bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological character displacement alters the outcome of priority effects during community assembly
Authors: Stroud J. T. , Giery S. T. , Outerbridge M. , Feeley K. J. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractCharacter displacement may facilitate species coexistence through niche partitioning. However, the degree to which character displacement influences broader patterns of community assembly is unclear. Here, we capitalize on a natural experiment of community assembly on the oceanic island of Bermuda. Over the past century, three species of ecologically similar but distantly relatedAnolislizards have been introduced to Bermuda where noAnolishas ever naturally existed. The Jamaican anole (A. grahami) arrived first in 1905 and dispersed rapidly across the island. Five decades later, the Antiguan anole (A. leachii) and the Barbadian anole (A. extremus) were introduced to independent locations. In 1991,A. leachiiandA. extremuswere observed to nearly meet at a contact zone, but not yet to coexist. We record that subsequent range expansion at this contact zone has been asymmetrical;A. leachiiinvaded the range ofA. extremus, but reciprocal invasion byA. extremushas not occurred. When in allopatry in Bermuda, both species occupy identical ecological space. However,A. leachiiunderwent rapid ecological character displacement to use arboreal habitat when invading the range ofA. extremus. These findings highlight how character displacement may influence the process of dispersal and drive patterns of coexistence and community assembly.
Joint Probabilistic Analysis of Risk for Aquatic Species and Exceedence Frequency for the Agricultural Use of Chlorpyrifos in the Pampean Region, Argentina
Authors: Alvarez Melina , Du Mortier Cecile , Jaureguiberry Soledad , Venturino Andrés 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Pampa Húmeda region in Argentina is characterized by soybean, wheat, and maize production, with intensive application of agrochemicals such as herbicides and insecticides. We used a joint probabilistic approach to analyze the probabilities for environmental chlorpyrifos concentrations measured in the Pampa Húmeda to exceed acute or chronic hazardous concentration for 5% of the species (HC5) values estimated from species sensitivity distributions for aquatic species. Chlorpyrifos concentrations in water ranged from 0.0005 to 10.8 µg/L, with a median of 0.013 µg/L. The HC5 limits were 0.0637 µg/L for acute and 0.0007 µg/L for chronic effects. The probabilities for chlorpyrifos environmental concentrations to exceed the HC5 values ranged from 35% (acute effects) to 96% (chronic effects). Water quality criteria (WQC) for the protection of aquatic life were also frequently exceeded (by 48–87%) for both acute and chronic effects. Together with published threshold limit values from mesocosm studies, these data suggest that macroinvertebrate communities can be severely affected by the reported environmental concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Indeed, changes in the macroinvertebrate assemblage in the Pampa Húmeda have been correlated with chlorpyrifos levels in sediments. Nevertheless, the actual impact needs to be ascertained by assessing the recovery rate of macroinvertebrate populations in this region. Considering the HC5 for chronic effects and the threshold limits for macroinvertebrate community level effects, we propose 0.7 ng/L as a new WQC to effectively protect aquatic life from long-term exposure to chlorpyrifos. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1748–1755. © 2019 SETAC.
Abstract
The joint probability graph summarizes the probabilities that the environmental chlorpyrifos concentrations found at the Pampa Húmeda in Argentina (blue circles) will exceed certain protection limit endpoints. The protection endpoints shown are: the acute and chronic hazardous concentration for 5% of the species (HC5) derived from the respective species sensitivity distributions (SSDs; red arrows); the water quality criteria (WQC) for Aquatic Life Protection from Canada (A, short term; B, long term) and Argentina (C; purple arrows); and the threshold concentration for chlorpyrifos effects on the benthic macroinvertebrate community (TC; green arrow). The risks of chlorpyrifos use in the Pampa Húmeda are very high, and an impact on aquatic biota is suspected from the effects observed on macroinvertebrate assemblages. In consideration of the lowest limit endpoint, a WQC of 0.7 ng/L for chlorpyrifos is proposed.
Exploring the Use of Species Sensitivity Distributions to Define Protective Limits for the Use of Organic Wastes as Soil Amendments
Authors: Renaud Mathieu , Chelinho Sónia , Alvarenga Paula , Mourinha Clarisse , Palma Patrícia , Sousa José Paulo , Natal-da-Luz Tiago 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The use of organic wastes as soil amendments can be an important measure to improve soil quality and reduce waste accumulation and landfilling. However, the potential contaminant loads of such wastes, can be a source of environmental concern. Consequently, legislation has been developed to regulate the use of these wastes in agricultural soils. However, the regulations only consider chemical parameters, which are insufficient to establish the level of environmental risk. A possible solution is the use of species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), employing ecotoxicological data from test batteries that could be incorporated into legislation. In the present study, 2 different hazardous concentrations affecting 5 and 50% of the soil community (HC5 and HC50, respectively) were determined using ecotoxicological data (effect concentrations, 10 and 50% [EC10 and EC50, respectively]) for 5 different wastes. The results demonstrate that, as expected, current legislative thresholds do not translate to environmental risk/protection and that SSDs may be an important tool allowing the simple inclusion and interpretation of ecotoxicological data from test batteries in legislation. On the other hand, SSDs must be used with caution because there are still doubts about their actual value in risk prediction and about which estimates provide adequate protection. For instance, the use of HC50EC10 values is not recommended; these values overlap with the more conservative HC5EC50 data, highlighting the fact that the use of lower effect concentrations may not always provide the most protective approach. Also, hazardous concentrations need to be calibrated at the field or semifield level, to verify environmental protection in different soils/environments and the adequacy of standard test organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1569–1576. © 2019 SETAC
Abstract
Incorporating ecotoxicological test data in the risk assessment of organic wastes using species sensitivity distributions, considering different rifsk thresholds. AIS = agro-industrial sludge; MMSWC = a mixed municipal solid waste compost: AWC = an agricultural waste compost; AWSSC = an agricultural waste and a sewage sludge compost (AWSSC); SS1 and SS2 = 2 sewage sludges; PSD = a pig slurry digestate; PMW = a paper mill waste; EC50 and EC10 = effect concentration, 50% and 10%; HC50 and HC5 = hazardous concentrations that affect either 50% or 5% of the soil community.
Auf die Ressourcen kommt es an
Authors: Ackermann Lutz 
Published: April 2019

AbstractOrganische Katalyse: Die Aktivierung der allgegenwärtigen, aber reaktionsträgen Kohlenstoff‐Wasserstoff‐Bindungen hat sich zur umweltschonenden Alternative zu traditionellen Verfahren der molekularen Synthese entwickelt. Mit ihr lassen sich toxische Nebenprodukte gezielt minimieren und neue Wirkstoffe entwickeln, die auch der Kunststoffsynthese oder Medikamentenentwicklung zugutekommen können.
Phytochemical investigation of Magnolia grandiflora green seed cones: Analytical and phytoceutical studies
Authors: Garza Bo , Echeverria Alondra , Gonzalez Felipe , Castillo Orlando , Eubanks Thomas , Bandyopadhyay Debasish 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPhytochemicals are inevitable part of human civilization. It is impossible to say exactly when menfolk started to take plant portions to cure various diseases. Phytochemical investigation of diethyl ether and ethanol extracts of Magnolia grandiflora green seed cones has been carried out. Extraction, isolation, and identification of the phytochemicals were carried out. Structures were determined by various analytical methods including extensive nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallographic analyses. Structures of the three compounds viz. 5,5′‐diallyl‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2,2′‐diol (I), 3′,5‐diallyl‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2,4′‐diol (II), and (3S,3aS,8S,9aS,10aR,10bS,E)‐8‐hydroxy‐3,6,9a‐trimethyl‐3a,4,5,8,9,9a,10a,10b‐octahydrooxireno[2′,3′:9,10]cyclodeca[1,2‐b]furan‐2(3H)‐one (III) were confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. GS‐MS studies of the isolated oil, eluted with hexanes, revealed the presence of eight compounds including two highly bio‐privileged molecules 5,5′‐diallyl‐2′‐methoxy‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2‐ol (IV) and 1‐(4‐isopropylbenzyl)‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐one (V). The druggability of the five compounds has also been determined by in silico studies. The isolated compounds and/or their semi‐synthetic products may find application in natural drug development research.
Mapping microbial stories: Creative microbial aesthetic and cross‐disciplinary intervention in understanding nurses’ infection prevention practices
Authors: Roe Emma , Veal Charlotte , Hurley Paul 
Published: April 2019

Consistent implementation of hand‐washing within the hospital environment remains a challenge in infection prevention (IP) procedures. IP is one of a number of measures to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A cross‐disciplinary team was assembled to experiment with different ways of visualising the microbial. The paper details a comparative experimental design where nurses (n = 2) performed a series of routine care procedures in a mock‐ward setting where traces of coloured ultra‐violet glow‐powders had been purposely placed, first with routine hand‐washing and second without routine hand‐washing. The results presented as a series of photos, video‐clips, ethnographic observations and nurse interviews explore nurse–microbial relations and the potential for affective and embodied encounters with microbial worlds to generate new insight in IP. We argue for creating unfamiliar aesthetics that engage the sensate as an intervention in established IP education. The aesthetic rendered invisible microbes visible through techno‐artistic practice. The performance term “devising” was used to analyse the cross‐disciplinary methodological process. Finally, we consider the potential for nurses to act as microbial citizens as they extend their care for the human to entail the need to care for the microbial, perhaps not to kill but to relocate the risky pathogen, as part of a commitment to multispecies living in a world with AMR.
Effectiveness of introducing crop coefficient and leaf area index to enhance evapotranspiration simulations in hydrologic models
Authors: Birhanu Dereje , Kim Hyeonjun , Jang Cheolhee 
Published: April 2019

AbstractEvapotranspiration (ET) is an essential component of the hydrological cycle and plays a critical role in water resource management. However, ET is often overlooked in order to transform rainfall to runoff for better streamflow simulation. Hydrological models are commonly used to estimate areal actual evapotranspiration (AET) after calibration against observed discharge. However, classical approaches are often inadequate to appropriately simulate other hydrologic components. Hence, it is important to introduce natural heterogeneity to enhance hydrological processes and reduce water balance errors. In this study, the effectiveness of introducing a constant crop coefficient (Kc), flux tower‐based Kc, and leaf area index (LAI) to three hydrological models (Three‐Parametric Hydrologic Model [TPHM], Génie Rural à 4 paramètres Journalier [GR4J], and Catchment hydrologic cycle Assessment Tool [CAT]) is assessed for the simulation of daily streamflow and AET in a mountainous mixed forest watershed (8.54 km2) in South Korea. The results show that the streamflow simulations after introduction of Kc and LAI to the original models are quite similar. However, the effectiveness of the AET estimation was significantly enhanced after introduction of the flux tower‐based Kc and LAI. The information criterion computed to compare the models reveals that the flux tower‐based Kc‐simulated AET demonstrated better agreement with the observed AET. The Pearson's correlation coefficients (R2) of the TPHM (8%), GR4J (55%), and CAT (55%) models also showed improvements that were greater than the constant based Kc simulation. Similarly, the limitations of the three models with respect to capturing seasonal variation as well as high and low flows were enhanced after the introduction of the flux tower‐based Kc, which adequately reproduced hydrological processes with minimum water balance errors and bias. A regression analysis revealed the potential of estimating Kc as a linear function of LAI (R2 = 0.84). The results of this study indicate that introduction of Kc and LAI to the conceptual rainfall–runoff models can be considered an effective approach to reduce water balance errors and uncertainties in hydrological models and improve the reliability of climate change studies and water resource management.
Biocompatibility and immunogenic response to recombinant honeybee silk material
Authors: Sutherland Tara D. , Vashi Aditya V. , Kardia Egi , Sriskantha Alagacone , Rapson Trevor D. , Hall Robyn N. , Werkmeister Jerome A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIf tolerated in biological environments, recombinant structural proteins offer the advantage that biological cues dictating cell attachment and material degradation can be modified as required for clinical application using genetic engineering. In this study, we investigate the biological response to materials generated from the recombinant honeybee silk protein, AmelF3, a structural protein that can be produced at high levels by fermentation in Escherichia coli. The protein can be readily purified from E. coli host cell proteins after transgenic production and fabricated into various material formats. When implanted subcutaneously according to International Standard ISO 10993 tests, materials generated from the purified recombinant protein were found to be noncytotoxic, inducing a transient weak immunogenic response and a chronic inflammatory response that resolved over time. While preliminary, this study supports the ongoing development of materials generated from this protein for biomedical applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1763–1770, 2019.
High‐resolution projections of extreme heat in New York City
Authors: Ortiz Luis E. , González Jorge E. , Horton Radley , Lin Wuyin , Wu Wei , Ramamurthy Prathap , Arend Mark , Bornstein Robert D. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHeat waves impact a wide array of human activities, including health, cooling energy demand, and infrastructure. Cities amplify many of these impacts by concentrating large populations and critical infrastructure in relatively small areas. In addition, heat waves are expected to become longer, more intense, and more frequent in North America. Here, we evaluate combined climate and urban surface impacts on localized heat wave metrics throughout the 21st century across two emissions scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for New York City (NYC), which houses the largest urban population in the United States. We account for local biases due to urban surfaces via bias correcting with observed records and urbanized 1‐km resolution dynamical downscaling simulations across selected time periods (2045–2049 and 2095–2099). Analysis of statistically downscaled global model output shows underestimation of uncorrected summer daily maximum temperatures, leading to lower heat wave intensity and duration projections. High‐resolution dynamical downscaling simulations reveal strong dependency of changes in event duration and intensity on geographical location and urban density. Event intensity changes are expected to be highest closer to the coast, where afternoon sea‐breezes have traditionally mitigated summer high temperatures. Meanwhile, event duration anomaly is largest over Manhattan, where the urban canopy is denser and taller.
Evaluation of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia in Patients Who Underwent Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy: Stratification Risk of Pneumonia
Authors: Chang Wei‐Kuo , Huang Hsin‐Hung , Lin Hsuan‐Hwai , Tsai Chen‐Liang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundAspiration pneumonia is the most common cause of death in patients who undergo percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). This study aims to evaluate the severity of oropharyngeal dysphagia and predict the risk of pneumonia in such patients, using upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.MethodsEndoscope examined the pharyngolaryngeal region in patients who underwent PEG. The severity of oropharyngeal dysphagia was evaluated according to the amount and location of pooling of secretions in the pharyngolaryngeal region. Overall, 55 patients showed absent or minimal amount of secretions (control group), 10 patients showed moderate‐to‐large amounts of secretions filling the pyriform sinus (pharyngeal group), and 23 patients showed secretions entering the laryngeal vestibule (laryngeal group). Demographic data, swallowing level scale, and occurrence of pneumonia were recorded.ResultsThe incidence of pneumonia was the highest in the pharyngeal group (70.0%), followed by that in the laryngeal (60.9%) and control groups (30.9%; P = 0.010). Multivariable regression showed that risk of pneumonia was significantly higher in the pharyngeal and laryngeal groups. Cumulative incidence rate of pneumonia was significantly higher in the laryngeal and pharyngeal groups than in the control group (log‐rank test, P = 0.001). Mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with suboptimal protective cough reflex than in others (50.0% vs 5.9%, P = 0.034).ConclusionAccumulation of abnormal amounts of secretions in the pyriform sinus or in the laryngeal vestibule increased the risk of the hospital admission following pneumonia in patients who underwent PEG. The mortality rate was higher in patients with suboptimal protective cough reflex.
Contemporary analysis of otolaryngic allergy
Authors: Harrill Willard C. , Setzen Gavin , Farquhar Douglas , Pillsbury Harold C. 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesInvestigate the current trends in otolaryngic allergy (OA).Study DesignCross‐sectional survey.MethodsSurvey of active AAOA membership.ResultsResponse rate was 27.3%. Regional response distribution rates were proportional to the AAOA membership distribution within the United States (R2 = 0.95; P < 0.001), with no significant regional response bias demonstrated (P = 0.428).Self‐reported duration to OA competency was 5.8 years. Physicians reporting OA competency were more likely to be board‐certified (P < 0.001) and have AAOA fellowship status (P < 0.001). The AAOA was reported to be the most valuable educational resource toward achieving OA competency, with residency training being least valuable (P < 0.001).91.5% of respondents’ practices offered OA services. Subcutaneous injections predominated at twice the utilization of sublingual immunotherapy. Allergy immunotherapy tablets were rarely utilized. Home allergy shots were offered by 45.2% of respondents. In‐office immunotherapy vial compounding was preferred (95.8%) to third‐party vendors. 94% of AAOA respondents identified patient compliance to be an issue within OA.Non‐inhalant allergy service integration included food allergy (63.5%), asthma (44.9%), allergic fungal sinusitis (43.8%), penicillin allergy (18%), stinging insect allergy (12.6%), and aspirin desensitization (3.9%).ConclusionReported duration to OA competency after residency was surprisingly long. Further investigation of current and future educational/clinical training is warranted given clinical integration reported for OA. Otolaryngology is in the unique position to develop a comprehensive sino‐allergy evidence‐based strategy integrating the extensive diagnostic and medical treatment arms alongside the surgical expertise of the specialty within a clinical sino‐allergy home concept.Level of Evidence5 Laryngoscope, 130:283–289, 2020
Optimal reassessment time for treatment response in posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
Authors: Song Mee Hyun , Kong Tae Hoon , Shim Dae Bo 
Published: April 2019

Objectives/HypothesisThe present study aimed to evaluate the optimal reassessment time for treatment response in posterior canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (PC‐BPPV) following the initial Epley maneuver.Study DesignProspective, single‐blinded, randomized study.MethodsOne hundred eight patients with PC‐BPPV agreed to participate. These patients received a single modified Epley maneuver (recommended by the 2008 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery guidelines) daily until positional nystagmus disappeared during the Dix‐Hallpike maneuver 24 hours after the treatment. Repeated Dix‐Hallpike testing to reassess the treatment response was performed at 1 hour (post‐1 hour), every 24 hours (post‐24 hours) until the positional nystagmus resolved, 1 week (post‐1 week), and 1 month (post‐1 month) following the therapeutic maneuver. The difference in the resolution rates at post‐1 hour and post‐24 hours reassessment was analyzed, and the recurrence rates at post‐1 week and post‐1 month were evaluated.ResultsThe resolution rate was 67.6% at post‐1 hour, which increased to 79.6% at post‐24 hours reassessment. There was a statistically significant difference in the results of the Dix‐Hallpike test between post‐1 hour and post‐24 hours follow‐up. After complete resolution, nine out of 108 patients (8.3%) demonstrated recurrence within 1 month.ConclusionsReassessment after 24 hours following the initial Epley maneuver is more advantageous than a 1‐hour follow‐up in patients with PC‐BPPV. This information may be helpful for clinicians in deciding the appropriate follow‐up period after treatment for PC‐BPPV.Level of Evidence1b Laryngoscope, 130:496–499, 2020