bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Application of Sequencing Batch Treatment to an Industrial Wastewater
Authors: Décréon A. , Thérien N. , Jones J.P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A laboratory-scale study has demonstrated the technical feasibility of using a sequencing batch reactor to treat the wastewater from the manufacture of shampoo and other personal care products. The results demonstrate that good treatment (90% removal efficiency for organic substrate as measured by TOD) is possible at an organic loading below 0.70 kg TOD/kgVSS/day. Higher ratios provide some treatment but there may some risk of washing out the biomass when the organic loading exceeds 1.4 kg TOD/kg VSS/day. The effluent produced was suitable for discharge to a municipal sewage system or to a polishing pond but not for direct discharge to receiving waters.
The treatment was totally adequate when nutrients were kept in the ratio B0D5/N/P of 100/5/1. Results were obtained for a ratio of 100/2.5/0.5 and the system did not adequately remove organic material. The response to an inadequate supply of nutrients was very rapid and the production of biomass was severely affected. The effect of various ways of filling the reactor were investigated but no significant effect was found. Lower temperatures reduced the efficiency of the system.
Fulvic Acid Removal by Aluminum Salts in the Presence and Absence of a Nonionic Polymer
Authors: Evangelos Diamadopoulos , Woods Donald R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The removal of fulvic acid by means of aluminum salts and a nonionic polymer (nonionic polyacrylamide) was investigated in accordance with jar test procedures. Both aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate demonstrated similar efficiencies in removing fulvic acid from water. Removals after nitration were highest at the lowest pH studied (pH ~ 6) and depending on the aluminum dose, removals up to 10')% were observed. The settleability of the flocs, however, was very poor. Only for the highest Al done employed (0 5 v 10-3M) and for the AlCl3 case, removals higher than 80 percent after 20 minutes of settling were observed.
The presence of the polymer enhanced both the settleability of the flocs and the removals after filtration. The latter was attributed to the flocculation of the micro-colloidal particles that passed through the pores of the filter in the absence of the polymer.
Feasibility of Polysulfide Detoxification of Concentrated Waste-water
Authors: Takaoka P.T. , Ganczarczyk J.J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Collecting of concentrated cyanide solutions in electroplating shops is quite a common occurrence. These accumulations of 4.5 to 9.0 cu m volume, which may be collected over a period of years, are usually in the concentration range of 1 to 3 per cent cyanide and present considerable dangers as they are stored on-site or transported for treatment or disposal. Common technologies available for the treatment of cyanide-containing wastewaters are generally not applicable to concentrated cyanide solutions, and some special technologies which could be applicable, usually show high capital costs and/or complexity of operation which render them unsuitable for smaller plating shop practice.
In recent years, considerable work has been carried out to investigate a reaction of cyanide with polysulphide to form relatively innocuous thiocyanate. However, this reaction has been studied_only for cyanide solutions of low concentration (less than 100 mg/L CN-). This study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using the cyanide-polysulphide reaction to detoxify concentrated cyanide solutions (e.g. 2% CN-) and to investigate the initial kinetics of the cyanide-polysulphide reaction.
It was found that the cyanide-polysulphide reaction is moderately exothermic and proceeds very rapidly both at room temperature and at 3°C. This process was capable of reducing cyanide concentrations to non-detectable levels within two weeks at a cyanide-to-polysulphide-sulphur ratio of 1:2 by weight. It was also found that the initial reaction rate kinetics of the cyanide-polysulphide reaction in concentrated solutions differed significantly from previously reported values for solutions low in cyanide concentration and that high concentrations of polysulphides tended to suppress the reaction rate.
Nitrogen Removal from Anaerobically Treated Leachate
Authors: Prasad D. , Henry J.G. , Elefsiniotis P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Laboratory studies were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of diffused aeration for the removal of nitrogen by ammonia desorption from the effluent of an anaerobic filter treating leachate. The effects of pH, temperature and air flow on the process were studied. The coefficient of desorption of ammonia, Kd for the anaerobic filter effluent (TKN 75 mg/L with NH3-N 88%) was determined at pH values of 9 , 10 and 11, temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 30 and 35°C, and air flow rates of 50, 120 and 190 cm3/sec/L.
Results indicated that nitrogen removal by ammonia desorption from the effluent of anaerobic filters treating leachate was feasible. Removals exceeding 90% were obtained with 8 hours aeration at a pH of 10, a temperature of 20°C, and an air flow rate of 190 cm3/sec/L. Ammonia desorption coefficients, KD, determined at other temperatures and air flow rates can be used to predict ammonia removals for this leachate under various operating conditions.
Comparison of Fill-and-Draw Reactors for Treatment of Landfill Leachate
Authors: Raina Sanjay , Mavinic Donald S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of biologically treating a combined waste stream of landfill leachate and domestic sewage. Two different aerobic, reactor feeding modes were employed in a fill-and-draw treatment system: once-daily and twice-daily feed, in equal time intervals. The ratios of sewage: leachate used were 80:20 and 60:40, by volume, while operating solids retention times (SRT) were 5, 10 and 20 days. Liquid temperatures were 22°C, 8°C and 5°C, on average, for the three different temperature profiles.
Results indicated that successful biotreatment of combined leachate and domestic sewage is possible, with both low effluent COD and suspended solids achievable under certain types of operating conditions. For example, the once-a-day system performed most efficiently at a 10-day SRT and 22°C temperature, for all organic loadings investigated, while the twice-a-day system performed best at the 20-day SRT and the highest organic loading. On the basis of specific oxygen uptake rate values, the twice-a-day system was found to be more efficient and faster at utilizing the available substrate. However, liquid temperatures down to 5°C resulted in reduced treatment efficiency and produced significant changes in the sludge settling characteristics. In some cases, enhanced filamentous growth prevailed, leading to extensive sludge bulking, while in other circumstances, filamentous growth was totally absent and pin-point flocs predominated. The sludge settling problems encountered had a direct effect on effluent quality.
Pilot Scale Testing of a New Radium-226 Removal Process
Authors: Anderson W.B. , Huck P.M. , Meadley T.M.R. , Hynes T.P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper describes the on-going pilot scale development of a new treatment process designed to remove radium-226 from uranium milling effluents. Presently, decants from Canadian uranium mining and milling tailings areas are treated with barium chloride to remove radium-226 prior to discharge into the environment. This is usually accomplished in large natural or man-made ponds which provide an opportunity for a (Ba,Ra)SO4 precipitate to form and subsequently settle. Sand filtration is sometimes used as a polishing step. This new process differs from conventional and other experimental processes in that it involves the use of a fluidized bed to facilitate the deposition of a (Ba,Ra)SO4 precipitate on a granular medium of high surface area. As a stand-alone treatment process, the new process is consistently able to reduce incoming radium-226 activity levels by 90-99%. Effluent levels of 10 pCi/L (0.370 Bq/L) or less have been achieved, depending on the influent activity levels. Recent testing of the process as a polishing step has demonstrated radium removal efficiencies up to 60% when the process influent was already less than 5 pCi/L (0.185 Bq/L). The process has been operated at temperatures ranging from 26°C down to 0.3°C with no reduction in efficiency. In contrast to treatment times in the order of days for conventional settling pond systems and hours for mechanical stirred tank/filtration systems, the new process is able to achieve these radium removal efficiencies in times on the order of one minute.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Applied to Water Fractionation Studies - A New Look at DOC
Authors: Leppard Gary G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Research on the particle-mediated transport of “bound pollutants” tends to be conducted in the absence of a proper definition of particle and with a minimal consideration of colloidal phenomena. Recent developments in the use of transmission electron microscopy to monitor water fractionation schemes are providing a technology to correct this situation. This review summarizes the current status of the routine application of TEM in monitoring such schemes and in extending them into new areas of water research. It summarizes new findings on DOC relating to the extensive interpenetration of aggregated DOC “particles” with their aquatic milieu. Also, it relates colloidal phenomena to artifact generation in filter cascade schemes and in "particle-pollutant" interaction experiments. The usefulness of TEM in defining the ultrastructure of carbon-rich particulate materials and in elucidating colloid-particle interactions is demonstrated, as is the relevance of such measures to understanding pollutant dispersion.
Effect of Phosphorus Addition on Treatment Efficiency of a Lab Scale Anaerobic Filter, Treating Landfill Leachate
Authors: Muthukrishnan K. , Atwater J.W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Sanitary landfill leachate has been a source of environmental concern due to its high organic strength and chemical diversity. A number of lab-scale and pilot scale studies have indicated that the anaerobic filter is highly competitive with other forms of biological treatment and has distinct economic advantages. While there have been a number of studies based on a general overall approach to leachate treatment by the anaerobic filter, limited information is available on the role played by essential nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus in the biological treatment process.
Laboratory studies were conducted at room temperature (22 °C) to study the effect of nutrient addition (specifically, phosphorus, the deficient constituent of leachate) on treatment efficiency of landfill leachate by the upflow anaerobic filter. Two anaerobic filters (0.975 metres x 0.15 metres diameter) were constructed using plexiglass pipes and packed with strips of corrugated fibre-glass sheets in four layers to form the filter bed. Leachate collected from a nearby landfill was applied at moderate organic loadings (1.8-4.0 kg COD/m3/day) to the two units maintaining a HRT of 0.987 days.
Results indicate phosphorus addition may be made to organically diverse wastes such as landfill leachate with distinct advantages.
Ammonia Removal from a Landfill Leachate by Nitrification and Denitrification
Authors: Dedhar S. , Mavinic D.S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this research project was to study the biological treatability of a leachate from an “older” landfill, with specific regard to the removal of ammonia by nitrification and denitrification. A single sludge denitrification system with recycle was used. Leachate ammonia concentrations of up to 288 mg/L-N were reduced to less than 1 mg/L. The ammonia was removed by nitrification and bacterial uptake. Glucose was added to aid denitrification. The degree of denitrification was dependent on the glucose loading to the anoxic reactor. The influent leachate COD removal was 20%; however after the addition of glucose to the system, a mean COD removal of 74% was obtained. The four metals monitored, zinc, manganese, nickel and iron were removed by the biomass, but not to the same extent. At the metal concentrations observed, there was no inhibitory/toxic effect to the ammonia removal system employed.
Bacterial Formation of Humus-like Materials from Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Authors: Baxter R. M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A pseudomonad isolated from activated sludge produced a black humus-like material from a commercial PCB mixture, Aroclor 1221. A similar product was produced from a more highly chlorinated PCB, Arochlor 1242, in the presence of biphenyl. The meta-oxidation product from the bacterial metabolism of Aroclor 1242 reacted with catechol (1,2-diphenol), yielding a dark product similar to that produced by the metabolism of Arochlor 1221.
It is suggested that the reaction involves the oxidative co-polymerization of a meta-oxidation product derived from a 2,4’-substituted chlorobiphenyl with a diphenol derived from biphenyl.
The possible significance of such polymerization reactions in immobilizing PCB components in the environment is discussed.
Anaerobic/Aerobic Treatment of Municipal Landfill Leachate
Authors: Thirumurthi Dhandapani , Austin Thomas P. , Ramalingaiah  , Khakhria Sudhir 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Laboratory-model studies were conducted to develop design guidelines for treatment of high-strength leachate (23,000 mg COD/L, 17,500 mg BOD/L, 8,000 mg TOC/L, 1,000 mg Fe/L and 80 mg Zn/L) generated from a landfill site that serves the metropolitan area of Halifax, Canada. The selected processes included two treatment systems, I and II. System I consisted of an anaerobic fixed film reactor (AFFR1), the effluent from which was further treated by an aerated lagoon and a settling lagoon in parallel. System II consisted of a second AFFR, but was not followed by any other treatment.
The AFFR’s were upflow cylindrical tanks with plastic "Tellerette" rings which provided the fixed surface. This is the first known investigation which utilized the rings (patented by Pennwalt Corporation) that are manufactured as packing material in air pollution control devices. The pH-adjusted, settled and nutrient-supplemented leachate (pre-treatment step) was added to AFFR1, and AFFR2 to maintain organic loads of about 2 and 1.6 kg COD/day.m3, respectively. The two fixed film reactors were kept at 32 ± 1°C and the two lagoons at 20 ± 2°C.
The 12-week study showed that system Ia, consisting of pre-treatment, AFFR1, and aerated lagoon, resulted in the best performance; system Ib, (pre-treatment, AFFR1 and settling lagoon) generated the second best effluent, followed by System II, which produced an inferior effluent. System la resulted in greater than 99% removal of COD, BOD, TOC, Fe and Zn. System Ib removed between 98% and 99% of COD and TOC and more than 99% of BOD, Fe and Zn. System II (pre-treatment and AFFR2), however, could remove between 97% and 98% of COD and TOC, and in excess of 99% of BOD, Fe and Zn. Similar data for the remaining 36 parameters are also included. Biogas generated by the two AFFR’s ranged from about 0.4 to 0.57 m3 per kg of COD destroyed. Comparisons have been made between the performance potentials, capital and operating costs and energy requirements, of the Systems Ia, Ib and II.
Application of a Nonparametric Approach for Monitoring and Detecting Trends in Water Quality Data for the St
Authors: Cailas Michael D. , Cavadias George , Gehr Ronald 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
To overcome some of the restrictions due to the irregular structure of water quality data, a nonparametric approach has been developed based on Kendall’s T and a seasonal adjustment model, which enables one to test for the significance of trends as well as to monitor the trend variations with time. This methodology has been applied to water quality data for the St. Lawrence river obtained from Environment Canada and the municipality of Varennes. The results from the first source indicate that a positive trend is developing for conductivity and pH downstream from the Island of Montreal, whereas upstream from the Island pH is the only parameter indicating a positive trend. Data from the municipality of Varennes, due to their excellent quality, were used to verify the validity of the previous results as well as the reliability of the applied methodology. Analysis of the Varennes data with a parametric method indicated that a positive trend in pH is indeed evident. This finding will be of consequence for future studies to ascertain the effect on the river of the new Montreal Urban Community Sewage Treatment Plant.
Bottom Sediments and Morphology of the Upper St. Clair River
Authors: Rukavina Norman A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
New data on bottom sediments and bathymetry provide a more detailed picture of the physical character of the Upper St. Clair River Channel than was previously available. The data indicate that the channel has a complex erosional mid-section cut in glacial deposits and a steep inshore slope with a veneer of modern sediments. Deposits along the Canadian industrial shoreline consist of a thin wedge of nearshore sediment overlying a stiff glacial clay. Estimated volume of the deposit is 63000 m3; average texture is 63% sand, 32% gravel and 5% silt-clay. Tarry interstitial material occurs at or near the surface in shallow-water cores. Size data from surface samples show two strong modes - a sand mode which is consistent with either local derivation or bedload transport and a gravel mode which appears to be too coarse to be natural sediment and may represent fill.
Movement of Perchloroethylene in Flowing Water
Authors: Lau Y. Lam , Marsalek J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Observations of the movement of perchloroethylene (PERC) puddles and their interaction with moving sand waves are described. The dissolution rate of PERC in flowing water was measured. Calculations of probably characteristics of sand waves and dispersion from hypothetical point sources in the St. Clair River were made.
An Investigation of the Quantity, Quality and Sources of Groundwater Seepage into the St. Clair River near Sarnia, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Sklash Michael , Mason Sharon , Scott Suzanne , Pugsley Chris 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
We used seepage meters and minipiezometers to survey a 100 m by 7 km band of streambed of the St. Clair River near Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, to determine the quantity, quality, and sources of groundwater seepage into the river. The average observed seepage rate, 1.4 x 10−8 m3/s/m2, suggests higher than expected hydraulic conductivities and/or hydraulic gradients in the streambed. We found detectable levels of some organic contaminants in streambed groundwater samples from 1.0 and 1.5 m depths, however , concentrations did not exceed drinking water guidelines. Our isotopic and electrical conductivity data indicate that: (l) the streambed groundwater is not just river water, (2) groundwater from the “freshwater aquifer” at the base of the overburden Is not a significant component of the streambed groundwater, (3) some of the streambed groundwater is partially derived from a shallow groundwater flow system, and (4) an unidentified source of water with low tritium, river water-like δ18O, and very high electrical conductivity, contributes to the streambed groundwater.
Hydrocarbons in St. Clair River Sediments
Authors: Nagy E. , Carey J.H. , Hart J.H. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A survey of St. Clair River sediments at Sarnia, Ontario, showed that the highest concentrations of normal alkanes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons occurred in the vicinity of the petrochemical industrial area on the Canadian side of the river. The absence of an odd-carbon predominance in the alkanes, and the presence of several alkylated polyaromatics indicate a petroleum source for both classes of hydrocarbons. Both classes of compounds were present, at increased concentrations, in the lower sections of two shallow cores. The distribution of organics reflected the highly localized character of inputs, currents, and sediments.
Modelling the Pathways of Toxic Contaminants in the St. Clair-Detroit River System Using the Toxfate Model: The Fate of Perchloroethylene
Authors: Halfon Efraim 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Perchloroethylene (PERC) is a heavier-than-water, soluble and volatile solvent used primarily in the dry cleaning business. Black puddles (popularly known the the “blob”), containing several contaminants inducing PERC, were reported in the St. Clair River bottom sediments downstream from Sarnia in 1984 and in 1985. The TOXFATE model is used to predict the fate of PERC and the relative importance of volatilization in relation to water transport. Simulations show that in the St. Clair-Detroit River system about 82% (78-87%). under a variety of temperature and wind conditions) of the PERC loading is volatilized, about 17% (12-21%) of loading enters Lake Erie (more in winter, less in summer) and only about 1% remains in the system. The residence half life of PERC being transported in the water from Sarnia to Lake Erie is 350-400 hours and the half life of PERC being volatilized is 80-85 hours. A sensitivity analysis shows the importance of knowing the daily loadings to compute, in real time, local water concentrations following a PERC spill. The high water levels in the St. Clair River system do not influence the fate of PERC. Given the high volatility of PERC low temperatures and wind speeds do not reduce significantly the rate of removal of PERC from the system through volatilize nation.
Point Sources of Toxic Organics to the Upper St. Clair River
Authors: King Lawrence , Sherbin Griff 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A one-day effluent screening survey was conducted in the Sarnia area to characterize point sources and to determine possible sources of the so called "toxic blob" found on the bottom of the St. Clair River. Two of Dow Chemical's 1st Street sewers were shown to contain the same spectrum of compounds found in these perchloroethylene puddles and were the principle sources of perchloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, hexachlorobenzene, hexachloroethane and hexachlorobutadiene. Other effluents did not contain the same fingerprint or mixture of trace organics.
Additional sources of toxic organics were: the Polysar 72″ sewer, the Dow Chemical 3rd and 4th Street sewers and 1st Street 54″ sluice and the Township Ditch which drains industrial property and a number of waste disposal sites in the area. The Dow Chemical Landfill on Scott Rd. (periodic discharge) was a source of volatile organics, trichlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene and the chlorophenoxy acid 2,4-D. Esso Petroleum, Esso Chemical, the Sarnia WPCP and Suncor were minor sources of trace contaminants.
The impact of upstream discharges on near-shore water quality was evident at Suncor which is located downstream of the other point sources and which had the most contaminated intake water.