bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Improvement in Oxidative Stress Indices with Resocialization in Memory Retrieval in Y-Maze in Male Rats
Authors: Famitafreshi Hamidreza , Karimian Morteza 
Published: December 2018

Introduction: Memory deficit is an important issue in some psychiatric diseases either as a primary symptom or as a comorbid symptom. Factors that determine the decline or improvement of memory are an important subject to reduce the severity of these diseases. Methods and materials: In this study, 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups: social (control), isolation, resocialization for 3 days, and resocialization for 7 days. Isolation occurred for 14 days. Resocialization groups were resocialized for 3 or 7 days after isolation. In the social group, there was no intervention with normal socializing among the rats. In the isolation group, rats were isolated with no resocialization. In all 4 groups, after performing the Y-maze, the rats’ brains were removed to assess oxidative stress status in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Results: Y-maze performance improved after 3 and 7 days of resocialization. However, oxidative stress status for malondialdehyde, glutathione and nitrite/nitrate returned to normal levels except in 2 experiments after 7 days of resocialization. In addition, in 2 experiments, just glutathione in the prefrontal cortex and nitrite/nitrate in the hippocampus after 3 days of resocialization improved. Conclusions: A return to normal levels in all types of antioxidant markers in the resocialization groups is not the only factor for improving memory deficits resulting from isolation. Resocialization may also be activating other regulatory mechanisms besides an antioxidant defense.
Cigarettes and Water Pipe Smoking Prevalence, Knowledge, and Attitudes Among the Palestinian Physicians in the West Bank
Authors: Zabadi Hamzeh Al , Musmar Samar , Hassouna Ayah , Shtaiwi Doa’a 
Published: December 2018

Background: Tobacco use is one of the major public health threats nowadays. Smoking can affect everybody organ. Health professionals should play pivotal roles in tobacco control, and their attitude and practice toward tobacco use can affect the health of the community. Therefore, assessing and influencing physicians’ attitudes and practice are one of the alternatives to reduce smoking prevalence in the community. We aimed to assess smoking status among medical physicians in the West Bank, Palestine to better understand their future role in any smoking cessation program. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study using the World Health Organization Global Health Professional Survey questionnaire was conducted. A non-probability sampling technique from a total of 6500 physicians registered in the Palestinian Medical Association in the West Bank was used. Results: The age ranged from 23 to 78 years with a mean of 34.92 years. Current smokers represented 60.3%. Of them, 18.5% were both cigarettes and water pipe smokers. The main reason that motivates the physician to smoke is experimenting (57.9%). Also stress (31.8%) and social pressure (26.4%) were of the most common causes to start smoking. Almost all medical doctors have a high level of knowledge regarding the health consequences of smoking. Smokers were less likely to hold favorable attitudes toward smoking cessation and support tobacco control policy compared with non-smokers ( P-values < .05). Conclusions: Physicians’ degree of awareness and knowledge about their role in aiding patients to quit smoking are high. However, smokers’ attitudes toward smoking cessation programs need to be improved to increase their involvement in such interventional programs.
Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire as a Tool to Evaluate the Quality of Life in Liver Transplant Candidates
Authors: Kawashima Vasconcelos Marianna Yumi , Lopes Ana Rafaela Felippini , Mente Ênio David , Castro-e-Silva Orlando , Galvão Cristina Maria , Dal Sasso-Mendes Karina 
Published: December 2018

Introduction: The advanced stage of liver disease causes impairments in the quality of life due to the physiological symptoms, besides the social and emotional stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life of candidates for liver transplantation in specialized center in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: An observational study was carried out, with a quantitative approach. The sample was of convenience with the participation of 50 candidates for liver transplantation. Demographic characterization data, clinical data, and the Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire were used to evaluate the quality of life. Results: The majority of the participants were male (68%), married (76%), with an average age of 55.7 years and average income of 2 to 3 minimum wages (42%). The main cause of liver disease was alcoholism (34%), mean time on the waiting list was 247.8 days, and mean model for end-stage liver disease was 20.5 points. The mean quality of life score was 2.9 points (standard deviation = 1.0) and the analysis of the 6 domains showed greater impairment of fatigue (2.2), activity (2.7), and concern (2.9) and better evaluation of systemic symptoms (3.4) and emotion (3.3). Conclusion: Quality of life is impaired in most of the participants, indicating the need for greater attention and evaluation in the physical, mental, and social scope of this clientele.
Injury Surveillance and Evaluation of Medical Services Utilized During the 2016 Track and Field Olympic Trials
Authors: Bigouette John Paul , Owen Erin C. , Greenleaf Jonathan , James Stanley L. , Strasser Nicholas L. 
Published: December 2018

Background: Injury surveillance systems have been implemented at world championships, yet no previous work has determined the burden of injuries during the United States Track and Field Olympic Trials. Additionally, the type of medical service providers utilized throughout the meet has not been reported, leaving it unclear whether optimal staffing needs are being met. Purpose: To describe the incidence of injuries presenting to the medical team at the 2016 US Track and Field Olympic Trials (Eugene, Oregon) by event type and competitor demographics. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A retrospective review was performed of all documented injuries and treatments recorded from June 28 through July 10, 2016. Descriptive statistics and the prevalence of newly incurred injuries were calculated for registered athletes and nonathlete (ie, support) staff. The incidence of acute injuries was analyzed for registered athletes, as stratified by athlete sex and event type. Results: A total of 514 individuals were seen during the trials: 89% were athletes and 11% were supporting staff. Physicians treated 71 injuries and 14 illnesses. Of diagnosed injuries, 85% (n = 60) occurred among athletes, with hamstring strains (16.7%, n = 10) being the most prevalent. A mean of 124 medical services (median, 137; interquartile range, 65.5-179.5) were provided each day of the trials. Among medical services, 41.8% were attributed to massage therapists for athletes, while chiropractic services were the most utilized service (47.1%) by the support staff. There was an overall incidence of 59.7 injuries per 1000 registered athletes, with jumpers (109.4 per 1000) and long-distance athletes (90.4 per 1000) being the most commonly seen athletes. Conclusion: Throughout the trials, athletes participating in jumping and long-distance events were the most commonly seen by physicians, creating the potential need for an increase in staffing of physicians during meet periods when these events occur. The provided medical services appeared to follow the number of athletes competing during the trials and the need for recovery treatments after competition. Findings from this study should inform future strategy for staffing and policy development at Olympic Trials and other elite-level track and field events in the United States.
Phase I Dose-Escalation Study of Once Weekly or Once Every Two Weeks Administration of High-Dose Sunitinib in Patients With Refractory Solid Tumors
Authors: Rovithi Maria , Gerritse Sophie L. , Honeywell Richard J. , ten Tije Albert J. , Ruijter Rita , Peters Godefridus J. , Voortman Jens , Labots Mariette , Verheul Henk M.W. 
Published: December 2018

PURPOSE Dose and schedule optimization of treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors is of utmost importance. On the basis of preclinical data, a phase I clinical trial of once weekly or once every 2 weeks administration of high-dose sunitinib in patients with refractory solid malignancies was conducted. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced cancer refractory to standard treatment were eligible. With use of a standard 3 + 3 phase I design, patients received escalating doses of sunitinib, in 100 mg increments, starting at 200 mg once weekly. In both the once weekly and once every 2 weeks cohorts, 10 more patients were included at the maximum tolerated dose level. Primary end points were safety and tolerability. RESULTS Sixty-nine patients with advanced cancer, predominantly colorectal cancer (42%), were treated with this alternative dosing regimen. Maximum tolerated dose was established at 300 mg once weekly and 700 mg once every 2 weeks, resulting in nine- and 18-fold higher maximum plasma concentrations compared with standard dose, respectively. Treatment was well tolerated, with fatigue (81%), nausea (48%), and anorexia (33%) being the most frequent adverse events. The only grade 3 or 4 treatment-related adverse event in 5% or more of patients was fatigue (6%). Sixty-three percent of patients had significant clinical benefit, with a 30% progression-free survival of 5 months or more. CONCLUSION Sunitinib administered once weekly at 300 mg or once every 2 weeks at 700 mg is feasible, with comparable tolerability as daily administration. Administration of 700 mg once every 2 weeks can be considered as the most optimal schedule because of the highest maximum plasma concentration being reached. The promising preliminary antitumor activity of this alternative schedule in heavily pretreated patients warrants further clinical evaluation and might ultimately indicate a class characteristic of tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Media Reviews
Authors: Slattery James Lawrence , Zamantakis Alithia 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Crashing, Art by Lee Bul, Curated by Stephanie Rosenthal, London: Hayward Gallery, 1 June–19 August 2018
The Shape Of Water, directed by Guillermo Del Toro, Screenplay By Guillermo Del Toro and Vanessa Ta ylor (2017), Ontario, Canada: Fox Searchlight Pictures Inc.
Abraham Lincoln’s Second Annual Message to Congress and Public Policy Advocacy for African Colonization
Authors: Southard Bjørn F. Stillion 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This essay situates Abraham Lincoln’s Second Annual Message within the context of previous discourse on African colonization to illuminate the significance of the text as public policy rhetoric. I argue that Lincoln’s proposal for compensated emancipation and colonization in the Second Annual Message was the apotheosis of colonization advocacy. Lincoln’s argumentation navigated the complicated context to make a final, but failed, case for a compromise between North and South before the Final Emancipation Proclamation took effect.
Longitudinal Changes in Semantic Concreteness in Semantic Variant Primary Progressive Aphasia (svPPA)
Authors: Cousins Katheryn A. Q. , Ash Sharon , Olm Christopher A. , Grossman Murray 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis study examines longitudinal changes in the concreteness of nouns produced by human patients with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA). Cross-sectional studies show that patients with svPPA demonstrate severe loss of concrete noun knowledge linked to atrophy of the left ventral temporal lobe. It is unknown how disease spread and duration affect the magnitude of the concreteness impairment in svPPA. We evaluate longitudinal spoken production of concrete nouns in svPPA, and relate this to changes in longitudinal MRI measures of gray matter (GM). Noun concreteness in svPPA is compared to that of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) patients, who typically demonstrate highly concrete speech. We elicited naturalistic speech samples at two time points (time 1 and time 2) in patients with svPPA (n= 11) and bvFTD (n= 15) through descriptions of the Cookie Theft picture and evaluated each spoken noun for concreteness. Compared to bvFTD patients whose noun production remained highly concrete throughout the testing period, mixed-effects models revealed that noun concreteness significantly decreased as disease progressed in svPPA. We also measured longitudinal changes to GM in a subset of svPPA patients (n= 7), who showed significant decline in the left and right temporal and frontal regions. Regression analyses revealed that longitudinal GM atrophy in the right fusiform and parahippocampal gyri and the left superior temporal gyrus was related to decreasing noun concreteness. These results suggest that progressive atrophy of the ventral temporal lobe in svPPA contributes to declining concrete noun production over time.
Prefrontal Theta Oscillations Promote Selective Encoding of Behaviorally Relevant Events
Authors: Jarovi Justin , Volle Julien , Yu Xiaotian , Guan Lisa , Takehara-Nishiuchi Kaori 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe ability to capture the most relevant information from everyday experiences without constantly learning unimportant details is vital to survival and mental health. While decreased activity of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is associated with failed or inflexible encoding of relevant events in the hippocampus, mechanisms used by the mPFC to discern behavioral relevance of events are not clear. To address this question, we chemogenetically activated excitatory neurons in the mPFC of male rats and examined its impact on local network activity and differential associative learning dependent on the hippocampus. Rats were exposed to two neutral stimuli in two environments whose contingency with an aversive stimulus changed systematically across days. Over 2 weeks of differential and reversal learning, theta band activity began to ramp up toward the expected onset of the aversive stimulus, and this ramping activity tracked the subsequent shift of the set (stimulus modality to environment) predictive of the aversive stimulus. With chemogenetic mPFC activation, the ramping activity emerged within a few sessions of differential learning, which paralleled faster learning and stronger correlations between the ramping activity and conditioned responses. Chemogenetic mPFC activity, however, did not affect the adjustment of ramping activity or behavior during reversal learning or set-shifting, suggesting that the faster learning was not because of a general enhancement of attention, sensory, or motor processing. Thus, the dynamics of the mPFC network activation during events provide a relevance-signaling mechanism through which the mPFC exerts executive control over the encoding of those events in the hippocampus.
Mupirocin for Staphylococcus aureus Decolonization of Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Authors: Kotloff Karen L. , Shirley Debbie-Ann T. , Creech C. Buddy , Frey Sharon E. , Harrison Christopher J. , Staat Mary , Anderson Evan J. , Dulkerian Susan , Thomsen Isaac P. , Al-Hosni Mohamad , Pahud Barbara A. , Bernstein David I. , Yi Jumi , Petrikin Joshua E. , Haberman Beth , Stephens Kathy , Stephens Ina , Oler Randolph E. , Conrad Tom M. 
Published: December 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is the second leading cause of late-onset sepsis among infants in the NICU. Because colonization of nasal mucosa and/or skin frequently precedes invasive infection, decolonization strategies, such as mupirocin application, have been attempted to prevent clinical infection, but data supporting this approach in infants are limited. We conducted a phase 2 multicenter, open-label, randomized trial to assess the safety and efficacy of intranasal plus topical mupirocin in eradicating SA colonization in critically ill infants.

METHODS:
Between April 2014 and May 2016, infants &lt;24 months old in the NICU at 8 study centers underwent serial screening for nasal SA. Colonized infants who met eligibility criteria were randomly assigned to receive 5 days of mupirocin versus no mupirocin to the intranasal, periumbilical, and perianal areas. Mupirocin effects on primary (day 8) and persistent (day 22) decolonization at all three body sites were assessed.

RESULTS:
A total of 155 infants were randomly assigned. Mupirocin was generally well tolerated, but rashes (usually mild and perianal) occurred significantly more often in treated versus untreated infants. Primary decolonization occurred in 62 of 66 (93.9%) treated infants and 3 of 64 (4.7%) control infants (P &lt; .001). Twenty-one of 46 (45.7%) treated infants were persistently decolonized compared with 1 of 48 (2.1%) controls (P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Application of mupirocin to multiple body sites was safe and efficacious in eradicating SA carriage among infants in the NICU; however, after 2 to 3 weeks, many infants who remained hospitalized became recolonized.
Опыт осмысления соотношения холода и цивилизации на базе наукоучения И. Г. Фихте и идей российских антропологов
Authors: Винокурова Ульяна Алексеевна , Шачин Святослав Вячеславович 
Published: December 2018

<p>В статье анализируется возможность понимания холода как неотъемлемого атрибута цивилизации и фактора ее развития. При этом критикуется обыденное понимание, согласно которому холод есть источник страданий, а Север является местом примитивности и отсталости. На базе метода наукоучения И. Г. Фихте вырабатывается идея о коллективном сверхсознании жителей Севера.</p><p>Даются характеристики этого сверхсознания. Показывается, что оно особым образом выражает содержание свободы, имеющей специфические смыслы в духовном мире народов, ведущих кочевой образ жизни в экстремальных условиях Арктики. Холод вносит особый смысл человеческой свободы и влияет на развитие локальных цивилизаций. На основе позитивного отношения к холоду сформировалась арктическая циркумполярная цивилизация. Исследование этнопедагогических способов воспитания детей, использования холода в жизни народов, издревле освоивших холодный пояс земли, выявило пять принципов жизнестойкости в условиях экстремального холода, обусловливающих свободу духа человека. </p><p>На базе идей ряда русских антропологов формулируется вывод о том, что холод является одним из условий возможности цивилизации как в генетическом смысле (без холода было бы невозможно становление цивилизации), так и в содержательном (холод в преобразованном виде содержится в современной цивилизации в самых разных своих проявлениях). Подчеркивается, что фактор холода позволит человечеству прийти к более глубокому осознанию самого себя, а отсюда — к формированию более разумного общественного строя, соответствующего достоинству каждой личности и человечества в целом, т. е. более экофильного общества.</p>
Философ в круге Марло: Уолтер Рэли и его трактат «Рассуждение о первоначальной и фундаментальной причине естественной, произвольной, необходимой и противоестественной войны»
Authors: Мархинин Василий Васильевич 
Published: December 2018

<p>В статье рассматриваются взгляды Уолтера Рэли (1552–1618), английского политика, военного деятеля, мыслителя и поэта из круга Кристофера Марло. Предметом статьи является концепция войны, выработанная Рэли и сделанная им отправной точкой в анализе динамики общественной жизни в целом.</p><p>Рассматривается вопрос о характере возможного влияния социально-философских идей Рэли на мировоззрение Марло, анализируются идеи философских и политических трактатов Рэли, выявляется его место в разработке проблематики войны в философской литературе Ренессанса. Ключевые темы философского творчества Рэли — анализ феноменов войны, политических манипуляций, мотивов политического действия — созвучны сюжетам драматургии Марло, в то же время содержание его рассуждений коренным образом отличается от распространенного в литературе представления о вольнодумстве Марло. Влияние, которое могло испытывать мировоззрение Марло со стороны философских идей Рэли, по нашему мнению, имело направленность, типичную для христианского гуманизма в духе Эразма Роттердамского.</p><p>В своем трактате Рэли выступает с антивоенных позиций и стремится выявить предпосылки возникновения войн и условия, необходимые для их предотвращения. Среди войн он выделяет, во-первых, «естественные», связанные с борьбой за обладание жизненно важными ресурсами. Некоторые из них — неизбежны, другие — произвольны и, следовательно, могут быть предотвращены. Другой тип войн имеет предпосылки субъективного, социально-психологического порядка. Эти войны, среди которых гражданские и религиозные, противоестественны и чужды разумной природе человека. Особенность подхода Рэли к осмыслению войны состоит в синтезе идей макиавеллевского политического реализма и мировоззрения христианского гуманизма.</p><p>Текст доклада автора на Первой Всероссийской научной конференции «Кристофер Марло и его творчество в русской и мировой культуре: междисциплинарный взгляд», которая прошла в Москве 22–23 июня 2018 г.</p>
Sergei Yutkevich’s Othello Revisited: A View from the 21st Century
Authors: Gaydin Boris Nikolaevich 
Published: December 2018

<p>В статье обобщаются и сравниваются различные оригинальные точки зрения о фильме С. И. Юткевича «Отелло» (1955), которые возникли как внутри, так и за пределами «железного занавеса», а также после распада СССР. Автор рассматривает их сквозь призму режиссерской концепции фильма, которую Юткевич сформулировал в книге «Шекспир и кино» (1973) и других публикациях.</p><p>Предлагается авторская версия того, почему работа советского режиссера не так часто попадает в поле исследований западных шекспироведов и киноведов в отличие от «Гамлета» и «Короля Лира» Г. М. Козинцева.</p><p>Статья подготовлена на основе доклада автора на круглом столе «Шекспир на советском экране» в рамках IX конференции Европейской шекспировской исследовательской ассоциации «Шекспир и европейские театральные культуры: (ан)атомизация текста и сцены» (Shakespeare and European Theatrical Cultures: AnAtomizing Text and Stage; 27–30 июля 2017 г., Гданьск, Польша).</p>