bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hildegard of Bingen, O Ierusalem aurea civitas (ca. 1150–1170)
Authors: Bain Jennifer 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes Hildegard of Bingen’s monumental sequence for her monastic community’s patron St. Rupert, O Ierusalem aurea civitas, both within Hildegard’s own output of sequences, and within the sequence repertory at large. Considering her deep sensitivity to the relationship between text and music, including close attention to grammatical structure, word stress, and word and syllable parsing, the essay proposes that Hildegard uses a varied repetition technique, adapting the standard sequence form. Instead of strict repetition, she varies many elements of the melodic surface through expansion or contraction, preserving an audible sense of repetition while responding directly to new text structures. The essay provides a textual and musical analysis of the entire sequence, demonstrating the composer’s large-scale control of musical structure.
Maddalena Casulana, “Per lei pos’ in oblio” from Cinta di fior (1570)
Authors: Schubert Peter 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The chapter examines the madrigals of Maddalena Casulana, a sixteenth-century Venetian composer, teacher, and singer who was the first female composer in western music history to have her music published. When she was only twenty, four of her madrigals appeared in a volume with those of Orlando di Lasso and Cipriano de Rore, but later published collections were devoted exclusively to her compositions. Her madrigals exhibit not only what she must have learned singing poetry to the lute, but mastery of sophisticated compositional craft as well. This skill is particularly evident in her handling of chordal music, a basic feature of the mid-sixteenth-century madrigal arioso. This chapter explores her compositional techniques in general and looks closely at the form of “Per lei pos’ in oblio.”
Élisabeth-Claude Jacquet de La Guerre, Sarabandes from the Suites in A minor (1687) and D minor (1707)
Authors: McClary Susan 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Born into a family of musicians and instrument makers, Élisabeth-Claude Jacquet de La Guerre made her mark early by performing for Louis XIV when she was five years old. By the age of twelve, she was composing as well. Her compositions require the analyst to attend to far more than sight and sound. Like other musicians of her era, she requires us to consider touch, kinetic movement, taste, temporality, color, timbre, space, and even fragrance as we work to bring her notated scores to the ear. This chapter seeks to tease out the ways these parameters intersect to produce their effects in two sarabandes for keyboard.
Josephine Lang, “An einer Quelle” (1840/1853) and “Am Morgen” (1840)
Authors: Krebs Harald 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Among the approximately 300 songs of Josephine Lang (1815–1880), there are several instances of setting the same text to strikingly different music. This chapter discusses Lang’s contrasting settings of two poems by Reinhold Köstlin. Her three settings of “Wenn das Herz dir ist beklommen” (two composed in 1840, the third in 1853) exhibit similarities in vocal rhythm and in motivic structure, but differ in key, in accompaniment pattern, and, most obviously, in mood. The two settings of “Am Morgen” (composed three days apart in 1840) are in the same key and share certain patterns of line repetition, but diverge in tempo, accompaniment pattern, and mood. Documentary evidence provides some possible explanations for Lang’s changes in her approach to the poems.
Clara Schumann, “Liebst du um Schönheit” (1841)
Authors: Baker Michael 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Schenker’s concept of interruption represents a vital link between tonal structure and thematic design. A close reading of Schenker’s presentation of the concept in Free Composition reveals that interruption may take many outward musical configurations that differ from the type mentioned in most textbooks, especially at levels closer to the foreground, proposing a flexible approach to interruption in the description of myriad foreground musical events. Clara Schumann’s “Liebst du um Schönheit,” op. 12, no. 4, features a multiply interrupted structure, where the general notion of interruption occurs in multiple configurations and at differing structural levels. The numerous incomplete linear progressions and striking harmonic events in this song emanate from the generic concept of interruption, and are closely related to the overall form and message of Rückert’s poem.
Amy Beach, “Phantoms,” Op. 15, No. 2 (1892)
Authors: Latham Edward D. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
With “Phantoms,” the second solo piano piece from her Four Sketches op. 15 (1892), American composer Amy Beach adopts a “strategic” approach to tonality that manipulates formal, harmonic, and linear closure. The analysis presented in this chapter demonstrates, through a close reading of the phrase structure, harmonic vocabulary, textures, motivic design, and voice leading of the piece, Beach’s aptitude for tonal obfuscation, which she employs to convey a sense of the epigraph she borrowed from Victor Hugo: “Toutes fragiles fleurs, sitôt que nées” (“Such fragile flowers, as soon as they are born”). The melody she constructs is indeed fragile, floating as it does over various “misharmonizations,” and including not one but two gaps in its descent from ‸5 to the tonic. By avoiding explicit melodic reference to ‸4 and ‸2 and making abundant use of registral coupling, Beach compellingly captures the ethereal quality of the flowers described by Hugo.
History and Development of the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Authors: Lichtenstein Alice H , Karpyn Allison 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Serving as a cornerstone of dietary policy in the United States, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) provide an important foundation for understanding the programs and policies that influence public health practice. In this chapter, we review the emergence and development of the guidelines beginning with their evolution from the Dietary Goals for Americans and moving through various iterations from 1980 until the current era in 2015. Topics include concrete reporting on recommendations, evolving principles of a healthy diet, and a discussion of controversies borne by industry lobbying groups and government mandates.
Food Insecurity and Public Health
Authors: Knowles Molly , Simmons Joanna , Chilton Mariana 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Food insecurity—lack of access to enough food for an active and healthy life—is a major public health issue, affecting the health and well-being of one in seven people in the United States. Food insecurity is related to economic, social, and political conditions, and is beyond the control of a single household. Structural inequalities and discrimination against people of color, LGBTQ people, immigrants, people with disabilities, and women drives disparities in food insecurity. Major policy interventions include raising wages, improving the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, various programs of the Child Nutrition Reauthorization, and the Elder Nutrition Program, but these programs are not sufficient to address food insecurity fully. A human rights approach, which recognizes the right to food and promotes increasing civic participation among people from all sectors, offers new possibilities in addressing food insecurity in the United States.
The Obesity Pandemic and Food Insecurity in Developing Countries
Authors: Lowitt Kristen , Gray-Donald Katherine , Hickey Gordon M. , Ville Arlette Saint , Francis-Granderson Isabella , Madramootoo Chandra A. , Phillip Leroy E. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Overweight and obesity affect over half a billion people globally and represent major public health concerns because excess weight gain is a key risk factor for non-communicable diseases. This chapter presents an overview of global trends in obesity, considering both developed and developing country contexts. It describes how this pandemic is rooted in the “nutrition transition” taking place around the world as a result of a globalized agri-food system that is changing the quantity, types, and desirability of foods available for consumption. In some countries, this is contributing to a “double burden of malnutrition,” as the problem of undernutrition now coexists alongside an increasing prevalence of over-nutrition. An overview of key policy responses and policy instruments that governments can utilize to address obesity is provided, recognizing that a holistic food systems response is needed to address the global challenge of obesity. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the food security and obesity challenges facing the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and profiles a “farm to fork” school feeding project in the island nation of St. Kitts-Nevis that was designed to reduce obesity and improve food security among children. Implementation and key results of this integrated project are presented, including the core components of agricultural production, procurement of local produce, and children’s consumption of nutritious foods. The chapter concludes by identifying lessons for supporting “farm to school”-type projects as a possible food systems response to addressing obesity and food insecurity.
A Scientific Search for Altruism
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This book provides an example of how the scientific method can be used to address a fundamental question about human nature. For centuries—indeed for millennia—the egoism–altruism debate has echoed through Western thought. Egoism says that the motivation for everything we do, including all of our seemingly selfless acts of care for others, is to gain one or another self-benefit. Altruism, while not denying the force of self-benefit, says that under certain circumstances we can care for others for their sakes, not our own. Over the past half-century, social psychologists have turned to laboratory experiments to provide a scientific resolution of this human nature debate. The experiments focused on the possibility that empathic concern—other-oriented emotion elicited by and congruent with the perceived welfare of someone in need—produces altruistic motivation to remove that need. With carefully constructed experimental designs, these psychologists have tested the nature of the motivation produced by empathic concern, determining whether it is egoistic or altruistic. This series of experiments has provided an answer to a fundamental question about what makes us tick. Framed as a detective story, the book traces this scientific search for altruism through the numerous twists and turns that led to the conclusion that empathy-induced altruism is indeed part of our nature. It then examines the implications of this conclusion—negative implications as well as positive—both for our understanding of who we are as humans and for how we might create a more humane society.
An Unsettling Surprise
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Do we ever care about others for their sakes or only for our own? Can science be used to answer this question about human nature? When I began researching why we help others, I assumed that the motivation for everything we do—including seemingly selfless acts of compassion—is always exclusively egoistic, that is, self-interested. But, an experiment Jay Coke and I did raised doubts. In that experiment, participants induced to feel empathic concern for a young woman in need seemed motivated to help her for her sake, not their own. These doubts led to a long line of experimental research designed to determine whether the motivation to help produced by empathic concern is egoistic or altruistic. This book is about that search.
How to Find It
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
When we help someone in need, we also benefit. If benefiting the person in need is an instrumental goal on the way to the ultimate goal of getting some self-benefit, our motivation is egoistic. If benefiting the person in need is the ultimate goal and the resultant self-benefits are unintended consequences, our motivation is altruistic. To search for such altruism, a four-step research strategy is proposed: The first step is to identify a possible source of altruistic motivation. The most likely source is empathic concern. The second, to identify the plausible egoistic ultimate goal or goals from this source. The prime egoistic suspect is removing our empathic concern. The third is to vary the situation so that either the altruistic goal or the egoistic goal, but not both, can be better reached without having to help. Experiments make this possible. The fourth, to see whether this variation reduces helping.
The Prime Suspect
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In Chapter 3, we found that the empathy–altruism hypothesis and the remove-empathy hypothesis (the prime egoistic suspect) make distinct predictions in an Ease-of-Escape (easy, difficult) × Empathic-Concern (low, high) 2 × 2 experimental design. This chapter describes four different experiments that employed this design. Results of none patterned as predicted by the remove-empathy hypothesis. Instead, the results consistently patterned as predicted by the empathy–altruism hypothesis. Apparently, the motivation produced by empathic concern is not directed toward the ultimate goal of removing the empathic concern itself. Some other self-benefit must be the ultimate goal of the increased helping produced by feeling empathy for a person in need.
Avoiding Shame and Guilt
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
After rejecting the remove–empathy hypothesis (Chapter 4), attention turned to the other two classic egoistic explanations for the motivation to help produced by empathic concern: empathy-specific punishment and empathy-specific reward. This chapter considers two kinds of empathy-specific punishment, shame and guilt. The shame hypothesis claims that we help more when we feel empathic concern because we’re motivated to avoid disapproval and censure from others. The guilt hypothesis says that we’re motivated to avoid self-condemnation for failing to do what we should. Contradicting the shame hypothesis, experiments revealed that even when no one else will know if participants fail to help, empathy still increased helping. Contradicting the guilt hypothesis, participants induced to feel empathy helped more even when provided a good excuse for not helping. Given that neither form of empathy-specific punishment could account for the empathy–helping relationship, our search shifted to the third classic egoistic explanation: pursuing pride.
One Way to Feel Better
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Bob Cialdini and several colleagues claimed that heightened empathy brings with it increased sadness, and that it is the egoistic desire to relieve this sadness by getting a mood boost that motivates empathy-induced helping. This new egoistic explanation was tested against the empathy–altruism hypothesis in four ways: (a) whether receiving an unrelated mood-enhancing experience reduces helping by individuals feeling high empathy; (b) whether learning that their mood can’t be improved reduces their helping; (c) whether expecting to have an unrelated mood-enhancing experience reduces their helping; and (d) whether they are as likely to help to relieve a need other than the one for which empathy was induced. Although results of initial experiments provided some support for the sadness-relief hypothesis, clearer tests supported the empathy–altruism hypothesis instead. Apparently, the empathy–helping relationship isn’t simply a product of an egoistic desire to get a mood boost and relieve empathy-associated sadness.
How Can It Be?
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
To conclude—even tentatively—that empathy-induced altruism is within our motivational repertoire poses a puzzle: How is it possible? This question demands an answer at two levels. We need to know (a) the conditions necessary to produce empathic concern and altruistic motivation in our lives today and (b) how altruism could have become part of our nature. The direct antecedents of empathy-induced altruism seem to be perceiving another as in need and valuing the other’s welfare. The most plausible distal (evolutionary) antecedent is generalized parental care. This care is different from the evolutionary biologists’ idea of inclusive fitness (care proportional to degree of kinship). An experiment that tested for generalized parental care is described. Finally, three limits to empathy-induced altruism are considered: the scope of empathic concern, empathy avoidance, and the strength to competing concerns.
After the Fall
Authors: Batson C. Daniel 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Like Milton’s couple at the end of Paradise Lost, we find ourselves banished from the Eden of Egoism and needing to reassess what it means to be human. Evidence for empathy-induced altruism, including two prisoner’s dilemma experiments described here, challenges the parsimonious assumption that we only want to maximize self-interest (egoism). And, the world outside Eden is even more challenging because, in addition to egoism and altruism, two more motives must be considered: collectivism (concern for the welfare of a group) and principlism (concern to uphold some moral principle, standard, or ideal). These four types of motivation sometimes conflict, sometimes cooperate. One way to promote a more just and caring society may be to orchestrate motives of different types so that the strengths of one type can overcome the weaknesses of another. Combining an appeal to empathy-induced altruism with an appeal to principle seems especially promising. Examples of such orchestration are provided.
Introduction
Authors: Sykes Jim 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe introduction to The Musical Gift discusses problems (for music studies and the world at large) with assuming there is an inherent connection between music, the self, expression, and identity. The chapter argues that while many scholars have noted the historical emergence of these links in European modernity, there is a tendency in scholarly research and public culture to subordinate “ontologies of the otherwise” to European-derived notions of the link between music and identity. The author argues that while music scholars have spent much time questioning what music is, the same energy has not been devoted in music studies to what a self is, how sound relates to the self differently in different contexts, and what this should mean for music history. The chapter raises questions about Buddhist notions of “not-self” and karma, setting the stage for a consideration of “musical giving” in Sri Lanka that is explored in Chapter 1.
Sonic Generosity
Authors: Sykes Jim 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis chapter introduces the concept of the “musical gift” and locates its presence in Sri Lankan contexts. It also considers the historic relations between musical giving and the identity paradigm in European history, and the relations between musical gifts and musical commodities. Finally, the chapter considers writings in the ontological turn and new materialism in religious studies in tandem with writings on secularism to argue for a new narrative on global music history for music studies. Contra Jacques Attali and numerous other writers on the political economy of music, the chapter argues for the persistence of musical efficacy, enchantment, and giving in the modern world.
Beravā Secrecy and the Hoarding of Musical Gifts
Authors: Sykes Jim 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to Sinhala Buddhist music-making, focusing on the domain of drumming in religious ritual. These genres, with their accompanying dances, have become the most esteemed traditional music genres in Sri Lanka. The chapter also considers the ways that nationalism has influenced the use and placement of these genres, discussing a riot that broke out when Sinhala students agitated for Sinhala drumming to be performed at the head of a graduation ceremony at the Tamil-dominated University of Jaffna. The chapter provides basic information on drumming for the caste of drummers, dancers, and ritualists called the Beravā, and discusses the life and work of my drum teacher, a performer of the low-country Sinhala drum (pahata rata beraya, yak beraya).
Network Propaganda
Authors: Benkler Yochai , Faris Robert , Roberts Hal 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This book examines the shape, composition, and practices of the United States political media landscape. It explores the roots of the current epistemic crisis in political communication with a focus on the remarkable 2016 U.S. president election culminating in the victory of Donald Trump and the first year of his presidency. The authors present a detailed map of the American political media landscape based on the analysis of millions of stories and social media posts, revealing a highly polarized and asymmetric media ecosystem. Detailed case studies track the emergence and propagation of disinformation in the American public sphere that took advantage of structural weaknesses in the media institutions across the political spectrum. This book describes how the conservative faction led by Steve Bannon and funded by Robert Mercer was able to inject opposition research into the mainstream media agenda that left an unsubstantiated but indelible stain of corruption on the Clinton campaign. The authors also document how Fox News deflects negative coverage of President Trump and has promoted a series of exaggerated and fabricated counter narratives to defend the president against the damaging news coming out of the Mueller investigation. Based on an analysis of the actors that sought to influence political public discourse, this book argues that the current problems of media and democracy are not the result of Russian interference, behavioral microtargeting and algorithms on social media, political clickbait, hackers, sockpuppets, or trolls, but of asymmetric media structures decades in the making. The crisis is political, not technological.
The Architecture of Our Discontent
Authors: Benkler Yochai , Faris Robert , Roberts Hal 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter presents the book’s macrolevel findings about the architecture of political communication and the news media ecosystem in the United States from 2015 to 2018. Two million stories published during the 2016 presidential election campaign are analyzed, along with another 1.9 million stories about Donald Trump’s presidency during his first year. The chapter examines patterns of interlinking between online media sources to understand the relations of authority and credibility among publishers, as well as the media sharing practices of Twitter and Facebook users to elucidate social media attention patterns. The data and mapping reveal not only a profoundly polarized media landscape but stark asymmetry: the right is more insular, skewed towards the extreme, and set apart from the more integrated media ecosystem of the center, center-left, and left.