bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Cracking in Westerly Granite Monitored Using Direct Wave Velocity, Coda Wave Interferometry, and Acoustic Emissions
Authors: Griffiths L. , Lengliné O. , Heap M. J. , Baud P. , Schmittbuhl J. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractTo monitor both the permanent (thermal microcracking) and the nonpermanent (thermo‐elastic) effects of temperature on Westerly Granite, we combine acoustic emission monitoring and ultrasonic velocity measurements at ambient pressure during three heating and cooling cycles to a maximum temperature of 450°C. For the velocity measurements we use both P wave direct traveltime and coda wave interferometry techniques, the latter being more sensitive to changes in S wave velocity. During the first cycle, we observe a high acoustic emission rate and large—and mostly permanent—apparent reductions in velocity with temperature (P wave velocity is reduced by 50% of the initial value at 450°C, and 40% upon cooling). Our measurements are indicative of extensive thermal microcracking during the first cycle, predominantly during the heating phase. During the second cycle we observe further—but reduced—microcracking, and less still during the third cycle, where the apparent decrease in velocity with temperature is near reversible (at 450°C, the P wave velocity is decreased by roughly 10% of the initial velocity). Our results, relevant for thermally dynamic environments such as geothermal reservoirs, highlight the value of performing measurements of rock properties under in situ temperature conditions.
CAUSES: Attribution of Surface Radiation Biases in NWP and Climate Models near the U.S. Southern Great Plains
Authors: Van Weverberg K. , Morcrette C. J. , Petch J. , Klein S. A. , Ma H.‐Y. , Zhang C. , Xie S. , Tang Q. , Gustafson W. I. , Qian Y. , Berg L. K. , Liu Y. , Huang M. , Ahlgrimm M. , Forbes R. , Bazile E. , Roehrig R. , Cole J. , Merryfield W. , Lee W.‐S. , Cheruy F. , Mellul L. , Wang Y.‐C. , Johnson K. , Thieman M. M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMany Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and climate models exhibit too warm lower tropospheres near the midlatitude continents. The warm bias has been shown to coincide with important surface radiation biases that likely play a critical role in the inception or the growth of the warm bias. This paper presents an attribution study on the net radiation biases in nine model simulations, performed in the framework of the CAUSES project (Clouds Above the United States and Errors at the Surface). Contributions from deficiencies in the surface properties, clouds, water vapor, and aerosols are quantified, using an array of radiation measurement stations near the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site. Furthermore, an in‐depth analysis is shown to attribute the radiation errors to specific cloud regimes. The net surface shortwave radiation is overestimated in all models throughout most of the simulation period. Cloud errors are shown to contribute most to this overestimation, although nonnegligible contributions from the surface albedo exist in most models. Missing deep cloud events and/or simulating deep clouds with too weak cloud radiative effects dominate in the cloud‐related radiation errors. Some models have compensating errors between excessive occurrence of deep cloud but largely underestimating their radiative effect, while other models miss deep cloud events altogether. Surprisingly, even the latter models tend to produce too much and too frequent afternoon surface precipitation. This suggests that rather than issues with the triggering of deep convection, cloud radiative deficiencies are related to too weak convective cloud detrainment and too large precipitation efficiencies.
Multimodel Surface Temperature Responses to Removal of U.S. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
Authors: Conley A. J. , Westervelt D. M. , Lamarque J.‐F. , Fiore A. M. , Shindell D. , Correa G. , Faluvegi G. , Horowitz L. W. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThree Earth System models are used to derive surface temperature responses to removal of U.S. anthropogenic SO2 emissions. Using multicentury perturbation runs with and without U.S. anthropogenic SO2 emissions, the local and remote surface temperature changes are estimated. In spite of a temperature drift in the control and large internal variability, 200 year simulations yield statistically significant regional surface temperature responses to the removal of U.S. SO2 emissions. Both local and remote surface temperature changes occur in all models, and the patterns of changes are similar between models for northern hemisphere land regions. We find a global average temperature sensitivity to U.S. SO2 emissions of 0.0055 K per Tg(SO2) per year with a range of (0.0036, 0.0078). We examine global and regional responses in SO4 burdens, aerosol optical depths (AODs), and effective radiative forcing (ERF). While changes in AOD and ERF are concentrated near the source region (United States), the temperature response is spread over the northern hemisphere with amplification of the temperature increase toward the Arctic. In all models, we find a significant response of dust concentrations, which affects the AOD but has no obvious effect on surface temperature. Temperature sensitivity to the ERF of U.S. SO2 emissions is found to differ from the models' sensitivity to radiative forcing of doubled CO2.
Hemispheric Dichotomy in Lithosphere Thickness on Mars Caused by Differences in Crustal Structure and Composition
Authors: Thiriet Mélanie , Michaut Chloé , Breuer Doris , Plesa Ana‐Catalina 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEstimates of the Martian elastic lithosphere thickness suggest small values of ∼25 km during the Noachian for the southern hemisphere and a large present‐day difference below the two polar caps (≥300 km in the north and >110 km in the south). In addition, young lava flows suggest that Mars has been volcanically active up to the recent past. We run Monte Carlo simulations using a 1‐D parameterized thermal evolution model to investigate whether a north/south hemispheric dichotomy in crustal properties and composition can explain these constraints. Our results suggest that 55–65% of the bulk radioelement content are in the crust, and most of it (43–51%) in the southern one. The southern crust can be up to 480 kg/m3less dense than the northern one and might contain a nonnegligible proportion of felsic rocks. Our models predict a dry mantle and a wet or dry crustal rheology today. This is consistent with a mantle depleted in radioelements and volatiles. We retrieve north/south surface heat flux of 17.1–19.5 mW/m2and 24.8–26.5 mW/m2, respectively, and a large difference in lithospheric temperatures between the two hemispheres (170–304 K in the shallow mantle). This difference could leave a signature in the seismic signals measured by the future InSight mission.
Land Use, Land Use History, and Soil Type Affect Soil Greenhouse Gas Fluxes From Agricultural Landscapes of the East African Highlands
Authors: Wanyama I. , Rufino M. C. , Pelster D. E. , Wanyama G. , Atzberger C. , van Asten P. , Verchot Louis V. , Butterbach‐Bahl K. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study aims to explain effects of soil textural class, topography, land use, and land use history on soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes in the Lake Victoria region. We measured GHG fluxes from intact soil cores collected in Rakai, Uganda, an area characterized by low‐input smallholder (<2 ha) farming systems, typical for the East African highlands. The soil cores were air dried and rewetted to water holding capacities (WHCs) of 30, 55, and 80%. Soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes were measured for 48 h following rewetting. Cumulative N2O fluxes were highest from soils under perennial crops and the lowest from soils under annual crops (P < 0.001 for all WHC). At WHC of 55% or 80%, the sandy clay loam soils had lower N2O fluxes than the clay soils (P < 0.001 and P = 0.041, respectively). Cumulative soil CO2 fluxes were highest from eucalyptus plantations and lowest from annual crops across multiple WHC (P = 0.014 at 30% WHC and P < 0.001 at both 55 and 80% WHC). Methane fluxes were below detectable limits, a shortcoming for using soil cores from the top soil. This study reveals that land use and soil type have strong effects on GHG fluxes from agricultural land in the study area. Field monitoring of fluxes is needed to confirm whether these findings are consistent with what happens in situ.
High Ion‐Conducting Solid‐State Composite Electrolytes with Carbon Quantum Dot Nanofillers
Authors: Ma Cheng , Dai Kuan , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo , Chen Libao , Ivey Douglas G. , Wei Weifeng 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSolid‐state polymer electrolytes (SPEs) with high ionic conductivity are desirable for next generation lithium‐ and sodium‐ion batteries with enhanced safety and energy density. Nanoscale fillers such as alumina, silica, and titania nanoparticles are known to improve the ionic conduction of SPEs and the conductivity enhancement is more favorable for nanofillers with a smaller size. However, aggregation of nanoscale fillers in SPEs limits particle size reduction and, in turn, hinders ionic conductivity improvement. Here, a novel poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based nanocomposite polymer electrolyte (NPE) is exploited with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) that are enriched with oxygen‐containing functional groups. Well‐dispersed, 2.0–3.0 nm diameter CQDs offer numerous Lewis acid sites that effectively increase the dissociation degree of lithium and sodium salts, adsorption of anions, and the amorphicity of the PEO matrix. Thus, the PEO/CQDs‐Li electrolyte exhibits an exceptionally high ionic conductivity of 1.39 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a high lithium transference number of 0.48. In addition, the PEO/CQDs‐Na electrolyte has ionic conductivity and sodium ion transference number values of 7.17 × 10−5 S cm−1 and 0.42, respectively. It is further showed that all solid‐state lithium/sodium rechargeable batteries assembled with PEO/CQDs NPEs display excellent rate performance and cycling stability.
How do Housing Subsidies Improve Quality of Life Among Homeless Adults? A Mediation Analysis
Authors: O'Connell Maria , Sint Kyaw , Rosenheck Robert 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSupported housing, combining rent subsidies with intensive case management, is associated with improvements in quality of life of homeless adults, but factors mediating their impact on quality of life have not been studied. Twelve‐month outcome data from a randomized trial of the Housing and Urban Development‐ Veterans Affairs Supported Housing program (HUD‐VASH) showed that access to a housing rent subsidy plus intensive case management (ICM) was associated with greater improvement in subjective quality of life than ICM alone. Multiple mediation analyses were applied to identify variables that significantly mediated the relationship between receipt of housing voucher and improvements in quality of life. Significant mediating covariates were those whose 95% bias‐corrected confidence intervals, when added to the model predicting improvement in quality of life, did not overlap zero. Increases in the number of days housed, size of social network, and availability of emotional support appear to mediate improvement in quality of life and account for 71% of the benefit attributable to having a rent subsidy. Improvement in subjective quality of life though housing subsidies is mediated by gains in both material and psychosocial factors. Mediating factors deserve special attention in supported housing services.
Health Providers’ Narratives on Intimate Partner Violence Against Roma Women in Spain
Authors: Briones‐Vozmediano Erica , La Parra‐Casado Daniel , Vives‐Cases Carmen 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis qualitative study identifies health professionals’ dominant, adaptive, and liberating narratives regarding inter‐ethnic relations when talking about intimate partner violence (IPV) and the health system responses to the way it affects Roma women. Dominant narratives are oppressive internalized stories that shape social perceptions of members of both dominant and minority groups, adaptive narratives refer to those that acknowledge asymmetry and inequality, and liberating narratives directly challenge oppression with resistant views of stereotypes and negative interpretations. A total of 25 in‐depth interviews were carried out with healthcare professionals in Spain in 2015. A discourse analysis of the interview transcriptions was conducted, showing the way in which different narratives about Roma people and IPV are combined among health providers. Dominant narratives were more salient: they were used by health providers to reflect prejudicial social perceptions in Spain that depict the Roma as a marginalized and traditional group, to construct Roma women in negative and prejudicial terms as patients, and to explain the existence of the cultural normalization of IPV among Roma women. Adaptive and liberating narratives showed a prevailing ideology in terms of the tendency to socially discriminate against Roma people. Using liberating narratives to train and raise awareness among health professionals about IPV among Roma women could facilitate a positive change in their treatment of Roma women who could be affected by IPV, helping to ameliorate the maintenance of existing prejudices.
Neck function in early hominins and suspensory primates: Insights from the uncinate process
Authors: Meyer Marc R. , Woodward Charles , Tims Amy , Bastir Markus 
Published: March 2018

AbstractObjectivesUncinate processes are protuberances on the cranial surface of subaxial cervical vertebrae that assist in stabilizing and guiding spinal motion. Shallow uncinate processes reduce cervical stability but confer an increased range of motion in clinical studies. Here we assess uncinate processes among extant primates and model cervical kinematics in early fossil hominins.Materials and MethodsWe compare six fossil hominin vertebrae with 48Homo sapiensand 99 nonhuman primates across 20 genera. We quantify uncinate morphology via geometric morphometric methods to understand how uncinate process shape relates to allometry, taxonomy, and mode of locomotion.ResultsAcross primates, allometry explains roughly 50% of shape variation, as small, narrow vertebrae feature the relatively tallest, most pronounced uncinate processes, whereas larger, wider vertebrae typically feature reduced uncinates. Taxonomy only weakly explains the residual variation, however, the association between Uncinate Shape and mode of locomotion is robust, as bipeds and suspensory primates occupy opposite extremes of the morphological continuum and are distinguished from arboreal generalists. Like humans,Australopithecus afarensisandHomo erectusexhibit shallow uncinate processes, whereasA. sedibaresembles more arboreal taxa, but not fully suspensory primates.DiscussionSuspensory primates exhibit the most pronounced uncinates, likely to maintain visual field stabilization. East African hominins exhibit reduced uncinate processes compared with African apes andA. sediba, likely signaling different degrees of neck motility and modes of locomotion. Although soft tissues constrain neck flexibility beyond limits suggested by osteology alone, this study may assist in modeling cervical kinematics and positional behaviors in extinct taxa.
Synthesis of spirocyclosiloxanes for transparent copolymer thermosets
Authors: Yu Jianyi , Han Ye , Liu Yuzhou 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe use of multiple‐ring cyclic molecules to generate crosslinked polymeric materials takes the advantages of small molecular precursors directly, but is retarded by the need of exact reactivity matching between different components. This problem was overcome by use of spirocyclosiloxanes, which were synthesized through the Piers–Rubinsztjan reaction. The two‐level ring strain energies in these spirocyclosiloxanes help them accommodate a wide range of single‐ring cyclic molecules to form highly transparent thermosets. The rich library of spirocyclosiloxanes, single‐ring cyclic molecules, and catalysts makes this modular approach a promising method for the preparation of useful materials. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46370.
Aromatic Aminocatalysis
Authors: Lv Jian , Zhang Qi , Cai Mao , Han Yanfang , Luo Sanzhong 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAromatic aminocatalysis refers to transformations that employ aromatic amines, such as anilines or aminopyridines, as catalysts. Owing to the conjugation of the amine moiety with the aromatic ring, aromatic amines demonstrate distinctive features in aminocatalysis compared with their aliphatic counterparts. For example, aromatic aminocatalysis typically proceeds with slower turnover, but is more active and conformationally rigid as a result of the stabilized aromatic imine or iminium species. In fact, the advent of aromatic aminocatalysis can be traced back to before the renaissance of organocatalysis in the early 2000s. So far, aromatic aminocatalysis has been widely applied in bioconjugation reactions through transamination; in asymmetric organocatalysis through imine/enamine tautomerization; and in cooperative catalysis with transition metals through C−H/C−C activation and functionalization. This Focus Review summarizes the advent of and major advances in the use of aromatic aminocatalysis in bioconjugation reactions and organic synthesis.
Dynamic changes in plasma Epstein–Barr virus DNA load during treatment have prognostic value in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective study
Authors: He Sha‐Sha , Wang Yan , Bao Yong , Cai Xiu‐Yu , Yang Xing‐Li , Chen Dan‐Ming , Chen Yong , Lu Li‐Xia 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCirculating plasma Epstein–Barr virus DNA (EBV DNA) is related to tumor recurrence and metastasis and has potential as a dynamic, sensitive, and specific marker in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We investigated the clinical significance of assessing plasma EBV DNA load at various time points during treatment. Patients with NPC (n = 949) for whom plasma EBV DNA load was measured by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) before treatment (pre‐EBV) and at midtreatment (mid‐EBV), end of treatment (end‐EBV), and 3 months after completing treatment (3 m‐EBV) were retrospectively assessed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the optimal EBV DNA cutoff point for each time point. Overall survival (OS), distant metastasis‐free survival (DMFS), and progression‐free survival (PFS) were compared using Kaplan–Meier estimates. High pre‐EBV, high mid‐EBV, high end‐EBV, and high 3 m‐EBV were all associated with significantly poorer OS, DMFS, and PFS in the entire cohort. Detectable end‐EBV and 3 m‐EBV was associated with significantly poorer OS, DMFS, and PFS. Among patients with detectable end‐EBV, adjuvant therapy significantly improved OS (HR 2.419; 95% CI 1.297–4.51, P = 0.03) and DMFS (HR 2.45; 95% CI 1.243–4.828, P = 0.04), but not PFS (P = 0.17). EBV DNA represents a dynamic biomarker for monitoring treatment and predicting survival in NPC. Assessing plasma EBV DNA before, during, and after chemoradiotherapy could be clinically valuable and enable selection of patients most likely to benefit from additional therapy and improve assessment of treatment response and disease surveillance. Further multicenter prospective investigations are warranted.
Correction of wheat meal falling number to a common barometric pressure at simulated laboratory elevations of 0–1,500 m
Authors: Delwiche Stephen R. , Rausch Steven R. , Vinyard Bryan T. 
Published: March 2018

Background and objectivesFalling number, a procedure that indirectly characterizes germination enzyme activity in wheat grain by measuring the viscous behavior of a heated flour–water or meal–water mixture, is affected by the immersion water bath temperature. Maintained at boiling point, the water bath temperature is determined by barometric pressure which changes with land elevation. The effect of elevation, hence barometric pressure, on falling number over a simulated elevation range of near sea level (760 mm Hg) to 1,524 m (632.4 mm Hg) was modeled.FindingsFirst‐order polynomial linear regression equations were developed on log‐transformed mean falling number readings to correct non‐sea level readings to sea level conditions represented as pressure, elevation, or water bath boiling temperature. With correction, the range in standard deviation of falling number over five simulated elevations declined to 0.9–14.1 s, from a precorrection range of 13.2–50.9 s.ConclusionsThe pressure effect was greatly reduced with application of the model. The correction functions are continuous linear relationships in the log domain and applicable to the entire simulated elevation range.Significance and noveltyReady availability of handheld digital barometers or reliance on the built‐in feature of barometric pressure measurement in newer falling number instruments now allow for ready correction of falling number to prevailing environmental conditions, which will translate into a fairer assessment of wheat quality in commercial trade.
Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationship Studies, and ADMET Properties of 3‐Aminocyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐ones as Chemokine Receptor 2 (CXCR2) Antagonists
Authors: Dai Weiyang , Chen Wenmin , Debnath Bikash , Wu Yong , Neamati Nouri 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHerein we describe the synthesis and structure–activity relationships of 3‐aminocyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one derivatives as novel chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) antagonists. Thirteen out of 44 derivatives were found to inhibit CXCR2 downstream signaling in a Tango assay specific for CXCR2, with IC50 values less than 10 μm. In silico ADMET prediction suggests that all active compounds possess drug‐like properties. None of these compounds show significant cytotoxicity, suggesting their potential application in inflammatory mediated diseases. A structure–activity relationship (SAR) map has been generated to gain better understanding of their binding mechanism to guide further optimization of these new CXCR2 antagonists.
Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration: A clinical and cytologic study
Authors: Yan Lei , Jakate Shriram , Reddy Vijaya , Gattuso Paolo 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The clinical and cytological features of metastatic HCC have not been well established.MethodsTo determine the clinical and cytological features of metastatic HCC, we retrospectively searched for all HCC metastasis diagnosed by fine needle aspiration or core biopsy.ResultsWe found 12 bone metastases, 11 intra‐abdominal, 4 lung, 3 soft tissue, and 2 lymph node metastases from 32 patients. 7/12 bone metastases were vertebral body, 4 were pelvic bone, and 1 case was humerus. 10/32 cases showed concurrent metastasis at a different location. The average metastasis size was 40.9 mm. Tumor grades of HCC showed near equal distribution. The following cytological features are most frequently associated with metastatic HCC: single tumor cells (88.9%), cytoplasmic vacuolization (70.4%), trabecular pattern (70.4%), bare nuclei (66.7%), prominent nucleoli (66.7%), tumor giant cells (44.4%), and traversing capillaries (44.4%) and encased by endothelium (18.5%). Immunohistochemical stains of 12 cases showed the majority were positive for E‐Cadherin, Carcinoembryonic Antigen, and HepPar1. Negativity for CK7 and CK20 is contributory to making the diagnosis.ConclusionThe most frequent metastatic HCC diagnosed by FNA was from bone, especially the vertebral body. The frequent cytomorphology and immunophenotype seen in primary HCC are good diagnostic criteria for diagnosing metastatic HCC.