НАТЕЛЬНЫЕ КРЕСТЫ КАК ОТРАЖЕНИЕ ЭТНОКОНФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО СОСТАВА ПЕРВОПОСЕЛЕНЦЕВ НОВОСИБИРСКОГО ПРИОБЬЯ
Authors: И.В. САЛЬНИКОВА 
Published: November 2024

В статье представлены результаты изучения ставрографической коллекции, полученной в ходе археологических раскопок памятников Нового времени (начало XVIII - XIX вв.) на территории Верхнего Приобья. Собрание включает материалы поселенческих комплексов: некрополи Никольской церкви с. Кривощеково, Спасского собора в г. Каинске и Умревинского острога. Благодаря морфологическому и иконографическому анализу нательных крестов выявлены некоторые черты и сюжеты, свидетельствующие о конфессиональной принадлежности первопоселенцев. Среди поселенцев наряду с православным населением, с учетом старообрядцев, присутствовали представители католического вероисповедания, что подтверждается наличием крестов с католической традицией изображения распятия и с сюжетом страстей Господних. Сравнение находок с коллекцией Приангарья (Восточная Сибирь) дало основание высказать предположение о миграции католического населения с востока на запад. Нательные кресты отражают духовную традицию и национальные особенности колонистов и являются новым источником для изучения миграционных потоков.
There is a growing number of studies devoted to the analysis of collections of Orthodox religious items found as a result of research of the necropoleis of Russian settlements in Siberia. The article focuses on the objects of personal piety - baptismal crosses, which are an invaluable source for the reconstruction of the spiritual culture of settlers. The pectoral cross as a symbol of belonging to Christianity is the most common archaeological artifact. In the territory of the Upper Ob region, three monuments of modern times have been studied: two settlement complexes (the cultural layer of the village of Krivoshchekovo, including the necropolis of the St. Nicholas Church; the necropolis and the foundation of the church of the Spassky Cathedral in Kainsk) and a fortified outpost - the Umrevinsky Ostrog (prison). They date from the mid-18th - 19th centuries. As a result, a representative staurographic collection was formed, including 564 units. The collection of baptismal crosses is noted for a wide variety of forms, decoration and iconographic subjects. Morphological and stylistic analysis of the collection revealed certain iconographic and epigraphic features, such as different iconography in depiction of crucifixion, the presence of the plot of instruments of the Lord’s Passion, the epigraphy of titlos, which indicates that the composition of the first settlers was not homogeneous in confessional and national terms. Among them, there were representatives of the Old Believers, official Orthodox Church, and Catholics. The comparison of staurographic collection of the Upper Ob region with of the collections of the Angara region (in particular, the Ilimsk Ostrog) and the monuments of the city of Irkutsk showed a quantitative difference in the distribution of certain types of crosses. It turned out that the number of Catholic baptismal crosses and crosses with elements of Catholicism (instruments of the Lord’s Passion), which the Polish-Lithuanian “service people” (sluzhilye) could have left, significantly exceeds those in the Novosibirsk collection. Consequently, there were more pro-Catholic population in those regions. Comparison of these indicators makes it possible to trace the direction of intra-Siberian migration flows. Documentary sources indicate an earlier settlement of the territory of Eastern Siberia than the Ob region, and a western direction of further migration flows. The baptismal crosses reflect the spiritual and national traditions of settlers and are a new source for studying the migration processes of the first settlers of Siberia.