bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROTEIN PATTERNS DURING GERMINATION OF Lactuca sativa `Empire'.
Authors: Still David W. , Bradford Kent J. 
Published: February 2019

Lettuce seeds were germinated at 20 C in the dark in water and sampled at various intervals during the first 18h of germination to determine quantitative and qualitative differences in proteins. The soluble protein fraction was partitioned into albumins and globulins by dialysis and the proteins of the globulin fraction were visualized by SDS-PAGE. Heat stable proteins were obtained by boiling the proteins, cooling on ice, and resuspending in buffer.The soluble protein content remained constant during the first 8h of germination. Thereafter protein content decreased and was 6% of the amount present in unimbibed seed in 21 day old seedlings. The ratio of heat stable to heat unstable proteins decreased during the germination process. No differences in banding patterns were observed when the soluble protein fraction were run on SDS-PAGE. However, on gels run with the globulin fraction a 57 kD protein appeared 4 and 8 h after imbibition and had disappeared by 12 h after imbibition. The role of proteins and heat-stable proteins during germination and prevention of dessication during early seedling growth is discussed.
FOLIAR NUTRIENT–COMPOSITION OF DENDRANTHEMA GRANDIFLORA TZVELEV. `SPEARS' IN RESPONSE TO INCORPORATED APPLICATIONS-OF CONTROLLED-RELEASED FERTILIZERS
Authors: Owings Allen D. , Meadows Warren A. , Fuller Donald L. , Stewart Melinda R. 
Published: February 2019

Recent studies at Louisiana State University evaluated incorporated rates (0.72, 1.08, and 1.44 kg N/m3) of controlled-release fertilizers (Chrysanthemum Mix 12N-4.4P-14.1K, Osmocote 14N-6.1P-11.6K, and Nutricote Type 70 14N-6.1P-11.6K) on the foliar nutrient composition of `Spears' potted chrysanthemums. Recently mature leaf tissue was sampled at flowering and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn.Increasing application rates reduced Ca and M g content in leaf tissue, while N, P, and K increased with an increase in application rates. Chrysanthemum Mix 12N-4.4P-14.1K provided more K to leaf tissue than did Osmocote or Nutricote Type 70 14N-6.1P-11.6K.
BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL WITH CONTINUOUS GREENHOUSE CULTURE
Authors: D'Angelo Anthony J. , Quinn James 
Published: February 2019

A strategy for controlling pests with biological control was sought for production of salad greens and herbs in a nutrient film technique (NFT) growing system. A case study was initiated in October 1989 using a one half hectare greenhouse range (1988 construction) with no past or present synthetic insecticide use. Problematic pests were aphids and thrips. A natural predator/pest cycle (NPC) area was established (5% of total greenhouse area with potted herbs on benches) to provide an area for predators to establish and reproduce. Introduced predators, which successfully reproduced in the greenhouse, were Apidoletes aphidimyza (aphid control), Amblyseius macKenzie, and A. cucumeris (thrip control), Encarsia formosa (whitefly control), and Phyoseiulus persimilus (two spotted spider mite control), Naturally occuring predators of importance included a wasp parasitoid of aphids (Hymenoptera) and an insect predator, the minute pirate bug (Hemipters, Anthocoridae), which feeds on thrips and aphids.Two flying predators of aphids (A. aphidimyza and the wasp parasitoid) dispersed well from the NPC area and provided effective control. The technique of applying the thrips predators, a slow moving mite to flats shortly before transplanting provided good dispersal on all transplants. The time for effective control by the predator was 4 to 6 weeks. Effective control was observed in chives but not shorter cycle crops (3 to 5 weeks average). Immature minute pirate bugs were also observed in the chives assisting in control. Effective spider mite control was accomplished 2 to 3 weeks after the release of P. persimills into infested area. Whitefly populations have been effectively controlled by E. formosa.
USE OF YARD WASTE COMPOST IN POTTING MIXES
Authors: McConnell Dennis B. , Smith Wayne H. 
Published: February 2019

Three foliage plants, Dracaena fragrans, Peperomia obtusifolia and Schefflera arboricola were grown in 24 different mixes. Potting mixes were formulated using yard waste compost from two sources, a commercial mix (Metro 300) and a prepared mix (peat: pine bark sand). All potting mixes produced acceptable plants with no phytotoxicity associated with any mix. Only minor differences were discerned in the growth rate of P. obtusifolia and S. arboricola.The growth rate of D. fragrans showed the greatest response to potting mix formulations. Plants in a standard potting mix (P/PB/S) used in the industry for D. fragrans grew slower than plants in many of the mixes containing various fractions of yard waste compost. Chemical and physical properties of the potting mixes used showed physical properties had the greatest variability. Overall, the best growth for all 3 plants was in a potting mix composed of 87.5% Metro 300/12. 5% YWC#1 and worst growth was in YWC#2 (100% composted (live oak leaves).
FIELD PERFORMANCE OF BIO-PRIMING FOR PROTECTION OF sh2 SWEET CORN FROM PREEMERGENCE DAMPING-OFF CAUSED BY PYTHIUM ULTIMUM.
Authors: Callan Nancy W. , Miller James B. , Mathre Don E. 
Published: February 2019

Shrunken-2 supersweet (sh2) sweet corn is susceptible to preemergence damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum, especially when planted into cold soil. Bio-priming, a seed treatment which combines the establishment of a bioprotectant on the seed with preplant seed hydration, was developed to protect seeds from damping-off.In a series of field experiments conducted in Montana's Bitterroot and Gallatin Valleys, bio-priming or seed bacterization with Pseudomonas fluorescens AB254 protected sweet corn from P. ultimum damping-off. Bio-priming corn seed with P. fluorescens AB254 was comparable to treatment with the fungicide metalaxyl in increasing seedling emergence. Seedlings from bio-primed seeds emerged from the soil more rapidly than from nontreated seeds and were larger at three weeks postplanting. Seeds of sh 2 and sugary enhancer (se) sweet corn, as well as that of several sh 2 cultivars, were protected from damping-off by bio-priming.
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC SHADE AND FOLIAR NUTRIENT SPRAYS ON APPLE SPUR VIGOR AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: Robinson Terence L. , Ren Zhongbo 
Published: February 2019

Eleven year-old Empire/M.7 apple trees were shaded continously for 4 years with half-tree shading cages. Shading reduced primary spur leaf duration, bourse shoot leaf area, specific leaf weight, spur diameter and bud diameter. Over the four years, shaded spurs continued to increase in length but spur diameter increased very little resulting in long and brittle spurs. However, shaded spurs continued to flower and set fruit. Leaf area development was similar inside and outside the cages at one week after bloom but by 2 weeks after bloom, spurs inside the cages had significantly lower leaf area. Shading reduced fruit set, fruit size, fruit color, fruit soluble solids and fruit dry matter. Fruit growth rate was reduced by shading early in the season but was no different than the unshaded controls by 4 weeks after full bloom.In an attempt to reverse the negative effects of shading on spur vigor, foliar urea, zinc-EDTA and solubor were sprayed 3 times during the early growing season each year. Rather than increasing spur leaf area, foliar nutrient sprays significantly reduced bourse shoot leaf area and did not increase the duration of primary spur leaves. Although foliar nutrients reduced total spur leaf area, they improved fruit size, color and soluble solids slightly.
A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON A STATEWIDE YARDWASTE COMPORTING PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA
Authors: May James H. , Relf P. Diane , Simpson Thomas 
Published: February 2019

The Commonwealth of Virginia has mandated a recycling goal of 10% of municipal solid waste (MSW) by 1991, 15% by 1993, and 25% by 1995. Yardwaste (leaves, grass clippings, shrub and tree prunings) comprises 15% to 20% of MSW going to landfills daily. Yardwaste can be recycled by collecting material, piling it into large windrows, and allowing it to decompose by comporting. The finished product can be used as a soil amendment by nurseries, landscapers, farmers, local/state government projects, and homeowners.The Virginia Co-op. Ext. Service at VPI&SU was authorized to perform a feasibility study on implementing a statewide yardwaste comporting program. The methods included a literature review, site visits in other states to assess technologies, and surveys to determine potential uses and users of composted yardwaste in Virginia.The study was presented to the Virginia Dept. of Waste Mgmt. in November 1989, and as House Document No. 34 to the Virginia General Assembly. Three bills and one joint resolution are pending.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL TEMPERATURE VARIATION IN A GREENHOUSE
Authors: Rose Mark A. , White John W. 
Published: February 2019

Temperature affects all major plant physiological processes. Traditional methods of controlling greenhouse temperatures use aerial sensors that do not monitor temperatures within each component of the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum.Bench, pot, plant canopy, and aerial temperatures were monitored using thermocouples and thermistors processed by environmental computers during a wide range of greenhouse conditions. These include diurnal cycles of high and low solar radiation, night periods with and without artificial lighting, and various ventilation and heating conditions. Spatial temperature gradients of 10-22 °C were discovered during both day and night conditions. These spatial variations cause significant differences in average temperatures between and within benches over diurnal and even seasonal cycles.Preliminary surveys of microclimatic variations that occur within the greenhouse experimental area are essential for choosing the proper experimental design. Continuous environmental monitoring during the experiment is necessary for interpreting experimental results.
PHOTOPERIODIC REGULATION OF VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND GIBBERELLIN METABOLISM IN STRAWBERRY
Authors: Early Jack D. , Martin George C. 
Published: February 2019

Photoperiod is an important environmental signal for regulating developmental patterns in many plant species. In several species, photoperiodic regulation of gibberellin A1 biosynthesis has been implicated as the mechanism by which photoperiod may alter development. To examine this phenomenon in strawberry, Fragaria virginiana plants grown under long day (LD) and short day (SD) conditions with equivalent total PAR were examined to determine changes in vegetative growth and GA1 biosynthesis.LD conditions (16 hr) promoted vegetative growth. Runner production, total leaf area, area of individual leaves, and petiole lengths, all increased under LD conditions. No runner production occurred under SD conditions (8 hr); however, the number of branch crowns increased.Gibberellins A44, A19, A20, and A1, all from the GA1 biosynthetic pathway, were identified in plants under both LD and SD conditions. However, SD conditions appeared to affect the 2β-hydroxylation of GA20 to GA1. Whereas levels of most GAs decreased under SD conditions, levels of GA20 increased, and only trace amounts of GA1 were found, indicating a possible blockage of the pathway at this point. As GA1 is considered the active component of the pathway, blockage of GA20 conversion under SD conditions may explain the concomitant reduction in vegetative growth.
MICROPROPAGATION OF SELECTED DESERT-ADAPTED SPECIES
Authors: Huang Dao-Shun , Ho Jingkun , Backhaus Ralph 
Published: February 2019

Tissue culture methods have been developed for a number of desert-adapted species which have potential economic value. These species include gum tragacanth (Astragalus gossypinus), candelilla (Euphorbia antisyphilitica), guayule (Parthenium argentatum), cliff rose (Cowania stansburiana and C. subintegra), bottle tree (Brachychiton populneum), red squill (Urginea maritima), Arizona agave (Agave arizonica), and spider lily (Pancratium littorale). Axillary shoot proliferation for the dicotyledenous species of this group is induced using concentrations of 2 mg/L BAP, whereas the rooting requirements vary considerably. Micropropagation of the bulb-producing species, is accomplished by aseptic culture of bulb scales in darkness, followed by shoot proliferation of the bulblets and rooting. Micropropagation of Agave requires adventitious shoot formation from a callus intermediate followed by direct caulogenesis from subculture shoots and subsequent rooting.The potential benefit of these desert-adapted species and the usefulness of the micropropagation procedures will be discussed.
TIME OF FRUIT REMOVAL INFLUENCES RETURN BLOOM IN PECAN
Authors: Reid William 
Published: February 2019

Pecan trees, Carya illinoensis, often exhibit a strong alternate bearing pattern. The presence of a heavy seed crop inhibits terminals from fruiting the following season. This study was developed to discover at what point in the development of the pecan fruit does this inhibition take place. Six nut removal times were evaluated: (1) after pollination but before fertilization, (2) one-half ovule expansion, (3) full ovule expansion or water stage, (4) dough stage, (5) 3 weeks after the initiation of the dough stage, and (6) no fruit removal until harvest. The cultivar `Mohawk' was used for this randomized block experiment.Return bloom was significantly enhanced by the removal of fruit prior to the initiation of kernel filling (dough stage). Less than 10% of terminals that supported pecans through the dough stage were able to produce distillate flowers the following year. Twig mortality was significantly higher for terminals that completed kernel filling. These results indicate that nut thinning prior to the water stage may reduce the alternate bearing tendency in pecan.
PRUNE OVULE LONGEVITY: EFFECT OF CULTIVAR AND FALL-APPLIED ETHEPHON
Authors: Moreno Yerko M. , Miller Anita Nina 
Published: February 2019

Some cultivars of prune (i.e. `Brooks') consistently set good crops while others (i.e. `Italian') are erratic bearers. Fall-applied ethephon increases fruit set. Ovule longevity has been hypothesized to be an important factor in fruit retention. The effects of the cultivar and fall ethephon application on ovule longevity were determined.Ethephon (0 and 500 mg·l-1) was applied to `Italian' and `Brooks' prune trees at the 50% leaf drop stage. The following spring, flower buds were emasculated and covered to prevent pollination. Ten flowers were sampled every two days from anthesis until 20 days after anthesis (DAA). Flowers were fixed in FAP and ovule longevity determined using fluorescence microscopy. Ovule longevity was longer in `Brooks' than `Italian'. At 20 DAA, all of the `Brooks' flowers still had viable ovules. Only 40% of the `Italian' flowers had viable ovules. The `Italian' flowers excised from ethephon-treated trees had at least one non-senescent ovule at 17 DAA. Ethephon prolonged ovule longevity in `Italian' prune flowers. No effect of ethephon was observed on the ovule longevity of the `Brooks' prune.
THE EFFECT OF CHITOSAN COATING ON THE SHELF-LIFE OF GREEN PEPPERS AND CUCUMBERS.
Authors: El Ghaouth Ahmed , Arul Joseph , Ponnampalam Rathy , Castaigne Francois 
Published: February 2019

The effect of chitosan coating on green peppers and cucumbers stored at 13°C and 85% R.H. on weight loss, quality and respiration was assessed. Chitosan coating markedly reduced the weight loss of both green peppers and cucumbers, with greater effect at higher concentration. In addition, color loss, wilting, decay and respiration was significantly lower in coated fruits than in the control.The results of this study indicate that the mechanism by which chitosan coating delay senescence in green peppers and cucumbers is more likely due to its ability to alleviate water stress than to modify the internal microatmosphere.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PREHARVEST FRUIT SPLITTING IN ELLENDALE (C. reticulata).
Authors: Rabe Etienne , van Rensburg Piet , van der Walt Hennie , Bower John 
Published: February 2019

Preharvest fruit splitting (PFS) is a serious problem in Ellendales, especially in hot, humid climactical areas. In control unsprayed treatments PFS can vary from 14 to 30% of the final yield. Any treatment during the fullbloom (FE) period aimed at increasing fruit set (gibberellic acid (GA) sprays, girdling), increases PFS levels, ranging from 40 to 60% of the final yield. This relates to a significant shift (delay) in the normal fruit drop pattern as compared to untreated trees.We have evaluated various approaches aimed at reducing PFS in Ellendales: potassium treatments, from 10 weeks pre-blossom to six weeks after full-bloom, however, increased PFS levels, possibly due to increasing the initial fruit set levels; flower thinning, both chemical and mechanical, marginally reduced PFS, without adversely affecting yield; post-November drop GA application, 2,4-D and girdling treatments, aimed at stimulation of rind growth (not quantified) increased yields significantly (P<0.05) without concurrent increases in PFS.Cross pollinated trees, and resultant high seed content in the fruit, yielded fruit with thicker rinds, with little or no PFS. GA application at FE reduced fruit seed content and peel thickness and increased PFS.Any treatment causing high initial fruit set increases PFS. Flower: flower and fruit: fruit competition should be reduced early during the fruit growth phase, without adversely affecting final yields.
ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATE DEPLETION AND ETHYLENE IN FLOWER BUD ABSCISSION OF HIBISCUS ROSA-SINENSIS L.
Authors: Poole Barbara C. , Nell Terril A. , Barrett James E. 
Published: February 2019

Premature flower bud abscission imposes a serious limitation on longevity of potted Hibiscus in interiorscape situations, Ethylene is known to be one causative factor. Past research has suggested that carbohydrate depletion of buds may also be involved,A series of experiments was conducted to examine the relationship between carbohydrate levels and ethylene sensitivity of flower buds under low irradiance levels. Two cultivars were used: `Pink Versicolor', which is very susceptible to bud abscission, and the more resistant `Vista', In the first experiment, plants were harvested twice weekly after placement in interiorscape rooms (8.5 μmol m-2 s-1 for 12 hrs per day; 26.5°C day/night) until all buds had abscissed. At each harvest, buds from four size groups were collected for analysis. In the second experiment, source/sink strength of buds was manipulated by selective daily removal of certain sized buds. Remaining buds were collected just prior to abscission for analysis. In two additional experiments, `Pink Versicolor' plants were treated with either silver thiosulfate or ethephon prior to placement in interiorscape rooms. Plants were harvested twice weekly and buds collected. For all experiments, bud dry wt, total soluble sugars and starch content were determined.
THE EFFECTS OF WEED INTERFERENCE: IN NEWLY PLANTED VINEYARDS
Authors: Agamalian Harry S. 
Published: February 2019

Initial weed competition in newly planted grapevines can delay vine development, resulting in reduced first harvest. The experiments were conducted over a three year period on three wine grape varieties: Chardonnay, Semillon, and Napa Gamay.Dormant rooted plants were winter planted and subjected to soil applied preemergence herbicides. The experiment was conducted on a Greenfield sandy loam under sprinkler irrigation. Major weeds were little mallow (Malva pariflora), hairy nightshade (Solanum sarachoides), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), and Russian thistle (Sasola iberica).Vine growth was evaluated on cane weights, cane diameter, and cane length. Weed interference over the three year period resulted in 50% reduction in vine growth the first year. Yield data obtained from the third year resulted in significant differences between the weed free vines compared to the non-weeded treatments.
INFLUENCE OF SUPPLEMENTAL CA2+ ON UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION OF 22NA+ IN RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY
Authors: Wright G.C. , Drew M.C. , Patten K.D. 
Published: February 2019

Blueberry reducers in Texas must often irrigate with sodic water. Excess Na+ leads to reduced growth, necrosis, and plant mortality. Ca2+ is known to ameliorate such detrimental effects in many crops, but little is known about the response of rabbiteye blueberry. To elucidate the influence of Ca2+ on the uptake and translocation of Na+, plants were subjected to NaCl in hydroponics solutions (10, 25, 50 and 100 mM NaCl) and the uptake of Na+ was traced over a 24h period using 22Na+ Additionally, for each treatment, half the plants were supplied with 10 mM Ca2+. Plants were then transferred to identical, but unlabeled, solution, then harvested at intervals up to 28 days following cessation of labelling.Preliminary results indicate that plants subjected to 25 mM Na+ and 0 mM Ca2+ showed less ability to exclude Na+ from the roots, and accumulated more Na+ in roots, stems, an leaves than did plants supplied with 25 mM Na+ and 10 mM Ca2+. Leaf tissue accumulated more Na per gram fresh weight than did any other part of the plant, regardless of Ca2+ treatment.Results from the remaining treatments, root 22Na+ efflux data, and total tissue Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations will also be reported.
CELL GROWTH OF EUCALYPTUS SUSPENSION CULTURE
Authors: Rogers Suzanne M.D. , Rudolph Victoria E. , Dias Kalyani 
Published: February 2019

A suspension culture of Eucalyptus tereticornis was initiated from callus and grown for 7 months under indirect light in a Murashige and Skoog (1962) basal medium containing 3% glucose and 1 mg/l 2,4-D. Glucose was used, instead of sucrose, as it reduced production of phenolic-like compounds. The inoculum size for maximum cell yield was determined. Cells (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 g fresh weight) were cultured in basal medium for 14 days. Maximum fresh weight (mean 11.8 g) was attained from samples inoculated with at least 1.0 g of cells. Largest dry weight (mean 608 mg) occurred following, inoculation with at least 0.5 g fresh weight of cells. Inoculation with 0.5 g of cells resulted in the most rapid fresh weight doubling time (3.4 days).After 17 months of culture, cells were grown in basal medium or m basal medium supplemented with 1 mg/l kinetin, under continuous, direct light. Growth, based on fresh and dry weight increases, was measured over the 2-week subculture period. Growth of cells was similar in both media. The cells' chlorophyll content remained low. Fresh weight doubling time averaged 3.8 days.
DRISCALC: A COMPUTER PROGRAM TO CALCULATE DRIS INDICES ON NUTRITIONAL ANALYSES.
Authors: Sistrunk Laurence A. , Storey J. Benton 
Published: February 2019

Since DRIS calculations prove to be tedious for most researchers, a computer pro am was written to use test data from foliar analyses to compile DRIS norms for a population and using these norms, calculate the indices for each of 14 elements.The data to be tested is first put into a record base format and stored as an ASCII file. When DRISCALC is run on IBM compatible microcomputers, this data is separated into two subpopulations based on the mean yield for the main population. The next procedure calculates the mean, the standard deviation (from the mean), and the variance for each subpopulation as well as the variance ratio (low yield/high yield) and the CV.The F test for variance and the student's t test selects the norms (high population mean and CV'S). After construction of this temporary database, and unknown sample is entered into the program for testing. DRIS indices are calculated and several statistical options can be selected b the user. Hidden deficiencies can be found by the researcher or DRIS principles can be taught to students.