bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Style and Timing of Surficial Deformation Along the Central Reelfoot Scarp, Lake County, Tennessee
Authors: Kelson Keith I. , VanArsdale Roy B. , Simpson Gary D. , Lettis William R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Stratigraphic and structural relations exposed in a 90-m-long trench across the Reelfoot scarp in the central New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) provide data to assess the style and timing of late Holocene tectonic surficial deformation in the central NMSZ. Near-surface deposits exposed in the trench include natural levee, overbank, colluvial, and liquefaction-related deposits. The levee deposits consist of fine-grained, cross-bedded sands and silty sands and are overlain by clayey overbank and scarp-derived colluvial deposits. Liquefaction-related features include sand dikes and sills that intrude into the levee and overbank deposits, and a possible older extrusive sand deposit. Charcoal and archaeological artifacts from a deposit inset into and overlying the levee deposits suggest that the levee deposits are older than about A.D. 800 to 900. Charcoal from the overbank deposits yielded an age estimate of cal. A.D. 1310 ± 90; charcoal from the overlying colluvial deposits yielded an age estimate of cal. A.D. 1540 ± 90.
Distinct marker beds within the levee deposits define a broad monocline that parallels the ground surface and exhibits more than 5 m of down-to-the-east vertical separation. This fold consists, in part, of four smaller-scale flexures each having amplitudes of about 1 m. Associated with these flexures are numerous west-dipping normal faults that have a total net vertical separation of about 0.4 m in a down-to-the-west sense, which is opposite in sense to that exhibited by the scarp and the silty marker beds. We interpret that these faults are related to extension in the crest of the monocline, and that the monocline represents deformation above a west-dipping reverse fault that reaches or approaches the ground surface east of the trench and the base of the scarp. At the trench site, this interpretation places the surface projection of the fault near the western margin of Reelfoot Lake.
Stratigraphic relations exposed in the trench and several shallow boreholes permit identification of at least one and possibly three late Holocene earthquakes. Stratigraphic relations and age-estimates best support the interpretation that the unweathered liquefaction related features exposed in the trench are a result of the 1811–12 earthquakes, and that the scarp-derived colluvial deposits are a result of a prior event. Radiocarbon analyses show that this penultimate event occurred between about A.D. 1310 and A.D. 1540. Stratigraphic evidence of a third event prior to about A.D. 900 is present but equivocal. Given that the most-recent event occurred in A.D. 1812, we estimate that the time between the two most-recent earthquakes large enough to produce liquefaction and/or surface deformation was about 200 to 600 years.
A Test of Paleomagnetism as a Correlation and Dating Technique in the New Madrid Seismic Zone
Authors: Salyards Stephen L. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In order to assess the use of paleomagnetic directions of liquefied sands for correlating and dating paleoseismic events, I studied historic liquefaction deposits in the New Madrid seismic zone to verify their ability to record the ambient geomagnetic field direction at the time of liquefaction. Erupted sand from the 1811–1812 New Madrid events are shown to have a remanent magnetic direction in agreement with the field direction recorded in St. Louis in 1819. There is a large variation in the magnetic quality between two adjacent erupted sand layers. These beds show identical magnetic composition and sand grain-size. Lacking a magnetic explanation for their differing behavior, turbulent forces or deformation causing signal degradation during reliquefaction are the preferred explanation. A similar explanation is also suggested for the poor magnetic quality of an injected dike that is coarser-grained, but magnetically identical to the erupted sands.
Minimum Magnitude of Completeness and Rates of Seismicity in the New Madrid Region
Authors: Hass Lotte , Ellis Michael , Rydelek Paul A. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
We apply the Schuster test to an augmented Central Mississippi Valley (CMV) seismic catalog to determine the minimum magnitude of completeness (MMC). We test the null hypothesis that the events in the catalog are distributed as a Poissonian process at a period of 24 hours. The test is based, in part, on the assumption that event detection is modulated by differences between day and night noise. We tested different temporal portions of the catalog corresponding to the whole catalog, 1974 – 1990; the period of network improvement in 1980 – 1987; and post-1987. The minimum magnitude of completeness between 1980 and 1987 is 1.8 within the region reported in the CMV Earthquake Bulletin. The catalog shows anomalous distribution after 1987, which may be related to a combination of mistaken identification of blasts as earthquakes and changes in network personnel.
A significant (better than 95% confidence) increase in the rate of seismicity above magnitude 2.0 occurred in the central New Madrid seismic zone in 1981, followed by the Arkansas swarm less than a year later and by a significant rate increase in the enveloping region less than two years later. A significant rate decrease occurred in the whole region in June 1987, although the anomalous nature of the post-1987 catalog makes this change suspect. We suggest that the early rate increase is caused by a change in local (New Madrid) fault conditions, rather than a change in far-field conditions, because the rate increase appears first in the central region.
Tectonic Deformation in the New Madrid Seismic Zone: Inferences from Boundary Element Modeling
Authors: Gomberg J. S. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The lack of instrumental recordings and of obvious fault scarps associated with the 1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes necessitates examination of more subtle indicators of the geometry and type of faulting responsible for these events. Morphologic and geologic features and the distribution of modern seismicity are used to infer the number, strike, length, width, type of faulting (strike- or dip-slip), and spatial variability of slip for the major faults in the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ). This is accomplished through two-dimensional boundary-element modeling of the strain field arising from slip on hypothetical faults that is driven by either coseismic or uniform regional strains. Tectonic deformation is reflected in the seismicity and in morphologic and geologic features including (1) the Lake County uplift, (2) Reelfoot Lake, (3) the deformed rocks of the Blytheville arch, and (4) the St. Francis Sunk Lands. Many of these features can be qualitatively explained as resulting from tectonic deformation due to slip on two left-stepping right-lateral strike-slip faults that are coincident with the northeast-trending zones of seismicity and the Blytheville arch. The morphology appears to be, at least in part, a consequence of major earthquakes that rupture these faults. The locations of the 1811–1812 and largest post-1812 earthquakes and the models are consistent with a process in which the 1811–1812 earthquakes relieved accumulated regional shear strain causing the greatest post-1812 shear strains to exist at the ends of the fault zone. Modeling results also suggest that the numerous small earthquakes in the NMSZ are not aftershocks of the 1811–1812 earthquakes but instead represent continuous localized adjustments to a uniform regional strain field. The Bootheel lineament does not appear to be significant in the shaping the morphology, geologic structure, and pattern of seismicity of the NMSZ. The inferred length of the 1811–1812 earthquake ruptures suggest that their sizes may have been overestimated. Model predicted subsidence within the St. Francis Sunk Lands suggests that tectonic deformation may also influence alluvial processes in the NMSZ.
Tectonic Signal in Baldcypress Trees at Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee
Authors: Stahle David W. , VanArsdale Roy B. , Cleaveland Malcolm K. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Tree-ring analyses of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) from Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, support historical accounts that the lake formed during the great New Madrid earthquakes of 1811–1812. Due to ground subsidence and permanent flooding all of the bottomland hardwood trees within the impounded area were killed. However, many water tolerant baldcypress survived, and hundreds of 200 to 800 year old baldcypress outline the positions of former stream channels drowned by the subsidence. Dendrochronological analyses of multiple cores from 21 baldcypress in the lake reveal several pronounced growth responses to the 1811–1812 earthquakes. These responses include a great surge in radial growth during the decade following the earthquakes and a permanent reduction in wood density beginning in 1812. These and other growth responses to the 1811–1812 earthquakes may allow detection and dating of other large earthquakes in the Reelfoot basin during the late Holocene and may help date the formation of other suspected sunk lands in the New Madrid seismic zone.
Implementation of Seismic Hazard Mitigation in the Central United States: The Policy - Setting Role of the States
Authors: Olshansky Robert B. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This research examines the potential for state-level seismic hazard mitigation policies in the seven member states of the Central United States Earthquake Consortium. The federal government requires mitigation to be a significant component of emergency preparedness activities, but such activities are only beginning to be implemented in the Central U.S. This paper describes current activities by the seven states and identifies future needs. The research found that awareness and preparedness activities have increased markedly over the past few years, five of the states now have state seismic building code requirements, several states have active seismic advisory councils, and some states are using innovative funding methods to finance seismic zonation mapping. The greatest future needs are to continue these efforts as well as initiate programs for existing building hazards and non-structural hazards. Programs should emphasize critical facilities.
Analysis of Shallow Microearthquakes in the South Sebec Seismic Zone, Maine, 1989–1990
Authors: Doll William E. , Rea Carol D. , Ebel John E. , Craven Sandra J. , Cipar John J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Fifteen years of regional monitoring by the New England Seismic Network indicated a locally high level of seismicity near South Sebec, between the towns of Milo and Dover-Foxcroft in central Maine. Most of the events were located in a diffuse zone south of the distinctive, ENE trending Harriman Pond Fault (HPF) which is indicated by brittle deformation in outcrop and is represented as a depression in topographic maps and satellite images. A portable network consisting of both digital and analog instruments was deployed during the summers of 1989 and 1990 in order to characterize the pattern of the microearthquakes and to determine high-resolution epicenters, depths, and fault plane solutions. Seventy-three events were detected during the experiment, of which 28 could be located. Many of the events south of the fault lie along a NNW trending line which has no major expression in the surface geology. Only, a few of the events are subparallel to the HPF. The first motion data were insufficient for the determination of any fault plane solutions.
Seismotectonics of the 1987–1988 Lakeside, Utah, Earthquakes
Authors: Pechmann James C. , Arabasz Walter J. , Brown Ethan D. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
From September 1987 through March 1988, an earthquake sequence which induded shocks of ML 4.8 and 4.7 on September 25 and October 26, respectively, and a total of 8 moderate-sized events of ML ≥ 3.8, occurred in NW Utah beneath a desert basin west of the Great Salt Lake (center of activity: 41° 12.0′ N, 113° 10.5′ W). Wood-Anderson seismograms indicate nearly identical magnitudes for the two largest earthquakes but a factor of two to five larger seismic moment for the first. Significant aspects of the 1987–1988 sequence induded: foreshock activity, proximity (epicentral distance, Δ, of 7 to 12 km) to a major pumping facility completed in early 1987 to lower the level of the Great Salt Lake, an unambiguous strike-slip focal mechanism for the ML 4.8 mainshock, and the lack of a clear association with late Quaternary surface faults.
Despite constraints on accessibility to the epicentral area, the stations of the regional seismic network (Δ ≥ 60 km) were supplemented with local stations—initially four portable seismographs and later up to four telemetered stations (2 ≤ Δ ≤ 27 km) that operated continuously from October 7, 1987, through March 1988. Well-located aftershock foci form a 6-by-6-km zone between 6 and 12 km depth which is steeply dipping and trends SSE, parallel to the right-lateral nodal plane of the mainshock focal mechanism. Despite coincidental timing and proximity of the earthquakes to major pumping activity at the surface, the case for induced seismicity related to the pumping is weak.
Особові назви з суфіксом -ець у сучасній українській мові
Authors: Goral Agnieszka 
Published: July 2019

Nazwy osobowe z sufiksem -eć w języku ukraińskim na przełomie XX i XXI wieku
Sufiks -ець jest jednym z najstarszych afiksów i występuje we wszystkich językach wschodniosłowiańskich, w tym także w języku ukraińskim. W artykule analizie poddano 216 nazw osobowych z tym formantem, wybranych z następujących źródeł: Słownika a tergo języka ukraińskiego (Odessa 1976), Nowego słownika języka ukraińskiego w czterech tomach (Kijów 1999), Wielkiego słownika współczesnego języka ukraińskiego (Kijów 1991-2001). Wśród badanych nazw najwięcej pochodziło od rzeczowników (110 słów), co stanowi 51 procent ogółu zebranego materiału. Znaczna większość rzeczowników z sufiksem -ець to derywaty mutacyjne.
Umysł nie zniewolony. O zainteresowaniach naukowych profesor Stefanii Andrusiw
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Marta 
Published: July 2019

Artykuł prezentuje sylwetkę naukowo-badawczą profesor Stefanii Andrusiw, ze szczególnym zwróceniem uwagi na główne kierunki badań oraz działalność dydaktyczną prowadzoną w Polsce.
Noms de famille issus de l’artisanat en France et en Pologne
Authors: Piechnik Iwona 
Published: July 2019

NAZWISKA ODRZEMIEŚLNICZE WE FRANCJI I W POLSCE
Artykuł analizuje nazwiska pochodzące od nazw rzemieślniczych we Francji i w Polsce. Przedstawia ich pochodzenie (w tym wpływy obce), typy i słowotwórstwo. Można stwierdzić między innymi, że nazwiska francuskie są krótsze, ale mają wiele wariantów dialektalnych, podczas gdy nazwiska polskie są dłuższe i mają bardziej bogatą derywację. Artykuł podaje także ranking takich nazwisk w statystykach demograficznych obu krajów: kowal jako etymon okazuje się najbardziej popularny. W pierwszej pięćdziesiątce we Francji są jeszcze: piekarz, młynarz i murarz; zaś w Polsce: krawiec i szewc.
Noms de famille issus de l’artisanat en France et en Pologne
L’article analyse les noms de famille issus de noms artisanaux en France et en Pologne. Il présente leurs origines (y compris des influences étrangères), types et formation de mots. On peut voir, entre autres, que les noms de famille français sont plus courts, mais ont beaucoup de variantes dialectales, tandis que les noms de famille polonais sont plus longs et ont une dérivation plus riche. L’article montre aussi la position de tels noms de famille dans les statistiques démographiques des deux pays : le forgeron comme étymon s’avère le plus populaire. Dans la top cinquantaine on peut trouver encore en France : fournier (boulanger), meunier et maçon ; tandis qu’en Pologne : couturier et cordonnier.
COMPARISON OF GLOW, ARC, AND MAGNETRON DIRECT CURRENT DISCHARGES
Authors: Abrahamyan A.S. , Mkrtchyan A.H. , Chilingaryan R.Yu. 
Published: July 2019

Glow discharge (GD) in a tube, arc discharge (AD) without cathode heating from an external source, and magnetron discharge (MD) in a planar magnetron are compared. In each of the discharges, characteristic areas are distinguished. In MD, electrons trapped in the near-cathode region are not directly involved in ionization processes, but “wake” acceleration of slow ions by electrons that move along Larmor orbits is possible, which gives additional energy to ions moving toward the cathode. In GD in the near-cathode region, the average energy of the ejected electrons is on the order of several electron volts, and the energy of the ions and neutrals is less than 0.1 eV. In MD in the near-cathode region, the average energy of knocked-out electrons, ions, and neutrals is on the order of tens of electron volts. The differential resistance of GD is negative, that of AD is usually negative, and that of MD is positive. The energy of ions in the magnetron plasma can be greater than that of electrons, which gives new possibilities for acoustoplasma control of MD and the creation of appropriate instruments and devices.
Optimization of Cow’s Milk Processing into Milk Soap Bar on Small-Medium-Micro Enterprises (UMKM)
Authors: Susanti Ari Diana , Saputro Sulistyo , Wibowo Wusana Agung 
Published: July 2019

<p>The quality and quantity of cow’s milk produced were determined by the genetic, food, age, milking processing, and the treatment of cattle. The storability of fresh cow's milk tends to be short. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to extend the life time of fresh cow's milk, one of which is by processing fresh cow's milk into other products, such as milk soap bar. The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate method of milk soap bar production in home industries capacity and to formulate composition of vegetable oils and fresh cow's milk. The milk soap bar obtained then was analyzed in several laboratory tests such as acidity test (pH), moisture content, free alkaline content, and foam stability. Based on the research, it is turned out that the appropriate method of milk soap bar production was the cold process. The optimum formula is olive oil (11%), coconut oil (22%), palm oil (22%), fresh cow's milk (33%), and NaOH pellets (12% - equivalent to 9.2 N). The free alkaline content will decrease according the curing time. Simpler economic evaluation obtained that the production cost of milk was Rp.6,711.22/package of 80 grams of milk soap bar. Milk soap bar is sold for Rp. 7,000.00 will provide 87.96% after-tax of ROI, 11.7 – month of POT, and 65.31% of BEP.</p>
Quantitative Characterization of Architecture Elements and Their Response To Base-Level Change In A Sandy Braided Fluvial System At A Mountain Front
Authors: Li Shunli , Yu Xinghe , Chen Bintao , Li Shengli 
Published: July 2019

Abstract:
The Rockcave Member of the Yungang Formation (Middle Jurassic), in the Datong Basin, China, is a multistory sandstone that is interpreted as a sandy braided fluvial deposit based on grain size, lithofacies, and architectural elements. The depositional setting was the mountain front of the Datong Basin, which was tens of kilometers from the shoreline of a lacustrine basin during the Middle Jurassic. The concept of base level is used to analyze the architectural elements of the braided system obtained from photographic mosaics and high-resolution measurement of six outcrop sections from Yungang Rock Cave. Grain size, lithology, and bounding surfaces together with scale and dimension parameters of the sedimentary structures in various architectural elements were used to quantitatively characterize each group of architectural elements and stratigraphic units. Width/thickness values of trough crossbeds were found to be a fundamental component of the hydrodynamic regimes. During base-level rise the braided fluvial system developed large-scale channel units, bar units, and overbank fills. The relatively high proportion of bar units and overbank fills reflect processes operating during positive accommodation. However, during base-level fall there are a high proportion of small-scale channel units that reflect incision-dominated processes such as channels with low W/T values for trough crossbeds and less common overbank fines.
Unraveling the Channel–Lobe Transition Zone With High-Resolution AUV Bathymetry: Navy Fan, Offshore Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Carvajal Cristian , Paull Charles K. , Caress David W. , Fildani Andrea , Lundsten Eve , Anderson Krystle , Maier Katherine L. , McGann Mary , Gwiazda Roberto , Herguera Juan Carlos 
Published: July 2019

Abstract:Ultra-high-resolution (1 m * 1 m * 0.25 m) bathymetry was acquired with an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) over a sector of the Navy Fan offshore Baja California. The survey specifically targeted an area where the former interpretation of the fan showed a channel–lobe transition; however, the lobe and the transition were not recognized. Instead, the newly acquired bathymetry shows that the previously identified channel continues basinward changing its overall morphology and stratigraphic architecture, becoming gradually but significantly wider (650–1000 m) and of lower relief (3–4 m). Cores from the channel thalweg recovered mud-poor (< 5%) well-sorted sands, interpreted as deposited by fully turbulent flows. The cores also show several mud-rich (9–18%) poorly sorted sands, probably indicating deposition from more cohesive flows.The high-resolution bathymetry shows large sectors of the seafloor sculpted by elaborate bedforms and scours. The overbank area north of the channel exhibits the most numerous and prominent scours, interpreted to have been largely generated by flow stripping at a bend in the channel. Along high-gradient sectors (more than approximately 1¯) of this area, the scours are largest and deepest. Some of these scours show an erosional headwall and a distal upflow-dipping depositional bulge, forming repetitive bedforms interpreted as erosional cyclic steps associated with locked-in-place trains of hydraulic jumps. The scours seem to coalesce to form an incipient channel, which would likely drive the avulsion of the main channel. Further basinward, average gradients decrease (< 0.6¯ ) and scours become smaller and less deep suggesting a gradient control on erosion. The southern channel margin and adjacent overbank area exhibit a trend of scours that are elongated transverse to flow, that successively repeat themselves basinwards, and that at times merge with sediment waves. Probably these scours are genetically linked to sediment waves, and they may have been formed by cyclic-step-like processes as well. The acquired bathymetry represents a breakthrough in the imaging of the proximal sectors of deep-sea fans, which provides the basis for an accurate morphometric characterization and the understanding of sedimentary processes and morphodynamics associated with the delivery of sediment into the deep sea.