bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New insights into the humic acid fouling mechanism of ultrafiltration membranes for different Ca2+ dosage ranges: results from micro- and macro-level analyses
Authors: Miao Rui , Wu Ying , Wang Pei , Wu Gongzheng , Wang Lei , Li Xingfei , Wang Jiaxuan , Lv Yongtao , Liu Tingting 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
To reveal the mechanisms of the influence of Ca2+ on membrane fouling with humic acid (HA), the adhesion forces of HA with both other HA molecules and the membrane, the HA fouling layer structure, HA fouling experiments, and the HA rejections at a wide range of Ca2+ dosages were investigated. The results indicated that the effect of Ca2+ on HA fouling can be divided into three stages. At lower ionic strength (IS) of CaCl2, the change in electrostatic forces is the main factor in controlling HA fouling behavior; i.e., increasing Ca2+ dosages resulted in more serious membrane fouling. When the IS of CaCl2 reached 10 mM, HA aggregates became the dominant factor in the fouling process, which could result in a porous fouling layer accompanied by less membrane fouling. Interestingly, much weaker membrane fouling was observed when the IS increased to 100 mM and the HA rejection began to decline. This was because a stronger hydration repulsion force was generated, which could weaken the compactness of the fouling layer and the adhesion forces of HA with both the membrane and HA, while enabling smaller-sized HA to pass more easily into the permeate, which led to less membrane fouling and a lower HA rejection.
HUMANISTIC INFORMATION STUDIES: A PROPOSAL. PART 2: NORMATIVE PROFESSIONALIZATION
Authors: Kunneman Harry 
Published: March 2018

Beginning from a preliminary explanation in Part 1 (Logeion, v.1, n.2) about the transitional zone between system and world of life, this paper discusses the enrichment of the production of informational knowledge, focusing on the crucial role of normative professionalization and organizational cultures in Humanistic Information Studies. The concept of normative professionalization, initially constructed from Habermas analysis of ‘system’ and ‘world of life’, and Foucault’s analysis of ‘truth’ and power in the social sciences, was enriched by the dialog with Freidson about "good works", Ricoeur's ethical perspective, the ethics of craftsmanship developed by Sennett, and Schön's analysis of professional reflexivity. Today it is possible to view the initially referred to transitional zone as a dynamic place where contemporary organizational theory and normative professionalization may open perspectives to wider moral values. Great conceptual efforts are needed. But the greatest challenge lies in the normative aspects which require new forms of cooperation based on radical equality between academic researchers and professionals working in organizations to connect the different forms of knowledge on the basis of equality, and characteristics established on the practice-based character of normative professionalization. ESTUDOS HUMANÍSTICOS DA INFORMAÇAO: UMA PROPOSTA.PARTE 2: A PROFISSIONALIZAÇÃO NORMATIVA ResumoPartindo do entendimento de uma zona de transição entre sistema e mundo da vida, apresentado na Parte 1 (Logeion, v.1, n.2), este texto discute o enriquecimento da produção de conhecimento informacional, enfocando o papel crucial da profissionalização normativa e das culturas organizacionais nos Estudos Humanísticos da Informação. O conceito de profissionalização normativa, inicialmente construído a partir da análise de 'sistema' e 'mundo da vida' de Habermas e da análise de Foucault sobre a relação entre verdade e poder nas ciências sociais, foi enriquecido pelo diálogo com Freidson sobre o "bom trabalho", a perspectiva ética de Ricoeur, a ética do artesanato desenvolvida por Sennett, e a análise da reflexividade profissional de Schön. Hoje podemos ver referida zona de transição inicial como um lugar dinâmico, onde a teoria organizacional contemporânea e a profissionalização normativa podem abrir a perspectiva de valores morais mais amplos. São ainda necessários grandes esforços conceituais. O maior desafio reside no lado normativo, que pede novas formas de cooperação com base na igualdade radical entre pesquisadores acadêmicos e profissionais que trabalham em organizações, para conectar as diferentes formas de conhecimento sobre uma base da igualdade e nas características, situadas e baseadas na prática, da profissionalização normativa.
CONSENTIMENTO INFORMADO. PODEMOS FAZER MELHOR EM DEFESA DA PRIVACIDADE
Authors: Borgesius Frederik Zuiderveen 
Published: March 2018

Precisamos repensar a nossa abordagem quanto à proteção da privacidade na internet. Atualmente, os formuladores de políticas vêm se aprofundando na ideia de consentimento informado como um meio para proteger a privacidade. Por exemplo, em diversos países, as empresas são obrigadas por lei a obter o consentimento de um indivíduo antes de fazer uso dos seus dados; com base nessas requisitos de consentimento informado, a lei tem por objetivo empoderar as pessoas a fazerem escolhas de privacidade tendo em vista os seus melhores interesses. No entanto, estudos comportamentais colocam em cheque a eficácia desta abordagem de empoderamento como um meio para proteger a privacidade. Este artigo defende uma abordagem conjunta de proteção e empoderamento dos indivíduos para aprimorar a proteção da privacidade. Este artigo aborda problemas práticos do consentimento informado como um meio para proteger a privacidade, e ilustra problemas com os atuais regulamentos de proteção à privacidade dos dados, concernentes à segmentação comportamental. Primeiramente, discutem-se os problemas de privacidade relativos à segmentação comportamental, e o papel central do consentimento informado ao abrigo da lei de proteção à privacidade. Em seguida, enfatizam-se os problemas práticos referentes ao consentimento informado. Por fim, o artigo argumenta que os formuladores de políticas devem dar mais atenção aos regulamentos que protegem as pessoas, e menos aos que as empoderam. INFORMED CONSENT: WE CAN DO BETTER TO DEFEND PRIVACYAbstractWe need to rethink our approach to defend privacy on the internet. Currently, policymakers focus heavily on the idea of informed consent as a means to defend privacy. For instance, in many countries the law requires firms to obtain an individual’s consent before they use data about her. With such informed consent requirements, the law aims to empower people to make privacy choices in their best interests. But behavioural studies cast doubt on this approach’s effectiveness, as people tend to click OK to almost any request they see on their screens. To improve privacy protection, this article argues for a combined approach of protecting and empowering the individual.
Association Between Drug Burden Index and Functional and Cognitive Function in Patients with Multimorbidity
Authors: Villalba-Moreno Angela Mª , Alfaro-Lara Eva Rocío , Rodríguez-Pérez Aitana , Báñez-Toro Daniel , Sánchez-Fidalgo Susana , Pérez-Guerrero Mª Concepción , Santos-Ramos Bernardo , Nieto-Martín Mª Dolores 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Anticholinergic and sedative drugs are associated with adverse events such as cognitive
and functional impairment in elderly. The Drug Burden Index (DBI) is a measure of an individual’s total exposure
to anticholinergic and sedative drugs.

Objetive:
The study aimed to evaluate the association between the total DBI and cognitive and functional impairment
in patients with multimorbidity.

Setting:
Patients with multimorbidity enrolled in the IMPACTO project.

Methods:
Cross-sectional observational study.

Main outcome measure:
The anticholinergic and sedative exposure was calculated using DBI. The Pfeiffer Test
(PT) was used for cognitive status and the Barthel Index (BI) for functional status.

Results:
336 patients were included (mean age 77.6 ± 8.7 years, 54.2% men and a mean of 11.5 ± 3.7 prescribed
drugs). 180 patients (53.6%) exposed to anticholinergic and/or sedative drugs were identified. The median score
obtained in PT was slightly higher in exposed patients (1 (IQR 0-2) and 2 (IQR 0-4), p = 0.082 in "non-exposed"
and "exposed", respectively). The bivariate analysis showed an association [0.544 (95% CI 0.044-1.063, p =
0.03)]. The median obtained in the BI analysis was 85.0 (IQR 30.0) and 75.5 (IQR 42.5) p = 0.002, in "nonexposed"
and "exposed", respectively. After the adjusted analysis, a relationship was obtained between both the
variables [-9,558 (95% CI-15,794; -3,321, p = 0.03)].

Conclusion:
Higher DBI is associated with the impairment of functional status and, slightly to the deterioration
of cognitive function in patients with multimorbidity. DBI should be considered in patients with multimorbidity
to optimize the pharmacological treatment of a group of special interest due to its vulnerability.
Joining of Individual Silicon Carbide Nanowires Via Proton Beam Irradiation
Authors: Khan Muhammad Rashid , Rauf Khan Muhammad Abdul , Ahmad Ishaq , Khan Muhammad Abdullah , Iqbal Tariq , Ifeanyichukwu Ezema Fabian , Malek Maaza 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Joining nanosized building blocks is a promising approach to fabricate
functional nanodevices and nanosystems. Nanojoining approach also helps in integrating these
nanodevices and nanosystems for the miniaturization of devices. The nanodevices are mainly fabricated
by joining metallic and semiconductor nanowires/nanotubes.

Objective:
Silicon Carbide Nanowires (SiC-NWs) have become important nanomaterials for future
nanoscale devices due to their unique physical properties.

Method:
In this paper, nanowelding of SiC-NWs has been demonstrated using ion beam technology.
SiC-NWs were irradiated by 5 MeV proton beam as per SRIM code simulation. Nanojoining
of SiC-NWs was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy
and X-ray diffraction.

Conclusion:
Joining of individual SiC-NWs by 5 MeV proton beam irradiation was successfully
achieved at the contact point as X-, Y-, II-, and T-shaped welded junctions.
Psychopharmacology for Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Deep Brain Stimulation: Lessons Learned in an Academic Center
Authors: Seritan Andreea L. , Ureste Peter , Duong Tammy , Ostrem Jill L. 
Published: March 2018

Background:Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a modern neuromodulation method used in the treatment of advanced movement disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dystonia. Patients with PD may have multiple psychiatric comorbidities, notably anxiety, depression, mania or hypomania, and psychosis. DBS surgery may indirectly alleviate psychiatric symptoms by allowing reduction of dopaminergic medications, or as a result of functional improvement. Patients who are considering DBS for PD often have more advanced disease and may be more vulnerable to perioperative psychiatric decline. Albeit infrequently, increased depression, apathy, irritability, hypomania or mania, and suicidal behavior have been observed after DBS surgery. </P><P> Objective: This review aimed to present current evidence and empirical recommendations for the management of the psychiatric symptoms in patients with PD treated with DBS. </P><P> Method: Relevant literature was reviewed and synthesized, along with recommendations informed by the authors’ clinical experience in a large, academic DBS center.Results:Careful evaluation of DBS candidacy, including assessing the risk for perioperative psychiatric decompensation is advised. Maintaining at least eight weeks of psychiatric stability prior to DBS surgery is strongly recommended. Postoperative management can be challenging due to advanced disease, concurrent psychiatric comorbidities, and possible DBS stimulation-related effects on mood and impulse control. Stimulation-induced elevated mood states (mania, hypomania) have started to be recognized as distinct clinical entities, although not included in the current psychiatric nomenclature.Conclusion:Insufficient evidence-based strategies for managing psychiatric symptoms in PD patients with DBS exist at this time. Further research is necessary to uncover best practices in this complex, expanding field.
Isolation, characterization and biological properties of betulin from Entada africana Guill. and Perr. (Mimosaceae).
Authors: Kwaji A. , Adamu H. M. , Chindo I. Y. , Atiko R. 
Published: March 2018

The present study is aimed at the isolation and characterization of betulin from Entada africana. A dichloromethane soluble portion of the stem bark methanol/acetone (1:1 v/v) extract was subjected to gradient elution using ethyl acetate in hexane (5 – 30 %) on an open column. A pure compound was obtained with Rf = 0.61 in hexane/ethyl acetate (8:2 v/v) after repeated washing and recrystallization from methanol and coded Enac1. The pure compound was analyzed using IR, 1H & 13C NMR and GC-MS. Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus were used to assess the antibacterial activity of the pure compound while its preliminary Cytotoxicity was evaluated using brine shrimp nauplii. Based on the spectroscopic data obtained and in comparison with literature, the isolated compound was identified as betulin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of betulin ranged between 62.50 - 250.00 µg/mL for all the four bacterial isolates in the study while its fifty percent lethal concentration (LC50) was 10.00 µg/mL. Significant Cytotoxicity with moderate antibacterial activity was observed. The study therefore justifies the existence of bioactive compounds in the stem bark of Entada africana and its use in traditional medicine.
Transparency Culture & Ecclesial Responsibility: Reflections on Institutional Communications
Authors: Mendoza Cristian , Beekman Carl 
Published: March 2018

<em>We aim to provide a theoretical framework for enhancing the Catholic Church’s culture of transparency. We therefore define concepts of culture and transparency, stressing some of the institutional consequences due to their interaction. Finally, we apply these principles to the ecclesial institution’s fields that are attractive for the public square: the administration of temporal goods, the use of information and the dispensation of sacraments and religious teachings. Defining culture as the setting up of behavioral standards, we realize that the ones regarding transparency have been constantly raised in the last years by society, while the Church has remained stable in its long-term organizational principles. Applying a culture of transparency for the Church would therefore require to understand the dynamic of cultural change within the Church that is essentially united to the preservation of its own spiritual purposes. Also builds within itself a culture that sustains a culture of accountability. Ecclesial institutions as any institution, builds and sustains trust through its diligent and consistent refusal to abuse the power given. The ecclesiastical institution would change its standards of transparency when it is needed to keep up with its original mission not when it is just an exigency of its cultural environment.</em>
The Effect of Tax Haven Utilization on the Implied Cost of Equity Capital: Evidence from U.S. Multinational Firms
Authors: Taylor Grantley , Richardson Grant , Al-Hadi Ahmed , Obaydin Ivan 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACT
This study examines the effect of tax haven utilization on the implied cost of equity capital (ICOE) based on a sample of publicly listed U.S. multinational firms over the 2006–2014 period. Our regression results show that tax haven utilization is significantly positively associated with the ICOE. In terms of economic significance, we find that, on average, a one-standard deviation increase in tax haven utilization leads to an increase in the ICOE for our sample firms by approximately 0.30 percent or 30 basis points. We also observe that our regression results are robust to a number of endogeneity checks. In additional analysis, we find that high agency costs are likely to magnify the positive association between tax haven utilization and the ICOE, while high independent director monitoring could moderate this association. Overall, this study provides unique insights into the effect of tax haven utilization on the ICOE.
Motivos de retiro del implante subdérmico en el Hospital Escuela de Honduras, 2014 a 2015
Authors: Gómez Hernández Annie Gabriela , Rivera-Hernández Alejandro , Funes-Ardón Eunice , Cárcamo-Perez Fredy 
Published: March 2018

RESUMEN
Objetivo: Determinar los motivos de retiro del implante subdérmico en la clínica de planificación familiar del Hospital Escuela Universitario de Honduras del 2014 a 2015. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa retrospectiva, descriptiva, transversal, no experimental, con muestra de 101 pacientes que solicitaron el retiro del implante subdérmico. Resultados: El motivo de retiro más frecuente fue el sangrado transvaginal presente en 36.63%, seguido de cefalea en 35.64%. Otros motivos de retiro incluyeron aumento y disminución de peso, náuseas, dolor y parestesias en brazo, amenorrea, embarazo, mialgias, acné, prurito e hipersensibilidad. El rango de tiempo de uso más frecuente fue entre los tres y seis meses con 32.67%.
Conclusiones: La causa más común de retiro es el sangrado transvaginal, seguido por cefalea, aumento de peso y náuseas. Las morbilidades tienen incidencia baja, pero ocupan el quinto lugar en los motivos de retiro.

Palabras clave: Agentes anticonceptivos, planificación familiar, sangrado vaginal.
Hipertrigliceridemia en estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Internacional Tres Fronteras en Pedro Juan Caballero
Authors: Oliveira Ramos Franco Netto Raphael 
Published: March 2018

Objetivo: Verificar el número de casos de hipertrigliceridemia entre hombres y mujeres (adultos jóvenes) estudiantes de medicina correlacionando la edad, peso y IMC con los valores de triglicéridos.Metodología: Se encuestó a 20 estudiantes de ambos sexos y oficialmente matriculados de primer a sexto año. Fueron dosados triglicéridos por el método enzimático automatizado, además fueron analisadas las correlaciones de Pearson de las variables sexo, edad, peso, IMC y altura de los estudiantes, se aplicó el test t de student para hacer las comparaciones de los valores de triglicéridos entre las poblaciones de hombres y mujeres. Resultados: En el presente estudio, no se ha encontrado una correlación positiva entre los valores de triglicéridos y las variables edad, peso altura y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC).Conclusion: Los valores de triglicéridos o los valores elevados de grasa en la sangre no dependen específicamente del IMC, peso, edad ni de altura, tanto en hombres cuanto en mujeres, sino independientemente a estas variables puede una persona sufrir de Hipertrigliceridemia.Palabras Clave:hipertrigliceridemia; estudiantes de medicina; triglicéridos
Multidimensional and Equivocal: The Theoretical and Philosophical Issues of Legal Sanctions
Authors: Kociołek-Pęksa Anna , Pęksa Władysław 
Published: March 2018

Summary
The social order, and especially the legal order, is implemented and maintained by institutions whose actions are based on the application of various forms of legal constraint. A sanction in the law may take various forms, as diversified in content may be the legislative justifications for them. The article deals with reflection on sanctions. It begins with a linguistic note: “sanction” as a semantic category and a term from juristic language. Then in the theory of law as an element of the structure of the norm. Authors also point out that sanctions exist in normative systems other than the law and they start reasoning by citing the view that the most important goal of establishing sanctions is to prompt adequate motivation of the subjects to comply with the norm (legal or other). In the essential part of the article the authors refer the division and typology of sanctions and theirs construction. In the final and most important part of the article the classical point of view - quoted at the beginning - is confronted with the order of international law, which is sometimes recognized as as lex imperfecta - as the international public law (law of nations) hasn’t developed a system of institutionalized sanctions ensuring observance of its norms. The authors suggest that it is a mistake committed the most frequently by lawyers not expert in international public law unjustifiably and incorrectly transfer the apparatus of notions with precisely assigned significance straight from the theory of domestic (in this case, Polish) law into the sphere of research on public international law. For the international law is shaped as a decentralized structure, within which the question of the execution of behaviours complying with its principles and rules belong to the duties of the subjects of that law-members of international society. The effectiveness, efficiency and purposefulness of the law is not completely nor exclusively conditioned by the existence and type of legal constraint and the international law has not been deprived of the attribute of law. The only real thing is only that a sanction has not always been automatically and immediately applied in case of infringement of a legal duty, since launching a sanction may require a specific legal action on behalf of another entitled subject of international law.
Party Autonomy in the Procedure of Appointing Arbitrators
Authors: Malacka Michal 
Published: March 2018

Summary
Party autonomy is a recognized concept in commercial arbitration worldwide. The traditional aspect of international arbitration where three arbitrators are appointed has been subject to criticism in the past as well as today. The appointment of a sole arbitrator purportedly allows for shorter arbitration proceedings while appointing three arbitrators tends to prolong international arbitration. The limitations of party autonomy have been moving beyond the old horizons as within current global relations the parties tend to avoid making a decision on the appointment of arbitrators themselves and thus arbitration bodies or tribunals have to act instead of them. The objective of this study is thus to provide an analysis of the issue from a broader viewpoint and to present the differences of opinion together with interesting conclusions across the expert community.