bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionic liquid-based nanofluids (ionanofluids) for thermal applications: an experimental thermophysical characterization
Authors: Oster Kamil , Hardacre Christopher , Jacquemin Johan , Ribeiro Ana P. C. , Elsinawi Abdulaziz 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Heat transfer fluids materials are manufactured for the purpose of transfer, distribution and storage of heat. Several of their important properties can be listed (for example flash point, thermal expansivity or technical safety). However, to assess the thermal exchange performance of these fluids, a prior knowledge of their heat capacity, density, viscosity and thermal conductivity is obligatory. The most popular heat transfer fluids are based on organic liquids, such as ethylene glycol. However, new technologies and development require more efficient materials. Ionanofluids, mixtures of ionic liquids and nanoparticles, were proposed as a viable replacement for those commonly used fluids due to the properties of ionic liquids (wide liquid range or low vapour pressure and flammability) combined with enhanced thermophysical properties of nanofluids caused by the dispersion of nanoparticles (mainly thermal conductivity and heat capacity). Very few authors reported the extensive analysis of those systems thermophysical properties and impact on the heat exchange efficiency. Moreover, the availability of published data is very limited. The aim of this work is to investigate ionanofluids based on the trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium cation paired with the acetate, butanoate, hexanoate, octanoate or decanoate anion, mixed with carbon nanotubes, boron nitride, graphite or mesoporous carbon as nanoparticles with concentration up to 3 wt %. The density, heat capacity, thermal stability, thermal conductivity and viscosity of selected ionanofluids were determined experimentally as functions of the temperature (up to 363.15 K) and compared with theoretical tools to evaluate the predictive capability. Based on the experimental results, lubrication, heat storage potential and economic analysis were also discussed and compared to commercial heat transfer fluids.
Preparation, characterization and kinetics study of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofiber membranes for the adsorption of dye from water
Authors: Mei Yang , Runjun Sun , Yan Feng , Honghong Wang , Hao Dou , Chengkun Liu 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this study, chitosan (CS) nanofibers with two different degrees of deacetylation (DDA) were first successfully fabricated from its solution in 1% aqueous acetic acid solution by mixing with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution at a weight ratio of 50/50 via the electrospinning method. Then, the CS/PVA membranes were further modified by glutaraldehyde vapor. The prepared nanofibers were characterized by field electron scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the tensile test, the contact angle test, the weight loss test and the adsorption test for Congo red (CR). SEM analysis showed defect-free nanofibers and a uniform diameter distribution, with an average diameter of 100–125 nm. Subsequently, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD and TGA indicated that the modified CS/PVA membranes had a relatively higher thermal stability, because the thermal decomposition temperature of the unmodified CS/PVA membranes (~250°C) increased to a higher temperature (~ 300°C) for the modified CS/PVA. The nanofiber membranes after modification possessed better mechanical tensile properties. The membranes with lower DDA had a relatively higher tensile strength, which can withstand the maximum tensile strength of up to 6.36 MPa. Furthermore, the resulting membranes showed excellent hydrophilicity and kept their stability in distilled water, acidic, and basic media for 20 days. In the adsorption study, the maximum adsorption capacity of the membrane for CR was 358 mg/l in the optimum operating conditions of 25°C, pH = 6, 0.3 g membrane and 50 ml of 100 mg/l CR solutions. The resulting nanofibers membranes showed a better fitting to the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
Privacy Law’s Indeterminacy
Authors: Calo Ryan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Fools rush in. ALEXANDER POPE, AN ESSAY ON CRITICISM (London, 1711). The full quotation is, “For Fools rush in where Angels fear to tread.” Id. at 66.
She who hesitates is lost. Adaptation of the line, “The woman that deliberates is lost.” JOSEPH ADDISON, CATO: A TRAGEDY, AND SELECTED ESSAYS 30 (2004). See also OLIVER WENDALL HOLMES, SR., THE AUTOCRAT AT THE BREAKFAST TABLE 29 (1858) (“The woman who ‘calculates’ is lost.”).
American legal realism numbers among the most important theoretical contributions of legal academia to date. Given the movement’s influence, as well as the common centrality of certain key figures, it is surprising that privacy scholarship in the United States has paid next to no attention to the movement. This inattention is unfortunate for several reasons, including that privacy law furnishes rich examples of the indeterminacy thesis — a key concept of American legal realism — and because the interdisciplinary efforts of privacy scholars to explore extra-legal influences on privacy law arguably further the plot of legal realism itself.
Turning Privacy Inside Out
Authors: Cohen Julie E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The problem of theorizing privacy moves on two levels, the first consisting of an inadequate conceptual vocabulary and the second consisting of an inadequate institutional grammar. Privacy rights are supposed to protect individual subjects, and so conventional ways of understanding privacy are subject-centered, but subject-centered approaches to theorizing privacy also wrestle with deeply embedded contradictions. And privacy’s most enduring institutional failure modes flow from its insistence on placing the individual and individualized control at the center. Strategies for rescuing privacy from irrelevance involve inverting both established ways of talking about privacy rights and established conventions for designing institutions to protect them. In terms of theory, turning privacy inside out entails focusing on the conditions that are needed to produce sufficiently private and privacy-valuing subjects. Institutionally, turning privacy inside out entails focusing on the design, production, and operational practices most likely to instantiate and preserve those conditions.
Contextual Integrity Up and Down the Data Food Chain
Authors: Nissenbaum Helen 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
According to the theory of contextual integrity (CI), privacy norms prescribe information flows with reference to five parameters — sender, recipient, subject, information type, and transmission principle. Because privacy is grasped contextually (e.g., health, education, civic life, etc.), the values of these parameters range over contextually meaningful ontologies — of information types (or topics) and actors (subjects, senders, and recipients), in contextually defined capacities. As an alternative to predominant approaches to privacy, which were ineffective against novel information practices enabled by IT, CI was able both to pinpoint sources of disruption and provide grounds for either accepting or rejecting them. Mounting challenges from a burgeoning array of networked, sensor-enabled devices (IoT) and data-ravenous machine learning systems, similar in form though magnified in scope, call for renewed attention to theory. This Article introduces the metaphor of a data (food) chain to capture the nature of these challenges. With motion up the chain, where data of higher order is inferred from lower-order data, the crucial question is whether privacy norms governing lower-order data are sufficient for the inferred higher-order data. While CI has a response to this question, a greater challenge comes from data primitives, such as digital impulses of mouse clicks, motion detectors, and bare GPS coordinates, because they appear to have no meaning. Absent a semantics, they escape CI’s privacy norms entirely.
The Right to Communications Confidentiality in Europe: Protecting Privacy, Freedom of Expression, and Trust
Authors: Zuiderveen Borgesius Frederik J. , Steenbruggen Wilfred 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In the European Union, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides comprehensive rules for the processing of personal data. In addition, the EU lawmaker intends to adopt specific rules to protect confidentiality of communications, in a separate ePrivacy Regulation. Some have argued that there is no need for such additional rules for communications confidentiality.
This Article discusses the protection of the right to confidentiality of communications in Europe. We look at the right’s origins to assess the rationale for protecting it. We also analyze how the right is currently protected under the European Convention on Human Rights and under EU law.
We show that at its core the right to communications confidentiality protects three individual and collective values: privacy, freedom of expression, and trust in communication services. The right aims to ensure that individuals and organizations can safely entrust communication to service providers. Initially, the right protected only postal letters, but it has gradually developed into a strong safeguard for the protection of confidentiality of communications, regardless of the technology used.
Hence, the right does not merely serve individual privacy interests, but also other more collective interests that are crucial for the functioning of our information society. We conclude that separate EU rules to protect communications confidentiality, next to the GDPR, are justified and necessary.
Development and Evaluation of a Post–Hip Fracture Instructional Workshop for Caregivers
Authors: Ariza-Vega Patrocinio , Ortiz-Piña Mariana , Mora-Traverso Marta , Martín-Martín Lydia , Salazar-Graván Susana , Ashe Maureen C. 
Published: March 2019

Background and Purpose:
A hip fracture is an unexpected traumatic event. Caregivers of patients with an acute hip fracture have only short time to learn the new skills of postoperative care and handling of the patient. This sudden responsibility changes the life of the caregivers who perceive a higher level of preoccupation about the care of their family member/friend. The objective of this study was to develop and test feasibility for a post–hip fracture inpatient instructional workshop for caregivers of older adults with hip fracture and to establish their knowledge of hip fracture recovery and perceptions of the utility and satisfaction with the workshop.

Methods:
This 2-part study was conducted at the University Hospital of Granada, Spain, from September 2016 to April 2017. We invited caregivers of patients (60 years of age or older) hospitalized for a surgically treated fall-related hip fracture to attend an informational and skill development hospital-based workshop (60-90 minutes in duration) on postdischarge management strategies. Following the workshop, we invited caregivers to complete a questionnaire to obtain their knowledge about care after hip fracture and their perceived concerns. Furthermore, we requested that they provide feedback on workshop utility and satisfaction (0-10 points) and suggestions for improving the workshop.

Results and Discussion:
We delivered 42 workshops over an 8 month period. One hundred three caregivers attended the sessions and enrolled in the study, mean (SD) age: 52.1 (12.8) years. Sixty-nine percent of the caregivers were women. Caregivers' main concern was apprehension for delivering physical care to their family member/friend (75%), followed by lack of time (42%). Caregivers who were employed were 3.16 times as likely to be concerned about time availability to provide care for their family member/friend. The median (Q1, Q3) of both workshop utility and satisfaction was 10 (10, 10), minimum-maximum: 7 to 10.

Conclusions:
Caregivers in this study stated that the workshop was useful and satisfactory. Because caregivers play such a vital role in recovery after hip fracture, providing knowledge and skill development as part of health care delivery may support more person-centered care.
Sex-Related Differences After a Single Bout of Maximal Eccentric Exercise in Response to Acute Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Morawetz David , Blank Cornelia , Koller Arnold , Arvandi Marjan , Siebert Uwe , Schobersberger Wolfgang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMorawetz, D, Blank, C, Koller, A, Arvandi, M, Siebert, U, and Schobersberger, W. Sex-related differences after a single bout of maximal eccentric exercise in response to acute effects: a systematic review and meta-analysis.J Strength Cond Res34(9): 2697–2707, 2020—The most prominent effects after unaccustomed eccentric exercise are muscle damage, muscle soreness, strength loss, and higher concentrations of muscle proteins in the plasma. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate sex-related differences in these acute effects. A systematic literature search in MEDLINE following the PRISMA guidelines was performed. Inclusion criteria were the difference in absolute outcomes between sexes in eccentric muscle strength, strength loss after eccentric exercise, blood concentrations of creatine kinase (CK), and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Results for maximal eccentric torque and CK data were pooled using a random-effect meta-analysis. A meta-regression was conducted to explain heterogeneity. Based on the 23 included trials, men showed significantly higher absolute eccentric strength. No sex-related differences were detected when normalizing strength for body mass, cross-sectional area of the muscle, or fat-free mass. Women displayed a tendency toward greater relative strength loss immediately after exercise. The absolute CK concentrations of men were significantly higher after exercise-induced muscle damage. No significant difference was found between sexes in DOMS. Untrained men and women display similar responses in all measures of relative muscle strength and DOMS. Apart from the enzymatic activity after exercise and the levels of absolute eccentric torque, there is no evidence for sex-related differences immediately after eccentric exercise. Therefore, eccentric training might have the same impact on men and women. One potential sex difference with practical relevance would be the possible difference in fatigue pattern immediately after eccentric exercise.
Acute Leg and Trunk Muscle Fatigue Differentially Affect Strength, Sprint, Agility, and Balance in Young Adults
Authors: Roth Ralf , Donath Lars , Zahner Lukas , Faude Oliver 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Roth, R, Donath, L, Zahner, L, and Faude, O. Acute leg and trunk muscle fatigue differentially affect strength, sprint, agility, and balance in young adults. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2158–2164, 2021—How important leg or trunk muscles are for balance and sprint performance is still unexplored. Therefore, we separately fatigued the leg and trunk musculature and examined their contribution to strength, balance, sprint, and agility performance. Twenty-four healthy adults (12 women; age 22.9 [SD: 2.6] years; body mass 59 [10] kg; height 1.65 [0.09] m; and 12 men; age 22.7 [3.0] years; body mass 78 [9] kg; height 1.81 [0.06] m; at least 3 training sessions/week for at least 90 minutes) underwent a leg and a trunk fatigue procedure, each of 20-minute duration and a control condition at rest in a randomized order. Each condition was conducted individually on 3 separate days. Isokinetic leg and trunk strength, as well as static and dynamic balance, sprint, agility, and prone plank endurance, were assessed before and after each fatiguing protocol. Before assessment, a familiarization was conducted. Pairwise magnitude-based inference analyses showed likely relevant deterioration in leg (probability >87%; 0.36 < standardized mean differences [SMDs] < 0.92) and trunk (>88%, 0.28 < SMD < 0.74) fatigue procedures for all motor test parameters compared with the control condition, except for the 20-m sprint after the trunk fatigue procedure. Isokinetic strength testing revealed a large loss of strength in leg fatigue (particularly knee extension, 78%, SMD = 0.24) and trunk fatigue (trunk flexion, 100%, SMD = 1.36). Acute fatigue of leg and trunk muscles decreases performance in relevant measures of strength, balance, sprint, and agility. The impact of leg fatigue compared with trunk fatigue was larger in almost all measurements.
Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation With Caffeine Intake on Muscular Strength and Perceived Exertion
Authors: Lattari Eduardo , Vieira Lucas A. F. , Oliveira Bruno R. R. , Unal Gözde , Bikson Marom , de Mello Pedreiro Rodrigo C. , Marques Neto Silvio R. , Machado Sérgio , Maranhão-Neto Geraldo A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Lattari, E, Vieira, LAF, Oliveira, BRR, Unal, G, Bikson, M, de Mello Pedreiro, RC, Marques Neto, SR, Machado, S, and Maranhão-Neto, GA. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation with caffeine intake on muscular strength and perceived exertion. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1237–1243, 2019—The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) associated with caffeine intake on muscular strength and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Fifteen healthy young males recreationally trained (age: 25.3 ± 3.2 years, body mass: 78.0 ± 6.9 kg, height: 174.1 ± 6.1 cm) were recruited. The experimental conditions started with the administration of caffeine (Caff) or placebo (Pla) 1 hour before starting the anodal tDCS (a-tDCS or sham). There was an intake of 5 mg·kg−1 of Caff or 5 mg·kg−1 of Pla. After the intake, a-tDCS or sham was applied in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with intensity of 2 mA and 20 minutes of duration. The experimental conditions were defined as Sham + Pla, a-tDCS + Pla, Sham + Caff, and a-tDCS + Caff. After the conditions, muscular strength and RPE were verified. Muscular strength was determined by volume load performed in bench press exercise. Muscular strength in Sham + Pla condition was lower compared with all others conditions (p < 0.05). The RPE in the Sham + Pla was greater compared with a-tDCS + Caff (p < 0.05). Muscular strength was greater in all experimental conditions, and a-tDCS + Caff had lower RPE compared with placebo. When very little gains in muscle strength are expected, both caffeine and tDCS were effective in increasing muscle strength. Besides, the improvement in RPE of the caffeine associated with a-tDCS could prove advantageous in participants experienced in strength training. In fact, coaches and applied sport scientists quantitating the intensity of training based on RPE.
Global Positioning System Monitoring of Selected Physical Demands of NCAA Division I Football Players During Games
Authors: Bayliff Garrett E. , Jacobson Bert H. , Moghaddam Masoud , Estrada Carlos 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Bayliff, GE, Jacobson, BH, Moghaddam, M, and Estrada, C. Global positioning system monitoring of selected physical demands of NCAA Division I football players during games. J Strength Cond Res 33(5): 1185–1191, 2019—Global positioning system (GPS) tracking of athletes in selected sports is a new innovation into obtaining comprehensive data regarding physical output with respect to distance travelled (DT), acceleration, and change of direction. The purpose of this study was to determine selected physical demands of American football players during the course of games and to compare such data by player position. Offensive lineman (OL) (n = 14) and defensive lineman (DL) (n = 9) and offensive wide receivers (WRs) (n = 10) and defensive backs (DBs) (n = 10) were fitted with GPS monitors during games. Collected data included DT, maximum velocity (MV), and acceleration (AC), deceleration (DC) distance at 2 intensities. Results indicated that DBs travelled significantly (p < 0.05) greater distances than OL and WR, but not DL. For MV, DBs and WRs were not significantly different but were significantly different from OL and DL. Also, DL was significantly different than OL. For the most intense acceleration (3–10 m·s−2), WR accelerated significantly further than all other positions and DBs accelerated further than DL and OL. There was not significant difference between DL and OL. For deceleration at the high-intensity measure, significant differences existed among all positions. Underestimation of workload during games could be a factor for the overuse and soft-tissue injuries and more serious injuries. Furthermore, using GPS tracking of similar variables as found in this study may benefit coaches and trainers in many other high-intensity sports.
Does Training to Failure Maximize Muscle Hypertrophy?
Authors: Schoenfeld Brad Jon , Grgic Jozo 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT
IT HAS BEEN PROPOSED THAT TRAINING TO FAILURE IS A NECESSARY STRATEGY TO MAXIMIZE MUSCLE GROWTH. THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES THE RESEARCH BEHIND THESE CLAIMS AND ATTEMPTS TO DRAW EVIDENCE-BASED CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR HYPERTROPHY TRAINING.
AS RESTRIÇÕES À ANÁLISE DO MÉRITO NAS CONVENÇÕES COLETIVAS DE TRABALHO DECORRENTES DA LEI 13.467/2017
Authors: Oliveira Eduardo Soares de , Almeida Almiro Eduardo de 
Published: March 2019

O presente artigo teve como objetivo analisar as mudanças trazidas paraa legislação trabalhista após a aprovação da Lei 13.467/2017, conhecidacomo reforma trabalhista, no que tange a análise de mérito dos julgadores em relação as negociações coletivas de trabalho, mais precisamente nas alterações ao artigo 8º e o acréscimo do artigo 611-A na Consolidação das Leis Trabalhistas (CLT). Neste contexto, o trabalho procurou observar possíveis violações de direitos humanos nessas alterações legislativas. Primeiramente, buscou traçar um resumo da evolução histórica dos direitos humanos e fundamentais, sua conceituação e relação com o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, mediante síntese histórica e traçando linhas gerais sobre os organismos internacionais que os salvaguardam. Em um segundo momento, analisou a constitucionalidade dos artigos referidos, por meio de bibliografia relacionada ao tema, e ao final são tecidas algumas considerações acerca dessas mudanças e aos possíveis retrocessos que ela pode gerar.
CONTRATO DE TRABALHO INTERMITENTE: OS IMPACTOS DA REGULAMENTAÇÃO NOS DIREITOS TRABALHISTAS
Authors: Menezes Caroline Porsche de , Almeida Almiro Eduardo de 
Published: March 2019

A Reforma Trabalhista, instituída pela Lei nº 13.467 de 2017, dentrediversas alterações à Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho, introduziuao cenário brasileiro o contrato de trabalho intermitente que consistena prestação de serviços com alternância de períodos de trabalho e deinatividade, sem prejuízo ao caráter empregatício da relação. Frente ainovação proposta pelo legislador, o presente artigo acadêmico visouaveriguar o tratamento justrabalhista outorgado ao contrato de trabalhointermitente, sob a luz da principiologia constitucional e dos preceitosfundamentais do Direito do Trabalho. Por meio da análise aos fundamentos e objetivos elencados pelo legislador, esta pesquisa científica abordou o aspecto econômico da contratação intermitente, a fim de sugestionar os possíveis impactos da regulamentação na economia brasileira. O estudo, buscou, por fim, compreender de que forma a inovação trabalhista, se adotada pelos exploradores de mão de obra, poderá afetar os direitos garantidos aos trabalhadores.