bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association of Hypersolvus-Subsolvus Granites: A Study of Malani Igneous Suite, India
Authors: Kochhar N. , Dhar S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Detailed field, petrological and the Chemical studies of lhe Jalor granites, Western Rajastan show that the Jalor magnatism is not exclusively peraluminous in nature but has peralkaline Component closely associated in space and time. The Jalor complex is a classic example of hypersolvus-susolvus granite association. The Similar abundances of trace elements such as Ba, Th, U, Ga, Y and Zr in the hypersolvus and the subsolvus granites suggest that both magmas have common Source and are coeval. the hypersolvus granites show enrichment of LREE as compared to the subsolvus granites, but the subsolvus granites have more pronounced Eu anomaly. Tectonic significance of the find also discussed.
The Molar Al2 O3 /(CaO3+Na2O+K2O) Ratios as Discriminant Constraint for Oceanic Plagiogranites and Continental Trondhjemites
Authors: Sarvothaman H. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The plots of leucocratic, soda-rich siliceous rocks on K2O-SiO2 and Rb-Sr diagrams often provide tenuous conclusions with regard to the discrimination of oceanic plagiogranites from continental trondhjemites. Analytical methods for the generation of REE and Sr-isotope data, the effective constraints for discrimination of the above-mentioned lithotypes, are confined to specialized and sophisticated laboratories. The specifically calculated molar Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O) ratios (AlCNK), coupled with the SiO2/Al2O3 ratios, of a large number of proven oceanic plagiogranites and continental trondhjemites are assessed to test whether these ratios can be applied as effective discriminant constraints. The major finding of this work is that oceanic plagiogranites are essentially low-alumina and metaluminous types. while continental trondhjemites are exclusively high-alumina and peraluminous types; the separation between the two groups is distinct and clean.
A Reappraisal of the Stratigraphy of Bailadila Group, Bacheli, Bastar District, M.P.
Authors: Khan M. W. Y. , Bhattacharyya T. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The metasedimentary sequence of Bailadila Group exposed in Bacheli area, south Bastar is studied in detail. Based on field relations, structural disposition, conglomerate ocurrence and petrographic characters, Bailadila Group is divided into three Subgroups, which in turn comprise five formations. Formal stratigraphic formationidentified are namely, Bhansi metabasalt-metapelite, Bacheti metasiliclastic, East Ridge Shale, Loa Conglomerate and shale Kailash Nagar Iron Formation. Based on the Stratigraphic continuity, the metabasalt-metapelite association (Bengpal) underlying the feldapathic quartzite (Bacheli metasiliciclastic-Bailadila) is proposed to be included as basal formation of Balladila Group.
Further, high LaN/YbN(10.41-15.89(ratio and Eu/Eu* (0.56-0.64) negative anamolies suggest a sialic continental crust.
It is also proposed that metavolcania-clastic association at chandenar and Tulsi Dongar being similar in lithoassociation to the proposed Bhansi Formation should also be considered of Bailadila Group.
Early Tertiary Ostracodes from the Pondicherry Formation, Pondicherry
Authors: Nagori M. L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Thirteen ostracode species are recorded from the upper marlstone unit of Pondicherry Formation. Of these four species are new. These are :Bythocypris indica, Cytherelloidca pondicherriensis, phalcocythere (Phalcocythere) bireticulata, and Phyrcocythere nodosa, The present paper describes and illustrates the new species. The finding of a species of the genus Phyrocythere extends the geographic limits of the genus from Saudi Arabia to India during Early Territary.
A Note on Sulphide-Oxide Mineralisation in Carlsberg Ridge Basalts
Authors: Banerjee R. , Iyer S. D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Pillow basalts from the Carlsberg Ridge at 3°35'N contain disseminated chalcopyrite, pyrite, and magnetite. The euhedral shape of the pyrite grains indicate them to be early formed and grown unobstructed while magnetite occurs as skeletal crystals. These opaque minerals indicate their origin from a rapidly cooled silicate melt and probably resulted by a process of liquid immiscibility during lava emplacement.
Geochemistry of the Gondwana Sandstones from the Areas of Adilabad and Karimnagar Districts, (A.P.)
Authors: Sayyed M. R. G. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Gondwana sandstones from the present area of study, are studied with the help of geochemical discriminating parameters. Most of these parameters suggest a 'Passive Margin setting for the deposition of these sandstones. Excepting Upper Barakar and Upper Kamthi sandstones, other sandstones are chemically immature. These sandstones were deposited in plate interior or in the intracratonic basin and in general the basin of deposition could have been largely fluctuating.
Geochemistry of Sedimentary Organics of West Bokaro and Daitonganj Coal Fields, Bihar
Authors: Mishra C. S. , Samanta U. , Jain S. , Misra K. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Hydrocarbon source rock charactcristic of three formations - Barakar, Karharbari and Talchir of Gondwana graben in West Bokaro and Daltonganj coal fields are presented in this paper. Talchir Formation is lean in organic matter, whereas Barakar and Karharbari formations deposited in continental peat swamp environments, are rich in organic matter. The organic matter is mainly gas prone with subordinate liquid hydrocarbon generation potential. Maturation parameters such as vitrinite reflectance, T-max of rock eval pyrolysis and methyl phenanthrene index (MPI) indicate that the studied samples are in catagenetic zone of hydrocarbon generation.
57Fe Mossbauer Study of Low Aluminous (Low Ca) Orthopyroxene from Sukinda, Orissa (India) and its Petrogenetic Implication
Authors: Mitra Sachinath 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A low Al, low Ca enstatite from within an orthopyroxenite dyke rock in the Sukinda chromite field was physico-chemically investigated by use of 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy XRF and XRD. The parameters of the fitted 57Fe Mossbauer spectra show the presence of Fe3+ in the octahedral M1 site of pyroxene structure.
The room temperature Mossbauer results show three doublets corresponding to Fe2+ (Ml), Fe2+ (M2) and Fe3+ (M1) sites. The QS values in two samples are found to be 2.80 and 2.96 mm/s for Fe2+ , (M1), and 1.89 and 2.08 mm/s for Fe2+ (M2) doublets. In both samples Fe3+-(M1) gives IS values 0.38 and 0.56 mm/s and QS values 0.48 and 0.49 mm/s. From their dependence on XFe21M1and XFe21M2 distributions the bond distances of tetrahedral and octahedral sites have been measured.
In the present case Fe3+ in the orthopyroxene structure is presumed to have been formed primarily at the stage of its crystallisation from a melt having requisitely high fO2. The temperature recorded by the Sukinda orthopyroxenile body has been estimatcd as 800°C from the distribution of Fe2+ - Mg over Ml and M2 sites. From the Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio the oxygen fugacity has been calculated as log fO2 = -6.189, which suggests that crystallisation of Sukinda orthopyroxene took place in the lower crustal regions rather than in the mantle.
Gold-Silver Decoupling in Weathering Front: Implications for Gold Exploration in Lateritic Terranes
Authors: Santosh M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The differential solubilities of gold and silver in low temperature fluids lead to Au-Ag decoupling in the weathering front. Selective extraction of silver from the primary ores, or differential precipitation of gold at the fluid front can generate supergene gold deposits with enhanced grade. Gold grains formed by each process will be characterized by distinct evolutionary trends in grain morphology and chemistry. In the laterite-hosted gold mineralization of Nilambur, gold fineness (1000 Au/Au+Ag) increases from 921 in the primary veins to an absolute 1000 in laterites, with a concomitant four-fold increase in grain size. The kinetics and growth of gold particles are dictated by the degree of supersaturation, size of the critical nucleus and the free energy of nucleation, together with time-integrated fluid-rock ratio.
Chemical propagation and physical dislocation of Au during weathering place limitations on the application of conventional exploration techniques, and interpretation of anomalies defined from geochemical surveys on bulk samples. Two cases arc identified in this study: "shadow gold" - where overlying prominentanomaly is unrelated to the barren reef bcneath; and "masked gold"- where the potential of the underlying protore is masked by a weak signal in the overlying anomaly. It is suggested that the gradients in Au conlent within individual grains. and the trends in morphological evolution of gold particles are potential pathfinders for gold exploration in lateritic terranes.
Geophysics in Town Planning - A Case Study
Authors: Lal Babu 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Geophysical surveys as aid to urban evaluation in the Vidyadhar Nagar area adjacent to Jaipur city, Rajasthan, have been conducted. DC resistivity surveys over area covered by sand and dunes indicated the presence of a moderately thick surface layer underlain by a potable aquifer zone of substantial thickness over quartzite bedrock of even topography deepening towards southwest. The results of the magnetic survey show, in general, normal structural behaviour barring a high in the southwest part of the area. The high is explained as due to an intrusive feature at a considerable depth, hence inconsequential for town planning. Subsequently, Jaipur Development Authority has undertaken construction of urban complex with a high rise structure in the area. The paper presents the geophysical results along with chemical analysis of ground water and computer studies. The soundings reveal the suitability of the area for urbanisation, considering the presence of moderately thick surface horizon underlain by a promising aquifer formed over the quartzite bedrock of even topography and disposition. The order of the resistivity obtained and the chemical composition of ground water show the ground water to be of good quality for drinking purpose.
A New Occurrence of Kimberlite Near Kotakonda, Mahboobnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Kameswara Rao T. , Sarma K. J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A Kimberlite dyke, with the appearance of a conglomerate due to the presence of mega and macro-crysts of olivine resembling pebbles, is located for the first time near Kotakonda, at about 10 km SSE of the known kimberlitic occurrences of Maddur area. Its massive look, lack of country rock xenoliths, local trachytic texture and concentration of megacrysts of olivine and orthopyroxene reflect hypabyssal nature. It consists mainly of rounded and corroded mega and macro-crysts of serpentine pseudomorphs of olivine and subordinate ortho- and clinopyroxene set in a fine-grained matrix containing microphenocrysts of euhedral olivine, monticellite. perovskite, spinel, apatite, calcite, ilmenite, magnetite, chromite and pyrite. The intergranular space is occupied by phlogopite, serpentite and carbonates. The major element chemistry of Kotakonda kimberlite, with low Niggili Si and high K and Mg values and alkali- and alumina-poor and cafemic-rich nature, matches well with that of kimberlite pipes 2,3,4 and 7 of Vajrakarur and kimberlites of Russia and Greenland. Its REE data agrees with that of 'basaltic kimberlites' of south India. The Kotakonda and Maddur kimberlite occurrences, possibly representing thc northern loci of kimberlitic activity of Vajrakarur area, show a rise of + 10 mgl over the background value in the regional gravity picture and fall within the zone of intersection of NE-SW and NNW-SSE lineaments, which could be a manifestation of mantle uplift and crustal thinning, thereby opening a new vista for the search of kimberlites.
Geomorphology and! Neotectonic Activity of Time Gandak Mega-Fan and Adjoining Areas, Middle Gangetic Plains
Authors: Mohindra Rakesh , Parkash B. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Based on remote sensing mapping, field study of morphology and soils, and laboratoty analysis of soils, the Gandak mega-fan and adjoining areas are divided into ten major geomorphic units - Gandak Floodplain, Young Gandak Plain, Older Gandak Plain, Oldest Gandak Plain, Old Rapti Plain, Old Ghaghra Plain, Ganga-Ghaghra Interfluve Plain and floodplains of the Ganga, Ghaghra and Rapti. The present study indicates that the Gandak river has shifted over its mega-fan from west to east from the Oldest Gandak Plain to Gandak Floodplain over a distance of about 105 km. One way shifting is due to slow eastward neotectonic tilting of the mega-fan. As the Gandak shifts across the mega-fan, it leaves behind numerous ponds, channels, lakes etc., which, with time, get integrated into fewer channels and drainage improves. Slow tilting has resulted in deposition of a flick ( &gt; 1.7 m) vertical accretion silt layer over most of the mega-fan, even on the proximal portion deposited by the braided Gandak Channel. It has also been responsible for higher degree of soH development from east to west on the Gandak mega-fan. The whole region of the Gandak mega-fan is subsiding, but in the area of the Young Gandak Plain the sedimentation rate is slow and is not keeping pace with subsidence. This has resulted in impeded drainage, waterlogging and ponding on a large scale.
Magnetic Susceptibility Stuldies of Surficial Sediments from the Deep Arabian Sea
Authors: Shankar R. , Subbarao K. V. , Kolla V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A wide variety of processes such as volcanic activity, submarine and continental weathering, aeolian transport and authigenesis can account for the magnetic susceptibility of the deep Arabian Sea sediments. Preliminary studies of the magnetic fraction indicate that it is predominantly composed of pseudo-single domain and viscous magnetite. It is found that magnetic susceptibility can be used to estimate the approximate iron content of marine sediments.
P-T Conditions of Pelitic Granulites and Associated Charnockites of Chinwali Area, West of Delhi Fold Belt, Rajasthan
Authors: Fareeduddin  , Shankara M. A. , Basavalingu B. , Janardhan A. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A brief account of the petrology and structure of medium grade pelitic granulites and associated charnockites occurring as slivers in the Anasagar migmatitic gneiss is given. These granulite slivers have been traced along strike up to 40 km and may cover a much wider area. Cordierite bearing pelitic granulites associated with charnockites around Chinwali were chosen for estimating metamorphic P-T conditions. The pelitic granulites are represented by the assenlblage opx-cord-gt-bio--silli-plag-k felds- qtz. Biotite-fibrolite intergrowths grow on cordierite which has opx inclusions. Garnet is often smeared with graphite. Metamorphic conditions of petite show peak pressures of 7.5 kb at 640°C. Charnockites generally record retrogressive pressure conditions of 5.7 - 4.0 kb. The mineralogy of the Chinwali granulites and P-T condition compare well with that of Sandmata granulites. The presence of these granulites, north of Ajmer, in basement migmatitic gneisses suggest the presence of an older deep crustal fragment (ca. 1.7 Ga) along the northwestern margin of the Aravalli Delhi Mobile Belt (ADMB) and belies the prevailing concepts of eastward crustal thickening and westward age polarity in the western Indian shield.
Textural Studies of the Surficial Sediments of Muvattupuzha River and Central Vembanad Estuary, Kerala
Authors: Seralathan P. , Padmalal D. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Muvattupuzha river and the Central Vembanad estuary have been studied mainly for grain size spectrum and textural parameters such as phi mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis. In general, the grain size spectrum shows a marked gradation downstream. The observed variation is in consonance with the energy conditions controlled by the profile of the river as wellas the natural and man-made obstacles encountered in the river channel. In the estuary, the textural pattern is highly complicated owing to the fluctuation in the physico-chemical conditions prevailing in the system. Further, seasonal maintenance dredging activities by the Port authorities also have a considerable bearing on the sediment dispersal pattern of the estuary. The CM model worked out for the fluvial system perfectly agrees with the transportational and depositional regimes of the river and the estuary.
Petrology and Petrogenesis of Syenites from the Cuddapah Basin, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Madhavan V. , Mallikharjuna Rao J. , Srinivas M. , Natarajan R. , Sayeed Ausaf 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Rare bodies of syenites of alkaline or subalkaline character occur as intrusions in the rocks of the Cuddapah Supergroup within the Cuddapah basin. The alkali syenites (found at Racherla, Idamakallu and Giddalur) are mainly composed of riebeckite (arfvedsonite), ilmenite, orthoclase and the subalkaline syenites (located at Gundlapalle) comprise hedenbergite, and microcline-perthite. Accessory quartz is invariably present in both the syenites. These intrusive bodies display contrasting mineralogical and geochemical characteristics. The quartz- and hypersthenenormative subalkaline syenite has the attributes of a ferrosyenite and has been subjected to hydrothermal alteration which not only resulted in the formation of secondary minerals like nontronite, amphibole, biotite and magnetite- all at the expense of hedenbcrgite, but also partly converted the Fe+2 into Fe +3. These subalkaline syenites are characterized by an extreme paucity of Mg, has low to moderate contents of Ba, Sr, Rb, Zr and REE. The quartz, hypersthene and acmite- normative alkali syenites (lusitanite) on the other hand are abnormally enriched in Ti; Rb is low but Ba, Sr, Ce, Nb, Nd, Ta, Sm, La, Zr am also the ratios K/Rb, Ti/Zr, Ce/Y and HREE/LREE are conspicuously high.
The syenites of the Cuddapah basin, seem to have crystallized under contrasting conditions. While the alkali syenites crystallized under high PH2O, the crystallization of subalkaline syenite took place under dry arid reducing conditions signifying a closed system. It is envisaged that the subalkaline ferrosyenite of Gundlapalle was formed by low-pressure crystal fractionation of a continental tholeiitic basaltic magma. The alkali syenites, on the other hand, are postulated to have crystallized from a mantle-derived, hydrous, alkaline magma enriched in Large Ion Lithophile Elements and Light Rare Earth Elements.
Triassic Palynoflora from the Krishna-Godavari Basin (India) and its Stratigraphic Significance
Authors: Prasad Bijai , Jain A. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Triassic palynomorph assemblages are recorded from the subsurface sediments of the Krishna-Godavari Basin. Four palynological assemblage zones, ranging in age from Smithian to Norian are identified in different well sections. These assemblages closely resemble Early to Late Triassic palynoflora of northwestern Australia and represent the Onslow type palynoflora.
It is suggested that the subsurface sedimentary sections in this basin, which have yielded typical Smithian to Norian palynoflora, and are termed as "Chintalapudi Sandstones", be referred to as Maleri sequence or its equivalents.
A Petrochemical Study of the Gabbroic Rocks of Warikwah, Baramulla District, Kashmir Himalaya
Authors: Fotedar B. K. , Raina A. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A gabbroic pluton of 4 sq km areal extension crops out at Warikwah, Baramulla District, Kashmir Himalaya. The three rock types in the pluton are recognized as norite, gabbro and quartz gabbro which are the products of differentiation under low PH2O conditions in that order. The parental magma is considered to be of tholeiitic nature and is derived from a deep source as reflected by major and trace element variation. After the emplacement in an orogenic (collisional) tectonic setting, the pluton has undergone low-grade. amphibolite facies metamorphism.
Radioactive Fossil Placer (Cyrtolite-Hematite Ironstone) from the Boleng Area, East Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Singh Rajendra , Dhana Raju R. , Singh A. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A zirconium-rare earth (RE)-thorium-uranium fossil placer with about 60-84% heavy and resistant minerals is recorded in association with quartzite and metagreywacke of the Proterozoic Miri Group from the Boleng area in East Siang District of Arunachal Pradesh. The heavy minerals occur as thin layers with variable thickness of a fraction of a cm to a maximum of 12 cm. The mineralised rocks are hard, highly compact, very heavy (sp. gr. 3.96-4.66), massive (at places, banded) and exhbit clastic texture with rounded to subrounded and well sorted fine grains of heavy minerals pointing to a long distance of transportation. Mineralogically, it consists of 46-61% opaques (mostly Ti-hematite), 9-13% rutile, 3-9% cyrtolite, 0.7-4.5% monazite and 0.2-0.9% thorite, all set in 10-30% sericitic matrix. Chemically, it is markedly different from the widespread unconsolidated coastal and inland placers, and analyses about 43-62% iron oxides, 1.7-5.4% Zr02, 0.5-3.1 % (RE,Y)2O3, 0.1-0.5% ThO2, and 0.01-0.9% U3O8. Chondrite-normalizcd REE-pattems show light REE enrichment and heavy REE depletion, with (Ce/Yb)cn ratio of 9-10 and markedly negative Eu-anomaly (Eu/Eu: 0.18-0.22). Generally, consolidated placers (fossil placers) are monazite-rich, whereas unconsolidated placers are, zircon-rich and viewed in this light, the cyrtolite (zircon)-rich fossil placer from the Boleng area is a rare occurrence.
Study of Groundwater Occurrence and Mixing in Pushkar (Ajmer) Valley, Rajasthan with d18O and Hydrochemical Data
Authors: Datta P. S. , Bhattacharya S. K. , Mookerjee P. , Tyagi S. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Stable isotopic composition of groundwaters and their hydrochemistry have been used for investigating possible existence of both palaeo-water and replenishable groundwater in Pushkar (Ajmer) Valley, Rajasthan. Causes of salinity increase in some of the groundwaters and intermixing of saline and fresh groundwaters have also been studied. The d18O values of water samples show a wide range varying from -6.3‰ to +4.0‰, indicating different sources of origin of these waters. There is a depletion of d18O with increasing depth of water table which may be due to stratification in groundwater with shallower zones being recharged from relatively modern rainfall. The chemical composition of groundwatlbrs shows a wide variation with electrical conductivity ranging from 150μmhos/cm to 8400μmhos/cm. Linear relationship between d18O and Cl- is a clear indication that the groundwaters are freshwater intermixed with different amounts of a saline endmember. Highly depleted, low salinity groundwaters seem to be of palaeo-origin. The most probable genesis of the 18O enriched, high salinity groundwater is from an originally evaporitic environment.