bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Macroalgal Extracts and Near Infrared Radiation on Germination of Soybean Seedlings: Preliminary Research Results
Authors: Michalak Izabela , Lewandowska Sylwia , Detyna Jerzy , Olsztyńska-Janus Sylwia , Bujak Henryk , Pacholska Paulina 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn the present study, synergistic effects between the application of near-infrared radiation (NIR) and macroalgal extracts on the germination of soybean seeds were searched for. NIR is captured by special photoreceptors (i.e. phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins) and next plants generate a wide range of specific physiological responses through these receptors. For the study, a special system of NIR was applied to irradiate soybean seeds. To our knowledge, this is the first time this kind of radiation was used for the biostimulation of soybean seeds. Previously, the effect of other ranges of light (e.g. green, red, blue) was analysed in terms of photosynthetic activity, growth and yield of different plants, except seeds. NIR for 3 and 5 minutes was also combined with the application of macroalgal extracts used for seeds soaking. They are known as a rich source of biologically active compounds that can stimulate plant growth. These preliminary studies show that the examined factors can stimulate plant’s growth and their quality.
Response of spring wheat to NPK and S fertilization. The content and uptake of macronutrients and the value of ionic ratios
Authors: Klikocka Hanna , Marks Marek , Barczak Bożena , Szostak Bogdan , Podleśna Anna , Podleśny Janusz 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilizers on the content and uptake of macronutrients by grain dry mass (DM) of spring wheat. A field experiment was conducted in southeastern Poland on Cambisols (WRB 2007), in conditions of low S content in the soil. The experiment included 2 factors: fertilization with N (0, 40, 80, 120 kg ha-1) and with S (0, 50 kg ha-1).
The experiment showed a positive response of spring wheat to N and S fertilization. The highest grain yield was found after application of 80 kg N ha-1 and addition of 50 kg S ha-1 (5.43 t ha-1). The described combination resulted in beneficial content of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) (P –4.267, K–4.533, Mg–1.567, Ca–0.433 g kg-1) and uptake of macroelements by grain dry mass (DM) (P–20.48, K–21.79, Mg–7.52, Ca–2.08 kg ha-1). A generally positive correlation was found between content and uptake of macronutrients with exception of P content. Fertilization with N caused significantly narrowed mass ratios of K+: Ca2+, K+: Mg2+ and mass and mole ratio of K+:(Ca2++Mg2+) and increased mass ratio of Ca:P. While S application narrowed significantly, mass ratios of K+:Ca2+ and K+: (Ca2+ + Mg2+) and increased mass ratio of Ca:P.
Standing up to the canoe: Competing cognitive biases in the encoding of stative spatial relations in a language with a single spatial preposition
Authors: Næss Åshild 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis paper discusses how verbal directional markers are used to encode stative spatial relations in the Oceanic language Äiwoo. It argues that the apparent reversal of directional meaning in stative expressions, where ‘up’ is used in expressions meaning ‘underneath’, ‘down’ in expressions meaning ‘above’, and ‘out’ in expressions meaning ‘inside’, can be explained by a fictive motion analysis where the figure is construed as metaphorically moving towards the ground. It moreover argues that in expressions where motion leads to a resulting spatial configuration, where ‘up’ means ‘on top of’ rather than ‘underneath’, this reading is overridden by the so-called goal bias, whereby the resultant configuration is more cognitively salient than the motion producing it. It suggests that the linguistic construal of stative spatial relations may to some extent be correlated with the formal means of expression, where marking by adpositions favours a ‘search domain’ construal whereas encoding within the verb favours a ‘fictive path’ construal. It thus provides a new angle on the linguistic encoding of spatial relations, an area which has been subject to much research within cognitive linguistics, but which so far has paid little attention to the possibility of encoding stative spatial relations within the verb.
Integrated Thermoelectric Energy Generator and Organic Storage Device
Authors: Al-Haik Mohammad Y. , Alothman Abdulmohsen A. , Hajj Muhammad R. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
We evaluate the storage performance of an integrated energy harvesting and storage system using a thermoelectric generator (TEG) and an organic energy storage device. The power generated by the TEG is obtained by varying the temperature of the heat source on the bottom surface of the TEG while keeping the opposite surface at a constant cooling temperature. The difference in temperature gradient (Δ T) increases the power generated by the TEG. Capacitance-voltage measurements were performed on the organic storage device to evaluate the storage capabilities of the embedded storage elements, CdS nanoparticles. The objective is to assess the possibility of the integrated system and evaluate the effectiveness of the storage device. Voltage, current and power density values are determined and compared for different load resistance. The results revealed that for the 100 Ω load resistor, the voltage across the capacitor was the maximum at a lower temperature gradient with a charge density of

5.14
×

10

−
3

C

m
2

$5.14 \times 10^{-3} \frac{C}{m^2}$

.
The Determinants of Entrepreneurship at the Country Level: A Panel Data Approach
Authors: Rodrigues Brás Gonçalo , Soukiazis Elias 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of a variety of factors on the total entrepreneurial activity rate (TEA). A panel data approach of 26 developed countries was used to evaluate the simultaneous influence of the factors on TEA (2004–2011). Our findings show an inverse relationship between TEA and the initial capital effort; a direct relation between TEA, monetary freedom, investment freedom, financial market development and education; and a nonlinear concave relationship between TEA and the GDP per capita. The dynamic estimation approach shows a high speed of adjustment between the actual and desired rate of entrepreneurship. Overall, the main findings clarify which potential determinants have a real impact on entrepreneurial activity. Our contribution aims to help economic policymakers in developed countries to gain awareness of the main determinants of entrepreneurial activity at country level and thus to enable better decisions.
Universes and simulations: Civilizational development in nested embedding
Authors: Komosinski Maciej 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe rapid development of technology has allowed computer simulations to become routinely used in an increasing number of fields of science. These simulations become more and more realistic, and their energetic efficiency grows due to progress in computer hardware and software. As humans merge with machines via implants, brain-computer interfaces and increased activity involving information instead of material objects, philosophical concepts and theoretical considerations on the nature of reality are beginning to concern practical, working models and testable virtual environments. This article discusses how simulation is understood and employed in computer science today, how software, hardware and the physical universe unify, how simulated realities are embedded one in another, how complicated it can get in application, practical scenarios, and the possible consequences of these situations. A number of basic properties of universes and simulations in such multiply nested structures are reviewed, and the relationship of these properties with a level of civilizational development is explored.
Production of xylooligosaccharides and cellulosic ethanol from steam-exploded barley straw
Authors: Álvarez Cristina , Sáez Felicia , González Alberto , Ballesteros Ignacio , Oliva José Miguel , Negro María José 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Agricultural residues, such as barley straw (BS), are attractive sources for the production of chemicals and fuels based on the biorefinery principle. In the present paper, BS was steam exploded at 180°C/30 min and then 90% of the cellulose and 60% of the hemicellulose were recovered in solid and liquid fractions respectively, which were used for ethanol and xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production. In the course of enzymatic hydrolysis (EH), different solid loading (SL) (10–20% w/v) and enzyme doses (15 and 30 FPU g−1 glucan) were applied to optimize the yield of glucose concentrations, while 92 g l−1 glucose was released at 20% SL and 30 FPU g−1 glucan enzyme dosage. For ethanol production, two different process configurations were compared: separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) or prehydrolysis with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF). To transform the soluble hemicellulose into xylooligomers, two glycoside hydrolases (GH) families 10 and 11 endoxylanases were used. Reaction times, enzyme dose and several combinations of enzymes were optimized to maximize the conversion into XOS. Under the pretreatment conditions indicated above, 14 g of ethanol was obtained via the PSSF approach and 11.1 g of XOS (with DP2–DP6) was obtained per 100 g of raw material.
Clinical relevance in present day hormonal contraception
Authors: Regidor Pedro-Antonio 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The contraceptive pill is an effective and very safe method to control pregnancies. It was developed 60 years ago, and despite that the composition has been the same since it was first developed (estrogen and progestogen), over the years the concentration of ethinyl estradiol has been reduced to improve tolerability. Nevertheless, progestogens are the basic active agent of hormonal contraception. The mechanism of progestogens is a multimodal one and basically three modes of contraceptive action can be distinguished: (a) A strong antigonadotrophic action leading to the inhibition of ovulation. The necessary dosage of ovulation inhibition per day is a fixed dosage that is intrinsic to each progestogen and independent of the dosage of estrogen used or the partial activities of the progestogen or the mode of application. (b) Thickening of the cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration and (c) desynchronization of the endometrial changes necessary for implantation. The on the market available progestogens used for contraception are either used in combined hormonal contraceptives (in tablets, patches or vaginal rings) or as progestogen only contraceptives. Progestogen only contraceptives are available as daily oral preparations, monthly injections, implants (2–3 years) and intrauterine systems (IUS). Even the long-acting progestogens are highly effective in typical use and have a very low risk profile. According to their introduction into the market, progestogens in combined hormonal contraceptives, have been described as 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th generation progestogens. The different structures of progestogens are derivatives from testosterone, progesterone and spironolactone. These differences in the molecular structure determine pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differential effects which contribute to the tolerability and additional beneficial or therapeutic effects whether used in combined oral contraceptive (COC) or as progestogen only drugs. These differences enhance the individual options for different patient profiles. The new development of polymers for vaginal rings allowed on the one hand, the improvement of the estrogen/progestogen combination in these rings especially regarding the comfort of use for women (e.g. avoiding the use of cold chains or packages with up to 6-month rings) and on the other hand, the development of progestogen only formulations. Another future development will be the introduction of new progestogen only pills that will provide effective contraceptive protection with more favorable bleeding patterns and a maintenance of ovulation inhibition after scheduled 24-h delays in pill intake than the existing progestogen only pill (POP) with desogestrel (DES).
Copper and zinc in stage I multiple myeloma: relation with ceruloplasmin, lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase activity
Authors: Khadem-Ansari Mohammad-Hassan , Asoudeh Mojtaba , Gheshlaghi Hosein Fallahi Kord , Nozari Samira , Zarringol Mina , Maroufi Nazila Fathi , Faridvand Yousef 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
The main aim of this study was to assess the serum levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) with lipid peroxidation, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) activity, and ceruloplasmin (Cp) in multiple myeloma (MM) patients.

Materials and methods
The study was conducted in 34 MM patients at stage I. Serum Cu and Zn levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Also, spectrophotometric assays of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in addition to Cp and Cu/Zn SOD were quantitated.

Results
The results showed a significant decrease in the serum Zn levels in patients with MM (p < 0.0001). Also, serum Cu levels were significantly higher (p < 0.0001). However, the serum Cu/Zn ratio was significantly higher in the cancer patients (p < 0.0001). A significant difference was observed in the patients group compared with the control group according to the Cu/Zn SOD activity (p < 0.0001). Moreover, serum levels of Cp and MDA were significantly increased in patients (p < 0.0001, both).

Conclusions
The elevated levels of serum Cu and MDA with a decrease in Zn and Cu/Zn SOD might explain the increased oxidative stress in MM disease. As the high Cu level was observed in MM patients, therefore, Cu levels should be concentrated in the pathogenesis and progression of MM disease.
The Paradoxical Survival of Spanish ¡Vamos! in the Face of Old Spanish ¡Vayamos! and the Loss of Old Spanish imos
Authors: Rini Joel 
Published: October 2018

Summary
Although Spanish philologists have long been aware of the origin of the first person plural imperative of the verb ir, ¡Vamos!, (as well as reflexive ¡Vámonos!), none has even remarked on the synchronic irregularity of the affirmative-negative pattern vamos ~ no vayamos vis-à-vis that of all other verbs, e. g., cantemos ~ no cantemos, comamos ~ no comamos, salgamos ~ no salgamos, etc., in which the same form appears in both the affirmative and negative. Nor has anyone recognized that the original pattern was indeed regular, i. e., vayamos ~ no vayamos (and vayámo(s)nos ~ no nos vayamos). It therefore remains to be explained how, when, and why this original, regular affirmative-negative structure was replaced by the irregular structure now found in Modern Spanish. The present study will attempt to answer these questions through a detailed diachronic morphosyntactic analysis.
Pragmatics and the emergence of a subject in Peninsular Spanish
Authors: Lara Bermejo Víctor 
Published: October 2018

Resumen
El andaluz es conocido por haber nivelado en un solo pronombre el tratamiento en plural. Dicha forma (ustedes) es sintácticamente 3pl, pero induce tanto concordancia 3pl como concordancia 2pl. Los datos disponibles del siglo pasado indican que los hablantes andaluces no distinguían la formalidad y la informalidad y que habían perdido la diferencia pragmática que sí se da en el resto del español peninsular. Sin embargo, un nuevo trabajo de campo arroja más luz a este fenómeno y revela que ustedes no ha sido sujeto, sino un vocativo que funcionaba como tópico. Asimismo, durante los cien años que han pasado entre la última información disponible y el nuevo trabajo de campo, ustedes ha pasado por un proceso mediante el cual ha eliminado cualquier otra forma de tratamiento y se ha convertido en un sujeto por completo. Este artículo pretende proporcionar una explicación lingüística y geográfica que justifique el cambio pragmático atestiguado en Andalucía, las fases que este fenómeno ha producido y su evolución en el último siglo.
El papel de los agentes literarios en las dinámicas de campo
Authors: Villarino M. Carmen 
Published: October 2018

Resumen
El objetivo principal de este trabajo es, a partir de una perspectiva de sociología de la literatura y de la cultura, entender cuál es el papel, en la actualidad, de los agentes literarios como intermediarios culturales en relación a la circulación de obras y autores/as y a la producción literaria, con foco específico en el caso del sistema literario brasileño.
Appointed by young people – a qualitative study on young patients recruiting hospital staff in Denmark
Authors: Hanghøj Signe , Thomsen Ena L. , Blix Charlotte , Hertz Pernille Grarup , Boisen Kirsten A. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
There is a lack of knowledge about young peoples’wishes for the qualifications including skills and personal traits of hospital staff during the recruitment process.

Objective
The aim of this qualitative study was to explore which qualifications, skills and personal traits young people prefer when recruiting hospital staff.

Methods
A Youth Recruitment Committee (YRC) consisting of four young people performed six job interviews in parallel to conventional job interviews at Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Denmark. The interviews with the candidates and the subsequent YRC deliberation were observed and recorded, and data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results
Four main themes with matching sub-themes emerged from the data: (1) Personality (appearance and commitment), (2) Professional skills (approach, mentality and activities), (3) Project management (skills and experience), (4) Communication (during the interview and experiential approach to youth). It was important to the YRC that the candidate had professional experience working with young people as well as being a skilled project manager. The YRC also assessed the candidates´ communication during the interview.

Conclusions
By inviting young people in as a separate recruitment committee, their perspectives and preferences were noted without interference from professionals. Our findings are in line with previous research regarding young peoples´ preferences on youth-friendly health services. Furthermore, this approach made it possible to evaluate candidates´ communication skills with young people as they were assessed during the job interviews.
Child labor and mental health status of in-school adolescents in a municipal local government area of Lagos state, Nigeria
Authors: Famodu Oyetomiwa O. , Adebayo Ayodeji Matthew , Adebayo Bosede Ehelamioke 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Background
Child labor (CL) is on the increase in developing countries with its adverse consequences. Many studies have related CL to physical and social well-being and not mental health (MH). This study was designed to assess the experience of CL and mental health status (MHS) among in-school adolescents and determine the association between them, if any, in a metropolitan area of Lagos state, Nigeria.

Methods
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in eight private and four public secondary schools using a two-stage cluster sampling method. A semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on CL and MH. Experience of CL was assessed through a “yes” or “no” response to whether respondents had ever worked or were currently working in exchange for money or not. MHS was measured with the Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ). The SDQ is a 25-item instrument with two subdivisions: strength (prosocial) and difficulty scales. Difficulty scale is categorized into emotional, conduct, hyperactivity and peer problems. Each category of the subdivision was scored as normal (low need), borderline (some need) and abnormal (high need). The scores were modified into “positive” (low need) and “negative” (some need and high need). Total difficulty was scored “positive” (0–15) and “negative” (16–40) and prosocial behavior was scored “positive” (6–10) and “negative” (0–5). Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Chi-squared test and logistic regression at α < 0.05.

Results
The mean age of respondents was 14.1 ± 1.9 years with 61.4% aged 14 years and above and 59.2% were female. About a quarter (23.8%) experienced CL with apprenticeship being the most common form (55%) followed by street trading (10%). About 20% of the respondents had negative MHS on the overall difficulty scale and 8.0% on the prosocial scale. Based on the ratings of the difficulty scale, 39.1% of them had problems with peers, 19.3% had emotional problems, 17.2% had conduct problems and 7.6% were hyperactive. Sex, mothers’ and fathers’ levels of education, and school absenteeism were predictors of CL experience. Respondents who lived with both parents had lower odds of having negative MHS [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.187–0.815].

Conclusion
The study revealed that among in-school adolescents in the study area, a considerable percentage of children were involved in CL and had poor MHS especially peer and conduct problems. Concerted efforts at reducing the menace of CL and interventions to promote the MH of in-school adolescents are hereby advocated.
Immobilization of Fructofuranosidase from Aureobasidium sp. Onto TiO2 and Its Encapsulation on Gellan Gum for FOS Production
Authors: Valdeón Daniel H. , Araujo Paula Z. , Daz Mirta , Perotti Nora I. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractFructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26) fromAureobasidiumsp. ATCC 20524, recovered from 5 L fermented medium, purified by two simple steps with a yield of 65 % and a purification factor of 16, was immobilized by adsorption onto titanium dioxide (FTIO). The enzyme was also covalently immobilized onto TiO2coated with polyethyleneimine (FTIOP) and encapsulated in gellan gum (FTIOPG). FTIO and FTIOP recorded an activity of 903 U g−1and 9212 U g−1, respectively. The immobilized enzyme showed high activity and stability at pH levels ranging from 4.0 to 8.0 and there were no changes in the temperature profile for either methodology when compared with free fructofuranosidase. The immobilized biocatalysts were reused 7 times for FOS production without significant activity loss, except FTIO at pH 5.0. Gellan gum was used for FTIOP encapsulation. FOS production was performed in a batch and a continuous reactor using FTIOPG as a biocatalyst. Batch conversion (gFOS/ginitial sucrose) was around 60 % for initial sucrose concentrations of 100, 300 and 600 g L−1, at a time of maximum conversion. Fixed-bed reactor operational stability was remarkable, providing a constant FOS production in the outlet of the column during 720 h.
Preaching promise and hope: models of preaching and lived religion in Latin America
Authors: Adam Júlio Cézar 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This paper aims to reflect on homiletics and Christian preaching as a voice of promise in a paradoxical context such as the Brazilian and Latin American. Initially it will reflect upon three characteristic types of relationship between preaching and promise: the eschatological and transcendentalist preaching that locates the promise in an afterlife or the end of times; the humanistic and liberating preaching that places the promise in the dimension of the socio-political struggle for transformation in the present; the individualistic and prosperity-oriented preaching that projects promise as material achievement and hedonistic satisfaction. Finally, faced with this reality, we seek ways in literature (Two Words, by Isabel Allende) and in popular culture (Central do Brasil, a movie by Walter Salles) to help us in creating a sermon that announces the promise amid the paradoxes of life in order to contribute not merely to individual, ecclesial or ideological satisfaction, but to point to human and cultural transformations.