bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolving paradigms in biological carbon cycling in the ocean
Authors: Zhang Chuanlun , Dang Hongyue , Azam Farooq , Benner Ronald , Legendre Louis , Passow Uta , Polimene Luca , Robinson Carol , Suttle Curtis A , Jiao Nianzhi 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
Carbon is a keystone element in global biogeochemical cycles. It plays a fundamental role in biotic and abiotic processes in the ocean, which intertwine to mediate the chemistry and redox status of carbon in the ocean and the atmosphere. The interactions between abiotic and biogenic carbon (e.g. CO2, CaCO3, organic matter) in the ocean are complex, and there is a half-century-old enigma about the existence of a huge reservoir of recalcitrant dissolved organic carbon (RDOC) that equates to the magnitude of the pool of atmospheric CO2. The concepts of the biological carbon pump (BCP) and the microbial loop (ML) shaped our understanding of the marine carbon cycle. The more recent concept of the microbial carbon pump (MCP), which is closely connected to those of the BCP and the ML, explicitly considers the significance of the ocean's RDOC reservoir and provides a mechanistic framework for the exploration of its formation and persistence. Understanding of the MCP has benefited from advanced ‘omics’ and novel research in biological oceanography and microbial biogeochemistry. The need to predict the ocean's response to climate change makes an integrative understanding of the BCP, ML and MCP a high priority. In this review, we summarize and discuss progress since the proposal of the MCP in 2010 and formulate research questions for the future.
Impact of Smoking Cessation on Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Prospective Longitudinal Observational and Interventional Studies
Authors: Leite Fábio R M , Nascimento Gustavo G , Baake Stina , Pedersen Lisa D , Scheutz Flemming , López Rodrigo 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Aims
This systematic review aimed to estimate the effect of tobacco smoking cessation on the risk for periodontitis compared to the risk among never-smokers and to evaluate the effect of tobacco smoking cessation on the clinical outcomes of nonsurgical periodontal treatment.

Methods
Electronic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. Search strategy included MeSH and free terms: periodontitis, periodontal diseases, smoking, tobacco use, tobacco, tobacco products, cigarette, pipe, and cigar. Only original prospective longitudinal observational and interventional studies that investigated the association between smoking cessation and periodontitis onset or progression were included. Meta-analyses were conducted to summarize the evidence.

Results
A total of 2743 articles were identified in electronic searches; out of which only six were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled estimates showed that the risk of periodontitis incidence or progression among those who quit smoking was not significantly different from the risk for never-smokers (risk ratio [RR] = 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87% to 1.08%). Smokers had approximately 80% higher risk of periodontitis than quitters (RR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.36% to 2.35%) and never-smokers (RR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.43% to 2.31%). Periodontal therapy resulted in up to 0.2 mm (95% CI = −0.32% to −0.08%) higher gain in attachment level and extra 0.32 mm (95% CI = 0.07% to 0.52%) reduction in pocket depth among quitters over nonquitters after short follow-up (12–24 months).

Conclusions
Few studies on the topic were identified. Smoking cessation reduced the risk for periodontitis onset and progression, and improved the outcomes of nonsurgical periodontal therapy.

Implications
This review provides the first quantitative evidence of the impact of smoking cessation on the risk for periodontitis onset and progression. The findings have demonstrated that the risk for periodontitis becomes comparable to that of never-smokers and that nonsurgical periodontal treatment outcomes improve after smoking cessation. Dental professionals ought to consider smoking cessation interventions as a relevant component of the periodontal therapy.
Clinical Outcomes Associated With Linezolid Resistance in Leukemia Patients With Linezolid-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteremia
Authors: Folan Stephanie A , Marx Kayleigh R , Tverdek Frank P , Raad Issam , Mulanovich Victor E , Tarrand Jeffrey J , Shelburne Samuel A , Aitken Samuel L 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Background
Coagulase-negative staphylococci, including Staphylococcus epidermidis, are the most common cause of bloodstream infection in cancer patients. Linezolid resistance is increasingly identified in S. epidermidis, but whether such resistance alters the clinical course of S. epidermidis infections is unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical impact of linezolid resistance in leukemia patients with S. epidermidis bloodstream infection.

Methods
This was a retrospective, single-center cohort study of all adult leukemia patients with S. epidermidis bacteremia treated with empiric linezolid between 2012 and 2015. The primary end point was adverse clinical outcome on day 3, defined as a composite of persistent bacteremia, fever, intensive care unit admission, or death. Fourteen- and 30-day mortality were also assessed.

Results
Eighty-two unique leukemia patients with S. epidermidis were identified. Linezolid resistance was identified in 33/82 (40%). Patients with linezolid-resistant S. epidermidis were significantly more likely to have persistent bacteremia (41% vs 7%; adjusted relative risk [aRR], 5.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.63–16.30; P = .005); however, adverse short-term clinical outcomes overall were not more common among patients with linezolid-resistant S. epidermidis (61% vs 33%; aRR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.92–2.32; P = .108). No differences were observed in 14- or 30-day mortality.

Conclusions
Leukemia patients with linezolid-resistant S. epidermidis bacteremia who were treated with linezolid were significantly more likely to have persistent bacteremia compared with those with linezolid-sensitive isolates. Interventions to limit the clinical impact of linezolid-resistant S. epidermidis are warranted.
Operative Management of Idiopathic Spinal Cord Herniation: Case Series and Novel Technique for Repair of Recurrent Herniation
Authors: Hlubek Randall J , Xu David S , Mulholland Celene B , Gilson Jourdan , Theodore Nicholas , Turner Jay D , Kakarla U Kumar 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Idiopathic spinal cord herniation (ISCH) is a rare pathology of the spine defined by herniation of the spinal cord through a dural defect.

OBJECTIVE
To highlight the operative management of ISCH and the surgical nuances of ISCH repairs conducted at our institution.

METHODS
This retrospective review examines consecutive patients with ISCH who were treated surgically between January 1, 2010, and July 31, 2017, at Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.

RESULTS
Four patients with ISCH presented with thoracic myelopathy and lower extremity weakness during the study period. Treatment consisted of reduction of the herniated spinal cord and filling of the dural defect with a collagen-based dural regeneration matrix. In 3 patients the dural edges were covered with a collagen-matrix intradural sling, and in 1 patient they were repaired primarily with interrupted sutures. Three of the 4 patients experienced improvement in myelopathic symptoms; the fourth patient suffered neurological decline in the immediate postoperative period.

CONCLUSION
ISCH is a complex pathological condition likely to result in progressive myelopathy. Surgery offers patients the possibility of stabilizing the progression of the spinal cord dysfunction and perhaps restoring neurological function. However, extreme care must be taken during surgery to minimize manipulation of the fragile herniated cord.
Supracerebellar Infratentorial and Occipital Transtentorial Approaches to the Pulvinar: Ipsilateral Versus Contralateral Corridors
Authors: Cohen-Cohen Salomon , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A , Gomez-Amador Juan L , Alves-Belo Joao T , Shah Kushal J , Fernandez-Miranda Juan C 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Due to the critical neurovascular structures that surround the pulvinar, deciding the best surgical approach can be challenging, with multiple options available.

OBJECTIVE
To analyze and compare the ipsilateral vs the contralateral version of the 2 main approaches to the cisternal pulvinar surface: paramedian supracerebellar infratentorial (PSCI) and interhemispheric occipital transtentorial (IOT).

METHODS
The PSCI and IOT approaches were performed on 7 formalin-fixed adult cadaveric heads to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively the microsurgical exposure of relevant anatomic structures. We quantitatively measured the corridor distance to our target with each approach.

RESULTS
The ipsilateral PSCI approach provided an easier access and a better exposure of the anteromedial portion of the cisternal pulvinar surface. The contralateral approach provided a wider and more accessible exposure of the posterolateral portion of the cisternal pulvinar surface. When protrusion of the posterior parahippocampal gyrus above the free edge of the tentorium was present, the contralateral PSCI approach provided an unobstructed view to both areas. The IOT approach provided a better view of the anteromedial portion of the cisternal pulvinar surface, especially with a contralateral approach.

CONCLUSION
Multiple approaches to the pulvinar have been described, modified, and improved. Based on this anatomic study we believe that although the corridor distance with a contralateral approach is longer, the surgical view and access can be better. We recommend the use of a PSCI contralateral approach especially when a significant protrusion of the posterior parahippocampal gyrus is present.
Terminology of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function in Women With and Without Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review
Authors: Saltiel Fernanda , Miranda-Gazzola Ana Paula G , Vitória Rayane O , Figueiredo Elyonara M 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Background
Pelvic floor muscle function (PFMF) is a target of the physical therapist intervention for women with urinary incontinence (UI). However, possible variations in PFMF terminology might hamper communication among researchers and health care professionals in Women's Health.

Objective
The objective of this study was to investigate the terminology of PFMF regarding clear terms, conceptual definitions, and operational definitions.

Data Sources
Data sources include PUBMED, CINAHL, LILACS, and SCIELO.

Study Selection
Observational studies investigating any PFMF in women with or without UI, published in English, Spanish, or Portuguese from 2005 through 2017, were considered.

Data Extraction
The risk of bias was assessed by a questionnaire on the quality of observational studies. Data on terminology were extracted as terms, conceptual definitions, and operational definitions of PFMF and were synthesized according to key words, key ideas, and key operationalization, respectively. Consistencies and variations were identified for the most frequently investigated PFMF.

Data Synthesis
Sixty-four studies were included, and a low risk of bias was identified. All studies presented terms and operational definitions of PFMF, but only 29.7% presented conceptual definitions of those terms. One hundred ninety-six different terms referred to PFMF. According to similarities in terminology, 161 PFMF terms could be grouped under 26 terms; the other 35 were left ungrouped. Therefore, a total of 61 different PFMF terms were identified in the literature.

Limitations
A limitation in the study was that only observational studies were included.

Conclusions
A large variation in PFMF terminology was identified, precluding data gathering and meta-analysis. The lack of use of standardized terminology delays the progress of scientific knowledge and evidence-based practice dissemination. Efforts toward creating a collaborative, consensual terminology based on a sound framework are necessary.
Childhood obesity prevention: priority areas for future research and barriers and facilitators to knowledge translation, coproduced using the nominal group technique
Authors: Hennessy Marita , Byrne Molly , Laws Rachel , Mc Sharry Jenny , O’Malley Grace , Heary Caroline 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Childhood obesity is a significant public health challenge, yet research priorities for childhood obesity prevention are not established. Coproduction of priorities leads to research which may be more translatable to the domains of policy and practice. The aim of the present study was to identify knowledge gaps and research priorities in addition to facilitators and barriers to knowledge translation in childhood obesity prevention. The nominal group technique involving consensus building with researchers, policymakers, and practitioners was employed during workshops at a national obesity conference held over 2 days in May 2017. Seventy-seven people participated in the first round of research prioritization on Day 1, while 14 stakeholders participated on Day 2. The top five research priorities identified were as follows: (i) Evaluate (including economic evaluation) current programs to inform practice and policy; (ii) How to change culture toward addressing the determinants of health; (iii) Implementation science: process; (iv) How to integrate obesity prevention into existing service structures; (v) How to enhance opportunities for habitual physical activity, including free play and active travel. Key themes emerging from this research prioritization exercise were the importance of funding and resources, coproduction of research, and a focus on both implementation research and social determinants within the field of childhood obesity prevention. The coproduced research priorities may help to shape the research agendas of funders and researchers, and aid in the conduct of policy-relevant research and the translation of research into practice in childhood obesity prevention.
Ectopic expression of recipient CD47 inhibits mouse macrophage‐mediated immune rejection against human stem cell transplants
Authors: Leung Cherry S. , Li Jiatao , Xu Feng , Wong Alan S. L. , Lui Kathy O. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTLike conventional transplants, immunosuppression is required to facilitate survival and function of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derivatives after implantation into xenogeneic recipients. We have previously reported that T cells alone are sufficient to reject allogeneic murine ESC derivatives; and strategies that inhibit T‐cell activation, including coreceptor and costimulation blockade, prevent hESC derivatives from being rejected. This study aimed to investigate, in addition to T cells, whether macrophages contribute to transplant rejection of hESC xenografts with nonobese diabetic (NOD)/SCID mice that lack functional T and B cells but have macrophages. We show that acute rejection against hESC‐derived endothelial cells (hESC‐ECs) was mediated, to some degree, by infiltrating macrophages that phagocytosed them. Transgenic expression of murine CD47 on cell surface of hESC‐ECs mitigates macrophage‐mediated phagocytosis and improves their survival after transplantation. Our results highlight that innate immune cells, such as macrophages, can reject hESC derivatives, raising concern against the use of NOD/SCID as transplant recipients for testing in vivo function of hESC‐derived tissues. Augmenting CD47 signaling promotes survival and function of hESC derivatives after xenogeneic transplantation.—Leung, C. S., Li, J., Xu, F., Wong, A. S. L., Lui, K. O. Ectopic expression of recipient CD47 inhibits mouse macrophage‐mediated immune rejection against human stem cell transplants. FASEB J. 33, 484–193 (2019). www.fasebj.org
The Effect of Fluid Loading and Hypertonic Saline Solution on Cortical Cerebral Microcirculation and Glycocalyx Integrity
Authors: Dostalova Vlasta , Astapenko David , Dostalova Vlasta , Kraus Jaroslav , Cerny Vladimir , Ticha Alena , Hyspler Radomir , Radochova Vera , Paral Jiri , Dostal Pavel 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Fluid loading and hyperosmolar solutions can modify the cortical brain microcirculation and the endothelial glycocalyx (EG). This study compared the short-term effects of liberal fluid loading with a restrictive fluid intake followed by osmotherapy with hypertonic saline (HTS) on cerebral cortical microcirculation and EG integrity in a rabbit craniotomy model.

Methods:
The experimental rabbits were allocated randomly to receive either <2 mL/kg/h (group R, n=14) or 30 mL/kg/h (group L, n=14) of balanced isotonic fluids for 1 hour. Then, the animals were randomized to receive 5 mL/kg intravenous infusion of either 3.2% saline (group HTS, n=14) or 0.9% saline (group normal saline, n=13) in a 20-minute infusion. Microcirculation in the cerebral cortex based on sidestream dark-field imaging, a morphologic index of glycocalyx damage to sublingual and cortical brain microcirculation (the perfused boundary region), and serum syndecan-1 levels were evaluated.

Results:
Lower cortical brain perfused small vessel density (P=0.0178), perfused vessel density (P=0.0286), and total vessel density (P=0.0447) were observed in group L, compared with group R. No differences were observed between the HTS and normal saline groups after osmotherapy. Cerebral perfused boundary region values (P=0.0692) and hematocrit-corrected serum syndecan-1 levels (P=0.0324) tended to be higher in group L than in group R animals.

Conclusions:
Liberal fluid loading was associated with altered cortical cerebral microcirculation and EG integrity parameters. The 3.2% saline treatment did not affect cortical cerebral microcirculation or EG integrity markers.
Solitary Plasmacytoma of Bone of the Spine
Authors: Wang Yufu , Li Hui , Liu Chao , Chen Chao , Yan Jinglong 
Published: July 2018

Study Design.
Retrospective analysis.

Objective.
To determine the prognostic indicators in patients with solitary plasmacytoma of bone (SPB) of the spine.

Summary of Background Data.
Population-level estimates for prognosis among patients with SPB of the spine are still lacking. Sociodemographic and clinical predictors of outcome have not been well characterized.

Methods.
The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry was used to identify all patients with SPB of the spine from 1995 through 2014. Associated population data were used to determine annual incidence and limited-duration prevalence. Overall survival (OS) estimates were obtained using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared across groups using log-rank test. A Cox regression model was used for multivariate analysis of survival. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of the progression to multiple myeloma (MM).

Results.
The incidence and prevalence of the disease increased during the study period. Spinal SPB most commonly affected older people (>50) with a male preponderance. The median OS were 74.0 months. The 5 and 10-year survival rates for these patients were 56.1% and 36.7%, respectively. On multivariable analyses, older age, and surgery without radiotherapy were correlated with poor survival of patients with spinal SPB. The 3-year probability of progression to MM was 10.1%. Patients aged >70 years were associated with progression to MM. There was no significant association between the methods of surgical resection (radical or local/partial) and OS or progression to MM.

Conclusion.
The findings of this study provide population-based estimates of the incidence, prevalence and prognosis for patients with SPB of the spine. This analysis indicated that the only identifiable prognostic indicators were older age and surgery without radiotherapy. Moreover, the methods of surgical resection did not influence the OS or progression to MM.

Level of Evidence: 4
Development of a Modified Cervical Deformity Frailty Index
Authors: Passias Peter G. , Bortz Cole A. , Segreto Frank A. , Horn Samantha R. , Lafage Renaud , Lafage Virginie , Smith Justin S. , Line Breton , Kim Han Jo , Eastlack Robert , Hamilton David Kojo , Protopsaltis Themistocles , Hostin Richard A. , Klineberg Eric O. , Burton Douglas C. , Hart Robert A. , Schwab Frank J. , Bess Shay , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Ames Christopher P. 
Published: July 2018

Study Design.
Retrospective review.

Objective.
Develop a simplified frailty index for cervical deformity (CD) patients.

Summary of Background Data.
To improve preoperative risk stratification for surgical CD patients, a CD frailty index (CD-FI) incorporating 40 health deficits was developed. While novel, the CD-FI is clinically impractical due to the large number of factors needed for its calculation. To increase clinical utility, a simpler, modified CD-FI (mCD-FI) is necessary.

Methods.
CD patients (C2-C7 Cobb>10°, CL>10°, cSVA>4 cm, or CBVA>25°) >18 year with preoperative CD-FI component factors. Pearson bivariate correlation assessed relationships between component deficits of the CD-FI and overall CD-FI score. Top deficits contributing to CD-FI score were included in multiple stepwise regression models. Deficits from model with largest R2 were dichotomized, and the mean score of all deficits calculated, resulting in mCD-FI score from 0 to 1. Patients were stratified by mCD-FI: Not Frail (NF, <0.3), Frail (0.3–0.5), Severely Frail (SF, >0.5). Means comparison tests established correlations between frailty category and clinical outcomes.

Results.
Included: 121 CD patients (61 ± 11 yr, 60%F). Multiple stepwise regression models identified 15 deficits as responsible for 86% of the variation in CD-FI; these factors were used to construct the mCD-FI. Overall, mean mCD-FI was 0.31 ± 0.14. Breakdown of patients by mCD-FI category: NF: 47.9%, Frail: 46.3%, SF: 5.8%. Compared with NF and Frail, SF patients had the longest inpatient hospital stays (P = 0.042), as well as greater baseline neck pain (P = 0.033), inferior Neck Disability Index scores (P<0.001) and inferior EQ-5D scores (P < 0.001). Frail patients had higher odds of superficial infection (OR:1.1[1.0–1.2]), and SF patients had increased odds of mortality (OR:8.3[1.3–53.9]).

Conclusion.
Increased frailty, assessed by mCD-FI, correlated with increased length of stay, neck pain, and decreased health-related quality of life. Frail patients were at greater risk for infection, and severely frail patients had greater odds of mortality. This relationship between frailty and clinical outcomes suggests that mCD-FI offers clinical utility as a preoperative risk stratification tool.

Level of Evidence: 3