bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological wellbeing and use of alcohol and recreational drugs: results of the British HIV Association (BHIVA) national audit 2017
Authors: Parry S , Curtis H , Chadwick D ,   the British HIV Association Audit and Standards Sub‐Committee
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesThe aim of this national audit was to assess adherence of services providing HIV care in the UK to national standards and guidelines regarding psychological support and the assessment of alcohol and recreational drug use (including chemsex drugs) in people living with HIV (PLWH).MethodsParticipating sites completed a survey of their services’ care pathways relating to psychological support and substance use. They performed a case‐note review of up to 40 adult PLWH per service, reviewing sociodemographic and clinical information and assessment of psychological wellbeing, drug use and alcohol use. The surveys and case notes were assessed against relevant British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines and standards.ResultsThe survey was completed by 112 services. Of these, 73%, 82% and 73% had formal annual processes for assessing the psychological wellbeing, alcohol use and drug use, respectively, of PLWH. Case‐note data were provided for 4486 PLWH from 119 sites. Audited rates of assessment of PLWH were 66.0% for psychological wellbeing, 68.0% for alcohol use, 58.4% for recreational drug use and 16.8% for chemsex drug use. Variation between clinical services was wide, with ranges from < 10% to 100% routinely assessing PLWH for each of these domains. Services using assessment tools performed better.ConclusionsAssessment of PLWH for psychological wellbeing and alcohol and recreational drug use is variable in UK clinics, with a significant minority of services not documenting that they assessed these factors routinely. Wider adoption of assessment tools or proformas to assess PLWH in these areas is likely to improve surveillance for psychological morbidity and problematic alcohol or drug use.
Incorporating Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index with early surgical intervention can maximize survival in high‐risk Fournier's gangrene patients
Authors: Lin Tsung‐Yen , Cheng I‐Hung , Ou Chien‐Hui , Tsai Yuh‐Shyan , Tong Yat‐Ching , Cheng Hong‐Lin , Yang Wen‐Horng , Lin Yung‐Ming , Cheng Yu‐Sheng 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesTo determine the optimal surgical timing in high‐risk patients with Fournier's gangrene by the Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index.MethodsFrom 1989 to 2018, 118 male patients diagnosed with Fournier's gangrene with complete medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Patients’ demographics, laboratory parameters at initial diagnosis, Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index and Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index, and the time interval from emergency room arrival to surgical intervention were collected. The Fournier's gangrene patients were categorized into low‐risk (Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index ≤2) and high‐risk groups (Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index >2). Differences between the variables within the two groups were analyzed. The optimal surgical timing was analyzed with the receiver operating characteristic curve in high‐risk Fournier's gangrene patients.ResultsThe overall mortality of 118 Fournier's gangrene patients was 14.4%. After risk stratification with the Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index scoring system, the mortality of low‐risk and high‐risk Fournier's gangrene patients was 1.3% and 41.0%, respectively. In the high‐risk group, the time interval from emergency room arrival to surgical intervention was the only variable with a significant difference between survivors and non‐survivors (P = 0.039). The optimal surgical timing was determined at 14.35 h, which allowed the highest sensitivity (0.688) and specificity (0.762) to affect mortality. The mortality was significantly lower in high‐risk Fournier's gangrene patients with early surgical intervention compared with late intervention (23.8% vs 68.8%, P = 0.007).ConclusionsThe Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index is a quick and reliable screening tool for first‐line physicians to identify high‐risk patients with Fournier's gangrene (Simplified Fournier's Gangrene Severity Index >2) who have poor survival outcomes. We recommended early surgical intervention within 14.35 h to maximize the survival of high‐risk Fournier's gangrene patients.
Inflexibility of Share Repurchases*
Authors: Yamaguchi Satoru 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the flexibility inherent in open market share repurchases. Open market share repurchases are recognized as being flexible, since managers believe that they are not an ongoing commitment. However, I find that such returns significantly decrease upon announcing the completion of a repurchase program if firms do not concurrently announce new program authorizations. I also find that announcement returns significantly decline with completion rates and that a high completion rate acts as a negative signal, revealing that firms have finished the repurchasing activities and do not intend to continue share repurchasing in the foreseeable future. These results indicate that share repurchases are less flexible than they were previously thought to be.
Measuring Systemic Risk: Capital Shortfall and CSRISK*
Authors: Wang Jying‐Nan , Hsu Yuan‐Teng , Lee Joe‐Ming , Chen Chih‐Chun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis study proposes a new measure of systemic risk named CSRISK, which identifies a financial institution's capital shortfall under the worst scenario conditional on a substantial market decline. The CSRISK index requires only public financial data, including accounting and market trading information, which is time and cost effective. The empirical sample consists of 238 US banks over the time period 2003–2013. Overall, we find that it is increasing from 2004 to 2009 and then starts to slightly decrease. This systemic risk measure has the potential to be widely applied in the practical aspects of risk management and macroprudential policy making.
The distribution of plants and seed dispersers in response to habitat fragmentation in an artificial island archipelago
Authors: Liu Jiajia , Slik Ferry , Coomes David A. , Corlett Richard T. , Wang Yanping , Wilson Maxwell , Hu Guang , Ding Ping , Yu Mingjian 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimSmall, old‐growth forest fragments generally have more small‐seeded plants than large patches, due to the disappearance of large seed dispersing vertebrates. This pattern may differ for secondary forest fragments where differential migration ability rather than persistence of seed dispersers may be driving plant community assembly. In this study, we investigated the effect of habitat fragmentation on seed dispersers and plant community structure in regenerating forests.LocationThe Thousand Island Lake, China.TaxonPlants, birds and mammals.MethodsWe compiled diversity and abundance data for birds and mammals on islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China. We also surveyed the secondary plant communities and measured seed dispersal traits.ResultsCommunity‐weighted mean seed size of woody plants decreased with island size. This pattern was related to compositional difference of the dispersers. We found that mammal diversity and abundance was only weakly or not related to island size; whereas bird diversity and abundance increased strongly with island size. Density of bird‐dispersed plants was significantly positively related with island size. Since birds tend to disperse smaller seeds than mammals, the trend in seed size may have been a consequence of the shift in relative abundance of the two disperser guilds.Main ConclusionsDifferential responses of seed dispersers to habitat fragmentation may lead to pervasive shifts in the plant community structure of regenerating forest fragments. Our study highlights the importance of keeping large continuous forests in order to retain mammals and their dispersal capabilities.
Periodontal diagnosis, treatment, and referral patterns of general dental practitioners
Authors: Kraatz Jennifer , Hoang Ha , Ivanovski Saso , Ware Robert S. , Crocombe Leonard A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to investigate the diagnosis, treatment, and referral patterns of periodontal patients by general dental practitioners (GDP).MethodsA questionnaire was mailed to registered GDP with publicly‐listed postal addresses in Tasmania, Australia. Information was collected on demographics, training and professional development, examination, diagnosis and referral patterns, and periodontal treatment patterns.ResultsSeventy‐seven (44.5%) questionnaires were completed. Over 85% always or usually screened for periodontal disease. On average, 0 to ≤7 patients were diagnosed with periodontal disease. GDP were always or usually confident in treating gingivitis (100%), mild (98.7%) and moderate periodontitis (73.7%), and rarely or never confident in treating severe (81.6%) and aggressive periodontitis (86.8%). Over 38% frequently referred to periodontists, 35.5% sometimes, 21.1% rarely, and 5.3% never. Clinical factors associated with referral were periodontal pocketing of ≥6 mm, tooth mobility, no improvement following treatment, and a complex medical history.ConclusionsMost GDP performed periodontal screening and diagnosis. They were confident in treating gingivitis and mild‐to‐moderate periodontitis. Referral to a periodontist was associated with disease severity, tooth mobility, a complex medical history, or unsuccessful treatment.
α‐synuclein oligomers enhance astrocyte‐induced synapse formation through TGF‐β1 signaling in a Parkinson's disease model
Authors: Diniz Luan Pereira , Matias Isadora , Araujo Ana Paula Bérgamo , Garcia Matheus Nunes , Barros‐Aragão Fernanda G. Q. , Alves‐Leon Soniza Vieira , de Souza Jorge Marcondes , Foguel Débora , Figueiredo Cláudia Pinto , Braga Carolina , Romão Luciana , Gomes Flávia Carvalho Alcantara 
Published: April 2019

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by selective death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway, increases in glutamatergic synapses in the striatum and aggregation of α‐synuclein. Evidence suggests that oligomeric species of α‐synuclein (αSO) are the genuine neurotoxins of PD. Although several studies have supported the direct neurotoxic effects of αSO on neurons, their effects on astrocytes have not been directly addressed. Astrocytes are essential to several steps of synapse formation and function, including secretion of synaptogenic factors, control of synaptic elimination and stabilization, secretion of neural/glial modulators, and modulation of extracellular ions, and neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft. Here, we show that αSO induced the astrocyte reactivity and enhanced the synaptogenic capacity of human and murine astrocytes by increasing the levels of the known synaptogenic molecule transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1). Moreover, intracerebroventricular injection of αSO in mice increased the number of astrocytes, the density of excitatory synapses, and the levels of TGF‐β1 in the striatum of injected animals. Inhibition of TGF‐β1 signaling impaired the effect of the astrocyte‐conditioned medium on glutamatergic synapse formation in vitro and on striatal synapse formation in vivo, whereas addition of TGF‐β1 protected mesencephalic neurons against synapse loss triggered by αSO. Together, our data suggest that αSO have important effects on astrocytic functions and describe TGF‐β1 as a new endogenous astrocyte‐derived molecule involved in the increase in striatal glutamatergic synaptic density present in early stages of PD.Open Science BadgesThis article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14514.
The Role of FDG‐PET in Patients with Epilepsy Related to Periventricular Nodular Heterotopias: Diagnostic Features and Long‐Term Outcome
Authors: Popescu Cristina Elena , Mai Roberto , Sara Roberto , Lizio Domenico , Zanni Daniela , Rossetti Claudio , Caobelli Federico 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEPeriventricular nodular heterotopias (PNHs) are frequently associated with drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE). Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can define the morphological features of PNHs, still there is a need to assess their metabolic activity in order to provide useful information on epileptogenicity and long‐term outcome. To that end, we investigated the ability of 18F‐FDG PET to identify seizure onset zone in order to assess the metabolic activity of the ectopic neurons and to provide prognostic information on the postsurgical outcome.METHODSSixteen patients (6 men and 10 women; ranging between 24 and 53 years of age) with PNHs‐related DRE were evaluated. All patients underwent clinical evaluation, Stereo‐electroencephalogram (SEEG), brain MRI, and 18F‐FDG brain PET/CT. PET images were superimposed on the patient‐specific 3‐dimensional‐brain MRI. The metabolic activity of each nodule and of their cortex was visually and semiquantitatively assessed. The outcome after intervention was assessed in all patients using Engel classification.RESULTSThirty‐one heterotopic sites were identified. Twenty‐one of 23 nodules with detectable electric activity on SEEG were identified by PET (91.3%), while 5 of 8 of nodules without electric activity showed no metabolism on PET (62.5%). Overall, the concordance between SEEG and FDG‐PET was 26/31 (83.9%). Furthermore, cortical metabolic alterations were depicted, correlating with epileptogenic areas. A favorable postsurgical outcome was reported in 13 patients (81.3%). The presence of a hypometabolic nodule significantly correlated with a worse outcome after surgical therapy (P = .036).CONCLUSIONSIn PNHs‐related epilepsy, FDG‐PET more accurately identifies epileptogenic foci, which aids surgical planning and in postoperative seizure control.
Personality, cognitive ability, and academic performance: Differential associations across school subjects and school tracks
Authors: Brandt Naemi D. , Lechner Clemens M. , Tetzner Julia , Rammstedt Beatrice 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimPersonality traits and cognitive ability are well‐established predictors of academic performance. Yet, how consistent and generalizable are the associations between personality, cognitive ability, and performance? Building on theoretical arguments that trait–performance relations should vary depending on the demands and opportunities for trait expression in the learning environment, we investigated whether the associations of personality (Big Five) and cognitive ability (fluid intelligence) with academic performance (grades and tests scores) vary across school subjects (German and math) and across ability‐grouped school tracks (academic, intermediate, and vocational).MethodMultiple group structural equation models in a large representative sample of ninth‐grade students (N = 12,915) from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS).ResultsDifferential associations across school subjects emerged for cognitive ability, Emotional Stability, and Conscientiousness (math > German); and for Openness and Extraversion (German > math). Differential associations across school tracks emerged for cognitive ability, Conscientiousness (academic > intermediate > vocational) and Agreeableness (academic > intermediate > vocational). Personality traits explained more variation in academic performance in the academic than in the other tracks.ConclusionMost trait–performance relations varied across subjects, tracks, or both. These findings highlight the need for more nuanced and context‐minded perspective on trait–performance relations.
Feline shoulder luxation: a cadaveric study of injury and repair using ligament prostheses
Authors: Carwardine D. , Langley‐Hobbs S. 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesTo describe the range of motion and clinical stability of the feline shoulder following experimental injury and repair using a prosthetic suture technique.Materials and MethodsEighteen feline cadaveric thoracic limbs were randomly allocated into three groups: medial injury, lateral injury or bilateral injury. Joint range of motion and clinical stability in all directions was recorded before and after specific anatomic structures were sectioned and following surgical repair using a prosthetic suture technique. Results were compared between intact, injured and repaired limbs for each injury type.ResultsThere was a significant difference in joint range of motion in specific limb directions between intact and injured joints and between injured and repaired joints. There was no difference in joint range of motion between intact and repaired joints. Four of six medially injured joints were deemed clinically stable and five of six laterally injured joints were deemed clinically stable. All bilaterally injured joints were deemed unstable.Clinical SignificanceThe relative contributions of shoulder stabilisers to joint range of motion and clinical stability provide a reference for clinical cases with suspected shoulder instability. The prosthetic suture repair technique described was effective at returning the shoulder joint to a normal range of motion in this ex vivo model.
Evaluation of C‐reactive protein and its kinetics as a prognostic indicator in canine leptospirosis
Authors: Buser F. C. , Schweighauser A. , im Hof‐Gut M. , Bigler B. , Marti E. , Mirkovitch J. , Francey T. 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate C‐reactive protein at presentation and during hospitalisation in dogs with acute kidney injury resulting from leptospirosis to compare C‐reactive protein at presentation in dogs with acute kidney injury of different aetiology and to study its correlation with markers of inflammation, azotaemia and survival.Materials and MethodsProspective observational study of 41 dogs with acute kidney injury secondary to leptospirosis and 15 control dogs with acute kidney injury of different aetiology. C‐reactive protein was measured at presentation in both groups and daily for 7 days in a subgroup of 28 dogs with leptospirosis. The associations of C‐reactive protein with neutrophil count, albumin, urea, creatinine and survival were analysed.ResultsC‐reactive protein was increased at presentation in all dogs with leptospirosis but was not significantly different from dogs with acute kidney injury of different cause. It was associated with markers of inflammation (neutrophil count, albumin) but not with azotaemia (creatinine, urea). It decreased gradually from presentation to day 4, with significantly lower concentrations in survivors than non‐survivors. Initial C‐reactive protein was only weakly associated with outcome, but its average concentration from presentation to day 2 was more strongly associated. Absolute and relative changes in C‐reactive protein during hospitalisation and creatinine at presentation were not associated with survival.Clinical SignificanceSerial assessment of C‐reactive protein may improve outcome prediction in dogs with leptospirosis compared with a single measurement at presentation or with markers of renal function.
The effect of sleep deprivation on objective and subjective measures of facial appearance
Authors: Holding Benjamin C. , Sundelin Tina , Cairns Patrick , Perrett David I. , Axelsson John 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe faces of people who are sleep deprived are perceived by others as looking paler, less healthy and less attractive compared to when well rested. However, there is little research using objective measures to investigate sleep‐loss‐related changes in facial appearance. We aimed to assess the effects of sleep deprivation on skin colour, eye openness, mouth curvature and periorbital darkness using objective measures, as well as to replicate previous findings for subjective ratings. We also investigated the extent to which these facial features predicted ratings of fatigue by others and could be used to classify the sleep condition of the person. Subjects (n = 181) were randomised to one night of total sleep deprivation or a night of normal sleep (8–9 hr in bed). The following day facial photographs were taken and, in a subset (n = 141), skin colour was measured using spectrophotometry. A separate set of participants (n = 63) later rated the photographs in terms of health, paleness and fatigue. The photographs were also digitally analysed with respect to eye openness, mouth curvature and periorbital darkness. The results showed that neither sleep deprivation nor the subjects’ sleepiness was related to differences in any facial variable. Similarly, there was no difference in subjective ratings between the groups. Decreased skin yellowness, less eye openness, downward mouth curvature and periorbital darkness all predicted increased fatigue ratings by others. However, the combination of appearance variables could not be accurately used to classify sleep condition. These findings have implications for both face‐to‐face and computerised visual assessment of sleep loss and fatigue.
Male semelparity and multiple paternity confirmed in an arid‐zone dasyurid
Authors: Hayes G. L. T. , Simmons L. W. , Dugand R. J. , Mills H. R. , Roberts J. D. , Tomkins J. L. , Fisher D. O. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractA fifth of all species in the carnivorous‐insectivorous marsupial family Dasyuridae show obligate male semelparity (die‐off), where males die after their first mating season, but females may breed in more than one season. Life history strategies of many species in the genera Antechinus and Phascogale are well known, but the other dasyurid genus with apparently obligately semelparous males, Dasykaluta, is poorly known, and there have been no demographic studies of this monotypic genus in the wild. Both sexes in Antechinus and Phascogale species are highly polygamous. Comparative and experimental tests of insectivorous marsupials indicate that this polygamy is linked to the evolution of semelparity in more strongly seasonal breeders, through intense sperm competition. We assessed whether the kaluta (Dasykaluta rosamondae), a small dasyurid endemic to the broader Pilbara region of Western Australia, has obligate male semelparity, multiple paternity within litters, and positive testis allometry in the wild. We documented complete die‐off of males over two breeding seasons. Multiple paternity was confirmed in seven of eight litters, where either two or three fathers sired young. The seven young in the remaining litter appeared to be sired by one male. Intraspecific positive testis allometry was found in adult males. We conclude that the life history strategies of wild male and female kalutas are consistent with those of the two other genera of dasyurids with obligate male semelparity (Antechinus and Phascogale), and sperm competition is likely to be important in the mating system of kalutas. Our results show that male obligate semelparity has evolved twice in dasyurids.
Labor Reallocation, Employment, and Earnings: Vector Autoregression Evidence
Authors: Hyatt Henry R. , McElroy Tucker S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe present time series evidence for the USA 1993–2013 on the relationship between labor reallocation, employment, and earnings using a vector autoregression framework. We find that an increase in labor market churn by 1 percentage point predicts that employment will increase by 100,000–560,000 jobs, lowering the unemployment rate by 0.05–0.25 percentage points. Job destruction does not predict changes in employment but a 1 percentage point increase in job destruction leads to an increase in unemployment 0.14–0.42 percentage points. We find mixed results on the relationship between labor reallocation rates and earnings.