bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral blood flow dynamic in foetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: Incremental value of the first segment of the anterior cerebral artery over the middle cerebral artery?
Authors: Liu Yushan , Zeng Shi , Tan Ya , Zhou Jiawei , Zhao Baihua 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the blood flow Doppler parameters of the anterior cerebral artery (ACA) in foetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS).MethodsDoppler parameters (peak systolic velocity [PSV], end‐diastolic velocity [EDV], time‐averaged maximum velocity [TAMXV] and pulsatility index [PI]) and biometric parameters were measured in two anatomical segments of the ACA (S1 and S2) and in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 35 HLHS foetuses and 73 gestational age‐matched normal foetuses. Correlations between the cerebral artery PIs and head circumference (HC) were assessed.ResultsBoth EDV and TAMXV of the ACA and MCA in the HLHS group were significantly higher than in the normal group (P < .05). The PI of the ACA and MCA in the HLHS group were significantly lower than in the normal group (P < .05). ACAS1PI and ACAS2PI in the HLHS foetuses with retrograde blood flow in the aortic isthmus (AoI) were significantly lower than those of HLHS foetuses without retrograde blood flow in the AoI (P < .05). ACAS2PI was significantly lower than ACAS1PI in the HLHS foetuses with retrograde blood flow in the AoI (P = .047). The abnormal rates of ACAS1 and ACAS2 were significantly higher than that of the MCA (P < .05) in the HLHS group. The HC and biparietal diameter were significantly lower in the HLHS group than in the control group (P < .05). HC was correlated with the PIs of ACAS1, ACAS2 and the MCA in the HLHS group (P < .05).ConclusionA redistribution of foetal cerebral blood flow appeared in HLHS, and the measurement of ACA PI might provide early information on brain hypoxia.
Outcomes beyond hospital discharge in infants and children with viral meningitis: A systematic review
Authors: Hudson Jessica A. , Broad Jonathan , Martin Natalie G. , Sadarangani Manish , Galal Ushma , Kelly Dominic F. , Pollard Andrew J. , Kadambari Seilesh 
Published: September 2019

SummaryViruses are the commonest cause of childhood meningitis, but outcomes beyond hospital discharge are poorly described. We undertook a systematic literature review of long‐term outcomes following paediatric viral meningitis. A search was carried out using MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Review for studies from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2018. Studies were included where specific outcome measures were available beyond hospital discharge for children <16 years old with viral meningitis. In total, 3588 papers were identified of which 14 were eligible for inclusion. Four studies reported outcomes in children with nonenterovirus 71 meningitis. A US study of 16 cases demonstrated subtle language difficulties at 3‐year follow‐up in infants in contrast to an Australian study, which revealed no impairment in language. A Fijian study showed that two out of eight cases had sensorineural hearing loss compared with none in a UK cohort of 668 infants. Three studies evaluated outcomes of enterovirus 71 meningitis in China and Taiwan, two showed cases recovered without sequelae, while one demonstrated an increased risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Two studies including 141 cases of human parechovirus revealed no evidence of neurodevelopmental sequelae. Conversely, an Australian study demonstrated neurodevelopmental sequelae in 11 out of 77 infants with parechovirus meningitis. Most studies identified in this review demonstrated a high proportion of good clinical outcomes following viral meningitis. However, the data are limited, so robustly conducted neurodevelopmental studies are warranted to inform the evidence‐based management of viral meningitis beyond hospital discharge.
A New Photoresponsive Bis (Crown Ether) for Extraction of Metal Ions
Authors: Liang Yong , Wang Xiang , Zhao Siqi , He Piao , Luo Ting , Jiang Jinzhi , Liang Wenjie , Cai Jianfeng , Xu Hai 
Published: September 2019

AbstractA new photoresponsive bis (crown ether) 1 was synthesized from carboxylic crown ethers and 4,4′ ‐ hydroxy azobenzene, and its ability for the extraction of alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and partial transition metal ions was also studied. Intriguingly, our results showed that the extraction rate of metal ions by compound 1 after light irradiation was generally more efficient than in the ambient light. Particularly, compound 1 displayed excellent selectivity for Sr2+ under UV light irradiation, as a result of the formation of a sandwich complex with metal ions, suggesting its promising potential application to selectively extract strontium ions.
Compositional Control as the Key for Achieving Highly Efficient OER Electrocatalysis with Cobalt Phosphates Decorated Nanocarbon Florets
Authors: Saha Jayeeta , Verma Sonam , Ball Ranadeb , Subramaniam Chandramouli , Murugavel Ramaswamy 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCompositional interplay of two different cobalt phosphates (Co(H2PO4)2; Co‐DP and Co(PO3)2; Co‐MP) loaded on morphologically engineered high surface area nanocarbon leads to an increased electrocatalytic efficiency for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in near neutral conditions. This is reflected as significant reduction in the onset overpotential (301 mV) and enhanced current density (30 mA cm−2 @ 577 mV). In order to achieve uniform surface loading, organic‐soluble thermolabile cobalt‐bis(di‐tert‐butylphosphate) is synthesized in situ inside the nanocarbon matrix and subsequently pyrolyzed at 150 °C to produce Co(H2PO4)2/Co(PO3)2 (80:20 wt%). Annealing this sample at 200 or 250 °C results in the redistribution of the two phosphate systems to 55:45 or 20:80 (wt%), respectively. Detailed electrochemical measurements clearly establish that the 55:45 (wt%) sample prepared at 200 °C performs the best as a catalyst, owing to a relay mechanism that enhances the kinetics of the 4e− transfer OER process, which is substantiated by micro‐Raman spectroscopic studies. It is also unraveled that the engineered nanocarbon support simultaneously enhances the interfacial charge‐transfer pathway, resulting in the reduction of onset overpotential, compared to earlier investigated cobalt phosphate systems.
Effect of Amylose–Amylopectin Ratios on Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Starch‐Based Bionanocomposite Films Incorporated with CMC and Nanoclay
Authors: Jha Pankaj , Dharmalingam Koodalingam , Nishizu Takahisa , Katsuno Nakako , Anandalakshmi Ramalingam 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe objective of this work is to examine the effect of amylose–amylopectin ratios on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of starch‐based bionanocomposite films. Starch sources with different amylose–amylopectin ratios (potato starch, 20:80; wheat starch, 25:75; corn starch, 28:72; and high‐amylose corn starch, 70:30) are blended with carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) and sodium montmorillonite (Na‐MMT) to produce bionanocomposite films. Experimental results reveal that corn starch/CMC/nanoclay bionanocomposite films possess higher tensile strength, lower film solubility, lower water vapor permeability, and higher glass transition temperature due to molecular structure of amylose–amylopectin and their molecular space in corn starch, which help in strong interaction with CMC and extensive intercalation of nanoclay. The highest degree of crystallinity and strong interaction of corn starch with CMC (─OH and─COOH) and nanoclay (Si─O─Si and Al─OH) are confirmed by X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results, respectively. The prepared bionanocomposite films can be used for food packaging applications to improve the shelf‐life and safety of food products, which can serve as a potential substitute for conventional plastic packaging materials.
Social Stigma, Stress and Enforced Transition in Specialist Epilepsy Services 1905–1965
Authors: Hewitt Rachel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn the late nineteenth century, specialist institutions for people with epilepsy (known as epileptic colonies) began to draw a causal link between stress and epileptic seizures. As the history of epilepsy has focused on neurological development, this chapter explores the history of epilepsy within the development of social psychiatry and psychoanalysis. It argues that the mid-twentieth-century understanding of family dynamics underpinned a social construction of the ‘epileptic personality’. Simultaneously, a development of the understanding of stress and anxiety in young people with epilepsy led to changes in service planning, in particular the aim to reduce enforced transitions between adult and child services.
Sheltered Employment and Mental Health in Britain: Remploy c.1945–1981
Authors: Holroyde Andy 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores the provision of sheltered employment for mentally disabled people in post-war Britain. Focusing particularly on the case of Remploy, this study examines the impact of the policy of deinstitutionalisation upon the company’s so-called ‘disability mix’ and its understanding of how it should operate. It argues that with the company already employing an increasing number of mentally disabled people, deinstitutionalisation supported an existing trend. Despite some concerns about the growing proportion of mentally disabled employees, during the period considered here, it did not lead to any significant change in how Remploy fundamentally operated.
MR imaging in discriminating between benign and malignant paediatric ovarian masses: a systematic review
Authors: van Nimwegen Lotte W. E. , Mavinkurve-Groothuis Annelies M. C. , de Krijger Ronald R. , Hulsker Caroline C. C. , Goverde Angelique J. , Zsiros József , Littooij Annemieke S. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objectives
The use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in differentiation between benign and malignant adnexal masses in children and adolescents might be of great value in the diagnostic workup of sonographically indeterminate masses, since preserving fertility is of particular importance in this population. This systematic review evaluates the diagnostic value of MR imaging in children with an ovarian mass.

Methods
The review was made according to the PRISMA Statement. PubMed and EMBASE were systematically searched for studies on the use of MR imaging in differential diagnosis of ovarian masses in both adult women and children from 2008 to 2018.

Results
Sixteen paediatric and 18 adult studies were included. In the included studies, MR imaging has shown good diagnostic performance in differentiating between benign and malignant ovarian masses. MR imaging techniques including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging seem to further improve the diagnostic performance.

Conclusion
The addition of DWI with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values measured in enhancing components of solid lesions and DCE imaging may further increase the good diagnostic performance of MR imaging in the pre-operative differentiation between benign and malignant ovarian masses by increasing specificity. Prospective age-specific studies are needed to confirm the high diagnostic performance of MR imaging in children and adolescents with a sonographically indeterminate ovarian mass.

Key Points
• MR imaging, based on several morphological features, is of good diagnostic performance in differentiating between benign and malignant ovarian masses. Sensitivity and specificity varied between 84.8 to 100% and 20.0 to 98.4%, respectively.
• MR imaging techniques like diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging seem to improve the diagnostic performance.
• Specific studies in children and adolescents with ovarian masses are required to confirm the suggested increased diagnostic performance of DWI and DCE in this population.
Consumer Policy in 28 EU Member States: An Empirical Assessment in Four Dimensions
Authors: Nessel S. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis article examines consumer policy in 28 EU Member States. It introduces a new methodological framework and several indicators to analyse legal, social, enforcement, and associational dimensions of consumer policy. Drawing on the most recent data, the empirical results provide a detailed picture of consumer policy across Europe displayed in several indices. The results furthermore allow for statistically testing consumer policy regimes, as suggested by previous research. These indices reveal great differences between individual countries but only few instances of statistically significant differences between consumer policy regimes. Considering legal and political accounts as well as sociological explanations that have not yet been applied, possible explanations for these findings are discussed. It is concluded that comparative consumer policy analysis should further analyse differences between individual European countries in several dimensions and should not only account for consumer policy regimes from a legal or a political science perspective. The methodological framework and the theoretical explanations outlined in this article may help to accomplish this goal.
Guidance on Design and Construction of the Built Environment Against Wildland Urban Interface Fire Hazard: A Review
Authors: Intini Paolo , Ronchi Enrico , Gwynne Steven , Bénichou Noureddine 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) fires, a worldwide problem, are gaining more importance over time due to climate change and increased urbanization in WUI areas. Some jurisdictions have provided standards, codes and guidelines, which may greatly help planning, prevention and protection against wildfires. This work presents a wide systematic review of standards, codes and guidelines for the design and construction of the built environment against WUI fire hazard from North American, European, Oceanic countries, alongside with trans-national codes. The main information reviewed includes: the definition of WUI hazards, risk areas and related severity classes, the influence of land and environmental factors, the requirements for building materials, constructions, utilities, fire protection measures and road access. Some common threads among the documents reviewed have been highlighted. They include similar attempts at: (a) defining WUI risk areas and severity classes, (b) considering land factors including the defensible space (also known as ignition zones), (c) prescribing requirements for buildings and access. The main gaps highlighted in the existing standards/guidelines include lacks of detailed and widespread requirements for resources, fire protection measures, and lacks of taking into account environmental factors in detail. The main design and construction principles contained in the reviewed documents are largely based on previous research and/or good practices. Hence, the main contributions of this paper consist in: (a) systematically disseminate these guidance concepts, (b) setting a potential basis for the development of standards/guidelines in other jurisdictions lacking dedicated WUI fire design guidance, (c) highlighting gaps in existing standards/guidelines to be addressed by current and future research.
From Explanation to Understanding: Normativity Lost?
Authors: de Regt Henk W. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn recent years, scientific understanding has become a focus of attention in philosophy of science. Since understanding is typically associated with the pragmatic and psychological dimensions of explanation, shifting the focus from explanation to understanding may induce a shift from accounts that embody normative ideals to accounts that provide accurate descriptions of scientific practice. Not surprisingly, many ‘friends of understanding’ sympathize with a naturalistic approach to the philosophy of science. However, this raises the question of whether the proposed theories of understanding can still have normative power. In this paper I address this question by examining two theories of scientific understanding: Jan Faye’s pragmatic-rhetorical theory and my own contextual theory of scientific understanding. I argue that both theories leave room for normativity, despite their naturalistic tendencies. The normative power of my contextual theory is illustrated with a case study of the chemical revolution.
Foundations and Their Practical Implications for the Constitutive Coefficients of Poromechanical Dual-Continuum Models
Authors: Ashworth Mark , Doster Florian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A dual-continuum model can offer a practical approach to understanding first-order behaviours of poromechanically coupled multiscale systems. To close the governing equations, constitutive equations with models to calculate effective constitutive coefficients are required. Several coefficient models have been proposed within the literature. However, a holistic overview of the different modelling concepts is still missing. To address this we first compare and contrast the dominant models existing within the literature. In terms of the constitutive relations themselves, early relations were indirectly postulated that implicitly neglected the effect of the mechanical interaction arising between continuum pressures. Further, recent users of complete constitutive systems that include inter-continuum pressure coupling have explicitly neglected these couplings as a means of providing direct relations between composite and constituent properties, and to simplify coefficient models. Within the framework of micromechanics, we show heuristically that these explicit decouplings are in fact coincident with bounds on the effective parameters themselves. Depending on the formulation, these bounds correspond to end-member states of isostress or isostrain. We show the impacts of using constitutive coefficient models, decoupling assumptions and parameter bounds on poromechanical behaviours using analytical solutions for a 2D model problem. Based on the findings herein, we offer recommendations for how and when to use different coefficient modelling concepts.
Measuring Kidney Perfusion, pH, and Renal Clearance Consecutively Using MRI and Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography
Authors: Minhas Atul S. , Sharkey Jack , Randtke Edward A. , Murray Patricia , Wilm Bettina , Pagel Mark D. , Poptani Harish 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Purpose: To establish multi-modal imaging for the assessment of kidney pH, perfusion, and clearance rate using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) in healthy mice. Kidney pH and perfusion values were measured on a pixel-by-pixel basis using the MRI acidoCEST and FAIR-EPI methods. Kidney filtration rate was measured by analyzing the renal clearance rate of IRdye 800 using MSOT. To test the effect of one imaging method on the other, a set of 3 animals were imaged with MSOT followed by MRI, and a second set of 3 animals were imaged with MRI followed by MSOT. In a subsequent study, the reproducibility of pH, perfusion, and renal clearance measurements were tested by imaging 4 animals twice, separated by 4 days. The contrast agents used for acidoCEST based pH measurements influenced the results of MSOT. Specifically, the exponential decay time from the kidney cortex, as measured by MSOT, was significantly altered when MRI was performed prior to MSOT. However, no significant difference in the cortex to pelvis area under the curve (AUC) was noted. When the order of experiments was reversed, no significant differences were noted in the pH or perfusion values. Reproducibility measurements demonstrated similar pH and cortex to pelvis AUC; however, perfusion values were significantly different with the cortex values being higher and the pelvic values being lower in the second imaging time. We demonstrate that using a combination of MRI and MSOT, physiological measurements of pH, blood flow, and clearance rates can be measured in the mouse kidney in the same imaging session.
Epistemic Responsibility and Criminal Negligence
Authors: Greenberg Alexander 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe seem to be responsible for our beliefs in a distinctively epistemic way. We often hold each other to account for the beliefs that we hold. We do this by criticising other believers as ‘gullible’ or ‘biased’, and by trying to persuade others to revise their beliefs. But responsibility for belief looks hard to understand because we seem to lack control over our beliefs. In this paper, I argue that we can make progress in our understanding of responsibility for belief by thinking about it in parallel with another kind of responsibility: legal responsibility for criminal negligence. Specifically, I argue that that a popular account of responsibility for belief, which grounds it in belief’s reasons-responsiveness, faces a problem analogous to one faced by H.L.A. Hart’s influential capacity-based account of culpability. This points towards a more promising account of responsibility of belief, though, if we draw on accounts of negligence that improve on Hart’s. Broadly speaking, the account of negligence that improves on Hart’s account grounds culpability in a (lack of) concern for others’ interests, whereas my account of epistemic responsibility grounds responsibility for belief in a (lack of) concern for the truth.
The Role of Grain Refiner in the Nucleation of AlFeSi Intermetallic Phases During Solidification of a 6xxx Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Lui A. , Grant P. S. , Stone I. C. , O’Reilly K. A. Q. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Primary grain refinement using inoculant additions and intermetallic compound (IMC) phase selection are critical aspects in the solidification of commercial aluminum alloys, controlling the final mechanical properties in service. Although there have been studies which suggest there are explicit interactions between the two phenomena, they have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, through study of intermetallic phase particles extracted from an inoculated casting, key features relating to the nucleation of different intermetallic phases via eutectic reactions are recognized and explained. In particular, rake-like IMCs are identified as initiation points for the deleterious

$$\beta $$

β

-AlFeSi IMC phase in a model 6xxx series Al alloy. A mechanism is proposed for how

$${\text{TiB}}_{2}$$

TiB
2

inoculant particles, which are commonly used for primary phase refinement, play a role in enhancing the nucleation of intermetallic phases during eutectic reactions at the liquid/

$$\alpha $$

α

-Al interface in the final stages of solidification. The implication of this mechanism is that, after the event of primary grain refinement, any unused

$${\text{TiB}}_{2}$$

TiB
2

inoculant particles could be contributing to IMC formation thereby affecting the overall type, size, and distribution of intermetallic phases in the solidified alloy.
The Latent Precariousness of Migrant Workers: a Study of Ukrainians Legally Employed in Poland
Authors: Filipek Kamil , Polkowska Dominika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The global rise in migration has captured academic attention and spurred discussions around migrants—their living and working conditions, status, relations with the host community, future plans, etc. A significant stream of research explores migrants’ problems using the concept of precariousness. However, such research often becomes complicated as arrivals do not fit the frame of precariousness characterising the host society. Migrants encounter numerous problems, such as access to benefits and pensions, minimal wages, work permits or security and safety, but they do not complain or assess their personal situation as precarious. Based on fifteen in-depth interviews with Ukrainians working in Poland, this paper presents and discusses the problem of latent precariousness as a challenge to such qualitative methods as the in-depth interview. Social comparison theory has been used to explain critical problems related to the extent of precariousness among migrants.