bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governance and Consent
Authors: Idler Annette 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses security dynamics in contexts where violent non-state groups engage in relatively stable long-term arrangements with each other. They coexist or ally on the same territory, or one group dominates and engages in stable interactions at the margins of that territory. It demonstrates how these groups complement each other in assuming governance functions. Depending on the specific arrangement type, community members have reasonable certainty about the prevailing rules and on how to avoid exposure to violence. When locals consent to the groups as governance providers, shadow citizenship and shadow citizen security arise. In such situations, security emerges from a mutually reinforcing relationship between violent non-state groups and the community in which armed actors provide public goods and services, and define the rules of appropriate behavior, while community members socially recognize their illicit authority. If shadow citizenship extends across the borderline, the transnationality of borderlands disguises the armed actors’ illicit authority.
Focal Case Examples
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This section revisits the focal case examples of the previous sections of the book and relates them to the topics covered in Section V: the SOUL Sisters Leadership Collective (SSLC) and the Cookie Cart. It also concludes and gives a generalised overall picture of the impact the two groups have on their respective communities. SSLC embodies “other ways of being with youth” for their partner agencies, which is a form of teaching and impact. As for Cookie Cart, they make an ongoing, intentional effort to be a connected member of their neighborhood.
Conscious Subjects, Conscious Unity, and Five Arguments for Anti-Combination
Authors: Roelofs Luke 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at five arguments that have been advanced to show that minds cannot combine (under the heading of the “combination problem for panpsychism”) and considers the options for addressing them. They are the subject-summing argument, the unity argument, the privacy argument, the boundary argument, and the incompatible contexts argument. All of these arguments, under scrutiny, turn out to rest on assumptions either about the metaphysics of subjects of experience or about the unity of consciousness, so this chapter contains some in-depth examination of these two topics. For both topics, there is room for a range of plausible but conflicting views, and so the chapter outlines a plan to sketch three different theories of mental combination, starting from different assumptions about subjects and unity.
The Problems of Structural Discrepancy
Authors: Roelofs Luke 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers a particular set of combination problems facing panpsychism, based on the apparent structural discrepancy between human consciousness and the microphysical structure of the brain. These problems have been termed the revelation problem, the palette problem, and the mismatch problem, and this chapter seeks to resolve them by developing a series of connected hypotheses about how phenomenal qualities combine and blend based on informational relations among them: the radical confusion hypothesis, the small palette hypothesis, and the informational structure hypothesis. These hypotheses are also shown to be compatible with moderate versions of the revelation thesis, the idea that by undergoing experience we are acquainted with the nature of experience.
Tracing the Process of Borrowing with Fieldwork
Authors: Bunte Jonas B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The theory proposed in this book makes several assumptions about actors’ preferences and the process by which borrowing decisions are made. Qualitative evidence is needed to assess the accuracy of these assumptions. This chapter introduces the rationale for the case selection: identify three countries that are as similar as possible in many dimensions (history, geography, culture, economic and political system, etc.) but represent the variation in the key independent variable as proposed by theory. Ecuador was chosen as a representative of a Corporatist Coalition between Labor and Industry, Colombia stands for a Capital Coalition between Finance and Industry, while Peru represents a Consumer Coalition between Labor and Finance. The chapter also offers details on the qualitative methodology, such as recruitment process and interview method.
Ecuador
Authors: Bunte Jonas B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
A Corporatist Coalition characterizes Ecuador, as Labor and Industry are the dominant political actors, while Finance is marginalized. Interviews with representatives of these groups demonstrate that they have a strong preference against loans from multilateral organizations such as the World Bank and the IMF. Instead, both groups expect to gain material benefits with loans from the Chinese government. The qualitative evidence shows that Ecuadorian politicians know of these preferences among Labor and Industry. They are responsive to the demands of the Corporatist Coalition to increase the chances of their electoral success. Furthermore, interviews show that borrowing decisions are not a technocratic exercise, but rather the result of an explicitly political process that allows politicians to influence which creditor is used. As a result, the Ecuadorian government rejected loan offers by multilateral organizations and Western governments, and instead borrowed from China and Brazil.
Measuring Borrowing Portfolios and Group Strength
Authors: Bunte Jonas B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how data for the statistical analysis were obtained. First, the dependent variable captures countries’ borrowing portfolios, that is, the share of loans obtained from a particular type of creditor. The main difficulty lies in obtaining reliable data on loan inflows from emerging creditors, such as China. In contrast to existing approaches focused on loan outflows from China, this book instead collects information on the loan inflows as recorded in the budgets of recipient countries. Second, the key independent variable is the type of societal coalition. The relative political strength of Labor, Industry, and Finance determines which type of coalition is present. However, their relative political influence cannot be observed directly. The chapter describes how proxies were derived by combining information about the groups’ ability to overcome collective action problems with their importance to the domestic economy.
Evaluating Alternative Explanations
Authors: Bunte Jonas B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter evaluates alternative explanations for differences in borrowing portfolios across developing countries. The analysis suggests that borrowing portfolios result from the interaction of supply- and demand-side factors, through their relative importance differs across creditors. Loans from private creditors are more heavily shaped by creditors’ preferences, while recipient preferences strongly affect borrowing from public creditors. The analysis finds no evidence that recognizing Taiwan negatively affects the loan volume obtained from China. Recipient governments do not appear to decide among creditors based on the interest rate of loans offered. Borrowing portfolios do not depend on the use to which the loan is put as differences in borrowing portfolios across coalitions remain irrespective of infrastructure needs, humanitarian emergencies, and debt crises. This suggests that recipients do not use particular creditors for specific projects. Lastly, domestic political considerations appear more important in determining governments’ borrowing decisions than their ideological alignment with creditor governments.
Why Greater Choice Matters for Developing Countries
Authors: Bunte Jonas B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the findings from the qualitative and quantitative analyses and discusses key implications. The results provide insights into the competition between traditional and emerging creditors. It is unlikely that BRIC lenders will change their loan conditions match to those of Western creditors. Similarly, multilateral creditors are unlikely to abandon economic conditions as part of their loan offers just to make their loans more attractive. As a result, the theory predicts that the clientele of lenders will become more polarized across creditors and more homogenous for each individual creditor. At the same time, the findings suggest that the emergence of new creditors has increased the room to maneuver for developing countries. With respect to economic development, this means greater autonomy to choose between a neoliberal approach and a state-led industrialization model akin to that of the East Asian Tigers. With respect to democracy, the findings could imply that Chinese loans might actually promote democracy.
Recycled Lives
Authors: Chajes Julie 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This study historicises and contextualises the rebirth doctrines of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (1831–1891), the matriarch of the Theosophical Society and one of the most influential women of the nineteenth century. It analyses Blavatsky’s complicated theories about the cosmos and its divine source as presented in her two seminal Theosophical treatises, Isis Unveiled (1877) and The Secret Doctrine (1888), as well as her articles and letters. The book argues that Blavatsky taught two distinct theories of rebirth and that the later one developed from the earlier. It reveals Blavatsky’s appropriation of a plethora of contemporaneous works in the construction of these doctrines and contextualises her interpretations in nineteenth-century intellectual and cultural life. In particular, it explores Blavatsky’s adaptations of Spiritualist ideas, scientific theories, Platonism, and Oriental religions, which in turn are set in relief against broader nineteenth-century American and European trends. The chapters come together to reveal the contours of a modern perspective on reincarnation that is inseparable from the nineteenth-century discourses within which it emerged. In addition, it reveals some consequential, perhaps unexpected, and evidently under-acknowledged historical roots of the reincarnationism that is so popular in today’s postmodern world.
Reincarnation in The Secret Doctrine
Authors: Chajes Julie 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 exposes the differences between Blavatsky’s earlier and later theories of rebirth through a close reading of her second major work, The Secret Doctrine (1888). The chapter begins by explaining the ‘macrocosmic’ aspects of Blavatsky’s reincarnation doctrine, that is, her cosmology, which describes the birth, death, and rebirth of planets, solar systems, and even universes. The chapter then explores the ‘microcosmic’ elements of the teaching, namely, Blavatsky’s statements on birth, death, and the revival of human life. The chapter concludes by analysing Blavatsky’s re-interpretation of the ‘second chance’ she believed would be given to those who died in exceptional occurrences. It also considers her claim in The Secret Doctrine that despite the usual acquisition of a new personality in each lifetime, it was possible for adepts to preserve their personal identity through repeated incarnations.
Conclusions
Authors: Chajes Julie 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 concludes this study by making some general observations about Helena Blavatsky’s thought, appeal, and influence. It brings together the elements discussed in the previous chapters and highlights her value to the historian of nineteenth-century culture. The chapter argues that Blavatsky’s constructions of Hinduism, Buddhism, science, Platonism, and Spiritualism all came together in her rebirth doctrines. Her definitions of all these were interdependent at the same time as they were inseparable from signal late nineteenth-century cultural trends. Due to her influence on the development of modern forms of religion, including the almost ubiquitous New Age Movement, Blavatsky has significantly contributed to the popularisation of reincarnation in the West. She can be considered one of the principal architects of religion in modern times.
Islam and the Opening of the Chinese Mind
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Islam’s impact on China is growing because its external and internal influences are more intertwined than ever. Islamic civilization permeates the New Silk Road, shaping all of China’s efforts to integrate megaregions throughout Afro-Eurasia. At the same time, the development of Islam inside China changes the way Chinese people define themselves as a nation and as members of the human family. The deeper China enmeshes itself in the Islamic world, the more Chinese must ask themselves what it means to be Chinese. When Chineseness is understood more inclusively and universally, China gains greater effectiveness in relating to Muslims everywhere, regardless of nationality. For generations, Chinese scholars from many disciplines have drawn upon Sino-Islamic interchanges to reinterpret Chinese identity in more pluralist and cosmopolitan ways. Especially notable are the contributions of Gu Jie Gang in history and ethnography, Fei Xiao Tong in social science, and Tang Jun Yi in neo-Confucian philosophy.
For God and Ulster, Self-Interest, or Social Networks?
Authors: Blake Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Using survey and interview data, this chapter shows that the well-established idealist, rationalist, and structuralist explanations for participation in contentious political action do not fully explain loyalist parading. The chapter presents data from participants and comparable nonparticipants to assess the strength of the three models. It demonstrates that parade participants’ attitudes toward the Protestant in-group and Catholic out-group are not notably different from those of nonparticipants, that participants do not receive selective material incentives, and that pre-existing social networks do not differentiate participants and nonparticipants. The data do show that participation might be spurred by social sanctioning and that participants are more likely than nonparticipants to have a history of past parading. Overall, none of the three important existing theoretical approaches explain patterns of parade participation.
Conclusion
Authors: Blake Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main arguments and findings of the book and presents brief comparative case studies of contentious rituals in Jerusalem and India. In reviewing the book, the chapter reiterates that explaining participation in loyalist parades in Northern Ireland requires understanding their ritual nature. Theories that do not account for this cannot fully explain why people choose to take part in contentious rituals. The chapter then examines comparative contentious rituals. Scholars who have closely studied why people participate in these contested events in Jerusalem and India come to conclusions similar to the ones in this book: that participants are drawn by the benefits intrinsic to the very experience of participation in symbol-laden public rituals tied to their collective identities. The chapter concludes by suggesting that contentious rituals are the purview of majority groups, not minorities, and that they require intimate knowledge about the rival community.
2011
Authors: Ahram Ariel I. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses the breakdown of the normative and practical consensus surrounding sovereign statehood and the possibilities of a new Wilsonian moment in MENA. The 2011 Arab uprisings represented a continuation of a global crisis that led to the proliferation of civil wars, state failures, and state births. None of the initial uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Libya, or Syria were bent on separatism. But the outside intervention gave separatists new ways to challenge the legitimacy and capacity of existing states and make claims for self-determination. The international community, however, vacillated in its response to these efforts, creating conditions for state collapse.
Southern Yemen
Authors: Ahram Ariel I. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 looks at the Southern Movement (SM) in Yemen. As in Libya, the Southern Movement took advantage of the ouster of a dictatorship and the crumbling of an already weak central government. The Yemen civil war, which erupted as Houthi forces from the north stormed Sana’a, gave the SM a new opportunity to take control in the south. The SM claimed the once-independent South Yemen as its direct forebear. There was disagreement within the SM about whether to seek outright secession or accept federalist devolution. Various factions within the SM vied for control over Yemen’s oil deposits and ports. The SM tried to win international support, particularly from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, claiming that it could be a force for stability.
Kurdistan
Authors: Ahram Ariel I. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on the Kurds, the region’s largest stateless minority group. This chapter compares and contrasts the efforts by the Kurdish Regional Government in Iraq, which has operated with more or less unfettered autonomy since 1991, and Rojava, the Kurdish entity that appeared in Syria during the civil war in 2011. Both maintained liminal positions within their parent state, pledging their loyalty to the governments of Iraq and Syria while at the same time maximizing their autonomy from any central control. They articulated their demands for separatism by pointing to the denial of Kurdish self-determination at the end of World War I and engage international society for support.
The Islamic State
Authors: Ahram Ariel I. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 is about the Islamic State. IS in some respects stood as the outlier among these cases. It adamantly rejected the sovereignty of all existing states and asserted that its own independence represents the recreation of the medieval Islamic caliphate. In so doing, IS disrupted not just Syria and Iraq but the entire structure of the international system. Still, much like other separatists, IS also used the vocabulary of self-determination derived from the Wilsonian moment to denounce the existing regional order and offer its own alternative. It similarly sought to establish undisputed physical control over territories left unguarded by Syria and Iraq, creating parallel state institutions that supplanted the nominal sovereign.
Is There an Absolute Value that Overrides All Other Considerations?
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
One answer was given in Maccabeus 2 by a venerable old man and his imagined younger alter ego. The old man was guided by what he took to be an absolute value and died rather than violate it. The young one accepted the same value, but when it came into conflict with other things he had reason to value, he did not think it was absolute. This chapter considers how the reasons for the certainty of the old man and the flexibility of the young one could be evaluated. It shows that although their reasons were derived from their different personal and social circumstances, yet the reasons of one were better than those of the other. Having their cases in front of us, we can consider whether we have or should have an absolute value that we would be ready to die for, if it becomes necessary. I give reasons why we may individually make a reasonable absolute commitment to a person, ideal, or cause without claiming that reason requires everyone to make that or any other absolute commitment.
How Should We Respond to Evil?
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The chapter draws on an insufficiently appreciated novel, Lovely Green Eyes. It compares how a young girl and a Priest responded to evil. The girl could save her life in awful circumstances only by prostitution that forever destroyed her innocence. The Priest sheltered her after horrors she lived through and helped her slow recovery from what she had endured. The girl was young and resilient, responded well to the evil she suffered, and gradually resumed a semblance of normal life. The Priest could not reconcile his religious faith with the condition of the world that led to what was done to the girl. The girl’s reasons for responding to the evil she suffered were direct and practical. The Priest’s reasons were indirect and theoretical. The girl responded to the evil done to her reasonably, dauntingly difficult as that was. The Priest tried to respond to it but could not find a reasonable way of reconciling it with his faith. Each had reasons for how they responded to evil, but the girl’s were better than the Priest’s. The chapter shows how reasons for and against responding to evil in these different ways can be reasonably evaluated. It leads us to ask whether we could be as resilient as the girl was if we had to respond to evil. And to ask as well whether we can reconcile our view of the world in which evil is prevalent without obfuscating the horrors we cannot help knowing about.
Is It Always Good to Be True to Who We Are?
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The hardness of this question is made clear by considering the actual case of an honorable army officer who found that circumstances prevented him from doing the duty he was wholeheartedly committed to doing. I compare him with a young man in Koestler’s novel, Arrival and Departure, who mistakenly blamed himself for a fatal accident. The soldier could not remain true to who he was and wanted to be and killed himself because of it. The young man was deeply dissatisfied with who he mistakenly supposed he was and did not want to be true to it. This chapter shows that a reasonable answer depends on having a realistic view of who we are, on the reasons for and against being satisfied with it, on having an opportunity to change, and on the nature and seriousness of the challenge that leads to the hard question. Remaining true may be stupid, pig-headed, or a sign of integrity and strength. Endeavoring to change may be the result of weakness, cowardice, and opportunism, or the desire to reform and self-discipline. There is no universally applicable answer to this hard question because the reasons for and against being true to who we are depend on who we are and take ourselves to be. Thinking about this hard question makes it obvious how simple minded are the contemporary celebrations of autonomy, authenticity, sincerity, and doing our own thing. Whether it is good to be true to who we are depends on who we are.
Do Good Intentions Justify Bad Actions?
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The comparison is between the biographies of a dedicated communist commander of one of the Gulag camps and of a Nazi SS officer. Each is guilty of having done very bad actions. Each believed that his intentions were good and that his bad actions were justified in the circumstances. One intended to protect his country against its enemies. The other intended to save as many lives as he could by means of his bad actions in order to gain the trust of other SS officers. He was an intentional collaborator in the crimes of the SS, but he thereby saved many lives. A reasonable answer to this hard question depends on whether their intentions were really good or merely believed to be so; on what the overall balance was of their good and bad the actions; on whether they should have had doubts about the nature of their intentions and actions; and what the justification of their bad actions was supposed to be. There are reasonable answers, but they vary with persons, intentions, actions, and contexts. If we bear in mind the questionable good intentions of the communist and the Nazi, we should become less trusting of our own supposedly good intentions and more attentive to the likely consequences of our actions.