bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Egg Oiling on Larid Productivity and Population Dynamics
Authors: Lewis Stephen J. , Malecki Richard A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Small quantities of petroleum may adhere to the plumage, feet, or nest materials of breeding birds and be transferred to their eggs during incubation. In this study, oil was applied to naturally incubated Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus) and Herring Gull (L. argentatus) eggs, and its effects on reproductive success were assessed. Embryo survival was inversely proportional to the quantity of petroleum applied to eggshell surfaces. Dose responses, however, were dependent on embryonic age at the time of treatment. Eggs of either species, treated with 10-20 μl of No. 2 fuel oil 4-8 days after laying, experienced significant reductions in hatching success. Embryos oiled past the midpoint of the 28-day incubation period were insensitive to as much as 100 μl of petroleum. Fuel oil weathered outdoors for several weeks was as toxic as fresh oil to larid embryos. Productivity estimates obtained following various oil treatments indicated that only under severe conditions (e.g. large doses of petroleum contaminating young embryos) could egg oiling have a significant impact upon populations of the Herring Gull and species with similar life-history characteristics. Species that are more sensitive to oil, however, those having lower reproductive potentials and higher postfledging mortality rates or those subject to other stresses, may be more adversely affected by oil pollution.
Elevational Correlates of Speciation and Intraspecific Geographic Variation in Plumage in Andean Forest Birds
Authors: Graves Gary R. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Intraspecific variation in plumage was used to test the null hypotheses that geographic variation in 280 species of elevationally restricted Andean forest birds is independent of elevation and is not a function of patchy geographic distribution. Both null hypotheses were rejected.
At most taxonomic levels, geographic variation in plumage was correlated positively with both the mean of its elevational distribution and the size of its geographic range. Vertical amplitude of elevational distribution was not a significant predictor of geographic variation in plumage in most taxa. Independent of these elevational correlates, patchily distributed species showed significantly more geographic variation than continuously distributed species.
These results show that geographic variation and presumably ongoing speciation phenomena are greater at higher elevations. The decreased species richness at high elevations may be attributable to a higher rate of extinction from catastrophic disturbance as well as to ecological factors that limit sympatry in newly formed species.
The Taxonomy and Biogeography of the Thick-billed Flowerpecker Complex in Borneo
Authors: Sheldon Frederick H. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology expedition to Sabah, East Malaysia (North Borneo) collected specimens and field data on Brown-backed Flowerpeckers (Dicaeum everetti) and Thick-billed Flowerpeckers (D. agile) in 1982 and 1983. Dicaeum agile had not been known from Borneo previously, and its presence there changes the biogeographic assumptions Salomonsen (1960) used to classify the "thick-billed" flowerpeckers. Salomonsen's D. everetti was found to be a valid species, but his splitting of the Philippine Striped Flowerpecker (D. aeruginosum) from D. agile was not justified. Dicaeum agile of Borneo is here placed in the race remotum with the Malayan form of the species. The Bornean and Malayan races of D. everetti are grouped in the subspecies everetti.
Trophic Organization of Understory Birds in a Malaysian Dipterocarp Forest
Authors: Wong Marina 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Single-sample studies suggested that understory flowers and fruits and their avian consumers are scarce in the Malaysian rain forest as compared with African and Central American rain forests. Results from my longer-term studies at Pasoh Forest Reserve (Negeri Sembilan, Peninsular Malaysia) established that flowers and fruits were consistently rare as food for birds. A comparison of two forest types at Pasoh revealed the effect of lower food availability on avian trophic organization. Food resources (e.g. flowers, fruits, arthropods) were less abundant in the regenerating than in the virgin forest, and bird species richness and individual abundance were also lower in the regenerating forest understory. However, the two forests did not differ significantly in the relative importance of the various foraging guilds, suggesting that similar types of resources were present in similar proportions. None of the birds sampled in the Malaysian rain-forest understory was a specialized consumer of understory flowers or fruit, whereas birds feeding mainly on foliage-dwelling arthropods were abundant and were represented by many species. This trophic organization is contrary to that reported for rain forests in other tropical regions but may simply reflect an allocation of harvestable productivity that is different rather than lower.
The Influence of Moonlight on the Behavior of Goatsuckers (Caprimulgidae)
Authors: Mills Alexander M. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Whip-poor-wills (Caprimulgus vociferus) showed significantly higher levels of locomotory, vocal, and nest activity during twilight and bright moonlight than under moonless conditions. Field observations and nest record card data indicated that Caprimulgus species usually synchronize their reproductive cycle with the lunar cycle. Hatching tends to occur during young waxing moons, presumably so that moonlight-enhanced foraging will be at a maximum while the dependent nestlings are an energy burden on the parents. Observations of foraging Whip-poor-wills suggest they are primarily visually oriented, unlike the bats (Chiroptera).
Proximate and Ultimate Causation of Egg Size and the “Third-chick Disadvantage” in the Western Gull
Authors: Pierotti Raymond , Bellrose Cheryl A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
It is generally observed in gulls (Larus spp.) that produce a typical clutch of three that the third- or last-laid egg is smaller and lighter than its earlier-laid counterparts. This typically results in the third chick hatching later, growing at a slower rate, and having a higher rate of mortality. This suite of factors has been described as the "third-chick disadvantage," and various functional interpretations have been suggested to explain its adaptive basis. We report on egg size, chick growth, and survival in a population of Western Gulls (Larus occidentalis) where the third-chick disadvantage appeared to be nonexistent. We suggest that functional interpretations of this phenomenon may be premature and that variation in egg size in gulls may simply be due to variation in female energy reserves, and that in colonies where food is abundant and nest density low, the third-chick disadvantage may be reduced or absent.
The Social System of the Texas Green Jay
Authors: Gayou Douglas C. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Accessory birds were absent at the nests of Green Jays (Cyanocorax yncas). However, young stayed in the family flock for one year. After the young from the following year fledged, the 1-yr-old young were forced from their natal territory by the breeding male. These young either dispersed into adjacent habitat or became floaters within their former territories until, possibly, a breeding position opened up in a family flock. The yearlings provided a significant amount of territorial defense, which freed the breeders of much of the energetic costs inflicted on them by the stringent territoriality required in south Texas habitat.
I propose that south Texas Green Jays represent an early stage in the evolutionary sequence of development of cooperative breeding as a response to environmental factors. The retention of young on the natal territory without helping at the nest represents an evolutionary early step, heretofore only hypothesized, that may lead to a more complex cooperative system that includes helpers at the nest.
Morphological and Vocal Variation Across a Contact Zone between the Chickadees Parus Atricapillus and P. Carolinensis
Authors: Robbins Mark B. , Braun Michael J. , Tobey Emily A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A contact zone between Black-capped and Carolina chickadees (Parus atricapillus and P. carolinensis) exists in southwestern Missouri. It was less than 15 km wide and paralleled the interface between the relatively treeless Great Plains and the forested Ozark Plateau. Many birds in this zone were intermediate in morphology or vocalizations or both. Moreover, both morphological and vocal discriminant analysis scores of contact zone birds were unimodally distributed and there was no correlation between morphological discriminant scores of mated males and females in the contact zone, indicating little or no assortative mating. Playback experiments demonstrated that birds to the north or south of the contact zone responded aggressively only to their own song type, while contact zone birds responded to either song type. We believe that southwestern Missouri contact zone populations are derived from extensive hybridization between atricapillus and carolinensis.
Plasma Levels of Prolactin and Gonadotropins during the Reproductive Cycle of White-Crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys)
Authors: Hiatt Eve S. , Goldsmith Arthur R. , Farner Donald S. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Plasma concentrations of prolactin, LH, and FSH were measured in free-living pairs of Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis throughout the natural breeding season, and during a photoperiodically induced cycle of gonadal development and regression in both sexes of captive Z. l. gambelii under controlled conditions. In free-living male Z. l. pugetensis plasma levels of FSH, which correlate well with changes in testicular weight reported previously, are higher than in females. Although only females of this species incubate, maximal levels of prolactin are observed in both sexes during late incubation. This is consistent with observations in other avian species and suggestive of a role for prolactin in incubation and associated parental behavior. The temporal association of elevated FSH with high levels of prolactin in females may represent a mechanism for maturation of ovarian follicles for the next clutch in this race, which typically raises as many as 3 broods per season. In the laboratory study on Z. l. gambelii, prolactin secretion in both sexes appears to have been induced photoperiodically in the absence of other environmental stimuli associated with incubation. The time course and magnitude of plasma prolactin levels were similar in both sexes, although levels were considerably lower than values obtained from incubating birds during the field study. Plasma levels of LH and FSH in females increased rapidly in response to photostimulation and began to decline after one week, whereas in males the pattern of increase and decrease of both gonadotropins was more gradual.
Effect of Experimentally Altered Brood Size on Frequency and Timing of Second Clutches in the Great Tit
Authors: Smith Henrik G. , Källander Hans , Nilsson Jan-Åke 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Brood size in the Great Tit (Parus major) was manipulated (increased, decreased, or unchanged) when nestlings were 5 days old. Both the frequency of second clutches and the interbrood interval were affected. The number of nestlings and hatching date, but not nestling and female mass, differed between first broods followed and not followed by second clutches. Hatching date and the number of nestlings in the first brood explained most of the variation in interbrood interval, whereas female mass did not contribute.
Feeding first-brood nestlings and fledglings is an energy-demanding process, and the female may have to allocate resources to brood-feeding at the expense of reproductive development. Furthermore, a larger brood requires a longer period of feeding than a smaller brood. These circumstances probably explain why the size of the first brood affects the timing of the second clutch. Female condition and food depletion of the territory do not seem to be important.
Because late second clutches have a lower probability of fledgling survival than do earlier ones-and consequently are of lower value from the female's standpoint-a large first clutch may delay laying to the point that a second clutch is not worthwhile. We conclude that a female's decision whether to lay a second clutch is a strategic one based on the value of the second clutch; a female that "decides" to lay a second clutch starts as quickly as possible.
Response of Adult Leach's Storm-Petrels to Increased Food Demand at the Nest
Authors: Ricklefs Robert E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In a colony of Leach's Storm-Petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) on Kent Island, New Brunswick, i chicks were rotated on a daily basis through n nests to produce i/n chick-equivalents of food requirement, increasing by small increments from 1 (i = 6, n = 6) to 2 (i = 2, n = 1), between ages 10 and 50 days. Food delivered each night (SUM) was estimated by 24-h increments in chick mass. In nonexperimental nests SUM varied significantly among pairs, and chick mass varied in direct relation to SUM. Adults tending experimental nests did not respond to increased food demand, and chick mass decreased with increasing chick-equivalent per nest. After rotations were terminated, the mass of most chicks increased quickly to normal levels. These results suggest that the average amount of food delivered daily by each parent is determined independently of food demand and that chicks attain a mass that balances a fixed food intake against food requirement, which varies in direct relation to mass.
Variation in the Costs, Benefits, and Frequency of Nest Reuse by Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica)
Authors: Barclay Robert M. R. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The frequency of nest reuse and the costs and benefits of this behavior were investigated in a population of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) at Delta Marsh, Manitoba, during 1984-1986. Slightly less than half the clutches were laid in old nests, and this proportion did not change seasonally except in one late year when old nests were preferred by late-nesting pairs. The delay between nest and clutch initiation was greater for new vs. old nests, but only significantly so in June and July. Parasites (hematophagous mites) were common in old nests that had been used the previous year and significantly reduced chick survival. Swallows appeared to be able to assess parasite load and selected unparasitized old nests for the first nesting attempt. Nest instability did not appear to be a cost of nest reuse. The mean reproductive success per pair was equal for swallows using old vs. new nests, suggesting that birds can assess the costs and benefits of particular nests and nest sites. Nest reuse was, however, considerably less frequent than in other studies, presumably because the costs and benefits of this behavior vary geographically. In particular, the breeding season at Delta Marsh is extended, and the time delay caused by building a new nest is therefore less important than elsewhere. More birds have the option of avoiding the parasite costs of nest reuse while still successfully rearing two broods. Thus, individuals apparently maximize their reproductive success by adjusting their nesting strategy to account for the local costs and benefits of the two nesting options.
Field Metabolism of Tree Swallows during the Breeding Season
Authors: Williams Joseph B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
I used doubly labeled water to study the field metabolic rate (FMR) of Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) on Kent Island, New Brunswick, Canada, during the breeding season. I tested the hypothesis that aerially foraging species have higher energy requirements than other species.
For incubating female swallows, carbon dioxide production averaged 201.4 ± 15.8 ml CO2/h. While feeding 5 young, male and female swallows expired CO2 at a rate of 211.6 ± 23.3 and 231.0 ± 26.4 ml CO2/h, respectively. During this period males worked at similar levels to females, but the power consumption of females that fed young was significantly higher than incubating females. For both parents together, the mean number of visits to the nest/h was correlated with CO2 production: ml CO2/h = 201.6 + 2.49 (visits/h).
On Kent Island, Tree Swallows had a higher FMR than Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), suggesting that aerial-foraging birds have a higher FMR than ground-foraging species. For 7 species of hirundines, energy expenditure was associated positively with body mass; log(kJ/d) = 1.34 + 0.53 log(body mass, g). This relationship differed from one for species which use alternative foraging modes (ground foraging and flycatching, n = 11), log(kJ/d) = 0.89 + 0.75 log(body mass, g). Aerial foragers expend from 16-38% more energy/day than do other birds of similar size that spend less time flying.
Biomimetic polyetheretherketone microcarriers with specific surface topography and self-secreted extracellular matrix for large-scale cell expansion
Authors: Ji Qingming , Wang Zongliang , Jiao Zixue , Wang Yu , Wu Zhenxu , Wang Peng , Zhu Yuhang , Sun Shuo , Liu Yi , Zhang Peibiao 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Reusable microcarriers with appropriate surface topography, mechanical properties, as well as biological modification through decellularization facilitating repeated cell culture are crucial for tissue engineering applications. Herein, we report the preparation of topological polyetheretherketone (PEEK) microcarriers via gas-driven and solvent exchange method followed by hydrothermal treatment at high temperature and pressure. After hydrothermal treated for 8 h, the resulting topological PEEK microcarriers exhibit walnut-like surface topography and good sphericity as well as uniform size distribution of 350.24 ± 19.44 µm. And the average width between ravine-patterned surface of PEEK microcarriers is 780 ± 290 nm. After repeated steam sterilization by autoclaving for three times, topological PEEK microcarriers show nearly identical results compared with previous ones indicating strong tolerance to high temperature and pressure. This is a unique advantage for large-scale cell expansion and clinical applications. Moreover, PEEK microcarriers with special topography possess higher protein adsorption efficiency. In addition, the reutilization and biofunctionalization with repeated decellularization of topological PEEK microcarriers show highly beneficial for cell adhesion and proliferation. Therefore, our study is of great importance for new generation microcarriers with micro-and nano-scale surface feature for a broad application prospect in tissue engineering.
Transparency and Talent Allocation in Money Management
Authors: Gervais Simon , Strobl Günter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe construct and analyze the equilibrium of a model of delegated portfolio management in which money managers signal their investment skills via fund transparency. To lower the costs of transparency, high-skill managers rely on their performance to separate from low-skill managers over time. In contrast, medium-skill managers rely on transparency to separate, especially when it is difficult for investors to tell them apart through performance alone. Low-skill managers mimic high-skill managers in opaque funds, hoping to replicate their performance and compensation. The model yields several novel empirical predictions that contrast transparent and opaque funds.Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
P22 What impact does juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) have on quality of life over time?
Authors: Smith Andrew , Saqib Bishma , Lee Rebecca , Cordingley Lis , Thomson Wendy 
Published: September 2019

Poster presentation Tuesday 8 October

Background
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a heterogeneous group of arthritic conditions presenting in children and young people, in which physical limitations and associated complications can have detrimental effects on physical and psychosocial wellbeing. This study aims to investigate the impact of living with JIA on different aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and to explore how this changes over time, using data from the Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study (CAPS).

Methods
Longitudinal data collected as part of CAPS were analysed. HRQoL was assessed at baseline, 1 year and 3 years post-diagnosis using the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), a parent-completed form for children from 5 years of age. The CHQ measures physical, emotional and social components of child health status. Raw domain scores were transformed via algorithm into values ranging from 0-100, with higher scores indicating better health status. Mean (standard deviation) and median (interquartile range) for each domain were determined. Differences between median scores at baseline and 3 years were assessed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Mean scores of each domain were visually compared with a reference population sample of healthy children from the United States.

Results
184 participants completed the questionnaire at all 3 time points. At baseline, compared to the reference population, children with JIA scored lower in every domain although scores were closer between the 2 groups at 3 years.
Median scores improved over time, the exception being the “general health perceptions” domain which decreased after baseline. Domains with the greatest improvement were “physical functioning”, “bodily pain” and “social-physical”. The largest changes occurred from baseline to 1 year. Statistically significant differences between baseline and 3 year scores were found for all domains.

Conclusion
JIA has significant impact on HRQoL, which improves within 3 years of diagnosis. Physical health domains show greater improvement over time than psychosocial domains, although psychosocial scores were generally higher throughout the study. Further research should explore measurable patient or disease-related drivers of HRQoL.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
P52 Bilateral sacroiliitis in a patient with H syndrome
Authors: Haider Majeed , Ebrahim1 Redha , Alalwan Osama 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
Introduction
H syndrome is a rare inherited form of histiocytosis. It is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in SLC29A3 gene resulting in histiocytic infiltration of numerous organs. It becomes clinically apparent mostly during childhood with characteristic hyperpigmented hypertrichotic indurated skin lesions that mainly involve the lower limbs. Other reported features include Sensorineural hearing loss, heart anomalies, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and flexion contractions of interphalangeal joints. We report sacroiliitis, a possible new feature, in a young girl diagnosed with H syndrome.

Methods
We report the case of a 16 year-old Syrian girl diagnosed to have H syndrome presented with inflammatory polyarthritis, bilateral sacroiliitis and bilateral anterior uveitis. She was managed with methotrexate and adalimumab with significant improvement.

Results
The findings in our patient raise the question whether she truly has a rheumatic illness beside H syndrome, or merely represent newly recognized manifestation of H syndrome.

Conclusion
H syndrome is a recently recognised autosomal recessive condition with characteristic dermatologic and systemic manifestation. Along with arthritis, sacroiliitis and uveitis could represent part of the phenotypic description of this rare entity.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.