bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing topographic forcing in an atmospheric dataset: The case of the North American Cordillera
Authors: Hartung Kerstin , Shepherd Theodore G. , Hoskins Brian J. , Methven John , Svensson Gunilla 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIt is well known from modelling studies that surface topography influences the large‐scale atmospheric circulation and that several model biases are associated with incorrect representation of topography. The textbook explanation of topographic effects on large‐scale circulation appeals to the theoretical relationship between surface forcing and vortex stretching along trajectories in single‐layer models. The goal of this study is to design and use a simple diagnostic of the large‐scale forcing on the atmosphere when air is passing over topography, directly from atmospheric fields, based on this theoretical relationship. The study examines the interaction of the atmosphere with the North American Cordillera and samples the flow by means of trajectories during Northern Hemisphere winter. We detect a signal of topographic forcing in the atmospheric dataset, which, although much less distinct than in the theoretical relationship, nevertheless exhibits a number of expected properties. Namely, the signal increases with latitude, is usually stronger upslope than downslope, and is enhanced if the flow is more orthogonal to the mountain ridge, for example during periods of positive Pacific–North American index (PNA). Furthermore, a connection is found between an enhanced signal of topographic forcing downslope of the North American Cordillera and periods of more frequent downstream European blocking.
Nanoporous Al‐Ni‐Co‐Ir‐Mo High‐Entropy Alloy for Record‐High Water Splitting Activity in Acidic Environments
Authors: Jin Zeyu , Lv Juan , Jia Henglei , Liu Weihong , Li Huanglong , Chen Zuhuang , Lin Xi , Xie Guoqiang , Liu Xingjun , Sun Shuhui , Qiu Hua‐Jun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIr‐based binary and ternary alloys are effective catalysts for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic solutions. Nevertheless, decreasing the Ir content to less than 50 at% while maintaining or even enhancing the overall electrocatalytic activity and durability remains a grand challenge. Herein, by dealloying predesigned Al‐based precursor alloys, it is possible to controllably incorporate Ir with another four metal elements into one single nanostructured phase with merely ≈20 at% Ir. The obtained nanoporous quinary alloys, i.e., nanoporous high‐entropy alloys (np‐HEAs) provide infinite possibilities for tuning alloy's electronic properties and maximizing catalytic activities owing to the endless element combinations. Particularly, a record‐high OER activity is found for a quinary AlNiCoIrMo np‐HEA. Forming HEAs also greatly enhances the structural and catalytic durability regardless of the alloy compositions. With the advantages of low Ir loading and high activity, these np‐HEA catalysts are very promising and suitable for activity tailoring/maximization.
Stability and Thermodynamic Attributes of Starch Hydrolyzing α‐Amylase of Anoxybacillus rupiensis TS‐4
Authors: Kikani Bhavtosh A. , Kourien Susen , Rathod Upasna 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe physicochemical conditions influencing α‐amylase secretion by a thermophilic bacterium, Anoxybacillus rupiensis TS‐4 (Genbank number, KU360725) are optimized by the response surface methodology, using Plackett Burman design, followed by Box—Behnken design to enhance amylase production by threefold as compared to the one variable at a time approach. The amylase is purified by ion exchange chromatography, followed by size exclusion chromatography with fold purification and yield of 17.85% and 34.72%, respectively. The molecular weight, Km, and Vmax of the purified amylase are 48 kDa, 0.58 mg mL−1, and 3124 µmol mL−1 min−1, respectively. It catalyzes starch over a broader range of temperature and pH, having optima as 80 °C and 8, respectively. The enzyme is stable at a broad range of temperatures and pH, displaying higher half‐life and reduced deactivation rate constant. The feasibility of the starch catalysis reaction mediated by the studied amylase is substantiated by determining the thermodynamic parameters, such as alterations in the enthalpy, entropy, activation energy, and Gibb's free energy. The attributes of the amylase such as calcium independence, alkali‐tolerance, and stability in presence of various chelators and surfactants aid uniqueness, novelty, and commercial promise.
Microbial Oligo‐α‐1,6‐Glucosidase: Current Developments and Future Perspectives
Authors: Dong Zixing , Tang Cunduo , Lu Yunfeng , Yao Lunguang , Kan Yunchao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOligo‐α‐1,6‐glucosidase (OGL, EC 3.2.1.10) catalyzes the exo hydrolysis of α‐1,6‐glucoside bonds from the nonreducing ends of panose, palatinose, α‐limit dextrins, and isomaltooligosaccharides (IMOs, 2–6 glucose units). It has potential applications in the production of high‐glucose syrup, novel oligosaccharides and bioethanol. However, OGLs used in these processes must have sufficient acid stability, thermostability, and glucose tolerance. Detailed knowledge of the molecular basis of OGL catalysis and substrate specificities will facilitate the successful discovery and rational design of thermoacidophilic and glucose tolerant OGLs. In this review, the latest progresses on the discovery, molecular, and biochemical characterization as well as heterologous expression of OGLs are systematically summarized. The protein‐thermostabilization engineering, catalytic mechanism, and structural determinants for the substrate specificities of these enzymes are also described. Finally, the potential applications and future perspectives of oligo‐α‐1,6‐glucosidases are discussed.
Fistelchirurgie und primäre Sphinkterrekonstruktion
Authors: Kronberger I. E. 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung
Die operative Therapie transsphinktärer Fisteln zeichnet sich durch eine variantenreiche Methodik aus. Die zumeist durchgeführten Techniken sind wohl die Fistulektomie mit Lappenplastik, die Fistulotomie mit oder ohne Sphinkterrepair und die (modifizierte) LIFT-Technik (Ligatur des intersphinktären Fisteltrakts). Ungeklärt aber ist die genaue Definition der Indikation einer Technik zu allen definierten Fisteltypen, was zum Teil dem Studiendesign anzuschulden ist und zu einer Variabilität der Auswertungen führt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Frage nach bisher vorhandenen Erfahrungen und Studien zur operativen Technik mit primärem Sphinkterrepair bei bestimmten Fisteltypen nachgegangen. In den letzten Jahrzehnten sind randomisierte Studien zu hoch- und suprasphinktären sowie zu rezidivierenden Fisteln mit guten Heilungs- und postoperativen Inkontinenzraten zur Technik der Fistulotomie mit Exzision des Fistelgewebes und primärem Sphinkterrepair erschienen. Die Technik wird in großen retrospektiven Studien jedoch bei allen transsphinktären Fisteln als erfolgreiche Therapieoption mit guter Kontinenzerhaltung beschrieben.
The Role of FeTi Addition to Micro-inclusions in the Production of ULC Steel Grades via the RH Process Route
Authors: Bernhard Christian , Dorrer Philipp , Michelic Susanne , Rössler Roman 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the production of ULC steel grades via the RH process route, Al is added first for deoxidation after the end of decarburization and FeTi follows after a certain period of separation of alumina particles and the related reduction of the total oxygen content. The FeTi addition is well known to cause clogging problems in the following casting process.
The analysis of plant data by voestalpine Stahl in Linz indicates an increasing clogging tendency with a higher Ti/Al ratio in the steel. Automated SEM/EDS investigations on lollipop samples show the existence of a newly nucleated Ti-containing alumina particle population after the FeTi addition. These particles are comparably smaller than the alumina particles and, even if thermodynamically unstable, they still exist as a large population of small particles in samples taken from the tundish.
The addition of Al and FeTi into a molten steel sample with controlled initial oxygen activity for varying Ti/Al ratios was simulated in laboratory scale afterwards. Just like in the plant, a new population of small Ti-containing alumina particles nucleates, with the size and number depending on the Ti/Al ratio in the melt.
Laboratory experiments and plant observations are in consistence with each other and indicate—for the underlying process route and process parameters—some countermeasures for the better control of clogging.
The uniqueness of subjective ageing: convergent and discriminant validity
Authors: Spuling Svenja M. , Klusmann Verena , Bowen Catherine E. , Kornadt Anna E. , Kessler Eva-Marie 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAlthough a large body of research has demonstrated the predictive power of subjective ageing for several decisive developmental outcomes, there remains some controversy about whether subjective ageing truly represents a unique construct. Thus, information about the convergent and discriminant validity of different approaches to measuring subjective ageing is still critically needed. Using data from the 2014 wave of the German Ageing Survey, we examined how three established subjective ageing measures (subjective age, global attitude toward own ageing, multidimensional ageing-related cognitions) were inter-related as well as distinct from general dispositions (optimism, self-efficacy) and well-being (negative affect, depressive symptoms, self-rated health). Using correlational and multivariate regression analysis, we found that the three subjective ageing measures were significantly inter-related (r = |.09| to |.30|), and that each measure was distinct from general dispositions and well-being. The overlap with dispositional and well-being measures was lowest for subjective age and highest for global attitudes towards own ageing. The correlation between global attitudes towards own ageing and optimism was particularly striking. Despite the high convergent validity of the different dimensions of ageing cognitions, we nevertheless observed stronger associations between specific dimensions of ageing cognitions with negative affect and self-rated health. We conclude that researchers should be aware of the multidimensional nature of subjective ageing. Furthermore, subjective age appears to be a highly aggregated construct and future work is needed to clarify its correlates and reference points.
Happiness and Consumption in Mauritius: An Exploratory Study of Socio-Economic Dimensions, Basic Needs, Luxuries and Personality Traits
Authors: Jaunky Vishal Chandr , Jeetoo Jamiil , Rampersad Shreya 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMainstream economics perceive an individual as highly individualistic, presuming that he/she consumes goods in the most efficient way to optimize his/her level of happiness. This study attempts to explore the nexus between socio-economic dimensions, basic needs, luxuries and personality traits and happiness in Mauritius. Material consumption and happiness are projected to be positively and strongly related. This is usually illuminated in terms of the increased possibilities to satisfy basic needs and luxuries along with other motives which additional spending provides. Other instrumental aspects of consumption, such as its relative, community-based and hedonic magnitudes are accounted. Cross-sectional data are compiled from a household survey with a sample size of 1015 observations. To conduct the analysis, an ordered probit model is applied. The general conclusion is drawn upon the results that socio-economic indicators like educational attainment, residential location, family size, income in addition to the intermediate needs deprivation index, brand consciousness, fashion innovativeness, commercial interest, shopping enjoyment, hedonism, bandwagon effect and personality traits are significantly related to people’s happiness.
Application-Oriented Succinct Data Structures for Big Data
Authors: Shibuya Tetsuo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A data structure is called succinct if its asymptotical space requirement matches the original data size. The development of succinct data structures is an important factor to deal with the explosively increasing big data. Moreover, wider variations of big data have been produced in various fields recently and there is a substantial need for the development of more application-specific succinct data structures. In this study, we review the recently proposed application-oriented succinct data structures motivated by big data applications in three different fields: privacy-preserving computation in cryptography, genome assembly in bioinformatics, and work space reduction for compressed communications.
On the aerodynamic flow around a cyclist model at the hoods position
Authors: Miau Jiun-Jih , Li Shang-Ru , Tsai Zong-Xiu , Phung Mai Van , Lin San-Yi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Aerodynamic flow around an 1/5 scale cyclist model was studied experimentally and numerically. First, measurements of drag force were performed for the model in a low-speed wind tunnel at Reynolds numbers from $$5.5 \times 10^{4}$$5.5×104 to $$1.8 \times 10^{5}$$1.8×105. Meanwhile, numerical computation using a large eddy simulation method was performed at three Reynolds numbers of $$1.1 \times 10^{4}$$1.1×104, $$6.5 \times 10^{4}$$6.5×104 and $$1.5 \times 10^{5}$$1.5×105 to obtain the drag coefficients for comparison. Second, flow visualization was made in a water channel and the wind tunnel mentioned to examine the three-dimensional flow separation pattern on the model surface, which could also be realized from the numerical results. Finally, a wake flow survey based on the hot-wire measurements in the wind tunnel showed that in the near-wake region, the flow was featured with the formation of multiple streamwise vortices. The numerical results further indicated that these vortices were evolved from the separated flows occurred on the model surface.

Graphic Abstract
Self-similar compressible turbulent boundary layers with pressure gradients. Part 2. Self-similarity analysis of the outer layer
Authors: Gibis Tobias , Wenzel Christoph , Kloker Markus , Rist Ulrich 
Published: October 2019

A thorough self-similarity analysis is presented to investigate the properties of self-similarity for the outer layer of compressible turbulent boundary layers. The results are validated using the compressible and quasi-incompressible direct numerical simulation (DNS) data shown and discussed in the first part of this study; see Wenzelet al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 880, 2019, pp. 239–283). The analysis is carried out for a general set of characteristic scales, and conditions are derived which have to be fulfilled by these sets in case of self-similarity. To evaluate the main findings derived, four sets of characteristic scales are proposed and tested. These represent compressible extensions of the incompressible edge scaling, friction scaling, Zagarola–Smits scaling and a newly defined Rotta–Clauser scaling. Their scaling success is assessed by checking the collapse of flow-field profiles extracted at various streamwise positions, being normalized by the respective scales. For a good set of scales, most conditions derived in the analysis are fulfilled. As suggested by the data investigated, approximate self-similarity can be achieved for the mean-flow distributions of the velocity, mass flux and total enthalpy and the turbulent terms. Self-similarity thus can be stated to be achievable to a very high degree in the compressible regime. Revealed by the analysis and confirmed by the DNS data, this state is predicted by the compressible pressure-gradient boundary-layer growth parameter$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}_{c}$, which is similar to the incompressible one found by related incompressible studies. Using appropriate adaption,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}_{c}$values become comparable for compressible and incompressible pressure-gradient cases with similar wall-normal shear-stress distributions. The Rotta–Clauser parameter in its traditional form$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{K}=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{K}^{\ast }/\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}_{w})(\text{d}p_{e}/\text{d}x)$with the kinematic (incompressible) displacement thickness$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{K}^{\ast }$is shown to be a valid parameter of the form$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}_{c}$and hence still is a good indicator for equilibrium flow in the compressible regime at the finite Reynolds numbers considered. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that the often neglected derivative of the length scale,$\text{d}L_{0}/\text{d}x$, can be incorporated, which was found to have an important influence on the scaling success of common ‘low-Reynolds-number’ DNS data; this holds for both incompressible and compressible flow. Especially for the scaling of the$\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}}\widetilde{u^{\prime \prime }v^{\prime \prime }}$stress and thus also the wall shear stress$\bar{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}_{w}$, the inclusion of$\text{d}L_{0}/\text{d}x$leads to palpable improvements.
Association between adiposity levels and cognitive impairment in the Chilean older adult population
Authors: Concha-Cisternas Y. , Lanuza F. , Waddell H. , Sillars Anne , Leiva A. M. , Troncoso C. , Martinez M. A. , Villagrán M. , Mardones L. , Martorell M. , Nazar G. , Ulloa N. , Labraña A. M. , Diaz-Martinez X. , Sadarangani K. , Alvarez C. , Ramirez-Campillo R. , Garrido-Mendez Alex , Luarte Cristian , Ho Frederick , Gray Stuart R. , Petermann-Rocha F. , Celis-Morales C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAlthough both obesity and ageing are risk factors for cognitive impairment, there is no evidence in Chile on how obesity levels are associated with cognitive function. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between adiposity levels and cognitive impairment in older Chilean adults. This cross-sectional study includes 1384 participants, over 60 years of age, from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009–2010. Cognitive impairment was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination. BMI and waist circumference (WC) were used as measures of adiposity. Compared with people with a normal BMI, the odds of cognitive impairment were higher in participants who were underweight (OR 4·44; 95 % CI 2·43, 6·45; P &lt; 0·0001), overweight (OR 1·86; 95 % CI 1·06, 2·66; P = 0·031) and obese (OR 2·26; 95 % CI 1·31, 3·21; P = 0·003). The associations were robust after adjustment for confounding variables. Similar results were observed for WC. Low and high levels of adiposity are associated with an increased likelihood of cognitive impairment in older adults in Chile.
Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Xiong’ershan gold district, central China: implications for gold mineralization and geodynamics
Authors: Pang Zhenshan , Gao Fuping , Du Yangsong , Du Yilun , Zong Zhaojian , Xie Jinsong , Xin Fengpei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Xiong’ershan area is the third largest gold-producing district in China. The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatism in the Xiong’ershan area can be divided into two episodes: early (165–150 Ma) and late (138–113 Ma). Laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb dating yields ages of 160.7 ± 0.6 Ma and 127.2 ± 1.0 Ma for the Wuzhangshan and Huashan monzogranites in the Xiong’ershan area, respectively, representing the two magmatic episodes. The Wuzhangshan monzogranites exhibit adakite-like geochemical features (e.g. high Sr/Y ratios, low Yb and Y contents). Their Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions are consistent with those of the amphibolites of the Taihua Group, indicating that the Wuzhangshan monzogranites were formed from partial melting of the Taihua Group metamorphic rocks. Compared to the Wuzhangshan rocks, the Huashan monzogranites have higher MgO, Cr, Co and Ni contents, but lower Sr/Y and Fe3+/Fe2+. All the samples from the Huashan monzogranites plot in the area between the Taihua Group amphibolite rocks and the mantle rocks in the (87Sr/86Sr)t vsεNd(t) and age vsεHf(t) diagrams, suggesting that the Huashan monzogranites were probably generated by mixing of mantle-derived magmas and the Taihua Group metamorphic basement melts. The gold mineralization (136–110 Ma) is coeval with the emplacement of the late-episode magmas, implying that crustal–mantle mixed magma might be a better target for gold mineralization compared to the ancient metamorphic basement melt. The data presented in this study further indicate that the transformation of the lithosphere from thickening to thinning in the Xiong’ershan area probably occurred between ~160 Ma and ~127 Ma, and that the gold mineralization in this area was probably related to lithospheric thinning.
The effects of dredging on shell formation in the razor clamEnsis siliquafrom Barrinha, southern Portugal
Authors: Gaspar M.B. , Richardson C.A. , Monteiro C.C. 
Published: October 2019

Shell growth of the razor clamEnsis siliqua(Mollusca: Bivalvia) from southern Portugal has been analysed using both surface growth rings and internal shell microgrowth patterns. The growth rate estimated from an analysis of the growth rings is slower (von Bertalanffy growth, constant K=0·27) than that determined from the annual narrowing of the internal microgrowth patterns present in shell sections (K=0·65), although both methods predict a similar asymptotic length, L∞, of 144·8 and 139·6 mm, respectively.The Barrinha razor clam population occurs in a heavily dredged area and an analysis of shell sections reveals the presence of a series of shell margin breaks consisting of deep clefts in the outer shell layer in which sand grains are embedded. It is suggested that these disturbances to shell growth are the result of repeated dredge damage. The frequency of the clefts increases with the size and age of the razor clams, and thus the shells provide a record of the intensity and frequency of unsuccessful capture or retrieval attempts. Cleft formation also occurred seasonally with the deposition of a small cleft during June, but these annual clefts were much less pronounced than those caused by dredge damage.
Changes in the swimming behaviour of larval herring in response to two different prey densities
Authors: Gallego A. 
Published: October 2019

Laboratory-reared herring larvae adjusted several characteristics of their swimming behaviour to the presence of food in the experimental tank. When food density was low, as in the outer limits of a food patch in the sea, the larvae increased their turning frequency, an exploratory behaviour to locate the centre of the patch. At a higher prey concentration, such as in the centre of a food patch, the larvae crossed their previous swimming path more frequently, indicating a local search strategy aimed at foraging in the centre of the patch.The prey of actively foraging planktonic predators, such as fish larvae, is patchily distributed. The main factors governing the ability of the predators to encounter prey are the relative velocities of predator and prey, and the prey detection radius by the predator relative to the distance between prey items (Gerritsen & Strickler, 1977). The enhancement of encounter rate by turbulence through its effect on relative velocity has been widely discussed in the literature since Rothschild & Osborn's (1988) publication. However, an effective forager should be able to adjust its behaviour to optimize prey encounter by, for example, altering its position in the water column in relation to conditions of turbulence, or modifying its searching behaviour in response to spatial aggregation of prey. This latter aspect has received comparatively little attention. Different swimming modes have been described in herring (Clupea harengus L.) larvae and in larvae of many other fish species. Foraging larvae swim in a more linear path between food patches and follow a more complex track when a patch of prey is located.