bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortisol stress response in psychosis from the high-risk to the chronic stage: a systematic review
Authors: Dauvermann M. R. , Donohoe G. 
Published: July 2019

Objectives:We review studies of whether cortisol levels following psychosocial stress exposure differ between patients with psychosis and healthy control subjects.Methods:Original research published between 1993 and February 2019 was included in the literature search. Studies that used experimentally induced psychosocial stress and reported stress response measures of plasma or saliva cortisol levels in patients at any stage of illness (i.e. high risk, first episode and chronic phase) were included.Results:A total of 17 studies were included. Although there was evidence of inconsistencies in measures, we observed moderate evidence of an association with stress-induced cortisol blunting response across studies.Conclusions:This review highlights recent evidence of blunting of cortisol response following experimentally induced psychosocial stress. While there was some evidence of this blunted response across illness types and stages, the strongest evidence was observed for those with chronic schizophrenia. Due to the low number of studies, in particular in bipolar disorder, much work is still needed to accurately characterise the biological effects of stress in psychosis.
Assessment of inner–outer interactions in the urban boundary layer using a predictive model
Authors: Blackman Karin , Perret Laurent , Mathis Romain 
Published: July 2019

Urban-type rough-wall boundary layers developing over staggered cube arrays with plan area packing density, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{p}$, of 6.25 %, 25 % or 44.4 % have been studied at two Reynolds numbers within a wind tunnel using hot-wire anemometry (HWA). A fixed HWA probe is used to capture the outer-layer flow while a second moving probe is used to capture the inner-layer flow at 13 wall-normal positions between $1.25h$ and $4h$ where $h$ is the height of the roughness elements. The synchronized two-point HWA measurements are used to extract the near-canopy large-scale signal using spectral linear stochastic estimation and a predictive model is calibrated in each of the six measurement configurations. Analysis of the predictive model coefficients demonstrates that the canopy geometry has a significant influence on both the superposition and amplitude modulation. The universal signal, the signal that exists in the absence of any large-scale influence, is also modified as a result of local canopy geometry suggesting that although the nonlinear interactions within urban-type rough-wall boundary layers can be modelled using the predictive model as proposed by Mathis et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 681, 2011, pp. 537–566), the model must be however calibrated for each type of canopy flow regime. The Reynolds number does not significantly affect any of the model coefficients, at least over the limited range of Reynolds numbers studied here. Finally, the predictive model is validated using a prediction of the near-canopy signal at a higher Reynolds number and a prediction using reference signals measured in different canopy geometries to run the model. Statistics up to the fourth order and spectra are accurately reproduced demonstrating the capability of the predictive model in an urban-type rough-wall boundary layer.
Analysis of Electromagnetohydrodynamic Stagnation Point Flow of Nanofluid Over a Nonlinear Stretching Sheet with Variable Thickness
Authors: Seth G. S. , Mandal P. K. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTPresent study explores stagnation point flow of nanofluid towards a nonlinear stretching sheet of variable thickness in the presence of electromagnetic field and convective heating. The effect of viscous dissipation and Joule heating are also taken into consideration. Novel concept of non-linear radiative heat flux is also considered. The nanofluid is inspired by Lorentz force which is instigated from the interaction of magnetic and electric fields. Using similarity transformation, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations and then solved numerically by fourth order Runge-Kutta method along with shooting technique. The velocity, temperature and nanoparticle concentration profiles are plotted and analysed corresponding to various pertinent flow parameters. Also, the skin friction and rate of heat and mass transfers at the surface are computed and explained in detail. It is observed that higher wall thickness parameter results in the reduction of velocity, temperature and nanoparticle concentration when velocity power index is less than unity and opposite effect is observed when velocity power index is greater than unity. Due to intensification of electric field, nanofluid velocity is getting retarded and thereby resulting in enhancement of fluid temperature and nanoparticle concentration.
Metaphors and other slippery creatures
Authors: Strick James E. 
Published: July 2019

What are cells? How are they related to each other and to the organism as a whole? These questions have exercised biology since Schleiden and Schwann (1838–1839) first proposed cells as the key units of structure and function of all living things. But how do we try to understand them? Through new technologies like the achromatic microscope and the electron microscope. But just as importantly, through the metaphors our culture has made available to biologists in different periods and places. These two new volumes provide interesting history and philosophy of the development of cell biology. Reynolds surveys the field's changing conceptual structure by examining the varied panoply of changing metaphors used to conceptualize and explain cells – from cells as empty boxes, as building blocks, to individual organisms, to chemical factories, and through many succeeding metaphors up to one with great currency today: cells as social creatures in communication with others in their community. There is some of this approach in theVisionsedited collection as well. But this collection also includes rich material on the technologies used to visualize cells and their dialectical relationship with the epistemology of the emerging distinct discipline of cell biology. This volume centres on, but is not limited to, ‘reflections inspired by [E.V.] Cowdry's [1924 volume]General Cytology’; it benefits from a conference on the Cowdry volume as well as a 2011 Marine Biological Lab/Arizona State University workshop on the history of cell biology.
ARABIC SUPPORT FOR AN EMENDATION OF PLATO,LAWS666B
Authors: Moseley Geoffrey J. 
Published: July 2019

AtLeg.666b7, Burnet's emendation of the transmitted λήθην to λήθῃ has been widely accepted. Newly discovered support for this emendation comes from an Arabic version or adaptation of Plato'sLaws, most likely Galen'sSynopsis, quoted by the polymath Abū-Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī (a.d.973–1048) asKitāb al-Nawāmīs li-Aflāṭunin his ethnographic work on India. I transliterate and translate the passage below, proposing two incidental emendations to the Arabic:wa-qāla l-aṯīniyyu fī l-maqālati l-tāniyati mina l-kitābi: lammā raḥima [sic proraḥimati] l-ālihatu ǧinsa l-bašari min aǧli annahū maṭbūʿun ʿalā l-taʿabi hayyaʾū lahum aʿyādan li-l-ālihati wa-li-l-sakīnāti wa-li-ʾf-w-l-l-n mudabbiri l-sakīnāti wa-li-d-y-w-n-w-s-y-s māniḥi l-bašari l-ḫamrata dawāʾan lahum min ʿufūṣati l-šayḫūḫati li-yaʿūdū fityānan bi-l-duhūli ʿani l-kābati wa-ntiqāli ḫulqi l-nafsi [wa-yantaqila ḫulqu l-nafsiperhaps to be read] mina l-šiddati ilā l-salāmati [al-salāsatiprobably to be read].The Athenian said in the second book of the work [sc. theLaws]: The gods, taking pity on the human race since it was born for toil, established for them feast-days (dedicated) to the gods and to the Muses and to Apollo, overseer of the Muses, and to Dionysus, who gave human beings wine as a remedy for them against the bitterness of old age, so that they might be rejuvenated by forgetting sorrow and (by) the character of the soul changing [and (so that) the character of the soul might changeperhaps to be read] from severity into soundness [into tractabilityprobably to be read].The source of the latter part of the passage, that is, the description of Dionysus’ gift and its effect (māniḥi l-bašari…l-salāmati), has until now remained unidentified. In the notes to his translation, Sachau, followed by Gabrieli, correctly identified part ofLeg. 653c–d (θεοὶ … ἔδοσαν) as the origin of much of the passage (see n. 4). No previous scholarship, however, has noted that the latter part translates a passage inLeg.666b–c (τοῖς ἀνθρώποις … τὸ τῆς ψυχῆς ἦθος), here joined to the earlier passage (presumably by Bīrūnī’s source, that is, most likely Galen) on the hinge of their shared mention of Dionysus.
KoszulA∞-algebras and free loop space homology
Authors: Berglund Alexander , Börjeson Kaj 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe introduce a notion of KoszulA∞-algebra that generalizes Priddy's notion of a Koszul algebra and we use it to construct smallA∞-algebra models for Hochschild cochains. As an application, this yields new techniques for computing free loop space homology algebras of manifolds that are either formal or coformal (over a field or over the integers). We illustrate these techniques in two examples.
Late Cambrian – Early Ordovician magmatism in the Sierra de Pie de Palo, Sierras Pampeanas (Argentina): implications for the early evolution of the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana
Authors: Ramacciotti Carlos D. , Casquet César , Baldo Edgardo G. , Alasino Pablo H. , Galindo Carmen , Dahlquist Juan A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Sierra de Pie de Palo, in the Argentinean Sierras Pampeanas (Andean foreland), consists of a Mesoproterozoic basement and an Ediacaran – upper Cambrian sedimentary cover that underwent folding, thrusting and metamorphism during the Ordovician Famatinian orogeny. Mafic rocks and granitoids of the easternmost Sierra de Pie de Palo provide information about the magmatic activity at the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana during late Cambrian – Early Ordovician time. Magmatic activity began in the Sierra de Pie de Palo as dykes, sills and small intrusions of tholeiitic gabbros between 490 and 470 Ma, before shortening and regional metamorphism. Variable mantle sources (Nd depleted mantle age, TDM between 1.7 and 1.3 Ga) were involved in the mafic magmatism. Nd-isotope signatures were probably inherited from a Mesoproterozoic subcontinental mantle. Mafic magmatism was coincident with collapse of a Cambrian carbonate-siliciclastic platform that extended along SW Gondwana, and was probably coeval with the beginning of subduction. After mafic magmatism, peraluminous granitoids were emplaced in the Sierra de Pie de Palo along ductile shear zones during a contractional tectonic phase, coeval with moderate to high P/T metamorphism, and with the Cordilleran-type magmatic arc that resulted from a flare-up at c. 470 Ma. Granitoids resulted mainly from partial melting of metasedimentary rocks, although some hybridization with juvenile magmas and/or rocks cannot be ruled out. The evidence shown here further implies that the Pie de Palo block was part of the continental upper plate during the Famatinian subduction, and not an exotic block that collided with the Gondwana margin.
Neural morphosyntactic tagging for Rusyn
Authors: Scherrer Yves , Rabus Achim 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe paper presents experiments on part-of-speech and full morphological tagging of the Slavic minority language Rusyn. The proposed approach relies on transfer learning and uses only annotated resources from related Slavic languages, namely Russian, Ukrainian, Slovak, Polish, and Czech. It does not require any annotated Rusyn training data, nor parallel data or bilingual dictionaries involving Rusyn. Compared to earlier work, we improve tagging performance by using a neural network tagger and larger training data from the neighboring Slavic languages. We experiment with various data preprocessing and sampling strategies and evaluate the impact of multitask learning strategies and of pretrained word embeddings. Overall, while genre discrepancies between training and test data have a negative impact, we improve full morphological tagging by 9% absolute micro-averaged F1 as compared to previous research.
Astrobioethics: a brief discussion from the epistemological, religious and societal dimension
Authors: Chon-Torres Octavio A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAs astrobiology progresses in its quest to discover life on other planets or to put ourselves in another one, so does its moral problematic. Astrobiology is not only part of natural sciences, but also deals with direct aspects of humanities. For this reason, this paper aims to briefly examine astrobioethics from the epistemological, religious and societal dimension. It also deals with different researches in this regard, in order to better understand the state of the art on this topic and that astrobioethics can help us not only on how we should relate with extraterrestrial lifeforms, but even with terrestrials.
Diurnal Surface Flux Variability Over Western Boundary Currents
Authors: Clayson Carol Anne , Edson James B. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAn analysis of a satellite ocean surface turbulent flux product demonstrated that, as expected, the western boundary current regions dominate the seasonal cycle amplitude. Surprisingly, our analysis of the global ocean diurnal flux variability also demonstrated a regional maximum in the winter over the western boundary current regions. We conducted comparisons with in situ data from several buoys located in these regions. The buoy data were in general agreement with the relative magnitude, timing, and importance of each of the bulk parameters driving the latent and sensible heat fluxes. Further analysis demonstrated that the strength and timing of the diurnal signal is related to the location of the buoy relative to the region of maximum heat flux and sea surface temperature gradient. In both regions, the timing of the higher winds coincides with the moistest surface layer, indicating that surface fluxes rather than entrainment mixing play a key role in this phenomenon.
Attribution of Detected Temperature Trends in Southeast Brazil
Authors: de Abreu R. C. , Tett S. F. B. , Schurer A. , Rocha H. R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSoutheast Brazil has great economic importance for Brazil and is highly vulnerable to extreme events like floods and droughts. Studies have shown an increase of temperature in this region. Using a new detection and attribution framework (Ribes et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3079-6) and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 models, this change is found to be largely due to greenhouse gases. We estimate that greenhouse gases contribute a warming of 0.95 to 1.5 °C to the observed warming trend of 1.1 °C between 1955 and 2004. Temperature changes from natural and nongreenhouse gas anthropogenic forcing are estimated to be small over this period. Results are robust using different time windows. Using the Community Earth System Model ensembles to evaluate the impacts of internal variability, observational and model error shows that most uncertainty arises from model error.
Land Cover Regulates the Spatial Variability of Temperature Response to the Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosols
Authors: Chakraborty T. , Lee X. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAerosol impact on the surface temperature varies between the shortwave and the longwave components of radiation, depends on the time of the day, and is modulated by underlying biophysical processes. We disentangle these complexities by isolating the direct surface shortwave and longwave radiative effects from a global reanalysis data product and calculating their spatially explicit climate sensitivities. Higher sensitivity is found for the longwave component and is driven by a combination of spatial variability of aerosol species and biophysical control of the underlying surface. The opposing shortwave and longwave effects reduce the global terrestrial mean diurnal temperature range by 0.47 K, with almost half the contribution in the regions of interest considered coming from aerosols of anthropogenic origin. We also find evidence of an increasing trend in the local climate sensitivity in the equatorial zone, possibly caused by deforestation. These surface processes can partially explain why the climate forcing efficacy of aerosols exceeds unity.
L Versus Time Structures of Dayside Magnetic Pulsations Detected by the European Quasi‐Meridional Magnetometer Array
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Heilig Balázs 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe studied the spatiotemporal structure of ground magnetic pulsations on the dayside by displaying magnetic field perturbations detected by the European quasi‐Meridional Magnetometer Array (EMMA) as 2‐D images in the magnetic L value versus time space, called EMMAgrams. We generated EMMAgrams from observations made on 15 August 2015, including a previously studied pulsation event associated with an interplanetary shock. In addition to signatures of field line resonance driven by a cavity mode oscillation, we found poleward propagating structures with L‐independent periods in the Pc2 band. The Pc2 structures are attributed to periodic magnetohydrodynamic pulses (upstream waves) originating from the ion foreshock and propagating in the magnetosphere along the path proposed by Tamao. Ringing of local field lines at L‐dependent periods (transient pulsations) is also clearly detected as dispersive poleward propagating structures not only immediately after the shock impact but also during time periods of less obvious external disturbances. A transient pulsation decays after a few wave periods, and cross‐spectral analysis of transient pulsations detected at two stations with a small latitudinal separation indicates elevation of the cross phase in a band delimited by the field line resonance frequencies at the stations. Successive excitation of transient pulsations by variations of the solar wind dynamic pressure appears to contribute significantly to formation of similar cross‐phase peaks that are widely used in magnetoseismic studies.
New Aspects of the Ionospheric Behavior Over Millstone Hill During the 30‐Day Incoherent Scatter Radar Experiment in October 2002
Authors: Liu Libo , Le Huijun , Chen Yiding , Zhang Ruilong , Wan Weixing , Zhang Shun‐Rong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe geomagnetic storm‐driven ionospheric changes and the involved processes are interesting and challenging topics in understanding and predicting the ionosphere. In this study we investigate the response of the ionosphere to geomagnetic disturbances during the 30‐day incoherent scatter radar measurements conducted at Millstone Hill (42.6°N, 71.5°W) from 4 October to 4 November 2002. During geomagnetically disturbed periods, while the peak electron density of the F2 layer (NmF2) and total electron content deviate remarkably from the quiet time ones in a similar way, the incoherent scatter radar measurements reveal that the changes in electron density are frequently different between low and high altitudes. The electron density is significantly depleted at low altitudes; however, at topside it either changes slightly or sometime is enhanced. The enhanced vertical scale height around 600 km under geomagnetically active conditions implies that the topside electron density profiles become much steeper. The increase in the peak height of F2 layer (hmF2) indicates the upward motions under the action of the storm‐driven dynamic processes. Further, sometimes strong differences are shown in total electron content between Millstone Hill and longitude 100°W. The competing contributions from dynamic processes and disturbance composition to the storm‐time ionospheric changes over Millstone Hill are indicated in the different responses in electron density at the bottomside and topside of the ionosphere.
Progression of Parkinson’s disease pathology is reproduced by intragastric administration of rotenone in mice
Authors: Pan-Montojo Francisco , Anichtchik Oleg , Dening Yanina , Knells Lilla , Pursche Stefan , Jung Roland , Jackson Sandra , Gille Gabrielle , Spillantini Maria Grazia , Reichmann Heinz , Funk Richard 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn Parkinson’s disease patients pathology follows a characteristic pattern involving inter alia the enteric nervous system, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, the intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord and the substantia nigra, providing the basis for the neuropathological staging of the disease. Here we report that intragastrically administered rotenone, a commonly used pesticide that inhibits mitochondrial Complex I, is able to reproduce PD pathological staging as found in patients. Our results show that low doses of chronically and intragastrically administered rotenone induce PD pathology in all the above-mentioned nervous system structures in wild-type mice. Interestingly, HPLC analysis showed no rotenone levels in the systemic blood or the central nervous system (CNS) (detection limit [rotenone]<20nM), indicating that rotenone is detoxified by the liver. These alterations are sequential, appearing only in synaptically connected nervous structures, treatment time-dependent and accompanied by inflammatory signs and motor dysfunctions. These results strongly suggest that the local effect of pesticides on the ENS might be sufficient to induce PD progression and to reproduce the neuroanatomical and neurochemical features of PD staging. Thus, providing new insight into how environmental factors could trigger PD and pointing out a transsynaptic mechanism by which PD might propagate to and through the CNS.
The Evolution of Homochirality
Authors: Wallace Rodrick 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIt is possible to reconsider the origin of biological homochirality in a novel way by formally invoking the standard groupoid approach to stereochemistry in a thermodynamic context that generalizes Landau's spontaneous symmetry breaking arguments. On Earth, limited metabolic free energy may have served as a low temperature analog to 'freeze' the system in the lowest energy state, i.e., the set of simplest homochiral transitive groupoids representing reproductive chemistries. These engaged in a Darwinian competition until a single configuration survived. Subsequent path dependent evolutionary process locked in this initial condition, in spite of increases in available metabolic free energy. Astrobiological outcomes, given higher initial metabolic free energy densities, could well be considerably richer, for example, of mixed chirality. One result would be a complicated distribution of biological chirality across a statistically large sample of extraterrestrial stereochemisty, in marked contrast with published predictions of a racemic average.
Metabolic constraints on the evolution of genetic codes: Did multiple 'preaerobic' ecosystem transitions entrain richer dialects via Serial Endosymbiosis?
Authors: Wallace Rodrick 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA mathematical model based on Tlusty's topological deconstruction suggests that multiple punctuated ecosystem shifts in available metabolic free energy, broadly akin to the 'aerobic' transition, enabled a punctuated sequence of increasingly complex genetic codes and protein translators under mechanisms similar to the Serial Endosymbiosis effecting the Eukaryotic transition. These evolved until the ancestor to the present narrow spectrum of nearly maximally robust codes became locked-in by path dependence.