bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genotyping genetically heterogeneousCyclospora cayetanensisinfections to complement epidemiological case linkage
Authors: Barratt Joel L. N. , Park Subin , Nascimento Fernanda S. , Hofstetter Jessica , Plucinski Mateusz , Casillas Shannon , Bradbury Richard S. , Arrowood Michael J. , Qvarnstrom Yvonne , Talundzic Eldin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSexually reproducing pathogens such asCyclospora cayetanensisoften produce genetically heterogeneous infections where the number of unique sequence types detected at any given locus varies depending on which locus is sequenced. The genotypes assigned to these infections quickly become complex when additional loci are analysed. This genetic heterogeneity confounds the utility of traditional sequence-typing and phylogenetic approaches for aiding epidemiological trace-back, and requires new methods to address this complexity. Here, we describe an ensemble of two similarity-based classification algorithms, including a Bayesian and heuristic component that infer the relatedness ofC. cayetanensisinfections. The ensemble requires a set of haplotypes as input and assigns arbitrary distances to specimen pairs reflecting their most likely relationships. The approach was applied to data generated from a test cohort of 88 human fecal specimens containingC. cayetanensis, including 30 from patients whose infections were associated with epidemiologically defined outbreak clusters of cyclosporiasis. The ensemble assigned specimens to plausible clusters of genetically related infections despite their complex haplotype composition. These relationships were corroborated by a significant number of epidemiological linkages (P< 0.0001) suggesting the ensemble's utility for aiding epidemiological trace-back investigations of cyclosporiasis.
English Catholic Charity and the Irish Poor in London
Authors: Gilley Sheridan 
Published: May 2019

‘It was merry Christmas at St. Geneviève. There was a Yule log blazing on every hearth in that wide domain, from the hall of the squire to the peasant's roof. The Buttery Hatch was open for the whole week from noon to sunset; all comers might take their fill, and each carry away as much bold beef, white bread, and jolly ale as a strong man could bear in a basket with one hand. For every woman a red cloak, and a coat of broadcloth for every man. All day long, carts laden with fuel and warm raiment were traversing the various districts, distributing comfort and dispensing cheer. For a Christian gentleman of high degree was Eustace Lyle. (Disraeli, 1844.)The English priest had to serve the Irish in England, by virtue of his priesthood. But the English Catholic layman could stand aloof, and it has usually been alleged that the English laity in their cliquish callousness shunned and despised immigrant Catholic Irishmen, and refused to help the Church provide them with chapels and schools. The notorious Monsignor George Talbot's strictures upon their selfishness were especially fierce; indeed his letters have a social dimension which his detractors have conspired to ignore, for he assailed English Papists in the name of the Papist poor.
Francis Bird, Sculptor, 1667–1731
Authors: Rendel Rosemary 
Published: May 2019

It has not, I think, been generally realised up till now, that Francis Bird was a Catholic. Joseph Gillow includes him in his Biographical Dictionary of the English Catholics but this is a source hardly known to historians of Art and one which recusant historians are hesitant about using because Gillow is sometimes inaccurate. In this case, Gillow may have been able to check his written sources against an accurate family tradition, since Francis Bird was a distant ancestor of his through the marriage of a great-great-grandson, George Thomas Ferrers, to Mary Gillow of Hammersmith. Francis Bird was the leading sculptor whose career bridges the gap between the age of Gibbons and the age of Rysbrack. It is clear that he had a large practice and must have made free use of assistants. He appears to have had a good continental training, though its details are somewhat obscure.The main source for Francis Bird's life is one of the manuscript notebooks of George Vertue, the eighteenth-century engraver, himself a Catholic. He recorded in these the chief events in the world of London artists from September 1722 to August 1754. Vertue's notes were not intended for publication, and his information came either at first hand or from those who knew the artists personally. He states that when Francis Bird died, he left six children, one of them being a son who was aged fifteen at his father's death. C.R.S. sources have now enabled us to identify most of the children and grandchildren. I am most grateful to Sister Francis Agnes Onslow, O.S.F., of Goodings, for allowing me to take over the relevant part of her Bird and Chapman family tree, when we found that we were working in parallel, and it is reproduced here as a first draft so that others may fill in the gaps and make the necessary corrections. I hope to give the Chapman part of the family tree in a subsequent note.
DI QUESTA RIVISTA
Authors: G. S.  
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIn Italia le riviste che si occupano di politica non mancano, anzi abbondano. Ma manca, o mancava, una rivista di scienza politica, vale a dire espressamente e specificamente destinata allo studio della politica sub specie scientiae. Mancanza di cui si ha la riprova nelle riserve e nei malintesi che tuttora avvolgono questo settore di studi.
MODELLI SPAZIALI E L'IDENTIFICAZIONE PARTITICA DELL'ELETTORE ITALIANO
Authors: Barnes Samuel H. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIl miglior risultato che si possa ottenere dalla ricerca empirica è costituito da un eccellente accordo tra la teoria ed i dati: il fatto che questo stato di cose si verifichi di rado non fa che renderlo ancora piú piacevole. Le scienze sociali riescono infatti meglio nel criticare che non nel fornire prove, nel dimostrare l'inesattezza di ciò che crediamo di sapere piuttosto che nel costruire utili modelli di comportamento. Ancora meno di frequente avviene che si riesca a provare fondate sul piano della realtà empirica nozioni date per scontate nell'uso corrente. È ovvio infine che una delle meno frequenti evenienze è quella di trovare che la teoria ed i dati contribuiscono a provare come il folklore politico sia esatto. Eppure è proprio uno di questi esoterici risultati che il presente saggio ha il piacevole compito di esporre.
GOVERNI E SISTEMI DI PARTITO IN DIECI PICCOLE DEMOCRAZIE EUROPEE
Authors: Daalder Hans 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneL'argomento di questo articolo é stato affrontato in scienza politica sotto tre angolazioni principali: 1) quella della letteratura tradizionale di politica comparata, che si é concentrata principalmente sulle variabili istituzionali, 2) quella dello studio cornparato dei sistemi di partito, e 3) quella della teo ria delle coalizioni.
POLITICA E PREVISIONE TECNOLOGICA: UN CODICILLO A DANIEL BELL
Authors: Sartori Giovanni 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneSenza un criterio di decifrazione, senza una chiave esplicativa, tanto il passato come il futuro sono soltanto zone di buio. La ricerca di questo «decifratore» appartiene, tradizionalmente, a quel capitolo della Iilosofia che viene detto «filosofla della storia ». Ma per quanto si dica cosí, è chiaro che una volta fatta la scelta del criterio esplicativo questo criterio deve valere indiflerentemente tanto per il passato come per il futuro, tanto per la retrospezione come per la previsione, tanto all'indietro come in avanti. In pratica, tuttavia, chi cerca di decifrare il futuro si trova meglio con talune chiavi esplicative che non con altre. Non è affatto una coincidenza che il futurologo opti, il più delle volte, per un tipo di spiegazione tecnologica e tecnostrutturale.
The Legion and the Centuriate Organization
Authors: Sumner G. V. 
Published: May 2019

It is generally recognized that Rome of the early Republic offers a good example of the correlation between military and political organization. The ordering of the Roman citizenry in centuries, classes and age-groups was in origin and essence a military system. The Comitia Centuriata was the exercitus urbanus—the army on parade in the Field of Mars.But by the third century B.C. the Roman army and the centuriate assembly were manifestly two different systems, even if vestiges of their interconnection lingered on. The process whereby this differentiation had come about is, unfortunately, not so clear. The traditional accounts of early Roman history generally failed to devote much attention to questions of that order. Yet the effort to tackle and, if possible, solve this complex of problems can hardly be evaded. The answers given, or assumed, by modern historians are bound to determine how the whole history of early Rome is interpreted and represented.
The Development of the Praetor's Edict
Authors: Watson Alan 
Published: May 2019

So much has been written on even the most minute problems of Roman Law that it is surprising to find topics of fundamental importance which have been generally neglected. But such a one is the course of development of the praetorian Edict—perhaps the most important source of Roman law—despite the broad studies of Dernburg and Kelly.Two primary difficulties face any attempt to reconstruct the course of development of the Edict. The first is the extreme rarity of positive or virtually positive dates for the introduction of individual edicts. In fact there are only four. The edictum de hominibus armatis coactisve et vi bonorum raptorum was introduced by M. Lucullus who was praetor peregrinus—not praetor urbanus—in 76 B.C. The edictum de dolo was the work of Aquilius Gallus who was a praetor in 66 B.C. An edict on metus was issued almost certainly by the Octavius who was consul in 75 B.C. and hence praetor not later than 78. It is noteworthy that all positive dating for these three edicts comes from Cicero.
Forecasting health expenses using a functional data model
Authors: Piontkowski Jens 
Published: May 2019

AbstractTraditionally, actuaries make their predictions based on simple, robust methods. Stochastic models become increasingly popular because they can enrich the point estimates with error estimates or even provide the whole probability distribution. Here, we construct such a model for German inpatient health expenses per age using the functional data approach. This allows us to see in which age groups the expenses change the most and where predictions are most uncertain. Jumps in the derived model parameters indicate that 3 years might be outliers. In fact, they can be explained by changes in the reimbursement system and must be dealt with. As an application, we compute the probability distribution of the total health expenses in the upcoming years.
Belief in a Just World and Emotional Intelligence in Subjective Well-Being of Cancer Patients
Authors: Megías Jesús L. , Romero Yolanda , Ojeda Begoña , Peña-Jurado Inmaculada , Gutiérrez-Pastor Pilar 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe study of coping strategies has provided valuable insights about the process of helping cancer patients adapt to their disease. However, new approaches must be explored to increase the knowledge of this adjustment. In this study, we will analyze the relationship between patients’ psychological well-being and quality of life and less well-studied constructs such as the belief in a just world (BJW) and emotional intelligence (EI). Sixty-eight cancer patients (35 men, 33 women; mean age 53.5 years; range: 20–86) were asked about their personal and general BJW, EI, Perception of Quality of Life, Anxiety, and Depression. Different multiple regression analyses showed that patients’ personal BJW negatively predicted their anxiety (p< .05) and a trend to a better quality of life. In addition, patients with high scores in the Mood Repair subfactor of EI showed better quality of life (p< .05), and those with higher Attention to Feelings exhibited more Anxiety (p< .01) and a trend to more Depression. These results underline the need to take into consideration new factors, such as BJW and EI, in clinical interventions for cancer patients.
Thermal Structure of the Forearc in Subduction Zones: A Comparison of Methodologies
Authors: van Keken Peter E. , Wada Ikuko , Sime Nathan , Abers Geoffrey A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMolnar and England (1990, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB04p04833) introduced equations using a semianalytical approach that approximate the thermal structure of the forearc regions in subduction zones. A detailed new comparison with high‐resolution finite element models shows that the original equations provide robust predictions and can be improved by a few modifications that follow from the theoretical derivation. The updated approximate equations are shown to be quite accurate for a straight‐dipping slab that is warmed by heat flowing from its base and by shear heating at its top. The approximation of radiogenic heating in the crust of the overriding plate is less accurate but the overall effect of this heating mode is small. It is shown that the previous and updated approximate equations become increasingly inaccurate with decreasing thermal parameter and increasing variability of slab dip. It is also shown that the approximate equations cannot be extrapolated accurately past the brittle‐ductile transition. Conclusions in a recent paper (Kohn et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1809962115) that modest amount of shear heating can explain the thermal conditions of past subduction from the exhumed metamorphic rock record are invalid due to a number of compounding errors in the application of the Molnar and England (1990, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB04p04833) equations past the brittle‐ductile transition. The use of the improved approximate equations is highly recommended provided their limitations are taken into account. For subduction zones with variable dip and/or low thermal parameter finite element modeling is recommended.
Oxygen Isotopes (δ18O) Trace Photochemical Hydrocarbon Oxidation at the Sea Surface
Authors: Ward Collin P. , Sharpless Charles M. , Valentine David L. , Aeppli Christoph , Sutherland Kevin M. , Wankel Scott D. , Reddy Christopher M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAlthough photochemical oxidation is an environmental process that drives organic carbon (OC) cycling, its quantitative detection remains analytically challenging. Here, we use samples from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill to test the hypothesis that the stable oxygen isotope composition of oil (δ18OOil) is a sensitive marker for photochemical oxidation. In less than one‐week, δ18OOil increased from −0.6 to 7.2‰, a shift representing ~25% of the δ18OOC dynamic range observed in nature. By accounting for different oxygen sources (H2O or O2) and kinetic isotopic fractionation of photochemically incorporated O2, which was −9‰ for a wide range of OC sources, a mass balance was established for the surface oil's elemental oxygen content and δ18O. This δ18O‐based approach provides novel insights into the sources and pathways of hydrocarbon photo‐oxidation, thereby improving our understanding of the fate and transport of petroleum hydrocarbons in sunlit waters, and our capacity to respond effectively to future spills.
Theoretical Prediction of Asymmetric Instability of Drift Kinetic Alfven Waves in Anisotropic Plasmas
Authors: Bashir M. F. , Chen Lunjin , Ilie Raluca 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe asymmetric instability of drift kinetic Alfvén waves (DKAWs) is analyzed to study the interplay between the density inhomogeneity and the temperature anisotropy, including the wave‐particle interaction and finite ion Larmor radius effects. The asymmetric behavior arises due to the opposite diamagnetic drifts of electrons and ions and quantifies the contribution of electron drift waves and ion drift waves in altering the dispersion characteristic of DKAWs. It is shown that the coupling of drift waves with kinetic Alfvén waves leads to the generation of three different frequency (i.e., higher, intermediate, and lower) modes of DKAWs. The comparison of their propagation characteristics and stability mechanisms applicable to a wide range of plasma parameters is provided. The analytical dispersion relation can be used as an improved theoretical tool for identifying the existence of DKAWs and their source region in the multisatellite observations, especially near the reconnection X‐line.
Mycobacterium abscessus-associated vertebral osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent patient: a rare case report and literature review
Authors: Moral Muhammad Z. , Desai Khusboo , Arain Abdul R. , O’Leary Robert E. , Haddad Stefanos F. , Lawrence James P. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Introduction
Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) is an uncommon infection with Staphylococcus aureus as the most commonly implicated organism. VO caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) such as Mycobacteriumabscessus (M. abscesscus) is exceedingly rare with only eight cases reported in literature.

Case presentation
We report a rare case of an 82-year-old male with a remote history of trauma who was diagnosed with NTM vertebral osteomyelitis. The patient initially underwent a vertebroplasty of T12 and kyphoplasty of L1 for pathologic compression fractures. Subsequent cultures revealed M. abscessus. The patient further underwent an anterior T12-L2 corpectomy and debridement with instrumented fusion, as well as a posterior T9-L4 instrumentation and fusion. He received multi-agent antibiotic therapy; however, was ultimately unable to tolerate the aggressive treatment regimen and his prolonged postoperative course.

Discussion
Nontuberculous mycobacteria vertebral osteomyelitis is exceedingly rare. NTM vertebral osteomyelitis is challenging to treat. Surgical management plays a limited role in early VO, but is the mainstay treatment in chronic VO. Early recognition of the condition and shared patient management with multidisciplinary teams is key to successfully treating cases of NTM VO.
A Landsat-based vegetation trend product of the Tibetan Plateau for the time-period 1990–2018
Authors: Fassnacht Fabian Ewald , Schiller Christopher , Kattenborn Teja , Zhao Xinquan , Qu Jiapeng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Tibetan Plateau is a unique, biodiverse ecosystem with an important role in the climate and hydrological system of Asia. Its vegetation supports important functions including fodder provision, erosion prevention and water retention. Assessing vegetation trends of the Tibetan Plateau is crucial to understand effects of recent climate and land-use changes. Most existing vegetation trend products covering the entire Tibetan Plateau have a coarse spatial grain and cover short temporal ranges. This hampers their applicability in studies conducted at local scales where land-use decisions take place and at time scales where climate changes become apparent. Here, we present vegetation trend products for the entire Tibetan Plateau at a spatial resolution of 30 m for the time period 1990–2018. These products include results of a modified Mann-Kendall trend test applied to annual Landsat-based NDVI mosaics, composed from all satellite observations acquired during the vegetation periods as well as NDVI difference images. These data can be valuable to many researchers including for example wildlife ecologists, rangeland experts and climate change researchers.
Periodontal treatment prevents arthritis in mice and methotrexate ameliorates periodontal bone loss
Authors: Lübcke Paul M. , Ebbers Meinolf N. B. , Volzke Johann , Bull Jana , Kneitz Susanne , Engelmann Robby , Lang Hermann , Kreikemeyer Bernd , Müller-Hilke Brigitte 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecent studies indicate a causal relationship between the periodontal pathogen P. gingivalis and rheumatoid arthritis involving the production of autoantibodies against citrullinated peptides. We therefore postulated that therapeutic eradication P. gingivalis may ameliorate rheumatoid arthritis development and here turned to a mouse model in order to challenge our hypothesis. F1 (DBA/1 x B10.Q) mice were orally inoculated with P. gingivalis before collagen-induced arthritis was provoked. Chlorhexidine or metronidazole were orally administered either before or during the induction phase of arthritis and their effects on arthritis progression and alveolar bone loss were compared to intraperitoneally injected methotrexate. Arthritis incidence and severity were macroscopically scored and alveolar bone loss was evaluated via microcomputed tomography. Serum antibody titres against P. gingivalis were quantified by ELISA and microbial dysbiosis following oral inoculation was monitored in stool samples via microbiome analyses. Both, oral chlorhexidine and metronidazole reduced the incidence and ameliorated the severity of collagen-induced arthritis comparable to methotrexate. Likewise, all three therapies attenuated alveolar bone loss. Relative abundance of Porphyromonadaceae was increased after oral inoculation with P. gingivalis and decreased after treatment. This is the first study to describe beneficial effects of non-surgical periodontal treatment on collagen-induced arthritis in mice and suggests that mouthwash with chlorhexidine or metronidazole may also be beneficial for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and a coexisting periodontitis. Methotrexate ameliorated periodontitis in mice, further raising the possibility that methotrexate may also positively impact on the tooth supporting tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Insights and approaches using deep learning to classify wildlife
Authors: Miao Zhongqi , Gaynor Kaitlyn M. , Wang Jiayun , Liu Ziwei , Muellerklein Oliver , Norouzzadeh Mohammad Sadegh , McInturff Alex , Bowie Rauri C. K. , Nathan Ran , Yu Stella X. , Getz Wayne M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe implementation of intelligent software to identify and classify objects and individuals in visual fields is a technology of growing importance to operatives in many fields, including wildlife conservation and management. To non-experts, the methods can be abstruse and the results mystifying. Here, in the context of applying cutting edge methods to classify wildlife species from camera-trap data, we shed light on the methods themselves and types of features these methods extract to make efficient identifications and reliable classifications. The current state of the art is to employ convolutional neural networks (CNN) encoded within deep-learning algorithms. We outline these methods and present results obtained in training a CNN to classify 20 African wildlife species with an overall accuracy of 87.5% from a dataset containing 111,467 images. We demonstrate the application of a gradient-weighted class-activation-mapping (Grad-CAM) procedure to extract the most salient pixels in the final convolution layer. We show that these pixels highlight features in particular images that in some cases are similar to those used to train humans to identify these species. Further, we used mutual information methods to identify the neurons in the final convolution layer that consistently respond most strongly across a set of images of one particular species. We then interpret the features in the image where the strongest responses occur, and present dataset biases that were revealed by these extracted features. We also used hierarchical clustering of feature vectors (i.e., the state of the final fully-connected layer in the CNN) associated with each image to produce a visual similarity dendrogram of identified species. Finally, we evaluated the relative unfamiliarity of images that were not part of the training set when these images were one of the 20 species “known” to our CNN in contrast to images of the species that were “unknown” to our CNN.