bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymptomatic Profound Oxyhemoglobin Desaturation Following Interscalene Block in a Geriatric Patient
Authors: Smith Michael P. , Tetzlaff John E. , Brems John J. 
Published: March 2019

Background and ObjectivesInterscalene block can be chosen for complete anesthesia for shoulder surgery. Phrenic nerve block occurs with almost all interscalene blocks, but is well tolerated in most patients. This may not be the case in selected geriatric patients.MethodsThe patient is a 90-year-old female with osteoarthritis of the left shoulder scheduled for total shoulder anthroplasty. Past medical history revealed hypertension, mild mitral valve insufficiency, and a remote episode of congestive heart failure. She underwent interscalene block with 40 mL of 1.4% mepivacaine, 1:200,000 epinephrine freshly added, alkalinized with sodium bicarbonate.ResultsThe onset of the block was rapid and complete. The patient had minimal intravenous sedation (0.5 mg midazolam) and was resting comfortably with a respiratory rate of 12-14 breaths/min. Approximately 5 minutes after the injection of local anesthetic, the patient was noted to be alert, cyanotic, denying dyspnea, with an oxygen saturation of 75-85%. A chest radiograph revealed elevation of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm and no pneumothorax or other pathology. Despite supplemental oxygen by face mask, desaturation persisted and general anesthesia was induced. On emergence from anesthesia, the patient had a complete interscalene block. Repeat chest radiograph after resolution of the block revealed return of hemidiaphragm position and no other pathology. The patient was extubated in the recovery room without difficulty. Following extubation the patient demonstrated stable respirations and normal oxyhemoglobin saturation.ConclusionsIpsilateral phrenic nerve paralysis caused significant respiratory compromise in an elderly patient without known significant pulmonary disease.
Advances on Testing C-Planarity of Embedded Flat Clustered Graphs
Authors: Chimani Markus , Di Battista Giuseppe , Frati Fabrizio , Klein Karsten 
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we show a polynomial-time algorithm for testing [Formula: see text]-planarity of embedded flat clustered graphs with at most two vertices per cluster on each face. Our result is based on a reduction to the planar set of spanning trees in topological multigraphs (pssttm) problem, which is defined as follows. Given a (non-planar) topological multigraph [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] connected components [Formula: see text], do spanning trees of [Formula: see text] exist such that no two edges in any two spanning trees cross? Kratochvíl et al. [SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics, 4(2): 223–244, 1991] proved that the problem is NP-hard even if [Formula: see text]; on the other hand, Di Battista and Frati presented a linear-time algorithm to solve the pssttm problem for the case in which [Formula: see text] is a [Formula: see text]-planar topological multigraph [Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications, 13(3): 349–378, 2009]. For any embedded flat clustered graph [Formula: see text], an instance [Formula: see text] of the pssttm problem can be constructed in polynomial time such that [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text]-planar if and only if [Formula: see text] admits a solution. We show that, if [Formula: see text] has at most two vertices per cluster on each face, then it can be tested in polynomial time whether the corresponding instance [Formula: see text] of the pssttm problem is positive or negative. Our strategy for solving the pssttm problem on [Formula: see text] is to repeatedly perform a sequence of tests, which might let us conclude that [Formula: see text] is a negative instance, and simplifications, which might let us simplify [Formula: see text] by removing or contracting some edges. Most of these tests and simplifications are performed “locally”, by looking at the crossings involving a single edge or face of a connected component [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text]; however, some tests and simplifications have to consider certain global structures in [Formula: see text], which we call [Formula: see text]-donuts. If no test concludes that [Formula: see text] is a negative instance of the pssttm problem, then the simplifications eventually transform [Formula: see text] into an equivalent [Formula: see text]-planar topological multigraph on which we can apply the cited linear-time algorithm by Di Battista and Frati.
On a Fire Fighter’s Problem
Authors: Klein Rolf , Langetepe Elmar , Schwarzwald Barbara , Levcopoulos Christos , Lingas Andrzej 
Published: March 2019

Suppose that a circular fire spreads in the plane at unit speed. A single fire fighter can build a barrier at speed [Formula: see text]. How large must [Formula: see text] be to ensure that the fire can be contained, and how should the fire fighter proceed? We contribute two results. First, we analyze the natural curve [Formula: see text] that develops when the fighter keeps building, at speed [Formula: see text], a barrier along the boundary of the expanding fire. We prove that the behavior of this spiralling curve is governed by a complex function [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are real functions of [Formula: see text]. For [Formula: see text] all zeroes are complex conjugate pairs. If [Formula: see text] denotes the complex argument of the conjugate pair nearest to the origin then, by residue calculus, the fire fighter needs [Formula: see text] rounds before the fire is contained. As [Formula: see text] decreases towards [Formula: see text] these two zeroes merge into a real one, so that argument [Formula: see text] goes to 0. Thus, curve [Formula: see text] does not contain the fire if the fighter moves at speed [Formula: see text]. (That speed [Formula: see text] is sufficient for containing the fire has been proposed before by Bressan et al. [6], who constructed a sequence of logarithmic spiral segments that stay strictly away from the fire.) Second, we show that for any curve that visits the four coordinate half-axes in cyclic order, and in increasing distances from the origin the fire can not be contained if the speed [Formula: see text] is less than 1.618…, the golden ratio.
Using camera traps to study the elusive European Wildcat Felis silvestris silvestris Schreber, 1777 (Carnivora: Felidae) in central Germany: what makes a good camera trapping site?
Authors: Wening Harald , Werner Lynne , Waltert Matthias , Port Markus 
Published: March 2019

Camera traping is a widely used method to study the abundance and population density of elusive terrestrial animals. To make full use of this method, it is necessary to obtain high photographic capture rates of the target species. We examine what characteristics of camera trapping sites are associated with high photographic capture rates of European Wildcat Felis silvestris silvestris. We measured Wildcat capture rates across 25 camera trapping sites located in a 20km² study area within an unprotected low mountain range forest in central Germany. We measured the distance of each trapping site to the forest boundary, to the next watercourse, and to the next human settlement, and broadly defined the type of forest structure the site was located in. None of these site characteristics, however, predicted wildcat photographic capture success. We also examined the degree of human disturbance at the site, measured as the photographic capture rate of humans (including vehicles). Wildcats were detected at similar rates on dirt or gravel roads (heavily used by humans) as on soft-surfaced paths or logging trails (less frequently used by humans), and the degree of human disturbance across sites did not affect wildcat capture success. We, therefore, suggest that trail features such as course, curvature and width, or vegetation density along the trail are more important determinants of Wildcat capture success than habitat characteristics. We conclude that for European Wildcats, as for many larger felids, forest roads provide suitable camera trapping sites and that Wildcats are fairly tolerant towards human traffic on these roads.
Estimating Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis Kerr, 1792 (Carnivora: Felidae) density in a degraded tropical forest fragment in northeastern Thailand
Authors: Petersen Wyatt Joseph , Savini Tommaso , Steinmetz Robert , Ngoprasert Dusit 
Published: March 2019

The Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis is thought to be Asia’s most abundant wild cat. Yet, the species’ status is poorly known due to a lack of rigorous population estimates. Based on the few studies available, Leopard Cats appear to be more abundant in degraded forests, potentially due to increased prey availability. We conducted camera trap surveys, rodent live-trapping, and spatially-explicit capture-recapture analyses to estimate the density of Leopard Cats within a degraded tropical forest fragment (148km2) in northeastern Thailand. A total effort of 12,615 camera trap nights across 65km2 of trapping area resulted in at least 25 uniquely identified individuals. Average rodent biomass (the main prey of Leopard Cats) was highest in the dry evergreen forest (469.0g/ha), followed by dry dipterocarp forest (287.5g/ha) and reforested areas (174.2g/ha). Accordingly, Leopard Cat densities were highest in the dry evergreen forest with 21.42 individuals/100km2, followed by the reforested areas with 7.9 individuals/100km2. Only two detections came from the dry dipterocarp forest despite both an extensive survey effort (4,069 trap nights) and available prey. Although the dipterocarp supported the second highest average rodent biomass, it lacked a key prey species, Maxomys surifer, possibly explaining low encounter rates in that habitat. Our results provide important baseline information concerning the population status of Leopard Cat in southeastern Asia. Further, our findings corroborate with other studies that found a tolerance among Leopard Cats for degraded forests, highlighting the potential for forest fragments to serve as long-term conservation areas for the species.
An update on the status of Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus Bennett, 1833 (Carnivora: Felidae) in Thailand
Authors: Chutipong Wanlop , Kamjing Anucha , Klinsawat Worata , Ngoprasert Dusit , Phosri Kitipat , Sukumal Niti , Wongtung Pongnapa , Tantipisanuh Naruemon 
Published: March 2019

Fishing Cat Prionailurus viverrinus is threatened throughout its range by habitat loss, persecution, and non-targeted hunting; it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Even basic distribution data are still lacking in many parts of its range, particularly in southeastern Asia where most wildlife surveys focus on large charismatic carnivores in protected habitats, typically inland blocks of evergreen or semi-evergreen and deciduous forests. This report aims to update on distribution and status of Fishing Cat in Thailand. Historic (the 1980s) and current (2007–2017) records from Thailand were compiled based on personal communications, local news agencies, social media pages, and publications. The current Thai Fishing Cat distribution seems to be highly fragmented and mostly in coastal wetlands of the Inner Gulf of Thailand and the Thai-Malay Peninsula with one confirmed record from a riverine habitat in central Thailand. No confirmed records came from protected forested areas—perhaps these are marginal habitat for Fishing Cat. Nevertheless, there were no targeted surveys in those areas. Fishing Cat was so far not detected from on-going otters’ targeted camera trap surveys along Thailand’s Andaman coast. Future surveys should focus on coastal and inland wetlands to expedite the discovery of remaining populations before these are extirpated.
Abstract 176: Preoperative Small HDL Particle Concentration is Associated with Paraoxonase-1 activity and the Risk of Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Smith Loren , Smith Derek K , Remaley Alan T , Billings Frederic T , Linton MacRae F 
Published: March 2019

Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery occurs in up to 30% of patients and predicts death. We have reported that a higher preoperative HDL particle concentration is independently associated with a decreased risk of AKI after cardiac surgery. HDL has known anti-oxidant properties that may attenuate AKI. We hypothesized that HDL particle size is associated with paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity and with the risk of AKI after cardiac surgery.
We selected 90 patients who developed mild, moderate, severe, or no AKI from a prospective trial of perioperative atorvastatin to prevent post-cardiac surgery AKI. PON-1 paraoxonase activity was measured in apoB-depleted serum with fluorescent substrate 7-diethylphospho-6,8-dixuor-4-methylumbelliferyl. HDL particle size was assessed using the NMR Lipoprofile test. Linear regression was used to assess the association between preoperative small, medium, and large HDL particle concentrations and PON-1 activity. We assessed the association between HDL particle levels and the maximum serum creatinine change from baseline in the first 48 postoperative hours using two-component latent variable mixture models adjusted for AKI risk factors.
A higher preoperative small HDL particle concentration was associated with a higher preoperative PON-1 activity (p=0.003, Figure 1A). Medium and large HDL particle concentrations were not associated with PON-1 activity. Small HDL particle concentration was found to be independently associated with postoperative serum creatinine change (p=0.02, Figure 1B), while medium and large HDL particle concentrations were not.

Conclusions:
A higher preoperative small HDL particle concentration was associated with a higher PON-1 activity and a decreased risk of AKI after cardiac surgery. Future work will characterize HDL throughout the surgical course to identify the mechanism underlying the protective association between HDL and AKI.
Abstract 251: miRNA Mapping of Cardiac Endothelial and Fibroblast Cells during Hypertrophy Progression
Authors: Dangwal Seema , Martino Filippo , Batkai Sandor , Scholz Claus J , Kunz Meik , Dandekar Thomas , Thum Thomas 
Published: March 2019

MicroRNAs (MiRNA/miRs) are known key players in cardiovascular disorders. Here we created and analyzed a global miRNA map in isolated cardiac endothelial and fibroblast cells during hypertrophy progression.
Hypertrophy was induced in male C57BL/6 mice by trans-aortic constriction (TAC). Hypertrophic phenotyping was performed at 3 days (3d), 2 weeks (2w) or 4 weeks (4w) post- SHAM/TAC operation, using Millar system and echocardiography. Thereafter, pure single cell fractions from hearts were recovered by retrograde collagenase-II perfusion, followed by pre-plating of fibroblasts and magnetic sorting of endothelial cells. Transcriptomic analysis was performed on RNA isolated from different heart cell fractions at 3d, 2w or 4w post-SHAM/TAC. Additional 6w and 13w SHAM/TAC groups were included for validation of selected miRNAs. Cytokine secretome was performed using multiplex assay after transfection of a miR library to primary cardiac fibroblasts. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering revealed specific miRNA profile of each cardiac cell fraction. Principle component analysis projected strong effect of individual cellular compartments. Based on miRnome screening, miR-709, miR-30e-5p, miR-146a, miR-34a and miR-204, miR-1187 were validated by RTPCR to confirm spatial and temporal regulation (n=3-5, p<0.05) of these miRNAs in non-cardiomyocyte fractions. Corresponding time-dependent downregulation of miR-146a targets, Pten and Timp-2, was also observed. Cytokine secretome analysis upon miR-precursor library transfection in cardiac fibroblasts confirmed an increase in FGF, LIF-1, MCP-1, MIP-1 secretion (1.5-5 folds) by miR-146a and miR-34a. Gradual activation of the TGF beta pathway in endothelial cells may initiate endothelial to mesenchymal transition, whereas cytokine secretion from fibroblasts may affect the cellular hemostasis.
Our study represents a global miRNome of cardiac endothelial and fibroblast compartments during progressive hypertrophy to better understand the time dependent molecular changes in non-cardiomyocyte compartment during pressure-overload induced cardiac remodeling. The collective influence of miRNA deregulation may be linked to different pathways responsible for cell-proliferation, inflammation and fibrosis with the progression of hypertrophy.
Abstract 255: Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4, FABP4, Causes Impaired Wound Healing in Diabetes
Authors: Boniakowski Anna , Kimball Andrew , Davis Frank , Joshi Amrita , Schaller Matt , denDekker Aaron , Kunkel Steve , Gallagher Katherine 
Published: March 2019

Wound healing in diabetes is impaired due to failed resolution of inflammation. Macrophages play a significant role in the establishment of a regulated inflammatory response during wounding. Macrophage function is dictated by metabolism, which alters gene expression. Recent studies suggest that a fatty acid binding protein, FABP4, may control macrophage function in diabetes by altering metabolism.
Thus, we examined whether FABP4 controls macrophage function and hence inflammation in diabetic wound healing. To investigate this, C57BL/6 mice were fed either a normal (12% saturated fat) diet or a high-fat (60% saturated fat) diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to induce physiologic “pre-diabetes.”
Wounds were created and CD3-CD19-NK1.1-CD11b+ cells (macrophages) were isolated each day following injury and FABP4 expression was quantified by qPCR and Western blot. We found that HFD wound macrophages demonstrated a significant increase in FABP4 gene expression and protein production on day 3 post-injury compared with controls.
To determine if FABP4 alters inflammatory gene expression in wound macrophages, we isolated wound macrophages with an FABP4 inhibitor, treated them, and analyzed for IL-1β and TNFα expression.
IL1β and TNFα gene expression were significantly reduced (P<0.01) in diabetic wound macrophages treated with the FABP4 inhibitor, suggesting that inflammatory gene expression can be controlled in diabetic wound macrophages through FABP4 modulation. As we have previously identified, epigenetic mechanisms often dictate gene expression during wound healing, thus we examined whether FABP4 expression in diabetic macrophages was regulated by histone modifications.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis of the FABP4 promoter in wound macrophages revealed a significant increase in H3K4 trimethylation, an activating mark, on the FABP4 promoter in diabetic wound macrophages suggesting that epigenetic regulation may play an important role in the differential expression of FABP4 in diabetic wounds.
In conclusion, FABP4 appears to be upregulated in diabetic wound macrophages and contributes to increased macrophage inflammation. Modulation of FABP4 or its expression may help resolve inflammation in diabetic wounds and promote healing.
Is Prevalence of Atherosclerotic Risk Factors Increasing Among Young Adults? It Depends on How You Ask
Authors: Leppert Michelle H. , Poisson Sharon N. , Sillau Stefan H. , Campbell Jonathan D. , Ho P. Michael , Burke James F. 
Published: March 2019

Background
Incidence of cardiovascular disease in young adults is unabated. Increased prevalence of self‐reported atherosclerotic risk factors may be driving this trend. The goal of this study was to examine whether the prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors in young adults is increasing over time using both self‐report and standard clinical criteria.

Methods and Results

Data from young adults, aged 20 to 45 years, in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999/2000 to 2013/2014 were analyzed. Risk factor prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia was measured using clinical criteria and self‐report. Smoking was based on self‐report only, and obesity was based clinically on body mass index and waist to height ratio. Prevalence by survey was adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. By clinical criteria, adjusted prevalence of any 3 risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia) declined slightly from 21.8% to 18.9% (
P
for trend=0.05). However, by self‐report, the adjusted prevalence of any 3 risk factors increased from 17.8% to 26.5% (
P
<0.01). Hypertension was unchanged by clinical criteria (
P
=0.32) but increased by self‐report (
P
<0.08). Diabetes mellitus, by clinical diagnosis and self‐report, remained unchanged (
P
=0.35 and
P
=0.29, respectively). Hyperlipidemia, by clinical criteria, declined over time (
P
<0.01), but increased by self‐report (
P
<0.01). Smoking declined (
P
<0.01), and obesity increased by both body mass index (
P
<0.01) and waist/height ratio (
P
<0.01).

Conclusions
The perception that young adult risk factors are increasing is consistent with increasing self‐reported risk factors. However, evidence does not suggest that clinical risk factor prevalence overall has increased in young adults.
Association Between Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation and Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring in Birth Cohorts From Denmark and Norway
Authors: Øyen Nina , Olsen Sjurdur F. , Basit Saima , Leirgul Elisabeth , Strøm Marin , Carstensen Lisbeth , Granström Charlotta , Tell Grethe S. , Magnus Per , Vollset Stein E. , Wohlfahrt Jan , Melbye Mads 
Published: March 2019

Background
Evidence linking individual‐level maternal folic acid supplementation to offspring risk of congenital heart defects is lacking. We investigated whether folic acid supplementation in early pregnancy reduces offspring risk of heart defects in 2 large birth cohort studies.

Methods and Results

Women recruited in early pregnancy within the DNBC (Danish National Birth Cohort), 1996–2003, and MoBa (Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study), 2000–2009, were followed until delivery. Information on periconceptional intake of folic acid and other supplements was linked with information on heart defects from national registers. Among 197 123 births, we identified 2247 individuals with heart defects (114/10 000). Periconceptional (4 weeks before through 8 weeks after conception) use of folic acid plus other supplements (54.8%), folic acid only (12.2%), and non–folic acid supplements (5.0%) were compared with no supplement use (28.0%); the adjusted relative risks of heart defects were 0.99 (95% CI, 0.80–1.22), 1.08 (95%
CI
, 0.93–1.25), and 1.07 (95%
CI
, 0.97–1.19), respectively. For initiation of folic acid in the preconception period weeks −4 to −1 (33.7%) and the postconception periods 0 to 4 weeks (15.5%), 5 to 8 weeks (17.8%), and 9 to 12 weeks (4.6%), compared with no or late folic acid intake (29.1%), relative risks of heart defect were 1.11 (95%
CI
, 1.00–1.25), 1.09 (95%
CI
, 0.95–1.25), 0.98 (95%
CI
, 0.86–1.12), and 0.97 (95%
CI
, 0.78–1.20), respectively. Relative risks of severe defects, conotruncal defects, and septal defects showed similar results.

Conclusions
Folic acid was not associated with offspring risk of heart defects, including severe defects, conotruncal defects, or septal defects.