bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social support and mental health
Authors: Ki Eyun-Jung , Jang JooYoung 
Published: August 2018

AbstractImmigrants experience adversity and hardship in a new environment. These experiences negatively affect their psychological well-being. Online support forums are preferred channels to seek and receive social support for mental health issues. Accordingly, this study analyzed online support forums for Chinese and Korean immigrant women, focusing on different types of mental health problems, support-seeking strategies used, social support received and the relationships between them. Asian immigrant women with mental health problems primarily sought social support by sharing their personal experiences and received informational support “most”. Informational support was most frequently offered for depression, anxiety disorder, and personality disorder, but emotional support was most frequently provided for impulse control. While informational support was most commonly offered with requests for information, emotional support was most repeatedly reported for statements of extreme behavior.
Semantic change through change in non-linguistic practice
Authors: Ponsford Dan 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the relation between semantics and non-linguistic practice and with change in that relation. The particular case involves two classes of clausal constructions that havelayas their verb and are used in initiating bets. One class involveslay a wagerand the other involveslaystake. Associated with the use of these constructions are a number of practices that have to do with what is done with the stakes of the bet. The crucial distinction among these practices in terms of the semantics oflayis whether or not stakes are physically laid down. If they are, thenlayis interpretable as naming the physical action. Otherwise, some other interpretation must be sought forlay. I show that, over three centuries, there is a decline in the practice of laying stakes down whenlaystakeis used. Withlay a wagerthere is no significant change. The result of the changing use oflaystakeis thatlayis increasingly interpreted as having a metaphoric or abstract meaning. Where the new meaning is metaphoric, this is due not to a deliberate expressive choice on the part of the speaker – as is usually assumed for metaphoric use – but to change in non-linguistic practice.
A perspective on “impoliteness” in early modern Romanian court and diplomatic interactions
Authors: Constantinescu Mihaela-Viorica 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe paper focuses on impoliteness dealt with from a historical pragmatics perspective (Jucker [ed.] 1995;Culpeper and Kádár [eds] 2010;Jucker and Taavitsainen [eds] 2010; etc.). The approach adopted in this study favours a first-order im/politeness view (Watts et al. [eds] 1992;Eelen 2001; etc.), which is mainly concerned with the evaluation of behavioural elements by the participants in a communicative event. As im/politeness in Romanian is under-researched from a historical sociopragmatic perspective, this analysis tries to fill a gap exploring the seventeenth to early-eighteenth century cultural patterns and their characteristics in only two main Romanian provinces, Moldavia and Wallachia (separate states from the Middle Ages until their union in 1859).My analysis is limited to the understanding and practices of “impoliteness” in official settings (court and diplomatic interactions), aiming to capture the production and evaluation, as well as some self-reflexive aspects (Eelen 2001;Kádár 2013) and emotional effects of “impoliteness”. The corpus consists of Moldavian and Wallachian chronicles from the second half of the seventeenth-century and first half of the eighteenth-century, presenting local court life and also scenes at the Ottoman court.
Calculating a pattern’s competitive strength
Authors: Hoekstra Eric , Merkuur Anne , Sloos Marjoleine , Weijer Jeroen van de 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis article proposes a measure of the competitive strength of two rival patterns in the domain of a subgroup of irregular verbs in English. There is competition between simple pasts built on the vowels /æ/ and /ʌ/, and the same competition is found in the domain of past participles. As a result of such competition, the past tensestang(fromsting) was replaced withstung. The /ʌ/ forms are more competitive than the /æ/ forms (Bybee & Slobin 2007,Bybee & Moder 2007). To understand this, we counted the number of types for /æ/ (such assang, rang) and /ʌ/ (such asstung, stuck) in the irregular simple past and did the same in the irregular participle (such assat, hadandsung, done). We calculated a measure of competitiveness for these two patterns incorporating type frequency and token frequency. This measure was used to explain why /ʌ/ forms are more competitive than /æ/ forms.
The definition of the TOPIC within Language into Act Theory and its identification in spontaneous speech corpora
Authors: Cresti Emanuela , Moneglia Massimo 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe paper presents the definition of the TOPIC information unit within the Language into Act Theory (L-AcT) and the prosodic and informational criteria used for its recovery in spontaneous speech corpora: Italian, Brazilian Portuguese, Spanish and American English. The TOPIC develops the specific function of field of application of the illocutionary force accomplished by the COMMENT unit, it is performed through a prefix prosodic unit and precedes the Comment. The TOPIC must be coherent with the set of requirements determined by the illocutionary force of the Comment and adequate to the speaker-addressee relation. TOPIC mostly correlates in spoken corpora with NP and ADVP and must be functionally distinguished from “postponed Topic” (APPENDIX in the L-ACT framework). However, corpora also show a good percentage of modal expressions filling its prosodic and distributional conditions.
Italian sentence adverbs in the left periphery
Authors: De Cesare Anna-Maria 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis contribution describes the functional properties of Italian sentence adverbs (SAs) occurring in the left periphery, i.e. in clause initial position, on the basis of a corpus-based analysis of articles drawn from online daily newspapers. We show that a qualitative analysis of the data found in our corpus (albeit relatively small) using the Basel model for paragraph segmentation allows to substantially refining our understanding of the information and discourse properties of these items. Our data suggests that there are important differences in the information properties of two classes of SAs, thereby confirming a classification of the category of SAs in at least two main categories. Finally, the data analyzed allows further refining our taxonomic model of Sentence Adverbials.
From glossophagic hegemony to multilingual pluralism?
Authors: Kraus Peter A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The chapter assesses the politics of multilingualism in contemporary Europe by focusing on the role of options and ligatures in the framing of linguistic identities. Whereas nation-state construction mostly entailed the establishment of monolingual spaces that should make for a convergence of linguistic ligatures and linguistic options, the emergence of new transnational settings at different levels is contributing to an increasing disconnection between language-as-an-option and language-as-a-ligature that affects not only minority, but also majority, members. This dynamic may have important implications for how demands for linguistic recognition are articulated by different groups.
Transient linguistic landscapes of activism
Authors: Mamadouh Virginie D. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores the political geography of activism against austerity policies in the Eurozone (the Member States of the European Union using the euro as their common currency) through a study of language use in demonstrations. Arguably, the protestors’ performance produces transient linguistic landscapes with placards, posters, banners, and other languaged signs which are used in this analysis to examine the Europeanisation of collective action. When public space in the local context is clearly dominated by one (state) language, political signs in different languages reveal some transnational engagement. Such multilingual signs can be interpreted not only as the expression of the diversity of the linguistic backgrounds among participants to the collective action (revealing either some transnational mobilisation or the multilingual repertoires of local participants) but also as evidence for/of the tactical use of a language (potentially) understood by the addressees outside the local and national contexts and for the emergence of a transnational public sphere. Using pictures of the protests published in conventional media or uploaded on Flickr, the image hosting website and online community, this chapter discusses signs in the local language, borrowings, English signs, signs in other languages than the national one (next to English), and code mixing.
How to measure linguistic justice?
Authors: Gobbo Federico 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
When the concept of linguistic justice was proposed by Pool (1991) in order to cope with the asymmetries quite often found in multilingual contexts, it immediately provoked a great deal of debate. To sum up the debate, there is broad agreement on the meaning of linguistic in-justice, but it is still not clear what linguistic justice really is. This doubt is reflected in the mechanics of the proposed methods for the evaluation of multilingual contexts. What are we measuring? In particular, justice for whom, for example, national citizens or migrants? At which level of analysis, that is to say, at local, national, or transnational? The answers to these types of questions will determine our choice of the right – or at least the appropriate – parameters to be taken into account in order to design an index of the proposed measurement method. In other words, measures are far from neutral, in spite of the fact that they are quantitative, especially in the field of analytical sociolinguistics (Iannàccaro & Dell’Aquila, 2011). After almost a decade of refinements, in particular by Van Parijs (2004, 2011, 2012), Grin (2011), and Grin and Gazzola (2007) observed that the intangible value of a language, being one of the main carriers of culture, is quite often left aside in the indexes that propose to measure linguistic justice as a whole. The only variable that seems to be generally accepted as being relevant is territory.
In this chapter, I examine the Calvet Language Barometer (CLB) in its latest version, published on the web in 2012, under the perspective of linguistic justice. I will proceed backwards, as the CLB aims to measure the “linguistic altitude” of languages in isolation – i.e., their position on the scale – while linguistic justice refers to languages in contact and mainly to multilingual contexts. However, the worldwide gravitational model presented in Calvet (2006, 1999), is naturally compatible with the CLB and can be used for this purpose. The case study of South Tyrol will be presented in order to test the CLB in this perspective, showing to what extent the barometer works, where it does not work, and why. In the conclusion, some preliminary ideas about a genuine multilingual measure of linguistic justice will be presented, based upon an operative notion of multilingual equilibrium.
Linguistic justice and English as a Lingua Franca
Authors: De Schutter Helder 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Several academic circles are currently theorising the global use of English, including the following two: on the one hand, a group of linguists have argued that English, as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is to be distinguished from English as a Native Language (ENL), of which ELF is not an inferior version. On the other hand, a number of political philosophers have developed theories of linguistic justice that zoom in on the normative case both for and against the global dominance of English. These two “schools” – ELF and linguistic justice – have developed simultaneously but have not engaged with each other to date. In this chapter, I examine the extent to which the linguistic injustices that the emergence of English brings to non-native speakers are reduced by the shift from a conception that prioritises native-speaker norms for English to a conception that legitimises ELF. I first argue that there are four such injustices – communicative, resource, life-world, and dignity injustices. Subsequently, I analyse for each of the injustices what difference ELF could make. My argument is that ELF reduces – but does not remove – the injustices connected to the emergence of English as the world’s lingua franca. But once we are talking about degrees of injustice reduction, other options are available as well. A more significant reduction of the injustices is possible, I argue, through establishing L1-based norms of English.
On some fashionable terms in multilingualism research
Authors: Grin François 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines, in a critical way, four different notions encountered in certain strands of academic discourse about multilingualism, which have acquired an influential position in some segments of contemporary applied linguistics. The four notions reviewed here are “superdiversity”, “languaging”, “commodification”, and “English as a lingua franca (ELF)”. The argument made in this chapter is that, while each of these concepts is problematic on its own, their combination gives rise to particularly problematic implications for language policy. The policy stances that can be derived from those notions are potentially harmful on allocative and distributive grounds, since they may undermine both linguistic diversity and linguistic justice. This chapter shows why they should be avoided, or at least substantially amended, in order to formulate policy responses aiming at the preservation of a genuine, sustainable and fair multilingualism. While the very use of these four notions raises questions regarding the evolution of applied linguistics, investigating them also matters to social scientists working on language issues, particularly language policy. The reason for this is that social scientists need to rely on sound analytical constructs in order to come to grips with the complexity of language and multilingualism as research objects, and as areas in which actual policies are selected, designed, implemented and evaluated.
Idealism or pragmatism?
Authors: von Busekist Astrid 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter aims at setting out a transitory fair language regime for migrants. I show that a lingua franca regime in “Open English” can co-exist with linguistic diversity and ad hoc multilingualism, and that this regime can be sustained transitionally by bilingual bridge-speakers. Democratic requirements of inclusion and parity of esteem can be achieved through a creative non-permanent linguistic arrangement via ad hoc multilingualism plus Open English, particularily relevant in intermediary institutions and situations where newcomers are not (yet) competent in the host-country’s language.
European integration and the variety of languages
Authors: Barbier Jean-Claude 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
While formal EU law acknowledges the equality of the 24 languages of the Member States, practice has sanctioned the blatant hegemony of the English language over the years, and the United Kingdom has now decided to leave the European Union. Most social scientists do not care about this situation. As members of a trans-European elite, they privilege the certainties of a standardised European English over the strict demands of science and truth that need pluri-lingualism. But there is more to pluri-lingualism than being an indispensable vector to rigorous social science. Language is also indispensable for politics and, as politics is now made in English in the European Union, non-speakers of English now face exclusion from full participation in politics. Contrary to received wisdom, this concerns the majority of European citizens. One key obstacle to the modification of language practices across the Union lies in the structural features of EU law itself, with regard to its very conception of language as a discriminating instrument.
Crop protection: pest and disease management.
Authors: Vallad G. E. , Messelink G. , Smith H. A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

This chapter reviews pests and diseases important to global tomato production and provides an update of basic and applied research on the management of some pests and diseases with some considerations for greenhouse and open field production. Special emphasis is given on integrated pest management and the biological control of key pests in greenhouse production.
Light, photosynthesis and yield in blueberries.
Authors: Retamales J. B. , Hancock J. F. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

In this chapter, a global vision of the physiology (functioning) of a blueberry plant is described with regard to the generation and distribution of carbohydrates. The factors that are involved in dry matter production and its partitioning among the various plant organs are discussed, as well as the effect of several environmental variables and management practices on dry matter partitioning to vegetative and reproductive organs.
Growth regulators in blueberry production.
Authors: Retamales J. B. , Hancock J. F. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

This chapter examines the most important considerations regarding the spray application of plant growth regulators (PGRs), as well as reviewing the factors that affect their performance. The most important current and potential uses of PGRs in blueberry production are presented, considering not only their desired response but also the most relevant side or collateral effects on plant functioning and fruit quantity/quality. Most emphasis will be given on the research that has been done on highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), both southern and northern types, but where appropriate, research on related species, i.e. lowbush (Vaccinium angustifolium) and rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) and cranberry (Vaccinium) will be presented.
Pre- and postharvest management of fruit quality.
Authors: Retamales J. B. , Hancock J. F. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

This chapter discusses the pre- and postharvest management of fruit quality of blueberries. The attributes and factors affecting fruit quality are defined, as well as the factors that influence the postharvest life of the fruit and the approaches used to extend fruit quality, with a focus on the fresh market. Much new information has been gathered on fruit quality and consumer acceptance.
Genetically modified organisms in food: ethical tensions and the labeling initiative.
Authors: Strauss D. M. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

This chapter explores the ethical implications of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food that originate from plants genetically altered through bioengineering. The chapter analyses the new federal statute recently passed in the USA purportedly to label these foods and evaluates whether in fact it does so in an effective and meaningful way to fulfill consumers' rights. The chapter highlights an approach that takes into account these ethical tensions and shifts the dialogue from public outcry to the policy and regulation arena. Accordingly, this proposal embraces participation of all stakeholders, education of the public on the potential risks, development of comprehensive labelling to enable informed consumer choice and establishment of a more active and independent role for government agencies in regulating biotechnology companies. The chapter concludes by providing queries to assist policy makers in implementing a new regulatory framework in the USA, recognizing that consideration be given to ethical tensions in shaping the international policy arena.
On the Measurement of Consumer Preferences and Food Choice Behavior: The Relation Between Visual Attention and Choices
Authors: Van Loo Ellen J , Grebitus Carola , Nayga Rodolfo M , Verbeke Wim , Roosen Jutta 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWhen buying a product, consumers are confronted with a host of information presented to them. However, this information can only affect shoppers’ choices if they pay attention to it. Eye tracking can measure visual attention to information. Most recently, agricultural and food economics research has combined eye tracking and valuation methods to give insight into the relation between visual attention, preferences, and choices. We present an overview of the eye‐tracking literature, and discuss theory and applications. Also, insights on how to measure visual attention and choice are provided. While eye tracking has its challenges, there are interesting future research avenues that can be explored by agricultural and food economists using eye tracking.
Recoupment and Predatory Pricing Analysis
Authors: Kaplow Louis 
Published: August 2018

AbstractRecoupment inquiries play an increasingly important role in antitrust analysis, yet they raise a number of conundrums: How can a failure of recoupment due to the plausible long-run profit recovery being dwarfed by short-run losses be reconciled with a defense of no predation that presupposes no short- run sacrifice to begin with? How can recoupment inquiries be diagnostic with respect to competing explanations for defendants’ behavior—such as product promotion or “legal” predation—that likewise require recoupment? This article addresses these questions and others by grounding recoupment and predatory pricing analysis more broadly in a decision framework that focuses on classification (distinguishing illegal predation from other explanations for firms’ pricing) and on the magnitudes of the deterrence benefits and chilling costs of imposing liability. Regarding the latter, although concerns for the chilling of procompetitive activity sensibly drive predatory pricing analysis, the great variation in chilling costs across competing explanations for alleged predation is unrecognized. Much of the analysis here is not particular to recoupment; the investigation aims to inform future research, policy, and practice regarding many aspects of predatory pricing as well as other forms of anticompetitive conduct.
Damages Done: The Longitudinal Impacts of Natural Hazards on Wealth Inequality in the United States
Authors: Howell Junia , Elliott James R 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study investigates a largely ignored contributor to wealth inequality in the United States: damages from natural hazards, which are expected to increase substantially in coming years. Instead of targeting a specific large-scale disaster and assessing how different subpopulations recover, we begin with a nationally representative sample of respondents from the restricted, geocoded Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We follow them through time (1999–2013) as hazard damages of varying scales accrue in the counties where they live. This design synthesizes the longitudinal, population-centered approach common in stratification research with a broad hazard-centered focus that extends beyond disasters to integrate ongoing environmental dynamics more centrally into the production of social inequality. Results indicate that as local hazard damages increase, so does wealth inequality, especially along lines of race, education, and homeownership. At any given level of local damage, the more aid an area receives from the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the more this inequality grows. These findings suggest that two defining social problems of our day – wealth inequality and rising natural hazard damages – are dynamically linked, requiring new lines of research and policy making in the future.