bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the presence and variation of the ascending mental artery: Conventional dissections and ultrasonographic study
Authors: Tansatit Tanvaa , Phumyoo Thirawass , Jitaree Benrita , Sawatwong Worapat , Sahraoui Yasmina M. E. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundTongue and mouth floor infarction following filler injections for chin augmentation is a rare complication that has the increase in incidence been reported.ObjectiveThis study investigated the arterial anastomosis between the submental and sublingual arteries that can lead to the emboli and subsequent tongue infarction during chin augmentation.MethodsForty‐two formaldehyde‐embalmed cadavers and four soft‐embalmed cadavers were dissected to verify the incidence and source of the ascending mental artery. Ultrasonographic study of the artery was performed in 10 healthy volunteers. Attention was paid to discriminate whether the ascending mental artery arose from the submental artery or the sublingual artery using the arch of the mylohyoid muscle as the discriminating landmark.ResultsIncidence of ascending mental artery from the sublingual artery was 7.1% in the studied population. All ascending mental arteries were 0.7 ± 0.2 mm in diameter at the mental protuberance and were branches of the submental artery that arose from the facial artery, except for two arteries that arose from the sublingual artery. Ultrasonographic study revealed that one left and one right sublingual artery from the lingual arteries penetrated the mylohyoid muscle near the midline to become the ascending mental artery in two volunteers. The ascending mental artery from the other side continued from the submental artery.ConclusionFindings from the cadaveric dissections and ultrasonographic study revealed that the ascending mental artery may be a branch that continues from the lingual artery, or communicates with the sublingual artery through the mouth floor.
Management of status epilepticus in children prior to medical retrieval: Deviations from the guidelines
Authors: Uppal Preena , Cardamone Michael , Webber Christopher , Briggs Nancy , Lawson John A 
Published: March 2019

AimTo evaluate the influence of adherence to treatment guidelines on outcomes in children presenting with status epilepticus (SE) using the Newborn and Paediatric Emergency Transport Service, New South Wales prospective registry.MethodsWe reviewed the treatment of children with SE, transported by the Newborn And Paediatric Emergency Transport Service to a tertiary paediatric hospital, over 1 year. We evaluated variation in management from the New South Wales clinical practice guideline.ResultsThere was excessive administration of benzodiazepines (BZD) and a delay in administration of appropriate second‐line treatment of status (median 45 min). There was excessive use of BZD, with five or more doses of BZD associated with significantly higher odds for intubation.ConclusionThere is considerable scope to improve clinician compliance with the SE clinical practice guidelines.
Are cortisol and melatonin involved in the immune modulation by the light environment in pike perch Sander lucioperca?
Authors: Baekelandt Sébastien , Mandiki Syaghalirwa N. M. , Kestemont Patrick 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe pineal gland is the main organ involved in the transduction process converting environmental light information into a melatonin response. Since light environment was described as an important factor that could affect physiology of teleosts, and because melatonin is a crucial hormone regulating numerous physiological processes, we hypothesized that environmental light may act on both stress and circadian axes which in turn could influence the immune status of pike perch. Therefore, we investigated the effects of two light spectra (red and white) and two light intensities (10 and 100 lx) with a constant photoperiod 12L(8:00‐20:00)/12D on pike perch physiological and immune responses. Samples were collected at 04:00 and 16:00 at days 1 and 30 of the experiment. Stress markers, plasma melatonin levels, humoral innate immune markers, and expression of key immune genes in the head kidney were assessed. Light intensity clearly affected pike perch physiology. This included negative growth performances, increase in stress status, decrease in plasma melatonin levels, and immune depression. Light spectrum had only little influences. These results demonstrate that high stress status may have impacted melatonin production and secretion by the pineal organ. The drop in circulating melatonin and the increase in stress status may both be involved in the immune suppression.
IRMSas a tool to obtain the carbon turnover (δ13C) in organs of weaned piglets fed glutamic acid and nucleotides
Authors: Anton Dib Saleh Mayra , Sousa dos Santos Luan , Antonio Berto Dirlei , Borges Amorim Alessandro , Lívio Panhoza Tse Marcos , Eliodoro Costa Vladimir 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEarly weaning of piglets causes stress characterized by a decrease in feed intake followed by a decline in growth rates; thus, a fast recovery represents an essential step for proper growth of these animals. Considering thatIRMSis a potential tool for non‐destructive sampling and the fact that it provides time‐integrated estimate of assimilated and not just ingested nutrients turned possible its application to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotides and glutamate on carbon turnover (δ13C) in organs of weanling piglets. At day 0, three piglets were slaughtered (prior to diet switch), the remaining eighty‐four piglets weaned at 21‐day‐old were randomly assigned in a complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (two Nu levels: 0 and 0.1% and two Glu levels: 0 and 1%), being three piglets per treatment slaughtered on trial days 3, 6, 9, 14, 21, 35 and 49. The samples were analysed byIRMSand adjusted to first‐order equation by a non‐linear regression analysis usingNLINofSAS, in order to establish exponential graphics. After that, the turnover data were submitted to analysis of variance usingGLMofSAS. The turnover value (t95%) verified for spleen was faster (p < 0.05) when glutamate was supplemented in diets. For pancreas and liver, the turnover rates were faster (p < 0.05) for the mixture of additives. However, for renal tissue, the turnover rate (t95%) was greater (p < 0.05) for the free additive diet. The results obtained suggest that the mixture of additives was more efficient to develop the digestive tract at post‐weaning phase, taking into account the functional importance of pancreas and liver for nutrients’ digestion and processing.
An E3 ubiquitin ligase fromNicotiana benthamianatargets the replicase ofBamboo mosaic virusand restricts its replication
Authors: Chen I‐Hsuan , Chang Jui‐En , Wu Chen‐Yu , Huang Ying‐Ping , Hsu Yau‐Huei , Tsai Ching‐Hsiu 
Published: March 2019

SummaryOne up‐regulated host gene identified previously was found involved in the infection process ofBamboo mosaic virus(BaMV), a single‐stranded positive‐sense RNA virus. The full length cDNA of this gene was cloned by 5′ and 3′‐rapid amplification of cDNA ends and found to encode a polypeptide containing a conserved really interesting new gene (RING) domain and a transmembrane domain. The gene might function as an ubiquitin E3 ligase. We designated this protein inNicotiana benthamianaas ubiquitin E3 ligase containing RING domain 1 (NbUbE3R1). Further characterization by usingTobacco rattle virus‐based virus‐induced gene silencing (loss‐of‐function) revealed that increased BaMV accumulation was in both knockdown plants and protoplasts. The gene might have a defensive role in the replication step of BaMV infection. To further inspect the functional role of NbUbE3R1 in BaMV accumulation, NbUbE3R1 was expressed inN. benthamianaplants. The wild‐type NbUbE3R1‐orange fluorescent protein (NbUbE3R1‐OFP), NbUbE3R1/△TM‐OFP (removal of the transmembrane domain) and NbUbE3R1/mRING‐OFP (mutation at the RING domain, the E2 interaction site) were transiently expressed in plants. NbUbE3R1 and its derivatives all functioned in restricting the accumulation of BaMV. The common feature of these constructs was the intact substrate‐interacting domain. Yeast two‐hybrid and co‐immunoprecipitation experiments used to determine the possible viral‐encoded substrate of NbUbE3R1 revealed the replicase of BaMV as the possible substrate. In conclusion, we identified an up‐regulated gene, NbUbE3R1 that plays a role in BaMV replication.
Giant viruses: spore‐like missing links between Rickettsia and mitochondria?
Authors: Seligmann Hervé 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPhyloproteomics indicate common viral origin from ancient cells before archaea, bacteria, and eukaryota split and subsequent size and complexity reductions occurred. Further independent evidence for the cellular origin of viruses is reviewed for the virus order Megavirales, focusing on the family Poxviridae. Megavirales comprises giant viruses, double‐stranded DNA viruses whose genomes exceed some bacterial ones and large enough to parasitize large‐celled protists (amoeba). Giant viruses, virophages, and mitochondria have homologous DNA and RNA polymerases and share RNA splicing punctuation by stem–loop hairpins. Giant virus factories and amoeban mitochondria colocate, with viral proteins homologous to mitochondrial proteins specifically targeting mitochondrial inner membranes. Mitochondria share asexual budding with many bacterial endospores and membrane‐enveloped viruses. These megavirus−mitochondrion similarities are not coincidental: systematic alignment analyses have detected candidate megaviral homologs of each amoeban mitogene (including ribosomal RNAs) distributed across megaviral genomes. These candidate megaviral homologs overall follow mitogene order, and megaviral−mitogenome synteny increases with viral genome reduction. This analysis is repeated within Poxviridae, whose organellar‐like morphogenesis is reminiscent of mitochondria. More generally, the results confirm the patterns observed in Megavirales: synteny with amoeban mitogenomes increases with genome reduction. Parsimoniously interpreting this suggests Megavirales and mitochondria have a rickettsia‐like common ancestor. Megavirales could be the missing links between bacterial‐like cells and mitochondria, implying cellular‐to‐viral‐to‐subcellular macroevolution.
From farm management to bacteriophage therapy: strategies to reduce antibiotic use in animal agriculture
Authors: Kahn Laura H. , Bergeron Gilles , Bourassa Megan W. , De Vegt Bert , Gill Jason , Gomes Filomena , Malouin François , Opengart Ken , Ritter G. Donald , Singer Randall S. , Storrs Carina , Topp Edward 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTo reduce the use of antibiotics in animal agriculture, a number of effective or commercially viable alternatives have been implemented by food animal producers or are under development. Perhaps the most well‐established strategies are flock and herd management practices to mitigate disease introduction and spread, and, subsequently, reduce the need for antibiotic use. While vaccines in food animal production have been used to prevent both bacterial and viral diseases, but historically, most vaccines have targeted viral diseases. Though vaccines against viral diseases can help reduce the need for antibiotic use by controlling the spread of secondary bacterial infections, more recent vaccines under development specifically target bacteria. New developments in selecting and potentially tailoring bacteriophages provide a promising avenue for controlling pathogenic bacteria without the need for traditional small‐molecule antibiotics. In this article we discuss these established and emerging strategies, which are anticipated to reduce the reliance on antibiotics in food animal production and should reduce the prevalence and transmission to humans of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from these systems.
Complexities in understanding antimicrobial resistance across domesticated animal, human, and environmental systems
Authors: Graham David W. , Bergeron Gilles , Bourassa Megan W. , Dickson James , Gomes Filomena , Howe Adina , Kahn Laura H. , Morley Paul S. , Scott H. Morgan , Simjee Shabbir , Singer Randall S. , Smith Tara C. , Storrs Carina , Wittum Thomas E. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. The spread of AMR bacteria and genes across systems can occur through a myriad of pathways, both related and unrelated to agriculture, including via wastewater, soils, manure applications, direct exchange between humans and animals, and food exposure. Tracing origins and drivers of AMR bacteria and genes is challenging due to the array of contexts and the complexity of interactions overlapping health practice, microbiology, genetics, applied science and engineering, as well as social and human factors. Critically assessing the diverse and sometimes contradictory AMR literature is a valuable step in identifying tractable mitigation options to stem AMR spread. In this article we review research on the nonfoodborne spread of AMR, with a focus on domesticated animals and the environment and possible exposures to humans. Attention is especially placed on delineating possible sources and causes of AMR bacterial phenotypes, including underpinning the genetics important to human and animal health.
Antimicrobial resistance in a One Health context: exploring complexities, seeking solutions, and communicating risks
Authors: Scott H. Morgan , Acuff Gary , Bergeron Gilles , Bourassa Megan W. , Simjee Shabbir , Singer Randall S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFour articles presented in this special issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences stem from a meeting of experts on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in food animal production hosted by the New York Academy of Sciences on May 8 and 9, 2018. The articles discuss (1) competing considerations of the criticality of different classes of antimicrobials used for human and animal health and how guidelines and regulations might result in more prudent patterns of use; (2) the increasingly recognized importance of the environment (i.e., soil, water, and air) as a reservoir of resistant bacteria and resistance genes as well as a pathway for the dissemination of AMR between human and animal host populations; (3) established and novel solutions for measuring and containing the AMR problem; and (4) effective strategies for communicating to consumers the risks of AMR spreading from food production and other nonhuman sources. The authors of this commentary served as the scientific advisory committee to the meeting.
Integration, functional differentiation and problem‐solving in multilevel governance
Authors: Trein Philipp , Thomann Eva , Maggetti Martino 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe European Union (EU) is currently facing unprecedented challenges to its problem‐solving capacity, such as those represented by pressing transnational crises and by bottom‐up criticisms towards the European integration process. Moreover, the EU is said to compensate its weak input legitimacy with an enhanced problem‐solving capacity. However, the notion of problem‐solving itself has remained remarkably vague in the multilevel governance (MLG) literature. This symposium analyses problem‐solving in different MLG settings. In this introduction, we identify procedural and operational notions of problem‐solving in MLG, and present a structural framework to guide the comparative analyses of multilevel systems along the dimensions of political integration, functional differentiation and decentralization. The contributions to the symposium illustrate how structural elements of different multilevel systems shape both the policy‐making process and the politics of problem‐solving within these systems. In doing so, they pave the way for further comparative research.
Convergence and functional evolution of longirostry in crocodylomorphs
Authors: Ballell Antonio , Moon Benjamin C. , Porro Laura B. , Benton Michael J. , Rayfield Emily J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDuring the Mesozoic, Crocodylomorpha had a much higher taxonomic and morphological diversity than today. Members of one particularly successful clade, Thalattosuchia, are well‐known for being longirostrine: having long, slender snouts. It has generally been assumed that Thalattosuchia owed their success in part to the evolution of longirostry, leading to a feeding ecology similar to that of the living Indian gharial, Gavialis. Here, we compare form and function of the skulls of the thalattosuchian Pelagosaurus and Gavialis using digital reconstructions of the skull musculoskeletal anatomy and finite element models to show that they had different jaw muscle arrangements and biomechanical behaviour. Additionally, the relevance of feeding‐related mandibular traits linked to longirostry in the radiation of crocodylomorph clades was investigated by conducting an evolutionary rates analysis under the variable rates model. We find that, even though Pelagosaurus and Gavialis share similar patterns of stress distribution in their skulls, the former had lower mechanical resistance. This suggests that compared to Gavialis, Pelagosaurus was unable to process large, mechanically less tractable prey, instead operating as a specialized piscivore that fed on softer and smaller prey. Secondly, innovation of feeding strategies was achieved by rate acceleration of functional characters of the mandible, a key mechanism for the diversification of certain clades like thalattosuchians and eusuchians. Different rates of functional evolution suggest divergent diversification dynamics between teleosaurids and metriorhynchids in the Jurassic.
Pathways to Paraptosis After ER Photodamage in OVCAR‐5 Cells
Authors: Kessel David 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA death mode termed paraptosis is initiated by photodamage to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This is characterized by an extensive pattern of cytoplasmic vacuole formation and leads to a gradual loss of cytoplasm and of viability. Many photosensitizers in clinical use target sub‐cellular organelles that include the ER and can, therefore, invoke paraptosis as well as apoptosis. In this study, we explore pathways to paraptosis in OVCAR‐5, an ovarian cancer cell line of human origin. At low PDT doses, the route to paraptosis follows the pattern that occurs after chemotherapy, that is, a pattern of vacuole formation that can be suppressed by MAPK antagonists or inhibition of new protein synthesis. At PDT doses clinically pertinent for tumor eradication, the pathway to paraptosis appears to be independent of these factors. In addition to morphologic changes, translocation of the nuclear protein HMGB1(high mobility group protein B1) to the cell periphery has been described as a potential marker for drug‐induced paraptosis. This occurs to only a very minor extent after a lethal PDT dose that targets the ER. It appears that a lethal level of ER photodamage can initiate a different pathway to paraptosis, perhaps associated with ER protein cross‐linking.
Xanthene Dyes and Green LED for the Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogens in Planktonic and Biofilm States
Authors: Silva Alex Fiori , dos Santos Adriele Rodrigues , Trevisan Daliah Alves Coelho , Bonin Edineia , Freitas Camila Fabiano , Batista Andreia Farias Pereira , Hioka Noboru , Simões Manuel , Graton Mikcha Jane Martha 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study evaluated the rose bengal‐ and erythrosine‐mediated photoinactivation against Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus planktonic and sessile cells using green LED as a light source. The free‐living or 2‐day‐old biofilm cells were treated with different concentrations of the photosensitizing agents and subjected to irradiation. Only 5 min photosensitization with rose bengal at 25 nmol L−1 and 75 μmol L−1 completely eliminated S. aureus and S. Typhimurium planktonic cells, respectively. Erythrosine at 500 nmol L−1 and 5 min of light exposure also reduced S. aureus planktonic cells to undetectable levels. Eradication of S. aureus biofilms was achieved when 500 μmol L−1 of erythrosine or 250 μmol L−1 of rose bengal was combined with 30 min of irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy allowed the observation of morphological changes in planktonic cells and disruption of the biofilm architecture after photodynamic treatment. The overall data demonstrate that rose bengal and erythrosine activated by green LED may be a targeted strategy for controlling foodborne pathogens in both planktonic and sessile states.
A Multicompartment SIS Stochastic Model with Zonal Ventilation for the Spread of Nosocomial Infections: Detection, Outbreak Management, and Infection Control
Authors: López‐García Martín , King Marco‐Felipe , Noakes Catherine J. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this work, we study the environmental and operational factors that influence airborne transmission of nosocomial infections. We link a deterministic zonal ventilation model for the airborne distribution of infectious material in a hospital ward, with a Markovian multicompartment SIS model for the infection of individuals within this ward, in order to conduct a parametric study on ventilation rates and their effect on the epidemic dynamics. Our stochastic model includes arrival and discharge of patients, as well as the detection of the outbreak by screening events or due to symptoms being shown by infective patients. For each ventilation setting, we measure the infectious potential of a nosocomial outbreak in the hospital ward by means of a summary statistic: the number of infections occurred within the hospital ward until end or declaration of the outbreak. We analytically compute the distribution of this summary statistic, and carry out local and global sensitivity analysis in order to identify the particular characteristics of each ventilation regime with the largest impact on the epidemic spread. Our results show that ward ventilation can have a significant impact on the infection spread, especially under slow detection scenarios or in overoccupied wards, and that decreasing the infection risk for the whole hospital ward might increase the risk in specific areas of the health‐care facility. Moreover, the location of the initial infective individual and the protocol in place for outbreak declaration both form an interplay with ventilation of the ward.
Bayesian Modelling for Binary Outcomes in the Regression Discontinuity Design
Authors: Geneletti Sara , Ricciardi Federico , O’Keeffe Aidan G. , Baio Gianluca 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThe regression discontinuity (RD) design is a quasi-experimental design which emulates a randomized study by exploiting situations where treatment is assigned according to a continuous variable as is common in many drug treatment guidelines. The RD design literature focuses principally on continuous outcomes. We exploit the link between the RD design and instrumental variables to obtain an estimate for the causal risk ratio for the treated when the outcome is binary. Occasionally this risk ratio for the treated estimator can give negative lower confidence bounds. In the Bayesian framework we impose prior constraints that prevent this from happening. This is novel and cannot be easily reproduced in a frequentist framework. We compare our estimators with those based on estimating equation and generalized methods-of-moments methods. On the basis of extensive simulations our methods compare favourably with both methods and we apply our method to a real example to estimate the effect of statins on the probability of low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels reaching recommended levels.