bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Bettiza Gregorio 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The conclusion has two main objectives. The first is to show how the International Religious Freedom, Faith-Based Foreign Aid, Muslim and Islamic Interventions, and Religious Engagement regimes form a broader American foreign policy regime complex on religion. The second objective is to reflect on the book’s wider implications for the study of religion in international relations and highlight areas for further research. This includes assessing the strength of the book’s theoretical framework in light of ongoing developments under the Trump administration; understanding better the changes occurring to the religious traditions and actors that America draws from and intervenes in around the world; investigating further how the American experience with the operationalization of religion in foreign policy relates and compares to similar policy changes taking place elsewhere; and reflecting more broadly on the implications for international order of the growing systematic attempt by the United States to manage and mobilize religion in twenty-first-century world politics.
Introduction
Authors: Allain Jean 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This Introduction by Jean Allain to the English-language translation of the 1803 first edition of Joseph-Mathias Gérard de Rayneval’s Institutions de droit de la nature and des gens places the text in context. The Introduction provides the reader with an understanding of the author and his motivations and situates the text within the annals of the history of international law. The Introduction details the evolution of the man who is effectively the last legal advisor to the French foreign office of the Ancien Régime, and speaks to a book which is drafted in the shadow of both the French Revolution and the coming to power of Napoleon Bonaparte. While the Institutions is Rayneval’s contemporary legacy, the Introduction shows a man at the centre of European diplomatic relations who was fundamental to the shaping the peace of Paris of 1783. To provide further insight into Rayneval and his perspective on the Law of Nations, the 1832 ‘Biographical Note of Mr. Rayneval’ which appeared in the third edition of Institutions de droit de la nature and des gens has also been translated and follows on from this Introduction.
The Chivalric Turn
Authors: Crouch David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This is a book about the medieval obsession with defining and practising superior conduct and the social consequences that followed from it. It is also a book about how historians since the seventeenth century have understood medieval conduct, because in many ways we still see it through the eyes of the writers of the Enlightenment. This is nowhere more so in its defining of superior conduct on the figure of the knight, and categorizing it as Chivalry. Using for the first time the full range of the considerable twelfth- and thirteenth-century literature on conduct in the European vernaculars and in Latin, the book describes and defines what superior lay conduct was in European society before Chivalry, and maps how Chivalry emerged and redefined superior conduct in the last generation of the twelfth century, and suggests how and why it did. The emergence of Chivalry was, however, only one part of a major social change, because it also made necessary a new and narrower definition and understanding of what Nobility was, which had consequences for the medieval understanding of gender, social class, violence, and the limits of law. The book tackles social change on a European scale and in the emerging understanding that twelfth- and thirteenth-century elite society was a predominantly literate one. Indeed, the majority of the many male and female writers on conduct used here (mostly for the first time in a social history book) were not churchmen, but lay people giving their opinion on their own society and its problems.
The Disruptive Knight
Authors: Crouch David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The centuries-long debate over the origins and status of ‘knight’ produced in several national historiographies the view that the European knight rose in status to become a noble during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The twentieth century challenged this view, suggesting that knights were not a coherent social group and that we have misunderstood what it meant to be knighted. It is argued here that knights up till the thirteenth century may well have formed an economic continuum in European societies, with most of them being salaried employees in households and not automatically of noble standing. What defined them as a social group was their dependency on the noble magnates who employed them and with whom they associated. There is also evidence of a military and civil ethos of knighthood which was their property, not that of the noble magnates.
The impact of musical structure on enjoyment and absorptive listening states in trance music
Authors: Agres Kat , Bigo Louis , Herremans Dorien 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The act of listening to music to reach altered states of consciousness is common across many different cultures around the world, ranging from tribal settings in Central Java, Indonesia, to EDM (electronic dance music) dance clubs in the Western world. Despite the widespread listenership to trance music, we lack a comprehensive, scientific account of how features of the musical surface and structure map onto the psychophysiological experience of music. This chapter provides an overview of existing research that connects the phenomenology of trancing to psychological and neurophysiological findings. It highlights two recent empirical studies that investigate how listeners’ enjoyment and self-reported altered states of consciousness are influenced by harmonic repetition and complexity in uplifting trance (UT) pieces. This leads to a discussion of the connection between the structural properties of trance music and their impact on listeners’ enjoyment and on altered states of consciousness.
Measuring adolescents’ emotional responses to music: Approaches, challenges, and opportunities
Authors: Chin Tan-Chyuan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Contemporary challenges facing researchers and practitioners in measuring and understanding the various components of emotional responses to music need to be balanced with informed, active participation from young people. For researchers, measurement can encompass both process and outcome indicators that provide the capacity to monitor change over time and examine the impact of music-based interventions on mental health and wellbeing. For practitioners, measurement forms a fundamental aspect of the needs analysis so that therapeutic sessions can be tailored to suit individuals’ needs. This chapter presents information about the types of methods and factors that need to be considered for future work measuring emotional responses to music in young people. The benefits and challenges of utilizing mixed-methods approaches will also be considered. This chapter concludes that a considered, integrative approach of measurement will provide richer insight into research on the role of music in the lives of young people.
Humanitarianism, refugees, human rights, and health
Authors: Kneebone Susan 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the author explains the legal concepts of refugees and asylum seekers, the term ‘humanitarianism’, and the human rights principles that apply to them. The chapter then explores some critical issues. The conflicted roles of doctors and other health workers in receiving countries, using the offshore and onshore detention of refugees in Australia are employed as an example. The particular vulnerability of urban refugees in some countries and their lack of legal protection is highlighted. An analysis of the human right to health is presented to highlight gaps in the human rights frameworks which states can exploit to limit refugee protection and access to health.
Oedipal dreams
Authors: Lev Kenaan Vered 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter deals with the Oedipal dream as a common experience for both ancient and modern dreamers. This sense of commonality cannot erase a deep and ineradicable difference separating the ancients from the moderns. And yet the chapter points to a hermeneutic possibility that only a comparative reading of ancient and modern dreams can offer. By juxtaposing ancient and modern texts, and ancient and modern dream-interpretations, a third space of textuality—an intermediate zone—opens for us. This is where the unconscious will show up. Relationships between mothers and sons are taken to be the focus for the problematics of the literal-symbolic meaning of the erotic.
Bonhoeffer and the Idea of Christian Humanism
Authors: Zimmermann Jens 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 prepares the ground for depicting Bonhoeffer’s theology as a form of Christian humanism. This preparatory work begins by delineating Bonhoeffer’s own initially negative use of the term humanism for all forms of thought that fail to acknowledge human beings’ radical need for God’s transforming grace: ancient Greek philosophy, secular humanism, and secular Protestantism. Even the later Bonhoeffer’s more positive attitude toward humanism remains ambivalent, resulting in the contrast between his rhetorical use of the term and the actual agreement of his theology with the substance of Christian Humanism as defined by the Christian tradition. The remainder of the chapter engages European cultural history to contextualize Bonhoeffer’s theology in light of Christian humanisms (Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant) and secular or existentialist humanisms of his time.
Coda
Authors: Riley Peter 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Frank O’Hara’s work at the “Museum of Modern Art” is read as marking a moment when the subversive potential of distraction was refolded back into the logic of vocational modernity—ultimately becoming refigured as a new hyper-self-conscious mode of depoliticized productivity (O’Hara’s preoccupied persona on the page fell well within the remit of his cosmopolitan profession). The coda ends with a discussion of the ways in which “continuous partial attention” and the new “flexibility” might be resisted (particularly within the academy), and reflects on how the possibilities of a living sensuous activity might fall outside the divisive logic of market-driven productivity and be reaffirmed..
Night Raiders
Authors: Moss Eloise 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Night Raiders: Burglary and the Making of Modern Urban Life in London, 1860–1968 is the first history of burglary in modern Britain. Until 1968, burglary was defined in law as occurring only between the ‘night-time’ hours of nine p.m. and six a.m. in residential buildings. Time and space gave burglary a unique cloak of terror, since burglars’ victims were likely to be in the bedroom, asleep and unawares, when the intruder crept in, prowling near them in the darkness. Yet fear sometimes gave way to sexual fantasy. Eroticized visions of handsome young thieves sneaking around the boudoirs of beautiful, lonely heiresses emerged alongside tales of violence and loss in popular culture, confounding social commentators by casting the burglar as criminal hero. Night Raiders charts how burglary lay historically at the heart of national debates over the meanings of ‘home’, experiences of urban life, and social inequality. This book explores intimate stories of the devastation caused by burglars’ presence in the most private domains, showing how they are deeply embedded within broader histories of capitalism and liberal democracy. The fear and fascination towards burglary were mobilized by media, state, and market to sell insurance and security technologies, whilst also popularizing the crime in fiction, theatre, and film. Cat burglars’ rooftop adventures transformed ideas about the architecture and policing of the city, and post-war ‘spy-burglars’ theft of information illuminated Cold War skirmishes across the capital. More than any other crime, burglary shaped the everyday rhythms, purchases, and perceptions of modern urban life.
The Cat Burglar as London’s Rooftop Threat
Authors: Moss Eloise 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
First described in 1907, ‘cat’ burglars’ reputation as extraordinarily athletic thieves and rooftop-dwellers was cemented during the 1920s, when the feline burglars appeared to ransack the West End mansions of the wealthy with frightening regularity—according to the press. Disregarding the regulated concourse of the street to reach their victims via window, wall, and roof, cat burglars forever altered received wisdom on how London as an environment could be manipulated and experienced, and how it needed to be policed. The fact that all this took place at night as well gave added lustre to these thieves’ well-publicized exploits. An entirely new sub-category of crime thus emerged as space, time, and identity became intertwined around burglary. Concurrently, the material residue of cat burglars’ rooftop escapades—broken tiles and drainpipes, soil-marks on walls, etc.—encouraged new modes of policing and regulation based on the developing practice of forensic science. This chapter considers the geographical signifiers associated with burglars’ activities across the ‘public’ spaces of the city. It argues that accounts of burglars’ unusual mobility when travelling to victims’ houses evoked fears surrounding the erosion of London’s social boundaries, through suburbanization bringing working, middle, and upper classes into closer proximity than ever before, and via disruptive new modes of travel such as the car and Underground railway. In so doing, it shows that contemporary understandings of how London as an environment could be manipulated and experienced were fundamentally revised in relation to burglary.
Spy-Burglars and Secrets in the Cold War Capital
Authors: Moss Eloise 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
During the late-1940s a spate of burglaries from residences attached to the Soviet Embassy afforded an unexpected window onto the activities of those engaged in Cold War espionage, both perpetrated by Russian agents living in London and directed against them by British operatives. Thrillingly, they exposed how London’s burglary problem offered a convenient cloak to disguise thefts of information more priceless than jewels. This chapter analyses instances of espionage in which burglary featured, both real and fictive, in order to expose how London’s distinctive criminal character was a factor in shaping international politics in this era. The burglaries of residences attached to the Soviet Embassy in London, and subsequent wrangling over culpability and evidence of the crimes with those involved, mark a little-known aspect of the escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the Foreign Office under Ernest Bevin. Later intrigues involving burglary reveal another intersection between espionage and what has been termed the ‘cultural’ cold war. It is unsurprising that burglary figured in the hugely popular spy novels of Ian Fleming and John Le Carré; the burglar—especially the ‘spy burglar’, a label coined during the early 1960s—was as much a central protagonist on the stage of the post-war metropolis as the suave ‘man about town’ or the ‘spiv’.
Iran
Authors: Balzacq Thierry , Ramadan-Alban Wendy 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that Iran’s grand strategy has and is torn between three tensions: the prioritization of an Islamic identity versus attaining economic prosperity the use of an offensive or defensive military strategy and its self-conception as a revolutionary or “normal” state. Historically Iran has striven to reconcile these inherently ambivalent goals through the “principle of equilibrium” (tavãzon). This chapter demonstrates how tavãzon shapes Iran’s grand strategy. While these countervailing forces do account for some continuity in Iran’s strategy over time they can conversely result in abrupt changes in response to systemic shifts. Iran’s current strategic imperative is thus driven by three factors: the jostling internal power struggle between factions the economic imperatives chastened by sanctions and most proximately its hostile relations with Saudi Arabia and Israel. In this context Iranian policy elites have consolidated around a military strategy of asymmetric deterrence.
Saudi Arabia
Authors: Hetou Ghaidaa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the formulation, implementation, and consistency of Saudi Arabia’s grand strategy since 1979. It examines how internal and regional factors influenced that strategy through the optic of a series of critical regional turning points, often overlain by shifting US debates on the Kingdom’s regional role. The chapter delineates why Saudi elites prioritize certain long-term objectives, how they perceive threats, and why they respond in specific ways. Its guiding conceptual framework is informed by four elements: the Kingdom’s dominant strategic culture, its political system, perception of national security, and regional alliance formations. The chapter demonstrates how the current Saudi establishment’s ability to sustain a grand strategy—primarily a regional role—is closely linked to its economic power, financial solvency, and internal stability.
Wordsworth, Coleridge, and 'the language of the heavens'
Authors: Owens Thomas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This book explores some of the exultant visions inspired by Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s close scrutiny of the night sky, the natural world, and the domains of science. It examines a set of scientific patterns drawn from natural, geometric, celestial, and astronomical sources which Wordsworth and Coleridge used to express their ideas about poetry, religion, literary criticism, and philosophy. It establishes the central important of analogy in their creative thinking. Analogies prompted the poets’ imaginings in geometry and cartography, in nature (representations of the Moon) and natural history (studies of spider-webs, streams, and dew), in calculus and conical refraction, and in the discovery of infra-red and ultraviolet light. Although this is primarily a study of the patterns which inspired their writing, the findings overturn the prevalent critical consensus that Wordsworth and Coleridge did not have the access, interest, or capacity to understand the latest developments in nineteenth-century astronomy and mathematics, which they did in fact possess. This research reinstates many relationships which the poets had with scientists and their sources. Most significantly, the book illustrates that these sources are not simply another context or historical lens through which to engage with Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s work but are instead a controlling device of the symbolic imagination. Exploring the structures behind Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s poems and metaphysics stakes out a return to the evidence of the Romantic imagination, not for its own sake, but in order to reveal that their analogical configuration of the world provided them with a scaffold for thinking, an intellectual orrery which ordered artistic consciousness and which they never abandoned.
Epilogue
Authors: Owens Thomas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Epilogue examines Coleridge’s reception and influence at the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1833, and explores his small role in the nomenclature of Victorian science. The mythography that elevated Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s scientific standing above that of his forebears is shown to be false, although it played into Counter-Enlightenment narratives of the sort propounded by Isaiah Berlin, who contended that for the Romantics ‘Science is submission’. In fact, Wordsworth’s and Coleridge’s compulsively analogical imaginations awakened in them a lasting curiosity for scientific structures which parallels Tennyson’s own scientific allegiances. It was a trajectory that they experienced together, on the Somersetshire hills, in the pages of the Philosophical Transactions, and in the poems, schemes, and experiments which culminated in Wordsworth’s pivotal 1802 amendments to the Preface to Lyrical Ballads.
Coils
Authors: Burnham Michelle 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter reads Charles Brockden Brown’s 1799 novel Ormond in the context of Philadelphia’s newly intimate commercial relationship with the East Indies during the final decades of the eighteenth century. The novel draws from accounts of the Pacific and Siberia by such figures as Maurice Benyowsky, August von Kotzebue, and John Ledyard. Ormond embodies many of the features of the new merchant millionaires whose Philadelphia fortunes derived from transoceanic speculations in the East India trade. Such a transoceanic context aligns Ormond’s revolutionary politics with the logic and temporality of global finance capital rather than the Illuminati conspiracy with which he is often associated. Similarly, the narrative pace of Ormond mimics the expectant temporalities of financial investment and revolutionary discourse to show how seductive spectacles of the future distract us from the present acts of violence necessary to arrive at them.
Cycles
Authors: Burnham Michelle 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter situates William Earle’s 1800 novel Obi within a network of texts—including histories, natural histories, poems, and travel narratives—that surface the novel’s engagement with the profitable business of botanical transplantation which, at the turn into the nineteenth century, depended on connections between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Earle aligns human bodies with plants in order to represent the slave trade as a destructive form of transplantation and amputation. Drawing from Erasmus Darwin’s poem Botanic Garden, the novel Obi advances a “vegetable economy” in which revolution is a natural, botanical response to the violent transplantation project of the Atlantic slave trade. The surprisingly transoceanic and political life of plants during this period therefore forms the backdrop for the novel’s anti-slavery argument, which aligns human bodies with the bodies of plants and understands plantation slavery in terms of botanical transplantation.
Epilogue
Authors: Burnham Michelle 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Epilogue proposes new methods and approaches for developing a transoceanic American literary history. These include the practices of transoceanic drifting and archival diving to identify forgotten or distant texts, including traditions of reprint and translation. A transoceanic American literary studies does not claim that there is anything particularly or uniquely American about the texts it studies, regardless of where they were published or what language they were written in; but it does claim that this larger archive and context must be taken into account in any attempt to rewrite American literary history in relation to the globe. A global American literary history asks us to imagine America as at once central to and yet profoundly decentered from the globe and its connections, part of both Atlantic and Pacific oceans that are in turn linked to the rest of the planet’s waterworlds.
Introduction to Probability
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the concept of probability is introduced. The rolling of a die is an example of a random process: the face that comes up is subject to chance. In probability, the goal is to quantify such a random process. That is, we want to assign a number to it. This chapter introduces some basic terms used in the study of probability; by the end of the chapter, the reader will be able to define the following terms: sample space, outcome, discrete outcome, event, probability, probability distribution, trial, empirical distribution, and Law of Large Numbers. Using an example, the chapter focuses on a single characteristic and introduces basic vocabulary associated with probability.