bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Issues in Remote Pilotage
Authors: Hadley Mike 
Published: July 2002

This paper was presented at the World Congress of the International
Association of
Institutes of Navigation (IAIN) held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
17–21 November 1997.Remote, or shore-based, pilotage means different things to different
people, despite a
definition being produced by the European and International Maritime Pilots
Associations.
The debate about it is set in the context of increasing public awareness
of the environment
and a downward pressure on costs; these in themselves make for uncomfortable
bedfellows.
However, this sets the scene for the current aspirations within the European
Union for vessel
traffic management and the ongoing research into Vessel Traffic Services
(VTS) and Vessel
Traffic Management and Information Services (VTMIS). The technology to
implement
navigational assistance of a fairly high order is already in place,
but there are still problems
to be overcome before the concept can be taken further. Commonly recurring
concerns over
remote pilotage are the inadequacies of radar, difficulties
with language, lack of ‘feel’ for the
ship, which includes the on-board pilot's assessment of the quality
of the vessel's crew, and
the lack of ship motion data. Differential GPS is now capable of aiding
automatic docking
of some specialized vessels, but it has emerged, most recently at the IALA
VTS Committee
meeting, that ECDIS has shortcomings when being considered as the geographic
information
system of a VTS. Transponders are the subject of yet another debate, but
will the data that
they can convey be able to replace an on-board pilot?
Reproduction in the brine shrimp Artemia: evolutionary relevance of laboratory cross‐fertility tests
Authors: Gajardo Gonzalo , Parraguéz Margarita , Beardmore John A. , Sorgeloos Patrick 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe brine shrimp Artemia, a typical inhabitant of hypersaline environments and characterized by a highly subdivided population structure, was used as a model to evaluate, under standardized laboratory conditions (at 65 ppt), primary reproductive traits (offspring quality and quantity) along with levels of reproductive isolation and degrees of divergence among populations. Intrapopulation experimental crosses and cross‐fertility tests were evaluated in five populations (mostly A. franciscana) from coastal and inland environments in Chile, and in reference samples of A. franciscana (San Francisco Bay, U.S.A.) and A. persimilis (Buenos Aires, Argentina), which are the species likely to be found in Chile. The populations compared displayed significant variability in fecundity (total offspring, brood size) as well as in the ratio encystment/oviviparity. Hybrid offspring, produced abundantly in cross‐fertility tests with reference populations, showed a pronounced switch to the encystment mode, particularly in crosses with A. persimilis. Exposure to a broad range of ecological conditions seems to have optimized a generalist reproductive strategy in the Artemia populations studied that combines variation in both the quantity and quality of zygotes. Laboratory cross‐fertility tests evaluated prime reproductive characteristics in individual crosses with fair repeatability, as well as testing barriers to laboratory reproductive isolation. The lack of efficient mechanisms for reproductive isolation in the allopatric Artemia populations studied follows a trend often seen in other anostracods. Formerly allopatric populations have not achieved sympatry later as required by the allopatric speciation paradigm, and this is a probable explanation for production of the laboratory hybrids.
Proboscis morphology and food preferences in nymphalid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Krenn H. W. , Zulka K. P. , Gatschnegg T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMany species of nymphalid butterflies only exceptionally visit flowers and feed instead on tree sap, juice of rotting fruits and other decaying substances. To investigate whether the proboscis morphology of these non‐flower‐visiting Nymphalidae differs from that of nectarivorous butterflies, representatives from 64 nymphalid species with known feeding preferences were examined. Morphometric comparison of the proboscis revealed characteristic differences in proboscis length, tip‐region length, wall composition, and number and shape of proboscis sensilla between these two feeding guilds. The investigated non‐flower‐visiting species belonging to Apaturinae, Limenitidinae, Morphinae, Brassolinae, Nymphalinae and Satyrinae, possess a relatively short and light‐coloured proboscis which has a long tip‐region with a great number of club‐shaped sensilla styloconica. Densely arranged, these sensilla form a flat brush located laterally from the openings into the food canal on the dorsal side of the tip‐region. Among the non‐flower‐visiting species, a second type of proboscis was found in fruit‐feeding Charaxinae the stout tip‐region of which is equipped with more widely spaced sensilla styloconica. The investigated flower‐visiting Heliconiinae, Nymphalinae, Satyrinae, Danainae and Ithomiinae are characterized by a slender, darker‐coloured proboscis with a rather short tip‐region bearing fewer sensilla styloconica in a loose arrangement. Discriminant analysis revealed that the tip‐region length, the number of sensilla styloconica and the relative proboscis length are the most important discriminating variables between the flower‐visiting and the non‐flower‐visiting species. The proboscis morphology of nymphalid butterflies corresponds with certain feeding habits and allow us to make predictions on their food preferences. The ‘brush‐tipped’ proboscis seems to have a functional role in the accumulation of fluid and the uptake of liquid from wet surfaces such as rotting fruits or tree sap. We conclude from the phylogeny of the examined taxa that this derived proboscis tip morphology evolved several times independently as an adaptation to the exploitation of new food resources.
Genetic variation and zoogeography of pine voles of the Microtus subterraneus/majori group in Europe and Asia Minor
Authors: Macholán Milos , Filippucci Maria Grazia , Zima Jan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractKaryotypic and allozyme analyses were carried out on 55 individuals of Microtus subterraneus and M. majori from 19 populations in Europe and Anatolia. The occurrence of M. subterraneus in Asia Minor was proven. Standard karyotypes were found in M. majori (2n=54), M. subterraneus from Poland (2n=54), and central and south‐eastern Europe (2n=52). Although the karyotype of M. subterraneus populations from Anatolia (2n=54), resembled that from Poland, there were apparent differences in the X chromosomes: it was larger and submetacentric (instead of metacentric) in the Anatolian populations owing to the presence of a large block of heterochromatin. The heterochromatic segment was also found to cause the size and shape differences in the X chromosomes between M. majori and European M. subterraneus (both in the 2n=52 and 2n=54 karyotypes). However, the location of this segment differed between the latter species and M. subterraneus from Anatolia. The distribution of the 2n=52 and both the 2n=54 karyotypes of M. subterraneus suggests that the Robertsonian fusion, distinguishing these different karyotypes, originated within the range of the species (i.e. within the 54‐chromosome karyotype) and has spread subsequently towards its periphery. It is also suggested that both the fusion in European populations and amplification of heterochromatin in Anatolian populations are quite recent phenomena. The allozyme data indicate that gene flow is limited between populations of M. subterraneus and they are concordant with the isolation‐by‐distance model. There seems to be little correspondence between patterns of chromosomal and allozyme variation in M. subterraneus. Nei's genetic distance between M. subterraneus and M. majori was low (D=0.169), suggesting their recent divergence.
Reproduction in female Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) from north‐west Greenland
Authors: Born E. W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe reproductive tracts of 152 female Atlantic walruses Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus were analysed. The material was collected between 19 January and 19 November in 1977–78 (n= 44) and 1988–91 (n= 108) from the subsistence hunt by Inuit in north‐west Greenland (i.e. in the eastern parts of the North Water polynya in northern Baffin Bay). Seventy‐six per cent of the walruses were sexually mature. Oestrus females (n= 23) were found between 19 January and 25 June. Based upon ovarian anatomy, females may ovulate several times during oestrus but ovarian anatomy could not be used to determine if an individual was pregnant. The youngest female that had given birth was 5 years old, indicating that some female Atlantic walruses become sexually mature at 4 years of age. The oldest immature female was 8 years old, and the oldest animal that ovulated for the first time was 11 years. Age‐related growth in the reproductive tract indicated that sexual maturity was reached between 6 and 8 years of age. Based on reproductive history of 93 individuals (0–12 years old) the average age of attainment of sexual maturity (i.e. first ovulation) was 6.1 years (95% CI: 5.2–7.1 years). Of 81 mature females collected during May–November, 34.6% were pregnant, 43.2% postpartum and 22.2% inactive. These proportions did not differ from a model assuming a triennial reproductive cycle. Growth in foetal length and mass with time indicated that implantation occurred between 29 June and 11 July or between 26 June and 5 July, respectively. Mean birth date based on observations of 28 newborns was 20 June (range 4 February–11 November).
Application of a weather stress index for alerting the public to stressful weather in Hong Kong
Authors: Li P W , Chan S T 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAn operational procedure for alerting the public of stressful weather (exceptionally hot and cold situations) in Hong Kong has been implemented since late 1997. From a 28‐year (1968–1995) climatological database, criteria based on a weather stress index (WSI) was established to define stressful weather conditions. A special bulletin is issued to the public when exceptionally high (hot, i.e. ≥97.5%) or low (cold, i.e. ≤2.5%) WSI is forecast. The bulletin provides information on current or predicted stressful weather conditions as well as statements on precautionary action to take. A study was also carried out to examine the effects of WSI on mortality rates on days with extreme WSI. Preliminary results indicate that there was a relationship between low WSI and mortality rates in winter. In summer, however, the results were not conclusive. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
A review of ensemble forecasting techniques with a focus on tropical cyclone forecasting
Authors: Cheung Kevin K W 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a general review of ensemble forecasting techniques, with a focus on short‐range and tropical cyclone predictions. The basic ideas and terminology of ensemble forecasting are introduced, and using four measures to evaluate an ensemble (ensemble mean forecast, consistency, spread versus skill, and inclusiveness), various potential utilities (e.g. dynamical probabilistic forecasts) are illustrated. Since the perturbation methodologies designed for medium‐range forecasts of mid‐latitude synoptic‐scale systems –singular vectors, bred modes, and so on –are already quite mature, they are only briefly described here. The general problems encountered in applying ensemble forecasting techniques to short‐range and tropical cyclone forecasts are diagnosed, and some recent studies on these topics reviewed. In general, the perturbation methodologies used for short‐range ensembles to date can have a skill comparable to or slightly higher than their corresponding high‐resolution control forecast. However, the complicated problem of the relationship between initial condition errors and model deficiencies persists. A similar situation also applies to ensembles designed for tropical cyclone forecasting. An additional difficulty is the different error characteristics encountered in the tropics, mainly the result of the strong convection in the area and the mutual interaction with the ocean. Studies from several research groups use quite different perturbation methodologies, but the results are encouraging. Most of them performed ensemble forecasting of tropical cyclone motion, but extensions to tropical cyclone intensity forecasts are also being developed. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
A technique for consistent alteration of NWP output fields
Authors: Carroll E B 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA workstation‐based NWP scheme is described which allows forecasters to reposition and change in intensity features such as fronts and depressions, and thus alter model fields in a realistic way. The technique is based on distortion of either geopotential height or potential vorticity (PV). In the latter case, the PV is calculated from geopotential distribution, distorted, then inverted to yield a modified, yet consistent and dynamically balanced, set of grid‐point data. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Scale invariance in biology: coincidence or footprint of a universal mechanism?
Authors: GISIGER T. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIn this article, we present a self‐contained review of recent work on complex biological systems which exhibit no characteristic scale. This property can manifest itself with fractals (spatial scale invariance), flicker noise or 1/f‐noise where f denotes the frequency of a signal (temporal scale invariance) and power laws (scale invariance in the size and duration of events in the dynamics of the system). A hypothesis recently put forward to explain these scale‐free phenomomena is criticality, a notion introduced by physicists while studying phase transitions in materials, where systems spontaneously arrange themselves in an unstable manner similar, for instance, to a row of dominoes. Here, we review in a critical manner work which investigates to what extent this idea can be generalized to biology. More precisely, we start with a brief introduction to the concepts of absence of characteristic scale (power‐law distributions, fractals and 1/f‐noise) and of critical phenomena. We then review typical mathematical models exhibiting such properties: edge of chaos, cellular automata and self‐organized critical models. These notions are then brought together to see to what extent they can account for the scale invariance observed in ecology, evolution of species, type III epidemics and some aspects of the central nervous system. This article also discusses how the notion of scale invariance can give important insights into the workings of biological systems.
Insect pests of eucalypts in California: implications of managing invasive species
Authors: Paine T.D. , Millar J.G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFor the first 150 years following their introduction, eucalypts planted in the California landscape were free of both insect pests and diseases. In the last 15 years, numerous herbivorous insect species have been introduced accidentally into the State and have caused significant damage to the trees. Several of these species, e.g. Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius), Phoracantha recurva Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), have also been introduced into other parts of the world where eucalypts are grown, whereas others, e.g. Glycaspsis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Spondyliaspidae) and Eucalyptolyma maideni Froggatt (Hemiptera: Spondyliaspidae), are currently restricted to California and Australia. Research programmes have provided management solutions to individual pest problems, but as more pest species are introduced, these solutions must be integrated across broad geographic, horticultural, and economic scales, in a systems approach.
The Mosaic Structure of Human Pericentromeric DNA: A Strategy for Characterizing Complex Regions of the Human Genome
Authors: Horvath Juliann E. , Schwartz Stuart , Eichler Evan E. 
Published: July 2002

The pericentromeric regions of human chromosomes pose particular problems for both mapping and sequencing. These difficulties are due, in large part, to the presence of duplicated genomic segments that are distributed among multiple human chromosomes. To ensure contiguity of genomic sequence in these regions, we designed a sequence-based strategy to characterize different pericentromeric regions using a single (162 kb) 2p11 seed sequence as a point of reference. Molecular and cytogenetic techniques were first used to construct a paralogy map that delineated the interchromosomal distribution of duplicated segments throughout the human genome. Monochromosomal hybrid DNAs were PCR amplified by primer pairs designed to the 2p11 reference sequence. The PCR products were directly sequenced and used to develop a catalog of sequence tags for each duplicon for each chromosome. A total of 685 paralogous sequence variants were generated by sequencing 34.7 kb of paralogous pericentromeric sequence. Using PCR products as hybridization probes, we were able to identify 702 human BAC clones, of which a subset, 107 clones, were analyzed at the sequence level. We used diagnostic paralogous sequence variants to assign 65 of these BACs to at least 9 chromosomal pericentromeric regions: 1q12, 2p11, 9p11/q12, 10p11, 14q11, 15q11, 16p11, 17p11, and 22q11. Comparisons with existing sequence and physical maps for the human genome suggest that many of these BACs map to regions of the genome with sequence gaps. Our analysis indicates that large portions of pericentromeric DNA are virtually devoid of unique sequences. Instead, they consist of a mosaic of different genomic segments that have had different propensities for duplication. These biologic properties may be exploited for the rapid characterization of, not only pericentromeric DNA, but also other complex paralogous regions of the human genome.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession numbers AC002038,AC002307, AF182004-AF182009, AF183323-AF183331, AF183333-AF183337,AF183339-AF183350, AF183352-AF183356, AF183358-AF183362,AF183366-AF183369, AF183371-AF183375, and AF262624–AF262695.]
Characterization of the Genomic Xist Locus in Rodents Reveals Conservation of Overall Gene Structure and Tandem Repeats but Rapid Evolution of Unique Sequence
Authors: Nesterova Tatyana B. , Slobodyanyuk Sergey Ya. , Elisaphenko Eugene A. , Shevchenko Alexander I. , Johnston Colette , Pavlova Marina E. , Rogozin Igor B. , Kolesnikov Nikolay N. , Brockdorff Neil , Zakian Suren M. 
Published: July 2002

The Xist locus plays a central role in the regulation of X chromosome inactivation in mammals, although its exact mode of action remains to be elucidated. Evolutionary studies are important in identifying conserved genomic regions and defining their possible function. Here we report cloning, sequence analysis, and detailed characterization of the Xist gene from four closely related species of common vole (field mouse), Microtus arvalis. Our analysis reveals that there is overall conservation of Xistgene structure both between different vole species and relative to mouse and human Xist/XIST. Within transcribed sequence, there is significant conservation over five short regions of unique sequence and also over Xist-specific tandem repeats. The majority of unique sequences, however, are evolving at an unexpectedly high rate. This is also evident from analysis of flanking sequences, which reveals a very high rate of rearrangement and invasion of dispersed repeats. We discuss these results in the context of Xist gene function and evolution.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession nos.AJ310127–AJ310130 and AJ311670.]
Biomedical Applications and Studies of Molecular Evolution: A Proposal for a Primate Genomic Library Resource: Figure 1.
Authors: Eichler Evan E. , DeJong Pieter J. 
Published: July 2002

The anticipated completion of two of the most biomedically relevant genomes, mouse and human, within the next three years provides an unparalleled opportunity for the large-scale exploration of genome evolution. Targeted sequencing of genomic regions in a panel of primate species and comparison to reference genomes will provide critical insight into the nature of single-base pair variation, mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangement, patterns of selection, and species adaptation. Although not recognized as model “genetic organisms” because of their longevity and low fecundity, 30 of the ∼300 primate species are targets of biomedical research. The existence of a human reference sequence and genomic primate BAC libraries greatly facilitates the recovery of genes/genomic regions of high biological interest because of an estimated maximum neutral nucleotide sequence divergence of 25%. Primate species, therefore, may be regarded as the ideal model “genomic organisms”. Based on existing BAC library resources, we propose the construction of a panel of primate BAC libraries from phylogenetic anchor species for the purpose of comparative medicine as well as studies of genome evolution.[The following individuals kindly provided reagents, samples, or unpublished information as indicated in the paper: J. Rogers, C. Chiu, M. Olson, L. Williams, J. Erwin, M. Rocchio, V. Casagrande, O. Ryder, J. Allman, C. Williams, and members of the La Jolla Initiative on Human Origins.]
Identification, Purification, and Molecular Cloning of N-1-Naphthylphthalmic Acid-Binding Plasma Membrane-Associated Aminopeptidases from Arabidopsis
Authors: Murphy Angus S. , Hoogner Karen R. , Peer Wendy Ann , Taiz Lincoln 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Polar transport of the plant hormone auxin is regulated at the cellular level by inhibition of efflux from a plasma membrane (PM) carrier. Binding of the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) to a regulatory site associated with the carrier has been characterized, but the NPA-binding protein(s) have not been identified. Experimental disparities between levels of high-affinity NPA binding and auxin transport inhibition can be explained by the presence of a low-affinity binding site and in vivo hydrolysis of NPA. In Arabidopsis, colocalization of NPA amidase and aminopeptidase (AP) activities, inhibition of auxin transport by artificial β-naphthylamide substrates, and saturable displacement of NPA by the AP inhibitor bestatin suggest that PM APs may be involved in both low-affinity NPA binding and hydrolysis. We report the purification and molecular cloning of NPA-binding PM APs and associated proteins from Arabidopsis. This is the first report of PM APs in plants. PM proteins were purified by gel permeation, anion exchange, and NPA affinity chromatography monitored for tyrosine-AP activity. Lower affinity fractions contained two orthologs of mammalian APs involved in signal transduction and cell surface-extracellular matrix interactions. AtAPM1 and ATAPP1 have substrate specificities and inhibitor sensitivities similar to their mammalian orthologs, and have temporal and spatial expression patterns consistent with previous in planta histochemical data. Copurifying proteins suggest that the APs interact with secreted cell surface and cell wall proline-rich proteins. AtAPM1 and AtAPP1 are encoded by single genes. In vitro translation products of ATAPM1 and AtAPP1 have enzymatic activities similar to those of native proteins.