bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perinatal Anemia is Associated with Neonatal and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants with Moderate to Severe Perinatal Asphyxia
Authors: Kalteren Willemien S. , ter Horst Hendrik J. , den Heijer Anne E. , de Vetten Leanne , Kooi Elisabeth M.W. , Bos Arend F. 
Published: July 2018

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Perinatal anemia may cause perinatal asphyxia. Its pathophysiology and neurodevelopmental effects are theoretically different from other causes of perinatal asphyxia. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> The study aimed to determine whether perinatal anemia results in different short-term and long-term outcomes than other causes of perinatal asphyxia treated with therapeutic hypothermia. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We retrospectively included infants with moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, born between May 2009 and October 2015. During follow-up, we assessed cognitive and motor development at 2–3 years of age, using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, third edition (BSID-III). Neurodevelopmental outcome (NDO) was classified as abnormal in case of cerebral palsy with Gross Motor Function Classification System ≥III and/or a BSID-III composite score &#x3c; 85. Outcomes of infants with perinatal anemia (initial hemoglobin &#x3c; 7 mmol/L) were compared to infants born with perinatal asphyxia due to other causes. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In total, 111 infants were included of whom 30 infants (27%) died during the neonatal period. Infants with anemia (<i>n</i> = 23) had a higher mortality risk, OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.27–8.72, <i>p</i> = 0.01. None of the surviving infants with anemia (<i>n</i> = 12) had an abnormal NDO, in contrast to 26/69 (38%) with neurodevelopmental impairments, particularly motor problems, in the non-anemic group, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Perinatal anemia causing moderate to severe perinatal asphyxia is associated with a higher risk for neonatal mortality. All survivors with perinatal anemia, however, showed a normal NDO in contrast to children who were born asphyxiated due to other causes. The underlying pathophysiological mechanism for the favorable NDO in the perinatal anemia group needs further elucidation.
Medium-Chain Acylcarnitines Are Associated With Cardioembolic Stroke and Stroke Recurrence
Authors: Seo Woo-Keun , Jo Garam , Shin Min-Jeong , Oh Kyungmi 
Published: July 2018

Objective—
Stroke is a heterogeneous disease with diverse causes, which affect the risk of recurrence. This study aimed to identify novel biomarkers that are clinically relevant to the diagnosis of cardioembolic stroke (CE) and the prediction of stroke recurrence using metabolomics.

Approach and Results—
We obtained blood samples and clinical data from a consecutively registered, hospital-based acute stroke registry and from healthy controls. Mass-spectrometry–based profiling was performed, and several metabolomic signatures were selected for the discrimination of CE and stroke recurrence, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Finally, 190 acute ischemic stroke participants (43 CE patients and 147 non-CE patients) and 30 control participants were included. We obtained 29 metabolomics signatures, and of these, 2 medium-chain acylcarnitines (decanoylcarnitine and octanoylcarnitine) were selected as independent discriminants for CE (odds ratio, 2.839; 95% CI, 1.241–6.493 for decanoylcarnitine; odds ratio, 2.839; 95% CI, 1.241–6.493 for octanoylcarnitine). Elevated medium-chain acylcarnitines were also associated with a higher risk of stroke recurrence (hazard ratio, 3.767; 95% CI, 1.276–11.117 for decanoylcarnitine; hazard ratio, 5.519; 95% CI, 1.22–18.781 for octanoylcarnitine). The levels of decanoylcarnitine and octanoylcarnitine were correlated as known surrogate markers of CE. The levels of decanoylcarnitine and octanoylcarnitine were significantly higher in stroke patients with a high-risk potential of cardioembolism than in those with low or intermediate risk.

Conclusions—
Metabolomics provided an improved understanding of CE pathogenesis and stroke recurrence. We have identified decanoylcarnitine and octanoylcarnitine as novel biomarkers for CE and stroke recurrence.
Calcification Induced by Type I Interferon in Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells Is Larger in Males and Blunted by a Janus Kinase Inhibitor
Authors: Parra-Izquierdo Iván , Castaños-Mollor Irene , López Javier , Gómez Cristina , San Román J. Alberto , Sánchez Crespo Mariano , García-Rodríguez Carmen 
Published: July 2018

Objective—
Calcific aortic valve disease is the most prevalent valvulopathy in Western countries. An unanticipated pathogenetic clue involving IFN (interferon) was disclosed by the finding of constitutive type I IFN activity associated with aortic valve calcification in children with the atypical Singleton-Merten syndrome. On this basis, the role of type I IFN on inflammation and calcification in human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVIC) was examined.

Approach and Results—

IFN-α was weakly proinflammatory but potentiated lipopolysaccharide-mediated activation of NF (nuclear factor)-κB and the ensuing induction of proinflammatory molecules in human AVIC. Stimulation with IFN-α and in combination with lipopolysaccharide promoted osteoblast-like differentiation characterized by increased osteoblastic gene expression, BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)-2 secretion, and ectopic phosphatase activity. Sex differences were observed. Likewise, IFN-α treatment of human AVICs in osteogenic medium resulted in increased formation of calcific nodules. Strikingly, IFN-α–mediated calcification was significantly higher in AVICs from males, and was blocked by tofacitinib, a JAK (Janus kinase) inhibitor, and by a BMP antagonist. A female-specific protective mechanism involving the activation of PI3K-Akt (protein kinase B) pathways and cell survival was disclosed. Females exhibited higher levels of
BCL2
in valve cells and tissues and lower annexin V staining on cell stimulation.

Conclusions—
IFN-α acts as a proinflammatory and pro-osteogenic cytokine in AVICs, its effects being potentiated by lipopolysaccharide. Results also uncovered sex differences with lower responses in female AVICs and sex-specific mechanisms involving apoptosis. Data point to JAK/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) system as a potential therapeutic target for calcific aortic valve disease.
Detectability vs. time and costs in pooled DNA extraction of cutaneous swabs: a study on the amphibian chytrid fungi
Authors: Sabino-Pinto Joana , Krause E. Tobias , Bletz Molly C. , Martel An , Pasmans Frank , Steinfartz Sebastian , Vences Miguel 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
Epidemiology relies on understanding the distribution of pathogens which often can be detected through DNA-based techniques, such as quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). Typically, the DNA of each individual sample is separately extracted and undergoes qPCR analysis. However, when performing field surveys and long-term monitoring, a large fraction of the samples is generally expected to be negative, especially in geographical areas still considered free of the pathogen. If pathogen detection within a population – rather than determining its individual prevalence – is the focus, work load and monetary costs can be reduced by pooling samples for DNA extraction. We test and refine a user-friendly technique where skin swabs can be pooled during DNA extraction to detect the amphibian chytrid fungi, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans (Bsal). We extracted pools with different numbers of samples (from one to four swabs), without increasing reaction volumes, and each pool had one sample inoculated with a predetermined zoospore amount. Pool size did not reduce the ability to detect the two fungi, except if inoculated with extremely low zoospore amounts (one zoospore). We confirm that pooled DNA extraction of cutaneous swabs can substantially reduce processing time and costs without minimizing detection sensitivity. This is of relevance especially for the new emerging pathogen Bsal, for which pooled DNA extraction had so far not been tested and massive monitoring efforts in putatively unaffected regions are underway.
IL-6/IL-6R pathway is a therapeutic target in chemoresistant ovarian cancer
Authors: Yousefi Hassan , Momeny Majid , Ghaffari Seyed H. , Parsanejad Nazanin , Poursheikhani Arash , Javadikooshesh Sepehr , Zarrinrad Ghazaleh , Esmaeili Fatemeh , Alishahi Zivar , Sabourinejad Zahra , Sankanian Ghazaleh , Shamsaiegahkani Sahar , Bashash Davood , Shahsavani Narjes , Tavakkoly-Bazzaz Javad , Alimoghaddam Kamran , Ghavamzadeh Ardeshir 
Published: July 2018

Introduction: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy worldwide and despite an initial response to therapeutic agents, the majority of patients have chemoresistant disease. There is no treatment strategy with proven efficacy against chemoresistant EOC and in this setting, overcoming therapy resistance is the key to successful treatment. Methods: This study aimed to investigate expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) in a panel of the EOC cell lines. To achieve this, the expression of IL-6 and its receptor were compared in the EOC cells using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. MTT assay was performed to obtain chemosensitivity of the EOC cells. Results: In this report, we show that expressions of IL6 and IL6R are higher in therapy-resistant EOC cells compared to sensitive ones. Higher expression of IL6 and its receptor correlated with resistance to certain chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, our findings showed that combination of tocilizumab (Actemra; Roche), an anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibody, with carboplatin synergistically inhibited growth and proliferation of the EOC cells and the most direct axis for IL-6 gene expression was NF-κB pathway. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings suggest that blockade of the IL-6 signaling pathway with anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab might resensitize the chemoresistant cells to the current chemotherapeutics.
The Scope and Method of Applied Policy Economics
Authors: Colander David 
Published: July 2018

Much has been written about the methodology of economic science. Little has been written about the methodology of applied economics, and most applied economists think of applied economics as subject to a scientific methodology. But, as Classical economists recognized long ago, that cannot be correct as the methodology of science is designed to minimize the integration of values, while applied policy analysis requires the integration of values into the analysis, ideally in as transparent ways as possible. This article suggests that applied policy economics should consciously follow an engineering, not a scientific, methodology because engineering methodology allows for the conscious blending of philosophical methodology, used to arrive at consensus on values, with scientific methodology used to arrive at consensus on scientific facts and understanding.JEL Classifications: B40, B41, A12, A13
Relational autonomy in action: Rethinking dementia and sexuality in care facilities
Authors: Victor Elizabeth , Guidry-Grimes Laura 
Published: July 2018

Background: Caregivers and administrators in long-term facilities have fragile moral work in caring for residents with dementia. Residents are susceptible to barriers and vulnerabilities associated with the most intimate aspects of their lives, including how they express themselves sexually. The conditions for sexual agency are directly affected by caregivers’ perceptions and attitudes, as well as facility policies. Objective: This article aims to clarify how to approach capacity determinations as it relates to sexual activity, propose how to theorize about patient autonomy in this context, and suggest some considerations for finding an ethically responsible and practically feasible way to respect the sexual rights of this population. Research Design: The focus is on residents with early to moderate dementia in states of daily dependency on professional caregivers. The article critically examines existing empirical research on sexuality among persons with dementia, caregivers’ attitudes, and institutional roadblocks to enabling residents’ sexuality. A relational lens and insights from disability studies are used in the philosophical analysis. Participants and Research Context: No research participants were part of this analysis. Ethical Considerations: This article offers a conceptual analysis and normative framework only. Findings: The analysis highlights the delicate balance that capacity assessments for sexual activity have to strike; while caregivers should protect those who cannot give adequate consent, the denial of sexuality among residents can cause deep, long-ranging harms. Sexual agency features into an ongoing sense of self for many individuals with dementia, and the imposition of inappropriate standards and expectations for sexual autonomy can lead to unwarranted obstacles to sexual activity. Discussion: Recommendations include developing clear and inclusive institutional policies and practices of care, providing education for caregivers on how to discuss and document residents’ sexual preferences over time, and taking advantage of ethics consultation services. Conclusion: This analysis establishes the need for more research and discussion on this sensitive topic. Future research should investigate the specific responsibilities of caregivers in furthering the sexual interests of residents, how exactly to modify existing capacity instruments, and how best to support historically marginalized patients in their sexual identities.
Urbanization and Carbon Emissions in India and China
Authors: Sridhar Kala Seetharam 
Published: July 2018

This article understands, from an empirical perspective, the determinants of carbon emissions, using internationally comparable data, and cross-national regressions for India and China. Next, it explores the relationship between urban land use regulations and carbon emissions in India’s cities. Urbanization has no impact on carbon emissions per capita or per unit of geographical area. Electricity consumption in China and electricity produced from coal in India have a positive effect on carbon emissions. GDP per capita has a positive effect in India and not so in China, but per capita GDP squared has a negative impact on emissions in both the countries. Does this imply that urbanization should be ignored in the two countries? The answer is no, because a city’s urban form, to which policy contributes, is correlated with carbon emissions. More suburbanized cities which sprawl more also emit more carbon. India’s land use regulations relating to building height restrictions are conservative, hence Indian cities sprawl, which lead to carbon emissions. Hence, the focus of urban policy has to be on the development of compact cities. The article concludes with caveats of the data.
Hybrid model intermediate between a laboratory and field study: A humane paradigm shift in feline research
Authors: Fischer Amy , Benka Valerie AW , Briggs Joyce R , Maki Joanne , Morris Kevin N , Myers Kayla A , Rhodes Linda , Weedon George Robert , Levy Julie K 
Published: July 2018

Objectives: Non-surgical contraceptives are under development to provide accessible, affordable and humane alternatives for the management of free-roaming cat populations. The objective of this project was to develop a research approach for promising non-surgical contraceptives using outbred cats in a simulated free-roaming setting, meeting high standards for both animal welfare and scientific rigor. Methods: A facility, specially constructed with indoor and outdoor living areas, was approved and regulated as both an animal shelter and a United States Department of Agriculture research facility. Thirty female and five male cats, healthy but at high risk of euthanasia, were recruited from animal shelters and private homes. Guided by a detailed protocol, cats were housed in this facility for up to 18 months after acclimatization. Cats were administered the study product or a placebo, and then entered into a breeding trial. Cats were adopted at the end of the study. A range of methods was used to provide enrichment and balance a natural environment with the need for detailed daily monitoring. Results: Primary study results related to contraceptive safety and efficacy are published separately. Achieving a research model that is an intermediate step between a laboratory and an uncontained free-roaming cat colony was complex. Significant learnings shared in this current publication span: the selection of cats; acclimatization to a simulated colony environment; cat behavioral training during the study and in preparation for adoption; disease management; contract staff and volunteer support; and cat behavior throughout a breeding study. Conclusions and relevance: This model inspires continued movement away from the paradigm of breeding cats for research and instead sources existing cats at risk for euthanasia. The housing and management of the cats elevates research animals’ quality of life and provides positive post-study outcomes. While not appropriate for every feline research scenario, this hybrid model (between a laboratory and field study) proved to be a practical, humane and reliable scenario for research requiring a simulated real-world environment.
Superior Capsular Reconstruction With a Long Head of the Biceps Tendon Autograft: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: El-shaar Rami , Soin Sandeep , Nicandri Gregg , Maloney Michael , Voloshin Ilya 
Published: July 2018

Background: Several procedures have been proposed to address irreparable rotator cuff (RC) tears with pseudoparalysis. One recently proposed procedure is superior capsular reconstruction (SCR) using a tensor fasciae latae (TFL) autograft. Hypothesis: SCR with a locally available long head of the biceps tendon (LHB) autograft is biomechanically equivalent to SCR using TFL autograft for preventing superior humeral migration and the development of RC arthropathy in patients with irreparable RC tears. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Ten cadaveric shoulders (5 matched pairs) were tested. One shoulder from each pair was randomly assigned to the LHB reconstruction group using our novel technique, while the contralateral side was assigned to the TFL reconstruction group. SCR with a TFL autograft was performed based on previously described techniques. Massive RC tears were created by detachment of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus footprints from the greater tuberosity. The force required to superiorly translate the humerus 1.5 cm was then tested and recorded using a servohydraulic testing machine under 2 conditions: (1) after a massive RC tear and (2) after SCR with either a TFL autograft or an LHB autograft. Results: SCR with an LHB autograft required 393.2% ± 87.9% ( P = .029) of the force needed for superior humeral migration in the massive RC tear condition, while SCR with a TFL autograft required 194.0% ± 21.8% ( P = .0125). The LHB reconstruction group trended toward a stronger reconstruction when normalized to the torn condition ( P = .059). Conclusion: SCR with an LHB autograft is a feasible procedure that is shown to be biomechanically equivalent and potentially even stronger than SCR with a TFL autograft in the prevention of superior humeral migration. Clinical Relevance: This new technique may help to prevent superior humeral migration and the development of RC arthropathy in patients with irreparable RC tears.
Smartphone Otoscopy Sans Attachment: A Paradigm Shift in Diagnosing Ear Pathologies
Authors: Bhavana Kranti , Ahmad Majaz , Sharma Piyush 
Published: July 2018

ObjectiveTo study the validity of smartphone otoscopy.SettingEar, nose, and throat (ENT) outpatient clinic of a tertiary care hospital in eastern India.Study DesignExperimental study design to compare the efficacy of smartphone otoscopy with otoendoscopes.Subjects and MethodsOne hundred tympanic membranes (TMs) of 50 patients were examined and photographed by third‐year senior residents (6 years of ENT training) using a zero‐degree otoendoscope. The same 100 ears were then examined using a smartphone. Assistive light of the phone was used to illuminate the ear canal. The camera of the phone was focused to visualize and photograph the TM.ResultsCompared with the gold‐standard otoendoscopes, smartphones could correctly diagnose 75% of the cases. Sensitivity and specificity of smartphone otoscopy were 87.8% and 80%, respectively. Positive predictive value was 90.6%, whereas negative predictive value was 75%. Smartphone otoscopy could correctly diagnose 88.57% of normal TMs, 86.36% of retracted TMs, and 82.85% of perforated TMs.ConclusionThis modality of “smart otoscopy” has no added cost and can be used by most doctors after minimal training. It is an excellent teaching tool and can be used universally even in resource‐limited settings.
Sequential allogeneic and autologous CAR-T–cell therapy to treat an immune-compromised leukemic patient
Authors: Zhang Jian-Ping , Zhang Rui , Tsao Shih-Ting , Liu Yu-Chen , Chen Xiaochuan , Lu Dao-Pei , Castillo Paul , Chang Lung-Ji 
Published: July 2018

Key Points
CAR-T–cell therapy normally requires the patient’s own healthy T cells. An allogeneic CAR-T bridging therapy could rescue lymphopenic patients.
The actin cortex at a glance
Authors: Chugh Priyamvada , Paluch Ewa K. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
Precisely controlled cell deformations are key to cell migration, division and tissue morphogenesis, and have been implicated in cell differentiation during development, as well as cancer progression. In animal cells, shape changes are primarily driven by the cellular cortex, a thin actomyosin network that lies directly underneath the plasma membrane. Myosin-generated forces create tension in the cortical network, and gradients in tension lead to cellular deformations. Recent studies have provided important insight into the molecular control of cortical tension by progressively unveiling cortex composition and organization. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we review our current understanding of cortex composition and architecture. We then discuss how the microscopic properties of the cortex control cortical tension. While many open questions remain, it is now clear that cortical tension can be modulated through both cortex composition and organization, providing multiple levels of regulation for this key cellular property during cell and tissue morphogenesis.