bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delineation of marine ecosystem zones in the northern Arabian Sea during winter
Authors: Shalin Saleem , Samuelsen Annette , Korosov Anton , Menon Nandini , Backeberg Björn C. , Pettersson Lasse H. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract. The spatial and temporal variability of marine autotrophic abundance,
expressed as chlorophyll concentration, is monitored from space and used to
delineate the surface signature of marine ecosystem zones with distinct
optical characteristics. An objective zoning method is presented and applied
to satellite-derived Chlorophyll a (Chl a) data from the northern Arabian
Sea (50–75∘ E and 15–30∘ N) during the winter months
(November–March). Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis
(CA) were used to statistically delineate the Chl a into zones with similar
surface distribution patterns and temporal variability. The PCA identifies
principal components of variability and the CA splits these into zones based
on similar characteristics. Based on the temporal variability of the Chl a
pattern within the study area, the statistical clustering revealed six
distinct ecological zones. The obtained zones are related to the Longhurst
provinces to evaluate how these compared to established ecological provinces.
The Chl a variability within each zone was then compared with the
variability of oceanic and atmospheric properties viz. mixed-layer depth
(MLD), wind speed, sea-surface temperature (SST), photosynthetically active
radiation (PAR), nitrate and dust optical thickness (DOT) as an indication of
atmospheric input of iron to the ocean. The analysis showed that in all
zones, peak values of Chl a coincided with low SST and deep MLD. The rate
of decrease in SST and the deepening of MLD are observed to trigger the algae
bloom events in the first four zones. Lagged cross-correlation analysis shows
that peak Chl a follows peak MLD and SST minima. The MLD time lag is
shorter than the SST lag by 8 days, indicating that the cool surface
conditions might have enhanced mixing, leading to increased primary
production in the study area. An analysis of monthly climatological nitrate values showed increased
concentrations associated with the deepening of the mixed layer. The input of
iron seems to be important in both the open-ocean and coastal areas of the
northern and north-western parts of the northern Arabian Sea, where the
seasonal variability of the Chl a pattern closely follows the variability
of iron deposition.
The laryngeal tie-forward procedure to alleviate aspiration of feed caused by hypoplasia of the soft palate of an adult mare
Authors: Castro José R , Schumacher Jim 
Published: March 2018

Background
An adult mare, presented to the University of Tennessee’s Veterinary MedicalCenter because of chronic, persistent coughing and abnormal respiratory noise,was found, during endoscopic examination of its nasopharynx and larynx, to havehypoplasia of the caudal fourth of its soft palate and an aryepiglottic fold entrapment.The mare had developed chronic discharge of feed from the nares after the aryepiglotticfold entrapment was relieved with a laser, using endoscopic guidance.
Methods
The mare received a laryngeal tie forward procedure to ameliorate discharge of feedfrom the nares by decreasing the gap between the apex of the epiglottis and thesoft palate.
Results
The distance between the epiglottis and the soft palate appeared to have beenreduced during endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx, and the horse nolonger experienced discharge of feed from the nares or persistent coughing. Thehorse continued to produce abnormal respiratory noise but was able to be usedfor trail riding.
Discussion
The tie-forward procedure should be considered as a treatment to ameliorate signs of hypoplastic soft palate in horses, if the palatal defect is short.
Customer satisfaction with postal services in Serbia
Authors: Pavlović Marko , Bojičić Radica R , Ratković Milijanka C 
Published: March 2018

Research question: This study examines users’ satisfaction with the postal service in Serbia using a questionnaire measurement. Motivation: the Post of Serbia operates both with private and business clients, with whom it has long-term relationships not only in terms of sending and receiving parcels, but also with new and modern services. Due to the growing competition on the market, the question arises how to place the Post of Serbia on the market in the future. Data: Primary data of postal services, new postal services, as well as a custom questionnaire for examining users’ attitude towards postal services intended for private clients. Tools: Method of survey, Descriptive statistics, Method of analysis and Content analysis. Findings: The satisfaction of users of postal services is an important element of the perseverance and development of the Post of Serbia. Contribution: Quality review of postal services in the opinion of the private users. Obtained gap between users satisfaction and needs and further directions in which the Post of Serbia should be developed according to the user’s opinion.
Effects of landscape features on population genetic variation of a tropical stream fish, Stone lapping minnow,Garra cambodgiensis, in the upper Nan River drainage basin, northern Thailand
Authors: Jaisuk Chaowalee , Senanan Wansuk 
Published: March 2018

Spatial genetic variation of river-dwelling freshwater fishes is typically affected by the historical and contemporary river landscape as well as life-history traits. Tropical river and stream landscapes have endured extended geological change, shaping the existing pattern of genetic diversity, but were not directly affected by glaciation. Thus, spatial genetic variation of tropical fish populations should look very different from the pattern observed in temperate fish populations. These data are becoming important for designing appropriate management and conservation plans, as these aquatic systems are undergoing intense development and exploitation. This study evaluated the effects of landscape features on population genetic diversity ofGarra cambodgiensis,a stream cyprinid,in eight tributary streams in the upper Nan River drainage basin (n = 30–100 individuals/location), Nan Province, Thailand. These populations are under intense fishing pressure from local communities. Based on 11 microsatellite loci, we detected moderate genetic diversity within eight population samples (average number of alleles per locus = 10.99 ± 3.00; allelic richness = 10.12 ± 2.44). Allelic richness within samples and stream order of the sampling location were negatively correlated (P < 0.05). We did not detect recent bottleneck events in these populations, but we did detect genetic divergence among populations (GlobalFST= 0.022,P < 0.01). The Bayesian clustering algorithms (TESS and STRUCTURE) suggested that four to five genetic clusters roughly coincide with sub-basins: (1) headwater streams/main stem of the Nan River, (2) a middle tributary, (3) a southeastern tributary and (4) a southwestern tributary. We observed positive correlation between geographic distance and linearizedFST(P < 0.05), and the genetic differentiation pattern can be moderately explained by the contemporary stream network (STREAMTREE analysis,R2= 0.75). The MEMGENE analysis suggested genetic division between northern (genetic clusters 1 and 2) and southern (clusters 3 and 4) sub-basins. We observed a high degree of genetic admixture in each location, highlighting the importance of natural flooding patterns and possible genetic impacts of supplementary stocking. Insights obtained from this research advance our knowledge of the complexity of a tropical stream system, and guide current conservation and restoration efforts for this species in Thailand.
Interdependency in Multimodel Climate Projections: Component Replication and Result Similarity
Authors: Boé Julien 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMultimodel ensembles are the main way to deal with model uncertainties in climate projections. However, the interdependencies between models that often share entire components make it difficult to combine their results in a satisfactory way. In this study, how the replication of components (atmosphere, ocean, land, and sea ice) between climate models impacts the proximity of their results is quantified precisely, in terms of climatological means and future changes. A clear relationship exists between the number of components shared by climate models and the proximity of their results. Even the impact of a single shared component is generally visible. These conclusions are true at both the global and regional scales. Given available data, it cannot be robustly concluded that some components are more important than others. Those results provide ways to estimate model interdependencies a priori rather than a posteriori based on their results, in order to define independence weights.
Turbulence Scaling Comparisons in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer
Authors: Esters L. , Breivik Ø. , Landwehr S. , ten Doeschate A. , Sutherland G. , Christensen K. H. , Bidlot J.‐R. , Ward B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDirect observations of the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, ϵ, under open ocean conditions are limited. Consequently, our understanding of what chiefly controls dissipation in the open ocean, and its functional form with depth, is poorly constrained. In this study, we report direct open ocean measurements of ϵ from the Air‐Sea Interaction Profiler (ASIP) collected during five different cruises in the Atlantic Ocean. We then combine these data with ocean‐atmosphere flux measurements and wave information in order to evaluate existing turbulence scaling theories under a diverse set of open ocean conditions. Our results do not support the presence of a “breaking” or a “transition layer,” which has been previously suggested. Instead, ϵ decays as
over the depth interval, which was previously defined as “transition layer,” and as
over the mixing layer. This depth dependency does not significantly vary between nonbreaking or breaking wave conditions. A scaling relationship based on the friction velocity, the wave age, and the significant wave height describes the observations best for daytime conditions. For conditions during which convection is important, it is necessary to take buoyancy forcing into account.
Drought Persistence Errors in Global Climate Models
Authors: Moon H. , Gudmundsson L. , Seneviratne S. I. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe persistence of drought events largely determines the severity of socioeconomic and ecological impacts, but the capability of current global climate models (GCMs) to simulate such events is subject to large uncertainties. In this study, the representation of drought persistence in GCMs is assessed by comparing state‐of‐the‐art GCM model simulations to observation‐based data sets. For doing so, we consider dry‐to‐dry transition probabilities at monthly and annual scales as estimates for drought persistence, where a dry status is defined as negative precipitation anomaly. Though there is a substantial spread in the drought persistence bias, most of the simulations show systematic underestimation of drought persistence at global scale. Subsequently, we analyzed to which degree (i) inaccurate observations, (ii) differences among models, (iii) internal climate variability, and (iv) uncertainty of the employed statistical methods contribute to the spread in drought persistence errors using an analysis of variance approach. The results show that at monthly scale, model uncertainty and observational uncertainty dominate, while the contribution from internal variability is small in most cases. At annual scale, the spread of the drought persistence error is dominated by the statistical estimation error of drought persistence, indicating that the partitioning of the error is impaired by the limited number of considered time steps. These findings reveal systematic errors in the representation of drought persistence in current GCMs and suggest directions for further model improvement.
Characterizing CO and NOy Sources and Relative Ambient Ratios in the Baltimore Area Using Ambient Measurements and Source Attribution Modeling
Authors: Simon Heather , Valin Luke C. , Baker Kirk R. , Henderson Barron H. , Crawford James H. , Pusede Sally E. , Kelly James T. , Foley Kristen M. , Chris Owen R. , Cohen Ronald C. , Timin Brian , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Possiel Norm , Misenis Chris , Diskin Glenn S. , Fried Alan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractModeled source attribution information from the Community Multiscale Air Quality model was coupled with ambient data from the 2011 Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality Baltimore field study. We assess source contributions and evaluate the utility of using aircraft measured CO and NOy relationships to constrain emission inventories. We derive ambient and modeled ΔCO:ΔNOy ratios that have previously been interpreted to represent CO:NOy ratios in emissions from local sources. Modeled and measured ΔCO:ΔNOy are similar; however, measured ΔCO:ΔNOy has much more daily variability than modeled values. Sector‐based tagging shows that regional transport, on‐road gasoline vehicles, and nonroad equipment are the major contributors to modeled CO mixing ratios in the Baltimore area. In addition to those sources, on‐road diesel vehicles, soil emissions, and power plants also contribute substantially to modeled NOy in the area. The sector mix is important because emitted CO:NOx ratios vary by several orders of magnitude among the emission sources. The model‐predicted gasoline/diesel split remains constant across all measurement locations in this study. Comparison of ΔCO:ΔNOy to emitted CO:NOy is challenged by ambient and modeled evidence that free tropospheric entrainment, and atmospheric processing elevates ambient ΔCO:ΔNOy above emitted ratios. Specifically, modeled ΔCO:ΔNOy from tagged mobile source emissions is enhanced 5–50% above the emitted ratios at times and locations of aircraft measurements. We also find a correlation between ambient formaldehyde concentrations and measured ΔCO:ΔNOy suggesting that secondary CO formation plays a role in these elevated ratios. This analysis suggests that ambient urban daytime ΔCO:ΔNOy values are not reflective of emitted ratios from individual sources.
Changes in Stratospheric Transport and Mixing During Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
Authors: de la Cámara A. , Abalos M. , Hitchcock P. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe extreme disruptions of the wintertime stratospheric circulation during sudden stratospheric warmings (SSW) have large effects on tracer concentrations through alterations in transport. This study analyzes the changes in residual circulation and isentropic mixing associated with SSWs, by performing composites using reanalysis (European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Re‐Analysis Interim) and simulations of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. The advective Brewer‐Dobson circulation accelerates around 15 days prior to the wind reversal at 60°N, 10 hPa during the onset of SSWs. Soon afterward, it decelerates, leading to reduced advective transport into the vortex and descent over the pole, which persist for more than 2 months below 30 hPa. The isentropic mixing has a distinct signature in altitude: It is enhanced at the central date of the SSW in the midstratosphere (about 10 hPa or 800 K), and this signal is delayed and more persistent at lower altitudes. It is shown that sufficiently deep SSWs (particularly those related to Polar‐night Jet Oscillation events) have a stronger response in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation and mixing. In particular, both the polar downwelling and the tropical upwelling are anomalously weak in the lower stratosphere for 90 days after the onset of Polar‐night Jet Oscillation events. The redistribution of potential vorticity during the life cycle of SSWs is discussed due to its relevance for the stratospheric circulation. It is shown that the diffusive flux of potential vorticity, calculated in equivalent latitude coordinates, remains anomalously high in the lower stratosphere, a feature that is not seen in more conventional advective eddy fluxes across latitude circles.
Unprecedented 2015/2016 Indo‐Pacific Heat Transfer Speeds Up Tropical Pacific Heat Recharge
Authors: Mayer Michael , Alonso Balmaseda Magdalena , Haimberger Leopold 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEl Niño events are characterized by anomalously warm tropical Pacific surface waters and concurrent ocean heat discharge, a precursor of subsequent cold La Niña conditions. Here we show that El Niño 2015/2016 departed from this norm: despite extreme peak surface temperatures, tropical Pacific (30°N–30°S) upper ocean heat content increased by 9.6 ± 1.7 ZJ (1 ZJ = 1021 J), in stark contrast to the previous strong El Niño in 1997/1998 (−11.5 ± 2.9 ZJ). Unprecedented reduction of Indonesian Throughflow volume and heat transport played a key role in the anomalous 2015/2016 event. We argue that this anomaly is linked with the previously documented intensified warming and associated rising sea levels in the Indian Ocean during the last decade. Additionally, increased absorption of solar radiation acted to dampen Pacific ocean heat content discharge. These results explain the weak and short‐lived La Niña conditions in 2016/2017 and indicate the need for realistic representation of Indo‐Pacific energy transfers for skillful seasonal‐to‐decadal predictions.
Reply to Comment by Nishimura Et Al.
Authors: Mozer F. S. , Hull A. , Lejosne S. , Vasko I. Y. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractNishimura et al. (2010, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193186, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA016876, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA018242, and in their comment, hereafter called N18) have suggested that chorus waves interact with equatorial electrons to produce pulsating auroras. We agree that chorus can scatter electrons >10 keV, as do Time Domain Structures (TDSs). Lower‐energy electrons occurring in pulsating auroras cannot be produced by chorus, but such electrons are scattered and accelerated by TDS. TDSs often occur with chorus and have power in their spectra at chorus frequencies. Thus, the absence of power at low frequencies is not evidence that TDSs are absent, as an example shows. Through examination of equatorial electric field waveforms and electron pitch angle distributions measured on the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms satellites (in place of examining field and particle spectra, as done by Nishimura et al.), we show that chorus cannot produce the field‐aligned electrons associated with pulsating auroras in the Nishimura et al. (2010, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1193186) events, but TDSs can. Equatorial field‐aligned electron distributions associated with pulsating auroras and created by TDS in the absence of chorus or any other wave at the equator are also shown.
Causes of Death in Rheumatoid Arthritis: How Do They Compare to the General Population?
Authors: Widdifield Jessica , Paterson J. Michael , Huang Anjie , Bernatsky Sasha 
Published: March 2018

ObjectiveTo compare mortality rates, underlying causes of death, excess mortality, and years of potential life lost (YPLL) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) relative to the general population.MethodsWe studied an inception cohort of 87,114 Ontario‐based RA patients and 348,456 age/sex/area‐matched general population comparators from years 2000 to 2013. All‐cause, cause‐specific, and excess mortality rates, mortality rate ratios (MRRs), and the YPLL were estimated.ResultsA total of 11,778 RA patients (14%) and 32,472 comparators (9%) died during 508,385 and 1,769,365 patient‐years of follow‐up, respectively, for corresponding mortality rates of 232 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 228–236) and 184 (95% CI 182–186) per 10,000 patient‐years. The leading causes of death in both groups were diseases of the circulatory system, cancer, and respiratory conditions. Increased mortality for all‐cause and specific causes was observed in RA patients relative to the general population. MRRs were elevated for most causes of death. Age‐specific mortality ratios illustrated a high excess mortality among RA patients <45 years of age for respiratory disease and circulatory disease. The YPLL for RA patients was 7,436 per 10,000 persons, compared with 4,083 YPLL among those without RA.ConclusionAmong most causes of death, mortality rates were increased in RA patients relative to the general population. The potential life years lost (before the age of 75 years) among RA patients was roughly double that among those without RA, reflecting higher rate ratios for most causes of death and RA patients dying at earlier ages.
Vertical 1T‐TaS2 Synthesis on Nanoporous Gold for High‐Performance Electrocatalytic Applications
Authors: Huan Yahuan , Shi Jianping , Zou Xiaolong , Gong Yue , Zhang Zhepeng , Li Minghua , Zhao Liyun , Xu Runzhang , Jiang Shaolong , Zhou Xiebo , Hong Min , Xie Chunyu , Li He , Lang Xingyou , Zhang Qing , Gu Lin , Yan Xiaoqin , Zhang Yanfeng 
Published: March 2018

Abstract2D metallic TaS2 is acting as an ideal platform for exploring fundamental physical issues (superconductivity, charge‐density wave, etc.) and for engineering novel applications in energy‐related fields. The batch synthesis of high‐quality TaS2 nanosheets with a specific phase is crucial for such issues. Herein, the successful synthesis of novel vertically oriented 1T‐TaS2 nanosheets on nanoporous gold substrates is reported, via a facile chemical vapor deposition route. By virtue of the abundant edge sites and excellent electrical transport property, such vertical 1T‐TaS2 is employed as high‐efficiency electrocatalysts in the hydrogen evolution reaction, featured with rather low Tafel slopes ≈67–82 mV dec−1 and an ultrahigh exchange current density ≈67.61 µA cm−2. The influence of phase states of 1T‐ and 2H‐TaS2 on the catalytic activity is also discussed with the combination of density functional theory calculations. This work hereby provides fundamental insights into the controllable syntheses and electrocatalytic applications of vertical 1T‐TaS2 nanosheets achieved through the substrate engineering.
Fabrication of a Stable New Polymorph Gold Nanowire with Sixfold Rotational Symmetry
Authors: Lee Seonhee , Bae Changdeuck , Lee Jubok , Lee Subin , Oh Sang Ho , Kim Jeongyong , Park Gyeong‐Su , Jung Hyun Suk , Shin Hyunjung 
Published: March 2018

AbstractGold is known as the most noblest metal with only face‐centered cubic (fcc) structure in ambient conditions. Here, stable hexagonal non‐close‐packed (ncp) gold nanowires (NWs), having a diameter of about 50 nm and aspect ratios of well over 400, are reported. Au NWs are grown in the confined system of nanotubular TiO2 arrays via photoelectrochemical reduction of HAuCl4 precursors. Some of the resulting Au NWs are proved to have sixfold rotational symmetry, observed by transmission electron microscopy tilting experiments. This new polymorph is identified as a hexagonal ncp‐structure with lattice parameters of a = 2.884 Å and c = 7.150 Å, showing quite a large interplanar spacing (c/a ≈ 2.48). That is, Au atoms are close‐packed along the ab plane, but each plane is not closely stacked along the c axis like in graphite. The structure is usually expected to be unstable, but the present ncp‐2H gold is stable under ambient conditions and intense electron beam irradiation, and shows thermal stability up to 400 °C. Moreover, the resulting physical properties as a result of the corresponding change in electronic structures are investigated by comparing the optical properties of fcc and ncp‐2H Au NWs.