bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acidic Steam Modeling and Simulation for Heavy Oil and Extra Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Zolalemin Ali , Stephen Karl D. 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Over the past three decades, the decline in reserves of conventional crude oil has led to the development of several methods in order to enhance oil recovery for heavy oil deposits. Globally, heavy oil accounts for approximately 50% of hydrocarbon volume in place (Ehlig-Economides et al., 2000). There exist sixteen major oil sands deposits all over the world. As a matter of fact, the two largest are the Athabasca oil sands in Northern Alberta and the Orionco - River deposit in Venezuela. By comparison, the Athabasca oil sands alone cover an area of more than 42000 km2, in which oil storage is more than all the known reserves in Saudi Arabia. It is found that only one sixth of over 1.7 trillion barrels of heavy oil are recoverable with current technologies. These technologies include mining, thermal recovery, cold production and etc. Mining only makes economic and engineering sense when the depth of overburden is less than about 75 meters. Hence, only about 10 - 20% of the oil sands can be mined. As a result, recovery of the remaining 80 - 90% of the oil sands depends on the so-called thermal-recovery process, which basically depends on using energy to produce energy. In order to begin to separate the heavy oil from the sand/carbonates, deposits have to be heated to lower the viscosity of the heavy oil. One of these thermal recovery methods is the Solvent Assisted Process (SAP) that appears tremendously successful, especially for bitumen. SAP process involves injection of solvent and steam in several wells. Even though the injector well and producer can be very close, the mechanism of SAP causes a growing steam saturated zone, known as the steam chamber, to expand gradually and eventually allow drainage from a very large volume.
Both field and numerical simulation studies have demonstrated the success of SAP drainage. The prediction of SAP performance by numerical simulation is an integral component in the design and management of a SAP project. In this regard, the solvent is chosen to be Acid in this study. In order to inject steam with solvent (acid), two separate chambers of acid and steam are heated up to a certain degree on the surface. Steam only is injected into the well. The well is shut in for 2 hrs and then put on production in which acid is mixed with steam and injected together after cleanup period.
Conventional reservoir modeling approach computes multiphase flow in porous media but generally does not take the geomechanical effects into account. Unfortunately, this assumption is not valid for oil sands, because of their high sensitivity on pore pressure and temperature variations but can be applied in carbonate formations.
Mortality of site-specific cancer in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ni Liwei , Wu Jian , Long Yuming , Tao Jialong , Xu Jianhao , Yuan Xuya , Yu Na , Wu Runhong , Zhang Yusong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Numerous studies have reported contradicting results on the relationship between cancer mortality and schizophrenia. Our aim is to quantify the mortality rate of common site-specific cancers among patients with schizophrenia and to synthesize the available research evidence. Method: We performed a systemic search of the PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases. Studies reporting the mortality rate of different cancer in patients with schizophrenia were included. A random-effects model was applied to calculate the pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Results: Seven studies consisting of a total of 1,162,971 participants with schizophrenia were included in this meta-analysis. Data regarding mortality risk of breast, colon, lung and prostate cancer among schizophrenia patients were subjected to quantitative analysis. Pooled results showed significant increases in mortality risk of breast cancer (RR = 1.97, 95%CI 1.38–2.83), lung cancer (RR = 1.93, 95%CI 1.46–2.54) and colon cancer (RR = 1.69, 95%CI 1.60–1.80) in patients with schizophrenia compared with those in the general population or control group. The mortality risk of prostate cancer increased in male patients, although no significant difference was detected (RR = 1.58, 95% CI 0.79–3.15). Increased risks of mortality from lung and colon cancer were observed in female patients (RR = 2.49, 95%CI 2.40–2.59 and RR = 2.42, 95%CI 1.39–4.22, respectively) and elevated risks of mortality from lung and colon cancer in male patients (RR = 2.40, 95%CI 2.30–2.50 and RR = 1.90, 95%CI 1.71–2.11, respectively) were detected. Conclusions: Individuals with schizophrenia have a significantly high risk of mortality from breast, colon, and lung cancer.
Changes in body composition with a hypocaloric diet combined with sedentary, moderate and high-intense physical activity: a randomized controlled trial.
Authors: Hernández-Reyes Alberto , Cámara-Martos Fernando , Molina-Luque Rafael , Romero-Saldaña Manuel , Molina-Recio Guillermo , Moreno-Rojas Rafael 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background
There is evidence showing the effectiveness of a hypocaloric diet and the increase in physical activity on weight loss. However, the combined role of these factors, not only on weight loss but also body composition, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a hypocaloric diet on the body composition of obese adult women throughout different degrees of physical activity during a weight loss program.
Methods
One hundred and seventeen healthy female volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups: a control group with a low-level prescription of physical activity (1-4 METs), moderate physical activity group that performed 10.000 steps walking (5-8 METs) and intense physical activity group that trained exercises by at least 70% of VO2max three times a week (>8 METs). All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet designed with a reduction of 500 kcal/day. Nutritional counseling was provided throughout the study period to help ensure dietary adherence.
Results
We found no differences in body weight compared to moderate and intense physical activity (ßstand. = -0.138 vs. ßstand. = -0.139). Body fat was lower in women following an intense activity (ßstand. = -0.436) than those with moderate exercise (ßstand. = -0.231). The high-intense activity also increased muscle mass at the end of the intervention, standing out above the moderate activity (ßstand. = 0.182 vs. ßstand. = 0.008).
Conclusions
These findings indicate that a hypocaloric diet, without prescription of physical activity, is adequate to lose weight in the short term (12 weeks), but physical activity is vital to modify the body composition in women with obesity. Body fat was lower when women practiced a moderate exercise compared to hypocaloric diet only, but an intense physical activity was the most effective protocol to obtain a reduction of body fat and maintain muscle mass.
Trial registration
The study protocol complied with the Declaration of Helsinki for medical studies, it was approved by the bioethical committee of Córdoba University, in the Department of Health at the Regional Government of Andalusia (Act nº284, ref.4156) and retrospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03833791). Registered 2 January 2019
Application of Standardised Effect Sizes to Hospital Discharge Outcomes for People with Diabetes
Authors: Robbins Tim David , Keung Sarah N. Lim Choi , Sankar Sailesh , Randeva Harpal , Arvanitis Theodoros N. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background: Patients with diabetes are at an increased risk of readmission and mortality when discharged from hospital. Existing research identifies statistically significant risk factors that are thought to underpin these outcomes. Increasingly, these risk factors are being used to create risk prediction models, and target risk modifying interventions. These risk factors are typically reported in the literature accompanied by unstandardized effect sizes, which makes comparisons difficult. We demonstrate an assessment of variation between standardised effect sizes for such risk factors across care outcomes and patient cohorts. Such an approach will support development of more rigorous risks stratification tools and better targeting of intervention measures. Methods: Data was extracted from the electronic health record of a major tertiary referral centre, over a 3-year period, for all patients discharged from hospital with a concurrent diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Risk factors selected for extraction were pre-specified according to a systematic review of the research literature. Standardised effect sizes were calculated for all statistically significant risk factors, and compared across patient cohorts and both readmission & mortality outcome measures. Results: Data was extracted for 46,357 distinct admissions patients, creating a large dataset of 10,281,406 risk factors. The calculation of standardized effect size measures allowed direct comparison. Effect sizes were noted to be larger for mortality compared to readmission, as well as for being larger for surgical and type 1 diabetes cohorts of patients. Conclusions: The calculation of standardised effect sizes is an important step in evaluating risk factors for healthcare events. This will improve our understanding of risk and support the development of more effective risk stratification tools to support patients to make better informed decisions at discharge from hospital.
Relationship between Night shift work, Eating Habits and the Risk of Obesity among Nurses in Lebanon
Authors: Samhat Zeinab , Attieh Randa , Sacre Yonna 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background The objective of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the relationships between night shift work, eating habits and the risk of obesity among Lebanese nurses.Methods A total of 307 nurses were randomly selected from five hospitals localized in Beirut. Data about demographic and professional characteristics, anthropometric measures, dietary habits and intakes were collected through a validated questionnaire. To study the relation between night shift works, eating habits and the risk of obesity, chi-square test, t-test and logistic regressions were used.Results The majority of nurses (78, 2%) had irregular meals timing with a significant decrease in the number of complete meals consumed during the day and an increase in the number of snacks consumed during night (p<0, 05). The most consumed snacks during night were sweets and potato chips. The findings highlighted that Body Mass Index and waist circumference significantly increased with the number of years of work (r=0,175; p<0, 05) and the cumulative number of night shifts hours over the entire work history (r=0,135/p< 0, 05).Conclusion Night shift work contributes to abnormal eating patterns and increases the risk of obesity among Lebanese nurses. However the risk of obesity is not related to eating habits.
Comparison of hemodynamic parameters among continuous, intermittent and hybrid renal replacement therapy in acute kidney injury: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Russo Diana Silva , Eugênio Claudia Severgnini , Balestrin Illan George , Rodrigues Clarissa Garcia , Rosa Regis Goulart , Teixeira Cassiano , Kelly Yvelynne P , Vieira Silvia Regina Rios 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Backround: The use of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in acute kidney injury (AKI) patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with high hemodynamic instability leading to a probable increase in hospital mortality. The aim of this study was to compare hemodynamic parameters among continuous, intermittent and hybrid renal replacement therapy in critical ill patients. Methods: We conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines which was registered at the PROSPERO Database (CRD42018086504). Randomized clinical trials involving patients with AKI in the ICU treated with continuous, intermittent or hybrid RRT were included. We investigated the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases. Two reviewers independently performed study selection, evaluation of methodological quality and data extraction. Results: Out of 3442 citations retrieved, 12 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included, representing 1419 patients. Most of the studies (n=8) did not report or find differences in hemodynamic parameters across different RTT modalities. However, continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) was associated with a reduction in heart rate (after 1 and 4 hours) in comparison with intermittent haemodialysis (IHD) patients. CVVH was also associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure (after 0.5 and 2h) when compared with patients treated with IHD. In addition, dobutamine doses were higher in patients submitted to continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) compared to patients submitted to IHD. Lower baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP), greater MAP variation on dialysis, higher number of pressors at baseline, and increase in pressor dose during dialysis were associated with shorter survival time; and greater MAP variation on dialysis was negatively correlated with renal recovery. Conclusions: Changes in hemodynamic pattern appear be similar in different dialytic methods used in critical ill patients; however continuous venovenous hemofiltration seems be safer than other renal replacement modalities.
Prognosis of stent implantation on variant angina with severe organic stenosis
Authors: SANG Haiqiang , JIANG Yaohui , WANG Zhe , ZHENG Rujie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Objective: To explore the prognosis of stent implantation on variant angina (VA) with severe organic stenosis. Background: Vasospasm is the pathogenesis of VA. Most VA patients are effective on calcium channel blockers (CCB) or nitrates, and the prognosis is generally good, but organic stenosis is a risk factor for VA. Method: We collected 141 VA patients treated with CCB and (or) nitrates in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from December 2010 to June 2019. VA patients with diameter stenosis ≥50% were enrolled .They were divided into two groups according to the presence of stent implantation. The main adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were observed including cardiogenic death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, readmission due to angina attack, coronary revascularization and heart failure. Results: 69 cases were included: 33 cases received stent implantation and 36 cases received medical treatment. The proportion of left anterior descending (LAD)(48% vs 44%,p=0.737 )which was the culprit coronary artery was very high. Diameter stenosis (84.3%±6.5 %VS 59.9%±010.1%，P<0.001)in stenting group was higher than that in stent-free group. Following up for 24 ± 23 months, there was no significant difference in the incidence of MACE (9% VS 11%) including cardiac death (3% VS 2.8%), coronary revascularization (0% VS 3%) and readmission due to angina (6% VS 5.6%), and effectiveness (88% VS 89%) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Although the two groups showed similar clinical outcomes, with anti-spastic and antiplatelet medication, stent implantation was of benefit to the prognosis of VA with severe organic stenosis.
Necessity of prophylactic No.10 lymph node clearance for middle and upper third gastric cancer: a network meta-analysis
Authors: Zheng Gaozan , Liu Jinqiang , Guo Yinghao , Wang Fei , Liu Shushang , Xu Guanghui , Guo Man , Lian Xiao , Zhang Hongwei , Feng Fan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background It remains controversial whether prophylactic No.10 lymph node clearance is necessary for gastric cancer. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the impact of prophylactic No.10 lymph node clearance on the perioperative complications and prognosis of upper and middle third gastric cancer.Methods A network meta-analysis to identify both direct and indirect evidence with respect to the comparison of gastrectomy alone (G-A), gastrectomy combination with splenectomy (G+S) and gastrectomy combination with spleen-preserving splenic hilar dissection (G+SPSHD) was conducted. We searched Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) for studies published before September 2018. Perioperative complications and overall survival were analyzed. Hazard ratios (HR) were extracted from the publications on the basis of reported values or were extracted from survival curves by established methods.Results Ten retrospective studies involving 2565 patients were included. In the direct comparison analyses, G-A showed comparable 5-year overall survival rate (HR: 1.1, 95%CI: 0.97-1.3) but lower total complication rate (OR: 0.37, 95%CI: 0.17-0.77) compared with G+S. Similarly, the 5-year overall survival rate between G+SPSHD and G+S was comparable (HR: 1.1, 95%CI: 0.92-1.4), while the total complication rate of G+SPSHD was lower than that of G+S (OR: 0.50, 95%CI: 0.28-0.88). In the indirect comparison analyses, both the 5-year overall survival rate (HR: 1.0, 95%CI: 0.78-1.3) and total complication rate (OR: 0.75, 95%CI: 0.29-1.9) were comparable between G-A and G+SPSHD.Conclusion Prophylactic No.10 lymph node clearance was not recommended for treatment of upper and middle third gastric cancer.
Ultrastructure changes and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in lens anterior capsule of patient with cataracts associated with uveitis
Authors: Zhang Chu , Ying Chong-Hui , Sun siqin , Wen yuechun , Zhu Zicheng 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
● AIM : T o investigate the expression of nod-like receptor pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) in lens anterior capsule of Uveitis associated with cataract and observe the ultrastructural changes of them .
● Methods: 17(22 eyes) cases of uveitis associated with cataract were selected a s experimental group and 1 0 (18 eyes) cases of age-related cataract were selected a s contro l group. The expressions of NLRP3, apoptosis-related speckle protein （ASC） and caspase-1 protein were tested by immunohistochemical and the ultrastructural changes of anterior capsul e was observed under electron microscope.
● Results: The expression of NLRP3 、 caspase-1 and ASC in the anterior capsu le of cataracts associated with uveitis was significantly higher than that of the control group, the difference was statistically significant (p ＜ 0.05). The apoptotic changes of lens epithelial cells in uveitis associated with cataract were obvious, and the apoptotic changes of lens epithelial cells were mild in age-related cataract patients. ● Conclusion: Strongly postive expressed NLRP3 inflamma some and obvious apoptotic changes are founded in the lens epithelial cells of patients with uveitis associat ed with cataract, suggesting that NLRP3 inflamma some and the apoptosis of lens epithelial cells may play a role in the progress of uveitis associat ed with cataract.
Impacts of Oyster Aquaculture on Subaqueous Soils and Infauna
Authors: Duball Chelsea E. , Amador Jose A. , Salisbury Lauren E. , Stolt Mark H. 
Published: October 2019

Oyster aquaculture maintains water quality via filter‐feeding processes; however, few studies have investigated the impacts of resulting biodeposits on the underlying soils. In this study, we investigated the impacts of oyster aquaculture by comparing biodeposition rates, physical and chemical properties of subaqueous soils, and infaunal communities among aquaculture and control sites in three coastal lagoons in Rhode Island. Aquaculture study sites ranged in age of use from 0 (control) to 21 yr. We applied biodeposits at an equivalent amount generated by as high as 2000 oysters m−2 wk−1 to control soils and did not observe significant enrichment, suggesting that soils and infauna can process considerable amounts of biodeposit‐derived N (5.4 g m−2 d−1) and C (44.3 g m−2 d−1) quickly. Although soils under aquaculture sites received significant biodeposits (67.8–346.47 g dry wt. m−2 d−1), soil N and C levels were only significantly higher at the 12‐yr site and at deeper depths (5–20 cm) in 50% of sites, suggesting considerable soil processing and/or mixing. Signs of detrimental impacts on the soil environment in aquaculture sites included elevated soil pore‐water sulfide levels, independent of time in aquaculture, and a shift in infaunal community structure, favoring higher populations of deposit feeders and opportunistic species indicative of environmental disturbance. Although our results suggest that biodeposit‐derived N and C additions are offset by infaunal processing, the changes in infaunal community structure and elevated pore‐water sulfides indicate that coastal managers should consider the possibility of a decrease in soil quality as a function of aquaculture‐related site disturbance.Core Ideas
Oyster filter feeding expels N‐ and C‐rich biodeposits onto soils beneath aquaculture racks.
Soils and infauna are capable of processing considerable amounts of oyster‐derived N and C inputs.
Oyster aquaculture primarily affects infaunal communities and soil and pore‐water sulfide levels.
Shade Effects on Overseeded Bermudagrass Athletic Fields: I. Turfgrass Coverage and Growth Rate
Authors: Richardson Michael D. , Mattina Girolamo , Sarno Mauro , McCalla John H. , Karcher Douglas E. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTShade from athletic stadium structures can be a significant deterrent to turfgrass performance. The objective of this study was to determine the daily light requirements of an overseeded or non‐overseeded bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) turf maintained to simulate an athletic field. An experiment was established in 2013 on a mature bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cv. Riviera] turf that was either overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or non‐overseeded. Plots were re‐seeded with ryegrass each fall, but ryegrass was allowed to transition without chemical removal. Shade structures were installed to create four light level treatments including a full‐sun control (0% shade) and 30%, 60%, or 90% light‐reducing shade cloth. Quantum light sensors were mounted under each shade treatment and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was continuously measured and a daily light integral (DLI) calculated (mol PPFD m–2 d–1). The 2‐yr, average DLI values for shade treatments were 40.8 (0% shade), 26.2 (30% shade), 14.8 (60% shade) and 3.3 (90% shade) mol PPFD m–2 d–1. A range of growth and performance data were collected, including turfgrass coverage, clipping yields and leaf elongation rates. Overseeded and non‐overseeded bermudagrass failed to persist when 90% shade (DLI = 3.0 mol m–2 d–1) was imposed. Non‐overseeded bermudagrass required a higher DLI (26 mol m–2 d–1) to persist compared to overseeded bermudagrass (DLI = 21.8 mol m–2 d–1), primarily due to the enhanced shade tolerance of perennial ryegrass. However, the long‐term effects of shade began to decrease the quality of the overseeded turf by the end of the second year of the study. These data provide sports field managers with threshold light requirements for both overseeded and non‐overseeded bermudagrass turf.