bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse reactions of dimethyl sulfoxide in humans: a systematic review
Authors: Kollerup Madsen Bennedikte , Hilscher Maria , Zetner Dennis , Rosenberg Jacob 
Published: November 2018

Background: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has been used for medical treatment and as a pharmacological agent in humans since the 1960s. Today, DMSO is used mostly for cryopreservation of stem cells, treatment of interstitial cystitis, and as a penetrating vehicle for various drugs. Many adverse reactions have been described in relation to the use of DMSO, but to our knowledge, no overview of the existing literature has been made. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review describing the adverse reactions observed in humans in relation to the use of DMSO. Methods: This systematic review was reported according to the PRISMA-harms (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines. The primary outcome was any adverse reactions occurring in humans in relation to the use of DMSO. We included all original studies that reported adverse events due to the administration of DMSO, and that had a population of five or more. Results: We included a total of 109 studies. Gastrointestinal and skin reactions were the commonest reported adverse reactions to DMSO. Most reactions were transient without need for intervention. A relationship between the dose of DMSO given and the occurrence of adverse reactions was seen. Conclusions: DMSO may cause a variety of adverse reactions that are mostly transient and mild. The dose of DMSO plays an important role in the occurrence of adverse reactions. DMSO seems to be safe to use in small doses. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42018096117.
The Flash Crash: A Cautionary Tale About Highly Fragmented Markets
Authors: Menkveld Albert J. , Yueshen Bart Zhou 
Published: November 2018

A breakdown of cross-market arbitrage activity could make markets more fragile and result in price crashes. We provide suggestive evidence for this novel channel based on a high-frequency analysis of the most salient crash in recent history: The Flash Crash. We further show that such an event can be extremely costly for a large seller trading in a particular venue as the seller effectively relies on local liquidity supply only. These findings highlight the vulnerability of today’s highly fragmented markets. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
Community-based screening for cardiovascular risk using a novel mHealth tool in rural Kenya
Authors: Mannik Jennifer R. , Figol Andrea , Churchill Vanessa , Aw James , Francis Stacy , Karino Ezekiel , Chesire Julius Kibet , Opot Danet , Ochieng Benard , Hawkes Michael T. 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundAn increasing burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in low-resource settings demands innovative public health approaches.ObjectivesTo design and test a novel mobile health (mHealth) tool for use by community health workers (CHWs) to identify individuals at high CVD risk who would benefit from education and/or pharmacologic interventions.MethodsWe designed and implemented a novel two-way mobile phone application, ‘AFYACHAT’, to rapidly screen for the CVD risk in rural Kenya. AFYACHAT collects and stores a short message system (SMS) text message data entered by a CHW on a subject’s age, sex, smoking, diabetes and systolic blood pressure, and returns as SMS text message the category of 10-year CVD risk: ‘GREEN’ (<10% 10 year risk of cardiovascular event), ‘YELLOW’ (from 10% to <20%), ‘ORANGE’ (from 20% to <30%), or ‘RED’ (≥30%). CHWs were equipped and trained to use an automated blood pressure device and the mHealth tool.ResultsFive CHWs screened 2865 subjects in remote rural communities in Kenya over a 22-month period (2015–2017). The median age of subjects was 50 (interquartile range 43–60) and 1581 (55%) were female. The point prevalence of hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg), diabetes and tobacco use were 23%, 3.2% and 22%, respectively. Overall, the 10-year risk of CVD among patients was <10% in 2778 (97%) patients, from 10% to <20% in 65 (2.3%), from 20% to <30% in 12 (0.4%) and ≥30% in 10 (0.2%).ConclusionsWe have developed a mHealth tool that can be used by CHWs to screen for CVD risk factors, demonstrating the proof of concept in rural Kenya.
MODUS OPERANDI KORUPSI PENGADAAN BARANG DAN JASA PEMERINTAH OLEH PNS
Authors: Kurniawan Muhammad Rezza , Pujiyono Pujiyono 
Published: November 2018

Praktek Korupsi di Indonesia semakin meluas, dilihat dari pelaku, cara melakukan korupsi, serta besar kerugian negara yang ditimbulkan. Indonesia Corruption Watch (ICW) mencatat bahwa pelaku tindak pidana korupsi terbanyak justru berlatar belakang dari Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS) dan menempati urutan teratas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana cara/modus seorang PNS melakukan korupsi dalam pengadaan barang dan jasa pemerintah serta sejauh mana cara/modus tersebut berpengaruh pada pertimbangan hakim dalam menjatuhkan putusan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatifs. Pegawai Negeri sangat rentan terhadap tindak pidana korupsi karena jabatan dan wewenang yang disalahgunakan dapat mengakibatkan kerugian negara. Pegawai Negeri melakukan tindak pidana korupsi dengan cara atau prosedur yang berbeda dan berciri khusus, meletakan kepentingan pribadi diatas kepentingan masyarakat dan sesuatu yang dipercayakan kepadanya tidak dilaksanakan sebagaimana mestinya sebagaimana disebut modus operandi. Modus operandi yang dilakukan oleh PNS dalam pengadaan barang dan jasa pemerintah terjadi dalam semua tahap pengadaan yaitu tahap persiapan,pengadaan, dan pelaksanaan. Modus operandi juga berpengaruh pada putusan pidana pelaku terkhusus pada tinggi rendahnya pidana. Semakin tercela perbuatan semakin tinggi pula pidananya.
PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN JASA PENGIRIMAN BARANG DALAM HAL TERJADI KETERLAMBATAN PENGIRIMAN BARANG
Authors: Musyafah Aisyah Ayu , Khasna Hardanti Widya , Turisno Bambang Eko 
Published: November 2018

Konsumen pengiriman barang seharusnya sudah dilindungi oleh UU No. 8 Tahun 1999 Tentang Perlindungan Konsumen. Pada prakteknya yang terjadi, konsumen seringkali masih merasa dirugikan akibat permasalahan pengiriman barang. Pelaku usaha memberikan ganti rugi atas kerugian yang dialami konsumen dalm kasus hilang atau rusak sesuai dengan nilai barang. Jika kasusnya adalah keterlambatan barang yang mana kerugiannya bisa mencakup hal yang imateriil, maka pelaku usaha seharusnya bisa memberikan tanggung jawab agar konsumen tidak terlalu merasa dirugikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis serta mengetahui bentuk perlindungan konsumen terhadap keterlambatan barang jika ditinjau dari pelaku usaha, peran pemerintah sampai pada tahap penyelesaian. Permasalahan utama yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimanakah perlindungan konsumen khususnya dalam hal terjadi keterlambatan pengiriman barang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis empiris dengan analisis kualitatif yang kemudian diperoleh hasil bahwa penggantian kerugian berbeda pada masing-masing perusahaan penyedia jasa pengiriman barang. Perbedaan terletak dari permasalahan pengiriman seperti kerusakan barang, kehilangan barang serta keterlambatan. Kerugian immateriil yang dialami oleh konsumen dalam hal terjadi keterlambatan barang ternyata belum dapat diganti kerugiannya. Hal ini dikarenakan dasar pelaku usaha memenuhi prestasi adalah sebuah kontrak baku yang mana terdapat pembatasan jika pelaku usaha tidak berbuat sesuai yang diperjanjikan dan menyebabkan kerugian immateriil, maka hal itu termasuk dalam kategori wanprestasi. Bentuk ganti kerugian wanprestasi adalah sesuatu yang dapat dinilai dengan materi sesuai dengan yang sudah disepakati sebelumnya pada kontrak dan konsumen tidak dapat menuntut ganti rugi yang bersifat immateriil. Kata Kunci : Perlindungan Konsumen; Pengiriman Barang; Keterlambatan Pengiriman.
PROBLEMATIKA PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA TANAH DI LOKASI TANJUNG SARI KABUPATEN BANGGAI
Authors: Hipan Nasrun , Nur Nirwan Moh , Djanggih Hardianto 
Published: November 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penyelesaian sengketa tanah di Lokasi Tanjung Sari Kabupaten Banggai, Adapun status tanah tersebut telah menempuh proses hukum yang panjang dan sangat rumit dan mengakibatkan ketidakpastian bagi pihak yang bersengketa. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian yuridis sosiologis yakni mengkaji hukum berdasarkan fenomena-fenomenas sosial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sengketa tanah di Lokasi Tanjung Sari Kabupaten Banggai yang dimulai dari proses pengadilan secara bertahap sampai pada ekseusi putusan pengadilan terjadi perbedaan atau perselidihan antara pihak-pihak yang berpekara terhadap objek tanah tersebut. Sengketa tanah tersebut yang telah berjalan cukup panjang akan berdampak pada ketidakpastian hak penguasaan atas tanah oleh pihak-pihak yang bersengketa jika tidak diselesaikan dengan hukum yang tepat. Kata Kunci: Penyelesaian Sengketa; Tanah; Tanjung Sari.
Expression of toll-like receptor 4 and its connection with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Taha Inass Mohamed , Abdu Allah Azza M , Abd El Gayed Eman Masoud 
Published: November 2018

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) plays an important role in modulating innate immunity. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease that is characterized by impaired insulin resistance and abnormal immune response. Genetic background and consequently genetic factors might have a key role in both onset and progression of T2DM-related complications. The aim of this work was to study the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was carried out on 90 subjects, 30 type 2 diabetic patients, 30 patients with impaired glucose tolerance and 30 age and gender matched healthy controls. mRNA expression of (TLR4) was assessed by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) using real time PCR.. Results showed significant statistical difference between the three studied groups regarding BMI, serum FBG, HDL, TGs, TC, LDL, HOMA -IR and mRNA expression of TLR4 with highest level of TLR4 mRNA expression in T2DM patients. From this study, it might be concluded that high expression of (TLR4) is associated with T2DM.
WOJNA W IRAKU W ŚWIETLE DOKTRYNY BUSHA
Authors: Kaczmarek Piotr 
Published: November 2018

The article presents changes in American foreign policy after 11th 2001 and is concerned the George W. Bush’s Middle East policy. The goal of the text is presenting how the Bush doctrine leaded to war in Iraq. After the short introduction about US Middle East policy the text explains fundamental parts of doctrine and describes the most important G. W. Bush speeches and National Security Strategies from 2002 and 2006. This part is dedicated on war on terror, axis of evil and preventive war. The next part try to identify actual and the official and publically stated causes the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The article ends with the analysis the cost of Iraq war.
Detailed Visual Cortical Responses Generated by Retinal Sheet Transplants in Rats with Severe Retinal Degeneration
Authors: Foik Andrzej T. , Lean Georgina A. , Scholl Leo R. , McLelland Bryce T. , Mathur Anuradha , Aramant Robert B. , Seiler Magdalene J. , Lyon David C. 
Published: November 2018

To combat retinal degeneration, healthy fetal retinal sheets have been successfully transplanted into both rodent models and humans, with synaptic connectivity between transplant and degenerated host retina having been confirmed. In rodent studies, transplants have been shown to restore responses to flashes of light in a region of the superior colliculus corresponding to the location of the transplant in the host retina. To determine the quality and detail of visual information provided by the transplant, visual responsivity was studied here at the level of visual cortex where higher visual perception is processed. For our model, we used the transgenicRho-S334ter line-3rat (both sexes), which loses photoreceptors at an early age and is effectively blind at postnatal day 30. These rats received fetal retinal sheet transplants in one eye between 24 and 40 d of age. Three to 10 months following surgery, visually responsive neurons were found in regions of primary visual cortex matching the transplanted region of the retina that were as highly selective as normal rat to stimulus orientation, size, contrast, and spatial and temporal frequencies. Conversely, we found that selective response properties were largely absent in nontransplantedline-3rats. Our data show that fetal retinal sheet transplants can result in remarkably normal visual function in visual cortex of rats with a degenerated host retina and represents a critical step toward developing an effective remedy for the visually impaired human population.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAge-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa lead to profound vision loss in millions of people worldwide. Many patients lose both retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. Hence, there is a great demand for the development of efficient techniques that allow for long-term vision restoration. In this study, we transplanted dissected fetal retinal sheets, which can differentiate into photoreceptors and integrate with the host retina of rats with severe retinal degeneration. Remarkably, we show that transplants generated visual responses in cortex similar in quality to normal rats. Furthermore, transplants preserved connectivity within visual cortex and the retinal relay from the lateral geniculate nucleus to visual cortex, supporting their potential application in curing vision loss associated with retinal degeneration.
E-cigarette Use and Subsequent Smoking Frequency Among Adolescents
Authors: Barrington-Trimis Jessica L. , Kong Grace , Leventhal Adam M. , Liu Feifei , Mayer Margaret , Cruz Tess Boley , Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra , McConnell Rob 
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is associated with cigarette initiation among adolescents. However, it is unclear whether e-cigarette use is associated with more frequent cigarette use after initiation. Also, the extent to which cigarette or dual cigarette and e-cigarette users transition to exclusive e-cigarette use or to the nonuse of either product is not yet known.

METHODS:
Data were pooled from 3 prospective cohort studies in California and Connecticut (baseline: 2013–2014; follow-up: 2014–2016; N = 6258). Polytomous regression models were used to evaluate the association of baseline e-cigarette use (never or ever) with cigarette use frequency at follow-up (experimental: initiation but no past-30-day use; infrequent: 1–2 of the past 30 days; frequent: 3–5 or more of the past 30 days). Polytomous regression models were also used to evaluate transitions between baseline ever or past-30-day single or dual product use and past-30-day single or dual product use at follow-up.

RESULTS:
Among baseline never smokers, e-cigarette users had greater odds of subsequent experimental (odds ratio [OR] = 4.58; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.56–5.88), infrequent (OR = 4.27; 95% CI: 2.75–6.62) or frequent (OR = 3.51; 95% CI: 1.97–6.24) cigarette use; the 3 OR estimates were not significantly different. Baseline past-30-day exclusive cigarette use was associated with higher odds at follow-up of exclusive cigarette or dual product use than of exclusive e-cigarette use.

CONCLUSIONS:
Tobacco control policy to reduce adolescent use of both e-cigarettes and cigarettes is needed to prevent progression to more frequent tobacco use patterns and reduce combustible cigarette use (with or without concurrent e-cigarette use) to lessen the adverse public health impact of e-cigarettes.
The Effects of Armed Conflict on Children
Authors: Shenoda Sherry , Kadir Ayesha , Pitterman Shelly , Goldhagen Jeffrey ,   SECTION ON INTERNATIONAL CHILD HEALTH, Suchdev Parminder S. , Chan Kevin J. , Howard Cynthia R. , McGann Patrick , St Clair Nicole E. , Yun Katherine , Arnold Linda D. 
Published: November 2018

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed December 2023.
Children are increasingly exposed to armed conflict and targeted by governmental and nongovernmental combatants. Armed conflict directly and indirectly affects children’s physical, mental, and behavioral health. It can affect every organ system, and its impact can persist throughout the life course. In addition, children are disproportionately impacted by morbidity and mortality associated with armed conflict. A children’s rights–based approach provides a framework for collaboration by the American Academy of Pediatrics, child health professionals, and national and international partners to respond in the domains of clinical care, systems development, and policy formulation. The American Academy of Pediatrics and child health professionals have critical and synergistic roles to play in the global response to the impact of armed conflict on children.
Influence of formic acid on the vitality of Strongyloides papillosus
Authors: Boyko О. О. , Gavrilina O. G. , Gavrilin P. N. , Gugosyan Y. A. , Brygadyrenko V. V. 
Published: November 2018

Formic acid (methanoic acid, HCOOH) is an organic compound which belongs to saturated monobasic acids. In natural conditions, it is secreted from the glands of ants, and also extracted from the leaves of stinging nettles. It is soluble in water in any proportions, which makes it practical to use for making aquatic solutions. It is broadly used as a preservative in the food industry – Е236 food additive (Codex Alimentarius), as a bactericide in medicine and veterinary medicine, and is also used against agricultural pest species of insects and mites. The in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed the anthelmintic properties of the acid against Strongyloides papillosus nematodes, parasites of the gastrointestinal tract of Ruminantia and rabbits. In the conditions of in vitro, 100% of (L1, L2, L3) nematode larvae died from a 1% solution of formic acid (10 g/l) after 24 hours exposure. When exposed to less strong concentrations of the acid (1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 g/l), vital forms of L3 S. papillosus were found. Non-invasive stages (L1, L2) are less resistant to the impact of the acid – death of 100% of the larvae was observed under the impact of 0.1% solution and up to 60% of larvae died at 0.01% solution of formic acid in the same conditions. LD50 for L3 invasive larvae of S. papillosus equaled 0.47%, and 0.0076% for L1, L2 non-invasive larvae of S. papillosus. In the conditions of in vivo experiment (with guinea pigs), the effective dose of formic acid was 0.4% ml/kg of the animal`s body weight. The results of the coproscopy after the treatment demonstrated absence of the helminth larvae in the feces of the laboratory animals during 10 days and their occurrence only on days 15–20 with a low intensity (90 larvae/g of feces on average). During an external examination of the corpses of the animals of the experimental group, no pathological changes were found. The intestine, the heart, the lungs and the liver of the animals from this group had no macroscopic changes – they were of natural colour and size. The hepatocytes looked normal and the structure of the liver lobes was maintained. In the tissues of the liver of the animals from the experimental and control groups, we found processes of passive congestion, and an insignificant degree of signs of hepatic steatosis.
Enzyme-like activity of nanomaterials
Authors: Tsekhmistrenko S. I. , Bityutskyy V. S. , Tsekhmistrenko O. S. , Polishchuk V. M. , Polishchuk S. A. , Ponomarenko N. V. , Melnychenko Y. O. , Spivak M. Y. 
Published: November 2018

In modern conditions, nanomaterials, especially nanoparticles of metals and nonmetals, are increasingly used in various industries. Due to their unique properties, in particular, the ability of nanoparticles to exhibit an enzyme-like effect they are widely used in biology, medicine, biotechnology, the food industry and agriculture. Important advantages of nanoparticles are their size, which enables specific properties to be present: their large surface area, the ability to transfer molecules and the ability to protect them from degradation and release over a long time, the location of action and the specificity of interaction with biological structures. Nanoparticles play a special role in the processes of neutralizing the active forms of oxygen. It has been established that a number of nanoparticles, in particular, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ce, Si and Se oxides, have an enzyme-like activity mimicking that of some enzymes. By changing the degree of oxidation, these particles can regenerate and continuously catalyze the reaction of neutralizing superoxide anion radicals, thus fulfilling the function of SOD and being the first link in protecting tissues and cells from oxidative stress in physiological and pathological conditions. It is proved that nanoparticles Mn3O4, Fe3O4, Co3O4, CeO2, LaCoO3 and other elements can effectively dispose of hydrogen peroxide and other peroxides, showing catalase-like and peroxidase-like activity. Nanozymes are characterized that exhibit the activity of oxidases, peroxidases and phosphatase. The prospect of using mimetics for complex in vitro analyzes of high-sensitivity biomarker disease detection is shown. The possibility of effective multi-use of nanoparticles as antioxidants is indicated. There are good prospects for further research on properties and the use of polyfunctional particles that are easily synthesized, reliable and inexpensive. More work is needed to determine the interaction of enzymomimetics with biological molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, and also to take into account the peculiarities of their metabolism, clearance, degradation, biocompatibility and side effects, since individual nanoparticles have the potential to be deposited in separate organs.
That Again: A Multivariate Analysis of the Factors Conditioning Syntactic Explicitness in Translated English
Authors: Kruger Haidee 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This article aims to disentangle three explanations that have been proposed for the increased explicitness of translated English, as reflected in the more frequent use of the complementiser that in translated English texts compared to non-translated English texts. These three explanations are designated as the cognitive complexity (or processing strain) hypothesis, the pragmatic risk-aversion hypothesis and the source-language transfer hypothesis. Four comparable register-controlled corpora are used for the analysis: a corpus of English translated from Afrikaans, a corpus of written Afrikaans, and corpora of written British and native South African English. A multivariate analysis of the factors conditioning complementiser omission across the four corpora is used to test the three hypotheses proposed. The transfer hypothesis is tested by investigating whether the translation corpus demonstrates overall omission preferences that are more similar to the omission preferences of Afrikaans than of English. The cognitive complexity hypothesis is tested by investigating whether translated English is more sensitive to the complexity-related factors that are known to condition omission than non-translated English. The risk-aversion hypothesis is tested by investigating whether translations opt for the communicatively and normatively “safer” choice of including the complementiser in contexts where non-translated writing would typically omit it, and therefore demonstrate less sensitivity to register and frequency effects than non-translated English. The findings of the study provide strong evidence against the transfer hypothesis and find stronger support for the pragmatic risk-aversion hypothesis although the cognitive complexity hypothesis cannot be ruled out.