bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Decline of National Patriarchy and the Rise of Global Male Supremacy
Authors: Donahue-Ochoa Thomas J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 begins the task of diagnosing global injustices. It argues that we are witnessing both the decline of national systems of patriarchy and the rise of a system of global male supremacy. The chapter argues that the latter is a global systematic injustice in which (i) men are not subjected to high degrees of economic exploitation or economic marginalization by other groups in that society, while women are; (ii) women’s political voices are marginalized in world society, while men’s are centered; (iii) men are not subject to systematic violence or predation in world society, while women are; and (iv) the dominant norms of global society unjustly favor men, so that men are exalted by satisfying them and women degraded by failing to meet them; this happens both through a male-centered cultural imperialism and the effects of an ideology of gender inferiority. The chapter then shows how this system suppresses anyone’s actual or potential resistance to it and thus subjects everyone to arbitrary power.
Introduction
Authors: Carter Niambi Michele 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Using a personal anecdote to set the stage, the author introduces the fundamental argument of the book, which is that black people respond to the “threat” of immigration by critiquing a system of white supremacy that excludes blacks through the exploitation of other groups. In particular the book examines the ways in which blacks use immigration as a lens to evaluate their own status as citizens. In other words, as blacks think about what immigration means for the nation, they are also thinking about what it means for their group. The context within which they look at immigration is through their own group’s racial experience, which has often found blacks struggling for belonging in the American body politic because of white supremacy.
Citizens First?
Authors: Carter Niambi Michele 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter explicates the author’s theory of conflicted nativism. This theory argues that blacks use their identity as Americans to claim privilege in American society. Yet, this identity is only superficially related to nativist attitudes and is not accompanied by restrictionist impulses. Using immigration as a lens, blacks have been able to identify the perniciousness of white supremacy that treated them as strangers in their own land. Rather than being threatened by immigrants per se, blacks understand white racism as the real threat to their upward mobility and therefore do not organize around immigration restriction. Furthermore, they are resistant to other race-coded messages.
(Re)Remembering Race
Authors: Carter Niambi Michele 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Using interviews, this chapter highlights the ways in which blacks talk about immigration. In particular, the chapter seeks to uncover how blacks use their group’s past racial experiences (e.g., Jim Crow) to understand their present circumstances. Interviews conducted by the author reveal that respondents see their blackness as being devalued in American society. Their racial history aids in their assessment of their comparative racial progress. Through the particularities of their group’s history, they are able to understand how racial hierarchy positions their group relative to whites, and how the presence of immigrants highlights their disparate states in society. However, respondents in these interviews harbor no major hostilities toward immigrants. Rather, they are discomfited by the ways they perceive whites as exploiting immigrants in an effort to enforce the subordinate status on their group.
Beyond Immigration
Authors: Carter Niambi Michele 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
As the concluding chapter of the work, this chapter revisits the central thesis of the book, which is the import of the context and constraints of white supremacy on black public opinion formation. Using immigration as a lens to better understand black opinion, the book argues that white supremacy is at the core of black public opinion formation; in this way, it is not an individual story about immigrants or immigration policy. My theory of conflicted nativism helps the reader to understand how and why blacks hold seemingly divergent opinions on the issue of immigration. I am able to show, however, that these opinions are not in conflict. Rather, blacks have distinct considerations as Americans that come from their unique position in the American racial hierarchy and the ways in which white supremacy structures how they navigate an array of political issues. The chapter concludes with a brief examination of border separations, which has animated much of the recent conversation in this policy arena.
Structural Injustice
Authors: Powers Madison , Faden Ruth 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This book develops a theory of structural injustice that forges important links between human rights norms and fairness norms. Norms of both kinds are underpinned by a conception of well-being. This conception provides the foundation for human rights, explains the depth of unfairness of systematic patterns of disadvantage, and locates the fundamental unfairness of power relations in forms of control some groups have over the well-being of other groups. In addition, the theory applies to circumstances in which structurally unfair patterns of power and advantage and human rights violations are routinely intertwined. Unlike theories tailored to circumstances in which structural injustices emerge from largely benign social processes, this theory addresses more typical patterns of structural injustice in which the wrongful conduct of identifiable agents is manifested in creating or sustaining mutually reinforcing forms of injustice. These patterns exist both within different types of nation-states and in interactions across national boundaries. However, the theory rejects the claim that for a structural theory to be so broadly applicable its central claims must be universally endorsable within multiple ethical frameworks. Instead, the theory draws support from examples of structural injustice around the world, and the insights and perspectives of related social movements. The theory also differs from approaches that make enhanced democratic decision-making or the global extension of republican institutions the centerpiece of their proposed remedies. Its focus is on justifiable forms of resistance in circumstances in which institutions are unwilling or unable to address pressing issues of injustice.
What Justice Is
Authors: Powers Madison 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The overarching question in this chapter is, what makes this theory—indeed, any theory—a theory of justice? Five criteria prominently discussed in the literature—special importance, stringency, claimability, specificity, and rightful enforceability—are examined. The position defended in this book is developed with respect to each criterion. In addition, two norms of structural unfairness pertaining to differentials of power and advantage are distinguished, as are the ways in which each differs from human rights norms. We look first at the ordinary language used in situations of everyday experience. We then extrapolate from basic intuitions about relatively simple patterns of unfairness in interpersonal relationships to gain a better understanding of fairness norms, applicable in more complex contexts where an array of institutions and social practices structure relationships between social groups.
Europe as a Cultural-Civilizational Construct
Authors: Graney Katherine 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the different meanings that “Europe” has historically had. It explores the geographic, cultural, religious, and historical understandings of Europe, stressing the uncertainty regarding Europe’s eastern boundary, and how this uncertainty has given rise to the idea that there are actually many “different” Europes, including Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Mitteleuropa, and the Balkans. It stresses the role of Christianity in understanding Europeanness, and the role that Orthodoxy plays as a “quasi-European” form of Christianity, and Islam as Europe and Christianity’s certain “other.” It also discusses how Russia, in both its Tsarist and Soviet guises, has been judged by others (and itself) to only imperfectly fit the criteria associated with Europeanness, even as it judged non-Russian others within its realm according to those same criteria.
Cultural-Civilizational Europeanization since 1989
Authors: Graney Katherine 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how understandings and practices of Europeanization are shaped in the cultural-civilizational realm since 1989, focusing specifically on the evolution of a European cultural space through the European Broadcasting Union’s yearly Eurovision song contest and the Union of European Football Association’s yearly EURO football championships. It demonstrates the importance that Russia and the non–Central Asian ex-Soviet republics place on being seen as “European enough” to participate successfully in both Eurovision and the EURO football championships, and the ways that participating in these cultural events forces these states to “act European” in political and economic ways, as well as cultural ones. The discussion of Eurovision highlights that event’s influence on spreading the idea of LGBTQ rights as a marker of “Europeanness,” while the EURO football championships are an arena where expectations about civility and racial tolerance as European norms are negotiated.
Switched On Pop
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The creation of “Call Me Maybe” is typical for a modern pop song: a mix of accident and intention coming together to produce a smash hit. This chapter explores the history and mission behind Nate Sloan and Charlie Harding’s starting the podcast Switched On Pop, and the instrumental role that Carly Rae Jepsen’s “Call Me Maybe” played in the project. The song is also a perfect test case for how pop can be “switched on” through a practice of deep listening, as every musical element of “Call Me Maybe” is aligned to capture one of life’s most nervewracking experiences: asking someone out.
Y’all Don’t Want to Hear Me, You Just Want to Dance
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 analyzes Outkast’s “Hey Ya!,” a heartbreaking tale of romantic failure but also one of the most popular wedding songs ever. Both can be true thanks to André Benjamin’s brilliant use of mixed meter, a rhythmic technique that disrupts the steady flow of time while also providing an irresistibly funky soundtrack for dance. The song begins with three measures of four-beat meter. This pattern repeats three times, but then a rogue measure of two beats interrupts the prevailing four-beat meter. As quickly as it appears, the odd-man-out measure of two disappears, and the song moves back to four-beat meter. The result is a song that captivates and unsettles listeners at the same time.
A Star’s Melodic Signature
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Taylor Swift changes her musical style from album to album, something that has earned her criticism for appearing “inauthentic.” Even as her sounds changes, though, one element remains intact—a three-note melodic motif present throughout her oeuvre dubbed the “T Drop,” discussed in this chapter. The T Drop may serve as Swift’s sonic signature, but the inherent plasticity of melody means that the motif signifies differently depending on small variations in its construction, as well as the overall context in which appears; small changes to the motif can make it resonate quite differently. Tracing this melody through Swift’s repertoire shows how artists can maintain their songcraft in the face of commercial demands.
A Voice without a Face
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses “Chandelier,” a song with a dizzying rush that comes largely from Sia’s masterful control of vocal timbre. “Timbre” refers to the quality of a given sound, a still-fuzzy category of music analysis. There are tools to describe melody and rhythm with precision, but not timbre. In describing timbre, people often resort to vague adjectives like “rough” or “smooth.” Sia’s ability to coax maximum emotion out of every pitch and word is not just a testament to her skill at songwriting but also to her uncanny understanding of timbral manipulation. Listening closely to “Chandelier” reveals Sia’s vocal brilliance and also shines light on the mysterious nature of timbre.
Painting a Musical Masterpiece
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses “What Goes Around . . . Comes Around,” Justin Timberlake and Timbaland’s magnum opus, a seven-minute-plus track spinning a saga of love and karma through creative instrumentation, pointed lyrics, and an effect called text painting. Text painting sets a lyric to music that mirrors its meaning—such as a melody moving in a circle to illustrate the idea of “coming back around.” It’s as if Timberlake starts his paintbrush in the center of the canvas, on the home pitch of A, descends down as he repeats “goes around,” then makes a sudden upward brushstroke, before falling back to the starting note on the final “comes back around” right in the center of his canvas. Text painting dates back to the Middle Ages, making Timberlake a kind of latter-day troubadour and “What Goes Around” a modern ballad of courtly love.
Sometimes the Truth Don’t Rhyme
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
How does Drake manage to be the most successful pop artist of the twenty-first century when most of his choruses do not even use perfect rhymes? The answer, as discussed in Chapter 8, is that in modern pop the melody and rhythm of a lyrical line are often more important than the song’s poetry. As Chance the Rapper has said, “Sometimes the truth don’t rhyme.” “God’s Plan” is a perfect example of this maxim, because its success is not predicated on lyrical accuracy but on Drake’s ability to repeat musical motifs again and again until they imprint on listeners’ minds; with just enough variation so that they never get boring. Drake shows that in contemporary pop, a variety of rhymes is more important than strict adherence to a single scheme.
Is Collage a Crime?
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 12 looks at sampling, the technique of incorporating other sound recordings into a new composition. It is one of the most ubiquitous and most controversial practices in modern pop, offering unbridled creativity to musicians but also exposing them to claims of unoriginality and copyright infringement. Sampling entered popular music through hip hop, when instrumental breaks were repeated and recorded on a loop, forming the beat against which an MC could rap. The appearance of digital samplers in the 1980s enabled a proliferation of sample-based music but heralded continuing legal battles to curtail the practice of sampling. “Paper Planes” is a collage of musical and lyrical referents that creates an indelible sonic texture while also indexing the themes of immigration and criminality that M.I.A. satirizes in her hit track.
Does Pop Have a Sound?
Authors: Sloan Nate , Harding Charlie , Gottlieb Iris 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Kelly Clarkson’s “Since U Been Gone,” analyzed in Chapter 15, is an unabashed pop hit with a dirty secret: producer Max Martin adapted the song from the indie track “Maps” by the Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Analyzing how Clarkson and Martin translate the sounds of indie into pop reveals the chameleonic nature of the genre. Unlike other styles, it’s not defined by specific musical traits but by its market orientation. Still, that does not mean that pop is devoid of artistry, as attested by the manifold compositional acumen on display in “Since U Been Gone.”
Civil Action and the Microdynamics of Violence during the Bosnian War
Authors: Berry Marie E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The war Bosnia and Herzegovina, between 1992 and 1995, was characterized by vastly different levels of violence across the country. The chapter examines the way in which civil action shaped the course, severity, and effects of the violence in three Bosnian cities: Tuzla, Sarajevo, and Prijedor. These cities roughly experienced low, moderate, and high levels of violence respectively, proportionate to their population size. It argues that civilians, local political elites, and religious institutions played critical roles in carving out civil spaces in the midst of violence, dampening local levels of violence and, in some cases, contributing to the resolution of the broader conflict. The varied levels of violence across the three cases help to illustrate the conditions under which such civil action is possible, underscoring both the potential and the limitations of civil action to counter armed conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Summers Jesse S. , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Morality is central to our lives and regulates our behavior even absent external punishment or reward. Because morality is complicated, it is best studied from multiple perspectives and disciplines. We here propose studying morality from the perspective of psychiatry. Moral psychiatry, as we call this new subfield, focuses on mental illnesses whose content is closely related to morality, using psychiatric conditions to illuminate morality. This ultimately sheds light on ordinary moral functioning without unrealistically idealizing our psychology. Scrupulosity is an example of how psychiatric conditions can illuminate morality and test philosophical theories in various ways.
Scrupulosity as a Form of OCD
Authors: Summers Jesse S. , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Scrupulosity is closely connected to OCD, despite some appearances and informal characterizations of Scrupulosity as a concern with sin. Those with Scrupulosity have obsessions and/or compulsions. The Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity-Revised (PIOS-R) captures the religious features of Scrupulosity. A secular presentation is less common or has been diagnosed less often, but a non-religious presentation is still possible. The distinctive features of Scrupulosity are perfectionism, chronic doubt and intolerance of uncertainty, and moral thought-action fusion. None of these features are exclusive to Scrupulosity, but they mutually reinforce each other and together characterize the condition.
Mental Illness
Authors: Summers Jesse S. , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Scrupulosity is a mental illness. This is not determined simply by inclusion in or exclusion from the current DSM. The features that characterize Scrupulosity needn’t be disordered, and this chapter addresses skepticism—eliminativism and social constructionism—about mental illness more generally. Illnesses, according to skeptics about mental illness, require physical markers and a value-free diagnosis. These are not present for Scrupulosity, nor are they present for many mental illnesses. The chapter considers dysfunction and harm as definitive of mental illness. It then examines the DSM-5 definition of mental illness and finds that Scrupulosity fits that definition.
Responsibility
Authors: Summers Jesse S. , Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Responsibility admits of degrees, and Scrupulosity seems to diminish responsibility for harms caused to some degree. We focus on whether Scrupulosity provides an excuse that reduces or removes moral liability responsibility for bad actions or consequences. More precisely, we distinguish attributability, answerability, and accountability responsibility. Our question is whether someone with Scrupulosity is accountability responsible—whether it is fitting to feel anger, resentment, or indignation toward them—for harms they cause. We consider two compatibilist theories of responsibility: deep-self theories and reasons-responsiveness theories. Unlike deep-self theories, reasons-responsiveness theories can distinguish scrupulous actions by distinguishing responding to reasons from responding to anxiety. Finally, we address whether present responsibility can be traced to one’s previous bad decisions and cases in which one was clearly responsible.
Introduction
Authors: Bennett Nolan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s argument: that many people and movements across American history have turned to life writing in times of political urgency to make a “claim of experience.” Drawing on Angela Davis’s reflections on her own autobiography’s politics, the introduction proposes a claim of experience as any life narrative that offers its audience new community by restoring to readers and author alike from prevailing political authorities the power to remake and make meaning of their lives. Whether written or spoken, a claim of experience draws the author’s attention in three directions: upward, inward, and outward. This framing rallies the rhetorical moves made in autobiography around a common concern with authority and accommodates a great variety of political goals. The introduction situates this theory in the development of autobiography and American democracy, also reviewing what recent studies in political theory and literature have prompted this book’s methods and subjects.
Benjamin Franklin’s Imperfections
Authors: Bennett Nolan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 analyzes The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin as an experimental text written across the revolutionary era and the development of Benjamin Franklin’s thought. Whereas Franklin is often seen as the archetypal rags-to-riches story that parallels American independence, reading the text across the diverse political circumstances that influenced each part reveals what for Franklin was the value of imperfection. Imperfections in the political subject or society do more than humble members or pave the way for a more perfect union: they motivate participants to collaborative efforts in improving themselves and their ties to one another. This chapter offers a new reading of Franklin on authority and shows how only through revision did his work become a claim of experience.
Frederick Douglass, from Narration to Denunciation
Authors: Bennett Nolan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 shows how Frederick Douglass issued two claims across two antebellum narratives. In his 1845 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, he both challenged the diminished legal and moral authority of black Americans and analyzed what of the plantation had oppressed him. Yet after his political ideas and ties developed in the following decade, Douglass wrote his 1855 My Bondage and My Freedom not as mere narrative but as denunciation. Whereas to narrate wrongs encouraged readers to judge Douglass’s story alongside moral criteria of justice, to denounce wrongs in Bondage implicated readers within the structures that create antebellum subjects on and off the plantation. This claim depended on Douglass’s renewed authority to analyze his life and on an analysis that revealed how the conditions of slavery implicate abolitionists and readers. Douglass’s book reached outward to demand his audience join him in solidarity for racial justice.