bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Engine Data Acquisition System and Interface to Enable Experimentation With Emerging Alternative Fuels in a Spark-Ignited CFR Engine
Authors: Loprete Jason , Dimosthenous Christos , Assanis Dimitris 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Existing engine facilities often build upon legacy hardware and assumptions that were once state-of-the-art, but have since become less relevant or even outdated in the face of new research challenges facing the community today. Often, assumptions and simplifications to experimentation or analysis, once necessary to be made due to the computational limitations of the hardware at the time of initial development, are carried forward. These legacy elements can potentially limit the effectiveness of accurately describing key parameters or metrics before, during or post experimentation. The behavior of novel fuels is also not always fully understood, which highlights the need for tools to guide the design of the experimental matrix to avoid unexpected and potentially dangerous outcomes. Determining these key and critical experimentation parameters places additional strain on researchers during both the dry-lab (pre-experimentation), experimentation, and data post-processing phases, which in turn reduces the overall efficiency of the experimental process. With these factors in mind, this manuscript details the conversion of an existing spark-ignited single-cylinder Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine, typically in-service at industrial plants for fuel octane testing or reserved for educational and light-duty research tasks, to a test cell equipped to handle a variety of different emerging alternative fuels. Specifically, modifications to the in-house LabVIEW program and data acquisition system are detailed, with emphasis on providing additional tools to aid in the expediency and more importantly assist in the safety during experiments. This includes the conversion of the existing CFR testing facility from a single liquid or single gaseous fuel capable system to a multi-fuel compatible system, complete with on-the-fly calculations of mass, energy, and volume fractions of existing fuel blends, increased low-speed sampling rates, and a calculating tool to determine scalar quantities required to command fuel flow set-points for a given blend at a particular equivalence ratio and airflow set-point (throttle). Additional factors, such as sensor selection and communication, are discussed with an emphasis on reducing experimental uncertainty. Overall, this work provides insights into possible adjustments and considerations when upgrading existing experimental setups to accommodate emerging alternative fuel use.
A Generalized Additive Modeling Framework Approach for RCCI Combustion Phasing Prediction
Authors: Ankobea-Ansah King L. , Hall Carrie M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) represents a promising combustion strategy in internal combustion (IC) engines, offering high efficiency alongside remarkably low nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions. The distinctive dual-fuel approach of RCCI demands precise closed-loop control over combustion timing to meet stringent emissions standards while optimizing engine performance. Various data-driven and machine learning (ML) techniques have emerged to address the complexities of RCCI combustion control, but can be unreliable in the face of uncertainties due to limited insights into their underlying models. Achieving an optimal balance between model complexity, interpretability, prediction accuracy, and computational cost is crucial for cycle-by-cycle control and effective fault-tolerant engine management on advanced RCCI engine platforms. In this study, we propose a novel approach utilizing a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) framework for transparent modeling of CA50 (the crank angle at which 50% of the fuel energy is released) to facilitate precise RCCI combustion phasing control and provide exploratory insights for new RCCI experimental designs and control strategies. The proposed methodology is validated with experimental data across 451 steady-state engine operating conditions in Gasoline/Diesel (G/D) and 85%Ethanol (E85)/20%Biodiesel (B20) RCCI fueling regimes. The resulting GAM CA50 models across the various fuel types demonstrated high predictive accuracy greater than 90% Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (PPMCC) and fast computational runtime of less than 500 milliseconds (ms) per query in addition to providing interpretability through local effects and individual conditional expectation (ICE) plots.
Methanol Operation in Heavy-Duty DICI Dual-Fuel Engines: Investigating Charge Cooling Effects Using ECN Spray D Data
Authors: Zoumpourlos Konstantinos , Geertsma Rinze , van de Ketterij Robert , Coraddu Andrea 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Methanol is a promising alternative fuel, which can assist in reducing emissions in heavy-duty dual-fuel (DF) compression ignition (CI) engines. In medium and large bore marine engines, DF operation is achieved through either direct injection (DI) or port fuel injection (PFI) of methanol with diesel acting as a DI pilot fuel for ignition. However, the injection of methanol presents a significant challenge due to its high latent heat of vaporization and decreased lower heating value (LHV) compared to diesel. Therefore, for the same energy content operation, methanol requires around eight times the amount of heat to evaporate completely in comparison to diesel, which results in lower in-cylinder temperatures. This charge cooling effect leads to a strong negative temperature gradient influencing ignition and flame propagation. This paper aims to quantify the cooling effect of methanol in a heavy-duty dual-fuel DICI engine environment. The presented methodology uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations to model methanol sprays with validation originating from the Engine Combustion Network (ECN) Spray D experimental data. The CFD models operate within the Lagrangian-Eulerian framework in CONVERGE-CFD using the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes turbulence modelling. Compared to diesel, injecting methanol with the same energy content exhibited up to 100 K more decreased temperature within the mixture. Consequently, this cooled mixture may pose challenges to combustion stability due to the intense temperature gradients. Nonetheless, lower mixture temperature decreases NOx emissions, which can prove beneficial for high methanol energy fractions in dual-fuel DICI engines.
Comparison of a Full-Scale and a 1:10 Scale Low-Speed Two-Stroke Marine Engine Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Chuahy Flavio , Finney Charles E. A. , Kaul Brian C. , Kass Michael D. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
International marine shipping is a growing component of international trade; a vast majority of all the world’s goods are being transported on large ocean-going vessels. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) in 2013, a regulatory framework of associated metrics for reducing emissions of CO2 per tonne-mile from shipping by approximately 10% each decade. Therefore, decarbonizing the maritime sector requires the development of new fuel sources. Because of the extremely large physical size of the internal combustion engines present in shipping vessels, experimental iterative development of the engine and fuel system is cost-prohibitive. Thus, the ability to perform combustion system development in a scaled platform that can be more easily operated and modeled computationally is of interest. To that end, scaling relationships are needed to translate the results from a smaller engine to a larger counterpart. Scaling studies to date have been restricted to low scaling ratios, four-stroke light-duty engines, and under-resolved computational fluid dynamic simulations that likely do not accurately capture the physics of scaling. In this work, computational models of a 1:10 scale and a full-scale two-stroke crosshead low-speed marine engine were created and validated against experiments obtained in a real 1:10 scale engine installed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Due to the large size of the full-scale engine, the model required large high-performance computing resources to be evaluated. The availability of high-performance computing resources at the Department of Energy’s Leadership Computing Facilities is an enabler of the current work. The results of the small- and large-scale engine simulations were compared to analyze the effectiveness of the appropriate scaling laws under these extreme scaling ratio conditions.
Determinants of adherence towards tuberculosis guidelines among Indonesian private practitioners: a qualitative study
Authors: Lestari Bony Wiem , Afifah Nur , McAllister Susan , Miranda Adriana Viola , Herawati Erna , Hadisoemarto Panji Fortuna , Murray Megan B , van Crevel Reinout , Hill Philip C , Alisjahbana Bachti , Hulscher Marlies 
Published: December 2024

IntroductionIn high tuberculosis (TB) burden countries, the private sector manages a large proportion of initial visits by presumptive patients with TB. In Indonesia, the second largest contributor of TB cases globally, private practitioners (PPs) often do not adhere to national TB guidelines. A district public–private mix programme to mitigate this issue was started in 2019, yet engagement remains low. This study examines what affects the decisions of Indonesian PPs regarding TB management.MethodsWe performed semistructured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with 24 PPs and 6 relevant stakeholders. Data collection and analysis were based on Flottorp’s comprehensive and generic checklist on determinants of healthcare professional practice, including seven domains: guideline factors; individual professional barriers; patient factors; professional interactions; incentives and resources; organisational changes capacity and social, legal and political factors. The interviews and FGDs were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Coding and analysis were conducted by using NVivo software.ResultsBarriers that influenced PPs adherence to following the national TB guideline were found in all seven domains, including incoherence between national and international TB management guidelines, the complex referral and financing system, limited access to appropriate diagnostics tools and drugs, and patient preferences. This was further exacerbated by perceived lack of trust between PPs and local governmental stakeholders. In this study, in addition to seventh Flottorp’s domain, we also found the complex nature of TB disease, which also complicates the decision-making process of PPs in TB management.ConclusionPPs face several challenges in complying with TB guidelines to enable optimal clinical decision-making.
Food insecurity is associated with greater difficulty accessing care among people living with HIV with or without comorbid non-communicable diseases in western Kenya
Authors: Ardehali Mariam , Kafu Catherine , Vazquez Sanchez Manuel , Wilson-Barthes Marta , Mosong Ben , Pastakia Sonak D , Said Jamil , Tran Dan N , Wachira Juddy , Genberg Becky , Galarraga Omar , Vedanthan Rajesh 
Published: December 2024

IntroductionThe relationship between food insecurity and access to healthcare in low-resource settings remains unclear. Some studies find that food insecurity is a barrier to accessing care, while others report that food insecurity is associated with a greater need for care, leading to more care utilisation. We use data from the Harambee study in western Kenya to assess the association between food insecurity and difficulty accessing care among people living with HIV (PLWH) with or without comorbid non-communicable diseases (NCDs).MethodsThe Harambee study is a cluster randomised trial that tested the effectiveness of delivering integrated HIV and NCD care for PLWH. In this cross-sectional analysis, we examined baseline data from Harambee participants to investigate the relationship between household food insecurity and difficulty accessing care, using multivariable logistic regression models, controlling for sociodemographic factors and care satisfaction. We tested for effect measure modification by gender and household wealth and stratified analyses by NCD status.ResultsAmong 1039 participants, 11.1% reported difficulty accessing care, and 18.9% and 51.9% of participants had moderate and severe food insecurity, respectively. Among those with difficulty accessing care, 73.9% cited transportation issues as the major barrier. Difficulty accessing care was greater with higher levels of food insecurity: among participants with low, moderate and severe food insecurity, 5.9%, 9.7% and 14.4% reported difficulty accessing care, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, severe food insecurity was independently associated with difficulty accessing care (adjusted OR=2.5, 95% CI 1.4 to 4.4). There was no statistical evidence for effect measure modification by gender or wealth.ConclusionsWe found that greater food insecurity was associated with greater difficulty accessing care among PLWH with or without NCDs in rural western Kenya. These findings suggest that addressing social determinants of health may be necessary when implementing integrated HIV and NCD care programmes.
CATHETER II: a randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical effectiveness of various washout policies versus no washout policy in preventing catheter-associated complications in adults living with long-term catheters
Authors: Abdel-fattah Mohamed , Omar Muhammad Imran , Johnson Diana , Cooper David , Constable Lynda , Tripathee Sheela , MacLennan Sara J , Dimitropoulos Konstantinos , Evans Suzanne , Hashim Hashim , Kilonzo Mary , Larcombe James , Little Paul , Murchie Peter , Myint Phyo Kyaw , N'Dow James , Paterson Catherine , Powell Karen , Scotland Graham , Thiruchelvam Nikesh , Young Amanda , Cotton Seonaidh , Norrie John , MacLennan Graeme 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesDo weekly prophylactic saline or acidic catheter washouts in addition to standard long-term catheter (LTC) care improve the outcomes of adults with LTC compared with standard LTC care only.DesignThree-arm superiority open-label randomised controlled trial.SettingUK community-based study.Participants80 adults with LTC (any type/route) ≥28 days in situ with no plans to discontinue and able to self-manage the washouts/study documentation with/without a carer.InterventionsRandomly allocated (26:27:27) to receive standard LTC care with weekly saline or weekly acidic or no prophylactic washouts for up to 24 months.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was catheter blockage requiring intervention (per 1000 catheter days). Secondary outcomes were symptomatic catheter-associated urinary tract infection (S-CAUTI) requiring antibiotics, adverse events, participants’ quality of life and day-to-day activities, acceptability and adherence.ResultsOutcomes reported for 25 saline, 27 acidic and 26 control participants. LTC blockages (per 1000 catheter days) requiring treatment were 9.96, 10.53 and 20.92 in the saline, acidic and control groups, respectively. The incident rate ratio (IRR) favours the washout groups (saline 0.65 (97.5% CI 0.24 to 1.77); p=0.33 and acidic 0.59 (97.5% CI 0.22 to 1.63); p=0.25), although not statistically significant. The S-CAUTI rate (per 1000 catheter days) was 3.71, 6.72 and 8.05 in the saline, acidic and control groups, respectively. The IRR favours the saline group (saline 0.40 (97.5% CI 0.20 to 0.80); p=0.003 and acidic 0.98 (97.5% CI 0.54 to 1.78); p=0.93). The trial closed before reaching target recruitment due to reduced research capacity during the COVID-19 pandemic.ConclusionsEarly closure and small sample size limits our ability to provide a definite answer. However, the observed non-statistically significant differences over control are favourable for lower rates of LTC blockages without a concomitant rise in S-CAUTI. The results support a multinational randomised controlled trial of catheter washouts in patients with LTC to ascertain their clinical and cost-effectiveness.Trial registration numberISRCTN17116445.
Aspects of rotating anisotropic dark energy stars
Authors: Jyothilakshmi O. P. , Naik Lakshmi J. , Sreekanth V. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
By employing modified Chaplygin fluid prescription for the dark energy, we construct slowly rotating isotropic and anisotropic dark energy stars. The slow rotation is incorporated via general relativistic Hartle–Thorne formalism; whereas the anisotropy is introduced through Bowers–Liang prescription. We consider both the monopole and quadrupole deformations and present a complete analysis of rotating dark energy stars. By numerically solving the rotating stellar structure equations in presence of anisotropy, we analyse and quantify various properties of dark energy stars such as mass (M), radius, mass deformation, angular momentum (J), moment of inertia, and quadrupole moment (Q), for three different equation of state parameters. We find that anisotropic slow rotation results in significant deformation of stellar mass and thereby affects other global properties studied. For the values of angular frequencies considered, the effect of anisotropy on the stellar structure is found to be more prominent than that due to rotation. The dimensionless quadrupole moment

$$QM/J^2$$

Q
M
/

J
2

measuring deviation from a Kerr metric black hole was obtained for anisotropic dark energy stars. We observe that dark energy stars with higher anisotropic strength tend to approach the Kerr solution more closely. We report that our results have considerable agreement with various astrophysical observational measurements. We also find that the dimensionless quadrupole moments of anisotropic dark energy stars corresponding to the canonical mass

$${\bar{q}}_{1.4}$$

q

¯

1.4

have a similar range of values as that of isotropic neutron stars and strange stars.
Effect of scalar condensation on fermionic pole-skipping
Authors: Baishya Banashree , Chakrabarti Sayan , Maity Debaprasad 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the holographic fermionic pole-skipping phenomena for a class of interacting theory in a charged AdS black hole background. We have studied two types of fermion-scalar interactions in the bulk: dipole and Yukawa type interaction. Depending upon the interaction we introduced both real and charged scalar fields. We have particularly analyzed the effect of scalar condensation on the fermionic pole-skipping points and discussed their behaviour near critical temperatures.
Lead Sulfide Quantum Dots as the Semiconductor Layer in Thin-Film Phototransistors for Infrared Thermal Image Sensing
Authors: Tai Ya-Hsiang , Tu Chih-Chung , Yuan Yi-Cheng , Tsai Hsu-En , Liou Bo-Wei , Lai Che-Yu , Chen Hsueh-Shih 
Published: December 2024

This paper utilizes lead sulfide quantum dots, known for their high absorption coefficients, ease of solution processing, and high stability in air, as the semiconductor layer in thin-film phototransistors. These are combined with the most mature glass panel processing technology to create an infrared sensing device characterized by simple manufacturing processes, low production costs, small sensing areas, and large-area sensing capabilities. The novel lead sulfide quantum dot infrared sensing device proposed here exhibits remarkable performance at room temperature and under uncooled operation. It demonstrates a temperature sensitivity above 300 °C for radiation temperature measurement, a fast total response time of 69 μs, and performance metrics such as noise of 1.9 × 10−12 A/Hz1/2, a maximum responsivity of 103 A W−1, and a maximum detectivity of 2.04 × 1013 Jones. Therefore, the experimental results obtained here are significant for the research and design of future advanced quantum dot-based thermal imaging sensing applications.
ATP2A3 in Primary Aldosteronism: Machine Learning-Based Discovery and Functional Validation
Authors: Sun Zhuolun , Kemter Elisabeth , Pang Yingxian , Bidlingmaier Martin , Wolf Eckhard , Reincke Martin , Williams Tracy Ann 
Published: December 2024

BACKGROUND:
Aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) are a common cause of primary aldosteronism that can lead to cardiovascular complications if left untreated. Machine learning-based bioinformatics approaches have emerged as powerful tools for identifying potential disease markers, gaining widespread recognition in biomedical research. We aimed to use machine learning to discover novel biomarkers of APAs to identify new pathophysiological mechanisms.

METHODS:
We applied 2 machine learning algorithms to published RNA sequencing data to identify APA feature genes. Validation was performed using APA tissue samples, spatial transcriptomics, pig adrenal glands, and in vitro assays in a human adrenocortical cell line.

RESULTS:

Machine learning identified
ATP2A3
as a key feature gene in APA, and its upregulation in APAs compared with the adjacent cortex was confirmed by spatial transcriptomics. In human adrenocortical cells, angiotensin II treatment increased
ATP2A3
gene expression 9.15-fold. Silencing
ATP2A3
decreased basal
CYP11B2
expression and aldosterone secretion by 3.51-fold and 1.46-fold, respectively, and by 1.77-fold and 1.94-fold under angiotensin II stimulation. Dietary sodium restriction in pigs significantly increased
ATP2A3
mRNA and protein levels. Spatial transcriptomics showed that APA cells exhibited higher
ATP2A3
gene expression compared with all other adrenal cell types. The suppressive effect of
ATP2A3
silencing on
CYP11B2
expression was further enhanced by Ca
2+
inhibitors.

CONCLUSIONS:

The
ATP2A3
gene is highly expressed in APA and is a key regulator of
CYP11B2
expression and aldosterone production.
Tool Representations in Human Visual Cortex
Authors: Cortinovis Davide , Peelen Marius V. , Bracci Stefania 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Tools such as pens, forks, and scissors play an important role in many daily-life activities, an importance underscored by the presence in visual cortex of a set of tool-selective brain regions. This review synthesizes decades of neuroimaging research that investigated the representational spaces in the visual ventral stream for objects, such as tools, that are specifically characterized by action-related properties. Overall, results reveal a dissociation between representational spaces in ventral and lateral occipito-temporal cortex (OTC). While lateral OTC encodes both visual (shape) and action-related properties of objects, distinguishing between objects acting as end-effectors (e.g., tools, hands) versus similar noneffector manipulable objects (e.g., a glass), ventral OTC primarily represents objects' visual features such as their surface properties (e.g., material and texture). These areas act in concert with regions outside of OTC to support object interaction and tool use. The parallel investigation of the dimensions underlying object representations in artificial neural networks reveals both the possibilities and the difficulties in capturing the action-related dimensions that distinguish tools from other objects. Although artificial neural networks offer promise as models of visual cortex computations, challenges persist in replicating the action-related dimensions that go beyond mere visual features. Taken together, we propose that regions in OTC support the representation of tools based on a behaviorally relevant action code and suggest future paths to generate a computational model of this object space.