bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The paediatric option for BodPod to assess body composition in preschool children: what fat-free mass density values should be used?
Authors: Delisle Nyström Christine , Söderström Emmie , Henriksson Pontus , Henriksson Hanna , Poortvliet Eric , Löf Marie 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAir displacement plethysmography utilises a two-component model to assess body composition, which relies on assumptions regarding the density of fat-free mass (FFM). To date, there is no evidence as to whether Lohman’s or Wellset al.’s FFM density values are more accurate in young children. Therefore, the aims of this study were to compare total body fat percentage (TBF%) assessed using the BodPod with both Lohman’s and Wellset al.’s FFM density values with TBF% from the three-component (3C) model in forty healthy Swedish children aged 5·5 years. Average TBF% calculated using Lohman’s FFM density values underestimated TBF% in comparison with the corresponding value assessed using the 3C model (22·2 (sd5·7) and 25·1 (sd5·5) %, respectively;P<0·001). No statistically significant difference was observed between TBF% assessed using Wellset al.’s FFM density values and the 3C model (24·9 (sd5·5) and 25·1 (sd5·5) %, respectively;P=0·614). The Bland and Altman plots for TBF% using both Lohman’s and Wellset al.’s FFM density values did not show any bias across the range of body fatness (Lohman:r0·056,P=0·733 and Wellset al.:r−0·006,P=0·970). These results indicate that Wellset al.’s FFM density values should be used when assessing body composition with the paediatric option for BodPod in 5-year-old children. However, future studies are needed to confirm these results in other populations, including a wider age range of children.
Vitamin D receptor genotype influences risk of upper respiratory infection
Authors: Jolliffe David A. , Greiller Claire L. , Mein Charles A. , Hoti Mimoza , Bakhsoliani Eteri , Telcian Aurica G. , Simpson Angela , Barnes Neil C. , Curtin John A. , Custovic Adnan , Johnston Sebastian L. , Griffiths Christopher J. , Walton Robert T. , Martineau Adrian R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSNP in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is associated with risk of lower respiratory infections. The influence of genetic variation in the vitamin D pathway resulting in susceptibility to upper respiratory infections (URI) has not been investigated. We evaluated the influence of thirty-three SNP in eleven vitamin D pathway genes (DBP,DHCR7,RXRA,CYP2R1,CYP27B1,CYP24A1,CYP3A4,CYP27A1,LRP2,CUBNandVDR)resulting in URI risk in 725 adults in London, UK, using an additive model with adjustment for potential confounders and correction for multiple comparisons. Significant associations in this cohort were investigated in a validation cohort of 737 children in Manchester, UK. In all, three SNP inVDR(rs4334089, rs11568820 and rs7970314) and one SNP inCYP3A4(rs2740574) were associated with risk of URI in the discovery cohort after adjusting for potential confounders and correcting for multiple comparisons (adjusted incidence rate ratio per additional minor allele ≥1·15,Pfor trend≤0·030). This association was replicated for rs4334089 in the validation cohort (Pfor trend=0·048) but not for rs11568820, rs7970314 or rs2740574. Carriage of the minor allele of the rs4334089 SNP inVDRwas associated with increased susceptibility to URI in children and adult cohorts in the United Kingdom.
Workflow for analysis of compositional data in sedimentary petrology: provenance changes in sedimentary basins from spatio-temporal variation in heavy-mineral assemblages
Authors: VERHAEGEN J. , WELTJE G.J. , MUNSTERMAN D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe field of provenance analysis has seen a revival in the last decade as quantitative data-acquisition techniques continue to develop. In the 20th century, many heavy-mineral data were collected. These data were mostly used as qualitative indications for stratigraphy and provenance, and not incorporated in a quantitative provenance methodology. Even today, such data are mostly only used in classic data tables or cumulative heavy-mineral plots as a qualitative indication of variation. The main obstacle to rigorous statistical analysis is the compositional nature of these data which makes them unfit for standard multivariate statistics. To gain more information from legacy data, a straightforward workflow for quantitative analysis of compositional datasets is provided. First (1) a centred log-ratio transformation of the data is carried out to fix the constant-sum constraint and non-negativity of the compositional data. Next, (2) cluster analysis is followed by (3) principal component analysis and (4) bivariate log-ratio plots. Several (5) proxies for the effects of sorting and weathering are included to check the provenance significance of observed variations and finally a (6) spatial interpolation of a provenance proxy extracted from the dataset can be carried out. To test this methodology, available heavy-mineral data from the southern edge of the Miocene North Sea Basin are analysed. The results are compared with available information from literature and are used to gain improved insight into Miocene sediment input variations in the study area.
Choice or opportunity: are post-release social groupings influenced by familiarity or reintroduction protocols?
Authors: Moseby K. E. , Blumstein D. T. , Letnic M. , West R. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe conservation benefits of maintaining social groupings during and after animal translocations are unclear. Although some studies report improved post-release survival, others found no discernible influence on reintroduction success. Understanding the effects of social groupings is difficult because release methods can influence the animals’ ability to maintain social groups. We explored this relationship by first studying whether release protocols influenced post-release cohesion in the communal burrowing bettong Bettongia lesueur, and then investigating whether maintenance of social cohesion conferred any post-release advantage. We released bettongs into a small (8 ha) and large (2,600 ha) area and compared the proportion that maintained social groupings in the different settings. The proportion of bettongs sharing with previous warren co-occupants was higher than expected by chance in both areas, however, a significantly higher proportion of bettongs maintained social groupings in the small (75%) compared to the large release area (13%). This suggests bettongs prefer to maintain social groupings but are unable to locate members of their group in large release areas. Bettongs that did maintain social groupings showed no difference in reproductive or health outcomes compared to those that formed new social groupings, suggesting no benefit to reintroduction success. We conclude that release protocols can influence post-release cohesion, but that greater cohesion does not necessarily confer advantages to group-living animals. To test the importance of social cohesion, further research on reintroductions should compare post-release parameters for animals released using protocols that do and do not facilitate maintenance of social groupings.
Depression, anxiety and perceived stress in women with and without PCOS: a community-based study
Authors: Damone Anna L. , Joham Anju E. , Loxton Deborah , Earnest Arul , Teede Helena J. , Moran Lisa J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with increased psychological distress in clinical populations. We aimed to assess depression, anxiety and perceived stress in women with and without PCOS in a large community-based sample and investigate the role of stress in contributing to and mediating the relationship between PCOS, depression and anxiety.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was performed from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health (ALWSH) comparing women with (n = 478) or without (n = 8134) a self-reported diagnosis of PCOS. Main outcome measures were depression, anxiety and perceived stress measured using validated scales. The χ2 and t tests were used to assess differences between groups. Univariable and multivariable regression were performed to determine factors contributing to each outcome.ResultsWomen reporting PCOS, compared with women not reporting PCOS, reported higher prevalence of depression (27.3% v. 18.8%), anxiety symptoms (50% v. 39.2%) and greater score for perceived stress (1.01 ± 0.03 v. 0.88 ± 0.01). After adjusting for body mass index, infertility and socio-demographic factors, women with PCOS were still more likely to be depressed, anxious and to have a higher level of perceived stress. There was a high-level mediation effect of stress between PCOS and both depression and anxiety.ConclusionCompared with women not reporting PCOS, women reporting PCOS have increased depression, anxiety and perceived stress. Stress may play a role in the association between PCOS, depression and anxiety. Further studies should consider assessment and management of stress in PCOS as it may be relevant for understanding the aetiology and treatment of psychological distress.
Two-cocycle twists and Atiyah–Patodi–Singer index theory
Authors: AZZALI SARA , WAHL CHARLOTTE 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe construct η- and ρ-invariants for Dirac operators, on the universal covering of a closed manifold, that are invariant under the projective action associated to a 2-cocycle of the fundamental group. We prove an Atiyah–Patodi–Singer index theorem in this setting, as well as its higher generalisation. Applications concern the classification of positive scalar curvature metrics on closed spin manifolds. We also investigate the properties of these twisted invariants for the signature operator and the relation to the higher invariants.
Parenting, culture, and the development of externalizing behaviors from age 7 to 14 in nine countries
Authors: Lansford Jennifer E. , Godwin Jennifer , Bornstein Marc H. , Chang Lei , Deater-Deckard Kirby , Di Giunta Laura , Dodge Kenneth A. , Malone Patrick S. , Oburu Paul , Pastorelli Concetta , Skinner Ann T. , Sorbring Emma , Steinberg Laurence , Tapanya Sombat , Uribe Tirado Liliana Maria , Alampay Liane Peña , Al-Hassan Suha M. , Bacchini Dario 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUsing multilevel models, we examined mother-, father-, and child-reported (N = 1,336 families) externalizing behavior problem trajectories from age 7 to 14 in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States). The intercept and slope of children's externalizing behavior trajectories varied both across individuals within culture and across cultures, and the variance was larger at the individual level than at the culture level. Mothers’ and children's endorsement of aggression as well as mothers’ authoritarian attitudes predicted higher age 8 intercepts of child externalizing behaviors. Furthermore, prediction from individual-level endorsement of aggression and authoritarian attitudes to more child externalizing behaviors was augmented by prediction from cultural-level endorsement of aggression and authoritarian attitudes, respectively. Cultures in which father-reported endorsement of aggression was higher and both mother- and father-reported authoritarian attitudes were higher also reported more child externalizing behavior problems at age 8. Among fathers, greater attributions regarding uncontrollable success in caregiving situations were associated with steeper declines in externalizing over time. Understanding cultural-level as well as individual-level correlates of children's externalizing behavior offers potential insights into prevention and intervention efforts that can be more effectively targeted at individual children and parents as well as targeted at changing cultural norms that increase the risk of children's and adolescents’ externalizing behavior.
Miniaturized branch-line coupler based on slow-wave microstrip lines
Authors: Alhalabi H. , Issa H. , Pistono E. , Kaddour D. , Podevin F. , Baheti A. , Abouchahine S. , Ferrari P. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a miniaturized 3-dB branch-line coupler based on slow-wave microstrip transmission lines. The miniaturized coupler operating at 2.45 GHz is designed and implemented on a double-layer printed circuit board substrate with blind metallic vias embedded in the lower substrate layer providing the slow-wave effect. Based on this concept, a 43% size miniaturization is achieved as compared with a classical microstrip branch-line coupler prototype. The measured S parameters present a return loss of 25.5 dB and an average insertion loss equal to 0.05 dB at the operating frequency.
Direct Observation of Faulting by Means of Rotary Shear Tests Under X‐Ray Micro‐Computed Tomography
Authors: Zhao Qi , Tisato Nicola , Kovaleva Olga , Grasselli Giovanni 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFriction and fault evolution are critical aspects in earthquake studies as they directly influence the nucleation, propagation, and arrest of earthquake ruptures. We present the results of a recently developed experimental approach that investigates these important aspects using a combination of rotary shear testing and X‐ray micro‐computed tomography technology. Two sets of experiments at normal stresses (σn) of 2.5 and 1.8 MPa were conducted on synthetic laboratory faults. We identified real contact areas (Ac) on the fault surfaces and estimated sizes of contact patches by means of micro‐computed tomography image analysis. The number of contact patches and their sizes showed positive correlations with σn, and contact patch size distributions followed power law relations. The total number of contact patches decreased with increasing slip distance, and large contact patches endured longer slip distance than small ones. Secondary off‐fault fractures created by interlocking and breakdown of large contact patches were closely related to the sudden drops of frictional resistance, suggesting the dominant role of surface roughness on shear behavior especially at low stress.
Effects of Needle Ice on Peat Erosion Processes During Overland Flow Events
Authors: Li Changjia , Holden Joseph , Grayson Richard 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFreeze‐thaw processes play a role in increasing erosion potential in upland areas, but their impact on overland flow hydraulics and fluvial erosion processes are not clearly established. We provide the first quantitative analysis demonstrating that needle ice production is a primary process contributing to upland peat erosion by enhancing peat erodibility during runoff events following thaw. To quantify the effects of needle ice on peat physical properties, overland flow hydraulics, and erosion processes, physical overland flow simulation experiments were conducted on highly frost‐susceptible blanket peat with and without needle ice processes. For each treatment, overland flow rates of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 L/min and slopes of 2.5° and 7.5° were applied. Peat erodibility, sediment concentration, and sediment yield were significantly increased in treatments subjected to needle ice processes. Median peat losses were nearly 6 times higher in peat blocks subject to needle ice processes than in peat blocks not subject to needle ice processes. Needle ice processes decreased mean overland flow velocities by 32–44% via increased hydraulic roughness and changes to surface microtopographic features, with microrills and headcut development. Needle ice processes increased the hydrodynamic force of shear stress by 55–85%. Erosion rates under needle ice processes exhibited a significant linear relationship with stream power. Our findings indicate that models of overland flow‐induced peat erosion would benefit from a winter component that properly accounts for the effects of needle ice processes on peat erodibility and erosion.
Glacier Calving Rates Due to Subglacial Discharge, Fjord Circulation, and Free Convection
Authors: Schild K. M. , Renshaw C. E. , Benn D. I. , Luckman A. , Hawley R. L. , How P. , Trusel L. , Cottier F. R. , Pramanik A. , Hulton N. R. J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTidewater glacier calving provides the most direct mechanism of ice transfer from land to the ocean. However, the physical melt processes influencing calving remain challenging to constrain. In this study we focus on calving rates at Kongsbreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard, due to three mechanisms of submarine melt: (1) free convection, (2) horizontal fjord circulation, and (3) meltwater discharge. To calculate an overall calving rate, we measure glacier velocity and terminus change using Sentinel imagery. We calculate free convection, fjord circulation, and meltwater discharge calving using mooring data for mid‐fjord ocean temperature (30–80 m depth), reanalysis results for meltwater runoff, and georectified time‐lapse imagery to track icebergs and infer surface circulation. Results show that the total glacier calving rate is highly correlated with ocean temperature during the 2016 melt season. When runoff was present, we found that subglacial discharge accounted for calving rates an order of magnitude greater than the maximum calving rates assigned to the other two melting mechanisms combined. Further, subglacial discharge at Kongsbreen was more efficient in inducing calving later in the season than earlier in the season, implying that the increase in ocean temperatures, the timing of meltwater discharge within a melt season, and/or the development of discrete meltwater exit channels are critical components to calving rates. As the recent atmospheric warming trend and subsequent increase in meltwater discharge is expected to continue, it is essential to understand the processes contributing to an increase in glacier calving and incorporate these processes into predictive models.
Quantifying the Sustainability of Water Availability for the Water‐Food‐Energy‐Ecosystem Nexus in the Niger River Basin
Authors: Yang Jie , Yang Y. C. Ethan , Khan Hassaan F. , Xie Hua , Ringler Claudia , Ogilvie Andrew , Seidou Ousmane , Djibo Abdouramane Gado , van Weert Frank , Tharme Rebecca 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWater, food, energy, and the ecosystems they depend on interact with each other in highly complex and interlinked ways. These interdependencies can be traced particularly well in the context of a river basin, which is delineated by hydrological boundaries. The interactions are shaped by humans interacting with nature, and as such, a river basin can be characterized as a complex, coupled socioecological system. The Niger River Basin in West Africa is such a system, where water infrastructure development to meet growing water, food, and energy demands may threaten a productive and vulnerable basin ecosystem. These dynamic interactions remain poorly understood. Trade‐off analyses between different sectors and at different spatial scales are needed to support solution‐oriented policy analysis, particularly in transboundary basins. This study assesses the impact of climate and human/anthropogenic changes on the water, energy, food, and ecosystem sectors and characterizes the resulting trade‐offs through a set of generic metrics related to the sustainability of water availability. Results suggest that dam development can mitigate negative impacts from climate change on hydropower generation and also on ecosystem health to some extent.
The Dependence of Solar Wind Burst Size on Burst Duration and Its Invariance Across Solar Cycles 23 and 24
Authors: Tindale E. , Chapman S.C. , Moloney N.R. , Watkins N.W. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTime series of solar wind variables are bursty in nature. Bursts, or excursions, in the time series of solar wind parameters are associated with various transient structures in the solar wind plasma and are often the drivers of increased space weather activity in Earth's magnetosphere. We define bursts by setting a threshold value of the time series and identifying how often, and for how long, it is exceeded. This allows us to study how the statistical distributions and scaling properties of burst parameters vary over solar cycles 23 and 24. We find that the distributions of burst duration and integrated burst size vary over the solar cycle and between the equivalent phases of consecutive cycles. However, there exists a single power law scaling relation between burst size and duration, with a joint area‐duration scaling exponentαthat is independent of the solar cycle. This provides a solar cycle invariant constraint between possible sizes and durations of solar wind bursts that can occur.
Spatial and Temporal Variations in Earthquake Stress Drop on Gofar Transform Fault, East Pacific Rise: Implications for Fault Strength
Authors: Moyer Pamela A. , Boettcher Margaret S. , McGuire Jeffery J. , Collins John A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractOn Gofar Transform Fault on the East Pacific Rise, the largest earthquakes (6.0 ≤ MW ≤ 6.2) have repeatedly ruptured the same portion of the fault, while intervening fault segments host swarms of microearthquakes. These long‐term patterns in earthquake occurrence suggest that heterogeneous fault zone properties control earthquake behavior. Using waveforms from ocean bottom seismometers that recorded seismicity before and after an anticipated 2008 MW 6.0 mainshock, we investigate the role that differences in material properties have on earthquake rupture at Gofar. We determine stress drop for 138 earthquakes (2.3 ≤ MW ≤ 4.0) that occurred within and between the rupture areas of large earthquakes. Stress drops are calculated from corner frequencies derived using an empirical Green's function spectral ratio method, and seismic moments are obtained by fitting the omega‐square source model to the low frequency amplitude of the displacement spectrum. Our analysis yields stress drops from 0.04 to 3.2 MPa with statistically significant spatial variation, including ~2 times higher average stress drop in fault segments where large earthquakes also occur compared to fault segments that host earthquake swarms. We find an inverse correlation between stress drop and P wave velocity reduction, which we interpret as the effect of fault zone damage on the ability of the fault to store strain energy that leads to our spatial variations in stress drop. Additionally, we observe lower stress drops following the MW 6.0 mainshock, consistent with increased damage and decreased fault strength after a large earthquake.