bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in plant functional groups indicates land degradation on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Luo Jiufu , Liu Xuemin , Yang Jun , Liu Yuguo , Zhou Jinxing 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPlant functional groups (PFGs) have been increasingly introduced in land degradation (LD) studies; however, it is unclear whether PFGs can indicate LD. Here, we selected five different degraded lands (i.e., pristine and, lightly, moderately, seriously and extremely degraded) higher than 4650 m on the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, we investigated floristic metrics (i.e., composition, height, cover, biomass and abundance) and soil conditions (e.g., moisture, temperature and gravel ratio) by sampling 225 subplots. We found 75 vascular plants that consist of sedges (Cyperaceae), grasses (Gramineae), legumes, forbs, cushion plants and shrubs PFGs. LD dramatically deteriorated soil conditions, vegetation cover and productivity, however, improved species diversity. Moreover, cover and productivity showed a hump-shaped relationship with LD intensification in legumes, grasses and forbs and decreased mainly in sedges. Productivity increased considerably in cushion plants and shrubs on the extremely degraded land. Major characteristics of the LD process were the replacement of Kobresia spp. by Carex spp. in sedges; cushion plants significantly expanded, and shrubs appeared on the extremely degraded land. We, thus, confirm that the PFG variations are likely to indicate a LD process and demonstrate ways of using PFGs to assess LD status on the Tibetan Plateau.
Thermal Degradation and Fire Properties of Fungal Mycelium and Mycelium - Biomass Composite Materials
Authors: Jones Mitchell , Bhat Tanmay , Kandare Everson , Thomas Ananya , Joseph Paul , Dekiwadia Chaitali , Yuen Richard , John Sabu , Ma Jun , Wang Chun-Hui 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMycelium and mycelium-biomass composites are emerging as new sustainable materials with useful flame-retardant potentials. Here we report a detailed characterisation of the thermal degradation and fire properties of fungal mycelium and mycelium-biomass composites. Measurements and analyses are carried out on key parameters such as decomposition temperatures, residual char, and gases evolved during pyrolysis. Pyrolysis flow combustion calorimetry (PCFC) evaluations reveal that the corresponding combustion propensity of mycelium is significantly lower compared to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polylactic acid (PLA), indicating that they are noticeably less prone to ignition and flaming combustion, and therefore safer to use. The hyphal diameters of mycelium decrease following pyrolysis. Cone calorimetry testing results show that the presence of mycelium has a positive influence on the fire reaction properties of wheat grains. This improvement is attributable to the relatively higher charring tendency of mycelium compared to wheat grain, which reduces the heat release rate (HRR) by acting as a thermal insulator and by limiting the supply of combustible gases to the flame front. The mycelium growth time has been found to yield no significant improvements in the fire properties of mycelium-wheat grain composites.
A near atomic-scale view at the composition of amyloid-beta fibrils by atom probe tomography
Authors: Rusitzka Kristiane A. K. , Stephenson Leigh T. , Szczepaniak Agnieszka , Gremer Lothar , Raabe Dierk , Willbold Dieter , Gault Baptiste 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAmyloid-beta (Ab) proteins play an important role in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Ab is found in senile plaques in brains of Alzeimer’s disease patients. The 42 residues of the monomer form dimers which stack to fibrils gaining several micrometers in length. Using Ab fibrils with13C and15N marker substitution, we developed an innovative approach to obtain insights to structural and chemical information of the protein. We deposited the modified protein fibrils to pre-sharped aluminium needles with >100-nm apex diameters and, using the position-sensitive mass-to-charge spectrometry technique of atom probe tomography, we acquired the chemically-resolved three dimensional information for every detected ion evaporated in small fragments from the protein. We also discuss the influence of experimental parameters such as pulse energy and pulse frequency of the used Laser beam which lead to differences in the size of the gained fragments, developing the capability of localising metal atom within Ab plaques.
Quantitative evaluation of energy migration between identical chromophores enabled by breaking symmetry
Authors: Kashida Hiromu , Kawai Hayato , Maruyama Ryoko , Kokubo Yuta , Araki Yasuyuki , Wada Takehiko , Asanuma Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEnergy migration between the identical chromophores is a necessary process in both natural and artificial photosynthesis. The distance and orientation dependence of energy migration have not been experimentally investigated in detail. Here we propose a method to investigate energy migration. Two fluorophores are introduced into one strand of a DNA duplex with a quencher placed opposite one of fluorophores. This design enables asymmetrization of identical fluorophores and allows one fluorophore to behave as an acceptor. The emission intensities and lifetimes decrease depending on the efficiency of energy migration. Distance and orientation dependence are successfully quantified, and the excitation energy migration efficiencies measured are in excellent agreement with those calculated based on Förster theory. We also demonstrate that multi-step energy migration among four fluorophores can be estimated from the theory. These results may provide a basis for design and preparation of efficient light-harvesting photonic devices and chemical probes.
Modelling and optimisation of high‐efficiency differential‐drive complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor rectifier for ultra‐high‐frequency radio‐frequency energy harvesters
Authors: Liang Zhijian , Yuan Jie 
Published: November 2018

Differential‐drive cross‐coupled (DDCC) rectifier is an important type of rectifier for radio‐frequency energy harvesting. In this study, the analytical model of a DDCC rectifier is derived. With this model, optimisation procedures for most power‐efficient rectifiers are derived. The model is verified extensively with Spectre simulations using the more complicated BSIM transistor model. Simulation results are further verified with measurements from reported rectifier designs. This study shows that DDCC rectifiers with the efficiency of 80.7% could ideally be achieved with −30 dBm sensitivity following the optimisation procedures introduced in this work.
High-mass star formation at sub-50 au scales
Authors: Beuther H. , Ahmadi A. , Mottram J. C. , Linz H. , Maud L. T. , Henning Th. , Kuiper R. , Walsh A. J. , Johnston K. G. , Longmore S. N. 
Published: November 2018

Context.The hierarchical process of star formation has so far mostly been studied on scales from thousands of au to parsecs, but the smaller sub-1000 au scales of high-mass star formation are still largely unexplored in the submillimeter regime.Aims.We aim to resolve the dust and gas emission at the highest spatial resolution to study the physical properties of the densest structures during high-mass star formation.Methods.We observed the high-mass hot core region G351.77-0.54 with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array with baselines extending out to more than 16 km. This allowed us to dissect the region at sub-50 au spatial scales.Results.At a spatial resolution of 18/40 au (depending on the distance), we identify twelve sub-structures within the inner few thousand au of the region. The brightness temperatures are high, reaching values greater 1000 K, signposting high optical depth toward the peak positions. Core separations vary between sub-100 au to several 100 and 1000 au. The core separations and approximate masses are largely consistent with thermal Jeans fragmentation of a dense gas core. Due to the high continuum optical depth, most spectral lines are seen in absorption. However, a few exceptional emission lines are found that most likely stem from transitions with excitation conditions above 1000 K. Toward the main continuum source, these emission lines exhibit a velocity gradient across scales of 100–200 au aligned with the molecular outflow and perpendicular to the previously inferred disk orientation. While we cannot exclude that these observational features stem from an inner hot accretion disk, the alignment with the outflow rather suggests that it stems from the inner jet and outflow region. The highest-velocity features are found toward the peak position, and no Hubble-like velocity structure can be identified. Therefore, these data are consistent with steady-state turbulent entrainment of the hot molecular gas via Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities at the interface between the jet and the outflow.Conclusions.Resolving this high-mass star-forming region at sub-50 au scales indicates that the hierarchical fragmentation process in the framework of thermal Jeans fragmentation can continue down to the smallest accessible spatial scales. Velocity gradients on these small scales have to be treated cautiously and do not necessarily stem from disks, but may be better explained with outflow emission. Studying these small scales is very powerful, but covering all spatial scales and deriving a global picture from large to small scales are the next steps to investigate.
Veränderungen der Papilla nervi optici im Kindesalter
Authors: Tegetmeyer Helmut 
Published: November 2018

ZusammenfassungDie Papilla nervi optici ist mithilfe der ophthalmoskopischen Untersuchung der visuellen Inspektion zugänglich. Dadurch ist es möglich, bereits im Säuglings- und frühen Kindesalter Papillenveränderungen zu erkennen, die mit angeborenen Fehlbildungen des Gehirns einhergehen können oder durch Tumoren, akute Erkrankungen des Sehnerven oder des Zentralnervensystem verursacht werden.
Acute Respiratory Failure and Pulmonary Complications in End-Stage Liver Disease
Authors: Wang Tisha , Barjaktarevic Igor , Chang Steven , Qadir Nida 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAcute respiratory failure has a high mortality in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). These patients may develop acute respiratory failure for reasons specific to advanced liver disease, including hepatopulmonary syndrome, portopulmonary hypertension, and hepatic hydrothorax. They may also develop respiratory complications due to conditions seen in the general intensive care unit population to which ESLD patients are at higher risk, including infection, volume overload, and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Management of these patients is complicated and multifaceted, and a comprehensive understanding of the etiologies and treatment of acute respiratory failure is critical in this high-risk patient population. This article reviews current evidence surrounding the prevalence, management, and complications of the various etiologies of acute respiratory failure in ESLD patients.
Emerging Role of Extracorporeal Support in Acute and Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Recent Developments
Authors: MacDonald Andrew , Karvellas Constantine 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAcute liver failure (ALF) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) are life-threatening illnesses requiring intensive care admission and potentially liver transplantation. Artificial extracorporeal liver support (ECLS) systems remove water-soluble and albumin-bound toxins to maintain normal serum chemistry, prevent further hepatic/organ system damage, and create an environment for potential hepatic regeneration/recovery (ALF) or bridge to liver transplantation (ALF and ACLF). Use of artificial ECLS has been studied in both ALF and ACLF. Artificial ECLS systems have been found to be safe and have demonstrated the following benefits: improvement of biochemistries, hemodynamic status, and hepatic encephalopathy. Despite this, only one prospective randomized controlled trial examining the use of high-volume plasma exchange has demonstrated improvement in transplant-free survival. Bioartificial (cell-based) ECLS systems build on the technology of artificial systems, incorporating living hepatocytes in a bioactive platform to further mimic endogenous hepatic detoxification and synthetic functions. Currently, no bioartificial system has been found to confer a mortality benefit; however, these platforms offer the greatest potential for future development.
Deriving anteriority in the perfect of recent past
Authors: van der Klis Martijn 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Most Romance languages share a grammaticalized construction to refer to events in the recent past, e.g. the passé
récent in French and the pasado reciente in Spanish. In English, typically a present
perfect alongside the adverb just is used to convey this meaning, commonly referred to as
perfect of recent past (Comrie 1985) or hot news
perfect (McCawley 1971). We show the French passé récent
leads to a reading of immediate anteriority, which blocks readings that are available for the passé composé
(Bres & Labeau 2015). In a parallel corpus study, we find that the Spanish and
French recent past forms have a similar distribution, and the Germanic languages generally use
perfect + just in translation. We then provide a DRT analysis to derive immediate anteriority compositionally.
Do we want more or less variation?
Authors: van der Meulen Marten 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The suppression of optional variability is a cornerstone of English prescriptivism. For Dutch, however, it is unknown whether this concept is equally important. The goal of this paper is to investigate which stance towards variation is taken in Dutch prescriptivism, and what arguments are used to support this stance. I address these questions by looking at 236 usage advice items from 73 Dutch prescriptive publications concerning the comparative particles als and dan. This data shows a clear division in the allowance of variation. With the standard comparative (groter als/dan), variation is often allowed, but with equative constructions (even groot als) only one form is ever accepted. Furthermore, the allowance of variation decreases over time. The argumentation that is used shows few patterns, and is frequently completely absent. This indicates the existence of an ipse dixit (‘assertion without proof’) tradition in Dutch prescriptivism since 1900.
The Dutch verb-spelling paradox in social media
Authors: Schmitz Tijn , Chamalaun Robert , Ernestus Mirjam 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Although the Dutch verb spelling system seems very straightforward, many spelling errors are made, both by children and adults (e.g., Sandra, Frisson, & Daems 2004). These errors mainly occur with verbs with two or more homophonous forms in their inflectional paradigms. Ample experimental research has been carried out on this topic, but these studies hardly reflect everyday language behavior. In the current corpus study, we reassessed previously found experimental results, but now in a Twitter corpus containing 17,432 tweets with homophonous verb forms. In accordance with previous results, we found a clear preference for the suffix -<d>
compared to both -<dt>
and -<t>
, as well as a frequency effect, resulting in fewer errors for more frequent word forms. Furthermore, the results revealed that users with more followers make fewer errors, and that more errors are made during the evening and night.
“Dancing with doxa”
Authors: Finlayson Alan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter explains some of the background to political theorists’ and political scientists’ interest in language. It then introduces and explains Rhetorical Political Analysis (RPA), contrasting it with approaches to the study of political language, such as Critical Discourse Studies, found within Linguistics. It then briefly demonstrates the application of RPA through a study of David Cameron’s Bloomberg Speech on Europe. The analysis highlights in particular the way the speech echoes British conservative precedents and the way in which “Britishness” emerges as a key “catachrestical” term.
Off the record
Authors: Shaw Sylvia 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the benefits and drawbacks of using Official Reports, such as the UK House of Commons “Hansard” for political discourse analysis. Previous studies identifying transformations that occur to the oral version of events in the process of constructing Official Reports (e.g. Slembrouck 1992) show that transcribers and editors make significant changes and omissions, raising questions about their suitability for the analysis of parliamentary discourse. Acknowledging the theoretical, analytical and interpretative elements of all transcriptions, I critically appraise different types of political discourse analysis that use UK Official Report data. I conclude with some suggestions about the categories affected by Official Report transformations, and suggest that using this data for the analysis of parliamentary discourse should always be critical and reflexive.
Making “politics” relevant
Authors: Hofstetter Emily , Stokoe Elizabeth 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This paper investigates an area of political discourse that has hitherto existed in an analytic “black box”: the constituency office. We focus on the interactions between ordinary British people as they engage directly in “political” discussions with their Member of Parliament. While the majority of surgery talk surrounds complaints about services, we focus on sequences of talk in which either citizens or the MP make “political” topics relevant. Eighty consultations were video-recorded, anonymised and transcribed, and the data analysed using conversation analysis. We found that MP-initiated political comments portray the government as aligned with constituents’ needs, whereas constituents use political comments largely to criticise the government. Constituents privilege the interactional contingencies over other issues. Overall, the paper contributes to our understanding of how constituents navigate interactional and political contingencies in interactions with their representative.
Es-tu Charlie?
Authors: Kopf Susanne , Nichele Elena 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the representation of the slogan “Je Suis Charlie” (JSC) on Wikipedia. Drawing on corpus tools in addition to purely qualitative analytical tools led to the identification of several themes that recur throughout Wikipedia’s article on JSC as well as on the associated discussion pages. The Wikipedia article represents JSC as a globally-used symbol of freedom of speech and solidarity with victims of specific violent events. On the discussion pages, JSC receives a markedly different treatment, e.g. the debates focus on whether JSC – rather than symbolising freedom of speech – symbolises the freedom to discriminate against groups of people. Furthermore, the discussions focus on JSC as uniting the “West” only and not on JSC as a global phenomenon.
Red lines and rash decisions
Authors: Ferrari Federica , O’Loughlin Ben 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Obama’s “red lines” metaphor nearly triggered a military intervention in Syria in the summer of 2013. This chapter questions the work that metaphor does in shaping understandings and conduct in international affairs. The term is used by political leaders to express likely behavioural consequences to international rivals and allies and to domestic publics. We explore what difference in diplomatic practice it makes to speak of a line, and a red one, as well as how such metaphors trigger or sustain narratives, and how narratives interact with metaphors. In the context of conflict in Syria we examine the trajectory and remediation of the red lines metaphor, taking as an empirical nexus a series of officials’ speeches in September 2013 by Kerry, Power, Lavrov and other political leaders. We find that the red line initially trapped Obama, leading to rhetorical shifts, before a trajectory shift from the red line to the path forward in mid-September as the US and Russia reach a deal to eliminate the Assad regime’s chemical weapons. The study brings together approaches from International Relations and Cognitive Linguistics to open up theoretical reflection on the function of metaphor and narrative in steering sense-making in diplomatic practice. The political significance of the analysis is to bring into question what alternative metaphors Obama could have used in the first place.
Culture, gender, ethnicity, identity in discourse
Authors: Davies Catherine Evans 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
International teaching assistants in charge of undergraduate classes in American universities present the anomalous situation of the non-native speaker in the role of higher authority, but the native-speaker having greater communicative resources and cultural knowledge. This interactional sociolinguistic case study of a facilitated negotiation of discourse style in conversations between a Chinese teaching assistant and an African-American undergraduate explores the situated enactment and interpretation of identity in relation to culture, gender, and ethnicity. A multilayered analysis involves videotaped role-plays based on a prototypical teacher/student interaction with conflicting goals, guided feedback, repeat enactments, playback sessions, and reverse role-plays. It explores the situated presentation of self and the attempt to exercise power, and reveals difficulties in the development of cross-cultural communicative competence when a discourse style is associated with values incompatible with presentation of self and thus emotionally unacceptable (in this case, to the African-American undergraduate).
Discourse management strategies revisited
Authors: Tapper Gordon , Drzazga Grazyna , Mendoza Maria , Grill Jennifer C. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter revisits Tyler’s early research on ITA comprehensibility while also considering recent work on instructional discourse. The purpose of the study is to explore Tyler’s early conclusions regarding the sources of listeners’ perception of incoherence in ITA classroom discourse. Following Tyler’s methodology, the data collected consists of videotapes of the same lab session taught by four different TAs, two native speakers and two non-native speakers. The transcripts of the lab sessions are analyzed in terms of the use of discourse management strategies to determine the differences between native speaker and non-native speaker TAs. Finally, we discuss how those differences may affect ITA comprehensibility as well as implications for ITA training.
Senior confessions
Authors: Boxer Diana 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This study is an ethnographic analysis of narratives of self-disclosure in the context of recurring happy hour events among “the new old” – people in their sixties who are recently retired or who are about to do so. The storytellers herein share recollections that divulge past transgressions, disclosing identities that are sometimes conflicting. In so doing, they reveal identities of foolishness at a younger age that they claim to have “remedied” through maturation. Revealing personal information is, in general, perceived as a risky business. For the conversations observed here, these groups form a ‘temporary’ bond that seeks common ground and accepts a ‘temporary’ understanding of what this personal information means and how it is to be evaluated.