bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ammonia Assimilation by Thiocapsa roseopersicina Grown on Various Nitrogen and Carbon/Electron Sources
Authors: Bast Eckhard 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Batch cultures of the phototrophic bacterium, Thiocapsa roseopersicina, were grown anaero­ bically in the light either on sulfide with various ammonia concentrations, N 2 or amino acids as nitrogen sources, or on several simple organic substrates in the absence of reduced sulfur com­ pounds using 6 mM NH4Cl as source of nitrogen. At high ammonia concentrations high activities of (NADPH-linked) glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), but rather low transferase and no bio­ synthetic activity of glutamine synthetase (GS) were obtained, while under conditions of ammonia deficiency (growth with N 2 or glutamate) GDH activity was very low and both GS activities were strongly increased. Glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity (NADH-dependent) showed little variation. These data indicate that at high NH+ concentrations ammonia is assimilated via GDH, under NHJ limitation, however, via the GS/GOGAT system. Glutamine as nitrogen source may be utilized via GOGAT as well as via an active glutaminase plus GDH. Ammonia, but not glutamine, seems to cause repression and inactivation of GS. Alanine and asparagine inactivate the enzyme inhibiting the biosynthetic, but not the transferase activity. These amino acids in part also influence the activities of GDH, GOGAT, malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH).
Cultures grown on acetate or pyruvate instead of sulfide showed increased GDH activities and high GS transferase activities possibly reflecting an increase of intracellular a-ketoglutarate concentration. On malate or fructose also increased GS transferase activities, but rather low GDH activities were observed. High biosynthetic GS activities and elevated GOGAT activities were found only in fructose-grown cells. On the organic substrates the ICDH activities always were somewhat higher than after lithoautotrophic growth. With the exception of acetate, the MDH activities were considerably elevated, especially on pyruvate. The different pathways of ar-keto-glutarate formation and their influence on the enzymes of ammonia assimilation are discussed.
Die Mureinstruktur. I. Ermittlung der Mureinschichtdicke an festen Präparaten von Spirillum serpens Zellwänden mit Röntgenkleinwinkelmethoden / Estimation of the Mureinlayerthickness of Spirillum serpens Using Small-Angle X-Ray Methods
Authors: Wawra H. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The mureinlayerthickness of Spirillum serpens was estimated by means of small-angle X-ray scattering methods using solid preparates of broken cell walls. The interpretation of the scattering curves was possible by application of G. Porod's scattering theory of packings of lamellae.
Aminoacylase from Aspergillus oryzae. Comparison with the Pig Kidney Enzyme
Authors: Gentzen Ingrid , Löffler Hans-G. , Schneider Friedh. 
Published: August 2018

Aminoacylase (EC 3.5.1.14) from Aspergillus oryzae was purified from a commercially available crude material by heat treatment, precipitation by polyethyleneimine and ammoniumsulfate, gel chromatography and preparative disc-gel-electrophoresis. The purified product was homogenous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
SDS-gel electrophoresis, polyacrylamide-gel-gradient electrophoresis, gel chromatography and amino acid analysis demonstrated the enzyme to be composed of two subunits with Mr of 36 600.
The kinetic properties of the enzyme were studied with chloroacetyl derivatives of alanine, phenylalanine, methionine, leucine, norleucine and tryptophan. The pH optimum of the acylase activity with chloroacetyl-alanine as substrate is at pH 8.5. Acyl derivatives of hydrophobic amino acids are preferred substrates. The enzyme has no dipeptidase activity.
Aminoacylase is not inhibited by SH-blocking agents and no SH-groups could be detected with Ellman’s reagent in the native and denatured enzyme. The enzyme activity is insensitive to phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and N-α-p-tosylʟ-lysine chloromethyl ketone.
The microbial acylase is a zinc metallo enzyme. Metal chelating agents are strong inhibitors; it is further inhibited by Cd2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and activated by Co2+.
The properties of pig kidney and Aspergillus acylase are compared.
Effects of Polynucleotides on Production and Activity of Streptolysin S
Authors: Taketo Yoriko , Taketo Akira 
Published: August 2018

Activity of various natural and synthetic polynucleotides as a carrier for streptolysin S was tested in a resting cell system. As the carrier, intact molecules of MS2 RNA, E. coli tRNA or rat liver RNA were almost inactive, whereas RNase I core of these RNAs, especially the core-frac­tions eluted from DEAE-cellulose column at higher NaCl concentrations, effectively induced pro­duction of the extracellular hemolysin. The carrier activity of yeast RNA was significantly en­hanced by simultaneous addition of RNase I, to the streptococcal suspension. Preincubation of yeast RNA with growing streptococci or a protein fraction from the bacterial culture supernatant increased its carrier activity. Evidences were obtained suggesting involvement of streptococcal nuclease in the enhancement of the carrier effect. Production of the streptococcal hemolysin was markedly promoted by polyguanylic acid but neither by polyadenylic acid, polycytidylic acid nor by polyuridylic acid.
Like trypan blue, polyguanylic acid exerted potent inhibitory effect on hemolytic activity of streptolysin S complex. Similar but less marked effect was observed with certain RNase I core fractions of rat liver RNA. Some data concerning effect of polynucleotides on stability of the hemolysin were also presented.
Chloroplast Autonomy in Acetyl-Coenzyme-A-Formation and Terpenoid Biosynthesis
Authors: Grumbach K. H. , Forn B. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Isolated intact spinach chloroplasts were supplied with 14C-labeled CO2, phosphoglycerate, phos-phoenolpyruvate, acetate and mevalonate and the incorporation of radioactivity into β-carotene and plastoquinone-9 assayed. All applied substrates were capable of crossing the chloroplast envelope. Except phosphoenolpyruvate all radioactive precursors were incorporated into β-carotene and also into plastoquinone-9. It is concluded that spinach chloroplasts are autonom in acetyl-coenzyme-A-formation and terpenoid biosynthesis. There is a direct carbon flow from intermediates of the Calvin-cycle via acetyl-coenzyme-A and mevalonic acid existing in the chlo­ roplast leading to the carotenoids and isoprenoid side-chains of chlorophylls and quinones.
Change of Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Radish Seedlings under the Influence of the Photosystem II-Herbicide Bentazon
Authors: Meier D. , Lichtenthaler H. K. , Burkard G. 
Published: August 2018

The influence of the photosystem II-herbicide bentazon on the ultrastructure of chloroplasts of radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L.) was investigated with special emphasis on thylakoid development and grana formation.
Bentazon application (10-3 ᴍ) induces the formation of broader and higher grana stacks (grana width: 0.5-0.6 μm; greatest frequency: 3-8 thylakoids per granum) than in the control plants (grana width: 0.3 μm; greatest frequency: 2-4 thylakoids per granum). Furthermore, the amount of chloroplast lamellae is enhanced, as are the stacking degree of thylakoids and the grana area. The chloroplasts of bentazon-treated plants appear to be shorter and thicker than in the controls and show all signs of a shade-type adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus.
Verminderter Sauerstoffverbrauch und reduzierte Atemfrequenz verursacht durch "Schweres Wasser" (D2O) bei Fischen / Reduced Oxygen Consumption and Reduced Operculare Movements in Fishes by Heavy W ater (D2O)
Authors: Haeser Pedro E. , Werner Gottfried 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Fishes (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) have a almost 40% reduced oxygen consumption and a 18% reduced operculare movements in normal water containing 20% “heavy water” (D2O) .
Development of Discontinuous Size Classes of Nodules of Glycine max
Authors: Stripf R. , Wemer D. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
In order to characterize developmental stages of nodules of Glycine max nitrogenase activity in the variety Caloria, infected with Rhizobium japonicum 61-A -101, was studied in atmospheres with 19 and 40% O2. By the enhancement effect at 40% O2 four stages of nodule development could be separated. Nitrogenase activity depends also among other things on nodule size. 3 -4 maxima in nodule number and nodule weight were found by fractionating nodules in 12 different size classes. Discontinuous size distribution was found with medium aged and old effective nodules. Nodule number (20 to 30) of effective nodules per plant remains constant. Ineffective nodules remain far smaller than the effective ones, the number increases to more than 140 per plant and only one discontinuous size classe was observed. Bacteroids and plant cytoplasm from nodules of some size classes are characterized by their leghaemoglobin content and specific activity of enzymes of nitrogen metabolism such as aspartate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.1), glutamate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.4.1.2) and alanine de­ hydrogenase (E.C. 1.4.1.1). The data in the various size classes are similar both in the bacteroids and the plant cytoplasm, however, leghaemoglobin content and specific activity of the bacterial enzyme alanine dehydrogenase are positively correlated with the increasing nodule size.
ATP-dependent Proton Transport into Vesicles of Microsomal Membranes of Zea mays Coleoptiles
Authors: Hager Achim , Frenzel Roland , Laible Dorothee 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
ATP-dependent proton pumps were found in the vesicles of microsomal membrane fractions of maize coleoptiles. Two membrane fractions isolated by density gradient centrifugation were identified by the aid of marker enzymes and electron microscopic analysis. Membrane fraction A largely consisted of vesicles of smooth ER and of the Golgi complex, fraction B predominantly of vesicles of plasmalemma and rough ER.
The pH-indicator, neutral red, was used to measure changes in pH in the vesicles after ATP addition. Due to the binding of protonated neutral red molecules (NRH+) to negative charges of the energized membrane, a strong metachromasy of NRH+-absorption can be observed. Therefore, in order to accurately measure A pH a pH-dependent change in absorption of neutral red covering the whole NR-spectrum was set up as difference spectra. The commonly employed method of measuring AA of neutral red at just one wavelength (525 nm) leads to entirely incorrect results.
It could be demonstrated that the ATP-dependent translocation of H+-ions into the interior of the vesicles was most efficient at pH 7. Acidification, which reaches its maximum 10-15 min after ATP addition, can be reverted by adding CCCP.
An ATP-dependent proton-translocation into the vesicles of fraction B was also observed, however, the proton translocation is less than that found in fraction A in relation to the amount of protein found in each.
The membrane fraction A displays a strong oxidation of NADH subsequently followed by an alkalization of the medium. This process cannot be reverted by adding CCCP. NADH oxidation at membranes of fraction A is consequently not an integral part of a redox-pump.
A possible significance of the ATP-dependent proton pump in membranes of the ER and Golgi fraction of coleoptiles is discussed in connection with auxin induced elongation growth.
Zur Beeinflussung der Aktivität von adsorptiv auf eloxierten Aluminiumblechen immobilisierter Urease durch die Anodisier-Bedingungen / The Influence of Anodizing Conditions on the Activity of Urease Immobilized to Anodized Sheet Aluminium
Authors: Grunwald P. , Gunßer W. , Pfaff K. P. , Krause R. , Lutz K. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The activity of urease immobilized by adsorption on anodized sheet aluminium strongly depends on the method chosen for preparation of these carriers. If oxalic acid is applied as electrolyte, only the anodizing temperature significantly influences the activity of the preparations. In case of the well-known GS process, however, the activity is not only affected by the temperature, but also by other conditions of anodizing, for example the current density and the electrolyte concentration. For both methods the correlation between the topography of the carrier surfaces and the activity of enzyme immobilized to the surface is described.
Isolierung von 3-Hydroxyanthranilsäure aus dem Kulturmedium chloridazonabbauender Bakterien / Isolation of 3-Hydroxy-anthranilic Acid from the Culture Medium of Chloridazon Degrading Bacteria
Authors: Buck Robert , Lingens Franz 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid could be isolated from the culture medium of chloridazon degrading bacteria growing under supplementation with phenylalanine. Anthranilate synthase is induced by phenylalanine.
ESR Spectra o f Normal Human Serum after Treatment with Complement Activating Agents*
Authors: Brai Melchiorre , Bartolotta Antonio , Brai Maria , Messina Marcello , Indovina Pietro L. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We describe the appearance of a free-radical signal in the ESR spectrum of normal human serum incubated with several complement activating agents. The intensity of this signal is dependent of dose of activating agents, time and temperature. Signals elicited by different complement activators differ in morphology and kinetics. Inhibition by treatment with EDTA and the presence of the signal in activated C 6-deficient rabbit serum suggest that the con-vertase forming steps of complement activation (C2 to 5) could be the source of free-radical containing molecules.
Über die Komponenten des ätherischen Öls aus Majorana hortensis Moench / On the Essential Oil Components from Majorana hortensis Moench
Authors: Brosche Thorolf , Vostrowsky Otto , Gemeinhardt Fredi , Asmus Ullrich , Knobloch Karl 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
By use of 13CNMR, GLC and GC-MS analysis, 75 compounds, mainly mono-and sesquiterpenes, were identified structurally out of the essential oil of Majorana hortensis Moench. A distinct seasonal dependence in the biosynthesis of terpenoids was observed. The specific application of 13CNMR spectroscopy enabled the structure elucidation of components of an essential oil even of that complexity.
Lipid Labelling in Intact Chloroplasts from Exogenous Nucleotide Precursors
Authors: Bertrams Margrit , Wrage Käthe , Heinz Ernst 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
De novo-synthesis of glycerolipids in chloroplasts is initiated by a stroma enzyme which catalyzes the formation of lyso-phosphatidic acid from glycerophosphate and acyl-CoA. When these substrates are added to isolated, intact chloroplasts, only glycerophosphate can readily pass through the chloroplast envelope which represents a permeation barrier for acyl-CoA, although higher thioester concentrations destroy this membrane system. At low concentrations of acyl-CoA, which do not impair the envelope, intact chloroplasts metabolize exogenous acyl-CoA in two ways to give free fatty acids and labelled phosphatidyl choline. This indicates that the envelope thioesterase can use exogenous substrates.
Isolated, intact chloroplasts fixing radioactive CO2 label free fatty acids and acylglycerols but not galactolipids, since they cannot convert 3-phosphoglycerate into UDP-galactose which in vivo is supplied by the cytoplasm. This cooperation was simulated in vitro by adding all enzymes and cofactors necessary for conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate into UDP-galactose to intact chloro­plasts which then formed labelled monogalactosyl diacylglycerol from labelled CO2.
The time required to transfer envelope-made galactolipids from the envelope into thylakoids was studied by incubating intact chloroplasts with radioactive UDP-galactose, subsequent osmotic disruption of organelles with concomitant enzymatic degradation of UDP-galactose followed by separation of envelopes and thylakoids. Only after short times (< 1min) appreciable proportions 920-30%) of radioactive galactolipid export from envelopes into thylakoids.
Darstellung 5′.5″-phosphatverknüpfter Dinucleoside / Preparation of 5′,5″-Phosphate Linked Dinucleosides
Authors: Bomemann Siegmar , Schlimme Eckhard 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
We report on the chemical preparation of 5′,5″-phosphate bridged dinucleosides (1-16) by applying the 1,1′-carbonyl-diimidazole activation method.
Nucleotides of this unusual type function as 5′-terminal cap structures of most eukaryotic mRNAs and on the monomer level as regulators in macromolecular biosynthesis.
The Specific Labeling in Hypertonic Medium of a Spleen Protein
Authors: Diringer Heino 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The biosynthesis of a 12000 dalton protein species released into the medium by mouse spleen was resistant to the inhibitory effect of hypertonic medium on protein syn­ thesis. This protein fraction comprised 10% or more of the total radioactive protein in the medium but could hardly be detected in the spleens. It was labeled very often to a higher extent in diseased animals. It is not related antigenically to either β-microglobin, mouse-interferon, or to mouse immuno-globulins. A preferential uptake into cells of certain organs, which, when themselves incubated in organ cultures did not synthesize and release the protein, was observed.
Pheromone Bouquet of the Mandibular Glands in Andrena haemorrhoa F. (Hym., Apoidea)
Authors: Francke W. , Reith W. , Bergström G. , Tengö J. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The complex volatile secretion from the mandibular glands of Andrena haemorrhoa (Hym., Apoidea) has been analysed by GC/M S. It is composed primarily of three groups of compounds:
1. Spiroacetals of five different systems: two 1,6-dioxyspiro[4.4]nonanes, four 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5] decanes, two 1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecanes, one 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.6]undecane and one 1,7-dioxa-spiro[5.6]dodecane.
2. Straight chain fatty acid derivatives: methyl ketones, primary and secondary alcohols, acetates and hydrocarbons.
3. Isoprenoids: geraniol and geranyl acetate.
Mass spectral fragmentation patterns have been studied for several synthesized spiroacetals.
Aspartic Acid-Aspartate and Glutamic Acid-Glutamate Hydrogen Bonds Having Great Proton Polarizability — IR Investigations
Authors: Rastogi Pushti Prakash , Zundel Georg 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
α-Amino and α-carboxylate group protected aspartate (Z-asp-OMe) and glutamate (Z-glu-OBZl) solutions in CH2Cl2 are studied as function of the addition of the respective salts by IR spectroscopy. The antisymmetrical stretching vibration of the -CO2
c- groups shifts to the position where v C = O of the acid groups is observed, indicating that both anions in the acid-anion complexes are strongly influenced by the proton. With the formation of these complexes a continuum arises preferentially in the region 1600-900 cm-1 demonstrating that the OH · · · O- ⇌ -O · · · HO bonds formed show great proton polarizability. These hydrogen bonds are short and the proton potential is probably a broad flat well. The degree of the formation of these hydrogen bonds is determined. Finally, it is discussed that positive charge can easily be translocated via such hydrogen bonds in protein molecules.
Temperature Induced Changes in the Absorption Spectra of Porphyridium cruentum and Anacystis nidulans
Authors: Steven Seymour 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Cooling A. nidulans or P. cruentum from 26 °C to 4 °C results in progressive spectral changes. The most significant changes are increases in absorbance at 690 nm (photosystem II), 678 nm (antenna chlorophyll), 625 nm (phycocyanin), and 505 nm (electrochromic band). In the case of P. cruentum there are also increases in absorbance at 568 and 545 nm (B-phycoerythrin) and a decrease at 587 nm. The spectral changes in both organisms are accompanied by decreases at 703 nm (photosystem I or aggregated chlorophyll), 650 nm (allophycocyanin) and 486 nm (carotenoid).
Heating A. nidulans or P. cruentum from 4 °C to 44 °C results in increases in absorbance at 705 nm (photosystem I) and 486 nm (carotenoid), accompanied by decreases at 690 nm (photo­ system II), 676 nm (antenna chlorophyll), 628 nm (phycocyanin), 507 nm (electrochromic band) and 469 nm (carotenoid). In the case of P. cruentum there are also decreases at 568 and 546 nm (B-phycoerythrin) and an increase at 587 nm. The possible origin of the spectral change at 587 nm. The possible origin of the spectral change at 587 nm is discussed.
The spectral changes of the chlorophyll bands (703, 690, 678 nm) and the electrochromic band (502 nm) are associated with phase changes of the lipid membrane. Lowering the temperature results in a decrease of aggregated chlorophyll or photosystem I, and vice versa. These spectral changes are also observed in green chloroplasts.
The spectral changes of the phycobilins may originate from a temperature dependent change of the ion balance of the thylakoid. A spectral change may result from the ensuring modification of the stacking or from an electrochromic effect.
Arrhenius Plots Indicate Localization of Photosynthetic and Respiratory Electron Transport in Different Membrane Regions of Anabaena
Authors: Scherer Siegfried , Stürzl Erwin , Böger Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Photosynthetic and respiratory electron-transport reactions by the blue-green alga, Anabaena variabilis, exhibit a strict temperature dependence in vivo as well as in the cell-free system. The ratio of respiratory oxygen uptake in the dark and oxygen evolution in the light is high after growth at low temperatures (20 °C) and low after growth under optimum temperatures (28 °C). Respiration and photosynthesis show different break temperatures in the Arrhenius plots. Increase of growth temperature yields higher break points for photosynthetic or respiratory electron transport as well. These data are taken as evidence that photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains are embedded in different membrane areas.
ATP Synthesis and Generation of Electrochemical Gradients of Protons in the Catecholamine Storage Organelle of the Adrenal Medulla
Authors: Taugner G. , Wunderlich I. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The reaction rates of ATP formation from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by the catecholamine storage organelles isolated from bovine adrenal medulla accelerated 5-6 fold, when Pi was added at various times after addition of Mg-ADP, as compared to the rates observed when the reaction partners were added simultaneously. The increase of the rates of ATP-Pi exchange upon subsequent addition of Pi to Mg-ATP was less prominent. Mg-ADP induced a ΔΨ (60-70 mV, positive inside), almost equal that induced by Mg-ATP. In both cases ΔΨ was significantly higher in the absence of Pi than in its presence. At pH 7.4 of the medium the ΔpH was 1.4 units indicating an internal pH of 6. It was stable during the reaction time in the presence of Mg-ATP, while in the presence of Mg-ADP the internal pH increased gradually by 0.2 units. Both the ATP forming reactions as well as the nucleotide induced ΔΨ were uncoupler-sensitive (CCCP). Though inhibiting ATP formation from ADP + Pi by 50%, 0.1 mᴍ AP5A (an inhibitor of adenylate kinase) did neither affect ΔΨ nor ΔpH, hence ruling out the possibility that ΔμH· induced by Mg-ADP would be actually due to ATP formed from ADP. Membrane ghosts were not able of ATP synthesis (in the absence of valinomycin), the ATP-Pi exchange was only 10-20% of that of intact organelles, due to the low ΔμH· in the absence of intravesicular soluble constituents. It is proposed that the energy for ATP synthesis is furnished by the high gradients of protonated soluble constituents in the intact organelles.