bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Face to Face
Authors: Johnson E.F. , Samowitz Charles 
Published: February 2018

In the following interview Charles Samowitz, commissioner of the Envir. Protection Admin., Dept. of Water Resources, New York, N.Y., replies to questions posed by Eric Johnson, executive director of AWWA. Some of the subjects covered include: operating the vast New York City water supply and sewer system on a budget that cannot be increased; the Northeast Water Supply (NEWS) report; impact of the Safe Drinking Water Act—the notification requirements in particular; and preparation for a possible drought.Mr. Samowitz received a BME degree from City College of New York in 1948 and has been commissioner of the New York City Dept. of Water Resources since 1974. He has been the chairman of Industrial Cost Recovery Com. (Assn. of Metropolitan Sewer Agencies); Sludge Disposal Monitoring Com. in Metropolitan Areas; Sub‐Com. on Legislative Analysis (WPCF); and Ad‐Hoc Com. on Federal Aid (WPCF). Articles written by Mr. Samowitz have been published in ASCE magazines and Municipal Engineers Journal.
Notes and Comments: More on Protection by CaCOβ Films
Authors: Merrill Douglas T. , Sanks Robert L. 
Published: February 2018

Merrill and Sanks reply to William Wheeler's comments, which appeared in the January 1979 issue of Journal AWWA.A paper contributed to and selected by the Journal, authored by Douglas T. Merrill (Active Member, AWWA), sr. engr., Brown & Caldwell Consult. Engrs. (Consultant Member, AWWA), Seattle, Wash., and Robert L. Sanks (Active Member, AWWA), prof., dept. of civ. engrg., Montana State Univ., Bozeman, Mont.
The Competition for federal funds
Authors: Sawey Richard 
Published: February 2018

Protecting public health from microbial risks as well as chemical contaminants is a shared goal, but is there enough money to accomplish it?This discussion took place June 7, 1993, in San Antonio, Texas, and was updated by participants in November 1993. Panel moderator was Richard Sawey, director, Fort Worth Water Dept., 1000 Throckmorton, P.O. Box 870, Fort Worth, TX 76101. Other participants were Martin J. Allen, director, Technology Transfer Div., AWWA Research Foundation, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235; Steve Clark, acting deputy director, Drinking Water Standards Div., US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), WH‐550D, 501 M St. S.W., Washington, DC 20460; Duane Georgeson, assistant general manager, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 1111 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90054; Frederick A. Marrocco, chief, Div. of Drinking Water Management, Pennsylvania Dept. of Environmental Resources, P.O. Box 8467, Harrisburg, PA 17105; Peter Shanaghan, small systems coordinator, Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water at USEPA, and Sam Wade, deputy chief executive officer, National Rural Water Association, 2915 S. 13th St., Duncan, OK 73533.
British privatization: balancing needs
Authors: Booker Alan 
Published: February 2018

The UK's Office of Water Services—OFWAT—is pursuing a “transparent” regulatory style as it attempts to balance monopoly, competition, and customer service in Britain's privatized water companies.In the United Kingdom, OFWAT (the Office of Water Services) is responsible for economic regulation of the 10 water service companies privatized in 1989 by the British government. OFWAT's interrelated functions include protecting customers' pocketbooks, promoting economy and efficiency of the water companies, and acting as a surrogate marketplace to facilitate competition. The main control OFWAT can exercise is to limit the prices companies can charge to their customers. Because of tougher standards, costs are rising, sometimes to levels difficult for low‐income people to manage. Affordability is a prime concern to be considered when costing formulas, reset every five years, are reset in July 1994.
Comparing two GACs for adsorption and biostabilization
Authors: Carlson Mark A. , Heffernan Kevin M. , Ziesemer Craig C. , Snyder Edwin G. 
Published: February 2018

GAC operated in the adsorption mode removes larger amounts of DBP precursors than does GAC manufactured as a substrate for biological activity, but the former requires frequent regeneration to maintain its high performance.The removal of organic materials by biological activity is gaining greater attention as regulations become stricter and bacterial regrowth is better understood. This article compares two types of granular activated carbon (GAC) for removing the precursors of disinfection by‐products. One GAC was a coal‐based carbon manufactured as an adsorbent, and the other was a wood‐based carbon manufactured primarily as a substrate for biological activity. After a year‐long pilot‐scale evaluation, the performance of the two GACs was compared. Once the GAC systems had reached a plateau, there was little difference in the performance of the two carbon types; they removed about 15‐20 percent of the precursor material. The GAC manufactured for adsorption, however, removed seven times more total organic carbon than did the other GAC.
Strategic planning for SDWA compliance in small systems
Authors: III John E. Cromwell 
Published: February 2018

By taking a comprehensive look at their potential SDWA compliance liabilities, small systems can identify potential problems and opportunities.To be better prepared for the future, many large utilities have embarked on a formal process of strategic planning to assess their total SDWA compliance liabilities. Similarly, small systems can improve planning and outcomes by undertaking such a process. Using the simple approach outlined in this article, small systems can better predict total costs before they begin making the first incremental investments. The potential benefits of such planning are greater today than ever before. This article offers a guide to the key questions that need to be covered. It was taken from a longer piece developed as a project of AWWA's Small System Guidance Committee.
Monitoring the effect of zebra mussels on raw‐water intakes
Authors: Sarrouh Sami F. , Ramadan Nagah 
Published: February 2018

This new index provides a straightforward and economic means of monitoring water intakes for blockage and capacity loss.Many raw‐water intakes in the Great Lakes are threatened by infestations of zebra mussels. Hydraulic testing and visual inspection of the intakes tend to be time‐consuming and costly. The authors introduce an index (the damping ratio) that can be simply and inexpensively used to monitor the conditions of water intakes by signaling a change in flow resistance. The authors calculated some damping ratios and compared them with hydraulic data from drawdown tests. The results show that the damping ratio index has a direct friction coefficient of the intake.
Using RSSCTs to predict field‐scale GAC control of DBP formation
Authors: Cummings Laura , Summers R. Scott 
Published: February 2018

For this water, the laboratory‐based RSSCTs effectively predicted the field‐scale behavior of three types of GACs for controlling DBPs.The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the rapid small‐scale column test (RSSCT) for predicting the control of disinfection by‐product (DBP) formation by granular activated carbon (GAC). DBP formation was assessed by using a simulated distribution system (SDS) test and measuring trihalomethanes and total organic halide in the influent and effluent of the laboratory‐ and field‐scale columns. It was observed that for the water studied, the RSSCTs effectively predicted the nonadsorbable fraction, time to 50 percent breakthrough, and the shape of the breakthrough curve for DBP formation. The advantage of RSSCTs is that conclusions about the amenability of a GAC for DBP control can be reached in a short time period instead of at the end of a long‐term pilot study. The authors recommend that similar studies be conducted with a range of source waters because the effectiveness of GAC is site‐specific.
Head loss testing in transmission mains
Authors: Walski Thomas M. , O'Farrell Shaun J. 
Published: February 2018

Accuracy of head loss measurement can be improved if monitoring equipment is installed right along with the transmission main.Accurately measuring head loss in large‐diameter transmission mains is difficult and is therefore seldom done at all. However, if a section of transmission main is installed with provisions for measuring flow and head loss, the testing can be done easily and accurately, allowing better monitoring of long‐term trends in pipe roughness and carrying capacity.
Cost‐effectiveness of SDWA regulations
Authors: Raucher Robert S. , Dixon Ann M. , Trabka Eloise , Drago Joseph A. 
Published: February 2018

If the SDWA is reauthorized so USEPA can more selectively determine which contaminants are regulated, the result will be greater health protection benefits per dollar spent.This article examines the extent to which the federal drinking water program is meeting its public health protection goals and reviews the costs regulations imposed on society at a time when the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is under review for reauthorization by Congress. Under the 1986 amendments, USEPA has promulgated seven significant rule‐making packages covering more than 70 contaminants. The regulatory record reveals a high degree of variability in costs and risk reductions associated with these rules. For example, nearly 99 percent of the program's total carcinogenic risk reduction is attained for about 60 percent of the total regulatory costs for carcinogens because of the maximum contaminant levels established for 10 contaminants. This means about 40 percent of carcinogen‐related regulatory costs are achieving an insignificant 1 percent of cancer risk reduction. If the regulations were focused on systems serving more than 500 people, almost 90 percent of total carcinogenic health risk reduction benefits could be realized at only 43 percent of the costs.
GAC adsorption of intermittently loaded pesticides
Authors: Matsui Yoshihiko , Kamei Tasuku , Kawase Etsuro , Snoeyink Vernon L. , Tambo Norihito 
Published: February 2018

Almost identical breakthrough curves were observed for both intermittent and continuous loading of pesticides.The removal efficiency of intermittently applied pesticides by a granular activated carbon bed preloaded with background organic matter (BOM) was examined using the rapid small‐scale column test. Preloading with BOM decreased the removal efficiency of the pesticides. The removal efficiency was a function of the amount of BOM adsorbed, but was unrelated to the influent concentration of the pesticide. A modeling approach employing the ideal adsorbed solution theory and a linear driving‐force expression for intraparticle surface diffusion adequately simulated these phenomena.
TQM in Orem, Utah: responsive agency, satisfied customers
Authors: Chesnut Bruce W. , Buckwalter Doyle W. , Parsons Robert J. 
Published: February 2018

In Orem, Utah, total quality management techniques have helped to improve water management and encourage conservation.De Tocqueville said the success of the American experiment depended on the quality of citizen involvement in governance. Today, public participation in governmen—other than voting—involves a minuscule fraction of the citizenry, and an adversarial relationship often exists between citizens and government. Total quality management (TQM) offers citizens and public officials a way to open the lines of communication and improve municipal conditions. In Orem, Utah, a water shortage and restrictions led to a year‐long communitywide planning and educational process that incorporated TQM principles. Public opinion of water managers has improved, and local citizens are now educated about water management. Orem has not further restricted water use despite the drought that has continued since 1986.
Water affordability and alternatives to service disconnection
Authors: Beecher Janice A. 
Published: February 2018

Utilities are finding ways to continue service for ratepayers who have difficulty paying their water bills.Rising costs and rising water bills are inevitable. For customers, the problem of water affordability may result in increased arrearages, late payments, disconnection notices, and service terminations. Utilities, under increasing pressure to respond to affordability and disconnection problems, generally prefer assistance‐oriented programs in cooperation with social agencies over rate structure modifications. In this article the author reviews available options including financial counseling, arrearage forgiveness, payment discounts, income‐based payments, lifeline rates, targeted conservation, disconnection moratoria, and flow restriction.
Development fees: a legislative history
Authors: Clark Don M. 
Published: February 2018

This article collates the history of system development fee legislation in 25 different jurisdictions.With increasing frequency, public water supply systems are having to investigate alternative funding sources to raise the capital needed for expansion. System development charges have surfaced as the financing mechanism of choice in municipal settings across the country. Legislation regulating such capital charges has been adopted in a surprising number of states in recent years. The author surveyed AWWA sections and conducted research to document recent legislative action in the United States to assess the variety and nature of state legislation regulating system development charges. The findings paint a vivid picture of a current trend prevalent in the United States. If continued, the trend does little to move us any closer to standardizing the procedures and ground rules for others to consider in implementing system development charges.
Membrane plants in North America
Authors: Morin Oram J. 
Published: February 2018

Feedwaters with TDS concentrations up to 6,500 mg/L are being treated by membrane processes to drinking water standards.The objectives of this survey were to determine the number of membrane plants currently operating in North America, assess industry growth, and identify trends. In December 1993, the combined capacity of the more than 190 plants was >215 mgd. Approximately 80 percent are reverse osmosis (RO) units, and 20 percent are electrodialysis reversal (EDR). Recovery rates as high as 85 percent for RO and 94 percent for EDR systems are being used for normal operation. The blending of raw water with the membrane product water is common practice. Different membranes are sometimes being used for plants with two or more stages.
Complying with the SWTR: Ohio's experience
Authors: Opferman David J. , Buchberger Steven G. , Arduini D. John 
Published: February 2018

Rather than conducting tracer studies, most plant operators elected to use a conservative estimate of effective contact time generated by the state.The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) stipulates filtration and disinfection requirements for public water systems using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water. In Ohio, 169 treatment plants serving 5,000,000 people are affected by the SWTR. The authors surveyed these plants to determine how the SWTR's C X T requirements have affected system operation. Existing plants use a wide variety of clearwell configurations. Although tracer studies provide the most reliable estimates of clearwell contact time, few of these systems actually ran tracer tests; instead most accepted a conservative estimate of effective contact time developed by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency to roughly estimate effective contact time. Determining contact times in the absence of a tracer study presents a unique challenge to enforcement agencies because of the variety of chlorine contact chambers encountered in practice. Under a conservative worst‐case operating scenario, more than half of Ohio's SWTR treatment plants were judged unable to comply with C X T requirements.
Improving Small Water System Viability
Authors: Lay Trudie 
Published: February 2018

Participants explore the link between viability and compliance.Participants in this Roundtable met in New York, N.Y., June 22, 1994, to discuss viability of water systems. Moderator was Trudie Lay, former manager of AWWA's Small Systems Program, 1550 Linden Ave., Boulder, CO 80304. Other participants were C. Jeff Appel, senior evaluator, US General Accounting Office, 10 Causeway St., Room 575, Boston, MA 02222; Jack Bryck, project manager, Dayton & Knight Ltd. Consulting Engineers, P.O. Box 91247, 626 Clyde Ave., West Vancouver, BC V7V 3N9; John Cromwell, manager of water supply, Apogee Research Inc., 4350 East‐West Highway, Bethesda, MD 20814; Vanessa M. Leiby, executive director, Association of State Drinking Water Administrators, 1120 Connecticut Ave., Suite 1060, Washington, DC 20036; John E. Regnier, executive vice‐president, Alabama Rural Water Association, 4556 S. Court St., Montgomery, AL 36105; David W. Rommelmann, regional vice‐president, Boyle Engineering Corporation, 8430 University Executive Park Dr., Suite 601, Charlotte, NC 28262; and Peter E. Shanaghan, small systems coordinator, US Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M St. (Mail Code 4601), Washington, DC 20460.
Microfiltration: a case study
Authors: Yoo R. Scott , Brown Douglas R. , Pardini Richard J. , Bentson Gary D. 
Published: February 2018

A northern California treatment plant installed microfiltration to satisfy design constraints and comply with SWTR requirements.With the enactment of the federal Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) and a state SWTR, San Jose Water Company faced a decision to either abandon or upgrade a small diatomaceousearth (DE) filtration plant. Several environmental, design, operational, and regulatory constraints influenced the decision to replace the existing DE filtration system with microfiltration (MF). At 5 mgd this is currently the largest potable water MF plant in the United States. It has been operating successfully since February 1994. Results to date demonstrate that the plant is producing finished water that exceeds SWTR requirements. This article describes elements of the design, construction, operation, and performance of the new plant as well as factors leading to the selection of MF over other treatment options.
UF with pretreatment for removing DBP precursors
Authors: Jacangelo Joseph G. , Laîné Jean‐Michel , Cummings Edward W. , Adham Samer S. 
Published: February 2018

Combined UF–PAC treatment can be effective for DBP precursor removal, depending on the level of removal desired.Although ultrafiltration (UF) is an efficient disinfection process, it is relatively ineffective because of its high‐molecular‐weight cutoff for removing the natural organic matter that contributes to disinfection by‐product (DBP) formation. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of powdered activated carbon (PAC) as a UF pretreatment to provide enhanced removal of trihalomethane and haloacetic acid precursors. PAC addition did not impair the permeability of the UF membrane and, in one case, appeared to retard membrane fouling. DBP precursor removals increased with increasing PAC dosages. Because bromide was not removed by this treatment, changes in relative DBP speciation were observed after chlorination of the permeate from the UF–PAC process.
Accomplishing change
Authors: Kohlhoff Karl F. 
Published: February 2018

Change in the water industry is resulting from redirection, reorganization, and reauthorization.Incoming president Karl F. Kohlhoff discussed coming challenges for AWWA in a conversation Feb. 24, 1995, at AWWA head‐quarters. He was interviewed by Joe Reid, contributing editor of the Journal. Kohlhoff is assistant utility manager for the city of Mesa, Ariz., and was appointed by the governor as special assistant on natural resources. He was president of the Arizona Water and Pollution Control Association and is a member of several other professional organizations. Kohlhoff joined AWWA in 1962 and has served as director of the Arizona Section and as a member of the Conference Management and Student Activities committees. He received the association's Fuller Award in 1986. As president, he will automatically be a member of the Executive Committee, the Board of Directors, and nine other committees and councils.
Zebra mussel mortality with chlorine
Authors: Van Benschoten John E. , Jensen James N. , Harrington Donald , DeGirolamo Daniel J. 
Published: February 2018

A kinetic model allows prediction of the mortality of zebra mussels as a function of chlorine concentration, temperature, and contact time.The rate of mortality of the zebra mussel in response to chlorine is described by a kinetic model that combines a statistical characterization of mussel mortality with a disinfection‐type modeling approach. Parameter estimates were made with nine sets of data from experiments conducted in Niagara River water. From the kinetic model, an operational diagram was constructed that describes the time to 95 percent mortality as a function of chlorine concentration and temperature. Either the model or the diagram can be used to assist utilities in planning chlorination treatments for controlling zebra mussels.
IRP: a case study from Nevada
Authors: Fiske Gary , Dong Anh 
Published: February 2018

Integrated resource planning is a nontraditional response to long‐term water resource issues.Water agencies across North America are discovering with increasing frequency that the old approaches to resource planning are no longer effective. In large part, the old approaches are failing because the context within which suppliers must attempt to meet demand has changed. A detailed water integrated resource planning framework is described that has been adapted and applied to several water purveyors, including the Southern Nevada Water Authority. The application in Southern Nevada is used to illustrate major components of the approach.
Statistical procedures for corrosion studies
Authors: Wysock Barbara M. , Sandvig Anne M. , Schock Micheal R. , Frebis Christopher P. , Prokop Boris 
Published: February 2018

Evaluation of treatment alternatives for corrosion by means of pipe loop systems requires a viable statistical basis for decision‐making.Decision‐makers evaluating corrosion treatment alternatives under the Lead and Copper Rule need the statistical tools to choose the optimum treatment from pipe loop studies. In many cases, the data generated by pipe loop studies do not follow a normal distribution; therefore, nonparametric statistics apply. Techniques that are discussed include determination of data normality using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and chisquare tests, determination of stabilization using the Spearman coefficient, and comparison of treatments using the Wilcoxon signed ranks or rank sum test. Other data issues that are important to evaluating corrosion studies include determining sample size and frequency, determining the confidence and accuracy of results, and evaluating data outliers.
Toledo streamlines treatment operations
Authors: Trivedi Rohit D. , Van Cott Whit , Stevenson Robert C. , Cogswell Theodore M. , Thomas Paul A. 
Published: February 2018

Automation is helping Toledo realize savings on costs of chemicals, energy, and especially labor.Toledo, Ohio, which has an abundant supply of freshwater from Lake Erie, is using computer technology to streamline operations at its Collins Park Water Treatment Plant. A distributed control system, operational since 1993, makes Collins Park one of the most fully automated plants in the Midwest. The system has reduced expenditures on chemicals, energy, and labor; a preliminary study indicated the system will pay for itself in six years. The system calculates the most efficient pumping variables to maintain proper pressures and flow rates and to take advantage of off‐peak energy rates. The reservoir is allowed to be drawn down during the day and is refilled at night when power and water demands have subsided. The authors provide recommendations to aid in developing and installing an instrumentation and control system.