bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method of self‐harm in adolescents and young adults and risk of subsequent suicide
Authors: Beckman Karin , Mittendorfer‐Rutz Ellenor , Waern Margda , Larsson Henrik , Runeson Bo , Dahlin Marie 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundSelf‐harm is common in youth and an important risk factor for suicide. Certain self‐harm methods might indicate a higher risk of suicide. The main aim of this study was to determine whether some methods of self‐harm in adolescents (10–17 years) and young adults (18–24 years) are associated with a particularly high risk of suicide. A secondary aim was to ascertain how different self‐harm methods might affect the probability of psychiatric follow‐up.MethodFive Swedish registers were linked in a national population‐based cohort study. All nonfatal self‐harm events recorded in specialist health care, excluding psychiatry and primary care services, among 10–24 year olds between 2000 and 2009 were included. Methods were classified as poisoning, cutting/piercing, violent method (gassing, hanging, strangulation/suffocation, drowning, jumping and firearms), other and multiple methods. Hazard Ratios (HR) for suicide were calculated in Cox regression models for each method with poisoning as the reference. Odds Ratios (OR) for psychiatric inpatient care were determined in logistic regression models. Analyses were adjusted for important covariates and stratified by age group and treatment setting (inpatient/outpatient).ResultsAmong adolescents with initial medical hospitalisation, use of a violent method was associated with a near eightfold increase in HR for suicide compared to self‐poisoning in the adjusted analysis [HR 7.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2–19.0]. Among hospitalised young adult women, adjusted HRs were elevated fourfold for both cutting [4.0 (1.9–8.8)] and violent methods [3.9 (1.5–10.6)]. Method of self‐harm did not affect suicide risk in young adult men. Adolescents using violent methods had an increased probability of psychiatric inpatient care following initial treatment for self‐harm.ConclusionsViolent self‐harm requiring medical hospitalisation may signal particularly high risk of future suicide in adolescents (both sexes) and in young adult women. For the latter group this is the case for cutting requiring hospitalisation as well.
Animal behaviour and algal camouflage jointly structure predation and selection
Authors: Start Denon 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTrait variation can structure interactions between individuals, thus shaping selection. Although antipredator strategies are an important component of many aquatic systems, how multiple antipredator traits interact to influence consumption and selection remains contentious. Here, I use a common larval dragonfly (Epitheca canis) and its predator (Anax junius) to test for the joint effects of activity rate and algal camouflage on predation and survival selection. I found that active and poorly camouflaged Epitheca were more likely to be consumed, and thus, survival selection favoured inactive and well‐camouflaged individuals. Notably, camouflage dampened selection on activity rate, likely by reducing attack rates when Epitheca encountered a predator. Correlational selection is therefore conferred by the ecological interaction of traits, rather than by opposing selection acting on linked traits. I suggest that antipredator traits with different adaptive functions can jointly structure patterns of consumption and selection.
Activation of an Aquareovirus, Chum Salmon Reovirus (CSV), by the CiliatesTetrahymena thermophilaandT. canadensis
Authors: Pinheiro Marcel D.O. , Bols Niels C. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractFor the first time, ciliates have been found to activate rather than inactivate a virus, chum salmon reovirus (CSV). Activation was seen as an increase in viral titre upon incubation ofCSVat 22 °C withTetrahymena canadenesisand two strains ofT. thermophila: wild type (B1975) and a temperature conditional mutant for phagocytosis (NP1). The titre increase was not likely due to replication becauseCSVhad no visible effects on the ciliates and no vertebrate virus has ever been shown unequivocally to replicate in ciliates. When incubated with B1975 andNP1 at 30 °C,CSVwas activated only by B1975. Therefore, activation requiredCSVinternalization because at 30 °C only B1975 exhibited phagocytosis.CSVreplicated in fish cells at 18 to 26 °C but not at 30 °C. Collectively, these observations point toCSVactivation being distinct from replication. Activation is attributed to theCSVcapsid being modified in the ciliate phagosomal‐lysosomal system and released in a more infectious form. When allowed to swim inCSV‐infected fish cell cultures, collected, washed, and transferred to uninfected cultures,T. canadensiscaused aCSVinfection. Overall the results suggest that ciliates could have roles in the environmental dissemination of some fish viral diseases.
Effects of two different feeding positions on physiological characteristics and feeding performance of preterm infants: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Girgin Burcu Aykanat , Gözen Duygu , Karatekin Güner 
Published: March 2018

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this randomized controlled study was to determine the effect of semielevated side‐lying (ESL) and semielevated supine (ESU) positions, which are used to bottle‐feed preterm infants, on their physiological characteristics and feeding performance.Design and MethodsThe sample consisted of preterm infants who were born in the 31st gestational week and below, and met the inclusion criteria. A randomization was provided in the sample group with a total of 80 infants including 38 infants in the ESL (experimental) group and 42 infants in the ESU (control) group. Both groups were compared in terms of their SpO2 values, heart rates, and feeding performances before, during, and after the feeding. The data were obtained by using a form for infant descriptive characteristics, feeding follow‐up form, a Masimo Radical‐7 pulse oximeter device, and a video camera.ResultsIt was determined that the infants in the ESL group had statistically significantly higher SpO2 values (ESL: 96.77 ± 2.51; ESU: 93.48 ± 5.63) and lower heart rates (ESL: 155.87 ± 11.18; ESU: 164.35 ± 6.00) during the feeding compared to the infants in the ESU group (p < .05). Besides, oxygen saturation levels of the infants in the ESU group decreased more (p < .01) and their heart rates increased more (p < .05) during the feeding than those obtained before the feeding compared to the infants in the ESL group.Practice ImplicationsThe ESL position has a more positive effect on oxygen saturation and heart rate of infants and it is more effective in providing a physiological stabilization during the feeding, compared to the ESU position. According to these results, the ESL position can be recommended for preterm feeding.
Decreased body mass index during treatment with sodium oxybate in narcolepsy type 1
Authors: Schinkelshoek Mink S. , Smolders Isabelle M. , Donjacour Claire E. , van der Meijden Wisse P. , van Zwet Erik W. , Fronczek Rolf , Lammers Gert Jan 
Published: March 2018

SummaryNarcolepsy type 1 is characterised by an increase in body weight after disease onset, frequently leading to obesity. It was suggested that this weight gain may be counteracted by treatment with sodium oxybate. We here provide longitudinal body mass index data of patients with narcolepsy type 1 after starting treatment with sodium oxybate, compared with patients in whom treatment with modafinil was initiated. Eighty‐one individuals with narcolepsy type 1 fulfilled the entry criteria for this retrospective study: 59 had newly started treatment with sodium oxybate and 22 had newly started modafinil. Gender‐specific differences between both treatment groups were compared using Student's t tests and mixed effect modeling. Patients using sodium oxybate lost weight, with a mean body mass index decrease of 2.56 kg/m2 between the first and last measurement (women; p = .001) and 0.84 kg/m2 (men; p = .006). Patients using modafinil, however, gained weight, with a mean body mass index increase of 0.57 kg/m2 (women; p = .033) and 0.67 kg/m2 (men; p = .122). Medication (p = .006) and baseline body mass index (p = .032) were predictors for body mass index decrease. In conclusion, treatment with sodium oxybate is associated with a body mass index reduction in narcolepsy type 1, whereas modafinil treatment is not. This effect is most pronounced in those who already have a higher baseline body mass index.
Bible, guns and land: sovereignty and nationalism amongst the Nagas of India
Authors: Longkumer Arkotong 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis paper will argue that to understand Naga sovereignty, one must take into account the intimate connection between Christianity and nationalism. This relationship is centred on the idea of ‘Nagaland for Christ’, a central slogan (also seen as a covenant) for all Naga nationalist groups. It suggests that God is the primary agent in sovereignty, and that the land is connected with the idea of Nagaland for Christ. I argue that national territory is not an object or a place that can be fixed in time, but rather an act of narration and imagination with the power to shape where it belongs. I will make the case that we need to rethink modular forms of sovereignty that are based on a strong national state. Instead, it would be more useful to think about sovereign territories as the organisation of space, or territoriality (Sack 1986). Robert Sack argues that territoriality is ‘intimately related to how people use the land’, how they ‘organize themselves in space and how they give meaning to place’ (Sack 1986: 2). If history has shown us that ascertaining the precise territorial lines of national units are always a challenge, it is more helpful to try and understand how people give meaning to place regardless of boundaries.
Methods in renal research: Measurement of autophagic flux in the renal cortex ex vivo
Authors: Higgins Gavin C. , Nguyen Tuong‐Vi , Ramm Georg , Coughlan Melinda T. 
Published: March 2018

Summary at a GlanceAutophagy is an important mechanism that maintains cell function. Alterations in autophagy occur in many renal diseases. This Methods in Renal Research article describes a new ex vivo approach to measure autophagic flux in the renal cortex. Will provide new insights into how autophagy is modified in kidney disease.
Telediagnosis of oral lesions in primary care: The EstomatoNet Program
Authors: Carrard VC , Roxo Gonçalves M , Rodriguez Strey J , Pilz C , Martins MAT , Martins MD , Schmitz CA , Dal Moro RG , D'Ávila OP , Rados DRV , Harzheim E , Gonçalves MR 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveThe diagnosis of oral lesions is often challenging for primary healthcare providers, which explains the high number of referrals to specialist care. This favors increases in waiting lines and delays in diagnosis, contributing to high mortality rates from oral cancer. This study aimed to summarize the experience of the EstomatoNet, a telediagnosis program catering to primary care dentists and physicians from southern Brazil.Study designThis exploratory study included all queries received by EstomatoNet from June 2015 to December 2016. Health providers (71 dentists and 18 physicians from primary care) submitted requests including clinical information and photographs of oral lesions by means of a cloud‐based platform. Specialized oral medicine teleconsultants received the data, conveyed a diagnostic hypothesis, and conveyed management recommendations.ResultsActinic cheilitis (n = 41, 15.8%), squamous cell carcinoma (n = 22, 8.5%), and inflammatory hyperplasia (21, 8.1%) were the most frequent diagnoses. Teleconsultants recommended referral to specialists in 42.9% of the cases, total biopsy in 23.6%, and follow‐up in 16.2%. After the EstomatoNet use, the intention to refer the patients to face‐to‐face consultation reduced from 96.9% to 35.1%.ConclusionTelediagnosis for oral lesions is feasible and has potential to improve the quality of primary health care by bridging the gap between primary and specialized health care.
Esthetic evaluation and patient‐centered outcomes in root‐coverage procedures
Authors: Mounssif Ilham , Stefanini Martina , Mazzotti Claudio , Marzadori Matteo , Sangiorgi Matteo , Zucchelli Giovanni 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTreatment of buccal gingival recession is performed for esthetic concerns, root sensitivity, root caries and cervical abrasion resulting from incorrect toothbrushing. Over the years, clinicians and researchers have improved surgical techniques to achieve surrogate end points, such as complete root coverage, gingival recession reduction or keratinized tissue increase, ignoring the input from the patient regarding the true indications for treatment. In the past few years there has been an emphasis to include patient‐centered outcomes in the evaluation of root‐coverage procedures. The aim of this narrative review is to describe the professional objective assessment of the esthetic results after root‐coverage procedures and the patient perception of outcome in terms of esthetics, postoperative morbidity and dentinal hypersensitivity resolution after the treatment of gingival recessions. The need to align professional (surrogate) end points with patient‐centered outcomes (true end points) in the future is emphasized.
The Ability to Influence: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Advocacy Coalitions in Brazilian Climate Politics
Authors: Aamodt Solveig 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCooperation between environmentalists, scientists, and governmental actors was a crucial driver behind Brazil's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the forest sector from 2004 onward. The same climate coalition's advocacy work to reduce emissions in the energy sector, Brazil's second‐most emitting sector, has been unsuccessful. Why has climate‐policy development been so different in the two sectors? Building on the advocacy coalition framework, this paper analyzes the climate coalition's role, systematically comparing how the coalition has worked to influence policy development in the two key sectors for Brazilian GHG emissions between 2003 and 2015. The paper finds that strong climate‐coalition unity, unambiguous scientific knowledge, economic growth, and international pressure functioned as a constellation of factors that enhanced the climate coalition's ability to take advantage of a climate‐policy window and frame deforestation as a core climate concern. The same constellation of factors was missing in the energy sector.
The significance of superimposed dunes in the Amazon River: Implications for how large rivers are identified in the rock record
Authors: Galeazzi Cristiano P. , Almeida Renato P. , Mazoca Carlos E. M. , Best Jim L. , Freitas Bernardo T. , Ianniruberto Marco , Cisneros Julia , Tamura Larissa N. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe recognition of large fluvial channels in the geological record is of great importance for regional palaeohydraulic and palaeogeographical reconstructions, inputs to reservoir modelling, and estimating the input of sediment to sedimentary basins, with consequent larger‐scale implications for modelling basin fill. However, available criteria for the interpretation of the scale of ancient fluvial systems are still poorly tested, particularly the widely‐adopted assumption that the abundance of large‐scale dunes in some deep channels implies that abundant large‐scale cross‐strata sets will be preserved in similar palaeochannels. To test this hypothesis, high‐resolution multibeam echo‐sounding imaging of two reaches in the Amazon River where large dunes are common were investigated, yielding an extensive dataset concerning dune geometry, position within the channel and, most importantly, the presence and distribution of smaller superimposed dunes on their lee sides. These results show that despite 90% of the bedforms at water depths >20 m being constituted by up to 12·2 m high compound dunes, 94% of the lee sides of these dunes are covered by smaller superimposed dunes. These results suggest that steep avalanche foresets that are several metres in height may be rare in the preserved stratigraphic record of these large channels, which are instead more commonly represented by decimetre‐scale cross‐stratified cosets formed by superimposed dunes migrating down the lee side of the large‐scale host bedforms. This observation thus suggests that the recognition of compound dune cosets is key to the interpretation of river‐channel scale, since compound dunes are the principal bedform in most large river channels. Consequently, successions dominated by decimetre‐scale thick cross‐strata sets, but that show rarer preservation of outsized metre‐scale avalanche foresets, and abundant similar‐sized cosets near the base of fining‐upward cycles are probably the most common bedform record of large‐river channels.
On the Preferences for Strong Leadership*
Authors: Chong Alberto , Gradstein Mark 
Published: March 2018

ObjectivesThis article aims to answer the question of who favors strong political leadership, with a few checks on its power.MethodsFirst, we specify a formal model to generate testable hypotheses on the relationship between income and attitudes toward strong political leadership support. Then, we test these claims using a rich survey of individual attitudes across countries from 1999 to 2004.ResultsWe present evidence indicating that the support for such strong leadership is inversely related to individual income, even after controlling for additional characteristics, such as education. Individual attitudes toward strong leadership are also inversely related to country‐level indicators such as income inequality, level of GDP per capita, and institutional characteristics.ConclusionWe rationalize these findings by suggesting that a strong leader, sometimes with little legislative oversight, nevertheless benefits from public support in expectation that his policies would provide protection from the expropriation by powerful elites.
Courts and Issue Attention in Canada
Authors: Conway Nicholas D. , Jordan Soren , Ura Joseph Daniel 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveTo inform international discourse about judicial countermajoritarianism, we assess whether decisions enhancing gay rights by Canadian courts increase the media's attention to homosexuality and related topics.MethodWe first collect a data set of monthly counts of relevant articles published in two prominent Canadian newspapers and then estimate Markov‐switching models to evaluate whether increases in media attention to homosexuality are coincident with judicial decisions enhancing gay rights in Canada.ResultsEach of five landmark gay rights decisions is coincident with a period of heightened media attention to homosexuality. The data show that Canadian newspapers publish nearly twice as many relevant stories during these “active” regimes compared to “inactive” periods.ConclusionCanadian courts can increase attention to issues in the national media. This result supports a dynamic view of the interaction between courts and democratic majorities in place of the static view of democracy endemic to normative discourse about judicial countermajoritarianism.
U.S. Return Migration and the Decline in Southern Black Disadvantage, 1970–2000*
Authors: Curtis Katherine J. 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveThis study investigates how the Return Migration altered racial inequality in poverty in the American South.MethodsI disaggregate southern poverty into its separate constituents using household data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) for 1970 through 2000.ResultsThe prevalence of poverty declined most dramatically for black southern households and the racial gap in poverty narrowed to the extent that previous substantial regional differences disappeared. A central focus is the contrast between higher poverty and inequality among migrants who returned to their birth state relative to other southern‐born migrants who returned to the South.ConclusionsThe migration experience is diverse and has conflicting consequences for racial inequality; for some, migration maintained economic vulnerability. Given the complex force of migration, I conclude that a nuanced theoretical approach to migration that gives weight to economic and noneconomic motivations is critical to understand the racial dimensions of migration and the associated changes in racial inequality.
Flavonol rhamnosylation indirectly modifies the cell wall defects of RHAMNOSE BIOSYNTHESIS1 mutants by altering rhamnose flux
Authors: Saffer Adam M. , Irish Vivian F. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryRhamnose is required in Arabidopsis thaliana for synthesizing pectic polysaccharides and glycosylating flavonols. RHAMNOSE BIOSYNTHESIS1 (RHM1) encodes a UDP‐l‐rhamnose synthase, and rhm1 mutants exhibit many developmental defects, including short root hairs, hyponastic cotyledons, and left‐handed helically twisted petals and roots. It has been proposed that the hyponastic cotyledons observed in rhm1 mutants are a consequence of abnormal flavonol glycosylation, while the root hair defect is flavonol‐independent. We have recently shown that the helical twisting of rhm1 petals results from decreased levels of rhamnose‐containing cell wall polymers. In this study, we found that flavonols indirectly modify the rhm1 helical petal phenotype by altering rhamnose flux to the cell wall. Given this finding, we further investigated the relationship between flavonols and the cell wall in rhm1 cotyledons. We show that decreased flavonol rhamnosylation is not responsible for the cotyledon phenotype of rhm1 mutants. Instead, blocking flavonol synthesis or rhamnosylation can suppress rhm1 defects by diverting UDP‐l‐rhamnose to the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides. Therefore, rhamnose is required in the cell wall for normal expansion of cotyledon epidermal cells. Our findings suggest a broad role for rhamnose‐containing cell wall polysaccharides in the morphogenesis of epidermal cells.
Use of a modifiedBoari flap for the treatment of a proximal ureteral obstruction in a cat
Authors: Aronson Lillian R. , Cleroux Andreanne , Wormser Chloe 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the use and long term outcome of a novel surgical technique developed to treat a proximal ureteral obstruction in a cat.Study designCase report.AnimalsA 3‐year‐old female spayed Russian blue cat.MethodsA 3‐year‐old female spayed Russian blue cat presented with a fever, decreased appetite, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort. A proximal left ureteral obstruction was noted on ultrasonographic examination. No filling defect was noted on antegrade pyelography. Due to the proximal location of the obstruction, a modification of a Boari flap was performed. In the current technique, the ureter was cut proximal to the level of obstruction, and the distal ureter was resected. A flap was created on the ventral surface of the bladder, the cut end of the ureter was pulled through the flap, and a ureteroneocystostomy was performed. The bladder was closed in a simple interrupted pattern.ResultsAt re‐evaluation 2 and 4 weeks after surgery, azotemia had resolved. According to ultrasonography, the ureteroneocystostomy site appeared to be healing, and pelvic dilation had resolved. One year later, the cat continued to do well, with no lower urinary tract signs and no abnormality noted on blood tests or ultrasonography.ConclusionThe tubularized bladder flap originally described by Boari was modified to create a tension‐free ureteroneocystostomy, without complication. This technique relied on surrounding native tissues and resulted in long‐term resolution of the ureteral obstruction.Clinical significanceA modified Boari flap can lead to long‐term resolution of proximal ureteral obstruction in cats, without requiring stents or permanent implants.