bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repeat prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) test before prostate biopsy: a 20% decrease in PSA values is associated with a reduced risk of cancer and particularly of high‐grade cancer
Authors: De Nunzio Cosimo , Lombardo Riccardo , Nacchia Antonio , Tema Giorgia , Tubaro Andrea 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesTo analyse the impact of repeating a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level assessment on prostate biopsy decision in a cohort of men undergoing prostate biopsy.Patients and MethodsFrom 2015 onwards, we consecutively enrolled, at a single institution in Italy, men undergoing 12‐core transrectal ultrasonography‐guided prostate needle biopsy. Indication for prostate biopsy was a PSA level of ≥4 ng/mL. Demographic, clinical, and histopathological data were collected. The PSA level was tested at enrolment (PSA1) and 4 weeks later on the day before biopsy (PSA2). Variations in PSA level were defined as: stable PSA2 within a 10% variation, stable PSA2 within a 20% variation, PSA2 decreased by ≥10%, PSA2 decreased by ≥20%, PSA2 increased by ≥10%, PSA2 increased by ≥20%, and PSA2 <4 ng/mL. Percentages and multinomial logistic regression were used to analyse biopsy outcomes. High‐grade cancer was defined as Grade group ≥3.ResultsOverall, 331 patients were enrolled. Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 153/331 (46%) patients and of them 80/153 (52%) had high‐grade disease. When compared to the rest of the population, patients with a stable PSA within 20% variation had a higher risk of prostate cancer (odds ratio [OR] 1.80, P < 0.05) and high grade disease (OR 2.56, P < 0.05), patients with a PSA2 decreased by ≥20% had a lower risk of prostate cancer (OR 0.37, P < 0.05) and high grade disease (OR 0.13, P < 0.05), whilst patients with a PSA2 increased by ≥10% had an increased risk of high‐grade prostate cancer (OR 1.93, P < 0.05). When PSA returned to normal values (<4 ng/mL) both risks of prostate cancer and high‐grade disease were reduced (OR 0.33 and 0.01, respectively, P = 0.001).ConclusionIn a cohort of Italian men undergoing prostate biopsy, a reduction of ≥20% in PSA levels significantly reduced the risk of high‐grade prostate cancer. Further multicentre studies should validate our present results.
Mesoscopic characterization of prostate cancer using Raman spectroscopy: potential for diagnostics and therapeutics
Authors: Aubertin Kelly , Trinh Vincent Quoc , Jermyn Michael , Baksic Paul , Grosset Andrée‐Anne , Desroches Joannie , St‐Arnaud Karl , Birlea Mirela , Vladoiu Maria Claudia , Latour Mathieu , Albadine Roula , Saad Fred , Leblond Frédéric , Trudel Dominique 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveTo test if Raman spectroscopy (RS) is an appropriate tool for the diagnosis and possibly grading of prostate cancer (PCa).Patients and MethodsBetween 20 and 50 Raman spectra were acquired from 32 fresh and non‐processed post‐prostatectomy specimens using a macroscopic handheld RS probe. Each measured area was characterized and categorized according to histopathological criteria: tissue type (extraprostatic or prostatic); tissue malignancy (benign or malignant); cancer grade (Grade Groups [GGs] 1–5); and tissue glandular level. The data were analysed using machine‐learning classification with neural network.ResultsThe RS technique was able to distinguish prostate from extraprostatic tissue with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 83% and benign from malignant tissue with a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 86%. In an exploratory fashion, RS differentiated benign from GG1 in 726/801 spectra (91%; sensitivity 80%, specificity 91%), from GG2 in 588/805 spectra (73%; sensitivity 76%, specificity 73%), from GG3 in 670/797 spectra (84%; sensitivity 86%, specificity 84%), from GG4 in 711/802 spectra (88%; sensitivity 77%, specificity 89%) and from GG5 in 729/818 spectra (89%; sensitivity 90%, specificity 89%).ConclusionCurrent diagnostic approaches of PCa using needle biopsies have suboptimal cancer detection rates and a significant risk of infection. Standard non‐targeted random sampling results in false‐negative biopsies in 15–30% of patients, which affects clinical management. RS, a non‐destructive tissue interrogation technique providing vibrational molecular information, resolved the highly complex architecture of the prostate and detect cancer with high accuracy using a fibre optic probe to interrogate radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens from 32 patients (947 spectra). This proof‐of‐principle paves the way for the development of in vivo tumour targeting spectroscopy tools for informed biopsy collection to address the clinical need for accurate PCa diagnosis and possibly to improve surgical resection during RP as a complement to histopathological analysis.
Extramitochondrial energy production in platelets
Authors: Ravera Silvia , Signorello Maria Grazia , Bartolucci Martina , Ferrando Sara , Manni Lucia , Caicci Federico , Calzia Daniela , Panfoli Isabella , Morelli Alessandro , Leoncini Giuliana 
Published: March 2018

Background InformationEnergy demand in human platelets is very high, to carry out their functions. As for most human cells, the aerobic metabolism represents the primary energy source in platelets, even though mitochondria are negligibly represented. Following the hypothesis that other structures could be involved in chemical energy production, in this work, we have investigated the functional expression of an extramitochondrial aerobic metabolism in platelets.ResultsOximetric and luminometric analyses showed that platelets consume large amounts of oxygen and produce ATP in the presence of common respiring substrates, such as pyruvate + malate or succinate, although morphological electron microscopy analysis showed that these contain few mitochondria. However, evaluation of the anaerobic glycolytic metabolism showed that only 13% of consumed glucose was converted to lactate. Interestingly, the highest OXPHOS activity was observed in the presence of NADH, not a readily permeant respiring substrate for mitochondria. Also, oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis fuelled by NADH were not affected by atractyloside, an inhibitor of the adenine nucleotide translocase, suggesting that these processes may not be ascribed to mitochondria. Functional data were confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blot analyses, showing a consistent expression of the β subunit of F1Fo‐ATP synthase and COXII, a subunit of Complex IV, but a low signal of translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane (a protein not involved in OXPHOS metabolism). Interestingly, the NADH‐stimulated oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis increased in the presence of the physiological platelets agonists, thrombin or collagen.ConclusionsData suggest that in platelets, aerobic energy production is mainly driven by an extramitochondrial OXPHOS machinery, originated inside the megakaryocyte, and that this metabolism plays a pivotal role in platelet activation.SignificanceThis work represents a further example of the existence of an extramitochondrial aerobic metabolism, which can contribute to the cellular energy balance.
Heat shock protein‐27 and sex‐selective regulation of muscarinic and proteinase‐activated receptor 2‐mediated vasodilatation: differential sensitivity to endothelial NOS inhibition
Authors: Pulakazhi Venu Vivek Krishna , Saifeddine Mahmoud , Mihara Koichiro , El‐Daly Mahmoud , Belke Darrell , Dean Jonathan L E , O'Brien Edward R , Hirota Simon A , Hollenberg Morley D 
Published: March 2018

Background and PurposePreviously, we demonstrated that exogenous heat shock protein 27 (HSP27/gene, HSPB1) treatment of human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) increases the synthesis and secretion of VEGF, improves EPC‐migration/re‐endothelialization and decreases neo‐intima formation, suggesting a role for HSPB1 in regulating EPC function. We hypothesized that HSPB1 also affects mature endothelial cells (ECs) to alter EC‐mediated vasoreactivity in vivo. Our work focused on endothelial NOS (eNOS)/NO‐dependent relaxation induced by ACh and the coagulation pathway‐activated receptor, proteinase‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2).Experimental ApproachAorta rings from male and female wild‐type, HSPB1‐null and HSPB1 overexpressing (HSPB1o/e) mice were contracted with phenylephrine, and NOS‐dependent relaxation responses to ACh and PAR2 agonist, 2‐furoyl‐LIGRLO‐NH2, were measured without and with L‐NAME and ODQ, either alone or in combination to block NO synthesis/action. Tissues from female HSPB1‐null mice were treated in vitro with recombinant HSP27 and then used for bioassay as above. Furthermore, oestrogen‐specific effects were evaluated using a bioassay of aorta isolated from ovariectomized mice.Key ResultsRelative to males, HSPB1‐null female mice exhibited an increased L‐NAME‐resistant relaxation induced by activation of either PAR2 or muscarinic ACh receptors that was blocked in the concurrent presence of both L‐NAME and ODQ. mRNAs (qPCR) for eNOS and ODQ‐sensitive guanylyl‐cyclase were increased in females versus males. Treatment of isolated aorta tissue with HSPB1 improved tissue responsiveness in the presence of L‐NAME. Ovariectomy did not affect NO sensitivity, supporting an oestrogen‐independent role for HSPB1.Conclusions and ImplicationsHSPB1 can regulate intact vascular endothelial function to affect NO‐mediated vascular relaxation, especially in females.
Familial campomelic dysplasia due to maternal germinal mosaicism
Authors: Higeta Daisuke , Yamaguchi Rie , Takagi Takeshi , Nishimura Gen , Sameshima Kiyoko , Saito Kayoko , Minegishi Takashi 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTCampomelic dysplasia is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia caused by heterozygousSOX9mutations. Most patients are sporadic due to ade novomutation. Familial campomelic dysplasia is very rare. We report on a familial campomelic dysplasia caused by maternal germinal mosaicism. Two siblings showed the classic campomelic dysplasia phenotype with a novelSOX9mutation (NM_000346.3: c.441delC, p.(Asn147Lysfs*36)). Radiological examination of the mother showed mild skeletal changes. Then, her somatic mosaicism of the mutation was ascertained. This is the first report of molecularly confirmed maternal germinal mosaicism for aSOX9mutation. We suggest that a meticulous clinical examination of the parents, even if they are superficially healthy, is needed to avoid overlooking germinal mosaicism ofSOX9mutations.
Present and future biodiversity risks from fossil fuel exploitation
Authors: Harfoot Michael B. J. , Tittensor Derek P. , Knight Sarah , Arnell Andrew P. , Blyth Simon , Brooks Sharon , Butchart Stuart H. M. , Hutton Jon , Jones Matthew I. , Kapos Valerie , Scharlemann Jӧrn P.W. , Burgess Neil D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCurrently, human society is predominantly powered by fossil fuels—coal, oil, and natural gas—yet also ultimately depends on goods and services provided by biodiversity. Fossil fuel extraction impacts biodiversity indirectly through climate change and by increasing accessibility, and directly through habitat loss and pollution. In contrast to the indirect effects, quantification of the direct impacts has been relatively neglected. To address this, we analyze the potential threat to >37,000 species and >190,000 protected areas globally from the locations of present and future fossil fuel extraction in marine and terrestrial environments. Sites that are currently exploited have higher species richness and endemism than unexploited sites, whereas known future hydrocarbon activities will predominantly move into less biodiverse locations. We identify 181 “high‐risk” locations where oil or gas extraction suitability coincides with biodiversity importance, making conflicts between extraction and conservation probable. In total, protected areas are located on $3‐15 trillion of unexploited hydrocarbon reserves, posing challenges and potentially opportunities for protected area management and sustainable financing.
Intention to kill: Tolerance and illegal persecution of Sumatran tigers and sympatric species
Authors: St. John Freya A. V. , Linkie Matthew , Martyr Deborah J. , Milliyanawati Betty , McKay Jeanne E. , Mangunjaya Fachruddin M. , Leader‐Williams Nigel , Struebig Matthew J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTolerance may lessen when wildlife adversely impacts people. Models from psychology can help elucidate how people make judgments, why they act accordingly, and whether beliefs and norms influence support for policy and intervention. Working in a globally important region for tigers, we estimated hunting prevalence for this endangered species and three sympatric taxa using methods for asking sensitive questions. We also investigated the relative strength of ethnicity and social‐psychological predictors in influencing intention to hunt. Men's behavioral intention and perceptions differed by species: proconservation values were most prevalent for tiger, weakest for wild boar. Perceived behavioral control was the strongest predictor of hunting‐intention; affect and injunctive norms were also important. The prominence of affect in determining intention suggests increasing environmental knowledge is unlikely to curb hunting. However, existing norms could be leveraged to incentivize behaviorchange. Integrating behavior‐change models into conservation science is crucial where strategies require changes in people's actions.
Adaptive comanagement to achieve climate‐ready fisheries
Authors: Wilson Jono R. , Lomonico Serena , Bradley Darcy , Sievanen Leila , Dempsey Tom , Bell Michael , McAfee Skyli , Costello Christopher , Szuwalski Cody , McGonigal Huff , Fitzgerald Sean , Gleason Mary 
Published: March 2018

AbstractClimate‐related impacts to marine ecosystems threaten the biological, social, and economic resilience of the U.S. fishing industry. Changes in ocean conditions and variability in fisheries productivity have stimulated an effort to integrate climate information into fisheries science and management processes to inform more responsive decision‐making. However, institutional, capacity, and budget constraints within U.S. federal and state fisheries management agencies may hinder the potential to deliver climate‐ready strategies for many fisheries. We examine whether adaptive comanagement as a governance approach can enhance capacity and advance climate‐ready fisheries objectives. Adaptive comanagement may improve the quality of science and decision‐making needed to prepare for and respond to impacts of climate change in fisheries by taking advantage of skills, technology, and funding often not optimally utilized under the current governance system. We focus on the potential to improve information flows as a means to achieve climate‐ready fisheries via adaptive comanagement, but suggest that a greater level of partnership in the management process may be possible in the future after a period of formal experimentation and learning.
Low prevalence of diabetes distress following total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation
Authors: Lane Audrey , Hodges James S. , Ptacek Peggy , Louise Berry K. , Beilman Gregory J. , Dunn Ty B. , Pruett Timothy L. , Chinnakotla Srinath , Kuzmak Barbara , Bellin Melena D. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDiabetes distress (DD), or psychological fatigue associated with diabetes management, is common in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus and is associated with poor glycemic control. Diabetes distress has never been evaluated in patients undergoing total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplant (TPIAT) for chronic pancreatitis. We analyzed DD after TPIAT in 260 patients (average age 34.3 [standard deviation 15], 75.5% F) undergoing TPIAT between 2006 and 2014. Each patient completed 1 or more diabetes distress scale (DDS) questionnaires from 1 to 7 years post‐TPIAT (631 total). We examined changes in DD over 7 years and also patient characteristics associated with DD 1 year post‐TPIAT (n = 189). One year after TPIAT, 151 of 189 (80%) reported no or low distress (DD<2). Diabetes distress increased over time by an average of 0.084 (SE 0.017) points per year, an average 0.59 point increase from years 1 to 7 (P < .0001). Insulin‐dependent patients had significantly greater DD 1 year post‐TPIAT compared to insulin‐independent patients (P < .0001). Higher DD was associated with poorer glycemic control as indicated by HbA1c (P < .0001). Prevalence of DD is low but increases over time after TPIAT. Insulin dependence and poorer glycemic control are associated with higher levels of DD.
Power mobility skill progression for children and adolescents: a systematic review of measures and their clinical application
Authors: Field Debra A , Livingstone Roslyn W 
Published: March 2018

AimTo identify and critically appraise standardized measures of power mobility skill used with children (18y or younger) with mobility limitations and explore the measures’ application for ‘exploratory’, ‘operational’, and ‘functional’ learners.MethodFive electronic databases were searched along with hand‐searching for peer‐reviewed articles published in English to July 2017 (updated 31st August 2017). Key terms included power(ed) mobility, power(ed) wheelchair, and database‐specific terms. Studies included at least one child with a disability, and a detailed description of the measure of power mobility skill. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed with inclusion criteria set a priori. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full‐text articles.ResultsOf 96 titles, 24 articles met inclusion criteria, describing nine measures of power mobility skill. The Wheelchair Skills Checklist, the Powered Mobility Program (PMP), and the Power Mobility Training Tool were augmented by three adaptations of the PMP. Two additional measures were further developed to create a third, the Assessment of Learning Powered mobility use. Validity evidence related primarily to content development while reliability evidence was reported on only two measures.InterpretationAll measures are in the initial stages of development and testing. Research investigating the measures’ appropriateness for different types of learners and environments is warranted.What this paper adds

There are four distinct measures of paediatric power mobility skill: three task‐based, one process‐based.

Power mobility learners may be divided into three groups: exploratory, operational, and functional.

Application of measures of power mobility skill differs for these three groups.
Respiratory morbidity in Rett syndrome: an observational study
Authors: MacKay Jessica , Leonard Helen , Wong Kingsley , Wilson Andrew , Downs Jenny 
Published: March 2018

AimRespiratory illness is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Rett syndrome. This study investigated respiratory morbidity and relationships with age, mutation type, feeding, and walking status.MethodFamilies registered with the InterRett database (n=399) provided data on the health of their child with Rett syndrome (age 2–57y). Hospital admissions because of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) over a 5‐year exposure period were investigated by age, mutation type, enteral feeding, and walking status.ResultsA hospital admission for LRTI over the previous 5 years was reported for slightly more than one‐fifth (21.4%) of individuals. Age and mutation groups did not seem to influence hospital admissions for LRTI but there was nearly twice the risk of an admission with enteral feeding (adjusted relative risk 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21–2.65). Compared with independent walking, being unable to walk was associated with a sixfold increased risk (adjusted relative risk 6.73, 95% CI 3.42–13.25), with assisted walking associated with an intermediate risk.InterpretationBeyond the influence of mutation type, walking seems to have protective effects on respiratory health. Further studies of exercise physiology in Rett syndrome and how this can be influenced by increasing activity levels are indicated.What this paper adds

Rett syndrome is associated with increased vulnerability to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) requiring hospitalization.

Enteral feeding is associated with a higher risk of hospital admission for LRTI.

Assisted walking mitigates the risk of hospital admission for LRTI for those unable to walk independently.
Mechanisms and disease relevance of neutrophil extracellular trap formation
Authors: Van Avondt Kristof , Hartl Dominik 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWhile the microscopic appearance of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has fascinated basic researchers since its discovery, the (patho)physiological mechanisms triggering NET release, the disease relevance and clinical translatability of this unconventional cellular mechanism remained poorly understood. Here, we summarize and discuss current concepts of the mechanisms and disease relevance of NET formation.
The effect of cathepsin K inhibitor surface treatment on delayed tooth replantation in dogs
Authors: Kwon Youngil , Ko Hyunjung , Kim Soojung , Kim Miri 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackground/AimContinuous research efforts have been focusing on promoting healing of delayed replantation of avulsed teeth. The aim of this in vivo study was to assess the effect of cathepsin K inhibitor surface treatment on delayed tooth replantation.Materials and MethodsThirty‐four premolar roots of 4 beagle dogs were extracted, and conventional root canal treatment was performed. The canals were filled with gutta‐percha and cement. All extracted teeth were air‐dried for 1 hour. Teeth were divided into 2 groups according to the root surface treatment prior to replantation: control (n = 13) and cathepsin K inhibitor (n = 21). Treated teeth were replanted in their original sockets and stabilized with a resin‐wire splint for 1 week. After 12 weeks, the dogs were euthanized and micro‐computed tomography was performed. Tissues were then further processed as resin‐embedded specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin. In each evaluation, data were analyzed using the Mann‐Whitney U test (P < .05).ResultsIn the micro‐computed tomography evaluation, inflammation scores of both groups were not statistically different (P > .05). In the histological evaluation, the mean proportions of inflammatory resorption and replacement resorption in the control group were similar to those in the cathepsin K inhibitor group (P > .05).ConclusionsCathepsin K inhibitor did not demonstrate significant inhibitory effects on root resorption after delayed replantation in vivo.