bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Humic Fractions to Understand Natural Organic Matter Processes in Soil and Water: Selected Studies and Applications
Authors: Olk D. C. , Bloom P. R. , De Nobili M. , Chen Y. , McKnight D. M. , Wells M. J. M. , Weber J. 
Published: August 2019

Natural organic matter (NOM) plays key environmental roles in both aquatic and soil systems. A long‐standing approach for evaluating NOM composition and activity is to extract soils with alkali solutions to obtain humic substances, namely humic acids (HA), and fulvic acids (FA), or to briefly expose isolated fractions of dissolved organic matter to alkali. Critics have claimed these methods create laboratory artifacts and are thus unsuitable for studying NOM behavior in field conditions. In response, we describe case studies in which humic fractions were analyzed to identify significant processes in environmental or agricultural issues. Specifically, humic fractions played a key role in maintaining toxic levels of arsenic (As) in drinking water supplies in South and Southeast Asia. Elsewhere, binding reactions of FA and HA with prions were shown to provide a plausible mechanism for variable persistence of prion infectivity across soil types. Humic substances were also shown to enhance iron (Fe) uptake by plants in solution culture and field conditions. Their specific binding sites for mercury (Hg) as determined in laboratory conditions enabled accurate modeling of soil Hg binding under varying conditions. A young HA fraction reproduced in controlled conditions the capacity of animal manure to maintain potassium (K) availability in strongly K‐fixing field soils, leading to development of a commercially successful humic‐K fertilizer. Humic fractions accurately represented NOM across multiple settings and research objectives while providing novel opportunities for advanced analyses. The study of humic fractions has helped resolve scientific and practical issues in aquatic and soil systems.Core Ideas
Humic substances (HS) affect As, Hg, and Fe cycling in water, sediment, and soil matrices.
Humic binding of prions may control the persistence of their infectivity across soil types.
A humic fraction simulated the organic component of manure in improving soil K cycling.
Soil and aquatic HS responded in quantity and composition to location and land use.
Sorption and Desorption Characteristics of Tylosin in Three Louisiana Soils
Authors: Zhou Zehua , Wang Jim J. , Gaston Lewis A. , Du Jianjun 
Published: August 2019

The macrolide antibiotic tylosin is widely used in animal production, but its environmental fate is not fully understood. Objectives of this study were to determine the effect of pH on tylosin A sorption and desorption in three sandy loam soils from Louisiana, USA, that had long histories of poultry waste application, to model sorption and desorption, and to estimate the effect of high soil organic matter on sorption. Twenty‐four‐hour sorption isotherms (5 to 200 mg L−1 in 0.01 M CaCl2) at pH 4.5, 6.0, and pH 7.5 were described by the Freundlich model. Desorption from the 200‐mg L−1 set at constant pH by 10 24‐h extractions with 0.01 M CaCl2 recovered 43 to 98% of the added tylosin A, and further desorption with methanol increased recovery from 66 to 100%. Single‐point distribution coefficient, KD, as a function of pH from 4 to 9 in 0.01 M CaCl2 exhibited maxima from pH 6 to 7, reflecting increasing sorption of the positively charged form with increasing pH up to about the pKa. The data were well described, modeling pH‐dependent negative charge according to Henderson–Hasselbalch along with tylosin speciation. Using soil from which organic matter had been removed by H2O2 gave three to six times greater KD at pH 6 to 7, but without or with reduced maxima. The data could be approximately described without invoking pH‐dependent surface charge. Further study is needed to confirm whether an increase in soil organic matter with poultry waste application decreases tylosin sorption, thus increasing environmental risk.Core Ideas
Sorption is pH dependent and desorption is partly irreversible.
Sorption exhibits a local maximum in pH 6 to 7.
Removal of soil organic matter greatly increases sorption.
Phosphorus Limits Nitrogen Dynamics in the O Horizon of a Forested Watershed in Maine, USA
Authors: Salvino Cayce J. , Patel Kaizad F. , Fernandez Ivan J. , Gruselle Marie‐Cécile , Tatariw Corianne , MacRae Jean D. 
Published: August 2019

Anthropogenic emissions have altered the N status of forests in the northeastern United States, highlighting the importance of our imperfect understanding of the interaction between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in response to atmospheric N deposition. We investigated soil N and P dynamics at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM), a long‐term paired watershed experiment established to study ecosystem response to experimental N enrichment. One watershed (West Bear [WB]) was treated bimonthly for 25 yr with ammonium sulfate, and the reference East Bear (EB) received only ambient N deposition. We conducted field and laboratory studies to examine the interaction between N and P in O horizon soils in both EB and WB. In the “Field Addition” study, an addition of 100 kg P ha−1 resulted in an overall 38% decrease in extractable ammonium (NH4+–N) due to increased immobilization. Even under ambient N deposition rates, EB displayed parallel, although lower, evidence of P limitation compared with WB. In contrast, in the “Laboratory Addition” study, soils incubated in the laboratory at rates of 0 to 200 kg P ha−1 showed increases in potential net N mineralization (PNNM) and NH4+–N concentrations in response to P additions. There was no effect of N status in the Laboratory Addition study, but hardwood soils showed a faster response and greater rates of PNNM compared with softwood soils. Despite contrasting responses, both the field and laboratory studies suggested that N dynamics at BBWM were P limited and that N status and forest type influenced the N and P interaction.Core Ideas
N transformations in Maine's forest soils are P limited.
P limitation is greater in N‐enriched soils.
Hardwood soils show greater response to P additions than softwood soils.
Soil CO2 and O2 Concentrations Illuminate the Relative Importance of Weathering and Respiration to Seasonal Soil Gas Fluctuations
Authors: Hodges Caitlin , Kim Hyojin , Brantley Susan L. , Kaye Jason 
Published: August 2019

Soil CO2 and O2 cycles are coupled in some processes (e.g., respiration) but uncoupled in others (e.g., silicate weathering). One benchmark for interpreting soil biogeochemical processes affected by soil pCO2 and pO2 is to calculate the apparent respiratory quotient (ARQ). When aerobic respiration and diffusion are the dominant controls on gas concentrations, ARQ equals 1; ARQ deviates from 1 when other processes dominate soil CO2 and O2 chemistry. Here, we used ARQ to understand lithologic, hillslope, and seasonal controls on soil gases at the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory in central Pennsylvania. We measured soil pCO2 and pO2 at three depths from the soil surface to bedrock across catenas in one shale and one sandstone watershed over three growing seasons. We found that both parent lithology and hillslope position significantly affect soil gas concentrations and ARQ. Soil pCO2 was highest (>5%) and pO2 was lowest (<16%) in the valley floors. Controlling for depth, pCO2 was higher and pO2 was lower across all sites in the sandstone watershed. We attribute this pattern to higher macroporosity in sandstone lithologies, which results in greater root respiration at depth. We recorded seasonal variation in ARQ at all sites, with ARQ rising above 1 during July through September, and dipping below 1 in the early spring. We hypothesize that this seasonal fluctuation arises from anaerobic respiration in reducing microsites July through September when the soils are wet and demand for O2 is high, followed by oxidation of reduced species when the soils drain and re‐oxygenate. We estimate that this anaerobic respiration in microsites contributes 36 g C m−2 yr−1 to the soil C flux. Our results provide evidence for a conceptual model of metal cycling in temperate watersheds and point to the importance of anaerobic respiration to the carbon flux from forest soils.Core Ideas
Hillslope position and lithology affect soil CO2 and O2 in humid temperate forests.
The ratio of CO2 and O2 (ARQ) fluctuates over the growing season.
The ARQ fluctuations indicate seasonal metal redox cycling at all hillslope positions.
Anaerobic respiration is important to soil CO2 flux during the late growing season.
Soil Biological Response to Integration of Cover Crops and Nitrogen Rates in a Conservation Tillage Corn Production System
Authors: Sanchez Ina I. , Fultz Lisa M. , Lofton Josh , Haggard Beatrix 
Published: August 2019

Core Ideas
Use of N‐fertilizers decreased AMF populations and P, Ca, and Mg concentrations.
Conservation tillage and cover crops increased C, N, and S cycling enzymes.
Grass and brassica cover crops increased microbial populations compared to legumes.
Agricultural production in the US Mid‐South has relied on frequent tillage and synthetic fertilizers decreasing soil health and system sustainability. Conservation tillage and cover crops can fill a vital role in reducing soil erosion while improving ecosystem functions. Seven cover crop blocks, including four legumes (berseem clover [Trifolium alexandrinum], crimson clover [Trifolium incarnatum L.], winter pea [Pisium sativum L.], and hairy vetch [Vicia villosa Roth], three grass & brassica (cereal rye [Secale cereale], forage radish [Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus], and a cereal rye–forage radish mix), and one fallow control were established in northeast Louisiana to examine the influence of cover crop and urea fertilizer application rates (0, 235, 268, 302 kg N ha−1) on corn production and soil health under conservation tillage. Soil health indicators were measured each year following corn harvest and cover crop termination. The combination of cover crops and conservation tillage increased C and N enzyme activity over the 2 yr while arylsulfatase increased in the spring following cover crop termination only. Relative abundance of saprophytic fungi tended to be higher in legume plots compared to grass & brassica treatments. Overall, the application of N fertilizer at rates of 235 kg N ha−1 or higher decreased populations of AMF and concentrations of P, K, Ca, and Mg, but increased populations of Gram‐positive bacteria. The use of grass & brassica cover crops promoted K, S, Ca, and Mg availability, and supported greater abundance of total FAMEs and all FAME biomarkers except for saprophytic fungi.
Evaluating the effect of self-interference on the performance of full-duplex two-way relaying communication with energy harvesting
Authors: Huu Phong Nguyen- , Van Khuong Ho- , Bao Vo Nguyen Quoc 
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we study the throughput and outage probability (OP) of two-way relaying (TWR) communication system with energy harvesting (EH). The system model consists two source nodes and a relay node which operates in full-duplex (FD) mode. The effect of self-interference (SI) due to the FD operation on the system performance is evaluated for both one-way full duplex (OWFD) and two-way full duplex (TWFD) diagrams where the amplify-and-forward (AF) relay node collects energy harvesting with the time switching (TS) scheme. We first propose an individual OP expression for each specific source. Then, we derive the exact closed-form overall OP expression for the OWFD diagram. For the TWFD diagram, we propose an approximate closed-form expression for the overall OP. The overall OP comparison among hybrid systems (Two-Way Half-Duplex (TWHD), OWFD, TWFD) are also discussed. Finally, the numerical/simulated results are presented for Rayleigh fading channels to demonstrate the correction of the proposed analysis.
Çukurova Üniversitesi’nde Ölçülen Güneş Işınım Verileri Analizi
Authors: EMRAHOĞLU Nuri , YEĞİNGİL İlhami 
Published: August 2019

Adana, güneş enerjisi nedeniyle çok uygun bir bölgede (Boy=35o 18 'E, Enl = 36o 59' N, Yük=130 m) yer almaktadır. Bölgede yapılması düşünülen yatırımlar için atmosferik koşulların her zaman sabit olmaması nedeniyle güneş enerjisi ve meteorolojik ölçümlerin düzenli olarak yapılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Çukurova Üniversitesi Uzay Bilimleri ve Güneş Enerjisi Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkez’inde (UZAYMER) piranometre ile alınan anlık veriler FORTRAN 77 program diliyle hazırlanan programla analiz edilmiştir. Bu programla, saniyelik olarak alınan verilerden saatlik ve günlük veri setleri oluşturulmuştur. Bu veri setlerinden aylık, yıllık ve yüzdelik ışınım değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Atmosfer dışı ışınım enerjisi değerleri kullanılarak, günlük verilerden Adana’nın bulutsuzluk değerleri elde edilmiştir. Çalışma iki kısımdan oluşmuştur. Birinci kısım 1978-1982 yılları arasında alınan verilerin, ikincisi ise karşılaştırma yapılmak amacıyla 2017 yılında alınan verilerin analizidir. 1978-1982 yılları arasında Adana’da yıllık ortalama güneş enerjisi değeri 5745,1 MJ/m2 ve ortalama günlük toplam ışınım 15,74 MJ/m2-gün olarak belirlenmiştir. En az enerji Ocak ayında 6,84 MJ/m2-gün, en fazla güneş enerjisi ise 25,42 MJ/m2-gün ile Haziran ayında olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 2017’de alınan verilerin sonucunda ise yıllık ortalama günlük güneş enerjisi 17,75 MJ/m2-gün, yıllık ortalama güneş enerjisi ise 6479,99 MJ/m2 olarak hesaplanmıştır. En fazla güneş enerjisi 29,25 MJ/m2-gün ile Temmuz, en az ise 6,24 MJ/m2-gün aralık ayı olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çalışmada, 1978-1982 ve 2017 verilerinden, bulutsuzluk indeksi de belirlenerek karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu sonuca göre Kt&lt;0,34 değeri için bölgenin bulutlu, 0,34≤Kt≤0,64 değerleri arasında ise kısmen bulutlu, Kt&gt;0,64 değeri için ise havanın açık olduğu kabul edilmiştir. 1978-1982 dönemi için en bulutlu ay Şubat en açık ay ise Eylül olarak belirlenmiştir. 2017 verilerine göre de en bulutlu ay Şubat, en açık ay ise Temmuz ve ekim olarak belirlenmiştir. Yapılacak yatırımlar için bu değerlerin yol gösterici niteliğinde olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.
In-Vitro Anti-Proliferative, Apoptotic and Antioxidative Activities of Medicinal Herb Kalonji (Nigella sativa)
Authors: Maqbool Tahir , Awan Sana J. , Malik Sabeen , Hadi Faheem , Shehzadi Somia , Tariq Kanza 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Natural product with apoptotic activity could serve as a potential new source
for anti-cancer medicine. Numerous phytochemicals from plants have shown to exert antineoplastic effects
via programmed cell death (apoptosis). Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in prosperous
countries. The subject study was intended to evaluate the anticancer properties of Kalonji extracts
against cancer cell lines HeLa and HepG2 and normal cell lines BHK and VERO were used as normal
controls.

Materials & Methods:
For the evaluation of anti-proliferative effects, cell viability and cell death in all
groups of cells were evaluated via MTT, crystal violet and trypan blue assays. For the evaluation of
angiogenesis, Immunocytochemistry and ELISA of VEGF were done. Immunocytochemistry and
ELISA of Annexin-V and p53 were performed for the estimation of apoptosis in all groups of cells.
Furthermore, LDH assay, antioxidant enzymes activity (GSH, APOX, CAT and SOD) and RT-PCR
with proliferative and apoptotic markers along with internal control were also performed. Cancer cells
of both cell lines HepG2 and HeLa cells showed reduced viability, angiogenesis and proliferation with
increased apoptosis when treated with Kalonji extracts. Whereas anti-oxidative enzymes show enhanced
levels in treated cancer cells as compared to untreated ones.

Conclusion:
It was observed that Kalonji extracts have the ability to induce apoptosis and improve the
antioxidant status of HeLa and HepG2 cells. They can also inhibit the proliferation and angiogenesis in
both these cancer cell lines.
Targeting Clusterin Induces Apoptosis, Reduces Growth Ability and Invasion and Mediates Sensitivity to Chemotherapy in Human Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Yu Ying , Zang Lingna , Zhang Peng , Ma Jinfeng , Chen Dong 
Published: August 2019

Objective:The aim of the study was to investigate the expression of sCLU in relation to the clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients with untreated High-Grade Osteosarcoma (HGOS) and to evaluate sCLU as a target for osteosarcoma (OS) therapies.Methods:The expression of sCLU in 98 patients of HGOS enrolled from April 2005 to March 2015 at the affiliated hospital of Qingdao University was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The sCLU expression, clinical data and survival were compared. siRNA-mediated sCLU gene silencing on cell apoptosis, viability, invasion and chemosensitivity to doxorubicin in U2OS cells in vitro was evaluated.Results:sCLU expression was found in 59 (60%) of the 98 patients. A positive correlation was observed between sCLU expression and metastatic disease (P = 0.036) and a negative correlation between sCLU expression and response to chemotherapy (P = 0.002). Targeting sCLU expression in U2OS cells induced significant reduction in cellular growth and higher rates of spontaneous endogenous apoptosis. In addition, targeting sCLU expression inhibited the invasion of U2OS cells. Furthermore, targeting sCLU expression significantly sensitized to chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin.Conclusions:The overexpression of sCLU was significantly correlated with metastasis and chemosensitivity in patients with HGOS. sCLU may be a promising therapeutic or chemopreventive target for human OS treatment.
Gastric Dystemperament (Sue-mizaj) in Iranian Traditional Medicine
Authors: Parsa Elham , Khodadoost Mahmood , Mokaberinejad Roshanak , Mojahedi Morteza , Shirbeigi Laila , Zareiyan Armin , Chaichi-Raghimi Mahshid 
Published: August 2019

Background:
The stomach plays a vital role in the human body. Its clinical problems are
very prevalent.

:
Nowadays, new branches of science have emerged because of human individual differences. Many
medical schools such as Iranian Traditional Medicine (ITM) established the basis for the prevention,
diagnosis, and treatment based on individual differences.

Objective:
The purpose of this study is to summarize identification indices of Gastric Dystemperament
to help in better diagnosis.

Methods:
This was a qualitative review study. Definitions and symptoms of Stomach Dystemperament
were derived from reliable sources of ITM from 900 AD to 1900 AD (Kamil-al-sinaa al
Tibbiya, Teb-e-Akbari, Exir Azam, Al-Qanun fi al tibb, Mansouri Fi-al-teb, Al-Havi, Zakhire
Kharazmshahi, Hidayat al-Muta’allemin fi al-tibb, Ferdos al-Hekmat fi al-tib, Sharh Al Qurashi
al-Qanun, Sharh-e asbab al-Alamat) and English and Persian indices.

Results:
The most important factors and symptoms to be considered as gastric dystemperament include
digestion, thirst, appetite, belching, bloating, gastric emptying time, burning stomach, reflux,
gastric pain, the effect of food quality (coldness, heat, wet, dryness), mouth moisture and taste,
tongue and mouth status, quality of body waste material (urine, stool), and palpation of the stomach
area.

Conclusion:
Iranian Traditional Medicine sources have mentioned the indicators of gastric dystemperament,
which can be used for more effective diagnosis and treatment and even prevention of gastric
diseases.
The Anti-infective Potential of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Phyllanthus emblica Seeds Against Selected Human-pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Patel Pooja , Joshi Chinmayi , Kothari Vijay 
Published: August 2019

Introduction:
In the context of the global threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
among bacterial pathogens against conventional bactericidal antibiotics, investigation on complementary/
alternative approaches to manage bacterial infections is warranted. The present study
aimed at investigating the anti-pathogenic potential of Phyllanthus emblica seed extract (PESE)
against four different pathogenic bacteria.

Methods:
Hydroalcoholic extract of P. emblica seeds was tested for its possible in vitro quorummodulatory
potential against Chromobacterium violaceum, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus through broth dilution assay. In vivo efficacy of PESE
was assayed employing Caenorhabditis elegans as the model host for these four pathogens.

Results:
PESE was found to exert in vitro quorum-modulatory effect on C. violaceum, S. marcescens,
P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus at ≥50 μg/mL. This extract could curb the haemolytic activity
of all the four test bacteria by 23-65%, inhibit biofilm formation, and was also able to modulate
their antibiotic susceptibility (AS) and catalase activity. Susceptibility of P. aeruginosa and S.
aureus to lysis by human serum was enhanced under the influence of this extract by 23% and
49%, respectively. Repeated exposure of both these notorious pathogens to PESE did not induce
resistance in them. In vivo assay confirmed the anti-virulence effect of this extract in the C. elegans
host, wherein the nematode host challenged with the PESE-treated pathogenic bacteria
scored better survival. PESE also displayed notable prebiotic potential by promoting the growth of
three probiotic strains.

Conclusion:
To the best of our awareness, this is the first report on the quorum-modulatory potential
of P. emblica seed extract, validating its anti-infective potential and prebiotic property.
Evaluation of Scoring Function Performance on DNA-ligand Complexes
Authors: Fong Pedro , Wong Hong-Kong 
Published: August 2019

Background:
DNA has been a pharmacological target for different types of treatment, such as antibiotics and chemotherapy agents, and is still a potential target in many drug discovery processes. However, most docking and scoring approaches were parameterised for protein-ligand interactions; their suitability for modelling DNA-ligand interactions is uncertain.

Objective:
This study investigated the performance of four scoring functions on DNA-ligand complexes.

Material & Methods:
Here, we explored the ability of four docking protocols and scoring functions to discriminate the native pose of 33 DNA-ligand complexes over a compiled set of 200 decoys for each DNA-ligand complexes. The four approaches were the AutoDock, ASP@GOLD, ChemScore@GOLD and GoldScore@GOLD.

Results:
Our results indicate that AutoDock performed the best when predicting binding mode and that ChemScore@GOLD achieved the best discriminative power. Rescoring of AutoDock-generated decoys with ChemScore@GOLD further enhanced their individual discriminative powers. All four approaches have no discriminative power in some DNA-ligand complexes, including both minor groove binders and intercalators.

Conclusion:
This study suggests that the evaluation for each DNA-ligand complex should be performed in order to obtain meaningful results for any drug discovery processes. Rescoring with different scoring functions can improve discriminative power.