bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of statistical and machine-learning techniques in evaluating the association between dietary patterns and 10-year cardiometabolic risk (2002–2012): the ATTICA study
Authors: Panaretos Dimitris , Koloverou Efi , Dimopoulos Alexandros C. , Kouli Georgia-Maria , Vamvakari Malvina , Tzavelas George , Pitsavos Christos , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractStatistical methods are usually applied in examining diet–disease associations, whereas factor analysis is commonly used for dietary pattern recognition. Recently, machine learning (ML) has been also proposed as an alternative technique in health classification. In this work, the predictive accuracy of statistical v. ML methodologies as regards the association of dietary patterns on CVD risk was tested. During 2001–2002, 3042 men and women (45 (sd 14) years) were enrolled in the ATTICA study. In 2011–2012, the 10-year CVD follow-up was performed among 2020 participants. Item Response Theory was applied to create a metric of combined 10-year cardiometabolic risk, the ‘Cardiometabolic Health Score’, that incorporated incidence of CVD, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia. Factor analysis was performed to extract dietary patterns, on the basis of either foods or nutrients consumed; linear regression analysis was used to assess their association with the cardiometabolic score. Two ML techniques (k-nearest-neighbor’s algorithm and random-forests decision tree) were applied to evaluate participants’ health based on dietary information. Factor analysis revealed five and three factors from foods and nutrients, respectively, explaining 54 and 65 % of the total variation in intake. Nutrient and food pattern regression models showed similar accuracy in correctly classifying an individual according to the cardiometabolic risk (R2=9·6 % and R2=8·3 %, respectively). ML techniques were superior compared with linear regression in correct classification of the individuals according to the Health Score (accuracy approximately 38 v. 6 %, respectively), whereas the two ML methods showed equal classification ability. Conclusively, ML methods could be a valuable tool in the field of nutritional epidemiology, leading to more accurate disease-risk evaluation.
According to mitochondrial DNA evidence, Parascaris equorum and Parascaris univalens may represent the same species
Authors: Gao J.F. , Zhang X.X. , Wang X.X. , Li Q. , Li Y. , Xu W.W. , Gao Y. , Wang C.R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractParascarosis is caused mainly by parasitic infections with Parascaris equorum and Parascaris univalens, the most common ascarid nematodes, in the small intestine of equines. Parascarosis often causes severe illness and even death in foals and yearlings. In this study, we obtained the complete sequence of the P. equorum mitochondrial (mt) genome and compared its organization and structure with that of P. equorum Japan isolate (nearly complete), and the complete mtDNA sequences of P. univalens Switzerland and USA isolates. The complete mtDNA genome of P. equorum China isolate is 13,899 base pairs (bp), making it the smallest of the four genomes. All four Parascaris mt genomes are circular, and all genes are transcribed in the same direction. The P. equorum mtDNA genome consists of 12 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer (t) RNA genes and one non-coding region, which is consistent with P. equorum Japan isolate and P. univalens Switzerland isolate but distinct from P. univalens USA isolate, which has 20 tRNA genes. Differences in nucleotide sequences of the four entire mt genomes range from 0.1–0.9%, and differences in total amino acid sequences of protein-coding genes are 0.2–2.1%. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the four Parascaris species clustered in a clade, indicating that P. equorum and P. univalens are very closely related. These mt genome datasets provide genetic evidence that P. equorum and P. univalens may represent the same species, which will be of use in further studies of the taxonomy, systematics and population genetics of ascarids and other nematodes.
Complexity in pediatric primary care
Authors: Nasir Arwa , Nasir Laeth , Tarrell Ariel , Finken David , Lacroix Amy , Pinninti Swetha , Pitner Sheryl , McCarthy Molly 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe management of patients in primary care is often complicated by the presence of multiple chronic conditions and psychosocial issues that increase the complexity of the encounter and have important impacts on care. There is a paucity of literature on this subject in the pediatric population.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to quantify the burden of chronic conditions in pediatric primary care.MethodsThe problem lists of 3995 randomly selected patients from a community pediatric clinic and an academic hospital-based pediatric clinic in the same metropolitan area were analyzed for the presence and number of any chronic condition.ResultsIn total, 53% of patients suffered from at least one chronic problem, 25% had two or more chronic conditions and 5.1% had four or more conditions. Compared with the community clinic, the academic clinic had significantly more children with catastrophic complex conditions (P<0.001). A regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the number of chronic medical conditions and mental health diagnoses.ConclusionsThe burden of chronic disease in the pediatric primary care setting may be significantly higher than has been previously suggested. To ensure optimal quality of care, health planners should take into account the high burden of chronic illness, psychosocial issues and multimorbidity among patients in the pediatric primary care setting, as well as the higher complexity profile of patients attending academic clinics.
Parallelism, concurrency and distribution in constraint handling rules: A survey
Authors: FRÜHWIRTH THOM 
Published: May 2018

AbstractConstraint Handling Rules (CHR) is both an effective concurrent declarative programming language and a versatile computational logic formalism. In CHR, guarded reactive rules rewrite a multi-set of constraints. Concurrency is inherent, since rules can be applied to the constraints in parallel. In this comprehensive survey, we give an overview of the concurrent, parallel as well as distributed CHR semantics, standard and more exotic, that have been proposed over the years at various levels of refinement. These semantics range from the abstract to the concrete. They are related by formal soundness results. Their correctness is proven as a correspondence between parallel and sequential computations. On the more practical side, we present common concise example CHR programs that have been widely used in experiments and benchmarks. We review parallel and distributed CHR implementations in software as well as hardware. The experimental results obtained show a parallel speed-up for unmodified sequential CHR programs. The software implementations are available online for free download and we give the web links. Due to its high level of abstraction, the CHR formalism can also be used to implement and analyse models for concurrency. To this end, the Software Transaction Model, the Actor Model, Colored Petri Nets and the Join-Calculus have been faithfully encoded in CHR. Finally, we identify and discuss commonalities of the approaches surveyed and indicate what problems are left open for future research.
Industrial scale microwave applicator for high temperature alkaline hydrolysis of PET
Authors: Ramopoulos Vasileios , Link Guido , Soldatov Sergey , Jelonnek John 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA microwave design for an industrial scale applicator of a continuous microwave assisted depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has been developed. The cavity is designed for use in combination with an Archimedean screw pump to transport the reaction material, surrounded by a cylindrical pipe with a diameter of 250 mm and a length of 250 mm at the 2.45 GHz ISM band. The proposed design is modular and can be easily expanded for the heating of longer reactor tubes. Simulation results show that a homogeneous heating of the process material along the screw axis can be achieved by using a novel cavity design which is based on theTE1,0,x– rectangular waveguide cavity mode. The achieved design provides high energy efficiency with a reflected power of less than 10%. It is robust against changes in the permittivity of the reactants. The electromagnetic design is based on the dielectric properties of the solvolytic reaction mixture measured in the relevant temperature range. It is verified over the full range of the expected permittivities.
Determining the Mode, Frequency, and Azimuthal Wave Number of ULF Waves During a HSS and Moderate Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Murphy Kyle R. , Inglis Andrew R. , Sibeck David G. , Rae I. Jonathan , Watt Clare E. J. , Silveira Marcos , Plaschke Ferdinand , Claudepierre Seth G. , Nakamura Rumi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractUltralow frequency (ULF) waves play a fundamental role in the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere and outer radiation belt during geomagnetic storms. Broadband ULF wave power can transport energetic electrons via radial diffusion, and discrete ULF wave power can energize electrons through a resonant interaction. Using observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission, we characterize the evolution of ULF waves during a high‐speed solar wind stream (HSS) and moderate geomagnetic storm while there is an enhancement of the outer radiation belt. The Automated Flare Inference of Oscillations code is used to distinguish discrete ULF wave power from broadband wave power during the HSS. During periods of discrete wave power and utilizing the close separation of the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft, we estimate the toroidal mode ULF azimuthal wave number throughout the geomagnetic storm. We concentrate on the toroidal mode as the HSS compresses the dayside magnetosphere resulting in an asymmetric magnetic field topology where toroidal mode waves can interact with energetic electrons. Analysis of the mode structure and wave numbers demonstrates that the generation of the observed ULF waves is a combination of externally driven waves, via the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability, and internally driven waves, via unstable ion distributions. Further analysis of the periods and toroidal azimuthal wave numbers suggests that these waves can couple with the core electron radiation belt population via the drift resonance during the storm. The azimuthal wave number and structure of ULF wave power (broadband or discrete) have important implications for the inner magnetospheric and radiation belt dynamics.
Could Machine Learning Break the Convection Parameterization Deadlock?
Authors: Gentine P. , Pritchard M. , Rasp S. , Reinaudi G. , Yacalis G. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRepresenting unresolved moist convection in coarse‐scale climate models remains one of the main bottlenecks of current climate simulations. Many of the biases present with parameterized convection are strongly reduced when convection is explicitly resolved (i.e., in cloud resolving models at high spatial resolution approximately a kilometer or so). We here present a novel approach to convective parameterization based on machine learning, using an aquaplanet with prescribed sea surface temperatures as a proof of concept. A deep neural network is trained with a superparameterized version of a climate model in which convection is resolved by thousands of embedded 2‐D cloud resolving models. The machine learning representation of convection, which we call the Cloud Brain (CBRAIN), can skillfully predict many of the convective heating, moistening, and radiative features of superparameterization that are most important to climate simulation, although an unintended side effect is to reduce some of the superparameterization's inherent variance. Since as few as three months' high‐frequency global training data prove sufficient to provide this skill, the approach presented here opens up a new possibility for a future class of convection parameterizations in climate models that are built “top‐down,” that is, by learning salient features of convection from unusually explicit simulations.
Self‐Organizing Fluid Convection Patterns in an en Echelon Fault Array
Authors: Patterson James W. , Driesner Thomas , Matthai Stephan K. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe present three‐dimensional numerical simulations of natural convection in buried, vertical en echelon faults in impermeable host rock. Despite the fractures being hydraulically disconnected, convection within each fracture alters the temperature field in the surrounding host rock, altering convection in neighboring fractures. This leads to self‐organization of coherent patterns of upward/downward flow and heating/cooling of the host rock spanning the entire fault array. This “synchronization” effect occurs when fracture spacing is less than the width of convection cells within the fractures, which is controlled by fracture transmissivity (permeability times thickness) and heterogeneity. Narrow fracture spacing and synchronization enhance convective fluid flow within fractures and cause convection to initiate earlier, even lowering the critical transmissivity necessary for convection initiation. Heat flow through the en echelon region, however, is enhanced only in low‐transmissivity fractures, while heat flow in high‐permeability fractures is reduced due to thermal interference between fractures.
Interpreting Precession‐Driven δ18O Variability in the South Asian Monsoon Region
Authors: Tabor Clay R. , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Brady Esther C. , Nusbaumer Jesse , Zhu Jiang , Erb Michael P. , Wong Tony E. , Liu Zhengyu , Noone David 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSpeleothem records from the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) region display variability in the ratio of 18O and 16O (δ18O) in calcium carbonate at orbital frequencies. The dominant mode of variability in many of these records reflects cycles of precession. There are several potential explanations for why SASM speleothem records show a strong precession signal, including changes in temperature, precipitation, and circulation. Here we use an Earth system model with water isotope tracers and water‐tagging capability to deconstruct the precession signal found in SASM speleothem records. Our results show that cycles of precession‐eccentricity produce changes in SASM intensity that correlate with local temperature, precipitation, and δ18O. However, neither the amount effect nor temperature differences are responsible for the majority of the SASM δ18O variability. Instead, changes in the relative moisture contributions from different source regions drive much of the SASM δ18O signal, with more nearby moisture sources during Northern Hemisphere summer at aphelion and more distant moisture sources during Northern Hemisphere summer at perihelion. Further, we find that evaporation amplifies the δ18O signal of soil water relative to that of precipitation, providing a better match with the SASM speleothem records. This work helps explain a significant portion of the long‐term variability found in SASM speleothem records.
Financial incentive strategies for maintenance of weight loss: results from an internet-based randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yancy William S. , Shaw Pamela A. , Wesby Lisa , Hilbert Victoria , Yang Lin , Zhu Jingsan , Troxel Andrea , Huffman David , Foster Gary D. , Wojtanowski Alexis C. , Volpp Kevin G. 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Background/objective
Financial incentives can improve initial weight loss; we examined whether financial incentives can improve weight loss maintenance.

Subjects/methods
Participants aged 30–80 years who lost at least 5 kg during the first 4–6 months in a nationally available commercial weight loss program were recruited via the internet into a three-arm randomized trial of two types of financial incentives versus active control during months 1–6 (Phase I) followed by passive monitoring during months 7–12 (Phase II). Interventions were daily self-weighing and text messaging feedback alone (control) or combined with a lottery-based incentive or a direct incentive. The primary outcome was weight change 6 months after initial weight loss. Secondary outcomes included weight change 12 months after initial weight loss (6 months after cessation of maintenance intervention), and self-reported physical activity and eating behaviors.

Results
Of 191 participants randomized, the mean age was 49.0 (SD = 10.5) years and weight loss prior to randomization was 11.4 (4.7) kg; 92% were women and 89% were White. Mean weight changes during the next 6 months (Phase I) were: lottery −3.0 (5.8) kg; direct −2.8 (5.8) kg; and control −1.4 (5.8) kg (all pairwise comparisons p > 0.1). Weight changes through the end of 12 months post-weight loss (Phase II) were: lottery −1.8 (10.5) kg; direct −0.7 (10.7) kg; and control −0.3 (9.4) kg (all pairwise comparisons p > 0.1). The percentages of participants who maintained their weight loss (defined as gaining ≤1.36 kg) were: lottery 79%, direct 76%, and control 67% at 6 months and lottery 66%, direct 62%, and control 59% at 12 months (all pairwise comparisons p > 0.1). At 6 and 12 months after initial weight loss, changes in self-reported physical activity or eating behaviors did not differ across arms.

Conclusions
Compared with the active control of daily texting based on daily home weighing, lottery-based and direct monetary incentives provided no additional benefit for weight loss maintenance.
NOTCH3 inactivation increases triple negative breast cancer sensitivity to gefitinib by promoting EGFR tyrosine dephosphorylation and its intracellular arrest
Authors: Diluvio Giulia , Del Gaudio Francesca , Giuli Maria Valeria , Franciosa Giulia , Giuliani Eugenia , Palermo Rocco , Besharat Zein Mersini , Pignataro Maria Gemma , Vacca Alessandra , d’Amati Giulia , Maroder Marella , Talora Claudio , Capalbo Carlo , Bellavia Diana , Checquolo Saula 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNotch dysregulation has been implicated in numerous tumors, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is the breast cancer subtype with the worst clinical outcome. However, the importance of individual receptors in TNBC and their specific mechanism of action remain to be elucidated, even if recent findings suggested a specific role of activated-Notch3 in a subset of TNBCs. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in TNBCs but the use of anti-EGFR agents (including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, TKIs) has not been approved for the treatment of these patients, as clinical trials have shown disappointing results. Resistance to EGFR blockers is commonly reported. Here we show that Notch3-specific inhibition increases TNBC sensitivity to the TKI-gefitinib in TNBC-resistant cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Notch3 is able to regulate the activated EGFR membrane localization into lipid rafts microdomains, as Notch3 inhibition, such as rafts depletion, induces the EGFR internalization and its intracellular arrest, without involving receptor degradation. Interestingly, these events are associated with the EGFR tyrosine dephosphorylation at Y1173 residue (but not at Y1068) by the protein tyrosine phosphatase H1 (PTPH1), thus suggesting its possible involvement in the observed Notch3-dependent TNBC sensitivity response to gefitinib. Consistent with this notion, a nuclear localization defect of phospho-EGFR is observed after combined blockade of EGFR and Notch3, which results in a decreased TNBC cell survival. Notably, we observed a significant correlation between EGFR and NOTCH3 expression levels by in silico gene expression and immunohistochemical analysis of human TNBC primary samples. Our findings strongly suggest that combined therapies of TKI-gefitinib with Notch3-specific suppression may be exploited as a drug combination advantage in TNBC treatment.
AIRE promotes androgen-independent prostate cancer by directly regulating IL-6 and modulating tumor microenvironment
Authors: Kalra Rashi , Bhagyaraj Ella , Tiwari Drishti , Nanduri Ravikanth , Chacko Anuja P. , Jain Monika , Mahajan Sahil , Khatri Neeraj , Gupta Pawan 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Early stage prostate cancers are dependent on androgens for their growth and survival and androgen withdrawal causes them to regress. Progressive prostate cancers eventually acquire androgen independence rendering anti-androgen therapy ineffective. However, the factors leading to this have not been adequately addressed. This study shows that AIRE finds differential expression in androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cells. AIRE expression is more in androgen-independent cells due to its regulation by transcription factor Elk-1. These enhanced levels of AIRE modulate the prostate tumor microenvironment by transcriptionally activating a malignancy gene IL-6 in androgen-independent cells. Additionally, AIRE prevents the cancer cells from anticancer drug-induced death and enhances their invasiveness. Moreover, AIRE by modulating the cytokine milieu skews the tumor-associated macrophage polarization towards M2 phenotype with increased CD206 and CD163 expression. Subcutaneous mouse model of prostate cancer revealed AIRE+/+ mice forming a palpable tumor and presents lymphadenopathy however, only a small benign tumor is observed in AIRE−/− mice and lymph nodes appear normal in size. In conclusion, our findings suggest AIRE as a probable factor in promoting prostate cancer progression.
Longitudinal and cross-sectional investigations of long-term potentiation-like cortical plasticity in bipolar disorder type II and healthy individuals
Authors: Zak Nathalia , Moberget Torgeir , Bøen Erlend , Boye Birgitte , Waage Trine R. , Dietrichs Espen , Harkestad Nina , Malt Ulrik F. , Westlye Lars T. , Andreassen Ole A. , Andersson Stein , Elvsåshagen Torbjørn 
Published: May 2018

AbstractVisual evoked potential (VEP) plasticity is a promising assay for noninvasive examination of long-term potentiation (LTP)-like synaptic processes in the cerebral cortex. We conducted longitudinal and cross-sectional investigations of VEP plasticity in controls and individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) type II. VEP plasticity was assessed at baseline, as described previously (Elvsåshagen et al. Biol Psychiatry 2012), and 2.2 years later, at follow-up. The longitudinal sample with VEP data from both time points comprised 29 controls and 16 patients. VEP data were available from 13 additional patients at follow-up (total n = 58). VEPs were evoked by checkerboard reversals in two premodulation blocks before and six blocks after a plasticity-inducing block of prolonged (10 min) visual stimulation. VEP plasticity was computed by subtracting premodulation VEP amplitudes from postmodulation amplitudes. Saliva samples for cortisol analysis were collected immediately after awakening in the morning, 30 min later, and at 12:30 PM, at follow-up. We found reduced VEP plasticity in BD type II, that impaired plasticity was present in the euthymic phases of the illness, and that VEP plasticity correlated negatively with depression severity. There was a positive association between VEP plasticity and saliva cortisol in controls, possibly reflecting an inverted U-shaped relationship between cortisol and synaptic plasticity. VEP plasticity exhibited moderate temporal stability over a period of 2.2 years. The present study provides additional evidence for impaired LTP-like cortical plasticity in BD type II. VEP plasticity is an accessible method, which may help elucidate the pathophysiological and clinical significance of synaptic dysfunction in psychiatric disorders.