bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tip rates, phylogenies, and diversification: what are we estimating, and how good are the estimates?
Authors: Title Pascal O. , Rabosky Daniel L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSpecies-specific diversification rates, or “tip rates”, can be computed quickly from phylogenies and are widely used to study diversification rate variation in relation to geography, ecology, and phenotypes. These tip rates provide a number of theoretical and practical advantages, such as the relaxation of assumptions of rate homogeneity in trait-dependent diversification studies. However, there is substantial confusion in the literature regarding whether these metrics estimate speciation or net diversification rates. Additionally, no study has yet compared the relative performance and accuracy of tip rate metrics across simulated diversification scenarios.We compared the statistical performance of three model-free rate metrics (inverse terminal branch lengths; node density metric; DR statistic) and a model-based approach (BAMM). We applied each method to a large set of simulated phylogenies that had been generated under different diversification processes; scenarios included multi-regime time-constant and diversity-dependent trees, as well as trees where the rate of speciation evolves under a diffusion process. We summarized performance in relation to the type of rate variation, the magnitude of rate heterogeneity and rate regime size. We also compared the ability of the metrics to estimate both speciation and net diversification rates.We show decisively that model-free tip rate metrics provide a better estimate of the rate of speciation than of net diversification. Error in net diversification rate estimates increases as a function of the relative extinction rate. In contrast, error in speciation rate estimates is low and relatively insensitive to extinction. Overall, and in particular when relative extinction was high, BAMM inferred the most accurate tip rates and exhibited lower error than non-model-based approaches. DR was highly correlated with true speciation rates but exhibited high error variance, and was the best metric for very small rate regimes.We found that, of the metrics tested, DR and BAMM are the most useful metrics for studying speciation rate dynamics and trait-dependent diversification. Although BAMM was more accurate than DR overall, the two approaches have complementary strengths. Because tip rate metrics are more reliable estimators of speciation rate, we recommend that empirical studies using these metrics exercise caution when drawing biological interpretations in any situation where the distinction between speciation and net diversification is important.
Smallholder farmers’ risk perceptions and risk management responses
Authors: Asravor Richard 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify the perceptions of farmers on the major sources of risk and to examine the effectiveness of the risk management responses of rural smallholder farm households in the semi-arid region of Northern Ghana from the socioeconomic perspective.

Design/methodology/approach
Both descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis were used on a Likert scale question to rank and identify the important risk perceptions and management strategies of the farmers. The linear regression model was used to highlight the significant factors that affect the farmers’ risk perception and management responses.

Findings
The effects of the variations in crop yield, fertiliser prices and crop price on household income were perceived as the three most relevant sources of risk. Stabilising household income by growing different crops, storing feed/seed reserves and spreading sales were the most effective risk management strategies. Factor analysis identified market risk, production risk and human risk as major risk factors whereas diversification, financial strategy, and off-farm employment were perceived as the most effective risk management strategies. Farm and farmer characteristics were found to be significantly associated with risk perceptions and risk management strategies. Risk perceptions significantly increase the risk management strategy adopted by the smallholder rural farmers.

Practical implications
The findings of the paper call for the integration of farmers’ risk perceptions and management strategies in the development of agricultural policies for the semi-arid regions of Ghana.

Originality/value
This paper deviates from the traditional technology adoption studies by modelling rural household perceptions and management strategies using, using descriptive, factor analyses, and linear regression.
Optimization of deep network models through fine tuning
Authors: Wani M. Arif , Afzal Saduf 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
Many strategies have been put forward for training deep network models, however, stacking of several layers of non-linearities typically results in poor propagation of gradients and activations. The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of two steps strategy where initial deep learning model is obtained first by unsupervised learning and then optimizing the initial deep learning model by fine tuning. A number of fine tuning algorithms are explored in this work for optimizing deep learning models. This includes proposing a new algorithm where Backpropagation with adaptive gain algorithm is integrated with Dropout technique and the authors evaluate its performance in the fine tuning of the pretrained deep network.

Design/methodology/approach
The parameters of deep neural networks are first learnt using greedy layer-wise unsupervised pretraining. The proposed technique is then used to perform supervised fine tuning of the deep neural network model. Extensive experimental study is performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed fine tuning technique on three benchmark data sets: USPS, Gisette and MNIST. The authors have tested the approach on varying size data sets which include randomly chosen training samples of size 20, 50, 70 and 100 percent from the original data set.

Findings
Through extensive experimental study, it is concluded that the two steps strategy and the proposed fine tuning technique significantly yield promising results in optimization of deep network models.

Originality/value
This paper proposes employing several algorithms for fine tuning of deep network model. A new approach that integrates adaptive gain Backpropagation (BP) algorithm with Dropout technique is proposed for fine tuning of deep networks. Evaluation and comparison of various algorithms proposed for fine tuning on three benchmark data sets is presented in the paper.
Optimal consolidation of fresh agricultural products in a multi-temperature joint distribution system
Authors: Chen Mu-Chen , Lu Chung-Cheng , Liu Yi-Ching 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to deal with an optimal consolidation problem for fresh agricultural products (e.g. fruits and vegetables) in a multi-temperature joint distribution (MTJD) system that is developed to resolve the challenge of timely delivery of small and diverse shipments in food cold chains.

Design/methodology/approach
An integer programming optimization model is developed to consolidate a set of agricultural shipments with different storage requirements into a number of distinct containers according to the classification criteria. The formulated model for consolidating fresh agricultural products is evaluated using numerical examples.

Findings
Critical factors that affect the quality or shelf life of fresh agricultural products are examined to form the criteria for classifying the storage requirements of these products. The formulated model can minimize the consolidation cost and the loss of product value due to a reduction in shelf life after consolidation.

Research limitations/implications
Although the decision model for product consolidation developed in this paper takes into account practical concerns as much as possible, some additional conditions in the cold chain of fresh fruits and vegetables can be included to further enhance the application of the proposed consolidation model.

Practical implications
Provided that the container environment is appropriately controlled, the shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables can be maintained during the logistics process. As a result, product quality can be managed to reduce product loss.

Originality/value
This paper adopts temperature, relative humidity and ethylene production, which generally affect the quality and shelf life of fresh agricultural products, as the main factors for determining the product consolidation. It is among the first to deal with the optimal consolidation of fresh agricultural products in the MTJD system with the consideration of product shelf life.
Stakeholder attributes and attitudes during privatisation: a New Zealand case study
Authors: Ahmed Hafsa , Cohen David A. 
Published: July 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus on understanding of stakeholder attributes and attitudes towards privatisation. It examines the stakeholder attributes through the framework provided by Mitchellet al.(1997). By combining it with the concept of issue salience proposed by Bundyet al.(2013), it addresses the current gap in research on how stakeholders influence the process of privatisation.Design/methodology/approachThis research uses a process research approach to examine the privatisation process in New Zealand’s electricity industry in order to explore contexts, content and process of change. By collecting real-time data during the period of privatisation, utilising a process approach provided the authors a view of the historical path and associated events which lead to identification of stakeholder attributes and attitudes towards privatisation.FindingsThe research offers a unique insight into stakeholder attributes exhibited by different groups during privatisation. The authors identified that during privatisation the government is the ultimate stakeholder who sets the rules of the game of privatisation by exhibiting the attributes of power, legitimacy and urgency. The attributes exhibited by other stakeholders were transitory and were impacted by issue salience. The authors also identified that stakeholders exhibiting all three attributes (the government) chose a non-response approach to deal with any conflicting issues raised by other stakeholders.Originality/valueThe research examined the new public management emphasis on the privatisation of state-owned enterprises (SOEs)vis-à-visstakeholder groups, utilising the complementary concepts of stakeholder salience and issue salience. This research makes a contribution to stakeholder management theory in the public sector by identifying how various stakeholders influence the process of privatisation of SOEs.
Intention to donate via social network sites (SNSs)
Authors: Ahn Jong-chang , Sura Suaini , An Jong-Chol 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the differences in the external factors influencing intention to donate via social network sites (SNSs), and the online donation knowledge and awareness effect on the willingness to donate via SNS in the future between Malaysian and South Korean users.

Design/methodology/approach
In total, 288 samples’ data obtained from online survey using the snowball technique were analyzed through using cross-tabulation with χ2 tests and multiple regression analysis.

Findings
The results show that there is no significant difference between those countries regarding the online donation knowledge and awareness. However, the online donation knowledge and awareness significantly affect the willingness to donate via SNSs for South Korean, but not for Malaysian. As for Malaysian, the results reveal that only SNS features factor does significantly influence the attitude toward online donations. As for South Korean, the charity project and internet technology features factor significantly influence the attitude toward online donations. The attitude toward online donations of both countries influences on their intention to donate via SNS.

Research limitations/implications
The sample was gathered from certain regions in Malaysia and South Korea, and had slightly unbalanced characteristics (i.e. age), limiting the generalizability to the general population of both countries.

Practical implications
The findings suggest that non-profit organizations should consider the culture context in planning their future SNS donation program and focus on how to deal with the internet issues (e.g. trust, security), SNS features and charity project. As for Malaysian, promoting the internet and online donation awareness should be the priority before engaging in SNS donation program.

Originality/value
Whilst research on culture context in donation area is plentiful, the area of SNS donation remains underexplored. This paper offers an in-depth understanding of what influences SNS donation related to the identified culture context.
Entrepreneurial competency, competitive advantage and performance of informal women micro-entrepreneurs in Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Zainol Noor Raihani , Al Mamun Abdullah 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of entrepreneurial competencies on competitive advantage and to investigate the effect of competitive advantage on the performance of informal microenterprises owned and managed by women micro-entrepreneurs in Kelantan, Malaysia.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used a cross-sectional design and collected quantitative data from 384 informal women micro-entrepreneurs operating in “night markets” in Kelantan, Malaysia.

Findings
The finding of the analysis using variance-based structural equation modeling indicated that commitment competency, conceptual competency, organizing competency and opportunity recognition competency have a significant positive effect on competitive advantages, and competitive advantages have a significant positive effect on the performance of microenterprises owned and managed by women micro-entrepreneurs in Kelantan, Malaysia.

Research limitations/implications
The development programs and policies should focus on improving the competencies, i.e. commitment competency, conceptual competency, organizing competency and opportunity recognition competency to improve the socioeconomic condition of low-income households in Malaysia. Informal women micro-entrepreneurs should, therefore, focus on value creating strategies to avoid potential competitors from duplicating the benefits of their strategy. This will result in a sustainable competitive advantage of microenterprises in Malaysia.

Originality/value
This study puts forward and tests the effect of entrepreneurial competencies on competitive advantages and performance of informal women micro-entrepreneurs in Kelantan, Malaysia, which provides a foundation for the design and implementation of development programs and policies that promote entrepreneurial activities in Malaysia.
Short interest in mergers: anomalies in the overvaluation hypothesis
Authors: Davis Sean M. , Coy Jeffrey M. , Guillen Solis Fernando 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
High short interest is associated with overvaluation, and the purpose of this paper is to find contradictions to the commonly held “overvaluation hypothesis” when merger and acquisition (M&A) targets are examined. This paper extends the work of Ben-David et al. (2015), who confirm high short interest indicates overvaluation when focused on acquiring firms.

Design/methodology/approach
Short interest is examined as a predictor of acquisition likelihood using longitudinal data for US firms from 2003 to 2013. How short interest impacts the premiums paid by acquiring firms is examined with target, acquirer and deal characteristics.

Findings
M&A targets have high short interest and short interest increases acquisition likelihood, suggesting undervaluation. Highly shorted firms also experience outsized reductions in share price prior to merger announcements, and the premiums paid are also significantly predicted by short interest levels.

Research limitations/implications
Short selling activity can be motivated for reasons other than overvaluation, and many short positions can be held for long periods before they are closed, leading to high short interest levels for extended periods. Therefore, investors and researchers are cautioned that high short interest levels may exist in stocks that have already declined in price and could be poised for a reversal.

Originality/value
This study adds to the growing body of work indicating that short interest might not be the signal of overvaluation most researchers accept it to be.
Discovering the hotel selection factors of vegetarians: the case of Turkey
Authors: Dilek Sebahattin Emre , Fennell David A. 
Published: July 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the hotel selection preferences of vegetarians in Turkey.

Design/methodology/approach
The questionnaire used in this study had four main sections: animal and environmentally friendly hotel attributes; hotel features and facilities; hotel food and beverage services; and demographic and travel information of respondents. Data were collected by way of face-to-face questionnaires from 328 self-identified vegetarians who visited the first vegan/vegetarian event – “Didim VegFest” – in Turkey on 29-30 April 2017.

Findings
Eco-animal friendly hotels, customer requests and animal friendly and environmental ethics (main Factor 1); comfort and value, facilities and security, the natural environment and the staff and their services (main Factor 2); standards and sanitation, sensibility, atmosphere and knowledge (main Factor 3) were identified as the main hotel selection factors of vegetarians in Turkey.

Originality/value
This study is the first of its kind in the tourism literature.
Serum interleukin‐34 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: Clinical association with interstitial lung disease
Authors: Kuzumi Ai , Yoshizaki Ayumi , Toyama Satoshi , Fukasawa Takemichi , Ebata Satoshi , Nakamura Kouki , Yamashita Takashi , Saigusa Ryosuke , Miura Shunsuke , Hirabayashi Megumi , Yoshizaki Asako , Asano Yoshihide , Sato Shinichi 
Published: July 2018

AbstractInterleukin (IL)‐34 is a hematopoietic cytokine promoting proliferation and differentiation of macrophages. Because abnormal activation of macrophages is involved in the development of systemic sclerosis (SSc), we investigated serum IL‐34 levels in patients with SSc. Serum IL‐34 levels were significantly increased in diffuse cutaneous SSc compared with limited cutaneous SSc and healthy controls, while there were no significant differences between limited cutaneous SSc and healthy controls. In addition, SSc patients with increased serum IL‐34 levels more often had interstitial lung disease (ILD) than those with normal levels. Moreover, in SSc patients, serum IL‐34 levels negatively correlated with the percentage of predicted vital capacity, while they positively correlated with ground‐glass opacity score and fibrotic score on chest computed tomography. Collectively, increased serum IL‐34 levels were associated with greater frequency and severity of ILD in SSc patients. Serum IL‐34 levels may be a useful serological marker for SSc‐associated ILD.
Engaging people experiencing communication disability in stroke rehabilitation: a qualitative study
Authors: Bright Felicity A. S. , Kayes Nicola M. , McPherson Kathryn M. , Worrall Linda E. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractBackgroundEngagement is commonly considered important in stroke rehabilitation, with some arguing it is essential for positive patient outcomes. An emerging body of research indicates the practitioner influences engagement through their ways of relating, communicating and working with the patient. People experiencing communication disability may face particular challenges with engagement as a practitioner's communication and interactional patterns may limit their ability to engage.AimsTo understand how rehabilitation practitioners worked to engage people experiencing communication disability throughout the course of rehabilitation.Methods & ProceduresA qualitative study using the Voice Centred Relational Approach. Longitudinal observational and interview data were gathered from 28 practitioners and three people experiencing communication disability in inpatient and community stroke rehabilitation services. Data were analyzed using the Listening Guide.Outcomes & ResultsEngagement was a relational practice on the part of the rehabilitation practitioner. It was underpinned by a relational philosophy and characterized by three core processes: embedding relational work throughout rehabilitation; getting to know the patient and working in ways valued by the patient; and communicating using relational dialogue and supported conversation. Practitioners wove these together with their technical, disciplinary‐based work and rehabilitation tasks.Conclusions & ImplicationsPatient engagement was constructed through relationships and strongly influenced by the practitioners’ way of thinking about and enacting practice, challenging the idea that engagement is solely an intrinsic patient state and behaviour. The findings raise questions about which aspects of rehabilitation work and communication are most valuable when working to engage people experiencing communication disability. Viewing engagement as a relational practice and understanding the different ways this is enacted may support practitioners to reflect on their understandings of engagement, their patient's engagement, their ways of working, and the frames and philosophies that surround and influence their practice.
Methanol metabolism in the acetogenic bacterium Acetobacterium woodii
Authors: Kremp Florian , Poehlein Anja , Daniel Rolf , Müller Volker 
Published: July 2018

SummaryMethanol derived from plant tissue is ubiquitous in anaerobic sediments and a good substrate for anaerobes growing on C1 compounds such as methanogens and acetogens. In contrast to methanogens little is known about the physiology, biochemistry and bioenergetics of methanol utilization in acetogenic bacteria. To fill this gap, we have used the model acetogen Acetobacterium woodii to study methanol metabolism using physiological and biochemical experiments paired with molecular studies and transcriptome analysis. These studies identified the genes and enzymes involved in acetogenesis from methanol and the redox carriers involved. We will present the first comprehensive model for carbon and electron flow from methanol in an acetogen and the bioenergetics of acetogenesis from methanol.