bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scientific deceit
Authors: John Stephen 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper argues for a novel account of deceitful scientific communication, as “wishful speaking”. This concept is of relevance both to philosophy of science and to discussions of the ethics of lying and misleading. Section 1 outlines a case-study of “ghost-managed” research. Section 2 introduces the concept of “wishful speaking” and shows how it relates to other forms of misleading communication. Sections 3–5 consider some complications raised by the example of pharmaceutical research; concerning the ethics of silence; how research strategies—as well as the communication of results—may be misleading; and questions of multiple authorship. The conclusion suggests some more general conclusions.
Radical embodiment in two directions
Authors: Baggs Edward , Chemero Anthony 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRadical embodied cognitive science is split into two camps: the ecological approach and the enactive approach. We propose that these two approaches can be brought together into a productive synthesis. The key is to recognize that the two approaches are pursuing different but complementary types of explanation. Both approaches seek to explain behavior in terms of the animal–environment relation, but they start at opposite ends. Ecological psychologists pursue an ontological strategy. They begin by describing the habitat of the species, and use this to explain how action possibilities are constrained for individual actors. Enactivists, meanwhile, pursue an epistemic strategy: start by characterizing the exploratory, self-regulating behavior of the individual organism, and use this to understand how that organism brings forth its animal-specific umwelt. Both types of explanation are necessary: the ontological strategy explains how structure in the environment constrains how the world can appear to an individual, while the epistemic strategy explains how the world can appear differently to different members of the same species, relative to their skills, abilities, and histories. Making the distinction between species habitat and animal-specific umwelt allows us to understand the environment in realist terms while acknowledging that individual living organisms are phenomenal beings.
Effect of bidi smoking on nasal mucociliary clearance: a comparative study
Authors: Paul B , Menon S S , Vasthare R , Balakrishnan R , Acharya S 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo compare nasal mucociliary clearance in adult non-smokers, cigarette smokers and bidi smokers using the methylene blue dye test.MethodsThe study sample consisted of 20 non-smokers, 20 cigarette smokers and 20 bidi smokers (age range, 20–40 years). A single drop of the methylene blue dye was placed at the anterior end of the inferior turbinate of the participants’ nasal cavity. The distance travelled by the methylene blue in 15 minutes inside the nasal cavity was measured. Nasal mucociliary clearance of the three groups was compared using the Kruskal Wallis test.ResultsNasal mucociliary clearance was significantly decreased in bidi smokers as compared to cigarette smokers and non-smokers (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association between nasal mucociliary clearance and bidi smoking, number of cigarettes or bidis smoked per day, and pack-years (all p < 0.05).ConclusionNasal mucociliary clearance measurement is a simple and useful index for assessing the effect of smoking on the mucociliary activity of nasal mucosa.
Congress as theatre: how advocates use ambiguity for political advantage
Authors: Bergquist Parrish 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAmbiguity – the capacity to have multiple meanings – is endemic to politics. Ambiguity creates political opportunities, structures debates and provides leeway for political entrepreneurs to advance their interests. I use the 2012 passage and 2014 rollback of reforms to the National Flood Insurance Program to show how ambiguity enables political entrepreneurship. In this puzzling case, Congress enacted and rolled back changes that threatened to impose politically unpalatable costs. Using semi-structured interviews and congressional testimony, I show how political entrepreneurs engaged with ambiguity in the buildup to the reforms’ passage. They used information strategically to interpret problems, solutions, rules, and goals; shape legislators’ perceptions of the reforms’ political implications; and adapt their arguments to the policy windows that opened. The case shows that ambiguity facilitates policy reform, but the direction of change depends on the priorities that are salient when a policy window opens and on the interests of political entrepreneurs.
Misrecognition in the making of a state: Ghana’s international relations under Kwame Nkrumah
Authors: Gallagher Julia 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article draws on a Kleinian psychoanalytic reading of Hegel’s theory of the struggle for recognition to explore the role of international misrecognition in the creation of state subjectivity. It focuses on Ghana’s early years, when international relations were powerfully conceptualised and used by Kwame Nkrumah in his bid to bring coherence to a fragile infant state. Nkrumah attempted to create separation and independence from the West on the one hand, and intimacy with a unified Africa on the other. By creating juxtapositions between Ghana and these idealised international others, he was able to create a fantasy of a coherent state, built on a fundamental misrecognition of the wider world. As the fantasy bumped up against the realities of Ghana’s failing economy, fractured social structures, and complex international relationships, it foundered, causing alienation and despair. I argue that the failure of this early fantasy was the start of Ghana’s quest to begin processes of individuation and subjectivity, and that its undoing was an inevitable part of the early stages of misrecognition, laying the way for more grounded struggles for recognition and the development of a more complex state-subjectivity.
The productive force of the negative and the desire for recognition: Lessons from Hegel and Lacan
Authors: Epstein Charlotte 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn this article I theorise the concept of misrecognition that we aim to bring to the study of international politics with this Special Issue. I draw upon three sources to do so: recognition theory, Hegel, and Jacques Lacan. I show that, while the seeds of an interest in misrecognition were laid in that interdisciplinary Hegelian scholarship known as recognition theory, it remains underdeveloped. To develop it into a concept I chart a path through recognition theory back to Hegel’s original dialectic of the master and servant in thePhenomenology of Spirit. What the dialectic captures, I argue, are the actual dynamics of misrecognition in social life, not an idealised form of recognition. This foundational, constitutive misrecognition is what Lacan also theorises by way of his concept of ‘fantasy’. Both Hegel and Lacan foreground a misrecognised, desiring subject that challenges the ways in which agency has been understood in international politics. Lastly, I show the purchase of a Hegelian-Lacanian analysis for IR by considering the relations between sovereignty and nuclear weapons under the lens of fantasy.
Agency (mis)recognition in international violence: the case of French jihadism
Authors: Lindemann Thomas 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis contribution introduces a reconceptualisation of misrecognition that stresses ‘creative agency’ (gift, work, etc.) as a condition of self-consciousness. Drawing on Hegel’s The Phenomenology of Spirit, I argue that recognition struggles are often less motivated by the actors’ desire to have a special status than by the desire to make a ‘contribution’ to society, to ‘give’ something. The content of a socially valued contribution-gift (as per Marcel Mauss) varies from one society to another but it is linked to the very ability of actors to act on their ‘own’ and to shape their environment. Thus, subjects identifying with political units or social groups with little recognised agency, while imagining strong abilities to contribute to a given society, will easily feel slighted. It is impossible to be recognised as ‘subjects’ if one is denied in the ability to ‘contribute’ to a given society. I apply this perspective to the case of French jihadism, based on 13 interviews with prisoners in France suspected to belong to al-Qaeda or the Islamic State. These individuals experience ‘individual’ agency denial inside the ‘national’ community, but also agency denial of ‘Muslim sovereignty’ outside.
Intergenerational associations in physical maltreatment: Examination of mediation by delinquency and substance use, and moderated mediation by anger
Authors: Capaldi Deborah M. , Tiberio Stacey S. , Pears Katherine C. , Kerr David C. R. , Owen Lee D. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractFindings as to whether individuals’ experiences of physical maltreatment from their parents in childhood predict their own perpetration of physical maltreatment toward their children in adulthood are mixed. Whether the maltreatment experienced is severe versus moderate or mild may relate to the strength of intergenerational associations. Furthermore, understanding of the roles of possible mediators (intervening mechanisms linking these behaviors) and moderators of the intervening mechanisms (factors associated with stronger or weaker mediated associations) is still relatively limited. These issues were examined in the present study. Mediating mechanisms based on a social learning model included antisocial behavior as assessed by criminal behaviors and substance use (alcohol and drug use), and the extent to which parental angry temperament moderated any indirect effects of antisocial behavior was also examined. To address these issues, data were used from Generations 2 and 3 of a prospective three-generational study, which is an extension of the Oregon Youth Study. Findings indicated modest intergenerational associations for severe physical maltreatment. There was a significant association of maltreatment history, particularly severe maltreatment with mothers’ and fathers’ delinquency. However, neither delinquency nor substance use showed significant mediational effects, and parental anger as a moderator of mediation did not reach significance.
Cellular fraction analysis of pericardial effusion helps the diagnosis of eosinophilic myocarditis
Authors: Tsuda Etsuko , Toyoshima Yuka , Yamada Osamu , Tsukada Masanori , Negishi Jun , Sakaguchi Heima , Ikeda Yoshihiko , Ishibashi-Udea Hatsue 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEosinophilic myocarditis is rare in children, and consequently, it is difficult to diagnose eosinophilic myocarditis rapidly. We report the clinical course of acute eosinophilic myocarditis with pericarditis in two adolescent boys and their associated electrocardiograms. The two patients, 13- and 14-year-old boys, developed cardiomegaly and chest pain with vomiting. On examination by two-dimensional echocardiography, thickening of the ventricular septum and a pericardial effusion were detected. The eosinophil count had increased by the pericardial effusion. Acute eosinophilic myocarditis often complicates a moderate to severe pericardial effusion owing to acute pericarditis. A cellular fraction analysis of the pericardial effusion is easy and useful for the diagnosis of eosinophilic myocarditis. Some serial changes in the electrocardiogram occur during each stage of acute eosinophilic myocarditis. They are induced by eosinophilic granules, which are capable of inducing tissue damage and dysfunction, and those changes in the electrocardiogram resemble the changes after an acute myocardial infarction. It is important to know the characteristics of eosinophilic myocarditis in order to prevent lethal complications.
Symptoms of problematic feeding in children with CHD compared to healthy peers
Authors: Pados Britt F. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractChildren with CHD often experience difficulty with oral feeding, which contributes to growth faltering in this population. Few studies have explored symptoms of problematic feeding in children with CHD using valid and reliable measures of oral feeding. The purpose of this study was to describe symptoms of problematic feeding in children with CHD compared to healthy children without medical conditions, taking into account variables that may contribute to symptoms of problematic feeding. Oral feeding was measured by the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool, a parent report assessment of feeding with evidence of validity and reliability. This secondary analysis used data collected from web-based surveys completed by parents of 1093 children between 6 months and 7 years of age who were eating solid foods by mouth. General linear models were used to evaluate the differences between 94 children with CHD and 999 children without medical conditions based on the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool total score and four subscale scores. Covariates tested in the models included breathing tube duration, type of CHD, gastroesophageal reflux, genetic disorder, difficulty with breast- or bottle-feeding during infancy, cardiac surgery, and current child age. Children with CHD had significantly more symptoms of problematic feeding than healthy children on the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool total score, more physiologic symptoms, problematic mealtime behaviours, selective/restrictive eating, and oral processing dysfunction (p <0.001 for all), when taking into account relevant covariates. Additional research is needed in children with CHD to improve risk assessment and develop interventions to optimise feeding and growth.
A revised ontogeny of the early Ordovician trilobite Leptoplastides salteri (Callaway, 1877)
Authors: MÅNSSON Kristina , CLARKSON Euan N. K. 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTThe ontogeny of the pelturine olenid trilobite Leptoplastides salteri (Callaway, 1877) from the Shineton Shales, Shropshire, England, was first described in 1925 by Frank Raw. Since that time, scanning electron microscopy and other new technologies have revealed many more details of structure, of early developmental stages in particular, than were available to Raw. Whereas protaspides are not preserved and the state of preservation is less than perfect for the smallest meraspides, we have established that the latter had an array of delicate, long thoracic and pygidial spines, as well as paired procranidial spines, which disappear by meraspid degree 8. Raw's reconstructions of early meraspides, and his measurements of the early stages in development, are here amended in the light of new information. Dorsal spines in the adult are much more highly developed than have been documented in any other olenid. The hypostome is preserved in place in several specimens. Initially conterminant (attached to the doublure), it becomes natant (free) in late meraspid to early holaspid stages of development, with its anterior contour fitting exactly to that of the glabella. The ecology of the widespread Leptoplastides is best known from very extensive sections in South America, which provide a useful basis for comparison. It was well adapted to a range of environments, both oxygenated and dysoxic, and is usually the dominant taxon in the biofacies in which it is found.
The 16‐Day Planetary Wave Triggers the SW1‐Tidal‐Like Signatures During 2009 Sudden Stratospheric Warming
Authors: He Maosheng , Chau Jorge Luis , Hall Chris M. , Tsutsumi Masaki , Meek Chris , Hoffmann Peter 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEnhanced nonmigrating tides SW1 (SWx represents semidiurnal westward mode with zonal wave number x) and SW3 during sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) were traditionally attributed to nonlinear interactions of quasi‐stationary planetary waves with the migrating tide SW2. Recent studies specified hypothetically that responsible for the interactions is the 16‐day wave, instead of the broadly accepted quasi‐stationary planetary waves. It is suspected that the 16‐day‐wave‐triggered secondary waves, at periods ∼12.4 and ∼11.6 hr, were detected at low‐frequency resolutions and misinterpreted as SW1 and SW3, respectively. While He et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2018JD028400) associated the 11.6‐hr oscillation conclusively to the SW3‐like signature during SSW 2013 by diagnosing its wave number, the SW1‐like 12.4hr wave, however, has never been explicitly resolved, given its proximity to the period of an active lunar tide. Here, using the coherency in the mesospheric wind between two longitudinal sectors during SSW 2009, we identify a 12.4‐hr oscillation dominated by wave number 1 and therefore associate it to the SW1‐like signature.
Validation of SOAR VIIRS Over‐Water Aerosol Retrievals and Context Within the Global Satellite Aerosol Data Record
Authors: Sayer Andrew M. , Hsu N. Christina , Lee Jaehwa , Kim Woogyung V. , Dubovik Oleg , Dutcher Steven T. , Huang Dong , Litvinov Pavel , Lyapustin Alexei , Tackett Jason L. , Winker David M. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis study validates aerosol properties retrieved using a Satellite Ocean Aerosol Retrieval (SOAR) algorithm applied to Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) measurements, from Version 1 of the VIIRS Deep Blue data set. SOAR is the over‐water complement to the over‐land Deep Blue algorithm and has two processing paths: globally, 95% of pixels are processed with the full retrieval algorithm, while the 5% of pixels in shallow or turbid (mostly coastal) waters are processed with a backup algorithm. Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data are used to validate and compare the midvisible (550 nm) aerosol optical depth (AOD), Ångström exponent (AE), and fine mode fraction of AOD at 550 nm (FMF). AOD uncertainty is shown to be approximately ±(0.03 + 10%) for the full and ±(0.03 + 15%) for the backup algorithms, with a small positive median bias around 0.02. When AOD is below about 0.2, the AE and FMF have small negative offsets from AERONET around −0.15 and −0.04, respectively. For higher AOD, AE is less offset and the magnitudes of differences versus AERONET are about ±0.2 and ±0.14, respectively. Aerosol‐type classifications provided by SOAR are found to be reasonable, matching optical‐based classifications from AERONET over 80% of the time. Spatial and temporal patterns of AOD and AE are also compared with those of other contemporary over‐water satellite aerosol data sets; dependent on region, the satellite data sets show varying levels of consistency, with SOAR broadly in‐family, and the largest discrepancies in regions with persistent heavy cloud cover.
The Role of the Ecosystem Engineer, the Leaf‐Cutter Ant Atta cephalotes, on Soil CO2 Dynamics in a Wet Tropical Rainforest
Authors: Fernandez‐Bou A. S. , Dierick D. , Swanson A. C. , Allen M. F. , Alvarado A. G. F. , Artavia‐León A. , Carrasquillo‐Quintana O. , Lachman D. A. , Oberbauer S. , Pinto‐Tomás A. A. , Rodríguez‐Reyes Y. , Rundel P. , Schwendenmann L. , Zelikova T. J. , Harmon T. C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLeaf‐cutter ants are dominant herbivores that disturb the soil and create biogeochemical hot spots. We studied how leaf‐cutter ant Atta cephalotes impacts soil CO2 dynamics in a wet Neotropical forest. We measured soil CO2 concentration monthly over 2.5 years at multiple depths in nonnest and nest soils (some of which were abandoned during the study) and assessed CO2 production. We also measured nest and nonnest soil efflux, nest vent efflux, and vent concentration. Nest soils exhibited lower CO2 accumulation than nonnest soils for the same precipitation amounts. During wet periods, soil CO2 concentrations increased across all depths, but were significantly less in nest than in nonnest soils. Differences were nonsignificant during drier periods. Surface efflux was equal across nest and nonnest plots (5 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1), while vent efflux was substantially (103 to 105 times) greater, a finding attributed to free convection and sporadic forced convection. Vent CO2 concentrations were less than in soil, suggesting CO2 efflux from the soil matrix into the nest. Legacy effects in abandoned nests were still observable after more than two years. These findings indicate that leaf‐cutter ant nests provide alternative transport pathways to soil CO2 that increase total emissions and decrease soil CO2 concentrations, and have a lasting impact. Estimated total nest‐soil CO2 emissions were 15 to 60% more than in nonnest soils, contributing 0.2 to 0.7% to ecosystem‐scale soil emissions. The observed CO2 dynamics illuminate the significant carbon footprint of ecosystem engineer Atta cephalotes and have biogeochemical implications for rainforest ecosystems.
Treatment outcome and associated factors among patients with epilepsy
Authors: Niriayo Yirga Legesse , Mamo Abraham , Kassa Tesfaye Dessale , Asgedom Solomon Weldegebreal , Atey Tesfay Mahari , Gidey Kidu , Demoz Gebre Teklemariam , Ibrahim Seid 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEpilepsy is a major public health problem worldwide. Despite multiple drug therapies, people with epilepsy continue to have frequent seizures. There is a dearth of data on epilepsy treatment outcome and associated factors in our setting. Therefore, the aim of this was to assess treatment outcome and associated factors among epileptic patients on follow up at the neurologic clinic of Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected epileptic patients. Data were collected through patient interview and review of medical records. Epilepsy treatment outcome was evaluated in terms of seizure control status in the last one year follow up period. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of treatment outcome. A total of 270 patients were included. Of whom, 46.6% had controlled seizures. Whereas, 38.5%, 8.8%, and 5.9% had experienced seizure attacks 1–5 times, 6–10 times, and greater than 10 times, respectively. Alcohol consumption [adjusted odds ratio [(AOR): 14.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.25–68.11], negative medication belief [AOR: 3.0, 95%CI: 1.31–6.71], low medication adherence [AOR:11.52, 95%CI: 3.25–40.82], and presence of comorbidities [AOR: 10.35, 95%CI: 4.40–24.40] were predictors of uncontrolled seizure. Our finding revealed that more than half of the epileptic patients had uncontrolled seizure. Epileptic patients with a negative medication belief, comorbidities, low medication adherence, and those who consume alcohol were more likely to have uncontrolled seizure. Therefore, more emphasis should be given to these patients.
A dataset of clinically generated visual questions and answers about radiology images
Authors: Lau Jason J. , Gayen Soumya , Ben Abacha Asma , Demner-Fushman Dina 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRadiology images are an essential part of clinical decision making and population screening, e.g., for cancer. Automated systems could help clinicians cope with large amounts of images by answering questions about the image contents. An emerging area of artificial intelligence, Visual Question Answering (VQA) in the medical domain explores approaches to this form of clinical decision support. Success of such machine learning tools hinges on availability and design of collections composed of medical images augmented with question-answer pairs directed at the content of the image. We introduce VQA-RAD, the first manually constructed dataset where clinicians asked naturally occurring questions about radiology images and provided reference answers. Manual categorization of images and questions provides insight into clinically relevant tasks and the natural language to phrase them. Evaluating with well-known algorithms, we demonstrate the rich quality of this dataset over other automatically constructed ones. We propose VQA-RAD to encourage the community to design VQA tools with the goals of improving patient care.