bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting and Controlling the Southern Pine Beetle
Authors: Thatcher R. C. , Mason G. N. , Hertel G. D. , Searcy J. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This article summarizes four USDA agricultural handbooks dealing with detection, evaluation, suppression, and prevention of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann. Among topics covered are aerial location and evaluation of spots, techniques for assigning groundcheck and control priorities, and recommended direct-control techniques. Since the primary thrust of good pest management should be pest prevention by maintaining tree vigor, preventative silviculture guidelines are also presented.
Cubic-Foot Volume for Yellow-Poplar in the Hilly Coastal Plain of Alabama
Authors: Golden Michael S. , Knowe Steven A. , Tuttle Charles L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Volume equations of the form V = b0 + b1 D²H were developed to estimate total volume inside and outside bark for yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipfera L.) in the hilly Coastal Plain of Alabama. Volumes predicted using the outside-bark equation were determined to be different from those predicted by the comparable volume equation developed for southern Appalachian yellow-poplar. A nonlinear ratio model was developed to estimate the volume to any specified top diameter.
The Recurring Option Contract
Authors: Shaffer Robert M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Long-term timber management contracts can be an attractive option to both the nonindustrial private landowner and the forest industry firm. However, many such contracts incorporate inequities or operational problems which may lead to eventual dissatisfaction by one or both parties. The recurring option contract presented is both equitable and operationally sound. Using a modified version of the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model, an option premium is calculated for each year of the contract in which timber is sold. Through this premium, the firm retains control over the stumpage and the landowner is compensated for relinquishing the right to market his timber independently. The considerable flexibility of the contract permits adaptation to a variety of management objectives.
Early Growth and Survival of Loblolly, Shortleaf, and Putative Hybrid Pines on Littleleaf Sites in the Piedmont of South Carolina
Authors: Benson J. D. , Schoenike R. E. , Van Lear D. H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Progeny of presumed natural hybrids of shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) growing in the Piedmont of South Carolina were found to have height and diameter growth rates between that of the two species. Survival of these trees was less than loblolly but no differences were found between them and shortleaf pine. Incidence of fusiform rust was low with the putalive hybrid having a infection rate 3 to 11 percent lower than loblolly pine. These putative hybrids, perhaps natural hybrids of loblolly and shortleaf pines, also offer potential resistance to littleleaf disease and would be a planting alternative to shortleaf pine in certain areas.
Predicting Mortality After Thinning in Old-field Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Lemin Ronald C. , Burkhart Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Four equations were compared for predicting mortality after thinning in old-field loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. The model selected is of the form: N2 = [N1a1 + a2(A2a3 - A1a3)] 1/a1 where N1 and N2 denote trees per acre at ages A1 and A2. Survival curves for thinned, old-field loblolly pine plantations in Coastal Plain and Piedmont Virginia are given.
Optimum Paraquat Treatments for Inducing Resin-Soaking in Slash and Loblolly Pines
Authors: Roberts Donald R. , Outcalt Kenneth W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii) trees near Olustee, Florida, and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees on the Savannah River Plant near Aiken, South Carolina, were treated with five concentrations of paraquat solution at three application volumes and by two methods to determine the optimum combination of concentration and volume for lightwood production in each species. Tree mortality was considerably higher with the tree injector method than with the bark-streak method. When tree mortality and yield are both considered, the optimum treatment for loblolly pine is 0.8 ml per injection with 6-percent paraquat or 0.5 ml of 7-percent paraquat per 25 mm of bark-streak wound. In slash pine trees, injections of 0.6 to 1 ml of 2-percent paraquat should give acceptable yields.
Paraffin Grafting Techniques for Loblolly Pine
Authors: White Gordon , Lowe William J. , Wright Jeff 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Paraffin can be used instead of plastic and kraft bags to protect new loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) grafts. Prior to grafting, all of the needles should be removed from the scion. After the graft is made by the standard technique, it should be completely covered with paraffin which has been heated to 175-200° F to obtain a proper seal. Graft aftercare is reduced to loosening the graft rubber, which deteriorates slowly because of the paraffin coating. Records indicate an approximate 77-percent cost reduction in grafting using the paraffin technique.
KUDZU: Where Did It Come From? and How Can We Stop It?
Authors: Miller James H. , Edwards Boyd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Kudzu is spreading in the South and control measures are required on large acreages. Control can be accomplished by persistent applications of effective herbicides or by overgrazing for two to three years. Soil-active herbicides containing the active ingredients picloram or dicamba are presently most effective. Herbicide sprays should be applied in a mixture with 60 to 100 gallons of water per acre; complete coverage is best achieved with double application and right-angle spray passes when using ground equipment. Repeated applications are usually required to kill every root crown. The tender nature of kudzu leaves and the large tuber roots make kudzu difficult to control.
Fusiform Rust Resistance of Select Loblolly Pine Seedlots in the Laboratory, Nursery, and Field
Authors: Skoller Deborah L. , Bridgewater Floyd E. , Lambeth Clements C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Twenty-three seedlots exhibited consistency in relative resistance to fusiform rust whether testing was in the Resistance Screening Center, nursery, or in long-term field tests. Results indicate that family screening for rust resistance can be conducted on one-year-old trees at less cost, and perhaps more accurately, than that of long-term field testing. In a nursery where some seedlings were left unprotected from infection while others were chemically protected, both lots were culled to produce rust-free seedlings for field planting. After four years both protected and unprotected trees had the same level of infection. As nursery screening of moderately infected trees does not significantly increase field resistance of the remaining noninfected trees, we suggest that nursery seedlings be chemically protected.
The Soil Survey and Its Value in the
Ad Valorem Taxation of Privately Owned Timberland
Authors: Harding R. Bruce , Baker Robert D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The use of detailed county soil surveys for predicting site productivity was evaluated for taxation purposes. One hundred and thirty permanent forest inventory plots containing suitable site index trees for loblolly pine (Pinus teada L.) were located on 11 different soil mapping units in the Sam Houston National Forest in Texas. The correlation between the field site indices for the mapping units and the site indexes projected by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) was extremely low (r = .10). Analysis of variance for the soil mapping units suggested that the actual average site index between mapping units was significantly different. Duncan's multiple range test, however, showed that these differences were limited to those soils having extreme site index values, with the majority of the mapping units showing no significant difference in productivity. Detailed county soil surveys provided an inadequate basis for determination of productivity as defined by site index for taxation purposes.
Snag Densities in Managed Stands of the South Carolina Coastal Plain
Authors: Harlow Richard F. , Guynn David C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The availability of pine and hardwood snags was determined in managed pine and nonpine stands on the Francis Marion National Forest in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina. An estimate was made of snags required for nesting by avian cavity nesters indigenous to the region and of the density of cavity nesters currently provided for on the forest. Avian species that use snags 5 to 9 in. d.b.h. were apparently provided with more than 100 percent of the minimum number of suitable-size snags for average bird populations in the nonpine stands, which encompassed about 30 percent of the area. In pine stands, by contrast, there were enough snags of this size for only 20 percent of the average avian populations. For species using larger snags (≥10 in. d.b.h.), nonpine stands provided enough for approximately 27 percent of average bird populations, while pine stands provided snags for only about 6 percent of average population densities.
Distribution of Gum Spots by Causal Agent in Black Cherry and Effects On Log and Tree Quality
Authors: Rexrode C. O. , Baumgras J. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Gum spots were studied in 116 black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) trees in West Virginia. Bark beetles are the major cause of gum spots in both black cherry poletimber and sawtimber trees. Approximately 90 percent of all gum spots in the bole sections are caused by bark beetles. Cambium miners cause few gum spots in the lower 6 m of the trees and virtually none in the quality zone. Bark beetle-caused gum spots are grade defects in both veneer and factory grade sawlogs. Cambium miner-caused gum spots cause little degrade in veneer logs and none in factory grade 1 and 2 sawlogs.
Dimension Lumber Grade and Yield Estimates for Yellow-Poplar
Authors: Denig Joseph , Wengert Eugene M. , Brisbin Robert , Schroeder James 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations that predict the dimension lumber grade yield from yellow-poplar trees (Liriodendron tulipfera L.) and sawlogs that are manufactured into 2 x 4's using the Saw-Dry-Rip system are presented. These equations require the measurement of dbh and merchantable height measured to an 8-in. top diameter. To predict the dimension lumber yield from yellow-poplar logs, a grading system that incorporates limiting defects with the clear-face concept used in southern pine log grading is utilized to stratify the logs. Once the logs have been graded, scaling diameter is used to predict the dimension lumber yield.
Converting Rhododendron-Laurel Thickets to White Pine with Picloram and Mycorrhizae-Inoculated Seedlings
Authors: Neary Daniel G. , Douglass James E. , Ruehle John L. , Fox Walter 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A ridge site in the Appalachian highlands of North Carolina was prepared for planting container-grown white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings by treatment with herbicide. A pellet formulation of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) containing 10% acid equivalent was applied in May 1978. Control of rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.), laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.), and other hardwood vegetation was sufficient to allow pine establishment. White pine survival was 96% 18 months after planting. Inoculation of seedlings while still in the greenhouse with the mycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch did not significantly affect seedling survival, total height, seasonal height growth, or basal diameter in the field. Height growth the second growing season after planting 6-month, container-grown stock averaged 5.1 to 7.5 inches. Eighteen months after planting, total seedling height averaged 13.3 inches, with the tallest exceeding 29.1 inches. Both height and diameter growth of white pine seedlings were inversely related to the degree of shading from remaining vegetation.
Relation between Early- and Late-Season Loblolly Pine Seedling Mortality from Pales and Pitcheating Weevil Attack in Southeast Oklahoma¹
Authors: Lynch A. M. , Hedden R. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Impact of the pales weevil (Hylobius pales (Herbst)) and the pitcheating weevil (Pachylobius picivorus (Germar)) was assessed during the 1979 growing season on 15 newly established loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in southeast Oklahoma. Early-season seedling mortality was directly related to total-season seedling mortality attributed to weevils. A linear regression model, ML = 4.04 + 1.44 M20, is used to predict cumulative late-season (late October) seedling mortality (ML) as a function of mortality accumulated by the twentieth calendar week (mid-May) (M20). This model has been used in southeast Oklahoma to establish threshold levels of weevil impact on which to base decisions regarding remedial chemical treatments.
Should Small Infestations of Southern Pine Beetle Receive Control Priority?
Authors: Lorio Peter L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Southern pine beetle, Dendrotonus frontalis Zimm., infestations were endemic on 480,000 of national forest in central Louisiana for 3 years from July 1977 through June 1980. Study of 137 spots that varied in size from 3 to 57 trees showed that spots of less than 10 trees were in large-diameter stands, that large sawtimber comprised 80% of the infested volume per acre, and that the cumulative losses of large sawtimber were almost 9 times the losses in 30- to 57-tree spots. Based on these results, small spots in sawtimber stands should receive as high, or higher, control priority as large spots in small diameter stands during endemic periods.¹
Soil Losses from Roadbeds and Cut and Fill Slopes in the Southern Appalachian Mountains
Authors: Swift Lloyed W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Soil losses were measured on the cut, fill, and roadbed surfaces of a forest road at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. Before grass was planted or gravel spread, roadbed surfaces had the least loss per unit area and loss was primarily waterborne fine particles. A large part of the soil loss from fill slopes was due to slippage of wet soils in early spring. Surface erosion of fills was negligible because storm water from the roadbed was not spilled across loose soil. The cut slopes eroded most, principally because soils were loosened by diurnal cycles of freezing and thawing in winter. This study shows that inclined surfaces of cut and fill slopes are potential sources of large soil loss but these losses can be mitigated by early establishment of grass cover and by design features to control storm water. Soil loss from roadbeds was greatly reduced by gravel surfacing.¹
Efficacy of Morning vs. Afternoon Applications of Triadimefon for Controlling Fusiform Rust
Authors: Kelley Walter D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
No differences were found between mornings (0800-1000 h) and afternoon (1600-1800 h) applications of triadimefon on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings for control of fusiform rust in nursery beds. Also, rates of 4, 6, 8, and 12 oz/ac were equally effective in protecting seedlings. Results indicate that a lesser rate than the standard 8 oz/ac/application can be used and that time of application is not important.¹
Effects of Air Drying on Survival, Height, and Root Growth Potential of Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Feret Peter P. , Kreh Richard E. , Mulligan Carolyn 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedlings were dried by exposure to ambient conditions and their subsequent quality evaluated for both field performance and root-growth potential. Seedling survival after one growing season was diminished 6.9% and first-year height growth 17% for each 10 minutes of exposure out-doors. Root-growth potential was significantly diminished by air drying with the half-life of a seedling ranging from 15 to 35 minutes depending on ambient conditions. A strong relationship between field performance and root-growth potential was shown. Results support earlier research concluding that seedling desiccation must be avoided if seedling quality is to be maintained at the planting site.1
Yield Relationships in Unthinned Loblolly Pine Plantations on Cutover, Site-Prepared Lands
Authors: Burkhart Harold E. , Cloeren Deborah C. , Amateis Ralph L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data were collected in unthinned loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations on cutover, site-prepared lands across much of the southern United States. Initial measurement data from these permanent plots were used to (1) develop regression relationships between yield of the planted loblolly pine and measurements of the planted pine and competing vegetation, and (2) assess relationships between yield and site preparation methods and physiographic regions (Coastal Plain and Piedmont). These analyses showed that yield of the planted pine component could be predicted adequately from age, average height of dominant and codominant trees, and number of surviving planted trees per unit area. Measurements on the competing vegetation did not significantly reduce the error sum of squares after accounting for the planted-pine variables. An analysis of covariance showed that mean yields (after adjusting for the effects of plantation age, site index, and number of surviving trees) were not significantly different for site preparation classes or physiographic regions. Further analyses showed that survival relationships were similar for the physiographic regions and site preparation classes included. Although the height-age relationships for anamorphic site index curve construction were significantly different for the Coastal Plain and Piedmont, there were no significant differences between site preparation classes within the regions.1
Residential Property Values Improved by Landscaping with Trees
Authors: Anderson L. M. , Cordell H. K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A 3 to 5% increase in the sales prices of-single-family houses in Athens, Georgia, was associated with the presence of trees in their landscaping, according to data from real estate records on over 800 house sales from 1978 to 1980. The average house sold for about $47,000 and had five front-yard trees visible in its Multiple Listing Service photographs. An average sales price increase of $1,700 to $2,100 was associated with the presence of these trees. This increase in property value represents an income of over $200,000 a year to the city in property tax revenues.
Preliminary Performance of the Computerized Inventory-Monitoring System for Pine Seed Orchards
Authors: Merkle Scott A. , Feret Peter P. , Bramlett David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A seed orchard Inventory-Monitoring System (IMS) and companion computer program were tested for predictive accuracy and monitoring effectiveness in an operational loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seed orchard. The IMS was used to predict 1980 and 1981 cone harvests by tracking the survival of strobili on sample trees representing each producing clone in the orchard. The 1980 cone harvest was substantially overestimated, possibly due to the use of generalized cone efficiency estimates. Predictions for the 1981 cone harvest, made with the benefit of clonal cone efficiency estimates from the 1980 crop, were much more accurate, under-estimating the actual harvest by as little as 5%.Predictive performance of the IMS is expected to improve with accumulation of productivity data for each clone and with the reduction of nonclonal sources of variation resulting from improved orchard management practices. Seed orchard-to-nursery efficiency (SO-NE) data from the system's monitoring function showed that low SO-NE values for the orchard of 22 % in 1980 and 24 % in 1981 were due mainly to low cone efficiency and low seed efficiency.2
Use of Livingston Parish, Louisiana Loblolly Pine by Forest Products Industries in the Southeast
Authors: Wells O. O. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Southern forest products industries planted 329,000 acres of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)from fusiform rust-resistant geographic seed sources during the period 1971-1980, according to a survey conducted in 1981. This amounted to about 20% of the total acreage planted to loblolly by the reporting industries. Of the rust-resistant stock, 93% came from Livingston Parish, Louisiana. Two experiments indicate that the Livingston Parish trees will have about 50% less rust than would have been the case had susceptible local seed sources been used. Livingston Parish loblolly appears to be adapted as far north as Dooly County in the coastal plain of Georgia, and Coosa County in central Alabama. Less than 100 miles farther north, however, its form has been noticeably poorer and late mortality has been excessive.
Development of Direct-Seeded and Planted Loblolly and Slash Pines Through Age 20
Authors: Campbell T. E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
After 20 years in the field, planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) yielded volumes that were not significantly higher than volumes on three of six direct-seeding treatments. However, planted trees were fewer in number, larger in diameter, and more uniformly spaced than seeded trees. Slash pine (P. elliottii) volumes were not influenced by regeneration method.
Speed of Germination Affects Diameter at Lifting of Nursery-Grown Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Boyer James N. , South David B. , Muller Carl , Vanderveer Harry , Chapman Walter , Rayfield William 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Speed of germination affects seedling quantity and quality. This study investigated the effect of germination speed on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedling diameter at lifting. Studies were installed at three forest nurseries in Alabama to test the effects of stratification treatments on speed of germination and of seedling emergence date on final seedling diameter. Results varied with the length of stratification employed. However, in all cases, seedlings which emerged earliest (first 40%) attained significantly larger diameters than seedlings from seeds which germinated later.¹
The absence of choice of law in commercial contracts: problems and solutions
Authors: Beheshti Reza 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In a commercial contract with an arbitration clause, the parties may fail to determine any applicable law, in which case the arbitral tribunal is expected to identify the rules applicable to the merits of the dispute. A modern approach suggests that localizing legal issues originated from an international contract is inappropriate and that the tribunal should conduct an assessment to identify international or non-national rules or practices appropriate to the issues at hand. This approach, which grants the tribunal maximum freedom in choosing the applicable law with no reference to any choice-of-law rules, is adopted in a few institutional rules such as the Article 21(1) of the ICC Rules. This article seeks to introduce an evaluative framework informing the tribunal’s methodical task in identifying the most suitable legal regimes. The evaluative framework seeks to assess the relationship of legal doctrines to commercial considerations and expectations regarded by businesses. A significant issue that befalls the arbitrators is that of pleading, proving, and measuring monetary damages. Yet, damages have remained an issue that is inaccurately dealt with by arbitral tribunals. This article aims to examine the principles governing damages available to an innocent commercial party under significant legal regimes widely applied in international commercial arbitration in an attempt to offer guidance on which legal regime has provided the most appropriate set of principles reflecting the essential needs and interests of commercial parties.