bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimum Subsamples of Tree Heights for Accurate Estimation of Loblolly Pine Plot Volume
Authors: Houghton Damon R. , Gregoire Timothy G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This study determined the minimum number of tree heights necessary to obtain an estimate of merchantable plot volume of loblolly pine that, with a probability of 0.95, is within ± 5% and ± 10% of the volume observed when all tree heights on the plot are measured. The size of the height subsample needed to achieve this objective was determined for all combinations of three estimation techniques and four sample designs. The estimation techniques examined were:
A. Summation of tree volumes estimated by a merchantable volume equation using tree dbh coupled with a measured or predicted height. Subsample data were used to fit a plot height-diameter regression of the form ln(H)= α + β/D, where H is tree height and D is dbh, to predict the heights of trees on the plot but not in the subsample,
B. Substituting average D and H values into a merchantable volume equation and multiplying the result by the number of trees in the plot or stratum, and
C. Computing the volume-basal area ratio of the subsample and multiplying the result by the total basal area in the stratum or plot.
The sampling designs examined were a simple random sample, a stratified random sample, a stratified systematic sample, and a purposive sample.
Results indicated that for the ± 5% accuracy level, estimation technique A with a stratified random sample required the smallest subsample size, 12 tree heights. For the 10% accuracy level, estimation technique A with a purposive sample required the smallest subsample size, only 4 tree heights. Recommended subsample sizes are given for all combinations of estimation techniques and sample designs. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):124-129.
A Tree Volume Equation Based On Two Lower Stem Diameters for Loblolly Pine in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Aleixo da Silva José Antonio , Borders Bruce E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A new cubic volume equation was developed for plantation grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions of Georgia and South Carolina. This volume equation uses the volume of the main stem between 2.25 and 5.00 ft as the independent variable. In practice, users simply need to measure diameters at 2.25 and 5.00 ft from the ground to obtain an estimate of the total cubic foot volume of the main stem. This new equation compares favorably to traditional volume equations which use dbh and total height as independent variables. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):160-162.
Local Regulation of Timber Harvesting and Trucking in Georgia
Authors: Jackson Ben D. , Greene W. Dale , Baxter Martha L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
By early 1992, 49 Georgia counties regulated timber harvesting or trucking activities in their jurisdictions by either a formal ordinance or an informal working policy. As recently as 1988, only 14 counties were known to have such ordinances. All new regulation since 1988 occurred in rural counties. The most common form of regulation requires that a logging permit be obtained or that county officials be notified of an intent to harvest timber. The posting of a surety bond is also a common requirement. Current local regulations in Georgia are summarized in an easily updated field guide, Field Handbook of Local Logging and Log Trucking Regulations in Georgia, that is now available. Regular revisions of the handbook are planned to keep foresters and logging contractors up to date on local regulations in the future. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):200-206.
Seedling Production Trends and Fusiform Rust Control Practices at Southern Nurseries, 1981-1991
Authors: Carey William A. , Kelley Walter D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Southern pine seedling production and fusiform rust control practices within the Auburn University Southern Forest Nursery Management Cooperative were summarized from annual questionnaires since 1981 and projected for the South. Production peaked at approximately 1.6 billion seedlings in 1987 and 1988 and declined about 31% to 1.1 billion seedlings in 1991. The systemic fungicide triadimefon (Bayleton®) replaced contact fungicides for control of fusiform rust during this period. Before triadimefon, the average percentage of rust-infected seedlings for southern nurseries was estimated at 2.5% (Rowan 1977); after triadimefon the average rust incidence has been only 0.2%. Sowing and harvest dates have not changed since 1981 and loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash pines (P. elliotii) continue to account for 75% and 20% of southern seedling production, respectively. Reducing the rust infection percentage from 2.5% to 0.2% decreases by approximately 30 million the number of infected seedlings annually. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):207-211.
Combinations of Fungicide and Cultural Practices Influence the Incidence and Impact of Fusiform Rust in Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Haywood James D. , Tiarks Allan E. , Snow Glenn A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Slash pine was grown in central Louisiana under four levels of culture with or without repeated sprayings of the systemic fungicide triadimefon for protection against fusiform rust. The eight treatment combinations were: (1) no fungicide, weed control or fertilizer; (2) weeded; (3) weeded, applied inorganic fertilizer, and bedded before planting; (4) weeded, bedded, and applied inorganic fertilizer in the sixth growing season (delayed fertilization); (5) applied fungicide but no weed control or fertilizer; (6) applied fungicide and weeded; (7) applied fungicide plus treatment 3; and (8) applied fungicide plus treatment 4. Fungicide applications greatly reduced fusiform rust impact in 10-yr-old slash pine stands. Fungicide treatments resulted in higher survival fewer trees with stem galls, fewer trees with galls encircling 76%-100% of the stem circumference, greater total volume/ac, and less volume/ac among infected trees. The fungicide-treated trees had fewer stem galls below 5 ft of tree height compared with untreated trees, indicating that the fungicide treatment protected planted seedlings through several growing seasons. Weed control increased fusiform rust incidence. The fungicide-treated plots receiving delayed fertilization yielded the most volume (3,018 ft3/ac) after 10 growing seasons because of high stocking and accelerated growth following fertilization. South. J. Appl. For. (2):53-59.
Productivity and Costs of Three Harvesting Methods
Authors: Kluender Richard A. , Stokes Bryce J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three stands were harvested by either clearcut, shelterwood, or single-tree selection methods. The single-tree selection method consisted of a light thinning in an even-aged stand as the initial basal area reduction cut required to convert the stand to uneven-aged structure. The contractor used two skidders (one grapple, one choker) and production chain saws to harvest all three tracts. Harvested sites were all similar in slope (10-15%), average dbh (12-14 in.), and preharvest number of stems by dbh.
In the felling study, fell, walk, and limb-top time were all greater for the single-tree selection method. Time to process a tree was lowest for the clearcut, intermediate for shelterwood, and highest for single-tree selection method.
For skidding, bunch building time was highest for the single-tree selection and lowest for the clearcut method. Average volume per cycle was consistently higher for the grapple skidder than the choker skidder; volume per cycle was lowest for the single-tree selection and highest for the clearcut method for both skidders. Time per cycle was consistently lower for the grapple skidder than the cable skidder. Time per cycle was lowest for the clearcut and highest for the single-tree selection method.
Factors that affected felling productivity (in decreasing order) were: dbh of harvested stems, intertree distance, and method of harvest. Factors that affected skidding productivity (in decreasing order) were: skidder type, pull distance, average volume per cycle, and the method of harvest.
Costs of felling and skidding were highest on the single-selection stand and lowest on the clearcut stand. Total percentage of stand area trafficked was lowest for the single tree stand. However, the total area disturbed to meet a wood procurement budget was lowest for the clearcut and highest for the single-tree method. South. J. Appl. For. 18(4): 168-174.
A Systems Approach to Communication Behavior Among Scientists, Foresters, and NIPF Landowners
Authors: Baldwin Sara B. , Haymond Jacqueline L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The communication behavior of scientists, foresters, and landowners in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia was studied using mail surveys in the fall of 1989. Scientists' most common information sources were other scientists, meetings, and journals; their information output was primarily directed toward scientists. Nearly all foresters studied had contacts with NIPF landowners; their most common information sources were other foresters, agency pamphlets, and meetings. Their information output consisted primarily of interpersonal communication. Over one-third of the NIPF landowners contacted received no forest management information; their most common information source was other landowners. The findings highlight technology transfer limitations. Information is progressively restricted as it moves from source to link to user, and interaction between the three groups is limited. South. J. App. For. 18(4): 175-180.
Stocking Guides for Water Tupelo and Baldcypress
Authors: Goelz J.C.G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stocking guides for water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) were developed from published tables of hypothetical stocking and stand development. The form of the stocking guide follows the established paradigm, although the “B”-line is based on the suggested residual stocking in the published table rather than on minimum full stocking determined by open-grown crown area. The stocking guides for water tupelo and baldcypress suggest much greater stand densities than a similar guide for southern bottomland hardwoods. The stocking guides may be used to aid in marking a stand for thinning or to describe stand density for other timber and non-timber management activities. South. J. Appl. For. 19(3):105-108.
The Relationship of Diameter at Breast Height and Crown Diameter for Four Species Groups in Hardin County, Tennessee
Authors: Gering Lawrence R. , May Dennis M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A set of simple linear regression models for predicting diameter at breast height (dbh) from crown diameter and a set of similar models for predicting crown diameter from dbh were developed for four species groups in Hardin County, TN. Data were obtained from 557 trees measured during the 1989 USDA Southern Forest Experiment Station survey of the forests of Tennessee, with supplemental aerial photographic observations. Estimates of individual tree crown diameter were obtained from ground measurements and from measurements made on 9 X 9 in. color aerial photographs (with nominal scale of 1:4,800) taken during the fall color season. In practice, users of aerial photographs can estimate dbh by measuring crown diameter, converting it to feet using the photo scale, and applying the appropriate equation. Similarly, crown diameter can be estimated from a ground measurement of dbh. This procedure may be useful in reducing the time required for field measurements. It may also be used to calculate crown diameters for datasets that include dbh but no direct measurement of crown attributes. South. J. Appl. For. 19(4):177-181.
Development of Immature Stages of Black Turpentine and
Ips Beetles in Paraquat-Treated Slash Pine
Authors: Goldman S. E. , Parker J. A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sixty-seven percent of the attacks by black turpentine beetles, Dendroctonus terebrans (Oliv.), and 86 percent of the attacks by Ips beetles (Ips spp.) were successful in Paraquat-treated slash pine for artificial lightwood induction. Unwounded check trees interspersed with the Paraquat-treated trees were not attacked by emerging adults. Wounded check trees were lightly attacked.
Pine Growth and Regeneration Following Three Hardwood Control Treatments
Authors: Loyd R. A. , Thayer A. G. , Lowry G. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hardwood control studies in Southeast Texas indicated that prescribed burning and mist blowing effectively reduced the number of small hardwoods. Mist blowing also reduced existing small pine regeneration. Injection satisfactorily killed 87 percent of the ring-porous hardwoods and 49 percent of the diffuse-porous hardwoods. All treatments resulted in marked increases of radial growth of residual pine. New pine regeneration was increased by all treatments, with burning and mist blowing exhibiting the greatest response.
Motorcycle Riding Areas Reduce Conflicts with Campers
Authors: Fillmore Edgar R. , Bury Richard L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Conflicts between campers and cyclists were reduced by providing motorcyle riding areas adjacent to campgrounds. Campers with motorcycles enjoyed the ready access to riding areas, and nonriding campers approved the reduction in motorcycle riding on campground roads and trails. Riders were asked to rank 10 specified factors for relative importance regarding an ideal trail; a majority considered variety of terrain to be most important. Cyclists preferred well defined trails to open areas for riding. The data were gathered during the summer of 1972 at Land Between The Lakes National Recreation Area (LBL) in western Kentucky and Tennessee. A followup in 1977 indicated that our conclusions remain equally applicable today (Cottrell 1977).
Applying the Clean Water Law to Southeast Forestry
Authors: Dornbusch August J. , Herndon Albert B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Control of any water pollution from forest management is required by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (PL 92-500). Voluntary programs are acceptable in the Southeast. Plans developed under Section 208 of the Act must include best land management practices, priorities, implementation schedules, evaluation programs and reporting systems. A key factor is the assessment of types and locations of any water quality problems. Failure of voluntary plans after trial for a number of years may require regulatory approaches to be taken.
Costs of Top Lopping Old-Growth Hardwoods: What Price Beauty?
Authors: Schick Bruce A. , Maxey William R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The objective of the study was to identify the incremental logging costs of top lopping old-growth hardwoods. The special handling of these hardwoods is fast becoming an enforced requirement for those who log state and federal timber sales. The additional cost can run as high as $1.33 per tree.
Aerial Fertilization Increases Volume and Weight of Planted Loblolly Pine
Authors: Beckwith Julian R. , Reines Mervin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two loblolly pine plantations were examined after one was fertilized by airplane, and wood properties of dominant and co-dominant trees in each were compared. Although there was a relative reduction in wood specific gravity after fertilization, the data suggest that treated trees produced a greater weight of wood per tree than did the controls.
A Comparison of Loblolly Pine Plantation Growth and Yield Models for Inventory Updating
Authors: Shortt James S. , Burkhart Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four different loblolly pine growth and yield models were evaluated for the purpose of updating forest inventory data. The types of growth and yield models examined were: a whole stand, a diameter distribution-parameter prediction, a diameter distribution-parameter recovery, and an individual tree model. Three different approaches were used to create fitting and validation data sets from permanent plot remeasurement data; each of the four growth and yield models was evaluated at varying projection periods. The periods used were 0, 3, 6, and 9 yr. Evaluations were based solely on the capability of each model to predict merchantable volume.
In terms of root mean square error of prediction, the individual tree and whole stand models performed better than the diameter distribution models. At shorter projection periods, the individual tree model performed better than the whole stand model, but the whole stand approach was superior at the 9 yr period. Of the diameter distribution models, the parameter recovery model performed better for shorter periods than the parameter prediction model, but this difference diminished with longer periods. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):15-22.
Predicting Survival of East Texas Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations Infected with Fusiform Rust
Authors: Adams D. E. , Lenhart J. D. , Vaughn A. B. , Lapongan J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Repeated measurements during 1982-1992 of East Texas Pine Plantation Research Project permanent plots in loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine plantations throughout East Texas were used to develop equations for predicting the future number of trees per acre. A typical condition of East Texas pine plantations is the incidence of fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme). A regression procedure for fitting nonlinear systems of equations was used to fit survival models that considered the possibility that trees with no rust galls on the stem could either (1) remain uninfected and alive, (2) become infected yet still alive or (3) die. For infected stems, only two possible outcomes were considered in the model: (1) remain infected and alive or (2) die. Analyses of the differences between predicted and observed values indicated no adverse trends for either of the two species. Apparently the models do represent observed survival patterns. South. J. Appl. For. 20(1):30-35.
Stand Density Index for Loblolly Pine Plantations in North Louisiana
Authors: Williams Roger A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stand Density Index (SDI) equations and diagrams were developed and presented for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in north Louisiana. Two different SDI diagrams are presented—one that utilizes the number of trees per acre and average stand diameter, and a second that uses the number of trees per acre and the basal (ft²) per acre. Basal area is presented as a second alternative to average stand diameter since many practicing foresters commonly use basal area for density management. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):110-113.
Results of a Slash Pine Spacing and Thinning Study in the Southeastern Coastal Plain
Authors: Pienaar L. V. , Rheney J. W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Results are summarized for a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) spacing and thinning study installed 28 yr ago at 28 locations in the southeastern coastal plains in plantations established on cutover land after mechanical site preparation. Stocking densities of 100 to 900 trees/ac are represented in the spacing study with 15 yr thinning response data for thinning intensities ranging from 25 to 65% of the trees removed in selective thinnings from below. Per-acre basal area and volume prediction equations are presented for unthinned plantations and for thinned plantations when a specified number of trees per acre is left. Survival and dominant height projection equations for both unthinned and thinned plantations are presented, and a competition index to account for the thinning response relative to a comparable unthinned plantation is defined. Application of the prediction equations is demonstrated with an example that shows the nature of the implied thinning response relative to a comparable unthinned plantation. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):94-98.
Effect of Hardwoods and Pine Density on Natural Loblolly Pine Yields and Product Distribution
Authors: Shiver Barry D. , Brister Graham H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data from 75 yield plots in natural loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands from the Georgia Piedmont were used to investigate the effects of hardwood and pine stand density on pine yields and product distribution. A yield function incorporating percentage of total basal area in hardwoods and the number of pine trees per acre, and a modifying equation to estimate merchantable volume to any top diameter limit above variable threshold diameters, were developed and used to evaluate these effects. There was a slight decrease in total yield as pine trees per acre increased, but the percentage of total yield in sawtimber decreased dramatically above 100 trees/ac. Hardwoods also decreased yields with virtually all of the decrease coming from sawtimber. South. J. Appl. For. 20(2):99-102.
Two-Stage Selection in Slash Pine Produces Good Gains in Fusiform Rust Resistance
Authors: Sluder Earl R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The best 6 of 21 progeny-tested first-generation slash pine selections were crossed in a half diallel to study inheritance patterns of their superior fusiform rust resistance (5 trees) and height (1 tree). Their six first-test progenies were duplicated and included in the study. These two groups of progenies, along with two commercial check lots, were planted on an Upper Coastal Plain and a Flatwoods site in Georgia. At age 10 yr, the 15 progenies in the half diallel averaged 23% rust-infected compared with 54% for the check lots. First-test progenies averaged 30% infected. For percentage infection, the six parents differed in general combining ability (GCA) (0.01 > P > 0.001) on both test sites and in specific combining ability (0.05 > P > 0.01) on one site. GCA variation for height was significant (0.05 > P > 0.01) on one site. The parent selected for height had the highest breeding value for height at age 10 yr. These results show that resistance to the fusiform rust disease, a serious problem in management of the species, can be improved in slash pine. These 6 parents and their 15 progenies in the half-diallel cross are a good source of rust resistance genes for use in slash pine improvement programs. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):143-147.
Impact of Heavy Glaze in a Loblolly Pine Spacing Trial
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Burkhart Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In March 1994, a severe ice storm badly damaged an 11-yr-old loblolly pine spacing study in central Virginia. After the storm, trees in the spacing trials were categorized into one of five stem and top damage classes. Analysis of variance procedures indicated no significant relationship between stem and top damage and spacing or density. Forked trees were found to be more susceptible to ice damage than single-stemmed trees. At an individual tree level, strong correlations were found between diameter and height and the type (stem bending or top breakage) and severity of damage. Prediction equations were developed for estimating the probability of five levels of stem bending and top breakage based on a proportional odds model. South. J. Appl. For. 20(3):151-155.