bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Cloud Optical Property Retrievals for Partly Cloudy Pixels Using Coincident Higher‐Resolution Single Band Measurements: A Feasibility Study Using ASTER Observations
Authors: Werner F. , Zhang Z. , Wind G. , Miller D. J. , Platnick S. , Di Girolamo L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractClear‐sky contamination is a challenging and long‐lasting problem for cloud optical thickness (τ) and effective droplet radius (reff) retrievals using passive satellite sensors. This study explores the feasibility of improving both τ and reff retrievals for partly cloudy (PCL) pixels by using available subpixel samples in a visible to near‐infrared band, which many satellite sensors offer. Data are provided by high‐resolution reflectance (R) observations and cloud property retrievals by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) at horizontal resolutions between 30‐960m. For partly cloudy 960‐m observations, the clear‐sky component of the pixels induces significant underestimations of up to 58% for τ, while overestimations in reff can exceed 41%. This yields underestimations in the derived liquid water path and cloud droplet number concentration of up to 68% and 72%, respectively. By means of three different assumptions it is shown that subpixel R observations in the visible to near‐infrared band can be used to estimate higher‐resolution R for the second band in the retrieval scheme, as well as the subpixel cloud cover. The estimated values compare well to actually observed ASTER results and are used to retrieve cloud properties, which are unbiased by the clear‐sky component of PCL pixels. While the presented retrieval approach is only evaluated for marine boundary layer clouds, it is computationally efficient and can be easily applied to observations from different imagers. As an example, the PCL retrieval scheme is applied to data by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, where similar biases for PCL pixels are observed.
The Simulation of Stratospheric Water Vapor Over the Asian Summer Monsoon in CESM1(WACCM) Models
Authors: Wang Xinyue , Wu Yutian , Tung Wen‐wen , Richter Jadwiga H. , Glanville Anne A. , Tilmes Simone , Orbe Clara , Huang Yi , Xia Yan , Kinnison Douglas E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPrevious observational studies have found a persistent maximum in stratospheric water vapor (SWV) in the upper troposphere lower stratosphere (UTLS) confined by the upper‐level anticyclone over the Asian summer monsoon region. This study investigates the simulation of SWV in the Community Earth System Model, version 1 with the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model as its atmospheric component [CESM1(WACCM)]. CESM1(WACCM) generally tends to simulate a SWV maximum over the central Pacific Ocean, but this bias is largely improved in the high vertical resolution version. The high vertical resolution model with increased vertical layers in the UTLS is found to have a less stratified UTLS over the central Pacific Ocean compared with the low vertical resolution model. It therefore simulates a steepened potential vorticity gradient over the central Pacific Ocean that better closes the upper‐level anticyclone and confines the SWV within the enhanced transport barrier.
Post Cold Frontal Clouds at the ARM Eastern North Atlantic Site: An Examination of the Relationship Between Large‐Scale Environment and Low‐Level Cloud Properties
Authors: Naud Catherine M. , Booth James F. , Lamraoui Fayçal 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUsing cloud and environment observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program Eastern North Atlantic site and an automated cold front detection routine, cloud properties in post cold front (PCF) periods are examined and compared to similar conditions of subsidence (non‐PCF). PCF periods exhibit stronger subsidence and wind speed than non‐PCF periods, with weaker inversions and stronger surface temperature contrasts. Low‐level clouds are predominant and are found to have higher cloud base and top heights, colder cloud top temperature, and greater vertical extent and liquid water path during PCF than non‐PCF periods. The environmental metric that is best correlated with cloud boundaries for both PCF and non‐PCF periods is the difference in potential temperature between the sea surface and 800 hPa, a parameter used to locate cold air outbreak conditions. However, the cloud vertical extent and liquid water path are found to be better correlated with sea‐air temperature contrast, a parameter related to turbulent surface fluxes. The strength of the relationships between the cloud characteristics and these metrics does not differ for PCF and non‐PCF periods. However, the strength of the metrics differs between PCF and non‐PCF periods and can explain cloud property differences. The results suggest both the properties of the boundary layer and the presence of an upper‐level cyclone associated with the cold front determine PCF cloud properties.
Wave Ripple Development on Mixed Clay‐Sand Substrates: Effects of Clay Winnowing and Armoring
Authors: Wu Xuxu , Baas Jaco H. , Parsons Daniel R. , Eggenhuisen Joris , Amoudry Laurent , Cartigny Matthieu , McLelland Stuart , Mouazé Dominique , Ruessink Gerben 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBased on bed form experiments in a large‐scale flume, we demonstrate that the rate of development of wave ripples on a mixed sand‐clay bed under regular waves is significantly lower than on a pure‐sand bed, even at clay fractions as low as 4.2%, and that this rate of development decreases exponentially from 4.2% to 7.4% clay. These experiments also showed that, despite the slow growth of the bed forms in the mixed sand‐clay, the equilibrium length and height of the wave ripples were independent of the initial bed clay fraction. Given that the ripple crests were composed of pure sand at the end of all the experiments that started with well‐mixed sand‐clay, it is inferred that the clay was removed from the bed during the development of the wave ripples through winnowing into the water column, and possibly also by sieving into the subsurface, where the final clay fractions were found to be higher than the initial clay fractions. These clay removal processes are interpreted to have facilitated the wave ripples to reach equilibrium lengths and heights that are similar to those in pure sand. Clay‐carrying pore flow initiated by pressure gradients between the wave ripple troughs and crests might also have contributed to the accumulation of clay in the sediment below the wave ripples. The formation of the clay‐enriched “armoring” layer in the substrate is likely to further reduce erosion rates and could influence the dispersion of nutrients and pollutants in coastal seas.
Validation of Ionospheric Specifications During Geomagnetic Storms: TEC and foF2 During the 2013 March Storm Event
Authors: Shim J. S. , Tsagouri I. , Goncharenko L. , Rastaetter L. , Kuznetsova M. , Bilitza D. , Codrescu M. , Coster A. J. , Solomon S. C. , Fedrizzi M. , Förster M. , Fuller‐Rowell T. J. , Gardner L. C. , Huba J. , Namgaladze A. A. , Prokhorov B. E. , Ridley A. J. , Scherliess L. , Schunk R. W. , Sojka J. J. , Zhu L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTo address challenges of assessing space weather modeling capabilities, the Community Coordinated Modeling Center is leading a newly established International Forum for Space Weather Modeling Capabilities Assessment. This paper presents preliminary results of validation of modeled foF2 (F2 layer critical frequency) and TEC (total electron content) during the first selected 2013 March storm event (17 March 2013). In this study, we used eight ionospheric models ranging from empirical to physics‐based, coupled ionosphere‐thermosphere and data assimilation models. The quantities we considered are TEC and foF2 changes and percentage changes compared to quiet time background, and the maximum and minimum percentage changes. In addition, we considered normalized percentage changes of TEC. We compared the modeled quantities with ground‐based observations of vertical Global Navigation Satellite System TEC (provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory) and foF2 data (provided by Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory) at the 12 locations selected in middle latitudes of the American and European‐African longitude sectors. To quantitatively evaluate the models' performance, we calculated skill scores including correlation coefficient, root‐mean square error (RMSE), ratio of the modeled to observed maximum percentage changes (yield), and timing error. Our study indicates that average RMSEs of foF2 range from about 1 MHz to 1.5 MHz. The average RMSEs of TEC are between ~5 and ~10 TECU (1 TEC Unit = 1016 el/m2). dfoF2[%] RMSEs are between 15% and 25%, which is smaller than RMSE of dTEC[%] ranging from 30% to 60%. The performance of the models varies with the location and metrics considered.
Late Paleozoic Iberian Orocline(s) and the Missing Shortening in the Core of Pangea. Paleomagnetism From the Iberian Range
Authors: Pastor‐Galán Daniel , Pueyo Emilio L. , Diederen Mark , García‐Lasanta Cristina , Langereis Cor G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSupercontinents are usually interpreted to be single and rigid continental plates. How and when Pangea became a rigid supercontinent is disputed, and age estimations vary from ~330 to ~240 Ma. The Gondwana‐Laurussia collision formed the Variscan‐Alleghanian belt, the most prominent witness of Pangea's amalgamation. In Iberia, this orogen draws an “S” shape featured by the Cantabrian Orocline and the Central Iberian curve. The curvature of Central Iberia is particularly evident in Galicia‐Trás‐os‐Montes and in a change of trend that it draws in the Aragonese Branch of the Iberian Range. Recent research showed that both curvatures are not coeval and that the Central Iberian curve had to form prior to ca. 318 Ma (i.e., not a secondary orocline). We report paleomagnetic and structural results from Paleozoic rocks in the Santa Cruz syncline (Aragonese Branch of the Iberian Range) that indicate two main vertical axis rotations events: (1) a Cenozoic (Alpine) clockwise rotation of >20° and (2) a late Carboniferous counterclockwise rotation of ~70°. Once the Cenozoic rotation is restored, the change in structural trend that allegedly evidences the outer arc of the Central Iberian curve disappears. Whereas the Cenozoic rotation is incompatible with a Central Iberian curve, the late Carboniferous rotation is fully compatible with the Cantabrian Orocline, enlarging the area affected by its counterclockwise rotations and the existence of a nonrigid Pangea until, at least, ~295 Ma.
Subduction Zones Interaction Around the Adria Microplate and the Origin of the Apenninic Arc
Authors: Király Ágnes , Faccenna Claudio , Funiciello Francesca 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe study of slab‐slab interactions has come to the front of geodynamics researches to explain geological and geophysical observations from tectonically complex areas. Here we aim to better understand the geodynamics of the Central Mediterranean, where the Adria plate subducts on its two opposite sides. Additionally, the slab below the Central South Apennines has been progressively breaking off during the last 3 Myr. The role of a slab window in a single slab or in an outward dipping double‐sided subduction system is addressed by analog models at the scale of the upper mantle, realized using glucose syrup and silicone putty, to model the interaction between the Earth's mantle and the lithosphere. Our results show that the presence of a slab window modifies the pattern of mantle circulation, as well as the trench geometry and kinematics. In particular, the opening of the slab window induces the formation of two arcs flanking the window, while the mantle flows through it and turns toward the arcs, creating a small‐scale toroidal flow. The effect of a slab window is more pronounced on double subduction systems, as the outflow through the window is amplified, while internal deformation is induced in the plate by the opposite slab pull force. These experimental results suggest that the origin of the Apenninic and the Calabrian arcs is the result of the formation of a slab window, providing a new interpretation of the surface deformation and the SKS shear wave splitting pattern of the Adria microplate.
Disintegration of simulated drinking water biofilms with arrays of microchannel plasma jets
Authors: Sun Peter P. , Araud Elbashir M. , Huang Conghui , Shen Yun , Monroy Guillermo L. , Zhong Shengyun , Tong Zikang , Boppart Stephen A. , Eden J. Gary , Nguyen Thanh H. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBiofilms exist and thrive within drinking water distribution networks, and can present human health concerns. Exposure of simulated drinking water biofilms, grown from groundwater, to a 9 × 9 array of microchannel plasma jets has the effect of severely eroding the biofilm and deactivating the organisms they harbor. In-situ measurements of biofilm structure and thickness with an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system show the biofilm thickness to fall from 122 ± 17 µm to 55 ± 13 µm after 15 min. of exposure of the biofilm to the microplasma column array, when the plasmas are dissipating a power density of 58 W/cm2. All biofilms investigated vanish with 20 min. of exposure. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) demonstrates that the number of living cells in the biofilms declines by more than 93% with 15 min. of biofilm exposure to the plasma arrays. Concentrations of several oxygen-bearing species, generated by the plasma array, were found to be 0.4–21 nM/s for the hydroxyl radical (OH), 85–396 nM/s for the 1O2 excited molecule, 98–280 µM for H2O2, and 24–42 µM for O3 when the power density delivered to the array was varied between 3.6 W/cm2 and 79 W/cm2. The data presented here demonstrate the potential of microplasma arrays as a tool for controlling, through non-thermal disruption and removal, mixed-species biofilms prevalent in commercial and residential water systems.
Effects of Different Shaped Nanoparticles on the Performance of Engine-Oil and Kerosene-Oil: A generalized Brinkman-Type Fluid model with Non-Singular Kernel
Authors: Ali Farhad , Aamina  , Khan Ilyas , Sheikh Nadeem Ahmad , Gohar Madeha , Tlili I. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn the modern era, diathermic oils have been gotten the great attention from researchers due to its notable and momentous applications in engineering, mechanics and in the industrial field. The aim of this paper is to model the problem to augment the heat transfer rate of diathermic oils, specifically, Engine-oil (EO) and Kerosene-oil (KO) are taken. The present work is dedicated to examine the shape impacts of molybdenum-disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles in the free convection magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of Brinkman-type nanofluid in a rotating frame. The problem is modeled in terms of partial differential equations with oscillatory boundary conditions. The integer-order model is transformed to fractional-order model in time (Caputo-Fabrizio). The exact solutions are obtained using the Laplace transform technique. Figures are drawn to compare the different non-spherically shaped molybdenum-disulfide nanoparticles on secondary and primary velocities. The Nusselt number is computed in the tabular form and discussed in detail. It is worth noting that platelet and blade shape of MoS2 nanoparticle has more tendency to improve the heat transfer rate of both fluids as compared to nanoparticles with brick and cylinder shapes. It is also shown that the rate of heat transfer enhances 13.51% by adding MoS2 in engine oil which improved its lubrication properties.
Incomplete lineage sorting rather than hybridization explains the inconsistent phylogeny of the wisent
Authors: Wang Kun , Lenstra Johannes A. , Liu Liang , Hu Quanjun , Ma Tao , Qiu Qiang , Liu Jianquan 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe wisent or European bison is the largest European herbivore and is completely cross-fertile with its American relative. However, mtDNA genome of wisent is similar to that of cattle, which suggests that wisent emerged as a hybrid of bison and an extinct cattle-like species. Here, we analyzed nuclear whole-genome sequences of the bovine species, and found only a minor and recent gene flow between wisent and cattle. Furthermore, we identified an appreciable heterogeneity of the nuclear gene tree topologies of the bovine species. The relative frequencies of various topologies, including the mtDNA topology, were consistent with frequencies of incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) as estimated by tree coalescence analysis. This indicates that ILS has occurred and may well account for the anomalous wisent mtDNA phylogeny as the outcome of a rare event. We propose that ILS is a possible explanation of phylogenomic anomalies among closely related species.
Activated hepatic stellate cells promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma through transglutaminase 2-induced pseudohypoxia
Authors: Ma Hui , Xie Liqi , Zhang Lan , Yin Xin , Jiang Hucong , Xie Xiaoying , Chen Rongxin , Lu Haojie , Ren Zhenggang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractActivation of hepatic stellate cells reportedly contributes to progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, we use quantitative proteomics and ingenuity pathway analysis to show that transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) is upregulated in the course of activated hepatic stellate cells promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC-derived cells both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, activated hepatic stellate cells promote TGM2 upregulation in HCC cells through inflammatory signalling; and TGM2-induced depletion of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein, a key molecule in the degradation of hypoxia inducible factor-1a (HIF-1a) under normoxia, then causes HIF-1a to accumulate, thereby producing a pseudohypoxic state that promotes EMT in HCC cells. These findings suggest that the promotion of EMT in HCC cells by activated hepatic stellate cells is mediated by pseudohypoxia induced via TGM2/VHL/HIF-1a pathway.
Dynamic Assessment of Narratives Among Navajo Preschoolers
Authors: Henderson Davis E. , Restrepo Maria Adelaida , Aiken Leona S. 
Published: October 2018

PurposeThis study examined whether the Predictive Early Assessment of Reading and Language (PEARL), a dynamic assessment of narratives that measures language comprehension and production, accurately classifies Navajo preschoolers with typically developing (TD) language or with language impairment (LI).MethodNinety 4- and 5-year-old Navajo preschoolers were identified as having LI or are TD (n= 45 each) via a 5-measure battery: parent report, teacher report, English narrative, independent educational plan, and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamental Preschool–Second Edition (Wiig, Secord, & Semel, 2004). Children completed a PEARL pretest, a narrative mediation phase providing principles of narrative structure, and a PEARL posttest. A modifiability score reflected responsiveness to mediation.ResultsThe PEARL pretest and posttest each distinguished children with LI versus TD children with 89% accuracy; modifiability scores identified children with 100% accuracy. The PEARL story grammar subtest at pretest and posttest best distinguished LI versus TD. A revised cutoff score on the PEARL pretest decreased the diagnosis of TD children as having LI; the standard PEARL posttest cutoff was retained.ConclusionThe PEARL is a promising assessment for accurately differentiating Navajo preschool children with LI from those with TD language, particularly with a revised pretest cutoff score.
Phase noise mitigation architecture for wireless full‐duplex transceivers
Authors: Quan Xin , Pan Wensheng , Liu Ying , Tang Youxi 
Published: October 2018

A novel transceiver architecture is proposed to mitigate the phase noise in the prevailing wireless full‐duplex transceivers. In this architecture, an oscillator module is designed to generate both the transmitter and the receiver oscillator signals from one single oscillator. Particularly, a digitally‐controlled delay module is used to control the delay of the receiver oscillator signal before mixing with the received signal at the down converter. By adjusting the delay value of the receiver oscillator signal, the power of residual self‐interference (SI) after digital SI cancellation can be minimised. Analytical and simulation results show that the digital SI cancellation capability of the proposed architecture can be 18 dB better than that of the conventional architecture of sharing one oscillator for transmitter and receiver.
Low‐profile wideband circularly polarised single‐layer metasurface antenna
Authors: Liang Zhipeng , Ouyang Jun , Yang Feng 
Published: October 2018

A novel low‐profile single‐fed circularly polarised single‐layer metasurface antenna for wideband operation is proposed in this Letter. The metasurface antenna consists of nine unit cells arranged in a 3 × 3 layout. Four slits are incorporated into four of them, respectively, to form two orthogonal currents with 90° phase difference; hence, circularly polarised fields are excited. Moreover, a modified L‐type slot is etched on the middle lattice to improve impedance bandwidth and axial ratio performance. The proposed dielectric‐filled (ɛr = 3.5, tan δ = 0.001) antenna with a low profile of 0.038λ0 (λ0 is the working wavelength at 5.7 GHz in free space) achieves about 18.0% measured −10 dB impedance bandwidth. The measured 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidth of the proposed antenna is about 12.8% (5.35–6.08 GHz) with a broadside gain of more than 6.9 dBi.
Rational fabrication of chitosan/alginate/silica ternary aerogel beads adsorbent with free separation
Authors: Wei Wei , Hu Huihui , Yin Sijia , Li Yanxiao , Ji Xuelin , Xie Jimin 
Published: October 2018

Novel chitosan/alginate/silica ternary aerogel beads were successfully prepared by the orifice‐coagulation bath with the ambient pressure drying method and utilising chitosan, sodium alginate, and tetraethoxysilane as the initial raw materials. The morphologies, porosity characteristics, and dye absorbencies of the ternary aerogel beads were also investigated, respectively. The obtained samples are milky light solid, the size of the spherical aerogel is uniform, its diameter can be controlled ∼5 mm, the specific surface area is 169.4 m2 g−1, pore size distribution is concentrated in the 2–100 nm, which is a typical nanofilamentous network structure. Meanwhile, the ternary beads were tested for dyestuffs adsorption; the results showed that the obtained samples exhibit excellent adsorption properties, and can keep good sphericity as a class of novel adsorbents.