bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defence gene expression and phloem quality contribute to mesophyll and phloem resistance to aphids in wild barley
Authors: Leybourne Daniel J , Valentine Tracy A , Robertson Jean A H , Pérez-Fernández Estefania , Main Angela M , Karley Alison J , Bos Jorunn I B 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAphids, including the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), are significant agricultural pests. The wild relative of barley, Hordeum spontaneum 5 (Hsp5), has been described to be partially resistant to R. padi, with this resistance proposed to involve higher thionin and lipoxygenase gene expression. However, the specificity of this resistance to aphids and its underlying mechanistic processes are unknown. In this study, we assessed the specificity of Hsp5 resistance to aphids and analysed differences in aphid probing and feeding behaviour on Hsp5 and a susceptible barley cultivar (Concerto). We found that partial resistance in Hsp5 to R. padi extends to two other aphid pests of grasses. Using the electrical penetration graph technique, we show that partial resistance is mediated by phloem- and mesophyll-based resistance factors that limit aphid phloem ingestion. To gain insight into plant traits responsible for partial resistance, we compared non-glandular trichome density, defence gene expression, and phloem composition of Hsp5 with those of the susceptible barley cultivar Concerto. We show that Hsp5 partial resistance involves elevated basal expression of thionin and phytohormone signalling genes, and a reduction in phloem quality. This study highlights plant traits that may contribute to broad-spectrum partial resistance to aphids in barley.
How water flow, geometry, and material properties drive plant movements
Authors: Morris Richard J , Blyth Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Plants are dynamic. They adjust their shape for feeding, defence, and reproduction. Such plant movements are critical for their survival. We present selected examples covering a range of movements from single cell to tissue level and over a range of time scales. We focus on reversible turgor-driven shape changes. Recent insights into the mechanisms of stomata, bladderwort, the waterwheel, and the Venus flytrap are presented. The underlying physical principles (turgor, osmosis, membrane permeability, wall stress, snap buckling, and elastic instability) are highlighted, and advances in our understanding of these processes are summarized.
Linkage mapping and genome-wide association reveal candidate genes conferring thermotolerance of seed-set in maize
Authors: Gao Jingyang , Wang Songfeng , Zhou Zijian , Wang Shiwei , Dong Chaopei , Mu Cong , Song Yunxia , Ma Peipei , Li Chengcheng , Wang Zhao , He Kewei , Han Chunyan , Chen Jiafa , Yu Haidong , Wu Jianyu 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIt is predicted that high-temperature stress will increasingly affect crop yields worldwide as a result of climate change. In order to determine the genetic basis of thermotolerance of seed-set in maize under field conditions, we performed mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population using a collection of 8329 specifically developed high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, combined with a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 261 diverse maize lines using 259 973 SNPs. In total, four QTLs and 17 genes associated with 42 SNPs related to thermotolerance of seed-set were identified. Among them, four candidate genes were found in both linkage mapping and GWAS. Thermotolerance of seed-set was increased significantly in near-isogenic lines (NILs) that incorporated the four candidate genes in a susceptible parent background. The expression profiles of two of the four genes showed that they were induced by high temperatures in the maize tassel in a tolerant parent background. Our results indicate that thermotolerance of maize seed-set is regulated by multiple genes each of which has minor effects, with calcium signaling playing a central role. The genes identified may be exploited in breeding programs to improve seed-set and yield of maize under heat stress.
Sieve element biology provides leads for research on phytoplasma lifestyle in plant hosts
Authors: van Bel Aart J E , Musetti Rita 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Phytoplasmas reside exclusively in sieve tubes, tubular arrays of sieve element–companion cell complexes. Hence, the cell biology of sieve elements may reveal (ultra)structural and functional conditions that are of significance for survival, propagation, colonization, and effector spread of phytoplasmas. Electron microscopic images suggest that sieve elements offer facilities for mobile and stationary stages in phytoplasma movement. Stationary stages may enable phytoplasmas to interact closely with diverse sieve element compartments. The unique, reduced sieve element outfit requires permanent support by companion cells. This notion implies a future focus on the molecular biology of companion cells to understand the sieve element–phytoplasma inter-relationship. Supply of macromolecules by companion cells is channelled via specialized symplasmic connections. Ca2+-mediated gating of symplasmic corridors is decisive for the communication within and beyond the sieve element–companion cell complex and for the dissemination of phytoplasma effectors. Thus, Ca2+ homeostasis, which affects sieve element Ca2+ signatures and induces a range of modifications, is a key issue during phytoplasma infection. The exceptional physical and chemical environment in sieve elements seems an essential, though not the only factor for phytoplasma survival.
Setting up a childhood immunization programme
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses why childhood immunization is important and how it saves lives. It describes the global strategies currently in place, including EPI and GAVI, as well as other developments. It gives details of commonly used vaccinations and immunization schedules. It describes practical steps in setting up an immunization programme: equipment needed, how to maintain the cold chain, assessing needs for immunization in the programme area, and discussing plans with the government. It talks about setting targets, training the team, and preparing the community for immunizations. It also provides information on how to carry out immunization in field and clinic settings, keeping records, and evaluating the programme.
Setting up a community tuberculosis (TB) programme
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the recent status, impact, and control of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide through the End TB strategy. It gives examples of how government and civil society programmes can work together, with the roles and tasks of each clearly defined. It gives examples of the many barriers to treatment. The chapter describes current methods of case finding and case holding, existing and new diagnostics, and the treatment of adults and children. It explains the categories for recording cases and of treatment outcomes. It outlines the community and clinic background to managing cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB, and of co-infection with HIV. It describes the ongoing value of the DOTS strategy (Directly Observed Treatment-short course) and the limited value of the current BCG vaccine. The chapter emphasizes ways to reduce infection such as strict control on tobacco and reducing household smoke.
Setting up environmental health improvements
Authors: Lankester Ted 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis chapter describes the key environmental needs regarding water supply, sanitation, and minimizing pollution. It describes WASH (WAter, Sanitation, and Hygiene). It explains the need for clean water sources, storage, and use, emphasizing what can be done at household and community level, e.g. rainwater harvesting. It outlines higher-level causes that need to be tackled where collaboration with other providers and supplies is possible. The chapter then describes different methods of waste disposal, including the need for constructing and using latrines appropriate to the area, built and owned by the community. The chapter then describes what actions need to be taken against other forms of pollution both in urban and rural areas. There is a strong emphasis on community action and leadership, and the importance of training an effective community action group
Setting up community mental health (CMH) programmes
Authors: Eaton Julian 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains why mental health is important for well-being and community development and briefly gives the history of mental health services in low- and middle-income countries. It suggests the best ways of engaging with the needs of those with no access to services and how to improve the current situation. The chapter lists the essential elements of a community mental health programme, discusses medical, psychological, and social aspects of mental ill health, and how to raise community awareness and empowerment to use services. It describes how to establish a mental health programme, including analysing the situation, planning the stages, implementing the programme, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E).
Use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in community health programmes
Authors: Agarwal Smisha , Zan Trinity 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the background and growth of information and communication technology (ICT) and its use in community health. It gives many examples of the rapidly growing number and variety of ‘mHealth’ programmes that use mobile phones and other wireless devices to deliver health information and services. It explores the effectiveness of these programmes and provides information about developing and running such programmes. It helps the reader assess their context and gives tools to help decide if an mHealth programme is suitable for the community, and whether programme and community have the capacity to use it effectively. It describes the practical steps needed to implement the programme, including building technology partnerships, content development, and careful pretesting of the programme before implementing it more widely.
Community palliative and home-based care
Authors: Leng Mhoira 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses palliative, or home-based, care, an often-neglected area of community health. It explains the nature of palliative care, when it is needed, and who requires it. It describes palliative care from a global perspective and as a component of Universal Health Coverage. It discusses the barriers and gaps to delivering palliative care and suggests how palliative care is possible with limited resources. It explains models of palliative care and how others have set up community care initiatives. It covers the concept of how good communication is a crucial key in palliative care, and then outlines how to assess the need for palliative care and medication, identify patients, approach families, and care for physical, psychological, emotional, and spiritual end-of-life needs. It ends with how to support the palliative care team.
Star-forming regions at the periphery of the supershell surrounding the Cyg OB1 association - II. ISM kinematics and YSOs in the star cluster vdB 130 region
Authors: Sitnik T G , Egorov O V , Lozinskaya T A , Moiseev A V , Tatarnikov A M , Vozyakova O V , Wiebe D S 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
We present an observational study of small-scale feedback processes operating in the star-forming region located in the wall of the expanding supershell around the Cyg OB1 association. The interstellar gas and dust content and pre-stellar populations in the vicinity of the open star cluster vdB 130 are analysed based on new optical and IR observations performed with the 6-m (3D spectroscopic mapping in the [S ii] doublet) and 2.5-m (optical and NIR images) Russian telescopes along with the archival data of Spitzer and Herschel space telescopes. Analysing ionized gas kinematics and emission spectra, we discovered a compact region with supersonic motions. These motions may be caused either by stellar wind or a bipolar outflow from a protostellar disc. Young stellar objects were identified and classified in the area under study. Two star-forming regions were identified. One of them is a region of ongoing star formation in the head of the molecular cloud observed there and another one is a burst of star formation in the cloud tail.
Prevalence and Impact of Hepatitis E Virus Infection Among Persons With Chronic Hepatitis B Living in the US and Canada
Authors: McGivern David R , Lin Hsing-Hua S , Wang Junyao , Benzine Tiffany , Janssen Harry L A , Khalili Mandana , Lisker-Melman Mauricio , Fontana Robert J , Belle Steven H , Fried Michael W 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) may experience spontaneous biochemical flares of liver disease activity. This study aimed to determine (i) the prevalence of prior and possible acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection among persons with chronic HBV and (ii) whether HEV infection is associated with liver disease flares among persons with chronic HBV.

Methods
Serum from a random sample of 600 adults in the Hepatitis B Research Network Cohort Study was tested for HEV RNA and anti-HEV IgM and IgG. Logistic regression models were used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios of anti-HEV prevalence for participant characteristics.

Results
Anti-HEV IgG and IgM seroprevalence was 28.5% and 1.7%, respectively. No participants had detectable HEV RNA. Of the 10 anti-HEV IgM+ participants, only 1 had elevated serum ALT at seroconversion. The odds of anti-HEV seropositivity (IgG+ or IgM+) were higher in older participants, males, Asians, less educated people, and those born outside the United States and Canada.

Conclusions
Acute HEV infection is a rare cause of serum ALT flares among persons with chronic HBV. The high seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG among the chronic HBV patients is strongly associated with various demographic factors in this largely Asian American cohort.
The use of real-world data to address questions of patient safety
Authors: Yates Mark , Bechman Katie , Galloway James 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Pharmacovigilance registries of biologics were established to evaluate the risk of adverse events that may be missed in trials due to shorter durations and homogeneous samples. This review will present the strengths and weaknesses of registry data in addressing patient safety issues. Since their inception, scope has broadened because registries represent a relatively inexpensive approach to answering many clinical questions, both research and non-research focused. They achieve high statistical power, allow direct comparability, and offer a level of detail about adverse events not possible with trial data. Registries have been central in clarifying the risk of infection and malignancy with anti-TNF therapy, despite the limitations of selection and channelling bias, incomplete case capture, unmeasured confounding, and the inability to infer causality. Routinely collected data from electronic health records and national audits offer alternative real-world resources, further assisting patients and clinicians in understanding the risks of biologic therapy choices.
MULTILAYERED OPTIC DISK HEMORRHAGE IN ADULTS WITHOUT A POSTERIOR VITREOUS DETACHMENT
Authors: Chen Xuejing , Tye Andrew , Shah Chirag P. , Baumal Caroline R. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
To describe 2 cases of multilevel optic disk hemorrhages in adults without a posterior vitreous detachment.

Methods:
The findings on clinical examination, color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography at presentation and follow-up are presented.

Results:
Two patients ages 61 and 49 years presented with unilateral floaters secondary to microscopic vitreous hemorrhage. Their best-corrected visual acuities were 20/30 and 20/20, respectively. Fundus examination showed similar nasal crescent of peripapillary subretinal hemorrhage and superior flame hemorrhage. Fluorescein angiography for both patients showed blockage from hemorrhages without leakage. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography showed that the posterior hyaloid was attached at the macula and optic nerve for both patients. Both patients experienced spontaneous resolution of symptoms and signs.

Conclusion:
Previous reports of multilevel optic disk hemorrhages in adults variably suggested the necessity of a posterior vitreous detachment. This report illustrates that a posterior vitreous detachment confirmed on spectral domain optical coherence tomography is not a necessary prerequisite for this entity.
Coincidental Occurrence of Schnyder Corneal Dystrophy and Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy Type 3
Authors: Dudakova Lubica , Skalicka Pavlina , Davidson Alice E. , Liskova Petra 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
To report a simultaneous occurrence of 2 rare corneal dystrophies.

Methods:
A 30-year-old man with a family history of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy type 3 (PPCD3) was invited for ophthalmic examination. Sanger sequencing of the coding regions and intron/exon boundaries of disease-associated genes, ZEB1 and UBIAD1, was performed.

Results:
The clinical findings suggested co-occurrence of PPCD3 and Schnyder corneal dystrophy in the proband. This dual diagnosis was supported by genetic findings. He was identified to carry a previously reported heterozygous nonsense mutation in ZEB1: c.2157C>G; p.(Tyr719*), and a novel heterozygous missense mutation in UBIAD1: c.569T>C; p.(Ile190Thr). The mother of the proband only carried c.2157C>G in ZEB1, and slit-lamp examination of her corneas showed endothelial lesions characteristic of PPCD3. The sister of the proband carried c.569T>C in UBIAD1 and had corneal crystal deposition in her anterior stroma consistent with the diagnosis of Schnyder corneal dystrophy.

Conclusions:
This case illustrates the coincidental occurrence of 2 rare and genetically distinct corneal dystrophies in a single patient. Furthermore, it highlights the need to perform comprehensive phenotyping in combination with appropriate genetic diagnostic testing to achieve an accurate diagnosis.
The Correlation Between Dry Eyes, Anxiety and Depression: The Sicca, Anxiety and Depression Study
Authors: Bitar Maya S. , Olson Daniel J. , Li Menbing , Davis Richard M. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
To determine whether improvement in the severity of dry eye disease (DED) symptoms correlates with improvement in anxiety and depression.

Methods:
This prospective interventional case series recruited 45 adults with evidence of DED. Patients were administered the University of North Carolina Dry Eye Management Scale (DEMS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), and Personal Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-8) to evaluate the severity of DED symptoms, anxiety, and depression, respectively. Standard of care treatment was provided for patients for 3 to 6 months, followed by re-administration of the DEMS, GAD-7, and PHQ-9 surveys. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the relationships between changes in survey scores.

Results:
Participants had a mean age of 65.5 (SD, 13.3) years, and 37 (84.6%) were women. Seven patients were lost to follow-up. DEMS and GAD-7 significantly improved from 5.8 ± 1.8 to 4.6 ± 0.2.2 (P = 0.01) and from 5.6 ± 5.5 to 3.3 ± 4.6 (P = 0.05), respectively. Changes in DEMS correlated with changes in PHQ-8 (ρ = 0.3 P = 0.05), but not with changes in GAD-7 (ρ = 0.2 P = 0.3). Changes in DEMS correlated with changes in both PHQ-8 and GAD-7 in the subgroup of patients without prior depression or anxiety diagnosis (ρ = 0.6, P = 0.002; ρ = 0.4, P = 0.02). A multivariate analysis showed that the relationship between DEMS, PHQ-8, and GAD-7 was independent of a prior diagnosis of depression or anxiety and of the presence of comorbidities.

Conclusions:
There is a significant correlation between the severity of DED and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Effective DED treatment could have a positive impact on the symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Medication Burden for Patients With Bacterial Keratitis
Authors: Ballouz Dena , Maganti Nenita , Tuohy Megan , Errickson Josh , Woodward Maria A. 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
To understand medication use and patient burden for treatment of bacterial keratitis (BK).

Methods:
A retrospective study was conducted examining medical records of adult patients with BK in an academic cornea practice. Data collected included medications used in the treatment of BK, dosing of medications, and the number and total duration of clinical encounters. Costs of medications were estimated using the average wholesale pharmacy price. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate associations of medication use with patient demographics and corneal culture results and reported with beta estimates (β) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

Results:
Forty-eight patients with BK (56% female) were studied. Patients were treated for a median of 54 days with 10 visits, 5 unique medications, 587 drops, and 7 prescriptions. The estimated median medication cost was $933 (interquartile range: $457–$1422) US dollars. Positive bacterial growth was significantly associated with more visits (β: 6.16, 95% CI: 1.75–10.6, P = 0.007), more days of treatment (β: 86.8, 95% CI: 10.8–163, P = 0.026), more prescribed medications (β: 2.86, 95% CI: 1.04–4.67, P = 0.003), and more doses of medications (β: 796, 95% CI: 818–1412, P = 0.012) compared with patients who did not undergo corneal scraping. Patients were prescribed 132 more drops of medication for every 10 years of older age (β: 132, 95% CI: 18.2–246, P = 0.024). Sex and income were not associated with medication burden or treatment length.

Conclusions:
Older patients and those with positive cultures incur the most medication burden in treatment of BK. Providers should be aware of medication usage and cost burden as it may affect compliance with treatment.
The Prevalence of Rectovaginal Colonization and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Streptococcus agalactiae in Pregnant Women in Al-Zahra Hospital, Rasht, Iran
Authors: Sahraee Shokoufeh , Milani Forozan , Atrkar Roushan Zahra , Hedayati Ch Mojtaba , Rostami Soodabeh , Shoja Saeed , Sheikhi Raheleh 
Published: April 2019

Background
Maternal rectovaginal colonization with group B streptococcus (GBS) is a main risk factor for vertical transmission of GBS to newborns and life-threatening neonatal invasive diseases. The aim of this study was investigation of the prevalence of anorectal and vaginal colonization with GBS in late of pregnancy by culture-based and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the GBS isolates in Rasht, Iran.

Methods
We analyzed 245 anorectal and vaginal swab samples separately from pregnant women at 35 to 37 weeks of gestation. All samples were cultured after enrichment in a selective Todd-Hewitt broth and then assayed by phenotypic characterizations and PCR method for cfb conserved gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the Kirby–Bauer method.

Results
In total of 245 vaginal samples, 19 (7.8%) were positive based on culture method and 28 (11.4%) by PCR method. Among 245 rectal samples, 24 (9.8%) were positive by culture and 29 (11.8%) samples were positive by PCR. Of 245 pregnant women studied were found to have 9.7% GBS rectovaginal by culture and 15.9% by PCR methods. All GBS isolates were sensitive to ampicillin (77.2%) and vancomycin (72.2%) and were resistant to Penicillin (88.6%), ceftriaxone (75%), clindamycin (95.4%), azithromycin (86.3%), tetracycline (61.3%), erythromycin (47.7%), and levofloxacin (27.2%).

Conclusions
The results of this study indicate that the frequency of GBS isolation from rectal samples was higher than vaginal samples by both culture and PCR. Our study recommended intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis against GBS infections based on ampicillin or vancomycin for GBS carriers in Rasht.