bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular immunological changes in patients with LADA are a mixture of those seen in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Singh K , Martinell M , Luo Z , Espes D , Stålhammar J , Sandler S , Carlsson P-O 
Published: March 2019

SummaryThere is currently scarce knowledge of the immunological profile of patients with latent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in the adult (LADA) when compared with healthy controls (HC) and patients with classical type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The objective of this study was to investigate the cellular immunological profile of LADA patients and compare to HC and patients with T1D and T2D. All patients and age-matched HC were recruited from Uppsala County. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from freshly collected blood to determine the proportions of immune cells by flow cytometry. Plasma concentrations of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-35 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The proportion of CD11c+CD123– antigen-presenting cells (APCs) was lower, while the proportions of CD11c+CD123+ APCs and IL-35+ tolerogenic APCs were higher in LADA patients than in T1D patients. The proportion of CD3–CD56highCD16+ natural killer (NK) cells was higher in LADA patients than in both HC and T2D patients. The frequency of IL-35+ regulatory T cells and plasma IL-35 concentrations in LADA patients were similar to those in T1D and T2D patients, but lower than in HC. The proportion of regulatory B cells in LADA patients was higher than in healthy controls, T1D and T2D patients, and the frequency of IL-35+ regulatory B cells was higher than in T1D patients. LADA presents a mixed cellular immunological pattern with features overlapping with both T1D and T2D.
Conservation value of small reserves
Authors: Volenec Zoe M. , Dobson Andrew P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe importance of large reserves has been long maintained in the scientific literature, often leading to dismissal of the conservation potential of small reserves. However, over half the global protected‐area inventory is composed of protected areas that are <100 ha, and the median size of added protected area is decreasing. Studies of the conservation value of small reserves and fragments of natural area are relatively uncommon in the literature. We reviewed SCOPUS and WOK for studies on small reserve and fragment contributions to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, and fifty‐eight taxon‐specific studies were included in the review. Small reserves harbored substantial portions (upward of 50%) of regional species diversity for many taxa (birds, plants, amphibians, and small mammals) and even some endemic, specialist bird species. Unfortunately, small reserves and fragments almost always harbored more generalist and exotic species than large reserves. Community composition depended on habitat quality, surrounding land use (agricultural vs. urban), and reserve and fragment size, which presents opportunities for management and improvement. Small reserves also provided ecosystem services, such as pollination and biological pest control, and cultural services, such as recreation and improved human health. Limitations associated with small reserves, such as extinction debt and support of area‐sensitive species, necessitate a complement of larger reserves. However, we argue that small reserves can make viable and significant contributions to conservation goals directly as habitat and indirectly by increasing landscape connectivity and quality to the benefit of large reserves. To effectively conserve biodiversity for future generations in landscapes fragmented by human development, small reserves and fragments must be included in conservation planning.
Vitamin D as a risk factor for patient survival after kidney transplantation: A prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Thorsen Inga S. , Bleskestad Inger H. , Åsberg Anders , Hartmann Anders , Skadberg Øyvind , Brede Cato , Ueland Thor , Pasch Andreas , Reisæter Anna V. , Gøransson Lasse G. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundShort‐term survival after kidney transplantation is excellent, but long‐term survival remains low and is equivalent to non‐end‐stage renal disease patients with many invasive malignancies. The aim of the study was to explore vitamin D status in the early phase after transplantation as a prognostic marker for long‐term graft and patient survival.MethodsAll first‐time kidney transplant recipients between October 2007 and October 2012 in Norway were included. Vitamin D was measured 10 weeks post‐transplant. Information on graft failure and death was obtained from the Norwegian Renal Registry.ResultsSeven hundred and sixty‐two first‐time kidney transplant recipients were included, with a median age of 57 years and a median follow‐up of 82 months. In the follow‐up period, there were 172 graft failures (23%) and 118 deaths (15%). Eighty‐six percent of the transplant recipients with sufficient vitamin D levels were alive with a well‐functioning graft after 5 years using Kaplan‐Meier survival estimates, compared with 79% and 76% of the patients with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, respectively (P = 0.006).ConclusionIn a nation‐wide cohort of 762 first‐time kidney transplant recipients, long‐term graft and patient survival were better in recipients with vitamin D sufficiency 10 weeks post‐transplant compared with those with vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency.
Human herpesvirus 6, 7, and 8 in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Authors: Pellett Madan Rebecca , Hand Jonathan ,   the AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Published: March 2019

AbstractThese updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of HHV‐6A, HHV‐6B, HHV‐7, and HHV‐8 in the pre‐ and post‐transplant period. The majority of HHV‐6 (A and B) and HHV‐7 infections in transplant recipients are asymptomatic; symptomatic disease is reported infrequently across organs. Routine screening for HHV‐6 and 7 DNAemia is not recommended in asymptomatic patients, nor is prophylaxis or preemptive therapy. Detection of viral nucleic acid by quantitative PCR in blood or CSF is the preferred method for diagnosis of HHV‐6 and HHV‐7 infection. The possibility of chromosomally integrated HHV‐6 DNA should be considered in individuals with persistently high viral loads. Antiviral therapy should be initiated for HHV‐6 encephalitis and should be considered for other manifestations of disease. HHV‐8 causes Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease and is also associated with hemophagocytic syndrome and bone marrow failure. HHV‐8 screening and monitoring may be indicated to prevent disease. Treatment of HHV‐8 related disease centers on reduction of immunosuppression and conversion to sirolimus, while chemotherapy may be needed for unresponsive disease. The role of antiviral therapy for HHV‐8 infection has not yet been defined.
Strategies for safe living following solid organ transplantation—Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Authors: Avery Robin K. , Michaels Marian G. ,   the AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe present AST‐IDCOP guidelines update information on strategies for safe living after organ transplantation. While transplantation carries an increased risk for infection from the recipient's environment due to lifelong immunosuppression, the goal is for the recipient to be able to return to their home and live as normal a life as possible with a functioning graft. The current guideline provides updates to prior recommendations including additions on infections from water and food sources, exposures to animals, cannabis use as well as sexual exposures or those encountered with travel. Similar to the prior editions, many of the recommendations are based on good infection prevention standards, extrapolation from other immunocompromised hosts, and risks found from cases series in transplant patients. Enhanced education and attention to incorporating safe living strategies into daily life should help to accomplish successful transplant with recipients achieving a fulfilling life away from the hospital.
Glycaemic goal attainment and hypoglycaemia outcomes in type 2 diabetes patients initiating insulin glargine 300 units/mL or 100 units/mL: Real‐world results from the DELIVER Naïve cohort study
Authors: Bailey Timothy S. , Zhou Fang L. , Gupta Rishab A. , Preblick Ronald , Gupta Vineet E. , Berhanu Paulos , Blonde Lawrence 
Published: March 2019

AimsTo compare HbA1c and hypoglycaemia in insulin‐naïve patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who initiated insulin glargine 300 units/mL (Gla‐300) or 100 units/mL (Gla‐100).Materials and methodsThis retrospective cohort study examined electronic medical records of insulin‐naïve adults with T2D who initiated Gla‐300 or Gla‐100 during March 2015 through to December 2016 with active records for ≥12 months before and ≥6 months after initiation, and ≥1 valid HbA1c value during 6‐month baseline and 90–180‐day follow‐up. Outcomes included HbA1c and hypoglycaemia. Cohorts were propensity score‐matched (1:2) on baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using broader inclusion criteria.ResultsThe matched cohorts included 1004 Gla‐300 and 2008 Gla‐100 initiators (mean age 60.4 years; 53.2% male). During 6‐month follow‐up, Gla‐300 versus Gla‐100 initiators had a greater mean HbA1c decrease (−1.52 ± 2.08% vs. –1.30 ± 2.12%; P = 0.003) and more patients achieved HbA1c <7% (25.0% vs. 21.5%; P = 0.029) and <8% (55.0% vs. 49.2%; P = 0.002); and HbA1c <7% (21.9% vs. 17.4%; P = 0.003) and <8% (49.1% vs. 41.8%; P < 0.001) without hypoglycaemia. Gla‐300 initiators were similarly or less likely to have any or inpatient/emergency department‐associated hypoglycaemia during 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up (e.g. any hypoglycaemia to 6 months: 9.7% vs. 12.5%; adjusted odds ratio 0.61; P = 0.057).ConclusionsAmong insulin‐naïve adults with T2D, Gla‐300 was associated with significantly better HbA1c reductions (latest value during 90–180‐day follow‐up) and similar or improved hypoglycaemia outcomes (3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up) than Gla‐100.
The role and contribution of clonality studies in the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders
Authors: Paterson Anna L. , Liu Hongxiang , ElDaly Hesham 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the frequency, context and diagnostic impact of B‐ and T‐lymphocyte clonality assay use in the assessment of possible lymphoproliferative disorders at a central haematopathology diagnostics hub.MethodsAll cases reported by haematopathologists over a sixteen‐month period were identified, n = 4462, and those which had clonality studies undertaken analysed further.ResultsClonality studies were requested in 9% of cases, directly contributing to a diagnosis being made in 79%. They were most frequently used to help distinguish reactive lymphoid infiltrates from low‐grade B‐cell lymphomas and in cases of possible T‐cell lymphoma, facilitating a diagnosis being made in over 90% of these. In contrast when clonality assays were requested as a diagnostic adjunct in cases with an atypical cutaneous lymphoid infiltrate, and in occasional cases of lymphoid proliferations with Hodgkin‐like cells or EBV‐driven proliferations, a definitive final diagnosis was possible in less than 60% of cases.ConclusionsClonality studies were used in 9% of cases assessed for a possible lymphoproliferative disorder and had a differing impact depending on the differential diagnoses being considered. These findings can be used to guide access to clonality assays by highlighting the likelihood of an informative result in different diagnostic settings.
Reconstruction of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) recruitment in the North Sea for the past 455 years based on the δ13C from annual shell increments of the ocean quahog (Arctica islandica)
Authors: Estrella‐Martínez Juan , Schöne Bernd R. , Thurstan Ruth H. , Capuzzo Elisa , Scourse James D. , Butler Paul G. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the recruitment variability of the Atlantic herring North Sea stock remains a key objective of stock assessment and management. Although many efforts have been undertaken linking climatic and stock dynamic factors to herring recruitment, no major attempt has been made to estimate recruitment levels before the 20th century. Here, we present a novel annually resolved, absolutely dated herring recruitment reconstruction, derived from stable carbon isotope geochemistry (δ13C), from ocean quahog shells from the Fladen Ground (northern North Sea). Our age model is based on a growth increment chronology obtained from fourteen shells. Ten of these were micromilled at annual resolution for δ13C analysis. Our results indicate that the anthropogenically driven relative depletion of 13C, the oceanic Suess effect (oSE), became evident in the northern North Sea in the 1850s. We calculated a regression line between the oSE‐detrended δ13C results (δ13CṠ) and diatom abundance in the North Sea, the regression being mediated by the effect of phytoplankton on the δ13C of the ambient dissolved inorganic carbon. We used this regression to build an equation mediated by a nutritional link to reconstruct herring recruitment using δ13CṠ. The reconstruction suggests that there were five extended episodes of low‐recruitment levels before the 20th century. These results are supported by measured recruitment estimates and historical fish catch and export documentation. This work demonstrates that molluscan sclerochronological records can contribute to the investigation of ecological baselines and ecosystem functioning impacted by anthropogenic activity with implications for conservation and stock management.
Light‐controlled carotenoid transfer between water‐soluble proteins related to cyanobacterial photoprotection
Authors: Slonimskiy Yury B. , Muzzopappa Fernando , Maksimov Eugene G. , Wilson Adjélé , Friedrich Thomas , Kirilovsky Diana , Sluchanko Nikolai N. 
Published: March 2019

Carotenoids are lipophilic pigments with multiple biological functions from coloration to vision and photoprotection. Still, the number of water‐soluble carotenoid‐binding proteins described to date is limited, and carotenoid transport and carotenoprotein maturation processes are largely underexplored. Recent studies revealed that CTDHs, which are natural homologs of the C‐terminal domain (CTD) of the orange carotenoid protein (OCP), a photoswitch involved in cyanobacterial photoprotection, are able to bind carotenoids, with absorption shifted far into the red region of the spectrum. Despite the recent discovery of their participation in carotenoid transfer processes, the functional roles of the diverse family of CTDHs are not well understood. Here, we characterized CTDH carotenoproteins from Anabaena variabilis (AnaCTDH) and Thermosynechococcus elongatus and examined their ability to participate in carotenoid transfer processes with a set of OCP‐derived proteins. This revealed that carotenoid transfer occurs in several directions guided by different affinities for carotenoid and specific protein–protein interactions. We show that CTDHs have higher carotenoid affinity compared to the CTD of OCP from Synechocystis, which results in carotenoid translocation from the CTD into CTDH via a metastable heterodimer intermediate. Activation of OCP by light, or mutagenesis compromising the OCP structure, provides AnaCTDH with an opportunity to extract carotenoid from the full‐length OCP, either from Synechocystis or Anabaena. These previously unknown reactions between water‐soluble carotenoproteins demonstrate multidirectionality of carotenoid transfer, allowing for efficient and reversible control over the carotenoid‐mediated protein oligomerization by light, which gives insights into the physiological regulation of OCP activity by CTDH and suggests multiple applications.
Localization, fate and interactions of Emilin‐1 in human skin
Authors: Fitoussi R. , Beauchef G. , Guéré C. , André N. , Vié K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractsObjectiveEmilin‐1 is a versatile protein abundant in tissues where resilience and elastic recoil are prominent and interacting with components of the extracellular matrix. Still, little is known about Emilin‐1 in the skin. Therefore, we investigated Emilin‐1 in the skin, its localization, its fate upon ageing, its interactions with other proteins and the effect of its knockdown.MethodsSkin explants from young or old Caucasian women, immunofluorescently labelled by anti‐Emilin‐1, anti‐Fibrillin‐1 and anti‐Elastin antibodies, were analysed using confocal microscopy. Skin explants subjected to UV‐induced skin ageing were also analysed. Colocalization of Emilin‐1 with Collagen IV, Fibrillin‐1 and Elastin was studied by multiphoton microscopy and co‐immunoprecipitation. Finally, the effect of Emilin‐1 extinction was studied by producing small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown fibroblasts and by analysing the outcome on selected genes.ResultsIn skin sections from young donors, Emilin‐1 localizes similarly to Elastin and Fibrillin‐1. In the papillary dermis, it shows clear and ramified structures, perpendicular to the dermo‐epidermal junction that are reminiscent of the oxytalan fibres. In the reticular dermis, Emilin‐1 signal appears identical to that of the elastic fibres network. Upon intrinsic or UV‐induced ageing, the signal associated with Emilin‐1 is drastically reduced and disorganized. Multiphoton microscopy study shows that, as expected, Emilin‐1 colocalizes with Elastin. It also colocalizes with Collagen IV in the basement membrane and within dermal fibroblasts. Interaction of Emilin‐1 with Elastin and Collagen IV was also found by co‐immunoprecipitation. It also reveals interaction with Laminin‐5. Finally, siRNA‐mediated knockdown of EMILIN‐1 show little effect on the expression level of the 61 genes we studied. The most striking change is a downregulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 that show a decrease similar to that of EMILIN‐1 itself and after 8 days a downregulation of COL6A1.ConclusionIn skin, Emilin‐1 locates in the dermis, up to the basement membrane, interacting with components of the extracellular matrix but also with the anchoring complex. These interactions are important for cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and would suggest that Emilin‐1 might be important for maintaining the 3D structure of the extracellular matrix.
Early weight loss in adolescents following bariatric surgery predicts weight loss at 12 and 24 months
Authors: Chu Lisa , Howell Brooke , Steinberg Alissa , Bar‐Dayan Alisa , Toulany Alene , Langer Jacob C. , Hamilton Jill K. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundGrowing evidence supports the efficacy of paediatric bariatric surgery. However, there is a paucity of data examining adolescent outcomes post surgery. Among adults, studies have shown that early weight loss is associated with long‐term weight loss. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the association between early weight loss at 3 months with longer‐term weight loss at 12 and 24 months in adolescents post surgery. We hypothesized that patients who have greater weight loss within the first 3 months will have greater weight loss at 12 and 24 months post surgery.MethodsA retrospective chart review of bariatric surgery patients (n = 28) was conducted. Anthropometric measurements at baseline and 3, 12, and 24 months were analysed.ResultsPercent of excess weight loss (%EWL) at 3, 12, and 24 months were 33.6 ± 11.3%, 55.0 ± 20.5%, and 55.1 ± 27.1%, respectively. %EWL at 3 months was positively associated with %EWL at 12 and 24 months (P < 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic curve results identified a cut‐off of greater than or equal to 30%EWL at 3 months predicted successful weight loss, defined as greater than or equal to 50%EWL at 12 and 24 months.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that majority of weight loss among adolescents occurs within the first postoperative year. Greater %EWL by 3 months post surgery predicts successful and sustained weight loss over time.
Hydrocarbons catalysed by TmCYP4G122 and TmCYP4G123 in Tenebrio molitor modulate the olfactory response of the parasitoid Scleroderma guani
Authors: Wang S. Y. , Hackney Price J. , Zhang D. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHydrocarbons (HCs) present on the epicuticle of terrestrial insects are not only used to reduce water loss but are also used as chemical signals. The cytochrome p450 CYP4G gene is essential for HC biosynthesis in some insects. However, its function in Tenebrio molitor is unknown. Moreover, it is not yet known whether CYP4G of a host can modulate the searching behaviours of its parasitoid. Here, we explore the function of the TmCYP4G122 and CYP4G123 genes in T. molitor. The TmCYP4G122 and CYP4G123 transcripts could be detected in all developmental stages. Their expression was higher in the fat body and abdominal cuticle than in the gut. Their transcript levels in mature larvae under desiccation stress [relative humidity (RH) < 5%] was significantly higher than that in the control (RH = 70%). Injection of dsCYP4G122 and dsCYP4G123 caused a reduction in HC biosynthesis and was associated with increased susceptibility to desiccation. Individuals of the parasitoid Scleroderma guani that emerged from mealworm pupae showed host preference for normal pupae whereas S. guani that emerged from pupae lacking CYP4G122 or/and CYP4G123 lost this searching preference. The current results confirm that CYP4G122 and CYP4G123 regulate the biosynthesis of HCs and modulate the olfactory response of its parasitoid S. guani.
Influenza A virus shedding reduction observed at 12 weeks post‐vaccination when newborn pigs are administered live‐attenuated influenza virus vaccine
Authors: Kaiser Troy J. , Smiley Rex A. , Fergen Brian , Eichmeyer Marc , Genzow Marika 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundInfluenza A virus in swine (IAV‐S) causes an acute respiratory disease of swine which results in great economic losses. A bivalent H1N1 and H3N2, NS1‐truncated live‐attenuated IAV‐S vaccine (LAIV, Ingelvac Provenza™) has recently become available.ObjectiveReduction of shedding during an outbreak in the nursery or finisher is an important parameter from an epidemiological control strategy; therefore, a laboratory efficacy study was conducted to evaluate nasal virus shedding when vaccinated pigs were challenged with either heterologous H1N2 or H3N2 strains 12 weeks post‐vaccination.MethodsBetween 1 and 5 days of age, pigs born to IAV‐S seronegative dams were intranasally administered 1 mL of vaccine or saline. At 30 days post‐vaccination, pigs were weaned and randomized into two different challenge groups consisting of vaccinated pigs and control pigs commingled within pens for the two challenge groups. At 85 days post‐vaccination, pigs in the first group were challenged with A/Swine/North Carolina/001169/2006 H1N2 challenge strain, and the second group was challenged with A/Swine/Nebraska/97901‐10/2008 H3N2. Nasal swabs were collected daily for five days and tested by virus isolation.Results and conclusionThis study showed significant reduction in nasal virus shedding with regard to both frequency and duration. A 1 mL intranasal dose of Ingelvac Provenza™ given as early as 1 day of age showed protection for at least 12 weeks later as evidenced by the reduction of shedding live, viable virus after challenge with either a heterologous H1N2 strain or a heterologous H3N2 strain.