bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cobalt Nanocrystals Encapsulated in Heteroatom‐Rich Porous Carbons Derived from Conjugated Microporous Polymers for Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wang Haige , Hou Bo , Yang Yang , Chen Qianwang , Zhu Meifang , Thomas Arne , Liao Yaozu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCobalt nanocrystals encapsulated in N,O‐dual‐doped porous carbons as efficient and stable electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are reported. A heteroatom‐rich‐conjugated microporous polymer is first chemically deposited on a carbon fiber cloth, and after addition of a cobalt salt, pyrolyzed to produce a heteroatom‐doped C/Co nanocrystal composite. With this process, the use of additional binders for preparation of electrodes can be avoided. With a trace cobalt loading (0.46 wt%), the electrodes achieve a low Tafel slope of 46 mV dec−1 and overpotential of only 69 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 0.5 m H2SO4. Experimental and computational studies reveal that the superior HER behavior is due to a decreased free energy of hydrogen adsorption, induced by i) electrons transferred from the cobalt nanocrystals to graphite layers and ii) N,O‐dual doping reduced the Fermi level of neighboring C atoms.
Effect of maternal antioxidant supplementation and/or exercise practice during pregnancy on postnatal overnutrition induced by litter size reduction: Brain redox homeostasis at weaning
Authors: August Pauline Maciel , Maurmann Rafael Moura , Saccomori André Brum , Scortegagna Mariana Crestani , Flores Eduardo Borges , Klein Caroline Peres , dos Santos Bernardo Gindri , Stone Vinicius , Dal Magro Bárbara Mariño , Cristhian Leo , Santo Carolina Nunes , Hözer Régis , Matté Cristiane 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPrenatal and early postnatal environments can permanently influence health throughout life. Early overnutrition increases the risk to develop chronic diseases. Conversely, the intake of flavonoids and exercise practice during pregnancy seem to promote long‐term benefits to offspring. We hypothesized that benefic interventions during pregnancy could protect against possible postnatal neurochemical alterations caused by overnutrition induced by reduced litter size. Female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) sedentary + vehicle, (2) sedentary + naringenin, (3) swimming exercise + vehicle, and (4) swimming exercise + naringenin. One day after birth, the litter was culled to 8 pups (control) or 3 pups (overfed) per dam, yielding control and overfed subgroups for each maternal group. Serum of 21‐days‐old pups was collected, also the cerebellum, hippocampus, and hypothalamus were dissected. Litter size reduction increased fat mass and enhanced body weight. Maternal interventions, when isolated, caused reduced glucose serum levels in offspring nurtured in control litters. In the cerebellum, reducing the litter size decreased the activity of thioredoxin reductase, which was prevented by maternal supplementation with naringenin. Hippocampus and hypothalamus have shown altered antioxidant enzymes activities in response to litter size reduction. Interestingly, when maternal exercise and naringenin supplementation were allied, the effect disappeared, suggesting a concurrent effect of the two maternal interventions. In conclusion, exercise or naringenin supplementation during pregnancy can be important interventions for combating the increasing rates of overweight during the infancy and its related neurochemical changes, especially when applied isolated.
Abnormal White Matter Microstructure in Lifelong Premature Ejaculation Patients Identified by Tract–Based Spatial Statistical Analysis
Authors: Gao Ming , Yang Xuejuan , Liu Lin , Fei Ningbo , Xi Yibin , Guo Fan , Yan Fei , Meng Ping , Yu Lei , Liu Peng , Qin Wei , Yin Hong , Yuan Jianlin 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Introduction
Several recent neuroimaging studies have identified functional and structural abnormalities in the cerebral cortex of lifelong premature ejaculation (LPE) patients, including task-related and resting-state brain function, and cortical thickness, although changes in white matter microstructure have not been reported.

Aim
To assess the differences in white matter microstructure between LPE patients and healthy controls.

Methods
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and tract-based spatial statistical analysis were used to detect differences in white matter microstructure between 32 LPE patients and 32 matched healthy controls. We also analyzed correlations of clinical indices with significant DTI–based features.

Main Outcome Measures
DTI–based features (including fractional anisotropy [FA], mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity) were assessed in LPE patients and controls, as well as the correlation of white matter changes in LPE patients with clinical data (including the premature ejaculation diagnostic tool score and the International Index of Erectile Function).

Results
LPE patients showed widespread increases in FA and axial diffusivity values compared with controls, including in the right posterior thalamic radiation, posterior corona radiata, bilateral posterior limb of the internal capsule, superior corona radiata, and external capsule. Further, FA in the right posterior thalamic radiation was positively correlated with the premature ejaculation diagnostic tool score in LPE patients.

Clinical Implications
Changes of white matter microstructure may be an underlying marker for evaluating sensory conduction efficiency in LPE patients.

Strengths & Limitations
There are no previous studies examining white matter microstructure in LPE patients. The present study furthers our understanding of the etiology of LPE. Limitations include a cross-sectional study design without causal information, and no measurement of conduction efficiencies such as cortical somatosensory-evoked potential from the penis, or psychosocial factors.

Conclusion
Our findings show potential microstructural white matter abnormalities related to LPE, suggesting that changes in fiber pathways connecting the cerebral cortex and the thalamus may play roles in the etiology of LPE.
Deviance or Normalcy? The Relationship Among Paraphilic Thoughts and Behaviors, Hypersexuality, and Psychopathology in a Sample of University Students
Authors: Castellini Giovanni , Rellini Alessandra H. , Appignanesi Cristina , Pinucci Irene , Fattorini Matteo , Grano Elisa , Fisher Alessandra D. , Cassioli Emanuele , Lelli Lorenzo , Maggi Mario , Ricca Valdo 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Introduction
The actual definitions of paraphilic thoughts or behaviors and hypersexuality are still a matter of debate in the scientific community, and few studies have evaluated their psychopathological correlates in non-clinical samples of both men and women.

Aim
This study aimed at shedding light on the gender differences in terms of frequency of paraphilic fantasies and behaviors, and the relationship among paraphilias, hypersexuality, and general psychopathology.

Methods
A sample of 775 university students (243 men, 532 women) was recruited from 6 Italian universities using questionnaires posted in social networks. Paraphilic behaviors, fantasies, and masturbation during these fantasies were evaluated, as well as hypersexuality, psychopathological correlates, self-perceived gender identity, and a history of adverse childhood conditions.

Main Outcome Measures
Participants were assessed on the presence of paraphilic fantasies, behaviors, and masturbation related to paraphilic thoughts, and evaluated by means of the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised, the Hypersexual Disorder Screening Inventory, the International Index of Erectile Function, the Female Sexual Function Index, the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire, and the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire.

Results
In the present survey, 50.6% of the men and 41.5% of the women reported at least 1 behavior considered paraphilic. A gender difference in the prevalence of the main paraphilic interests and behaviors was observed, with men reporting a higher prevalence of voyeurism, exhibitionism, sadism, and frotteurism, and a higher prevalence of fetishism and masochism in women. Both general psychopathology and sexual dysfunctions were associated with hypersexuality, rather than with the content of sexual fantasies. Finally, an association between childhood adversities and hypersexuality was found in women but not in men.

Clinical Implications
Understanding the psychopathological correlates of paraphilic fantasies/behaviors and hypersexuality may allow clinicians to develop specific psychological and pharmacological interventions.

Strengths & Limitations
This is one of the few studies assessing paraphilic phenomenology and psychopathological correlates of hypersexuality in a non-clinical sample of both men and women.

Conclusion
The results seem to demonstrate that paraphilic thoughts and behaviors are not really a deviation from normalcy, rather they are quite widespread in the young population, and the distinction between healthy and pathological sexual interests may be better replaced by an all-encompassing approach considering ego-dystonic sexuality, hypersexuality, and their psychopathological correlates.
The Perils of Reform Intervention
Authors: Lefever Ernest W. 
Published: September 2018

There is accumulating evidence that President Nixon appreciates more fully than his immediate predecessors the moral and political limits of American power and influence in the larger world, primarily because he understands the vital distinction between national security and political reform. He knows that the U. S. Government's mandate abroad is far more limited than it is at home.It was in his speech in Rumania in August, 1969 that Mr. Nixon most clearly distinguished the proper domains, of domestic and foreign policy: “We seek normal relations with all countries, regardless of their domestic systems. We stand ready to reciprocate the efforts of any country that seeks normal relations with us.” He added: “We know mankind cannot build a just and lasting peace until all nations recognize and respect the sovereignty and rights of other nations.”
Development and characterization ofTriticum turgidum–Aegilops umbellulataamphidiploids
Authors: Song Zhongping , Dai Shoufen , Jia Yanni , Zhao Li , Kang Liangzhu , Liu Dengcai , Wei Yuming , Zheng Youliang , Yan Zehong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe U genome ofAegilops umbellulatais an important basic genome of genusAegilops. Direct gene transfer fromAe. umbellulatainto wheat is feasible but not easy.Triticum turgidum–Ae. umbellulataamphidiploids can act as bridges to circumvent obstacles involving direct gene transfer. SevenT. turgidum–Ae. umbellulataamphidiploids were produced via unreduced gametes for spontaneous doubling of chromosomes of triploidT. turgidum–Ae. umbellulata F1hybrid plants. Seven pairs of U chromosomes ofAe. umbellulatawere distinguished by fluorescencein situhybridization (FISH) probes pSc119.2/(AAC)5and pTa71. Polymorphic FISH signals were detected in three (1U, 6U and 7U) of seven U chromosomes of fourAe. umbellulataaccessions. The chromosomes of the tetraploid wheat parents could be differentiated by probes pSc119.2 and pTa535, and identical FISH signals were observed among the three accessions. All the parental chromosomes of the amphidiploids could be precisely identified by probe combinations pSc119.2/pTa535 and pTa71/(AAC)5. TheT. turgidum–Ae. umbellulataamphidiploids possess valuable traits for wheat improvement, such as strong tillering ability, stripe rust resistance and seed size-related traits. These materials can be used as media in gene transfers fromAe. umbellulatainto wheat.
Islamization by Secular Ruling Parties: The Case of Bangladesh
Authors: Lorch Jasmin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAs of yet, Islamization by secular ruling parties has hardly been investigated in depth. To bridge this gap, the present article reviews the existing literature on Islamization, synthesizes the scattered existing theoretical insights on Islamization by secular actors and applies them to the case of Bangladesh. It argues that, especially when they act in conjunction, three main conditions can drive secular rulers to Islamize public policy: first, the rise of Islamist social movements; second, fierce political competition; and third, (semi-)authoritarian rule. Focusing on the current Awami League (AL) government, the article shows how these three factors have interacted to produce a top-down process of state-led Islamization in Bangladesh.
Seasonal Asymmetry in the Evolution of Surface Ocean pCO2 and pH Thermodynamic Drivers and the Influence on Sea‐Air CO2 Flux
Authors: Fassbender Andrea J. , Rodgers Keith B. , Palevsky Hilary I. , Sabine Christopher L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIt has become clear that anthropogenic carbon invasion into the surface ocean drives changes in the seasonal cycles of carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) and pH. However, it is not yet known whether the resulting sea‐air CO2 fluxes are symmetric in their seasonal expression. Here we consider a novel application of observational constraints and modeling inferences to test the hypothesis that changes in the ocean's Revelle factor facilitate a seasonally asymmetric response in pCO2 and the sea‐air CO2 flux. We use an analytical framework that builds on observed sea surface pCO2 variability for the modern era and incorporates transient dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations from an Earth system model. Our findings reveal asymmetric amplification of pCO2 and pH seasonal cycles by a factor of two (or more) above preindustrial levels under Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. These changes are significantly larger than observed modes of interannual variability and are relevant to climate feedbacks associated with Revelle factor perturbations. Notably, this response occurs in the absence of changes to the seasonal cycle amplitudes of dissolved inorganic carbon, total alkalinity, salinity, and temperature, indicating that significant alteration of surface pCO2 can occur without modifying the physical or biological ocean state. This result challenges the historical paradigm that if the same amount of carbon and nutrients is entrained and subsequently exported, there is no impact on anthropogenic carbon uptake. Anticipation of seasonal asymmetries in the sea surface pCO2 and CO2 flux response to ocean carbon uptake over the 21st century may have important implications for carbon cycle feedbacks.
Was the 9 October 1995 Mw 8 Jalisco, Mexico, Earthquake a Near‐Trench Event?
Authors: Hjörleifsdóttir Vala , Sánchez‐Reyes H. S. , Ruiz‐Angulo Angel , Ramírez‐Herrera Maria Teresa , Castillo‐Aja Rocio , Singh Shri Krishna , Ji Chen 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe behavior of slip close to the trench during earthquakes is not well understood, and observations of large earthquakes breaking the near trench fault surface are rare. The 1995 Mw 8.0 Jalisco earthquake seems to have broken the near‐trench area, as evidenced by large Ms‐Mw disparity, small high‐frequency radiated energy compared to total energy, and low Er/M0 ratios, in addition to several finite slip models showing large slip near the trench. However, slip models obtained using campaign Global Positioning System data suggest slip near shore. In this study we try to answer whether this event was a near‐trench event or not, by inverting teleseismic P, S, Rayleigh, and Love waves, as well as campaign Global Positioning System static offsets, either separately or jointly, to obtain the slip distribution on the fault as a function of time. We find two possible end‐member scenarios consistent with observed data: (1) coseismic slip distributed between coast and trench and no (or very little) postseismic slip and (2) coseismic slip principally near the trench with large (up to 1.8 m) aseismic slip occurring in the first 5–10 days after the earthquake, with a total moment corresponding to 16% of that of the event. We are unable to distinguish between these two end‐member scenarios by tsunami modeling and finally are neither able to conclude or exclude that the event was a typical near trench event.
Evidence for Self‐Similar Bedload Transport on Andean Alluvial Fans, Iglesia Basin, South Central Argentina
Authors: Harries R. M. , Kirstein L. A. , Whittaker A. C. , Attal M. , Peralta S. , Brooke S. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSelf‐similar downstream grain‐size fining trends in fluvial deposits are being increasingly used to simplify equilibrium sediment transport dynamics in numerical models. Their ability to collapse time‐averaged behavior of a depositional system into a simple mass balance framework makes them ideal for exploring the sensitivity of sediment routing systems to their climatic and tectonic boundary conditions. This is important if we want to better understand the sensitivity of landscapes to environmental change over timescales >102 years. However, the extent to which self‐similarity is detectable in the deposits of natural rivers is not fully constrained. In transport‐limited rivers, stored sediment can be remobilized or “recycled” and this behavior has been highlighted as a mechanism by which externally forced grain‐size fining trends are distorted. Here we evaluate evidence of self‐similarity in surface gravel‐size distributions on three geomorphically diverse alluvial fans in the Iglesia basin, south Central Argentine Andes. We find that size distributions are self‐similar, deviating from that condition only when significant variability occurs in the coarse tails of the distributions. Our analysis indicates a strong correlation between the degree of sediment recycling and the proportion of coarse clasts present on the bed surface. However, by fitting a relative mobility transfer function, we demonstrate that size‐selectivity alone can explain the bulk size distributions observed. This strengthens the application of self‐similar grain size fining models to solving problems of mass balance in a range of geomorphic settings, with an aim for reconstructing environmental boundary conditions from stratigraphy.
Understanding Melting due to Ocean Eddy Heat Fluxes at the Edge of Sea‐Ice Floes
Authors: Horvat Christopher , Tziperman Eli 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUnderstanding how upper‐ocean heat content evolves and affects sea ice in the polar regions is necessary to predict past, present, and future weather and climate. Sea ice, a composite of individual floes, varies significantly on scales as small as meters. Lateral gradients in surface forcing across sea‐ice concentration gradients can energize subgrid‐scale ocean eddies that mix heat in the surface layer and control sea‐ice melting. Here the development of baroclinic instability near floe edges is investigated using a high‐resolution ocean circulation model, an idealization of a single grid cell of a climate model partially covered in thin, nearly static sea ice. From the resulting ocean circulation we characterize the strength of eddy‐induced lateral mixing and heat transport, and the effects on sea‐ice melting, as a function of state variables resolved in global climate models.
Measurement of the Magnetic Reconnection Rate in the Earth's Magnetotail
Authors: Nakamura T. K. M. , Genestreti K. J. , Liu Y.‐H. , Nakamura R. , Teh W.‐L. , Hasegawa H. , Daughton W. , Hesse M. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. , Giles B. L. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn the Earth's magnetotail, magnetic reconnection releases stored magnetic energy and drives magnetospheric convection. The rate at which magnetic flux is transferred from the reconnection inflow to outflow regions is determined by the reconnection electric field Er, which is often referred to as the unnormalized reconnection rate. To better quantify the efficiency of reconnection, this electric field Er is often normalized by the characteristic Alfvén speed and the reconnecting magnetic field. This parameter is generally called the normalized or dimensionless reconnection rate R. In this paper, we employ a two‐dimensional fully kinetic simulation to model a magnetotail reconnection event with weak geomagnetic activity (<200 nT of the AE index) observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission on 11 July 2017. We obtain R and Er from direct measurements in the diffusion region and indirect measurements of the rate at the separatrix using a recently proposed remote sensing technique. The measured normalized rate for this MMS event is R ∼0.15–0.2, consistent with theoretical and simulation models of fast collisionless reconnection. This corresponds to an unnormalized rate of Er ∼2–3 mV/m. Based on quantitative consistencies between the simulation and the MMS observations, we conclude that our estimates of the reconnection rates are reasonably accurate. Given that past studies have found Er of the order ∼10 mV/m during strong geomagnetic substorms, these results indicate that the local Er in magnetotail reconnection may be an important parameter controlling the amplitude of geomagnetic disturbances.
Storm‐Enhanced Development of Postsunset Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Around the Meridian 120°E/60°W on 7–8 September 2017
Authors: Li Guozhu , Ning Baiqi , Wang Chi , Abdu M. A. , Otsuka Yuichi , Yamamoto M. , Wu Jian , Chen Jinsong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractStorm time development of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) around the meridian 120°E/60°W during early September 2017, when the Bz component of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) experienced two large southward excursions, producing a strong geomagnetic storm that included two main phase decreases, was investigated. The observations from networks of Global Navigation Satellite Systems total electron content receivers, very high frequency radars, and ionosondes operated around the meridian reveal that in the American and Asian sectors, intense EPB irregularities developed and extended to dip latitudes of ~30°N and 46°N, respectively, following rapid sunset F layer height rises during two episodes of strong southward IMF Bz excursions. The storm‐enhanced EPB irregularities, however, were not observed following the sunset terminator in the Pacific sector, where the sunset rise of F layer was not detected. More interestingly, the EPBs in the Asian sector were observed to drift toward the west, with velocity increasing from ~30 m/s at low latitude to ~95 m/s at middle latitude. The poleward increasing westward drifts drove the formation of west‐titled structure of irregularities. For the EPBs in the American sector, no apparent west‐tilted structure was detected. The results indicate that the prompt penetration undershielding electric fields (PPEF) of eastward polarity resulting from the two IMF Bz southward excursions dominated the generation of postsunset EPBs in the American and Asian sectors, respectively. The westward drifts of PPEF‐induced EPBs in the Asian sector could be attributed dominantly to disturbance westward wind, with a possible contribution to it arising from the PPEF.