bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study protocol for a multicentre, controlled non-randomised trial: benefits of exercise physiology services for type 2 diabetes (BEST)
Authors: Kitic Cecilia M , Selig Steve , Davison Kade , Best Tania L B , Parmenter Belinda , Pumpa Kate , Furzer Bonnie , Rice Vanessa , Hardcastle Sibella , Cheney Michael , Palmer Andrew J , Fraser Steve , Williams Andrew D 
Published: August 2019

IntroductionControlled trials support the efficacy of exercise as a treatment modality for chronic conditions, yet effectiveness of real-world Exercise Physiology services is yet to be determined. This study will investigate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of services provided by Accredited Exercise Physiologists (AEPs) for clients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in clinical practice.Methods and analysisA non-randomised, opportunistic control, longitudinal design trial will be conducted at ten Exercise Physiology Clinics. Participants will be individuals with T2D attending one of the Exercise Physiology Clinics for routine AEP services (exercise prescription and counselling) (intervention) or individuals with T2D not receiving AEP services (usual care) (control). The experimental period will be 6 months with measurements performed at baseline and at 6 months. Primary outcome measures will be glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), resting brachial blood pressure (BP), body mass index, waist circumference, 6 min walk test, grip strength, 30 s sit to stand, Medical Outcomes Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey and Active Australia Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes will be medication usage, out-of-pocket expenses, incidental, billable and non-billable health professional encounters and work missed through ill health. Healthcare utilisation will be measured for 12 months prior to, during and 12 months after trial participation using linked data from Medicare Benefits Schedule and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme data.Ethics and disseminationThe study is a multicentre trial comprising: University of Tasmania, University of New South Wales Lifestyle Clinic, University of Canberra, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (covered under the ethics approval of University of Tasmania Health and Medical Ethics Committee H0015266), Deakin University (Approval number: 2016–187), Australian Catholic University (2016–304R), Queensland University of Technology (1600000049), University of South Australia (0000035306), University of Western Australia (RA/4/1/8282) and Canberra Hospital (ETH.8.17.170). The findings of this clinical trial will be communicated via peer-reviewed journal articles, conference presentations, social media and broadcast media.Trial registration numberACTRN12616000264482.
Prospective longitudinal observational study of the macro and micro haemodynamic responses to septic shock in the renal and systemic circulations: a protocol for the MICROSHOCK – RENAL study
Authors: Watchorn Jim , Huang Dean , Hopkins Philip , Bramham Kate , Hutchings Sam 
Published: August 2019

IntroductionSeptic acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most common complication of septic shock and increases mortality. A large body of experimental data suggests alterations in renal perfusion occur, but this is yet to be fully assessed in humans. The aim of the current study is to observe the macro and microcirculations in both the systemic and renal circulations in a cohort of patients with early septic shock.Methods and analysisSingle-centre, prospective, longitudinal, observational study of 50 patients with septic shock. Renal microcirculatory assessment will be performed with contrast-enhanced ultrasound, the sublingual microcirculation assessed with incident dark field microscopy and transthoracic echocardiography used to assess global flow. Patients will be enrolled as soon as possible after admission to the intensive care unit and then at +24,+48 and +96 hours. Blood samples of circulatory and renal biomarkers will be collected. Sample groups will be defined by the presence or absence of AKI and then subclassified by the severity (Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria), variables will be compared within and between groups over time.Ethics and disseminationResearch Ethics Committee (REC) approval has been granted for this study by Yorkshire and the Humber, Leeds West Research Ethics Committee (18/YH/0371) and due to the nature of the patients enrolled with septic shock, capacity for informed consent is likely to be lacking. Therefore, a personal consultee (friend or relative) will be consulted or a nominated consultee (clinician) in their absence. After capacity is regained, consent will then be sought from the patient in accordance with the Mental Capacity Act, UK (2005). This consent process has been approved following REC review. Results will be published in a relevant peer-reviewed journal and presented at academic meetings.
Outcomes of disease prevention and management interventions in food pantries and food banks: a scoping review
Authors: Long Christopher R , Rowland Brett , Steelman Susan C , McElfish Pearl A 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveFood insecurity affects millions of Americans and is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes. Food insecure individuals often obtain food from food pantries/banks, prompting health researchers to implement disease prevention/management interventions at these sites. This review examined the existing peer-reviewed research on disease prevention/management interventions implemented in food pantries/banks.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesDatabases searched included MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL and Cochrane. Search strategies included Medical Subject Headings and key terms, including food pantry, food bank, food shelf, food aid and related concepts.Eligibility criteriaStudies were included if they described an intervention involving food pantries/banks where at least one biometric indicator was included as an outcome variable. Articles focused solely on the quality of foods distributed, the diet quality of food pantry/bank clients or government food aid programmes were excluded.Data extraction and synthesisExtracted data included publication details, intervention type, study design, participant characteristics, study outcomes, and barriers and facilitators of intervention implementation.ResultsA total of 3317 articles were assessed for eligibility. Six studies met the predefined inclusion criteria. The studies employed a range of intervention approaches to manage or prevent a number of chronic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes and HIV. The studies examined a range of biometric outcomes, including body mass index, glycated haemoglobin and blood pressure. Information about the food pantries/banks where the interventions were conducted was lacking. The studies documented multiple barriers and facilitators related to costs, sustainability and organisational capacity.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the first review to examine disease prevention and management interventions conducted in food pantries and food banks. Given the high number of households who obtain food from food pantries/banks and the chronic health conditions associated with food insecurity, this review highlights the need for more high-quality research in this setting.
Drink driving and speeding in Sao Paulo, Brazil: empirical cross-sectional study (2015–2018)
Authors: Andreuccetti Gabriel , Leyton Vilma , Carvalho Heráclito Barbosa , Sinagawa Daniele M , Bombana Henrique S , Ponce Julio C , Allen Katharine A , Vecino-Ortiz Andres I , Hyder Adnan A 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prevalence of drink driving and speeding during 2015–2018 in Sao Paulo, Brazil.DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingRoads representing the five main regions of the city of Sao Paulo in Brazil, one of the world’s largest urban areas.ParticipantsDrivers (N=10 294) stopped at routine roadside breath testing checkpoints and those driving in selected roads for speeding measurement (N=414 664).Primary and secondary outcome measuresMicrowave radar guns were used to measure the speed of vehicles, while the prevalence of drivers under the influence of alcohol was observed in police checkpoints. Data were collected during three consecutive years (2016–2018) following a baseline study established in 2015 using a city-level representative sample of observational data representing all days of the week.ResultsAlcohol-related fatalities kept at a constantly high percentage, with 39% of road traffic deaths involving alcohol in 2016. Drivers testing above the legal breath alcohol concentration limit showed a decreasing trend, from 4.1% (95% CI 2.9% to 5.5%) at baseline to 0.6% (95% CI 0.2% to 1.2%) in the end of 2018 (p<0.001); however, more than half of drivers refused breath tests at checkpoints despite steep legal penalties. The prevalence of speeding among all vehicles decreased from 8.1% (95% CI 7.9% to 8.2%) to 4.9% (95% CI 4.7% to 5.1%) by the end of 2016 (p<0.001), but then increased again to 13.5% (95% CI 13.2% to 13.9%) at the end of the study period (p<0.001).ConclusionsDrink driving rates have reduced, likely due to an increase in drivers refusing breath alcohol tests, while speeding rates have increased significantly by the end of the study period, particularly among motorcycles. Future strategies aiming at reducing road traffic injuries in the major Brazilian city should tailor drink driving and speeding enforcement based on the new evidence provided here.
Atrial fibrillation is not an independent predictor of outcome in patients with aortic stenosis
Authors: Zhang Hongju , El-Am Edward A , Thaden Jeremy J , Pislaru Sorin V , Scott Christopher G , Krittanawong Chayakrit , Chahal Anwar A , Breen Thomas J , Eleid Mackram F , Melduni Rowlens M , Greason Kevin L , McCully Robert B , Enriquez-Sarano Maurice , Oh Jae K , Pellikka Patricia A , Nkomo Vuyisile T 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesTo examine the prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation (AF) versus sinus rhythm (SR) on the management and outcomes of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS).Methods1847 consecutive patients with severe AS (aortic valve area ≤1.0 cm2and aortic valve systolic mean Doppler gradient ≥40 mm Hg or peak velocity ≥4 m/s) and left ventricular ejection fraction ≥50% were identified. The independent association of AF and all-cause mortality was assessed.ResultsAge was 76±11 years and 46% were female; 293 (16%) patients had AF and 1554 (84%) had SR. In AF, 72% were symptomatic versus 71% in SR. Survival rate at 5 years for AF (41%) was lower than SR (65%) (age- and sex-adjusted HR=1.66 (1.40–1.98), p<0.0001). In multivariable analysis, factors associated with mortality included age (HR per 10 years=1.55 (1.42–1.69), p<0.0001), dyspnoea (HR=1.58 (1.33–1.87), p<0.0001), ≥ moderate mitral regurgitation (HR=1.63 (1.22–2.18), p=0.001), right ventricular systolic dysfunction (HR=1.88 (1.52–2.33), p<0.0001), left atrial volume index (HR per 10 mL/m2=1.13 (1.07–1.19), p<0.0001) and aortic valve replacement (AVR) (HR=0.44 (0.38–0.52), p<0.0001). AF was not a predictor of mortality independent of variables strongly correlated HR=1.02 (0.84–1.25), p=0.81). The 1-year probability of AVR following diagnosis of severe AS was lower in AF (49.8%) than SR (62.5%) (HR=0.73 (0.62–0.86), p<0.001); among patients with AF not referred for AVR, symptoms were frequently attributed to AF instead of AS.ConclusionAF was associated with poor prognosis in patients with severe AS, but apparent differences in outcomes compared with SR were explained by factors other than AF including concomitant cardiac abnormalities and deferral of AVR due to attribution of cardiac symptoms to AF.
Maternal and neonatal red blood cell n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids inversely associate with infant whole-body fat mass assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
Authors: Farahnak Zahra , Yuan Ye , Vanstone Catherine A. , Weiler Hope A. 
Published: August 2019

Research regarding polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status and body composition in neonates is limited. This study tested the relationship between newborn docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) status and body composition. Healthy mothers and their term-born infants (n = 100) were studied within 1 month postpartum for anthropometry and whole-body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maternal and infant red blood cell (RBC) membrane PUFA profiles were measured using gas chromatography (expressed as percentage of total fatty acids). Data were grouped according to infant RBC DHA quartiles and tested for differences in n-3 status and infant body composition using mixed-model ANOVA, Spearman correlations, and regression analyses (P < 0.05). Mothers were 32.2 ± 4.6 years (mean ± SD) of age, infants (54% males) were 0.68 ± 0.23 month of age, and 80% exclusively breastfed. Infant RBC DHA (ranged 3.96% to 7.75% of total fatty acids) inversely associated with infant fat mass (r = –0.22, P = 0.03). Infant and maternal RBC n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio (r2 = 0.28, P = 0.043; r2 = 0.28, P = 0.041 respectively) were positively associated with fat mass. These results demonstrate that both maternal and infant long-chain PUFA status are associated with neonatal body composition. Novelty Our findings support an early window to further explore the relationship between infant n-3 PUFA status and body composition. Maternal and infant n-3 PUFA status is inversely related to neonatal whole-body fat mass. DHA appears to be the best candidate to test in the development of a lean body phenotype.
Scalar dark matter probes the scale of nonlocality
Authors: Ghoshal Anish 
Published: August 2019

Scalar dark matter (DM) in a theory introduces hierarchy problems, and suffers from the inability to predict the preferred mass range for the DM. In a WIMP-like minimal scalar DM setup we show that the infinite derivative theory can predict the DM mass and its coupling. The scale of nonlocality [Formula: see text] in such a theory in its lowermost limit (constrained by LHC) implies a DM mass [Formula: see text] TeV and a coupling with the Standard Model (SM) Higgs [Formula: see text]. Planned DM direct detection experiments reaching such sensitivity in the DM will effectively translate into lower bounds on the scale at which the nonlocality comes into the play.
Deriving the arterial Po2 and oxygen deficit from expired gas and pulse oximetry
Authors: Prisk G. Kim , West John B. 
Published: August 2019

The efficiency of pulmonary gas exchange is often assessed by the ideal alveolar-arterial partial pressure difference (A-aDO2). Through a combination of pulse oximetry and rapidly responding gas analyzers to measure the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in expired gas, one can measure the oxygen deficit. Defined as the difference between the measured alveolar Po2 and the arterial Po2 calculated from [Formula: see text], the oxygen deficit is a substitute for the alveolar-arterial Po2 difference. The oxygen deficit is physiologically reasonable in that it increases with age in healthy subjects and is well correlated with the A-aDO2. To calculate arterial Po2 from saturation, the saturation should be below the very flat upper part of the O2-Hb dissociation curve; good estimates can be made provided the arterial O2 saturation is below ~95%. Since saturations at or above 95% imply reasonably well-maintained gas exchange efficiency, this limitation is of only minor concern. Calculations show that it is necessary to take into account the change in Po2 at a saturation of 50% of the O2-Hb dissociation curve based on the measured alveolar Pco2. As the measurement is designed to be noninvasive, determination of any base excess is not practical, but calculations show that the effect of assuming a zero base excess is modest, with a similar small effect from an abnormal body temperature. Taken together, these results show that a noninvasive assessment of pulmonary gas exchange efficiency can be obtained from subjects with below-normal arterial O2 saturations through a combination of expired O2 and CO2 measurements and [Formula: see text] made during quiet breathing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The details and limitations of a noninvasive measurement of pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, the oxygen deficit, are described. The oxygen deficit, calculated from expired gas measurements made during quiet breathing coupled with pulse oximetry, is a good surrogate measurement of the ideal alveolar-arterial Po2 difference and does not require arterial blood gas sampling.
Singular Intellection in Medieval Commentaries on Aristotle’s De anima
Authors: Mora-Márquez Ana María 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDiscussions about singular cognition, and its linguistic counterpart, are by no means exclusive to contemporary philosophy. In fact, a strikingly similar discussion, to which several medieval texts bear witness, took place in the late Middle Ages. The aim of this article is to partly reconstruct this medieval discussion, as it took place in Parisian question-commentaries on Aristotle’s De anima, so as to show the progression from the rejection of singular intellection in Siger of Brabant (†ca.1283) to the descriptivist positions of John Duns Scotus (†1308) and John of Jandun (†1328), and finally to the singularism of John Buridan (†ca.1360). All these authors accept some kind of intellectual access to individuals. Therefore, the conundrum is not whether we have some kind of intellectual knowledge of individuals, but rather whether we can know them singularly. This article begins by presenting the crucial obstacle to singular intellection in Siger. Thereafter, the author shows that Jandun and Scotus depart in fundamental ways from Siger’s account, but that for them the intellection of individuals is of a general character. Finally, she proposes that Buridan is a genuine singularist.
Adaequatio as Assimilatio: Two Puzzles in Aquinas’ Theory of Truth
Authors: Müller Jörn 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis article explores the epistemological ramifications of understanding Thomas Aquinas’ conception of truth (famously defined as adaequatio rei et intellectus) in terms of a dynamic process of cognitive assimilation within the human psyche. In particular, the author addresses two potential pitfalls for his theory, namely (i) ‘failed assimilation’ as the basis of false judgments and (ii) ‘negative assimilation’, i.e., correspondence to non-being: how is the human mind capable of assimilation to ‘nothing’ (in the sense of ‘no thing’) at all? Aquinas addresses these two problems in various passages throughout his works; the author connects and reviews their arguments with regard to their philosophical cogency and attempts to answer the question of whether Aquinas ultimately succeeds in solving the several puzzles that ‘failed’ as well as ‘negative assimilation’ seem to create in his conception of truth.
Mainline Churches: Networks of Belonging in Postindependence Kenya and Tanzania
Authors: Williams Beth Ann 
Published: August 2019

AbstractChristian churches are not abstract or ethereal institutions; they impact people’s daily decisions, weekly rhythms, and major life choices. This paper explores the continued importance of Lutheran, Presbyterian, and Anglican church membership for East African women. While much recent scholarship on Christianity in Africa has emphasized the rising prominence of Pentecostalism, I argue that historic, mission-founded churches continue to represent important sources of community formation and support for congregations. Using oral interviews with rural and urban women in Nairobi and northern Tanzania, I explore the ways churches can connect disparate populations through resource (re)distribution and shared religious aesthetic experiences. Moving below the level of church institutions, I focus on the lived experiences and motivations of everyday congregants who invest in religious communities for a range of material, interpersonal, and emotional reasons that, taken together, help us understand the ongoing importance of mainline churches in East Africa.
Proportionality and Compromises
Authors: Zanetti Véronique 
Published: August 2019

When individual rights, especially constitutional rights, compete with other rights or with a public good, judges and politicians involved in the legislative process or jurisdictional process are expected to balance their decision in such a way that the gain from achieving the goal mitigates the costs of the resulting loss for the parties. Jurists speak of the doctrine of proportionality in connection with this process of balancing.
In the proportionality calculus, judges have to evaluate whether the impact on individual rights outweighs the public purpose pursued through a state’s legal activity. I will argue that the procedure of proportionality is similar to the procedure of reaching a compromise. More precisely, I will defend that compromise is a special case of the principle of proportionality, for it applies when claims cannot be balanced or in the absence of an overarching principle on which all the parties agree. With this, I aim to show the connection between the principle of proportionality and compromises without conflating these two concepts, and to offer new perspectives on the discussion of proportionality as it is used in the legal context.
Religious Courts in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Rynkowski Michał 
Published: August 2019

AbstractReligious courts have for centuries been part of the European legal landscape. Almost all churches and religious communities have their own judicial systems, often composed of courts or tribunals ordered hierarchically. The aim of this paper is to present cases from the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, in which a religious court was involved at the stage of domestic proceedings. The twelve cases in question originate from a number of European States, from Italy to Finland and from the UK to Turkey—and in one particular case, Israel. The applicants belonged to many denominations, predominantly Christian. The Court of Human Rights (and before that, the Commission of Human Rights) has been concerned, in the main, with religious courts in terms of compliance with the requirement for a fair hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal under Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights. The Court has come to various conclusions—for example, it accepted that courts of the Church of England comply with the requirement, it questioned whether the cathedral chapter of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Finland did so, and it indirectly criticized proceedings before the Roman Rota of the Catholic Church. The most recent judgment from September 2017, Nagy v. Hungary, and in particular many associated dissenting opinions, demonstrate that the matter is worthy of study, particularly in the contemporary context of religious freedom. Nevertheless, the cases are so different that it is difficult to discern a coherent line of jurisprudence, and the Court itself hardly ever refers to its own previous judgments in this field.
Description of a new species of the subgenus Hippomias Yunakov, 2006 <br />in the genus Brachysomus Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae) from Lebanon
Authors: SZÉNÁSI VALENTIN , NÉMETH TAMÁS 
Published: August 2019

Brachysomus (Hippomias) tannourinensis sp. nov. is described from Lebanon, compared with similar Brachysomus species, and its main diagnostic features are figured. The new species was discovered at the ancient cedar forest of Tannourine as the first known representative of the genus Brachysomus in Lebanon. It is easily recognizable by the body vestiture consisting of two types of scales, the prolonged shape of the rostrum, and the parallel-sided penis.