bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weather Radar Insights Into the Turbulent Dynamics of a Wildfire‐Triggered Supercell Thunderstorm
Authors: Terrasson Alex , McCarthy Nicholas , Dowdy Andrew , Richter Harald , McGowan Hamish , Guyot Adrien 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUnderstanding wildfire‐atmosphere interactions is key to improved accuracy of predictions of wildfire behavior. This is needed for improved preparedness to mitigate loss of life and property during wildfire events, particularly for situations with strong fire‐atmosphere coupling. Here we present observations from the passage of a cold front over the Sir Ivan Dougherty wildfire on February 2017 in eastern Australia. We demonstrate that an increase in near‐surface atmosphere moisture associated with the cold front, when combined with changes in fire behavior at that time, led to reduced thermodynamic stability that helped to trigger a thunderstorm. This fire‐trigged supercell thunderstorm produced lightning, while radar observations identified a mesocyclonic circulation within the pyrocumulonimbus, similar to a supercell thunderstorm. Results highlight the need to monitor the thermodynamic properties of air masses approaching wildfires and the rapid evolution of pyrocumulonimbus, which may develop mesocyclone characteristics. Weather radar offers the most effective capability to achieve such insights.
Total Basin Discharge From GRACE and Water Balance Method for the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin, Southwestern China
Authors: Xie Jingkai , Xu Yue‐Ping , Gao Chao , Xuan Weidong , Bai Zhixu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTotal basin discharge plays an important role in the hydrological cycle for the regions. Estimation of total basin discharge cannot only help us manage water resources well but also provide a better understanding about water resources variability and hydrologic cycle. In this study, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data combined with precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET) is used to present first estimate of total basin discharge (~60.2 km3/year) based on water balance method over the entire Yarlung Tsangpo River basin during 2003–2014. The estimated basin discharge shows a good correlation with observed runoff (NSE = 0.70; NRMSE = 0.37; BIAS = −6.1%). An artificial neural network (ANN) model is also proposed to build the relationship between terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSAs) with the other hydrological data available (e.g., precipitation, temperature, ET, and soil moisture storage) during 2003–2010 and then applied to hindcasting TWSA before 2003 in order to generate a longer record of TWSA. The results show that ANN‐generated TWSA using soil moisture storage and ET matches best with GRACE‐derived TWSA during 2003–2010, showing a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.89 and a normalized root‐mean‐square error (NRMSE) of 0.40, which indicate that the ANN model is an effective way to generate TWSA beyond the GRACE data record. The comparison between total basin discharge using ANN‐generated TWSA with the observed runoff data during 1998–2010 indicates a significant consistency with NSE = 0.66, NRMSE = 0.41, and BIAS = −4.9%. Our findings illustrate that GRACE data and the ANN model can be jointly and effectively used to assess the total basin discharge in the large‐scale basins with limited hydrological data.
Retrieval of Unknown Number of Source Terms in Dispersion Events Involving Multiple Point Sources
Authors: Singh Sarvesh Kumar , Sharan Maithili 
Published: July 2019

In dispersion events involving multiple sources, estimation of correct number of sources is imperative prior to their localization or source term estimation. The study pertains to a dispersion scenario of multiple point releases simultaneously emitting a nonreactive tracer that results into a mixture of concentrations, as measurements, sampled at the receptors. The objective is to estimate correct number of sources along with their release parameters (mainly locations and strengths) using a limited merged set of concentration measurements. A new methodology, based on five criteria coupled with a multiple release identification algorithm, is proposed here. Criterion helps in discriminating the releases and accounts for detection and false‐alarm probability associated with each retrieved source. The number of source terms are estimated based on sum of scores achieved by each predicted source under each criterion. The methodology is evaluated with synthetic, noisy synthetic, and pseudo‐real data prepared from India Institute of Technology Delhi diffusion experiment conducted in 1991 at Delhi, India. With synthetic data, the number of point sources and their parameters are retrieved exactly as their true values. With pseudo‐real data, true number of sources are retrieved. The source locations and strengths are retrieved within 30 m and a factor of 3, respectively. Synthetic simulations with controlled measurement noise shows that the proposed methodology is robust in presence of model uncertainties and can be applicable in real scenarios.
A Late Miocene Terrestrial Temperature History for the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau's Period of Tectonic Expansion
Authors: Chen Chihao , Bai Yan , Fang Xiaomin , Guo Haichao , Meng Qingquan , Zhang Weilin , Zhou Pengchao , Murodov Azamdzhon 
Published: July 2019

Key Points

The uplift event (~10.5–8 Ma) revealed by glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers temperature records from the Xining Basin is synchronous with regional drying
The cooling amplitude over land is less than that over the ocean during the CO2‐dominated Late Miocene cooling event (~7–5.4 Ma)
Tectonic forcing, rather than pCO2, dominated regional continental climate patterns and ecosystem transitions during the Late Miocene
Consistent Nighttime Atomic Oxygen Concentrations From O2A‐band, O(1S) Green‐Line, and OH Airglow Measurements as Performed by SCIAMACHY
Authors: Zhu Yajun , Kaufmann Martin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA new atomic oxygen data set was derived from nighttime SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) O2A‐band measurements. It is compared to atomic oxygen obtained from SCIAMACHY O(1S) green‐line and OH(9‐6)‐band measurements. The three data sets are considered independent of radiometry and, to some extent, methodology. A detailed comparison of atomic oxygen retrieved from these three nightglow measurements is reported for the first time. The agreement of absolute values within 15% supports the current understanding of the photochemistry of the three atomic oxygen proxies involved. As an alternative approach, the O2A‐band model recently proposed by Kalogerakis (2019) is used as well. It is striking that the SCIAMACHY data sets using different atomic oxygen proxies and mostly independent methodology agree much better with each other than with SABER data.
High Climate Sensitivity in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2)
Authors: Gettelman A. , Hannay C. , Bacmeister J. T. , Neale R. B. , Pendergrass A. G. , Danabasoglu G. , Lamarque J.‐F. , Fasullo J. T. , Bailey D. A. , Lawrence D. M. , Mills M. J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) has an equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of 5.3 K. ECS is an emergent property of both climate feedbacks and aerosol forcing. The increase in ECS over the previous version (CESM1) is the result of cloud feedbacks. Interim versions of CESM2 had a land model that damped ECS. Part of the ECS change results from evolving the model configuration to reproduce the long‐term trend of global and regional surface temperature over the twentieth century in response to climate forcings. Changes made to reduce sensitivity to aerosols also impacted cloud feedbacks, which significantly influence ECS. CESM2 simulations compare very well to observations of present climate. It is critical to understand whether the high ECS, outside the best estimate range of 1.5–4.5 K, is plausible.
Coseismic Ground Rupture of the 15 October 2013 Magnitude (MW) 7.2 Bohol Earthquake, Bohol Island, Central Philippines
Authors: Rimando Jeremy M. , Aurelio Mario A. , Dianala John Dale B. , Taguibao Kristine Joy L. , Agustin Krissen Marie C. , Berador Al Emil G. , Vasquez Adriann A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe 15 October 2013 magnitude (MW) 7.2 Bohol earthquake produced an ~50‐km‐long, ~12‐km‐wide northeast trending zone of uplift with an ~8‐km‐long discontinuous ground rupture indicating predominantly reverse‐slip movement on a southeast dipping fault. Documentation of the nearly continuous northern terminus of the 2013 Bohol earthquake ground rupture revealed its association to preexisting scarps of the previously unmapped, Quaternary‐active North Bohol Fault. Trenching across the rupture at four sites not only reveals the geometry and kinematics of the fault but also shows at least one or two pre‐2013 surface rupturing events. Onshore geologic mapping and offshore seismic reflection profiles demonstrate the presence of an island‐wide, northeast‐southwest trending fold‐and‐thrust belt through which deformation related to the regional shortening across the Visayan Sea Basin in the central Philippines is likely distributed.
Bioluminescence emissions of firefly Luciola praeusta Kiesenwetter 1874 (Coleoptera : Lampyridae : Luciolinae)
Authors: Gohain Barua Anurup , Hazarika Simanta , Saikia Nayanmoni , Baruah Gauranga Dhar 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn vivo emission and time-resolved spectra of firefly Luciola praeusta Kiesenwetter 1874 (Coleoptera : Lampyridae : Luciolinae) have been recorded. The emission spectrum shows the FWHM value for this particular species to be 55 nm, which is significantly narrower than the in vivo half widths reported till now. The time-resolved spectrum reveals that a flash, of duration about a hundred milliseconds, is in fact composed of a number of microsecond pulses. This result suggests that the speed of the enzyme-catalysed chemiluminescence reaction in the firefly for the emission of light is much faster than is believed to be.
Understanding Hydrogen-Bond Patterns in Proteins using a Novel Statistical Model
Authors: Rahat Ofer , Alon Uri , Levy Yaakov , Schreiber Gideon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractProteins are built from basic structural elements and their systematic characterization is of interest. Searching for recurring patterns in protein contact maps, we found several network motifs, patterns that occur more frequently in experimentally determined protein contact maps than in randomized contact maps with the same properties. Some of these network motifs correspond to sub-structures of alpha helices, including topologies not previously recognized in this context. Other motifs characterize beta-sheets, again some of which appear to be novel. This topological characterization of patterns serves as a tool to characterize proteins, and to reveal a high detailed differences map for comparing protein structures solved by X-ray crystallography, NMR and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Both NMR and MD show small but consistent differences from the crystal structures of the same proteins, possibly due to the pair-wise energy functions used. Network motifs analysis can serve as a base for many-body energy statistical energy potential, and suggests a dictionary of basic elements of which protein secondary structure is made.
Establishing a multicellular model by three-dimensional cell-assembly technique for metabolic syndrome
Authors: Xu Mingen , Yan Yongnian , Zhang Renjie , Yao Ri , Liu Haixia , Wang Xiaohong 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOne of the major obstacles in developing multifunctional drugs for the metabolic syndrome (MS) is lack of in vitro models that capture more complex features of the disease. Here we give the first report that establishes an energy metabolic system model using cell-assembly technique which can assemble cells into designated places to form complex three-dimensional structures. Adipose-derived stromal cells were assembled and induced differentiation into adipocytes and endothelial cells; pancreatic islets were then deposited at designated locations and constituted adipoinsular axis with adipocytes. Analysis of the factors involved in energy metabolism showed our system could capture more physiological and pathophysiological features of the in vivo energy metabolism. Drugs known to have effects on MS showed accordant effects in the systems. Construction and study of such multicellular systems could help us better understand pathogenesis of MS, develop new technologies for drug discovery, and foster applications in tissue engineering and metabolomics profiling.
Potential and environmental concerns of ethanol production from sugarcane molasses in Pakistan
Authors: Rashid Tahir , Altaf Zafar 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEnergy security and climate change imperatives require large-scale substitution of petroleum-based fuels as well as improved vehicle efficiency4. Biofuels have become one of the fastest growing markets in the world - at 15% growth a year. In fact, until recently, Pakistan was the second largest exporter of sugarcane ethanol to the European Union - a preferential status we have since lost because of WTO obligations and dumping complaints. Several distilleries have planned to close down in light of this fact. Instead of curbing production of fuel ethanol, however, we should redirect it to the domestic market. Pakistan produces around 2 million tons molasses annually and over 90% is exported earning only $47 million. This quantity of molasses will produce over 500 million liters of ethanol to earn $144 million by export or save $63.5 million by blending with fuel. Blending of ethanol will reduce the transport sector GHG emissions by 3.6 million metric tons.
In Silico Docking Analysis of Peptide Deformylase (PDF) - A Novel Target for Prophylaxis of Leptospirosis
Authors: Bastikar Virupaksha , Fulsundar Shweta , Nair Jagdish 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPeptide deformylase (PDF) is a metalloproteinase and executes an essential step in the maturation of proteins in eubacteria, by removing the formyl group from the N-terminal methionine residue of ribosome-synthesized polypeptides. This process is crucial for bacterial survival because mature proteins do not retain N-formyl-methionine, and all known N-terminal peptidases cannot utilize formylated peptides as substrate. Thus, inhibition of PDF is essential to obstruct the bacterial protein maturation process. Antibiotics based on PDF inhibition have the potential to provide the much needed antibacterial activity against most of the major drug-resistant pathogens. This study comprises an implementation of in-silico techniques to validate and map the features of the respective active site of PDF from Leptospira interrogans. Our analysis consolidates PDF as a promising target for developing novel alternatives as well as indicates superior affinity of current therapeutic agents towards it. This consequently provides a new insight for leptospirosis treatment.
The potential of Manitoba chokecherry as a source of high natural antioxidants
Authors: Li Wende , Hosseinian Farah , Hydamaka Arnold , Lowry Lynda , Beta Trust 
Published: July 2019

AbstractConsumption of fruits and vegetables is shown to be beneficial for protecting health and preventing some chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. The positive health effects have been mainly due to the contributions of their natural antioxidant capacity. Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), a unique fruit, is a member of the Rose family and native to North America. Here we demonstrate that chokecherry fruit with strong antioxidant capacity is available in Manitoba, and that its potent antioxidant potential can be developed for health benefits in value-added applications.These findings are useful for developing novel value-added antioxidant products from chokecherry because of its phytochemical profile associated with health protection and prevention of disease. The results provide evidence essential for breeding novel cultivars of fruit plants with strong natural antioxidants.
Global Awakening in Genetic Counseling
Authors: Edwards Janice , Greenberg Jacquie , Sahhar Margaret 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe article by Ricki Lewis, Nature, Volume 449,October 18, 2007, correctly points out that the genetic counseling profession is on the "verge of being discovered by the rest of the world". The rapid recognition of genes associated with single-gene disorders and complex conditions has deepened our understanding of the role of genetics in health and illness. The impact of genetic conditions on individuals and families, particularly in ethical, legal and psychosocial arenas, requires specially trained professionals to work in this unique and growing dimension of healthcare. The Transnational Alliance for Genetic Counseling (TAGC) represents fifteen countries currently providing genetic counselor education across five continents.
Tuberculosis vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis BCG Russia is a natural recA mutant
Authors: Keller Peter , Boettger Erik , Sander Peter 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe current tuberculosis vaccine is a live vaccine derived from Mycobacterium bovis and attenuated by serial in vitro passaging. All vaccine substrains in use stem from one source, strain Bacille Calmette-Guérin. However, they differ in regions of genomic deletions, antigen expression levels, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy. As a RecA phenotype increases genetic stability and may contribute restricting the ongoing evolution of the various BCG substrains, we aimed to inactivate recA by allelic replacement in BCG vaccine strains representing different phylogenetic lineages (Pasteur, Frappier, Denmark, Russia). Homologous gene replacement was successful in three out of four strains. However, only illegitimate recombination was observed in BCG substrain Russia. Sequence analyses of recA revealed that a single nucleotide insertion in the 5' part of recA led to a translational frameshift with an early stop codon making BCG Russia a natural recA mutant. At the protein level BCG Russia failed to express RecA. According to phylogenetic analyses BCG Russia is an ancient vaccine strain most closely related to the parental M. bovis. Our data suggest that recA inactivation in BCG Russia occurred early and is in part responsible for its high degree of genomic stability, resulting in a substrain that has less genetic alterations than other vaccine substrains with respect to M. bovis AF2122/97 wild type.
Ancient fossil specimens of extinct species are genetically more distant to an outgroup than extant sister species are
Authors: Huang Shi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere exists a remarkable correlation between genetic distance and time of species divergence as inferred from fossil records. This observation has provoked the molecular clock hypothesis. However, data inconsistent with the hypothesis have steadily accumulated in recent years from studies on extant organisms. Here the published DNA and protein sequences from ancient fossil specimens were examined to see if they would support the molecular clock hypothesis. The hypothesis predicts that ancient specimens cannot be genetically more distant to an outgroup than extant sister species are. Also, two distinct ancient specimens cannot be genetically more distant than their extant sister species are. The findings here did not support these predictions. Neanderthals are more distant to chimpanzees and gorillas than modern humans are. Dinosaurs are more distant to frogs than extant birds are. Mastodons are more distant to opossums than other placental mammals are. The genetic distance between dinosaurs and mastodons is greater than that between extant birds and mammals. Therefore, while the molecular clock hypothesis is consistent with some data from extant organisms, it has yet to find support from ancient fossils.
Ancient fossil specimens of extinct species are genetically more distant to an outgroup than extant sister species are
Authors: Huang Shi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThere exists a remarkable correlation between genetic distance as measured by protein or DNA dissimilarity and time of species divergence as inferred from fossil records. This observation has provoked the molecular clock hypothesis. However, data inconsistent with the hypothesis have steadily accumulated in recent years from studies of extant organisms. Here the published DNA and protein sequences from ancient fossil specimens were examined to see if they would support the molecular clock hypothesis. The hypothesis predicts that ancient specimens cannot be genetically more distant to an outgroup than extant sister species are. Also, two distinct ancient specimens cannot be genetically more distant than their extant sister species are. The findings here do not conform to these predictions. Neanderthals are more distant to chimpanzees and gorillas than modern humans are. Dinosaurs are more distant to frogs than extant birds are. Mastodons are more distant to opossums than other placental mammals are. The genetic distance between dinosaurs and mastodons is greater than that between extant birds and mammals. Therefore, while the molecular clock hypothesis is consistent with some data from extant organisms, it has yet to find support from ancient fossils. Far more damaging to the hypothesis than data from extant organisms, which merely question the constancy of mutation rate, the study of ancient fossil organisms here challenges for the first time the fundamental premise of modern evolution theory that genetic distances had always increased with time in the past history of life on Earth.
in vivo photoacoustic molecular imaging with simultaneous multiple selective targeting using antibody-conjugated gold nanorods
Authors: Li Pai-Chi , Shieh Dar-Bin , Wang Churng-Ren , Wei Chen-Wei , Liao Chao-Kang , Ding Ann-Ann , Wu Ya-Na , Poe Carolina , Jhan Suwen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe use of gold nanorods for photoacoustic molecular imaging in vivo with simultaneous multiple selective targeting is reported. The extravasation of multiple molecular probes is demonstrated, and used to probe molecular information of cancer cells. This technique allows molecular profiles representing tumor characteristics to be obtained and a heterogeneous population of cancer cells in a lesion to be determined. The results also show that the image contrast can be enhanced by using a mixture of different molecular probes. In this study, HER2, EGFR, and CXCR4 were chosen as the primary target molecules for examining two types of cancer cells, OECM1 and Cal27. OECM1 cells overexpressed HER2 but exhibited a low expression of EGFR, while Cal27 cells showed the opposite expression profile. Single and double targeting resulted in signal enhancements of up to 3 dB and up to 5 dB, respectively, and hence has potential in improving cancer diagnoses.