bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Polarized Sunglasses During Video Laryngoscopy: A Cause of Difficult Prehospital Intubation
Authors: Smith Adam James , Jackimczyk Ken , Horwood Bruce , Christenson Daniel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn the prehospital setting, many providers advocate for video laryngoscopy as the initial method of intubation to improve the likelihood of a successful first attempt. However, bright ambient light can worsen visualization of the video laryngoscope liquid crystal display (LCD).Case ReportA patient involved in a motor vehicle accident was evaluated by an Emergency Medical Services (EMS) crew. Initial endotracheal intubation attempt using video laryngoscopy was aborted after the patient desaturated. The primary reason for the failure was poor visualization of the video laryngoscope LCD, despite attempts to block direct sunlight. Debriefing revealed that the intubating provider was wearing polarized sunglasses.DiscussionBecause LCDs emit polarized light, use of polarized sunglasses may cause the display to appear dark. Thus, the purpose of this Case Report is to raise awareness of a potential safety issue that is likely under-recognized by prehospital providers but can be easily avoided.SmithAJ, JackimczykK, HorwoodB, ChristensonD. Use of polarized sunglasses during video laryngoscopy: a cause of difficult prehospital intubation.Prehosp Disaster Med. 2019;34(1):104–107.
Under the hood: lay counsellor element use in a modular multi-problem transdiagnostic intervention in lower resource countries
Authors: Murray Laura K. , Haroz Emily E. , Pullmann Michael D. , Dorsey Shannon , Kane Jeremy , Augustinavicius Jura , Lee Catherine , Bolton Paul 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe use of transdiagnostic mental health treatments in low resource settings has been proposed as a possible aid in scaling up mental health services. Modular, multi-problem transdiagnostic treatments can be used to treat a range of mental health problems and are designed to handle comorbidity. Two randomized controlled trials have been completed on one treatment – the Common Elements Treatment Approach, or CETA – delivered by lay counsellors in Iraq and Thailand. This paper utilizes data from two clinical trials to explore the delivery of CETA by lay providers, examining fidelity and flexibility of element use. Data were collected at every therapy session. Clients completed a short symptom assessment and providers described the clinical elements delivered during sessions. Analyses included descriptive statistics of delivery including selection and sequencing of treatment elements, and the variance in element dose, clustering at the counsellor level, using multi-level models. Results indicate that lay providers in low resource settings (with supervision) demonstrated fidelity to the recommended CETA elements, order and dose, and occasionally added in elements and flexed dosage based on client presentation (i.e. flexibility). This modular approach did not result in significantly longer treatment duration. Our analysis suggests that lay providers were able to learn decision-making processes of CETA based on client presentation and adjust treatment as needed with supervision. As modular multi-problem transdiagnostic treatments continue to be explored in low resource settings, research should continue to focus on ‘unpacking’ lay counsellor delivery of these interventions, decision-making processes, and the level of supervision required.
Great Basin Mantle Xenoliths Record Active Lithospheric Downwelling Beneath Central Nevada
Authors: Dygert Nick , Bernard Rachel E. , Behr Whitney M. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRemoval of mantle lithosphere by Rayleigh‐Taylor (R‐T) instabilities is invoked to explain the formation of high plateaus and mountain ranges. Here we report geochemical and microstructural observations from mantle xenoliths from Lunar Crater volcanic field, central Nevada, which we interpret to directly sample a R‐T instability beneath the Basin and Range. The xenoliths comprise a suite of mylonitic and granular peridotites with fertile and refractory major and trace element compositions, suggesting a mantle lithospheric origin. Temperatures calculated using several geothermometers are 1,200–1,300 °C, in contrast to xenoliths from other localities in the Basin and Range (typically ~1,000 °C). High Lunar Crater temperatures suggest the xenoliths originate from the base of the mantle lithosphere. The mylonitic peridotites exhibit olivine deformation microstructures characteristic of deformation in the dislocation creep regime; orthopyroxenes experienced brittle deformation. Recrystallized grain sizes (~80 μm) suggest the mylonites deformed at ~50 MPa. Recrystallized olivines demonstrate isochemical deformation, suggesting the ~50‐MPa differential stresses were achieved at ~1,200 °C, implying strain rates of 2 × 10−9 to 4 × 10−7/s, and corresponding to effective viscosities of 8.9 × 1013 to 1.4 × 1016 Pa/s. The most plausible mechanism for producing such conditions in the deep lithosphere beneath central Nevada is extreme strain localization within an actively deforming R‐T instability. The most highly strained samples have relatively low effective viscosities, suggesting that strain is preferentially partitioned into weaker rocks within the deforming lithosphere. This study highlights the importance of strain localization and associated weakening as mechanisms for facilitating lithospheric R‐T instabilities.
Investigating the Development of Abnormal Subauroral Ion Drifts (ASAID) During the Magnetically Quiet Times of October 2003
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAppearing as inverted subauroral ion drifts (SAID) during magnetically disturbed and quiet times, the abnormal SAID (ASAID) is a recently reported phenomenon. Disturbed‐time ASAID development can be explained with a magnetospheric cold‐plasma‐shoulder‐hot‐ring‐current interface layer that generates an earthward (or inward) magnetospheric electric (E) field, which maps down to the ionospheric cold‐plasma‐trough‐hot‐ring‐current interface layer as a southward (or equatorward) ionosphericEfield. However, this plasmaspheric shoulder cannot develop under magnetically quiet conditions. Therefore, the quiet time ASAID development is still not clear and our main aim is to unravel its development. We analyze multisatellite and multiinstrument observations and show four scenarios demonstrating ASAID events during the magnetically quiet period of 9–11 October 2003. Results obtained for the longer 9–12 October 2003 time period provide observational evidence of the continuous presence of solar wind Alfven waves (i) driving dayside magnetopause and nightside magnetotail reconnections, (ii) bouncing back and forth in the coupled magnetosphere and ionosphere, and thus (iii) creating bouncing Alfven waves that ripple the plasma sheet's inner edge during the ASAID events investigated. These observational results suggest that the bouncing Alfven waves led to the development of a magnetospheric cold‐plasma‐ripple‐hot‐ring‐current interface layer during these quiet times leading to quiet time ASAID development. Confirming this suggestion, we demonstrate and analyze 10 February and 5 March 1991 scenarios, depicting ASAID events, and invoke published magnetospheric cross‐tailEYobservations evidencing bouncing Alfven waves and plasma sheet rippling during the underlying energetic particle injection events.
Thermal Nature of Mantle Upwellings Below the Ibero‐Western Maghreb Region Inferred From Teleseismic Tomography
Authors: Civiero Chiara , Custódio Susana , Rawlinson Nicholas , Strak Vincent , Silveira Graça , Arroucau Pierre , Corela Carlos 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIndependent models ofPwave andSwave velocity anomalies in the mantle derived from seismic tomography help to distinguish thermal signatures from those of partial melt, volatiles, and compositional variations. Here we use seismic data from SW Europe and NW Africa, spanning the region between the Pyrenees and the Canaries, in order to obtain a newS‐SKSrelative arrival‐time tomographic model of the upper mantle below Iberia, Western Morocco, and the Canaries. Similar to previousPwave tomographic results, theSwave model provides evidence for (1) subvertical upper‐mantle low‐velocity structures below the Canaries, Atlas Ranges, and Gibraltar Arc, which are interpreted as mantle upwellings fed by a common lower‐mantle source below the Canaries; and (2) two low‐velocity anomalies below the eastern Rif and Betics that we interpret as the result of the interaction between quasi‐toroidal mantle flow induced by the Gibraltar slab and the mantle upwelling behind it. The analysis of teleseismicPwave andSwave arrival‐time residuals and the conversion of the low‐velocity anomalies to temperature variations suggest that the upwellings in the upper mantle below the Canaries, Atlas Ranges, and Gibraltar Arc system may be solely thermal in nature, with temperature excesses in the range ~100–350 °C. Our results also indicate that local partial melting can be present at lithospheric depths, especially below the Atlas Ranges. The locations of thermal mantle upwellings are in good agreement with those of thinned lithosphere, moderate to high heat‐flow measurements, and recent magmatic activity at the surface.
Late Quaternary Biomass Burning in Northwest Africa and Interactions With Climate, Vegetation, and Humans
Authors: Schreuder Laura T. , Hopmans Ellen C. , Castañeda Isla S. , Schefuß Enno , Mulitza Stefan , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. , Schouten Stefan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractBiomass burning on the African continent is widespread, and interactions with climate, vegetation dynamics, and biogeochemical cycling are complex. To obtain a better understanding of these complex relationships, African fire history has been widely studied, although mostly on relatively short timescales (i.e., years to kiloyears) and less commonly on long‐term scales. Here we present a 192‐kyr, continuous biomass‐burning record from sub‐Saharan Northwest Africa based on the fire biomarker levoglucosan in a marine sediment core offshore Guinea. Notable features of our record include an increase in levoglucosan accumulation at 80 ka and two peaks at 50–60 ka. The event at 80 ka is likely related to an overall increase in sedimentation rates rather than an increase in biomass burning in the Northwest African savanna region. Our record indicates that glacial/interglacial changes in regional climate and vegetation composition (C3 vs. C4 plants) were not a major influence on biomass burning over the last 192 kyr. However, we suggest that the burning events at 50–60 ka might be caused by increased occurrence of C3 vegetation and human settlement in this region. At this time, the savanna region became wetter and fuel loads likely increased. Therefore, the region was more hospitable for humans, who likely used fire for hunting activities. Collectively, we hypothesize that on longer (glacial/interglacial) timescales, biomass burning, regional climate, and African vegetation are not necessarily coupled, while around 50–60 ka, higher fuel loads and human fire use may have influenced fire occurrence in sub‐Saharan Northwest Africa.
Lamin B is a target for selective nuclear PQC by BAG3: implication for nuclear envelopathies
Authors: Gupta Manish K. , Gordon Jennifer , Glauser Gregory M. , Myers Valerie D. , Feldman Arthur M. , Cheung Joseph Y. , Khalili Kamel 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNuclear envelopathies are recognized genetic disorders affecting individuals with mutations in their genes encoding members of the lamin family of nuclear envelope proteins that are responsible for maintaining the architectural structure of the nucleus. Irregularity in shape and size of the nuclei, nuclear membrane rupture, and appearance of micronuclei in the cytoplasm are among the pathological features of the syndrome. Here, we demonstrate that Bcl2-associated anthanogene-3 (BAG3), a stress-induced co-chaperone protein that by association with heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) participates in regulation of autophagy, plays a critical role in the integrity of the nuclear membrane in cardiomyocytes. Cells subjected to proteotoxic stress or BAG3 downregulation show perinuclear accumulation of the aberrant ubiquitinated proteins that are often associated with the appearance of misshapen, enlarged, and elongated nuclei. There were dense accumulations of lamin B in the perinuclear area and distribution of lamin B-positive micronuclei in the cytoplasmic space, indicative of nuclear envelope rupture. Overexpression of BAG3 in cells under proteotoxic stress ameliorated pathological nuclear morphology and reduced cytoplasmic distribution of the micronuclei particles. Subcellular co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation demonstrated interaction of lamin B with the BAG domain of BAG3 and HSP70, suggesting the importance of BAG3 in the selective clearance of a surplus of aggregated lamin B that is generated during stress conditions. Our findings define a novel role for BAG3 in nuclear protein quality control and suggest an alternative pathogenetic pathway that contributes to the development of nuclear envelopathies.
Upregulated osterix promotes invasion and bone metastasis and predicts for a poor prognosis in breast cancer
Authors: Yao Bing , Wang Jue , Qu Shuang , Liu Yang , Jin Yuci , Lu Jianlei , Bao Qianyi , Li Lingyun , Yuan Hongyan , Ma Changyan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractApproximately 70% of patients with advanced breast cancer develop bone metastases, accompanied by complications, such as bone pain, fracture, and hypercalcemia. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern this process remains fragmentary. Osterix (Osx) is a zinc finger-containing transcription factor essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Here, we identified the functional roles of Osx in facilitating breast cancer invasion and bone metastasis. Osx upregulation was associated with lymph node metastasis and was negatively prognostic for overall survival. Knockdown of Osx inhibited invasion of breast cancer and osteolytic metastasis by downregulating MMP9, MMP13, VEGF, IL-8, and PTHrP, which are involved in invasion, angiogenesis, and osteolysis; overexpression of Osx had the opposite effect. Moreover, MMP9 was a direct target of Osx and mediated the Osx-driven invasion of breast cancer cells. Together, our data showed that Osx facilitates bone metastasis of breast cancer by upregulating the expression of a cohort of genes that contribute to steps in the metastatic cascade. These findings suggest that Osx is an attractive target for the control of bone metastasis of breast cancers.
Visualization of rapid electron precipitation via chorus element wave–particle interactions
Authors: Ozaki Mitsunori , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Shiokawa Kazuo , Hosokawa Keisuke , Oyama Shin-ichiro , Kataoka Ryuho , Ebihara Yusuke , Ogawa Yasunobu , Kasahara Yoshiya , Yagitani Satoshi , Kasaba Yasumasa , Kumamoto Atsushi , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Matsuda Shoya , Katoh Yuto , Hikishima Mitsuru , Kurita Satoshi , Otsuka Yuichi , Moore Robert C. , Tanaka Yoshimasa , Nosé Masahito , Nagatsuma Tsutomu , Nishitani Nozomu , Kadokura Akira , Connors Martin , Inoue Takumi , Matsuoka Ayako , Shinohara Iku 
Published: January 2019

AbstractChorus waves, among the most intense electromagnetic emissions in the Earth’s magnetosphere, magnetized planets, and laboratory plasmas, play an important role in the acceleration and loss of energetic electrons in the plasma universe through resonant interactions with electrons. However, the spatial evolution of the electron resonant interactions with electromagnetic waves remains poorly understood owing to imaging difficulties. Here we provide a compelling visualization of chorus element wave–particle interactions in the Earth’s magnetosphere. Through in-situ measurements of chorus waveforms with the Arase satellite and transient auroral flashes from electron precipitation events as detected by 100-Hz video sampling from the ground, Earth’s aurora becomes a display for the resonant interactions. Our observations capture an asymmetric spatial development, correlated strongly with the amplitude variation of discrete chorus elements. This finding is not theoretically predicted but helps in understanding the rapid scattering processes of energetic electrons near the Earth and other magnetized planets.
Giant nonvolatile manipulation of magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions by electric fields via magnetoelectric coupling
Authors: Chen Aitian , Wen Yan , Fang Bin , Zhao Yuelei , Zhang Qiang , Chang Yuansi , Li Peisen , Wu Hao , Huang Haoliang , Lu Yalin , Zeng Zhongming , Cai Jianwang , Han Xiufeng , Wu Tom , Zhang Xi-Xiang , Zhao Yonggang 
Published: January 2019

AbstractElectrically switchable magnetization is considered a milestone in the development of ultralow power spintronic devices, and it has been a long sought-after goal for electric-field control of magnetoresistance in magnetic tunnel junctions with ultralow power consumption. Here, through integrating spintronics and multiferroics, we investigate MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions on ferroelectric substrate with a high tunnel magnetoresistance ratio of 235%. A giant, reversible and nonvolatile electric-field manipulation of magnetoresistance to about 55% is realized at room temperature without the assistance of a magnetic field. Through strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling, the electric field modifies the magnetic anisotropy of the free layer leading to its magnetization rotation so that the relative magnetization configuration of the magnetic tunnel junction can be efficiently modulated. Our findings offer significant fundamental insight into information storage using electric writing and magnetic reading and represent a crucial step towards low-power spintronic devices.
ATP released by intestinal bacteria limits the generation of protective IgA against enteropathogens
Authors: Proietti Michele , Perruzza Lisa , Scribano Daniela , Pellegrini Giovanni , D’Antuono Rocco , Strati Francesco , Raffaelli Marco , Gonzalez Santiago F. , Thelen Marcus , Hardt Wolf-Dietrich , Slack Emma , Nicoletti Mauro , Grassi Fabio 
Published: January 2019

AbstractT cell dependent secretory IgA (SIgA) generated in the Peyer’s patches (PPs) of the small intestine shapes a broadly diverse microbiota that is crucial for host physiology. The mutualistic co-evolution of host and microbes led to the relative tolerance of host’s immune system towards commensal microorganisms. The ATP-gated ionotropic P2X7 receptor limits T follicular helper (Tfh) cells expansion and germinal center (GC) reaction in the PPs. Here we show that transient depletion of intestinal ATP can dramatically improve high-affinity IgA response against both live and inactivated oral vaccines. Ectopic expression of Shigella flexneri periplasmic ATP-diphosphohydrolase (apyrase) abolishes ATP release by bacteria and improves the specific IgA response against live oral vaccines. Antibody responses primed in the absence of intestinal extracellular ATP (eATP) also provide superior protection from enteropathogenic infection. Thus, modulation of eATP in the small intestine can affect high-affinity IgA response against gut colonizing bacteria.
Spin–orbit torque switching in a T-type magnetic configuration with current orthogonal to easy axes
Authors: Kong W. J. , Wan C. H. , Wang X. , Tao B. S. , Huang L. , Fang C. , Guo C. Y. , Guang Y. , Irfan M. , Han X. F. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDifferent symmetry breaking ways determine various magnetization switching modes driven by spin–orbit torques (SOT). For instance, an applied or effective field parallel to applied current is indispensable to switch magnetization with perpendicular anisotropy by SOT. Besides of this mode, here we experimentally demonstrate a distinct field-free switching mode in a T-type magnetic system with structure of MgO/CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB/MgO where a perpendicular layer with tilted easy axis was coupled to an in-plane layer with a uniaxial easy axis. Current was applied orthogonal to both easy axes and thus also normal to an in-plane effective field experienced by the perpendicular layer. Dynamic calculation shows perpendicular layer could be switched at the same time as the in-plane layer is switched. These field-free switching modes realized in the same T-type magnetic system might expedite the birth of multi-state spin memories or spin logic devices which could be operated by all electric manners.
Environment and evolutionary history shape phylogenetic turnover in European tetrapods
Authors: Saladin Bianca , Thuiller Wilfried , Graham Catherine H. , Lavergne Sébastien , Maiorano Luigi , Salamin Nicolas , Zimmermann Niklaus E. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPhylogenetic turnover quantifies the evolutionary distance among species assemblages and is central to understanding the main drivers shaping biodiversity. It is affected both by geographic and environmental distance between sites. Therefore, analyzing phylogenetic turnover in environmental space requires removing the effect of geographic distance. Here, we apply a novel approach by deciphering phylogenetic turnover of European tetrapods in environmental space after removing geographic land distance effects. We demonstrate that phylogenetic turnover is strongly structured in environmental space, particularly in ectothermic tetrapods, and is well explained by macroecological characteristics such as niche size, species richness and relative phylogenetic diversity. In ectotherms, rather recent evolutionary processes were important in structuring phylogenetic turnover along environmental gradients. In contrast, early evolutionary processes had already shaped the current structure of phylogenetic turnover in endotherms. Our approach enables the disentangling of the idiosyncrasies of evolutionary processes such as the degree of niche conservatism and diversification rates in structuring biodiversity.
Thickness dependent electronic properties of Pt dichalcogenides
Authors: Villaos Rovi Angelo B. , Crisostomo Christian P. , Huang Zhi-Quan , Huang Shin-Ming , Padama Allan Abraham B. , Albao Marvin A. , Lin Hsin , Chuang Feng-Chuan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPlatinum-based transition metal dichalcogenides have been gaining renewed interest because of the development of a new method to synthesize thin film structures. Here, using first-principles calculation, we explore the electronic properties of PtX2 (X = S, Se, and Te) with respect to film thickness. For bulk and layered structures (1 to 10 layers), octahedral 1T is the most stable. Surprisingly, we also find that the 3R structure has comparable stability relative to the 1T, implying possible synthesis of 3R. For a bulk 1T structure, PtS2 is semiconducting with an indirect band gap of 0.25 eV, while PtSe2 and PtTe2 are both semi-metallic. Still, all their corresponding monolayers exhibit an indirect semiconducting phase with band gaps of 1.68, 1.18, and 0.40 eV for PtS2, PtSe2, and PtTe2, respectively. For the band properties, we observe that all these materials manifest decreasing/closing of indirect band gap with increasing thickness, a consequence of quantum confinement and interlayer interaction. Moreover, we discover that controlling the thickness and applying strain can manipulate van Hove singularity resulting to high density of states at the maximum valence band. Our results exhibit the sensitivity and tunability of electronic properties of PtX2, paving a new path for future potential applications.