bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purposive contractual interpretation
Authors: Robertson Andrew 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIt is now well recognised that contractual purposes play an important role in the construction of contracts. The methods by which purposes are taken into account have not, however, been systematically explored. This paper considers three central issues in the purposive construction of contracts: first, the reasons contractual purposes are relevant to the interpretation of express terms and the identification of implied terms; secondly, the way in which contractual purposes are identified and distinguished from individual party interests; and, thirdly, the different ways in which contractual purposes inform the processes of interpretation and implication. It is argued that reference to contractual purposes can both raise and resolve interpretive choices, and that purposive construction plays a significant and under-recognised role in the identification of implied terms.
Constructing an Islamic Nation: National Mosque Building as a Form of Nation-Building
Authors: Sheline Annelle R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA majority of national mosques were built in the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s. Why did national mosque construction become important to Islamic states during this period, when it had not been a priority in earlier decades when many of these states achieved independence? This article suggests that national mosque construction was the result of political elites’ anxieties regarding the threat to regime stability posed by Islamist activists. Drawing on a mediumNdataset of all 25 states that recognized Islam as their official religion, the article shows that mosque construction increased after 1979 when political elites adopted a strategy of Islamic nation-building, with one expression of this strategy taking the form of national mosque-building in order to visually manifest the regime’s religious authority. In addition to mediumNanalysis, the article uses process tracing to examine national mosque building in three case studies, as well as interview data, to evaluate whether mosque construction achieved the desired effect of bolstering regimes’ religious legitimacy in these contexts. The findings have implications for understanding the use of symbolic religious structures as tools for nation-building that have often been overlooked due to the tendency to associate nationalism with secular visions of modernity.
Existence and multiplicity of positive solutions for a fourth-order elliptic equation
Authors: Figueiredo Giovany M. , Furtado Marcelo F. , da Silva João Pablo P. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe prove existence and multiplicity of solutions for the problem$$\left\{ {\matrix{ {\Delta ^2u + \lambda \Delta u = \vert u \vert ^{2*-2u},{\rm in }\Omega ,} \hfill \hfill \hfill \hfill \cr {u,-\Delta u > 0,\quad {\rm in}\;\Omega ,\quad u = \Delta u = 0,\quad {\rm on}\;\partial \Omega ,} \cr } } \right.$$where$\Omega \subset {\open R}^N$,$N \ges 5$, is a bounded regular domain,$\lambda >0$and$2^*=2N/(N-4)$is the critical Sobolev exponent for the embedding of$W^{2,2}(\Omega )$into the Lebesgue spaces.
14C Exposure from Disposal of Radioactive Waste Compared to14C Exposure from Cosmogenic Origin
Authors: Neeft Erika A C 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTThe potential14C (carbon-14, radiocarbon) flux from disposal of14C containing waste into air is compared with the natural14C emanation rate from soil in order to put the14C hazard potential from disposal of this waste in perspective with the14C exposure from cosmogenic origin. Chemical corrosion of neutron irradiated metals, steel and Zircaloy, is bounded by diffusion of water through a thermodynamically stable metal-oxide layer and dissolution of this metal-oxide in a nuclear plant. Many countries process radioactive waste for disposal using cementitious materials, an acknowledged end-point management technique for this waste. The metal-oxides are also stable when these waste forms are embedded in cementitious materials. The14C release rate from this Zircaloy at these alkaline and reducing conditions is comparable to the natural14C emanation rate from soil into air. Neutron irradiated graphite and spent ion exchange resins are chemically inert and therefore other release mechanisms need to be assumed. Radiolytic corrosion is used to determine the14C release rate from this graphite. Moreover, ion exchange—with ingressing anionic species that have a higher affinity than contained anionic14C—is proposed as a release mechanism for these resins.
Inflammatory markers are altered in severe mental disorders independent of comorbid cardiometabolic disease risk factors
Authors: Mørch Ragni H. , Dieset Ingrid , Færden Ann , Reponen Elina J. , Hope Sigrun , Hoseth Eva Z. , Gardsjord Erlend S. , Aas Monica , Iversen Trude , Joa Inge , Morken Gunnar , Agartz Ingrid , Melle Ingrid , Aukrust Pål , Djurovic Srdjan , Ueland Thor , Andreassen Ole A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundInflammation and immune activation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of severe mental disorders and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite high level of comorbidity, many studies of the immune system in severe mental disorders have not systematically taken cardiometabolic risk factors into account.MethodsWe investigated if inflammatory markers were increased in schizophrenia (SCZ) and affective (AFF) disorders independently of comorbid CVD risk factors. Cardiometabolic risk factors (blood lipids, body mass index and glucose) and CVD-related inflammatory markers CXCL16, soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), soluble CD14 (sCD14), macrophage inhibitory factor and activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) were measured inn= 992 patients (SCZ, AFF), andn= 647 healthy controls. We analyzed the inflammatory markers before and after controlling for comorbid cardiometabolic risk factors, and tested for association with psychotropic medication and symptom levels.ResultsCXCL16 (p= 0.03) and sIL-2R (p= 7.8 × 10−5) were higher, while sCD14 (p= 0.05) were lower in patients compared to controls after controlling for confounders, with significant differences in SCZ for CXCL16 (p= 0.04) and sIL-2R (p= 1.1 × 10−5). After adjustment for cardiometabolic risk factors higher levels of sIL-2R (p= 0.001) and lower sCD14 (p= 0.002) remained, also in SCZ (sIL-2R,p= 3.0 × 10−4and sCD14,p= 0.01). The adjustment revealed lower ALCAM levels (p= 0.03) in patients. We found no significant associations with psychotropic medication or symptom levels.ConclusionThe results indicate that inflammation, in particular enhanced T cell activation and impaired monocyte activation, are associated with severe mental disorders independent of comorbid cardiometabolic risk factors. This suggests a role of novel pathophysiological mechanisms in severe mental disorders, particularly SCZ.
The role of maternal prenatal thyroid function on offspring depression: Findings from the ALSPAC cohort
Authors: Fetene Dagnachew Muluye , Betts Kim S. , Alati Rosa 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMaternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy may contribute to offspring neurobehavioral disorders. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between maternal thyroid function during pregnancy and offspring depression and anxiety. Data were taken from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. A total of 2,920 mother-child pairs were included. Thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid peroxidase antibodies were assessed during the first trimester of pregnancy because maternal supply is the only source of thyroid hormone for the fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation. Child symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment at ages 7.5 and 15 years. The odds of presenting with depression and anxiety were estimated using the generalized estimating equation. The level of FT4 during the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with child depression combined at ages 7.5 and 15 (odds ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [1.00, 1.14]. An increase of 1 standard deviation of FT4 during pregnancy increased the odds of child depression by 28% after adjustment made for potential confounders. No association was found among maternal levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, FT4, and thyroid peroxidase antibodies and childhood anxiety. In conclusion, increased levels of FT4 during the first trimester of pregnancy appear be linked to greater risk of offspring depression.
Bacterial growth in saturated and eutectic solutions of magnesium sulphate and potassium chlorate with relevance to Mars and the ocean worlds
Authors: Wilks Jonathan M. , Chen Fei , Clark Benton C. , Schneegurt Mark A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractLiquid water on Mars might be created by deliquescence of hygroscopic salts or by permafrost melts, both potentially forming saturated brines. Freezing point depression allows these heavy brines to remain liquid in the near-surface environment for extended periods, perhaps as eutectic solutions, at the lowest temperatures and highest salt concentrations where ices and precipitates do not form. Perchlorate and chlorate salts and iron sulphate form brines with low eutectic temperatures and may persist under Mars near-surface conditions, but are chemically harsh at high concentrations and were expected to be incompatible with life, while brines of common sulphate salts on Mars may be more suitable for microbial growth. Microbial growth in saturated brines also may be relevant beyond Mars, to the oceans of Ceres, Enceladus, Europa and Pluto. We have previously shown strong growth of salinotolerant bacteria in media containing 2M MgSO4heptahydrate (~50% w/v) at 25°C. Here we extend those observations to bacterial isolates from Basque Lake, BC and Hot Lake, WA, that grow well in saturated MgSO4medium (67%) at 25°C and in 50% MgSO4medium at 4°C (56% would be saturated). Psychrotolerant, salinotolerant microbes isolated from Basque Lake soils includedHalomonasandMarinococcus, which were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and characterized phenetically. Eutectic liquid medium constituted by 43% MgSO4at −4°C supported copious growth of these psychrotolerantHalomonasisolates, among others. Bacterial isolates also grew well at the eutectic for K chlorate (3% at −3°C). Survival and growth in eutectic solutions increases the possibility that microbes contaminating spacecraft pose a contamination risk to Mars. The cold brines of sulphate and (per)chlorate salts that may form at times on Mars through deliquescence or permafrost melt have now been demonstrated to be suitable microbial habitats, should appropriate nutrients be available and dormant cells become vegetative.
Retirement choices by state and local public sector employees: the role of eligibility and financial incentives
Authors: Papke Leslie E. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractI analyze the effects of state public pension parameters on the retirement of public employees. Using a panel data set of public sector workers from 12 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, I model the probability of retirement as a function of pension wealth at early and normal retirement eligibility and Social Security coverage in the public sector job. I find that becoming eligible for early retirement, or receiving an early-out offer, significantly increases the probability of retiring. I do not find any effect of retirement wealth levels. These findings suggest that state legislative action to affect retirement decisions and reduce future pension costs would be most effective operating through plan eligibility rules and early-out incentives.
SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY SCHOLASTIC SYLLOGISTICS. BETWEEN LOGIC AND MATHEMATICS?
Authors: HANKE MIROSLAV 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe seventeenth century can be viewed as an era of (closely related) innovation in the formal and natural sciences and of paradigmatic diversity in philosophy (due to the coexistence of at least the humanist, the late scholastic, and the early modern tradition). Within this environment, the present study focuses on scholastic logic and, in particular, syllogistic. In seventeenth-century scholastic logic two different approaches to logic can be identified, one represented by the Dominicans Báñez, Poinsot, and Comas del Brugar, the other represented by the Jesuits Hurtado, Arriaga, Oviedo, and Compton. These two groups of authors can be contrasted in three prominent features. First, in the role of the theory of validity, which is either a common basis for all particular theories (in this case, sentential logic and syllogistic), or a set of observations regarding a particular theory (in this case, syllogistic). Second, in the view of syllogistic, which is either an implication of a general theory of validity and a semantics of terms, or an algebra of structured objects. Third, in the role of the scholastic analysis of language in terms ofsuppositio, which either is a semantic underpinning of syllogistic, or it is replaced by a semantics of propositions.
Influence of Groundwater Extraction Costs and Resource Depletion Limits on Simulated Global Nonrenewable Water Withdrawals Over the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Turner Sean W. D. , Hejazi Mohamad , Yonkofski Catherine , Kim Son H. , Kyle Page 
Published: January 2019

AbstractFuture rates of global groundwater depletion will depend on the economic and environmental viability of extracting water from increasingly stressed aquifers. Here we analyze global groundwater depletion by considering these factors explicitly. Global gridded groundwater availability and extraction cost data are aggregated to produce nonrenewable resource supply curves for 235 major river basins and geopolitical regions. These resources are then exposed to dynamically generated demands for water in a fully coupled, multisectoral, global simulation. As groundwater head levels drop, imposing greater capital and operating costs to bring water to the surface, modeled water use sectors are able to deploy a range of supply‐ and demand‐driven adaptive responses. Results demonstrate large sensitivity in global groundwater depletion rates to adjustments in resource exploitability. Extraction costs moderate demands for nonrenewable water substantially, resulting in the onset of a decline in global groundwater depletion rates within the twenty‐first century. New groundwater depletion hot spots may emerge as crop producers abandon overexploited basins and expand croplands in regions with cheaper, more plentiful water resources.
Multisatellite Analysis of Plasma Pressure in the Inner Magnetosphere During the 1 June 2013 Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Stepanova M. , Antonova E.E. , Moya P.S. , Pinto V.A. , Valdivia J.A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractUsing data from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program 16–18, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 15–19, and METOP 1–2 satellites, we reconstructed for the first time a two‐dimensional statistical distribution of plasma pressure in the inner magnetosphere during the 1 June 2013 geomagnetic storm with time resolution of 6 hr. Simultaneously, we used the data from Van Allen Probes and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions missions to obtain the in situ plasma pressure in the equatorial plane. This allowed us to corroborate that the dipole mapping works reasonably well during the storm time and that variations of plasma pressure are consistent at low and high altitudes; namely, we observed a drastic increase in plasma pressure a few hours before the storm onset that continued during the storm main phase. Plasma pressure remained elevated during the first 18 hr of the recovery phase and then started to decrease to normal levels. We found that the variation in pressure correlates with the change in the slope of the Dst index, and that the plasma pressure nearly conserved its axial symmetry during the storm, giving one more evidence that the ring current provides the main contribution to the Dst variation. We also found that the plasma pressure in the magnetosphere correlates with the solar wind dynamic pressure with a correlation coefficient exceeding 0.9, which can be related to the pressure balance at the magnetospheric flanks. The results obtained here agree with the concept of the ring current generation by an inner magnetosphere plasma ring in magnetostatic equilibrium.
Subauroral Neutral Wind Driving and Its Feedback to SAPS During the 17 March 2013 Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Ferdousi Banafsheh , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Maruyama Naomi , Lyons Larry R. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSubauroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) are associated with closure of region 2 field‐aligned current (R2 FAC) through the low conductivity region. Although SAPS have often been studied from a magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling perspective, recent observations suggest strong interaction also exists between SAPS and the thermosphere. Our study focuses on thermospheric wind driving and its impact on SAPS and R2 FAC during the 17 March 2013 geomagnetic storm using both observations and the physics‐based Rice Convection Model‐Coupled Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Plasmasphere, electrodynamics (RCM‐CTIPe) model that self‐consistently couples the magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere system. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)‐18 and Gravity Field and Steady‐State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite observations show that, as the storm progresses, sunward ion flows intensify and expand equatorward and are accompanied by strengthening of subauroral neutral winds with some delay. Our model successfully reproduces time evolution and overall structure of the sunward ion drift and neutral wind. A force term analysis is performed to investigate the momentum transfer to the neutrals from the ions. Contrary to previous studies showing that Coriolis force is the main driver of neutrals during storm time, we find that the ion drag is the largest force driving westward neutral wind in the SAPS region where the ion density is low in the trough region. Furthermore, simulations with and without the neutral wind dynamo effect are compared to quantify the effect of the neutral to plasma flow. The comparison shows that the self‐consistent active ionosphere thermosphere coupling increases the R2 FAC and the westward ion drift equatorward of the SAPS region by 20% and 40% by the flywheel effect, respectively.
Comment on “Evaluation of the Tenax Trap in the Sample Analysis at Mars Instrument Suite on the Curiosity Rover as a Potential Hydrocarbon Source for Chlorinated Organics Detected in Gale Crater” by Miller et al. (2015)
Authors: Kenig F. , Chou L. , Wardrop D. J. 
Published: January 2019

Plain Language SummaryMiller et al. [2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JE004825] described the result of experiments testing the potential of Tenax TA, a polymer used on Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM), as a source of chlorinated benzene. Miller et al. [2015] conclude that the amount of chlorobenzene produced is low and that Tenax TA cannot be the source of the chlorobenzene observed on Mars by SAM. Miller et al. [2015] did not provide the identification of two unknown compounds produced during these pyrolysis experiments, though their abundance is orders of magnitude higher than that of chlorobenzene. Here, we tentatively identify these compounds based on the mass spectra provided by Miller et al. [2015], the most abundant of which is a chlorinated monomer of Tenax TA. This chlorinated monomer is likely to accumulate in the hydrocarbon Tenax trap and in the transfer line between the trap and the mass spectrometer. Further breakdown of these compounds could lead the high background of chlorobenzene observed on Mars.
Reply to Comment by F. Kenig, L. Chou, and D. J. Wardrop on “Evaluation of the Tenax Trap in the Sample Analysis at Mars Instrument Suite on the Curiosity Rover as a Potential Hydrocarbon Source for Chlorinated Organics Detected in Gale Crater” by Miller et al., 2015
Authors: Summons Roger E. , Miller Kristen E. , Kotrc Benjamin , Belmahadi Imene , Buch Arnaud , Eigenbrode Jennifer L. , Freissinet Caroline , Glavin Daniel P. , Szopa Cyril 
Published: January 2019

AbstractKenig et al. comment on our 2015 reporting of laboratory analog experiments aimed at testing the stability of the hydrocarbon trap material used in the Sample Analysis on Mars (SAM) instrument on board the Curiosity Rover operating in Gale Crater on Mars. They propose chemical structures for some decomposition products of the Tenax TA polymer when it is exposed at high temperatures to the Cl2 and O2 gases formed by the thermal decomposition of perchlorate. Further, Kenig et al. propose that these decomposition products accumulate and then react further in cooler downstream sections of the SAM analytical pipeline to produce the chlorobenzene that was detected in the Cumberland mudstone of Gale Crater. However, numerous experiments conducted in the laboratory show that Tenax TA decomposition products only appear after repeated exposure to much higher levels of Cl2 and O2 than those seen by the flight instrument. Moreover, the sequence of chlorobenzene detections during gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry experiments conducted on Mars cannot be explained by Tenax TA decomposition, nor can the detection of chlorobenzene in Evolved Gas Analysis experiments that involve pathways devoid of Tenax TA. Kenig et al. are incorrect in their assertion that Tenax TA decomposition products can account for the chlorobenzene detected on Mars by SAM.
IFNβ enhances mesenchymal stromal (Stem) cells immunomodulatory function through STAT1-3 activation and mTOR-associated promotion of glucose metabolism
Authors: Vigo Tiziana , La Rocca Claudia , Faicchia Deriggio , Procaccini Claudio , Ruggieri Maddalena , Salvetti Marco , Centonze Diego , Matarese Giuseppe , Uccelli Antonio ,   on behalf of the MSRUN Network
Published: January 2019

AbstractAdministration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), at both clinical and neuropathological levels. The therapeutic properties of MSC in EAE are mainly mediated by the modulation of pathogenic immune response, but other neurotropic effects, including decreased demyelination and axonal loss as well as promotion of tissue repair, play also a role. Properly controlled phase II clinical trials to explore the potential of MSC transplantation as a treatment for MS are underway. Interferon beta (IFNβ) is an approved treatment for relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS. Here, we explored the possibility that IFNβ might influence the therapeutic potential of MSC, in view of possible synergistic effects as add-on therapy. IFNβ enhanced the immunomodulatory functions of MSC and induced the expression of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (Slpi) and hepatocyte growth factor (Hgf), two soluble mediators involved in immune and regenerative functions of MSC. At molecular level, IFNβ induced a rapid and transient phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3, the transcription factors responsible for Slpi and Hgf induction. Concomitantly, IFNβ dynamically affected the activity of mTOR, a key checkpoint in the control of metabolic pathways. Indeed, the impairment of mTOR activity observed early upon exposure to IFNβ, was followed by a long-lasting induction of mTOR signaling, that was associated with an increased glycolytic capacity in MSC. When induced to switch their energetic metabolism towards glycolysis, MSC showed an improved ability to control T-cell proliferation. These results suggest that modifications of MSC energetic metabolism induced by IFNβ may contribute to promote MSC immunomodulatory function and support a role for metabolic pathways in the therapeutic function of MSC. Altogether, these findings support the idea of a combined treatment for MS, in which the immunomodulatory and possibly regenerative activity of MSC could be enhanced by the administration of IFNβ.