bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wind‐Based Estimations of Ocean Surface Currents From Massive Clusters of Drifters in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Haza A. C. , Paldor N. , Özgökmen T. M. , Curcic M. , Chen S. S. , Jacobs G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDuring the Lagrangian submesoscale experiment (LASER), 1,000 drifters were launched to sample the surface ocean flow in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Due to half a dozen strong winter storms, about 40% of the drifters lost their drogue. This unintended situation facilitated documentation of both near‐surface (5 cm) and deeper (60 cm) flows. These depths are relevant to transport of oil spills, as well as marine debris, such as microplastics, a rapidly growing environmental problem. Here, we improve the surface Lagrangian current prediction by combining a state‐of‐the‐art ocean forecast model with wind and wave data. The ocean surface velocities are obtained from the Navy Coordinate Ocean Model at 1‐km horizontal resolution, while the wind and wave fields are from the Unified Wave INterface Coupled Model coupled atmosphere‐wave‐ocean model. Two Lagrangian parameterizations are tested: one is based on Ekman dynamics, and the other directly on the surface winds. LASER data set is then used to assess the performance of these formulations, as a function of wind/wave conditions, as well as geographic region. It is found that incorporation of wind and wave data into the ocean circulation model can lead to major prediction improvement, by reducing the average 2‐day separation from the modeled and real LASER trajectories by a factor ranging from 1.4 to 4.9. This is a significant improvement for applications, where a rapid deployment of assets is needed, such as oil spill response, or other tracking problems.
Role of Calanus sinicus (Copepoda, Calanoida) on Dimethylsulfide and Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Production in Jiaozhou Bay
Authors: Yu J. , Tian J.‐Y. , Zhang Z.‐Y. , Yang G.‐P. , Chen H.‐J. , Xu R. , Chen R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe role of copepod Calanus sinicus on the production of dimethylsulfide (DMS)/dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in Jiaozhou Bay was evaluated in field measurements and laboratory experiments. Samples at 10 sites in the bay were collected monthly from June 2010 to May 2011 (except for March 2011), and zooplankton species composition was analyzed. Effects of C. sinicus grazing on DMS/DMSP production at different conditions (i.e., algal diets, food concentrations, and salinities) were assessed in the laboratory. Data from the field experiment showed that C. sinicus was the dominant copepod in Jiaozhou Bay (up to 123 individuals/m3 in May 2011) and preferred to graze on diatom. DMS and DMSP concentrations depend on not only phytoplankton abundance but also phytoplankton species and bacterial abundance. In the laboratory experiment, compared with Gymnodinium sp. or Emiliania huxleyi, C. sinicus feeding on Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros curvisetus exhibited increased DMS concentration, whereas high salinity inhibited DMS production. Copepod ingested 0.5%–35% of DMSP in filtered phytoplankton, and copepod DMSP ingestion turnover rate in Jiaozhou Bay was up to 29 pmol L−1 d−1. Although the microbial DMSP consumption rate was 10–2,620‐fold of copepod turnover rate, copepod grazing was still one of the important routes in DMSP loss processes through food chain. This study indicated that DMSP was transferred from phytoplankton to copepod body, fecal pellet, and seawater through copepod grazing. Our results provided important information to understand the biogeochemical cycle of DMSP in Jiaozhou Bay.
A Convenient Analytical Framework for Electromagnetic Scattering From Composite Targets
Authors: Fuscaldo W. , Di Simone A. , Millefiori L. M. , Iodice A. , Braca P. , Willett P. K. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper furnishes a convenient theoretical framework for the analytical evaluation of the bistatic scattering coefficients, under the Kirchhoff approximation (KA) in electromagnetics. Starting from the KA, specific results under the geometrical optics and physical optics approximations are furnished, along with the backscattering geometry. The main aim is to provide closed‐form expressions of the scattering matrix that are suited to scenarios where multiple‐bounce scattering comes into play and/or surfaces with arbitrary unit normal are present. This is accomplished by addressing the following objectives: (1) to provide an explicit formulation of the scattering matrix under KA in terms of the incident and scattered unit wave vectors, (2) to provide a more generic derivation of the scattering matrix under the physical optics approximation by relaxing typical hypotheses regarding the geometry of the scattering problem, and (3) to highlight some important symmetries of the scattering matrix under KA. It is shown that the scattering matrix under KA can conveniently be expressed in terms of few variables, thus greatly reducing the complexity of the theoretical derivation of the scattering matrix. Some benefits of the proposed formalism are illustrated in two application examples, where the problem is the analysis of the electromagnetic scattering from canonical composite targets. The canonical study cases demonstrate the evaluation of the scattering matrix in complex scenarios, such as maritime and urban environments, where multiple‐bounce contributions and/or contributions from tilted surfaces come into play. Finally, comparisons with literature results allow for validating the proposed derivation and assessing its validity limits in practical applications.
A Novel Atmospheric River Identification Algorithm
Authors: Pan Mengxin , Lu Mengqian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn recent years, climatology, variability, hydrological impact, and climatic drivers of atmospheric rivers (ARs) are widely explored based on various AR identification algorithms. Different algorithms, varying in their tracing variables, thresholds, and geometric metrics criteria, will introduce uncertainty in further study of AR. Herein, a novel AR identification algorithm is proposed to address some current limitations. A coupled quantile and Gaussian kernel smoothing technique is proposed to make a balance in capturing the spatiotemporal variation of integrated water vapor transport climatology and avoiding largely biased estimation. In spite of variety of AR shape, orientation, and curvature, more reliable AR metrics (e.g., length and width) can be calculated based on the generated smooth AR trajectory, which is realized by modifying and integrating the concepts of local regression and K‐nearest neighbors. An unprecedented and novel metric (i.e., turning angle series) is delivered to quantify AR curvature, serves as the key to distinguish tropical cyclone‐like features, which often indicate occurrences of tropical cyclones. It also bridges ARs to their associated atmospheric circulation patterns. A pilot application of the algorithm is presented to identify persistent AR events related to flood triggering extreme precipitation sequences in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). A dominating AR route, which connects Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, South China Sea, to Southeast China and YRB, terminates in the North Pacific, is found principal to the flood triggering extreme precipitation sequences in the YRB. In addition, this algorithm is extensible to other regions, even global domain.
Interannual Variations in Lower Stratospheric Ozone During the Period 1984–2016
Authors: Lu Jinpeng , Xie Fei , Tian Wenshou , Li Jianping , Feng Wuhu , Chipperfield Martyn , Zhang Jiankai , Ma Xuan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this work we investigate interannual variations in lower stratospheric ozone from 1984 to 2016 based on a satellite‐derived data set and simulations from a chemical transport model. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of ozone variations between 2000 and 2016 indicates that the first, second, and third EOF modes are related to the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO), canonical El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and ENSO Modoki events, respectively; these three leading EOFs capture nearly 80% of the variance. However, for the period 1984–2000, the first, second, and third modes are related to the QBO, ENSO Modoki, and canonical ENSO events, respectively. The explained variance of the second mode in relation to ENSO Modoki is nearly twice that of the third mode for canonical ENSO. Since the frequency of ENSO Modoki events was higher from 1984 to 2000 than after 2000, the Brewer‐Dobson circulation anomalies related to ENSO Modoki were stronger during 1984–2000, which caused ENSO Modoki events to have a greater effect on lower stratospheric ozone before 2000 than after. Ozone anomalies associated with QBO, ENSO Modoki, and canonical ENSO events are largely caused by dynamic processes, and the effect of chemical processes on ozone anomalies is opposite to that of dynamic processes. Ozone anomalies related to dynamic processes are 3–4 times greater than those related to chemical processes.
Incorporation of Heliospheric Imagery Into the CME Analysis Tool for Improvement of CME Forecasting
Authors: Wharton S. J. , Millward G. H. , Bingham S. , Henley E. M. , Gonzi S. , Jackson D. R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCoronal mass ejections (CMEs) cause the largest geomagnetic disturbances at Earth, which impact satellites, wired communication systems, and power grids. The CME Analysis Tool (CAT) is used to determine a CME's initial longitude, latitude, angular width, and radial speed from coronagraph images. These are the initial conditions for the Wang‐Sheeley‐Arge Enlil solar wind model, along with the ambient solar wind properties derived from magnetograms. However, the coronagraph imagery is limited by field of view. We have incorporated heliospheric imagery (HI) from the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory into CAT to create the CME Analysis Tool with Heliospheric Imagery (CAT‐HI). These HI images have a larger field of view, allowing tracking of CMEs to greater distances from the Sun. We have compared the performances of CAT and CAT‐HI by examining the expected arrival times of CMEs at the L1 Lagrange point and found them to be consistent. However, CAT‐HI is advantageous because it could be used to prune ensemble forecasts and issue routine updates for CME arrival time forecasts. Finally, we discuss CAT‐HI in the context of an operational mission at the L4 or L5 Lagrange points.
Chiral domain walls of Mn3Sn and their memory
Authors: Li Xiaokang , Collignon Clément , Xu Liangcai , Zuo Huakun , Cavanna Antonella , Gennser Ulf , Mailly Dominique , Fauqué Benoît , Balents Leon , Zhu Zengwei , Behnia Kamran 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMagnetic domain walls are topological solitons whose internal structure is set by competing energies which sculpt them. In common ferromagnets, domain walls are known to be of either Bloch or Néel types. Little is established in the case of Mn3Sn, a triangular antiferromagnet with a large room-temperature anomalous Hall effect, where domain nucleation is triggered by a well-defined threshold magnetic field. Here, we show that the domain walls of this system generate an additional contribution to the Hall conductivity tensor and a transverse magnetization. The former is an electric field lying in the same plane with the magnetic field and electric current and therefore a planar Hall effect. We demonstrate that in-plane rotation of spins inside the domain wall would explain both observations and the clockwise or anticlockwise chirality of the walls depends on the history of the field orientation and can be controlled.
Origin of ocean island basalts in the West African passive margin without mantle plume involvement
Authors: Belay Iyasu Getachew , Tanaka Ryoji , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Kobayashi Katsura , Nakamura Eizo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe geochemical variabilities in intraplate basalts (IB) from the West African passive margin (WAPM) region, have generally been employed to indicate the presence of recycled materials in an associated upwelling mantle plume. However, the absence of time-progressive linear hotspot tracks in WAPM-IB make it difficult to explain their genesis solely by the mantle plume hypothesis. Here, we show that the Sr–Nd–Hf–Pb isotopic variations in basalts from most of the WAPM-IB could have mainly attributed to the derivation from two types of fusible regions of the refertilized subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and the sub-lithospheric mantle. The locations and magma genesis of WAPM-IB are strongly related to the distance from the Mesozoic rift axis and the structure of the rifted SCLM. The melting of the source region can possibly be attributed to small-scale mantle convection at the base of the SCLM without the involvement of a mantle plume.
Proposal to test quantum wave-particle superposition on massive mechanical resonators
Authors: Qin Wei , Miranowicz Adam , Long Guilu , You J. Q. , Nori Franco 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe present and analyze a proposal for a macroscopic quantum delayed-choice experiment with massive mechanical resonators. In our approach, the electronic spin of a single nitrogen-vacancy impurity is employed to control the coherent coupling between the mechanical modes of two carbon nanotubes. We demonstrate that a mechanical phonon can be in a coherent superposition of wave and particle, thus exhibiting both behaviors at the same time. We also discuss the mechanical noise tolerable in our proposal and predict a critical temperature below which the morphing between wave and particle states can be effectively observed in the presence of environment-induced fluctuations. Furthermore, we describe how to amplify single-phonon excitations of the mechanical-resonator superposition states to a macroscopic level, via squeezing the mechanical modes. This approach corresponds to the phase-covariant cloning. Therefore, our proposal can serve as a test of macroscopic quantum superpositions of massive objects even with large excitations. This work, which describes a fundamental test of the limits of quantum mechanics at the macroscopic scale, would have implications for quantum metrology and quantum information processing.
Repeated vaccination against matched H3N2 influenza virus gives less protection than single vaccination in ferrets
Authors: Music Nedzad , Tzeng Wen-Pin , Liaini Gross F. , Levine Min Z. , Xu Xiyan , Shieh Wun-Ju , Tumpey Terrence M. , Katz Jacqueline M. , York Ian A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEpidemiological studies suggest that humans who receive repeated annual immunization with influenza vaccine are less well protected against influenza than those who receive vaccine in the current season only. To better understand potential mechanisms underlying these observations, we vaccinated influenza-naive ferrets either twice, 10 months apart (repeated vaccination group; RV), or once (current season only group; CS), using a prime-boost regimen, and then challenged the ferrets with A/Hong Kong/4801/2014(H3N2). Ferrets that received either vaccine regimen were protected against influenza disease and infection relative to naive unvaccinated ferrets, but the RV group shed more virus, especially at the peak of virus shedding 2 days post infection (p < 0.001) and regained weight more slowly (p < 0.05) than those in the CS group. Qualitative, rather than quantitative, differences in the antibody response may affect protection after repeated influenza vaccination.
Current Methods of Evaluating the Language Abilities of Multilingual Preschoolers: A Scoping Review Using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health–Children and Youth Version
Authors: Wright Karem Rachel , Washington Karla N. , Crowe Kathryn , Jenkins Alyssa , Leon Michelle , Kokotek Leslie , Raisor-Becker Lesley , Westby Carol 
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this scoping review was to identify current measures used to evaluate the language abilities of multilingual preschoolers within the framework of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health–Children and Youth Version (ICF-CY;
World Health Organization, 2007
).

Method

This review adhered to established models for conducting a comprehensive, iterative scoping review outlined by
Arksey and O'Malley (2005)
and
Levac, Colquhoun, and O'Brien (2010)
and included the following phases: (a) articulating the research question; (b) identifying relevant studies; (c) selecting studies; (d) charting the data; and (e) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results. The ICF-CY was used to frame the identified measures (
World Health Organization, 2007
).

Results
Three hundred twenty-five peer-reviewed publications were identified and included in this review. The majority of publications used measures that evaluated the activity component of multilingual preschoolers' language (70%), with few evaluating participation (9%). Most identified measures (73%) assessed children's semantic language skills. We also observed that 88% of studies explicitly measured children's language input to interpret assessment results.

Conclusions
A variety of measures are currently used that address the activity component of the ICF-CY with a particular emphasis on semantics. There is, however, a dearth of measures examining language abilities for participation. The authors strongly recommend an increased focus on the development, use, and evaluation of measures that explicitly assess multilingual preschoolers' language participation, particularly in school-based settings.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8637206
Search for water outgassing of (1) Ceres near perihelion
Authors: Rousselot P. , Opitom C. , Jehin E. , Hutsemékers D. , Manfroid J. , Villarreal M. N. , Li J.-Y. , Castillo-Rogez J. , Russell C. T. , Vernazza P. , Marsset M. , Roth L. , Dumas C. , Yang B. , Prettyman T. H. , Mousis O. 
Published: July 2019

Context. (1) Ceres is the largest body in the main asteroid belt and one of the most intriguing objects in the solar system, in part because of the discovery of water outgassing by the Herschel Space Observatory (HSO) and its still-debated origin. Ceres was the target of NASA’s Dawn spacecraft for 3.5 yr, which achieved a detailed characterization of the dwarf planet. The possible influence of the local flux of solar energetic particles (SEP) on the production of a Cerean exosphere and water vapor has been suggested, in addition to the sublimation of water ice that depends on the temperature, meaning the heliocentric distance.
Aims. We used the opportunity of both the perihelion passage of (1) Ceres in April 2018, and the presence of Dawn in its vicinity (for measuring the SEP flux in real time) to check the influence of heliocentric distance and SEP flux on water outgassing.
Methods. We searched for OH emission lines near the limb of Ceres in the near-UV with the UVES spectrograph mounted on the 8-m ESO Very Large Telescope. Two spectra were recorded when Ceres was close to its perihelion, in February 2018, and with Dawn spacecraft orbiting Ceres. It was possible to simultaneously measure energetic particles around Ceres at the time of our observations.
Results. Our observations did not permit detection of OH emission lines to a very high sensitivity level. This level is estimated to correspond to a global water production rate of QH2O ∽ 2 × 1026 molecules s−1, similar to the water production rate derived from HSO observations. The solar energetic particles flux measured around Ceres was negligible at the time of these observations.
Conclusions. Our observations support the idea that heliocentric distance (i.e., the sublimation of water ice) does not play a major role in the water emission from Ceres. This production rate could be either related to SEP events or to other mechanisms, possibly of endogenic origin.
Weightlifting Shoulder Injuries Presenting to U.S. Emergency Departments: 2000–2030
Authors: Pirruccio Kevin , Kelly John D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWeightlifting is associated with a significant risk of shoulder injury. We used the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database to identify patients presenting to U.S. emergency departments between 2000 and 2017 with weightlifting-associated shoulder injuries to determine how the health burden and demographic characteristics of these patients have changed over time. Our analyses demonstrated a significant increase in the national estimate of weightlifting-associated shoulder injuries between 2000 (N=8.073; C.I. 6.309–9.836) and 2017 (N=14.612; C.I. 12.293–16.930) (p<0.001), with linear regression (R2=0.87, P<0.001) projecting 22.691 national cases by 2030. Patients were most often males (83.3%; C.I. 81.5–85.2%) between 20–29 years of age (30.5%; C.I. 28.2%–32.8%) sustaining a sprain, strain, or muscle tear (65.1%; C.I. 60.4–69.8%). Additionally, the average age of injury (34.33 years; C.I. 33.43–35.23 years) in the 2012–2017 period was significantly higher than in prior periods (p<0.001). We postulated these findings may reflect older individuals more frequently participating in resistance training than in the past, and considered that contemporary fitness trends such as CrossFit might have higher injury rates. We believe increased awareness of this burden, coupled with focus on injury prevention strategies, could yield substantial national health and cost savings.
Arthroscopic versus Open Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation (Mosaicplasty) for Cartilage Damage of the Knee: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kizaki Kazuha , El-Khechen Hussein Ali , Yamashita Fumiharu , Duong Andrew , Simunovic Nicole , Musahl Volker , Ayeni Olufemi R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOsteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) is a surgical option for repairing cartilage damage in knees, and can be performed using open or arthroscopic procedures. The aim of this review was to report clinical outcomes, postoperative complications, defect location, and defect size between open and arthroscopic OATs. Three electronic databases (EMBASE, PUBMED, and MEDLINE) were searched for relevant articles. In regard to eligibility criteria, knee articular damage cases solely treated with OAT were included and cases concomitant with ligament reconstruction, limb realignment, and meniscus repair were excluded. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and descriptive statistics are presented. A total of 24 studies were included with a total sample of 1,139 patients (532 in open OAT vs. 607 in arthroscopic OAT). Defect size in open OAT was three times larger than that of arthroscopic OAT (2.96 ± 0.76 vs. 0.97 ± 0.48 cm2). In terms of defect location, the medial femoral condyle (MFC) was the most common (75.4%), followed by the lateral femoral condyle (LFC; 12.1%), patella (6.7%), and trochlea (5.7%). All of these defect locations were treated with open OAT, whereas arthroscopic OAT treatments were restricted to the MFC and LFC. The clinical outcomes were overall favorable with the modified Hospital for Special Surgery knee scores being 89.6 ± 8.0 (36.1-month follow-up) versus 90.4 ± 6.0 (89.5-month follow-up) and the Lysholm scores being 81.6 ± 8.9 (44.2-month follow-up) and 83.3 ± 7.4 (12.0-month follow-up) between open and arthroscopic OATs, respectively. Fifty-three postoperative complications were observed (39/279 vs. 14/594) and the most common complication was hemarthrosis (13/39 in open, vs. 1/14 in arthroscopic OAT). The overall clinical outcomes were favorable in open and arthroscopic OATs, whereas open OAT allowed for treatment of lesions approximately three times greater in dimension than in arthroscopic OAT. Also, defect location was restricted to MFC and LFC in arthroscopic OAT. The most common complication was hemarthrosis.