bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Indonesian CSOs in Increasing the Understanding of Disabled Issues in the Indonesian Criminal Justice System
Authors: Wicaksana Dio Ashar 
Published: February 2018

Indonesia successfully amended Disabled People Law in early 2016. The fundamental amendment is creating equal rights and opportunity for disabled groups. Disability group in this context is the people who have physical and mental limitations to communicate and participate effectively with another people as equals. But, nowadays some people prefer using the term “difabled” than “disabled”.
Difabled alongside with feminist, LGBT and minority groups commonly known as a part of discriminated groups in society. Difabled activist believe that difabled is a natural part of human diversity – something that should be valued and respected, rather than pitied, feared and discriminated. Difabled people are potentially to be victim 4-10 times more than other people. Pusham UII (2015) highlighted the existence of many violations in the Indonesian criminal justice system to difabled people, such as: improper questioning, failure to process reports from blind people and a general atmosphere of disrespect to the difabled community. One of the major problems is the Indonesian law officers’ lack of knowledge and understanding of difabled groups.
In Yogyakarta, Civil Society Organization (CSO) has significant role to increase understanding of difabled issues. In this instance, Sasana Integration and Advocacy of Difabled (Sigab) developed an inclusive village project in Yogyakarta. They provide education and socialization of difabled issues within village’s community. Another example, Pusham UII have developed the curriculum and module to provide training in legal institution (Police, Prosecutor and Judge).
This paper discusses the understanding of law officer after Indonesian disability law already enacted in early 2016. Thereafter, I will discuss how Indonesian CSOs helps to increase the understanding of difabled issues, to eliminate gap of knowledge between legal formal with practice area. Consequently, my research question is formulated: “How does the role of Indonesian CSOs to increase the understanding of difabled issues in the Indonesian criminal justice system?”
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM NON YUDISIAL TERHADAP PERBUATAN HUKUM PUBLIK OLEH PEMERINTAH
Authors: Sugiharto Hari , Abrianto Bagus Oktafian 
Published: February 2018

The enactment of Law Number 30 of 2014 on Government Administration had given the changes to the authority of the State Administrative Court. There are two mechanism of the case investigation in the State Administrative Court in providing legal protection against a lawsuit or petition filed by the public. The first mechanism is to file a lawsuit directly to the State Administrative Court. The second mechanism is to resolve internal disputes within the government before filing a lawsuit to the Administrative Courts. There are two mechanisms of the case investigation prove that the existence of discrimination for people who seek justice in the case investigation system in the State Administrative Court. This research focus on an issues first the nature of public legal action by the government in government administration and second Ratio legis non-judicial legal protection against public legal acts by the government. The results which have to be achieved are to provide the prescription of essential truth. There are several problems approach used in this study, such as statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach.
Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in a Nonattainment Rocky Mountain Valley
Authors: Li R. , Hardy R. , Zhang W. , Reinbold G. L. , Strachan S. M. 
Published: February 2018

Severe air pollution has significant adverse health effects and poses a threat to public health in many communities, including nonattainment areas in the Unites States. To develop effective control strategies to reduce air pollution with minimum economic cost, one of the biggest challenges is to quantify the contributions from different sources. By combining chemical analyses, Positive Matrix Factorization modeling, and emission inventory development, this study identified primary and secondary sources of particulate matter with a diameter of <2.5 μm (PM2.5) in a nonattainment Rocky Mountain valley (i.e., West Silver Valley [WSV]) in Idaho. The results show that biomass burning is the dominant source and contributes ∼84% of the PM2.5 concentration in the valley. The study also identified influences on the WSV PM2.5 concentrations from traffic (7.4%), soil dust (3.4%), and secondary aerosols (4.8%). The results of this paper represent the first report on the chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 in mountain valleys of northern Idaho and have been used to develop effective strategies to reduce the PM2.5 concentrations in the WSV. Moreover, this study provides detailed equations and methods in PM2.5 speciation, accounting for artifacts of the chemical analysis, Positive Matrix Factorization modeling, and emission inventory development, which can be used for source apportionment of severe air pollution in other regions.Core Ideas
Source apportionment is crucial for controlling severe air pollution in many places.
PM2.5 in West Silver Valley of northern Idaho exceeded the annual NAAQS.
Chemical analyses, PMF, and emission inventory were combined to identify sources.
Major PM2.5 sources are biomass burning, traffic, soil dust, and secondary aerosols.
The methods can be used for source apportionment of air pollution in other regions.
Mineral Fertilizer and Manure Effects on Leached Inorganic Nitrogen, Nitrate Isotopic Composition, Phosphorus, and Dissolved Organic Carbon under Furrow Irrigation
Authors: Lentz R. D. , Lehrsch G. A. 
Published: February 2018

A better understanding of nutrient leaching in furrow irrigated agriculture is needed to optimize fertilizer use and avoid contamination of water supplies. In this field study (2003–2006), we measured deep percolation fluxes at 1.2‐m depth and associated nutrient concentrations and mass losses from dairy manure nitrogen (N) or mineral N (urea, sodium nitrate [NaNO3])–amended soils (372 kg available N ha−1 in 4 yr) and nonamended controls and determined the δ15N‐NO3 and δ18O‐NO3 isotope ratios in the leached nitrate. Flow‐weighted concentration means for individual irrigations varied widely, from near zero to as much as 250 mg L−1 for NO3–N, 480 μg L−1 for dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), 43 mg L−1 for dissolved organic C (DOC), and 390 mg L−1 for chloride (Cl). Relative to other treatments, mineral fertilizer increased NO3–N concentrations 2.6‐ to 3‐fold and Cl concentrations 2.6‐ to 3.6‐fold in deep leachate, particularly when NaNO3 was applied in 2004 and 2006, and produced maximum mean season‐long NO3–N and Cl losses. Manure and control treatments produced similar leachate nutrient mass losses, and for some irrigation periods, mineral fertilizer produced 85 and 97% lesser DRP losses and two times greater Cl losses compared with manure and control treatments. Four‐year cumulative losses among treatments differed only for Cl. Isotopic composition of deep‐leached nitrate indicates that both transformation and biologic cycling of mineral and manure N are rapid in these soils, which, with percolation volume, influence the amounts of NO3–N and DOC leached. In light of the potential negative effects associated with either fertilizer type, and because even nonamended soils produced substantial amounts of leached NO3–N (69.5 kg ha−1 yr−1), management must minimize percolation water losses to limit nutrient losses from these fertilized, furrow‐irrigated soils.Core Ideas
Nutrient losses were more correlated with percolation water volume than nutrient concentration.
Adsorption, precipitation, and cycling of manure nutrients limit their losses below 1.2‐m depth.
To limit nutrient losses in furrow irrigated soils, percolation water losses must be reduced.
Temporal Changes of Soil Water in Sandy Soils Amended with Pine Bark and Efficient Blueberry Irrigation
Authors: Bandaranayake Wije M. , Kadyampakeni Davie M. , Parsons L. R. 
Published: February 2018

Core Ideas
Hydraulic properties of soil mixed with pine bark changed rapidly as bark degraded.
Soil ρb increased from 0.33 to 0.62 g cm–3 and θfc increased from 7 to 21% in 2 yr.
After 2 yr, no change in θfc indicated a constant capillary size porosity in the bark–soil mixture.
Root zone depth in the bark–soil mix decreased continually to reduce plant‐available water.
Sensors help monitor soil‐water dynamics that mimic the above changes in bark–soil mixtures.
Temporal changes in the physical and hydraulic properties of pine bark as it degrades above sandy soil likely affect soil water (θv) availability and the efficiency of irrigation in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) production. The objectives of this study were to (i) assess the physical and hydraulic properties of commercially available pine bark with large, medium, and fine grades as it aged above well‐ and poorly‐drained sandy soils, and (ii) test the capability of dielectric soil moisture sensors to monitor θv reliably through time. During 3 yr, the depth of the pine bark layer decreased from 26 to 15 cm, and the bulk density of the 0‐ to 15‐cm layer of pine bark increased from 0.33 to 0.62 g cm–3. The water content at field capacity (θfc) of pure pine bark was initially 0.07 cm3 cm–3 and increased to 0.21 cm3 cm–3 during the first 2 yr, but changed little afterward. The measured θfc at two sites with 2‐yr‐old pine bark remained between 0.19 and 0.21 cm3 cm–3 and agreed well with sensor estimates. The θfc gradually decreased with depth from 0.25 cm3 cm–3 at 7.5‐cm depth in the pine bark layer to 0.10 cm3 cm–3 at 60‐cm depth. The layer of pine bark mixed with well‐drained sandy soil reached the lowest θv (θl of 0.10 cm3 cm–3) after 12 d of drying, but this decrease in moisture required 40 d in poorly‐drained sandy soil. The root zone of pine bark in well‐drained sandy soil drained to θfc in <2 h compared with 3 h in poorly‐drained sandy soil. These data could be used to optimize irrigation efficiency.
No‐Tillage had Warmer Over‐Winter Soil Temperatures than Conventional Tillage in a Brookston Clay Loam Soils in Southwestern Ontario
Authors: Yang X. M. , Drury C. F. , Reeb M. R. 
Published: February 2018

Core Ideas
Tillage practices on surface soil temperature in the winter months were tested.
No‐till soil responses slowly to changes of air temperature than tilled soil.
Soil temperatures in winter were significantly greater in no‐till than tilled soils.
Soil temperature affects soil microbial activity and hence impacts soil greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O, CH4) emissions and plant nutrient recycling. However, there is a lack of information on the effects of tillage practices on soil temperature in the surface soil layers in the winter months. Soil temperature and moisture in no‐tillage (NT) and fall moldboard plow (MP) of a Brookston clay loam in southwestern Ontario were measured on an hourly basis over the winter months (December to April) at soil depths (25, 75, and 150 mm) during 2012 to 2013, 2013 to 2014 and 2014 to 2015, respectively. Both soil temperature and moisture significantly varied with tillage practices over the winter months. The tillage and depth interaction occurred for soil moisture, but not soil temperature. Soil temperatures in December and January were significantly greater (+0.7°C) in NT than MP soil with a maximum divergence of 2 to 4°C in the 25‐mm depth for 4 to 5 d in January. In March and April, the soil temperature was about 0.7°C cooler for the NT than the MP soil. The soils were generally wetter in the NT than the MP plots and the difference was statistically significant from December to February. In general, the soil was warmer and wetter under NT than MP management in winter months for this clay loam soil whereas soils were cooler and wetter under no‐tillage in the spring.
Extent and Mechanism of Interaction between Phosphate and Citrate in a Calcareous Soil
Authors: Bulmer David , Kar Gourango , Hamilton Jordan , Siciliano Steven , Peak Derek 
Published: February 2018

Core Ideas
Modification of Ca levels influences P adsorption.
Citrate influences the adsorption equilibrium of P onto soil.
Competitive adsorption of citrate and P is primary mechanism of interaction.
In subsurface systems that have been contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs), the degradation by microbes is limited by nutrient availability, primarily by bioavailable phosphorus (P). Low‐molecular‐weight organic acids (LMWOA), particularly citrate, have been proposed as a remediation amendment to enhance P mobility, but the effect of citrate on P retention by calcium‐rich soils is poorly understood. In this study, the sorption of P in the absence and presence of citrate on calcareous cold soils was investigated under controlled laboratory conditions using a combination of laboratory‐based adsorption and desorption studies and synchrotron‐based spectroscopic techniques. The results indicate that calcium exerts a strong control on P sorption by forming calcium phosphate minerals, thus limiting the availability of P for transport or microbial uptake. Treatments that reduce reserve and exchangeable Ca increase the relative proportion of adsorbed P. When citric acid is also added to these calcareous soils, their buffering capacity largely inhibits any desorption of P or changes in P speciation until citrate levels exceed P additions by more than 10 to 1. By increasing citrate to P ratios to between 10:1 and 50:1, it is possible to overcome the soil's buffering capacity, decrease pH, and enhance P desorption via competition with citric acid. This suggests that one can enhance P transport in this soil system, but only when the citrate to P ratio is properly adjusted for the site's Ca levels.
Effects of the uncertainties of climate change on the performance of hydropower systems
Authors: Zolghadr-Asli Babak , Bozorg-Haddad Omid , Chu Xuefeng 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
This study's objective is to assess the potential impact of climate change on an example under-design hydropower system in the Karkheh River basin, Iran. Based on three water resources performance criteria (reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability), a novel framework was proposed to interpret and cope with the uncertainties associated with such assessments. The results demonstrated the acceptable performance of the system in most months, while there were certain signs for rare low-inflows, and consequently low hydropower generated by the system, due to the climate change. It was found that in terms of these three criteria, the best performances in the climate-change condition occurred in May (80% reliability), December (45% resiliency), and April (19% vulnerability). Yet the worst performances occurred in September (2% reliability), July and August (0% resiliency), and in October (39% vulnerability). These results indicated that the reliability and resiliency of the system would be improved under the climate change condition, while due to the increase of low-inflow incidences, the vulnerability of the system would increase. This suggests that, although the system may not face frequent failures, severe blackouts may occur. With timely consideration of future climatic conditions and appropriate adaptive actions, including additional backup systems for reliable and safe electricity generation, future undesired conditions can be avoided in the basin.
Groundwater governance in the Anthropocene: a close look at Costa Rica
Authors: Cuadrado-Quesada Gabriela , Holley Cameron , Gupta Joyeeta 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe Anthropocene is an era in which humans have become the primary driver of planetary systems, not least the global hydrological cycle. This is posing significant challenges for managing the globe's water resources, and is catalyzing a shift in the focus of water law, governance and policy research. One important feature of this shift is a burgeoning focus on groundwater resources and their exploitation, particularly in developing countries. As surface water succumbs to climate pressures, groundwater use has increased rapidly as a source of food production and economic development. A fundamental question for modern water law and governance research is: what are the key challenges and opportunities for effective design and implementation of groundwater law to achieve sustainable and inclusive development. This article provides insights into this question through an empirical examination of Costa Rica. Drawing on an empirical analysis of 40 semi-structured interviews with public and private stakeholders in Costa Rica, the findings identify the following challenges and opportunities for groundwater governance: (i) recognition of water as a public good and clear ownership; (ii) insufficient definition of groundwater and embedding within the concepts of sustainable and inclusive development and participation; (iii) inadequate organization and toolbox, including implementation.
Oxidation of tartrazine with ultraviolet light emitting diodes: pH and duty cycles effects
Authors: Stewart Brandon M. , Miller Michael E. , Kempisty David M. , Stubbs John , Harper Willie F. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The presence of tartrazine (TAR) in the water cycle poses serious threats to human health. This study investigated the used of light emitting diodes (LEDs) in the advanced oxidation of TAR under different pH and duty cycle (DC) conditions. The first order reaction rate constant for TAR oxidation was positively correlated with DC, negatively correlated with pH, and typically greatest at pH 6. Chemical byproduct analysis indicated that OH addition, H abstraction, and electron transfer without molecule transfer were among the relevant reaction mechanisms for TAR degradation. Six byproducts were identified, four were reported for the first time, and two demonstrated that TAR rings were cleaved. This research is the first to determine the optimal pH for UVLED-driven oxidation of TAR and the first to identify new TAR-related byproducts from UVLED-based water treatment.
Changes in estrogenicity and micropollutant concentrations across unit processes in a biological wastewater treatment system
Authors: Chen Jian Lin , Ravindran Shanthinie , Swift Simon , Singhal Naresh 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
The behavior of 10 micropollutants, i.e. four estrogens (estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, 17α-ethynylestradiol), carbamazepine (CBZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), triclosan, oxybenzone, 4-nonylphenol, and bisphenol A, was investigated in a typical domestic wastewater treatment plant. LC-MS and yeast estrogen screen bioassay were used to study the changes in micropollutants and estrogenicity across unit processes in the treatment system. Primary treatment via sedimentation showed that only 4-nonylphenol was removed, but led to no significant change in estrogenicity. Secondary treatment by the biological nitrification-dentrification process showed complete removal of oxybenzone and partial removal of the estrogens, which led to a decrease in estrogenic activity from 80 to 48 ng/L as estradiol equivalent (EEq). Ultraviolet treatment completely degraded the estrogens and triclosan, but failed to lower the concentrations of bisphenol A, SMX, and CBZ; a decrease in estrogenic activity from 48 to 5 ng/L EEq across the unit, a value that was only slightly larger than the observed EEq of 1 ng/L for the deionized control. Similarly, the anaerobic digestion of sludge completely degraded estrogens, oxybenzone, and SMX, but had no impact on bisphenol A, triclosan, and CBZ. The study emphasises the need to complement chemical analyses with estrogenic bioassays to evaluate the efficacy of waste water treatment plants.
Peran Trauma dan Memori dalam Politik Luar Negeri: Studi Kasus Kebijakan Jerman Menerima Pengungsi Suriah 2011 – 2015
Authors: Wardhani Ratna Kusuma 
Published: February 2018

AbstrakKrisis pengungsi di Eropa membuat negara-negara Eropa kewalahan dalam menerima pengungsi, namun berbeda dengan Jerman. Jerman menerapkan Kebijakan Pintu Terbuka untuk menangani krisis pengungsi dan menerima mereka dengan tangan terbuka, terutama dari Suriah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa mengapa Jerman menerima pengungsi Suriah dalam jumlah banyak melebihi negara Eropa lainnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep memori dan trauma dalam dunia politik untuk menjelaskan Kebijakan Pintu Terbuka Jerman. Trauma dan memori merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang dapat mempengaruhi pola kebijakan suatu negara. Penelitian ini berargumen bahwa Kebijakan Pintu Terbuka Jerman didasari faktor masa lalu Jerman yaitu Holocaust. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan tipe penelitian eksplanatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa trauma akibat Holocaust menciptakan memori yang mempengaruhi politik Jerman kontemporer dan berpengaruh terhadap kebijakan yang diterapkan Jerman saat ini. Jerman berharap dapat memperbaiki citra positifnya dengan menerapkan Kebijakan Pintu Terbuka.Kata Kunci: Memori, Kebijakan Pintu Terbuka, Trauma AbstractRefugee crisis in Europe made European countries overwhelmed in accepting refugees, except Germany. Germany implemented Open-Door Policy to solve the refugee crisis and welcoming them with open-heart, especially from Syria. This study aimed to analyze why Germany receive Syrian refugees in larger number than other European states. This study used the concept of memory and trauma to explain the Germany’s Open-Door Policy. Trauma and memory are two important factors that could affect the pattern of state policies. This study argues that the Germany’s Open-Door Policy is caused by its past event, namely Holocaust. This research is using qualitative method with explanative types. Conclusion of this study is the trauma of the Holocaust created a memory that affects contemporary German Politics and effect to Germany policy now. Germany hopes to improve its positive image by implementing the Open Door Policy.Keywords: Memory, Open-Door Policy, Trauma
Are Credit Ratings More Rigorous for Widely Covered Firms?
Authors: Bonsall Samuel B. , Green Jeremiah R. , Muller Karl A. 
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT
We study how business press coverage can discipline credit rating agency actions. Because of their greater prominence and visibility to market participants, more widely covered firms can pose greater reputational costs for rating agencies. Consistent with rating agencies limiting such risk, we find that ratings for more widely covered firms are more timely and accurate, downgraded earlier and systematically lower in the year prior to default, and better predictors of default and non-default. We also find that the recent tightening of credit rating standards is largely explained by growing business press coverage of public debt issuers. Additionally, we find that credit rating agencies take explicit actions to improve their ratings by assigning better educated and more experienced analysts to widely covered firms. Moreover, we document that missed defaults of more visible firms create greater negative economic consequences for rating agencies, and that rating improvements following the financial crisis were greater for more visible firms.
Data Availability: All data are publicly available from the sources identified in the text.