bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus‐Rich Biochars Can Transform Lead in an Urban Contaminated Soil
Authors: Netherway Pacian , Reichman Suzie M. , Laidlaw Mark , Scheckel Kirk , Pingitore Nicholas , Gascó Gabriel , Méndez Ana , Surapaneni Aravind , Paz‐Ferreiro Jorge 
Published: June 2019

Transformation of soil Pb to pyromorphites and phosphates has the potential to be an effective strategy to immobilize this contaminant in situ. Soil treatment using monocalcium phosphate, a commercial fertilizer (NTS Soft Rock) and biochars prepared from poultry litter and from biosolids at three different temperatures (300, 400, and 500°C) and two doses (1 and 3%) were evaluated. Lead bioaccesibility, mobility, and solid speciation were measured. Leachable Pb (determined with the toxicity characterized leaching procedure) was not significantly (P > 0.05) changed after biochar addition, but a significant decrease in bioaccesible Pb was found for several treatments (P < 0.05). This was particularly notable for treatments receiving biosolids prepared at 400 and at 500°C or monocalcium phosphate at the 3% dose. The decrease in bioaccesible Pb concentration in the biochar treatments was similar to traditional phosphate amendments. Our research found transformation of Pb species to the more stable pyromorphite and Pb‐phosphate to be partially responsible for the observed changes, although other mechanisms, including pH changes, might also play an important role. Overall, pyrolysis was an effective method to upgrade waste streams and facilitate Pb immobilization, although key pyrolysis parameters need to be selected carefully.Core Ideas
Biochars were able to outperform phosphate amendments for Pb immobilization.
Biosolids biochars were generally more effective than poultry litter biochars.
Pyromorphite formation was observed in most cases.
Dynamics of Measured and Simulated Dissolved Phosphorus in Runoff from Winter‐Applied Dairy Manure
Authors: Vadas Peter A. , Stock Melanie N. , Arriaga Francisco J. , Good Laura W. , Karthikeyan K. G. , Zopp Zachariah P. 
Published: June 2019

Agricultural P loss from fields is an issue due to water quality degradation. Better information is needed on the P loss in runoff from dairy manure applied in winter and the ability to reliably simulate P loss by computer models. We monitored P in runoff during two winters from chisel‐tilled and no‐till field plots that had liquid dairy manure applied in December or January. Runoff total P was dominated by nondissolved forms when soils were bare and unfrozen. Runoff from snow‐covered, frozen soils had much less sediment and sediment‐related P, and much more dissolved P. Transport of manure solids was greatest when manure was applied on top of snow and runoff shortly after application was caused by snowmelt. Dissolved P concentrations in runoff were greater when manure was applied on top of snow because manure liquid remained in the snowpack and allowed more P to be available for loss. Dissolved runoff P also increased as the amount of rain or snowmelt that became runoff (runoff ratio) increased. The SurPhos manure P runoff model reliably simulated these processes to provide realistic predictions of dissolved P in runoff from surface manure. Overall, for liquid dairy manure applied in winter, dissolved P concentrations in runoff can be decreased if manure is applied onto bare, unfrozen soil, or if runoff ratio can be reduced, perhaps through greater soil surface roughness from fall tillage. Both management approaches will allow more manure P to infiltrate into soil and less move in runoff. SurPhos is a tool that can reliably evaluate P loss for different management and policy scenarios for winter manure application.Core Ideas
Better information is needed on winter P loss in runoff from winter‐applied manure.
Winter runoff after manure application is dominated by dissolved P.
Event hydrology exerts a strong control on runoff dissolved P concentrations after manure.
The SurPhos model can reliably estimate dissolved P loss in runoff for winter manure application.
Modeling and Mitigating Phosphorus Losses from a Tile‐Drained and Manured Field Using RZWQM2‐P
Authors: Sadhukhan Debasis , Qi Zhiming , Zhang Tie‐Quan , Tan Chin S. , Ma Liwang 
Published: June 2019

Prediction of P losses from manured agricultural fields through surface runoff and tile drainage is necessary to mitigate widespread eutrophication in water bodies. However, present water quality models are weak in predicting P losses, particularly in tile‐drained and manure‐applied cropland. We developed a field‐scale P management model, the Root Zone Water Quality Model version 2–Phosphorus (RZWQM2‐P), whose accuracy in simulating P losses from manure applied agricultural field is yet to be tested. The objectives of this study were (i) to assess the accuracy of this new model in simulating dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) losses in surface runoff and tile drainage from a manure amended field, and (ii) to identify best management practices to mitigate manure P losses including water table control, manure application timing, and spreading methods by the use of model simulation. The model was evaluated against data collected from a liquid cattle manure applied field with maize (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation in Ontario, Canada. The results revealed that the RZWQM2‐P model satisfactorily simulated DRP and PP losses through both surface runoff and tile drainage (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency > 0.50, percentage bias within ±25%, and index of agreement > 0.75). Compared with conventional management practices, manure injection reduced the P losses by 18%, whereas controlled drainage and winter manure application increased P losses by 13 and 23%, respectively. The RZWQM2‐P is a promising tool for P management in manured and subsurface drained agricultural field. The injection of manure rather than controlled drainage is an effective management practice to mitigate P losses from a subsurface‐drained field.Core Ideas
RZWQM2‐P satisfactorily simulated P losses from the manure‐applied field.
A field experiment revealed that the nongrowing season dominated the P losses.
Particulate P loss dominated the average annual P loss as per the field experiment.
RZWQM‐P adequately simulated seasonal P losses and dominant P loss type.
Injected manure application was found effective to mitigate P losses.
The Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi in the Decomposition of Fresh Residue and Soil Organic Carbon: A Mini‐Review
Authors: Wei Lili , Vosátka Miroslav , Cai Bangping , Ding Jing , Lu Changyi , Xu Jinghua , Yan Wenfei , Li Yuhong , Liu Chaoxiang 
Published: June 2019

Core Ideas
Our discussion highlights the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in organic decomposition processes.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can stimulate fresh residue decomposition initially and then tend to suppress the decomposition of old or decomposed soil organic carbon.
We offer implication that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi would benefit soil carbon gain in the long term even under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widespread in terrestrial ecosystems. In addition to their contributions to plant nutrient uptake, AMF also provide many ecological functions including regulation of soil C dynamics. However, both stimulating and retarding soil organic decomposition by AMF have been observed. Here we discuss the possible reasons for such a contradiction. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi contribute to soil aggregation mainly through hyphal enmeshment, saprotrophic suppression, and production of glomalin‐related soil proteins, while AMF can also stimulate organic decomposition through promoting degradative enzymes, modifying root production and activity, and/or through regulating the microbial community in the mycorrhizosphere and hyphosphere. The role of AMF in C decomposition is strongly dependent on the quality and quantity of different soil C pools. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can stimulate fresh residue decomposition initially through stimulating the decomposition of fresh residues (particularly those having high C/N ratio), whereas for older or decomposed soil organic C, AMF tend to suppress decomposition by promoting soil aggregation. Under elevated CO2 (eCO2), AMF show additive effects on residue decomposition, priming effects, and changes in soil aggregation. Despite organic decomposition rates differing in the short term and long term following litter experiments, our discussion highlights the role of AMF in organic C dynamics. We hypothesize that AMF would benefit soil C gain in the long term and thereby predict that disturbances that impacts negatively on AMF, such as tillage, residue burning, fertilization, and fungicide application, would lead to soil C decline particularly under eCO2.
Evaluation of Soil Water and Nitrogen Distribution by Site‐Specific Irrigation Scheduling Method in Tomato Crop Grown on Sandy Soil
Authors: Ayankojo Ibukun T. , Morgan Kelly T. , Mahmoud Kamal 
Published: June 2019

Core Ideas
SmartIrrigation is a smartphone‐based crop irrigation scheduling method using real‐time and location‐specific (RT‐LS) weather information.
The RT‐LS irrigation scheduling method improved irrigation water savings and increased crop yield.
The RT‐LS model can reduce nutrient leaching by maintaining water and nutrient within crop root zone.
Efficient irrigation scheduling can improve crop performance and increase production efficiencies.
Irrigation scheduling based on a real‐time and location‐specific (RT‐LS) model increases irrigation water savings and yield. The RT‐LS irrigation scheduling models have been developed as smartphone applications and have been used for crop‐specific irrigation requirements. Although many RT‐LS irrigation models have been tested and used in several agronomic and horticultural crops in Florida, none of these irrigation‐scheduling models has been tested for their impacts on nutrient distribution in Florida's sandy soils. A two‐season (fall 2015 and spring 2016) study was conducted to determine the effects of an RT‐LS–based irrigation scheduling on soil water, NO3‐–N, and NH4+–N distributions during a tomato cropping season. In both seasons, an RT‐LS model for tomato was evaluated at three irrigation application rates (66, 100, and 150% RT‐LS–suggested amounts) and compared with a historic evapotranspiration (ET)‐based irrigation schedule (Historic ET) currently recommended in Florida. This study suggests that the RT‐LS model improves water savings by 20 and 17% for the fall and spring seasons, respectively, compared with the Historic ET irrigation scheduling method. No specific pattern was observed for soil NH4+–N concentration between scheduling methods, but the RT‐LS model maintained a higher soil NO3‐–N concentration within the crop root zone and hence could reduce NO3‐–N leaching potential. In each season, compared with the Historic ET irrigation method, the RT‐LS improved both nitrogen recovery and irrigation water use efficiency in the open‐field fresh‐market tomato production system. Results obtained in this study clearly demonstrate that irrigation applications using the RT‐LS irrigation scheduler improved irrigation scheduling accuracy by maintaining nutrients within the tomato root zone and hence could reduce nutrient leaching potential in sandy soil.
Diurnal Variation and Sampling Frequency Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emissions Following Nitrogen Fertilization and Spring‐Thaw Events
Authors: Ferrari Machado Pedro Vitor , Wagner-Riddle Claudia , MacTavish Robert , Voroney Paul R. , Bruulsema Thomas W. 
Published: June 2019

Core Ideas
High‐frequency N2O emission data was subsampled to assess sampling frequency errors.
Mid‐morning sampling was adequate to derive daily average N2O emission during events.
Twice‐weekly sampling gave an uncertainty of –6 to +12% during spring thaw.
Twice weekly + sample after >10 mm rainfall had –1 to +19% error after fertilization.
An infrequent sampling protocol can introduce bias into N2O studies.
Different methods are used to measure nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent greenhouse gas emitted from agricultural soils. While some methods (e.g. micrometeorological methods) conduct near‐continuous measurements, manual chambers measure discontinuously. Estimates of N2O emissions based on discontinuous measurements can carry errors due to: (i) diurnal variation and (ii) integration of emissions over time. This study evaluated these two sources of uncertainties and identified the optimal sampling strategy for emission following spring‐thaw events (ST) and nitrogen fertilization (NF). Two times of day (mid‐morning [MM] and mid‐afternoon [MA]) and three sampling frequencies suggested in the literature on N2O emissions (bi‐weekly [BW], weekly [W], twice weekly [TW] for the ST, and W, TW, and TW plus extra sample after rainfall events >10 mm for the NF) were created by subsampling a high‐frequency reference dataset. We show that the mid‐morning sampling strategy effectively represented the daily N2O emission average, while the mid‐afternoon strategy overestimated fluxes by 14 and 32% for the ST and NF, respectively. For the ST, the weekly mid‐morning sampling protocol resulted in errors ranging from –3 to +33%, with lower uncertainties when sampling frequency increased to TW (–6 to +12%). The TW mid‐morning sampling also was adequate for the NF datasets (–5 to +19%), with narrower uncertainty levels when an additional sample was taken after >10 mm rainfall (–1 to +19%). These results provide increased confidence in selecting the sampling strategy for discontinuous measurements following N fertilization and STs in cropping systems.
Three‐Dimensional Mapping of Organic Carbon using Piecewise Depth Functions in the Red Soil Critical Zone Observatory
Authors: Song Xiao-Dong , Wu Hua-Yong , Liu Feng , Tian Jian , Cao Qi , Yang Shun-Hua , Peng Xin-Hua , Zhang Gan-Lin 
Published: June 2019

Core IdeasA piecewise depth function was fitted for three‐dimensional simulation of organic C.Regolith depth was used as a depth constraint.Topsoil organic C maps were utilized as covariates and benefited the three‐dimensional simulation.Organic carbon (OC) plays a pivotal role in earth surface systems. However, current three‐dimensional (3D) mapping studies usually focus on a soil depth of 1 m rather than the depth to the bedrock. A top‐down method using piecewise depth functions was proposed to fit the OC vertical decline patterns in a subtropical catchment in southern China. The vertical variation in OC was greatly affected by the heterogeneous topsoil due to natural processes and anthropogenic disturbances. Thus, topsoil OC maps were produced and utilized as covariates to indicate the OC decline rates and to benefit the 3D OC simulation. A distribution map of the underground critical zone thickness (UCZT) was applied as a lower boundary for the 3D simulation. Six widely used mapping techniques were performed to predict the spatial distribution of topsoil OC and depth function parameters. The overall cross‐validation results showed a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 1.7 g kg–1and a ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) of 1.82. Given limited boreholes, validation showed that the depth function performed better in the lower part (>1 m) than in the upper part (<1 m). The proposed framework could holistically employ sufficient topsoil samples and limited boreholes and provides a promising solution to simulate the 3D information of subsurface systems. We anticipate that continuous 3D OC maps can be integrated with other critical zone information to elucidate the complex interactions of various processes and to support potential service management decisions.
Sustainable wastewater management technology for tourism in Thailand: case and experimental studies
Authors: Liamlaem W. , Benjawan L. , Polprasert C. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Thailand has adopted the concept of eco-tourism as a protocol to protect environmental resources. One of the key factors in enabling the achievement of this goal is the improvement of the quality of effluent from those homestays and resorts which still lack efficient on-site wastewater treatment. This research utilized case studies of subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SFCWs), planted mainly with the Indian shot (Canna indica L.), which were designed to treat wastewaters at three resorts located in Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province in central Thailand. The results showed that the treated effluent was of sufficient quality to meet the building effluent standards Type C, which require the concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and suspended solids (SS) to be less than 40, 40 and 50 mg/L, respectively. In addition, the first-order kinetic constants for the design and operation of SFCWs were determined. For treating wastewater containing organic substances, with no prior pre-treatment, the first-order kinetic constant of 0.24 1/d can be applied to predict effluent quality. For treating other types of domestic wastewater, a first-order kinetic constant in the range 0.40–0.45 1/d can be used when sizing and operating SFCWs. This research highlights the great potential of SFCWs as a sustainable wastewater management technology.
Heterogeneity in Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Vaccination for Mild and Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Lin Chung-Hsien , Fann Jean Ching-Yuan , Chen Sam Li-Sheng , Chen Hsiu-Hsi , Yang Kuen-Cheh 
Published: June 2019

Background:Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease(AD) has gained momentum in recent years. One of the concerns over its application pertains to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) from population average and specific subgroup differences, as such a therapy is imperative for health decisionmakers to allocate limited resources. However, this sort of CEA model considering heterogeneous population with risk factors adjustment has been rarely addressed.Methods:We aimed to show the heterogeneity of CEA in immunotherapy for AD in comparison with the comparator without intervention. Economic evaluation was performed via incremental Cost- Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) and Cost-Effectiveness Acceptability Curve (CEAC) in terms of the Quality- Adjusted Life Years (QALY). First, population-average CEA was performed with and without adjustment for age and gender. Secondly, sub-group CEA was performed with the stratification of gender and age based on Markov process.Results:Given the threshold of $20,000 of willingness to pay, the results of ICER without and with adjustment for age and gender revealed similar results ($14,691/QALY and $17,604/QALY). The subgroup ICER results by different age groups and gender showed substantial differences. The CEAC showed that the probability of being cost-effective was only 48.8%-53.3% in terms of QALY at population level but varied from 83.5% in women aged 50-64 years, following women aged 65-74 years and decreased to 0.2% in men≥ 75 years.Conclusion:There were considerable heterogeneities observed in the CEA of vaccination for AD. As with the development of personalized medicine, the CEA results assessed by health decision-maker should not only be considered by population-average level but also specific sub-group levels.
Students’ need on basic English grammar teaching material based on interactive multimedia: an innovative design
Authors: Tiarina Yuli , Syarif Hermawati , Jufrizal Jufrizal , Rozimela Yenni 
Published: June 2019

This article, a part of dissertation entitled Developing Basic English Grammar Teaching Material based on Interactive Multimedia at University Level, presents the results of a study conducted to find the model of Basic English Grammar teaching material based on interactive multimedia needed by the students. This empirical research employed both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Seventy eight students of English Department of Universitas Negeri Padang were involved. The students were required to articulate their need on a design of Basic English Grammar teaching material based on interactive multimedia. The data were collected through an open questionnaire. The first result is that Basic English Grammar teaching material based on interactive multimedia is very needed (with the score 3.1 out of 4). Second, the result indicates the organization of Basic English Grammar teaching material based on interactive multimedia. The organization consists of six parts. They are Time to watch/sing/read, Time to chat, Time to Focus, Time for fun practice, Time for tube, and Time for action. Third, the students have different learning style. Fourty two students (53.84%) have visual learning style. Twenty two students (28.21%) have audio learning style. The rest, fourteen students (17.95%) have kinestetic learning style. Four, the finding shows the students have their favorite movies, colors, and music. The students like comedy/humor, drama, horror, dokumentary, and action movies; they love pop, jazz, rock, country, and rap music; they adore blue, green, black, pink, and red color. Another important research finding is almost all students (91%) have their own laptop. Those findings will be considerations in designing the Basic English Grammar teaching material based on interactive multimedia. Further research to see the effectiveness of the model of Basic English Grammar teaching material based on interactive multimedia needs to be done.
Optimasi Penempatan dan Kapasitas Bank Kapasitor Untuk Mereduksi Rugi-Rugi Daya Menggunakan Kombinasi Metode Loss Sensitivity Factors dan Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
Authors: Anggara Fikri Adi , Zebua Osea , Hasan Khairuddin 
Published: June 2019

Intisari — Sistem distribusi yang memiliki saluran panjang biasanya memiliki masalah rugi-rugi daya dan votage drop. Masalah ini dapat diatasi dengan cara menempatkan bank kapasitor pada sistem distribusi. Masalah utama dalam penempatan bank kapasitor adalah menentukan lokasi dan kapasitas yang optimal. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Loss Sensitivity Factors (LSF) untuk menentukan kandidat bus yang akan dipilih sebagai lokasi penempatan bank kapasitor dan metode algoritma Particle Swarm Optimization digunakan untuk mencari kapasitas optimal bank kapasitor yang dipasang. Simulasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak MATLAB. Studi kasus yang digunakan adalah kasus uji IEEE 10 bus dan penyulang Pakis di gardu induk Menggala. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi kedua metode dapat menentukan lokasi penempatan dan kapasitas optimal bank kapasitor dengan reduksi rugi-rugi daya yang minimum untuk kedua studi kasus.Kata kunci — Rugi-Rugi Daya, Bank Kapasitor, Loss Sensitivity Factors, Algoritma Particle Swarm Optimization. Abstract — Distribution systems that have long lines usually have problems with power losses and votage drop. This problem can be overcome by placing a bank capacitor in the distribution system. The main problem in the placement of bank capacitors is determining the optimal location and capacity. This study uses the Loss Sensitivity Factors (LSF) method to determine the candidate bus that will be selected as the location of the placement of bank capacitors and the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm method is used to find the optimal capacity of the installed bank capacitor. Simulation is done using MATLAB software. The case studies used were the IEEE 10 bus and Pakter feeder test cases at the Menggala substation. The simulation results show that the combination of the two methods can determine the placement location and optimal capacitor capacity of the bank by reducing the minimum power losses for the two case studies.Keywords— Active power losses, Capacitor Bank, Loss Sensitivity Factors, Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm.