bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Itinerant 2D Electron Gas of the Indium Oxide (111) Surface: Implications for Carbon‐ and Energy‐Conversion Applications
Authors: Jovic Vedran , Moser Simon , Papadogianni Alexandra , Koch Roland J. , Rossi Antonio , Jozwiak Chris , Bostwick Aaron , Rotenberg Eli , Kennedy John V. , Bierwagen Oliver , Smith Kevin E. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTransparent conducting oxides (TCO) have integral and emerging roles in photovoltaic, thermoelectric energy conversion, and more recently, photocatalytic systems. The functional properties of TCOs, and thus their role in these applications, are often mediated by the bulk electronic band structure but are also strongly influenced by the electronic structure of the native surface 2D electron gas (2DEG), particularly under operating conditions. This study investigates the 2DEG, and its response to changes in chemistry, at the (111) surface of the model TCO In2O3, through angle resolved and core level X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy. It is found that the itinerant charge carriers of the 2DEG reside in two quantum well subbands penetrating up to 65 Å below the surface. The charge carrier concentration of this 2DEG, and thus the high surface n‐type conductivity, emerges from donor‐type oxygen vacancies of surface character and proves to be remarkably robust against surface absorbents and contamination. The optical transparency, however, may rely on the presence of ubiquitous surface adsorbed oxygen groups and hydrogen defect states that passivate localized oxygen vacancy states in the bandgap of In2O3.
Highlighting transcribed ultraconserved regions in human diseases
Authors: Pereira Zambalde Erika , Mathias Carolina , Rodrigues Ana Carolina , de Souza Fonseca Ribeiro Enilze M. , Fiori Gradia Daniela , Calin George A. , Carvalho de Oliveira Jaqueline 
Published: September 2019

AbstractUltraconserved regions (UCRs) are 481 DNA segments longer than 200 bp in length that are completely conserved among human, mouse, and rat and, extremely conserved across disparate taxa. More than 90% of UCRs are transcribed (T‐UCRs) in normal tissues, but most of them remain uncharacterized. In addition, it was demonstrated that T‐UCRs have a tissue‐specific expression, and a differential expression profile between tumors and other diseases, which suggests that most of T‐UCRs may have an important role in cell processes. However, there is little information about T‐UCR characterization or about their molecular mechanisms of action. Taking this into account, in this study, we aim to summarize deregulated T‐UCRs in human diseases, emphasizing the ones with stronger functional evidences that are associated with important cell pathways and have a detailed molecular characterization.This article is characterized under:
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs
Historical Evolution of India’s Patent Regime and Its Impact on Innovation in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Racherla Uday S. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractArticle 21 of the Indian Constitution guarantees every person and citizen of India the right to life and the right to personal liberty. Further, Article 47 of the Indian Constitution declares that it is the duty and obligation of the Indian state to improve public health. In addition, Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) adopted by India asserts that nations have an obligation to facilitate the right to health. Thus, the Indian government operates under the premise that medicines critical to the important healthcare needs of India’s population must be both available and affordable. Indeed, this paradigm is the foundational basis for India’s vision for the right to health under the Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. Thus, the Indian policy makers strive to meet India’s constitutional obligations for the right to health while promoting its innovation ecosystem and safeguarding the legitimate business interests of MNCs. Indeed, this powerful undercurrent has been shaping the evolution of the Indian patent regime since India’s independence in 1947, through the 1970s, the economic liberalization era initiated in the 1990s, through the membership of WTO and TRIPs Agreement in 1995, post-TRIPS in 2005 and all the way up to today. In this context, this chapter analyzes how the Indian patent regime has been leveraging the flexibilities afforded under the TRIPS Agreement for the prevention of evergreening, award of compulsory licenses, retention of pre-grant opposition, and introduction of post-grant opposition and discusses how these dynamic changes are having a global impact.
Information Technology Industry in China
Authors: Chen Xiangdong , Li Ruixi , Lv Miaochen , Chen Dian , Yang Lingzi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBy summarizing research literature in both international sources and Chinese local journals on the information technology (IT) industries, and comparing the progress and development between China and India, this chapter provides a picture of the development patterns and their similarities and differences in the IT industries in the two countries. There are two kinds of IT industries, namely, hardware-based IT (primarily manufacturing and strongly protected by IP, especially patents) and software-based IT (primarily service, either separate or combined with manufacturing sectors, partially protected by the patent system), while Chinese firms are well developed in the first, Indian firms specialize in the second. In addition, the industrial culture (training system and language used, etc.) and organizational structure embedded in the industries provide unique advantages to Indian firms, making them internationally competitive but less so in the domestic market. In contrast, Chinese companies are developing faster in the domestic market and comparatively weak internationally. Throughout the chapter, a 2×2 situation is analyzed to contrast differences in terms of manufacturing vs. service, and of upstream sectors (industrial market) vs. downstream sectors (consumer market), with particular focus on IT software industries and on finding explanations for different IP functions in the two countries: IP functions in IT industry may be comparable with the pharmaceutical industry in China; however, this function is totally different from the situation in the pharmaceutical sector in India.
Chinese Film Industry Under the Lens of Copyright, Policy, and Market
Authors: Wei Lizhou , Li Yanbing 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe development history of the Chinese film industry can generally be divided into three stages: early cinema, policy-controlled cinema, and contemporary cinema. The Chinese cinema is an instructive story. On the one hand, it had been under the radar of the copyright law for 95 years, and its main constraints were underdeveloped technology, private capital deficiency, wartime disruption, and ideological and political concerns. On the other, contemporary Chinese film copyright has been greatly influenced by both the author’s right system and the copyright system. Despite high piracy and weak enforcement, it managed to complete a dramatic shift from a policy-controlled to market-driven and even copyright-based industry within just decades. This chapter will place the film industry under the lens of copyright, policy, and market in the context of China.
Contemporary Challenges of Online Copyright Enforcement in India
Authors: Banerjee Arpan 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses legal strategies to enforce copyright online in India, with a focus on the film industry. The chapter begins by acknowledging various limitations of online copyright enforcement. Then, in Sect. 2, the chapter provides a broad overview of the landscape concerning film piracy in India. In Sect. 3, the chapter discusses a proposed (and unimplemented) recommendation to target end-users in India. In Sect. 4, the chapter discusses recent developments concerning website-blocking injunctions, which is a strategy that the industry has consistently pursued in recent years. In Sect. 5, the chapter discusses the ad-supported financial model of pirate websites, referencing a study conducted in India. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the efficacy of non-litigious measures, such as the targeting of ad-supported piracy and negotiations with search engines.
Laparoscopic Central Bisectionectomy and Right Anterior Sectionectomy Using Two Retraction Methods: Technical Aspects with Video
Authors: Jeung Il Han , Choi Sung Hoon , Kim Seungki , Kwon Sung Won 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundLaparoscopic central bisectionectomy and right anterior sectionectomy for centrally located tumors are technically demanding surgeries. Here, we introduce our laparoscopic technique and present the associated perioperative outcomes relative to an open approach.MethodsFrom April 2014 to November 2017, 26 patients underwent central bisectionectomy or right anterior sectionectomy. A total of 17 patients underwent the laparoscopic approach and nine underwent an open approach. We used a perihilar Glissonian approach to determine each anatomical resection plane and employed a rubber band self‐retraction technique to ensure proper exposure of the two resection planes. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, video, and perioperative outcomes of the approach are presented.ResultsAmong patients who underwent the laparoscopic approach, there were no cases of conversion to open surgery. The mean operative times for the laparoscopic and open groups were similar (333 ± 76 vs. 305 ± 62 min, respectively, p = 0.345). Intraoperative blood loss (535 ± 443 vs. 966 ± 650, p = 0.056) and postoperative complications (1 vs. 3, p = 0.065) were slightly less in the laparoscopic group, but the difference was not statistically significant. Surgical margins of both approaches were comparable (0.8 ± 0.6 vs. 0.7 ± 0.2 cm, p = 0.671). The length of hospital stay after surgery was significantly shorter in the laparoscopic group (8.8 ± 2.6 vs. 17.1 ± 12.7 days, p = 0.015).ConclusionThe laparoscopic approach for central bisectionectomy and right anterior sectionectomy described in this study is feasible and safe with respect to short‐term perioperative outcomes and may provide several benefits commonly attributed to minimally invasive surgery in selected patients.
In vivo measures of tau burden are associated with atrophy in early Braak stage medial temporal lobe regions in amyloid‐negative individuals
Authors: Das Sandhitsu R. , Xie Long , Wisse Laura E.M. , Vergnet Nicolas , Ittyerah Ranjit , Cui Salena , Yushkevich Paul A. , Wolk David A. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: September 2019

AbstractIntroductionIt is unclear the degree to which tau pathology in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) measured by 18F‐flortaucipir positron emission tomography relates to MTL subregional atrophy and whether this relationship differs between amyloid‐β–positive and amyloid‐β–negative individuals.MethodsWe analyzed correlation of MTL 18F‐flortaucipir uptake with MTL subregional atrophy measured with high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging in a region of interest and regional thickness analysis and determined the relationship between memory performance and positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging measures.ResultsBoth groups showed strong correlations between 18F‐flortaucipir uptake and atrophy, with similar spatial patterns. Effects in the rhinal cortex recapitulated Braak staging. Correlations of memory recall with atrophy and tracer uptake were observed.DiscussionCorrelation patterns between tau burden and atrophy in the amyloid‐β–negative group mimicking early Braak stages suggests that 18F‐flortaucipir is sensitive to tau pathology in primary age‐related tauopathy. Correlations of imaging measures with memory performance indicate that this pathology is associated with poorer cognition.
Surgical Outcomes of Neoscrotal Augmentation with Testicular Prostheses in Transgender Men
Authors: Pigot Garry L.S. , Al-Tamimi Muhammed , Ronkes Brechje , van der Sluis Tim M. , Özer Müjde , Smit Jan Maerten , Buncamper Marlon E. , Mullender Margriet G. , Bouman Mark-Bram , van der Sluis Wouter B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Testicular prosthesis implantation may be used for neoscrotal augmentation in transgender men.

Aim
Assess the clinical outcomes and risk factors for postoperative complications of this procedure in transgender men.

Methods
All transgender men who underwent neoscrotal augmentation with testicular implants between January 1992 and December 2018 were retrospectively identified. A retrospective chart study was performed that recorded surgical characteristics and postoperative complications. Risk factors on complications were identified using uni- and multivariate analyses.

Main Outcome Measure
Surgical outcomes included explantation due to infection, extrusion, discomfort, or leakage.

Results
We identified 206 patients, and the following prostheses were placed: Dow Corning (n = 22), Eurosilicone (n = 2), Nagor (n = 205), Polytech (n = 10), Promedon (n = 105) , Prometel (n = 22), Sebbin (n = 44), and unknown (n = 2). The mean clinical follow-up time was 11.5 ± 8.3 years. In 43 patients (20.8%), one or both prostheses were explanted due to infection, extrusion, discomfort, prosthesis leakage, or urethral problems. Currently, scrotoplasty according to Hoebeke is the most frequently performed technique. Our review found that for this technique explantation occurred in 6 of 52 patients (11.5%). A history of smoking was a risk factor for postoperative infections and prosthesis explantation. In earlier years, larger prostheses were immediately placed at scrotal reconstruction; however, a trend can be seen toward smaller and lighter testicular prostheses and delayed implantation.

Clinical Implications
Patients wanting to undergo this procedure can be adequately informed on postoperative outcomes.

Strengths & Limitations
Strengths of this study include the number of patients, long clinical follow-up time, and completeness of data. Weaknesses of this study include its retrospective nature and the high variability of prostheses and surgical techniques used.

Conclusion
Over the years, scrotoplasty techniques and testicular prostheses preferences have changed. Explantation rates have dropped over the last decade.
Heterogeneity in helminth infections: factors influencing aggregation in a simple host–parasite system
Authors: Tinsley Richard C. , Rose Vineer Hanna , Grainger-Wood Rebecca , Morgan Eric R. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe almost universally-occurring aggregated distributions of helminth burdens in host populations have major significance for parasite population ecology and evolutionary biology, but the mechanisms generating heterogeneity remain poorly understood. For the direct life cycle monogeneanDiscocotyle sagittatainfecting rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, variables potentially influencing aggregation can be analysed individually. This study was based at a fish farm where every host individual becomes infected byD. sagittataduring each annual transmission period. Worm burdens were examined in one trout population maintained in isolation for 9 years, exposed to self-contained transmission. After this year-on-year recruitment, prevalence was 100% with intensities 10–2628, mean 576, worms per host. Parasite distribution, amongst hosts with the same age and environmental experience, was highly aggregated with variance to mean ratio 834 and negative binomial parameter,k, 0.64. The most heavily infected 20% of fish carried around 80% of the total adult parasite population. Aggregation develops within the first weeks post-infection; hosts typically carried intensities of successive age-specific cohorts that were consistent for that individual, such that heavily-infected individuals carried high numbers of all parasite age classes. Results suggest that host factors alone, operating post-infection, are sufficient to generate strongly overdispersed parasite distributions, rather than heterogeneity in exposure and initial invasion.
The Ethics of (Un)Civil Resistance
Authors: Smith William 
Published: September 2019

AbstractCivil disobedience is a conscientious, unlawful, and broadly nonviolent form of protest, which most political philosophers and many non-philosophers are inclined to treat as potentially defensible in democratic societies. In recent years, philosophers have become more receptive to long-standing complaints from activists that civil disobedience is an unduly restrictive framework for considering the ethics of dissent. Candice Delmas and Jason Brennan have written important books that illustrate and strengthen this trend, both defending forms of “uncivil” resistance that go beyond the narrow confines of civil disobedience. Their books offer contrasting but complementary philosophical defences of incivility as a tactic of resistance, but it is nonetheless a mistake to conclude that the rich tradition associated with civil disobedience no longer has any relevance for resistance in national, transnational, and global contexts.
Terrestrial Energetic Neutral Atom Emissions and the Ground‐Based Geomagnetic Indices: Implications From IBEX Observations
Authors: Ogasawara K. , Dayeh M. A. , Fuselier S. A. , Goldstein J. , McComas D. J. , Valek P. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe report the first daylong continuous observations of bright terrestrial energetic neutral atom (ENA) emissions by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX). The unique vantage point of IBEX, up to ∼48 Earth radii (Re) from the dawn‐dusk side, allowed it to monitor ENAs from 0.3 to 6.0 keV over an unprecedented length of time. We have taken advantage of this capability to discover correlations between auroral electrojet (AE) indices and ENA emissions. Although it was difficult to separate the source from low‐altitude emissions and ring current emissions using IBEX's one‐pixel observations, the characteristics of these correlations and e‐folding times hint at the processes behind the ENA emissions. By introducing exponential e‐folding times ranging from 2 to 4 hr in the AE index temporal profiles, the correlation coefficient was maximized to around 0.75−0.85. This indicates (1) that the building and trapping of parent ions, accompanied by injections, cause AE enhancements and (2) that the shorter e‐folding time (typically ∼7–8 hr for energetic ring current ions, assuming charge exchange reactions) supports a more efficient decay process by Coulomb collisions in this energy range. On the other hand, no correlation was found with Sym‐H, while Asy‐H correlated for one orbit. Long‐term continuous ENA observations can also be applied to future space weather monitoring outside the magnetosphere. Based on our results, we suggest that comparisons among multiple spacecraft observations with high‐angular‐resolution ENA sensors or ENA imagers will be required to determine magnetospheric activity more accurately due to the expected asymmetry of the ENA sources.
Ecoregions in the Mediterranean Sea Through the Reanalysis of Phytoplankton Functional Types and Carbon Fluxes
Authors: Ciavatta S. , Kay S. , Brewin R. J. W. , Cox R. , Di Cicco A. , Nencioli F. , Polimene L. , Sammartino M. , Santoleri R. , Skákala J. , Tsapakis M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this work we produced a long‐term reanalysis of the phytoplankton community structure in the Mediterranean Sea and used it to define ecoregions. These were based on the spatial variability of the phytoplankton type fractions and their influence on selected carbon fluxes. A regional ocean color product of four phytoplankton functional types (PFTs; diatoms, dinoflagellates, nanophytoplankton, and picophytoplankton) was assimilated into a coupled physical‐biogeochemical model of the Mediterranean Sea (Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Coastal Ocean Modelling System‐European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model, POLCOMS–ERSEM) by using a 100‐member ensemble Kalman filter, in a reanalysis simulation for years 1998–2014. The reanalysis outperformed the reference simulation in representing the assimilated ocean color PFT fractions to total chlorophyll, although the skill for the ocean color PFT concentrations was not improved significantly. The reanalysis did not impact noticeably the reference simulation of not assimilated in situ observations, with the exception of a slight bias reduction for the situ PFT concentrations, and a deterioration of the phosphate simulation. We found that the Mediterranean Sea can be subdivided in three PFT‐based ecoregions, derived from the spatial variability of the PFT fraction dominance or relevance. Picophytoplankton dominates the largest part of open ocean waters; microphytoplankton dominates in a few, highly productive coastal spots near large‐river mouths; nanophytoplankton is relevant in intermediate‐productive coastal and Atlantic‐influenced waters. The trophic and carbon sedimentation efficiencies are highest in the microphytoplankton ecoregion and lowest in the picophytoplankton and nanophytoplankton ecoregions. The reanalysis and regionalization offer new perspectives on the variability of the structure and functioning of the phytoplankton community and related biogeochemical fluxes, with foreseeable applications in Blue Growth of the Mediterranean Sea.
Biogeochemical Anomalies at Two Southern California Current System Moorings During the 2014–2016 Warm Anomaly‐El Niño Sequence
Authors: Lilly Laura E. , Send Uwe , Lankhorst Matthias , Martz Todd R. , Feely Richard A. , Sutton Adrienne J. , Ohman Mark D. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe analyzed impacts of the 2014–2015 Pacific Warm Anomaly and 2015–2016 El Niño on physical and biogeochemical variables at two southern California Current System moorings (CCE2, nearshore upwelling off Point Conception; CCE1, offshore California Current). Nitrate and Chl‐a fluorescence were <1 μM and <1 Standardized Fluorescence Unit, respectively, at CCE2 for the entire durations of the Warm Anomaly and El Niño, the two longest periods of such low values in our time series. Negative nitrate and Chl‐a anomalies at CCE2 were interrupted briefly by upwelling conditions in spring 2015. Near‐surface temperature anomalies appeared simultaneously at both moorings in spring 2014, indicating region‐wide onset of Warm Anomaly temperatures, although sustained negative nitrate and Chl‐a anomalies only occurred offshore at CCE1 during El Niño (summer 2015 to spring 2016). Warm Anomaly temperature changes were expressed more strongly in near‐surface (<40 m) than subsurface (75 m) waters at both moorings, while El Niño produced comparable temperature anomalies at near‐surface and subsurface depths. Nearshore Ωaragonite at 76 m showed notably fewer undersaturation events during both warm periods, suggesting an environment more conducive to calcifying organisms. Planktonic calcifying molluscs (pteropods and heteropods) increased markedly in springs 2014 and 2016 and remained modestly elevated in spring 2015. Moorings provide high‐frequency measurements essential for resolving the onset timing of anomalous conditions and frequency and duration of short‐term (days‐to‐weeks) perturbations (reduced nitrate and aragonite undersaturation events) that can affect marine organisms.