bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and transdermal flunixin meglumine in meat goats
Authors: Reppert Emily J. , Kleinhenz Michael D. , Montgomery Shawnee R. , Bornheim Heather N. , Magnin Geraldine , Sidhu Pritam K. , Zhang Yuntao , Joo Hyun , Coetzee Johann F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis inhibiting effects of intravenous (IV) and transdermal (TD) flunixin meglumine in eight adult female Boer goats. A dose of 2.2 mg/kg was administered intravenously (IV) and 3.3 mg/kg administered TD using a cross‐over design. Plasma flunixin concentrations were measured by LC‐MS/MS. Prostaglandin E2 concentrations were determined using a commercially available ELISA. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed using noncompartmental methods. Plasma PGE2 concentrations decreased after flunixin meglumine for both routes of administration. Mean λz‐HL after IV administration was 6.032 hr (range 4.735–9.244 hr) resulting from a mean Vz of 584.1 ml/kg (range, 357.1–1,092 ml/kg) and plasma clearance of 67.11 ml kg−1 hr−1 (range, 45.57–82.35 ml kg−1 hr−1). The mean Cmax, Tmax, and λz‐HL for flunixin following TD administration was 0.134 μg/ml (range, 0.050–0.188 μg/ml), 11.41 hr (range, 6.00–36.00 hr), and 43.12 hr (15.98–62.49 hr), respectively. The mean bioavailability for TD flunixin was calculated as 24.76%. The mean 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80) of PGE2 by flunixin meglumine was 0.28 μg/ml (range, 0.08–0.69 μg/ml) and was only achieved with IV formulation of flunixin in this study. The PK results support clinical studies to examine the efficacy of TD flunixin in goats. Determining the systemic effects of flunixin‐mediated PGE2 suppression in goats is also warranted.
Alternate successional pathway yields alternate pattern of functional diversity
Authors: St. Martin Philippe , Mallik Azim U. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractQuestionIn Eastern Canada, wildfires turn Picea mariana forests into Kalmia angustifolia dominated heath or P. mariana forest depending on burn severity. These alternate end‐points of succession provide an opportunity to test assumptions concerning alternate successional trajectories dominated by distinct plant functional groups. Disturbance effects on functional diversity (FD) have been studied largely in single post‐disturbance communities, but rarely applied to alternate successional pathways. Do post‐fire Kalmia heaths have lower FD than forest communities, and does heath formation select for a narrow range of traits leading to biotic homogenization?LocationTerra Nova National Park, Newfoundland, Canada.MethodsBased on five functional traits (specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, seed mass, height, specific root length), we measured functional trait dispersion within (alpha FD) and between sites (beta FD). We calculated overall FD metrics in nine heath and four forest sites as well as metrics for three functional groups (trees, shrubs, and herbs) in each site. We also performed a complementary taxonomic diversity (TD) analysis to establish links between FD and TD.ResultsWe could not detect a difference in overall alpha TD between the two successional communities but found significant loss of alpha and beta FD in heaths and within tree and herb groups. Overall beta FD was lower in heaths than forests. It was also lower for trees and herbs, indicating an increase in functional similarity (functional homogenization) of the majority of life forms.ConclusionsBetween the two successional pathways, trait space occupancy was lower in heaths than forests. Heath formation in post‐fire communities consistently restricts functional dispersion (low alpha FD) of tree and herb traits leading to functional homogenization (low beta FD). When a successional trajectory leads to heath formation, it is accompanied by a loss of functional diversity.
What to choose when the best preference is not available: does the Nile tilapia follow a linear sequence of preferences?
Authors: Maia C. M. , Volpato G. L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPreference tests have been applied to detect better welfare conditions for the animals. Among these tests, the available choice options are variable and thus, the best preferences may not be included. Considering welfare purposes, it is relevant to know whether the animal would select a second option as a preference in this situation, which could be offered when the best preferences are not available. Here, we evaluate whether Nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) follow a linear sequence of preference responses when selecting background colors. We found that when a fish's most preferred option was unavailable, this animal selected less intensely one of the remaining options as a new preference. However, surprisingly, the new preference was not predominantly the previously second selected option. Such a finding could not be explained in terms of intensity of the responses when the mostly preferred option was available or not. These data corroborate that changing the scenario where the preference is being tested affects animal decision for the remaining available options. That is, the environmental context is important for the fish to evaluate their preferred options.
Racial disparities in presentation and outcomes of paediatric autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Palle Sirish K. , Naik Kushal B. , McCracken Courtney E. , Kolachala Vasantha L. , Romero Rene , Gupta Nitika A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackground & AimsMost studies on autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in children are in predominantly Caucasian cohorts. Paediatric AIH in African Americans (AA) is understudied, with a dearth of clinical predictors of outcome, often leading to serious complications and even mortality. The aim of the study was to define disease presentation, progression, response to therapy and outcomes in paediatric AIH in a well‐defined, large, single centre, demographically diverse population.MethodsWe conducted a review of patients with AIH who were followed at this tertiary liver transplant centre. Clinical and laboratory covariates were assessed with regard to disease presentation, progression and outcomes in AA vs Non‐AA children.ResultsAfrican Americans patients constituted 42% of this cohort. At 1‐year follow‐up, AA children were receiving significantly higher doses of steroids compared to non‐AA. More AA presented with end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) with high immunoglobulin G and GGT:platelet ratio. After adjusting for other risk factor variables like gender, age at presentation and ESLD, AA children were at 4.5 times higher risk for significant outcome liver transplant/death within the first 12 months of presentation. Post‐transplant, recurrent AIH was seen in 50% of AA vs 8% in non‐AA.ConclusionsAfrican American patients with AIH are more likely to present with ESLD and have an increased early risk for transplantation with high likelihood of disease recurrence post‐transplantation. Studies are needed to delineate factors such as inherent biology, genetics and access to care. Early referral and tailored immunosuppressive regimens are required for AA patients with AIH.
Detailed mineralogy and petrology of highly shocked poikilitic shergottite Northwest Africa 6342
Authors: Kizovski Tanya V. , Tait Kimberly T. , Di Cecco Veronica E. , White Lee F. , Moser Desmond E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNorthwest Africa (NWA) 6342 is an intermediate, poikilitic shergottite, found in Algeria in 2010. It is comprised of two distinct petrographic areas; poikilitic domains with rounded Mg‐rich olivine chadacrysts enclosed by large low‐Ca pyroxene oikocrysts, and a nonpoikilitic domain mainly comprised of subhedral olivine and vesicular recrystallized plagioclase. Oxygen fugacity conditions become more oxidizing during crystallization from the poikilitic to the nonpoikilitic domain (QFM−3.0 to QFM−2.2). As such, it is likely that NWA 6342 experienced a two‐stage (polybaric) crystallization history similar to that of the enriched poikilitic shergottites. NWA 6342 also experienced relatively high levels of shock metamorphism in comparison to most other poikilitic shergottites as evidenced by the fine‐grained recrystallization texture in olivine, as well as melting and subsequent crystallization of plagioclase. The recrystallization of plagioclase requires an extended period of postshock thermal metamorphism for NWA 6342 and similarly shocked intermediate poikilitic shergottites NWA 4797 and Grove Mountains 99027 most likely due to launch from Mars. The similarities in petrology, chemistry, and shock features between these three meteorites indicate that they have similar crystallization and shock histories; possibly originating from the same source area on Mars.
Highly siderophile element and187Re‐187Os isotopic systematics of ungrouped achondrite Northwest Africa 7325: Evidence for complex planetary processes
Authors: Archer Gregory J. , Walker Richard J. , Irving Anthony J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe abundances of highly siderophile elements (HSE; including Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, and Pd) and187Re‐187Os isotopic systematics were determined for two fragments from ungrouped achondriteNWA7325. Rhenium‐Os systematics are consistent with closed‐system behavior since formation or soon after. The abundances of theHSEwere therefore largely unaffected by late‐stage secondary processes such as shock or terrestrial weathering. As an olivine gabbro cumulate, this meteorite has a bulk composition consistent with derivation from a body that produced a core, mantle, and crust. Also consistent with derivation from a body that produced a core, both fragments ofNWA7325 haveHSEabundances that are highly depleted compared to bulk chondrites. One fragment has ~0.002×CIchondrite Ir and relativeHSEabundances similar to bulk chondrites. The other fragment has ~0.0002×CIchondrite Ir and relativeHSEabundances that are fractionated compared to bulk chondrites. The chondritic relativeHSEabundances of the fragment characterized by higherHSEabundances most likely reflect the addition of exogenous chondritic material during or after crystallization by surface impacts. TheHSEin the other fragment is likely more representative of the parent body crust. One formation model that can broadly account for theHSEabundances in this fragment is multiple episodes of low‐pressure metal‐silicate equilibration, followed by limited late accretion and mantle homogenization. Given the differentHSEcompositions of the two adjoining fragments, this meteorite provides an example of the overprint of global processes (differentiation and late accretion) by localized impact contamination.
Speed Versus Accuracy: Implications of Adolescents' Neurocognitive Developments in a Digital Game to Train Executive Functions
Authors: Homer Bruce D. , Ober Teresa M. , Rose Maya C. , MacNamara Andrew , Mayer Richard E. , Plass Jan L. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTAdolescence is a period of rapid cognitive change, including an initial increase in speed of cognitive processing and a more gradual increase in efficiency of cognitive processing. This study examined how neurophysiological changes associated with adolescent development can inform the design of game‐based executive function (EF) training. Two versions of a digital game designed to train the EF subskill of inhibition were given to adolescents (aged 13–17; N = 96): one focusing on speed, the other on accuracy. Consistent with neurocognitive developments, it was hypothesized that younger adolescents would benefit more from the speed version, and older adolescents more from the accuracy version. A significant age by condition interaction was found: Controlling for pretest, younger adolescents had better outcomes in the speed condition, while older adolescents had better outcomes in the accuracy condition. These findings argue for consideration of adolescents' neurocognitive development when designing games for learning and skill improvement.
Contribution of the Alive & Thrive–UNICEF advocacy efforts to improve infant and young child feeding policies in Southeast Asia
Authors: Michaud‐Létourneau Isabelle , Gayard Marion , Pelletier David Louis 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEvaluating the impact of advocacy for policy change presents many challenges. Recent advances in the field of evaluation, such as contribution analysis (CA), offer guidance on how to make credible claims regarding such impact. The purposes of this article are (a) to detail the application of CA to assess the contribution of an advocacy initiative to improve infant and young child feeding policies and (b) to present the emergent theory of change and contribution story of how progress was achieved. An evaluation applying developmental evaluation and CA was conducted on the Alive & Thrive (A&T)–UNICEF initiative in seven Southeast Asian countries to document the extent to which policy objectives were achieved and identify key drivers of policy change. A contribution story was developed based on these experiences. The advocacy approach, which involved a four‐part process, contributed directly to (a) set the agenda of various actors and (b) create a strategic group; and indirectly to (a) set and maintain the issue on the agenda at all stages of the policy cycle, (b) support the government to carry out a set of critical tasks, and (c) extend commitment. All of this helped to achieve progress towards policy change. External influences were at play. The flexibility of A&T allowed key actors to utilize the positive external influences and address some of the negative ones through developing responsive strategies mitigating their effects. The emerging contribution story supports that A&T–UNICEF initiative contributed to the progress achieved in the participating countries.
Enhancing governance and strengthening advocacy for policy change of large Collective Impact initiatives
Authors: Michaud‐Létourneau Isabelle , Gayard Marion , Mathisen Roger , Phan Linh Thi Hong , Weissman Amy , Pelletier David Louis 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNutrition issues are increasingly being addressed through global partnerships and multi‐sectoral initiatives. Ensuring effective governance of these initiatives is instrumental for achieving large‐scale impact. The Collective Impact (CI) approach is an insightful framework that can be used to guide and assess the effectiveness of this governance. Despite the utility and widespread use of this approach, two gaps are identified: a limited understanding of the implications of expansion for an initiative operating under the conditions of CI and a lack of attention to advocacy for policy change in CI initiatives. In this paper, a case study was undertaken in which the CI lens was applied to the advocacy efforts of Alive & Thrive (A&T), UNICEF and partners. The initiative expanded into a regional movement and achieved meaningful policy changes in infant and young child feeding policies in seven countries in Southeast Asia. These efforts are examined in order to address the two gaps identified in the CI approach. The objectives of the paper are (a) to examine the governance of this initiative and the process of expansion from a national to a regional, multilayered initiative, with attention to challenges, adaptations, and key elements, and (b) to compare advocacy in the A&T–UNICEF initiative and in typical CI initiatives and gain insight into how the practice of advocacy for policy change can be strengthened in CI initiatives.
Genetic evidence for species cohesion, substructure and hybrids in spruce
Authors: Haselhorst Monia S. H. , Parchman Thomas L. , Buerkle C. Alex 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe origin and history of species are shaped by various evolutionary dynamics, including their persistence in the face of potential gene flow from related taxa. In this study, we use broad geographical and taxonomic sampling (2,219 individuals) to establish the distribution of species, hybrids and cryptic genetic variation within the conifer genus Picea (spruce) across western North America. We demonstrate that the six species of spruce in this region are distinguishable based on their genetic composition, and that the more closely related Engelmann spruce (P. engelmannii) and white spruce (P. glauca) have generated numerous and widespread hybrids. These hybrids occur in the central Rocky Mountains, well to the south of the well‐established region of admixture in Canada. Additionally, we provide evidence for subdivision within Engelmann spruce, manifested as a southern Rocky Mountains form, and a northern Rocky Mountain and Cascade mountains (western) form. In the intervening central Rocky Mountains region (forests in Wyoming and adjacent states) we found primarily individuals with admixed ancestry. Following their origin, these species of spruce have interacted repeatedly and in different geographical contexts. Multiple pairs of species have been shown to hybridize, yet the species persist and retain distinguishable compositions. At the same time, large geographical areas exist where hybrids are pervasive. Consequently, spruce provide a case study for the maintenance of species boundaries, particularly for how widespread hybridization need not lead to the collapse and loss of species.
Disease management at the wildlife‐livestock interface: Using whole‐genome sequencing to study the role of elk in Mycobacterium bovis transmission in Michigan, USA
Authors: Salvador Liliana C. M. , O'Brien Daniel J. , Cosgrove Melinda K. , Stuber Tod P. , Schooley Angie M. , Crispell Joseph , Church Steven V. , Gröhn Yrjö T. , Robbe‐Austerman Suelee , Kao Rowland R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe role of wildlife in the persistence and spread of livestock diseases is difficult to quantify and control. These difficulties are exacerbated when several wildlife species are potentially involved. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, has experienced an ecological shift in Michigan, with spillover from cattle leading to an endemically infected white‐tailed deer (deer) population. It has potentially substantial implications for the health and well‐being of both wildlife and livestock and incurs a significant economic cost to industry and government. Deer are known to act as a reservoir of infection, with evidence of M. bovis transmission to sympatric elk and cattle populations. However, the role of elk in the circulation of M. bovis is uncertain; they are few in number, but range further than deer, so may enable long distance spread. Combining Whole Genome Sequences (WGS) for M. bovis isolates from exceptionally well‐observed populations of elk, deer and cattle with spatiotemporal locations, we use spatial and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to show strong spatiotemporal admixture of M. bovis isolates. Clustering of bTB in elk and cattle suggests either intraspecies transmission within the two populations, or exposure to a common source. However, there is no support for significant pathogen transfer amongst elk and cattle, and our data are in accordance with existing evidence that interspecies transmission in Michigan is likely only maintained by deer. This study demonstrates the value of whole genome population studies of M. bovis transmission at the wildlife‐livestock interface, providing insights into bTB management in an endemic system.
A meta‐analysis of plant responses to light intensity for 70 traits ranging from molecules to whole plant performance
Authors: Poorter Hendrik , Niinemets Ülo , Ntagkas Nikolaos , Siebenkäs Alrun , Mäenpää Maarit , Matsubara Shizue , Pons ThijsL. 
Published: February 2019

SummaryBy means of meta‐analyses we determined how 70 traits related to plant anatomy, morphology, chemistry, physiology, growth and reproduction are affected by daily light integral (DLI; mol photons m−2 d−1). A large database including 500 experiments with 760 plant species enabled us to determine generalized dose–response curves. Many traits increase with DLI in a saturating fashion. Some showed a more than 10‐fold increase over the DLI range of 1–50 mol m−2 d−1, such as the number of seeds produced per plant and the actual rate of photosynthesis. Strong decreases with DLI (up to three‐fold) were observed for leaf area ratio and leaf payback time. Plasticity differences among species groups were generally small compared with the overall responses to DLI. However, for a number of traits, including photosynthetic capacity and realized growth, we found woody and shade‐tolerant species to have lower plasticity. We further conclude that the direction and degree of trait changes adheres with responses to plant density and to vertical light gradients within plant canopies. This synthesis provides a strong quantitative basis for understanding plant acclimation to light, from molecular to whole plant responses, but also identifies the variables that currently form weak spots in our knowledge, such as respiration and reproductive characteristics.
The energy cost of the tonoplast futile sodium leak
Authors: Shabala Sergey , Chen Guang , Chen Zhong‐Hua , Pottosin Igor 
Published: February 2019

SummaryActive removal of Na+ from the cytosol into the vacuole plays a critical role in salinity tissue tolerance, but another, often neglected component of this trait is Na+ retention in vacuoles. This retention is based on an efficient control of Na+‐permeable slow‐ and fast‐vacuolar channels that mediate the back‐leak of Na+ into cytosol and, if not regulated tightly, could result in a futile cycle. This Tansley insight summarizes our current knowledge of regulation of tonoplast Na+‐permeable channels and discusses the energy cost of vacuolar Na+ sequestration, under different scenarios. We also report on a phylogenetic and bioinformatic analysis of the plant two‐pore channel family and the difference in its structure and regulation between halophytes and glycophytes, in the context of salinity tolerance.
La somme du transfert
Authors: Färnlöf Hans 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCette étude expose l'état de la recherche actuelle sur le transfert de l'œuvre de Zola en argumentant pour un emploi large du terme de transfert, une approche descriptive de la traduction et une étude globale de l'écrivain. Afin de constituer la « somme du transfert » de l'écrivain, l'étude souligne la nécessité de considérer, dans leur ensemble et dans leur dynamique, la dimension poétique du texte source ainsi que les dimensions sociocritiques et linguistiques, au lieu de se focaliser sur la réception en s'interrogeant sur la circulation des œuvres. Les études antérieures sur le transfert du réalisme français ont surtout élucidé des passages isolés par une approche interprétative. Conformément aux acquis de la traductologie moderne, la présente étude articule le fondement d'une méthode descriptive qui veut caractériser le résultat des traductions et les difficultés que présentent le texte source au traducteur. Dans cette optique, la traduction réalisée fonctionne comme une grille de lecture qui fait ressortir l'originalité du texte source et constitue un témoignage précieux du climat littéraire de l'époque. Enfin, afin de pouvoir offrir une image moins accidentelle du transfert de Zola en Suède, l'étude propose d'examiner ses caractéristiques principales—poétiques, sociologiques et lingustiques—dans leur totalité.