bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Audit of 117 otoplasties for prominent ear by one surgeon using a cartilage‐cutting procedure
Authors: Brian Tess , Cheng Paul T. , Loo Stanley S. 
Published: February 2018

BackgroundThe plethora of surgical procedures for prominent ear correction reflects lack of satisfaction with outcomes achieved. This paper describes a cartilage‐cutting otoplasty procedure and reports an audit of its outcomes.MethodsDischarge coding was used to retrospectively identify patients who had undergone the otoplasty of interest at Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, during the 5 years from March 2010 to the end of February 2015. Hospital records were accessed. Demographic, procedure and patient satisfaction data were recorded and analysed (PASW/SPSS Statistics 18.0). Chi‐square test and t‐test were used to assess associations, with significance accepted at two‐sided P < 0.05.ResultsSixty‐four patients underwent the specified otoplasty (54.7% females: mean age 9.5 years (standard deviation, SD: 4.2; range: 4–20)), of whom 93.8% had bilateral procedures with mean surgical time of 61 min (SD: 14; range: 34–94). This was significantly shorter (P < 0.001) than for bilateral surgeries by all other techniques and surgeons in the review period. None of the 117 procedures of interest subsequently had suture extrusion or revision surgery. Mean time from surgery to satisfaction determination was 993 days (SD: 521; range: 111–1850) for 43 (67.2%) patients. 23.3% believed that there had been aesthetically insignificant partial recurrence of prominence, typically of one ear only. This was insufficient for all but one patient to consider repeat otoplasty. Surgery outcome was rated ‘very satisfactory’ and ‘satisfactory’ by 90.7% and 9.3% of patients/parents, respectively. All would recommend the surgery to others.ConclusionWith infrequent complications and recurrence requiring revision, and without long‐term reliance on sutures, the otoplasty reported is time‐efficient, safe and generates high patient satisfaction.
DEVELOPMENT NGOS: BASIC FACTS
Authors: ALDASHEV Gani , NAVARRA Cecilia 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThis paper systematically reviews the empirical literature on development non‐governmental organizations (NGOs), drawing both on quantitative and qualitative analyses, and constructs a set of basic facts about these organizations. These facts concern the size of the development NGO sector and its evolution, the funding of NGOs, the allocation of NGO aid and projects across beneficiary countries, the relationship of NGOs with beneficiaries, and the phenomenon of globalization of development NGOs.
PUBLIC STOCK OWNERSHIP
Authors: CORNEO Giacomo 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTThe government of a country with a good financial reputation could borrow from the international capital market and use the proceeds to endow a sovereign wealth fund that mainly invests in the world stock market. In expectation, this country would gain the equity risk premium multiplied by the size of the fund. This gain could be earmarked to a social dividend. This paper deals with the conditions under which such a policy is welfare‐improving, discusses the optimal size of such a fund, and proposes an institutional framework for the management of public stock ownership.
NONPROFITS IN THE FIELD: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PEER MONITORING AND SABOTAGE
Authors: AURIOL Emmanuelle , BRILON Stefanie 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTTwo types of intrinsically motivated workers are considered: good workers care about the mission of an organization, whereas bad workers derive pleasure from destructive behavior. Compared to the case with only good workers, the mission‐oriented sector has to resort to higher monitoring to deal with the threat of sabotage. When standard monitoring is not possible, peer monitoring might deter bad workers from entering the nonprofit sector but reduces output due to free riding and because workers require higher compensation to work in teams. Nonprofits implement peer monitoring only if the expected damage that bad workers can inflict is larger than the loss of productivity due to teamwork. For senior staff with high reservation utility, they turn a blind eye on serious sabotage if the likelihood of hiring a bad worker is perceived as small. But they almost systematically implement peer monitoring for junior staff.
DEMOCRATIC, ACCOUNTABLE STATES ARE IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT “BEHAVIORAL” HUMANS
Authors: PUTTERMAN Louis 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACTAccountable, democratic government is impossible assuming that the self‐interested, rational individuals of traditional economic theory are the only available citizens and officials. Approaching near realization of such a form of government, as occurred in parts of the world during recent generations, required reconfiguring autocratic states with the aid of the actual human impulses that underlie attraction to norms of fairness, capacities to cooperate, desire for social approval, and anger at norm violators. Increasing our understanding of how accountable government began to approach realization during the past two centuries may aid society in preserving and building on this still‐new political arrangement.
Impact of novel oncogenic pathways regulated by antitumor miR‐451a in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Yamada Yasutaka , Arai Takayuki , Sugawara Sho , Okato Atsushi , Kato Mayuko , Kojima Satoko , Yamazaki Kazuto , Naya Yukio , Ichikawa Tomohiko , Seki Naohiko 
Published: February 2018

Recent analyses of our microRNA (miRNA) expression signatures obtained from several types of cancer have provided novel information on their molecular pathology. In renal cell carcinoma (RCC), expression of microRNA‐451a (miR‐451a) was significantly downregulated in patient specimens and low expression of miR‐451a was significantly associated with poor prognosis of RCC patients (P = .00305) based on data in The Cancer Genome Atlas. The aims of the present study were to investigate the antitumor roles of miR‐451a and to identify novel oncogenic networks it regulated in RCC cells. Ectopic expression of miR‐451a significantly inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion by RCC cell lines, suggesting that miR‐451a had antitumor roles. To identify oncogenes regulated by miR‐451a in RCC cells, we analyzed genome‐wide gene expression data and examined information in in silico databases. A total of 16 oncogenes and were found to be possible targets of miR‐451a regulation. Interestingly, high expression of 9 genes (PMM2, CRELD2, CLEC2D, SPC25, BST2, EVL, TBX15, DPYSL3, and NAMPT) was significantly associated with poor prognosis. In this study, we focused on phosphomannomutase 2 (PMM2), which was the most strongly associated with prognosis. Overexpression of PMM2 was detected in clinical specimens and Spearman's rank test indicated a negative correlation between the expression levels of miR‐451a and PMM2 (P = .0409). Knockdown of PMM2 in RCC cells inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion, indicating overexpression of PMM2 could promote malignancy. Analytic strategies based on antitumor miRNAs is an effective tool for identification of novel pathways of cancer.
The Development of Self and Identity in Adolescence: Neural Evidence and Implications for a Value‐Based Choice Perspective on Motivated Behavior
Authors: Pfeifer Jennifer H. , Berkman Elliot T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractFollowing a key developmental task of childhood—building a foundation of self‐knowledge in the form of domain‐specific self‐concepts—adolescents begin to explore their emerging identities in ways that foster autonomy and connectedness. Neuroimaging studies of self‐related processes demonstrate enhanced engagement of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (PFC) in adolescence, which may facilitate and reflect the development of identity by integrating the value of potential actions and choices. Drawing from neuroeconomic and social‐cognitive accounts, we propose that motivated behavior during adolescence can be modeled by a general value‐based decision‐making process centered around value accumulation in the ventromedial PFC. This approach advances models of adolescent neurodevelopment that focus on reward sensitivity and cognitive control by considering more diverse value inputs, including contributions of developing self‐ and identity‐related processes. It also considers adolescent decision making and behavior from adolescents' point of view rather than adults' perspectives on what adolescents should value or how they should behave.
The effect of the heights and thicknesses of the remaining root segments on buccal bone resorption in the socket‐shield technique: An experimental study in dogs
Authors: Tan Zhen , Kang Jian , Liu Wenjia , Wang Hang 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundTo date only a few studies have been done on the use of the socket‐shield technique for preserving the resorption of the buccal bone in aesthetically sensitive sites. Besides, there have been no further studies on the effect of the heights and thicknesses of the remaining root segments on buccal bone resorption when using this method.PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different heights and thicknesses of the remaining root segments on bone resorption in the socket‐shield technique.Materials and MethodsFour healthy female beagle dogs were used in this study. The third premolar (P3) and the fourth premolar (P4) on both sides of the mandible were hemisected in the buccal‐lingual direction, and the clinical crown of the distal root was beheaded. In the experimental groups, the roots were worn down in the apical direction until they were located at the buccal crestal level (Group A) or 1 mm higher than that level (Group B). In the control group, the distal root segments were extracted. Then, implant placement was performed into the distal root. After 3 months of healing, the specimens were prepared for histological diagnosis.ResultsThere was no difference between Group A and Group B when using the socket‐shield technique, but the results of both groups were better than those of the control group.ConclusionsThe height of the root segments has little effect on the bone absorption of alveolar bone, while the bone absorption was strongly influenced by the thickness of the root segments. More precisely, the absorption may decrease if the thickness of the root fragment increases, when the thickness of the root plate is in the 0.5‐1.5 mm range.
Cutaneous disorders characterized by elastolysis or loss of elastic tissue
Authors: Tronnier Michael 
Published: February 2018

SummaryAlong with collagen, elastic fibers are integral components of cutaneous connective tissue. A decrease in elastic fibers or loss thereof has been described in a number of clinically distinct skin diseases, both hereditary and acquired. In disorders associated with inflammation, elastophagocytosis is an important histological hallmark. Treatment is generally difficult.
About why there is a shift from cardinal to ordinal processing in the association with arithmetic between first and second grade
Authors: Sasanguie Delphine , Vos Helene 
Published: February 2018

AbstractDigit comparison is strongly related to individual differences in children's arithmetic ability. Why this is the case, however, remains unclear to date. Therefore, we investigated the relative contribution of three possible cognitive mechanisms in first and second graders’ digit comparison performance: digit identification, digit–number word matching and digit ordering ability. Furthermore, we examined whether these components could account for the well‐established relation between digit comparison performance and arithmetic. As expected, all candidate predictors were related to digit comparison in both age groups. Moreover, in first graders, digit ordering and in second graders both digit identification and digit ordering explained unique variance in digit comparison performance. However, when entering these unique predictors of digit comparison into a mediation model with digit comparison as predictor and arithmetic as outcome, we observed that whereas in second graders digit ordering was a full mediator, in first graders this was not the case. For them, the reverse was true and digit comparison fully mediated the relation between digit ordering and arithmetic. These results suggest that between first and second grade, there is a shift in the predictive value for arithmetic from cardinal processing and procedural knowledge to ordinal processing and retrieving declarative knowledge from memory; a process which is possibly due to a change in arithmetic strategies at that age. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://youtu.be/dDB0IGi2Hf8
Evolution of self‐care and functional mobility after single‐event multilevel surgery in children and adolescents with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy
Authors: Dequeker Griet , Van Campenhout Anja , Feys Hilde , Molenaers Guy 
Published: February 2018

AimTo explore the evolution of self‐care and functional mobility after multilevel surgery in children and adolescents with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy and to identify factors affecting these outcomes.MethodThirty‐four participants (22 males, 12 females) were evaluated before surgery, and at 2 months, 6 months, 1 year, 18 months, and 2 years after surgery. Self‐care was assessed with the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory Dutch edition. The Mobility Questionnaire47 (MobQues47) and Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) were used to measure functional mobility.ResultsAll outcomes revealed a significant decrease 2 months after single‐event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) (p‐value between <0.001 and 0.02) followed by a significant increase at 6 months (p<0.001 and p=0.045). Between 6 months and 1 year, a significant increase was also revealed for Mobques47 (p<0.001), FMS (p≤0.008), and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory Functional Skills Scale (PEDI‐FSS) (p=0.001). Improvement continued until 18 months for the PEDI‐FSS. Initial score, initial muscle strength, Gross Motor Function Classification System level, age, and number of surgical interventions significantly influenced time trends for self‐care and/or functional mobility.InterpretationMost preoperative scores are regained at 6 months after SEMLS. Further improvement is seen until 18 months. Participants with a higher functional level before surgery will temporarily lose more than participants with lower initial functional ability, but they also fast regain their function.What this paper adds

Self‐care and functional mobility decrease significantly in the first months after single‐event multilevel surgery (SEMLS).

Six months after SEMLS most preoperative scores are regained.

Impact of SEMLS is more pronounced for functional mobility than for self‐care.

Muscle strength and functionality at baseline are important influencing factors on the evolution after SEMLS.
The relationship between socio‐economic status and diagnosed Type 2 diabetes is changing with economic growth in Nanjing, China
Authors: Xu F. , He J. , Wang Z. , Ware R. S. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimIn developed countries, the relationship between socio‐economic status (SES) and Type 2 diabetes was positive several decades ago but is now negative. However, in developing societies such as China the relationship remains positive. It is likely that at some stage of economic development the SES–Type 2 diabetes association will become negative in developing communities. This study aimed to examine whether this inflexion is approaching in China.MethodsTwo cross‐sectional surveys were undertaken in Nanjing, China, in 2000 and 2011. The same sampling approach was used to randomly select participants. Diagnosed Type 2 diabetes was the outcome variable. SES was measured using monthly family average income and divided into thirds. Mixed‐effects models were used to calculate the association between SES and Type 2 diabetes.ResultsThere were 19 861 (response rate, 90.1%) and 7824 (response rate, 82.8%) participants in 2000 and 2011, respectively. A 2.6‐fold increase in Type 2 diabetes prevalence was observed from 3.0% (95% confidence interval 2.8%, 3.3%) in 2000 to 8.2% (7.7%, 8.8%) in 2011 (P < 0.01). After controlling for potential confounders, the odds ratios of having Type 2 diabetes decreased from 2.06 (95% CI 1.55, 2.73) and 1.83 (1.40, 2.37) in 2000 to 1.58 (1.23, 2.02) and 1.35 (1.06, 1.74) in 2011 for the higher and middle SES groups respectively, compared with those in the lower SES category.ConclusionsThe SES–Type 2 diabetes association remained positive in Nanjing, China, in 2011 but the disparity diminished significantly compared with 2000. These results can inform the delivery of appropriate interventions to people at risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
Why We Should Change Our Attitude Towards Distressed Firms
Authors: Zafiris Nicos 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis article surveys ‘creditor‐friendly’ and ‘enterprise‐friendly’ bankruptcy regimes with a focus on the methodology underlying the filter test in distress, as reflected both in its academic treatment and in legal practice. I find that the test exhibits pro‐liquidation bias in designating liquidation of a firm with recovery potential as the Type II error, and in underplaying the benefits of a possible turnaround. Further influences militating against continuation include the power conferred on creditors through the balance sheet criterion and the undervaluation of intangible assets. I make the case for reversing such biases to establish a presumption in favour of continuation.
Does Targeted Monetary Policy Matter? A Perspective from China
Authors: Li Wenzhe 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSeveral major central banks have experimented with targeted monetary policy to improve credit resource allocation. This policy only applies to ‘eligible’ banks. For example, The People's Bank of China conducted seven targeted reductions of reserve requirements during 2014–15. This article documents the phenomenon of targeted monetary policy and evaluates its effects. The results show that, in the case of China, this policy has generated an extra significant, positive return on the stocks of eligible banks, amounting to 1.2–1.3 per cent in a four‐day treatment period. This substantial return gives commercial banks an extra incentive to align with the policy goals of central banks.
Rostral mandibulectomy for treatment of a sarcoma in a 16‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare
Authors: Köhler M. , Koene M. , Schliewert E.‐C. , Aupperle H. , Krause H.‐R. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryA 16‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare presented with a 1‐year history of a growing mass on the rostral mandible. Biopsy performed by the referring veterinarian revealed chronic granulating fibrosis and stomatitis. Due to progressive loss of body condition and increasing size, the mare presented to the clinic. Radiographic examination of the mandible revealed osteolytic lesions. Mandibulectomy was performed under general anaesthesia. The horse's demeanour and feed intake improved significantly and the cosmetic outcome was acceptable. Histopathological examination confirmed a sarcoma, most likely a fibrosarcoma.
A standing pararectal approach to treat small colon obstruction by a pedunculated lipoma
Authors: Durket E. , Albanese V. , Steward S. K. , Freeman D. E. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryIn an 18‐year‐old Paso Fino mare presented with mild colic of 36 h duration, a luminal obstruction was found on rectal palpation in the most oral part of the rectum, and this appeared to be caused by a tight band on the left side. A standing procedure was used that involved pararectal dissection with long‐handled instruments to the level of the constricting band, guided by a hand in the rectum. A hooked bistoury designed for treating entrapped epiglottis was used to transect the band, which immediately released the obstruction and allowed manual evacuation of the aboral end of the small colon. The band was most likely the pedicle of a pedunculated lipoma that had encircled the oral end of the rectum. The mare made a complete recovery.
Knowledge‐based reasoning and recommendation framework for intelligent decision making
Authors: Ali Rahman , Afzal Muhammad , Sadiq Muhammad , Hussain Maqbool , Ali Taqdir , Lee Sungyoung , Khattak Asad Masood 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA physical activity recommendation system promotes active lifestyles for users. Real‐world reasoning and recommendation systems face the issues of data and knowledge integration, knowledge acquisition, and accurate recommendation generation. The knowledge‐based reasoning and recommendation framework (KRF) proposed here, which accurately generates reliable recommendations and educational facts for users, could solve those issues. The KRF methodology focuses on integrating data with knowledge, rule‐based reasoning, and conflict resolution. The integration issue is resolved using a semi‐automatic mapping approach in which rule conditions are mapped to data schema. The rule‐based reasoning methodology uses explicit rules with a maximum‐specificity conflict resolution strategy to ensure the generation of appropriate and correct recommendations. The data used during the reasoning process are generated in real time from users' physical activities and personal profiles in order to personalize recommendations. The proposed KRF is part of a wellness and health care platform, Mining Minds, and has been tested in the Mining Minds integrated environment using a sedentary user behaviour scenario. To evaluate the KRF methodology, a stand‐alone, open‐source application (Version 1.0) was released and tested using a dataset of 10 volunteers with 40 different types of sedentary behaviours. The KRF performance was measured using average execution time and recommendation accuracy.
CEO compensation and performance in US private foundations
Authors: Allen Arthur , McAllister Brian 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn a large sample of US private foundations, we examine the association between CEO compensation and an accounting‐based measure of performance, administrative efficiency. We document a positive pay–performance association across time within foundations, but a negative association across foundations. We interpret our evidence as follows: some foundation boards reward CEOs for high administrative efficiency, which results in a positive pay–performance association. However, some foundations are poorly monitored relative than others, resulting in higher CEO compensation and lower efficiency.