bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
C(sp3)−H Cyanation Promoted by Visible‐Light Photoredox/Phosphate Hybrid Catalysis
Authors: Wakaki Takayuki , Sakai Kentaro , Enomoto Takafumi , Kondo Mio , Masaoka Shigeyuki , Oisaki Kounosuke , Kanai Motomu 
Published: April 2018

AbstractInspired by the reaction mechanism of photo‐induced DNA cleavage in nature, a C(sp3)−H cyanation reaction promoted by visible‐light photoredox/phosphate hybrid catalysis was developed. Phosphate radicals, generated by one‐electron photooxidation of phosphate salt, functioned as a hydrogen‐atom‐transfer catalyst to produce nucleophilic carbon radicals from C(sp3)−H bonds with a high bond‐dissociation energy. The resulting carbon radicals were trapped by a cyano radical source (TsCN) to produce the C−H cyanation products. Due to the high functional‐group tolerance and versatility of the cyano group, the reaction will be useful for realizing streamlined building block syntheses and late‐stage functionalization of drug‐like molecules.
Results of second salvage therapy in 673 adults with acute myelogenous leukemia treated at a single institution since 2000
Authors: Kantarjian Hagop M. , DiNardo Courtney D. , Nogueras‐Gonzalez Graciela M. , Kadia Tapan M. , Jabbour Elias , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos E. , O'Brien Susan M. , Konopleva Marina , Jain Nitin B. , Daver Naval G. , Shpall Elizabeth J. , Champlin Richard E. , Simkins Aron , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Keating Michael J. , Huang Xuelin , Cortes Jorge E. , Pierce Sherry A. , Ravandi Farhad , Freireich Emil J. 
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUNDThe prognosis is poor for patients who have relapsed‐refractory acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Most published reports analyzed results from therapies in first‐salvage AML or in studies that were conducted before 2000. Several novel agents and strategies are being tested for potential approval as treatment for patients with relapsed‐refractory AML in second salvage. Therefore, it is important to establish the historic results of anti‐AML therapies in this setting in the modern era. The objective of the current study was to analyze the results from second salvage therapies in patients with AML since 2000 with regard to response and survival.METHODSIn total, 673 patients who received second salvage therapies for AML since 2000 were analyzed. Their median age was 60 years (range, 18‐89 years). Salvage therapy consisted of cytarabine‐based regimens in 267 patients, noncytarabine combinations in 37, hypomethylating agent‐based regimens in 136, and phase 1 and 2 single agents in 233.RESULTSEighty‐six of the 673 patients (13%) achieved a complete response (CR) or a CR with low platelet count (CRp). The median duration of CR‐CRp was 7.2 months. The median survival was 4.4 months (95% confidence interval, 4.0‐4.8 months), and the 1‐year survival rate was 16% (95% confidence interval, 14%‐19%). Multivariate analysis identified the following as independent adverse factors for achievement of CR‐CRp: platelets < 50 × 109/L (P < .001), complex karyotype with ≥3 chromosomal abnormalities (P = .02), regimens that did not include cytarabine or hypomethylating agents (P = .014), and no prior CR lasting ≥12 months with frontline or salvage 1 therapies (P < .001). The independent adverse factors associated with worse survival were age ≥60 years (P = .01), platelets < 50 × 109/L (P = .02), peripheral blasts ≥ 20% (P = .03), albumin ≤ 3 g/dL (P = .04), and complex karyotype (P = .003). The authors also applied and validated, in the current population, the 2 multivariate‐derived prognostic models for CR and survival developed in their previous study of 594 patients who received treatment for second salvage AML from the previous 2 decades.CONCLUSIONSThis large‐scale analysis establishes the modern historic results of second salvage therapy in AML and validates the prognostic models associated with outcome. These data could be used to analyze the differential benefits of current or future investigational strategies under evaluation in this setting and for the purpose of potential approval of new agents in the United States and the world.Cancer2018;124:2534‐40.©2018 American Cancer Society.
Have we found the right patient population for transplantation in follicular lymphoma?
Authors: Lynch Ryan C. , Gopal Ajay K. 
Published: April 2018

Autologous transplantation and allogeneic transplantation remain important treatment options to consider for appropriate follicular lymphoma patients with early treatment failure, but the high rates of relapse and nonrelapse mortality, respectively, should be recognized. Appropriate counseling of patients with these caveats is critical because we do not have a way to directly compare these results with those for a similar population of patients who have not received a transplant.See also pages 2541‐51.
Surface Enrichment in Equimolar Mixtures of Non‐Functionalized and Functionalized Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Heller Bettina S. J. , Kolbeck Claudia , Niedermaier Inga , Dommer Sabine , Schatz Jürgen , Hunt Patricia , Maier Florian , Steinrück Hans‐Peter 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFor equimolar mixtures of ionic liquids with imidazolium‐based cations of very different electronic structure, we observe very pronounced surface enrichment effects by angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For a mixture with the same anion, that is, 1‐methyl‐3‐octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate+1,3‐di(methoxy)imidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C8C1Im][PF6]+[(MeO)2Im][PF6]), we find a strong enrichment of the octyl chain‐containing [C8C1Im]+ cation and a corresponding depletion of the [(MeO)2Im]+ cation in the topmost layer. For a mixture with different cations and anions, that is, [C8C1Im][Tf2N]+[(MeO)2Im][PF6], we find both surface enrichment of the [C8C1Im]+ cation and the [Tf2N]− (bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide) anion, while [(MeO)2Im]+ and [PF6]− are depleted from the surface. We propose that the observed behavior in these mixtures is due to a lowering of the surface tension by the enriched components. Interestingly, we observe pronounced differences in the chemical shifts of the imidazolium ring signals of the [(MeO)2Im]+ cations as compared to the non‐functionalized cations. Calculations of the electronic structure and the intramolecular partial charge distribution of the cations contribute to interpreting these shifts for the two different cations.
Current and projected cumulative impacts of fire, drought, and insects on timber volumes across Canada
Authors: Boucher Dominique , Boulanger Yan , Aubin Isabelle , Bernier Pierre Y. , Beaudoin André , Guindon Luc , Gauthier Sylvie 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCanada's forests are shaped by disturbances such as fire, insect outbreaks, and droughts that often overlap in time and space. The resulting cumulative disturbance risks and potential impacts on forests are generally not well accounted for by models used to predict future impacts of disturbances on forest. This study aims at projecting future cumulative effects of four main natural disturbances, fire, mountain pine beetle, spruce budworm and drought, on timber volumes across Canada's forests using an approach that accounts for potential overlap among disturbances. Available predictive models for the four natural disturbances were used to project timber volumes at risk under aggressive climate forcing up to 2100. Projections applied to the current vegetation suggest increases of volumes at risk related to fire, mountain pine beetle, and drought over time in many regions of Canada, but a decrease of the volume at risk related to spruce budworm. When disturbance effects are accumulated, important changes in volumes at risk are projected to occur as early as 2011–2041, particularly in central and eastern Canada. In our last simulation period covering 2071–2100, nearly all timber volumes in most of Canada's forest regions could be at risk of being affected by at least one of the four natural disturbances considered in our analysis, a six‐fold increase relative to the baseline period (1981–2010). Tree species particularly vulnerable to specific disturbances (e.g., trembling aspen to drought) could suffer disproportionate increases in their volume at risk with potential impacts on forest composition. By 2100, estimated wood volumes not considered to be at risk could be lower than current annual timber harvests in central and eastern Canada. Current level of harvesting could thus be difficult to maintain without the implementation of adaptation measures to cope with these disturbances.
Dangerous relationships: biases in freshwater bioassessment based on observed to expected ratios
Authors: Hämäläinen Heikki , Aroviita Jukka , Jyväsjärvi Jussi , Kärkkäinen Salme 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe ecological assessment of freshwaters is currently primarily based on biological communities and the reference condition approach (RCA). In the RCA, the communities in streams and lakes disturbed by humans are compared with communities in reference conditions with no or minimal anthropogenic influence. The currently favored rationale is using selected community metrics for which the expected values (E) for each site are typically estimated from environmental variables using a predictive model based on the reference data. The proportional differences between the observed values (O) and E are then derived, and the decision rules for status assessment are based on fixed (typically 10th or 25th) percentiles of the O/E ratios among reference sites. Based on mathematical formulations, illustrations by simulated data and real case studies representing such an assessment approach, we demonstrate that the use of a common quantile of O/E ratios will, under certain conditions, cause severe bias in decision making even if the predictive model would be unbiased. This is because the variance of O/E under these conditions, which seem to be quite common among the published applications, varies systematically with E. We propose a correction method for the bias and compare the novel approach to the conventional one in our case studies, with data from both reference and impacted sites. The results highlight a conceptual issue of employing ratios in the status assessment. In some cases using the absolute deviations instead provides a simple solution for the bias identified and might also be more ecologically relevant and defensible.
Nitrogen enrichment suppresses other environmental drivers and homogenizes salt marsh leaf microbiome
Authors: Daleo Pedro , Alberti Juan , Jumpponen Ari , Veach Allison , Ialonardi Florencia , Iribarne Oscar , Silliman Brian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMicrobial community assembly is affected by a combination of forces that act simultaneously, but the mechanisms underpinning their relative influences remain elusive. This gap strongly limits our ability to predict human impacts on microbial communities and the processes they regulate. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that increased salinity stress, food web alteration and nutrient loading interact to drive outcomes in salt marsh fungal leaf communities. Both salinity stress and food web alterations drove communities to deterministically diverge, resulting in distinct fungal communities. Increased nutrient loads, nevertheless, partially suppressed the influence of other factors as determinants of fungal assembly. Using a null model approach, we found that increased nutrient loads enhanced the relative importance of stochastic over deterministic divergent processes; without increased nutrient loads, samples from different treatments showed a relatively (deterministic) divergent community assembly whereas increased nutrient loads drove the system to more stochastic assemblies, suppressing the effect of other treatments. These results demonstrate that common anthropogenic modifications can interact to control fungal community assembly. Furthermore, our results suggest that when the environmental conditions are spatially heterogeneous (as in our case, caused by specific combinations of experimental treatments), increased stochasticity caused by greater nutrient inputs can reduce the importance of deterministic filters that otherwise caused divergence, thus driving to microbial community homogenization.
Leishmania amazonensis downregulates macrophage iNOS expression via Histone Deacetylase 1 (HDAC1): a novel parasite evasion mechanism
Authors: Calegari‐Silva Teresa C. , Vivarini Áislan C. , Pereira Renata de M. S. , Dias‐Teixeira Karina L. , Rath Carolina T. , Pacheco Amanda S. S. , Silva Gabrielle B. L. , Pinto Charlene A. S. , dos Santos José V. , Saliba Alessandra M. , Corbett Carlos E. P. , de Castro Gomes Claudia M. , Fasel Nicolas , Lopes Ulisses G. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe induced expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) controls the intracellular growth of Leishmania in infected macrophages. Histones deacetylases (HDACs) negatively regulate gene expression through the formation of complexes containing transcription factors such as NF‐κB p50/50. Herein, we demonstrated the occupancy of p50/p50_HDAC1 to iNOS promoter associated with reduced levels of H3K9Ac. Remarkably, we found increased levels of HDAC1 in L. amazonensis‐infected macrophages. HDAC1 upregulation was not found in L. major‐infected macrophages. The parasite intracellular load was reduced in HDAC1 knocked‐down macrophages, which presented increased nitric oxide levels. HDAC1 silencing led to the occupancy of CBP/p300 to iNOS promoter and the rise of H3K9Ac modification. Importantly, the immunostaining of skin samples from hiporeactive cutaneous leishmaniasis patients infected with L. amazonensis, revealed high levels of HDAC1. In brief, L. amazonensis induces HDAC1 in infected macrophages, which contribute to parasite survival and is associated to hiporeactive stage found in L. amazonensis infected patients.
Geochemical and geological characteristics of the Jurassic continental black shale in the Southwestern Depression of Tarim Basin
Authors: Jiang Fujie , Hu Tao , Liu Luofu , Wang Qifeng , Gao Xiaoyue , Zhang Pengyuan , Li Hui , Ning Kangchao , Liu Ying , Zhu Chenxi 
Published: April 2018

Although Jurassic continental black shale within the Southwestern Depression of Tarim Basin (SDT) have received renewed attention during the past few years due to their potential to be prospected for shale gas, studies on shale characteristics remain rare. In this study, 31 black shale core samples were collected from a well (Buya‐1) drilled recently in the Hetian Sag of the southern SDT, and their geochemical, petrographical, mineralogical, petrophysical, and pore structural characteristics were determined through a series of tests. The results indicate that the black shale has high and variable total organic carbon (TOC) contents ranging between 0.1% and 17.0% (average 3.2%), is dominated by Type III kerogen (gas‐prone), and is in a mature to high‐mature stage. The shale is mainly composed of quartz, clay, and feldspar with mean contents of 40.0% (range = 15.0–72.0%), 51.0% (range = 25–77%), and 5.5% (range = 1–13.0%), respectively. The pore spaces are composed of primary pores, secondary pores, and microfractures. The mean sorbed gas content of the shale is approximately 2.4 m3/t, and the TOC is significantly positively and linearly correlated with the adsorbed gas capacity. The results show that the Jurassic continental shale in the SDT is very favourable for the formation of a large shale gas play, and the middle segment of the Jurassic shale is the most favourable target layer for shale gas exploration due to its greater gas generation capacity, higher mineralogical brittleness, larger gas storage space, and greater gas sorption capacity. This study is significant in guiding subsequent shale gas exploration and development in the Jurassic, SDT, and also is a reference for identifying favourable exploration targets of shale gas resource in other continental basins.
Effects of Maillard reaction products in a glucose–glycine alcoholic solution on antioxidative and antimutagenic activities
Authors: Ko Chih‐Yuan , Chen Xiao‐Yu , Chang Wen‐Chang , Zeng Yi‐Ming , Lin Ru‐Hai , Zhang Xiao‐Bin , Wu James Swi‐Bea , Shen Szu‐Chuan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDMarinating meat with alcohol, such as wine and beer, is a common culinary practice in cultures worldwide. In this study we use a model marination solution comprising 0.2 mol L−1 glucose–0.2 mol L−1 glycine buffered to pH 4.3 containing either 0 or 50% ethanol and mimicked the cooking process by heating for 12 h. Antioxidative and antimutagenic characteristics of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were investigated. Reducing power, antioxidant activity (ferrous ion chelating ability), and free radical neutralization ability generated from 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐pichrylhydrazyl and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) were determined. Ames testing was performed.RESULTSResults indicate that MRPs from aqueous and alcoholic solution exhibit four antioxidative assays in a dose‐dependent manner from 0.16 to 10.00 mg mL−1. However, MRPs from the alcoholic model were superior. In Ames testing, MRPs from both models are neither toxic nor mutagenic at the test concentrations of 0.63–10.00 mg/plate. However, MRPs from the alcoholic model exhibited a higher inhibitory effect on the direct‐acting mutagen 4‐nitroquinoline‐N‐oxide compared with the aqueous model. This result is consistent with the observation that MRPs with higher antioxidative capacity exhibit superior antimutagenic activity, suggesting that there are more different products in the alcoholic model.CONCLUSIONOur results add to the current knowledge about the antioxidative and antimutagenic properties of MRPs arising when food is cooked in the presence of ethanol. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Descender Devices are Promising Tools for Increasing Survival in Deepwater Groupers
Authors: Runde Brendan J. , Buckel Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Discard survival of deepwater (&gt;60 m) groupers (Serranidae; Epinephelinae) is often assumed to be 0% given the severity of barotrauma and the inability of fish to submerge. We used acoustic telemetry to study the activity of 19 deepwater grouper after a recompressed release with a descender device, achieved by rapidly returning fish to a depth where expanded gases can contract. The species tested were the Scamp Mycteroperca phenax (n = 8), Snowy Grouper Hyporthodus niveatus (n = 7), and Speckled Hind Epinephelus drummondhayi (n = 4). Individuals of all three species showed post-recompression variation in water depth and acceleration indicative of survival, whereas information from other tags indicated discard mortality. Nonparametric Kaplan–Meier survivorship procedures yielded a 14-d survival estimate of 0.50 (95% confidence interval = 0.10–0.91); although low, this estimate is higher than the currently assumed 0% survival. Additionally, our estimate of discard survival is likely biased low because we assumed that no individuals shed their tag, which is unlikely for our attachment method. A technique to increase discard survival of deepwater groupers may lead to better-constructed regulations for reef fishes in the southeastern USA and in other areas where these species are caught and released.
Epigenome‐Wide Association Study of Dietary Fiber Intake in African American Adolescents
Authors: Chen Li , Dong Yanbin , Wang Xiaoling , Hao Guang , Huang Ying , Gutin Bernard , Zhu Haidong 
Published: April 2018

ScopeLow fiber intake is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Two hypotheses are tested: 1) dietary fiber would be associated with DNA methylation levels; 2) those DNA methylation changes would be associated with visceral adiposity and inflammation. Also the possibility that the associations between fiber and DNA methylation levels might be confounded with folic acid intake as sensitivity analysis are explored.Methods and resultsAn epigenome‐wide association study is conducted using Illumina 450K Bead‐Chip on leukocyte DNA in 284 African American adolescents. Linear regression is performed to identify differentially methylated CpG sites associated with fiber. The methylation levels of 3 CpG sites (cg15200711, cg19462022, and cg07035602) in LPCAT1 and RASA3 genes are associated with fiber (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.05) after adjustment for covariates including folic acid. The methylation levels of cg07035602 and cg19462022 are also associated with visceral adiposity and inflammation.ConclusionsThe data show that DNA methylation levels at LPCAT1 and RASA3 genes are associated with dietary fiber intake as well as with adiposity and inflammation. Future studies are warranted to determine whether epigenetic regulation may underlie the beneficial effects of fiber intake on adiposity and inflammation.
Quality control methods for linear accelerator radiation and mechanical axes alignment
Authors: Létourneau Daniel , Keller Harald , Becker Nathan , Amin Md Nurul , Norrlinger Bernhard , Jaffray David A. 
Published: April 2018

PurposeThe delivery accuracy of highly conformal dose distributions generated using intensity modulation and collimator, gantry, and couch degrees of freedom is directly affected by the quality of the alignment between the radiation beam and the mechanical axes of a linear accelerator. For this purpose, quality control (QC) guidelines recommend a tolerance of ±1 mm for the coincidence of the radiation and mechanical isocenters. Traditional QC methods for assessment of radiation and mechanical axes alignment (based on pointer alignment) are time consuming and complex tasks that provide limited accuracy. In this work, an automated test suite based on an analytical model of the linear accelerator motions was developed to streamline the QC of radiation and mechanical axes alignment.MethodsThe proposed method used the automated analysis of megavoltage images of two simple task‐specific phantoms acquired at different linear accelerator settings to determine the coincidence of the radiation and mechanical isocenters. The sensitivity and accuracy of the test suite were validated by introducing actual misalignments on a linear accelerator between the radiation axis and the mechanical axes using both beam steering and mechanical adjustments of the gantry and couch.ResultsThe validation demonstrated that the new QC method can detect sub‐millimeter misalignment between the radiation axis and the three mechanical axes of rotation. A displacement of the radiation source of 0.2 mm using beam steering parameters was easily detectable with the proposed collimator rotation axis test. Mechanical misalignments of the gantry and couch rotation axes of the same magnitude (0.2 mm) were also detectable using the new gantry and couch rotation axis tests. For the couch rotation axis, the phantom and test design allow detection of both translational and tilt misalignments with the radiation beam axis. For the collimator rotation axis, the test can isolate the misalignment between the beam radiation axis and the mechanical collimator rotation axis from the impact of field size asymmetry. The test suite can be performed in a reasonable time (30–35 min) due to simple phantom setup, prescription‐based beam delivery, and automated image analysis. As well, it provides a clear description of the relationship between axes. After testing the sensitivity of the test suite to beam steering and mechanical errors, the results of the test suite were used to reduce the misalignment errors of the linac to less than 0.7‐mm radius for all axes.ConclusionsThe proposed test suite offers sub‐millimeter assessment of the coincidence of the radiation and mechanical isocenters and the test automation reduces complexity with improved efficiency. The test suite results can be used to optimize the linear accelerator's radiation to mechanical isocenter alignment by beam steering and mechanical adjustment of gantry and couch.