bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Integration of Ontario Birth Centers into Existing Maternal‐Newborn Services: Health Care Provider Experiences
Authors: Reszel Jessica , Sidney Dana , Peterson Wendy E. , Darling Elizabeth K. , Van Wagner Vicki , Soderstrom Bobbi , Rogers Judy , Graves Erin , Khan Bushra , Sprague Ann E. 
Published: August 2018

IntroductionIn 2014, 2 freestanding, midwifery‐led birth centers opened in Ontario, Canada. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively investigate the integration of the birth centers into the local, preexisting intrapartum systems from the perspective of health care providers and managerial staff.MethodsFocus groups or interviews were conducted with health care providers (paramedics, midwives, nurses, physicians) and managerial staff who had experienced urgent and/or nonurgent maternal or newborn transports from a birth center to one of 4 hospitals in Ottawa or Toronto. A descriptive qualitative approach to data analysis was undertaken.ResultsTwenty‐four health care providers and managerial staff participated in a focus group or interview. Participants described positive experiences transporting women and/or newborns from the birth centers to hospitals; these positive experiences were attributed to the collaborative planning, training, and communication that occurred prior to opening the birth centers. The degree of integration was dependent on hospital‐specific characteristics such as history, culture, and the presence or absence of midwifery privileging. Participants described the need for only minor improvements to administrative processes as well as the challenge of keeping large numbers of staff updated with respect to urgent transport policies. Planning and opening of the birth centers was seen as a driving force in further integrating midwifery care and improving interprofessional practice.DiscussionThe collaborative approach for the planning and implementation of the birth centers was a key factor in the successful integration into the existing maternal‐newborn system and contributed to improving integrated professional practice among midwives, paramedics, nurses, and physicians. This approach may be used as a template for the integration of other new independent health care facilities and programs into the existing health care system.
Different Starting Points for English Language Learning: A Comparative Study of Danish and Spanish Young Learners
Authors: Muñoz Carmen , Cadierno Teresa , Casas Isabel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study compared receptive English grammar skills of two groups of 7‐ and 9‐year‐old Danish children at the beginning of second language (L2) instruction in English, and two groups of Spanish/Catalan children of the same age after several years of instruction. The study examined the influence of two language‐related factors (receptive vocabulary skills, cognate linguistic distance) and two context‐related factors (amount of formal instruction, frequency of exposure to English outside school), additionally focusing on the gender variable. Results revealed that the amount of formal instruction had a lesser role in the children's receptive grammar knowledge than cognate linguistic distance and out‐of‐school contact with English (particularly with audiovisual material). These factors may explain why Danish children's receptive knowledge of English prior to school instruction is largely similar to that of Spanish children after several years of instruction, revealing a sharp contrast in their respective starting points for L2 learning.
Optimal consumption and investment under transaction costs*
Authors: Hobson David , Tse Alex S. L. , Zhu Yeqi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the Merton problem in a market with a single risky asset and proportional transaction costs. We give a complete solution of the problem up to the solution of a first‐crossing problem for a first‐order differential equation. We find that the characteristics of the solution (e.g., well‐posedness) can be related to some simple properties of a univariate quadratic whose coefficients are functions of the parameters of the problem. Our solution to the problem via the value function includes expressions for the boundaries of the no‐transaction wedge. Using these expressions, we prove a precise condition for when leverage occurs. One new and unexpected result is that when the solution to the Merton problem (without transaction costs) involves a leveraged position, and when transaction costs are large, the location of the boundary at which sales of the risky asset occur is independent of the transaction cost on purchases.
Harnessing synthetic chemistry to probe and hijack auxin signaling
Authors: Torii Keiko U. , Hagihara Shinya , Uchida Naoyuki , Takahashi Koji 
Published: August 2018

Contents

Summary
417

I.
Introduction
417

II.
Auxin analogs 1: Plant growth regulators
418

III.
Auxin analogs 2: Molecular genetics and chemical biology
418

IV.
Auxin analogs 3: Structure‐guided chemical design
418

V.
Auxin analogs 4: Synthetic orthogonal auxin‐TIR1 pair
420

VI.
Conclusions and future perspectives
422

Acknowledgements
422

References
423

SummaryPlant biologists have been fascinated by auxin – a small chemical hormone so simple in structure yet so powerful – which regulates virtually every aspect of plant growth, development and behavior. Synthetic chemistry has played a major role in unraveling the physiological effects of auxin and the application of synthetic analogs has had a dramatic effect on tissue culture, horticulture and the agriculture of economically relevant plant species. Chemical genetics of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, has helped to elucidate the nuclear auxin signaling pathway mediated by the receptor, TIR1, and opened the door to structure‐guided, rational designs of auxin agonists and antagonists. Further improvement and tuning of such analogs has been achieved through derivatization and screening. Finally, by harnessing synthetic chemistry and receptor engineering, an orthogonal auxin‐TIR1 pair has been created and developed, enabling spatiotemporal control of auxin perception and response. This synergism of chemistry, biology and engineering sparks new ideas and directions to delineate, uncover and manipulate auxin signaling.
Perceived discrimination and cardiovascular health disparities: a multisystem review and health neuroscience perspective
Authors: Lockwood Kimberly G. , Marsland Anna L. , Matthews Karen A. , Gianaros Peter J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThere are distinct racial disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with Black individuals at much greater risk than White individuals. Although many factors contribute to these disparities, recent attention has focused on the role of discrimination as a stress‐related factor that contributes to racial disparities in CVD. As such, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which discrimination might affect CVD. Recent studies have examined these mechanisms by focusing on neurobiological mediators of CVD risk. Given this increase in studies, a systematic review of perceived discrimination and neurobiological mediators of CVD risk is warranted. Our review uses a multisystem approach to review studies on the relationship between perceived discrimination and (1) cardiovascular responses to stress, (2) hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis function, and (3) the immune system, as well as (4) the brain systems thought to regulate these parameters of peripheral physiology. In addition to summarizing existing evidence, our review integrates these findings into a conceptual model describing multidirectional pathways linking perceived discrimination with a CVD risk.
Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator oversensing and shock delivery due to chest compressions during CPR
Authors: Berkowitz Eric J. , Pleimann Brent E. , Rosenfeld Lynda E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe report the case of a patient who received both appropriate and inappropriate shocks from an entirely subcutaneous implantable defibrillator (S‐ICD). The inappropriate shocks were due to oversensing of chest compressions in the setting of a profound postshock bradycardia. It is important to recognize that the therapy from the S‐ICD can not only be withheld, as previously described, but can also be inappropriately delivered during chest compressions.
Continuity, stability, and concordance of socioemotional functioning in mothers and their sibling children
Authors: Bornstein Marc H. , Putnick Diane L. , Suwalsky Joan T. D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis within‐family longitudinal study accomplishes a novel multivariate assessment of socioemotional parenting cognitions and practices in mothers and their sibling children's socioemotional behaviors. Mothers participated with their 20‐month‐old firstborns and again, an average of 3 years later, with their 20‐month‐old secondborns (55 families, 165 participants). Continuity and stability in maternal cognitions and practices between the two times, and similarities, differences, and correspondences in siblings’ behaviors, are assessed and compared. Maternal socioemotional parenting cognitions were continuous in mean level and stable in individual differences across siblings; maternal socioemotional practices were continuous in mean level but unstable in individual differences. Firstborns were more sociable and emotionally available to mothers than secondborns; first‐ and secondborns’ socioemotional behaviors were largely unrelated. This study contributes to understanding socioemotional domains of parenting and child development, birth order effects, and the shared and non‐shared contexts of siblings’ environments within the family.
Go Fix It: Comedy as an Agent of Political Activation*
Authors: Bode Leticia , Becker Amy B. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveOne of the recent late‐night political comedy successes is John Oliver's Last Week Tonight, which includes frequent calls to action at the end of a segment, encouraging viewers to do something about the problem they have just learned about.MethodsUsing an experimental design, this study investigates the effects of these calls to action on the likelihood of engaging with the issue of net neutrality.ResultsFindings suggest that exposure to political comedy activates viewers to engage in small but meaningful behaviors, but does not spill over to encourage more difficult political behaviors, nor does it boost political efficacy.ConclusionThe call to action, encouraging viewer participation in remedying a problem addressed in a political comedy show, seems effective at encouraging viewers to participate. However, it may not make them feel more equipped to do so.
Successful treatment of canine acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to inhalant toxin exposure
Authors: Greensmith Thomas D. , Cortellini Stefano 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the successful management of a dog with acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to inhalant toxin exposure.Case summaryAn 8‐year‐old male neutered Greyhound was referred with severe respiratory distress 56 hours after exposure to an aerosol toxicant. The patient developed respiratory difficulties requiring veterinary attention within 12 hours of initial exposure. Treatment at the referral hospital included mechanical ventilation and supportive care. The patient was discharged 5 days after admission to the referral hospital.New or unique informationThis is the first report, to the authors’ knowledge, of canine acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to inhalant toxin exposure not associated with smoke inhalation. The report summarizes the provided care and subsequent successful outcome.
Reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in peripheral nerves of mice fed a ketogenic diet
Authors: Cooper Michael A. , McCoin Colin , Pei Dong , Thyfault John P. , Koestler Devin , Wright Douglas E. 
Published: August 2018

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Do peripheral sensory neurons metabolize fat‐based fuel sources, and does a ketogenic diet modify these processes?

What is the main finding and its importance
We show that peripheral axons from mice fed a ketogenic diet respond to fat‐based fuel sources with reduced respiration and H2O2 emission compared with mice fed a control diet. These results add to our understanding of the responses of sensory neurons to neuropathy associated with poor diet, obesity and metabolic syndrome. These findings should be incorporated into current ideas of axonal protection and might identify how dietary interventions may change mitochondrial function in settings of sensory dysfunction.

AbstractMetabolic syndrome and obesity are increasing epidemics that significantly impact the peripheral nervous system and lead to negative changes in sensation and peripheral nerve function. Research to understand the consequences of diet, obesity and fuel usage in sensory neurons has commonly focused on glucose metabolism. Here, we tested whether mouse sensory neurons and nerves have the capacity to metabolize fat‐based fuels (palmitoyl‐CoA) and whether these effects are altered by feeding of a ketogenic (90% kcal fat) diet compared with a control diet (14% kcal fat). Male C57Bl/6 mice were placed on the diets for 10 weeks, and after the mice were killed, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and sciatic nerve (SN) were placed in an Oroboros oxygraph‐2K to examine diet‐induced alterations in metabolism (respiration) of palmitoyl‐CoA and H2O2 emission (fluorescence). In addition, RNAseq was performed on the DRG of mice fed a control or a ketogenic diet for 12 weeks, and genes associated with mitochondrial respiratory function were analysed. Our results suggest that the sciatic nerves from mice fed a ketogenic diet display reduced O2 respiration and H2O2 emission when metabolizing palmitoyl‐CoA compared with mice fed a control diet. Assessments of changes in mRNA gene expression reveal alterations in genes encoding the NADH dehydrogenase complex and complex IV, which could alter production of reactive oxygen species. These new findings highlight the ability of sensory neurons and axons to oxidize fat‐based fuel sources and show that these mechanisms are adaptable to dietary changes.
Ionic mechanisms underlying tonic and burst firing behavior in subfornical organ neurons: a combined experimental and modeling study
Authors: Medlock Laura , Shute Lauren , Fry Mark , Standage Dominic , Ferguson Alastair V. 
Published: August 2018

Subfornical organ (SFO) neurons exhibit heterogeneity in current expression and spiking behavior, where the two major spiking phenotypes appear as tonic and burst firing. Insight into the mechanisms behind this heterogeneity is critical for understanding how the SFO, a sensory circumventricular organ, integrates and selectively influences physiological function. To integrate efficient methods for studying this heterogeneity, we built a single-compartment, Hodgkin-Huxley-type model of an SFO neuron that is parameterized by SFO-specific in vitro patch-clamp data. The model accounts for the membrane potential distribution and spike train variability of both tonic and burst firing SFO neurons. Analysis of model dynamics confirms that a persistent Na+ and Ca2+ currents are required for burst initiation and maintenance and suggests that a slow-activating K+ current may be responsible for burst termination in SFO neurons. Additionally, the model suggests that heterogeneity in current expression and subsequent influence on spike afterpotential underlie the behavioral differences between tonic and burst firing SFO neurons. Future use of this model in coordination with single neuron patch-clamp electrophysiology provides a platform for explaining and predicting the response of SFO neurons to various combinations of circulating signals, thus elucidating the mechanisms underlying physiological signal integration within the SFO. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our understanding of how the subfornical organ (SFO) selectively influences autonomic nervous system function remains incomplete but theoretically results from the electrical responses of SFO neurons to physiologically important signals. We have built a computational model of SFO neurons, derived from and supported by experimental data, which explains how SFO neurons produce different electrical patterns. The model provides an efficient system to theoretically and experimentally explore how changes in the essential features of SFO neurons affect their electrical activity.
A dominant role for the beta 4 nicotinic receptor subunit in nicotinic modulation of glomerular microcircuits in the mouse olfactory bulb
Authors: Spindle Michael S. , Parsa Pirooz V. , Bowles Spencer G. , D’Souza Rinaldo D. , Vijayaraghavan Sukumar 
Published: August 2018

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate information transfer across the main olfactory bulb by instituting a high-pass intensity filter allowing for the filtering out of weak inputs. Excitation-driven inhibition of the glomerular microcircuit via GABA release from periglomerular cells appears to underlie this effect of nAChR activation. The multiplicity of nAChR subtypes and cellular locations raises questions about their respective roles in mediating their effects on the glomerular output. In this study, we address this issue by targeting heteromeric nAChRs using receptor knockouts (KOs) for the two dominant nAChR β-subunit genes known to be expressed in the central nervous system. KOs of the β2-nAChR subunit did not affect nAChR currents from mitral cells (MCs) but attenuated those from the external tufted (ET) cells. In slices from these animals, activation of nAChRs still effectively inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and firing on MCs evoked by the olfactory nerve (ON) stimulation, thereby indicating that the filter mechanism was intact. On the other hand, recordings from β4-KOs showed that nAChR responses from MCs were abolished and those from ET cells were attenuated. Excitation-driven feedback was abolished as was the effect of nAChR activation on ON-evoked EPSCs. Experiments using calcium imaging showed that one possible consequence of the β2-subunit activation might be to alter the time course of calcium transients in juxtaglomerular neurons suggesting a role for these receptors in calcium signaling. Our results indicate that nAChRs containing the β4-subunit are critical in the filtering of odor inputs and play a determinant role in the cholinergic modulation of glomerular output. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, using receptor gene knockouts we examine the relative contributions of heteromeric nAChR subtypes located on different cell types to this effect of receptor activation. Our results demonstrate that nAChRs containing the β4-subunit activate MCs resulting in feedback inhibition from glomerular interneurons. This period of inhibition results in the selective filtering of weak odor inputs providing one mechanism by which nAChRs can enhance discrimination between two closely related odors.
Patterned low-frequency deep brain stimulation induces motor deficits and modulates cortex-basal ganglia neural activity in healthy rats
Authors: Oza Chintan S. , Brocker David T. , Behrend Christina E. , Grill Warren M. 
Published: August 2018

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective therapy for movement disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), although the mechanisms of action remain unclear. Abnormal oscillatory neural activity is correlated with motor symptoms, and pharmacological or DBS treatment that alleviates motor symptoms appears to suppress abnormal oscillations. However, whether such oscillatory activity is causal of motor deficits such as tremor remains unclear. Our goal was to generate abnormal oscillatory activity in the cortex-basal ganglia loop using patterned subthalamic nucleus DBS and to quantify motor behavior in awake healthy rats. Stimulation patterns were designed via model-based optimization to increase power in the low-frequency (7–11 Hz) band because these oscillations are associated with the emergence of motor symptoms in the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat model of parkinsonism. We measured motor activity using a head-mounted accelerometer, as well as quantified neural activity in cortex and globus pallidus (GP), in response to 5 stimulation patterns that generated a range of 7- to 11-Hz spectral power. Stimulation patterns induced oscillatory activity in the low-frequency band in the cortex and GP and caused tremor, whereas control patterns and regular 50-Hz DBS did not generate any such effects. Neural and motor-evoked responses observed during stimulation were synchronous and time-locked to stimulation bursts within the patterns. These results identified elements of irregular patterns of stimulation that were correlated with tremor and tremor-related neural activity in the cortex and basal ganglia and may lead to the identification of the oscillatory activity and structures associated with the generation of tremor activity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation is a promising therapy for movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease. Several groups reported correlation between suppression of abnormal oscillatory activity in the cortex-basal ganglia and motor symptoms, but it remains unclear whether such oscillations play a causal role in the emergence of motor symptoms. We demonstrate generation of tremor and pathological oscillatory activity in otherwise healthy rats by stimulation with patterns that produced increases in low-frequency oscillatory activity.
Inpatient Cost of Stroke in Beijing: A Descriptive Analysis
Authors: Yin Xuejun , Huang Lieyu , Man Xiaowei , Jiang Yan , Zhao Xuan , Zhao Liying , Cheng Wei 
Published: August 2018

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Stroke has been the leading cause of death in China and contributed almost one-third to stroke deaths worldwide. The rising cost of stroke treatment is of great concern, but has not been thoroughly studied. This study aimed to analyze stroke in-hospital charges by subtypes, age, and sex and investigate potential factors associated with the cost of per stay. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The research was a retrospective observational study based on patients with a primary diagnosis of stroke from 31 hospitals in Beijing. Characteristics of total treatment cost and cost of per stay were analyzed. The potential influences on hospital charges were explored using a stepwise multiple regression model. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A total of 16,111 stroke in-patient admissions were identified among which 8.3% was subarachnoid hemorrhage, 22.4% intracerebral hemorrhage, and 69.1% cerebral infarction. The average length of stay (LoS) was 14.5 (11.9) days. The cost of per stay was USD 4,423.9 (6,684.4) among which the out-of-pocket expenses were USD 1,640.2 (3,118.0). Stroke type, age, medical insurance, treatment results, and hospital level were significantly associated with the cost of stroke (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Hospitalization cost of stroke was substantial. These findings provide health policymakers and healthcare professionals with evidence to help guide future spending.