bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical Analysis in Criminal Law
Authors: Loughnan Arlie 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter offers a counter-history of criminal trial verdicts, restoring special verdicts to the story typically told about trial verdicts. According to this typical story, the dominance of the general verdict (‘guilty’ or ‘not guilty’, a determination of both the factual and legal issues at trial) is thought to be both inevitable and right. While special verdicts are now virtually unknown in the English trial process, during the period of the development of the modern criminal trial, they played a greater role in criminal process, functioning as a means by which the seismic changes associated with the appearance of the modern criminal trial were negotiated in the courtroom. Bringing to light the all-but-forgotten past of trial verdicts opens the way to think again about verdicts in the current era, considering the possibilities for the restoration of a meaningful role for special verdicts.
Redeeming the American Founding?
Authors: Spaulding Norman W. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Every revolutionary liberal democratic founding has its secret drawers where one can find the illiberal ideas and mnemonic traces of illiberal acts in and through which the state came into being and sustains itself. With regard to the American founding, conventional approaches either ignore the American Civil War altogether, or attempt to render it continuous with the constitution of 1789 by arguing that, apart from the abolition of slavery, the Union survived the war intact. Illiberal aspects of the revolution itself are also ignored. For many Americans, it would seem, it is better to keep the drawer closed. This chapter considers whether it is possible to develop an account of the founding in which the drawer is left open. Although the chapter concentrates on the American founding, parallel interpretive challenges attending the English and French revolutions are explored.
Rhetoric and The Possibilities of Legal History
Authors: Constable Marianne , Esmeir Samera 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter shows how rhetorically inflected legal histories may integrate questions about sources and archives, destruction and silences, and the many temporalities of law. It argues that rhetorically oriented legal histories foreground issues that today’s legal histories sometimes forego. Rhetorically inflected legal histories make explicit and render problematic the ways in which law is an object of study for the scholar of history—a subject who draws on and interprets legal records to recount how law has changed over time. Rather than aiming to reverse this subject-object relation and to make history the object of law, rhetoric dwells on the ways in which legal historians’ assumptions as to the sources, silences, and temporalities of legal history correspond to knowledge of the positivist law of the modern state.
Historians’ Amicus Briefs
Authors: Erman Sam , Perl-Rosenthal Nathan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter seeks to understand why historians often find amicus brief writing so vexed and how they have navigated the challenges it poses. It starts with a conceptual analysis of the historians’ amicus brief, in two parts, focused on the problem of expertise. Courts permit historians to participate as friends of the court because they believe that scholars’ knowledge of the past and its relationship to the present are valuable to their juridical work. Yet there are two troublesome questions about expertise that threaten this cross-disciplinary collaboration. One is the nature of historians’ expertise. The second is that the courts’ expertise also concern relating the past to the present, especially where precedent is concerned. The chapter then explores high-profile amicus briefs by historians since the Second World War and considers what these analyses tell us about the prospects for future amicus briefs.
Historical Analysis in Environmental Law
Authors: Schorr David B. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The general view of environmental law’s history is that prior to explosion of environmental legislation in the 1970s, environmental regulation as we think of it today—a branch of public law in which the regulator sets standards for activities with environmental impacts—was insignificant. Environmental law lacks a historical anchor, a back story, which is unfortunate for the historical ignorance it perpetuates. Environmental law also lacks history as a mode of argument or analysis. For these reasons, environmental law needs both heightened historical analysis and a sense of its own historical roots. This chapter sketches current, possible, and desirable directions for future research into the history of environmental law. It also offers some thoughts on why the exploration of environmental law matters.
Law as Social History
Authors: Edwards Laura F. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores two related themes embedded within the relationship between legal history and social history, focusing on the nineteenth century to highlight conceptual points that also apply more generally to other periods. First, it argues the field of legal history takes a broader understanding of the law than other historical fields. Moving beyond the written records, legal officials, and designated institutions usually associated with the law’s presence and influence, legal historians extend law into the realm of social history. As that scholarship shows, law flourished in many institutional contexts and even in rural byways and city streets, where it structured broad-reaching economic and cultural dynamics as well as the ordinary relationships of daily life. Second, the chapter argues that legal history changes our view of social history by exposing the law’s presence in places and relationships that most historians imagine to be far from remotely legal.
Spirituality and Interprofessional Healthcare Education
Authors: Hovland Cynthia , Niederriter Joan , Thoman Joan 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT:
Undergraduate and graduate programs for healthcare professions are inconsistent in curricular offerings and incorporation of spiritual training. This study reviewed perceptions and opinions about spiritual care held by students at an American university. Data were collected using the Spirituality and Spiritual Care Rating Scale and one open-ended question. Findings indicated that many students were comfortable incorporating spirituality into practice, and they desired additional training. As to how students would apply spirituality to their practice, themes of facilitating connection, holistic care, spiritual interventions, and benefits of spirituality were identified.
Metallic Air Pollutants and Breast Cancer Risk in a Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: White Alexandra J. , O’Brien Katie M. , Niehoff Nicole M. , Carroll Rachel , Sandler Dale P. 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Toxic metals show evidence of carcinogenic and estrogenic properties. However, little is known about the relationship between airborne metals and breast cancer. We evaluated the risk of breast cancer in relation to exposure to toxic metallic substances in air, individually and combined, in a US-wide cohort.

Methods:
Sister Study participants (n = 50,884), breast cancer–free women who had a sister with breast cancer were recruited, from 2003 to 2009. The 2005 Environmental Protection Agency National Air Toxic Assessment’s census-tract estimates of metal concentrations in air (antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, and selenium) were matched to participants’ enrollment residence. We used Cox regression to estimate the association between quintiles of individual metals and breast cancer incidence and weighted quantile sum regression to model the association between the metal mixture and breast cancer.

Results:
A total of 2,587 breast cancer cases were diagnosed during follow-up (mean = 7.4 years). In individual chemical analyses comparing the highest to lowest quintiles, postmenopausal breast cancer risk was elevated for mercury (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1, 1.5), cadmium (HR = 1.1, 95% CI, 0.96, 1.3), and lead (HR = 1.1, 95% CI, 0.98, 1.3). The weighted quantile sum index was associated with postmenopausal breast cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 1.1, 95% CI, 1.0, 1.1). Consistent with the individual chemical analysis, the most highly weighted chemicals for predicting postmenopausal breast cancer risk were lead, cadmium, and mercury. Results were attenuated for overall breast cancer.

Conclusions:
Higher levels of some airborne metals, specifically mercury, cadmium, and lead, were associated with a higher risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.
Innervated Pedicled Gracilis Flap for Dynamic Abdominal Wall Reconstruction
Authors: Mujadzic Tarik , Gober Charles A. , Nahabedian David B. , Ritter Edmond F. , Mujadzic Mirsad 
Published: September 2018

Summary:
Abdominal wall reconstruction for full-thickness defects is a challenging procedure that usually requires the use of flaps. The gracilis flap is known to be used in hernia repair in which the abdominal muscles are still intact, but there are no reports in literature describing the use of an innervated gracilis for dynamic abdominal wall reconstruction after tissue loss due to severe trauma. We present a surgical technique in which the gracilis is harvested preserving the neurovascular pedicle, then tunneled underneath the adductor longus to cover the lower abdominal defect and provide it with basal muscle tone without tension on the pedicle. This results in restored integrity of the musculofascial abdominal wall and dynamic muscle function and support. The gracilis flap has been proven to be useful and versatile in reconstructive surgery with great potential in abdominal wall reconstruction having minimal donor-site morbidity and hernia recurrence risk.
Cartilage Allografts for Aesthetic Nose Surgery: A Viable Option
Authors: Vargas German , Biguria Rafael 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Illusions in rhinoplasty are a powerful tool yet often overlooked. There are numerous examples of how a specific change in 1 part of the nose will influence the balance of the nose on the entire face. Although cartilage autograft remains the gold standard in structural reconstruction of the nose, for selected cases, allografts can be favored.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study was performed on all patients who underwent cartilage allograft for aesthetic nose surgery from January 2012 to June 2017. All patients were informed of the therapeutic and experimental nature of the localized cartilage allograft use and then consented to the procedure orally and in writing. From January 2012 to June 2017, a total of 105 patients were operated on using cartilage allografts.

Results:
Of these 105 patients, follow-up to a year was achieved in 97.

Conclusion:
The use of cartilage allograft in our practice has been a useful proven tool that can help manage a patient aesthetic outcome. This gives us the opportunity for cartilage banking and thus, using it, fewer incisions and scars on our patients.
Appraisal of the Free Ulnar Flap Versatility in Craniofacial Soft-tissue Reconstruction
Authors: Kantar Rami S. , Rifkin William J. , Cammarata Michael J. , Jacoby Adam , Farber Scott J. , Diaz-Siso J. Rodrigo , Ceradini Daniel J. , Rodriguez Eduardo D. 
Published: September 2018

Summary:
The unique anatomical characteristics of the forearm region make it especially popular as a free flap donor site for craniofacial soft-tissue reconstruction. The free ulnar forearm flap is less hirsute and allows for better concealment of donor site scar as compared with its radial counterpart. Despite these factors, the free radial forearm flap remains more popular among reconstructive surgeons. Through the presented case series, we hope to emphasize the versatile nature of the free ulnar forearm flap in addressing various craniofacial soft-tissue defects. Following institutional review board approval, a retrospective review of the senior authors' clinical experience performing microvascular free ulnar forearm flap reconstruction of craniofacial soft-tissue defects was performed. A total of 10 patients were identified through our review. Soft-tissue defect locations included lower eyelid (n = 2), tongue and floor of mouth (n = 2), lower lip (n = 2), palatopharyngeal area (n = 1), nose (n = 1), and palate (n = 1). Trauma was the most common defect etiology (n = 5), followed by malignancy (n = 4), and iatrogenic injury in 1 case. All patients demonstrated good aesthetic and functional outcomes related to vision, speech, and oral intake at follow-up when applicable. The free ulnar forearm flap is a versatile reconstructive option that can be used to address a wide spectrum of craniofacial soft-tissue defects and offers numerous advantages over its radial counterpart.
Establishing Priorities for the International Confederation of Plastic Surgery Societies
Authors: Cooter Rodney D. , Brightman Louise A. , Clarke Howard M. , Cruz Norma I. , Evans Greg R. D. , Koh Kyung S. , Murphy Robert X. , Perks Graeme A. B. , Rakhorst Hinne A. 
Published: September 2018

Background:
The mission of the International Confederation of Plastic Surgery Societies (ICOPLAST) is to improve patient outcomes through collaboratively structured processes in education, advocacy and communication. This article explains how we approached the task of establishing priorities for this nascent confederation in an equitable and achievable manner.

Methods:
In late 2016, an online survey was sent to the inaugural 62 ICOPLAST member national societies for dissemination to their respective plastic surgeon members. Functional domains and proposed initiatives were ranked according to their level of importance by individual plastic surgeons.

Results:
The survey was completed by 572 plastic surgeons. As a functional domain, education was highly ranked by 75.3% of respondents, followed by patient safety (67.4%), communication (59.3%), humanitarian (46.6%), regulation (41.2%), and advocacy (41.1%). Respondents also ranked individual initiatives within each domain to produce a compilation list of the top 13 initiatives of importance.

Conclusion:
This study has identified priorities of importance to ICOPLAST members, which will aid in building a strategic framework and enhancing outcomes for patients, plastic surgeons, and the field of plastic surgery more broadly.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Features of the Inferior Meatal Nasolacrimal Duct Openings
Authors: Ali Mohammad Javed 
Published: September 2018

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to examine the ultrastructural features of the nasolacrimal duct (NLD) openings in the inferior meatus.

Methods:
Five openings of the NLD in the inferior meati from 5 sagittal head sections of 3 cadavers were studied. Each of the openings were completely excised with 2 mm margins on all sides and transported to the laboratory in 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The analysis was performed using the standard protocols of scanning electron microscopy. The ends, edges, and surfaces were studied along with the mucosal folds, if any, guarding the edge of the openings.

Results:
Of the 5 NLD openings studied, 4 were of the sulcus variety and 1 was of the shape of a fissure. The fissure opening had a guarding anterior edge mucosal fold. The luminal surfaces of the openings were mostly smooth with focal defined glandular structures. Occasional heterogenous areas with prominent and extensive well-defined glands lined by ciliated columnar epithelium were noted. There were presence of mucosal folds on the floor of the sulci of the openings giving an appearance of a subsulcus.

Conclusions:
The luminal surfaces of the NLD openings in the inferior meati shows mucosal folds reflected on themselves and cavernous vessels throughout the expanse of the openings. Tear rheology at the NLD opening and the physiologic role of subsulci need to be investigated further.
Fall Risk Program for Oncology Inpatients
Authors: Chang Sin-Yuan , Chen Wen-Shiang , Teng Ting , Yeh Chien-Yu , Yen Hsiao-Ching 
Published: September 2018

Background:
The incidence of falls on inpatient oncology units indicated the need for quality improvement. This project aimed to reduce falls by implementing a fall reduction plan including the “Traffic Light” Fall Risk Assessment Tool (TL-FRAT).

Local Problem:
We retrospectively reviewed the oncology unit fall data from January 2013 to September 2014 and found that the average fall incidence was high.

Methods:
The project used a program evaluation design, and the process was guided by Kotter's 8-step change model.

Interventions:
We implemented the TL-FRAT to classify oncology inpatients at a high risk of falling in advance.

Results:
The average fall incidence and falls with injury during the project were reduced.

Conclusions:
Adding the TL-FRAT to the fall protocol on the units effectively reduced the incidence of falls related to impaired mobility. The TL-FRAT can improve nurses' sensitivity to falls related to impaired mobility and, subsequently, guide corresponding fall prevention strategies.
Sustaining Quality Improvement
Authors: Baker Dian , Quinn Barbara , Ewan Victoria , Giuliano Karen K. 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Hospital-acquired pneumonia is now the number one hospital-acquired infection. Hospitals have addressed ventilator-associated pneumonia; however, patients not on a ventilator acquire more pneumonia with significant associated mortality rates.

Local Problem:
In our hospital, non-ventilator-associated pneumonia was occurring on all types of units.

Methods:
The Influencer Model was used to reduce nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia rates. Statistical process control R and X-bar-charts were monitored monthly.

Interventions:
After a gap analysis, an interdisciplinary team implemented enhanced oral care before surgery and on the units, changed tube management, and monitored stress ulcer medication.

Results:
We achieved a statistically significantly reduction (P = .01) in pneumonia rates that have been sustained over 4 years.

Conclusions:
Sustaining change requires (a) a continued team-based, collaborative approach, (b) ongoing stakeholder and executive leadership engagement, (c) monitoring that easy-to-use protocols and required equipment remain in place, and (d) embedded analytics to monitor results over a prolonged period.
A developmental arrest? Interruption and identity in adolescent chronic pain
Authors: Jordan Abbie , Noel Melanie , Caes Line , Connell Hannah , Gauntlett-Gilbert Jeremy 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Introduction:
Although the pediatric pain literature has explored the role of developmental factors in young children's acute pain, relatively less is known about specific developmental challenges in adolescents with chronic pain.

Objectives:
To meet this knowledge gap, this study sought to adopt an idiographic phenomenological approach to examine how adolescents make sense of their own development in the context of living with chronic pain.

Methods:
Semistructured interviews were conducted with ten adolescents (12–17 years; 7 females) recruited from a tertiary care pain treatment programme. Interview data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.

Results:
Study findings identified 2 themes: “An externally imposed lens on identity” and “Paradoxes of developmental progress.” The first theme highlighted an understanding of how adolescent identity is perceived. Some adolescents perceived identity as distinct from pain, whereas others perceived identity as part of their chronic pain condition. This theme also detailed how identity was negotiated by adolescents and others through engagement with valued activities. The second theme represented an understanding of how chronic pain disrupts and alters adolescent developmental trajectories at an individual level, suggesting possibilities of enhanced and delayed trajectories. Enhanced trajectories were associated with increased management of emotionally difficult situations and resulted in mastery of complex interpersonal skills.

Conclusion:
Findings provided a nuanced understanding of developmental progress in the context of adolescent chronic pain and suggested challenges with drawing normative comparisons. Future research could extend findings by adopting a longitudinal approach to studying adolescent development and eliciting accounts from broader social groups.
Comparison of early effects of PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 on S. pneumoniae (SP) nasopharyngeal carriage in a population based study; the Palestinian-Israeli Collaborative Research (PICR)
Authors: Seir Rania Abu , Azmi Kifaya , Hamdan Ayob , Namouz Hanan , Jaar Fuad , Jaber Hanaa , Rubin Carmit , Doron Dafna , Rahav Galia , Abdeen Ziad , Regev-Yochay Gili 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundPneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), PCV10 and PCV13, are currently used in different countries. We have previously reported the effectiveness of PCV7, following its introduction in Israel and before PCVs were introduced in Palestine. Here, we extended the study and compared the initial impact of PCV10 to that of PCV7/13.MethodsFour cross-sectional surveys of S. pneumoniae carriage among children <5y through 2009-2014 were preformed among two proximate populations, living under two distinct health authorities, with different vaccination policies. In East-Jerusalem (EJ), PCV7 was implemented in 2009 and replaced by PCV13 in late 2010, while in Palestine (PA), PCV10 was implemented in 2011.ResultsA total of 1267 and 2414 children from EJ and PA were screened. Implementation of both PCV7 (in EJ) and PCV10 (in PA) did not affect overall S. pneumoniae carriage (∼30%), but resulted in a significant decrease in carriage of VT7 strains. In the pre-vaccine era, VT7/VT13 strains consisted 47.0%/62.0% and 41.2%/54.8% of pneumococci in EJ and PA, respectively. A 48.6% and 53.9% decrease was observed within 3 years of PCV7 implementation in EJ (p= 0.001) and PCV10 in PA (p<0.0001), respectively. These vaccination policies also resulted in ∼50% reduction in VT13-added serotypes especially 6A (from 11.0% to 0.0% (EJ) and 9.5% to 4.9% (PA)). Three years after PCV13 implementation in EJ, an additional 67% decrease in VT13 strains was observed, yet an increase in serotype 3 was observed (0.0% to 3.4%, p=0.056). The prevalence of non-VT13 strains increased during the study period from 38% and 45.3% to 89.8% and 70.7%, in EJ and in PA respectively.ConclusionsWithin the first three years following PCV implementation, we observed similar reductions in carriage of VT10 and VT13 strains with either vaccination policies, with no effect on overall carriage. Further follow-up is needed to compare the long-term effects.
Network Structure During Encoding Predicts Working Memory Performance
Authors: Wodeyar Anirudh , Srinivasan Ramesh 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTWorking memory operates through networks that integrate distributed modular brain activity. We characterize the structure of networks in different electroencephalographic frequency bands while individuals perform a working memory task. The objective was to identify network properties that support working memory function during the encoding, maintenance, and retrieval of memory. In each EEG frequency band, we estimated a complex-valued Gaussian graphical model to characterize the structure of brain networks using measures from graph theory. Critically, the structural characteristics of brain networks that facilitate performance are all established during encoding, suggesting that they reflect the effect of attention on the quality of the representation in working memory. Segregation of networks in the alpha and beta bands during encoding increased with accuracy. In the theta band, greater integration of functional clusters involving the temporal lobe with other cortical areas predicted faster response time, starting in the encoding interval and persisting throughout the task, indicating that functional clustering facilitates rapid memory manipulation.