bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Groups Agendas as the Root of Party Position Change
Authors: Baylor Christopher 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
One dimension of party realignment – party position change – has been debated extensively in recent political science literature. This article reviews recent evidence presented to explain position change: candidates, politically active groups, and ideology. Based on historical case studies, I make the case for treating politically active groups as the most important factor in party change. A clear understanding of these factors can help us understand whether recent changes in both parties are harbingers of long term trends.
Realigning Politics: Electoral Coalitions, Political Change, and the Republican Party from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush
Authors: Mason Robert 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Much scholarship in political science on electoral change tends to neglect the perspectives and actions of the politicians who both responded to developments that offered them opportunity, and sought to achieve electoral gain as a result. The study of the Republican party from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush suggests that such neglect has negative consequences for our understanding of how electoral coalitions undergo transformation, and of how parties interact with political change. First, it was much more difficult for politicians to analyze the implications for party coalitions of social and political upheavals than hindsight suggests. Even at a moment of apparent crisis for the Democrats, in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, Republicans were uncertain, and in disagreement, about how to respond. Second, even when politicians decided a project of party revitalization, the implementation of such a project was far from straightforward, encountering many obstacles – not least dissent within their own party as well as counterstrategies from the opposing party. If many now see the paradigm of electoral realignment as failing to provide explanations for change in party coalitions over time, how politicians engaged with their understanding of an opportunity for realignment provides insights into party politics and electoral change.
Prophets of Party in American Political History
Authors: Schlozman Daniel , Rosenfeld Sam 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
This article pursues a developmental understanding of American parties as autonomous and thick collective actors through a comparison of four key historical actors we term “prophets of party”: partisans of the nineteenth-century Party Period; Progressive reformers; mid-twentieth century liberal Democrats; and activists in and around the body popularly known as the McGovern-Fraser Commission. Leading theories portray political parties as the vehicles either of ambitious politicians or of groups eager to extract benefits from the state. Yet such analyses leave underdetermined the path from such actors’ desires for power to the parties’ wielding of it. That path is mediated by partisan forms and practices that have varied widely across institutional and cultural context. As parties search for electoral majority, they do so in the long shadow of ideas and practices, layered and accreted across time, concerning the role of parties in political life. We analyze four such prophesies, trace their layered contributions to their successors, and reflect on their legacy for contemporary party politics.
Extreme non-Arens regularity of the group algebra
Authors: Filali Mahmoud , Galindo Jorge 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe Banach algebras of Harmonic Analysis are usually far from being Arens regular and often turn out to be as irregular as possible. This utmost irregularity has been studied by means of two notions: strong Arens irregularity, in the sense of Dales and Lau, and extreme non-Arens regularity, in the sense of Granirer. Lau and Losert proved in 1988 that the convolution algebraL1⁢(G){L^{1}(G)}is strongly Arens irregular for any infinite locally compact group. In the present paper, we prove thatL1⁢(G){L^{1}(G)}is extremely non-Arens regular for any infinite locally compact group. We actually prove the stronger result that for any non-discrete locally compact groupG, there is a linear isometry fromL∞⁢(G){L^{\infty}(G)}into the quotient spaceL∞⁢(G)/ℱ⁢(G){L^{\infty}(G)/\mathcal{F}(G)}, withℱ⁢(G){\mathcal{F}(G)}being any closed subspace ofL∞⁢(G){L^{\infty}(G)}made of continuous bounded functions. This, together with the known fact thatℓ∞⁢(G)/𝒲⁢𝒜⁢𝒫⁢(G){\ell^{\infty}(G)/\mathscr{W\!A\!P}(G)}always contains a linearly isometric copy ofℓ∞⁢(G){\ell^{\infty}(G)}, proves thatL1⁢(G){L^{1}(G)}is extremely non-Arens regular for every infinite locally compact group.
A Coplanar Waveguide Fed UWB Antenna using Embedded E-shaped Structure with WLAN Band-rejection
Authors: Xu Han , Xu Kai-Da , Nie Wei , Liu Yan-Hui 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
A compact coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed ultra-wideband (UWB) monopole antenna using embedded E-shaped structure with wireless local area network (WLAN) band-rejection is presented. The introduction of this E-shaped structure working as the radiator can enhance the impedance bandwidth of the UWB antenna without increasing the overall size. For preventing the interference from WLAN system, a pair of L-shaped stubs are connected to the ground of UWB antenna to create the rejected band. The center frequency of this rejected band is about 5.5 GHz with the rejection range of 5.2~5.8 GHz. Good agreement can be observed between the simulated and measured results.
Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement of Tetracuspid-shaped DRA Mounted with Conical Horn
Authors: Kumar Pramod , Dwari Santanu , Utkarsh  , Agrawal N. K. , Kumar Jitendra 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
A novel Tetracuspid-shaped dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) mounted with conical horn is presented and investigated for broadband applications. The dielectric used for investigation is a ceramic composite material having a dielectric constant (
$\varepsilon_r$) of 12.9. Tetracuspid-shaped resonator geometry achieves a broadband impedance bandwidth of 70.9 % for |S11|<‒10 dB, ranging from 2 GHz to 4.2 GHz. Tetracuspid-shaped reduces the DRA volume by 78 % (without horn) as compared to conventional cylindrical DRA; with reduced volume of 14.4 cm3 which diminishes the cost and weight. Gain of proposed antenna is further enhanced up to 9.5 dBi in operating band by mounting a conical horn. Achieved average peak gain is ~7 dBi. Proposed antenna covers bands of different wireless communication systems like Wi-Max and WLAN (2.4 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.3 GHz and 3.5 GHz). The simulated results are validated by experimentally measured outcomes and these are well in agreement.
Design of Hybrid Antenna System for User Terminal Applications
Authors: Yang Lingsheng , Wang Peijie , Cheng Biyu , Fang Jianping 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
An eight-element hybrid Smart antenna-MIMO system for user terminal application is proposed in this paper. The hybrid antenna system is based on an eight elements antenna array. When operate with respective feed ports, by using radiation pattern diversity, more than 15 dB isolation among antenna elements can be achieved. After designing the feed networks based on maximum power transmission optimization between the transmit and receive antennas, beam steering performance can be obtained, the eight elements work together as a smart antenna array. The hybrid system has both the advantages of MIMO and smart antenna, and is competitive for future wireless communication applications.
Carbon cycle history through the Middle Jurassic (Aalenian – Bathonian) of the Mecsek Mountains, Southern Hungary
Authors: Price Gregory D. , Főzy István , Galácz András 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA carbonate carbon isotope curve from the Aalenian–Bathonian interval is presented from the Óbánya valley, of the Mecsek Mountains, Hungary. This interval is certainly less well constrained and studied than other Jurassic time slices. The Óbánya valley lies in the eastern part of the Mecsek Mountains, between Óbánya and Kisújbánya and provides exposures of an Aalenian to Lower Cretaceous sequence. It is not strongly affected by tectonics, as compared to other sections of eastern Mecsek of the same age. In parts, a rich fossil assemblage has been collected, with Bathonian ammonites being especially valuable at this locality. The pelagic Middle Jurassic is represented by the Komló Calcareous Marl Formation and thin-bedded limestones of the Óbánya Limestone Formation. These are overlain by Upper Jurassic siliceous limestones and radiolarites of the Fonyászó Limestone Formation. Our new data indicate a series of carbon isotope anomalies within the late Aalenian and early-middle Bajocian. In particular, analysis of the Komló Calcareous Marl Formation reveals a negative carbon isotope excursion followed by positive values that occurs near the base of the section (across the Aalenian–Bajocian boundary). The origin of this carbon-isotope anomaly is interpreted to lie in significant changes to carbon fluxes potentially stemming from reduced run off, lowering the fertility of surface waters which in turn leads to lessened primary production and a negative δ13C shift. These data are comparable with carbonate carbon isotope records from other Tethyan margin sediments. Our integrated biostratigraphy and carbon isotope stratigraphy enable us to improve stratigraphic correlation and age determination of the examined strata. Therefore, this study of the Komló Calcareous Marl Formation confirms that the existing carbon isotope curves serve as a global standard for Aalenian–Bathonian δ13C variation.
The Early to Middle Triassic continental–marine transition of NW Bulgaria: sedimentology, palynology and sequence stratigraphy
Authors: Ajdanlijsky George , Götz Annette E. , Strasser André 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSedimentary facies and cycles of the Triassic continental–marine transition of NW Bulgaria are documented in detail from reference sections along the Iskar river gorge between the villages of Tserovo and Opletnya. The depositional environments evolved from anastomosing and meandering river systems in the Petrohan Terrigenous Group to mixed fluvial and tidal settings in the Svidol Formation, and to peritidal and shallow-marine conditions in the Opletnya Member of the Mogila Formation. For the first time, the palynostratigraphic data presented here allow for dating the transitional interval and for the precise identification of a major sequence boundary between the Petrohan Terrigenous Group and the Svidol Formation (Iskar Carbonate Group). This boundary most probably corresponds to the major sequence boundary Ol4 occurring in the upper Olenekian of the Tethyan realm and thus enables interregional correlation. The identification of regionally traceable sequence boundaries based on biostratigraphic age control is a first step towards a more accurate stratigraphic correlation and palaeogeographic interpretation of the Early to early Middle Triassic in NW Bulgaria.
Classification of the relict forest communities of Palla’s Black Pine (Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana) in Bulgaria
Authors: Tzonev Rossen , Dimitrov Marius , Gussev Chavdar , Vulchev Vladimir , Nikolov Ivailo 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
New approach for the classification of the Black Pine forest communities in Bulgaria was made in the paper. The analysis of forest pytocoenoses from Vlahina, East and West Rhodopi and Balkan Range Mountains confirmed their separation into two classes – Quercetea pubescentis (low-altitudinal) and Erico-Pinetea (high-altitudinal). The second class is represented from one polymorphic association Seslerio latifoliae-Pinetum nigrae whereas the other group is represented from two new associations. The association Junipero deltoidi-Pineteum pallasianae is more related to the surrounding thermophilous oak forests as well as the association Lathyro laxiflori-Pinetum pallasianae is more similar to the hornbeam and beech forests.
Syntaxonomy of chalk outcrop vegetation of the order Thymo cretacei-Hyssopetalia cretacei
Authors: Didukh Yakiv , Chusova Olga , Demina Olga 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The order Thymo cretacei-Hyssopetalia cretacei Didukh 1989 combines chalk outcrop plant communities of the southwestern Central Russian Upland. Its specificity can be attributed to a rather peculiar and heterogeneous flora with a large number of endemic species. The question about its origin has caused a lively discussion, which has been going on since the late nineteenth century. Since 1989 works on the classification of these communities have frequently been carried out, but until today no unanimous decision could be reached. The purpose of our research was to conduct a critical analysis of the syntaxonomical structure of Cretaceous outcrop vegetation and to show its difference from the steppe vegetation of the class Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex Soó 1947. The territory of our research covers the southwestern foothills of the Central Russian Upland and the Donetsk Range, located only within the steppe zone and characterised by Cenomanian chalk outcrops. In total 354 relevés were used for the analysis. The modified TWINSPAN classification was used for the analysis. Our research has shown that the order Thymo cretacei-Hyssopetalia cretacei includes twelve associations belonging to three alliances: Artemisio hololeucae-Hyssopion cretacei Romashchenko et al. 1996, Euphorbio cretophilae-Thymion cretacei Didukh 1989 and Centaureo carbonatae-Koelerion talievii Romashchenko et al. 1996.
Demethylation and other modifications of industrial softwood kraft lignin by laccase-mediators
Authors: Wang Miao , Zhao Yadong , Li Jiebing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSubstitution of phenol in phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin preparations by technical lignins is hindered by the inherently lower reactivity of lignin compared to phenol. Demethylation of an industrial softwood kraft lignin (SKL) to improve its reactivity is the focus of this paper. To this purpose, kraft lignin (KL) was treated with two commercial laccases, NS51002 (L1) and NS51003 (L2), for 24 h in combination with three mediators, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO). The characterizations of the reaction solution and the resultant KL showed that methanol was released as a result of the methoxy group splitting from the aromatic rings, while such demethylation was dependent on the laccase-mediator system (LMS). The catechol structures formed, which were further oxidized to a quinone structures prone to polymerization, led to molecular mass increment. Also this reaction was LMS dependent. The same is true to the cleavage of β-O-4′ linkages, which resulted in depolymerization. The L1-ABTS, L1-TEMPO and L2-HBT combinations are the most efficient and the resulting modified lignin would be suitable to phenol substitution. Challenging is the lignin polymerization following the demethylation, especially in case of L1-ABTS, which might inhibit the reactivity of the treated lignin.
The two major glucokinase isoforms show conserved functionality in β-cells despite different subcellular distribution
Authors: Lu Brian , Munoz-Gomez Miguel , Ikeda Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Glucokinase (GCK) is crucial to regulating glucose metabolism in the liver and in pancreatic β-cells. There are two major GCK isoforms, hepatic and pancreatic GCKs, which differ only in exon 1. However, the functional differences between the two GCK isoforms remain poorly understood. Here, we used a β-cell-targeted gene transfer vector to determine the impact of isoform-specific GCK overexpression on β-cells in vitro and in vivo. We showed that pancreatic GCK had a nuclear localization signal unique to the pancreatic isoform, facilitating its nuclear distribution in β-cells. Despite the difference in subcellular distribution, overexpression of GCK isoforms similarly enhanced glucose uptake and β-cell proliferation in vitro. Overexpression of hepatic or pancreatic GCK also similarly enhanced β-cell proliferation in normal diet mice without affecting fasting glucose and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT). Our further study on human GCK sequences identified disproportional GCK amino acid variants in exon 1, while mutations linked to maturity onset diabetes of the young type 2 (MODY2) were disproportionally found in exons 2 through 10. Our results therefore indicate functional conservation between the two major GCK isoforms despite their distinct subcellular distribution.
Is there a correlation between form and function? A syntactic and functional investigation of the introductory it pattern in student writing
Authors: Larsson Tove 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The introductory it pattern, as in ‘It is important to note that information was added’, is a tool used by academic writers for a range of different rhetorical and information-structural purposes. It is thus an important pattern for students to learn. Since previous research on student writing has indicated that there seems to be a correlation between form and function of the pattern, the present study sets out to investigate this more systematically in non-native-speaker and nativespeaker student writing in two disciplines (linguistics and literature). In doing so, the study adds to and extends previous research looking into factors such as NS status and discipline. It uses data from three corpora: ALEC, BAWE and MICUSP. The results show that there is indeed a correlation between form and function, as the most common syntactic types of the pattern each display a preferred function and vice versa. While very few differences across NS status were found, there were certain discipline-specific disparities. The findings, which could be useful for teaching students about the use of the introductory it pattern, also have implications for the automatized functional tagging of parsed corpora.
Determinants of HIV testing and receipt of test results among adolescent girls in Nigeria: the role of assets and decision-making
Authors: Iwelunmor Juliet , Blackstone Sarah , Jennings Larissa , Converse Donaldson , Ehiri John , Curley Jami 
Published: April 2018

Abstract

Purpose
Many adolescent girls in Nigeria do not test for HIV despite being at high risk. While the influence of psychosocial factors on HIV testing has been examined, there is less evidence regarding the impact of assets and control of assets on HIV testing. This study investigated the protective effects of specific adolescent girls’ assets on decision-making regarding HIV testing.

Methods
Cross-sectional data from the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey was analyzed. The main outcome variables were self-reports of having been tested for HIV and knowledge of a place that offers HIV testing. Binary logistic regression was used with employment, education, wealth index, home ownership, land ownership and decision making as potential predictors. Demographic characteristics were controlled in the analysis.

Results
Age [odds ratio (OR = 1.49)], employment (OR = 3.38), education (OR = 3.16), wealth index (OR = 1.33) and decision making (OR = 3.16) were positively associated with HIV testing. Age (OR = 1.20), employment (OR = 1.33), education (OR = 1.38), wealth (OR = 1.64), land ownership (OR = 1.42), and decision making (OR = 1.26) were positively associated with knowledge of an HIV testing location.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that assets play an important role with HIV testing decisions for adolescent girls. Further research to elucidate the specific asset-based needs of adolescent girls will be needed to enhance decisions surrounding uptake of HIV testing and receipt of test results in Nigeria.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine in a Solar Reactor System
Authors: Luna Raúl , Solis Carolina , Ortiz Nayeli , Galicia Aurora , Sandoval Francisca , Zermeño Brenda , Moctezuma Edgar 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this paper, solar photodegradation of caffeine in aqueous solution was studied, this organic compound is the most consumed stimulant around the world. The degradation experiments were carried outdoors in a solar reactor and Evonik-Degussa P25 TiO2was used as catalyst. The photochemical and photocatalytic effect were tested in aqueous solutions of caffeine. Experimental results indicate that the organic compound is easily degraded over a very short period of time using 0.5 g L-1of catalyst. The kinetic analysis indicates that the initial reaction rate of caffeine is described by the LH-HW model. However, the original compound cannot be mineralized very fast, caffeine is converted to other organic compounds with a longer lifetime before the mineralization, converting caffeine CO2and water.
Extractive Fermentation of Ethanol from Sweet Sorghum Using Vacuum Fractionation Technique: Optimization and Techno-Economic Assessment
Authors: Kongkaew Artit , Tönjes Jan , Siemer Michael , Boontawan Pailin , Rarey Jürgen , Boontawan Apichat 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Direct extraction of high purity ethanol from fermentation broth was investigated using a vacuum fractionation technique. Batch and repeated-batch extractive fermentation of ethanol were carried out using concentrated sweet sorghum as a carbon source. The effect of product inhibition was reduced by continuous removing ethanol from the fermented broth. About 60 % relative viability was observed in fermented broth with a higher productivity value. Due to the high value of living cells presented in the medium, repeated-batch extractive fermentation was subsequently performed. The ethanol was continuously fractionated out from the system at the average rate of 10.2 g/h with the concentration of approximately 80 wt%. There were 8 cycles of fermentation using only 1 time inoculation. Nevertheless, the calculated ethanol productivity and relative viability for each fermentation cycle were decreased gradually due to the accumulation of toxic substances in fermented broth. The simulation of 200 liters continuous extractive fermentation system using ASPEN PLUS was studied including process optimization and economical consideration. 18.5 liters of ethanol solutions 82 wt% with insignificant amounts of by-product was produced from a 200 liters extractive fermentation system per day. Production cost including raw material and utilities cost was approximately 0.71 €/liter. The economic and systemic performance process were subsequently analyzed, and including that ethanol loss was recovered using a gas scrubber connected to the vapor exiting the venturi tank as well as in the stillage stream. The calculated utility costs after process modification were 0.5 €/liter of ethanol, approximately 30 % of production cost was reduced.