bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermohydrodynamic LBE Schemes
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This chapter describes extensions of the LB scheme to thermal flows, where temperature is no longer a control parameter constant throughout the fluid, but a dynamic field evolving in space and time under the drive of energy fluxes within the flow and with the external environment. The extension from a thermal to thermal lattice fluids involves a significant leap of complexity, due to the need of correctly recovering higher order kinetic moments associated with the energy.
Out of Legoland: Geoflexible Lattice Boltzmann Equations
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The LBEs discussed to this point lag behind “best in class” Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods for the simulation of fluid flows in realistically complicated geometries, such as those presented by most industrial devices. This traces back to the constraint of working along the light-cones of a uniform spacetime. Various methods have been proposed to remedy this unsatisfactory state of affairs. Among others, a natural strategy is to acquire geometrical flexibility from well-established techniques which can afford it, namely Finite Volumes (FV), Finite Differences (FD) and Finite Elements (FE). Alternatively, one can stick to the cartesian geometry of standard LB, and work at progressive levels of local grid refinement. This Chapter presents the general ideas being both strategies.
Quantum Lattice Boltzmann (QLB)
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
The Lattice Boltzmann concepts and applications described so far refer to classical, i.e., non-quantum physics. However, the LB formalism is not restricted to classical Newtonian mechanics and indeed an LB formulation of quantum mechanics, going by the name of quantum LB (QLB) has been in existence for more than two decades. Even though it would far-fetched to say that QLB represents a mainstream, in the recent years it has captured some revived interest, mostly on account of recent developments in quantum-computing research. This chapter provides an account of the QLB formulation: stay tuned, LBE goes quantum!
Coda
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
This section of the book revisits a question from the book The Lattice Boltzmann Equation (for fluid dynamics and beyond). This question is: What did we learn through lattice Boltzmann? Did LB make a real difference to our understanding of the physics of fluids and flowing matter in general? Here, the text aims to offer a subjective view, without the presumption of being right. Besides being routinely used for a broad spectrum of complex flow problems, there are, in the opinion expressed in this part of the book, a few precious instances in which LB has made a palpable difference.
Mapmaking and Mapthinking: Cancer as a Problem of Place in Nineteenth-century England
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, Dr Alfred Haviland plotted the distribution of cancer on maps of England. Matured within the intellectual milieu of nascent professional public health, his work can be married to that of his fellow sanitary reformers; however, his approach to medical cartography differed from what historians expect of Victorian mapmakers. While most of his mapmaking colleagues attended to urban places, Haviland turned his attention to the English countryside. This article will thus make three interventions into the limited literature on cancer in nineteenth-century England. First, it will demonstrate how cancer came to be constituted as a problem of place. Second, it will show that Haviland understood the disease to be produced by rural environs, and thus paradoxically correlated to healthful locales rather than areas of urban squalor. Third, this article suggests an alternative to the well-travelled interpretation of nineteenth-century mapping as an exercise in power and social control.
Prospective Study of Closed Reduction of Trochanteric Fractures via a Novel Intraoperative Femoral Fracture Reduction Device: Early Clinical Results
Authors: Wang Zhigang , Hao Wei , Liu Dong , Zhang Kai , Jia Long , Yang Shuye , Wang Zhaolin , Zhang Degang , Zhang Dechun 
Published: June 2018

Objective:Traction achieved using an intraoperative femoral fracture reduction device (IFFRD) was compared with that observed using a traction table (TT) for closed reduction of trochanteric fractures and cephalomedullary nail fixation.Design:Prospective cohort study.Setting:Level 1 trauma center.Patients:One hundred forty-one eligible patients with 141 fractures (Orthopaedic Trauma Association type 31-A1, n = 28; A2, n = 75; and A3, n = 38 cases) were randomized to the IFFRD (n = 73) or TT (n = 68) group.Intervention:The IFFRD was used while the patient was placed on a normal radiolucent operation table with 25–30 degrees elevation of the injured side to allow for antero-posterior and lateral fluoroscopic examination and facilitate entry-point guide wire insertion.Main Outcome Measures:Patient demographics, operative and fluoroscopy duration, quality of fracture reduction, and radiological bone union time were recorded.Results:Patient demographics were similar between groups. Duration of patient positioning was longer in the TT group (P< 0.05); duration of fluoroscopy, fracture reduction, and time to union were comparable.Conclusions:An IFFRD used with a normal radiolucent operation table decreased patient positioning time, with efficacy comparable to the TT approach for closed reduction of trochanteric fractures.Level of Evidence:Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Fosphenytoin Population Pharmacokinetics in the Acutely Ill Pediatric Population*
Authors: Moffett Brady S. , Weingarten Mindl M. , Schmees Lindsay R. , Galati Marianne , Erklauer Jennifer , Riviello James J. 
Published: June 2018

Objective:
The purpose of this study is to describe the pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in pediatric patients receiving fosphenytoin.

Design:
Retrospective, population pharmacokinetic analysis.

Setting:
Emergency department or PICU of a large tertiary care children’s hospital.

Patients:
Patients less than 19 years old who received fosphenytoin in the PICU or emergency center for treatment of seizures from January 2011 to June 2017 were included.

Interventions:
Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with NONMEM v7.3 (Icon Plc, Dublin, Ireland). Simulation was performed to determine optimal loading dose and maintenance dosing regimens.

Measurements and Main Results:
A total of 536 patients (55.4% male; median age, 3.4 yr [interquartile range, 0.92–8.5 yr]) met study criteria. Fosphenytoin was administered at median 15.1 mg/kg/dose (interquartile range, 6.3–20.7 mg/kg/dose). Mean serum concentrations of 17.5 ± 7.8 mg/L were at a median 4.2 hours (interquartile range, 2.5–7.8 hr) after a dose. A pharmacokinetic model with two compartments, allometrically scaled fat-free mass on all parameters, and serum creatinine and concomitant phenobarbital use on clearance had the best fit. Simulation demonstrated that a 20 mg/kg loading dose followed by 6 mg/kg/dose every 8 hours had the greatest percentage of concentrations in the 10–20 mg/L range, with reduced doses to achieve therapeutic in patients with reduced kidney function.

Conclusions:
A loading dose of 20 mg/kg followed by 6 mg/kg/dose every 8 hours based on fat-free mass is a reasonable empiric strategy for attainment and maintenance of therapeutic trough concentrations. Concomitant phenobarbital use may increase clearance of phenytoin and fosphenytoin dose reductions should occur in patients with reduced kidney function.
Public Health Workforce Self-Identified Training Needs by Jurisdiction and Job Type
Authors: Yeager Valerie A. , Wisniewski Janna M. , Chapple-McGruder Theresa , Castrucci Brian C. , Gould Elizabeth 
Published: June 2018

Context:
Ensuring adequate and appropriate training of the workforce is a crucial priority for governmental public health. This is particularly important, given the diverse backgrounds of the public health workforce; the vast majority (approximately 83%) do not have formal training in public health, and those that do have formal training in public health have limited training in management and other essential organizational skills.

Objective:
The purpose of this article is to identify training needs among public health workers in specific job types and settings.

Design and Participants:
This cross section study used 2014 data from the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey. Qualitative analyses were used to code open-ended responses to questions about training needs. Needs are stratified across job types and jurisdiction.

Results:
Eight main themes or skill areas were identified with the largest proportion indicating a need for management/leadership skills (28.2%). The second most frequent need was communication skills (21.3%). Across the 9 job types examined, general management skills were either the first or second training need for 7 job types. Among individuals who already have leadership/management positions, budgeting was the most common training need.

Conclusions:
Findings from this study can inform targeted strategies to address training needs for specific types of employees. Such strategies can influence the efficiency and effectiveness of public health efforts and employee satisfaction. As new public health frameworks–like Public Health 3.0 and the Chief Health Strategist–are advanced nationally, it is necessary to ensure that the workforce has the skills and abilities to implement these frameworks.
Role of Thrombospondin-1 and Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathways in Antiangiogenesis of Infantile Hemangioma
Authors: Xu Weili , Li Suolin , Yu Fengxue , Zhang Yongting , Yang Xiaofeng , An Wenting , Wang Wenbo , Sun Chi 
Published: June 2018

Background:
Propranolol is the first-line drug for treatment of infantile hemangioma. However, its mechanism of action remains unclear. Nuclear factor-κB is highly expressed in tumors, directly or indirectly promoting angiogenesis. Thrombospondin-1 is the most important antiangiogenesis protein in vivo. These proteins mediate signaling pathways, probably playing an important role in hemangioma treatment. This study explored the synergistic regulation of thrombospondin-1 and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways in the treatment of hemangioma with propranolol.

Methods:
The hemangioma-derived endothelial cells were sorted out from the specimens of proliferative hemangioma by flow cytometry. Furthermore, a BALB/c nude mouse hemangioma model was established. Viability and proliferation of hemangioma-derived endothelial cells and the role of thrombospondin-1 and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways were observed after propranolol administration in vitro and in vivo.

Results:
The expression of thrombospondin-1 and its receptor CD36 in hemangioma-derived endothelial cells gradually increased with the increase in propranolol concentration, whereas the expression of nuclear factor-κBp65, phosphorylated inhibitor of κB alpha (p-IκBα), and phosphorylated inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase beta (p-IκKβ) weakened gradually (p < 0.05). In vivo, the tumors shrank gradually after propranolol treatment, with an increase in thrombospondin-1 and CD36 and a decrease in nuclear factor-κBp65, p-IκBα, and p-IκKβ (p < 0.05). Glucocorticoid improved the antiangiogenesis mediated by thrombospondin-1/CD36 and inhibited the angiogenesis mediated by nuclear factor-κB/IκB (p < 0.05). Negative regulation occurred between the two signaling pathways.

Conclusion:
The treatment of infantile hemangioma with propranolol is promising to promote thrombospondin-1–mediated antiangiogenesis and to block nuclear factor-κB–mediated angiogenesis.
On the relationship between the rate of learning and retrieval-induced forgetting
Authors: Markója Ádám , Szőllősi Ágnes , Racsmány Mihály 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA plethora of studies demonstrated that repeated selective retrieval of target items from semantic categories has an adverse memory effect on semantically-related memories, a phenomenon called retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). However, there is a range of boundary conditions for RIF. For instance, forming interconnections between target and competitors, long-term delay without sleep between practice and final recall, and the form of learning all attenuate the effect of selective practice on the accessibility of semantically-related competitors. The aim of the present research was to investigate the latent general preconditions behind the reductions of RIF. In Experiment 1 participants learned category-exemplar pairs with repeated study or combined study-full test sessions followed by a selective retrieval practice and a full cued-recall test. We found lower difference between performance on the non-practiced items from practiced categories (Rp-) and their baseline from unpracticed categories (Nrp-) suggesting a reduction in retrieval-induced forgetting. However, regression analysis revealed that this was possibly caused by the increased recall performance independently from the presence of an initial full retrieval session. Therefore, in Experiment 2 participants learned the same pairs through a study followed by two study, two test or combined study-test cycles. As the consequence of increased rate of learning we confirmed the complete absence of retrieval-induced forgetting with Bayes factor analysis. Our results suggest that the adverse memory effect of selective retrieval practice shows a non monotonic dependency on the strength of the mnemonic representations.
Allele-specific NKX2-5 binding underlies multiple genetic associations with human EKG traits
Authors: Benaglio Paola , D’Antonio-Chronowska Agnieszka , Greenwald William W. , DeBoever Christopher , Li He , Drees Frauke , Singhal Sanghamitra , Matsui Hiroko , D’Antonio Matteo , Smith Erin N. , Frazer Kelly A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractGenetic variation affecting the binding of transcription factors (TFs) has been proposed as a major mechanism underlying susceptibility to common disease. NKX2-5, a key cardiac development TF, has been associated with electrocardiographic (EKG) traits through GWAS, but the extent to which differential binding of NKX2-5 contributes to these traits has not yet been studied. Here, we analyzed transcriptomic and epigenomic data generated from iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte lines (iPSC-CMs) from seven whole-genome sequenced individuals in a three-generational family. We identified ~2,000 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) associated with allele-specific effects (ASE) on NKX2-5 binding. These ASE-SNVs were enriched for altered TF motifs (both cognate and other cardiac TFs), and were positively correlated with changes in H3K27ac in iPSC-CMs, suggesting they impact cardiac enhancer activity. We found that NKX2-ASE-SNVs were significantly enriched for being heart-specific eQTLs and EKG GWAS variants, suggesting that altered NKX2-5 binding at multiple sites across the genome influences EKG traits. We used a fine-mapping approach to integrate iPSC-CM molecular phenotype data with a GWAS for heart rate, and determined that NKX2-5 ASE variants are likely causal for numerous known, as well as previously unidentified, heart rate loci. Analyzing Hi-C and gene expression data from iPSC-CMs at these heart rate loci, we identified several genes likely to be causally involved in heart rate variability. Our study demonstrates that differential binding of NKX2-5 is a common mechanism underlying genetic association with EKG traits, and shows that characterizing variants associated with differential binding of development TFs in iPSC-derived cell lines can identify novel loci and mechanisms influencing complex traits.
Streamlined, recombinase-free genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 inLactobacillus plantarumreveals barriers to efficient editing
Authors: Leenay Ryan T. , Vento Justin M. , Shah Malay , Martino Maria Elena , Leulier François , Beisel Chase L. 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTLactic-acid bacteria such asLactobacillus plantarumare commonly used for fermenting foods and as probiotics, where increasingly sophisticated genome-editing tools are currently being employed to elucidate and enhance these microbes’ beneficial properties. The most advanced tools to-date require heterologous single-stranded DNA recombinases to integrate short oligonucleotides followed by using CRISPR-Cas9 to eliminate cells harboring unedited sequences. Here, we show that encoding the recombineering template on a replicating plasmid allowed efficient genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9 in multipleL. plantarumstrains without a recombinase. This strategy accelerated the genome-editing pipeline and could efficiently introduce a stop codon inribB, silent mutations inackA, and a complete deletion oflacM. In contrast, oligo-mediated recombineering with CRISPR-Cas9 proved far less efficient in at least one instance. We also observed unexpected outcomes of our recombinase-free method, including an ~1.3-kb genomic deletion when targetingribBin one strain, and reversion of a point mutation in the recombineering template in another strain. Our method therefore can streamline targeted genome editing in different strains ofL. plantarum, although the best means of achieving efficient editing may vary based on the selected sequence modification, gene, and strain.
Tissue- and cellular-level allocation of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrients in the coral symbiosis – A NanoSIMS study
Authors: Krueger Thomas , Bodin Julia , Horwitz Noa , Loussert-Fonta Céline , Sakr Adrian , Escrig Stéphane , Fine Maoz , Meibom Anders 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCorals access inorganic seawater nutrients through their autotrophic endosymbiotic dinoflagellates, but also capture planktonic prey through heterotrophic feeding. Correlating NanoSIMS and TEM imaging, we visualize and quantify the subcellular fate of autotrophic and heterotrophic C and N in the coral Stylophora pistillata using stable isotopes. Six scenarios were compared after 6h: autotrophic pulse (13C-bicarbonate, 15N-nitrate) in either unfed or regularly fed corals, and heterotrophic pulse (13C-, 15N-labelled brine shrimps) in regularly fed corals; each at ambient and elevated temperature. Host assimilation of photosynthates was similar under fed and unfed conditions, but symbionts assimilated 10% more C in fed corals. Photoautotrophic C was primarily channelled into host lipid bodies, whereas heterotrophic C and N were generally co-allocated to the tissue. Food-derived label was detected in some subcellular structures associated with the remobilisation of host lipid stores. While heterotrophic input generally exceeded autotrophic input, it was more negatively affected by elevated temperature. The reduced input from both feeding modes at elevated temperature was accompanied by a shift in the partitioning of C and N, benefiting epidermis and symbiont. This study provides a unique view on the nutrient partitioning in corals and highlights the tight connection of nutrient fluxes in symbiotic partners.
Regulation of DNA methylation on key parasitism genes of Cysticercus cellulosae revealed by integrative epigenomic-transcriptomic analyses
Authors: Sun Shumin , Liu Xiaolei , Ji Guanyu , Wang Xuelin , Wang Junwen , Bai Xue , Xu Jing , Pang Jianda , Song Yining , Wang Xinrui , Gao Fei , Liu Mingyuan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe life cycle of Taenia solium is characterized by different stages of development, requiring various kinds of hosts that can appropriately harbor the eggs (proglottids), the oncospheres, the larvae and the adults. Similar to other metazoan pathogens, T. solium undergoes transcriptional and developmental regulation via epigenetics during its complex lifecycle and host interactions.ResultIn the present study, we integrated whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA-seq technologies to characterize the genome-wide DNA methylation and its effect on transcription of Cysticercus cellulosae of T. solium. We confirm that the T. solium genome in the cysticercus stage is epigenetically modified by DNA methylation in a pattern similar to that of other invertebrate genomes, i.e., sparsely or moderately methylated. We also observed an enrichment of non-CpG methylation in defined genetic elements of the T. solium genome. Furthermore, an integrative analysis of both the transcriptome and the DNA methylome indicated a strong correlation between these two datasets, suggesting that gene expression might be tightly regulated by DNA methylation. Importantly, our data suggested that DNA methylation might play an important role in repressing key parasitism-related genes, including genes encoding excretion-secretion proteins, thereby raising the possibility of targeting DNA methylation processes as a useful strategy in therapeutics of cysticercosis.ConclusionOur study will provide a foundation for future studies to explore this key epigenetic modification in development of Cysticercus cellulosae and in human cysticercus disease.
International students in higher education
Authors: Tan Dongyao , Yough Mike , Wang Cong 
Published: June 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate international students’ willingness to communicate (WTC) in US university classrooms, focusing on the role of classroom environment. International students in higher education have great economic and academic impacts, studying their WTC in classrooms facilitates their learning and speaking of English and helps them better participate in class activities and acclimatize to schooling in their adopted cultures.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data were collected from 50 Chinese undergraduate students who took English as a second language (ESL) class at a large Midwestern university. Four students participated in follow-up interviews.FindingsResults revealed that in ESL classrooms, confidence and motivation had a direct impact on WTC, classroom environment had an indirect effect on WTC through the mediation of motivation and confidence. Qualitative analysis also showed that classroom environment greatly impacted WTC in both ESL and general classrooms, and teacher factors were most important.Practical implicationsThese results have direct pedagogical implications for teachers serving international students in higher education.Originality/valueThis study facilitates the understanding of the previously under-studied influence of classroom environments on WTC, which has direct pedagogical implications. WTC research focuses predominantly on language learning classrooms, this study initiates an extended exploration of WTC in language learning as well as general classrooms.