bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The entire trajectories of single pontocerebellar axons and their lobular and longitudinal terminal distribution patterns in multiple aldolase C‐positive compartments of the rat cerebellar cortex
Authors: Na Jie , Sugihara Izumi , Shinoda Yoshikazu 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe mammalian cerebellar cortex is compartmentalized, both anatomically and histochemically, into multiple parasagittal bands. To characterize the multiple zonal patterns of pontocerebellar mossy fiber projection, single neurons in the basilar pontine nucleus (BPN) were labeled by injecting biotinylated dextran amine into the BPN, and the entire axonal trajectory of single labeled neurons (n = 25) was reconstructed in relation to aldolase C compartments of Purkinje cells in rats. Single pontocerebellar axons, after passing through the contralateral middle cerebellar peduncle, ran transversely in the deep cerebellar white matter toward and often across the midline, and on their ways, gave rise to 2–10 primary collaterals at almost right angles in specific lobules only contralaterally or bilaterally with contralateral predominance. Each primary collateral further branched in a parasagittal plane to form a strip‐shaped longitudinal termination zone with rosette‐type swellings clustered in aldolase C‐positive compartments in a single or multiple lobules, mainly in compartment 4+//5+, 5+//6+, and 6+//7+. Axons arising from the central, rostral, and lateral part of the BPN projected with multiple branches, mainly to simple lobule, crus II and paramedian lobule, to crus I and dorsal paraflocculus, and to ventral paraflocculus and lobule IXc, respectively. The results showed the pontocerebellar projection is closely related to lobular and compartmental organization of the cerebellum. A comparison of single axon morphologies of different mossy fiber systems indicates that the projection pattern of single pontocerebellar neurons with multiple collaterals innervating different longitudinal compartments arranged in a mediolateral direction represents a general feature of mossy fiber projection.
Enhanced polynomial kernel (EPK)–based support vector machine (SVM) (EPK‐SVM) classification technique for speech recognition in hearing‐impaired listeners
Authors: S Pavithra , S Janakiraman 
Published: March 2019

SummaryAutomatic speech recognition of Tamil Language with Hearing‐Impaired becomes difficult task in recent decades. In order to deal with the challenges with speech perception in hostile listening situations, Noise Reduction (NR) algorithms have been developed with the aim of improving the speech intelligibility (SI), speech quality, and ease of listening. Even though the noises are removed, extraction of correct features from the speech becomes difficult task. The major aim of this work is to introduce a Classification Technique for Speech Recognition in Hearing‐Impaired Listeners. The binary mask along with its binary weights and the Wiener filter with constant weights form the representatives of a hard and a soft‐decision scheme for time‐frequency masking. In the proposed Log Frequency Power Coefficients (LFPC), Pitch, Mel‐Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs), Energy, formants, and intensity as input feature vectors are extracted from preprocessed signals. Then, for automatic speech recognition process, Enhanced Polynomial Kernel (EPK)–based Support Vector Machine (SVM) (EPK‐SVM) classifier is proposed for Hearing Impaired in Tamil language is implemented in MATLAB software. The results obtained showed that SVM is found to be potential in hearing‐impaired application and is validated via the use of the recognition accuracy and error rate.
LBBESA: An efficient software‐defined networking load‐balancing scheme based on elevator scheduling algorithm
Authors: Li Qiliang , Cui Jie , Zhong Hong , Du Yichao , Luo Yonglong , Liu Lu 
Published: March 2019

SummaryElevator scheduling algorithms generally denote methods used to calculate how to use the elevator. These algorithms can distribute elevators to various floors of a building, thereby achieving efficient transportation. From the perspective of the elevator scheduling problem, we address the load‐balancing problem for software‐defined networking (SDN) architecture and propose a load‐balancing method based on the elevator scheduling algorithm, LBBESA. We take advantage of the flexibility of the SDN architecture, obtain the real‐time load of the server through real‐time statistical analyses of the SDN switch port traffic by the controller, and combine this with the idea of regional elevator allocation to coordinate the connection of the client's requests and realize the load balancing of each server in the cluster. Simulation experiments show that, compared with the round‐robin algorithm, LBBESA is more effective in the load balancing of the server pool and can improve the throughput of the server pool to a certain extent. In addition, our scheme is easy to implement and has high scalability.
Gas‐Phase Synthesis of Triphenylene (C18H12)
Authors: Zhao Long , Xu Bo , Ablikim Utuq , Lu Wenchao , Ahmed Musahid , Evseev Mikhail M. , Bashkirov Eugene K. , Azyazov Valeriy N. , Howlader A. Hasan , Wnuk Stanislaw F. , Mebel Alexander M. , Kaiser Ralf I. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by Long Zhao and Ralf I. Kaiser. The image shows the triphenylene molecule as a potential precursor to two‐dimensional graphite nanosheets in the interstellar medium, which can be formed without entrance barrier at temperatures as low as 10 K in molecular clouds. Read the full text of the Communication at 10.1002/cphc.201801154.
Synthesis of 2′‐deoxy‐4‐aminopyridinylpseudocytidine Derivatives for Incorporation Into Triplex Forming Oligonucleotides
Authors: Taniguchi Yosuke , Wang Lei , Okamura Hidenori , Sasaki Shigeki 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis unit describes the detailed synthetic protocol for the preparation of the phosphoramidite units of the 2′‐deoxy‐4‐aminopyridinylpseudocytidine derivatives. These C‐nucleoside derivatives are useful units for the incorporation into triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) to form the stable triplex DNA containing the CG interrupting sites. Commercially available 1‐methyl‐2′‐deoxypseudouridine is prepared from thymidine and 5‐iodo‐uracil by a simple method, that is, coupling of glycal and 5‐iodo‐1‐methyluracil by the Heck reaction, followed by desilylation and diastereoselective reduction. The carbonyl group at the 4 position of the pseudouridine derivative is activated by 3‐nitorotriazole and treated with the corresponding aromatic amine compounds to produce the 2′‐deoxy‐4‐aminopyridinylpseudocytidine derivatives. These derivatives are then successfully converted to the phosphoramidite units and incorporated into the oligodeoxynucleotides. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mathematical analysis of the signal propagation characteristics of neuronal networks
Authors: Kobayashi Yuya , Akao Akihiko , Shirasaka Sho , Kotani Kiyoshi , Jimbo Yasuhiko 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIt is important to understand the relationship between spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal populations and information processing of the brain for medical and engineering purposes. Although, there are some methods to record neuronal population, basically only the information about firing rate can be obtained from those methods. Therefore, some methods are suggested to estimate the internal state of the neuronal population from the information about firing. In this research, we investigated the relationship between firing rates and responses to external electrical stimuli by using neuronal population models. We developed a method to manipulate neuronal parameters to make neuronal populations exhibit different dynamical properties while keeping firing rates intact. As a result, we found that there are some cases where the internal states are different even though they share the same firing rate. This result suggests that there is some information that cannot be obtained by using only the information about firing rates.
Living on the edge: trailing edge forests at risk of fire‐facilitated conversion to non‐forest
Authors: Parks Sean A. , Dobrowski Solomon Z. , Shaw John D. , Miller Carol 
Published: March 2019

AbstractForests are an incredibly important resource across the globe, yet they are threatened by climate change through stressors such as drought, insect outbreaks, and wildfire. Trailing edge forests—those areas expected to experience range contractions under a changing climate—are of particular concern because of the potential for abrupt conversion to non‐forest. However, due to plant‐climate disequilibrium, broad‐scale forest die‐off and range contraction in trailing edge forests are unlikely to occur over short timeframes (<~25–50 yr) without a disturbance catalyst (e.g., wildfire). This underscores that explicit attention to both climate and disturbance is necessary to understand how the distribution of forests will respond to climate change. As such, we first identify the expected location of trailing edge forests in the intermountain western United States by mid‐21st century. We then identify those trailing edge forests that have a high probability of stand‐replacing fire and consider such sites to have an elevated risk of fire‐facilitated transition to non‐forest. Results show that 18% of trailing edge forest and 6.6% of all forest are at elevated risk of fire‐facilitated conversion to non‐forest in the intermountain western United States by mid‐21st century. This estimate, however, assumes that fire burns under average weather conditions. For a subset of the study area (the southwestern United States), we were able to incorporate expected fire severity under extreme weather conditions. For this spatial subset, we found that 61% of trailing edge forest and 30% of all forest are at elevated risk of fire‐facilitated conversion to non‐forest under extreme burning conditions. However, due to compounding error in our process that results in unknowable uncertainty, we urge caution in a strict interpretation of these estimates. Nevertheless, our findings suggest the potential for transformed landscapes in the intermountain western United States that will affect ecosystem services such as watershed integrity, wildlife habitat, wood production, and recreation.
Out‐of‐sample volatility prediction: A new mixed‐frequency approach
Authors: Zhang Yaojie , Ma Feng , Wang Tianyi , Liu Li 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper proposes a new mixed‐frequency approach to predict stock return volatilities out‐of‐sample. Based on the strategy of momentum of predictability (MoP), our mixed‐frequency approach has a model switching mechanism that switches between generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH)‐class models that only use low‐frequency data and heterogeneous autoregressive models of realized volatility (HAR‐RV)‐type that only use high‐frequency data. The MoP model simply selects a forecast with relatively good past performance between the GARCH‐class and HAR‐RV‐type forecasts. The model confidence set (MCS) test shows that our MoP strategy significantly outperforms the competing models, which is robust to various settings. The MoP test shows that a relatively good recent past forecasting performance of the GARCH‐class or HAR‐RV‐type model is significantly associated with a relatively good current performance, supporting the success of the MoP model.
Vascular endothelial growth factor increases the function of calcium‐impermeable AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit in astrocytes via activation of protein kinase C signaling pathway
Authors: Kou Zeng‐Wei , Mo Jia‐Lin , Wu Kun‐Wei , Qiu Mei‐Hong , Huang Ya‐Lin , Tao Feng , Lei Yu , Lv Ling‐Ling , Sun Feng‐Yan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAstrocytic calcium signaling plays pivotal roles in the maintenance of neural functions and neurovascular coupling in the brain. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), an original biological substance of vessels, regulates the movement of calcium and potassium ions across neuronal membrane. In this study, we investigated whether and how VEGF regulates glutamate‐induced calcium influx in astrocytes. We used cultured astrocytes combined with living cell imaging to detect the calcium influx induced by glutamate. We found that VEGF quickly inhibited the glutamate/hypoxia‐induced calcium influx, which was blocked by an AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX, but not D‐AP5 or UBP310, NMDA and kainate receptor antagonist, respectively. VEGF increased phosphorylation of PKCα and AMPA receptor subunit GluA2 in astrocytes, and these effects were diminished by SU1498 or calphostin C, a PKC inhibitor. With the pHluorin assay, we observed that VEGF significantly increased membrane insertion and expression of GluA2, but not GluA1, in astrocytes. Moreover, siRNA‐produced knockdown of GluA2 expression in astrocytes reversed the inhibitory effect of VEGF on glutamate‐induced calcium influx. Together, our results suggest that VEGF reduces glutamate‐induced calcium influx in astrocytes via enhancing PKCα‐mediated GluA2 phosphorylation, which in turn promotes the membrane insertion and expression of GluA2 and causes AMPA receptors to switch from calcium‐permeable to calcium‐impermeable receptors, thereby inhibiting astrocytic calcium influx. The present study reveals that excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate‐mediated astrocytic calcium influx can be regulated by vascular biological factor via activation of AMPA receptor GluA2 subunit and uncovers a novel coupling mechanism between astrocytes and endothelial cells within the neurovascular unit.
Proposal for a simplified classification of IMD based on a pathophysiological approach: A practical guide for clinicians
Authors: Saudubray Jean‐Marie , Mochel Fanny , Lamari Foudil , Garcia‐Cazorla Angeles 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn view of the rapidly expanding number of IMD discovered by next generation sequencing, we propose a simplified classification of IMD that mixes elements from a clinical diagnostic perspective and a pathophysiological approach based on three large categories. We highlight the increasing importance of complex molecule metabolism and its connection with cell biology processes. Small molecule disorders have biomarkers and are divided in two subcategories: accumulation and deficiency. Accumulation of small molecules leads to acute or progressive postnatal “intoxication”, present after a symptom‐free interval, aggravated by catabolism and food intake. These treatable disorders must not be missed! Deficiency of small molecules is due to impaired synthesis of compounds distal to a block or altered transport of essential molecules. This subgroup shares many clinical characteristics with complex molecule disorders. Complex molecules (like glycogen, sphingolipids, phospholipids, glycosaminoglycans, glycolipids) are poorly diffusible. Accumulation of complex molecules leads to postnatal progressive storage like in glycogen and lysosomal storage disorders. Many are treatable. Deficiency of complex molecules is related to the synthesis and recycling of these molecules, which take place in organelles. They may interfere with fœtal development. Most present as neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative disorders unrelated to food intake. Peroxisomal disorders, CDG defects of intracellular trafficking and processing, recycling of synaptic vesicles, and tRNA synthetases also belong to this category. Only few have biomarkers and are treatable. Disorders involving primarily energy metabolism encompass defects of membrane carriers of energetic molecules as well as cytoplasmic and mitochondrial metabolic defects. This oversimplified classification is connected to the most recent available nosology of IMD.
Mechanisms for the maintenance and regulation of axonal energy supply
Authors: Chamberlain Kelly Anne , Sheng Zu‐Hang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe unique polarization and high‐energy demand of neurons necessitates specialized mechanisms to maintain energy homeostasis throughout the cell, particularly in the distal axon. Mitochondria play a key role in meeting axonal energy demand by generating adenosine triphosphate through oxidative phosphorylation. Recent evidence demonstrates how axonal mitochondrial trafficking and anchoring are coordinated to sense and respond to altered energy requirements. If and when these mechanisms are impacted in pathological conditions, such as injury and neurodegenerative disease, is an emerging research frontier. Recent evidence also suggests that axonal energy demand may be supplemented by local glial cells, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In this review, we provide an updated discussion of how oxidative phosphorylation, aerobic glycolysis, and oligodendrocyte‐derived metabolic support contribute to the maintenance of axonal energy homeostasis.
Process network modularity, commonality, and greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Dooley Kevin J. , Pathak Surya D. , Kull Thomas J. , Wu Zhaohui , Johnson Jon , Rabinovich Elliot 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA process network is a complex system of linked unit processes that constitute the life cycle of a product. In this article, we consider how the structural and functional characteristics of a product's process network impact the network's collective greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. At a unit process level, GHG emissions are primarily related to process efficiency. We hypothesize that a process network's GHG emissions will be less when the process network has a modular structure and when its constituent unit processes are more functionally similar. A modular process network architecture promotes autonomous innovation and improvements in knowledge management and problem‐solving capabilities, leading to more efficient processes. Functional commonality in a process network enables economies of scale and knowledge spillover and also leads to process efficiencies, thus reducing GHG emissions. We test these two hypotheses using a sample of 4,189 process networks extracted from an environmental life cycle inventory database. Empirical results support our hypotheses, and we discuss the implications of our findings for product development and supply network design.
Single‐stage advanced versus rotated flaps in the treatment of gingival recessions: A 5‐year longitudinal randomized clinical trial
Authors: de Santana Ronaldo Barcellos , de Mello Fonseca Edgard , Furtado Maira B. , de Santana Carolina Miller Mattos , Dibart Serge 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of single‐stage laterally positioned flap (LPF) and coronally advanced flap (CAF) techniques in the treatment of localized maxillary gingival recession (GR) defects, 1 and 5 years after surgical procedures.MethodsThirty‐six patients with Miller Class I GR defects were randomly assigned to be treated by either CAF (n = 18) or LPF (n = 18). Recession height (RECH), width of keratinized tissue (WKT), probing depth (PD), vertical clinical attachment level (VAL), visual plaque score (VPS), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed and compared. Clinical recordings were performed at baseline, 1 and 5 years later. The differences between initial clinical recordings and after 1 and 5 years were subjected to statistical analysis.ResultsBoth flap designs effectively improved RECH and VAL on GR defects. The LPF resulted in significantly more gains in KTW and root coverage (RC) after 5 years.ConclusionLPF and CAF procedures may be used for the treatment of GR, however, LPF results in greater longitudinal stability of RC and increased WKT in the treated areas.
Meniscus‐Targeted Injections for Chronic Knee Pain Due to Meniscal Tears or Degenerative Fraying: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Wilderman Igor , Berkovich Rachel , Meaney Christopher , Kleiner Omer , Perelman Vsevolod 
Published: March 2019

ObjectivesMeniscal tears caused by acute trauma or degenerative fraying affect a wide array of individuals. An effective, long‐lasting treatment has widely been sought after. Intra‐articular corticosteroid injections have been among the methods of controlling pain for more than 60 years. However, such injections tend to produce short‐lasting results, with profound effects lasting an average of up to 4 weeks. The purpose of this study was to determine the average duration and magnitude of pain relief after meniscal‐targeted injections.MethodsThe electronic medical records of 135 patients were accessed for this retrospective chart review. Patients who had meniscal tears or degenerative fraying and were treated with meniscal‐targeted injections were selected. Patients’ visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores (before and after treatment) were recorded, along with the percentage of pain relief and duration of pain relief.ResultsUltrasound‐guided meniscus‐targeted corticosteroid injections for meniscal tears or degenerative fraying produced 5.68 (SD, 5.28) weeks of pain relief on average, with a decrease in pain from initial to follow‐up visits of 2.14 (P < .0001) as per the visual analog scale score, and an Integral of Pain Relief score of 3.98.ConclusionsOur findings indicate a substantial benefit from 20‐ or 40‐mg meniscus‐targeted triamcinolone injections, granted the limitations of chart review research and no control group comparison. Results highlight the need for future prospective research comparing meniscus‐targeted injections with intra‐articular injections to identify a better modality for treating patients with chronic knee pain caused by meniscal tears or degenerative fraying.
Divalent Sialylated Precision Glycooligomers Binding to Polyomaviruses and the Effect of Different Linkers
Authors: Baier Mischa , Rustmeier Nils H. , Harr Joachim , Cyrus Norbert , Reiss Guido J. , Grafmüller Andrea , Blaum Bärbel S. , Stehle Thilo , Hartmann Laura 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDivalent precision glycooligomers terminating in N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) or 3′‐sialyllactose (3′‐SL) with varying linkers between scaffold and the glycan portions are synthesized via solid phase synthesis for co‐crystallization studies with the sialic acid‐binding major capsid protein VP1 of human Trichodysplasia spinulosa‐associated Polyomavirus. High‐resolution crystal structures of complexes demonstrate that the compounds bind to VP1 depending on the favorable combination of carbohydrate ligand and linker. It is found that artificial linkers can replace portions of natural carbohydrate linkers as long as they meet certain requirements such as size or flexibility to optimize contact area between ligand and receptor binding sites. The obtained results will influence the design of future high affinity ligands based on the structures presented here, and they can serve as a blueprint to develop multivalent glycooligomers as inhibitors of viral adhesion.
Phase Diagram of Hierarchical Structures Formed from A(BC)2B Multiblock Copolymers
Authors: Hu Weiguo , Shao Zhanwei , Zhang Di , Xu Yuci 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDue to more than two length scales properties, hierarchical structures, which can combine several properties and respond to multi external conditions, have attracted the continuing attention over the past decades. The corresponding phase diagram of different hierarchical structures is crucially important for the observation of these morphologies. In this paper, the phase diagram of these hierarchical structures in A(BC)2B multiblock copolymer is calculated, including hierarchical lamellae, hierarchical cylinder, and hierarchical sphere (also termed as onion‐like sphere), leading to the identification of the correspondingly stable region. Interestingly, as end block fA increases, the hierarchical phase transition sequence at low χBCN, which is D→S3→C3→L5→L3→C→S→D, is different from that at larger χBCN (LB/C→S3→L5→L3→C→S→D), where lamella formed by B and C blocks is the dominated phase at small A volume fraction. In addition, the perpendicular lamellae at much higher χBCN are observed, which are consistent with the experimental observation of perpendicular lamellae. Importantly, this phase diagram has great guidance for the experimental observation of different hierarchical nanostructures.