bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Echo time‐range effects on gradient‐echo based myelin water fraction mapping at 3T
Authors: Lee Hongpyo , Nam Yoonho , Kim Dong‐Hyun 
Published: October 2018

PurposeTo investigate the effect of the range of TE on multi‐echo gradient echo–based myelin water fraction (MWF) mapping at 3 T.MethodsMyelin water fraction estimation was performed using 3 widely used models: magnitude multipool, magnitude 3‐pool, and complex 3‐pool model. Simulations were conducted using a hollow cylinder model with susceptibility anisotropy. The TE range was varied, and its effect on MWF estimation was observed. The same analysis was also performed with in vivo data from 4 healthy volunteers.ResultsDifferent MWFs were obtained depending on the range of TE data acquired. In the simulations, the results of both magnitude models had a bias with respect to the true values: a maximum bias of up to 20% for the multipool model, and a maximum bias of up to 8% for the 3‐pool model. This bias was reduced using the complex 3‐pool model (maximum bias was under 2%). These effects were also found in the in vivo data. The MWF values using the complex model was most stable with respect to the TE range.ConclusionThe results of the simulation and in vivo data suggest that MWF values fitted using magnitude models are more influenced by the TE range collected for fitting than using the complex model. The complex model is helpful in mitigating bias due to dependencies over the TE range selection.
Risk of subsequent colorectal cancers after a solid tumor in childhood: Effects of radiation therapy and chemotherapy
Authors: Allodji Rodrigue S. , Haddy Nadia , Vu‐Bezin Giao , Dumas Agnès , Fresneau Brice , Mansouri Imene , Demoor‐Goldschmidt Charlotte , El‐Fayech Chiraz , Pacquement Hélène , Munzer Martine , Bondiau Pierre‐Yves , Berchery Delphine , Oberlin Odile , Rubino Carole , Diallo Ibrahima , de Vathaire Florent 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundVery few previous studies have addressed the question of colorectal cancer (CRC) after childhood cancer treatment. We aimed to quantify the roles of radiation therapy and chemotherapy agents in the occurrence of subsequent CRC.MethodsA nested case–control study was conducted using 36 CRC cases and 140 controls selected from 7032 five‐year survivors of the French Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (FCCSS) cohort, treated from 1945 to 2000 in France. The radiation dose‐distribution metrics at the site of CRC and doses of individual chemotherapeutic agents were calculated. Conditional logistic regressions were performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs).ResultsOverall, patients who received radiotherapy with estimated dose to colon had a 4.3‐fold (95% CI, 1.3–17.6) increased risk for CRC compared with patients who did not receive radiotherapy, after adjustment for chemotherapy. This risk increased to 8.9‐fold and 19.3‐fold among patients who received radiation doses ranging from 20 to 29.99 Gy and ≥30 Gy, respectively. Our data reported a significantly elevated OR for anthracyclines, after controlling for radiotherapy and MOPP regimen. But, restricted analyses excluding patients who had received ≥30 Gy showed that only radiation doses ranging from 20 to 29.99 Gy produced a significant increase in subsequent CRC risk (OR = 7.8; 95% CI, 1.3–56.0), after controlling for anthracyclines and MOPP regimen.ConclusionsThe risk of subsequent CRC was significantly increased after radiation dose (even < 30 Gy). This novel finding supports the need to update monitoring guidelines for CRC to optimize the long‐term follow‐up for subsequent CRC in survivors of childhood cancer.
Risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children with sickle cell disease on hydroxyurea: MRI evaluation
Authors: Adekile Adekunle D. , Gupta Renu , Al‐Khayat Abdullah , Mohammed Ahmed , Atyani Said , Thomas Diana 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundThere are conflicting reports on the role of hydroxyurea (HU) in the pathogenesis of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVNFH) in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD).ProcedureThe present study is a prospective cohort study of Kuwaiti children with SCD who were treated with HU. They had magnetic resonance imaging of the hips before starting HU and at regular intervals during a follow‐up period, ranging from 1 to 15 years.ResultsThere were 40 patients (18 SS, 19 Sβ0‐thalassemia, and three SD genotypes), aged 6–20 years. Pre‐HU, 11 (27.5%) had varying grades of AVNFH, while post HU, the prevalence was 32.5%. Two patients developed new lesions during the study, while five (45.5%) that had lesions pre‐HU remained static, another five (45.5%) progressed, and one (9%) improved radiologically. The older patients who had been on HU the longest were more likely to deteriorate. The only hematological parameter that was consistently associated with AVNFH was the reticulocyte count.ConclusionsThe frequency and rate of progression of AVNFH in this study is much less than that previously reported for our patients not treated with HU. There is no evidence that HU therapy is a risk factor for AVNFH. It may, in fact, prevent new lesions and deter the progression of existing AVNFH.
Thermal Safety of a Gun‐Launched Missile's Solid Rocket Motor Under Conditions of High Environm. Temp. and Overloaded Forces
Authors: Ma Weihua , Wang Ningfei , Sui Xin , Li Shipeng , Xie Kan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTo verify a hypothetical failure cause of a gun‐launched missile's solid rocket motor (SRM) under conditions of high environmental temperatures and overloaded forces of up to 6000∼12000 g, experiments and simulations were conducted and a new criterion variable was proposed. Uniaxial compression tests of the composite modified double base (CMDB) propellant used in the gun‐launched missile were carried out at low and intermediate strain rates at 50 °C to characterize the CMDB propellant's dynamic properties. The Schapery nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model was employed and applied in finite element analyses. Contact and an oscillating frictional direction between the grain and the case were observed when the overload curve oscillated with time. Three key variables of the process were researched: the contact pressure, the relative velocity, and the total contact time. Based on these, a new criterion variable q is proposed for judgements regarding the SRM's thermal safety. By comparing the results with those from friction sensitivity tests, it was discovered that the grain had a possibility of self‐ignition that cannot be ignored. Meanwhile, the gap width between the case and the grain was determined to be a key influencing factor.
Signaling mechanisms and physiological functions of G‐protein Gα13 in blood vessel formation, bone homeostasis, and cancer
Authors: Syrovatkina Viktoriya , Huang Xin‐Yun 
Published: October 2018

AbstractHeterotrimeric G‐proteins are cellular signal transducers. They mainly relay signals from G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs function as guanine nucleotide‐exchange factors to active these G‐proteins. Based on the sequence and functional similarities, these G‐proteins are grouped into four subfamilies: Gs, Gi, Gq, and G12/13. The G12/13 subfamily consists of two members: G12 and G13. G12/13‐mediated signaling pathways play pivotal roles in a variety of physiological processes, while aberrant regulation of this pathway has been identified in various human diseases. Here we summarize the signaling mechanisms and physiological functions of Gα13 in blood vessel formation and bone homeostasis. We further discuss the expanding roles of Gα13 in cancers, serving as oncogenes as well as tumor suppressors.
A Colloidal‐Quantum‐Dot Infrared Photodiode with High Photoconductive Gain
Authors: Tang Yicheng , Wu Feng , Chen Fansheng , Zhou Yi , Wang Peng , Long Mingsheng , Zhou Wenjia , Ning Zhijun , He Jiawei , Gong Fan , Zhu Zhihong , Qin Shiqiao , Hu Weida 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe photodiode is a prevailing architecture for photodetection with the merits of fast response and low dark current. However, an ideal photodiode is also desired for both high responsivity and high external quantum efficiency (EQE), which may facilitate more applications. Here the photoconducting effect in a photodiode is discussed and an Au–PbS colloidal quantum dot (CQD)–indium tin oxide Schottky junction photodiode is fabricated. The long carrier lifetime and improved carrier mobility in tetrabutylammonium iodide–modified PbS CQDs cooperating with the proper band structure and an ultrashort channel in the diode enable the photodiode with high photoconductive gain, realizing an EQE of ≈400% and a responsivity (R) of 5.15 A W−1 while simultaneously achieving a response time of 110 µs and a specific detectivity of 1.96 × 1010 Jones under 1550 nm illumination. In addition, this CQD‐based photodiode is stable, low cost, and compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. All of these promise this device great potential in applications.
Fe2N/S/N Codecorated Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanosheets for Trifunctional Electrocatalysis
Authors: Mahmood Asif , Tabassum Hassina , Zhao Ruo , Guo Wenhan , Aftab Waseem , Liang Zibin , Sun Zhili , Zou Ruqiang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractConstruction of multifunctional highly active earth‐abundant electrocatalysts on a large scale is a great challenge due to poor control over nanostructural features and limited active sites. Here, a simple methodology to tailor metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to extract highly active multifunctional electrocatalysts on a large scale for oxygen reduction (ORR), oxygen evolution (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is presented. The N, S codoped Fe2N decorated highly porous and defect‐rich carbon nanosheets are grown using MOF xerogels, melamine, and polyvinylpyrollidone. The resulting catalyst exhibits excellent activity for ORR with an onset (0.92 V) and half‐wave (0.81 V) potential similar to state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C catalysts. The catalyst also shows outstanding OER and HER activities with a small overpotential of 360 mV in 1 m KOH and −123 mV in 0.5 m H2SO4 at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, respectively. Excellent catalytic properties are further supported by theoretical calculations where relevant models are built and various possible activation sites are identified by first‐principles calculations. The results suggest that the carbon atoms adjacent to heteroatoms as well as Fe2–N sites present the active sites for improved catalytic response, which is in agreement with the experimental results.
The complex enzymology of mRNA decapping: Enzymes of four classes cleave pyrophosphate bonds
Authors: Kramer Susanne , McLennan Alexander G. 
Published: October 2018

The 5′ ends of most RNAs are chemically modified to enable protection from nucleases. In bacteria, this is often achieved by keeping the triphosphate terminus originating from transcriptional initiation, while most eukaryotic mRNAs and small nuclear RNAs have a 5′→5′ linked N7‐methyl guanosine (m7G) cap added. Several other chemical modifications have been described at RNA 5′ ends. Common to all modifications is the presence of at least one pyrophosphate bond. To enable RNA turnover, these chemical modifications at the RNA 5′ end need to be reversible. Dependent on the direction of the RNA decay pathway (5′→3′ or 3′→5′), some enzymes cleave the 5′→5′ cap linkage of intact RNAs to initiate decay, while others act as scavengers and hydrolyse the cap element of the remnants of the 3′→5′ decay pathway. In eukaryotes, there is also a cap quality control pathway. Most enzymes involved in the cleavage of the RNA 5′ ends are pyrophosphohydrolases, with only a few having (additional) 5′ triphosphonucleotide hydrolase activities. Despite the identity of their enzyme activities, the enzymes belong to four different enzyme classes. Nudix hydrolases decap intact RNAs as part of the 5′→3′ decay pathway, DXO family members mainly degrade faulty RNAs, members of the histidine triad (HIT) family are scavenger proteins, while an ApaH‐like phosphatase is the major mRNA decay enzyme of trypanosomes, whose RNAs have a unique cap structure. Many novel cap structures and decapping enzymes have only recently been discovered, indicating that we are only beginning to understand the mechanisms of RNA decapping.This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
RNA Processing > Capping and 5′ End Modifications
Love and marriage: why security and SD-WAN need to go together
Authors: Sollars Marc 
Published: October 2018

Thanks to the relentless rise of cloud computing and remote working, the demand for high-bandwidth wide area network (WAN) links over the past few years has never been so high. Analyst firm Forrester predicts that the public cloud market will grow to $236bn by 2020, increasing by 23% in six years. 1 A growth in the use of cloud applications to suit the needs of a mobile workforce has meant that WAN pipes have filled up enormously. Not only that, with companies seeking greater agility and local office autonomy, there is far greater demand to connect work apps to the WAN. All of these factors are putting a strain on organisations and their WANs, and sparking security concerns. Thanks to the relentless rise of cloud computing and remote working, the demand for high-bandwidth wide area network (WAN) links over the past few years has never been higher. The strain on connectivity to the WAN can increase organisations’ vulnerability to a cyber-attack. Software-defined WAN (SD-WAN) is a technology that allows organisations to centralise control or intelligently direct their WAN traffic. A security solution that ties into SD-WAN means that organisations can protect their data and ensure that a new approach to networking doesn’t mean greater risk, says Marc Sollars of Teneo.
Cognitive Biases and Communication Strength in Social Networks: The Case of Episodic Frames
Authors: Aarøe Lene , Petersen Michael Bang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractMedia stories often reach citizens via a two-step process, transmitted to them indirectly via their social networks. Why are some media stories strongly transmitted and impact opinions powerfully in this two-step flow while others quickly perish? Integrating classical research on the two-step flow of political communication and novel theories from cognitive psychology, this article outlines a model for understanding the strength of political frames in the two-step flow. It argues that frames that resonate with cognitive biases (that is, deep-seated psychological decision rules) will be transmitted more and have a stronger influence on opinion when citizens recollect media frames in their social networks. Focusing on the case of episodic and thematic frames, the study tests this model. It introduces a novel research design: implementing the children’s game ‘Telephone’ in consecutive experimental online surveys fielded to nationally representative samples. This design helps gauge the reliability of transmission and the degree of persuasiveness in actual chains of transmission.
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: a single centre's 11-year experience
Authors: Pamuk A E , Özer S , Süslü A E , Akgöz A , Önerci M 
Published: October 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to present the clinical features and surgical outcomes of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma patients who were surgically treated.MethodsThe medical records of 48 male patients histologically confirmed as having juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, who underwent transnasal endoscopic surgery between 2005 and 2016, were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsThe overall recurrence rate was 20.8 per cent; however, the recurrence rate differed significantly between patients diagnosed aged less than 14 years (34.7 per cent) and more than 14 years (8 per cent) (p < 0.05). Advanced-stage tumours (Radkowski stage of IIC or more, and Önerci stage of III or more) were more aggressive than earlier stage tumours (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Pre-operative embolisation significantly prolonged mean hospitalisation duration, but had no effect on intra-operative blood loss in patients with advanced-stage tumours (p < 0.001 and p = 0.09, respectively).ConclusionThe findings show that transnasal endoscopic surgery could be considered the treatment of choice for juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. Patients diagnosed when aged less than 14 years and those with advanced-stage tumours are at risk of recurrence, and should be monitored with extreme care.
Changing patterns of mental health knowledge in rural Kenya after intervention using the WHO mhGAP-Intervention Guide
Authors: Mutiso V. N. , Pike K. M. , Musyimi C. N. , Rebello T. J. , Tele A. , Gitonga I. , Thornicroft G. , Ndetei D. M. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBackgroundDespite the high prevalence of mental disorders, mental health literacy has been comparatively neglected. People's symptom-management strategies will be influenced by their mental health literacy. This study sought to determine the feasibility of using the World Health Organization mhGAP-Intervention Guide (IG) as an educational tool for one-on-one contact in a clinical setting to increase literacy on the specified mental disorders.MethodsThis study was conducted in 20 health facilities in Makueni County, southeast Kenya which has one of the poorest economies in Kenya. It has no psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. We recruited 3267 participants from a community that had already been exposed to community mental health services. We used Mental Health Knowledge Schedule to measure the changing patterns of mental health knowledge after a period of 3 months, following a training intervention using the WHO mhGAP-IG.ResultsOverall, there was a significant increase in mental health related knowledge [mean range 22.4–23.5 for both post-test and pre-test scores (p < 0.001)]. This increase varied with various socio-demographic characteristics such as sex, marital status, level of education, employment status and wealth index.ConclusionsmhGAP-IG is a feasible tool to increase mental health literacy in low-resource settings where there are no mental health specialists. Our study lends evidence that the WHO Mental Health Action Plan 2013–2020 and reduction of the treatment gap may be accelerated by the use of mhGAP-IG through improving knowledge about mental illness and potentially subsequent help seeking for early diagnosis and treatment.
Can policy forums overcome echo chamber effects by enabling policy learning? Evidence from the Irish climate change policy network
Authors: Wagner Paul M. , Ylä-Anttila Tuomas 
Published: October 2018

AbstractResearch has repeatedly shown that individuals and organisations tend to obtain information from others whose beliefs are similar to their own, forming “echo chambers” with their network ties. Echo chambers are potentially harmful for evidence-based policymaking as they can hinder policy learning and consensus building. Policy forums could help alleviate the effects of echo chambers if organisations with different views were to participate and to use the opportunities that forums provide to learn from those outside their networks. Applying exponential random graph models on survey data of the Irish climate change policy network, we find that policy actors do indeed tend to obtain policy advice from those whose beliefs are similar to their own. We also find that actors tend not to obtain policy advice from the those that they encounter at policy forums, suggesting forums are not enabling policy learning.
Non-human humanitarians
Authors: Meiches Benjamin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe study of humanitarian intervention typically focuses on the human victims and saviours in armed conflict and natural disasters. Moreover, explanations of the virtues of humanitarian norms and ethics emphasise the importance of the university of suffering and the empathic nature of humanitarian efforts. In contrast, this article explores the neglected world of ‘non-human humanitarians’. Specifically, the article outlines three cases of non-human actors that expand and complicate international humanitarian practices: dogs, drones, and diagrams. Drawing on new materialist and posthuman literatures, the article argues that non-humans possess distinct capacities that vastly expand and transform humanitarian efforts in ranging from relief, to medicine, to conflict resolution. Highlighting non-human humanitarians thus offers a new perspective on the resources available for redressing mass violence and conflict, but also complicates existing definitions of humanitarian norms. To the contrary, the article demonstrates that non-humans often maximise humanitarian services to a degree greater than their human counterparts, but have also introduced changes into humanitarian practices that have problematic unintended consequences. Non-human humanitarians reveals previously discounted participants in international politics and the key roles they play in various international interventions.
Bathymetry and glacial geomorphology in the sub-Antarctic Auckland Islands
Authors: Tidey Emily J. , Hulbe Christina L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractNew high-resolution multibeam swath bathymetry along the east coast of the Auckland Islands is combined with subaerial topography and evaluated in the context of Quaternary glaciation of the islands. The marine geomorphology represents a mixture of past and current processes so that submerged glacial features are more evident in some areas than others. Fjords in the central and southern parts of the coastline are characterized by well-preserved terminal moraines and other glacial features while fjords to the north tend to have more subdued glacial features and a smoother seabed. This is the farthest north record yet established of extensive sub-Antarctic glaciation, relative to the position of the modern sub-Antarctic and Polar Front. This is the first analysis of detailed sea floor geomorphology in the area and provides a starting point for new studies of paleoclimate and past glaciations.
Controlled and automatic perceptions of a sociolinguistic marker
Authors: D'Onofrio Annette 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper explores the relation between controlled and automatic perceptions of a sociolinguistic variable that yields no metalinguistic commentary—a marker (Labov, 1972). Two experiments examine links between the backed trap vowel and its social meanings. The first, a matched guise task, measures social evaluations of the feature in a relatively controlled, introspective task. In the second, two measures are used that access different points in online processing and different degrees of listener control: (a) lexical categorization of an ambiguous stimulus, measured by a mouse click, and (b) automatic, early responses to this ambiguous stimulus, measured by eye movements. While listeners perceptually link trap-backing with social information in all three measures, specific social effects differ across the measures. Findings illustrate that the task and time course of a response influence how listeners link a linguistic marker with social information, even when this sociolinguistic knowledge is below the level of conscious awareness.