bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2 Photocatalysis: The Principles
Authors: Gaida F. , Griesbeck A. G. , Vollmer M. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractUnderstanding photocatalysis requires knowledge of the primary and secondary photophysical and photochemical processes: light absorption and emission, radiationless decay, energy and electron transfer, and hydrogen and group transfer. Photocatalysis is largely dictated by energy and spin restrictions that allow fast transfer of energy, electrons, or atoms. The kinetics of photoredox-initiated catalysis can be estimated from the redox properties of the electronic ground states as well as the excitation energies and spin properties of the excited states involved. These principles are demonstrated using three model processes: photochemical decarboxylation, fluorination/fluoroalkylation, and (molecular) oxygen-transfer processes.
3 Practical Aspects of Photocatalysis
Authors: Speckmeier E. , Zeitler K. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractVisible-light photocatalysis has emerged as a versatile, important tool for organic synthesis, often allowing for complementary approaches to more traditional transformations. This chapter summarizes general practical aspects for the conduction of (visible light) photochemical and photocatalytic reactions, focussing on irradiation sources and experimental setups both for batch and flow reactions, including special equipment for NMR and EPR spectrometers, autoclaves, or ball mills. A short overview of typical experiments and approaches to elucidate basic mechanistic information is additionally provided.
5 Decarboxylative Coupling Reactions
Authors: Zhou Q.-Q. , Wei Y. , Lu L.-Q. , Matsui J. K. , Xiao W.-J. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe radical decarboxylative functionalization of carboxylic acids and their derivatives using visible-light photoredox catalysis has been established as an efficient method for carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond formation. The generation of carbon-centered radicals through the single-electron oxidation or reduction process under mild reaction conditions, together with the further reaction with a variety of organic reagents, allows diverse transformations of readily available carboxylic acids and their derivatives. In this chapter, the most recent advances in the field of visible-light-photocatalytic decarboxylative coupling reactions are highlighted.
6 Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer
Authors: Thullen S. M. , Ashley M. A. , Rovis T. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractProton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) enables the functionalization of prevalent organic moieties that are commonly regarded as energetically inaccessible. This chapter focuses on reductive and oxidative PCET in organic systems and the variety of catalyst systems that allow for the formation of ketyl and amidyl radicals for C–C and C–N bond-forming reactions.
11 Nickel in Photocatalysis
Authors: Kelly C. B. , Lu L.-Q. , Matsui J. K. , Phelan J. P. , Gutiérrez Bonet Á. , Lang S. B. , Molander G. A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRobust methods to forge C–C bonds selectively are treasured by the chemical community because of the inherent value of such processes in the convergent construction of complex molecules and the notorious challenges associated with creating such linkages. The advent of cross-coupling technologies (e.g., Suzuki, Negishi, and Heck processes) has revolutionized how synthetic chemists establish C(sp2)–C(sp2) bonds. However, the mechanistic features that make these transition-metal-catalyzed processes ideal for this type of transformation are the same ones that limit their abilities to involve C(sp3)-hybridized species. In this chapter, a recently developed solution to the underlying challenge of engaging C(sp3)-hybridized nucleophiles in cross coupling is outlined: nickel/photoredox dual catalysis. By proceeding through radical intermediates, the enthalpic penalty for two-electron transmetalation can be side-stepped, and cross coupling can proceed under mild, functional-group-tolerant conditions. Several variants of this dual catalytic process are presented which, taken together, demonstrate the breadth and scope of this new cross-coupling paradigm.
14 Organic Dyes in Photocatalytic Reductive C—H Arylations
Authors: Ghosh I. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn recent years, visible-light photoredox catalysis has gained enormous attention as an energy-efficient and versatile method for chemical synthesis. This chapter presents synthetically important C–H arylation reactions using inexpensive organic dyes (e.g., eosin Y, rhodamine 6G, perylene bisimides, etc.) under visible-light photoredox catalytic reaction conditions. Single-electron transfer to arenediazonium salts or aryl halides leads to the formation of aryl radicals, which, under the reaction conditions, react with (het)arenes to yield the respective C–H arylated products.
15 Silicates in Photocatalysis
Authors: Corcé V. , Lévêque C. , Ollivier C. , Fensterbank L. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBis(catecholato)silicates have emerged as robust alkyl radical sources under photocatalysis. This chapter describes the preparation of various silicates and their utilization under photocatalytic conditions for the formation of C–C and C–O bonds. The last section focuses on the use of silicates in photoredox/nickel dual catalysis.
Consecutive feedback-driven constitutional dynamic networks
Authors: Yue Liang , Wang Shan , Wulf Verena , Lilienthal Sivan , Remacle Françoise , Levine R. D. , Willner Itamar 
Published: February 2019

Significance
Inspired by nature, where dynamic networks lead to adaptive compositions and emerging functions of the systems, we introduce nucleic-acid–based constitutional dynamic assemblies mimicking natural networks. We demonstrate that auxiliary triggers guide the adaptive reconfiguration of the compositions of the constitutional dynamic networks and their emerging functions. Specifically, we introduce the assembly of constitutional dynamic networks revealing negative/positive- and positive/positive-feedback–driven operation mechanisms. These processes mimic signal propagation phenomena in biological environments. The feedback-driven mechanisms provide the principles to develop dynamic amplified sensing platforms and to design cascaded logic gate circuits.
Mutational analysis of a catalytically important loop containing active site and substrate-binding site in Escherichia coli phytase AppA
Authors: Wada Manami , Hayashi Yuuki , Arai Munehito 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
A phytase from Escherichia coli, AppA, has been the target of protein engineering to reduce the amount of undigested phosphates from livestock manure by making phosphorous from phytic acid available as a nutrient. To understand the contribution of each amino acid in the active site loop to the AppA activity, alanine and glycine scanning mutagenesis was undertaken. The results of phytase activity assay demonstrated loss of activity by mutations at charged residues within the conserved motif, supporting their importance in catalytic activity. In contrast, both conserved, non-polar residues and non-conserved residues tended to be tolerant to Ala and/or Gly mutations. Correlation analyses of chemical/structural characteristics of each mutation site against mutant activity revealed that the loop residues located closer to the substrate have greater contribution to the activity of AppA. These results may be useful in efficiently engineering AppA to improve its catalytic activity.
Abbreviations: AppA: pH 2.5 acid phosphatase; CSU: contacts of structural units; HAPs: histidine acid phosphatases; SASA: solvent accessible surface area; SDS-PAGE: sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; SSM: site-saturation mutagenesis; WT: wild type
Oxidative protein folding in the plant endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Urade Reiko 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT
For most of the proteins synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), disulfide bond formation accompanies protein folding in a process called oxidative folding. Oxidative folding is catalyzed by a number of enzymes, including the family of protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), as well as other proteins that supply oxidizing equivalents to PDI family proteins, like ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1). Oxidative protein folding in the ER is a basic vital function, and understanding its molecular mechanism is critical for the application of plants as protein production tools. Here, I review the recent research and progress related to the enzymes involved in oxidative folding in the plant ER. Firstly, nine groups of plant PDI family proteins are introduced. Next, the enzymatic properties of plant Ero1 are described. Finally, the cooperative folding by multiple PDI family proteins and Ero1 is described.
Can Farm Households Improve Food and Nutrition Security through Adoption of Climate‐smart Practices? Empirical Evidence from Northern Ghana
Authors: Issahaku Gazali , Abdulai Awudu 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe examine the factors that influence farmers’ decisions to adopt climate‐smart practices and how adoption affects food and nutrition security in Ghana, using an endogenous switching regression approach to account for selectivity bias. The results show that adoption positively and significantly impacts food and nutrition security. The impacts of adoption are greater in the lower quantiles of the distributions of food and nutrition security, an indication of the potential role of adoption in reducing poverty among poor households. Policy efforts that seek to improve farmers’ access to machinery and extension services may enhance the adoption of climate‐smart practices.
Predation on Non-Spider Arthropod Eggs and Colony Bionomics of the Ant Proceratium itoi (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Masuko Keiichi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn total, 107 colonies of the cryptic ant Proceratium itoi (Forel) were collected from an evergreen broad-leaved forest in central Japan. Their nests were excavated directly from the soil at depths of 10–15 cm. Most colonies were monogynous and colony sizes were small; the median and maximum numbers of workers per colony were 35 and 253, respectively. The ant nests collected during May–September frequently contained many arthropod eggs; thus, the ants are likely to be specialized for predation on these eggs. Hatchlings from the eggs were identified as species belonging to Chilopoda, Hemiptera, and Opiliones. Other species of Proceratium have long been presumed, without evidence, to prey on spider eggs; however, no spider eggs were found among approximately 1,800 prey eggs present in P. itoi nests.
The SHIELD Orange County Project: Multidrug-resistant Organism Prevalence in 21 Nursing Homes and Long-term Acute Care Facilities in Southern California
Authors: McKinnell James A , Singh Raveena D , Miller Loren G , Kleinman Ken , Gussin Gabrielle , He Jiayi , Saavedra Raheeb , Dutciuc Tabitha D , Estevez Marlene , Chang Justin , Heim Lauren , Yamaguchi Stacey , Custodio Harold , Gohil Shruti K , Park Steven , Tam Steven , Robinson Philip A , Tjoa Thomas , Nguyen Jenny , Evans Kaye D , Bittencourt Cassiana E , Lee Bruce Y , Mueller Leslie E , Bartsch Sarah M , Jernigan John A , Slayton Rachel B , Stone Nimalie D , Zahn Matthew , Mor Vincent , McConeghy Kevin , Baier Rosa R , Janssen Lynn , O’Donnell Kathleen , Weinstein Robert A , Hayden Mary K , Coady Micaela H , Bhattarai Megha , Peterson Ellena M , Huang Susan S 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundMultidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) spread between hospitals, nursing homes (NHs), and long-term acute care facilities (LTACs) via patient transfers. The Shared Healthcare Intervention to Eliminate Life-threatening Dissemination of MDROs in Orange County is a regional public health collaborative involving decolonization at 38 healthcare facilities selected based on their high degree of patient sharing. We report baseline MDRO prevalence in 21 NHs/LTACs.MethodsA random sample of 50 adults for 21 NHs/LTACs (18 NHs, 3 LTACs) were screened for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE), extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing organisms (ESBL), and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) using nares, skin (axilla/groin), and peri-rectal swabs. Facility and resident characteristics associated with MDRO carriage were assessed using multivariable models clustering by person and facility.ResultsPrevalence of MDROs was 65% in NHs and 80% in LTACs. The most common MDROs in NHs were MRSA (42%) and ESBL (34%); in LTACs they were VRE (55%) and ESBL (38%). CRE prevalence was higher in facilities that manage ventilated LTAC patients and NH residents (8% vs &lt;1%, P &lt; .001). MDRO status was known for 18% of NH residents and 49% of LTAC patients. MDRO-colonized adults commonly harbored additional MDROs (54% MDRO+ NH residents and 62% MDRO+ LTACs patients). History of MRSA (odds ratio [OR] = 1.7; confidence interval [CI]: 1.2, 2.4; P = .004), VRE (OR = 2.1; CI: 1.2, 3.8; P = .01), ESBL (OR = 1.6; CI: 1.1, 2.3; P = .03), and diabetes (OR = 1.3; CI: 1.0, 1.7; P = .03) were associated with any MDRO carriage.ConclusionsThe majority of NH residents and LTAC patients harbor MDROs. MDRO status is frequently unknown to the facility. The high MDRO prevalence highlights the need for prevention efforts in NHs/LTACs as part of regional efforts to control MDRO spread.
Pathological complete response after neoadjuvant/induction treatment: where is its place in the lung cancer staging system?†
Authors: Melek Hüseyin , Çetinkaya Gamze , Özer Erhan , Yentürk Eylem , Sevinç Tolga Evrim , Bayram Ahmet Sami , Gebitekin Cengiz 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Prognosis for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who, after neoadjuvant/induction and surgery, have a pathological complete response (pCR) is expected to be improved. However, the place of the pCR patients in the context of the tumour, lymph node and metastasis (TNM) staging system is still not defined. The aim of this study is to investigate the long-term survival of NSCLC patients with pCR and to find their appropriate staging category within the TNM staging system.

METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed the prospectively recorded data of 1076 patients undergoing surgery (segmentectomy or more) for NSCLC between 1996 and 2016. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1: clinical early-stage patients who underwent direct surgical resection (n = 660); group 2: patients who received neoadjuvant/induction treatment before surgical resection for locally advanced NSCLC (n = 416). Morbidity, mortality, survival rates and prognostic factors were analysed and compared.

RESULTS
Postoperative histopathological evaluation revealed pCR in 72 (17%) patients in group 2. Overall 5-year survival was 58.7% (group 1 = 62.3%, group 2 = 52.8%, P = 0.001). Of note, 5-year survival was 72.2% for pCRs. In addition, 5-year survival for stage 1a disease was 82.6% in group 1 and 63.2% in group 2 (P = 0.008); 70.3% in group 1 and 60.5% in group 2 for stage 1b (P = 0.08). Patients with stage II had a 5-year survival of 53.9% in group 1 and 51.1% in group 2 (P = 0.36).

CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that patients with locally advanced NSCLC developing a pCR after neoadjuvant/induction treatment have the best long-term survival and survival similar that of to stage Ib patients.
Ventricular conduction stability test: a method to identify and quantify changes in whole heart activation patterns during physiological stress
Authors: Shun-Shin Matthew J , Leong Kevin M W , Ng Fu Siong , Linton Nicholas W F , Whinnett Zachary I , Koa-Wing Michael , Qureshi Norman , Lefroy David C , Harding Sian E , Lim Phang Boon , Peters Nicholas S , Francis Darrel P , Varnava Amanda M , Kanagaratnam Prapa 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Aims
Abnormal rate adaptation of the action potential is proarrhythmic but is difficult to measure with current electro-anatomical mapping techniques. We developed a method to rapidly quantify spatial discordance in whole heart activation in response to rate cycle length changes. We test the hypothesis that patients with underlying channelopathies or history of aborted sudden cardiac death (SCD) have a reduced capacity to maintain uniform activation following exercise.

Methods and results
Electrocardiographical imaging (ECGI) reconstructs >1200 electrograms (EGMs) over the ventricles from a single beat, providing epicardial whole heart activation maps. Thirty-one individuals [11 SCD survivors; 10 Brugada syndrome (BrS) without SCD; and 10 controls] with structurally normal hearts underwent ECGI vest recordings following exercise treadmill. For each patient, we calculated the relative change in EGM local activation times (LATs) between a baseline and post-exertion phase using custom written software. A ventricular conduction stability (V-CoS) score calculated to indicate the percentage of ventricle that showed no significant change in relative LAT (<10 ms). A lower score reflected greater conduction heterogeneity. Mean variability (standard deviation) of V-CoS score over 10 consecutive beats was small (0.9 ± 0.5%), with good inter-operator reproducibility of V-CoS scores. Sudden cardiac death survivors, compared to BrS and controls, had the lowest V-CoS scores post-exertion (P = 0.011) but were no different at baseline (P = 0.50).

Conclusion
We present a method to rapidly quantify changes in global activation which provides a measure of conduction heterogeneity and proof of concept by demonstrating SCD survivors have a reduced capacity to maintain uniform activation following exercise.
A Pragmatic Method to Forecast Stumpage Prices
Authors: Wagner John E , Rahn Jill , Cavo Mariela 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Stumpage price is one of the key economic inputs in developing sustainable forest-management plans and analyzing forest-management decisions and investments. A robust method to forecast stumpage prices and prediction intervals would help timberland owners and consultants bound uncertainty and improve the chance that future management actions agree with specified objectives. We evaluated three forecasting methods: simple moving average, linear weighted moving average, and exponential weighted moving average. Real annual stumpage prices for New York’s six most common species were used to evaluate the robustness of the three forecasting methods. We concluded that, while being more complex computationally, the exponential weighted moving average was preferred to the simple and linear weighted moving average.
Maternal pregnancy intention and its association with low birthweight and pregnancy complications in Bangladesh: findings from a hospital-based study
Authors: Rahman Mosfequr , Nasrin Sarkar Obaida , Rahman Mosiur , Rahman Aminur , Mostofa Golam , Jesmin Syeda Sarah , Buchanan Fiona 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
The investigation of the potential impact of unintended pregnancy on maternal and child health is important to design effective interventions. This study explored the associations between unintended pregnancy and low birthweight (LBW) and pregnancy complications.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 randomly selected women in the postnatal wards of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify associations.

Results
Results of this study indicate that 30.5% of all pregnancies were unintended and 29.3% of babies were born with LBW. Additionally, 79.3% of women experienced any pregnancy complication (AC), 69.5% experienced medical complications and 44.3% experienced obstetric complications (OCs) during their last pregnancy. Unintended pregnancy was significantly associated with LBW (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.79 to 5.54), maternal experience of OCs (AOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.03 to 3.28) and AC (AOR: 2.93, 95%: 1.14 to 7.58). Women with unintended pregnancies were at higher risk of developing high blood pressure and anemia during pregnancy.

Conclusions
Women with unintended pregnancies are at increased risk of producing LBW babies and experiencing complications during pregnancy. Therefore, maternal pregnancy intention should be addressed in interventions aimed to reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality.
The Blueberry Gall Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): A Recent Pest of Wild Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium; Ericales: Ericaceae) and Its Impact on Potential Yield
Authors: Collins Judith A , Drummond Francis A 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is an emerging pest on wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (Ericales: Ericaceae). The purpose of this study was to document the population increase of blueberry gall midge on this crop in Maine since its discovery in 2003 until 2018. Dasineura oxycoccana appears to have three generations during the prune cycle in Maine wild blueberry, although this may vary among years. Prune fields have higher infestation rates than crop fields, most likely due to the greater abundance of susceptible leaf tissue. Production system does affect infestation rates. Fields managed under a high input system exhibit lower gall midge infestation than low or medium input fields. Field infestation rates in organic fields were intermediate to high input and low and medium input fields. In seven trials conducted between 2010 and 2017, D. oxycoccana infestation of stems resulted in significantly fewer flower-bud clusters developed at the end of the prune year in four of seven trials and significantly fewer viable flowers during bloom in the crop year in four of seven trials. Two of the seven trials resulted in significantly more flowers on infested stems than noninfested stems, evidence that in some years D. oxycoccana infestation may stimulate flower-bud production, resulting in an increase in potential yield. We provide an optimal sampling plan for D. oxycoccana infestation sampling and economic thresholds for three levels of production (yield levels) and three expected prices that growers might receive.
Reducing Infections “Together”: A Review of Socioadaptive Approaches
Authors: Sreeramoju Pranavi 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Reducing healthcare-associated infections often requires the use of both technical and adaptive strategies. The experiences of Semmelweis and Nightingale teach us the importance of social adaptation of technical interventions. Because most infection prevention interventions require widespread participation by healthcare personnel, it is helpful for infectious diseases physicians to learn principles of diffusion of innovations theory and apply them to influence different groups. Comprehensive unit-based program has been successful in reducing device-associated infections. Positive deviance as a socioadaptive approach may be promising. These and other approaches such as social network analysis, relational coordination, link nurses, and stop the line policies need to be further evaluated in future studies. Future research on socioadaptive interventions needs to focus on developing tools and strategies for diagnosing local context and study how these interventions might influence culture of safety. Strategies to sustain momentum of improvement efforts in different healthcare settings need to be refined and further developed through additional research.