bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explorative Prospective Evaluation of Short-Term Subjective Effects of Hormonal Treatment in Trans People—Results from the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence
Authors: van Dijk Dennis , Dekker Marieke J.H.J. , Conemans Elfi B. , Wiepjes Chantal M. , de Goeij Eva G.M. , Overbeek Kasper A. , Fisher Alessandra D. , den Heijer Martin , T’Sjoen Guy 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Although many studies on the short- and long-term effects of hormonal treatment (HT) in trans people focus on objective changes such as body composition or bone density, few studies have evaluated self-reported effects of HT.

Aim
To evaluate self-reported symptoms during the first year of HT in trans people.

Methods
This study is part of the European Network for the Investigation of Gender Incongruence, a multicenter prospective cohort study. For this study, 205 trans women and 193 trans men from the gender clinics of Amsterdam, Ghent, and Florence, who were &gt;18 years of age and started hormonal treatment were included. Questionnaires, self-developed based on the Menopause Rating scale and clinical experiences, were completed, and changes in symptom scores were analyzed using linear mixed models.

Main Outcome Measures
Self-reported psycho vegetative symptoms, as well as physical, cognitive, emotional, sexual and genital complaints, and pain were evaluated at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months of HT using a 4-point Likert scale (no, mild, moderate, or severe complaints).

Results
In trans men, with a median age of 23, transient increases were reported in night sweats, weight gain, and clitoral pain. Persistent increases were reported for hot flashes, balding, voice instability, acne, and increase in sexual desire, whereas emotional instability, fear, and menses decreased. For trans women, with a median age of 29, hot flashes, night sweats, fatigue, weight gain, changes in olfactory sense, brittle nails, emotional instability, mood swings, and breast tenderness increased persistently during 12 months of HT, whereas a decrease was observed for balding and sexual desire. Sleeping difficulties decreased temporarily. No changes were observed in palpitations, dizziness, abdominal complaints, anxiety, panic attacks, cognition, and pain, except for clitoral and breast pain.

Clinical Implications
Knowledge on the occurrence of these self-reported, subjective effects and their course over time may help physicians informing trans people starting with and during HT.

Strengths & Limitations
This study was performed in a large cohort of trans people. The follow-up period was limited to 12 months.

Conclusion
Changes in self-reported symptoms were mentioned in all investigated areas, except cognition. Most symptoms were as expected and even desired, whereas others may be considered unpleasant by some trans people.
Anatomic and Functional Outcome Following Distal Shunt and Tunneling for Treatment İschemic Priapism: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Ortaç Mazhar , Çevik Gökhan , Akdere Hakan , Ermeç Bahadır , Kadıoğlu Ateş 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Background
Ischemic priapism (IP) is a urologic emergency that requires early intervention. The main aim of IP treatment is to relieve the cavernosal pressure and provide erectile function.

Aim
The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between preoperative risk factors (patient’s age, duration of priapism, preoperative erectile function) and postoperative erectile dysfunction (ED).

Methods
This retrospective study consisted of 25 patients diagnosed with refractory IP between 2009–2017. The diagnosis of IP was confirmed by medical history, physical examination, and cavernosal blood gas analysis. All of the patients underwent the T-shunt procedure ± tunneling after a failed initial intervention.

Results
The mean age at the time of the IP diagnosis was 46.84 years (range 23–77). The average follow-up time of the study population was 40.4 months (range 3–114), and the median time from the occurrence of IP to surgery was 58 hours (range 24–240). In all cases, rapid resolution of the erection was achieved with the T-shunt ± tunneling procedure. In 1 patient, priapism recurred after 12 hours. Postoperative ED was reported by 16 (84.21%) patients, with degrees of mild, mild to moderate, and severe in 6, 1, and 9 of these cases, respectively. During the follow-up, the mean International Index of Erectile Function–5 (IIEF-5) score was 12.68 (range 5–23). Only 3 (15.78%) patients achieved successful sexual intercourse without any treatment. 6 (31.5%) patients required the aid of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, and 1 (5.26%) patient required the aid of a vacuum erection device. The 9 (47.36%) patients with severe ED failed to respond to medical treatment and were considered candidates for a penile implant. According to Kendall’s tau-b correlation coefficient analysis, there was a positive correlation between the preoperative and postoperative IIEF-5 scores (P = .005), whereas the patient’s age and duration of priapism were negatively correlated with the postoperative IIEF-5 score (P = .016 and P = .046, respectively).

Clinical Implications
Treatment options of IP should be discussed with patients in terms of both preoperative erectile function and the duration of priapism.

Strengths & Limitations
The small sample size and retrospective nature of this study were the main limitations.

Conclusions
Despite high success and low complication rates of T-shunt surgery, the rate of undisturbed erectile function is only 14.6%. The patient’s age, the existence of preoperative ED, and the duration of priapism are associated with postoperative IIEF-5 scores.
Effect of scramjet inlet vortices on fuel plume elongation and mixing rate
Authors: Llobet J. R. , Gollan R. J. , Jahn I. H. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTHypersonic air-breathing propulsion can improve cost and flexibility of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite launch missions. However, at the high flight Mach numbers required for access-to-space, performance margins are extremely tight. Techniques to improve mixing efficiency can push this technology forward. However, these are required to produce a minimal increase in losses and heat loads to be viable. The use of inlet-generated vortices in scramjets for mixing enhancement was previously studied. These vortices interact with the injected fuel plume, stretching it and increasing its effective surface for mixing. Moreover, these vortices are intrinsic to the flowfield. Therefore, contrary to other methods, when using inlet vortices mixing is enhanced without producing additional heat loads or losses. This work studies the vortex-injection interaction through numerical RANS simulations. A non-dimensional variable defining the quality of the plume shape for mixing purposes is proposed. This parameter is used to assess the effect of vortex intensity and injector location on fuel plume shape. The results show the ability of inlet vortices to modify fuel plume shape significantly increasing fuel mixing rate with minimal impact on losses.
The neglected victims: what (little) we know about child survivors of domestic homicide
Authors: Mertin Peter 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe murder of a child’s mother in the context of domestic violence is a traumatic experience which results in multiple stresses affecting the child’s emotional, behavioural and educational functioning. In effect, children lose both parents – their mother as victim and their father in jail or also dead from a murder-suicide – as well as their home, neighbourhood and school as they are relocated, either with extended family members or placed into foster care. In addition, extended family members must cope with their own grief and anger as they attempt to parent these troubled children. Evidence from the papers reviewed indicate that there are no guidelines for determining who is best placed for caring for the children and for providing the safety and stability necessary for recovery, nor for ensuring the provision of therapeutic support for child survivors and their families. There is also evidence to indicate that, left untreated, effects can become long-lasting and carry on into adulthood. Policy implications are considered with a focus on multi-agency family-centred advocacy approaches.
Analysis of multisite intervention studies using generalized linear mixed models
Authors: White Nicole M. , Barnett Adrian G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMultisite intervention studies have become increasingly common in infection control, for example, looking for a change in hospital infection rates after a regional policy change. The design of these studies can take various forms, from pre–post observational studies to randomized trials, in which sites are randomly assigned to the intervention or in which the intervention is sequentially introduced to different sites over time. Data collected under these settings are clustered by hospital and/or ward, consist of repeated measurements and, in some cases, exhibit temporal and/or seasonal patterns. Failure to account for these features in data analysis could well result in biased estimates of intervention effectiveness and impact on the generalizability of model results.
Length of stay and odds of MRSA acquisition: a dose–response relationship?
Authors: Loke H. Y. , Kyaw W. M. , Chen M. I. C. , Lim J. W. , Ang B. , Chow A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The association between methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonisation and/or infection with increased morbidity and mortality among hospital patients has long been recognised. We sought to build on previous studies to identify modifiable risk factors associated with the acquisition of MRSA colonisation and infection by conducting a retrospective cohort study on patients admitted through the Emergency Department of an acute tertiary-care general hospital in Singapore which implemented universal on-admission MRSA screening. Patients were assigned to the acquisition or non-acquisition group depending on whether they acquired MRSA during their admission. We used logistic regression models with a patient being in the acquisition group as the binary outcome to identify factors associated with MRSA acquisition. A total of 1302 acquisition and 37 949 non-acquisition group patients were analysed. Fifteen variables were included in the multivariate model. A dose–response relationship between length of stay and odds of MRSA acquisition was observed, with a length of stay 3 weeks or more (Adj OR 11.78–57.36, all P < 0.001) being the single biggest predictor of MRSA acquisition. Other variables significantly associated with MRSA acquisition were: male gender, age 65 or greater, previous MRSA colonisation or infection, exposure to certain antibiotics and surgery, and history of diabetes.
Congenital absence of coronary ostia in a single/common coronary system
Authors: Wein Courtney E. , Weinberg Paul M. , Guleserian Kristine J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCoronary ostial atresia seen with pulmonary atresia and coronary-cameral fistulae or, more rarely, in isolation manifested as left main coronary artery atresia, is well described. We describe the clinical course and post-mortem findings in a neonate who suffered a fatal cardiac arrest and was found to have congenital absence of both coronary ostia in a single/common coronary system.
Cross-sectoral pollution externalities and multiple equilibria
Authors: Karp Larry , Paul Thierry 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn familiar models, a decrease in the friction facing mobile factors (e.g., lowering their adjustment costs) increases a coordination problem, leading to more circumstances where there are multiple equilibria. We show that a decrease in friction can decrease coordination problems when a production externality arises from a changing stock, e.g. of pollution or knowledge. In general, the relation between the amount of friction that mobile factors face and the likelihood of multiple equilibria is non-monotonic.
Arctic Ocean Freshwater Dynamics: Transient Response to Increasing River Runoff and Precipitation
Authors: Brown Nicola Jane , Nilsson Johan , Pemberton Per 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSimulations from a coupled ice‐ocean general circulation model are used to assess the effects on Arctic Ocean freshwater storage of changes in freshwater input through river runoff and precipitation. We employ the climate response function framework to examine responses of freshwater content to abrupt changes in freshwater input. To the lowest order, the response of ocean freshwater content is linear, with an adjustment time scale of approximately 10 years, indicating that anomalies in Arctic Ocean freshwater export are proportional to anomalies in freshwater content. However, the details of the transient response of the ocean depend on the source of freshwater input. An increase in river runoff results in a fairly smooth response in freshwater storage consistent with an essentially linear relation between total freshwater content and discharge of excess freshwater through the main export straits. However, the response to a change in precipitation is subject to greater complexity, which can be explained by the localized formation and subsequent export of salinity anomalies which introduce additional response time scales. The results presented here suggest that future increases in Arctic Ocean freshwater input in the form of precipitation are more likely to be associated with variability in the storage and release of excess freshwater than are increases in freshwater input from river runoff.
Global Patterns in Net Primary Production Allocation Regulated by Environmental Conditions and Forest Stand Age: A Model‐Data Comparison
Authors: Xia Jiangzhou , Yuan Wenping , Lienert Sebastian , Joos Fortunat , Ciais Philippe , Viovy Nicolas , Wang Ying‐ping , Wang Xufeng , Zhang Haicheng , Chen Yang , Tian Xiangjun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe allocation of net primary production (NPP) to different plant structures, such as leaves, wood, and fine roots, plays an important role in the terrestrial carbon cycle. However, the biogeographical patterns of NPP allocation are not well understood. We constructed a global database of forest NPP to investigate the observed spatial patterns of forest NPP allocation, as influenced by environmental drivers and forest stand age. We then examined whether dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) could capture these allocation patterns. The NPP allocation response to variations in temperature or precipitation was often opposite in leaves and fine roots, a finding consistent with the functional balance theory for allocation. The observed allocation to fine roots decreased with increasing temperature and precipitation. The observed allocation to wood and leaves decreased with forest stand age. The simulated allocation with five DGVMs was compared with the observations. The five models captured the spatial gradient of lower allocation to fine roots with increasing temperature and precipitation but did not capture coincident gradients in allocation to wood and leaves. None of the five models adequately represented the changes in allocation with forest stand age. Specifically, the models did not reproduce the decrease in allocation to wood and leaves and the increase in allocation to fine roots with increasing forest stand age. An accurate simulation of NPP allocation requires more realistic representation of multiple processes that are closely related to allocation. The NPP allocation database can be used to develop DGVMs.
Relationships Between Methane and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes in a Temperate Cattail‐Dominated Freshwater Wetland
Authors: Villa Jorge A. , Ju Yang , Vines Chante , Rey‐Sanchez Camilo , Morin Timothy H. , Wrighton Kelly C. , Bohrer Gil 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWetlands are the most important natural source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere, and there is still considerable uncertainty of CH4 flux and net carbon budgets of wetlands. This uncertainty is due in part to the complex role of wetland vegetation in controlling methane production, oxidation and transport, which challenge the modeling and forecast of CH4 fluxes. We combined CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes measured by the eddy covariance technique during two consecutive growing seasons with continuous measurements of water levels and water temperature in a Typha angustifolia L patch of a temperate wetland. We seek to evaluate the role of vegetation in CH4 flux processes. To this end, we determined the relationship between CH4 and CO2 fluxes, directly and indirectly linked to plant activity. Our results indicated significant but opposing relationships between CH4 and CO2 fluxes during the daytime and nighttime. Consequently, when analyzed on a diel timescale, this relationship was not significant. Both CH4 and CO2 fluxes were highly dependent on environmental drivers, and thus, the correlations observed at both the nighttime and daytime were likely the result of a shared response to environmental variables. Focusing on water temperature (the most commonly observed environmental variable in wetlands) and water level (the most commonly controlled one) as operational control variables for wetlands, we identified “hot” condition combinations when CH4 flux and net ecosystem CO2 uptake are maximized at half hourly and diel scales.
Satellite Observations of the Recovery of Forests and Grasslands in Western China
Authors: Gang Chengcheng , Gao Xuerui , Peng Shouzhang , Chen Mingxun , Guo Liang , Jin Jingwei 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe “Grain for Green” Program (GGP), which combats and reverses the landscape‐scale habitat degradation by converting agricultural lands to forests and grasslands, was launched in 1999 in western China. An assessment of the extent to which the GGP has altered the vegetation cover and ecological functions in these regions is much needed. The present study initially analyzed land use and cover change of forests and grasslands over western China between 2000 and 2015. A variety of satellite‐based ecological indicators, including net primary productivity, normalized difference vegetation index, leaf area index, carbon use efficiency, and water use efficiency, were used to reflect the biophysical consequences of the GGP in western China. Results indicated that the spatial extent of forests and grasslands increased by 13.97 × 103 and 11.13 × 103 km2, respectively, which were mainly converted from deserts and croplands. The ecosystem functions of forests and grasslands showed an asymmetric response in northwestern and southwestern China. The normalized difference vegetation index and water use efficiency of forests, as well as the net primary productivity and water use efficiency of grasslands, increased significantly over this period. The GGP also has led to an increase in leaf area index and carbon use efficiency of forests and grasslands. The Loess Plateau and the Three Rivers Source area represent the most effectively recovered regions in western China. Rising precipitation rates have contributed to vegetation recovery to some extent, especially in northwestern China, whereas the GGP was the prominent reason for the improvement of ecosystem functions across the entire region of western China.
Microbial transformation of virus-induced dissolved organic matter from picocyanobacteria: coupling of bacterial diversity and DOM chemodiversity
Authors: Zhao Zhao , Gonsior Michael , Schmitt-Kopplin Philippe , Zhan Yuanchao , Zhang Rui , Jiao Nianzhi , Chen Feng 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Picocyanobacteria make up half of the ocean’s primary production, and they are subjected to frequent viral infection. Viral lysis of picocyanobacteria is a major driving force converting biologically fixed carbon into dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Viral-induced dissolved organic matter (vDOM) released from picocyanobacteria provides complex organic matter to bacterioplankton in the marine ecosystem. In order to understand how picocyanobacterial vDOM are transformed by bacteria and the impact of this process on bacterial community structure, viral lysate of picocyanobacteria was incubated with coastal seawater for 90 days. The transformation of vDOM was analyzed by ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and the shift of bacterial populations analyzed using high-throughput sequencing technology. Addition of picocyanobacterial vDOM introduced abundant nitrogen components into the coastal water, which were largely degraded during the 90 days’ incubation period. However, some DOM signatures were accumulated and the total assigned formulae number increased over time. In contrast to the control (no addition of vDOM), bacterial community enriched with vDOM changed markedly with increased biodiversity indices. The network analysis showed that key bacterial species formed complex relationship with vDOM components, suggesting the potential correspondence between bacterial populations and DOM molecules. We demonstrate that coastal bacterioplankton are able to quickly utilize and transform lysis products of picocyanobacteria, meanwhile, bacterial community varies with changing chemodiverisity of DOM. vDOM released from picocyanobacteria generated a complex labile DOM pool, which was converted to a rather stable DOM pool after microbial processing in the time frame of days to weeks.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria and methanogens are involved in arsenic methylation and demethylation in paddy soils
Authors: Chen Chuan , Li Lingyan , Huang Ke , Zhang Jun , Xie Wan-Ying , Lu Yahai , Dong Xiuzhu , Zhao Fang-Jie 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Microbial arsenic (As) methylation and demethylation are important components of the As biogeochemical cycle. Arsenic methylation is enhanced under flooded conditions in paddy soils, producing mainly phytotoxic dimethylarsenate (DMAs) that can cause rice straighthead disease, a physiological disorder occurring widely in some rice growing regions. The key microbial groups responsible for As methylation and demethylation in paddy soils are unknown. Three paddy soils were incubated under flooded conditions. DMAs initially accumulated in the soil porewater, followed by a rapid disappearance coinciding with the production of methane. The soil from a rice straighthead disease paddy field produced a much larger amount of DMAs than the other two soils. Using metabolic inhibition, quantification of functional gene transcripts, microbial enrichment cultures and 13C-labeled DMAs, we show that sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and methanogenic archaea are involved in As methylation and demethylation, respectively, controlling the dynamics of DMAs in paddy soils. We present a model of As biogeochemical cycle in paddy soils, linking the dynamics of changing soil redox potential with arsenite mobilization, arsenite methylation and subsequent demethylation driven by different microbial groups. The model provides a basis for controlling DMAs accumulation and incidence of straighthead disease in rice.