bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Luxury City
Authors: Brash Julian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis entry discusses the term “luxury city,” defined as a distinct strategy of development that aims to bring into being an urban environment geared to satisfy the interests and desires of wealthy elites in a variety of ways. The entry notes the ways in which the concept builds on and extends to other concepts in urban theory, discusses the role that the luxury city plays in contemporary class processes, and links the luxury city to the ongoing deepening of global economic inequality.
Nature's Metropolis
Authors: Sirigotis James 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
“Nature's metropolis” is both a seminal text in urban studies and a theoretical orientation toward the interdependencies of urban centers and their rural hinterlands. While the term was coined by William Cronon, the concept has gone on to inform a wide range of research that focuses on the coconstitution of urban and rural landscapes, fundamentally challenging the traditional Western nature–society binaries. Hailing from a Marxist tradition, research regarding nature and cities has been tied to analyses of the changing modes of capitalist industrialization and urbanization. Today a variety of work overturns the long‐held ideological boundaries between nature and society and between urban and rural in various ways, some of which are reviewed here.
PhiladelphiaNegro,The/W. E. B. DuBois
Authors: Reed Touré F. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractW. E. B. DuBois'sThe Philadelphia Negrohas remained a topic of study and debate since it was originally published in 1899. The study not only pioneered concepts and methods that would define American sociology but provides clear insights into the class politics that informs DuBois's vision for racial uplift at the dawn of the twentieth century.
Place Attachment
Authors: Paulsen Krista E. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Place attachment
describes the emotional and affective bonds between people and places. These places might be of any scale – a room in a house, a local restaurant or bar, a city, or a region. Place attachments are typically formed as people engage in positive interactions in places over time, imbuing those places with meaning and memories. Place attachment is particularly evident when people are displaced or when places are dramatically changed or destroyed. In the absence of such disruptions, we can recognize attachments as motivating a variety of behaviors that range from relocation to political and environmental activism.
Place Politics
Authors: Qian Junxi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

This entry deals with the theme of place politics. It argues that place is rendered a center of contestation when competing imaginaries and conceptions of a particular locale come into mutual play. The primary point of view advocated here is that all political struggles and actions are place‐based. In addition, this entry outlines two major dimensions of place politics: first, the threat of place being “annihilated” by the modernist logic of
space
and by the hegemonic impulses of globalization; and, second, the aspirations of different groups to define and monopolize identities of places and how struggles over meanings and values constitute the ongoing dynamics of power and resistance.
Place‐Making
Authors: Huang Shu‐Mei , Roberts Jayde Lin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPlace‐making is an assemblage of related concepts and practices predicated on the phenomenon of place. Although scholars have mostly focused on human actions in particular locations and have prioritized the significance of materiality, some have argued that place is porous and multiscalar and contains multiple human and nonhuman actors. As a process, it can be conceived of as a bundle of numerous actors rather than as a prescribed territory. As praxis, it has been a loosely defined set of practices that seek to make, transform, and care for places and for the people in them. This process tends to be inclusive and is often synonymous with community‐building, which celebrates collective action, sometimes without sufficient recognition of the politics in place‐making. Given the increasing mobility of our world, mobility and place cannot be binaries. Today, to consider mobility in the discussion of place‐making is not just a theoretical discussion but also an empirical imperative.
Social Exclusion
Authors: Silver Hilary 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSocial exclusion is a multidimensional relational process of severing social ties, preventing access to institutions, denying opportunities for social participation, and impairing social cohesion and solidarity. It contributes to and is a result of poverty. Exclusion may be based upon cultural identities as well as on age, gender, sexuality, disability, poverty, unemployment, and other stigmatized categories. These numerous dimensions of exclusion may intersect or accumulate over time and space. Social exclusion has spatial manifestations that compound the effects of other dimensions. Insiders and institutions wall themselves in and wall others out, using spatial distance as well as social and symbolic boundaries to restrict access to resources and relationships. Mechanisms of spatial exclusion include displacement, confinement, and seclusion. Exclusion impedes the ability of outsiders to fulfill normatively prescribed social roles and to participate fully in society.
Spatial Justice
Authors: Didier Sophie , Quentin Aurélie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This entry locates spatial justice (i.e., the analysis of the spatial dimension of justice) in critical social sciences theory, and retraces the development of the concept from political philosophy to geography, planning, environmental, and development studies, as well as its connections to activism and global policy circles. Three major topical dimensions of the concept are identified, the urban, environmental justice, and global justice. An overview of the globalization of the concept outside of the Anglo‐American sphere is provided at the end of the entry.
Death and Life of Great American
C
ities, The
/J. Jacobs
Authors: Zukin Sharon 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

In
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
, Jane Jacobs defends the complexity, vitality, and diversity of older cities against the massive post‐World War II shift of resources and people to US suburbs. She praises mixed uses of space and describes the “sidewalk ballet” of storekeepers, neighbors, and strangers that keeps a street lively and safe at all hours of day and night. But she condemns the “great blight of dullness” imposed by bureaucratic urban planners and the modernist template of urban design. Their power, unchecked by community “self‐organization” and citizen participation, creates isolated “towers in the park,” empty green spaces, and unsafe streets. Although these ideas were rejected by dominant urban planning writers at the time, they influenced later generations of politicians and planners and became the key ideas underlying urban revitalization, historic and community preservation, and gentrification.
Urban Ethnography
Authors: Imilan Walter , Marquez Francisca 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEthnography is a research method that involves a series of qualitative techniques of social investigation. At its core is fieldwork research and participant observation. Ethnography has played an important role in urban research by helping to reveal the different social groups that inhabit the city as well as the ways in which diversity achieves organization and claims its rights to the city. Ethnography has a history that extends back at least a hundred years, although it was not until recently that its practice extended beyond anthropology, the discipline that has cultivated it in a more systematic manner. The growing importance of subjective perspectives in the comprehension of social phenomena and the emergence of multiculturalism and hyper‐diversity in numerous contemporary societies, as well as the increasing importance of postcolonial tendencies of critical thought, have laid a foundation upon which ethnography operates as a powerful source for empirical work and theoretical formulation. Understanding the world from the “native's point of view,” ethnography provides knowledge that frequently contradicts general and universal interpretations, shedding light on the particularities and local configurations of social phenomena and bringing subjects to the fore through their practices and discourses.
Urbanism
Authors: Puchalski Vance Alan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Theories of urbanism describe how ecological and other factors lead to social and cultural patterns typically associated with city life. Urbanism as a theory gained prominence following the publication of Chicago School sociologist Louis Wirth's 1938 essay entitled “Urbanism as a Way of Life.” Wirth advanced ideas put forth by colleagues at the University of Chicago, classical European social theorists, and the groundbreaking American sociologist W. E. B. DuBois, and others, to theorize how the city influences its inhabitants' social interactions and behaviors, thus creating an urban “way of life.” Indeed, urbanism has had a lasting impact in the fields of sociology (especially urban sociology), urban studies, and urban planning. Subsequent generations of scholars have revised the theory, while practitioners have used its core principles to guide urban planning and design.
W
irth,
L
ouis
Authors: Kivisto Peter 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Louis Wirth (1897–1952) was a member of the First Chicago School, primarily known for his work in urban sociology, race and ethnic relations, mass communication, the sociology of knowledge, and applied sociology. He combined a commitment to scholarship and social reform. He played a leadership role in the department during its last phase, a role cut short by his early death.
W
right,
F
rank
L
loyd
Authors: Crosas Armengol C. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Frank Lloyd Wright was a master of modern architecture and the greatest US architect of all time. His life's work encompasses a wide range of fields, from urban to interior design, marking significant milestones in the history of modern architecture and urbanism. With his prolific architectural work, in both the eastern and western USA, he had a strong influence on introducing modern language to domestic architecture. Moreover, his nonresidential buildings also became icons of modernity and authentic prototypes for future facility buildings. His social and territorial commitment led him to elaborate an outstanding urban theory developed mainly in his books
The Disappearing City
and
The Living City
and synthesized in his most famous urban work, Broadacre City.
Istanbul
Authors: Tepe Sultan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIstanbul is a unique global megacity due to its geographic location, rich history, and cultural heritage, as well as its representativeness of major contemporary urban and global issues. This entry describes how the long history of the city has shaped its multilayered identity, which can be seen in its architecture, public spaces, arts, and neighborhood communities. Then, in relation to current challenges of urban governance, the entry examines the ways Istanbul deals with rapid social, political, and economic transformations such as refugee migration, employment patterns, urban renewal projects, and ecological problems.
Megacity
Authors: Janoschka Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A megacity is typically defined as a metropolitan area with a population that exceeds 10 million inhabitants. The sheer size of megacities implicates administrative, political, economic, social, and environmental challenges, which have required specific attention from urban planners, architects, and engineers. However, the importance of megacities in an increasingly urbanized world goes beyond the simple numeric dimension. They also crystallize processes of globalization and new pathways for urban governance, resilience, sustainability, and technology, creating new and ever more complex dynamics and social relations that define the future trends for urban life on the planet.
Megalopolis
Authors: Ross Eric S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe term “megalopolis” designates the largest type of urban conurbation. The concept was first proposed by the geographer Jean Gottmann and applied to the northeastern seaboard of the United States (Boston to Washington,DC). According to Gottmann's definition, a megalopolis is a polynuclear urban region consisting of a number of large metropolitan areas closely integrated through transportation and communications networks and having a minimum population of 25,000,000 people. The term has continued to be used since it was first proposed, but its definition has varied and it competes in the academic literature with other related terms.
M
oses,
R
obert
Authors: Ross Eric S. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Robert Moses (1888–1981) was an urban planner and public administrator who worked in various capacities for both the State of New York and New York City from the 1920s until the 1960s. He was the most powerful and influential American urban planner of the mid‐twentieth century. His career corresponded to the apogee of New York City as the largest city in the world. He was responsible for the planning and construction of a great deal of the metropolitan area's modern transportation infrastructure, public housing and urban renewal projects, and flagship projects such as the UN Headquarters, Lincoln Center, and the World's Fairs of 1939 and 1964.
Occupy (Movement)
Authors: Lorr Michael J. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

The Occupy movement grew from the Occupy Wall Street idea of taking over public space in order to focus on the prevalence of contemporary inequality, as evidenced by the slogan “We are the 99 percent.” Occupy is akin, in spirit, to Guy Debord's
Society of Spectacle
and to Henri Lefebvre's idea of a right to the city. Occupy's greatest success was to shift public discourse away from austerity measures and toward conversations about inequality. But Occupy did not have the electoral success of the Tea Party movement – a similar movement on the right of the political spectrum. Much of Occupy has moved to online social media styled work, such as the circulation of memes via “Occupy the Democratic Party.”
Urban Megaprojects
Authors: Jajamovich Guillermo , Kozak Daniel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Urban megaprojects are public or public–private operations of urban transformation defined as such based on their spatial scale, their cost, the planning models on which they are based, and/or the land value that they produce. The term “megaproject” was coined in the 1970s as part of a series of public and private initiatives in Canada. However, it is usual to find it retrospectively applied, in order to conceptualize projects that are prior to the emergence of the neologism.
Urban Utopia
Authors: Crommelin Laura 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAn urban utopia is a city that is both idealized and imagined. Many urbanists have designed urban utopias, either in theory or in practice, with mixed results. Famous examples include twentieth‐century city plans created by Ebenezer Howard, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. While never fully implemented, each plan significantly influenced urban planning, albeit sometimes in unintended ways. More recent utopian visions from urban scholars like Sandercock and Harvey have focused on improving urban social processes rather than physical urban design. Utopian qualities can also be discerned in other recent urban trends, including the creative city and sustainability movements. Ultimately, these new trends are no more likely to achieve the impossible goal of creating an urban utopia than past attempts. However, they demonstrate the value of utopian thinking for urbanists, as it highlights current problems and offers a vision to motivate us to keep making our cities better.
L
e
C
orbusier
Authors: Atria Maximiano 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Le Corbusier, Swiss (later French) architect and urban planner, was one of the most influential figures of the twentieth century, promoting the renovation of architecture and urbanism around the world. His books, writings, paintings, buildings, and urban plans are today a central focus of attention for researchers and historians of architecture, as well as a goal of pilgrimage for thousands of architects from the five continents. Some have compared his influence with that of Michelangelo, and certainly no other architect has provoked more controversies and debate, both during his lifetime and afterwards.
Cities in
N
orth
A
frica
Authors: Ali Amal K. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Cities of North Africa have grown as economic, political, and cultural centers along the coastlines of the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, and of the Valley and Delta of the Nile. They share the Middle Eastern culture, in which Islam is the dominant religion and Arabic is the official language. They were affected by European colonization, struggles for independence, conflicts during the postcolonial era, and globalization forces. Their rich history produces distinctive dual cities, with traditional
medinas
and modern areas. Representative cities include Algiers, Alexandria, Cairo, Casablanca, and Khartoum. They have been challenged by urban problems resulting from rapid population growth, climate change, civil wars, and terrorism.
Dakar
Authors: Hungerford Hilary 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDakar in Senegal emerged in the early 1900s as an important urban center in the French empire, and has retained its importance in postcolonial Senegal. Dakar is the capital and biggest city of Senegal and boasts lively cultural, political, and economic landscapes. Music and art are central features of Dakar's cultural scene, as are the centers of the country's political and economic power. Challenges facing Dakar include weak infrastructure and urban services such as trash, water, and sanitation; ensuring the economic vitality of the informal economy; governance and decentralization; and population growth.
K
inshasa
Authors: Beeckmans Luce 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), grew in less than 100 years from some dispersed villages accommodating around 30,000 people to a megalopolis of more than 12 million inhabitants. On the African continent only Lagos (Nigeria) and Cairo (Egypt) have a larger urban population. Although the Belgian colonizer strictly controlled the growth of the city through urban planning interventions, since independence in 1960 the rapid urbanization process of the city is happening without any guidance from outside. Consequently, in the literature Kinshasa is often used to illustrate Africa's inventive responses to the enduring infrastructural crisis and the resilience of Kinshasa's inhabitants in particular.
Niger River/Sahelian Cities
Authors: Youngstedt Scott M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The cities along the 1,000 km stretch of the Niger River that passes through the Sahel have been shaped by this remarkable geographic zone and its complex, millennium‐old history of civilizations and empires, trade, Islam, cultural diversity, French colonialism, and contemporary local, national, and global policies. Today Sahelian cities of the Niger River face many serious challenges, including climate disruption, insecurity, rapid growth, and land grabs by private foreign investors. This entry also presents profiles of two ancient cities that are part of the modern country of Mali – Gao and Timbuktu – and of a city that is essentially a product of French colonialism – Niamey, the capital of Niger.
Sanitation
Authors: Njeru Jeremia N. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
With an estimated 60 percent of its urban residents lacking access to good sanitation, sub‐Saharan Africa is at the center of the global sanitation crisis. This entry describes the challenges of and prospects for solving urban sanitation problems in the region and highlights the factors that have contributed to the problems, including rapid population growth, colonial legacies of urban sanitation provision, and neoliberal restructuring. The entry also shows how the view, among sanitation advocates, that the provision of clean and safe shared facilities should be central to urban sanitation interventions in developing countries is reflected in some of the sanitation systems in sub‐Saharan Africa. How the adoption of appropriate technologies and the implementation of management regimes that employ tri‐sector partnerships – involving government, private, and voluntary sectors – are part of the solution to urban sanitation in the region is also examined.
Urban Agriculture
Authors: Masilela Calvin O. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Recent trends in development and planning literature seem to suggest that urban agriculture may be the panacea to ensuring urban food security and poverty alleviation in developing countries. This entry explores these trends within the context of people, places, and time. The entry asserts that urban agriculture needs to be looked at and evaluated in a way that goes beyond the trajectory of urban population growth trends to also include physical, political, and sociopolitical shock factors that undermine people's livelihood systems. It is argued here that for urban agriculture to be embraced as a strategy for overcoming food security needs, it will need to overcome structural and institutional factors that have bedeviled traditional agriculture in developing countries of Africa.
Urban Refugees
Authors: Subulwa Angela G. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Refugee populations in sub‐Saharan Africa are growing rapidly and face numerous legal, social, political, and economic challenges on a daily basis, particularly those living in Africa's cities. Historically, refugee policy operated under the assumption that refugees are situated in rural areas, as a review of major international agreements makes evident. Yet global and regional trends indicate significant increases in urban refugee populations that necessitate revisions of operational definitions and policies designed to serve and protect refugees in cities. The most significant challenges facing urban refugees fall into three broad categories: registration and documentation; access to urban services (housing, healthcare, education, and credit); and widespread xenophobia. Additionally, refugees in African cities often face many of the same challenges as the rest of the urban poor.
Urban Design History
Authors: Larice Michael 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

The history of urban design can be viewed and understood through three different conceptual filters.
Urban form patterns
refer to the basic structures of urban practice and each can be witnessed in different historical periods. These patterns include: organic; functional; cosmological; formal; picturesque; and cellular.
Historical urbanisms
focus on empirical urban design features associated with specific urban practices of different eras. Within these are found hundreds of different urbanisms that continue today, many years after they appeared. Lastly,
urban design movements
refer to specific practices under the guise of a manifesto or school of thought, many of these maturing between the late nineteenth century and the present. In the contemporary field of practice, a number of challenges and debates provide the impetus for continued urban design attention.