bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drought sensitivity of an N2‐fixing tree may slow temperate deciduous forest recovery from disturbance
Authors: Minucci Jeffrey M. , Miniat Chelcy F. , Wurzburger Nina 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIncreased drought intensity and frequency due to climate change may reduce the abundance and activity of nitrogen (N2)‐fixing plants, which supply new N to terrestrial ecosystems. As a result, drought may indirectly reduce ecosystem productivity through its effect on the N cycle. Here, we manipulated growing season net rainfall across a series of plots in an early successional mesic deciduous forest to understand how drought affects the aboveground productivity of the N2‐fixing treeRobinia pseudoacaciaand three co‐occurring nonfixing tree species. We found that lower soil moisture was associated with reduced productivity ofR. pseudoacaciabut not of nonfixing trees. As a result, the relative biomass and density ofR. pseudoacaciadeclined in drier soils over time. Greater aboveground biomass ofR. pseudoacaciawas also associated with greater total soil N, extractable inorganic N, N mineralization rates, and productivity of nonfixing trees. These soil N effects may reflect current N2fixation byR. pseudoacaciasaplings, or the legacy effect of former trees in the same location. Our results suggest thatR. pseudoacaciapromotes the growth of nonfixing trees in early succession through its effect on the N cycle. However, the sensitivity ofR. pseudoacaciato dry soils may reduce N2fixation under scenarios of increasing drought intensity and frequency, demonstrating a mechanism by which drought may indirectly diminish potential forest productivity and recovery rate from disturbance.
A comparative study of 3 alternative avian toxicity testing methods: Effects on hepatic gene expression in the chicken embryo
Authors: Mittal Krittika , Crump Doug , Basu Niladri 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
There is growing interest in developing alternative methods to screen and prioritize chemical hazards, although few studies have compared responses across different methods. The objective of the present study was to compare 3 alternative liver methods derived from white Leghorn chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus): primary hepatocyte culture, liver slices, and liver from in ovo injected embryos. We examined hepatic gene expression changes after exposure to 3 chemicals (17β-trenbolone [17βT], 17β-estradiol [E2], and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [TCDD]) using a custom quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) array with 7 genes (vitellogenin [VTG], apolipoprotein [Apo], cytochrome P450 1A4 [CYP1A4], liver basic fatty acid binding protein [LBFABP], 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [HSD3β1], stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase [SCD], and estrogen sulfotransferase [SULT1E1]). Gene expression across the 3 methods was examined using hierarchical clustering. Up-regulation of CYP1A4 in response to TCDD was consistent across all methods, and the magnitude was higher in hepatocytes (&gt;150-fold) compared with slices (&gt;31-fold) and in ovo liver (&gt;27-fold). In hepatocytes, SCD and VTG up-regulation in response to 17βT and E2 was &gt;4-fold and 16-fold, respectively. The rank order of cases with significant changes in gene expression among the 3 methods was: hepatocytes (22) &gt; in ovo liver (11) &gt; liver slices (6). Hierarchical clustering grouped liver slices and in ovo liver as more similar, whereas hepatocytes were grouped separately from in ovo liver. More introspective comparisons are needed to understand how and why alternative methods differ and to aid in their integration into toxicity testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2546–2555. © 2019 SETAC
High‐order DG solvers for underresolved turbulent incompressible flows: A comparison of L2 and H(div) methods
Authors: Fehn Niklas , Kronbichler Martin , Lehrenfeld Christoph , Lube Gert , Schroeder Philipp W. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryThe accurate numerical simulation of turbulent incompressible flows is a challenging topic in computational fluid dynamics. For discretisation methods to be robust in the underresolved regime, mass conservation and energy stability are key ingredients to obtain robust and accurate discretisations. Recently, two approaches have been proposed in the context of high‐order discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretisations that address these aspects differently. On the one hand, standard L2‐based DG discretisations enforce mass conservation and energy stability weakly by the use of additional stabilisation terms. On the other hand, pointwise divergence‐free H(div)‐conforming approaches ensure exact mass conservation and energy stability by the use of tailored finite element function spaces. This work raises the question whether and to which extent these two approaches are equivalent when applied to underresolved turbulent flows. This comparative study highlights similarities and differences of these two approaches. The numerical results emphasise that both discretisation strategies are promising for underresolved simulations of turbulent flows due to their inherent dissipation mechanisms.
A phase II study to assess the safety and efficacy of the dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor vistusertib in relapsed, refractory DLBCL
Authors: Eyre Toby A. , Hildyard Catherine , Hamblin Angela , Ali Ayesha S. , Houlton Aimee , Hopkins Louise , Royston Daniel , Linton Kim M. , Pettitt Andrew , Rule Simon , Cwynarski Kate , Barrington Sally F. , Warbey Victoria , Wrench David , Barrans Sharon , Hirst Caroline S. , Panchal Anesh , Roudier Martine P. , Harrington Elizabeth A. , Davies Andrew , Collins Graham P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPatients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who are unfit for or relapsed postautologous stem‐cell transplantation have poor outcomes. Historically, mTORC1 inhibitors have produced responses in approximately 30% of patients in this setting. mTORC1 inhibitor efficacy may be limited by resistance mechanisms including AKT activation by mTORC2. To date, dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors targeting both the TORC1 and TORC2 complexes have not been investigated in DLBCL. This phase II trial investigated the oral dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor vistusertib in an intermittent dosing schedule of 125 mg b.d. for 2 days per week. Thirty patients received vistusertib and six received vistusertib‐rituximab for up to six cycles (28‐day cycles). Two partial responses were achieved on monotherapy. Durations of response were 57 and 62 days, respectively, for these patients. 19% had stable disease within six cycles. In the monotherapy arm, the median progression‐free survival was1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61‐2.14) months and median overall survival was 6.58 (95% CI 3.81‐not reached) months, respectively. The median duration of response or stable disease across the trial duration was 153 days (95% CI 112‐not reached). Tumour responses according to positron emission tomography/computed tomography versus computed tomography were concordant. There were no differences noted in tumour volume response according to cell of origin by either gene expression profiling or immunohistochemistry. Vistusertib ± rituximab was well tolerated; across 36 patients 86% of adverse events were grade (G) 1‐2. Common vistusertib‐related adverse events were similar to those described with mTORC1 inhibitors: nausea (47% G1‐2), diarrhoea (27% G1‐2, 6% G3), fatigue (30% G1‐2, 3% G3), mucositis (25% G1‐2, 6% G3), vomiting (17% G1‐2), and dyspepsia (14% G1‐2). Dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors do not clearly confer an advantage over mTORC1 inhibitors in relapsed or refractory DLBCL. Potential resistance mechanisms are discussed within.
Acetaminophen‐induced hepatocyte injury: C2‐ceramide and oltipraz intervention, hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 and glutathione S‐transferase A1 changes
Authors: Chang Yicong , Wang Feng , Yang Yang , Zhang Yuanyuan , Muhammad Ishfaq , Li Rui , Li Changwen , Li Ying , Shi Chenxi , Ma Xin , Hao Beili , Liu Fangping 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAcetaminophen (APAP) is an antipyretic and analgesic, which is commonly associated with drug‐induced hepatic injury. C2‐ceramide plays a key role in mediating cell life activities, and oltipraz was extensively studied as a cancer chemopreventive agent. Glutathione S‐transferase A1 (GSTA1) acts as a vital liver detoxification enzyme. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF‐1) regulates various cellular signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the effects of C2‐ceramide and oltipraz on APAP‐induced hepatocyte injury and the changes of HNF‐1 and GSTA1. Results showed that C2‐ceramide (6 μmol/L) exacerbated APAP‐induced hepatocyte injury and caused a significant decrease (P < .01) in HNF‐1 and GSTA1 expressions. Meanwhile, GSTA1 content in supernatant was significantly increased (P < .01). In contrast, oltipraz (8 μmol/L) reduced the injury and significantly elevated (P < .01) HNF‐1 and GSTA1 expressions while GSTA1 content in supernatant was significantly decreased (P < .01). In conclusion, these findings revealed that C2‐ceramide inhibited HNF‐1 and GSTA1 expression and exacerbated hepatocyte injury, while oltipraz treatment results in the reduction of hepatocyte injury, and promoted HNF‐1 and GSTA1 expression. Additionally, the changes in HNF‐1 and GSTA1 were related to APAP‐induced hepatocyte injury. These results were useful to investigate the mechanism of an antipyretic and analgesic drug combination.
Effect of metformin on myotube BCAA catabolism
Authors: Rivera Madison E. , Lyon Emily S. , Vaughan Roger A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMetformin has antihyperglycemic properties and is a commonly prescribed drug for type II diabetes mellitus. Metformin functions in part by activating 5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase, reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis and blood glucose. Metformin also upregulates peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α). Several population studies have shown levels of circulating branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) positively correlate with insulin resistance. Because BCAA catabolic enzyme content is regulated by PGC‐1α, we hypothesized metformin may alter BCAA catabolism. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of metformin at varying concentrations on myotube metabolism and related gene and protein expression. C2C12 myotubes were treated with metformin at 30 uM (physiological) or 2 mM (supraphysiological) for up to 24 hours. Metabolic gene expression was measured via quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, protein expression was measured using Western blot, and mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism were measured via oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rate, respectively. Supraphysiological metformin upregulated PGC‐1α mRNA expression along with related downstream targets, yet the reduced expression of electron transport chain components as well as basal and peak cell metabolism. Supraphysiological metformin also suppressed branched‐chain aminotransferase 2 (BCAT2) and branched‐chain‐alpha‐keto acid dehydrogenase E1a (BCKDHa) mRNA expression as well as BCAT2 protein expression and BCKDHa activity, which was accompanied by decreased Kruppel‐like factor 15 protein expression. Physiological levels of metformin suppressed BCKDHa and cytochrome c oxidase mRNA expression at early time points (4‐12 hours) but had no effect on any other outcomes. Together these data suggest metformin may suppress BCAA catabolic enzyme expression or activity, possibly reducing levels of circulating gluconeogenic substrates.
Emotion regulation strategies in mania risk: A systematic review
Authors: McGrogan Claire L. , Dodd Alyson L. , Smith Michael A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectivesDifficulties in emotion regulation may contribute to the development of mania. This review aimed to assess how emotion regulation strategies reported by individuals at risk of mania compare with clinical and nonclinical controls.MethodsSearch terms relating to mania risk and emotion regulation were entered into three databases. Sixteen studies were included.ResultsMania risk was typically associated with overall endorsement of emotion regulation strategies, particularly dampening, and positive and negative rumination.ConclusionsFindings were limited by overall lack of evidence for individual strategies, lack of consideration of key mediating factors and reliance upon self‐report designs.
Echocardiography and electrocardiography reveal differences in cardiac hemodynamics, electrical characteristics, and thermal sensitivity between northern pike, rainbow trout, and white sturgeon
Authors: Ma Kathleen G. L. , Gamperl A. Kurt , Syme Douglas A. , Weber Lynn P. , Rodnick Kenneth J. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDoppler and B‐mode ultrasonography and electrocardiography (ECG) were used to determine cardiac hemodynamics and electrical characteristics in 12°C‐acclimated and metomidate‐anesthetized northern pike, rainbow trout and white sturgeon (7–9 per species) at 12°C and 20°C, and at a comparable heart rate (fH, ~60 beats/min). Despite similar relative ventricle masses and cardiac output (Q), interspecific differences were observed at 12°C in fH, ventricular filling and ejection, stroke volume, the duration ECG intervals, and cardiac valve cross‐sectional areas. Vis‐a‐fronte filling of the atrium due to ventricular contraction was observed in all species. However, biphasic ventricular filling (i.e., due to central venous pressure and then atrial contraction) was only observed in rainbow trout and white sturgeon. Changes in atrial and ventricular performance varied between the species as temperature increased from 12°C to 20°C. Rainbow trout had the highest thermal sensitivity for fH (Q10 = 3.73), which doubled Q, and the largest increase in transvalvular blood velocity during ventricular filling. Conversely, northern pike had the lowest Q10 for fH (1.58) and did not increase Q. At ~60 beats/min, the rainbow trout heart had the shortest period of electrical activity, which also resulted in the longest recovery period (TP interval) between successive beats. The QT interval at ~60 beats/min was also longer in the white sturgeon versus the other species. These results suggest that interspecific differences in fish cardiac hemodynamics may be related to cardiac morphology, the duration of electrical impulses through the heart, cardiac thermal sensitivity, and valve dimensions.
A shift toward inhibitory receptors and impaired effector functions on NK cells contribute to immunosuppression during sepsis
Authors: Feng Ting , Liao Xuelian , Yang Xuewei , Yang Chuan , Lin Fang , Guo Yinkun , Kang Yan , Li Hong 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Most information about the immune status of NK cells during sepsis has been obtained from animal models, athough data from clinical septic patients is limited. In this study, we aimed to decipher NK cell immunity of septic patients in a more comprehensive way. We found that cytotoxicity of NK cells dramatically decreased during sepsis, likely due to the reduction of cluster of differentiation (CD)3−CD56+ NK cells and a shift of phenotypic changes of NK group 2 member (NKG2) receptors, natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) and killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) toward inhibitory receptors demonstrated by CD3−CD56+NK cells in septic patients. Expression of the activation indicator CD69 and cytotoxic associated marker CD107a on CD3−CD56+ NK cells in healthy adults was significantly lower than that of septic patients. Although perforin and granzyme B on CD3−CD56+ NK cells from all groups exhibited equivalently high levels, CD3−CD56+ NK cells from septic patients exhibited a much lower fold increase of CD69 and CD107a compared with healthy adults after coculturing with K562 cells in vitro. Cytokine production of IFN-γ and TNF-α on CD3−CD56+ NK cells in septic patients was also impaired after stimulation by PMA and ionomycin. We found that the proportion of NK cells in lymphocytes was negatively associated with patient 28 d death in septic patients. Phenotypic changes of a shift toward inhibitory receptors and impairment of effector functions of NK cells might be an important mechanism of immunosuppression during sepsis.
The changing landscape of head and neck cancer radiotherapy patients: is high‐risk, prolonged feeding tube use indicative of on‐treatment weight loss?
Authors: Anderson Nigel J. , Jackson James E. , Wada Morikatsu , Schneider Michal , Poulsen Michael , Rolfo Maureen , Fahandej Maziar , Gan Hui , Khoo Vincent 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionPrecision radiotherapy relies heavily on optimal weight management. Our group previously developed a risk stratification model for patients at risk of prolonged feeding tube (FT) intervention. The study objective was to assess on‐treatment weight loss according to stratified risk of prolonged FT use.MethodsOne hundred and one (n = 101) definitive head and neck radiotherapy patients were included in this study. Patients were stratified into high risk (HRi: T‐classification ≥ 3 with level 2 Nodal disease), high‐intermediate risk (HIRi: T‐classification ≥ 3 without level 2 Nodes) and low‐intermediate risk (LIRi: T‐classification < 3 with level 2 Nodes) of prolonged FT use. Demographic variables and on‐treatment weight loss were evaluated according to risk status.ResultsOropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC) was present in a larger proportion in the LIRi cohort (HRi: 71%, HIRi: 52%, LIRi: 81%, P = 0.008). LIRi patients were more likely to have human papilloma virus (HPV)‐associated disease (88%, P = 0.001). Never/minimal smoking (P = 0.003), good performance status (P < 0.001), healthy BMI (P = 0.050) and no pre‐existing dysphagia (P < 0.001) were predominant within the LIRi prognostic group. LIRi patients lost significantly more weight in total (HRi = 4.8% vs. LIRi = 8.2%, P = 0.002; HIRi = 5.2% vs. LIRi = 8.2%, P = 0.006) and when using a FT (HRi = 4.6% vs. LIRi = 8.8%, P < 0.001; HIRi = 5.3% vs. LIRi = 8.8%, P = 0.002).ConclusionsPatients identified as low‐intermediate risk of prolonged, ≥25% FT use report significantly increased weight loss compared with patients at higher risk of FT use. This cohort is typical of the increasing number of patients presenting with HPV‐associated OPC. Results of this study suggest we should closely observe such patients throughout treatment, to ensure optimal weight maintenance, facilitating precision radiotherapy.
Cingulo‐opercular adaptive control for younger and older adults during a challenging gap detection task
Authors: Vaden Kenneth I. , Eckert Mark A. , Dubno Judy R. , Harris Kelly C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractCingulo‐opercular activity is hypothesized to reflect an adaptive control function that optimizes task performance through adjustments in attention and behavior, and outcome monitoring. While auditory perceptual task performance appears to benefit from elevated activity in cingulo‐opercular regions of frontal cortex before stimuli are presented, this association appears reduced for older adults compared to younger adults. However, adaptive control function may be limited by difficult task conditions for older adults. An fMRI study was used to characterize adaptive control differences while 15 younger (average age = 24 years) and 15 older adults (average age = 68 years) performed a gap detection in noise task designed to limit age‐related differences. During the fMRI study, participants listened to a noise recording and indicated with a button‐press whether it contained a gap. Stimuli were presented between sparse fMRI scans (TR = 8.6 s) and BOLD measurements were collected during separate listening and behavioral response intervals. Age‐related performance differences were limited by presenting gaps in noise with durations calibrated at or above each participant's detection threshold. Cingulo‐opercular BOLD increased significantly throughout listening and behavioral response intervals, relative to a resting baseline. Correct behavioral responses were significantly more likely on trials with elevated pre‐stimulus cingulo‐opercular BOLD, consistent with an adaptive control framework. Cingulo‐opercular adaptive control estimates appeared higher for participants with better gap sensitivity and lower response bias, irrespective of age, which suggests that this mechanism can benefit performance across the lifespan under conditions that limit age‐related performance differences.
A calibrated database of Raman spectra for natural silicate glasses: implications for modelling melt physical properties
Authors: Giordano Daniele , González‐García Diego , Russell James K. , Raneri Simona , Bersani Danilo , Fornasini Laura , Di Genova Danilo , Ferrando Simona , Kaliwoda Melanie , Lottici Pier Paolo , Smit Matthijs , Dingwell Donald B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe physical properties of silicate melts are of critical importance for understanding magmatic and volcanic processes on Earth and other planets. Most physical properties of melts are, ultimately, a consequence of the structural organization of the melt. Robust and fully generalizable strategies for the prediction of properties of naturally occurring melts as functions of composition, temperature, and pressure remain a challenging goal. Given the structural origin of macroscopic properties, Raman spectroscopy of glasses, which provides information on melt and glass structure, may provide a useful technique to understanding and quantify variations in macroscopic melt properties. Here, with the aim of providing a generalizable model for predicting the viscosity of silicate melts, we present the results of a Raman spectroscopy campaign performed on 30 anhydrous multicomponent silicate glasses resulting from quenching of remelted and homogenized volcanic rocks and synthetic equivalents. The sample suite comprises one of the largest databases of multicomponent melts for which (a) chemical compositions and (b) physical properties (i.e., viscosity, fragility, heat capacity, and glass transition temperature) are known. Raman spectra have been collected using green light sources at wavelengths of 532 nm. Spectra were collected on the same sample suite in four independent laboratories involving instruments from different manufacturers and, thus, using different spectrometers, detectors, and analytical conditions. Our results are also compared and integrated with published data on some of the same samples derived from two others setups using green light sources with 514.5 and 532 nm wavelegths. For the same sample, the Raman spectra acquired using different setups show different intensities and intensity ratios. However, a strategy based on the ratio between the low‐ and high‐wavenumber peaks (R) was developed to standardize the data to normalized Raman ratios (Rn) and thus to remove interlaboratory differences. Using these advances, we predict melt viscosity solely with the use of Raman spectral measurements of multicomponent silicate glasses, thus demonstrating the potential of the method in describing physical properties of silicate melts.