bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Storm Sewage Discharges on the Ecology of a Small Urban River
Authors: Seager J. , Abrahams R. G. 
Published: May 2018

Intermittent discharges of storm sewage from combined sewer overflows continue to be one of the principal causes of poor water quality in many urban rivers in the UK. Despite the persistent nature of this problem, very little attention has been given to the study of how discharges of varying magnitude, duration and frequency affect the ecological quality of receiving waters. This information is of critical importance for deriving meaningful water quality criteria for the control of intermittent pollution.
This paper describes the results of a study which has been carried out on Pendle Water, a river which flows through the urban catchment of Burnley, Lancashire, UK. Both the chemical and biological quality of Pendle Water are adversely affected by storm sewage discharges during heavy rainfall events. The ecological investigation has been primarily concerned with impact of these episodic discharges on benthic invertebrate communities and physiological responses in fish.
Quantitative sampling of macroinvertebrates has indicated that storm sewage discharges may have a significant impact on the structure and diversity of benthic communities in receiving waters. Physico-chemical properties of habitats appear to be altered in a way which tends to favour the proliferation of certain pollution-tolerant species and decrease the abundance of taxa intolerant of organic pollution. Insitu bioassays, including the WRc Mark III Fish Monitor, have been deployed to investigate physiological responses to storm events of different magnitude, duration and frequency. Results are discussed in relation to their application in the field validation of proposed water quality criteria for the control of intermittent pollution from combined sewer overflows.
Study of Flocculation Mechanisms by Observing Effects of a Complexing Agent on Activated Sludge Properties
Authors: Eriksson L. , Alm B. 
Published: May 2018

Electrostatic interactions between bacterial surfaces, extracellular polymers (ECP) and polyvalent metal ions are important in activated sludge flocculation. An indirect study of these mechanisms was done by adding different concentrations of EDTA to activated sludge samples from 6 Swedish wastewater treatment plants. The effects on sludge properties were studied with sedimentation and filtration tests as well as analysis of released extracellular polymers.
EDTA had a significant effect on sedimentation velocity in all investigated sludges. This shows that charged polymers are important for the properties of the floc surfaces and in building up the sludge macroflocs. The effect on filtration resistance where the bulk properties of the primary flocs are more important varied considerably for the different sludges. Thus, both electrostatic and other interactions are involved to a varying extent in building up the primary flocs in the sludges investigated. Variations in sedimentation velocity, residual turbidity, filtration resistance and release of ECP with variations in EDTA concentrations could be explained by effects of polyvalent metal ions on ECP binding and conformation.
Continuous Estimation of Short Term Oxygen Demand from Respiration Measurements
Authors: Spanjers H. , Klapwijk A. 
Published: May 2018

The short Term Oxygen Demand /STOD/ is a valuable parameter for monitoring the influent wastewater and is partieulary important in control of activated sludge processes. In this paper, a method for the continuous estimation of the STOD is described. The method is based on the measurement of three different oxygen uptake rates of the activated sludge: endogenous respiration rate, momentary respiration rate and actual respiration rate. Measurement of the latter needs special experimental conditions. The respirometer used is a Wazu respiration meter which is capable of continuous and on-line measuring the oxygen uptake rate.
The method was applied to a completely mixed continuous-flow pilot plant which was fed with domestic wastewater. The results show a varying STOD with significant peaks at about noon, indicating higher concentrations of readily biodegradable compounds. The STOD of the examined wastewater appears to be mainly caused by ammonia being oxidized by nitrifiers.
Start-Up, Operation, Monitoring and Control of High-Rate Anaerobic Treatment Systems
Authors: Hickey R. F. , Wu W.-M. , Veiga M. C. , Jones R. 
Published: May 2018

High-rate anaerobic treatment has emerged as a viable alternative for the treatment of many industrial and municipal wastewaters. A number of different process options have been reduced to practice, although some configurations are clearly more well developed than others. One common thread that links these various processes (principally the Anaerobic Filter, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket and Expanded/Fluidized Bed Reactors), is the ability to effectively separate solids and hydraulic retention times. This permits design to be based upon the degradative capacity of the anaerobes, not growth rate and results in reduction of treatment times from days (typical for conventional digester systems) to hours.
This article compares and contrasts the principles of start-up and operation of these different high-rate anaerobic systems based upon laboratory research and full-scale operating experience gained over the past two decades.
The application of anaerobic processes for treatment of certain toxic and hazardous waste streams is just beginning. The limited work performed to date and anticipated future needs for process monitoring and control are also presented in this article.
Guidelines for Environmental Enhancement in Japan
Authors: Takahashi Masahiro 
Published: May 2018

New guidelines of water reuse for environmental enhancement have been established in Japan. There are two categories in the guidelines. One is aesthetical setting without public access, the other is limited contact use including shoreline usage, boating and fishing. We do not consider direct contact use such as swimming and bathing.
Two groups of guidelines were set. One group comprised basic guidelines which are not site specific, based on public health and visual appeal. We call these “Basic Guidelines”. The numerical guidelines for total coliform, BOD, SS, turbidity, and color unit are determined in the Basic Guidelines.
On the other hand, hydraulic and biological characteristics of environment enhancement differ according to the site, purposes, climate and so on. Consideration of the characteristic of each site should be paid carefully. We call such considerations as “Guidelines Depending on Type of Use”. The site-specific water quality index such as T-P, T-N, foaming substances are discussed here.
Phthalate Esters and Other Industrial Organic Chemicals in the North and Irish Seas
Authors: Law R. J. , Fileman T. W. , Matthiessen P. 
Published: May 2018

Concentrations of a range of industrial organic chemicals (xylene, styrene, chlorobenzene and five phthalate esters) have been determined in surface waters near the Humber, Mersey, Tamar, Tees and Tyne estuaries. Analyses were conducted using GC/MS in the multiple ion detection mode. In general, the highest concentrations (in the ng to µg dm−3 range) for all determinands were found at sites within the estuaries.
Selected samples were also analysed by scanning GC/MS and other compounds tentatively identified. There was only minor overlap between the compounds found at each of the estuaries, presumably a reflection of the industrial activities in the area.
A preliminary ecotoxicological assessment was made of both datasets.
The Use of Soil-Gas Sampling in the Study of Groundwater Pollution by Volatile Solvents (VOC): The Example of the Porto Feliz (São Paulo, Brazil) Case
Authors: Hirata R. C. A. , Cleary R. W. 
Published: May 2018

In 1983, a serious accident occurred in Porto Feliz, São Paulo, Brazil when the rupture of a storage tank released 400,000 litres of volatile organic solvents. A large portion of the underlying aquifer was contaminated including some deep wells and shallow hand-dug wells.
Soil-gas sampling was the technique used to evaluate the degree and extent of contamination. The method is based on the analysis of small quantities of soil vapors extracted at shallow depths. The origin of these vapors is the underlying contaminated groundwater and the vapor concentration distribution reflects the degree and extent of aquifer contamination. Other techniques were rejected since the physico-chemical characteristics of the pollutants did not allow their detection by traditional geophysical methods and the thick unsaturated zone and difficult geology would have resulted in exorbitant drilling costs for monitoring wells.
The use of soil-gas sampling allowed mapping of the pollution plume, defining its two-dimensional shape and location. Vapor analyses at different depths permitted the establishment of concentration gradients and an estimation of vertical vapor flow behavior in the unsaturated zone as well as surface losses by volatilization.
Water levels in existing wells made it possible to construct potentiometric surface maps, defining the groundwater flow pattern. Periodic groundwater quality monitoring furnished data for the evaluation of the plume migration velocity and the influence of rainfall on the increase of pollutant concentrations in the aquifer.
The groundwater pollutant concentrations obtained gave a good correlation between the two means.
The Use of Fermentation Sludge as a Fertilizer in Agriculture
Authors: Larsen A. B. , Funch F. H. , Hamilton H. A. 
Published: May 2018

Novo Nordisk is one of the world's largest producers of enzymes, insulin and biopharmaceuticals. This production is based mainly on biotechnology and fermentation processes. The waste from the fermentation process is non-toxic, but due to the high content of nitrogen and phosphorus the waste can cause eutrophication if it is discharged in the marine environment. Novo Nordisk has developed a process in which the fermentation sludge, which constitutes a large part of the waste, is used as an organic fertilizer - NOVOsludge - in agriculture.
The total amount of sludge is 500,000 m3/year, corresponding to 800,000 kg of nitrogen and 300,000 kg of phosphorus. Around 10,000 hectares of farmland benefit from this. Since a great proportion of the raw materials used in fermentation are based on agricultural products, this use is an example of re-cycling of nutrients.
Investigations of the uptake of the nutrients in different types of crops are made in order to develop still more efficient uses. The system which has been developed has also contributed to new rules for the utilization of organic waste material.
Membrane Filtration Combined with Biological Treatment for Purification of Bleach Plant Effluents
Authors: Boman B. , Ek M. , Heyman W. , Frostell B. 
Published: May 2018

A bleach plant effluent from softwood kraft pulping was treated in the laboratory with a combination of ultrafiltration and different biological methods. The E-stage effluent was firstly membrane filtered using membranes with a nominal cut-off of 8,000 Dalton. In the filtration, a concentration factor of 15 was used at 55°C. The treatment resulted in 89% AOX removal and 87% COD removal. Calculated in relation to the actual flows of E-stage and (C+D)-stage effluent at the mill, this corresponded to AOX and COD removals of 20% and 41% respectively. Before the biological treatment, the permeate was mixed with (C+D)-stage effluent and treated in three parallel biological systems, an aerated lagoon with and without solids recycle, an airlift system with a mixed fungal flora and an anaerobic filter. For the lagoon treatment, a hydraulic retention time of 7 days was used at biomass concentrations of 70, 350 and 480 mg TSS/l and 20-22°C. The fungal system was evaluated at retention times of 5.5 11 and 22 h, 770 mg TSS/l and 37°C. For the anaerobic filter, retention times of 1, 5 and 25 h at a temperature of 35°C were used.
Very promising results were obtained with the combination of physical and biological treatment. The aerated lagoon with solids recycle gave the best results with 66% of AOX, 72% of COD and 95% of the BOD being removed in the combined process. The anaerobic filter also gave good results, but in practice a small aerobic post-treatment would probably be necessary. The three systems were also evaluated for the removal of chlorinated phenolic compounds and acute toxicity according to the Microtox test. The results suggest that a combination of membrane filtration and anaerobic/aerobic or just aerobic treatment would be an attractive way to handle kraft mill bleach plant effluents.
Treatability of Bleached Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill Wastewaters in a New Zealand Aerated Lagoon Treatment System
Authors: Stuthridge T. R. , Campin D. N. , Langdon A. G. , Mackie K. L. , McFarlane P. N. , Wilkins A. L. 
Published: May 2018

The effectiveness of the two biological treatment systems operating at a New Zealand bleached kraft softwood integrated pulp and paper mill was assessed. The two systems operate in different configurations. Treatment system A, which receives general mill wastewaters and chlorination stage bleaching discharges utilises deep, aerated lagoons and has a 4.5 day retention time. Treatment system B, which receives alkali extraction bleaching wastewaters and foul condensates, uses a lagoon system with a retention time of 45 days.
Detailed chemical analyses of the untreated and treated wastewaters were made. Mass balances were calculated for a range of physical parameters and for specific chlorinated and non-chlorinated organic constituents. Significant differences in the treatability of various constituents were found. In particular, while system A was able to reduce levels of AOX by 65%, no significant reduction in AOX occurred in system B. In contrast, system B reduced levels of chloroacetic acids by 84% while system A did not achieve any statistically significant removal of these compounds. The treatability of chlorophenolic compounds also differed. System A was unable to remove chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols while system B did not reduce levels of chlorocatechols.
These results confirm that the treatability of bleached kraft pulp and paper mill wastewater constituents is dependent upon the characteristics of the treatment systems and the compositions of the wastewaters.
Anaerobic Treatment of Bleached TMP and CTMP Effluent in the Biopaq UASB System
Authors: Habets L. H. A. , de Vegt A. L. 
Published: May 2018

The effluents from CTMP mills are on the one hand too dilute for evaporation and recovery, and on the other hand too highly polluted for conventional aerobic secondary treatment. In summer 1986 we therefore started an extensive research program in cooperation with the Ahlström Engineering division in Savonlinna, Finland, and Paques-Lavalin in Toronto, Canada, in order to investigate the anaerobic treatability of CTMP effluent, using UASB technology. This research included fundamental work in the lab, as well as on-site pilot work in Finland and in Canada.
As a result, two full-scale plants are in operation. The first plant was started up in October 1988 at Quesnel River Pulp in B.C., Canada, and is treating up to 140 tons of COD per day in two reactors of 3500 m3 each. The second plant was ready for start-up in January 1990 at the Enso-Gutzeit Kotka mill in Finland.
The cautious approach for these types of effluents was necessary due to earlier reports on the toxicity of softwood extractives, bleaching agent hydrogen peroxide, complexing agent DTPA and high sulphur levels. Besides this, it was necessary to confirm that granular seed sludge would not deteriorate but would develop normally.
The behaviour of hydrogen peroxide was especially interesting and the high redox potential caused could be resolved in a very cost-efficient way without utilising chemicals, enzymes or activated sludge.
Resin acids were indentified to be responsible for reducing methanogenic activity considerably. They were eliminated during aerobic post-treatment to very low levels. Lab studies clearly demonstrated how methanogenic activity could be increased by adding dilution water or aerobically treated effluent.
The concentration of the resin acids appeared to be associated with raw material (spruce, fir or pine), the season (summer or winter) and with fine fibrous material in the effluent. Sulphur levels in the effluent were relatively high, but resulting sulphide levels were not toxic to methanogens and COD/sulphur ratios were high enough to achieve acceptable removal efficiencies.
The paper presents the results from research as well as flow diagrams of the full-scale plants, and results from more than one year full-scale operation at Quesnel River Pulp in B.C. Canada.
Application of Three Step-Biological Pond with the Use of Aquatic Plant for Post Treatment of Petroleum Wastewater in Vietnam
Authors: Triet L. M. , Viet N. T. , Thinh T. V. , Cuong H. D. , van Buuren J. C. L. 
Published: May 2018

The effluent from activated sludge treatment of petroleum wastewater was treated with the aid of a ponding system using aquatic plants (Water Hyacinth, Chlorella, Reed). A good result was obtained in this study. Pilot pond system shows that the purification efficiency depends on the residence time of about 14 days. The petroleum removal waa 97-98 %, the COD removal was from 88-93 %. The dissolved oxygen amount (with Chlorella) increased from 0.7 mg/l to 9.8 mg/l and the pH increased from 6.9 to 8-8.6.
The application of 3 step biological pond with the use of Water Hyacinth, Chlorella, Reeds for post treatment of petroleum wastewater is appropriate in Vietnam.
Effects of Activated Sludge Properties on Water Flux of Ultrafiltration Membrane Used for Human Excrement Treatment
Authors: Sato Takeshi , Ishii Yasuhiko 
Published: May 2018

We studied the relationship between water flux of a UF membrane with MLSS, soluble COD, and the viscosity of activated sludge suspension in a human excrement treatment test plant utilizing UF membrane.
The bench-scale plate and frame UF membrane test unit was operated for activated sludge suspension of 20~29 kg/m3 MLSS, 500-730 g/m3 soluble COD and 0.38-1.3 Pa·s viscosity under the conditions of 0.2-0.24 MPa average pressure and 2 m/s recirculating velocity. As a result, stable-state water flux was 0.55-1.65 m/D at 25°C.
The relationship between filtration resistance R to transmembrane pressure drop ∆P, MLSS, COD, and viscosity η was expressed by the following equation:
From this equation, we were able to predict R with an accuracy of ±24%. Soluble COD had the largest effect on water flux followed by MLSS. The effect of viscosity was relatively small.
Operation of Centralized Sludge Treatment Facilities
Authors: Kaneko Senji , Shimomura Hachiro 
Published: May 2018

Construction of sewerage systems in the city of Yokohama has proceeded at a rapid pace ever since the first wastewater treatment plant went into operation in 1962. By 1984, all eleven of the planned wastewater treatment plants were in operation. By March 1989, the sewerage service rate had reached 80 percent, representing over 2.56 million of the city's residents.
Naturally, the expansion of the sewerage system was reflected in a commensurate increase in the quantity of sludge for treatment and disposal. Recognizing the critical importance of keeping abreast of this increase, the city has promoted the development of technology for more efficient treatment and disposal of sludge throughout the intervening years.
In recent years, the city has also seen extensive urbanization and mounting concern among its citizenry for conserving the environment. In response, it was decided to shift from the former decentralized method of sludge treatment (i.e., treatment of sludge at the plant generating it) to a method of centralized treatment at two sludge treatment centers, each built within a different wastewater treatment plant located in the waterfront area. Yokohama was the first city in Japan to adopt this form of centralized sludge treatment.
The construction of the centralized sludge treatment facilities made extensive use of results from a program of technological development. The centers feature the first egg-shaped digestion tanks, a high-concentration mode of digestion made possible by the use of centrifugal thickeners, power generator fueled with digestion gas, effective use of the waste heat from these generators, and the saving of fuel by the use of incinerators equipped with dryers.
The record for the first year of full-scale operation clearly demonstrated the merits of centralized treatment. The quantity of digestion gas generated at the center was double that of the quantity generated under the former method for an equivalent quantity of sludge. Power generation fueled by digestion gas supplied 64 percent of the center's own power needs. While operating at only one-fifth of the planned sludge capacity, the center boasted a savings of about 200 million yen for the year, and the treatment costs were less than half of the treatment cost of the same quantity utilizing the former method.
This report presents an account of the operational record for the first year of this center (the Hokubu Sludge Treatment Center) and the system of effective energy use that took place in it.
Dissolved Oxygen in Small Wastewater Collection Systems
Authors: Saldanha Matos J. , Ribeiro de Sousa E. 
Published: May 2018

This paper concerns the dissolved oxygen (DO) balance in sewers and describes the experimental work and results obtained under a research project undertaken on a small wastewater collection system. For prediction of oxygen balance in sewers, reaeration and DO consumption, both within the stream and within the biological slime layer on the pipe wall, must be computed. In this study special emphasis is given to DO uptake by the slime layer.
Comparison of experimental results concerning the activity of the slime layer with the results calculated by the Pomeroy and Parkhurst equation, the only one available in the literature applicable to sewers, did not lead to a good agreement.
Under low flow conditions and high DO concentrations, a significative correlation was found between velocity and DO consumption by the slime layer. No correlation was found between DO concentration within the stream and DO utilization by the slime layer.
Prediction of Oxygen Transfer Rates from Simple Measurements of Bubble Characteristics
Authors: Pöpel H. J. , Wagner M. 
Published: May 2018

The oxygen transfer rate (OTR) in tap water is generally determined by the instationary absorption method, a precise but rather time consuming and tedious method. Moreover, large quantities of sodium sulfite and water are used in practice when testing aeration equipment in larger tanks.
Therefore, a model is proposed by which the oxygen transfer rate can be calculated on the basis of simple and rapid measurements of the air bubble size and its distribution and of the total air content in the water applying a recently developed technique. The accuracy of this method is checked by the absorption method and can be rated as reasonable (0 to 13 % deviation). Greater accuracy is obtained at smaller bubbles (&lt;3 mm) and improvements in this respect are proposed.
The proposed method of calculating the OTR from air bubble measurements is considered as a potential improvement of the usual absorption method. Due to its still lower accuracy it can be used at present only in conjunction with the latter method, reducing its chemical and water consumption.