bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical analysis of 4f25d2 configuration of singly ionized praseodymium
Authors: Javaid Saba , Zafar Roohi , Uddin Zaheer 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Praseodymium (Pr) belongs to Lanthanide group; it has an unfilled f shell. Atomic Praseodymium is very rich in fine levels. Atomic structures both Pr I and Pr II have still not been completely classified. Few researchers have studied Pr fine structures theoretically. The 4f25d2 configuration of singly ionized Praseodymium (Pr II) has been investigated and term values, fine levels angular momenta and coupled wave functions arising from this configuration are being reported in this paper. To calculate the term values and wave functions, Russell-Saunders (L-S) and coefficient of fractional parentage methods have been used respectively. Spectroscopic terms for 4f25d2 configuration are 187, 457 J values of possible fine levels and 106 wave functions of given configuration have also been found. Wavefunctions could be used to calculate the energies of terms, transition probabilities, etc.
Effect of allotypic variation of human IgG1 on the thermal stability of disulfide-linked knobs-into-holes mutants of the Fc for stable bispecific antibody design
Authors: Akiba Hiroki , Satoh Reiko , Nagata Satoshi , Tsumoto Kouhei 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundDisulfide-linked knobs-into-holes (dKiH) mutation is a well-validated antibody engineering technique to force heterodimer formation of different Fcs for efficient production of bispecific antibodies. An artificial disulfide bond is created between mutated cysteine residues in CH3 domain of human IgG1 Fc whose positions are 354 of the “knob” and 349 of the “hole” heavy chains. The disulfide bond is located adjacent to the exposed loop with allotypic variations at positions 356 and 358. Effects of the variation on the biophysical property of the Fc protein with dKiH mutations have not been reported.MethodsWe produced dKiH Fc proteins of high purity by affinity-tag fusion to the hole chain and IdeS treatment, which enabled removal of mispaired side products. Thermal stability was analyzed in a differential scanning calorimetry instrument.ResultsWe firstly analyzed the effect of the difference in allotypes of the Fcs on the thermal stability of the heterodimeric Fc. We observed different melting profiles of the two allotypes (G1m1 and nG1m1) showing slightly higher melting temperature of G1m1 than nG1m1. Additionally, we showed different characteristics among heterodimers with different combinations of the allotypes in knob and hole chains.ConclusionAllotypic variations affected melting profiles of dKiH Fc proteins possibly with larger contribution of variations adjacent to the disulfide linkage.
Archaea and Bacteria Exposure in Danish Livestock Farmers
Authors: Bønløkke Jakob Hjort , Duchaine Caroline , Schlünssen Vivi , Sigsgaard Torben , Veillette Marc , Basinas Ioannis 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Methanogenic archaea have been found to make up part of the bioaerosols in pig, cattle, and poultry farms. So far no attempts have been made to determine how season, farm type, and farm characteristics may affect workers’ exposure to archaea.

Methods
Personal filter samples from 327 farmers working on 89 Danish farms were analysed for the number of 16S rRNA gene copies from archaea and bacteria and for their dust and endotoxin content. The farms were visited during summer and winter. Information on farm type and stable characteristics were collected using self-reported activity diaries and walk-through surveys. Differences in archaea and bacteria levels with farm type and stable characteristics and correlations with dust and endotoxin levels were examined.

Results
Personal archaea exposure was documented in all farm types including, for the first time, during mink farming. At 7.3*104 gene copies m−3 the archaea levels were around two orders of magnitude lower than bacteria levels at 5.7*106 gene copies m−3. At 1.7*105 gene copies m−3 among pig farmers and 1.9*104 gene copies m−3 among cattle farmers the archaea levels differed with farm type (P < 0.0005). The archaea and bacteria levels correlated weakly with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.17. Neither archaea nor bacteria levels differed by season. In pig farms the archaea levels differed by type of ventilation and by wetness of the floor.

Conclusions
Archaea levels were not neglible and appeared to vary greatly between farm types. In pig farms they varied with some farm characteristics. Archaea levels appeared to depend on factors that differed from those of bacteria.
Interspecific variation in organ position in hydrophiine snakes is explained by modifications to the vertebral column
Authors: Hampton Paul M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Interspecific disparities in the position of the internal organs of snakes have been associated with evolutionary history and cardiovascular performance, as influenced by habitat use. For snakes, the positions of internal organs are typically determined as a linear measurement relative to body length. Therefore, interspecific variation in organ position could be explained either as heterotopic shifts in organ position or by modifications to the vertebral column. Using vertebral counts from radiographs, I determined the positions of the atria and pyloric sphincter relative to the cloaca in hydrophiine sea snakes. I found interspecific variation in the number of pre-atrial vertebrae to be labile, whereas the number of vertebrae in the atria to pyloric sphincter region and in the pyloric sphincter to cloaca region was relatively constrained. Furthermore, the number of pre-atrial vertebrae was dissociated from the number of vertebrae between the atria and cloaca, indicating that these two regions of the vertebral column can evolve independently. I conclude that variation in organ position among hydrophiine sea snake species is attributable, in part, to differences in the number of vertebrae among regions of the vertebral column rather than to heterotopic shifts in the positions of the internal organs.
Semiparametric segment M-estimation for locally stationary diffusions
Authors: Deléamont P -Y , Vecchia D La 
Published: July 2019

Summary
We develop and implement a novel M-estimation method for locally stationary diffusions observed at discrete time-points. We give sufficient conditions for the local stationarity of general time-inhomogeneous diffusions. Then we focus on locally stationary diffusions with time-varying parameters, for which we define our M-estimators and derive their limit theory.
The Rise of Transgender and Gender Diverse Representation in the Media: Impacts on the Population
Authors: Mocarski Richard , King Robyn , Butler Sim , Holt Natalie R , Huit T Zachary , Hope Debra A , Meyer Heather M , Woodruff Nathan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In recent years, the transgender and gender diverse (TGD) population has gained a stronger voice in the media. Although these voices are being heard, there are limits on the types of TGD representation displayed in media. The current study interviewed 27 TGD individuals. These interviews exposed how participants view the rise of TGD media representation. The main themes that emerged were TGD awareness and TGD identity discovery and role modeling. Clearly, there is a disconnect between transnormativity in the media and transnormativity in reality.
Comparison of the sequencing bias of currently available library preparation kits for Illumina sequencing of bacterial genomes and metagenomes
Authors: Sato Mitsuhiko P , Ogura Yoshitoshi , Nakamura Keiji , Nishida Ruriko , Gotoh Yasuhiro , Hayashi Masahiro , Hisatsune Junzo , Sugai Motoyuki , Takehiko Itoh , Hayashi Tetsuya 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In bacterial genome and metagenome sequencing, Illumina sequencers are most frequently used due to their high throughput capacity, and multiple library preparation kits have been developed for Illumina platforms. Here, we systematically analysed and compared the sequencing bias generated by currently available library preparation kits for Illumina sequencing. Our analyses revealed that a strong sequencing bias is introduced in low-GC regions by the Nextera XT kit. The level of bias introduced is dependent on the level of GC content; stronger bias is generated as the GC content decreases. Other analysed kits did not introduce this strong sequencing bias. The GC content-associated sequencing bias introduced by Nextera XT was more remarkable in metagenome sequencing of a mock bacterial community and seriously affected estimation of the relative abundance of low-GC species. The results of our analyses highlight the importance of selecting proper library preparation kits according to the purposes and targets of sequencing, particularly in metagenome sequencing, where a wide range of microbial species with various degrees of GC content is present. Our data also indicate that special attention should be paid to which library preparation kit was used when analysing and interpreting publicly available metagenomic data.
Shift in the paradigm towards next-generation microbiology
Authors: Stres Blaž , Kronegger Luka 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
In this work, the position of contemporary microbiology is considered from the perspective of scientific success, and a list of historical points and lessons learned from the fields of medical microbiology, microbial ecology and systems biology is presented. In addition, patterns in the development of top-down research topics that emerged over time as well as overlapping ideas and personnel, which are the first signs of trans-domain research activities in the fields of metagenomics, metaproteomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomics, are explored through analysis of the publication networks of 28 654 papers using the computer programme Pajek. The current state of affairs is defined, and the need for meta-analyses to leverage publication biases in the field of microbiology is put forward as a very important emerging field of microbiology, especially since microbiology is progressively dealing with multi-scale systems. Consequently, the need for cross-fertilisation with other fields/disciplines instead of ‘more microbiology’ is needed to advance the field of microbiology as such. The reader is directed to consider how novel technologies, the introduction of big data approaches and artificial intelligence have transformed microbiology into a multi-scale field and initiated a shift away from its history of mostly manual work and towards a largely technology-, data- and statistics-driven discipline that is often coupled with automation and modelling.
Metatranscriptomics reveals mycoviral populations in the ovine rumen
Authors: Hitch Thomas C A , Edwards Joan E , Gilbert Rosalind A 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
The rumen is known to contain DNA-based viruses, although it is not known whether RNA-based viruses that infect fungi (mycoviruses) are also present. Analysis of publicly available rumen metatranscriptome sequence data from sheep rumen samples (n = 20) was used to assess whether RNA-based viruses exist within the ovine rumen. A total of 2466 unique RNA viral contigs were identified that had homology to nine viral families. The Partitiviridae was the most consistently observed mycoviral family. High variation in the abundance of each detected mycovirus suggests that rumen mycoviral populations vary greatly between individual sheep. Functional analysis of the genes within the assembled mycoviral contigs suggests that the mycoviruses detected had simple genomes, often only carrying the machinery required for replication. The fungal population of the ovine rumen was also assessed using metagenomics data from the same samples, and was consistently dominated by the phyla Ascomycota and Basidomycota. The strictly anaerobic phyla Neocallimastigomycota were also present in all samples but at a low abundance. This preliminary investigation has provided clear evidence that mycoviruses with RNA genomes exist in the rumen, with further in-depth studies now required to characterise this mycoviral community and determine its role in the rumen.
Split Thickness Grafts Grow From Bottom Up in Large Skin Injuries
Authors: Jalili Reza B , Pourghadiri Amir , Li Yunyuan , Cleversey Chantell , Kilani Ruhangiz T , Ghahary Aziz 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAutologous split thickness skin graft is necessary for the survival of patients with large burns and skin defects. It is not clear how a thin split thickness skin graft becomes remarkably thicker within a few weeks following transplantation. Here, we hypothesized that growth of split thickness graft should be from bottom up probably through conversion of immune cells into collagen producing skin cells. We tested this hypothesis in a preclinical porcine model by grafting split thickness meshed skin (0.508 mm thickness, meshed at 3:1 ratio) on full thickness wounds in pigs. New tissue formation was evaluated on days 10 and 20 postoperation through histological analysis and co-staining for immune cell markers (CD45) and type I collagen. The findings revealed that a split thickness graft grew from bottom up and reached to almost the same level as uninjured skin within 60 days postoperation. The result of immune-staining identified a large number of cells, which co-expressed immune cell marker (CD45) and collagen on day 10 postoperation. Interestingly, as the number of these cells reduced on day 20, most of these cells became positive for collagen production. In another set of experiments, we tested whether immune cells can convert to collagen producing cells in vitro. The results showed that mouse adherent immune cells started to express type 1 procollagen and α-smooth muscle actin when cultured in the presence of fibroblast conditioned media. In conclusion, the early thickening of split thickness graft is likely happening through a major contribution of infiltrated immune cells that convert into mainly collagen producing fibroblasts in large skin injuries.
Settlement and Integration Policies in Federal Contexts: The Case of Refugees in Canada and Brazil
Authors: Ianni Segatto Catarina 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe scholarly literature highlights that refugees face barriers accessing public services due to cultural, language and communication differences, financial constraints and lack of information, which can be reinforced by variations in service coverage and provision, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and complex intergovernmental relations and governance arrangements, common in federal systems. This article seeks to analyse Brazil and Canada to understand the implications of intergovernmental relations, particularly the role of local governments in settlement and integration policies. The analysis of documents and in-depth interviews highlights that, although Canada is highly decentralized, the federal government has a stronger role in guaranteeing equal access to services than in Brazil. Nevertheless, the lack of coordination among governments in both countries reinforces certain barriers, which have been overcome by an increasing role of municipalities and local actors in this policy field.
Subdural Pneumocephalus Aspiration Reduces Recurrence of Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Authors: Chavakula Vamsidhar , Yan Sandra C , Huang Kevin T , Liu Jingyi , Bi Wenya Linda , Rozman Peter , Chi John H 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a common neurosurgical condition, with symptoms ranging from headaches to coma. Operative evacuation is the treatment of choice. Subdural reaccumulation leading to reoperation is a vexing postoperative complication.

OBJECTIVE
To present a novel technique for intraoperative aspiration of pneumocephalus via a subdural drain following SDH evacuation as a method of reducing potential subdural space and promoting cerebral expansion, thereby decreasing SDH recurrence.

METHODS
In this retrospective study, 15 patients who underwent operative evacuation of cSDH between 2008 and 2015 were assessed. Six patients underwent a small craniotomy with intraoperative pneumocephalus aspiration. These patients were matched by age, gender, and anticoagulation status to 9 patients who underwent evacuation of SDH without pneumocephalus aspiration. Quantitative volumetric analysis was performed on the preoperative, postoperative, and 1-mo follow-up computed tomography scan to assess the subdural volume.

RESULTS
In the immediate postoperative period, there was no difference in the percentage of residual subdural fluid between the aspiration and control groups (0.291 vs 0.251; P = 1.00). There was a decrease in amount of pneumocephalus present when the aspiration technique was applied (0.182 vs 0.386; P = .041). At 1-mo follow-up, there was a decrease in the residual cSDH volume between the aspiration and the control groups (28.7 mL vs 60.8 mL; P = .011). The long-term evacuation rate was greater in the aspiration group (75.4% vs 51.6%; P = .015).

CONCLUSION
Intraoperative aspiration of cSDH cavity is a safe technique that may enhance cerebral expansion and reduce likelihood of cSDH recurrence.
The Legacy of Darülfünun
Authors: İhsanoğlu Ekmeleddİn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Part III highlights the impact of the Ottoman University outside the Ottoman domain. The Darülfünun in İstanbul inspired various leaders in the other parts of the Muslim world. Students trained at the Darülfünun became influential advocates for the new Arab nationalism by providing the necessary infrastructure for national universities throughout the Arab-speaking provinces. Out of this intellectual ferment, a new Ottoman Turkish scientific language developed, the terminology from which served as a convenient vehicle for expressing and teaching modern science throughout the empire. This is perhaps the first monograph study of the development of such a language.
An Analytical Overview of the Foundation of Darülfünun
Authors: İhsanoğlu Ekmeleddİn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this Epilogue the history of the Darülfünun is analytically discussed from the Ottoman modernization point of view started by Tanzimat reforms and as a pinnacal element of its public education policy. Attention is drawn to a noticeable parallel between the development of the Ottoman University and the process of the evolution of European university to industrial development posited by Fritz K. Ringer; accordingly the establishment of Darülfünun belongs to an “early industrial phase.” However, as was the case in Europe during the early industrial phase, there was in fact little connection between higher education and economic life. The Ottoman case followed a pattern of development similar to that in France and Germany, where the educational system served the needs of growing government bureaucracies, and these bureaucracies eventually did take an interest in both technological programs and economic development.
A Language of Pain
Authors: Ferber Ilit 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents a close reading of two texts by Herder: “Treatise on the Origin of Language” (1772) and “Critical Forests” (1769). In the first, Herder presents his theory on the origin of language, which is distinctly somatic: language arises from pain, and is expressed in the cry. This chapter elaborates on the figure of Philoctetes, which is mentioned on the treatise’s first page and largely epitomizes Herder’s understanding of language with a special focus on questions of pain, the cry, human-animal relation, silence, body, and sympathy. In the second text discussed, Philoctetes is not only briefly mentioned, as he is in the Treatise, but takes the foreground. Here, in the context of his criticism of Lessing, Herder considers the problem of sympathy and the expression of pain in Sophocles’ Philoctetes. Both texts are considered from the perspective of three main terms: the cry of pain, silence, and sympathy.
Language and Attention
Authors: Ferber Ilit 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 continues the discussion of the origin of language, moving from the language of sensations shared by humans and animals to what Herder presents as distinctly human language characterized by awareness and reflection. Notwithstanding the fact that human language is articulate and mediate, Herder keeps it very close to the fundamental principles of the language of sensations, especially insofar as the acoustic dimension of both languages is concerned. The language of sensations was founded on the production of sound in the cry or groan, whereas human language is about hearing. With a radical shift from the customary conception of language rooted in speech and communication, Herder argues that it evolves from man’s ability to listen. Herder uses the sense of hearing to establish a uniquely human linguistic orientation in, and attention to the world. This idea is developed in the chapter in comparison to a related argument in Rousseau’s theory of the origin of language.
Preparation for the Next Stage of Life
Authors: Zeiger Spencer James 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In what ways have their careers in social work education prepared them for the next stage of their life? Drawing on their vast reservoir of academic experience, participants in this study identified factors that prepared them for leading a meaningful life after a career in social work education. Entering post-academic life presents an opportunity to reflect on one’s life work and explore connections, and strengths-based connections to the future. In this chapter, participants discuss seven (often intersecting) elements of their careers in social work education that prepared them for The Next Chapter: general life skills; self-reflection and self-awareness; social connections; sensitivity toward the “other”; social justice; mental and physical health; and aging. Personal reflections from the author regarding preparation for life beyond academia are also included.
Decision Time
Authors: Zeiger Spencer James 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The word retirement carries negative connotations, so it comes as no surprise that study participants preferred the term The Next Chapter. Do we really have to “go out to pasture”? Or have our careers primed us to enter an exciting stage of life, perhaps a synthesis of everything we have experienced up to this point in time? Wouldn’t it be great if we could look forward and enjoy a newly enhanced life? Seize the day! This chapter covers how participants decided to depart from academia; how they knew when to make the move; precipitating events that occurred; and any conflicts they experienced in making the decision.
Life-Changing Events
Authors: Zeiger Spencer James 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A key element in social work and social work education is a belief in the ability to change, discovering previously hidden strengths along the way. Study participants were asked to look back on their careers as social work educators and recount a life-changing event (for themselves and/or their students). The stories they told were diverse, amazing, and heartfelt. Events are presented in the following categories: lessons learned from students; life’s lessons outside the classroom; coming out as a gay person; the great realization; serendipity; a strengths perspective story; saving a marriage; discovering that a social work major is not the best fit for all students; and a spectacular going-away party.
I’ve Got a Golden Ticket
Authors: Zeiger Spencer James 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at courageous decisions that left a lasting impact on the careers of the study participants. They were asked to look back on their careers and tell a story of making a decision or taking an action that was “worth its weight in gold.” Responses were divided into the following categories: making the transition from practitioner to academician; obtaining a doctoral degree; the decision to pursue or not to pursue a leadership role; avoiding a rush to judgment; finding the strength to make tough decisions; realizing that all that glitters is not gold; and writing as a healing process.