bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Geological Susceptibility of Induced Earthquakes in the Duvernay Play
Authors: Pawley Steven , Schultz Ryan , Playter Tiffany , Corlett Hilary , Shipman Todd , Lyster Steven , Hauck Tyler 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPresently, consensus on the incorporation of induced earthquakes into seismic hazard has yet to be established. For example, the nonstationary, spatiotemporal nature of induced earthquakes is not well understood. Specific to the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, geological bias in seismogenic activation potential has been suggested to control the spatial distribution of induced earthquakes regionally. In this paper, we train a machine learning algorithm to systemically evaluate tectonic, geomechanical, and hydrological proxies suspected to control induced seismicity. Feature importance suggests that proximity to basement, in situ stress, proximity to fossil reef margins, lithium concentration, and rate of natural seismicity are among the strongest model predictors. Our derived seismogenic potential map faithfully reproduces the current distribution of induced seismicity and is suggestive of other regions which may be prone to induced earthquakes. The refinement of induced seismicity geological susceptibility may become an important technique to identify significant underlying geological features and address induced seismic hazard forecasting issues.
Irrigation as a Potential Driver for Anomalous Glacier Behavior in High Mountain Asia
Authors: de Kok Remco J. , Tuinenburg Obbe A. , Bonekamp Pleun N. J. , Immerzeel Walter W. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMany glaciers in the northwest of High Mountain Asia (HMA) show an almost zero or positive mass balance, despite the global trend of melting glaciers. This phenomenon is often referred to as the “Karakoram anomaly,” although strongest positive mass balances can be found in the Kunlun Shan mountain range, northeast of the Karakoram. Using a regional climate model, in combination with a moisture‐tracking model, we show that the increase in irrigation intensity in the lowlands surrounding HMA, particularly in the Tarim basin, can locally counter the effects of global warming on glaciers in Kunlun Shan, and parts of Pamir and northern Tibet, through an increase in summer snowfall and decrease in net radiance. Irrigation can thus affect the regional climate in a way that favors glacier growth, and future projections of glacier melt, which may impact millions of inhabitants surrounding HMA, will need to take into account predicted changes in irrigation intensity.
Does Southern Ocean Surface Forcing Shape the Global Ocean Overturning Circulation?
Authors: Sun Shantong , Eisenman Ian , Stewart Andrew L. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPaleoclimate proxy data suggest that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) was shallower at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) than its preindustrial (PI) depth. Previous studies have suggested that this shoaling necessarily accompanies Antarctic sea ice expansion at the LGM. Here the influence of Southern Ocean surface forcing on the AMOC depth is investigated using ocean‐only simulations from a state‐of‐the‐art climate model with surface forcing specified from the output of previous coupled PI and LGM simulations. In contrast to previous expectations, we find that applying LGM surface forcing in the Southern Ocean and PI surface forcing elsewhere causes the AMOC to shoal only about half as much as when LGM surface forcing is applied globally. We show that this occurs because diapycnal mixing renders the Southern Ocean overturning circulation more diabatic than previously assumed, which diminishes the influence of Southern Ocean surface buoyancy forcing on the depth of the AMOC.
Forecasting the Eruption of an Open‐Vent Volcano Using Resonant Infrasound Tones
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey B. , Watson Leighton M. , Palma Jose L. , Dunham Eric M. , Anderson Jacob F. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOpen‐vent volcanic systems with active degassing are particularly effective at producing infrasound that exhibits resonant tones controlled by the geometry of the volcano's crater. Changes in the infrasound character can thus provide constraints on a crater's lava level, which may vary dynamically in the lead‐up to an eruption. Here we show that the increasing frequency content and damping characteristics of the resonant infrasound at Volcán Villarrica (Chile) relate to lava lake position in its crater/conduit preceding its 2015 eruption. We model the acoustic response of Villarrica's crater to determine that the lake began to rise on 27 February and reached the flared upper part of Villarrica's crater before oscillating during the two days prior to the 3 March paroxysm and 1.5 km‐high lava fountain. This study demonstrates the utility of remote infrasound monitoring for future eruptions of Villarrica and other analogous open‐vent volcanoes.
Relationship Between Earthquake b‐Values and Crustal Stresses in a Young Orogenic Belt
Authors: Wu Yih‐Min , Chen Sean Kuanhsiang , Huang Ting‐Chung , Huang Hsin‐Hua , Chao Wei‐An , Koulakov Ivan 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIt has been reported that earthquake b‐values decrease linearly with the differential stresses in the continental crust and subduction zones. Here we report a regression‐derived relation between earthquake b‐values and crustal stresses using the Anderson fault parameter (Aϕ) in a young orogenic belt of Taiwan. This regression relation is well established by using a large and complete earthquake catalog for Taiwan. The data set consists of b‐values and Aϕ values derived from relocated earthquakes and focal mechanisms, respectively. Our results show that b‐values decrease linearly with the Aϕ values at crustal depths with a high correlation coefficient of −0.9. Thus, b‐values could be used as stress indicators for orogenic belts. However, the state of stress is relatively well correlated with the surface geological setting with respect to earthquake b‐values in Taiwan. Temporal variations in the b‐value could constitute one of the main reasons for the spatial heterogeneity of b‐values. We therefore suggest that b‐values could be highly sensitive to temporal stress variations.
Spatial and Temporal Features of the Topside Ionospheric Electron Density by a New Model Based On GPS Radio Occultation Data
Authors: Prol Fabricio dos Santos , Hernández‐Pajares Manuel , Camargo Paulo de Oliveira , Muella Marcio Tadeu de Assis Honorato 
Published: February 2018

AbstractA new method for probing the spatial and temporal features of the topside ionosphere is presented. The Vary‐Chap model given by linear functions was used to discover and report features of the topside scale height and its gradient. Based on the global coverage of the radio occultation data, spherical harmonic functions were applied to detect some spatial features of the estimated topside. In addition, a Fourier time‐dependent method was applied in 10 consecutive years to both estimate and predict the temporal evolution of the topside. As a result, the temporal variation of the peak height showed high correlation with the scale height. And on the other hand, the electron density peak showed a strong anticorrelation with the gradient of the scale height. This suggests that the equatorial topside was mainly controlled by the E × B equatorial vertical drift, which increases the scale height in the equatorial region, and the diffusion of the electrons along the geomagnetic field lines, which reduces the gradient of the scale height. Also, a 1 year prediction with a reasonable accuracy showed that the proposed model can be considered a practical and useful tool for predicting features of the topside ionosphere, which may have special interest for the development of climatological models.
An Active Seismic Zone in Intraplate West Iberia Inferred From High‐Resolution Geophysical Data
Authors: Matos Catarina , Custódio Susana , Batló Josep , Zahradník Jiří , Arroucau Pierre , Silveira Graça , Heimann Sebastian 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntraplate Iberia is a region of slow lithopsheric deformation (<1 mm/yr) with significant historical earthquake activity. Recent high‐quality instrumental data have shown that small‐magnitude earthquakes collapse along clusters and lineaments, which however do not bear a clear relationship to geologically mapped active structures. In this article, we investigate the controls of these earthquake clusters. In particular, we study two of the identified clusters—the Arraiolos and the Évora seismic zones (ASZ and ESZ), located in the Western Ossa Morena Zone, southwest Iberia. The ASZ marks a sharp boundary between a seismically active region to its south and a more quiet region to its north. We revise historical earthquakes in order to clarify whether earthquake activity in the region is persistent. We use data from a local network to compute accurate epicenters, focal depth, focal mechanisms, and spatiotemporal clustering, thus characterizing ongoing small‐scale fracturing. Finally, we analyze complementary data sets, including tomographic models, Global Navigation Satellite Systems data, magnetic anomalies, and gravity anomalies, in order to discuss the factors that control seismogenesis in the two seismic zones. Consistency between earthquake locations, focal mechanisms and Global Navigation Satellite Systems data suggests that the ASZ is an active right‐lateral shear zone, which divides two blocks within the Western Ossa Morena Zone. The ESZ seems to localize microseismicity due to its granitic lithology. These results suggest that high‐resolution geophysical data have the potential to reveal blocks with different seismogenic and rheological behaviors, which may be used to improve our understanding of fault systems and the assessment of earthquake hazard in slowly deforming regions.
Sensitivities of Near‐field Tsunami Forecasts to Megathrust Deformation Predictions
Authors: Tung S. , Masterlark T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study reveals how modeling configurations of forward and inverse analyses of coseismic deformation data influence the estimations of seismic and tsunami sources. We illuminate how the predictions of near‐field tsunami change when (1) a heterogeneous (HET) distribution of crustal material is introduced to the elastic dislocation model, and (2) the near‐trench rupture is either encouraged or suppressed to invert spontaneous coseismic displacements. Hypothetical scenarios of megathrust earthquakes are studied with synthetic Global Positioning System displacements in Cascadia. Finite‐element models are designed to mimic the subsurface heterogeneity across the curved subduction margin. The HET lithospheric domain modifies the seafloor displacement field and alters tsunami predictions from those of a homogeneous (HOM) crust. Uncertainties persist as the inverse analyses of geodetic data produce nonrealistic slip artifacts over the HOM domain, which propagates into the prediction errors of subsequent tsunami arrival and amplitudes. A stochastic analysis further shows that the uncertainties of seismic tomography models do not degrade the solution accuracy of HET over HOM. Whether the source ruptures near the trench also controls the details of the seafloor disturbance. Deeper subsurface slips induce more seafloor uplift near the coast and cause an earlier arrival of tsunami waves than surface‐slipping events. We suggest using the solutions of zero‐updip‐slip and zero‐updip‐slip‐gradient rupture boundary conditions as end‐members to constrain the tsunami behavior for forecasting purposes. The findings are important for the near‐field tsunami warning that primarily relies on the near‐real‐time geodetic or seismic data for source calibration before megawaves hit the nearest shore upon tsunamigenic events.
Deep Long‐Period Earthquakes Beneath Mount St. Helens: Their Relationship to Tidal Stress, Episodic Tremor and Slip, and Regular Earthquakes
Authors: Han Jiangang , Vidale John E. , Houston Heidi , Schmidt David A. , Creager Kenneth C. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractVolcanic deep long‐period earthquakes (DLPs) have been observed for a long time but remain poorly understood. In this study, 22 catalog DLPs were taken as templates to search for repeating events at Mount St. Helens. During the period from 2007 to 2016, we have detected 277 DLPs. Three templates are isolated DLPs, while all other templates produced matches, identifying loci of repeated activity. Overall, the DLPs show no significant correlation with either the timing of the subduction zone tremor and slow slip west of Mount St. Helens, or the shallow seismicity, or distant earthquakes. Temporal analysis shows an elevated rate of DLPs at times of compressional volumetric tidal stress, suggesting a possible association with magmatic and/or fluid activity. We also observed variable S wave polarization of the DLPs in the most productive DLP source region, indicating source mechanisms are not identical despite the waveform similarity that allowed their detection.
Constructing Synthetic Ecosystems with Biopolymer Fluitrodes
Authors: Pham Phu L. H. , Rooholghodos Seyed A. , Choy John S. , Luo Xiaolong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractModeling the complex interactions among organisms found within microbiomes is of great interest for the development of new biological technologies. Challenges remain in culturing cells of multiple species with spatial resolutions similar to microbial communities. Here, a fluitrode concept in microfluidics using biofabrication of functional biopolymers is demonstrated to efficiently assemble multiple cell populations in 3D hydrogels of spatial and biological relevance. The fluitrodes are freestanding biopolymer membranes that, similar to electrodes in transmitting electrons, transmit ions and small molecules with spatiotemporal programmability. The individually addressable fluitrodes allow for controlled delivery of nutrients and chemical molecules of interest in situ, live imaging of biological events, effluent collection to perform ex situ diagnostics, and finally, release of cells for downstream molecular and biochemical analyses. This novel coculturing platform can model in vitro ecosystems comprised of multiple species or kingdoms to elucidate cell–cell interactions in complex communities and aid in high throughput screening for drug discovery.
Structuring of Hydrogels across Multiple Length Scales for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Cooke Megan E. , Jones Simon W. , ter Horst Britt , Moiemen Naiem , Snow Martyn , Chouhan Gurpreet , Hill Lisa J. , Esmaeli Maryam , Moakes Richard J. A. , Holton James , Nandra Rajpal , Williams Richard L. , Smith Alan M. , Grover Liam M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe development of new materials for clinical use is limited by an onerous regulatory framework, which means that taking a completely new material into the clinic can make translation economically unfeasible. One way to get around this issue is to structure materials that are already approved by the regulator, such that they exhibit very distinct physical properties and can be used in a broader range of clinical applications. Here, the focus is on the structuring of soft materials at multiple length scales by modifying processing conditions. By applying shear to newly forming materials, it is possible to trigger molecular reorganization of polymer chains, such that they aggregate to form particles and ribbon‐like structures. These structures then weakly interact at zero shear forming a solid‐like material. The resulting self‐healing network is of particular use for a range of different biomedical applications. How these materials are used to allow the delivery of therapeutic entities (cells and proteins) and as a support for additive layer manufacturing of larger‐scale tissue constructs is discussed. This technology enables the development of a range of novel materials and structures for tissue augmentation and regeneration.
Structural Engineering of 2D Nanomaterials for Energy Storage and Catalysis
Authors: Zhu Yue , Peng Lele , Fang Zhiwei , Yan Chunshuang , Zhang Xiao , Yu Guihua 
Published: February 2018

AbstractResearch on 2D nanomaterials is rising to an unprecedented height and will continue to remain a very important topic in materials science. In parallel with the discovery of new candidate materials and exploration of their unique characteristics, there are intensive interests to rationally control and tune the properties of 2D nanomaterials in a predictable manner. Considerable attention is focused on modifying these materials structurally or engineering them into designed architectures to meet requirements for specific applications. Recent advances in such structural engineering strategies have demonstrated their ability to overcome current material limitations, showing great promise for promoting device performance to a new level in many energy‐related applications. Existing in many forms, these strategies can be categorized based on how they intrinsically or extrinsically alter the pristine structure. Achieved through various synthetic routes and practiced in a range of different material systems, they usually share common descriptors that predestine them to be effective in certain circumstances. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanism of these strategies to provide fundamental insights into structural design and property tailoring is of critical importance. Here, the most recent development of structural engineering of 2D nanomaterials and their significant effects in energy storage and catalysis technologies are addressed.
Plasmon‐Dictated Photo‐Electrochemical Water Splitting for Solar‐to‐Chemical Energy Conversion: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Xiao Fang‐Xing , Liu Bin 
Published: February 2018

AbstractSurface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of metal nanostructures is established as an efficient and attractive strategy to boost visible‐light or even near‐infrared‐responsive photo‐electrochemical (PEC) water splitting devices for substantial solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion. Rational integration of plasmonic metal nanostructures with semiconductors in an appropriate fashion is beneficial for creating a large variety of plasmonic metal/semiconductor photoelectrodes. However, up to date, construction of well‐defined and highly efficient plasmonic metal/semiconductor heterostructures is still in its infant stage. In this review, basic principles of PEC water splitting over semiconductors, SPR‐excited plasmonic effect of metal nanostructures, and their intrinsic correlation with each other are first concisely introduced. Subsequently, it is paid great attention to specifically summarize the diverse plasmonic metal/semiconductor photoelectrodes currently being extensively explored for indirect plasmon‐induced PEC water splitting. Particularly, different plasmonic metal/semiconductor nanoarchitectures including planar thin films, 1D composited, and 3D spatially hierarchical heterostructures are systematically classified and elucidated. Finally, future perspectives and challenges in triggering further innovative thinking on plasmon‐enhanced solar water splitting are envisaged. It is anticipated that this review can provide enriched information on rational design and construction of various plasmonic metal/semiconductor heterostructures for solar‐powered plasmon‐based PEC devices.
Functionalizing New Intercalation Chemistry for Sub‐Nanometer‐Scaled Interlayer Engineering of 2D Transition Metal Oxides and Chalcogenides
Authors: Hai Zhenyin , Zhuiykov Serge 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIntercalation in bulk layered materials has been investigated intensively in the last 60 years. However, the rise of 2D few‐layered nanomaterials such as transition metal oxides and chalcogenides opened up thrilling opportunities for the new era of intercalation as it is almost guaranteed that new phenomena will be observed with the intercalation of ions and molecules into few‐layered nanomaterials due to the quantum confinement effect at the 2D scale. In this progress report, the advances of the 2D intercalation chemistry in the few‐layered oxides and chalcogenides of molybdenum and tungsten are highlighted with respect to its concept, structure, implementation, identification, property modulation, and applications. The perspective and outlook concerning its current obstacles and future opportunities are addressed. The 2D intercalation chemistry in few‐layered nanomaterials is still under its infant stage. The new intercalation phenomena behind the interlayer engineering of few‐layered nanomaterials need to be discovered and further comprehensively exploited. It is strongly believed that with more attentions and efforts put into this spring field, the few‐layered 2D nanomaterials will make great impact on the nanoscience and nanotechnology, enabling them more profound than their microstructural counterparts and even their monolayers.
Reversible Resistance Switching of 2D Electron Gas at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterointerface
Authors: Gao Zhaomeng , Huang Xiushi , Li Pei , Wang Longfei , Wei Ling , Zhang Weifeng , Guo Haizhong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractResistance modulation of 2D electron gas (2DEG) at oxide heterointerfaces has recently attracted extensive interests in nonvolatile memory and various sensors. Specially, ferroelectric devices based on 2DEG resistance switching at oxide heterointerfaces by ferroelectric polarization are particularly important in memory and light sensors. Herein, a nonvolatile ferroelectric memristor is reported by the 2DEG resistance change at an LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface by switching the ferroelectric polarization of a BiFeO3 layer, showing reversible two order of magnitude resistance change, the largest switching ratio in free‐lead ferroelectric memristors so far. The mechanisms of the 2DEG reversible resistance switching at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerfaces modulated by the ferroelectric polarization and light illumination are discussed. These findings demonstrate a practical approach for the nonvolatile memory and sensor applications using the 2DEG resistance switching by the ferroelectric polarization and light illumination.
Cavity‐Induced Enhancement of Magneto‐Optic Effects in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Authors: Da Haixia , Gao Lei , An Yipeng , Zhang Haiyan , Yan Xiaohong 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMonolayer transition metal dichalcogenides represent a class of 2D direct‐bandgap semiconductors, which do not support magneto‐optical (MO) effects in the absence of magnetic field due to time reversal symmetry. Magnetic exchange field (MEF) has been demonstrated to be able to generate MO effects in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides, causing Faraday rotation of several tenths of degree without the need of magnetic field. Here, the possibility of enhancing the MO effects of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides upon MEF using a cavity structure is investigated. It is identified that the Faraday rotation (FR) angle can be boosted by choosing the proper thickness of optical cavity due to its resonant characteristics. In particular, unlike the conventional bulky magnetic materials always with fixed MO effects, the FR angle here can be manipulated by the chemical potential, enabling a route of engineering the MO effects in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides. The results suggest 2D layered semiconductors being the possible building blocks in nonreciprocal MO devices.