bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of pharmacological therapies in patients with IBS with diarrhoea or mixed stool pattern: systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Black Christopher J , Burr Nicholas E , Camilleri Michael , Earnest David L , Quigley Eamonn MM , Moayyedi Paul , Houghton Lesley A , Ford Alexander C 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveOver half of patients with IBS have either diarrhoea (IBS-D) or a mixed stool pattern (IBS-M). The relative efficacy of licenced pharmacological therapies is unclear in the absence of head-to-head trials. We conducted a network meta-analysis to resolve this uncertainty.DesignWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, Embase Classic, the Cochrane central register of controlled trials, and Clinicaltrials.gov through January 2019 to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy of licenced pharmacological therapies (alosetron, eluxadoline, ramosetron and rifaximin) in adults with IBS-D or IBS-M. Trials included in the analysis reported a dichotomous assessment of overall response to therapy, and data were pooled using a random effects model. Efficacy and safety of all pharmacological therapies were reported as a pooled relative risk with 95% CIs to summarise the effect of each comparison tested. Treatments were ranked according to their p score.ResultsWe identified 18 eligible RCTs (seven alosetron, five ramosetron, two rifaximin and four eluxadoline), containing 9844 patients. All were superior to placebo for the treatment of IBS-D or IBS-M at 12 weeks, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-recommended endpoint for trials in IBS. Alosetron 1 mg twice daily was ranked first for efficacy, based on the FDA-recommended composite endpoint of improvement in both abdominal pain and stool consistency, effect on global symptoms of IBS and effect on stool consistency. Ramosetron 2.5µg once daily was ranked first for effect on abdominal pain. Total numbers of adverse events were significantly greater with alosetron 1 mg twice daily and ramosetron 2.5µg once daily, compared with placebo. Rifaximin 550 mg three times daily ranked first for safety. Constipation was significantly more common with all drugs, except rifaximin 550 mg three times daily.ConclusionIn a network meta-analysis of RCTs of pharmacological therapies for IBS-D and IBS-M, we found all drugs to be superior to placebo, but alosetron and ramosetron appeared to be the most effective.
Association between STI and child sexual exploitation in children under 16 years old attending sexual health clinics in England: findings from a case–control study
Authors: Ward Chris , Hughes Gwenda , Mitchell Holly D , Rogstad Karen E 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveChild sexual exploitation (CSE) can be difficult to identify, as there may be few reliable indicators. Although they may be used in decision-making, there is no evidence that STIs are predictors of CSE. We investigated the relationship between STI presentation at sexual health clinics (SHCs) and CSE.MethodsSHCs with 18 or more children aged 13–15 years old with STI diagnoses in 2012 were identified using the Genitourinary Medicine Clinic Activity Data Set STI Surveillance System. Cases with confirmed bacterial or protozoal STIs were matched by age, gender and clinic with non-STI controls. Lead clinicians were asked to complete an online questionnaire on CSE-related risk factors of cases and controls irrespective of STI presence. Associations between STI outcome and CSE-related risk factors were analysed using conditional logistic regression.ResultsData were provided on 466 children aged 13–15 years old; 414 (89%) were female, 340 (80%) were aged 15, 108 (23%) were aged 14, and 18 (3.9%) were aged 13 years. In matched univariate analysis, an STI diagnosis was significantly associated with ‘highly-likely/confirmed’ CSE (OR 3.87, p=0.017) and safeguarding concerns (OR 1.94, p=0.022). Evidence of an association between STI diagnosis and ‘highly-likely/confirmed’ CSE persisted after adjustment for partner numbers and prior clinic attendance (OR 3.85, p=0.053).ConclusionPresentation with bacterial or protozoal STIs in children aged 13–15 years old at SHCs may be considered a potential marker for CSE. It would be prudent to consider CSE, indepth assessment and potential referral for any children under 16 years old presenting with a bacterial or protozoal STI.
Chromatin Conformation Links Putative Enhancers in Intracranial Aneurysm–Associated Regions to Potential Candidate Genes
Authors: Laarman Melanie D. , Geeven Geert , Barnett Phil ,   Netherlands Brain Bank, Rinkel Gabriël J. E. , de Laat Wouter , Ruigrok Ynte M. , Bakkers Jeroen 
Published: April 2019

Background

We previously showed that intracranial aneurysm (
IA
)–associated single‐nucleotide polymorphisms are enriched in promoters and putative enhancers identified in the human circle of Willis, on which
IA
s develop, suggesting a role for promoters and enhancers in
IAs
. We further investigated the role of putative enhancers in the pathogenesis of
IA
by identifying their potential target genes and validating their regulatory activity.

Methods and Results

Using our previously published circle of Willis chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing data, we selected 34 putative enhancers in
IA
‐associated regions from genome‐wide association studies. We then used a chromatin conformation capture technique to prioritize target genes and found that 15 putative enhancers interact with the promoters of 6 target genes:

SOX
17

,

CDKN
2B

,

MTAP

,

CNNM
2

,

RPEL
1

, and

GATA
6

. Subsequently, we assessed the activity of these putative enhancers in vivo in zebrafish embryos and confirmed activity for 8 putative enhancers. Last, we found that all 6 target genes are expressed in the circle of Willis, on the basis of
RNA
sequencing data and in situ hybridization. Furthermore, in situ hybridization showed that these genes are expressed in multiple cell types in the circle of Willis.

Conclusions

In 4 of 6
IA
‐associated genome‐wide association study regions, we identified 8 putative enhancers that are active in vivo and interact with 6 nearby genes, suggesting that these genes are regulated by the identified putative enhancers. These genes,

SOX
17

,

CDKN
2B

,

MTAP

,

CNNM
2

,

RPEL
1

, and

GATA
6

, are therefore potential candidate genes involved in
IA
pathogenesis and should be studied using animal models in the future.
Manipulating Stem Cells in New Media Labs: Developing a Protocol Template Toward an Innovative Understanding of Cancer
Authors: Ahmedien Diaa Ahmed Mohamed 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This statement presents a draft of a protocol template designed to manipulate stem cells within the context of a cooperation between biology labs and new media arts labs. This protocol aims at building a methodological synthesis to understand cancerous cells using not only lab facilities but also new media arts tools, applications and vision. The template illustrates potential technical, conceptual and aesthetic inputs derived from a new media arts lab. On the other hand, three output channels have been emphasized to contribute to stem cell research, new media arts research and public engagement.
Sexual dimorphism in Xenodon neuwiedii skull revealed by geometric morphometrics (Serpentes; Dipsadidae)
Authors: Murta-Fonseca Roberta Azeredo , Machado Alessandra , Lopes Ricardo Tadeu , Fernandes Daniel Silva 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in snake head/skull is poorly known, although analyses in other vertebrate groups have already pointed this kind of morphological difference. Herein we evaluated the existence of sexual dimorphism in the skull of Xenodon neuwiedii through Geometric Morphometrics (GM). We found that females have larger skulls than males using centroid size data. Considering the ventral view of the palatomaxillary apparatus, compared to females, males tend to have longer maxilla, ectopterygoid slightly laterally shifted, palatine slightly shorter, and longer pterygoid. For the dorsal view, males showed larger snout, more oblique frontoparietal suture, posterior region of the skull more tapered, larger supraoccipital, and larger and more oblique supratemporals. Xenodon neuwiedii showed static allometry only for the symmetric component of the dorsal view, with 9.7% of shape variation explained by size. The present study is the first evaluating and describing sexual dimorphism in skull shape for snakes independently of size. We compared our results with other studies and concluded that to accurately perform intraspecific analyses or to better understand sexual and/or natural selection, sexual dimorphism should be considered, even for structures (e.g. skull) that are traditionally not used for this purpose.
Seasonal, annual and decadal change in tadpole populations in tropical Australian streams
Authors: Schmidt Katrin , Richards Stephen , Pearson Richard G. , Alford Ross A. , Puschendorf Robert 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Declines due to fungal disease (chytridiomycosis) have affected many stream-dwelling frog species, especially in the tropics, leading to reduced abundance and diversity of their tadpoles. Studies in the Australian Wet Tropics have demonstrated that some frog species have declined or disappeared, while others have persisted. To assess the occurrence of stream-breeding frogs, we monitored tadpole populations of five frog species in Wet Tropics streams in the early 1990s (uplands, before chytridomycosis emergence), and in 2011-2013 (uplands and lowlands, after chytridiomycosis emergence), and investigated environmental factors that might influence tadpole abundance. Riffle-dwelling tadpoles of two frog species disappeared from the upland stream site during the 1990s, reflecting reported losses of adult populations. Tadpoles of one upland pool species initially declined but had recovered by 2011-2013. Samples from the lowlands in 2011 to 2013 indicated no similar loss. Chytridiomycosis was the likely cause of changes in tadpole abundances between the two survey periods, given its known occurrence and documented effects on adult frogs in these systems; however, we did not measure its prevalence in this study. Tadpole populations fluctuated seasonally, with abundances highest in spring and summer, reflecting the timing of frog reproduction. The most important biophysical influence on the assemblages that we measured was current velocity. Tadpole peak abundances suggest that they make a substantial contribution at the consumer level of food webs, and that their loss has altered food webs substantially in upland streams.
Territorial behaviour in southern red-backed and Ozark zigzag salamanders: effects of sex, species and ownership
Authors: Lynn Colton S. , Dalton Benjamin , Mathis Alicia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
When both males and females are territorial, spatial and aggressive behaviour can vary between the sexes. We examined differences in exploratory and competitive behaviour between males and females and residents and intruders of two species, the Ozark zigzag (P. angusticlavius) and southern red-backed (P. serratus) salamanders. For exploratory behaviour, males and females differed in distance traveled based on species, but females of both species were significantly more cautious than males about leaving territories. In competition trials, male and female territory residents (owners) did not differ in defensive behaviour, but female intruders were more aggressive than male intruders. Overall, P. angusticlavius showed more aggressive behaviour, explored more, and were less cautious about leaving territories than P. serratus. Female intruders of both species fight harder, potentially to gain territories, and are more cautious about leaving territories, which may indicate that the cost of not having a territory is greater for females.
Individual variation in boldness in turtles is consistent across assay conditions and behavioural measures
Authors: Pich Joseph M. , Belden A.J. , Carlson Bradley E. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Temperament traits are often measured under artificial conditions, which may not necessarily predict behaviour in naturalistic contexts. A reliable behavioural assay should yield similar results as tests performed under alternative conditions, but this is not frequently evaluated in free-living animals. Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) exhibit individually consistent boldness behaviour in an artificial confinement assay, so we tested turtles repeatedly using the confinement assay along with a simulated predator attack assay. Turtles that were bolder during the confinement assay tended to also be bolder after the simulated predator attack, suggesting temperament is not context-specific. Bolder turtles also employed active defences (e.g., fleeing or biting) more often, demonstrating that different behavioural measures yield similar findings. Boldness in these turtles appears to be a generalized temperament trait, and similar procedures could be used in other species as well to establish the sensitivity of behavioural assessments in the field to assay conditions.
Complex spatiotemporal variation in processes shaping song variation
Authors: Curry Claire M. , Patten Michael A. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Understanding factors that contribute to song divergence bolsters our understanding of signal evolution and reproductive isolation. Hybrid zones often occur across environmental gradients; as such, they are excellent places to examine how signals diverge and how differentiation is maintained. We studied song variation across two hybrid zones, one old and one recent, of Tufted Titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor) and Black-crested Titmouse (B. atricristatus), across an environmental gradient where the two titmouse populations meet. In the recent zone, noise and vegetation structure were correlated with several song characteristics, but in the older zone, these features did not correlate despite similar gradients in song features. Our data, combined with previous studies, suggest that despite overall similarities in characteristics, songs in the older zone may be more shaped by sexual selection, whereas songs in the young zone are shaped by environment. Thus, even within the same species, processes shaping signal structure can vary spatially and temporally.
Polymorphy and extinction of the Late Cretaceous burrowing shrimp Protocallianassa faujasi and first record of the genera Corallianassa and Calliax (Crustacea, Decapoda, Thalassinoidea) from the Cretaceous
Authors: Swen Krista , Fraaije René H.B. , van der Zwaan Gijsbert J. 
Published: April 2019

A biometric study of chelae of the burrowing shrimp Protocallianassa faujasi ( Desmarest, 1822), from the late Maastrichtian of the Maastrichtian type area, The Netherlands, has revealed three morphotypes. These types are interpreted as sexual dimorphs (male and female) and earliest ecdysis stages (immature male). Among the studied material are fifteen specimens of a new Cretaceous callianassid, Corallianassa acucurvata new species, one specimen provisionally assigned to the genus Calliax and a callianassid from the Danian.
Burrows preserving callianassid chelae in situ are discussed. Based on burrow morphology a suspension feeding mode of life for P.faujasi is inferred, whereas C. acucurvata n. sp. probably was an active omnivorous analogue of its closest Recent relatives. The extinction of P. faujasi in the Meerssen Member appears to correspond to the increase in seagrass vegetation. The Protocallianassa-Corallianassa faunal changeover took place about 100,000 yrs before the K/T boundary in this region.
Multistakeholder Partnerships for the SDGs: Actors’ Views on UN Metagovernance
Authors: Beisheim Marianne , Simon Nils 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the United Nations assigned an important role to multistakeholder partnerships for implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. Since partnerships show a mixed success record, this article analyzes whether relevant actors in the UN context are inclined to translate lessons learned and the increased knowledge about partnerships’ conditions for success into an improved “UN metagovernance.” Criticizing the current institutional setup, most of the interviewed actors proposed that partnerships should be metagoverned by the UN through systemwide principles, rules, and procedures. There is, however, little consensus as to how that should be done. Drawing on assumptions from the literature and extensive empirical research, the article identifies patterns in actors’ perspectives on the issue.
The World Bank and the “Equity Agenda”: An Assessment After Ten (or So) Years
Authors: Oestreich Joel E. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The theme of the World Bank’s 2006 World Development Report was Equity and Development. This article reviews the origins of the 2006 WDR, and why this was a controversial and political decision. It explains why equity is different from equality. It then considers what the World Bank and other agencies are doing to promote greater equity. Proequity policies require concern about distribution of both wealth and income, and the things that create greater opportunity. These issues are framed in terms of what some economists refer to as the “growth-inequality-poverty triangle.” Resolving some of the contradictions of this triangle—how pro-growth policies and a concern for the distribution of gains does or does not resolve the problem of absolute poverty—explains many of the problems that remain.
Dispensing With the Indispensable Nation?
Authors: Fehl Caroline , Thimm Johannes 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Since entering office, US president Trump has reversed key multilateral achievements of his predecessors, initiating a new US retreat from multilateral cooperation. For other governments wishing to preserve and deepen existing global agreements, this has posed the question of whether and how multilateral cooperation can work without the leadership and support of the dominant global power. International relations scholars have already debated the possibility of “nonhegemonic cooperation” in earlier periods marked by US unilateralism. This article draws on these previous analyses to evaluate the current prospects and limits of a “multilateralism minus one” in three key global policy areas: nuclear arms control, climate change, and trade.
Whither Diplomatic History? An Early-Modern Historian’s Perspective
Authors: Osborne Toby 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Early modernists have been among the most early and active contributors to the establishment of New Diplomatic History. How has their work affected that on other periods, and how might it continue to do so? How have such extensive histories written during the past decade reframed a wider understanding of the European state system that did so much to establish modern diplomacy? And how might such an understanding be relevant to modern, even contemporary, historians, as well as to other scholars?
Taxonomy of Salamanders of the Family Plethodontidae (Amphibia: Caudata)
Authors: WAKE DAVID B. 
Published: April 2019

Several recent publications have made recommendations for changes in the taxonomy of plethodontid salamanders. Here formal taxonomic proposals are made, in accordance with the Code, regarding family-group taxa. Subfamilies Hemidactyliinae and Plethodontinae are recognized, the former with four tribes and the latter with five tribes. Genera are assigned to the tribes, and subgenera are recognized in the genera Batrachoseps, Bolitoglossa, Hydromantes, Oedipina and Plethodon.
GSDR: A Global Sub-Daily Rainfall Dataset
Authors: Lewis Elizabeth , Fowler Hayley , Alexander Lisa , Dunn Robert , McClean Fergus , Barbero Renaud , Guerreiro Selma , Li Xiao-Feng , Blenkinsop Stephen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Extreme short-duration rainfall can cause devastating flooding that puts lives, infrastructure, and natural ecosystems at risk. It is therefore essential to understand how this type of extreme rainfall will change in a warmer world. A significant barrier to answering this question is the lack of sub-daily rainfall data available at the global scale. To this end, a global sub-daily rainfall dataset based on gauged observations has been collated. The dataset is highly variable in its spatial coverage, record length, completeness and, in its raw form, quality. This presents significant difficulties for many types of analyses. The dataset currently comprises 23 687 gauges with an average record length of 13 years. Apart from a few exceptions, the earliest records begin in the 1950s. The Global Sub-Daily Rainfall Dataset (GSDR) has wide applications, including improving our understanding of the nature and drivers of sub-daily rainfall extremes, improving and validating of high-resolution climate models, and developing a high-resolution gridded sub-daily rainfall dataset of indices.
Interactions between Convection and a Moist Vortex Associated with an Extreme Rainfall Event over Southern West Africa
Authors: Maranan Marlon , Fink Andreas H. , Knippertz Peter , Francis Sabastine D. , Akpo Aristide B. , Jegede Gbenga , Yorke Charles 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
An intense mesoscale convective system (MCS) in the Guinea Coast region caused one of the highest ever recorded daily rainfall amounts at the Nigerian station Abakaliki on 12 June 2016 (223.5 mm). This paper provides a detailed analysis of the meso- and synoptic-scale factors leading to this event, including some so far undocumented dynamical aspects for southern West Africa. The MCS formed over the Darfur Mountains due to diurnal heating, then moved southwestward along a mid- to lower-tropospheric trough, and developed into a classical West African squall line in a highly sheared environment with pronounced midlevel dryness. Strong moisture flux convergence over Nigeria prior to the MCS passage led to extreme values in precipitable water and was caused by the formation of a local, short-lived heat low. According to the pressure tendency equation, the latter resulted from tropospheric warming due to MCS-forced subsidence as well as surface insolation in the resulting almost cloud-free atmosphere. In this extremely moist environment, the MCS strongly intensified and initiated the formation of a lower-tropospheric vortex, which resulted in a deceleration of the MCS and high rainfall accumulation at Abakaliki. Following the vorticity equation, the vortex formation was realized through strong low-level vortex stretching and upper-level vertical vorticity advection related to the MCS, which became “dynamically large” compared to the Rossby radius of deformation. Eventually, moisture supply and lifting associated with the vortex are suggested to promote the longevity of the MCS during the subsequent westward movement along the Guinea Coast.