bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TLR2 and TLR4 interact with sulfide system in the modulation of mouse colonic motility
Authors: Grasa Laura , Abecia Leticia , Peña‐Cearra Ainize , Robles Sofia , Layunta Elena , Latorre Eva , Mesonero José Emilio , Forcén Raquel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundH2S is a neuromodulator that may inhibit intestinal motility. H2S production in colon is yielded by cystathionine β‐synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ‐lyase (CSE) enzymes and sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB). Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) recognize intestinal microbiota. The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of TLR2 and TLR4 on the endogenous and SRB‐mediated synthesis of H2S and its consequences on the colonic motility of mouse.MethodsMuscle contractility studies were performed in colon from WT, Tlr2‐/‐, and Tlr4‐/‐ mice. The mRNA levels of TLR2, TLR4, CBS, CSE, and SRB were measured by real‐time PCR. Free sulfide levels in colon and feces were determined by colorimetric assays.ResultsNaHS and GYY4137, donors of H2S, reduced the contractility of colon. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), inhibitor of CBS, and D‐L propargylglycine (PAG), inhibitor of CSE, increased the contractility of colon. In vivo treatment with NaHS or GYY4137 inhibited the spontaneous contractions and upregulated TLR2 expression. The in vivo activation of TLR4 with lipopolysaccharide increased the contractile response to PAG, mRNA levels of CSE, and the free sulfide levels of H2S in colon. In Tlr2‐/‐ and Tlr4‐/‐ mice, the contractions induced by AOAA and PAG and mRNA levels of CBS and CSE were lower with respect to WT mice. Deficiency of TLR2 or TLR4 provokes alterations in free sulfide levels and SRB of colon.Conclusions and InferencesOur study demonstrates interaction between TLR2 and TLR4 and the sulfide system in the regulation of colonic motility and contributes to the pathophysiology knowledge of intestinal motility disorders.
Pinch of salt: A modified technique to treat umbilical granuloma
Authors: Bagadia Jimish , Jaiswal Saurabh , Bhalala Krishna B. , Poojary Shital 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundUmbilical granuloma is an overgrowth of granulation tissue following the separation of umbilical cord. Treatment options for this common entity are limited and have side effects such as chemical burns. In this study, we present a novel modification of the salt application method to treat infants with umbilical granuloma.MethodsSeventeen infants were recruited in our study after institutional ethics committee approval and consent from the parents. The area of application was cleaned, and common table salt was carefully applied over the lesion. The granuloma was then occluded with surgical adhesive tape for 24 hours. Cases were followed up the next day to remove the occlusive tape and for assessment of improvement.ResultsAll seventeen cases responded well to this approach with complete resolution of lesions at 24 hours. Small clotlike shrunken tissue was found at the site of granuloma, which was easily scraped off during gentle cleansing. No major complication or recurrence was noted in 3 months of follow‐up.ConclusionComplete resolution of umbilical granuloma can be achieved with a single, clinic‐based application of salt under occlusion for 24 hours. Salt causes shrinkage of granuloma inside occluded hyperosmolar chamber by desiccant effect. The salient features of this method include ease of application, low cost of treatment, accurate one‐time physician‐controlled application, and complete and rapid resolution without complication.
When do keepsakes keep us together? The effect of separation from a partner on directing attachment to inanimate objects
Authors: Niemyjska Aleksandra 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPrior research has often limited the coping potential of inanimate objects to being cues for nostalgia. This article proposes that, due to an unavoidable separation from a loved one, individuals might adhere to an intuitive view that their loved one remains present in inanimate objects associated with him or her. Directing attachment behavior to inanimate objects associated with a loved one can be an effective strategy for maintaining subjective closeness to the partner. In Study 1, participants who imagined being trapped on a deserted island (vs. being together) were more likely to express both attachment to a photograph of their partner and nostalgia. Nostalgia, however, led to the anticipation that having the photograph would exacerbate the situation. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that adults experiencing real‐life separation were more likely than controls to direct their attachment to inanimate objects that decreased loneliness and increased closeness to one's partner. The distinctive role of attachment to inanimate objects as a coping strategy is further discussed.
Prospect Theory, Fairness, and the Escalation of Conflict at a Negotiation Impasse*
Authors: Miettinen Topi , Ropponen Olli , Sääskilahti Pekka 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe study a bilateral negotiation set‐up where, at a bargaining impasse, the disadvantaged party chooses whether to escalate the conflict or not. Escalation is costly for both parties, and it results in a random draw of the winner of the escalated conflict. We derive the behavioral predictions of a simple social utility function, which is convex in disadvantageous inequality, thus connecting the inequity aversion and the prospect theory models. Our causal laboratory evidence is, to a large extent, consistent with the predicted effects. Among other things, the model predicts that the escalation rate is higher when escalation outcomes are riskier, and that the disagreement rate is lower when the cost of escalating the conflict is higher.
A method of assessing the strength of metal surface using film samples on titanium alloy Ti‐1023
Authors: Quan Fang , Chen Zhitong , Zhu Yu , Zhang Yun 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe fatigue life of aerospace components depends greatly on the mechanical properties of the finished surface layer. However, no independent strength test of this layer has been reported because of the lack of suitable samples. Therefore, a direct method of assessing the surface tensile strength using film samples with thicknesses of approximately 40 μm is proposed in this paper. The immediate objective of this research is to demonstrate the fundamentals of surface strength testing and prove the feasibility of preparing films by tracking the evolution of the surface integrity. The test results show that layer‐by‐layer grinding and polishing is a feasible method for preparing film samples with sufficient area, controllable thickness, and well‐maintained surface integrity. During the preparation of the film samples, the roughness and micro‐hardness of the test side (the side kept unprepared for testing) are protected, and those of the processed side (the side that is ground and polished) are controlled. The residual stress on both sides is released to zero. The film specimens exhibit regular fracture behaviour in the tensile tests, and their stress–strain curves can be explained as weighted averages of the stress–strain functions of multiple layers.
A national Transfusion Register of Irregular Antibodies and Cross (X)‐match Problems: TRIX, a 10‐year analysis
Authors: van Gammeren Adriaan J. , van den Bos Annegeet G. , Som Nel , Veldhoven Charles , Vossen Renée C. R. M. , Folman Claudia C. 
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUNDThe Transfusion Register of Irregular Antibodies and Cross‐match Problems (TRIX) is a unique national database in the Netherlands that was launched in 2007. Transfusion laboratories register the presence of irregular RBC alloantibodies for their patients and can consult the database for information that is relevant for pretransfusion testing, unknown in their own laboratory information system.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSData from the TRIX database 10 years after implementation have been analyzed to demonstrate the added value of TRIX for transfusion practice. TRIX antibody registration, antibody disappearance likelihood, and differences between men and women have been analyzed and evaluated.RESULTSIn the 10‐year period 2007 to 2016, a total of 80,164 alloantibodies have been identified and registered in 62,110 individuals. Of the antibodies, 81% were reported in women and 19% in men (female:male, 4.3:1). Rh (DCcEe and Cw), K, Fya, and Jka antibodies account for 65.6% of all antibody registrations. M and Lewis antibodies account for 18.6% of all antibodies. Antibody disappearance likelihood is relatively high for the clinically relevant antibodies directed against Jkb, s, Fyb, and e. Antibodies directed against D, Fya, and K have a relatively low antibody disappearance likelihood.CONCLUSIONTRIX is a unique and useful tool for transfusion laboratories for timely and up‐to‐date information on the presence of erythrocyte antibodies, which improves pretransfusion testing and compatible blood selection. TRIX also provides macro data on the prevalence of individual antibodies and antibody disappearance likelihoods that can be used for developing blood type matching strategies for patient groups at risk. © 2019 AABB
On‐label compared to off‐label four‐factor prothrombin complex concentrate use: a retrospective, observational study
Authors: Cho Brian C. , Jung Youn‐Hoa , DeMario Vincent M. , Lau Edward , Podlasek Stanley J. , Grant Michael C. , Gehrie Eric A. , Frank Steven M. 
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUNDFour‐factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F‐PCC) is US Food and Drug Administration approved for the urgent reversal of coagulation factor deficiency induced by a vitamin K antagonist complicated by acute major bleeding or in situations in which invasive procedures are urgently needed. Although recent evidence suggests the superiority of 4F‐PCC over plasma for on‐label indications, the off‐label use of 4F‐PCC has not been rigorously studied.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSEighty‐nine patients receiving 4F‐PCC at a single institution from July 2016 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Two cohorts, “On‐Label” and “Off‐Label” uses of 4F‐PCC, were evaluated, comparing patient characteristics, blood utilization, and clinical outcomes including in‐hospital mortality.RESULTSPatients receiving 4F‐PCC for off‐label reasons (n = 46) were younger and sicker compared to those receiving 4F‐PCC for on‐label reasons (n = 43). Notably, the mortality rate for off‐label use was approximately twofold greater than the mortality rate for on‐label use (26 of 46 [56.5%] vs. 12 of 43 [27.9%]; p = 0.006). Patients receiving 4F‐PCC for off‐label reasons received more units per patient of each blood component than their on‐label counterparts. The average cost estimate per patient for 4F‐PCC was similar (approx. $4300) in each cohort.CONCLUSION4F‐PCC is an effective but expensive treatment option for those requiring urgent reversal of vitamin K antagonist–induced coagulopathy. However, providers should be conscious of the high costs and questionable efficacy when using 4F‐PCC off‐label.
Demographic dynamics of the smallest marine vertebrates fuel coral reef ecosystem functioning
Authors: Brandl Simon J. , Tornabene Luke , Goatley Christopher H. R. , Casey Jordan M. , Morais Renato A. , Côté Isabelle M. , Baldwin Carole C. , Parravicini Valeriano , Schiettekatte Nina M. D. , Bellwood David R. 
Published: May 2019

Little fish make a big contributionCoral reefs represent one of the most biodiverse and rich ecosystems. Such richness conjures up images of coral heads and large colorful reef fishes. Brandlet al.show, however, that one of the most striking and important parts of the reef ecosystem is almost never seen (see the Perspective by Riginos and Leis). Small cryptobenthic fish, like blennies, make up nearly 40% of reef fish biodiversity. Furthermore, the majority of cryptobenthic fish larvae settle locally, rather than being widely dispersed, and have rapid turnover rates. Such high diversity and densities could thus provide the biomass base for larger, better-known reef fish.Science, this issue p.1189; see also p.1128
Ethnic and socioeconomic variation in cause-specific preterm infant mortality by gestational age at birth: national cohort study
Authors: Kroll Mary E , Kurinczuk Jennifer J , Hollowell Jennifer , Macfarlane Alison , Li Yangmei , Quigley Maria A 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveTo describe ethnic and socioeconomic variation in cause-specific infant mortality of preterm babies by gestational age at birth.DesignNational birth cohort study.SettingEngland and Wales 2006–2012.SubjectsSingleton live births at 24–36 completed weeks’ gestation (n=256 142).Outcome measuresAdjusted rate ratios for death in infancy by cause (three groups), within categories of gestational age at birth (24–27, 28–31, 32–36 weeks), by baby’s ethnicity (nine groups) or area deprivation score (Index of Multiple Deprivation quintiles).ResultsAmong 24–27 week births (5% of subjects; 47% of those who died in infancy), all minority ethnic groups had lower risk of immaturity-related death than White British, the lowest rate ratios being 0.63 (95% CI 0.49 to 0.80) for Black Caribbean, 0.74 (0.64 to 0.85) for Black African and 0.75 (0.60 to 0.94) for Indian. Among 32–36 week births, all minority groups had higher risk of death from congenital anomalies than White British, the highest rate ratios being 4.50 (3.78 to 5.37) for Pakistani, 2.89 (2.10 to 3.97) for Bangladeshi and 2.06 (1.59 to 2.68) for Black African; risks of death from congenital anomalies and combined rarer causes (infection, intrapartum conditions, SIDS and unclassified) increased with deprivation, the rate ratios comparing the most with the least deprived quintile being, respectively, 1.54 (1.22 to 1.93) and 2.05 (1.55 to 2.72). There was no evidence of socioeconomic variation in deaths from immaturity-related conditions.ConclusionsGestation-specific preterm infant mortality shows contrasting ethnic patterns of death from immaturity-related conditions in extremely-preterm babies, and congenital anomalies in moderate/late-preterm babies. Socioeconomic variation derives from congenital anomalies and rarer causes in moderate/late-preterm babies. Future research should examine biological origins of extremely preterm birth.
Determinants of the decline in mortality from acute stroke in England: linked national database study of 795 869 adults
Authors: Seminog Olena O , Scarborough Peter , Wright F Lucy , Rayner Mike , Goldacre Michael J 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To study trends in stroke mortality rates, event rates, and case fatality, and to explain the extent to which the reduction in stroke mortality rates was influenced by changes in stroke event rates or case fatality.

Design
Population based study.

Setting
Person linked routine hospital and mortality data, England.

Participants
795 869 adults aged 20 and older who were admitted to hospital with acute stroke or died from stroke.

Main outcome measures
Stroke mortality rates, stroke event rates (stroke admission or stroke death without admission), and case fatality within 30 days after stroke.

Results
Between 2001 and 2010 stroke mortality rates decreased by 55%, stroke event rates by 20%, and case fatality by 40%. The study population included 358 599 (45%) men and 437 270 (55%) women. Average annual change in mortality rate was −6.0% (95% confidence interval −6.2% to −5.8%) in men and −6.1% (−6.3% to −6.0%) in women, in stroke event rate was −1.3% (−1.4% to −1.2%) in men and −2.1% (−2.2 to −2.0) in women, and in case fatality was −4.7% (−4.9% to −4.5%) in men and −4.4% (−4.5% to −4.2%) in women. Mortality and case fatality but not event rate declined in all age groups: the stroke event rate decreased in older people but increased by 2% each year in adults aged 35 to 54 years. Of the total decline in mortality rates, 71% was attributed to the decline in case fatality (78% in men and 66% in women) and the remainder to the reduction in stroke event rates. The contribution of the two factors varied between age groups. Whereas the reduction in mortality rates in people younger than 55 years was due to the reduction in case fatality, in the oldest age group (≥85 years) reductions in case fatality and event rates contributed nearly equally.

Conclusions
Declines in case fatality, probably driven by improvements in stroke care, contributed more than declines in event rates to the overall reduction in stroke mortality. Mortality reduction in men and women younger than 55 was solely a result of a decrease in case fatality, whereas stroke event rates increased in the age group 35 to 54 years. The increase in stroke event rates in young adults is a concern. This suggests that stroke prevention needs to be strengthened to reduce the occurrence of stroke in people younger than 55 years.
Physicians’ role in the development of inappropriate polypharmacy among older adults in Iran: a qualitative study
Authors: Mortazavi Seyede Salehe , Shati Mohsen , Malakouti Seyed Kazem , Khankeh Hamid Reza , Mehravaran Shiva , Ahmadi Fazlollah 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesThe use of unnecessary or excessive medications (inappropriate polypharmacy) is a major health challenge among older adults which is driven by several factors. This study aims to provide in-depth descriptions of the physician’s role in the development of inappropriate polypharmacy among older adults in Iran.DesignQualitative content analysis of interviews, field notes and other relevant documents available (eg, medical records). Data collection and analyses were done concurrently to guide the sampling process.SettingThree purposively selected referral hospitals in Tehran, Iran.ParticipantsA total of 7 physicians, 10 older adults, 3 caregivers and 3 pharmacists with a median age of 54 (IQR 23) years were recruited through convenience sampling.ResultsEmerged categories included misdiagnosis, inappropriate prescribing, insufficient patient education, poor communication, unprofessional behaviour and limited perspectives which highlight the role of physicians in the development of inappropriate polypharmacy among older adults in Iran under the main concept of poor medical practice.ConclusionThis study provides valuable insight on the role of physicians in the development of inappropriate polypharmacy among the elderly in the healthcare setting in Iran by exploring the viewpoints of physicians, patients, caregivers and pharmacists. Physicians can be an influential factor in tackling this challenge through proper diagnosis, prescription, patient education and follow-up. In Iran, physicians’ practice styles are affected by potentially adverse factors such as the novelty of geriatric medicine, lack of a referral system, patient unfamiliarity with the system and lack of a monitoring system for multiple prescriptions. Furthermore, clinics tend to be overcrowded and visit fees can be low; in this setting, lack of physician assistants leads to limited time allocation to each patient and physician dissatisfaction with their income.
Melatonin, temazepam and placebo in hospitalised older patients with sleeping problems (MATCH): a study protocol of randomised controlled trial
Authors: Stenveld Fiona , Bosman Sjanne , van Munster Barbara C , Beishuizen Sara J , Hempenius Liesbeth , van der Velde Nathalie , Smidt Nynke , de Rooij Sophia E 
Published: May 2019

IntroductionHospitalised older patients frequently suffer from inadequate sleep, which can lead to patient distress and delayed recovery from acute illness or surgical procedure. Currently, no evidence-based treatments exist for sleeping problems in hospitalised older patients. Benzodiazepines, such as temazepam, are regularly prescribed by physicians, although they have serious side effects; for older patients in particular. Melatonin is proposed as a safe alternative for sleeping problems in hospitalised older patients, but the efficacy of melatonin is unclear in this population. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of melatonin and temazepam compared with placebo on sleep quality among hospitalised older patients with sleeping problems.Methods and analysisThis study is a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 663 patients will be randomised in a 1:1:1 fashion to receive either melatonin (n=221), temazepam (n=221) or placebo (n=221). The study population consists of hospitalised patients aged 60 years and older, with new or aggravated sleeping problems for which an intervention is needed. The primary outcome is sleep quality measured with the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ). Secondary outcomes include sleep parameters measured with actigraphy and medication-related adverse effects.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, (No 2015_302). Study findings will be disseminated through presentations at professional and scientific conferences and publications in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNTR6908; Pre-results.
Evaluation of the digital diabetes prevention programme pilot: uncontrolled mixed-methods study protocol
Authors: Murray Elizabeth , Daff Kerry , Lavida Anthi , Henley William , Irwin Jenny , Valabhji Jonathan 
Published: May 2019

IntroductionThe prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising steeply. National Health Service England (NHSE) is exploring the potential of a digital diabetes prevention programme (DDPP) and has commissioned a pilot with embedded evaluation.Methods and analysisThis study aims to determine whether, and if so, how, should NHSE implement a national DDPP, using a mixed-methods pretest and post-test design, underpinned by two theoretical frameworks: the Coventry, Aberdeen and London - Refined (CALO-RE) taxonomy of behavioural change techniques for the digital interventions and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) for implementation processes. In eight pilot areas across England, adults with non-diabetic hyperglycaemia (NDH) (glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) 42–47 mmol/mol or fasting plasma glucose 5.5–6.9 mmol/L) and adults without NDH who are overweight (body mass index (BMI) >25 kg/m2) or obese (BMI >30 kg/m2) will be referred to one of five digitally delivered diabetes prevention interventions. The primary outcomes are reduction in HbA1c and weight (for people with NDH) and reduction in weight (for people who are overweight or obese) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes include use of the intervention, satisfaction, physical activity, patient activation and resources needed for successful implementation. Quantitative data will be collected at baseline, 6 months and 12 months by the digital intervention providers. Qualitative data will be collected through semistructured interviews with commissioners, providers, healthcare professionals and patients. Quantitative data will be analysed descriptively and using generalised linear models to determine whether changes in outcomes are associated with demographic and intervention factors. Qualitative data will be analysed using framework analysis, with data pertaining to implementation mapped onto the CFIR.Ethics and disseminationThe study has received ethical approval from the Public Health England Ethics and Research Governance Group (reference R&D 324). Dissemination will include a report to NHSE to inform future policy and publication in peer-reviewed journals.