bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating psychiatric morbidity in a general
hospital: a two-phase epidemiological survey
Authors: MARTUCCI M. , BALESTRIERI M. , BISOFFI G. , BONIZZATO P. , COVRE M. G. , CUNICO L. , DE FRANCESCO M. , MARINONI M. G. , MOSCIARO C. , PICCINELLI M. , VACCARI L. , TANSELLA M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This study aimed to assess psychiatric morbidity and to collect information on
disability, life events and family support in a representative sample of patients admitted to a general
hospital.Methods. On the basis of information collected in a pilot study a systematic sample of patients
consecutively admitted to seven general medical and seven surgical wards of the Academic General
Hospital of Verona was selected and interviewed using a two-phase screening procedure and
standardized instruments (GHQ-12, HADS, BDQ and CIDI-PHC). All data were analysed using
appropriately weighted logistic regression procedures.Results. A total of 1039 patients completed the GHQ-12 and 298 (28·7%) were high-scorers: 363
patients were interviewed with CIDI-PHC. The prevalence of ICD-10 cases was 26·1%. The most
common psychiatric diagnoses were current depression (12·8%) and generalized anxiety disorder
(10·8%), followed by alcohol related disorders (5%). A higher prevalence of ICD-10 cases was
found in medical wards, among females, patients older than 24 years, unemployed and
separated/divorced people. Life events were associated with psychopathology, and so was the
number of disability days. Although 49·8% of ICD-10 cases were identified by the hospital doctors
as having a psychological disorder, 23·1% of ICD-10 cases were referred to the liaison psychiatric
service.Conclusion. The results of the present study stress the need to collect epidemiologically-based data
on psychological disorders and their recognition not only in general practice, but also in general
hospital settings, in order to have a more complete picture of the pathways to specialist care.
Neuroticism and self-esteem as indices of the
vulnerability to major depression in women
Authors: ROBERTS SETH B. , KENDLER KENNETH S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Neuroticism and self-esteem, two commonly used personality constructs, are thought
to reflect a person's underlying vulnerability to major depression. The relative strength of these
predictors is not known.Method. Information was gathered on 2163 individual women from an epidemiological sample of
female–female twin pairs. Neuroticism was assessed by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and
global self-esteem by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Major depression (DSM-III-R criteria) and
stressful life events were also assessed. The personality constructs were studied in relation to major
depression by logistic regression and structural equation modelling.Results. Both cross-sectionally and prospectively, examined individually, neuroticism was a
stronger predictor of risk for major depression than was self-esteem. When examined together, the
predictive power of neuroticism remained substantial, while that of self-esteem largely disappeared.
The same pattern of findings was obtained when a subset of subjects who had recently experienced
stressful life events was analysed. By trivariate twin modelling, we found that the covariation of
self-esteem, neuroticism and major depression was due largely to genetic factors. When self-esteem
was the ‘upstream’ variable, a substantial genetic correlation remained between neuroticism
and major depression. By contrast, when neuroticism was the ‘upstream’ variable, the genetic
correlation between self-esteem and major depression disappeared.Conclusions. The personality construct of neuroticism is a substantially better index of a woman's
underlying vulnerability to major depression than is self-esteem. These findings suggest that overall
emotionality or emotional reactivity to the environment reflects risk for depression better than
does global self-concept.
Abnormalities of internally generated saccades in
obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: MARUFF P. , PURCELL R. , TYLER P. , PANTELIS C. , CURRIE J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. We aimed to utilize tests of saccadic function to investigate whether cognitive
abnormalities in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) arise from a dysfunction of inhibitory
processes or whether they reflect a more general difficulty in guiding behaviour on the basis of an
internal representation of task goal.Methods. Twelve patients with OCD and 12 matched controls performed a visually-guided saccade
task, a volitional prosaccade task and an antisaccade task. The latency and gain of saccades was
compared between groups for the three saccade tasks. The number of antisaccade errors was also
calculated and compared between groups.Results. There was no difference for antisaccade error rates between the groups. The latency of
visually guided saccades did not differ between groups, however the latency of both volitional
prosaccades and antisaccades was significantly slower in the patients with OCD than in controls.
The difference in latency between volitional prosacades and antisaccades, however, was equal
between groups.Conclusions. These results suggest that patients with OCD have an abnormality in guiding
behaviour on the basis of an internal representation of the task goal, rather than a problem with
inhibiting reflexive behaviour.
Cognitive vulnerability in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: SCOTT J. , STANTON B. , GARLAND A. , FERRIER I. N. 
Published: July 2002

Background. No study has simultaneously explored key components of Beck's model of cognitive
vulnerability to depression in people with bipolar disorders.Methods. We compared 41 euthymic bipolar patients with 20 healthy control subjects. All subjects
were assessed on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, the Autobiographical Memory Test
and the Mean Ends Problem-Solving procedure and also completed the Beck Depression Inventory,
the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, the Sociotropy Autonomy Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem
Questionnaire.Results. In comparison to control subjects, patients with bipolar disorder demonstrated significantly
higher levels of dysfunctional attitudes (particularly perfectionism and need for approval) and
sociotropy, significantly greater over-general recall on an autobiographical memory test and
significantly less ability to generate solutions to social problem-solving tasks. These between group
differences remained significant when age, intelligence, latency to respond to autobiographical
memory test cue words, and subjective mood ratings were included as co-variates in the statistical
analysis. Within the patient group, cognitive dysfunction was significantly correlated with level of
morbidity (as measured by number of previous illness episodes).Conclusions. This study suggests that cognitive vulnerability in patients with bipolar disorder is
similar to that described in unipolar disorders. It is not clear whether this dysfunction is a cause or
an effect of repeated episodes of bipolar disorder. However, the findings may have implications for
clinical treatment as well as suggesting a number of important new avenues of research into
psychological models of affective disorder.
Urbanization and risk for schizophrenia: does the
effect operate before or around the time of illness onset?
Authors: MARCELIS M. , TAKEI N. , VAN OS J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Higher level of urbanicity of place of birth and of place of residence at the time of
illness onset has been shown to increase the risk for adult schizophrenia. However, because urban
birth and urban residence are strongly correlated, no conclusions can be drawn about the timing
of the risk-increasing effect. The current study discriminated between any effect of urbanization
before and around the time of illness onset.Methods. All individuals born between 1972 and 1978 were followed up through the Dutch National
Psychiatric Case Register for first admission for schizophrenia until 1995 (maximum age 23 years).
Exposure status was defined by a combination of place of birth and place of residence at the time
of illness onset in the three most densely populated provinces of the Netherlands (the ‘Randstad’,
exposed) or in all other areas (the ‘non-Randstad’, non-exposed). The risk for schizophrenia was
examined in four different exposure groups: non-exposed born and non-exposed resident (NbNr,
reference category), non-exposed born and exposed resident (NbEr), exposed born and non-exposed resident (EbNr) and exposed born and exposed resident (EbEr).Results. The greatest risk for schizophrenia was found in the EbNR group, without evidence for any
additive effect of urban residence (rate ratio (RR) for narrow schizophrenia in EbNr group, 2·05
(95% CI 1·18–3·57); in EbEr group, 1·96 (95% CI, 1·55–2·46)). Individuals who were not exposed
at birth, but became so later in life, were not at increased risk of developing schizophrenia (RR for
narrow schizophrenia in NbEr group, 0·79 (0·46–1·36)).Conclusion. The results suggest that environmental factors associated with urbanization increase the
risk for schizophrenia before rather than around the time of illness onset.
Moving one DNA double helix through
another by a type II DNA topoisomerase: the
story of a simple molecular machine
Authors: WANG JAMES C. 
Published: July 2002

The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA led immediately to
questions
on the mechanics of unravelling its intertwined strands during replication.
If a
parental DNA is to be duplicated into two progeny molecules by separating
its two
strands and copying each, then the strands must untwine rapidly during

replication (Watson & Crick, 1953).That DNA indeed replicates in such a semiconservative fashion was soon

demonstrated by the Meselson–Stahl experiment (1958). At first, it
appeared that
the unravelling of the intertwined strands should not pose an insurmountable

mechanical problem. The two strands at one end of a linear DNA, for example,

can be pulled apart with concomitant rotation of the double-stranded portion
of
the molecule around its helical axis. If the strands of a DNA double helix
are to
separate at an estimated replication rate of 100000 base pairs (bp) per
minute, then
the speed of this rotation would be 10000 revolutions per minute from the
10 bp
per turn helical geometry of the double helix. This speed, though impressive,

seemed reasonable: owing to the slender rod-like shape of the double helix,
the
estimated viscous drag for this rotational motion is actually rather modest

(Meselson, 1972).
Agency, Modernity and Social Policy
Authors: DEACON ALAN , MANN KIRK 
Published: July 2002

The focus of this article is upon the recent revival of interest in human
agency within both sociological and social policy debates. There is a striking
resonance between the increasing attention paid to individual behaviour
within normative debates about welfare and the concern of some sociologists
with the moral and ethical dilemmas that confront the individual in
contemporary society. These two sets of arguments are not compatible.
Indeed the analyses they present are contradictory. Moralists such as
Etzioni, Field and Mead share a belief in the need to restructure welfare
in ways that encourage and reward responsible behaviour. In contrast,
sociologists such as Bauman, Beck and Giddens suggest that such
endeavours could prove to be both futile and dangerous.Attempts to address issues of agency face formidable obstacles and
arouse genuine fears that they will serve to endorse a punitive and atavistic
individualism. It is these fears, however, which have constrained and
confined the debate about welfare in the post-war years. The revival of
agency creates opportunities for a social science which is more sensitive
to the activities of poor people whilst reflecting more fully the difference
and diversity which characterises contemporary British society.
Dreams have meaning but no function
Authors: Blagrove Mark 
Published: July 2002

Solms shows the cortical basis for why dreams reflect waking concerns and goals, but with deficient volition. I argue the latter relates to Hobson et al.'s process I as well as M. A memory function for REM sleep is possible, but may be irrelevant to dream characteristics, which, contrary to Revonsuo, mirror the range of waking emotions, positive and negative.[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Solms; Revonsuo; Vertes & Eastman]
Dream research: Integration of physiological and psychological models
Authors: Schredl Michael 
Published: July 2002

All five target articles are of high quality and very stimulating for the field. Several factors such as dream report length and NREM/REM differences, may be affected by the waking process (transition from sleep to wakefulness) and the recall process. It is helpful to distinguish between a model for REM sleep regulation and a physiological model for dreaming. A third model accounting for cognitive activity (thought-like dreaming) can also be of value. The postulated adaptive function of dreaming in avoidance learning does not seem very plausible because the two major basic assumptions (specificity of dream content and benefit of negative dreams) are not clearly supported by modern dream research: The critique of studies investigating memory consolidation in REM sleep is justified. Future studies integrating the knowledge of memory processes and sleep research will shed more light on the role of sleep, especially REM sleep in memory consolidation.[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Revonsuo; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Kantian perspectives on democratic peace: alternatives to Doyle
Authors: CAVALLAR GEORG 
Published: July 2002

As for the philosophers, they make imaginary laws for imaginary commonwealths, and their discourses are as the stars, which give little light, because they are so high.Francis BaconThe article argues that Doyle's interpretation of Kant's first definitive article in Perpetual Peace is mistaken. I distinguish between Kant's pragmatic argument (his democratic peace proposition) and his a priori, or transcendental claim. Both are distinct from Doyle's approach which emphasizes institutional restraint and shared cultural norms. Doyle must be criticized for taking Kant's transcendental claims as statements that can be verified empirically. I propose that we drop Doyle's juxtaposition of liberal and illiberal as a fallacy of essentialism. Kant's distinction between republican and despotic is a methodological abstraction belonging to ideal theory (the system of rights). Kantian non-ideal theory (his political philosophy) sees the distinction among states as a matter of degree rather than kind. Kant favours an inclusive global federation encompassing liberal as well as non-liberal states, rather than an exclusive federation and ‘separate peace’ of liberal states.
WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR OBESITY TREATMENT
Authors: Narbro Kristina , Sjöström Lars 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To estimate willingness to pay (WTP) for effective
treatment in a sample of obese individuals and to examine whether WTP is
associated with factors reflecting the severity of obesity as well as a number
of other variables such as age, sex, education, and income.Methods: WTP and data on the severity of obesity were collected
from the study, Swedish Obese Subjects. Associations between WTP, income, and
obesity-related factors were analyzed by linear regression.Results: The mean age was 47 years (range, 37 through 59 years)
and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 39.6 kg/m2 (n = 3,549).
Average personal monthly income was SEK 13,000 (≈ US $1,585), average WTP
was SEK 26,900 (≈ US $3,280) and the median value was SEK 10,900 (≈ US
$1,330). A high WTP was associated with high personal and household income,
high weight, high education, female sex, poor perceived health, low current
age, and low age at onset of obesity. Over 50% of the patients deemed it
necessary to borrow money to cover their WTP. When adding a loan to the
regression analysis, the associations between WTP and perceived health, age,
and gender disappeared.Conclusion: Obese patients are willing to pay approximately twice
their monthly salary for effective treatment and a higher WTP is associated
with higher weight and poorer perceived health.
Images of the poor in an official survey of Osaka, 1923–1926
Authors: TAMAI KINGO 
Published: July 2002

Before the Second World War, Osaka was called the Manchester of the
East, because its industries, such as cotton spinning and metal work,
played such an important role in the national economy. Osaka had also
been a primary commercial centre of the country since the seventeenth
century. It is, therefore, no exaggeration to say that Osaka was the centre
of Japanese capitalism, and it was during the Taisho era, 1912–1926, that
Osaka was most prosperous. In those days there was unceasing
immigration to Osaka, particularly into the urban area, in order to find
employment. The migrants came primarily from rural areas, plus an
increasing number from Korea. Under such circumstances, acute social
problems emerged, in particular slums, unemployment and poverty.During the Taisho period, the Osaka authorities were not unaware of
the problem of poverty. First, the local authorities began to recognize the
necessity of a municipal social policy and so they reorganized the
administration in order to attack poverty. With this reorganization, a new
department was formed to deal with all aspects of the social welfare of the
inhabitants. Secondly, they actively carried out and published social
surveys of urban poverty. From the information thus obtained, a relief
system was established, consisting, for example, of social work and public
assistance. Thirdly, urban officials accepted the responsibility of coping
with urban poverty and actually made efforts to tackle it. They tried to
define the meaning of poverty and the attitude of the local authorities
towards poverty changed completely from that which had obtained in any
previous period. It was in this era that the actual living and working
conditions of the urban poor became apparent to the authorities and
practical measures were taken to ameliorate poverty. For these reasons,
Osaka provides us with an interesting case study.The focus of this article is on the relationship between poverty and
family formation in Osaka, including not only the circumstances of the
urban poor but also the factors influencing the attitudes of the local
authorities, who recognized the importance of the relationship between
urban poverty and family formation, and the nature of the relief system
they organized. Before going into detail concerning Osaka's poverty
problems between 1912 and 1926, however, it is necessary to examine the
set of circumstances which, one might argue, were critical in prompting
Osaka to launch a social work programme.
AIS Adding New Quality to VTS Systems
Authors: Harre Ingo 
Published: July 2002

This paper was presented at ETT99/SATNAV99 Conference, held by DGON/NIN in
Potsdam, Germany on 9th November 1999.In the foreseeable future, Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) will be installed aboard all
sea-going ships larger than 300 g.r.t. These new devices broadcast data at regular and short
intervals, by means of which the ship can be identified and tracked. Further data can be
transmitted to provide additional information on the ship's motion, navigational status,
intended voyage and cargo. The transmissions can be received by every interested party
having an appropriate receiver both at sea and ashore. With these capabilities, AIS adds a
new information quality to maritime traffic, which is relevant not only for ship/ship but also
for VTS/ship interaction. This paper describes the genesis of the new systems and their
operational and technical aspects. It continues with a discussion of their standard and
extended applications and their – so far – unexploited potential. Where relevant, the results
of R&D work and practical tests are mentioned.
Sexually transmitted diseases among foreigners in Italy
Authors: SULIGOI B. , GIULIANI M. , THE MIGRATION MEDICINE STUDY GROUP  
Published: July 2002

A sentinel surveillance system for the control of sexually transmitted

diseases (STD) among

foreigners was developed in Italy in 1991. From January 1991 to June 1995,

4030 foreigners

with a new STD episode were reported. More than one-third of them were

North-Africans.

The most frequent STDs were non-specific urethritis and genital warts among

men, and non-specific vaginitis and latent syphilis among women. The overall

HIV prevalence was 5%, with

large differences in rates in people from different continents. Very high

HIV-positivity rates

were observed among homosexuals and homosexual IDUs from Central–South

America, with

39·1% and 77·8% seropositive individuals respectively.These data stress the need for increased knowledge of both the spread

of and risk factors for

STDs among immigrants. Particular attention should be paid to counselling

procedures focused

on the prevention of risk behaviours for acquiring STDs and HIV infection.
Do we need dependent types?
Authors: FRIDLENDER DANIEL , INDRIKA MIA 
Published: July 2002

This pearl is about some functions whose definitions seem to require a language
with dependent types. We describe a technique for defining them in Haskell or ML,
which are languages without dependent types.Consider, for example, the scheme defining zipWith in figure 1. When this scheme
is instantiated with n equal to 1 we obtain the standard function map. In practice,
other instances of the scheme are often useful as well.Figure 1 cannot be used as a definition of a function in Haskell because of the
ellipses ‘...’. More importantly, the type of zipWith is parameterized by n, which
seems to indicate the need for dependent types. However, as mentioned above,
Haskell does not allow dependent types.
Contemporary Right-Wing Radicalism in Europe
Authors: BETZ HANS-GEORG 
Published: July 2002

Herbert Kitschelt in collaboration with Anthony J. McGann, The Radical Right in Western Europe. A Comparative Analysis (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995), 323 pp., $49.50, ISBN 0-472-10663-5.Peter Merkl and Leonard Weinberg (eds.), The Revival of Right Wing Extremism in the 90s (London: Frank Cass, 1997), 304 pp., £18.50/$24.50, ISBN 0-714-64207-X.Urs Altermatt and Hanspeter Kriesi, L'Extrême droite en Suisse. Organisations et radicalisation au cours des années quatre-vingt et quatre-vingt-dix (Fribourg: Les Éditions Universitaires, 1995), 293 pp. (pb.), SFr. 42.00, ISBN 2-827-10727-9.Mike Cronin (ed.), The Failure of British Fascism. The Far Right and the Fight for Political Recognition (London: Macmillan, 1996), 182 pp. (hb.), £35.00, ISBN 0-333-58438-4.Gerhard Feldbauer, Von Mussolini bis Fini. Die Extreme Rechte in Italien (Berlin: Elefanten Press, 1996), 224 pp. (pb.), DM 29.40, ISBN 3-885-20575-0.Helmut Reinalter, Franko Petri and Rüdiger Kaufmann (eds.), Das Weltbild des Rechtsextremismus. Entsolidarisierung und Bedrohng der Demokratie. Gesellschaftliche Bedingungen, Strukturen und Wirkungen rechtsextremen Denkens (Innsbruck/Vienna: Studienverlag, 1998), 576 pp., DM 82.00, ISBN 3-706-51258-0.Tore Bjørgo, Racist and Right-Wing Violence in Scandinavia: Patterns, Perpetrators, and Responses (Oslo: Tano-Aschehoug, 1997), 386 pp., Kr 298.00, ISBN 8-251-83665-4.Jeffrey Kaplan and Tore Bjørgo (eds.), Nation and Race: The Development of a Euro-American Racist Subculture (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998), 273 pp. (pb.), £19.00, ISBN 1-555-53331-0.