bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling oscillations in connected glacial lakes
Authors: Stubblefield Aaron G. , Creyts Timothy T. , Kingslake Jonathan , Spiegelman Marc 
Published: September 2019

AbstractMountain glaciers and ice sheets often host marginal and subglacial lakes that are hydraulically connected through subglacial drainage systems. These lakes exhibit complex dynamics that have been the subject of models for decades. Here we introduce and analyze a model for the evolution of glacial lakes connected by subglacial channels. Subglacial channel equations are supplied with effective pressure boundary conditions that are determined by a simple lake model. While the model can describe an arbitrary number of lakes, we solve it numerically with a finite element method for the case of two connected lakes. We examine the effect of relative lake size and spacing on the oscillations. Complex oscillations in the downstream lake are driven by discharge out of the upstream lake. These include multi-peaked and anti-phase filling–draining events. Similar filling–draining cycles have been observed on the Kennicott Glacier in Alaska and at the confluence of the Whillans and Mercer ice streams in West Antarctica. We further construct a simplified ordinary differential equation model that displays the same qualitative behavior as the full, spatially-dependent model. We analyze this model using dynamical systems theory to explain the appearance of filling–draining cycles as the meltwater supply varies.
A problematic animal fossil from the early Cambrian Hetang Formation, South China—A reply
Authors: Tang Qing , Hu Jie , Xie Guwei , Yuan Xunlai , Wan Bin , Zhou Chuanming , Dong Xu , Cao Guohua , Lieberman Bruce S. , Leys Sally P. , Xiao Shuhai 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe recently reportedCambrowania ovataTang and Xiao in Tang et al., 2019, from the early Cambrian Hetang Formation in South China and interpreted it as a problematic animal fossil, possibly related to either sponges or bivalved arthropods (Tang et al., 2019). Slater and Budd (2019) contested our taxonomic identification and phylogenetic interpretation; instead, they claimed thatCambrowania ovatais a large acritarch referable to morphotaxonLeiosphaeridiaEisenack, 1958, and thus is not an animal. Here we refute their criticisms, clarify the differences betweenCambrowaniaandLeiosphaeridiaand other acritarchs, and reiterate why an animal affinity forCambrowaniacannot be ruled out.
Origin and Alteration of Organic Matter in Hydrate-Bearing Sediments of the Rio Grande Cone, Brazil: Evidence from Biological, Physical, and Chemical Factors
Authors: Rodrigues Luiz F , Macario Kita D , Anjos Roberto M , Ketzer João M M , Maraschin Anderson J , Augustin Adolpho H , Moreira Vinicius N , dos Santos Victor H J M , Muniz Marcelo C , Cardoso Renan P , Viana Adriano R , Miller Dennis J 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTThe Rio Grande Cone is a major fanlike depositional feature in the continental slope of the Pelotas Basin, Southern Brazil. Two representative sediment cores collected in the Cone area were retrieved using a piston core device. In this work, the organic matter (OM) in the sediments was characterized for a continental vs. marine origin using chemical proxies to help constrain the origin of gas in hydrates. The main contribution of OM was from marine organic carbon based on the stable carbon isotope (δ13C-org) and total organic carbon/total nitrogen ratio (TOC:TN) analyses. In addition, the 14C data showed important information about the origin of the OM and we suggest some factors that could modify the original organic matter and therefore mask the “real” 14C ages: (1) biological activity that could modify the carbon isotopic composition of bulk terrestrial organic matter values, (2) the existence of younger sediments from mass wasting deposits unconformably overlying older sediments, and (3) the deep-sediment-sourced methane contribution due to the input of “old” (>50 ka) organic compounds from migrating fluids.
Minority Success in Non-Majority Minority Districts: Finding the “Sweet Spot”
Authors: Lublin David , Handley Lisa , Brunell Thomas L. , Grofman Bernard 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThough African-American and Latino electoral success in state legislative and congressional elections continues to occur almost entirely in majority-minority districts, minorities now have new opportunities in districts that are only 40–50% minority. This success can primarily be explained in terms of a curvilinear model that generates a “sweet spot” of maximum likelihood of minority candidate electoral success as a function of minority population share of the district and the proportion of the district that votes Republican. Past racial redistricting legal challenges often focused on cracking concentrated racial minorities to prevent the creation of majority-minority districts. Future lawsuits may also follow in the steps of recent successful court challenges against racially motivated packing that resulted in the reduction of minority population percentage in a previously majority-minority district in order to enhance minority opportunity in an adjacent non-majority-minority district.
Molecular adaptation in adipose tissue in response to overfeeding with a high-fat diet under sedentary conditions in South Asian and Caucasian men
Authors: Wulan Siti N. , Bouwman Freek G. , Westerterp Klaas R. , Mariman Edwin C. M. , Plasqui Guy 
Published: September 2019

AbstractFor the same BMI, South Asians have a higher body fat percentage than Caucasians. There might be differences in the fatty acid (FA) handling in adipose tissue when both ethnicities are exposed to high-fat overfeeding. The objective of the present study was to investigate the molecular adaptation in relation to FA metabolism in response to overfeeding with a high-fat diet (OHFD) in South Asian and Caucasian men. Ten South Asian men (BMI 18–29 kg/m2) and ten Caucasian men (BMI 22–33 kg/m2), matched for body fat percentage, aged 20–40 years were included. A weight-maintenance diet (30 % fat, 55 % carbohydrate and 15 % protein) was given for 3 d followed by 3 d of overfeeding (150 % energy requirement) with a high-fat diet (60 % fat, 25 % carbohydrate and 15 % protein) while staying in a respiration chamber. Before and after overfeeding, abdominal subcutaneous fat biopsies were taken. Proteins were isolated, analysed and quantified for short-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH), carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1α (CPT1a), adipose TAG lipase, perilipin A (PLINA), perilipin B, lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid binding protein 4 using Western blotting. OHFD decreased the HADH level (P&lt; 0·05) in Caucasians more than in Asians (P&lt; 0·05), but the baseline and after intervention HADH level was relatively higher in Caucasians. The level of CPT1a decreased in South Asians and increased in Caucasians (P&lt; 0·05). PLINA did not change with diet but the level was higher in South Asians (P&lt; 0·05). The observed differences in HADH and PLINA levels as well as in CPT1a response may be important for differences in the long-term regulation of energy (fat) metabolism in these populations.
Whole digesta properties as influenced by feed processing explain variation in gastrointestinal transit times in pigs
Authors: Martens Bianca M. J. , Noorloos Marit , de Vries Sonja , Schols Henk A. , Bruininx Erik M. A. M. , Gerrits Walter J. J. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPhysicochemical properties of diets are believed to play a major role in the regulation of digesta transit in the gastrointestinal tract. Starch, being the dominant nutrient in pig diets, strongly influences these properties. We studied transport of digesta solids and liquids through the upper gastrointestinal tract of ninety pigs in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Dietary treatments varied in starch source (barley, maize and high-amylose maize) and form (isolated starch, ground cereal and extruded cereal). Mean retention times (MRT) of digesta solids ranged 129–225 min for the stomach and 86–124 min for the small intestine (SI). The MRT of solids consistently exceeded that of liquids in the stomach, but not in the SI. Solid digesta of pigs fed extruded cereals remained 29–75 min shorter in the stomach compared with pigs fed ground cereals (P < 0·001). Shear stress of whole digesta positively correlated with solid digesta MRT in the stomach (r 0·33, P < 0·001), but not in the SI. The saturation ratio (SR), the actual amount of water in stomach digesta as a fraction of the theoretical maximum held by the digesta matrix, explained more variation in digesta MRT than shear stress. The predictability of SR was hampered by the accumulation of large particles in the stomach. In addition, the water-holding capacity of gelatinised starch leads to a decreased SR of diets, but not of stomach digesta, which was caused by gastric hydrolysis of starch. Both of these phenomena hinder the predictability of gastric retention times based on feed properties.
Using Theory to Study Law: A Company Law Perspective
Authors: Cheffins Brian R. 
Published: September 2019

In the United States, theorising about law has flourished. There has been an increase in the “market share” of theoretically oriented articles in leading law reviews, a proliferation of specialised journals devoted to interdisciplinary approaches to law and much more frequent citation of theoretical scholarship in legal literature. The interdisciplinary movement in legal thought has prompted a strong backlash. Fears have been expressed that “impractical” scholars are doing the legal profession and law students a disservice by pursuing “abstract” theory at the expense of engaging in analysis of legal doctrine.Interdisciplinary scholarship is growing in prominence in Britain. If this trend continues, the experience in the United States suggests that concerns could arise about the practical value of academic law, both inside and outside the classroom. As a result, this is a suitable occasion to assess whether theoretical analysis can make a valuable contribution both with respect to research and teaching. This essay advances the thesis that thinking about law in interdisciplinary terms has a beneficial influence on academic writing and should lead to improvements in the classroom. The case in favour of the use of theory is set out in general terms and is then illustrated by considering a field often thought to be primarily technical and “vocational” in nature, namely company law.
REPRESENTATION, STRUCTURE AND AGENCY:
DIVORCE IN THE FRENCH SOUDAN DURING THE
EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
Authors: ROBERTS RICHARD 
Published: September 2019

On 5 October 1905, Baia Bari of Gassin village went before the tribunal
de province of Segu seeking a divorce from her husband, Tiemoko Boaré of
Koila. Both Baia Bari and Tiemoko Boaré were Muslims. Baia Bari claimed
that Tiemoko Boaré had mistreated her and that she was prepared to return
the bridewealth. In addition, Baia Bari sought the return of 27,000 cowries
she claimed Tiemoko Boaré had taken from her, although she did not present
any ‘proof’. Tiemoko Boaré agreed to the divorce but denied having taken
the money. The court pronounced the divorce and called for Tiemoko Boaré
to recover the bridewealth he and his kin had provided to Baia Bari's kin.
The court dismissed Baia Bari's claim for the return of 27,000 cowries,
because she had failed to produce evidence of the alleged ‘loan’. Neither Baia
Bari nor Tiemoko Boaré appealed the court's verdict.How Baia Bari came to bring suit for divorce against her husband for
mistreatment and how the provincial court, presided over by the leading
African notables of Segu, saw fit to intervene in the domestic affairs of the
Boaré household is the subject of this article. The data provided in the
‘Register of Civil and Commercial Judgements Rendered by the Provincial
Court of Segu during the Third Quarter of 1905’ are not detailed enough for
us to ‘hear’ Baia Bari's complaints about marital mistreatment. Nor does the
register tell us anything about how the members of the court understood the
evidence of mistreatment, which they accepted, and Baia Bari's claim for the
return of 27,000 cowries, which they rejected. Despite the sparse annotation
of this case, Baia Bari's legal action raises at least two questions. First, from
where did the provincial court ‘receive’ the authority to intervene in the
domestic affairs of the Boaré household? Second, why did Baia Bari turn to
the provincial court to seek the dissolution of her marriage?
Longitudinal vortices in a laminar natural convection boundary layer flow on an inclined
flat plate and their influence on heat transfer
Authors: JESCHKE PETER , BEER HANS 
Published: September 2019

The linear and nonlinear growth of longitudinal vortices in a laminar boundary layer
and the development of secondary instabilities are investigated theoretically and by
experiment. As a prototype problem the natural convection flow along a constant-heat-flux
inclined flat plate in water is chosen. Based upon the smallness of the
plate's angle of inclination from the vertical, the largeness of the Grashof number,
and the smallness of the vortex strength, a perturbation method is used to derive
and solve a consistent set of governing equations for the linear, weakly nonlinear and
the strongly nonlinear regimes which is asymptotically correct to first order. Liquid-crystal
thermography based on wide-band liquid crystals is used to provide full-field,
highly accurate wall temperature measurements and visualizations.The spanwise periodic thickening and thinning of the boundary layer through a
nonlinear, but steady, vortex growth is seen to be responsible for practically all of
the increase of mean heat transfer values during the laminar–turbulent transition.
Secondary instabilties in the form of sinuous and varicose unsteady wave modes
and the steady merging of vortices are visualized but are seen to have only a minor
additional influence on mean heat transfer.
The motion of a dipolar spherical particle in homogeneous shear
and time-periodic fields
Authors: PUYESKY I. , FRANKEL I. 
Published: September 2019

The effects of the intensity and frequency of a time-periodic external
field on the
rotary motion of a dipolar spherical particle suspended in homogeneous
shear are
studied with the goal of providing insight into problems concerning the
motion of
swimming microorganisms and the macroscopic behaviour of ferrofluids. The
analysis
reveals two modes of motion: convergence of the particle to a global time-periodic

attractor, and quasi-periodic motion. The former mode of particle rotation
generally
appears for sufficiently strong fields. However, asymptotic analysis clarifies
that it
may occur even for very weak fields as a cumulative result of appropriate
resonance
interactions.A sufficient condition for the occurrence of a global time-periodic
attractor is established
for an external field acting in the plane of shear. Asymptotic results
together
with numerical evidence indicate that this condition is in fact a necessary
condition as
well. Making use of this condition we obtain the division of the plane
of parameters
into domains respectively corresponding to quasi-periodic motion and global
time-periodic
attractors. The latter domain has the structure of non-intersecting Arnold's

tongues. Throughout each, the average frequency of dipole rotation about
the vorticity
vector is a constant (integral) multiple of the forcing frequency (frequency
locking).
In the case of quasi-periodic motion, there simultaneously coexist separate
domains
in orientation space where the rotary motion is locally characterized by
different
constant rotation numbers. These may assume both rational and irrational
values.
Potential implications of the distinction between these modes of rotary
motion on the
characterization of effective (macroscale) ferrofluid properties are briefly discussed.
Patient classification of two-week wait referrals for suspected head and neck cancer: a machine learning approach
Authors: Moor J W , Paleri V , Edwards J 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundMachine learning algorithms could potentially be used to classify patients referred on the two-week wait pathway for suspected head and neck cancer. Patients could be classified into ‘predicted cancer’ or ‘predicted non-cancer’ groups.MethodsA variety of machine learning algorithms were assessed using the clinical data of 5082 patients. These patients had previously been referred via the two-week wait pathway for suspected head and neck cancer to two separate tertiary referral centres in the UK. Outcomes from machine learning classification were analysed in comparison to known clinical diagnoses.ResultsVariational logistic regression was the most clinically useful technique of those chosen to perform the analysis and patient classification; the proportion of patients correctly classified as having ‘non-cancer’ was 25.8 per cent, with a false negative rate of 1 out of 1000.ConclusionMachine learning algorithms can accurately and effectively classify patients referred with suspected head and neck cancer symptoms.
Qing Connections to the Early Modern World: Ethnography and Cartography in Eighteenth-Century China
Authors: HOSTETLER LAURA 
Published: September 2019

‘Consulting literary sources is not as satisfactory as observation . . . If one wants to control the barbarian frontier area, one must judge the profitability of the land, and investigate the nature of its people.’—Qian Shu‘If one does not differentiate between their varieties, or know their customs, then one has not what it takes to appreciate their circumstances, and to govern them.’—‘Miaoliao tushuo’
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY February to April 2001
Authors: BENNETT FRAN 
Published: September 2019

Contents1 Social security and income maintenance2 Health (formerly Health care)3 Education4 Housing and environment5 Personal social services6 Law and the treatment of the offender7 Unemployment and the labour market8 Race relations9 The voluntary sector10 Government (formerly Local government)11 Gender12 Demography
A general account of selection: Biology, immunology, and behavior
Authors: Hull David L. , Langman Rodney E. , Glenn Sigrid S. 
Published: September 2019

Authors frequently refer to gene-based selection in biological evolution, the reaction of the immune system to antigens, and operant learning as exemplifying selection processes in the same sense of this term. However, as obvious as this claim may seem on the surface, setting out an account of “selection” that is general enough to incorporate all three of these processes without becoming so general as to be vacuous is far from easy. In this target article, we set out such a general account of selection to see how well it accommodates these very different sorts of selection. The three fundamental elements of this account are replication, variation, and environmental interaction. For selection to occur, these three processes must be related in a very specific way. In particular, replication must alternate with environmental interaction so that any changes that occur in replication are passed on differentially because of environmental interaction.One of the main differences among the three sorts of selection that we investigate concerns the role of organisms. In traditional biological evolution, organisms play a central role with respect to environmental interaction. Although environmental interaction can occur at other levels of the organizational hierarchy, organisms are the primary focus of environmental interaction. In the functioning of the immune system, organisms function as containers. The interactions that result in selection of antibodies during a lifetime are between entities (antibodies and antigens) contained within the organism. Resulting changes in the immune system of one organism are not passed on to later organisms. Nor are changes in operant behavior resulting from behavioral selection passed on to later organisms. But operant behavior is not contained in the organism because most of the interactions that lead to differential replication include parts of the world outside the organism. Changes in the organism's nervous system are the effects of those interactions. The role of genes also varies in these three systems. Biological evolution is gene-based (i.e., genes are the primary replicators). Genes play very different roles in operant behavior and the immune system. However, in all three systems, iteration is central. All three selection processes are also incredibly wasteful and inefficient. They can generate complexity and novelty primarily because they are so wasteful and inefficient.
Evaluating Korean learners’ English rhythm proficiency with measures of sentence stress
Authors: Lee Ho-Young , Song Jieun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractPrevious research has suggested that the production of speech rhythm in a second language (L2) or foreign language is influenced by the speaker’s first language rhythm. However, it is less clear how the production of L2 rhythm is affected by the learners’ L2 proficiency, largely due to the lack of rhythm metrics that show consistent results between studies. We examined the production of English rhythm by 75 Korean learners with the rhythm metrics proposed in previous studies (pairwise variability indices and interval measures). We also devised new sentence stress measures (i.e., accentuation rate and accentuation error rate) and investigated whether these new measures can quantify rhythmic differences between the learners. The results found no rhythm metric that significantly correlated with proficiency in the expected direction. In contrast, we found a significant correlation between the learners’ proficiency levels and both measures of sentence stress, showing that less-proficient learners placed sentence stress on more words and made more sentence stress errors. This demonstrates that our measures of sentence stress can be used as effective features for assessing Korean learners’ English rhythm proficiency.
FACTORS OF THE INNOVATION, ORGANIZATION, ENVIRONMENT, AND INDIVIDUAL THAT PREDICT THE INFLUENCE FIVE SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS HAD ON PUBLIC HEALTH DECISIONS
Authors: Dobbins Maureen , Cockerill Rhonda , Barnsley Jan , Ciliska Donna 
Published: September 2019

Objective: To determine the extent to which systematic reviews of public health interventions influenced public health decisions and which factors were associated with influencing these decisions.Methods: This cross-sectional follow-up survey evaluated the use of five systematic reviews in public health decision making. Independent variables included characteristics of the innovation, organization, environment, and individual. Primary data were collected using a telephone survey and a self-administered organizational demographics questionnaire. Public health decision makers in all 41 public health units in Ontario were invited to participate in the study. Multiple linear regression analyses on the five program decisions were conducted.Results: The systematic reviews were perceived as having the greatest amount of influence on decisions related to program justification and program planning, and the least influence on program evaluation decisions. The greater the perception that one's organization valued the use of research evidence for decision making and that ongoing training in the critical appraisal of research literature was provided, the greater the perception of the influence the systematic review had on public health decisions.Conclusions: Organizational characteristics are important predictors of the use of systematic reviews in public health decision making. Future dissemination strategies need to promote the value of using systematic reviews for program decision making as well as promote ongoing training in critical appraisal among intended users in Ontario.