bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The St. Clair River Pollution
Authors: Rodgers G.K. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The background to the scientific investigations of the St. Clair River is presented. This is followed by an outline of the findings surrounding the vacuum dredging of the river bottom close to the location where Dow Chemical reported a spill of perchloroethylene. This was the same general area in which samples of a black liquid had been collected in 1984 with their analyses being released in the fall of 1985.
The underwater video camera technique has been very useful in monitoring the conditions on the river bottom. The significance of dissolution of the liquid chemicals seeping out onto the river bottom is also assessed.
Gas Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric (GC/MS) Identification of the Major Components of Non-aqueous Material from the St. Clair River
Authors: Carey J. H. , Hart J. H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Non-aqueous pools overlying the sediment in the St. Clair River near Sarnia were examined by GC/MS and found to contain tetrach1oroethene, tetra-, penta- and hexachloroethanes, chlorobutenes, chlorobutadienes, chlorohexadienes, heptachloro-and octachlorostyrene and octachloronaphthalene. The composition of the sample suggested that the source of the pools was not a simple spill of tetrachloroethene as originally thought since a number of the compounds identified have been previously observed in industrial wastes.
Measured and Modelled Chlorinated Contaminant Distributions in the St. Clair River Water
Authors: Chan C.H. , Lau Y.L. , Oliver B.G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The concentration distribution of hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), pentachloro-benzene (QCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and octachlorostyrene (OCS) in water samples from transects across the upper and lower St. Clair River and the upper Detroit River were determined on four occasions in 1985. The data show a plume of these contaminants from the Sarnia industrial area. The fluxes and concentration profiles of the contaminants at Port Lambton have been modelled success fully using a simple transverse mixing model. A study on the chemical partitioning between the “dissolved” and “suspended sediment” phases shows that an important contaminant fraction is carried in the river by the suspended solids, particularly for lipophilie compounds such as HCB and OCS,
Fate and Transport Modelling of Perchloroethylene in the St. Clair River
Authors: McCorquodale John A. , Ibrahim Kamal , Hamdy Yousry 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The response of the St. Clair River system (water column and bed sediments) to a spill of perchloroethylene (PERC) is predicted by application of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) TOXIWASP fate transport model. The spill occurred from August 13 to 16, 1986 at the Dow Chemical of Canada Inc. site. The estimated quantity of the spill was 18000 kg of which approximately 10,000 kg initially settled out In the vicinity of the Dow Chemical outfalls. At the end of 30 days the model indicated that about 12600 kg had been discharged to Lake St. Clair while 4500 kg and 90 kg remained on the river bed and in temporary storage in the water column respectively. Approximately 5% of the original spill was volatilized in the river during the 30 days after the spill.
Drinking Water Surveillance Program in the St. Clair-Detroit River Area 1985/86
Authors: Roberts K.J. , Hunsinger R.B. , Vajdic A.H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Drinking Water Surveillance Program (DWSP), developed by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, is an assessment project based on standardized analytical and sampling protocol. This program was recently instituted in response to a series of contaminant occurrences in the St. Clair-Detroit River area of Southwestern Ontario. This paper outlines the details and goals of the program and provides information concerning micro-contaminants in drinking water at seven drinking water treatment plants in Southwestern Ontario.
Sediment and Ecosystem Characteristics of a Detention Lake Receiving Urban Runoff
Authors: Rownay A.C. , Droste R.L. , MacRae C.R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
There is limited availability of data on long term impact of urban runoff on detention ponds used for pollutant removal or flood control. A small lake exclusively receiving urban runoff from a catchment that has been stable for over 20 years has been studied. A varied local ecosystem with regionally significant bird and other species has developed in the area. Fish sensitive to turbidity have survived in the lake. Core sediment samples were taken for analyses. The organic content and consolidation of deposited material have been characterized. Sediment is characteristic of actively decomposing material. Lead, copper and zinc were found in concentrations that were twice as high in recently deposited material compared to the native sediment, however, cadmium concentrations were not found to vary between layers.
Response of Anaerobic Filters to Toxic Organics
Authors: Salenieks S.E. , Henry J.G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The intent of this study was to evaluate the influence of four toxic organic chemicals, namely phenol, benzene, chloroform and pentachlorophenol, on the performance of an anaerobic filter system. Four anaerobic filters, with an empty bed volume of 3.0 litres, were operated at room temperature for approximately 145 days at a detention time of 10.8 hours. A synthetic waste with a COD of 670 mg/L was fed to each filter initially until steady-state conditions prevailed. When this was achieved, each filter was then fed one of the toxic chemicals at a low concentration considered unlikely to cause inhibition to anaerobic microorganisms. The concentration of each chemical was then increased slowly to allow the microorganisms to become acclimated to the toxicant. Process failure occurred when the concentration of chemicals became inhibitory, resulting in poor COD removal, low or zero gas production, and high volatile acids concentrations in the effluent. The inhibitory chemical was the removed from the influent, and the recovery pattern for each filter was noted.
The results from this study indicated that pentachlorophenol and chloroform in the influent waste affected the performance of the anaerobic filter more adversely than either phenol or benzene. Pentachlorophenol concentrations of 4 mg/L and chloroform concentrations of 5 mg/L caused the anaerobic filter to show irreversible toxicity, with a dramatic decrease in gas production and COD removal efficiency. From 35 to 40 days were required for these filters to recover to a stable operation. A phenol concentration of 151 mg/L and a benzene concentration of 58 mg/L caused partial inhibition to the anaerobic filters, with recovery occurring within days of the toxicant removal.
Research Activities on Enhancement of Biochemical Processes in Sanitary Landfills
Authors: Stegmann Rainer , Spendlin Hans-Henning 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Enhancement of biological degradation processes can prove to be advantageous in regard to emission control and gas utilisation. Anaerobic degradation processes of municipal solid waste (MSW) were studied in laboratory - pilot plant and full scale. As a result, suggestions for modified landfill operation techniques are presented. At a sanitary landfill in Lingen two different operation techniques are tested.
Recommendations Concerning Materials and Pumping Systems Used in the Sampling of Groundwater Contaminated with Volatile Organics
Authors: Devlin J.F. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Laboratory and field studies were performed at the River Road Laboratories of Environment Canada, to evaluate the effect of storage containers, tubing material and pumping method on the integrity of groundwater samples contaminated with volatile organics. The work was aimed at establishing a sampling protocol which can be easily adapted to a variety of field situations and which preserves sample integrity at every stage from collection to analysis.
In the laboratory, storability studies were conducted on prepared samples containing a suite of 15 volatile aliphatic, halogenated aliphatic and aromatic compounds, in both glass vials and in Tedlar bags developed during the project. Glass was found to be the preferred container for the storability of samples.
Leaching studies were carried out on both Teflon and polyethylene tubing (100 ft., 0.2″ i.d.); neither material was found to substantially contaminate organic-free deionized water.
Sorption studies conducted on the same tubing sample 9 indicated that polyethylene sorbs the organics to a substantially greater degree than Teflon. However, representative samples can be obtained through both tubing materials provided that a flushing procedure is followed prior to sample collection.
In the field, tests were carried out to determine if sampling into glass vials (significant sample/air contact during collection) introduces any bias to prepared standards. The results suggest that a closed sampling system is preferred. However, all vial samples were collected without analytically significant losses of volatiles.
Tubing performance was tested at specially designed piezometers constructed so that groundwater samples could be collected from the same place through either polyethylene or Teflon tubing. It was determined that quantitatively similar samples can be collected through both types of tubing.
A comparative study between peristaltic and positive displacement pumping methods was undertaken. The Teflon bladder pump (no air contact) was judged superior overall. Peristaltic suction did not appear to bias samples substantially, however, the condition of the piezometer did have a significant effect on sample representivity.
Modeling Unsaturated Zone Movement of Aldicarb Residues from Applications to Potatoes in Eastern Canada
Authors: Jones Russell L. , Estes Tammara L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The unsaturated zone model PRZM was used to simulate movement of aldicarb residues resulting from applications to potatoes grown in Ontario, Quebec and Prince Edward Island. These simulations suggest aldicarb residues will not generally enter shallow groundwater at levels exceeding the drinking water guideline. In instances where residues do enter shallow groundwater the resulting magnitude will be sufficiently small to permit degradation of residues to below guideline concentrations before moving beyond the required 150 m buffer zone around drinking water wells. The simulation results are consistent with existing potable well monitoring data.
Movement of Pesticides to Groundwater in an Irrigated Soil
Authors: Krawchuk Bert P. , Webster G. R. Barrie 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The movement of pesticide residues to ground water was studied on a commercial farm southwest of Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. The site had sandy soil with low organic matter content, a high water table, a tile drain system and an irrigation system using river water. Records were available from the beginning of commercial operation in 1979 describing pesticide usage on a field by field basis. A total of 21 different pesticide formulations were used in the 5 years of operation.
An initial (1981) random sampling of the tile drain water did not detect any pesticide residues in the outflow at the 0.02 ug/L level. A subsequent extensive sampling (1982) detected residues of chlorothalonil on eight occasions ranging from 0.06 to 3.66 ug/L in the tile drain outflow. Ground water from one of two wells in the northwest quarter was found to contain chlorothalonil at a level of 10.1 to 272.2 ug/L in 1982 and 0.4 to 9.0 ug/L in 1983, carbofuran at a level of 11.5 to 158.4 ug/L in 1982 and &lt; 0.5 to 1.0 ug/L in 1983, and carbofuran phenol (not quantified) in 1982 and 1983.
RP-HPLC Kow data indicated that a number of the pesticides used on the farm could be as mobile or more mobile than chlorothalonil which had been detected in the ground water in two consecutive years; however, of the other pesticides only carbofuran was detected in the ground water. With a Kow lower than that of chlorothalonil, carbofuran was expected to be more mobile than chlorothalonil, and to appear in the water sooner, but this was not observed in the field samples.
Contamination of Subsurface Waters by Road De-icing Chemicals
Authors: Pilon P.E. , Howard K.W.F. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The application of road de-icing chemicals to urban and rural roads in southern Ontario represents a serious potential source of shallow subsurface contamination. These chemicals are highly soluble and are readily mobilized by surface water run-off. This run-off can subsequently enter the soil zone and migrate through the shallow subsurface resulting in degradation of groundwater quality in the underlying aquifer.
Recent work has investigated the extent to which the inorganic constituents of road de-icing chemicals constitute a threat to groundwater in the shallow subsurface environment. This study has focused on a) determining the extent to which road de-icing chemicals are accumulating in the shallow subsurface; b) identifying diagnostic chemical parameters which will enable conclusive contaminant source identification; and c) assessing rates of road de-icing contaminant migration.
Fifteen field sites were selected to sample sediments adjacent to urban and rural roads. A total of forty seven interstitial water samples were submitted for major ion (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl, SO4, HCO3, NO3), minor ion (F, I, Br), pH, electrical conductivity and trace constituent analyses.
Preliminary results indicate that the shallow subsurface adjacent to the urban road sites contain considerably elevated Na, Cl, Ca, and Mg. Interstitial waters from urban road sites may contain from 103 to 104 mg/L Cl and 103 mg/L Na as compared to less than 102 mg/L Cl and less than 102 mg/L Na for interstitial waters sampled from rural road sites and park locations. The ratio I/Cl exhibits potential as a diagnostic indicator of source origin. Interstitial waters contaminated by road salt regularly show I/Cl ratios two orders of magnitude lower than I/Cl ratios for saline bedrock waters.
Development Needs for Canada’s National Water Quality Guidelines
Authors: Strachan W.M.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The philosophy behind the development and application of water quality guidelines in Canada is discussed. The types of information required to implement the Canadian Council of Resource and Environment Ministers' direction to “harmonize” the national set of guidelines are described. Brief descriptions are presented of required expertise as well as specific data elements for new or for better supported guidelines. Mention is also made of a new approach being attempted in the Great Lakes using biological indicators of ecosystem health.
Application of Poisson Regression to the Analysis of Bacteriological Data
Authors: El-Shaarawi A.H. , Maul A. , Block J-C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper presents and suggests the use of Poisson regression analysis for modelling the association between bacterial counts observed in a drinking water distribution system and a set of explanatory variables. When the dependent variable is a count that follows the Poisson distribution, the procedure developed in this work is potentially much more appropriate than the conventional method of applying ordinary regress ion analysis after transforming the counts using the square root transformation, since such a transformation may not satisfy all the conditions needed for performing regression. A detailed description of the procedure used for calcul at ing the maximum likelihood estimates of the unknown parameters of the model and their standard errors is given. The method is illustrated by studying the spatial and temporal variation of heterotrophic bacterial counts in the drinking water distribution system of the city of Morsang in France. The results indicated significant variations due to both the spatial and temporal characteristics of the distribut ion of bacteria in the network and also that there was a strong interact ion between those characteristics. Further an attempt to model the temporal and spatial variation showed that a sizeable portion of the total variability could be explained by using temperature and turbidity as predictor variables.
Removal of Naturally Occurring Mycotoxins from an Aqueous Substrate
Authors: Davis E. , Forgie D.J.L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Certain species of fungi, eg. Fusarium, produce mycotoxins, i.e. naturally toxic organic compounds, in response to certain adverse growth conditions. Although the severe effects of ingesting mycotoxin-contaminated grains (eg. corn and wheat) by humans and/or animals are well documented, there are no documented cases of mycotoxin-contaminated drinking waters. However, since natural and man-made mycotoxin production exists, the possibility of mycotoxin contamination of drinking water was deemed to exist. The objective of this investigation was, therefore, to determine which water treatment methods would be successful in the removal of mycotoxins from freshwaters.
The experimental test procedures were based on a 50 mg/L stock solution of T-2 mycotoxin in distilled water which was then subjected to various typical water treatment techniques, Samples of the product waters were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using both liquid and gas chromatography techniques. In addition, animal bioassay-type testing was employed to evaluate the potential acute and chronic biological effects of the product waters.
The results of these tests indicated that the most effective water treatment methods were (i) adsorption on a synthetic resin, (ii) activated carbon adsorption, (iii) distillation, (iv) lime “stabilization” and (v) reverse osmosis. These methods generally resulted in high degrees of mycotoxin removal and product waters which had little or no effect on the test animals. Conventional water treatment techniques, i.e. coagulation, filtration and disinfection, had little or no effect in removing the particular mycotoxin which was tested.
An Investigation of the Factors Affecting the Removal of Fulvic Acid From Water by Aluminum and Polymers
Authors: Diamadopoulos Evangelos , Woods Donald R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The effect of five operating variables on the removal of fulvic acid from water by means of aluminum and polymers was studied. These variables were the pH, the calcium concentration in the water, and the polymer dosage, molar mass and degree of hydrolysis. The study followed a 25−1 resolution V fractional factorial experimental design. Based on a statistical analysis, the most significant effects were the pH, the calcium concentration, the polymer molar mass and the interaction of pH with calcium concentration. A calcium concentration of 40 mg/L, a pH of 7 and a polymer with a molar mass of 5 to 6 million were found to be most effective based on fulvic acid removal by filtration. The effect of calcium was larger at pH 8 than at pH 7. The type of polymer did not have any significant effect.
Fate of Trichloroethylene in Activated Sludge Systems
Authors: Bedford W. , Melcer H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the fate of a volatile organic priority pollutant, trichloroethylene (TCE), in activated sludge systems treating municipal wastewater. Batch stripping tests were carried out in a 2 L glass vessel to develop sampling techniques for vapour and liquid phases and to refine analytical protocols. The vapour sampling technique found to be most reliable involved collection of all exhaust vapours in a 40 L Tedlar bag. Equipment which was impervious to the volatile characteristics of TCE was imperative. Continuous flow experiments were carried out in a 15 L gas-tight bench-scale activated sludge system. Experiments were conducted for influent TCE concentrations ranging from 20 to 150 Mg/L and at aeration rates of 0.13 and 0.26 volume of air/volume of mixed liquor-minute. Mass balances for TCE were carried out when the TCE adsorbed by the biomass had reached an equilibrium concentration. A minimum of four hydraulic retention times (HRTs) were required before constant biomass TCE concentrations were observed. Subsequently, grab samples of influent, effluent and mixed liquor were taken within a discrete time interval during which a volume of exhaust gas was collected in a Tedlar bag. The mass balances were based upon TCE analysis of these samples. The first experiments were carried out without mixed liquor to eliminate possible loss of TCE by biodegradation. Approximately 10% of the influent TCE could not be accounted for in these experiments. This loss was attributed to sampling and analytical errors. With mixed liquor present, 60 to 70 % mass balance closures were achieved. Approximately 20 to 30 % of the TCE losses were attributed to biodegradation.
Anaerobic Semi-Continuous Culture Biodegradation of Dichlorophenols Containing an Ortho Chlorine
Authors: Hrudey S.E. , Knettig E. , Fedorak P.M. , Daignault S.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Rapid and preferential dechlorination of the ortho chlorine from 2,6-, 2,4- and 2,3- dichlorophenol substrates was observed in semi-continuous cultures inoculated with 50% unacclimated anaerobic sludge. The rate of further dechlorination depended on the position of the second chlorine atom. The dechlorination rates for the second chlorine ranked ortho &gt; para &gt; meta. Complete mineralization to methane was only observed in cultures fed 2,6-dichlorophenol. Addition of activated carbon to the anaerobic cultures showed some benefit to the degradation process.
Terrain Geochemistry Surveys, Permafrost Studies, and Arctic Limnology, District of Keewatin, N.W.T.: Implications for Water Quality Monitoring in the North
Authors: Edwards Tom W.D. , Klassen R.A. , Shilts W.W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Geochemical studies and surveys conducted by the Geological Survey of Canada have provided considerable information about the natural geochemical variations in glacial drift, lake sediments, and lake waters in south-central District of Keewatin. In addition to their intended contribution to mineral exploration, these activities yielded much basic background data that may be applied to the planning of water quality monitoring programs in the region.
Studies of permafrost features, and arctic limnology have furnished knowledge about natural geomorphic and diagenetic processes that influence surface water quality. Cryoturbation, on land and in the shallow areas of lakes underlain by permafrost, plays a major role in the transfer of particulate and dissolved drift constituents to surface waters. In spite of the abundance of mineral detritus on shore, profundal lake sediments are typically highly diatomaceous and possess conspicuous oxic surface layers that likely have a strong capacity to sequester both nutrients and trace metals.
Radiological Monitoring Activities in the Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Baweja A.S. , Joshi S.R. , Sutherland D.J. , Olding B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Results from the radiological monitoring activities relating to surface water and old uranium mining waste sites in the Northwest Territories are described. Data from the Baker Lake site reveal that the radionuclide levels in the surface water are quite low. In view of limited monitoring data, three new stations have been established in the Northwest Territories. Initiation of a similar program for the Yukon is recommended. Studies carried out at uranium mining waste sites by government agencies and private consultants concluded that the present levels of radionuclides in the associated waters were posing no health hazards.