bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Historians have often seen the advent of the personal rule of Charles I as the product of failure, and a harbinger of bad things to come. But it was equally possible for contemporaries to argue that things were the other way around and that the move towards an assured succession in the direct line, on the basis of alliance with a major European power, was the best way to guarantee civil peace, a peace which could not in the end be secured by the cause of pan-European Protestantism or by anything that looked like puritan zeal. Of course, such a view was brought into radical question during the civil wars of the mid-seventeenth century. At the very least, however, this adds a new dimension to the discussion of the causes of that conflict and for an analysis of the politics of the Interregnum and the Restoration.
Non-Traditional Trademarks and the Dilemma of Aesthetic Functionality
Authors: Hughes Justin 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
As American trademark law has expanded to cover non-traditional designators, the law’s “functionality” doctrine has arguably become the most important bulwark against overly broad trademark rights in the U.S. While the law has a stable analytic framework for “utilitarian” functionality, the same cannot be said of “aesthetic functionality,” i.e., the notion that some product features are so aesthetically pleasing or trigger such specific mental responses among consumers that those features should not be monopolized by one competitor through trademark rights. This chapter explores the aesthetic functionality doctrine in American trademark law, proposing that the most convincing cases for aesthetic functionality are really about consumers’ cognitive and psychological responses, not aesthetics. The chapter proposes that aesthetic functionality should bar trademark protection only for product features related to specific cognitive, perceptual, or aesthetic biases that were widespread among consumers before the trademark owner began its own marketing efforts.
Non-Traditional Trademarks in the Pharmaceutical Sector
Authors: Scaria Arul George , Mammen Kavya Susan 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Over the years, many pharmaceutical companies have sought trademark protection for non-traditional aspects of their products. However, the potential consequences of granting such protection to pharmaceutical products have not received due attention from policymakers. In this context, this chapter examines the question of whether protection for non-traditional marks could adversely affect access to medicine/health. The chapter analyzes the potential consequences from a law and economics perspective. The chapter shows that protection for non-traditional marks in the pharmaceutical sector could pose significant barriers to access to medicine, particularly by increasing transaction costs and creating new barriers to generic entry. The study recommends that policymakers should take into account these public health aspects while framing policies with regard to non-traditional marks. The study recommends more rigorous use of traditional trademark doctrines like functionality to prevent the rise of non-traditional barriers to access to medicine.
Forgiveness and the Limits of Ethics
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Chapter 12 of The Ethical Demand, while offering a concluding interpretation of the book as a whole. In Chapter 12, Løgstrup returns to the proclamation of Jesus, and what it is that makes his proclamation a religious matter, not a merely secular one. Løgstrup suggests that Jesus proclaims God’s forgiveness for failing to meet the demand, and so speaks on divine authority. He also suggests that such forgiveness can only come from God, as human beings are all equally prone to failure and so are not in a position to forgive each other, as they are not in a position to blame them either. Thus, whereas the demand is comprehensible in strictly human terms, divine forgiveness belongs to the unforeseen part of Jesus’s proclamation, but not in a way that jeopardizes Løgstrup’s claim to have made the ethical demand itself comprehensible from a human standpoint.
The Tractatus’ Philosophy of Logic and the Logocentric Predicament
Authors: Kuusela Oskari 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains how Wittgenstein’s early philosophy of logic resolves problems that arise for Frege’s and Russell’s philosophies of logic, relating to the status of logic, its apriority, bindingness, and justification of inferences. Relatedly, I discuss how Wittgenstein’s modifies Russell’s account of generality in logic with the purpose of addressing problems that arise for Frege’s and Russell’s views about logic as a substantial science, and how Wittgenstein replaces their accounts of logic as a science with a view of logic as an explicatory discipline the purpose of which is to clarify what thinkers and language users already know in the capacity of thinkers and language users. The chapter shows how Wittgenstein argues from within Frege’s and Russell’s accounts of logic, resolving tensions therein, rather than arguing dogmatically from the point of view of his own picture theory of language. Against a widely assumed view in the historiography of logic, I explain how metatheoretical considerations are possible from the point of view of Wittgenstein’s universalist account of logic, and how the so-called paradox of the Tractatus is resolved.
Introduction
Authors: Forter Greg 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The Introduction lays the theoretical groundwork and historical frame for the main chapters. It engages debates on materialist vs. poststructuralist approaches to postcolonial studies; on the utopian imagination; on expanding the black Atlantic frame of reference to include the Indian Ocean; on the Anglophone biases of postcolonial studies and how these implicate the discipline in contemporary capitalism; on the genesis of the historical novel in the nineteenth century; and on the cycles of finance capital to which the postcolonial inflection of historical fiction is a response. Theorists discussed include Giovanni Arrighi, Ian Baucom, Walter Benjamin, Dipesh Chakrabarty, Frederic Jameson, and Georg Lukács.
Game Theory, Diplomatic History and Security Studies
Authors: Zagare Frank C. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The main purpose of this book is to demonstrate, by way of example, the several advantages of using a formal game-theoretic framework to explain complex events, diplomatic history, and contentious interstate relationships, via causal mechanisms and rationality. Chapter 1 lays out the broad parameters and major concepts of the mathematical theory of games and its applications in the security studies literature. Chapter 2 explores a number of issues connected with the use of game-theoretic models to organize analytic narratives, both generally and specifically. Chapter 3 interprets the Moroccan crisis of 1905–6 in the context of an incomplete information game model. Chapter 4 surveys and evaluates several prominent attempts to use game theory to explain the strategic dynamic of the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. Chapter 5 offers a general explanation that answers all of the foundational questions associated with the Cuban crisis within the confines of a single, integrated, game-theoretic model with incomplete information. Chapter 6 uses the same game form to develop a logically consistent and empirically plausible explanation of the outbreak of war in Europe in early August 1914. Chapter 7 introduces perfect deterrence theory and contrasts it with the prevailing realist theory of interstate war prevention, and classical deterrence theory. Chapter 8 addresses the charge made by some behavioral economists (and many strategic analysts) that game theory is of limited utility for understanding interstate conflict behavior.
Game Theory and Security Studies
Authors: Zagare Frank C. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the basic assumptions of game theory and illustrates its major concepts, using examples drawn from the security studies literature. An arms race game is used as an example of a strategic form game, illustrating the meaning of an equilibrium outcome and the definition of a dominant strategy. Backward induction and the definition of subgame perfection are explained in the context of an extensive form game that features threats. Nash equilibrium and the Bayesian equilibrium are discussed, and a short review of the many applications of game theory in international politics is provided. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of the usefulness of game theory in generating insights about deterrence.
A Game-Theoretic History of the Cuban Missile Crisis
Authors: Zagare Frank C. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter surveys and evaluates previous attempts to use game theory to explain the strategic dynamic of the Cuban missile crisis of 1962, including, but not limited to, explanations developed in the style of Thomas Schelling, Nigel Howard, and Steven Brams. All of these explanations are judged to be either incomplete or deficient in some way. Schelling’s explanation is both empirically and theoretically inconsistent with the consensus interpretation of the crisis; Howard’s metagame theory is at odds with the contemporary understanding of rational strategic behavior; and Brams’s theory of moves explanation is inconsistent with the full sweep of the events that define the crisis. As game theory has evolved, so have the explanations fashioned by its practitioners. An additional purpose of this chapter is to trace these explanatory refinements, using the Cuban crisis as a mooring.
Explaining the 1914 War in Europe
Authors: Zagare Frank C. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the outbreak of World War I, which remains one of the most perplexing events of international history. It should be no surprise that rationalist interpretations of the July Crisis are a diverse lot, ranging from the sinister to the benign. This chapter constructs a theoretically rigorous rationalist explanation of World War I, the 1914 European war that involved Austria–Hungary, Germany, Russia, and France. On the one hand, this chapter confirms the view that one does not have to take a particularly dark view of German intentions to explain the onset of war in 1914; on the other hand, it also calls into question the “accidental war” thesis. A number of related questions about the Great War are addressed in the context of a generic game-theoretic escalation model with incomplete information.
Explaining the Long Peace
Authors: Zagare Frank C. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the charge made by some behavioral economists (and many strategic analysts) that game theory is of limited utility for understanding interstate conflict behavior. Using one of perfect deterrence theory’s constituent models, a logically consistent game-theoretic explanation for the absence of a superpower conflict during the Cold War era is provided. As well, the chapter discusses a prescription based on an incorrect prediction attributed to John von Neumann, one of the cofounders of game theory. It also examines a logically inconsistent explanation of the long peace offered by Thomas Schelling, the game theorist many consider the most important strategic thinker in the field of security studies. The argument is made that a predictively inaccurate or logically inconsistent game model in no way undermines the utility of game theory as a potentially powerful methodological tool.
Desire, Disgust, Democracy
Authors: Wolff Nathan 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that Henry Adams’s Democracy: An American Novel (1880) offers a complex meditation on disgust’s capacity either to squelch or to express a desire for the political. Initially, Adams evokes an atmosphere of disgust in order to cultivate in his reader a shared repulsion toward antidemocratic seductions of intimacy, friendship, and attraction. This approach reflects Adams’s advocacy for competency exams, the cornerstone of the civil service reform movement’s bureaucratic effort to take feeling out of political decision-making. By Democracy’s close, however, “disgust” looks like one of the only emotional resources available for combating an apathetic acceptance of democracy’s failings, suggesting that repulsion is desire’s near relation—not its opposite. The chapter thus challenges political philosophers, such as Martha Nussbaum, who repudiate disgust; it also revisits a related strain of literary criticism, focused on Walt Whitman, that uncritically celebrates the suppression of disgust as a necessarily democratic act.
Introduction
Authors: Ross Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Prussian governments of the post-revolutionary period, situating them within a divided political landscape. The Brandenburg–Manteuffel and Manteuffel Ministries of State promoted ambitious reforms to bring stability after years of revolutionary upheaval in Prussia. These ranged from restructurings of criminal justice to the adoption of press management. Similar initiatives could also be seen in other German states in the 1850s and 1860s. Indeed, across Europe, this was a period of innovative state action. The chapter draws our attention to what reform in Prussia can tell us about government and state-building in the post-revolutionary period. It also places the post-revolutionary period within a longer history of transition away from lingering feudal structures, thereby encouraging us to turn back and to turn forward in our analysis of Prussian restructurings.
Impeccability and Temptation
Authors: Pawl Timothy 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The scriptures and the councils teach that Christ was tempted. One common extension to Conciliar Christology, the extension discussed in this chapter, is the claim that Christ not only did not sin, but in fact Christ was unable to sin. Some thinkers see a contradiction looming here. For to be genuinely tempted, they argue, requires having the ability to sin. If Christ was unable to sin, then he could not be tempted, contrary to scripture and council. And so this particular extension of Conciliar Christology, the extension produced by conjoining Conciliar Christology with the thesis that Christ was unable to sin, is false. This chapter responds to this argument against Extended Conciliar Christology.
Reformation Tragedy and Revelation
Authors: Leo Russ 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores how Reformed dramatists and theologians alike turned to tragedy to comprehend escalating tensions in Reformation Europe. Dramatic experiments like Thomas Naogeorgus’ Pammachius, Francesco Negri’s Tragedia intitolata Libero Arbitrio, and John Foxe’s Christus Triumphans reframed the events depicted in the book of Revelation in deliberately tragic terms; the influential Heidelberg theologian David Pareus, in turn, described Revelation itself as a tragedy, tracing the origins of the genre to Scripture itself, laying claim to tragedy’s prophetic and literary resources in the process. Pareus not only recruited poetic concepts for exegetical purposes, he asserted the fundamental relationship between Scripture, tragedy, and the shape of human history. Across these works tragedy is crucial to the experience of Reformation—requiring, for the tragedians, flexible and experimental notions of form and performance and, for Pareus, supple approaches to tragedy and typology.
Introduction
Authors: Leo Russ 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The Introduction illustrates how humanists like Desiderius Erasmus, Philipp Melanchthon, and Martin Bucer imported the study of drama into theology, mining antique poetics for exegetical and philosophical tools, recruiting tragedy in particular to pedagogical, theological, and devotional ends. Tracing the simultaneous development of Reformed poetics and original works of tragoedia sacra across the first half of the sixteenth century, the Introduction also foregrounds the emergence of a precise philosophical idea of tragedy under the influence of Aristotle’s Poetics. The Introduction illustrates just how important tragedy had become to diverse reformers and Reformers by 1550, underscoring the theological and philosophical purchase of tragedy and the Poetics in and beyond dramatic practice.
Dividing Relics
Authors: Wiśniewski Robert 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
It is commonly believed that the practice of dividing corporeal relics had begun as early as the fourth century and that it was initiated in the eastern Mediterranean, to appear in the West at a much later date. This chapter challenges both these views. It demonstrates that there is no early description of dismembering a saint’s physical remains, and the evidence of the veneration of specific body parts is extremely scarce. Testimonies to the deposition of the same saint’s relics in several places can be better explained by transfers of relics, their independent discoveries, or the production of contact relics than by the actual division of relics. If this practice really existed in Late Antiquity, it was probably extremely rare in either part of the empire before the sixth century.
Association between socioeconomic status and comorbidities among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results of a nationwide cross-sectional survey
Authors: Shin Anna , Shin Seunghwan , Kim Ji Hyoun , Ha You-Jung , Lee Yun Jong , Song Yeong Wook , Kang Eun Ha 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Objectives
We examined the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and comorbidity distribution among patients with RA.

Methods
Information on comprehensive health status of 1088 RA patients (weighted n = 612 303) was obtained from the 2007–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. SES components were household equivalence income, education and area of residence. To minimize confounding by age, patients were stratified by median age (63 years). Age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was estimated, comparing weighted prevalence of individual comorbidities between low and high SES groups in each age stratum.

Results
Among RA patients aged <63 years (mean 49 years, 70% female), we observed age-adjusted associations of depression (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.01, 4.53), depressive mood (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.54, 4.65), suicide ideation (OR 3.01, 95% CI 1.79, 5.07), diabetes (OR 3.09, 95%CI 1.31, 7.29), obesity (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.30, 3.20), hypertriglyceridemia (OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.28, 4.34) and osteoarthritis (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.13, 3.99) with low income, of suicide ideation with low education (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.14, 4.44), but no association of any comorbidities with area of residence. Unhealthy behavior patterns were comparable between low- and high-income groups but patients with low income reported a numerically higher rate of failed access to necessary healthcare services. We did not find any association between SES and comorbidities among those aged ⩾63 years (mean 72 years, 83% female).

Conclusion
Among Korean RA patients aged <63 years, socioeconomic inequalities of multiple comorbidities in mental, cardiometabolic and musculoskeletal systems were found.
Using Historical Biogeography Models to Study Color Pattern Evolution
Authors: Eliason Chad M , Andersen Michael J , Hackett Shannon J 
Published: February 2019

AbstractColor is among the most striking features of organisms, varying not only in spectral properties like hue and brightness, but also in where and how it is produced on the body. Different combinations of colors on a bird’s body are important in both environmental and social contexts. Previous comparative studies have treated plumage patches individually or derived plumage complexity scores from color measurements across a bird’s body. However, these approaches do not consider the multivariate nature of plumages (allowing for plumage to evolve as a whole) or account for interpatch distances. Here, we leverage a rich toolkit used in historical biogeography to assess color pattern evolution in a cosmopolitan radiation of birds, kingfishers (Aves: Alcedinidae). We demonstrate the utility of this approach and test hypotheses about the tempo and mode of color evolution in kingfishers. Our results highlight the importance of considering interpatch distances in understanding macroevolutionary trends in color diversity and demonstrate how historical biogeography models are a useful way to model plumage color pattern evolution. Furthermore, they show that distinct color mechanisms (pigments or structural colors) spread across the body in different ways and at different rates. Specifically, net rates are higher for structural colors than pigment-based colors. Together, our study suggests a role for both development and selection in driving extraordinary color pattern diversity in kingfishers. We anticipate this approach will be useful for modeling other complex phenotypes besides color, such as parasite evolution across the body.
Evolution of a sensory cluster on the legs of Opiliones (Arachnida) informs multi-level phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Gainett Guilherme , Sharma Prashant P , Fernandes Nathália , Pinto-Da-Rocha Ricardo , Giribet Gonzalo , Willemart Rodrigo Hirata 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPhylogenetic relationships in Opiliones (Arachnida) at the suborder level have greatly stabilized in recent years, largely due to advances in molecular systematics. Nonetheless, identifying morphological characters in the context of well-resolved phylogenies is essential for testing new systematic hypotheses and establishing diagnostic markers. Here, we investigate with SEM a promising character system across Opiliones: the sensilla on the distalmost article of legs I and II. We identified four discrete characters and scored species of nearly all families of Laniatores (28 families, 44 species), three Dyspnoi, two Eupnoi and two Cyphophthalmi. Using a phylogenetic backbone compiled from recent and ongoing phylogenomic studies, we trace the evolution of these sensilla using ancestral state reconstruction. We discover a widespread occurrence of three sensilla (a pair of sensilla basiconica and one hooded sensillum) on the anterior legs of all families of Laniatores studied, and that comparable structures occur in the other suborders of Opiliones. Our analysis shows that this sensory field provides diagnostic information at different levels of phylogenetic relationships. We discuss the implications of the widespread occurrence of these sensilla in Opiliones, which have recently been hypothesized as hygro-/thermoreceptors and their putative homology with tarsal organs in Arachnida.