bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interbase FRET in RNA: from A to Z
Authors: Füchtbauer Anders F , Wranne Moa S , Bood Mattias , Weis Erik , Pfeiffer Pauline , Nilsson Jesper R , Dahlén Anders , Grøtli Morten , Wilhelmsson L Marcus 
Published: September 2019

AbstractInterbase FRET can reveal highly detailed information about distance, orientation and dynamics in nucleic acids, complementing the existing structure and dynamics techniques. We here report the first RNA base analogue FRET pair, consisting of the donor tCO and the non-emissive acceptor tCnitro. The acceptor ribonucleoside is here synthesised and incorporated into RNA for the first time. This FRET pair accurately reports the average structure of A-form RNA, and its utility for probing RNA structural changes is demonstrated by monitoring the transition from A- to Z-form RNA. Finally, the measured FRET data were compared with theoretical FRET patterns obtained from two previously reported Z-RNA PDB structures, to shed new light on this elusive RNA conformation.
A Review of Emerging Evidence for Utilization of a Percutaneous Interspinous Process Decompression Device to Treat Symptomatic Lumbar Adjacent-Segment Degeneration
Authors: Deer Timothy R , Sayed Dawood , Malinowski Mark N , Rowe Jeffery J , Jameson Jessica B , Liang Kevin , Sclafani Joseph A 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective
Postlaminectomy syndrome diagnoses secondary to adjacent segment degeneration are a substantial and rising cause of morbidity in the United States. Emerging spinal cord neuromodulation technologies have produced successful outcomes for postlaminectomy neuropathic pain but are less effective in treating neurogenic claudication secondary to recurrent lumbar stenosis. Percutaneous interspinous process decompression systems can be used as a salvage treatment modality for persistent structural neurogenic claudication in postlaminectomy syndrome or after spinal cord stimulator implantation.

Methods
This paper is a review of emerging evidence for efficacious utilization of percutaneous interspinous process decompression.

Results
A recent pragmatic trial of subjects who underwent percutaneous interspinous process decompression for lumbar stenosis with intermittent neurogenic claudication reported that 63% (26/41) maintained minimal clinically important improvement in visual analog scale (VAS) leg pain, 61% (25/41) in VAS back pain, 78% (32/41) in function objective values, and 88% (36/41) reported satisfaction with treatment at 12 months postop. All subjects in a small case series of seven individuals with postlaminectomy adjacent-segment disease reported postoperative satisfaction scores of 3 or 4 on a 0–4 scale and were also able to decrease or wean completely off controlled pain medications. In another study, there was a significant decrease in average leg pain (60% improvement, P &lt; 0.0001, N = 25) and axial low back pain (58% improvement, P &lt; 0.0001, N = 25) in patients who underwent one- or two-level percutaneous interspinous process decompression as a rescue treatment for reemerging neurogenic claudication after spinal cord stimulator implantation.

Conclusions
The spine often is a focus of progressive disease. Furthermore, mechanical changes associated with spinal instrumentation can lead to additional disease at adjacent levels. Many individuals will present with symptomatic neurogenic claudication recalcitrant to multimodal management strategies, including even the most sophisticated neuromodulation technologies. Implementation of salvage percutaneous interspinus process decompression implantation in cases of adjacent segment degeneration or incomplete spinal cord stimulation can decompress structural causes of neurogenic claudication while sparing the patient from more invasive surgical reoperation techniques.
Will trust proceedings of the future be private?
Authors: Alexander Stephen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article considers the development, and future course, of the law of privacy in administrative trust proceedings. The author argues that the principles of open justice should remain as the starting point of judicial thinking; that this should mean that the courts' approach is driven by what is necessary to enable the public to see that justice is being administered fairly and impartially; and that the publication of details of parties and trusts in non-contentious trust proceedings is usually unlikely to help achieve that end. The author concludes that the issues of open justice and privacy are best balanced and accommodated by the policy, in administrative trust proceedings, of the court sitting in private and then issuing an anonymised judgment giving as much information as possible.
Hepatitis C virus genotype 1 and 2 recombinant genomes and the phylogeographic history of the 2k/1b lineage
Authors: Hostager Reilly , Ragonnet-Cronin Manon , Murrell Ben , Hedskog Charlotte , Osinusi Anu , Susser Simone , Sarrazin Christoph , Svarovskaia Evguenia , Wertheim Joel O 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Recombination is an important driver of genetic diversity, though it is relatively uncommon in hepatitis C virus (HCV). Recent investigation of sequence data acquired from HCV clinical trials produced twenty-one full-genome recombinant viruses belonging to three putative inter-subtype forms 2b/1a, 2b/1b, and 2k/1b. The 2k/1b chimera is the only known HCV circulating recombinant form (CRF), provoking interest in its genetic structure and origin. Discovered in Russia in 1999, 2k/1b cases have since been detected throughout the former Soviet Union, Western Europe, and North America. Although 2k/1b prevalence is highest in the Caucasus mountain region (i.e., Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia), the origin and migration patterns of CRF 2k/1b have remained obscure due to a paucity of available sequences. We assembled an alignment which spans the entire coding region of the HCV genome containing all available 2k/1b sequences (>500 nucleotides; n = 109) sampled in ninteen countries from public databases (102 individuals), additional newly sequenced genomic regions (from 48 of these 102 individuals), unpublished isolates with newly sequenced regions (5 additional individuals), and novel complete genomes (2 additional individuals) generated in this study. Analysis of this expanded dataset reconfirmed the monophyletic origin of 2k/1b with a recombination breakpoint at position 3,187 (95% confidence interval: 3,172–3,202; HCV GT1a reference strain H77). Phylogeography is a valuable tool used to reveal viral migration dynamics. Inference of the timed history of spread in a Bayesian framework identified Russia as the ancestral source of the CRF 2k/1b clade. Further, we found evidence for migration routes leading out of Russia to other former Soviet Republics or countries under the Soviet sphere of influence. These findings suggest an interplay between geopolitics and the historical spread of CRF 2k/1b.
The phylogenetic relationships of neosuchian crocodiles and their implications for the convergent evolution of the longirostrine condition
Authors: Groh Sebastian S , Upchurch Paul , Barrett Paul M , Day Julia J 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSince their origin in the Late Triassic, crocodylomorphs have had a long history of evolutionary change. Numerous studies examined their phylogeny, but none have attempted to unify their morphological characters into a single, combined dataset. Following a comprehensive review of published character sets, we present a new dataset for the crocodylomorph clade Neosuchia consisting of 569 morphological characters for 112 taxa. For the first time in crocodylian phylogenetic studies, quantitative variation was treated as continuous data (82 characters). To provide the best estimate of neosuchian relationships, and to investigate the origins of longirostry, these data were analysed using a variety of approaches. Our results show that equally weighted parsimony and Bayesian methods cluster unrelated longirostrine forms together, producing a topology that conflicts strongly with their stratigraphic distributions. By contrast, applying extended implied weighting improves stratigraphic congruence and removes longirostrine clustering. The resulting topologies resolve the major neosuchian clades, confirming several recent hypotheses regarding the phylogenetic placements of particular species (e.g. Baryphracta deponiae as a member of Diplocynodontinae) and groups (e.g. Tethysuchia as non-eusuchian neosuchians). The longirostrine condition arose at least three times independently by modification of the maxilla and premaxilla, accompanied by skull roof changes unique to each longirostrine clade.
Overview of breast cancer
Authors: Watkins Elyse J. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Each year, more than 250,000 women in the United States are diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Although overall mortality for breast cancer patients has declined, it is still the second most common cause of cancer death in women. This article provides an overview of nonmetastatic breast cancer in women, including general features, diagnostic considerations, and treatments for the most common breast cancer subtypes.
Using buprenorphine to treat patients with opioid use disorder
Authors: Radi Joshua K. , Fogarty Kieran J. , Lagerwey Mary D. 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
The US opioid epidemic is a complex problem that has resulted in legislative actions to make treatment more accessible to patients. Physician assistants (PAs) have taken an active role in expanding their scope of practice to keep up with treatment needs. This article describes opioid use disorder in the United States, treatment gaps, safe treatment with buprenorphine, and PA prescriptive authority.
Psychosocial Factors and Knee Pain Among Older People in Japan
Authors: Ikeda Takaaki , Aida Jun , Tsuboya Toru , Sugiyama Kemmyo , Kondo Katsunori , Osaka Ken 
Published: September 2019

Objectives:
Psychosocial factors are known to affect knee pain. However, the magnitude of depression on the associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and knee pain in older individuals remains unknown. This study aimed to determine (1) the associations between SES and knee pain and (2) how depression mediates the associations between SES and knee pain.

Materials and Methods:
We conducted a survey across 30 Japanese municipalities to collect cross-sectional data. Functionally independent, community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or above (n=26,037) were eligible for the study. Self-reported knee pain in the past year was used as the dependent variable. Past occupation and equivalized household income were separately added to the models as independent variables. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine the associations between SES and knee pain, adjusting for covariates. Mediation analysis was applied to estimate how depression explains these associations.

Results:
The 1-year prevalence of knee pain was 56.0% in our study population. We found that income levels were significantly associated with knee pain: the lowest income level was more prone to experience knee pain compared with the highest income level at a prevalence ratio of 1.22 (95% confidence interval, 1.15-1.28). Depression explained 36.8% of the association of income with knee pain in females and 41.9% in males.

Discussion:
Significant socioeconomic inequalities were observed regarding knee pain among older individuals in Japan. Depression somewhat explained the association between SES and knee pain.
Under Pressure to Perform
Authors: Randall Edin T. , Shapiro Jenna B. , Smith Kelly R. , Jervis Kelsey N. , Logan Deirdre E. 
Published: September 2019

Objectives:
Various academic factors are known to influence pain and somatic symptoms in adolescents, but the roles of academic goal orientation, school motivational climate, and school engagement are unknown. This study examined how these understudied academic factors are associated with adolescent pain and somatic symptoms and whether sex moderates the relations.

Materials and Methods:
High school students (n=90) from a high-achieving community completed questionnaires assessing academic variables, various pain characteristics, and somatic symptoms.

Results:
The majority of adolescents (67%) experienced pain and somatic symptoms in the past month, with 56% reporting multisite pain and 58% reporting at least 1 severe somatic symptom. Headache and abdominal pain were the most frequently reported “most bothersome” pains, and pain was rated, on average, as moderately severe, typically occurring several times per month, and was primarily chronic in nature (duration, ≥3 mo). Higher levels of ego goal orientation and perceived performance motivational climate were associated with more somatic symptoms, and ego goal orientation was also associated with more intense and frequent pain. Alternatively, greater school engagement was associated with fewer somatic symptoms. Task goal orientation and mastery motivational climate were unassociated with all pain and somatic symptom outcomes.

Discussion:
This study demonstrates that adolescents from a high-achieving community report more somatic symptoms and pain when they are less engaged in school and when their academic focus is on grades and outperforming peers. Results suggest that de-emphasizing competition and performance outcomes may support physical well-being in adolescents.
A Novel Coding Variant in SLC39A8 Is Associated With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Chinese Han Population
Authors: Xu Leilei , Wang Yuwen , Wu Zhichong , Dai Zhicheng , Liu Zhen , Qiu Yong , Cheng Jack Chun-Yiu , Zhu Zezhang 
Published: September 2019

Study Design.
A genetic case–control association study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to investigate the association of SLC39A8 with the susceptibility of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in Chinese Han population.

Summary of Background Data.
A recent exome-wide association study identified a missense variant rs13107325 in SLC39A8 that was associated with AIS. However, there was a lack of study validating the association of this novel mutation with AIS in other populations.

Methods.
The variant rs13107325 was genotyped in 965 AIS patients and 976 healthy controls by allelic specific multiple ligase detection reactions. Variants located in the coding region of SLC39A8 were identified by exon sequencing for 192 AIS patients and 192 controls. Paraspinal muscles from 36 AIS patients and 36 age-matched congenital scoliosis patients were collected for the gene expression analysis. Comparison between the cases and controls was performed with the χ
2 test for genotyping data or with Student t test for gene expression analysis.

Results.
For the missense variant rs13107325, there was no case of mutation detected in the patients or the controls. All the subjects had homozygous genotype CC. Exon sequencing revealed that a coding variant rs11097773 of SLC39A8 had a significantly different distribution of minor allele frequency between patients and controls (7.81% vs. 14.8%, P = 0.002). The mRNA expression of SLC39A8 in the patients was remarkably lower than that in the controls (0.0015 ± 0.00026 vs. 0.0021 ± 0.00033, P < 0.001).

Conclusion.
The association of previously reported novel mutation (rs13107325 in SLC39A8) with AIS was not replicated in the Chinese population. Interestingly, a novel coding variant rs11097773 of SLC39A8 is found significantly associated with AIS. Moreover, the expression of SLC39A8 was obviously decreased in AIS patients. Further study is warranted to clarify the functional role of rs11097773 in the development of AIS.

Level of Evidence: 3
Functional Connectivity Changes of the Visual Cortex in the Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Patients
Authors: Chen Zhao , Zhao Rui , Wang Qiu , Yu Chunshui , Li Fengtan , Liang Meng , Zong Yaqi , Zhao Ying , Xiong Wuyi , Su Zhe , Xue Yuan 
Published: September 2019

Study Design.
Cross-sectional study.

Objective
To analyze altered functional connectivity (FC) in the visual cortex of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) patients using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

Summary of Background Data.
We previously showed changes in visual cortex neural activity in CSM patients.

Methods.
Thirty CSM patients and 20 healthy controls were recruited. MR data were collected using a 3.0 T MR. FC of the regions of interest (ROI) (Brodmann areas [BA] 17/18/19/7) were calculated in a voxel-wise manner and compared between groups. Correlation analyses were performed between preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores and altered FC, as well as between preoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and altered FC. Furthermore, the FC where was compared between the preoperative and the postoperative CSM patients in an ROI-wise manner.

Results.
Increased FC was found between BA19 and the cerebellum inferior lobe; between the left BA7 and bilateral calcarine, right lingual, right fusiform gyrus, and left precuneus (BA17); between the left BA7 and right fusiform gyrus and right inferior occipital gyrus (right BA19); and between the right BA7 and right superior lobe of cerebellum (right BA19) in CSM patients (P < 0.05). A negative correlation was found between JOA score and FC of the left and right BA19, and a positive correlation was found between the BCVA and FC of the left and right BA7 (P < 0.05). ROI analysis demonstrated statistically significant FC differences in between the preoperative and the postoperative CSM patients (P < 0.05).

Conclusion.
FC changes were present in the visual cortex of CSM patients, which negatively correlated with preoperative JOA scores and positively correlated with preoperative BCVA. Significant recovery of FC in the visual cortex was detected in CSM patients postoperatively.

Level of Evidence: 4
Doctor, ask your perimenopausal patient about her physical fitness; association of self-reported physical fitness with cardiometabolic and mental health in perimenopausal women: the FLAMENCO project
Authors: Aparicio Virginia A. , Marín-Jiménez Nuria , Coll-Risco Irene , de la Flor-Alemany Marta , Baena-García Laura , Acosta-Manzano Pedro , Aranda Pilar 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Objective:
The aim of this study was to explore the association of self-reported physical fitness (PF) and its components with cardiometabolic and mental health in perimenopausal women.

Methods:
These cross-sectional analyses included 191 participants (53 ± 4 y old) from the FLAMENCO project. Self-reported PF was assessed with the International Fitness Scale (IFIS). Body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), waist circumference (WC), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, C-reactive protein (CRP), and glucose were measured. The Beck's Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Life Orientation Test Revised, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule were used to assess mental health.

Results:
After adjusting for potential confounders, greater overall PF was associated with lower BMI, FM, WC (P < 0.001), DBP and CRP, and higher HDL-C (P < 0.05). Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), speed-agility, and flexibility were associated with lower BMI, WC, and FM (P < 0.001), and muscle strength (MS) with lower WC and FM (P < 0.05). In addition, CRF, MS, and speed-agility were associated with lower CRP (P < 0.01), and flexibility with enhanced triglycerides and HDL-C (P < 0.05). Overall PF and all its components were associated with lower depression, anxiety, and negative affect (P≤0.01), and greater positive affect (P≤0.05). Overall PF and MS were associated with better sleep quality (P < 0.05), and CRF, MS, and speed-agility with greater optimism (P≤0.05). Finally, overall PF showed evidence of significant association with less pharmaceutical expenditure (B = −7.2, β=−0.145, P = 0.08).

Conclusions:
Self-reported PF was associated with better cardiometabolic and mental health in perimenopausal women. The IFIS might be proposed as an inexpensive, quick, and easy tool in clinical settings.
Some Aspects of CD8+ T-Cell Exhaustion Are Associated With Altered T-Cell Mitochondrial Features and ROS Content in HIV Infection
Authors: Deguit Christian Deo T. , Hough Michelle , Hoh Rebecca , Krone Melissa , Pilcher Christopher D. , Martin Jeffrey N. , Deeks Steven G. , McCune Joseph M. , Hunt Peter W. , Rutishauser Rachel L. 
Published: September 2019

Background:
Reversing or preventing T-cell exhaustion is an important treatment goal in the context of HIV disease; however, the mechanisms that regulate HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell exhaustion are incompletely understood. Since mitochondrial mass (MM), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content are altered in exhausted CD8+ T cells in other settings, we hypothesized that similar lesions may arise in HIV infection.

Methods:
We sampled cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-uninfected (n = 10) and HIV-infected participants with varying levels and mechanisms of viral control: viremic (VL > 2000 copies/mL; n = 8) or aviremic (VL < 40 copies/mL) due to antiretroviral therapy (n = 11) or natural control (n = 9). We characterized the MM, MMP, and ROS content of bulk CD8+ T cells and MHC class I tetramer+ HIV-specific CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry.

Results:
We observed higher MM, MMP, and ROS content across bulk effector-memory CD8+ T-cell subsets in HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected participants. Among HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, these features did not vary by the extent or mechanism of viral control but were significantly altered in cells displaying characteristics associated with exhaustion (eg, high PD-1 expression, low CD127 expression, and impaired proliferative capacity).

Conclusions:
While we did not find that control of HIV replication in vivo correlates with the CD8+ T-cell MM, MMP, or ROS content, we did find that some features of CD8+ T-cell exhaustion are associated with alterations in mitochondrial state. Our findings support further studies to probe the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and CD8+ T-cell functionality in HIV infection.
Temporary Migration for Training
Authors: Abdelrahman Mohamed , Yvon Adrien , Chen Yu-Ray , Grant Janet 
Published: September 2019

Background
Against a background of globalization and medical migration, issues have been raised regarding training outside the clinician's own context.

Objective
There is a dearth of published literature on these issues and we aimed to explore these.

Methods
Taking Chang Gung Memorial Hospital fellowships in microfacial and craniofacial surgery as our case study, we developed an online survey to look at the circumstances leading junior doctors to seek specific, high-level training outside their country of intended practice and how effective this was for their future career, the service they provide, and their institutions.

Results
Fellows come to the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital predominantly from Europe, North America, and Asia, rather than specifically from developing countries. The predominant reasons were professional, personal, and to gain training that was not available at home, followed by career development. The fellowship was not commonly used as a career step or a means of migration. Our results showed that most fellows received training that enabled them to provide a service for complex cases on returning to their home country. Implementing newly acquired skills at home did not present any consistent challenges for fellows.

Conclusions
This study addressed a new phenomenon for the literature on medical migration: temporary migration from developed countries for the purposes of training and not permanent migration. The motivation for seeking these fellowships was to make up for training opportunities that were not available in highly planned health economies. To develop their practice in their home institutions, fellows often had to make adjustments to ensure effective transfer of skills and, in doing so, contribute to service development.