bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stuttering
Authors: Yaruss J Scott , Nasir Sazzad 
Published: June 2019

AbstractStuttering is a communication disorder that involves disruptions in a person's ability to produce speech fluently. In many cases, stuttering results in adverse impact on the person's communication and overall quality of life. The most common type of stuttering, childhood‐onset fluency disorder, typically starts during the preschool years. It is a genetically influenced condition associated with differences in neurological structure and function. It is believed to be due to a complex interaction involving several key aspects of a child's development. Many children go through a period of stuttering when they are very young, but the majority recover, even without intervention. Early intervention can increase the rate of recovery in young children. Individuals who do not recover in early childhood are likely to continue stuttering throughout their lives, though speech therapy and support experiences can help people enhance their fluency and reduce the adverse impact of the disorder.Key ConceptsStuttering is a communication disorder that involves both disruptions in speech fluency and adverse impact on quality of life.Stuttering is associated with neurological differences; stuttering is not just a habit or behaviour that one learns.Stuttering behaviours are highly variable across situations and over time.Early intervention can help to hasten recovery in young children.There is no known cure for stuttering in school‐age children, adolescents and adults, though treatment and support experiences can help speakers improve their speech fluency and reduce the adverse impact of the disorder.Speech‐language pathologists should address more than just observable speech behaviours in treatment with individuals who stutter.
Molecular Genetics of Acute Promyelocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Liquori Alessandro , Ibáñez Mariam , Sanz Miguel Ángel , Barragán Eva , Cervera José 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) is a rare form of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and is the first example of haematological malignancy cured by targeted therapy, commonly based on all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). APL is the result of a cytogenetic translocation t(15;17)(q24;q21), which creates a functional gene derived from the fusion of the promyelocytic leukaemia (
PML
) gene with retinoic acid receptor alpha (
RARA
). The PML/RARA protein acts mainly as a transcription factor able to modify the expression of several genes, such as transcription or epigenetic factors. This accounts for a differentiation block at the promyelocytic stage and a resistance to apoptosis/senescence pathways. A few additional secondary genetic events, including chromosomal and genetic alterations, are required to ultimately trigger the leukaemic phenotype. These alterations are varied; involve recurrent pathways and more than one hundred genes. However, the clinical significance of most of them is still unclear.

Key Concepts

Acute promyelocytic leukaemia is the first example of a malignancy cured by targeted therapy.

The balanced reciprocal translocation t(15;17)(q24;q21), leading to the
PML/RARA
fusion gene, is the cytogenetic marker of APL.

The expression of PML/RARA protein accounts for a differentiation block at the promyelocytic stage and a resistance to apoptosis/senescence pathways.

The two drugs used in clinical practice, all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO), degrade the PML/RARA fusion by acting on the RARA and PML moieties, respectively.

Secondary cooperating events to
PML/RARA
fusion are required to trigger the APL phenotype, including cryptic abnormalities in karyotype and activating mutations.

A few acquired nonrecurrent cytogenetic submicroscopic variations have been identified in APL patients and they have a negative impact on the outcomes.

A few cooperative but extremely varied mutational events might be required for the establishment of the APL phenotype.

Somatic mutations affect similar pathways but not the same genes, suggesting comparable impact on leukaemogenesis.
Cytometric Bead Arrays
Authors: Kalogianni Despina P 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Flow cytometry in combination with microspheres (beads) in a suspension have gained increasing interest by the research community. Various types of such beads are commercially available or self‐prepared by researchers, differing in size or the fluorophores that they contain, producing different sets of beads. They also contain functional groups that enable their conjugation with specific biomolecules, mainly oligonucleotides, antibodies, protein and other molecules. Recognition reactions of several analytes, such as immunoassays or hybridisation assays, take place on the surface of the beads, while a reporter fluorophore is used for the detection of the interaction between the recognition molecules and the analyte. The characterisation and classification of beads in different groups, as well as the detection of the fluorescence emitted from the reporter molecules is accomplished by a flow cytometer, as the beads pass one by one in front of one or two laser beams.

Key Concepts

Flow cytometry is applied for the detection of various analytes.

Flow cytometry offers high multiplexing potential and a high‐throughput format.

There are available up to 500 different sets of distinct beads.

Beads can be distinguished by their size, their shape or the fluorophores that they contain.

Beads carry on their surface several functional groups that allow easy coupling to recognition molecules such as oligonucleotides, proteins and biomolecules.

The panel of analytes can be easily changed, offering a great flexibility of bead‐based systems.
Promising Trade‐Offs Between Energy Storage and Load Bearing in Carbon Nanofibers as Structural Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Chen Yijun , Amiri Ahmad , Boyd James G. , Naraghi Mohammad 
Published: June 2019

AbstractStructural energy storage materials refer to a broad category of multifunctional materials which can simultaneously provide load bearing and energy storage to achieve weight reduction in weight‐sensitive applications. Reliable and satisfactory performance in each function, load bearing or energy storage, requires peculiar material design with potential trade‐offs between them. Here, the trade‐offs between functionalities in an emerging class of nanomaterials, carbon nanofibers (CNFs), are unraveled. The CNFs are fabricated by emulsion and coaxial electrospinning and activated by KOH at different activation conditions. The effect of activation on supercapacitor performance is analyzed using two electrode test cells with aqueous electrolyte. Porous CNFs show promising energy storage capacity (191.3 F g−1 and excellent cyclic stability) and load‐bearing capability (σf > 0.55 ± 0.15 GPa and E > 27.4 ± 2.6 GPa). While activation enhances surface area and capacitance, it introduces flaws in the material, such as nanopores, reducing mechanical properties. It is found that moderate activation can lead to dramatic improvement in capacitance (by >300%), at a rather moderate loss in strength (<17%). The gain in specific surface area and capacitance in CNFs is many times those observed in bulk carbon structures, such as carbon fibers, indicating that activation is mainly effective near the free surfaces and for low‐dimensional materials.
Hydrogenation Dynamics of Electrically Controlled Metal–Insulator Transition in Proton‐Gated Transparent and Flexible WO3 Transistors
Authors: Xu Dong‐Dong , Deng Xing , Zhao Yi‐Feng , Ma Ru‐Ru , Zhong Ni , Huang Rong , Peng Hui , Xiang Ping‐Hua , Duan Chun‐Gang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractElectrolyte gating is widely adopted to electrically control the physical properties of materials, leading to numerous intriguing phenomena and various applications. However, the carrier modulation mechanism remains heavily controversial. Herein, using natural mica pieces as substrates and ionic gel as the dielectric layer, all‐transparent and flexible WO3 transistor configuration is designed to in situ monitor the dynamic doping process of electrolyte gating. A reversible and vacuum‐dominant volatile/nonvolatile metal–insulator transition (MIT) is observed in electrolyte‐gated WO3 thin films. In situ X‐ray diffraction experiments, together with first‐principles calculations, reveal an abrupt and symmetric structural evolution through two distinct hydrogenated metastable phases and phase separation progress. The fast volatility is assigned to a spontaneous dehydrogenation process. A prototype of a flexible vacuum meter is demonstrated on the basis of the unique vacuum‐dependent MIT, exhibiting a measurement range down to 1.0 × 10−6 mbar and no injury of electromagnetic radiation. These findings bring new insights into hydrogenation dynamics, paving a feasible way for the realization of user‐friendly flexible electronics.
A Versatile Photoinduced Electron Transfer‐Based Upconversion Fluorescent Biosensing Platform for the Detection of Disease Biomarkers and Nerve Agent
Authors: Li Ya , Jia Dailu , Ren Wei , Shi Feng , Liu Chenghui 
Published: June 2019

AbstractUpconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have emerged to be a new family of fluorescent probes for bioanalytical applications. In a typical design, the UCNPs act as the energy donors in a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system, in which the target molecules mediate the energy transfer from the UCNPs to the acceptors, and their quantity information is consequently converted into the “on‐off” upconverting signals for readout. However, each UCNP contains thousands of emitting center ions and most of them are beyond the FRET critical distance, which hinders the fluorescence energy transfer efficiency, resulting in a low signal‐to‐background ratio (SBR). Herein, a new design is presented in which the energy of UCNPs is transferred to the o‐quinones on their surface via the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. In this system, the quenching efficiency of UCNPs' fluorescence can be up to 94.73%, providing a high SBR. The performance of the PET‐based design is systematically testified, and the high‐sensitivity detection of disease biomarkers (tyrosinase and alkaline phosphatase) is demonstrated. Moreover, this UCNP‐PET platform is also capable of sensing the simulant of nerve agent sarin. This work will pave new ways to the design of UCNP‐based platforms toward bioanalytical applications.
Trapped Air‐Induced Reversible Transition between Underwater Superaerophilicity and Superaerophobicity on the Femtosecond Laser‐Ablated Superhydrophobic PTFE Surfaces
Authors: Huo Jinglan , Yong Jiale , Chen Feng , Yang Qing , Fang Yao , Hou Xun 
Published: June 2019

AbstractControlling the behavior of underwater bubbles on a solid surface and establishing the contact model between a gas bubble and a solid substrate in a water medium have great significance. Herein, a method is proposed to realize the reversible switching between underwater superaerophilicity and superaerophobicity on the femtosecond laser‐induced rough polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface by controlling the trapped air layer in water. The original femtosecond laser‐structured PTFE surface is superhydrophobic in air and superaerophilic in water. After vacuum‐pumping treatment, the trapped air layer around the microstructures of the underwater superhydrophobic PTFE surface is removed, leading to the underwater superaerophobicity of the sample surface. The trapped air layer can be recovered and the PTFE surface can regain the underwater superaerophilicity by drying treatment and the immersion of the sample in water again. Such a round‐trip transition can achieve the bubble's “locating capture” and the control of the selective passage of air bubbles through a perforated rough PTFE sheet. It is believed that the resultant underwater superaerophobic and superaerophilic surfaces will have significant applications in manufacturing submarine gas‐collection devices, improving the chemical reaction between liquid reagent and gas, and avoiding the microchannel blockage caused by bubbles in microfluidics and biosensor devices.
Recent Advances in Electrode Fabrication for Flexible Energy‐Storage Devices
Authors: Wang Yukun , Yang Qi , Zhao Yan , Du Shanyi , Zhi Chunyi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractResearch into flexible energy‐storage devices with high energy density and superior mechanical performance has aroused considerable interest for the development of flexible electronics. Numerous new materials and strategies have been developed to obtain soft, safe, and high‐performance flexible electrodes, which are essential components of flexible energy storage devices. The common preparation methods and fabrication techniques of flexible electrode are summarized, including their mechanisms, operations, advantages and disadvantages, applicable conditions, and suitable materials. The electrode materials are also briefly discussed according to their characteristics and morphologies, and suggestions on the method preferred for different materials are given. Perspectives on the development of flexible‐electrode fabrication are also given.
2D Square Lattice Photonic Crystal Phosphor Films for Efficient and Excitation Polarization Insensitive Color Conversion
Authors: Lee Tae‐Yun , Lee Jongho , Park Yeonsang , Cho Kyung‐Sang , Min Kyungtaek , Jeon Heonsu 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAs a continuing effort to improve the performance of photonic crystal (PhC) phosphors—an engineered nanophotonic phosphor structure developed by the authors' group—hereby 2D PhC phosphor films are introduced. In particular, the excitation polarization dependence inherent to and suffered by the precedent 1D PhC phosphors can be eliminated using a square lattice PhC structure due to its fourfold rotational symmetry. In addition, the thickness of the high index PhC backbone layer is intentionally increased so that dual excitation resonances occur for both the transverse‐electric (TE) and transverse‐magnetic (TM) waveguide modes, thereby effectively doubling the phosphor efficiency. 2D PhC phosphor structures are implemented and examined using colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) as phosphor material. Unlike conventional impurity‐doped phosphor materials composed of micron‐sized grains, nanometer‐sized CQDs are structurally compatible with PhCs whose feature sizes are ≈100 nm. Excitation polarization–insensitive CQD fluorescence is observed approx. four times enhanced at dual resonance wavelengths for the TE‐ and TM‐guided modes. The validity of the observed results is confirmed through simulations.
An Easy‐to‐Implement Toolkit to Create Versatile and High‐Performance HASEL Actuators for Untethered Soft Robots
Authors: Mitchell Shane K. , Wang Xingrui , Acome Eric , Martin Trent , Ly Khoi , Kellaris Nicholas , Venkata Vidyacharan Gopaluni , Keplinger Christoph 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFor soft robots to have ubiquitous adoption in practical applications they require soft actuators that provide well‐rounded actuation performance that parallels natural muscle while being inexpensive and easily fabricated. This manuscript introduces a toolkit to rapidly prototype, manufacture, test, and power various designs of hydraulically amplified self‐healing electrostatic (HASEL) actuators with muscle‐like performance that achieve all three basic modes of actuation (expansion, contraction, and rotation). This toolkit utilizes easy‐to‐implement methods, inexpensive fabrication tools, commodity materials, and off‐the‐shelf high‐voltage electronics thereby enabling a wide audience to explore HASEL technology. Remarkably, the actuators created from this easy‐to‐implement toolkit achieve linear strains exceeding 100%, a specific power greater than 150 W kg−1, and ≈20% strain at frequencies above 100 Hz. This combination of large strain, extreme speed, and high specific power yields soft actuators that jump without power‐amplifying mechanisms. Additionally, an efficient fabrication technique is introduced for modular designs of HASEL actuators, which is used to develop soft robotic devices driven by portable electronics. Inspired by the versatility of elephant trunks, the above capabilities are combined to create an untethered continuum robot for grasping and manipulating delicate objects, highlighting the wide potential of the introduced methods for soft robots with increasing sophistication.
Large Band Gap Narrowing and Prolonged Carrier Lifetime of (C4H9NH3)2PbI4 under High Pressure
Authors: Yuan Ye , Liu Xiao‐Fei , Ma Xuedan , Wang Xiaoli , Li Xin , Xiao Juan , Li Xiaodong , Zhang Hao‐Li , Wang Lin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDue to their superior optical and electronic properties and good stability, 2D organic–inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs) exhibit strong potential for optoelectronic applications. However, the large band gap, short carrier lifetime, and high resistance hinder their practical performance. In this work, the band gap is successfully tuned, the carrier lifetime is prolonged, and the resistance of (C4H9NH3)2PbI4 (BA2PbI4) is reduced directly using high pressure. The band gap is decreased to less than 1 eV at 35.0 GPa, and the highest pressure is studied. The carrier lifetime at 9.9 GPa is 20 times longer than that at ambient conditions. Moreover, the resistance is reduced by four orders of magnitude at 34.0 GPa accompanying band gap narrowing. This work indicates that pressure plays an effective role in tuning the optical and electronic structures of BA2PbI4, and also provides a strategy to synthesize high‐performance OIHP materials.
T Cell Membrane Mimicking Nanoparticles with Bioorthogonal Targeting and Immune Recognition for Enhanced Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Han Yutong , Pan Hong , Li Wenjun , Chen Ze , Ma Aiqing , Yin Ting , Liang Ruijing , Chen Fuming , Ma Yifan , Jin Yan , Zheng Mingbin , Li Baohong , Cai Lintao 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDue to specific immune recognition receptors on the surface of T cells, their membranes are promising mimic nanocarriers for delivering drugs to tumor lesions. However, this single targeting strategy potentially compromises therapy efficacy for tumor targeting due to inter‐ and intra‐heterogeneity of tumors. Azide (N3) or bicyclo [6.1.0] nonyne (BCN) modified unnatural sugars can be successfully incorporated into surface glycans of various tumor cells as artificial receptors, which is expected to overcome the insufficiency of single targeting. Based on this artificial tumor targeting strategy, indocyanine green nanoparticles (INPs) coated with N3‐labeled T cell membrane (N3‐TINPs) are constructed, which can specifically target the natural antigen and BCN artificial receptors on tumors through immune recognition and bioorthogonal chemistry, respectively. The results show that the fluorescence intensity in the tumors of mice treated with N3‐TINPs is 1.5 fold compared with that of the mice treated with unlabeled TINPs. The accumulated N3‐TINPs in the tumor significantly increase the photothermal therapeutic effect without adverse effect. Therefore, this T cell membrane mimicking nanoparticles based bioorthogonal chemistry may provide an alternative artificial targeting strategy for further tumor targeting photothermal therapy.
Achieving Both Enhanced Voltage and Current through Fine‐Tuning Molecular Backbone and Morphology Control in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Gao Huan‐Huan , Sun Yanna , Cai Yao , Wan Xiangjian , Meng Lingxian , Ke Xin , Li Shitong , Zhang Yamin , Xia Ruoxi , Zheng Nan , Xie Zengqi , Li Chenxi , Zhang Mingtao , Yip Hin‐Lap , Cao Yong , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIt is a great challenge to simultaneously improve the two tangled parameters, open circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current density (Jsc) for organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, such a challenge is addressed by a synergistic approach using fine‐tuning molecular backbone and morphology control simultaneously by a simple yet effective side chain modulation on the backbone of an acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A)‐type acceptor. With this, two terthieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (3TT) based A–D–A‐type acceptors, 3TT‐OCIC with backbone modulation and 3TT‐CIC without such modification, are designed and synthesized. Compared with the controlled molecule 3TT‐CIC, 3TT‐OCIC shows power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.13% with improved Voc of 0.69 V and Jsc of 27.58 mA cm−2, corresponding to PCE of 12.15% with Voc of 0.65 V and Jsc of 27.04 mA cm−2 for 3TT‐CIC–based device. Furthermore, with effective near infrared absorption, 3TT‐OCIC is used as the rear subcell acceptor in a tandem device and gave an excellent PCE of 15.72%.
Physical training over 6 months is associated with improved changes in phase angle, body composition, and blood glucose in healthy young males
Authors: Langer Raquel D. , Silva Analiza M. , Borges Juliano H. , Cirolini Vagner X. , Páscoa Mauro A. , Guerra‐Júnior Gil , Gonçalves Ezequiel M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association between phase angle, body composition, and blood glucose changes in healthy young males after 6 months of physical training.MethodsVolunteers, 98 healthy males (18.8 ± 0.5 years), had 6 months of progressive physical training (5 days a week, 90 minutes a day). Resistance, reactance, and phase angle were obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis, body composition (fat mass, bone mineral content [BMC], and lean soft tissue [LST]) by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and blood glucose by reflectance photometry. Measurements were made at rest and in a fasted state, both before and after the training period.ResultsPhase angle, reactance, BMC, and LST significantly increased (0.6°, 3.8 Ω, 0.1 kg, and 1.9 kg, respectively; P < .01), whereas resistance and blood glucose decreased (−11.2 Ω and −4.1 mg/dL; P < .01). Changes in resistance and reactance explained those changes observed in LST (R2 = .26 and .16, respectively), but phase angle changes were not related to body composition and blood glucose alterations (P < .05).ConclusionsA 6‐month period of physical training was associated with positive changes in phase angle, body composition, and blood glucose in healthy young males, reinforcing the importance of maintaining a physically active lifestyle.