bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences and Other Factors Associated with Weight Gain Following Initiation of Infliximab: A Post Hoc Analysis of Clinical Trials
Authors: Christian Kaci E , Russman Katharine M , Rajan Dhyan P , Barr Erik A , Cross Raymond K 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn our clinical practice, women often report excess weight gain with infliximab (IFX) use. There are currently no studies investigating weight gain after antitumor necrosis factor therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of clinical factors, with a particular focus on sex and weight gain in patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) initiating IFX.MethodsData was extracted from ACCENT I, ACCENT II, ACT 1, and SONIC; included patients received IFX for induction or maintenance of remission of CD or UC. Patients treated with azathioprine (IFX 0 mg/kg) were included as controls. Baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, and weight at each follow-up for the study duration were collected. In addition to descriptive statistics, adjusted mixed effects models were used to test the association between clinical variables and weight gain.ResultsThere were 1273 patients included for analysis; the majority was white (91%), with CD (81%), and half of patients (50%) were women. Upon univariate analysis, IFX dose, African American race, diagnosis of CD, elevated C-reactive protein, and low hematocrit and albumin were associated with weight gain (P &lt; 0.001). Upon adjusted analysis, sex was significantly associated with weight gain (P = 0.009), with women experiencing a lower percentage increase from baseline weight than men (3.9% increase vs 4.3% increase).ConclusionsWhen starting IFX, those with markers of severe disease and with a diagnosis of CD are likely to gain more weight. Adjusting for confounding variables, women actually gain less weight than men after IFX treatment, although this difference is not clinically relevant.
The morality of foreign law
Authors: Tripkovic Bosko 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The article explains the normative foundations of the use of foreign law in constitutional reasoning. It pursues four claims. First, it argues that a normative explanation of the use of foreign law must elucidate the connection between foreign legal facts and moral values. Second, it distinguishes between the deductive model of the use of foreign law, which ascribes value to foreign legal facts directly, and the reflective model, which ascribes value to the outcomes of the reflective process facilitated by foreign legal facts. Third, it shows how the deductive model fails to explain the value of foreign law for constitutional judgment. Fourth, the article demonstrates how the reflective model can be justified with reference to a set of virtues of good moral judgment, but argues that this model poses important limits to the use of foreign law.
Finite element method for a stationary Stokes hemivariational inequality with slip boundary condition
Authors: Fang Changjie , Czuprynski Kenneth , Han Weimin , Cheng Xiaoliang , Dai Xiaoxia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper is devoted to the study of a hemivariational inequality problem for the stationary Stokes equations with a nonlinear slip boundary condition. The hemivariational inequality is formulated with the use of the generalized directional derivative and generalized gradient in the sense of Clarke. We provide an existence and uniqueness result for the hemivariational inequality. Then we apply the finite element method to solve the hemivariational inequality. The incompressibility constraint is treated through a mixed formulation. Error estimates are derived for numerical solutions. Numerical simulation results are reported to illustrate the theoretically predicted convergence orders.
Cycle-Complete Ramsey Numbers
Authors: Keevash Peter , Long Eoin , Skokan Jozef 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Ramsey number $r(C_{\ell },K_n)$ is the smallest natural number $N$ such that every red/blue edge colouring of a clique of order $N$ contains a red cycle of length $\ell $ or a blue clique of order $n$. In 1978, Erd̋s, Faudree, Rousseau, and Schelp conjectured that $r(C_{\ell },K_n) = (\ell -1)(n-1)+1$ for $\ell \geq n\geq 3$ provided $(\ell ,n) \neq (3,3)$. We prove that, for some absolute constant $C\ge 1$, we have $r(C_{\ell },K_n) = (\ell -1)(n-1)+1$ provided $\ell \geq C\frac{\log n}{\log \log n}$. Up to the value of $C$ this is tight since we also show that, for any $\varepsilon&gt;0$ and $n&gt; n_0(\varepsilon )$, we have $r(C_{\ell }, K_n) \gg (\ell -1)(n-1)+1$ for all $3 \leq \ell \leq (1-\varepsilon )\frac{\log n}{\log \log n}$. This proves the conjecture of Erd̋s, Faudree, Rousseau, and Schelp for large $\ell $, a stronger form of the conjecture due to Nikiforov, and answers (up to multiplicative constants) two further questions of Erd̋s, Faudree, Rousseau, and Schelp.
Do Self-Reporting Regimes Matter? Evidence from the Convention Against Torture
Authors: Creamer Cosette D , Simmons Beth A 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInternational regulatory agreements depend largely on self-reporting for implementation, yet we know almost nothing about whether or how such mechanisms work. We theorize that self-reporting processes provide information for domestic constituencies, with the potential to create pressure for better compliance. Using original data on state reports submitted to the Committee Against Torture, we demonstrate the influence of this process on the pervasiveness of torture and inhumane treatment. We illustrate the power of self-reporting regimes to mobilize domestic politics through evidence of civil society participation in shadow reporting, media attention, and legislative activity around antitorture law and practice. This is the first study to evaluate systematically the effects of self-reporting in the context of a treaty regime on human rights outcomes. Since many international agreements rely predominantly on self-reporting, the results have broad significance for compliance with international regulatory regimes globally.
Longitudinal Study on Retrospective Assessment of Perceived Usability: A New Method and Perspectives
Authors: Yuhui Wang , Chunfu Li , Tian Lei , Qin Huang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper reports a longitudinal study on the retrospective evaluation of perceived usability. We propose a retest method based on SUS questionnaires to reduce the multiple-observation effects typically present in longitudinal research. We designed different forms of the SUS questionnaire to eliminate memory effects and distributed duplicate SUS copies to subjects. We first measured the alternative-form reliability of duplicate in Experiment I ($\textbf{r =0.814}$). We then found that the duplicates we designed significantly reduce memory effects compared to the standard SUS questionnaire. Experiment II involved tests on the retrospective evaluation of perceived usability at five measurement points after initial use. The retrospective evaluation of perceived usability changes over time. After 5 min (at point ${\mathrm{T}}_2$), we found that each subject’s retrospective evaluation changed significantly regardless of whether the task had higher or lower usability levels. Moreover, the `directions’of this change tended to differ. This indicates that time is an important factor in perceived usability evaluation. Our results altogether indicate that time affects the retrospective evaluation of perceived usability as well as the accuracy of perceived usability evaluation, which suggests that the process of perceived usability assessment requires strict time constraints.
Characterization of carbapenem-resistant and XDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Canada: results of the CANWARD 2007–16 study
Authors: McCracken Melissa G , Adam Heather J , Blondeau Joseph M , Walkty Andrew J , Karlowsky James A , Hoban Daryl J , Zhanel George G , Mulvey Michael R ,   Canadian Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance (CARA) and CANWARD, Zhanel George G , Hoban Daryl J , Adam Heather J , Baxter Melanie R , Nichol Kimberly A , Lagacé-Wiens Philippe R S , Walkty Andrew , Karlowsky James A , Blondeau J , Slinger R , Davidson R , Zhanel G , Hoban D , Delport J , Ellis C , Laverdière M , Loo V , Poutanen S , Fuller J , Roscoe D , Desjardins M , Matukas L , Goyette M , Lee C , Carignan A , Bergevin M , Pelletier R 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa are emerging worldwide with increasing reports of carbapenemase-producing isolates. Carbapenem-resistant isolates may also be XDR. This study characterized carbapenem-resistant and XDR P. aeruginosa isolated from patients receiving care at Canadian hospitals from 2007 to 2016.

Methods
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using CLSI broth microdilution methods. PCR was used to detect carbapenemases (GES, KPC, NDM, IMP, VIM, OXA-48) and other resistance markers; specific carbapenemase gene variants were identified by DNA sequencing. Genetic relatedness was assessed by MLST and PFGE.

Results
From 2007 to 2016, 3864 isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected; 466 (12.1%) isolates were carbapenem resistant. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa reached a peak of 17.3% in 2014. Colistin (94% susceptible) and ceftolozane/tazobactam (92.5%) were the most active agents against carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. XDR P. aeruginosa comprised 4.5% of isolates; they were found to be genetically diverse and remained susceptible to colistin and ceftolozane/tazobactam. Only 4.3% (n = 20) of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa harboured a carbapenemase; most were blaGES-5 (35%, n = 7). Wide genetic diversity was observed among carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa with >200 different sequence types identified.

Conclusions
Although the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa in Canada spiked in 2014 and 2015, carbapenemase-producing P. aeruginosa remain rare with only 20 (4.3%) isolates identified over a 10 year period. Broad genetic diversity was observed among both carbapenem-resistant and XDR phenotypes of P. aeruginosa. Pan-drug-resistant P. aeruginosa have not yet been identified in Canada.
Time trend of prevalence and susceptibility to nitrofurantoin of urinary MDR Escherichia coli from outpatients
Authors: Bruyndonckx Robin , Latour Katrien , Atud Glory Abong , Dubovy Patrick , Jaspers Stijn , Hens Niel , Catry Boudewijn , Goossens Herman , Coenen Samuel 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the time trend of the prevalence of urinary MDR Escherichia coli in Belgian outpatients (2005 versus 2011–12), the antibiotic susceptibility of urinary MDR E. coli, and the time trend of non-susceptibility to nitrofurantoin, i.e. first-line treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs), of urinary MDR E. coli (2005 versus 2011–12).

Methods
In this secondary analysis of a multicentre study, which collected a convenience sample of voluntary participating laboratories (15 and 8 in 2005 and 2011–12, respectively), we analysed antimicrobial susceptibilities (ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefalotin, ciprofloxacin, nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) of urinary E. coli. MDR was defined as resistance to three or more of these agents. The prevalence of MDR E. coli and its non-susceptibility to nitrofurantoin was compared between 2005 and 2011–12 using a generalized estimating equation model.

Results
MDR status could be determined for 9704 and 12512 urinary E. coli isolates from 7911 and 9441 patients in 2005 and 2011–12, respectively, with most patients being women (79% in both study periods). The prevalence of MDR increased from 28.4% (2758/9704) in 2005 to 34.3% (4286/12512) in 2011–12 (adjusted OR 1.305; 95% CI 1.220–1.397). Within the MDR isolates, the prevalence of nitrofurantoin non-susceptibility decreased from 23.2% (623/2684) in 2005 to 10.7% (455/4253) in 2011–12 (adjusted OR 0.424; 95% CI 0.363–0.494).

Conclusions
Despite a high prevalence of MDR E. coli in urinary samples from Belgian outpatients, nitrofurantoin could still be recommended as first-line empirical treatment in uncomplicated UTIs.
Physicians’ gender and their use of electronic health records: findings from a mixed-methods usability study
Authors: Khairat Saif , Coleman Cameron , Ottmar Paige , Bice Thomas , Koppel Ross , Carson Shannon S 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Objective
Physician burnout associated with EHRs is a major concern in health care. A comprehensive assessment of differences among physicians in the areas of EHR performance, efficiency, and satisfaction has not been conducted. The study sought to study relationships among physicians’ performance, efficiency, perceived workload, satisfaction, and usability in using the electronic health record (EHR) with comparisons by age, gender, professional role, and years of experience with the EHR.

Materials and Methods
Mixed-methods assessments of the medical intensivists' EHR use and perceptions. Using simulated cases, we employed standardized scales, performance measures, and extensive interviews. NASA Task Load Index (TLX), System Usability Scale (SUS), and Questionnaire on User Interface Satisfaction surveys were deployed.

Results
The study enrolled 25 intensive care unit (ICU) physicians (11 residents, 9 fellows, 5 attendings); 12 (48%) were men, with a mean age of 33 (range, 28-55) years and a mean of 4 (interquartile range, 2.0-5.5) years of Epic experience. Overall task performance scores were similar for men (90% ± 9.3%) and women (92% ± 4.4%), with no statistically significant differences (P = .374). However, female physicians demonstrated higher efficiency in completion time (difference = 7.1 minutes; P = .207) and mouse clicks (difference = 54; P = .13). Overall, men reported significantly higher perceived EHR workload stress compared with women (difference = 17.5; P &lt; .001). Men reported significantly higher levels of frustration with the EHR compared with women (difference = 33.15; P &lt; .001). Women reported significantly higher satisfaction with the ease of use of the EHR interface than men (difference = 0.66; P =.03). The women’s perceived overall usability of the EHR is marginally higher than that of the men (difference = 10.31; P =.06).

Conclusions
Among ICU physicians, we measured significant gender-based differences in perceived EHR workload stress, satisfaction, and usability—corresponding to objective patterns in EHR efficiency. Understanding the reasons for these differences may help reduce burnout and guide improvements to physician performance, efficiency, and satisfaction with EHR use.

Design
Mixed-methods assessments of the medical intensivists’ EHR use and perceptions. Using simulated cases, we employed standardized scales, performance measures, and extensive interviews.
‘Better Than A Great Many Good Works’: Jenny Erpenbeck’s Go, Went, Gone and the Primacy of Attention in Human Rights Practice
Authors: Phillips Brian 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Beginning with Simone Weil’s writing on the subject of attention, this article reflects on the place of attention in contemporary human rights practice—specifically in relation to the challenges posed by the multiple patterns of migration that have so defined our era. Through the lens of Jenny Erpenbeck’s remarkable novel, Go, Went, Gone, the article explores what attentiveness may mean today with regard to research and advocacy concerning migration issues. The article also asks how we secure and maintain the interest of the general public in the so-called global migration ‘crisis’ at a historical moment characterized by mass distraction?
Revised staging system for malignant lymphoma based on the Lugano classification
Authors: Munakata Wataru , Terauchi Takashi , Maruyama Dai , Nagai Hirokazu 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Lugano classification was published in 2014 to form the basis for revising the recommendations regarding anatomic staging and evaluation of disease before and after therapy. This staging system was adopted by the eighth edition of the Cancer Staging Manual of the American Joint Committee on Cancer. In this review, we aimed to discuss this updated staging system for malignant lymphomas. The most important change was that fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography became the new standard imaging technique for staging of all fluorodeoxyglucose-avid histologies. Due to the introduction of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for staging, the evaluation of not only lymph node involvement but also organ involvement, including liver or spleen, has become simplified. Furthermore, it is possible to eliminate bone marrow biopsies in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Although patients were grouped according to the absence (A) or presence (B) of disease-related symptoms based on the previous classification, only the patients with Hodgkin lymphoma need to be assigned the designations A or B in this revision. Hopefully, these revised recommendations will improve patient management and the conduct of clinical trials.
The Choice of a Treaty
Authors: Boyle Alan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
From a lawmaking perspective “soft law” is simply a convenient description for a variety of non-binding normatively worded instruments used in contemporary international relations by states and international organizations. Examples include UN conference declarations, appropriately worded resolutions and declarations adopted by the UN General Assembly or one of its subsidiary organs or specialized agencies, or codes of conduct, guidelines, and principles adopted by any of these UN organs. The main advantage of adopting rules and principles in soft-law form is that the process is simpler, faster, and potentially more inclusive than a multilateral treaty. The UN has pioneered the use of soft law, most obviously through the adoption of General Assembly resolutions that, inter alia, interpret and amplify the UN Charter, codify and progressively develop international law, provide evidence of opinio juris on new norms and general principles, or legitimize state practice. The functions of soft law in the international legal system—and in UN practice—are diverse, but it would be wrong to see the choice of instrument—treaty or soft law—in either/or terms. Non-binding soft law sometimes presents alternatives to lawmaking by treaty; at other times it complements and amplifies treaties while also providing different ways of understanding the legal effect of different kinds of treaties. But it is inconceivable that modern treaty regimes or international organizations such as the UN could function successfully without resort to soft law.
United Nations Weapons Control Treaties
Authors: Kellman Barry 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Weapons control was born of necessity to reduce the existential threats of weapons technologies following the last century’s world wars. In a dangerous and anarchic world, security can be enhanced by substituting multilateral agreements for unconstrained procurement, deployment, and transfer of weapons. This chapter focuses on four aspects of weapons control treaties: (1) nonproliferation of nuclear weapons, (2) eradication of chemical and biological weapons, (3) prohibition of unique inhumane weapons, and (4) restriction of the trade in conventional weapons. Cumulatively, these treaties serve to lower the risk of war, reduce war’s devastation should it begin, and curtail the enormous financial drain of procuring and stockpiling weapons. Methodologies have developed with established institutions and stipulated procedures that influence virtually every state’s military choices, significantly enhancing global security. These treaties have enabled humanity to stanch the inherent tendency of employing advancing technologies to make and use more powerful weapons. By significantly contributing to capping centuries of accelerating violence and by restraining how escalating fears of an adversary’s weapons can accelerate political friction into armed conflict, these treaties have contributed to building a more secure world order, thereby enabling diplomacy and other processes to help address more deep-rooted social conditions. It is perhaps the greatest achievement of these treaties to have fostered trust among the vast majority of states and their populations with regard to lethal weapons, enabling maturation of innumerable initiatives for promoting peace.
Creating from Chaos
Authors: Prins Daniël 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In practice, negotiations leading to a United Nations treaty are often untidy and anarchic. The ambition to adopt a strong treaty covering the whole UN membership is habitually at odds with the overriding significance of national sovereignty. Unwilling countries, knowing that proponents aspire consensus, can block progress where they deem fit. And that same sovereignty principle plays out in the limited options a chairperson of a conference has for firm process management. The disarray has other origins as well. At treaty conferences, delegates need to develop pockets of informality in which they can build the trust needed for recognition of their most pressing priorities. The abundance of informal exchanges outside the meeting room adds to making process management a challenge. Also, a lack of national resources, and patronage in recruitment, often negatively impact on consistent, knowledgeable engagement by delegations. Last, unavoidable time restrictions prevent the process from playing out in a well-planned, methodical way. Bringing order to this process is only limitedly possible. Multilateral treaty-making seems inherently messy and deeply improvisational. Such a setting tends to reward those countries that can field skilled, creative, resourceful diplomats who can be trusted to make the most from only generic instructions.
Terrorism
Authors: Klein Pierre 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Treaties are among the main tools used by states in their attempts to combat terrorism on the international scene. Under the impetus of the General Assembly, the UN has adopted five of the most significant conventions aimed at combating terrorism at the universal level and is currently pursuing work on a draft comprehensive convention against terrorism. These treaties are classical instruments of international criminal law, providing for the criminalization of specific acts or activities under the domestic law of states parties and maximizing the possibilities of prosecution for these crimes, based in particular on the principle aut dedere, aut judicare. While the adoption of these treaties proved to be generally uncontroversial, the difficulties encountered in the elaboration of the draft comprehensive convention (particularly in respect of acts of national liberation movements and of acts of members of armed forces in situations other than armed conflicts) are evidence of persistent divisions within the international society, even in an area that has been identified as one of its most important priorities for the last two decades.