bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR UNITAS SUPER ASAL Chromolaena Odorata TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL PADI HITAM (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Munir Jamilah , Kurniawan Beben , Zahanis Zahanis 
Published: August 2018

The aim of this research was to know the influence of concentration and interval of Liquid organic manure (LOM) Unitas Super (US) form Chromolaena odorata on growth and yield of black rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was conducted from October 2016 to March 2017 in Lubuk Minturun Urban Village, Koto Tangah Sub-district, Padang. The experiments were arranged in Completely Randomized Design, with 6 doses of POC Unitas Super (US) (v/v) with water, ie; 0 ml L-1 (F1); 50 ml L-1, 1 time a week (F2), 50 ml L-1, 1 time 2 weeks (F3), 100 ml L-1, a weekly (F4), 100 ml L-1, 1 time every 2 weeks (F5); 150 ml L-1 POC US, 1 time every 3 weeks (F6), and 3 replications. The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) 5% real level. If the treatment had a significant effect, it was continued with LSD test of 5% real level. Parameters observed include; Plant height, the maximum number of tillers and productive, flowering age, harvest, panicle length, the number of grains per panicle, weight of 1000 seeds, the weight of dry grain per hectare, percentage of empty grain and harvest index. The experimental results proved that there was an influence of LOM Unitas Super treatments on maximum tillers, empty grain, panicle length and dry grain harvest, and some other parameters were not significance. The conclusion was the giving of 50 ml L-1 POC Unitas Super given every week is the best treatment. The highest rice yield reached 6.79 tons ha-1 dry milled grain, with harvest index reached 0.49.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI ETHEPON TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN MENTIMUN VARIETAS LOKAL DAN ANTARA (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Hera Novita , Syarif Zulfadly , Chaniago Irawati 
Published: August 2018

Research on the effect of giving various concentration ethepon to growth and production of cucumber was conducted in Nagari Kacang Kecamatan X Koto Singkarak, Solok, West Sumatra, from June to August 2008. The objectives of the study were (1) get interaction between several concentrations of ethephon with cucumber varieties, (2) obtaining the best ethepon concentration, (3) and knowing cucumber varieties that have better production. Factorial-factored experiments in Randomized Block Design with 2 factors and 3 groups. The first factor of ethepon concentration consisted of five levels 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 ppm. The second factor is cucumber varieties of Local and Antara varieties. Observed variables: plant length, number of branches, when first male flowers appear, when the first female flowers appear, the number of male flowers, the number of female flowers, the number of straight fruit, the number of fruit is not straight, the fruit weight is straight, fruit weight is not straight. Providing ethepon concentration with crop varieties has an effect on growth and production of cucumber , that is when the first male flowers appear (hst). Provision of ethepon concentration of 200 ppm showed a better effect on the number of female flowers, the number of straight fruit, and the weight of the fruit straight. Factor varieties, singularly different to plant length variables, when the first female flowers appear, the number of straight fruit, the number of crooked fruit, the weight of the fruit straight, and the weight of the bent fruit. Local varieties show better production than Antara varieties.
Water Security in a Changing Climate
Authors: Glantz M.H. 
Published: August 2018

The notion of «the water world we want» is a spin-off of the United Nations campaign The World We Want. It is open to subjective interpretation, as people have different perceptions of a desired future. Each person or organization is likely to identify their own set of key concerns: food, clean (uncontaminated) water, sustained agricultural productivity, sustainable use of land and ocean resources, healthy lives and secure livelihoods. But whatever utopian world view one creates, it cannot be achieved without adequate sustained water supplies.In 2009, the then United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon noted: It is well known that water is life; what this Report shows is that water also means livelihoods. It is the route out of poverty for individuals and communities. Managing water is essential if the world is to achieve sustainable development.This challenge is even more pressing as the world confronts the triple threats of climate change, rising food and energy costs, and the global economic crisis. All three are exacerbating poverty, inequality and underdevelopment.It is apparent that climate, water and weather-related concerns are mounting. Societies are becoming increasingly aware that impacts of extreme hydrometeorological events expected to occur in, say, the 2050s are starting to appear decades earlier. These extreme events — related to climate change — are likely to increase in frequency, intensity and severity.
Russian-Chinese Relations: Political and Economic Aspect
Authors: Grishin O. E. , Trofimova A. V. 
Published: August 2018

International relations play a vital role in modern politics. They differ from any other relations by several features: spontaneity, lack of a single core of power and the center for making centralized decisions, coverage of all spheres of life of the participants involved in the process and the increasing influence of subjective factors. The scale that embraces international relations differs in «verticals» and «contours». They include global, regional and specific relationships, as well as group and bilateral relations.China and Russia are connected by centuries-old history. Russian-Chinese relations and their dynamic development are of interest to the political science community. At present, they form an important material basis for cooperation in the areas of trade and economy, contributing to the development of the Russian economy.China supports and subsidizes projects that ensure its interests in Russia. Political and economic cooperation between Russia and China is developing actively and is using more and more resources. The more important it becomes to maintain good-neighbor and productive relations. Russian-Chinese relations affect many spheres of life of the two States: scientific, economic, military, cultural, etc.in this light, economic cooperation stands out as one of the main. Russian-Chinese trade and economic cooperation is actively analyzed in the works of many researchers, but there is no consensus on the most important vectors of cooperation and prospects for its development. In this regard, the analysis and structuring of some areas of Russian-Chinese relations, foreign economic relations, opportunities for the development of relations between Russia and China, as well as their transition to a new level are becoming urgent.China is the largest trade partner of Russia and an investor who is interested in promoting some projects implemented in Russia. For this reason, the development of successful and fruitful relations is in the first place among the leaders of the two powers. The need for multidirectional trade and economic relations is also conditioned by geopolitical, cultural and historical factors.
Shale Gas Production in the Post-Soviet Countries: First Results and Problems
Authors: Zhiltsov S. S. , Zonn I. S. 
Published: August 2018

This chapter considers the approaches and possibilities of exploration and use of shale gas in the countries of the former USSR. Many of them became interested in the results of the US “shale revolution” which opened the new stage in gas production. Some post-Soviet countries are eager by using shale gas to reduce their dependence on external deliveries, thus, attaining energy independence.The data on shale gas reserves in the post-Soviet countries are taken together; the preliminary results of energy policy in these countries concerning development of the shale gas deposits are presented; the first results of oil and gas company activities are analyzed.Of all post-Soviet countries, Ukraine was most active in this respect having declared about possessing the greatest shale gas reserves. Ukraine invited foreign oil and gas companies which showed interest in the shale deposits. But the shale gas production in Ukraine acquired political dimensions impeding the objective assessment of startup conditions and likely consequences of shale gas extraction for the people and natural environment. Shale gas was in the focus of attention of the authorities in Kazakhstan and Moldavia which considered this hydrocarbon resource as the significant factor for diversification of hydrocarbon supply and ensuring independence of the Russian gas. “Shale revolution” was not neglected in Russia which had to take into account the shale gas factor in the world energy balance adjusting its policy respectively. USA made attempt to push its shale contracts in Russia, thus, ensuring access to the Russian gas market. On the one hand, Russia remained indifferent to the shale boom and went on implementation of its pipeline projects, but, on the other hand, it does not waive off absolutely the potential of this hydrocarbon resource.In general, the post-Soviet countries regardless of the lack of a legislative base, technologies and unresolved environmental issues have shown certain interest in shale gas production.
Modernization of the Caspian States economy (Kazakhstan as an example)
Authors: Kuzmina E. M. 
Published: August 2018

The emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union countries of the Caspian region have much in common in their resource and economic conditions. The dynamics of their development is also largely identical. Therefore, the article considers the processes of modernization of the Kazakhstan’s economy during the independence period as a typical state of the region. The author investigated the reasons for the choice of the resource model in the course of going to the world economy and the government actions on economic modernization and the beginning of the transition to innovation and industrial development.
Ensuring Food Security of Kazakhstan by the Integrated Water Resources Management
Authors: Sennikov M. N. , Omarova G. E. 
Published: August 2018

One of the main objectives of the states located in the territory of arid regions is the timely obtaining solid and exhaustive data, the forecasts connected with the climatic phenomena, allowing to provide the timely organization of works on safety and prevention of possible damage to agriculture and in general all national economy. This task can be solved only in the presence of well adjusted, system of collecting, processing and implementation of information. For ensuring food security of the country it is necessary to provide the integrated control system of water resources at timely coordination of all stages of regulation on the basis of multiplefactor monitoring of indicators.The increasing deficiency of water resources in basins of the cross-border rivers of the arid region of the republic demands introduction of the new scheme of management which would allow their use in the conditions of limitation.Due to the formation of the new independent states need of improvement of the existing organizational forms of ownership and water resources management of the cross-border rivers which will be proved on rules of international law and the best practice of cooperation pools when sharing taking into account the interests of the adjacent countries of the region is caused. The main priority direction of the arid region of the republic is development of long-term programs, proved on a package of measures and actions for water economy, maintaining her quality and increase in an ecological situation of water management systems.Now each country develops own strategies of water use which leads to strengthening of the competition for water, sharpening of deficiency of water and environmental problems, both on interstate, and at the regional level. Further, the issue of ensuring food security in the conditions of impact of climate change on agriculture is resolved. The existing risks connected with climate changes and ways of adaptation of agricultural production have been defined.The main national policy of the republic is aimed at ensuring the food security with the balance of production. Considering features of the region and the available restrictions as: existence of the irrigated lands, their efficiency, limitation of water resources and their effective use has to be proved on universal introduction of water-conservation technologies of irrigation when carrying out complex reconstruction of irrigating systems and the principles of the integrated use of water resources.
Turkish policy in the South Caucasus
Authors: Suvanova M. S. 
Published: August 2018

The South Caucasus region traditionally has an important role to play in global politics. This region for centuries has been an arena of confrontation for geopolitical and geostrategic interests between regional states and world powers; this affected the main transport routes, different cultures and religions. With the collapse of the USSR, the South Caucasus became an important and strategic place for Western countries; this bolstered the weakening of Russian influence in the region and the creation of a catalyst for further strengthening of its partners. Western countries sought to establish control over the extraction and diversification of Azerbaijani hydrocarbons. To fulfill these goals Western countries have relied on their ally Turkey, which also pursues its interests in the South Caucasus region.Since the early 1990s, Turkey’s policy towards the countries of the South Caucasus has intensified. Turkey developed policies of expanding its influence in the region. These policies were complex; it included both economic, energy and cultural components. A key element of Turkey’s policy in the region was the energy aspect. In the issue of diversifying the energy resources of the South Caucasus Turkey has made significant progress by implementing projects of pipelines going through its territory, she achieved the status of an energetic conveyor. Another important area of Turkey’s policy in the South Caucasus was the cultural and educational aspect. It is based on the policy of «neo-Ottomanism», which includes elements of «pan-Turkism». The main purpose of this idea was to expand Turkey’s influence by educating pro-Turkic youth in the countries of the region, and also create a positive image for Turkey among various segments of the population that would support its policies.The peculiarity of Turkey’s policy is a multilateral and flexible policy that includes both economic integration, energy cooperation, and a soft and effective policy that includes cultural interaction based on ethnic and linguistic similarity.
Modern hydro-energy problems in Central Asia
Authors: Zakharova K. S. 
Published: August 2018

One of the most complex problems for Central Asia is scarcity of fresh water and related transboundary water-sharing. The current situation is the result of countries` economic policy, lack of regional engagement on water use, global climate change, population growth and increased consumption of water resources, what has already influenced on reducing water availability.Feature of Central Asian drainage system is extremely uneven distribution of water resources not only throughout the region, but also throughout each country, what does not let republics take full advantage of water resources in its ensuring of the national interests. The major water sources of the region located on the territory of two countries as Kyrgyz Republic and Republic of Tajikistan, what causes difficulties in relations of these countries with Republic of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Republic of Uzbekistan. Furthermore, situation is compounded by different approaches of Central Asian countries to water use.Since the early 1990s, water issues became a factor of regional security. The potential of conflict in current mechanisms for water distribution is notably high, that is why water issues one of the priorities on the list of Central Asian problems and requires constant monitoring. Despite many discussion and attempts to resolve regional water problem, the sides have not come to an agreement. Involvement of other countries and international organizations in development of water problem solution has not been successful.With the election of a new President of Republic of Uzbekistan, there have been a warming of relations in the region and trend towards joint policy-making with respect to Central Asian development. That could have a positive impact on the situation with hydro-energy resources.
Balancing Graduate School and Mothering: Is There a Choice?
Authors: Prikhidko Alena , Haynes Cliff 
Published: August 2018

Aim/Purpose: Multiple emotional and cognitive resources are needed for graduate students to overcome stress associated with balancing studies and personal life. This research aimed to explore the difficulties, which graduate student-mothers face while balancing school and parenting, and describe mechanisms of the balancing process.

Background: Graduate student-mothers need to structure their time so that they can equally distribute their energy between their children and graduate school work. Mothers face challenges in balancing graduate school and parenting, making choices between school and family responsibilities. This paper addresses the perceptions and experiences of graduate student-mothers who navigate coping with multiple role responsibilities.

Methodology: Researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with eight graduate student-mothers who studied at a research-intensive university. Thematic analysis was used to explore the process of balancing graduate school and mothering.

Contribution:	In this paper we describe the mechanisms of the balancing process among graduate student-mothers and lay a foundation for the future research on coping strategies utilized by this population.

Findings: Student-mothers may perceive balancing graduate school and mothering as a challenge, feeling guilty for not spending enough time at school and with their children, and experiencing stress choosing between school and mothering responsibilities. The coping mechanisms for balancing graduate school and parenting roles are compartmentalization, changing behavior, and changing thoughts.

Recommendations for Practitioners	: Graduate student-mothers could benefit from specific psychotherapeutic services within their institutions, learning to deal with the stress of balancing graduate school and mothering. Compartmentalization is a balancing mechanism that mothers may learn to use in counseling, separating life experiences of school and family in their mind and preventing feelings from one area of life – graduate school – to intervene with emotions related to mothering.

Impact on Society: Current research highlights the necessity of counseling services tailored specifically for graduate student-mothers, who may have increased levels of stress due to multiple responsibilities.

Future Research: The research on the effectiveness of suggested counseling strategies should follow.
Physical Model Test for Soft Soil With or Without Prefabricated Vertical Drain with Loading
Authors: Do Dao Huu , Khue Nguyen Thi Phuong , Hai Phan Khac 
Published: August 2018

The paper builds a physical model of testing in the laboratory with the parametric tempered glass box 0.5 0.5 1.2 m (length width depth) containing saturated clay to study the settlement and consolidation when loading increased gradually over time. The research covers herein to present the monitoring of settlement and pore water pressure, settlement calculation, numerical simulation using PLAXIS software V8.2 based on the results of soil physical and mechanical tests before and after loading in case of having or not prefabricated vertical drain (PVD). In case of no PVD, the calculation and numerical simulation using the soil parameters before loading have the differential settlement from the monitoring data, approximately 3.86 mm (10.45%), 0.41 mm (1.11%) respectively. Meanwhile, the deviation in the case using data after loading is about 2.29 mm (6.20%), 0.21 mm (0.56%) respectively. In case of PVD, the calculation and numerical simulation with the testing result of before loading deviation from the settlement monitoring by subsidence meter is 2.91 mm (7.88%), 44.42 mm (120.28%), calculation and simulation with the testing result of after loading deviation is 0.80 mm (2.17%), 1.26 mm (3.41%). In the case of having PVD, the difference in calculation, subsidence observation, and numerical simulation between the mechanical properties before and after loading is significant, when using the mechanical data after loading then the results are quite close to the subsidence of observation and simulation rather than before loading.
A Modified Meta-Heuristic Approach for Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pickup and Delivery
Authors: Faiz Alfian , Subiyanto Subiyanto , Arief Ulfah Mediaty 
Published: August 2018

The aim of this work is to develop an intelligent optimization software based on enhanced VNS meta-heuristic to tackle Vehicle Routing Problem with Simultaneous Pickup and Delivery (VRPSPD). An optimization system developed based on enhanced Variable Neighborhood Search with Perturbation Mechanism and Adaptive Selection Mechanism as the simple but effective optimization approach presented in this work. The solution method composed by combining Perturbation based Variable Neighborhood Search (PVNS) with Adaptive Selection Mechanism (ASM) to control perturbation scheme. Instead of stochastic approach, selection of perturbation scheme used in the algorithm employed an empirical selection based on each perturbation scheme success along the search. The ASM help algorithm to get more diversification degree and jumping from local optimum condition using most successful perturbation scheme empirically in the search process. A comparative analysis with a well-known exact approach is presented to test the solution method in a generated VRPSPD benchmark instance in limited computation time. Then a test to VRPSPD scenario provided by a liquefied petroleum gas distribution company is performed. The test result confirms that solution method present superior performance against exact approach solution in giving best solution for larger sized instance and successfully obtain substantial improvements when compared to the basic VNS and original route planning technique used by a distributor company.