bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internet trolling and everyday sadism: Parallel effects on pain perception and moral judgment
Authors: Buckels Erin E. , Trapnell Paul D. , Andjelovic Tamara , Paulhus Delroy L. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveThis research seeks to clarify the association between online trolling and sadistic personality, and to provide evidence that the reward and rationalization processes at work in sadism are likewise manifest in online trolling.MethodOnline respondents (community adults and university students; total N = 1,715) completed self‐report measures of personality and trolling behavior. They subsequently engaged in one of two judgment tasks. In Study 1, respondents viewed stimuli depicting scenes of emotional/physical suffering and provided ratings of (a) perceived pain intensity and (b) pleasure experienced while viewing the photos. In Study 2, the iTroll questionnaire was developed and validated. It was then administered alongside a moral judgment task.ResultsAcross both studies, online trolling was strongly associated with a sadistic personality profile. Moreover, sadism and trolling predicted identical patterns of pleasure and harm minimization. The incremental contribution of sadism was sustained even when controlling for broader antisocial tendencies (i.e., the Dark Triad, callous‐unemotionality, and trait aggression).ConclusionsResults confirm that online trolling is motivated (at least in part) by sadistic tendencies. Coupled with effective rationalization mechanisms, sadistic pleasure can be consummated in such everyday behaviors as online trolling.
Can information positively influence familiarity and acceptance of a novel ethnic food? A case study of Korean traditional foods for Malaysian consumers
Authors: Choe Seo‐Youn , Hong Jae‐Hee 
Published: April 2018

AbstractOwing to consumers' neophobic responses, successfully launching an ethnic food onto a foreign market is challenging. Information may increase the liking of an ethnic food by decreasing uncertainty about it. This study investigated whether information influences Malaysian consumers' acceptance of and familiarity with Korean ethnic food. Two traditional Korean noodle products were evaluated by 212 Malaysian consumers with different levels of prior experience with Korean food. Familiarity and overall liking were assessed in blind and informed settings. The results showed that previous experience, not information, significantly increased consumer acceptance and familiarity. Information moderated the effect of previous experience, increasing the liking of and familiarity with the ethnic food among frequent consumers of Korean food, but decreasing them among infrequent users. It seems that previous experience helps consumers to form favorable expectations and to expect product performance close to the actual performance, resulting in an assimilation effect in the presence of information.Practical applicationsSuccessful market entry of an ethnic food requires a systematic approach based on understanding of consumers in a target country. This study presents results relevant to understanding of Asian consumers' liking and perception of ethnic foods. It was identified that information influenced liking by creating expectation rather than by familiarizing consumers, and also that the effect of information was moderated by personal experiences with cuisine of the country which the ethnic food product is originated from. Results of this study suggest that different strategies for delivering information, such as label and product description, should be developed according to the target consumers' level of experiences. Findings from the present study have implications for researchers and marketers in the ethnic food market with regard to presentation of information congruent to actual sensory performances to increase acceptance of an unfamiliar ethnic food.
A quantum leap for social theory
Authors: Fuller Steve 
Published: April 2018

AbstractI discuss the revolutionary implications of Alexander Wendt's Quantum Mind and Social Science for social theory. These center on the significance given to society as a possibility space in which observable social reality amounts to quantum decoherent states in the system. I discuss how Wendt radicalises social constructivism and goes considerably beyond Bourdieu's conceptions of society as a field. A signature feature in Wendt's theory, the state as a hologram, comports well with the implied view of the social order in much public opinion and market research. In this respect, Wendt's theory is very attuned to the spirit of our times.
A sociological formalization of Searle's social ontology
Authors: McCaffree Kevin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractJohn Searle's theory of social reality is among the most influential accounts in the history of philosophy. His theory also implicates concepts and issues of foundational interest to sociologists, including social structure, institutional differentiation and the relationship between linguistic performativity and institutional reality. Despite this overlap with sociological theory, and despite some sustained attention from sociologists (e.g., Lukes,), no formal theoretical model of Searle's work exists within sociology. This paper reviews the core concepts of Searle's theory before concisely describing and then formally modelling their propositional structure. Though the overlap of Searle's approach with classical and contemporary sociological theory is discussed throughout, the paper concludes with a specific argument about his proper assimilation into sociological theory vis‐à‐vis Durkheim, Bourdieu and Giddens.
Subsurface deformation of experimental hypervelocity impacts in quartzite and marble targets
Authors: Winkler Rebecca , Luther Robert , Poelchau Michael H. , Wünnemann Kai , Kenkmann Thomas 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTwo impact cratering experiments on nonporous rock targets were carried out to determine the influence of target composition on the structural mechanisms of subsurface deformation. Projectiles of 2.5 mm diameter were accelerated to ~5 km s−1 and impacted onto blocks of marble or quartzite. Subsurface deformation was mapped and analyzed on the microscale using thin sections of the bisected craters. Additionally, both experiments were modeled and the calculated strain zones underneath the craters were compared to experimental deformation features. Microanalysis shows that the formation of radial, tensile, and intragranular cracks is a common response of both nonporous materials to impact cratering. In the quartzite target, the subsurface damage is additionally characterized by highly localized deformation along shear bands with intense grain comminution, surrounded by damage zones. In contrast, the marble target shows closely spaced calcite twinning and cleavage activation. Crater diameter and depth as well as the damage lens underneath the crater are unexpectedly smaller in the marble target compared to the quartzite target, which is in contradiction to the marble's much weaker compressive and tensile strengths. However, numerical models result in craters that are similar in size as well as in strain accumulation at the end of transient crater formation, indicating that current models should still be viewed cautiously when compared to experimental details.
Sexual maturity and estimated fecundity in female Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) from South Australia: Combining field observations and postmortem results
Authors: Kemper Catherine , Talamonti Mauro , Bossley Michael , Steiner Aude 
Published: April 2018

AbstractKnowledge of life history of bottlenose dolphins in Australia is limited, with no studies comparing field and postmortem data from the same region. Carcasses of 88 opportunistically collected females (1987–2015) were studied, including eight observed for up to 23 yr before death. Ovaries were weighed and number of corpora determined grossly. Nineteen mammary glands were examined histologically. Relative age was determined using developmental features and body length, estimated age by tooth incremental lines, and physical maturity by epiphyseal fusion. Age at sexual maturation was 7.17 yr (6–>14 yr) at body lengths of 191–209 cm. Physical maturation occurred at 12–17 yr, and body lengths of 195–233 cm. An Exponential model provided the best fit for age at body length, with an asymptote at 214 cm. Combined ovary weight increased between birth and sexual maturation, with significantly more corpora in the left ovary. Corpora increased with age and appeared to persist throughout life. For mature females, 95% had ≤ 11 corpora. Number of corpora was consistent with number of calves for females with known life histories. Estimated interbirth period was about 4 yr. Three females with abnormal reproductive features were either chronically diseased and/or had high heavy metal burdens.
Use of deferasirox (Exjade) for iron overload in peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors: Yii Erwin , Doery James CG , Kaplan Zane , Kerr Peter G 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTA 54 year old male with b‐Thalassemia major developed ESRD and was managed with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Although not able to be transfused due to high titre red cell antibodies he did require management of iron overload. Deferasirox (Exjade) was administered orally. There was concern that excretion of iron via the peritoneal dialysate may raise the risk of iron‐dependent infections (Yersinia and Rhizopus).Whilst receiving Exjade 1000mg /day, a total collection of 12.7L of peritoneal dialysate was collected over a 24 hour period by the patient. The dialysate total iron levels were measured by ICP‐MS at 0.46mmol/L which equates to 0.33mg of Fe in total. Over a 6 month period his serum ferritin fell from 3869μg/l to 1545μg/l. There were no episodes of peritonitis. Since only 7‐8% of the deferasirox and iron complex is excreted through the urine, the amount of Fe seen in the patient's dialysate might be expected to be up to 1.5‐1.6mg. Yet, the results of the Fe levels in the patient’s PD fluid was a meagre 0.33mg, about five times lower than expected.Whilst only moderately effective at a dosage of 1000mg/day, deferasirox may be a safe agent for iron removal in iron overloaded peritoneal dialysis patients, as relatively low dialysate iron levels reduces the risk of Yersinia and Rhizopus infection.
Tolvaptan alleviates excessive fluid retention of nephrotic diabetic renal failure unresponsive to furosemide
Authors: Takada Tesshu , Masaki Tsuguto , Hoshiyama Ayako , Toki Takuya , Kamata Yuji , Shichiri Masayoshi 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTPatients with diabetic nephropathy develop nephrotic syndrome and may show limited response to conventional therapy. They often require earlier initiation of renal replacement therapy because they become refractory to diuretics, and experience excessive fluid retention. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of tolvaptan, an oral arginine vasopressin type 2 receptor antagonist, in a case series of 14 severe diabetic renal failure patients who were severely refractory to maximal doses of furosemide and had excessive fluid retention despite preserved cardiac function and residual renal function. All 14 patients experienced immediate and sustained water diuretic effects, resulting in alleviation of congestive heart failure. None required initiation of renal replacement therapy. Tolvaptan promptly increased urine volume and free water clearance, reversed progressive fluid retention, and alleviated congestive heart failure. Thus, tolvaptan could serve as a potential adjunct therapy for severe diabetic renal failure patients with excessive fluid retention and congestive heart failure.
Transcription factor RD26 is a key regulator of metabolic reprogramming during dark‐induced senescence
Authors: Kamranfar Iman , Xue Gang‐Ping , Tohge Takayuki , Sedaghatmehr Mastoureh , Fernie Alisdair R. , Balazadeh Salma , Mueller‐Roeber Bernd 
Published: April 2018

Summary

Leaf senescence is a key process in plants that culminates in the degradation of cellular constituents and massive reprogramming of metabolism for the recovery of nutrients from aged leaves for their reuse in newly developing sinks.

We used molecular–biological and metabolomics approaches to identify NAC transcription factor (TF) RD26 as an important regulator of metabolic reprogramming in Arabidopsis thaliana.

RD26 directly activates CHLOROPLAST VESICULATION (CV), encoding a protein crucial for chloroplast protein degradation, concomitant with an enhanced protein loss in RD26 overexpressors during senescence, but a reduced decline of protein in rd26 knockout mutants. RD26 also directly activates LKR/SDH involved in lysine catabolism, and PES1 important for phytol degradation. Metabolic profiling revealed reduced γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in RD26 overexpressors, accompanied by the induction of respective catabolic genes. Degradation of lysine, phytol and GABA is instrumental for maintaining mitochondrial respiration in carbon‐limiting conditions during senescence.

RD26 also supports the degradation of starch and the accumulation of mono‐ and disaccharides during senescence by directly enhancing the expression of AMY1, SFP1 and SWEET15 involved in carbohydrate metabolism and transport. Collectively, during senescence RD26 acts by controlling the expression of genes across the entire spectrum of the cellular degradation hierarchy.
Extreme mid‐winter drought weakens tree hydraulic–carbohydrate systems and slows growth
Authors: Earles J. Mason , Stevens Jens T. , Sperling Or , Orozco Jessica , North Malcolm P. , Zwieniecki Maciej A. 
Published: April 2018

Summary

Rising temperatures and extended periods of drought compromise tree hydraulic and carbohydrate systems, threatening forest health globally. Despite winter's biological significance to many forests, the effects of warmer and dryer winters on tree hydraulic and carbohydrate status have largely been overlooked.

Here we report a sharp and previously unknown decline in stem water content of three conifer species during California's anomalous 2015 mid‐winter drought that was followed by dampened spring starch accumulation. Recent precipitation and seasonal vapor pressure deficit (VPD) anomaly, not absolute VPD, best predicted the hydraulic patterns observed.

By linking relative water content and hydraulic conductivity (Kh), we estimated that stand‐level Kh declined by 52% during California's 2015 mid‐winter drought, followed by a 50% reduction in spring starch accumulation. Further examination of tree increment records indicated a concurrent decline of growth with rising mid‐winter, but not summer, VPD anomaly.

Thus, our findings suggest a seasonality to tree hydraulic and carbohydrate declines, with consequences for annual growth rates, raising novel physiological and ecological questions about how rising winter temperatures will affect forest vitality as climate changes.
Global analysis of sumoylation function reveals novel insights into development and appressorium‐mediated infection of the rice blast fungus
Authors: Liu Caiyun , Li Zhigang , Xing Junjie , Yang Jun , Wang Zhao , Zhang Hong , Chen Deng , Peng You‐Liang , Chen Xiao‐Lin 
Published: April 2018

Summary

Protein post‐translational modifications play critical roles in cellular processes, development and stress response. The small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO) to proteins is one of the essential modifications in eukaryotes, but its function remains largely unknown in plant pathogenic fungi.

We present a comprehensive analysis combined with proteomic, molecular and cellular approaches to explore the roles of sumoylation in the model plant fungal pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae.

We found the SUMO pathway plays key roles in colony growth, conidia formation and virulence to the host, as well as cell‐cycle‐related phenotypes. Sumoylation is also involved in responding to different stresses. Affinity purification identified 940 putative SUMO substrates, many of which were reported to be involved in development, stress response and infection. Interestingly, four septins were also shown to be sumoylated. Mutation of consensus sumoylation sites in each septin all resulted in reduced virulence to the host and dislocation of septins in appressoria. Moreover, sumoylation is also involved in extracellular secretion of different effector proteins.

Our study on the functions of sumoylation provides novel insight into development and infection of the rice blast fungus.
What explains high plant richness in East Asia? Time and diversification in the tribe Lysimachieae (Primulaceae)
Authors: Yan Hai‐Fei , Zhang Cai‐Yun , Anderberg Arne A. , Hao Gang , Ge Xue‐Jun , Wiens John J. 
Published: April 2018

SummaryWhat causes the disparity in biodiversity among regions is a fundamental question in biogeography, ecology, and evolutionary biology. Evolutionary and biogeographic processes (speciation, extinction, dispersal) directly determine species richness patterns, and can be studied using integrative phylogenetic approaches. However, the strikingly high richness of East Asia relative to other Northern Hemisphere regions remains poorly understood from this perspective. Here, for the first time, we test two general hypotheses (older colonization time, faster diversification rate) to explain this pattern, using the plant tribe Lysimachieae (Primulaceae) as a model system.We generated a new time‐calibrated phylogeny for Lysimachieae (13 genes, 126 species), to estimate colonization times and diversification rates for each region and to test the relative importance of these two factors for explaining regional richness patterns.We find that neither time nor diversification rates alone explain richness patterns among regions in Lysimachieae. Instead, a new index that combines both factors explains global richness patterns in the group and their high East Asian biodiversity.Based on our results from Lysimachieae, we suggest that the high richness of plants in East Asia may be explained by a combination of older colonization times and faster diversification rates in this region.
Mild hypothermia (33°C) increases the inducibility of atrial fibrillation: An in vivo large animal model study
Authors: Manninger Martin , Alogna Alessio , Zweiker David , Zirngast Birgit , Reiter Stefan , Herbst Viktoria , Maechler Heinrich , Pieske Burkert M. , Heinzel Frank R. , Brussee Helmut , Post Heiner , Scherr Daniel 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveApplication of therapeutic mild hypothermia in patients after resuscitation, often accompanied by myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, and systemic inflammation may impact on cardiac rhythm. We therefore tested susceptibility to atrial arrhythmias during hyperthermia (HT, 40.5°C), normothermia (NT, 38.0°C), and mild hypothermia (MH, 33.0°C).MethodsNine healthy, anesthetized closed‐chest landrace pigs were instrumented with a quadripolar stimulation catheter in the high right atrium and a decapolar catheter in the coronary sinus. Twelve‐lead surface electrograms were recorded and core body temperature was altered to HT, NT, and MH using external warming or intravascular cooling. Repetitive measurements of effective atrial refractory period (AERP), atrial fibrillation (AF) inducibility, and electrocardiogram (ECG) parameters at different heart rates were performed.ResultsDuring MH, AERP was significantly longer while the inducibility of AF was significantly higher compared to NT and HT (median [range]: HT 18 (0, 80)%; NT 25 (0, 80)%; MH 68 (0, 100)%; P < 0.05 MH vs NT+HT). Mean AF duration did not differ between groups. Arterial potassium levels decreased with falling temperatures (HT: 4.2 ± 0.1 mmol/L; NT: 4.0 ± 0.2 mmol/L; MH: 3.5 ± 0.1 mmol/L; P < 0.001).Surface ECGs during MH showed reduced spontaneous heart rate (HT: 99 ± 13 beats/min; NT: 87 ± 15 beats/min; MH: 66 ± 10 beats/min; P < 0.05), increased PQ, stim‐Q, and QT intervals (P < 0.01) but no change in QRS duration or time from peak to end of the T wave interval.ConclusionOur data imply that MH represents an arrhythmic substrate rendering the atria more susceptible to AF although conduction times as well as refractory periods are increased. Further investigations on potential electrophysiological limits of therapeutic cooling in patients are required.
Genomics, genetics and breeding of common bean in Africa: A review of tropical legume project
Authors: Mukankusi Clare , Raatz Bodo , Nkalubo Stanley , Berhanu Fenta , Binagwa Papias , Kilango Michael , Williams Magdalena , Enid Katungi , Chirwa Rowland , Beebe Steve 
Published: April 2018

AbstractCommon bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume crop worldwide. The International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and its national partners in Africa aim to overcome production constraints of common bean and address the food, nutrition needs and market demands through development of multitrait bean varieties. Breeding is guided by principles of market‐driven approaches to develop client‐demanded varieties. Germplasm accessions from especially two sister species, P. coccineus and P. acutifolius, have been utilized as sources of resistance to major production constraints and interspecific lines deployed. Elucidation of plant mechanisms governing pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance and grain nutritional quality guides the selection methods used by the breeders. Molecular markers are used to select for resistance to key diseases and insect pests. Efforts have been made to utilize modern genomic tools to increase scale, efficiency, accuracy and speed of breeding. Through gender‐responsive participatory variety selection, market‐demanded varieties have been released in several African countries. These new bean varieties are a key component of sustainable food systems in the tropics.
Physiology, gene expression, and metabolome of two wheat cultivars with contrasting submergence tolerance
Authors: Herzog Max , Fukao Takeshi , Winkel Anders , Konnerup Dennis , Lamichhane Suman , Alpuerto Jasper Benedict , Hasler‐Sheetal Harald , Pedersen Ole 
Published: April 2018

AbstractResponses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to complete submergence are not well understood as research has focused on waterlogging (soil flooding). The aim of this study was to characterize the responses of 2 wheat cultivars differing vastly in submergence tolerance to test if submergence tolerance was linked to shoot carbohydrate consumption as seen in rice. Eighteen‐day‐old wheat cultivars Frument (intolerant) and Jackson (tolerant) grown in soil were completely submerged for up to 19 days while assessing responses in physiology, gene expression, and shoot metabolome. Results revealed 50% mortality after 9.3 and 15.9 days of submergence in intolerant Frument and tolerant Jackson, respectively, and significantly higher growth in Jackson during recovery. Frument displayed faster leaf degradation as evident from leaf tissue porosity, chlorophylla, and metabolomic fingerprinting. Surprisingly, shoot soluble carbohydrates, starch, and individual sugars declined to similarly low levels in both cultivars by day 5, showing that cultivar Jackson tolerated longer periods of low shoot carbohydrate levels than Frument. Moreover, intolerant Frument showed higher levels of phytol and the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde relative to tolerant Jackson. Consequently, we propose to further investigate the role of ethylene sensitivity and deprivation of reactive O2 species in submerged wheat.