bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical Validation of Rare Complement Variants Provides Insights into the Molecular Basis of Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and C3 Glomerulopathy
Authors: Osborne Amy J. , Breno Matteo , Borsa Nicolo Ghiringhelli , Bu Fengxiao , Frémeaux-Bacchi Véronique , Gale Daniel P. , van den Heuvel Lambertus P. , Kavanagh David , Noris Marina , Pinto Sheila , Rallapalli Pavithra M. , Remuzzi Giuseppe , Rodríguez de Cordoba Santiago , Ruiz Angela , Smith Richard J. H. , Vieira-Martins Paula , Volokhina Elena , Wilson Valerie , Goodship Timothy H. J. , Perkins Stephen J. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and C3 glomerulopathy (C3G) are associated with dysregulation and overactivation of the complement alternative pathway. Typically, gene analysis for aHUS and C3G is undertaken in small patient numbers, yet it is unclear which genes most frequently predispose to aHUS or C3G. Accordingly, we performed a six-center analysis of 610 rare genetic variants in 13 mostly complement genes (CFH, CFI, CD46, C3, CFB, CFHR1, CFHR3, CFHR4, CFHR5, CFP, PLG, DGKE, and THBD) from &gt;3500 patients with aHUS and C3G. We report 371 novel rare variants (RVs) for aHUS and 82 for C3G. Our new interactive Database of Complement Gene Variants was used to extract allele frequency data for these 13 genes using the Exome Aggregation Consortium server as the reference genome. For aHUS, significantly more protein-altering rare variation was found in five genes CFH, CFI, CD46, C3, and DGKE than in the Exome Aggregation Consortium (allele frequency &lt; 0.01%), thus correlating these with aHUS. For C3G, an association was only found for RVs in C3 and the N-terminal C3b-binding or C-terminal nonsurface-associated regions of CFH. In conclusion, the RV analyses showed nonrandom distributions over the affected proteins, and different distributions were observed between aHUS and C3G that clarify their phenotypes.
ROLES OF SULFUR AND ACCELERATORS IN THE VULCANIZATION OF SBR COMPOUNDS DEDUCED THROUGH SIMULATION
Authors: Yang Jae-Kyoung , Park Wonhyeong , Ryu Changseok , Kim Sun Jung , Kim Doil , Seo Gon , Kim Jong-Ho , Chung Chang-Bok 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
The roles of curatives such as sulfur (S), N-cyclohexylbenzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS), and diphenylguanidine (DPG) in the vulcanization of SBR compounds were deduced from a quantitative discussion of their contribution to the induction period (tind) of cure and the rate constant (kc) for crosslinking reaction. tind and kc of the SBR compounds with different S, CBS, and DPG were determined in the simulation of their rheocurves using a simple kinetic model with these two parameters. The increase of S content caused an appreciable increase of delta torque (Δτ) with negligible influences on tind and kc. By contrast, the increase of the CBS content increased both kc and Δτ while slightly extending tind. DPG significantly shortened tind by accelerating the generation rate of the active sulfurizing species. The regression analysis of tind, kc, and Δτ provided not only a quantitative comparison of the effect of the curatives on rheocurves but also the optimization of the compositions of the SBR compounds in terms of the rate and extent of cure.
Slavery and Biopolitics: Douglass's My Bondage and My Freedom as Biopolitical Theory
Authors: Taylor Jack 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This article calls for an extension of biopolitical theory through an examination of how Frederick Douglass supplements biopolitical theory with a map of the modalities of political subjugation circumscribing black bodies during the era of slavery. I aim to articulate Douglass's theoretically rich account of biopolitics in his My Bondage and My Freedom and provide a more comprehensive approach to the rise of modern power in a manner accounting for race, racism, and plantation slavery. The gsoal, then, is to not sprinkle references to theorists of biopolitics—Agamben, Foucault, and Esposito—who have guided much of the critical scholarship, but to point out the lack of attention paid to the institution of slavery and the political forces of race and racism within biopolitical theory. This article puts pressure on the dominant categories driving biopolitical theory and discloses how Douglass offers a comprehensive account of the intersections between slaves as bare life and political power, and demonstrates how slavery was central to the formation of modern forms of power.
Education for Sustainability: Exploring Teaching Practices and Perceptions of Learning Associated with a General Education Requirement
Authors: Natkin Lisa Watts 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Higher education institutions are increasingly interested in infusing sustainability content into their curricula. This can be accomplished through general education programs, which the University of Vermont recently established. The implementation of this new requirement created a unique opportunity to investigate sustainability-related teaching and learning. The purpose of this study was to explore how instructors structured and taught sustainability learning outcomes and students' perceptions of learning within an assortment of general education courses. The variety of data collection methods (online survey, interviews, focus groups, observation, and document review) enabled the identification and triangulation of strong themes. Findings describe three course design approaches instructors used to incorporate sustainability. Instructors taught sustainability through class discussions, papers, readings, projects, guest speakers, and case studies. Students reported the following teaching practices as particularly helpful: experiencing real-world applications, discussing sustainability issues in class, exploring different perspectives, experiencing agency, and learning from peers and guest speakers. The following are recommended areas for skill development: (1) training instructors to align learning outcomes with assessment strategies to ensure that appropriate evidence is gathered, (2) encouraging instructors to reflect upon which teaching practices effectively supported student learning and consider improvements, and (3) using a variety of teaching practices and assessment strategies.
Algorithms and Posthuman Governance
Authors: Hughes James 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
Since the Enlightenment, there have been advocates for the rationalizing efficiency of enlightened sovereigns, bureaucrats, and technocrats. Today these enthusiasms are joined by calls for replacing or augmenting government with algorithms and artificial intelligence, a process already substantially under way. Bureaucracies are in effect algorithms created by technocrats that systematize governance, and their automation simply removes bureaucrats and paper. The growth of algorithmic governance can already be seen in the automation of social services, regulatory oversight, policing, the justice system, and the military. However, there have also always been justified democratic and economic criticisms of autocracy, bureaucracy, technocracy, and algorithmic governance. Bureaucrats, technocrats, and algorithms embody biases that tend to serve the interests of elites, and all require transparency and democratic accountability, oversight individual citizens are ill equipped to exercise. As state apparatuses are increasingly automated, mechanisms for collective action and democratic oversight also need to be automated. Algorithms and cyborg citizenry will enable a posthuman democracy. Democratically accountable algorithmic governance, enabled by artificial intelligence and human enhancement, can automate bottom-up citizen surveillance, inform debate, aggregate decision making, and ensure the efficient working of the gradually withering state. As paid work disappears and we transition to a postcapitalist economy with a universal basic income, market mechanisms can be replaced with democratic planning. Indeed, only algorithmic governance can secure our future against accelerating threats from technological innovation.
Dress, Ideology, and Control: The Regulation of Clothing in Early Modern English Utopian Texts, 1516–1656
Authors: Campbell Jane MacRae 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
This article analyzes English utopian texts written by the educated elite in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in order to identify attitudes toward, or social dreaming about, clothing, fashion, and society in early modern England. From Thomas More's Utopia to Sir Balthazar Gerbier's “Loix,” clothes are repeatedly deployed in governance to enforce legal, political, religious, gender, and social hierarchies and to impose social controls. These texts reveal their authors' largely unexamined attitudes toward dress and the great importance placed by them on the codification of clothing as a primary tool for societal control and the maintenance of social hierarchies.
El Desarrollo Sostenible, un pilar fundamental para la protección de los Derechos Humanos
Authors: Chinchilla Fuentes Luis Ovidio 
Published: March 2018

La historia de la sobre explotación de la tierra y de excesos y/o abusos por parte de la humanidad, tiene su origen en la Revolución Industrial. Lastimosamente, no es hasta dos siglos más tarde que hemos comenzado a percatarnos de los adversos resultados de nuestra actividad y del acelerado deterioro que ha sufrido el mundo.

A partir de este contexto, se analiza el nacimiento del concepto de Derecho al Desarrollo en los años 70´s, sus principales características, así como la vinculación directa con los Derechos Humanos basada en los principios de universalidad, indivisibilidad e interdependencia.

Observando un orden lógico, se estudiarán de manera particular las responsabilidades estatales de “proteger, respetar y garantizar”, y empresariales de “proteger, respetar y remediar” a la luz de los derechos humanos. Así también se analizará el apoyo que los sujetos de derecho internacional deben brindarse entre sí, con el fin de garantizar el goce de todos los derechos para todos y todas, en virtud de la solidaridad con la humanidad y de la responsabilidad internacional extraterritorial del Estado, que actualmente se encuentra en la mesa de debate.

Todo lo anterior con el objetivo de aportar planteamientos científicos para la resolución de la discusión del derecho internacional sobre las obligaciones internacionales extraterritoriales de los Estados.
Finalmente, las conclusiones respectivas del tema.
Genetic variation and DNA fingerprinting of durian types in Malaysia using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers
Authors: Siew Ging Yang , Ng Wei Lun , Tan Sheau Wei , Alitheen Noorjahan Banu , Tan Soon Guan , Yeap Swee Keong 
Published: March 2018

Durian (Durio zibethinus) is one of the most popular tropical fruits in Asia. To date, 126 durian types have been registered with the Department of Agriculture in Malaysia based on phenotypic characteristics. Classification based on morphology is convenient, easy, and fast but it suffers from phenotypic plasticity as a direct result of environmental factors and age. To overcome the limitation of morphological classification, there is a need to carry out genetic characterization of the various durian types. Such data is important for the evaluation and management of durian genetic resources in producing countries. In this study, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to study the genetic variation in 27 durian types from the germplasm collection of Universiti Putra Malaysia. Based on DNA sequences deposited in Genbank, seven pairs of primers were successfully designed to amplify SSR regions in the durian DNA samples. High levels of variation among the 27 durian types were observed (expected heterozygosity, HE = 0.35). The DNA fingerprinting power of SSR markers revealed by the combined probability of identity (PI) of all loci was 2.3×10−3. Unique DNA fingerprints were generated for 21 out of 27 durian types using five polymorphic SSR markers (the other two SSR markers were monomorphic). We further tested the utility of these markers by evaluating the clonal status of shared durian types from different germplasm collection sites, and found that some were not clones. The findings in this preliminary study not only shows the feasibility of using SSR markers for DNA fingerprinting of durian types, but also challenges the current classification of durian types, e.g., on whether the different types should be called “clones”, “varieties”, or “cultivars”. Such matters have a direct impact on the regulation and management of durian genetic resources in the region.
Landscape connectivity among remnant populations of guanaco (Lama guanicoe Müller, 1776) in an arid region of Chile impacted by global change
Authors: Espinosa Mara I. , Gouin Nicolas , Squeo Francisco A. , López David , Bertin Angéline 
Published: March 2018

Connectivity between populations plays a key role in the long-term persistence of species in fragmented habitats. This is of particular concern for biodiversity preservation in drylands, since water limited landscapes are typically characterized by little suitable habitat cover, high habitat fragmentation, harsh matrices, and are being rapidly degraded at a global scale. In this study, we modelled landscape connectivity between 11 guanaco Lama guanicoe populations in Chile’s arid Norte Chico, a region that supports the last remnant coastal populations of this emblematic herbivore indigenous to South America. We produced a habitat suitability model to derive a regional surface resistance map, and used circuit theory to map functional connectivity, investigate the relative isolation between populations, and identify those that contribute most to the patch connectivity network. Predicted suitable habitat for L. guanicoe represented about 25% of the study region (i.e., 29,173 km2) and was heterogeneously distributed along a continuous stretch along the Andes, and discontinuous patches along the coast. As a result, we found that high connectivity current flows in the mid and high Andes formed a wide, continuous connectivity corridor, enabling connectivity between all high Andean populations. Coastal populations, in contrast, were more isolated. These groups demonstrate no inter-population connectivity between themselves, only with higher altitude populations, and for two of them, animal movement was linked to the effectiveness of wildlife crossings along the Pan-American highway. Our results indicate that functional connectivity is an issue of concern for L. guanicoe in Chile’s Norte Chico, implying that future conservation and management plans should emphasize strategies aimed at conserving functional connectivity between coastal and Andean populations, as well as the protection of habitat patches likely to act as stepping stones within the connectivity network.
Dynamics of Gravity Currents in the Presence of Surface Waves
Authors: Stancanelli L. M. , Musumeci R. E. , Foti E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe gravity current dynamics in the presence of regular surface waves is investigated experimentally. The aim is to determine the influence of the wave‐induced velocity field on gravity current kinematic parameters and on the concentration distribution. In the presence of surface waves, the front shows a pulsating behavior while periodic oscillations are observed at the interface between lighter and denser fluids. The dynamics of such processes is related to the wave parameters. Present results confirm that the lock‐exchange generated front velocity is strongly influenced by the oscillatory motion and it may be increased or decreased depending on the Lagrangian mass transport induced by the surface waves. Compared to the propagation in the absence of waves, the dynamics of the concentration field is governed by an enhancement of mixing process due to the orbital motion.
Oxygen Pathways and Budget for the Eastern South Pacific Oxygen Minimum Zone
Authors: Llanillo P. J. , Pelegrí J. L. , Talley L. D. , Peña‐Izquierdo J. , Cordero R. R. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractVentilation of the eastern South Pacific Oxygen Minimum Zone (ESP‐OMZ) is quantified using climatological Argo and dissolved oxygen data, combined with reanalysis wind stress data. We (1) estimate all oxygen fluxes (advection and turbulent diffusion) ventilating this OMZ, (2) quantify for the first time the oxygen contribution from the subtropical versus the traditionally studied tropical‐equatorial pathway, and (3) derive a refined annual‐mean oxygen budget for the ESP‐OMZ. In the upper OMZ layer, net oxygen supply is dominated by tropical‐equatorial advection, with more than one‐third of this supply upwelling into the Ekman layer through previously unevaluated vertical advection, within the overturning component of the regional Subtropical Cell (STC). Below the STC, at the OMZ's core, advection is weak and turbulent diffusion (isoneutral and dianeutral) accounts for 89% of the net oxygen supply, most of it coming from the oxygen‐rich subtropical gyre. In the deep OMZ layer, net oxygen supply occurs only through turbulent diffusion and is dominated by the tropical‐equatorial pathway. Considering the entire OMZ, net oxygen supply (3.84 ± 0.42 µmol kg−1 yr−1) is dominated by isoneutral turbulent diffusion (56.5%, split into 32.3% of tropical‐equatorial origin and 24.2% of subtropical origin), followed by isoneutral advection (32.0%, split into 27.6% of tropical‐equatorial origin and 4.4% of subtropical origin) and dianeutral diffusion (11.5%). One‐quarter (25.8%) of the net oxygen input escapes through dianeutral advection (most of it upwelling) and, assuming steady state, biological consumption is responsible for most of the oxygen loss (74.2%).
An Economical Analytical Equation for the Integrated Vertical Overlap of Cumulus and Stratus
Authors: Park Sungsu 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBy extending the previously proposed heuristic parameterization, the author derived an analytical equation computing the overlap areas between the precipitation (or radiation) areas and the cloud areas in a cloud system consisting of cumulus and stratus. The new analytical equation is accurate and much more efficient than the previous heuristic equation, which suffers from the truncation error in association with the digitalization of the overlap areas. Global test simulations with the new analytical formula in an offline mode showed that the maximum cumulus overlap simulates more surface precipitation flux than the random cumulus overlap. On the other hand, the maximum stratus overlap simulates less surface precipitation flux than random stratus overlap, which is due to the increase in the evaporation rate of convective precipitation from the random to maximum stratus overlap. The independent precipitation approximation (IPA) marginally decreases the surface precipitation flux, implying that IPA works well with other parameterizations. In contrast to the net production rate of precipitation and surface precipitation flux that increase when the cumulus and stratus are maximally and randomly overlapped, respectively, the global mean net radiative cooling and longwave cloud radiative forcing (LWCF) increase when the cumulus and stratus are randomly overlapped. On the global average, the vertical cloud overlap exerts larger impacts on the precipitation flux than on the radiation flux. The radiation scheme taking the subgrid variability of water vapor between the cloud and clear portions into account substantially increases the global mean LWCF in tropical deep convection and midlatitude storm track regions.
Icebergs in the Nordic Seas Throughout the Late Pliocene
Authors: Smith Y. M. , Hill D. J. , Dolan A. M. , Haywood A. M. , Dowsett H. J. , Risebrobakken B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe Arctic cryosphere is changing and making a significant contribution to sea level rise. The Late Pliocene had similar CO2levels to the present and a warming comparable to model predictions for the end of this century. However, the state of the Arctic cryosphere during the Pliocene remains poorly constrained. For the first time we combine outputs from a climate model with a thermodynamic iceberg model to simulate likely source regions for ice‐rafted debris (IRD) found in the Nordic Seas from Marine Isotope Stage M2 to the mid‐Piacenzian Warm Period and what this implies about the nature of the Arctic cryosphere at this time. We compare the fraction of melt given by the model scenarios with IRD data from four Ocean Drilling Program sites in the Nordic Seas. Sites 911A, 909C, and 907A show a persistent occurrence of IRD that model results suggest is consistent with permanent ice on Svalbard. Our results indicate that icebergs sourced from the east coast of Greenland do not reach the Nordic Seas sites during the warm Late Pliocene but instead travel south into the North Atlantic. In conclusion, we suggest a continuous occurrence of marine‐terminating glaciers on Svalbard and on East Greenland (due to the elevation of the East Greenland Mountains during the Late Pliocene). The study has highlighted the usefulness of coupled climate model‐iceberg trajectory modeling for understanding ice sheet behavior when proximal geological records for Pliocene ice presence or absence are absent or are inconclusive.
Industrial Applications
Authors: Kaiho Tatsuo , Zhdankin Viktor V. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis chapter provides a summary of industrial applications of organic and inorganic hypervalent iodine compounds. Potassium iodate has found some applications as a dietary supplement and a food additive. Iodine pentafluoride is used as an industrial fluorinating reagent, and iodine pentoxide is a powerful and selective oxidant that is particularly useful in analytical chemistry. Common hypervalent iodine reagents such as (dichloroiodo)benzene and (diacetoxyiodo)benzene are occasionally used in the chemical industry as reagents for the production of important pharmaceutical intermediates. Diaryliodonium salts have found industrial application as photoinitiators for cationic photopolymerizations. Hypervalent polyiodide compounds have numerous industrial applications including their use as disinfectants and intermediates in iodine production.
Point‐of‐Care Identification of Bacteria Using Protein‐Encapsulated Gold Nanoclusters
Authors: Ji Haiwei , Wu Li , Pu Fang , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe rapid, simple, and reliable identification of the most prevalent pathogens is essential for clinical diagnostics, biology, and food safety. Herein, four protein‐encapsulated gold nanoclusters (protein–AuNCs) are designed and prepared as a sensor array for rapid identification of bacteria. The discrimination of six kinds of bacteria, including two kinds of drug‐resistant bacteria, is successfully realized by the as‐fabricated sensor array. The strategy presented here shows the advantages of easy synthesis and convenient to use. Furthermore, 100% classification accuracy is achieved by the sensor array consisting of two protein–AuNCs probes, demonstrating the design with sufficient diagnostic capacity. Taken together, the developed sensor array holds great promise for facile diagnosis of bacterial infection in resource‐limited settings.