bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf Area of Overstory and Understory in Pine Plantations in the Flatwoods
Authors: Peduzzi Alicia , Allen H. Lee , Wynne Randolph H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Leaf area index (LAI) was measured in summer and winter for the overstory and understory in 7- and 10-year-old loblolly and slash pine plantations on poorly drained, somewhat poorly drained, and moderately well-drained soils. LAI and vegetation indices (simple ratio [SR], normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI], vegetation index, and enhanced vegetation index) were also calculated using Landsat imagery. LAI values observed for the overstory were low in most of the plots (around 2 m2 m−2 in slash pine and around 3 m2 m−2 in loblolly pine), whereas the understory LAI was very high (around 2 m2 m−2), which can be attributed to the lack of canopy closure observed in all plots. No significant differences were found in the understory LAI values across soil drainage classes. Total LAI (overstory LAI plus understory LAI) values were weakly correlated with the vegetation indices. The LAI values estimated using Landsat data were typically half of the values estimated on the ground. Significant correlations were observed between the vegetation indices (SR and NDVI) and stand and site factors, suggesting that the satellite-derived indices were more related to the stand biophysical parameters than to in situ LAI estimates.
Landowner Motivations for Owning Woodland on the Tennessee Northern Cumberland Plateau
Authors: Kaetzel Brandon R. , Hodges Donald G. , Fly J. Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There has been a dearth of evidence in recent years by which to assess what motivation landowners have for owning woodland. Only recently, in the past 5 years, has there been a fresh attempt to answer this question. It has become increasingly important to understand landowner motivations for owning woodland with the substantial increase of nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) landowners and the decreasing sizes of tracts of land. This report uses results of a 2005 survey on the Tennessee Northern Cumberland Plateau to assess what motivations landowners have for owning their woodland. Principal components analysis is used to assign motivation categories, and multinomial logistic regression is used to assess what characteristics classify landowners into their respective motivation categories. Results show that landowners can be classified into one of three motivation categories: privacy, utility, and heritage. This knowledge is beneficial to resource managers as they attempt to disseminate information to landowners on how to best achieve their objectives.
Optimal Cross-Sectional Sampling Strategy for Red Oak Borer (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Scars within Northern Red Oaks
Authors: Haavik Laurel J. , Stephen Frederick M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We used dendrochronological techniques to develop an optimal sampling strategy for the purpose of investigating the history of red oak borer (Enaphalodes rufulus [Haldeman]) population patterns within northern red oaks (Quercus rubra L.). We cut the entire length of three northern red oak tree boles into cross-sections, sanded top and bottom surfaces of each cross-section, and dated all scars within each bole. Our goal was to devise a strategy to reduce the amount of bole sampled without compromising the data necessary to accurately estimate historical population patterns of red oak borer. When we tested four possible sampling strategies and compared them with the entire-tree data sets from which they originated, we found no statistical differences in the distribution of scar counts by year. We also assessed processing time and found that compared with sampling an entire host bole, sampling strategies that include the lower 20% or 30% of boles would reduce labor efforts by 55–63%. We suggest that development of similar sampling methods for other bark or wood-boring species may be possible if the relationship between insect life history and annual tree-ring formation, as well as the general spatial and temporal distribution of insect evidence within trees, is known.
Economics of Ethanol Production Using Feedstock from Slash Pine (Pinus elliottii) Plantations in the Southern United States
Authors: Nesbit Tyler S. , Alavalapati Janaki R.R. , Dwivedi Puneet , Marinescu Marian V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A growing interest in cellulosic biofuels, coupled with the economic challenges faced by nonindustrial private forestland (NIPF) owners of the Southern United States, presents a unique opportunity to useforest biomass as a feedstock for developing bioenergy markets. This study uses a cost-benefit analysis framework to calculate the profitability for three simulated NIPF slash pine (Pinus elliottii) plantations under multiple feedstock production levels. Also, the unit cost of cellulosic ethanol production considering both the two-stage dilute sulfuric acid (2SDSA) and proposed synthesis gas ethanol catalytic conversion (SGECC) processes is calculated through a discounted cash flow methodology. The results show that the bioenergy market opportunity increases land values by $28.56–37.50/ac. The calculated unit cost of production is found to be $2.39/gallon under the 2SDSA process and $1.16/gallon for the SGECC process. The overall analysis indicates that ethanol production from Southern slash pine plantations offers a promising option for biofuel production, but that further advancements are necessary in the ethanol conversion phase.
Forest Biomass Supply for Bioenergy Production and Its Impacts on Roundwood Markets in Tennessee
Authors: Guo Zhimei , Hodges Donald G. , Abt Robert C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The use of forest biomass as an alternative source for bioenergy production has become a significant issue in Tennessee. This study used the Sub-Regional Timber Supply model to analyze the regional aggregate forest biomass feedstock potential and the impacts of additional pulpwood demand on the regional roundwood market through 2030. Two scenarios examined the impacts of building a biorefinery facility of 20 and 50 million gallons annual capacity in the state in 2015. The third scenario investigated the impacts of an Energy Information administration (EIA) reference case. The projection results suggest that there is sufficient hardwood pulpwood supply for a 50 million gallon biorefinery facility in Tennessee. It is possible to meet the increased demand of the EIA reference case without affecting the hardwood pulpwood market in the short run, but not in the distant future. The additional demand for softwood pulpwood will affect the softwood market substantially, but the impacts on the hardwood market are comparatively small. Hence, it is more feasible to increase the use of hardwood pulpwood for renewable energy rather than softwood pulpwood. These results will be very helpful in sustainably supplying forest biomass for bioenergy production in Tennessee.
Landowner Willingness to Supply Timber for Biofuel: Results of an Alabama Survey of Family Forest Landowners
Authors: Paula Ana Luiza , Bailey Conner , Barlow Rebecca J. , Morse Wayde 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A key factor determining the potential for development of cellulosic bioenergy in the southeastern United States (the South) will be the availability of feedstock, which in turn depends on landowner willingness to direct timber production to biomass rather than existing markets or nonmarket uses. Most timberland in this region is owned by family forest landowners whose forest management objectives are varied. This study evaluates the conditions under which family forest landowners from Lee County, Alabama, would be willing to supply wood biomass energy feedstock for a prospective local biofuel industry. Using standard survey methodology, a questionnaire was mailed to every family forest landowner of 20 or more acres of forestland in Lee County, resulting in 363 valid responses and a response rate of 41%. Results indicate that most family forest landowners are willing to supply both timber and harvest residues for production of biofuels and that such willingness is positively correlated with the number of acres owned, the existence of an effective market, and the opportunity to contribute to local economic development and global climate change. Three-quarters of all respondents indicated willingness to manage their land for biomass production, compared with 43% of respondents who actively manage their land at present.
A Modified Stand Table Projection Growth Model for Unmanaged Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in East Texas
Authors: Allen Micky G. , Coble Dean W. , Cao Quang V. , Yeiser Jimmie , Hung I-Kuai 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four methodologies to project future trees per acre by diameter class were compared to develop a new modified stand table projection growth model for unmanaged loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations in East Texas. The new models were fit to 92,882 observations from 153 permanent plots located in loblolly pine plantations and 33,792 observations from 71 permanent plots located in slash pine plantations throughout East Texas. The new models were validated with 12,750 observations from 22 permanent plots and 3,724 observations from 9 permanent plots located in loblolly and slash pine plantations, respectively. The validation data were used to select between the four methodologies. The results indicated which of the new models produced the best results, based on error indexes calculated for trees per acre and basal area per acre at the stand table and diameter class levels across a range of projection lengths. We recommend that this new model be used by forest managers for projecting stand tables in East Texas loblolly and slash pine plantations. An example is also provided to show users how to use the new modified stand table projection model.
Costs of Hazard-Reduction Burning on Southern National Forests
Authors: Vasievich J. Michael 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prescribed burning plans from national forests on the southern coastal plain provide sufficient data to estimate the costs of burns that were completed as planned. Estimated costs over a 4-year period in 1976 dollars ranged from $4.82 per acre for a 50-acre burn in a 12-year rough to $0.35 per acre for a 2,400-acre burn in a 4-year rough. Cost per acre was strongly influenced by the size of burn and age of rough (years since last burn).
Growth and Survival of Planted Northern Red Oak Seedlings in West Virginia
Authors: Wendel G. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The survival and growth of planted northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings were studied in relation to top pruning, fertilizing, mulching, and the age and size of seedlings at planting time. Top pruning at one and two years after planting suppressed growth. Fertilizer—N, P, and combinations—and mulches did not produce a significant growth response. Seedlings of above average height at planting time retained their height advantage during the study. Survival of all ages of stock was high. Many seedlings attained a height of more than 6 feet seven years from seed, regardless of treatment, and it is expected that 30 to 50 percent of these will reach maturity.
Site and Stand Conditions Associated with Southern Pine Beetle Outbreaks in Arkansas—A Hazard-Rating System
Authors: Ku Timothy T. , Sweeney James M. , Shelburne Victor B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Since 1969, the southern pine beetle (SPB, Dendroctonus frontalis, Zimm) has spread northwest through 24 southern Arkansas counties. Analysis of trees in 984 infested plots indicated that attacked trees were in a stressed state with smaller crowns, thinner bark, and slower growth than unattacked trees. Comparison with 509 uninfested plots showed trees on infested plots had slower growth rates, thinner bark, and occurred on sites with lower site index and less slope. Disturbance, notably lightning and logging, significantly increased a stand's susceptibility to beetle attack. Undisturbed infested plots were significantly younger with smaller stand d.b.h. and higher basal area than undisturbed uninfested plots. All factors which reduced radial growth predisposed stands to SPB attack, but high stand density had the most significant influence. The hazard-rating system presented indicates a pine stand's susceptibility to attack. Reduction of basal area to below 100 square feet per acre in carefully conducted thinning operations is the recommended practice to minimize SPB losses.
Long-Term Effects of Early Pruning and Thinning Treatments on Growth of Natural Longleaf Pine
Authors: Sparks Robert C. , Linnartz Norwin E. , Harris Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Pruning and thinning a young natural stand of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) in southwest Louisiana had little influence on height. However, diameter growth was reduced substantially as pruning intensity or stocking rate increased up to 25-percent live crown and 200 stems per acre, respectively. Improved diameter growth at lower stocking rates was not sufficient to equal the total basal area increment of 200 trees per acre.
Photographic Perceptions as an On-Site Tool for Designing Forest Trails
Authors: Hammitt William E. , Cherem Gabriel J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hiking of forest trails is a popular forest recreational activity. Accordingly, trails need to be designed to provide for the needs of trail users. Two photographic methodologies were used to provide forest resource managers with a tool for incorporating hiker perceptions and preferences into the design of trails. Visitor-produced photographs and on-site rating of trail environment photographs can provide necessary user information for designing more rewarding trail experiences. Additionally, they offer a source of public involvement in the design process which seems highly agreeable to participants.
Prescribed Burning and Nutrient Cycling Relationships in Young Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Kodama H. E. , Van Lear D. H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Prescribed burning of young unthinned plantations of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the South Carolina Piedmont significantly reduced the quantity of individual nutrients in the L layer, but not the F + H layers of the forest floor. Burning reduced the weight of the L layer by 60 percent but the weight of the combined F + H layers was unaffected by the relatively fast-moving strip-head fires. Nutrient losses by ash convection from the L layer during the prescribed fire ranged from 3.6 lbs/ac for P to 23.1 lbs/ac for N. Some impaction of nutrients released in burning on pine canopies was detected by analysis of throughfall and stemflow. However, quantities of nutrients intercepted and released by the canopy are small when compared to nutrient transfer by leaf fall and precipitation. The canopy and stems markedly altered the nutrient concentrations of intercepted precipitation.
Cubic-Foot Volume of Loblolly Pine to Any Height Limit
Authors: Cao Quang V. , Burkhart Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Flexible methods for computing the contents of various portions of tree boles are necessary with today's changing utilization standards. Equations are presented for estimating the cubic-foot volume of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees to any desired height. The procedure involves predicting total stem volume and converting total volume to merchantable volume.
Three Species of Eucalyptus Tested in Puerto Rico: Five Years after Outplanting
Authors: Figueroa Julio C. , Whitmore Jacob L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
As part of an international trial of provenances, three species of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) were tested in Puerto Rico on two sites, one a combination of Tanama clay and Coloso silty clay loam, the other a Mayo sandy loam. Both sites represent large reforestable areas in Puerto Rico. Five provenances each of E. deglupta Blume and E. urophylla Blake and two provenances of E. alba Reinw. ex Blume were outplanted in 1971. Five years after outplanting, mean heights averaged from 10.3 m to 17.9 m, with the tallest tree over 26 m. D.b.h. averaged from 9.2 cm to 16.8 cm, and survival ranged from 23 to 92 percent. E. deglupta and E. urophylla grew quite well on both sites, with variation due both to site and to provenance. E. alba growth was less impressive.
Early Results of a White Ash Provenance Test in Central Alabama
Authors: Duba S. E. , Goggans J. F. , Clausen K. E. , Patterson R. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A provenance test of white ash (Fraxinus americana L.) seedlings was established during January 1976 in the Tuskegee National Forest in Alabama. The seedlings were representative of the southern portion of the species' range. At the end of the third growing season, family survival ranged from 84 to 100 percent. Overall survival averaged 97 percent. Provenances and families within provenances differed in height after two and three years in the field. The family component of variation is increasing in proportion with age. The southernmost origins of East Baton Rouge, Louisiana (3.26 m) and Hardin, Texas (2.98 m) had the tallest average heights. The East Baton Rouge and Hardin sources are assumed to be tetraploid (2N = 92). There seems to be both a north-south relationship and a ploidy-level relationship to the height-growth pattern. Seedlings from the southernmost sources should perform satisfactorily in south and central Alabama.
Thinning Eastern White Pine in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Della-Bianca Lino 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Standing volumes and 80-year growth trends and yields are given for three eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) study plots in the Old Orchard Plantation at Biltmore, North Carolina. The site 71 plot was thinned seven times and its yield compared with two unthinned plots, one each on site 75 and site 56. Site strongly influenced stand densities, average stand diameters, and stand volumes. Results showed that on site 71 at age 75 a heavy thinning from 184 to 126 ft²/A of basal area appreciably increased diameter and volume growth of eastern white pine. Between age 72 and 80, ingrowth on site 56 substantially contributed to board-foot yield.
Effects of Fertilization on Healthy and Pitch Canker-Infected Pines
Authors: Fisher R. F. , Garbett W. S. , Underhill E. M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The addition of large amounts of nitrogen plus phosphorus fertilizer to a slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) stand infected with pitch canker increased mortality and decreased tree growth. The addition of nitrogen or phosphorus alone, small amounts of nitrogen plus phosphorus, or nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and micronutrients together neither increased mortality nor decreased tree growth.
Use Patterns and Impacts of Innertube Floating on a Mountain Stream
Authors: Hammitt William E. , McDonald Cary D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The amount of innertube floating on a mountain stream, use patterns, and the degree of ecological and social impacts resulting from this recreational activity were investigated. Both observational and survey research techniques were employed. Results indicate that although use appears fairly high, users perceive no crowding and feel no need to control numbers of floaters. However, major ecological impacts were present in the form of stream bank erosion and alteration of stream morphology. Management implications concerning the use observed and the impacts occuring are discussed.
Site Preparation Effects on Soil Bulk Density and Pine Seedling Growth
Authors: Stransky J. J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Soil bulk density was sampled the first and third growing seasons after site preparation and pine planting on three clearcut pine-hardwood forest sites in eastern Texas. Bulk density was measured 10 cm below the surface of mineral soil using a surface moisture-density probe. Plots that had been KG-bladed and chopped had significantly higher bulk density than those that were burned or left untreated. After 5 years the survival, height, and diameter growth of pines averaged highest on the mechanically treated plots, probably because competition from other woody stems was much less than in the untreated and burned plots.
Predicting Fertilizer Response in Established Loblolly Pine Plantations With Basal Area and Site Index
Authors: Duzan Howard W. , Allen H. Lee , Ballard R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In a wide range of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations, very few of which were suffering from severe nutrient deficiencies, response to fertilization was related to stand conditions. Gross and net volume increment equations were developed using basal area, site index, and fertilizer treatment as predictor variables. Response to fertilization was calculated as the difference between growth estimates for control and fertilized stands at given levels of basal area and site index. Predicted 5-year volume response from fertilization with 100 lbs N/A + 50 lbs P/A is given for a range of basal area and site index levels for both the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions. The information provided will enable the forest manager to choose stands with the greatest potential for response, and to determine the economic benefits of fertilization.
Delineation of Fusiform Rust Hazard Based on Estimated Volume Loss as a Guide to Rust Management Decisions in Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Schmidt Robert A. , Klapproth Michael C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Using published data, an empirical model is derived to approximate volume loss due to fusiform rust in slash pine plantations. Specifically, cumulative percentage volume loss at age 15 years is estimated as a function of percentage-rust-associated mortality at age 15 years, percentage stems infected at age 5 years and percentage trees infected at ages 5-10 years. Volume losses of <15, 15-35, and >35 percent at age 15 years are arbitrarily defined as low-, moderate-, and high-rust hazard, respectively. The corresponding percentages of trees with rust were <18, 18-43, and >43 at age 5 years, and <44, 44-77, and >77 at age 10 years. Using these approximations, a regional rust-hazard map for 10-year-old slash pine plantations is developed from rust survey data and potential rust management strategies are discussed for the region and for planatations.
Interim Models for Basal Area and Volume Projection of Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands
Authors: Murphy Paul A. , Farrar Robert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations are presented for estimating current volume, projected basal area, and projected volume for stands of loblolly-shortleaf (Pinus taeda L.-Pinus echinata Mill.) pine managed under the selection system. The independent variables are initial stand basal area and elapsed time. The estimates should provide a guide to the cubic-foot volume production that might be expected from stands on average sites (site indices 80-90 ft.), medium basal areas (30 to 70 sq. ft.) and time periods of 10 years or less.
Portable Data Recorders in Forest Research
Authors: Rogerson Thomas L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A small handheld data recorder has been a complete success during its first year of use in hydrologic and silviculture research studies. The recorder is user-programmed to operate in different data-entry and telecommunication formats so it can communicate with different terminals and computers. This new data-collection system eliminates both field forms and the keypunching and verifying process, reduces errors, and greatly reduces the time between data collection and analysis. The data recorder is simple to use. Anyone who can complete field-data forms should be able to use the recorder after one to two hours of instruction.