bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Clients Get What They Pay For? Evidence from Auditor and Engagement Fee Premiums
Authors: Moon James R. , Shipman Jonathan E. , Swanquist Quinn T. , Whited Robert L. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTDespite the intuitive appeal, prior research finds mixed evidence on whether higher audit fees translate to superior audit quality. Under the assumption that product differentiation between auditors is based, in large part, on the level of financial statement assurance, we propose more refined measures of excess audit fees that separate auditor premiums from other fee premiums. Consistent with our conjecture, we identify significant variation in audit pricing across auditors (i.e., auditor premiums) that relates positively to audit quality. Conversely, we find no evidence that higher engagement‐specific fee premiums (i.e., fee model residuals) are positively related to proxies for audit quality. Additional tests indicate that our results do not simply reflect premiums attributable to auditor characteristics evaluated in prior research (e.g., Big 4 membership, office size, and industry expertise). In fact, our findings suggest that the positive association between auditor premiums and audit quality is better captured at the auditor level than it is at the auditor “tier,” office, auditor‐industry, or engagement levels. In sum, our results suggest that auditors charging higher fees, on average, deliver superior levels of financial statement assurance, but engagement‐specific fee premiums do not reflect quality‐enhancing audit effort. These contrasting results provide a possible explanation for the mixed findings in prior research.
Customers’ Risk Factor Disclosures and Suppliers’ Investment Efficiency
Authors: Chiu Tzu‐Ting , Kim Jeong‐Bon , Wang Zheng 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTThis study examines the effect of downstream firms’ (i.e., customers’) risk factor disclosures contained in annual reports on the investment efficiency of upstream firms (i.e., suppliers). We find that more informative disclosures of customers’ risk factors are associated with less under‐ or overinvestment by suppliers. In addition, this inverse association is stronger when the suppliers are at a bargaining disadvantage, when they operate in the durable goods industries, and when they are more concerned about the volatility of future demand. Overall, our results suggest that risk factor disclosures provided by firms in their annual reports contain useful information that could potentially help their suppliers achieve better investment efficiency.Divulgation d'information sur les facteurs de risque des clients et efficience de l'investissement des fournisseurs
‘Millennials’: Perceived generational opportunities and intergenerational conflict in Australia
Authors: Cannon Lisa , Kendig Hal 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate the perceptions of intergenerational conflict and lifelong opportunities of the Millennial cohort.MethodsData were collected in the Attitudes to Ageing in Australia Study as part of the 2015–2017 national Australian Survey of Social Attitudes (n = 2049, aged 18 and older). Variations by age cohorts and individual characteristics were examined in descriptive analyses and binary logistic regressions.ResultsOverall, the majority of people at all ages thought opportunities were worse for younger people than for baby boomers, but few perceived strong conflict between younger and older people. Millennials were the most likely to perceive strong conflict. People rendered ‘disadvantaged’ by their socio‐economic positions were more likely to perceive better opportunities for younger people and strong intergenerational conflict.ConclusionPolicymakers should address the barriers that Millennials and other socio‐economically disadvantaged people face to improve their lifelong opportunities and address increasing social inequalities in Australia.
The safety and sensitivity of a telemetric capsule to monitor gastrointestinal hydrogen production in vivo in healthy subjects: a pilot trial comparison to concurrent breath analysis
Authors: Berean Kyle J. , Ha Nam , Ou Jian Zhen , Chrimes Adam F. , Grando Danilla , Yao Chu K. , Muir Jane G. , Ward Stephanie A. , Burgell Rebecca E. , Gibson Peter R. , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kourosh 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBackgroundIntestinal gases are currently used for the diagnosis of disorders including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and carbohydrate malabsorption.AimTo compare the performance of measuring hydrogen production within the gut directly with the telemetric gas‐sensing capsule with that of indirect measurement through breath testing.MethodsUsing standard breath testing protocols, the capsules and breath tests were simultaneously evaluated in a single‐blinded trial in 12 healthy subjects. Eight received a single dose of 1.25‐40 g inulin and four 20 or 40 g glucose. Safety and reliability of the capsules were also assessed.ResultsThere were no reported adverse events. All capsules were retrieved and operated without failure. Capsule measurements were in agreement with breath test measurements in magnitude but not in timing; minimal hydrogen production was observed after glucose ingestion and capsule measurements correlated with breath hydrogen after ingestion of 40 g inulin. A dose‐dependent increase in concentration of hydrogen was observed from the capsule following ingestion of inulin as low as 1.25 g compared with >10 g for breath measurements. Specifically, the capsule measured >3000 times higher concentrations of hydrogen compared to breath tests, resulting in a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 23.4 for the capsule compared to 4.2 for the breath test.ConclusionsThe capsule showed high sensitivity and signal‐to‐noise ratio in measuring luminal hydrogen concentrations, provided information on the site of intestinal gas production, and demonstrated safety and reliability. The capsule has potential for improving diagnostic precision for disorders such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
Risk of serious infection in healthcare workers with inflammatory bowel disease: a case‐control study of the Groupe d'Etude Thérapeutique des Affections Inflammatoires du tube Digestif (GETAID)
Authors: Gagnière Charlotte , Bourrier Anne , Seksik Philippe , Gornet Jean‐Marc , DeWit Olivier , Nancey Stephane , Altwegg Romain , Abitbol Vered , Laharie David , Reenaers Catherine , Buisson Anthony , Pariente Benjamin , Viennot Stephanie , Vuitton Lucine , Stefanescu Carmen , Marteau Philippe , Bouguen Guillaume , Cosnes Jacques , Amiot Aurelien ,   the GETAID INFOPRO study group
Published: August 2018

SummaryBackgroundWhether healthcare workers with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of severe infection due to daily pathogen exposure is controversial.AimTo assess the risk of severe infection in healthcare workers with IBD in a large multicentre case‐control study.MethodsThe study population comprised 482 healthcare workers with IBD from 17 centres who were matched for gender, age, disease subtype and year of diagnosis to 482 controls (non‐healthcare workers with IBD). The study period was between the date of diagnosis of IBD and June 2016. Severe infection was defined as any community‐acquired infection that required hospitalisation.ResultsWith a median follow‐up of 9.3 years, 139 severe infections were recorded among cases and controls, including 30 Clostridium difficile infections, 33 severe viral infections, nine tuberculosis infections, 21 community‐acquired pneumonia and 46 others. No difference was observed between healthcare workers and controls regarding the overall incidence rates of severe infection. An increased risk of tuberculosis was noted in healthcare workers. In multivariate analysis in the entire study population, severe infection was associated with current exposure to corticosteroids (OR = 3.05, 95% CI [2.06‐4.52], P < 0.001), immunosuppressants (OR = 1.98, 95% CI [1.38‐2.84], P < 0.001) and anti‐TNF agents (OR = 2.93, 95% CI [2.02‐4.27], P < 0.001) and reduced with Crohn's disease (OR = 0.63, 95% CI [0.43‐0.91], P = 0.01).ConclusionsHealthcare workers with IBD do not have an increased risk of severe infection compared with other patients with IBD, except for tuberculosis. Screening for tuberculosis exposure should be assessed in this high‐risk population when treated with anti‐TNF agents.
The extended cytoplasmic tail of the human B4GALNT2 is critical for its Golgi targeting and post‐Golgi sorting
Authors: Groux‐Degroote Sophie , Schulz Céline , Cogez Virginie , Noël Maxence , Portier Lucie , Vicogne Dorothée , Solorzano Carlos , Dall'Olio Fabio , Steenackers Agata , Mortuaire Marlène , Gonzalez‐Pisfil Mariano , Henry Mélanie , Foulquier François , Héliot Laurent , Harduin‐Lepers Anne 
Published: August 2018

The Sda/Cad antigen reported on glycoconjugates of human tissues has an increasingly recognized wide impact on the physio‐pathology of different biological systems. The last step of its biosynthesis relies on the enzymatic activity of the β1,4‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferase‐II (B4GALNT2), which shows the highest expression level in healthy colon. Previous studies reported the occurrence in human colonic cells of two B4GALNT2 protein isoforms that differ in the length of their cytoplasmic tail, the long isoform showing an extended 66‐amino acid tail. We examined here, the subcellular distribution of the two B4GALNT2 protein isoforms in stably transfected colonic LS174T cells and in transiently transfected HeLa cells using fluorescence microscopy. While a similar subcellular distribution at the trans‐Golgi cisternae level was observed for the two isoforms, our study pointed to an atypical subcellular localization of the long B4GALNT2 isoform into dynamic vesicles. We demonstrated a critical role of its extended cytoplasmic tail for its Golgi targeting and post‐Golgi sorting and highlighted the existence of a newly described post‐Golgi sorting signal as well as a previously undescribed fate of a Golgi glycosyltransferase.DatabaseThe proteins β1,4GalNAcT II, β1,4‐GalT1, FucT I, FucT VI and ST3Gal IV are noted B4GALNT2, B4GALT1, FUT1, FUT6 and ST3GAL4, whereas the corresponding human genes are noted B4GALNT2, B4GALT1, FUT1, FUT6 and ST3GAL4 according to the HUGO nomenclature.
Influence of winter precipitation on spring phenology in boreal forests
Authors: Yun Jeongmin , Jeong Su‐Jong , Ho Chang‐Hoi , Park Chang‐Eui , Park Hoonyoung , Kim Jinwon 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the variations in spring vegetation phenology associated with preseason climate conditions can significantly improve our knowledge on ecosystem dynamics and biosphere–atmosphere interactions. Recent studies have shown that wet winters can delay the start date of the vegetation growing season (SOS) in the high latitudes. However, associated underlying mechanisms remain unclear due to the lack of observation sites as well as complex interactions between various climate and ecosystem variables. In this study, the impact of winter precipitation on year‐to‐year variations of the SOS in boreal forests from 1982 to 2005 was investigated. Two experiments were performed using the Community Land Model version 4.5. In the control experiment, observed precipitation was used; in the sensitivity experiment, precipitation in the year 1982 was repeated throughout the period. The SOS in the control experiment shows high temporal correlations with the SOS estimated from the satellite‐retrieved leaf area index, indicating that the land model is capable of simulating realistic response of vegetation to interannual climate variability. The effects of winter precipitation on the SOS are examined by comparing the two model experiments for wet‐ and dry winters. After wet winters, the SOS was delayed by 2.7 days over 70.1% of the boreal forests than after dry winters; this accounts for 42.5% of the interannual variation in the SOS. The SOS delay is related to the decrease in the growing degree‐days (GDD) based on soil temperatures, suggesting that the effects of heat exposure on vegetation growth is strongly modulated by winter precipitation. The GDD decrease is related to both the increase in snowmelt heat flux and reduced absorption of solar radiation, which are proportional to the amount of winter precipitation and the ratio of short plants to tall trees, respectively. Our results provide a physical basis for the winter precipitation–SOS relationship, suggesting that an increase in winter precipitation can alleviate strong advancing trends in spring vegetation growth in conjunction with global warming even for temperature‐limited ecosystems.
Wild bee diversity is enhanced by experimental removal of timber harvest residue within intensively managed conifer forest
Authors: Rivers James W. , Mathis Codey L. , Moldenke Andrew R. , Betts Matthew G. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe use of timber harvest residue as an energy source is thought to have environmental benefits relative to food‐based crops, yet the ecological impact of this practice remains largely unknown. We assessed whether the abundance and diversity of wild bees (Apoidea) were influenced by the removal of harvest residue and associated soil compaction within managed conifer forest in western Oregon, USA. We sampled bees over two years (2014–2015) on study plots that were subjected to five treatments representing gradients in removal of harvest residue and soil compaction. We collected >7,500 bee specimens from 92 distinct species/morphospecies that represented five of the seven bee families. We trapped 3x more individuals in the second year of the study despite identical sampling effort in both years, with most trapped bees classified as ground‐nesting species. Members of the sweat bee family (Halictidae) comprised more than half of all specimens, and the most abundant genus was composed of metallic green bees (Agapostemon, 33.6%), followed by long‐horned bees (Melissodes, 16.5%), sweat bees (Halictus, 15.9%), and bumble bees (Bombus, 13.6%). In both years, abundance and observed species richness were greatest in the most intensive harvest residue treatment, with other treatments having similar values for both measures. Our study indicates that early successional managed conifer forest that has experienced removal of harvest residue can harbor a surprising diversity of wild bees, which are likely to have important contributions to the broader ecological community through the pollination services they provide.
Anticholinergic burden in the Japanese elderly population: Use of antimuscarinic medications for overactive bladder patients
Authors: Yoshida Masaki , Kato Daisuke , Nishimura Takuya , Van Schyndle James , Uno Satoshi , Kimura Tomomi 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesTo assess anticholinergic use, especially the use of antimuscarinics, in the elderly (aged ≥65 years) Japanese overactive bladder and non‐overactive bladder populations.MethodsPatient records were sourced from a large, nationwide Japanese pharmacy claims database. Anticholinergic use on a random day in 2016 (index date) was investigated through the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden scale (primary scale), the Anticholinergic Drug Scale, the Anticholinergic Risk Scale and Beers criteria. The prevalence of anticholinergic use and anticholinergic scores at the index date were summarized descriptively. The overactive bladder population was defined as patients who had at least one prescription record for any antimuscarinic (fesoterodine, imidafenacin, oxybutynin, propiverine, solifenacin or tolterodine) or the β3‐adrenoreceptor agonist, mirabegron, within the 1‐year pre‐index period.ResultsAmong 1 216 126 outpatients, 35 138 (2.9%) were included in the overactive bladder group. In total, 112 (68.7%) of the anticholinergics listed in the scales were identified. In those who received any Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden scale‐listed anticholinergic, the mean scores were higher in overactive bladder patients versus non‐overactive bladder patients (3.2 ± 1.3 and 1.6 ± 1.1, respectively). Similarly, overactive bladder patients who received antimuscarinics had higher Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden scores (3.3 ± 1.2) than patients who received mirabegron only (1.7 ± 1.1). In 58.8% of the overactive bladder patients, ≥80% of the total Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden score was exclusively attributable to antimuscarinics.ConclusionsAnticholinergic use was higher in overactive bladder patients versus non‐overactive bladder patients. This increased use was largely attributable to antimuscarinics. The alternative use of mirabegron could therefore be considered to reduce the burden experienced by patients in Japan.
An experimental study on adhesion between steel and cement pastes using particle probe scanning force microscopy
Authors: Li Yujie , Yang Jie , Hughes John , Tan Ting 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper presents a method of using particle probe scanning force microscopy to measure the adhesion between steel microspheres and cement pastes. Particle probes were fabricated by attaching steel microspheres to the free ends of microcantilevers. Adhesive forces were collected between steel microspheres and new (4‐week old) and old (6‐month old) cement substrates in air and saturated lime water. For new cement in saturated lime water, adhesive forces between steel and low density C‐S‐H, high density C‐S‐H and other hydrated products were intermediate among all groups selected. The adhesive forces between steel and calcium hydroxide were the smallest, whereas the adhesive forces between steel and the unreacted phases were the largest. For the 6‐month old cement, the interweaving of calcium carbonate crystals and C‐S‐H during carbonation generated greater adhesive forces to steel.
Dietary survey in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and the influence of dietary carbohydrate on glycated hemoglobin: The Sleep and Food Registry in Kanagawa study
Authors: Yamakawa Tadashi , Sakamoto Rika , Takahashi Kenichiro , Suzuki Jun , Matuura‐Shinoda Minori , Takahashi Mayumi , Shigematsu Erina , Tanaka Shunichi , Kaneshiro Mizuki , Asakura Taro , Kawata Takehiro , Yamada Yoshihiko , Osada Uru Nezu , Isozaki Tetsuo , Takahashi Atsushi , Kadonosono Kazuaki , Terauchi Yasuo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe present study investigated the relationship between the macronutrient energy ratio, dietary carbohydrate and glycated hemoglobin levels in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes, to generate a potential optimal dietary intake of macronutrients for such patients.Materials and MethodsIn total, 3,032 patients participating in the Sleep and Food Registry in Kanagawa study were evaluated. Their diets were assessed for macronutrient content through a brief self‐administered dietary history questionnaire. Relevant biochemical assays were carried out.ResultsThe mean energy intake (±standard deviation) was 1,711 ± 645 kcal/day. The proportion of energy supplied by protein, fat and carbohydrate were 16.3, 26.8 and 52.3%, respectively. Total fiber intake was 12.6 ± 5.7 g/day. The high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) group (HbA1c >8%) had significantly lower protein and higher carbohydrate intake than the low HbA1c group (HbA1c <6.5%). Higher HbA1c levels were positively correlated with unfavorable metabolic factors, including elevated body mass index and excess carbohydrate intake, and negatively correlated with age, protein intake and fiber intake. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant association between HbA1c and carbohydrate intake after adjusting for sex, age and body mass index (0.104, P < 0.0001). Additionally, patients within the uppermost tertile for the percentage of total energy intake from carbohydrate (>60%) were most likely to have high HbA1c levels. HbA1c was significantly correlated with carbohydrate (%E) in all age groups and in patients taking one or two antidiabetic drugs.ConclusionsThe dietary carbohydrate:energy ratio has a positive correlation with HbA1c, suggesting that avoiding excessive carbohydrate intake (>60%) might help foster glycemic control.
Vague lies and lax standards of proof: On the law and economics of advice
Authors: Drugov Mikhail , Troya‐Martinez Marta 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper analyzes a persuasion game where a seller provides (un)biased and (im)precise advice and may be fined by an authority for misleading the buyers. In the equilibrium, biasing the advice and making it noisier are complements. The advice becomes both more biased and less precise with a stricter standard of proof employed by the authority, a larger share of credulous consumers, and a higher buyers' heterogeneity. The optimal policy of the authority is characterized in terms of a standard of proof and resources devoted to the investigation.
Do discriminatory leniency policies fight hard‐core cartels?
Authors: Clemens Georg , Rau Holger A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper experimentally analyzes the effects of nondiscriminatory and discriminatory leniency policies on hard‐core cartels. We design a mechanism to form a hard‐core cartel, which allows that multiple ringleaders emerge. Ringleaders often take a leading role in the coordination and formation of hard‐core cartels. A leniency policy that grants amnesty to all “whistle‐blowers” except for ringleaders may therefore reduce the incentive to become a ringleader and disrupt cartel formation. Yet, our experimental results show that whistle‐blowing rarely occurs. Paradoxically, the discriminatory leniency policy induces firms to become ringleaders. We find that firms create trust among other firms when acting as ringleaders. This signaling effect ultimately facilitates coordination in the explicit cartel.
Trading co‐integrated assets with price impact
Authors: Cartea Álvaro , Gan Luhui , Jaimungal Sebastian 
Published: August 2018

AbstractExecuting a basket of co‐integrated assets is an important task facing investors. Here, we show how to do this accounting for the informational advantage gained from assets within and outside the basket, as well as for the permanent price impact of market orders (MOs) from all market participants, and the temporary impact that the agent's MOs have on prices. The execution problem is posed as an optimal stochastic control problem and we demonstrate that, under some mild conditions, the value function admits a closed‐form solution, and prove a verification theorem. Furthermore, we use data of five stocks traded in the Nasdaq exchange to estimate the model parameters and use simulations to illustrate the performance of the strategy. As an example, the agent liquidates a portfolio consisting of shares in Intel Corporation and Market Vectors Semiconductor ETF. We show that including the information provided by three additional assets (FARO Technologies, NetApp, Oracle Corporation) considerably improves the strategy's performance; for the portfolio we execute, it outperforms the multiasset version of Almgren–Chriss by approximately 4–4.5 basis points.
The Effects of Language Skills on the Economic Assimilation of Female Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Antonia Silles Mary 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper uses recent data from the American Community Survey between 2010 and 2015 to investigate the effect of language skills on women’s economic assimilation who immigrated to the United States as children. The problem of endogenous language acquisition and measurement error in the language variable is addressed utilizing the phenomenon that younger children learn languages more easily than older children to construct an identifying instrument. Two‐stage‐least‐squares estimates suggest that greater English proficiency has a positive effect on a number of indicators of economic assimilation of adult women including several measures of labor supply and earnings. A range of sensitivity tests are undertaken to check the validity of these results.