bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The metabolic spectrum of memory T cells
Authors: O'Sullivan David 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe development and persistence of memory T cells are integral to effective host defenses. Cell metabolism has a central role in the maintenance of these populations and engagement of specific metabolic pathways can influence T‐cell fate. Nuances in memory T‐cell metabolism are both context dependent, and exist, on a spectrum that complements and supports the activity of specific memory T‐cell subsets. This review explores how metabolic pathways and substrate choice can influence the phenotype and function of memory T cells.
Regulatory T cells differ from conventional CD4+ T cells in their recirculatory behavior and lymph node transit times
Authors: Tong Alexander A , Forestell Benjamin , Murphy Daniel V , Nair Aditya , Allen Frederick , Myers Jay , Klauschen Frederick , Shen Connie , Gopal Angelica A , Huang Alex Y , Mandl Judith N 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Tregs) continuously suppress autoreactive immune responses within tissues to prevent autoimmunity, yet the recirculatory behavior of Tregs between and within tissues enabling the maintenance of peripheral tolerance remains incompletely defined. Here, we quantified homing efficiency to and the dwell time of Tregs within secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and used intravital two‐photon microscopy to measure Treg surveillance behavior of dendritic cells. Tregs homed substantially less efficiently to SLOs compared with conventional CD4+ T cells (Tconvs), despite similar expression of homing receptors. Tregs remained on average 2–3 times longer within the LN than Tconvs before exiting, and retained Tregs differed from recirculating Tregs in phenotype, motility and interaction duration with dendritic cells. Taken together, these data revealed fundamental differences in Treg versus conventional T cell in vivo recirculation and migration behaviors, identified a Treg population with prolonged LN dwell time, and provided quantitative insight into their spatiotemporal behavior within LNs.
Development of a checklist to aid in the assessment of ‘failure to return’ from approved leave by acute inpatients
Authors: Meehan Tom , Mansfield Yolanda , Stedman Terry 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBetter assessment of consumer behaviour and intentions prior to the granting of approved leave may reduce failure to return from such episodes of leave. The aims of this study were (i) to gain consensus on the factors associated with failure to return, and (ii) use these factors to construct a checklist to aid in assessment of consumers prior to being granted leave. Following a review of the literature a pool of 36 factors was identified. These were then assessed for relevance to absconding from approved leave using a modified Delphi approach. After two Delphi rounds, 10 factors were retained and these were collapsed under 6 domains; history of absconding, current substance use, behaviour cues, verbal cues, lack of engagement, and changes in mental state. While staff reactions to the checklist were positive, further testing of its effectiveness in the clinical setting is required.
Emotional intelligence as a mechanism to build resilience and non‐technical skills in undergraduate nurses undertaking clinical placement
Authors: Hurley John , Hutchinson Marie , Kozlowski Desiree , Gadd Martin , van Vorst Stephen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe environments in which nursing work is undertaken can be highly stressful and complex with resultant harmful outcomes for the health of both nurses and patients reported. Undergraduate nursing students are particularly challenged when on clinical placement through having only partially developed work capabilities, with wide claims that these nurses remain underprepared for work even upon graduation. Over time undergraduate nursing education has arguably not prioritized developing resilience and other non‐technical skills required to respond effectively to these challenges. This paper reports findings from a qualitative study of student nurses who received training and coaching in emotional intelligence, a well‐established correlate of resilience, just prior to undertaking a mental health or medical/surgical clinical placement. Of that cohort, 12 agreed to qualitative semi‐structured interviews that sought to better understand how these students used the knowledge and capabilities from the training within clinical placement contexts. Four themes emerged from the thematic analysis of the interviews: (1) greater experiences of resilience; (2) responding positively to mental health consumers; (3) experiences of greater empathy and compassion; and (4) experiences of improved non‐technical work skills. Implications from these findings suggest that student and patient experiences of nursing placement, and mental health nursing placements in particular, would be enhanced by pre‐placement emotional intelligence training and coaching. Such training will support nursing graduates to be work‐ready upon entering the workforce.
Facile synthesis of Ni0.5Mn0.5Co2O4 nanoflowers as high‐performance electrode material for supercapacitors
Authors: Mu Hao , Su Xinghua , Zhao Zhenhuan , Han Chenxi , Wang Zhenjun , Zhao Peng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe rational synthesis of mixed transition metal oxides (MTMOs) with three‐dimensional hierarchical porous structure has been proved to be an effective strategy for improving electrochemical performances of binary metal oxides. Herein, the hierarchically Ni1‐xMnxCo2O4 nanoflowers are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method combined with subsequent heat‐treatment. It is found that Ni/Mn atom ratio has a significant influence on the microstructures and electrochemical properties of Ni1‐xMnxCo2O4. The Ni0.5Mn0.5Co2O4 sample with a Ni/Mn atom ratio of 1 exhibits the highest specific capacity of 366 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g as compared to the other Ni1‐xMnxCo2O4 samples. In addition, Ni0.5Mn0.5Co2O4 displays high rate capability and cycling performance. The excellent electrochemical performances of Ni0.5Mn0.5Co2O4 could be ascribed to the large surface area and high mesoporosity, leading to the increased accessible surface for ion access and the rapid electrochemical reactions. The as‐synthesized Ni0.5Mn0.5Co2O4 nanoflowers could be used as a potential electrode materials for Supercapacitors. Furthermore, this study provides a facile method to synthesize other MTMOs with three‐dimensional hierarchical nanostructure. An asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled with Ni0.5Mn0.5Co2O4 as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode. The supercapacitor shows an energy density of 20.2 Wh/kg at a power density of 700 W/kg. Cycling stability is achieved with 82% retention after 5000 charge‐discharge cycles.
Preparation of pure and fully dense lanthanum nickelates Lan+1NinO3n+1 (n = 2, 3, ∞) by post‐sintering oxidation process
Authors: Adachi Yoshinobu , Hatada Naoyuki , Hirota Ken , Kato Masaki , Uda Tetsuya 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLanthanum nickelates with Ruddlesden‐Popper structure (La2NiO4, La3Ni2O7, and La4Ni3O10) and perovskite structure (LaNiO3) have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications such as solid oxide fuel cells. Currently, the ionic and electronic conduction properties of La3Ni2O7, La4Ni3O10, and LaNiO3 are not fully understood because it is quite difficult to prepare their dense bodies required for the characterization. The difficulty arises from their narrow thermodynamic stable temperature and oxygen partial pressure ranges. In this study, we successfully obtained dense bodies of single‐phase La3Ni2O7, La4Ni3O10, and LaNiO3 via a post‐sintering oxidation process. First, dense pellets composed of fine‐grain precursors La2NiO4 and NiO (~0.5 μm) were prepared by nitrate freeze‐drying technique and low‐temperature sintering at 1150°C‐1225°C. Then they were converted into almost single‐phase La3Ni2O7, La4Ni3O10, and LaNiO3 by high‐temperature oxidation. La3Ni2O7 and La4Ni3O10 were obtained under an oxygen partial pressure of 1 bar at 1275°C and 1200°C‐1250°C, respectively, while LaNiO3 was obtained under of 392 bar at 1250°C using hot isostatic pressing. The relative densities of the pellets exceeded 90%. With regard to their phase stability, decomposition was not detected at 600°C‐1100°C in air for at least 100 hour despite their thermodynamic instability.
Synthesis of Fe:ZnSe nanopowders via the co‐precipitation method for processing transparent ceramics
Authors: Yu Shengquan , Wu Yiquan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFe:ZnSe nanopowders were synthesized via the co‐precipitation method for fabricating transparent ceramics. FexZn1−xSe (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.06) powders that were calcined at 400°C yielded a single‐phased cubic ZnSe, but when the calcination temperature was raised to 500‐600°C, ZnO phase was created. Introduction of pressure could avoid appearance of ZnO. XRD Scherrer analysis revealed a monotonic increase in lattice parameter with increasing Fe2+ content. The average powder particle size increased with calcination temperature from several nanometers at 80°C to hundreds of nanometers at 600°C. Attempts to pressurelessly sinter ZnSe powders resulted in the partial decomposition of ZnSe, thus spark plasma sintering was employed to sinter Fe0.01Zn0.99Se transparent ceramics with pure ZnSe phase composition, which could be well sintered at 950°C for 30 minutes under an applied pressure of 60 MPa. SEM observations of the polished and thermally etched microstructure of the ceramic revealed a dense microstructure with average grain size of approximately 35 μm, and a few micropores were observed at the grain boundaries. The transparent ceramic exhibited good transmittance in the mid‐far infrared range, with the highest transmittance 57% at 12 μm. This paper confirmed the scheme of synthesis of Fe:ZnSe nanopowders by liquid‐phase co‐precipitation method for sintering transparent ceramics.
Decomposing the accrual premium: The evidence from two markets
Authors: Chichernea Doina , Holder Anthony , Petkevich Alex 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe decompose the accrual premium and study its components in the debt and equity markets. We show that the importance of each accrual component depends on the sample and the type of market considered. The short‐term accruals component is primarily observed in equity markets, among small and young companies, which is consistent with mispricing arguments. The long‐term accruals premium is consistently positive and significant in different samples and markets. This component reflects growth in capital expenditures, and it is counter‐cyclical and predictable, which is in line with investment‐based explanations. Finally, the financial accruals component does not generate predictability.
Long term effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy versus enhanced usual care for adolescents with self‐harming and suicidal behavior
Authors: Mehlum Lars , Ramleth Ruth‐Kari , Tørmoen Anita J. , Haga Egil , Diep Lien M. , Stanley Barbara H. , Miller Alec L. , Larsson Bo , Sund Anne M. , Grøholt Berit 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundKnowledge is lacking on the long‐term outcomes of treatment for adolescents with repetitive suicidal and self‐harming behavior. Furthermore, the pathways through which treatment effects may operate are poorly understood. Our aims were to investigate enduring treatment effects of dialectical behavior therapy adapted for adolescents (DBT‐A) compared to enhanced usual care (EUC) through a prospective 3‐year follow‐up and to analyze possible mediators of treatment effects.MethodsInterview and self‐report data covering the follow‐up interval were collected from 92% of the adolescents who participated in the original randomized trial. Trial registration number: NCT01593202 (www.ClinicalTrials.gov).ResultsAt the 3‐year follow‐up DBT‐A remained superior to EUC in reducing the frequency of self‐harm, whereas for suicidal ideation, hopelessness and depressive and borderline symptoms and global level of functioning there were no inter‐group differences, with no sign of symptom relapse in either of the participant groups. A substantial proportion (70.8%) of the effect of DBT‐A on self‐harm frequency over the long‐term was mediated through a reduction in participants’ experience of hopelessness during the trial treatment phase. Receiving more than 3 months follow‐up treatment after completion of the trial treatment was associated with further enhanced outcomes in patients who had received DBT‐A.ConclusionsThere were on average no between‐group differences at the 3‐year follow‐up in clinical outcomes such as suicidal ideation, hopelessness, depressive and borderline symptoms. The significantly and consistently larger long‐term reduction in self‐harm behavior for adolescents having received DBT‐A compared with enhanced usual care, however, suggests that DBT‐A may be a favorable treatment alternative for adolescents with repetitive self‐harming behavior.
An introduction to the methods of decision‐analytic modelling used in economic evaluations for Dermatologists
Authors: McManus E. , Sach T.H. , Levell N.J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEconomic evaluations are used to identify which health treatments or preventions offer the most effective use of resources, or value for money. This is achieved by identifying, measuring and valuing the inputs and outcomes of alternative interventions. These evaluations are often conducted alongside clinical trials; however, these trials may end before the outcomes of economic interest have been observed and measured. An alternative to within trial economic evaluation is to use decision modelling, which can model the cost‐effectiveness of interventions over an extended time period. This paper aims to provide an overview for clinicians of the different modelling techniques used within health economic evaluations and to introduce methods for critical appraisal. The most common modelling approaches, and their associated strengths and weaknesses, were discussed. Alongside this, practical examples specific to dermatology were given. These examples include studies where the model chosen or the methods used may not have been the most appropriate. Methods for critical appraisal were also highlighted. Common modelling approaches include Decision Trees, Markov Cohort, extensions to the Markov model (Monte Carlo Simulation) and Discrete Event Simulation models. Items of the Philips Checklist were discussed in the context of performing critical appraisal. Health economic decision models are multi‐faceted and can often be complex. Full critical appraisal requires clinicians’ unique knowledge, which is complementary to the knowledge of health economists.
Tail colour signals performance in blue tit nestlings
Authors: Class Barbara , Kluen Edward , Brommer Jon E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIndirect sexual selection arises when reproductive individuals choose their mates based on heritable ornaments that are genetically correlated to fitness. Evidence for genetic associations between ornamental colouration and fitness remains scarce. In this study, we investigate the quantitative genetic relationship between different aspects of tail structural colouration (brightness, hue and UV chroma) and performance (cell‐mediated immunity, body mass and wing length) in blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) nestlings. In line with previous studies, we find low heritability for structural colouration and moderate heritability for performance measures. Multivariate animal models show positive genetic correlations between the three measures of performance, indicating quantitative genetic variation for overall performance, and tail brightness and UV chroma, two genetically independent colour measures, are genetically correlated with performance (positively and negatively, respectively). Our results suggest that mate choice based on independent aspects of tail colouration can have fitness payoffs in blue tits and provide support for the indirect benefits hypothesis. However, low heritability of tail structural colouration implies that indirect sexual selection on mate choice for this ornament will be a weak evolutionary force.
Dominance effects strengthen premating hybridization barriers between sympatric species of grasshoppers (Acrididae, Orthoptera)
Authors: Gottsberger Brigitte , Mayer Frieder 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSexual selection can lead to the rapid evolution of premating hybridization barriers and allows accelerated diversification and speciation within an evolutionary lineage. Especially during early stages of divergence, hybridization may impede further divergence, which strongly depends on the reproductive success of hybrids. Behavioural sterility of hybrids can limit or even prevent homogenizing gene flow. In this study, we investigated the attractiveness of male courtship songs for females of the grasshopper species Chorthippus biguttulus and C. brunneus and their interspecific F1 and F2 hybrids. Song preferences of females of both species are highly species specific and differ in three parameters: shape of the preference function, preference for syllable pattern and phrase duration. F1 hybrid females of both reciprocal crosses as well as F2 hybrid females resembled closely pure C. biguttulus females in respect of shape of the preference function and preference for syllable pattern, while preference for phrase duration showed an intermediate expression. This resulted in song preferences of hybrid females that closely resembled those of one parental species, that is C. biguttulus females. Such strong dominance effects were rarely reported so far. They represent an effective barrier limiting gene flow between the two species, since hybrid females will backcross to only one parental species and discriminate against hybrid males, which are behaviourally sterile. Such taxon‐specific modes of inheritance may have facilitated the rapid divergence of acoustically communicating grasshoppers of the species group of Chorthippus biguttulus. Our findings have novel implications on the expression of neuronal filters and the evolution of complex courtship signals.
CLE25 peptide regulates phloem initiation in Arabidopsis through a CLERK‐CLV2 receptor complex
Authors: Ren Shi‐Chao , Song Xiu‐Fen , Chen Wen‐Qiang , Lu Ran , Lucas William J. , Liu Chun‐Ming 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe phloem, located within the vascular system, is critical for delivery of nutrients and signaling molecules throughout the plant body. Although the morphological process and several factors regulating phloem differentiation have been reported, the molecular mechanism underlying its initiation remains largely unknown. Here, we report that the small peptide‐coding gene, CLAVATA 3 (CLV3)/EMBEYO SURROUNDING REGION 25 (CLE25), the expression of which begins in provascular initial cells of 64‐cell‐staged embryos, and continues in sieve element‐procambium stem cells and phloem lineage cells, during post‐embryonic root development, facilitates phloem initiation in Arabidopsis. Knockout of CLE25 led to delayed protophloem formation, and in situ expression of an antagonistic CLE25G6T peptide compromised the fate‐determining periclinal division of the sieve element precursor cell and the continuity of the phloem in roots. In stems of CLE25G6T plants the phloem formation was also compromised, and procambial cells were over‐accumulated. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicated that a complex, consisting of the CLE‐RESISTANT RECEPTOR KINASE (CLERK) leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase and the CLV2 LRR receptor‐like protein, is involved in perceiving the CLE25 peptide. Similar to CLE25, CLERK was also expressed during early embryogenesis. Taken together, our findings suggest that CLE25 regulates phloem initiation in Arabidopsis through a CLERK‐CLV2 receptor complex.
The selective oestrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene, mimics the neuroprotective effect of 17β‐oestradiol in diabetic ischaemic stroke by modulating oestrogen receptor expression and the MAPK/ERK1/2 signalling pathway
Authors: Burguete María C. , Jover‐Mengual Teresa , López‐Morales Mikahela A. , Aliena‐Valero Alicia , Jorques María , Torregrosa Germán , Alborch Enrique , Castelló‐Ruiz María , Salom Juan B. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBecause neuroprotection in stroke should be revisited in the era of recanalisation, the present study analysed the potential neuroprotective effect of the selective oestrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene acetate (BZA), in an animal model of diabetic ischaemic stroke that mimics thrombectomy combined with adjuvant administration of a putative neuroprotectant. Four weeks after induction of diabetes (40 mg kg‐1 streptozotocin, i.p.), male Wistar rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (intraluminal thread technique, 60 minutes) and assigned to one of three groups treated with either: vehicle, BZA (3 mg kg‐1 day‐1, i.p.) or 17β‐oestradiol (E2) (100 μg kg‐1 day‐1, i.p.). At 24 hours post‐ischaemia‐reperfusion, brain damage (neurofunctional score, infarct size and apoptosis), expression of oestrogen receptors (ER)α, ERβ and G protein‐coupled oestrogen receptor), and activity of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK)1/2 and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt pathways were analysed. At 24 hours after the ischaemic insult, both BZA‐ and E2‐treated animals showed lower brain damage in terms of improved neurofunctional condition, decreased infarct size and decreased apoptotic cell death. Ischaemia‐reperfusion induced a significant decrease in ERα and ERβ expression without affecting that of G protein‐coupled oestrogen receptor, whereas BZA and E2 reversed such a decrease. The ischaemic insult up‐regulated the activity of both the MAPK/ERK1/2 and phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/Akt pathways; BZA and E2 attenuated the increased activity of the ERK1/2 pathway, without affecting that of the Akt pathway. The results of the present study lend further support to the consideration of BZA as an effective and safer alternative overcoming the drawbacks of E2 with respect to improving diabetic ischaemic stroke outcome after successful reperfusion.