bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-Rent Mauritius as a Developmental Counterfactual for High-Rent Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Auty Richard M. , Furlonge Haydn I. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Mauritius’s existential Malthusian crisis at independence incentivized a developmental government to promote competitive diversification through a dual track reform strategy. The Mauritian government deployed its modest tapering rent stream to expand a dynamic market economy in Track 1 while postponing reform of the rent-distorted economy in Track 2 until the market economy could absorb it. Mauritius shows how expanding labour-intensive exports absorbs surplus labour, which triggers the labour-market turning point when structural change drives competitive diversification into more skill-intensive manufacturing and a proliferating range of export services (tourism, ICT, and finance). Critically, the omission of the labour-intensive industrialization phase of the competitive diversification model in Trinidad and Tobago prompted governments to combat rising unemployment by deploying rent to subsidize uncompetitive jobs. Even after a growth collapse, policy remained rent dependent because gas-based industrialization is a minimal economic diversification.
Happiness
Authors: Goldman Alan H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Accounts of happiness in the philosophical literature see it as either a judgment of satisfaction with one’s life or as a balance of positive over negative feelings or emotional states. There are sound objections to both types of account, although each captures part of what happiness is. Seeing it as an emotion allows us to incorporate both features of the accounts thought to be incompatible. Emotions are analyzed as multi-component states including judgments, feelings, physical symptoms, and behavioral dispositions. It is shown that prototypical happiness contains all these components, and each is explicated. Happiness is similar to other emotions in many respects, including the phenomenon of adaptation, the “paradox of happiness,” and the existence of both paradigm and borderline instances. In secondary senses happiness can be a mood or temperament, higher level dispositions. Happiness is both a judgment of and a component of well-being, but not the whole of it.
Introduction
Authors: Goldman Alan H. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the topics to be discussed throughout the book. It gives a brief indication of the nature of pleasure, happiness, well-being, and meaning in life. The complex relations between these four categories will be a major topic of this book: the chapters to follow will relate each of these states to motivation and personal value. Well-being is the all-inclusive category of personal value. It consists in the satisfaction of deep rational desires. None of the other states is to be equated with it, although they are both partial causes and effects of well-being (and in the case of happiness, in part a judgment of it).
Reading, Reception, and Elite Education
Authors: Eastlake Laura 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines representations of identity formation in boys through acts of reading and particularly through acts of learning to grapple with the Latin language. This relationship between manhood and reading is evidenced in both the content and the semantic structures of schoolboy fiction. For Tom Brown, Eric, and Stalky—each of whom attend a different calibre or type of Victorian school—Latin is both the process through which boys become men and the designator of that manliness, with senior male figures like Thomas Arnold often being constructed as Caesar-like figures at the top of an ascending scale of maturity and seniority. Rome is often presented as both the maker and the marker of elite Victorian manliness in both its physical and intellectual varieties. Yet this chapter is also interested in changes and challenges to the classical curriculum in the nineteenth century as competing styles of masculinity emerged in the form of the captains of industry and science.
New Imperialism and the Problem of Cleopatra
Authors: Eastlake Laura 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how, by the closing decades of the century, Rome had eclipsed both Greek and Germanic pasts as a model for figuring ideal imperial masculinity. This is most apparent in late Victorian writing about Egypt. Britain’s newest imperial acquisition in 1882 was also, significantly, the backdrop for ancient Rome’s triumph over the East and over Egypt’s most famous queen, Cleopatra. This chapter demonstrates how Henry Rider Haggard’s novel Cleopatra (1889) and the various stories now referred to collectively as ‘Mummy Fiction’, dramatize the extent to which British imperial identity and experience had become aligned with Roman examples by the end of the century. The New Imperialist is cast as a modern-day Caesar or Antony in his relationship with empire, as territorial and sexual desires become conflated and focused on the figure of Cleopatra herself.
On Method
Authors: Nasrallah Laura Salah 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Those who use archaeology to interpret New Testament texts run the risk of reintroducing past problems: Orientalist underpinnings that assume that the Mediterranean is static, unexamined feelings about the numinous nature of an object, the idea that archaeology gives a clear window onto the past. In addition, “biblical archaeology” has often served historical positivism, with object or inscription used to “prove” some biblical text or character. Yet, despite these problems in “biblical archaeology,” archaeological materials are necessary for a full study of antiquity. Evidence from material culture allows for a deeper understanding of local contexts and fuller, if imperfect, information about the lives of the less than elite. Moreover, by paying attention to material culture, we enter into a larger conversation about how to write history, particularly in conversation with feminist materialist historiography and recent theories that take seriously the idea that objects themselves have agency.
On Slaves and Other Things
Authors: Nasrallah Laura Salah 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the letters of Paul are thoroughly infused with the slave-trading mentalities of the Roman world. Greek and Roman law and literature present the enslaved person as being both person and thing. Onesimus, a slave passed between Paul and Philemon, appears as such a person and thing in Paul’s letter to Philemon. Ephesos was a likely location of the household of Philemon. Within the city, we find evidence of slaves, slave traders, and the regulation of the lives of the enslaved. Additional evidence from Corinth and Delphi indicates the complex lives even of manumitted slaves, who retained ties to their former masters. The chapter concludes by arguing that those who first received the letters of Paul and their language of slavery and discussion of slave status would have been provoked to consider their own legal and social situations and the possibility of being slave, free, or in between.
On Poverty and Abundance
Authors: Nasrallah Laura Salah 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Even in the mid first century ce, Roman Philippi was still marked by its colonization by Roman veterans from the civil wars at the time of Augustus. One example of this is the cult of the god Silvanus there, a cult rarely attested in the East. The Silvanus cult celebrated its members’ donations, including the small donation of fifteen denarii offered for a painting. The small donations of this cult allow us to investigate poverty and economics in the Roman world. The Letter to the Philippians is full of financial language, indicating complex business ties between Paul and those to whom he wrote. The inscription and the Letter to the Philippians reveal economic engagement at low levels, evidence of the ways in which the less than elite sought to contribute to each other and their God(s). This theological and economic imaginary resonates with critiques of neoliberalism today.
Epilogue
Authors: Nasrallah Laura Salah 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This book has investigated not Paul but his letters, not only his letters but his letters in their place. Its focus has been the possible lives of those to whom Paul wrote: their conditions of poverty and relative wealth, the political struggles under which they operated, the “biographies” or stories of the cities in which they dwelt, the choices of theology-philosophy and praxeis they had at hand.
The Importance of ‘Blue Shirts’ in Traffic Policing
Authors: Tudor-Owen J 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The requirement for transparency and accountability for public spending has seen a focus on quantitative cost–benefit analyses. In the context of traffic policing, the temptation is to emphasize the importance of automated systems of enforcement as these pose an arguably less expensive alternative to using uniformed police. In the context of speed enforcement, automated means of enforcement are a logical way to efficiently distribute resources. However, in other areas of traffic policing, like driver distraction, seatbelt use, random breath testing, the use of uniformed police is essential. Following an overview of empirical research examining traffic enforcement, this article explores theoretical explanations for compliance with the law, focusing on research that has examined the importance of procedural justice. It is suggested that an approach embracing both automated means of enforcement coupled with visible police presence is essential to encourage perceptions of procedural justice and police legitimacy. Further empirical research is needed to model the ideal allocation of funding across automated and non-automatic law enforcement in traffic to maximize public compliance with the law and ultimately reduce crashes.
Which Examination Tests Detect Differences in Cervical Musculoskeletal Impairments in People With Migraine? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Szikszay Tibor M , Hoenick Susann , von Korn Karolin , Meise Ruth , Schwarz Annika , Starke Wiebke , Luedtke Kerstin 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundMost patients with migraine report associated neck pain. Whether neck pain is a symptom of migraine or an indicator for associated cervical musculoskeletal impairment has not yet been determined. Physical examination tests to detect cervical impairments in people with headache have been suggested, but results have not been evaluated systematically and combined in meta-analyses.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to identify musculoskeletal impairments in people with migraine and people who were healthy (healthy controls) by reviewing published data on physical examination results.Data SourcesPubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials were searched for studies published prior to December 2017.Study SelectionPublications investigating physical examination procedures that are feasible for use in a physical therapy setting for patients with migraine and healthy controls were independently selected by 2 researchers.Data ExtractionOne researcher extracted the data into predesigned data extraction tables. Entries were checked for correctness by a second researcher. The Downs and Black Scale was used for risk-of-bias assessment by 2 reviewers independently.Data SynthesisThirty-five studies (involving 1033 participants who were healthy [healthy controls] and 1371 participants with migraine) were included in the qualitative synthesis, and 18 were included in the meta-analyses (544 healthy controls and 603 participants with migraine). Overall, studies were rated as having a low to moderate risk of bias. Included studies reported 20 different test procedures. Combined mean effects indicated that 4 of the tests included in the meta-analyses distinguished between patients and controls: range of cervical motion, flexion-rotation, pressure pain thresholds, and forward head posture in a standing position.LimitationsManual joint testing and evaluation of trigger points were the 2 most frequently investigated tests not included in the meta-analyses because of heterogeneity of reporting and procedures.ConclusionsThree tests confirmed the presence of musculoskeletal impairments in participants with migraine when combined in meta-analyses. Pressure pain thresholds added information on sensory processing. Additional tests might be useful but require standardized protocols and reporting.
A Forward Move: Interfacing Biotechnology and Physical Therapy In and Out of the Classroom
Authors: Trumbower Randy D , Wolf Steven L 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Ongoing advances and discoveries in biotechnology will require physical therapists to stay informed and contribute to their development and implementation. The extent of our profession's involvement in how physical therapists engage biotechnology is determined by us. In this Perspective article, we advocate the need for our profession to educate clinicians alongside scientists, technologists, and engineers and empower them to collectively think more as codevelopers and less as “siloed” builders and consumers of biotechnology. In particular, we highlight the value of augmenting the physical therapy curricula to provide students with new levels of knowledge about the converging fields of engineering and physical therapy. We present successful examples of how such a concept can occur within physical therapist professional education programs and propose strategies to overcome perceived challenges that may stymie this possibility.
Credit Allocation Under Economic Stimulus: Evidence from China
Authors: Cong Lin William , Gao Haoyu , Ponticelli Jacopo , Yang Xiaoguang 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We study credit allocation across firms and its real effects during China’s economic stimulus plan of 2009–2010. We match confidential loan-level data from the nineteen largest Chinese banks with firm-level data on manufacturing firms. We document that the stimulus-driven credit expansion disproportionately favored state-owned firms and firms with a lower average product of capital, reversing the process of capital reallocation toward private firms that characterized China’s high growth before 2008. We argue that implicit government guarantees for state-connected firms become more prominent during recessions and can explain this reversal.
Received August 23, 2017; editorial decision November 15, 2018 by Editor Philip Strahan.
Parental Efforts to Change Adolescents’ Sexual Orientation Linked to Adverse Mental Health Outcomes
Authors: Rosenberg Karen 
Published: January 2019

According to this study:

Efforts by parents or caregivers to change an adolescent's sexual orientation are associated with poor mental health and adjustment in young adulthood.The negative effects are stronger when parents additionally seek the assistance of therapists or religious leaders in changing the adolescent's sexual orientation.
Effects of Thoracic Epidural Anesthesia on Neuronal Cardiac Regulation and Cardiac Function
Authors: Wink Jeroen , Veering Bernadette T. , Aarts Leon P. H. J. , Wouters Patrick F. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Cardiac sympathetic blockade with high-thoracic epidural anesthesia is considered beneficial in patients undergoing major surgery because it offers protection in ischemic heart disease. Major outcome studies have failed to confirm such a benefit, however. In fact, there is growing concern about potential harm associated with the use of thoracic epidural anesthesia in high-risk patients, although underlying mechanisms have not been identified. Since the latest review on this subject, a number of clinical and experimental studies have provided new information on the complex interaction between thoracic epidural anesthesia–induced sympatholysis and cardiovascular control mechanisms. Perhaps these new insights may help identify conditions in which benefits of thoracic epidural anesthesia may not outweigh potential risks. For example, cardiac sympathectomy with high-thoracic epidural anesthesia decreases right ventricular function and attenuates its capacity to cope with increased right ventricular afterload. Although the clinical significance of this pathophysiologic interaction is unknown at present, it identifies a subgroup of patients with established or pending pulmonary hypertension for whom outcome studies are needed. Other new areas of interest include the impact of thoracic epidural anesthesia–induced sympatholysis on cardiovascular control in conditions associated with increased sympathetic tone, surgical stress, and hemodynamic disruption. It was considered appropriate to collect and analyze all recent scientific information on this subject to provide a comprehensive update on the cardiovascular effects of high-thoracic epidural anesthesia and cardiac sympathectomy in healthy and diseased patients.
Elevation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Function in the Lateral Habenula Mediates Aversive Behaviors in Alcohol-withdrawn Rats
Authors: Gregor Danielle M. , Zuo Wanhong , Fu Rao , Bekker Alex , Ye Jiang-Hong 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
Recent rat studies indicate that alcohol withdrawal can trigger a negative emotional state including anxiety- and depression-like behaviors and hyperalgesia, as well as elevated glutamatergic transmission and activity in lateral habenula neurons. TRPV1, a vanilloid receptor expressed in the habenula, is involved in pain, alcohol dependence, and glutamatergic transmission. The authors therefore hypothesized that TRPV1 contributes to the changes in both the behavioral phenotypes and the habenula activity in alcohol-withdrawn rats.

Methods
Adult male Long-Evans rats (n = 110 and 280 for electrophysiology and behaviors, respectively), randomly assigned into the alcohol and water (Naïve) groups, were trained to consume either alcohol or water-only using an intermittent-access procedure. Slice electrophysiology was used to measure spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and firing of lateral habenula neurons. The primary outcome was the change in alcohol-related behaviors and lateral habenula activity induced by pharmacologic manipulation of TRPV1 activity.

Results
The basal frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and firing of lateral habenula neurons in alcohol-withdrawn rats was significantly increased. The TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (10 µM) induced a stronger inhibition on spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (mean ± SD; by 26.1 ± 27.9% [n = 11] vs. 6.7 ± 18.6% [n = 17], P = 0.027) and firing (by 23.4 ± 17.6% [n = 9] vs. 11.9 ± 16.3% [n = 12], P = 0.025) in Withdrawn rats than Naive rats. By contrast, the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin (3 μM) produced a weaker potentiation in Withdrawn than Naïve rats (spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents: by 203.6 ± 124.7% [n = 20] vs. 415.2 ± 424.3% [n = 15], P < 0.001; firing: 38.1 ± 14.7% [n = 11] vs. 73.9 ± 41.9% [n = 11], P < 0.001). Conversely, capsaicin’s actions in Naïve but not in Withdrawn rats were significantly attenuated by the pretreatment of TRPV1 endogenous agonist N-Oleoyldopamine. In Withdrawn rats, intra-habenula infusion of TRPV1 antagonists attenuated hyperalgesia and anxiety-like behaviors, decreased alcohol consumption upon resuming drinking, and elicited a conditioned place preference.

Conclusions
Enhanced TRPV1 function may contribute to increased glutamatergic transmission and activity of lateral habenula neurons, resulting in the aberrant behaviors during ethanol withdrawal.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are Elevated in Patients with Pneumonia-related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Bendib Inès , de Chaisemartin Luc , Granger Vanessa , Schlemmer Frédéric , Maitre Bernard , Hüe Sophie , Surenaud Mathieu , Beldi-Ferchiou Asma , Carteaux Guillaume , Razazi Keyvan , Chollet-Martin Sylvie , Mekontso Dessap Armand , de Prost Nicolas 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
Neutrophil extracellular traps have been associated with tissue damage. Whether these are involved in the pathogenesis of human acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and could be a potential therapeutic target is unknown. The authors quantified bronchoalveolar and blood neutrophil extracellular traps in patients with pneumonia-related ARDS and assessed their relationship with ventilator-free days.

Methods
Immunocompetent patients with pneumonia and moderate or severe ARDS (n = 35) and controls (n = 4) were included in a prospective monocentric study. Neutrophil extracellular trap concentrations were quantified (as DNA–myeloperoxidase complexes) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophil extracellular trap concentrations and the primary clinical endpoint (i.e., the number of live ventilator-free days at day 28) was assessed using linear regression analyses.

Results
There was no significant relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage neutrophil extracellular trap concentrations and ventilator-free days by multiple regression analysis (β coefficient = 2.40; 95% CI, −2.13 to 6.92; P = 0.288). Neutrophil extracellular trap concentrations were significantly higher in bronchoalveolar lavage than in blood of ARDS patients (median [first to third quartiles]:154 [74 to 1,000] vs. 26 [4 to 68] arbitrary units, difference: −94; 95% CI, −341 to −57; P < 0.0001). Bronchoalveolar concentrations of patients were higher than those of controls (154 [74 to 1,000] vs. 4 [4 to 4] arbitrary units, difference: −150; 95% CI, −996 to −64; P < 0.001) and associated with bronchoalveolar interleukin-8 (Spearman’s ρ = 0.42; P = 0.012) and neutrophil concentrations (ρ = 0.57; P < 0.0001). Intensive care unit mortality (12%, n = 2 of 17 vs. 17%, n = 3 of 18; P > 0.99) and the number of ventilator-free days at day 28 (22 [14 to 25] vs. 14 [0 to 21] days; difference: −5; 95% CI, −15 to 0; P = 0.066) did not significantly differ between patients with higher (n = 17) versus lower (n = 18) bronchoalveolar neutrophil extracellular trap concentrations.

Conclusions
Bronchoalveolar neutrophil extracellular trap concentration was not significantly associated with mechanical ventilation duration in pneumonia-related ARDS.