bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis - Present Medication and Therapeutic Prospects
Authors: Jelińska Anna , Zając Marianna , Dadej Adrianna , Tomczak Szymon , Geszke-Moritz Małgorzata , Muszalska-Kolos Izabela 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Tuberculosis (TB) has been present in the history of human civilization
since time immemorial and has caused more deaths than any other infectious disease. It is still considered
one of the ten most common epidemiologic causes of death in the world. As a transmissible
disease, it is initiated by rod-shaped (bacillus) mycobacteria. The management of tuberculosis became
possible owing to several discoveries beginning in 1882 with the isolation of the TB bacillus
by Robert Koch. The diagnosis of TB was enabled by finding a staining method for TB bacteria
identification (1883). It was soon realized that a large-scale policy for the treatment and prevention
of tuberculosis was necessary, which resulted in the foundation of International Union against Tuberculosis
and Lung Diseases (1902). An antituberculosis vaccine was developed in 1921 and has
been in therapeutic use since then. TB treatment regimens have changed over the decades and the
latest recommendations are known as Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS, WHO
1993).

Methods:
A search of bibliographic databases was performed for peer-reviewed research literature.
A focused review question and inclusion criteria were applied. Standard tools were used to assess
the quality of retrieved papers.

Results:
A total of 112 papers were included comprising original publications and reviews. The
paper overviews anti-TB drugs according to their mechanism of action. The chemical structure,
metabolism and unwanted effects of such drugs have been discussed. The most recent treatment
regimens and new drugs, including those in clinical trials, are also presented.

Conclusion:
Despite a 22% decrease in the tuberculosis fatality rate observed between 2000 and
2015, the disease remains one of the ten prime causes of death worldwide. Increasing bacterial resistance
and expensive, prolonged therapies are the main reasons for efforts to find effective drugs or
antituberculosis regimens, especially to cure multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Overexpression of Nemo-like Kinase Promotes the Proliferation and Invasion of Lung Cancer Cells and Indicates Poor Prognosis
Authors: Lei Lei , Wang Yuan , Zheng Yi-Wen , Fei Liang-Ru , Shen Hao-Yue , Li Zhi-Han , Huang Wen-Jing , Yu Juan-Han , Xu Hong-Tao 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Nemo-like kinase (NLK) is an evolutionarily conserved MAP kinaserelated
kinase involved in the pathogenesis of several human cancers.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and role of NLK in lung cancers,
and its underlying mechanisms.

Methods:
We examined the expression of NLK in lung cancer tissues through western blot analysis.
We enhanced or knocked down NLK expression by gene transfection or RNA interference, respectively,
in lung cancer cells, and examined expression alterations of key proteins in the Wnt signaling
pathway and in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We also examined the roles of NLK in the
proliferation and invasiveness of lung cancer cells by cell proliferation, colony formation, and Matrigel
invasion assays.

Results:
NLK expression was found to be significantly higher in lung cancer tissue samples than in
corresponding healthy lung tissue samples. Overexpression of NLK correlated with poor prognosis
of patients with lung cancer. Overexpression of NLK upregulated β-catenin, TCF4, and Wnt target
genes such as cyclin D1, c-Myc, and MMP7. N-cadherin and TWIST, the key proteins in EMT,
were upregulated, while E-cadherin expression was reduced. Additionally, proliferation, colony
formation, and invasion turned out to be enhanced in NLK-overexpressing cells. After NLK knockdown
in lung cancer cells, we obtained the opposite results.

Conclusion:
NLK is overexpressed in lung cancers and indicates poor prognosis. Overexpression of
NLK activates the Wnt signaling pathway and EMT and promotes the proliferation and invasiveness
of lung cancer cells.
The Metformin Paradox
Authors: Weijers Rob N.M. , Bekedam Dick J. 
Published: November 2018

Introduction:
The Diabetes Prevention Program study results indicated that metformin therapy
was not as beneficial as a lifestyle modification for delaying the development of type 2 diabetes in
individuals at high risk of the disease. A key feature in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which
appears in the prediabetic phase, is a significant deficiency, compared to healthy controls, in highly
flexible poly-cis-unsaturated fatty acyl chains in membrane phospholipids. This deficiency lowers
membrane flexibility, which in turn, reduces the amount of all functional Class I glucose transporters,
and thereby reduces glucose-mediated ATP production. This leads to an increase in essentially saturated
free fatty acid (FFA) levels for fatty-acid-mediated ATP production, which will set up a vicious
cycle of raising the levels of essentially saturated FFAs and lowering the level of transmembrane glucose
transport. Metformin suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis, which reduces the plasma glucose concentration.

Conclusion:
We hypothesize that chronic metformin treatment leads to an additional increase in essentially
saturated FFAs, which causes an additional rise in membrane stiffness and hypoxia. So we propose
that all these metformin-mediated activities accelerated the onset of type 2 diabetes in the participants
of the metformin group in the Diabetes Prevention Program study, compared to the participants
of the lifestyle-intervention group in this study. We propose that the biochemical reactions, involved in
the fatty-acid-mediated ATP production, play an important part in the increase of the observed essentially
saturated FFA concentrations. These statements should also extend to the metformin therapy of
individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Rabbit as an Animal Model for Pharmacokinetics Studies of Enteric Capsule Contains Recombinant Human Keratinocyte Growth Factor Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles
Authors: Kumar Palanirajan V. , Maki Marwan A. Abdelkarim , Wei Yeong S. , Tatt Lee M. , Elumalai Manogaran , Cheah Shiau-Chuen , Raghavan Bharathy , Majeed Abu Bakar Bin A. 
Published: November 2018

Background:Recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor (rHuKGF) has gained considerable attention by researchers as epithelial cells proliferating agent. Moreover, intravenous truncated rHuKGF (palifermin) has been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat and prevent chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis and small intestine ulceration. The labile structure and short circulation time of rHuKGF in-vivo are the main obstacles that reduce the oral bioactivity and dosage of such proteins at the target site.Objective:Formulation of methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer-coated capsules filled with chitosan nanoparticles loaded with rHuKGF for oral delivery.Methods:We report on chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) with diameter < 200 nm, prepared by ionic gelation, loaded with rHuKGF and filled in methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymercoated capsules for oral delivery. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined based on the serum levels of rHuKGF, following a single intravenous (IV) or oral dosages using a rabbit model. Furthermore, fluorescent microscope imaging was conducted to investigate the cellular uptake of the rhodamine-labelled rHuKGF-loaded nanoparticles. The proliferation effect of the formulation on FHs 74 Int cells was studied as well by MTT assay.Results:The mucoadhesive and absorption enhancement properties of chitosan and the protective effect of methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer against rHuKGF release at the stomach, low pH, were combined to promote and ensure rHuKGF intestinal delivery and increase serum levels of rHuKGF. In addition, in-vitro studies revealed the protein bioactivity since rHuKGFloaded CNPs significantly increased the proliferation of FHs 74 Int cells.Conclusion:The study revealed that oral administration of rHuKGF–loaded CNPs in methacrylic acid-methyl methacrylate copolymer-coated capsules is practically alternative to the IV administration since the absolute bioavailability of the orally administered rHuKGF–loaded CNPs, using the rabbit as animal model, was 69%. Fluorescent microscope imaging revealed that rhodaminelabelled rHuKGF-loaded CNPs were taken up by FHs 74 Int cells, after 6 hours’ incubation time, followed by increase in the proliferation rate.
Неуниверсальность частотной зависимости проводимости неупорядоченных наногранулированных систем
Authors: Ормонт М.А. , Звягин И.П. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe real part of the high-frequency phononless conductivity is calculated in the pair approximation for a disordered array of densely packed spherical nanogranules. The generalization of the theory of phononless conductivity for systems with point impurities to systems with localized finite sizes (arrays of nanogranules or quantum dots) reveals that the high-frequency conductivity depends on the distribution function of the distances between the surfaces of granules P ( w ). This is expected to cause the discrepancy of the real part of the conductivity σ_1(ω) from the linear frequency dependence. In the vicinity of the frequency ω ~ ω_ c = 2 I _0/ $$\hbar $$ (here I _0 is a preexponential factor of the resonance integral) for disordered granulated systems is likely to deviate from the universality σ_1(ω) ~ ω^ s ( s ≈ 1) due to the attenuation of the frequency dependence σ_1(ω) of the conductivity and its nonmonotonicity. The nonmonotonicity of σ_1(ω) must arise at lower frequencies as a result of decreased preexponential factor I _0 of the resonance integral with increasing granule size.
PRODUKTIVITAS GANDUM (Triticum aestivum L.) DAN CAISIM (Brassica rapa L.) PADA SISTEM TUMPANGSARI
Authors: Elmiati Reni , Syarif Zulfadly , Syarif Auzar 
Published: November 2018

<p>Penelitian tumpangsari gandum/caisim bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jarak tanam gandum (<em>Triticum aestivum L</em>.) dan waktu penanaman caisim (<em>Brassica rapa L</em>.) terhadap produktivitas gandum dan caisim. Caisim ditanam satu baris diantara dua baris gandum. Sebagai pembanding terhadap hasil, ditanam gandum dan caisim secara tunggal. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) faktorial dengan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan meliputi jarak tanam gandum 20cm x 25cm, 25cm x 25cm dan 30cm x 25cm dan waktu tanam caisim 9 minggu setelah tanam gandum (MSTg), 10 MSTg dan 11 MSTg. Penelitian ini dilakukan di lahan penelitian BPTP Sumatera Barat, Arosuka dan Laboratorium Fisiologi Tanaman, Universitas Andalas, Padang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jarak tanam gandum dan waktu tanam caisim belum memberikan pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman gandum dan caisim. Untuk Land Equivalent Rasio (LER) dan Area Time Equivalent Ratio (ATER) menunjukkan sistem tumpangsari gandum/caisim lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan penanaman secara monokultur dengan diperolehnya nilai LER dan ATER &gt;1, sedangkan dari perhitungan Nisbah Kompetisi (NK) tanaman gandum dan caisim diperoleh gandum merupakan komponen dominan dalam sistem tumpangari gandum/caisim.</p><p> </p><p>The research of intercropping wheat/caisim aims to determine the effect of plant spacing of wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum L.</em>) and time planting of caisim (<em>Brassica rapa L.</em>) on the productivity of wheat and caisim. Caisim planted a row between two rows of what. As a comparison of the results and wheat or caisim planted single. Experiment using a randomized block design (RAK) factorial with 3 replications. Treatment includes seed spacing 20cm x 25cm, 25cm x 25cm and 30cm x 25cm and planting time of caisim 9 weeks after planting wheat (MSTg), 10 MSTg and 11 MSTg. The research was conducted in BPTP trials field West Sumatera, Arosuka and Plant Physiology Laboratory, Andalas University in Padang. The result showed seed spacing and time of planting caisim not have any impact on the growth and yield of wheat and caisim. For the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) and Area Time Equivalent Ratio (ATER) showed wheat cropping system/caisim more profitable than planting in monoculture with LER values obtained and ater &gt; 1, while the Ratio of Competition (NK) wheat crop and wheat gained caisim is the dominant component in the intercropping system wheat/caisim.</p>
PENGARUH PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR DAN Trichoderma sp TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL MELON (Cucumis melo)
Authors: Putri Lena Ananda , Jamillah Jamillah , Haryoko Widodo 
Published: November 2018

<p>Percobaan “Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) dan <em>Trichoderma sp </em>Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Melon (<em>Cucumis melo</em>) telah dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Air Pacah, Kecamatan Koto Tangah di Kota Padang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pupuk organik cair dan <em>Trichoderma sp</em> terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil Melon (<em>Cucumis melo</em>). Percobaan ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap 2 faktor (<em>Trichoerma sp </em>dan POC). <em>Trichoderma sp </em>terdiri dari 2 tingkat yaitu 0 g L<sup>-1</sup> dan 200 g L<sup>-1</sup> per tanaman, sedangkan POC pemberian terdiri dari 4 tingkat yaitu 0 ml L<sup>-1</sup>, 25 ml L<sup>-1</sup>, 50 ml L<sup>-1</sup> dan 75 ml L<sup>-1</sup> dengan 3 ulangan dan setiap satuan percobaan 2 polibeg sehingga diperoleh 48 polibag. Dari hasil percobaan disimpulkan bahwa pemberian 200 gram inokulan <em>Trichoderma sp </em>dan 75 ml L<sup>-1</sup> POC yang diberikan setiap 2 minggu mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan hasil tertinggi berat buah segar mencapai 1,33 kg/buah</p><p> </p><p>Experiment "The Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) and <em>Trichoderma sp</em> Against Growth and Melon Yield (<em>Cucumis melo</em> L) has been conducted in Air Pacah Koto Tangah Subdistrict in Padang City. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of liquid organic fertilizer and Trichoderma sp on growth and yield of Melon (<em>Cucumis melo</em> L). This study used a complete randomized design of 2 factors (<em>Trichoderma sp</em> and POC). <em>Trichoderma sp</em> consists of 2 levels of 0 g L<sup>-1</sup> and 200 g L<sup>-1</sup> per plant, whereas POC administration consists of 4 levels ie 0 ml L<sup>-1</sup><sup>,</sup> 25 ml L<sup>-1</sup>, 50 ml L<sup>-1</sup> and 75 ml L<sup>-1</sup> with 3 replications and each unit of experiment 2 polybag so obtained 48 polybags. The experimental resulted that giving 200 grams of <em>Trichoderma sp</em> inoculum and 75 ml L<sup>-1</sup> POC was given every 2 weeks can increase the growth and yield of melon. The highest yield of fresh fruit 1.33 kg/fruit.</p>
Student gadget addiction behavior in the perspective of respectful framework
Authors: Wardhani Frida Putri 
Published: November 2018

Someone who use gadget in the right way will get benefits. Meanwhile, people who can not control gadget itself will get some negative impact. One of negative impact is people will become addicted in gadget. This research finds the behavior of gadget addicted for students based on respectful framework. This research is qualitative descriptive design. Research instruments are interview, observation, and documentation. The primary informants come from two students of Junior High School 1 Karangrejo who also being the subject of research. Meanwhile, the proponent informant come from parents from two students who are the subject of research and school counselor. It's meant assessment by respectful framework has differences behavior and factors that influence student behaviors.
Legal nature of the positive constitutional responsibility
Authors: Bobrova Natalia , Sidorov Vladimir 
Published: November 2018

The subject of the paper is theoretical justification of legal nature of positive constitutionalresponsibility legal institute. The evolution of views on the institution of positive constitutionalresponsibility from the first works on it (S.A. Avak`yan, Yu.P. Eremenko, F.M. Rudinsky, N.A. Bobrova) to the present time is analyzed.The purpose is to clarify its role in establishment and maintaining the regime of constitutionallegality.The results, scope of application. Doubts about the legal nature of positive constitutionalresponsibility up to its complete denial are identical with doubts about the legal nature ofmany constitutional norms, the denial of their direct action. These disputes will last forever.Direct service of constitutional and legal responsibility to the quality of governance is a featureof this type of legal responsibility along with its pronounced political character, as wellas the specific guilt of the subject of constitutional tort (liability not only for their acts butfor the acts of their subordinates).The emphasis on positive moral aspect to the detriment of "sanction" (retrospective) aspectof the constitutional responsibility does not meet the challenges of the new time.Proponents of affirmative responsibility had good purpose to build its high creative andeducational role from the positive side of the legal liability. However, this good purpose inpractice has not led to optimistic results.The authors come to the conclusion the legal regulation of mechanisms of responsibilityenforcement in Russia is necessary.
LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT: PRACTICE OF ELECTORAL LEGISLATION ENFORCEMENT
Authors: Butakov Alexander 
Published: November 2018

The subject. The article presents a special study of the law enforcement practice of electoral legislation made by a court of various instances in the process of elections to the Omsk City Council of the sixth convocation held on September 10, 2017. The collision arises between the enforcement of federal and regional legislation is analyzed in the article.The purpose of the article is to find the ways of solving the conflict that arose during thr enforcement of federal and regional legislation regarding the verification procedure of voter’s signature.The methodology. The methods of analysis and synthesis are used. The focus of the scientific analysis concerns the courts decisions.The results, scope of application. In the Federal Law “On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in the Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation” of June 12, 2002, No. 67-FZ, the last paragraph of par. 8 of art. 37 fixes a set of issues established by the law of a sub-sovereign entity of the Russian Federation in holding the elections to a representative body of local self-government. In 2003, the regional law No. 456-OZ “On Elections to Local Self-Government Bodies of the Omsk Region” was passed, in which issues referred to the jurisdiction of the subject of the Russian Federation in the last paragraph of par. 8 of art. 37 of Federal Law No. 67, were not confirmed, especially with regard to the consolidation of the verification order of voters' signatures and grounds for recognition these signatures invalid, and (or) invalidated. At the same time, the Federal Law “On ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens of the Russian Federation to elect and be elected to local self-government bodies” No. 138-FZ of November 26, 1996, which in par. 2 of art. 1 "registered" the mechanism of its application in case of unsettledness, even with regard to the right to elect and be elected to the bodies of local self-government by the law of that body.The nsettledness concerns the verification order of authenticity of voters' signatures in candidacy lists when nominating candidates for representative bodies of local self-government.Conclusion. The article considers the sequence of solving this problem by the courts of the first, appellate and cassation instances, as a result of which the essence of the collision does not find its material and procedural solution, still remaining a gap both in the legislation and in the activities of federal control and supervisory bodies.
Administrative and jurisdictional activity: the issues of concept and content
Authors: Golovko Vladimir V. 
Published: November 2018

The subject. The article defines the modern content of the following concept: administrative procedure, administrative jurisdiction.The purpose of the study is to identify the correlation between the concepts of administrative procedure and administrative jurisdiction.The methodology includes methods of complex analysis and synthesis of the Russian legislation and scientific sources, as well as formal-logical and formal-legal methods.The main results and scope of application. The administrative process and administrative procedures are not regulated properly nowadays. The results of scientific research indicate a discrepancy in the interpretation of the concept of “administrative process”. An administrative process consists of management and administrative jurisdiction (proceedings).Process and production correlate as general and special phenomena.The administrative process, which manifests itself specifically in various types of administrative proceedings, is a set of consistently performed procedural actions, which are performed at certain stages during the consideration of individual specific cases by the competent authorities.Administrative jurisdiction in the broad sense may be understood as totality of the powers of state or municipal bodies, established by the law or other normative legal acts, to regulate social relations, to assess the legality of actions of a person, to resolve legal disputes and to consider cases on administrative offences, to carry out other legally significant actions.Conclusions. Administrative jurisdictional activity (public, regulatory, regulative, enforcement), is connected with the solution of legal disputes. It is based on the law and is clearly regulated by it, it is carried out by special bodies, it’s result is the regulation of public relations and imposing administrative responsibility to the offenders.