bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photo‐Induced Depolymerisation: Recent Advances and Future Challenges
Authors: Chen Tao , Wang Huining , Chu Yingying , Boyer Cyrille , Liu Jingquan , Xu Jiangtao 
Published: August 2019

AbstractFacing the growing environmental issues provoked by the use of nondegradable polymers in many fields (for example, packing, building, and clothing), tremendous efforts have been made to explore photodegradable materials to alleviate the increase in plastic pollution. Photodegradable materials would exploit significant advantages presented by the use of light, such as abundance, safety and the ability to easily tune intensity and wavelength. In particular, photo‐induced depolymerisation has received increasing attention, which could enable polymers to degrade to their original monomers or small molecules under certain photoirradiation conditions. Most importantly, the obtained molecules or monomers via photo‐induced depolymerisation could be conveniently recycled or further transformed to other high‐value‐added products, which is of great benefit for environmental protection. This Review summarizes recent advances in the growing field of photo‐induced depolymerisation and also considers future challenges that must be addressed. It aims to encourage new researchers to enter this flourishing area and presents a brief guide to the field.
Efficient Cyclization of the Norbornadiene‐Quadricyclane Interconversion Mediated by a Magnetic [Fe3O4−CoSalphen] Nanoparticle Catalyst
Authors: Luchs Tobias , Lorenz Patrick , Hirsch Andreas 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe report a novel, inexpensive and effective process for the repeatable photoisomerization of norbornadiene (NBD) to its metastable isomer quadricyclane (QC), followed by catalytically induced strain energy release via back‐conversion of QC to NBD. By utilization of a quasi‐homogeneous catalyst based on magnetic core‐shell nanoparticles, tedious purification steps are avoided. The core of this material is comprised of Fe3O4 and a catalytically active cobalt(II) complex is anchored on the particle surface as a self‐assembled monolayer (SAM). These core‐shell nanoparticles [Fe3O4−CoSalphen] combine a high surface area of catalytically active molecules with straightforward separation by the action of an external magnetic field. In combination with the promising interconversion couple NBD1‐QC1, which features outstanding stability (t1/2=450 days at room temperature) and a high energy storage potential (88.34 kJ/mol), the nanoparticle catalyst [Fe3O4−CoSalphen] shows great potential for technical applications in molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy‐storage systems.
Influence of maturity on corporate social responsibility and sustainable innovation in business performance
Authors: Bacinello Edilson , Tontini Gérson , Alberton Anete 
Published: August 2019

AbstractModels of maturity in corporate social responsibility (CSRM) and in sustainable innovation (SIM) allow us to evaluate how a company is evolved in a given area, so that it can trace a strategic path of improvements in the economic, social, and environmental dimensions. This study developed maturity models seeking to verify the influence of CSRM on the SIM and of these dimensions in the business performance (BP). The analysis, grounded on resource‐based theory, used structural equation modeling with a sample of 154 Brazilian companies. It was found that CSRM exerts influence on the SIM and that both positively influence the BP. The use of these models can assist companies in creating value, generating competitive advantage, and promoting superior performance.
Insight into the Anchoring and Catalytic Effects of VO2 and VS2 Nanosheets as Sulfur Cathode Hosts for Li–S Batteries
Authors: Wang Dashuai , Zhao Shou , Li Fei , He Li , Zhao Yingying , Zhao Hainan , Liu Yanhui , Wei Yingjin , Chen Gang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTransition metal oxides and sulfides have been intensively investigated as host materials for the S cathode in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries; however, the distinctions between them in battery operation have remained unclear. In this study, VO2 and VS2 nanosheets were systematically studied as host materials for Li–S batteries through theoretical calculations and experimental testing. First‐principles calculations demonstrated that VS2 showed more favorable properties, including the inherent semi‐metallic conductivity of VS2, moderate adsorption strength for Li2Sn, fast Li+ transport with a low diffusion barrier, and accelerated surface redox reactions with a low Li2S decomposition barrier. In comparison, the low electronic conductivity and strong adsorption strength of VO2 increased Li+ diffusion as well as Li2S decomposition barriers of the electrode, resulting in relatively poor rate capability and cycle stability. In experiments, the VS2@S electrode exhibited superior electrochemical performance compared with VO2@S, giving a large capacity of 713 mAh g−1 at 5 C and a low capacity fading rate of 0.13 % per cycle over 200 cycles at 1 C. The constructed relationships between S cathode and host materials could guide the future design of high‐performance S cathodes for Li–S batteries.
Human–Cougar interactions in the wildland–urban interface of Colorado's front range
Authors: Alldredge Mathew W. , Buderman Frances E. , Blecha Kevin A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAs human populations continue to expand across the world, the need to understand and manage wildlife populations within the wildland–urban interface is becoming commonplace. This is especially true for large carnivores as these species are not always tolerated by the public and can pose a risk to human safety. Unfortunately, information on wildlife species within the wildland–urban interface is sparse, and knowledge from wildland ecosystems does not always translate well to human‐dominated systems. Across western North America, cougars (Puma concolor) are routinely utilizing wildland–urban habitats while human use of these areas for homes and recreation is increasing. From 2007 to 2015, we studied cougar resource selection, human–cougar interaction, and cougar conflict management within the wildland–urban landscape of the northern Front Range in Colorado, USA. Resource selection of cougars within this landscape was typical of cougars in more remote settings but cougar interactions with humans tended to occur in locations cougars typically selected against, especially those in proximity to human structures. Within higher housing density areas, 83% of cougar use occurred at night, suggesting cougars generally avoided human activity by partitioning time. Only 24% of monitored cougars were reported for some type of conflict behavior but 39% of cougars sampled during feeding site investigations of GPS collar data were found to consume domestic prey items. Aversive conditioning was difficult to implement and generally ineffective for altering cougar behaviors but was thought to potentially have long‐term benefits of reinforcing fear of humans in cougars within human‐dominated areas experiencing little cougar hunting pressure. Cougars are able to exploit wildland–urban landscapes effectively, and conflict is relatively uncommon compared with the proportion of cougar use. Individual characteristics and behaviors of cougars within these areas are highly varied; therefore, conflict management is unique to each situation and should target individual behaviors. The ability of individual cougars to learn to exploit these environments with minimal human–cougar interactions suggests that maintaining older age structures, especially females, and providing a matrix of habitats, including large connected open‐space areas, would be beneficial to cougars and effectively reduce the potential for conflict.
Carryover effects of larval environment on individual variation in a facultatively diadromous fish
Authors: Saboret Grégoire , Ingram Travis 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Intraspecific trait variation may result from “carryover effects” of variability of environments experienced at an earlier life stage. This phenomenon is particularly relevant in partially migrating populations composed of individuals with divergent early life histories. While many studies have addressed the causes of partial migration, few have investigated the consequences for between‐individual variability later in life.

We studied carryover effects of larval environment in a facultatively diadromous New Zealand fish, Gobiomorphus cotidianus, along an estuarine salinity gradient. We investigated the implications of varying environmental conditions during this critical stage of ontogeny for adult phenotype.

We inferred past environmental history of wild‐caught adult fish using otolith microchemistry (Sr/Ca) as a proxy for salinity. We tested for main and interactive effects of larval and adult environment on a suite of traits, including growth rates, behavior (exploration and activity), parasite load, and diet (stable isotopes and gut contents).

We found a Sr/Ca consistent with a continuum from freshwater to brackish environments, and with different trajectories from juvenile to adult habitat. Fish with Sr/Ca indicating upstream migration were more vulnerable to trematode infection, suggesting a mismatch to freshwater habitat. Diet analysis suggested an interactive effect of larval and adult environments on trophic position and diet preference, while behavioral traits were unrelated to environment at any life stage. Growth rates did not seem to be affected by past environment.

Overall, we show that early life environment can have multiple effects on adult performance and ecology, with the potential for lifetime fitness trade‐offs associated with life history. Our study highlights that even relatively minor variation in rearing conditions may be enough to generate individual variation in natural populations.
Experimental study of shear failure and crack propagation in water‐bearing coal samples
Authors: Tang Chuanjin , Yao Qiangling , Li Zhenyu , Zhang Yun , Ju Minghe 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe design of dam bodies for underground reservoirs must account for how water affects shear failure and the evolution of fractures in coal pillars. In this work, we detect acoustic emissions in raw coal samples with different water content (0%, 5.35%, 17.88%, and 20.40%) and under uniaxial compression shear and use computed tomography to analyze the failed samples. The results show that the shear strength, shear displacement, cohesion, and internal friction angle all decrease with increasing water content, which is described by the revised Mohr‐Coulomb model for the case of water intrusion. The acoustic emission counts correlate strongly with the change in stress, and the cumulative acoustic emission counts are combined with shear stiffness to separate the fracture evolution process into five stages: crack closure, elastic deformation, stable crack propagation, unstable crack propagation, and failure. The ratios of the crack closure, initiation, and damage stress to the corresponding peak shear stress are essentially unaffected by the water content. Most cracks are tensile cracks, and an increase in the water content promotes the development of parallel fractures. These results are helpful for determining the size of coal pillars in underground reservoirs and for solving other underground engineering problems, such as support for water‐rich coal roadways.
Prediction of energy consumption: Variable regression or time series? A case in China
Authors: Li Yan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEnergy consumption is closely related to industrial structure, economic prosperity, and population. Because of the Granger causal relationship between GDP and energy consumption, many researchers consider the regression method to predict energy consumption using economic variables. However, some other researchers regard the time series method (forecast) to estimate for energy consumption. To address the advantages and disadvantages of two methods in energy consumption prediction, we performed the deep learning (DL) based on the case of China. The experiment results show that the accuracy of time series forecast is much higher than regression methods. In addition, we also explored the relationship between industry, economy, population, and energy consumption. We found that GDP, population, secondary sector, and tertiary sector were significant to energy consumption. A tertiary sector can help to reduce energy consumption to some extent. This could give suggestions about changing industry structure. More and more attention has been paid to energy intensity. The strategic approach to sustainable development requires reducing energy intensity while developing the economy. Since China is committed to achieving carbon emission peak by 2030, this paper predicts the energy intensity of China in the next decade based on a DL algorithm. The prediction results show that energy intensity would slightly decrease in the next decade. Different types of energy represent the industrial structure behind economic growth. Therefore, this paper was conducted using ridge regression (RR) to explore the relationship between different types of energy and energy intensity. In addition, the effect (positive or negative) of different energy sources in reducing energy intensity has also been explored. We found that the best way of developing the economy and reducing energy consumption is to use natural gas and hydroelectric instead of coal. This can guide policy development about changing energy source structure.
When No One Notices: Disorders of Consciousness and the Chronic Vegetative State
Authors: Fins Joseph J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOn January 5, 2019, the Associated Press reported that a woman thought to have been in the vegetative state for over a decade gave birth at a Hacienda HealthCare facility. Until she delivered, the staff at the Phoenix center had not noticed that their patient was pregnant. The patient was also misdiagnosed.Misdiagnosis of patients with disorders of consciousness in institutional settings is more the norm than the exception. Misdiagnosis is also connected to a broad and extremely significant change in the understanding of the vegetative state—a change that the field of bioethics has not yet fully taken into account. In September 2018, the American Academy of Neurology, the American College of Rehabilitation Medicine, and the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research issued a comprehensive evidence‐based review on disorders of consciousness and an associated practice guideline on the care of these patients. These landmark publications update the 1994 Multi‐Society Task Force Report on the Vegetative State, which subcategorized the persistent vegetative state as either persistent (once the vegetative state lasted one month) or permanent (once the vegetative state lasted three months after anoxic injury or twelve months after traumatic injury). Noting that 20 percent of patients thought to be permanently unconscious might regain some level of consciousness, the new guideline has eliminated the permanent vegetative state as a diagnostic category, replacing it with the chronic vegetative state.
Clinical Trial Portfolios: A Critical Oversight in Human Research Ethics, Drug Regulation, and Policy
Authors: London Alex John , Kimmelman Jonathan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRegulators rely on clinical trials for drug approval and labeling decisions. Health systems and clinicians rely on the evidence from trials to determine treatment, and patients rely on it to decide which courses of care to undertake. Many of these stakeholders presume that the careful review of individual studies is enough to address the ethical and scientific questions that arise in clinical trials. In what follows, however, we demonstrate that explicit consideration of trial portfolios—series of trials that are interrelated by a common set of objectives—is crucial. the ethical acceptability and evidentiary probity of individual trials can change depending on the characteristics of the portfolios in which they are embedded. Second, how trial portfolios are composed, how well they are coordinated, and how efficiently they use information determines the balance of risks and benefits they present as well as their different prospects for generating socially valuable information; these three factors also raise distinct questions of justice.
Enhancement of Acid‐Catalyzed Esterification by the Addition of Base
Authors: Kihara Nobuhiro , Matsumoto Yasuhiro , Tsukamoto Shunsuke 
Published: August 2019

AbstractGeneral acid‐catalyzed reaction can be enhanced by the addition of base. Self‐catalyzed esterification of benzoic acid and octan‐1‐ol was enhanced by the addition of certain base such as imidazole. The rate of the esterification was accelerated as the concentration of imidazole increased. Trans‐esterification of 4‐nitrophenyl acetate was promoted in chloroform by the mixture of benzoic acid and imidazole, but not by benzoic acid or imidazole alone.
Time‐dependent flow due to noncoaxial rotation of an infinite vertical surface subjected to an exponential space‐dependent heat source: An exact analysis
Authors: Mahanthesh Basavarajappa , Ashlin Theres Stany , Gireesha Bijjanal Jayanna , Shehzad Sabir A. , Bashir Muhammad Nauman 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe effect of an exponential space‐dependent heat source on heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous fluid past an infinite vertical plate is examined. The flow is generated due to noncoaxial rotation of the infinite plate. The noncoaxial rotation creates sine or cosine oscillation in its plane and the fluid at infinity. The flow is assumed to be laminar and time‐dependent. The mathematical formulation is developed by considering certain physical initial and boundary conditions. The Laplace transform method is utilized to obtain the exact solutions of the concentration, temperature as well as velocity fields. The Sherwood number, Nusselt number, and skin‐friction coefficient are also calculated and presented in tabular form for various embedded parameters. The velocity distributions are obtained for three different cases. The obtained analytical expressions are found to be identical with published results in the limiting sense.
Performance enhancement of swarm intelligence techniques in dementia classification using dragonfly‐based hybrid algorithms
Authors: Bharanidharan N. , Rajaguru Harikumar 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMost often clinicians require automated computer‐aided MRI classification techniques to substantiate the status of dementia accurately. In this research paper, dragonfly‐based features are used to improve the accuracy of well‐known swarm intelligence algorithms specifically particle swarm optimization, artificial bee colony, and ant colony optimization in dementia classification. Cross‐sectional MRI of 65 non‐dementia and 52 dementia subjects were collected from the OASIS database and analyzed. The dementia classification performance of above‐mentioned three individual swarm intelligence algorithms is compared with non‐swarm intelligence algorithm—Fuzzy C means. A further comparison was made on the improvisation of above‐mentioned swarm intelligence algorithms while using dragonfly‐based features and Fuzzy C means‐based features. Although many swarm intelligence algorithms are reported in the literature, it is ingenious to use dragonfly‐based features for improving the performance of individual swarm intelligence algorithms in dementia classification. With proper weight parameters, Dragonfly‐particle swarm optimization hybrid classifier yields the highest accuracy of 87.18%, whereas all the above‐mentioned individual classifiers yield accuracy of less than 66%.
Improvement of PDMS surface biocompatibility is limited by the duration of oxygen plasma treatment
Authors: Amerian Mehrnaz , Amerian Mahshid , Sameti Mahyar , Seyedjafari Ehsan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe recent study focused on the improvement of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface biocompatibility as the most commonly used biomaterial in maxillofacial prostheses for intraoral defects. Biocompatibility enhances tissue‐prosthesis integration to prevent implant dislocation; to evaluate the parameter the study conducted at different times of oxygen plasma exposure. Scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy and above all, cell cultivation—as a crucial factor in biocompatibility—carried out to investigate the samples’ characteristics. An improved PDMS biocompatibility is expected; referring to the fact that an “optimal range”—not necessarily the maximum values—of surface hydrophilicity and roughness could induce an enhanced cell attachment on the PDMS surface, an “optimum time” of O2 plasma exposure is required to meet this goal. Considering the O2 plasma setup items, the ratio of PDMS components and fabrication process in the current survey, 2.5‐min O2 plasma exposure well suited to PDMS surface cell adhesion.
Preparation of CoFe2O4/sawdust and NiFe2O4/sawdust magnetic nanocomposites for removal of oil from the water surface
Authors: Houshangi Azadeh , Jamehbozorgi Saeed , Yousefi Mohammad , Ghiasi Reza 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this study, CoFe2O4/Sawdust and NiFe2O4/Sawdust magnetic nanocomposites were synthesized using a hydrothermal method, and then characterized using X‐ray powder diffraction, Infrared, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller/Barrett–Joyner–Halenda, and vibrating‐sample magnetometer techniques. In this study, unmodified sawdust (US), modified sawdust (MS), unmodified CoFe2O4/sawdust (UCS), modified CoFe2O4/sawdust (MCS), unmodified NiFe2O4/sawdust (UNS), and modified NiFe2O4/Sawdust (MNS) magnetic nanocomposites, which are inexpensive, economical, environmentally friendly absorbents, and have a high selective hydrophobic, were used for the removal of oil from the water surface. The results show that the UCS, MCS, UNS, and MNS magnetic nanocomposites can selectively absorb the oil spreading on the water surface, due to its superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity, and can be easily collected from water under the influence of a magnetic field. In addition, the results showed that the absorbents reach their equilibrium at the 30‐min mark. Among all the absorbents, the MNS magnetic nanocomposite showed the maximum absorption capacity (18.172 g/g) at the 40‐min mark. The results of the kinetic studies showed that the second‐order kinetic equation with the highest correlation coefficient had the best fit with the experimental results.
Remarks on the design and analyses of longitudinal studies for cancer patients with anorexia and weight loss
Authors: Le‐Rademacher Jennifer G. , Storrick Elizabeth M. , Jatoi Aminah 
Published: August 2019

AbstractLongitudinal data serve an important role in understanding the cancer anorexia weight loss syndrome and in testing interventions to palliative and treat patients who develop this syndrome. The element of time and the interrelatedness of data points define longitudinal data and add to the richness of this type of data. However, longitudinal data can also give rise to non‐random, missing data that can lead to flawed conclusions. This paper discusses these issues and suggests practical considerations for design and analysis of longitudinal cancer anorexia weight loss studies.