bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of temporomandibular disorder pain, jaw noises and oral behaviours in an adult Italian population sample
Authors: Iodice Giorgio , Cimino Roberta , Vollaro Stefano , Lobbezoo Frank , Michelotti Ambra 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTo evaluate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder pain (TMD‐pain), temporomandibular joint (TMJ) noises, oral behaviours in an Italian adult population sample, their possible association with gender, oral behaviours, self‐reported facial trauma and orthodontic treatment. Subjects older than 18 years were recruited from general population in public spaces during their daily life. A specific questionnaire was developed to collect data on TMD‐pain, TMJ noises, oral behaviours, orthodontic treatment and facial trauma. A total of 4299 subjects were included in the study. The most common symptom in the sample was TMJ clicking (30.7%), followed by TMD‐pain (16.3%) and TMJ crepitus (10.3%). Oral behaviours were reported in 29% of the sample; 43.6% of the sample reported a previous or ongoing orthodontic treatment. TMD‐pain and TMJ clicking were significantly associated to gender, oral behaviours and a positive history of previous facial trauma. Crepitus was significantly associated to oral behaviours, facial trauma and higher age. Ongoing orthodontic treatment was significantly associated to TMD‐pain and TMJ sounds. In a general Italian adult population sample, TMD‐pain is associated to female gender and is less prevalent than TMJ clicking. TMDs are associated to trauma and oral behaviours.
The experiences of patients electrically shocked by an implantable cardioverter defibrillator: Findings from a descriptive qualitative study
Authors: Palese Alvisa , Cracina Arianna , Purino Michela , Urli Nadia , Fabris Stefano , Danielis Matteo 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo date, few studies have explored cases of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shock delivery with the intent of understanding patients' educational and supportive needs.Aims and objectivesTo explore patient experiences as lived before, during and after one or more shocks.DesignA descriptive qualitative study carried out between 2016 and 2017.MethodsSemi‐structured face‐to‐face audio‐recorded interviews were performed and analysed using a content analysis methodology.ResultsA total of 50 patients (average age = 68.3 years; largely male = 49; 98%) were interviewed. Four themes emerged: (a) “Feeling surprised vs. alerted by the changes inside me”; (b) “Living an intense, mono‐dimensional vs. living a multidimensional storm experience”, (c) “Facing the event vs. being supported”; and (d) “Living a drama vs. being used to it”.ConclusionsFindings suggest that ICD use can trigger negative physical and emotional effects in patients. Moreover, nurses should recognize patients' educational needs according to the stage of adaptation that each patient is experiencing with the aim of tailoring appropriate supportive interventions.Relevance to clinical practiceTherefore, it is necessary to consider the psychological needs of patients by integrating these into clinical care at different levels (emergency department, hospital ward, home). Specific structured support aimed at helping patients overcome intense negative experiences is suggested, especially in the first stage of the adaptation process. Nurses should also ensure that appropriate education programmes with adequate follow‐up interventions are offered to improve the experience of living with an ICD. In addition, patient‐reported outcomes should be routinely collected from patients with an ICD.
Evolutionary trajectories, accessibility and other metaphors: the case of C4 and CAM photosynthesis
Authors: Edwards Erika J. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryAre evolutionary outcomes predictable? Adaptations that show repeated evolutionary convergence across the Tree of Life provide a special opportunity to dissect the context surrounding their origins, and identify any commonalities that may predict why certain traits evolved many times in particular clades and yet never evolved in others. The remarkable convergence of C4 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis in vascular plants makes them exceptional model systems for understanding the repeated evolution of complex phenotypes. This review highlights what we have learned about the recurring assembly of C4 and CAM, focusing on the increasingly predictable stepwise evolutionary integration of anatomy and biochemistry. With the caveat that we currently understand C4 evolution better than we do CAM, I propose a general model that explains and unites C4 and CAM evolutionary trajectories. Available data suggest that anatomical modifications are the ‘rate‐limiting step’ in each trajectory, which in large part determines the evolutionary accessibility of both syndromes. The idea that organismal structure exerts a primary influence on innovation is discussed in the context of other systems. Whether the rate‐limiting step occurs early or late in the evolutionary assembly of a new phenotype may have profound implications for its distribution across the Tree of Life.
Predicting changes in mean length with an age‐structured stock assessment model
Authors: Ben‐Hasan Abdul , Walters Carl , Christensen Villy , van Poorten Brett , Rajab Sarah , Al‐Husaini Mohsen , Al‐Foudari Hussein 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that mean length is only slightly biased and hence a robust indicator of the total mortality (fishing and natural mortalities). However, these studies use models that typically assume equilibrium conditions and are expected to predict a much stronger relationship between mean length and fishing mortality than would be obtained from a model with more realistic assumptions. Here we predict changes in annual mean length with stochastic stock reduction analysis (SRA)—an age‐structured model—that accounts for recruitment variation around an average stock‐recruitment relationship and time‐varying exploitation rate. We found that SRA‐predicted mean length fluctuates considerably over exploitation rate, as opposed to equilibrium mean length, which consistently declined as exploitation rate climbed. Our finding suggests that the inference obtained from examining the relationship between fishing effects and mean length under equilibrium conditions could be misleading.Recommendations for resource managersPrevious studies showed that equilibrium mean length—that is, assuming continuous and constant recruitment and constant total mortality over time—is a reliable indicator of fishing and natural mortalities, where changes in the observed mean length mimic the total mortality of the harvested population.By estimating mean length under sensible assumptions, such as accounting for recruitment variability around an average stock‐recruitment relationship, and time‐varying exploitation rate (fishing mortality), high exploitation rate does not necessarily result in a low mean length.Given that equilibrium approaches to estimate mortality as a function of mean length are still appealing, due to their simplicity and basic data requirement, caution must be exercised when interpreting the results.
Accommodation and its role in myopia progression and control with soft contact lenses
Authors: Cheng Xu , Xu Jing , Brennan Noel A 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPurposeTo examine the impact of contact lens optical design on accommodative behaviour of children and the correlation between myopia progression and the accommodative response of the eye while wearing a contact lens designed for myopia control.MethodsA post‐hoc analysis was conducted on data from a previously published myopia control trial. A total of 109 subjects (aged 8 to 11 years, myopia: −0.75 to −4.00 D) wore either a Control (single‐vision,n = 57) or a Test (with positive spherical aberration, +SA,n = 52) soft contact lens, binocularly for 1 year. Accommodative response was measured as the subject observed targets at −1.00 to −4.00 D vergence using the Grand SeikoWAM‐5500 open‐field autorefractor (www.grandseiko.com). Slope of accommodative response (SAR) as well as distance and near phoria and stimulus accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) were compared between each group at baseline without study lenses and at 1‐week and 1‐year visits with study lenses. TheSARwas also compared to changes in axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent cycloplegic auto refraction (SECAR).ResultsAt baseline, there was no significant difference inSARbetween the two study groups (ΔSAR = −0.039,p = 0.84). At 1 week, meanSARof the Test group was significantly less than for the Control group (ΔSAR = −0.203,p < 0.0001), an effect that persisted to 1 year (ΔSAR = −0.129,p < 0.0001). In the Test group, greaterSARwas associated with less change inAL(regression coefficient: −0.59 mm,p < 0.0001) andSECAR(regression coefficient: 1.12 D,p = 0.006) at 1 year. In the Control group, associations betweenSARand change inALandSECARwere not statistically significant. Compared to the Control group, eyes of the Test group appeared to be more exophoric with study lenses, however, the difference between the two groups was only significant at 1 week for distance phoria and 1 year for near phoria.ConclusionThe soft contact lens with +SAfor controlling myopia progression resulted in an apparent decrease in mean accommodation. Within the Test group, reduced accommodative response correlated with greater myopia progression, suggesting some subjects in the Test group utilised the +SAfor near viewing, inducing hyperopic defocus at the retina. Accordingly, the potential impact of a lens optics on accommodative function should be considered during design of myopia control lenses.
Characteristics of melanoma in white and nonwhite children, adolescents, and young adults: Analysis of a pediatric melanoma institutional registry, 1995‐2018
Authors: Afanasiev Olga K. , Tu Joanna H. , Chu Derek H. , Swetter Susan M. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo characterize clinical differences among nonwhite/multiethnic vs white children, adolescents, and young adults with melanoma or atypical melanocytic neoplasms, including atypical Spitz tumors.Patients and MethodsA cohort of 55 patients (< 25 years of age) prospectively followed from 1995 to 2018 in the Stanford Pigmented Lesion and Melanoma Program was analyzed for differences in clinical presentation, including skin phototype, race/ethnicity, age, sex, tumor/melanoma characteristics, and outcome.ResultsSeventeen patients (9 males and 8 females) were classified as nonwhite (predominantly skin phototype IV) and of Hispanic, Asian, or Black/African American ethnicity, and 38 patients (21 males and 17 females) were classified as white (predominantly phototypes I/II). Ages ranged from 6 months to 24 years, and median follow‐up was 36 months (range 1‐180 months). Melanomas were diagnosed in 87% of whites in our cohort, compared to 65% of nonwhites, with the remainder representing mainly atypical Spitz tumors. Lesions were usually brought to the attention of a health care provider by the patient or family (P < 0.05). Compared with whites, nonwhites were more likely to present at a younger mean age (10.9 years vs 15.4 years, P < 0.05) and with pink/clinically amelanotic tumors (59% vs 24%, P = 0.02).ConclusionsThis long‐term prospective institutional study showed clinically relevant differences between nonwhite vs white children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with melanoma and atypical melanocytic neoplasms. Nonwhite patients presented at a younger age and had more clinically amelanotic melanocytic tumors. Increased recognition of clinical factors and risk of these tumors in nonwhites could result in earlier diagnosis.
Experiences with combined personal‐online case management and the self‐reliance of older people with multimorbidity living alone in private households: results of an interpretative‐hermeneutical analysis
Authors: Schmidt Stefan , Behrens Johann , Lautenschlaeger Christine , Gaertner Beate , Luderer Christiane 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundTo date in Germany, only few studies have been conducted concerning the efficacy of care and case management (CCM) for older people and about using communication technology during monitoring.AimWith this study, it is intended to gain a better understanding of how CCM in general is perceived by older people (65+) living alone and in particular what they think about the CCM monitoring process used during video conferences.MethodThe sampling and work cycle were based on the Grounded Theory. Two different subsamples (each n = 20; total sample: 70% women; age range: 64–92 years) were recruited. Interviews were conducted with the focus on CCM contributions (Subsample I) and monitoring supported by video conferences (Subsample II). All participants had received CCM from external providers (care support centres) in two German federal states. The intervention of CCM ranged between four and twelve months. Participants of Subsample II received additionally moderated video conferences via tablet PCs for and with older people over an intervention period of nine months.ResultsCare and case management was experienced as a possibility for receiving individual support and for improving the user's everyday life. Within a short time, video conferences were a familiar communication tool. They enabled particularly people with reduced mobility to get barrier‐free access to case managers, compensated for isolation and enabled participation.ConclusionsAccording to the view of older CCM users with multimorbidity living alone, CCM offers formative and organisational support in various life‐domains. Combined with video conferences, the exchange of information becomes barrier‐free and instantaneous, and the sense of security in health questions is reinforced.
Dealing with diversity in workgroups: Preventing problems and promoting potential
Authors: Homan Astrid C. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractDiversity is a popular topic among academics and practitioners alike. It is also a topic that is surrounded with controversies and passionate opinions. This makes understanding the ambiguous consequences of diversity a highly interesting and puzzling endeavor. To facilitate understanding of diversity's effects in workgroups, I present an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art in diversity research and discuss the potential problems and benefits that are associated with group diversity. Moreover, I discuss how research on diversity interventions uses this problems versus potential approach to distinguish moderators of diversity's effects. Based on this overview, I argue that similar to the importance of contingencies for predicting diversity's effects, contingencies also play a crucial role in predicting the effectiveness of diversity interventions. As such, the current overview stresses the lack of main effects of both diversity and diversity interventions. Finally, I discuss recent work illustrating these contingencies and conclude that positive diversity mindsets—favorable mental representations of group diversity—are a necessary prerequisite to prevent problems and promote potential of group diversity.
Who'll Stop the Rain? Repeated Disasters and Attitudes Toward Government
Authors: Darr Joshua P. , Cate Sarah D. , Moak Daniel S. 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesWe examine how prior experience with government agencies shapes citizens’ assessments of government performance. In Louisiana, two extreme weather events, 11 years apart, required intervention from the state and federal government: Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the 2016 floods. Were Louisianans’ attitudes toward government response shaped by their prior experiences during a natural disaster?MethodsWe use an original survey of Louisianans to assess the role of Katrina experience in performance assessments of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the Louisiana state government in 2016.ResultsWe find a significant negative relationship: flood aid applicants in 2016 rated state government much lower, but only if they also applied for Katrina aid.ConclusionsThose with personal experience with FEMA hold lower expectations of state government performance, which deteriorated under the Jindal Administration, and look to the federal government for support. Prior experience with government agencies establishes expectations of responsibility that endure years later.
Surviving Political Scandals: Why Some Transgressions End Political Careers and Others Do Not
Authors: Newmark Adam J. , Vaughan Shannon K. , Pleites‐Hernandez Giovanny D. 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveIn this article, we examine several explanations for why some politicians survive political scandals and others do not. These explanations include the nature and magnitude of the scandal, the political environment, and how the politician responds to the scandal.MethodsTo identify scandals, we use the Lexis‐Nexis database of Associated Press State and Local Wire (APSLW) articles between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2014 to examine political scandals involving politicians in 14 states. Using data obtained from relevant news articles, we estimate multivariate models in order to predict the probability of surviving a political scandal, as well as the electoral margin of victory for those who do survive.FindingsWe find that men, those in safe seats, those in favorable political environments, and those with support of their spouses are more likely to survive a political scandal. However, early‐breaking scandals, those that are more severe, those that require an apology or aggressive defense, and those that are sexual in nature decrease the probability of survival.ConclusionWhile scandals put politicians at risk, there are factors that insulate politicians from the adverse effects of their transgressions. These findings offer insights into why some politiciansacross levels of governmentseem somewhat immune to scandals, while others have their careers abruptly ended because of them.
Experimental stress analysis of an arbitrary geometry containing irregularly shaped hole
Authors: Kalaycioglu B. , Alshaya A. , Rowlands R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractStresses can significantly influence the mechanical integrity of engineering structures. Motivated by prevalence of members containing cutouts, the objective of this paper is to demonstrate ability to stress analyse a finite, complicated‐shaped plate containing an asymmetrical, irregularly shaped hole. Combining the load‐induced temperature information with analytical and numerical tools provides the independent stresses full field, including on edges of the plate and adjacent to the top load. In addition to utilising real, rather than complex, variables, the technique smooths the recorded information, evaluates individual stresses, and requires neither differentiating the measured data nor knowing the elastic properties. Results are supported by those from a finite element analysis, force equilibrium, and strain gages.
Empirical evidence on surrogate country method for non‐market economy: US anti‐dumping policy towards China
Authors: Kim Hyerim , Ahn Dukgeun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWhether the non‐market economy (NME) treatment on China can be maintained even after the expiry date under Section 15 of China's World Trade Organization (WTO) Accession Protocol is one of the most controversial issues in the WTO. In fact, the key issue of the NME status in the anti‐dumping (AD) proceedings turns out to be how surrogate countries are selected in relation to dumping margin calculation. This paper reviews the US practices concerning the application of the surrogate country method. Despite the general perception of capricious and random selection of surrogate countries, the Department of Commerce has maintained a consistent pattern for applying the criteria. This seemingly consistent practice, however, raised systematic problems—but not at a significant scale—in dumping margin calculation concerning Chinese products. This result sheds an interesting light on the current WTO disputes concerning the China's NME status. At least in terms of the US AD practices, the result of the WTO dispute settlement process may not have a significant impact on the China's exportation.
Scheduling Concurrent Visual Feedback in Learning a Continuous Balance Task
Authors: Goodwin Jeff E. 
Published: April 2019

This investigation held concurrent visual feedback frequency at 50% in the acquisition phase and manipulated three different feedback schedules while comparing those to a 0% feedback frequency. In an assessment of dynamic postural stability, young, healthy adults performed 20 acquisition trials and four retention trials 48-hr later on a circular platform that moved in the anterior/posterior and medial/lateral axes simultaneously. Three concurrent feedback schedules were manipulated: a fade schedule consisting of high relative frequency of concurrent feedback early in the acquisition phase which was systematically reduced throughout acquisition (e.g., 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 0%), a constant schedule consisting of a uniform scheduling of concurrent feedback on every other acquisition trial, and a reverse fade group consisting of a schedule exactly opposite to that of the fade group. A no concurrent feedback group was also utilized to determine if feedback was necessary to learn the balance task. Acquisition and retention results revealed the concurrent groups performed with significantly greater accuracy and stability than the no concurrent feedback group. There were no significant differences between the three concurrent feedback schedules. Results indicate that manipulating concurrent feedback scheduling did not produce similar results to those investigations manipulating knowledge of results scheduling.
Study of brain morphology change in Alzheimer’s disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment compared with normal controls
Authors: Yang Huanqing , Xu Hua , Li Qingfeng , Jin Yan , Jiang Weixiong , Wang Jinghua , Wu Yina , Li Wei , Yang Cece , Li Xia , Xiao Shifu , Shi Feng , Wang Tao 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundWith an aggravated social ageing level, the number of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is gradually increasing, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered to be an early form of Alzheimer’s disease. How to distinguish diseases in the early stage for the purposes of early diagnosis and treatment is an important topic.AimsThe purpose of our study was to investigate the differences in brain cortical thickness and surface area among elderly patients with AD, elderly patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI) and normal controls (NC).Methods20 AD patients, 21 aMCIs and 25 NC were recruited in the study. FreeSurfer software was used to calculate cortical thickness and surface area among groups.ResultsThe patients with AD had less cortical thickness both in the left and right hemisphere in 17 of the 36 brain regions examined than the patients with aMCI or NC. The patients with AD also had smaller cerebral surface area both in the left and right hemisphere in 3 of the 36 brain regions examined than the patients with aMCI or NC. Compared with the NC, the patients with aMCI only had slight atrophy in the inferior parietal lobe of the left hemisphere, and no significant difference was found.ConclusionAD, as well as aMCI (to a lesser extent), is associated with reduced cortical thickness and surface area in a few brain regions associated with cognitive impairment. These results suggest that cortical thickness and surface area could be used for early detection of AD.