bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new biogeographical regionalisation of the Páramo biogeographic province
Authors: Jiménez-Rivillas Carlos , García Juan J. , Quijano-Abril Mario Alberto , Daza Juan M. , Morrone Juan J. 
Published: September 2018

We identified biogeographical districts in the Páramo biogeographic province, in the north-western Andes of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, including the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia, above 3000 m ASL. We applied a parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) to 8418 distributional data of 4644 vertebrate and angiosperm species, distributed in the north-western Andes and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Areas analysed were selected according to the hypotheses of several authors. We obtained a single most parsimonious cladogram, which shows 10 groups of areas (southern Ecuadorian, central Ecuadorian, northern Ecuadorian, Venezuelan, Los Picachos, Sierra Nevada, Santa Inés-Sonsón, Paramillo del Sinú, Cordillera Oriental and Quindío) and a single isolated area (Farallones de Cali). We propose that these areas conform 11 biogeographical districts. The biogeographical districts obtained adjust to the ‘cordilleran pattern’, where páramos of each cordillera are linked together. This study supports the hypothesis that during different glacial periods, páramos of these cordilleras were connected and, subsequently, separated during interglacial periods.
Repairable cascaded slide-lock system endows bird feathers with tear-resistance and superdurability
Authors: Zhang Feilong , Jiang Lei , Wang Shutao 
Published: September 2018

Significance
Bird feathers have aroused tremendous attention for their contributions to the unique flight capability of birds against wind and even through bushes. Many studies have attempted to explore the mechanism underlying feathers’ superdurability. However, it is not yet clear why feathers are so superdurable. In this study, we discovered and characterized the sophisticated cascaded slide-lock system of bird feathers, which is composed of flexible hooklets, a slide rail, and spines at the end of the slide rail as terminating structures. This finding demonstrates that the superdurability of bird feathers against tears originates from their cascaded slide-lock system, not from the “hook–groove system” proposed centuries ago.
Self-organization into ferroelectric and antiferroelectric crystals via the interplay between particle shape and dipolar interaction
Authors: Takae Kyohei , Tanaka Hajime 
Published: September 2018

Significance
Controlling ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity of a crystalline solid is one of the central issues in material science and technological applications because the dielectric, electromechanical, and thermoelectric properties crucially depend on the type of dipolar order. However, still missing is a simple particle-based physical model that shows self-organization into a lattice structure of desired dipolar order in a controlled manner. Here we elucidate the importance of competition between anisotropic steric and dipolar interactions in such self-organization. We also reveal that the interplay between the two types of anisotropy with different origins is a key to cross-coupling properties of solids such as mechanical switchability of ferroelectric and antiferroelectric phases. These findings will provide a useful guide for designing materials with dipolar order.
Collimated ultrabright gamma rays from electron wiggling along a petawatt laser-irradiated wire in the QED regime
Authors: Wang Wei-Min , Sheng Zheng-Ming , Gibbon Paul , Chen Li-Ming , Li Yu-Tong , Zhang Jie 
Published: September 2018

Significance
Even though bright X-rays below mega-electron volt photon energy can be obtained from X-ray free electron lasers and synchrotron radiation facilities, it remains a great challenge to generate collimated bright gamma-ray beams over 10 mega-electron volts. We propose a scheme to efficiently generate such beams from submicron wires irradiated by petawatt lasers, where electron accelerating and wiggling are achieved simultaneously. With significant quantum electrodynamics effects existing even with petawatt lasers, our full 3D simulations show that directional gamma rays can be generated with thousand-fold higher brilliance and thousand-fold higher photon energy than those from synchrotron radiation facilities. In addition, the photon yield efficiency approaches 10%, 100,000-fold higher than those typical from betatron radiation and Compton scattering based on laser-wakefield accelerators.
Language origins
Authors: Wacewicz Sławomir , Żywiczyński Przemysław 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we complement proximate or ‘how’ explanations for the origins of language, broadening our perspective to include fitness-consequences explanations, i.e. ultimate, or ‘why’ explanations. We identify theplatform of trustas a fundamental prerequisite for the development of a language-like system of symbolic communication. The platform of trust is a social niche in which cheap but honest communication with non-kin is possible, because messages tend to be trusted as a default. We briefly consider the place of the platform of trust on the road map as laid out in the Mirror System Hypothesis. We then turn to recent research on turn-taking in primates, which has been proposed as a precursor of the cooperative structuring of conversation in humans. We suggest, instead, that human turn-taking, in its full richness that makes it an interesting explanatory target, may only appear in a communicative system that is already founded on a community-wide, cooperative platform of trust.
Reflections on the differential organization of mirror neuron systems for hand and mouth and their role in the evolution of communication in primates
Authors: Coudé Gino , Ferrari Pier Francesco 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIt is now generally accepted that the motor system is not purely dedicated to the control of behavior, but also has cognitive functions. Mirror neurons have provided a new perspective on how sensory information regarding others’ actions and gestures is coupled with the internal cortical motor representation of them. This coupling allows an individual to enrich his interpretation of the social world through the activation of his own motor representations. Such mechanisms have been highly preserved in evolution as they are present in humans, apes and monkeys. Recent neuroanatomical data showed that there are two different connectivity patterns in mirror neuron networks in the macaque: one is concerned with sensorimotor transformation in relation to reaching and hand grasping within the traditional parietal-premotor circuits; the second one is linked to the mouth/face motor control and the new data show that it is connected with limbic structures. The mouth mirror sector seems to be wired not only for ingestive behaviors but also for orofacial communicative gestures and vocalizations. Notably, the hand and mouth mirror networks partially overlap, suggesting the importance of hand-mouth synergies not only for sensorimotor transformation, but also for communicative purposes in order to better convey and control social signals.
From evolutionarily conserved frontal regions for sequence processing to human innovations for syntax
Authors: Wilson Benjamin , Petkov Christopher I. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Empirical advances have been made in understanding how human language, in its combinatorial complexity and unbounded expressivity,
may have evolved from the communication systems present in our evolutionary ancestors. However, a number of cognitive processes
and neurobiological mechanisms that support language may not have evolved specifically for communication, but rather from
abilities that support perception and cognition more generally. We review recent evidence from comparative behavioural and
neurobiological studies on structured sequence learning in human and nonhuman primates. These studies support the notion that
certain sequence learning abilities are evolutionarily conserved and engage corresponding inferior frontal brain regions across
the species, regions also involved in processing language in humans. Alongside the cross-species similarities is evidence for
human specialisations, illuminating the likely evolutionary pathways towards language in modern humans. We argue that cognitive
abilities that were in place for animals to learn combinatorial relationships in the sensory world were available and co-opted for
language in humans.
Plasticity, innateness, and the path to language in the primate brain
Authors: Hecht Erin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMany researchers consider language to be definitionally unique to humans. However, increasing evidence suggests that language emerged via a series of adaptations to neural systems supporting earlier capacities for visuomotor integration and manual action. This paper reviews comparative neuroscience evidence for the evolutionary progression of these adaptations. An outstanding question is how to mechanistically explain the emergence of new capacities from pre-existing circuitry. One possibility is that human brains may have undergone selection for greater plasticity, reducing the extent to which brain organization is hard-wired and increasing the extent to which it is shaped by socially transmitted, learned behaviors. Mutations that made these new abilities easier or faster to learn would have undergone positive selection, and over time, the neural changes once associated with individual neural plasticity would tend to become heritable, innate, and fixed. Clearly, though, language is not entirely “innate;” it does not emerge without the requisite environmental input and experience. Thus, a mechanistic explanation for the evolution of language must address the inherent trade-off between the evolutionary pressure for underlying neural systems to be flexible and sensitive to environmental input vs. the tendency over time for continually adaptive behaviors to become reliably expressed in an early-emerging, canalized, less flexible manner.
CAPON Is a Critical Protein in Synaptic Molecular Networks in the Prefrontal Cortex of Mood Disorder Patients and Contributes to Depression-Like Behavior in a Mouse Model
Authors: Gao Shangfeng , Zhang Tong , Jin Lei , Liang Dong , Fan Guangwei , Song Yunnong , Lucassen Paul J , Yu Rutong , Swaab Dick F 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAberrant regulation and activity of synaptic proteins may cause synaptic pathology in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mood disorder patients. Carboxy-terminal PDZ ligand of NOS1 (CAPON) is a critical scaffold protein linked to synaptic proteins like nitric oxide synthase 1, synapsins. We hypothesized that CAPON is altered together with its interacting synaptic proteins in the PFC in mood disorder patients and may contribute to depression-like behaviors in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Here, we found that CAPON-immunoreactivity (ir) was significantly increased in the dorsolateral PFC (DLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder (MDD), which was accompanied by an upregulation of spinophilin-ir and a downregulation of synapsin-ir. The increases in CAPON and spinophilin and the decrease in synapsin in the DLPFC of MDD patients were also seen in the PFC of CUMS mice. CAPON-ir positively correlated with spinophilin-ir (but not with synapsin-ir) in mood disorder patients. CAPON colocalized with spinophilin in the DLPFC of MDD patients and interacted with spinophilin in human brain. Viral-mediated CAPON downregulation in the medial PFC notably reversed the depression-like behaviors in the CUMS mice. These data suggest that CAPON may contribute to aspects of depressive behavior, possibly as an interacting protein for spinophilin in the PFC.
Asymptomatic Visceral Leishmania infantum Infection in US Soldiers Deployed to Iraq
Authors: Mody Rupal M , Lakhal-Naouar Ines , Sherwood Jeffrey E , Koles Nancy L , Shaw Dutchabong , Bigley Daniel P , Co Edgie-Mark A , Copeland Nathanial K , Jagodzinski Linda L , Mukbel Rami M , Smiley Rebecca A , Duncan Robert C , Kamhawi Shaden , Jeronimo Selma M B , DeFraites Robert F , Aronson Naomi E 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL), due to Leishmania infantum, is a persistent intracellular parasitic infection transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. Symptomatic VL has been reported in U.S. soldiers with Iraq deployment. Untreated symptomatic VL can be fatal; asymptomatic VL (AVL) may establish a lifelong risk of reactivation. We report prevalence and AVL risk factors in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) deployers during 2002–11.MethodsHealthy soldiers exposed to VL endemic areas in Iraq and 50 controls who never traveled to endemic regions were recruited through military healthcare facilities (2015–17). Responses to a risk factor survey and blood samples were obtained. Leishmania research diagnostics utilized included enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), rk39 test strips, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and interferon gamma release (IGRA) assays. Statistical analyses included Fisher exact test, Pearson χ2 test, Mann-Whitney U test, and logistic regression.Results200 deployed subjects were enrolled, mostly males (84.0%), of white ethnicity (79.0%), and median age 41 (range 24–61) years. 64% were seropositive for Phlebotomus alexandri saliva antibodies. Prevalence of AVL (any positive test result) was 39/200 (19.5%, 95% confidence interval 14.4%–25.8%). Two (1.0%) PCR, 10 (5%) ELISA, and 28 (14%) IGRA samples were positive. Travel to Ninewa governorate increased risk for AVL (P = .01).ConclusionAVL was identified in 19.5% of OIF deployers; travel to northwest Iraq correlated with infection. Further studies are needed to inform risk for reactivation VL in US veterans and to target additional blood safety and surveillance measures.
PS01.127: SURGICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ESOPHAGO-INTESTINAL CONTINUITY IN PATIENTS WITH SURGICAL CONDUIT FAILURE AFTER ESOPHAGEAL RESECTION AND RECONSTRUCTION
Authors: Alghamdi Zeead , Dong Lee Geun , Sik Gong Chung , Seob Lee In , Su Kim Beom , Wook Kim Chan , Key Kim Eun , Hee Kim Yong 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Surgical restoration of gastrointestinal tract integrity for failed esophageal conduit is technically challenging with significant morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of restored esophago-intestinal integrity for the failed reconstructed esophagus.

Methods
From January 1990 to July 2017, a total of 1923 patients underwent esophageal cancer surgery. 29 patients (1.5%) presented with a clinical picture of failed conduits secondary to frank conduit necrosis, tracheoesophageal fistula, conduit stricture, and conduit cancer. We retrospectively analyzed 22 patients who planned to go for surgical reconstruction for a failed esophageal conduit.

Results
The median age was 62.5 (14–72) years old, and all of the patients were males. The underlying pathology was esophageal squamous cell carcinoma for all patients. The interval between the first esophagectomy and the surgery for failed conduits was 14 days for conduit necrosis (n = 9), 43 days for TEF (n = 7), 1256 days for conduit stricture and 1520.5 days for conduit cancer(n = 4). Of the 22 patients, 18 patients (81.8%) underwent a successful surgical restoration of the esophago-intestinal integrity. Three of the remaining 4 patients who planned for reconstructive surgery died of pneumonia-related complications within 30 days and one patient elects to have a cervical esophagostomy.Among reconstructed patients, 14 patients had failed gastric conduit and 4 had failed colon conduit. For the gastric group, restoration of the gastrointestinal continuity achieved using esophagocolostomy in 12 patients, free jejunal flap in 1 patient and colon with a free jejunal flap in 1 patient. While in the colon group, restoration was accessible using free jejunal flaps in 2 patients, ileocolon in 1 patient and gastric conduit in 1 patient. During post-operative follow-up, 7 patients died with pneumonia or mediastinitis related complications, 3 died of cancer progression, and 1 unknown origin. The median survival time after conduit reconstruction was 36 months.

Conclusion
Once a failed esophageal conduit is diagnosed, the decision of surgical reconstruction of gastrointestinal continuity can be feasible with a relatively good outcome if efficiently treated. In our study, reconstruction was possible in 81.8% of patients with a median survival time of 36 months after esophago-intestinal integrity restoration.

Disclosure
All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
PS01.138: EXPERIENCE FROM 102 PATIENTS WITH CONTINUOUS INTRAOPERATIVE VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION DURING MINIMALLY INVASIVE ESOPHAGECTOMY
Authors: Yu Hong Wong Ian , King Yin Tsang Raymond , Kwan Kit Chan Desmond , Lai Yin Wong Claudia , Ting Law Tsz , King Hung Tong Daniel , Siu Yin Chan Fion , Ying Kit Law Simon 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
The incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury after esophagectomy can be as high as 60–70% especially when lymphadenectomy is performed along bilateral RLN. Vocal cord paralysis is associated with increased pulmonary complication rate, longer hospital stay, and impaired quality-of-life. The authors have modified the Continuous Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring (CIONM) method for minimally invasive esophagectomy. This study reviews our experience in the first 102 patients.

Methods
From May 2014 to January 2018, patients who underwent thoracoscopic esophagectomy were recruited. CIONM and intermittent nerve stimulation were routinely used during left RLN lymphadenectomy. For right RLN dissection, only intermittent nerve stimulation was used because of much lower chance of nerve injury. Routine direct laryngoscopy was performed on postoperative day one to assess the vocal cord status. Patients with RLN palsy are referred to otorhinolaryngologist for assessment and treatment. Surgical outcome, especially RLN palsy and recovery rates were documented.

Results
102 patients were recruited and 73 patients had more than one year follow up. Twenty-two patients had RLN palsy (21.6%); right side in 3, left side in 18, and bilateral in one. Thirty-eight patients (37%) had only unilateral or no RLN dissection performed. This was because of R2 resection negating the benefits of RLN dissection (15.6%), poor pulmonary exposure (9.8%), other technical difficulties (7.8%), preoperative vocal cord palsy (2%), intraoperative complications (1%) and uncertain contralateral nerve integrity (1%). For those 90 patients with successful CIONM, 20 RLN palsy (22.2%), 10 of whom underwent injection thyroplasty within 2–80 days. Thyroplasty was not performed in 12 patients as they had good compensation from the contralateral cord (58.3%), early recovery within 2 weeks (16.7%) tracheostomized status (16.7%) or refusal (8.3%). Thirteen patients (59%) recovered within 2–72 weeks (Median 6 weeks). For the 73 patients with more than 1 year follow up, only 4 has residual vocal cord paralysis, making a genuine cord palsy rate of 5.5%.

Conclusion
Lymphadenectomy along bilateral RLN is technically demanding. CIONM is a sensitive tool to guide surgeons for safer dissection. Proper patient selection, postoperative assessment and treatment protocol can reduce the morbidity of RLN injury. Majority of the vocal cord paralysis is temporary

Disclosure
All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
PS01.155: ANALYSIS ON THE INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTOR OF READMISSION AFTER ESOPHAGECTOMY FOR ESOPHAGEAL CANCER FOR ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
Authors: Yong Park Seong , Joon Kim Dae , Won Suh Jee , Eun Byun Go 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
Esophageal complications consensus group (ECCG) recommended that readmissions to primary or secondary hospital within 30 days of discharge after esophagectomy can be an important quality outcome indicator for esophagectomy. This retrospective study was performed to investigate the frequencies and risk factors for readmission after esophagectomy.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 291 patients who received the esophagectomy and mediastinal lymphadenectomy for curative aim from January 2006 to June 2017.

Results
The mean age was 63.02 ± 8.02 years and male patients were 264 (90.7%). Thirty-nine (13.4%) patients readmit within 30 days after discharge. The mean readmission day after discharge was 14.76 ± 8.84. The common causes of readmission were anastomotic stricture requiring the ballooning (12, 30.7%), wound problem (7, 17.9%), pneumonia (6, 15.4%), and poor oral intake (4, 10.2%). Other causes of readmission were delayed gastric emptying (3), jejunostomy tube problem (2), ileus (2), pain (1), pneumothorax (1) and pleural effusion (1). On multivariate analysis, anastomotic leakage (odd ratio = 2.872, P = 0.022) were related to readmission, whereas age, pathologic stage, vocal cord palsy and neoadjuvant therapy were not related to readmission. In 30 patients with postoperative anastomotic leakage, the frequency of readmission due to wound problem (13.3% vs. 1.1%, P = 0.003) and anastomotic stricture (13.3% vs. 3.4%, P = 0.034) were significantly higher.

Conclusion
The incidence of readmission within 30 days after discharge was 13.4% and postoperative anastomotic leakage was related to the readmission, and it might be related to the wound problem and anastomotic stricture.

Disclosure
All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
PS01.176: OPEN VERSUS HYBRID VERSUS MINIMALLY INVASIVE ESOPHAGECTOMY FOR PATIENTS WITH ESOPHAGEAL CANCER: A PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHED ANALYSIS
Authors: Visser Els , Edholm David , Smithers Mark , Thomas Janine , Brosda Sandra , Krause Lutz , Thomson Iain , Gotley David , Barbour Andrew 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Background
MIE is becoming more common and is considered safe. There are few studies supporting laparoscopy in favor of laparotomy for the abdominal part of a three-field esophagectomy and long term survival data are scarce. The objective was to compare open esophagectomy (OE), with hybdrid thoracoscopic-laparotomic esophagectomy (HMIE) and minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) with regard to surgical outcomes, postoperative complications and survival.

Methods
A prospective database of esophageal resection for cancer at a single centre identified 243 OE, 688 HMIE and 80 MIE procedures. Propensity scores were used to match 80 patients in each group adjusting for age, gender, weight, clinical stage, neoadjuvant treatment, and year of surgery.

Results
Respiratory complications were more common after OE (49%) than after MIE (31%, P = 0.02). Median operative time was longer for MIE (330 minutes) versus HMIE or OE (both 300 minutes, P < 0.001). Median length of stay was shorter following MIE (12 days) compared with HMIE (14 days) and OE (15 days), P = 0.001. There were no significant differences between groups with respect to other complications, median number of lymph nodes examined (22–23 for all groups), or R0 resection rate (range 85–91%) for all groups. There was no difference in 5-year overall survival between groups.

Conclusion
Compared with OE and HMIE, MIE was associated with shorter length of stay and fewer respiratory complications, but longer operative time. Thus, there may be additional benefit for MIE without comprising oncological outcomes.

Disclosure
All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.