bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“It was two hours […] the same old thing and nothing came of it”
Authors: Ní Thuairisg Laoise 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis article describes findings from a qualitative study which focused on the professional experiences of post-primary teachers working in schools in Gaeltacht areas, regions where Irish is traditionally spoken as a community language. The research aimed to provide an in-depth analysis of the personal and professional challenges and advantages associated with the role of teacher in this unique educational setting and aimed also to investigate teachers’ engagement in professional support services available to them. This paper addresses the latter question by focusing on teachers’ experiences of continuing professional development (CPD). Findings from this research indicate that teachers’ engagement and participation in CPD is low due to their dissatisfaction with current provision. According to participants, current CPD services do not address the complex sociolinguistic environment in which their professional practice is situated or their professional development needs within this context. Suggestions for policy and practice in CPD directed at Gaeltacht and immersion teachers are also considered.
The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) in French immersion teacher education
Authors: Arnott Stephanie , Vignola Marie-Josée 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Over 11% of Canadian students are currently enrolled in French immersion (FI) – a program where French is a subject of study and is
the language of instruction in at least two content areas. Research shows that stakeholders in FI initial teacher education (ITE)
programs identify French language proficiency development as an area of high priority; however, Canadian ITE programs do not
typically provide linguistic support. This article reports on an adaptation and implementation of the Common European
Framework of Reference (CEFR) (specifically, the European Language Portfolio [ELP]) as part of a
remedial 24-week French writing course in an FSL ITE program focused on developing French proficiency. Student-teachers
(n = 25) and the course instructor identified strengths and challenges associated with this initiative via
surveys and interviews. Findings show participant convergence and divergence on the portfolio experience, raising implications for
decision-making related to its use in ITE programs targeting FI teachers.
Becoming a “language-aware” content
teacher
Authors: He Peichang , Lin Angel M. Y. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Building on and extending the frameworks of Teacher Language Awareness (TLA) in
second/foreign language education and content-based/CLIL education (Andrews, 2007; Lindahl & Watkins, 2015; Andrews & Lin, 2017), this paper argues that
effective teaching of academic content in an L2 requires a special kind of
teacher knowledge that goes beyond simple addition of content knowledge and
Knowledge About Language (KAL). Through an ethnographic case study, the
researchers investigated the development of a science teacher’s TLA and teacher
identity through her participation in a school-university collaborative project.
Based on analysis of data from classroom observations, interviews, and lesson
video stimulated commentaries, the researchers have developed a model focusing
on CLIL teacher professional development as a collaborative, dynamic and
dialogic process, where both teachers and teacher educators (TEs) are
co-developing their knowledge and expertise in CLIL.
Teacher perceptions of immersion professional development experiences emphasizing language-focused content
instruction
Authors: Tedick Diane J. , Zilmer Caleb 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The knowledge and pedagogies needed for immersion classrooms are unique and complex. Although there is a growing body of research
on immersion pedagogy, there is a dearth of research on professional development (PD) experiences that positively impact immersion
teacher practices. This paper focuses on exploring immersion teacher perceptions of PD experiences in the area of language-focused
content instruction that have a positive impact on their teaching. The theoretical framework guiding the study is “communities of
practice” (CoP) (Wenger, 1998), and survey and focus group data were analyzed in
relation to Wenger’s four realms of CoP (community, practice, meaning, and identity). Findings revealed specific features of high
impact assignments and PD experiences. The paper concludes with implications for designing meaningful and effective PD experiences
for immersion educators and others who teach in CBI settings.
From polarity focus to salient polarity
Authors: Matić Dejan , Nikolaeva Irina 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The paper provides arguments against the denotational approach to polarity focus (also known as Verum), which treats it as a distinct denotation contributed by the dedicated grammatical structures. It shows that the purported category of polarity focus is routinely defined on the basis of faulty analytical procedures, reification of inferential interpretations and suppression of variation. As a result, this approach cannot account for the full range of usages of those grammatical structures that are standardly assumed to instantiate polarity focus. As an alternative to the denotational accounts, the paper proposes an interpretational approach that disposes of the idea of a discrete denotation defining a linguistic category. To emphasize the difference between these two understandings of linguistic meaning, the term salient polarity is introduced. Salient polarity is understood as an interpretive effect stemming from the speaker’s intention to draw the hearer’s attention to the truth value of the proposition. This interpretive effect comes about through different inferential mechanisms and for various communicative reasons, and can be derived from completely unrelated denotations. Thus, salient polarity is not a traditional linguistic category if the latter is defined based on the correspondence between a linguistic form and a denotation, but is rather to be conceived of as a fuzzy set of family resemblances unified by shared communicative intentions.
Biased declarative questions in Swedish and German
Authors: Seeliger Heiko , Repp Sophie 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper investigates a class of biased questions with declarative syntax in Swedish and German that differ in their bias from the familiar class of declarative questions: rejecting questions (RQs), which may occur with or without negation. We provide a semantic-pragmatic analysis of RQs and show for negative RQs that the negation is non-propositional. We analyze the non-propositional negation as the speech-act modifying operator falsum (Repp 2009a, 2013). In both languages, falsum interacts with modal particles whose meanings relate to contrast and the epistemic state of the speaker. We propose that the illocutionary operator in RQs is rejectq, which is an operator that comes with presuppositions that are the source of the particular bias of RQs.
Denominal verbs with metaphorical meanings in British business media discourse
Authors: Smirnova Elizaveta , Shustova Svetlana 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study is a corpus-based examination of denominal verbs with figurative meanings in the British business broadsheet The “Financial Times”. Based on the study of word-formation as the source of metaphoricity (Brdar & Brdar-Szabó, 2013;Janda, 2011,2014;Steen et al., 2010) and propositional analysis (Pankrats, 1992;Steen, 2002), it presents the classification of such verbs, and discusses how and why denominal verbs with metaphorical meanings were used in the journalistic discourse about business. The empirical base of this study was a 621,000 word corpus of articles from The “Financial Times” from the years 2014–2015. The authors conclude that the frequency of denominal verbs is due to the conceptual and evaluative functions of metaphor. There is consideration of the implications of these findings for linguists, translators, ESP students and those interested in corpus research into metaphor.
‘From above’, ‘from below’, and regionally balanced
Authors: Niehaus Konstantin , Elspass Stephan 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In this chapter, we report on an ongoing project on a corpus of German in the long nineteenth century. Similar to other
historical corpora of German (and unlike existing corpora for the nineteenth century), the Nineteenth-Century German Corpus will focus on regional variation. In addition, it will account for an
increasing demand for register variation, e.g. by considering formal as well as informal ‘oral’ texts. Thus, text
genres ‘from above’, such as regional newspaper texts, and ‘from below’, such as private letters, are incorporated.
Three case studies of variation in nineteenth-century grammar will demonstrate the benefits of such a corpus design
for the study of language continuity and language change.
“You can’t control a thing like that”
Authors: Haas Florian 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
While there is ample evidence showing that the impersonal use of second-person singular pronouns has increased in
several languages, the recent history of impersonal you in English has not yet received
much attention in the literature. The present investigation presents corpus evidence from Modern English indicating
that this strategy has indeed gained in frequency, independently of changes in the general frequency of second-person
pronouns and the evolution of genres. Tracing specific functions of impersonal you
diachronically reveals that you simulating the hearer’s membership in the set
generalized over and encoding hidden self-reference are relatively new uses, supporting the view that this impersonal
strategy has undergone semantic extensions comparable to developments found in other languages.
Genre influence on word formation (change)
Authors: Kempf Luise 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Building on Kempf (2016), this paper analyzes genre influence on
adjectival derivation in the history of German. The approach is empirical, based on data from two corpora of
historical German (1350–1800 ). Quantitative measures of word-formation productivity reveal substantial differences
between sermons, narrative prose, scientific texts, and newspapers. A long-term diachronic comparison highlights
considerable changes in suffix distribution. Against this backdrop, the four genres are assessed as progressive or
conservative. An analysis of the syntactic use of derived adjectives reveals stronger or weaker tendencies to condense
information within noun phrases. This reflects differing affinities to oral or written language, as does the differing
use of endophoric vs. exophoric reference (obig ‘the above’ vs. gestrig ‘of yesterday’). Overall, genre greatly impacts word-formation and conversely, word-formation
contributes to genre variation.
A Color Inference Framework
Authors: Schloss Karen B. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
As people interact with the world, they form associations between colors and concepts. These color-concept associations are dynamic: they continually update with new experiences, and they vary in relevance depending on contextual cues. In this chapter, I present the Color Inference Framework, a functional system, to describe how people form conceptual inferences from color information (color inferences) and how those inferences influence people’s judgements about the world. Within the Color Inference Framework, I define three kinds of cognitive operations – pooling, transmitting, and assigning – that act on the same mental representation (color-concept association network) to produce different kinds of evaluative and interpretive judgements. I also discuss empirical evidence in support of the Color Inference Framework.
Cross-modal associations involving colour and touch
Authors: Jraissati Yasmina , Wright Oliver 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Cross-modal associations involve non-arbitrary correspondences between different perceptual modalities. Investigating such associations can provide insights into the mechanisms underlying multisensory integration. This chapter provides an overview of research investigating associations between colour and touch. Studies have shown that associations exist between most tactile/haptic sensations and colour. For sensations of weight, hardness and roughness associations with colour appear driven by lightness/brightness. Saturation also appears to play a role in associations involving some haptic/tactile sensations, though results are somewhat inconsistent across studies. Whilst hue is clearly associated with temperature, its role in associations involving other haptic/tactile sensations is less established. At the end of the chapter, suggestions are made regarding future research in the domain.
Is it all guesswork?
Authors: Biggam Carole P. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Addressed to non-semanticists, this article discusses the means by which colour semanticists strive to pursue their research with as much objectivity as possible. Three functions of colour terms are presented: descriptive, classificatory and connotative, showing that colour expressions operate differently in various semantic environments. In addition, lexical meanings can change over the years, as a result, for example, of semantic shift or contact with other languages, and this is likely to render inappropriate the application of modern colour-term definitions to their historical antecedents. Finally, a connotative case-study of hair-colour descriptors in English across the centuries reveals that words operating in restricted contexts can convey more than colour.
ColCat
Authors: Jameson Kimberly A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The ColCat Wiki (http://colcat.calit2.uci.edu/) is a multidisciplinary research platform featuring a new corpus of color categorization survey data from a variety of languages and language dialects. The Wiki’s contents can be examined, searched, downloaded and extended through non-commercial scientific investigations of human color categorization behaviors across ethnolinguistic groups. Launched in 2016 to make available unpublished raw data from Robert E. MacLaury’s color categorization archive, the ColCat database and its Wiki interface continues to grow and evolve as a public-access teaching and research platform for collaborative scientific investigations on color categorization behaviors. The ultimate aim of the ColCat Wiki is to serve as a repository of color categorization data and a collaborative workspace. This article summarizes properties of the wiki and its data, including database features that permit novel empirical research in the domain of global color categorization.
A theory of visual stress and its application to the use of coloured filters for reading
Authors: Wilkins Arnold 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Coloured filters have been used, controversially, to reduce the perceptual distortions and discomfort sometimes associated with difficulty reading. It has been claimed that the filters can improve reading fluency. A neurological theory of visual stress is offered that attempts to examine perceptual distortions of text and the discomfort it evokes in relation to the way in the visual system evolved to process natural images. There are many possible interactions between colour and spatial processing, some involving the temporal modulation of electric lighting, and others the close relationship between colour contrast and the cortical haemodynamic response. It is argued that coloured filters can sometimes reduce the effects of strong visual stimulation when the visual cortex is hyperexcitable.
Fit & Strong! Plus Trial Outcomes for Obese Older Adults with Osteoarthritis
Authors: Hughes Susan L , Tussing-Humphreys Lisa , Schiffer Linda , Smith-Ray Renae , Marquez David X , DeMott Andrew D , Berbaum Michael L , Fitzgibbon Marian L 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background and Objectives
We compared the effectiveness of standard Fit & Strong! (F&S!; targets physical activity [PA]) to Fit & Strong! Plus (F&S! Plus; targets PA and dietary weight loss) on weight, diet quality, and PA outcomes.

Research Design and Methods
We randomly assigned 413 overweight older adults with OA to the F&S! or F&S! Plus programs and assessed outcomes at 2 and 6 months.

Results
The F&S! Plus group lost −2.0 ± 0.2 kg (mean ± SE, 2% of starting weight) at 2 months that was maintained at 6 months. Two- and 6-month BMI and waist circumference improved significantly in the F&S! Plus group (p &lt; .001). Diet quality at 2 months showed greater improvement in the F&S! Plus group: 4.6 ± 0.7 versus 2.0 ± 0.7, p = .006, with no significant difference between groups at 6 months. The F&S! Plus group differentially improved on PA engagement at 2 months and at 2 and 6 months in joint pain (6-month mean ± SE: −1.5 ± 0.3 vs −0.6 ± 0.3, p = .02), function (−4.7 ± 0.9 vs −1.5 ± 0.9, p = .01), and 6-min walk test (29.5 ± 5.1 m vs 14.1 ± 5.2 m, p = .04).

Discussion and Implications
Adding a dietary weight loss component to F&S! achieved weight and waist circumference benefits that were maintained at 6 months. Importantly, the weight loss was accompanied by clinically meaningful improvements in OA symptoms and mobility. Future work should investigate minimum thresholds for weight reduction that improve long-term function in this population.
The “Minimum Clinically Important Difference” in Frequently Reported Objective Physical Function Tests After a 12-Week Renal Rehabilitation Exercise Intervention in Nondialysis Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Wilkinson Thomas J. , Watson Emma L. , Xenophontos Soteris , Gould Douglas W. , Smith Alice C. 
Published: October 2018

Objective
Chronic kidney disease patients are characterized by impaired physical function. The goal of exercise-based interventions is an improvement in functional performance. However, improvements are often determined by “statistically significant” changes. We investigated the “minimum clinically important difference,” “the smallest change that is important to the patient,” for commonly reported physical function tests.

Design
Nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients completed 12-wks of a combined aerobic (plus resistance training). The incremental shuttle walking test, sit-to-stand 5 and 60, estimated 1-repetition maximum for the knee extensors, and VO2peak were assessed. After the intervention, patients rated their perceived change in health. Both anchor- and distribution-based minimum clinically important difference approaches were calculated.

Results
The minimum clinically important difference was calculated as follows: incremental shuttle walking test, +45 m; sit-to-stand 5, −4.2 secs; VO2peak, +1.5 ml/kg per min. Because of comparable increases in “anchor” groups, no minimum clinically important difference was estimated for the sit-to-stand 60 or estimated 1-repetition maximum.

Conclusions
We have established the minimum clinically important difference in chronic kidney disease for common tests of physical function. These values represent the minimum change required for patients to perceive noticeable and beneficial change to their health. These scores will help interpret changes after exercise interventions where these tests are used. These minimum clinically important differences can be used to power future studies to detect clinically important changes.

To Claim CME Credits
Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME

CME Objectives
Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Define the “minimum clinically important difference”; (2) Distinguish between concepts of minimum clinically important difference, “minimal detectable change,”, and “statistically significant change”; and (3) Interpret other study findings and their own results in the context of the minimum clinically important difference rather than statistically significant changes.

Level
Advanced

Accreditation
The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.
The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
Distinct mesoderm migration phenotypes in extra-embryonic and embryonic regions of the early mouse embryo
Authors: Saykali Bechara , Mathiah Navrita , Nahaboo Wallis , Racu Marie-Lucie , Defrance Matthieu , Migeotte Isabelle 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIn the gastrulating mouse embryo, epiblast cells delaminate at the primitive streak to form mesoderm and definitive endoderm, through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition.Mosaic expression of a membrane reporter in nascent mesoderm enabled recording cell shape and trajectory through live imaging. Upon leaving the streak, cells changed shape and extended protrusions of distinct size and abundance depending on the neighboring germ layer, as well as the region of the embryo. Embryonic trajectories were meandrous but directional, while extra-embryonic mesoderm cells showed little net displacement.Embryonic and extra-embryonic mesoderm transcriptomes highlighted distinct guidance, cytoskeleton, adhesion, and extracellular matrix signatures. Specifically, intermediate filaments were highly expressed in extra-embryonic mesoderm, while live imaging for F-actin showed abundance of actin filaments in embryonic mesoderm only. Accordingly,RhoAorRac1conditional deletion in mesoderm inhibited embryonic, but not extra-embryonic mesoderm migration.Overall, this indicates separate cytoskeleton regulation coordinating the morphology and migration of mesoderm subpopulations.
Phylogenetic Clustering by Linear Integer Programming (PhyCLIP)
Authors: Han Alvin X. , Parker Edyth , Scholer Frits , Maurer-Stroh Sebastian , Russell Colin A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSub-species nomenclature systems of pathogens are increasingly based on sequence data. The use of phylogenetics to identify and differentiate between clusters of genetically similar pathogens is particularly prevalent in virology from the nomenclature of human papillomaviruses to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses. These nomenclature systems rely on absolute genetic distance thresholds to define the maximum genetic divergence tolerated between viruses designated as closely related. However, the phylogenetic clustering methods used in these nomenclature systems are limited by the arbitrariness of setting intra- and inter-cluster diversity thresholds. The lack of a consensus ground truth to define well-delineated, meaningful phylogenetic subpopulations amplifies the difficulties in identifying an informative distance threshold. Consequently, phylogenetic clustering often becomes an exploratory, ad-hoc exercise.Phylogenetic Clustering by Linear Integer Programming (PhyCLIP) was developed to provide a statistically-principled phylogenetic clustering framework that negates the need for an arbitrarily-defined distance threshold. Using the pairwise patristic distance distributions of an input phylogeny, PhyCLIP parameterises the intra- and inter-cluster divergence limits as statistical bounds in an integer linear programming model which is subsequently optimised to cluster as many sequences as possible. When applied to the haemagglutinin phylogeny of HPAI H5Nx viruses, PhyCLIP was not only able to recapitulate the current WHO/OIE/FAO H5 nomenclature system but also further delineated informative higher resolution clusters that capture geographically-distinct subpopulations of viruses. PhyCLIP is pathogen-agnostic and can be generalised to a wide variety of research questions concerning the identification of biologically informative clusters in pathogen phylogenies. PhyCLIP is freely available at http://github.com/alvinxhan/PhyCLIP.