bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
96 Effect of 30% wet brewer’s grain inclusion on the growth and carcass performance of finishing cattle
Authors: Belon Danielle , Earing Jennifer , Rickard Justin 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of wet brewer’s grain (WBG) inclusion on the growth and carcass performance of finishing cattle. Forty-eight (n = 48; 30 steers [414 kg] and 18 heifers [373 kg]) Simmental-Angus beef calves were finished at the Illinois State University Farm. Calves were blocked by weight within sex, randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments, and fed for 119 or 154 days in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Dietary treatments included a corn silage-whole shelled corn finishing diet (CON) and CON + 30% WBG for the first half of the finishing period (WB). Diets were mixed daily and feed was offered once daily. Daily feed offered was adjusted based on biweekly bunk scores and feed refusal data collected every 7 d. Two-day weights were taken every 28 days, averaged, and used to calculate Average Daily Gain (ADG), Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFD), and Gain to Feed (G:F). Cattle were visually appraised for degree of finish by an industry procurement agent, and transported 159km in two groups (119 and 154 days on feed (DOF); average final body weight of 620kg) for processing under USDA-FSIS inspection. Following slaughter, standard USDA carcass data (quality and yield grade) were collected. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing the MIXED procedure of SAS. Feeding WBG improved final live weight (P = 0.008), ADG (P = 0.039), and G:F (P = 0.005) regardless of days on feed. Following WBG inclusion, hot carcass weight increased at 154 DOF (P = 0.0071). Dressing percentage, ribeye area, 12th Rib Fat thickness, marbling score, and yield grade were not significantly impacted by treatment (P > 0.05). In this study, early inclusion of WBG supported growth and carcass performance; however, additional research examining performance differences based on DOF is warranted.
99 Effects of replacing monensin and tylosin in finishing cattle diets with essential oil and/or benzoic acid on meat color and oxidative stability of ribeye steaks and ground beef
Authors: Wang Lydia M , Huang Shiqi , Chalupa-Krebzdak Sebastian , Vasquez Mejia Sandra M , Bohrer Benjamin M 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study examined the effects of replacing monensin and tylosin with essential oils and/or benzoic acid in finishing cattle diets on beef color stability and lipid oxidation during a simulated retail display period. The longissimus thoracis (LT) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles were obtained from 63 steers that were fed for 98 days on 1 of 5 finishing diets: no additional supplement (CON), monensin/tylosin (M/T), essential oils (EO), benzoic acid (BA), or a combination of essential oils and benzoic acid (COMBO). Instrumental color measured with a Minolta colorimeter and visual discoloration evaluated by two trained panelists were recorded daily for three beef products placed under simulated retail conditions, until a 60% surface discoloration was observed. The three beef products evaluated were LT steaks, and two types of ground beef patties manufactured with the SM muscles (lean – no additional fat and regular – 25% added fat). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay was used before and after the shelf life display to determine the degree of lipid oxidation for products during the display. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS using repeated measures. Results indicated a treatment by day interaction (P < 0.0001) for visual discoloration and instrumental color of all three products. At the end of the display period, products from the COMBO diet had on average the least amount of visual discoloration and the greatest a* (redness) value, while the CON steaks and M/T ground beef had the most discoloration and the lowest a* values. TBARS values at d 0 and d 7 did not differ (P > 0.23) among treatments for all three products. Overall, supplemental ingredients in feed did not affect the color and degree of lipid oxidation of steaks and ground beef to a level deemed detrimental.
374 Metabolic response of pigs to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus infection and nutrient restriction
Authors: Helm Emma T , Curry Shelby , Schweer Wesley , De Mille Carson , Burrough Eric R , Zuber Elizabeth , Lonergan Steven , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is one of the most economically significant pig pathogens worldwide. The virus infects pigs at all production stages and significantly reduces the tissue accretion of growing pigs. However, the metabolic explanation for these reductions in tissue accretion remain poorly defined. Additionally, PRRS virus infection is often accompanied by reductions in feed intake, making it difficult to discern which effects are virus versus feed intake driven. To account for this, a pair-fed model was employed to examine the effects of PRRS infection and nutrient restriction on skeletal muscle and liver metabolism. Forty-eight pigs were randomly selected (11.34 ± 1.54 kg BW) and allotted to 3 treatments (n = 16 pigs/treatment): 1) PRRS naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRS-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS+), and 3) PRRS naïve, pair-fed to the PRRS-inoculated pigs’ daily feed intake (PF). At dpi 10 and dpi 17, 8 pigs per treatment were euthanized and tissues collected. Tissues were assayed for markers of proteolysis [longissimus skeletal muscle (LM) only], oxidative stress (LM only), and glycogen levels (LM and liver). Markers of LM proteolysis (calpain, 20s proteasome, caspase 3/7 activities) and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatment groups at either timepoint. Liver glycogen stores were reduced (P < 0.001) in PRRS+ pigs compared with both Ad and PF pigs, which did not differ from each other. Muscle glycogen did not differ (P > 0.10) between treatment groups. However, liver glycogen stores were completely depleted due to PRRS+, but not pair-feeding, indicating that liver glycogen stores and glucose are preferentially utilized by pigs to produce and support immune components. These data suggest that even under severe viral challenge and feed restriction, the pig does not upregulate LM proteolysis to re-allocate nutrients to fuel the immune response.
101 Merging graduate student training and industry research needs
Authors: Johnson Roger C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The primary goal of an advanced degree program is to educate and train the next generation of professionals. The education process must include historical exposure to past challenges and resolutions to enhance the development of creative thinking and problem solving skills. If this is not done, the resolution of recurring and new challenges will be minimal. Blind acceptance of “gold standards,” or the development of research techniques that are not economically based, minimize the progress is gained in each new generation. The presentation will address methods of preparing students for industry research challenges.
110 Current and future feedlot research needs: An industry perspective
Authors: Holland Ben P 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The development of cattle feeding has benefited from research and data-based decision making. To remain successful in an increasingly competitive global marketplace, scientists supporting the feeding industry must continue in this tradition. For research results to be useful to industry, experimental models should be relevant to the questions being asked, and production data should be reflective of commercial conditions. While much discussion has compared the advantages of commercial large-pen research and small-pen models more typical of university facilities, both are useful for contributing to new knowledge. In order to minimize both Type I and Type II errors, researchers should consider how to best control the random variation between experimental units treated alike in their own systems. Large-pen models have advantages in replicating “commercial conditions,” detecting smaller differences, understanding distributions and categorical outcomes, but these models may be limited in the number of treatments and the ability to take multiple measurements or samples from individual animals. A primary objective of university research is the training of the next generation of scientists and industry professionals. Cattle feeders must use data generated with biological methods and make economic decisions. Therefore, research results should be presented clearly so economic implications can be modeled and likely variation around means and differences between treatments understood. Predicting cattle growth, especially carcass growth, more accurately will continue to be important, as will ways to understand and manage individual animals within commercial facilities. New technologies, including sensors, genetic testing, and data management systems have potential, but value propositions need to be demonstrated and feasible implementation strategies developed. However, as animal types, feed ingredients, and market-driven endpoints have changed over time, old dogmas should continually be re-evaluated in contemporary conditions.
107 Traceability
Authors: Butler John 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Animal disease traceability—or knowing where diseased and at-risk animals are, where they’ve been, and when—is important to ensuring a rapid response when animal disease events take place. Although animal disease traceability does not prevent disease, an efficient and accurate traceability system reduces the number of animals and response time involved in a disease investigation; which, in turn, reduces the economic impact on owners and affected communities. The current approach to traceability in the United States is the result of significant discussion and compromise. Federal policy regarding traceability has been amended several times over the past decade based on stakeholder feedback, particularly from the cattle industry. In early 2010, USDA announced a new approach for responding to and controlling animal diseases, referred to as the ADT framework. USDA published a proposed rule, “Traceability for Livestock Moving Interstate,” on August 11, 2011, and the final rule on January 9, 2013. Under the final rule, unless specifically exempted, livestock moved interstate must be officially identified and accompanied by an interstate certificate of veterinary inspection (ICVI) or other documentation. However, these requirements do not apply to all cattle. Beef cattle under 18 months of age, unless they are moved interstate for shows, exhibitions, rodeos, or recreational events, are exempt from the official identification requirement in this rule. We can do better. Our industry must recognize how vulnerable we really are, should we be subject to a disease such as foot and mouth. We must also understand what a competitive disadvantage the United States faces in the global marketplace without a recognized, industry-wide traceability system.
112 Beyond the gut: Systemic effects of the swine gut microbiome
Authors: Gomez Andres 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The past 10 years have seen a surge of microbiome-related research in swine production systems. In particular, leveraging from advances in molecular biology, bioinformatics and big data analyses, we are now able to characterize the diversity and composition of the trillions of microbes that inhabit the swine intestinal tract—in health, disease, nutrition and animal development. However, determining the impact of the microbiome, beyond the gut, still remains an elusive task. Building from available data on next generation microbiome sequencing (16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomics) and system-wide molecular markers, we present an overview of the current evidence pointing out to systemic effects of the swine gut microbiome. The data show associations between particular microbial taxa and genes, and changes in intestinal architecture, nutrient transport, immune and metabolic markers. Specifically, based on the existing data and our own, we show particular examples of how these associations occur under conditions of stress and nutritional or therapeutic interventions across different stages of animal development. Furthermore, in light of scarce mechanistic evidence on the effect of gut microbes on swine systemic physiology, we propose possible mechanistic insights on gut bacteria modulation of swine systemic responses. Finally, we discuss how strategies to elucidate host-microbe interactions, targeting single or whole microbial communities, can advance translational research in swine production systems based on microbiome science.
115 Negative impacts of early weaning on lifelong gut health in the pig
Authors: Moeser Adam James , Li Yihang , Rajput Mrigendra , Thelen Kyan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Of all the stressors a pig encounters in production, early weaning is the most stressful. Under current early weaning practices, the young pig is exposed to multiple concurrent stressors including maternal and littermate separation, transportation, changes in social hierarchy, and a change in environment and food source. Moreover, the stress of weaning causes significant intestinal barrier loss and inflammation during critical stages of postnatal gut development. The immediate, negative impacts of early weaning on gut health and performance are well-known, but the long-term consequences are poorly understand. However, recent evidence from field investigations and basic science research have demonstrated that early weaning has negative consequences on performance and health from wean-to-finish. A fundamental understanding of the biological mechanisms by which current early weaning practices alter gut develop and predispose pigs to performance inefficiencies and disease throughout the production lifespan is lacking. This represents a significant gap in knowledge for the U.S. swine industry, as biological targets for interventions and management are currently lacking. This presentation will provide an overview of postnatal gut development in the pig and how early life stressors, such as early weaning, alter the normal development of critical gut health parameters, including intestinal epithelial barrier function, nutrient transport and immune function, and the link to performance and disease resistance throughout the production lifespan.
118 Digestibility of amino acids in hydrolyzed feather meal, flash dried poultry protein, poultry meal, and meat and bone meal fed to broiler chickens and pigs
Authors: Park Chan Sol , Naranjo Victor , Helmbrecht Ariane , Htoo John K , Adeola Olayiwola 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), flash dried poultry protein (FDPP), poultry meal (PM), and meat and bone meal (MBM) fed to broiler chickens and pigs. Four semi-purified diets and a nitrogen-free diet were prepared. Exp. 1 was conducted with 416 male broiler chickens (initial body weight [BW] = 705 ± 100.0 g) at d 18 post-hatching in a randomized complete block design. Birds were fed diets for 5 d and then euthanized to collect ileal digesta. In Exp. 2, ten barrows (initial BW = 22.1 ± 1.59 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were assigned to duplicate 5 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 5 diets and 4 periods. There were 5-d adaptation and 2-d ileal digesta collection periods in each experimental period. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with the effects of species (i.e., broiler chickens and pigs) and four experimental diets. There were interactions (P < 0.05) in the SID of His, Lys, Thr, Trp, and Val between diets and species. In broiler chickens, the SID of Lys in MBM was greater (P < 0.05) than HFM and FDPP but was not different from PM. Pigs fed MBM had greater (P < 0.05) SID of Lys than HFM, FDPP, and PM. In broiler chickens, the SID of His, Thr, and Trp in FDPP and PM were greater (P < 0.05) than HFM but was less (P < 0.05) than MBM. In pigs, the SID of His, Thr, and Trp in FDPP and PM were greater (P < 0.05) than HFM but was not different from MBM. In conclusion, differences in the SID of AA among animal protein sources were affected by species of monogastric animals.
121 Dietary astragalus membranaceus and codonopsis pilosula extracts supplementation increases growth performance and FMD antibody titers in growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Ahn Jemin , Cheng Lei , Kim In Ho 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of herbal extract mixture (HEM, Astragalus membranaceus and Codonopsis pilosula) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and FMD antibody titers in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 120 FMD type O vaccinated growing pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average initial BW of 25.19 ± 1.80 kg were randomly allotted into 3 treatments with 8 replicate of 5 pigs per pen for a 16-week feeding study. All pigs were vaccinated against FMD. Treatments consisted of CON, Corn-soybean meal based diet; TRT1, CON + 0.05% HEM; TRT2, CON + 0.1% HEM. Vaccinated pigs fed 0.1% HEM showed higher (P < 0.05) BW and ADG at week 12, 16, and overall period. The supplementation of HEM had no effect on DM, N or GE throughout the experiment (P > 0.05). Feeding 0.1% HEM showed higher FMD type O antibody titers (P < 0.05) at week 14 compared with non-supplemented group. These results indicated that 0.1% HEM supplementation conferred anti-viral effect against FMD, thereby improving ADG in the growing-finishing pigs. Herbal extract mixture could potentially be used as an anti-viral agent against FMDV.
122 The effect of feeding Ambitine™ Feed Additive on late finishing pig performance
Authors: Crowder Stacie , Weeden Terry , Bass Benjamin , DeRodas Brenda , Karnezos Theodore 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Four hundred and sixty-six late finishing pigs (initial BW = 106.49 kg) were used to evaluate the effect of feeding Ambitine™ Feed Additive (Ambitine™ FA) on late finishing performance. Ambitine™ FA is a blend of plant extracts and acidifiers. Pigs were allotted in a randomized complete block design into mixed gender pens, with 11 replicates per treatment, 21 pigs per pen, and fed 1 of 2 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were Control (corn-soybean meal-20% DDGS with 6.75g of Paylean® formulated to 0.95% TID lysine) or Control plus Ambitine™ FA (0.10%) fed the last 34 days of the finishing period. Body weights were taken at day 0, 8, 20, and 34 with corresponding ADG, ADFI, and GF calculated for each period. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Period 1 (d 0–8) ADG tended to increase (P = 0.09; 1.32 vs 1.25, kg/d) and G:F increased (P = 0.02; 0.408 vs 0.375) with Ambitine™ FA treatment. Period 1, ADFI was not significantly different between treatments. Period 1 BW tended (P = 0.09) to increase for the Ambitine™ FA treatment (117.07 vs 116.46 kg). Period 2 (d 8–20) ADFI increased (P = 0.05; 2.99 vs 2.93 kg/d) with Ambitine™ FA treatment, and ADG and G:F were not significantly different between treatments. Period 3 (d 20–34) growth performance was not significantly different between treatments. Ambitine™ FA increased (P = 0.03) overall (d 0 to 34) ADG (1.27 vs 1.21, kg/d) and G:F ratio (0.402 vs 0.382). Plant Live weight tended (P = 0.09) to increase for the Ambitine™ FA treatment (131.96 vs 128.85, kg). Total gain was increased (P = 0.002) with the Ambitine™ FA treatment (26.57 vs 24.44 kg). The results of this study suggest that feeding Ambitine™ FA improves growth rate and feed efficiency in finishing pigs.
127 A novel find of a Feed NSPase Enzyme, Natugrain® TS, reducing finish pig hemorrhagic bowel syndrome mortality
Authors: Coelho Michael , Jones Robert , Parks Frank 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This study presents a novel find of a Feed NSPase Enzyme, Natugrain TS, reducing finish pig hemorrhagic bowel syndrome (HBS) mortality. A total of 3,750 weaned pigs (28 kg), (PIC 337 x Camborough), were used in a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit, treatment as the fixed effect, and block as the random effect (25 pigs/pen x 5 treatments x 30 replications). Pigs were blocked by sex and weight and were fed mash corn/soy/DDGs diets formulated to meet or exceed current NRC (2012) recommendations. Treatments were T1= 0 g/MT Natugrain TS, T2= 100 g/MT Natugrain TS, T3= 150 g/MT Natugrain TS, T4= 200 g/MT Natugrain TS and T5= 250 g/MT Natugrain TS. At the finishing phase, Natugrain TS significantly decreased intestinal E. coli log 10 (7.12, 4.95, 4.02, 3.21 and 3.25 log 10, P < 0.05, respectively), significantly decreased intestinal lesion score (0–5 score) (4.21, 4.02, 2.98, 2.25 and 2.26, P < 0.05, respectively). Microbiota was analyzed in fresh, manually collected, rectum fecal samples. Microbiota was separated into prevalent in Natugrain TS control (0) and 200 g/ton. In the control treatment, there was a prevalence of Desulfoyibrio, Oscillospira, Campylobacter, Anearoctruncus, Mogibacterium and Brachyspirae, etc., while in the 200 g/ton treatment there was a prevalence of Synergistales, Burkolderiales, Dehabacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Lactobacillus and Bacilli, etc. Natugrain TS significantly decreased mortality (4.8, 3.6, 2.7, 1.9 and 2.1 %, P < 0.05, respectively), significantly decreased specifically HBS mortality (3.50, 1.98, 0.68, 0.40 and 0.46%, P < 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, Natugrain TS changed the microbiome by breaking down arabinoxylans, decreasing intestinal E. coli and intestinal lesion score, changing the microbiota to prevalent Bifidobacterium, Roseburia, Lactobacillus and Bacilli, and Natugrain TS up to 200 g/ton specifically decreasing hemorrhagic bowel syndrome mortality from 3.5% to 0.5%.
140 Effects of Bacillus subtilis probiotics on growth performance, diarrhea, and fecal β-hemolytic coliforms of weaned pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
Authors: He Yijie , Kim Kwangwook , Jinno Cynthia , Kovanda Lauren , Yang Seijoo , Song Minho , Li Xunde , Liu Yanhong 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, diarrhea and fecal β-hemolytic coliforms of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a strain of E. coli (F18, express genes of LT, STb, and SLT 2 toxins). Weaned pigs (n = 48, 6.17 ± 0.36 kg BW) were individually housed in disease containment rooms and randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments: negative control (NC, control diet without E. coli challenge), positive control (PC, control diet with E. coli challenge), and supplementation of 50 mg/kg of carbadox or 500 mg/kg of Bacillus subtilis probiotics. The experiment lasted 28 d with 7 d before and 21 d after the first E. coli inoculation. The F18 E. coli were given to pigs at 1010 CFU/3 mL dose for three consecutive d. Diarrhea score was daily recorded for each pig to calculate frequency of diarrhea. Fecal samples were collected on d 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21 PI to analyze β-hemolytic coliforms. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS. Pigs supplemented with carbadox had greater (P < 0.05) body weight on d 7, 14, and 21 PI than pigs in the PC and probiotics group. Supplementation of probiotics enhanced pig body weight on d 21 PI, compared with the PC. E. coli challenge reduced (P < 0.05) ADG and feed efficiency from d 0 to 21 PI, while supplementation of antibiotics or probiotics enhanced ADG and feed efficiency from d 0 to 21 PI. Pigs in carbadox and probiotics groups had reduced (P < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea throughout the experiment and fecal β-hemolytic coliforms on d 7 PI than pigs in the PC. In conclusion, supplementation of Bacillus subtilis could enhance disease resistance and promote growth performance of weaned pigs under disease challenge condition.