bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical studies of photovoltaic properties of five new silol dithiophene based D2‐A‐D1‐A‐D2 donors
Authors: Xiang Yunjie , Peng Suoping , Zheng Shaohui 
Published: August 2019

AbstractOrganic solar cell of silol dithiophene based D2‐A‐D1‐A‐D2/PC71BM (D: donor part; A: acceptor part; 1 and 2 denote different units) possesses promising power conversion efficiency. Researchers have studied D2‐A‐D1‐A‐D2 molecules carefully, including the effects of the different number of terminal thiophenes, the different central moiety (D1), and the length of the alkyl chain. However, there are few investigations, especially theoretical studies, on the influences of different A (acceptor) units on the properties of D2‐A‐D1‐A‐D2 molecule. In the present work, we have designed and modeled five new D2‐A‐D1‐A‐D2 (D2 = bithiophene and D1 = silol dithiophene) donors by changing A units (A = diketopyrrolopyrrole, naphtho[1,2‐c:5,6‐c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole, 5‐fluoro‐2,1,3‐benzoselenadiazole, benzobisthiadiazole, and thiazolo[5,4‐d]thiazole). We have applied density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT to predict their ground‐state electronic structures and the UV–vis spectra, and the open circuit voltages (Vocs) of organic solar cells of D2‐A‐D1‐A‐D2/PC71BM. Based on the calculated results, we find that bithiophene thiazolo[5,4‐d]thiazole siloldithiophene (BTTS) (D2 = bithiophene, A = thiazolo[5,4‐d]thiazole, D1 = silol dithiophene) possesses the highest lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (−2.60 eV) and the lowest highest occupied molecular orbital (−5.33 eV) energies, and the strongest absorption in the visible region. Besides, the solar cell of BTTS/PC71BM has the highest Voc of 1.02 V. These results indicate that it may be a promising donor. In contrast, bithiophene benzobisthiadiazole siloldithiophene (BBBS) (A = benzobisthiadiazole) has low absorption strength in the visible region, which indicates that it may not be a suitable donor material.
Analysing the factors affecting the incorporation of sustainable development into European Higher Education Institutions' curricula
Authors: Lozano Rodrigo , Barreiro‐Gen Maria 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThere has been an increase in sustainable development (SD) integration into Higher Education Institutions' (HEIs) curricula. Several tools have been developed to assess SD in HEIs; however, only a few have focussed on curricula assessment, such as the “Sustainability Tool for Assessing UNiversities' Curricula Holistically.” Curricula assessment can provide an overview on how courses and programmes incorporate SD. This paper analyses the factors affecting the incorporation of SD in curricula using a survey sent to a database of 4,099 European contacts, with a response rate of 9.85%. The responses were analysed using descriptive statistics, t test, ANOVA, and correlations. The analyses showed that (a) teaching in European courses covers many issues of sustainability in a fairly good balance, with the exception of social issues that are the least addressed; (b) there are correlations between the economic, environmental, social, and cross‐cutting themes; (c) females tend to teach SD in a more balanced way than men; (d) the HEIs types have no influence on how SD is being taught, but the education level has; and (e) some countries, in the case of this research, Italy and Spain, may show more interest, yet the average results tended to be lower than those others, in this research, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Curricula assessment provides a diagnostic of SD incorporation and the factors that affect it. This can help educators improve their courses and provide students with better SD skills and insights.
Simple Determination of Silver Nanoparticles Concentration as Ag+ by Using ISE as Potential Alternative to ICP Optical Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Gasbarri Carla , Ruggieri Fabrizio , Foschi Martina , Aceto Antonio , Scotti Luca , Angelini Guido 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) is a high resolution spectroscopic technique based on the emission intensity at specific wavelengths of a given element within the sample to obtain both qualitative and quantitative information about ions concentration in aqueous solution. The concentration of Ag+ in aqueous solution from negatively charged silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been determined by ion selective electrode (ISE) analysis at room temperature. The tested AgNPs solutions have been electrochemically prepared without using any coating agent. The obtained data have been compared to those obtained from the same samples by using ICP‐OES. The good correlation between the two techniques highlights that ISE could be successfully applied as valid alternative to ICP‐OES to determine the silver ion concentration in the investigated conditions. High level of reproducibility, accurate measurements and affordability represent the main advantages of the method described herein.
Delta Challenges and Trade-Offs from the Holocene to the Anthropocene
Authors: Nicholls Robert J. , Adger W. Neil , Hutton Craig W. , Hanson Susan E. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDeltas are microcosms of the global dilemmas of living sustainably within environmental systems that affect human life and well-being. Deltas have become increasingly human-dominated systems over the past century, reflecting a range of changes at global, catchment and delta scales. An integrated perspective of deltas as multiple interacting systems highlights the real potential for indirect and unintended consequences of human action at one scale to cascade through other sectors spatially and temporally. This chapter reviews Anthropocene trends and highlights how integrated scientific assessment in three illustrative deltas, the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna, the Mahanadi and the Volta, illuminates Anthropocene challenges and trade-offs. Modelling and observations of biophysical and social processes including migration and economic dynamics, and direct analysis of adaptation, demonstrate where these challenges have potentially sustainable solutions.
Delta Economics and Sustainability
Authors: Arto Iñaki , Cazcarro Ignacio , Markandya Anil , Hazra Somnath , Bhattacharya Rabindra N. , Adjei Prince Osei-Wusu 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEnvironmental change constitutes a risk to the sustainability of economic activities, within deltas and the wider regions and economies within which they sit. Slow acting environmental change and shocks from extreme events can affect economic activities. Using multiregional input-output tables, extended to include environmental dimensions and combined with Computable General Equilibrium models, flows of economic activities and ecosystem services across supply chains are assessed. Results show that climate change has the potential to significantly reduce GDP per capita between 9 and 19.5% in the deltas considered through impacts on infrastructures, agriculture and fisheries. Identifying the cause and nature of economic change using such analysis supports development and implementation of policy options to reduce economic vulnerability and promote sustainability.
What Is Beautiful Continues to Be Good
Authors: Matsangidou Maria , Otterbacher Jahna 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Image recognition algorithms that automatically tag or moderate content are crucial in many applications but are increasingly opaque. Given transparency concerns, we focus on understanding how algorithms tag people images and their inferences on attractiveness. Theoretically, attractiveness has an evolutionary basis, guiding mating behaviors, although it also drives social behaviors. We test image-tagging APIs as to whether they encode biases surrounding attractiveness. We use the Chicago Face Database, containing images of diverse individuals, along with subjective norming data and objective facial measurements. The algorithms encode biases surrounding attractiveness, perpetuating the stereotype that “what is beautiful is good.” Furthermore, women are often misinterpreted as men. We discuss the algorithms’ reductionist nature, and their potential to infringe on users’ autonomy and well-being, as well as the ethical and legal considerations for developers. Future services should monitor algorithms’ behaviors given their prevalence in the information ecosystem and influence on media.
Using Variant Selection to Facilitate Accurate Fitting of γ″ Peaks in Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Zhang R. Y. , Qin H. L. , Bi Z. N. , Li J. , Paul S. , Lee T. L. , Nenchev B. , Zhang J. , Kabra S. , Kelleher J. F. , Dong H. B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

γ″ diffraction peaks are hard to discern in neutron/X-ray diffraction patterns, hindering studies on the γ″-strengthened superalloys using in-situ diffraction. In this study, we propose a variant selection method to increase the intensity of γ″ peaks and to facilitate accurate fitting. The specific variants of γ″ are controlled by applying a 300 MPa tensile stress during aging at 790 °C for 5 hours. The interaction energy between the applied stress and the transformation strain of each γ″ variant differs, leading to an increase in the amount of the variants with a greater energy reduction at the expense of other variants. The enhanced variants result in greater γ″ peak intensities in neutron diffraction patterns, allowing both the Pawley refinement and single peak fitting to be performed. Lattice parameters of γ″ and γ phases, and lattice misfit between the two phases and volume fraction of γ″ are acquired. The uncertainties associated with the fitting maintain an acceptable level corresponding to 150 microstrains. The proposed variant selection method shows potential for studying the role of γ″ phase in Ni-base superalloys.
Sexual Functioning in Men With and Without Disabilities: Findings From a Representative Sample of Australian Men
Authors: Bollier Anne-Marie , King Tania , Shakespeare Tom , Hocking Jane , Kavanagh Anne 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionStudies on sexual function in men with disabilities have mainly relied on clinical samples; population-based evidence on this topic is limited.AimThe aim of this study was to compare aspects of sexual function between disabled and nondisabled men using a representative sample.MethodsWe used data from Ten to Men, a national cohort study of Australian men aged 18−55 years. We first compared the prevalence of 15 sexual function-related difficulties in disabled vs non-disabled men. Next, we used Poisson regression to examine associations between disability and sexual function. The main analytic sample had 8,496 men. Weights and adjustments appropriate to the sampling methodology were applied. Models adjusted for potential confounders. Results were reported as prevalence ratios (PRs). P values of &lt; .05 were considered statistically significant.Main Outcome MeasureOutcomes were 15 individual items from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles-Sexual Function, a validated measure of sexual function with items in 3 domains: physio-psychological aspect; relational aspect; and global self-rating (the 16th item on help-seeking was excluded). These were coded as binary variables denoting past-year sexual problems.ResultsDisabled men had higher prevalence of all outcomes than nondisabled men. 25.6% of men with disabilities and 15.1% of nondisabled men experienced at least 2 of 15 difficulties. The most prevalent problems were “orgasmed too early” (43.8% of disabled men, 37.1% of nondisabled men), imbalance of sexual desire between partners (47.6% of disabled men, 39.2% of nondisabled men), and overall sexual dissatisfaction (39.4% of disabled men, 26.7% of nondisabled men). All adjusted PRs were &gt; 1.00 for disability; associations were statistically significant except “partner experienced sexual difficulties” (PR = 1.23; 95% CI = 0.99−1.53; P = .058) and “orgasmed too early” (PR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.00−1.35; P = .050). “Presence of discomfort/pain” had the largest adjusted PR for disability (PR = 2.77; 95% CI = 1.89−4.06; P &lt; .001).Clinical ImplicationThis population-based analysis on the relationship between disability and sexual function contextualizes evidence from clinical studies. Findings suggest that disparities between men with and without disability exist but are not uniform across different aspects of sexual function.Strengths & LimitationsTwo major strengths of this study are that the sample included a nondisabled reference group and results are generalizable to Australian men. A key limitation is that disability and sexual function measures are self-reported.ConclusionThis study provides a broad foundation of population-based evidence about sexual function in men with disabilities, relative to men without, showing positive associations between disability and 13 of 15 sexual difficulties.
A new hybrid control methodology for a morphing aircraft wing-tip actuation mechanism
Authors: Kammegne M. J. Tchatchueng , Botez R. M. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTThe focus of this paper is on the modelling of miniature electromechanical actuators used in a morphing wing application, on the development of a control concept for these actuators, and on the experimental validation of the designed control system integrated in the morphing wing-tip model for a real aircraft. The assembled actuator includes as its main component a brushless direct current motor coupled to a trapezoidal screw by using a gearing system. A Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) is attached on each actuator giving back the actuator position in millimetres for the control system, while an encoder placed inside the motor provides the position of the motor shaft. Two actuation lines, each with two actuators, are integrated inside the wing model to change its shape. For the experimental model, a full-scaled portion of an aircraft wing tip is used with the chord length of 1.5 meters and equipped on the upper surface with a flexible skin made of composite fibre materials. A controllable voltage provided by a power amplifier is used to drive the actuator system. In this way, three control loops are designed and implemented, one to control the torque and the other two to control the position in a parallel architecture. The parallel position control loops use feedback signals from different sources. For the first position control loop, the feedback signal is provided by the integrated encoder, while for the second one, the feedback signal comes from the LVDT. For the experimental model, the parameters for the torque control, but also for the position control-based encoder signal, are implemented in the power amplifier energising the electrical motor. On the other hand, a National Instruments real-time system is used to implement and test the position control-based LVDT signal. The experimental validation of the developed control system is realised in two independent steps: bench testing with no airflow and wind-tunnel testing. The pressure data provided by a number of Kulite sensors equipping the flexible skin upper surface and the infrared thermography camera visualisations are used to estimate the laminar-to-turbulent transition point position.
A methodology for preliminary sizing of a Thermal and Energy Management System for a hypersonic vehicle
Authors: Fusaro R. , Ferretto D. , Viola N. , Villace V. Fernandez , Steelant J. 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses a methodology to parametrically size thermal control subsystems for high-speed transportation systems during the conceptual design phase. This methodology should be sufficiently general to be exploited for the derivation of Estimation Relationships (ERs) for geometrically sizing characteristics as well as mass, volume and power budgets both for active (turbopumps, turbines and compressors) and passive components (heat exchangers, tanks and pipes). Following this approach, ad-hoc semi-empirical models relating the geometrical sizing, mass, volume and power features of each component to the operating conditions have been derived. As a specific case, a semi-empirical parametric model for turbopumps sizing is derived. In addition, the Thermal and Energy Management Subsystem (TEMS) for the LAPCAT MR2 vehicle is used as an example of a highly integrated multifunctional subsystem. The TEMS is based on the exploitation of liquid hydrogen boil-off in the cryogenic tanks generated by the heat load penetrating the aeroshell throughout the point-to-point hypersonic mission. Eventually, specific comments about the results will be provided together with suggestions for future improvements.
Facilitating translational team science: The project leader model
Authors: Sutton Lynn , Berdan Lisa G. , Bolte Jean , Califf Robert M. , Ginsburg Geoffrey S. , Li Jennifer S. , McCall Jonathan , Moen Rebbecca , Myers Barry S. , Rodriquez Vonda , Veldman Tim , Boulware L. Ebony 
Published: August 2019

AbstractProject management expertise is employed across many professional sectors, including clinical research organizations, to ensure that efforts undertaken by the organization are completed on time and according to specifications and are capable of achieving the needed impact. Increasingly, project leaders (PLs) who possess this expertise are being employed in academic settings to support clinical and preclinical translational research team science. Duke University’s clinical and translational science enterprise has been an early adopter of project management to support clinical and preclinical programs. We review the history and evolution of project management and the PL role at Duke, examine case studies that illustrate their growing value to our academic research environment, and address challenges and solutions to employing project management in academia. Furthermore, we describe the critical role project leadership plays in accelerating and increasing the success of translational team science and team approaches frequently required for systems biology and “big data” scientific studies. Finally, we discuss perspectives from Duke project leadership professionals regarding the training needs and requirements for PLs working in academic clinical and translational science research settings.
Imagination Cannot Justify Empirical Belief
Authors: Egeland Jonathan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA standard view in the epistemology of imagination is that imaginings can either provide justification for modal beliefs about what is possible (and perhaps counterfactual conditionals too), or no justification at all. However, in a couple of recent articles, Kind (2016; Forthcoming) argues that imaginings can justify empirical belief about what the world actually is like. In this article, I respond to her argument, showing that imagination doesn't provide the right sort of information to justify empirical belief. Nevertheless, it can help us take advantage of justification that we already have, thereby enabling us to form newdoxasticallyjustified beliefs. More specifically, according to the view I advocate, imagination can contribute to one's satisfaction of the proper basing condition – which turns propositional justification into doxastic justification – but without conferring any new justification that the subject isn't already in possession of upon their beliefs. Very little attention has been devoted to the distinction between propositional and doxastic justification in the literature on imagination, and the view I here argue for takes up a yet-to-be occupied position.
The Legacy of a Revolution that Never Happened: The Post-War Politics of Former Rebel Party RUFP in Sierra Leone
Authors: Söderberg Kovacs Mimmi 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe former rebel party Revolutionary United Front Party (RUFP) in Sierra Leone has struggled with a discredited wartime reputation and electoral defeats throughout the post-war period. In spite of this, the party has remained loyal to its wartime revolutionary ideas, symbols and political rhetoric. Why is this the case? In this article, I argue that the answer lies in the premises of party politics in war-torn states and new democracies on the African continent. In a political landscape where brokerage is power, retaining wartime identities can sometimes serve as a valuable source of (potential) patronage. With few other options for access to resources and opportunities, the core of the party membership has clung to its past as a means to both rally electoral support among the marginalized ex-combatant community and to get access to the long-awaited funds that were promised to them in the peace negotiations.
Recent ice dynamics and mass balance of Jorge Montt Glacier, Southern Patagonia Icefield
Authors: Bown Francisca , Rivera Andrés , Pętlicki Michał , Bravo Claudio , Oberreuter Jonathan , Moffat Carlos 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Southern Patagonia Icefield (SPI) withdrawal in recent decades shows contrasting behaviours between adjacent basins. One of the basins with highest volumetric losses is located at northernmost SPI. We refer to Jorge Montt tidewater glacier (48°30′S/73°30′W, 445 km2in 2018), which retreated 2.7 km between 2011 and 2018 and thinned at rates of up to 21 m a−1over this period. Based on the retreat record, remote-sensing imagery, field data, a mass-balance model and a calving parameterisation, we attempted to differentiate climatic-induced changes (i.e. surface mass balance) and dynamic responses (i.e. calving fluxes). The surface mass balance reached −4.15 km3w.e. a−1between 2012 and 2017. When frontal ablation is included, the net mass balance is −17.79 km3w.e. a−1. This represents a change of trend compared with modelling estimations of positive surface mass balance prior to 2010. This shift is attributed to higher ablation rates given that accumulation is known to have increased between 1980 and 2015. The available evidence, therefore, indicates that frontal ablation is the main factor, supported by observed rates at Jorge Montt as high as 3.81 km3w.e. a−1in 2015, with ice velocities peaking at 11 km a−1.
Tricarina gadvanensisis an isopod: reinterpretation of an alleged lobster from the Lower Cretaceous of Iran
Authors: Hyžný Matúš , Audo Denis , Feldmann Rodney M. , Schweigert Guenter 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAn incomplete arthropod fossil,Tricarina gadvanensisFeldmann et al., 2007, from the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian–Aptian) of Iran, originally interpreted as a lobster (Malacostraca, Eucarida, Decapoda), is reinterpreted herein as a representative of a seroloid isopod crustacean (Malacostraca, Peracarida, Isopoda). The body orientation of the fossil is reversed, and the alleged cephalothoracic shield is reinterpreted as being the pleotelson.Tricarina gadvanensis, with its unique configuration of pleonite fusion (pleonites 1–4 are free, whereas pleonite 5, with still visible epimera, is fused with the pleotelson), is suggested to represent a close relative of Serolidae. The preservation ofT. gadvanensisin deepwater shales speaks for conservativeness in environmental preferences of seroloid isopods for at least 125 million years.
Voter Equalization and Turnout Bias After Electoral Reform: Evidence from Chile’s Voluntary Voting Law
Authors: Brieba Daniel , Bunker Kenneth 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTIt has normally been argued that because compulsory voting systems present higher turnout rates relative to voluntary voting systems, they do not generate as many biases between different groups of voters. This article qualifies that view. It argues that in cases in which compulsory voting does not ensure near-universal participation, there is no certainty that switching to voluntary voting will increase inequalities. This issue is examined by looking at Chile, a democracy that moved from compulsory voting to voluntary voting in 2012. The research finds that while the reform generated class bias in urban districts, it also substantially reduced age bias and, in national elections, equalized participation between small and large districts. The conclusion is that abandoning compulsory voting does not necessarily increase turnout biases, since much depends on the structure of preexisting biases and how these are conditioned by particular electoral institutions.