bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategic human capital management in the context of cross‐industry and within‐industry mobility frictions
Authors: Starr Evan , Ganco Martin , Campbell Benjamin A. 
Published: May 2018

Research Summary: We develop and test a theory examining how frictions that restrict mobility across industries and frictions constraining mobility within an industry can co‐occur to effectively isolate individual human capital, ultimately changing the firm's make‐versus‐buy decision for human capital. Empirically, we demonstrate that when cross‐industry frictions in the form of limited skill transferability and within‐industry frictions in the form of noncompete enforceability are both present, employees exhibit longer tenures, firms hire workers with less initial experience, firms change the amount and nature of training provided, and wages marginally increase. These findings suggest that sufficiently strong and complementary mobility frictions shift the emphasis of firms’ human capital management practices toward internal development of human capital relative to acquisition on the external market.Managerial Summary: In the face of frictions to employee mobility both within and across industries, which we capture empirically using measures of noncompete enforceability and limited skill transferability across industries, firms tend to hire less experienced workers, such workers exhibit longer tenures, and firms invest more in their training, particularly in the development of new skills. Our findings imply that for firms operating under such complementary frictions, better hiring and internal development capabilities are particularly important for performance, while those firms without such capabilities may benefit from considering ways to circumvent the mobility frictions, including moving out of the focal state or lobbying for different noncompete laws.
The contingent effects of political strategies on firm performance: A political network perspective
Authors: Yan Jackie Zheng , Chang Sea‐Jin 
Published: May 2018

Research Summary:We examine the performance impact of corporate political strategies by analyzing the relationships among firms and various government institutions. While a firm's political connections to a focal government with decision‐making authority enhance performance, connections to a rival government competing with the focal government harm performance, particularly when the rivalry is intense. Firms can neutralize the negative effect from this political rivalry by using direct or indirect connections to a constraining government with power over the focal government. We find support for our conjectures based on an analysis of interactions among Chinese steel firms and the central and provincial governments in acquisition decisions during the industry's consolidation period of 1999–2010.Managerial Summary:Firms invest in political capital in order to influence public policies in their favor. However, the government is a not a monolithic entity and the relationships among various government institutions can alter and even reverse the effects of a firm's political strategy. This research shows that a firm's political connections can be both an asset and a liability. That is, although firms benefit from their connections to governments with decision‐making authority, they can be caught in the crossfire when there is a rivalry between governments. Furthermore, our research suggests that firms can cope with the negative impact from political rivalry by taking advantage of the structural relationships within the political system and influencing governments that have constraining power.
Study of DNA Origami Dimerization and Dimer Dissociation Dynamics and of the Factors that Limit Dimerization
Authors: Liber Miran , Tomov Toma E. , Tsukanov Roman , Berger Yaron , Popov Mary , Khara Dinesh C. , Nir Eyal 
Published: May 2018

AbstractOrganizing DNA origami building blocks into higher order structures is essential for fabrication of large structurally and functionally diverse devices and molecular machines. Unfortunately, the yields of origami building block attachment reactions are typically not sufficient to allow programed assembly of DNA devices made from more than a few origami building blocks. To investigate possible reasons for these low yields, a detailed single‐molecule fluorescence study of the dynamics of rectangular origami dimerization and origami dimer dissociation reactions is conducted. Reactions kinetics and yields are investigated at different origami and ion concentrations, for different ion types, for different lengths of bridging strands, and for the “sticky end” and “weaving welding” attachment techniques. Dimerization yields are never higher than 86%, which is typical for such systems. Analysis of the dynamic data shows that the low yield cannot be explained by thermodynamic instability or structural imperfections of the origami constructs. Atomic force microscopy and gel electrophoresis evidence reveal self‐dimerization of the origami monomers, likely via blunt‐end interactions made possible by the presence of bridging strands. It is suggested that this mechanism is the major factor that inhibits correct dimerization and means to overcome it are discussed.
Activity Origins in Nanocarbons for the Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhang Longzhou , Jia Yi , Yan Xuecheng , Yao Xiangdong 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSustainable hydrogen production is an essential prerequisite for realizing the future hydrogen economy. The electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), as the cornerstone of exploring the mechanism of water electrolysis, has attracted extensive interest in the past decades. Carbon‐based materials with significant merits such as abundance, low cost, high conductivity, and tunable molecular structures, are considered as promising candidates for replacing the commercial noble metal electrocatalysts. To date, activity origins of these carbon‐based electrocatalysts are mainly attributed to the dopants (e.g., N, B, P or S), whereas the contribution of intrinsic/induced carbon defects has recently been a hot research topic. In this Review, besides the development of heteroatoms doping strategies, the latest studies on defective carbon‐based materials for HER electrocatalysis are summarized, especially for various approaches to prepare defective carbons and the detailed introduction regarding the defect catalysis mechanism. Finally, an outlook into the development of future defective carbon‐based HER electrocatalysts is presented.
The mind–body problem
Authors: Chambliss Bryan 
Published: May 2018

The mind–body problem is the problem of explaining how the happenings of our mental lives are related to physical states, events and processes. Proposed solutions to the problem vary by whether and how they endorse physicalism, the claim that mental states are ultimately “nothing over and above” physical states, and by how they understand the interactions between mental and physical states. Physicalist solutions to the mind–body problem have been dominant in the last century, with the variety of physicalism endorsed (reductive or nonreductive) depending upon both the outcome of philosophical arguments and methodological developments in the cognitive and neural sciences. After outlining the dominant contemporary approach to the mind–body problem, I examine the prospects for a solution in light of developments in the cognitive sciences, especially the scientific study of consciousness.This article is categorized under:Philosophy > ConsciousnessPhilosophy > MetaphysicsPhilosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science
Data analytics for internet of things: A review
Authors: Tsai Chun‐Wei , Tsai Pang‐Wei , Chiang Ming‐Chao , Yang Chu‐Sing 
Published: May 2018

The internet of things (IoT), which provides a way to connect every “thing” via the internet to further develop a convenient environment, has been around for more than a decade. The trend of the development of IoT nowadays is to focus not only on its devices and systems but also on data analysis. The main reason is that data from sensors or systems typically contain valuable information that is very useful for improving the system performance or providing a better service to the user if we come up with a good “data analysis” solution. This paper begins with a brief review of data mining technologies for IoT. Then, a reference data analytics architecture is given to show how data analysis technologies can be applied to an IoT system. Finally, applications, open issues, and possible research directions are addressed.This article is categorized under:

Application Areas > Internet and Web‐Based Applications
Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Key Design Issues in Data Mining
Technologies > Computational Intelligence
Technologies > Machine Learning
Stimuli‐responsive nanotherapeutics for precision drug delivery and cancer therapy
Authors: Qiao Yiting , Wan Jianqin , Zhou Liqian , Ma Wen , Yang Yuanyuan , Luo Weixuan , Yu Zhiqiang , Wang Hangxiang 
Published: May 2018

Cancer remains one of the world's leading causes of death. However, most conventional chemotherapeutic drugs only show a narrow therapeutic window in patients because of their inability to discriminate cancer cells from healthy cells. Nanoparticle‐based therapeutics (termed nanotherapeutics) have emerged as potential solutions to mitigate many obstacles posed by these free drugs. Deep insights into knowledge of the tumor microenvironment and materials science make it possible to construct nanotherapeutics that are able to release cargoes in response to a variety of internal stimuli and external triggers. Therefore, such highly sophisticated nanosystems could help impede the premature release of toxic drugs in the blood circulation or healthy tissues, thus enhancing the safety profiles of encapsulated drugs. In this context, this review offers a comprehensive overview of several specific stimuli, including internal stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, enzyme, redox, and H2O2) and external stimuli (e.g., magnetic, photo, and ultrasound). We envision that applications of these smart nanotherapeutics can benefit cancer patients and provide a good chance for clinical translation of many nanoparticle formulas.This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices
Diagnostic Tools > in vitro Nanoparticle‐Based Sensing
Nanoscale platforms for messenger RNA delivery
Authors: Li Bin , Zhang Xinfu , Dong Yizhou 
Published: May 2018

Messenger RNA (mRNA) has become a promising class of drugs for diverse therapeutic applications in the past few years. A series of clinical trials are ongoing or will be initiated in the near future for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Currently, mRNA‐based therapeutics mainly focuses on ex vivo transfection and local administration in clinical studies. Efficient and safe delivery of therapeutically relevant mRNAs remains one of the major challenges for their broad applications in humans. Thus, effective delivery systems are urgently needed to overcome this limitation. In recent years, numerous nanoscale biomaterials have been constructed for mRNA delivery in order to protect mRNA from extracellular degradation and facilitate endosomal escape after cellular uptake. Nanoscale platforms have expanded the feasibility of mRNA‐based therapeutics, and enabled its potential applications to protein replacement therapy, cancer immunotherapy, therapeutic vaccines, regenerative medicine, and genome editing. This review focuses on recent advances, challenges, and future directions in nanoscale platforms designed for mRNA delivery, including lipid and lipid‐derived nanoparticles, polymer‐based nanoparticles, protein derivatives mRNA complexes, and other types of nanomaterials.This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid‐Based Structures
Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid‐Based Structures
Starch-templated bio-synthesis of gold nanoflowers for in vitro antimicrobial and anticancer activities
Authors: Borah D. , Hazarika M. , Tailor P. , Silva A. R. , Chetia B. , Singaravelu G. , Das P. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe describe an in situ method of synthesizing highly branched gold nanoflower (AuNFs) using aqueous seed extract ofSyzygium cumini(L.) Skeels as reductant in the presence of 0.3% starch. Surprisingly, when the same reaction was carried out in the absence of starch or with starch at a lower concentration (0.15%), instead of flower-like morphology quasi-spherical or polyhedral nanoparticles (AuNPs) are obtained. The nanomaterials were extensively characterized by HRTEM, FESEM, UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, XPS and TGA analysis. The biological activities of the materials were investigated for antimicrobial activities against four bacterial strains that include one Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureusMTCC 121), two Gram negative (Escherichia coliMTCC 40 andPseudomonas aeruginosaMTCC 4673) and one fungi (Candida albicansMTCC 227). The nanoparticles functioned as effective antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agents against all the strains under study. Controlled study revealed that, the AuNFs showed improved efficacy over conventional polyhedral AuNPs against all the microbes under study which might be attributed to the larger surface-to-volume ratio of the nanoflowers. The AuNFs also showed effective in vitro anticancer activity against a human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) with no significant cytotoxicity. Our data suggest that the AuNFs can significantly reduce the cancer cell growth with IC50value of 20 µg mL−1.
Material Contrast of Scanning Electron and Ion Microscope Images of Metals
Authors: Suzuki T , Kudo M , Sakai Y , Ichinokawa T 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The rapid technical development of FIM (Focused Ion Beam) technology has spawned an increase in spatial resolution capability in scanning ion microscopy (SIM) technology. Furthermore, FIM has been used for preparation of thin specimens in transmission electron microscopy and micro-fabrication of electronic devices in the semiconductor industry. Recently, a scanning ion microscope with a helium field ion source has been developed. Thus, the contrast formation of emission electron images in scanning ion microscopy has been the object of study for analyzing images of materials specimens, similar to the theory behind scanning electron microscope (SEM) contrast formation. Furthermore, whether the electron emission yield γ induced by ion impact is periodic or non-periodic as a function of Z2 (the atomic number of the target) has not been well studied in the low energy region from several keV to the several tens of keV values used in SIM.
Imaging Carbon Nanoparticles in Cells
Authors: Gass Mhairi , Porter Alexandra 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The application of nanotechnology in disciplines as varied as medicine and electronics is advancing rapidly with carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) such as fullerenes (C60) and nanotubes at the forefront. However, a lack of understanding of the interaction of such small structures with cellular material has resulted in concerns over their impact on human health and since the individual structures have a diameter of ~1 nm they are potentially small enough to penetrate through ion channels or diffuse through pores in the nuclear membrane. Assessing their toxicity is imperative. In response to these concerns there has been an increase in the number of papers addressing the toxicity of carbon nanoparticles over the last few years but much of this data appears contradictory. It is therefore essential to understand how the human body interacts with CNPs and more specifically to elucidate pathways by which CNPs enter the cell and their distribution within.
Nanoparticle Measurement Through Visualisation
Authors: Carr Bob , Malloy Andrew 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In this article, we will describe how nanoscale particles may be individually visualised (but not imaged) in liquids and from which higher resolution particle size distribution profiles can be obtained compared to other light scattering techniques. The method is called Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA)
Sample preparation is minimal, requiring only dilution with a suitable solvent to an acceptable concentration range (between 10 and 1010 particles per ml depending on sample type). Accurate and reproducible analyses can be obtained from video images of only a few seconds duration and the results allow particle number concentration to be recovered. Given the close to real-time nature of the technique, particle-particle interactions are accessible as is information about sample aggregation and dissemination. All particle types can be measured and in any solvent type providing that the particles scatter sufficient light to be visible (i.e. are not indexed matched).
Microscopy and Microanalysis of Corona Textures in Eclogitic Greenschists from the Eastern Alps, Austria
Authors: Sturm Robert 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Metamorphic rocks formed under conditions of high temperature (&gt;600°C) and high lithological pressure (&gt;1 GPa) and being subject to a subsequent tectonic uplift commonly include a remarkable number of fascinating mineral textures. One type of these well known and extensively described high-grade metamorphic textures are the so-called corona structures or reaction rims which, by definition, are primarily based on metamorphic reactions that cause the formation of concentric layers of new mineral phases separating an older and unstable mineral core from a newer and equally unstable mineral matrix. In other words, corona structures in metamorphic rocks preserve evidence of changes in the environmental conditions (temperature, pressure, fugacity of H2O) experienced by the rock during its tectonometamorphic history.
Looking at Proteins Interacting and Folding inside Cells
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy has revolutionized cell biology. Not only has it increased the spatial resolution with which certain processes are visualized, but it has allowed microscopists to monitor more than one event at a time. One of the remaining challenges is to see how proteins fold and assume their native conformations within living cells. Recently, Nathan Luedtke, Rachel Dexter, Daniel Fried, and Alanna Schepartz have demonstrated a technique to demonstrate these events in situ.
Life In and Under the Antarctic Ice Sheets
Authors: Doyle Shawn , Amato Pierre , Christner Brent 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The discovery of viable microbial life in ancient glacial ice has opened up a plethora of questions related to how life can be sustained in such extreme environments. Cryo-microscopic analysis of lab prepared ice samples indicates that microbes are located in the small veins of water that exist between individual ice crystals. Crucial to these studies is to obtain an understanding of the physicochemical habitat for life through physiological and microscopic analysis.
Signature Analysis applied to EDS microanalysis
Authors: Colby J W , Ward D C 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Most spectroscopies (FTIR, XRD, RAMAN, MS, etc.), were developed in order to identify materials. This is accomplished by capturing the spectral “signature” of an unknown and matching it to those of a comprehensive database of reference materials. Development of these spectroscopies has included efforts to embellish the associated database. EDS evolved as a resource to provide qual/quant, and development has been to improve the accuracy of quantation. Until recently, EDS was not considered a spectroscopy to provide identification of materials.
Surface Preparation of Uranium by Ion Milling
Authors: Carpenter Donald A , Bridges Robert L 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Metallographic examinations of uranium, as carried out with both optical and orientation contrast microscopies (electron backscatter diffraction or EBSD), typically require a final preparation step that involves acid-etching or electropolishing. Uranium oxidizes relatively rapidly after mechanical polishing, making EBSD impossible without additional preparation steps. Conventional specimen preparation generates a mixture of acids and radioactive waste, so-called “mixed waste” as defined by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Mixed waste is more costly to dispose of than either separate component and there is a desire to eliminate mixed waste streams. One simple method to avoid the use of acids in optical metallography is to wait a few minutes for the sample to differentially oxidize to obtain the desired contrast. However, this method is disadvantageous when more than a few micrographs are needed because the sample continues to change with each micrograph.
Extreme High-Resolution SEM: A Paradigm Shift
Authors: Young Richard , Templeton Todd , Roussel Laurent , Gestmann Ingo , van Veen Gerard , Dingle Trevor , Henstra Sander 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
“Extreme high-resolution” (XHR) scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has the potential to change the way we look at SEM. Anyone in the SEM world knows that you don't do high-resolution SEM at low accelerating voltages because of chromatic aberration limitations. The XHR design offers a new way to deal with chromatic aberration and realize the huge benefit of reduced beam penetration.
The new Magellan 400 SEM family is the first to offer subnanometer resolution over the entire electron energy range from 1 keV to 30 keV, effectively establishing a new performance category known as XHR SEM (Figure 1). To achieve this unprecedented performance, the Magellan combines novel electron optical design elements with technologies developed for the industry-leading Titan (scanning) transmission electron microscope (S/TEM) and DualBeam (focused ion /SEM) platforms.
A New Perspective on Mechanical Testing: In Situ Compression in the TEM
Authors: Nowak Julia Deneen , Shan Zhiwei , Warren Oden L 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Testing the mechanical properties of nanoscale materials faces a number of inherent challenges. As the size of the “target” decreases, the inability to actually see what occurs during testing can be troublesome. While a number of studies have attempted to characterize the mechanical response of nanoscale materials using traditional nanoindentation techniques, certain lingering questions have always remained. For example, the nature and sequence of failure events in the case of multilayer films has long been the subject of scientific debate. Similarly, in the case of individual nanoparticles, it is often difficult to ascertain that contact was both made and maintained throughout the test. Further, the crystallographic orientation of the sample and/or the presence of preexisting defects, which can have a significant influence on mechanical properties at the nanoscale, typically remain unknown.
A Scanning Tunneling Microscope as a Switch in a Nanocomputer
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
There are several “molecular machines” that have been devised on a nanometer scale, made from proteins, DNA, and other molecules. A molecular machine is a system that generates physical forces at the atomic level, controlled by an external stimulus. Since all of the proposed circuits connect components linearly, they only communicate with one machine at a time. Now, Anirban Bandyopadhyay and Somobrata Acharya have devised an ingenious device that has the potential to communicate different instructions to many molecular machines simultaneously. They demonstrated that 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1–4-benzoquinone (duroquinone; DRQ) can be assembled as 17 identical molecules, one central molecule surrounded radially by 16 others. The central molecule can control the conformation of all the others when switched to one of four logic states by suitable pulses from an atomic sharp needle of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM).