bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Donor mucosal immunocytes perpetuate refractory GVHD after intestinal transplantation without engrafting in recipient bone marrow: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Stanley Kaitlin , Ranganathan Sarangarajan , Mazariegos George , Bond Geoffrey , Soltys Kyle , Ganoza Armando , Jones Katie , Cieply Kathleen , Sindhi Rakesh 
Published: January 2019

AbstractGVHD as a complication of SOT presents both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Typically affecting the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver, GVHD occurs when donor lymphocytes engrafted in recipient tissues are activated by host antigen‐presenting cells resulting in cytokine release and donor cell‐mediated cytotoxicity to host tissue. Here, we describe a 5‐year‐old girl who developed fatal, refractory GVHD after isolated intestinal transplantation when recipient immune cells failed to repopulate the allograft in the setting of CMV viremia. Persistence of the donor immune cells in the allograft mucosa, rather than engraftment in the recipient bone marrow, likely perpetuated this refractory GVHD. Early diagnosis and intervention are critical to reduce morbidity and mortality. Thus, periodic monitoring of peripheral blood and allograft mucosal chimerism with sensitive detection methods may allow early detection and potentially curative enterectomy in similar cases of refractory GVHD.
Comparative analyses of albumin/globulin grain proteome fraction in differentially salt‐tolerant Tunisian barley landraces reveals genotype‐specific and defined abundant proteins
Authors: Riahi J. , Amri B. , Chibani F. , Azri W. , Mejri S. , Bennani L. , Zoghlami N. , Matros A. , Mock H. P. , Ghorbel A. , Jardak R. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses threatening crop production and yield worldwide. Breeding programmes are therefore needed to improve yield under cultivation in soil. Traits from locally adopted landraces provide a resource to assist breeding of novel elite genotypes. Here, we examine differentially expressed proteins by performing comparative proteomic profiling of the albumin/globulin grain fraction of Tunisian barley genotype landraces with contrasting salinity tolerance.

Tunisian barley Boulifa (B, tolerant) and Testour (T, sensitive) mature grains were assessed in 2‐DE profiles. Differentially expressed spots, with an abundance enhanced 1.5‐fold in the grain, were subjected to MALDI TOF/TOF MS for identification.

Distinctiveness between tolerant and sensitive genotypes was proved in the albumin/globulin fraction using PCA; 64 spots showed significant differential abundance. Increased accumulation of 40 spots was confirmed in Boulifa with, interestingly, four genotype‐specific spots. Two of these four spots were sHSP. Proteins with highest abundance were serpin Z7, 16.9 KDa Class I HSP and phosphogluconolactonase 2. Proteins such as expansin, kiwellin, kinesin and succinyl‐CoA ligase were identified for the first time in barley grain. Moreover, ß‐amylase, LEA family and others were identified as abundant in Boulifa. On the other hand, proteins more accumulated in Testour are implicated mainly in ROS scavenging and protease inhibition.

Our results clearly indicate proteomic contrast between the two selected genotypes. With identification of specific HSP, high abundant stress‐protective and other defined proteins, we provide biochemical traits that will support breeding programmes to address the threat of salinity in agricultural production.
Detailed analysis of skin conductance responses during a gambling task: Decision, anticipation, and outcomes
Authors: Agren Thomas , Millroth Philip , Andersson Peter , Ridzén Måns , Björkstrand Johannes 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPhysiological arousal is considered a key factor of gambling behavior. Hence, to understand gambling behavior it is important to study the arousal responses during gambling. Moreover, crucial mechanisms of action could be uncovered by detailing the situations that produce an arousal response. A gamble, or bet, can be partitioned into three distinct phases: (a) decision phase, during which the information concerning the gamble is presented, outcomes are appraised, and a decision is made on how to gamble; (b) anticipation phase, during which the result of the gamble is awaited; (c) outcome phase, during which the outcome of the gamble is presented. Previous research on arousal responses to gambling have mostly measured tonic changes in arousal, and when phasic responses have been measured, analyses have generally concentrated on one of the gamble phases. The aim of the present study was to map the arousal responses during gambling in more detail by measuring skin conductance responses (SCRs) during all three gamble phases of a simple card game. The anticipation phase was found to produce the largest arousal response, suggesting anticipation to be a major contributor to arousal during gambling behavior. Risk behavior during the gambling task was mirrored in self‐reported risk taking in everyday life, and risk‐takers displayed smaller SCRs compared to nonrisk‐takers during decision making, suggesting this as a possible biomarker for risk‐taking individuals.
Neo‐patrimonialism and Corruption: Evidence from 8,436 Firms in 17 Countries in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Araral Eduardo , Pak Anton , Pelizzo Riccardo , Wu Xun 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis article introduces four innovations to the literature on administrative corruption. First, it employs a neo‐patrimonialism framework by addressing measurement, identification, and endogeneity issues that beset the literature. Second, unlike cross‐country studies, it uses firms as the unit of analysis. Third, unlike the conventional literature, the article uses large‐n (n = 8,436) panel survey data of key informants in 17 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa. Finally, unlike the conventional literature, the article focuses on a particular type of corruption: the supply and demand for bribery. The authors find that the uncertainty associated with neo‐patrimonialism has a strong, positive, and significant effect on the propensity of civil servants to demand bribes in exchange for services and for firms to supply bribes in exchange for winning government contracts. The results are robust to controls on the characteristics of firms and their regulatory environments. The article concludes with implications for research and practice.
Excuses, exemptions, and derivative norms
Authors: Boult Cameron 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDistinguishing between excuses and exemptions advances our understanding of a standard range of problem cases in debates about epistemic norms. But it leaves open a problem of accounting for blameless norm violation in ‘prospective agents’. By shifting focus in our theory of excuses from rational excellence to norms governing the dispositions of agents, we can account for a fuller range of normative phenomena at play in debates about epistemic norms.
Clinical Capital and the Risk of Maternal Labor and Delivery Complications: Hospital Scheduling, Timing, and Cohort Turnover Effects
Authors: Zahran Sammy , Mushinski David , Li Hsueh‐Hsiang , Breunig Ian , Mckee Sophie 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe establishment of interventions to maximize maternal health requires the identification of modifiable risk factors. Toward the identification of modifiable hospital‐based factors, we analyze over 2 million births from 2005 to 2010 in Texas, employing a series of quasi‐experimental tests involving hourly, daily, and monthly circumstances where medical service quality (or clinical capital) is known to vary exogenously. Motivated by a clinician's choice model, we investigate whether maternal delivery complications (1) vary by work shift, (2) increase by the hours worked within shifts, (3) increase on weekends and holidays when hospitals are typically understaffed, and (4) are higher in July when a new cohort of residents enter teaching hospitals. We find consistent evidence of a sizable statistical relationship between deliveries during nonstandard schedules and negative patient outcomes. Delivery complications are higher during night shifts (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.18–1.25), and on weekends (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04–1.14) and holidays (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.04–1.60), when hospitals are understaffed and less experienced doctors are more likely to work. Within shifts, we show deterioration of occupational performance per additional hour worked (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.02). We observe substantial additional risk at teaching hospitals in July (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.14–1.43), reflecting a cohort‐turnover effect. All results are robust to the exclusion of noninduced births and intuitively falsified with analyses of chromosomal disorders. Results from our multiple‐test strategy indicate that hospitals can meaningfully attenuate harm to maternal health through strategic scheduling of staff.
China’s Development of ETS as a GHG Mitigating Policy Tool: A Case of Policy Diffusion or Domestic Drivers?
Authors: Heggelund Gørild , Stensdal Iselin , Duan Maosheng , Wettestad Jørgen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractChina launched its national emissions trading scheme (ETS) in late 2017. This article examines the key drivers behind China’s 2011 decision to opt for ETS as a GHG mitigating policy tool and what lay behind the choice of the system’s design features. Given the existence of the frontrunner EU ETS and that market mechanisms have spread across the world in recent years, we analyze the role played by policy diffusion in the decision to launch an ETS and in the subsequent design process, seen in relation to domestic drivers. The article investigates policy developments culminating in the 2011 carbon market announcement, and the reasons these design elements were chosen for the pilot schemes and the national market in the period 2011–2017. The article contributes to our understanding of policy diffusion at different stages of policy development in China, by revealing which diffusion mechanism is more prevalent at different stages. We find first that overall domestic conditions and drivers had the most consistent impact on policy decisions to establish a carbon market and on the selected sectors. However, a second key finding is that the role of policy diffusion varied over time, with such diffusion, in the form ofideational impact, playing the most important role early on, providing a powerful inducement for China to go for a carbon market. Third, sophisticated learningfrom international projects took place in the pilots, allowing China to adapt policies and design features to match local conditions.
Regime switching in the reactions of stock markets in Saudi Arabia to oil price variations
Authors: Jouini Jamel , Khallouli Wajih 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe study revisits the stock–oil nexus by examining the reactions of equity markets to oil price shocks at national and sectoral levels for Saudi Arabia in a time‐varying framework by employing the Markov switching EGARCH model developed by Henry (2009,Journal of Banking and Finance, 33, 405). Based on weekly data, the findings reveal that the behaviour of all stock markets switches between an expansion regime and a recession regime, with more persistence for the expansion state. Additionally, influential international events associated with stock market drops are clearly identified in the recession regime. Furthermore, there is evidence of asymmetric reactions of the equity index returns and the probabilities of transition from one state to another to oil price variations, with heterogeneous impacts across sectors and regimes. The stock markets are more sensitive to oil price decreases than to oil price increases. Although the evidence of relatively slight differences in some findings across weekdays, the study allows investors and policymakers to understand well the interactions of stock sector markets vis‐à‐vis the world oil market in a regime‐switching framework, in order to make the right decision as regards portfolio diversification and regulation of the stock markets.
Measurement of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and correlation with severity and pruritus scores in client owned dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Gow Debbie J , Jackson Hilary , Forsythe Peter , Gow Adam G , Mellanby Richard J , Hume David A , Nuttall Tim 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease of dogs. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) initiates pro‐inflammatory cytokine release in humanADand serum concentrations are correlated with disease severity.HypothesisCanine serumMIFconcentrations are increased in dogs withADand correlate with clinical lesion and pruritus scores.AnimalsClient owned dogs (n = 49) diagnosed withADand 17 healthy, unaffected control dogs were used for the study.Methods and materialsA commercially availableMIF ELISAwas optimized for the dog and serum from clinical cases used. Information regarding treatment, Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, (CADESI‐4) and pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) were recorded for each dog at the time of serum collection.ResultsDogs withADwhich had not received steroid therapy and those treated with oclacitinib had significantly elevated serumMIFconcentrations compared to controls. Concentrations ofMIFwere not significantly different inADdogs receiving steroids compared to controls. There was no significant correlation betweenMIFconcentrations and clinical scores (CADESI‐4 or pVAS).Conclusions and clinical importanceSerumMIFconcentrations are increased in dogs withADandMIFmight be a target for therapy.
Impact of Hyperoxic Preconditioning in Normobaric Hypoxia (3500 m) on Balance Ability in Highly Skilled Skiers: A Randomized, Crossover Study
Authors: Morawetz David , Dünnwald Tobias , Faulhaber Martin , Gatterer Hannes , Schobersberger Wolfgang 
Published: January 2019

It is well known that acute hypoxia has negative effects on balance performance. An attempt to compensate for the influence of hypoxia on competition performance was made by the application of hyperoxic gases (inspiratory fraction of oxygen > 0.2095) prior to exercise. Purpose: To investigate whether hyperoxic preconditioning (pure-oxygen supplementation prior to exercise) improves balance ability and postural stability during normobaric hypoxia (3500 m) in highly skilled skiers. Methods: In this single-blind randomized, crossover study, 19 subjects performed a 60-s balance test (MFT S3-Check) in a normobaric hypoxic chamber. After a short period of adaptation to hypoxia (60 min), they received either pure oxygen or chamber air for 5 min prior to a balance test (hyperoxic preconditioning vs nonhyperoxic preconditioning). Capillary blood was collected 3 times. Results: Balance performance, indexed by sensory (P = .097), stability (P = .937), and symmetry (P = .202) scores, was not significantly different after the hyperoxic preconditioning phase. Balance performance decreased over time (no group difference). After hyperoxic preconditioning, arterial partial pressure of oxygen increased from 52.7 (4.5) mm Hg to 212.5 (75.8) mm Hg, and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin increased from 85.8% (3.5%) to 98.9% (0.7%) and remained significantly elevated to 90.1% (2.0%) after the balance test. Conclusion: A hyperoxic preconditioning phase does not affect balance performance under hypoxic environmental conditions. A performance-enhancing effect, at least in terms of coordinative functions, was not supported by this study.
Responsiveness and Seasonal Variation of a 12 × 25-m Swimming Test
Authors: Mitchell Lachlan J.G. , Rattray Ben , Wu Paul , Saunders Philo U. , Pyne David B. 
Published: January 2019

Purpose: Critical speed (CS) and supra-CS distance capacity (D′) are useful metrics for monitoring changes in swimmers’ physiological and performance capacities. However, the utility of these metrics across a season has not been systematically evaluated in high-level swimmers. Methods: A total of 27 swimmers (mean [SD]: 18 females, age = 19.1 [2.9] y, and 9 males, age = 19.5 [1.9] y) completed the 12 × 25-m swimming test multiple times (4 [3] tests/swimmer) across a 2-y period. Season-best times in all distances for the test stroke were sourced from publicly available databases. Swimmers’ distance speciality was determined as the event with the time closest to world record. Four metrics were calculated from the 12 × 25-m test: CS, D′, peak speed, and drop-off %. Results: Guyatt responsiveness index values were calculated to ascertain the practically relevant sensitivity of each 12 × 25-m metric: CS = 1.5, peak speed = 2.3, D′ = 2.1, and drop-off % = 2.6. These values are modified effect sizes; all are large effects. Bayesian mixed modeling showed substantial between-subjects differences between genders and strokes for each variable but minimal within-subject changes across the season. Drop-off % was lower in 200-m swimmers (14.0% [3.3%]) than in 100-m swimmers (18.1% [4.1%], P = .003, effect size = 1.10). Conclusions: The 12 × 25-m test is best suited to differentiating between swimmers of different strokes and events. Further development is needed to improve its utility in quantifying meaningful changes over a season for individual swimmers.
Gaussian and critical scalings in the magnetoconductivity fluctuations of Y3Ba5Cu8O18 superconductor
Authors: Dias F. T. , Vieira V. N. , Oliveira C. P. , Silva D. L. , Mesquita F. , Lima J. R. , Wolff-Fabris F. , Kampert E. , Pureur P. 
Published: January 2019

We have studied the superconducting transition and the magnetoconductivity fluctuations in the polycrystalline Y3Ba5Cu8O[Formula: see text] (Y358) superconductor under magnetic fields upto 1 T. A two-step superconducting transition could be observed as a consequence of the granular structure of the sample, which is strongly affected by the applied magnetic field. Gaussian and genuine critical 3D-XY-E fluctuation regimes were identified. A critical scaling regime beyond 3D-XY was identified for magnetic fields upto 0.25 T, corresponding to the averaged exponent 0.19 and suggesting the occurrence of the weak first-order character of the superconducting transition. In the approximation to the zero resistance a power law regime could be observed, corresponding to the averaged exponent 2.37, which are smaller than previously reported for the Y358 system. Our results are discussed in terms of the Y358 and YBa2Cu3O[Formula: see text](Y123) results in the literature.
Microscale to mesoscale analysis of parenchymal tethering: the effect of heterogeneous alveolar pressures on the pulmonary mechanics of compliant airways
Authors: Ryans Jason M. , Fujioka Hideki , Gaver Donald P. 
Published: January 2019

In the healthy lung, bronchi are tethered open by the surrounding parenchyma; for a uniform distribution of these peribronchial structures, the solution is well known. An open question remains regarding the effect of a distributed set of collapsed alveoli, as can occur in disease. Here, we address this question by developing and analyzing microscale finite-element models of systems of heterogeneously inflated alveoli to determine the range and extent of parenchymal tethering effects on a neighboring collapsible airway. This analysis demonstrates that micromechanical stresses extend over a range of ∼5 airway radii, and this behavior is dictated primarily by the fraction, not distribution, of collapsed alveoli in that region. A mesoscale analysis of the microscale data identifies an effective shear modulus, Geff, that accurately characterizes the parenchymal support as a function of the average transpulmonary pressure of the surrounding alveoli. We demonstrate the use of this formulation by analyzing a simple model of a single collapsible airway surrounded by heterogeneously inflated alveoli (a “pig-in-a-blanket” model), which quantitatively demonstrates the increased parenchymal compliance and reduction in airway caliber that occurs with decreased parenchymal support from hypoinflated obstructed alveoli. This study provides a building block from which models of an entire lung can be developed in a computationally tenable manner that would simulate heterogeneous pulmonary mechanical interdependence. Such multiscale models could provide fundamental insight toward the development of protective ventilation strategies to reduce the incidence or severity of ventilator-induced lung injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A destabilized lung leads to airway and alveolar collapse that can result in catastrophic pulmonary failure. This study elucidates the micromechanical effects of alveolar collapse and determines its range of influence on neighboring collapsible airways. A mesoscale analysis reveals a master relationship that can that can be used in a computationally efficient manner to quantitatively model alveolar mechanical heterogeneity that exists in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which predisposes the lung to volutrauma and/or atelectrauma. This analysis may lead to computationally tenable simulations of heterogeneous organ-level mechanical interactions that can illuminate novel protective ventilation strategies to reduce ventilator-induced lung injury.
Tumor pH and Protein Concentration Contribute to the Signal of Amide Proton Transfer Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Ray Kevin J. , Simard Manon A. , Larkin James R. , Coates James , Kinchesh Paul , Smart Sean C. , Higgins Geoff S. , Chappell Michael A. , Sibson Nicola R. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Abnormal pH is a common feature of malignant tumors and has been associated clinically with suboptimal outcomes. Amide proton transfer magnetic resonance imaging (APT MRI) holds promise as a means to noninvasively measure tumor pH, yet multiple factors collectively make quantification of tumor pH from APT MRI data challenging. The purpose of this study was to improve our understanding of the biophysical sources of altered APT MRI signals in tumors. Combining in vivo APT MRI measurements with ex vivo histological measurements of protein concentration in a rat model of brain metastasis, we determined that the proportion of APT MRI signal originating from changes in protein concentration was approximately 66%, with the remaining 34% originating from changes in tumor pH. In a mouse model of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (FaDu), APT MRI showed that a reduction in tumor hypoxia was associated with a shift in tumor pH. The results of this study extend our understanding of APT MRI data and may enable the use of APT MRI to infer the pH of individual patients' tumors as either a biomarker for therapy stratification or as a measure of therapeutic response in clinical settings.

Significance:
These findings advance our understanding of amide proton transfer magnetic resonance imaging (APT MRI) of tumors and may improve the interpretation of APT MRI in clinical settings.