bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Brainstem Neural Substrate for Stopping Locomotion
Authors: Grätsch Swantje , Auclair François , Demers Olivier , Auguste Emmanuella , Hanna Amer , Büschges Ansgar , Dubuc Réjean 
Published: December 2018

Locomotion occurs sporadically and needs to be started, maintained, and stopped. The neural substrate underlying the activation of locomotion is partly known, but little is known about mechanisms involved in termination of locomotion. Recently, reticulospinal neurons (stop cells) were found to play a crucial role in stopping locomotion in the lamprey: their activation halts ongoing locomotion and their inactivation slows down the termination process. Intracellular recordings of these cells revealed a distinct activity pattern, with a burst of action potentials at the beginning of a locomotor bout and one at the end (termination burst). The termination burst was shown to be time linked to the end of locomotion, but the mechanisms by which it is triggered have remained unknown. We studied this in larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus; the sex of the animals was not taken into account). We found that the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), which is known to initiate and control locomotion, stops ongoing locomotion by providing synaptic inputs that trigger the termination burst in stop cells. When locomotion is elicited by MLR stimulation, a second MLR stimulation stops the locomotor bout if it is of lower intensity than the initial stimulation. This occurs for MLR-induced, sensory-evoked, and spontaneous locomotion. Furthermore, we show that glutamatergic and, most likely, monosynaptic projections from the MLR activate stop cells during locomotion. Therefore, activation of the MLR not only initiates locomotion, but can also control the end of a locomotor bout. These results provide new insights onto the neural mechanisms responsible for stopping locomotion.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) is a brainstem region well known to initiate and control locomotion. Since its discovery in cats in the 1960s, the MLR has been identified in all vertebrate species tested from lampreys to humans. We now demonstrate that stimulation of the MLR not only activates locomotion, but can also stop it. This is achieved through a descending glutamatergic signal, most likely monosynaptic, from the MLR to the reticular formation that activates reticulospinal stop cells. Together, our findings have uncovered a neural mechanism for stopping locomotion and bring new insights into the function of the MLR.
Apolitiška karta: kodėl jauniems Lietuvos žmonėms neįdomi politika
Authors: Diržinskaitė Aušrinė 
Published: December 2018

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
In the recent years, consolidated democracies have faced a great decline in citizens’ participation and interest in political life. The latest researches show that young people are especially disengaged and alien to political life. Moreover, Lithuania seems to have the greatest number of young people who are not interested in politics in the “so-called” developed world (OECD countries and candidates) and has the highest gap between the general and the youth interest in politics. Therefore, this article analyzes what are the reasons for the disinterest in politics of the youth in Lithuania.
Contemporary theories and empirical researches suggest rather different answers to the question. In particular, it is said that youths’ interest in politics can be determined by three categories of factors: socioeconomic/sociodemographic (income, wellbeing, education, race and gender), psychological (political efficacy: self-confidence as internal political efficacy and trust in political system as external political efficacy) as well as socializing factors (discussions with family and friends, media, volunteering).
In order to find why Lithuania has such a high level of youth disinterest in politics, the analysis is performed on an individual level. Logistic regression analysis shows that the most relevant determinants for the youth interest in politics in Lithuania are a greater usage of media, accompanied with more frequent discussions with family and friends, a higher trust in the parliament as well as a higher level of education. Yet, the greatest determinant of whether a young person will be interested in politics are the elections; i.e., data from the year 2016 signalizes a much greater youth interest in politics compared to the 2012, thus inviting to analyze more deeply the existing differences between the two elections.
To check if the variables had proved significant on the individual level, bore any semblance on the country level and explained the exception of Lithuania, an aggregate analysis was conducted. Correlations were found between the level of youth disinterest in politics and income per capita, trust in the national government, discussions with friends and the usage of media. Lithuania, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia appear to be in one group based on most of the analyzed criteria. Though altogether these factors seem to be pretty good determinants, the Lithuanian case is, however, not fully explained by them – a regression model is unable to predict almost one fifth of the young people that are disinterested in politics in Lithuania. Thus, the usual suspects do not explain this phenomenon fully, and particular countries should be explored more deeply.
Mistiniai politikos elementai. Simone ʼos Weil požiūris
Authors: Tamošaitytė Rūta 
Published: December 2018

[full article and abstract in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
The word “mysticism” is known to be a term that is now being used and associated with something which is negative – a mockery. It can be said that this perception of the term is based on certain historical events, when, in the central philosophies of particular religions (in this work, focus will be drawn only on Christian mysticism), a unique shift took place – during the early modernity in most of the Christian Churches, there occurred a split between theology and spirituality. Therefore, everything that had even a slight implication of mysticism was seen as irrelevant and unimportant. In addition to this, it is possible to say that our contemporary era has lost all belief in any reality that surpasses peoples daily tasks. Because of this, the vast majority of postmodernists tend to argue that mysticism can not be part of any philosophy, including a political one.
This article concentrates on the thought of Simone Weil, a unique French philosopher and mystic, in order to prove through her work that mysticism can potentially enrich political philosophy. This is being done by analyzing her work and attempting to underline the supernatural element between the human and society. This supernatural element will yield a further investigation of how Simone Weil’s mysticism can affect political philosophy. In order to find this element, the concepts of the human and the society that occur in Simone Weil’s philosophy will be analyzed separately.
In the first part, it is analyzed how Simone Weil perceived humans. She drastically separates the human, who, in her thought, possesses a transcendent core that can be violated, from the person, who is illusionary. Meanwhile, the second part concentrates on Weil’s perception of the relation between society and the human. Society is seen by Weil as the Platonic Great Beast, but it may also be a source of pure fulfillment – roots – for the human being. In this part of the study, the roots of a human being in society and the tragedy of uprootedness are discussed further.
The third part develops an idea of why mysticism can be seen as an important part of political philosophy and why it should not be neglected: it provides a different angle – a divine one – for viewing people’s daily lives and their culture. Mysticism always comes from a certain culture, and it is important, since a mystic communicates their thought through that culture; however, a mystic also is able to critically address the surrounding culture because of the divine point of view. That is why mysticism is essential for political philosophy.
The analization of Weil’s views on obligations, the human transcendental core and roots leads to a conclusion which suggests that the supernatural element between the human and society is an obligation for oneself and for others. This supernatural element allows us to confirm the idea that political philosophy should not neglect the mystical approach.
Relationship among employee’s personality traits and work motivation
Authors: Genevičiūtė-Janonienė Giedrė , Endriulaitienė Auksė 
Published: December 2018

In recent years, researchers have acknowledged that personality explains behaviour at work and predicts job performance across a wide variety of outcomes that organizations value (Barrick & Mount, 2005). Work motivation is a potential predictor of employee turnover, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, job performance and psychological well-being. Motivated employees are more likely to be creative, persistent, and productive, so managers are willing to have a highly motivated workforce. Especially work motivation is a challenge for supervisors trying to integrate into the international market using staff effectively. Knowing of personality traits and work values that help to predict work motivation allows supervisors to achieve objectives. That is why any efforts to predict individual differences of employee’s work motivation are an important research topic having both practical and theoretical implications. The objective of this study was to elucidate the personality traits that might be related to work motivation. 300 respondents (79 men and 221 women) participated in the investigation (mean age 33.70, SD = 13.09). The employees consisted of non-management personnel of various Lithuanian organizations. The subjects completed a questionnaire that included self-report measure of personality traits (Big Five Inventory; John et al., 1991), two self-repot measures of work motivation; a two-item scale was devised for assessing perceived work effectiveness. We constructed one questionnaire according to the instructions of V. Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of work motivation; another questionnaire was constructed (according to Marcinkevičiūtė, 2003; Wilson, 2005; Furnham et al., 2005) for assessing what kind of rewards employees value at their job. It was also predicted that perceived job effectiveness might contribute significantly to the model of work motivation. Contrary to the expectations and previous results, no significant relations were found among neuroticism, agreeableness, consciousness, extraversion and work motivation. Only openness to experience was positively related (p ≤ 0.034) to women’s work motivation. Path analysis showed different models of work motivation for female and male employees. Perceived job effectiveness was an important contributor to work motivation. Also, the results have shown that employees with a higher extraversion (p ≤ 0.001), higher openness to experience (p ≤ 0.000), higher conscientiousness (p ≤ 0.024) and agreeableness (p ≤ 0.021) are more motivated with internal rewards at their job. Employees with higher neuroticism are equally motivated by both external and internal rewards.
Az acut mesenterialis ischaemia műtéti kezelése
Authors: Hevér Tímea , Fórizs Zoltán , Lóderer Zoltán 
Published: December 2018

Absztrakt:

Bevezetés: Az akut mesenterialis ischaemia előfordulása a
populáció öregedésével és a társbetegségek növekvő előfordulásával együtt
emelkedik. A diagnosztika széles körű elérhetősége ellenére az időben történő
felismerés és a megfelelő kezelés nem biztosított. Ennek okai a nem azonnal
végzett obligát CT-angiographia és a belek rövid ischaemiás toleranciája miatt
4–6 órás időablakon belül elvégezhető érsebészeti beavatkozás elmaradása.
Célkitűzés: Beteganyagunk retrospektív áttekintése során a
műtétre kerülés idejét, az elzáródások típusait, a végezhető műtéti megoldásokat
és a kórlefolyást elemeztük négy, általunk reprezentatívnak és említésre
méltónak tartott eseten keresztül. Eredmények: 1. eset: Arteria
mesenterica superior embólia bélelhalás nélkül, embolectomiát végeztünk.
2. eset: Arteria mesenterica superior thrombosis okozta
főtörzsi elzáródásnál elkésett arteriás rekonstrukció után sem állt helyre a bél
keringése. 3. eset: Szignifikáns főtörzsi szűkület esetében a
néhány naposan felállított diagnosis és akut has esetében nem alakult ki
kiterjedt bélelhalás. Thrombendarterectomiát végeztünk. 4.
eset: Akut elzáródás krónikus mesenterialis ischaemia talaján
korábbi AMS stentimplatáció után. Műtétnél talált életképes belek, bypass
műtétet végeztünk. Következtetések: Az akut mesenterialis
ischaemia ritka betegség, sokszor későn kerül felismerésre és ellátásra. A
betegek egy része megmenthető, ha az érrekonstrukció és bélresectio egy ülésben
az első ellátási helyen rövid időn belül megtörténik.
Diagnostische Aussagekraft der BRAF-Mutation V595E in Urinproben, Ausstrichen und Bioptaten beim kaninen Übergangszellkarzinom
Authors: Grassinger Julia , Hohloch Corinna , Kehl Alexandra , Pantke Peter , Aupperle-Lellbach Heike 
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand und Ziel: Übergangszellkarzinome (ÜZCa) sind die häufigsten malignen Tumoren der harnableitenden Wege beim Hund. In früheren Studien wurde mittels DNA-Sequenzierung in Urinproben, Gefrier- und Paraffinmaterial von Harnblasenbioptaten die Mutation im BRAF-Gen V595E bei bis zu 85 % der kaninen ÜZCa in den Tumorzellen identifiziert. Ziel der eigenen Arbeit war, diese Methode für zytologische Ausstriche zu etablieren und die Prävalenz dieser Mutation im eigenen Kollektiv zu untersuchen. Material und Methoden: Es wurden 43 formalinfixierte Bioptate, 48 Urinproben und/oder 31 zytologische Ausstriche von 66 Hunden mit ÜZCa (n = 33), Harnblasenpolypen (n = 7), Zystitis (n = 23) oder ohne Harnblasenerkrankung (n = 3) analysiert. Die DNA-Isolierung erfolgte mit kommerziell erhältlichen Testkits. Das Exon 15 wurde mittels Sanger-Sequenzierung auf das Vorliegen der BRAF-Mutation c.1784T>A untersucht. Ergebnisse: Aus 39/43 Paraffinproben, 38/48 Urinproben und 16/18 zellreichen Ausstrichen ließ sich eine ausreichende Menge auswertbarer DNA isolieren. Bei 10/13 zellarmen Ausstrichen reichte die DNA für eine aussagefähige PCR nicht aus. In allen Fällen, in denen verschiedene Materialien vorlagen, stimmten die Ergebnisse der BRAF-Genanalyse in den Paraffin-, Urin- und/oder Zytologieproben des jeweiligen Hundes überein, sofern sich DNA isolieren ließ. Bei 22/31 Hunden (70,9 %) mit einem ÜZCa wurde die Mutation festgestellt, während sie bei keinem Hund mit Zystitis, Polypen oder ohne Harnblasenveränderung gefunden wurde. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Die Untersuchung auf Vorliegen einer BRAF-Variante stellt ein gutes neues Verfahren dar, mit dem sich in Zweifelsfällen die Verdachtsdiagnose eines ÜZCa häufig absichern lässt. Für die Methode eignen sich alle nichtinvasiv gewonnenen, zellreichen Materialien wie Ausstriche von Urinsediment oder Ansaugbioptate sowie formalinfixierte Bioptate. Aber nur der positive Befund ist beweisend. Hinsichtlich der prognostischen und therapeutischen Relevanz sowie der Möglichkeiten einer Frühdiagnostik von ÜZCa mittels der BRAF-Mutationsanalyse bedarf es weiterer Untersuchungen.
State-Space Abstractions for Probabilistic Inference: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lüdtke Stefan , Schröder Max , Krüger Frank , Bader Sebastian , Kirste Thomas 
Published: December 2018

Tasks such as social network analysis, human behavior recognition, or modeling biochemical reactions, can be solved elegantly by using the probabilistic inference framework. However, standard probabilistic inference algorithms work at a propositional level, and thus cannot capture the symmetries and redundancies that are present in these tasks.
Algorithms that exploit those symmetries have been devised in different research fields, for example by the lifted inference-, multiple object tracking-, and modeling and simulation-communities. The common idea, that we call state space abstraction, is to perform inference over compact representations of sets of symmetric states. Although they are concerned with a similar topic, the relationship between these approaches has not been investigated systematically.
This survey provides the following contributions. We perform a systematic literature review to outline the state of the art in probabilistic inference methods exploiting symmetries. From an initial set of more than 4,000 papers, we identify 116 relevant papers. Furthermore, we provide new high-level categories that classify the approaches, based on common properties of the approaches. The research areas underlying each of the categories are introduced concisely. Researchers from different fields that are confronted with a state space explosion problem in a probabilistic system can use this classification to identify possible solutions. Finally, based on this conceptualization, we identify potentials for future research, as some relevant application domains are not addressed by current approaches.
Low Prevalence of the Four Common Colombian Founder Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 in Early-Onset and Familial Afro-Colombian Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Vargas Elizabeth , Torres Lopez Diana Maria , Deugd Robert , Gil Fabian , Nova Alejandra , Mora Lina , Viaña Luis Fernando , Hernandez José David , Bruges Ricardo , Hamann Ute 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Background
Inherited mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) confer high risks of breast and ovarian cancer. In Colombian Hispanic families, four common BRCA1/2 founder mutations have previously been identified. Because nothing is known about the contribution of BRCA1/2 germline mutations to early-onset and hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer in Afro-Colombians, we conducted the first study on 60 patients with early-onset and familial breast cancer in this population.

Materials and Methods
Screening for the four Colombian founder mutations BRCA1/c.3331_3334delCAAG, BRCA1/c.5123C&gt;A, BRCA2/c.2806_2809delAAAC, and BRCA2/c.1763_1766delATAA was performed using mismatch polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, and qualitative real-time PCR. Mutations were confirmed by direct DNA sequencing.

Results
The BRCA1 founder mutation c.5123C&gt;A was identified in one family with breast and ovarian cancer (1/60, 1.7%). Three women were diagnosed with breast cancer, including one with bilateral disease, at the ages of 30, 30/33, and 52 years, and one woman was diagnosed with ovarian cancer at the age of 60 years.

Conclusion
Our data showed a low prevalence of the BRCA1/2 founder mutations in Colombians of African descent, implying that these mutations should not be recommended for genetic screening programs in the Afro-Colombian population.
Tuzluluk ve su noksanlığı stresi altında yetiştirilen farklı patlıcan anaç/kalem kombinasyonlarında bazı meyve kalite özelliklerine ait değişimler
Authors: KIRAN Sevinç , KUŞVURAN Şebnem , ATEŞ Çağla , ELLİALTIOĞLU Ş.şebnem 
Published: December 2018

Bu çalışma; tuza
toleransı yüksek ticari patlıcan anaçları (Köksal ve Vista) üzerine kurağa ve
tuza tolerant Mardin Kızıltepe (MK) ve Burdur Merkez (BM) ve hassas Kemer (K)
ve Artvin Hopa (AH) kalemler aşılanarak ve aşılanmadan oluşan patlıcan
bitkileri, kuraklık ve tuz stresi altında meyve kalite özellikleri bakımından
incelenmiştir. Araştırma sıcaklık ve nem kontrolünün sağlandığı cam serada
yürütülmüştür. Kuraklık stresi, saksılarda yarayışlı su
seviyesinin %50 düzeyinde tutulması ile sağlanmıştır. Tuz stresi ise
elektriksel iletkenlik (EC) 6 dS m-1 olan ve NaCl ile
hazırlanmış su kullanılarak oluşturulmuştur. Kuraklık ve tuz stresi ortamında
yetiştirilen bitkilerden elde edilen meyveler bazı meyve kalite özellikleri
bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre meyve kuru ağırlığı (MKA), meyve suyu
EC düzeyi, titre edilebilir asitlik miktarı (TA), suda çözünebilir madde
miktarı (SÇKM), C vitamini (Vit C) miktarı kuraklık ve tuz etkisi ile artmış ve
pH düzeyi azalmıştır. Kuraklık ve tuz stresi altında aşısız bitkilerde kuru
ağırlık düzeyinde artış meydana gelirken; anaç kullanımı meyve suyu EC düzeyi,
SÇKM ve Vit C içerikleri kuraklık stresi koşullarında kontrol bitkilerine
oranla artış göstermiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, kuraklık stresi altında
patlıcanda tolerant anaç üzerine aşılamanın meyve kalitesini iyileştirme
üzerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Adatok az Arabis nemorensis (Cruciferae) hazai elterjedéséhez
Authors: Somlyay Lajos 
Published: December 2018

Az A. nemorensis a magyar flóra hiányosan ismert tagja, szórványos és zömmel bizony­talan adatokkal az ország területéről. Hazai lelőhelyeinek legteljesebb listája Soó szinopszisában jelent meg 1968-ban. Azóta csak néhány adatát publikálták. Jelen dolgozat a magyar herbáriumokban lévő anyagok revíziójának tükrében értékeli a faj hazai irodalmi adatait. Néhány irodalmi adat (Baja, Ercsi, Lesenceistvánd, Miskolc, Nagykanizsa, Szigetújfalu) bizonyító példánya előkerült. Egyes esetekben a föltételezhető bizonyító példány A. hirsuta-nak vagy A. sagittata-nak bizonyult, így a vonatkozó irodal­mi adatok tévesnek tekinthetők (Balatonmáriafürdő-alsó, Gyenesdiás, Kőszeg, Vasboldogasszony, Zala­újlak). Ugyanakkor az A. nemorensis-nek publikálatlan vagy tévesen határozott példányait is azonosí­tottam, így a fajnak új előfordulásaira derült fény a Bükk hegységből (Eger, Kács), a Bakonyból (Márkó), a Balaton nyugati térségéből (Hahót, Hévíz, Keszthely-Fenékpuszta, Nyirád, Tapolca) és az Alföldről (Csákvár, Debrecen, Egeralja, Fertőd-Eszterháza, Kiskőrös, Lébény, Ócsa, Sárszentmihály, Szigetszent­miklós). Ezek alapján a faj újnak bizonyult a Dunántúli-középhegységre (Bakonyicum) és a Tiszántúlra, utóbbin belül a Nyírségense flórajárásra. A Növénytár herbáriumában néhány, a történelmi Magyaror­szág területéről származó A. nemorensis példányt is revideáltam. A faj egykori előfordulása Torja mel­lett (ma: Turia község Romániában) két példánnyal is bizonyított (Schur, 1853, A. gerardi néven; Jávor­ka & Keller, 1943, A. hirsuta néven). Egy másik példány, amelyet Kovács Ferenc gyűjtött 1879-ben Óbecse (ma: Bečej Szerbiában) mellett, és A. glastifolia-ként cédulázott, szintén A. nemorensis-nek bizo­nyult. Miután Schneller Futak mellől származó irodalmi adatának (1858) azonossága bizonytalan, je­lenleg Kovács példánya a faj egyetlen ismert, bár történeti értékű adata a Vajdaság területéről. A ma Ausztriához tartozó Őrvidéken, Pomogy (Pamhagen, Burgenland) közelében Lengyel Géza gyűjtötte a növényt 1910-ben (a másik példányán szereplő 1919-es dátum kérdéses), amelyet A. sagittata néven cédulázott. Történetileg valószínűleg ez az A. nemorensis első adata az Őrvidék területéről.