bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune complex‐induced neutrophil functions: A focus on cell death
Authors: Vermeren Sonja , Karmakar Utsa , Rossi Adriano G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNeutrophils are amongst the first cells to be recruited to sites of infection or trauma. Neutrophil functional responsiveness is tightly regulated by many agents including immune complexes. These immune cells can generate reactive oxygen species and degranulate to release abundant cytotoxic products, making them efficient at killing invading microorganisms. If neutrophil function is dysregulated, however, these cells have the potential to cause unwanted host tissue damage as exemplified by pathological and chronic inflammatory conditions. In physiological inflammation, once the initial insult has efficiently been dealt with, neutrophils are thought to leave the tissues or undergo programmed cells death, especially apoptosis. Apoptotic neutrophils are then rapidly removed by other phagocytes, primarily macrophages, by mechanisms that do not elicit a pro‐inflammatory response. In this review, we discuss the interesting observations and consequences that immune complexes have on neutrophil cell death processes such as apoptosis.
Morgan's Canon: Is it still a useful rule of thumb?
Authors: Zentall Thomas R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFor over 100 years, Morgan's Canon has served as the criterion for distinguishing what appears to be complex cognitive processes shown by animals from simpler associative learning processes (Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning). Morgan's () canon states “In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development.” In the present article, several examples are provided in which complex human‐like processes are proposed to have been demonstrated but the judicious use of Morgan's Canon suggests that simpler mechanisms may be sufficient to account for the behavior. The use of Morgan's Canon is not meant to reduce behavior to its lowest common denominator but rather to challenge investigators to develop procedures that can distinguish between simple behavioral principles and the more complex processes that cannot be explained in terms of genetics or simple conditioning. Whatever the results of these experiments, they should help identify the underlying processes and mechanisms involved.
Vascular morphology in normal skin studied with dynamic optical coherence tomography
Authors: Lindsø Andersen Pernille , Olsen Jonas , Friis Kersti Brosbøl Engelund , Themstrup Lotte , Grandahl Kasper , Mortensen Ole Steen , Jemec Gregor Borut Ernst 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDynamic optical coherence tomography (D‐OCT) is a non‐invasive imaging technique, suitable for the study of structural and dynamic features of cutaneous microvasculature. Studies with D‐OCT have primarily focused on non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), and a reference description of healthy skin is lacking. The aim of the study was to describe the prevalence of standard microvascular features in normal skin. A total of 280 participants without skin disease were D‐OCT–scanned on four body locations: three sun‐exposed areas and one unexposed: forehead, back of the neck, back of the hand and medial side of the upper arm. Frequencies of standard vascular features were reported, and relations to anatomical location and demographic data were investigated. “Dots,” “lines” and “curves” were the most frequent shapes at 150 μm, 300 μm and 500 μm. “Mottle” was the predominant pattern at 150 μm and 300 μm. “Mesh” was found from 300 μm and primarily found at 500 μm. Regional differences in vascular characteristics were primarily found comparing the medial side of the arm with the other body locations. In normal skin, the most frequent shapes were “dots,” “lines” and “curves,” and “mottle” was present more superficially than “mesh.” In conclusion, regional anatomical differences should be taken into account when evaluating D‐OCT images.
Lobaplatin inhibits prostate cancer progression in part by impairing AR and ERG signal
Authors: Chen Lei , Cao Hongwen , Yu Chao , Feng Yigeng 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLobaplatin is the third‐generation platinum drug that has been shown promising antitumor activity in preclinical studies and clinical trials for multiple human cancers except prostate cancer. In this study, we investigated the role of lobaplatin on prostate cancer progression and the underlying molecular mechanism. We treated a variety of prostate cancer cell lines with different doses of lobaplatin and examined cell cycle progression, cell apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cell migration. Moreover, we also assessed the in‐vivo antitumor activity of lobaplatin using xenograft mouse model. Importantly, we further dissected the underlying molecular mechanism by examining the expression of AR and ERG, as well as their downstream targets. We found that lobaplatin arrested cell cycle progression in G2/M phase and trigged cell apoptosis. Lobaplatin also dramatically inhibited cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Consistently, lobaplatin significantly suppressed tumor growth in xenograft mouse model. Mechanistically, the expression of AR and ERG, as well as their downstream targets, was markedly decreased upon treatment with lobaplatin in prostate cancer cells. Altogether, our results suggest that lobaplatin displayed favorable antitumor activity on prostate cancer both in vitro and in vivo, providing molecular basis and rational for using lobaplatin to combat human prostate cancer.
Roles of climate niche conservatism and range dynamics in woody plant diversity patterns through the Cenozoic
Authors: Shiono Takayuki , Kusumoto Buntarou , Yasuhara Moriaki , Kubota Yasuhiro 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAimLarge‐scale biodiversity patterns are often discussed in the context of ‘out of the tropics’ (OTT) dynamics and/or tropical niche conservatism (TNC), but empirical evidence of these processes remains very limited. The aim of this study was to infer diversification processes and mechanisms of Cenozoic diversity dynamics using woody angiosperms.LocationEast Asian continental islands and global.Time periodCenozoic.Major taxa studiedWoody plants.MethodsWe compiled Cenozoic fossil and modern records for woody angiosperm genera to reconstruct biodiversity patterns. To evaluate the relative importance of TNC and OTT, we investigated extinction/survival patterns and latitudinal range dynamics for each genus, in combination with their clade age (mean family age), cold tolerance and per‐genus species richness.ResultsWe found diversity decreasing with latitude in modern‐day flora, but not in the warmer periods of the Neogene and Palaeogene. The percentage of genera surviving decreased with latitude through the Cenozoic. Older genera with less cold tolerance and/or species‐poor genera went extinct locally at high latitudes in response to post‐Pliocene global cooling. Evolutionarily younger temperate genera dispersed from the extratropics to lower latitudes and the Southern Hemisphere after the Neogene.Main conclusionsThe latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) has rapidly steepened post‐Pliocene through: (a) selective extinction in higher latitudes of old, less‐diversified tropical genera with low freezing tolerance, and (b) equatorward distributional shift of temperate genera. Both these processes were driven by the high‐latitude cooling. Such major roles of TNC and OTT, wherein temperate genera in the Northern Hemisphere expanded through the tropics into higher latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere across climatic boundaries without losing their temperate presence, are in contrast to OTT processes in marine systems. Cenozoic patterns of terrestrial woody angiosperm biodiversity indicate the importance of TNC and high‐latitude processes, including the extinction of tropical genera and range contraction or shift of temperate genera.
Mandibular aneurysmal bone cyst in an elderly patient: Case report
Authors: Rațiu Cristian , Ilea Aranka , Gal Florin A. , Ruxanda Flavia , Boşca Bianca A. , Miclăuș Viorel 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveThe article aims to highlight the challenge of establishing the presumptive aetiological diagnosis when unilocular or multilocular radiolucencies are identified in an elderly patient's jawbones.Materials and MethodsA mandibular cyst‐like lesion was identified in a 73‐year‐old patient. The therapeutic decision was cyst enucleation and grafting of the bone defect.ResultsThe initial presumptive diagnosis was invalidated by the histopathological examination that revealed the features characteristic for the aneurysmal bone cyst.ConclusionAneurysmal bone cyst in an elderly patient is a rare condition.
Hyaluronic acid dermal fillers in the management of recurrent angular cheilitis: A case report
Authors: Lorenzo‐Pouso Alejandro Ismael , García‐García Abel , Pérez‐Sayáns Mario 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveTo report conservative treatment based on the use of dermal fillers for a case of recurrent angular cheilitis.Case reportAn 80‐year‐old patient with a history of recurrent angular cheilitis that was not resolved with a conventional approach sought treatment. Complete remission of the pathology was achieved with the injection of hyaluronic acid fillers.ConclusionThis case illustrates the potential of nonsurgical facial aesthetics (NSFA) for treating this common pathology among elderly people. This case report shows that, aside from achieving aesthetic goals, NSFA approaches can also help treat some oral pathology.
Pharmacokinetic modelling and validation of the half‐life extension needed to reduce the burden of infusions compared with standard factor VIII
Authors: Hermans C. , Mahlangu J. , Booth J. , Schütz H. , Santagostino E. , Young G. , Lee H.‐Y. , Steinitz‐Trost K. N. , Blanchette V. , Berntorp E. 
Published: May 2018

IntroductionCurrently, no universally accepted definition of extended half‐life (EHL) recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) exists. Identifying the minimum half‐life extension ratio required for a reduction in dosing frequency compared with standard rFVIII could enable a more practical approach to decisions around prophylaxis with EHL rFVIII.AimTo identify the half‐life extension ratio required to decrease rFVIII dosing frequency by at least 1 day while maintaining the proportion of patients with plasma rFVIII levels above 1 IU/dL and without increasing the total weekly dose.MethodsA previously published population pharmacokinetic model for standard rFVIII was used to estimate the percentage of patients with factor VIII (FVIII) levels always >1 IU/dL using various benchmark regimens. Using modelling, dosing frequency was reduced while rFVIII half‐life was extended until the percentage of patients with FVIII >1 IU/dL equalled that of the benchmark regimen.ResultsBenchmark 3×/wk dosing totalling 100 IU/kg/wk of rFVIII resulted in 56.6% of patients with FVIII levels always >1 IU/dL. With 2×/wk dosing, totalling 80 or 90 IU/kg/wk, half‐life extensions required to maintain 56.6% of patients at FVIII levels >1 IU/dL were 1.30 and 1.26, respectively. A half‐life extension ratio of 1.33 was required to change dosing from every 48 hours to every 72 hours (both at 105 IU/kg/wk) while maintaining 92.8% of patients with FVIII >1 IU/dL.ConclusionBased on this investigation, EHL rFVIII products should have a minimum half‐life extension ratio of 1.3 to provide a reduction in dosing frequency from 3× to 2×/wk compared with standard rFVIII products while maintaining the same minimum FVIII trough level.
A pharmacy carer support service: obtaining new insight into carers in the community
Authors: McMillan Sara S , King Michelle A , Stapleton Helen , Sav Adem , Kelly Fiona , Wheeler Amanda J 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Objectives
Unpaid carers have many and varied responsibilities in society, which can include medication management for the person they support. However, the potential for Australian community pharmacies to better assist carers is relatively unexplored. This mixed-methods study investigated the acceptability of a local carer support service by trained community pharmacy staff, including issues regarding the implementation and impact of this service.

Methods
Staff from 11 community pharmacies in South East Queensland, Australia, were trained to deliver a six-step carer support service between September 2016 and March 2017. Pharmacies were supported by a carer and pharmacist mentor pair and asked to recruit up to six carers each. Evaluations of staff training were descriptively analysed. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with pharmacy staff, and interview transcripts were analysed thematically.

Key findings
Staff training evaluations were positive; participants acquired new information about carers and rated the service highly in terms of its importance within the pharmacy setting. Feedback was obtained on how to improve the training, such as further opportunities for role-play. Seven staff members were interviewed, and data analysis revealed two main themes: (1) implementation of the carer support service and (2) perceived impact on pharmacy staff.
Positive attitudes towards recognising and supporting carers, and training and mentoring were identified with community pharmacies viewed as a suitable place for delivering this new service. New insights into the impact of caring were widely reported, which staff had not appreciated from previous carer interactions. Structural issues, including space and time pressures, and a lack of awareness about the types of support currently available to carers were emphasised.

Conclusion
Pharmacy staff are well positioned to support carers. Engaging carers in conversation to better understand their needs is a small step with potential for big gains, including a more empathetic understanding of their individual circumstances and overall well-being.
Assessment tool for establishing local pharmaceutical manufacturing in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Zimmermann Marita , Adamson Blythe , Lam-Hine Tracy , Rennie Timothy , Stergachis Andy 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Objective
In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), limited availability, substandard quality and high prices of pharmaceutical products lead to lack of access to essential medicines and poor health outcomes. Manufacturing pharmaceuticals in LMICs may improve access for patients while increasing the market size for manufacturers.

Methods
We present a tool for assessment of local manufacturing feasibility of pharmaceuticals, intended for use among key stakeholders during the business development process. The tool consists of five domains: product selection and capacity, market sizing, market entry, funding and quality assurance.

Key findings
The tool is intended to identify barriers and facilitators for local manufacturing and provide a roadmap for decision-making across multiple stakeholders. A case study in Namibia identified key barriers and facilitators to successful manufacturing in that county.

Conclusions
Careful consideration of feasibility and potential for success may lead to improved health for the populations of LMIC as well as significant market potential for pharmaceutical manufacturers.
Structural and luminescence properties of silica powders and transparent glass‐ceramics containing LaF3:Eu3+ nanocrystals
Authors: Pawlik Natalia , Szpikowska‐Sroka Barbara , Pietrasik Ewa , Goryczka Tomasz , Pisarski Wojciech A. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this work, silica powders and transparent glass‐ceramic materials containing LaF3:Eu3+ nanocrystals were synthesized using the low‐temperature sol‐gel technique. Prepared samples were characterized by TG/DSC analysis as well as X‐ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy. The transformation from liquid sols toward bulk powders and xerogels was also examined and analyzed. The optical behavior of prepared Eu3+‐doped sol‐gel samples were evaluated based on photoluminescence excitation (PLE: λem = 611 nm) and emission (PL: λexc = 393 nm, λexc = 397 nm) spectra as well as luminescence decay analysis. The series of luminescence lines located within reddish‐orange spectral scope were registered and identified as the intra‐configurational 4f6‐4f6 transitions originated from Eu3+ optically active ions (5D0 → 7FJ, J = 0‐4). Moreover, the R/O‐ratio was also calculated to estimate the symmetry in local framework around Eu3+ ions. The luminescence spectra and double‐exponential character of decay curves recorded for fabricated nanocrystalline sol‐gel samples (τ1(5D0) = 2.07 ms, τ2(5D0) = 8.07 ms and τ1(5D0) = 0.79 ms, τ2(5D0) = 9.76 ms for powders and glass‐ceramics, respectively) indicated the successful migration of optically active Eu3+ ions from amorphous silica framework to low phonon energy LaF3 nanocrystal phase.
Microstructure‐property relation in alumina ceramics during post‐annealing process after laser shock processing
Authors: Wang Fei , Zhang Chenfei , Yan Xueliang , Deng Leimin , Lu Yongfeng , Nastasi Michael , Cui Bai 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLaser shock processing (LSP) is a new surface engineering approach to introduce significant compressive residual stress into ceramics to improve their mechanical properties. However, LSP of ceramics may induce microcracks, which limit the further improvement of mechanical properties of ceramics. In this research, the effect of a post‐LSP annealing process on α‐Al2O3 ceramics was investigated. The annealing treatment can cause thermal relaxation of compressive residual stress generated by LSP while still maintain the positive attribute of LSP. The compressive residual stress was stabilized after annealing after 10 hours at 1100‐1300°C. The healing of microcracks in α‐Al2O3 ceramics was observed during the post‐LSP annealing process, which is caused by diffusion bonding mechanisms and accompanied by dislocation and void formation. The combination of the stabilized compressive residual stress and microcrack healing can improve the cracking resistance of α‐Al2O3 ceramics to mechanical impact on the surface by 69%.
Rapid sintering protocol produces dense ceria‐based ceramics
Authors: Yavo Nimrod , Nissenbaum Asaf , Wachtel Ellen , Shaul Tal‐El , Mendelson Orit , Kimmel Giora , Kim Sangtae , Lubomirsky Igor , Yeheskel Ori 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe report on a rapid sintering protocol, which optimizes the preparation of 0‐29 mol% Gd‐doped ceria ceramics with density ≥98% of the theoretical crystal lattice value. The starting material is a nanometer grain‐sized powder prepared by carbonate co‐precipitation and calcined with minimal agglomeration and loss of surface area. Slow (5°C/min) heating of the green‐body from 500°C to the optimum temperature of rapid sintering (, dwell time <1 minute) followed by 20°C/min cooling to 1150°C with 6 minutes dwell time, produces maximum pellet density. increases from 1300 to ~1500°C with increase in Gd‐content, while the average grain size in the maximally dense pellets, as determined by scanning electron microscopy, ranges between 600 nm and ~1 μm. For each doping level, the logarithm of the average grain size decreases linearly with 1/T1. By avoiding extended exposure to sintering temperatures, this protocol is expected to minimize undesirable Gd segregation.
Structural, magnetic and dielectric properties of Cr substituted yttrium iron garnets
Authors: Aakansha  , Ravi Seenipandian 
Published: May 2018

AbstractChromium substituted polycrystalline Yttrium Iron Garnets (Y3Fe5–xCrxO12 with x = 0 to 0.5) were prepared in single‐phase form with lattice constant in the range of 12.3775 Å to 12.3560 Å. All samples exhibit ferrimagnetic transition with transition temperature (Tc) in the range of 547 K for x = 0 to 494 K for x = 0.5. The saturation magnetization value at room temperature is found to increase with Cr concentration that is, from 24.8 to 26.6 emu/g and this is attributed to the preferential occupation of Cr3+ ions at octahedral site of Fe3+ ions. The frequency dependence of impedance data shows the relaxation and thermal activation of charge carriers across grains and grain boundaries. The complex impedance spectra were modeled by considering equivalent circuits having contributions from the resistance and constant phase element due to grains and grain boundaries and capacitance across grain boundaries. The dielectric constant is found to increase from 20 to 52 as the Cr concentration is increased and it is attributed to hopping of charge carriers across Fe2+–Fe3+ centers. The Arrhenius plots of relaxation time of charge carriers and conductivity show an anomaly in the vicinity of ferrimagnetic transition temperature and it highlights the presence of magneto‐electric coupling.
Pyroelectric energy harvesting using low–TC (1–x)(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3–xBa(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 bulk ceramics
Authors: Ando Daisuke , Kakimoto Ken‐ichi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractLead‐free ferroelectric ceramics (1–x)(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3–xBa(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 (BCTZ100x) with x = 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70, and 0.80 were evaluated for their pyroelectric energy harvesting performance, using the Olsen cycle. As the composition ratio x increased, the crystal phase changed to tetragonal, orthorhombic, rhombohedral, and cubic; the phase boundaries crossed each other in the vicinity of BCTZ70. The crossover phase transition behavior between first‐order and diffuse phase transition changed to only the diffusion phase transition with increasing x. A pinching effect occurred because an increase in dielectric constant was also observed. Energy densities ND of 229 mJ/cm3 and 256 mJ/cm3 for BCTZ50 and BCTZ80 were obtained, respectively, in temperature of 30°C‐100°C and an electric field of 0‐30 kV/cm. These ND values are over two times higher than that of soft–Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 (PZT), which exhibits piezoelectric performance equivalent to BCTZ50 at room temperature. Compared with soft–PZT, BCTZ50 and BCTZ80 exhibited larger ND values owing to their lower Curie temperatures (TC ~ 50°C‐110°C). We conclude that low–TC ferroelectrics are useful for pyroelectric energy conversion based on the Olsen cycle even if they are unsuitable for piezoelectric applications at high temperatures.
Structural impact of nitrogen incorporation on properties of alkali germanophosphate glasses
Authors: Paraschiv Georgiana L. , Muñoz Francisco , Jensen Lars R. , Larsen Raino M. , Yue Yuanzheng , Smedskjaer Morten M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe structure, atomic packing density, calorimetric glass transition, and hardness of mixed sodium–lithium germanophosphate oxynitride glasses with varying Ge/P and N/P ratios were investigated. The combined influences of nitridation and mixed network former effect (MNFE) on the glass structure were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Evidence for the existence of germanium in a higher coordination state, i.e., five‐ or sixfold coordination, was obtained by performing XPS analysis of the oxide glasses, with indication of conversion to tetrahedral coordination upon nitridation. Raman spectroscopy measurements implied that the germanate network was modified upon nitridation, including the removal of ring‐like germanate structures and P–O–Ge mixed linkages. The partial anionic N‐for‐O substitution gave rise to the linear dependence of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and hardness (HV) on nitrogen content (expressed as N/P ratio), especially for lower Ge/P ratio. However, nitridation also caused an unexpected increase in liquid fragility and decrease in density. This suggests that the governing structural parameter for property evolution in such LiNaGePON glasses is not only the increased degree of cross‐linking of the phosphate chains, but rather the short‐ and intermediate‐range structural modifications within the germanate component of the oxynitride glasses.