bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Infectious and Noninfectious Catheter Complications in Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Reitzel Ruth A. , Rosenblatt Joel , Chaftari Anne‐Marie , Raad Issam I. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPatients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) as their primary source of nutrition are at high risk for both infectious and noninfectious catheter complications (catheter‐related infections, catheter occlusion, and venous thrombosis). The aim of this review was to synthesize and evaluate what is known about catheter complications and prevention strategies in the PN population. Three electronic databases (Medline, Embase, and CINAHL) were screened for studies published between January 2012 and February 2019 regarding infectious and noninfectious catheter complications in patients receiving PN. Rates of infectious and noninfectious catheter complications, prevalence of causative pathogens, potential risk factors, and prevention strategies via the use of antimicrobial lock therapy (ALT) were assessed. Fifty‐three catheter complication studies and 12 ALT studies were included. Studies were grouped by definition of complication: catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) or central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). Random effects summary rates per 1000 catheter days were 0.85 CRBSI episodes (95% CI 0.27–2.64) and 1.65 CLABSI episodes (95% CI 1.09–2.48). Use of taurolidine or ethanol ALT was efficacious in reducing infectious catheter complications; however, several studies had concerns for adverse mechanical complications. Potential risk factors for catheter complications were highly varied and often contradictory between studies. The rates of catheter complications were higher among catheterized patients receiving PN compared with nationally reported rates of complications in all catheterized patients. Risk factors for catheter complications need to be better understood for targeted prophylactic use of ALT. Future studies are warranted; however, they should be conducted using more standardized definitions and criteria.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of predictors of airway intervention in adult epiglottitis
Authors: Sideris Anders , Holmes Timothy R. , Cumming Benjamin , Havas Thomas 
Published: June 2019

ObjectiveEpiglottitis is typically considered a pediatric disease; however, there is growing evidence that the incidence of adult epiglottitis has changed since the introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae vaccine. The literature is composed of multiple small series with differing findings. To date, there has been no attempt to collaborate evidence on predictors of airway intervention in this disease.MethodsThe population of interest was adults with a diagnosis of epiglottitis. The primary outcome in this review was incidence of airway intervention. A comprehensive literature search was conducted of the MEDLINE and Embase databases, and a separate random‐effects model meta‐analysis was undertaken for all outcome data. Moderator tests for comparison between prevaccine and postvaccine estimates were made, and absolute risk difference (RD) and relative risk (RR) calculations were made for all predictors of airway intervention.ResultsThirty studies and a total of 10,148 patients were finally included for meta‐analysis. A significant decrease in airway intervention was seen post vaccine introduction introduction from 18.8% to 10.9% (P = 0.01). The presence of an abscess (RD 0.27, P = 0.04; RR 2.45, P < 0.001), stridor (RD 0.64, P < 0.001; RR 7.15, P < 0.001), or a history of diabetes mellitus (RD 0.11, P = 0.02; RR 2.15, P = 0.01) were associated with need for airway intervention.ConclusionIn the postvaccine era, clinicians should expect to have to secure airways in 10.9% of cases. The presence of an epiglottic abscess, stridor, or a history of diabetes mellitus are the most reliable clinical features associated with need for airway intervention.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 130:465–473, 2020
Dating reservoir deposits to assess the recently changing sediment yields from a medium‐sized agricultural catchment
Authors: Zhang Yunqi , Long Yi , Lu Xue , Pei Zengli , Wu Zhehong , Zheng Jiangkun , Xu Shujian , Wang Xiaoli , Li Wei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMedium‐sized catchments exhibit different patterns of sediment yield than small catchments and large river basins (taking scale dependency into account) and play in soil loss from upstream areas with downstream sediment transportation over larger spatial scales than small catchments. Few studies have used reservoir depositional records to assess historical sediment yields at the scale of a medium‐sized catchment. By analyzing six cores obtained from reservoir deposits, this investigation reconstructed the recent sediment yield from a medium‐sized agricultural catchment (the Xujiaya catchment in Northern China) and examined the changing pattern of sediment yield over the past 57 years. The cores were dated using the 137Cs and 210Pbex methods. The historical specific sediment yields (SSYs) were estimated based on the original reservoir capacity curve and the depositional chronology modeled using a composite chronological model based on the constant rate of supply (CRS) approach (i.e., the C‐CRS model). The mean SSYs estimated from the six cores over each of seven short stages (i.e., 1959–1963, 1964–1972, 1973–1980, 1981–1989, 1990–1997, 1998–2007, and 2008–2016) defined over the 57‐year study period ranged between 4.6 ± 1.8 and 16.2 ± 6.3 t ha−1 yr−1, with a mean value of 8.1 ± 3.2 ha−1 yr−1 for all seven stages, and this mean value can be used to broadly represent the sediment yield from the catchment since dam construction. These SSY values are relatively high, reflecting intense agricultural disturbance and the underlying lithology. The values were highest for the 1959–1963 stage and lowest in the following stage of 1964–1972 and then generally increased over the successive stages of 1973–1980, 1981–1989, and 1990–1997 before decreasing slightly during the last two stages after 1997. This change was driven mainly by human activity over the past 57 years. The results indicate that the environmental factors (e.g., human activity and lithology) influencing sediment yield in a medium‐sized catchment are more complicated than those affecting a small catchment and reveal the characteristic pattern of sediment yield in medium‐sized catchments.
Branched Oligophenylenes with Phenylene–Ethynylene Fragments as Anode Interfacial Layer for Solution Processed Optoelectronics
Authors: Mróz Wojciech , Kovalev Aleksey I. , Babushkina‐Lebedeva Marina A. , Kushakova Natalia S. , Vercelli Barbara , Squeo Benedetta M. , Botta Chiara , Pasini Mariacecilia , Destri Silvia , Giovanella Umberto , Khotina Irina A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTwo branched oligophenylenethynylenes with phenylene or biphenylene moieties as inter‐nodal fragments are synthesized by the Sonogashira reaction for optoelectronic applications. The branching of polyphenylenethynylenes influences the electro‐optical properties, but cannot be precisely controlled, while its determination is often hardly addressed. The optical investigation, supported by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies, of oligophenylenethynylenes and the properly synthesized model compounds is performed to get insights on the branching and related effect on the material performance. The proposed branched oligophenylenethynylenes are good ultraviolet emitters in solution, while in solid‐state aggregation phenomena strongly affect emission properties. However, the interactions between π‐electrons on phenylene and ethynylene of neighboring molecules in films enhance intermolecular charge transport (hole mobility = 3.2 × 10−3 cm2 V−1s−1) making them optimal candidates as hole transport materials in optoelectronic devices. The insertion of the oligophenylenethynylene film as a hole transporting layer in multilayered solution processes blue, green, and red electroluminescent diodes, enhances OLEDs electro‐optical properties.
The Inhibition of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Calcite Growth by Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Zhao Yu , Xu Zhiming , Wang Bingbing , Wang Jingtao 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) effectively inhibits the growth of calcium carbonate fouling. In this work, molecular dynamics simulation is used to reveal the antifouling mechanism between SCMC and calcite surface. The configuration, radial distribution function, interaction energy between SCMC and calcite surface, and ability of SCMC to replace water molecules are analyzed. The results indicate that SCMC molecules regularly appear in the vicinity of 2.3 Å near the calcite surface for the different concentrations, and a strong interaction exists between them. The probability of SCMC appearing at ≈2.3 Å from the crystal surface increases with the SCMC concentration, and more SCMC molecules are adsorbed on calcite surface. Moreover, the interaction between SCMC and calcite surface increases with the increase of SCMC concentrations, and the SCMC molecules exhibit strong ability to drive water molecules on calcite surface. The binding energy between three calcite surfaces and SCMC from strong to weak follows the order: (1‐10) > (104) > (110).
Autophagy markers LC3 and p62 accumulate in immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy
Authors: Girolamo Francesco , Lia Anna , Annese Tiziana , Giannini Margherita , Amati Angela , D'Abbicco Dario , Tampoia Marilina , Virgintino Daniela , Ribatti Domenico , Serlenga Luigi , Iannone Florenzo , Trojano Maria 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The molecular mechanism of immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) remains unknown. Autophagy impairment, described in autoimmune diseases, is a key process in myofiber protein degradation flux and muscle integrity and has not been studied in IMNM.Methods: Muscle biopsies from patients with IMNM (n = 40), dermatomyositis (DM; 24), polymyositis (PM; 8), polymyositis with mitochondrial pathology (4), sporadic inclusion body myositis (8), and controls (6) were compared by immunohistochemistry.Results: The proportions of myofibers containing autophagy markers LC3b and p62 were higher in IMNM than in DM or PM and correlated with creatine kinase levels. In IMNM, compartmentalized LC3b puncta were located in regenerating and degenerating myofibers surrounded by major histocompatibility complex type II+ inflammatory cells. Several IMNM myofibers accumulated ubiquitin and misfolded protein.Discussion: The detection of LC3b+ or p62+ myofibers could be used in differentiating IMNM from PM. The identification of autophagy‐modifying molecules potentially could improve patients’ outcomes. Muscle Nerve, 2019
Nutritional Utilization of Modified Carinata Brassica carinata Meals in Sunshine Bass Diets
Authors: Kasiga Tom , Brown Michael L 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Low amounts (approximately ≤ 10%) of raw carinata Brassica carinata meals are used in animal diets due to the negative effects of antinutrients, mainly glucosinolates. We processed carinata meal by aerobic conversion followed with a single wash (ACCM). Another portion of carinata meal was double-washed without aerobic conversion (WCM). The objective of this study was to determine if sunshine bass (female White Bass Morone chrysops × male Striped Bass M. saxatilis) fed diets containing low (20%) animal meals could tolerate up to 30% of ACCM or 30% of WCM. Twenty randomly selected sunshine bass (19.2 ± 0.08 g) were stocked in each tank (106 L) of a 32-tank recirculating aquaculture system, with temperature maintained at 25.6 ± 0.7°C using an inline heater. Seven and six replicates were used for the reference and test diets (10% or 30% ACCM or 30% WCM), respectively, and the fish were cultured for 106 d. Growth improved with increasing levels of processed carinata meals in diets. Survival (&gt;99%) was similar among dietary treatments. Consumption of 30% ACCM and 30% WCM diets was higher than for the reference diet. Feed conversion ratio improved in the WCM dietary treatment and was associated with a better protein efficiency ratio and apparent net protein utilization. Protein deposition was highest in sunshine bass fed 30% of processed carinata meals. Whole-body protein also increased with increasing processed carinata meals in diets. Sunshine bass fed 30% WCM had lower liver weights and were in better condition than sunshine bass fed other diets. Hematocrit was high in sunshine bass fed ACCM diets. Although carinata meal is high in iron, the single wash in ACCM processing likely removed less iron than the two washes in WCM processing. Hemoglobin contents of sunshine bass were also increased by ACCM but not by WCM. Our results demonstrate that high levels of even moderately processed carinata meal (WCM) can be tolerated in fish diets without affecting fish performance.
Variational inequality‐based particle discontinuous deformation analysis
Authors: Fan Huo , Wang JianFeng , Zheng Hong 
Published: June 2019

SummaryOrienting the circular and rigid particle medium, the variational inequality‐based discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) is established. In the proposed DDA, the global stiffness matrix, the penalty parameters, and the open‐close iteration are successfully avoided. The contact constraint is transferred into the problem of variational or quasi‐variational inequalities. And explicit variational expression on the contact force is firstly established. To speed up the rate of solving contact force, on the basis of the two‐stage prediction‐correction method, we design a compatibility iteration algorithm (PPC‐CI). The C++ code is developed in multicore environment through the open multi‐processing (OpenMP) in order to take advantage of the parallelizable features of the new DDA. Numerical tests suggest that the presented DDA is effective and promising.
Folate as an Adjuvant Therapy in Methanol Poisoning
Authors: Theobald Jillian , Lim Christopher 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFolate and its derivatives have long been used as an adjunctive treatment in methanol poisoning. Methanol is ultimately metabolized to formate, the toxic compound. The accumulation of formate can lead to acidemia, retinal damage, visual impairment, and death. Formate is converted to carbon dioxide and water in a folate‐dependent manner, and folate is often given in cases of methanol poisoning. In this paper, the evidence for folate as an adjunctive therapy in methanol poisoning is reviewed.
Oncology health care professionals' perspectives on the causes of mental health distress in cancer patients
Authors: Granek Leeat , Nakash Ora , Ariad Samuel , Shapira Shahar , Ben‐David Merav A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo explore oncologists, social workers, and nurses' perceptions about the causes of their cancer patient's mental health distress.MethodsThe grounded theory (GT) method of data collection and analysis was used. Sixty‐one oncology health care professionals were interviewed about what they perceived to be the causes of mental health distress in their patients. Analysis involved line‐by‐line coding and was inductive, with codes and categories emerging from participants' narratives.ResultsOncology health care professionals were sensitive in their perceptions of their patients' distress. The findings were organized into three categories, namely, disease‐related factors, social factors, and existential factors. Disease‐related themes included side effects of the disease and treatment, loss of bodily functions, and body image concerns as causing patient's mental health distress. Social‐related themes included socio‐economic stress, loneliness/lack of social support, and family‐related distress. Existential themes included dependence/fear of being a burden, death anxiety, and grief and loss.ConclusionsOncology health care professionals were able to name a wide range of causes of mental health distress in their patients. These findings highlight the need to have explicit conversations with patients about their mental status and to explore their understanding of their suffering. A patient‐centered approach that values the patient's conceptualization of their problem and their narrative to understanding their illness can improve the patient‐provider relationship and facilitate discussions about patient‐centered treatments.
Use of outcome measures in children with severe cerebral palsy: A survey of U.K. physiotherapists
Authors: Knox Virginia , Vuoskoski Pirjo , Mandy Anne 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the use of outcome measures for children with cerebral palsy (CP) by paediatric physiotherapists (PTs) who are based in the United Kingdom, as limited research exists regarding their use in this population, and to explore therapists' use of measures within different Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels and for different types of CP.MethodsA six‐item online survey was advertised through two paediatric therapy special interest groups inviting physiotherapists to participate. Descriptive statistics (range, frequencies, and percentages) were used to analyse survey data.ResultsTwo hundred and seven physiotherapists returned completed survey questionnaires. One hundred and seventy‐six (85%) therapists reported using a wide variety of outcome measures (57).Eighty‐one per cent of therapists' responses for having “most difficulty” in identifying responsive outcome measures were for children with impaired mobility at GMFCS Levels IV–V and children with more significant body involvement (76%), for example, spastic quadriplegia or dyskinesia. Eighty‐six per cent of therapists' responses for having “greatest ease” of identifying responsive outcome measures were for children within GMFCS Levels I–III and for children with less significant body involvement (72%), for example, hemiplegia. The variety of outcome measures used by therapists with children within GMFCS IV–V was less (16).ConclusionsThe majority (85%) of the PTs surveyed used outcome measures with children with CP, but 81% perceived a difficulty in identifying responsive measures for children with more severe impairments who are classified as GMFCS IV–V. The reasons for this perceived difficulty warrant investigation and may suggest a need for training regarding relevant measures and/or a need to develop new measures for this group of children.
Selective Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid on Cobalt‐Decorated Copper Thin Films
Authors: Dai Chencheng , Sun Libo , Song Jiajia , Liao Hanbin , Fisher Adrian C. , Xu Zhichuan J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe development of highly efficient, selective, and economic approaches for electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to hydrocarbons is a promising way to promote the sustainable carbon cycle nowadays. Here, a stable cobalt‐decorated copper catalyst is reported with significantly enhanced selectivity toward formic acid produced from CO2 through electrochemical reduction. This catalyst is prepared through the electrodeposition of cobalt on the surface of copper, followed by Ar and air atmosphere treatment. The as‐prepared catalyst exhibits selective conversion of CO2 to formic acid with a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of ≈80% at an applied potential of −0.65 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Meanwhile, the copper electrode treated with the same conditions without cobalt decoration and the cobalt‐decorated copper electrode without Ar treatment process only show an FE toward formic acid of ≈56% and ≈57% from CO2 reduction, respectively. This study represents a facile decoration method to prepare highly selective electrocatalysts for the efficient reduction of CO2 to value‐added chemicals in aqueous electrolytes.
Molecular neurochemistry of the lanthanides
Authors: Pałasz Artur , Segovia Yolanda , Skowronek Rafał , Worthington John J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLanthanides, once termed rare‐earth elements, are not as sparce in the environment as their traditional name suggests. Mean litospheric concentrations are in fact comparable to the physiologically fundamental elements such as iodine, cobalt, and selenium. Recent advances in medical technology have resulted in accumulation of lanthanides presenting potential exposure to both our central and peripheral nervous systems. Extensive and detailed studies on these peculiar active metals in the context of their influence on neural functions are therefore urgently required. Almost all neurochemical effects of trivalent lanthanide ions appear to result from the similarity of their radii to the key signaling ion calcium. Lanthanides, especially La3+ and Gd3+ block different types of calcium, potassium, and sodium channels in human and animal neurons, regulate neurotransmitter turnover and release, as well as synaptic activity. Lanthanides also act as modulators of several ionotropic receptors, e.g., GABA, NMDA, and kainate and can also affect numerous signaling mechanisms including NF‐κB and apoptotic‐related endoplasmic reticulum IRE1‐XBP1, PERK, and ATF6 pathways. Several lanthanide ions may cause oxidative neuronal injuries and functional impairment by promoting reactive oxygen species production. However, cerium and yttrium oxides have some unique and promising neuroprotective properties, being able to decrease free radical cell injury and even alleviate motor impairment and cognitive function in animal models of multiple sclerosis and mild traumatic brain damage, respectively. In conclusion, lanthanides affect various neurophysiological processes, altering a large spectrum of brain functions. Thus, a deeper understanding of their potential mechanistic roles during disease and as therapeutic agents requires urgent elucidation.
Key challenges for China's carbon emissions trading program
Authors: Wang Pu , Liu Lei , Tan Xianchun , Liu Zhu 
Published: June 2019

AbstractChina's national carbon emissions trading program is expected to become the world's largest carbon market and is critical for achieving China's domestic mitigation goals. But China's trading program is likely to face significant challenges, due to its large scale and high complexity. First, the accuracy and credibility of China's emissions data have been widely criticized. There are significant inconsistencies between the national and provincial emissions inventories, and the facility‐level data are even less satisfying. Institutional capacities related to the carbon market need to be significantly enhanced to strengthen monitoring, reporting, and verifying capabilities. Second, compared to emissions trading programs in other parts of the world, China's program is likely to face greater market volatility, due to the country's economic structural transition from a manufacturing‐based to a service‐based economy. Wise cap‐setting and allowance allocation methods and proper price containment mechanisms are needed to maintain market stability. And third, China is a market economy with many features of a central planning system, particularly in the energy sector. Large state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) do not act as profit‐maximizing entities, and their behaviors could undermine the efficiency of the cap‐and‐trade program. To address these challenges, we provide a series of policy recommendations, including capacity building from central to local levels, wise selection of allowance allocation methods to cope with changing economic realities, and deepening market‐oriented reforms in energy sectors and SOEs.This article is categorized under:
The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior