bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further Solution of the Corner Boundary-Layer Equations
Authors: Zamir M 
Published: May 2019

SummarySimilar solutions of an equation governing the flow in the plane of symmetry of a corner boundary layer with favourable pressure gradient are extended to a “critical” value of the pressure gradient for which no solution could be found previously. It is shown that the failure to achieve this result in the past was due to the “singular” nature of this solution rather than to its non-existence as one was tempted to suspect. The existence and uniqueness of this crucial solution are demonstrated and the solution itself is obtained to a high degree of numerical accuracy. Criticism of the theory on which this corner boundary-layer equation is based is discussed in an Appendix.
Hypersonic Swirling Flow past Blunt Bodies
Authors: Smith Roger 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe effect of swirl on the high speed flow past blunt bodies is analysed by assuming constant density in the region between the shock wave and the body. For small swirl the stand-off distance is only slightly affected, but it is shown that there is a critical value of the swirl parameter which, if exceeded, will cause a jump in the position of the shock. This is demonstrated by solving the full constant-density equations for the flow past a sphere and by a perturbation expansion in powers of the density ratio across the shock for a more general body shape. The perturbation solution shows that the pressure coefficient on the body is constant at the critical swirl number.
Generalisation of Watson’s Formulae and Applications to Aerofoil Theory
Authors: Stern J 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThis paper presents a contribution to Watson’s formulae and gives analogous formulae for the higher derivatives of the functions ψm and ϵm of classical aerofoil theory. In Appendix A these formulae are related to Thwaites’s method of solving Theodorsen’s non-linear integral equation. The resultant equations are also given in matrix form, which enables the calculations to be mechanised by using automatic computers.
The Influence of Non-linear Longitudinal Aerodynamic Characteristics on the Power Spectral Response of Aircraft to Atmospheric Turbulence
Authors: Christopher P A T , Dunn J M H 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe power spectral technique has been extended to show the effect of aerodynamic non-linearities on the normal acceleration response of a rigid aircraft in the cruise configuration. Non-linearities in the normal force and pitching moment variations with incidence have been considered. The resulting changes from the linear root-mean-square values of normal acceleration were only 3 to 5½% for a root-mean-square vertical gust velocity of 20 m/s.
Cyclical Changes in the Level of the Equity and Gilt-Edged Markets
Authors: Pepper G. T. , Thomas R. L. 
Published: May 2019

Our earlier paper ‘The money supply, economic management and the gilt-edged market’ (J.I.A.96, 1) introduced the money supply as being ‘of importance to investment, in general because of possible changes in the economic management in the United Kingdom, and in particular because of the possible implications for the gilt-edged market’. To a large extent these changes have come about; the Authorities are now placing greater emphasis than in 1969 on controlling the money supply and support for the gilt-edged market was withdrawn when the Bank of England published Competition and Credit Control in May 1971.2. The present paper is more fundamental for investment. The introduction to the earlier paper referred to our main research project into the uses of the financial statistics which were first published in 1962 as a result of the Radcliffe Committee Report. Changes in the management of the economy and the gilt-edged market were side issues, however important; the present paper describes some of the interim conclusions of the main project which is still continuing.
Multiple Criminal Trials
Authors: Shalgi Moshe 
Published: May 2019

The prohibition against multiple trials for the same matter is a basic principle of criminal law and long a principle deeply rooted in European tradition. Many jurisdictions consider it important enough to deserve inclusion in their constitutions. Nevertheless the relevant provisions have been applied in quite diverse patterns throughout the various common law jurisdictions, and within each of them have developed unsystematically. They have been the subject of severe criticism down to the present time.Three main doctrines have been developed in the common law jurisdictions:(a)Former trial:This is better known in England asautrefois acquitandautrefois convict, and in the United States as double jeopardy. A man can be tried only once for his criminal behaviour. Once a lawful verdict has been rendered he is protected against further prosecution for the same matter. Underautrefois acquitandautrefois convicta verdict must have been formerly pronounced in the matter which is charged in the subsequent indictment. Under double jeopardy it is enough that the defendant has been in jeopardy of conviction (for the same matter) in former proceedings.
The 1972 Revision of the Rules of the International Court of Justice
Authors: Rosenne Shabtai 
Published: May 2019

The Rules of Court which the International Court of Justice adopted in 1946, on the commencement of its existence, were essentially a reproduction of the Rules of Court adopted by the Permanent Court of International Justice on March 11, 1936 with such alterations as became necessary after the changes incorporated in the new Court's Statute, in comparison with that of the Permanent Court. When the Court adopted those Rules it did so with the intention of undertaking a more thorough revision after more experience of the judicial function had been acquired. Since then, the Court has had the matter under review, but for over twenty years nothing concrete has emerged.The Court has had a rough passage in this period. This is demonstrated by insufficient judicial business, bitter debates on its role in the United Nations both in connection with advisory opinions and in connection with the inclusion of jurisdictional clauses in multilateral treaties drawn up in United Nations meetings, widespread mistrust of the Court as an institution and of judicial settlement as a mode for the pacific settlement of international disputes, and a general malaise attending everything to do with the Court.
Laesio Enormis and the Talmudic Law of Ona'ah
Authors: Sperber Daniel 
Published: May 2019

It is well-known that Jewish law forbids ona'ah “overreaching”; that is to say: the act of wronging a person by selling him an article for more than its real (market) value, or, conversely, purchasing from him an article for less than its real value (M. Bava Mezia 3.4, seq.). According to (anonymous—stam) Tannaitic halacha (law), the right to claim against ona'ah was always in the hands of the injured party, and whichever side constituted the injured party (be it the vendor or the purchaser), that side had the right to choose either to declare the transaction void, or to make up, or receive the difference (T. Bava Mezia 4.3). Another view, that of R. Judah (ha-Nasi, flor. c. 170–220), is however recorded. R. Judah states that regardless of which side is the injured party, the choice as to whether to annul the transaction or to settle the difference always lies in the hands of the vendor (B. Bava Mezia 50b, Y. Bava Mezia 4.3). This (minority) view was rejected in the Amoraic period by the great Palestinian scholar R. Johanan (flor. c. 250–79), so that the later halacha follows the anonymous (majority) Tannaitic ruling (Y. Bava Mezia 4.3).The degree fixed in Tannaitic sources for ona'ah was one-sixth (M. Bava Mezia 4.3, 7; T. Bava Mezia 3.9). That is to say, anything less than one-sixth above or below the market price was not considered ona'ah, and the transaction was valid, while one-sixth or more constituted ona'ah, invalidating the transaction, unless the injured party (stam) or the vendor (R. Judah) agreed to settle the difference.
Registration of Security Interests: Some Flaws in the System
Authors: Weismann Joshua 
Published: May 2019

The notion that a security interest could be created in any kind of property through registration rather than through transfer of possession seemed, until a few years ago, to be impractical and undesirable. When the Pledges Bill was debated in theKnesset, in 1965, the Minister of Justice objected to such a notion, saying that it was too revolutionary, and that it would cause many technical difficulties. Yet, when the debate on the Pledges Bill was over, a new Pledges Law was passed which introduced this very revolutionary notion of registration as a possible substitute for transfer of possession.The Pledges Law, 1967, sec. 4, provides that:A pledge shall be effective against other creditors of the debtor—(1) in the case of property in respect of which some other law contains special provisions applicable to the matter—in accordance with those provisions;(2) in the case of movable property and securities in respect of which no other law contains special provisions applicable to the matter and which have been deposited with the creditor or with a bailee other than the debtor on behalf of the creditor—upon the deposit thereof as aforesaid and so long as they are deposited;(3) in the case of movable property and securities not deposited as aforesaid and in any other case—upon the registration of the pledge in accordance with regulations made under this Law: Provided that against a creditor who knew or should have known of the pledge it shall be effective even without registration.
The Treatment of Jewish Law in American Decisions
Authors: Baron A. Frank 
Published: May 2019

The application of foreign law in American courts forms the subject matter of much comparative law writing. Two alternative approaches are usually adopted by the comparative legal scholars. One studies pleading and proof of foreign law in American courts; the other studies the substantive use of foreign law by American courts. No studies of the actual use of Jewish law by American courts are to be found. In what follows an attempt will be made to fill the gap and to draw some conclusions concerning the relevance and advantages to the courts, the parties and society generally of such use of Jewish law.All reported cases which have expressly made some use of Jewish law are collected and analyzed in this article. In addition, the application of Jewish law to the resolution of conflicts presently handled by the courts is discussed.The reported judgments in which a party's appeal to Jewish law was considered relevant are classified according to American law classifications as opposed to Jewish law classifications. Finally, the actual relevance and the relevance in the eyes of the presiding judge of the Jewish law to the controversy before the court is examined.
Berberine inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines by suppressing TLR4-mediated NF-ĸB and MAPK signaling pathways in rumen epithelial cells of Holstein calves
Authors: Zhao Chenxu , Wang Yazhou , Yuan Xue , Sun Guoquan , Shen Bingyu , Xu Feng , Fan Guyue , Jin Meiyu , Li Xinwei , Liu Guowen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSubacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) can increase the level of inflammation and induce rumenitis in dairy cows. Berberine (BBR) is the major active component of Rhizoma Coptidis, which is a type of Chinese anti-inflammatory drug for gastrointestinal diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of BBR on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated rumen epithelial cells (REC) and the underlying molecular mechanisms. REC were cultured and stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of different concentrations of BBR. The results showed that cell viability was not affected by BBR. Moreover, BBR markedly decreased the concentrations and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 in the LPS-treated REC in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, Western blotting analysis showed that BBR significantly suppressed the protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation primary response protein (MyD88) and the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inhibitory kappa B (IκBα), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in LPS-treated REC. Furthermore, the results of immunocytofluorescence showed that BBR significantly inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 induced by LPS treatment. In conclusion, the protective effects of BBR on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in REC may be due to its ability to suppress the TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. These findings suggest that BBR can be used as an anti-inflammatory drug to treat inflammation induced by SARA.
The U.S. Energy Outlook and its Implications for Domestic and Foreign Policy
Authors: McLean John G. 
Published: May 2019

I welcome this opportunity to speak about the U.S. energy outlook and its implications for domestic and foreign policy. Recent events provide persuasive evidence that energy problems, in all their many ramifications, will rank high on our list of national priorities for at least the next two decades.My remarks will be divided into three parts. First, I will summarize the facts with regard to the U.S. energy outlook. Second, I will outline some of the economic and political implications of those facts. And third, I will suggest some of the priorities and constraints which the facts will impose on our domestic and foreign policies in the years ahead.
Cystic echinococcosis and other helminth infections of wild boar in northeastern and northwestern regions of Tunisia
Authors: Lahmar Samia , Torgerson Paul R. , Mhemmed Hana , Tizaoui Lamia , Mhadhbi Néjib , Bani Abdelkader , Driss Hanan , Ghrissi Nébiha , Makhzoumi Manel , Ben Houidi Amel , Dhibi Mokhtar , Said Yousra , Pozio Edoardo , Boufana Belgees 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study identified helminth species of wild boar (Sus scrofa) originating from northeastern and northwestern regions of Tunisia using 297 lungs, 297 livers, 264 intestinal tracts, 120 samples of muscle tissue (tongue, masseter, diaphragm, inter-costal) and 232 faecal samples derived from a total of 591 animals. Host gender was registered for the lung and liver wild boar group, which included 163 males and 134 females. All animals, excluding those used to retrieve muscular samples, were classified into three age classes, <2 (n= 212), 2–3 (n= 208) and ⩾4 years old (n= 141). Helminth fauna of the examined wild boar included 14 parasite species: one trematode (adult,Brachylaemus suis), three cestodes (metacestodes ofEchinococcus granulosus,Taenia hydatigenacysticercus, adult,Hymenolepis diminuta), nine nematodes (adults ofMetastrongylus apri,Metastrongylus pudendotectus,Ascarops strongylina,Globocephalus urosubulatus,Physocephalus sexalatus,Gnathostoma hispidum,Gongylonema pulchrumand eggs ofStrongyloides ransoniandCapillariaspp.) and one acanthocephalan (adult,Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus).Trichinellalarvae were not recovered from any of the 30 wild boar examined. Results showed a 73.5% global prevalence of infection with visceral helminths, 67.3% of which were lung and hepatic infections and 80.3% of helminths were recovered from the gastrointestinal tract. The most prevalent parasite wasM. hirudinaceus(61.7%) while the highest intensity of infection was observed forMetastrongylusspp. The most prevalent cestode wasE. granulosus(18.9%). This is the first detailed study on helminth infections of wild boar from a North African country.
LA PROFESSIONALIZZAZIONE DEI DIRIGENTI DI PARTITO ITALIANI
Authors: Sani Giacomo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa carriera dei dirigenti di partito è stata spesso considerata come una progressione o un passaggio da cariche a livelli organizzativi inferiori a cariche a livelli superiori. Ma il termine « carriera » denota anche una certa stabilità della occupazione o professione svolta, ed esso si può applicare, almeno per una certa parte del personale dirigente, come vedremo subito, anche in questa seconda accezione. In questo articolo, ci occuperemo dapprima delle professioni prevalentemente esercitate dai dirigenti, concentreremo poi la attenzione sul fenomeno della professionalizzazione e sul ruolo svolto dai dirigenti che si occupano solo di politica, e toccheremo, da ultimo, il tema del partito come veicolo di mobilità sociale.
LA STRATEGIA DEL PCI E L'ELETTORATO ITALIANO
Authors: Sani Giacomo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNelle discussioni sulle strategie dei partiti, che sono andate intrecciandosi di recente, viene dato giustamente risalto al ruolo delle élites di partito, nazionali e locali. Dico giustamente perché non c'è dubbio che nella elaborazione, applicazione e valutazione delle strategie generali e delle tattiche particolari utilizzate, le élites di partito svolgono un ruolo fondamentale. Tuttavia concentrare l'attenzione esclusivamente sull'atteggiamento del gruppo dirigente di un partito è poco soddisfacente in quanto, per definizione, la applicazione di una strategia coinvolge altri attori politici. Inoltre, quando la strategia riguarda la mobilitazione di grandi forze sociali i piani di osservazione si moltiplicano rapidamente. In questo caso, infatti, i leaders e gli attivisti di un partito debbono non solo tener conto della probabile ≪ risposta ≫ di altri attori al loro stesso livello, ma anche introdurre esplicitamente nel loro quadro di riferimento il gruppo o i gruppi sociali che costituiscono ≪ l'obbiettivo ≫ della loro strategia. Determinare se e in qual misura una strategia di conquista di un determinato gruppo sociale abbia avuto successo significa porsi degli interrogativi che riguardano non solo i fondamenti del proprio piano di azione, ma anche la reazione del bersaglio. Il problema analizzato in questo saggio è precisamente di questo tipo. Dal 1944 il partito comunista italiano persegue una strategia di inserimento quale protagonista della vita politica italiana che è basata, a livello di massa, sulla capacità di estendere la sua penetrazione in strati sociali sempre piú ampi, e, a livello di élites, sulla possibilità di instaurare rapporti di alleanza con altre forze politiche che consentano al partito di accedere a posizioni di governo almeno a livello locale. A quasi trent'anni di distanza dall'enunciazione di questa strategia ci possiamo chiedere: come ha reagito l'elettorato italiano a questo piano di penetrazione formulato e portato avanti dal PCI nel dopoguerra? Questo quesito di carattere generale si scompone in una serie di interrogativi particolari che tenterò di affrontare via via in questo articolo; e cioè: fino a che punto è riuscito il PCI ad assicurarsi il pieno appoggio della classe operaia e ad estendere la sua forza negli altri ceti sociali? In che misura il PCI è diventato una forza politica pienamente accettata a livello di massa? E, infine, come viene visto il PCI dall'elettorato non comunista e quali sono le principali componenti di questa immagine? In un successivo saggio analizzerò alcuni fattori attinenti alla struttura dei canali di informazione politica che hanno condizionato e limitato l'ulteriore sviluppo del seguito elettorale del partito.
FUNZIONI DELLE CORTI COSTITUZIONALI NEL SISTEMA POLITICO
Authors: Marradi Alberto 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneGli studi empirici sul sistema giudiziario finora prodotti seguono due orientamenti prevalenti. Gli studiosi di ispirazione behaviorista mettono in relazione le caratteristiche psicosociologiche, gli atteggiamenti e le opinioni dei singoli giudici con il loro comportamento decisionale nelle corti collegiali, profittando del fatto che nei paesi anglosassoni le sentenze sono emesse con voto maggioritario e palese, e che molti giudici in minoranza scrivono motivazioni dissenzienti. D'altro canto, alcuni studiosi aderenti alprocess approachraccolgono dati empirici sugli effetti di un certo gruppo di decisioni e sul grado di obbedienza che esse ottengono presso determinate comunità o detentori di ruoli sociali.
I SINDACATI E LO STATO LIBERAL-DEMOCRATICO
Authors: Finer Samuel E. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneStoricamente, cosí come nel momento attuale, vediamo che i sindacati tendono a porsi in una delle seguenti quattro possibili posizioni di rilievo nel moderno stato liberal-democratico. Innanzitutto i sindacati possono partecipare alle lotte dei partiti, ovvero possono starne al di sopra e svolgere un ruolo meramente o principalmente industriale (possono anche, in verità, tenere tutti e due i ruoli, come accade in Inghilterra). Negli Stati Uniti i sindacati hanno alcuni collegamenti con i partiti politici, specialmente a sostegno del partito democratico; ma la loro preoccupazione principale è un'azione nel campo industriale per fini industriali. In Inghilterra, d'altra parte, il partito laburista è un'emanazione dei sindacati, che forniscono la maggior parte dei finanziamenti al partito. I membri di origine sindacale prevalgono in quel partito in ragione di nove a uno sui membri indipendenti; hanno una lieve maggioranza nel Comitato Esecutivo Nazionale del partito e rappresentano il trenta per cento dei parlamentari laburisti.
IL SINDACATO COME ATTORE POLITICO: UNA RASSEGNA DELLA LETTERATURA
Authors: Zannoni Paolo 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneUna ricerca sugli studi di relazioni industriali, apparsa recentemente a cura del CO.S.PO.S. (Comitato per le Scienze Politiche e Sociali) si propone di valutare l'evoluzione della cultura sindacale in Italia dal 1949 al 1970; tale ricerca bibliografica è dedicata agli studi che hanno come oggetto il sindacato in quanto attore principale di un sistema di relazioni industriali. Uno studio analogo che avesse come oggetto il sindacato come attore politico terminerebbe peraltro in breve spazio, perché la cultura sindacale italiana si presenta assai carente di opere che esaminino il sindacato da questo punto di vista.
A Contextual Analysis of the Late Roman Pewsey and Wilcot Vessel Hoards, Wiltshire
Authors: Henry Richard , Roberts David , Grant Michael J. , Pelling Ruth , Marshall Peter 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn late summer, sometime between cala.d. 340–405, a hoard of tightly packed, stacked copper-alloy vessels was deposited in the Vale of Pewsey, Wiltshire. The corrosion of the vessels allowed for the preservation of delicate plant macrofossils and pollen. Analysis of this material has provided insights into the date, season and context of this act of structured deposition. A second hoard of similar vessels was deposited in the fourth or fifth century only a few miles away at Wilcot. The hoards and their deposition relate to Romano-British lifeways, at a time when the region was on the cusp of a dramatic period of change. The distribution of late Roman coins and belt fittings offers further insights into the social and economic character of Wiltshire at their times of deposition.
15. Physical Study of Comets
Authors: Vanysek V. 
Published: May 2019

The following triennial report on the progress in the physics of comets is written in a slightly different form from that in the previous volume of Reports on Astronomy, 1970. All sections were written by the undersigned on the basis of contributions submitted by L. Biermann, A. H. Delsemme, O. V. Dobrovolskii, B. Donn, G. Herzberg, V. P. Konopleva, Rhea Lust, J. Rahe, V. Riives, E. Roemer, S. K. Vsekhsvyatskii, F. Whipple and K. Wurm. The aim of this Report is not to present a review of all papers published and results obtained in recent three years, and many publications are not mentioned explicitly. The published papers which are reviewed in Astronomy & Astrophysics Abstracts are quoted here by eight digits which mean the A & A volume (first two digits) and the reference number.A generally accepted assumption that the asteroids and comets are keys to the history of the solar system is obviously the reason why the interest in the physical study of comets has been increasing in recent years.