bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing School Wellness Policies and Identifying Priorities for Action: Results of a Bi‐State Evaluation
Authors: Harvey Susan P. , Markenson Deborah , Gibson Cheryl A. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDObesity is a complex health problem affecting more than one‐third of school‐aged youth. The increasing obesity rates in Kansas and Missouri has been particularly concerning, with efforts being made to improve student health through the implementation of school wellness policies (SWPs). The primary purpose of this study was to conduct a rigorous assessment of SWPs in the bi‐state region.METHODSSWPs were collected from 46 school districts. The Wellness School Assessment Tool (WellSAT) was used to assess comprehensiveness and strength. Additionally, focus group discussions and an online survey were conducted with school personnel to identify barriers and supports needed.RESULTSAssessment of the SWPs indicated that most school districts failed to provide strong and specific language. Due to these deficiencies, districts reported lack of enforcement of policies. Several barriers to implementing the policies were reported by school personnel; supports needed for effective implementation were identified.CONCLUSIONSTo promote a healthful school environment, significant improvements are warranted in the strength and comprehensiveness of the SWPs. The focus group discussions provided insight as to where we need to bridge the gap between the current state of policies and the desired beneficial practices to support a healthy school environment.
Later Start, Longer Sleep: Implications of Middle School Start Times
Authors: Temkin Deborah A. , Princiotta Daniel , Ryberg Renee , Lewin Daniel S. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDAlthough adolescents generally get less than the recommended 9 hours of sleep per night, research and effort to delay school start times have generally focused on high schools. This study assesses the relation between school start times and sleep in middle school students while accounting for potentially confounding demographic variables.METHODSSeventh and eighth grade students attending 8 late starting schools (∼8:00 am, n = 630) and 3 early starting schools (∼7:23 am, n = 343) from a diverse suburban school district completed online surveys about their sleep behaviors. Doubly robust inverse probability of treatment weighted regression estimates of the effects of later school start time on student bedtimes, sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness were generated.RESULTSAttending a school starting 37 minutes later was associated with an average of 17 additional minutes of sleep per weeknight, despite an average bedtime 15 minutes later. Students attending late starting schools were less sleepy than their counterparts in early starting schools, and more likely to be wide awake.CONCLUSIONSLater school start times were significantly associated with improved sleep outcomes for early adolescents, providing support for the movement to delay school start times for middle schools.
Marginalized Individuals and Extremism: The Role of Ostracism in Openness to Extreme Groups
Authors: Hales Andrew H. , Williams Kipling D. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDoes the experience of being socially ostracized increase interest in extreme groups? Drawing from the temporal need‐threat model of ostracism, and uncertainty‐identity theory, we conducted two experiments testing the hypothesis that compared to included individuals, ostracized individuals will show greater interest in extreme groups. In Study 1, following a recruitment attempt, ostracized participants expressed greater willingness to attend a meeting of an activist campus organization advocating reducing tuition. In Study 2, ostracized participants expressed greater openness towards gang membership. These findings emphasize the importance of leaders creating environments that minimize feelings of social exclusion, and suggest that approaches to international policy that exclude/marginalize (i.e., refusing to meet for negotiations) may produce greater extremity.
Specific bioactive collagen peptides (PETAGILE®) as supplement for horses with osteoarthritis: A two‐centred study
Authors: Dobenecker B. , Reese S. , Jahn W. , Schunck M. , Hugenberg J. , Louton H. , Oesser S. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThe aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of specific bioactive collagen peptides (BCP), here administered orally as PETAGILE®, on horses with mild to moderate, naturally occurring osteoarthritis. Data from a two‐centred pilot study were used for the meta‐analysis.Thirty‐eight privately owned horses of various breeds were available. In one centre, 18 of these patients (6 ± 3 years; 519 ± 100 kg BW) received either 25 g (n = 6) or 50 g (n = 12) BCP/day orally for 12 weeks. In the second centre, 20 horses (18 ± 4 years; 413 ± 94 kg BW) received either a placebo (control; n = 10) or 25 g BCP/day. The attending veterinarians performed an orthopaedic examination including flexion tests and evaluated the degree of lameness, rotation pain, step length and arc of foot flight during trot (8 parameters) at the beginning and after 6 and 12 weeks. The horse owners answered a weekly questionnaire about their perception of lameness, mobility and the horses’ willingness to run. In the 50 g BCP group, in six of eight parameters, a strong effect (Cohen's r > .5) was detected with two parameters (lameness and flexion pain) significantly improved already after 6 weeks. In the 25 g BCP group, a moderate effect (Cohen's r = .3–0.5) was seen in six parameters, with three parameters improved already after 6 weeks. The owners reported a strong effect for mobility and willingness to run (Cohen's r = .69 and .62, respectively) and a moderate effect (Cohen's r = .49 and 0.41) for the development of lameness in the 50 g and 25 g BCP group in comparison with the placebo treatment. This study revealed promising effects of the safe oral‐specific BCP supplementation on symptoms of osteoarthritis in horses already after 3 months. The higher dosage of 50 g BCP/day had superior impact. Further long‐term investigations on specific BCP efficacy in horses with osteoarthritis, preferably in blinded and placebo‐controlled studies, should be performed to confirm these first positive results.
Sleep‐deprivation and autobiographical memory: evidence from sleep‐deprived nurses
Authors: Zare Khormizi Hasan , Salehinejad Mohammad Ali , Nitsche Michael A. , Nejati Vahid 
Published: April 2018

SummaryNegative effects of sleep deprivation on different types of memory are well documented, but the specific effects on autobiographical memory performance are not well studied. In this study, we investigated performance on the autobiographical memory test in a group of sleep‐deprived and well‐rested nurses. One‐hundred participants divided into sleep‐deprived (N = 50, 25 females) and well‐rested (N = 50, 25 females) groups took part in the study. The sleep‐deprived group included night‐shift nurses with 8–12 hr sleep deprivation, while the well‐rested group had the usual night sleep before performance assessment. All participants were matched for gender, age, education and employment status. They completed depression and anxiety inventories, and underwent the autobiographical memory test, which included 18 cue words with positive, negative and neutral valence. The sleep‐deprived group scored significantly higher in depression scores. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) results showed that sleep‐deprived participants had a significantly poorer autobiographical memory compared with the well‐rested group. Additionally, specific memories were significantly declined in the sleep‐deprived group. This group remembered significantly less positive and more negative memories. Findings implicate that sleep deprivation has detrimental effects on autobiographical memory specificity and valence, and is associated with mood dysregulation.
Serum hepatitis B surface antigen correlates with fibrosis and necroinflammation: A multicentre perspective in China
Authors: Zhang P. , Du HB. , Tong GD. , Li XK. , Sun XH. , Chi XL. , Xing YF. , Zhou ZH. , Li Q. , Chen B. , Wang H. , Wang L. , Jin H. , Mao DW. , Wang XB. , Wu QK. , Li FP. , Hu XY. , Lu BJ. , Yang ZY. , Zhang MX. , Shi WB. , He Q. , Li Y. , Jiang KP. , Xue JD. , Li XD. , Jiang JM. , Lu W. , Tian GJ. , Hu ZB. , Guo JC. , Li CZ. , Deng X. , Luo XL. , Li FY. , Zhang XW. , Zheng YJ. , Zhao G. , Wang LC. , Wu JH. , Guo H. , Mi YQ. , Gong ZJ. , Wang CB. , Jiang F. , Guo P. , Yang XZ. , Shi WQ. , Yang HZ. , Zhou Y. , Sun NN. , Jiao YT. , Gao YQ. , Zhou DQ. , Ye YA. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThe kinetics of serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) during the natural history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been studied, but the factors affecting them remain unclear. We aimed to investigate the factors affecting HBsAg titres, using data from multicentre, large‐sized clinical trials in China. The baseline data of 1795 patients in 3 multicentre trials were studied, and the patients were classified into 3 groups: hepatitis B early antigen (HBeAg)‐positive chronic HBV infection (n = 588), HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B (n = 596), and HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B (n = 611). HBsAg titres in the different phases were compared, and multiple linear progression analyses were performed to investigate the implicated factors. HBsAg titres varied significantly in different phases (P = .000), with the highest (4.60 log10 IU/mL [10%‐90% confidence interval: 3.52 log10 IU/mL‐4.99 log10 IU/mL]) in patients with HBeAg‐positive chronic HBV infection. In all phases, age and HBV DNA were correlated with serum HBsAg level. In HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B patients, a negative correlation between HBsAg titres and fibrosis stage was observed. Alanine amonitransferase or necroinflammatory activity was also correlated with HBsAg titres in HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B patients. In conclusion, decreased HBsAg titres may be associated with advancing fibrosis in HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B patients or increased necroinflammation in those with HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B. Our findings may help clinicians better understand the kinetics of HBsAg and provide useful insights into the management of this disease.
Feasibility of reaching world health organization targets for hepatitis C and the cost‐effectiveness of alternative strategies
Authors: Wisløff T. , White R. , Dalgard O. , Amundsen E. J. , Meijerink H. , Kløvstad H. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryNew drugs for treating hepatitis C have considerably increased the probability of being cured. Treatment uptake, however, is still low. The objectives of this study were to analyse the impact of initiatives that may increase the proportion of infected people on treatment and interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of new infection among people who inject drugs. A compartmental model for Norway was used to simulate hepatitis C and related complications. We analysed 2 different screening initiatives aimed to increase the proportion of infected people on treatment. Interventions aiming at reducing the hepatitis C incidence analysed were opioid substitution therapy (OST), a clean needle and syringe programme and a combination of both. The most cost‐effective strategy for increasing hepatitis C treatment uptake was screening by general practitioners while simultaneously allowing for all infected people to be treated. We estimated that this intervention reduces the incidence of hepatitis C by 2030 by 63% compared with the current incidence. The 2 harm reduction strategies both reduced the incidence of hepatitis C by about 70%. Combining an increase in the current clean needles and syringe programme with OST was clearly the most cost‐effective option. This strategy would reduce the incidence of hepatitis C by 80% compared with the current incidence by 2030. Thus, interventions to reduce the burden and spread of hepatitis C are cost‐effective. Reaching the WHO target of a 90% reduction in hepatitis C incidence by 2030 may be difficult without combining different initiatives.
The historians, the literary critics, and the Victorian settler empire
Authors: Steer Philip 
Published: April 2018

AbstractVictorian literary criticism is yet to fully engage with the new historiography of the 19th‐century settler empire. That body of work has focused attention on a vast transnational network of population, capital, and information exchange, and attending to the centrality of shared ideas of British identity has revealed a uniquely close relationship between cultural and economic forms of imperialism. Significant methodological challenges confront any attempt to seriously consider the literary bonds between Britain and its settler colonies, including issues of form, scale, aesthetics, and politics. However, continued failure to grapple with that difficult critical task risks perpetuating a form of silent approval that so often surrounded the culture of the settler empire in the Victorian era.
Role of a cascade of reservoirs in regulating downstream transport of sediment, carbon and nutrients: Case study of tropical arid climate Tana River Basin
Authors: Okuku Eric O. , Tole Mwakio , Bouillon Steven 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMass balances for dissolved and particulate organic C (DOC and POC), particulate nitrogen (PN) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved and dissolved Si (DSi) were estimated by considering the annual fluxes in and out of three cascading reservoirs (Masinga, Kamburu and Gitaru) on the Tana River, Kenya. Flux data were obtained through biweekly sampling of the main inflows and outflows of the three reservoirs between May 2011 and May 2013. The degree of retention of particulate and dissolved materials generally was higher in Masinga Reservoir, compared to Kamburu and Gitaru reservoirs, which could be attributable to the much higher water retention time (i.e., 163, 19 and 3 days for Masinga, Kamburu and Gitaru, respectively, in 2012; 136, 14 and 2 days for Masinga, Kamburu and Gitaru reservoirs, respectively, in 2013). It was also observed the two smaller reservoirs (Kamburu and Gitaru) did not always act as net sinks of materials, but occasionally were a net source of materials transported downstream. The role of reservoirs in material retention was also found to exhibit interannual variability, likely controlled by the total annual water discharge into the reservoirs.
Severely inadequate micronutrient intake among children 9–24 months in Nepal—The MAL‐ED birth cohort study
Authors: Morseth Marianne S. , Torheim Liv Elin , Chandyo Ram K. , Ulak Manjeswori , Shrestha Sanjaya K. , Shrestha Binob , Pripp Are Hugo , Henjum Sigrun 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPrevalence of micronutrient deficiencies is high among infants and children in low‐ and middle income countries, but knowledge about nutrient adequacy across the complementary feeding period is limited. We investigated probability of adequacy (PA) of breast milk and complementary food combined and nutrient density adequacy (NDA) of complementary food and tracking of NDA over time among 229 children from 9–24 months of age in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Monthly, 24 h dietary recalls (16 in total) were performed and subgrouped into four 4‐month time periods. Ten micronutrients (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin C, vitamin A, calcium, iron, and zinc) were assessed. Nutrient density was defined as the amount of a nutrient in a child's complementary food per 100 kcal, whereas NDA was the nutrient density as percentage of the context specific desired nutrient density. Tracking of NDA was investigated using generalized estimating equations models. PA for B vitamins (except riboflavin), vitamin A, calcium, iron, and zinc (low absorption group) was very low (0% to 8%) at all time slots. Median (IQR) mean PA (of all 10 micronutrients) increased from 11% (9, 15) in the second to 21% (10, 35) in the last time slot. Median value for mean nutrient density adequacy of all micronutrients varied between 42% and 52%. Finally, tracking of NDA was low (correlation <0.30) or moderate (0.30–0.60) indicating poor association between the first and subsequent measurements of NDA. These findings raise grave concerns about micronutrient adequacy among young children in Nepal. Urgent interventions are needed.
GNAT toxins of bacterial toxin–antitoxin systems: acetylation of charged tRNAs to inhibit translation
Authors: Yeo Chew Chieng 
Published: April 2018

SummaryGCN5‐related N‐acetyltransferase (GNAT) is a huge superfamily of proteins spanning the prokaryotic and eukaryotic domains of life. GNAT proteins usually transfer an acetyl group from acetyl‐CoA to a wide variety of substrates ranging from aminoglycoside antibiotics to large macromolecules. Type II toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules are typically bicistronic and widespread in bacterial and archael genomes with diverse cellular functions. Recently, a novel family of type II TA toxins was described, which presents a GNAT‐fold and functions by acetylating charged tRNA thereby precluding translation. These GNAT toxins are usually associated with a corresponding ribbon‐helix‐helix‐fold (RHH) antitoxin. In this issue, Qian et al. describes a unique GNAT‐RHH TA system, designated KacAT, from a multidrug resistant strain of the pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae. As most type II TA loci, kacAT is transcriptionally autoregulated with the KacAT complex binding to the operator site via the N‐terminus region of KacA to repress kacAT transcription. The crystal structure of the KacT toxin is also presented giving a structural basis for KacT toxicity. These findings expand our knowledge on this newly discovered family of TA toxins and the potential role that they may play in antibiotic tolerance and persistence of bacterial pathogens.
Esophageal provocation tests: Are they useful to improve diagnostic yield of high resolution manometry?
Authors: Carlson D. A. , Roman S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHigh resolution manometry (HRM) is the gold standard to diagnose esophageal motility disorders but has some limitations. The inclusion of provocative tests might enhance the diagnostic yield of HRM. These tests are easy to perform and to add to the regular manometry protocol. Multiple rapid swallows (MRS; 5 2‐mL swallows) is useful to assess the contractile reserve and deglutitive inhibition. The optimal number of MRS to perform might be 3 as suggested by Mauro et al. in this issue of Neurogastroenterology & Motility. The absence of contractile reserve might be associated with gastro‐esophageal reflux disease and with an increased risk of post fundoplication dysphagia. Single viscous and solid swallows might enhance the detection of esophageal motility disorders but are not significantly associated with symptom occurrence. Test meal has the advantage to represent a real‐life scenario and is promising to depict significant motility findings responsible for esophageal symptoms. Post‐prandial recording might also be of interest to diagnose rumination and belching disorders. The best indication of rapid drink challenge test (free drinking of 200 mL) is currently the diagnosis of esophago‐gastric junction obstruction. Finally, abdominal compression might be an option to evaluate response of esophageal peristalsis in a context of outflow resistance as proposed by Brink et al. in this issue. These provocative maneuvers appear to provide a complementary role in the evaluation of esophageal motility but require prospective studies to determine the validity of the findings and whether they will lead to changes in clinical practice.
The ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor releases a secreted β‐1,4 endoglucanase that plays a key role in symbiosis development
Authors: Zhang Feng , Anasontzis George E. , Labourel Aurore , Champion Charlotte , Haon Mireille , Kemppainen Minna , Commun Carine , Deveau Aurélie , Pardo Alejandro , Veneault‐Fourrey Claire , Kohler Annegret , Rosso Marie‐Noëlle , Henrissat Bernard , Berrin Jean‐Guy , Martin Francis 
Published: April 2018

Summary

In ectomycorrhiza, root ingress and colonization of the apoplast by colonizing hyphae is thought to rely mainly on the mechanical force that results from hyphal tip growth, but this could be enhanced by secretion of cell‐wall‐degrading enzymes, which have not yet been identified. The sole cellulose‐binding module (CBM1) encoded in the genome of the ectomycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor is linked to a glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5) endoglucanase, LbGH5‐CBM1.

Here, we characterize LbGH5‐CBM1 gene expression and the biochemical properties of its protein product. We also immunolocalized LbGH5‐CBM1 by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy in poplar ectomycorrhiza.

We show that LbGH5‐CBM1 expression is substantially induced in ectomycorrhiza, and RNAi mutants with a decreased LbGH5‐CBM1 expression have a lower ability to form ectomycorrhiza, suggesting a key role in symbiosis. Recombinant LbGH5‐CBM1 displays its highest activity towards cellulose and galactomannans, but no activity toward L. bicolor cell walls. In situ localization of LbGH5‐CBM1 in ectomycorrhiza reveals that the endoglucanase accumulates at the periphery of hyphae forming the Hartig net and the mantle.

Our data suggest that the symbiosis‐induced endoglucanase LbGH5‐CBM1 is an enzymatic effector involved in cell wall remodeling during formation of the Hartig net and is an important determinant for successful symbiotic colonization.
Biological and Biomechanical Evaluation of Autologous Tendon Combined with Ligament Advanced Reinforcement System Artificial Ligament in a Rabbit Model of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Wang Xin‐min , Ji Gang , Wang Xiao‐meng , Kang Hui‐jun , Wang Fei 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveTo compare the biomechanical and histological changes in a rabbit model after reconstructing the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) with solely autologous tendon and with autologous tendon combined with the ligament advanced reinforcement system (LARS) artificial ligament.MethodsAnterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was performed in 72 knees from 36 healthy New Zealand white rabbits (bodyweight, 2500–3000 g). The Achilles tendons were harvested bilaterally. The left ACL were reconstructed solely with autografts (autologous tendon group), while the right ACL were reconstructed with autografts combined with LARS ligaments (combined ligaments group). The gross observation, histological determination, and the tension failure loads in both groups were evaluated at 12 weeks (n = 18) and 24 weeks (n = 18) postoperatively.ResultsGross examination of the knee joints showed that all combined ligaments were obviously covered by a connective tissue layer at 12 weeks, and were completely covered at 24 weeks. Fibrous tissue ingrowth was observed between fascicles and individual fibers in the bone–artificial ligament interface at both time points; this fibrovascular tissue layer localized at the bone–artificial ligament interface tended to be denser in specimens obtained at 24 weeks compared with those obtained at 12 weeks. The tension failure loads of the knees were similar in the autologous tendon group and the combined ligaments group at 12 weeks (144.15 ± 3.92 N vs. 140.88 ± 2.75 N; P > 0.05), and at 24 weeks (184.15 ± 1.96 N vs. 180.88 ± 3.21 N; P > 0.05).ConclusionReconstructing the ACL in rabbits using autologous tendon combined with the LARS artificial ligament results in satisfactory biointegration, with no obvious immunological rejection between the autologous tendon and the artificial ligament, and is, therefore, a promising ACL reconstruction method.