bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Summing Up the Aesthetic Impulse
Authors: Hogh-Olesen Henrik 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In Chapter 9, the threads from the different investigations are gathered, and the evolutionary functions and conditions behind the aesthetic impulse are outlined in a synthesizing model. One of the main discussions in the aesthetic field concerns whether artistic behavior should be considered a biological adaptation in its own right and thus an innate behavioral repertoire with direct consequence to our survival and reproduction, which has been passed down the genetic line through evolutionary selection. Or should this behavior rather be considered a random by-product that may hold certain advantages for us, but which is a side effect of other adaptive processes? The chapter argues for the author’s stand in the adaptation/by-product opposition and shows how the viewpoints presented throughout the book best can be contained within the adaptation theory.
Opening the Doors of Aesthetics
Authors: Hogh-Olesen Henrik 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Chapter 10 concludes with showing the strength and limitations of the approach presented in this book, in a discussion that highlights the differences between a classic humanistic approach and an evolutionary, behavioral approach. The aim is not to move aesthetics from the humanities and into behavioral psychology and other sciences. On the contrary, the aesthetic field is a house with many doors, and you will need several keys to open them. However, aesthetics and art are also behavior. They are something our species does, and that is why behavioral sciences were prioritized. Furthermore, with behavioral and evolutionary psychology as tools, we can really shine an extensive and important light on the big Why of art and aesthetics.
Getting to Sweden
Authors: Nistotskaya Marina , D’Arcy Michelle 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter argues that the roots of Sweden’s exceptional tax state lie in the early modern period. From c.1530 the state began monitoring economic activity and developing a direct vertical fiscal contract between the king and his subjects. The extensive data collected by the state, with the assistance of the newly reformed Church, facilitated fairness in the distribution of tax and conscription burdens and fostered a horizontal contract between subjects. With a free peasantry and a weak nobility, the state’s relationship with the peasantry was direct and unmediated. Furthermore, late industrialization preserved a tax structure and administration based on direct taxes that could easily adapt to the collection of modern taxes. Taken together, these factors explain how Sweden, over the course of 400 years, cultivated its fiscal capacity and strengthened the fiscal contract between ordinary taxpayers and the state.
Tax Collection without Consent
Authors: Volintiru Clara 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines tax collection in pre-modern Romanian provinces. Similar to the other case studies in this volume, legitimacy, the balance of powers, and administrative capacity influence greatly the fiscal and state-building process. Romanian rulers did not seek popular consent, nor did they actively engage in any form of social contract. Taxes were predominantly a burden imposed on behalf of neighboring foreign powers, or exploitative noblemen. Public goods and services were often provided by the Church. This chapter also explains some of the differences between the historical provinces. In the semi-periphery of the Ottoman Empire, fiscal collection was not a priority for the impoverished population, but rather the responsibility of patrimonial rulers. In contrast, social norms and institutional context encouraged fiscal compliance in the urban areas of Transylvania, where a nascent bureaucratic system provided the benefits of predictability and rule enforcement for tradesmen and guild workers.
Internationalized Armed Conflicts in International Law
Authors: Macak Kubo 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
This book examines and analyses the concept, the process, and the consequences of conflict internationalization from the perspective of international law. In a world defined by the twin forces of globalization and fragmentation, very few armed conflicts remain isolated from foreign involvement and confined to the territory of one state. Instead, many begin as internal conflicts that gradually acquire international characteristics of varying degree and nature. This holds true for nearly all major conflicts that have shaped the post-Cold War era: ex-Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Ukraine, Syria, Yemen, and so on. Accordingly, this book searches for the tipping points that convert non-international armed conflicts into international armed conflicts. On that basis, it argues for a specific conceptualization of ‘internationalized armed conflict’ in international law, understood to comprise prima facie non-international armed conflicts, whose legal nature has transformed, thus triggering the applicability of the law of international armed conflict to them. The book then puts forward a comprehensive catalogue of modalities of the process of internationalization that includes outside intervention, state dissolution, and recognition of belligerency. Turning to the consequences of internationalization, the book highlights that the intra-state origin of internationalized conflicts provides for an uneasy match with many of the precepts of the law of international armed conflict, which has historically evolved as a regulatory framework for inter-state wars. Of those, the regulation of combatancy and the law of belligerent occupation are where the principal legal questions lie and which are examined in depth in this book.
Background matching
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackground matching is perhaps the most obvious phenomenon that falls under the label of crypsis. Stevens & Merilaita (2011) describe background matching as situations where ‘the appearance generally matches the colour, lightness and pattern of one (specialized) or several (compromise) background types’. There are fascinating examples of species that behaviourally select their microhabitat and orientation so as to enhance similarity to features of the background, and species that change aspects of their appearance in ways that enhance background matching. The degree of background matching is often imperfect; this is thought to commonly reflect the fact that organisms are viewed against a range of different backgrounds, and so they have evolved appearance traits that offer some degree of matching against several of these. Understanding background matching addresses important issues in evolutionary biology, such as the maintenance of polymorphisms. We discuss how predation rates that depend on the frequency of morphs in the environment may be a common explanation for polymorphic crypsis, and the role search images might play in this process. Achieving highly effective background matching in a complex environment is difficult and this may create room for other types of crypsis.
Transparency
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractWe begin this chapter by considering the ecological distribution of transparent organisms and, in particular, how they are found predominantly in one particular habitat type (open waters); we aim to explain this trend. A perfectly transparent organism (or part of an organism) will not absorb or scatter incident light. Superficially, transparent might seem like a synonym for visually undetectable, but this is not quite true: we discuss how transparent organisms can still be visually detected by their predators or prey. Conversely, there are circumstances where a little transparency can go a long way to reducing an organism’s visibility. Some body parts cannot be made transparent, but we argue that opaque body parts need not always significantly increase the detectability of a generally transparent organism. We will then consider the distribution of transparency among natural organisms. The distributional observations we seek to explain are: the greater prevalence of transparency among aquatic than terrestrial organisms, and the particular prevalence among midwater species. An alternative but related strategy to transparency, adopted by some midwater fish, and considered later in this chapter, is silvering of the body to provide crypsis by broadband reflection.
Secondary defences
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this chapter we consider defences that are usually deployed during, or just before, contact between a prey and its predator: so-called ‘secondary’ defences. Secondary defences are found right across the tree of life and therefore come in very many forms, including: 1.) chemical defences; 2.) mechanical defences; and 3.) behavioural defences. Here we review selected examples that provide useful illustrations of the ecological and evolutionary characteristics associated with secondary defences. We discuss costs of secondary defences, placing emphasis on the consequences of such costs, especially as they relate to forms of social interaction. We show also that the acquisition of secondary defences may modify niche, life history, and habitat range of prey animals and review a well-known and significant study of predator–prey co-evolution of defensive toxins of prey and resistance to those toxins in predators. We include a small selection of examples and ideas from the plant and microbe defence literature where we think a broader perspective is helpful. We begin the chapter by considering the evolutionary mechanisms that favour secondary defence evolution.
Startling predators
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractStartling signals are secondary defences that occur after the focal prey individual has been singled out for attack. Startling signals involve stimulation of the predator’s senses that cause it to delay or break off an attack. The assumption is that even a delay in attack can confer a survival advantage to the prey. This might occur because delay gives the prey an added opportunity to flee, or added opportunity for some other event to occur (perhaps the arrival of a predator of the predator) that causes the predator to break off the attack permanently. Startle signals influence the predator’s behaviour primarily through sensory and/or cognitive manipulation and must be separate from other mechanisms that may also influence predators’ behaviour so as to curtail, delay, or diminish an attack. We first consider the empirical evidence for the existence of such signals, before discussing the evolution of startle signals, the ecological aspects of this defence, co-evolutionary considerations, and suggestions for future research.
Deflecting the point of attack
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Allen William L. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDeflection involves prey influencing the position of the initial contact of a predator with the prey’s body, in a way that benefits the prey. These traits might be behavioural, involve morphological structures, or pigmentation and other appearance traits, or combinations thereof. The benefit to the prey is normally considered to be an increased likelihood of escaping the attack, and so the benefit to the prey comes at a cost to the predator. The anti-predatory mechanisms covered in this book vary greatly in current understanding of their taxonomic distribution, and deflection is an extreme example of this. It has been postulated to occur in a sparse and eclectic group of organisms, and the evidence for its existence is quite variable among members of this group. We spend the bulk of this chapter exploring this evidence. We argue that the evidence currently available allows some speculation on the evolutionary ecology of this anti-predatory strategy, and we develop hypotheses that aim to broaden the scope of research into deflective traits.
Crate Digging Begins at Home
Authors: Stoever Jennifer Lynn 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Many scholars, music journalists, and hip hop heads have discounted the diversity of ways women helped create the now global art-form known as hip hop. One of these overlooked labors involves the cultivation and passing on of a black and Latina feminist listening praxis through record collecting and selecting. This chapter contributes to black feminist scholarship dedicated to moving hip hop historiography from the critical but critically well-worn streets into the more woman-centric and therefore often marginalized spaces of the South Bronx—those living rooms, kitchens, bedrooms, bathrooms, hallways, stores, and stoops, where black women and Latinas not only participated in early hip hop, but helped to bring it into sonic being. Through archival evidence, rhetorical analysis, and an oral history, “Crate Digging Begins at Home” moves toward the interconnected goals of reconceiving gender in hip hop historiography, rethinking the figure of the “mother” in popular music studies and record collecting culture, and documenting the selecting practices of Black and Latinx women.
Properly Compensating Artists in Academic Hip Hop Research
Authors: Dilday Jess A. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Who are hip hop scholars writing for, and how can they write in ways that benefit both artists and their readership? The structure of academia limits the ethical production of knowledge to the elite few who have attained university funding or who have external funding. For instance, independent scholars/practitioners do not have access to the level of funding that tenure-track professors have. Audience access to academic work is likewise restricted to those who can get behind a paywall. In this chapter, I discuss how traditional academic funding models prevent ethical research, why collaborative approaches are preferable and require adequate funding, and how this affects hip hop studies specifically. Finally, I outline some potential interim solutions, with a clarion call for further work in this area.
Epidemiology of Persistent Postsurgical Pain Manifesting as Dry Eye-Like Symptoms After Cataract Surgery
Authors: Sajnani Ravin , Raia Sophia , Gibbons Allister , Chang Victoria , Karp Carol L. , Sarantopoulos Constantine D. , Levitt Roy C. , Galor Anat 
Published: September 2018

Purpose:
To evaluate the epidemiology of persistent postsurgical pain (PPP) manifesting as dry eye (DE)-like symptoms 6 months after surgery.

Methods:
This single-center study included 119 individuals whose cataract surgeries were performed by a single surgeon at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and who agreed to participate in a phone survey 6 months after surgery. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the PPP group was defined as those with a Dry Eye Questionnaire-5 score ≥6 and without PPP as those with a Dry Eye Questionnaire-5 score <6 at 6 months after cataract surgery.

Results:
Mean age of the study population was 73 ± 8.0 years; 55% (n = 66) were female. PPP was present in 34% (n = 41) of individuals 6 months after surgery. Factors associated with an increased risk of PPP were female sex [odds ratio (OR) = 2.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20–6.00, P = 0.01], autoimmune disorder (OR = 13.2, CI = 1.53–114, P = 0.007), nonocular chronic pain disorder (OR = 4.29, CI = 1.01–18.1, P = 0.06), antihistamine use (OR = 6.22, CI = 2.17–17.8, P = 0.0003), antireflux medication use (OR = 2.42, CI = 1.04–5.66, P = 0.04), antidepressant use (OR = 3.17, CI = 1.31–7.68, P = 0.01), anxiolytic use (OR = 3.38, CI = 1.11–10.3, P = 0.03), and antiinsomnia medication use (OR = 5.28, CI = 0.98–28.5, P = 0.047). PPP patients also reported more frequent use of artificial tears (P < 0.0001), higher ocular pain levels (P < 0.0001), and greater neuropathic ocular pain symptoms, including burning (P = 0.001), wind sensitivity (P = 0.001), and light sensitivity (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:
PPP in the form of persistent DE-like symptoms is present in approximately 34% of individuals 6 months after cataract surgery. The frequency of PPP after cataract surgery is comparable to that of other surgeries including laser refractive surgery, dental implants, and genitourinary procedures.
Fenretinide Inhibits Neutrophil Recruitment and IL-1β Production in Aspergillus fumigatus Keratitis
Authors: Zhao Wenyi , Che Chengye , Liu Kuixiang , Zhang Jie , Jiang Nan , Yuan Kelan , Zhao Guiqiu 
Published: September 2018

Purpose:
Fungal keratitis is a major cause of corneal ulcers, resulting in significant visual impairment and blindness. Fenretinide, a derivative of vitamin A, has been shown to suppress inflammation in a multitude of diseases. In this study, we aimed to characterize the effect of fenretinide in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis of the eye in a mouse model.

Methods:
In vivo and in vitro experiments were performed in mouse models and THP-1 macrophage cell cultures infected with A. fumigatus, respectively. Experimental subjects were first pretreated with fenretinide, and then the effect of the compound was assessed with clinical evaluation, neutrophil staining, myeloperoxidase assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blot.

Results:
We confirmed that fenretinide contributed to protection of corneal transparency during early mouse A. fumigatus keratitis by reducing neutrophil recruitment, decreasing myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels and increasing apoptosis. Compared with controls, fenretinide impaired proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) production in response to A. fumigatus exposure with contributions by lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).

Conclusions:
Together, these findings demonstrate that fenretinide may suppress inflammation through reduced neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory cytokine production in A. fumigatus keratitis.
Desikan-Killiany-Tourville Atlas Compatible Version of M-CRIB Neonatal Parcellated Whole Brain Atlas: The M-CRIB 2.0
Authors: Alexander Bonnie , Loh Wai Yen , Matthews Lillian G. , Murray Andrea L. , Adamson Chris , Beare Richard , Chen Jian , Kelly Claire E. , Anderson Peter J. , Doyle Lex W. , Spittle Alicia J. , Cheong Jeanie L.Y. , Seal Marc L. , Thompson Deanne K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOur recently published M-CRIB atlas comprises 100 neonatal brain regions including 68 compatible with the widely-used Desikan-Killiany adult cortical atlas. A successor to the Desikan-Killiany atlas is the Desikan-Killiany-Tourville atlas, in which some regions with unclear boundaries were removed, and many existing boundaries were revised to conform to clearer landmarks in sulcal fundi. Our first aim here was to modify cortical M-CRIB regions to comply with the Desikan-Killiany-Tourville protocol, in order to offer: a) compatibility with this adult cortical atlas, b) greater labelling accuracy due to clearer landmarks, and c) optimisation of cortical regions for integration with surface-based infant parcellation pipelines. Secondly, we aimed to update subcortical regions in order to offer greater compatibility with subcortical segmentations produced in FreeSurfer. Data utilized were the T2-weighted MRI scans in our M-CRIB atlas, for ten healthy neonates (postmenstrual age at MRI 40-43 weeks, 4 female), and corresponding parcellated images. Edits were performed on the parcellated images in volume space using ITK-SNAP. Cortical updates included deletion of frontal and temporal poles and ‘Banks STS’, and modification of boundaries of many other regions. Changes to subcortical regions included the addition of ‘ventral diencephalon’, and deletion of ‘subcortical matter’ labels. A detailed updated parcellation protocol was produced. The resulting whole-brain M-CRIB 2.0 atlas comprises 94 regions altogether. This atlas provides comparability with adult Desikan-Killiany-Tourville-labelled cortical data and FreeSurfer-labelled subcortical data, and is more readily adaptable for incorporation into surface-based neonatal parcellation pipelines. As such, it offers the ability to help facilitate a broad range of investigations into brain structure and function both at the neonatal time point and developmentally across the lifespan.
Spatio-temporal structure and reproductive success in a rook (Corvus frugilegus) colony
Authors: Feró Orsolya , Bán Miklós , Barta Zoltán 
Published: September 2018

SUMMARYWe have studied how individual decisions about timing of breeding and nest location affected the reproductive success of rooks by tracing the formation of a rook breeding colony in Hortobágy NP (Hungary), during the breeding season in 1999.We have found that birds who built nests earlier also laid eggs earlier and had larger clutch size but had no had more offspring than late nesters. Distance of the nest from the centre or edge of the colony did not affect the reproductive success though rooks generally settled closer to the centre and further from the edge than it can be expected by assuming random distribution. The colony showed high breeding synchrony since date of egg laying varied less than date of nesting but synchrony did not influence the breeding success. Hatchling’s survival rate and number of offspring increased with local nest density and rooks clustered their nests more than it can be expected by random settlement. Nest sites of early and late nesters did not differ regarding the distance from the centre or the edge of the colony but late nesters chose nest sites in more densely populated regions.The results indicate that individuals may follow different strategies to increase their reproductive success. It is prospectively advantageous to build the nest and lay eggs earlier, in turn, it’s worth nesting in already more densely nested areas for late beginners. We suggest that a game theoretical approach may be useful if we try to understand the adaptive significance of colonial breeding.