bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Induced by Typhoon Chan‐hom Over China
Authors: Song Qian , Ding Feng , Zhang Xiaoxin , Liu Haitao , Mao Tian , Zhao Xiukuan , Wang Yungang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper reports the ionospheric response to Typhoon Chan‐hom using Global Positioning System network data from China, combined with observations of an ionosonde chain. Two medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) were observed around the two landing times of Typhoon Chan‐hom. The MSTID with a phase fronts aligned in the north‐south direction was detected on the east coast of China at 16:50–18:40 UT on 11 July 2015 and moved westward with a mean horizontal phase velocity of 268 m/s and period of 56 min. Then the concentric MSTID appeared on the northeast of China at 01:50–05:10 UT on 13 July 2015 and propagated in the radial direction with average horizontal phase velocity of 143 m/s and period of 45 min. There may be some connections between the north‐south‐aligned MSTID and the electrodynamical coupling of the sporadic E layer and the F layer, while the concentric MSTID may be caused by the concentric gravity waves resulting from the bodyforces related with the typhoon.
The First Direct Observational Confirmation of Kinematic Collisionless Relaxation in Very Low Mach Number Shocks Near the Earth
Authors: Pope S. A. , Gedalin M. , Balikhin M. A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCollisionless shocks are ubiquitous throughout the known universe. They mainly convert the energy of the directed ion flow into heating. Upon crossing the shock front, the ion distribution becomes nongyrotropic. Relaxation to gyrotropy then occurs mainly via kinematic collisionless gyrophase mixing and interaction with waves. The theory of collisionless relaxation predicts that the downstream pressure of each ion species varies quasi‐periodically with the distance from the shock transition layer and the amplitude of the variations gradually decrease. The oscillations due to each species have their own spatial period and damping scale. Pressure balance requires that the variations in the total plasma pressure should cause anticorrelating variations in the magnetic pressure. This process should occur at all Mach numbers, but its observation is difficult at moderate‐/high‐Mach numbers. In contrast, such magnetic oscillations have been observed at low Mach number cases of the Venusian bow shock and interplanetary shocks. In this paper, simultaneous in situ magnetic field and plasma measurements from the THEMIS‐B and THEMIS‐C spacecraft are used to study, for the first time, the anticorrelated total ion and magnetic pressure spatial variations at low‐Mach number shocks. It is found that kinematic collisionless relaxation is the dominant process in the formation of the downstream ion distribution and in shaping the downstream magnetic profile of the observed shocks, confirming fundamental theoretical results. Comparison with the results from numerical models allows the role of the different ion species to be investigated and confirms the role heavy ions play in forming the downstream magnetic profile.
Delayed Arrival of Energetic Solar Particles at MMS on 16 July 2017
Authors: Blake J. B. , Fennell J. F. , Turner D. L. , Cohen I. J. , Mauk B. H. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA shock in the solar wind was observed shortly after 05:00 by heliospheric spacecraft stationed at L1. Behind the shock, protons and electrons in the tens to hundreds of keV energy range were found to be enhanced several‐fold. The shock reached the Earth precisely at 06:00 and was detected by particle sensors aboard GOES and ARTEMIS, and by ground‐based magnetometers. In addition, the arrival of the shock was seen promptly by the magnetometer investigation aboard MMS, which at the time was located 16 RE down the geomagnetic tail. However, the arrival of the energetic particles at MMS was delayed for ~23 min, and first arrived moving earthward up the geomagnetic tail. Timing considerations between the solar wind speed and the energetic particles indicated that the solar particles first gained access to field lines connected to MMS around 115 RE downstream. Once the shock and its entrained solar particles passed the access region, the solar particles were no longer seen.
Recently Formed Crater Clusters on Mars
Authors: Daubar I. J. , Banks M. E. , Schmerr N. C. , Golombek M. P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study maps and measures assorted properties of new dated crater clusters that formed recently when impactors fragmented in the atmosphere of Mars. We report these statistics for 77 clusters: number of craters, size of cluster, dispersion of cluster, direction (azimuth) from which the impactor approached, and an estimate of the angle from vertical of the impact. Clusters range from a few to hundreds of craters, with most containing tens of craters. They are most commonly dispersed over hundreds of meters, with extents ranging from a few meters to a few kilometers. We find that dispersion generally does not correlate with topographic elevation. However, when the highest elevations are disregarded, clusters are more dispersed at lower elevations, as expected. Impact azimuths are randomly distributed and do not express a clear directionality of incoming meteoroids. Results suggest impacts occur closer to horizontal than expected, which could be due to observational effects. The characteristics we report here provide important constraints for future work in understanding atmospheric fragmentation processes; properties of the impactors themselves, such as density and orbital parameters; and the seismic detectability of impacts. These are critical aspects to understand, as approximately half of current impacts are observed to be clusters.
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as predictor for incident hypertension: a 9-year cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Jhuang Yi-Han , Kao Tung-Wei , Peng Tao-Chun , Chen Wei-Liang , Li Yen-Wei , Chang Pi-Kai , Wu Li-Wei 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has received much attention in recent decades and has been a novel inflammatory marker. NLR has been applied in predicting the prognosis of malignancies, mortality, and chronic diseases. Additionally, hypertension, defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg, a previous diagnosis of hypertension, and taking any antihypertensive drug, has been one of the most common chronic diseases in Asia and is currently the most important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases worldwide. Thus, we aimed to investigate the correlation between NLR and prevalent hypertension in the Taiwanese population. From the data of routine health checkups at the General Health Promotion Center in the Tri-Service General Hospital (TSGH), a total of 6278 participants were included. The NLR value was divided into tertiles. The Cox regression model revealed that the highest NLR group tended to be hypertensive (HR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.03–1.59) after adjustment. Individuals were also divided into age-specific, BMI-specific, or sex-specific groups; compared with the lowest NLR group, elderly individuals in the highest tertile of NLR were relatively likely to be hypertensive after covariate adjustment (HR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.19–2.96). Furthermore, a male group aged more than 60 years was reported to have a significant association with hypertension (HR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.06–3.18). However, there was no significant difference in the BMI-based stratified groups, even after adjustment. Our research revealed a significant association between the NLR and incident hypertension, especially in elderly or male Taiwanese individuals.
Future N deposition and precipitation changes will be beneficial for the growth of Haloxylon ammodendron in Gurbantunggut Desert, northwest China
Authors: Zhao Wen-Qin , Lv Xin-hua , Li Yong-guan , Wang Zhong-ke , Zhang Wei , Zhuang Li 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEvaluation of precipitation and nitrogen (N) deposition in desert ecosystems helps to elucidate the reaction of desert ecosystems to future environmental changes. An in-situ field experiment was established to examine the influence of a long-term enhanced precipitation and N deposition on the photosynthetic traits and physiological characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron in the Gurbantunggut Desert, northwest China, throughout the growing season in 2014–2016. Results showed a significant interaction between precipitation and N applications. Increased precipitation and N deposition and their coupling could significantly improve photosynthetic capacity, alter the variability in amplitude of water potential and change the content of substances regulating osmotic pressure in H. ammodendron. According to the comprehensive evaluation of H. ammodendron’s adaptability using six different water and N coupling models, a combination of a 30% increase in precipitation and a 30 kg N ha−1 yr−1 addition in nitrogen deposition, or the addition of N at a concentration of 60 kg N ha−1 yr−1 with natural precipitation were beneficial to H. ammodendron growth and development. Hence, changes in the future global environment can be anticipated to be beneficial to H. ammodendron growth.
Multi-state study of Enterobacteriaceae harboring extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase genes in U.S. drinking water
Authors: Tanner Windy D. , VanDerslice James A. , Goel Ramesh K. , Leecaster Molly K. , Fisher Mark A. , Olstadt Jeremy , Gurley Catherine M. , Morris Anderson G. , Seely Kathryn A. , Chapman Leslie , Korando Michelle , Shabazz Kalifa-Amira , Stadsholt Andrea , VanDeVelde Janice , Braun-Howland Ellen , Minihane Christine , Higgins Pamela J. , Deras Michelle , Jaber Othman , Jette Dee , Gundlapalli Adi V. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCommunity-associated acquisition of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae has significantly increased in recent years, necessitating greater inquiry into potential exposure routes, including food and water sources. In high-income countries, drinking water is often neglected as a possible source of community exposure to antibiotic-resistant organisms. We screened coliform-positive tap water samples (n = 483) from public and private water systems in six states of the United States for blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaKPC, blaNDM, and blaOXA-48-type genes by multiplex PCR. Positive samples were subcultured to isolate organisms harboring ESBL or carbapenemase genes. Thirty-one samples (6.4%) were positive for blaCTX-M, ESBL-type blaSHV or blaTEM, or blaOXA-48-type carbapenemase genes, including at least one positive sample from each state. ESBL and blaOXA-48-type Enterobacteriaceae isolates included E. coli, Kluyvera, Providencia, Klebsiella, and Citrobacter species. The blaOXA-48-type genes were also found in non-fermenting Gram-negative species, including Shewanella, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Multiple isolates were phenotypically non-susceptible to third-generation cephalosporin or carbapenem antibiotics. These findings suggest that tap water in high income countries could serve as an important source of community exposure to ESBL and carbapenemase genes, and that these genes may be disseminated by non-Enterobacteriaceae that are not detected as part of standard microbiological water quality testing.
Real-time quasi-distributed fiber optic sensor based on resonance frequency mapping
Authors: Kim Gyeong Hun , Park Sang Min , Park Chang Hyun , Jang Hansol , Kim Chang-Seok , Lee Hwi Don 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDistributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS) based on Raman, Brillouin, and Rayleigh scattering have recently attracted considerable attention for various sensing applications, especially large-scale monitoring, owing to their capacity for measuring strain or temperature distributions. However, ultraweak backscatter signals within optical fibers constitute an inevitable problem for DOFS, thereby increasing the burden on the entire system in terms of limited spatial resolution, low measurement speed, high system complexity, or high cost. We propose a novel resonance frequency mapping for a real-time quasi-distributed fiber optic sensor based on identical weak fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), which has stronger reflection signals and high sensitivity to multiple sensing parameters. The resonance configuration, which amplifies optical signals during multiple round-trip propagations, can simply and efficiently address the intrinsic problems in conventional single round-trip measurements for identical weak FBG sensors, such as crosstalk and optical power depletion. Moreover, it is technically feasible to perform individual measurements for a large number of quasi-distributed identical weak FBGs with relatively high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), low crosstalk, and low optical power depletion. By mapping the resonance frequency spectrum, the dynamic response of each identical weak FBG is rapidly acquired in the order of kilohertz, and direct interrogation in real time is possible without time-consuming computation, such as fast Fourier transformation (FFT). This resonance frequency spectrum is obtained on the basis of an all-fiber electro-optic configuration that allows simultaneous measurement of quasi-distributed strain responses with high speed (>5 kHz), high stability (~2.4 με), and high linearity (R2 = 0.9999).
Early weaning increases anxiety via brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the mouse prefrontal cortex
Authors: Kikusui Takefumi , Kanbara Natsumi , Ozaki Mariya , Hirayama Nozomi , Ida Kumiko , Tokita Mika , Tanabe Naho , Mitsuyama Kuriko , Abe Hatsuki , Yoshida Miki , Nagasawa Miho , Mogi Kazutaka 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDeprivation of maternal care during early development markedly affects emotional development, but the underlying neuromolecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In a mouse model of disrupted mother-infant relationship, early weaning causes long-term impacts on pups to exhibit increased corticosterone secretion, anxiety, and stress responses in their adulthood. Revealing the molecular mechanisms behind it would beneficial to ameliorating mental problems caused by abuse in childhood. We report that normalizing circulating corticosterone in early-weaned mice, either in adulthood or soon after weaning, ameliorated anxiety levels assessed in the plus maze test. Administering a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist into the prefrontal cortex (PFC) reversed the effects of early weaning, whereas administering corticosterone increased anxiety levels, suggesting that the PFC is corticosterone’s target brain region. In the PFCs of early-weaned mice, we observed prolonged reductions in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and associated mRNAs. Anxiety in early-weaned mice was ameliorated by pretreatment with BDNF or a BDNF receptor agonist. In summary, early weaning increased anxiety levels by modulating glucocorticoid and BDNF signaling in the PFC.
Separation of gold and other rare materials from an ensemble of heterogeneous particles using a NdFeB magnetic circuit
Authors: Uyeda Chiaki , Hisayoshi Keiji , Terada Kentaro 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMost solid particles, composed of diamagnetic or weak paramagnetic materials, cannot be extracted by a conventional magnetic separator. Here we report that an ensemble of heterogeneous particles, composed of bismuth, gold, graphite and rock forming minerals are separated into fractions of different materials by small NdFeB magnetic plates. It is based on a recent finding that acceleration of a translating particle, induced by magnetic volume force in an area of field gradient, is uniquely determined by intrinsic susceptibility of material; the acceleration is independent to particle mass. The setup will serve as an effective technique of pre-treatment in analysing mixture of heterogeneous particles; such a technique is desired in various research fields of science, and the magnetic separation may play a role of a “chromatography technique” conventionally used in the analysis of organic molecules. The portable and low-cost system could provide a breakthrough for on-site research in industrial and medical fields as well as in resource explorations in nature. Extraction of rare materials such as gold or platinum becomes possible in a hazardless manner.
Novel splicing variant c. 208+2T&gt;C inBBS5segregates with Bardet–Biedl syndrome in an Iranian family by targeted exome sequencing
Authors: Imani Saber , Cheng Jingliang , Fu Jiewen , Mobasher-Jannat Abdolkarim , Wei Chunli , Mohazzab-Torabi Saman , Jadidi Khosrow , Khosravi Mohammad Hossein , Shasaltaneh Marzieh Dehghan , Yang Lisha , Khan Md. Asaduzzaman , Fu Junjiang 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare genetically heterogeneous ciliopathy which accompanies retinitis pigmentosa (RP). However, the BBS5 mutation remains unclear in Iranians with BBS. The purpose of study is to evaluate genetic analyses of a BBS Iranian family using targetted exome sequencing (TES). A male 11-year-old proband and three related family members were recruited. Biochemical tests, electrocardiography and visual acuity testing, such as funduscopic, fundus photography (FP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and standard electroretinography, were conducted. Molecular analysis and high-throughput DNA sequence analysis were performed. The proband was diagnosed with possible BBS based on the presence of three primary features and two secondary features. The TES analysis of the proband with BBS resulted in the identification of a novel, homozygous splicing variant c. 208+2T&gt;C of the BBS5 gene (NM_152384.2) in this Iranian BBS family. This variant was confirmed and was completely co-segregated with the disease in this family by Sanger sequencing. Thus, we report a novel, homozygous splicing site variant c.208+2T&gt;C in the BBS5 gene for the first time in the Iranian family.
Classroom-Based Services in an Urban Middle School: Strategies for Becoming Part of the Solution
Authors: Epstein Laura , Shah Prutha 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
Low-performing middle schools are often urban, culturally and linguistically diverse communities. Classroom-based speech-language service delivery is a best practice in these schools. This article provides strategies that have enhanced service delivery in a diverse and low-income urban middle school located in the San Francisco Bay Area, through a partnership between the San Francisco State University, Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Nicholas J. Certo Communicative Disorders Clinic, and a small local San Francisco Bay Area public school.

Method
Service delivery at a low-performing school incorporated classroom-based services in order to optimize classroom time for middle school children served by the speech-language pathologist.

Results
The incorporation of classroom-based services resulted in several service delivery innovations.

Conclusion
Service delivery models must accommodate to the learning needs of children and the school community.
Review of technologies for DC grids – power conversion, flow control and protection
Authors: Adam Grain Philip , Vrana Til Kristian , Li Rui , Li Peng , Burt Graeme , Finney Stephen 
Published: March 2019

This article reviews dc transmission technologies for future power grids. The article emphasises the attributes that each technology offers in terms of enhance controllability and stability, resiliency to ac and dc faults, and encourages increased exploitations of renewable energy resources (RERs) for electricity generation. Discussions of ac/dc and dc/dc converters reveal that the self‐commutated dc transmission technologies are critical for better utilisation of large RERs which tend to be dispersed over wide geographical areas, and offer much needed controllability for operation of centralised and decentralised power grids. It is concluded that the series power flow controllers have potential to restrict the expensive isolated dc/dc converters to few applications, in which the prevention of dc fault propagation is paramount. Cheaper non‐isolated dc/dc converters offer dc voltage tapping and matching and power regulation but they are unable to prevent pole‐shifting during pole‐to‐ground dc fault. To date hybrid dc circuit breakers target dc fault isolation times ranging from 3 to 5 ms; while the resonance‐based dc circuit breakers with forced current zeros target dc fault clearance times from 8 to 12.5 ms.
Exploring the role of X-ray reprocessing and irradiation in the anomalous bright optical outbursts of A0538−66
Authors: Ducci L. , Mereghetti S. , Hryniewicz K. , Santangelo A. , Romano P. 
Published: March 2019

Context. In 1981, the Be/X-ray binary A0538−66 showed outbursts characterized by high peak luminosities in the X-ray (Lx ≈ 1039 erg s−1) and optical (Lopt ≈ 3 × 1038 erg s−1) bands. The bright optical outbursts were qualitatively explained as X-ray reprocessing in a gas cloud surrounding the binary system.
Aims. Since then, further important information about the properties of A0538−66 have been obtained, and sophisticated photoionization codes have been developed to calculate the radiation emerging from a gas nebula illuminated by a central X-ray source. In the light of the new information and tools available, we considered it was worth studying again the enhanced optical emission displayed by A0538−66 to understand the mechanisms responsible for these unique events among the class of Be/X-ray binaries.
Methods. We performed about 105 simulations of a gas envelope surrounding the binary system photoionized by an X-ray source. We assumed for the shape of the gas cloud either a sphere or a circumstellar disc observed edge-on. We studied the effects of varying the main properties of the envelope (shape, density, slope of the power law density profile, size) and the influence of different input X-ray spectra and X-ray luminosity on the optical/UV emission emerging from the photoionized cloud. We determined the properties of the cloud and the input X-ray emission by comparing the computed spectra with the IUE spectrum and photometric UBV measurements obtained during the outburst of 29 April 1981. We also explored the role played by the X-ray heating of the surface of the donor star and the accretion disc irradiated by the X-ray emission of the neutron star.
Results. We found that reprocessing in a spherical cloud with a shallow radial density distribution and size of about 3 × 1012 cm can reproduce the optical/UV emission observed on 29 April 1981. To our knowledge, this configuration has never been observed either in A0538−66 during other epochs or in other Be/X-ray binaries. We found, contrary to the case of most other Be/X-ray binaries, that the optical/UV radiation produced by the X-ray heating of the surface of the donor star irradiated by the neutron star is non-negligible, due to the particular orbital parameters of this system that bring the neutron star very close to its companion.