bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of propranolol on platelet function
Authors: Weksler BB , Gillick M , Pink J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Excessive reactivity of blood platelets may contribute to atherosclerotic vascular disease. Hence drugs which alter platelet function may be protective. Prompted by findings that propranolol therapy normalized hyperactive platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease, we studied propranolol in vitro to assess its action on platelets. At concentrations similar to those achieved in vivo (0.1–1 muM), propranolol raised the thresholds for aggregation of some normal paltelets by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). At higher concentrations (10-50 muM), propranolol abolished the second wave of platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine, and inhibited aggregation induced by collagen, thrombin, and the ionophore A23187. Propanolol blocked the release of 14C-serotonin from platelets, inhibited platelet adhesion to collagen, and interfered with clot retraction. Propranolol blocked ionophore-induced uptake of 45Ca by platelets. Inhibition appeared unrelated to beta-adrenergic blockage, as d(+) propranolol (which lacks beta-blocking activity) was equipotent with 1(-) propranolol. Moreover, practolol, a beta-blockading drug which is nonlipophilic, did not inhibit platelet function. These studies suggested that propranolol, like local anesthetics, decreased platelet responsiveness by a direct action on the platelet membrane, possibly by interfering with calcium availability. Modulation of platelet function by propranolol may occur at concentrations achieved at usual clinical doses of the drug.
PHASE MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF HODGKIN’S DISEASE LYMPH NODES IN RELATION TO HISTOGENESIS OF THE STERNBERG-REED CELL
Authors: HOFFMANN GEORGE T. , ROTTINO ANTONIO 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The free reticulum cell in Hodgkin’s disease undergoes progressive cytologic alterations leading to the formation of Sternberg-Reed cells.
2. The other free cellular components of Hodgkin’s disease nodes are cytologically normal.
FOLIC ACID ANTAGONISTS IN THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE AND SUBACUTE LEUKEMIA
Authors: DAMESHEK WILLIAM , FREEDMAN MILTON H. , STEINBERG LESTER 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Forty cases of acute and subacute leukemia were treated with one or more of various folic acid antagonists, usually aminopterin. Thirty-two cases were treated for at least one week, remissions occurring in 10. The remissions were of a temporary nature and variable in duration. As of June 1, 1949, two patients were still alive and in good condition, seven and one-half and thirteen months, respectively, after onset of therapy.
Clinical, hematologic, and to lesser extent, marrow remissions were obtained most commonly in the lymphocytic type, none in the 4 monocytic cases. The subacute cases responded far better than did those of the acute, fulminating variety.
The exact mechanism of action of the folic acid antagonists is not known, although one may speculate that anti-PGA, an anti-growth factor which resembles PGA so closely, is readily accepted by the primitive white cell with resultant cell death.
The margin between a therapeutic or effective dose and one causing a toxic reaction is a narrow one. A "toxic" reaction may in fact be an indication of a therapeutic response.
The pattern of therapy was (1) administration of the drug, usually by parenteral injection until a toxic or a pronounced hematologic reaction occurred, at which point (2) the drug was discontinued. With subsidence of the toxic reaction, (3) a maintenance dosage was then given, usually in the form of oral medications, 0.5 mg. daily for adults and 0.25 mg. for children.
Transfusions and antibiotics were administered as indicated. Frequent transfusions were usually very helpful at the time of the initial reaction when anemia was ordinarily severe. Penicillin and other antibiotics were used for supportive therapy. Thrombocytopenia and hemorrhage were exceedingly difficult to control.
The observed remissions appeared to be directly attributable to the action of the drug. Although temporary, they indicate that acute leukemia is not necessarily completely irreversible. Thus, there is hope that more potent anti-growth factors may someday be discovered which will be of value in ultimate control of the disease.
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA IN MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA WITH SPLENECTOMY
Authors: JONSSON ULFAR , HANSEN-PRUSS O.C. , RUNDLES R. W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia developed anemia with evidence of increased red cell destruction. After anemia had persisted for eleven months in spite of 49 blood transfusions, splenectomy was performed. The hemolysis subsided and her health remained good during the following thirty months.
ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE FOR THE ANTI-d: STATISTICAL STUDIES
Authors: HILL JOSEPH M. , HABERMAN SOL , GUY RUTH , DAVENPORT JULIUS W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Additional evidence for the finding of the d agglutinin and antigen are reported. Differential agglutination with key genotype cells, genetic studies in selected families, and statistical analysis of 232 random bloods have confirmed the earlier report on the d antibody and antigen.
HEMOLYSIS WITH ALLOXAN AND ALLOXAN-LIKE COMPOUNDS, AND THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TOCOPHEROL
Authors: ROSE CATHARINE S. , GYÖRGY PAUL 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The production of hemolysis in tocopherol-deficient rats by injection of compounds related to alloxan has been studied. Alloxantin had the same hemolytic action as alloxan; dialuric acid was about twice, ninhydrin about six times as effective as alloxan. Alloxanic acid had no hemolytic action. In tocopherol-treated rats no hemolysis was observed after the injection of alloxantin, dialuric acid and ninhydrin, as well as of alloxan.
Hemolysis of red blood cells obtained from tocopherol-deficient rats could be produced in vitro by dialuric acid and to a lesser extent by alloxantin but not by alloxan or ninhydrin. In the presence of cysteine, glutathione or ascorbic acid, alloxan reacted as dialuric acid. The three reducing agents themselves hemolyzed the cells of deficient rats although to a much lesser extent than did dialuric acid. The red blood cells of tocopherol-treated rats were resistant to hemolysis in vitro as in vivo by all the above hemolyzing compounds. Addition of tocopherol to the reaction mixture protected the cells of deficient animals against the hemolytic action of dialuric acid. The tocopherol was more effective when it was incubated with the cells before the dialuric acid was added.
It is proposed that the hemolysis is linked with the reversible oxidation-reduction system of dialuric acid and alloxan, the actual hemolyzing agent being an intermediate of this reaction. Cysteine, glutathione and ascorbic acid, which are readily oxidized by molecular oxygen may form similar intermediates. The protective action of tocopherol is a function of the red blood cell and may best be explained as an antioxidant effect.
GROUP-SPECIFIC APPEARANCE OF PLASMA CLOTS
Authors: STARK G. J. , STIVEL N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Clots formed on recalcification of citrated plasma show differences in appearance which are specific for the original blood groups.
The differences in appearance are considered to be due to a group-specific factor, some of the properties of which are described.
The group-specific factor is tentatively related to the platelets.
Further lines of investigation are suggested.
STUDIES ON CHARCOT-LEYDEN CRYSTALS
Authors: AYRES WILLIAM W. , STARKEY N. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Synthetic detergents of the anionic, cationic and nonionic types result in the rapid and constant formation of Charcot-Leyden crystals from eosinophils.
2. Charcot-Leyden crystals have a negative crystalline birefringence and form penetration twins.
3. The changes taking place in the eosinophil in the formation of Charcot-Leyden crystals under the influence of wetting agents, utilizing phase and polarizing microscopy, are described.
4. In the formation of Charcot-Leyden crystals with wetting agents, the nucleus of the eosinophil lyses with no appreciable effect on the granules.
5. In the formation of Charcot-Leyden crystals with a wetting agent, there is no change in the lipoid cortex of the eosinophil as demonstrated by staining with sudan black B.
6. Charcot-Leyden crystals undergo changes on standing that affect their solubilities.
7. The staining reactions and solubilities of Charcot-Leyden crystals are described.
8. Oxyhemoglobin crystals constantly form from red cells on exposure to Aerosol MA; on two occasions, tyrosine crystals formed from the blood of a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia.
9. Evidence is offered that Charcot-Leyden crystals are crystalline proteins derived only from the nucleus of the eosinophil.
MEGALOBLASTIC ERYTHROPOIESIS IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER
Authors: MOVITT E. R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Three patients with cirrhosis of the liver, macrocytic anemia, and megaloblastic proliferation in the bone marrow have been described. All 3 patients gave histories of grossly deficient diets for many years and all 3 had free hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice. The latter finding was thought to be of particular significance from the diagnostic point of view in that it appeared to exclude the possibility of coexisting addisonian pernicious anemia. The clinical diagnosis of Laennec’s cirrhosis was confirmed by liver biopsies in 2 cases, and in both, the bone marrow morphology reverted to the normoblastic type on appropriate therapy.
The literature on the subject of macrocytic anemia in association with hepatic cirrhosis has been briefly reviewed and various theories as to its pathogenesis briefly discussed. Attention has been called to the fact that despite specific denials by many investigators, megaloblastic bone marrow is seen in some of these patients. The pathogenesis of this phenomenon has remained obscure, and the various etiologic possibilities are discussed.
THROMBOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIA: SUCCESSFUL TRANSFUSION OF BLOOD PLATELETS
Authors: HIRSCH ERWIN O. , FAVRE-GILLY JEAN , DAMESHEK WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A case of thrombopathic thrombocytopenia, a variant of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenia is described.
2. In addition to the customary studies, the prothrombin consumption test of Quick was used in a study of the physiology of the platelets.
3. The patient’s platelets were not only reduced in number but were morphologically abnormal and physiologically defective. Their abnormality was presumably related to the lack of granularity in the cytoplasm of the platelet-producing cells, namely, the megakaryocytes.
4. Because of the uniformly abnormal appearance of the patient’s platelets, the success of a transfusion of normal platelets could be readily evaluated from inspection of stained blood smears.
5. Transfusion of blood from a polycythemic donor whose platelet count was about eight times the normal level resulted in the recovery of a detectable proportion of these platelets in the patient. Possible mechanisms leading to their relatively low recovery are discussed.
6. The donor platelets survived for five to six days and retained their normal physiologic activity throughout that time.
THE PHOSPHATASES OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: WOODARD HELEN QUINCY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hemolysates of human erythrocytes begin to liberate inorganic phosphate as soon as they are lysed. In most cases the process takes place most rapidly at pH 9, but some preparations are about equally active over the entire range from pH 5 to pH 9. The process ceases after incubation for twenty-four hours at 37 C.
Hemolysates of human erythrocytes decompose sodium β glycerophosphate and calcium hexose diphosphate about equally. For both substrates there is a well defined maximum of activity at pH 6.0. No other maxima were observed over the range from pH 4 to pH 9.
There is some evidence that erythrocytes from patients with various types of anemia liberate more inorganic phosphate when lysed than do those from normal individuals.
ACUTE INFECTIOUS LYMPHOCYTOSIS
Authors: MOYER JOHN B. , FISHER GEORGE S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Case reports are presented of 5 cases of acute infectious lymphocytosis in siblings, ages 2¼-10 years. Symptoms included diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, fever and cough. There was an absolute lymphocytosis lasting about three weeks. All of the cases had elevated eosinophil counts during the course of the disease. Four of the 5 had an eosinophilia lasting several months.
2. The clinical features are reviewed.
3. The morphology of the lymphocytes is discussed in detail.
BLOOD FACTOR IN ACUTE DISSEMINATED LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Authors: HASERICK JOHN R. , LEWIS LENA A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The gamma globulin fractionated by the Tiselius electrophoretic technic from the plasma of patients with acute disseminated lupus erythematosus was used as an antigen to induce antibodies in rabbits. Similarly, antibodies were induced in control rabbits with normal human serum and with normal human gamma globulin.
The antisera developed in these three groups of rabbits were added to the L. E. gamma globulin solution and, after precipitation, the supernatant fluid was added to bone marrow preparations.
The L. E. phenomenon was not demonstrable after the L. E. gamma globulin was precipitated by anti-L. E. gamma globulin rabbit serum. However, after precipitation of the L. E. gamma globulin by anti-normal human serum rabbit serum, or by anti-normal human gamma globulin rabbit serum, the L. E. phenomenon was still apparent.
These studies suggest that the L. E. factor is an immunologically distinct component of L. E. gamma globulin.
THE NATURE OF PLASMA ANTITHROMBIN ACTIVITY
Authors: KLEIN PETER D. , SEEGERS WALTER H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In plasma antithrombin studies it is essential to recognize two separate effects on thrombin. One is concerned with thrombin disposal, and the magnitude of this effect is determined by finding how much thrombin remains after the antithrombin reaction has gone to completion. The other effect is concerned with interference with the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction, there being no thrombin activity destroyed by this mechanism.
In the disposal of thrombin, plasma antithrombin is not influenced by heparin. The amount of thrombin destroyed is constant for a given amount of defibrinated plasma and is independent of the initial thrombin concentration, provided the initial quantity of thrombin is above the antithrombin capacity of the plasma. For bovine plasma, the antithrombin capacity is about 710 units of thrombin. In contrast, if the initial quantity of thrombin is less that the antithrombic capacity of the plasma, some thrombin may remain after equilibrium conditions have been reached.
In addition to plasma antithrombin, fibrin may remove certain quantities of thrombin activity from solution by adsorption. Heparin increases the amount of thrombin adsorbed on fibrin whereas albumin decreases the amount of thrombin adsorbed. The adsorbed thrombin can be recovered by lysis of the fibrin with fibrinolysin.
The general concept that heparin has an antithrombic effect in conjunction with a plasma cofactor is explained on the basis that this mechanism interferes in the thrombin-fibrinogen reaction. No thrombin is destroyed by this mechanism.
FAMILIAL NONSPHEROCYTIC HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Authors: KAPLAN EUGENE , ZUELZER WOLF W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A congenital familial chronic hemolytic anemia not conforming to the known types was observed in 3 members of a French-Canadian family.
The erythrocytes were normochromic, normocytic to macrocytic, and had normal osmotic and mechanical fragility. Spherocytosis. elliptocytosis and sickling were absent but a moderate degree of ovalocytosis was present in many of the patients’ red corpuscles. No acid hemolysis could be demonstrated. The survival of erythrocytes transfused from one of the patients to a normal recipient was significantly shortened, whereas normal erythrocytes transfused into 2 of the patients survived normally, indicating an intracorpuscular defect.
Clinically the condition was characterized by jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, osseous changes, and a tendency toward the development of mongoloid facies. Typical hemolytic crises have been absent. Despite moderately severe anemia there has been remarkably little interference with normal childhood activity.
The Average Volume of Leukemic Leukocytes
Authors: TIVEY HAROLD , LI JONAH G. , OSGOOD EDWIN E. , DUERST MARIE , KLOBUCHER VICTOR , PETERSON ELEANOR , HUGHES MARGRET E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. The technic used to determine the average volume per cell of leukocytes from patients with leukemia has been described.
2. The distribution of the average volumes of leukocytes from 15 patients with granulocytic leukemia, based on 52 determinations, has a median value of 450 cu. µ and a mean of 460 cu. µ. 2. The 95 per cent range for this distribution is 340 to 570 cu. µ.
3. Sufficient data are not presently available to determine the Shape of the distribution for the volume of monocytes, but the average value for the leukocytes from 8 patients with monocytic leukemia is 470 cu. µ and the range is 360 to 580 cu. µ.
4. The average volumes of leukocytes from 27 patients with lymphocytic leukemia, based on 74 determinations, have a Poisson-like distribution with a median value of 230 cu. µ and a mean of 250 cu. µ. Ninety-five per cent of the values in this distribution fall in the range of 130 to 410 cu. µ.
5. Although leukocyte volumes from both granulocytic and lymphocytic leukemias follow Poisson-like distributions, the central values of these distributions are significantly different. However, there is an overlap of the distributions with approximately a 15 per cent chance that average lymphocytic volumes will fall into the range of the small granulocytic volumes.
6. For many purposes it may be assumed that two billion cells of the granulocytic or monocytic series or four billion cells of the lymphocytic series equal 1 ml.
Blood Coagulation in Arthropods
Authors: GRÉGOIRE CH. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. Thin films of freshly drawn hemolymph of about 360 insects belonging to 61 different species were observed under the phase contrast microscope and the process of coagulation investigated. Control of the observations by motion picture recordings were performed in a few species.
2. In the hemolymph of all the insects investigated, a category of hyaline hemocytes can easily be recognized under the phase contrast microscope from the other kinds of blood cells. Attempts of identification of these hyaline hemocytes with elements described in the classifications of insect blood cells based on fixation and staining were inconclusive.
3. In the insects in which the blood clotting does not occur, these hyaline hemocytes do not exhibit any important alteration. In species inn which blood coagulation occurs, the cells of this category appear to be highly labile to contact to glass surfaces. They undergo rapid modifications in their structure which play an important if not exclusive part in the initiation of the plasma coagulation. In the present material these alterations are of two kinds, each of them being related to a different appearance of the plasma reaction. They can occur alone or together.
4. In contrast to the hyaline hemocytes, the other categories of blood cells do not take part in the process of coagulation. Scattered or agglutinated at random, they are passively embedded in the coagulum.
5. In the present material, hemolymph coagulation appears to be a continuous process, initiated by alterations taking place in a single category of hemocytes. These alterations are followed by various degrees of plasma coagulation, from a general macroscopic clotting to a limited reaction detectable only under the microscope.
6. The results are at variance with former data in which the coagulation of insect blood was described as being either a cellular agglutination, in which no special part was recognized to be played by a special category of cells, or a plasma coagulation, both considered as two physiologically distinct processes, which can occur independently or together. On the other hand, the present results show an analogy with the type of coagulation described in crustacean blood by Hardy, Tait, Tait and Gunn, in which a special category of cells, Hardy's explosive cells, as distinguished from the other blood cells, has a specific and important part to play.
Microspectrophotometric Determination of Desoxyribosenucleic Acid in Megaloblasts of Pernicious Anemia
Authors: REISNER EDWARD H. , KORSON ROY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. In 9 patients with various types of megaloblastic anemia responding to treatment with vitamin B12, folic acid or liver extract, no significant deviations from the normal amounts of total or polymerized DNA were observed in the nuclei of red blood cells in marrow smears.
2. During the maturation of megaloblasts in the bone marrow there is a gradual loss of nuclear DNA.
3. This pattern is quantitatively and qualitatively similar for normal marrow and for that of pernicious anemia in relapse and after treatment.
Deficiency of Plasma Prothrombin Conversion Accelerators in the Postoperative State with a Description of a Simple Method of Assay
Authors: WARREN RICHARD , BELKO JOHN S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
1. A simple method for distinguishing between prothrombin and prothrombin conversion accelerators has been described.
2. A deficiency in prothrombin conversion accelerators in the early days after major surgical operations has been observed.
Idiopathic Hypoprothrombinemia Associated with Hemorrhagic Diathesis, and the Effect of Vitamin K
Authors: LEY ALLYN B. , READER GEORGE G. , SORENSON C. W. , OVERMAN RALPH S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two cases of hypoprothrombinemia of unknown cause are presented. In each case there was a marked hemorrhagic diathesis which, in Case 1, led to death. In each there were additional findings (clinical or necropsy) which suggested that the prothrombin deficiency was only one manifestation of a generalized disease.
The pertinent literature is reviewed and a classification of the previously reported cases of "idiopathic hypoprothrombinemia" into "congenital" and "acquired" types is offered. Both of our cases fall into the "acquired" group. The treatment of the condition is discussed and it is pointed out that vitamin K1 oxide in large doses restored the prothrombin time to normal after the apparent failure of large doses of water soluble menadione. A rationale for this difference in response is suggested.
The Effect of Dicumarol on Co-Thromboplastin, a Factor in Blood Concerned with the Conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin
Authors: MANN FRANK D. , BARKER NELSON W. , HURN MARGARET 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The deficiency in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin which develops after administration of dicumarol appears to be due largely to decreased cothromboplastin activity. Both the development of this deficiency and the recovery from it tend to precede the accompanying changes in prothrombin itself, as measured by the two-stage method. In terms of deviation from normal, the deficiency in conversion often exceeds in magnitude the deficiency of prothrombin itself.