bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demographic Disturbance and the Use of Life Tables in Anthropology
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2018

Many studies have recently appeared in which an attempt was made to derive age-specific birth and death rates from anthropological populations. The display of age-specific death rates usually takes the form of an abridged life table; fertility rates are rarer in the literature. One recent compendium has discussed the construction of life tables for skeletal populations (Acsádi and Nemeskéri 1970). In another work, I have argued that the fragmentary nature of anthropological data and the problems of sampling from small populations required the use of various smoothing techniques in order to make the construction of life tables and vital rates meaningful (Weiss 1973); in that work, I suggested the use of stable population theory as a means of data smoothing, and a set of model life tables based on that theory were determined for use with fragmentary demographic data.Both direct and indirect means of constructing life tables and vital rates from anthropological data involve inference from a census and very little additional data, since that is usually all that is available to us.
Demographic Studies in Southwestern Prehistory
Authors: Plog Fred 
Published: June 2018

In this Essay, I will focus on inferences about the size of prehistoric populations based on estimates of the quantity of space utilized by those populations. I wish to recognize at the outset that there are many other data bases that have been employed by archaeologists in making inferences about prehistoric demography. While I do not intend to question the validity of alternative data bases for making paleo-demographic inferences, there are reasons why I believe that utilized space is potentially our most significant data base. Let us consider some of the alternatives. (1) Simulation models. Simulation models are powerful tools for gaining insight into the demography of prehistoric populations. Yet, if the implications of such models are to be tested, a means of making direct inferences about the population of prehistoric groups is needed.(2) Burial populations. Burial populations are likely to remain the data base from which the most comprehensive demographic inferences can be made. However, there are many areas of the world in which burial populations are so rare that one cannot count on using this data base. In addition, Cook (1972) and Baker and Sanders (1973) have identified a number of significant limitations on the utility of burial data.
Alternative Cultural Models for Demographic Change: Southwestern Examples
Authors: Gumerman George J. 
Published: June 2018

Two prehistoric Southwestern societies, the Black Mesa Anasazi and the Winslow Tradition of the Hopi Buttes, are used to demonstrate different types of adaptation to an increasing population.I indicate that changes in population density can be used to better understand the structure of society, as well as to investigate culture change. The role of demography, however, must be seen in the perspective of a single sub-system within the entire cultural and natural system. Viewed in this way, population pressure is a single part of the human ecosystem and not a simple cause or effect of culture change.The holistic approach of cultural ecological studies in anthropology has, in the last decade, proven to be a generally successful means for helping to understand the structure of cultural systems and also for elucidating some of the processes of culture change. The ecosystem concept is important to anthropology because of its holistic and synthetic characteristics; nevertheless anthropologists, for a variety of reasons, have used the ecosystem approach on a relatively simplistic, mechanical level which has limited the success of even the better studies.
Chapter I: Introductory Conclusions
Authors: De Laguna Frederica 
Published: June 2018

In Order to understand the problems presented by the archaeological material from the middle and lower Yukon Valley, we will need to see this region in a cultural perspective. The area is inhabited today by Athabaskanspeaking Indians whom I call the Tena, following Jetté. These correspond to Osgood's Tanana, Koyukon and Ingalik. Practically all the specimens we shall have to discuss come from the territory of Osgood's last two tribes.These Tena had, at the time of white contact, a culture which was much like that of all the interior Alaskan Athabaskans, whom we can take as typical exponents of the Snowshoe hunting stage, discussed in Chapter X. The Tena differ from their relatives in two respects: first, they had a richer source of food in the salmon which come up the Yukon every summer to spawn, and second, they had borrowed much from the Eskimo. On the north, west, and southwest, Tena territory abutted on that of the Eskimo, and their strongest contacts were with the Eskimo of Kotzebue Sound, Norton Sound, the deltas of the Yukon and Kuskokwim, and Bristol Bay.
A Large Hewn Plank from Mesa Verde, Colorado
Authors: Nichols Robert F. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA large pine plank was removed from a cliff dwelling at Mesa Verde in 1889. This plank, which had been shaped by charring and stone tools, measured 3.4 m. long, 0.49 m. wide, and 0.08 m. thick. Although its original provenience is not known, the plank probably came from the great kiva in Fire Temple, where it may have served as a vault cover or as a lintel over a double doorway in the east wall.
UTE Linguistics and Anasazi Abandonment of the Four Corners Area
Authors: Goss James A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe disappearance of the agricultural Anasazi peoples from the Four Corners area has been popularly attributed to the incursions of predatory tribes. The position of the Ute in aboriginal distribution makes them the obvious candidates for the honor of having evicted the peaceful cliff-dwellers. Analysis shows that the Utes moved into the Four Corners area much later than is customarily thought — probably 400 years after the Anasazi had drifted away.
Turkey Bones from Wetherill Mesa
Authors: Hargrave Lyndon L. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTurkey bones occurred in some archaeological sites of Wetherill Mesa in such quantity and form as to demonstrate the value of this domestic fowl as a major economic factor in the lives of the local inhabitants. Here are ample evidences of the use of turkey bones in the manufacture of tools and jewelry and of the use of turkey meat as food. Actual evidence of cooking was not recognized, but butchering techniques were indicated by cut marks on bones. Some occurrences of groups of disarticulated bones in a normal relationship of articulation may or may not have a ritual meaning. Some information is given that may be helpful in distinguishing bones of the Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) from bones of the archaeological and modern domestic breeds. Comments are also made on some problems that deal with the turkey as an economic factor in the lives of peoples of other areas in the Southwest.
Parasitological Study of Long-Dried Fecal Samples
Authors: Samuels Robert 
Published: June 2018

AbstractTo rehydrate dried, ancient human fecal specimens an alkaline chelating solution (cold) was used. Identifiable evidence of one animal parasite of man was found — the eggs of Enterobius vermicularis. Rhahditoid nematodes in one specimen and mites in many probably invaded the feces after deposition. If the nematodes were a maize parasite, they might have caused crop loss, if present in large enough numbers. The seriation of mites in specimens from different strata may provide evidence concerning their evolution in the Mesa Verde area.
6 Artifacts
Authors: Webb Clarence H. 
Published: June 2018

Stone artifacts are much less frequent at the Belcher site than either shell objects or pottery. Very few stone artifacts were placed with the burials. Only 155 chipped stone artifacts were recovered; 103 are projectile points, 52 of which were found on house floors, 27 with burials, and 24 on the surface (Table 4). All of the projectiles are small, thin arrow types, except one from the fill of Burial 9 which is large enough to be considered a dart point (Fig. 125 l).Bassett points (Fig. 125 a-d). This form appears to be the resident projectile type at the Belcher site at least for the last two occupation periods, the Belcher focus. There are 56 points of this type and 20 others which have broken stems but are probably Bassett forms. All recognizable Belcher focus burial offerings of projectile points are beautifully finished points of this type. They are thin, keen projectiles, 2 to 4 cm. in length and 1.2 to 1.5 cm. in basal width, made from flakes of tan chert or argillite. The sides are straight, slightly convex or recurved to flare outward at the barbs, which are long and keen; the tips are sharp, the edges finely flaked, and the bases deeply indented to produce narrow, triangular contracting stems.
9 The Southern Cult in the Belcher Focus
Authors: Webb Clarence H. 
Published: June 2018

Specific elements of the ceremonial complex which has been termed the “Southern Cult” appear in Belcher III at the Belcher site and in the Foster and Friday mound components of the Belcher focus. This constitutes the only significant persistence of this cult material in the later or Fulton aspect of the entire Caddoan area.These Southern Cult elements in the three sites accompany an equally large number of ceremonial traits to form an apparently highly organized burial complex. It seems desirable to segregate the Cult elements, because of their significance outside of this area, then to relate them to other ceremonial traits in the focus in order to complete the local picture. The elements of the Cult complex which are found in the Belcher focus are listed according to the classification of Waring and Holder (1945). The numbers in parentheses correspond to those which Waring and Holder have assigned to the various elements of the Cult. It should be noted, however, that there is not universal acceptance of the items in the list prepared by Waring and Holder. Probably some items should be added; almost certainly a distinction should be made between specific Cult items and those traits of decoration or ornamentation which happen to be widespread in Mississippi and related cultures but are nonreligious or nonceremonial. Further study of local variations in ceremonialism and shared Cult traits is needed.
Cultural Stratigraphy
Authors: Krieger Alex D. 
Published: June 2018

In the preceding section, a number of “zones” were established in the mound and surrounding fields, providing a framework within which to reconstruct cultural development at the site. We can now try to view the history of the site in somewhat broader terms, organizing the zones into stages of development, marked by such events as changing tastes and the appearance of new traits. The sequence of construction of the great mound may first be briefly reviewed.The first occupation (always excepting such
information as might be revealed in the unexcavated wing) can be determined by following backward the mound zones discussed above. The secondary mound (Zones 10 to 12) constituted a single unit of construction, completely overlying the broad primary mound platform, and lapping over its slopes. The platform itself had to be built up in a certain order because its fills slanted over one another in consistent manner.
Stone Artifacts
Authors: Krieger Alex D. 
Published: June 2018

With some exceptions, notably the projectile points, the various artifacts of stone, flint, and pigment are simple in nature and will be but briefly described. Figures 53-61 provide illustrations of nearly every descriptive grouping, specimens having been selected to show ranges of variation; the more variation —as in projectile point types—the more specimens are shown.Tables 17-18 show the stratigraphic position of all stone artifacts and pigments found. Ordinary household artifacts such as milling stones, hammerstones, hones, knives, scrapers, and gravers were but sparsely represented in the mound, as might be expected. But since the mound provides our only sure stratigraphic control, the general dearth of utilitarian artifacts in it renders their occurrence in the three phases of occupation uncertain. That is, absence from one or more of the mound phases could be due to chance where only ten or a dozen (or fewer) specimens of a particular group came from the mound.
The Alto Focus
Authors: Krieger Alex D. 
Published: June 2018

Below are given trait lists of the three mound phases, together constituting an Alto Focus. The “phase” framework is only a convenience for discussing what happened. At no time was there any pronounced change, it being quite evident that the three phases apply to a single cultural continuum undergoing subtle changes of two kinds: (1) modifications and innovations arising within the resident group, including the transfer of attributes from one type to another; and (2) acquisition of new traits by outside contacts, including the imitation of styles seen on “trade” objects.The houses and non-pottery artifacts provide rather definite traits that can be listed in the conventional manner. Pottery, however, can be broken down into an infinite number of “traits” according to what the analyst wishes to present. Thus, various grades of temper, hardness, finish, design arrangement, even color tones, could all be listed as traits, as could any change in frequency in any feature at any given time. Naturally, these events cannot all be recorded, but the following phase lists attempt to show changes as well as patternizations during the life of the focus at this site; they should be more fruitful than plus-and-minus check lists.
Chapter 8: Examination of the Model Life Table Series
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2018

The model life tables should be compared to various data to illustrate their applicability. The comparative data should be independent of the populations used in the construction of the tables so that they can serve as controls for the models.Russell (1958) carried out a comprehensive study of human mortality in late ancient and medieval times. The life table material in his work derives from ungraduated and unsmoothed raw data in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum which lists tombstone inscriptions from ancient Roman areas. These data, together with some medieval British life expectancies also from Russell, are summarized in Tables 13 through 15. The mortality and life expectancy values closely approximate in range and pattern the values in our model life table series.
THE RULES OF CONSTRUCTION OF AN AZTEC DEITY: CHALCHIUHTLICUE, THE GODDESS OF WATER
Authors: Dehouve Danièle 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThis article seeks to contribute to the development of a method for analyzing the attributes of the gods of central Mexico in the manuscripts and the statuary from the time of the Spanish conquest. I focus on the Goddess of Water, Chalchiuhtlicue, “Jade Her Skirt.” The method consists of isolating the component designs of her array and grouping them in semantic groups. I begin by examining these designs and show that all of them were used in the notation of toponyms. These findings call into question the traditional separation between glyphs and icons. I next study the semantic groups and show that they consist of a series of culturally selected manifestations of water. Hence, it follows that the rules of composition of the goddess were grounded on a process of “definition by extension.” Thus, most of the semantic groups referred to different secondary names of the goddess, allowing us to think that they represented theonyms of a particular type.
Role of plasma asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine levels in detection of pulmonary hypertension in children with CHD
Authors: Farag Marwa , El Amrousy Doaa , El-Serogy Hesham , Zoair Amr 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the plasma levels of asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine in children with pulmonary hypertension due to CHD before and after treatment with sildenafil and to evaluate its diagnostic and prognostic value as a biomarker in such children.MethodsA total of 60 children with CHD and 30 healthy control children matched for age and sex were recruited. Children with CHD were divided into two equal groups: the normal pulmonary pressure group (n=30) and the pulmonary hypertension group (n=30). Children with pulmonary hypertension were treated with sildenafil and were followed up for 6 months. Clinical data, haemodynamic parameters, echocardiographic examination, and asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine levels were evaluated before and after treatment.ResultsAsymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine levels were significantly higher in patients with pulmonary hypertension than in those with CHD-only or the control group, and this increase was positively correlated with increased severity of pulmonary hypertension. Asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine levels, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance were significantly decreased after treatment with sildenafil. Moreover, asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine level was significantly lower in patients who responded to sildenafil treatment compared with those who did not. At a cut-off point of more than 0.85 nmol/ml, asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine has a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 80% to diagnose pulmonary hypertension-CHD. Asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine has a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 94% to predict poor prognosis in pulmonary hypertension-CHD children at a cut-off point of 1.3 nmol/ml.ConclusionAsymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine level has a good diagnostic and prognostic value as a biomarker in children with pulmonary hypertension-CHD and can be used for following up patients with pulmonary hypertension and predicting response to treatment.
CONDITIONAL BELIEFS: FROM NEIGHBOURHOOD SEMANTICS TO SEQUENT CALCULUS
Authors: GIRLANDO MARIANNA , NEGRI SARA , OLIVETTI NICOLA , RISCH VINCENT 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe logic of Conditional Beliefs (CDL) has been introduced by Board, Baltag, and Smets to reason about knowledge and revisable beliefs in a multi-agent setting. In this article both the semantics and the proof theory for this logic are studied. First, a natural semantics forCDLis defined in terms of neighbourhood models, a multi-agent generalisation of Lewis’ spheres models, and it is shown that the axiomatization ofCDLis sound and complete with respect to this semantics. Second, it is shown that the neighbourhood semantics is equivalent to the original one defined in terms of plausibility models, by means of a direct correspondence between the two types of models. On the basis of neighbourhood semantics, a labelled sequent calculus forCDLis obtained. The calculus has strong proof-theoretic properties, in particular admissibility of contraction and cut, and it provides a decision procedure for the logic. Furthermore, its semantic completeness is used to obtain a constructive proof of the finite model property of the logic. Finally, it is shown that other doxastic operators can be easily captured within neighbourhood semantics. This fact provides further evidence of the naturalness of neighbourhood semantics for the analysis of epistemic/doxastic notions.
Solar Wind Interaction With the Martian Upper Atmosphere: Roles of the Cold Thermosphere and Hot Oxygen Corona
Authors: Dong Chuanfei , Bougher Stephen W. , Ma Yingjuan , Lee Yuni , Toth Gabor , Nagy Andrew F. , Fang Xiaohua , Luhmann Janet , Liemohn Michael W. , Halekas Jasper S. , Tenishev Valeriy , Pawlowski David J. , Combi Michael R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWe study roles of the thermosphere and exosphere on the Martian ionospheric structure and ion escape rates in the process of the solar wind‐Mars interaction. We employ a four‐species multifluid magnetohydrodynamic model to simulate the Martian ionosphere and magnetosphere. Thecoldthermosphere background is taken from the Mars Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model, and the hot oxygen exosphere is adopted from the Mars exosphere Monte Carlo model—Adaptive Mesh Particle Simulator. A total of four cases with the combination of 1‐D (globally averaged) and 3‐D thermospheres and exospheres are studied. The ion escape rates calculated by adopting 1‐D and 3‐D atmospheres are similar; however, the latter are required to adequately reproduce the ionospheric observations by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission. In addition, our simulations show that the 3‐D hot oxygen corona plays an important role in preventing planetary molecular ions (Oand CO) escaping from Mars, mainly resulting from the mass loading of the high‐altitude exospheric O+ions. Thecoldthermospheric oxygen atom, however, is demonstrated to be the primary neutral source for O+ion escape during the relatively weak solar cycle 24.
The Improved Two‐Dimensional Artificial Neural Network‐Based Ionospheric Model (ANNIM)
Authors: Tulasi Ram S. , Sai Gowtam V. , Mitra Arka , Reinisch B. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAn artificial neural network‐based two‐dimensional ionospheric model (ANNIM) that can predict the ionospheric F2‐layer peak density (NmF2) and altitude (hmF2) had recently been developed using long‐term data of Formosat‐3/COSMIC GPS radio occultation (RO) observations (Sai Gowtam & Tulasi Ram, 2017a, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024795). In this current paper, we present an improved version of ANNIM that was developed by assimilating additional ionospheric data from CHAMP, GRACE RO, worldwide ground‐based Digisonde observations, and by using a modified spatial gridding approach based on the magnetic dip latitudes. The improved ANNIM better reproduces the spatial and temporal variations of NmF2 and hmF2, including the postsunset enhancement in equatorial hmF2 associated with the prereversal enhancement in the zonal electric field. The ANNIM‐predicted NmF2 and hmF2 exhibit excellent correlations with ground‐based Digisonde observations over different solar activity periods. The ANNIM simulations under enhanced geomagnetic activity predict the depletion of NmF2 at auroral‐high latitudes, and enhancement over low latitude to midlatitude with respect to quiet conditions, which is consistent with the storm time meridional wind circulation and the associated neutral composition changes. The improved ANNIM also predicts a significant enhancement in hmF2 around auroral latitudes due to increased plasma scale height associated with particle and Joule heating during storm periods. Further, the ANNIM successfully reproduces the coherent oscillations in NmF2 and hmF2 with recurrent cororating interaction region‐driven geomagnetic activity during the extreme solar minimum year 2008 and can distinguish the roles of recurrent geomagnetic activity and solar irradiance through controlled simulations.