bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTUITIONS AS INFERENTIAL JUDGMENTS*
Authors: Balcerak Jackson Magdalena 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAccording to philosophical orthodoxy, intuitions are perception‐like in that they provide us with non‐inferential justification. In this paper, I present four arguments to show that orthodoxy is mistaken: Intuitions, as used in thought experiments, are inferential judgments, that is the results of inferential transitions that are inferentially justified (if justified at all). The discussion will shed light on the nature of intuition but also on the nature of inference.
Attention norms in Siegel’s The Rationality of Perception
Authors: Irving Zachary C. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCan we be responsible for our attention? Can attention be epistemically good or bad? Siegel tackles these under‐explored questions in “Selection Effects”, a pathbreaking chapter of The Rationality of Perception. In this chapter, Siegel develops one of the first philosophical accounts of attention norms. Her account is inferential: patterns of attention are often controlled by inferences and therefore subject to rational epistemic norms that govern any other form of inference. Although Siegel’s account is explanatorily powerful, it cannot capture a core attention norm in cognitive science: one should balance between exploratory and exploitative attention. For central cases of exploratory attention such as mind‐wandering, child‐like, and creative thinking are non‐inferential. Siegel’s view classifies them as “normative freebies” that are not subject to epistemic evaluation. We’re therefore left with a disjunctive conclusion: either Siegel’s inferentialist theory of attention norms is incomplete or cognitive scientists are wrong about the norms that govern attention.
A teacher’s judgment of spatial ability
Authors: Kotsopoulos Donna , Makosz Samantha , Zambrzycka Joanna , Cordy Michelle 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInternational standardized tests are showing an underperformance of students in geometry and spatial ability relative to other content domains. In this research, we examined the relationship between a teacher’s judgment of third‐ and fourth‐grade students’ geometry and spatial ability (i.e., grades), three spatial ability tasks (Water‐Level‐Task, the Rod‐and‐Frame Test, and the Mental‐Rotations‐Test), composite spatial ability score, and standardized test scores of geometry and spatial ability. Results showed that this teacher’s judgment of a student’s geometry and spatial ability was more ambitious than evidence from the other measures. While two of the spatial ability tasks and the composite spatial ability score showed improvement over time, the teacher’s judgment of students’ geometry, and spatial ability did not show improvement over time. Implications for learning will be discussed.
How to…do research interviews in different ways
Authors: de la Croix Anne , Barrett Aileen , Stenfors Terese 
Published: October 2018

SummaryThis article is the next instalment in our ‘How to…’ series about qualitative research, and focuses on interviews. In many ways, conducting research interviews can be compared with talking to a patient or a student, yet there are specific elements to consider if you want the interview data to be useful for a research study. In this article, we will reflect on what a ‘good’ research interview is. We will provide an overview of different types of interviews, both much used and more adventurous. Finally, we present a list of dilemmas and frequently asked questions, with tips, tricks and suggestions. This practical and concise article will be helpful when starting a qualitative research project using interviews.Getting access to participants’ inner worlds is the real trick to acquiring rich data
Distance to care, care seeking and child mortality in rural Burkina Faso: findings from a population‐based cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Sarrassat S. , Meda N. , Badolo H. , Ouedraogo M. , Somé H. , Cousens S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveAlthough distance has been identified as an important barrier to care, evidence for an effect of distance to care on child mortality is inconsistent. We investigated the association of distance to care with self‐reported care seeking behaviours, neonatal and post‐neonatal under‐five child mortality in rural areas of Burkina Faso.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional survey in 14 rural areas from November 2014 to March 2015. About 100 000 women were interviewed on their pregnancy history and about 5000 mothers were interviewed on their care seeking behaviours. Euclidean distances to the closest facility were calculated. Mixed‐effects logistic and Poisson regressions were used respectively to compute odds ratios for care seeking behaviours and rate ratios for child mortality during the 5 years prior to the survey.ResultsThirty per cent of the children lived more than 7 km from a facility. After controlling for confounding factors, there was a strong evidence of a decreasing trend in care seeking with increasing distance to care (P ≤ 0.005). There was evidence for an increasing trend in early neonatal mortality with increasing distance to care (P = 0.028), but not for late neonatal mortality (P = 0.479) and post‐neonatal under‐five child mortality (P = 0.488). In their first week of life, neonates living 7 km or more from a facility had an 18% higher mortality rate than neonates living within 2 km of a facility (RR = 1.18; 95%CI 1.00, 1.39; P = 0.056). In the late neonatal period, despite the lack of evidence for an association of mortality with distance, it is noteworthy that rate ratios were consistent with a trend and similar to or larger than estimates in early neonatal mortality. In this period, neonates living 7 km or more from a facility had an 18% higher mortality rate than neonates living within 2 km of a facility (RR = 1.18; 95%CI 0.92, 1.52; P = 0.202). Thus, the lack of evidence may reflect lower power due to fewer deaths rather than a weaker association.ConclusionWhile better geographic access to care is strongly associated with increased care seeking in rural Burkina Faso, the impact on child mortality appears to be marginal. This suggests that, in addition to improving access to services, attention needs to be paid to quality of those services.
Statistical evaluation of High Resolution satellite precipitation products in arid and semi‐arid parts of Ethiopia: a note for hydro‐meteorological applications
Authors: Gella Getachew Workineh 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe prime objective of this study was evaluating six satellite precipitation products by using standard statistical techniques to assess its capability to provide reliable rain rate (amount) and detect rainfall event correctly. High‐resolution precipitation products, Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS), Tropical Applications of Meteorology using Satellite data and ground‐based observations (TAMSAT), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B42RT v7), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIAN CDR), African Rainfall Climatology (ARC v2) and Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique (CMORPH v1.0) were utilized. Evaluation includes both numerical and categorial metrices. Results indicated that in terms of rainfall amount estimation, TAMSAT has relatively better capability whilst for detecting rain event, ARC v2 was found capable in Eastern Ethiopian landscape. All precipitation products underestimate precipitation amount with profound bias level. These needs a thorough bias correction before utilization of these satellite precipitation products.
An effective method of wastewater treatment using titanium salt and a coagulant aid of chitosan
Authors: Okour Yousef H. , Ahmed Sameh S. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTitanium (Ti) salt has been used in wastewater flocculation and significantly decreases the pH of wastewater which is not industrially preferable. Thus, this study aims to use a natural polymer, chitosan, with Ti salt to observe a significant impact on pH of Ti salt flocculation and significantly reduce the produced sludge volume. The impact of chitosan addition on Ti salt flocculation pH, Ti salt optimum dose, Ti sludge, turbidity and organic removal was investigated. The results showed that using an optimum dose of 25 mg/L of Ti salt, Ti salt flocculation pH sharply decreased to 3.20 with turbidity and organic removal reaching 80 and 70%, respectively. The addition of chitosan to the Ti salt is found to be very effective due to the ability of chitosan foils to bridge the neutralised wastewater particles. The use of low doses of Ti salt with chitosan had an impact on flocculation pH and resulted in 40% of Ti sludge reduction.
Validating a rapid assessment framework for screening surface water flood risk
Authors: Webber J.L. , Booth G. , Gunasekara R. , Fu G. , Butler D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis research evaluates performance of a rapid assessment framework for screening surface water flood risk in urban catchments. Recent advances in modelling have developed fast and computationally efficient cellular automata frameworks which demonstrate promising utility for increasing available evidence to support surface water management, however, questions remain regarding trade‐offs between accuracy and speed for practical application. This study evaluates performance of a rapid assessment framework by comparing results with outputs from an industry standard hydrodynamic model using a case study of St Neots in Cambridgeshire, UK. Results from the case study show that the rapid assessment framework is able to identify and prioritise areas of flood risk and outputs flood depths which correlate above 97% with the industry standard approach. In theory, this finding supports a simplified representation of catchments using cellular automata, and in practice presents an opportunity to apply the framework to develop evidence to support detailed modelling.
Lymphatic vessels identified in failed corneal transplants with neovascularisation
Authors: Diamond Michael Adam , Chan Sze Wah Samuel , Zhou Xun , Glinka Yelena , Girard Eileen , Yucel Yeni , Gupta Neeru 
Published: October 2018

Background
Corneal transplant failure with neovascularisation is a leading indication for full-thickness grafts in patients. Lymphangiogenesis is implicated in the pathology of graft failure, and here we systematically evaluate failed human corneal transplants with neovascularisation for the presence of lymphatic vessels.

Methods

Nine failed grafts with neovascularisation, based on H<E staining with subsequent immunoperoxidase staining for CD31, a blood vessel marker, were selected. Lymphatics were investigated by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence approaches using podoplanin as a lymphatic marker. In two of nine cases, fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) was used for detection of lymphatic mRNAs including podoplanin,
VEGFR-3
and
LYVE-1
. All immunofluorescence and FISH samples were compared with positive and negative controls and visualised by confocal microscopy.

Results

Corneal neovascularisation was established in all cases by H<E and further confirmed by CD31 immunoreactive profiles. Immunohistochemistry for the podoplanin antibody was positive in all cases and showed morphologies ranging from distinct luminal structures to elongated profiles. Simultaneous immunofluorescence using CD31 and podoplanin showed lymphatic vessels distinct from blood vessels. Podoplanin immunofluorescence was noted in seven of nine cases and revealed clear lumina of varying sizes, in addition to lumen-like and elongated profiles. The presence of lymphatic mRNA was confirmed by FISH studies using a combination of at least two of podoplanin,
VEGFR-3
and
LYVE-1
mRNAs.

Conclusions
The consistent finding of lymphatic vessels in failed grafts with neovascularisation implicates them in the pathogenesis of corneal transplant failure, and points to the lymphatics as a potential new therapeutic target.
Surgical management of acquired implantation iris cysts: indications, surgical challenges and outcomes
Authors: Shanbhag Swapna S , Ramappa Muralidhar , Chaurasia Sunita , Murthy Somasheila I 
Published: October 2018

PurposeTo describe the clinical spectrum, clinicopathological correlation and outcomes of different surgical strategies in the management of acquired implantation iris cysts.MethodsFrom 1 January 1989 to 31 December 2015, 27 patients (27 eyes) with acquired implantation iris cysts underwent surgery. The charts were reviewed for demographics, preoperative characteristics, surgical approach, histopathological records of excised cyst and postoperative outcomes.ResultsThe median age at presentation was 5 years (IQR: 1.3–14 years). Out of 27 patients, 21 (78%) were aged≤18 years. Almost two-third (17/27, 63%) patients had history of penetrating ocular trauma prior to surgery. All patients underwent cyst aspiration combined with complete cyst excision with additional surgical procedures when necessary. Along with complete cyst excision, sector iridectomy was performed in 20/27 (74%) eyes. At a median postoperative follow-up period of 8 months (range: 1–72 months), recurrence was noted in 3/27 (11%) cases at a mean follow-up period of 2.3±1.5 months postsurgery. Eyes in which sector iridectomy was performed had lower incidence of recurrence, and this was statistically significant (p=0.03). However, the improvement in best-corrected visual acuity postoperatively was not statistically significant (p=0.15).ConclusionAcquired implantation iris cysts are associated with significant ocular morbidity. Complete excision of the cyst with sector iridectomy is an effective treatment option if other less invasive surgical approaches fail. Visual acuity can be significantly improved but is typically limited due to associated comorbidities.
Test-Equivalence Analysis for Automatic Patch Generation
Authors: Mechtaev Sergey , Gao Xiang , Tan Shin Hwei , Roychoudhury Abhik 
Published: October 2018

Automated program repair is a problem of finding a transformation (called a patch) of a given incorrect program that eliminates the observable failures. It has important applications such as providing debugging aids, automatically grading student assignments, and patching security vulnerabilities. A common challenge faced by existing repair techniques is scalability to large patch spaces, since there are many candidate patches that these techniques explicitly or implicitly consider.
The correctness criteria for program repair is often given as a suite of tests. Current repair techniques do not scale due to the large number of test executions performed by the underlying search algorithms. In this work, we address this problem by introducing a methodology of patch generation based on a test-equivalence relation (if two programs are “test-equivalent” for a given test, they produce indistinguishable results on this test). We propose two test-equivalence relations based on runtime values and dependencies, respectively, and present an algorithm that performs on-the-fly partitioning of patches into test-equivalence classes.
Our experiments on real-world programs reveal that the proposed methodology drastically reduces the number of test executions and therefore provides an order of magnitude efficiency improvement over existing repair techniques, without sacrificing patch quality.
The E2F1–miR-520/372/373–SPOP Axis Modulates Progression of Renal Carcinoma
Authors: Ding Meng , Lu Xiaolan , Wang Cheng , Zhao Quan , Ge Jingping , Xia Qiuyuan , Wang Junjun , Zen Ke , Zhang Chen-Yu , Zhang Chunni 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Although renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most malignant urologic cancer, its pathogenesis remains unclear, and effective treatments for advanced RCC are still lacking. Here, we report that a novel E2F1–miR-520/372/373–SPOP axis controls RCC carcinogenesis. Speckle-type POZ protein (SPOP) was upregulated in over 90% of RCC tissues, whereas the miR-520/372/373 family was downregulated and correlated inversely with SPOP protein levels in RCC tissues. The miR-520/372/373 family targeted the SPOP 3′-UTR and suppressed SPOP protein expression, leading to elevation of PTEN and DUSP7 levels and, consequently, decreased proliferation, invasion/migration, and metastasis of RCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Tail-vein delivery of therapeutic miR-520/372/373 family significantly decreased both tumor size and lung metastasis ratio in mice bearing orthotopic xenograft tumors. Decreased expression of miR-520/372/373 family was mediated by transcription factor E2F1. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the E2F1-miR-520/372/373–SPOP axis functions as a key signaling pathway in RCC progression and metastasis and represents a promising opportunity for targeted therapies.

Significance:
These findings show that the E2F1-miR-520/372/373 family–SPOP axis promotes RCC progression, thereby contributing to our understanding of RCC pathogenesis and unveiling new avenues for more effective targeted therapies.
A Nationwide, Population-Based Epidemiologic Study of Childhood Brain Tumors in Korea, 2005–2014: A Comparison with United States Data
Authors: Kang Ji-Man , Ha Johyun , Hong Eun Kyung , Ju Hee Young , Park Byung Kiu , Shin Sang-Hoon , Won Young-Joo , Jung Kyu-Won , Park Hyeon Jin 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background:
We investigated the epidemiologic characteristics of childhood brain tumors (CBT) in Korea, and compared our findings with those from the United States.

Methods:
We searched the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database of the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR) from 2005 to 2014, which included all Korean patients with CBT aged 0 to 19 years at diagnosis. The age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) and the 5-year relative survival rate (RSR) were determined. The Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS) classification and definitions were applied to allow direct comparison with U.S. data.

Results:
A total of 6,027 CBTs were identified. The ASR of all CBTs was 5.08 per 100,000 population, which was significantly lower than that in the United States (5.57). However, the ASR of nonmalignant CBTs in Korea (2.48) was significantly higher than that in the United States (2.15). Embryonal tumors (ASR: 0.99 and 0.72 in the 0–4 and 5–9 year age groups, respectively) were the most common CBTs in these respective age groups. Germ cell tumors (0.78) and pituitary tumors (1.63) were the most common CBTs in the 10–14 and 15–19 year age groups, respectively. The 5-year RSR of CBTs was 84% and varied according to histology.

Conclusions:
High incidences of nonmalignant and germ cell tumors are distinct CBT features in Korean children and adolescents.

Impact:
To our knowledge, this is the first and largest population-based epidemiologic study of CBTs in Asia. Our findings support the notion that East Asian populations have a higher incidence of central nervous system germ cell tumors than other races.
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: Clinical Assessment of Rapid Progression
Authors: Furlano Mónica , Loscos Irene , Martí Teresa , Bullich Gemma , Ayasreh Nadia , Rius Asunción , Roca Lourdes , Ballarín José , Ars Elisabet , Torra Roser 
Published: October 2018

Background: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) causes the development of renal cysts and leads to a decline in renal function. Limited guidance exists in clinical practice on the use of tolvaptan. A decision algorithm from the European Renal Association-European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Working Groups of Inherited Kidney Disorders and European Renal Best Practice (WGIKD/ERBP) has been proposed to identify candidates for tolvaptan treatment; however, this algorithm has not been assessed in clinical practice. Methods: Eighteen-month cross-sectional, unicenter, observational study assessing 305 consecutive ADPKD patients. The ERA-EDTA WGIKD/ERBP algorithm with a stepwise approach was used to assess rapid progression (RP). Subsequently, expanded criteria based on the REPRISE trial were applied to evaluate the ­impact of extended age (≤55 years) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; ≥25 mL/min/1.73 m2). Results: Historical eGFR decline, indicative of RP, was fulfilled in 26% of 73 patients who were candidates for RP assessment, mostly aged 31–55 years. Further tests including ultrasound and MRI measurements of kidney volume plus genetic testing enabled the evaluation of the remaining patients. Overall, 15.7% of patients met the criteria for rapid or likely RP using the algorithm, and the percentage increased to 27% when extending age and eGFR. Conclusions: The ERA-EDTA WGIKD/ERBP algorithm provides a valuable means of identifying in routine clinical practice patients who may be eligible for treatment with tolvaptan. The impact of a new threshold for age and eGFR may increase the percentage of patients to be treated.
Genetic structure of natterjack toad (Epidalea calamita) populations in Flanders, Belgium, and its implications for conservation
Authors: Maes Joke , Van Oosten Arend Raoul , Van Houtte Natalie , Matthysen Erik 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Unique evolutionary potential could be lost when a population goes extinct or when individuals are translocated to other existing populations. Therefore, in order to identify priorities and to predict the efficiency and consequences of conservation actions, information is needed on the genetic structure of natural populations. In the urbanized and diverse landscapes of Flanders, Belgium, natterjack toad (Epidalea calamita) populations have been declining over the last decades. Therefore, this species is subjected to a wide range of different types of conservation measures (e.g. habitat management, corridor development, translocations). However, more information is needed on its genetic population structure. In this study, we sampled egg clutches from six populations and studied their genetic structure with six microsatellite markers. In total, 184 samples from 99 different egg strings were genotyped. Observed heterozygosity was generally high, even for the small and isolated populations (overall mean HO = 0.43). The weak clustering by the Bayesian analyses (STRUCTURE, Adegenet and BAPS) does not allow us to make strong conclusions on the population structure. However, the significant ΦST values between the populations underline the importance of genetic information when conservation priorities are discussed. Unique evolutionary potential could be lost when one or more natterjack toad populations would go extinct, and translocation of individuals to other existing populations should be considered with caution.