bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reform Within the Scholarly Tradition
Authors: Spannaus Nathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Qursawi’s reformist project focuses on tahqiq as a means of ensuring religious correctness, against the predominance of taqlid, which he saw as perpetuating misguidance, and of questioning conventional positions on the divine attributes and the timing of the isha (night) prayer. It is not fundamentalist or scripturalist, but rather relies on established Hanafi-Maturidi forms of reasoning and methods of interpretation, tied to sound sources of religious knowledge—scripture and authoritative consensus. This chapter presents the underlying logic and approach of his reformism as a coherent whole within the postclassical scholarly tradition. It also compares Qursawi’s thought with that of the 18th-century reformers in Voll’s Hijaz network, arguing that while Qursawi has no connection with this network, the similarities show how reform can be (independently) articulated in different settings. Qursawi’s reformism is ultimately shaped by the Central Asian scholarly tradition and the circumstances under Russian imperial rule.
Modernity
Authors: Spannaus Nathan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of modernity, arguing that the changes to Volga-Ural Muslims’ relationship with the Russian state remade their society, dismantling the Islamic social order, based on sharia, that had historically predominated in the region. The result was the disembedding of Muslim society, the removal of overarching social structures with a religious basis; this broke the link between the individual and communal institutions, with the latter weakened by tsarist control. In effect, any adherence to Islamic legal norms was functionally rendered a personal choice. Addressing the social and religious impact of disembedding, this chapter connects it with secularity, itself a massive shift in the religious construction of society, and argues that such a transformation represents the beginning of modernity. Therefore, the elements of Qūrṣāwī’s thought that respond to these changes can be considered examples of Islamic modernism.
The Model Regime
Authors: Frase Richard S. , Roberts Julian V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter outlines a model regime of prior record enhancement (PRE), designed to promote more rational, parsimonious, and humane sentences. It provides general principles and specific rules reflecting what is known about PRE justifications, costs, benefits, and adverse consequences. The principles specify which punishment purposes justify PRE, while also recognizing the overarching importance of maintaining proportionality to conviction offense seriousness, ensuring that PREs are necessary and cost-effective, minimizing racial disparities and imprisonment of aging and nonviolent offenders, avoiding interference with offender efforts at desistance, and striking a reasonable balance between rule and discretion. The model’s PRE counting rules exclude juvenile and misdemeanor priors, convictions more than 10 years old, upweighting of felonies based on their severity or similarity, and custody status points. First offenders receive substantial sentence mitigation, after which PRE magnitude increases modestly and is capped. High-history offenders are punished no more than twice as severely as first offenders.
The Long Southern Strategy
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Shields Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Beginning with Barry Goldwater’s Operation Dixie in 1964, the Republican Party targeted disaffected white voters in the Democratic stronghold of the American South. To realign these voters with the GOP, the party capitalized on white racial angst that threatened southern white control. However—and this is critical—that decision was but one in a series of decisions the GOP made not just on race, but on feminism and religion as well, in what is called here the “Long Southern Strategy.” In the wake of Second-Wave Feminism, the GOP dropped the Equal Rights Amendment from its platform and promoted traditional gender roles in an effort to appeal to anti-feminist white southerners, and it politicized evangelical fundamentalist Christianity as represented by the Southern Baptist Convention. All three of those decisions were necessary for the South to turn from blue to red. To make inroads in the South, however, GOP politicians not only had to take these positions, but they also had to sell them with a southern “accent.” Republicans had to mirror southern white culture by emphasizing an “us vs. them” outlook, preaching absolutes, accusing the media of bias, prioritizing identity over the economy, depicting one’s way of life as under attack, encouraging defensiveness toward social changes, and championing a politics of vengeance. Over time, that made the party southern, not in terms of place, but in its vision, in its demands, in its rhetoric, and in its spirit. In doing so, it nationalized southern white identity, and that has changed American politics.
The Myth of Post-Racial America
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Shields Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Beyond portraying race relations as a zero-sum economic game, GOP contenders courted southern white voters by championing “colorblindness.” The color-blind message gave white Americans and, particularly, white southerners a way to move past race, while rendering federal programs to counteract institutional racism unnecessary. Replacing race-baiting with race-burying, the Long Southern Strategy catalyzed a political muteness on race that endured and gave rise to a myth of post-racialism. This myth, while attractive to white southern voters, not only misconstrues the degree and nature of racial animus still present in the hearts and minds of many white Americans, but it also fuels Racial Resentment at continued efforts to protect minority civil rights, at politically correct speech, or at efforts to address structural racial inequities.
The Not-So-New Southern Sexism
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Shields Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The stereotype of southern white womanhood is anything but new, and manipulating it for political gain became a critical part of the Long Southern Strategy. The stereotype strips women of their power, intelligence, and strength, casting them as delicate and in need of constant protection. Antebellum southern white men manufactured that vulnerability to justify the strict laws segregating the races that would protect white women from predatory black men. This notion of southern white womanhood clashed with Second-Wave Feminism and the ultimately failed effort to secure an Equal Rights Amendment. The feminist loss, however, was a major GOP gain, as the Republican establishment realized that traditional gender roles could be the next way to appeal to southern white voters. In due course, the GOP’s messaging tapped into and perpetuated a Modern Sexism, characterized by a distrust of ambitious women, a demonization of feminism, and a growing resentment toward working women.
The Myth of the Social Conservative
Authors: Maxwell Angie , Shields Todd 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The relationship between the GOP and the Christian Right became so fundamental to the party’s success that Republicans constantly had to maintain a sense of urgency regarding the country’s moral compass. Moreover, to retain the loyalty of southern white religious voters, the GOP not only prioritized social conservative policy issues like gay marriage, but it also repackaged “secular” issues regarding the environment, the economy, and even war as issues of religious-political concern. By doing so, the GOP created a religious-partisan brand that dissolved denominational differences, overcame third-party challenges from Christian Right leaders, and softened the Christian authenticity litmus test for candidates. To that end, the religiosity of the contemporary GOP is not solely a reflection of the rising saliency of moral issues; rather, via the Long Southern Strategy, almost every issue became part of the evangelical cosmology in a spirit of Christian nationalism inherent in southern white identity.
Philosophical Assumptions
Authors: Butz Karel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The pedagogical ideas of Mimi Zweig, Paul Rolland, and Shinichi Suzuki are provided and explained how they can be applied into a string classroom setting. The chapter discusses the purpose of learning a string instrument, why string education matters, creating an “end goal” for orchestra students, establishing a “healthy foundation” for music learning, developing musicianship, facilitating musical success, treating students as artists, and defining classroom goals. The author’s personal mantras, based on his general philosophy of teaching and playing, provide a personal example of how guiding teaching principles apply to everyday string teaching, and enrich the learning experience for both teachers and students.
Assembling a Labor Market
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The booming voice industry in the Philippines is a case of an emergent global labor market. New technologies developed over the past several decades allow companies to spin off or relocate their phone services anywhere in the world. Differences in labor costs across regions of the world matter, but the resulting search for ideal labor is as much a social as an economic process. To capture this social dynamic, this chapter analyzes markets as assemblages. The key mediators in such as assemblage are firms, states, and workers. This chapter provides the theoretical tools to understand labor markets as assemblages, and suggests why some assemblages are more stable than others.
Responsible Women
Authors: Sallaz Jeffrey J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Women in the Philippines, and eldest daughters (ates) in particular, are customarily expected to serve as breadwinners for their families, both immediate and extended. In a country where divorce is illegal and birth control is controversial, too many Filipinas find themselves with a larger network of people to support. Whereas in the past, these “responsible women” would have had to leave the country as migrant workers, call centers offer them a new opportunity to stay at home. Working as a call center agent, in other words, represents a sustainable solution to the dilemma of breadwinning. As a case study of Hannah, a breadwinner, illustrates, these jobs are lifelines.
The Minotaur
Authors: Hays Gregory 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Ancient concepts of the person emerge not only from philosophical works but from literature and myth. Using a contemporary painting by the artist Erika Meriaux, this reflection focuses on the mythological story of the Minotaur, a creature who awkwardly straddles the boundary between human and animal, between person and nonperson. The Minotaur foreshadows modern anxiety about boundary cases: the clever dolphin or mentally challenged child. What obligations are owed to such a being? Meriaux's painting follows in the footsteps of some ancient writers in emphasizing the monster's human characteristics; yet he remains stubbornly bovine. Is it possible to be a person without being human? Meriaux's depiction challenges us to respond but leaves the answer up to us
Persons in Patristic and Medieval Christian Theology
Authors: Williams Scott M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
By surveying the history of Christian theology of the Trinity and Incarnation from Origen of Alexandria to William of Ockham, this chapter shows that Boethius’s addition of rationality to the definition of persona is a significant moment in the history of personhood. Among Greek and Syriac philosophical theologians, rationality was not included in theorizing about what made each divine individual or hypostasis (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) distinct from the others. The evidence surveyed suggests that rationality is included in the definition of a persona only in Latin authors after Boethius. Nevertheless, rationality did no substantive work in Boethius’s or later Latin authors’ theorizing about the Trinity or Incarnation with regard to personhood. Richard of St. Victor replaced Boethius’s “individual substance” with “incommunicable existence” in order to give a fully general definition of persona. This change was widely accepted by later philosophers (e.g., John Locke) and theologians.
Persons as Food in Voltaire’s Candide
Authors: Tsien Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Voltaire’s Candide describes a number of scenes involving the reification of nameless characters, stories in which their personhood is denied or diminished through slavery or cannibalism. The way these victims fight against reification by others is by remembering their stories and recounting them. According to some definitions, a person is defined by one’s continuous existence through time, which one is aware of through one’s memory, so the old woman’s and the slave’s narrations are what establish their status as subjects rather than objects. Nevertheless, these characters remain in a gray area between individual and type. Their particular experiences suggest that they are indeed individuals, but their lack of names perhaps suggests the extent to which their masters have dehumanized them. Cannibalism is a powerful metaphor for some people’s denial of others’ personhood, or in other words, treatment of persons as things.
The Concept of a Person in Eighteenth-Century German Philosophy
Authors: Thiel Udo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Most seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers, including major players such as Locke and Leibniz, discuss the concept of a person in the context of theological and moral questions. Particularly prominent are questions about the immortality of the soul and a life after death and about moral responsibility. These questions in turn connect to metaphysical issues, such as individuation and diachronic identity. This chapter examines how the three most important eighteenth-century German philosophers, Leibniz, Wolff, and Kant, deal with these themes. Apart from many significant differences between these philosophers, especially with respect to Kant versus Leibniz and Wolff, there are also several important positive connections. These relate to the question of animal and human souls, the role consciousness plays in the constitution of personhood, and the link between the concept of a person in epistemology and metaphysics on the one hand and in practical philosophy on the other.
Hegel's Aesthetics
Authors: Moland Lydia L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hegel’s Aesthetics: The Art of Idealism is the first comprehensive interpretation of Hegel’s philosophy of art in English in thirty years. In a new analysis of Hegel’s notorious “end of art” thesis, it argues for a variety of ways art ends, including historical, conceptual, and prosaic endings. It shows the indispensability of Hegel’s aesthetics for understanding his philosophical idealism and introduces a new claim about his account of aesthetic experience. In contrast to previous interpretations, it argues for considering Hegel’s discussion of individual arts—architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and poetry—on their own terms, unlocking new insights about his theories of perception, feeling, selfhood, and freedom. This new approach allows Hegel’s philosophy to engage with modern aesthetic theories and opens new possibilities for applying Hegel’s aesthetics to contemporary art. Hegel’s Aesthetics also clarifies why Hegel is known as the “father of art history” by elucidating his controversial analysis of symbolic, classical, and romantic art and by clarifying his examples of each. By incorporating newly available sources from Hegel’s lectures on art, it expands our understanding of the particular artworks Hegel discusses as well as the theories he rejects. Hegel’s Aesthetics situates his arguments in the intense philosophizing about art among his contemporaries, including Kant, Lessing, Herder, Schelling, and the Schlegel brothers. It gives us a rich vision of the foundation of his ideas about art and the range of their application, confirming Hegel as one of the most important theorists of art in the history of philosophy.
Introduction
Authors: Moland Lydia L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hegel has long been considered both the father of art history and the prophet of art’s end. This chapter explains this hybrid reputation and argues that a misunderstanding of both what Hegel means by the “end of art” and the “end of history” prevents us from understanding art’s role in his philosophical idealism. It argues that art has three kinds of endings in Hegel’s system: conceptual ends, prosaic ends, and a historical end. It suggests that while Part II of Hegel’s aesthetics enhances our understanding of his social-political philosophy, the less-discussed Part III enables us to understand his theory of selfhood, perception, feeling, and freedom. It describes the intense philosophizing about art among Hegel’s contemporaries and discusses the complex state of the sources available for analyzing Hegel’s thoughts about art.
Individuality Embodied
Authors: Moland Lydia L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
While architecture simply houses the spiritual, sculpture shows spirit embodied in physical form. Hegel claims that the human body can uniquely express this perfect interpenetration and that it does so most effectively in the still, reposed sculptures of fifth-century bce Greece. He argues that marble best captures skin tones and so is sculpture’s most appropriate material. Once statues begin to depict action, however, sculpture’s perfect interpenetration is disrupted. Sculpture then disintegrates into less perfect forms, including figures that attempt to depict emotion and sculpture that is simply decorative. This chapter also considers how Hegel’s theory can be applied to non-representational sculpture and contemporary evocations of imperfect bodies.
Subjectivity in Retreat
Authors: Moland Lydia L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Modern subjectivity is difficult to capture in art’s sensuous media. Painting is the first of Hegel’s individual arts to attempt this challenge. Christian painting especially, Hegel claims, is able to depict spirit’s disappearance into a human’s sense of interiority. It does so by cancelling sculpture’s third dimension and by evoking particularly subjective emotions such as love and bliss. Hegel sides with those who define painting’s essence as based in color rather than drawing. He praises masters of color such as Titian and Correggio as well as Dutch genre painting and still lifes for achieving maximum effect. This chapter also considers ways Hegel’s theory of painting can be extended to contemporary, non-representational painting.
A Relational Humility Framework
Authors: Mosher David K. , Hook Joshua N. , Davis Don E. , Van Tongeren Daryl R. , Worthington Everett L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, we describe a relational humility model that examines how perceptions of humility impact relationships, and we review research that supports the model. First, we describe the development of a relational humility framework in the field of psychology that addressed many conceptual and methodological issues in studying humility. Second, we describe two key hypotheses that have organized research on relational humility: (a) the social bonds hypothesis and (b) the social oil hypothesis. Third, we review research on relational humility in three key relational contexts: (a) social and romantic relationships, (b) cultural differences, and (c) business contexts. Finally, we discuss limitations in our proposed relational humility model, present areas for future research, and discuss practical applications of relational humility.
Humility and Helplessness in the Realization of Limitations within Hospice
Authors: de Vries Kay 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The historical and founding basis of the religiosity and spiritual focus of the hospice movement has congruency with the concept of humility; hospice culture retains much of the Christian foundations and a religious presence within which the implications of humility are found. The hospice culture and ideology support positing a model of hospice as a liminal space that includes dying as a journey, crossing thresholds, a waiting room for the dying, hospice as family, hospice nurses as ritual specialists who control the passage of dying in various ways, and hospice as a symbolically protected environment. Being in the presence of the overwhelming weakness of the dying humbled hospice staff and took them into a space and experience of complete powerlessness and helplessness that was momentary and transient, where they focused on care instead of cure through excellence in terms of humility and sensibility as opposed to power and mastery.
Frederick Douglass and the Power of Humility
Authors: Bobb David J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The life of ex-slave and leading 19th-century abolitionist Frederick Douglass is a study in the relationship between humiliation, humility, and healthy pride. Surrounded by the humiliating degradations of slavery as a young man, Douglass realized that arrogance, or unhealthy pride, is the main force motivating those who enslave other human beings. This realization helped steel him for the intellectual, moral, and physical resistance that was necessary for him to find freedom. As Douglass fought for equality for himself and for others, he came to understand the necessity of healthy pride. The more he nourished a healthy pride in himself, the more he was able to humble himself in service to others. Morally, Douglass showed humility in forgiving his former slave owners. Intellectually, Douglass showed humility in his break with William Lloyd Garrison over the interpretation of the US Constitution. Politically, Douglass’s views counseled national humility, not hubris.
Introduction
Authors: Quirk Paul J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces a volume that compares the political systems of the United States and Canada, with special attention to the effects of political institutions, and their interaction with political values and other factors, in policymaking. It explores differences between the American presidential (or separation-of-powers) system and the Canadian parliamentary system, along with a number of further institutional differences, and assesses policymaking and outcomes in a variety of areas. Focusing on long-term characteristics, it deals mainly with the period from the mid-20th century to the present, but it also gives specific attention to recent developments, especially the Trump presidency. This introductory chapter provides a “primer” on each of the two political systems and describes the focus and objectives of each chapter.
Executive Leadership and the Legislative Process
Authors: Malloy Jonathan , Quirk Paul J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines executive leadership and the legislative process in the United States (U.S.) and Canada. The U.S. has a separation-of-powers or presidential system while Canada has a parliamentary system. The constitutional differences do not produce predictable differences in policymaking performance, but they have crucial consequences in interaction with other political conditions. In particular, their effects depend heavily on variable conditions of the two countries’ electoral and political party systems. To explore these effects, the chapter distinguishes two major aspects of policymaking performance: (1) ideological direction and change and (2) policy competence. Over the long run, both systems have tended toward moderation and incrementalism. Canada has probably had an advantage with respect to competence. In recent years, developments in the respective party systems have challenged the long-term moderation of Canadian policymaking and have produced gridlock and episodes of serious incompetence in the U.S.