bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffuse lesions in the limbic system with short‐term memory loss in a patient with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Takai Yasuyuki , Warabi Yoko , Norioka Ryohei , Tojima Maya , Ikezawa Jun , Okiyama Ryoichi , Isozaki Eiji 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe role of B cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is a subject of much research. We report a case of a MS patient who presented with subacute diffuse lesions in the limbic system and short‐term memory loss.Case presentationA male patient had experienced numbness in the left upper extremity at the age of 17 years, but this disappeared without treatment. At 19 years‐of‐age, he developed subacute short‐term memory loss followed by paralysis and sensory disturbance in the left upper and lower extremities. Magnetic resonance brain fluid‐attenuated/T2‐weighted imaging showed diffuse high‐intensity lesions in the medial parts of both temporal lobes, and spotty multiple lesions in the periventricular and subcortical white matter. Twenty days later, a new lesion was observed around the right putamen, and the temporal lesions had disappeared. A symptomatic cervical lesion with gadolinium enhancement was observed at C3. This lesion involved just one vertebral segment. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed no pleocytosis or elevated protein levels, but did show oligoclonal immunoglobulin G bands. No antibodies against aquaporin‐4 or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein were detected in the serum, and anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor was not detected in the cerebrospinal fluid. We diagnosed the patient with MS despite the atypical diffuse lesions in the limbic system and the short‐term memory loss. Corticosteroid medication effectively treated the symptoms in his extremities and his impaired memory.ConclusionsThe present case shows that cortical lesions can occur in MS patients and might be induced by B cell‐mediated mechanisms.
Minimizing opportunity costs to aquatic connectivity restoration while controlling an invasive species
Authors: Milt Austin W. , Diebel Matthew W. , Doran Patrick J. , Ferris Michael C. , Herbert Matthew , Khoury Mary L. , Moody Allison T. , Neeson Thomas M. , Ross Jared , Treska Ted , O'Hanley Jesse R. , Walter Lisa , Wangen Steven R. , Yacobson Eugene , McIntyre Peter B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractControlling invasive species is critical for conservation but can have unintended consequences for native species and divert resources away from other efforts. This dilemma occurs on a grand scale in the North American Great Lakes, where dams and culverts block tributary access to habitat of desirable fish species and are a lynchpin of long‐standing efforts to limit ecological damage inflicted by the invasive, parasitic sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Habitat restoration and sea‐lamprey control create conflicting goals for managing aging infrastructure. We used optimization to minimize opportunity costs of habitat gains for 37 desirable migratory fishes that arose from restricting sea lamprey access (0–25% increase) when selecting barriers for removal under a limited budget (US$1–105 million). Imposing limits on sea lamprey habitat reduced gains in tributary access for desirable species by 15–50% relative to an unconstrained scenario. Additional investment to offset the effect of limiting sea‐lamprey access resulted in high opportunity costs for 30 of 37 species (e.g., an additional US$20–80 million for lake sturgeon [Acipenser fulvescens]) and often required ≥5% increase in sea‐lamprey access to identify barrier‐removal solutions adhering to the budget and limiting access. Narrowly distributed species exhibited the highest opportunity costs but benefited more at less cost when small increases in sea‐lamprey access were allowed. Our results illustrate the value of optimization in limiting opportunity costs when balancing invasion control against restoration benefits for diverse desirable species. Such trade‐off analyses are essential to the restoration of connectivity within fragmented rivers without unleashing invaders.
Rethinking Vulnerability in the Age of Anthropocene: Toward Ecologizing Education
Authors: Li Huey‐li 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this essay, Huey‐li Li argues that, although precariousness has always been embedded in human existence, our human vulnerability has been heightened by seemingly omnipresent and omnipotent risks in the modern era, ranging from the 9/11 terroristic attacks and nuclear meltdowns to infectious disease outbreaks and climate change. Li unravels some of the ambiguities surrounding the conceptualization of vulnerability, pointing out that human vulnerability, to a large extent, is coterminous with the increasingly more vulnerable global–local ecological systems in the age of the Anthropocene. She then connects this formulation of vulnerability to the existential, ontological, and social vulnerability in education and its accompanying discourses. Li questions the wisdom of thinking that human invulnerability is an attainable goal in the modern era and argues further that all protective and preventive efforts are actually counterproductive — that is, that they instead tend to maximize our fears and thus render us more vulnerable. Instead of perpetuating the vulnerable pursuit of invulnerability in formal educational institutions, Li concludes, modern schooling should embrace and engage ecological and human vulnerability. In this way, education might better assume ethical responsibility for mitigating the ongoing ecological decline.
Neuroanatomical characterization of imidazoline I2 receptor agonist‐induced antinociception
Authors: Siemian Justin N. , Jia Shushan , Liu Jian‐Feng , Zhang Yanan , Li Jun‐Xu 
Published: March 2018

AbstractChronic pain is a significant public health problem with a lack of safe and effective analgesics. The imidazoline I2 receptor (I2R) is a promising analgesic target, but the neuroanatomical structures involved in mediating I2R‐associated behaviors are unknown. I2Rs are enriched in the arcuate nucleus, dorsal raphe (DR), interpeduncular nucleus, lateral mammillary body, medial habenula, nucleus accumbens (NAc) and paraventricular nucleus; thus, this study investigated the antinociceptive and hypothermic effects of microinjections of the I2R agonist 2‐(2‐benzofuranyl)‐2‐imidazoline hydrochloride (2‐BFI). In rats, intra‐DR microinjections produced antinociception in complete Freund's adjuvant‐ and chronic constriction injury‐induced pain models. Intra‐NAc microinjections produced antinociception and increased noxious stimulus‐associated side time in a place escape/avoidance paradigm. Intra‐NAc pretreatment with the I2R antagonist idazoxan but not the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 or the D2 receptor antagonist raclopride attenuated intra‐NAc 2‐BFI‐induced antinociception. Intra‐NAc idazoxan did not attenuate systemically administered 2‐BFI‐induced antinociception. Microinjections into the other regions did not produce antinociception, and in none of the regions produced hypothermia. These data suggest that I2R activation in some but not all I2R‐enriched brain regions is sufficient to produce antinociception and supports the theory that different I2R‐associated effects are mediated via distinct receptor populations, which may in turn be distributed differentially throughout the CNS.
Adaptive dynamics of unstable cancer populations: The canonical equation
Authors: Aguadé‐Gorgorió Guim , Solé Ricard 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn most instances of tumour development, genetic instability plays a role in allowing cancer cell populations to respond to selection barriers, such as physical constraints or immune responses, and rapidly adapt to an always changing environment. Modelling instability is a nontrivial task, since by definition evolving instability leads to changes in the underlying landscape. In this article, we explore mathematically a simple version of unstable tumour progression using the formalism of adaptive dynamics (AD) where selection and mutation are explicitly coupled. Using a set of basic fitness landscapes, the so‐called canonical equation for the evolution of genetic instability on a minimal scenario associated with a population of unstable cells is derived. We obtain explicit expressions for the evolution of mutation probabilities, and the implications of the model on further experimental studies and potential mutagenic therapies are discussed.
The challenges posed by equine arboviruses
Authors: Chapman G. E. , Baylis M. , Archer D. , Daly J. M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryEquine populations worldwide are at increasing risk of infection by viruses transmitted by biting arthropods, including mosquitoes, biting midges (Culicoides), sandflies and ticks. These include the flaviviruses (Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and Murray Valley encephalitis), alphaviruses (eastern, western and Venezuelan encephalitis) and the orbiviruses (African horse sickness and equine encephalosis). This review provides an overview of the challenges faced in the surveillance, prevention and control of the major equine arboviruses, particularly in the context of these viruses emerging in new regions of the world.
Salpingopharyngeal fistula as a treatment for guttural pouch mycosis in seven horses
Authors: Watkins A. R. , Parente E. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundGuttural pouch mycosis (GPM) is a cause of nasal discharge, dysphagia and fatal haemorrhage in the horse.ObjectivesTo report the complications and success of salpingopharyngeal fistulation in horses withGPM. We hypothesised that creating a direct static opening into the guttural pouch from the pharynx would cause a regression of fungal plaques due to a change in the guttural pouch environment and that this treatment would result in resolution of infection prior to secondary complications.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsThe medical records of all horses diagnosed withGPMthat were presented to New Bolton Center between the years 2006 and 2017 were examined retrospectively. Seven cases of guttural pouch mycosis treated with salpingopharyngostomy without other surgical intervention were included. Information collected included signalment, presenting complaint, which pouch was affected, size and location of the plaques, laryngeal and pharyngeal function, concurrent medical therapy, location of the fistula, surgical time, time to resolution of clinical signs, time to full resolution of the mycotic plaque, and patency of the salpingopharyngostomy site.ResultsNasal discharge resolved in 10–30 days post‐operatively in all cases where nasal discharge was present. The mycotic plaques showed complete resolution at time points ranging from 1 to 6 months post‐operatively. No case developed epistaxis or neurological deficits post‐operatively that were not present at presentation.Main limitationsThere were differing adjunctive treatments between cases. This technique is not appropriate for horses that have had epistaxis or are currently bleeding.ConclusionsSalpingopharyngostomy can minimise cost of treatment, be performed on an outpatient basis and provide better exposure of the infected area with few complications. This case series documents seven cases treated with this method that resolved the infection without any further complications of the mycosis.
Feasibility of the echocardiographic subcostal view in newborn foals: two‐dimensional and Doppler aortic findings
Authors: Freccero F. , Cordella A. , Dondi F. , Castagnetti C. , Niinistö K. , Cipone M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryBackgroundIn dogs, due to better alignment with the aortic outflow, the subcostal (SC) transducer site provides greater Doppler‐derived velocities than those obtained from the left parasternal view. The feasibility of this imaging approach has never been described in equine echocardiography.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the SC view in newborn foals and compare aortic two‐dimensional and Doppler‐derived velocity measurements with those of standard parasternal long‐axis (LAX) views.Study designA prospective observational study.MethodsTwenty‐three newborn healthy Standardbred and Warmblood foals, aged from 7 h to 6 days, underwent transthoracic two‐dimensional (2DE), M‐mode and Doppler echocardiography that was performed in lateral recumbency. Right and left parasternal long‐axis (R‐LAX, L‐LAX) and SC views were obtained to perform 2DE and Doppler assessments of the aortic valve (AoV). Aortic diameter at the sinus of Valsalva (AoS D) was measured from R‐LAX and SC images. Aortic maximal velocity (AoV Velmax), velocity time integral (AoV VTI) and pressure gradient (AoV PG) were obtained by pulsed wave Doppler spectra from SC and L‐LAX views.ResultsThe SC view was feasible in all foals. No significant difference was found in AoS D between different views (P = 0.06), and no significant correlation was detected for bodyweight (BW). AoV Velmax, VTI and PG obtained from the SC view were greater than from the L‐LAX view (P<0.0001, P = 0.0001 and P<0.0001 respectively), especially in foals with lower BW.Main limitationsThe order of the transducer site was not randomised among foals, and the observer was not blinded during offline measurement.ConclusionsThe SC view can be easily obtained in recumbent newborn foals and provides optimal alignment with aortic outflow, leading to more reliable Doppler flow velocity than the conventional L‐LAX view. Further investigations of the potential use of this view in Doppler estimation of aortic outflow and cardiac assessment of sick foals are recommended.
Persistent nitrogen limitation of stream biofilm communities along climate gradients in the Arctic
Authors: Myrstener Maria , Rocher‐Ros Gerard , Burrows Ryan M. , Bergström Ann‐Kristin , Giesler Reiner , Sponseller Ryan A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractClimate change is rapidly reshaping Arctic landscapes through shifts in vegetation cover and productivity, soil resource mobilization, and hydrological regimes. The implications of these changes for stream ecosystems and food webs is unclear and will depend largely on microbial biofilm responses to concurrent shifts in temperature, light, and resource supply from land. To study those responses, we used nutrient diffusing substrates to manipulate resource supply to biofilm communities along regional gradients in stream temperature, riparian shading, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) loading in Arctic Sweden. We found strong nitrogen (N) limitation across this gradient for gross primary production, community respiration and chlorophyll‐a accumulation. For unamended biofilms, activity and biomass accrual were not closely related to any single physical or chemical driver across this region. However, the magnitude of biofilm response to N addition was: in tundra streams, biofilm response was constrained by thermal regimes, whereas variation in light availability regulated this response in birch and coniferous forest streams. Furthermore, heterotrophic responses to experimental N addition increased across the region with greater stream water concentrations of DOC relative to inorganic N. Thus, future shifts in resource supply to these ecosystems are likely to interact with other concurrent environmental changes to regulate stream productivity. Indeed, our results suggest that in the absence of increased nutrient inputs, Arctic streams will be less sensitive to future changes in other habitat variables such as temperature and DOC loading.
Basilic vein transposition for unsuitable upper arm hemodialysis needle access segment may attenuate concurrent hand ischemia
Authors: Gerrickens Michael W. M. , Vaes Roel H. D. , Govaert Bastiaan , Teijink Joep A. W. , Scheltinga Marc R. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntroduction: Some hemodialysis patients with a brachial arteriovenous fistula (AVF) have an unsuitable upper arm needle access segment (NAS) necessitating basilic vein transposition (BVT). It was frequently observed that a portion of these patients spontaneously experienced a warmer and less painful dialysis hand after BVT. Aim of this study was to determine whether BVT for an inadequate NAS attenuated hemodialysis access‐induced distal ischemia in patients with a brachial AVF.Methods: Patients with a brachial AVF and an unsuitable NAS also reporting hand ischemia and scheduled to undergo BVT between 2005 and 2016 in a single facility were studied. Hand ischemia was graded as proposed in a 2016 consensus meeting. Hand ischemic questionnaire (HIQ‐) scores (0 points, no ischemia—500 points, maximal ischemia), digital brachial index (DBI, ischemia <0.6) and access flow (mL/min) before and after BVT were compared. The cephalic vein and all side branches of the basilic vein were ligated during the BVT.Findings: Ten patients were studied (8 males, 61 [54–75] years). BVT was performed 8 [4–10] months following the initial AVF construction. HIQ‐scores dropped from 220 [71–285] to 9 [0–78] (P = 0.043) postoperatively, whereas DBI increased from 0.51 [0.39–0.67] to 0.85 [0.68–0.97] (P = 0.012). DBI and HIQ‐scores were inversely correlated (R2=71%, P = 0.001). Access flows dropped significantly (Flowpre 1120 mL/min [1100–2300] vs. Flowpost 700 mL/min [600–1760]; P = 0.018). Surgery‐associated complications were absent and dialysis continued uninterruptedly. Eight patients reported total recovery from hand ischemia six weeks postoperatively.Discussion: Basilic vein transposition for an unsuitable upper arm needle access segment may attenuate hand ischemia in patients with a brachial AVF previously reporting hemodialysis access‐induced distal ischemia.
Findings in exudates can help distinguish benign gastric ulcers from ulcerated adenocarcinomas
Authors: Hissong Erika , Jessurun Jose , Yantiss Rhonda K 
Published: March 2018

AimsMost gastric carcinomas develop in association with mucosal atrophy and hypochlorhydria, whereas benign peptic ulcers are acid‐related. Given that acid sterilises the gastric contents, we hypothesised that ulcerated gastric cancers may be associated with increased numbers of luminal microorganisms as compared with peptic ulcers, and that this feature may represent a helpful diagnostic clue to the presence of malignancy. We performed this study to determine whether the features of luminal debris, including microorganisms, from ulcerated gastric cancers were significantly different from those of debris associated with benign ulcers.Methods and resultsWe retrospectively identified 50 ulcerated adenocarcinomas and 50 site‐matched peptic ulcers. Luminal debris was evaluated for the nature of inflammation, necrosis, and the presence of mixed bacterial colonies or yeasts. Non‐lesional mucosa was assessed for chronic gastritis, Helicobacter pylori, chemical gastropathy, and intestinal metaplasia. Patients in both groups were adults (mean age: 69 years and 62 years, respectively) with similar amounts of inflammation and cellular necrosis in biopsy material. However, 76% of ulcerated cancers harboured non‐H. pylori bacterial colonies, as compared with only 22% of peptic ulcers (P < 0.01). Filamentous bacteria and fungi were highly specific for carcinoma (98% and P = 0.02 for both comparisons). Background intestinal metaplasia was more common among gastric cancers than among peptic ulcers (50% versus 26%, P = 0.02), whereas chemical gastropathy was more commonly associated with the latter (50% versus 10%, P < 0.01).ConclusionGastric cancers may be colonised by non‐H. pylori microorganisms. Detection of numerous bacterial colonies, filamentous bacteria or fungi in biopsy material obtained from ulcerated gastric lesions should raise suspicion for underlying malignancy.
iRoot FM exerts an antibacterial effect on Porphyromonas endodontalis and improves the properties of stem cells from the apical papilla
Authors: Bi J. , Liu Y. , Liu X. M. , Jiang L. M. , Chen X. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimTo investigate the antibacterial activity of a novel intracanal medicament, iRoot FM, against Porphyromonas endodontalis and its effects on the proliferation and osteo‐/odontogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP).MethodologyThe agar diffusion test was used to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of iRoot FM with two traditional intracanal medicaments, calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and triple antibiotic paste (TAP). The CCK‐8 assay was used to assess the proliferation rate of SCAP when exposed to the three intracanal medicaments. The expression levels of ALP and DMP‐1 and the capacity to form mineralized nodules were used to evaluate the osteo‐/odontogenic differentiation of SCAP, as assessed by real‐time PCR, Western blotting and alizarin red S staining. Data were statistically analysed with one‐way analysis of variance (anova), and comparisons between each of two groups were analysed by the least significance difference method. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsThe zone of inhibition against P. endodontalis produced by iRoot FM was 20.74 ± 4.35 mm, whilst the zones of inhibition of Ca(OH)2 and TAP were 24.89 ± 3.84 mm and 34.51 ± 1.20 mm. The antibacterial capacity of iRoot FM was similar to that of Ca(OH)2 (P > 0.05). SCAP, cultured in conditioned medium with iRoot FM, was associated with greater proliferation and osteo‐/odontogenic differentiation capacity than those cultured in conditioned medium with Ca(OH)2 and TAP (P < 0.05). Moreover, iRoot FM had no negative effects on the proliferation rate of SCAP.ConclusionsiRoot FM exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against P. endodontalis and could improve the proliferation and differentiation of SCAP. The findings provide evidence that iRoot FM has potential as an intracanal medicament for endodontic procedures in immature permanent teeth.
Protocol for digital intervention for effective health promotion of small children—A cluster randomized trial
Authors: Pakarinen Anni , Flemmich Magda , Parisod Heidi , Selänne Laura , Hamari Lotta , Aromaa Minna , Leppänen Ville , Löyttyniemi Eliisa , Smed Jouni , Salanterä Sanna 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAimThis article introduces the protocol of a study aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of digital WellWe intervention in supporting the participation of families with small children in the promotion of their health.BackgroundEarly childhood is a meaningful period for building a strong base for good health. Parents play a key role in affecting the health behaviour and psychosocial development of their children. A family‐centred approach makes it possible to support families’ individual health literacy needs and empower them to take actions towards promoting healthier behaviour. However, there are a lack of family‐centred digital health interventions intended for parents and their small children.DesignThe study is designed as a two‐arm cluster, randomized, controlled trial with a 4‐month follow‐up.MethodsThe data are being collected from 200 families with a 4‐year‐old child. Cluster randomization is being performed at the municipality level. Municipalities (N = 4) located in Southwest Finland, comprising child health clinics (N = 15) with their family clients, were randomly allocated to either an intervention (WellWe intervention) or a control group (usual care). The outcome measures include parental self‐efficacy for healthy behaviours, mindfulness in parenting and the family‐centred approach of the extensive health examination. Data collection is being performed at baseline, after the intervention and at a 4‐month follow‐up.DiscussionThe results from this study will make it possible to determine whether this new method can be recommended for implementation in child health clinic settings to support the participation of families with small children in promoting their health.