bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk, politics, and development: Lessons from the UK's democracy aid
Authors: Dodsworth Susan , Cheeseman Nic 
Published: April 2018

SummaryPolitical risks are inescapable in development. Donors keep them in check with a range of tools, but existing options provide little guidance about how political forms of risk can—or should—shape programme design. This paper presents a novel framework that offers practical guidance on how to think about and manage some of these risks. This is based on a review of programmes delivered by the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, which provides a specific type of aid: democracy assistance. Political forms of risk have a strong influence on that aid, so it provides a valuable example. Our framework centres on two trade‐offs inherent in the provision of aid for democracy support. The first relates to the type of approach employed in a programme; should it focus on a thematic issue or a specific event, or should it focus primarily on an institution and its processes? The second concerns the scope of a programme in terms of who it includes. Understanding the costs and benefits of these trade‐offs will help development practitioners to make decisions about political risks in a more rigorous and transparent way and, potentially, to shift from a culture of risk aversion, to one of informed risk‐taking.
Preliminary study of protein changes in trisomy 21 fetus by proteomics analysis in amniocyte
Authors: Liu Hui , Wang He , Zhu Hongmei , Zhang Haixia , Liu Shanling 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo discover the candidate biomarker proteins of trisomy 21 (T21) in amniocytes.MethodsAmniocentesis was performed to collect amniotic fluid from women who underwent prenatal diagnosis due to high risk of T21 at 18th to 22nd week of gestation. Amniocyte samples were collected, and karyotyping analysis was used to confirm the chromosomal status (18 samples of T21 amniocytes and 20 samples of chromosomally normal ones). Then, backup samples for cytogenetic test were used in this study. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry were employed for proteomic analysis. Subsequently, western blotting and biological informatic analysis were utilized to validate the identified proteins and their functions.ResultsSix proteins were found to be significantly up regulated in T21 amniocytes, and they were calumenin, nucleophosmin, elongation factor 1‐beta, cathepsin D, platelet‐activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit beta, and 14‐3‐3 protein beta/alpha identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Western blotting analysis confirmed the alterations of nucleophosmin and cathepsin D.ConclusionThese proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of T21. Further studies exploring the exact role of these proteins were essential.
The prevalence of comorbid alcohol use disorder in the presence of personality disorder: Systematic review and explanatory modelling
Authors: Guy Nikki , Newton‐Howes Giles , Ford Hannah , Williman Jonathan , Foulds James 
Published: April 2018

AbstractComorbid personality disorder (PD) worsens outcome in mental state disorders; however, the proportion of people with PD who have an alcohol use disorder (AUD) is poorly described. A systematic review of the literature for studies reporting on AUD in those with PD was completed. Lifetime prevalence figures were meta‐analysed using multilevel models, accounting for type of PD and population examined. Sixteen unique studies contributed data to the analysis. PD type accounted for most of the heterogeneity in lifetime AUD prevalence. People with antisocial PD had the highest lifetime AUD prevalence, at 76.7%, followed by those with borderline PD at 52.2%, while those with other forms of PD, or undifferentiated PD, had a prevalence of 38.9%. Lifetime AUD prevalence was not significantly higher in clinical compared with population samples. The majority of people with PD experience an AUD at some time in the life course. This has clinical screening and management implications. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Links between depression and openness and its facets
Authors: Khoo Shereen , Simms Leonard J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMost studies on depression and personality have focused on the role of Neuroticism and Extraversion. Openness is a much less studied trait in this literature, as past studies investigating Openness and depression often have found non‐significant correlations between them. However, past studies mostly have investigated Openness and depression at the domain level and used non‐clinical samples. In the present study, the relationship between depression and Openness at the domain and facet levels was examined in a sample of 266 participants recruited from outpatient psychiatric settings. Findings showed that although the Openness domain was significantly related to depression, it did not account for a significant proportion of unique variance for depression. However, Openness did account for a significant proportion of unique variance for depression at the facet level, even after accounting for sex, age, Neuroticism and Extraversion. Specifically, unique effects emerged for the facets of Aesthetics positively predicting Depression and Values negatively predicting Depression and Anhedonia. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The interactive effect of advanced cancer patient and caregiver prognostic understanding on patients' completion of Do Not Resuscitate orders
Authors: Shen Megan Johnson , Trevino Kelly M. , Prigerson Holly G. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveAdvanced cancer patients' prognostic understanding is associated with completion of Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders, which often represent engagement in advance care planning (ACP). Given caregivers' critical roles in patient decision‐making about ACP and end‐of‐life care, caregivers' prognostic understanding may have a large additive effect. The present study examined the association between the main and interactive effects of advanced cancer patient and caregiver prognostic understanding on DNR order completion.MethodsData were analyzed from a combined dataset of 2 sequential multi‐institutional, longitudinal cohort studies of patients with advanced cancer and their informal caregivers (n = 279 dyads) from 2002 to 2008 (Coping with Cancer 1) and 2010 to 2015 (Coping with Cancer 2). Patients' and caregivers' prognostic understanding regarding life‐expectancy (≤ 12 months [prognostic understanding], >12 months [lack of prognostic understanding]) was assessed. DNR order completion was assessed through self‐report and confirmed through cross‐checking with medical records.ResultsMultivariable modeling of the main and interactive effects revealed the interactive effect, but not the individual effects, of patients' and caregivers' prognostic understanding was significantly associated with higher odds of patients' DNR order completion, adjusting for potential confounds (AOR = 5.89, P = 0.04). For dyads in which both the patient and caregiver had prognostic understanding regarding life expectancy of ≤12 months, 70.7% of patients had completed DNR orders compared with 31.6% to 38.9% in which 1 or both lacked prognostic understanding.ConclusionsFindings highlight the need for ensuring accurate patient and caregiver prognostic understanding in increasing DNR order completion, which may provide a framework for improving engagement in ACP more broadly.
Intra‐individual biological variation in sweat chloride concentrations in CF, CFTR dysfunction, and healthy pediatric subjects
Authors: Cirilli Natalia , Raia Valeria , Rocco Ilaria , De Gregorio Fabiola , Tosco Antonella , Salvadori Laura , Sepe Angela Ornella , Buzzetti Roberto , Minicuci Nadia , Castaldo Giuseppe 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe sweat test is one of the main diagnostic tools used in newborn screening programs and as a confirmatory test, in case of suspect of Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Since sweat chloride (Cl) concentration is also considered an appropriate parameter to explore the efficacy of CFTR modulators in clinical trials, it is crucial to evaluate the biological variability of this test in healthy and pathological conditions. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the intra‐individual biological variability of sweat Cl, both in healthy individuals and CF patients and to assess its correlation with diet, season, and menstrual cycle.MethodsThirty‐five out of 36 selected subjects (6‐18 years) were enrolled by 2 CF care centers and assigned to 3 cohorts: CF, CFTR‐related disorder (CFTR‐RD) and healthy volunteers. Each participant was subjected to eight sweat tests in different conditions and time of the year. Data were analyzed using linear mixed effects models for repeated measures, taking also into account intra‐individual correlations.ResultsWe observed a high intra‐individual variability of sweat Cl, with the lowest mean CV% values among CF patients (20.21 in CF, 29.74 in CFTR‐RD, and 31.15 in healthy subjects). Gender and diet had no influence on sweat Cl variability, nor had pubertal age and menstrual phase.ConclusionResults of this pilot study confirmed that sweat Cl variability is high in CF patients, although non‐CF individuals displayed even higher mean CV% values. Season significantly influenced sweat test values only in CF patients, likely due to changes in their hydration status.
Comparison of Urine and Plasma Peptidome Indicates Selectivity in Renal Peptide Handling
Authors: Magalhães Pedro , Pontillo Claudia , Pejchinovski Martin , Siwy Justyna , Krochmal Magdalena , Makridakis Manousos , Carrick Emma , Klein Julie , Mullen William , Jankowski Joachim , Vlahou Antonia , Mischak Harald , Schanstra Joost P. , Zürbig Petra , Pape Lars 
Published: April 2018

PurposeUrine is considered to be produced predominantly as a result of plasma filtration in the kidney. However, the origin of the native peptides present in urine has never been investigated in detail. Therefore, the authors aimed to obtain a first insight into the origin of urinary peptides based on a side‐by‐side comprehensive analysis of the plasma and urine peptidome.MethodsTwenty‐two matched urine and plasma samples are analyzed for their peptidome using capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE‐MS; for relative quantification) and CE or LC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (CE‐ or LC‐MS/MS; for peptide identification). The overlap and association of abundance of the different peptides present in these two body fluids are evaluated.ResultsThe authors are able to identify 561 plasma and 1461 urinary endogenous peptides. Only 90 peptides are detectable in both urine and plasma. No significant correlation is found when comparing the abundance of these common peptides, with the exception of collagen fragments. This observation is also supported when comparing published peptidome data from both plasma and urine.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMost of the plasma peptides are not detectable in urine, possibly due to tubular reabsorption. The majority of urinary peptides may in fact originate in the kidney. The notable exception is collagen fragments, which indicates potential selective exclusion of these peptides from tubular reabsorption. Experimental verification of this hypothesis is warranted.
Reversible Immobilization of Proteins in Sensors and Solid‐State Nanopores
Authors: Ananth Adithya , Genua María , Aissaoui Nesrine , Díaz Leire , Eisele Nico B. , Frey Steffen , Dekker Cees , Richter Ralf P. , Görlich Dirk 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe controlled functionalization of surfaces with proteins is crucial for many analytical methods in life science research and biomedical applications. Here, a coating for silica‐based surfaces is established which enables stable and selective immobilization of proteins with controlled orientation and tunable surface density. The coating is reusable, retains functionality upon long‐term storage in air, and is applicable to surfaces of complex geometry. The protein anchoring method is validated on planar surfaces, and then a method is developed to measure the anchoring process in real time using silicon nitride solid‐state nanopores. For surface attachment, polyhistidine tags that are site specifically introduced into recombinant proteins are exploited, and the yeast nucleoporin Nsp1 is used as model protein. Contrary to the commonly used covalent thiol chemistry, the anchoring of proteins via polyhistidine tag is reversible, permitting to take proteins off and replace them by other ones. Such switching in real time in experiments on individual nanopores is monitored using ion conductivity. Finally, it is demonstrated that silica and gold surfaces can be orthogonally functionalized to accommodate polyhistidine‐tagged proteins on silica but prevent protein binding to gold, which extends the applicability of this surface functionalization method to even more complex sensor devices.
Tailoring Structure, Composition, and Energy Storage Properties of MXenes from Selective Etching of In‐Plane, Chemically Ordered MAX Phases
Authors: Persson Ingemar , el Ghazaly Ahmed , Tao Quanzheng , Halim Joseph , Kota Sankalp , Darakchieva Vanya , Palisaitis Justinas , Barsoum Michel W. , Rosen Johanna , Persson Per O. Å. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe exploration of 2D solids is one of our time's generators of materials discoveries. A recent addition to the 2D world is MXenes that possses a rich chemistry due to the large parent family of MAX phases. Recently, a new type of atomic laminated phases (coined i‐MAX) is reported, in which two different transition metal atoms are ordered in the basal planes. Herein, these i‐MAX phases are used in a new route for tailoriong the MXene structure and composition. By employing different etching protocols to the parent i‐MAX phase (Mo2/3Y1/3)2AlC, the resulting MXene can be either: i) (Mo2/3Y1/3)2C with in‐plane elemental order through selective removal of Al atoms or ii) Mo1.33C with ordered vacancies through selective removal of both Al and Y atoms. When (Mo2/3Y1/3)2C (ideal stoichiometry) is used as an electrode in a supercapacitor—with KOH electrolyte—a volumetric capacitance exceeding 1500 F cm−3 is obtained, which is 40% higher than that of its Mo1.33C counterpart. With H2SO4, the trend is reversed, with the latter exhibiting the higher capacitance (≈1200 F cm−3). This additional ability for structural tailoring will indubitably prove to be a powerful tool in property‐tailoring of 2D materials, as exemplified here for supercapacitors.
A Highly Solvent‐Stable Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheet: Morphology Control, Exfoliation, and Luminescent Property
Authors: Han Li‐Juan , Zheng Dong , Chen Shu‐Guang , Zheng He‐Gen , Ma Jing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCompared to bulk metal–organic framework (MOF), 2D MOF nanosheets have gained intensive research attention due to their ultrathin thickness and large surface area with highly accessible active sites. However, structural deterioration and morphological damage have impeded producing high‐quality MOF nanosheets during exfoliation. Here, first a new layered bulk MOF ZSB‐1 is synthesized and several solvents such as isopropanol, methanol, n‐hexyl alcohol, and N,N‐dimethylformamide are surveyed to examine their performance for the exfoliation of layered ZSB‐1. As a result, a highly solvent‐stable metal–organic framework rectangular nanosheet retaining undamaged morphology is obtained by the soft‐physical method in n‐hexyl alcohol. Theoretical simulations reveal that the strong interaction energy between n‐hexyl alcohol and MOF layers is responsible for the best exfoliation performance of making the bulk MOF into nanosheets. In addition, ZSB‐1 shows a tunable fluorescence peak position, fluorescent lifetime, and quantum yield by simply changing the solvent and morphology. Besides, the ZSB‐1 was selected as a fluorescence sensor to detect metal ions, and ZSB‐1 nanosheet exhibits excellent sensing ability for Fe3+. It is worth noting that the ZSB‐1 nanosheet has better detection limit performance of 0.054 × 10−6
m than that of its bulk counterpart.
Pseudocapacitance of TiO2−x/CNT Anodes for High‐Performance Quasi‐Solid‐State Li‐Ion and Na‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Que Lan‐Fang , Yu Fu‐Da , Wang Zhen‐Bo , Gu Da‐Ming 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIt is challenging for flexible solid‐state hybrid capacitors to achieve high‐energy‐high‐power densities in both Li‐ion and Na‐ion systems, and the kinetics discrepancy between the sluggish faradaic anode and the rapid capacitive cathode is the most critical issue needs to be addressed. To improve Li‐ion/Na‐ion diffusion kinetics, flexible oxygen‐deficient TiO2−x/CNT composite film with ultrafast electron/ion transport network is constructed as self‐supported and light‐weight anode for a quasi‐solid‐state hybrid capacitor. It is found that the designed porous yolk–shell structure endows large surface area and provides short diffusion length, the oxygen‐deficient composite film can improve electrical conductivity, and enhance ion diffusion kinetic by introducing intercalation pseudocapacitance, therefore resulting in advance electrochemical properties. It exhibits high capacity, excellent rate performance, and long cycle life when utilized as self‐supported anodes for Li‐ion and Na‐ion batteries. When assembled with activated carbon/carbon nanotube (AC/CNT) flexible cathode, using ion conducting gel polymer as the electrolyte, high energy densities of 104 and 109 Wh kg−1 are achieved at 250 W kg−1 in quasi‐solid‐state Li‐ion and Na‐ion capacitors (LICs and SICs), respectively. Still, energy densities of 32 and 36 Wh kg−1 can be maintained at high power densities of 5000 W kg−1 in LICs and SICs.
Nosocomial Outbreak of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection With β-Lactamase-Negative Ampicillin-Resistant Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Miyahara Reiko , Suzuki Motoi , Morimoto Konosuke , Chang Bin , Yoshida Sayaka , Yoshinaga Shiori , Kitamura Miki , Chikamori Mikiko , Oishi Kazunori , Kitamura Tatsuhiko , Ishida Masayuki 
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVETo describe the epidemiologic features of an outbreak of an acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) caused by β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in an acute-care ward.DESIGNCross-sectional case-control study.SETTINGAn acute-care ward (ward A) in a general hospital of Kochi in western Japan.METHODSPatients who shared a room with an index patient and all staff in ward A were screened and followed from July 1 to August 31, 2015. Sputum or throat swab samples were collected from participants and tested by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The association between detected pathogens and ARI development among all participants was examined. A case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for disease.RESULTSIn total, 78 participants, including the index patient, were enrolled. Of all participants, 27 (34.6%) developed mild respiratory symptoms during a 3-week period: 24 were diagnosed as upper respiratory tract infections, and 3 were diagnosed as lower respiratory tract infections. The presence of BLNAR NTHi was confirmed in 13 participants, and multilocus sequence typing demonstrated that these isolates belonged to sequence type 159. All isolates showed identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. The presence of BLNAR NTHi was strongly associated with ARI development, whereas viruses were not associated with the disease. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that a history of contact with the index patient was independently associated with ARI caused by BLNAR NTHi.CONCLUSIONSBLNAR NTHi has the potential to cause upper respiratory tract infections among adults and to spread rapidly in hospital settings.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:652–659
Matters of the heart
Authors: Mittal Rajat 
Published: April 2018

The contraction of the heart muscle combines with the opening and closing of the cardiac valves to generate a complex flow in the heart. Predicting this flow presents a significant challenge for computational models, a challenge that Meschini et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 834, 2018, pp. 271–307) tackle head-on by simulating not only the flow in a modelled left ventricle of the heart, but also the coupled dynamics of the mitral valve. The model is validated against a well-designed companion experiment and the authors then proceed to examine the effects of cardiac and valvular dysfunction, as well as prosthetic valves, on ventricular haemodynamics. The insights provided by this study extend from the functional morphology of the left ventricle to the implications of the choice of valve implant on ventricular function.
Cryptotephra from Lipari Volcano in the eastern Gulf of Taranto (Italy) as a time marker for paleoclimatic studies
Authors: Menke Valerie , Kutterolf Steffen , Sievers Carina , Schindlbeck Julie Christin , Schmiedl Gerhard 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe present the first tephroanalysis based on geochemical fingerprinting of volcanic glass shards from eastern Apulian shelf sediments in the Gulf of Taranto (Italy). High sedimentation rates in the gulf are ideal for high-resolution paleoclimate studies, which rely on accurate age models. Cryptotephrostratigraphy is a novel tool for the age assessment of marine sediment cores in the absence of discrete tephra layers. High-resolution quantitative analysis of glass shard abundance in the uppermost 45 cm of a gravity core identified two cryptotephras. Microprobe analysis of glass shards supported by an accelerator mass spectrometry 14C–based age model identified the pronounced primary cryptotephra at 36 cm bsf (below sea floor) as the felsic AD 776 Monte Pilato Eruption on the island of Lipari, whereas the thinner, mafic tephra layer at 1.5 cm bsf is associated with the AD 1944 eruption of Somma-Vesuvius. Identifying these tephra layers provides an additional, 14C-independent, stratigraphic framework for further paleoclimatic studies allowing us to link Mediterranean climate and hydrology to orbital variation and large-scale atmospheric processes. Our results underline the importance of qualitative tephrostratigraphy in a highly geodynamic region, where solely quantitative approaches have demonstrated to bear a high potential for false correlations between tephra layers and eruptions.
The Nietzschean precedent for anti-reflective, dialogical agency
Authors: Alfano Mark 
Published: April 2018

AbstractNietzsche anticipates both the anti-reflective and the dialogical aspects of Doris's theory of agency. Nietzsche's doctrine of will to power presupposes that agency does not require reflection but emerges from interacting drives, affects, and emotions. Furthermore, Nietzsche identifies two channels through which dialogical processes of person-formation flow: sometimes a person announces what she is and meets with social acceptance of that claim; sometimes someone else announces what the person is, and she accepts the attribution.
The dark side of dialog
Authors: Couchman Justin J. , Birster Gwenievere A. , Coutinho Mariana V. C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe agree that the self is constructed through a collaborative dialog. But hostile interlocutors could use various cognitive techniques to hijack the dialog, resulting in beliefs, values, and even selves that are out of line with reality. The implications of this problem are dire, but we suggest that increased metacognitive awareness could help guide this process to a truthful conclusion.
Acknowledging and managing deep constraints on moral agency and the self
Authors: Niemi Laura , Graham Jesse 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDoris proposes that the exercise of morally responsible agency unfolds as a collaborative dialogue among selves expressing their values while being subject to ever-present constraints. We assess the fit of Doris's account with recent data from psychology and neuroscience related to how people make judgments about moral agency (responsibility, blame), and how they understand the self after traumatic events.