bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The inner dust shell of Betelgeuse detected by polarimetric aperture-masking interferometry
Authors: Haubois X. , Norris B. , Tuthill P. G. , Pinte C. , Kervella P. , Girard J. H. , Kostogryz N. M. , Berdyugina S. V. , Perrin G. , Lacour S. , Chiavassa A. , Ridgway S. T. 
Published: July 2019

Context. Theory surrounding the origin of the dust-laden winds from evolved stars remains mired in controversy. Characterizing the formation loci and the dust distribution within approximately the first stellar radius above the surface is crucial for understanding the physics that underlie the mass-loss phenomenon.
Aims. By exploiting interferometric polarimetry, we derive the fundamental parameters that govern the dust structure at the wind base of a red supergiant.
Methods. We present near-infrared aperture-masking observations of Betelgeuse in polarimetric mode obtained with the NACO/SAMPol instrument. We used both parametric models and radiative transfer simulations to predict polarimetric differential visibility data and compared them to SPHERE/ZIMPOL measurements.
Results. Using a thin dust shell model, we report the discovery of a dust halo that is located at only 0.5 R⋆ above the photosphere (i.e. an inner radius of the dust halo of 1.5 R⋆). By fitting the data under the assumption of Mie scattering, we estimate the grain size and density for various dust species. By extrapolating to the visible wavelengths using radiative transfer simulations, we compare our model with SPHERE/ZIMPOL data and find that models based on dust mixtures that are dominated by forsterite are most favored. Such a close dusty atmosphere has profound implications for the dust formation mechanisms around red supergiants.
Das Fibromyalgiesyndrom – FMS
Authors: Winkelmann Andreas , Wetzel Stephanie , Benischek Johanna , Lindemann Hanna 
Published: July 2019

ZusammenfassungDas Fibromyalgiesyndrom (FMS) ist eine chronische Schmerzerkrankung, die mit
vielen verschiedenen Symptomen einhergeht. Die Diagnosestellung ist bei
Fokussierung auf Einzelsymptome nicht einfach. Dementsprechend lange kann es
dauern, bis Patienten adäquat behandelt werden. Entsprechende Fragebogen,
Diagnosekriterien und die S3-Leitlinie Fibromyalgiesyndrom unterstützen darin,
das FMS zu erkennen und zu therapieren.
The Causes of the Legitimacy-Conferring and Republican Schoolmaster Capabilities of Courts
Authors: Woodson Benjamin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSome studies examining the effect of court decisions on public opinion examine their legitimacy-conferring role or ability to cause the public to accept specific policies. Others examine when courts act as a “republican schoolmaster” and change substantive policy attitudes. Using two studies, this article shows that these two effects are driven by different processes and caused by a different form of support. Legitimacy perceptions or diffuse support drives the process that causes people to accept specific policies. The process that changes a person’s substantive policy stance is driven by a person’s evaluation of the court’s previous policy decisions or specific support.
The dielectric properties of skin and their influence on the delivery of tumor treating fields to the torso: a study combining in vivo measurements with numerical simulations
Authors: Hershkovich Hadas Sara , Urman Noa , Yesharim Ofir , Naveh Ariel , Bomzon Ze’ev 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The study of the dielectric properties of tissues plays a key role in understanding the interaction between electromagnetic energy and the human body, for safety assessments of human exposure to electromagnetic fields, as well as for numerous biomedical applications such as tumor treating fields (TTFields). TTFields are low-intensity alternating electric fields in the 100–500 kHz frequency range, which have an antimitotic effect on cancerous cells. TTFields are delivered to the body through pairs of transducer arrays placed on a patient’s skin in close proximity to the tumor. Therefore, it is essential to understand how the skin’s dielectric properties affect TTFields delivery in clinical settings. In this paper, we present a study combining in vivo measurements with numerical simulations that elucidate how different layers of the skin influence TTFields distribution in the body. The dielectric properties of the skin were measured on volunteers using a setup that ensured skin conditions resembled those when TTFields are delivered to patients. The measured properties were incorporated into a realistic human computational phantom and delivery of TTFields to the phantom’s abdomen was simulated. The total impedance of the simulated model was within the mid-range of impedance values measured in patients with pancreatic cancer treated with TTFields. A computational study investigating model sensitivity to the dielectric properties of the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) showed that when skin conductivity increased above a threshold value, the total impedance of the model was largely insensitive to changes in the conductivity of these tissues. Furthermore, for a given current, the field intensity within the internal organs was mostly unaffected by skin properties but was highly sensitive to the conductivity of the organ itself. This study provides a new insight into the role of skin in determining the distribution of TTFields within the body.
Domain wall encoding of discrete variables for quantum annealing and QAOA
Authors: Chancellor Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this paper I propose a new method of encoding discrete variables into Ising model qubits for quantum optimisation. The new method is based on the physics of domain walls in one-dimensional Ising spin chains. I find that these encodings and the encoding of arbitrary two variable interactions is possible with only two body Ising terms Following on from similar results for the ‘one hot’ method of encoding discrete variables (Hadfieldet al2019Algorithms1234) I also demonstrate that it is possible to construct two body mixer terms which do not leave the logical subspace, an important consideration for optimising using the quantum alternating operator ansatz. I additionally discuss how, since the couplings in the domain wall encoding only need to be ferromagnetic and therefore could in principle be much stronger than anti-ferromagnetic couplers, application specific quantum annealers for discrete problems based on this construction may be beneficial. Finally, I compare embedding for synthetic scheduling and colouring problems with the domain wall and one hot encodings on two graphs which are relevant for quantum annealing, the chimera graph and the Pegasus graph. For every case I examine I find a similar or better performance from the domain wall encoding as compared to one hot, but this advantage is highly dependent on the structure of the problem. For encoding some problems, I find an advantage similar to the one found by embedding in a Pegasus graph compared to embedding in a chimera graph.
Vierbein interactions with antisymmetric components
Authors: Markou Chrysoula , Rudolph Felix J , Schmidt-May Angnis 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this work we propose a new gravitational setup formulated in terms of two interacting vierbein fields. The theory is the fully diffeomorphism and local Lorentz invariant extension of a previous construction which involved a fixed reference vierbein. Certain vierbein components can be shifted by local Lorentz transformations and do not enter the associated metric tensors. We parameterize these components by an antisymmetric tensor field and give them a kinetic term in the action, thereby promoting them to dynamical variables. In addition, the action contains two Einstein-Hilbert terms and an interaction potential whose form is inspired by ghost-free massive gravity and bimetric theory. The resulting theory describes the interactions of a massless spin-2, a massive spin-2 and an antisymmetric tensor field. It can be generalized to the case of multiple massive spin-2 fields and multiple antisymmetric tensor fields. The absence of additional and potentially pathological degrees of freedom is verified in an ADM analysis. However, the antisymmetric tensor fluctuation around the maximally symmetric background solution has a tachyonic mass pole.
Increased Prevalence of Neurocognitive Impairment in Aging People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The ANRS EP58 HAND 55–70 Study
Authors: Makinson Alain , Dubois Jonathan , Eymard-Duvernay Sabrina , Leclercq Pascale , Zaegel-Faucher Olivia , Bernard Louis , Vassallo Matteo , Barbuat Claudine , Gény Christian , Thouvenot Eric , Costagliola Dominique , Ozguler Anna , Zins Marie , Simony Mélanie , Reynes Jacques , Berr Claudine 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
There are limited data on the comparative prevalence of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in aging people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) and people not living with HIV.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional study of PLHIV randomly matched by age (±4 years), gender, and education with 5 HIV-uninfected individuals from the CONSTANCES cohort. PLHIV were fluent in French and sequentially included during routine outpatient visits if aged 55–70 years, with HIV viral load &lt;50 copies/mL, and lymphocyte T-CD4 level ≥200 cells/µL in the past 24 and 12 months, respectively. The primary outcome was NCI as defined by the Frascati criteria. Multivariate normative comparison (MNC) and −1.5 standard deviations in ≥2 neurocognitive domains were secondary outcomes of NCI.

Results
Two hundred PLHIV were matched with 1000 controls. Median age was 62 years, and 85% were men. In PLHIV, the median T-CD4 lymphocyte level was 650 cells/µL, and median nadir T-CD4 lymphocyte level was 176 cells/µL. NCI was found in 71 (35.5%) PLHIV and in 242 (24.2%) controls (odds ratio [OR], 1.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25, 2.41). After adjusting for confounders, HIV remained significantly associated with NCI (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.04, 2.16). Adjusted results were similar with NCI defined by MNC (ORMNC, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.13, 3.50) or −1.5 SD (OR−1.5, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.39, 3.62).

Conclusions
In this matched study of aging individuals, HIV was significantly associated with an increased risk of NCI after adjusting for major confounders. Results were confirmed with more stringent NCI classifications.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT02592174.
The Health and Economic Burdens of Lymphatic Filariasis Prior to Mass Drug Administration Programs
Authors: Mathew Christopher G , Bettis Alison A , Chu Brian K , English Mike , Ottesen Eric A , Bradley Mark H , Turner Hugo C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) was launched in 2000 with the goal of eliminating lymphatic filariasis (LF) as a public health problem by 2020. Despite considerable progress, the current prevalence is around 60% of the 2000 figure, with the deadline looming a year away. Consequently, there is a continued need for investment in both the mass drug administration (MDA) and morbidity management programs, and this paper aims to demonstrate that need by estimating the health and economic burdens of LF prior to MDA programs starting in GPELF areas.

Methods
A previously developed model was used to estimate the numbers of individuals infected and individuals with symptomatic disease, along with the attributable number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The economic burden was calculated by quantifying the costs incurred by the health-care system in managing clinical cases, the patients’ out-of-pocket costs, and their productivity costs.

Results
Prior to the MDA program, approximately 129 million people were infected with LF, of which 43 million had clinical disease, corresponding to a DALY burden of 5.25 million. The average annual economic burden per chronic case was US $115, the majority of which resulted from productivity costs. The total economic burden of LF was estimated at US $5.8 billion annually.

Conclusions
These results demonstrate the magnitude of the LF burden and highlight the continued need to support the GPELF. Patients with clinical disease bore the majority of the economic burden, but will not benefit much from the current MDA program, which is aimed at reducing transmission. This assessment further highlights the need to scale up morbidity management programs.
Underlying molecular alterations in human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency revealed by structural analyses of disease-causing enzyme variants
Authors: Szabo Eszter , Wilk Piotr , Nagy Balint , Zambo Zsofia , Bui David , Weichsel Andrzej , Arjunan Palaniappa , Torocsik Beata , Hubert Agnes , Furey William , Montfort William R , Jordan Frank , Weiss Manfred S , Adam-Vizi Vera , Ambrus Attila 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHuman dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (hLADH, hE3) deficiency (OMIM# 246900) is an often prematurely lethal genetic disease usually caused by inactive or partially inactive hE3 variants. Here we report the crystal structure of wild-type hE3 at an unprecedented high resolution of 1.75 Å and the structures of six disease-causing hE3 variants at resolutions ranging from 1.44 to 2.34 Å. P453L proved to be the most deleterious substitution in structure as aberrations extensively compromised the active site. The most prevalent G194C-hE3 variant primarily exhibited structural alterations close to the substitution site, whereas the nearby cofactor-binding residues were left unperturbed. The G426E substitution mainly interfered with the local charge distribution introducing dynamics to the substitution site in the dimer interface; G194C and G426E both led to minor structural changes. The R460G, R447G and I445M substitutions all perturbed a solvent accessible channel, the so-called H+/H2O channel, leading to the active site. Molecular pathomechanisms of enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and impaired binding to multienzyme complexes were also addressed according to the structural data for the relevant mutations. In summary, we present here for the first time a comprehensive study that links three-dimensional structures of disease-causing hE3 variants to residual hLADH activities, altered capacities for ROS generation, compromised affinities for multienzyme complexes and eventually clinical symptoms. Our results may serve as useful starting points for future therapeutic intervention approaches.
An alternative approach to modelling a cosmic void and its effect on the cosmic microwave background
Authors: Kim Do Young , Lasenby Anthony N , Hobson Michael P 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
We apply our tetrad-based approach for constructing spherically symmetric solutions in general relativity to modelling a void, and compare it with the standard Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi (LTB) formalism. In particular, we highlight the importance of considering the velocity as well as the density profile in constraining voids. We apply our approach to construct models for the void observed in the direction of Draco in the WISE–2MASS galaxy survey, and a corresponding cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature decrement in the Planck data in the same direction. We find that the present-day density and velocity profiles of the void are not well constrained by the existing data, so that void models produced from the two approaches can differ substantially while remaining broadly consistent with the observations. We repeat our analysis to construct void models for the CMB Cold Spot, but show that although a single void can account for the WISE–2MASS galaxy survey data, it is not capable of producing a CMB temperature decrement sufficiently deep to be consistent with Planck CMB data.
Haemodialysis withdrawal in Australia and New Zealand: a binational registry study
Authors: Chan Samuel , Marshall Mark R , Ellis Robert J , Ranganathan Dwarakanathan , Hawley Carmel M , Johnson David W , Wolley Martin J 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundWithdrawal from dialysis is an increasingly common cause of death in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). As most published reports of dialysis withdrawal have been outside the Oceania region, the aims of this study were to determine the frequency, temporal pattern and predictors of dialysis withdrawal in Australian and New Zealand patients receiving chronic haemodialysis.MethodsThis study included all people with ESKD in Australia and New Zealand who commenced chronic haemodialysis between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2016, using data from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant (ANZDATA) Registry. Competing risk regression models were used to identify predictors of dialysis withdrawal mortality, using non-withdrawal cause of death as the competing risk event.ResultsAmong 40 447 people receiving chronic haemodialysis (median age 62 years, 61% male, 9% Indigenous), dialysis withdrawal mortality rates increased from 1.02 per 100 patient-years (11% of all deaths) during the period 1997–2000 to 2.20 per 100 patient-years (32% of all deaths) during 2013–16 (P &lt; 0.001). Variables that were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of haemodialysis withdrawal were older age {≥70 years subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] 1.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.66–1.89]; reference 60–70 years}, female sex [SHR 1.14 (95% CI 1.09–1.21)], white race [Asian SHR 0.56 (95% CI 0.49–0.65), Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander SHR 0.83 (95% CI 0.74–0.93), Pacific Islander SHR 0.47 (95% CI 0.39–0.68), reference white race], coronary artery disease [SHR 1.18 (95% CI 1.11–1.25)], cerebrovascular disease [SHR 1.15 (95% CI 1.08–1.23)], chronic lung disease [SHR 1.13 (95% CI 1.06–1.21)] and more recent era [2013–16 SHR 3.96 (95% CI 3.56–4.48); reference 1997–2000].ConclusionsDeath due to haemodialysis withdrawal has become increasingly common in Australia and New Zealand over time. Predictors of haemodialysis withdrawal include older age, female sex, white race and haemodialysis commencement in a more recent era.
Physical modeling and validation of porpoises’ directional emission via hybrid metamaterials
Authors: Dong Erqian , Zhang Yu , Song Zhongchang , Zhang Tianye , Cai Chen , Fang Nicholas X 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACT
In wave physics and engineering, directional emission sets a fundamental limitation on conventional simple sources as their sizes should be sufficiently larger than their wavelength. Artificial metamaterial and animal biosonar both show potential in overcoming this limitation. Existing metamaterials arranged in periodic microstructures face great challenges in realizing complex and multiphase biosonar structures. Here, we proposed a physical directional emission model to bridge the gap between porpoises’ biosonar and artificial metamaterial. Inspired by the anatomical and physical properties of the porpoise's biosonar transmission system, we fabricated a hybrid metamaterial system composed of multiple composite structures. We validated that the hybrid metamaterial significantly increased directivity and main lobe energy over a broad bandwidth both numerically and experimentally. The device displayed efficiency in detecting underwater target and suppressing false target jamming. The metamaterial-based physical model may be helpful to achieve the physical mechanisms of porpoise biosonar detection and has diverse applications in underwater acoustic sensing, ultrasound scanning, and medical ultrasonography.
Differential behavioral, stress, and sleep responses in mice with different delays of fear extinction
Authors: Machida Mayumi , Sutton Amy M , Williams Brook L , Wellman Laurie L , Sanford Larry D 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Study Objectives
Sleep, in particular rapid eye movement (REM), has been linked to fear learning and extinction; however, their relationship is poorly understood. We determined how different delays of extinction training (ET) impact fear-conditioned behaviors, changes in sleep, and stress responses.

Methods
EEG activity, movement, and body temperature in mice were monitored via telemetry. Following contextual fear conditioning (shock training [ST]), separate groups of mice were reexposed to the context at 24-hour post-ST (24h ET-1) and at 48-hour post-ST (48h ET-1). Post-ET sleep amount and sleep-associated EEG (delta and theta) activity were compared to baseline and to post-ST sleep. Freezing, locomotion, grooming, and rearing were monitored to determine effects of ET on fear behaviors. Body temperature immediately after ET was monitored to assess stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH).

Results
24h ET-1 and 48h ET-1 produced similar freezing and REM reductions, but dissimilar rearing activity and SIH. 24h ET-1 was followed by periods of suppressed REM-associated theta (REM-θ) activity, immediately after ET and during the subsequent dark period. Suppressed REM-θ was specific to sleep after 24h ET-1, and did not occur after ST, nor after 48h ET-1.

Conclusions
ET-1 at 24 and 48 hours after ST was associated with similar freezing and REM amounts, but with differences in other overt behaviors, in REM-θ, and in SIH. Freezing was not predictive of changes in other fear-associated responses. This study demonstrated that consideration of time delay from fear acquisition to extinction is important when assessing the relationships between extinction and behavior, sleep, and stress responses.
Association between myopia and peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures in children
Authors: Lyu In Jeong , Park Kyung-Ah , Oh Sei Yeul 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTPurposeTo investigate the characteristics of children with peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) and evaluate the risk factors associated with PHOMS.MethodsThis study included 132 eyes of 66 children with PHOMS and 92 eyes of 46 children without PHOMS (controls) who were assessed by disc enhanced depth image spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Univariable and multivariable logistic analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors associated with the presence of PHOMS.ResultsAmong the 66 children with PHOMS, 53 patients (80.3%) had bilateral and 13 patients (19.7%) had unilateral PHOMS. The mean age of the PHOMS group was 11.7 ± 2.6 years and 11.4 ± 3.1 years in the control group. Mean spherical equivalent (SE) by cycloplegic refraction was −3.13 ± 1.87 diopters (D) in the PHOMS group and −0.95 ± 2.65 D in the control group. Mean astigmatism was 0.67 ± 0.89 D and 0.88 ± 1.02 D in the PHOMS group and the control group, respectively. Mean disc size was 1735 ± 153 μm in the PHOMS group and 1741 ± 190 μm in the control group. All eyes in PHOMS group had myopia of −0.50 D or less, except for an eye with +1.00 D. According to the univariable (odds ratio [OR] 1.59, P < 0.001) and multivariable (OR 2.00, P < 0.001) logistic regression analyses, SE decreased by 1 D was significantly associated with PHOMS.ConclusionsPHOMS is associated with myopic shift in children. Optic disc tilt may be a mediator between myopia and PHOMS.