bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Automated Detection Methodology for Dry Well-Mixed Layers
Authors: Nicholls Stephen D. , Mohr Karen I. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe intense surface heating over arid land surfaces produces dry well-mixed layers (WML) via dry convection. These layers are characterized by nearly constant potential temperature and low, nearly constant water vapor mixing ratio. To further the study of dry WMLs, we created a detection methodology and supporting software to automate the identification and characterization of dry WMLs from multiple data sources including rawinsondes, remote sensing platforms, and model products. The software is a modular code written in Python, an open-source language. Radiosondes from a network of synoptic stations in North Africa were used to develop and test the WML detection process. The detection involves an iterative decision tree that ingests a vertical profile from an input data file, performs a quality check for sufficient data density, and then searches upward through the column for successive points where the simultaneous changes in water vapor mixing ratio and potential temperature are less than the specified maxima. If points in the vertical profile meet the dry WML identification criteria, statistics are generated detailing the characteristics of each layer in the profile. At the end of the vertical profile analysis, there is an option to plot analyzed profiles in a variety of file formats. Initial results show that the detection methodology can be successfully applied across a wide variety of input data and North African environments and for all seasons. It is sensitive enough to identify dry WMLs from other types of isentropic phenomena such as subsidence layers and distinguish the current day’s dry WML from previous days.
Analysis of Ensemble Mean Forecasts: The Blessings of High Dimensionality
Authors: Christiansen Bo 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In weather and climate sciences ensemble forecasts have become an acknowledged community standard. It is often found that the ensemble mean not only has a low error relative to the typical error of the ensemble members but also that it outperforms all the individual ensemble members. We analyze ensemble simulations based on a simple statistical model that allows for bias and that has different variances for observations and the model ensemble. Using generic simplifying geometric properties of high-dimensional spaces we obtain analytical results for the error of the ensemble mean. These results include a closed form for the rank of the ensemble mean among the ensemble members and depend on two quantities: the ensemble variance and the bias both normalized with the variance of observations. The analytical results are used to analyze the GEFS reforecast where the variances and bias depend on lead time. For intermediate lead times between 20 and 100 h the two terms are both around 0.5 and the ensemble mean is only slightly better than individual ensemble members. For lead times larger than 240 h the variance term is close to 1 and the bias term is near 0.5. For these lead times the ensemble mean outperforms almost all individual ensemble members and its relative error comes close to −30%. These results are in excellent agreement with the theory. The simplifying properties of high-dimensional spaces can be applied not only to the ensemble mean but also to, for example, the ensemble spread.
Extending Three Existing Models to Analysis of Trust in Automation: Signal Detection, Statistical Parameter Estimation, and Model-Based Control
Authors: Sheridan Thomas B. 
Published: February 2019

Objective: The objective is to propose three quantitative models of trust in automation. Background: Current trust-in-automation literature includes various definitions and frameworks, which are reviewed. Method: This research shows how three existing models, namely those for signal detection, statistical parameter estimation calibration, and internal model-based control, can be revised and reinterpreted to apply to trust in automation useful for human–system interaction design. Results: The resulting reinterpretation is presented quantitatively and graphically, and the measures for trust and trust calibration are discussed, along with examples of application. Conclusion: The resulting models can be applied to provide quantitative trust measures in future experiments or system designs. Applications: Simple examples are provided to explain how model application works for the three trust contexts that correspond to signal detection, parameter estimation calibration, and model-based open-loop control.
Services for Consumers Who Are Deafblind: Vocational Rehabilitation Agency Service Models Utilized and Their Effectiveness
Authors: McDonnall Michele C. , Cmar Jennifer L. 
Published: February 2019

Introduction: Little is known about how state-federal vocational rehabilitation agencies provide services to consumers who are deafblind. The purpose of this study was to investigate these service models and their effectiveness. Methods: A mixed-methods approach was utilized with data from interviews with 51 vocational rehabilitation agency administrators and the Rehabilitation Services Administration Case Service Report. Information about how these agencies serve deafblind consumers was combined with data from 2,119 consumers served by those agencies to determine competitive employment rates based on service model type. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests of independence, and logistic regression analysis were utilized. Results: Four vocational rehabilitation agency service models were identified: specialist, professional collaboration, specialist plus professional collaboration, and miscellaneous. Significant differences in competitive employment closure rates were found based on service model type, in both univariate and multivariate analyses. The specialist and professional collaboration models were superior to miscellaneous models. Discussion: This study is the first empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of vocational rehabilitation services for consumers who are deafblind. The results support two previous recommendations about providing services to consumers who are deafblind: establish a deafblind coordinator or specialist position and use a dual-case approach (collaboration between general-service agencies and those for people who are visually impaired). Implications for agencies: To improve competitive employment outcomes for individuals who are deafblind, vocational rehabilitation agency administrators should explore options for specialized deafblind positions and promote collaboration within and beyond their agency.
A universal phantom suitable for quality assurance on X-ray imaging modalities
Authors: Groenewald Annemari , Groenewald Willem A 
Published: February 2019

Background Diagnostic radiology X-ray imaging modalities include general projection radiography, fluoroscopy, mammography and computed tomography (CT) scanning. Medical radiology requires quality images that allow accurate diagnosis of medical conditions. Consistent image quality is enabled using suitable phantoms. Purpose To manufacture, test, and validate a universal image quality assurance (U-QA) phantom which is compact, unique, non-modality specific, easy and quick to use, and cost-effective. Material and Methods The phantom discussed in this publication is an improved version of a previously described prototype. It was made from high density polyethylene and housed several inserts of different materials to comprehensively asses image quality. Data analysis software was developed for analysis of obtained images and a complete step-by-step user’s manual was prepared. Reproducibility testing was performed using the South African Department of Health (DoH) specified limits. Independent validation of the phantom package was performed by three independent medical physicists. Results The U-QA phantom and accompanying data analysis software produced reproducible results for all imaging modalities within the accepted DoH tolerance levels. The independent validation results proofed that the phantom package was easy to transport, of light weight, compact, easy to set-up and use, versatile, cost-effective and user-friendly. Conclusion It may be concluded that the U-QA phantom, with accompanying data analysis software and user’s manual, offers an acceptable single phantom solution for medical X-ray imaging. It is a cost and time saver and could therefore fill a gap in the existing market. The phantom could also be used by radiographers in resource-limited institutions.
Preadmission Corticosteroid Therapy and the Risk of Respiratory Failure in Adults Without HIV Presenting With Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Authors: Wieruszewski Patrick M. , Barreto Erin F. , Barreto Jason N. , Yadav Hemang , Tosh Pritish K. , Mara Kristin C. , Limper Andrew H. 
Published: February 2019

Background: Corticosteroid therapy is a well-recognized risk factor for Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP); however, it has also been proposed as an adjunct to decrease inflammation and respiratory failure. Objective: To determine the association between preadmission corticosteroid use and risk of moderate-to-severe respiratory failure at the time of PCP presentation. Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated HIV-negative immunosuppressed adults diagnosed with PCP at Mayo Clinic from 2006 to 2016. Multivariable regression models were used to evaluate the association between preadmission corticosteroid exposure and moderate-to-severe respiratory failure at presentation. Results: Of the 323 patients included, 174 (54%) used preadmission corticosteroids with a median daily dosage of 20 (interquartile range: 10-40) mg of prednisone or equivalent. After adjustment for baseline demographics, preadmission corticosteroid therapy did not decrease respiratory failure at the time of PCP presentation (odds ratio: 1.23, 95% confidence interval: 0.73-2.09, P = .38). Additionally, after adjusting for inpatient corticosteroid administration, preadmission corticosteroid use did not impact the need for intensive care unit admission ( P = .98), mechanical ventilation ( P = .92), or 30-day mortality ( P = .11). Conclusions: Corticosteroid exposure before PCP presentation in immunosuppressed HIV-negative adults was not associated with a reduced risk of moderate-to-severe respiratory failure.
Anti–α-enolase antibody combined with β2 microglobulin evaluated the incidence of nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Huang Y , Chen L , Chen K , Huang F , Feng Y , Xu Z , Wang W 
Published: February 2019

Objective Anti–α-enolase antibody (Ab) combined with β2 microglobulin (β2-MG) were investigated to predict the incidence of nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Methods Levels of serum anti–α-enolase Ab and urinary β2-MG were detected in 115 SLE patients, 29 SLE patients with nephritis and 70 healthy controls by ELISA and immunoturbidimetry, respectively. Furthermore, the correlation between anti–α-enolase Ab combined with β2-MG and the incidence of nephritis in SLE patients was evaluated by correlation analysis. Results The optical density value of serum anti–α-enolase Ab in SLE patients with nephritis (0.84) was greatly increased compared with SLE patients (0.76) or healthy controls (0.54). Moreover, the levels of urinary β2-MG in SLE patients with nephritis (6.75 mg/L) were increased compared with SLE patients (3.45 mg/L) or healthy controls (1.48 mg/L). There was a positive correlation between the level of anti–α-enolase Ab and β2-MG ( r = 0.754). Furthermore, anti–α-enolase Ab combined with β2-MG for evaluating the incidence of nephritis in SLE patients had the best assessment of the effectiveness (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC): 92.7%) compared with only anti–α-enolase Ab (AUC: 80.9%) or β2-MG (AUC: 84.5%). Conclusion These data suggested that anti–α-enolase Ab may be a potential indicator for the prediction of nephritis in SLE patients.
Associations Between Rejection Sensitivity, Aggression, and Victimization: A Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Gao Shuling , Assink Mark , Liu Tinting , Chan Ko Ling , Ip Patrick 
Published: February 2019

Background: Rejection sensitivity (RS) is a personality disposition characterized by oversensitivity to social rejection; individuals who are sensitive to social rejection tend to anxiously or angrily expect, readily perceive, and overreact to it. The associations between (a) RS and aggression and (b) RS and victimization have been studied in recent years. However, the strength of these associations varied considerably between studies. This review aimed to synthesize the primary literature to improve our insight into these associations. Method: A comprehensive literature search yielded 52 studies (with a total of 66,405 participants and producing 203 effect sizes) on the RS-aggression and RS-victimization associations. Three-level meta-analytic models were used to synthesize effect sizes and to examine potential moderators of the RS-aggression association and the RS-victimization association, respectively. Results: There was a small but significant association between RS and aggression (pooled r = .183; p < .001) and a slightly below moderate and significant association between RS and victimization (pooled r = .298; p < .001). The RS-aggression association was stronger for angry RS than for anxious RS and stronger for reactive aggression than for proactive aggression. Similar results were obtained in analyzing the longitudinal associations only. Conclusions: RS is significantly associated with aggression and victimization. The implications of the results for clinical practice as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Diabetic patients are almost twice as likely to experience complications from arthroscopic rotator cuff repair
Authors: Borton Z , Shivji F , Simeen S , Williams R , Tambe A , Espag M , Cresswell T , Clark D 
Published: February 2019

Aims Large population-based studies have demonstrated increased prevalence of rotator cuff disease amongst diabetics. Recent studies have suggested comparable clinical outcomes from rotator cuff repair despite suggestions of increased complication rates amongst diabetics. However, there is a relative paucity of studies considering the effect of diabetes upon complication rate. We aim to report and quantify the effect of diabetes on complication rates following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Materials and methods A retrospective review of a consecutive series of patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between January 2011 and December 2014 was performed. Diabetic status and complication data defined as infection, frozen shoulder, re-tear or re-operation were collected and interrogated. Results A total of 462 patients were included at median follow-up of 5.6 years. Diabetics were significantly more likely to experience frozen shoulder (15.8% vs. 4.4%, p = 0.001), re-tear (26.3% vs. 15.6%, p = 0.042) or at least one complication following surgery (35.1% vs. 22.7%, p = 0.041) compared to non-diabetics. These equated to odds ratios of 4.03, 1.94 and 1.84, respectively. Conclusions Diabetic patients are almost twice as likely to experience complications following arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, including double the risk of repair failure and more than four times the risk of frozen shoulder.
A gene-based recessive diplotype exome scan discovers FGF6, a novel hepcidin-regulating iron-metabolism gene
Authors: Guo Shicheng , Jiang Shuai , Epperla Narendranath , Ma Yanyun , Maadooliat Mehdi , Ye Zhan , Olson Brent , Wang Minghua , Kitchner Terrie , Joyce Jeffrey , An Peng , Wang Fudi , Strenn Robert , Mazza Joseph J. , Meece Jennifer K. , Wu Wenyu , Jin Li , Smith Judith A. , Wang Jiucun , Schrodi Steven J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractStandard analyses applied to genome-wide association data are well designed to detect additive effects of moderate strength. However, the power for standard genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses to identify effects from recessive diplotypes is not typically high. We proposed and conducted a gene-based compound heterozygosity test to reveal additional genes underlying complex diseases. With this approach applied to iron overload, a strong association signal was identified between the fibroblast growth factor–encoding gene, FGF6, and hemochromatosis in the central Wisconsin population. Functional validation showed that fibroblast growth factor 6 protein (FGF-6) regulates iron homeostasis and induces transcriptional regulation of hepcidin. Moreover, specific identified FGF6 variants differentially impact iron metabolism. In addition, FGF6 downregulation correlated with iron-metabolism dysfunction in systemic sclerosis and cancer cells. Using the recessive diplotype approach revealed a novel susceptibility hemochromatosis gene and has extended our understanding of the mechanisms involved in iron metabolism.
HAP1 loss confers l-asparaginase resistance in ALL by downregulating the calpain-1-Bid-caspase-3/12 pathway
Authors: Lee Jung Kwon , Kang SungMyung , Wang Xidi , Rosales Jesusa L. , Gao Xu , Byun Hee-Guk , Jin Yan , Fu Songbin , Wang Jinghua , Lee Ki-Young 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
l-Asparaginase (l-ASNase) is a strategic component of treatment protocols for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It causes asparagine deficit, resulting in protein synthesis inhibition and subsequent leukemic cell death and ALL remission. However, patients often relapse because of the development of resistance, but the underlying mechanism of ALL cell resistance to l-asparaginase remains unknown. Through unbiased genome-wide RNA interference screening, we identified huntingtin associated protein 1 (HAP1) as an ALL biomarker for l-asparaginase resistance. Knocking down HAP1 induces l-asparaginase resistance. HAP1 interacts with huntingtin and the intracellular Ca2+ channel, inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor to form a ternary complex that mediates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release upon stimulation with inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate3. Loss of HAP1 prevents the formation of the ternary complex and thus l-asparaginase-mediated ER Ca2+ release. HAP1 loss also inhibits external Ca2+ entry, blocking an excessive rise in [Ca2+]i, and reduces activation of the Ca2+-dependent calpain-1, Bid, and caspase-3 and caspase-12, leading to reduced number of apoptotic cells. These findings indicate that HAP1 loss prevents l-asparaginase–induced apoptosis through downregulation of the Ca2+-mediated calpain-1-Bid-caspase-3/12 apoptotic pathway. Treatment with BAPTA-AM [1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester)] reverses the l-asparaginase apoptotic effect in control cells, supporting a link between l-asparaginase-induced [Ca2+]i increase and apoptotic cell death. Consistent with these findings, ALL patient leukemic cells with lower HAP1 levels showed resistance to l-asparaginase, indicating the clinical relevance of HAP1 loss in the development of l-asparaginase resistance, and pointing to HAP1 as a functional l-asparaginase resistance biomarker that may be used for the design of effective treatment of l-asparaginase-resistant ALL.
Quantitative multivolume proton-magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cystic fibrosis lung disease: comparison with clinical indicators
Authors: Pennati Francesca , Salito Caterina , Borzani Irene , Cervellin Giulia , Gambazza Simone , Guarise Riccardo , Russo Maria Chiara , Colombo Carla , Aliverti Andrea 
Published: February 2019

This cross-sectional study aims to verify the relationship between quantitative multivolume proton-magnetic resonance imaging (1H-MRI) and clinical indicators of ventilatory abnormalities in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease.Non-enhanced chest MRI, spirometry and multiple breath washout was performed by 28 patients (10–27 years) with CF lung disease. Images acquired at end-inspiration and end-expiration were registered by optical flow to estimate expiratory–inspiratory proton-density change (Δ1H-MRI) as a measure of regional ventilation. Magnetic resonance images were also evaluated using a CF-specific scoring system.Biomarkers of CF ventilation impairment were defined from the Δ1H-MRI as follows: Δ1H-MRI median, Δ1H-MRI quartile coefficient of variation (QCV) and percentage of low-ventilation volume (%LVV). Imaging biomarkers correlated to all the clinical measures of ventilation abnormality, with the strongest correlation between Δ1H-MRI median and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r2=0.44, p<0.001), Δ1H-MRI QCV and lung clearance index (LCI) (r2=0.51, p<0.001) and %LVV and LCI (r2=0.66, p<0.001). Correlations were also found between imaging biomarkers of ventilation and morphological scoring.The study showed a significant correlation between quantitative multivolume MRI and clinical indicators of CF lung disease. MRI, as a non-ionising imaging technique, may be particularly attractive in CF care for longitudinal evaluation, providing a new imaging biomarker to detect early ventilatory abnormalities.
The relationship between responsive caregiving and child outcomes: evidence from direct observations of mother-child dyads in Pakistan
Authors: Scherer Elissa , Hagaman Ashley , Chung Esther , Rahman Atif , O’Donnell Karen , Maselko Joanna 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundResponsive caregiving, or interactions in which caregivers give appropriate responses to a child’s signals, is linked to improved psychosocial, cognitive and physical outcomes in children. However, much remains unknown about how responsive caregiving affects child development across cultural and socioeconomic contexts. The purpose of this study is to examine predictors of maternal responsive caregiving and investigate how these interactions are associated with children’s development.MethodsData for the current analyses came from a longitudinal study designed to follow mothers from the third trimester through the first three years of the child’s life. To assess responsive caregiving, the Observation of Mother-Child Interaction (OMCI) measure was used to examine maternal and child behaviors during a 5-min picture book activity at 24 months. Outcomes included child height-for-age z-score and child socioemotional development, using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-Socioemotional (ASQ-SE) in which lower scores demonstrated better development. Using mean comparisons, the effects of baseline sociodemographic factors and maternal depression on responsive caregiving were tested. Analyses utilized hierarchical linear regressions to examine cross-sectional associations between responsive caregiving and child development outcomes at 24 months. Additional analyses controlled for the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME), a common measure in low-income contexts of caregiving, to assess whether OMCI was uniquely predictive of child outcomes.ResultsHigher maternal education attainment, lower number of children, greater socioeconomic assets, and lack of maternal depression were associated with higher levels of observed responsive caregiving behaviors. Higher total OMCI scores were associated with positive child socioemotional outcomes in adjusted models (β: -0.84, 95% CI [− 1.40, − 0.29]). The finding was statistically significant, even after controlling for HOME score (β: -0.83, 95% CI [− 1.38, − 0.27]). There was no association between OMCI scores and child linear growth.ConclusionsResponsive caregiving is linked to positive child socioemotional development in rural Pakistan. Our findings suggest that incorporating responsive caregiving into child health interventions in LMIC may have valuable impacts on child socioemotional development. The OMCI may be useful in identifying important pathways for change to responsive caregiving behaviors and may be of service for future interventions that optimize child development through responsive caregiving.Trial registrationNCT02111915(09/18/2015);NCT02658994(01/22/2016). Trials were prospectively registered.