bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial patterns and characteristics of flood seasonality in Europe
Authors: Hall Julia , Blöschl Günter 
Published: July 2018

Abstract. In Europe, floods are typically analysed within national boundaries and it
is therefore not well understood how the characteristics of local floods fit
into a continental perspective. To gain a better understanding at
continental scale, this study analyses seasonal flood characteristics across
Europe for the period 1960–2010. From a European flood database, the timing within the year of annual maximum
discharges or water levels of 4105 stations is analysed. A cluster analysis
is performed to identify large-scale regions with distinct flood seasons
based on the monthly relative frequencies of the annual maxima. The clusters
are further analysed to determine the temporal flood characteristics within
each region and the Europe-wide patterns of bimodal and unimodal flood
seasonality distributions. The mean annual timing of floods observed at individual stations across
Europe is spatially well defined. Below 60∘ latitude, the mean
timing transitions from winter floods in the west to spring floods in the
east. Summer floods occurring in mountainous areas interrupt this west-to-east transition. Above 60∘ latitude, spring floods are dominant,
except for coastal areas in which autumn and winter floods tend to occur.
The temporal concentration of flood occurrences around the annual mean
timing is highest in north-eastern Europe, with most of the floods being
concentrated within 1–2 months. The cluster analysis results in six spatially consistent regions with
distinct flood seasonality characteristics. The regions with winter floods
in western, central, and southern Europe are assigned to Cluster 1
(∼ 36 % of the stations) and Cluster 4 (∼ 10 %) with the mean flood timing within the cluster in late January and
early December respectively. In eastern Europe (Cluster 3, ∼ 24 %), the cluster average flood occurs around the end of March. The mean
flood timing in northern (Cluster 5, ∼ 8 %) and
north-eastern Europe (Cluster 6, ∼ 5 %) is approximately in
mid-May and mid-April respectively. About 15 % of the stations (Cluster 2)
are located in mountainous areas, with a mean flood timing around the end of
June. Most of the stations (∼ 73 %) with more than 30 years
of data exhibit a unimodal flood seasonality distribution (one or more
consecutive months with high flood occurrence). Only a few stations
(∼ 3 %), mainly located on the foothills of mountainous
areas, have a clear bimodal flood seasonality distribution. This study suggests that, as a result of the consistent Europe-wide
pattern of flood timing obtained, the geographical location of a station in
Europe can give an indication of its seasonal flood characteristics and that
geographical location seems to be more relevant than catchment area or
catchment outlet elevation in shaping flood seasonality.
Camptodactyly: An unsolved area of plastic surgery
Authors: Singh Veena , Haq Ansarul , Priyadarshini Puja , Kumar Purshottam 
Published: July 2018

Background Camptodactyly refers to permanent flexion contracture at the proximal interphalangeal joint. Most cases are limited to fifth-finger involvement. Although common, the treatment of camptodactyly is controversial. Many published studies have emphasized conservative treatment, while others have described surgical procedures. The problem with this deformity is that it presents in several forms, which means that there is no single model for effective treatment. The aim of this paper is to present the difficulties encountered with this condition and the management thereof on an individual basis.
Methods This is a case series of 14 patients (nine males, five females) who underwent surgical treatment. The results were classified using the method from Mayo Clinic as excellent, good, fair, and poor.
Results Fourteen patients with 15 fingers underwent surgery, and the results achieved were as follows: excellent, 0; good, 1; fair, 6; poor, 8. The treatment of camptodactyly still remains controversial, and hence proper planning individualized to each patient is needed to achieve the maximal improvement with realistic goals.
Conclusions Although we performed individualised surgery, our careful follow-up was not able to identify any method as superior over another with respect to gain in extension and loss of flexion. We therefore propose that the extensor mechanism should not be disturbed during surgery to treat camptodactyly cases.
A simple calculation for the preoperative estimation of transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous free flap volume in 2-stage breast reconstruction using a tissue expander
Authors: Kono Hikaru , Ishii Naohiro , Takayama Masayoshi , Takemaru Masashi , Kishi Kazuo 
Published: July 2018

Background Flap volume is an important factor for obtaining satisfactory symmetry in breast reconstruction with a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) free flap. We aimed to develop an easy and simple method to estimate flap volume.
Methods We performed a preoperative estimation of the TRAM flap volume in five patients with breast cancer who underwent 2-stage breast reconstruction following an immediate tissue expander operation after a simple mastectomy. We measured the height and width of each flap zone using a ruler and measured the tissue thickness by ultrasound. The volume of each zone, approximated as a triangular or square prism, was then calculated. The zone volumes were summed to obtain the total calculated volume of the TRAM flap. We then determined the width of zone II, so that the calculated flap volume was equal to the required flap volume (1.2×1.05×the weight of the resected mastectomy tissue). The TRAM flap was transferred vertically so that zone III was located on the upper side, and zone II was trimmed in the sitting position after vascular anastomosis. We compared the estimated flap width of zone II (=X) with the actual flap width of zone II.
Results X was similar to the actual measured width. Accurate volume replacement with the TRAM flap resulted in good symmetry in all cases.
Conclusions The volume of a free TRAM flap can be straightforwardly estimated preoperatively using the method presented here, with ultrasound, ruler, and simple calculations, and this technique may help reduced the time required for precise flap tailoring.
The efficacy of elongated axillary incision on extended latissimus dorsi flap for immediate breast reconstruction
Authors: Park Tae Seo , Nam Su Bong , Choi Jae Yeon , Bae Sung Hwan , Lee Jae Woo , Kim Hyun Yul 
Published: July 2018

Background In performing extended latissimus dorsi (ELD) flap procedures, a skin paddle design on the bra line helps reduce visible scarring. This improves the patient’s satisfaction with the outcome. However, such a design leads to a longer operation time and increased fatigue of the surgeon due to the narrow operative field. In this study, the authors propose a method that elongates the axillary incision line posteriorly by 1.5 cm from the lateral border of the latissimus dorsi muscle. We examined whether this method could shorten the operation time and compared the incidence of complications between patients who underwent this novel procedure and patients who underwent the traditional procedure.
Methods In this study of patients who underwent ELD flap procedures for immediate breast reconstruction, 89 underwent surgery with the elongated axillary incision and 45 underwent surgery without the elongated incision. The total operation time and complications were retrospectively examined based on the patients’ medical records, and we examined whether there was any statistically significant difference in the total operation time.
Results In the experimental group with the elongated axillary incision, the operation time ranged from 125 to 255 minutes (median, 175 minutes). In contrast, in the control group without the elongated axillary incision, the operation time ranged from 142 and 340 minutes (median, 205 minutes). The operation time was statistically significantly different between the two groups, and no significant complications were observed in the experimental group.
Conclusions Elongation of the axillary incision alone may shorten the operation time of the ELD flap procedure without causing additional complications.
Open reduction of zygoma fractures with the extended transconjunctival approach and T-bar screw reduction
Authors: Song Seung Han , Kwon Hyeokjae , Oh Sang-Ha , Kim Sun-Je , Park Jaebeom , Kim Su Il 
Published: July 2018

Background Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures mostly occur in the form of tripod fractures. The surgical field is accessed using a combination of three classic approaches. However, the subciliary incision may have unfavorable aesthetic results. Herein, the authors report the advantages of the extended transconjunctival approach (ETA) combined with T-bar screw reduction in minimizing scarring and complications for the treatment of ZMC fractures.
Methods A total of 26 patients underwent ZMC reduction through the ETA and intraoral approach. A skin incision measuring roughly 5 to 8 mm in length was placed following the lateral canthal skin crease. After releasing the inferior crus of the lateral canthal tendon for canthotomy, the medial periosteum of the lateral orbital rim was preserved for canthal reattachment. A limited subperiosteal dissection and partial relaxing incision of the orbicularis oculi were performed to expose the fracture line of the inferior orbital rim and zygomaticofrontal suture. Reduction was performed using a T-bar screw through the transconjunctivalincision and an elevator through the intraoral incision.
Results The aesthetic and functional results were excellent. Successful reduction was achieved and the skin incision was less than 8 mm in 20 cases (76.9%). Only six patients had an additional skin incision (less than 5 mm) to achieve reduction. No cases of ectropion, entropion, or excessive scarring were noted.
Conclusions The ETA using a T-bar screw is a useful method for maximizing aesthetic results in ZMC fractures, with the advantages of minimal scarring, faster recovery, and maintenance of pretarsal fullness.
The importance of dung beetles and arthropod communities on degradation of cattle dung pats in eastern South Dakota
Authors: Pecenka Jacob R. , Lundgren Jonathan G. 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundDung accumulation in rangelands can suppress plant growth, foul pastures, and increase pest pressure. Here, we describe the arthropod community of dung in eastern South Dakota, and quantify their contributions to dung degradation using an exclusion cage design.MethodsVarious arthropod community and degradation characteristics were measured in caged and uncaged dung pats over time in early and late summer.ResultsA total of 86,969 specimens were collected across 109 morphospecies (13 orders) of arthropods, and cages effectively reduced arthropod abundance, species richness, and diversity. Uncaged dung pats degraded significantly faster than the caged pats, with the largest difference occurring within 2 d of pat deposition. Dung organic matter was degraded more slowly (by 33–38 d) in the caged pats than where insects had free access to the pats. Although dung beetles only represented 1.5–3% of total arthropod abundance, they were significantly correlated to more abundant and complex total arthropod communities.DiscussionA diverse community contributes to dung degradation in rangelands, and their early colonization is key to maximizing this ecosystem service.
Communitarianism
Authors: Vujnovic Marina , Kruckeberg Dean 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
An understanding and consideration of communitarianism are essential for scholars and practitioners attempting to address contemporary strategic communication issues and problems. Many scholars, over the course of several decades, have noted communitarianism's significance for public relations. Although communitarianism's philosophical tradition extends back to Aristotle and had emerged as a concept in the mid‐nineteenth century, scholars first began to theorize communitarianism as a social, political, and moral philosophy in the early 1980s in response to a liberalism that was emphasizing individual rights over a responsibility for the common good. These early communitarians engaged in a major debate with those espousing radical liberalism. Later, a “responsive communitarianism” movement, led by Amitai Etzioni, advocated a more balanced approach between the earlier perspective on the common good and individuals' rights, responsibilities, and good.
Primary resistance of human patients to botulinum neurotoxins A and B
Authors: Pirazzini Marco , Carle Stefan , Barth Holger , Rossetto Ornella , Montecucco Cesare 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBotulinum neurotoxin serotypes A and B are successfully used to treat a variety of human diseases characterized by hyperactive peripheral nerve terminals. However, a number of patients are primary resistant to these pharmaceuticals, without having antitoxin‐neutralizing antibodies. A straightforward explanation of this phenomenon posits that mutations of the toxin sites of interaction with their receptors or protein substrates prevent their neuroparalytic action. After a careful investigation of available human genomic databases, we conclude that it is very unlikely that humans are resistant to these two therapeutic neurotoxins because of mutations that would affect their binding or intracellular proteolytic actions.
Synaptic Barristor Based on Phase‐Engineered 2D Heterostructures
Authors: Huh Woong , Jang Seonghoon , Lee Jae Yoon , Lee Donghun , Lee Donghun , Lee Jung Min , Park Hong‐Gyu , Kim Jong Chan , Jeong Hu Young , Wang Gunuk , Lee Chul‐Ho 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe development of energy‐efficient artificial synapses capable of manifoldly tuning synaptic activities can provide a significant breakthrough toward novel neuromorphic computing technology. Here, a new class of artificial synaptic architecture, a three‐terminal device consisting of a vertically integrated monolithic tungsten oxide memristor, and a variable‐barrier tungsten selenide/graphene Schottky diode, termed as a ‘synaptic barrister,’ are reported. The device can implement essential synaptic characteristics, such as short‐term plasticity, long‐term plasticity, and paired‐pulse facilitation. Owing to the electrostatically controlled barrier height in the ultrathin van der Waals heterostructure, the device exhibits gate‐controlled memristive switching characteristics with tunable programming voltages of 0.2−0.5 V. Notably, by electrostatic tuning with a gate terminal, it can additionally regulate the degree and tuning rate of the synaptic weight independent of the programming impulses from source and drain terminals. Such gate tunability cannot be accomplished by previously reported synaptic devices such as memristors and synaptic transistors only mimicking the two‐neuronal‐based synapse. These capabilities eventually enable the accelerated consolidation and conversion of synaptic plasticity, functionally analogous to the synapse with an additional neuromodulator in biological neural networks.
Spectrally Selective Nanocomposite Textile for Outdoor Personal Cooling
Authors: Cai Lili , Song Alex Y. , Li Wei , Hsu Po‐Chun , Lin Dingchang , Catrysse Peter B. , Liu Yayuan , Peng Yucan , Chen Jun , Wang Hongxia , Xu Jinwei , Yang Ankun , Fan Shanhui , Cui Yi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOutdoor heat stress poses a serious public health threat and curtails industrial labor supply and productivity, thus adversely impacting the wellness and economy of the entire society. With climate change, there will be more intense and frequent heat waves that further present a grand challenge for sustainability. However, an efficient and economical method that can provide localized outdoor cooling of the human body without intensive energy input is lacking. Here, a novel spectrally selective nanocomposite textile for radiative outdoor cooling using zinc oxide nanoparticle–embedded polyethylene is demonstrated. By reflecting more than 90% solar irradiance and selectively transmitting out human body thermal radiation, this textile can enable simulated skin to avoid overheating by 5–13 °C compared to normal textile like cotton under peak daylight condition. Owing to its superior passive cooling capability and compatibility with large‐scale production, this radiative outdoor cooling textile is promising to widely benefit the sustainability of society in many aspects spanning from health to economy.
Charge‐Transfer Complex Promoted Regiospecific C−N Bond Cleavage of Vicinal Tertiary Diamines
Authors: Fu Ying , Xu Qin‐Shan , Shi Chun‐Zhao , Du Zhengyin , Xiao Caiqin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA catalyst‐free, charge‐transfer complex promoted coupling of sulfonyl chlorides with vicinal tertiary diamines to generate sulfonamides is presented. Mechanistic studies showed that these reactions are proceeded via charge transfer of vicinal tertiary diamines to sulfonyl chlorides, forming the unstable sulfonyl quaternary ammonium like complexes which induced the regiospecific intramolecular C−N bond cleavage of vicinal tertiary diamines.magnified image
Regiospecific Hydroamination of Unsymmetrical Electron‐Rich and Electron‐Poor Alkynes with Anilines Catalyzed by Gold(I) Immobilized in MCM‐41
Authors: Liu Dayi , Nie Quan , Zhang Rongli , Cai Mingzhong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe first heterogeneous gold(I)‐catalyzed regiospecific hydroamination of ynamides and propiolic acid derivatives with anilines has been achieved by using a diphenylphosphine‐functionalized MCM‐41‐supported gold (I) complex and AgNTf2 as catalysts under mild conditions, yielding the corresponding (E)‐N‐arylimines and (Z)‐enamines in good to excellent yields with broad substrate scope. The new heterogeneous gold(I) complex can easily be prepared via a two‐step procedure from commercially available reagents and recovered by simple filtration of the reaction mixture. The recovered catalyst (Ph2P‐MCM‐41‐AuNTf2) can be reused at least seven times without addition of AgNTf2 as a co‐catalyst and its catalytic efficiency remains unaltered.magnified image
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Tandem Cycloisomerization and Fluorination of 1,3(4)‐Enyne Esters with NFSI: One‐Pot Assembly of 5‐Fluoro‐ Cyclopentenones
Authors: Chen Xianxiao , Zhou Yuanyuan , Hong Mei , Ling Yuan , Yin Dongliang , Wang Shifa , Zhang Xiaoxiang , Rao Weidong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAn efficient synthetic approach for the synthesis of 5‐fluoro‐cyclopentenones containing a fluorine‐substituted carbon stereocenter that relies on gold(I)‐catalyzed cycloisomerization and fluorination sequence of 1,3(4)‐enyne esters with N‐fluorbenzensulfonimide (NFSI) is described. This tandem transformation exhibited a broad substrate scope and excellent functional group compatibility, providing a novel protocol for rapid assembly 5‐fluoro‐cyclopentenones in good to excellent yields under mild reaction conditions. The mechanistic studies revealed that the transformation involves a gold‐catalyzed cycloisomerization and electrophilic fluorination cascade to give the 5‐fluoro‐cyclopentenones.magnified image
A Laser and Electric Pulse Modulated Nonvolatile Photoelectric Response in Nanoscale Copper Dusted Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor Structures
Authors: Gan Zhikai , Zhou Peiqi , Dong Anhua , Zheng Diyuan , Wang Hui 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA novel photoelectric response observed in a nanoscale Cu‐dusted Cu–SiO2–Si structure is reported. By combining the application of a short voltage pulse with laser illumination, the photoelectric response of the structure can be permanently changed. Intriguingly, if a second voltage pulse of reverse polarity is applied under similar laser illumination, the photoelectric response of the structure can be restored to its initial state, showing that the photoelectric states of the structure can be switched back and forth in a nonvolatile manner. This phenomenon is attributed to a controllable change of height of the Schottky barrier formed between the Cu nanoparticles and the N‐type silicon substrate, indicating that tunneling of confined photoelectrons from the Si causes an adjustment of the Fermi level of the Cu particles. The work suggests a new switching approach for tailoring photoelectric sensors, nonvolatile memories, and even solar cells related materials.
Cerebellar atrophy and its contribution to cognition in frontotemporal dementias
Authors: Chen Yu , Kumfor Fiona , Landin‐Romero Ramon , Irish Muireann , Hodges John R. , Piguet Olivier 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveIncreasing evidence suggests that cerebellar damage impacts on cognitive functions. Frontotemporal dementias (FTDs) are neurodegenerative brain conditions, primarily affecting the frontal and/or temporal lobe. Three main phenotypes are recognized, each with a distinct clinical and cognitive profile: behavioral‐variant FTD (bvFTD), semantic dementia (SD), and progressive nonfluent aphasia (PNFA). The severity of cerebellar changes and their relation to cognition in FTD, however, remain unclear. This study aimed to establish cerebellar gray matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and their relation to profiles of cognitive deficits in FTD subtypes.MethodsNinety‐six FTD patients (45 bvFTD, 28 SD, and 23 PNFA), meeting current clinical diagnostic criteria, and 35 age‐, sex‐, and education‐matched controls underwent brain MRI and cognitive assessment. Cerebral and cerebellar gray matter integrity were investigated using voxel‐based morphometry.ResultsCompared with controls, widespread bilateral cerebellar changes were observed in all FTD subtypes, with the greatest atrophy present in bvFTD. Significant associations were found between cerebellar integrity and cognitive performance in attention and working memory in bvFTD, visuospatial function in SD, and language‐motor function in PNFA. Bilateral atrophy of crus and lobule VI were most commonly associated with cognitive deficits, irrespective of FTD phenotype.InterpretationThis study is the first to identify distinct patterns of cerebellar atrophy across FTD syndromes, which in turn relate to discrete cognitive dysfunctions, after accounting for the effect of cerebral atrophy. These findings extend our understanding of the cerebellum and point to its involvement across an array of processes beyond the domain of motor function. Ann Neurol 2018;83:98–109