bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Church Without Ascetics: The Lack of an Ascetic Group in Corinth
Authors: Malcolm Matthew R. 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
Over the last century, many interpreters have argued that there was an influential ascetic faction in the Corinthian church. Many have pointed to the apparent slogan of such a group in 1 Cor 7:1, which is said to represent the opinion of a group who rejected sex or marriage on theological grounds. Some have pointed to the slogan about the resurrection of the dead in 1 Cor 15:12 and concluded that the same group is evident there, expressing a preference for the disembodied soul over a future embodied existence. This article freshly examines 1 Cor 7 and 15 and concludes that the hypothesis of an ascetic faction in the Corinthian church is exegetically unnecessary and unpersuasive. Specifically, 1 Cor 7:1 is seen to present Paul’s own position, in a way that is designed to provoke and correct detractors in Corinth. It is conceded that 1 Cor 15 does seem to suggest a Corinthian assumption of a disembodied afterlife; but it is demonstrated that the Corinthians held no preference for such a state. This article argues that it is time for the “ascetic hypothesis” to be dismissed.
Removing an Arrow from the Supersessionist Quiver: A Post-Supersessionist Reading of Colossians 2:16–17
Authors: Allen Brian Louis 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
When constructing the occasion in Col 2:16–17, the prevailing interpretation presumes that the Colossians were being criticized for noncompliance to dietary instructions and the Jewish calendar and that Paul disparages Jewish practices by identifying them as a “shadow” juxtaposed to the “substance” of Messiah. Through a broad survey of recent scholarship, New Testament texts, the Didache, and grammatical analysis, this study challenges traditional readings by changing the scenario: the Colossians were being criticized for living in accordance with the Jewish calendar.
The Argument against Attributing Slogans in 1 Corinthians 6:12–20
Authors: Robinson Jonathan Rivett 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
While many scholars consider that Corinthian slogans are present in 1 Cor 6:12–20, this article argues that the attribution of slogans there is an unnecessary exegetical move based on unconvincing arguments. A reading of the pericope will be presented to demonstrate that slogans are unnecessary to make sense of Paul’s paraenesis. The arguments for and against each particular slogan will be evaluated. This study both consolidates the minority view held by Brian Dodd (1995) and David Garland (2003) and responds to Joseph Fitzmyer (2007) and Jerome Murphy O’Connor’s (2009) criticisms of the same.
Superação de dormência e vigor em sementes de Fava-d’Anta (<i>Dimorphandra gardneriana</i> Tulasne)
Authors: Ursulino Marina Matias , Alves Edna Ursulino , Araújo Paulo Costa , Alves Magnólia Martins , Ribeiro Thiago de Souza , Silva Rosemere dos Santos 
Published: April 2019

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de diferentes métodos para a superação da dormência em sementes Dimorphandra gardneriana Tulasne, visando fornecer conhecimentos técnico-científicos que permitam a criação de um protocolo de germinação. Em um experimento realizado no Laboratório de Análise de Sementes do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (CCA-UFPB), em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, as sementes de D. gardneriana foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: testemunha que consistiu de sementes não escarificadas, sementes escarificadas mecanicamente com lixa n° 120, sementes escarificadas mecanicamente com lixa e submetidas à embebição em água destilada por 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas, sementes submetidas ao desponte na região oposta ao hilo com alicate de unha, sementes submetidas ao desponte na região oposta ao hilo com alicate de unha e postas em embebição em água destilada por 6, 12, 18 e 24 horas, escarificação química com ácido sulfúrico concentrado por 5, 10 e 15 minutos. Após a aplicação dos tratamentos as sementes foram submetidas a testes de germinação e vigor (emergência, índice de velocidade de germinação e de emergência, comprimento e massa seca de hipocótilo e raízes). A escarificação mecânica com lixa e o desponte seguidos de imersão em água destilada por seis horas favorecem a porcentagem de germinação de sementes e emergência de plântulas de Dimorphandra gardneriana, e os tratamentos utilizando ácido sulfúrico reduziram drasticamente o vigor destas sementes.
Pregerminative treatments of yellow mombin (<i>Spondias mombin</i> L.) seeds
Authors: Martins Cibele Chalita , Silva Givanildo Zildo da , Durigan Laís Dezen , Vieira Roberval Daiton 
Published: April 2019

The germination of Spondias mombin seeds is slow and irregular – it takes between 6 and 24 months for the process to complete. This causes the plantlets producer serious difficulties since the plantlets are more expensive to produce and frequently are of different heights. The objective of this project was to establish techniques and strategies of Spondias mombin seed selection to promote and speed up germination. Having that in mind, two experiments were carried out. In the first, seeds (which are of the nucular type) of two colors (beige and brown) and four classes of size (small, medium-small, medium-large, and large) had their length, width, and weight determined. In the second experiment, the color (beige and brown) classified seeds were submitted or not to a fungicide treatment and to mechanical scarification of the endocarp (base, apex, lateral, and no scarification). The experiments were distributed according to a completely random design with four 20 seeds replications in the following factorial arrangements: 4x2 (size x color) and 4x2x2 (scarification x color x fungicide). Seedling emergence in sand, first count of germination, and mean time for germination were weekly determined up to 730 days; these evaluations were based on the determination of normal seedlings counting. Choosing brown and medium-large seeds is an efficient strategy to accelerate seedling emergence. Treating the seeds with fungicide was harmful to the germination process. The lateral scarification of brown seeds permitted a reduction in the period necessary for the completion of germination from 489 to 336 days.
Distribuição do diâmetro de copa e diâmetro quadrático de <i>Araucaria angustifolia</i> e <i>Pinus taeda</i>
Authors: Martins Luciellen Pereira , Debastiani Aline Bernarda , Santos Kênia Samara Mourão , Corte Ana Paula Dalla Corte , Netto Sylvio Pellico , Sanquetta Carlos Roberto 
Published: April 2019

As funções de densidade de probabilidade têm várias aplicações florestais, entre as quais o tratamento de dados biométricos e uso em modelagem. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar qual função densidade de probabilidade que melhor se ajusta ao diâmetro de copa (dcopa) e ao diâmetro quadrático (dq), e também analisar o efeito dessas variáveis na estrutura da floresta. O estudo foi realizado com uma base de dados de Araucaria angustifolia proveniente de um fragmento florestal, e também com dados de Pinus taeda de um plantio florestal, ambos oriundos do estado do Paraná. Para as respectivas áreas de estudo foram delimitadas as copas das árvores com suporte de ortofotos digitais. As funções avaliadas foram: Normal, Log-normal 2P, Beta, Gama, Weibull 3P e Weber. A função que melhor se ajustou à variável dq para ambas as espécies foi a Normal. Já para a variável dcopa, a função de Weibull 3P foi a que apresentou melhor aderência para o fragmento de Araucária e a função de Weber para o plantio florestal de Pinus.
Decoupling species richness variation and spatial turnover in beta diversity across a fragmented landscape
Authors: Hu Guang , Wilson Maxwell C. , Wu Jianguo , Yu Jingjing , Yu Mingjian 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundHow habitat fragmentation affects the relationship between local richness and the variation in community composition across space is important to both ecology and conservation biology, but this effect remains poorly understood.MethodsHere, we present an empirical study to address this topic in a fragmented landscape, the Thousand Island Lake (TIL), an artificial land-bridge island system with more than 1,000 islands, which provides an “experimental” fragmented landscape with a homogeneous matrix and similar successional history. We measured species composition and plant functional type (PFT) on 29 islands, and tested the effects of island area and isolation on the relationship between α- and β-diversity. General Linear Models were applied to test the impact of habitat fragmentation. In addition, variation partitioning was used to decouple α-diversity dependent and α-diversity independent spatial turnover in β-diversity of the plant community and across different PFTs.ResultsWe found habitat fragmentation influences β-diversity of plants primarily by modifying local α-diversity, not spatial turnover in the TIL system. We also found area-dependent environmental filtering and differential plant responses across functional types were the most likely underlying driving mechanisms.DiscussionThese results highlight the importance of hierarchical linkages between components of biodiversity across scales in fragmented landscapes, and have practical conservation implications.
Contribution of Odoba Forest Reserve to Livelihoods of the Rural People in Ogbadibo Local Government Area, Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: Ancha P. U. , Shomkegh S. A. , Onuche P. 
Published: April 2019

The study was conducted to assess the contribution of Odoba forest reserve to rural livelihoods of the communities in Ogbadibo Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires were administered to three hundred and seventy-six respondents in 188 households in four communities. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Fifteen different wood and non-wood products were collected by the respondents from the forest reserve with fuel wood products being the product mostly collected from the reserve (65.5%) followed by water supply from the streams in the forest reserve (59%). Others were edible vegetable (56.6%), folder (53.6%), mush room (53.3%), medicinal herbs (52.6%) and timber (50.3%), Bush Meat (46.7%), Chewing stick (43.0%), Pole (40.5%), Honey (37.8%), Snail (27%), Caterpillar (25%), Cricket (20.4%) and Climbers (19%). The result also shows that forest resources contributed very high to the livelihood of the people in the areas of food for household consumption, additional income, medicinal values, water supply and trading of forest products. Furthermore, the study results showed that the most need met by the people from the sale of forest products is feeding of households (19.4%) and investing in farming activities (13.8%). The communities differ significantly (P=0.05) in the contribution of the forest reserve to their livelihoods. The study recommends that State Government, local authorities and aid agencies should provide alternative sources of fuel energy by establishing village owned solar power plants and fuelwood efficient stoves. This will reduce dependence on the forest reserve for energy and also curtail deforestation of the reserve. Modified Taungya system in the reserve to engage households in forest regeneration efforts as well as the sharing of benefits from such efforts should be included in policies of the Government.
Awareness and Determinants of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices among Nursing Mothers Attending Primary Health Care Facilities in Uyo, Nigeria
Authors: Motilewa O. O. , Ekanem A. M. , Iyanam V. E. 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is a nutrition specific intervention that is crucial to growth and development of a young child and contributes to the attainment of sustainable development goals.
Aim: To determine the level of awareness, prevalence and determinants of EBF among nursing mothers attending Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in Uyo Local Government, Nigeria
Place and Duration of Study: three selected Primary Health care facilities in Uyo Local Government (LG) of Akwa Ibom state Nigeria. June-July 2017.
Methods: The study used a descriptive cross sectional design involving 331 mothers attending child welfare clinics in three (PHC) facilities that were selected using simple random sampling techniques. A structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data on socio- demographic characteristics, awareness and practice of EBF. Categorical variables were summarized using percentages, and continuous data using mean and standard deviation, chi square was used to assess the relationship between variables. While multivariate logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors of EBF practice .
Results: The level of awareness of EBF and early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) were 89% and 88.5% respectively and universal awareness was 81.3%. Out of 231 infants below 6 months, 42% of them were currently on EBF and 36.8% (122/331) of the infants 0-12 months had EBF, the EIBF rate was 54.4%, about 45% of the infants had been on infant formula. Mothers who practiced EBF were significantly older than those who did not, the predictors of EBF were; delivery at the health facility (AOR 4.3; 1.84-10.49), normal delivery (AOR 2.3; 1.15-4.4), those with 2 (AOR 1.9; 1.04-3.4) or more than 3 children (AOR 4.7;1.91-9.9), mothers who had opportunity to breastfeed at work place (AOR 4;1.2-12.9) and mothers who were unemployed/self-employed (AOR 7.2; 2.2-23.7).
Conclusion: The practice of EBF remains poor despite relatively high level of awareness, measures such as Community-based breastfeeding support groups, one-on-one counselling and establishment of crèches in workplaces should be put in place. The international codes on marketing of breast-milk substitutes should be fully implemented.
Probabilistic and Economical Design of Roof Top Rainwater Harvesting Tank by Simulation Technique
Authors: Ramachandran J. , Ravikumar V. 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Rainwater harvesting is the collection of rainwater directly from the surface(s) it falls on. Rainwater harvesting through collection tank is an effective method. Numerous methods are available for determining the size of the storage capacity required to satisfy a given demand. These methods vary in complexity and sophistication.
Methods: The tank design method includes general thumb rule (5% of annual runoff), sequential peak analysis (simulating twice the length of the record), optimization (best one that suits objective criteria), simulation, probabilistic and economical design. Simulation water balance model which works on daily basis, normal probability distribution and economics are used in designing the capacity of tanks and it is presented in a graphical form. The tanks are designed for two different purposes like domestic use and toilet flushing only.
Place and Data: Trichy city daily rainfall records from 1951-2011 is used. If a person living in Trichy city wants to construct a rainwater harvesting tank for toilet flushing purpose (6 Nos * 25l = 150l demand per day), the graphs can used.
Results: At a chosen exceedance probability (EP) of failure (how much time the tank fails to supply water), the engineer can decide the storage size under a preset deficit rate and also the cost of each tanks (per 1000 l) from the curves generated in this study. These relationships can be used by engineers in the design process.
Introducing a Modificated Local Model of MODIS with Respect to Radiosonde Data, and Estimation of LWIR Radiation Transmission
Authors: Saydi Jabar , Khalilzadeh Javad , Khazaei Safa , Momeni Mehdi 
Published: April 2019

Aims: Using a latitude dependent local corrected model and based on MODIS data around Mehrabad Synoptic Station of Tehran, the spectral radiance in long wavelength infrared region was modeled and calculated for total upward and downward radiation flux and direct downward radiation flux for cold and hot seasons.
Study Design: Design of the study includes the calculations of local atmospheric profile of the subjected region by radiosonde data, calculations of the atmospheric profile by MODIS data for same region. It presents a latitude dependent relation for modifying the MODIS data of any point which properly could be used instead of radiosonde data at that point and finally model and calculate LWIR’s total emitted flux at different heights for the area around subjected region with local profile for both hot (June, July, August) and cold (January, February, March) seasons.[G7] [G8]
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Optic and Laser, Faculty of science, I. H.U University, between February 2016 and December 2017.
Methodology: The radiosonde and MODIS raw data of 13 stations with different latitudes in 1995-2015 were used for modification purpose. By applying statistic calculations on raw data, the atmospheric profile was extracted. Radiosonde data were not available in any points of a region, while the MODIS data were available. A latitude dependent relation is presented in this work for modifying the MODIS data of any point which properly could be used instead of radiosonde data at that point.
Results: The results were compared and assessed with the default profiles of sub-arctic winter and tropical models. The RMSEs for total upward, downward, and direct radiation fluxes in terms of wavelength in long wavelength infrared in cold and hot seasons were 2.45 Wm-2µ-1 and 1.722 Wm-2µ-1, respectively.
Conclusion: The results showed that local atmospheric profile plays a key role in modifying atmospheric effects on TIR hyperspectral radiance and their accurate understanding improves the quality and quantity of the radiances reaching a sensor and helps better detection of the spectral signature of the study objectives.
Characterization of Regional Influence of Fine Carbonaceous Particles at Gosan, Korea
Authors: Moon K. J. , Kong B. J. , Han J. S. , Ghim Y. S. 
Published: April 2019

Aims: This study aimed to study the long-range transport of anthropogenic carbonaceous aerosol at Gosan, Korea
Study Design: Chemical composition of fine particles (aerodynamic diameter < 2.5㎛) and PAHs of TSP measured at Gosan during six intensive measurement periods covering four seasons. And the chemical characteristics of particulate matter were classified and compared each other according to the major source areas identified by using backward trajectory analysis in order to study the impact of distant source regions on the carbonaceous aerosol at Gosan, Korea.
Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Gosan, Jeju Island in Republic of Korea, from 13 to 25 Nov. 2001, from 29 Mar. to 11 Apr. 2002, from 27 Aug. to 11 Sep. 2002, from 14 to 26 Feb 2003, from 6 to 22 Jun. 2003, and from 18 Aug. to 1 Sep. 2003.
Methodology: In order to investigate the chemical composition of fine particles, 7 major ion components, 21 trace elements, organic and elemental carbon of PM2.5 were measured. In addition, particulate hazardous pollutants including 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed. The measured data were classified according to the dominant source area identified with the three-day backward trajectory analysis. Then several ratios of species combining EC, OC, SO42-, K+ and PAH compounds were used to identify potential sources of carbonaceous materials.
Results: Quite different characteristic in the chemical composition of fine particles was observed by regional groups of backward trajectories. Concentrations of ion components including secondary aerosol such as SO42- and NH4+ were relatively high when air masses were originated from north China. Concentrations of OC and gaseous PAHs were higher when they transported from Japan than from other source regions. High concentrations of secondary aerosols as well as particulate PAHs were observed in the air mass from north China with a higher correlation between them. Elemental carbon had a better correlation in this case not only with secondary aerosols, but also with OC and CO, implying that carbonaceous materials were originated from long-distance combustion sources. Especially positive correlation with benzo(ghi)perylene suggested that they also had a vehicular origin.
Conclusion: The results showed that biomass burning and vehicular emissions mainly influenced ambient fine particles when they derived from north China and the Korea peninsula while fossil fuel combustion chiefly affected them when they originated in south China during six intensive measurement periods.
Analysing the Role of Environmental Stresses on Species Richness and the Process of Hierarchical Structuring of Species Abundances in Marine Gastropods communities at Suva (Fiji Islands)
Authors: Béguinot Jean 
Published: April 2019

Anthropogenic environmental stresses, especially physio-chemical pollution, are causing steadily increasing threat to many ecosystems, among which coastal marine communities in tropical shallow waters are especially sensitive. In particular, species-rich marine gastropod assemblages are doomed to bear sharp drops in species diversity when exposed to pollutants released offshore. Yet, the details of the process of decline in species diversity remain to be addressed and analysed more deeply. By addressing a series of previously reported inventories of marine gastropod communities along a sharp gradient of pollution along southern coast at Suva (Fiji Archipelago), I first confirm the already recognised trend towards both a severe decrease in species richness and a strong increase of the unevenness in species abundance distribution, as a response to incremental pollution. Yet, the last trend – increased unevenness – reveals being essentially the purely mathematical consequence of the concomitant decline in species richness. In fact, the genuine intensity of the process of hierarchical structuring of species abundances proves remaining virtually unaffected by environmental degradation, contrary to what has been generally thought so far. Also, another unexpected aspect of the decline in species richness with growing pollution is that this decline is far from being primarily restricted to the set of rarest species; in fact, the originally abundant species are also largely implied in this decline.
Moreover, considering separately the two co-occurring feeding guilds, it is shown that herbivores and carnivores are substantially involved the same in the drop in species diversity; as a result, their relative contributions in the community do not seem markedly contrasted by growing pollution. In another respect, a recently proposed paradigmatic hypothesis is supported, according to which the herbivore-guild has quite less numerous species with more unevenly distributed abundances, as compared to the carnivore-guild. Yet, once again, this increased unevenness is essentially the purely mathematical consequence of the concomitant decline in species richness; the genuine intensity of the process of hierarchical structuring of species abundances does remain substantially unchanged. At last, a comparatively extremely high sensitivity to pollution is highlighted for the emblematic genus Conus, which suffers, here, a dramatic drop in species diversity.