bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysing Trends of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)and Dengue cases in Hong Kong
Authors: Wang Xin 
Published: October 2019

Objective: To study the trends of GBS and dengue in Hong Kong, the ecological associations between GBS, dengue, and local meteorological factors. To examine the non-stationary oscillating association among these factors.Introduction: Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a severe paralytic neuropathy associated with virus infections such as Zika virus and Chikungunya virus. There were also case reports of dengue fever preceding GBS. With the aim to understand the mechanisms of GBS and dengue outbreaks, this ecological study investigates the relationships between GBS, dengue,meteorological factors in Hong Kong and global climatic factors from January 2000 to June 2016.Methods: The correlations between GBS, dengue, Multivariate El Nino Southern Oscillation Index (MEI) and local meteorological data were explored by Spearman's Rank correlations and cross-correlations. Three Poisson regression models were fitted to identify non-linear associations among GBS, dengue and MEI. Cross wavelet analyses were applied to infer potential non-stationary oscillating associations among GBS, dengue and MEI.Results: We found a substantial increasing of local GBS and dengue cases (mainly imported) in recent year in Hong Kong. The seasonalities of GBS and dengue are different, in particular, GBS is low while dengue is high in the summer. We observed weak but significant correlations between GBS and local meteorological factors. MEI could explain over 17% of dengue's variations based on Poisson regression analyses. We report a possible non-stationary oscillating association between dengue fever and GBS cases in Hong Kong.Conclusions: We report increasing patterns of both local GBS cases and imported dengue cases in Hong Kong, and investigate the possible mechanism behind these patterns.This study has led to an improved understanding about the timing and ecological relationships between MEI, GBS and dengue.
Viral causes of Influenza Like Illness in Uganda, 2008 to 2017.
Authors: Mimbe Derrick E , Byarugaba Denis , Erima Bernard , Mworozi Edison , Millard Monica , Tugume Titus , Kiconco Jocelyn Kiconco , Lamunu Paska , Kibuuka Hannah , Wabwire-Mangen Fred 
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Respiratory pathogens continue to present an ever increasing threat to public health (1,2). Influenza, Respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus and other respiratory viruses are major etiological agents for influenza like illnesses (ILI) (3-5). Establishment of viral causes of ILI is critical for prevention and mitigation strategies to disease threats. Makerere University Walter Reed Project (MUWRP) together with the Ugandan Ministry of Health and partners undertook surveillance to determine viral causes of influenza-like illness in Uganda.Methods: From 2008, MUWRP established hospital-based sentinel sites for surveillance activities. A total of five hospital-based sites were established, where patients aged 6 months or older presenting with ILI were enrolled. Consents were obtained as required, and a throat and/ or nasopharyngeal swab collected. Samples were screened by PCR for viral causes.Results: From October 2008 to March 2017 a total of 9,472 participants were enrolled in the study from five hospital-based surveillance sentinel sites. Majority of participants were children under 5 years n= 8,169 (86.2%). 615 (6.5%) samples tested positive for influenza A, while 385 (4.1%) tested positive for influenza B viruses and 10 (0.1%) were co-infections between influenza A and B. Of the 2,062 influenza negative samples, results indicated positivity for the following organisms; adenoviruses (9.4%), respiratory syncytial B (7.3%), parainfluenza-3 (4.5%), parainfluenza-1 (4.3%), respiratory syncytial A (3.5%), human bocavirus (1.7%), human metapneumovirus (1.7%), human coronavirus (1.5%), parainfluenza-4 (1.4%) and parainfluenza-2 (0.9%) by PCR.Conclusions: Influenza viruses account for about 11% of the causes of influenza like illness, with influenza A being the dominant type. Among the other viral causes of ILI, adenoviruses were the most dominant. Detection of other viral causes of ILI is an indication of the public health threats posed by respiratory pathogens.
SMACKOVER DEPOSITION AND DIAGENESIS AND STRUCTURAL HISTORY OF THE BRYAN’S MILL AREA, CASS AND BOWIE COUNTIES, TEXAS
Authors: HARWOOD GILL , FONTANA CHRIS 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Production from the Bryan’s Mill, Frost, and Carbondale Fields in the Bryan’s Mill area is from Jurassic Upper Smackover dolomitized ooid grainstones. Within the Upper Smackover, three coarsening-upwards sequences culminating in ooid grainstones extend across the area. Shortly after deposition, leaching by meteoric fluids resulted in development of oomoldic porosity in many of the ooid grainstones; other carbonate facies were little affected. During early diagenesis, dolomitization enhanced permeability by preserving existing porosities and by generating an effective intercrystalline porosity. After dolomitization, brittle compaction during burial further increased permeability by interconnecting oomolds.
The center of the Bryan’s Mill area was a positive feature during late Smackover deposition. Faulting during Buckner deposition resulted in a series of southeasterly tilted fault blocks, perhaps due to regeneration of basement structures. Later, post-Hosston faulting had an east-west trend and was possibly associated with doming of the sediments over two highs. There is little evidence of Jurassic or Early Cretaceous movement on the east-west trending faults.
Hydrocarbon production in the area depends on a combination of structural, stratigraphic, and diagenetic factors. Although the grainstones are continuous across the northernmost structural high, production is limited to the dolomitized areas. Thus, diagenesis, and in particular dolomitization, is the ultimate control on production in the area.
OIL EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION PLAYS IN THE TEXAS GULF COAST BASIN
Authors: TYLER NOEL , EWING T.E. , FISHER W.L. , GALLOWAY W.E. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
As part of a long-term research program applying geologic synthesis to increase petroleum recovery, the Bureau of Economic Geology has completed a regional characterization of the major oil reservoirs in the state. Only pools that had cumulative production exceeding 10 million barrels as of 1981 were included in the data set. In all, nearly 500 reservoirs met this criteria; adequate data for geological characterization existed for more than 430 of these. Following data acquisition, reservoirs were grouped into plays. A play is defined on the basis of depositional origin of the reservoir, structural or trap style, and nature of the probable source rocks and seals. The concept of play analysis has been effectively applied in both petroleum exploration and resource assessment. When grouped by common depositional or diagenetic systems, reservoirs show great similarity in a variety of attributes. This is true because the physical, chemical, and biologic processes particular to specific depositional environments determine the characteristics of potential reservoir and associated facies.
The majority of the oil reservoirs group into 47 major plays, which occur in three broad belts, two of which are within the Gulf Coast Basin. On the lower Coastal Plain, ten plays have produced 6.2 billion barrels of oil from Tertiary sandstones. The majority of reserves were localized within Frio, Yegua, Jackson, Wilcox, and Vicksburg, deltaic, shore-zone, and fluvial system reservoirs. Along the inner Coastal Plain and extending into the East Texas Basin, Mesozoic sandstone and carbonate reservoirs have yielded 7.7 billion barrels of oil in ten major plays. Nearly 80 percent of this oil has been produced from the Woodbine Sandstone. Other productive units include the numerous sandstones and limestones of the Cretaceous section. Open and restricted carbonate platform, fluvial, deltaic, and shore-zone systems all host major reservoirs.
Two major plays are not well represented by the data base. Piercement salt domes, because of their structural complexity, rarely generate single reservoirs containing the requisite 10 million barrels of producible oil. The Austin/Buda Chalk play is relatively young and ill-defined and systematic data on recovery are not available.
PROBLEMATICAL PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SMACKOVER AT BAYOU MIDDLE FORK FIELD, CLAIBORNE PARISH, LOUISIANA
Authors: TURNER JAMES R. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Values of irreducible water saturation calculated from conventional electric and porosity logs at Bayou Middle Fork Field are often greater than 60 percent. Mercury injection curves reveal that the true water saturation averages about 40 percent. Scanning electron micrographs show oolitic grains that have been recrystallized and have rough irregular surfaces as well as intercrystalline porosity within the particles. Water adheres to these grain surfaces and occupies some of the intercrystalline porosity in productive zones, causing the calculated water saturations to read too high. Application of the Archie equation, the Guillotte et al. technique, and the Rocky Mountain technique each provides a different suite of water saturations.
Archie water saturations average about 75 percent when density-neutron porosity values are used. Density-neutron porosity values tend to read about two porosity units low when compared with core porosity values throughout the field. When core corrected porosity is used, the Archie saturation averages about 60 percent.
The Guillotte et al. technique employs a variable textural parameter “w” which is dependent on porosity and permeability. Mean water saturation with this method averages about 49 percent, which is in better agreement with the mercury injection data.
The Rocky Mountain ratio yields water saturations that are too high until the porosity balance technique is applied. Since Rt is assumed to read too low due to the excess immobile water, the Rocky Mountain derived porosities are too low. When Rt is increased to balance the porosity, the water saturation averages about 43 percent, using z = .025. When the Rocky Mountain Rta is used in the Archie equation, water saturations more consistent with the mercury injection data result. In addition, the difference between the observed Rta and the Rocky Mountain derived Rt can be plotted as a function of porosity.
BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA AS INDICATORS OF POTENTIAL PETROLEUM SOURCES
Authors: POAG C. WYLIE 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
During the past 20 years we have made major advances in documenting relationships between foraminiferal communities and the physicochemical properties of their environments. Among the environmental properties thus far evaluated, nutrients and oxygen content appear to be the principal factors determining species richness and relative abundance of certain benthic foraminiferal genera, such as Bolivina, Uvigerina, Globobulimina, and Fursenkoina. Because oxygen depletion coupled with nutrient enrichment increases the potential for preserving petroleum source materials, foraminifera characteristic of oxygen minima can be used to assess the source-rock potential of marine sediments.
The genus Bolivina is the predominant foraminiferal genus in many upper bathyal biotopes of the Gulf of Mexico-Atlantic region. It comprises a particularly large group of species whose richness and abundance generally increase significantly with moderate oxygen depletion (values of 4.5 to 0.3 ml/l). As oxygen concentration decreases to less than 0.3 ml/l, competing and predatory species are excluded, and Bolivina reaches maximum relative abundance. At the same time, however, Bolivina diversity is markedly reduced, as opportunistic species dominate.
Stratigraphic records of Bolivina abundance and diversity from cores taken on the upper continental slopes of Ireland and South Carolina document fluctuations in the petroleum potential of Neogene sedimentary sequences. On the Irish margin, higher petroleum potential is associated with the presence of Mediterranean Outflow Water, which moved onto or away from the core site as sea level fell and rose, respectively. On the South Carolina slope, higher petroleum potential is associated with the presence of the Gulf Stream, which migrated laterally across the core site in partial unison with shifting sea level.
Telogenetic Alteration of Citronelle Formation Sediments in Southwestern Alabama
Authors: Isphording Wayne C. , Flowers George C. 
Published: October 2019

The Citronelle Formation in Alabama is composed mainly of coarse sand with thin, sporadic clay lenses. The clay lenses locally give rise to perchea water tables and springs. The recent occurrence of structural damage due to the localized subsidence of the Citronelle Formation has led to the discovery of in situ transformation of kaolinite to gibbsite due to groundwater leaching. The gibbsite is euhedral, associated with quartz and kaolinite. Spectra taken from surface coatings on quartz grains indicate the presence of alumina, suggesting the presence of an amorphous, precursor of the gibbsite. It appears that the intermediate, amorphous compound is required for the redistribution of alumina in the sediment.
This phenomenon is as sporadic as the occurrence of clay lenses and springs in the Citronelle Formation. The leaching is more pronounced in the vicinity of springs due to maintenance of aqueous silica undersaturation with respect to the gibbsitekaolinite transformation reaction. Kinetic data given by Lasaga (1984) and mass transfer calculations indicate that the transformation can occur rapidly in the telogenetic zone if gibbsite precipitation is effective.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF IMAGE ANALYSIS IN GEOLOGY
Authors: Mazzullo Jim M. , Seifer A. , Ehrlich Robert , Horkowitz J. , Horkowitz K. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Image analyzers of one sort or another have been commercially available for the past decade, and are eminently capable of generating copious amounts of data. The discussion in this session will center upon aspects of image analysis which have solved significant problems in sedimentology, sedimentology petrology, and paleontology. The topics that will be discussed include the measurement and analysis of the sizes and shapes of detrital quartz grains and microfossils, and the measurement and analysis of pore size and geometry and the relation of the same to petrophysical properties.
GEOCHEMISTRY OF CARBONATE SOURCE ROCKS AND CRUDE OILS IN JURASSIC SALT BASINS OF THE GULF COAST
Authors: Sassen Roger 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
The lower member of the Jurassic Smackover Formation is a source rock for crude oil along the northern Gulf Rim from east Texas to Florida. Type I crude oils occur in Smackover reservoirs of east Texas, north Louisiana, south Arkansas, and Mississippi, and were generated by algal-derived kerogen preserved in an anoxic environment. Type II crude oils in Smackover reservoirs of Alabama and Florida originate from kerogen with a terrestrial component preserved in a less anoxic environment. Thermal maturity differences across the Gulf Rim resulted in generation and destruction of crude oil at much shallower depths in east Texas, north Louisiana, and south Arkansas than in Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Jurassic through Cretaceous timing of migration and faulting permitted vertical migration of Type I Smackover crude oils to many Upper Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous, and Upper Cretaceous reservoirs along the Gulf Rim. Vertical migration of Type II crude oils was less significant, especially in Alabama, because of evaporite barriers to migration. The high contents of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in deep, hot Smackover reservoirs are related to thermochemical sulfate reduction that has driven early destruction of methane. Compositionally distinct crude oils from Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary siliciclastic source rocks are found in reservoirs south of the Gulf Rim.
TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE AND HYDROCARBON GENERATION HISTORIES IN SAN MARCOS ARCH AREA, DEWITT COUNTY, TEXAS
Authors: YUKLER M. ARIF , DOW WALLACE G. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
A quantitative basin analysis model has been applied to a proposed drilling site in the San Marcos Arch area, Dewitt County, Texas. Geologic events from the Triassic to Recent are modeled to quantify the geologic evolution and temperature, pressure and hydrocarbon generation histories of the area.
The optimized heat flow values showed that the heat flow was 0.90 HFU until the end of the Triassic, when it stabilized at 0.85 HFU. A slight increase to 0.90 HFU occurred during the Cretaceous. During the Late Miocene, the heat flow increased from 0.90 to 1.15 HFU owing to lateral heat flow from the deeper part of the Gulf Coast. The temperatures measured at present are the highest ever recorded in the area.
The study area was normally pressured until the deposition of Lower Cretaceous shales, when the system became abnormally pressured. Pressures increased continuously until the end of Wilcox deposition. Owing to lower sedimentation rates after Wilcox deposition, abnormal pressures started to decrease and this continued to the present.
Abnormal pressures led to higher geothermal gradients in the area especially by increasing the temperatures of the Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments. The rapid changes in the temperatures resulted in three different maturity gradients, with a lower gradient from the surface to the base of Wilcox, a high gradient from the base of Wilcox to the top of Cotton Valley and a lower gradient down to the Triassic red beds.
Oil generation started during the Middle Cretaceous, followed by gas generation during the Early Tertiary. Due to higher temperatures during the Late Cretaceous to present, the depth of oil and gas generation was continuously shallower.
ROCK GEOCHEMISTRY AND RELATIONSHIPS TO PRODUCED OILS FROM UPPER PLIOCENE TURBIDITES, HIGH ISLAND AREA, GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: TAYLOR GILBERT D. , ARMENTROUT JOHN M. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Conventional cores from four wells in the High Island A-537 Field were examined, described, and sampled for sedimentologic, biostratigraphic, and geochemical analyses. All stratigraphic and sedimentologic data show that these sediments were deposited by gravity flow processes in a Lower Pleistocene or Upper Pliocene intraslope basin. Geochemical analyses were performed on a total of eighty-four core samples and three samples of produced oil. Both Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Extractable Organic Material (EOM) analyses produced unreliable results due to the low TOC values and low extract volumes. Isolated kerogen analysis showed that over 80% of the kerogen was of terrestrial, woody origin. Vitrinite reflectance and Thermal Alteration Indices (TAI) showed both the reservoir rocks and the encasing shales to be above the maturation level needed to generate significant amounts of hydrocarbons. Whole rock pyrolysis by gas chromatography of three core samples yielded a GC with a predominance of lighter aromatic and phenolic molecules, with few saturated hydrocarbons present. GC analysis of three samples of produced oil yielded chromatograms concentrated in the lighter paraffins, isoprenoids and aromatics, with no heavier hydrocarbon molecules present. The chromatogram shows no carbon number preference. Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) analysis of the aromatic fraction shows that the produced oils were generated in source rocks that had reached the mature phase of oil generation. These data indicate that the oil being produced from the H.I. A-537 Field was not generated in the encasing shales, which contain kerogens most likely to generate gaseous hydrocarbons. The liquid hydrocarbons being produced, in contrast, show evidence of having been produced under more mature thermal conditions from rocks rich in marine algal kerogen.
THE SOUTH PADRE ISLAND COST NO. 1 WELL: AN INTEGRATED STUDY OF BURIAL, THERMAL, AND MATURATION HISTORIES FROM DOWNHOLE GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL DATA
Authors: Pantano J. , Lerche I. , Lyon W.G. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Detailed fluid flow, thermal and petroleum generation histories were determined for C.O.S.T. No. 1 S. Padre Island, using data supplied by Phillips Petroleum Co. The study highlights (a) the significance of the petroleum potential of this area, and (b) the extremely good geologic control due to the quantity and quality of the extensive data base for this C.O.S.T. A discussion is presented on the sensitivity of the modeled histories to variations in the degree to which the modeled present day downhole properties (permeability, porosity, fluid pressure with depth, formation thicknesses and total thickness to TD) are in accord with the observations.
The oil generation models are consistent with the observed downhole geochemical data that the Lower Miocene sediments (between 10,750 feet and TD) have generated significant oil and associated gas.
The study improves our understanding of the relationship of the present geology to the prediction of generative oil potential.
EUSTATIC CONTROLS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE PLEISTOCENE BRAZOS-COLORADO DELTAS, TEXAS
Authors: Abdulah Kenneth C. , Anderson John B. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations have resulted in a series of trasgressive and regressive phases of development in the Brazos-Colorado fluvial systems. High resolution seismic data provide the resolution needed for the identification and mapping of these sequences. When these data are combined with platform boring descriptions, interpretation of sedimentary facies can be undertaken. Onshore and offshore records reflect cyclic sedimentation induced by sea-level fluctuations, and possibly also influenced by climatically driven variations in sediment supply. During highstands, fluvial-dominated deltas develop on the shelf. Delta lobe shifting appears to have occurred consistently in a westward direction, perhaps in response to changes in offshore gradient and wave-energy as sea level rose along the irregular shoreline.
Role of Eustasy in Holocene Mississippi Delta-Lobe Switching
Authors: Lowrie Allen , Fairbridge Rhodes W. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Delta formation plays an integral role in basin development at a passive continental margin, with depocenters under eustatic control shifting alternately landward and seaward during time frames ranging from decades to 108 years. The classic Gilbert delta model was hydraulic and climatogenetic, based on his Lake Bonneville (i.e., non-marine) experience. We challenge the Gilbert model applied to the Mississippi delta, and submit evidence for eustatic control, with secondary climatic-hydraulic roles.
Eustatic rise, followed by an abrupt fall, has a role in delta-lobe switching in establishing conditions appropriate for rivers to leave their established channels during a major flood. Rivers most susceptible are those debouching on broad shelves associated with low tidal ranges and a low energy-wave regime. A new talweg and delta lobe develops during the negative eustatic phase. Major 14C oscillations define 16 extreme climate/eustatic swings (warm, high MSL, followed by cold, low MSL), four of them close together during the last millennium, defining the “Little Ice Age.” Six such clusters determine the major Holocene delta-complex (5th order) switches. Eustatic fluctuations in the 103-year magnitude constitute a 5th order in the sense of the Exxon/Vail hierarchy of “sequence stratigraphy,” to which a “fine-tuning” calibrated to the 14C flux-rate adds a 102-yr (6th order) refinement. This 6th order oscillation defines 38 cycles in 10,700 years, an average of 275 years per cycle.