bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a rotary passive heat recovery device for natural ventilation windcatcher
Authors: Connor D O’ , Calautit J K , Calautit K , Shazad S , Hughes B R , Pantua C 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Based on the design of traditional architecture, windcatchers are devices which provides passive ventilation by manipulating pressure differentials around buildings induced by the movement of wind and difference in temperature. In temperature climates, it is effective in providing passive cooling during summer months. However, during winter months, the low air temperature supplied to the space can cause further thermal discomfort and increase heat loss which lead to higher energy consumption. This limits the capabilities of windcatchers to provide ventilation all year round. To address this issue, the present study proposes incorporating a rotary thermal heat recovery device into the windcatcher channel and investigate its performance using numerical modelling and experimental tests. The study focused on characterizing the design and performance of the copper radial blades of the proposed heat recovery device. The predicted results of the airflow and temperature showed good agreement with the experimental tests. Two types of radial blade designs were assessed in terms of the airflow velocity and distribution, the pressure drop and the heat recovery performance.
Numerical study of a thermal storage tank enclosed PCM capsules
Authors: Lu Wei , Bi Shuqian , Wang Huakeer , Flor Jan-Frederik , Wu Yupeng , Zhang Leyi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Low-temperature thermal storage has a huge potential in residential use for regulating the energy supply. This paper proposes a new thermal storage system consisting of modular units. Users can combine different numbers of the units to achieve the desirable energy demand. In this study, a single unit was studied. The hydrated salt was used as the phase change material (PCM) and it was packed in spherical capsule. The phase change situation of each PCM balls were analysed with numerical simulation method. The results showed that the PCM balls in different position had different change rate. In the charging process, the thermal stratification happened after the middle part of the unit, the down layer PCM balls took 30% more time than upper layer to be melted completely. In discharging process, considered the user requirement, the low inlet velocity may fit the single unit. The thermal stratification also happened in the discharging process, and it is most obvious in the middle part.
Numerical model of applying PCM boards for energy saving in lightweight buildings in Shanghai
Authors: Wang Huakeer , Lu Wei , Wu Zhigen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The lightweight building industry develops fast, but it has competitively worse thermal comfort than traditional buildings because of less thermal mass. The use of phase change material (PCM) can help to solve the problem and boost the energy efficiency. In this paper, the effect of applying PCM-boards in air-conditioned lightweight buildings in Shanghai has been evaluated. A parametric study is performed considering different PCM-boards configurations, using an EnergyPlus single-zone model. The daily and annual situation have been simulated in this study, and the predictions show that the energy saving depends on the phase change temperature of PCM and seasonal temperature. The application of PCM can save up to 20.88% of energy for air conditioning system in buildings. The daily assessment reveals that the passive PCM technology inside the wall saves more energy under heating conditions than the cooling condition because of the overheating.
Holistic Optimisation of Solar-assisted Multiple Effect Evaporators (MEE)
Authors: Ramanathan Soundaram , Rakshit Dibakar 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of heat transfer performance of systems can be studied in combination with thermodynamic performance. The design solution of maximizing heat transfer always leads to increased entropy generation else if minimizing entropy was aimed then heat transfer got minimized. Hence there is need for holistic optimization. This paper attempts to merge the two competing criteria’s - (i) heat transfer and (ii) the thermodynamic performance of a solar assisted multiple effect evaporator system and optimize study parameters for its energy efficient operation. Solar assisted multiple effect evaporators use steam as source of energy to evaporate wastewater.
The idea of amalgamating these two factors is to observe how much reduction in the performance of one factor will improve the performance of the other. This study couples the two criteria, which has been dealt with separately, to arrive at the parameters of interest which must be fine-tuned for ensuring system performance.
Mass flow rate of steam and wastewater appeared to chiefly influence heat transfer and entropy generation of the system, negligible influence was observed on changing the concentration of the waste water or optical efficiency of the solar concentrator in single legged analysis. However through this holistic optimization study, it was found that variations in Prandtl number, i.e., the concentration of the waste water and optical efficiency of solar concentrator drastically shift the optimization balance of entropy generation and heat transfer rate.
Calibrating Perez Model Coefficients Using Subset Simulation
Authors: Meshkinkiya M , Loonen R.C.G.M. , Paolini R , Hensen J.L.M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Perez sky diffuse model has been validated in many locations, however, studies have shown that the precision of estimation can be improved through localization of the model coefficients. This paper studies the effect of tuning Perez irradiance coefficients based on local information for estimating the incident solar radiation on tilted surfaces. The added value of a calibrated Perez model is highlighted by evaluating the heating and cooling energy needs of an office building. Calibration is performed by using Subset Simulation, i.e. a sampling technique based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo. The versatility of the Subset Simulation technique allows for handling multivariant calibration problems and is therefore suitable for finetuning Perez irradiance coefficients. Measurements of global horizontal, direct normal and diffuse horizontal solar irradiation, as well as the global solar irradiation on 90°, 30° and 15° tilted surfaces form the basis of the calibration. It is found that in the studied location, the default Perez model overestimates the incident solar radiation on vertical surfaces facing south. The calibrated coefficients are then embedded in the source code of EnergyPlus. Simulations with a reference office show that the effect of calibrating Perez coefficients can be significant, because it leads to approximately 12% difference in predicted annual cooling energy use and 9% difference in peak cooling loads, respectively.
A climate zone approach to global solar radiation modelling using artificial neural networks
Authors: Yang Liu , Huo Xujie , W Li Danny H , Lam Joseph C 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Information on solar availability is crucial in the study of both passive building designs and active solar energy systems. There are still many locations within different climate zones worldwide that do not have solar radiation measurements. Correlation between solar radiation and the more commonly measured meteorological variables such as temperature and sunshine hours is useful for locations with no measured solar radiation data. This is also useful for locations with measured solar radiation data, in that any missing data due to equipment breakdown or malfunction can be modelled. Global solar radiation (GSR) was modelled for 96 cities in different climate zones across China using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The novelty of this study is the climate zone approach, by which locations with similar climates were modelled together. Climate classification was based on both the traditional thermal climates and the solar climates. Two sets of models were developed based on measured diurnal temperatures and sunshine hours. Model performance in terms of the predictive power of ANN solar radiation models was evaluated through the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSEC). Error analysis of the predicted solar radiation as compared with the measured data was also conducted for each of the 96 cities.
Synthesis of a carbazole-substituted diphenylethylene hole transporting material and application in perovskite solar cells
Authors: Li Juncong , Zhu Hongwei , Li Xianggao , Wang Shirong , Xiao Yin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this work, a carbazole-substituted stilbene derivatives hole transporting material, 9,9’-(ethene-1,1-diylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole) (EPC) was designed and synthesized. The structure was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and MS. The glass transition temperature is 95.09°C and the 5% weight loss temperature is 423.37°C by DSC/TG analysis. Through the UV-Vis absorption spectrum combined with cyclic voltammetry, the energy level of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of EPC and the lowest unoccupied orbital (LUMO) energy level were obtained (-5.38 eV, -2.19 eV). The energy level is well matched with methylamine lead iodine crystals. A mesoporous structure perovskite solar cell was fabricated based on the undoped EPC, and photoelectric conversion efficiency of 13.11% was obtained. After 600 hours of storage in a dark environment at 25°C and 60% relative humidity, 82% of the initial efficiency was obtained. This work provides new ideas for the development of undoped hole transporting materials.
Design of a small size PTC: computational model for the receiver tube and validation with heat loss test
Authors: Salvestroni M , Pierucci G , Fagioli F , Pourreza A , Messeri M , Taddei F , Hosouli S , Rashidi H , Lucia M De 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In EU, the residential sector is responsible for the 40% of the total energy consumption. The integration of solar technologies in buildings is therefore necessary in order to reduce the use of fossil fuels. Concentrating collectors could offer an interesting solution but nowadays their application in buildings is rare due to high costs, large dimensions and complexity of the system. A novel small parabolic trough collector (PTC) has been conceived to overcome these limits and to allow the integration in buildings. The main features of realized prototype are the compact dimensions, strongly reduced compared to the PTC standards, and modularity. The paper deals with the numerical analysis necessary to design the concentrating collector properly and its validation with experimental results. An optical analysis has allowed to select the optimum values for the parameters of the parabola, aperture and rim angle. A thermo-fluid dynamics finite element model has been developed with Comsol Multiphysics, to analyse the relevant physical characteristics and to predict the performance of the receiver tube. The efficiency curve of the collector has been extracted. Successively a receiver tube has been built based on the indications of FEM model for what concerns geometry and materials. In order to evaluate the heat loss of the receiver and to validate the finite element model, a test bench has been realized. The results of off-sun heat loss tests on the receiver tube are reported for several temperatures. The computational model is in good agreement with experimental results and therefore it is validated.
Study on aluminum honeycomb plate solar air collector and its building heating potential in western Sichuan
Authors: Meng T , Meng X , Zhao Y , Jing C 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this paper, the efficiency of aluminum honeycomb plate solar air collector has been analyzed through both experimental and theoretical methods, followed by a study a on the applicability of using honeycomb plate solar air collector in western Sichuan. Solar energy on building vertical wall has been investigated firstly, then the solar heating potential of building facades in three representative regions of western Sichuan has been computed. Lumped parameter method was used to simulate dynamic heating capacity of the collector. The results indicated that aluminum honeycomb plate solar air collector has a relatively large heating potential in western Sichuan.
Graphene oxide stabilized carbon nanotube-water nanofluids for direct absorption solar collectors
Authors: Wang Xinzhi , Liu Dan , Liu Xing , He Yurong 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The utilization of solar thermal energy has shown remarkable growth recently. Due to the development of nanomaterials, suspensions of nanoparticles (nanofluids) have exhibited great performance in the solar thermal systems, especially in direct absorption solar collectors (DASC). The fundamental advantage of DASC by using nanofluids is the minimizing of solar energy transfer steps and reducing thermal losses in converting sunlight, as nanoparticles could harvest the solar energy directly and achieve good photothermal conversion properties. Carbon nanotube (CNT) based nanofluids showed great potential as a working fluid in DASC. Nevertheless, the stability of CNTs in suspensions is the main obstacle for the large use of CNT nanofluids. In this work, small amount of graphene oxide (GO) was introduced to stabilize CNT-water nanofluids without using any other organic surfactants. The GO stabilized CNT nanofluids exhibited long-term and high-temperature stability. The π-π interactions between the GO and CNT played a significant role for the good dispersion and stability of CNT in water. Furthermore, optical characterizations showed that the GO stabilized CNT nanofluids have widely absorbing over the solar spectrum which enabled highly efficient solar energy collections. Eventually, photothermal conversion performance of GO stabilized CNT nanofluids was tested under an irradiation of simulated solar light and the nanofluid demonstrated a high efficiency in DASC. The long-term stability coupled with broadband absorption properties of GO stabilized CNT nanofluids make them ideal candidates as photothermal conversion media for direct solar thermal collectors.
Optimization Investigation on Wavy Channel Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger for Solar Energy Powered Brayton Cycle
Authors: Li Y Z , Xie Y H , Zhang D 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger(PCHE) has received widely attention for their high effectiveness and compact size and they appear promising to be employed as the heat exchanger in solar thermal system. In this research, the thermal and hydraulic performance of the wavy channels for solar energy were investigated detailed in different amplitudes, inclined angles and channel diameters. The three-dimensional numerical analysis was performed by computational fluid dynamics(CFD) tool and the model is validated by comparing with previous experimental data. Besides, it was difficult to get the universal correlations of Nusselt number and friction factor for various geometrical parameters. In this article, the Kriging response surface method is applied to predict the friction factor and j factor for PCHE wavy channels in different geometrical parameters based on the CFD simulation results. The thermal-hydraulic characters predicted by Kriging response surface showed overall good agreement with the CFD results. Moreover, one of the most popular multi-objective genetic algorithms NSGA-II was adopted in optimization. to maximize j factor, while minimize the fanning friction factor.
The Assembly of Embedded Systems for Integrated Photovoltaic windows in Rural Buildings (E-IPB)
Authors: Shanks K , Baig Hasan , Knowles Ashley , Brierley Adam , Orr Henry , Patel Jayesh , Foster Neil , Ball Stephen , Sun Yanyi , Wu Yupeng , Senthilarasu Sundaram , Mallick Tapas 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Embedded PV systems are required to help improve the synergy of renewable energy and smart buildings. A novel concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) system embedded as a window for integration into buildings is presented. The system is made up of crossed compound parabolic concentrators (CCPC), Talesun Silicon solar cells and glass panes. The materials and manufacturing methods are presented along with their advantages and disidvantages. Two sized prototypes are presented, 7cm by 7cm and 20cm by 20cm. The maximum power obtained was 3.53 Watts for the larger prototype. The glass CCPC optics produce more power but plastic alternatives are only 44% the weight of the glass optics. The best performing plastic optics were made of Topaz and injection moulded. The cell soldering and alignment method is explored and in particular silver tracks printed on glass are analysed for their resistance, aesthetics and benefit to the assembly process. Using plastic optics for CPV technology is a relatively new area of research, and the combination of silver tracks printed on glass could make this innovative design revolutionary in its field.
Estimating hourly global solar irradiance using artificial neural networks – A case study of Hong Kong
Authors: Chen Wenqiang , W. Li Danny H. , Li Shuyang , Lam Joseph C 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Solar energy is the most popular resource for power generation among the various available renewable energy alternatives. Solar radiation data are important for solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and passive energy-efficient building designs. Due to the unavailability of measurement in rural locations, solar radiation prediction models are required. In recent years, the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) were successfully used for predicting solar radiation. However, previous works indicated that the ANN techniques were mainly focusing on prediction of monthly average or daily solar radiation, a few of them were modelled for predicting solar irradiance in hourly basis. In this study, prediction models of global solar irradiance on a horizontal surface will be developed based on neural-network techniques. Hourly meteorological variables between 2012 and 2015 acquired from the measurements made by local meteorological station were used for the study. To consider the effectiveness of individual predictors, different combinations of input variables were analysed using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm. Finally, equations were modelled by regression based on the important predictors. The developed models were used to estimate the global irradiance and assessed against measurement results.
Experimental and theoretical research on bending behaviour of photovoltaic panels with a special boundary condition
Authors: Zhang T Y , Xie L Z , Li Y X , Mallick T K , Wei Q Z , Hao X , He B 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Currently, the photovoltaic panels widely manufactured on market are composed of stiff front and back layers and the solar cells embedded in a soft polymeric interlayer. The wind and snow pressure are the usual loads to which working photovoltaic panels need to face, and it needs the panels keep undamaged under those pressure when they generate electricity. Therefore, an accurate and systematic research on bending behaviour of photovoltaic panels is important and necessary. In this paper classical lamination theory (CLT) considering soft interlayer is applied to build governing equations of the panel. A Rayleigh-Rita method is modified to solve the governing equations and calculate the static deformation and inter force of the photovoltaic panel. Different from many previous researches only analysing simply supported boundary condition for four edges, a special boundary condition which consists of two opposite edges simply supported and the others two free is studied in this paper. A closed form solution is derived out and used to do the numerical calculation. The corresponding bending experiments of photovoltaic panels are completed. Comparing the numerical results with experiment results, the accuracy of the analytical solutions are verified. The influence of boundary condition is shown by comparing the results with previous researches, and a guide for the photovoltaic panel installation is finally proposed based on those conclusions.
A novel Fluid-Structure Interaction modelling and optimisation of roofing designs of buildings for typhoon resilience
Authors: Jay Pantua Conrad Allan , Calautit John Kaiser , Wu Yupeng 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stronger typhoons have been more frequent in the Western Pacific region. Typhoon Haiyan caused widespread loss of life and destruction to properties when in made landfall in the Philippines in 2013. An estimated 1.1 million homes were damaged or destroyed in the aftermath. Damage surveys show extensive roofing damage evident in most detached structures attributed to strong winds. Clearly, there is a need to evaluate the current roofing designs and its structural integrity for it to properly respond to extreme environmental events in the future. Using a novel Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) approach, this study evaluated a single detached gabled building made of timber which is common in the Philippines. The building was subjected to typhoon strength winds in an urban environment using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) flow simulation was conducted to predict the pressure distribution around the structure. A structural model of the roofing support was then developed, and the structural analysis performed using FSI to predict failure in the sheathing and the supports. The results of the study show the structural weaknesses in the current design considering the wind angle, structural frame and materials.
A method for a cradle-to-cradle life cycle assessment of integrated collector-storage solar water heaters
Authors: Saint Ruth M , Pomponi Francesco , Currie John I 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Solar thermal technologies are a potentially free and limitless source of energy. Due to the high demand for domestic hot water and the longer insolation periods during summer in Scotland, solar water heating (SWH) systems are a promising renewable energy technology. One of the systems within this technology is the integrated collector-storage solar water heater (ICSSWH). Existing research has predominantly focussed on the technical and economic aspects, with aims to reduce costs whilst maintaining operational performance. This begs the question, what are the true environmental costs of ICSSWH systems? Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an established methodology to evaluate the environmental performance of a product or a system across its life cycle. The aim of this paper is therefore to present an ICSSWH system from an LCA standpoint, also considering the current shift towards a more circular economy. Preliminary field data from a novel ICSSWH designed at Edinburgh Napier University will be presented. The paper will detail the data sources, impact assessment methods and software tools that will be used. Key outcomes from this research show that a holistic ICSSWH design, which considers whole-life implications, does not compromise efficiency and economic viability.