bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XCLUMPY: X-Ray Spectral Model from Clumpy Torus and Its Application to the Circinus Galaxy
Authors: Tanimoto Atsushi , Ueda Yoshihiro , Odaka Hirokazu , Kawaguchi Toshihiro , Fukazawa Yasushi , Kawamuro Taiki 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
We construct an X-ray spectral model from the clumpy torus in an active galactic nucleus, designated as “XCLUMPY,” utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation for Astrophysics and Cosmology framework. The adopted geometry of the torus is the same as that in Nenkova et al. who assume a power-law distribution of clumps in the radial direction and a normal distribution in the elevation direction. We investigate the dependence of the X-ray continuum and Fe Kα fluorescence line profile on the torus parameters. Our model is compared with other torus models: MYTorus model, Ikeda model, and CTorus model. As an example, we also present the results applied to the broadband X-ray spectra of the Circinus galaxy observed with XMM-Newton, Suzaku, and NuSTAR. Our model can well reproduce the data, yielding a hydrogen column density along the equatorial plane

cm−2, a torus angular width

degree, and a 2–10 keV luminosity

. These results are discussed in comparison with the observations in other wavelengths.
Optimally Mapping Large-scale Structures with Luminous Sources
Authors: Cheng Yun-Ting , de Putter Roland , Chang Tzu-Ching , Doré Olivier 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Intensity mapping has emerged as a promising tool to probe the three-dimensional structure of the universe. The traditional approach of galaxy redshift surveys is based on individual galaxy detection, typically performed by thresholding and digitizing large-scale intensity maps. By contrast, intensity mapping uses the integrated emission from all sources in a 3D pixel (or voxel) as an analog tracer of large-scale structure. In this work, we develop a formalism to quantify the performance of both approaches when measuring large-scale structures. We compute the Fisher information of an arbitrary observable, derive the optimal estimator, and study its performance as a function of source luminosity function, survey resolution, instrument sensitivity, and other survey parameters. We identify regimes where each approach is advantageous and discuss optimal strategies for different scenarios. To determine the best strategy for any given survey, we develop a metric that is easy to compute from the source luminosity function and the survey sensitivity, and we demonstrate the application with several planned intensity mapping surveys.
The Borg Cube Simulation: Cosmological Hydrodynamics with CRK-SPH
Authors: Emberson J. D. , Frontiere Nicholas , Habib Salman , Heitmann Katrin , Larsen Patricia , Finkel Hal , Pope Adrian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A challenging requirement posed by next-generation observations is a firm theoretical grasp of the impact of baryons on structure formation. Cosmological hydrodynamic simulations modeling gas physics are vital in this regard. A high degree of modeling flexibility exists in this space, making it important to explore a range of methods in order to gauge the accuracy of simulation predictions. We present results from the first cosmological simulation using Conservative Reproducing Kernel Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (CRK-SPH). We employ two simulations: one evolved purely under gravity, and the other with nonradiative hydrodynamics. Each contains 2 × 23043 cold dark matter plus baryon particles in an

box. We compare statistics to previous nonradiative simulations including power spectra, mass functions, baryon fractions, and concentration. We find self-similar radial profiles of gas temperature, entropy, and pressure and show that a simple analytic model recovers these results to better than 40% over two orders of magnitude in mass. We quantify the level of nonthermal pressure support in halos and demonstrate that hydrostatic mass estimates are biased low by 24% (10%) for halos of mass

. We compute angular power spectra for the thermal and kinematic Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effects and find good agreement with the low-ℓ Planck measurements. Finally, artificial scattering between particles of unequal mass is shown to have a large impact on the gravity-only run, and we highlight the importance of better understanding this issue in hydrodynamic applications. This is the first in a simulation campaign using CRK-SPH, with future work including subresolution gas treatments.
Compound Chondrule Formation in Optically Thin Shock Waves
Authors: Arakawa Sota , Nakamoto Taishi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Shock-wave heating within the solar nebula is one of the leading candidates for the source of chondrule-forming events. Here we examine the possibility of compound chondrule formation via optically thin shock waves. Several features of compound chondrules indicate that they are formed via the collisions of supercooled precursors. We evaluate whether compound chondrules can be formed via the collision of supercooled chondrule precursors in the framework of the shock-wave heating model by using semi-analytical methods and discuss whether most of the crystallized chondrules can avoid destruction upon collision in the post-shock region. We find that chondrule precursors immediately turn into supercooled droplets when the shock waves are optically thin, and they can maintain supercooling until the condensation of evaporated fine dust grains. Owing to the large viscosity of supercooled melts, supercooled chondrule precursors can survive high-speed collisions on the order of 1 km s−1 when the temperature is below ∼1400 K. From the perspective of the survivability of crystallized chondrules, shock waves with a spatial scale of ∼104 km may be potent candidates for the chondrule formation mechanism. Based on our results from one-dimensional calculations, a fraction of compound chondrules can be reproduced when the chondrule-to-gas mass ratio in the pre-shock region is ∼2 × 10−3, which is approximately half of the solar metallicity.
Merge or Survive: Number of Population III Stars per Minihalo
Authors: Susa Hajime 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The formation process of Population III (PopIII) stars in the mass-accretion phase is investigated by numerical experiments. The barotropic relation of primordial gas and artificial stiffening of the equation of state in very dense regions (>1015 cm−3) enables us to follow the fragmentation of PopIII circumstellar disks and the merging processes of the fragments. The disk becomes gravitationally unstable to fragmentation, followed by a rapid merger process typically within 100 yr, which roughly corresponds to one orbital time of the circumstellar disk. We also find that the fragmentation of the gas disk around a multiple system, a circumbinary disk, is rare; however, it is frequent in the disk around an individual protostar. We also perform a simulation with standard sink particles, where the number and total mass of sink particles are in rough agreement with those of the stiff equation of state runs. Based on the results of these numerical results, we model the evolution of the number of fragments with a simple phenomenological equation. We find that the average number of fragments is roughly proportional to t
0.3, where t is the elapsed time since the formation of the first protostar. Next, we compare this trend with a number of published numerical studies by scaling the elapsed time according to the scale-free nature of the system. As a result, we find most of the results in the literature agree well with the relation. The present results, combined with previous studies in the literature, imply that the PopIII stars tend to be born not as single stars, but in multiple systems.
Metallic-line Stars Identified from Low-resolution Spectra of LAMOST DR5
Authors: Qin Li , Luo A-Li , Hou Wen , Li Yin-Bi , Zhang Shuo , Wang Rui , Wang Li-Li , Kong Xiao , Han Jin-Shu 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope data release 5 (DR5) released more than 200,000 low-resolution spectra of early-type stars with a signal-to-noise ratio > 50. The search for metallic-line (Am) stars in such a large database and a study of their statistical properties are presented in this paper. Six machine-learning algorithms were experimented with using known Am spectra, and both the empirical criteria method and the MKCLASS package were also investigated. Comparing their performance, the random forest (RF) algorithm won, not only because the RF has high successful rate, but because it can also derive rank features. Then the RF was applied to the early-type stars of DR5, and 15,269 Am candidates were picked out. Manual identification was conducted based on the spectral features derived from the RF algorithm; 9372 Am stars and 1131 Ap candidates were compiled into a catalog. Statistical studies were conducted including temperature distribution, space distribution, and infrared photometry. The spectral types of Am stars are mainly between F0 and A4 with a peak around A7, which is similar to previous works. With the Gaia distances, we calculated the vertical height Z from the Galactic plane for each Am star. The distribution of Z suggests that the incidence rate of Am stars shows a descending gradient with an increasing

. On the other hand, Am stars do not show a noteworthy pattern in the infrared band. As the wavelength gets longer, the infrared excess of Am stars decreases, until there is little or no excess in W1 and W2 bands.
Les démocratures contre la démocratie
Authors: Baverez Nicolas 
Published: May 2019

La ruine des idéologies du xx e siècle a entraîné la renaissance des passions identitaires qui ont engendré un nouveau régime politique, la démocrature. Inventée par Vladimir Poutine en Russie, exportée en Chine ou en Turquie, déclinée sous la forme de la démocratie illibérale en Europe orientale, la démocrature se caractérise par le culte de l’homme fort, le refus de l’État de droit, le contrôle de l’économie et de la société par l’État, une propagande de masse et une répression ciblée. Les démocratures s’opposent frontalement aux démocraties, dont elles exploitent la crise tant sur le plan international que sous la pression intérieure des populismes. Leur percée masque cependant de réelles faiblesses, qui découlent de l’absence de garantie des droits individuels. Le défi que constituent les démocratures érige de nouveau la liberté politique en enjeu central du xxi e siècle. La survie de cette dernière, à l’âge de l’histoire universelle, dépendra de la capacité de la démocratie à se réinventer.
Les printemps arabes : un espoir pour la démocrature ?
Authors: Larroque Anne-Clémentine 
Published: May 2019

Le monde arabe connaît une profonde mutation de ses structures politiques et sociales depuis le surgissement des printemps arabes en 2011. Si la complainte des peuples est devenue partout plus audible, les régimes autoritaires entendent bien résister et s’adapter à cette nouvelle donne. Ils ont renforcé partout leur pouvoir par crainte de l’insurrection populaire. Ainsi, la modernisation du royaume saoudien plus autocratique que jamais se confronte à un nouveau modèle opposé : la Tunisie, où la démocratisation est à l’œuvre.
L’essence du sport. Pour une approche anthropologique et métaphysique
Authors: Louis Fabrice 
Published: May 2019

Il s’agit de donner une analyse conceptuelle et une définition essentialiste de l’action sportive. D’autre part nous soutiendrons que les propriétés qu’on attribue à des actions sportives sont bien réelles. Nous opposons ces deux conceptions :	– CSH :	conception socio-historique . Dans une telle conception, le sport est conçu comme l’ensemble des pratiques physiques reconnues ainsi, naissant, évoluant, disparaissant, trouvant une fonction et un sens dans un contexte social précis.	– CRE :	conception réaliste et essentialiste du sport . Dans cette perspective, pratiquer du sport, consiste à s’engager physiquement, émotionnellement, de manière intense, dans le cadre d’une compétition qui résulte d’une action	conjointe paradoxale et produit une œuvre unique.	Le sport reflète un trait de la nature humaine, celui d’une capacité à coopérer d’une manière nouvelle, à la manière dont nous avons appris à coopérer pour élaborer des actes de langage nouveaux et spécifiquement humains.	Il faut apprendre, non pas en quoi le sport peut nous être utile, ou bien en quoi il a de la valeur, mais tout simplement ce qu’est le sport.
Level set evolution with intensity prior knowledge for multiple sclerosis lesion segmentation
Authors: Gong Zhaoxuan , Guo Wei , Zhu Zhenyu , Guo Jia , Li Wei , Zhang Guodong 
Published: May 2019

Background and Objectives:Multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion segmentation is important in estimating the progress of the disease and measuring the impact of new clinical treatments. Manual lesion delineation for the segmentation of lesions is time-consuming and suffers from observer variability. Therefore, a fully automated MS lesion segmentation method is considerable important in clinical practice.Subjects and Methods:In this study, we present a multilabel fusion embedded level set method for white matter lesion segmentation from MS patient images. Specifically, we focus on the validation of the variational level set method. Lesion segmentation is achieved by extending the level set contour which consists of an intensity-constrained term, an image data term, and a regularization term.Results:To compare the performance of our method with other state-of-the-art methods, we evaluated the methods with 25 magnetic resonance imaging datasets of MS patients. The dice score reaches an average of 0.55 for the proposed method. The sensitivity value and specificity value reach an average of 0.89 and 0.14, respectively.Conclusions:Experimental results demonstrate that our method is robust to parameter setting and outperforms other methods. The intensity-constrained term plays a key role in improving the segmentation accuracy. The experimental results show that our approach is effective and robust for lesion segmentation, which might simplify the quantification of lesions in basic research and even clinical trials.
Genetic interaction between DNA repair factors PAXX, XLF, XRCC4 and DNA‐PKcs in human cells
Authors: Xing Mengtan , Oksenych Valentyn 
Published: May 2019

DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) are highly cytotoxic lesions, and unrepaired or misrepaired DSBs can lead to various human diseases, including immunodeficiency, neurological abnormalities, growth retardation, and cancer. Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is the major DSB repair pathway in mammals. Ku70 and Ku80 are DSB sensors that facilitate the recruitment of downstream factors, including protein kinase DNA‐dependent protein kinase, catalytic subunit (DNA‐PKcs), structural components [X‐ray repair cross‐complementing protein 4 (XRCC4), XRCC4‐like factor (XLF), and paralogue of XRCC4 and XLF (PAXX)], and DNA ligase IV (LIG4), which complete DNA repair. DSBs also trigger the activation of the DNA damage response pathway, in which protein kinase ataxia‐telangiectasia mutated (ATM) phosphorylates multiple substrates, including histone H2AX. Traditionally, research on NHEJ factors was performed using in vivo mouse models and murine cells. However, the current knowledge of the genetic interactions between NHEJ factors in human cells is incomplete. Here, we obtained genetically modified human HAP1 cell lines, which lacked one or two NHEJ factors, including LIG4, XRCC4, XLF, PAXX, DNA‐PKcs, DNA‐PKcs/XRCC4, and DNA‐PKcs/PAXX. We examined the genomic instability of HAP1 cells, as well as their sensitivity to DSB‐inducing agents. In addition, we determined the genetic interaction between XRCC4 paralogues (XRCC4, XLF, and PAXX) and DNA‐PKcs. We found that in human cells, XLF, but not PAXX or XRCC4, genetically interacts with DNA‐PKcs. Moreover, ATM possesses overlapping functions with DNA‐PKcs, XLF, and XRCC4, but not with PAXX in response to DSBs. Finally, NHEJ‐deficient HAP1 cells show increased chromosomal and chromatid breaks, when compared to the WT parental control. Overall, we found that HAP1 is a suitable model to study the genetic interactions in human cells.
Usefulness of the new layout at Center K: Comparative analysis of actual facility usage in the transition from a facility for children with motional disabilities to a medical‐type facility for children with disabilities
Authors: Bae Minjung , Takemiya Kenji , Fujiwara Yuki 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study aimed to verify the usefulness of the new layout at Center K after its transition from a facility for children with motional disabilities to a medical‐type facility for children with disabilities. We performed field research at the center before and after the transition in 2015 and 2016 respectively. We investigated the following four aspects: (i) Children's attributes in both types of facility, (ii) Children's usage rate of locations by day (weekday vs weekend), season, and unit, (iii) Nurses’ and nursing teachers’ nursing actions and usage rate of locations, and (iv) Behavioral changes in children who were transferred from the old to the new facility.
Enhancement of Heat Dissipation in Ultraviolet Light‐Emitting Diodes by a Vertically Oriented Graphene Nanowall Buffer Layer
Authors: Ci Haina , Chang Hongliang , Wang Ruoyu , Wei Tongbo , Wang Yunyu , Chen Zhaolong , Sun Yuanwei , Dou Zhipeng , Liu Zhiqiang , Li Jinmin , Gao Peng , Liu Zhongfan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFor III‐nitride‐based devices, such as high‐brightness light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), the poor heat dissipation of the sapphire substrate is deleterious to the energy efficiency and restricts many of their applications. Herein, the role of vertically oriented graphene (VG) nanowalls as a buffer layer for improving the heat dissipation in AlN films on sapphire substrates is studied. It is found that VG nanowalls can effectively enhance the heat dissipation between an AlN film and a sapphire substrate in the longitudinal direction because of their unique vertical structure and good thermal conductivity. Thus, an LED fabricated on a VG‐sapphire substrate shows a 37% improved light output power under a high injection current (350 mA) with an effective 3.8% temperature reduction. Moreover, the introduction of VG nanowalls does not degrade the quality of the AlN film, but instead promotes AlN nucleation and significantly reduces the epilayer strain that is generated during the cooling process. These findings suggest that the VG nanowalls can be a good buffer layer candidate in III‐nitride semiconductor devices, especially for improving the heat dissipation in high‐brightness LEDs.
A Flexible Self‐Powered Sensing Element with Integrated Organic Thermoelectric Generator
Authors: Zheng Chengzhi , Xiang Lanyi , Jin Wenlong , Shen Hongguang , Zhao Wenrui , Zhang Fengjiao , Di Chong‐an , Zhu Daoben 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFlexible self‐powered sensing electronics are required to promote the development of wearable and portable electronics. Although self‐powered sensing elements with individual devices, such as piezoelectric and thermoelectric devices, have been demonstrated, it is challenging to realize self‐powered operation for most sensing applications. In this work, a flexible self‐powered sensing element is developed by integrating organic‐transistor‐based chemical sensors with a flexible power supplier, an organic thermoelectric (OTE) generator. The constructed OTE array on a paper substrate shows a maximum open‐circuit voltage of 0.52 V and a maximum power output of 0.32 µW. Notably, the device can power organic field‐effect transistor‐based gas sensors with ultralow operating voltage. The integrated element shows sensitive ammonia detection behavior without an additional power supply. This work suggests that OTE devices are good candidates as flexible power sources, and can be implemented in new strategies for developing self‐powered electronics through device integration.
Noninvasive diagnosis of TRIT1‐related mitochondrial disorder by measuring i6A37 and ms2i6A37 modifications in tRNAs from blood and urine samples
Authors: Takenouchi Toshiki , Wei Fan‐Yan , Suzuki Hisato , Uehara Tomoko , Takahashi Takao , Okazaki Yasushi , Kosaki Kenjiro , Tomizawa Kazuhito 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSubsets of mitochondrial transfer RNA (tRNA) contain the N6‐isopentenyladenosine (i6A) or 2‐methylthio‐N6‐isopentenyladenosine (ms2i6A) modification at position A37, which is adjacent to an anticodon. These modifications are essential for efficient protein translation in mitochondria and contribute to energy metabolism. The first step in i6A and ms2i6A modifications is catalyzed by tRNA isopentenyltransferase, which is encoded by the TRIT1 gene. Herein, we report a girl with a developmental delay, frequent episodes of seizures induced by febrile illness, and myoclonic epilepsy who had compound heterozygous missense mutations in TRIT1. A mass spectrometry analysis of RNA nucleoside obtained from the subject's peripheral blood and urine showed a marked decrease in both i6A and ms2i6A modifications. These results suggest that the mitochondrial disorder was caused by defective tRNA isopentenylation arising from a loss‐of‐function mutation in TRIT1. Furthermore, the present observations suggest that noninvasive biochemical analysis using peripheral blood and urine samples are sufficient for the diagnosis of TRIT1‐related disorders, making muscle biopsy for the direct measurement of oxidative phosphorylation unnecessary. Such biochemical analyses before the start of antiepileptic medications would be beneficial to avoid hepatotoxicity in patients with possible mitochondrial disorders.
Grape Seed Polyphenols and Fatty Acids of Autochthonous Prokupac Vine Variety from Serbia
Authors: Zdunić Gordana , Gođevac Dejan , Šavikin Katarina , Krivokuća Dragana , Mihailović Milica , Pržić Zoran , Marković Nebojša 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGrape pomace (grape skin, seeds, and stems) represents a valuable source of bioactive compounds, thus the interest in making use of these wine waste products is increasing. Prokupac is an autochthonous Serbian variety of black grape with a long tradition in production of red wine. Identification of the superficial polyphenolic compounds by LC/MS revealed presence of 19 compounds including hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives, ellagic acid derivatives, flavan‐3‐ol monomers, proanthocyanidins, and flavonols. Catechin and epicatechin together with proanthocyanidins were the most abundant compounds and the highest content of phenolic compounds was determined in Prokupac clones 43/1, 40/1, and 40/2. Grape seed oil consisted of dominantly UFA (87–95 %) where methyl linoleate was the most abundant in all samples (69–81 %). Palmitic (3–8 %) and stearic acid (2–4 %) methyl esters were dominant SFA. Prokupac clone 43/3 was the most abundant in UFA (95 %) with the lowest percentage of SFA (5 %), while clones 41/1 and 43/5 had the lowest percentage of UFA (87 %) and the highest content of SFA (13 %). Favorable chemical profile of Prokupac clone seeds implicates its potential to be used as a raw material in further processing and possibility to be included as one of the quality parameters in further selection of the most interesting Prokupac clone.