bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structure monoid and algebra of a non-degenerate set-theoretic solution of the Yang–Baxter equation
Authors: Jespers Eric , Kubat Łukasz , Van Antwerpen Arne 
Published: March 2019

For a finite involutive non-degenerate solution

(
X
,
r
)

(X,r)

of the Yang–Baxter equation it is known that the structure monoid

M
(
X
,
r
)

M(X,r)

is a monoid of I-type, and the structure algebra

K
[
M
(
X
,
r
)
]

K[M(X,r)]

over a field

K
K

shares many properties with commutative polynomial algebras; in particular, it is a Noetherian PI-domain that has finite Gelfand–Kirillov dimension. In this paper we deal with arbitrary finite (left) non-degenerate solutions. Although the structure of both the monoid

M
(
X
,
r
)

M(X,r)

and the algebra

K
[
M
(
X
,
r
)
]

K[M(X,r)]

is much more complicated than in the involutive case, we provide some deep insights.

In this general context, using a realization of Lebed and Vendramin of

M
(
X
,
r
)

M(X,r)

as a regular submonoid in the semidirect product

A
(
X
,
r
)
⋊
Sym
⁡
(
X
)

A(X,r)\rtimes \operatorname {Sym} (X)

, where

A
(
X
,
r
)

A(X,r)

is the structure monoid of the rack solution associated to

(
X
,
r
)

(X,r)

, we prove that

K
[
M
(
X
,
r
)
]

K[M(X,r)]

is a finite module over a central affine subalgebra. In particular,

K
[
M
(
X
,
r
)
]

K[M(X,r)]

is a Noetherian PI-algebra of finite Gelfand–Kirillov dimension bounded by

|

X

|

|X|

. We also characterize, in ring-theoretical terms of

K
[
M
(
X
,
r
)
]

K[M(X,r)]

, when

(
X
,
r
)

(X,r)

is an involutive solution. This characterization provides, in particular, a positive answer to the Gateva-Ivanova conjecture concerning cancellativity of

M
(
X
,
r
)

M(X,r)

.

These results allow us to control the prime spectrum of the algebra

K
[
M
(
X
,
r
)
]

K[M(X,r)]

and to describe the Jacobson radical and prime radical of

K
[
M
(
X
,
r
)
]

K[M(X,r)]

. Finally, we give a matrix-type representation of the algebra

K
[
M
(
X
,
r
)
]

/

P

K[M(X,r)]/P

for each prime ideal

P
P

of

K
[
M
(
X
,
r
)
]

K[M(X,r)]

. As a consequence, we show that if

K
[
M
(
X
,
r
)
]

K[M(X,r)]

is semiprime, then there exist finitely many finitely generated abelian-by-finite groups,

G
1

,
…
,

G
m

G_1,\dotsc ,G_m

, each being the group of quotients of a cancellative subsemigroup of

M
(
X
,
r
)

M(X,r)

such that the algebra

K
[
M
(
X
,
r
)
]

K[M(X,r)]

embeds into

M

v
1

⁡
(
K
[

G
1

]
)
×
⋯
×

M

v
m

⁡
(
K
[

G
m

]
)

\operatorname {M}_{v_1}(K[G_1])\times \dotsb \times \operatorname {M}_{v_m}(K[G_m])

, a direct product of matrix algebras.
Consequences of applying the new EWGSOP2 guideline instead of the former EWGSOP guideline for sarcopenia case finding in older patients
Authors: Reiss J , Iglseder B , Alzner R , Mayr-Pirker B , Pirich C , Kässmann H , Kreutzer M , Dovjak P , Reiter R 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Introduction
we examined the consequences of applying the new EWGSOP2 algorithm for sarcopenia screening instead of the former EWGSOP algorithm (EWGSOP1) in geriatric inpatients.

Methods
the dataset of our formerly published Sarcopenia in Geriatric Elderly (SAGE) study includes 144 geriatric inpatients (86 women, 58 men, mean age 80.7±5.6 years) with measurements of gait speed, handgrip strength and appendicular muscle mass by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We analysed the agreement between EWGSOP and EWGSOP2 algorithms in identifying patients as sarcopenic/non-sarcopenic. Differences in the distribution sarcopenic vs. non-sarcopenic were assessed by Chi²-test.

Results
sarcopenia prevalence according to EWGSOP1 (41 (27.7%)) was significantly higher than with EWGSOP2 (26(18.1%), p<0.05). The sex-specific sarcopenia prevalence was 22.1% (EWGSOP1) and 17.4% (EWGSOP2), respectively, for women (difference not significant) and 37.9% vs. 19.4% for men (p<0.05%). The overall agreement in classifying subjects as sarcopenic/non-sarcopenic was 81.25% (81.4% for women, 81.0% for men). However, among the 41 sarcopenia cases identified by EWGSOP1, only 20 (48.8%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia by EWGSOP2 (9/19 w (47.4%), 11/22 m (50.0%)). Ten of 19 women (52.6%) and 11 of 22 men (50.0%) diagnosed with sarcopenia by EWGSOP1 were missed by EWGSOP2, while 6 of 15 women (40.0%) and 0 of 11 men (0.0%) were newly diagnosed.

Discussion
there is a substantial mismatch in sarcopenia case finding according to EWGSOP1 and EWGSOP2. The overall prevalence and the number of men diagnosed with sarcopenia are significantly lower in EWGSOP2. While the absolute number of women identified as sarcopenic remains relatively constant, the overlap of individual cases between the two definitions is low.
Graph convolutional networks for computational drug development and discovery
Authors: Sun Mengying , Zhao Sendong , Gilvary Coryandar , Elemento Olivier , Zhou Jiayu , Wang Fei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDespite the fact that deep learning has achieved remarkable success in various domains over the past decade, its application in molecular informatics and drug discovery is still limited. Recent advances in adapting deep architectures to structured data have opened a new paradigm for pharmaceutical research. In this survey, we provide a systematic review on the emerging field of graph convolutional networks and their applications in drug discovery and molecular informatics. Typically we are interested in why and how graph convolution networks can help in drug-related tasks. We elaborate the existing applications through four perspectives: molecular property and activity prediction, interaction prediction, synthesis prediction and de novo drug design. We briefly introduce the theoretical foundations behind graph convolutional networks and illustrate various architectures based on different formulations. Then we summarize the representative applications in drug-related problems. We also discuss the current challenges and future possibilities of applying graph convolutional networks to drug discovery.
Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria in Sabah, Malaysia, 2015–2017: Ongoing Increase in Incidence Despite Near-elimination of the Human-only Plasmodium Species
Authors: Cooper Daniel J , Rajahram Giri S , William Timothy , Jelip Jenarun , Mohammad Rashidah , Benedict Joseph , Alaza Danshy A , Malacova Eva , Yeo Tsin W , Grigg Matthew J , Anstey Nicholas M , Barber Bridget E 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Malaysia aims to eliminate malaria by 2020. However, while cases of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax have decreased substantially, the incidence of zoonotic malaria from Plasmodium knowlesi continues to increase, presenting a major challenge to regional malaria control efforts. Here we report incidence of all Plasmodium species in Sabah, including zoonotic P. knowlesi, during 2015–2017.

Methods
Microscopy-based malaria notification data and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results were obtained from the Sabah Department of Health and State Public Health Laboratory, respectively, from January 2015 to December 2017. From January 2016 this was complemented by a statewide prospective hospital surveillance study. Databases were matched, and species was determined by PCR, or microscopy if PCR was not available.

Results
A total of 3867 malaria cases were recorded between 2015 and 2017, with PCR performed in 93%. Using PCR results, and microscopy if PCR was unavailable, P. knowlesi accounted for 817 (80%), 677 (88%), and 2030 (98%) malaria cases in 2015, 2016, and 2017, respectively. P. falciparum accounted for 110 (11%), 45 (6%), and 23 (1%) cases and P. vivax accounted for 61 (6%), 17 (2%), and 8 (0.4%) cases, respectively. Of those with P. knowlesi, the median age was 35 (interquartile range: 24–47) years, and 85% were male.

Conclusions
Malaysia is approaching elimination of the human-only Plasmodium species. However, the ongoing increase in P. knowlesi incidence presents a major challenge to malaria control and warrants increased focus on knowlesi-specific prevention activities. Wider molecular surveillance in surrounding countries is required.
Violence by Royal Command: A Judicial ‘Moment’ (1574–1575)
Authors: Roberts Penny 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre remains the defining event of religious violence in sixteenth-century France. Its causes have preoccupied historians, its consequences far less so. While some contemporary observers called into question the nature of absolute royal authority, others defended its use as long as it was cautious and judicious. In the wake of the massacre, however, the opposite seemed to be true, as a series of measures were taken against leading aristocrats at court and in the provinces. These included the close surveillance and virtual imprisonment of the king’s brother and the princes of the blood, swift and exemplary justice meted out to some of their close servants, the incarceration of two marshals of France, and the judicial execution of Protestant commanders. Above all, this ‘judicial moment’ of 1574-5 suggested that the monarchy was engaged on a new and threatening track, as the agent of violence against its own nobility, fuelling further discontent.
Political Justice and the Outbreak of the Wars of Religion
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article presents new archival evidence which illuminates the dynamic of the violence in the Agenais, the ‘laboratory of religious violence.’ It shows how social networks coalesced in 1557-61 and formed into armed factions. It argues that, contrary to what is usually claimed, Protestant violence was not confined to iconoclasm, but was from its inception a highly politicized movement prepared to use force against identified enemies. The kernel of factionalism was a feud, which led to the creation of rival militias well before the outbreak of full-scale military campaigns in 1562. The violence was highly organized, not spontaneous and not inter-communal. In this respect the events in Guyenne are indicative of the political conflicts that would shape the ancien régime and even anticipate the violence that would attend its fall.
The A30P α-synuclein mutation decreases subventricular zone proliferation
Authors: Zhang Xue-Ming , Anwar Sabina , Kim Yongsoo , Brown Jennifer , Comte Isabelle , Cai Huan , Cai Ning-Ning , Wade-Martins Richard , Szele Francis G 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with olfactory defects in addition to dopaminergic degeneration. Dopaminergic signalling is necessary for subventricular zone (SVZ) proliferation and olfactory bulb (OB) neurogenesis. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn or Snca) modulates dopaminergic neurotransmission, and SNCA mutations cause familial PD, but how α-syn and its mutations affect adult neurogenesis is unclear. To address this, we studied a bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mouse expressing the A30P SNCA familial PD point mutation on an Snca−/− background. We confirmed that the SNCA-A30P transgene recapitulates endogenous α-syn expression patterns and levels by immunohistochemical detection of endogenous α-syn in a wild-type mouse and transgenic SNCA-A30P α-syn protein in the forebrain. The number of SVZ stem cells (BrdU+GFAP+) was decreased in SNCA-A30P mice, whereas proliferating (phospho-histone 3+) cells were decreased in Snca−/− and even more so in SNCA-A30P mice. Similarly, SNCA-A30P mice had fewer Mash1+ transit-amplifying SVZ progenitor cells but Snca−/− mice did not. These data suggest the A30P mutation aggravates the effect of Snca loss in the SVZ. Interestingly, calbindin+ and calretinin (CalR)+ periglomerular neurons were decreased in both Snca−/−, and SNCA-A30P mice but tyrosine hydroxylase+ periglomerular OB neurons were only decreased in Snca−/− mice. Cell death decreased in the OB granule layer of Snca−/− and SNCA-A30P mice. In the same region, CalR+ numbers increased in Snca−/− and SNCA-A30P mice. Thus, α-syn loss and human A30P SNCA decrease SVZ proliferation, cell death in the OB and differentially alter interneuron numbers. Similar disruptions in human neurogenesis may contribute to the olfactory deficits, which are observed in PD.
Cardiac hemi-autotransplantation as a new approach to resect complex left atrial neoplasms
Authors: Rajab T Konrad , Yazdchi Farhang , Woolley Ann E , Singh Steve K 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHere, we describe cardiac hemi-autotransplantation as a novel technique to mobilize the heart substantially, facilitating resection of complex left atrial paraganglioma with negative margins in a young patient.
Differentiation of European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) and American Lotus Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Ostrinia penitalis, from North American Field Collections
Authors: Coates Brad S , Abel Craig A 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a perennial insect pest of cultivated maize that was inadvertently introduced into North America in the early 1900s, but population densities have decreased since the widespread adoption of transgenic hybrids that express Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. The native American lotus borer, Ostrinia penitalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is among the most ancestral species described in the genus Ostrinia, and has a geographic range that coincides with that of O. nubilalis across major maize growing regions of North America. Due to the recent decrease in O. nubilalis populations, O. penitalis has become more pronounced in light trap samples intended to monitor O. nubilalis. A molecular tool based on variation in restriction endonuclease digestion pattern of a polymerase chain reaction amplified fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coxI) gene was developed and validated to differentiate these two species. This method was applied to light trap samples over a 2-yr period and achieved accurate quantification of species, and shows that O. penitalis can be prevalent in O. nubilalis first flight sampling. These methods are useful for contemporary O. nubilalis field research in North America.
Cryptic Lineages and a Population Dammed to Incipient Extinction? Insights into the Genetic Structure of a Mekong River Catfish
Authors: Ackiss Amanda S , Dang Binh T , Bird Christopher E , Biesack Ellen E , Chheng Phen , Phounvisouk Latsamy , Vu Quyen H D , Uy Sophorn , Carpenter Kent E 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAn understanding of the genetic composition of populations across management boundaries is vital to developing successful strategies for sustaining biodiversity and food resources. This is especially important in ecosystems where habitat fragmentation has altered baseline patterns of gene flow, dividing natural populations into smaller subpopulations and increasing potential loss of genetic variation through genetic drift. River systems can be highly fragmented by dams built for flow regulation and hydropower. We used reduced-representation sequencing to examine genomic patterns in an exploited catfish, Hemibagrus spilopterus, in a hotspot of biodiversity and hydropower development—the Mekong River basin. Our results revealed the presence of 2 highly divergent coexisting genetic lineages which may be cryptic species. Within the lineage with the greatest sample sizes, pairwise FST values, principal component analysis, and a STRUCTURE analysis all suggest that long-distance migration is not common across the Lower Mekong Basin, even in areas where flood-pulse hydrology has limited genetic divergence. In tributaries, effective population size estimates were at least an order of magnitude lower than in the Mekong mainstream indicating these populations may be more vulnerable to perturbations such as human-induced fragmentation. Fish isolated upstream of several dams in one tributary exhibited particularly low genetic diversity, high amounts of relatedness, and a level of inbreeding (GIS = 0.51) that has been associated with inbreeding depression in other outcrossing species. Our results highlight the importance of assessing genetic structure and diversity in riverine fisheries populations across proposed dam development sites for the preservation of these critically important resources.
Broader-Scale Monitoring for Federal Forest Planning: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Wurtzebach Zachary , Schultz Courtney , Waltz Amy E M , Esch Bryce E , Wasserman Tzeidle N 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFederal land-management agencies are increasingly developing policies to support multiscale monitoring for land-management planning and decisionmaking. Regulations for national forest planning promulgated in 2012 require US Forest Service Regions to develop “broader-scale” monitoring strategies conducted at scales greater than a single planning unit that can complement forest plan monitoring strategies. Given that this requirement is relatively new, we conducted research to investigate the advantages, challenges, and opportunities associated with implementation. We conducted and analyzed interviews with 95 interviewees from forest and regional levels of the agency, and federal, state, nongovernment, and research organizations who could provide insight on broader-scale monitoring challenges and opportunities. We also drew on findings from four interagency workshops. We found that broader-scale monitoring strategies have the potential to generate efficiencies for forest planning processes and improve coordination and communication across levels of the agency and with external partners. Major challenges for implementation relate to limited human and financial resource capacity and the agency’s decentralized organizational structure and culture. Opportunities for addressing these issues include building capacity for implementation through partnerships and investing in regional capacity for coordination and implementation.
Blood Donation During Pregnancy Due to Anti-Ku Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn
Authors: Virk Mrigender , Papakonstantino Kathy , Cai Wei , Oh David , Andrews Jennifer 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundManagement of pregnancy in patients with Kell-null phenotype can be challenging. The immune systems of these patients form an antibody that is universally reactive against the Kell Blood Group System and can cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.MethodsA 29-year-old woman, pregnant for the first time, developed anti-D and anti-Ku. The mother had to have labor induced when her fetus showed signs of severe anemia, but no compatible blood was available for transfusion. The induction was delayed so that a unit of blood could be collected from the mother.ResultsDue to delayed cord clamping at delivery, the newborn did not have anemia and did not require a transfusion. The remaining blood was frozen for future needs.ConclusionBlood donation by a pregnant woman for potential transfusion to a newborn with anemia is safe for the mother and fetus, and is possibly the only option in hemolytic disease of the newborn due to a rare antibody.
Definitions
Authors: Nilsson Anna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 2 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The article explains the meaning of key terms of the Convention. The reasons for incorporating a specific article on definitions was primarily to clarify the scope of the state obligations laid down in the CRPD and thereby to contribute to the effective implementation of the treaty. Under international human rights law, the term ‘discrimination’ has acquired a specific meaning which may differ from how it is interpreted in domestic law. ‘Universal design’, on the contrary, is a fairly new expression in human rights law and thus in need of clarification. In addition, the drafters of the treaty sought to make visible the disability-specific aspects of the terms listed in article 2 so that they are not excluded or forgotten.
General Principles
Authors: Arduin Sarah 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 3 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which sets out the general principles of the CRPD. Prior to the CRPD, general principles were inferred from core articles of a treaty or from preambles. In this sense, the introduction of a stand-alone article on general principles departs from the architecture of previous international human rights treaties. The chapter is divided into two parts. First, it provides an overview of the drafting process of Article 3. Second, it discusses each of the eight principles set out in Article 3, which may be identified as falling within one of the two prevalent themes of the Convention, namely equality and non-discrimination, and participation and inclusion—the latter theme constituting a common feature of an experimental governance regime.
Reservations
Authors: Bantekas Ilias 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 46 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which deals with the issue of reservations. Reservations are a common feature of multilateral treaties, although there are calls to reduce their frequency or volume in human rights or treaties of a humanitarian nature. The legal effect of a reservation is to exclude or modify the binding nature of a treaty provision for the reserving state. In the context of a universal human rights treaty this entails several dangers. For one thing, since the CRPD claims not to create new rights but instead relies on existing ones, any reservation thereto will automatically constitute a regression on entrenched rights, something that is unacceptable. In equal manner, since the vast majority of the ‘existing’ rights in the CRPD are also part of customary international law, reservations thereto will negate customary obligations, which is again unacceptable.
Amendments
Authors: Magliveras Konstantinos 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 47 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which deals with amendments. The rationale for the need to have an amendment clause in multilateral conventions is that each treaty has a life of its own and it is highly probable that at some future point circumstances or conditions may change necessitating one or more amendments. Treaties do not have to stipulate expressly their amendment because it is generally accepted that contracting parties have the unfettered right to change their provisions, provided that they observe the general rules envisaged in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. However, by inserting an amendment clause, contracting parties are offered the opportunity to stipulate detailed and often very detailed provisions, and this is the case with the CRPD.
Authentic Texts
Authors: Bantekas Ilias 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 50 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which states that the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish texts of the present Convention shall be equally authentic. These languages are all official languages of the United Nations and it is standard practice for all of these to be designated as equally authentic in treaties adopted under its aegis. That all six languages are authentic entails that all texts are authoritative when determining the meaning of any provision in the CRPD. Consequently, it is crucial that the language in all texts is precise and the terminology corresponds to the greatest possible degree in all languages.