.6min, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.9–52.4, p=0.01). Statistical heterogeneity was high (97%). For the single RCT with low risk of bias, the unadjusted mean difference in total sleep time was 13.2 minutes (95% CI −13.3 to 39.7) favouring melatonin, while the mean difference adjusted for baseline total sleep time was statistically significant (22.4min, 95% CI 0.5–44.3, p=0.04). Adverse event profile suggested that melatonin was well‐tolerated.InterpretationThere is a paucity of evidence on managing sleep disturbances in children with neurodisabilities, and it is mostly of limited scope and poor quality. There is evidence of the benefit and safety of melatonin compared with placebo, although the extent of this benefit is unclear.What this paper adds

Melatonin for the management of non‐respiratory sleep disturbances in children with neurodisabilities was well tolerated with minimal adverse effects.

The extent of benefit and which children might benefit most from melatonin use is uncertain.

Benefit may be greatest in those with autism spectrum disorder; however, this finding should be interpreted with caution.
Mental health disorders, participation, and bullying in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Whitney Daniel G , Peterson Mark D , Warschausky Seth A 
Published: February 2019

AimTo examine how social factors might mitigate the elevated risk of mental health disorders in children with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodThis cross‐sectional study included 6‐ to 17‐year‐olds with (n=111; 40.4% 6–11y, 59.6% 12–17y) and without (n=29 909; 50.2% 6–11y, 49.8% 12–17y) CP from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health. Mental health disorders included depression, anxiety, behavior/conduct problems, and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Social factors included participation in activities, bully victimization, and difficulty with friendships.ResultsAfter adjusting for sociodemographic factors and the presence of chronic pain, children with CP had higher odds of anxiety (odds ratio [OR] 4.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9–8.5), behavior/conduct problems (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.4–11.3), and multimorbidity (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.1–7.0), but not depression (OR 1.4; 95% CI 0.6–3.8) or attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (OR 1.7; 95% CI 0.6–4.6), compared to controls. With adjustment for participation in activities, the odds of anxiety, behavior/conduct problems, and multimorbidity remained increased in children with CP. With adjustment for difficulty with friendships, the odds of anxiety, behavior/conduct problems, and multimorbidity were no longer increased in children with CP. With adjustment for bully victimization, the odds of behavior/conduct problems and multimorbidity were attenuated in children with CP; however, the odds of anxiety remained increased.InterpretationThe elevated prevalence of certain mental health disorders in children with CP is partly associated with modifiable social factors.What this paper adds

Difficulty with friendships predicts an elevated prevalence of psychiatric conditions in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Bully victimization predicts an elevated prevalence of behavior/conduct problems in children with CP.

Low participation does not predict mental health disorders in this population.
Utility of point‐of‐care vs reference laboratory testing for the evaluation of glucose levels
Authors: Andriankaja O. M. , Muñoz‐Torres F. J. , Vergara J. L. , Pérez C. M. , Joshipura K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimsTo assess the level of agreement between point‐of‐care and laboratory reference glucose values in defining glycaemic status.MethodsWe analysed 1292 overweight/obese, non‐institutionalized participants, aged 40–65 years, in the San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study. Fasting venous blood glucose was determined using a point‐of‐care Bayer Contour Blood Glucose Meter and by Vitros System 250 instrument (laboratory). American Diabetes Association thresholds were used to classify participants into normoglycaemia (< 5.6 mmol/l), prediabetes (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/l), or diabetes groups (≥ 7 mmol/l).ResultsBland–Altman plot analysis showed a slope of 0.04 (P=0.002) for the regression between the mean difference and the average of the two methods. The slopes were significantly different from zero among people with normoglycaemia (β=–0.57, P<0.001), and prediabetes (β=–0.75, P<0.001) but not among people with diabetes (β=–0.02, P=0.68). When the prediabetes and diabetes groups were merged into one group, the slope was 0.01, and the glucose values remained similar using the two methods (P=0.76).ConclusionPoint‐of‐care blood glucose measurement may be useful to screen people with diabetes, and to assess glucose among individuals with diabetes where blood can be drawn, but laboratory tests are unavailable or untimely.
A modelling study of the budget impact of improved glycaemic control in adults with Type 1 diabetes in the UK
Authors: Choudhary P. , de Portu S. , Delbaere A. , Lyon J. , Pickup J. C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimsTo develop a novel interactive budget impact model that assesses affordability of diabetes treatments in specific populations, and to test the model in a hypothetical scenario by estimating cost savings resulting from reduction in HbA1c from ≥69 mmol/mol (8.5%) to a target of 53 mmol/mol (7.0%) in adults with Type 1 diabetes in the UK.MethodsA dynamic, interactive model was created using the projected incidence and progression over a 5‐year horizon of diabetes‐related complications (micro‐ and macrovascular disease, severe hypoglycaemia and diabetic ketoacidosis) for different HbA1c levels, with flexible input of population size, complications and therapy costs, HbA1c distribution and other variables. The model took a National Health Service and societal perspective.ResultsThe model was developed, and in the proposed hypothetical situation, reductions in complications and expected costs evaluated. Achievement of target HbA1c in individuals with HbA1c ≥69 mmol/mol (8.5%) would reduce expected chronic complications from 6.8 to 1.2 events per 100 person‐years, and diabetic ketoacidosis from 14.5 to 1.0 events per 100 person‐years. Potential cumulative direct cost savings achievable in the modelled population were estimated at £687 m over 5 years (£5,585/person), with total (direct and indirect) savings of £1,034 m (£8,400/person).ConclusionsImplementation of strategies aimed at achieving target glucose levels in people with Type 1 diabetes in the UK has the potential to drive a significant reduction in complication costs. This estimate may provide insights into the potential for investment in achieving savings through improved diabetes care in the UK.
Causal association between body mass index and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Bae Sang‐Cheol , Lee Young Ho 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to examine whether body mass index (BMI) is causally associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodA two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using the inverse‐variance weighted (IVW), weighted median and MR‐Egger regression methods was performed. We used the publicly available summary statistics data sets of genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) meta‐analyses for BMI in individuals of European descent (n = 322 154; GIANT consortium) as the exposure and a GWAS for noncancer illness code self‐reported: RA from the individuals included in the UK Biobank (total n = 337 159; case = 7480, control = 329 679) as the outcome.ResultsWe selected 68 single nucleotide polymorphisms at genome‐wide significance from GWASs on BMI as the instrumental variables. The IVW method showed evidence to support a causal association between BMI and RA (beta = 0.003, SE = 0.001, P = 0.033). MR‐Egger regression revealed that directional pleiotropy was unlikely to be biasing the result (intercept = −3.54E‐05; P = 0.736), but it showed no causal association between BMI and RA (beta = 0.004, SE = 0.004, P = 0.302). However, the weighted median approach yielded evidence of a causal association between BMI and RA (beta = 0.006, SE = 0.002, P = 0.004). Cochran's Q test and the funnel plot indicated no evidence of heterogeneity and asymmetry, indicating no directional pleiotropy.ConclusionThe results of MR analysis support that BMI may be causally associated with an increased risk of RA.
Psychosocial factors and self‐reported transitions in oral and general health
Authors: Brennan David S. , Mittinty Manasi M. , Jamieson Lisa 
Published: February 2019

Psychosocial factors may explain variance in health beyond conventional indicators, such as behaviours. This study aimed to examine changes in health associated with perceived stress, social support, and self‐efficacy, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviour. A random sample of 45‐ to 54‐yr‐old subjects was surveyed in 2004–2005, with a follow‐up 2 yr later. The outcomes were self‐reported changes in oral and general health. Explanatory variables included stress, social support, and perceived health competence with covariates of income, gender, dentition status, toothbrushing, and smoking. Responses were collected from 986 persons (response = 44.4%). At the 2‐yr follow‐up, 25.6% reported worsening in oral health and 15.3% reported worsening in general health. Prevalence ratios (PR) from adjusted log‐binomial regression showed an association between worsening oral health and higher perceived health competence (PR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57–0.99), and worsening general health was associated with perceived health competence (PR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72–0.94) and stress (PR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.03–1.32). Worsening oral and general health were seen for male subjects (PR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.06–1.68 and PR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.01–1.29) and low income (PR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.04–1.89 and PR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03–1.40). Health‐related self‐efficacy representing psychosocial resilience was associated with oral and general health, while stress was associated with general health. Psychosocial factors were independent predictors of change in health after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and health behaviours.
Deconstructing an infamous extinction crisis: Survival of Partula species on Moorea and Tahiti
Authors: Haponski Amanda E. , Lee Taehwan , Ó Foighil Diarmaid 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEleven of eighteen Society Island Partula species endemic to the Windward Island subgroup (Moorea and Tahiti) have been extirpated by an ill‐advised biological control program. The conservation status of this critically endangered tree snail radiation is of considerable import, but is clouded by taxonomic uncertainty due to the extensive lack of congruence among species designations, diagnostic morphologies, and molecular markers. Using a combination of museum, captive, and remnant wild snails, we obtained the first high‐resolution nuclear genomic perspective of the evolutionary relationships and survival of fourteen Windward Island Partula species, totaling 93 specimens. We analyzed ~1,607–28,194 nuclear genomic loci collected with the double digest restriction‐site associated sequencing method. Results from phylogenomic trees, species estimation, and population assignment tests yielded monophyly of the Windward Island subgroup. Within this group, two well‐supported clades encompassing five species complexes were recovered. Clade 1 was restricted to Tahiti and contained two species complexes: “P. affinis” (three species) and “P. otaheitana” (five species). Clade 2 occurred on Moorea and on Tahiti and consisted of three species complexes: one Tahitian, “P. clara/P. hyalina”; the other two, “P. taeniata” (three species) and “P. suturalis” (six species), Moorean. Our genomic results largely corroborated previous mitochondrial DNA survival estimates for Moorea and Tahiti, with all five species complexes having members surviving in captivity and/or as remnant wild populations, although the details vary in each case. Continued, proactive conservation and management may yet ensure a phylogenetically representative survival of the fabled Partula species of Moorea and Tahiti.
Right to left patent ductus arteriosus, acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in a foal
Authors: Saadi A. , Dalir‐Naghadeh B. , Hashemi‐Asl S. M. , Tehrani A. A. , Hobbenaghi R. , Mahmoudi S. S. , Shalizar‐Jalali A. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryPatent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a rare congenital cardiac defect in foals causing left to right shunting from the aorta to pulmonary artery. In extremely rare conditions, complications with pulmonary hypertension can result in right to left shunting (Eisenmenger's physiology); however, reversed or right to left shunting has not yet been precisely described inPDA‐affected equids. This report describes a unique and unusual case of right to leftPDAassociated with acute respiratory distress syndrome in a 20‐day‐old male foal. A holosystolic murmur over the tricuspid valve area and adventitious pulmonary sounds respectively on cardiac and thoracic auscultations, caudodorsally interstitial and bronchointerstitial pulmonary opacities on thoracic radiography, right atrial and ventricular dilatations with paradoxical ventricular septal motion, increased ratio of pulmonary artery internal diameter to the aorta and tricuspid valve regurgitation on echocardiography were detected. Post‐mortem and histopathological examinations revealed consolidated, dark red and diffusely enlarged lungs with granular appearance, marked enlargement of the right atrium and ventricle, pulmonary artery thickening and enlargement, patency of the ductus arteriosus, hyaline membrane formation, typeIIpneumocyte proliferation, hypertrophy and thickening of the pulmonary arteries medial layers and right ventricular myocardial cells distortion and hypertrophy. The findings suggest a right to left shunting through the persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus, pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. We proposed pulmonary hypertension associated with bronchointerstitial pneumonia as a cause of this unusual case ofPDAwith reversed shunt direction.
Exploring the relationship between flapping behaviour and accelerometer signal during ascending flight, and a new approach to calibration
Authors: Van Walsum Tessa A. , Perna Andrea , Bishop Charles M. , Murn Campbell P. , Collins Philip M. , Wilson Rory P. , Halsey Lewis G. 
Published: February 2019

We understand little about the energetic costs of flight in free‐ranging birds, in part because current techniques for estimating flight energetics in the wild are limited. Accelerometry is known to estimate energy expenditure through body movement in terrestrial animals, once calibrated using a treadmill with chamber respirometry. The flight equivalent, a wind tunnel with mask respirometry, is particularly difficult to instigate, and has not been applied to calibrate accelerometry. We take the first steps in exploring a novel method for calibrating accelerometers with flight energy expenditure. We collected accelerometry data for Harris's Hawks Parabuteo unicinctus flying to varying heights up to 4.1 m over a small horizontal distance; the mechanical energy expended to gain height can be estimated from physical first principles. The relationship between accelerometry and mechanical energy expenditure was strong, and while a simple wing flapping model confirmed that accelerometry is sensitive to both changes in wing beat amplitude and frequency, the relationship was explained predominately by changes in wing beat frequency, and less so by changes in amplitude. Our study provides initial, positive evidence that accelerometry can be calibrated with body power using climbing flights, potentially providing a basis for estimating flapping flight metabolic rate at least in situations of altitude gain.
Processing methods for making porous bioactive glass‐based scaffolds—A state‐of‐the‐art review
Authors: Baino Francesco , Fiume Elisa , Barberi Jacopo , Kargozar Saeid , Marchi Juliana , Massera Jonathan , Verné Enrica 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBioactive glasses exhibit the unique ability of bone bonding, thus creating a stable interface by stimulating bone cells toward mechanisms of regeneration and self‐repair activated by ionic dissolution products. Therefore, 3D glass‐derived scaffolds can be considered ideal porous templates to be used in bone tissue engineering strategies and regenerative medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of all technological aspects relevant to the fabrication of bioactive glass scaffolds, including the fundamentals of materials processing, a summary of the conventional porogen, and template‐based methods and of recent additive manufacturing technologies, which are promising for large‐scale production of highly reproducible and reliable implants suitable for a wide range of clinical applications.
Sunburn and sun protection in black skin
Authors: Diffey Brian L. , Fajuyigbe Damilola , Wright Caradee Y. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundPeople with black skin are much less susceptible to sunburn than white‐skinned individuals, yet there are scarce data on self‐reported incidence of sunburn and sun protection measures in people with deeply‐pigmented skin.MethodAn on‐line survey tool was used to collect self‐assessed data about demographic variables, sunburn incidence, and use of sun protection modalities.ResultsTwo‐thirds of respondents with black skin living in the UK claimed never to have been sunburnt; a much higher proportion than those living in South Africa and Nigeria where 34 and 46%, respectively, reported never experiencing sunburn. Similar results were seen in the reported use of sun protection measures between the countries with two‐thirds of black people living in the UK claiming they never used any form of sun protection compared with about one‐third of Black Africans. Black people living in the UK were more likely to use sunscreen as a form of sun protection, whereas sunscreen was the least popular modality in the two African countries with shade being the most common form of limiting sun exposure.ConclusionThe findings provide some insight into the complexities of skin color perception, incidence of sunburn, and sun protection use among people with deeply‐pigmented skin living in three countries with large differences in the solar UV environment.