bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plumage coloration follows Gloger's rule in a ring species
Authors: Ribot Raoul F. H. , Berg Mathew L. , Schubert Emanuel , Endler John A. , Bennett Andrew T. D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimAnimal coloration is expected to differ between populations in different habitats according to Gloger's rule, with darker animals found in more humid, vegetated or warmer environments. Yet despite considerable support across the globe, the mechanisms behind this biogeographical rule are currently still unclear. Exploiting a ring species with plumage coloration from crimson to pale yellow, we test Gloger's rule and the mechanisms behind phenotypic divergence.LocationSouth‐eastern Australia.Major taxa studiedCrimson rosellas (Platycercus elegans).MethodsWe combined three modelling approaches (spatial regression; random decision forest species distribution and conditional inference tree) to test the association between 10 environmental variables (based on long‐term climate data and remotely sensed reflectance of the land) and plumage coloration across the distribution of P. elegans. We also took in‐situ measurements of background coloration of dominant vegetation to examine the relationship between (a) background coloration measured locally and remotely, (b) P. elegans coloration and (c) known differences in visual sensitivity of the subspecies using species‐specific visual models.ResultsOn both a continental and a local scale, the distribution of yellow‐red plumage coloration was strongly predicted by average rainfall, summer temperature and the Earth's reflectance between 620–670 nm. Remotely sensed radiance measures correlated strongly and positively with reflectance of the leaves of the dominant tree species at sites across the P. elegans distribution. Visual modelling indicated that differences in background colour could affect signalling efficacy in dim‐light conditions.Main conclusionsOur study shows that the highly variable plumage coloration conforms to Gloger's rule, and indicates that background coloration of the vegetation and thermoregulation are likely to be important mechanisms. Our results also show that Gloger's rule can explain variation in pigmentary systems other than melanin, and highlight that selection from environmental variation could be an important force behind the geographic diversity found in ring species.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress‐dependent autophagy inhibits glycated high‐density lipoprotein‐induced macrophage apoptosis by inhibiting CHOP pathway
Authors: Tian Hua , Li Yanyan , Kang Panpan , Wang Zhichao , Yue Feng , Jiao Peng , Yang Nana , Qin Shucun , Yao Shutong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study was designed to explore the inductive effect of glycated high‐density lipoprotein (gly‐HDL) on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)‐mediated macrophage apoptosis and its relationship with autophagy. Our results showed that gly‐HDL caused macrophage apoptosis with concomitant activation of ER stress pathway, including nuclear translocation of activating transcription factor 6, phosphorylation of protein kinase‐like ER kinase (PERK) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, and CHOP up‐regulation, which were inhibited by 4‐phenylbutyric acid (PBA, an ER stress inhibitor) and the gene silencing of PERK and CHOP. Similar data were obtained from macrophages treated by HDL isolated from diabetic patients. Gly‐HDL induced macrophage autophagy as assessed by up‐regulation of beclin‐1, autophagy‐related gene 5 and microtubule‐associated protein one light chain 3‐II, which were depressed by PBA and PERK siRNA. Gly‐HDL‐induced apoptosis, PERK phosphorylation and CHOP up‐regulation were suppressed by rapamycin (an autophagy inducer), whereas aggravated by 3‐methyladenine (an autophagy inhibitor) and beclin‐1 siRNA. Administration of diabetic apoE−/− mice with rapamycin attenuated MOMA‐2 and CHOP up‐regulation and apoptosis in atherosclerotic lesions. These data indicate that gly‐HDL may induce macrophage apoptosis through activating ER stress‐CHOP pathway and ER stress mediates gly‐HDL‐induced autophagy, which in turn protects macrophages against apoptosis by alleviating CHOP pathway.
Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Two New Terrestrial Ciliates, Australocirrus rubrus n. sp. and Notohymena gangwonensis n. sp. (Ciliophora: Oxytrichidae), from South Korea
Authors: Kim Kang‐San , Jung Jae‐Ho , Min Gi‐Sik 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTwo new soil oxytrichids, Australocirrus rubrus n. sp. and Notohymena gangwonensis n. sp., were discovered from South Korea. Morphologically, A. rubrus shares many features with A. australis, and these two species form a single clade in a molecular tree based on nuclear small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences. Australocirrus rubrus mainly differs from A. australis in the color (citrine color vs. reddish) and distribution of the cortical granules. Additionally, we confirm that the genus Australocirrus is not a monophyletic group, as A. shii is separated from the clade comprising the other Australocirrus species, being clustered instead with other taxa. Notohymena gangwonensis n. sp. mainly differs from its congeners by the following combination of features: irregularly distributed cortical granules (vs. arranged in groups associated with cirri and dorsal kineties), variable four or five (usually four) transverse cirri (vs. invariable five), and the anteriormost pretransverse cirrus V/2 on 13.2–16.1% of cell length (vs. on or above 18.9% of cell length). Currently, there are no available gene sequences for members of the genus Notohymena, thus we provide SSU rRNA gene sequences from the new species of Notohymena, as well as detailed morphological descriptions of the novel species.
Optimizing the Feasibility and Scalability of a Geriatric Surgery Quality Improvement Initiative
Authors: Hornor Melissa A. , Tang Victoria L. , Berian Julia , Robinson Thomas N. , Coleman JoAnn , Katlic Mark R. , Rosenthal Ronnie A. , Christensen Kataryna , Baker Tracey , Finlayson Emily , Lagoo‐Deenadaayalan Sandhya A. , Ko Clifford Y. , Russell Marcia M. 
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUNDThe American College of Surgeons Coalition for Quality in Geriatric Surgery is a multidisciplinary stakeholder group that aims to systematically improve the surgical care of older adults by establishing a verifiable quality improvement program with standards based on best evidence. Prior work confirmed the validity of a preliminary set of 308 standards to improve the quality of geriatric surgery, but concerns exist as to whether the standards are feasible for hospitals to implement.OBJECTIVEOur aim was to utilize data gained from a multi‐institutional survey and interview to improve the scalability and generalizability of a geriatric quality improvement program.METHODSUsing a survey followed by a targeted debrief interview, 15 hospitals gathered an interdisciplinary panel to answer whether each standard was already in place at their institution, and if not, the perceived difficulty of implementation according to a five‐point Likert scale (from 1 [very easy] to 5 [very difficult]). The standards were then placed into categories according to the hospital responses. Standards were designated “duplicative” if 11 or more hospitals reported baseline implementation, “prohibitively difficult” if 6 or more hospitals rated the standard as such, and “high potential” if they were neither duplicative nor difficult. A targeted debrief interview was then conducted with each participating hospital.RESULTSFifteen participating hospitals evaluated the feasibility of 108 standards and found 28 (26%) duplicative, 35 (32%) too difficult, and 45 (42%) high potential. Of the 108 standards, 49 (45%) were selected for the next iteration of standards, and 59 were removed. Among the standards that were removed, the majority (64%) were rated duplicative and/or difficult.CONCLUSIONA multi‐institutional survey and interview successfully identified care standards that were redundant or too difficult to implement on the hospital level. These data will help improve the generalizability and scalability of the program while maintaining the overall goal of improving care. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1074–1078, 2019.
Monetary Policy Implementation in a Negative Rate Environment
Authors: BOUTROS MICHAEL , WITMER JONATHAN 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTo analyze monetary policy implementation in a negative rate environment, we add the option to exchange central bank reserves for cash to the standard workhorse model of monetary policy implementation (Poole 1968). Importantly, we show that monetary policy can be constrained when the target overnight rate is below the yield on cash. At this point, the overnight rate equals the yield on cash instead of the target rate. Modifications to the implementation framework, such as a reserve requirement that varies with cash withdrawals, can help restore the implementation of monetary policy such that the overnight rate equals the target rate.
Viral vector‐mediated Cre recombinase expression in substantia nigra induces lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway associated with perturbations of dopamine‐related behaviors and hallmarks of programmed cell death
Authors: Rezai Amin Sara , Gruszczynski Carole , Guiard Bruno P. , Callebert Jacques , Launay Jean‐Marie , Louis Franck , Betancur Catalina , Vialou Vincent , Gautron Sophie 
Published: February 2019

AbstractCre/loxP recombination is a widely used approach to study gene function in vivo, using mice models expressing the Cre recombinase under the control of specific promoters or through viral delivery of Cre‐expressing constructs. A profuse literature on transgenic mouse lines points out the deleterious effects of Cre expression in various cell types and tissues, presumably by acting on illegitimate loxP‐like sites present in the genome. However, most studies reporting the consequences of Cre‐lox gene invalidation often omit adequate controls to exclude the potential toxic effects of Cre, compromising the interpretation of data. In this study, we report the anatomical, neurochemical, and behavioral consequences in mice of adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐mediated Cre expression in the dopaminergic nuclei substantia nigra, at commonly used viral titers (3 × 109 genome copies/0.3 μL or 2 × 109 genome copies/0.6 μL). We found that injecting AAV‐eGFP‐Cre into the SN engendered drastic and reproducible modifications of behavior, with increased basal locomotor activity as well as impaired locomotor response to cocaine compared to AAV‐eGFP‐injected controls. Cre expression in the SN induced a massive decrease in neuronal populations of both pars compacta and pars reticulata and dopamine depletion in the nigrostriatal pathway. This anatomical injury was associated with typical features of programmed cell death, including an increase in DNA break markers, evidence of apoptosis, and disrupted macroautophagy. These observations underscore the need for careful control of Cre toxicity in the brain and the reassessment of previous studies. In addition, our findings suggest that Cre‐mediated ablation may constitute an efficient tool to explore the function of specific cell populations and areas in the brain, and the impact of neurodegeneration in these populations.
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THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN CAPITAL INTERVENTIONS ON ENTREPRENEURIAL PERFORMANCE IN INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
Authors: Hogendoorn Bram , Rud Iryna , Groot Wim , Maassen van den Brink Henriëtte 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis paper provides a systematic review of studies on the effects of human capital interventions on entrepreneurial performance in industrialized countries. We identify 21 experimental and quasi‐experimental studies published before September 2018. These studies examine the effects of business training, formal education, and entrepreneurship education. Their performance outcomes include firm profits, firm size, and entrepreneurial earnings. The main finding across these studies is that these interventions do not have statistically significant effects. Formal education is the only exception, showing positive effects on firm profits and entrepreneurial earnings, yet these effects are small in magnitude. Evidence is inconclusive regarding effect duration. These findings stand in stark contrast to correlational studies, which tend to find large positive correlations between human capital interventions and entrepreneurial performance. We therefore conclude that correlational studies tend to overestimate the benefits of human capital interventions. Moreover, our estimates show that the interventions are associated with moderately low additionality.
Myelinating Proteins in MS Are Linked to Volumetric Brain MRI Changes
Authors: Brod Staley A. , Lincoln John A. , Nelson Flavia 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThere is evidence of a relationship between promyelinating proteins and clinical multiple sclerosis (MS) activity during clinical relapse or recovery from clinical relapses. We examined the linkage between promyelinating biomarkers and volumetric changes in MS subjects during serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).METHODSWe enrolled 13 MS subjects with active brain MRI scans not on disease modifying therapies. Subjects underwent baseline MRI, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling. Qualitative changes, new/resolving gadolinium, new/enlarging/diminishing T2 and T1 hypointense lesions, were compared to baseline in subsequent MRI scans, and volumetric analysis was calculated. Analysis of biomarkers on serial CSF samples was performed only in subjects with qualitative (and quantitative) changes on MRI. The study was performed at a MS Center of Excellence academic medical center.RESULTSThere was increased CSF neural cell adhesion molecule (N‐CAM) during increased qualitative T1 activity. A positive correlation between CSF and serum N‐CAM and T1 lesion volume was observed. A negative correlation between serum brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and BPH (T1 vol/T2 vol + T1 vol) was observed.CONCLUSIONSIncreased N‐CAM levels may be related to repair or remyelination following injury to the brain as shown by increased T1 volumes. Our data suggest an early kind of blood signaling that induces release of peripheral BDNF levels.
Cerebrovascular Reactivity Impairment in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Alwatban Mohammed , Murman Daniel L. , Bashford Greg 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEA substantial overlap exists between declines in cerebral vasoreactivity (CVR) and symptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD). CVR can be quantified using transcranial Doppler (TCD) measurement of cerebral blood flow velocities (CBFV) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) with CO2 as a vasodilatory stimulus. The breath‐hold acceleration index (BHAI) is a new, more reliable measure of CVR developed recently in our laboratory. Our primary goal is to explore the possibility of using TCD for asymptomatic AD screening.METHODSA pilot study population was divided into three groups: 9 healthy control subjects, 8 subjects identified as preclinical AD, and 10 patients diagnosed with prodromal or mild AD. Control subjects had a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 0 without elevated amyloid‐β (Aβ) on amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, preclinical AD subjects had CDR = 0 with elevated Aβ, and prodromal to mild AD subjects had CDR scores ≥.5 and elevated Aβ. CVR was calculated using two indices: the conventional breath‐holding index (BHI) and the new BHAI. TCD parameters between the three groups were compared.RESULTSBHAI was able to distinguish between 9 normal control subjects and 8 preclinical‐AD subjects with high statistical significance (P < .001). BHI and pulsatility index were able only to distinguish AD from healthy and preclinical subjects (P < .001).CONCLUSIONSIn this exploratory pilot study, CVR was significantly decreased in preclinical, prodromal, and mild AD subjects as compared to the healthy group. Lower CVR in the preclinical AD group was detected using the new BHAI index but not the conventional BHI index.
Presidential Address: Religion and Power—A Return to the Roots of Social Scientific Scholarship
Authors: Edwards Korie L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractEarly social scientists, including Karl Marx, Max Weber, and W. E. B. DuBois, recognized the importance of religion for power systems. Since the beginning of the 20th century, however, there has been a decline in scholars examining how religion matters for power. This address proposes that scholars bring religion back to the center of understanding the production, deconstruction, and distribution of power as religion is critical to the flows of power in the social world. I propose that furthering an agenda that interrogates the role of religion for power means we emphasize that (i) religion is an institution; (ii) religious ideas motivate action; (iii) our epistemology sources theories of power rather than those that invalidate the centrality of religion in societies; and (iv) ground‐breaking theoretical and empirical contributions to the social scientific study of religion and power demand that we broaden and diversify the standpoints from which this knowledge is produced.
Long‐term outcomes of patients with hepatitis B virus‐related acute on chronic liver failure: An observational cohort study
Authors: Lin Su , Zhang Kai , Zhang Junchao , Wang Mingfang , Velani Bharat , Zhu Yueyong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsThe long‐term outcomes of patients with hepatitis B virus‐related acute on chronic liver failure (HBV‐ACLF) remain unclear. The main aim of the study was to compare the 5‐year survival rate and incidence rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) between patients with HBV‐ACLF and HBV‐cirrhosis.MethodsClinical data of patients with ACLF, compensated cirrhosis and decompensated cirrhosis who survived more than 3 months after diagnosis were collected. The survival rate and cumulative incidence of HCC were compared. The Cox regression was used to evaluate risk factors for outcomes.ResultsA total of 814 patients were included in the analysis, including 122 (14.99%) patients with ACLF, 450 (55.28%) patients with compensated cirrhosis and 242 (29.73%) patients with decompensated cirrhosis. The 5‐year survival rate of patients with ACLF (97.2%) was higher than patients with decompensated cirrhosis (86.0%), but was lower than patients with compensated cirrhosis (99.1%). The 5‐year HCC incidence rate was the highest in the decompensated cirrhosis group (14.6%, P < 0.05), while no statistical differences were found between patients with ACLF (3.5%) and compensated cirrhosis (9.5%). The episode of ACLF did not increase the risk of HCC and the overall survival when compared with patients with cirrhosis. In ACLF subgroup analysis, the age, rather than the presence of cirrhosis, was independently associated with both mortality and incidence of HCC.ConclusionsACLF patients who survived the first 3 months had a better long‐term prognosis than decompensated cirrhosis, while the HCC risk was comparable to compensated cirrhosis. HCC surveillance is strongly recommended for these patients.
Pantasma: Evidence for a Pleistocene circa 14 km diameter impact crater in Nicaragua
Authors: Rochette P. , Alaç R. , Beck P. , Brocard G. , Cavosie A. J. , Debaille V. , Devouard B. , Jourdan F. , Mougel B. , Moustard F. , Moynier F. , Nomade S. , Osinski G. R. , Reynard B. , Cornec J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe circa 14 km diameter Pantasma circular structure in Oligocene volcanic rocks in Nicaragua is here studied for the first time to understand its origin. Geomorphology, field mapping, and petrographic and geochemical investigations all are consistent with an impact origin for the Pantasma structure. Observations supporting an impact origin include outward‐dipping volcanic flows, the presence of former melt‐bearing polymict breccia, impact glass (with lechatelierite and low H2O, <300 ppm), and also a possible ejecta layer containing Paleozoic rocks which originated from hundreds of meters below the surface. Diagnostic evidence for impact is provided by detection in impact glass of the former presence of reidite in granular zircon as well as coesite, and extraterrestrial ε54Cr value in polymict breccia. Two 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages with a combined weighted mean age of 815 ± 11 ka (2 σ; P = 0.17) were obtained on impact glass. This age is consistent with geomorphological data and erosion modeling, which all suggest a rather young crater. Pantasma is only the fourth exposed crater >10 km found in the Americas south of N30 latitude, and provides further evidence that a significant number of impact craters may remain to be discovered in Central and South America.
Effectiveness of NGO‐government partnership to prevent and treat child wasting in urban India
Authors: Chanani Sheila , Waingankar Anagha , Shah More Neena , Pantvaidya Shanti , Fernandez Armida , Jayaraman Anuja 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis study reviews the performance of a community‐based nutrition programme in preventing and treating wasting without complications among children under age three in urban informal settlements of India. Implemented by a non‐profit organization, with national (Integrated Child Development Services [ICDS]) and city‐level (Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai [MCGM]) government partners, the programme screened 7,759 children between May 2014 and April 2015. During this period, the programme admitted 705 moderately wasted and 189 severely wasted children into the treatment group and 6,820 not wasted children into the prevention group. Both prevention and treatment groups received growth monitoring, referrals to public health facilities, and home‐based counselling (if <6 months) by community health workers. Treatment groups received additional home‐based counselling and access to medical screenings. Severely wasted children also received access to ready‐to‐use therapeutic food. The study assessed default rates, wasting status, and average weight gain 3 months after admission. Factors associated with growth faltering in the prevention group were explored using logistic regression.Default rates for the severely wasted, moderately wasted, and prevention group were 12.7%, 20.4%, and 22.1%, respectively. Recovery rate was 42.4% for the severely wasted and 61.3% for the moderately wasted. For the moderately wasted, mean weight gain was 2.1 g/kg/day, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.6, 2.6], and 4.5 g/kg/day for the severely wasted, 95% CI [3.1, 5.9]. Among prevention group children, 3.6% faltered into wasting—3.2% into moderate and 0.4% into severe. The paper gives insights into ways in which ICDS and MCGM can successfully integrate large‐scale community‐based acute malnutrition programming.