bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dementia across local districts in England 2014 to 2015
Authors: Tampubolon Gindo , Nazroo James , Keady John , Pendleton Neil 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundThe number of older people needing dementia care is projected to rise rapidly, and local districts are now charged with responding to this need. But evidence on local area factors of dementia is scarce. We studied the odds of dementia prevalence and its individual risk factors enriched with area factors.Materials and methodsThis study analysed objectively assigned dementia prevalence in people aged 60 and over living in community in England, drawing data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing 2014 to 2015 and local districts statistics using multilevel logistic models. Dementia status is ascertained using a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. A number of individual risk factors were considered including social determinants, internet use, social connections, and health behaviours; 2 contextual factors were included: the index of multiple deprivation and land use mix.ResultsThe prevalence of dementia by this method is 8.8% (95% confidence interval 7.7%‐9.2%) in older adults in England. Maps of dementia prevalence across districts showed prevalent areas. In the full model, no area characteristics were significant in predicting dementia prevalence. Education, social connections, internet use, and moderate to vigorous physical activity showed protective associations.ConclusionDementia in older adults in England is largely predicted by individual characteristics, although some districts have a large share of their population with dementia. Given the health and social care costs associated with dementia, differential interventions and support to districts and to groups of individuals defined by these characteristics seem warranted.
“Building strength in coming together”: A mixed methods study using the arts to explore smoking with staff working in Indigenous tobacco control
Authors: Gould Gillian S. , Stevenson Leah , Bovill Michelle , Oliva Dora , Keen Jennifer , Dimer Lyn , Gruppetta Maree 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIssue addressedTobacco is a major risk factor contributing to Indigenous health disparities. Art may be a powerful and transformative tool to enable health providers to develop targeted messages for tobacco control.MethodsIndigenous and non‐Indigenous staff, working in Indigenous tobacco control, attended a 2‐hour workshop, and were led through a process to create individual artworks. Participants completed surveys before and after the workshop. Scales compared understandings of how art can be used in tobacco control, and the likelihood of utilising arts in future programs. Three pairs of Indigenous and non‐Indigenous researchers analysed the artworks, using the Four Frames (New South Wales Board of Studies), explored themes, and developed a model.ResultsNineteen participants completed both surveys; 17 artworks were analysed. Pre‐ to post‐workshop increases in “understanding” about the use of arts (P < 0.00001) for tobacco control, and “likelihood” of use of arts in the next 6 months (P < 0.006) were significant. Participants expressed personal and professional benefits from the workshop. Artworks demonstrated themes of optimism, the strength of family and culture, smoking as a barrier, resilience, recovery and urgency.ConclusionsThe workshop increased the understanding and likelihood of using the arts for tobacco control. Artworks revealed contemporary challenges impacting on equity; health staff expressed optimism for being engaged in their work.So what?The Framework Convention for Tobacco Control supports novel techniques to increase the reach and relevance of health messages for diverse populations. This study successfully demonstrated how a novel, positively framed art‐based technique proved to be advantageous for health professionals, working in an area of Indigenous tobacco control, where behavioural change can be complex.
How deep can forest vegetation cover extend their hydrological reinforcing contribution?
Authors: Hayati Elyas , Abdi Ehsan , Mohseni Saravi Mohsen , Nieber John L. , Majnounian Baris , Chirico Giovanni B. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAn experimental campaign was set up to quantify the contribution of evapotranspiration fluxes on hillslope hydrology and stability for different forest vegetation cover types. Three adjacent hillslopes, respectively, covered by hardwood, softwood, and grass were instrumented with nine access tubes each to monitor soil water dynamics at the three depths of 30, 60, and 100 cm, using a PR2/6 profile probe (Delta‐T Devices Ltd) for about 6 months including wet periods. Soil was drier under softwood and wetter under grass at all the three depths during most of the monitoring period. Matric suction derived via the soil moisture measurements was more responsive to changes in the atmospheric conditions and also recovered faster at the 30 cm depth. Results showed no significant differences between mean matric suction under hardwood (101.6 kPa) with that under either softwood or grass cover. However, a significant difference was found between mean matric suction under softwood (137.5 kPa) and grass (84.3 kPa). Results revealed that, during the wettest period, the hydrological effects from all three vegetation covers were substantial at the 30 cm depth, whereas the contribution from grass cover at 60 cm (2.0 kPa) and 100 cm (1.1 kPa) depths and from hardwood trees at 100 cm depth (1.2 kPa) was negligible. It is surmised that potential instability would have occurred at these larger depths along hillslopes where shallow hillslope failures are most likely to occur in the region. The hydrological effects from softwood trees, 8.1 and 3.9 kPa, were significant as the corresponding factor of safety values showed stable conditions at both depths of 60 and 100 cm, respectively. Therefore, the considerable hydrological reinforcing effects from softwood trees to the 100 cm depth suggest that a hillslope stability analysis would show that hillslopes with softwood trees will be stable even during the wet season.
Framework for derivation of water quality criteria using the biotic ligand model: Copper as a case study
Authors: Gondek John C , Gensemer Robert W , Claytor Carrie A , Canton Steven P , Gorsuch Joseph W 
Published: June 2018

Abstract

Acceptance of the biotic ligand model (BLM) to derive aquatic life criteria, for metals in general and copper (Cu) in particular, is growing among regulatory agencies worldwide. Thus, it is important to ensure that water quality data are used appropriately and consistently in deriving such criteria. Here we present a suggested BLM implementation framework (hereafter referred to as “the Framework”) to help guide the decision-making process when designing sampling and analysis programs for use of the BLM to derive water quality criteria applied on a site-specific basis. Such a framework will help inform stakeholders on the requirements needed to derive BLM-based criteria, and thus ensure that the appropriate types and amount of data are being collected and interpreted. The Framework was developed for calculating BLM-based criteria when data are available from multiple sampling locations on a stream. The Framework aspires to promote consistency when applying the BLM across data sets of disparate water quality, data quantity, and spatial and temporal representativeness and is meant to be flexible to maximize applicability over a wide range of scenarios. Therefore, the Framework allows for a certain level of interpretation and adjustment to address the issues unique to each data set. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:736–749. © 2018 SETAC

Key Points
This paper presents a data-driven decision tree for applying the biotic ligand model (BLM) to derive protective aquatic life criteria for metals on a site-specific basis. Best practices are included for the collection and analysis of data and for applying the BLM consistently across data sets of disparate data and water quality. Evaluation of the spatial and temporal variability in water quality between sampling locations, and the resulting BLM-derived instantaneous water quality criteria (IWQC) and fixed-monitoring benchmarks (FMBs), is essential for determining the spatial extent over which the criteria should apply. This paper focuses on Cu as a case study but the concepts presented herein can be applied to the BLMs developed for other metals.
Prognostic factors of FIGO stage I–IIA small‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix
Authors: Ning Li , Zhang Wen , Yang Jiaxin , Cao Dongyan , Lang Jinghe , Yu Mei 
Published: June 2018

Our results confirm the prognostic value of Syn and CD56 in patients with early‐stage small‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
Effect of 3,6‐anhydro‐l‐galactose on α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone‐induced melanogenesis in human melanocytes and a skin‐equivalent model
Authors: Kim Ji Hye , Kim Dong Hyun , Cho Kyung Mun , Kim Kyoung Heon , Kang Nam Joo 
Published: June 2018

Abstract3,6‐Anhydro‐l‐galactose (l‐AHG) is a bioactive sugar that is a major component of agarose. Recently, l‐AHG was reported to have anti‐melanogenic potential in human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs) and B16F10 melanoma cells; however, its underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. At noncytotoxic concentrations, l‐AHG has been shown to inhibit alpha‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐induced melanin synthesis in various cell models, including HEMs, melan‐a cells, and B16F10 cells. Although l‐AHG did not inhibit tyrosinase activity in vitro, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction results demonstrated that the anti‐melanogenic effect of l‐AHG was mediated by transcriptional repression of melanogenesis‐related genes, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase‐related protein‐1 (TRP‐1), tyrosinase‐related protein‐2 (TRP‐2), and microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) in HEMs. Western blot analysis showed that l‐AHG effectively attenuated α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone‐induced melanogenic proteins by inhibiting cyclic adenosine monophosphate/cyclic adenosine monophosphate–dependent protein kinase, mitogen‐activated protein kinase, and Akt signaling pathways in HEMs. Topical application of l‐AHG significantly ameliorated melanin production in a 3D pigmented human skin model. Collectively, these results suggest that l‐AHG could be utilized as novel cosmetic compounds with skin‐whitening efficacy.
Preventive Effect of Antioxidative Nutrient‐Rich Enteral Diet Against Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Miyauchi Tomoyuki , Uchida Yoichiro , Kadono Kentaro , Hirao Hirofumi , Kawasoe Junya , Watanabe Takeshi , Ueda Shugo , Jobara Kanta , Kaido Toshimi , Okajima Hideaki , Terajima Hiroaki , Uemoto Shinji 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundLiver ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major problem associated with liver surgery. This study is aimed to compare the preventive effect of an antioxidative nutrient‐rich enteral diet (Ao diet) with an ordinal enteral diet (control diet) against liver IRI.MethodsThe Ao diet was an ordinary diet comprising polyphenols (catechin and proanthocyanidin) and enhanced levels of vitamins C and E. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed the Ao or control diet for 7 days before ischemic insult for 60 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 6 hours. The levels of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress were evaluated.ResultsAfter 7 days of pretreatment with the Ao diet, the serum levels of vitamins C and E in mice were markedly elevated. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, as well as the scores of liver necrosis caused by ischemia and reperfusion, were significantly lower in the Ao diet group than in the control diet group. The gene expression levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin‐6 and CXCL1, were significantly lower in the Ao diet group. In the liver, the levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and SOD2 were significantly higher and the malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower in the Ao diet group. Cell adhesion molecule expression was significantly lower, and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration was less in the Ao diet group.ConclusionsAntioxidative nutrient supplementation to an ordinary enteral diet may mitigate liver IRI by causing an antioxidant effect and suppressing inflammation.
Enantio‐, Regio‐, and Chemoselective Lipase‐Catalyzed Polymer Synthesis
Authors: Yang Jiebing , Liu Yong , Liang Xiao , Yang Yan , Li Quanshun 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn contrast to chemical routes, enzymatic polymerization possesses favorable characteristics of mild reaction conditions, few by‐products, and high activity toward cyclic lactones which make it a promising technique for constructing polymeric materials. Meanwhile, it can avoid the trace residue of metallic catalysts and potential toxicity, and thus exhibits great potential in the biomedical fields. More importantly, lipase‐catalyzed polymer synthesis usually shows favorable enantio‐, regio‐, and chemoselectivity. Here, the history and recent developments in lipase‐catalyzed selective polymerization for constructing polymers with unique structures and properties are highlighted. In particular, the synthesis of polymeric materials which are difficult to prepare in a chemical route and the construction of polymers through the combination of selective enzymatic and chemical methods are focused. In addition, the future direction is proposed especially based on the rapid developments in computational chemistry and protein engineering techniques.
Synthesis of Biopolymer‐Based Precursors for the Formation of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials
Authors: Achtel Christian , Härling Stephan M , Hering Wolfgang , Westerhausen Matthias , Heinze Thomas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCellulose acetates can be homogeneously transferred with (3‐isocyanatopropyl) triethoxysilane, yielding the corresponding carbamates containing reactive ethoxysilane moieties. The products obtained under different conditions are characterized by liquid and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. A slight hydrolysis in products of high Si‐content occurs, which strongly affects the solubility of the polymers. The soluble products can be shaped and crosslinked, forming siloxane and silanol polymer network. By incorporating tetraethoxysilane as inorganic precursor, novel silanized film can be prepared and are studied by scanning electron microscopy.
Numerical analysis of the hydrofracturing behaviour of heterogeneous glutenite considering hydro‐mechanical coupling effects based on bonded particle models
Authors: Ju Yang , Wang Yongliang , Dong Hongyu , Yang Yongming 
Published: June 2018

SummaryThe heterogeneity of tight reservoirs significantly influences hydrofracturing behaviours, such as crack morphology, type, initiation, propagation, and distribution. The accurate characterisation of the influencing mechanisms has become a pivotal issue in enhancing the fracturing stimulation of tight reservoirs, as well as in the prediction of tight oil and gas production. In this study, the hydrofracturing behaviours of heterogeneous glutenites and their influencing mechanisms were numerically investigated based on bonded particle models (BPMs). The geometry and mechanical properties of the natural glutenites were obtained using microfocus computed tomography (CT) and triaxial tests and were used to construct heterogeneous BPMs. The hydrofracturing behaviours of the heterogeneous BPMs under various in‐situ stresses were analysed with hydro‐mechanical coupling effects considered and compared with those of homogeneous BPMs under the same conditions. The numerical results show that gravels in heterogeneous glutenites inhibit crack propagation. The shear cracks that appear in the initial stage of crack development subsequently propagate and distribute around the injection hole, and there are fewer hydraulic shear cracks than tensile cracks. The crack morphologies of BPMs are found to be consistent with the experimental forms. The numerical simulation provides a way to understand the mechanisms that govern the hydrofracturing crack types and propagation of heterogeneous reservoirs.
Interface and embedded joint methods for modeling dynamic fracture opening by explosive products
Authors: Vorobiev Oleg Y. , Settgast Randolph , Morris Joseph P. 
Published: June 2018

SummaryTwo computational approaches are proposed in the paper to model dynamic fracture opening by explosive products. The first method assumes that the fractures may be modeled using flow elements embedded along the mesh lines. This method models crack opening in a straightforward way by splitting the nodes of the computational grid. It can account for crack branching; however, the crack directions are constrained by existing mesh faces, which may lead to mesh dependence. Also, the stress in flow elements is calculated explicitly separate from the surrounding solid elements that can impose additional limits on the time step stability condition for explicit integration. The second approach uses embedded flow elements to model the cracks. Typical thickness of the cracks is much smaller than the element size. Therefore, gas pressure in the cracks is assumed to be in stress equilibrium with the element stress. To achieve this, the crack thickness and the state of the gas is updated simultaneously with the state of the solid element which contains the crack. Therefore, the time step is controlled by the explicit solver applied for the solid and does not depend on the thickness of the crack. The main disadvantage of the second approach is due to the complexity of modeling multiple intersecting cracks, which go through the same element. We discuss the areas of possible applications of these 2 methods and the ways to improve and enhance them for future practical applications.
Exploring NursEs lived Experience of Discussions about Sexual health, with kidney patients in Devon (NEEDS)
Authors: Hough Maxine , Shepherd Maggie , Chauhan Rohan , Powell Roy , Childs Jenny 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of the study is to gain a better understanding about the complexities of discussing sexuality with patients.DesignThe study will explore how nurses understand the phenomenon by using an Interpretive Phenomenological Approach; the technique encourages deep reflection and rich descriptions about lived experience.MethodsSix nurses will be interviewed using iterative, open‐ended questions with prompts to illicit rich data.Predicted ResultsUnderstand the support required to enable nurses to engage in deeper, more fulfilling conversations with patients about sexuality.
Increased apoptosis and peripheral blood mononuclear cell suppression of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in severe aplastic anemia
Authors: Chao Yu‐Hua , Lin Chiao‐Wen , Pan Hui‐Hsien , Yang Shun‐Fa , Weng Te‐Fu , Peng Ching‐Tien , Wu Kang‐Hsi 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundAlthough immune‐mediated pathogenesis is considered an important aspect of severe aplastic anemia (SAA), its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are essential to the formation of specialized microenvironments in the bone marrow (BM), and MSC insufficiency can trigger the development of SAA.MethodsTo find MSC alterations in the SAA BM, we compared BM MSCs from five children with SAA and five controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cocultured with MSCs to evaluate the supportive effects of MSCs on hematopoiesis. Cytometric bead array immunoassay was used to determine cytokine excretion by MSCs. The immune functions of MSCs and their conditioned medium (CM) were evaluated by PBMC proliferation assays.ResultsSAA MSCs were characterized by a high percentage of cells in the abnormal sub‐G1 phase of the cell cycle, which suggests an increased rate of apoptosis in SAA MSCs. In comparison with control MSCs, PBMCs cocultured with SAA MSCs displayed significantly reduced PBMC proliferation (P = 0.009). Aberrant cytokine profiles were secreted by SAA MSCs, with increased concentrations of interleukin‐6, interferon‐γ, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐1β in the CM. PBMC proliferation assays demonstrated additional immunosuppressive effects of SAA MSCs (P = 0.016) and their CM (P = 0.013).ConclusionsOur data revealed increased apoptosis and PBMC suppression of SAA MSCs. The alterations of MSCs may contribute to the formation of functionally abnormal microenvironments in SAA BM.
Evaluating the efficacy of two insect detection methods with Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae): portable harmonic radar system and fluorescent marking system
Authors: Kho Jung‐Wook , Jung Minhyung , Lee Doo‐Hyung 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough portable harmonic radar system and fluorescent marking system are two widely used detection methods, their comparative effectiveness has not been studied. Therefore, we first tested the applicability of fluorescent marking system on Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae). Then, we evaluated the efficacy of the two methods used either alone or combined in a grass field and bean field, varying with complexity, during day and night.RESULTSFluorescent marking did not affect the behavior or fitness of Riptortus pedestris except for vertical walking, while allowing the detection from >25 m when paired with a handheld laser. Generally, the portable harmonic radar system and both methods combined were more successful in sample detection, although the fluorescent marking system in the bean field at night was as competitive as the two. Combining both methods made sample retrieval easier at night than the portable harmonic radar system. Nevertheless, the total detection time showed a large variance across the methods.CONCLUSIONThe portable harmonic radar system can be an effective detection method in either landscape during both day and night. Furthermore, the fluorescent marking system can be a reliable tool at night as well. Lastly, combining both methods can improve the night detection. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel tool in rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis—The usage of urease flap region peptidomimetics
Authors: Konieczna Iwona , Relich Inga , Durajski Maciej , Lechowicz Lukasz , Chrapek Magdalena , Gaweda Jozef , Fraczyk Justyna , Kaminski Zbigniew J. 
Published: June 2018

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease. Early diagnosis can prevent joint erosion. However, available biomarkers do not always allow for clear distinction between RA and non‐RA individuals. It has become known that bacteria/viruses are among the environmental triggers that initiate RA via multiple molecular mechanisms.Thus, to better understand the role of bacteria in RA, we synthetized 6 peptidomimetics of bacterial ureases' flap region. These peptides were then used to distinguish RA patients from healthy people sera by immunoblotting. Most patients' sera were bound to peptidomimetic characteristic for Enterobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp. flap urease. We also found similarities between peptidomimetic sequence and human proteins connected with RA. This pilot study suggests that bacteria may trigger RA via mechanism of molecular mimicry of urease to host proteins and ureases flap peptidomimetics may be potential candidate as a new additional diagnostic test.