bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of thick‐layer drying on the bioactive compounds of acerola residues
Authors: Silva Diogo I. S. , Silva Neiton C. , Mendes Lorena G. , Barrozo Marcos A. S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAcerola (Malpighia emarginata D.C.) is a fruit rich in antioxidants and vitamins, whose processing generates large quantities of residues. This waste is potentially useful due to the presence of important bioactive compounds, but its high moisture level makes it difficult to use. This work evaluates the impact of dehydration in a thick‐layer dryer on the bioactive compounds of acerola residues. The compounds analyzed before and after dehydration were: total phenolics, total flavonoids, and ascorbic acid. The presence of important compounds for the food and pharmaceutical industries was found using nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The effects of operating variables on the bioactive compounds were quantified. The heterogeneity of the material as a function of the axial bed position was also investigated.Practical applicationsThe acerola is increasingly used in the form of juice, jelly and compote owing to its high levels of ascorbic acid and other important bioactive compounds. The wastes from acerola processing can contain higher amounts of phenolic and other bioactive compounds than the edible fleshy parts. In this study, the effect of convective thick‐layer drying on the main bioactive compounds (phenolics, flavonoids and ascorbic acid) of the acerola residues was investigated. The analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) also allowed the identification the presence of important compounds in dehydrated acerola residues, such as phytosterols, malic and linoleic acids. Results show that these residues are a potentially useful resource to be explored and that the dehydration of acerola residues in a thick‐layer fixed‐bed dryer is an interesting alternative for the possible reuse of this material if performed under adequate operating conditions.
Association between HLA‐DQA1/DRB1 polymorphism and development of hepatocellular carcinoma during entecavir treatment
Authors: Kozuka Ritsuzo , Enomoto Masaru , Sato‐Matsubara Misako , Yoshida Kanako , Motoyama Hiroyuki , Hagihara Atsushi , Fujii Hideki , Uchida‐Kobayashi Sawako , Morikawa Hiroyasu , Tamori Akihiro , Kawada Norifumi , Murakami Yoshiki 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackground and AimsIt remains unclear whether there is an association between single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during entecavir (ETV) treatment in nucleos(t)ide analog‐naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. We investigated the risk factors for HCC, especially host factors, during ETV treatment.MethodsA total of 127 Japanese patients undergoing ETV treatment were enrolled in this study. Univariate and multivariate analyses for clinical factors, hepatic fibrosis markers, and SNPs associated with HCC development were analyzed.ResultsA total of 10 patients developed HCC during the follow‐up period (median duration, 3.3 years). The 3‐, 5‐, and 7‐year cumulative rates of HCC development were 4.8%, 10.6%, and 13.6%, respectively. Liver fibrosis (cirrhosis; P = 0.0005), age (≥ 49 years; P = 0.0048), platelet count (≤ 115 × 10/mm3; P = 0.0007), α‐fetoprotein (≥ 8.0 ng/mL; P = 0.030), type IV collagen (≥ 200 ng/mL; P = 0.043), fibrosis‐4 index (≥ 4.14; P = 0.0006), and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DQA1/DRB1‐SNP (AA genotype; P = 0.0092) were significantly associated with HCC development according to the log‐rank test. In multivariate analysis, AA genotype in the HLA‐DQA1/DRB1 gene (P = 0.013; hazard ratio 4.907; 95% confidence interval 1.407–17.113) and cirrhosis (P = 0.019; hazard ratio 4.789; 95% confidence interval 1.296–17.689) were significantly associated with HCC development.ConclusionsOur findings suggested that patients with AA genotype in the HLA‐DQA1/DRB1 gene or cirrhosis should be carefully followed up as a population potentially at higher risk of HCC during ETV treatment.
Patient and Caregiver Perspectives on Managing Multiple Health Conditions
Authors: Riffin Catherine , Van Ness Peter H. , Iannone Lynne , Fried Terri 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesTo explore patient and caregiver experiences, preferences, and attitudes toward the provision and receipt of caregiving assistance with medical tasks.DesignQualitative study consisting of in‐depth interviews with 20 patient–caregiver dyads.SettingCommunity and academic‐affiliated primary care clinics.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 or older with 2 or more health conditions and their family caregivers (n=20 patient–caregiver dyads).MeasurementsOpen‐ended questions were asked about the tasks that the patient and caregiver performed to manage the patient's health conditions; questions were designed to elicit participant reactions and attitudes toward the help they provided or received. Transcripts were analyzed using the constant comparative method.ResultsParticipant preferences and attitudes toward the receipt and provision of disease management tasks were highly personal. Participant responses clustered into 2 caregiving typologies: supportive caregiving relationships and conflicted caregiving relationships. Supportive relationships were characterized by patient–caregiver agreement about caregiver level of involvement, agreement about one another's competency to perform disease‐related tasks, mutual understanding, collaborative decision‐making and disease management, and use of family and formal caregiving. Conflicted relationships were characterized by disagreement about caregiver level of involvement, disagreement about one another's competency to perform disease management tasks, underappreciation of one another's experiences, disagreement over decision‐making and disease management, and use of formal caregiving.ConclusionsThe views that patient–caregiver dyads expressed in this study illustrate the varied preferences and attitudes toward caregiving assistance with multiple health conditions. These findings support a dyadic approach to evaluating and addressing patient and caregiver needs and attitudes toward provision of assistance.
Initiating joint attention use in infants at high‐risk for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Brewe A. M. , Reisinger D. L. , Adlof S. M. , Roberts J. E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundImpairment in initiating joint attention (IJA) is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children, although it is unclear when impairments arise. Due to the early development of IJA use and late diagnosis of ASD, groups at high‐risk of ASD, such as infants with an older sibling with ASD (ASIBs) and infants with fragile X syndrome (FXS), provide opportunities to study early IJA behaviours for children who are later diagnosed with ASD. This study analysed these two groups to determine if IJA use differed compared with typically developing (TD) peers at 12 months and whether IJA was associated with later ASD outcomes.MethodAn experimental attention task was used to analyse IJA gaze shifts and gestures in the high‐risk groups. Clinical best estimate diagnoses were given to each participant to compare IJA behaviours to ASD severity.ResultsNo differences in the frequency of IJA gaze shifts and gestures were found between 12‐month‐old ASIBs and TD controls, but infants with FXS demonstrated a significantly reduced range of IJA gaze shifts relative to TD controls. Additionally, ASD outcomes at 24 months were related to IJA use for infants with FXS at 12 months, but not infant ASIBs, although these findings were explained by differences in nonverbal cognitive development.ConclusionsAlthough previous studies have reported delays in IJA use in children with FXS and ASIBs at ages 21 and 14 months, respectively, our results suggest IJA behaviours for these high‐risk groups are not distinct from TD children at 12 months. When differences were found at 12 months, they were explained by nonverbal cognitive development, particularly for infants with FXS. Differences in IJA use at 12 months in this study were too small to serve as a potential indicator of later ASD.
Left inferior frontal cortex can compensate the inhibitory functions of right inferior frontal cortex and pre‐supplementary motor area
Authors: Gavazzi Gioele , Lenge Matteo , Bartolini Emanuele , Bianchi Andrea , Agovi Herdis , Mugnai Francesca , Guerrini Renzo , Giordano Flavio , Viggiano Maria Pia , Mascalchi Mario 
Published: August 2018

Right‐IFG and pre‐SMA are associated with inhibitory responses. We used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to explore whether the contralateral homotopic regions can functionally replace them. An adolescent, with an extensive traumatic lesion of the right cerebral hemisphere having occurred 5 years earlier, performed a motor response inhibition task (Go/Nogo), which was properly accomplished and associated to activations in the left‐IFC, precuneus and occipital cortex. Such functional remodelling is in line with the theory of ‘near equipotentiality’ of the cerebral hemispheres.
A biomarker of collagen type I degradation is associated with cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with atherosclerosis
Authors: Holm Nielsen S. , Tengryd C. , Edsfeldt A. , Brix S. , Genovese F. , Bengtsson E. , Karsdal M. , Leeming D. J. , Nilsson J. , Goncalves I. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveAtherosclerosis is characterized by accumulation of lipids, cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the arterial wall. Collagen type I (COL1), a component of the arterial ECM, is cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and known to be remodelled in atherosclerosis. We explored whether the MMP‐mediated COL1 biomarker, C1M, was associated with cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality and all‐cause mortality in a large prospective cohort of patients with known atherosclerosis.MethodsSerum from 787 patients who underwent a carotid endarterectomy was included. Circulating levels of C1M were measured in serum. A total of 473 patients were followed for 6 years after surgery. Associations between C1M and incidence of cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality and all‐cause mortality were assessed by Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression analysis.ResultsA total of 101 (21.4%) patients suffered from nonfatal cardiovascular events during the follow‐up period, and 64 (13.5%) patients died. Of these, 39 (60.9%) died from cardiovascular diseases. Patients with C1M levels above the median were significantly associated with cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality and all‐cause mortality (P < 0.001, P = 0.004 and P < 0.001, respectively). C1M was included in the final model for prediction of cardiovascular events (HR 2.15, 95% CI 1.40–3.32, P = 0.001), cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.07–4.51, P = 0.031) and all‐cause mortality (HR 2.98 95% CI 1.67–5.33, P = < 0.001).ConclusionsIn patients with atherosclerotic carotid lesions, high levels of C1M predicted cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality and all‐cause mortality. These findings emphasize the importance of remodelling mechanisms in atherosclerosis that are now becoming more and more explored.
Changes in leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence on soybean plants supplied with silicon and infected by Cercospora sojina
Authors: Nascimento Kelly Juliane Telles , Debona Daniel , Rezende Danielle , DaMatta Fábio Murilo , Rodrigues Fabrício Ávila 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFrogeye spot, caused by Cercospora sojina, is one of the major diseases causing yield losses in soybean. Considering the potential of silicon (Si) to attenuate the physiological impairments imposed by pathogens infection, this study investigated its effect on leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence parameters as well as on the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrate pools on soybean plants from cultivars Bossier and Conquista (susceptible and resistant to frogeye spot, respectively) grown in hydroponic culture containing 0 or 2 mM Si (−Si and +Si plants, respectively) that were noninoculated or inoculated with C. sojina. Plants from cultivar Bossier were more susceptible to frogeye spot compared to cultivar Conquista regardless of Si supply. Frogeye spot severity increased by Si supply regardless of the cultivar. There were no changes in the physiological parameters for noninoculated +Si plants. Even though the susceptibility of plants from cultivar Bossier to frogeye spot increased by Si supply, they showed lower values for the leaf gas exchange parameters, photochemical efficiency and concentration of photosynthetic pigments. The impairments imposed by C. sojina infection on the physiology of plants from cultivar Conquista were governed chiefly by reductions in stomatal conductance regardless of Si supply. The increase in hexose concentration for inoculated plants of the two cultivars was associated with their resistance to frogeye spot. Considering that the increased susceptibility of +Si plants from cultivar Conquista did not result in physiological impairments, it is plausible to rule out that the lower photosynthetic efficiency of plants from cultivar Bossier occurred due to a sharp reduction in the photosynthetically active leaf tissue.
The Impact of Rurality on Likelihood of Drunk Driving and Riding With a Driver Under the Influence Among High School Students
Authors: Smalley K. Bryant , Warren Jacob C. , Tarasenko Yelena N. , Barefoot K. Nikki 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the importance of rural location in the likelihood of adolescent drunk driving and riding in a vehicle with a driver under the influence while controlling for a variety of student‐, school‐, and county‐level factors.MethodsData from the 2013 Georgia Student Health Survey (GSHS) II (a statewide assessment of student health in public school students in Georgia) were analyzed using multilevel binary regressions to examine rural‐urban differences in prevalence of driving under the influence (11th and 12th graders only; n = 114,907) and riding with a driver under the influence (9th‐12th graders; n = 258,610), controlling for school‐level race, gender, and income, in addition to county‐level education level, unemployment, alcohol use, and smoking.FindingsAcross geographies, students were twice as likely to report riding with a driver under the influence (10.32%) as driving under the influence (4.16%). While both outcomes were more likely among rural adolescents in unadjusted analyses, in adjusted analyses, rural adolescents were not significantly more likely to drive under the influence (ORadj = 1.19; P = .055), but they were significantly more likely to ride with a driver under the influence (ORadj = 1.18; P = .002).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that riding with a driver under the influence rather than driving under the influence may be a more pressing public health issue for adolescents in rural areas. Future research focused on the formative work necessary to build novel, culturally tailored interventions should be conducted to minimize the associated substantial burden of motor vehicle deaths within rural adolescents.
Effect of injection site on alfaxalone‐induced sedation in ball pythons (Python regius)
Authors: Yaw T. J. , Mans C. , Johnson S. M. , Doss G. A. , Sladky K. K. 
Published: August 2018

ObjectivesTo evaluate the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of alfaxalone in ball pythons following subcutaneous administration in the cranial versus caudal third of the body.Materials and MethodsIn a prospective, randomised, blinded, complete crossover study, eight ball pythons (
Python regius
) received alfaxalone in the cranial or caudal third of the body. Sedative and cardiorespiratory parameters were recorded.ResultsAdministration of alfaxalone in the cranial third of the body resulted in significantly deeper and longer sedation compared with administration in the caudal third of the body. Righting reflex was lost in five of eight snakes following cranial injection compared with one of eight snakes after caudal injection. Jaw tone was lost in all snakes following cranial injection and intubation was successfully performed in seven. In contrast, snakes did not lose jaw tone and intubation was not possible following caudal injection. Heart rate and respiratory rate were significantly decreased following administration of alfaxalone in the cranial third of the body.Clinical SignificanceAdministration of drugs that undergo hepatic metabolism or excretion should not be performed in the caudal third of the body in snakes, because it can result in significantly reduced drug efficacy. A hepatic first‐pass effect is assumed to be the most likely underlying cause for the observed effect because part of the venous return from the caudal body flows directly to the liver.
Genetic risk factors for schizophrenia associate with sleep spindle activity in healthy adolescents
Authors: Merikanto Ilona , Utge Siddheshwar , Lahti Jari , Kuula Liisa , Makkonen Tommi , Lahti‐Pulkkinen Marius , Heinonen Kati , Räikkönen Katri , Andersson Sture , Strandberg Timo , Pesonen Anu‐Katriina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSchizophrenia has been associated with disturbed sleep, even before the onset of the disorder, and also in non‐schizophrenic first‐order relatives. This may point to an underlying genetic influence. Here we examine whether weighted polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia are associated with sleep spindle activity in healthy adolescents. Our sample comes from a community‐based cohort of 157 non‐schizophrenic adolescents (57% girls) having both genetic data and an overnight sleep EEG measurement available. Based on a recent genome‐wide association study, we calculated PRS for schizophrenia across the whole genome. We also calculated PRS for the CACNA1l gene region, which has been associated with both schizophrenia and sleep spindle formation. We performed an overnight sleep EEG at the homes of the participants. Stage two sleep spindles were detected using an automated algorithm. Sleep spindle amplitude, duration, intensity and density were measured separately for central and frontal derivations and for fast (13–16 Hz) and slow (10–13 Hz) spindles. PRS for schizophrenia was associated with higher fast spindle amplitude (p = 0.04), density (p = 0.006) and intensity (p = 0.04) at the central derivation, and PRS in the CACNA1l region associated with higher slow spindle amplitude (p = 0.01), duration (p = 0.03) and intensity (p = 0.002) at the central derivation. A positive association between genetic variants for schizophrenia and sleep spindle activity among healthy adolescents supports a view that sleep spindles and schizophrenia share similar genetic pathways. This study suggests that altered sleep spindle activity might serve as an endophenotype of schizophrenia.
Accessing health care: Experiences of South Asian ethnic minority women in Hong Kong
Authors: Vandan Nimisha , Wong Janet Y‐H , Fong Daniel Y‐T 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe aim of the present qualitative study was to understand the experiences of South Asian ethnic minority women in accessing health‐care services in Hong Kong, a Chinese‐oriented society. Levesque's framework (2013) was adopted to conduct and analyze focus group discussions among 30 South Asian women aged between 21 and 72 years, who came from India, Nepal, and Pakistan. The overarching theme was identified as disengagement between South Asian women and the health‐care system, with the following five themes: attitude and awareness, sociocultural factors, time constraints, financial burdens, and inadequate interaction. These were linked to barriers affecting South Asian women's ability to access health care, the common challenges encountered being those related to language, culture, and communication. Lengthy waiting periods discourage these women from seeking health care in Hong Kong. Enhancing accessibility to appropriate health‐care‐related information and culturally‐informed patient–provider interaction can improve knowledge, trust, and satisfaction among these women, thereby enhancing their engagement with the health‐care system.
Defining metabolically healthy obesity in children: a scoping review
Authors: Damanhoury S. , Newton A. S. , Rashid M. , Hartling L. , Byrne J. L. S. , Ball G. D. C. 
Published: August 2018

SummaryWe conducted a scoping review to identify definitions of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), describe gaps in the literature, and establish a universal definition of MHO in children. We searched electronic databases from January 1980 to June 2017 and grey literature. Experimental, quasi‐experimental, or observational studies were eligible for inclusion if they (i) included a definition of MHO that identified risk factors, cut‐off values, and the number of criteria used to define MHO, and (ii) classified 2–18 year olds as overweight or obese. Two reviewers independently screened 1,711 papers for relevance and quality; we extracted data from 39 individual reports that met inclusion criteria. Most (31/39; 79%) definitions of MHO included an absence of cardiometabolic risk factors. Heterogeneity across MHO definitions, obesity criteria, and sample sizes/characteristics resulted in variable prevalence estimates (3–80%). Finally, we convened an international panel of 46 experts to complete a 4‐round Delphi process to generate a consensus‐based definition of MHO. Based on consensus (≥ 80% agreement), our definition of MHO included: high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol > 40 mg/dl (or > 1.03 mmol/l), triglycerides ≤ 150 mg/dl (or ≤ 1.7 mmol/l), systolic and diastolic blood pressure ≤ 90th percentile, and a measure of glycemia. This definition of MHO holds potential universal value to enable comparisons between studies and inform clinical decision‐making for children with obesity.
Genetics, genomics and breeding of groundnut (Arachis hypogaeaL.)
Authors: Desmae Haile , Janila Pasupuleti , Okori Patrick , Pandey Manish K. , Motagi Babu N. , Monyo Emmanuel , Mponda Omari , Okello David , Sako Dramane , Echeckwu Candidus , Oteng‐Frimpong Richard , Miningou Amos , Ojiewo Chris , Varshney Rajeev K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractGroundnut is an important food and oil crop in the semiarid tropics, contributing to household food consumption and cash income. In Asia and Africa, yields are low attributed to various production constraints. This review paper highlights advances in genetics, genomics and breeding to improve the productivity of groundnut. Genetic studies concerning inheritance, genetic variability and heritability, combining ability and trait correlations have provided a better understanding of the crop's genetics to develop appropriate breeding strategies for target traits. Several improved lines and sources of variability have been identified or developed for various economically important traits through conventional breeding. Significant advances have also been made in groundnut genomics including genome sequencing, marker development and genetic and trait mapping. These advances have led to a better understanding of the groundnut genome, discovery of genes/variants for traits of interest and integration of marker‐assisted breeding for selected traits. The integration of genomic tools into the breeding process accompanied with increased precision of yield trialing and phenotyping will increase the efficiency and enhance the genetic gain for release of improved groundnut varieties.