bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of liquid water path below the melting layer in stratiform precipitation systems using radar measurements during MC3E
Authors: Tian Jingjing , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Williams Christopher R. , Wu Peng 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. In this study, the liquid water path (LWP) below the melting layer in
stratiform precipitation systems is retrieved, which is a combination of
rain liquid water path (RLWP) and cloud liquid water path (CLWP). The
retrieval algorithm uses measurements from the vertically pointing radars
(VPRs) at 35 and 3 GHz operated by the US Department of Energy
Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) during the field campaign Midlatitude Continental
Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E). The measured radar reflectivity and
mean Doppler velocity from both VPRs and spectrum width from the 35 GHz
radar are utilized. With the aid of the cloud base detected by a ceilometer,
the LWP in the liquid layer is retrieved under two different situations: (I) no cloud exists below the melting base, and (II) cloud exists below the
melting base. In (I), LWP is primarily contributed from raindrops only,
i.e., RLWP, which is estimated by analyzing the Doppler velocity differences
between two VPRs. In (II), cloud particles and raindrops coexist below the
melting base. The CLWP is estimated using a modified attenuation-based
algorithm. Two stratiform precipitation cases (20 and 11 May 2011)
during MC3E are illustrated for two situations, respectively. With a total
of 13 h of samples during MC3E, statistical results show that the
occurrence of cloud particles below the melting base is low (9 %);
however, the mean CLWP value can be up to 0.56 kg m−2, which is much
larger than the RLWP (0.10 kg m−2). When only raindrops exist below the
melting base, the average RLWP value is larger (0.32 kg m−2) than the with-cloud situation. The overall mean LWP below the melting base is 0.34 kg m−2 for stratiform systems during MC3E.
GUMICS-4 analysis of interplanetary coronal mass ejection impact on Earth during low and typical Mach number solar winds
Authors: Lakka Antti , Pulkkinen Tuija I. , Dimmock Andrew P. , Kilpua Emilia , Ala-Lahti Matti , Honkonen Ilja , Palmroth Minna , Raukunen Osku 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. We study the response of the Earth's magnetosphere to fluctuating solar wind conditions during interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) using the Grand Unified Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling Simulation (GUMICS-4). The two ICME events occurred on 15–16 July 2012 and 29–30 April 2014. During the strong 2012 event, the solar wind upstream values reached up to 35 particles cm−3, speeds of up to 694 km s−1, and an interplanetary magnetic field of up to 22 nT, giving a Mach number of 2.3. The 2014 event was a moderate one, with the corresponding upstream values of 30 particles cm−3, 320 km s−1 and 10 nT, indicating a Mach number of 5.8. We examine how the Earth's space environment dynamics evolves during both ICME events from both global and local perspectives, using well-established empirical models and in situ measurements as references. We show that on the large scale, and during moderate driving, the GUMICS-4 results are in good agreement with the reference values. However, the local values, especially during high driving, show more variation: such extreme conditions do not reproduce local measurements made deep inside the magnetosphere. The same appeared to be true when the event was run with another global simulation. The cross-polar cap potential (CPCP) saturation is shown to depend on the Alfvén–Mach number of the upstream solar wind. However, care must be taken in interpreting these results, as the CPCP is also sensitive to the simulation resolution.
What drives the latitudinal gradient in open-ocean surface dissolved inorganic carbon concentration?
Authors: Wu Yingxu , Hain Mathis P. , Humphreys Matthew P. , Hartman Sue , Tyrrell Toby 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Previous work has not led to a clear understanding of the
causes of spatial pattern in global surface ocean dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), which generally
increases polewards. Here, we revisit this question by investigating the
drivers of observed latitudinal gradients in surface salinity-normalized DIC
(nDIC) using the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project version 2 (GLODAPv2)
database. We used the database to test three different hypotheses for the
driver producing the observed increase in surface nDIC from low to high
latitudes. These are (1) sea surface temperature, through its effect on the
CO2 system equilibrium constants, (2) salinity-related total alkalinity
(TA), and (3) high-latitude upwelling of DIC- and TA-rich deep waters. We
find that temperature and upwelling are the two major drivers. TA effects
generally oppose the observed gradient, except where higher values are
introduced in upwelled waters. Temperature-driven effects explain the
majority of the surface nDIC latitudinal gradient (182 of the 223 µmol kg−1 increase from the tropics to the high-latitude Southern Ocean).
Upwelling, which has not previously been considered as a major driver,
additionally drives a substantial latitudinal gradient. Its immediate
impact, prior to any induced air–sea CO2 exchange, is to raise Southern
Ocean nDIC by 220 µmol kg−1 above the average low-latitude value.
However, this immediate effect is transitory. The long-term impact of
upwelling (brought about by increasing TA), which would persist even if gas
exchange were to return the surface ocean to the same CO2 as without
upwelling, is to increase nDIC by 74 µmol kg−1 above the low-latitude average.
Collection of large benthic invertebrates in sediment traps in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Kim Minkyoung , Yang Eun Jin , Kim Hyung Jeek , Kim Dongseon , Kim Tae-Wan , La Hyoung Sul , Lee SangHoon , Hwang Jeomshik 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. To study sinking particle sources and dynamics, sediment
traps were deployed at three sites in the Amundsen Sea for 1 year from
February–March 2012 and at one site from February 2016 to February 2018.
Unexpectedly, large benthic invertebrates were found in three sediment traps
deployed 130–567 m above the sea floor. The organisms included long and
slender worms, a sea urchin, and juvenile scallops of varying sizes. This is
the first reported collection of these benthic invertebrates in sediment
traps. The collection of these organisms, predominantly during the austral
winter, and their intact bodies suggests they were trapped in anchor ice,
incorporated into the overlying sea ice, and subsequently transported by ice
rafting. The observations imply that anchor ice forms episodically in the
Amundsen Sea and has biological impacts on benthic ecosystems. An
alternative hypothesis that these organisms spend their juvenile period
underneath the sea ice and subsequently sink to the seafloor is also
suggested.
From rapid visual survey to multi-hazard risk prioritisation and numerical fragility of school buildings
Authors: Gentile Roberto , Galasso Carmine , Idris Yunita , Rusydy Ibnu , Meilianda Ella 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Regional seismic risk assessment is paramount in
earthquake-prone areas, for instance, to define and implement prioritisation
schemes for earthquake risk reduction. As part of the Indonesia School Programme to Increase Resilience (INSPIRE), this paper
proposes an ad hoc rapid-visual-survey form, allowing one to (1) calculate the
newly proposed INSPIRE seismic risk prioritisation index, which is an
empirical proxy for the relative seismic risk of reinforced concrete (RC)
buildings within a given building portfolio; (2) calculate the Papathoma
Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment (PTVA) index, in any of its variations; (3) define one or more archetype buildings representative of the analysed
portfolio; (4) derive detailed numerical models of the archetype buildings,
provided that the simulated design is used to cross-check the model assumptions.
The proposed INSPIRE index combines a baseline score, calibrated based on
fragility curves, and a performance modifier, calibrated through the
analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to minimise subjectivity. An attempt to
define a multi-hazard prioritisation scheme is proposed, combining the
INSPIRE and PTVA indices. Such a multi-level framework is implemented for 85
RC school buildings in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, the most affected city by
the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake–tsunami sequence. As part of the proposed
framework, two archetype buildings representative of the entire portfolio
are defined based on the collected data. Their seismic performance is
analysed by means of non-linear static analyses, using both the analytical
simple lateral mechanism analysis (SLaMA) method and numerical finite-element pushover analyses to investigate the expected plastic mechanisms and
derive displacement/drift thresholds to define appropriate damage states.
Finally, non-linear dynamic analyses are performed to derive fragility
curves for the archetype buildings. This paper demonstrates the
effectiveness of the INSPIRE data collection form and proposed index in
providing a rational method to derive seismic risk prioritisation schemes
and in allowing the definition of archetype buildings for more detailed
evaluations/analyses.
Simultaneous state–parameter estimation of rainfall-induced landslide displacement using data assimilation
Authors: Wang Jing , Nie Guigen , Gao Shengjun , Xue Changhu 
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Landslide displacement prediction has great practical engineering
significance to landslide stability evaluation and early warning. The
evolution of landslide is a complex dynamic process, and applying a classical
prediction method will result in significant error. The data assimilation method
offers a new way to merge multisource data with the model. However, data
assimilation is still deficient in the ability to meet the demand of dynamic
landslide systems. In this paper, simultaneous state and parameter
estimation (SSPE) using particle-filter-based data assimilation is applied
to predict displacement of the landslide. A landslide SSPE assimilation
strategy can make use of time-series displacements and hydrological
information for the joint estimation of landslide displacement and model
parameters, which can improve the performance considerably. We select Xishan Village, Sichuan Province, China, as the experiment site to test the SSPE
assimilation strategy. Based on the comparison of actual monitoring data
with prediction values, results strongly suggest the effectiveness and
feasibility of the SSPE assimilation strategy in short-term landslide
displacement estimation.
Inequality in Higher Education in Greece: Through an Era of Crisis
Authors: Nikolaou Souzanna-Maria , Papa Monika , Papa Gloria- Vasiliki 
Published: July 2019

The present study explores factors and conditions that make the process of learning difficult and at times problematic for students in the University, through a period of crisis. The survey was conducted at the Department of Primary Education of the University of Ioannina. First-semester students were given a questionnaire, in order to explore their views concerning the factors that inhibit learning in the University. To collect the survey data, an anonymous questionnaire was used that included 44 open and closed-ended questions. There are six sections on the reasons concerning the difficulty of learning: A. Personal Issues B. Multiplicity of Roles C. Issues of Conditions and Learning Environment D. Issues related to the lessons and the classroom. E. Issues relating to teachers F. Quality of teaching and Frequency of attendance. The findings of the survey showed important evidence regarding the conditions that impede students' learning and attendance, highlighting important issues as: learning environment, classrooms, distance from/to the University, and the financial poverty of the students themselves which affects their daily routine. It is primarily noted that at the time of the crisis we are facing the under-funding of HEIs and this has caused problems. Therefore, the underprivileged and full of disadvantages area of the universities implies poor academic preparation, but also an "unfamiliar" and inappropriate environment of the Institution, which is unable to respond effectively to the needs of students, who are already under financial pressure from their families. These conditions may lead to the well-known situation of students who are "lingering" and probably never acquire their degree, as has been proved by other researchers (The Widening Gap in Higher Education, 1996).
Ontwikkelingen in de regelgeving omtrent beloningen
Authors: Sijmons E.S. 
Published: July 2019

Ontwikkelingen in de regelgeving omtrent beloningen. Streng, strenger, strengst?
Ruim vier jaar geleden trad de Wet beloningsbeleid financiële ondernemingen (Wbfo) in werking, waarmee een breed pakket aan beloningsregels is geïntroduceerd voor alle financiële ondernemingen. In 2018 is de Wbfo geëvalueerd met voorgenomen wijzigingen tot gevolg. Daarnaast is vanuit politieke hoek een aantal voorstellen tot aanscherpingen gedaan als reactie op maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen. Dit artikel biedt een overzicht van deze ontwikkelingen. De uitkomsten van de evaluatie bieden geen concrete aanknopingspunten voor de recente voorstellen over vaste beloning en ook schort het vaak aan deugdelijke onderbouwing van de noodzaak van de voorgestelde regels. De nieuwe regels met betrekking tot de niet-cao-uitzondering op de bonuscap en met betrekking tot proportionaliteit brengen daarentegen duidelijkheid voor marktpartijen en zijn daarom vanuit juridisch perspectief toe te juichen.
Ex Vivo Microscopy: A Promising Next-Generation Digital Microscopy Tool for Surgical Pathology Practice
Authors: Krishnamurthy Savitri , Brown Jonathan Quincy , Iftimia Nicusor , Levenson Richard M. , Rajadhyaksha Milind 
Published: July 2019

Context.—
The rapid evolution of optical imaging modalities in recent years has opened the opportunity for ex vivo tissue imaging, which has significant implications for surgical pathology practice. These modalities have promising potential to be used as next-generation digital microscopy tools for examination of fresh tissue, with or without labeling with contrast agents.

Objective.—
To review the literature regarding various types of ex vivo optical imaging platforms that can generate digital images for tissue recognition with potential for utilization in anatomic pathology clinical practices.

Data Sources.—
Literature relevant to ex vivo tissue imaging obtained from the PubMed database.

Conclusions.—
Ex vivo imaging of tissues can be performed by using various types of optical imaging techniques. These next-generation digital microscopy tools have a promising potential for utilization in surgical pathology practice.
Portomarín: the wounded memory of being uprooted
Authors: Castro Fernández Belen , López Facal Ramón 
Published: July 2019

La educación patrimonial en el ámbito formal no suele incorporar las vivencias de las personas. Entrar en contacto con una comunidad que vive en conflicto con su patrimonio ofrece otra comprensión de ese legado. Para constatarlo, se ha realizado un estudio con un grupo de maestros en formación, de educación primaria. Se establecieron dos subgrupos para comprobar si la inmersión de uno de ellos en un espacio donde el patrimonio es una cuestión incómoda modifica sus percepciones sobre cómo enfocar la educación patrimonial (grupo experimental), frente al otro que no tiene esa experiencia (grupo de control). Se ha estudiado la localidad de Portomarín (Lugo), anegada en 1963 por un embalse, reconstruida con traslado de algunas arquitecturas y obligada a revisar su historia local y su identificación patrimonial. Se han utilizado métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos para analizar cambios de percepciones y diferencias discursivas entre quienes tuvieron contacto con el escenario de referencia y los que no. Los resultados parecen confirmar que la aproximación a un contexto problemático desarrolla la capacidad de empatía y argumentación crítica del futuro docente, y modifica su consideración sobre cómo enfocar su práctica profesional.
Formal heritage education does not usually incorporate people’s experiences. Coming into contact with a community which lives in continual conflict with its own heritage offers a different perspective of that legacy. In order to verify this, a study was carried out with a group of trainee primary education teachers. Two subgroups were formed, one of which (the experimental group) was immersed in a place with an uncomfortable heritage issue in order to ascertain whether their perceptions were modified in comparison to the other group (the control group), which did not have this experience. The study was carried out in the town of Portomarín (Lugo), which was flooded in 1969 due to the construction of a dam and rebuilt on higher ground with some buildings being transferred brick by brick. As part of this process, the residents of the town were forced to revise their local history and their identification with their own heritage. Both quantitative and qualitative methods have been used to analyse changes in perceptions and differences in discourse between those who came into contact with the area in question and those who did not. The results appear to confirm that contact with a problematic context develops the capacity for empathy and critical argumentation of trainee teachers and modifies their idea of how to approach the practice of their profession.
School and Citizenship Education: Conceptions of citizenship, citizen education and the role of the school
Authors: Orellana Fonseca Cristian Eduardo , Muñoz Labraña Carlos 
Published: July 2019

El artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación de carácter cualitativa, financiada por el Gobierno de Chile y la Universidad del Bío-Bío. El objetivo ha sido estudiar las concepciones y representaciones que sobre la Ciudadanía poseen diversos actores de colegios municipales ubicados en dos regiones del sur del país.
El material empírico que ha servido de base para la investigación han sido 9 grupos de discusión realizados en un taller, en el marco de una investigación acción. El procesamiento y ulterior análisis de la información se realizó mediante reducción categorial con la asistencia del software ATLAS.ti 7.
Las preguntas iniciales que guiaron la discusión estuvieron dirigidas a indagar las concepciones que los diferentes actores de los establecimientos poseían sobre lo que es un ciudadano, la formación para la ciudadanía y el rol que asignan a la Escuela en su formación.
Los resultados indican que a pesar de los cambios en el currículum y de las últimas políticas públicas introducidas, entre las que destaca la promulgación de una Ley especial, persiste la dimensión de un ciudadano ligado a derechos y deberes y un sentido marcadamente nacional. Destacándose la vinculación que los/as informantes realizan con el respeto a los derechos humanos.

This papers presents the results of a qualitative research, funded by the Government of Chile and the Universidad del Bío-Bío. The objective has been to study the conceptions and representations that about the Citizenship have diverse actors of municipal schools located in two regions of the south of the country.
The empirical material that has served as the basis for the research has been 9 discussion groups held in a workshop, in the framework of an action research. The processing and further analysis of the information was done by categorical reduction with the assistance of the software ATLAS.ti 7.
The initial questions that guided the discussion were aimed at investigating the conceptions that the different actors of the establishments had about what a citizen is, the training for citizenship and the role assigned to the School in its formation.
The results indicate that in spite of the changes in the curriculum and the latest public policies introduced, among which the promulgation of a special Law stands out, the dimension of a citizen linked to rights and duties and a markedly national sense persists. Highlighting the link that the informants make with respect to human rights.
Intercambios virtuales en educación superior: desarrollo de las habilidades interculturales a través de la colaboración en línea
Authors: Scherer Bassani Patrícia , Buchem Ilona 
Published: July 2019

Virtual exchange has been defined as a form of virtual mobility which aims to expand the reach and scope of traditional intercultural learning programs. This paper presents an example of a virtual exchange called InterCult - Intercultural Competences - which aimed to give an opportunity for students from Germany, France, and Brazil to explore intercultural aspects through online collaboration, i. e. to learn differences between own culture and other cultures by communicating and working on tasks together by using digital media. The research path was divided into three phases: project design, virtual exchange, and evaluation. The data collected during the virtual exchange involved the analysis of online conversations in international groups, face-to-face discussions during the classes at the end of each activity in national groups, the videos produced and shared in the online community, online meetings between the teachers, and the results of the online survey. Data were analyzed based on three perspectives: technology; engagement and collaborative work; intercultural competences. Results showed this type of experience is extremely important for a generation who will have to work in multicultural teams and contexts.
Virtual exchange has been defined as a form of virtual mobility which aims to expand the reach and scope of traditional intercultural learning programs. This paper presents an example of a virtual exchange called InterCult - Intercultural Competences - which aimed to give an opportunity for students from Germany, France, and Brazil to explore intercultural aspects through online collaboration, i. e. to learn differences between own culture and other cultures by communicating and working on tasks together by using digital media. The research path was divided into three phases: project design, virtual exchange, and evaluation. The data collected during the virtual exchange involved the analysis of online conversations in international groups, face-to-face discussions during the classes at the end of each activity in national groups, the videos produced and shared in the online community, online meetings between the teachers, and the results of the online survey. Data were analyzed based on three perspectives: technology; engagement and collaborative work; intercultural competences. Results showed this type of experience is extremely important for a generation who will have to work in multicultural teams and contexts.