bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Researching the Politics of Education Quality in Developing Countries
Authors: Hickey Sam , Hossain Naomi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Politics is increasingly recognized to shape education outcomes in the global South, but there is little agreement on which forms of politics really matter, or how to conceptualize or investigate them. This chapter outlines the main approaches and findings from the existing literature, before setting out a new framework for analysis, organized around the ‘domains of power’ framework. This brings together analysis of the overall organization of power within the society (the political settlement) with political analysis of the education sector (or policy domain). The chapter sets out the methodological approach that was deployed to undertake the research presented in this volume, explaining the comparative case study methodology and the focus on power relations, the role of ideas, the significance of the sector within the ordering of power, policy coalitions and legacies of past policies, and elite commitment and state capacity to deliver education quality reforms.
Decentralization and Teacher Accountability
Authors: Ampratwum Edward , Awal Mohammed , Oduro Franklin 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Despite series of reforms designed to improve the basic education system in Ghana, the quality of education remains low. This chapter uses a political settlement analysis to explore why this is the case. Focusing on the issue of teacher accountability and performance, we argue that a key reform—decentralization—remains a highly contested process. The current system generates insufficient incentives for effective forms of policy implementation and accountability to emerge at scale. The evidence suggest that improving educational quality depends on reform-minded coalitions made up of state and non-state actors, and a stable political settlement at the district level. We conclude that where good practice is experienced, it is as a result of efforts by these coalitions to devise and enforce local-level solutions to local problems.
The Capability Approach and Labour Law: Identifying the Areas of Fit
Authors: Davidov Guy 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to assess to what extent the Capability Approach (CA) can be useful for labour law theory. It begins by asking, what is the purpose of looking for a purpose for labour law? The chapter distinguishes between legal purposes (such as purposive interpretation) and non-legal purposes (for example, defending the law against economic and libertarian critiques). It argues that, for legal purposes, there must be a ‘fit’ between the proposed normative theory and existing laws. It then distinguishes between three different strands in the literature regarding what do we want people to be capable of: whatever they want (‘substantive freedom’); specific capabilities (justified by another theory); or effective ability to enjoy labour laws (that require separate justifications). The chapter argues that the first two strands can be used to justify some specific laws—notably, workplace equality, health and safety, and working time law—but certainly not the entire field. The third strand can be used as a ‘supplementary device’ to justify specific means that will make the laws effective—but does not provide the primary justification for the laws themselves.
Labor Law and the Capabilities Approach
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Labor law scholars often discuss the “Capability Approach” as if it were a single thing with clearly defined content. However, it is best seen as a family of approaches. This paper first clarifies what the different versions of the approach have in common: a commitment to replacing measurement of well-being by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita by a focus on a group of substantial freedoms or opportunities for choice. It then goes on to clarify some deep differences between Amartya Sen’s version of the approach and that used by Nussbaum. Nussbaum’s version is intended to supply a basis for political principles in a pluralistic society, and thus, eschews on grounds of equal respect for persons any commitment to a comprehensive doctrine of freedom or autonomy, given that in a pluralistic society citizens, religious and secular, differ about these values. It also avoids, in consequence, a commitment to maximizing freedom. Even though Sen distinguishes maximizing from optimizing and allows for plural conceptions of the good, he goes further than Nussbaum in prioritizing autonomy and reason-based conceptions. And because he does not endorse a list his maximizing exercise seems fully general; by contrast, Nussbaum’s the political goal is understood to be to secure to all citizens, by constitutional right, an ample threshold amount of (only) ten central opportunities or capabilities as a partial conception. She defends this approach, in terms of Rawlsian “political liberalism,” as more consonant with equal respect for persons. In further clarifying these ideas, the paper also discusses the role of feminist economics in developing the approach, and recommends a focus on the informal economy and the political assignment of financial value to women’s unpaid domestic work.
Labor History and the Clash of Capabilities
Authors: Weinrib Laura 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the congruity between the Capabilities Approach (CA) and the American labor movement’s ambitions and tactics has shifted over time. In the early twentieth century, labor activists embraced strong forms of social and economic pressure, rejected minimalism, and disavowed state intervention. Over the course of the twentieth century, however, the American administrative state actively structured the bargaining relationship between unions and employers, and unions surrendered much of their coercive power. In the new legal landscape, it may be plausible to ground labor law in the CA, which combines an emphasis on full equality of freedom of speech and association with support for a strong social safety net. This compatibility, however, is premised on the labor movement’s relinquishment of its most effective historical weapons. That is, the same modifications that have accommodated labor law to the CA have also eroded labor’s strength and accelerated its decline.
The Constitution of Capabilities
Authors: Bogg Alan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter defends a particular ‘capabilities template’ for freedom of association. It identifies two versions of the capabilities approach. The first version, developed by Sen, has inspired a ‘thin’ account of freedom of association. This thin account of freedom of association is circumspect about the legitimacy of constitutional courts developing a jurisprudence of ‘derivative rights’ and ‘correlative duties’. Its main target has been the judicial elaboration of a constitutionalized right to collective bargaining correlative to a duty to bargain. The second version, developed by Nussbaum, provides the underpinning to a social democratic account of freedom of association. This supports a positive role for constitutional courts, constitutional entrenchment, and a generous approach to ‘derivative rights’. This chapter defends this social democratic account of freedom of association. In so doing, it also suggests some important modifications to Nussbaum’s account, to allow for the direct promotion of human functionings in appropriate circumstances.
What is Populism?
Authors: Pappas Takis S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins with a concise overview of the ways earlier scholars have examined populism during consecutive waves of research on the topic, and goes on to expose common conceptual and methodological errors—such as obscuring the genus, overemphasizing essentialism while overlooking ontology, concept stretching, the incertitude about negative poles, and the difficulties with concept operationalization—before setting out to elaborate a truly minimal definition that can sufficiently account for the comparative study of modern populism. The chapter ends with a presentation of the book’s overall framework of analysis, which condenses the main methodological tools—such as indicators, variables, and concept properties—to be used later on during theory-building.
Implementation of the Principles of Good Governance on the National Level in the EU
Authors: Addink Henk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The implementation of good governance in the EU member states was investigated (by interpretation and application), considering the different functions of government bodies. Good governance as a pivotal public value in each of the member states has fundamental roots in the different phases of European history. In these phases we find aspects of the rule of law, democracy, and the institutional state developing and becoming natural dimensions of good governance, a common public value for European states. The outcome was that good governance norms developed in the member states sometimes in a general, abstract way, such as the concept of the rule of law, the notion of democracy, and the classical framework of constitutional institutions. There is, however, a tendency to specify these general dimensions of the good governance concept through principles, in some countries more than others. A principles-based development of policies in the member states was discovered, which is the key to good governance in these states. In different legal forms—constitutions, laws, policy papers, case law, and reports of ombudsmen and audit institutions—are the six specific aspects of the theoretical framework pertaining to Europe. These principles have been developed as legal principles by the (four) powers in the states of Europe, both as norms for the administration, as well as rights for citizens.
Scientific Ontology and Speculative Ontology
Authors: Humphreys Paul 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A contrast is drawn between two approaches to ontology: scientific ontology, which is constrained by scientific knowledge, and speculative ontology, which is not. Three primary arguments are provided against speculative ontology: its factual falsity, its appeal to intuitions as a source of knowledge, and its lack of attention to scale variance. The need to formulate criteria judging the appropriateness of philosophical idealizations is suggested and reasons are given not to take scientists’ ontological positions as a guide to the correct ontology either for a given theory or more generally.
Normative Externalism
Authors: Weatherson Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Normative Externalism argues that it is not important that people live up to their own principles. What matters, in both ethics and epistemology, is that they live up to the correct principles: that they do the right thing, and that they believe rationally. This stance, that what matters are the correct principles, not one’s own principles, has implications across ethics and epistemology. In ethics, it undermines the ideas that moral uncertainty should be treated just like factual uncertainty, that moral ignorance frequently excuses moral wrongdoing, and that hypocrisy is a vice. In epistemology, it suggests we need new treatments of higher-order evidence, and of peer disagreement, and of circular reasoning, and the book suggests new approaches to each of these problems. Although the debates in ethics and in epistemology are often conducted separately, putting them in one place helps bring out themes common to both. One is that the view that one should live up to one’s own principles starts to look less attractive when you look at people with terrible principles, or at cases when doing so would lead to riskier or more aggressive action than the correct principles. Another is that asking people to live up to their principles leads to regresses in cases where it is hard to know how to live up to one’s principles.
Introduction
Authors: Weatherson Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the distinction between normative internalism and normative externalism, and introduces the kinds of arguments that will appear throughout the book. The main worked example in the chapter concerns uncertainty about the correct rule for decision-making. It is shown that trying to find a rule for decision-making that is sensitive to one’s uncertainty about what the right rule for decision-making is will lead to vicious regresses. The chapter also discusses historical and contemporary views that have anticipated or motivated the views put forward in Normative Externalism, and discusses why the term ‘externalism’ is being applied to yet another philosophical view.
Level-Crossing Principles
Authors: Weatherson Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces normative externalism about epistemology. It takes what is central to normative externalism to be the denial of level-crossing principles. A level-crossing principle says there is a necessary connection between the propriety of a belief (in some sense of propriety), and the propriety of believing that very belief to be proper. The main theme of this part is outlined: level-crossing principles are inconsistent with evidentialism, and it is level-crossing principles, not evidentialism, that should be abandoned. The chapter also discusses the relationship between state-level evaluations, like the rationality of a belief, and agent-level evaluations, like the wisdom of a believer. And it briefly discusses the role of evidence in mathematics, and how the kind of evidentialism I favor extends to mathematical belief.
Hell as a Problem of Evil in Medieval Women Mystics
Authors: West Clark 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In the thirteenth century, it was unusual to regard the doctrine of hell as generating a problem of evil that needs to be solved. For most scholastic theologians it was, rather, a large part of the effort to create a theodicy for evil. Nevertheless, there were dissenters. In this Reflection, I consider the resignatio ad infernum tradition—most powerfully articulated by a number of women mystics writing in the vernacular—in which love of God, love of neighbor, and a willingness to be damned in solidarity with reprobates were simultaneously upheld. I also consider some later iterations of similar ideas in Dostoevsky and Camus.
Evil and Late Medieval Thought
Authors: Davies Brian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter briefly explains how medieval thinkers understand the notions of “good” (bonum) and “evil” (malum). It then explains how Thomas Aquinas thinks of good and evil in general. It notes how he distinguishes between goodness and badness in things. It also notes how he tries to relate goodness and badness in the world to God, considered as totally good. In doing so it explains how it is that Aquinas, like other medieval theologians, is never concerned to turn to the existence of evil while trying to explain how God can be morally exonerated for permitting it. It also explains what Aquinas takes to be the causal connection between instances of evil and God.
Feminine Evil and Witchcraft
Authors: Pinnock Sarah K. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The brief Reflection looks at the history of witches in both early modern Europe and the New World. Thousands of women were condemned as witting or unwitting sources of physical and metaphysical evil. Witches were blamed for a variety of misfortunes including illness, crop failure, and the deaths of babies or mothers during childbirth. Evils committed by witches were objects of lurid fascination attributed to demonic forces, documented by monks, priests, and church authorities. Eroticized accusations reflected profound misogyny and suspicion toward those who did not conform to the patriarchal norms of church and society. Many of these witches were put to death in horrible ways, thereby adding rather than subtracting from the evils in the world.
What Happened to Evil?
Authors: Neiman Susan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the reasons why the problem of evil was ignored in twentieth-century mainstream philosophy. It first examines the belief that the problem of evil is a religious problem and argues to the contrary that while the problem of evil is one of the major impulses behind the development of religion, religion is not the source of the problem of evil. It then argues that the problem of evil is the driving force behind most of modern philosophy. Special focus is given to nineteenth-century philosophy, which was often largely ignored in the analytic tradition precisely because it was so focused not only on understanding but also solving the problem of evil. While sometimes expressed in secular form as a claim about progress in history, the problem of evil plays a central role in the work of Hegel, Schopenhauer, Marx, and Nietzsche, each of whose work is briefly explored with reference to that role.
The Banality of Evil
Authors: Geddes Jennifer L. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In her description of Eichmann as an exemplar of the banality of evil, Hannah Arendt was describing a new kind of perpetrator—not new in the sense of being the first of his kind but new to our usual taxonomy of evildoers. Arendt writes, “Eichmann was not Iago and not Macbeth.” Into our catalogue of violent sociopaths, sadistic murderers, evil geniuses, and subhuman fiends, we now had to insert something that was less extreme, less recognizable as evil, and thus, perhaps, more disturbing: the bureaucrat who murders without any recognizable evil intentions or feelings of hatred.
A Return to Mental Health and the Police—New Learning from Innovation
Authors: Dawson Paul , Hobson Zoe 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Mental health is a core facet of policing demand, something that shows no indication of change—officers are often the first port of call and consequently can play an important role within enabling subsequent interventions. Historically, there has been a documented disjoin between the police and an effective mental ill-health response, evidenced by a number of high profile cases and reviews (i.e. Bradley or the Adebowale review). Such reviews set out a strong marker of where the police were in terms of understanding and responding to mental health. A number of years have passed since these reviews and a variety of innovations have been developed as a response. This article offers a reflection upon two such innovations (London Street Triage and Mental Health Awareness and Safeguarding Training Training both of which were implemented in London and supported by evaluation.
NATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVELS AND ACHIEVABLE DOSES FOR 13 ADULT CT PROTOCOLS AND A PAEDIATRIC HEAD CT PROTOCOL: NATIONAL SURVEY OF KOREAN HOSPITALS
Authors: Kim Jung Su , Lee Sang Kyung , Kim Sun-Ki , Yoo Seung-Min , Kim Jung Min , Yoon Sang-Wook 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
To develop a second set of diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) and achievable doses (ADs) for 13 adult computed tomography (CT) protocols and a paediatric head CT protocol in Korea. A survey of 13,625 CT examinations was performed based on 13 adult CT protocols and a paediatric non-contrast brain CT protocol using 369 CT systems, with patients grouped according to age. Most CT protocols in this survey had DRLs similar to those reported in other countries. However, chest and abdomen-pelvic CT had lower DRLs than those reported in the first Korean national survey and those from other countries. Paediatric non-contrast brain CT in each age group, with the exception of the 11–15-year age group, had lower DRLs than those reported in other countries. The DRLs presented here are similar to (or lower than for some protocols) those reported in the first Korean national survey and those from other countries.
Discrimination, Coping, and Social Exclusion among African Immigrants in the United States: A Moderation Analysis
Authors: Saasa Sherinah K 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis cross-sectional study examined coping strategies as moderators of the relationship between perceived discrimination and social exclusion among African immigrants in the United States (N = 409). Moderation models using path analyses were conducted to examine the moderating effects of three coping strategies (active coping, use of instrumental support, and religious coping) on the relationship between discrimination and four dimensions of social exclusion: (1) material deprivation, (2) limited access to basic social rights, (3) limited social participation, and (4) insufficient cultural integration. Increases in perceived discrimination were associated with increased social exclusion on all four dimensions. Increased use of active coping was found to weaken the positive relationship between perceived discrimination and material deprivation and between discrimination and limited social participation. Use of instrumental support also buffered the negative effects of discrimination on limited social participation. Recommendations for practice and future research are presented.
Development of a decision-making checklist tool to support technology selection in digital health research
Authors: Nebeker Camille , Bartlett Ellis Rebecca J , Torous John 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Digital technologies offer researchers new approaches to test personalized and adaptive health interventions tailored to an individual. Yet, research leveraging technologies to capture personal health data involve technical and ethical consideration during the study design phase. No guidance exists to facilitate responsible digital technology selection for research purposes. A stakeholder-engaged and iterative approach was used to develop, test, and refine a checklist designed to aid researchers in selecting technologies for their research. First, stakeholders (n = 7) discussed and informed key decision-making domains to guide app/device selection derived from the American Psychiatric Association’s framework that included safety, evidence, usability, and interoperability. We added “ethical principles” to the APA’s hierarchical model and created a checklist that was used by a small group of behavioral scientists (n = 7). Findings revealed the “ethical principles” domains of respect, beneficence, and justice cut across each decision-making domains and the checklist questions/prompts were revised accordingly and can be found at thecore.ucsd.edu. The refined checklist contains four decision-making domains with prompts/questions and ethical principles embedded within the domains of privacy, risk/benefit, data management, and access/evidence. This checklist is the first step in leading the narrative of decision-making when selecting digital health technologies for research. Given the dynamic and rapidly evolving nature of digital health technology use in research, this tool will need to be further evaluated for usefulness in technology selection.