bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Berryman Sylvia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The central argument of the volume is outlined, and the importance of the opening sentence of the Nicomachean Ethics—that every action aims at some good—is highlighted. Aristotle should not be interpreted as an ethical naturalist, drawing substantive ethical guidance from impartial study of the natural world: his considered view does not depend on viewing human nature as an external point that provides substantive ethical guidance. The Introduction notes the somewhat unusual procedure—for a work of ancient philosophy scholarship—in proceeding from questions raised by modern appropriators of Aristotle’s ethical ideas. The transmission of Aristotle’s ideas, and the incomplete state of the surviving texts, justifies us in asking questions that may not be explicit in the texts.
Aristotle and the Practical Turn
Authors: Berryman Sylvia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Constructivism attempts to straddle the divide between two extremes: on the one hand that the practical good exists independent of human thought and choice, or on the other that ethical claims are not truth-evaluable, because they have a non-cognitivist basis or even represent outright error. Aristotle’s position is compared to the forms of constructivism that see normativity as constitutive of agency, and his strategy is located within the current philosophical landscape. Although Aristotle’s position may not be as sophisticated or as carefully articulated as modern versions, it is argued that it is no accident that some modern constructivist accounts have drawn on Aristotelian resources.
They Were Prodigals and Enslavers
Authors: Moore Sean D. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the founding of the New York Society Library as part of the trend of merchants made wealthy by slavery and related commerce establishing philanthropic and civil society institutions in the mid- and late eighteenth century. By mapping the reading network around Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe in this library, it establishes that almost all of its readers from 1789–90 supported Defoe’s pro-slavery views as articulated by Crusoe’s choice to go to sea to engage in the Africa trade, and how most American editions of the novel advocated young men doing the same. The library’s City Readers database also makes it easy to inventory the other books that readers of Crusoe were reading in order to gauge the level of pro-slavery versus Manumission Society sentiment. In doing so, it provides a portrait of New York society as one in which whites of every background benefited from the slave trade.
Introduction:
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
No country today manages its health workforce and workforce needs particularly well. Neither rich nor poor countries are prepared to tackle the problems facing their health workforce, even though many analyse and outline the coming shortages. Countries and organizations often try to spend their way out of problems with short-term fixes, causing more problems for others and, ultimately, themselves. We need practical examples of how to improve the situation to avoid the coming global workforce shortage in healthcare, which is why Mark Britnell wrote this book. This chapter introduces the theory behind the book, and provides an overview of the current situation.
Australia—golden soil and wealth for toil
Authors: Britnell Mark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Australia has set a new world record by enjoying 27 consecutive years of economic growth. It is on the right side of the world at just the right time in history, as Asia rises. It consistently ranks highly in the OECD Better Life Index which looks at the level of well-being in society. Indeed, the title of this chapter takes some of the lyrics out of the Australian national anthem, Advance Australia Fair. Its healthcare staff are well paid and looked after and clinical facilities are often good, but Australia’s workforce challenges are shaped by the vastness of its land and the enduring inequalities in health outcomes of its Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. In this chapter, Mark Britnell takes a closer look at the Australian healthcare system and how it affects the country as a whole.
Emergence and Transformation of Territorially Based Cleavages and Constitutional Responses in Ethiopia
Authors: Fiseha Assefa 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the role played by territorially based, ethnonationalist forces in Ethiopia’s remarkable political transformation. It shows how the collapse of the socialist dictatorship and the victory of a coalition of ethnonationalist insurgent forces resulted in constitutional transition, culminating in a federal system designed to empower ethnonationalist groups at regional state level. This institutional design allowed such groups to exercise some self-rule at a regional level and ensure representation at the federal level, while also promoting relative peace and political stability across the country. The chapter first considers the context that led to the emergence and transformation of territorial cleavages in Ethiopia before discussing the period of constitutional engagement (1991–94) and its outcomes. It also considers the lessons that can be drawn from Ethiopia’s adoption of a federal system of government that places strong emphasis on ethnonationalism, along with challenges arising from decentralization, “ethnic federalism,” and political pluralism.
Indonesia
Authors: Bertrand Jacques 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how Acehnese and Papuans negotiated the constitutional transition in Indonesia that led to the adoption of the Special Autonomy Law in 2001 for Papua and the Law on Aceh in 2006 for Aceh. Between 1998 and 2002, the People’s Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawarahtan Rakyat) embarked on several constitutional amendments. In 2001, the state adopted two special autonomy laws to address grievances in Aceh and Papua. The chapter first provides a background on the territorial cleavages that have characterized Indonesian politics before turning to the period of constitutional engagement that culminated in the adoption of the Law on Aceh and the Special Autonomy Law. It then considers the outcomes of the constitutional transition, with particular reference to decentralization and territorial cleavages in Aceh and Papua, and concludes with an analysis of the lessons that can be learned from Indonesia’s incrementalist and responsive approach to constitutional change.
Dealing with Territorial Cleavages
Authors: Way Lucan Ahmad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how territorially concentrated populations and interests in Ukraine negotiated the constitutional process after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, with particular emphasis on the so-called Faustian bargain between Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk and western Ukrainian nationalists. It first considers the historical background on the ethnic divisions in the Ukraine, especially between “Ukrainophiles” and “Russophiles,” before discussing the period of constitutional engagement from 1991 to 1996, which saw efforts to create a constitutional system that accommodates the country’s stark regional differences. It then analyzes the outcome of the Faustian pact, focusing on the violent conflict that erupted in 2014 following its breakdown and the collapse of Viktor Yanukovych’s regime. It also reflects on the lessons that can be drawn from the Ukrainian experience, with reference to how the nature of politics at the center affects politically salient demands for local autonomy.
Subordinating Speech and Speaking Up
Authors: Russell Gillian 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
When we encounter speech that denigrates others unjustly, we sometimes feel a desire and an obligation to respond with more speech—a response that this paper calls ‘speaking up’. Even so, it is also common to have doubts about the value of speaking up. The paper exploits Stalnaker’s notion of a Context Set and Lewis’s work on Accommodation to further develop a model of subordinating speech that has been taking shape in the literature on pornography and hate speech. It then uses that model to suggest five ways in which speaking up can make a difference—while also noting that the model suggests that the effectiveness of speaking up can be limited by certain aspects of the context.
EU Copyright Harmonization and CJEU Role and Action
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Following an overview of legislative harmonization, this chapter discusses the composition, role, and functioning of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) before providing some numbers regarding activity in the copyright field. It presents data on: the composition of the Court (Judges-Rapporteur and Advocates General (AGs)), the relationship between the Court and its Judges-Rapporteur, areas in which national courts have made referrals, data on EU Member States from which the relevant referrals have been made, and interventions of individual Member States. Employment of statistical analysis has allowed consideration of a number of questions, including whether the Court tends to agree (it does) with the (non-binding) Opinion of the AG appointed in a certain case more or less often when the interpretation provided of certain copyright provision is expansive or not, and whether the background of the AG (academic or non-academic) has had any relevance from a statistical standpoint (it has not).
The Construction of Exceptions and Limitations in the InfoSoc Directive
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The analysis moves on to consider exceptions and limitations under the InfoSoc Directive. In particular, attention focuses on three areas—parody, quotation, and private copying—which serve to outline how the application of certain key standards, notably (1) the one according to which concepts in EU directives that make no reference to the laws of individual EU Member States should be intended as autonomous concepts of EU law that must be given uniform application throughout the EU, (2) strict interpretation of exceptions and limitations, but also (3) effectiveness of exceptions and limitations and (4) achieving a fair balance in the protection of contrasting rights, have allowed the creation of an EU system of exceptions and limitations. In this sense, the role of the Court has been pivotal in strengthening, at least in part, the admittedly weak harmonizing force of the InfoSoc Directive. This chapter also discusses the nature and function of the three-step test as found in Article 5(5) of that directive.
The Early Church
Authors: Bennett Joshua 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter is the first of four to explore the ways in which the different layers of the Christian past came to symbolize distinctive Victorian problems. It focuses on the early church, and its significance for debates over the authority of Christian orthodoxy. Beginning with the Oxford Movement and its prehistory, a period during which high church Anglicans emphasized the static authority of patristic orthodoxy, the chapter highlights John Henry Newman’s role in distilling a more dynamic conception of the growth of religious mind. Anti-dogmatic liberals such as Arthur Penrhyn Stanley tried to separate early Christian progress from its doctrinal dimensions. But a larger number, beginning with Christian Karl Josias Bunsen, preferred to intensify the apologetic emphasis which Newman had placed on orthodoxy as the expression of developing religious subjectivity: a stance which gave new kinds of rational justification to the doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation.
Latin Christianity
Authors: Bennett Joshua 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the Victorian rehabilitation of the religious history of the Middle Ages, a period which symbolized for contemporaries the claims of Roman and Anglo-Catholicism to present-day obedience and acceptance. It draws particular attention to the importance of the liberal Anglican historian, Henry Hart Milman. Influenced by Leopold von Ranke, Milman challenged anti-Catholic denunciations of the papal Antichrist on the one hand, and reactionary eulogies to medievalism on the other, to depict the period instead as a progressive and autonomous age of ‘Latin Christianity’. It became increasingly common for religious liberals, and even conservative evangelicals and high churchmen, to echo Milman’s treatment of the Middle Ages as a providential training ground for modern individuality. The more secular appraisals of the period offered, in different ways, by William Lecky and George Gordon Coulton grated against Protestant attempts to integrate Catholicism into theologically driven understandings of the development of civilization.
The Historicity of Jesus’ Resurrection
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Central to the data about Jesus’ Resurrection is what kind of experience lies behind it on the part of the disciples. This chapter explores three answers to the question of what happened on the first Easter. All three scholars profess belief in Jesus’ Resurrection, but they differ with regard to what they think historians can say about the experience of those who first proclaimed that Jesus is risen from the dead. Edward Schillebeeckx suggests that the Resurrection narratives arose from faith-experiences of the disciples, without requiring us to hold that they saw the glorified body of the risen Jesus. Dale Allison considers that the disciples must indeed have seen Jesus after his death, but that from a historical perspective these sightings are likely to have been hallucinatory visions. Lastly, N. T. Wright thinks that the historical evidence indicates that the disciples had concrete encounters with the risen, tangible Jesus.
Jesus’ Resurrection and Catholic Apologetics
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the importance of theologically defending the historicity of Jesus’ Resurrection. Specifically, it engages the work of Joseph Fenton, Pierre Rousselot, and Bernard Lonergan. Lonergan’s philosophical theology gives room for natural reason’s work of understanding and judging, and thus for an apologetics rooted in natural reason rather than in supernatural faith. Lonergan does this while appreciating the great significance of what he calls “the eye of love.” The chapter also credits Lonergan for defending the quest to know the concrete historical particulars in all their messy particularity. At the same time, Lonergan’s appreciation for historical particulars does not guide his own theological apologetics, which focuses instead on the universal dynamism of human nature toward maximal self-transcendence. Therefore, the chapter argues that Lonergan’s approach to theological apologetics could learn from Fenton’s insistence upon explicitly defending the historicity of Jesus’ Resurrection.
Why Doesn’t the Risen Jesus Appear to Each Generation?
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
If Jesus is risen, why does he not manifest his risen flesh to each generation? This chapter’s answer is twofold. The first section of the chapter, drawing upon Hans Urs von Balthasar, explains that fallen humans cleave to our lives in this world. Since this is so, ascension—Jesus’ and ours—is necessary. Given our need to “ascend,” the second section examines the work of the biblical scholars Michael Morales and Brant Pitre. Morales’s Who Shall Ascend the Mountain of the Lord? carefully explores how Jesus fulfills the Temple sacrifices. Pitre’s Jesus and the Last Supper describes a New Passover and New Exodus by which the crucified, risen, and ascended Jesus seeks to draw Israel and the nations into his transcendent kingdom. Ascending with and toward Jesus in self-sacrificial love, we are sustained eucharistically by Jesus so that our Passover may be complete.
Trauma in Dancing After Hours
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces a contrast to Alice Munro not only in Andre Dubus’s narrative strategies but in the abrupt turn he takes toward a late style that differs so remarkably from his earlier stories. He relies far less than before on straightforward narrative sequence, while his profound faith shifts emphasis from ­crises over Catholic doctrine to plots more pervasively split by spiritual awareness and liturgical imagery. Remarkably, he converts religious epiphanies into narrative ones, with a late stress on remaining ever alert to the moment, living fully within it. Contrary to Munro’s defiance of conventional sequence, Dubus highlights narrative flashpoints. The chapter follows a methodology pursued in each of the others, exemplifying distinctive characteristics of a late style. This involves showing its evolution via detailed analysis of stories across his oeuvre, then focusing on the construction of the late “Blessings.”
Introduction
Authors: Mitchell Lee Clark 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This introduction begins with a comprehensive analysis of the short story’s range, encapsulating a brief history of its practice and criticism from Poe onwards. As prelude to chapter analyses of four contemporary writers who have transformed the field, it offers an assessment of two exceptional stories focused on memory, by Richard Ford and Jhumpa Lahiri, before turning to Raymond Carver’s minimalism and issues raised by his stylistic alterations. The conception of “late style,” introduced by Theodor Adorno and revived by Edward Said in 2006, is then brought into question, along with the short story’s treatment as a distinct genre. A conclusion provides an overview of the book’s structure and rationale, outlining the distinctive storytelling qualities of the quartet of writers, as well as definitions of their late styles.
The Economic Case for Regulatory Competition
Authors: Stark Johanna 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses arguments in favour of and against regulatory competition—and systems competition—from an economic perspective. The first strand of positive arguments refers to the merits of competition in general, in the Hayekian sense of a discovery procedure for efficient solutions in situations of dispersed and undisclosed knowledge. Competition among suppliers of legal products—the argument goes—should help to identify and establish efficient legislative solutions. The second type of argument builds upon the premise that regulatory competition serves as a restraining factor against the Leviathan state. Competitive structures based on credible exit threats by law’s addressees could force governments to consider the interests of legal customers instead of, for example, taxing excessively. The chapter proceeds with a discussion of arguments that have questioned the promise of regulatory competition from an economic perspective, such as the selection principle. The most prominent criticism is that regulatory competition brought about by a law market leads to a ‘race to the bottom’ instead of a ‘race to the top’ in the quality of legal rules, such as a ‘race to laxity’ in the case of mandatory standards designed to prevent negative externalities.
Negotiating Partisanship
Authors: Perry Elisabeth Israels 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
After New York women won the vote in 1917, many joined political party clubs and some ran for office. In the 1920s, only a few won seats in the state legislature, and only one served more than one term. A few women won other posts—register of New York County and alderwoman—and a few others won appointive government and judicial posts. Local and state political party committees elected women as officers. These small victories encouraged other women to keep trying. The obstacles to women’s political success in the first decade after suffrage remained high, however. Some suffragists were ambivalent toward partisanship and discouraged women from being active party members; party men remained prejudiced against women politicians and government officials. In the 1920s African American women and Socialists had no electoral success at all.
Sustaining Feminist Progressivism
Authors: Perry Elisabeth Israels 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
During the 1920s and 1930s, New York City’s civic women activists expended the most energy and passion over three campaigns: winning state acceptance of federal funds for improving the health of mothers and babies (the Sheppard-Towner Act), legalizing women’s jury service, and passing laws to protect women wage earners. Using the tactics and networks they had developed during the suffrage movement and working through both partisan and nonpartisan voluntary associations, they led other public policy campaigns, such as legalizing the dissemination of birth control information, repealing national prohibition, and modernizing state government. The stories of these campaigns demonstrate both the possibilities and limitations of New York City women’s efforts to sustain feminist progressive reform after enfranchisement.
Fallout
Authors: Perry Elisabeth Israels 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
New York City women civic activists avidly followed the Seabury investigations’ hearings and revelations. They passed resolutions demanding reform and traveled to Albany to confront legislators and urge Governor Roosevelt to take action. When the investigations’ focus turned from the women’s court to city governance, women were on the front lines of discussions of the city’s future and then helped bring a reform administration into power under the leadership of independent Republican Fiorello La Guardia. Women were thus engaged in not only the specifics of the corruption Samuel Seabury exposed but also the consequences of that exposure for New York City’s future.
Civil Measures or Punishment?
Authors: Hoskins Zachary 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines whether collateral legal consequences (CLCs) constitute civil measures or forms of criminal punishment. Traditional legal practice has treated all CLCs as civil measures, but in recent years critics have contended that they are in fact additional forms of punishment. This chapter defends a more nuanced account, according to which the answer depends on whether CLCs are intentionally burdensome and intentionally express societal condemnation of the offender’s wrongdoing. Those that meet these conditions are best regarded as punishment, and those that do not are best regarded as civil measures. One implication of this analysis is that some CLCs, in some contexts, may be best regarded as punishment, whereas other restrictions, in other contexts, may be best regarded as civil measures. Thus a normative analysis of CLCs should examine both possibilities.
Noninstrumental Justifications
Authors: Hoskins Zachary 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter assesses several noninstrumental arguments in defense of collateral legal consequences (CLCs). Noninstrumental justifications hold that CLCs are justified for their own sake, as intrinsically appropriate responses to criminal wrongdoing. The chapter examines several noninstrumental accounts, grounded in appeals to rights forfeiture, distributive justice, retributive justice, incompetence, democratic self-determination, and civic trust. The chapter contends that none of these justifications is successful, and ultimately for similar reasons. Such accounts attempt to justify CLCs as appropriate responses in virtue either of what offenders have done or of who they are. But neither of these bases turns out to be adequate, outside the context of punishment, for treating offenders differently from everyone else.