bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motor Function and Perception of Health in Women with Provoked Vestibulodynia
Authors: Næss Ingrid , Frawley Helena C. , Bø Kari 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a prevalent and disabling condition in women that may be associated with reduced quality of life and impairment of physical functioning.

Aim
To investigate whether women with PVD have different motor functions, posture and breathing patterns, and whether they perceive their physical health differently, compared with asymptomatic controls.

Methods and Main Outcome Measure
The Standardized Mensendieck Test (SMT) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) were used to assess differences between 35 women with PVD and 35 healthy controls.

Results
There were no statistically significant differences in any of the 5 motor domains of the SMT between the women with PVD and those without PVD: standing posture, 4.0 (0.6) vs 5.0 (0.6); gait, 4.7 (0.6) vs 4.8 (0.6); movement, 4.8 (0.8) vs 5.1 (0.6); sitting posture, 4.7 (1.0) vs 4.9 (0.8); respiration, 4.7 (1.0) vs 4.7 (0.9). Women with PVD scored significantly lower in all domains on the SF-36 (adjusted Bonferroni P = .002) except physical functioning.

Clinical Implications
Given the lack of difference in the SF-36 physical functioning domain and in all 5 domains of the SMT between women with PVD and those without PVD, the value of interventions focusing on general physical function is unclear.

Strengths & Limitations
A study strength is the use of an assessor-blinded case-control design, trained physiotherapists to conduct the tests, and valid and reliable outcome measures. A limitation is the homogeneity of the sample of young nulliparous women, which limits the generalizability of our findings to other study populations.

Conclusion
Young nulliparous women with PVD did not score differently from a group of healthy controls on assessment of overall physical functioning or on standing posture, gait, movement, sitting posture, and respiration. However, the score for perception of general health was lower in the women with PVD compared with controls.
Sowing the “CEED”s of a more diverse biomedical workforce: The Career Education and Enhancement for Health Care Research Diversity (CEED) program at the University of Pittsburgh
Authors: Abebe Kaleab Z. , Morone Natalia E. , Mayowski Colleen A. , Rubio Doris M. , Kapoor Wishwa K. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPurpose:The need to diversify the biomedical research workforce is well documented. The importance of fostering the careers of fledgling underrepresented background (URB) biomedical researchers is evident in light of the national and local scarcity of URB scientists in biomedical research. The Career Education and Enhancement for Health Care Research Diversity (CEED) program at the University of Pittsburgh Institute for Clinical Research Education (ICRE) was designed to promote career success and help seal the “leaky pipeline” for URB researchers. In this study, we aimed to quantify CEED’s effect on several key outcomes by comparing CEED Scholars to a matched set of URB ICRE trainees not enrolled in CEED using data collected over 10 years.Method:We collected survey data on CEED Scholars from 2007 to 2017 and created a matched set of URB trainees not enrolled in CEED using propensity score matching in a 1:1 ratio. Poisson regression was used to compare the rate of publications between CEED and non-CEED URB trainees after adjusting for baseline number of publications.Results:CEED has 45 graduates. Seventy-six percent are women, 78% are non-White, and 33% are Hispanic/Latino. Twenty-four CEED Scholars were matched to non-CEED URB trainees. Compared to matched URB trainees, CEED graduates had more peer-reviewed publications (p=0.0261) and were more likely to be an assistant professor (p=0.0145).Conclusions:Programs that support URB researchers can help expand and diversify the biomedical research workforce. CEED has been successful despite the challenges of a small demographic pool.
On the Flight Path Relative to the Air of an Aircraft Circling in a Uniform Wind
Authors: Brearley M. N. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryWhen an aircraft flying at a constant airspeed performs circular orbits relative to the ground, its path relative to the air has interesting features if a wind of uniform velocity is blowing. The locus, which is here called an aeroid, bears some resemblance to a prolate trochoid; its equation is obtained in parametric and intrinsic forms, and its curvature and other fundamental properties are derived.In the final section of the paper some practical implications are considered, including the effect of wind on the fuel consumption per orbit of a circling aircraft and the influence of winds of different headings on the path for a landing approach.
A Simplified Version of Bradshaw’s Method for Calculating Two-dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers
Authors: Patel V. C. , Head M. R. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryBradshaw’s method of calculating the development of two-dimensional turbulent boundary layers involves the simultaneous solution of partial differential equations of mean motion and turbulent kinetic energy. The present approach avoids the computational complexities of this procedure.The use of Thompson’s two-parameter family of velocity profiles and associated skin-friction law enables the momentum integral equation to be satisfied, along with Bradshaw’s version of the turbulent kinetic-energy equation at a specified fraction of the boundary layer thickness. This fraction (y/δ = 0·5) is chosen as representing the position in the boundary layer where Bradshaw’s equation, which contains several empirical functions, is shown by comparisons with experiment to hold with greatest accuracy. Thus the present simplified approach leads not only to a reduction in computing time but also to an appreciable increase in the general accuracy of prediction.
Buckling of Stiffened Cylindrical Shells of Circular-Arc Cross Section
Authors: Soong Tsai-Chen 
Published: May 2019

SummaryCylinders of non-circular cross-section which can be constructed by circular arcs and straight line segments are analysed. Differential equations and boundary conditions for the buckling of eccentrically stiffened, isotropic or orthotropic, circular panels of zero Gaussian curvature are derived through variation of the total potential. Eight equations of continuity along the generators of adjacent arc-segments are enforced simultaneously through the use of Lagrangian multipliers which, with the potential minimised with respect to the admissible displacement functions, constitute an approximate solution of the cylinder problem. Numerical examples include stiffened cylinders with oval and egg-shaped sections. The buckling strengths of these non-circular cylindrical shells under bending are compared with their circular counterparts on the basis of equal circumferential length.
The Prediction of Aerofoil Pressure Distributions for Sub-Critical Viscous Flows
Authors: Lock R. C. , Wilby P. G. , Powell B. J. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe paper first describes an approximate method for calculating inviscid flows round arbitrary aerofoils at sub-critical Mach numbers, based on second-order theory with empirical improvements to give better agreement with exact theory; several comparisons are shown. This method is then used as the basis of an iterative procedure for calculating the effect of the boundary layer on the surface pressures and overall forces; several comparisons are given with recent experimental results.
Some Sectional-Drag Relationships in Linearised Wing Theory
Authors: Ashill P. R. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryRelationships for the sectional drag of wings are derived by using the linearised wing theory. It is suggested that some of these results may prove useful for checking the accuracy of numerical lifting-surface theories and for formulating approximate theories. Two main problems are considered, namely the lifting (no thickness) case and the thickness (zero lift) problem. In both cases, general planform shapes are examined and it is shown that particularly simple results are achieved for planar wings with a spanwise axis of symmetry.
The Supersonic Flow Field Associated with a Conical Flame Sheet
Authors: Clarke J. F. , Petty D. G. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIt is shown that a pair of supersonic inviscid conical flow fields can exist on either side of a conical deflagration wave. The configuration is relevant to the base flow question and indicates how base drag may be alleviated by burning. Results of exact computations are presented as well as those derived from a slender-body theory.
Secondary Mass Injection in a Hypersonic Flow
Authors: Simpkins P. G. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThis paper describes an experimental study of the interaction between a hypersonic flow and a transverse jet which issues radially from a slender conical model. Measurements in the region far upstream of the jet show qualitative agreement with free interaction analyses, while downstream a film cooling effect appears to reduce the heat transfer rate substantially. The effect of changes in Reynolds number, jet pressure ratio and mass flux is examined and compared with similar phenomena caused by fixed disturbances such as compression corners. The shape of the interaction shock wave is found to agree with the predictions of the second-order blast wave theory. Finally a correlation is found between the boundary layer separation length and a local mass flux parameter.
Experimental Study of the Thermal Wake Interference Between Closely Spaced Wires of a X-Type Hot-Wire Probe
Authors: Jerome F. E. , Guitton D. E. , Patel R. P. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIn constructing an X-type hot-wire probe it has been the policy of a number of experimenters and manufacturers to place the two wires forming the X close to each other to assure that they are both measuring in effectively the same plane. A number of important experiments have been made using such a probe design. Recent experiments at the University of British Columbia and McGill University have shown that an X-wire probe which has two wires almost in the same plane is quite sensitive to movements of the velocity vector out of that plane (defined as pitching motion). This has been attributed to the influence on one wire of the hot wake produced by the other. In this note a Disa X-type probe (type 55A32), with the wires 0·15 mm apart, is tested and found to have a static sensitivity to small angles of pitch, which is very significant for low wire Reynolds numbers (< 5) but becomes small for Reynolds number greater than 10. A modified probe, having the wires one wire length apart, is suggested and when tested was found to have no pitch sensitivity.
The Strongly Controlled Aircraft
Authors: Milne R. D. , Padfield G. D. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIn many flight situations an automatic control is used to minimise the deviation of one or two aircraft motion variables from their trim values. The same effect may be brought about, in certain cases, by pilot action. If the control is very strong it may be imagined that the aircraft motion is kinematically constrained in the sense that the controlled motion variables are actually held irrevocably at their trimmed values throughout a disturbance.More than fifteen years ago Neumark presented an analytical treatment of startling simplicity which dealt with the motion of an aircraft under strict kinematic constraint. By adopting the concept of kinematic constraint and so eliminating one or more variables the motion of the aircraft is described by a simpler set of equations: yet, clearly, the addition of a control system to the aircraft will, in fact, increase the complexity of the complete set of describing equations. However, there is no doubt that Neumark’s theory does give meaningful and useful results.The analysis described in this paper shows how the motion of a strongly controlled aircraft can be described in terms of simpler sub-systems and indicates that Neumark’s theory appears as the limiting case of infinite control strength. The role of the pilot in applying strong control is placed in the context of the general theory.
Eddy Viscosity Distributions in Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layers with Injection
Authors: Squire L. C. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryShear stress, eddy viscosity and mixing length distributions have been obtained from measured boundary-layer developments over porous surfaces with air and carbon dioxide injection at Mach numbers up to M=3·6. It is found that, if the eddy viscosity is non-dimensionalised by dividing by the product of the free-stream velocity and the kinematic displacement thickness then this non-dimensional ratio is almost independent of injection ratio, but decreases slightly with Mach number.
The Hypersonic Source Flow Past Wedges and Cones
Authors: Gorgui M. A. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryTo study the effects of flow non-uniformities on the hypersonic flow past test bodies, perturbation analysis is applied to the hypersonic source flow past wedges and cones. In both cases it is shown that the effects of the source flow on the shock shape and velocity are small, while effects on the pressure and density are large. Curves are presented for various values of the Mach number from which these effects can be estimated.
Aerodynamic Throttling of Two-Dimensional Nozzle Flows
Authors: Nunn R H , Brandt H 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe inviscid interaction resulting from the penetration of a jet of air into the throat region of a bounded mainstream flow is investigated analytically and experimentally. Taking into account the effects of jet shocks, a control volume analysis is used to calculate the mainstream and jet conditions at the boundaries of the interaction region. These results are then used to estimate the shape of the interface separating the jet and mainstream. Particular attention is given to the throttling of the mainstream flow and the analytical predictions show agreement with the experimental measurements.
Subordinate subject deletion in Russian
Authors: Schaarschmidt Gunter H. 
Published: May 2019

Most, if not all natural languages possess complex sentences in which one single noun phrase serves as the superficial subject for two or more verbs. The most obvious case is the one involving sentences with co-ordinate verb phrases as in (1):
(1)the man hit the girl and kicked the boyHowever, inasmuch as in the case of co-ordinate constructions one single noun phrase can also serve as the object of two or more verbs, such constructions will not be our concern in this paper. That is, any analysis that can characterize a sentence such as (1), can also characterize a sentence such as (2), where the girl is the object of both hit and kicked.(2)the man hit and kicked the girlIn this paper, we will restrict our attention to constructions involving coreferential subordinate subject deletion in Russian, i.e., infinitival, gerundial and participial clauses.* We will demonstrate that, despite many superficial differences, such constructions can be characterized in terms of essentially the same general grammatical process: the deletion of a redundantly repeated, subordinate subject NP. This analysis will be shown to be more adequate than one which requires the postulation of a set of two or more independent transformations which describe the data in an ad hoc way.
The National Agricultural Labourers' Union in Ireland, 1873-9
Authors: Horn Pamela L. R. 
Published: May 2019

It was in 1872 that English agricultural labourers formed their first nationally organised trade union, and with this development came immediate pressure to secure improved wages and reduced hours of employment, wherever possible. In such circumstances unionists were clearly anxious to create a general scarcity of labour, in order to strengthen their bargaining position, and they particularly frowned upon the itinerant Irish workers who came to swell the agricultural market during the hay and corn harvests. Although, from the farmers' point of view, extra labour was clearly needed at these busy seasons of the year, the farm workers themselves were keen to eliminate—or at least to regulate—this type of competition.In practice the Irish harvest migration had probably already reached its peak by the end of the 1840s and had then fallen off fairly rapidly, in the face of the massive emigration movement of the early 1850s.
The effects of nutritional level on milk yield and milk composition in cows and heifers
Authors: Gordin S. , Volcani R. , Birk Yehudith 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe effects of diets high in concentrates and low in roughage on the yield of milk and milk constituents were studied in 32 cows and heifers throughout lactation. A high level of concentrates in the ration caused an increase in milk yield, a decrease in fat percentage but not in total fat yield, and an increase in protein production.Milk produced under such feeding conditions is capable of yielding greater quantities of curd than would be expected from its fat content, and should be evaluated accordingly. Feed requirements of the cows should be assessed not solely on the basis of the fat content of their milk but also in accordance with the protein content.
Some effects of unsaturated oils given to dairy cows with rations of different roughage content
Authors: Nicholson J. W. G. , Sutton J. D. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThree experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feeding polyunsaturated fish oils to dairy cows receiving rations of high, medium or low roughage content. In the rumen, the decreases in the proportion of acetic acid and increases in propionic acid induced by the oils became greater as the amount of oil given was increased but the magnitude of the response to any dose depended upon the composition of the basal diet. The effects on volatile fatty acids (VFA) proportions of small amounts of the oils (125–150 ml/day) were greatest with the low-roughage rations. With large doses of oil (375–450 ml/day) the responses were variable but it is concluded that, in general, changes in VFA proportions are least with low-roughage rations.The fat content of milk was more sensitive to dietary oil supplementation than were the rumen VFA proportions. When the unsaturated oils were given there was a decrease in milk fat percentage and an increase in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in the fat; there was also increased incorporation of fatty acids with more than 18 carbon atoms in the milk fat. The metabolism in the rumen tended to become adapted to the feeding of 150 ml/day of oil, the VFA pattern returning during the second and third week of supplementation to that observed before the addition of oil.
Concentration of milk by ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis
Authors: Glover F. A. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryWhole milk from cows was concentrated 2-fold by reverse osmosis in a small pilot scale apparatus. All the main constituents of the milk were retained in the concentrate.The experiment showed that protein was a major cause of blocking of the membrane. Laboratory trials were therefore made on the ultrafiltration of milk to remove the protein with the aim of developing a 2-stage process for the concentration of milk by ultrafiltration followed by reverse osmosis with subsequent recombination of the concentrates from the 2 operations. The rates of both processes and the retentions of the constituents of milk by the membranes were measured.
The Susceptibility of London-hooded and Wistar rats of Experimental Infection with Schistosoma mansoni
Authors: Fadl A. M. 
Published: May 2019

1. The susceptibility of two strains of rats, namely London-hooded and Wistar, to infection with S. mansoni has been investigated2. Although equal numbers of cercariae penetrated the skin in both strains, recovery of worms was always higher from the London-hooded strain irrespective of the dosage level.3. In both strains there was a significant relationship between body weight at time of infection and number of worms recovered. The correlation was a negative one, indicating that lighter (younger) rats were more susceptible than heavier (older) rats.4. A rapid rate of elimination of infection was demonstrated in London-hooded rats between the 4th and 8th week after infection.
Some Observations on the Development ofSpirocerca lupiin its Intermediate and Definitive Hosts
Authors: Sen Krishna , Anantaraman M. 
Published: May 2019

1. Infective larvae ofS. lupiwere collected in Madras from scarabaeid beetles, (the usual intermediate host), from garden lizards and shrews.2. The structure and relative sizes of the larvae in the 3 kinds of hosts are compared.3. Infective larvae were given orally to 30 dogs which were autopsied at intervals and the developing worms were recovered. Their growth was measured and some observations were made on their development during the prepatent period which was found to be 121 and 124 days.
Nominalism: Negotiating ethnicity and Christian identity in contemporary Yunnan
Authors: ELAZAR GIDEON 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article deals with the convergence of ethnicity and faith in the context of Christian Yunnan. Contemporary Evangelical missionaries working in Yunnan encourage the preservation of ethnic markers while attempting to create a form of ‘pristine faith’: a religiosity that severely limits the role of ethnicity in the construction of identity, emphasizing instead individualism and globalism—processes that may be beneficial for the Chinese state. My discussion here revolves around the distinction made by many Evangelical Christians in China between ‘true’ faith, based on an individual experience of salvation and rebirth, and ‘nominal’ faith, a traditional understanding of religion as an identity that is acquired at birth. Thus, minority Christians whose ancestors converted en masse prior to the 1949 revolution and retain a distinctly ethnic form of religiosity are often labelled ‘nominal’ by contemporary missionaries and converts. In contrast, the latter represent a faith that stems from personal experience and belongs to a global and transnational community, transcending the narrow limits of ethnic culture.
Genetic characterization ofEchinococcusisolates from various intermediate hosts in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area, China
Authors: Han Xiumin , Jian Yingna , Zhang Xueyong , Ma Liqing , Zhu Wenjun , Cai Qigang , Wu Shile , Wang Xiangqian , Shi Bingqiang 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study examinedEchinococcusspp. genotypes and genetic variants isolated from humans as well as domestic and wild animals from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area using thecox1 gene. All samples except the pika isolates were identified as theEchinococcus granulosussensu stricto. Sixteen different haplotypes with considerable intraspecific variation were detected and characterized in mitochondrialcox1 sequences. The parsimonious network ofcox1 haplotypes showed star-like features, and the neutrality indexes computedviaTajima'sDand Fu'sFs tests showed high negative values inE. granulosuss. s., indicating deviations from neutrality; the Fst values were low among the populations, implying that the populations were not genetically differentiated. The pika isolates were identified asE. multilocularisandE. shiquicus. Only one haplotype was recognized in the pika isolates.E. granulosuss. s. was the predominant species found in animals and humans, followed byE. multilocularisandE. shiquicus, with high genetic diversity circulating among the animals and humans in this area. Further studies are needed to cover many sample collection sites and larger numbers of pathogen isolates, which may reveal abundant strains and/or other haplotypes in the hydatid cysts infecting human and animal populations of the QTPA, China.