bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling chance and necessity in natural systems
Authors: Planque Benjamin , Mullon Christian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Nearly 30 years ago, emerged the concept of deterministic chaos. With it came sensitivity to initial conditions, nonlinearities, and strange attractors. This constituted a paradigm shift that profoundly altered how numerical modellers approached dynamic systems. It also provided an opportunity to resolve a situation of mutual misunderstanding between scientists and non-scientists about uncertainties and predictability in natural systems. Our proposition is that this issue can be addressed in an original way which involves modelling based on the principles of chance and necessity (CaN). We outline the conceptual and mathematical principles of CaN models and present an application of the model to the Barents Sea food-web. Because CaN models rely on concepts easily grasped by all actors, because they are explicit about knowns and unknowns and because the interpretation of their results is simple without being prescriptive, they can be used in a context of participatory management. We propose that, three decades after the emergence of chaos theories, CaN can be a practical step to reconcile scientists and non-scientists around the modelling of structurally and dynamically complex natural systems, and significantly contribute to ecosystem-based fisheries management.
BMI and weight changes and risk of obesity-related cancers: a pooled European cohort study
Authors: Bjørge Tone , Häggström Christel , Ghaderi Sara , Nagel Gabriele , Manjer Jonas , Tretli Steinar , Ulmer Hanno , Harlid Sophia , Rosendahl Ann H , Lang Alois , Stattin Pär , Stocks Tanja , Engeland Anders 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Obesity is an established risk factor for several cancers. Adult weight gain has been associated with increased cancer risk, but studies on timing and duration of adult weight gain are relatively scarce. We examined the impact of BMI (body mass index) and weight changes over time, as well as the timing and duration of excess weight, on obesity- and non-obesity-related cancers.

Methods
We pooled health data from six European cohorts and included 221 274 individuals with two or more height and weight measurements during 1972–2014. Several BMI and weight measures were constructed. Cancer cases were identified through linkage with national cancer registries. Hazard ratios (HRs) of cancer with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived from time-dependent Cox-regression models.

Results
During follow-up, 27 881 cancer cases were diagnosed; 9761 were obesity-related. The HR of all obesity-related cancers increased with increasing BMI at first and last measurement, maximum BMI and longer duration of overweight (men only) and obesity. Participants who were overweight before age 40 years had an HR of obesity-related cancers of 1.16 (95% CI 1.02, 1.32) and 1.15 (95% CI 1.04, 1.27) in men and women, respectively, compared with those who were not overweight. The risk increase was particularly high for endometrial (70%), male renal-cell (58%) and male colon cancer (29%). No positive associations were seen for cancers not regarded as obesity-related.

Conclusions
Adult weight gain was associated with increased risk of several major cancers. The degree, timing and duration of overweight and obesity also seemed to be important. Preventing weight gain may reduce the cancer risk.
The impact of alternative historical extrapolations of diesel exhaust exposure and radon in the Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS)
Authors: Vermeulen Roel , Portengen Lützen , Lubin Jay , Stewart Patricia , Blair Aaron , Attfield Michael D , Silverman Debra T 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Previous results from the Diesel Exhaust in Miners Study (DEMS) demonstrated a positive exposure–response relation between lung cancer and respirable elemental carbon (REC), a key surrogate for diesel exhaust exposure. Two issues have been raised regarding DEMS: (i) the use of historical carbon monoxide (CO) measurements to calibrate models used for estimating historical exposures to REC in the DEMS exposure assessment; and (ii) potential confounding by radon.

Methods
We developed alternative REC estimates using models that did not rely on CO for calibration, but instead relied on estimated use of diesel equipment, mine ventilation rates and changes in diesel engine emission rates over time. These new REC estimates were used to quantify cumulative REC exposure for each subject in the nested case-control study. We conducted conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals for lung cancer. To evaluate the impact of including radon as a potential confounder, we estimated ORs for average REC intensity adjusted for cumulative radon exposure in underground miners.

Results
Validation of the new REC exposure estimates indicated that they overestimated historical REC by 200–400%, compared with only 10% for the original estimates. Effect estimates for lung cancer using these alternative REC exposures or adjusting for radon typically changed by &lt;10% when compared with the original estimates.

Conclusions
These results emphasize the robustness of the DEMS findings, support the use of CO for model calibration and confirm that radon did not confound the DEMS estimates of the effect of diesel exposure on lung cancer mortality.
Natural History of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Highly Seropositive Populations
Authors: Mussi-Pinhata Marisa Marcia , Yamamoto Aparecida Yulie 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMaternal preconceptional cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunity does not protect the fetus from acquiring congenital CMV infection (cCMV). Nonprimary infections due to recurrence of latent infections or reinfection with new virus strains during pregnancy can result in fetal infection. Because the prevalence of cCMV increases with increasing maternal CMV seroprevalence, the vast majority of the cases of cCMV throughout the world follow nonprimary maternal infections and is more common in individuals of lower socioeconomic background. Horizontal exposures to persons shedding virus in bodily secretions (young children, sexual activity, household crowding, low income) probably increase the risk of acquisition of an exogenous nonprimary CMV infection and fetal transmission. In addition, more frequent acquisition of new antibody reactivities in transmitter mothers suggest that maternal reinfection by new viral strains could be a major source of congenital infection in such populations. However, the exact frequency of CMV nonprimary infection in seroimmune women during pregnancy and the rate of intrauterine transmission in these women are yet to be defined. Usually, the birth prevalence of cCMV is high (≥7:1000) in highly seropositive populations. There is increasing evidence that the frequency and severity of the clinical and laboratory abnormalities in infants with congenital CMV infection born to mothers with nonprimary CMV infection are similar to infants born after a primary maternal infection. This is particularly true for sensorineural hearing loss, which contributes to one third of all early-onset hearing loss in seropositive populations. This brief overview will discuss the need for more research to better clarify the natural history of cCMV in highly seropositive populations, which, in almost all populations, remains incompletely defined.
Factors Associated With Hepatitis B Exposure Among People Who Report Using Methamphetamine: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2016
Authors: Tressler Stacy R , Kushner Tatyana , Bhandari Ruchi 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
With the nation’s focus on the opioid crisis, methamphetamine has made a comeback, potentially increasing risk for hepatitis B. We examined factors associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) exposure among people who reported ever using methamphetamine in a nationally representative survey.

Methods
We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to examine factors associated with HBV exposure among participants who reported ever using methamphetamine using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression.

Results
Overall, 847 participants met the study inclusion criteria. In multivariable logistic regression, female sex (adjusted odds ratio, 3.83; 95% confidence interval, 1.65–8.90), living below the poverty threshold (3.17; 1.39–7.21), injection drug use (4.89; 1.95–12.26), active hepatitis C virus infection (3.39; 1.10–12.26), and identifying as men who have sex with men (28.21; 5.19–153.38) were significantly associated with HBV exposure.

Conclusions
The odds of HBV exposure for female participants who reported using methamphetamine were 4 times than that for male participants. Poverty, injection drug use, and hepatitis C virus infection were also associated. As methamphetamine use increases, it is critical to identify those at risk of acquiring HBV infections in order to target testing and vaccination.
Evaluation of required thrust force based on advance rates in shielded TBMs under squeezing conditions
Authors: Mohammadzamani Danial , Mahdevari Saeed , Bagherpour Raheb 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tunneling requires intensive studies to evaluate rheological parameters of the ground, especially under squeezing conditions. In the current study, the evaluation of the required thrust force of the shielded tunnel boring machines (TBMs) under squeezing conditions is made and Beheshtabad water conveyance tunnel is chosen as the case study. The parameters of the Burger's viscoplastic creep model (CVISC) model obtained from laboratory creep tests are verified using the finite difference method. The required thrust force is calculated using a new approach involving the extraction of the normal forces acting on a TBM shield based on different advance rates. The effect of the tunnel diameter is also investigated to evaluate the feasibility of excavating a twin tunnel of a smaller diameter. The effects of over-boring and the standstill time of a machine on thrust reduction are also investigated. The results show that standstill time in smaller over-borings affects the thrust increment more strongly than that in bigger over-borings. Increasing the over-boring from 3 to 10 cm makes thrust decrease by 9.46 and 35.12%, respectively, while advance rate (AR) increases from 1 to 4 m/h. According to the sensitivity analyses done on the effect of the tunnel diameter on thrust reduction, thrust forces reduce by 53.79% in the 5 m-diameter tunnel, while they decrease by 35.13 and 15.05% in the 7- and 9 m-diameter tunnels, respectively, when over-boring is 10 cm. In single-shield machine, an AR of 2 m/h is defined as the substitution AR since the values of thrust are 28.2, 33.01 and 35.1% lower than those in AR of 4 m/h in double-shield TBM with over-borings of 3, 6 and 10 cm, respectively.
Rickettsia rickettsii (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) Infecting Amblyomma sculptum (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks and Capybaras in a Brazilian Spotted Fever-Endemic Area of Brazil
Authors: Costa Francisco B , Gerardi Monize , Binder Lina de C , Benatti Hector R , Serpa Maria Carolina de Azevedo , Lopes Beatriz , Luz Hermes R , Ferraz Katia M P M B , Labruna Marcelo B 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii is the agent of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), a highly fatal disease that is transmitted in Brazil mainly by the tick Amblyomma sculptum Berlese, which uses capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris Linnaeus) as major hosts. In 2015, we captured nine capybaras in a BSF-endemic area of southeastern Brazil. From each capybara, we collected blood sera that were tested through the immunofluorescence assay using Rickettsia spp. antigens, and A. sculptum ticks, processed for isolation of R. rickettsii through guinea pig inoculation. All capybaras (100%) were seroreactive to Rickettsia spp., with highest titers to R. rickettsii. A total of 166 A. sculptum ticks were macerated and inoculated into nine guinea pigs, from which only one presented high fever and seroconverted to R. rickettsii. Blood from this febrile animal was inoculated into additional guinea pigs (guinea pig passages), which also became febrile and seroconverted, or when euthanized during the fever period, their internal organs (spleen, lung) were shown to contain R. rickettsii DNA. The present rickettsial isolate has been maintained cryopreserved as infected guinea pig organs. There was at least one R. rickettsii-infected tick among the 166 macerated ticks, giving a minimal infection rate of 0.6% (1/166). This infection rate is within the range of previous studies, which reported that only 0.05% to at most 1.28% A. sculptum ticks were infected by R. rickettsii in other BSF-endemic areas. These low infection rates support the low incidence of BSF, despite of A. sculptum being the most frequent human-biting tick in southeastern Brazil.
Distribution and Frequency of the kdr Mutation V410L in Natural Populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) From Eastern and Southern Mexico
Authors: Villanueva-Segura Olga K , Ontiveros-Zapata Kevin A , Lopez-Monroy Beatriz , Ponce-Garcia Gustavo , Gutierrez-Rodriguez Selene M , Davila-Barboza Jesus A , Mora-Jasso Esteban de J , Flores Adriana E 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAedes aegypti (L.) is the primary vector of the viruses that cause dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, for which effective vaccines and drugs are still lacking. Current strategies for suppressing arbovirus outbreaks based on insecticide use pose a challenge because of the rapid increase in resistance. The widespread and excessive use of pyrethroid-based insecticides has created a large selection pressure for a kdr-type resistance, caused by mutations in the para gene of the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc). Our objective was to evaluate the allelic frequency of natural populations of Ae. aegypti of Mexico at codon 410 of the para gene. Twenty-six Ae. aegypti populations from east and southern Mexico were genotyped for the codon 410 using allele-specific PCR. The frequencies of the L410 allele in Ae. aegypti ranged from 0.10 to 0.99; however, most of the frequencies were in the range of 0.36 to 0.64. The highest frequencies were found in three populations from the state of Veracruz, namely, Minatitlan with 0.99, Poza Rica with 0.82, and Jose Cardel with 0.97, along with populations from Cancun in Quintana Roo with 0.93, Frontera in Tabasco with 0.91, and Ciudad del Carmen in Campeche with 0.86. The frequency of the L410 allele was high in all populations of Ae. aegypti with higher values in populations of the southeast of the country. The knowledge of specific substitutions in vgsc and their interaction to confer resistance is essential to predict and develop future strategies for resistance management in Ae. aegypti in Mexico.
Japanese Structure Survey of Radiation Oncology in 2011
Authors: Numasaki Hodaka , Teshima Teruki , Nishimura Tetsuo , Akuta Keizo , Ando Yutaka , Ikeda Hiroshi , Kamikonya Norihiko , Koizumi Masahiko , Sasaki Tomonari , Sekiguchi Kenji , Tago Masao , Terahara Atsuro , Nakamura Katsumasa , Nishio Masamichi , Murakami Masao , Mori Yoshimasa , Ogawa Kazuhiko ,   Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology Database Committee
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
We evaluated the evolving structure of radiation oncology in Japan in terms of equipment, personnel, patient load and geographic distribution to identify and overcome any existing limitations. From March 2012 to August 2015, the Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology conducted a questionnaire based on the Japanese national structure survey of radiation oncology in 2011. Data were analyzed based on the institutional stratification by the annual number of new patients treated with radiotherapy per institution. The estimated annual numbers of new and total (new plus repeat) patients treated with radiation were 211 000 and 250 000, respectively. Additionally, the estimated cancer incidence was 851 537 cases with approximately 24.8% of all newly diagnosed patients being treated with radiation. The types and numbers of treatment devices actually used included linear accelerator (LINAC; n = 836), telecobalt (n = 3), Gamma Knife (n = 46), 60Co remote afterloading system (RALS; n = 24), and 192Ir RALS (n = 125). The LINAC system used dual-energy functions in 619 units, 3D conformal radiotherapy functions in 719 and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) functions in 412. There were 756 JRS or JASTRO-certified radiation oncologists, 1018.5 full-time equivalent (FTE) radiation oncologists, 2026.7 FTE radiotherapy technologists, 149.1 FTE medical physicists, 141.5 FTE radiotherapy quality managers and 716.3 FTE nurses. The frequency of IMRT use significantly increased during this time. To conclude, although there was a shortage of personnel in 2011, the Japanese structure of radiation oncology has clearly improved in terms of equipment and utility.
Multiple Imputation with Survey Weights: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: Quartagno M , Carpenter J R , Goldstein H 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Multiple imputation is now well established as a practical and flexible method for analyzing partially observed data, particularly under the missing at random assumption. However, when the substantive model is a weighted analysis, there is concern about the empirical performance of Rubin’s rules and also about how to appropriately incorporate possible interaction between the weights and the distribution of the study variables. One approach that has been suggested is to include the weights in the imputation model, potentially also allowing for interactions with the other variables. We show that the theoretical criterion justifying this approach can be approximately satisfied if we stratify the weights to define level-two units in our data set and include random intercepts in the imputation model. Further, if we let the covariance matrix of the variables have a random distribution across the level-two units, we also allow imputation to reflect any interaction between weight strata and the distribution of the variables. We evaluate our proposal in a number of simulation scenarios, showing it has promising performance both in terms of coverage levels of the model parameters and bias of the associated Rubin’s variance estimates. We illustrate its application to a weighted analysis of factors predicting reception-year readiness in children in the UK Millennium Cohort Study.
A Family Guide to Coping with Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This guide was written for family members, significant others, and people concerned about their relatives or friends who have an alcohol or drug problem, which in this book is referred to as substance misuse or substance use disorder (SUD). Substance problems can take many shapes and forms and differ in their severity and impact. This family guide will discuss these problems and how to help the affected person and other family members (including children) who may have been harmed by a loved one’s substance problem. This guide can also help individuals with a substance use problem understand the impact of their SUDs on the family as well as what their family members can do to help themselves. Addressing family issues and making amends are key issues for people in recovery from SUDs.
Alcohol and Drug Problems
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A substance problem is any negative outcome from prescription drug misuse, illegal drug use, or binge drinking. These problems often lead to substance use disorders (SUDs). Any substance use can cause problems. The real issues are a person’s reasons for using, and whether that substance use is part of a substance use disorder. Family members often think of the drug as being the problem when it is really the person’s pattern of use and reasons for using that are the problems. Drugs come and go and are replaced by new ones all the time. SUDs and addiction are people problems that involve drugs.
Treatment of Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
People do not respond the same way to any one particular treatment approach in any particular setting. Some need more intensive and/or extensive treatment than others. It is not unusual for a person with a severe SUD to engage in several episodes of treatment before sustaining recovery. For those who are physically addicted, medical detoxification may be needed before they can benefit from other types of treatment. Treatment is helpful only to the extent that a person sticks with it and uses the guidance of professionals and peers in recovery. The person with an SUD may use any combination of treatment programs, services, or community recovery supports. Treatment includes detoxification; rehabilitation; individual, group, and family therapy; other services (case management, vocational or leisure counseling, medical evaluation); and medications.
How Substance Problems Affect Individual Family Members
Authors: Daley Dennis C. , Douaihy Antoine 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of SUDs on family members are well documented. Some people grow stronger through exposure to an SUD in their family despite negative effects. They show resilience. There is evidence that children of parents with an SUD are at higher risk for problems than are children whose parents do not have an SUD. Problems include those related to substance use, health or mental health, trouble with the law, and problems at work or in school. Parental SUDs underlie many family problems such as divorce, spouse abuse, child abuse and neglect, welfare dependence, and criminal behaviors. Studies show that women who use alcohol or drugs during pregnancy are more likely to have premature births.
Exploring the pattern of the Galactic HI foreground of GRBs with the ATCA
Authors: Dénes H , Jones P A , Tóth L V , Zahorecz S , Koo B-C , Pinter S , Racz I I , Balázs L G , Cunningham M R , Doi Y , Horvath I , Kovács T , Onishi T , Suleiman N , Bagoly Z 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The afterglow of a gamma ray burst (GRB) can give us valuable insight into the properties of its host galaxy. To correctly interpret the spectra of the afterglow we need to have a good understanding of the foreground interstellar medium (ISM) in our own Galaxy. The common practice to correct for the foreground is to use neutral hydrogen (H i) data from the Leiden/Argentina/Bonn (LAB) survey. However, the poor spatial resolution of the single dish data may have a significant effect on the derived column densities. To investigate this, we present new high-resolution H i observations with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) towards 4 GRBs. We combine the interferometric ATCA data with single dish data from the Galactic All Sky Survey (GASS) and derive new Galactic H i column densities towards the GRBs. We use these new foreground column densities to fit the Swift XRT X-ray spectra and calculate new intrinsic hydrogen column density values for the GRB host galaxies. We find that the new ATCA data shows higher Galactic H i column densities compared to the previous single dish data, which results in lower intrinsic column densities for the hosts. We investigate the line of sight optical depth near the GRBs and find that it may not be negligible towards one of the GRBs, which indicates that the intrinsic hydrogen column density of its host galaxy may be even lower. In addition, we compare our results to column densities derived from far-infrared data and find a reasonable agreement with the H i data.