bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Completion Design on Thermal Efficiency in SAGD
Authors: Feder Judy 
Published: March 2019

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 193357, “SAGD Circulation Phase: Thermal Efficiency Evaluation of Five Wellbore Completion Designs in Lloydminster Reservoir,” by Daniel Ayala Rivas, SPE, and Ian Gates, SPE, University of Calgary, prepared for the 2018 SPE Thermal Well Integrity and Design Symposium, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 27–29 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
During the circulation (startup) phase of steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), high-quality steam injected through the injector and producer wells heats the reservoir between the wells. The viscosity is thus lowered, making fluids mobile at approximately 50 to 100°C and creating interwell fluid communication. This paper uses a simulation model to evaluate and compare the thermal efficiency of five different completion design cases during the SAGD circulation phase in the Lloydminster formation in the Lindbergh area in Alberta, Canada. The results show that completion-design configuration affects the heat transfer and thermal efficiency of the circulation process.
Introduction
The SAGD process is the most commonly used thermal method of in-situ recovery for extracting heavy oil and bitumen resources in Alberta and can yield recovery factors of greater than 60%. The technique requires two parallel horizontal wells, a producer and an injector, known as a well pair. The horizontal producer well is placed approximately 3 m above the oil/water contact (OWC) or above the bottom of the reservoir, and the injector well is placed above the horizontal producer well. Most SAGD well pairs are placed 5 m apart, which corresponds to approximately 50 kPa of hydrostatic head from the injector to the producer. The lateral section of the well pair is approximately 700–1200 m in length. The SAGD thermal method usually consists of two phases, the circulation phase and the full SAGD, or production, phase.
After the circulation phase, the well pair is converted to the production phase, during which steam is injected through both tubing strings of the injector well in a dual-completion design while bitumen or heavy oil and condensed steam are produced through the producer well using natural or mechanical lifting. Constant steam injection causes the steam chamber to grow and expand in the reservoir.
Variations in thermal efficiency during the circulation phase result from factors such as tubing size, well trajectory, well length, completion configuration, reservoir properties, and operating parameters. To the authors’ knowledge, no published study has determined the thermal efficiency of different completion designs during the circulation phase of a SAGD well pair in a Lloydminster formation. A previous study used a discretized thermal reservoir-wellbore modeling simulator to history match field data obtained from a SAGD well pair in the Lloydminster area.
Operating Strategies and Reservoir Model
The complete paper discusses SAGD operating strategies and development of well and completion designs in pilot and commercial operations.
A Semianalytical Model for Predicting Transient Pressure Behavior of a Hydraulically Fractured Horizontal Well in a Naturally Fractured Reservoir With Non-Darcy Flow and Stress-Sensitive Permeability Effects
Authors: Jiang Liwu , Liu Tongjing , Yang Daoyong 
Published: March 2019

Summary
Non-Darcy flow and the stress-sensitivity effect are two fundamental issues that have been widely investigated in transient pressure analysis for fractured wells. The main object of this work is to establish a semianalytical solution to quantify the combined effects of non-Darcy flow and stress sensitivity on the transient pressure behavior for a fractured horizontal well in a naturally fractured reservoir. More specifically, the Barree-Conway model is used to quantify the non-Darcy flow behavior in the hydraulic fractures (HFs), while the permeability modulus is incorporated into mathematical models to take into account the stress-sensitivity effect. In this way, the resulting nonlinearity of the mathematical models is weakened by using Pedrosa's transform formulation. Then a semianalytical method is applied to solve the coupled nonlinear mathematical models by discretizing each HF into small segments. Furthermore, the pressure response and its corresponding derivative type curve are generated to examine the combined effects of non-Darcy flow and stress sensitivity. In particular, stress sensitivity in HF and natural-fracture (NF) subsystems can be respectively analyzed, while the assumption of an equal stress-sensitivity coefficient in the two subsystems is no longer required. It is found that non-Darcy flow mainly affects the early stage bilinear and linear flow regime, leading to an increase in pressure drop and pressure derivative. The stress-sensitivity effect is found to play a significant role in those flow regimes beyond the compound-linear flow regime. The existence of non-Darcy flow makes the effect of stress sensitivity more remarkable, especially for the low-conductivity cases, while the stress sensitivity in fractures has a negligible influence on the early time period, which is dominated by non-Darcy flow behavior. Other parameters such as storage ratio and crossflow coefficient are also analyzed and discussed. It is found from field applications that the coupled model tends to obtain the most-reasonable matching results, and for that model there is an excellent agreement between the measured and simulated pressure response.
Increased Tool Life and Enhanced Reliability for Bottomhole Assemblies in Harsh Environments
Authors: Panda Krutibas , Williams Thomas , Collins Anthony 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Non-magnetic collars must be strong, tough, and corrosion resistant to withstand dynamic drillstring loads while also providing robust housings for measuring and logging-while-drilling (MWD/LWD) tool electronics. This paper describes a materials solution to problems related to the corrosion of drill collars in hostile well conditions. Typical nitrogen-strengthened chrome-manganese drill collar alloys are at risk of early retirement or downhole failure due to pitting, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), and sulfide stress cracking (SSC). Tool non-productive time due to increased maintenance, repair, overhaul frequency, and premature removal from service increases operating costs. The results of laboratory trials in conditions representative of active drilling basins show the differentiated performance of a chrome-nickel stainless steel and nickel-based alloy 718 relative to more common chrome-manganese stainless grades currently in wide-spread use. The pitting resistance, SCC resistance, and SSC resistance of both chrome-nickel stainless and nickel grade were found to be significantly better under wide ranging conditions and confirmed the capacity of both alloy systems to outlast incumbent drill collar grades.
Quantifying the Influence of Fractures for More-Accurate Laboratory Measurement of Shale Matrix Permeability Using a Modified Gas-Expansion Method
Authors: Peng Sheng , Ren Bo , Meng Mianmo 
Published: March 2019

Summary
Matrix permeability is a key petrophysical parameter in reservoir evaluation and simulation. However, measurement of this parameter remains problematic for unconventional reservoirs. One of the challenges lies in the influence of fractures. Inclusion of fractures can lead to overestimation of shale matrix permeability. In this paper, new experimental and data–analysis procedures are developed for more–accurate yet relatively fast measurement of shale matrix permeability on the basis of previous work (Peng and Loucks 2016). The influence of fractures on matrix porosity and permeability is quantified and excluded. Reliability and consistency of the measurement results are confirmed through multiple means, including analytical solution back calculation and measurements for similar samples but with different plug diameters. Because the influence of fractures is explicitly excluded in data analysis, the new method is also more flexible regarding sample conditions—even broken plug samples with fractures can be used in this method. This is another advantage of the new method given the difficulty in obtaining “intact” plugs because of the fissility of shale.
Soil Organic Carbon Storage and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Grazed Perennial Forage–Crop Rotation System
Authors: Gamble Audrey V. , Howe Julie A. , Balkcom Kris B. , Wood C. Wesley , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Watts Dexter B. , van Santen Edzard 
Published: March 2019

Core Ideas
Perennial forage–crop rotation did not increase soil greenhouse gases emissions compared to annual peanut‐cotton rotation.
Carbon storage was greater for perennial forage–crop rotation compared to continuous peanut–cotton rotation.
Grazing resulted in increased uptake of soil CH4 in some instances.
Soils in southeastern United States have lost much of their original soil organic carbon (SOC) as a result of intensive row‐cropping systems. One example is an annual rotation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under conventional tillage (CT). Incorporation of perennial grasses such as bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flueggé) into the peanut–cotton crop rotation (also called a forage–crop rotation or FCR) can increase SOC storage. Cattle (Bos sp.) grazing on bahiagrass and winter cover crops can improve productivity of the FCR system, but may result in increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study evaluates the impact of a grazed FCR on SOC storage and GHG emissions to assess its environmental impact of Coastal Plain soils. A closed chamber method was used to examine emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the FCR. Results indicated that the FCR has potential to increase SOC storage when conservation tillage is used. Grazing of bahiagrass reduced SOC in the 5‐ to 10‐cm depth, but this effect was not observed in the subsequent peanut crop in the rotation following grazing. A moderate stocking rate of 2.5 cattle ha−1 resulted in fewer emissions of CO2 and N2O during seasonal measurements compared with ungrazed management, dependent on location, season, and crop. Flux of CH4 was often negligible; however, grazing increased soil uptake of CH4 in some instances. For the cattle stocking rates used in this study, grazing did not negatively affect SOC storage or soil GHG emissions in FCR systems.
Nitrate on a Slow Decline: Watershed Water Quality Response during Two Decades of Tallgrass Prairie Ecosystem Reconstruction in Iowa
Authors: Tomer Mark D. , Schilling Keith E. , Cole Kevin J. 
Published: March 2019

The Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge was established as a tallgrass prairie ecosystem reconstruction in the Walnut Creek watershed (5238 ha), Jasper County, Iowa, with >1200 ha of prairie plantings initiated between 1993 and 2006. This study updates the documented decreases in watershed NO3–N losses that accompanied this change in land cover to a 20‐yr record. Annual flow‐weighted NO3–N concentrations declined by 0.15 mg NO3–N L−1 yr−1, which was not significantly different from the rate of 0.07 mg NO3–N L−1 yr−1 reported after the first decade of monitoring. There was also evidence (p < 0.1) that prairie reconstruction led to a declining trend in annual watershed water yield, which would have contributed to the trend of decreasing NO3–N loads. However, variability in climate, including 2 yr with significant flooding events followed by a major drought during the second decade of monitoring, challenged any notion that a watershed water quality record will stabilize even >10 yr after a substantial change in land cover, in this naturally drained watershed underlain by fine grained glacial deposits that exhibit multidecadal groundwater transport times. Efforts to document progress toward water quality goals will need to consider dominant flow paths and associated travel times, uncertainty in the effectiveness of management changes, and a changeable climate.Core Ideas
Nitrate in streamflow draining a prairie reconstruction was tracked for 20 yr.
Nitrate loss decreased with time, at a slow rate of only 0.15 mg NO3–N L−1 yr−1.
Even with substantial land use change, water quality response may take decades.
Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics in Two Agricultural Soils Amended with Manure‐Derived Biochar
Authors: Clark Mahalia , Hastings Meredith G. , Ryals Rebecca 
Published: March 2019

Biochar has been promoted as a means to sequester C and improve soil quality. Biochar produced from agricultural waste streams and recycled as a soil amendment also provides a strategy for improved nutrient management in agricultural systems. The effects of biochar amendment on soil C and N cycling remain poorly constrained. This study aimed to examine the effects of biochar on soil C and N storage, N mineralization, and soil physiochemical properties. Soils were collected from a field experiment in which biochar derived from poultry manure was applied for 2 yr in two croplands differing in soil texture (sandy and silt‐loam). Samples from biochar‐amended and control soils were physically fractionated to separate water‐stable soil aggregates and analyzed for C and N. Biochar amendments increased total soil C by 16 (sandy soil) and 30% (silt‐loam soil). These increases were observed in aggregate size classes associated with short‐term C and N storage in silt‐loam soils and intermediate‐term C and N storage in sandy soils. Net N mineralization rates observed in a short‐term incubation were small or negative (1.79 and −24.7 μg N g−1soil for sandy and silt‐loam soils, respectively), indicating little or no new N mineralization from biochar over short timescales. Biochar amendment had a positive impact on cation exchange capacity at both sites, increasing it by 7 and 11% in the silt‐loam soil and sandy soil, respectively. These results suggest that biochar amendments to cropping systems can improve the capacity of soil to retain nutrients and store C and N.Core IdeasGenerating biochar from manure is a strategy for sustainable nutrient management.Manure‐derived biochar was applied in two agricultural soil contexts.Biochar increased soil C and N, with more pronounced effects with higher clay content.Biochar improved soil physiochemical properties, including cation exchange capacity.Biochar provided a source of plant available N, with lower nitrification rates in sandy soils.
Occurrence of trihalomethanes and haloacetonitriles in water distribution networks of Khon Kaen Municipality, Thailand
Authors: Ratpukdi Thunyalux , Sinorak Sudarat , Kiattisaksiri Pradabduang , Punyapalakul Patiparn , Siripattanakul-Ratpukdi Sumana 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) in three water distribution networks (Thapra, Kota, and Khon Kaen University (KKU)) in Khon Kaen Municipality, Thailand, from November 2015 to December 2016 was investigated. The highest THMs and HANs were 584 μg/L and 30 μg/L, respectively. Chloroform was the dominant species of the THM pool and trichloroacetonitriles were the dominant species for HANs. Water treatment plants using free chlorine (Thapra and Kota) formed more THMs than the plant using ClO2 (KKU). In the summer season, more brominate THMs were observed. In many locations, total THM concentrations were found to be higher than the drinking water standard of the Provincial Water Authority of Thailand. The concentration of THMs tended to increase with greater distance from the water plants (as water aged), while HAN concentrations decreased with distance, potentially because they were undergoing hydrolysis in the pipeline.
Decision tree (DT), generalized regression neural network (GR) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) models for sediment transport in sewer pipes
Authors: Safari Mir Jafar Sadegh 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Sediment deposition in sewers and urban drainage systems has great effect on the hydraulic capacity of the channel. In this respect, the self-cleansing concept has been widely used for sewers and urban drainage systems design. This study investigates the bed load sediment transport in sewer pipes with particular reference to the non-deposition condition in clean bed channels. Four data sets available in the literature covering wide ranges of pipe size, sediment size and sediment volumetric concentration have been utilized through applying decision tree (DT), generalized regression neural network (GR) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) techniques for modeling. The developed models have been compared with conventional regression models available in the literature. The model performance indicators, showed that DT, GR and MARS models outperform conventional regression models. Result shows that GR and MARS models are comparable in terms of calculating particle Froude number and performing better than DT. It is concluded that conventional regression models generally overestimate particle Froude number for the non-deposition condition of sediment transport, while DT, GR and MARS outputs are close to their measured counterparts.
Clinical Pharmacokinetic Studies in Pregnant Women and the Relevance of Pharmacometric Tools
Authors: Dallmann André , Mian Paola , den Anker Johannes Van , Allegaert Karel 
Published: March 2019

Background:In clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies, pregnant women are significantly underrepresented because of ethical and legal reasons which lead to a paucity of information on potential PK changes in this population. As a consequence, pharmacometric tools became instrumental to explore and quantify the impact of PK changes during pregnancy.Methods:We explore and discuss the typical characteristics of population PK and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models with a specific focus on pregnancy and postpartum.Results:Population PK models enable the analysis of dense, sparse or unbalanced data to explore covariates in order to (partly) explain inter-individual variability (including pregnancy) and to individualize dosing. For population PK models, we subsequently used an illustrative approach with ketorolac data to highlight the relevance of enantiomer specific modeling for racemic drugs during pregnancy, while data on antibiotic prophylaxis (cefazolin) during surgery illustrate the specific characteristics of the fetal compartments in the presence of timeconcentration profiles. For PBPK models, an overview on the current status of reports and papers during pregnancy is followed by a PBPK cefuroxime model to illustrate the added benefit of PBPK in evaluating dosing regimens in pregnant women.Conclusions:Pharmacometric tools became very instrumental to improve perinatal pharmacology. However, to reach their full potential, multidisciplinary collaboration and structured efforts are needed to generate more information from already available datasets, to share data and models, and to stimulate cross talk between clinicians and pharmacometricians to generate specific observations (pathophysiology during pregnancy, breastfeeding) needed to further develop the field.
Sildenafil for Antenatal Treatment of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: From Bench to Bedside
Authors: Russo Francesca M. , De Bie Felix , Hodges Ryan , Flake Alan , Deprest Jan 
Published: March 2019

Background:
Persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is one of the main causes of mortality and
morbidity in infants affected by congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Since the structural changes that lead to
PPH take place already in utero, a treatment starting in the prenatal phase may prevent the occurrence of this
complication.

Objective:
To summarize the development process of antenatal sildenafil for CDH.

Methods:
The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of sildenafil have been assessed in the rat and the rabbit model. The
transfer of the drug through the human placenta has been measured with the ex-vivo placenta perfusion model.
Results from this experiment are being incorporated in a pregnancy-physiologically based pharmacokinetic (p-
PBPK) model. A phase I-IIb placental transfer and safety study is ongoing.

Results:
Sildenafil administration to pregnant rats and rabbits led to therapeutic foetal drug levels without maternal
and foetal toxicity, although it was associated with impaired vascular development in foetuses with nonhypoplastic
lungs. Peak concentrations and 24-hour exposure were higher in pregnant rabbits compared to nonpregnant
ones. In rat and rabbit foetuses with CDH, sildenafil rescued the lung vascular anomalies and partially
improved parenchymal development. Sildenafil crossed the human placenta at a high rate ex-vivo, independently
from the initial maternal concentration.

Conclusion:
There is preclinical evidence that maternally administered sildenafil prevents the vascular changes
that lead to PPH in CDH newborns. The phase I/IIb clinical study together with the p-PBPK model will define the
maternal dose needed for a therapeutic effect in the foetus. Foetal safety will be investigated both in the clinical
study and in the sheep. The final step will be a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Advances in In-Silico based Predictive In-Vivo Profiling of Novel Potent β-Glucuronidase Inhibitors
Authors: Yousuf Maria 
Published: March 2019

Background:
Intestinal β-glucuronidase enzyme has a significant importance in colorectal
carcinogenesis. Specific inhibition of the enzyme helps prevent immune reactivation of the glucuronide-
carcinogens, thus protecting the intestine from ROS (Reactive Oxidative Species) mediatedcarcinogenesis.

Objective:
Advancement in In-silico based techniques has provided a broad range of studies to
carry out the drug design and development process smoothly using SwissADME and BOILED-Egg
tools.

Methods:
In our designed case study, we used SwissADME and BOILED-Egg predictive computational
tools to estimate the physicochemical, human pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, medicinal
chemistry properties and membrane permeability characteristics of our recently In-vitro evaluated
novel β-Glucuronidase inhibitors.

Results:
Out of the eleven screened potent inhibitors, compound (8) exhibited excellent bioavailability
radar against the six molecular descriptors, good (ADME) Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism
and Excretion along with P-glycoprotein, CYP450 isozymes and membranes permeability profile.
On the basis of these factual observations, it is to be predicted that compound (8) can achieve in-vivo
experimental clearance efficiently, Therefore, in the future, it can be a drug in the market to treat
various disorders associated with the overexpression of β-Glucuronidase enzyme such as various
types of cancer, particularly hormone-dependent cancer such as (breast, prostate, and colon cancer).
Moreover, other compounds (1-7, & 9-11), have also shown good predictive pharmacokinetics, medicinal
chemistry, BBB and HIA membranes permeability profiles with slight lead optimization to
obtain improved results.

Conclusion:
In consequence, in-silico based studies are considered to provide robustness for a rational
drug design and development approach to avoid the possibility of failures of drug candidates
in the later stages of drug development phases. The results of this study effectively reveal the possible
attributes of potent β-Glucuronidase inhibitors, for further experimental evaluation.