bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Senegal (1970–2016)
Authors: Heyl Charlotte 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In Senegal, the presidential term limit and term length rule was subject to nine reforms and one circumvention from 1970 to 2016. This chapter analyses the context, justifications, and repercussions of these reforms. The recurring tenure rule reforms reflect the Senegalese regime’s oscillating trajectory between authoritarian and democratic proclivities. These reforms were frequently part of larger reform packages in which measures to liberalize political competition coincided with measures to constrain competition. Through such strategic reforms, Senghor and Diouf managed to preserve the PS hegemony, but the first electoral turnover in 2000 could ultimately not be prevented. Over the years, tenure rule reforms gained in symbolic value and served as a reference point for electoral promises as well as for public contestation. The strong societal mobilization did not prevent Wade’s third-term bid in 2012, but it did prevent his electoral victory. The contestation of the tenure rule has continued during Sall’s presidency.
Presidential Term Limits in Burkina Faso
Authors: Moestrup Sophia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Burkina Faso exemplifies the consequences of presidential hubris, when a president tinkers with term limits to remain in power. Term limits became the rallying cry for opponents to President Blaise Compaoré’s attempts at perpetuating his rule. Compaoré, in power since 1987, was forced out by massive demonstrations in October 2014, as the country’s National Assembly was poised to pass constitutional revisions allowing him to stand again. The term limit issue provided a common cause for ex-regime insiders and opposition political party and civil society activists. Technical arguments in favour of the legality of changing term limits lacked legitimacy in the eyes of opponents, who saw the move as a breaking of promises previously made. The impact of term limits on political outcomes in Burkina Faso illustrates how institutions can become a constraint on those same rulers who adopted the institutions in the first place.
Presidential Term Limits in Bolivia
Authors: Doyle David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The current 2009 Constitution of Bolivia specifies that the president may serve for a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms. This constitution however, is the latest in a long line of constitutional reforms, which have seen term limits repeatedly altered. Across seventeen different constitutions since 1826, Bolivia has overseen twelve reforms to term limits. As argued in this chapter, constitutionalism and term limits in Bolivia, partly due to the period of near constant constitutional reform in the latter half of the nineteenth century, were part of the wider political battle waged by rival caudillos in their pursuit of the presidential prize. Term limits became an instrumental concern, not a normative legal issue, and this legacy has important implications for the debate over term limits in Bolivia today. As such, support for, or opposition to, any reform of term limits tends to be shaped by partisan concerns above all else.
Essentials of Landscape Ecology
Authors: With Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Essentials of Landscape Ecology is a new, comprehensive text that presents the principles, theory, methods, and applications of landscape ecology in an engaging and accessible format, supplemented by numerous examples and case studies from a variety of systems, including freshwater and marine “scapes.” Human activity has transformed landscapes worldwide on a scale that rivals or exceeds even the largest of natural forces, giving rise to a new geological age, the Anthropocene. As humans alter the structure and function of landscapes, the biological diversity and ecological relationships within those landscapes are also inevitably altered, to the extent that this may interfere with humanity’s efforts to sustain the productivity and multifunctional use of these landscapes. Landscape ecology has thus emerged as a new, multidisciplinary science to investigate the effects of human land use and environmental heterogeneity on ecological processes across a wide range of scales and systems: from the effects of habitat or resource distributions on the individual movements, gene flow, and population dynamics of plants and animals; to the human alteration of landscapes affecting the structure of biological communities and the functioning of entire ecosystems; to the sustainable management of natural resources and the ecosystem goods and services upon which society depends.
Landscape Effects on Individual Movement and Dispersal
Authors: With Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Movement is a fundamental process that enables individuals to find food or mates, locate suitable habitat, and colonize new areas. The effect of environmental heterogeneity on individual movement behavior is the finest scale at which organisms respond to landscape structure, and can be used to define different species’ perceptions of landscape structure. This chapter discusses different types and scales of movement, how patch structure is expected to influence movement, and various methods for tracking and analyzing animal movement. Because animal movements are typically bounded in space, the estimation of space utilization and home-range size is also considered in this chapter. The chapter concludes with a discussion of various approaches to measuring plant dispersal, which is likewise important for evaluating how movement (via propagules) translates into the redistribution or spread of populations across the landscape.
Landscape Effects on Population Distributions and Dynamics
Authors: With Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The distribution and dynamics of populations reflect the interplay between dispersal and demography with landscape structure. Understanding how landscape structure affects populations is essential to effective habitat management and species conservation, especially within landscapes undergoing habitat loss and fragmentation as a result of human land-use activities. This chapter thus begins with an overview of the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on populations, followed by a discussion of species distribution modeling. Then, because population assessment figures so prominently in evaluating a species’ extinction risk to landscape change, the chapter considers the different classes of population models used to estimate population growth rates and population viability, including the use of metapopulation and spatially explicit simulation models.
A Primer of Molecular Population Genetics
Authors: Cutter Asher D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The study of molecular population genetics seeks to understand the micro-evolutionary principles underlying DNA sequence variation and change. It addresses such questions as: Why do individuals differ as much as they do in their DNA sequences? What are the genomic signatures of adaptations? How often does natural selection dictate changes to DNA and accumulate as differences between species? How does the ebb and flow in the abundance of individuals over time get marked onto chromosomes to record genetic history? The concepts used to answer such questions also apply to analysis of personal genomics, genome-wide association studies, phylogenetics, landscape and conservation genetics, forensics, molecular anthropology, and selection scans. This Primer of Molecular Population Genetics introduces the bare essentials of the theory and practice of evolutionary analysis through the lens of DNA sequence change in populations. Intended as an introductory text for upper-level undergraduates and junior graduate students, this Primer also provides an accessible entryway for scientists from other areas of biology to appreciate the ideas and practice of molecular population genetics. With the revolutionary advances in genomic data acquisition, understanding molecular population genetics is now a fundamental requirement for today’s life scientists.
Group Duties
Authors: Collins Stephanie 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Moral duties are regularly attributed to groups. We might think that the United Kingdom has a moral duty to defend human rights, that environmentalists have a moral duty to push for global systemic reform, or that the affluent have a moral duty to alleviate poverty. This book asks (i) whether such groups are apt to bear duties and (ii) what this implies for their members. It defends a ‘Tripartite Model’ of group duties, which divides groups into three fundamental categories. First, combinations are collections of agents that do not have any goals or decision-making procedures in common. Combinations cannot bear moral duties. Instead, we should re-cast their purported duties as a series of duties—one held by each agent in the combination. Each duty demands its bearer to ‘I-reason’: to do the best they can, given whatever they happen to believe the others will do. Second, coalitions are groups whose members share goals but lack decision-making procedures. Coalitions also cannot bear duties, but their alleged duties should be replaced with members’ several duties to ‘we-reason’: to do one’s part in a particular group pattern of actions, on the presumption that others will do likewise. Third, collectives have group-level procedures for making decisions. They can bear duties. Collectives’ duties imply duties for collectives’ members to use their role in the collective with a view to the collective doing its duty.
Power and Equality
Authors: Viehoff Daniel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Several democratic theorists have recently sought to vindicate the ideal of equal political power (“political equality”) by tying it to the non-derivative value of egalitarian relationships. This chapter critically discusses such arguments. It clarifies what it takes to vindicate the ideal of political equality, and distinguishes different versions of the relational egalitarian argument for it. Some such arguments appeal to the example of a society without social status inequality (such as caste or class structures); others to personal relationships among equals, like friendship. Each strategy faces problems. After discussing what social status consists in, the chapter argues that social status equality does not require an equal distribution of power, but only that unequal distributions are not justified on grounds incompatible with the citizens’ fundamental equal moral standing. By contrast, personal relationships among equals do require equal power; but establishing that their norms apply to our political community is challenging.
Localized Restricted Aggregation
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter defends a restricted aggregationist view about harm prevention. Restricted aggregationist views claim that preventing an aggregation of smaller harms to many people can justify failing to save a smaller number of people from larger harms in cases where the difference between the harms is not too great. The view defended here is that even if preventing an aggregation of smaller harms cannot justify failing to save a person from a much larger harm by counting against preventing the larger harm, they can justify the decision not to save a person from a much larger harm by counterbalancing other reasons there might be to save the person from a much larger harm. This view is shown to be preferable to a more familiar restricted aggregationist view, where the prevention of smaller harms makes no contribution to the decision not to save a person from a larger harm at all.
Blockchain-Based Insurance
Authors: Abramowicz Michael 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To date, the insurance industry’s interest in the blockchain has focused largely on the possibility of recording insurance entitlements in a transparent way. While the blockchain may produce significant efficiencies of this sort, it has considerably greater transformative potential. Smart contracts could serve as a substitute for insurance companies, conventionally conceived. Such contracts could perform the function of deciding whether claims should be paid, without the need for or possibility of judicial intervention. The blockchain and smart contracts are difficult to regulate, because ownership and decision making can be decentralized. Blockchain-based insurance may successfully provide a means of avoiding expensive regulation and could have a competitive advantage over regulated insurance. This chapter discusses how blockchain-based insurance might work and identifies some technical challenges and other obstacles that it may face.
‘A Man Having Died’: Watching Achilles and Hector
Authors: Myers Tobias 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on the poem’s two final prominent scenes of divine viewing: when Achilles pursues Hector around Troy, and when he drags Hector’s corpse around Patroclus’ burial marker. The first sections argues that the confrontation between Hector and Achilles is presented so as to make audiences feel that they are attending an event that resembles both a formal duel and an athletic competition (aethlos). The second section shows how the gods’ viewing can be read as a mise en abyme that brings to the surface the tensions latent in this hybrid spectacle. The third and final section argues that the funerary imagery in the Iliad’s final representations of the contests of the Trojans and Achaeans suggests ‘suspension of temporal verisimilitude’. Ann Bergren has used this phrase to describe moments when the Iliad not only depicts multiple moments of mythic history at once, in defiance of temporal naturalism, but draws attention to the fact that it is doing so. Given the prominence of the divine gaze in these final scenes, the point of the reflexivity is not so much to emphasize the poem’s human artistry, but rather to seduce audiences with the sense that what they are seeing is something like what the gods must see: a spectacle at once ephemeral and eternal, the most absorbing moments of which are inextricably linked to each other through time.
Cognition
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the epistemic role of consciousness in cognition. Section 4.1 argues that all beliefs provide epistemic justification for other beliefs. Section 4.2 contrasts beliefs with subdoxastic states, which provide no epistemic justification for belief. Section 4.3 argues that this epistemic distinction between beliefs and subdoxastic states cannot be explained in terms of the functional criterion of inferential integration. Section 4.4 argues that this epistemic distinction must be explained in terms of the phenomenal criterion of conscious accessibility: the contents of beliefs are accessible to consciousness as the contents of conscious judgments. Section 4.5 argues that conscious judgments have phenomenal contents that supervene on their phenomenal character. Section 4.6 concludes with some proleptic remarks to explain why beliefs can provide epistemic justification for other beliefs only if their contents are accessible to consciousness.
The Value of Green Energy: Optimal Investment in Mutually Exclusive Projects and Operating Leverage
Authors: Detemple Jerome , Kitapbayev Yerkin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We study investments in exclusive projects with different cost structures. Our analysis incorporates the possibility of producing a stochastic revenue stream from two alternative technologies with a stochastic variable cost and a fixed cost, respectively, and accounts for project managers’ endogenous operating decisions. The optimal investment decision is characterized by two possibly nonmonotone boundaries. We examine the effect of operating leverage on managerial policies, investment decisions, and values and carry out an application to power generation projects. We assess the impact of knowledge acquisition, that is, investments in growth options. (JEL G13, Q40, Q42, L94)
Proposed Dose Constraints in the Duties of Radiation Workers at the Department of Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Chung Woon-Kwan , Yang Nam-Hee , Dong Kyung-Rae , Choi Jiwon 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study aimed to set a dose constraint for certain duties of radiological technologists in the department of nuclear medicine. From 2013 to 2017, the 5 y radiation exposure data of employees performing PET-CT and γ-CAMERA of eight hospitals in Korea were measured individual exposure doses to estimate the frequency and set a representative dose of 75 and 95% from the low dose in the whole category is presented. The dose constraint was 5.5 mSv for PET-CT, 4.5 mSv for γ-CAMERA and 3.5 mSv for Positron Emission Tomography (PET)-Computed Tomography(CT) and Gamma CAMERA (γ-CAMERA). Therefore, it would be appropriate to set a dose-limit value of ~5 mSv corresponding to 75–80% of the individual exposure dose of radiological technologists in the department of nuclear medicine. The finding of this study may be used as reference data for setting future radiation dose limits.
Macroevolutionary trends in the genus Torvoneustes (Crocodylomorpha: Metriorhynchidae) and discovery of a giant specimen from the Late Jurassic of Kimmeridge, UK
Authors: Young Mark T , Foffa Davide , Steel Lorna , Etches Steve 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe metriorhynchid crocodylomorph fauna of the Late Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation (KCF) of the UK was highly diverse. One genus from this Formation, Torvoneustes, was unique in evolving dentition similar to known chelonivorous crocodylomorphs and enlarged attachment sites for the pterygoideus adductor musculature. Here we report the largest known Torvoneustes specimen, the occipital region of a large cranium that was discovered on the shore of Brandy Bay, Dorset, UK (KCF). We also report three tooth crowns discovered during the 19th century from Oxfordshire that can also be referred to Torvoneustes. The partial braincase is unique in having: verticalized basioccipital tuberosities that have thickened ventral margins, the notch between the basioccipital tuberosities is a narrow inverted ‘U’-shape and a subrectangular-shaped carotid canal foramina. The presence of ‘occipital fossae’ (deep concavities with the hypoglossal foramina in their dorsomedial corners) and carotid foramina with raised rims relative to the basioccipital posterior surface, allow us to refer it to Torvoneustes. Although incomplete, the exceptional size of the specimen demonstrates that Torvoneustes attained larger body lengths than previously supposed (3.7–4.7 m). Comparing the dimensions of this specimen to other metriorhynchids suggests that at least some Torvoneustes specimens rivalled Plesiosuchus manselii in body length.
Factors Influencing Pediatric Cochlear Implant Outcomes: Carolina Sibling Study
Authors: Selleck Anne Morgan , Park Lisa R. , Brown Kevin D. 
Published: August 2019

Objective:
To determine the correlation between speech perception performance between pediatric sibling pairs with severe to profound sensory hearing loss receiving cochlear implants, and in cases of discordance in performance, determine which variables negatively impacted performance.

Study Design:
Retrospective chart review.

Setting:
Tertiary academic referral center.

Subjects:
Eighty-nine pediatric subjects, 43 sibling groups, under the age of 18 with severe to profound sensory hearing loss who received a cochlear implant with a sibling who also received a cochlear implant.

Intervention:
Cochlear implantation.

Main Outcome Measures:
Speech perception scores, consonant-nucleus- consonant score.

Results:
A statistically significant correlation was found between speech perception performance of pediatric siblings. Depth of insertion is positively correlated with better speech perception in siblings with discordant results. There was no significant relationship with either electrode type, unilateral/bilateral status, or age of implantation.

Conclusion:
Pediatric siblings have a high correlation in speech perception outcomes following cochlear implantation, suggesting family environment plays a strong role. In circumstances in which outcomes between siblings are substantially different, greater depth of implant insertion is correlated with better consonant-nucleus- consonant word scores.
EGF-GH Axis in Rat Steatotic and Non-steatotic Liver Transplantation From Brain-dead Donors
Authors: Álvarez-Mercado Ana I. , Negrete-Sánchez Elsa , Gulfo José , Ávalos de León Cindy G. , Casillas-Ramírez Araní , Cornide-Petronio María Eugenia , Bujaldon Esther , Rotondo Floriana , Gracia-Sancho Jordi , Jiménez-Castro Mónica B. , Peralta Carmen 
Published: August 2019

Background.
We evaluated the potential dysfunction caused by changes in growth hormone (GH) levels after brain death (BD), and the effects of modulating GH through exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) in steatotic and nonsteatotic grafts.

Methods.
Steatotic and nonsteatotic grafts from non-BD and BD rat donors were cold stored for 6 hours and transplanted to live rats. Administration of GH and EGF and their underlying mechanisms were characterized in recipients of steatotic and nonsteatotic grafts from BD donors maintained normotensive during the 6 hours before donation. Circulating and hepatic GH and EGF levels, hepatic damage, and regeneration parameters were evaluated. Recipient survival was monitored for 14 days. Somatostatin, ghrelin, and GH-releasing hormones that regulate GH secretion from the anterior pituitary were determined. The survival signaling pathway phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B that regulates inflammation (suppressors of cytokine signaling, high-mobility group protein B1, oxidative stress, and neutrophil accumulation) was evaluated.

Results.
BD reduced circulating GH and increased GH levels only in steatotic livers. GH administration exacerbated adverse BD-associated effects in both types of graft. Exogenous EGF reduced GH in steatotic livers, thus activating cell proliferation and survival signaling pathways, ultimately reducing injury and inflammation. However, EGF increased GH in nonsteatotic grafts, which exacerbated damage. The benefits of EGF for steatotic grafts were associated with increased levels of somatostatin, a GH inhibitor, whereas the deleterious effect on nonsteatotic grafts was exerted through increased amounts of ghrelin, a GH stimulator.

Conclusions.
GH treatment is not appropriate in rat liver transplant from BD donors, whereas EGF (throughout GH inhibition) protects only in steatotic grafts.
WhichTF is dominant in your open chromatin data?
Authors: Tanigawa Yosuke , Dyer Ethan S. , Bejerano Gill 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe present WhichTF, a novel computational method to identify dominant transcription factors (TFs) from chromatin accessibility measurements. To rank TFs, WhichTF integrates high-confidence genome-wide computational prediction of TF binding sites based on evolutionary sequence conservation, putative gene-regulatory models, and ontology-based gene annotations. Applying WhichTF, we find that the identified dominant TFs have been implicated as functionally important in well-studied cell types, such as NF-κB family members in lymphocytes and GATA factors in cardiac tissue. To distinguish the transcriptional regulatory landscape in closely related samples, we devise a differential analysis framework and demonstrate its utility in lymphocyte, mesoderm developmental, and disease cells. We also find TFs known for stress response in multiple samples, suggesting routine experimental caveats that warrant careful consideration. WhichTF yields biological insight into known and novel molecular mechanisms of TF-mediated transcriptional regulation in diverse contexts, including human and mouse cell types, cell fate trajectories, and disease-associated tissues.