bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of exercise modality on markers of insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control in pregnancies complicated with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
Authors: Cremona A. , O'Gorman C. , Cotter A. , Saunders J. , Donnelly A. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryBackground/aimExercise can be used as a strategy to attenuate hyperglycaemia experienced during gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). To maximize its use for clinical management, the most effective modality should be identified. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the most effective modality of exercise on insulin sensitivity and blood glucose control in pregnant women with or at risk of GDM.MethodsA search was undertaken in MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Embase and the Maternity & Infant Healthcare Database. Studies that met inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials and case‐controlled studies, which compared exercise interventions with standard care during pregnancy in women with or at risk of GDM.ResultsTwo interventions using resistance training, eight using aerobic exercise and two using a combination of both modalities were included. The interventions showed consistently that requirements of insulin therapy, dosage, and latency to administration were improved in the exercise groups. Less consistent results were observed for capillary blood glucose measurements; however, both modalities and combination of modalities were effective at improving blood glucose control in already diagnosed patients and pregnant women with obesity. Discrepancies in the timing of intervention, GDM diagnostic criteria, and the different measures used to assess glucose metabolism make it difficult to draw clear recommendations.ConclusionExercising three times per week for 40–60 min at 65–75% age‐predicted heart rate maximum using cycling, walking or circuit training as a modality improved glycaemic control in GDM patients and reduced incidence of GDM in pregnant women with obesity. Further studies looking specifically at the effects of different modalities of exercise on glucose metabolism with combined strategies to enhance insulin sensitivity should be explored to maximize benefits for GDM pregnancies. Consistency in design and delivery of exercise‐only interventions is required to make recommendations on a suitable exercise prescription in this population. In practice, adherence to consensus in diagnostic cut‐offs for GDM diagnosis is fundamental for standardizing future research.
Global and Interregion Characterization of Subduction Interface Earthquakes Derived From Source Time Functions Properties
Authors: Chounet Agnès , Vallée Martin 
Published: June 2018

AbstractSource time functions (STFs) describe how the seismic moment rate is released with time, and carry information on integral rupture properties, such as static stress drop and radiated energy. In this study, we systematically analyze a set of 1,433 STFs extracted from the SCARDEC method (Vallée and Douet, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2016.05.012), containing the Mw≥5.6, shallow (z≤70 km) earthquakes with dip‐slip mechanism that occurred between 1992 and 2014. At the global scale, STFs properties indicate scale invariance of stress drop and scaled radiated energy with magnitude. In a second step, these source parameters are investigated in light of the tectonic context of the earthquakes: in agreement with other approaches, we observe that subduction interface earthquakes have lower stress drop and scaled radiated energy relative to all other earthquakes (e.g., crustal earthquakes). Finally, a focus on subduction interface earthquakes (approximately 800 earthquakes) is done by considering 18 regional segments of subduction zones. We find that these segments do not have the same signature in terms of macroscopic rupture properties, which means that large‐scale plate convergence and mechanical properties influence rupture behavior. In a given segment, local heterogeneities of stress drop or radiated energy can be associated with local features of the subduction zone: in particular, we find that low coupled zones generate earthquakes with low stress drop and scaled radiated energy. This last feature, also observed at a larger scale, suggests a positive correlation between coupling and stress drop.
Analysis of the results of the study on the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) in food products of animal origin
Authors: Kozytska T. , Garkavenko T. 
Published: June 2018

The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus resistance to antibiotics (AB) has significant differences in different countries and geographical regions. The main problem is represented by strains of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (MRSA), resistant to many ABs. Often, MRSA is transmitted to humans through animal food products. Purpose: investigate animal foods for S. aureus and detect methicillin-resistant strains. Food research was carried out according to ISO 6888-1, ISO 6888-2, MW 15.2-5.3-004:2007, State standard 10444.2. The material for further research was the isolates of S. aureus isolated from different groups of food products of animal origin. Disks containing methicillin (30 mg) and oxacillin (5 mg) and Müller-Hinton nutrient medium were used to determine the sensitivity to AB. The research was conducted by disc diffusion method in accordance with the Methodological Guidelines «Determination of microorganism sensitivity to antibacterial preparations» dated 12/25/2014. In addition, the data of the state veterinary report on the study of milk of cows and determination of antibiotic resistance of cultures isolated from it in 2017 were analyzed. A study on the presence of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus was carried out in food products of animal origin during 2016–2017. During this period, 58 isolates of S. aureus were identified, of which 7 were classified as MRSA, which was an average of 12.1 % of all isolated cultures. The highest amount of MRSA is isolated from chicken meat – 29.0% and meat products – 20.0%, ready-to-eat fish – 16.7% and meat mincer – 6.1%. The 2017 report on antibiotic resistance from all regions of Ukraine was also analyzed for the detection of S. aureus strains resistant to oxacillin. These data were available only for S. aureus isolated from milk from cows suffering from subclinical mastitis. Of the 47 strains of S. aureus, 22 (46.8%) were methicillin-resistant. MRSA poses a serious threat to the health of humans and animals and may be transmitted through food. There is no monitoring system in Ukraine on the detection of resistant strains in food products. A single list of ABs according to which laboratories conducted sensitivity tests was not approved. Therefore, in most cases, the sensitivity of Staphylococcus to oxacillin/methicillin is not determined. We found that, on average, MRSA from animal foods of animal origin in Ukraine is found in 12.1% of cases. Milk of animals, that suffer from subclinical forms of mastitis, can serve as a source of MRSA for humans, because it was detected in 46.8% of cases.
Integration of Local Government through Administrative -Territorial Reform in Albania
Authors: Bala Adisa 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
There have been made many significant steps toward implementing reforms which lead Albanian Government to a consolidated integration process. Many challenges and obstacles have hindered this path, particularly those of a political nature, to which my country is still very sensitive. A kind of “hot spot” in all this discussion appeared to be the newest reform called “administrative territorial reform” or “decentralization process” which has already been implemented in 2015. Amongst the range of studies, consultations and amalgamate process in multi level governance,the concept of integration has been isolated from the perspective of European integration. The Albanian Government has undertaken this reform with the ad-hoc Parliamentary Committee in close coordination and cooperation with the local government units, funded by the STAR Project (Support to Territorial and Administrative Reform) and implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Despite this, there is not much evidence of a deeper cooperation to determine an integrated package of principles whereby local government authorities reflect realistic concerns about EU’s influence along their mission and activities. This paper intends to explore whether the implementation of this administrative-territorial reform has taken into consideration the formal set up of EU integration, or has at least established the necessary legal, financial, cultural environment with the overall aim to enable European frameworks and processes even in local authorities and communities.
Co‐translational folding of α‐helical proteins: structural studies of intermediate‐length variants of the λ repressor
Authors: Hanazono Yuya , Takeda Kazuki , Miki Kunio 
Published: June 2018

Nascent polypeptide chains fold cotranslationally, but the atomic‐level details of this process remain unknown. Here, we report crystallographic, de novo modeling, and spectroscopic studies of intermediate‐length variants of the λ repressor N‐terminal domain. Although the ranges of helical regions of the half‐length variant were almost identical to those of the full‐length protein, the relative orientations of these helices in the intermediate‐length variants differed. Our results suggest that cotranslational folding of the λ repressor initially forms a helical structure with a transient conformation, as in the case of a molten globule state. This conformation subsequently matures during the course of protein synthesis.DatabaseStructural data are available in the PDB under the accession numbers 5ZCA and 3WOA.
Shielding a high‐sensitivity digital detector from electromagnetic interference
Authors: Hintenlang David E. , Jiang Xia , Little Kevin J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractPurposeTo document a study in shielding a high‐sensitivity digital mammography system detector from AC magnetic fields of magnitudes great enough to induce imaging artifacts.Methods/materialsPreliminary evaluation of AC magnetic fields at a site designated for a digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) system raised concerns that the magnetic component of electromagnetic interference (EMI) may be great enough to induce imaging artifacts. Subsequent measurements using digital detector arrays from two separate manufacturers verified this concern, and AC magnetic fields were mapped, spatially and temporally, throughout the area of concern. A simple shielding model was developed to elucidate the physics of extremely low‐frequency (ELF) EMI shielding and independently verify a commercial group's proposed shielding design and installation. Postshielding measurements were performed to demonstrate that the EMI fields were reduced to acceptable levels.ResultsPreshielding measurements showed AC magnetic fields significantly exceeding manufacturers’ tolerances for artifact‐free imaging in DBT. Continuous measurements demonstrated that the EMI fields varied significantly over time. Some locations in the room routinely averaged above 30 mG and occasionally exceeded 100 mG. The source was attributed to an adjacent electrical supply room, and temporal changes of the EMI were attributed to variations of the building electrical loads. The proposed shielding primarily consisted of continuous aluminum (6.35 mm thickness) and was installed by a group specializing in electromagnetic field shielding. Postshielding measurements demonstrated that the EMI fields were significantly reduced, generally to less than 0.5 mG, and that the shielding effectively dampened the large variations due to dynamic building electrical loads. Subsequent installation and evaluation of a DBT system revealed no issues with imaging artifacts.ConclusionsThe successful shielding of ELF EMI involves physical principles that are not commonly encountered by medical physicists. Modern high‐sensitivity digital detectors may be successfully shielded against imaging artifacts with careful application of these principles.
Oligonucleotide therapy mitigates disease in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 mice
Authors: McLoughlin Hayley S. , Moore Lauren R. , Chopra Ravi , Komlo Robert , McKenzie Megan , Blumenstein Kate G. , Zhao Hien , Kordasiewicz Holly B. , Shakkottai Vikram G. , Paulson Henry L. 
Published: June 2018

ObjectiveSpinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), also known as Machado–Joseph disease, is the most common dominantly inherited ataxia. Despite advances in understanding this CAG repeat/polyglutamine expansion disease, there are still no therapies to alter its progressive fatal course. Here, we investigate whether an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting the SCA3 disease gene, ATXN3, can prevent molecular, neuropathological, electrophysiological, and behavioral features of the disease in a mouse model of SCA3.MethodsThe top ATXN3‐targeting ASO from an in vivo screen was injected intracerebroventricularly into early symptomatic transgenic SCA3 mice that express the full human disease gene and recapitulate key disease features. Following a single ASO treatment at 8 weeks of age, mice were evaluated longitudinally for ATXN3 suppression and rescue of disease‐associated pathological changes. Mice receiving an additional repeat injection at 21 weeks were evaluated longitudinally up to 29 weeks for motor performance.ResultsThe ATXN3‐targeting ASO achieved sustained reduction of polyglutamine‐expanded ATXN3 up to 8 weeks after treatment and prevented oligomeric and nuclear accumulation of ATXN3 up to at least 14 weeks after treatment. Longitudinal ASO therapy rescued motor impairment in SCA3 mice, and this rescue was associated with a recovery of defects in Purkinje neuron firing frequency and afterhyperpolarization.InterpretationThis preclinical study established efficacy of ATXN3‐targeted ASOs as a disease‐modifying therapeutic strategy for SCA3. These results support further efforts to develop ASOs for human clinical trials in this polyglutamine disease as well as in other dominantly inherited disorders caused by toxic gain of function. Ann Neurol 2018;83:64–77
Leveraging the Knorr Pyrazole Synthesis for the Facile Generation of Thioester Surrogates for use in Native Chemical Ligation
Authors: Flood Dillon T. , Hintzen Jordi C. J. , Bird Michael J. , Cistrone Philip A. , Chen Jason S. , Dawson Philip E. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractFacile synthesis of C‐terminal thioesters is integral to native chemical ligation (NCL) strategies for chemical protein synthesis. We introduce a new method of mild peptide activation, which leverages solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) on an established resin linker and classical heterocyclic chemistry to convert C‐terminal peptide hydrazides into their corresponding thioesters via an acyl pyrazole intermediate. Peptide hydrazides, synthesized on established trityl chloride resins, can be activated in solution with stoichiometric acetyl acetone (acac), readily proceed to the peptide acyl pyrazoles. Acyl pyrazoles are mild acylating agents and are efficiently exchanged with an aryl thiol, which can then be directly utilized in NCL. The mild, chemoselective, and stoichiometric activating conditions allow this method to be utilized through multiple sequential ligations without intermediate purification steps.
A Recyclable Hydrophobic Anchor‐Tagged Asymmetric Amino Thiourea Catalyst
Authors: Jichu Takahisa , Inokuma Tsubasa , Aihara Keisuke , Kohiki Taiki , Nishida Kodai , Shigenaga Akira , Yamada Ken‐ichi , Otaka Akira 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA novel, recyclable, thiourea‐based asymmetric organocatalyst containing a hydrophobic anchor has been developed. The chemical nature of the hydrophobic anchor contributes to the desirable characteristics of the recyclable catalyst. The hydrophobic anchor‐tagged thiourea catalyst is highly soluble in less polar solvents, which is compatible with amino thiourea catalyst‐mediated asymmetric reaction conditions, but sparingly soluble in polar solvents used for the recycle process. This asymmetric catalyst delivers a catalytic performance comparable to that of a parent catalyst and can be readily recycled from reactions.
The Fabrication of rGO/(PLL/PASP)3@DOX Nanorods with pH‐Switch for Photothermal Therapy and Chemotherapy
Authors: Li Xiangming , Zhang Yihe , Ma Zequn , Fu Meng , An Qi 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe development of well‐controlled drug carriers that are stable and highly effective for the delivery of anticancer agents is challenging. Herein, we report a novel pH‐controlled drug delivery system, utilizing reducing graphene oxide (rGO)‐polymer self‐assembly films as carriers, for the preparation of effective drug nanorods and nanoparticles. In this system, the rGO‐polymer carriers were constructed by the alternating assembly of poly‐l‐lysine (PLL) and polyaspartic acid (PASP) around the rGO sheets. Furthermore, the rGO‐polymer cores, which possess a positively charged surface as the desired template, could assemble with negatively charged doxorubicin (DOX) via electrostatic interactions. The DOX embedding efficiency and the morphology of the drug nanocomposites could be controlled by the number of rGO‐polymer bilayers and concentration of the rGO‐polymer bilayers and the initial DOX concentration. Importantly, the release of DOX could be regulated by controlling the pH and by using a NIR laser. Under acidic conditions, the interactions between the PASP layer and DOX molecules can be broken, resulting in gradual release of the DOX molecules. Upon NIR irradiation, the release of DOX could be further accelerated and a photothermal effect from rGO induced. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity experiments indicate that the drug nanocomposites possess effective anticancer activity. Thus, in this work, we present a useful strategy for the fabrication of pH‐responsive drug nanocomposites for combined photothermal and chemical therapy. The nanocomposite can be used as a potential drug delivery system for practical cancer treatment.
Redox‐Triggered Folding of Self‐Assembled Coordination Polymers incorporating Viologen Units
Authors: Abdul‐Hassan Wathiq Sattar , Roux Denis , Bucher Christophe , Cobo Saioa , Molton Florian , Saint‐Aman Eric , Royal Guy 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe report the study of stimuli‐responsive ZnII and FeII coordination polymers (MC34+ or MC24+ with M=Fe2+ or Zn2+). These soluble metallopolymers were formed spontaneously by reaction of an organic ligand (C34+ or C24+) with one molar equivalent of metal ions. The C34+ and C24+ ligands incorporate two chelating terpyridine groups bridged by a redox responsive hinge featuring two viologen units (viologen=N,N′‐dialkyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium) linked either with propyl (C34+) or ethyl (C24+) chains. The viologen units in the polymer chains were reduced (1 e− per viologen group) either by bulk electrolysis or by visible‐light irradiation carried out in the presence of a photosensitizer. The 1 e− reduction of the viologen units in the MC24+ polymers induced a slight decrease in the viscosity of the solutions due to a modification of the overall charge carried by the metallopolymers. In strong contrast, reduction of coordination polymers involving propyl linkers (MC34+) led to a remarkable increase (≈+400 %) in observed viscosity. This reversible effect was attributed to a folding of the polymer chains triggered by π‐dimerization of the photo‐generated viologen cation radicals.
Testing the disk instability model of cataclysmic variables
Authors: Dubus Guillaume , Otulakowska-Hypka Magdalena , Lasota Jean-Pierre 
Published: June 2018

Context. The disk instability model (DIM) attributes the outbursts of dwarf novae to a thermal-viscous instability of their accretion disk, an instability to which nova-like stars are not subject.
Aims. We aim to test the fundamental prediction of the DIM: the separation of cataclysmic variables (CVs) into nova-likes and dwarf novae depending on orbital period and mass transfer rate from the companion.
Methods. We analyzed the light curves from a sample of ≈130 CVs with a parallax distance in the Gaia DR2 catalog to derive their average mass transfer rate. We validated the method for converting optical magnitude to mass accretion rate against theoretical light curves of dwarf novae.
Results. Dwarf novae (resp. nova-likes) are consistently placed in the unstable (resp. stable) region of the orbital period – mass transfer rate plane predicted by the DIM. None of the analyzed systems present a challenge to the model. These results are robust against the possible sources of error and bias that we investigated. Light curves from Kepler or, in the future, the LSST or Plato surveys, could alleviate a major source of uncertainty, that is, the irregular sampling rate of the light curves, assuming good constraints can be set on the orbital parameters of the CVs that they happen to target.
Conclusions. The disk instability model remains the solid basis on which to construct an understanding of accretion processes in CVs.
Radiographic Study of Haematogenous Septic Arthritis in Dairy Calves
Authors: Masseau Isabelle , Babkine Marie , Nichols Sylvain , Francoz David , Fecteau Gilles , Marchionatti Emma , Larde Helene , Desrochers Andre , Constant Caroline 
Published: June 2018

Objectives (1) To develop an evaluation grid to provide a systematic interpretation of calves' articular radiographs, (2) to describe radiographic lesions of septic arthritis in dairy calves less than 6 months of age, (3) to investigate potential associations between demographic data or synovial bacteriological culture results and radiographic lesions (4) to determine whether an association is present between radiographic lesions, their severity and the long-term outcome.
Methods Medical records of 54 calves less than 180 days old treated for septic arthritis between 2009 and 2014 with radiographic images performed in the first 2 days after admission were reviewed.
Results Most common radiographic findings were increased articular joint space height (n = 49), irregularity of the articular surfaces (n = 24) and subchondral bone lysis (n = 24). The number of lesions observed and their severity were associated with older calves (p = 0.02), increased time between onset of clinical signs and admission (p = 0.0001) and the culture of Trueperella pyogenes within the joint (p = 0.02). The radiographic lesions associated with negative long-term prognosis were reduction in the joint space height (p = 0.01) and subchondral bone lysis on weight-bearing surfaces (p = 0.02).
Clinical Significance An evaluation grid designed for veterinarians can facilitate systematic reading of articular radiographs and can be used for dairy calves with a presumptive diagnosis of septic arthritis. This diagnostic tool may aid in establishing a prognosis and decision-making process in terms of treatment.