bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urine protein quantification in stacking gel by SDS‐PAGE
Authors: Jia Jia , Pan Jie , Xu Hongpan , Wang Sen , Bai Bing 
Published: November 2018

AbstractUrine total protein concentration is usually measured by the pyrogallol red‐molybdate (PRM) assay in clinical laboratories, but it is often subject to sample interference. Here, we introduce a stacking gel‐based method for accurate protein quantitation. In this method, the urine protein samples are run into the stacking gel by SDS‐PAGE where it is concentrated into a single band, and then quickly stained by 0.001% Coomassie at high temperature. High correlations were found between the BSA and urine protein standards (R2 = 0.997 and 0.990, respectively). Addition of 80 ng urine protein standard into each of the ten clinical urine specimens with questionable PRM results yielded the expected increase in the results by this method. Comparison of the PRM method and with the gel quantitation approach on about 60 clinical urine samples demonstrated a general consistency between the results (R2 = 0.825), but in PRM samples with lower protein concentration showed more variations. Overall, the stacking gel method might be a good alternative for clinical urine samples with suspicious protein concentration results.
Drosophila glia: Few cell types and many conserved functions
Authors: Yildirim Kerem , Petri Johanna , Kottmeier Rita , Klämbt Christian 
Published: November 2018

AbstractGlial cells constitute without any dispute an essential element in providing an efficiently operating nervous system. Work in many labs over the last decades has demonstrated that neuronal function, from action potential generation to its propagation, from eliciting synaptic responses to the subsequent postsynaptic integration, is evolutionarily highly conserved. Likewise, the biology of glial cells appears conserved in its core elements and therefore, a deeper understanding of glial cells is expected to benefit from analyzing model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila is particularly well suited for studying glial biology since in the fly nervous system only a limited number of glial cells exists, which can be individually identified based on position and a set of molecular markers. In combination with the well‐known genetic tool box an unprecedented level of analysis is feasible, that not only can help to identify novel molecules and principles governing glial cell function but also will help to better understand glial functions first identified in the mammalian nervous system. Here we review the current knowledge on Drosophila glia to spark interest in using this system to analyze complex glial traits in the future.
Helper CD4 T cells expressing granzyme B cause glial fibrillary acidic protein fragmentation in astrocytes in an MHCII‐independent manner
Authors: Stopnicki Brandon , Blain Manon , Cui Qiao‐Ling , Kennedy Timothy E. , Antel Jack P. , Healy Luke M. , Darlington Peter J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDuring inflammatory processes of the central nervous system, helper T cells have the capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier and injure or kill neural cells through cytotoxic mechanisms. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament protein that is part of the astrocyte cytoskeleton that can become fragmented in neuroinflammatory conditions. The mechanism of action by which helper T cells with cytotoxic properties injure astrocytes is not completely understood. Primary human astrocytes were obtained from fetal brain tissue. Human helper (CD4+) T cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and activated with the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin E (SEE). Granzyme B was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and intracellular flow cytometry. GFAP fragmentation was monitored by western blotting. Cell death was monitored by lactic acid dehydrogenase release and terminal biotin‐dUTP nick labeling (TUNEL). Astrocyte migration was monitored by scratch assay. Adult human oligodendrocytes were cultured with sublethally injured astrocytes to determine support function. Helper T cells activated with SEE expressed granzyme B but not perforin. Helper T cells released granzyme B upon contact with astrocytes and caused GFAP fragmentation in a caspase‐dependent, MHCII‐independent manner. Sublethally injured astrocytes were not apoptotic; however, their processes were thin and elongated, their migration was attenuated, and their ability to support oligodendrocytes was reduced in vitro. Helper T cells can release granzyme B causing sublethal injury to astrocytes, which compromises the supportive functions of astrocytes. Blocking these pathways may lead to improved resolution of neuroinflammatory lesions.
Association of age and gender with anxiety disorders in older adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Grenier Sébastien , Payette Marie‐Christine , Gunther Bruno , Askari Sorayya , Desjardins Frédérique F. , Raymond Béatrice , Berbiche Djamal 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesTo provide an estimate of 12‐month and lifetime prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM‐IV) anxiety disorders in older adults based on published studies on this topic and to identify the impact of gender and age.Methods/DesignA systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed. Six databases were searched, and manual searches through reference lists of selected articles and reviews were performed. When the information was available, summary effects were calculated for the prevalence of each anxiety disorder and for every age and gender subgroups. Summary odd ratios (OR) were calculated to compare the prevalence of an anxiety disorder according to age and gender.ResultsA total of 6464 studies were identified, and 16 studies were included in the meta‐analyses. Prevalence was significantly higher in women than men for generalized anxiety disorder (12 month OR = 6.10, P = 0.001; lifetime OR = 1.96, P = 0.001), 12‐month social anxiety disorder (OR = 2.07, P = 0.01), and lifetime post‐traumatic stress disorder (OR = 1.93, P = 0.002). The prevalence of specific phobia was significantly lower in both the 75 to 84 and 85 years and above age groups when compared with the 65 to 74 years age group (OR = 0.70, P = 0.004 and OR = 0.63, P = 0.01, respectively).ConclusionsOur results suggest that the tendency for women to experience a greater prevalence of anxiety disorders remains present in older adults. Specific phobia was the only disorder to be less frequent with advancing age. This is likely to change with the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5) criteria because this new DSM version now indicates that fear of falling is a possible type of specific phobia and fear of falling is generally more frequent in the oldest age groups.
Chemical weathering and CO2 consumption rate in a multilayered‐aquifer dominated watershed under intensive farming: The Orgeval Critical Zone Observatory, France
Authors: Floury Paul , Gaillardet Jérôme , Tallec Gaëlle , Ansart Patrick , Bouchez Julien , Louvat Pascale , Gorge Caroline 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe impact of intensive farming on chemical weathering in the Critical Zone is still an open question. Extensively instrumented and monitored over the last 50 years, the Orgeval Critical Zone Observatory (CZO) in France is an observation site impacted by intensive farming since the 1960s. The Orgeval observatory represents an ideal place to study the response and resilience capability of the Critical Zone under agricultural stress. This paper investigates the chemical composition of different water bodies in two nested catchments of the Orgeval CZO, including rainfall, springs, rivers, and rocks, over one and half hydrological year. We show that elemental and strontium isotopic ratios are powerful to constrain the origin of the elements. The results show that the river chemistry at the outlet of the two nested catchments is dominated by rain inputs (particularly atmospheric dust dissolution) and the chemical weathering of limestone and gypsum. Fertilizer input is clearly visible, although the distinction between gypsum dissolution and fertilizer inputs needs more investigation. The mixtures of water masses inferred from our data are in good agreement with the hydrological context of the watershed, that is, a multilayered aquifer structure. At the main outlet of the CZO, we estimate that the input of ocean‐derived solutes through rainfall represents 7 t km−2 year−1, on the same order of magnitude as the net fertilizer input (10 t km−2 year−1), and that rock weathering releases 50 t km−2 year−1. Including previously published physical erosion rates, we estimate that the total denudation rate (physical and chemical) of the Orgeval CZO is 20 mm (1,000 year)−1, which, along with the entire Seine watershed, is among the lowest chemical denudation rates for carbonate terrains under temperate climate. Chemical denudation is about 10 times higher than physical erosion in the Orgeval CZO. The consumption of CO2 by rock weathering is estimated to be between 265.103 and 360.103 molC km2 year−1, similar for the two nested catchments. Compared with the rivers, the springs show a higher CO2 consumption rate that suggests, as pointed out earlier, a enhancement of carbonate dissolution linked to nitrification and thus fertilizer application. The hyporheic zone appears to be a hot spot in the carbon cycle at the Orgeval CZO. This study sheds light on the complex, anthropocenic, interplay between geology, climate, and human activities that characterize and that take place in intensive agriculture regions.
Identification of Genes Differentially Expressed in Simvastatin‐Induced Alveolar Bone Formation
Authors: Liu J , Chanumolu SK , Krei Z , Albahrani M , Akhtam A , Jia Z , Wang X , Wang D , Otu HH , Reinhardt RA , Nawshad A 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLocal delivery of simvastatin (SIM) has exhibited potential in preventing inflammation and limiting bone loss associated with experimental periodontitis. The primary aim of this study was to analyze transcriptome changes that may contribute to SIM's reduction of periodontal inflammation and bone loss. We evaluate the global genetic profile and signaling mechanisms induced by SIM on experimental periodontitis bone loss and inflammation. Twenty mature female Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to ligature‐induced experimental periodontitis around maxillary second molars (M2) either unilaterally (one side untreated, n = 10) or bilaterally (n = 10). After the ligature removal at day 7, sites were injected with either carrier, pyrophosphate (PPi ×3), 1.5‐mg SIM‐dose equivalent SIM‐pyrophosphate prodrug, or no injection. Three days after ligature removal, animals were euthanized; the M1‐M2 interproximal was evaluated with μCT, histology, and protein expression. M2 palatal gingiva was harvested for RNA sequencing. Although ligature alone caused upregulation of proinflammatory and bone catabolic genes and proteins, seen in human periodontitis, SIM‐PPi upregulated anti‐inflammatory (IL‐10, IL‐1 receptor‐like 1) and bone anabolic (insulin‐like growth factor, osteocrin, fibroblast growth factor, and Wnt/ β‐catenin) genes. The PPi carrier alone did not have these effects. Genetic profile and signaling mechanism data may help identify enhanced pharmacotherapeutic approaches to limit or regenerate periodontitis bone loss. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Ovarian germinal epithelium, oocyte development and the secretory epithelium in monkfish (Lophius americanus Valenciennes)
Authors: Johnson Andrea K. , Grier Harry J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHistological examination of ovarian morphology was conducted on the monkfish, Lophius americanus. The ovary is of the cystovarian type, that is, with a lumen. However, ovarian morphology is quite unique, compared to other fishes, in that ovarian lamellae only originate along the ventral ovarian wall rather than around the periphery. They may branch at their base, but are otherwise unbranching. Furthermore, the germinal epithelium that is, the site of germ cell production, is described for the first time in L. americanus. The germinal epithelium is uniquely restricted around the base of each lamellae rather than being distributed along lamellar epithelia. Folliculogenesis, the process whereby ovarian follicles are formed, is completed in the Perinucleolar Step of the Primary Growth Stage. As oocytes grow and mature, they are increasingly observed towards the apex of the unbranched lamellae where ovulation occurs. The appearance of small vesicles within yolk at the vegetal pole was observed in oocytes during maturation. Prior to ovulation, cells of the ovarian epithelium produce a mucogelatinous matrix that forms the veil in which eggs, after fertilization, become suspended in the water column until hatching.
Rapid determination of nosiheptide in feed based on dispersive SPE coupled with HPLC
Authors: Xie Jingmeng , Song Xuqin , Zhang Yingxia , Zhang Meiyu , Li Xuezhi , He Limin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA novel, simple, and reliable method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection has been developed for the determination of nosiheptide in feed. The feed samples were extracted with acetonitrile 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and then purified via a dispersive solid‐phase extraction procedure using silica gel powder as the sorbent. Using a mixture of acetonitrile and 5 mM ammonium acetate solution (containing 0.1% formic acid) as the mobile phase, good separation and peak shape were obtained for nosiheptide on a Poroshell C8 column (250 × 4.6 mm id, 4 μm) via the isocratic elution program. The resulting calibration curve shows high levels of linearity (r2 > 0.999) for nosiheptide concentrations of 50–1000 μg/L. At three spiked levels, i.e., 0.500, 2.50 and 5.00 mg/kg, the intra‐ and interday recoveries of nosiheptide in five types of feed ranged from 78.5–96.8 and 84.9–94.2%, respectively. The intra‐ and interday relative standard deviations were less than 10.8%. The limits of quantification for nosiheptide in complete feed and premixes were measured as 50 and 100 μg/kg, respectively. Compared with other common adsorbents, silica gel presents stronger recovery and purification results for feed samples during the dispersive solid‐phase extraction process.
Trauma Memory Processing in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Psychotherapy: A Unifying Framework
Authors: Ford Julian D. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTrauma memory processing (TMP) is an empirically supported approach to psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, TMP is not a single, uniform intervention but instead a paradigm that can be operationalized through a variety of component procedures that have not been systematically elucidated and formally tested. Based on findings from phenomenological/structural and neuroimaging research, a central feature of PTSD is theorized to be the involuntary immersion in trauma memories with diminished awareness or negative appraisals of self and current context. Such intrusive reexperiencing—which is epitomized by, but not limited to, flashbacks—is postulated to underlie PTSD's avoidance, altered emotions and cognitions, dissociative, and hyperarousal/hypervigilance symptoms; it is thus a logical target for TMP. The varied approaches to TMP for PTSD are conceptualized as having the common goal of activation of the neural networks in the brain that underlie two key capacities disrupted by intrusive reexperiencing in PTSD: intentional self‐referential retrieval of memories and suppression of memory retrieval. Therefore, TMP is postulated to involve two core functions (purposeful reflective remembering and memory awareness in situ) and three essential types (in vivo, imaginal, and cognitive reappraisal). Several implications of this framework for clinical practice and research on TMP for PTSD are discussed.
Assessment of Peripheral Nerves With Shear Wave Elastography in Type 1 Diabetic Adolescents Without Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Aslan Mine , Aslan Ahmet , Emeksiz Hamdi Cihan , Candan Fatma , Erdemli Servet , Tombul Temel , Gunaydın Gülçin Durukan , Kabaalioğlu Adnan 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesTo investigate the utility of shear wave elastography (SWE) in detecting morphologic abnormalities of the median nerve and posterior tibial nerve in transverse and longitudinal axes in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) without diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).MethodsThe median nerves and posterior tibial nerves of 25 adolescents with diagnosis and follow‐up of type 1 DM without DPN and 32 healthy volunteers were evaluated with SWE by 2 observers on the transverse and longitudinal axes. The cross‐sectional area and thickness of the nerves and disease duration were noted, and probable associations of these parameters with SWE features were analyzed. Interobserver and intraobserver correlations were also examined. The statistical significance level was set at P < .05.ResultsBoth the median nerve and posterior tibial nerve were smaller, thinner, and stiffer in the patient group for both observers on both axes. The disease duration weakly correlated with median nerve SWE features (r = 0.245–0391). The thickness and cross‐sectional area had no correlations with SWE features.ConclusionsThe median nerve and posterior tibial nerve in adolescents with type 1 DM without DPN have morphologic abnormalities that can be displayed by SWE regardless of the imaging axis. Shear wave elastography may have a potential role in subclinical DPN, but the reliability of the findings is not as high as desirable.
Tracheostomy demographics and outcomes among pediatric patients ages 18 years or younger—United States 2012
Authors: Sakai Mark , Kou Yann‐Fuu , Shah Gopi B. , Johnson Romaine F. 
Published: November 2018

Objectives/HypothesisTo estimate the number, demographics, and outcomes of pediatric patients who underwent tracheostomy in 2012 and to contrast those outcomes by age, race, and gender.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodsThe 2012 Kids Inpatient Database was queried to identify tracheostomy patients using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) procedural codes 311, 3121, and 3129. All patients ≤18 years of age at the time of admission were included and categorized as neonates (≤28 days), infants (>28 days ≤1 year), toddler (1 to 3 years), children (4 to 12 years), adolescents (13 to 17 years), and adults (=18 years). We recorded age, gender, race, insurance status, and zip code of primary residence. We used these variables to contrast the following outcomes: length of stay, total charges, complications of care, and mortality using multiple regression analysis.ResultsAn estimated 4,424 pediatric tracheostomies occurred during 2012. Fifty‐one percent of the patients were ≤3 years old, and 62% were male. Forty‐eight percentwere white followed by black (21%), Hispanic (20%), and Asian (3%). The median length of stay was 42 days, and the median total charges were $472,738. The complication rate was 29% and the mortality rate was 8.0%. The length of stay and total charges was predicted by age, with neonates having significantly longer hospitalizations. The complication rate was not associated with age, gender, or ethnicity. However, the mortality rate was associated with younger age.ConclusionsPediatric tracheostomies are associated with significant hospital utilizations, complications, and mortality. Increased risk of mortality is observed among neonates and infants. Continued study of tracheostomy outcomes among these subsets of the pediatric population are warranted.Level of Evidence4Laryngoscope, 129:1706–1711, 2019
Interpretation of total phytoplankton and cyanobacteria fluorescence from cross‐calibrated fluorometers, including sensitivity to turbidity and colored dissolved organic matter
Authors: Cremella Bruno , Huot Yannick , Bonilla Sylvia 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn vivo pigment fluorescence methods allow simple real‐time detection and quantification of freshwater algae and cyanobacteria. Available models are still limited to high‐cost fluorometers, validated for single instruments or individual water bodies, preventing data comparison between multiple instruments, and thus, restricting their use in large‐scale monitoring programs. Moreover, few models include corrections for optical interference (water turbidity and colored dissolved organic matter, CDOM). In this study, we developed simple models to predict phytoplankton and cyanobacterial chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations based on Chl a and C‐phycocyanin in vivo fluorescence, using multiple low‐cost handheld fluorometers. We aimed to: (1) fit models to mixed cyanobacterial and microalgal cultures; (2) cross‐calibrate nine fluorometers of the same brand and series; (3) correct the CDOM and turbidity effects; and (4) test the algorithms’ performance with natural samples. We achieved comparable results between nine instruments after the cross‐calibration, allowing their simultaneous use. We obtained algorithms for total and cyanobacterial Chl a estimation. We developed parametric corrections to remove CDOM and turbidity interferences in the algorithms. Five sampling sites (from a lake, a stream, and an estuary) were used to test the algorithms using eight cross‐calibrated fluorometers. The models showed their best performance after CDOM and turbidity corrections (total Chl a: R2 = 0.99, RMSE = 7.8 μg Chl a L−1; cyanobacterial Chl a: R2 = 0.98, RMSE = 9.8 μg Chl a L−1). In summary, our models can quantify total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial Chl a in real time with multiple low‐cost fluorometers, allowing its implementation in large‐scale monitoring programs.
A new analysis approach for T2 relaxometry myelin water quantification: Orthogonal Matching Pursuit
Authors: Drenthen Gerhard S. , Backes Walter H. , Aldenkamp Albert P. , Op ’t Veld Giel J. , Jansen Jacobus F. A. 
Published: November 2018

PurposeIn vivo myelin quantification can provide valuable noninvasive information on neuronal maturation and development, as well as insights into neurological disorders. Multiexponential analysis of multiecho T2 relaxation is a powerful and widely applied method for the quantification of the myelin water fraction (MWF). In recent literature, the MWF is most commonly estimated using a regularized nonnegative least squares algorithm.MethodsThe orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm is proposed as an alternative method for the estimation of the MWF. The orthogonal matching pursuit is a greedy sparse reconstruction algorithm with a low computation complexity. For validation, both methods are compared to a ground truth using numerical simulations and a phantom model using comparable computation times. The numerical simulations were used to measure the theoretical errors, as well as the effects of varying the SNR, strength of the regularization, and resolution of the basis set. Additionally, a phantom model was used to estimate the performance of the 2 methods while including errors occurring due to the MR measurement. Lastly, 4 healthy subjects were scanned to evaluate the in vivo performance.ResultsThe results in simulations and phantoms demonstrate that the MWFs determined with the orthogonal matching pursuit are 1.7 times more accurate as compared to the nonnegative least squares, with a comparable precision. The remaining bias of the MWF is shown to be related to the regularization of the nonnegative least squares algorithm and the Rician noise present in magnitude MR images.ConclusionThe orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm provides a more accurate alternative for T2 relaxometry myelin water quantification.