bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DESCRIPTION OF FLORAL AND FRUIT MORPHOLOGY OF THE MALE-STERILE15 (MS-15) MUTANT AND ITS ALLELES (MS-1526, MS-1547, AND ISRAELI-MS) IN TOMATO
Authors: Kanagy Jon M. 
Published: February 2019

Many genes conditioning male sterility have been reported in the tomato. This study describes the male sterile gene ms-15 and three independently reported alleles (ms-1526, ms-1547, and Israelims). All alleles at the ms-15 locus differ phenotypically from normal fertile flowers primarily in stamen structure. Stamens of the mutant plants were reduced in size, twisted, seldom connate, and often adnate to the pistil. Further, stamens often bore external ovules and flap-like structures on the adaxial surface. Variation in these abnormalities between the alleles of ms-15 will be discussed.Fruit “zippering” and catfacing is commonly observed in fruit which results from manual pollination of male sterile flowers. The extent of these abnormalities varies with male sterile genotype and is not observed in the resulting F1 hybrids. It is suggested that these abnormalities result from adnation of the stamens to the ovary.
PROMOTING AWARENESS OF WATER CONSERVATION IN THE LANDSCAPE
Authors: Shuping Deborah M. , Zahner Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2019

Water conservation is making journal headlines nationwide because of drought, contamination, pollution, and over development. While the idea of xeriscaping began in the Western United States where landscapes can be truly dry, many water-saving principles apply to the Southeast, where home moisture problems and pest problems associated with moisture are a major problem. A year of drought maybe followed by three years of plentiful rainfall, and conditions are significantly different from the semi-arid regions of the country to which most of the present literature on water conservation is directed.The purpose of this project was to provide information on water conservation to designers, landscape industry personnel, and homeowners in the Southeast. This was done by compiling recommendations based on research being conducted by professionals in building science, forestry, horticulture, entomology and landscape architecture.An educational tool addressing the pressing national problem of water conservation with a regional emphasis, this project was designed to help readers increase landscape water efficiency by 30 to 50% while lowering maintenance costs and insuring greater survivability of landscape plants in times of water shortage. Through careful planning and design, economically attractive and aesthetically sound water conserving landscapes can be created.
APPLICATION OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING AND HUMIDITY CONTROL TO EXTEND THE STORAGE LIFE OF GRAPE VARIETIES GROWN IN EASTERN UNITED STATES - A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Elboudwarej Albert F. , Herner Robert C. 
Published: February 2019

In 1987, 1988, and 1989, the behavior of four different table grape varieties including Alden, Concord, Himrod, and Vanessa were studied during storage at 0°C.The first objective of our study was to determine the behavior of table grapes in modified atmosphere packages in terms of general acceptance. After three years of experimenting with these three films we were able to obtain a modified atmosphere of about 3% O2 and 10-15% CO2 at 0°C using a 3 mil thickness LDPE.Our second objective was to use moisture absorbents as a means of reducing the relative humidity inside the void volume of a package by the inclusion of different desiccants in the package to establish a desirable relative humidity.Examining different storage characteristics, our data showed that `Himrod', `Vanessa', and `Concord' grape clusters stored in the presence of KNO3 and KCl had better quality compared to grape clusters stored in the presence of other sorption compounds or controls with no sorbants.
VARIABILITY IN FOURTH DERIVATIVE LEAF SPECTROSCOPY OF FRAGARIA SPP. AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Chen Chuhe , Cameron J. Scott , Klauer Stephen F. 
Published: February 2019

Accumulated attendance and fourth-derivative spectra were measured using intact leaf samples at mom temperature for 80 genotypes of four Fragaria species. Attendance peak wavelength and amplitude data of all samples was pooled and yielded 25 common bands for Fragaria. Of these, 14 chlorophyll bands and two phototransformed bands were consistent with French's (1972) model.Peak wavelengths and amplitudes which represent major bands in F. chiloensis and F. × ananassa spectra were also determined separately. While peak wavelengths of the two species were identical, variation was noted in peak amplitude. The signals of the bands at Cb640, Cb649, Ca670, Ca673, Ca675-676, Ca684 and Ca693 in F. chiloensis were significantly stronger than those in F. × ananassa. Ca677 and Ca695 were stronger in F. × ananassa.The greatest difference among Fragaria species was found in the amplitude of Ca693. The amplitude of this peak was greatest in F. chi/oensis (0.0025) and smallest in F. virginiana (-0.0005), The cultivated hybrid of these two species, F. × ananassa, was intermediate (0.0008), Preliminary evidence suggests that certain genotype-specific spectral characteristics may relate directly to observed differences in photosynthetic biology among these species.
ESTIMATION OF VARIANCE COMPONENTS AND HERITABILITY FOR FLOWERING TIME AND CUT-FLOWER YIELD FOR THE DAVIS POPULATION OF GERBERA USING RESTRICTED MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD (REML)
Authors: Yu Yiran , Harding James , Famula Thomas 
Published: February 2019

Additive genetic components of variance and narrow-sense heritabilities were estimated for flowering time and cut-flower yield for generations 8-13 of the Davis population of gerbera, using the least squares (LS) and restricted maximum likelihood (REML)methods. Estimates of heritability for flowering time were 0.54 and 0.50 using REML and LS, respectively, indicating a close agreement between the two methods. However, estimates of heritability for cut-flower yield were 0.30 and 0.46 from REML and LS. This may result from the fact that cut-flower yield was selected in each generation; flowering time was not. Realized heritability for cut-flower yield was estimated to be 0.26 which agreeded more closely with the heritability estimated from REML. The advantages of REML, and its applications in the estimation of components of genetic variance and heritability of plant populations are discussed.
A RAPID METHOD FOR EVALUATING α-FARNESENE, TRIENE AND ANTIOXIDANT LEVELS IN APPLE SCALD PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES
Authors: D'Souza Mervyn C. , Ingle Morris 
Published: February 2019

Superficial scald on apples is effectively controlled by the currently registered inhibitors, diphenylamine and ethoxyquin. However, the availability of these chemicals as scald inhibitors in the future is uncertain. There is renewed interest and need for scald research to develop prediction systems and non-chemical control measures. Scald is believed to be caused by the oxidation of α-farnesene into trienes. The reaction is partially inhibited by the presence of antioxidants in the peel.
We have developed a new method to evaluate scald reaction compounds. This method was used to show that differences exist in reaction compound concentrations between the blushed and nonblushed sides and scalded and normal portions of `Rome' apples. The benefits of this method over the conventional method will also be presented.
PROPAGATION OF JUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM `WICHITA BLUE' BY GRAFT-CUTTING
Authors: Duchesne Isabelle , Rioux Jacques-André 
Published: February 2019

The main objective of this research was to determine the propagation potential of Juniperus scopulorum `Wichita Blue' through grafted cuttings while using Juniperus chinensis `Hetzii' and Juniperus Sabina `Blue Danube' as a rootstock. The experiment took place in a glass greenhouse, the propagation material was either placed under a polyethylene film or intermittent mist. In each of these growth conditions the graft union was either wax coated or buried in a humid substrate. Grafting method was a side veneer graft. Each treatment was repeated three times and the experimental unit was made up of ten specimens.
Best results were obtained from the experimental trial covering the period of february to may (12 weeks). During this trial period we observed a similar rate of successful graft union whether grafted cuttings or conventional graft was used with J. S. `Blue Danube', while grafted cuttings was more successful with J. c. 'Hetzii'. Grafted cutting obtained the best results with J. S. `Blue Danube' when graft union was buried in perlite and placed under an intermittent mist. Rooting quality of rootstock cuttings was slightly inferieur to conventional cuttings for J. S. `Blue Danube' this difference was more prononced in the case of J. c. `Hetzii'
POTATO RESPONSES TO FERTILIZER AND INDIGENOUS SOIL PHOSPHOROUS
Authors: Evans W.B. , Warncke D.D. 
Published: February 2019

Single-plant microplots of `Russet Norkotah' potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) were grown outdoors in a 5 × 5 factorial RCBD of indigenous phosphorous level (200, 325, 450, 575, 700 kg·ha-1 Bray-Kurtz Pl extractable; McBride sandy loam) and banded triple super phosphate (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg P2O5/ha). Disease in the low P soil that was used to create the four lower P soil blends completely confounds response of the plants across indigenous P levels and might have accentuated responses within levels. Plants responded to fertilizer P with tuber yield increases of 100, 70, 40, and 10 percent within the 200, 325, 450, and 575 indigenous P levels, respectively. Fertilizer P also increased marketable yield and tuber P concentration. Neither indigenous nor fertilizer P altered tuber specific gravity. Companion studies compare the responses of corn (Zea mays L.) and potato to indigenous soil P levels and quantify P uptake among potato cultivars in solution culture.
THE ROLE OF SPUR AND BOURSE LEAVES OF THREE APPLE CULTIVARS ON FRUIT SET AND GROWTH AND CALCIUM CONTENT
Authors: Proctor J.T.A , Palmer J.W. 
Published: February 2019

The development of a complete and healthy early season canopy of spur leaves, and later addition of bourse leaves, is essential for fruit set, fruit growth and quality in apple. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the temporal role of spur leaves and bourse shoots on fruit set, growth and return bloom in three apple cultivars and fruit Ca Level at harvest in two cultivars. Individual flowering spurs on mature wood of “Cox's Orange Pippin”, “Golden Delicious” and “Crispin” apple trees were modified by removing the spur leaves, the bourse shoot, or both, at full bloom and two, four and eight weeks afterwards. Leaf removal reduced fruit set, yield (as fruit number and not size), fruit calcium level at harvest, and return bloom. Defoliationhad its greatest effect on fruit calcium level when done early in the season and plots of this against treatment time suggested a curvilinear relationship. Return bloom was dependent on the presence of the bourse shoots on the spur but not on spur leaves. Return bloom of all three cultivars declined with the number of fruitlets per spur four weeks after full bloom.
THE EDUCATIONAL BENEFIT OF TWO DEMONSTRATIO XERISCAPE GARDENS
Authors: Mottern Bobby , Haque Mary , Caldwell Judy 
Published: February 2019

Two xeriscape gardens have been designed for the purpose of educating the public about the importance of water conservation through xeriscaping. One was designed and implemented for a temporary exhibit at the South Carolina State Fair in October of 1991. The exhibit was cosponsored by the Clemson University Extension Service and Master Gardener programs.
The second garden has been designed for the Clemson University Botanical Garden. This will be a permanant addition to the botanical garden soley for display purposes. It is designed to be a model for students, professors, and the general public to observe and study principles associated with water conservation in the landscape.
THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION STRATEGIES ON PEACH FRUIT GROWTH AND FINAL SIZE
Authors: Johnson R. Scott , Phene Claude , Medawar Charles 
Published: February 2019

Six irrigation strategies were imposed on a block of O'Henry peach trees irrigated by fanjets. Treatments received different percentages of ET during the various stages of fruit growth and postharvest. ET was estimated by a large weighing lysimeter containing 2 trees and located in the center of the block. Fruit diameters were measured weekly and final fruit weights were determined at harvest. Adjusted fruit weights were estimated by statistically adjusting each treatment to the same fruit load.
Adjusted fruit weight correlated well with soil water content during the month before harvest but not during early stages of fruit growth. Treatments which applied 50% ET during early stages of fruit growth showed reduced fruit size at that time. However, with applications of 150% ET during the final fruit growth stage, fruit size recovered. Adjusted fruit weight also correlated with measures of tree water status including midday leaf water potential and canopy temperature.
CALCIUM ALLEVIATION OF BORON TOXICITY IN PRUNUS SPECIES.
Authors: El-Motaium Rawia , Brown Patrick H. 
Published: February 2019

Boron toxicity is a wide spread problem especially in arid and semiarid areas of the world. Boron toxicity can result in yield loss of many crop plants, especially stone fruits which are sensitive to high boron concentration. This study was designed to follow the effect of Ca+2 supplementation on partitioning of B at the plant organ level (leaves, stem, roots) and the subcellular level (the cell wall) using the stable isotope 10B.
Results demonstrate that calcium supplementation reduced B accumulation in plum and peach leaves by 31% at the low level (0.25 mM) and by 12% at the high B level (0.50 mM). Results indicate an effect of Ca on the uptake and distribution of 10B between plant organs.
Symptoms of B toxicity in peach (Lovell) include stem die back, necrotic brown spots on the stem and gum formation on the nodes, whereas in plum (Mariana), stem die back and gum formation, as droplets, on the lower leave's surface were the main symptoms.
DELAYED COSTS OF REPRODUCTION, DEFOLIATION, AND SHADING IN PISTACIA VERA L. CV. KERMAN: BUD ABSCISSION AND DRY WEIGHT ALLOCATION TO BUDS, LEAVES, CURRENT AND PREVIOUS-YEAR SHOOTS
Authors: Nzima Muntubani D. S. , Martin George C. , Nishijima Chic 
Published: February 2019

Trees that fruited during 1990 retained 67.3% of the inflorescence buds produced per branch in 1991 compared to 63.1% for trees that were defoliated immediately after harvest in 1990 and 21.3% by trees that were fruiting in 1991. Shading reduced bud retention similar to fruiting.
Defoliation after nut harvest accentuated the delayed costs of reproduction caused by previous season's fruiting whereas shading produced significantly greater immediate costs. Shading effects on the allocation of carbon to buds, leaves and shoots were similar to those of fruiting. Leaf net photosynthesis under shade conditions was reduced to 14.27% of control trees and this led to a significant reduction in the relative growth rates of all the organs surveyed.
CYTOHISTOLOGY OF A 2–2–4 TYPE SPORT IN BARTLETT PEAR (Pyrus Communis)
Authors: Wang Qiangsheng , Shi Yinping , Sun Qingrong , Yin Yongsheng 
Published: February 2019

In the 1980' s, a Bartlett pear giant fruit sport was found in Pingdu, Shandong. The characteristics of mutation are larger fruit, thicker branch, shorter internode and much more spur. By grafting propagation, the clones began to bear fruit in 1990, and maintain the characteristics of variable mother plant.
From microspore formation to blossom and spreading pollen, the cytohistological observation of sport flowering organs indicates: in every phase of pollen development, the size of florets, anthers and pollen grains are similar to CK; their pollen types both belong to tricolporat, pollen grains are nearly equal in size. This indicates that sport sporogenous tissue do not mutate. The observation of shoot apex sections showes: for CK, the cells of three histogenic layers range regularly; the size of cells, nuclei, and nucleoli among LI, LII, LIII are similar. For sport, the cells of LI, LII are no difference from CK, but in LIII and inner tissue, cells, nuclei, nucleoli all become larger clearly. This indicates LIII had mutated. So this sport is a 2–2–4 type chimera.
ATTAINMENT OF VEGETATIVE MATURITY (VM), CHILLING REQUIREMENT, AND ABA LEVELS IN DOGWOOD (CORNUS SERICEA L.) CLONAL ECOTYPES.
Authors: Stevenson Robert K. , Tanino Karen K. 
Published: February 2019

Dogwood (Cornus sericea L.) clonal ecotypes from northern latitudes (Northwest Territories “NWT”) and more southern latitudes (Massachusetts, Utah, and Chalk River, Ont.) were allowed to acclimate naturally in a shade house (52°07') beginning in early July and continuing through the middle of October. The NWT ecotype began to attain vegetative maturity by the second week of September, whereas the southern ecotypes did not attain any significant degree of VM before the first lethal frost.
Defoliation tests in controlled environment chambers paralleled shade house results. Under VM-inducing conditions (20/15°C, 8h), NWT ecotype attained VM after 40-50 days. Conversely, after 80 days Utah ecotype had not attained full VM.
Chilling requirement will be compared among ecotypes and ABA levels will be quantified using HPLC and ELISA systems. The results will be compared with date of VM attainment, subsequent freezing tolerance and satisfaction of the chilling requirement.
OPERATIONAL COLD HARDINESS TESTING AND DATA ANALYSIS METHODS
Authors: Burr Karen E. , King Rudy M. 
Published: February 2019

Cold hardiness testing is an important tool used at US Forest Service nurseries for evaluating the physiological quality of conifer stock. Three tests were compared. A whole-plant freeze test without root system insulation permitted evaluation of cold injury without complication by drought symptoms if plants were misted. A cutting freeze test underestimated expected field foliar injury due to high humidity used to maintain the cuttings. An electrolyte leakage test failed to detect economically important bud mortality when buds were less hardy than other tissues.
Data from all three testing methods were analyzed with an original software package consisting of standardized input files and a step-by-step series of fortran programs and command files for use with commercially available non-linear modelling programs. Injury (y) versus temperature (x) data were modelled with the versatile, 4-parameter Weibull sigmoid model. Injury estimates at specific temperatures (Ix) or temperature estimates causing specific injury levels (LTy) were calculated with confidence and calibration intervals, respectively. The statistical significance of differences between Ix or LTy estimates was then determined.
TEMPERATURE IS A KEY REGULATOR OF GROWTH AND FLOWERING IN PROTEA NERIIFOLIA AND PROTEA CYNAROIDES
Authors: Dupee Steven , Goodwin Peter 
Published: February 2019

The strategy of this study was to determine the period of floral initiation for both species and then to determine the critical regulator(s) of flower initiation and floral development. Plants grown under different temperature regimes gave best shoot extension and flower initiation at temperatures with 10°C night and 15 to 25°C day. Field data from four locations showed a correlation of time of flower initiation and temperatures over the same range.
Temperature is an important determinant of the vegetative flush period of both species. The stem diameter of all shoots is a consequence of the vegetative flush growth and in turn is well correlated with flower initiation. Plants given day temperatures of 20°C or above remain in the vegetative phase. Flower abortions in Protea neriifolia and reversions from floral to vegetative shoots in Protea cynaroidesresult from high day temperatures.
Daylength was not found to be critical for flower initiation. A cool temperature period acts as a control to change shoots from the vegetative to reproductive phase.
TOMATO PRODUCTION IN AN ENCLOSED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Janes Harry W. , Logendra Seenithamby , Logendra Sitheswary 
Published: February 2019

It was proposed to study and develop a system for producing salad vegetables on a space station. To this end a `Salad Machine' was designed to act as a controlled environment growth chamber within which various plants will be grown on a continuous and predictable basis such that crew members will periodically have available the ingredients of a “normal” salad. Within this framework we studied the enclosed environment production of tomatoes.
Forty-five tomator cultivars were screened in a greenhouse and four were selected for further evaluation. The criteria for selection were total plant yield, fruit size, fruit quality and the total weight of the fruit on the main stem as compared to the axillary branches. The four selected cultivars were grown in an environmentally controlled chamber (`Salad Machine') at 6 plants/m (volume rather than area is important here). The data collected included: weekly plant height, total daily yield, water use and nutrient uptake.
The continuous production of tomatoes in a small volume using a selected cultivar will be discussed.
MACROMIXER: A SPREADSHEET PROGRAM TO AID MIXING MACRO-NUTRIENTS FOR SOLUTION CULTURE
Authors: Kawabata Osamu , Criley Richard A. 
Published: February 2019

In solution culture experiments, determining the quantity of nutrient sources to dispense in a solution mix is time consuming. When a source contains more than one controlled element (e.g., calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2]), a change made to control one element (Ca) requires an adjustment to the other element (N). To ease the computational chore, MacroMixer, an application program for mixing macro-nutrients, was developed using a spreadsheet for microcomputers.
MacroMixer consists of two parts. The first part computes the weight (volume for a liquid) of source necessary to give the target element concentration from each source. The second part computes the total concentration for each macro-element from a set of sources in the final mix. The total volume of the mix is specified at the beginning of program, but it can be changed later. Users can obtain a required weight for each source using the first part to use as a starting value in the second part. Adjustments are made among sources to achieve target element concentrations in the final mix.
The spreadsheet format hides computational formulae and constants for a clear view of solution composition; thus users are encouraged to exercise trial and error to achieve the most balanced mix. Using this program, we quickly formulated 13 mixes used in a 5 K-levels × 5 Ca-levels partial factorial experiment.
DID WE FULFILL OUR NUTRITIONAL RESPONSIBILITY?
Authors: Yang Y. H. 
Published: February 2019

Vegetable crops supply esseential vitamina and minerals for human nutrition and survival. However, most scientists concentrated their effort on crops low in nutrition value, causing much health problem in the developing world. In Asia alone, 300,000 children blind each year due to vitamin A deficiency and 40% population suffered from iron-deficient anemia. Their health and social consequence was unmeasurable. A practical remedy was to increase consumption of DGLVs through home garden program.
Field experiment conducted in East-West Center in Hawaii documented that a 200 sq. ft. small garden could yield vegetable fulfilling RDA of 5 people 200% of vitamin A value and ascorbic acid, 27% iron and 9% protein. Promotion of home garden program requires research, training and education, codination, and policy support. Horticulturists should play important role on all these aspects.
Seeds for Peace Project and proposal for establishing home garden training centers at different levels will be reported.