bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macintosh Resource Forks on CD ROMs for both Macs and DOS Computers
Authors: Oshel David 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A question that often comes up when archiving Macintosh image files to CD-ROMs so that they can be read by either DOS or Mac computers is "What happens to the Mac resource fork of the image file?"
PC Exchange, which is built into System 7.x, creates a hidden resource fork directory on PC disks that have Mac files on them, along with additional Finder info files which contain information about file type and creator, icons, position of icons in windows, etc, Although these additional files are marked as hidden, they can be read and presumably copied by Windows '95 directly.
The Development of an X-ray Spectral Database for Forensic Science
Authors: Ward Dennis 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with associated Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) is commonly used to characterize the structure and elemental composition of a wide variety of materials of forensic significance. When these materials are extremely limited in size, SEM/EDS is often the only suitable method for characterization available in forensic science laboratories.
Because of the inability to access SEM/EDS data from large numbers of materials, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) laboratory believes that this discipline has not realized its full potential. The usefulness of SEM/EDS has been limited by the inability to archive spectra within a utility having a true database architecture. The FBI Laboratory has designed such an X-ray database, consisting of storage, query, and display utilities unique to X-ray spectroscopy.
Copper Contamination of Gunshot Residue and Other Particle Spectra
Authors: Burnett Bryan R 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Many scanning electron microscope (SEM) laboratories use double sticky carbon tape applied directly to SEM stubs as samplers for small particles. The SEM samplers used by law enforcement to test the hands of a suspect for gunshot residue (GSR) are constructed in this manner.
A few years ago, during a presentation at a professional meeting, I presented spectra of particles that were mounted on carbon double sticky tape that was applied directly to the aluminum- alloy SEM stubs. After the presentation a colleague posited that small peaks of copper, which appeared in some of my spectra, were due to a copper support frame for the backscatter detector at the top of the SEM chamber and not the particles. Indeed, I have frequently noticed small peaks of copper in spectra of particles where these should not be present.
Diffusion Pumps and Water Chillers
Authors: Thomas FC 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This note concerns two very important parts of most beam instrument systems; diffusion pumps and water chillers. As we'll see below, the two can be intimately connected.
Many SEMs, TEMs and other electron beam instruments contain one or more diffusion pumps as part of their vacuum systems. These are usually vertically-oriented cylindrical objects, perhaps 30 cm high, wrapped in several turns of copper tubing. They are usually placed behind or below the instrument's column, and typically handle high vacuums for tungsten filaments, or backing for ion pumps with other emitter types. Generally, these units are fairly maintenance-free; a change of oil every few years may be all that is required.
Saga of the Chemical Microscope
Authors: McCrone Walter C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The precursor of today's light microscope was invented probably in the Netherlands about 1600. In effect it previously involved a two lens system - objective and the eyepiece. As such it was termed a compound microscope. It differed from the simple one-lens microscope of Anthony Leeuwenhoek in the 1600's. The image was so bad, however, that most microscopists preferred to use the simple one-lens microscope. Leeuwenhoek, with his one-lens microscope, magnifying up to 280X, discovered foraminifera and many other “wee beasties”, even bacteria and spermatozoa.
Teeth and their Associated Tissues
Authors: Rittman Barry R J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The preparation of histological sections of teeth can be both a rewarding and a frustrating experience. This is primarily due to the varying degrees of mineralization of the enamel, dentin, cementum and surrounding bone and the difficulty in retaining original relationships between the calcified and the soft tissues in the final stained section.
The tooth has a central pulp that is a gelatinous loose connective tissue. Surrounding this is dentin that forms the main bulk of the tooth, is composed chiefly of collagen fibers and is approximately 70% mineralized.
On Measuring Section Thickness
Authors: Doole Ron 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Section thickness can be measured by placing beads of some kind on the top and bottom surfaces of the section. This is then a simple parallax problem.
Imagine the specimen in cross section. If there are two particles, one vertically above the other they are separated by the film thickness T. Tilt the film through an angle A and in plan view the particles will separate by a distance D. This can also be extended to account for two particles not vertically above each other but I'll stick to the easy case for the explanation.
Take two negatives one at zero tilt and one at tilt of A and measure the separation D. The thickness can be calculated by T=D/sinA.
The direction of the tilt axis must be known for the measurements and it is easy to see that the larger the tiit angle and the more accurately the separation is measured, the more accurate the measurement will be. Tilt at both positive and negative angles to get a more accurate result.
Choosing an Electron Backscattering System
Authors: Eades Alwyn 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Recent advances in cameras and computers have made it possible to build electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) cameras which can give crystallographic information from specimens in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) on a routine basis. There are a few hundred such systems world wide and the number is growing fast. In the case of crystalline samples (nearly all applications of SEM outside the biomedical field), it will surely soon be considered essential to fit an SEM with an EBSD system, just as it is now considered essential to have the SEM equipped with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) system. There are at feast four commercial manufacturers of EBSD systems.
In Situ Delineation Etch Reveals Subtle Detail in SEM Images of Ion Milled Cross Sections Enabling In-Fab 3-D Metrology and Characterization
Authors: Chandler Clive 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Control of layer thickness is critically important in the manufacture of semiconductor devices. Cross-sectioning exposes device structures for direct examination but conventional sample preparation procedures are difficult, time consuming, and grossly destructive. Cross sections created by focused ion beam (FIB) milling are easier, faster, and less destructive but have not offered the clear layer delineation provided by etching in the conventional sample preparation process. A new gas etch capability (Delineation Etch™ from FEI Company) offers results that are equivalent to conventional wet-etch preparations in a fraction of the time from a single, automated system in the fab without destroying the wafer. The new etch process also has application in milling high-aspect-ratio holes to create contacts to buried metal layers, and in deprocessing devices to reveal silicon and polysilicon structures.
A Book Review: Imaging Neurons, A Laboratory Manual
Authors: McNulty John 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The resurgence of microscopy in recent years is certainly not news to readers of this journal. But, for many of us, this resurgence has placed additional strains on our already busy lives to keep current on new technologies and techniques. Fortunately, books such as “Imaging Neurons. A Laboratory Manual” (Edited by Rafael Yuste, Frederick Lanni and Arthur Konnerth) provide comprehensive and timely reviews to help us keep abreast of the field.
The book evolved from a summer course taught by the editors and many of the contributors at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, and although it obviously targets neurobiologists, many of the techniques are applicable to other biological systems. An impressive feature of the manual is the breadth and detail of topics covered.
Improved Cutting of One-Micron Plastic Sections using Qwick Glass Knives
Authors: McMahon James T , Alsouss Joel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
One-micron plastic "thick" sections, usually stained with toluidine blue, are indispensable light microscopic adjuvants for the selection and evaluation of tissue blocks prior to electron microscopy. Plastic thick sections may also be the only practical alternative to routine histologic sections when tissue specimens are limited or too small for processing in paraffin. In all cases, however, plastic sections provide superior light microscopic resolution compared to paraffin sections, but lack the compatibility with the wide variety of special stains that make paraffin sections so versatile.
Microscopy for Children
Authors: Schooley Caroline 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Precollege science education in the United States is not what it could, and should, be. Major changes are being made in the way science is taught, but delivering those changes to thousands of schools is an enormous task. Scientific societies are a major resource; they can organize and train member-volunteers to help teachers bring “real” science to the classroom. The Microscopy Society of America has become part of the effort with Project MICRO (Microscopy In Curriculum - Research Outreach). MICRO is putting MSA members, teaching materials, and microscopes in middle school classrooms nationwide. The idea began in 1993, but it has taken a lot of time and effort to implement.
MSA's early decision to collaborate with experienced science educators at the Lawrence Hall of Science of the University of California at Berkeley was a wise one; their educational materials have a well-earned national reputation for excellence.
Another Alternative to Service Contracts
Authors: Nikischer Tony 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
In Ihe October, 2001 issue of Microscopy Today, Randy Tindail described and compared his experiences with service contracts offered by insurance companies versus those offered by equipment manufacturers. As a small business with limited funds, we, too, grappled with the onerous costs of service contracts on our SEM and EDS units. However, we believe that we have found an extremely cost-effective means of protecting our equipment investment against the expense of a major failure.
First, a bit of business philosophy: We believe insurance should be designed to protect the insured from catastrophe, and not be expected to take care of every minor expense or inconvenience that may develop.
Low Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Joy David C , Newbury Dale E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Low Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy (LVSEM), defined as operation in the energy range below 5 keV, has become perhaps the most important single operational mode of the SEM. This is because the LVSEM offers advantages in the imaging of surfaces, in the observation of poorly conducting and insulating materials, and for high spatial resolution X-ray microanalysis. These benefits all occur because a reduction in the energy Eo of the incident beam leads to a rapid fall in the range R of the electrons since R ∼k.E0 1.66. The reduction in the penetration of the beam has important consequences.
Fast Orientation Imaging Microscropy
Authors: Dingley David J , Wright Stuart , Nowell Mathew 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Orientation Imaging Microscopy is currently the most rapidly growing combined metallographic and crystallographic technique today. The first OIM was recorded by Wright in 1991, and published soon after, Adams et al. (1993). The technique is based on the original works on Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) by Venables and Hariand (1973), and Dingiey (1984, 1987). By 1994 some number of papers on the subject had been published. At the time of writing the authors are aware of over 600 publications that have utilized the technique and there are in excess of 400 systems in use worldwide.
Fitting a Student Microscope with a Consumer Digital Camera
Authors: Clarke Theodore M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
My home microscopy of lake water organisms with my two student microscopes lead to my active participation in Micscape Internet magazine available at the web site http://www.microscopy-uk/mag. An article in Micscape by Dave Walker, http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artian02/toptips8.html. played a critical role in my decision to purchase a Nikon Coolpix 995 for my home microscopy. Dave's article referenced a far more thorough article on fitting a consumer digital camera to older style microscopes: The New Microscopy by Peter Evennett, Proceedings RMS, Vol. 35 (4), Dec 2000.
Vibration, Resonance and the Effect on Microscopes
Authors: Anderson Douglas A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
When we sit down at our microscopes, we assume that the environment is ideal - clean and quiet, with little to distract us from the sample. If an obvious distraction does occur, such as a bump to the instrument, or a big power surge, we look carefully and wonder, “Has the sample been damaged? Will the photograph be messed up?”
There are disturbances we may not notice, some of which are discussed in the Microscopy Listserver. One problem I have been involved in mitigating is the degradation of image quality (primarily decreased resolution) caused by vibration. We may not be aware if we have this problem, because the body is a lot less sensitive to vibration than a microscope. I will talk about the general nature of vibration, how it affects microscopy, and some thoughts on possible mitigation techniques.
Immunology 101: The Basics of Immunoglobulins and Immunostaining
Authors: Gray (Jay) Jerome W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The ability to immunologically link microscopic tags to specific proteins has produced major advances in all forms of microscopy. Initially researchers needed to make and label their own antibodies. This required a good working knowledge of immunology. Today labeled anitbodies are readily available from a variety of vendors. Although this has greatly facilitated the expansion of immunolabeling techniques, it has also led to their use by researchers with little or no background in immunology. While this is not a problem for simple, straightforward situations, the quality of data produced in more specialized experiments can suffer.
Confocal Microscopy System Performance: Field Illumination
Authors: Zucker Robert M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM) has enormous potential in many biological fields. The reliability of the CLSM to obtain specific measurements and quantify fluorescence data is dependent on using a correctly aligned machine that contains a stable laser power. For many applications it is useful to know the CLSM system's performance prior to acquiring data images so the necessary resolution, sensitivity and precision can be obtained. Applications involving deconvolution, FRET and quantification necessitate that the confocal microscope is correctly configured and operating at the highest performance levels.
A Comparison of Grain Size Measurements in Al-Cu Thin Films: Imaging Vs. Diffraction Techniques
Authors: Gignac LM , Murray CE , Rodbell KP , Gribelyuk M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Numerous microscopy techniques, based on both imaging and diffraction, exist for the measurement of grain size distributions in polycrystalline thin-film samples. The accuracy of each technique is affected by three major factors: the effective resolution of the instrument relative to the characteristic grain size, the detection of the grain size through the thickness of the film, and the recognition of boundaries between adjacent grains during post-processing. When the instrument resolution is primarily considered, the measurement technique has a practical grain size measurement range, see Fig. 1 for a comparison of ranges for several measurement techniques. In bulk metallurgy grain size analysis, methodology has been developed to represent 3-dimensionai grain structures from measurements taken on 2-dimensional images.
Using a Sony Cyber-Shot Digital Camera for Photomicrography
Authors: Overney Gregor 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Photomicrography is the combination of photography and compound microscopy. Photographers working with compound microscopes are facing many challenges (for an introduction see [1] and [2]). Digital photography offers great advantages, but also adds additional difficulties. Digital cameras have been used in photomicrography for over a decade now. Today, we have access to many excellent consumer-grade digital cameras that are most suitable for low-cost imaging systems for light microscopy. In this short paper, I summarize my experience with the Sony DSC-S70 digital camera, which comes with a nice, large Zeiss lens. (Most of the ideas presented in this paper are also valid for the DSC-S75 and DSC-S85.)
Confocal Microscopy System Performance: Laser Power Measurements
Authors: Zucker Robert M 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The reliability of the confocai laser-scanning microscope (CLSM) to obtain intensity measurements and quantify fluorescence data is dependent on using a correctly aligned machine that contains a stable laser power. The laser power test appears to be one of the most useful tests to quickly evaluate if a system is misaligned or functioning sub optimally by recording insufficient laser power readings. The test using a power meter can indicate if the system is aligned properly up to the plane of excitation on the stage, or if the machine has a defective component (i.e. a dying laser, or a defective fiber). In our experience, without sufficient power throughput in the system, the PMT voltages will have to be increased to high values to visualize fluorescence derived from specimens, which will introduce reduced image quality. In addition the cause of the decreased laser power may result in other problems i.e. laser instability, loss of axial resolution, and increased noise.
Digital Imaging in K-12 Biology
Authors: Ekstrom James 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
K-12 instruction in biology has traditionally taken a very descriptive approach. This is in marked contrast to quantitative as well as qualitative way of looking at things in physics and chemistry. This qualitative/descriptive approach even extends into the iaboratory portion of the biological course. One way to introduce a more quantitative approach is in the microscopy portion of the biology curriculum. Because cellular structure is primarily a microscopic province It makes sense to introduce students to the different microscopic tools such as TEM and SEM, as well as the light microscope that are used to investigate cell structure.
Integrating High Resolution Light Microscopy and Real Time Observation of Fluorescent Labels
Authors: Hasling Thomas A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has experienced tremendous growth over the past four decades and has facilitated major advancements in science. The classic fluorescent techniques (which include epifluorescence and confocal) allow researchers to selectively observe labeled structures with great clarity and consistency. Historically, biological scientists have been the most prolific users of fluorescence imaging. However, growing numbers of nano-materials research initiatives are now incorporating quantum dots and other fluorescent labels into their imaging protocols. This is especially true in areas where nano-materials and biological research is overlapping such as drug delivery. This nano-bio convergence, along with other advancements, has generated the need to observe highly dynamic events involving labeled and unlabeled structures in real time.
Surface Rippling & Ion Etch Yields of Diamond Using a Focused Ion Beam: With or Without Enhanced-Chemistry, Aspect Ratio Regulates Ion Etching
Authors: MoberlyChan W J , Felter T E , Wall M A 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The Focused Ion Beam (FIB) instrument, originally designed for semiconductor circuit modification and repair, has found considerable utility as a tool for specimen preparation in several microscopy disciplines and for micromachining small parts. Essentially, a FIB makes very small and precise cuts into a target sample, which implies well-controlled etch rates and close tolerances of surface finish. However, redeposition can affect etch rate and final surface topographies. This work quantifies this redeposition as it modifies yields for different parameters of etching; models the influence of redeposition as applicable to all ion beam processing; and optimizes FIB processing parameters for enhanced yields.
The NEST Laboratory: The Art of a Multi-User Facility
Authors: Streiker Scott , Smith Rachel 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Radiolaria are marine protozoa that have thrived in the world's oceans for millions of years. They are particularly unique among marine plankton in that they build silica skeletons, which have allowed them to be preserved in the fossil record. These skeletons are ornate and complex and often demonstrate perfect geometric form and symmetry. The complex and beautiful glass-like structures are visually interesting when examined with electron microscopy. These attributes, coupled with their availability, size, ease of mounting and preparation make them superb specimens for introducing students to the use of electron microscopy (EM).
Butyl-methyl-methacrylate for Immunocytochemistry Through the Light Microscope
Authors: Baskin Tobias I 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The use of methacrylate monomers for embedding has a venerable history in microscopy. Many formulations have been developed over the years for various purposes, ranging from standard TEM observations to low-temperature embedding. Key parameters include the length of the hydrocarbon chain and the presence and kind of cross linking reagent. In the mixture of butyl and methyl methacrylate (BMM) described here, the monomers are relatively short-chained and there is no cross linker at all. This gives the polymerized material a softness that makes it rather unsuitable for TEM, but on the contrary allows the embedment to be removed after sectioning by a brief incubation in acetone. The latter property is good for immunocytochemistry because loss of the embedment means greater access for the antibody to the antigen. BMM generally preserves structure better than paraffin or glycol-methacrylate, and for this reason is a useful choice for light-level immunocytochemistry, particularly when sub-cellular resolution is desired.
A Protocol for Silver Staining Ion Transport Epithelia of Whole Animals and Excised Organs
Authors: Holliday Charles W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Those of us who study the structure and physiological function of ion transport cells in animals or their excised organs (gills, for example) are always interested in “quick and dirty” screening methods to identify ion transport epithelia. Having identified epithelial areas rich in putative “ionocytes”, we are also interested in looking at the mix of non-transport cells and “ionocytes” in the tissue. The so-called “silver staining” method can satisfy both of these desiderata quickly and easily.
Silver staining selectively blackens areas of the organism's body surface which are very permeable to chloride and/or silver ions; such areas are often the sites of ion transport epithelia (Croghan, 1958; Holliday, et al., 1990; Kikuchi & Shirashi, 1997).