bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gobierno y Administración de los Erarios de la Monarquía Hispana en las Indias, siglo XVIII
Authors: Wasserman Martín Leandro Ezequiel 
Published: December 2018

El estudio sobre los erarios regios en América durante la dinastía borbónica ha tendido a focalizarse en sus dimensiones estrictamente fiscales y de gasto: la recaudación, la introducción de impuestos y nuevos estancos, los egresos, han concitado la atención de buena parte de la historiografía. Entre tanto, el arco cronológico tendió a centrarse en los años que corren a partir de 1780, cuando el proceso de reformas en la órbita fiscal se condensa y ofrece un parámetro para el análisis de su crisis definitiva, una vez atravesados los umbrales revolucionarios en torno a la década de 1820. El presente Dossier reabre los interrogantes sobre la periodización de aquellas transformaciones, así como sobre la cambiante concepción del gobierno de la Hacienda en Indias y las implicancias que ello tuvo en la circulación de recursos fiscales, intentando ofrecer un panorama sobre los modos en que la política habitaba la Real Hacienda durante un siglo de convulsiones definitorias.
The temporary use as a strategy for transforming the space of contemporary cities. Space transformations supported by the purposeful application of temporary use, based on a case study
Authors: Szaton Karolina Marta 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Temporary use as a subject of work should be understood as temporary development or use of land and facilities, in a way that allows the best use of spatial resources at a given time and place. The author takes up the topic of temporary use being an intentional element of strategy in the design and planning of space. Analysis of practical applications focuses on the depiction of models of design and planning processes, the element of which is the temporary use of space and overall transformation processes, as well as features and functions of temporary uses. The researched practices concern processes composed of various elements, eg mutual relations of temporary use with permanent development. The analysis of good practices indicates a significant strengthening of the potential for temporary use, if it is implemented through a network of broad connections and the integration of various activities and environments.
Анализ первичного выхода на инвалидность от онкопатологии в ЛНР за 2016–2017 гг.
Authors: Дюбанов С. М. , Луговсков А. Д. , Вербицкая Е. А. , Перцова Ю. Г. , Войтенко О. Н. 
Published: December 2018

Цель исследования. Изучить структуру и причины первичного выхода на инвалидность от злокачественных заболеваний по ЛНР за 2016–2017 гг.Материалы и методы. Нами использованы статистические материалы ГУ «Луганский республиканский центр медико-социальной экспертизы» ЛНР по онкологии и данные канцер-регистра ГУ «Луганский республиканский клинический онкологический диспансер» ЛНР.Анализ полученных данных. За 2015–2017 гг. по ЛНР отмечается рост удельного веса новообразований в структуре первичного выхода на инвалидность с 22,4% до 25,5%. В структуре первичного выхода на инвалидность среди трудоспособного населения ЛНР за 2015–2017 гг. также отмечается рост удельного веса новообразований с 19,8% до 20,8%. В 2017 г. удельный вес женщин при первичном выходе на инвалидность составил 64,8%. В сравнении с 2016 г. отмечается рост первичного выхода на инвалидность мужчин на 1,4% (2017 г. — 35,2%). Групповая структура первичного выхода на инвалидность по онкопатологии среди трудоспособного населения ЛНР в 69,2% случаев представлена II группой инвалидности, в 24,0% — инвалидностью III группы и в 6,8% — инвалидностью I группы. Анализируя первичный выход на инвалидность среди взрослого населения в 2017 г. в зависимости от стадии онкопатологии, можно отметить преобладание первичного выхода на инвалидность при ранних стадиях онкопатологии: в 20,3% случаев при IIа стадии, при I стадии — в 18,7%, при IIб стадии — в 16,2%. Первичный выход на инвалидность при запущенных стадиях онкопатологии в 18,5% случаев представлен IV стадией, в 14,2% — IIIа стадией и в 12,1% — IIIб стадией.Заключение. Удельный вес в структуре выхода на инвалидность среди взрослого населения в 2017 г. увеличился на 3,1% и на 5,0% среди трудоспособного в сравнении с 2016 г. Выросли тяжелые группы инвалидности среди взрослого населения (I – на 2,5%, II — на 5,6%) и снизились III группы инвалидности на 8,1%. Лидирующее место в первичном выходе на инвалидность занимают женщины — 64,8%. Ведущими нозологическими формами являются: рак молочной железы (24,6%) и рак шейки матки (8,3%). В 2017 г. отмечается отрицательная динамика первичного выхода на инвалидность при начальных стадиях заболевания (при I стадии — на 0,9%, при IIа — на 4,4%), но рост при запущенных стадиях онкопатологии на 4,5%.
Liberdade e vontade: Schelling, leitor de Lutero
Authors: Dreher Luís H. 
Published: December 2018

A presente contribuição reproduz, sem grandes mudanças de conteúdo e estilo, a conferência de abertura da 45ª Semana de Filosofia da UnB. Após uma aproximação geral ao tema, delineia-se um problema fundamental para o estudo comparativo de Schelling e Lutero: aquele da necessidade e liberdade na compreensão do ser humano e de Deus. Quanto a isso, aborda-se primeiro o conceito do humano como ser de liberdade e fundado na própria vontade. Este traz à luz o cerne antropológico e ético em que teologia positiva e filosofia especulativa à primeira vista podem convergir. Por outro lado, mostram-se especificidades e pressupostos de fundo que tanto aproximam quanto distanciam as perspectivas de Lutero e de Schelling, a partir de seus respectivos contextos e interesses. Entre estes pressupostos, está a luta pela especificidade e lugar do conceito de Deus à medida que, ao menos no caso de Schelling, move-se entre teísmo e panteísmo da liberdade e da vontade. Conclui-se que a posição de Schelling, embora próxima daquela de Lutero, reflete uma leitura antes indireta, e no essencial sobrepujante, que em muito excede o ponto de partida e chegada de Lutero.
Nietzsche e Lutero: consciência, culpa e justificação
Authors: Feiler Adilson Felicio 
Published: December 2018

A concepção de eu consciente é uma das grandes críticas que Nietzsche apresenta à Modernidade. O eu consciente, mediante as noções de verdade, de moral e de fim subjuga a pluralidade subjetiva do indivíduo. Tanto a consciência - Bewusstsein - no seu sentido biológico, o produto mais inacabado do desenvolvimento físico, como a consciência - Gewissen - no sentido moral, os interditos frente à manifestação dos instintos, Nietzsche as considera como expressões da décadence da Modernidade. A Reforma Protestante, propugnada por Lutero, ao ressuscitar o Cristianismo fundado na fé, na graça e na Escritura, opõe-se ao Renascimento. Este último teria sido a chance de a cultura elevar-se, ao ressuscitar os antigos ideais gregos. Nietzsche entende que Lutero, ao centrar-se na noção de um eu consciente da culpa e ao centrar-se em que unicamente pela fé se é capaz de submeter-se à graça justificante de Deus crucificado, concede a palma da vitória ao sacerdote ascético. Em que medida têm sentido as acusações de Nietzsche, de que, mediante o eu consciente, Lutero diviniza a morte, a dor e o sofrimento, em detrimento da subjugação da vida?
Petere imperium quod inanest nec datur umquam
Authors: Lanciote Diego 
Published: December 2018

Luciano Canfora soergue a sentença lucreciana petere imperium quod inanest nec datur umquam com o propósito de criticar as formas políticas de representação burguesa. Todavia, ele acaba por suturar a categoria de vazio ao mesmo tempo que interpreta uma concepção de tempo e temporalidade equivocada em De Rerum Natura, o que o leva a conceber a posição política de Lucrécio como uma utopia pura, como projeção de uma anterioridade originária como solução política futura, cujo elemento central seria a amizade. Pretendo reestabelecer a categoria de tempo/temporalidade em Lucrécio e propor uma hipótese de leitura através de um exame comparativo com a estrutura de pensamento de Spinoza articulando a relação entre utilidade e amizade e, assim, indicar outra compreensão do projeto político lucreciano.
Dialética adorniana: entre Körper e Leib
Authors: Borges Thiago Ferreira de 
Published: December 2018

No presente artigo, busca-se refletir sobre o conceito de corpo, presente em algumas passagens da Dialética do Esclarecimento, obra dos anos de 1940, escrita por Max Horkheimer e Theodor W. Adorno, e na Dialética Negativa do ano de 1960, escrita por Adorno. O problema de fundo pertence à atual pesquisa de doutorado, na qual se trabalha o conceito de corpo na filosofia de Adorno. Parte do núcleo da investigação concentra-se nas variações entre as palavras Körper e Leib, utilizadas pelo filósofo de Frankfurt, e as possíveis consequências, no texto, para a dialética entre cultura e natureza ou, ainda, espírito e natureza. Também serão discutidas algumas incidências das leituras marxianas e freudianas na filosofia de Adorno para o tema em questão.
ANALISIS KOMPARASI KERAGAAN USAHA BUDIDAYA IKAN LELE MUTIARA (Clarias gariepinus) DENGAN DAN TANPA SISTEM BIOFLOK
Authors: Rizal Achmad , Yustiati Ayi , Suryana Asep Agus Handaka , Putro Reno Dwi 
Published: December 2018

Penelitian ini dilakukan di 2 (dua) lokasi di Kabupaten Bogor, yaitu di P2MKP Mina Srikandi pembudidaya ikan lele menggunakan sistem bioflok yang berada di Kecamatan Cibinong dan CV Sumber Rejeki pembudidaya ikan lele tanpa menggunakan sistem bioflok yang berada di Kecamatan Gunung Sindur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan struktur biaya dan pendapatan usaha budidaya serta menganalisis efisiensi budidaya ikan lele menggunakan sistem bioflok dan tanpa bioflok. Berdasarkan hasil analisis perhitungan tingkat pendapatan menunjukan perbedaan secara signifikan antara tingkat pendapatan pembudidaya ikan lele yang menggunakan sistem bioflok dan tanpa bioflok. Rata-rata pendapatan pembudidaya ikan lele menggunakan sistem bioflok dalam satu siklus usaha budidaya (tiga bulan) pada kolam berukuran 7 m2 adalah Rp. 984.233 dengan rata-rata jumlah produksi sebesar 315 kg dan produktifitas kolam 45 kg/m2. Sementara rata-rata tingkat pendapatan pembudidaya ikan lele tanpa sistem bioflok pada kolam berukuran 7 m2 adalah Rp. 294.233, dengan rata-rata jumlah produksi sebesar 302,5 kg dan produktifitas kolam 43 kg/m2. Penerapan teknologi bioflok mampu mampu menurunkan nilai FCR serta meningkatkan efisiensi pakan.
AKTIVITAS ENZIM PENCERNAAN UDANG VANAME (Penaeus vannamei) YANG DIBERIKAN PAKAN BERBAHAN BAKU TEPUNG Skeletonema costatum
Authors: Lestari Dewi Putri 
Published: December 2018

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan tepung Skeletonema costatum dalam berbagai dosis untuk mensubstitusi tepung ikan dalam pakan terhadap peningkatan aktivitas enzim protease dan amilase pada udang vaname (Penaeus vannamei). Pakan yang diberikan adalah isoprotein 37% dan iso energy 3.6 kkal/g pakan. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan dengan 4 perlakuan dosis tepung skeletonema sebagai pengganti tepung ikan yaitu A=0%; B=2.5%; C=5%, dan D=7.5% dengan ulangan masing-masing 3 kali. Untuk mendapatkan dosis terbaik dilakukan analisis regresi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan aktivitas enzim protease dan amilase sebelum dan sesudah diberikan formulasi pakan percobaan. Dosis terbaik subtitusi protein tepung skeletonema terhadap protein tepung ikan pada pakan udang berdasarkan peningkatan aktivitas enzim protease adalah sebesar 4.07% dan amilase sebesar 4.02%.
Peningkatan Daya Tahan, Kelincahan, dan Kecepatan pada Pemain Futsal: Studi Eksperimen Metode Circuit Training
Authors: Rahman Firman Juniatur 
Published: December 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat manakah yang lebih baik antara latihan fisik circuit training menggunakan bola dengan circuit training tanpa bola terhadap peningkatan daya tahan, kelincahan dan kecepatan serta mengetahui peningkatan kecepatan, kelincahan dan daya tahan peserta ekstrakurikuler futsal SMAN 1 Kebomas Gresik, pembagian kelompok di lakukan dengan ordinal pairing setelah di lakukan tes awal sehingga kelompok terbagi menjadi tiga yakni kelompok circuit training dengan bola dan tanpa bola serta kelompok kontrol. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen semu dengan desain penelitian Quasi Experimental (Pretest-Postest Design). Data hasil penelitian yang peroleh sebagai berikut: pretest dan posttest kelompok circuit training dengan bola terhadap peningkatan kecepatan, kelincahan dan daya tahan (0,000<0,05), artinya terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan, kelompok circuit training dengan bola terhadap peningkatan terhadap kecepatan, kelincahan dan daya tahan. Circuit training tanpa bola terhadap peningkatan kecepatan, kelincahan (0,000<0,05) dan terhadap daya tahan (0,002<0,05), artinya terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan, sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol (0,004<0,05) artinya terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pada kecepatan sedangkan pada kelincahan (0,989>0,05) dan daya tahan (0,476>0,05), artinya tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan. Disimpulkan dari penelitian ini bahwa pelatihan circuit training dengan bola dan tanpa bola efektif untuk peningkatan kecepatan, kelincahan dan daya tahan.
Aktiivisen kansalaisuuden mahdollisuudet kotouttamistyön ulkoisten ehtojen ja maahanmuuttajien tarpeiden ristipaineissa
Authors: Turtiainen Kati , Kokkonen Tuomo , Viitasalo Katri 
Published: December 2018

Nykyisessä poliittisessa keskustelussa aktiivinen kansalaisuus ymmärretään usein kapeasti työkansalaisuutena. Artikkelissa analysoidaan, miten aktiivinen kansalaisuus rakentuu kotouttamistyön rakenteellisten ehtojen ja maahanmuuttajien tarpeiden huomioimisen ristiriidassa. Teoreettisesti nojaudutaan Amartya Senin toimintamahdollisuuksien teoriaan, joka painottaa erilaisten kyvykkyyksien sekä autonomisten toimintamahdollisuuksien merkitystä aktiivisessa kansalaisuudessa. Tuloksena havaitaan, että ammattilaisten näkemyksissä painottuu ristiriita järjestelmän tarpeille rakentuvan työkansalaisuuden ja kotoutujien autonomiaa tukevien toimintamahdollisuuksia vahvistavan työn välille. Myös kotiäitien perheasemaan perustuva kansalaisuus on erityisen vaikeasti saavutettavissa. Lopputuloksena on, että järjestelmän tarpeille rakennettu maahanmuuttajien sopeuttaminen kääntyy itseään vastaan, sillä yksilöiden tarpeet eivät rakennu ulkoisten määrittelyjen varaan. Lopulta yksilöllisten tarpeiden tunnistamattomuus ja huomiotta jättäminen passivoi maahanmuuttajaa.
A Guide for the Creativity in Modifying Problem-Solving Based Learning Media of Students of IKIP-PGRI Pontianak
Authors: Fatmawati Erni , Arifin Zainal 
Published: December 2018

<p>This research aimed to 1) describe students’ creativity in modifying problem-solving based learning media, 2) develop a guide for students’ creativity in modifying problem-solving based learning media, and 3) assess the accuracy of usage of the guide for students’ creativity in modifying problem-solving based learning media. It employed a research and development method and a research design which was adapted from Borg and Gall’s model. The subject of research was a group of college students in semester VI academic calendar 2017/2018 who were taking micro-teaching courses in IKIP PGRI Pontianak. Data were collected using observation and questionnaires. The data were analysed using a series of interactive model analysis: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that: 1) a guide for students’ creativity in modifying problem-solving based learning media was well developed according to pre-planned stages; 2) the students’ creativity in modifying problem-solving based learning media were in “good” category; and 3) the usage of the guide for students’ creativity in modifying problem-solving based learning media was deemed appropriate as 60% students managed to modify their learning media.</p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> guide, creativity, learning media, problem-solving</p>
Phytochemical Investigation of Corchorus olitorius L. Leaves Cultivated in Iraq and it’s In Vitro Antiviral Activity
Authors: T. Hasan Hayder , J. Kadhim Enas 
Published: December 2018

The aim of our study was to investigate the antiviral activity of the Corchorus olitorius family Tiliaceae cultivated in Iraq against measles virus, and to demonstrate an overview about chemical constituents and pharmacological activity of Corchorus olitorius L.
About150 gm Leaves of Corchorus. olitorius were defatted by maceration in hexane for 24 hrs. The defatted plant materials were subjected for extraction after filtration using Soxhlet apparatus, with aqueous methanol 85% as a solvent extraction for 24 hours, the extract was filtered, and the solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to get a dry extract of about 12 gm. About 4 gm from the residue was suspended in 100ml water, about 3-4ml of 5% sodium hydroxide was added to obtain a basic solution having PH 10 and partitioned with ethyl acetate (3x100ml), the aqueous layer collected and evaporated to dryness. MTT-cell viability assay (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) was conducted on 96-well plates (Falcon), Vero cells were seeded at 1× 104 cells/well to obtain a multiplicity of infection (MOI 10), and at 5 × 103 cells/well to obtain a multiplicity of infection (MOI 5).
Different statistical result revealed a significant antiviral activity of the aqueous layer of Corchorus olitorius leaves against measles virus. The preliminary phytochemical tests showed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in the aqueous layer of Corchorus olitorius leaves.
The antiviral activity of Corchorus olitorius leaves is mainly due to the phenolics and flavonoids that detected in the aqueous layer.
Gray Iron
Authors: White Charles V. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
ASTM specification A 48 classifies gray irons in terms of tensile strength. The usual microstructure of gray iron is a matrix of pearlite with graphite flakes dispersed throughout. Section sensitivity effects are used in the form of a wedge test in production control to judge the suitability of an iron for pouring a particular casting. Mechanical property values obtained from test bars are sometimes the only available guides to the mechanical properties of the metal in production castings. Gray iron castings are used widely in pressure applications such as cylinder blocks, manifolds, pipe and pipe fittings, compressors, and pumps. Where high impact resistance is needed, gray iron is not recommended. The machinability of most gray cast iron is superior to that of most other cast irons of equivalent hardness, as well as to that of virtually all steel. Gray iron is used widely for machine components that must resist wear.
Microstructures, Processing, and Properties of Steels
Authors: Krauss George 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis article describes microstructures and microstructure-property relationships in steels. It emphasizes the correlation of microstructure and properties as a function of carbon content and processing in low-alloy steels. The article discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the phase transformations that change the structure and properties at varying levels of carbon content. Microstructures described include pearlite, bainite, proeutectoid ferrite and cementite, ferrite-pearlite, and martensite. The article depicts some of the primary processing steps that result in ferrite-pearlite microstructures. It shows the range of hardness levels which may be obtained by tempering at various temperatures as a function of the carbon content of the steel. To reduce the number of processing steps associated with producing quenched and tempered microstructures, new alloying approaches have been developed to produce high-strength microstructures directly during cooling after forging.
Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Plate
Authors: Fletcher F.B. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The production and use of steel plate is aided by a system of standard designations and associated specifications defining composition, property, and performance ranges. This article contains an extensive amount of information on the designations and grades of plate products and how they are made. Although most steel plate is used in the hot-finished condition, some applications require one or more heat treating steps to mitigate imperfections and/or improve relevant qualities. The article discusses these interconnected factors as well as their impact on mechanical properties and critical fabrication issues, including formability, machinability, and weldability.
Steel Wire Rod
Authors: Glodowski R.J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Wire rod is a semifinished product rolled from billet on a rod mill and is used primarily for the manufacture of wire. Steel wire rod is usually cold drawn into wire suitable for further drawing; for cold rolling, cold heading, cold upsetting, cold extrusion, or cold forging; or for hot forging. The article explains these operations, along with the several recognized quality and commodity classifications applicable to steel wire rods. The heat treatments commonly applied to steel wire rod, either before or during processing into wire, include annealing, spheroidize annealing, patenting, and controlled cooling. When the end product must be heat treated, the heat treatment and mechanical properties should be clearly defined. Carbon steel rods are produced in various grades or compositions: low-carbon, medium-low-carbon, medium-high-carbon, and high-carbon steel wire rods. Rod for the manufacture of carbon steel wire is produced with manufacturing controls and inspection procedures intended to ensure the degree of soundness and freedom from injurious surface imperfections necessary for specific applications. This article also describes the various quality descriptors applicable to the rods as well as standard qualities and commodities available in alloy steel wire rod.
Threaded Steel Fasteners
Authors:   ASM Committee on Threaded Steel Fasteners, Akstens Frank W. , Gialamas James , Bueche Edward J. , Madvad T.P. , Murkey Brian , McAuliffe Joseph , Sander Gregory D. , Frederick Edwin F. , Miller Hal L. , Hagopian P.C. , Fox James 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article discusses the properties of threaded fasteners made from carbon and low-alloy steels containing a maximum of 0.55% carbon. It provides guidelines for the selection of steels for bolts, studs, and nuts intended for use at temperatures between -50 and 370 deg C. The article also discusses steels rated for service above 370 deg C and describes internationally recognized grade designations. The specifications provided can be used to outline fastener requirements, control manufacturing processes, and establish functional or performance standards. The most commonly used protective metal coatings for ferrous metal fasteners; zinc, cadmium, and aluminum; are described as well.
Closed-Die Forgings
Authors: Rossow James A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Forgings are classified in various ways, beginning with the general classifications open die and closed die. They are also classified according to how they are made; such as hammer upset forgings, ring-rolled forgings, and multiple-ram press forgings; and in terms of the close-to-finish factor or amount of stock that must be removed to satisfy the dimensional and detail requirements of the finished part. In addition to types and classifications, the article discusses critical design factors and ways to ensure that the resulting forgings measure up to metallurgical, mechanical property, and dimensional accuracy requirements. The responsibility for design verification is vested in material control, which depends on the proper application of drawings, specifications, manufacturing process controls, and quality assurance programs. The article addresses each of these areas as well as related topics; including stress-induced fatigue failure, tolerances, machining allowances; and the fundamentals of hammer and press forgings, hot upset forgings, and hot extrusion forgings.