bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery of large scale shock fronts correlated with the radio halo and radio relic in the A2163 galaxy cluster
Authors: Thölken Sophia , Reiprich Thomas H. , Sommer Martin W. , Ota Naomi 
Published: September 2018

Context. Galaxy clusters form at the intersections of the filamentary large scale structure in merging events and by the accretion of matter along these filaments. Imprints of these formation processes should be visible in the intracluster medium and can arise in shock fronts, which are detectable via discontinuities in, for example, the gas temperature and density profiles. However, relatively few observational examples of prominent shocks have been detected in X-rays so far.
Aims. In this study, we investigate the X-ray properties of the intracluster gas and the radio morphology of the extraordinary cluster A2163. This cluster shows an irregular morphology in various wavelengths and has one of the most luminous and extended radio halos known. Additionally, it is one of the hottest clusters known. We aim to measure the temperature and density profiles in two azimuthal directions to search for the presence of shock fronts.
Methods. We performed a spectral analysis of data from two Suzaku observations, one in the north-east (NE) and one in the southwest (SW) direction of A2163, and used archival XMM-Newton data to remove point sources in the field of view. We deprojected the temperature and density profiles and accounted for the Suzaku point spread function. From the detected discontinuities in the density and temperature profiles, we estimated the Mach numbers and velocities of the shock fronts. To compare our findings in the X-ray regime with the radio emission, we obtained radio images of the cluster from an archival Very Large Array (VLA) observation at 20 cm.
Results. We identify three shock fronts in A2163 in our spectral X-ray study. A clear shock front lies in the NE direction at a distance of 1.4 Mpc from the center, with a Mach number of M = 1.7+0.3−0.2, estimated from the temperature discontinuity. This shock coincides with the position of a known radio relic. We identify two additional shocks in the SW direction, one with M = 1.5+0.5−0.3 at a distance of 0.7 Mpc, which is likely related to a cool core remnant, and a strong shock with M = 3.2+0.6−0.7 at a distance of 1.3 Mpc, which also closely matches the radio contours. The complex structure of A2163 as well as the different Mach numbers and shock velocities suggest a merging scenario with two unequal merging constituents, where two shock fronts emerged at an early stage of the merger and traveled outwards while an additional shock front developed in front of the merging cluster cores.
Modelling the solar twin 18 Scorpii
Authors: Bazot M. , Creevey O. , Christensen-Dalsgaard J. , Meléndez J. 
Published: September 2018

Context.Solar twins are objects of great interest in that they allow us to understand better how stellar evolution and structure are affected by variations of the stellar mass, age and chemical composition in the vicinity of the commonly accepted solar values.Aims.We aim to use the existing spectrophotometric, interferometric and asteroseismic data for the solar twin 18 Sco to constrain stellar evolution models. 18 Sco is the brightest solar twin and is a good benchmark for the study of solar twins. The goal is to obtain realistic estimates of its physical characteristics (mass, age, initial chemical composition, mixing-length parameter) and realistic associated uncertainties using stellar models.Methods.We set up a Bayesian model that relates the statistical properties of the data to the probability density of the stellar parameters. Special care is given to the modelling of the likelihood for the seismic data, using Gaussian mixture models. The probability densities of the stellar parameters are approximated numerically using an adaptive MCMC algorithm. From these approximate distributions we proceeded to a statistical analysis. We also performed the same exercise using local optimisation.Results.The precision on the mass is approximately 6%. The precision reached onX0andZ0and the mixing-length parameter are respectively 6%, 9%, and 35%. The posterior density for the age is bimodal, with modes at 4.67 Gyr and 6.95 Gyr, the first one being slightly more likely. We show that this bimodality is directly related to the structure of the seismic data. When asteroseismic data or interferometric data are excluded, we find significant losses of precision for the mass and the initial hydrogen-mass fraction. Our final estimates of the uncertainties from the Bayesian analysis are significantly larger than values inferred from local optimization. This also holds true for several estimates of the age encountered in the literature.
Clinical Characteristics of Patients with co-Existent Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Depression: A Systematic Review
Authors: Zafeiri Maria , Tsioutis Constantinos , Kleinaki Zoe , Manolopoulos Philip , Ioannidis Ioannis , Dimitriadis George 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectives Both diabetic peripheral neuropathy and depression have significant implications on patients’ quality of life, management and outcomes. We aimed to evaluate all available evidence concerning patients with co-existent diabetic peripheral neuropathy and depression, and describe their clinical characteristics, in order to promote early recognition and management.Methods Systematic search of PubMed for studies providing data on patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and depression. The primary outcome was to evaluate all available evidence related to characteristics of diabetes, diabetic peripheral neuropathy and depression. Secondary study outcomes included comorbid conditions and complications in these patients.Results Final analysis included 24 studies with data on 205 patients. Most patients were adults between 18–65 years of age. Mean HbA1c value was above 8% and most patients were treated with insulin. Neuropathy was predominantly painful and most patients with available data were considered to have major depressive disorder. In addition to diabetic peripheral neuropathy and depression, diabetes-related complications were recorded in 43 patients, the most common being autonomic neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. The most frequently reported comorbidities were weight loss (72 patients), impotence (60 patients), hypertension (23 patients) and coronary artery disease (22 patients).Conclusions The present study describes the characteristics of patients with co-existent diabetic peripheral neuropathy and depression, aiming for prompt detection, prevention of further deterioration and improvement of patient outcomes. Available evidence shows that the majority of these patients are adults, with painful peripheral neuropathy and with insulin-treated and inadequately controlled diabetes.
Nutrition for Hypercholesterolemic Children
Authors: Martín-Martínez Benjamín , López-Liñán María 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn the diet of hypercholesterolemic children, 10 to 18% of the total calorie intake should be protein, 50 to 60% carbohydrates, and 30% lipids, of which less than 10% should be saturated fatty acids, between 7 and 10% should be polyunsaturated fatty acids, and 10 to 20% should be monounsaturated fatty acids. Cholesterol intake should not exceed 300 mg/dL, and an adequate fiber intake of 8 to 28 g/day, according to the child's age, should be ensured. If a child is obese or overweight, the aim of the initial treatment should be to normalize weight through improved lifestyle habits, dietary recommendations, and increased physical activity. The healthy diet for cardiovascular disease prevention is similar to that advised for a healthy pediatric population: (1) reduced total fat intake, such as through eating less red meat and sausages and choosing skimmed milk, butter, skimmed-milk cheese, lean meat, skinless chicken, and rabbit, cooked using simple cooking processes; (2) increased intake of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated oils, such as fish oil and olive oil; (3) reduced cholesterol intake, such as through the reduced consumption of eggs, viscera, and industrial bakery products; and (4) higher intake of fish and complex carbohydrates, such as pasta, pulses, and whole-grain bread. In addition, fruits and vegetables should be recommended for their fiber, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. The recommended culinary preparation is to grill, steam, or bake food and to avoid frying, especially with butter or animal fat, and to give preference to oils based on monounsaturated fats, such as olive and sunflower oil.
Child Nutrition and Bone Health
Authors: Redondo-Cuevas Lucía , Sanchis-Chordà Jesús , Codoñer-Franch Pilar 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNutrition is one of the modifiable factors that contributes to bone accrual during childhood and adolescence, a critical period to prevent adult osteoporosis. Calcium and vitamin D seem to be the most important nutrients for optimal bone growth. Requirements for calcium intake are different among countries and organizations, and exact recommendations are difficult to determine since other dietary factors directly affect calcium metabolism, such as salt intake and vitamin D levels. Some scientists have suggested that the actual calcium requirements are overestimated and that increased dairy intake does not necessarily translate to better bone health in adults. Moreover, calcium can be obtained from other natural foods, such as cruciferous vegetables (turnip greens, broccoli rabe, kale, broccoli, and cabbage), endive, sesame seeds, legumes, almonds, calcium-fortified vegetable beverages, and canned sardines. Vitamin D should be obtained from food combined with appropriate sun exposure, and if that is not enough, vitamin D supplements can be used. Diets comprised a complex combination of nutrients and foods, and dietary patterns in children and adolescents play a key role in bone formation. A dietary pattern that is high in vegetables and fruits and low in processed foods (containing large amounts of added sugar and salt) is necessary to achieve optimal bone formation. Finally, physical activity, particularly activities that apply large forces, is even more important than dietary factors to contribute to bone accrual.
Adolescent Feeding: Nutritional Risk Factors
Authors: Carrasco-Luna Joaquín , Gombert Marie , Carrasco-García Álvaro , Codoñer-Franch Pilar 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe aim of this review is to describe adolescent nutritional requirements from a scientific, nutritional, and psychosocial point of view, emphasizing the main risks of malnutrition at this age. Currently, too many teenagers are alone at home and prepare their own meals. The influence of friends replaces parental rules. The habits of adolescents are characterized by a tendency to skip meals, especially breakfast, and, less frequently, the midday meal; to purchase carry-out meals away from home; to consume snacks, especially sweets; to eat at fast food restaurants, almost always with high-calorie content; and to eat fried foods, soft drinks, and sweets. Toxic habits, such as smoking, alcohol, and drugs, interfere with a healthy diet, as well. Physical activity usually decreases during adolescence, particularly in girls. The lack of physical activity is due to a precarious knowledge of the benefits associated with practicing physical activity, low motivation, time constraints, and, in many cases, the lack of adequate facilities. Adolescents interested in a body image in accordance with modern ideals follow restrictive and unbalanced diets without any nutritional basis, which they themselves planned. These behaviors increase the risk of nutritional alterations, such as noncompliance with nutritional requirements, meal pattern irregularities, nutritional problems due to low nutrient intake, and self-esteem issues and frustration. In general, in this age group, there is an increase in protein consumption and salt content, often with a supply of unbalanced nutrients, high-fat diets (35–50% of total calories), and low polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio. In addition, adolescents consume a low level of complex carbohydrates, fiber, fruits, and vegetables.
Circadian Rhythm Variations and Nutrition in Children
Authors: Gombert Marie , Carrasco-Luna Joaquín , Pin-Arboledas Gonzalo , Codoñer-Franch Pilar 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCircadian rhythms are the changes in biological processes that occur on a daily basis. Among these processes are reactions involved in metabolic homeostasis. Circadian rhythms are structured by the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus via the control of melatonin expression. Circadian rhythms are also controlled by the peripheral clocks, which are intracellular mechanisms composed of the clock genes, whose expression follows a circadian pattern. Circadian rhythms are impacted by signals from the environment called zeitgebers, or time givers, which include light exposure, feeding schedule and composition, sleeping schedule and pattern, temperature, and physical exercise. When the signals from the environment are synchronized with the internal clocks, metabolism is optimized. The term chronodisruption is used to describe the opposite situation. The latest research has demonstrated that life habits coherent with the internal clocks should be adopted, especially during childhood, to prevent metabolic diseases. Nevertheless, a few studies have investigated this link in children, and key information remains unknown.
Orphan Three-Finger Toxins Bind at Tissue Factor–Factor VIIa Interface to Inhibit Factor X Activation: Identification of Functional Site by Docking
Authors: Choudhury Manisha , McCleary Ryan , Kini R. Manjunatha , Velmurugan Devadasan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThree-finger toxins (3FTxs) contribute to toxicity of venomous snakes belonging to the family Elapidae. Currently, functions of a considerable proportion of 3FTxs are still unknown. Here, we describe the function of orphan group I 3FTxs consisting of four members. We also identified a new member of this group by sequencing a transcript isolated from Naja naja venom. This transcript, named najalexin, is identical to that previously described 3FTx from Naja atra venom gland, and shared high sequence identity with ringhalexin from Hemachatus haemachatus and a hypothetical protein from Ophiophagus hannah (here named as ophiolexin). The three-dimensional structure, as predicted by molecular modeling, showed that najalexin and ophiolexin share the same conserved structural organization as ringhalexin and other 3FTxs. Since ringhalexin inhibits the activation of factor X by the tissue factor–factor VIIa complex (TF-FVIIa), we evaluated the interaction of this group of 3FTxs with all components using in silico protein–protein docking studies. The binding of orphan group I 3FTxs to TF-FVIIa complex appears to be driven by their interaction with TF. They bind to fibronectin domain closer to the 170-loop of the FVIIa heavy chain to inhibit factor X activation. The docking studies reveal that functional site residues Tyr7, Lys9, Glu12, Lys26, Arg34, Leu35, Arg40, Val55, Asp56, Cys57, Cys58, and Arg65 on these 3FTxs are crucial for interaction. In silico replacement of these residues by Ala resulted in significant effects in the binding energies. Furthermore, these functional residues are not found in other groups of 3FTxs, which exhibit distinct pharmacological properties.
PAX5-ELN oncoprotein promotes multistep B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in mice
Authors: Jamrog Laura , Chemin Guillaume , Fregona Vincent , Coster Lucie , Pasquet Marlène , Oudinet Chloé , Rouquié Nelly , Prade Naïs , Lagarde Stéphanie , Cresson Charlotte , Hébrard Sylvie , Nguyen Huu Ngoc Sa , Bousquet Marina , Quelen Cathy , Brousset Pierre , Mancini Stéphane J. C. , Delabesse Eric , Khamlichi Ahmed Amine , Gerby Bastien , Broccardo Cyril 
Published: September 2018

Significance
Engineered mouse models of acute leukemia are critical to understanding the biological mechanisms by which a primary oncogene induces disease. While PAX5 fusion proteins are considered primary oncogenic events in B-ALL, their role in leukemia development is ill-known due to the lack of animal models. This report provides a novel and accurate in vivo model for B-ALL induced by PAX5-ELN fusion protein that establishes a preleukemic phase and recapitulates the key features of human disease, including acquired mutations in genes of the JAK/STAT and RAS/MAPK pathways. This study is of general interest, as it allows a better understanding of the biological mechanism by which an oncoprotein perturbs normal B-cell development and leads to pathological B-ALL.
Functionally specific optogenetic modulation in primate visual cortex
Authors: Chernov Mykyta M. , Friedman Robert M. , Chen Gang , Stoner Gene R. , Roe Anna Wang 
Published: September 2018

Significance
Primate visual cortex is organized into columns that process different features of a visual scene, such as color, orientation preference, and ocular dominance. Until now, their small size has made it difficult to modulate them directly. Here, we report for the first time that focal targeting of light-sensitive ion channels (channelrhodopsins) in macaques using lentiviral vectors allows one to stimulate functional domains. We show that such targeted stimulation leads to selective activation of anatomically connected neighboring domains with similar function. Such a fine-scale optical stimulation approach is capable of mapping functionally specific domain-based neuronal networks. Its potential for linking such networks to optogenetic modulation of perception and behavior opens doors for developing targeted, domain-based neuroprosthetics.
Role of transcription complexes in the formation of the basal methylation pattern in early development
Authors: Greenfield Razi , Tabib Amalia , Keshet Ilana , Moss Joshua , Sabag Ofra , Goren Alon , Cedar Howard 
Published: September 2018

Significance
This paper reveals the molecular logic for generating the basal methylation pattern in each individual following erasure of the gametic profile in the preimplantation embryo. The results show that transcription factors and the RNA polymerase complex play a major role in protecting recognized regions from de novo methylation by recruiting the H3K4 methylation machinery. Because methylation is stably maintained through development, this mechanism serves to perpetuate the activity state present in the early embryo. This model may also help explain how transient factors from the gametes may influence methylation patterns in the offspring and, thereby, contribute to intergenerational epigenetic inheritance.
SAR by kinetics for drug discovery in protein misfolding diseases
Authors: Chia Sean , Habchi Johnny , Michaels Thomas C. T. , Cohen Samuel I. A. , Linse Sara , Dobson Christopher M. , Knowles Tuomas P. J. , Vendruscolo Michele 
Published: September 2018

Significance
Protein oligomers are increasingly recognized as the most cytotoxic forms of protein aggregates. It has been very challenging, however, to target these oligomers with therapeutic compounds, because of their dynamic and transient nature. To overcome this problem, we present here a “structure–kinetic-activity relationship” (SKAR) approach, which enables the discovery and systematic optimization of compounds that reduce the number of oligomers produced during an aggregation reaction. We illustrate this strategy for the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), which is closely associated with Alzheimer’s disease, by developing a rhodanine compound capable of dramatically reducing the production of Aβ oligomers. As this strategy is general, it can be applied to oligomers of any protein.
Engineering mesenchymal stem cells to improve their exosome efficacy and yield for cell‐free therapy
Authors: Phan Jennifer , Kumar Priyadarsini , Hao Dake , Gao Kewa , Farmer Diana , Wang Aijun 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTThrough traditional medicine, there were diseases and disorders that previously remained untreated or were simply thought to be incurable. Since the discovery of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), there has been a flurry of research to develop MSC‐based therapy for diseases and disorders. It is now well‐known that MSCs do not typically engraft after transplantation and exhibit their therapeutic effect via a paracrine mechanism. In addition to secretory proteins, MSCs also produce extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane‐bound nanovesicles containing proteins, DNA and RNA. The secreted vesicles then interact with target cells and deliver their contents, imparting their ultimate therapeutic effect. Unlike the widely studied cancer cells, the yield of MSC‐exosomes is a limiting factor for large‐scale production for cell‐free therapies. Here we summarise potential approaches to increase the yield of such vesicles while maintaining or enhancing their efficacy by engineering the extracellular environment and intracellular components of MSCs.
Reviewing the relationship between social policy and the contemporary populist radical right: welfare chauvinism, welfare nation state and social citizenship
Authors: Ketola Markus , Nordensvard Johan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWhilst populism has a long-standing relationship with social policy, the recent emergence of radical right populism as a considerable political force across Europe and beyond compels us to think further about this relationship. The aim of this review essay is to bring together literature on populism, welfare chauvinism and social citizenship in order to highlight the role social policy plays in the rhetoric and political approach of the populist radical right. This essay reviews, how, by developing artificial distinctions between culturally homogeneous ‘people’ and corrupt ‘elite’, the populist radical right generates interpretations of social citizenship that confers social rights based on of cultural or ethnic belonging, rather than as a matter of right. By simplifying the nature of complex social policy problems, radical right populism further problematises the mainstream social policy agenda. Consequently, radical right populism will continue to present a significant challenge to progressive and inclusive social policy.