bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zika Virus Infection Among Pregnant Women and Their Neonates in New York City, January 2016–June 2017
Authors: Conners Erin E. , Lee Ellen H. , Thompson Corinne N. , McGibbon Emily , Rakeman Jennifer L. , Iwamoto Martha , Cooper Hannah , Vora Neil M. , Limberger Ronald J. , Fine Anne D. , Liu Dakai , Slavinski Sally ,   for the Zika Working Group
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVE:
To describe and compare differences in the epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of pregnant women with confirmed or probable Zika virus infection and to compare the risk of having a neonate with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection with that of having a neonate without evidence of Zika virus infection by maternal characteristics.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of women with Zika virus infection who completed pregnancy in New York City from January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017. Confirmed Zika virus infection was defined as 1) nucleic acid amplification test–detected Zika virus, or 2) a nonnegative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test result and a plaque-reduction neutralization test result positive for Zika virus but negative for dengue virus, or 3) delivery of a neonate with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection. Probable infection was defined as a nonnegative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test result and a positive plaque-reduction neutralization test result for Zika virus and dengue virus.

RESULTS:
We identified 390 women with confirmed (28%) or probable (72%) Zika virus infection. Fever, rash, arthralgia, or conjunctivitis was reported by 31% of women and were more common among women with confirmed than with probable infection (43% vs 26%, P=.001). Of 366 neonates born to these women, 295 (81%) were tested for Zika virus and 22 (7%) had laboratory-diagnosed congenital Zika virus infection. The relative risk (RR) for having a neonate with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection was greater among women with fever (RR 4.8, 95% CI 2.1–10.7), tingling (RR 4.8, CI 1.7–13.7), or numbness (RR 6.9, CI 2.6–18.2) during pregnancy or the periconception period. However, the RR did not differ whether the mother had confirmed or probable Zika virus infection (RR 1.6, CI 0.7–4.1).

CONCLUSION:
In New York City, a greater proportion of women had probable Zika virus infection than confirmed infection. Women with some symptoms during pregnancy or periconceptionally were more likely to have a neonate with laboratory evidence of Zika virus infection. Neonates born to women with confirmed or probable Zika virus infection should be tested for Zika virus infection.
Targeting cancer metabolism through synthetic lethality-based combinatorial treatment strategies
Authors: Bajpai Richa , Shanmugam Mala 
Published: July 2018

Purpose of review
Targeting cancer metabolism for therapy has received much attention over the last decade with various small molecule inhibitors entering clinical trials. The present review highlights the latest strategies to target glucose and glutamine metabolism for cancer therapy with a particular emphasis on novel combinatorial treatment approaches.

Recent findings
Inhibitors of glucose, lactate, and glutamine transport and the ensuing metabolism are in preclinical to clinical trial stages of investigation. Recent advances in our understanding of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors that dictate dependence on these targets have informed the development of rational, synthetic lethality-based strategies to exploit these metabolic vulnerabilities.

Summary
Cancer cells exhibit a number of metabolic alterations with functional consequences beyond that of sustaining cellular energetics and biosynthesis. Elucidating context-specific metabolic dependencies and their connections to oncogenic signaling and epigenetic programs in tumor cells represents a promising approach to identify new metabolic drug targets for cancer therapy.
Wandering by Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Key Clinical Factors and the Role of Schools and Pediatricians
Authors: McLaughlin Laura , Keim Sarah A. , Adesman Andrew 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
To examine the clinical characteristics associated with wandering in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the impact on families, and how medical and educational professionals address wandering.

Methods:
An anonymous, online questionnaire was distributed through autism-related organizations to parents of children with ASD. The questionnaire asked about demographics, developmental diagnoses, past wandering behavior, and impact of wandering on parents. It also asked about the use of electronic tracking devices, requested Individualized Education Program (IEP) modifications, use of restraints and/or seclusion to prevent wandering at school, and receipt of guidance about wandering. Parents were included if they lived in the United States and had a child aged 4 to 18 years with ASD who had previously wandered.

Results:
A total of 1454 parents who completed the questionnaire met the inclusion criteria. It was found that 22.4% of the children wandered from their home or yard and 24.6% from a public place more than monthly. Wandering concerns affected 73.3% of parents' decisions to let their child spend time with friends or family in their absence. Furthermore, 48.6% and 58.7% of parents were moderately/very worried about their child wandering from home or yard or a public place, respectively. Over half of the parents (54.9%) parents requested IEP changes to address wandering. Only 33.3% of parents had previously received any counseling about wandering.

Conclusion:
Children with ASD and a history of elopement wandered at a fairly high frequency. Wandering concerns increased worry and anxiety for parents and negatively impacted household routines. The medical community is not adequately educating families about these risks. Pediatricians must become more aware of available prevention and mitigation strategies.
Validation of an Isavuconazole High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Assay in Plasma for Routine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Applications
Authors: Mueller Silke C. , Karasch Ilona , Lakner Johannes , Wacke Rainer 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Isavuconazole is a triazole antifungal agent for treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis. At present, it is unclear whether a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of isavuconazole would be necessary. The aim of the investigation was to validate a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for routine applications.

Methods:
An HPLC assay for routine determination of isavuconazole in plasma has been adapted and validated. The assay used the reagents and HPLC column provided by the ChromSystems HPLC Kit for TDM of itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole. Isocratic flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min. Detection was performed using a fluorescence detector with excitation wavelength set at 261 nm and emission wavelength set at 366 nm.

Results:
The assay was linear between 0.15 and 10 mg/L with intraday and interday imprecision and accuracy <10% (<20% at lower limit of quantification). The method was applied to routine TDM of 7 patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (n = 31 samples). In these patients, trough levels ranged from 0.45 to 3.06 mg/L (median 1.44 mg/L).

Conclusions:
A robust and simple HPLC assay of isavuconazole in plasma for routine TDM applications is presented.
Aδ and not C fibers mediate thermal hyperalgesia to short laser stimuli after burn injury in man
Authors: Slimani Hocine , Plaghki Leon , Valenti Paola , Werner Mads U. , Kehlet Henrik , Kupers Ron 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
It remains unclear which nerve fibers are responsible for mediating hyperalgesia after skin injury. Here, we examined the role of Aδ and C fibers in inflammatory hyperalgesia after a first-degree burn injury. A CO2 laser delivered ultrafast short constant-temperature heat pulses to the upper part of the lower leg to stimulate selectively the relatively fast-conducting thinly myelinated Aδ and the slowly conducting unmyelinated C fibers. Participants were asked to respond as fast as possible whenever they detected a thermal stimulus. Thresholds and reaction times to selective Aδ and C fiber activations were measured in the conditioned and the surrounding intact skin, at pre-injury, and 1 hour and 24 hours after injury. First-degree burn injury caused a significant decrease in Aδ fiber detection thresholds and a significant increase in the proportion of Aδ-fiber-mediated responses in the inflamed area 24 hours, but not 1 hour, after burn injury. No changes in heat perception were observed in the intact skin surrounding the injury. No group differences in C-fiber-mediated sensations were observed. Our findings indicate that quickly adapting Aδ fibers but not quickly adapting C fibers are sensitized when activated by short and ultrafast heat stimuli after skin burn injury. Our results further show that this change occurs between 1 hour and 24 hours after injury and that it does not extend to the skin surrounding the injury.
The Association Between Modiolar Base Anomalies and Intraoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage in Patients With Incomplete Partition Type-II Anomaly: A Classification System and Presentation of 73 Cases
Authors: Bajin Münir Demir , Pamuk Ahmet Erim , Pamuk Gözde , Özgen Burçe , Sennaroğlu Levent 
Published: July 2018

Objective:
Modiolus and modiolar base abnormalities in patients with incomplete partition-II anomaly (IP-II) increase the risk of intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. This study aimed to classify modiolar abnormalities and define objective radiological measures for preoperatively evaluating intraoperative CSF leakage risk.

Study Design:
Retrospective case series.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
The study included 73 patients with IP-II that underwent cochlear implant surgery between 2002 and 2017.

Intervention:
Analysis of preoperative temporal bone computed tomography (CT) scans and surgical records.

Main Outcome Measures:
Preoperative CT modiolar anomalies and intraoperative CSF leakage status.

Results:
Among the 73 patients (41 men and 32 women), mean age at cochlear implant surgery was 11.4 (range, 0–42) years. Preoperative CT-based modiolar base anomaly classification was as follows: grade 1 (complete modiolus, n = 1), grade 2 (thin plate of bone in the modiolar base + partial modiolus, n = 14); grade 3 (thin plate of bone in the modiolar base, n = 53); grade 4 (total modiolar base defect, n = 5). The gusher rate was 8%. All patients with grade 4 anomaly had an intraoperative gusher. Patients with grade 3 anomaly accounted for 86% of oozing cases. Oozing, pulsation, and no CSF leakage rates were similar in those with grade 2 anomaly.

Conclusions:
The modiolus and modiolar base must be carefully evaluated in patients with IP-II. Gushers primarily occur in IP-II patients with grade 4 anomaly. A thin plate of bone in the modiolar base most commonly prevents gushers.
Hearing Changes After Intratympanic Steroids for Secondary (Salvage) Therapy of Sudden Hearing Loss: A Meta-Analysis Using Mathematical Simulations of Drug Delivery Protocols
Authors: Liebau Arne , Pogorzelski Olivia , Salt Alec N. , Plontke Stefan K. 
Published: July 2018

Objective:
The use of glucocorticoids for secondary (salvage/rescue) therapy of idiopathic sudden hearing loss (ISSHL), including controlled and uncontrolled studies with intratympanic injections or continuous, catheter mediated applications, were evaluated by means of a meta-analysis in an attempt to define optimal local drug delivery protocols for ISSHL.

Study Design:
A total of 30 studies with 33 treatment groups between January 2000 and June 2014 were selected based on sufficiently detailed description of application protocols. Cochlear drug levels were calculated by a validated computer model of drug dispersion in the inner ear fluids based on the concentration and volume of glucocorticoids applied, the time drug remained in the middle ear, and on the specific timing of injections. Various factors were compared with hearing outcome, including baseline data, individual parameters of the application protocols, calculated peak concentration (C
max), and total dose (area under the curve, AUC).

Results:
There was no dependence of hearing outcome on individual parameters of the application protocol, C
max or AUC. Hearing gain and final hearing thresholds were independent of treatment delay.

Conclusion:
Based on the available data from uncontrolled and controlled randomized and non-randomized studies no clear recommendation can be made so far for a specific application protocol for either primary or secondary (salvage) intratympanic steroid treatment in patients with ISSHL. For meta-analyses, change in pure tone average (PTA) may not be an adequate outcome parameter to assess effectiveness of the intervention especially with inhomogeneity of patient populations. Final PTA might provide a better outcome parameter.
Pediatric HIV Treatment Gaps in 7 East and Southern African Countries: Examination of Modeled, Survey, and Routine Program Data
Authors: Saito Suzue , Chung Hannah , Mahy Mary , Radin Anna K. , Jonnalagadda Sasi , Hakim Avi , Awor Anna C. , Mwila Annie , Gonese Elizabeth , Wadonda-Kabondo Nellie , Rwehumbiza Patrick , Ao Trong , Kim Evelyn J. , Frederix Koen , Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha Harriet , Musuka Godfrey , Mugurungi Owen , Mushii Jeremiah , Mnisi Zandile , Munthali Gloria , Jahn Andreas , Kirungi Wilford L. , Sivile Suilanji , Abrams Elaine J. 
Published: July 2018

Background:
Remarkable success in the prevention and treatment of pediatric HIV infection has been achieved in the past decade. Large differences remain between the estimated number of children living with HIV (CLHIV) and those identified through national HIV programs. We evaluated the number of CLHIV and those on treatment in Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Methods:
We assessed the total number of CLHIV, CLHIV on antiretroviral treatment (ART), and national and regional ART coverage gaps using 3 data sources: (1) Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS model-based estimates and national program data used as input values in the models, (2) population-based HIV impact surveys (PHIA), and (3) program data from the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)–supported clinics.

Results:
Across the 7 countries, HIV prevalence among children aged 0–14 years ranged from 0.4% (Uncertainty Bounds (UB) 0.2%–0.6%) to 2.8% (UB: 2.2%–3.4%) according to the PHIA surveys, resulting in estimates of 520,000 (UB: 460,000–580,000) CLHIV in 2016–2017 in the 7 countries. This compared with Spectrum estimates of pediatric HIV prevalence ranging from 0.5% (UB: 0.5%–0.6%) to 3.5% (UB: 3.0%–4.0%) representing 480,000 (UB: 390,000–550,000) CLHIV. CLHIV not on treatment according to the PEPFAR, PHIA, and Spectrum for the countries stood at 48% (UB: 25%–60%), 49% (UB: 37%–50%), and 38% (UB: 24%–47%), respectively. Of 78 regions examined across 7 countries, 33% of regions (PHIA data) or 41% of regions (PEPFAR data) had met the ART coverage target of 81%.

Conclusions:
There are substantial gaps in the coverage of HIV treatment in CLHIV in the 7 countries studied according to all sources. There is continued need to identify, engage, and treat infants and children. Important inconsistencies in estimates across the 3 sources warrant in-depth investigation.
Long-term Quality of Life in Neonatal Surgical Disease
Authors: Amin Ruchi , Knezevich Michelle , Lingongo Melissa , Szabo Aniko , Yin Ziyan , Oldham Keith T. , Calkins Casey M. , Sato Thomas T. , Arca Marjorie J. 
Published: July 2018

Objective:
This prospective observational study was designed to assess Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL) after surgical treatment for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF), Hirschsprung disease (HD), gastroschisis (GAS), omphalocele (OMP), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

Summary of Background Data:
Improvements in neonatal and surgical care have led to increased survival for many newborn conditions. Quality of life in these patients is seldom explored in a longitudinal manner. We hypothesized that age-adjusted physical and psychosocial scores would improve over time, but with diagnosis-dependent variation.

Methods:
Data were collected from 241 patients (CDH = 52; EA/TEF = 62; HD = 46; GAS = 32; OMP = 26; NEC = 23) in an institutional Clinical Outcomes Registry (COR) from 2012 to 2017. Aggregate physical, psychosocial, and overall PedsQL scores were determined for each diagnosis. Spline regression models were created to model scores as a function of age.

Results:
Physical scores trended up for all diagnoses except CDH and NEC beyond age 10. Psychosocial scores trended up for all diagnoses except NEC and EA/TEF beyond age 10. Beyond age 12, CDH, GAS, and HD patients had overall scores within the normal range, while NEC, OMP, and EA/TEF patients had scores similar to children with chronic medical illness.

Conclusion:
Variation exists in long-term PedsQL scores after neonatal surgery for selected, complex disease. Beyond age 12, quality of life is significantly impaired in NEC, moderately impaired in OMP and EA/TEF, and within normal range for CDH, HD, and GAS patients at the population level. These data are relevant to prenatal and perioperative discussions with patients and families.
Effect of surface bending and stress on the transmission of line force to an elastic substrate
Authors: Hui Chung Yuen , Liu Zezhou , Jagota Anand 
Published: July 2018

For a broad class of soft materials their surface stress can strongly influence mechanical behaviour. For example, a line force applied to the surface of an elastic substrate is locally supported by surface stress over an elasto-capillary length

l

c

(surface stress/elastic modulus). Surface stress regularizes the otherwise highly singular stress and strain fields. However, surface such as lipid bilayer interfaces can also resist deformation by bending. This has not been studied either by experiments or theories. We analyse a theoretical model of the response of a half-space to a line force when the surface carries both a stress and resistance to bending. We find that surface bending further regularizes the singular fields. The local stress field near the line load can be separated into three regions. Region 1 occupies distances from the line load smaller than an elasto-capillary bending length

l

b

(bending stiffness/elastic modulus to the 1/3 power) where surface bending dominates and the elastic stress and strains are continuous. Region 2 occupies intermediate distances between

l

b

and

l

c

(
>

l

b

)

where surface stress dominates. At distances larger than

l

c

we retrieve the classical elasticity solution. The size of region 2 depends on

κ
=

l

c

/

l

b

and vanishes for small

l

c

.
Discontinuities in quinoa biodiversity in the dry Andes: an 18-century perspective based on allelic genotyping
Authors: Winkel Thierry , Aguirre María Gabriela , Arizio Carla Marcela , Aschero Carlos Alberto , Babot María del Pilar , Benoit Laure , Burgarella Concetta , Costa-Tártara Sabrina , Dubois Marie-Pierre , Gay Laurène , Hocsman Salomón , Jullien Margaux , López-Campeny Sara María Luisa , Manifesto María Marcela , Navascués Miguel , Oliszewski Nurit , Pintar Elizabeth , Zenboudji Saliha , Bertero Héctor Daniel , Joffre Richard 
Published: July 2018

AbstractHistory and environment shape crop biodiversity, particularly in areas with vulnerable human communities and ecosystems. Tracing crop biodiversity over time helps understand how rural societies cope with anthropogenic or climatic changes. Exceptionally well preserved ancient DNA of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld.) from the cold and arid Andes of Argentina has allowed us to track changes and continuities in quinoa diversity over 18 centuries, by coupling genotyping of 157 ancient and modern seeds by 24 SSR markers with cluster and coalescence analyses. Cluster analyses revealed clear population patterns separating modern and ancient quinoas. Coalescence-based analyses revealed that genetic drift within a single population cannot explain genetic differentiation among ancient and modern quinoas. The hypothesis of a genetic bottleneck related to the Spanish Conquest also does not seem to apply at a local scale. Instead, the most likely scenario is the replacement of preexisting quinoa gene pools with new ones of lower genetic diversity. This process occurred at least twice in the last 18 centuries: first, between the 6th and 12th centuries—a time of agricultural intensification well before the Inka and Spanish conquests—and then between the 13th century and today—a period marked by farming marginalization in the late 19th century likely due to a severe multidecadal drought. While these processes of local gene pool replacement do not imply losses of genetic diversity at the metapopulation scale, they support the view that gene pool replacement linked to social and environmental changes can result from opposite agricultural trajectories.
Adolescent Cognitive Control, Theta Oscillations, and Social Motivation
Authors: Buzzell George A. , Barker Tyson V. , Troller-Renfree Sonya V. , Bernat Edward M. , Bowers Maureen E. , Morales Santiago , Bowman Lindsay C. , Henderson Heather A. , Pine Daniel S. , Fox Nathan A. 
Published: July 2018

SummaryTheta oscillations (4-8 Hz) provide an organizing principle of cognitive control, allowing goal-directed behavior that is conserved across species. In human adults, theta power over medial-frontal cortex (MFC) underlies monitoring, whereas theta synchrony between MFC and lateral-frontal regions reflects control recruitment. Prior work has not separated theta before/after motor responses, nor explained how medial-lateral synchrony drives different kinds of control behaviors. Theta’s role during adolescence, a developmental window characterized by a motivation-control mismatch also remains unclear, preventing possible cross-species work. Here, adolescents performed a flanker task alone or under observation to increase social motivation. We separated theta dynamics immediately before/after motor responses, identifying functional dissociations. We also dissociate MFC connectivity with rostral/caudal frontal cortex and distinct forms of behavioral control, which further differed before/after response. Finally, social motivation was found to exclusively upregulate post-response error monitoring and changes in control to prevent future errors, as opposed to pre-response theta dynamics.