bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anesthesia in the Military Setting
Authors: McFarland Craig , Burch Robert H. , Maani Christopher V. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Military anesthesia provides many unique and challenging situations, particularly in the current age of unconventional warfare. The role of the anesthesia provider has been redefined throughout American warfare, and it will continue to evolve alongside the U.S. military and its global involvement. Providers must learn to adapt to their environments and improvise care according to the conveniences available while maintaining standards that ensure the best possible care to military personnel. As emerging data and technologies become available, the practice of combat anesthesia will almost certainly change in order to continue providing a high level of care to the military community.
Telemedicine, Teleanesthesia, and Telesurgery
Authors: Murray W. Bosseau , Vaduva Sorin , Berg Benjamin W. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Telemedicine overcomes barriers to the delivery of health care services including, distance, cost, gaps in distribution and availability of providers. Anesthesia and surgery applications include remote robotic anesthesia and surgery, preoperative assessment at a distance, physiologic monitoring, remote mentoring, and comprehensive critical care services. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and other legislation supports expansion of telemedicine by enabling telemedicine regulation and reimbursement. Tele-Anesthesia applications are expanding and future economically viable telehealth programs will address a variety of anesthesia specific challenges and domains including pain management, postoperative assessment, just in time training for new clinical applications and anesthesia procedures. Telemedicine techniques include synchronous and asynchronous interactions, virtual presence, mobile-health, and haptics enabled robotics, which are used alone or in combination. Focus areas for development of efficient and effective new Tele-Anesthesia programs include chronic care, remote emergency care, and disaster support. Provider acceptance in tele-anesthesia requires education and training to achieve the full advantages of telemedicine.
Reconciling Practical Knowledge with Self-Deception
Authors: Marcus Eric 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Is it impossible for a person to do something intentionally without knowing that she is doing it? The phenomenon of self-deceived agency might seem to show otherwise. Here the agent is not (at least in a straightforward sense) lying, yet disavows a correct description of her intentional action. This disavowal might seem expressive of ignorance. However, I show that the self-deceived agent does know what she's doing. I argue that we should understand the factors that explain self-deception as masking rather than negating the practical knowledge characteristic of intentional action. This masking takes roughly the following form: when we are deceiving ourselves about what we are intentionally doing, we don't think about our action because it's painful to do so.
Progress in ENSO prediction and predictability study
Authors: Tang Youmin , Zhang Rong-Hua , Liu Ting , Duan Wansuo , Yang Dejian , Zheng Fei , Ren Hongli , Lian Tao , Gao Chuan , Chen Dake , Mu Mu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractENSO is the strongest interannual signal in the global climate system with worldwide climatic, ecological and societal impacts. Over the past decades, the research about ENSO prediction and predictability has attracted broad attention. With the development of coupled models, the improvement in initialization schemes and the progress in theoretical studies, ENSO has become the most predictable climate mode at the time scales from months to seasons. This paper reviews in detail the progress in ENSO predictions and predictability studies achieved in recent years. An emphasis is placed on two fundamental issues: the improvement in practical prediction skills and progress in the theoretical study of the intrinsic predictability limit. The former includes progress in the couple models, data assimilations, ensemble predictions and so on, and the latter focuses on efforts in the study of the optimal error growth and in the estimate of the intrinsic predictability limit.
Self-defining Memories Predict Engagement in Structured Activity in First Episode Psychosis, Independent of Neurocognition and Metacognition
Authors: Wright Abigail C , Davies Geoff , Fowler David , Greenwood Kathryn E 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundSelf-defining memories (SDMs) are vivid personal memories, related to narrative identity. Individuals with schizophrenia report less specific, more negative, and extract less meaning from these memories compared to control groups. SDMs have been shown to be predicted by neurocognition, associated with metacognition, and linked to goal outcomes in healthy controls. As neurocognition and metacognition are known predictors of poor functioning in psychosis, SDMs may also be a predictor. No study has assessed the relationship to functioning or pattern of SDMs in first episode psychosis (FEP).MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study involving 71 individuals with FEP and 57 healthy controls who completed an SDM questionnaire. FEP participants completed measures of neurocognition, metacognition (Metacognitive Assessment Interview), functional capacity (The University of California, San Diego [UCSD] Performance-Based Skills Assessment), and functional outcome (Time-Use Survey).ResultsSDMs reported by individuals with FEP were less integrated compared to healthy controls. Within the FEP sample, holding less specific memories was associated with engagement in significantly fewer hours of structured activity per week and specificity of SDMs mediated the relationship between neurocognition and functional outcome, independent of metacognition.ConclusionThis is the first study to assess SDMs in FEP and to explore the important role of SDMs on clinical outcomes, compared to healthy controls. This study suggests that elaborating on specific SDMs is a valid therapeutic target and may be considered a tool to improve daily functioning in FEP.
Do Information Technologies Improve Teenagers’ Sexual Education? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Colombia
Authors: Chong Alberto , Gonzalez-Navarro Marco , Karlan Dean , Valdivia Martín 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study reports results from a randomized evaluation of a mandatory six-month Internet-based sexual education course implemented across public junior high schools in 21 Colombian cities. Six months after finishing the course, the study finds a 0.4 standard deviation improvement in knowledge, a 0.2 standard deviation improvement in attitudes, and a 55 percent increase in the likelihood of redeeming vouchers for condoms as a result of taking the course. The data provide no evidence of spillovers to control classrooms within treatment schools. However, the analysis provides compelling evidence that treatment effects are enhanced when a larger share of a student's friends also takes the course. The low cost of the online course along with the effectiveness the study documents suggests this technology is a viable alternative for improving sexual education in middle-income countries.
Nurse Decision Making and Attitudes About Circuit Disconnection During Ventilator Therapy at a Swedish Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Larsson Christina , Karlsson Victoria , Blomqvist Ylva Thernström 
Published: October 2018

Background:There are many challenges to providing care to infants in need of ventilator therapy. Yet, few studies describe the practical handling of the ventilator circuit during nursing care.Purpose:To describe neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses' decision making regarding whether or not to disconnect the ventilator circuit when changing the infant's position and to investigate the grounds for their decisions.Methods:A descriptive questionnaire study with both quantitative and qualitative elements was conducted. In 2015, a convenience sample of nurses working in an NICU completed a questionnaire including both closed-ended and open-ended, free-text questions. Answers to the closed-ended questions were analyzed with descriptive statistics, whereas answers to the free-text questions were analyzed using qualitative content analysis.Results:Nurses' decisions on whether to disconnect or keep the ventilator circuit closed were based on the infant's needs for ventilator support. The nurses gave several reasons and motivations both for why they disconnected the circuit and for why they did not. The handling of the circuit and the reasons and motivations given were inconsistent among the nurses.Implications for Practice:This study highlights the need for continuous, repetitive education and training for NICU nurses, as well as demonstrating the importance of clear and distinct guidelines and working methods regarding the care of infants on ventilator support.Implications for Research:Future research should continue to find ways of working and handling an infant on ventilator support that are least harmful to the infant.
Risk stratification in early breast cancer in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: integrating genomic assays with clinicopathological features
Authors: Sestak Ivana 
Published: October 2018

Purpose of review
There is growing consensus that genomic assays provide useful complementary information to clinicopathological features in oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. Here, ongoing research with multigene tests used for postmenopausal breast cancer and new emerging prognostic and predictive markers for pre and postmenopausal women are summarised.

Recent findings
Results of the TAILORx trial have shown that women with an intermediate risk score do not benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Prosgina has been further investigated in a contemporary patient population in postmenopausal women and its use has been extended for premenopausal women. The EndoPredict was extensively used in decision-impact studies showing that its use can potentially reduce the need for adjuvant chemotherapy. Several new genomic assays have been developed, with some of them showing promising use for women with early oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.

Summary
New areas of research for prediction of recurrence and risk stratification involve the development of immune gene signatures that carry modest but significant prognostic value. The recent expansion of high-throughput technology platforms including circulating tumour DNA/RNA and microRNA offer new opportunities to improve prediction models, particularly in women with oestrogen receptor-negative disease and premenopausal women. Genomic assays have clearly improved prognostication of early oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer but it is clear that standard clinicopathological parameters are still very important when identifying patient for adjuvant chemotherapy.
Impact of ovarian function suppression in premenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive early breast cancer
Authors: Lambertini Matteo , Viglietti Giulia , de Azambuja Evandro 
Published: October 2018

Purpose of review
This manuscript aims at providing an updated overview on the role of adding ovarian function suppression to tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor as adjuvant endocrine therapy in premenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive early breast cancer.

Recent findings
Until recently, tamoxifen alone was the only recommended adjuvant treatment option for premenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive disease. However, recent important evidence has contributed to significantly modify the endocrine treatment landscape in this setting.

Summary
With the only exception of patients with low-risk clinical-pathological features characterized by excellent survival outcomes with tamoxifen alone, the use of ovarian function suppression is to be considered standard of care for most of premenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive disease. Regarding the choice of its best partner as endocrine agent, the available data suggest that the higher the risk of disease recurrence the larger benefit can be observed with a more profound estrogen deprivation that can be obtained with ovarian function suppression and an aromatase inhibitor as compared to ovarian function suppression and tamoxifen. Despite the significant improvement in our understanding on the role of ovarian function suppression in this setting, several unanswered questions remain and further research efforts are needed in the field.
Quality of Maternal Height and Weight Data from the Revised Birth Certificate and Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System
Authors: Deputy Nicholas P. , Sharma Andrea J. , Bombard Jennifer M. , Lash Timothy L. , Schieve Laura A. , Ramakrishnan Usha , Stein Aryeh D. , Nyland-Funke Michael , Mullachery Pricila , Lee Erica 
Published: October 2018

Background:
The 2003 revision of the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth (birth certificate) and Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) are important for maternal weight research and surveillance. We examined quality of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), gestational weight gain, and component variables from these sources.

Methods:
Data are from a PRAMS data quality improvement study among a subset of New York City and Vermont respondents in 2009. We calculated mean differences comparing prepregnancy BMI data from the birth certificate and PRAMS (n = 734), and gestational weight gain data from the birth certificate (n = 678) to the medical record, considered the gold standard. We compared BMI categories (underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese) and gestational weight gain categories (below, within, above recommendations), classified by different sources, using percent agreement and the simple κ statistic.

Results:
For most maternal weight variables, mean differences between the birth certificate and PRAMS compared with the medical record were less than 1 kg. Compared with the medical record, the birth certificate classified similar proportions into prepregnancy BMI categories (agreement = 89%, κ = 0.83); PRAMS slightly underestimated overweight and obesity (agreement = 84%, κ = 0.73). Compared with the medical record, the birth certificate overestimated gestational weight gain below recommendations and underestimated weight gain within recommendations (agreement = 81%, κ = 0.69). Agreement varied by maternal and pregnancy-related characteristics.

Conclusions:
Classification of prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain from the birth certificate or PRAMS was mostly similar to the medical record but varied by maternal and pregnancy-related characteristics. Efforts to understand how misclassification influences epidemiologic associations are needed.
Maternal Thyroid Function During Pregnancy or Neonatal Thyroid Function and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Drover Samantha S. M. , Villanger Gro D. , Aase Heidi , Skogheim Thea S. , Longnecker Matthew P. , Zoeller R. Thomas , Reichborn-Kjennerud Ted , Knudsen Gun P. , Zeiner Pål , Engel Stephanie M. 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder in children, yet its etiology is poorly understood. Early thyroid hormone disruption may contribute to the development of ADHD. Disrupted maternal thyroid hormone function has been associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. Among newborns, early-treated congenital hypothyroidism has been consistently associated with later cognitive deficits.

Methods:
We systematically reviewed literature on the association between maternal or neonatal thyroid hormones and ADHD diagnosis or symptoms. We searched Embase, Pubmed, Cinahl, PsycInfo, ERIC, Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published or available ahead of print as of April 2018.

Results:
We identified 28 eligible articles: 16 studies of maternal thyroid hormones, seven studies of early-treated congenital hypothyroidism, and five studies of neonatal thyroid hormones. The studies provide moderate evidence for an association between maternal thyroid hormone levels and offspring ADHD, some evidence for an association between early-treated congenital hypothyroidism and ADHD, and little evidence for an association between neonatal thyroid hormone levels and later ADHD.

Conclusions:
The reviewed articles suggest an association between maternal thyroid function and ADHD, and possibly between early-treated congenital hypothyroidism and ADHD. Study limitations, however, weaken the conclusions in our systematic review, underlining the need for more research. Importantly, there was much variation in the measurement of thyroid hormone function and of ADHD symptoms. Recommendations for future research include using population-based designs, attending to measurement issues for thyroid hormones and ADHD, considering biologically relevant covariates (e.g., iodine intake), and assessing nonlinear dose–responses.
Estimation of Unbound Carboplatin Clearance From Total Plasma Concentrations as a Means of Facilitating Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Authors: Moeung Sotheara , Chevreau Christine , Poinsignon Vianney , Guitton Jérôme , Lelièvre Bénédicte , Ciccolini Joseph , Gladieff Laurence , Massart Christophe , Fléchon Aude , Delva Rémy , Gravis Gwenaëlle , Lotz Jean-Pierre , Bay Jacques-Olivier , Gross-Goupil Marine , Delahousse Julia , Filleron Thomas , Lochon Isabelle , Chatelut Etienne , Thomas Fabienne 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Therapeutic drug monitoring of carboplatin is based on its unbound clearance (CLU) determined by Bayesian analysis on unbound (U) concentrations. However, the ultrafiltration of plasma samples presents technical and time constraints. Therefore, this study aims to estimate CLU using total plasma (P) concentrations.

Methods:
U and P concentration data of 407 patients were obtained from 2 clinical studies in which actual CLU had been determined for each patient. The patients were then split into development (277 patients) and prospective data sets (130 patients). Two approaches were evaluated. PK-model-only approach: a 3-compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model based on U and P concentrations and taking into account the protein binding process was developed. The model with patient covariates was also evaluated. Linear regression approach: an equation (CLU = aCLP + b) was obtained by linear regression analysis between actual CLU and CLP, which is the total plasma clearance obtained by analyzing P concentrations according to a 2-compartment PK model. Predictive performance was then assessed within the prospective data set by estimating CLU from P concentrations using each approach and computing the relative percentage error (PE) between estimated CLU and actual CLU.

Results:
The linear regression equation was CLU (L/h) = 1.15 CLP (L/h) + 0.13. The mean PE (MPE) between CLU (estimated using the equation) and the actual CLU was +1.2% (ranging from −31% to +33%) and the mean absolute PE (MAPE) was 9.7%. With the 3-compartment PK model, the MPE was +2.3% (ranging from −41% to +31%) and the MAPE was 11.1%. Inclusion of covariates in the 3-compartment model did not improve the estimation of CLU [MPE = +6.3% (from −33% to +37%); MAPE = 11.4%].

Conclusions:
The linear equation gives a relatively good estimation of CLU based on P concentrations, making PK-based carboplatin dose adaptation possible for centers without ultrafiltration facilities.
Pharmacodynamic Monitoring of Biological Therapies in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Dreesen Erwin , Gils Ann 
Published: October 2018

Background:
Psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, spondyloarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn disease share similar underlying pathophysiological processes, providing the opportunity to treat the patients using similar biological therapies. Failure of biological treatments due to underexposure can be managed by therapeutic drug monitoring. Adjusting the treatment based on pharmacokinetic monitoring can be further improved by taking pharmacodynamic parameters such as clinical and molecular markers into account.

Methods:
Here, we critically evaluate the existing evidence, the hurdles to be taken, and the opportunities for a widespread implementation of pharmacodynamic monitoring.

Results:
Pharmacodynamic monitoring typically is the monitoring of biochemical markers. A pharmacodynamic marker preferably is specific for the pharmacological action of a drug, but most of the time nonspecific pharmacodynamic markers are used, such as C-reactive protein and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Clinical pharmacodynamic markers typically evaluate physical variables or symptoms. Although physician-reported outcomes have been studied for a longer time and often have been shown to correlate well with molecular pharmacodynamic markers and treatment outcomes, the introduction of mobile health or mHealth technologies caused a shift toward patient-reported outcomes, with the associated challenge to consistently reflect the inflammatory state, thereby preventing undertreatment or unnecessary overdosing of patients.

Conclusions:
The primary goal of pharmacodynamic monitoring is to optimize the response, but it can also have an impact on safety, costs, patient adherence, etc. Ideally, the constant remote monitoring of patient-reported disease activity is expected to become the standard, facilitated by mHealth technologies.
DOCUMENTATION OF A NEW CHOROIDAL NEVUS
Authors: Parikh Ravi , Gal-Or Orly , Sakurada Yoichi , Leong Belinda , Freund K. Bailey 
Published: October 2018

Purpose:
To describe the occurrence of an acquired choroidal nevus in a 73-year-old white man.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
A 73-year-old white man was referred for an evaluation and treatment of macular changes in his left eye consistent with pachychoroid neovasculopathy. Baseline funduscopic examination and color fundus photographs showed two small peripheral choroidal nevi in the right eye and a single small choroidal nevus in the far temporal macula of the left eye. Treatment with intravitreal aflibercept was initiated in the left eye on a treat-and-extend dosing regimen. Approximately 1 year later, a new pigmented choroidal lesion was detected in the left macula in an area where previous high-resolution color fundus photographs had shown no abnormal pigmentation. Swept-source optical coherence tomography of the new pigmented lesion showed flat hyperreflectivity within the inner choroid consistent with a small choroidal nevus. The patient was referred to his internist who found no evidence of an occult malignancy. Over the course of more than 4 additional years of continuous follow-up, the new choroidal nevus remained stable, no new fundus abnormalities were detected in either eye, and the patient remained medically stable.

Conclusion:
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a new choroidal nevus. Multimodal imaging performed before lesion detection and over the ensuing 4 years showed its stability, thus allowing for the conclusion that it was a benign choroidal nevus rather than a neoplastic or paraneoplastic process.