bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noise-reducing quantum key distribution
Authors: Zhang Haoran , Li Wei , He Ruihua , Zhang Yan , Xu Feihu , Gao Weibo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a swiftly advancing field with the great potential to be ubiquitously adopted in quantum communication applications, attributed to its unique capability to offer ultimate end-to-end theoretical security. However, when transitioning QKD from theory to practice, environmental noise presents a significant impediment, often undermining the real-time efficacy of secure key rates. To uphold the operation of QKD systems, a myriad of protocols and experimental designs have been proposed to counteract the effects of noises. Even with real-time variations, the primary component of environmental noise can be modeled as a unitary evolution or background noise, which can be compensated or reduced with various noise-reducing schemes. This review provides an overview of design strategies for reducing noises in practical QKD systems under various circumstances. These strategies are evaluated based on their principles and suitability in real-world applications. Through this review, we aim to provide readers with a clear understanding of the logic behind these noise-reducing QKD designs, facilitating a smoother start of research and engineering in this field.
Anodizing of iron-based alloys: fundamentals, recent progress, and applications
Authors: Del Olmo Ruben , Tynkevych Olena , Łazińska Magdalena , Syrek Karolina , Durejko Tomasz , Czerwiński Mateusz , Zaraska Leszek , Tiwari Ratnesh , Michalska-Domańska Marta 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This review aims to comprehensively and systematically analyze the anodic oxidation process to form nanostructured oxide films on the surface of the most technologically relevant Fe-based alloys and steels. A special emphasis is put on detailed analysis of the mechanisms of the anodic formation of Fe-based nanostructured materials. The effect of anodizing parameters including the type of Fe-alloy, electrolyte composition, potential/current regimes, as well as various post-treatment procedures (including annealing treatment) on the growth, morphology, composition, and properties of the resulting oxide films is discussed in detail. Examples of possible applications of the anodic films grown on Fe-alloys in various fields including photocatalysis, energy storage, sensors, biomedicine, and others are also provided. Finally, current trends, challenges, and perspectives in the anodizing of Fe-alloys are addressed.
Enhanced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy energy and Curie temperature in the CrOCl monolayer: strain effects
Authors: Iqbal Asma , Safdar H M W , Algethami Abdullah A , Nazir S 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Magnetic monolayers offer a wide variety of applications in enhancing the functionalities of storage devices including higher thermal stability, lower power consumption, and higher operation speed, owing to their intrinsic long-range spin ordering. Herein, we study the biaxial ([110]) strain range of ± 5% influence on the formation energetics, electronic structure, and magnetic behaviour of the CrOCl monolayer (ML) based on the ab-initio calculations including spin–orbit coupling (SOC) effects. It is predicted that the system displays an insulating character having an energy band gap (E

g
) of 2.05 eV with a ferromagnetic (FM) ground state in its unstrained state. The estimated partial spin magnetic moment on the Cr ion is +2.7 μ

B
/f.u. (per formula unit) with S = 1.5 and lies in a + 3 oxidation state with an electronic distribution of

t

2
g

3

↑

t

2
g

0

↓

e

g

0

↑

e

g

0

↓

. Along with this, [001] (c-axis) is found to be the easy magnetic axis, which results in a magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of 0.2 meV having an MAE constant of 0.25 mJ m−2 and the computed Curie temperature (T

c
) using Ising model is 157 K. Furthermore, the system shows the robustness of the FM insulating behavior against considered strains. However, a significant shift in the conduction band edge (CBE) position to lower energies is evident for tensile strains, which substantially reduces the E

g
up to 13%. The decrease in E

g
value is evidence of higher absorption in the visible range which makes it the best option for optoelectronics and photocatalysis. Simultaneously, our results revealed that strain enhances the MAE and T

c
up to 190% and 43%, respectively. Hence, optimized E

g
, MAE, and T

c
within a considerable strain range, make the CrOCl ML a potential candidate for its utilization in magnetic memory devices.
Design of logic circuits on 5 nm MOS
Authors: Chakraborty Raktim , Mandal Jyotsna Kumar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this research, MOSFET, CMOSFET of gate length 5 nm has been presented. The simulation at gate length of 5 nm has been conducted using three different semiconductor materials which are SiGe, InGaAs and GaN. The comparison among their performance at MOSFET level has been showcased which reveals the better performance of InGaAs among the three different semiconductor candidates which is functioning at threshold voltage of 0.3804 V, drive current of 4.431 × 10−06 A μm−1 and low leakage current of 7.696 × 10−11 A μm−1 respectively. The comparison with the existing MOSFETs have been carried out and validated with ITRS 2013 and IRDS 2020 respectively. In order to design 2 input AND, OR, XOR, XNOR, NAND, NOR and NOT gate circuits, the CMOSFET at 5 nm gate length has been utilised and their performance in terms of Average power, Propagation delay, Power delay product and noise margin analysis are furnished in this paper. A comparison among the proposed work with the existing reveals the lower power consumption, delay and the power delay product of the proposed work.
Surface plasmon resonance refractive index sensor based on D-type ZBLAN photonic crystal fiber
Authors: Jin Zhehao , Guo Ying , Yuan Hengyi , Guo Pengxiao , Zhang Lei , Li Shuguang 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study presents a ZBLAN-based D-type photonic crystal fiber (PCF) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) refractive index (RI) sensor. Traditional silica substrate face challenges in detecting high-RI liquids and have limited RI detection ranges. To address this, we utilize high-RI ZBLAN glass as the substrate material and design a cladding with an outer three-layer ortho-octagonal and inner ortho-hexagonal air-hole structure, polished and coated with a gold film to excite SPR. The loss spectrum divides into two resonance channels for RI sensing within 1.420–1.466 and 1.467–1.475. Finite element method analysis evaluates the sensor’s performance, including the impact of air-hole diameter, gold film thickness, air-hole spacing, and polishing depth on the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the loss spectrum and sensitivity. Results indicate that structural parameter changes primarily affect FWHM, with minimal influence on sensitivity. The two resonance channels achieve maximum sensitivities of 9000 nm RIU−1 and 13000 nm RIU−1, highest resolutions of 1.11 × 10−5 RIU and 7.69 × 10−6 RIU, maximum amplitude sensitivities of 102.11 RIU−1 and 102.51 RIU−1, and Q values of 46.27 and 31.52. This approach offers a promising method for developing high-sensitivity, wide-range RI PCF-SPR sensors, demonstrating strong potential in RI measurement applications.
Intermediate range order and two-state model: polyamorphism of GeO2 system insight from molecular dynamics data mining analytics
Authors: Van Hong Nguyen 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Polyamorphism, the existence of multiple amorphous states in a single material, has been observed in the glass-forming system GeO2. This study investigates the intermediate range order, two-state model and polyamorphism in GeO2 system using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and MD data mining analytics. Analysis of the Ge-Ge distance distribution revealed the presence of distinct high-density (HD) and low-density (LD) regions in the GeO4 tetrahedral network. The number of clusters was optimized using the silhouette score. Spatial mapping of the HD and LD regions indicated their non-uniform distribution. The distributions of atomic pair distances, O–Ge–O bond angles, and Ge–O–Ge bond angles differ between the HD and LD regions, supporting the two-state model and polyamorphism in GeO2. These insights into the intermediate-range order enhance understanding of the structural origins of GeO2 polyamorphism.
Assessment of the effect of surface functionalization of oxygen and argon microwave plasma on PVA films for optoelectronic devices
Authors: Elashry S , Elsaeed H 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study explores the enhancement of optical properties in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer using a low-pressure microwave plasma reactor, adapted from a microwave oven. The research focuses on the effects of oxygen and argon plasma treatments at a consistent power of 1000 W, a flow rate of 6 L min−1, and a pressure of 16 mbar on PVA films. The optimal treatment times of 10 s and 15 s were identified as particularly effective in improving the optical characteristics of the PVA films, which were created using a solution casting method. The optical properties were analyzed using a UV-vis spectrophotometer across a wavelength range of 200–900 nm. The absorption spectrum revealed a significant absorption peak at around 210 nm (photon energy = 5.8 eV) for all plasma-treated PVA films, with a subsequent decrease in absorbance. Notably, the transmittance for the PVA-oxygen treated film at 10 s reached a maximum of 90.36% beyond 360 nm, attributed to increased hydrophilicity from the oxygen content. Similar trends were observed in the extinction coefficient (k) and optical conductivity (σ
opt). The optical energy band gap, calculated using the Tauc relation for both direct and indirect allowed transitions, decreased from 5.32 eV and 4.80 eV to 4.82 eV and 4.35 eV with longer exposure times. The study also noted that skin depth diminishes as the incident energy photon value increases, indicating that penetration becomes more challenging at higher frequencies. The PVA-oxygen plasma treated film, after a 10 s exposure, has improved optical properties, making it suitable for various electronic industries.
Pulsars as Clocks
Authors: Bailes Matthew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Radio pulsars are naturally occurring flywheels in space that come equipped with a radio transmitter emitting a beam at a fixed rotation phase of the neutron star. The pulsars slow down due to the loss of energy associated with a magnetic braking torque, and can be thought of as an accurate clock with a predictable, but steady, slow-down rate. By recording when the radio pulsar’s pulse strikes the Earth, it is possible to both use the pulsar as a clock, and as an experimental device that enables them to be used to explore a large range of physical and astronomical phenomena. In this paper I will explain how radio pulsars can be used to tell the time, what they have revealed about the Universe and nature’s physical laws, and their limits, one of which is the gravitational background (GWB) caused by supermassive black hole binaries in the Universe. This paper is aimed at non-astronomers and closely follows the invited plenary talk delivered at the 9th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology.
Frequency combs for precision synthesis and characterization of optical atomic standards
Authors: Fortier Tara ,   BACON collaboration
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Over the past 20 years, optical frequency combs with atomic clocks, have been a powerful and enabling technology in the context of time and frequency measurement. Impressively, optical atomic clocks have yielded a 100 million-fold improvement in uncertainty in the past 30 years. These improvements are fueling a push toward redefinition of the SI second to optical atomic references, as well as application of atomic clocks to tests of fundamental physics and as relativistic gravitational sensors. Unfortunately, the long times needed to average down clock quantum projection noise and laser noise to reach a measurement stability at and beyond the 10−18 level limit the feasibility of next-generation applications. Here I describe the measurement advances in clock comparisons enabled by optical frequency combs and how differential measurement can improve the measurement stability. This paper will also include a discussion of optical frequency combs and their application to precision time/frequency metrology.
Re-evaluation of the NRC-FCs2 Fountain Clock
Authors: Beattie Scott , Jian Bin , Gertsvolf Marina 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The NRC-FCs2 fountain clock was first evaluated in 2020 [1]. Since that time, it has demonstrated both accuracy and robustness and has contributed regularly to the steering of International Atomic Time (TAI) through monthly submissions to the BIPM. It is also currently used to steer UTC(NRC), Canada’s official timescale. We have recently undertaken a re-evaluation of several prominent systematic effects in NRC-FCs2. Thus far, this has resulted in a reduction of the overall uncertainty from ∼3 × 10−16 to 1.7 × 10−16. Here, we will describe the details of the re-evaluation.
A Novel Laser Power Measurement Scheme Using Rubidium Clock
Authors: Ji Qianqian , Han Lei , Su Yabei , Xue Xiaobo , Zhang Shengkang , Ge Jun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
To measure microwatt-level laser power, this paper presents a method based on the atomic light shift effect. A 795 nm semiconductor laser is directed into a rubidium atomic clock with an output frequency of 10 MHz. To minimize the influence of laser frequency on power measurements, an experimental setup is implemented to precisely lock the laser frequency to the wavelength meter. After stabilizing the laser frequency, we analyze its correlation with the output frequency of the rubidium atomic clock. The experimental results indicate that, during free-running, the laser undergoes a frequency drift of -90 MHz over 2 hours, which is subsequently reduced to ±0.9 MHz over 40 hours through frequency locking. Moreover, by fixing the laser wavelength at 794.99 nm, we observe an increase in the atomic clock frequency shift with rising laser power. Specifically, a laser power of 2 μW corresponds to a frequency shift of 0.13 mHz at 10 MHz. This study achieves quantum measurement of weak laser power, significantly enhancing the accuracy of low-power laser measurements.
A high-order LES of a flow in complex geometry
Authors: Wawrzak K , Wawrzak A , Boguslawski A , Tyliszczak A 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Modeling combustion systems is challenging for numerical studies due to their complex geometry. The high-order compact differential approximation works for chambers, but injection systems are beyond its capabilities. The solution to this problem is a two-step approach using ANSYS Fluent and a high-order compact difference algorithm. Results align well with experiment, offering insights into the dynamics of a dual swirl H2-air coaxial burner.
Application of CFD airflows to aid in the diagnosis of nasal obstructions
Authors: Kopiczak B , Karbowski K , Nering K , Malecha Z , Chrzan R , Gawlik J , Sucherska A , Szaleniec J , Karbowski J 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper describes the results of experimental and numerical studies of airflow through the nasal cavities of human. The flow geometry obtained from the CT scan is used to produce a 3D printout for the experimental measurements and the numerical models used in the CFD analyses. The effect of the segmentation level on the numerical results is presented. The segmentation, described in the article, aims to find air-filled areas. Additionally, the experimental verification of the numerical flow results is conducted.
Machine learning-supported CFD optimization of heat transfer in a pipe with a corrugated wall shape
Authors: Kamiński P , Li Y , Wawrzak K , Tyliszczak A , Noack BR 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The paper focuses on using machine learning to optimize the corrugation of a heated pipe wall to improve the uniformity of temperature distribution while minimizing pressure losses. The corrugation is characterized by a five-parameter function, allowing for extensive variations in wall shape. The machine learning process employs the Bayesian optimization method, iteratively working alongside the ANSYS Fluent code to perform RANS computations. A two-parameter cost function, which includes temperature variation and pressure drop, is used to define the optimization goal. The study demonstrates that substantial variations in flow patterns occur depending on the type of corrugation. An optimal set of corrugation parameters, ensuring the most uniform temperature distribution with minimal pressure losses, is determined within an optimization loop consisting of 1200 RANS simulations. The optimal configuration is characterized by a smooth waviness oriented outside the original wall location in a straight pipe. It ensures more than three times smaller temperature variation at only minor increase in the pressure drop.
Multi-channel readout electronics of silicon photomultipliers for plastic scintillating fiber detector
Authors: Wu Zibing , Hu Kun , Li Huiling , Ren Xiangxiang , Wang Hongbo , Xu Weiwei 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A plastic scintillating fiber (SciFi) detector with one-dimensional highly segmented
silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) readout can achieve much finer spatial resolution than
conventional bulk plastic scintillator detectors. In this work, to construct a large-area SciFi
detector for muon scattering tomography, a compact multi-channel front-end electronics is
developed based on Citiroc1A, a SiPM readout chip. This electronics system includes an analog
board with Citiroc1A for interfacing SiPM arrays, and a digital board with Analog-to-Digital
Converter, Field Programmable Gate Array and optical communication modules. We realized primary
functions of Citiroc1A and evaluated the system performance on pedestal and pulse response. This
front-end electronics design enables to identify a single photoelectron pulse of SiPMs and provide
a linear response range up to about 300 pC, which satisfies the requirements of registering cosmic
ray muons in the SciFi detector.
Neutron and gamma-ray discrimination by a pressurized helium-4 based scintillation detector
Authors: Dutta Shubham , Ghosh Sayan , Saha Satyajit 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Pressurized helium-4 (PHe) based fast neutron scintillation
detector offers an useful alternative to organic liquid-based
scintillator due to its relatively low response to the γ-rays
compared to the latter type of scintillator. In the present work, we
have investigated the capabilities of a PHe detector for the
detection of fast neutrons in a mixed radiation field where both the
neutrons and the γ-rays are present. Discrimination between
neutrons and γ-rays is achieved by using fast-slow charge
integration method. We have also conducted systematic studies of the
attenuation of fast neutrons and γ-rays by high-density
polyethylene (HDPE). Additionally, the simulation analyses,
conducted using GEANT4, provide detailed insights into the
interactions of the radiation quanta with the PHe detector.
Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: achievements to date and future directions
Authors: Garimella Adithya , Ghosh Subrata Bandhu , Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh Sanchita 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Advancement in medicine and technology has resulted into prevention of countless deaths and increased life span. However, it is important to note that, the modern lifestyle has altered the food habits, witnessed increased life-style stresses and road accidents leading to several health complications and one of the primary victims is the bone health. More often than ever, healthcare professionals encounter cases of massive bone fracture, bone loss and generation of critical sized bone defects. Surgical interventions, through the use of bone grafting techniques are necessary in such cases. Natural bone grafts (allografts, autografts and xenografts) however, have major drawbacks in terms of delayed rehabilitation, lack of appropriate donors, infection and morbidity that shifted the focus of several investigators to the direction of synthetic bone grafts. By employing biomaterials that are based on bone tissue engineering (BTE), synthetic bone grafts provide a more biologically acceptable approach to establishing the phases of bone healing. In BTE, various materials are utilized to support and enhance bone regeneration. Biodegradable polymers like poly-(lactic acid), poly-(glycolic acid), and poly-(ϵ-caprolactone) are commonly used for their customizable mechanical properties and ability to degrade over time, allowing for natural bone growth. PEG is employed in hydrogels to promote cell adhesion and growth. Ceramics, such as hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) mimic natural bone mineral and support bone cell attachment, with β-TCP gradually resorbing as new bone forms. Composite materials, including polymer-ceramic and polymer-glasses, combine the benefits of both polymers and ceramics/glasses to offer enhanced mechanical and biological properties. Natural biomaterials like collagen, gelatin, and chitosan provide a natural matrix for cell attachment and tissue formation, with chitosan also offering antimicrobial properties. Hybrid materials such as decellularized bone matrix retain natural bone structure and biological factors, while functionalized scaffolds incorporate growth factors or bioactive molecules to further stimulate bone healing and integration. The current review article provides the critical insights on several biomaterials that could yield to revolutionary improvements in orthopedic medical fields. The introduction section of this article focuses on the statistical information on the requirements of various bone scaffolds globally and its impact on economy. In the later section, anatomy of the human bone, defects and diseases pertaining to human bone, and limitations of natural bone scaffolds and synthetic bone scaffolds were detailed. Biopolymers, bioceramics, and biometals-based biomaterials were discussed in further depth in the sections that followed. The article then concludes with a summary addressing the current trends and the future prospects of potential bone transplants.
Legal protection for the environment and coastal communities against the threat of marine ecosystem degradation
Authors: Naswar  , Ilmar Aminuddin , Achmad  , Aswan Muhammad , Amaliyah  , Zakir M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Climate change is impacting the global marine environment at unprecedented levels and has multifaceted implications for marine and coastal ecosystems. This study aimed to examine legal instruments within the framework of Indonesias positive law and provide legal protection for the environment and coastal communities facing threats to marine ecosystem degradation. This study applies the normative-empirical legal research method, which focuses on the harmonization of regulations and policies related to environmental protection and coastal communities. Normative research generally uses several approaches, including conceptual, historical, statutory (conventional), comparative, and case approaches. This research shows that legal protection for the environment and coastal communities can be carried out by applying legal instruments to regulate communities and other stakeholders to prevent the degradation of marine ecosystems.