bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of the Diffuse Astrophysical Neutrino Flux in Terms of the Blazar Sequence
Authors: Palladino Andrea , Rodrigues Xavier , Gao Shan , Winter Walter 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
We study whether the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux can come from blazar jets—a subclass of active galactic nuclei—while it, at the same time, respects the blazar stacking limit based on source catalogs and is consistent with the observation from TXS 0506+056. We compute the neutrino flux from resolved and unresolved sources using an averaged, empirical relationship between electromagnetic spectrum and luminosity, known as the blazar sequence, for two populations of blazars (BL Lacs and FSRQs). Using a source model with realistic neutrino flux computations, we demonstrate that blazars can indeed power the diffuse neutrino flux at the highest energies and obey the stacking limit at the same time, and we derive the conditions for the baryonic loading (proton versus γ-ray luminosity) evolving over the blazar sequence. Under the hypothesis that low-luminosity blazars power the diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux, we find that the dominant contribution of the diffuse flux up to PeV energies must come from unresolved BL Lacs with baryonic loadings larger than about 105—while only a very small contribution may come from resolved high-luminosity BL Lacs or FSRQs, which can be directly tested by the stacking limit. We find that the blazar TXS 0506+056 is on the verge of these populations in our baseline scenario, at a relatively high luminosity and redshift; as a consequence, we predict about 0.3 γ-ray-neutrino associations per year from the whole population, dominated by BL Lacs with

and z ∼ 0.1.
How Initial Size Governs Core Collapse in Globular Clusters
Authors: Kremer Kyle , Chatterjee Sourav , Ye Claire S. , Rodriguez Carl L. , Rasio Frederic A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Globular clusters (GCs) in the Milky Way exhibit a well-observed bimodal distribution in core radii separating the so-called core-collapsed and non-core-collapsed clusters. Here, we use our Hénon-type Monte Carlo code, CMC, to explore initial cluster parameters that map into this bimodality. Remarkably, we find that by varying the initial size of clusters (specified in our initial conditions in terms of the initial virial radius, r

v
) within a relatively narrow range consistent with the measured radii of young star clusters in the local universe (r

v
≈ 0.5–5 pc), our models reproduce the variety of present-day cluster properties. Furthermore, we show that stellar-mass black holes (BHs) play an intimate role in this mapping from initial conditions to the present-day structural features of GCs. We identify “best-fit” models for three GCs with known observed BH candidates, NGC 3201, M22, and M10, and show that these clusters harbor populations of ∼50–100 stellar-mass BHs at present. As an alternative case, we also compare our models to the core-collapsed cluster NGC 6752 and show that this cluster likely contains few BHs at present. Additionally, we explore the formation of BH binaries in GCs and demonstrate that these systems form naturally in our models in both detached and mass-transferring configurations with a variety of companion stellar types, including low-mass main-sequence stars, white dwarfs, and sub-subgiants.
Evolution of Magnetized White Dwarf Binaries to Type Ia Supernovae
Authors: Ablimit Iminhaji , Maeda Keiichi 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
With the increasing number of observed magnetic white dwarfs (WDs), the role of the magnetic field of the WD in both single and binary evolutions should attract more attention. In this study, we investigate the WD/main-sequence star binary evolution with the Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics code, by considering WDs with non-, intermediate, and high magnetic field strength. We mainly focus on how the strong magnetic field of the WD (in a polar-like system) affects the binary evolution toward Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). The accreted matter goes along the magnetic field lines and falls down onto polar caps, and it can be confined by the strong magnetic field of the WD, so that the enhanced isotropic pole-mass transfer rate can let the WD grow in mass even with a low mass donor with a low Roche-lobe overflow mass transfer rate. The results from the magnetic confinement model show that both the initial parameter space for SNe Ia and characteristics of the donors after SNe Ia are easily distinguishable from those found in previous SNe Ia progenitor models. The predicted natures of the donors are compatible with the non-detection of a companion in several SN remnants and nearby SNe.
Survey of Ionized Gas of the Galaxy, Made with the Arecibo Telescope (SIGGMA): Inner Galaxy Data Release
Authors: Liu Bin , Anderson L. D. , McIntyre Travis , Anish Roshi D. , Churchwell Ed , Minchin Robert , Terzian Yervant 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The Survey of Ionized Gas of the Galaxy, Made with the Arecibo telescope (SIGGMA) provides a fully sampled view of the radio recombination line (RRL) emission from the portion of the Galactic plane visible with Arecibo. Observations use the Arecibo L-band Feed Array, which has a FWHM beam size of 3.′4. Twelve hydrogen RRLs from H163α to H174α are located within the instantaneous bandpass from 1225 MHz to 1525 MHz. We provide here cubes of average (“stacked”) RRL emission for the inner Galaxy region 32° ≤ ℓ ≤ 70°,

, with an angular resolution of 6′. The stacked RRL rms at 5.1 km s−1 velocity resolution is ∼0.65 mJy beam−1, making this the most sensitive large-scale fully sampled RRL survey extant. We use SIGGMA data to catalog 319 RRL detections in the direction of 244 known H ii regions, and 108 new detections in the direction of 79 H ii region candidates. We identify 11 carbon RRL emission regions, all of which are spatially coincident with known H ii regions. We detect RRL emission in the direction of 14 of the 32 supernova remnants (SNRs) found in the survey area. This RRL emission frequently has the same morphology as the SNRs. The RRL velocities give kinematic distances in agreement with those found in the literature, indicating that RRLs may provide an additional tool to constrain distances to SNRs. Finally, we analyze the two bright star-forming complexes: W49 and W51. We discuss the possible origins of the RRL emission in directions of SNRs W49B and W51C.
Probing the Cross-power of Unresolved Cosmic Infrared and X-Ray Backgrounds with Upcoming Space Missions
Authors: Kashlinsky A. , Arendt R. G. , Cappelluti N. , Finoguenov A. , Hasinger G. , Helgason K. , Merloni A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
The source-subtracted cosmic infrared background (CIB) fluctuations uncovered in deep Spitzer data cannot be explained by known galaxy populations and appear strongly coherent with unresolved cosmic X-ray background (CXB). This suggests that the source-subtracted CIB contains emissions from significantly abundant accreting black holes (BHs). We show that theoretically such populations would have the angular power spectrum that is largely independent of the epochs occupied by these sources, provided they are at z ≳ 4, offering an important test of the origin of the new populations. Using the current measurements we reconstruct the underlying soft X-ray CXB from the new sources and show that its fluctuations, while consistent with a high-z origin, have an amplitude that cannot be reached in direct measurements with the foreseeable X-ray space missions. This necessitates application of the methods developed by the authors to future IR and X-ray data sets, which must cover large areas of the sky in order to measure the signal with high precision. The LIBRAE project within ESA’s Euclid mission will probe source-subtracted CIB over ∼one-half of the sky at three near-IR bands, and its cross-power with unresolved CXB can be measured then from the concurrent eROSITA mission covering the same areas of the sky. We discuss the required methodology for this measurement and evaluate its projected signal-to-noise ratio to show the unique potential of this experimental configuration to accurately probe the CXB from the new BH sources and help identify their epochs.
Tumor Microenvironment Modulates Immunological Outcomes of Myeloid Cells with mTORC1 Disruption
Authors: Ding Chuanlin , Sun Xiaomin , Wu Caijun , Hu Xiaoling , Zhang Huang-ge , Yan Jun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe role of the mTOR signaling pathway in different myeloid cell subsets is poorly understood in the context of tumor development. In this study, myeloid cell–specific Raptor knockout (KO) mice were used to determine the roles of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in regulating macrophage function from Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) s.c. tumors and lung tumor metastasis. We found no difference in tumor growth between conditional Raptor KO and control mice in the s.c. tumor models, although depletion of mTORC1 decreased the immunosuppressive function of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Despite the decreased immunosuppressive activity of TAM, M1-like TAM differentiation was impaired in the s.c. tumor microenvironment of mTORC1 conditional Raptor KO mice due to downregulated CD115 expression on macrophages. In addition, TNF-α production by mTORC1-deficient myeloid cells was also decreased in the s.c. LLC tumors. On the contrary, disruption of mTORC1 in myeloid cells promoted lung cancer metastasis. Accordingly, immunosuppressive interstitial macrophages/metastasis-associated macrophages (CD11b+F4/80high) were accumulated in the lungs of Raptor KO mice in the LLC lung metastasis model, leading to decreased Th1 responses. Taken together, our results demonstrate that differential tumor microenvironment dictates the immunological outcomes of myeloid cells, with mTORC1 disruption leading to different tumor growth phenotypes.
DNA Breaks in Ig V Regions Are Predominantly Single Stranded and Are Generated by UNG and MSH6 DNA Repair Pathways
Authors: Zanotti Kimberly J. , Maul Robert W. , Yang William , Gearhart Patricia J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAntibody diversity is initiated by activation-induced deaminase (AID), which deaminates cytosine to uracil in DNA. Uracils in the Ig gene loci can be recognized by uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) or mutS homologs 2 and 6 (MSH2–MSH6) proteins, and then processed into DNA breaks. Breaks in switch regions of the H chain locus cause isotype switching and have been extensively characterized as staggered and blunt double-strand breaks. However, breaks in V regions that arise during somatic hypermutation are poorly understood. In this study, we characterize AID-dependent break formation in JH introns from mouse germinal center B cells. We used a ligation-mediated PCR assay to detect single-strand breaks and double-strand breaks that were either staggered or blunt. In contrast to switch regions, V regions contained predominantly single-strand breaks, which peaked 10 d after immunization. We then examined the pathways used to generate these breaks in UNG- and MSH6-deficient mice. Surprisingly, both DNA repair pathways contributed substantially to break formation, and in the absence of both UNG and MSH6, the frequency of breaks was severely reduced. When the breaks were sequenced and mapped, they were widely distributed over a 1000-bp intron region downstream of JH3 and JH4 exons and were unexpectedly located at all 4 nt. These data suggest that during DNA repair, nicks are generated at distal sites from the original deaminated cytosine, and these repair intermediates could generate both faithful and mutagenic repair. During mutagenesis, single-strand breaks would allow entry for low-fidelity DNA polymerases to generate somatic hypermutation.
The influence of the business environment on the growth of informal businesses in Uganda
Authors: Struwig Fredrika W. , Krüger Janine , Nuwagaba Geoffrey 
Published: January 2019

Background: Informal businesses are important drivers of economic growth, especially in developing countries. These informal businesses often do not survive their first year of existence, with anecdotal evidence citing various challenges from the business environment.Aim: This study explored the influence of business environmental challenges on the growth of informal businesses in Uganda.Setting: There are various challenges from the internal and external environment that impede the growth and survival of informal businesses in Uganda. From the internal business perspective, informal businesses have poor business processes and do not have proper business strategies on which to focus their business growth strategies. From the external environment perspective, informal businesses do not understand their suppliers adequately. In addition, there is a lack of research on the relationships between internal and external business environments and the growth of informal businesses.Method: Primary data were collected from 383 informal businesses using a self-administered questionnaire. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics in SPSS 21.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), while the relationship between the variables was determined using Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient and tested using regression analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: The results showed that there was a significant positive directional relationship between the internal environment and the growth of informal businesses. However, there was a negative significant directional relationship between the external environment and the growth of informal businesses.Conclusions: Informal businesses should pay more attention to the internal environment and appropriate strategies should be developed and implemented to ensure their growth.
Re-evaluation of the diagnostic value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide & its impact in patients with asthma
Authors: He Lixiu , Wei Meihui , Luo Jian , Du Wen , Zhang Liangliang , Zhang Lanlan , Liu Chuntao 
Published: January 2019

Background & objectives:
The diagnostic value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in patients with asthma remains controversial. This study was aimed to re-evaluate the diagnostic value of FeNO in specific groups with asthma and identify potential factors associated with FeNO.

Methods:
FeNO measurement and bronchial provocation test (BPT) or bronchodilator test (BDT) were performed in patients with suggestive symptoms for asthma. Correlation analysis was performed, and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated to evaluate the accuracy of FeNO in diagnosis.

Results:
A total of 265 (66.3%) patients with asthma were identified in 400 individuals suspected to have asthma from October 2014 to June 2015. Positive correlations of gender (r=0.138, P=0.005), atopy (r=0.598, P<0.001) and rhinitis (r=0.485, P<0.001) but negative correlations of age (r=−0.220, P<0.001) and the cumulative methacholine dosage with a 20 per cent decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (r=−0.197, P<0.001) with FeNO were found. AUC of FeNO in whole population and patients with atopy and rhinitis was 0.728 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.675-0.781, P<0.001] and 0.752 (95% CI 0.640-0.865, P<0.001), while the cut-offs were 23.5 and 44.5 parts per billion (ppb), respectively, rendering sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 79.9, 54.7, 77.9, 58.1 and 78.7, 67.9, 89.2 and 48.7 per cent, respectively. The cut-off of FeNO with specificity of 90 per cent (FeNO90) for all patients and a sub-group of patients with atopy and rhinitis was 59.5 and 90.5 ppb, respectively, while FeNO90 decreased by 12 ppb with every 10 years.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Our findings show that the diagnostic value of FeNO varies in different groups of patients with asthma, thus, the cut-off point should be adjusted in different asthmatic sub-populations. A cut-off point of FeNO with a specificity >90 per cent could decrease the false-positive rate.
Assessing the impact of different liquid water permittivity models on the fit between model and observations
Authors: Lonitz Katrin , Geer Alan J. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Permittivity models for microwave frequencies of
liquid water below 0 ∘C (supercooled liquid water) are poorly
constrained due to limited laboratory experiments and observations,
especially for high microwave frequencies. This uncertainty translates
directly into errors in retrieved liquid water paths of up to 80 %. This
study investigates the effect of different liquid water permittivity models
on simulated brightness temperatures by using the all-sky assimilation
framework of the Integrated Forecast System. Here, a model configuration with
an improved representation of supercooled liquid water has been used. The
comparison of five different permittivity models with the current one shows a
small mean reduction in simulated brightness temperatures of at most 0.15 K
at 92 GHz on a global monthly scale. During austral winter, differences
occur more prominently in the storm tracks of the Southern Hemisphere and in
the intertropical convergence zone with values of around 0.5 to 1.5 K.
Compared to the default Liebe (1989) approach, the permittivity models
of Stogryn et al. (1995), Rosenkranz (2015) and
Turner et al. (2016) all improve fits between observations and all-sky
brightness temperatures simulated by the Integrated Forecast System. In
cycling data assimilation these newer models also give small improvements in
short-range humidity forecasts when measured against independent
observations. Of the three best-performing models, the
Stogryn et al. (1995) model is not quite as beneficial as the other two,
except at 183 GHz. At this frequency, Rosenkranz (2015) and
Turner et al. (2016) look worse because they expose a scattering-related
forward model bias in frontal regions. Overall, Rosenkranz (2015) is
favoured due to its validity up to 1 THz, which will support future
submillimetre missions.
A novel approach for road surface wetness detection with planar capacitive sensors
Authors: Döring Jakob , Tharmakularajah Lakshan , Happel Jakob , Krieger Karl-Ludwig 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. This paper presents a novel approach for detecting road surface wetness with planar capacitive sensors on the wheel arch liner of a motor vehicle. For this purpose, various design parameters of interdigital electrodes are studied by means of the finite element method (FEM). A suitable design for the detection of whirled-up water is proposed, which is manufactured on a flexible printed circuit board (PCB) and investigated in an experimental study. A test bench is built for that purpose, which includes a motor vehicle's front wheel arch liner and can simulate realistic road surface wetness conditions. Experimental results show the possibility of distinguishing between different road wetness conditions and confirm that a static wetting of the wheel arch liner can be detected. Finally, an application-specific sensor system is proposed, which is validated by experiments on a test bench and is integrated into a vehicle. Field test results show the feasibility of detecting different road wetness levels and demonstrate the potential of the presented approach.
Consumenteninertie, mededinging en markttoezicht
Authors: Tuinstra Annemieke 
Published: January 2019

Consumenteninertie, mededinging en markttoezicht
Imperfecte informatie, complexiteit, en gedragsvalkuilen van consumenten kunnen resulteren in consumenteninertie, die op zijn beurt de concurrentie verzwakt. Zeker als marktwerking nog een ander publiek belang dient of als het om een essentieel product gaat, is het zaak om de concurrentie te beschermen en eventueel aan te jagen, door inertie te verminderen. Mededingingstoezicht en consumentenbescherming en -empowerment zijn in die zin complementair. Dit artikel schetst hoe de complementariteit tussen deze rechtsgebieden anno 2018 wordt vormgegeven in de praktijk, aan de hand van voorbeelden uit Nederland en het Verenigd Koninkrijk.
Over marktdefinitie en bewijslast in de moderne economie: het Amerikaanse Hooggerechtshof in Amex
Authors: Mulder Jotte 
Published: January 2019

Over marktdefinitie en bewijslast in de moderne economie: het Amerikaanse Hooggerechtshof in Amex
Onder leiding van de Amerikaanse Staat Ohio heeft een groep van staten American Express aangeklaagd voor een overtreding van de Amerikaanse antitrustregels. De zaak draait om de mededingingsrechtelijke beoordeling van verticale restricties die worden opgelegd aan een groep afnemers van Amex. Amex hanteert zogenoemde ‘anti-steering’ voorwaarden die winkeliers verbiedt op enigerlei wijze concurrerende creditcards aan te prijzen of te bevoordelen in de winkel. De uitspraak van het Hooggerechtshof van de Verenigde Staten geeft aanleiding tot een reflectie op de wijze waarop binnen een mededingingsrechtelijke analyse moet worden omgegaan met indirecte netwerkeffecten op tweezijdige platformmarkten, met name vanuit het perspectief van de rol van marktdefinitie en bewijslast.
Goldman Sachs/Europese Commissie. Private equity in het vizier van mededingingsautoriteiten
Authors: Struijlaart Robin , Brabers Mark 
Published: January 2019

Goldman Sachs/Europese Commissie. Private equity in het vizier van mededingingsautoriteiten
Op 12 juli 2018 heeft het Gerecht een beroep van Goldman Sachs tegen een boetebesluit van de Commissie verworpen. Dit arrest maakt (nogmaals) duidelijk dat private equity-investeerders een reële kans lopen om aansprakelijk te worden gesteld voor kartelgedrag van hun portfolio-ondernemingen. De toets die de Commissie en het Gerecht uitvoeren, komt er in essentie op neer dat volstaat dat de moederonderneming zeggenschap heeft in de zin van het concentratietoezicht en dat er bewijs is dat zij die zeggenschap aantoonbaar heeft uitgeoefend. Veel investeerders zullen aan die beide criteria voldoen en bevinden zich dus in de gevarenzone.
Does acellular dermal matrix expand in response to tissue expander inflation?
Authors: Yang Chae Eun , Park Kwang Hyun , Lee Dong Won , Lew Dae Hyun , Song Seung Yong 
Published: January 2019

Background Acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) have recently become widely used in breast reconstruction, but the correlation between the final expander volume and the surface area of the ADM is not well understood. In this study, the expansion of the surface area of ADM and the expander volume was studied retrospectively in cases of acellular dermis–assisted tissue expander breast reconstruction.
Methods Twenty cases of immediate breast reconstruction using an ADM–assisted tissue expander from January 2015 to December 2015 were evaluated. In all 20 cases, CGCryoDerm was used as the matrix, with a thickness of 1–3 mm. No slit incisions were made. Finally, the proportional increase in the area of the fully expanded ADM was compared to that of the tissue expander volume.
Results The proportional increase in the ADM surface area was calculated to be from 1.1 to 2.46, with a mean value of 1.7. Additionally, under the assumption that the expander had a spherical shape, the increase in its radius (the cube root of its volume) was assessed. The range of the proportional increase in the expander radius was 1.1 to 2.24, with a mean value of 1.66. The proportional increase in the radius of the expanded ADM surface area ranged from 1.04 to 1.34, with a mean ratio of 1.28.
Conclusions The results of this study confirmed that the ADM expanded when the tissue expander was inflated. However, the ADM expanded to a lesser extent than the tissue expander, indicating that the muscle and other tissues expanded more than the ADM when the tissue expander was inflated.