bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria parasitaemia following mass testing and treatment in Pakro sub-district of Ghana
Authors: Ndong Ignatius Cheng , Okyere Daniel , Enos Juliana Yartey , Mensah Benedicta Ayiedu , Nyarko Alexander Kwadwo , Amambua-Ngwa Alfred , Merle Corinne Simone C. , Koram Kwadwo Ansah , Ahorlu Collins Kwadwo , Abuaku Benjamen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: Global efforts to scale-up malaria control interventions are gaining steam. These include the use of Long-Lasting Insecticide Nets, Intermittent Preventive Treatment and Test, Treat and Track (T3) using ACTs. Intermittent preventive treatment of children (IPTc) in Ghana has demonstrated a parasite load reduction of 90%. However, unanswered questions include – whether mass treatment of population sub-groups such as IPTc could be scaled-up to whole populations as in mass testing, treatment and tracking (MTTT)? What is needed to implement MTTT at scale? Can MTTT reduce asymptomatic parasitaemia levels in children under 15? And whether MTTT of populations complemented by community-based management of malaria (CBMm) using volunteers could be an effective strategy for malaria control at a lower cost.

Methods:
A population of 5,000 asymptomatic individuals in seven communities in the Pakro sub-district of Ghana participated in this study. A register was developed for each community following a census. MTTT engaged trained community-based health volunteers (CBHVs) who conducted house-to-house testing using RDTs every four months and treated positive cases with ACTs. Between interventions, CBMm was done on symptomatic cases.

Results:
MTTT Coverage was 98.8% in July 2017 and 79.3% in July 2018. Of those tested, asymptomatic infection with malaria parasites reduced from 1,795 (36.3%) in July 2017 to 1,303 (32.9%) in July 2018. Implementing MTTT significantly averted asymptomatic parasitaemia by 24% from July 2017 to July 2018 after adjusting for age, ITN use and temperature (OR=0.76, CI=0.67, 0.85 p ≤ 0.001). In comparison, treatment of symptomatic patients at the Health Centre reduced parasitaemia by 9% over the same period which was however, not statistically significant (OR=0.91, CI=0.67, 1.38 p = 0.672). A total of 223 (5.1%) cases were averted in children under 15 years (X² = 9.7, p < 0.002). An important observation was a decrease in hospital attendance, which negatively affected the internally generated funds (IGF) scheme of the participating health facilities.

Conclusion:
This study has demonstrated that implementing MTTT was feasible and could reduce prevalence of malaria asymptomatic parasitaemia in children under 15 years of age. Furthermore, the use of CBHVs could ensure high coverage at lower cost.
Nonlinear Trajectory of Estimated GFR Progression in HIV-Positive Patients with Normal Renal Function on Tenofovir - based Therapy in Asia: a retrospective observational cohort study
Authors: Liu Fang , Xu Aifang , Zhao Huaqing , Yang Zongxing , Chen Chen , Ranieri Brona , Bao Jianfeng , Zheng Guoxiang , Wang Miaochan , Wang Ying , Xun Yunhao 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) trajectory in HIV-1-infected patients on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) therapy has been widely estimated using linear models, but this linearity assumption is not well validated and the nonlinearity of eGFR change remains unknown in Asians with initially normal renal function.

Methods

Estimated GFR trajectories were compared by one-linear and piecewise-linear mixed effects models, before and after propensity matching, respectively. Whether the incidence of renal dysfunction (reduced renal function [RRF], eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m² and rapid kidney function decline [RKFD], eGFR > -3 mL/min/1.73 m²/year) follows nonlinearity was assessed by logistic regression.

Results

In this Chinese observational cohort, we examined 823 (299 of TDF users and 524 of non-TDF users) treatment-naïve HIV-1-infected participants (age≥17 years) with first eGFR greater than 90 mL/min/1.73m². The median follow-up time was 10 (interquartile range [IQR], 2-20) months, during which 178 (21.6%) experienced RRF, and 451 (54.8%) experienced RKFD. In nonlinear adjusted model, the eGFR of TDF users decreased over time before 1.40 years (-5.31 mL/min/1.73 m²/year; 95% CI: -6.57, -4.06), and after 2.30 years (-3.71 mL/min/1.73 m²/year; 95% CI: -5.97, -1.45). However, the eGFR significantly increased from years 1.40 to 2.30 (4.83 mL/min/1.73 m²/year; 95% CI:1.38, 8.28). Within this particular time frame, each year of TDF exposure was associated with a 78% decreased risk of RKFD (95% CI: -91%, -49%). In comparison, eGFR increased slightly at the initiation of antiviral therapy, declined after 2.15 years (-4.96 mL/min/1.73 m²/year; 95% CI: -5.76, -4.17) among non-TDF users. Such a progression nonlinear trajectory was missed on the assumption of one-linearity, whether in TDF or non-TDF users.

Conclusion

For HIV-1-infected Asians initiated antiviral therapy with normal renal function, the nonlinearity of renal function do exist. Routine screen based on nonlinear progression of eGFR could be helpful for clinical management and patient care.
Application of Satellite Remote Sensing for Estimation of Dust Emission Probability in the Urmia Lake Basin in Iran
Authors: Effati Mohaddese , Bahrami Hossien‐Ali , Gohardoust Mohammad , Babaeian Ebrahim , Tuller Markus 
Published: August 2019

Saline playas in arid and semiarid regions of the world are significant sources of unconsolidated sediments susceptible to aeolian transport. Lake Urmia in Iran, one of the largest saltwater lakes on Earth, has waned to approximately 18% of its original size due to groundwater pumping and surface water diversions. This has led to ecosystem degradation, accelerated desertification and frequent dust storms, causing public health problems. In this paper we introduce a new framework for delineation of dust source zones and estimation of dust occurrence probability based on remotely sensed land surface properties (soil moisture and vegetation cover), soil texture, wind speed, and measured dust frequencies. Observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) for the Urmia Lake basin were utilized to determine the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and to estimate surface soil moisture with a recently introduced optical trapezoid model. The soil textures extracted from the SoilGrids database and wind speeds obtained from local weather stations together with the estimated surface soil moisture were found to be highly correlated with dust emission probability. When the surface soil moisture is low, wind speed is the major determinant for dust occurrence. With increasing surface soil moisture, the dust occurrence probability decreases. Soil moisture effects are more pronounced at high wind speeds. While at low wind speeds the dust occurrence probabilities for the investigated soil textures loam, clay loam and sandy clay loam are similar, at higher wind speeds the sandy clay loam texture exhibits the highest susceptibility to dust generation.Core Ideas
A remote sensing framework for delineation of dust source zones is introduced.
Surface soil moisture and soil texture are correlated with dust emission frequency.
Dust occurrence probability is highest for low moisture conditions and sandy soils.
Stability, composition, and crystal structure of Fe-bearing Phase E in the transition zone
Authors: Zhang Li , Smyth Joseph R. , Kawazoe Takaaki , Jacobsen Steven D. , Niu Jingjing , He Xuejing , Qin Shan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fe-bearing phase E coexisting with ringwoodite and wadsleyite has been synthesized at near-geotherm temperatures in hydrous KLB-1 peridotite compositions held at 18 and 19 GPa, and 1400 °C for 27 h. The long heating duration time of syntheses implies that phase E can be a stable component of the mantle under hydrous conditions. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses show that the M1 octahedral site is 72.1–75.2 at% occupied, whereas the M2 and tetrahedral Si sites are 2.4–2.9 at% and 18.9–19.8 at% occupied, respectively. The M1 site occupancies show a positive correlation with Fe/Mg molar ratios, indicating that Fe mainly occupies the M1 site in the phase E structure. High-pressure Raman spectroscopy shows that the framework Raman frequencies of Fe-bearing phase E increase continuously with increasing pressures up to 19 GPa at room temperature, and there is no indication for a major change in the crystal structure. If transition-zone regions adjacent to subducting slabs are hydrated by fluids generated at the top of the lower mantle, Fe-bearing phase E is expected to occur at wadsleyite-ringwoodite phase transition boundary (about 520 km) as an important phase for incorporating water.
Computer modeling of apparently straight bond angles: The intriguing case of all-silica ferrierite
Authors: Trudu Federica , Tabacchi Gloria , Fois Ettore 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe relationships between synthetic zeolites and their natural counterparts that have been unveiled by theoretical studies have contributed to improving the properties and applications of zeolite-based materials in strategic areas such as industrial catalysis, environmental protection, and solar energy harvesting. To pinpoint the role of modeling in zeolite science, we discuss an example of computationally driven problem solving: can tetrahedral frameworks sustain straight (i.e., 180°) Si-O-Si bond angles? The true crystal symmetry of zeolite ferrierite (FER), especially in its all-silica form, had been intensely debated for 30 years before being solved in the Pmnn space group. Yet there are indications that an Immm structure with energetically unfavorable linear Si-O-Si linkages could be formed at high temperature. To gather insight, we perform density functional theory (DFT) optimizations and frequency calculations of all-silica ferrierite in both the Pmnn and Immm space groups. Our results indicate that Pmnn is more stable than Immm, in line with experiments. While the Pmnn structure is a true minimum in the energy profile of ferrierite, the Immm structure has four imaginary frequency vibrations, three of which are localized on the 180° Si-O-Si angles. This suggests that ferrierites with Immm symmetry may be classified as metastable phases. Such a designation is also supported by first-principles molecular dynamics on Immm FER, showing that the average value of 180° actually results from Si-O-Si angle inversion. An implication of this study with interesting geological and technological consequences is the association of straight Si-O-Si angles experimentally detected in open-framework or low-density silicates to an angle-inversion process occurring at the femtosecond scale. Such flexibility of the apparently flat Si-O-Si linkages might play an important role in sorption phenomena, which are ubiquitous in geological processes and industrial applications alike.
Mitogen-Induced Interferon Gamma Production in Human Whole Blood: The Effect of Heat and Cations
Authors: Nam Ji-Hyun , Cha Bomi , Park Jun-Young , Abekura Fukushi , Kim Cheorl-Ho , Kim Jeong-Ran 
Published: August 2019

Background:Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are blood tests used to measure the amount of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) released by T lymphocytes after stimulation by antigens specific for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection. A mitogen serves as a positive control to assess the immune function in IGRAs.Methods:This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate IFN-γ production by human whole blood stimulated with heat-treated and/or cation-supplemented phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), using QuantiFERON-TB Gold Kit ELISA tests.Results:The optimal concentrations of PWM, Con A and PHA for IGRAs were 2 µg/mL, 5 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL, respectively. The results showed that IFN-γ production in response to PWM was the highest and PHA was the lowest amount. The median values of three mitogens were in the following order: PWM≥Con A≥ positive control>PHA-P>negative control. PWM and PHA were heat stable, while Con A was heat sensitive. The mitogen response of lymphocytes to untreated or heat-treated PWM and heat-treated Con A was increased in 1 mM Ca2+-supplemented groups, whereas the response to heat-treated PHA was decreased. Exposure to 1 mM Mg2+ had no effect on untreated or heat-treated PWM, and a concentration of 1 mM Zn2+ inhibited the stimulation of un-treated PWM. We found that calcium supplementation improved the PWM-induced production of IFN-γ.Conclusion:Therefore, PWM is an appropriate mitogen for use as a positive control in IGRAs. It is a potential indicator of cytokine production in the diagnostic as well as research settings, and calcium supplementation improved stimulation.
Mannitol Reduces Spinal Cord Edema in Rats with Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Zhang Chao , Hu Anming , Jing Yingli , Yang Degang , Li Jianjun 
Published: August 2019

Background:
The research about anti-edema effects of mannitol on acute traumatic spinal
cord injury (SCI) in rats is rare.

Objective:
This study aimed to explore the effect of mannitol on spinal cord edema after SCI in rats.

Methods:
Seventy-eight adult female rats were assigned to three groups randomly: a sham control
group (n = 18), a contusion and normal saline contrast group (n=30), and a contusion and mannitol
treatment group (n=30). We used the open-field test to estimate the functional recovery of rats weekly.
Spinal cord water content was measured to determine the spinal cord edema. The ultrastructure
features of the injured dorsolateral spinal cord were determined on the 7th day after SCI by HE staining.

Results:
The mannitol group had greatly improved Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores when
compared with the saline contrast group. The spinal cord water content was increased significantly
after SCI, and there was no significant difference in the water content between the NaCl and mannitol
groups 1 day after SCI. The water content at 3 and 7 days after SCI was significantly lower in the
mannitol group than in the NaCl group (p < 0.05). Mannitol can reduce spinal cord edema by increasing
the number of red blood cells in the injured spinal cord and decrease the ratio (dorsoventral
diameter/ mediolateral diameter) of spinal cord 7 days post-SCI.

Conclusion:
Mannitol increases recovery of motor function in rats, reduces spinal cord edema and
increases the number of red blood cells in the injured spinal cord, decreasing the ratio of spinal cord
to reduce pressure.
New Hydrazone Derivatives of Pyrazole-4-carboxaldehydes Exhibited Anti-inflammatory Properties
Authors: Song Mingxia , Liu Bing , Yu Shengwang , He Shihui , Liang Yuqiu , Li Sifan , Chen Qiuyan , Deng Xianqing 
Published: August 2019

Background:
Several series of hydrazone derivatives of pyrazole-4-carboxaldehydes (4-
11) were designed and synthesized to screen their inflammatory activity.

Methods:
The products were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. In vitro LPS-induced
TNF-α model and in vivo xylene-induced ear-edema model were used to evaluate their antiinflammatory
activity.

Results and Conclusion:
Bioassays indicated that most of the compounds markedly inhibited the
expression of TNF-α at the concentration of 10 µg/mL. Compounds 7b and 11c, two of the most
potent compounds, exhibited TNF-α inhibitory ability in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values
of 5.56 and 3.69 µM, respectively. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration with 7b and 11c markedly
inhibited the ear edema at the doses of 20 and 50 mg/kg. Compound 11c, inhibited edema by 49.59 %
at the dose of 20 mg/kg, was comparable to the reference drug dexamethasone at the same dose (with
an inhibition of 50.49 %). To understand the binding pattern, molecular docking of representative
7b and 11c was performed, which demonstrated that both compounds have a forceful binding with
the TNF-α, and that the phenyl and hydrazide moieties of them play a significant role in binding
with the target site.
Family Nutrition Improvement Efforts Through Nutrition Management of Pokea Clam Based on Environmental Health
Authors: Sudayasa I Putu , Hartati Hartati , Bahtiar Bahtiar 
Published: August 2019

The coastal communities of the Pohara river, Sampara Subdistrict, where the habitat for endemic pokea clam growth, has a habit of consuming pokea clam meat which can affect the nutritional status of the family. Pokea clam meat (Batissa violacea celebensis von Marten 1897) contains fatty acids, which can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this community service, to identify patterns of consumption of pokea clam and nutritional status. The method used through interviews, counseling and examination of nutritional status. The number of respondents identified was 72 respondents. Data were collected by questionnaire regarding the consumption pattern of pokea clam, measurement of height, weight and waist circumference. The results of the identification of consumption patterns of pokea clam meat showed 58% of respondents, consuming average pokea clam 1-3 times a day. As many as 78%, processing directly the pokea clam meat. The types of preparations consumed are pokea satay (39%) and boiled pokea (8%). The results of examination of Body Mass Index (BMI) obtained 50.0% normal nutritional status, 16.7% excess and 30.6% obesity. Waist circumference measurement results, 47.2% are normal, and 52.8% are not normal. Integrated and sustainable health promotion, need to improve the nutritional status of coastal communities.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF FAMOTIDINE FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS USING SYNTHETIC SUPERDISINTEGRANTS
Authors: RAJESWARI SARIPILLI , KUMARI M. YERNI 
Published: August 2019

Objective: The main aim of the present research work was to formulate fast dissolving tablets of famotidine by direct compression method and to evaluate the effect of synthetic super disintegrating agent on drug release pattern.
Methods: The fast dissolving tablets were prepared by using crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate as superdisintegrants (2, 4 and 6 %w/w), mannitol 20 % and microcrystalline cellulose (44, 46 and 48 % w/w) as a directly compressible vehicle. All the prepared tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, weight variation, disintegrating time, wetting time and in vitro drug release studies.
Results: All the prepared fast dissolving tablets formulations were within the Pharmacopoeial standards limits. Based on in vitro drug release studies (>90 % within 30 min), the optimised formulations were optimised tested for the short term stability (at 40 ˚C/75% RH for 3 mo) and drug excipient interaction (fourier transform infrared spectroscopy).
Conclusion: Hence, formulation prepared with 6 % w/w of crosspovidine and 44 % w/w of microcrystalline cellulose as emerged as the overall best formulation (>90 % within 30 min) compared to marketed product (>70 % within 30 min). Short-term stability studies on the formulations indicated that there are no significant changes in drug content and in vitro drug release (p<0.05).
COST ANALYSIS OF EMERGENCY VISITS DUE TO DRUG RELATED PROBLEMS
Authors: MATHEW ELSA , THAVA PRIYA C. SAKTHI , ADITYA S. AKASH , SASIKALA G. , ABRAHAM ASHLY , V. RAGHUPATHI 
Published: August 2019

Objective: To identify patients coming to Emergency Medicine Department (EMD) with drug related problems, classify the DRPs and calculate the direct cost spent for treating them.
Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted in emergency medicine department. The patients coming to EMD with DRPs were classified according to Cipolle’s classification and the direct medical and non-medical costs were calculated.
Results: A total of around 107 patients identified with DRPs of which 99 patients were included in the study. In this study, 51% of the cases were due to ADR and 35% due to non-adherence and rest of the cases were due to overdose (10%), drug interaction (3%) and sub therapeutic dose (1%). Major portion for treatment was spent for direct medical cost in which cost for laboratory investigations have contributed the most, INR 10,93,992 (42%) followed by Health care professional cost INR 55,6814 (21%), Pharmacy cost INR 4,00,524.6 (15%), Admission cost INR 3,80,400 (15%). The direct non-medical cost includes cost for diet and travel which was found to be INR 1,68,443 and INR 71,947 respectively.
Conclusion: The drug related problems adds a significant economic burden on the patients which can be reduced by imparting knowledge about the proper use of medicines and by improving collaborative efforts of the patients, physicians, pharmacists and caregivers.
Germinación de semillas de Dasylirion lucidum Rose y Beaucarnea gracilis Lemaire de matorral xerófilo
Authors: Rodríguez Trejo Dante Arturo , García Pascual Esperanza , Quiahua Barrera Leticia , Reyes Valdovinos Erandi Yunuen 
Published: August 2019

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span><strong>Objetivo</strong> </span><span>̶ </span><span>indagar el efecto de remoción del fruto y dos regímenes térmicos en la germinación de </span><em>D. lucidum </em><span>y </span><em>B. gracilis</em><span>. Y de la edad de la semilla en </span><em>B. gracilis</em><span>.</span></p><p><span><strong>Método</strong> </span><span>̶ </span><span>se establecieron experimentos en bloques al azar. El análisis estadístico se hizo con modelos mixtos. </span></p><p><strong>Resultados </strong><span>̶ </span><span>en </span><em>D. lucidum </em><span>la germinación fue afectada por la interacción remoción*temperatura (p≤.0001), alcanzó 95.8 % a 20/17 °C, sin fruto. En </span><span><em>B. gracilis</em> </span><span>fue influida por remoción (p=.0323); sin fruto alcanzó una media de 89.3 %, con semilla fresca o de un año, a 30 o 25/20 °C, sin diferencias por edad o temperatura. </span></p><p><strong>Limitaciones </strong><span>̶ </span><span>en futuros trabajos se debe identificar a los potenciales inhibidores químicos de la germinación. </span></p><p><strong>Principales hallazgos </strong><span>̶ </span><span>se considera que hay latencia química en ambas especies, se favorecería su germinación con la solubilización de los inhibidores del fruto a la llegada de las lluvias (o con la remoción del fruto). </span></p></div></div></div>
KONTRIBUSI DAYA LEDAK OTOT LENGAN DAN KELENTUKAN TERHADAP KETEPATAN SMASH DALAM CABANG OLAHRAGA BULUTANGKIS ANGGOTA KLUB STKIP MERANTI KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN MERANTI
Authors: Nofrizal Dedi 
Published: August 2019

<em>The problem in this study originated from the observation that the author did on the field turned out to smash Accuracy club members STKIP Meranti. still low. Many factors lead to low precision of the smash, including the explosive power arm muscles and flexibility. Therefore the purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of the arm muscle explosive power and flexibility of the accuracy smash club members STKIP Meranti Meranti Islands District. This type of research is correlational. The population in this study are members of the Club STKIP Meranti. numbered as many as 20 people. The sampling technique using total sampling numbering as many as 20 people. Techniques of data retrieval is done with measurements of all three variables, variable arm muscle explosive power using one hand medicine ball test put, variable flexibility is by flexiometer. While accuracy is by using the smash smash Accuracy tests. Data were analyzed by product moment correlation and multiple correlation and continued contributions to the formula determined. Based on data analysis found that there is a contribution to the explosive bicep smash accuracy of 25.30% and amounted to 22.47% flexibility. While the contribution of the arm muscle explosive power and flexibility together to smash accuracy is 41.73%. It was concluded that there is a contribution arm muscle explosive power and flexibility of the accuracy smash club members STKIP Meranti Meranti Islands District</em><em></em><p><em>Â </em></p><p><em>Keywords : Explosive Power Muscle Arms</em><em>, Accuracy</em><em>, Smash Flexibility</em><em></em></p>