bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring multi-axis material extrusion additive manufacturing for improving mechanical properties of printed parts
Authors: Kubalak Joseph R. , Wicks Alfred L. , Williams Christopher B. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose
Material extrusion (ME) suffers from anisotropic mechanical properties that stem from the three degree of freedom (DoF) toolpaths used for deposition. The formation of each layer is restricted to the XY-plane, which produces poorly bonded layer interfaces along the build direction. Multi-axis ME affords the opportunity to change the layering and deposition directions locally throughout a part, which could improve a part’s overall mechanical performance. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effects of changing the layering and deposition directions on the tensile mechanical properties of parts printed via multi-axis ME.

Design/methodology/approach
A multi-axis toolpath generation algorithm is presented and implemented on a 6-DoF robotic arm ME system to fabricate tensile specimens at different global orientations. Specifically, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) tensile specimens are printed at various inclination angles using the multi-axis technique; the resulting tensile strengths of the multi-axis specimens are compared to similarly oriented specimens printed using a traditional 3-DoF method.

Findings
The multi-axis specimens had similar performances regardless of orientation and were equivalent to the 3-DoF specimens printed in the XYZ orientation (i.e. flat on the bed with roads aligned to the loading condition). This similarity is attributed to those sets of specimens having the same degree of road alignment.

Practical implications
Parts with out-of-plane loads currently require design compromises (e.g. additional material in critical areas). Multi-axis deposition strategies could enable local changes in layering and deposition directions to more optimally orient roads in critical areas of the part.

Originality/value
Though multi-axis ME systems have been demonstrated in literature, no prior work has been done to determine the effects of the deposition angle on the resulting mechanical properties. This work demonstrates that identical mechanical properties can be obtained irrespective of the build direction through multi-axis deposition. For ABS, the yield tensile strength of vertically oriented tensile bars was improved by 153 per cent using multi-axis deposition as compared to geometrically similar samples fabricated via 3-DoF deposition.
Australia Has the World's Best Petrol Price Data: FuelWatch and FuelCheck
Authors: Byrne David P , Nah Jia Sheen , Xue Peng 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article introduces two retail fuel price databases in Australia, FuelWatch and FuelCheck. Each dataset consists of a complete panel of station‐level prices over time and across stations, and they are available for public access via web download. We provide background on how the two databases were established, describe their data‐generating processes, review some existing studies that utilise these data, and provide suggestions for future potential use.
Cryptocurrencies, Mainstream Asset Classes and Risk Factors: A Study of Connectedness
Authors: Milunovich George 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWe investigate connectedness within and across two major groups or assets: i) five popular cryptocurrencies and ii) six major asset classes plus two commonly employed risk factors. Granger causality tests uncover six direct channels of causality from the elements of the mainstream assets/risk factors group to digital assets. There are also two statistically significant causal links going in the other direction. In order to provide some perspective on the magnitude of these linkages we estimate networks from forecast error variance decompositions. The estimated connectedness within the groups is relatively large, whereas the linkages across the two groups are small in comparison.
Silence and Voice in Nigeria's Hybrid Urban Water Markets: Implications for Local Governance of Public Goods
Authors: Acey Charisma Shonté 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article highlights how the governance of the water sector affects the strategies and tactics urban residents use to gain improved access to water for household consumption in cities with limited networked infrastructure. A framework of exit, voice and loyalty (EVL) is used to characterize the actions household decision makers take in neighborhoods across metropolitan areas. In Nigeria, Lagos and Benin City are rapidly growing metropolitan regions with urban water markets competing with a state‐run utility. Scholars have documented informality and hybridity between state and non‐state actors, but there is less understanding of variables associated with citizen behavior in urban water markets across different types of households and communities. This article places Nigeria in the context of African mobilization around water provision, using interviews, observation and findings from fieldwork, household interviews and surveys undertaken between 2008 and 2015 to show how access to water is shaped by the interplay between state and non‐state sources of water. This access is filtered through differently regulated service providers and the perceived authority of each actor involved in water delivery, which can lead to what I call structural silence. Findings show the need for a grounded understanding of factors influencing voice and participation in local governance.
Management of abnormal observations in the emergency department: A review
Authors: Trajkovska Aleksandra , Farooq Munawar , Richardson Drew 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo assess utility and accuracy of general observation modified early warning score charts; and compare sensitivity and specificity of single‐ and multiple‐parameter‐based trigger scores on patient outcomes in the ED.MethodsRetrospective cohort clinical audit of all adult Modified Early Warning Score charts in the ED of a mixed tertiary hospital over 4 weeks. Data extracted included recorded parameters required to calculate Modified Early Warning Score and evidence of response.ResultsOf 5901 ED presentations, medical records system identified 2482 Modified Early Warning Score; 347 were missing or blank. Of 2135 Modified Early Warning Score charts, 19.5% contained a calculation error, 51.9% had one or more missing parameters and 36.6% did not have usual/target systolic blood pressure recorded; with 25.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 23.3–27.0) charts correctly completed. Four hundred and forty‐three had a single‐abnormal parameter of which chart review showed 96.6% (94.5–97.3) were identified as abnormal by nurses with 25.7% (21.9–30.0); only 5.6% (3.9–8.2) had evidence of recognition by medical staff. Modified Early Warning Score sensitivity and specificity for ward admission was 14.7% and 96.1%, respectively. Modelling using the dataset of a single‐abnormal parameter suggested sensitivity and specificity of 31.6% and 85.8%, respectively.ConclusionsThis study highlights serious deficiencies in documentation of abnormal parameters and emergency response. It has also shown poor accuracy of both single‐ and multiple‐parameter‐based trigger scores in predicting patient outcomes within the ED. However, single‐parameter‐based trigger scores are twice as sensitive as total Modified Early Warning Score for admission and reduces documentation error by 23%.
Putting homicide followed by suicide in context: Do macro‐environmental characteristics impact the odds of committing suicide after homicide?*
Authors: Fridel Emma E. , Zimmerman Gregory M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHomicide followed by suicide remains an understudied phenomenon in the criminological literature. This is due, in part, to methodological and statistical limitations—much of the extant research includes small samples and has not kept pace with quantitative advances. Moreover, scholarship on homicide–suicide has been focused almost exclusively on individual risk factors, discounting contextual influences. In this study, we examine whether macro‐environmental characteristics affect the odds of suicide after a homicide. We use data on 24,373 homicide and homicide–suicide cases distributed across 3,019 cities and 48 U.S. states from the National Violent Death Reporting System to examine the direct effects of structural factors on the odds of suicide after a homicide; and whether structural characteristics condition the impact of the victim–offender relationship on the odds of homicide–suicide. Hierarchical logistic regression models indicate that macro‐level concentrated disadvantage decreases the odds of homicide–suicide. Furthermore, concentrated disadvantage attenuates the odds of suicide after the homicide of an intimate partner, child, family member, or friend, relative to the killing of a stranger. The findings reveal that researchers should account for the context in which homicide–suicide occurs; failure to do so may unintentionally discount a key correlate of homicide–suicide and artificially inflate the effects of the micro‐environment.
Facilitating International Cooperation on Air Pollution in East Asia: Fragmentation of the Epistemic Communities
Authors: Yarime Masaru , Li Aitong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTo tackle transboundary air pollution in East Asia, international schemes for environmental cooperation have been introduced, including the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET), Long‐Range Transboundary Pollution of China, Japan and Korea (LTP), and the North‐East Asian Subregional Programme for Environmental Cooperation (NEASPEC). These programs, however, have not been successful in establishing robust regimes for effectively reducing transboundary air pollution in the region. This paper aims to examine the process of forming epistemic communities through these programs in East Asia. A bibliometric data on the scientific articles and reports produced were analyzed to examine the network structure of the scientific activities through EANET. The fragmentation of expert groups within EANET and among the major international schemes on air pollution in East Asia contributed to discouraging solid formation of an epistemic community covering air pollution comprehensively in the region. That makes it difficult to reach a consensus based on the current state of scientific knowledge on air pollution for providing effective advice and recommendations for the development of policies and regulations.
Functional pathways regulated by microRNA networks in CD8 T‐cell aging
Authors: Gustafson Claire E. , Cavanagh Mary M. , Jin Jun , Weyand Cornelia M. , Goronzy Jörg J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractOne of the most prominent immunological changes during human aging is the alteration in CD8 T‐cell subset distribution, predominated by a loss of naïve CD8 T cells. The molecular mechanisms that contribute to the loss of naïve CD8 T‐cells during aging remain unclear. Considering that many CD8 T‐cell functions are influenced by microRNAs (miRNAs), we explored miRNA expression profiling to identify novel dysfunctions that contribute to naïve CD8 T‐cell loss during aging. Here, we describe age‐dependent miRNA expression changes in naïve, central memory, and effector memory CD8 T‐cell subsets. Changes in old naïve CD8 T‐cells partially resembled those driven by an underlying shift in cellular differentiation toward a young central memory phenotype. Pathways enriched for targets of age‐dependent miRNAs included FOXO1, NF‐κB, and PI3K‐AKT signaling. Transcriptome analysis of old naïve CD8 T‐cells yielded corresponding patterns that correlated to those seen with reduced FOXO1 or altered NF‐κB activities. Of particular interest, IL‐7R expression, controlled by FOXO1 signaling, declines on naïve CD8 T cells with age and directly correlates with the frequencies of naïve CD8 T cells. Thus, age‐associated changes in miRNA networks may ultimately contribute to the failure in CD8 T‐cell homeostasis exemplified by the loss in naïve cells.
Sowing of margin strips rich in floral resources improves herbivore control in adjacent crop fields
Authors: Pollier Anna , Tricault Yann , Plantegenest Manuel , Bischoff Armin 
Published: November 2018

Field margin vegetation provides resources for natural enemies of crop herbivores. Thus, the design of plant mixtures improving resource provisioning is being discussed increasingly with respect to improving herbivore control.
We set up a field experiment to assess the effect of (i) a wildflower strip optimized for nectar provisioning; (ii) a grass strip and (iii) spontaneous vegetation on herbivore regulation in oilseed rape and wheat. We also analyzed the attractiveness of plant species to natural enemies.
The cover of flowering entomophilous plant species as a proxy of floral resource provisioning was twice as high in wildflower strips compared with the other strip treatments. Natural enemy densities were higher within and close to wildflower strips in the field. A corresponding effect on aphid predation and aphid infestation was observed. Significant negative correlations between natural enemy abundance in the margin and aphid infestation in the fields supported a causal relationship. The sown wildflower strip species were more attractive to natural enemies than spontaneous vegetation.
The results of the present study demonstrate that improved nectar provisioning increased the predation and parasitism of crop herbivores. Further research on the spatio‐temporal dynamics of interactions is needed to determine why not all crop herbivores respond to an increase of natural enemies in field margins.
Prime time for immunotherapy in advanced urothelial cancer
Authors: Jiang Di Maria , Sridhar Srikala S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundMetastatic urothelial cancer (UC) is a lethal disease. Until 2016, cytotoxic chemotherapy with substantial toxicity was the only therapeutic option. In the first‐line metastatic setting, cisplatin‐based combination chemotherapy remains the standard of care. For cisplatin‐ineligible patients, carboplatin‐based regimens that are less efficacious are often substituted. In platinum‐refractory patients, taxanes and vinflunine are the most commonly used. Recently, treatment options have largely expanded with the development of the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Here, we review the rationale, clinical trial data and recent advances in biomarker development in the field of immuno‐oncology in this disease site. We will also explore future directions of the field with respect to sequencing and combination strategies.MethodsA comprehensive literature review was performed using Pubmed, clinicaltrials.gov, and conference proceedings from the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) and the American Society of Oncology (ASCO).Results and ConclusionICIs have disease activity in metastatic UC. Five ICIs gained FDA regulatory approval in metastatic UC in patients with platinum‐refractory disease. Of these five agents, pembrolizumab has level I evidence based on the KEYNOTE‐045 phase III trial showing an overall survival benefit of 3 months over standard chemotherapy. ICIs also play a role in the first‐line setting for patients who are cisplatin ineligible. Currently, ICIs are administered to unselected patients as reliable predictive biomarkers are lacking; however, this is a very active area of research. The rapid expansion of ICIs has also led to many upcoming trials, testing ICIs earlier in the disease course and in various combination strategies. Studies on optimal sequencing of therapies are eagerly awaited.
Do wildlife corridors link or extend habitat? Insights from elephant use of a Kenyan wildlife corridor
Authors: Green Siân E. , Davidson Zeke , Kaaria Timothy , Doncaster C. Patrick 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHuman encroachment on wildlife habitats is leading to increased fragmentation; hence, there is an increasing focus on improving connectivity between remaining habitat. Large, wide‐ranging species such as the African elephant, (Loxodonta africana), are particularly vulnerable due to their extensive habitat requirements. Wildlife corridors have been created to facilitate movement, with little knowledge to date on whether they serve their intended function as transit routes, or whether they simply extend the available habitat for occupancy. We collected data on elephant behaviour in the Mount Kenya Elephant Corridor, with the aim of quantifying the utility of the corridor. A grid of 25 camera traps was used to survey the 478 ha corridor over 11 weeks. Cameras recorded over 43,000 photos with 694 separate events triggered by elephants. Patterns of use varied spatially and temporally, indicating that certain areas were treated as habitat extension, while others were predominantly for transit. These differences were likely due to variation in vegetation cover and levels of human disturbance. Corridor use differed amongst individuals, suggesting that use may depend on both the characteristics of the corridor itself and the social or resource needs of individual elephants.
Assessing the impacts of oil exploration and restoration on mammals in Murchison Falls Conservation Area, Uganda
Authors: Fuda Rebecca K. , Ryan Sadie J. , Cohen Jonathan B. , Hartter Joel , Frair Jacqueline L. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractGlobal energy demand has driven expansion of oil and gas extraction into African protected areas, raising concern about potential deleterious impacts on wildlife. Efforts aim to restore extraction sites to their original condition, but may take many years to be successful. We analysed the impact of human disturbance (road density, distance to border, sound levels and the presence of restored oil drill pads) on mammal distributions in Murchison Falls Conservation Area (MFCA), Uganda. We detected 27 mammal species using camera trap surveys within three disturbance‐related strata: restored (<500 m from a restored drill pad), disturbed matrix (within the disturbed landscape but >1 km from a disturbance feature) and remote (>3 km from any disturbance). Herbivore species richness was greater within the disturbed matrix and at restored sites compared to remote areas, whereas species richness did not vary by strata for other guilds. Occupancy models fit for 15 relatively common species indicated no difference in occupancy probability across the three strata, but giraffe occupancy was higher at sites with more restored drill pads. Most species did not avoid areas of high human disturbance in this study, and new vegetation growth may attract some herbivores to restored oil sites.
Social‐emotional problems among three‐year‐olds differ based on the child's gender and custody arrangement
Authors: Eurenius Eva , Richter Sundberg Linda , Vaezghasemi Masoud , Silfverdal Sven‐Arne , Ivarsson Anneli , Lindkvist Marie 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to investigate mental health with respect to social‐emotional problems among three‐year‐olds in relation to their gender, custody arrangements and place of residence.MethodsA cross‐sectional population‐based design was used, encompassing 7179 three‐year‐olds in northern Sweden during the period 2014–2017 from the regional Salut Register. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed based on parents’ responses on the Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social‐Emotional, supplemented with items on gender, custody arrangement and place of residence.ResultsParental‐reported social‐emotional problems were found in almost 10% of the children. Boys were reported to have more problems (12.3%) than girls (5.6%; p < 0.001). Parents were most concerned about children's eating habits and interactions at mealtimes. Parents not living together reported more problems among their children than those living together (p < 0.001). When stratifying by custody arrangement, girls in rural areas living alternately with each parent had more problems compared to those in urban areas (p < 0.008).ConclusionGender and custody arrangements appear to be important factors for social‐emotional problems among three‐year‐olds. Thus, such conditions should receive attention during preschool age, preferably by a systematic preventive strategy within Child Health Care.
Letter: the effect of sirolimus on recurrence and survival in liver transplant recipients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Grigg Sam , Gow Paul J. , Yeomans Neville 
Published: November 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Menon et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.12185 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15038.
Letter: chronic kidney disease risk in patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Xin Haiguang , Wang Junxue , Wu Zhiqin , Ni Wu 
Published: November 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Wong et al. and Wong et al. papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14945 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15031.
Letter: chronic kidney disease risk in patients with chronic hepatitis B—authors’ reply
Authors: Wong Grace Lai‐Hung , Szeto Cheuk‐Chun , Wong Vincent Wai‐Sun 
Published: November 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Wong et al and Xin et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14945 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15008.
Editorial: stepwise risk stratification for both F3 and F4 in NAFLD patients—authors’ reply
Authors: Labenz Christian , Schattenberg Jörn M. 
Published: November 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Labenz et al and Idriss and Lai papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14976 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15024.
Detection of KIT D816V in peripheral blood of children with manifestations of cutaneous mastocytosis suggests systemic disease
Authors: Carter Melody C. , Bai Yun , Ruiz‐Esteves Karina N. , Scott Linda M. , Cantave Daly , Bolan Hyejeong , Eisch Robin , Sun Xiaoping , Hahn Jamie , Maric Irina , Metcalfe Dean D. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryThe use of allele‐specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction to identify KIT D816V in the peripheral blood of adults with mastocytosis has been reported to have value in the diagnosis, assessment of disease burden and management of this disease. To examine the value of this assay in children with cutaneous manifestations of mastocytosis, we assessed data on 65 patients with all variants of paediatric‐onset mastocytosis, including those known to have systemic disease, to correlate KIT mutation status with clinical findings, serum tryptase levels and bone marrow histopathology. We found that KIT D816V was not identified in the peripheral blood of children known to have only cutaneous disease (specificity 100%) but was found in those known to have both cutaneous and systemic/probable systemic disease (sensitivity of 85·2%). These findings were the basis of the development of an algorithm to assist in the decision for when to perform a bone marrow biopsy in children presenting with cutaneous manifestations of mastocytosis.