bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structured radiology reporting on an institutional level—benefit or new administrative burden?
Authors: Pinto dos Santos Daniel , Kotter Elmar 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSignificant technical advances have been made in radiology since the first discovery of X‐rays. Diagnostic techniques have become more and more complex, workflows have been digitized, and data production has increased exponentially. However, the radiology report as the main method for communicating examination results has largely remained unchanged. Growing evidence supports that more structured radiology reports offer various benefits over conventional narrative reports. Various efforts have been made to further develop and promote structured reporting. However, regardless of the potential benefits, structured reporting has still not seen widespread implementation into the clinical routine. With recent technical advances, especially new research topics such as big data and machine learning, structured reporting could prove essential for the future of radiology. New interoperable solutions are needed to facilitate the implementation of template‐based structured reporting into the clinical routine.
Relevance of histology in the diagnosis of reflux esophagitis
Authors: Tripathi Monika , Streutker Catherine J. , Marginean E. Celia 
Published: May 2018

AbstractReflux esophagitis is an important clinical diagnosis; however, the histologic findings can be nonspecific and overlap with other entities. Various benign changes can produce diagnostic difficulties for pathologists. In this review, the typical histologic findings of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) of the esophagus are discussed, along with the issues relating to clinical correlation and technical aspects of endoscopic biopsies and specimen processing. The literature has been reviewed to discuss histologic definitions of GERD as well as current and developing controversies in the area of GERD. Histologic features are not entirely sensitive or specific for GERD. Awareness of these problems is essential; clinical and endoscopic information can be very useful in distinguishing GERD from other inflammatory lesions.
The role of electronic health records in clinical reasoning
Authors: Berndt Markus , Fischer Martin R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractElectronic health records (eHRs) play an increasingly important role in documentation and exchange of information in multi‐and interdisciplinary patient care. Although eHRs are associated with mixed evidence in terms of effectiveness, they are undeniably the health record form of the future. This poses several learning opportunities and challenges for medical education. This review aims to connect the concept of eHRs to key competencies of physicians and elaborates current learning science perspectives on diagnostic and clinical reasoning based on a theoretical framework of scientific reasoning and argumentation. It concludes with an integrative vision of the use of eHRs, and the special role of the patient, for teaching and learning in medicine.
Tobacco‐induced suppression of the vascular response to dental plaque
Authors: Buduneli N. , Scott D.A. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryCigarette smoking presents oral health professionals with a clinical and research conundrum: reduced periodontal vascular responsiveness to the oral biofilm accompanied by increased susceptibility to destructive periodontal diseases. This presents a significant problem, hampering diagnosis and complicating treatment planning. The aim of this review is to summarize contemporary hypotheses that help to explain mechanistically the phenomenon of a suppressed bleeding response to dysbiotic plaque in the periodontia of smokers. The influence of smoke exposure on angiogenesis, innate cell function, the production of inflammatory mediators including cytokines and proteases, tobacco‐bacteria interactions, and potential genetic predisposition are discussed.
Prediction of Callus Subsidence in Distraction Osteogenesis Using Callus Formation Scoring System: Preliminary Study
Authors: Tirawanish Panlop , Eamsobhana Perajit 
Published: May 2018

ObjectiveTo develop the scoring system which describes both quality and quantity of callus formation to predict the callus subsidence.MethodsForty‐seven bony segments with an average lengthening of 5.17 ± 2.83 cm were included. The score was calculated based on the amount of callus classified in five patterns and the summation with the density of the callus classified in four patterns; the total score was 9. Bony subsidence >10% or >10° angulation were considered significant. We analyzed all of the data to find the most appropriate score that would prevent callus subsidence <10% and prevented angulation of the regeneration bone <10 degrees. Data was analyzed by using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. An area under the curve of 0.9–1 indicated an excellent test, 0.8–0.9 indicated a good test, 0.7–0.8 indicated a fair test, 0.6–0.7 indicated a poor test, and 0.5–0.6 indicated a fail test. The appropriate score for Ilizarov removal was selected from the highest sensitivity and specificity.ResultsTwenty‐two tibia segments and 25 femur segments were included. The mean of bone lengthening was 5.17 ± 2.83 cm (range, 1.6–13.5 cm) and the mean of percentage lengthening was 16.58% ± 10.03% (range, 4.63%–56.84%). The mean distraction period was 5 months. The average months of follow‐up for measurement of bony subsidence was 4.2 months. Mean subsidence was 21.06% (1.54%–57.44%). The mean of callus subsidence was 1.29 ± 1.17 cm (range, 0.03–4.72 cm). There were 32 segments (68%) with callus subsidence greater than 10% and 15 segments (32%) with subsidence less than 10%. The callus subsidence ranged from 0.3 mm to 4.72 cm, with 68% of bony fragments having significant subsidence. Type 5 callus diameter was statistically significant (P < 0.0001) in preventing callus subsidence compared to the other types. Type 4 callus density was statistically significant in preventing callus subsidence compared to the other types (P < 0.0001). The ROC curve with area under the curve 0.961 and sensitivity 0.933 showed that a callus scoring system score >7.5 was effective in preventing significant callus subsidence. When using score 8 as a result from the ROC curve, 73.3% of bony fragment subsidence was <10% with sensitivity 93.3 and specificity 83.2.ConclusionCallus diameter 81%–100% and callus density type 4 could prevent significant callus subsidence. Based on the results of the present study we suggest using callus score > 8 to determine the time of Ilizarov removal.
Mechanical and Biological Properties of a Biodegradable Mg‐Zn‐Ca Porous Alloy
Authors: Zhang Yong‐qiang , Li Yang , Liu Huan , Bai Jing , Bao Ni‐rong , Zhang Yue , He Peng , Zhao Jian‐ning , Tao Li , Xue Feng , Zhou Guang‐xin , Fan Gen‐tao 
Published: May 2018

ObjectivesAs promising alternative to current metallic biomaterials, the porous Mg scaffold with a 3‐D open‐pore framework has drawn much attention in recent years due to its suitable biodegradation, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties for human bones. This experiment's aim is to study the mechanical properties, biosafety, and osteogenesis of porous Mg‐Zn alloy.MethodsA porous Mg‐2Zn‐0.3Ca (wt%) alloy was successfully prepared by infiltration casting, and the size of NaCl particles was detected by a laser particle size analyzer. The microstructure of the Mg‐2Zn‐0.3Ca alloy was characterized by the stereoscopic microscope and Sirion Field emission scanning electron microscope. X‐ray computerized tomography scanning (x‐CT) was used to create the 3‐D image. The degradation rate was measured using the mass loss method and the pH values were determined together. The engineering stress–strain curve, compressive modulus, and yield strength were tested next. The bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) were cultured in vitro. The CCK‐8 method was used to detect the proliferation of the BMSC. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red staining were used to reflect the differentiation effects. After co‐culturing, cell growth on the material's surface was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cell adhesion was tested by confocal microscopy.ResultsThe obtained results showed that by using near‐spherical NaCl filling particles, the porous Mg alloy formed complete open‐cell foam with a very uniform size of pores in the range of 500–600 μm. Benefitting from the small size and uniform distribution of pores, the present porous alloy exhibited a very high porosity, up to 80%, and compressive yield strength up to 6.5 MPa. The degradation test showed that both the pH and the mass loss rate had similar change tendency, with a rapid rise in the early stage for 1–2 day's immersion and subsequently remaining smooth after 3 days. In vitro cytocompatibility trials demonstrated that in comparison with Ti, the porous alloy accelerated proliferation in 1, 3, 5, and 7 days (P < 0.001), and the osteogenic differentiation test showed that the ALP activity in the experimental group was significantly higher (P = 0.017) and has more osteogenesis nodules. Cell adhesion testing showed good osteoconductivity by more BMSC adhesion around the holes. The confocal microscopy results showed that cells in porous Mg‐based alloy had better cytoskeletal morphology and were larger in number than in titanium.ConclusionsThese results indicated that this porous Mg‐based alloy fabricated by infiltration casting shows great mechanical properties and biocompatibilities, and it has potential as an ideal bone tissue engineering scaffold material for bone regeneration.
Therapeutic interventions to lessen the psychosocial effect of vitiligo in children: A review
Authors: Cadmus Simi D. , Lundgren Ashley D. , Ahmed Ammar M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractVitiligo commonly affects children, with half of affected individuals experiencing disease onset before the age of 20. Because childhood is a time of advancement in social and psychological development, understanding the extent of the effect of the disease and means of alleviation is crucial. Vitiligo has been shown to decrease children's quality of life, with greater distress in children with highly visible lesions and darker skin tones. This article reviews the literature regarding interventions that have been analyzed in children. Studies evaluating the effect of camouflage, cognitive behavioral therapy, psychological self‐help tools, and support groups on the psychosocial aspects of vitiligo were included. The review highlights the ongoing need for studies to better understand the modalities described in this article, as well as others, such as skin dyes, bleaching creams, medical tattooing; week‐long camps that cater to children with chronic skin disease; and biofeedback, that might have a role in preventing the psychosocial sequelae of childhood vitiligo.
Risk factors for ocular complications in periocular infantile hemangiomas
Authors: Samuelov Liat , Kinori Michael , Rychlik Karen , Konanur Meghana , Chamlin Sarah L. , Rahmani Bahram , Mancini Anthony J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesInfantile hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors of childhood. Although some children with periocular infantile hemangiomas do not require treatment, these lesions may result in amblyopia and visual impairment if not properly treated. We have attempted to characterize clinical features of periocular infantile hemangiomas that predict negative ocular outcomes and thus require prompt referral to an ophthalmologist and initiation of therapy.MethodsThis study included children with periocular infantile hemangiomas consecutively seen at Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago from January 1994 through December 2014. Only patients evaluated by both a dermatologist and an ophthalmologist were included. Medical records of patients who met inclusion criteria were reviewed. Ocular findings were reviewed for the presence of ptosis, refractive errors, strabismus, proptosis, and amblyopia.ResultsNinety‐six patients (74% female, median age of onset 0.48 months) were included. Periocular infantile hemangiomas larger than 1 cm in diameter, with a deep component, and with involvement of the upper eyelid were significantly associated with astigmatism (P = .002, P = .02, and P = .003, respectively) and amblyopia (P = .002, P = .02, and P = .04, respectively). Using logistic regression, diameter greater than 1 cm (odds ratio = 14.13, P = .01) and amblyopia (odds ratio = 21.00, P = .04) were the strongest predictors of astigmatism. Lower lid and medial and lateral canthal involvement were not predictive of ocular complications.ConclusionPredictive factors for ocular complications in patients with periocular infantile hemangiomas are diameter greater than 1 cm, a deep component, and upper eyelid involvement, with size being the most consistent predictor. These patients should be promptly referred to an ophthalmologist, and treatment should be strongly considered.
Primary cutaneous aspergillosis at the site of cyanoacrylate skin adhesive in a neonate
Authors: Kusari Ayan , Sprague Jessica , Eichenfield Lawrence F. , Matiz Catalina , Barrio Victoria R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPrimary cutaneous aspergillosis is a rare but potentially life‐threatening disease. We present the case of a premature infant who developed primary cutaneous aspergillosis with Aspergillus niger at the site of a skin abrasion that had been treated with a purple‐colored cyanoacrylate product. The infection was treated successfully with gentle debridement of the cyanoacrylate product, followed by intravenous voriconazole and topical fluconazole. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of primary cutaneous aspergillosis occurring at the site of cyanoacrylate‐based skin adhesive.
Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Modeling of Amido Black Dye Photodegradation in Water Using Co/TiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Ali Imran , Alharbi Omar M. L. , Alothman Zeid A. , Badjah Ahmad Yacine 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTitanium oxide nanoparticles were doped with copper and characterized by XRD, FT‐IR, TEM, and SEM. The surface morphology was spherical with 15–26 nm as particle size. The doped titanium oxide (Co/TiO2) nanomaterial was used for photodegradation of amido black dye in water. The maximum photodegradation of amido black obtained was 90%. The values of free energy and enthalpy were negative, indicating spontaneous photodegradation of amido black dye. The photodegradation of amido black dye obeyed first‐order kinetic model. The photodegradation mechanism of amido black involved adsorption of the dye on the surface of cobalt doped titanium oxide and its degradation under UV radiation. The electron (e−) and hole (h+) pairs were generated by Co/TiO2, which consequently generated superoxide oxygen anion and hydroxyl free radical. These species degraded amido black dye. The reported method was fast, effective, and economic, which may be utilized to remove amido black in water. The doped TiO2 catalyst was quite stable and can be used up to 5 cycles.
The Regulatory Gift: Politics, regulation and governance
Authors: Browne Jude 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article introduces the “regulatory gift” as a conceptual framework for understanding a particular form of government‐led deregulation that is presented as central to the public interest. Contra to theories of regulatory capture, government corruption, “insider” personal interest, or profit‐seeking theories of regulation, the regulatory gift describes reform that is overtly designed by government to reduce or reorient regulators’ functions to the advantage of the regulated and in line with market objectives on a potentially macro (rather than industry‐specific) scale. As a conceptual framework, the regulatory gift is intended to be applicable across regulated sectors of democratic states and in this article the empirical sections evidence the practice of regulatory gifting in contemporary United Kingdom (UK) politics. Specifically, this article analyses the 2011 UK Public Bodies Act, affecting some 900 regulatory public bodies and its correlative legislation, the 2014 Regulator's Code, the 2015 Deregulation Act, and the 2016 Enterprise Bill. The article concludes that while in some cases the regulatory gift may be aligned with the public interest – delivering on cost reduction, enhancing efficiency, and stimulating innovation – this will not always be the case. As the case study of the regulatory body, the UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, demonstrates, despite the explicit claims made by legislators, the regulatory gift has the potential to significantly undermine the public interest.
Predicting Cancer‐Prevention Behavior: Disentangling the Effects of Risk Aversion and Risk Perceptions
Authors: Riddel Mary , Hales David 
Published: May 2018

AbstractExperimental and survey research spanning the last two decades concludes that people who are more risk tolerant are more likely to engage in risky health activities such as smoking and heavy alcohol consumption, and are more likely to be obese. Subjective perceptions of the risk associated with different activities have also been found to be associated with health behaviors. While there are numerous studies that link risk perceptions with risky behavior, it is notable that none of these controls for risk aversion. Similarly, studies that control for risk aversion fail to control for risk misperceptions. We use a survey of 474 men and women to investigate the influence of risk aversion, risk misperceptions, and cognitive ability on the choice to engage in behaviors that either increase or mitigate cancer risk. We measure optimism in two dimensions: baseline optimists are those who inaccurately believe their cancer risk to be below its expert‐assessed level, while control optimists are those who believe they can reduce their risk of cancer (by changing their lifestyle choices) to a greater extent than is actually the case. Our results indicate that baseline optimism is significantly and negatively correlated with subjects′ tendencies to engage in cancer‐risk‐reducing behaviors, and positively correlated with risky behaviors. Subjects’ control misperceptions also appear to play a role in their tendency to engage in risky and prevention behaviors. When controlling for both of these types of risk misperception, risk aversion plays a much smaller role in determining health behaviors than found in past studies.
Assessing the Effects of Information About Global Population Growth on Risk Perceptions and Support for Mitigation and Prevention Strategies
Authors: Dawson Ian G. J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe human population is forecast to increase by 3–4 billion people during this century and many scientists have expressed concerns that this could increase the likelihood of certain adverse events (e.g., climate change and resource shortages). Recent research shows that these concerns are mirrored in public risk perceptions and that these perceptions correlate with a willingness to adopt mitigation behaviors (e.g., reduce resource consumption) and preventative actions (e.g., support actions to limit growth). However, little research has assessed the factors that influence risk perceptions of global population growth (GPG). To contribute to this important goal, this article presents three studies that examined how risk perceptions of GPG might be influenced by textual‐visual representations (like those in media and Internet articles) of the potential effects of GPG. Study 1 found that a textual narrative that highlighted the potential negative (cf. positive) consequences of GPG led to higher perceived risk and greater willingness to adopt mitigation behaviors, but not to support preventative actions. Notably, the influence of the narratives on perceived risk was largely moderated by the participant's prior knowledge and perceptions of GPG. Contrary to expectations, studies 2 and 3 revealed, respectively, that photographs depicting GPG‐related imagery and graphs depicting GPG rates had no significant effect on the perceived risk of GPG or the willingness to embrace mitigation or preventative actions. However, study 3 found that individuals with higher “graph literacy” perceived GPG as a higher risk and were more willing to adopt mitigation behaviors and support preventative actions.
A cross‐sectional study on experiences of young adult carers compared to young adult noncarers: parentification, coping and resilience
Authors: Boumans Nicolle P. G. , Dorant Elisabeth 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundMost young carer studies on parentification, resilience and coping concentrated on child carers up to age 18 years, whereas the group of young adult caregivers (18–24 years) has been neglected. In our study, we focused on these young adult caregivers, who are in a life phase in which young people usually are distancing themselves from their families and are striving for autonomy and freedom.AimTo explore young adult carers’ perceptions of parentification, resilience and coping compared to young adult noncarers.DesignCross‐sectional.MethodsIn 2014/2015, data were collected on 297 healthcare students from a school for vocational education and a university in the Netherlands. A fully structured questionnaire was used. Young adult carers were compared with young adult noncarers on parentification, resilience and coping.ResultsFifty‐six students identified themselves as a carer: 40 vocational education students and 16 university students. Carers scored significantly higher than noncarers on three out of six parentification dimensions. No differences were found for resilience and problem‐focused coping behaviour, whereas results for emotion‐focused coping demonstrated a higher score for the carers compared to the noncarers.ConclusionAlthough it is important to take care of the needs of all young carers, special attention should be given to those who are at the start of their adult lives, undergoing extensive changes and taking major decisions on study and career issues. Home‐care professionals and school counsellors should be able to recognise this group and their needs and activate support from specialised services and significant others.
Cost‐effectiveness of alternative changes to a national blood collection service
Authors: Willis S. , De Corte K. , Cairns J. A. , Zia Sadique M. , Hawkins N. , Pennington M. , Cho G. , Roberts D. J. , Miflin G. , Grieve R. 
Published: May 2018

SUMMARYObjectivesTo evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of changing opening times, introducing a donor health report and reducing the minimum inter‐donation interval for donors attending static centres.BackgroundEvidence is required about the effect of changes to the blood collection service on costs and the frequency of donation.Methods/MaterialsThis study estimated the effect of changes to the blood collection service in England on the annual number of whole‐blood donations by current donors. We used donors' responses to a stated preference survey, donor registry data on donation frequency and deferral rates from the INTERVAL trial. Costs measured were those anticipated to differ between strategies. We reported the cost per additional unit of blood collected for each strategy versus current practice. Strategies with a cost per additional unit of whole blood less than £30 (an estimate of the current cost of collection) were judged likely to be cost‐effective.ResultsIn static donor centres, extending opening times to evenings and weekends provided an additional unit of whole blood at a cost of £23 and £29, respectively. Introducing a health report cost £130 per additional unit of blood collected. Although the strategy of reducing the minimum inter‐donation interval had the lowest cost per additional unit of blood collected (£10), this increased the rate of deferrals due to low haemoglobin (Hb).ConclusionThe introduction of a donor health report is unlikely to provide a sufficient increase in donation frequency to justify the additional costs. A more cost‐effective change is to extend opening hours for blood collection at static centres.