bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pyridachlometyl has a novel anti‐tubulin mode of action which could be useful in anti‐resistance management
Authors: Matsuzaki Yuichi , Watanabe Satoshi , Harada Toshiyuki , Iwahashi Fukumatsu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDFungicide resistance is a growing problem affecting many crop pathogens owing to the low success rate in finding novel chemical classes of fungicides. Pyridachlometyl is a new fungicide that seems to belong to a new chemical class of tubulin polymerization promoters.RESULTSPyridachlometyl exhibited potent antifungal activity against a broad range of fungal species belonging to the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. No cross‐resistance was observed with other fungicide classes, such as ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors, respiratory inhibitors, or tubulin polymerization inhibitors in Zymoseptoria tritici. Pyridachlometyl‐resistant strains were obtainable by UV mutagenesis in Z. tritici and Penicillium digitatum. Mutations in tubulin‐coding genes were found in all laboratory mutants but the patterns of mutation were distinct from that of tubulin polymerization inhibitors, such as benzimidazole fungicides.CONCLUSIONPyridachlometyl is a promising new tool for disease control. However, strict resistance management strategies should be recommended for the practical use of pyridachlometyl. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
The feeding behavior and life history changes in imidacloprid‐resistant Aphis gossypii glover (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Wang Li , Wang Qinqin , Wang Qiyuan , Rui Changhui , Cui Li 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDImidacloprid (IMI) is a major neonicotinoid insecticide used to control Aphis gossypii Glover. However, resistance to IMI developed rapidly in A. gossypii. The feeding behavior and life history changes associated with IMI resistance were studied in A. gossypii.RESULTSThe resistant population with a point mutation (R81T) in the nAChR β1 subunit showed an IMI resistance ratio of 58.12. This IMI‐resistant A. gossypii became more active in finding an appropriate position for feeding. They made more intercellular apoplastic stylet pathway events (C) than the susceptible population. Moreover, the probing and feeding behavior of two aphid populations were dramatically altered by IMI. The phloem ingestion (E2) duration was significantly longer for IMI‐resistant aphids on IMI‐treated plants (WDI: 208.70 ± 17.38 min) than on control plants (WDI: 133.80 ± 16.37 min). However, IMI statistically reduced the ability of susceptible aphids to find and feed from the phloem. The number and duration of phloem‐related activities were sharply decreased for the susceptible aphids treated with IMI. In addition, the resistant population showed an increased relative fitness of 1.36. The fecundity of IMI‐resistant adults was dramatically higher than that of the susceptible population. This difference also led to an increase in the net reproductive rate (R0) for the IMI‐resistant A. gossypii.CONCLUSIONSImidacloprid provoked phloem‐feeding more rapidly and effectively in IMI‐resistant A. gossypii, but significantly suppressed the feeding of susceptible A. gossypii. Therefore, the resistance to IMI can result in stimulated feeding and fecundity and subsequent population outbreaks, which make the control of IMI‐resistant A. gossypii more challenging. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of pentoxifylline on whole blood IL‐2 and IFN‐gamma gene expression in normal dogs
Authors: Kummari Evangel , Gibbs Andres , Riggs Caitlin , Fellman Claire , Stokes John , Thomason John , Wills Robert , Mackin Andrew , Archer Todd 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundPentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is used as a hemorrheologic and anti‐inflammatory agent in veterinary and human medicine. In human studies, PTX has been shown to decrease T‐cell production of cytokines such as IL‐2 and IFN‐γ. A RT‐qPCR assay to measure activated T‐cell gene expression of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ has been validated in dogs.ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to utilize this assay to investigate the effects of PTX on in vitro cytokine gene expression in canine whole blood.MethodsWhole blood from seven healthy dogs was collected and incubated with various concentrations of PTX for 1 hr before activation. PTX concentrations spanned and exceeded blood concentrations achieved when administered at clinically relevant dosages (1, 2, 10, 50 and 200 μg/ml). Cyclosporine was used at a concentration of 500 ng/ml as a positive control. All blood samples, including untreated activated baseline samples, were then activated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin for 5 hrs.ResultsAnalysis of activated whole blood by RT‐qPCR revealed that there was not a significant suppression of IL‐2 or IFN‐γ gene expression at any concentration of PTX when evaluating ΔCt values. All samples exposed to cyclosporine showed significant changes from untreated activated baseline samples, demonstrating marked suppression as the positive control. Cytokine expression, presented as a percentage of untreated activated baseline samples, was also evaluated. After exposure to the highest concentration of PTX (200 μg/ml), median percentage cytokine expression was suppressed to just below 50% of baseline values. This concentration, however, is much higher than blood concentrations reported to be achieved at standardly used pentoxifylline doses.ConclusionsPTX does not appear to significantly suppress T‐cell cytokine production in samples from most dogs at clinically relevant drug concentrations. Further testing is needed to establish the full effects of PTX on the immune system in dogs.
Mutations in sorghum SBEIIb and SSIIa affect alkali spreading value, starch composition, thermal properties and flour viscosity
Authors: Griebel Stefanie , Westerman Richard P. , Adeyanju Adedayo , Addo-Quaye Charles , Craig Bruce A. , Weil Clifford F. , Cunningham Suzanne M. , Patel Bhavesh , Campanella Osvaldo H. , Tuinstra Mitchell R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractKey messageSeven novel alleles ofSBEIIband one allele ofSSIIaco-segregated with the ASV phenotype and contributed to distinct starch quality traits important for food-processing applications.AbstractSorghum is an important food crop for millions of people in Africa and Asia. Whole-genome re-sequencing of sorghum EMS mutants exhibiting an alkali spreading value (ASV) phenotype revealed candidate SNPs inSobic.004G163700andSobic.010G093400. Comparative genomics identifiedSobic.010G093400as astarch synthase IIaandSobic.004G163700as astarch branching enzyme IIb. Segregation analyses showed that mutations inSobic.010G093400orSobic.004G163700co-segregated with the ASV phenotype. Mutants inSSIIaexhibited no change in amylose content but expressed lower final viscosity and lower starch gelatinization temperature (GT) than starches from non-mutant plants. ThesbeIIbmutants exhibited significantly higher amylose levels and starch GT and lower viscosity compared to non-mutant starches andssIIamutants. Mutations inSBEIIbhad a dosage-dependent effect on amylose content. Double mutants ofsbeIIbandssIIaresembled theirsbeIIbparent in amylose content, starch thermal properties and viscosity profiles. These variants will provide opportunities to produce sorghum varieties with modified starch end-use qualities important for the beer brewing and baking industries and specialty foods for humans with diabetes.
The effect of performing versus preparing a task on the subsequent switch cost
Authors: Swainson Rachel , Prosser Laura , Karavasilev Kostadin , Romanczuk Aleksandra 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBehaviour occurs not as isolated incidents, but within an ongoing sequence of events. The task-switching paradigm provides a useful way to investigate the impact of different events upon subsequent performance. An implication of two-stage task-switching models is that preparing a task without performing it might affect task readiness only to a limited extent. However, recent research has surprisingly shown larger switch costs following preparation (“cue-only” trials) than following performance (“completed” trials). We set out to conduct a rigorous comparison of the size of switch costs following cue-only versus completed trials. In Experiments 1 and 2, we controlled the timing between critical trial events. This had the effect of roughly equating, but not reversing, the relative size of switch costs. In Experiment 3, we restructured the paradigm to equate the predictability of cue and target events. Switch costs following cue-only trials were now smaller than those following completed trials. These studies confirm that task preparation alone is sufficient to drive subsequent switch costs. They also indicate that task performance might increase the size of these costs, consistent with two-stage task-switching models. Switch costs appear to be affected by both the timing and predictability of trial events.
Genetic Polymorphisms in the Vitamin D Pathway and Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Survival
Authors: Kong Jinyu , Chen Xiaojie , Wang Jian , Li Jingxin , Xu Fangxiu , Gao Shegan , Yu Herbert , Qian Biyun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Various genetic polymorphisms have been linked to lung cancer susceptibility and survival outcomes. Vitamin D (VD) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, inhibits tumor growth and induces apoptosis. Observations from several previous studies including our own suggest that genetic polymorphisms in the VD pathway may be associated with lung cancer risk. The aim of this study is to assess if genetic polymorphisms in the VD pathway are associated with the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five genes in the VD pathway were genotyped with the TaqMan assays in 542 patients with primary NSCLC, and the relationships between these SNPs and overall survival were evaluated. We found that SNP rs10741657 in the CYP2R1 gene was associated with the prognosis of NSCLC, especially in elderly patients and not being treated with chemotherapy. Some of the VD pathway-related genetic polymorphisms may influence the prognosis of NSCLC. More research is needed to further confirm the finding and test if VD supplements can be used for NSCLC treatment.
Direct Observation via In Situ Heated Stage EBSD Analysis of Recrystallization of Phosphorous Deoxidised Copper in Unstrained and Strained Conditions
Authors: Taylor S. , Masters I. , Li Z. , Kotadia H. R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Recrystallization of phosphorous deoxidised copper used for strength critical applications at elevated temperatures was investigated by means of in situ heated stage EBSD analysis using a Gatan Murano heated stage mounted within a Carl Zeiss Sigma FEGSEM electron microscope. The influence of applied strain as the result of deformation within a Nakajima test as an analogue for industrial forming on the recrystallization temperature was investigated, the impact of increased heating rates on microstructural evolution was also investigated. Inverse pole figure plots combined with regions of reduction in local misorientations and variations in geometrically necessary dislocations were used to establish the point of recrystallization and the recrystallized fraction of the material. Recrystallization was observed to occur at temperatures as low as 130 °C in highly strained samples compared to around 300 °C within the annealed samples dependent upon heating rate. Increased heating rates were observed to produce a finer final grain structure but had little effect on presence of <111> 60° grain twins, which was influenced more by initial material condition.

Graphic Abstract
Relative Hausdorff distance for network analysis
Authors: Aksoy Sinan G. , Nowak Kathleen E. , Purvine Emilie , Young Stephen J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Similarity measures are used extensively in machine learning and data science algorithms. The newly proposed graph Relative Hausdorff (RH) distance is a lightweight yet nuanced similarity measure for quantifying the closeness of two graphs. In this work we study the effectiveness of RH distance as a tool for detecting anomalies in time-evolving graph sequences. We apply RH to cyber data with given red team events, as well to synthetically generated sequences of graphs with planted attacks. In our experiments, the performance of RH distance is at times comparable, and sometimes superior, to graph edit distance in detecting anomalous phenomena. Our results suggest that in appropriate contexts, RH distance has advantages over more computationally intensive similarity measures.
Energy extraction from nuts: walnuts, almonds and pistachios
Authors: McArthur B. M. , Mattes R. D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe bioaccessibility of fat has implications for satiety and postprandial lipidaemia. The prevailing view holds that the integrity of plant cell wall structure is the primary determinant of energy and nutrient extraction from plant cells as they pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, comparisons across nuts (walnuts, almonds and pistachios) with varying physical properties do not support this view. In the present study, masticated samples of three nuts from healthy adults were exposed to a static model of gastric digestion followed by simulated intestinal digestion. Primary outcomes were particle size and lipid release at each phase of digestion. Walnuts produced a significantly larger particle size post-mastication compared with almonds. Under gastric and intestinal conditions, the particle size was larger for walnuts compared with pistachios and almonds (P < 0·05). However, the masticated and digesta particle sizes were not related to the integrity of cell walls or lipid release. The total lipid release was comparable between nuts after the in vitro intestinal phase (P > 0·05). Microstructural examination showed ruptured and fissured cell walls that would allow digestion of cellular contents, and this may be governed by internal cellular properties such as oil body state. Furthermore, the cell walls of walnuts tend to rupture rather than separate and as walnut tissue passes through the GI tract, lipids tend to coalesce reducing digestion efficiency.
PROFICIENCY AS A MEDIATING VARIABLE OF INTELLIGIBILITY FOR DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF ACCENTS
Authors: Kang Okim , Moran Meghan , Ahn Hyunkee , Park Soon 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFactors that affect comprehension of accented English (e.g., Harding, 2011) have been well studied, but little research examines how listeners’ proficiency affects their sensitivity to second language (L2) accent. The current study investigated the effect of test takers’ English proficiency on their comprehension ratings and ability to correctly transcribe different World Englishes accents. Ten speakers from six countries with different L1 backgrounds (i.e., North American, British, Indian, South African, Chinese, and Spanish) with varying degrees of intelligibility provided speech samples. Ninety-two listeners from South Korea at three different proficiency levels listened to speech stimuli and determined their comprehension of the content as well as the intelligibility of the speech. The results showed that listeners were differentially affected by nonnative English accented varieties, based on both the intelligibility level of the speaker and the proficiency level of the listener. These findings have implications for the assessment and instruction of listening skills in global contexts.
On the interstellar Von Neumann micro self-reproducing probes
Authors: Osmanov Z. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this paper we consider efficiency of self-reproducing extraterrestrial Von-Neumann micro scale robots and analyse the observational characteristics. By examining the natural scenario of moving in the HII clouds, it has been found that the timescale of replication might be several years and even less – making the process of observation quite promising. We have shown that by encountering the interstellar protons the probes might be visible at least in the infrared energy band and the corresponding luminosities might reach enormous values.
Crevasse Propagation on Brittle Ice: Application to Cycloids on Europa
Authors: Poinelli Mattia , Larour Eric , Castillo‐Rogez Julie , Vermeersen Bert 
Published: October 2019

AbstractExisting lineaments on the surface of the Jovian moon Europa are thought to be the result of ongoing brittle crack formation in the elastic regime. Arcuate features are called cycloids and can be modeled using linear elastic fracture mechanics. Here, we build on existing terrestrial models of rift propagation and extend them to cycloids on the moon. We propose that these cracks tend to grow as a series of nearly instantaneous events, spaced by periods of inactivity. The behavior is similar to what is observed on Antarctic ice shelves, where rifts can remain dormant for years. We argue that dormant periods between growth events could explain the presence of cycloids on Europa even without invoking secular motion of the crust. Furthermore, being able to model propagation events and their timing should help future missions exploring the moon.
Very Low Latitude Whistler‐Mode Signals: Observations at Three Widely Spaced Latitudes
Authors: Thomson Neil R. , Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractVery low frequency (VLF) radio signals with travel times ~100 ms were observed continuously for up to ~11 hr at night on Rarotonga (Cook Islands, ~21°S) at 21.4 kHz from U.S. Navy transmitter NPM, Hawaii (~21°N). These signals travelled in the whistler‐mode on well‐defined paths, though not field‐aligned ducts, through the ionospheric F region, and across the equator reaching altitudes ~700–1,400 km depending on time of night. These same signals were also observed simultaneously in Dunedin (46°S), New Zealand, with very nearly the same travel times but with somewhat lower amplitudes and occurrence rates, consistent with the whistler‐mode part of the propagation being at very low latitudes. Both sets of signals had similar Doppler shifts, typically tens of mHz, but sometimes up to a few hundred mHz, being positive during most of the night, while the whistler‐mode group delays decreased due to both the shortening of the path and the decay of the near equatorial ionosphere, but negative near dawn when the Sun's rays start ionizing the F region. The signals are not observable during the day, fading out during dawn, due to increasing attenuation from the increasing electron density, and hence increasing collisions, in both the D and F regions. Similar weaker NPM signals were also seen at Rothera (68°S). In addition, similar 24.8‐kHz signals were seen from the more distant NLK (Seattle, ~48°N) at Rarotonga, though clearly weaker than from NPM, but not at Dunedin.
Effect of Temperature and Vertical Drift on Helium Ion Concentration Over Arecibo During Solar Maximum
Authors: Gong Yun , Lv Xiedong , Zhou Qihou , Ma Qingjin , Scott Mark , Zhang Shaodong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe present an analysis of helium ion (He+) fraction in an altitude range from about 400 km to around 700 km and its relationship to the ion temperature (Ti) and the vertical ion drift under solar maximum conditions. The data were obtained from the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar during 27 September to 1 October 2014 and 16–20 December 2014. The large He+ fraction (>10%) lasts 15 hr per day during the winter solstice, which is 3 times larger than during fall equinox. This difference is caused by the more persistent downward ion drift in the winter. The incremental He+ fraction and incremental Ti are well anticorrelated, and the anticorrelation is more prominent during the daytime. These characteristics are associated with whether O+ and He+ are in diffusive equilibrium. During nighttime, we show that the vertical ion flow is downward causing the He+ layer peak altitude to move to an altitude of 500 km from above 650 km. According to our analysis, He+ fraction has to be larger than two thirds for diffusive equilibrium to occur above the He+ peak height. Therefore, above the He+ peak altitude, O+ and He+ cannot be in diffusive equilibrium with He+ being the minor species. The vertical ion flow plays an important role in determining the diurnal variation and seasonal difference of He+ distribution and whether He+ is in a diffusive equilibrium with O+.
Storm‐Time Thermospheric Winds Over Peru
Authors: Navarro L. A. , Fejer B. G. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe used Fabry‐Perot Interferometer (FPI) observations at Jicamarca, Nasca, and Arequipa, Peru, from 2011 to 2017 to study the nighttime zonal and meridional disturbance winds over the Peruvian equatorial region. We derived initially the seasonal‐dependent average thermospheric winds corresponding to 12 hr of continuous geomagnetically quiet conditions. These quiet‐time climatological winds, which are in general agreement with results from the Horizontal Wind Model (HWM14), were then used as baselines for the calculation of the disturbance winds. Our results indicate that the nighttime zonal disturbance winds are westward with peak values near midnight and with magnitudes much larger than predicted by the Disturbance Wind Model (DWM07). The premidnight equinoctial and June solstice westward disturbance winds have comparable values and increase with local time. The postmidnight westward disturbance winds decrease toward dawn and are largest during equinox and smallest during June solstice. The meridional average disturbance winds have small values throughout the night. They are northward in the premidnight sector, and southward with larger (smaller) values during December solstice (equinox) in the postmidnight sector. We also present observations showing that during the main and recovery phases of the April 2012 and May 2016 geomagnetic storms the zonal disturbance winds have much larger magnitudes and lifetimes (up to about 48 hr) than suggested by the HWM14. These observations highlight the importance of longer‐term disturbance wind effects. The large and short‐lived (about 2 hr) observed meridional wind disturbances are not reproduced by current climatological empirical models.
Interannual Variability of Mixed Layer Dynamics in the Ecuadorian Ocean
Authors: Marin Jarrin Maria J. , Lippmann Thomas C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTime series spanning 22 years of monthly conductivity‐temperature‐depth profiles are used to examine upper water column temperature interannual variability near the Ecuador coastline. The sampling program began in 1992 (and continues) by Ecuador's National Institute of Oceanography of the Navy and National Fisheries Institute. The five coastal stations are located 8 NM away from the coast and extend from 2°S to 1°N. The anomaly data show marked interannual variations with distinct characteristics associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices. Heat content and the 20°C isotherm depth are both largest during El Niño periods and weakest during La Niña periods. The first mode empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition of the anomaly coastal station data represents bulk variations of the thermocline depth and has temporal variability coupled to Niño 3.4 and 1+2 indices. Coastal observations are compared with observations obtained from the offshore TAO/Triton buoys located along 95°W from 2°S to 2°N. The EOF decomposition of TAO buoy time series shows similar spatial EOF structure. The first EOF amplitude time series from coastal and TAO station decomposition is correlated, showing that the dominant variability of the upper water column near the coast is coupled to variations along the equator and seaward of the Galápagos. Coupling between ENSO indices and ERA‐1 zonal wind stress from the central Pacific (Niño 4) with observed coastal temperature structure shows that effects of El Niño forcing are strongly influencing the Ecuadorian Sea eastward of the Galápagos Islands.