bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–Education (SNAP-Ed) on food security and dietary outcomes
Authors: Rivera Rebecca L , Maulding Melissa K , Eicher-Miller Heather A 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program–Education (SNAP-Ed) is the nutrition promotion component of SNAP, formerly known as food stamps. SNAP-Ed assists low-income populations in the United States improve dietary intake and reduce food insecurity through nutrition education. This narrative review summarizes current investigations of SNAP-Ed’s effectiveness at improving food security and dietary outcomes, and it can help inform future policy and implementation of the program. There was stronger evidence for SNAP-Ed as an effective means of improving food security (n = 4 reports) than for its effects on nutrition or dietary outcomes (n = 10 reports). Inconsistency in measurement tools and outcomes and a lack of strong study designs characterized the studies that sought to evaluate the effectiveness of SNAP-Ed at improving nutrition or dietary outcomes. Additional rigorous study designs in diverse population groups are needed to strengthen the evidence. In the face of reduced financial SNAP benefits, SNAP-Ed may play an important role in helping to eliminate food insecurity and improve dietary outcomes and, ultimately, the health of low-income Americans.
Recent advances in intestinal alkaline phosphatase, inflammation, and nutrition
Authors: Lallès Jean-Paul 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn recent years, much new data on intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) have been published, and major breakthroughs have been disclosed. The aim of the present review is to critically analyze the publications released over the last 5 years. These breakthroughs include, for example, the direct implication of IAP in intestinal tight junction integrity and barrier function maintenance; chronic intestinal challenge with low concentrations of Salmonella generating long-lasting depletion of IAP and increased susceptibility to inflammation; the suggestion that genetic mutations in the IAP gene in humans contribute to some forms of chronic inflammatory diseases and loss of functional IAP along the gut and in stools; stool IAP as an early biomarker of incipient diabetes in humans; and omega-3 fatty acids as direct inducers of IAP in intestinal tissue. Many recent papers have also explored the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of IAP and other alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoforms in various experimental settings and diseases. Remarkably, nearly all data confirm the potent anti-inflammatory properties of (I)AP and the negative consequences of its inhibition on health. A simplified model of the body AP system integrating the IAP compartment is provided. Finally, the list of nutrients and food components stimulating IAP has continued to grow, thus emphasizing nutrition as a potent lever for limiting inflammation.
Testing and management for monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance and myeloma patients presenting with osteoporosis and fragility fractures
Authors: Nador Guido , Ramasamy Karthik , Panitsas Fotios , Pratt Guy , Sadler Ross , Javaid Muhammad Kassim 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMultiple myeloma, the second most frequent blood cancer, and its precursor, monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance, are associated with an increased risk of fragility fractures. However, current guidelines fail to offer explicit indications for healthcare professionals in terms of testing and thresholds for onward referral. The purpose of this review is to present the association of these conditions and metabolic bone disease and to highlight the importance of considering a diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance and myeloma in the context of a secondary fracture prevention assessment and of a multidisciplinary approach in managing these patients.
A Meta-analysis of Retinal Cytoarchitectural Abnormalities in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Lizano Paulo , Bannai Deepthi , Lutz Olivia , Kim Leo A , Miller John , Keshavan Matcheri 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are characterized by reductions in gray matter and white matter. Limitations in brain imaging have led researchers to use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to explore retinal imaging biomarkers of brain pathology. We examine the retinal layers that may be associated with SZ or BD.

Methods
Articles identified using PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Database. Twelve studies met inclusion for acutely/chronically ill patients. We used fixed or random effects meta-analysis for probands (SZ and BD), SZ or BD eyes vs healthy control (HC) eyes. We adjusted for sources of bias, cross-validated results, and report standardized mean differences (SMD). Statistical analysis performed using meta package in R.

Results
Data from 820 proband eyes (SZ = 541, BD = 279) and 904 HC eyes were suitable for meta-analysis. The peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) showed significant thinning in SZ and BD eyes compared to HC eyes (n = 12, SMD = −0.74, −0.51, −1.06, respectively). RNFL thinning was greatest in the nasal, temporal, and superior regions. The combined peripapillary ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) showed significant thinning in SZ and BD eyes compared to HC eyes (n = 4, SMD = −0.39, −0.44, −0.28, respectively). No statistically significant differences were identified in other retinal or choroidal regions. Clinical variables were unrelated to the RNFL or GCL-IPL thickness by meta-regression.

Conclusion
The observed retinal layer thinning is consistent with the classic gray- and white-matter atrophy observed on neuroimaging in SZ and BD patients. OCT may be a useful biomarker tool in studying the neurobiology of psychosis.
Masters of the ‘masters of the universe’? Monetary, fiscal and financial dominance in the Eurozone
Authors: Diessner Sebastian , Lisi Giulio 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The rise of central bankers to the status of new ‘masters of the universe’ has been matched by mounting allegations of political overreach. In the Eurozone, for instance, the European Central Bank has increasingly been accused of straying into the fiscal realm. Why do politically independent central banks engage intensely and publicly with government policies, thereby threatening the neat separation between monetary and fiscal policy that was meant to protect central banks themselves from interference? While existing political economy accounts have focused squarely on the issues of government debt and central bankers’ fears of fiscal dominance, we argue for the emerging role of ‘financial dominance’ throughout the crisis, thereby shedding light on the structural forces that master the new masters of the universe. To this end, we pursue a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative text analysis techniques with a qualitative understanding of the context in which central banks communicate on fiscal policy.
Unequal policy responsiveness in the Netherlands
Authors: Schakel Wouter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Scholars have long recognized that equality in policy responsiveness is potentially undermined by the existence of economic inequality. However, there is still a lack of empirical research testing whether and how this actually occurs, especially outside of the USA. This study takes up the question whether unequal representation also exists in a country that is in some ways a least-likely case, namely the Netherlands. It does so by linking public opinion to policy on 291 potential policy changes between 1979 and 2012. This reveals, first, that policy responsiveness is much stronger for high incomes than for low or median incomes. Second, an exploration of the underlying causal mechanisms finds support for the role of political participation of wealthier versus poorer citizens, while the socioeconomic background of parliamentarians relative to the broader public does not seem to matter. Corporate lobbying may also contribute to unequal responsiveness.
Red meat allergy in children and adults
Authors: Wilson Jeffrey M. , Platts-Mills Thomas A.E. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
To highlight recent advances in our understanding of the clinical features, prevalence, and pathophysiology of red meat allergy.

Recent findings
Allergic reactions to red (i.e. mammalian) meat have historically been considered rare and described primarily in young atopic children. It is now clear that red meat allergy is not uncommon in some parts of the world in other age groups. Strikingly, the majority of these cases relate to specific IgE to galactose-α-1,3-galactose, an oligosaccharide of nonprimate mammals. The mechanism of sensitization in this syndrome relates to bites of certain hard ticks and the clinical reactions often have a delay of 3 to 6 h. An additional form of red meat allergy relates to inhalant sensitization to mammalian proteins. The best characterized example involves cat-sensitized patients with specific IgE to cat serum albumin who can react to ingested pork because of cross-sensitization to pork serum albumin.

Summary
Red meat allergy is more common than previously appreciated and relates to at least three different forms that are distinguished by mechanisms of sensitization and have characteristic clinical and immunologic features.
Mental Health Disorders are More Common in Colorectal Cancer Survivors and Associated With Decreased Overall Survival
Authors: Lloyd Shane , Baraghoshi David , Tao Randa , Garrido-Laguna Ignacio , Gilcrease Glynn W. , Whisenant Jonathan , Weis John R. , Scaife Courtney , Pickron Thomas B. , Huang Lyen C. , Monroe Marcus M. , Abdelaziz Sarah , Fraser Alison M. , Smith Ken R. , Deshmukh Vikrant , Newman Michael , Rowe Kerry G. , Snyder John , Samadder Niloy J. , Hashibe Mia 
Published: March 2019

Objectives:
To determine the risk and risk factors for mental illness among colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors across short-term and long-term follow-up periods.

Methods:
We used the Utah Cancer Registry to identify CRC survivors diagnosed between 1997 and 2013. Mental health diagnoses were available in electronic medical records and statewide facilities data that were linked by the Utah Population Database. CRC survivors were matched to individuals from a general population cohort. The risk of developing a mental illness was compared between cohorts. The association between mental illness and mortality was also analyzed.

Results:
In total, 8961 CRC survivors and 35,897 individuals in a general population cohort were identified. CRC survivors were at increased risk for any mental health diagnosis at 0 to 2 years (hazard ratio [HR], 3.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.47-3.95), >2 to 5 years (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.09-1.38), and >5 years (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.07-1.36) after cancer diagnosis. CRC survivors were also at increased risk of depressive disorders specifically during the same time periods. At >5 years, CRC survivors still had an increased risk of developing many mental health diagnoses. Factors associated with increased risk of any mental health disorder among CRC survivors included colostomy and Charlson Comorbidity Index of 1+. There was an increased risk of death for CRC survivors diagnosed with any mental health disorder (HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 2.02-2.35) and depression (HR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.92-2.28).

Conclusions:
CRC survivors are at increased risk for mental health disorders in the short-term and long-term. Survivors who develop mental health disorders also experience decreased survival.
RELAXING NASAL RETINOTOMY TECHNIQUE FOR CLOSURE OF A MACULAR HOLE THAT REOPENED AFTER PRIMARY VITRECTOMY
Authors: Knight Darren , Yu Jeffrey J. , Adrean Sean D. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose:
To describe relaxing nasal retinotomy as a technique to achieve closure of a recurrent macular hole.

Methods:
A patient with juxtafoveal telangiectasia presented with recurrent macular hole after primary vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peel. During repeat surgery, a superonasal retinotomy was performed to allow for release of tangential traction contributing to the macular hole.

Results:
Intraoperative ocular coherence tomography demonstrated decrease in size of the macular hole immediately after retinotomy. At follow-up, both the macular hole and retinotomy site had closed completely.

Conclusion:
In patients with small macular holes that fail primary vitrectomy, nasal relaxing retinotomy can contribute to successful hole closure.
Hemodynamic monitoring in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patient
Authors: Krishnan Sundar , Schmidt Gregory A. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
Hemodynamic monitoring in ECMO patients requires familiarity with the underlying pathophysiology and circulatory mechanics of extracorporeal flow. This review discusses the various monitoring modalities relevant to the management of patients on venovenous ECMO (VV ECMO) and venoarterial (VA ECMO). We emphasize tools to judge the adequacy of perfusion, predict the response to fluid boluses, measure right ventricular function, assess left ventricular distention (for VA ECMO), and monitor the process of weaning from ECMO. We emphasize how differences between VV ECMO and VA ECMO are reflected in distinct approaches to monitoring.

Recent findings
Point-of-care ultrasound and near-infrared spectroscopy can play a significant role in monitoring of global and regional perfusion.

Summary
Recent literature in hemodynamic monitoring of ECMO patients is discussed, with comparison of VV ECMO and VA ECMO. Many common monitoring tools lack validity during ECMO: by taking into account the unique physiology of the ECMO circulation, selected methods can aid in the care of these complex patients.
Genetic causes of surfactant protein abnormalities
Authors: Nogee Lawrence M. 
Published: March 2019

Purpose of review
Mutations in genes encoding proteins critical for the production and function of pulmonary surfactant cause diffuse lung disease. Timely recognition and diagnosis of affected individuals is important for proper counseling concerning prognosis and recurrence risk.

Recent findings
Involved genes include those encoding for surfactant proteins A, B, and C, member A3 of the ATP-binding cassette family, and for thyroid transcription factor 1. Clinical presentations overlap and range from severe and rapidly fatal neonatal lung disease to development of pulmonary fibrosis well into adult life. The inheritance patterns, course, and prognosis differ depending upon the gene involved, and in some cases the specific mutation. Treatment options are currently limited, with lung transplantation an option for patients with end-stage pulmonary fibrosis. Additional genetic disorders with overlapping pulmonary phenotypes are being identified through newer methods, although these disorders often involve other organ systems.

Summary
Genetic disorders of surfactant production are rare but associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis can be made invasively through clinically available genetic testing. Improved treatment options are needed and better understanding of the molecular pathophysiology may provide insights into treatments for other lung disorders causing fibrosis.
Peripheral Downbeat Positional Nystagmus: Apogeotropic Posterior Canal or Anterior Canal BPPV
Authors: Helminski Janet Odry 
Published: March 2019

Background and Purpose:
Downbeat nystagmus (DBN) during the Dix-Hallpike test (DHT) suggests excitation of the anterior canal (AC) or inhibition of the posterior canal (PC) underlying benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). This case series describes 2 individuals presenting with DBN in positional testing suggestive of a PC BPPV variant termed apogeotropic PC-BPPV and due to inhibition of the PC.

Case Descriptions:
Case 1 illustrates a DBN during positional testing (PC inhibition) that changes to an upbeating nystagmus (PC excitation) representing the otoconial material changing location and direction of movement within the PC. Case 2 describes a canal jam in the nonampullary segment of the PC.

Differential Diagnosis:
Apogeotropic PC-BPPV can cause DBN due to inhibition of the vestibular afferent. Apogeotropic PC-BPPV may be due to a canal jam of debris within the nonampullary segment or cupulolithiasis with debris attached to the inferior-most aspect of the cupula within the PC. It can be difficult to differentiate AC-BPPV from the apogeotropic PC-BPPV variant. In both forms, the affected canal may be provoked in 1 or both positions of the DHT and straight head hanging position. However, in AC-BPPV there may only be a slight or absent torsional component toward the involved ear. In apogeotropic PC-BPPV, a strong torsion away from the involved ear is typically observed. The straight head hanging position may resolve AC-BPPV or convert apogeotropic PC-BPPV to typical PC-BPPV.

Summary:
These 2 cases illustrate atypical variants of BPPV that clinicians must consider in their interpretation of DBN during positional testing, particularly in the absence of other neurological signs.
Pediatric Abdominal Pain in Children Presenting to the Emergency Department
Authors: Lee Wei Hao , O'Brien Sharon , Skarin Dmitry , Cheek John A. , Deitch Jessica , Nataraja Ramesh , Craig Simon , Borland Meredith L. ,   on behalf of PREDICT
Published: March 2019

Background
Undifferentiated abdominal pain is a common pediatric presentation to the emergency department (ED).

Objectives
The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of clinically significant abdominal pathology (CSAP) including appendicitis, patterns of imaging and pathology tests, and management and outcomes of children with abdominal pain in ED.

Methods
A prospective multicenter observational cohort pilot study of children under the age of 16 years presenting to 4 Australian EDs with abdominal pain was performed for a 1-month period at each site. The primary outcome was to describe the prevalence of CSAP and appendicitis. Age, sex, length of stay, surgery or interventional procedure, investigations, and analgesia use were recorded.

Results
There were 555 presentations with abdominal pain during the study period with a median age of 9 years (interquartile range, 6–12 years). Eighty-two patients (14.8%; 95% confidence interval, 11.8–17.7) had CSAP, of which 41 (7.4%, 5.2–9.6) had appendicitis. Three hundred forty-eight (62.7%, 58.7–66.7) were discharged directly from ED, and 207 (37.3%, 33.2–41.3) were admitted. Two hundred fifty-five (45.9%, 41.8–50.1) had pathology tests, and 173 (31.2%, 27.3–35.1) had imaging tests in ED. Of those contacted for telephone follow-up, 100 (50.5%, 43.5–57.5) of 198 reported ongoing pain after discharge, and 13.1% (8.4–17.8) had missed over a week of school due to abdominal pain.

Conclusions
The prevalence of CSAP and appendicitis in our study was 14.8% (11.8–17.7) and 7.4% (5.2–9.6), respectively. Fewer than half of patients received blood tests, and a third received imaging during their ED attendance. The presentation of abdominal pain conveys a significant health burden on families with time off school and ongoing symptoms of pain.
Assessment of Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic Profile, and Tolerance of Gadopiclenol, A New High Relaxivity GBCA, in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Brain Lesions (Phase I/IIa Study)
Authors: Hao Jing , Bourrinet Philippe , Desché Pierre 
Published: March 2019

Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, safety profile, and pharmacodynamics of gadopiclenol, a new high relaxivity macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent, in healthy subjects and patients with brain lesions.

Materials and Methods
This was a single ascending dose phase I/IIa study. Phase I was double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled and included 54 healthy subjects. In each dose group (0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mmol/kg), 6 subjects received gadopiclenol and 3 received placebo (NaCl 0.9%) in intravenous injection. Phase IIa was open-label and included 12 patients with brain lesions, 3 per dose group (0.05, 0.075, 0.1, and 0.2 mmol/kg). Concentrations were measured in plasma samples collected before administration and over a 24-hour period postadministration and in urine specimens (phase I) collected until 7 days after administration. A noncompartmental approach was used for pharmacokinetic analysis. Pharmacodynamic assessments included a qualitative evaluation of the visualization of brain structures/lesions and quantitative measurements (signal-to-noise ratio, contrast-to-noise ratio) on magnetic resonance imaging. A clinical and biological safety follow-up was performed up to 7 days after administration for phase I and up to 1 day after administration for phase IIa.

Results
In healthy subjects (male, 50%; median age, 26.0 years), the pharmacokinetics of gadopiclenol is considered linear with mean maximum concentration Cmax values ranging from 248.7 to 3916.4 μg/mL. Gadopiclenol was excreted in an unchanged form via the kidneys, eliminated from plasma with a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of 1.5 to 2 hours. There was no difference in the pharmacokinetics between males and females. After administration of gadopiclenol, the contrast enhancement scores in brain structures were improved in all dose groups. Similar rates of related adverse events were observed with gadopiclenol (36.1%) and placebo (33.3%). No clinically significant modifications in biochemistry, hematology, urinalysis, electrocardiogram parameters, and vital signs were reported.
In patients (male, 58%; median age, 53.0 years), a similar pharmacokinetic and safety profile was observed, and sufficient contrast enhancement was seen at all tested doses.

Conclusions
The pharmacokinetics of gadopiclenol is dose-independent in healthy subjects and patients with brain lesions. Its good safety profile is in line with that reported for other macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents. Preliminary pharmacodynamic results in patients suggest that gadopiclenol is a promising macrocyclic contrast agent with the potential use of lower dose for clinical routine magnetic resonance imaging scans.
The study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under the trial registration number NCT03603106.
Appearance of Florid Cemento-Osseous Dysplasia on SPECT/CT
Authors: Yang Dorothy Daiyi , Ghuman Abeer , Stratton Richard , Hall Margaret , Parthipun Arum 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia, a benign fibro-osseous condition, is diagnosed based on characteristic radiographic appearances of multifocal round or lobulated sclerotic lesions associated with the teeth in multiple quadrants of the jaws. We report a case of a 73-year-old woman who presented with a painless sharp bony area on the right side of her maxilla. SPECT/CT of facial bones demonstrated multifocal intense increased uptake in both the maxilla and mandible, corresponding to ill-defined florid sclerotic periapical lesions seen on CT, in keeping with a classical appearance of florid cemento-osseous dysplasia.
Therapeutic Response to Rituximab in IgG4-Related Hypophysitis Evidenced on 18F-FDG PET and MRI
Authors: Vauchot Fabien , Bourdon Aurélie , Hay Boramy , Mariano-Goulart Denis , Ben Bouallègue Fayçal 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Baseline 18F-FDG PET and MRI were performed in a patient with IgG4-related hypophysitis, showing a 15-mm hypervascular hypermetabolic lesion with sellar and suprasellar extension. Lack of response after 10 months of first-line corticosteroid therapy was demonstrated on both 18F-FDG PET and MRI. Three months later, after 2 injections of 1 g of rituximab associated with continued corticosteroid therapy, MRI showed substantial shrinkage of the pituitary lesion with minimal residual Gd enhancement, whereas 18F-FDG PET evidenced complete metabolic response. As such, joint 18F-FDG PET and MRI assessment during therapy may have a potential interest for treatment response evaluation in pituitary IgG4-related disease.