bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the behaviour ofOcypode quadrata(Fabricius, 1787) after experimental trampling
Authors: Costa Leonardo Lopes , Madureira Julyana Figueiredo , Zalmon Ilana Rosental 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe effects of trampling are usually confounded by the diffuse impacts of the urbanization of sandy beaches. We performed a controlled experiment on a beach with low visitation rates to test the hypothesis that ghost crabs avoid building their burrows on impacted plots as a result of the compacted sediment, and they migrate to non-trampled areas. The sampling design encompassed 11 survey quadrats (6 × 6 m) above the strandline, including five trampled plots (100, 300, 900, 1500 and 3000 steps) and six non-trampled plots. The plots were sampled before and after 24, 48 and 72 h of experimental trampling. We found that the ghost crabs avoided building their burrows in only the 1500× and 3000× trampled plots after 24 h, but the avoidance was not related to sediment compactness. Additionally, the emersion time and escape distance from humans were significantly delayed in the most trampled plots, suggesting a lower surface activity and an avoidance of irregular (i.e. high micro-relief) sediment surfaces by ghost crabs, which might reduce their ability to perceive potential predators.
Bushmeat consumption in large urban centres in West Africa
Authors: Luiselli Luca , Hema Emmanuel M. , Segniagbeto Gabriel Hoinsoudé , Ouattara Valy , Eniang Edem A. , Parfait Gnoumou , Akani Godfrey C. , Sirima Djidama , Fakae Barineme B. , Dendi Daniele , Fa Julia E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThere is an unprecedented demand for bushmeat in large cities in sub-Saharan Africa, and this is a major threat to many species. We conducted 2,040 interviews in six cities in four West African countries, in forest and savannah settings. We analysed age- and sex-related differences in the frequency of bushmeat consumption. Overall, we found similar patterns in all cities: 62.2% of men and 72.1% of women said they would never eat bushmeat, whereas 12.8% of men and 8.8% of women said they liked bushmeat and ate it regularly. Younger generations of both sexes tended not to eat bushmeat, regardless of their city of origin. This study of the effects of age, gender and geographical location on bushmeat consumption in African cities provides insights regarding which population groups to target in campaigns to change behaviours.
The role of aptitude in second language segmental learning: The case of Japanese learners’ English /ɹ/ pronunciation attainment in classroom settings
Authors: SAITO KAZUYA 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBuilding on the extensive work conceptualizing, developing, and validating foreign language aptitude for successful second language acquisition (e.g., Skehan, 2015, inApplied Linguistics), the current project expounded the cognitive abilities relevant and instrumental to adult Japanese classroom learners’ pronunciation attainment of English /ɹ/. The speech production of 50 Japanese participants was elicited, acoustically analyzed, and linked to different aspects of their aptitude profiles (phonemic coding, associative memory, and sequence recognition). Whereas those with higher phonemic coding demonstrated better performance in a relatively easy dimension of English /ɹ/ pronunciation (lower F2 for tongue retraction), those with greater associative memory demonstrated more advanced performance in the relatively difficult dimensions of English /ɹ/ pronunciation (longer transition duration for phonemic length; lower F3 for labial/alveolar/pharyngeal constrictions). The role of incidental learning aptitude (i.e., sequence recognition) remained unclear. The findings here indicate that explicit aptitude related to phonological analysis and memory may play a key role in predicting the incidence of advanced second language segmental proficiency attainment in classroom settings.
Learning nouns and verbs in a foreign language: The role of gestures
Authors: GARCÍA-GÁMEZ ANA B. , MACIZO PEDRO 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTWe evaluated the impact of gestures on second language (L2) vocabulary learning with nouns (Experiment 1) and verbs (Experiment 2). Four training methods were compared: the learning of L2 words with congruent gestures, incongruent gestures, meaningless gestures, and no gestures. Better vocabulary learning was found in both experiments when participants learned L2 words with congruent gestures relative to the no gesture condition. This result indicates that gestures have a positive effect on L2 learning when there is a match between the word meaning and the gesture. However, the recall of words in the incongruent and meaningless gesture conditions was lower than that of the no gesture condition. This suggests that gestures might have a negative impact on L2 learning. The facilitation and interference effects we found with the use of gestures in L2 vocabulary acquisition are discussed.
‘I've got lots of gaps, but I want to hang on to the ones that I have’: the ageing body, oral health and stories of the mouth
Authors: Warren Lorna , Kettle Jennifer E. , Gibson Barry J. , Walls Angus , Robinson Peter G. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe mouth may be presented and understood in different ways, be subject to judgement by others and, as we age, may intrude on everyday life due to problems that affect oral health. However, research that considers older people's experiences concerning their mouths and teeth is limited. This paper reports on qualitative research with 43 people in England and Scotland, aged 65–91, exploring the significance of the mouth over the lifecourse. It uses the concept of ‘mouth talk’ to explore narratives of maintaining, losing and replacing teeth. Participants engaged in ‘mouth talk’ to downplay the impact of the mouth, demonstrate socially appropriate ageing, and distance themselves from ‘real’ old age by retaining a moral identity and sense of self. They also found means to challenge dominant discourses of ageing in how they spoke about missing teeth. Referring to Leder's notion of ‘dys-appearance’ and Gilleard and Higgs’ work on the social imaginary of the fourth age, the study illustrates the ways in which ‘mouth talk’ can contribute to sustaining a sense of self in later life, presenting the ageing mouth, with and without teeth, as an absent presence. It also argues for the importance of listening to stories of the mouth in order to expand understanding of people's approaches to oral health in older age.
ONLINE CAPACITY PLANNING FOR REHABILITATION TREATMENTS: AN APPROXIMATE DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING APPROACH
Authors: Bikker Ingeborg A. , Mes Martijn R.K. , Sauré Antoine , Boucherie Richard J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe study an online capacity planning problem in which arriving patients require a series of appointments at several departments, within a certain access time target.This research is motivated by a study of rehabilitation planning practices at the Sint Maartenskliniek hospital (the Netherlands). In practice, the prescribed treatments and activities are typically booked starting in the first available week, leaving no space for urgent patients who require a series of appointments at a short notice. This leads to the rescheduling of appointments or long access times for urgent patients, which has a negative effect on the quality of care and on patient satisfaction.We propose an approach for allocating capacity to patients at the moment of their arrival, in such a way that the total number of requests booked within their corresponding access time targets is maximized. The model considers online decision making regarding multi-priority, multi-appointment, and multi-resource capacity allocation. We formulate this problem as a Markov decision process (MDP) that takes into account the current patient schedule, and future arrivals. We develop an approximate dynamic programming (ADP) algorithm to obtain approximate optimal capacity allocation policies. We provide insights into the characteristics of the optimal policies and evaluate the performance of the resulting policies using simulation.
Determinants of undernutrition prevalence in children aged 0–59 months in sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2015. A report from the World Bank database
Authors: Ricci Cristian , Asare Hannah , Carboo Janet , Conradie Cornelia , Dolman Robin Claire , Lombard Martani 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine undernutrition prevalence in 0–59-month-old children and its determinants during the period 2000–2015 in sub-Saharan Africa.DesignEcological study of time series prevalence of undernutrition in sub-Saharan Africa assessed from 2000 to 2015.SettingUnderweight and stunting prevalence from the World Bank database (2000–2015) were analysed. Mixed models were used to estimate prevalence of underweight and stunting. Country-specific undernutrition prevalence variation was estimated and region comparisons were performed. A meta-regression model considering health and socio-economic characteristics at country level was used to explore and estimate the contribution of different undernutrition determinants.ParticipantsCountries of sub-Saharan Africa.ResultsDuring 2000–2015, underweight prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa was heterogeneous, ranging between 7 and 40 %. On the other hand, stunting prevalence ranged between 20 and 60 %. In general, higher rates of underweight and stunting were estimated in Niger (40 %) and Burundi (58 %), respectively; while lowest rates of underweight and stunting were estimated in Swaziland (7 %) and Gabon (21 %). About 1 % undernutrition prevalence reduction per year was estimated across sub-Saharan Africa, which was not statistically significant for all countries. Health and socio-economic determinants were identified as main determinants of underweight and stunting prevalence variability in sub-Saharan Africa.ConclusionsUndernutrition represents a major public health threat in sub-Saharan Africa and its prevalence reduction during the period 2000–2015 was inconsistent. Improving water accessibility and number of medical doctors along with reducing HIV prevalence and poverty could significantly reduce undernutrition prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa
Evaluating the effectiveness of the clinical research radiographer undertaking the on-treatment review of clinical trial patients receiving radiotherapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Murray Stacey , Gilleece Terri M , Shepherd Paul H 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundRadiotherapy clinical trials are at the forefront of modern-day prostate cancer patient management. Patients are reviewed during treatment by clinical oncologists or competent on-treatment review radiographers to minimise treatment toxicities. Clinical Research Radiographers (CRRs) routinely monitor and gather research data from patients participating in clinical trials.PurposeThe aim of this article is to evaluate the effectiveness of the CRR undertaking the on-treatment review of clinical trial patients.MethodAn experienced CRR within the Northern Ireland Cancer Trials Network was supervised by a clinical oncologist to undertake the role of the on-treatment review of patients receiving radiotherapy for prostate cancer. The CRR explored published literature and compiled this written evaluation as part of their advanced practice learning.ResultsThe supervising clinical oncologist verified, following the planned period of supervised practice and academic study, that the CRR was competent to fulfil the role. Evidence of the beneficial synergistic impact of co-joining the roles was experienced at first hand during the undertaking of supervised practice.ConclusionCo-joining the roles and responsibilities of the CRR and the on-treatment review radiographer enhanced the quality of care offered to the patients participating in clinical trials.
Mary Wollstonecraft, Social Constructivism, and the Idea of Freedom
Authors: Hirschmann Nancy J. , Regier Emily F. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article considers Mary Wollstonecraft as a theorist of freedom for women through the lens of social constructivism. Previous republican readings of Wollstonecraft as promoting a vision of freedom as independence or non-domination are compromised by their underpinnings in liberal individualism. Instead, we suggest her theory displays elements of positive liberty and particularly what we call “subjectivity freedom.” Reading Wollstonecraft as an early social constructivist, we show her grappling with how women's subjectivity is constructed in patriarchal societies such that they desire the conditions of their own subordination. This troubles the very notion of domination and its putative opposite, freedom-as-independence. Paradoxically, while noting how women's sense of self was profoundly and intimately shaped by the patriarchal structures they inhabited, Wollstonecraft's own argument was limited by these same constructions. Nonetheless, she struggled to conceive a radically emancipatory vision of women's lives, aspirations, and desires from within the confines of a context and discourse premised on their devaluation. A social constructivist approach shows that Wollstonecraft sought not simply to change women or specific structures of male dominance, but rather the processes within which men and women defined gender, the family, and personal identity: in short, their subjectivity.
Suicidal behaviours among Chinese adolescents exposed to suicide attempt or death
Authors: Liu Zhen-Zhen , Wang Ze-Ying , Bo Qi-Gui , Qi Zhen-Biao , Xu Ru-Juan , Jia Cun-Xian , Liu Xianchen 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimsSuicidal behaviours in adolescents are prevalent and multifactorial. This study was conducted to examine the associations between exposure to suicide attempt (ESA) or suicide death (ESD) and suicidal behaviours in a large sample of Chinese adolescents.MethodsParticipants included for the analysis were 11 831 adolescent students who participated in the baseline survey of the Shandong Adolescent Behavior and Health Cohort (SABHC). Participants were sampled from five middle and three high schools in three counties of Shandong province, China. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographics, behavioural and emotional problems, family environment, suicidal behaviours (suicidal thought, plan and attempt), and history of ESA or death of a family member, relative, friend or close acquaintance. Based on the sources of exposure, the participants were divided into four groups: non-exposure, exposure from relatives only, exposure from friends/close acquaintances only (EFO) and exposure from both relatives and friends (ERF). Logistic regressions were used to examine the associations between ESA or ESD and suicidal behaviours.ResultsMean age of the participants was 14.97 ± 1.46 years and 50.9% were boys. Of the participants, 9.4% reported having ESA, and 6.6% reported having ESD. The prevalence rates of suicidal behaviours were significantly higher in adolescents who had been exposed to suicide attempt or death than those who had not. Multivariate logistic regressions showed that ESA and ESD were both significantly associated with increased risks of suicidal thought (ESA: OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.66–2.31; ESD: OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.31–1.94), plan (ESA: OR = 2.37, 95% CI = 1.84–3.05; ESD: OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.18–2.23) and attempt (ESA: OR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.92–3.89; ESD: OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.18–2.82), respectively. When participants were exposed to suicide attempt, ERF and EFO groups had significantly higher risks of suicidal thought (ERF: OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.28–1.64; EFO: OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.64–2.36), plan (ERF: OR = 3.72, 95% CI = 2.04–6.78; EFO: OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.74–3.01) and attempt (ERF: OR = 4.83, 95% CI = 2.30–10.17; EFO: OR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.73–3.81), respectively.ConclusionsESA or ESD was associated with increased risks of suicidal behaviours in adolescents. Exposure to suicidal behaviours of relatives and friends/close acquaintances appeared to have different influence on adolescent suicidal behaviours. Further research is warranted to examine the biological and psychosocial mechanisms between suicidal exposure and subsequent suicidal behaviours in adolescents.
Effect of Low Doses of Dicamba Alone and in Combination with Glyphosate on Parent Soybean and Offspring
Authors: Jones Gordon T. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Barber Tom , Gbur Edward , Kruger Greg R. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIt is well established that soybean that does not contain the dicamba-resistant (DR) trait is highly sensitive to off-target exposure to dicamba. However, there is limited information on the effect of low doses of dicamba plus glyphosate mixtures on dicamba-sensitive soybean—a mixture likely to be used on a vast acreage of dicamba/glyphosate-resistant soybean. The objective of this research was to examine leaf and pod malformation, along with height and yield effects, when dicamba, glyphosate, or a mixture of the two was applied to soybean sensitive to both dicamba and glyphosate at sublethal doses. Field applications were made at three growth stages (R1, R3, and R5) at multiple locations. Two glyphosate rates (1/64 and 1/256 of the labeled rate of 870 g ae ha−1) and two dicamba rates (1/64 and 1/256 of the labeled rate of 560 g ae ha−1) were used. Adding glyphosate to dicamba increased leaf malformation by 6% more than dicamba alone when applied at the R1 soybean growth stage. After R3 applications, pod malformation was 10% greater in treatments containing dicamba and glyphosate than dicamba alone. Applications at R5 showed minimal leaf and pod malformation. Seed from field trials was planted in the greenhouse to evaluate the offspring. The number of offspring plants showing dicamba-like symptomology was not increased with the addition of glyphosate to dicamba. Overall, injury to offspring was similar in dicamba alone and dicamba plus glyphosate treatments; however, the number of plants injured increased when parent plants were exposed to sublethal doses of dicamba at R3 and R5 compared with R1 growth-stage exposure. Vigor was reduced in dicamba-containing treatments, but not glyphosate-alone treatments. Glyphosate addition to dicamba had no effect on vigor of soybean offspring. Although there is increased injury to parent plants when glyphosate is added to dicamba, this research demonstrates that glyphosate does not contribute to the negative effects of dicamba on soybean offspring.
High Depolarization Ratios of Naturally Occurring Cirrus Clouds Near Air Traffic Regions Over Europe
Authors: Urbanek Benedikt , Groß Silke , Wirth Martin , Rolf Christian , Krämer Martina , Voigt Christiane 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCirrus clouds have a large influence on the Earth's climate and anthropogenic activities such as aviation can alter their properties. Besides the formation of contrails, indirect effects on naturally occurring cirrus like increased heterogeneous freezing due to exhaust soot particles are discussed in the literature. However, hardly any observational study exists. In this work we present cirrus optical properties measured by an airborne lidar over Europe during the Midlatitude Cirrus experiment (ML‐CIRRUS). One half of the cloud cases showed elevated depolarization ratios with a mode difference of 10 percentage points indicating differences in the clouds microphysical properties. Their origin can be traced back to highly frequented air traffic regions, and they show lower in‐cloud ice supersaturations. Our analysis reveals no influence of embedded contrails and temperature. These results could be explained by an indirect aerosol effect where heterogeneous freezing is caused by aviation exhaust particles.
Dynamic Rupture Simulation Reproduces Spontaneous Multifault Rupture and Arrest During the 2016Mw7.9 Kaikoura Earthquake
Authors: Ando Ryosuke , Kaneko Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe 2016 Kaikoura (New Zealand) earthquake is characterized as one of the most complex multifault rupture events ever observed. We perform dynamic rupture simulations to evaluate to what extent relatively simple forward models accounting for realistic fault geometry can explain the characteristics of coseismic observations. Without fine parameter tuning, our model reproduces many observed features including the multifault rupture, overall slip distribution, and the locations of the maximum slip and rupture arrest. In particular, our model shows spontaneous arrest of dynamic rupture at the both ends of the ruptured fault system due to smaller prestress levels expected from a regional tectonic stress field. Both the simulated and the observationally inferred source time functions show similar double peaks with a larger second peak. The results illuminate the importance of the 3‐D fault geometry in understanding the dynamics of complex multifault rupture.
The D Region Response to the August 2017 Total Solar Eclipse and Coincident Solar Flare
Authors: Moore R. C. , Burch H. C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDuring the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017, the University of Florida monitored very low frequency (3–30 kHz) radio activity at ten locations, enabling the remote sensing of the D region ionosphere (∼50‐ to 100‐km altitude). Two of the locations were far enough away (Antarctica) that no response to the eclipse was detected despite the fact that the eclipse significantly shadowed the transmitter. A particularly rare observation is presented: Three receivers were at locations where the Moon blocked at least some of the solar X‐ray flare that occurred near 1800 UT, providing high‐resolution observations of solar flare occultation by the Moon. The remainder of the sites registered meaningful responses to both the solar eclipse and the solar flare. Observations indicate that very low frequency signal propagation is affected once 30–55% obscuration is achieved anywhere along the propagation path. No long‐term or delayed effects, such as atmospheric gravity waves, were observed.
A Bayesian Approach to Microtremor Array Methods for Estimating Shallow S Wave Velocity Structures: Identifying Structural Singularities
Authors: Cho Ikuo , Iwata Takaki 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis paper proposes applying Bayesian inference to the problem of estimating shallow S wave velocity structures—in particular, those containing a structural singularity (a low‐velocity layer sandwiched between high‐velocity layers or a high‐velocity layer between low‐velocity layers)—by using Rayleigh‐wave phase velocities obtained in a microtremor survey. The method proposed here uses the empirical Bayesian approach, whereby field measurement data are used to build the prior distribution. An optimal velocity structure model is selected, from among multiple candidate models with different layer thickness parameter values, on the basis of a Bayes factor. The use of the proposed method allows the layer thickness parameter values in a one‐dimensional velocity structure model to be determined objectively for explaining an observed Rayleigh‐wave phase velocity dispersion curve. It also stabilizes the inversion process by the use of the prior distribution and strengthens constraints on the unknown parameter, or S wave velocity in each layer, by using multiple Rayleigh‐wave modes. These characteristics of the proposed method allow flexible and stable inverse analysis of highly variable shallow subsurface structures. The present study conducts numerical experiments to show that our method allows the assumed structural singularities are reproduced. Then field measurement data from three sites are used to show that the method has allowed shallow structural singularities (depths 5–30 m) to be identified appropriately.