bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse Effects of Pollutants on Expectant Mothers— From Womb to Grave : A Retrospective Review
Authors: Saxena Richa , Jain Sonal 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Aim
The present state-of-art study is an attempt to decipher how adversely the air pollution and its constituents affect the fate of a developing fetus. This involves a detailed study on criteria pollutant and its impact on various pregnancy outcomes, i.e., low birth weight, premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation, and reduction in fetus size.

Materials and methods
All the concerned research and review papers from the virtual dataset were segregated and have been studied specifically.

Results
In relevance to the specific pollutants, the particulate matter (PM) seems to be greatly responsible for causing neonatal deaths and high infant mortality rates, whereas the exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) reveals low-birth-weight fetus. Proceeding further, sulfur dioxide (SO2) greatly targets expectant mothers in the second and last trimesters of pregnancy, resulting in low-birth-weight fetuses. The impact of carbon monoxide (CO) during pregnancy was also studied and found to be responsible for structural malformations. Active and passive smoking both boost pregnancy complications in terms of ectopic pregnancy, low birth weight, and infant mortality.

Discussion
Very few studies have been reported that reveal the dependency of pollutant exposure and reproductive outcomes. One strong interpretation is not sufficient enough to meet the complexity related to plethora of information. Due to variation in the number of factors like spatial and temporal variation, maternal thresholds, period of pregnancy, period of exposure, etc., the extrapolation of result is multifaceted. Different epidemiological studies with different adaptation in methodology report diverse consequences.

Conclusion
The evidence is satisfactory enough to reveal that the most potent pollutant seems to be PM. The detailed biologic mechanism regarding how these pollutants find their way to placental membrane and disturb the fetal destiny is still vague. The review suggests that reproductive awareness programs should be initiated by the government and policy analysts should be done to lessen the increasing economic burden on human health.

How to cite this article
Saxena R, Jain S. Adverse Effects of Pollutants on Expectant Mothers—From Womb to Grave: A Retrospective Review. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016;8(2):157-162.
Pregnancy Outcomes at a Tertiary Care Hospital of Karnataka, South India
Authors: Paneru Damaru P 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To identify the extent of adverse pregnancy outcomes and their distributions in a tertiary care hospital of the Karnataka, South India.

Materials and methods
A retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Prabhakar Kore Charitable Hospital of Belgaum, Karnataka, India. This is the largest multifacility referral center of the Belgaum, Karnataka. Relevant information was scrutinized from the delivery register using structured proforma. Permission was taken from hospital authority for the conduct of study. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Percentage, mean, and standard deviation were calculated. Chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results
Totally, 1,840 pregnant women attended labor room during April to September 2012. About 4.46% pregnancies ended at abortion and 5% delivered stillbirths (SBs). Three-fifths of the pregnancies were vaginal deliveries. Almost four-fifths were emergency cesareans among all the cesareans sections. Mean weight of the newborns was 2674 ± 51.00 gm. Low birth weight (LBW) was observed among 27.90%. Eight live births had one or other forms of congenital anomaly. Significantly, large numbers of SBs and LBW babies were born to the high-risk mothers and premature deliveries. High-risk mothers had multifold (adjusted odds ratio, 10.40) risk of delivering SBs and nearly double-fold (1.80) risk of LBW as against low-risk mothers.

Conclusion
Almost one-third pregnancies resulted in adverse outcomes. Adverse outcomes could be reduced by acting on the causes of premature births and preventing the mothers from developing risk factors through effective antenatal and intrapartum care. Further research to identify the causes of premature delivery and their preventions is recommended.

How to cite this article
Paneru DP. Pregnancy Outcomes at a Tertiary Care Hospital of Karnataka, South India. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016;8(3):193-197.
Iatrogenic Endometriosis and Intrauterine Adhesions after Myomectomy
Authors: Yousuf Farheen 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Aims
To report a case of iatrogenic endometrioses as a result of improper closure of endometrial cavity during myomectomy.

Case Report
A 30-year-old para 1 has been self-referred to our institution for medical care. A fibroid protruding the endometrial canal was removed 8 months prior to this hospital admission. In less than a month after initial myomectomy, she began experiencing severe pelvic pain more accentuated during menstruation. The pain became progressively worse. The magnetic resonance imaging results are suggestive of ovarian endometrioma. She underwent total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophrectomy. Cut surface of uterine cavity shows obliteration of endometrial canal with hourglass constriction.

Conclusion
Closure of endometrium during myomectomy should be carefully done; keeping an account on patency of endometrial canal is essential to prevent iatrogenic endometriosis.

How to cite this article
Yousuf F. Iatrogenic Endometriosis and Intrauterine Adhesions after Myomectomy. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016;8(3):236-238.
Facts and Doubts about the Beginning of Human Life and Personality
Authors: Barisic Lara Spalldi , Delic Taib 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTScientists have been negligent in failing to translate science into the terms that allow mankind to share their excitement of discovering life before birth. In spite of remarkable scientific development, man's curiosity, and speculations dating back to Hippocrates, life before birth still remains a big secret. Various kinds of intellectuals were involved in trying to offer their contribution to solve the human life puzzle. Their leading idea is that each newborn child will reach its full potential if its development in uterus is not exposed to any adverse influence, providing the best possible environment for the embryo/fetus. Considering the embryo/fetus, we should always keep in mind the amazing aspect of human life where the mother and the embryo/fetus, although linked in the most intimate relationships, are at all times two separate people. Considering the embryo/fetus as the person opened a new set of questions about its personality and human rights. Today, scientific data and hypotheses, philosophical thought, and issues in the humanities have become a necessity in order to deal with ethical, juridical, and social problems arising from man's interference in many aspects and stages of life.How to cite this articleKurjak A, Spalldi Barisic L, Delic T, Porovic S, Stanojevic M. Facts and Doubts about the Beginning of Human Life and Personality. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(3):205-213.
Clinical Application of Er:YAG Laser and Cryosurgery in Gingival Depigmentation
Authors: Farahmand Amirhossein , Abed Ahmad Moghareh , Mansouri Yasaman 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
Gingival melanin pigmentation often occurs as the result of abnormal deposition of melanin. Melanin pigmentation is completely benign and presents no medical problem. However, patients complain the esthetic problem as ‘Black Gum’. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of depigmentation by Er:YAG laser and cryosurgery.

Materials and methods
This study included 20 patients with gingival pigmentation of maxillary incisors, aged 15 to 44 years. Excluding criteria were smoking, systemic disease and pregnancy. Patients treated randomized split mouth, with Er:YAG laser (Pd: 120 mj, RR:12 Hz) along with water spraying of half of maxillary gingivae and on the opposite side cryosurgery was done under topical anesthesia. Patients were followed up at 1, 2, 4 weeks and 3, 6, 12 months after treatment.

Results
Healing was uneventful follow-up period for 6 to 12 months showed no repigmentation in none of them. Slight erythema was observed. No postoperative swelling, hemorrhage, pain, infection were reported.

Conclusion
Depigmentation of gingival melanin hyperpigmentation by cryosurgery and Er: YAG laser radiations were found to be an effective procedures. Postoperative patient's satisfaction were impressive.

How to cite this article
Farahmand A, Moghareh Abed A, Mansouri Y. Clinical Application of Er: YAG Laser and Cryosurgery in Gingival Depigmentation. World J Dent 2014;5(2):102-108.
A Comparative in vitro Evaluation of Vertical Root Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth using Different Obturating Materials
Authors: Carlos Roopak Bose , Makam Suman , Yaragonda Vamsi Kalyan , Murali H , Tyagi Anukriti , Rose Rajani 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Aim
To compare the vertical root fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth obturated using different obturating materials.

Materials and methods
Decoronated roots of 75 single canal lower second premolar teeth were divided randomly into 5 groups. The first group (Group I) served as a negative control. The remaining four Groups were cleaned and shaped using ProTaper Endodontic rotary files and obturated with guttapercha + TubliSeal EWT sealer (Group II), ThermaFil + AH Plus sealer (Group III), RealSeal + RealSeal sealer (Group IV) and GuttaFlow obturating system (Group V). The roots were then embedded in acrylic resin blocks and subjected to vertical load until fracture with a spreader in a universal testing machine and the forces were recorded.

Results
Fracture resistance of group I > group IV > group V > group III > group II, which were statistically significant.

Conclusion
Obturation of roots with resin based obturation material—RealSeal had increased VRF resistance compared to the gutta-percha obturation systems.

Clinical significance
Obturation of the root canals with resin based obturation system—Resilon reinforces the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth and contributes to the overall success of the endodontic treatment.

How to cite this article
Carlos RB, Makam S, Yaragonda VK, Murali H, Tyagi A, Rose R. A Comparative in vitro Evaluation of Vertical Root Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth using Different Obturating Materials. World J Dent 2014;5(2):113-117.

Acronyms and abbreviations
VRF: Vertical root fracture; ANOVA: Analysis of variance.
Vinyl Polysiloxane Ether: A Breakthrough in Elastomeric Impression Material
Authors: Mehta Deepak , Shetty Rohit , Bhandari Ganesh R 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
A meticulous impression is paramount for a precision fit of indirect restoration. Unfortunately, for many clinicians, making an impression for fixed prostheses is one of the challenging aspects in restorative dentistry. Advances in elastomeric chemistries have given birth to a new generation of impression materials: a combination of a polyvinyl and a polyether impression material, called vinyl siloxane ether.
The purpose of this article is to explore the new impression material which is effective and efficient to obtain predictable, accurate, high quality impressions in dental practice.

How to cite this article
Shetty RM, Bhandari GR, Mehta D. Vinyl Polysiloxane Ether: A Breakthrough in Elastomeric Impression Material. World J Dent 2014;5(2):134-137.
Assessment of Equipment Utilization and Maintenance Schedule at a Dental Institution in Bengaluru, India
Authors: Gupta Vaibhav , Sarode Sachin C 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Quality of diagnostic and treatment care provided to patients largely depends on the availability of sophisticated medical equipment. Regular equipment maintenance helps in providing quality care and maintaining utilization coefficient (UC) of the medical equipment. Equipment utilization is the evaluation of medical equipment necessity, appropriateness, and efficiency of the use in diagnosing and treating a patient. If equipment shows UC of more than 50%, it is said to be a good investment.

Objective
To assess UC of dental institution equipment along with their maintenance schedule to increase operational efficiency.

Materials and methods
An observational study was conducted at a 250 chaired dental institution in Bengaluru in 2015 to calculate the use coefficient of medical equipment. Maintenance schedule was also recorded for all the equipment. Necessary permissions were obtained before starting the study.

Results
Around 50% of these medical equipments were underutilized. Only four equipments had preventive maintenance schedule under which services usually provided every 4 months. Most of the equipment did not have any maintenance contract.

Conclusion
It should be an earnest endeavor of the management and users to optimize the equipment utilization to obtain maximum return on capital invested. In an era of cost-intensive medical care, every equipment being installed in health care institutions need to be fully and properly utilized.

Clinical Significance
Findings of this study will enable the administrators to ensure that the equipment is in proper working condition to provide optimal patient care.

How to cite this article
Gupta V, Gupta N, Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Patil S. Assessment of Equipment Utilization and Maintenance Schedule at a Dental Institution in Bengaluru, India. World J Dent 2017;8(2):104-108.
Evaluation of the Quality of Educational Services of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences based on SERVQUAL Model
Authors: Rahbar Mahdi , Ghavimi Mohamad Ali , Kalvanag Alireza Faraji , Ghoreishizadeh Arezo , Ghanizadeh Milad 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Students in the medical field are the future authorities of the health systems in every community. In this context, the quality and efficacy of each health system is directly related to the quality of education the students in the medical field receive. In this study, we evaluated the quality of educational services by determining the gaps between students’ expectations and perceptions in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in relation to the quality of educational services.

Materials and methods
In this descriptive/analytical and cross-sectional study, the students studying in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2016, who had studied for at least four semesters, were evaluated. Data were collected with the use of a two-part questionnaire. The first part consisted of questions on the demographic data of the subjects and the second part consisted of 26 questions on students’ perceptions and 26 questions on their expectations in relation to the quality of educational services. Data were analyzed with descriptive and chi-squared test using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.

Results
The results showed that the mean scores of the students’ expectations and perceptions of the educational quality were 4.5 ± 0.33 and 2.9 ± 0.7 respectively, with a mean gap of -1.5 ± 0.7.

Conclusion
The results of this study showed negative gaps in all the aspects of educational quality.

Clinical Significance
This study has no clinical significance because it is a descriptive study about quality of educational service.

How to cite this article
Ghavimi MA, Rahbar M, Kalvanag AF, Ghoreishizadeh A, Ghanizadeh M. Evaluation of the Quality of Educational Services of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences based on SERVQUAL Model. World J Dent 2017;8(2):114-118.
Interrelationship of Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in Malignant Transformation of Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Authors: Ganjre Anjali P 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTOral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a potentially malignant disorder. Malignant transformation is a major concern related with OSMF. Despite array of studies discussed, pathogenic factors responsible for carcinogenesis in OSMF is still a field of research. Autophagy is a degradation of unwanted cytoplasmic material to maintain cellular biosynthesis when cell is under metabolic stress. Tissue microenvironment consists of diverse mechanisms. It is found that the autophagy has a major impact on these mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. However, dysregulated autophagy has been involved in disruption of the homeostasis and leads to formation of various diseases including cancer. Altered autophagy enhances oxidative stress in the cell which is a critical cause of genetic instability and oncogenesis. Plethora of studies supports that autophagy is implicated in carcinogenesis process and are interlinked with each other. In OSMF, areca nut causes increase in production of reactive oxygen species and formation of oxidative stress which is being wielded by autophagy. Furthermore, modulated autophagy has an impact on senescence and immunity which can lead to cancer. There is an explicit cause and effect relationship present between autophagy and oncogenesis in OSMF. It is our sincere efforts to elucidate this relationship in OSMF so that it can be incorporated in therapeutic purpose at an early stage.How to cite this articleGanjre AP. Interrelationship of Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in Malignant Transformation of Oral Submucous Fibrosis. World J Dent 2017;8(2):139-144.
Osteoprotegerin Level Differences in Orthodontic Treatment with Self-ligating and Conventional Preadjusted Brackets at Early Aligning and Leveling Phase
Authors: Widayati Retno , Adiwirya Muhammad SK , Soedarsono Nurtami 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Aim
This study aims to investigate the differences in osteoprotegerin (OPG) concentrations in early aligning and leveling of orthodontic treatments using self-ligating and conventional preadjusted brackets.

Materials and methods
Three groups consisting of two experimental groups and one control group participated in this study. A total of 18 patients were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: Little's irregularity index on maxillary anterior teeth ranging from 4 to 9 mm, nonextraction orthodontic treatment on the experimental group, and no previous orthodontic treatment. The experimental group received orthodontic treatment with either a passive self-ligating or conventional preadjusted bracket system, while the control group did not receive orthodontic treatment. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) collection was done at baseline, 1, 24, and 168 hours on five points of maxillary anterior proximal sites, from the mesiolabial side of the canine to the mesiolabial side of its contralateral side. The OPG concentration was assessed by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).

Results
The OPG concentration on both bracket systems was decreased in a time-dependent manner. Decreasing concentration was maintained up until 168 hours on the self-ligating bracket, while conventional preadjusted bracket showed significantly increasing concentration at 168 hours (p = 0.004). Levels of OPG were significantly lower on self-ligating bracket compared with the conventional bracket at 1, 24, and 168 hours (p < 0.005).

Conclusion
Both bracket systems showed decreasing OPG concentration up to 24 hours after orthodontic activation. A maintained decreasing level of OPG was observed on the self-ligating bracket group at 168 hours, and it showed significant lower OPG concentration compared with the conventional preadjusted bracket group at 1, 24, and 168 hours after initial force application.

Clinical significance
The maintained decreasing level of OPG could indicate bone resorption that allows tooth movement into correct alignment that still occurs on self-ligating bracket up to 168 hours after initial activation.

How to cite this article
Widayati R, Adiwirya MSK, Soedarsono N. Osteoprotegerin Level Differences in Orthodontic Treatment with Self-ligating and Conventional Preadjusted Brackets at Early Aligning and Leveling Phase. World J Dent 2018;9(1):2-7.
Determination of Correlation of Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth using Extraoral and Intraoral Factors in Indian Population: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ariga Padma , Nallaswamy Deepak , Jain Ashish R , Ganapathy Dhanraj M 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Various anthropometric measurements have been used to determine the size of maxillary anterior teeth. However, which anthropometric measurement is the most reliable indicator to determine the width of maxillary anterior teeth remains unclear.

Aims and objectives
To evaluate which anthropometric measurement is the most reliable indicator in determining the width of maxillary anterior teeth.

Materials and methods
An electronic search was conducted for scholarly articles discussing various anthropometric measurements used for determination of width of maxillary anterior teeth, written in English or translated into English listed with PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and Google scholar databases. The search strategy yielded 119 articles. Out of them, 70 were excluded following reading of abstract, and 49 were selected for full-text reading. Of these, 21 were excluded based on exclusion criteria. Finally, 28 articles were included for final search. Due to heterogenicity of studies, a meta-analysis was not performed.

Results
High degree of correlation was seen between interalar width (IAD), interpupillary distance (IPD), bizygomatic width (BW), and width of maxillary anterior teeth, in Indian population, whereas in Saudi population, intercanthal distance (ICD) has high degree of correlation to the width of maxillary anterior teeth, and in Brazilian (mulatto and blacks) population, high degree of correlation was seen between intercommissural width (ICOW) and width of maxillary anterior teeth.

Conclusion
The anthropometric measurement used depends on the population group in which it is being used. There is no single anthropometric measurement that can be used to determine the width of maxillary anterior teeth. Hence, more studies with large sample size and different population groups need to be conducted.

Clinical significance
In Indian population, high degree of correlation was seen between IAD, IPD, BW, and width of maxillary anterior teeth. The results of the previous study should be validated by including a large population size spread over entire Indian subcontinent. This would also help to generate multiplication factor for various anthropological measurements for use limited to the Indian population.

How to cite this article
Jain AR, Nallaswamy D, Ariga P, Ganapathy DM. Determination of Correlation of Width of Maxillary Anterior Teeth using Extraoral and Intraoral Factors in Indian Population: A Systematic Review. World J Dent 2018;9(1):68-75.