bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fallstudie: Entwicklung von symbolischen Alternativen zur physischen Zwangsanwendung in Gefährdungssituationen – PART IV: „Simulation und Reduktion von Zwangsmaßnahmen in der Psychiatrie“ (SRZP)
Authors: Ahrens Ullrich , Haage Jens , Luzycki Thomas , Milark Susanne , Debus Stephan 
Published: February 2019

ZusammenfassungInsgesamt 38 Krankenpflegerinnen und Krankenpfleger haben mithilfe von Videoaufzeichnungen von psychiatrischen Gefährdungssituationen eine Zwang vermeidende Alternative, die sogenannte „Hilfs-Ich-Strategie“ (HIS) entwickelt. In dieser Fallstudie zeigen sich im empirischen Vergleich zwischen Zwangsanwendung (Fixierung) und Alternativstrategie (HIS) signifikante Differenzen in den Kommunikationsprofilen. Die zugehörige Ethnotheorie der Krankenpflegenden zu HIS enthält folgende Merkmale: Formen des HIS, Wirkfaktoren, Patienten-, Situations- und Teamvoraussetzungen.
Brazilian Plants: An Unexplored Source of Endophytes as Producers of Active Metabolites
Authors: Savi Daiani Cristina , Aluizio Rodrigo , Glienke Chirlei 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBrazil has an extraordinary biodiversity, and for many years, has been classified as the first of 17 countries with a mega diversity, with 22% of the total plants in the world (more than 55 000 species). Considering that some endophytes are host-specific, the incomparable plant diversity found in Brazil encompasses an immeasurable variety of habitats and may represent a repository of unexplored species. As a result of the endophyte-host interaction, plant-associated microorganisms have an enormous biosynthetic potential to produce compounds with novelties in structure and bioactivity. Numerous studies have been published over the years describing the endophytic species isolated in Brazil. Identification of these species is generally performed via DNA sequencing. However, many of the genera to which the described taxa belong were reviewed phylogenetically and many species were reclassified. Thus, there is a gap in the real biodiversity of endophytes isolated in Brazil in the last decade. In this scenario, the present study reviewed the biodiversity of endophytes isolated from plants found in different Brazilian biomes from 2012 to 2017, including the following topics: (i) species diversity, (ii) species identification challenges, (iii) biotechnological aspects, and (iv) identified metabolites. Endophytes of 54 species of plants were studied from 2012 to 2017, resulting in the identification of 300 genera, with Diaporthe and Bacillus being the most frequent fungal and bacterial genera, respectively.
Preoperative Chronic Opioid Use and Its Effects on Total Knee Arthroplasty Outcomes
Authors: Kim Kelvin , Chen Kevin , Anoushiravani Afshin A. , Roof Mackenzie , Long William J. , Schwarzkopf Ran 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUnsafe opioid distribution remains a major concern among the total knee arthroplasty (TKA) population. Perioperative opioid use has been shown to be associated with poorer outcomes in patients undergoing TKA including longer length of stay (LOS) and discharges to extended care facilities. The current study aims to detail perioperative opioid use patterns and investigate the effects of preoperative chronic opioid use on perioperative quality outcomes in TKA patients. A retrospective analysis was performed on 338 consecutive TKAs conducted at our institution. Two cohorts were compared in this study—preoperative chronic opioid users and nonchronic opioid users. Opioid usage patterns and quality metrics were collected and analyzed over a 3-month preoperative and a 6-month postoperative period. Fifty-four (16.0%) preoperative chronic opioid users were identified out of the total 338 patients included in the study. Preoperative chronic opioid users experienced significantly longer LOS (2.9 vs 2.6 days; p = 0.026). Patients who remained persistent chronic users throughout the preoperative and postoperative stages demonstrated a significantly longer LOS (3.4 days vs 2.5 days; p = 0.017) compared with those who were no longer chronically using opioids by the 6 months postoperative period. By the 6 months postoperative time point, preoperative chronic users were consuming eight times the morphine-equivalents (mg/day) compared with nonchronic users (p < 0.001). Preoperative chronic opioid use was associated with substantially higher usage patterns throughout the postoperative stages. Such opioid use patterns were associated with longer LOS. Given that perioperative chronic opioid use has shown to negatively impact TKA outcomes, future studies refining current perioperative management strategies are warranted. This is a Level II, prognostic study.
To Maintain or Cease Non–Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants Prior to Minimal Bleeding Risk Procedures: A Review of Evidence and Recommendations
Authors: Favaloro Emmanuel , Curnow Jennifer , Brennan Yvonne 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFor procedures associated with minimal bleeding risk, there are data and experience to support the practice of continuing vitamin K antagonists rather than interrupting therapy, to prevent exposing patients to the undue risk of developing thromboembolism during anticoagulation cessation. Despite the increasing use of non–vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs), there is little evidence to guide the management of these drugs around minimal bleeding risk procedures. This review examines and discusses the major society guidelines and recommendations addressing the management of NOACs around minimal bleeding risk procedures. Additionally, it summarizes the existing evidence, and highlights the gaps in knowledge where evidence is not yet available. Finally, recommendations are made to assist the proceduralist deal with this area of limited evidence.
Quantum computational supremacy in the sampling of bosonic random walkers on a one-dimensional lattice
Authors: Muraleedharan Gopikrishnan , Miyake Akimasa , Deutsch Ivan H 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
We study the sampling complexity of a probability distribution associated with an ensemble of identical noninteracting bosons undergoing a quantum random walk on a one-dimensional lattice. With uniform nearest-neighbor hopping we show that one can efficiently sample the distribution for times logarithmic in the size of the system, while for longer times there is no known efficient sampling algorithm. With time-dependent hopping and optimal control, we design the time evolution to approximate an arbitrary Haar-random unitary map analogous to that designed for photons in a linear optical network. This approach highlights a route to generating quantum complexity by optimal control only of a single-body unitary matrix. We study this in the context of two potential experimental realizations: a spinor optical lattice of ultracold atoms and a quantum gas microscope.
A high-throughput method for unbiased quantitation and categorization of nuclear morphology
Authors: Skinner Benjamin Matthew , Rathje Claudia Cattoni , Bacon Joanne , Johnson Emma Elizabeth Philippa , Larson Erica Lee , Kopania Emily E K , Good Jeffrey Martin , Yousafzai Gullalaii , Affara Nabeel Ahmed , Ellis Peter James Ivor 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe physical arrangement of chromatin in the nucleus is cell type and species-specific, a fact particularly evident in sperm, in which most of the cytoplasm has been lost. Analysis of the characteristic falciform (“hook shaped”) sperm in mice is important in studies of sperm development, hybrid sterility, infertility, and toxicology. However, quantification of sperm shape differences typically relies on subjective manual assessment, rendering comparisons within and between samples difficult.We have developed an analysis program for morphometric analysis of asymmetric nuclei and characterized the sperm of mice from a range of inbred, outbred, and wild-derived mouse strains. We find that laboratory strains have elevated sperm shape variability both within and between samples in comparison to wild-derived inbred strains, and that sperm shape in F1 offspring from a cross between CBA and C57Bl6J strains is subtly affected by the direction of the cross. We further show that hierarchical clustering can discriminate distinct sperm shapes with greater efficiency and reproducibility than even experienced manual assessors, and is useful both to distinguish between samples and also to identify different morphological classes within a single sample.Our approach allows for the analysis of nuclear shape with unprecedented precision and scale and will be widely applicable to different species and different areas of biology.
The intestinal environment as an evolutionary adaptation to mouthbrooding in the Astatotilapia burtoni cichlid
Authors: Faber-Hammond Josh J , Coyle Kaitlin P , Bacheller Shannon K , Roberts Cameron G , Mellies Jay L , Roberts Reade B , Renn Suzy C P 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTMany of the various parental care strategies displayed by animals are accompanied by a significant reduction in food intake that imposes a substantial energy trade-off. Mouthbrooding, as seen in several species of fish in which the parent holds the developing eggs and fry in the buccal cavity, represents an extreme example of reduced food intake during parental investment and is accompanied by a range of physiological adaptations. In this study we use 16S sequencing to characterize the gut microbiota of female Astatotilapia burtoni cichlid fish throughout the obligatory phase of self-induced starvation during the brooding cycle in comparison to stage-matched females that have been denied food for the same duration. In addition to a reduction of gut epithelial turnover, we find a dramatic reduction in species diversity in brooding stages that recovers upon release of fry and refeeding that is not seen in females that are simply starved. Based on overall species diversity as well as differential abundance of specific bacterial taxa, we suggest that rather than reflecting a simple deprivation of caloric intake, the gut microbiota is more strongly influenced by physiological changes specific to mouthbrooding including the reduced epithelial turnover and possible production of antimicrobial agents.
Targeting malaria parasite invasion of red blood cells as an antimalarial strategy
Authors: Burns Amy L , Dans Madeline G , Balbin Juan M , de Koning-Ward Tania F , Gilson Paul R , Beeson James G , Boyle Michelle J , Wilson Danny W 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPlasmodium spp. parasites that cause malaria disease remain a significant global-health burden. With the spread of parasites resistant to artemisinin combination therapies in Southeast Asia, there is a growing need to develop new antimalarials with novel targets. Invasion of the red blood cell by Plasmodium merozoites is essential for parasite survival and proliferation, thus representing an attractive target for therapeutic development. Red blood cell invasion requires a co-ordinated series of protein/protein interactions, protease cleavage events, intracellular signals, organelle release and engagement of an actin-myosin motor, which provide many potential targets for drug development. As these steps occur in the bloodstream, they are directly susceptible and exposed to drugs. A number of invasion inhibitors against a diverse range of parasite proteins involved in these different processes of invasion have been identified, with several showing potential to be optimised for improved drug-like properties. In this review, we discuss red blood cell invasion as a drug target and highlight a number of approaches for developing antimalarials with invasion inhibitory activity to use in future combination therapies.
The prediction of rotation curves in gas-dominated dwarf galaxies with modified dynamics
Authors: Sanders R H 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
I consider the observed rotation curves of 12 gas-dominated low-surface-brightness galaxies – objects in which the mass of gas ranges between 2.2 and 27 times the mass of the stellar disc (mean = 9.4). This means that, in the usual decomposition of rotation curves into those resulting from various mass components, the mass-to-light ratio of the luminous stellar disc effectively vanishes as an additional adjustable parameter. It is seen that the observed rotation curves reflect the observed structure in gas surface density distribution often in detail. This fact is difficult to comprehend in the context of the dark matter paradigm where the dark halo completely dominates the gravitational potential in the low surface density systems; however it is an expected result in the context of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) in which the baryonic matter is the only component. With MOND the calculated rotation curves are effectively parameter-free predictions.
Beyond Belief?
Authors: Hollar Julie 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the expansion of same-sex marriage around the world, its causes and its consequences. It argues that the domestic and transnational factors shaping a country’s adoption of same-sex marriage depend crucially on both time and place, encompassing the domestic and the transnational. It further suggests that the effects of same-sex marriage are likewise context-dependent, in most cases producing mixed results for LGBTQ people and movements. Incorporating cases outside of western Europe and the United States, this study urges a broader lens and a new focus on the short-term and long-term political effects of pursuing marriage equality.
The Weberian City, Civil Society, and Turkish Social Thought
Authors: Sunar Lutfi 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Concepts of civil society and despotism played a fundamental role in Western interpretations of modern society, defined as a civilization, through construction of the “other.” On the one hand, modern social forms were explained through the concept of civil society and related notions of citizenship; on the other, premodern and non-Western societies were described as static and archaic through the concept of despotism. In the case of Weber’s work, demonstrating the uniqueness of the West was fundamental to his treatment of cities and citizenship. He relied on analyses of the birth and rise of the institutions and social structure of cities in the West to explain the development of modern capitalism. In this context his theory of patrimonialism gained acceptance within contemporary Turkish social science. Based on Weberian ideas, some historians and sociologists argued that Ottoman society had a despotic structure with an absence of civil society. According to this view, the “middle class” found in Western societies did not develop in Turkish society, and this absence became an obstacle to modernization. An alternative view held that this perspective resulted from a misinterpretation of the context of the Weberian approach, which was developed basically in order to explain Western modernity. However, these views were not designed to explain Ottoman society or to analyze contemporary problems and suggest appropriate solutions to the problems of civil society today.
Law and the Development of Capitalism
Authors: Ford Laura R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The relationship between law and capitalism was of central interest to Max Weber. His legal training sensitized Weber from the beginning of his scholarly career to the social and historical significance of law, a sensitivity that was reflected in his wide-ranging studies of capitalism. This chapter focuses on the linkages between law and capitalism that Weber elucidates in Economy and Society and in other works ranging from his dissertation and habilitation to his writings on financial exchanges. It concentrates on Weber’s writings about commercial law and modern finance capitalism, showing how these reflect the broader picture that he paints of the developmental trajectory of occidental law and, in turn, the development of modern, rational capitalism. The discussion also focuses attention on jurists as the culture-carriers of an intellectual tradition, who formulated a new commercial law for merchants and industrial guilds. This would become the legal basis for modern market finance capitalism. In helping to build a new Ordnung for modern capitalism, jurists were formulators of a type of this-worldly salvation system, one that Weber both admired and regretted.
Plebiscitary Politics and the Threats to Legality
Authors: Härpfer Claudius 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In recent times we find many plebiscitary acts that seek to democratically legitimize political processes in any direction. They have in common that they interrupt the normal routine of representative democracies to a certain degree and create an extra-daily state of affairs, which entails not only direct but also indirect consequences. The text attempts to systematize some of these mechanisms from a Weberian perspective using Brexit as an example. After a brief overview of Weber’s short-term politically inspired statements on plebiscitary democracy, the text systematizes Weber’s understanding of the state as a bureaucratic apparatus that requires any kind of leader to be controlled. Subsequently, the text discusses the relationship between domination, legality, and rationality in order to finally point out the danger of erosion of truth and legality through the emergence of competing consensus communities in the face of competing conceptions of order.
Weberian Social Theory
Authors: Schroeder Ralph 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter gives an account of Weber’s concept of rationalization and how it has been used by subsequent social thinkers. The argument of the chapter is that rationalization is a central thread in Weber’s thought, and it explicates his ideas about how this process works in the realms of culture, the economy, and politics. It also discusses some thinkers who have made use of his ideas, including Ernest Gellner, Randall Collins, and Michael Mann. In Weber’s time, a major debate was about the rise and distinctiveness of the West. More recently, the debate has shifted to the causes and consequences of globalization. The final part of the chapter locates Weberian ideas about rationalization, and its limits, in this larger debate.
The Past, Present, and Future of Race-Conscious Policies for Addressing Racial Segregation in K–12 Schools
Authors: Sikes Chloe Latham , Garces Liliana M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Schools in America today face challenges similar to those over sixty years ago. Thought to be remedied by the landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), racial and ethnic segregation, inequitable public funding and resources, and disparate educational outcomes by race and ethnicity continue to plague schools throughout the country. This chapter traces the major legal developments from Brown to the present that implicated race-conscious policies in K–12 schools intended to address racial and ethnic segregation. By reviewing the past, present, and future directions of race consciousness in school assignment, choice, and access policies, the authors argue that colorblind or “race-neutral” legal approaches to entrenched racism and social stratification have caused American schools to continue to miss the mark set by Brown. Due to shifts in the composition of the U.S. Supreme Court and a decreasing socially explicit acknowledgment of the salience of racism and racial discrimination, racial harms have become increasingly difficult to litigate. The Court’s decision in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007) further restricted the use of race in school segregation remedies, and set the present legal context of addressing racial discrimination and segregation in race-neutral terms that perpetuate rather than ameliorate segregation. The future of race consciousness in school assignment policies depends upon a thorough examination of historical precedent and a strategic sense of the current legal and political landscape of racial segregation. We must look backward in order to anticipate the pressing yet familiar challenges of racial segregation in schools.
Human Genetics of Pain
Authors: Cox James J. , Kurth Ingo , Woods C. Geoffrey 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Inherited pain disorders are typically rare in the general population. However, in the postgenomic era, single-gene mutations for numerous human Mendelian pain disorders have been described owing to advances in sequencing technology and improvements in pain phenotyping. This article describes the history, phenotype, gene mutations, and molecular/cellular pathology of painless and painful inherited monogenic disorders. The study of these disorders has led to the identification of key genes that are needed for the normal development or function of nociceptive neurons. Genes that are covered include ATL1, ATL3, DNMT1, DST, ELP1, FLVCR1, KIF1A, NGF, NTRK1, PRDM12, RETREG1, SCN9A, SCN10A, SCN11A, SPTLC1, SPTLC2, TRPA1, WNK1, and ZFHX2. The study of some Mendelian disorders of pain sensing has the potential to lead to new classes of analgesic drugs.
The Measurement of Pain in the Laboratory Rodent
Authors: Mogil Jeffrey S. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The current translational crisis, in which apparently rapidly expanding genetic, molecular, and cellular knowledge has not resulted in novel clinical therapies, has forced preclinical pain researchers to question the algesiometric status quo. One hypothesized cause of poor translation is the limited external validity of the reflexive withdrawals to evoking stimuli that represent the ubiquitous dependent measures of pain at the present time. As a response, new techniques have been developed and are increasingly being incorporated into pain studies. This comprehensive review examines the subjects, assays, and measures used in preclinical pain research, as well as the need for and implementation of newly described measures of spontaneous, ongoing chronic pain.
Is Expertise All in the Mind?
Authors: Baber Chris 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, theories that explore the relationship between action and performance are reviewed. These theories ask whether our cognitive activity depends on “internal representations” or whether it can be explained by our interaction with the world around us. In other words, rather than projecting a model of the world outwards in order to plan and guide our actions, these approaches see physical interaction with the world as a form of cognitive activity. In other words, the focus of cognition is less about using mental representation and more about perception–action coupling between us and our world. The conclusion is that this points to an account of expertise which sees it as a matter of sensitivity to environmental constraints and opportunities, together with the ability to focus on optimal parameters in a given situation. The chapter consider ways in which such sensitivity could be probed through field study and interview with experts.
Studying Expert Behavior in Sociotechnical Systems
Authors: Salmon Paul M. , Stanton Neville A. , Walker Guy H. , Read Gemma J. M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Hierarchical task analysis (HTA), arguably the most popular task analysis method of all time, provides a useful approach for describing expert behavior and the factors influencing it. Its utility is enhanced by the fact that there are various ergonomics analysis methods that build on HTA outputs to provide in-depth analyses of behavior. This chapter provides an overview of HTA and its origins, followed by practical guidance on how to apply the method. Two rail level crossing case study applications are presented. These are used to showcase how HTA can be used to describe and analyze both behavior at the sharp end (i.e., at the rail level crossing itself) as well as the behavior of overall sociotechnical systems (i.e., the behavior of the overall rail level crossing “system”). In closing, the main strengths and weakness of HTA are discussed.