bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review on the Features and Progress of Dual‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Meng , Tang Yongbing 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDespite the wide application of lithium‐ion batteries in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, the demand for new battery systems with the merits of high voltage, environmental friendliness, safety, and cost efficiency is still quite urgent. This perspective focuses on dual‐ion batteries (DIBs), in which, both the cations and anions are involved in the battery reaction. An anion's intercalation/deintercalation process on the cathode side allows the DIBs to operate at high voltages, which is favorable for enhanced energy density. However, electrolytes with a wide electrochemical window and suitable anion‐intercalation materials with highly reversible capacities should be developed. The progress of research into stable organic electrolytes, ionic liquids, and their effects on the electrochemical performances of DIBs are first discussed. Thereafter, the anion‐host materials including graphitic materials, organic materials, and their working mechanisms are discussed in detail. In addition, recently emerging DIB systems with high‐capacity anodes, or sodium‐, potassium‐ion involved battery reactions are also reviewed. The authors' recent work, demonstrating a generalized DIB construction using metal foil as both current collector and alloying anode material, which is successfully extended into lithium‐, sodium‐, and potassium‐based DIBs, is also discussed.
Dendrite‐Free Metallic Lithium in Lithiophilic Carbonized Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Zhu Mengqi , Li Bin , Li Songmei , Du Zhiguo , Gong Yongji , Yang Shubin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAlthough metallic lithium is a promising anode material due to its high theoretical capacity, the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites and infinite volume change hamper its practical applications. Here, the lithiophilic property of carbonized metal–organic frameworks (cMOFs) is harnessed with zinc species to achieve a uniform lithium‐cMOFs (Li‐cMOFs) hybrid via a molten lithium infusion approach. In the resultant Li‐cMOFs, not only are abundant Zn clusters are uniformly confined and dispersed in the matrix, serving as homogeneous nucleation sites to guide Li deposition, but also the 3D conductive porous structure enables the homogenization of the distributions of electric field and Li ion flux, avoiding the formation of lithium dendrites. Hence, this hybrid exhibits superior electrochemical performance with a very low voltage hysteresis and a good cycle life. This provides a new manner to achieve a series of stable metallic lithium anodes based on the large family of metal–organic frameworks with tunable metal species.
High‐Performance Suspended Particle Devices Based on Copper‐Reduced Graphene Oxide Core–Shell Nanowire Electrodes
Authors: Huang Shengyun , Zhang Qingzhe , Li Pandeng , Ren Fuqiang , Yurtsever Aycan , Ma Dongling 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSmart windows are one of the key components of so‐called “green” buildings. These windows are based on an actively switchable electro‐optic material that is sandwiched between two transparent electrodes. Although great progress has been made in identifying the optimal materials for such active windows, there is still a great need to improve their key elements, especially the performance of the transparent electrodes. Here, a new suspended particle device (SPD), holding a great potential for smart window applications, which is built upon copper‐reduced graphene oxide (Cu‐rGO) core–shell nanowire (NW) films as a transparent conductive electrode is reported. With the wrapping of rGO, the Cu NW electrodes demonstrate both high optical transparency and electrical conductivity, as well as significantly improved stability under various testing conditions. The novel sandwich‐structured SPDs, based on these electrodes, show a large change in their optical transmittance (42%) between “on” and “off” states, impressively fast switching time and superior stability. These high performances are comparable to those of the SPDs based on indium tin oxide electrodes. These promising results pave the way for the electrodes to be an integral part of a variety of optoelectronic devices, including energy‐friendly and flexible electronics.
Toward the Experimental Understanding of the Energy Storage Mechanism and Ion Dynamics in Ionic Liquid Based Supercapacitors
Authors: Yan Runyu , Antonietti Markus , Oschatz Martin 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA series of salt‐templated carbons with gradually changed pore structure and their corresponding nitrogen‐doped analogues are synthesized and applied as model systems to thoroughly study the ion migration dynamics and energy storage mechanism in hierarchical pore structures with different surface functionalization in electric double‐layer capacitors with a model ionic liquid electrolyte (1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate). Ion conformation and phase variation during the charging/discharging process and their contribution to the energy storage mechanism are investigated. A significant contribution of structural changes in the bulk of the ionic liquid electrolyte strengthening charge storage in the electric double‐layer beyond the usual expectations is uncovered. Furthermore, a quantitative model of the structure–dynamics relationship is proposed, in which the optimal ratio of mesopores to micropores is determined to be 3:1 in pore volume. Below this ratio, the ion dynamics can be promoted by increasing mesopore content and/or doping with nitrogen, while those parameters show only minor influence when the ratio is surpassing 3:1. Nitrogen doping in this system improves the rate capability (due to the enhanced ion transport dynamics) rather than the amount of energy stored.
An Open‐Structured Matrix as Oxygen Cathode with High Catalytic Activity and Large Li2O2 Accommodations for Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Lin Xiaodong , Yuan Ruming , Cai Senrong , Jiang Youhong , Lei Jie , Liu San‐Gui , Wu Qi‐Hui , Liao Hong‐Gang , Zheng Mingsen , Dong Quanfeng 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe nonaqueous lithium–oxygen (Li–O2) battery is considered as one of the most promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage systems because of its very high theoretical energy density. However, its development is severely hindered by large overpotential and limited capacity, far less than theory, caused by sluggish oxygen redox kinetics, pore clogging by solid Li2O2 deposition, inferior Li2O2/cathode contact interface, and difficult oxygen transport. Herein, an open‐structured Co9S8 matrix with sisal morphology is reported for the first time as an oxygen cathode for Li–O2 batteries, in which the catalyzing for oxygen redox, good Li2O2/cathode contact interface, favorable oxygen evolution, and a promising Li2O2 storage matrix are successfully achieved simultaneously, leading to a significant improvement in the electrochemical performance of Li–O2 batteries. The intrinsic oxygen‐affinity revealed by density functional theory calculations and superior bifunctional catalytic properties of Co9S8 electrode are found to play an important role in the remarkable enhancement in specific capacity and round‐trip efficiency for Li–O2 batteries. As expected, the Co9S8 electrode can deliver a high discharge capacity of ≈6875 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1 and exhibit a low overpotential of 0.57 V under a cutoff capacity of 1000 mA h g−1, outperforming most of the current metal‐oxide‐based cathodes.
Comprehensive analysis on 559 cases of adrenal incidentalomas in the elderly Chinese
Authors: Li Tuo , Li Weiqin , Fang Xiao , Lv Qian , Song Yan , Shi Yongquan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis study was conducted to describe the incidence, classifications and characteristics of adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) in the elderly Chinese.MethodsPrimary clinical records in Shanghai Changzheng Hospital (n = 559) were collected for incident cases of AI between January 1, 2002 and December 1, 2016. We examined demographics, endocrine functions, treatment, etiology, and prognoses.ResultsWe identified 559 new diagnoses of elderly onset AIs, of which 41.25% were male and were diagnosed at a mean age of 74.39 ± 9.03 years. About 61% showed no typical symptoms. Upon systematic review, 41.34% showed dysglycemia, high blood pressure, kaliopenia, and so on. 24.15% (n = 135) received complete or partial endocrine function assessments. A total of 281 cases underwent surgical treatment, and 278 cases went through regular follow‐ups without any operation. Preoperative evaluation was basically consistent with postoperative pathology (P > .05). During the follow‐up, the presence of new subclinical hypercortisolism was 8.99%, and the tumor grew up 3.92% per year (1.96 ± 0.09 mm). 51 cases (9.12%) eventually received further invasive examinations or surgical treatments.ConclusionThe detection of AI in the elderly Chinese is increasing annually. The imaging method and endocrine function tests have great roles in distinguishing between benignancy and malignancy. The diagnosis and treatment of the elderly Chinese with AI should receive multidisciplinary assessment. Biochemical and morphological follow‐up of aged patients with AI should be conducted every 5 years at least.
Inferring the evolutionary reduction of corm lobation in Isoëtes using Bayesian model‐averaged ancestral state reconstruction
Authors: Freund Forrest D. , Freyman William A. , Rothfels Carl J. 
Published: March 2018

Premise of the StudyInferring the evolution of characters in Isoëtes has been problematic, as these plants are morphologically conservative and yet highly variable and homoplasious within that conserved base morphology. However, molecular phylogenies have given us a valuable tool for testing hypotheses of character evolution within the genus, such as the hypothesis of ongoing morphological reductions.MethodsWe examined the reduction in lobe number on the underground trunk, or corm, by combining the most recent molecular phylogeny with morphological descriptions gathered from the literature and observations of living specimens. Ancestral character states were inferred using nonstationary evolutionary models, reversible‐jump MCMC, and Bayesian model averaging.Key ResultsOur results support the hypothesis of a directional reduction in lobe number in Isoëtes, with the best‐supported model of character evolution being one of irreversible reduction. Furthermore, the most probable ancestral corm lobe number of extant Isoëtes is three, and a reduction to two lobes has occurred at least six times.ConclusionsFrom our results, we can infer that corm lobation, like many other traits in Isoëtes, shows a degree of homoplasy, and yet also shows ongoing evolutionary reduction.
Is age of menarche among school girls related to breastfeeding during infancy?
Authors: Al‐Mathkoori Radhia , Albatineh Ahmed , Al‐Shatti Maryam , Al‐Taiar Abdullah 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesBreastfeeding has been linked to various disease conditions in adulthood. Age of menarche has been proposed to be an intermediary factor on the life‐course path to these disease conditions, but the link between breastfeeding and age of menarche remains under debate. This study aimed to investigate the association between age of menarche and breastfeeding during infancy.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted in which 775 female high school students were randomly selected from private and public high schools in all provinces in Kuwait. Data on age of menarche were collected by self‐administered questionnaires from the students, while data on breastfeeding were collected from their mothers through telephone interviews. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the association between breastfeeding and age of menarche after adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsOf the study group 496 mothers responded to the telephone interview. Duration of breastfeeding was not significantly associated with age of menarche before or after adjusting for potential confounders (P = .279 and P = .124 for crude and fully adjusted model, respectively). Similarly, no significant association was found between type of breastfeeding during the first four months of life and age of menarche before or after adjusting for potential confounders (P = .949 and P = .398 for crude and fully adjusted model, respectively).ConclusionNo significant association was found between age of menarche and breastfeeding during infancy, which may suggest that the link between breastfeeding and disease conditions in adulthood is not necessarily mediated through age of menarche.
Asbestos standards: Impact of currently uncounted chrysotile asbestos fibers on lifetime lung cancer risk
Authors: Richardson David B. , Keil Alexander P. , Cole Stephen R. , Dement John 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundCurrent regulations require that asbestos fibers are collected and examined using a light microscope. This method fails to enumerate fibers that are too short or thin to reliably count using a light microscope under normal conditions.MethodsA cohort of 3054 workers employed at an asbestos textile plant was followed to ascertain causes of death. Exposure was almost entirely chrysotile. Fiber counts were quantified using light microscopy and electron microscopy. The g‐formula was used to estimate impacts on lung cancer of policies defined in terms of fiber counts quantified using light and electron microscopy.ResultsGiven exposure at the current standard, the estimated lung cancer risk was 7.33%, comparable to the risk expected under a standard of 1 fiber/mL counted using electron microscopy (7.30%). The lifetime risk of lung cancer under a standard of 0.1 fiber/mL counted by electron microscopy was estimated to be 7.10%.ConclusionsWe identify policies defined in terms of electron microscopy‐based asbestos exposure metrics that yield comparable, or lower, lung cancer mortality than that expected under the current standard.
Recent Progress in Transition‐Metal‐Free, Base‐Mediated Benzannulation Reactions for the Synthesis of a Diverse Range of Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Compounds
Authors: Poudel Tej Narayan , Tamargo Ramuel John Inductivo , Cai Hongyun , Lee Yong Rok 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBenzene and its derivatives are the most abundant substructures of several interesting classes of compound, such as bioactive molecules. Owing to their importance, the development of methods for their construction has attracted considerable attention. However, the regioselective synthesis of polysubstituted aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds by using aromatic substitution is challenging, because it provides derivatives with restricted substitution patterns. Therefore, the benzannulation reaction—the assembly of benzene derivatives from acyclic precursors—constitutes a superior and highly versatile approach to polysubstituted aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds, and various efficient benzannulation reactions have been reported. Representative examples include Cs2CO3, t‐BuOK, and DBU‐catalyzed reactions for the construction of valuable benzene derivatives. The central objective of this Focus Review is to highlight base‐mediated benzannulation reactions under transition‐metal‐free conditions for the construction of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds.
Neutron‐based computed microtomography: Pliobates cataloniae and Barberapithecus huerzeleri as a test‐case study
Authors: Urciuoli Alessandro , Zanolli Clément , Fortuny Josep , Almécija Sergio , Schillinger Burkhard , Moyà‐Solà Salvador , Alba David M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesHigh‐resolution imaging of fossils with X‐ray computed microtomography (μCT) has become a very powerful tool in paleontological research. However, fossilized bone, embedding matrix, and dental tissues do not always provide a distinct structural signal with X‐rays. We demonstrate the benefits of high‐resolution neutron radiation in three different specimens showing problematic contrasts with X‐ray μCT.Materials and methodsWe compare neutron with X‐ray μCT scans of fossils from two Miocene catarrhines from the Vallès‐Penedès Basin: the cranium (IPS58443.1, holotype) of the putative stem hominoid Pliobates cataloniae, to discriminate between bone and matrix; and two lower molars (IPS1724n,o, holotype) of Barberapithecus huerzeleri, to discriminate among dental tissues.ResultsX‐ray μCT scans of these specimens fail to retrieve any contrast between matrix/bone and enamel/dentine, whereas neutron μCT scans deliver high‐contrast images, enabling a proper evaluation of the specimens' internal anatomy.DiscussionLow bone/matrix intensity difference with X‐ray μCT scans in IPS58443.1 is due to the extreme similarity in chemical composition between the matrix and the fossilized tissues, and the presence of high‐density elements. In IPS1724, it is attributable to the convergence of enamel and dentine compositions during fossilization. On the contrary, neutron radiation returns very different contrasts for different isotopes of the same element and easily penetrates most metals. Neutron‐based μCT scans therefore enable a correct definition of the bone/sediment and enamel/dentine interfaces, and hence a better segmentation of the images stack. We conclude that neutron radiation represents a successful alternative for high‐resolution µCT of small‐sized fossils that are problematic with X‐rays.
Status epilepticus: Role for etiology in determining response to benzodiazepines
Authors: Joshi Suchitra , Rajasekaran Karthik , Hawk Kyle M. , Chester Stephen J. , Goodkin Howard P. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveClinical factors contributing to benzodiazepine failure in treating status epilepticus (SE) include suboptimal dosing and seizure duration. As many benzodiazepine‐refractory episodes of SE arise from acute etiologies, we sought to determine whether etiology impacts SE treatment.MethodsThe potency of diazepam to terminate SE induced by lithium‐pilocarpine (LiPilo‐SE) or kainic acid (KA‐SE) in 3‐week‐old rats was studied by video‐electroencephalography. Synaptic γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAR)‐mediated currents were recorded from dentate granule cells using voltage‐clamp electrophysiology. Surface expression of γ2 subunit–containing GABARs and Kv4.2 potassium channels in hippocampal slices was determined using a biotinylation assay. Expression of phosphorylated forms of β2/3 and γ2 subunits was determined using phosphospecific antibodies and Western blotting.ResultsDiazepam failed to terminate late SE in LiPilo‐SE animals but was successful in terminating KA‐SE of 1‐ and 3‐hour duration. One hour after SE onset, GABAR‐mediated synaptic inhibition and γ2 subunit–containing GABAR surface expression were reduced in LiPilo‐SE animals. These were unchanged in KA‐SE animals at 1 and 3 hours. Phosphorylation of γ2 subunit residue S327 was unchanged in both models, although GABAR β3 subunit S408/409 residues were dephosphorylated in the LiPilo‐SE animals. Kv4.2 potassium channel surface expression was increased in LiPilo‐SE animals but reduced in KA‐SE animals.InterpretationSE‐model–dependent differences support a novel hypothesis that the development of benzodiazepine pharmacoresistance may be etiologically predetermined. Further studies are required to investigate the mechanisms that underlie such etiological differences during SE and whether etiology‐dependent protocols for the treatment of SE need to be developed. Ann Neurol 2018;83:830–841
Regional brain volumetry and brain function in severely brain‐injured patients
Authors: Annen Jitka , Frasso Gianluca , Crone Julia Sophia , Heine Lizette , Di Perri Carol , Martial Charlotte , Cassol Helena , Demertzi Athena , Naccache Lionel , Laureys Steven ,   and Coma Science Group Collaborators
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveThe relationship between residual brain tissue in patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC) and the clinical condition is unclear. This observational study aimed to quantify gray (GM) and white matter (WM) atrophy in states of (altered) consciousness.MethodsStructural T1‐weighted magnetic resonance images were processed for 102 severely brain‐injured and 52 healthy subjects. Regional brain volume was quantified for 158 (sub)cortical regions using Freesurfer. The relationship between regional brain volume and clinical characteristics of patients with DOC and conscious brain‐injured patients was assessed using a linear mixed‐effects model. Classification of patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) and minimally conscious state (MCS) using regional volumetric information was performed and compared to classification using cerebral glucose uptake from fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. For validation, the T1‐based classifier was tested on independent datasets.ResultsPatients were characterized by smaller regional brain volumes than healthy subjects. Atrophy occurred faster in UWS compared to MCS (GM) and conscious (GM and WM) patients. Classification was successful (misclassification with leave‐one‐out cross‐validation between 2% and 13%) and generalized to the independent data set with an area under the receiver operator curve of 79% (95% confidence interval [CI; 67–91.5]) for GM and 70% (95% CI [55.6–85.4]) for WM.InterpretationBrain volumetry at the single‐subject level reveals that regions in the default mode network and subcortical gray matter regions, as well as white matter regions involved in long range connectivity, are most important to distinguish levels of consciousness. Our findings suggest that changes of brain structure provide information in addition to the assessment of functional neuroimaging and thus should be evaluated as well. Ann Neurol 2018;83:842–853
Developmental conduction aphasia after neonatal stroke
Authors: Northam Gemma B. , Adler Sophie , Eschmann Kathrin C. J. , Chong Wui K. , Cowan Frances M. , Baldeweg Torsten 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveImpairment of speech repetition following injury to the dorsal language stream is a feature of conduction aphasia, a well‐described “disconnection syndrome” in adults. The impact of similar lesions sustained in infancy has not been established.MethodsWe compared language outcomes in term‐born individuals with confirmed neonatal stroke (n = 30, age = 7–18 years, left‐sided lesions in 21 cases) to matched controls (n = 40). Injury to the dorsal and/or ventral language streams was assessed using T1‐ and T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tractography. Language lateralization was determined using functional MRI.ResultsAt the group level, left dorsal language stream injury was associated with selective speech repetition impairment for nonwords (p = 0.021) and sentences (p < 0.0001). The majority of children with significant repetition impairment had retained left hemisphere language representation, but right hemisphere dominance was correlated with minimal or absent repetition deficits. Post hoc analysis of the repetition‐impaired group revealed additional language‐associated deficits, but these were more subtle and variable.InterpretationWe conclude that (1) despite the considerable plasticity of the infant brain, early dorsal language stream injury can result in specific and long‐lasting problems with speech repetition that are similar to the syndrome of conduction aphasia seen in adults; and (2) language reorganization to the contralateral hemisphere has a protective effect. Ann Neurol 2018;83:664–675 Ann Neurol 2018;83:664–675