bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Better Virological Outcomes Among People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Initiating Early Antiretroviral Treatment (CD4 Counts ≥500 Cells/µL) in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 071 (PopART) Trial in South Africa
Authors: Fatti Geoffrey , Grimwood Ashraf , Nachega Jean B , Nelson Jenna A , LaSorda Kelsea , van Zyl Gert , Grobbelaar Nelis , Ayles Helen , Hayes Richard , Beyers Nulda , Fidler Sarah , Bock Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
There have been concerns about reduced adherence and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virological suppression (VS) among clinically well people initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) with high pre-ART CD4 cell counts. We compared virological outcomes by pre-ART CD4 count, where universal ART initiation was provided in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 071 (PopART) trial in South Africa prior to routine national and international implementation.

Methods
This prospective cohort study included adults initiating ART at facilities providing universal ART since January 2014. VS (&lt;400 copies/mL), confirmed virological failure (VF) (2 consecutive viral loads &gt;1000 copies/mL), and viral rebound were compared between participants in strata of baseline CD4 cell count.

Results
The sample included 1901 participants. VS was ≥94% among participants with baseline CD4 count ≥500 cells/µL at all 6-month intervals to 30 months. The risk of an elevated viral load (≥400 copies/mL) was independently lower among participants with baseline CD4 count ≥500 cells/µL (3.3%) compared to those with CD4 count 200–499 cells/µL (9.2%) between months 18 and 30 (adjusted relative risk, 0.30 [95% confidence interval, .12–.74]; P = .010). The incidence rate of VF was 7.0, 2.0, and 0.5 per 100 person-years among participants with baseline CD4 count &lt;200, 200–499, and ≥500 cells/µL, respectively (P &lt; .0001). VF was independently lower among participants with baseline CD4 count ≥500 cells/µL (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.23; P = .045) and 3-fold higher among those with baseline CD4 count &lt;200 cells/µL (aHR, 3.49; P &lt; .0001).

Conclusions
Despite previous concerns, participants initiating ART with CD4 counts ≥500 cells/µL had very good virological outcomes, being better than those with CD4 counts 200–499 cells/µL.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT01900977.
Dwindling Utilization of Central Venous Catheter Tip Cultures: An Analysis of Sampling Trends and Clinical Utility at 128 US Hospitals, 2009–2014
Authors: Lai Yi Ling , Adjemian Jennifer , Ricotta Emily E , Mathew Lauren , O’Grady Naomi P , Kadri Sameer S 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
At 128 US hospitals, from 2009–2014, a 17% decline occurred annually in central venous catheter tips sent for culture: a 6-fold decrease from blood culture sampling trends. The positive predictive value was low (23%). Tip culture use often does not conform to recommendations and offers limited independent treatment opportunities.
Building the Framework for Standardized Clinical Laboratory Reporting of Next-generation Sequencing Data for Resistance-associated Mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
Authors: Tornheim Jeffrey A , Starks Angela M , Rodwell Timothy C , Gardy Jennifer L , Walker Timothy M , Cirillo Daniela M , Jayashankar Lakshmi , Miotto Paolo , Zignol Matteo , Schito Marco 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Tuberculosis is the primary infectious disease killer worldwide, with a growing threat from multidrug-resistant cases. Unfortunately, classic growth-based phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST) remains difficult, costly, and time consuming, while current rapid molecular testing options are limited by the diversity of antimicrobial-resistant genotypes that can be detected at once. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) offers the opportunity for rapid, comprehensive DST without the time or cost burden of phenotypic tests and can provide useful information for global surveillance. As access to NGS expands, it will be important to ensure that results are communicated clearly, consistent, comparable between laboratories, and associated with clear guidance on clinical interpretation of results. In this viewpoint article, we summarize 2 expert workshops regarding a standardized report format, focusing on relevant variables, terminology, and required minimal elements for clinical and laboratory reports with a proposed standardized template for clinical reporting NGS results for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Contemporary Life Conduct and Existential Cultures
Authors: Thériault Barbara 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The concept of lifestyle appears in Max Weber’s writings under the guise of Lebensführung, or life conduct. It is closely linked to the spirit of capitalism and to a religious work ethic Weber traces in life maxims influencing daily practices. Weber is concerned with individual meaning in a world characterized by objective forces. He offers a social diagnosis typical of the beginning of the twentieth century, one centered on the fate of the individual in an increasingly objectified, rationalized, and disenchanted world. Although still pervasive in social theories, this diagnosis framed in terms of loss is at odds with today’s world. While challenging Weber’s diagnosis, this chapter argues that his approach—his notion of life conduct with his attention to life maxims and their carriers—is still inspiring to sound out what Lois Lee calls “existential cultures.” Drawing on Weber’s insights, this chapter maps out life conduct and existential cultures in an east German town.
The Iron Cage in the Information Age
Authors: Raadschelders Jos C. N. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The “iron cage” has proven to be a very evocative metaphor, usually associated with government bureaucracy and its regulations. That bureaucracy has become the dominant organizational type in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors is often not recognized. While bureaucracy is often perceived in a negative manner, in a public sector context it also has great benefits, namely in the protection of citizen and societal interests against the private interests of business and lobbying interest groups. What is the role and position of public bureaucracy in contemporary Western, democratic societies? This chapter argues that the state, and by extension its bureaucracy, cannot be hollowed out and supplanted by other types of organization such as enterprise governance and network governance. Has Weber’s worry come true that democracy is marginalized by bureaucratization?
Lateral Superior Olive
Authors: Friauf Eckhard , Krächan Elisa G. , Müller Nicolas I.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Auditory neurons in the mammalian brainstem are involved in several basic computation processes essential for survival; for example, sound localization. Differences in sound intensity between the two ears, so-called interaural level differences (ILDs), provide important spatial cues for localizing sound in the horizontal plane, particularly for animals with high-frequency hearing. The earliest center of ILD detection is the lateral superior olive (LSO), a prominent component of the superior olivary complex (SOC) in the medulla oblongata. LSO neurons receive input from both ears of excitatory and inhibitory nature and perform a subtraction-like process. The LSO has become a model system for studies addressing inhibitory synapses, map formation, and neural plasticity. This review aims to provide an overview of several facets of the LSO, focusing on its functional and anatomical organization, including development and plasticity. Understanding this important ILD detector is fundamental in multiple ways—among others, to analyze central auditory processing disorders and central presbyacusis.
Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels
Authors: Zamponi Gerald W. , Gandini Maria A. , Snutch Terry P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channels are important contributors to the transmission and processing of nociceptive information in the primary afferent pain pathway. Several types of calcium channels and their ancillary subunits are dysregulated in response to nerve injury or inflammation. Notably, calcium channels have emerged as prominent targets for analgesics. This article discusses the roles of specific types of voltage-gated calcium channels in the afferent pain pathway and their utility as pharmacological targets for therapeutic intervention in chronic pain. Several calcium channel subtypes are dysregulated during chronic pain conditions, giving rise to increased neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. N-type calcium channels, Cav3.2 T-type calcium channels, and the Cavα2δ subunit are validated targets for the development and clinical use of small organic analgesics, with R-type channels showing potential as possible targets based on preclinical studies.
Governing Proliferation Finance
Authors: Mallard Grégoire 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
As the critical sanctions against Iran’s nuclear program demonstrate, the implementation of sanctions against nuclear proliferators has led to the creation of a global system of surveillance of the financial dealings of all states, banks, and individuals, fostered by United Nations Security Council resolutions—a new and unprecedented development. This chapter asks: Which actors have been in charge of designing and implementing sanctions against nuclear proliferators? Which legal technologies have they developed to regulate global financial transactions? Answering these questions generates a better understanding of key processes in global governance: the increasing role of the Security Council as a global legislator; the “financialization” of global regulation, with the increasing role played by international and US domestic financial institutions that were historically foreign to the field of nuclear nonproliferation; and the judicialization of the enforcement of sanctions, which is accompanied by the multiplication of secondary sanctions against sanctions-evaders.
Developing Operator Expertise on Nuclear Power Production Facilities and Oil & Gas Installations
Authors: Crichton Margaret , Moffat Scott , Crichton Lauren 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis chapter describes the current status of expertise development in nuclear power production and oil & gas facilities, for both routine operations and emergency response. These are two examples of industries characterized by continuous operation, high hazard, and complexity, where operators must have the capability to monitor systems and respond to potential threats. Both industries rely heavily on written procedures and procedural compliance, along with an awareness that unanticipated and often unprecedented events can emerge. Emergencies in these industries are extremely rare yet on-site operators must be able to make the shift from their routine operational role to responding to escalating situations. Directed training is frequently used to enhance operator expertise in the absence of actual experience, with simulator-based exercises increasingly being introduced. The chapter summarizes existing research into the content and format of the skills required by operators in these settings and highlights potential areas for future investigation.
Evaluating artesunate-amodiaquine deployment, efficacy and safety: an in silico pharmacological model
Authors: Hong Ki Bae , Hastings Ian , Kay Katherine , Hodel Eva Maria 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe World Health Organization currently recommends artesunate-amodiaquine (AS-AQ) as a first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The clinical efficacy of AS-AQ is very high but its effectiveness in the field varies considerably. This study aimed at comparing the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of AS-AQ fixed dose combination (FDC) and non-fixed formulation (non-FDC) in controlled and real-life settings using a pharmacological model of antimalarial treatment.MethodsThe effectiveness and safety of different drug formulations in different treatment scenarios were investigated using a pharmacological model of AS-AQ treatment. The model simulated multiple treatment scenarios to assess the effects of age-or weight-based dosing bands in three geographically distinct patient populations, and poor patient adherence.ResultsThe model output was consistent with clinical trials in terms of cure rates, recrudescence rates and the pattern of AQ overdosing with age- and weight-based dosing regimens. AS-AQ treatment has good efficacy and effectiveness in fully adherent patients but monotherapy of AS or AQ lead to treatment failure. The weight-based dosing regimen with FDC was the best option for patients in terms of drug safety and had similar efficacies to the other regimens. Asians were more likely to be overdosed with AQ when using age-based dosing regimens.ConclusionsWeight-based dosing is optimal but not always feasible, so age-based dosing regimens are often used as an alternative. The model outputs highlight the importance of optimising these age-based dosing regimens for specific regions, and identify an increased risk of overdosing in young children.
HDAC6 promotes PMA-induced megakaryocyte differentiation of K562 cells by regulating ROS levelsviaNOX4 and repressing Glycophorin A
Authors: Kummari Githavani , Gutti Ravi K , Kalle Arunasree M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe human erythroleukemia (K562) cells are considered as bipotent megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor cells and the differentiation of these cells to megakaryocytes (MK) in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) mimicsin vivodifferentiation of MEP (megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor) cells in the bone marrow. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved in gene suppression and their roles during the MK differentiation remains largely undefined. In the present study, we have studied the expression levels of class I and class II HDACs during phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced differentiation of K562 cells to MK. Class IIb HDACs (HDAC6 & HDAC10) were significantly up regulated time dependently upto 4 days of PMA-induced MK differentiation along with decreased acetylation levels of H3K9 and H3K56. Pharmacological inhibition and knockdown studies of HDAC6 using tubastatin A (TubA) and shRNA-HDAC6 respectively, during MK differentiation resulted in down regulation of MK lineage marker CD61 and up regulation of erythroid lineage gene glycophorin A (GYPA). HDAC6 over expression in K562 cells showed significant up regulation of CD61, MK transcription factors (FOG1 and GATA2) and down regulation of GYPA. ChIP-PCR studies showed enrichment of HDAC6 protein on GYPA promoter during differentiation indicating GYPA gene repression by HDAC6. Further studies on elucidating the role of HDAC6 in MK differentiation clearly indicated that HDAC6 is required for the production of sustainable levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an important regulator of MK differentiation,viaNOX4.- ROS-HDAC6 circuit. In this study, we provide the first evidence that during PMA-induced megakaryocyte differentiation of K562 cells, HDAC6 represses erythroid lineage marker gene, GYPA, and promotes the sustainable levels of ROSviaNOX4 required for MK differentiation.Key pointsHDAC6 upregulated during MK differentiation is involved in sustainable production of ROSviathe circuit - HDAC6-NOX4-ROS-HDAC6.HDAC6 inhibits erythroid lineage gene, GYPA, by forming a repressor complex over the promoter region.
Dynamics and control of a flexible rotating clamped-free beam by SDRE strategy
Authors: Piro Barragam Vinicius , Fenili Andre , Milagre da Fonseca Ijar 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is the dynamic analysis of the coupled rotation and vibration motion of a system containing a central rigid body to which is attached a flexible beam.

Design/methodology/approach
The methodology includes the Lagrange’s formulation by using the extended Hamilton’s Principle in conjunction with the assumed modes method to describe the system of equations by ordinary differential equations. The first unconstrained mode of vibration was considered as the solution for the transversal displacement. Such mode emerges as the eigenvalue problem solution associated to the dynamics of the system. The control strategy adopted is a nonlinear analogy of the linear quadratic regulator problem as the Riccati equation is solved at every integration step during the numerical solutions. This strategy is known as state-dependent Riccati equation.

Findings
By means of computational simulations, it was found the relation between controlled motion and inertia ratio.

Research limitations/implications
This work is limited to planar case and fixed hub.

Practical implications
Practical implications of this work realize the design of lighter yet dexterous structures.

Originality/value
The contribution of this paper is the position and vibration control of a flexible beam accounting for nonlinearity effects and the fact that the structure to where it is clamped has a comparable inertia.
An integrated model for m-banking adoption in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Baabdullah Abdullah M. , Alalwan Ali A. , Rana Nripendra P. , Patil Pushp , Dwivedi Yogesh K. 
Published: March 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify and examine the most important factors that could predict the Saudi customer’s continued intention towards adoption of mobile banking.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed conceptual model was based on the technology acceptance model (TAM) and task-technology fit (TTF) model. This is also expanded by considering two additional factors: perceived privacy and perceived security. By using a self-administered questionnaire, the data were collected from a convenience sample of Saudi banking customers from different parts of Saudi Arabia.FindingsThe main results based on structural equation modelling analyses supported the impact of perceived privacy, perceived security, perceived usefulness and TTF on the customers’ continued intention to use mobile banking.Research limitations/implicationsThe moderation influence of the demographic factors (i.e. age, gender, income level, educational level) was not tested. The data were also collected using a self-report questionnaire; however, it would be more accurate to utilise more statistics from the bank database about the users of m-banking.Originality/valueThis study represents a worthy attempt to test such novel technology (m-banking) in the KSA where there is a scarcity of literature. A considerable theoretical contribution was also made by integrating the TTF model with the TAM in addition to consider privacy and security in one single model. Moreover, considering both perceived privacy and security in the current model creates an accurate picture about the adoption of m-banking especially as there are a limited number of m-banking studies that have considered privacy and security alongside the TTF model and TAM in the same model.
Organizational politics as a blindfold
Authors: Guo Yongxing , Kang Haiying , Shao Bo , Halvorsen Beni 
Published: March 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the moderating effect of organizational politics on the relationships between work engagement, in-role performance and organization citizenship behavior – organization (OCBO).Design/methodology/approachTheoretical hypotheses were tested using a sample of 107 supervisor-subordinate dyads in China. Outcome variables, such as in-role performance and OCBO, were rated by supervisors.FindingsContrary to the established literature on positive work engagement-work outcomes relationships, the findings supported the prediction that work engagement was negatively related to supervisor-rated in-role performance and OCBO when the organizational is perceived as highly political.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample size for this study is relatively small. In addition, the authors measured organizational politics from employees’ perspectives, which might not reflect reality objectively. Furthermore, the data were collected at a single time point, so causal relationships could not be validated.Practical implicationsWhen employees perceive the work environment as political, organizations need to be aware of non-work factors that may influence supervisors’ evaluation of employee performance to ensure they do not demotivate and discourage highly engaged employees.Originality/valueConsiderable research has shown that work engagement is positively related to in-role performance and OCBO. The present study, however, challenges and extends previous research by suggesting that work engagement can lead to low supervisor evaluation of in-role performance and OCBO when the organization is perceived to be political.
Organizational learning in stakeholder relations
Authors: Rupcic Nataša 
Published: March 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the challenges regarding learning in stakeholder relations in profit and nonprofit organizations.

Design/methodology/approach
Conclusions and models presented in the paper have been designed based on the systems perspective, critical thinking and critical review of previous contributions.

Findings
Organizational learning has been examined in profit and nonprofit organizations, and factors which stimulate this process have been identified. More precisely, factors contributing to organizational learning in board of directors have been critically examined, accreditation as a factor contributing to organizational learning in higher education institutions (HEIs) has been suggested, learning dynamics in university–industry collaborations and inter-professional learning have been examined, as well as organizational learning as a bottom-up approach supported by transformational leaderships.

Research limitations/implications
Conclusions and models provided in the paper need further empirical testing and validation.

Practical implications
Useful implications for practitioners in profit and nonprofit sector have been suggested based on the critical analysis of previous contributions regarding stimulation of organizational learning in stakeholder relations.

Originality/value
Contributions from previous authors have been systemically and critically reviewed, adapted models have been provided and suggestions for practitioners in this regard have been offered.