bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High CYP2E1 activity aggravates hepatofibrosis by limiting macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype
Authors: Guo Yuan‐yuan , Xu Chen , Fang Yan , Wang Cai‐e , Gao Na , Wen Qiang , Qiao Hai‐ling 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is an important drug‐metabolizing enzyme that has been recognized as one of the risk factors for hepatofibrosis. Macrophages play key roles in regulating hepatofibrosis progression and resolution. However, whether CYP2E1 is involved in the regulation of macrophage polarization during hepatofibrosis is still unclear. Herein, we measured CYP2E1 activity and the expression of CD163 (an M2 marker) and CD68 (a pan‐macrophage marker) in hepatofibrotic tissue from HCC patients (n = 26) with comparison to normal liver tissue (n = 26). The relationship of CYP2E1 activity in vivo and the CD163/CD68 ratio (an indicator of M2 polarization), as well as the extent of hepatofibrosis, were evaluated in diethylnitrosamine (DEN)‐treated Sprague‐Dawley rats. Strikingly, CYP2E1 activity and expression of CD68 increased and the CD163/CD68 ratio decreased, especially in hepatofibrotic tissue with higher CYP2E1 activity. Expression of α‐SMA, Ki67, and PCNA were positively correlated with CYP2E1 activity and inversely correlated with the CD163/CD68 ratio. Furthermore, CYP2E1 activity showed an inverse correlation with the CD163/CD68 ratio. Overall, high CYP2E1 activity aggravates hepatofibrosis by restraining M2 macrophage polarization, providing a novel insight for understanding the profibrotic activity of CYP2E1 and a promising avenue for hepatofibrosis therapy.
A set theory justification of Garuti's compatibility index
Authors: Garuti Claudio E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper is oriented to increase the certainty and reliability of G index through different examples and show that G index expression can be reached by two different paths. The first path is using concepts of vector algebra in a weighted space. The second path is using concepts of set theory. Next, comparing G index with others known compatibility indices, and finally using set theory to show that the G index is a sort of generalization of the Jaccard (J) index. The generalization is because G index considers the weights of the elements that belong to different sets. This generalization make G applicable in the decision‐making domain to measure similarity (compatibility or closeness) between priority vectors, between system values and also for patterns recognition, among others important features.
Deep residual network for off‐resonance artifact correction with application to pediatric body MRA with 3D cones
Authors: Zeng David Y. , Shaikh Jamil , Holmes Signy , Brunsing Ryan L. , Pauly John M. , Nishimura Dwight G. , Vasanawala Shreyas S. , Cheng Joseph Y. 
Published: May 2019

PurposeTo enable rapid imaging with a scan time–efficient 3D cones trajectory with a deep‐learning off‐resonance artifact correction technique.MethodsA residual convolutional neural network to correct off‐resonance artifacts (Off‐ResNet) was trained with a prospective study of pediatric MRA exams. Each exam acquired a short readout scan (1.18 ms ± 0.38) and a long readout scan (3.35 ms ± 0.74) at 3 T. Short readout scans, with longer scan times but negligible off‐resonance blurring, were used as reference images and augmented with additional off‐resonance for supervised training examples. Long readout scans, with greater off‐resonance artifacts but shorter scan time, were corrected by autofocus and Off‐ResNet and compared with short readout scans by normalized RMS error, structural similarity index, and peak SNR. Scans were also compared by scoring on 8 anatomical features by two radiologists, using analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey's test and two one‐sided t‐tests. Reader agreement was determined with intraclass correlation.ResultsThe total scan time for long readout scans was on average 59.3% shorter than short readout scans. Images from Off‐ResNet had superior normalized RMS error, structural similarity index, and peak SNR compared with uncorrected images across ±1 kHz off‐resonance (P < .01). The proposed method had superior normalized RMS error over −677 Hz to +1 kHz and superior structural similarity index and peak SNR over ±1 kHz compared with autofocus (P < .01). Radiologic scoring demonstrated that long readout scans corrected with Off‐ResNet were noninferior to short readout scans (P < .05).ConclusionThe proposed method can correct off‐resonance artifacts from rapid long‐readout 3D cones scans to a noninferior image quality compared with diagnostically standard short readout scans.
Neurocognitive Deficits in a Cohort With Class 2 and Class 3 Obesity: Contributions of Type 2 Diabetes and Other Comorbidities
Authors: Fernando Heshan J. , Cohen Ronald A. , Gullett Joseph M. , Friedman Jeffrey , Ayzengart Alexander , Porges Eric , Woods Adam J. , Gunstad John , Ochoa Christa M. , Cusi Kenneth , Gonzalez‐Louis Rachel , Donahoo William T. 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveThis study examined the relationship between specific metabolic and vascular risk factors and cognition in adults with severe obesity.MethodsA total of 129 adults (with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) underwent a baseline clinical evaluation and neuropsychological assessment. Regression analyses examined the relationship between cognition and medical factors (BMI, hemoglobin A1c, diabetes, hypertension, continuous positive airway pressure use, obstructive sleep apnea [OSA], and osteoarthritis).ResultsDiabetes was associated with deficits in overall cognitive performance and with deficits in the executive processing speed and verbal fluency domains. Hemoglobin A1c was inversely related to overall cognitive performance and deficits in the attention domain. Participants using continuous positive airway pressure to treat OSA had stronger learning and memory performance, whereas OSA was associated with reduced total learning. Elevated BMI together with diabetes diagnosis was associated with reduced verbal fluency and greater variability in sustained attention.ConclusionsObesity‐associated comorbidities most notably appeared to have a greater relative influence on cognitive performance than BMI itself in adults with severe obesity. This likely reflects the fact that a very elevated BMI was ubiquitous and thereby probably exerted a similar influence among all adults in the cohort. Accordingly, in the context of severe obesity, diabetes and other comorbidities may have greater sensitivity to cognitive deficits than BMI alone.
Electrical characterization intercomparison of high‐efficiency c‐Si modules within Asian and European laboratories
Authors: Monokroussos Christos , Salis Elena , Etienne Damien , Zhang XiaoYu , Dittmann Sebastian , Friesen Gabi , Morita Kengo , Stang Johannes , Herbrecht Thomas , Fakhfouri Vahid , Rebeaud Nicolas , Pavanello Diego , Müllejans Harald 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis work presents the results of a high‐efficiency (HE) photovoltaic (PV) module round‐robin intercomparison between five Asian and European ISO/IEC 17025 accredited laboratories and one industrial laboratory based in Europe. The scope of the round‐robin was to examine the measurements comparability for this PV technology with respect to ISO/IEC 17025 laboratory conformity assessment and also to examine the accuracy of step‐like methods towards transient errors against already validated methods. The devices under test were four types of HE c‐Si PV modules with efficiencies varying between 16.5% and 19.0%. The results indicate that a satisfactory agreement was achieved with maximum deviations of 1.59% in Pmax, 1.13% in Isc, and 0.64% in Voc for all devices under test. The weighted standard deviations in Pmax per device type, which can be seen as a conservative estimate of interlaboratory agreement for HE c‐Si PV, ranged within 0.82% to 2.23% (k = 2). The accuracy of step‐like methods towards transient errors was evaluated by comparing a second series of results at fixed Isc for each module under test, eliminating the influence of the effective irradiance measurement. This work suggests that the contribution of capacitive errors was in the range (0.47 ± 0.19) % (k = 2). A spectral mismatch sensitivity analysis showed that an accurate measurement of the spectral irradiance and of the involved spectral responsivities together with the punctual correction for the spectral mismatch can reduce the error in the measurement of PV modules performance of about 2% even in the case of c‐Si against c‐Si and class AAA solar simulators.
Atomic layer etching of SiO2 with Ar and CHF3 plasmas: A self‐limiting process for aspect ratio independent etching
Authors: Dallorto Stefano , Goodyear Andy , Cooke Mike , Szornel Julia E. , Ward Craig , Kastl Christoph , Schwartzberg Adam , Rangelow Ivo W. , Cabrini Stefano 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWith ever increasing demands on device patterning to achieve smaller critical dimensions, the need for precise, controllable atomic layer etching (ALE) is steadily increasing. In this work, a cyclical fluorocarbon/argon plasma is successfully used for patterning silicon oxide by ALE in a conventional inductively coupled plasma tool. The impact of plasma parameters and substrate electrode temperature on the etch performance is established. We achieve the self‐limiting behavior of the etch process by modulating the substrate temperature. We find that at an electrode temperature of −10°C, etching stops after complete removal of the modified surface layer as the residual fluorine from the reactor chamber is minimized. Lastly, we demonstrate the ability to achieve independent etching, which establishes the potential of the developed cyclic ALE process for small scale device patterning.
Structural insight into the high reduction potentials observed for Fusobacterium nucleatum flavodoxin
Authors: Mothersole Robert G. , Macdonald Marta , Kolesnikov Maxim , Murphy Michael E. P. , Wolthers Kirsten R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFlavodoxins are small flavin mononucleotide (FMN)‐containing proteins that mediate a variety of electron transfer processes. The primary sequence of flavodoxin from Fusobacterium nucleatum, a pathogenic oral bacterium, is marked with a number of distinct features including a glycine to lysine (K13) substitution in the highly conserved phosphate‐binding loop (T/S‐X‐T‐G‐X‐T), variation in the aromatic residues that sandwich the FMN cofactor, and a more even distribution of acidic and basic residues. The Eox/sq (oxidized/semiquinone; −43 mV) and Esq/hq (semiquinone/hydroquinone; −256 mV) are the highest recorded reduction potentials of known long‐chain flavodoxins. These more electropositive values are a consequence of the apoprotein binding to the FMN hydroquinone anion with ~70‐fold greater affinity compared to the oxidized form of the cofactor. Inspection of the FnFld crystal structure revealed the absence of a hydrogen bond between the protein and the oxidized FMN N5 atom, which likely accounts for the more electropositive Eox/sq. The more electropositive Esq/hq is likely attributed to only one negatively charged group positioned within 12 Å of the FMN N1. We show that natural substitutions of highly conserved residues partially account for these more electropositive reduction potentials.
Zinc Thiolate Enables Bright Cu‐Deficient Cu‐In‐S/ZnS Quantum Dots
Authors: Hansen Eric C. , Bertram Sophie N. , Yoo Jason J. , Bawendi Moungi G. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCopper indium sulfide (CIS) colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are a promising candidate for commercially viable QD‐based optical applications, for example as colloidal photocatalysts or in luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs). CIS QDs with good photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) and tunable emission wavelength via size and composition control are previously reported. However, developing an understanding and control over the growth of electronically passivating inorganic shells would enable further improvements of the photophysical properties of CIS QDs. To improve the optical properties of CIS QDs, the focus is on the growth of inorganic shells via the popular metal‐carboxylate/alkane thiol decomposition reaction. 1) The role of Zn‐carboxylate and Zn‐thiolate on the formation of ZnS shells on Cu‐deficient CIS (CDCIS) QDs is studied, 2) this knowledge is leveraged to yield >90% PLQY CDCIS/ZnS core/shell QDs, and 3) a mechanism for ZnS shells grown from zinc‐carboxylate/alkane thiol decomposition is proposed.
Recent Development in Separators for High‐Temperature Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Waqas Muhammad , Ali Shamshad , Feng Chao , Chen Dongjiang , Han Jiecai , He Weidong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) are promising energy storage devices for integrating renewable resources and high power applications, owing to their high energy density, light weight, high flexibility, slow self‐discharge rate, high rate charging capability, and long battery life. LIBs work efficiently at ambient temperatures, however, at high‐temperatures, they cause serious issues due to the thermal fluctuation inside batteries during operation. The separator is a key component of batteries and is crucial for the sustainability of LIBs at high‐temperatures. The high thermal stability with minimum thermal shrinkage and robust mechanical strength are the prime requirements along with high porosity, ionic conductivity, and electrolyte uptake for highly efficient high‐temperature LIBs. This Review deals with the recent studies and developments in separator technologies for high‐temperature LIBs with respect to their structural layered formation. The recent progress in monolayer and multilayer separators along with the developed preparation methodologies is discussed in detail. Future challenges and directions toward the advancement in separator technology are also discussed for achieving remarkable performance of separators in a high‐temperature environment.
LY303511 displays antiproliferation potential against oral cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Tang Jen‐Yang , Xu Yi‐Hua , Lin Li‐Ching , Ou‐Yang Fu , Wu Kuang‐Han , Tsao Li‐Yi , Yu Tzu‐Jung , Huang Hurng‐Wern , Wang Hui‐Ru , Liu Wangta , Chang Hsueh‐Wei 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLY303511 was developed as a negative control of LY294002 without pan‐phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibition. We hypothesize LY303511 generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce apoptosis for killing oral cancer cells. In MTS assay, LY303511 dose‐responsively decreases survival in three kinds of oral cancer cells but little damage to normal oral cells (HGF‐1). Two oral cancer cells (CAL 27 and SCC‐9) with highly sensitivity to LY303511 were used. In 7‐aminoactinomycin D (7AAD) assay, LY303511 slightly increases subG1 population in oral cancer cells. In annexin V/7AAD and/or pancaspase assays, LY303511 induces apoptosis in oral cancer cells but HGF‐1 cells remains in basal level. In oxidative stress, LY303511 induces ROS and mitochondrial superoxide in oral cancer cells. In 8‐oxo‐2'‐deoxyguanosine assay, LY303511 induces oxidative DNA damage in oral cancer cells. In zebrafish model, LY303511 inhibits CAL 27‐xenografted tumor growth. Therefore, LY303511 displays antiproliferation potential against oral cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
Stronger together—A framework for measuring interdisciplinary understanding
Authors: Kumar Samarth , Zöphel Christoph , Martius Anna , Cabadag Rengin , Plewnia Frederik , Pruditsch Nick , Sakowski Bastian A. , Möst Dominik 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOur society currently faces complex ecological, social, and economic challenges that require collaborative and interdisciplinary approaches. Although interest in interdisciplinary research is growing, it is still confronted with significant obstacles stemming from difficulties in establishing a common understanding. While others have evaluated interdisciplinary in a top‐down funding‐oriented ex ante manner or a result‐oriented ex post manner, this focus paper intends to create a framework that enables the measurement of interdisciplinary understanding within a group. Therefore, using the case of the interdisciplinary Boysen‐TU Dresden Research Group, a framework for measuring interdisciplinary understanding (MIU) is presented. The basis of the framework is the development of dimensions based on the specific composition and requirements of the interdisciplinary group. With this framework, two main contributions are provided. First, interdisciplinary understanding within a research group can be measured with respect to the defined dimensions. Through discussions on the differences of the understanding of projects over the dimensions, it is possible to establish a common understanding of projects. Second, the interdisciplinarity within a group or interdisciplinary distance between two specific research projects can be evaluated in order to identify possible difficulties in understanding, as well as recognizing potentials for interdisciplinary research. The MIU framework and the dimensions established in this paper can be adapted and transferred to any interdisciplinary research group to improve joint understanding of researchers and enable them to tackle complex techno‐societal problems of the future.This article is categorized under:
Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy
Energy Research & Innovation > Economics and Policy
Surgical Training in South Africa: An Overview and Attempt to Assess the Training System from the Perspective of Foreign Trainees
Authors: Mantica Guglielmo , Fransvea Pietro , Virdis Francesco , Hardcastle Timothy C. , Ackermann Hilgard , Terrone Carlo , Costa Gianluca , Van der Merwe André , Balducci Genoveffa , Steyn Elmin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundCurrently, there are no objective reports evaluating the quality of the South African surgical training. The aim of this study is to evaluate the current state of surgical training in South Africa from an external impartial point of view and to rate the experience of short‐term supernumerary registrars and fellows (STSRF) within the South African training system.MethodsA 29‐item survey was distributed via e‐mail and social media to non‐South African trainees who worked in South Africa as STSRF for a period of at least 1 month during the past 5 years. The survey evaluated the surgical, clinical and academic training received during their elective period in a South African department.ResultsSixty‐four STSRF replied to the survey. Sixty‐two percent of STSRF attended a trauma unit during their experience. For the majority of respondents, open and emergency surgical exposure, as well as experience as first surgeon, is significantly higher in the South African system, while minimally invasive and endoscopic surgery exposure is significantly less. Research project involvement is significantly less, for the STSRF, as opposed to lectures and teaching that constitute a higher percentage. No significant difference was found regarding exposure to hands‐on activities.ConclusionsThe South African system still provides excellent surgical and clinical exposure as well as teaching. However, minimally invasive surgery training and research are generally lacking for the STSRF. Exchange programs between South African and developed country institutes should be improved and encouraged in order to gain mutual benefits.
Computer Crime Legislation in the United States
Authors: Nycum Susan H. 
Published: May 2019

Thirty-three states have enacted statutes that encompass in some way what is referred to in this paper as “computer crime”. In some states, computer crime laws are referred to as such only because of the inclusion of the word computer in some general provision. In others, complex and specific statutes exist.Each of the computer crime state statutes presently in effect has its own peculiar combination of a variety of possible offenses. The bulk of the statutes proscribe as computer crime a core set of activities such as accessing, altering, damaging or destroying a computer with the intent to devise or execute any scheme or artifice to defraud or deceive. This “computer crime”, and a few others to be outlined later, are found in a majority of the state statutes with some individual variations. This paper presents a list of computer crimes common to many of the statutes, describes variations in those crimes and examines in more detail the unusual crimes.
Third-Party Effects of “Res Judicata”: Recent Developments in Italian Law
Authors: Carpi Federico 
Published: May 2019

I am very happy and honoured by my friend Prof. Stephen Goldstein's invitation to give my own modest contribution to the vigorous cultural life of this University, and in particular to this seminar, dedicated this year to the in-depth study of that most important subject, “res judicata”.A final judgment represents the coat of arms of judicial activity, that which clearly separates and distinguishes this function distinctly from other functions of the State, i.e., legislative and administrative. In my view, the concept of a final judgment in a legal system, at a particular moment in history, is of unique interest in understanding the structure of that system's legal proceedings, its conception of adjudication and the ideology which inspires it.The subject thus becomes central in the science of legal proceedings; the temptation for me to deal with it at length is very strong. I realize, though, that the usefulness of a survey of a foreign system depends on simplifying and limiting the description. That is why I have singled out one aspect of res judicata, i.e., the finality as part of a judgment, and I have chosen to deal only with recent developments in the Italian doctrine of party limits.
The U.S. Involvement in Sinai: 1975 as a Legal-Political Turning Point
Authors: Pomerance Michla 
Published: May 2019

The role of the United States as midwife in the Israeli-Egyptian peace process has become a familiar one in recent years. Indeed, the local protagonists have all but taken for granted that their own peacemaking efforts would be catalyzed and reenforced by the United States. The pattern of American involvement has since 1975–76 had a dual aspect: American personnel have been permanently stationed in Sinai, and U.S. assurances have been extended to the parties (especially to Israel) as inducements to the acceptance of painful concessions.The American presence in Sinai, when initiated in 1975–76, was minimal both in terms of its numbers and its functions. Fewer than 200 U.S. civilians operated the Sinai Field Mission, an early warning system in the strategic Giddi and Mitla mountain passes, whose purpose was to complement the functions of the UN peacekeeping force in the Sinai (the UN Emergency Force or UNEF II).
What has contributed to improvements in the child sex ratio in select districts of India? A decomposition of the sex ratio at birth and child mortality
Authors: Diamond-Smith Nadia , Saikia Nandita , Bishai David , Canudas-Romo Vladimir 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDespite an overall downward trend in child sex ratios in India, some of the most imbalanced districts in 2001 (fewer girls than boys) showed signs of becoming more balanced in 2011. This analysis looked in depth at these districts to better understand the nature of the improvement in the child sex ratio using two rounds of data from the Census of India from 2001 and 2011. Data were used from the 153 districts that showed improvement in their child sex ratio between 2001 and 2011. The improvement was decomposed into: (1) less sex-selective abortion and (2) improved girl compared with boy mortality. Most of the improvement in child sex ratios were shown to be due to reductions in sex-selective abortion, although this still made up the majority of the cause of imbalanced sex ratios in 2011. Child sex ratio improvement has been happening in both rural and urban areas of India, and there is evidence of stagnation in mortality decline for urban girls.