bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The conjunction fallacy in profiles of victims of homicide
Authors: Dearden Thomas E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractUsing basic probability theory, estimates of the characteristics of the average homicide victim are calculated using the notion of disjoint probability. The assumption of disjoint events (e.g., the victim's race bears no effect on the offender's weapon choice) is then tested empirically using the Uniform Crime Report‐Supplementary Homicide Report. Exploratory results suggest that many demographic and situational characteristics taken together are only slightly more related than chance. Put simply, the average profile of homicide victims portrayed by the media becomes less likely as demographic variables are added. A survey was conducted to test whether individuals conjoined these characteristics, thinking they were more likely to occur together. Consistent with the conjunction fallacy, many participants overestimated the likelihood that certain demographic or situational characteristics will occur together, and some overestimated it to a mathematically impossible degree. These two experiments showcase the difficulty in displaying statistical profiling and how it affects the public's perception of offenders.
Spectral decomposition of Raman spectra of mixed‐phase TiO2 thin films on Si and silicate substrates
Authors: Schipporeit Sebastian , Mergel Dieter 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe present a method to fit Raman spectra of TiO2 thin films on silicon wafers, fused silica, and crown glass with adjustable model spectra of the different components of the substrate and the thin film. With reasonable restrictions of the fitting parameters, the method developed in this paper allows a simultaneous fit to the measured spectra. The TiO2 thin film spectrum is split into one spectrum for the amorphous phase and spectra for each crystalline phase (anatase, rutile, and brookite) being divided into first‐order scattering and a phase background (including second‐order scattering). Moreover, if the substrate is luminescent, the substrate spectrum is split into luminescence and Raman spectra. All decisions on parameters are made by the fitting procedure within a simultaneous fit of a series of spectral models to the observed Raman spectrum. The main strategies for preparing such models are pointed out in a way that they should be applicable to other materials.TiO2 is a promising and flexible material for photocatalytic applications with rapidly growing interest in mixed‐phase TiO2 as nanostructured material or thin film. For the analysis of such films, it is important to differentiate the signals of the various phases and to distinguish between signals from the substrate and the film. This provides a means to improve the quantitative evaluation of Raman spectra.
Dissolved black carbon in aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Wagner Sasha , Jaffé Rudolf , Stubbins Aron 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe incomplete combustion of organic molecules produces a chemically diverse suite of pyrogenic residues termed black carbon (BC). The significance of BC cycling on land has long been recognized, and the recognition of dissolved BC (DBC) as a major component of the aquatic carbon cycle is developing rapidly. As we seek a greater understanding of DBC cycling, our interpretation of environmental DBC concentrations and molecular composition should take into account both the formation conditions of charred residues, and the physico‐chemical transformation of DBC that occurs during transit within aquatic systems. We present the current state of knowledge concerning sources, processing, and sinks of DBC in inland, coastal/estuarine, and ocean waters. We feature studies and new methodologies which focus specifically on the aquatic cycling of DBC, explore the relationship between particulate and dissolved BC, and highlight research gaps which should be targeted to advance our current knowledge of DBC biogeochemistry.
Effect of multiaxial stress and strain on low cycle fatigue, creep and creep‐fatigue lifetimes for type 304 steel cruciform and cubic specimens
Authors: Sakane M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper discusses low cycle fatigue, creep and creep‐fatigue life evaluation methods for a SUS 304 austenitic stainless steel in a full range of strain and stress multiaxiality using a cruciform and cubic specimen. Five multiaxial strain parameters are investigated whether or not they appropriately express the trend of low cycle fatigue lives in the full range of biaxial stress state. Then, the effects of the stress biaxiality and triaxiality on creep void formation are discussed. The stress biaxiality and triaxiality raise the creep void formation and the void formation is confirmed even in an equi‐triaxial tension creep test in which the value of von Mises equivalent stress is zero. However, the stress biaxiality slightly shortens creep rupture lifetimes but the stress triaxiality drastically reduces creep rupture lifetimes. Finally, the effect of strain biaxiality on creep‐fatigue life is discussed based on the experimental results using a cruciform specimen by applying the linear damage rule. The predicted results of creep‐fatigue lives under biaxial strain states are slightly dependent on the applied multiaxial strain and stress parameters but there is no significant difference in the predicted lives depending on the multiaxial strain and stress parameters.
A novel microsurgical rodent model for the transplantation of engineered cardiac muscle flap
Authors: Tee Richard , Morrison Wayne Allan , Dilley Rodney J. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundThe survival of engineered cardiac muscle ‘grafts’ to the epicardium is limited by vascularization post‐transplantation in rat models. In this article, we describe the methodology of a novel rat model that allows for the transplantation of an engineered cardiac muscle flap (ECMF) onto the epicardium.Materials and MethodsA total of 40 rats were used. Twenty‐four neonatal rats were used to harvest cardiomyocytes. At week 1, ECMF were generated by seeding cardiomyocytes into the arteriovenous loop (AVL) tissue engineering chamber implanted into the right groin of adult rats (n = 8). At week 6, the ECMF were harvested based on a pedicle along the femoral‐iliac‐abdominal vessel and anastomosed to the neck vessels of the recipient syngeneic adult rats (n = 8). The flaps were delivered into the thoracic cavity and onto the epicardium. The transplanted flaps were harvested at week 10. Survival of the flaps was assessed by the patency of anastomoses and viability of the cardiomyocytes through histological analysis (hematoxylin and eosin [H&E], desmin, and von Willebrand factor [vWF] immunostaining).ResultsSix out of 8 rats survived the transplantation procedure. These remaining 6 recipient rats survived until harvest time point at 4 weeks post‐transplantation. The mean area of the flap was 46.7mm2. Six out of 6 flaps harvested at week 10 showed viable cardiomyocytes using desmin immunostaining and vascular channels were seen at the interface between flap and epicardium.ConclusionThis is a technically feasible model that will be useful for future assessment of different cardiac stem cell implants and their functional significance in rat heart models.
Prediction of pathological nodal involvement by CT‐based Radiomic features of the primary tumor in patients with clinically node‐negative peripheral lung adenocarcinomas
Authors: Liu Ying , Kim Jongphil , Balagurunathan Yoganand , Hawkins Samuel , Stringfield Olya , Schabath Matthew B. , Li Qian , Qu Fangyuan , Liu Shichang , Garcia Alberto L. , Ye Zhaoxiang , Gillies Robert J. 
Published: April 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of computed tomography (CT) based radiomic features of primary tumors to predict pathological nodal involvement in clinically node‐negative (N0) peripheral lung adenocarcinomas.MethodsA total of 187 patients with clinical N0 peripheral lung adenocarcinomas who underwent preoperative CT scan and subsequently received systematic lymph node dissection were retrospectively reviewed. 219 quantitative 3D radiomic features of primary lung tumor were extracted; meanwhile, nine radiological semantic features were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to explore the role of these features in predicting pathological nodal involvement. The areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) were compared between multivariate logistic regression models.ResultsA total of 153 patients had pathological N0 status and 34 had pathological lymph node metastasis. On univariate analysis, fissure attachment and 17 radiomic features were significantly associated with pathological nodal involvement. Multivariate analysis revealed that semantic features of pleural retraction (P = 0.048) and fissure attachment (P = 0.023) were significant predictors of pathological nodal involvement (AUC = 0.659); and the radiomic feature F185 (Histogram SD Layer 1) (P = 0.0001) was an independent prognostic factor of pathological nodal involvement (AUC = 0.73). A logistic regression model produced from combining radiomic feature and semantic feature showed the highest AUC of 0.758 (95% CI: 0.685–0.831), and the AUC value computed by fivefold cross‐validation method was 0.737 (95% CI: 0.73–0.744).ConclusionsFeatures derived on primary lung tumor described by semantic and radiomic could provide information of pathological nodal involvement in clinical N0 peripheral lung adenocarcinomas.
KIKI‐net: cross‐domain convolutional neural networks for reconstructing undersampled magnetic resonance images
Authors: Eo Taejoon , Jun Yohan , Kim Taeseong , Jang Jinseong , Lee Ho‐Joon , Hwang Dosik 
Published: April 2018

PurposeTo demonstrate accurate MR image reconstruction from undersampled k‐space data using cross‐domain convolutional neural networks (CNNs)MethodsCross‐domain CNNs consist of 3 components: (1) a deep CNN operating on the k‐space (KCNN), (2) a deep CNN operating on an image domain (ICNN), and (3) an interleaved data consistency operations. These components are alternately applied, and each CNN is trained to minimize the loss between the reconstructed and corresponding fully sampled k‐spaces. The final reconstructed image is obtained by forward‐propagating the undersampled k‐space data through the entire network.ResultsPerformances of K‐net (KCNN with inverse Fourier transform), I‐net (ICNN with interleaved data consistency), and various combinations of the 2 different networks were tested. The test results indicated that K‐net and I‐net have different advantages/disadvantages in terms of tissue‐structure restoration. Consequently, the combination of K‐net and I‐net is superior to single‐domain CNNs. Three MR data sets, the T2 fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (T2 FLAIR) set from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and 2 data sets acquired at our local institute (T2 FLAIR and T1 weighted), were used to evaluate the performance of 7 conventional reconstruction algorithms and the proposed cross‐domain CNNs, which hereafter is referred to as KIKI‐net. KIKI‐net outperforms conventional algorithms with mean improvements of 2.29 dB in peak SNR and 0.031 in structure similarity.ConclusionKIKI‐net exhibits superior performance over state‐of‐the‐art conventional algorithms in terms of restoring tissue structures and removing aliasing artifacts. The results demonstrate that KIKI‐net is applicable up to a reduction factor of 3 to 4 based on variable‐density Cartesian undersampling.
Clinical and imaging hallmarks of the MYH7‐related myopathy with severe axial involvement
Authors: Dabaj Ivana , Carlier Robert Y , Gómez‐Andrés David , Neto Osório Abath , Bertini Enrico , D'amico Adele , Fattori Fabiana , PéRéon Yann , Castiglioni Claudia , Rodillo Eliana , Catteruccia Michela , Guimarães júlio Brandão , Oliveira Acary Souza Bulle , Reed Umbertina Conti , Mesrob Lilia , Lechner Doris , Boland Anne , Deleuze Jean‐François , Malfatti Edoardo , Bonnemann Carsten , Laporte Jocelyn , Romero Norma , Felter Adrien , Quijano‐Roy Susana , Moreno Cristiane Araújo Martins , Zanoteli Edmar 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTIntroduction: MYH7 gene mutations are related to a heterogeneous group of skeletal and cardiac myopathies. Methods: We evaluated clinical and muscle MRI changes in patients with mutations in the rod domain of MYH7, including 1 with mosaicism and 3 with novel missense mutations. Results: Patients presented in childhood with a distal and axial phenotype. Biopsy findings were variable. Half of the cases displaying some type of core pathology, including minicores and eccentric cores. Most patients demonstrated internal bands of infiltration (“inverted‐collagen‐VI sign”) in multiple muscles, particularly the soleus, and prominent atrophy and fatty infiltration of the tongue and the paraspinal, gluteus minimus, sartorius, gracilis, tibialis anterior, and extensor digitorum longus muscles. Discussion: Muscle imaging findings in patients with axial involvement provide significant clues permitting the distinction between MYH7‐related myopathies and other axial myopathies such as those related to SEPN1 and LMNA genes. Muscle Nerve 58: 224–234, 2018
Auf ein Molekül mit ...
Authors: Remenyi Christian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractHans‐Jürgen Quadbeck‐Seeger ist Molekülmodellbauer aus Überzeugung. Bei seinen Modellen geht es ihm darum, mit einfachen und leicht erhältlichen Materialien die Ordnungsprinzipien der chemischen Strukturen anschaulich zu machen und das Denken in Modellen zu fördern.
Wissen verbinden und vermehren
Authors: Pérez‐García Rodrigo , Benincasa Caterina 
Published: April 2018

AbstractEin Projekt verbindet Künstler und Wissenschaftler. Sie tauschen Leidenschaft, Wissen, Arbeitsweisen und Erkenntnisse aus. Damit lassen sich keine wissenschaftlichen Probleme lösen, aber die Konfrontation erzeugt eine gemeinsame Wertebasis. Die Initiatoren berichten.
Ein Strahlenschützer im Kino
Authors: Bastian Matthias 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIm James‐Bond‐Film „Feuerball“ aus dem Jahr 1965 soll der Agent gestohlene Atombomben finden. Zudem bekommt er eine verschluckbare radioaktive Kapsel, mit der er im Notfall zu orten sein soll. Kann das funktionieren?
The Postrelease Survival of Walleyes Following Ice-Angling on Lake Nipissing, Ontario
Authors: Twardek W. M. , Lennox R. J. , Lawrence M. J. , Logan J. M. , Szekeres P. , Cooke S. J. , Tremblay K. , Morgan G. E. , Danylchuk A. J. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Natural resource agencies have developed catch-and-release regulations for Walleyes Sander vitreus of prohibited size and number to reduce mortality in many recreational fisheries. The efficacy of such regulations is contingent upon the released fish surviving, but survival data on Walleyes captured by ice-angling are lacking. We estimated the survival of Lake Nipissing (Ontario, Canada) Walleyes that were captured by both active and passive ice-angling methods using a variety of hook types and lures baited with Emerald Shiners Notropis atherinoides. We also assessed the role of de-hooking methods on the survival of deeply hooked Walleyes. After the angling event, Walleyes (n = 260) were held for 24 h in a submerged holding pen to estimate postrelease survival. Average mortality after the 24-h holding period was 6.9%. Fewer Walleyes captured by active angling were deeply hooked (9.3%) than passively caught fish (50.4%), and deeply hooked Walleyes were observed to have more frequent postrelease mortality (14.8%) than shallow-hooked Walleyes (3.0%). There was no significant difference in mortality rates of Walleyes caught by passive angling (9.8%) or active angling (2.8%); mortality rates of fish caught on circle hooks (6.1%), J-hooks (8.2%), and treble hooks (5.6%) also did not differ. Neither air temperature nor the presence of barotrauma had a significant effect on mortality of captured Walleyes. Survival did not significantly differ between deeply hooked fish that had the line cut (11.1%) and those that had the hook removed (22.6%). Results from this study suggest a relatively high incidence of Walleye survival after catch-and-release angling through the ice.
Response of Anglers to Less-Restrictive Harvest Controls in a Recreational Atlantic Salmon Fishery
Authors: Veinott Geoff , Pike Levi , Variyath Asokan Mulayath 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In any fishery, it is important to know whether management decisions have an impact on catch and effort. This study demonstrates that bag limits can be an effective management tool for reducing effort when dealing with a retention-oriented angling population. Since 1997, four different management regimes (MRs) have been applied to a recreational Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar fishery on Harry's River in Newfoundland, Canada. The four MRs include catch and release only (MR1); catch and release at the start of the season, with allowed retention after an in-season review of stock status (MR2); retention angling for the whole season, with a fixed bag limit of two salmon (MR3); and retention angling for the whole season, with an increase in bag limit from two to four salmon after an in-season review (MR4). A time series MA(1) model (moving average of order 1) was used to study the effect of MR on effort, with salmon abundance (measured as adult returns to the river) included as a confounding variable. Significantly less effort was reported by anglers fishing Harry's River under an MR1 fishery compared with any other management scenario. However, MR1 produced the greatest average CPUE, suggesting that a catch-and-release fishery attracted a more skilled or differently motivated angler. Catch and effort were linearly correlated, with an expected increase in total catch of 0.6 Atlantic Salmon for every extra day of effort. The greatest difference in effort occurred between MR1 and MR3, suggesting that a compromise between catch and release only and a bag limit of four salmon would likely satisfy challenge-seeking as well as harvest-oriented anglers.
A Rapid-Assessment Method to Estimate the Distribution of Juvenile Chinook Salmon in Tributary Habitats Using eDNA and Occupancy Estimation
Authors: Matter Allison N. , Falke Jeffrey A. , López J. Andrés , Savereide James W. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Identification and protection of water bodies used by anadromous species are critical in light of increasing threats to fish populations, yet often challenging given budgetary and logistical limitations. Noninvasive, rapid-assessment, sampling techniques may reduce costs and effort while increasing species detection efficiencies. We used an intrinsic potential (IP) habitat model to identify high-quality rearing habitats for Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and select sites to sample throughout the Chena River basin, Alaska, for juvenile occupancy using an environmental DNA (eDNA) approach. Water samples were collected from 75 tributary sites in 2014 and 2015. The presence of Chinook Salmon DNA in water samples was assessed using a species-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. The IP model predicted over 900 stream kilometers in the basin to support high-quality (IP ≥ 0.75) rearing habitat. Occupancy estimation based on eDNA samples indicated that 80% and 56% of previously unsampled sites classified as high or low IP (IP &lt; 0.75), respectively, were occupied. The probability of detection (p) of Chinook Salmon DNA from three replicate water samples was high (p = 0.76) but varied with drainage area (km2). A power analysis indicated high power to detect proportional changes in occupancy based on parameter values estimated from eDNA occupancy models, although power curves were not symmetrical around zero, indicating greater power to detect positive than negative proportional changes in occupancy. Overall, the combination of IP habitat modeling and occupancy estimation provided a useful, rapid-assessment method to predict and subsequently quantify the distribution of juvenile salmon in previously unsampled tributary habitats. Additionally, these methods are flexible and can be modified for application to other species and in other locations, which may contribute towards improved population monitoring and management.
Psychometric properties of the postpartum depression screening scale beyond the postpartum period
Authors: Vogeli Jo M. , Hooker Stephanie A. , Everhart Kevin D. , Kaplan Peter S. 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACTAccurate postpartum depression screening measures are needed to identify mothers with depressive symptoms both in the postpartum period and beyond. Because it had not been tested beyond the immediate postpartum period, the reliability and validity of the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) and its sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value for diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD) were assessed in a diverse community sample of 238 mothers of 4‐ to 15‐month‐old infants. Mothers (N = 238; M age = 30.2, SD = 5.3) attended a lab session and completed the PDSS, the Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II), and a structured clinical interview (SCID) to diagnose MDD. The reliability, validity, specificity, sensitivity, and predictive value of the PDSS to identify maternal depression were assessed. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the construct validity of five but not seven content subscales. The PDSS total and subscale scores demonstrated acceptable to high reliability (α = 0.68–0.95). Discriminant function analysis showed the scale correctly provided diagnostic classification at a rate higher than chance alone. Sensitivity and specificity for major depressive disorder (MDD) diagnosis were good and comparable to those of the BDI‐II. Even in mothers who were somewhat more diverse and had older infants than those in the original normative study, the PDSS appears to be a psychometrically sound screener for identifying depressed mothers in the 15 months after childbirth.
Nonnutritive Sweeteners in Weight Management and Chronic Disease: A Review
Authors: Sylvetsky Allison C. , Rother Kristina I. 
Published: April 2018

ObjectiveThe objective of this review was to critically review findings from recent studies evaluating the effects of nonnutritive sweeteners (NNSs) on metabolism, weight, and obesity‐related chronic diseases. Biologic mechanisms that may explain NNS effects will also be addressed.MethodsA comprehensive review of the relevant scientific literature was conducted.ResultsMost cross‐sectional and prospective cohort studies report positive associations between NNS consumption, body weight, and health conditions, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Although findings in cellular and rodent models suggest that NNSs have harmful effects on metabolic health, most randomized controlled trials in humans demonstrate marginal benefits of NNS use on body weight, with little data available on other metabolic outcomes.ConclusionsNNS consumption is associated with higher body weight and metabolic disease in observational studies. In contrast, randomized controlled trials demonstrate that NNSs may support weight loss, particularly when used alongside behavioral weight loss support. Additional long‐term, well‐controlled intervention studies in humans are needed to determine the effects of NNSs on weight, adiposity, and chronic disease under free‐living conditions.