bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
5 and 7 Year Old Childrenwith No English Background RespondToward Parents’ Stimulus Using the Comprehensible Inputs on Direct English Daily Conversations at Home
Authors: Rini Setia 
Published: February 2018

This paper seeks to explorehow the comprehensible inputs are given by mother responded by the children who have no English background and what are the discourse features which aid children’s comprehension and ability to maintain the conversation. This study is conducted in the writer’s home with her sons in order to apply the comprehensible inputs. The results shows that the children ages 5 and 7 years old who have no English background are able to give the responses unless the questions or the stimulus given must be followed by the non verbal language such as gesture and the body movements. In this case, the results can be varied. From the stimulus using the comprehensible inputs, the children are also giving different responses. It can be in the form of non-verbal language such as nodding or by repeating the last word said by their mother. It is suggested that parents should give encouragement to the children and help them in acquiring the second language at home. Keywords: Parents’ stimulus; Comprehensible inputs; daily conversation with no English background.
THE CONCEPT OF LANGUAGE LEARNING IN BEHAVIORISM PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Abidin Khoiru Rakhman 
Published: February 2018

The aims of the study are (1) the concepts of language learning in behaviorism perspective, (2) the relation between language and learning in behaviorism perspective, (3) the influence of behaviorism in language learning. This is a descriptive qualitative study. The results showed that (1) behaviorism theories of languages also give good contribution in language learning process that describes a child can learn language from their environments, (2) behaviorism perspective defines as change of behavior through experience, it means human learn something from their environments, (3) human uses language for communication in the world and he also spreads his culture with his language so human gets knowledge of language through learning.Keywords: Behaviorism; Language; Learning; Language Learning
An Error Analysis of Using Plural Nouns in English Sentences” A Case Study of the Second Year Students of MA Al-Manar Tengaran in the Academic Year 2003/2004
Authors: Mustaidah Mustaidah 
Published: February 2018

By doing this research, the writer hopes that the results will be helpful to the English learner in order to be more careful in using plural nouns in English sentences. The subject of research is the second year students of MA Al- Manar Tengaran in the academic year 2003/2004.The writer uses random sampling by lottery method to get the sample of research. The writer analyses the data by making the observation of all collected data, Categorizing the data by giving codes for cash data, categorizing the data by giving codes for cash data, and interpreting data info substantive theory. The result of the study shows that there are dominant errors which are made by students of second years of MA Al- Manar to use plural nouns in English.Keywords: Plural; Random Sampling; Categorizing; Dominant; Error
Comparing the Psychological Aimlessness in Edith Wharton’s the House of Mirth and Ernest Hemmingway’s the Sun also Rises
Authors: Mailasari Dewi Ulya 
Published: February 2018

Aimlessness concerns about one’s existence in a society where somebody feels useless amid the society and doesn’t know the role she or he must play. This paper will examine the aimlessness experienced by the main character in the novel entitled The House of Mirth and The Sun Also Rises written by the modernism authors in 1905 and 1926. The first one realized the aimlessness in the very early age, and the life was ended through an overdose, but the later found such feeling after experiencing a war injury. Both characters were victims of the situation but they seemed to have reached a more realistic appreciation of their situation. Keywords; Aimlessness; Psychological Consequences; Main Characters
A CRITICAL STUDY OF KONG GIRLS PHENOMENON IN HONGKONG SOCIETY
Authors: Chan Jane 
Published: February 2018

Purpose of the study: The term, Kong Girls is new in Hong Kong in the past ten years. The purpose of this research is to suggest reasons behind the Kong Girls phenomenon and to explore whether this will continue to be a factor for Hong Kong men marrying Mainland women.
Methodology: Seven interviews with typical Hong Kong Kong Girls were conducted within a similar period of time in 2015. One non-Kong-Girl was also interviewed as a control.
Main Findings: findings of this research indicate that the Kong Girls phenomenon may be a social problem in the long run and Hong Kong men have to continue to find their wives outside Hong Kong if traditional thinking is not to be changed. If Hong Kong women continue to be Kong Girls, both genders may not be able to find their partner locally at their home city.
Implications: social studies, psychology, gender issues
Novelty/Originality of this study: This article helps explain why Hong Kong women prefer to marry non-Hong Kong men or choose to remain single. This is first of its kind study.
ANALISIS STRUKTURAL DAN NILAI PENDIDIKAN NOVEL GEDHONG SETAN KARYA SUPARTO BRATA SERTA RELEVANSINYA SEBAGAI MATERI PEMBELAJARAN NOVEL BERBAHASA JAWA
Authors: Suryanto Edy , Waluyo Budi , Fadli Muhammad 
Published: February 2018

<p>Karya sastra memiliki nilai-nilai penting yang dapat diterapkan dalam kehidupan salah satunya novel berbahasa Jawa. Oleh karena itu, peneliti ingin meneliti novel <em>Gedhong Setan</em> karya Suparto Brata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan: (1) Unsur struktural yang membangun novel, baik unsur intrinsik dan unsur ekstrinsik; (2) Nilai pendidikan yang terdapat dalam novel; dan (3) Relevansi novel sebagai materi pembelajaran novel berbahasa Jawa. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan struktural. Data yang diperoleh berasal dari novel, wawancara dengan ahli sastra, guru bahasa Jawa, dan siswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan <em>purposive sampling. </em>Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan analisis sumber tertulis atau dokumen dan wawancara. Uji validitas data menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan teori. Teknik analisis data menggunakan teknik analisis jalinan, yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, penarikan simpulan. Simpulan penelitian ini; (1) Novel <em>Gedhong Setan </em>karya Suparto Brata memiliki unsur intrinsik meliputi tema, tokoh dan penokohan, alur, latar, bahasa, dan sudut pandang; sedangkan unsur ekstrinsik meliputi situasi sosial politik, ekonomi, dan budaya; sistem pengarang dan kepengarangan; sistem penerbit dan penerbitan; serta sistem pembaca; (2) Nilai-nilai pendidikan yang terdapat di dalam novel, yaitu: nilai keagamaan, nilai kesusilaan (moral), nilai sosial, dan nilai kultural; dan (3) Novel tersebut sangat relevan sebagai materi ajar dalam pembelajaran novel berbahasa Jawa di SMA.</p><p> <strong>Kata kunci:</strong>pendekatan struktural, novel, nilai pendidikan, materi pembelajaran</p><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="149"><p> </p></td><td valign="top" width="423"><p> </p></td></tr></tbody></table><p><strong> </strong></p>
AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF FIVE EDIBLE MUSHROOM SPECIES FROM KASTAMONU, TURKEY
Authors: Bakır Temel kan , Boufars Mansor , Karadeniz Mertcan , Ünal Sabri 
Published: February 2018

Background: Hydnum repandum, Cantharellus cibarius, Ramaria fennica, Boletus edulis, and Craterellus cornucopioides are all wild edible mushroom species from the Kastamonu province. The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant properties and amino acid contents of these mushrooms.
Materials and Methods: The mushrooms were analyzed for their free amino acid compositions using a high performance Amino Acid analyzer (Biochrom 30). Also, antioxidant activity and total phenolic concentrations of five different mushroom species were studied by using spectrophotometric methods.
Results: The mushrooms contained 17 amino acids (g/100 g): Glutamic acid (2.56–1.11), Alanine (1.49–0.54), Arginine (1.62–6.77), Aspartic acid (1.45–0.81), Leucine (1.08–0.64), Methionine (1.05–0.06), Valine (1.05–0.66), Lysine (1.01–0.57), Serine (0.68–0.38), Cysteine (0.88–0.11), Isoleucine (0.61–0.39), Glycine (0.82–0.35), Threonine (0.82–0.44), Phenylalanine (0.66–0.42), Proline (0.60–0.47), Tyrosine (0.58–0.38), and Histidine (0.48–0.22). The total free amino acid (TAA) contents ranged from 169.2 mg/g in Boletus edulis to 89.1 mg/g in Hydnum repandum. These five different mushroom species contain eight essential amino acid species except tryptophan. The antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts was expressed as the percentage of DPPH radical inhibition and IC50 values (mg/mL). The percentage of inhibition ranged from 2.38% to 88.05% and IC50 values ranged from 0.03 to 13.98 mg/mL. The total phenolic content ranged from 0.66 to 7.74 mg/g of dry mushroom extract, expressed as gallic acid equivalents.
Conclusion: Methanolic extract of Boletus edulis showed the highest phenolic content and strong antioxidant activity. As a result, the significant linear correlation between the values for the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts was corroborated in all of the investigated mushroom species, with the exception of Craterellus cornucopioides.
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN ETHANOL EXTRACT OF LENTINUS SQUARROSULUS MONT - A NIGERIAN MEDICINAL MACROFUNGUS
Authors: Adeoye-Isijola Morenike Olutunmbi , Olajuyigbe Olufunmiso Olusola , Jonathan Segun Gbolagade , Coopoosamy Roger Murugas 
Published: February 2018

Background: The continuous search for new lead compounds of therapeutic importance has become necessary in the face of treatment failures and multidrug resistance plaguing the world. While many plants and higher fungi are sources of bioactive compounds yet to be fully harnessed, understanding the bioactive components in macrofungus could serve as a lead for investigating its biological activities and medicinal potentials.
Materials and Methods: The bioactive compounds in the ethanolic extract of Lentinus Squarrosulus, an edible Nigerian macrofungus, were investigated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.
Results: There were nine bioactive compounds in this edible macrofungus. Of these compounds, 9,12-Octadecanoic acid ethyl ester (37.39%; RT:39.815) was the highest in quantity, followed by Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (14.49%; RT:36.550). Other fatty acids, their ethyl esters and other compounds identified included 2-Butenethioic acid,3-(ethylthio)-S-(1-methylethyl) ester (4.51%; RT:15.866), n-Hexadecanoic acid (4.74%; RT:36.034), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (11.88%; RT:39.429), 9,17-Octadecadienal,(Z)- (5.01%; RT:39.500), ethyl oleate (5.27%; RT:39.898), 3a,6-Methano-3aH-indene,2,3,6,7 tetrahydro (4.04%; RT:48.379), and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-,2 hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (12.68%; RT:48.682). Some of these compounds have antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic as well as cancer preventive activities amongst others.
Conclusion: This study showed the bioactive components of therapeutic potentials in L. squarrosulus while creating a platform for screening, isolating and identifying many bioactive components which may be useful in the treatment of the various ailments, disorders and diseases in the nearest future.
Variability of cool seasonal rainfall associated with Indo-Pacific climate modes: case study of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Mekanik F. , Imteaz M. A. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis study focused on diagnosing the relative and independent role of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on austral cool seasonal rainfall by stratifying the cool seasonal rainfall into winter (June–August) and spring (September–November). Partial regression and classification analysis was used to investigate the effect of the climate modes on rainfall in the state of Victoria in southeast Australia. Partial regression analyses revealed that when the influence of IOD is removed from ENSO, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Pacific Ocean have no significant effect on spring rainfall across Victoria and affect winter rainfall mildly in west Victoria. By removing the inter-correlations between ENSO and IOD, SST anomalies in the Indian Ocean and SLP anomalies in the Pacific Ocean showed weak relationships with Victoria's spring and winter rainfall. Classification analysis demonstrated the effects of phases of ENSO and IOD on Victoria's seasonal rainfall; the dry phases of the climate modes have more effect on spring rainfall compared to the wet phases and both show no significant effect on winter rainfalls. It is recommended that for water availability forecasting in Victoria, water managers should focus on the effect of climate modes on spring rainfalls, particularly during the dry phases of ENSO and IOD.
Oxidative Stress and Decreased Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase 2 and Peroxiredoxins 1 and 4 Based Mechanism of Concurrent Activation of AMPK and mTOR in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Majd Shohreh , Power John H.T. 
Published: February 2018

Background:
Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that metabolism dysfunction is involved
in pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). One aspect of metabolic dysfunction includes dysregulation
of adenosine monophosphate kinase protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin
(mTOR) metabolic axis, which is extensively present in some of the leading causes of AD such
as cerebrovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes and brain ischaemic events. While the molecular basis underlying
this metabolic dysregulation remains a significant challenge, mitochondrial dysfunction due to
aging appears to be an essential factor to activate AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, leading to abnormal
neuronal energy metabolism and AD pathology.

Methods:
Using immunofluorescent imaging by Lecia confocal microscopy, we analyzed the activation
of AMPK/mTOR. Concurrently, the level of mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes of superoxide
dismutase 2 (SOD2) and peroxiredoxin 1 and 4 (p1 and p4) along with protein and DANA oxidation
were examined to in postmortem brains of AD (n= 8) and normal (n= 7) subjects to evaluate the metabolism
dysfunction role in AD pathology.

Results:
In spite of AMPK inhibitory control on mTOR, concurrent phosphorylation of AMPK and
mTOR (p-AMPK and p-mTOR) was observed in AD brains with high colocalization with
hyperphosphorylated tau. Mitochondrial antioxidant enzymes of SOD2 and p1 and p4 were substantially
decreased in p-AMPK, p-mTOR and p-tau positive cells along with higher levels of DNA and protein
oxidation.

Conclusion:
Collectively, we conclude that AMPK and mTOR metabolic axis is highly activated in AD
brains. While the inhibitory link between AMPK and mTOR seems to be disrupted, we suggest
oxidative stress as the underlying mechanism for concurrent activation of AMPK and mTOR in AD.
LegumeDB: Development of Legume Medicinal Plant Database and Comparative Molecular Evolutionary Analysis of matK Proteins of Legumes and Mangroves
Authors: Thakar Sambhaji B. , Dhanavade Maruti J. , Sonawane Kailas D. 
Published: February 2018

Background:
Legume plants are known for their rich medicinal and nutritional values.
Large amount of medicinal information of various legume plants have been dispersed in the form of
text.

Objective:
It is essential to design and construct a legume medicinal plants database, which integrate
respective classes of legumes and include knowledge regarding medicinal applications along with
their protein/enzyme sequences.

Methods:
The design and development of Legume Medicinal Plants Database (LegumeDB) has been
done by using Microsoft Structure Query Language Server 2017. DBMS was used as back end and
ASP.Net was used to lay out front end operations. VB.Net was used as arranged program for coding.
Multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis and homology modeling techniques were also used.

Results:
This database includes information of 50 Legume medicinal species, which might be helpful
to explore the information for researchers. Further, maturase K (matK) protein sequences of legumes
and mangroves were retrieved from NCBI for multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis
to understand evolutionary lineage between legumes and mangroves. Homology modeling technique
was used to determine three-dimensional structure of matK from Legume species i.e. Vigna unguiculata
using matK of mangrove species, Thespesia populnea as a template. The matK sequence analysis
results indicate the conserved residues among legume and mangrove species.

Conclusion:
Phylogenetic analysis revealed closeness between legume species Vigna unguiculata and
mangrove species Thespesia populnea to each other, indicating their similarity and origin from common
ancestor. Thus, these studies might be helpful to understand evolutionary relationship between
legumes and mangroves.

:
LegumeDB availability: http://legumedatabase.co.in
Thermafil: A New Clinical Approach Due to New Dimensional Evaluations
Authors: Vittoria G. , Pantaleo G. , Blasi A. , Spagnuolo G. , Iandolo A. , Amato M. 
Published: February 2018

Background:
There are a lot of techniques to obturate the root canals, but lateral condensation of gutta-percha is the most used one. An important aspect of thermafil is the error margin tolerated by the manufacturer in the production of plastic carriers. In literature, there is no evidence about discrepancy percentage between different carriers. It is demonstrated that the error margin of gutta-percha is 0.5% and is 0.2% for metal files (ISO standards).

Objective:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the real dimensions of thermafil plastic carriers observed by the stereo microscope measuring the dimensional discrepancy between them.

Methods:
For this study, 80 new thermafil (Dentsply Maillefer) have been selected. 40 thermafil 0.25 and 40 thermafil 0.30. Through 60X stereo microscope, the dimensions of the plastic carrier tips have been measured. The dimensions of the plastic carrier were also measured after a heating cycle. ZL GAL 11TUSM (Zetaline stereo evolution) microscope was used to observe the samples. Measurements were made through a dedicated software (Image Focus). All samples were analysed at 60X.

Results:
A non-parametric paired test (Wilcoxon test) was used to compare baseline and after heating values; p-values ≤ 0.05 were assumed to be statistically significant.

Conclusion:
The samples we measured showed a mean value of the diameters in Thermafil 25 that was 0.27 mm, for Thermafil 30 the mean value was 0.33 mm.
We have measured a dimensional variable of 8% in the 25 group while in group 30 the maximum possible variation found was 4%, that’s why we propose a new protocol of obturation with thermafil. We can also conclude that a single heating process does not affect clinically the plastic carrier dimensions.
Nutritional, Antioxidant and Sensory Properties of Value Added Muffins
Authors: Nagarajaiah Shyamala B. , Ramakrishna Manasa G. , Prakash Jamuna 
Published: February 2018

Background:Consumption of unhealthy processed foods viz., refined wheat flour based bakery products such as biscuits, muffins, etc. is a key causative factor underlying nutrition transition giving rise to overweight and obesity. The underutilized coarse grain, proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) can find potential application in bakery products.Objective:The objective of the present study was to prepare healthy muffins by partial replacement of refined flour with Proso Millet Flour (PMF), Carrot Preserve (CP) and Beetroot Preserve (BP).Methods:Standardized methods were used to analyze the products for nutritional composition, antioxidant activity and sensory properties.Results:Results showed that the protein and dietary fiber contents of products ranged from 5.49- 5.95g and 3.60-4.15g/100g respectively. Total phenolic content was high in aqueous extract of muffin with PMF+BP i.e. 125±1.41mg tannic acid equivalent/100g. β-carotene content was high in muffin with PMF+CP (155±3.5µg/100g). Antioxidant activity determined by four methods showed that products with PMF+CP and PMF+BP had higher activity compared to control samples. The sensory quality of muffin was unaffected by the incorporation PMF, having scores equal to control muffins.Conclusion:To conclude PMF, CP and BP can be used as functional food ingredients in bakery products to improve the nutritional quality without affecting sensorial palatability.
The Natural Radioactivity in Food: A Comparison Between Different Feeding Regimes
Authors: Caridi Francesco , Marguccio Santina , Belvedere Alberto , D`Agostino Maurizio , Belmusto Giovanna 
Published: February 2018

Background:
In this article a comprehensive study was carried out for the determination of
natural radioactivity in animal and vegetable food (meat, fish, milk and derivates, legumes, cereals and
derivates, fruit, hortalizas, vegetables, vegetable oils) typical of different feeding regimes, for the age
category higher than 17 years.

Methods:
A total of eighty-five samples of Italian origin, coming from large retailers during the years
2014, 2015 and 2016, were analyzed through HPGe gamma spectrometry.

Results:
The specific activity of 40K was investigated and its mean value was found to be: (106.3 ±
6.9) Bq/kg for bovine, swine and sheep meat; (116.5 ± 9.7) Bq/kg for fish; (52.9 ± 3.1) Bq/kg for milk
and derivates; (271.9 ± 16.7) Bq/kg for legumes; (67.2 ± 4.7) Bq/kg for cereals and derivates; (52.7 ±
4.4) Bq/kg for fruit; (72.9 ± 5.6) Bq/kg for hortalizas; (83.9 ± 6.5) Bq/kg for vegetables; lower than
the minimum detectable activity for vegetable oils. For animal food the highest mean 40K activity concentration
was found in fish samples; for vegetable food the highest one was detected in legumes.

Conclusion:
The evaluation of dose levels due to the food ingestion typical of Mediterranean, Vegetarian
and Vegan diets was performed. The annual effective dose was found to be 0.16 mSv/y, 0.41
mSv/y and 0.54 mSv/y, respectively.
Wszechświat genialnym dziełem Boga według Hbr 3, 4
Authors: Obidowicz Andrzej J. 
Published: February 2018

Spośród pism Nowego Testamentu funkcja Boga jako budowniczego jest najbardziej eksponowana w Liście do Hebrajczyków. W przedstawionym tutaj opracowaniu omówiono jedynie werset 3, 4. Zarówno przekłady polskie, jak i angielskie stosują tam do Boga termin „budowniczy” lub jego pochodne odsłowne. W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiono – na drodze analizy kontekstowej – uzasadnienie dla przekładu Hbr 3, 4 eksponującego zamysł koncepcyjny oraz kunszt Boga przy tworzeniu wszechświata.