bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT Differentiates Meningioma From Dural Metastases
Authors: Unterrainer Marcus , Ruf Viktoria , Ilhan Harun , Vettermann Franziska Jill , Cyran Clemens C. , Niyazi Maximilian , Bartenstein Peter , Tonn Joerg-Christian , Albert Nathalie Lisa 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A 77-year-old woman with history of breast cancer presented with 2 unclear dural contrast-enhancing lesions on MRI; differential diagnoses were breast cancer metastases and meningiomas. On 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT, the temporal lesion showed high uptake and was classified as meningioma, whereas the lesion at the falx showed barely any 68Ga-DOTATOC uptake uncharacteristic for meningioma and suggestive for a brain metastasis. After resection, histological specimens from the temporal lesion showed meningioma tissue with distinct SSTR2A expression, whereas the falx lesion revealed a breast cancer metastasis without significant SSTR2A expression. Therefore, 68Ga-DOTATOC PET represents a powerful imaging modality for the evaluation of unclear dural lesions.
Whole-Body Blood Pool Metastatic Superscan (Bone Hunger Pattern)
Authors: Shakeri Sara , Khosravi Somayeh , Divband Ghasemali , Sadeghi Ramin , Shafiei Susan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We presented a 61-year-old man's surprising 99mTc-MDP whole-body blood pool superscan pattern with early unexpected generalized bone uptake. He complained of weakness and undesired weight loss with anemia and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. As a malignancy workup in a patient without obvious suspicious origin, a whole-body 99mTc-MDP bone scan was requested. This unusual tracer distribution on blood pool imaging was very similar to the whole-body delayed scan except for visible kidneys.
Dual Imaging With 68Ga-DOTATOC and 18F-FDG PET for Planning and Follow-up of PRRT in Combination With Temozolomide Treatment in a Patient With a Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Authors: Wei Xiao , Hain Susanne , Hartmann Lynn , Hirzebruch Stefan , Ahmadzadehfar Hojjat 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A 68-year-old man with a metastatic neuroendocrine tumor with unknown primary was found to have partially dedifferentiated metastases according to 18F-FDG uptake. He received 3 cycles of radiopeptide therapy using [177Lu]Lutetium-DOTATATE combined with temozolomide. Before this treatment, the patient had already undergone a series of therapies, including biotherapy, everolimus, 5 cycles of radiopeptide therapies, radiotherapy, and bone-protecting therapy with bisphosphonate and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, each of which temporarily stalled the progress of the disease. After combined treatment with radiopeptide therapy and temozolomide, the patient showed a very good response in all tumor lesions, including the FDG-positive ones.
Posterior Vaginal Compartment Anatomy: Implications for Surgical Repair
Authors: Maldonado Pedro A. , Carrick Kelley S. , Montoya T. Ignacio , Corton Marlene M. 
Published: March 2019

Objectives
To examine the gross and histologic anatomy of the proximal, mid, and distal posterior vaginal compartment and discuss implications for surgical repair.

Study Design
In this cadaver study, pelvic organs were resected en bloc, immersed in formalin solution, and transected in the mid sagittal plane. Measured distances included: posterior vaginal wall length, cervicovaginal junction or vaginal cuff to posterior peritoneal reflection, peritoneal reflection to proximal edge (apex) of perineal body, and perineal body apex to hymenal remnant (height). The posterior vaginal wall was divided into 3 segments along the midsagittal plane and submitted in whole tissue blocks for staining. Histologic analysis included that of 2 young nulliparous women whose tissue was harvested within 12 hours of death.

Results
Eleven cadavers were examined. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) posterior vaginal length was 7.6 (2.2) cm. The peritoneum attached to the posterior vaginal wall a median (IQR) of 1.3 cm (0.5 cm) distal to the cervicovaginal junction (n = 8). The rectovaginal space, spanning from the peritoneal reflection to perineal body apex, had a median (IQR) length of 4.7 cm (2.1 cm). Microscopic examination of the mid segment revealed a layer of loose fibroadipose tissue between the vaginal/rectal walls, with no distinct dense fibroconnective tissue layer. The median (IQR) perineal body height was 2.3 cm (1.2 cm). No discrete fibrous capsule was seen surrounding the external anal sphincter muscle.

Conclusions
These findings support evidence showing absence of a rectovaginal fascia. The anal sphincter lacks a fibrous capsule, which is important during closure of third-/fourth-degree obstetric lacerations.
Management of neurosarcoidosis: a clinical challenge
Authors: Voortman Mareye , Drent Marjolein , Baughman Robert P. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
Sarcoidosis is a complex disease with many faces, and the clinical manifestation and course of neurosarcoidosis are particularly variable. Although neurosarcoidosis occurs in up to 10% of sarcoidosis patients, it can lead to significant morbidity and some mortality.

Recent findings
Three criteria are usually required for a diagnosis of (neuro)sarcoidosis: clinical and radiologic manifestations, noncaseating granulomas, and no evidence of alternative disease. Recent guidelines have helped to clarify criteria for diagnosing neurosarcoidosis. No firm guidelines exist on whether, when, and how treatment should be started. Treatment depends on the presentation and distribution, extensiveness, and severity of neurosarcoidosis. As regards evidence-based treatment, only a few randomized controlled trials have been done. Hence, several aspects of (neuro)sarcoidosis management are not fully addressed by the current literature.

Summary
Significant advances have been made in the potential and accuracy of diagnostics for neurosarcoidosis. Treatment should be approached within the context of the patient's anticipated clinical course, avoidance of adverse drug effects, and, if necessary, from the perspective of the comprehensive management of a chronic disease. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of sarcoidosis is strongly recommended.
HIV reservoir size is determined prior to ART initiation and linked to CD8 T cell activation and memory expansion
Authors: Martin Genevieve E , Pace Matthew , Shearer Freya , Zilber Eva , Hurst Jacob , Meyerowitz Jodi , Thornhill John P , Lwanga Julianne , Brown Helen , Robinson Nicola , Hopkins Emily , Olejniczak Natalia , Nwokolo Nneka , Fox Julie , Fidler Sarah , Willberg Christian B , Frater John ,   on behalf of the CHERUB investigators
Published: March 2019

AbstractInitiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in early compared with chronic HIV infection is associated with a smaller HIV reservoir. This longitudinal analysis of 63 individuals who commenced ART during primary HIV infection (PHI) investigates which pre-and post-therapy factors associate most closely with reservoir size (HIV DNA) following treatment initiation during PHI. The best predictor of reservoir size at one-year was pre-ART HIV DNA which was in turn significantly associated with CD8 memory differentiation (effector memory, naïve and T-betnegEomesnegsubsets), CD8 T cell activation (CD38 expression) and PD-1 and Tim-3 expression on memory CD4 T cells. No associations were found for any immunological variables following one-year of ART. HIV reservoir size is determined around the time of ART initiation in individuals treated during PHI. CD8 T cell activation and memory expansion are linked to HIV reservoir size, suggesting the importance of the initial host-viral interplay in eventual reservoir size.
Forty high-intensity interval training sessions blunt exercise-induced changes in the nuclear protein content of PGC-1α and p53 in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Granata Cesare , Oliveira Rodrigo S.F. , Little Jonathan P. , Bishop David J. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTExercise-induced increases in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and p53 protein content in the nucleus mediate the initial phase of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis. Here we investigated if exercise-induced increases in these and other markers of mitochondrial biogenesis were altered after 40 sessions of twice-daily high-volume high-intensity interval training (HVT) in human skeletal muscle. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected from 10 healthy recreationally active participants before, immediately post, and 3h after a session of HIIE performed at the same absolute exercise intensity before and after HVT (Pre-HVT and Post-HVT, respectively). The protein content of common markers of exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis were assessed in nuclear- and cytosolic-enriched fractions by immunoblotting; mRNA contents of key transcription factors and mitochondrial genes were assessed by qPCR. Despite exercise-induced increases in PGC-1α, p53, and plant homeodomain finger-containing protein 20 (PHF20) protein content, the phosphorylation of p53 and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-p53Ser15 and p-ACCSer79, respectively), and PGC-1α mRNA Pre-HVT, no significant changes were observed Post-HVT. Forty sessions of twice-daily high-intensity interval training blunted all of the measured exercise-induced molecular events associated with mitochondrial biogenesis that were observed Pre-HVT. Future studies should determine if this loss relates to the decrease in relative exercise intensity, habituation to the same exercise stimulus, or a combination of both.
Structural basis for the delivery of activated sialic acid into Golgi for sialyation
Authors: Nji Emmanuel , Gulati Ashutosh , Qureshi Abdul Aziz , Coincon Mathieu , Drew David 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe decoration of secretory glycoproteins and glycolipids with sialic acid is critical to many physiological and pathological processes. Sialyation is dependent on a continuous supply of sialic acid into Golgi organelles in the form of CMP-sialic acid. Translocation of CMP-sialic acid into Golgi is carried out by the CMP-sialic acid transporter (CST). Mutations in human CST are linked to glycosylation disorders, and CST is important for glycopathway engineering, as it is critical for sialyation efficiency of therapeutic glycoproteins. The mechanism of how CMP-sialic acid is recognized and translocated across Golgi membranes in exchange for CMP is poorly understood. Here we have determined the crystal structure of a eukaryotic CMP-sialic acid transporter in complex with CMP. We conclude that the specificity of CST for CMP-sialic acid is established by the nucleotide CMP to such an extent, they are uniquely able to work both as passive and as (secondary) active antiporters.
Coloring Single Nanoparticle Trajectory in Live Cell with its Own History: a Presuppositionless Preprocessing Approach
Authors: Zhao Hansen , Huang Zhenrong , Ge Feng , Shi Xiangjun , Xiong Bin , Liao Xuebin , Wang Zonghua , Zhang Sichun , Zhang Xinrong , He Yan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAnalyzing single particle trajectories is a prominent issue in understanding complex dynamics such as nanoparticle-cell interactions. Existing methods treat data points as isolated “atoms” and use predefined mechanical models to “frame” their complicated relationship. Herein, we propose a “historical evolution” based model-free strategy. It allows spatiotemporal heterogeneity embedded in a trajectory to self-emerge as consecutive colored segments before any model assumption, provide both an overall picture and local state transitions on the particle movement with minimum information loss, and inspire further model-based investigation. We demonstrate with simulations and experiments that the underlying mechanisms of various time-series and motion states of single nanoparticles on live cell membranes could all be revealed successfully. Since complexity studies at different levels of molecules, particles, cells, human beings, vehicles, and even stars could all be reduced to analyzing spatiotemporal trajectories of “single particles”, this presuppositionless approach will help fundamental researches on many important systems.Impact StatementA preprocessing strategy for single particle trajectory analysis is established by providing an intuitive global pattern from “historical experiences” of the particle without predefining any mechanical models.
Selection and gene flow shape niche-associated copy-number variation of pheromone receptor genes
Authors: Lee Daehan , Zdraljevic Stefan , Cook Daniel E. , Frézal Lise , Hsu Jung-Chen , Sterken Mark G. , Riksen Joost A.G. , Wang John , Kammenga Jan E. , Braendle Christian , Félix Marie-Anne , Schroeder Frank C. , Andersen Erik C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFrom quorum sensing in bacteria to pheromone signaling in social insects, chemical communication mediates interactions among individuals in a local population. InCaenorhabditis elegans, ascaroside pheromones can dictate local population density, in which high levels of pheromones inhibit the reproductive maturation of individuals. Little is known about how natural genetic diversity affects the pheromone responses of individuals from diverse habitats. Here, we show that a niche-associated copy-number variation (CNV) of pheromone receptor genes contributes to natural differences in pheromone responses. We found putative loss-of-function deletions that reduce copy number of duplicated pheromone receptor genes (srg-36 and srg-37), which were shown previously to be selected in population-dense laboratory cultures. A common natural deletion in the less functional copy (srg-37) arose from a single ancestral population that spread throughout the world and underlies reduced pheromone sensitivity across the globalC. eleganspopulation. This deletion is enriched in wild strains that were isolated from a rotting fruit niche, where proliferating populations are often found. Taken together, these results demonstrate that selection and gene flow together shape the copy number of pheromone receptor genes in naturalC. eleganspopulations to facilitate local adaptation to diverse niches.
How sequence alignment scores correspond to probability models
Authors: Frith Martin C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSequence alignment remains fundamental in bioinformatics. Pairwise alignment is traditionally based on ad hoc scores for substitutions, insertions, and deletions, but can also be based on probability models (pair hidden Markov models: PHMMs). PHMMs enable us to: fit the parameters to each kind of data, calculate the reliability of alignment parts, and measure sequence similarity integrated over possible alignments.This study shows how multiple models correspond to one set of scores. Scores can be converted to probabilities by partition functions with a “temperature” parameter: for any temperature, this corresponds to some PHMM. There is a special class of models with balanced length probability, i.e. no bias towards either longer or shorter alignments. The best way to score alignments and assess their significance depends on the aim: judging whether whole sequences are related versus finding related parts. This clarifies the statistical basis of sequence alignment.
Homeostasis of the intervertebral disc requires regulation of STAT3 signaling by the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor ADGRG6
Authors: Liu Zhaoyang , Easson Garrett W.D. , Zhao Jingjing , Makki Nadja , Ahituv Nadav , Hilton Matthew J. , Tang Simon Y. , Gray Ryan S. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDegenerative changes of the intervertebral disc (IVD) are a leading cause of disability affecting humans worldwide. While this is primarily attributed to trauma and aging, genetic variation is associated with disc degeneration in humans. However, the precise mechanisms driving the initiation and progression of disease remain elusive due to a paucity of genetic animal models. Here, we discuss a novel genetic mouse model of endplate-oriented disc degeneration. We show that the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor G6 (ADGRG6) mediates several anabolic and catabolic factors, fibrotic collagen genes, pro-inflammatory pathways, and mechanical properties of the IVD, prior to the onset of overt histopathology of these tissues. Furthermore, we found increased IL-6/STAT3 activation in the IVD and demonstrate that treatment with a chemical inhibitor of STAT3 activation ameliorates disc degeneration in these mutant mice. These findings establish ADGRG6 as a critical regulator of homeostasis of adult disc homeostasis and implicate ADGRG6 and STAT3 as promising therapeutic targets for degenerative joint diseases.Author summaryDegenerative changes of the intervertebral disc (IVD) are a leading cause of disability affecting humans worldwide. While this is primarily attributed to trauma and aging, genetic variation is associated with disc degeneration in humans. However, the precise mechanisms driving the initiation and progression of disease remain elusive due to a paucity of genetic animal models. Here, we discuss a novel genetic mouse model of endplate-oriented disc degeneration. We show that the adhesion G-protein coupled receptor G6 (ADGRG6) mediates fibrotic collagen expression, causing increased mechanical stiffness of the IVD prior to the onset of histopathology in adult mice. Furthermore, we found increased IL-6/STAT3 activation in the IVD and demonstrate that treatment with a chemical inhibitor of STAT3 activation ameliorates disc degeneration in these mutant mice. Our results demonstrate that ADGRG6 regulation of STAT3 signaling is important for IVD homeostasis, indicating potential therapeutic targets for degenerative joint disorders.
Genomic analysis unveils important aspects of population structure, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance inKlebsiella aerogenes
Authors: Passarelli-Araujo Hemanoel , Palmeiro Jussara K. , Moharana Kanhu C. , Pedrosa-Silva Francisnei , Dalla-Costa Libera M. , Venancio Thiago M. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTKlebsiella aerogenesis an important pathogen in healthcare-associated infections. Nevertheless, in comparison to other clinically important pathogens,K. aerogenespopulation structure, genetic diversity, and pathogenicity remain poorly understood. Here, we elucidateK. aerogenesclonal complexes (CCs) and genomic features associated with resistance and virulence. We present a detailed description of the population structure ofK. aerogenesbased on 97 publicly available genomes by using both, multilocus sequence typing and single nucleotide polymorphisms extracted from core genome. We also assessed virulence and resistance profiles using VFDB and CARD, respectively. We show thatK. aerogeneshas an open pangenome and a large effective population size, which account for its high genomic diversity and support that negative selection prevents fixation of most deleterious alleles. The population is structured in at least ten CCs, including two novel ones identified here, CC9 and CC10. The repertoires of resistance genes comprise a high number of antibiotic efflux proteins as well as narrow and extended spectrum β-lactamases. Regarding the population structure, we identified two clusters based on virulence profile due to the presence of the toxin-encodingclboperon and the siderophore production genes,irpandybt.Notably, CC3 comprises the majority ofK. aerogenesisolates associated with hospital outbreaks, emphasizing the importance of its constant monitoring. Collectively, our results can be useful in the development of new therapeutic and surveillance strategies worldwide.
Silulo Ulutho Technologies: African social enterprise driving inclusive business practice
Authors: Smuts Eckard , Campello Beckwith Sophia , Nkonyeni Ncedisa , Scheepers Ella , Bonnici François 
Published: March 2019

Learning outcomes
This paper aims to present an opportunity to explore the opportunities and challenges involved in running a business with a strongly ingrained social vision in the complex, multi-dimensional environment of an emerging economy. Key learning areas are as follows: How the concept of inclusive innovation applies to the real-world difficulties faced by businesses operating in informal economies. By exploring the tensions between growth and inclusivity in Silulo’s development, students will grasp the challenges entrepreneurs face as a business starts to gain momentum and change, and gain appreciation for the trade-offs that occur when choosing between franchising and organic growth. The challenges of a rapidly evolving technological environment, the need to adapt service offerings at pace, and the importance of balancing financial considerations with deeper social values will find application far beyond the informal economy context of the Silulo story.

Case overview/synopsis
This teaching case looks at Silulo Ulutho Technologies via CEO Luvuyo Rani and the challenges he faces in balancing expansion and profitability with its mission of empowering disenfranchised communities – challenges exacerbated by a changing telecommunications environment, with more widespread internet availability, mobile phones and online training courses encroaching on Silulo’s traditional service offering.

Complexity academic level
This case focusses primarily on the processes of inclusive innovation and is suitable for graduate courses in social entrepreneurship, business model innovation, sustainability, business and society, strategic management, emerging markets, business in Africa and organisational studies in general. The case is suitable for Masters of Business Administration (MBA) and Executive MBA academic programmes and delegates on Executive Education programmes.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS 3: Entrepreneurship
Determinants of house price volatility in Namibia
Authors: Kaulihowa Teresia , Kamati Katrina 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to test the volatility and analyses the macroeconomic determinants of house price volatility in Namibia over the period 2007 Quarter 1 to 2017 Quarter 2. It further explores the causal relations between house price volatility and its determinants.

Design/methodology/approach
The study used autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic models to test for volatility. The vector error correction model was used to analyse the determinants and causal relations.

Findings
The results support the hypothesis that house prices in Namibia exhibits persistent volatility. It was further established that past period volatility’ GDP and mortgage loans are the key determinants of house price volatility. Additionally’ there exists unidirectional causality from GDP and mortgage loans to house price volatility.

Practical implications
Policy implications emanating from the study implies that macroeconomic fundamentals should be monitored closely to mitigate the issues of house price volatility.

Originality/value
The study is the first of its kind in Namibia to address the pertinent issues of ever increasing housing prices.