bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automating Abercrombie: Machine‐learning trademark distinctiveness
Authors: Adarsh Shivam , Ash Elliott , Bechtold Stefan , Beebe Barton , Fromer Jeanne 
Published: November 2024

AbstractTrademark law protects marks to enable firms to signal their products' qualities to consumers. To qualify for protection, a mark must be able to identify and distinguish goods. US courts typically locate a mark on a “spectrum of distinctiveness”—known as the Abercrombie spectrum—that categorizes marks as fanciful, arbitrary, or suggestive, and thus as “inherently distinctive,” or as descriptive or generic, and thus as not inherently distinctive. This article explores whether locating trademarks on the Abercrombie spectrum can be automated using current natural‐language processing techniques. Using about 1.5 million US trademark registrations between 2012 and 2019 as well as 2.2 million related USPTO office actions, the article presents a machine‐learning model that learns semantic features of trademark applications and predicts whether a mark is inherently distinctive. Our model can predict trademark actions with 86% accuracy overall, and it can identify subsets of trademark applications where it is highly certain in its predictions of distinctiveness. Using an eXplainable AI (XAI) algorithm, we further analyze which features in trademark applications drive our model's predictions. We then explore the practical and normative implications of our approach. On a practical level, we outline a decision‐support system that could, as a “robot trademark clerk,” assist trademark experts in their determination of a trademark's distinctiveness. Such a system could also help trademark experts understand which features of a trademark application contribute the most toward a trademark's distinctiveness. On a theoretical level, we discuss the normative limits of the Abercrombie spectrum and propose to move beyond Abercrombie for trademarks whose distinctiveness is uncertain. We discuss how machine‐learning projects in the law not only inform us about the aspects of the legal system that may be automated in the future, but also force us to tackle normative tradeoffs that may be invisible otherwise.
Does the Infestation by Trematode Parasites Influence Trade‐Offs Between Somatic Condition and Male Reproductive Traits in a Viviparous Fish?
Authors: Domínguez‐Castanedo Omar , Gaspar‐Navarro Jorge , Zúñiga‐Vega J. Jaime 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTLife history theory predicts that a trade‐off may occur when an increased investment in one fitness component causes a reduced investment in another. Parasites generate changes in the optimal life history traits of organisms, causing compromises for their hosts. The objective of this research was to determine whether trematodes Clinostomum sp. and Uvulifer sp. inflict measurable damage on the males of the viviparous fish Poeciliopsis infans, generating trade‐offs between somatic condition and reproductive traits (gonad mass and gonopodium length). We found (i) a negative relationship of large encysted metacercariae and non‐encysted metacercariae on somatic condition. Interestingly, individuals with a higher parasite load had a worse body condition, but bigger gonads and longer gonopodium; and, (ii) a bond between small encysted metacercariae and non‐encysted metacercariae with smaller gonopodia, only in fish with poorer somatic condition. The strongest correlation was given by the non‐encysted metacercariae, probably due to mechanical damage during migration through the body cavity. We did not find any trade‐off effects of Uvulifer sp. We consider that the statistical effects found on somatic condition can be attributed to a greater reproductive investment, generating energetic costs that compromise their defences against infection, allowing a greater parasite load.
Alterations of endocannabinoid signaling and microglia reactivity in the retinas of AD‐like mice precede the onset of hippocampal β‐amyloid plaques
Authors: Tisi Annamaria , Scipioni Lucia , Carozza Giulia , Di Re Lucia , Cimino Giacomo , Di Meo Camilla , Palaniappan Sakthimala , Valle Francesco Della , Fanti Federico , Giacovazzo Giacomo , Compagnone Dario , Maccarone Rita , Oddi Sergio , Maccarrone Mauro 
Published: November 2024

AbstractExtra‐cerebral manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) develop in the retina, which is, therefore, considered a “window to the brain”. Recent studies demonstrated the dysregulation of the endocannabinoid (eCB) system (ECS) in AD brain. Here, we explored the possible alterations of ECS and the onset of gliosis in the retina of AD‐like mice. Tg2576 (TG) mice overexpressing the amyloid precursor protein (APP) were used at the age of 12 months, when hippocampal β‐amyloid plaques had not been developed yet. Analysis of retinal gliosis showed a significant increase in the number of IBA1 (+) microglia cells in TG versus wild type (WT). Gliosis was not associated with retinal β‐amyloid plaques, evident retinal degenerative signatures, or excitotoxicity; instead, oxidative stress burden was observed as increased acrolein levels. Analysis of the ECS (receptors/metabolic enzymes) through western blotting (WB) revealed the up‐regulation of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the enzyme responsible for the degradation of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), in TG retinas. Fluorescence intensity analysis of anti‐CB2 and anti‐MAGL immuno‐stained cryosections was consistent with WB, showing their up‐regulation throughout the retinal layers. No statistically significant differences were found for the other enzymes/receptors of the ECS under study. However, linear regression analysis for individual animals showed a significant correlation between CB2 and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), diacylglycerol lipase α/β (DAGLα/β), and APP; instead, a significant negative correlation was found between MAGL and APP. Finally, ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) demonstrated a significant reduction of 2‐AG in TG retinas (~0.34 ng/mg) compared to WT (~1.70 ng/mg), while a trend toward increase was found for the other eCB anandamide (AEA). Overall, our data indicate that gliosis and ECS dysregulation—in particular of CB2, MAGL and 2‐AG—occur in the retina of AD‐like mice before retinal degeneration and development of hippocampal β‐amyloid plaques.image
Convergent effects of synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone and amyloid beta in human olfactory neurosphere‐derived cells
Authors: Farnum Zane , Mani Radhika , Bindoff Aidan , Wilson Richard , Fiotakis Adoni , Stephens Jessica , Cho Ellie , Mackay‐Sim Alan , Sinclair Duncan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractStressful life events and glucocorticoid (stress) hormones appear to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease and hasten its progression, but the reasons for this remain unclear. One potential explanation is that when amyloid β (Aβ) pathology is accumulating in the preclinical disease stage, glucocorticoid receptor signalling during stressful events exacerbates cellular dysfunction caused by Aβ. Alternatively, Aβ may disrupt glucocorticoid receptor signalling. To explore these possibilities, we investigated whether the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone and Aβ have overlapping effects on the cellular proteome and whether Aβ influences canonical glucocorticoid receptor function. Human olfactory neurosphere‐derived (ONS) cells, collected from the olfactory mucosa of six adult donors, were treated with soluble Aβ40 or Aβ42 followed by dexamethasone. Proteins were quantified by mass spectrometry. After 32 h treatment, Aβ40 and Aβ42 both induced profound changes in innate immunity‐related proteins. After 72 h, Aβ42 formed widespread aggregates and induced few proteomic changes, whereas Aβ40 remained soluble and altered expression of mitochondrial and innate immunity‐related proteins. ONS cells revealed overlapping impacts of Aβ40 and dexamethasone, with 23 proteins altered by both treatments. For 16 proteins (including eight mitochondrial proteins) dexamethasone counteracted the effects of Aβ40. For example, caspase 4 and methylmalonate‐semialdehyde dehydrogenase were increased by Aβ40 and decreased by dexamethasone. Consistent with this finding, Aβ40 increased, but dexamethasone decreased, ONS cell proliferation. For seven proteins, including superoxide dismutase [Mn] mitochondrial, dexamethasone exacerbated the effects of Aβ40. For some proteins, including complement C3, the effects of dexamethasone differed depending on whether Aβ40 was present or absent. Neither Aβ species influenced glucocorticoid receptor nuclear translocation. Overall, this study revealed that glucocorticoid receptor signalling modifies the intracellular effects of Aß40, counteracting some effects and exacerbating others. It suggests that cellular mechanisms through which glucocorticoid receptor signalling influences Alzheimer's disease risk/progression are complex and determined by the balance of beneficial and detrimental glucocorticoid effects.image
Modulating the cholinergic system—Novel targets for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Witzig V. , Pjontek R. , Tan S. K. H. , Schulz J. B. , Holtbernd F. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is the second‐fastest growing neurodegenerative disease in the world. The major clinical symptoms rigor, tremor, and bradykinesia derive from the degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway. However, PD is a multi‐system disease, and neurodegeneration extends beyond the degradation of the dopaminergic pathway. Symptoms such as postural instability, freezing of gait, falls, and cognitive decline are predominantly caused by alterations of transmitter systems outside the classical dopaminergic axis. While levodopa and deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus internus effectively address PD primary motor symptoms, they often fall short in mitigating axial symptoms and cognitive impairment. Along these lines, the cholinergic system is increasingly recognized to play a crucial role in governing locomotion, postural stability, and cognitive function. Thus, there is a growing interest in bolstering the cholinergic tone by DBS of cholinergic targets such as the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM), aiming to alleviate these debilitating symptoms resistant to traditional treatment strategies targeting the dopaminergic network. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the role of cholinergic dysfunction in PD. We discuss the impact of PPN and NBM DBS on the management of symptoms not readily accessible to established DBS targets and pharmacotherapy in PD and seek to provide guidance on patient selection, surgical approach, and stimulation paradigms.image
The overlooked first intercostal ligament: Does it help to stabilize the Weberian apparatus?
Authors: Leyhr Jake , Haitina Tatjana , Bird Nathan C. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe Weberian apparatus is a novel hearing adaptation that facilitates increased hearing sensitivity in otophysan fishes. The apparatus is a complex system composed of modifications to anterior vertebral elements, the inner ear, and the swim bladder. A critical piece of the system that often receives minor attention are the various ligaments that bridge these three regions. The most famous of the ligaments is the interossicular ligament, which connects the Weberian ossicle chain (scaphium–intercalarium–tripus). Several other ligaments are present, including the suspensor (tripus to parapophysis 4) and the triple ligament (tripus–os suspensorium–tunica externa). Here, by combining diffusible iodine‐based contrast enhancement (DICE) and propagation phase‐contrast synchrotron radiation micro‐computed tomography (PPC‐SRμCT) with classic histological methods, we shine new light on the first intercostal ligament (ICL1) and discuss its potential function in relation to the Weberian apparatus. ICL1 is nearly absent from the cypriniform literature, typically only mentioned in a general discussion together with other intercostal ligaments. This study examines the development and structure of ICL1 comparatively with the other definitive Weberian ligaments in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). We provide a comprehensive view of three‐dimensional shape, development, and composition to generate hypotheses regarding potential functions of ICL1 within the greater Weberian apparatus. Given new detail presented herein regarding the structure of ICL1, modifications to rib 5 and parapophysis 4 for ICL1 attachment, and the alignment of ICL1 with the os suspensorium, we propose a supportive (anchoring) role of ICL1 to aid in minimizing non‐optimal movement of the structures of the fourth vertebra. This addition would focus vibrations anteriorly through the ossicle chain with minimal signal loss in zebrafish and other species with similar Weberian apparatus morphologies. We conclude that ICL1 should be included in future analyses of Weberian apparatus function where ligaments are addressed.
Unpacking youth engagement in agriculture: Land, labour mobility and youth livelihoods in rural Nepal
Authors: Sunam Ramesh , Sugden Fraser , Kharel Arjun , Sunuwar Tula Raj , Ito Takeshi 
Published: November 2024

AbstractYoung people are increasingly turning away from agriculture in many parts of the global South, even where agriculture remains the backbone of livelihoods and the rural economy. This tendency among rural youth has become a critical research and public concern given that mass youth un (der)employment has emerged as a defining feature in many countries. In this paper, we interrogate and depart from the dominant narrative of the youth‐agriculture disconnect by focussing on socio‐economic conditions that shape diverse patterns of youth livelihood in rural areas. Our empirical evidence draws on ethnographic studies conducted in rural parts of Nepal with in‐depth interviews with young people complemented by key informant interviews with local leaders and community workers who shared their experiences and local narratives of the links among youth, agriculture and migration. Findings show that youth aspiration to leave agriculture is hard to deny, although this is heavily mediated by economic status, caste and gender in rural contexts. Given the chronic livelihood insecurity and the structural barriers rooted in class, caste and gender, we find that youth from underprivileged backgrounds do not have the luxury of considering an ‘exit’ from agriculture despite their mobility aspirations. When a longer‐term livelihood trajectory is considered, youth aspirations to transition out of agriculture show some degree of temporality regardless of their background, suggesting their re‐engagement in agriculture later in their life.
TFC‐1326 Compound Reduces Clinical Signs of Skin Aging. Evidence From In Vitro Human Adipose and Skin Models and Pilot Clinical Trial
Authors: Deliencourt‐Godefroy Géraldine , Legoedec Jocelyne , Bourdens Marion , Juin Noémie , Nguyen Linh‐Trang , Branchet Marie‐Christine , Boisnic Sylvie , Keophiphath Mayoura 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundAnti‐freeze Glycoproteins (AFGPs) were described to preserve biological materials and protect them from different stresses.AimsThe effects of a synthetic anti‐freeze glycoprotein‐based compound, TFC‐1326, on human skin quality and its biological actions were studied.MethodsThe effects of various concentrations of TFC‐1326 on the biology of human preadipocytes, differentiated in the proinflammatory microenvironment, and on human fibroblasts grown in coculture with human mature adipocytes or monocultured in stress conditions were investigated in, in vitro studies. Additionally, the efficacy of a 1% TFC‐1326 topical cream was evaluated in a clinical investigation on the skin biology and appearance of 20 women aged between 40 and 65 years throughout 84 days of application.ResultsThe in vitro studies revealed that TFC‐1326 mitigated the deleterious effects of a proinflammatory cytokine cocktail produced by human macrophages, by restoring preadipocyte adipogenic capacity and by reducing their fibroinflammatory state. TFC‐1326 also stimulated the proliferative capacity of dermal fibroblasts co‐cultured with mature adipocytes as well as their production of hyaluronic acid and procollagen type I, while decreasing IL6 secretion and increasing fibroblast viability. Furthermore, daily 1% TFC‐1326 topical cream application, measurably improved skin radiance and laxity, as well as skin density. Finally, significant reductions of the volume and depth of the crow's feet wrinkles were also observed.ConclusionsThe compound TFC‐1326 significantly improved the physiological appearance and cellular functions of aging skin.
Optimizing analgesia for endometrial biopsy: A prospective, randomized comparative study
Authors: Coskun Enes Serhat , Yeniocak Ali Selcuk , Bacak Havva Betul , Salman Suleyman 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAimThis prospective, randomized, observational study aimed to compare the efficacy of intrauterine lidocaine, oral dexketoprofen, cervical lidocaine spray, and paracervical block with prilocaine for pain management during outpatient endometrial biopsy (EMB).MethodsOne hundred ninety‐seven women aged 18–75 undergoing EMB were randomly assigned to one of four groups: intrauterine lidocaine (n = 49), oral dexketoprofen (n = 48), cervical lidocaine spray (n = 50), or paracervical block with prilocaine (n = 50). Pain intensity was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) immediately post‐procedure and at 30 min, with additional analgesia needs recorded at 60 min. Statistical analyses included Kruskal–Wallis, chi‐square tests, and post hoc analysis.ResultsThe intrauterine lidocaine group had the lowest pain scores, while oral dexketoprofen had the highest (p < 0.001). Intrauterine lidocaine and paracervical block scores were significantly lower than those in the lidocaine spray and dexketoprofen groups (p < 0.001). Additional analgesia was needed in 30% of the lidocaine spray group, with none required in other groups. Severe pain (VAS ≥5.8) was more frequent in the dexketoprofen group compared to others (p < 0.001).ConclusionIntrauterine lidocaine and paracervical block are more effective than lidocaine spray and oral dexketoprofen in reducing procedural pain during EMB, highlighting the importance of appropriate analgesic selection to enhance patient comfort in office‐based gynecological procedures.
Transforming Management Education: Insights from Social‐Ecological Systems and Social Innovation Research
Authors: Colombo Laura A. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIt is clear that contemporary management education (ME) needs to be transformed to tackle complex social‐ecological crises effectively. However, the concept of transformation is often ill‐defined in the context of ME; while there is also a lack of understanding about what concrete transformation trajectories (also called scaling pathways) are available to management educators. This conceptual paper adopts a social‐ecological systems lens to shed light on the basics of transformation (the why, what, where, when and who); combined with a social innovation lens to provide more clarity on transformation's practical specificity (the how). Rooted in a vision of ME aimed at cultivating social‐ecological flourishing (i.e. a civic ME), this paper integrates different theoretical lenses to assert the possibility of–and outline trajectories for–transformation in the business school. This work contributes to developing a social‐ecological systems approach to ME; while proposing multiple concrete scaling pathways to support a civic transformation of ME. It highlights that ME stands at a crossroads: management educators could passively wait until transformation is forced by the unintended crossing of tipping points; or deliberately and collectively navigate it. Ultimately, transformation emerges from the delicate interplay of structure (i.e. inescapable structural barriers) and agency (i.e. intentional transformative actions).
Melatonin Ameliorates Cadmium‐Induced Liver Fibrosis Via Modulating Gut Microbiota and Bile Acid Metabolism
Authors: Liu Xianjiao , Kang Weili , Li Jinyan , Li Xin , Yang Peng , Shi Mengdie , Wang Zhongyu , Wang Yanyan , Medina Andrea Del Pilar Abreo , Liu Dandan , Zhu Fenxia , Shen Hong , Huang Kehe , Chen Xingxiang , Liu Yunhuan 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTCadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental contaminant with high toxicity to human health. Melatonin has been shown to improve Cd‐induced liver damage. However, its mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of melatonin on Cd‐induced liver damage and fibrosis. A combination of 16S rRNA gene sequencing and mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics was adopted to investigate changes in the gut microbiome and its metabolites on the regulation of melatonin in Cd‐induced liver injury and fibrosis of mice. Further, nonabsorbable antibiotics, a fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) program and intestine‐specific farnesoid X receptor (FXR) knockout mice were employed to explore the mechanism of melatonin (MT) on liver injury and fibrosis in Cd treated mice. MT significantly improved hepatic inflammation, bile duct hyperplasia, liver damage, and liver fibrosis, with a notable decrease in liver bile acid levels in Cd‐exposed mice. MT treatment remodeled the gut microbiota, improved gut barrier function, and reduced the production of gut‐derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MT significantly decreased the intestinal tauro‐β‐muricholic acid levels, which are known as FXR antagonists. Notably, MT prominently activated the intestinal FXR signaling, subsequently inhibiting liver bile acid synthesis and decreasing hepatic inflammation in Cd‐exposed mice. However, MT could not ameliorate Cd‐induced liver damage and fibrosis in Abx‐treated mice. Conversely, MT still exerted a protective effect on Cd‐induced liver damage and fibrosis in FMT mice. Interestingly, MT failed to reverse liver damage and fibrosis in Cd‐exposed intestinal epithelial cell‐specific FXR gene knockout mice, indicating that intestinal FXR signaling mediated the protective effect of MT treatment. MT improves Cd‐induced liver damage and fibrosis through reshaping the intestinal flora, activating the intestinal FXR‐mediated suppression of liver bile acid synthesis and reducing LPS leakage in mice.
Treatment principles in adults and development of patient‐reported outcomes in cyclic vomiting syndrome
Authors: Chen Yaozhu J. , Patel Milan , Venkatesan Thangam 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBackgroundCyclic vomiting syndrome is a chronic disorder of gut‐brain interaction that is present in both adults and children. It is characterized by severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and several non‐GI symptoms. It is also associated with several comorbid conditions such as anxiety and depression, which affect overall health care outcomes.MethodsThis article delineates treatment principles, encompassing both abortive interventions and prophylactic regimens currently recommended for CVS. However, it underscores a critical concern: the absence of FDA‐approved medications for CVS treatment, with existing therapies relying on retrospective and open‐labeled trials.Key resultsThis article emphasizes the pressing need for the development of CVS‐specific outcome assessment tools to facilitate more accurate evaluation and robust data collection for the future studies. In exploring this deficiency, the manuscript also presents the up‐to‐date data and development that enhances our comprehension of patient‐centric concepts, and the challenges faced in creating CVS‐specific tools, and presents a roadmap for their development. Addressing this gap is crucial for advancing our understanding of CVS and optimizing patient care.Conclusions and InferencesThis elucidates the current state of CVS management but also advocates for a future where tailored tools enhance our ability to measure and improve the outcomes for individuals with this debilitating disorder.