bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial variability in pollen and resource limitation for fruit production of two species in interior Alaska:Vaccinium uliginosumandV. vitis-idaea
Authors: Parkinson Lindsey Viann , Mulder Christa P.H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMany recent studies assessing fruit productivity of plants in the boreal forest focus on interannual variability across a forested region, rather than on environmental variability within the forest. Frequency and severity of wildfires in the boreal forest affect soil moisture, canopy, and community structure at the landscape level, all of which may influence overall fruit production at a site directly (through resource availability) or indirectly (through impacts on pollinators). We evaluated how fruit production in two boreal shrubs,Vaccinium uliginosum(blueberry) andV. vitis-idaea(lingonberry), was explained by factors associated with resource availability (such as canopy cover and soil conditions) and pollen limitation (such as floral resources for pollinators and pollen deposition) across boreal forest sites of Interior Alaska. We classified our study sites into upland and lowland sites, which differed in elevation, soil moisture (lower in upland sites), and active layer (deeper in upland sites). We found that resource and pollen limitation differed between the two species and between uplands and lowlands. Lingonberry was more pollen limited than blueberry, and plants in lowland sites were more pollen limited relative to other sites while plants in upland sites were relatively more resource limited. Additionally, canopy cover had a significant negative effect in upland sites on a ramet’s investment in reproductive tissues and leaves versus structural growth, but little effect in lowland sites. These results point to importance of including pollinator abundance as well as resource availability in predictions for changes in berry abundance.
A new method of recording from the giant fiber of Drosophila melanogaster shows that the strength of its auditory inputs remains constant with age
Authors: Blagburn Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThere have been relatively few studies of how central synapses age in adult Drosophila melanogaster. In this study we investigate the aging of the synaptic inputs to the Giant Fiber (GF) from the Johnston’s Organ neurons (JONs). In previously published experiments an indirect assay of this synaptic connection was used; here we describe a new, more direct assay, which allows reliable detection of the GF action potential in the neck connective, and long term recording of its responses to sound. Genetic ablation using diphtheria toxin expressed in the GF with R68A06-GAL4 was used to show that these signals indeed arose from the GF and not from other descending neurons. As before, the sound-evoked action potentials (SEPs) in the antennal nerve were recorded via an electrode inserted at the base of the antenna. We then used this technique to quantify the response of the JONs to a high frequency sound pulse, and also the strength of the JON-GF synapse, in males and female of different ages. At no age was there any significant difference between males and females, for any of the parameters measured. Sensitivity of the JONs increased between 1 d and 10 d, with the sound intensity that elicited a half-maximal SEP decreasing by 40%. This measure almost doubled by 20 d and had increased 3-fold by 50 d compared to 10 d. Thus, JONs are most responsive around the period when most matings are taking place. The strength of the JON-GF synaptic connection itself was quite variable and did not change significantly with age. As a result, the GF’s sensitivity to sound approximately followed the JONs’ sensitivity, but with greater variability.
Zinc-independent activation of Toll-like receptor 4 by S100A9
Authors: Loes Andrea N. , Shi Ran , Harms Michael J. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThe homodimer formed by the protein S100A9 induces inflammation through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), playing critical roles in both healthy and pathological innate immune responses. The molecular mechanism by which S100A9 activates TLR4 remains unknown. Previously, the interaction between purified S100A9 and TLR4 was shown to depend on Zn2+; however, the Zn2+ binding site(s) on S100A9 were not identified. Here, we investigated the role of Zn2+ binding in the pro-inflammatory activity of S100A9. We found that the S100A9 homodimer was prone to reversible, Zn2+-dependent aggregation in vitro. Using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC), we identified multiple residues that contribute to Zn2+ binding in S100A9. We then used mutagenesis to construct a version of S100A9 with no detectable Zn2+ binding by either ITC or Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. This protein did not exhibit aggregation upon addition of saturating Zn2+. Further, despite the lack of Zn2+-binding, this protein was capable of activating TLR4 in a cell-based functional assay. We then modified the functional assay so the Zn2+ concentration was exceedingly low relative to the concentration of S100A9 added. Again, S100A9 was able to activate TLR4. This reveals that, despite the ability of S100A9 to bind Zn2+, S100A9 does not require Zn2+ to activate TLR4. Our work represents an important step in clarifying the nature of the interaction between S100A9 and TLR4.
FGFR1 is critical for Rbl2 loss-driven tumor development and requires PLCG1 activation for continued growth of small cell lung cancer
Authors: Kim Kee-Beom , Kim Youngchul , Kim Dong-Wook , Park Kwon-Sik 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSmall cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains a recalcitrant disease; limited therapeutic options have not improved overall survival and approved targeted therapies are lacking. Amplification of the tyrosine kinase receptor FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) is one of the few actionable alterations found in SCLC genome. However, efforts to develop targeted therapies for FGFR1-amplified SCLC are hindered by critical gaps in knowledge around the molecular origins and mediator of FGFR1-driven signalling and the physiological impact of targeting FGFR1. Here we demonstrate the oncogenic impact of increased FGFR1 on the malignant progression of precancerous cells and the necessity of nonamplified FGFR1 for SCLC development and homeostasis. Unexpected dependency of Rbl2 loss-driven tumor development on FGFR1 in autochthonous mouse models reveals a novel function of p130 (encoded by Rbl2), a member of the RB family of tumor suppressors, as a regulator of FGFR1 expression. Additionally, FGFR1-dependent SCLC cells require activation of PLCG1 for continued growth. Together, this study uncovers mechanisms of FGFR1-driven SCLC that involves p130 upstream and PLCG1 downstream and provides potential biomarkers for anti-FGFR1 therapeutic strategy.
Conceptualising quality following conflict: Afghanistan’s higher education policy
Authors: Couch Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the dominant conceptualisation of quality in Afghanistan’s higher education strategic planning and policies, and consider the implications a broader conceptualisation of quality might have within Afghanistan’s conflict-affected context.

Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on data from document analysis and semi-structured interviews, the author identifies the dominant policy conceptualisation of quality.

Findings
The dominant conceptualisation of quality in Afghanistan’s higher education policy documents aligns with the sector’s primary policy purpose of promoting economic growth. However, quality assurance processes were developed with significant input from international actors, and replicate global norms for quality assurance. Whilst this is important for validity and legitimacy, at the same time it can be delegitimising for local stakeholders, and can limit opportunities for conceptualisations of quality which genuinely engage with the particularities of Afghanistan’s broader conflict-affected social context.

Research limitations/implications
Introducing conceptualisations of quality in Afghanistan’s higher education policy which de-centre economic growth, and rather re-position social goals of cohesion and political sustainability as a central understanding of quality higher education, opens possibilities for the sector’s contribution towards national development.

Originality/value
There is limited published research into conceptualisations of quality within low-income and conflict-affected higher education contexts in general, and Afghanistan in particular. This paper intends to extend a critical conversation about the non-economic dividends a quality higher education sector can offer in such contexts.
Extending the shelf-life of sponge cake by an optimized level of jujube fruit flour determined using custom mixture design
Authors: Hosseini Hamed , Bolourian Shadi , Shahidi Fakhri 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
Jujube fruit (JF) (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is used as pharmaceuticals food, flavors and food additives. The purpose of this paper is to study the suitability of JF incorporation into a commercial sponge cake formulation, and to produce a nutritious bakery product with appropriate organoleptic and technological characteristics.

Design/methodology/approach
The optimal level of JF was incorporated into sponge cake using a custom mixture design with three independent variables, namely, refined wheat flour (RWF, 15–28 percent), sugar (7–22 percent) and JF (0–28 percent), as well as several responses, including physical properties, texture profile analysis (TPA), sensorial evaluation and color features. Moreover, physicochemical properties (TPA and oxidative indices) of optimal cake (two of the best JF levels) were compared with control sample (without JF) during 51 days storage period, while two baking temperatures (180°C and 170°C) were used.

Findings
The optimal amounts of RWF (21.19 percent), sugar (21.20 percent) and JF (7.61 percent) required for making the sample with maximum springiness, cohesiveness, specific volume, sensorial scores and yellowness, as well as the lowest firmness, baking loss and browning were determined. Desirable effects of JF on the cake quality well maintained throughout the storage period, as TPA attributes, peroxide value, ultraviolet absorbance and acid value showed less changes in JF-incorporated cake than the control sample.

Originality/value
Incorporating JF (~7 percent) into the batter was successful to improve the physicochemical properties in both fresh and stored cake with chocolate-like color.
Failure mechanisms of lubricating film on M50-Ag composites
Authors: Ma Hongru , Deng Xiaobin , Shi Xiaoliang , Lu Guanchen , Zhou Hongyan , Chen Yuan , Yang Zhenyu 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to explore the damage mechanism of a lubricating film on the worn surface of solid self-lubricating composites under different loads.

Design/methodology/approach
By comparing the actual stress with the strength, it is possible to determine the approximate wear state of the lubricating film. To prove the validity of the mathematical model that can predict the initiation of micro cracks or even the failure of the lubricating film, M50-5 Wt.% Ag self-lubricating composites (MA) was prepared. Tribological tests of the composites against Si3N4 ceramic balls were conducted at room temperature from 2 to 8 N. The electron probe microanalysis images of the lubricating film verify the wear state of the lubricating film.

Findings
The study found that the back edge of the contact area is the most vulnerable to destruction. The tensile stress and the equivalent shear stress have a positive correlation with load and friction coefficient. When the load is 4 N, an intact lubricating film covers the worn surface because the tensile stress and the equivalent shear stress are below the tensile strength and the shear strength, respectively; under other working conditions, the lubricating film is destroyed.

Originality/value
This paper has certain theoretical guidance for the study of tribological properties of solid self-lubricating composites. Moreover, this mathematical model is appropriate to be applied for the other composites.
From sci-fi to sci-fact: the state of robotics and AI in the hospitality industry
Authors: Cain Lisa Nicole , Thomas John H. , Alonso Jr Miguel 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to review the extant hospitality and tourism literature on the state of robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) in the service industry. The aim was to highlight the current areas of research on this emerging topic and identify areas for future application and study.

Design/methodology/approach
A list of hospitality and tourism journals was used to identify articles related to AI and robotics using the terms AI, robots, robotics, hospitality and tourism, and several combinations thereof. Additional sources were identified through the literature reviews from the identified works.

Findings
The findings revealed several studies on the current state of robotics and AI in hospitality and tourism. Additional research examines and discusses implications for internal and external customer service, legal and ethical issues and theory.

Originality/value
This paper provides a compilation of the current studies that examine the impact of robotics and AI in hospitality and tourism. It offers scholars an overview of the current knowledge in the field on this rapidly emerging and evolving topic.
Smart contracts that violate the Commodity Exchange Act: which parties are liable?
Authors: Mathews Nikiforos , Robison Jonas 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
The US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), to date, has not directly addressed how liability for Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) violations involving blockchain or distributed ledger technology should be allocated among the various parties involved in the distributed ledger network, such as the network itself, persons running consensus nodes, developers building applications on the platform, and businesses and end users using such applications. This article discusses recent statements by CFTC Commissioner Brian Quintenz regarding this issue and the approach that the CFTC may take going forward.

Design/methodology/approach
This article examines the allocation of liability in the context of smart contracts that may violate the CEA. The article discusses how the CFTC, despite its significant focus in recent years on virtual currency and blockchain, has not addressed the issue of liability allocation directly. Recent remarks by Commissioner Quintenz may shed light on the CFTC’s future approach.

Findings
This article finds that liability allocation questions may become increasingly pressing as smart contracts that potentially violate the CEA proliferate, possibly exposing a broad range of parties involved in a distributed ledger network to liability. To the extent that Commissioner Quintenz’s recent remarks are indicative, the CFTC ultimately may adopt a foreseeability standard in determining liability.

Practical implications
Applications of distributed ledger technology (DLT) are ever-expanding, continually posing novel CFTC regulatory issues. This is especially the case with respect to smart contracts that may be subject to CFTC jurisdiction. Parties involved in such applications should be mindful of potential liability.

Originality/value
Practical guidance from experienced finance and derivatives lawyers with strong CFTC expertise.
Influence of convective conditions on the peristaltic mechanism of power-law fluid through a slippery elastic porous tube with different waveforms
Authors: Gudekote Manjunatha , Choudhari Rajashekhar , Vaidya Hanumesh , K.V. Prasad , J.U. Viharika 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the peristaltic mechanism of power-law fluid in an elastic porous tube under the influence of slip and convective conditions. The effects of different waveforms on the peristaltic mechanism are taken into account.

Design/methodology/approach
The governing equations are rendered dimensionless using the suitable similarity transformations. The analytical solutions are obtained by using the long wavelength and small Reynold’s number approximations. The expressions for velocity, flow rate, temperature and streamlines are obtained and analyzed graphically. Furthermore, an application to flow through an artery is determined by using a tensile expression given by Rubinow and Keller.

Findings
The principal findings from the present model are as follows. The axial velocity increases with an expansion in the estimation of velocity slip parameter and fluid behavior index, and it diminishes for a larger value of the porous parameter. The magnitude of temperature diminishes with an expansion in the Biot number. The flux is maximum for trapezoidal wave and minimum for the triangular wave when compared with other considered waveforms. The flow rate in an elastic tube increases with an expansion in the porous parameter, and it diminishes with an increment in the slip parameter. The volume of tapered bolus enhances with increasing values of the porous parameter.

Originality/value
The current study finds the application in designing the heart-lung machine and dialysis machine. The investigation further gives a superior comprehension of the peristaltic system associated with the gastrointestinal tract and the stream of blood in small or microvessels.
Shadow organizing and imitation: new foci for research
Authors: Hopwood Nick , Jensen Karen 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
Shadow organizing refers to the emergence of parallel arrangements that sit alongside and imitate mainstream or conventional ways of organizing. It can be a response to challenges that require new ways of working without abandoning what is valuable about conventional arrangements. However, the processes through which shadow organizing is accomplished are not well understood; there is a need to go beyond traditional notions of mimicry and metaphor. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper demonstrates how a Tardean approach to imitation can address this gap. It deploys imitation as an explanatory concept, based on contemporary readings of Tarde, as well as understandings of organizing as an unfolding process. Child and Family Centres in Tasmania (Australia), are used as an example of shadow organizing, delivering integrated health and education services in an emerging parallel arrangement.

Findings
The analysis highlights an imitation dynamic which is far from straightforward mimicry. Rather, it comprises repetition and generation of difference. This dynamic is conceptualized in Tardean fashion as three patterns: the imitation of ideas before expression; the selective nature of imitation; and insertion of the old alongside the new.

Originality/value
The paper moves beyond metaphors of shadow organizing, and understandings of shadow organizing as mimicry. Conceptualizing imitation in an alternative way, it contributes fresh insights into how shadow organizing is accomplished. This enriches and expands the conceptual apparatus for researchers wishing to understand the betwixt and between of shadow organizing.
Longitudinal changes in bone mineral density in children with inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Levy‐Shraga Yael , Shenkar Anatoly , Modan‐Moses Dalit , Assa Amit , Haberman Yael , Shouval Dror , Guz‐Mark Anat , Lahad Avishay , Weiss Batia 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimChildren with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are prone to low bone mineral density (BMD). Our aim was to assess longitudinal changes in BMD in this population.MethodsA retrospective longitudinal study of children with IBD, treated at two tertiary centres in Israel, who underwent two BMD measurements by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Changes in lumbar spine BMD (∆L1‐4 z‐scores) were examined for correlations with clinical characteristics.ResultsThe cohort included 41 patients (age at diagnosis 12.1 ± 3.5 years, 23 females).The mean interval between the scans was 3.4 ± 2.0 years. There was a trend towards improvement in L1‐4 z‐scores (−1.64 ± 1.02 vs −1.45 ± 0.83, P = .12). ∆L1‐4 z‐scores correlated positively with ∆weight‐standard deviation scores (SDS), ∆height‐SDS and ∆BMI‐SDS, and with age at the second scan (R = .55, P < .01; R = .42, P < .01; R = .42, P = .01; R = .35, P = .02, respectively); and negatively with L1‐4 z‐scores at the first scan (R = −.63, P < .01). Stepwise linear regression analysis identified the first scan L1‐4 z‐scores and ∆weight‐SDS as independent predictors of ∆L1‐4 z‐scores. An L1‐4 z‐score ≤−2 at the first DXA scan was associated with significant improvement at the second scan.ConclusionImprovement in BMD was more pronounced in children who gained weight or whose BMD was low at the first scan.
Editorial: a non‐dietary treatment for coeliac disease—two steps forward, one step back? Authors’ reply
Authors: Truitt Kenneth E. , Anderson Robert P. 
Published: October 2019

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Truitt et al and Mitchell and Garg papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15435 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15470.
Cognitive Stimulation as a Mechanism Linking Socioeconomic Status With Executive Function: A Longitudinal Investigation
Authors: Rosen Maya L. , Hagen McKenzie P. , Lurie Lucy A. , Miles Zoe E. , Sheridan Margaret A. , Meltzoff Andrew N. , McLaughlin Katie A. 
Published: October 2019

Executive functions (EF), including working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility, vary as a function of socioeconomic status (SES), with children from economically disadvantaged backgrounds having poorer performance than their higher SES peers. Using observational methods, we investigated cognitive stimulation in the home as a mechanism linking SES with EF. In a sample of 101 children aged 60–75 months, cognitive stimulation fully mediated SES‐related differences in EF. Critically, cognitive stimulation was positively associated with the development of inhibition and cognitive flexibility across an 18‐month follow‐up period. Furthermore, EF at T1 explained SES‐related differences in academic achievement at T2. Early cognitive stimulation—a modifiable factor—may be a desirable target for interventions designed to ameliorate SES‐related differences in cognitive development and academic achievement.
Nuevos indicadores de los derechos laborales. Método y tendencias en 2000–2015
Authors: KUCERA David , SARI Dora 
Published: October 2019

ResumenSe describe un nuevo método para elaborar indicadores de los derechos de libertad sindical y de negociación colectiva mediante la codificación de infracciones en nueve fuentes documentales, seis de ellas de la OIT, e instrumentos legislativos nacionales. Los indicadores calculados, correspondientes a 185 Estados Miembros de la OIT para cinco años entre 2000 y 2015, se publicaron en 2015 por iniciativa del Center for Global Workers' Rights y la Global Labour University. En octubre de 2018 la Conferencia Internacional de Estadísticos del Trabajo recomendó adoptar esta metodología para el indicador 8.8.2 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible relativo a los derechos laborales.