bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change likely to reshape vegetation in North America's largest protected areas
Authors: Holsinger Lisa , Parks Sean A. , Parisien Marc‐André , Miller Carol , Batllori Enric , Moritz Max A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractClimate change poses a serious threat to biodiversity and unprecedented challenges to the preservation and protection of natural landscapes. We evaluated how climate change might affect vegetation in 22 of the largest and most iconic protected area (PA) complexes across North America. We use a climate analog model to estimate how dominant vegetation types might shift under mid‐ (2041–2070) and late‐century (2071–2100) climate according to the RCP 8.5 scenario. Maps depicting vegetation for each PA and time period are provided. Our analysis suggests that half (11 of 22) of the PAs may have substantially different vegetation by late‐21st century compared with reference period conditions. The overall trend is toward vegetation associated with warmer or drier climates (or both), with near complete losses of alpine communities at the highest elevations and high latitudes. At low elevation and latitudes, vegetation communities associated with novel climate conditions may assemble in PAs. These potential shifts, contractions, and expansions in vegetation portray the possible trends across landscapes that are of great concern for conservation, as such changes imply cascading ecological responses for associated flora and fauna. Overall, our findings highlight the challenges managers may face to maintain and preserve biodiversity in key PAs across North America.
The Emergence of Museum Education in Portugal: Madalena Cabral and the National Museum of Ancient Art
Authors: Fróis João Pedro 
Published: May 2019

AbstractHistorically, women's contributions to museology have been long overlooked due to an entrenched patriarchal culture. While the 20th century was characterized by the emergence of women in senior leadership positions, their story is under‐represented in the literature, and that lack of narrative distorts the historical record. This essay addresses the work of Madalena Cabral, a woman and artist who was an influential Portuguese art museum educator of the twentieth century. Over four decades (from 1952 to 1992) she developed a unique and visionary approach at the National Museum of Ancient Art (Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, MNAA) in Lisbon. She was a member of catholic groups interested in the study of religious art, textile design and architecture and was an activist in defense of the professional status of museum educators nationally and internationally. A synthesis of her ideas will be presented alongside a commentary of what can be learnt from her contribution to museum education. This essay focuses on the lasting legacy of Cabral's work based on written records, photographs and oral memories of those who met and worked with her.
Dams have varying impacts on fish communities across latitudes: a quantitative synthesis
Authors: Turgeon Katrine , Turpin Christian , Gregory‐Eaves Irene 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDams are recognised to impact aquatic biodiversity, but the effects and conclusions diverge across studies and locations. By using a meta‐analytical approach, we quantified the effects of impoundment on fish communities distributed across three large biomes. The impacts of dams on richness and diversity differed across biomes, with significant declines in the tropics, lower amplitude but similar directional changes in temperate regions, and no changes in boreal regions. Our analyses showed that non‐native species increased significantly in tropical and temperate regulated rivers, but not in boreal rivers. In contrast, temporal trajectories in fish assemblage metrics were common across regions, with all biomes showing an increase in mean trophic level position and in the proportion of generalist species after impoundment. Such changes in fish assemblages may affect food web stability and merit closer study. Across the literature examined, predominant mechanisms that render fish assemblages susceptible to impacts from dams were: (1) the transformation of the lotic environment into a lentic environment; (2) habitat fragmentation and (3) the introduction of non‐native species. Collectively, our results highlight that an understanding of the regional context and a suite of community metrics are needed to make robust predictions about how fish will respond to river impoundments.
Non‐native plants have greater impacts because of differing per‐capita effects and nonlinear abundance–impact curves
Authors: Pearse Ian S. , Sofaer Helen R. , Zaya David N. , Spyreas Greg 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInvasive, non‐native species can have tremendous impacts on biotic communities, where they reduce the abundance and diversity of local species. However, it remains unclear whether impacts of non‐native species arise from their high abundance or whether each non‐native individual has a disproportionate impact – that is, a higher per‐capita effect – on co‐occurring species compared to impacts by native species. Using a long‐term study of wetlands, we asked how temporal variation in dominant native and non‐native plants impacted the abundance and richness of other plants in the recipient community. Non‐native plants reached higher abundances than natives and had greater per‐capita effects. The abundance–impact relationship between plant abundance and richness was nonlinear. Compared with increasing native abundance, increasing non‐native abundance was associated with steeper declines in richness because of greater per‐capita effects and nonlinearities in the abundance–impact relationship. Our study supports eco‐evolutionary novelty of non‐natives as a driver of their outsized impacts on communities.
Characterizing and Diagnosing Complex Professional Competencies—An Example of Intrapreneurship
Authors: George Ann Cathrice , Bley Sandra , Pellegrino James 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe describe an approach to characterizing and diagnosing complex professional competencies (CPCs) for the field of Intrapreneurship, i.e. activities of an entrepreneurial nature engaged by employees within their existing organizations. Our approach draws upon prior conceptual, empirical, and analytical efforts by researchers in Germany. Results are presented from an application of a cognitive diagnostic modeling approach to the performance of late stage apprentices on tasks derived from a previously developed competence model of Intrapreneurship. The results are discussed in terms of the type of cognitive diagnosis model (CDM) most appropriate for the domain and task battery, and patterns of performance are presented for seven diagnosable Intrapreneurship skills. By interpreting the assessment task response data in terms of a CDM, diagnostic, skill‐based information is obtained which verifies the strengths and weaknesses of the apprentices at a late stage in their training and has the potential to provide feedback to training programs triggering the improvement of individual apprentice learning and subsequent work‐related performance.
An Evaluative Framework for Reviewing Fairness Standards and Practices in Educational Tests
Authors: Jonson Jessica L. , Trantham Pamela , Usher‐Tate Betty Jean 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOne of the substantive changes in the 2014 Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing was the elevation of fairness in testing as a foundational element of practice in addition to validity and reliability. Previous research indicates that testing practices often do not align with professional standards and guidelines. Therefore, to raise awareness of fairness concepts and principles from the 2014 Standards, this study aligned those standards with fairness practices, as documented in test manuals and on websites of 18 intelligence and achievement tests from different test publishers. A content analysis indicated that just under half of the fairness standards are frequently or occasionally practiced and those occurrences differed somewhat across tests but did not differ between intelligence and achievement tests or across publishers. To inform and encourage improvements in the future practice of the fairness standards, an evaluative framework along with example practices and related methodological scholarship is discussed.
The rise of China's securitization market
Authors: Tang Ya , Chen Daixi , Chen Jing , Xu Jianguo 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe study the development of asset securitization markets in China. We manually collect all asset securitization projects and securities data from 2005 to 2015. Inspection of this sample combined with related policy changes reveals distinct characteristics and some potential problems. At the macro level, asset securitization market in China is policy driven, regulation‐segmented, and highly illiquid. At the micro level, the underlying assets are mainly corporate loans or assets, rather than mortgage or consumption loans as in the US and European markets. State owned commercial banks and enterprises enjoy significantly lower interest rates when issuing securitization bonds. Finally, risk‐isolation and credit enhancing techniques significantly improve the rating of asset‐backed securities.
Helicobacter pylori antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in the low‐resource Central America setting
Authors: Ortiz Vivian , Estevez‐Ordonez Dagoberto , Montalvan‐Sanchez Eleazar , Urrutia‐Argueta Samuel , Israel Dawn , Krishna Uma S. , Romero‐Gallo Judith , Wilson Keith T. , Peek Richard M. , Dominguez Ricardo , Morgan Douglas R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundAntimicrobial resistance is a global public health problem, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), where antibiotics are often obtained without a prescription. H. pylori antimicrobial resistance patterns are informative for patient care and gastric cancer prevention programs, have been shown to correlate with general antimicrobial consumption, and may guide antimicrobial stewardship programs in LMICs. We report H. pylori resistance and antimicrobial utilization patterns for western Honduras, representative of rural Central America.MethodsIn the context of the western Honduras gastric cancer epidemiology initiative, gastric biopsies from 189 patients were studied for culture and resistance patterns. Antimicrobial utilization was investigated for common H. pylori treatment regimens from regional public (7 antimicrobials) and national private (4 antimicrobials) data, analyzed in accordance with WHO anatomical therapeutic chemical defined daily doses (DDD) method and expressed as DDD/1000 inhabitants per day (DID) and per year (DIY).ResultsH. pylori was successfully cultured from 116 patients (56% males, mean age: 54), and nearly all strains were cagA+ and vacAs1m1+ positive (99% and 90.4%, respectively). Unexpectedly, high resistance was noted for levofloxacin (20.9%) and amoxicillin (10.7%), while metronidazole (67.9%) and clarithromycin (11.2%) were similar to data from Latin America. Significant associations with age, gender, or histology were not noted, with the exception of levofloxacin (28%, P = 0.01) in those with histology limited to non‐atrophic gastritis. Total antimicrobial usage in western Honduras of amoxicillin (17.3 DID) and the quinolones had the highest relative utilizations compared with other representative nations.ConclusionsWe observed significant H. pylori resistance to amoxicillin and levofloxacin in the context of high community antimicrobial utilization. This has implications in Central America for H. pylori treatment guidelines as well as antimicrobial stewardship programs.
CHAC1 overexpression in human gastric parietal cells with Helicobacter pylori infection in the secretory canaliculi
Authors: Ogawa Tomohisa , Wada Yuriko , Takemura Kosuke , Board Philip G. , Uchida Keisuke , Kitagaki Keisuke , Tamura Tomoki , Suzuki Takashige , Tokairin Yutaka , Nakajima Yasuaki , Eishi Yoshinobu 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundCation transport regulator 1 (CHAC1), a newly discovered enzyme that degrades glutathione, is induced in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)‐infected gastric epithelial cells in culture. The CHAC1‐induced decrease in glutathione leads to an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and somatic mutations in TP53. We evaluated the possible correlation between H. pylori infection and CHAC1 expression in human gastric mucosa.Materials and MethodsBoth fresh‐frozen and formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue samples of gastric mucosa with or without H. pylori infection were obtained from 41 esophageal cancer patients that underwent esophago‐gastrectomy. Fresh samples were used for real‐time polymerase chain reaction for H. pylori DNA and CHAC1 mRNA, and formalin‐fixed samples were used for immunohistochemistry with anti‐CHAC1 and anti‐H. pylori monoclonal antibodies. Double‐enzyme or fluorescence immunohistochemistry and immuno‐electron microscopy were used for further analysis.ResultsSignificant CHAC1 overexpression was detected in H. pylori‐infected parietal cells that expressed the human proton pump/H,K‐ATPase α subunit, whereas a constitutively low level of CHAC1 mRNA expression was observed in the other samples regardless of the H. pylori infection status, reflecting the weak CHAC1 expression detected by immunohistochemistry in the fundic‐gland areas. Immuno‐electron microscopy revealed intact H. pylori cells in the secretory canaliculi of infected parietal cells. Some parietal cells exhibited positive nuclear signals for Ki67 in the neck zone of the gastric fundic‐gland mucosa with H. pylori infection.ConclusionCation transport regulator 1 overexpression in H. pylori‐infected parietal cells may cause the H. pylori‐induced somatic mutations that contribute to the development of gastric cancer.
Correlation of molecular and morphological features of appendiceal epithelial neoplasms
Authors: Tsai Jia H , Yang Ching‐Yao , Yuan Ray‐Hwang , Jeng Yung‐Ming 
Published: May 2019

AimsThe aims of this study were to identify the genetic features of appendiceal epithelial neoplasms and correlate the genetic features with morphology.Methods and resultsWe analysed the genetic features of a series of 47 appendiceal epithelial neoplasms of various morphologies by using targeted next‐generation sequencing of 11 genes commonly mutated in gastrointestinal neoplasms. Seven of nine serrated polyps harboured BRAF mutations, which are rare in other types of appendiceal tumours. Most cases of low‐grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms (LAMNs) exhibited GNAS and KRAS mutations. LAMNs with a coexisting serrated polyp were all KRAS mutated. Four LAMNs with mutations in the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, either through inactivating mutations in APC or RNF43 or activating mutations in CTNNB1, had focal proliferation of mucin‐poor low‐grade tumour cells, reminiscent of colorectal adenomas. Mutations in the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway were also identified in high‐grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms, suggesting that Wnt/β‐catenin pathway activation is the driving force for the progression of LAMN to a higher‐grade lesion. Adenomatous polyps of the appendix frequently had APC, KRAS and TP53 mutations and were morphologically and molecularly similar to adenomatous polyps of the colorectum.ConclusionsOur results indicate a close association between morphology and genetic events in appendiceal neoplasms and suggest a phylogenetic relationship between different entities.
Genotyping of the C>T allele of rs16906252, predictor of O16‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status, in erosive atrophic lesions of oral lichen planus
Authors: Sánchez‐Siles Mariano , Aliaga‐Sánchez Alfonso , Medina Sonia , Adoamnei Evdochia , Fernández‐Ruiz Juan Alberto , Pelegrín‐Hernández Juan Pablo , Corno‐Caparrós Andres , Rosa‐Salazar Vladimir , Camacho‐Alonso Fabio 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundDNA promoter methylation is usually an early stage in carcinogenesis process, including oral cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between T allele of specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C>T rs 16906252 and O16‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation as prospective biomarkers of malignant transformation in oral lichen planus (OLP), a chronic autoimmune mucocutaneous disease.MethodsThis research is an observational, analytical case–control study where a total of 85 subjects (43 control individuals and 42 OLP patients) participated. The samples (mouthwashes) from all volunteers were analyzed, and DNA extraction was carried out. The genotyping of the rs 16906252 SNP in the MGMT gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP). Statistical analyses of Student t test and multiple logistic regressions were used.ResultsC>T genotype in the control and OLP groups was detected in 2.3% and 19.0%, respectively. The presence of this genotype was associated with methylation of the MGMT gene. In fact, taking into account age and gender, subjects with C>T genotype were 10.5 (95% CI 1.03–106; P = 0.047) times more likely to methylate promoter region of the MGMT gene.ConclusionsThese findings indicate that C>T allele of rs 16906252, predictor of MGMT promoter methylation status, may be an important feature in the clinical prognosis of premalignant lesions of OLP, although this finding requires further clinical and laboratory investigation.
Polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid induces innate immune responses via Toll‐like receptor 3 in human ovarian granulosa cells
Authors: Yan Keqin , Liang Jing , Zhang Xiao , Deng Lin , Feng Dingqing , Ling Bin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe ovary can be infected by a variety of viruses, which may come from the female reproductive tract or the peritoneum. The innate immune responses to viral infection in the human ovary are poorly understood. The present study demonstrated that human ovarian granulosa cells had innate immune activity in response to viral RNA challenge through Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) activation. TLR3 was constitutively expressed in the human ovary and predominantly located in granulosa cells of developmental follicles at all stages. Polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid [poly (I:C)], a synthetic viral double‐stranded RNA analog, induced innate immune responses in human ovarian granulosa cells and affected endocrine function. Poly (I:C) significantly upregulated proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐1β and type I interferon (IFN‐α/β), and the innate immune responses were significantly reduced by blocking TLR3 signaling. Furthermore, poly (I:C) induced antiviral genes expression, including 2′‐5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase, Mx GTPase 1, IFN‐stimulating gene 15 and double‐stranded RNA‐activated protein kinase R. In contrast, the expression of P450 aromatase and inhibin was dramatically inhibited by poly (I:C). Both silencing of TLR3 and neutralizing TNF‐α reversed the inhibitory effect of poly (I:C) on P450 aromatase and inhibin expression. Our study demonstrates that granulosa cells play a potential role in innate immune protection against viral infection in the normal human ovary, and the innate immune response perturbs cell endocrine function.
Characteristics and outcomes of rapid response team activations for hypotension in orthopaedic patients
Authors: Ramos João G. R. , Zhang Richard , Maher Brendan , Hardidge Andrew , Weinberg Laurence , Robbins Ray , Peyton Phillip J. , Bellomo Rinaldo , Jones Daryl 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundHypotension following orthopaedic surgery has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Rapid response teams (RRT) review patients on hospital wards with hypotension.AimTo evaluate the epidemiology of hypotensive RRT activations in adult orthopaedic patients to identify contributing factors and areas for future quality improvement.MethodsTiming of RRT activations, presumed causes of hypotension and associated treatments were assessed.ResultsAmong 963 RRT activations in 605 patients over 3 years, the first calls of 226 of 605 patients were due to hypotension, and 213 (94.2%) of 226 had sufficient data for analysis. The median age was 79 (interquartile range 66–87) years; 58 (27.2%) were male, and comorbidities were common. Most (68%) surgery was emergent, and 75.1% received intraoperative vasopressors for hypotension. Most activations occurred within 24 h of surgery, and hypovolaemia, infection and arrhythmias were common presumed causes. Fluid boluses occurred in 173 (81.2%), and the time between surgery and RRT activation was 10 (4.0–26.5) h. in cases where fluid boluses were given, compared with 33 (15.5–61.5) h. where they were not (P < 0.001). Blood transfusion (30, 14.1%) and withholding of medications were also common. Hospital mortality was 8.5% (18), and 13.6% (29) were admitted to critical care at some stage. In‐hospital death was associated with older age, functional dependence, arrhythmia and presumed infection.ConclusionsHypotension‐related RRT calls in orthopaedic patients are common. Future interventional studies might focus on perioperative fluid therapy and vaso‐active medications, as well as withholding of anti‐hypertensive medications preoperatively.
Gender norms associated with adolescent sexual behaviours in Uganda
Authors: Nalukwago Judith , Crutzen Rik , van den Borne Bart , Bukuluki Paul Mukisa , Bufumbo Leonard , Burke Holly McClain , Field Samuel , Zikusooka Amos , Fiedler Anne Akia , Alaii Jane 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe relationship between gendered power relations and sexual behaviours of adolescents has been limitedly explored in Uganda. A 2015 cross‐sectional survey covering 16 purposively selected districts of Uganda assessed perceptions and associations of gender norms measured using the Gender Equitable Men scale and sexual behaviours among adolescents (N = 867). Findings indicate that behavioural intention to use contraception was moderately correlated with a gender equitable norm towards reproductive health and pregnancy and disease prevention among girls, r = .23 (p < .01; 95% CI .14‐.31) and boys, r = .22 (p < .01; 95% CI .12‐.31). A moderate correlation was found between self‐efficacy to use condoms and the norm towards reproductive health and pregnancy and disease prevention among girls, r = .29 (p < .01; 95% CI .20‐.37) and boys, r = .30 (p < .01; 95% CI .21‐.38). This indicates persistent inequitable gender norms that affect health service uptake among adolescents. Addressing inequitable gender norms requires working closely with girls and boys, promoting informed peer and partner discussions, engaging in strategic partnerships with parents, religious, political, and community leaders, and enforcing health information services to address misconceptions.