bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of native plant‐parasitic nematode communities on the establishment ofMeloidogyne chitwoodi
Authors: Garcia N. , Grenier E. , Sarniguet C. , Buisson A. , Ollivier F. , Folcher L. 
Published: July 2018

Among plant‐parasitic nematodes (PPNs), the speciesMeloidogyne chitwoodiconstitutes an important agricultural issue and is listed as a quarantine species in theEU. This study investigated whetherPPNcommunities can affect the establishment and expansion ofM. chitwoodiduring a simulated introduction. An original experimental design was developed on potato in the glasshouse involving fourPPNcommunities derived from a single natural one that was initially grown on different host plants.Meloidogyne chitwoodiwas inoculated at two different densities (50 or 1000 second‐stage juveniles (J2) per pot). After 4 months,M. chitwoodiwas more abundant in the community showing a low overall abundance ofPPNs, decreased in the otherPPNcommunities and failed to establish in five pots out of 80. Results showed that establishment – even starting from a very low inoculum – can occur in all communities even if indigenousPPNs in the community affect the expansion through interspecific competition. The reverse interaction was also observed asPPNtaxa were generally less abundant in the 1000M. chitwoodiJ2 inoculation treatments. The proportion ofM. chitwoodimales produced was higher in the community showing low overallPPNabundance, suggesting a strong sensitivity ofM. chitwoodito intraspecific competition. The presented results suggest that a low abundance of indigenousPPNs presents a higher risk of expansion ofM. chitwoodieven if the introduced inoculum is low.
Effects of intracameral injection of epinephrine and 2% lidocaine on pupil diameter, intraocular pressure, and cardiovascular parameters in healthy cats
Authors: Amorim Tássia Moara , Dower Nathalie Moro Bassil , Stocco Matias Bassinello , Pizoni Laurem Hellem , Ribeiro Alexandre Pinto 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the effects of the intracameral injection of epinephrine and two doses of 2% lidocaine on pupil diameter (PD), intraocular pressure (IOP), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in healthy cats.MethodsFive treatment groups were formed (10 cats/each). Animals received 0.2 mL of epinephrine, 0.2 or 0.3 mL of 2% lidocaine, or 0.2 mL of BSS. Cats were anesthetized, and all solutions were injected intracamerally. PD, IOP, HR, and MAP were assessed at baseline, following anterior chamber paracentesis (T0), and at every 5 minutes, until anesthesia was terminated (T60). PD and IOP continued to be assessed for 2 additional hours during recovery from anesthesia. In another group, cats were not anesthetized and one of the eyes was treated with one drop of 0.5% tropicamide to check for maximal pupil diameter.ResultsFaster onset and longer duration of sufficient mydriasis (>10 mm) were observed in epinephrine treatment group, when comparing with cats treated with both doses of lidocaine. Eyes treated with epinephrine achieved the largest maximum pupil diameter (mm) when comparing with eyes treated with 0.3 mL of lidocaine (11.01 ± 0.16), tropicamide (10.66 ± 0.17), and 0.2 mL of lidocaine (10.23 ± 0.12) (P < .0001). In all groups, IOP decreased significantly at T0, but tended to return to baseline at T60. HR and MAP did not change significantly during time and among treatments.ConclusionsThe intracameral injection of 0.2 mL of 1:100 000 epinephrine and 0.3 mL of 2% lidocaine can be used as an alternative to tropicamide in healthy cats. Both treatments produced satisfactory and long‐lasting mydriasis without adverse effects on IOP, HR, and MAP.
Reducing catheter-associated urinary tract infections in hospitals: study protocol for a multi-site randomised controlled study
Authors: Mitchell Brett G , Fasugba Oyebola , Gardner Anne , Koerner Jane , Collignon Peter , Cheng Allen C , Graves Nicholas , Morey Peter , Gregory Victoria 
Published: July 2018

IntroductionDespite advances in infection prevention and control, catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are common and remain problematic. A number of measures can be taken to reduce the risk of CAUTI in hospitals. Appropriate urinary catheter insertion procedures are one such method. Reducing bacterial colonisation around the meatal or urethral area has the potential to reduce CAUTI risk. However, evidence about the best antiseptic solutions for meatal cleaning is mixed, resulting in conflicting recommendations in guidelines internationally. This paper presents the protocol for a study to evaluate the effectiveness (objective 1) and cost-effectiveness (objective 2) of using chlorhexidine in meatal cleaning prior to catheter insertion, in reducing catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria and CAUTI.Methods and analysisA stepped wedge randomised controlled trial will be undertaken in three large Australian hospitals over a 32-week period. The intervention in this study is the use of chlorhexidine (0.1%) solution for meatal cleaning prior to catheter insertion. During the first 8 weeks of the study, no hospital will receive the intervention. After 8 weeks, one hospital will cross over to the intervention with the other two participating hospitals crossing over to the intervention at 8-week intervals respectively based on randomisation. All sites complete the trial at the same time in 2018. The primary outcomes for objective 1 (effectiveness) are the number of cases of CAUTI and catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria per 100 catheter days will be analysed separately using Poisson regression. The primary outcome for objective 2 (cost-effectiveness) is the changes in costs relative to health benefits (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio) from adoption of the intervention.DisseminationResults will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journals and presentations at relevant conferences.A dissemination plan it being developed. Results will be published in the peer review literature, presented at relevant conferences and communicated via professional networks.EthicsEthics approval has been obtained.Trial registration number12617000373370, approved 13/03/2017. Protocol version 1.1.
Is it possible to measure new general relativistic third-body effects on the orbit of Mercury with BepiColombo?
Authors: Iorio Lorenzo 
Published: July 2018

AbstractRecently, Will calculated an additional contribution to the Mercury’s precession of the longitude of perihelion $$\varpi $$
ϖ
of the order of $${\dot{\varpi }}_\text {W}\simeq 0.22~\text {milliarcseconds per century}$$

ϖ
˙

W

≃
0.22

milliarcseconds per century

($$\text {mas cty}^{-1}$$

mas

cty

-
1

). It is partly a direct consequence of certain 1pN third-body accelerations entering the planetary equations of motion, and partly an indirect, mixed effect due to the simultaneous interplay of the standard 1pN pointlike acceleration of the primary with the Newtonian N-body acceleration, to the quadrupole order, in the analytical calculation of the secular perihelion precession with the Gauss equations. We critically discuss the actual measurability of the mixed effects with respect to direct ones. The current uncertainties in either the magnitude of the Sun’s angular momentum $$S_\odot $$

S
⊙

and the orientation of its spin axis $${\varvec{\hat{S}}}_\odot $$

S
^

⊙

impact the precessions $${\dot{\varpi }}_{J_2^\odot },~{\dot{\varpi }}_\text {LT}$$

ϖ
˙

J
2
⊙

,

ϖ
˙

LT

induced by the Sun’s quadrupole mass moment and angular momentum via the Lense–Thirring effect to a level which makes almost impossible to measure $${\dot{\varpi }}_\text {W}$$

ϖ
˙

W

, even in the hypothesis that it comes entirely from the aforementioned 1pN third-body accelerations. On the other hand, from the point of view of the Lense–Thirring effect itself, the mismodeled quadrupolar precession $$\delta {\dot{\varpi }}_{J_2^\odot }$$

δ

ϖ
˙

J
2
⊙

due to the uncertainties in $${\varvec{\hat{S}}}_\odot $$

S
^

⊙

corresponds to a bias of $$\simeq 9\%$$

≃
9
%

of the relativistic one. The resulting simulated mismodeled range and range-rate times series of BepiColombo are at about the per cent level of the nominal gravitomagnetic ones.
POP-PL
Authors: Florence Spencer P. , Fetscher Burke , Flatt Matthew , Temps William H. , St-Amour Vincent , Kiguradze Tina , West Dennis P. , Niznik Charlotte , Yarnold Paul R. , Findler Robert Bruce , Belknap Steven M. 
Published: July 2018

A medical prescription is a set of health care instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient, which may include orders for drug therapy, diet, clinical assessment, and laboratory testing. Clinicians have long used algorithmic thinking to describe and implement prescriptions but without the benefit of a formal programming language. Instead, medical algorithms are expressed using a natural language patois, flowcharts, or as structured data in an electronic medical record system. The lack of a prescription programming language inhibits expressiveness; results in prescriptions that are difficult to understand, hard to debug, and awkward to reuse; and increases the risk of fatal medical error.
This article reports on the design and evaluation of Patient-Oriented Prescription Programming Language (POP-PL), a domain-specific programming language designed for expressing prescriptions. The language is based around the idea that programs and humans have complementary strengths that, when combined properly, can make for safer, more accurate performance of prescriptions. Use of POP-PL facilitates automation of certain low-level vigilance tasks, freeing up human cognition for abstract thinking, compassion, and human communication.
We implemented this language and evaluated its design attempting to write prescriptions in the new language and evaluated its usability by assessing whether clinicians can understand and modify prescriptions written in the language. We found that some medical prescriptions can be expressed in a formal domain-specific programming language, and we determined that medical professionals can understand and correctly modify programs written in POP-PL. We also discuss opportunities for refining and further developing POP-PL.
Simulation of electromyographic recordings following transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Moezzi Bahar , Schaworonkow Natalie , Plogmacher Lukas , Goldsworthy Mitchell R. , Hordacre Brenton , McDonnell Mark D. , Iannella Nicolangelo , Ridding Michael C. , Triesch Jochen 
Published: July 2018

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique that enables noninvasive manipulation of neural activity and holds promise in both clinical and basic research settings. The effect of TMS on the motor cortex is often measured by electromyography (EMG) recordings from a small hand muscle. However, the details of how TMS generates responses measured with EMG are not completely understood. We aim to develop a biophysically detailed computational model to study the potential mechanisms underlying the generation of EMG signals following TMS. Our model comprises a feed-forward network of cortical layer 2/3 cells, which drive morphologically detailed layer 5 corticomotoneuronal cells, which in turn project to a pool of motoneurons. EMG signals are modeled as the sum of motor unit action potentials. EMG recordings from the first dorsal interosseous muscle were performed in four subjects and compared with simulated EMG signals. Our model successfully reproduces several characteristics of the experimental data. The simulated EMG signals match experimental EMG recordings in shape and size, and change with stimulus intensity and contraction level as in experimental recordings. They exhibit cortical silent periods that are close to the biological values and reveal an interesting dependence on inhibitory synaptic transmission properties. Our model predicts several characteristics of the firing patterns of neurons along the entire pathway from cortical layer 2/3 cells down to spinal motoneurons and should be considered as a viable tool for explaining and analyzing EMG signals following TMS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A biophysically detailed model of EMG signal generation following transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is proposed. Simulated EMG signals match experimental EMG recordings in shape and amplitude. Motor-evoked potential and cortical silent period properties match experimental data. The model is a viable tool to analyze, explain, and predict EMG signals following TMS.
Gut Microbiota–Dependent Trimethylamine
N
-Oxide Predicts Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Stroke and Is Related to Proinflammatory Monocytes
Authors: Haghikia Arash , Li Xinmin S. , Liman Thomas G. , Bledau Nils , Schmidt David , Zimmermann Friederike , Kränkel Nicolle , Widera Christian , Sonnenschein Kristina , Haghikia Aiden , Weissenborn Karin , Fraccarollo Daniela , Heimesaat Markus M. , Bauersachs Johann , Wang Zeneng , Zhu Weifei , Bavendiek Udo , Hazen Stanley L. , Endres Matthias , Landmesser Ulf 
Published: July 2018

Objective—

Gut microbiota–dependent metabolites, in particular trimethylamine
N
-oxide (TMAO), have recently been reported to promote atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Here, we examined for the first time the relation of TMAO and the risk of incident cardiovascular events in patients with recent first-ever ischemic stroke in 2 independent prospective cohorts. Moreover, the link between TMAO and proinflammatory monocytes as a potential contributing factor for cardiovascular risk in stroke patients was studied.

Approach and Results—

In a first study (n=78), higher TMAO plasma levels were linked with an increased risk of incident cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, recurrent stroke, and cardiovascular death (fourth quartile versus first quartile; hazard ratio, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.25–4.23;
P
<0.01). In the second independent validation cohort (n=593), high TMAO levels again heralded marked increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events (fourth quartile versus first quartile; hazard ratio, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.7–14.8;
P
<0.01), and also after adjustments for cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (hazard ratio, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.2–10.9;
P
=0.04). A significant correlation was also found between TMAO levels and percentage of proinflammatory intermediate CD14
++
CD16
+
monocytes (
r
=0.70;
P
<0.01). Moreover, in mice fed a diet enriched with choline to increase TMAO synthesis, levels of proinflammatory murine Ly6C
high
monocytes were higher than in the chow-fed control group (choline: 9.2±0.5×10
3
per mL versus control: 6.5±0.5×10
3
per mL;
P
<0.01). This increase was abolished in mice with depleted gut microbiota (choline+antibiotics: 5.4±0.7×10
3
per mL;
P
<0.001 versus choline).

Conclusions—
The present study demonstrates for the first time a graded relation between TMAO levels and the risk of subsequent cardiovascular events in patients with recent prior ischemic stroke. Our data support the notion that TMAO-related increase of proinflammatory monocytes may add to elevated cardiovascular risk of patients with increased TMAO levels.
Quantitative Lesion Water Uptake in Acute Stroke Computed Tomography Is a Predictor of Malignant Infarction
Authors: Broocks Gabriel , Flottmann Fabian , Scheibel Alexandra , Aigner Annette , Faizy Tobias D. , Hanning Uta , Leischner Hannes , Broocks Sabine I. , Fiehler Jens , Gellissen Susanne , Kemmling Andre 
Published: July 2018

Background and Purpose—
Early selection of patients with acute middle cerebral artery infarction at risk for malignant edema is critical to initiate timely decompressive surgery. Net water uptake (NWU) per brain volume is a quantitative imaging biomarker of space-occupying ischemic edema which can be measured in computed tomography. We hypothesize that NWU in early infarct lesions can predict development of malignant edema. The aim was to compare NWU in acute brain infarct against other common predictors of malignant edema.

Methods—
After consecutive screening of single-center registry data, 153 patients with acute proximal middle cerebral artery occlusion fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A total of 29 (18.2%) patients developed malignant edema defined as end point in follow-up imaging leading to decompressive surgery and death as a direct implication of mass effect. Early infarct lesion volume and NWU were quantified in multimodal admission computed tomography; time from symptom onset to admission imaging was recorded.

Results—
Mean time from onset to admission imaging was equivalent between patients with and without malignant infarcts (mean±SD: 3.3±1.4 hours and 3.3±1.7 hours, respectively). Edematous tissue expansion by NWU within infarct lesions occurred across all patients in this cohort (NWU: 9.1%±6.8%; median, 7.9%; interquartile range, 8.8%; range, 0.1%–35.6%); 7.0% (±5.2) in nonmalignant and 18.0% (±5.7) in malignant infarcts. Based on univariate receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, NWU >12.7% or an edema rate >3.7% NWU/h identified malignant infarcts with high discriminative power (area under curve, 0.93±0.02). In multivariate binary logistic regression, the probability of malignant infarct was significantly associated with early infarct volume and NWU.

Conclusions—
Computed tomography–based quantitative NWU in early infarct lesions is an important surrogate marker for developing malignant edema. Besides volume of early infarct, the measurements of lesion water uptake may further support identifying patients at risk for malignant infarction.
Comparison of Simulated Spatial Patterns Using Rain Gauge and Polarimetric-Radar-Based Precipitation Data in Catchment Hydrological Modeling
Authors: He Xin , Koch Julian , Zheng Chunmiao , Bøvith Thomas , Jensen Karsten H. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
With the advance of the weather radar technology, dual-polarization (dual-pol) radar data are now available for hydrological studies, which go beyond the traditional rainfall products relying purely on rain gauge data. Previous studies have focused on the evaluation of rainfall products and their hydrological responses using point-based observational data; however, spatial patterns of simulated hydrological variables are equally important to be considered in order to fully address the distributed effect of the precipitation estimates. In the present study, we compare three rainfall estimations based on rain gauge, single-polarization, and dual-pol radar data. Special attention is given to the use of the two radar products and their corresponding hydrological simulations of both surface water and groundwater. Performance of the hydrological simulations is evaluated based first on traditional point-based observations of stream discharge and groundwater head, and second on remotely sensed land surface temperature data. For the latter, the empirical orthogonal function analysis, which quantifies spatial pattern similarities, is employed. The Skjern River catchment in western Denmark is selected as the study site, and the results show that all three models perform equally well in terms of the traditional aggregated evaluation criteria, such as Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and RMSE on time series data. It is found that the differences of simulated hydrological spatial patterns are sensitive to rainfall signal intensity, as well as the simulation scale in space (&lt;100 km2) and time (subdaily). Our study suggests that the currently available observational data have limited capabilities to clearly differentiate the performance of the three applied models due to the low resolution.
Using Situation Awareness and Workload to Predict Performance in Submarine Track Management: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: Loft Shayne , Jooste Lisa , Li Yanqi Ryan , Ballard Timothy , Huf Samuel , Lipp Ottmar V. , Visser Troy A. W. 
Published: July 2018

Objective: Examine the extent to which subjective workload and situation awareness (SA) can predict variance in performance at the between- and within-person levels of analysis in a simulated submarine track management task. Background: SA and workload are crucial constructs in human factors that are conceptualized as states that change within individuals over time. Thus, a change in an individual’s subjective workload or SA over the course of performing a task should be predictive of their subsequent performance (within-person effects). However, there is little empirical evidence for this. Method: Participants monitored displays to track the behaviors of contacts in relationship to their own ship (Ownship) and landmarks. The Situational Awareness Global Assessment Technique measured SA, and the Air Traffic Workload Input Technique measured subjective workload. Results: When a participant’s subjective workload rating increased, their subsequent performance decreased, but there was no evidence for within-person effects of SA on performance. We replicated prior between-person level effects of SA; participants with higher SA performed better than those with lower SA. Conclusion: Change in an individual’s subjective workload rating (but not SA) was predictive of their subsequent performance. Because an increase in SA should increase the extent to which operators hold the knowledge required to perform subsequent tasks, further research is required to examine SA effects on performance at the within-person level. Application: Adapting automation is more likely to produce optimal outcomes if based on measurement of operator states that predict future task performance, such as workload.
Gamification of nutrition: A preliminary study on the impact of gamification on nutrition knowledge, attitude, and behaviour of adolescents in Nigeria
Authors: Ezezika Obidimma , Oh Jessica , Edeagu Ngozi , Boyo Warami 
Published: July 2018

Background: In Nigeria and many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, the availability of foods that are high in salt, sugar, and saturated fat is steadily increasing. This has led to an increase in the consumption of such foods among Nigerians, particularly among adolescents. Aim: This pilot study was undertaken to understand whether, and how, gamification of nutrition can have an impact on addressing the problem of unhealthy eating among Nigerian adolescents. Methods: Gamification of nutrition through board games, clubs and vouchers was introduced in three secondary schools in Abuja, Nigeria over a span of three to four months. Semi-structured focus groups were conducted with grade 11 and 12 students in the three secondary schools. Participants were asked about their perceptions of the intervention and how it influenced their eating behaviour, attitudes and knowledge about nutrition. Results: A total of 31 students participated in four focus groups. Participants reported that the intervention shifted their perceptions and preferences, leading them to alter their behaviour by incorporating more nutritious foods (such as fruits and vegetables) into their diet and engaging in more physical activity. Five themes emerged from the analyses: improved eating behaviour; increased physical activity; improved overall well-being; increased nutrition knowledge; and influencing others. Conclusions: The results from the focus groups suggest that gamification of nutrition can lead to improvements in dietary behaviour among adolescents over the short-term. More studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of nutrition interventions that use gamification techniques.