bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood parasites infecting the Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin), a unique neotropical folivorous bird
Authors: Pacheco M. Andreína , García-Amado M. Alexandra , Manzano Jaime , Matta Nubia E. , Escalante Ananias A. 
Published: February 2019

The Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin) is the only extant member of the order Opisthocomiformes. This unique South American bird lives in the riparian lowland vegetation characteristic of the Amazon and Orinoco basins. Hoatzins nest in communal social units close to water bodies; they are strictly folivores being the only bird with pregastric fermentation in the crop. Because of the complex logistics involved in capturing this bird, there is a knowledge gap on its parasites. This study documents two distant lineages of haemosporidian parasites (Plasmodium spp.) in a juvenile and two adults sampled in the Cojedes state, Venezuela. Although negative by microscopy, the parasite identification was possible by using molecular methods. We estimated the phylogenetic relationships on the parasite cytochrome b (cytb, 480 bp) gene and the mitochondrial DNA. We found one of the parasites lineages in two individuals (nestling and adult), and the corresponding fragment of cytb was identical to a one found in Wood Stork (Mycteria americana) from Brazil. The other lineage, found in an adult, has an identity of 469 out of 478 bp (98%) with Plasmodium sp. GAL-2012 (isolate THAMB08) from Brazil. Although a morphological description of these parasites was not possible, this is the first molecular study focusing on Hoatzin haemosporidian parasites and the first documentation of Plasmodium infections in the Hoatzin from Venezuela. Furthermore, we reported microfilaria in two adults as well as hematological parameters for six individuals. Information on hematological parameters could contribute to establishing the necessary baseline to detect underlying conditions, such as infections, in this bird species.
A Series of MAX Phases with MA‐Triangular‐Prism Bilayers and Elastic Properties
Authors: Chen Hongxiang , Yang Dongliang , Zhang Qinghua , Jin Shifeng , Guo Liwei , Deng Jun , Li Xiaodong , Chen Xiaolong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe report a new type of MAX phase (M=transition metals, A=main group elements, and X=C/N), Nb3As2C, designated as 321 phase. It differs from all the previous Mn+1AXn phases in that it consists of an alternate stacking of one MX layer and two MA layers in its unit cell, while only one MA layer is allowed in usual MAX phases. The new 321 phase exhibits a bulk modulus of Nb3As2C up to 225(3) GPa as determined by high‐pressure synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, one of the highest values among MAX phases. Isostructural 321 phases V3As2C, Nb3P2C, and Ta3P2C are also found to exist. First‐principles calculations reveal the outstanding elastic stiffness in 321 phases. Among all 321 phases, Nb3P2C is predicted to have the highest elastic properties. These 321 phases, represented by a chemical formula Mn+1AnX, were added as new members to the MAX family and their other properties deserve future investigations.
Atomically Dispersed Ruthenium Species Inside Metal–Organic Frameworks: Combining the High Activity of Atomic Sites and the Molecular Sieving Effect of MOFs
Authors: Ji Shufang , Chen Yuanjun , Zhao Shu , Chen Wenxing , Shi Lijun , Wang Yu , Dong Juncai , Li Zhi , Li Fuwei , Chen Chen , Peng Qing , Li Jun , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIncorporating atomically dispersed metal species into functionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can integrate their respective merits for catalysis. A cage‐controlled encapsulation and reduction strategy is used to fabricate single Ru atoms and triatomic Ru3 clusters anchored on ZIF‐8 (Ru1@ZIF‐8, Ru3@ZIF‐8). The highly efficient and selective catalysis for semi‐hydrogenation of alkyne is observed. The excellent activity derives from high atom‐efficiency of atomically dispersed Ru active sites and hydrogen enrichment by the ZIF‐8 shell. Meanwhile, ZIF‐8 shell serves as a novel molecular sieve for olefins to achieve absolute regioselectivity of catalyzing terminal alkynes but not internal alkynes. Moreover, the size‐dependent performance between Ru3@ZIF‐8 and Ru1@ZIF‐8 is detected in experiment and understood by quantum‐chemical calculations, demonstrating a new and promising approach to optimize catalysts by controlling the number of atoms.
The Prins Reaction in the Fragrance Industry: 100th Anniversary (1919–2019)
Authors: Doro Franco , Akeroyd Niels , Schiet Franc , Narula Anubhav 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Prins reaction, an acid‐catalyzed condensation of alkenes with aldehydes, is used extensively in the fragrance industry. This year we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the discovery of this reaction. In honor of this occasion we present an overview of the diverse applications of the Prins reaction in the synthesis of flavor and fragrance ingredients. To pay tribute to the inventor of the Prins reaction, Hendrik Jacobus Prins, we also provide some insight into his life, scientific, and entrepreneurial accomplishments.
Automated De Novo Drug Design: Are We Nearly There Yet?
Authors: Schneider Gisbert , Clark David E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMedicinal chemistry and, in particular, drug design have often been perceived as more of an art than a science. The many unknowns of human disease and the sheer complexity of chemical space render decision making in medicinal chemistry exceptionally demanding. Computational models can assist the medicinal chemist in this endeavour. Provided here is an overview of recent examples of automated de novo molecular design, a discussion of the concepts and computational approaches involved, and the daring prediction of some of the possibilities and limitations of drug design using machine intelligence.
Modular Design of Noble‐Metal‐Free Mixed Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts for Complete Water Splitting
Authors: Gao Dandan , Liu Rongji , Biskupek Johannes , Kaiser Ute , Song Yu‐Fei , Streb Carsten 
Published: February 2019

AbstractElectrocatalytic water splitting into H2 and O2 is a key technology for carbon‐neutral energy. Here, we report a modular materials design leading to noble metal‐free composite electrocatalysts, which combine high electrical conductivity, high OER and HER reactivity and high durability. The scalable bottom‐up fabrication allows the stable deposition of mixed metal oxide nanostructures with different functionalities on copper foam electrodes. The composite catalyst shows sustained OER and HER activity in 0.1 m aqueous KOH over prolonged periods (t>10 h) at low overpotentials (OER: ≈300 mV; HER: ≈100 mV) and high faradaic efficiencies (OER: ≈100 %, HER: ≈98 %). The new synthetic concept will enable the development of multifunctional, mixed metal oxide composites as high‐performance electrocatalysts for challenging energy conversion and storage reactions.
Direct Observation of a Li‐Ionic Space‐Charge Layer Formed at an Electrode/Solid‐Electrolyte Interface
Authors: Nomura Yuki , Yamamoto Kazuo , Hirayama Tsukasa , Ouchi Satoru , Igaki Emiko , Saitoh Koh 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWhen two different materials come into contact, mobile carriers redistribute at the interface according to their potential difference. Such a charge redistribution is also expected at the interface between electrodes and solid electrolytes. The redistributed ions significantly affect the ion conduction through the interface. Thus, it is essential to determine the actual distribution of the ionic carriers and their potential to improve ion conduction. We succeeded in visualizing the ionic and potential profiles in the charge redistribution layer, or space‐charge layer (SCL), formed at the interface between a Cu electrode and Li‐conductive solid electrolyte using phase‐shifting electron holography and spatially resolved electron energy‐loss spectroscopy. These electron microscopy techniques clearly showed the Li‐ionic SCL, which dropped by 1.3 V within a distance of 10 nm from the interface. These techniques could contribute to the development of next‐generation electrochemical devices.
Organelle‐Targeted BODIPY Photocages: Visible‐Light‐Mediated Subcellular Photorelease
Authors: Kand Dnyaneshwar , Pizarro Lorena , Angel Inbar , Avni Adi , Friedmann‐Morvinski Dinorah , Weinstain Roy 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPhotocaging facilitates non‐invasive and precise spatio‐temporal control over the release of biologically relevant small‐ and macro‐molecules using light. However, sub‐cellular organelles are dispersed in cells in a manner that renders selective light‐irradiation of a complete organelle impractical. Organelle‐specific photocages could provide a powerful method for releasing bioactive molecules in sub‐cellular locations. Herein, we report a general post‐synthetic method for the chemical functionalization and further conjugation of meso‐methyl BODIPY photocages and the synthesis of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐, lysosome‐, and mitochondria‐targeted derivatives. We also demonstrate that 2,4‐dinitrophenol, a mitochondrial uncoupler, and puromycin, a protein biosynthesis inhibitor, can be selectively photoreleased in mitochondria and ER, respectively, in live cells by using visible light. Additionally, photocaging is shown to lead to higher efficacy of the released molecules, probably owing to a localized and abrupt release.
In vitro plant regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated transformation of Datura stramonium (Solanaceae)
Authors: Rajewski Alex C. , Elkins Kevan B. , Henry Ashley , Van Eck Joyce , Litt Amy 
Published: February 2019

Premise of the StudyDatura stramonium is a pharmacologically and evolutionarily important plant species in the family Solanaceae. Stable transformation methodology of this species would be advantageous for future genetic studies.MethodsIn vitro plant regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated transformation techniques were developed for D. stramonium based on methods reported for tomato. A binary vector containing pAtUBQ10::erGFP was used for transformation.ResultsWe recovered primary transformants harboring the green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene that resulted in expression of fluorescence in all tissues analyzed. Transformants were allowed to self‐pollinate, and two of five progeny contained the GFP transgene and displayed fluorescence identical to the primary transformants.DiscussionWe have demonstrated the first stable transformation in the genus Datura. This is a key first step to study the genetic basis of traits in this evolutionarily interesting species.
A virus‐induced gene‐silencing system for functional genetics in a betalainic species, Amaranthus tricolor (Amaranthaceae)
Authors: Adhikary Dinesh , Khatri‐Chhetri Upama , Tymm Fiona J. M. , Murch Susan J. , Deyholos Michael K. 
Published: February 2019

Premise of the StudyResearch in Amaranthaceae could be accelerated by developing methods for targeted gene silencing. Most amaranths, including Amaranthus tricolor, produce betalains. However, the physiological and ecological roles of these pigments are uncertain. We sought to establish a virus‐induced gene‐silencing (VIGS) method for amaranths, using silencing of betalain pigments as a proof‐of‐principle.MethodsWe targeted AtriCYP76AD1, a putative cytochrome P450 component of the betalain biosynthetic pathway, using VIGS, and compared two different methods of introducing the VIGS construct into plants. We measured transcript abundance and concentrations of betalains and their l‐DOPA precursor in VIGS‐treated plants, and compared these to controls.ResultsWe observed that when AtriCYP76AD1 was targeted by VIGS in normally red plants, AtriCYP76AD1 and the related genes AtriCYP76AD6 and AtriCYP76AD5 had diminished transcript abundance. Furthermore, newly emergent petioles and leaves of VIGS‐treated plants appeared green, betacyanin accumulation was strongly reduced, and l‐DOPA accumulation was increased. No betaxanthin could be detected in this variety of A. tricolor, either before or after VIGS treatment.DiscussionThese results help to establish the genetic basis of betalain synthesis in amaranths. Furthermore, this is the first report of VIGS in amaranths and demonstrates the potential of this technique for basic and applied research in these species.
Impulsive semilinear heat equation with delay in control and in state
Authors: Camacho Oscar , Leiva Hugo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we prove the interior approximate controllability of the impulsive semilinear heat equation with delay in control and in state by proving first that the linear heat equation with delay in control is approximately controllable. After that, we add impulses and a nonlinear perturbation with delay in state, and using Rothe's fixed point theorem, we prove that the interior approximate controllability of the impulsive semilinear system. Finally, we present some open problems and a possible general framework to study the controllability of impulsive semilinear diffusion process in Hilbert spaces with delay in control and in state.
Screening of ten cytochrome P450 enzyme activities with 12 probe substrates in human liver microsomes using cocktail incubation and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Ji , Lee Hyunyoung , Ji Hyeon‐Kyeong , Lee Taeho , Liu Kwang‐Hyeon 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTesting for potential drug interactions of new chemical entities is essential when developing a novel drug. In this study, an assay was designed to evaluate drug interactions with 10 major human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes incubated in liver microsomes, involving 12 probe substrates with two cocktail incubation sets used in a single liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) run. The P450 substrate composition in each cocktail set was optimized to minimize solvent effects and mutual drug interactions among substrates as follows: cocktail A was composed of phenacetin for CYP1A2, bupropion for CYP2B6, amodiaquine for CYP2C8, diclofenac for CYP2C9, S‐mephenytoin for CYP2C19, and dextromethorphan for CYP2D6; cocktail B was composed of coumarin for CYP2A6, chlorzoxazone for CYP2E1, astemizole for CYP2J2, and midazolam, nifedipine, and testosterone for CYP3A. Multiple probe substrates were used for CYP3A owing to the multiple substrate‐binding sites and substrate‐dependent inhibition. After incubation in human liver microsomes, each incubation mixture was pooled and all probe metabolites were simultaneously analysed in a single LC–MS/MS run. Polarity switching was used to acquire the negative‐ion mode for hydroxychlorzoxazone and positive‐ion mode for the remaining analytes. The method was validated by comparing the inhibition data obtained from incubation of each individual probe substrate alone and with the substrate cocktails. The half‐maximal inhibitory concentration values obtained from the cocktail and individual incubations were well correlated and in agreement with previously reported values. This new method will be useful in assessing the drug interaction potential of new chemical entities during new drug development.
Tristetraprolin attenuates brain edema in a rat model of cerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Li Peiyu , Zhang Junwu , Li Xin , Gao Hongwei 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectivesWe evaluated the protective effects of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)/tristetraprolin (TTP) against brain edema in a rat model of cerebral hemorrhage, bleeding in the brain that occurs in tissues and ventricles. TTP is a well‐known mRNA‐binding protein and essential regulatory molecule for gene expression.MethodsCerebral hemorrhage was induced in male albino rats divided into four homogeneous groups: normal control (I), control (II), PP2A siRNA (III), and scrambled siRNA (IV). Neurological scores, caspase‐3 mRNA and protein expression, PP2A and TTP protein expression, apoptosis, and water content in the brain were determined.ResultsThe neurological score decreased substantially to 8.2 in rats in which cerebral hemorrhage was induced and was further reduced to 7.4 and 7.7 in groups III and IV, respectively. Caspase‐3 expression increased significantly by 90% in group II and by 26.9% in group III. Apoptosis increased by 26.1% in rats in which cerebral hemorrhage was induced and increased considerably by 35.3% and 33.4% in groups III and IV, respectively. PP2A and TTP protein expression increased significantly by 87% and 59%, as compared to their respective sham controls. However, PP2A and TTP siRNA treatment reduced the protein expression of PP2A and TTP in groups III and IV. The water content in the brain increased significantly by 77.4% in rats in which cerebral hemorrhage was induced (group II), as compared to the sham group. The water content in the brain increased by 84.1% and 78.7% in groups III and IV, respectively.ConclusionTaken together, these data indicate that TTP has a protective role against brain edema by reducing inflammation, apoptosis, and water content in the brain at 48 hr after cerebral hemorrhage. Our findings may be useful for developing important approaches to treating brain injury.
Application of 82Sr/82Rb generator in neurooncology
Authors: Kostenikov Nikolay A. , Zhuikov Boris L. , Chudakov Valeriy M. , Iliuschenko Yuriy R. , Shatik Sergey V. , Zaitsev Vadim V. , Sysoev Dmitriy S. , Stanzhevskiy Andrey A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe applicability of “Rubidium Chloride, 82Rb from Generator” radiopharmaceutical for brain tumors (BT) diagnostics is demonstrated on the basis of the application experience of the radiopharmaceutical in neurooncology.ExperimentalA total of 21 patients with various brain tumors and nonneoplastic abnormal brain masses were investigated.Results and DiscussionsThe results of the imaging and differential diagnostics of malignant and benign tumors, nonneoplastic abnormal brain masses and lesions revealed the prevalence of high uptake of the radiopharmaceutical in the malignant tumors in comparison with benign glioma and arteriovenous malformations in which 82Rb‐chloride accumulates in the vascular phase but does not linger further. The ultra‐short half‐life of radionuclide 82Rb (76 s) along with a low absorbed radiation dose with 82Rb‐chloride by intravenous administration create a new possibility of successive use of two or more radiopharmaceuticals for the examination of the same patient. For instance, PET examination with 18F‐FDG, 11C‐methionine, 11C‐choline, or any other radiopharmaceutical can be carried out in just 7–15 min. after 82Rb‐chloride injection.ConclusionResearch demonstrated an effectiveness of 82Rb‐chloride application as a diagnostic agent in neurooncology. A method of dosing and administration of the generator‐produced radiopharmaceutical has been worked out. It is possible to do up to 600 PET sessions using one Russian 82Rb generator GR‐01. The generator is proved to be reliable and easy to use. The interest in 82Rb‐chloride as a tumor‐seeking radiopharmaceutical rose due to the active application of the modern devices PET/CT in the routine clinical practice.
A systematic review of research investigating the physiological and psychological effects of combining Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng into a single treatment in humans: Implications for research design and analysis
Authors: Reay Jonathon Lee , van Schaik Paul , Wilson Christopher James 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackground and PurposeThe traditional herbal supplements Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba are self‐medicated by members of the general public and prescribed by healthcare professionals in some EU countries for numerous health complaints. Clinical evidence is mixed and mechanisms of action are not fully understood. There is clinical interest into the synergistic effects of combining both herbs.MethodsWe systematically review the literature investigating the effects of combination treatments on physiological and psychological outcomes in humans. We identified all studies meeting inclusion criteria: (a) written in English; (b) peer‐reviewed; (c) conducted in humans; (d) including either a proprietary Panax ginseng/Ginkgo biloba treatment or a study preparation containing both; (e) placebo‐controlled; (f) utilizing standardized extracts. We critically discuss each trial; calculate standardized effect sizes where possible and provide recommendations for research design and analysis.ResultsEight studies were identified and all investigated a proprietary combination treatment, Gincosan®. Studies are of high quality and robust; however, practice effects, choice of statistical model, and reliance upon null‐hypothesis significance testing hinder generalized estimates of effect. The most consistent results are benefits to aspects of the circulatory/cardiovascular system in patient populations and “secondary memory” performance in patient and healthy populations. Two studies demonstrate synergy in healthy populations following a single dose; however, synergy in patient populations and following repeated dosing has not yet been directly tested.ConclusionsA Panax ginseng and Ginkgo biloba combination treatment can improve aspects of physiological and cognitive function in humans; however, evidence for synergy requires further investigation and future research should directly investigate synergy following repeated dosing.
Square Grid Metal–Chloranilate Networks as Robust Host Systems for Guest Sorption
Authors: Kingsbury Christopher J. , Abrahams Brendan F. , Auckett Josie E. , Chevreau Hubert , Dharma A. David , Duyker Samuel , He Qilin , Hua Carol , Hudson Timothy A. , Murray Keith S. , Phonsri Wasinee , Peterson Vanessa K. , Robson Richard , White Keith F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractReaction of the chloranilate dianion with Y(NO3)3 in the presence of Et4N+ in the appropriate proportions results in the formation of (Et4N)[Y(can)2], which consists of anionic square‐grid coordination polymer sheets with interleaved layers of counter‐cations. These counter‐cations, which serve as squat pillars between [Y(can)2] sheets, lead to alignment of the square grid sheets and the subsequent generation of square channels running perpendicular to the sheets. The crystals are found to be porous and retain crystallinity following cycles of adsorption and desorption. This compound exhibits a high affinity for volatile guest molecules, which could be identified within the framework by crystallographic methods. In situ neutron powder diffraction indicates a size‐shape complementarity leading to a strong interaction between host and guest for CO2 and CH4. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments indicate significant interactions between the host framework and discrete I2 or Br2 molecules. A series of isostructural compounds (cat)[MIII(X‐an)2] with M=Sc, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Lu, Bi or In, cat=Et4N, Me4N and X‐an=chloranilate, bromanilate or cyanochloranilate bridging ligands have been generated. The magnetic properties of representative examples (Et4N)[Gd(can)2] and (Et4N)[Dy(can)2] are reported with normal DC susceptibility but unusual AC susceptibility data noted for (Et4N)[Gd(can)2].
Isomerizing Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Pollini Jacqueline , Pankau Wolf M. , Gooßen Lukas J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIsomerizing olefin metathesis is currently undergoing a transformation from laboratory curiosity to powerful synthetic concept at the heart of orthogonal tandem catalysis. In this process, an isomerization catalyst continuously moves double bonds along carbon chains, while a metathesis catalyst scrambles the residues at the C−C double bonds. This cooperative action of two catalysts can be used to access single, defined products from a complex mixture of compounds. Alternatively, it enables the transformation of uniform starting materials into complex product blends with defined, tunable properties. This concept article highlights recent developments and potential applications of this fascinating reaction concept.