bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VASC: Dimension Reduction and Visualization of Single-Cell RNA-Seq Data by Deep Variational Autoencoder
Authors: Wang Dongfang , Gu Jin 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful technique to analyze the transcriptomic heterogeneities at the single cell level. It is an important step for studying cell sub-populations and lineages, with an effective low-dimensional representation and visualization of the original scRNA-Seq data. At the single cell level, the transcriptional fluctuations are much larger than the average of a cell population, and the low amount of RNA transcripts will increase the rate of technical dropout events. Therefore, scRNA-seq data are much noisier than traditional bulk RNA-seq data. In this study, we proposed the deep variational autoencoder for scRNA-seq data (VASC), a deep multi-layer generative model, for the unsupervised dimension reduction and visualization of scRNA-seq data. VASC can explicitly model the dropout events and find the nonlinear hierarchical feature representations of the original data. Tested on over 20 datasets, VASC shows superior performances in most cases and exhibits broader dataset compatibility compared to four state-of-the-art dimension reduction and visualization methods. In addition, VASC provides better representations for very rare cell populations in the 2D visualization. As a case study, VASC successfully re-establishes the cell dynamics in pre-implantation embryos and identifies several candidate marker genes associated with early embryo development. Moreover, VASC also performs well on a 10× Genomics dataset with more cells and higher dropout rate.
Preparing to launch the ‘Thinking Healthy Programme’ perinatal depression intervention in Urban Lima, Peru: experiences from the field
Authors: Eappen B. S. , Aguilar M. , Ramos K. , Contreras C. , Prom M. C. , Scorza P. , Gelaye B. , Rondon M. , Raviola G. , Galea J. T. 
Published: December 2018

Background.An estimated 19–25% of perinatal women in low- and middle-income countries are affected by depression which, untreated, is associated with multiple health problems for mothers and children. Nonetheless, few perinatal women have access to depression care. The Thinking Healthy Programme (THP), promoted by the World Health Organization (WHO), is an evidence-based, non-specialist delivered depression intervention that addresses this care gap. However, the WHO THP manual explains intervention delivery but not the antecedents to implementation. Here, we describe a principled, planned approach leading to the implementation of THP in Lima, Peru by the non-profit organization Socios En Salud with community health workers (CHW) to inform its implementation in other settings.Methods.The Replicating Effective Programs (REP) framework guided THP implementation, following four phases: (I) pre-conditions; (II) pre-implementation; (III) implementation; and (IV) maintenance and evolution. This paper centers on REP phases I and II, including (1) documented high perinatal depression rates in Peru; (2) designation of perinatal depression as a government priority; (3) THP Implementation Team orientation and training; (4) data collection plan development; (5) public health system coordination; (6) CHW selection and training; and (7) THP launch.Results.Between December 2016 and March 2017, a THP training program was developed and seven CHW were trained to deliver the intervention to 10 perinatal women, the first of whom was enrolled on 17 April 2017.Conclusions.THP was rapidly implemented by a community-based organization with no prior experience in delivering non-specialist perinatal depression care. The steps followed may inform the implementation of THP in other settings.
Optimization of the pulse width and injection time in a double-pass laser amplifier
Authors: Park Daewoong , Jeong Jihoon , Yu Tae Jun 
Published: December 2018

We have optimized the input pulse width and injection time to achieve the highest possible output pulse energy in a double-pass laser amplifier using two Nd:YAG rods. For this purpose, we have extended the Frantz–Nodvik equation by simultaneously including both spontaneous emission and pump energy variation. The effective pump energy of the flash lamp was 8.84 J for each gain medium. The energy of 1 J could be amplified to an output energy of 12.17 J with the maximum achieved extraction efficiency of 63.18% when an input pulse having a pulse width of 168 $\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}$s is sent 10 $\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}$s after the absorbed pump energy becomes the maximum value.
Patient isolation for infection control and patient experience
Authors: Siddiqui Zishan K. , Conway Sarah Johnson , Abusamaan Mohammed , Bertram Amanda , Berry Stephen A. , Allen Lisa , Apfel Ariella , Farley Holley , Zhu Junya , Wu Albert W. , Brotman Daniel J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveHospitalized patients placed in isolation due to a carrier state or infection with resistant or highly communicable organisms report higher rates of anxiety and loneliness and have fewer physician encounters, room entries, and vital sign records. We hypothesized that isolation status might adversely impact patient experience as reported through Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) surveys, particularly regarding communication.DesignRetrospective analysis of HCAHPS survey results over 5 years.SettingA 1,165-bed, tertiary-care, academic medical center.PatientsPatients on any type of isolation for at least 50% of their stay were the exposure group. Those never in isolation served as controls.MethodsMultivariable logistic regression, adjusting for age, race, gender, payer, severity of illness, length of stay and clinical service were used to examine associations between isolation status and “top-box” experience scores. Dose response to increasing percentage of days in isolation was also analyzed.ResultsPatients in isolation reported worse experience, primarily with staff responsiveness (help toileting 63% vs 51%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.77; P = .0009) and overall care (rate hospital 80% vs 73%; aOR, 0.78; P < .0001), but they reported similar experience in other domains. No dose-response effect was observed.ConclusionIsolated patients do not report adverse experience for most aspects of provider communication regarded to be among the most important elements for safety and quality of care. However, patients in isolation had worse experiences with staff responsiveness for time-sensitive needs. The absence of a dose-response effect suggests that isolation status may be a marker for other factors, such as illness severity. Regardless, hospitals should emphasize timely staff response for this population.
What makes a team brilliant? An experiential exploration of positivity within healthcare
Authors: Fulop Emeritus Liz , Kippist Louise , Dadich Ann , Hayes Kate , Karimi Leila , Symth Anne 
Published: December 2018

AbstractFollowing its positive outcomes in a state-wide survey, co-managers of the Queensland Cancer Control Analysis Team commissioned discovery interviews to explore these results. Eleven interviews were analysed by positive organisational scholars who drew on depreciating and appreciating organisational dynamics to make sense of Queensland Cancer Control Analysis Team’s high performance. An initial framework was devised, including appreciative, depreciative, and hybrid dynamics, with the latter representing an extension to an existing taxonomy. Findings revealed mainly appreciative and hybrid dynamics. To further understand these, the framework was expanded by reframing the dynamics as positive institutional work. This extension offers an experiential understanding of positive institutional patterns by incorporating the troika of experiential surfacing, agency as inquiry, and inclusion. The value of this framework is threefold, for it can be used as an analytic, a diagnostic, and an intervention tool to enable scholars and practitioners to operationalise positive organisational scholarship to examine, understand, and promote positive organisational experiences.
The case for replicable structured full proportionality analysis in all cases concerning fundamental rights
Authors: Ramshaw Adam 
Published: December 2018

AbstractProportionality has been testing the judiciary for decades. However, a single replicable model of proportionality has not been consistently applied by the courts. This paper explores the differential application of proportionality in English law. It is argued that these differential approaches create doctrinal confusion and give rise to numerous shortcomings. These shortcomings include: (i) the a priori weighting of fundamental rights; (ii) undue deference to state institutions; and (iii) variable judicial scrutiny dependent upon the source of the rights in question. It will be argued here that the courts ought to adopt a common standard of proportionality review in all proceedings concerning fundamental rights. The viability of this approach will then be tested against existing case law.
Government Intervention and Strategic Trading in the U.S. Treasury Market
Authors: Pasquariello Paolo , Roush Jennifer , Vega Clara 
Published: December 2018

We study the impact of permanent open market operations (POMOs) by the Federal Reserve on U.S. Treasury market liquidity. Using a parsimonious model of speculative trading, we conjecture that i) this form of government interventionimprovesmarket liquidity, contrary to conclusions drawn by existing literature; and ii) the extent of this improvement depends on the market’s information environment. Evidence from a novel sample of Federal Reserve POMOs during the 2000s indicates that bid–ask spreads of on-the-run Treasury securitiesdeclinewhen POMOs are executed, by an amount increasing in proxies for information heterogeneity among speculators, fundamental volatility, and POMO policy uncertainty, consistent with our model.
Darwin's Heresy
Authors: Goodman Lenn E. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractChallenged by Lord Kelvin's claims that earth and sun were too young to give evolution sufficient time to do its work, especially in the human case, where care for the weak blunts the edge of natural selection, Darwin leaned on Lamarckian thoughts to accelerate the process. The mental and moral traits crowning human distinctiveness, he urged, arose through sexual selection. But promiscuity, infanticide, early betrothals, and female drudgery undermined these effects in “savage races.” In the inevitable decline and ultimate extinction of the “melanin races” Darwin believed he could observe human evolution underway before his eyes.
Cognitive change in cognitive-behavioural therapy v. pharmacotherapy for adult depression: a longitudinal mediation analysis
Authors: Quigley Leanne , Dozois David J. A. , Bagby R. Michael , Lobo Daniela S. S. , Ravindran Lakshmi , Quilty Lena C. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundAlthough cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) is a well-established treatment for adult depression, its efficacy and efficiency may be enhanced by better understanding its mechanism(s) of action. According to the theoretical model of CBT, symptom improvement occurs via reductions in maladaptive cognition. However, previous research has not established clear evidence for this cognitive mediation model.MethodsThe present study investigated the cognitive mediation model of CBT in the context of a randomized controlled trial of CBT v. antidepressant medication (ADM) for adult depression. Participants with major depressive disorder were randomized to receive 16 weeks of CBT (n = 54) or ADM (n = 50). Depression symptoms and three candidate cognitive mediators (dysfunctional attitudes, cognitive distortions and negative automatic thoughts) were assessed at week 0 (pre-treatment), week 4, week 8 and week 16 (post-treatment). Longitudinal associations between cognition and depression symptoms, and mediation of treatment outcome, were evaluated in structural equation models.ResultsBoth CBT and ADM produced significant reductions in maladaptive cognition and depression symptoms. Cognitive content and depression symptoms were moderately correlated within measurement waves, but cross-lagged associations between the variables and indirect (i.e. mediated) treatment effects were non-significant.ConclusionsThe results provide support for concurrent relationships between cognitive and symptom change, but not the longitudinal relationships hypothesized by the cognitive mediation model. Results may be indicative of an incongruence between the timing of measurement and the dynamics of cognitive and symptom change.
Tracking Control of Electrically Driven Robots Using a Model-free Observer
Authors: Izadbakhsh Alireza , Khorashadizadeh Saeed , Kheirkhahan Payam 
Published: December 2018

SummaryThis paper presents a robust tracking controller for electrically driven robots, without the need for velocity measurements of joint variables. Many observers require the system dynamics or nominal models, while a model-free observer is presented in this paper. The novelty of this paper is presenting a new observer–controller structure based on function approximation techniques and Stone–Weierstrass theorem using differential equations. In fact, it is assumed that the lumped uncertainty can be modeled by linear differential equations. Then, using Stone–Weierstrass theorem, it is verified that these differential equations are universal approximators. The advantage of proposed approach in comparison with previous related works is simplicity and reducing the dimensions of regressor matrices without the need for any information of the systems’ dynamic. Simulation results on a 6-degrees of freedom robot manipulator driven by geared permanent magnet DC motors indicate the satisfactory performance of the proposed method in overcoming uncertainties and reducing the tracking error. To evaluate the performance of proposed controller in practical implementations, experimental results on an SCARA manipulator are presented.
An examination of food parenting practices: structure, control and autonomy promotion
Authors: Musher-Eizenman Dara R , Goodman Lynnel , Roberts Lindsey , Marx Jenna , Taylor Maija , Hoffmann Debra 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveIn recent years, researchers have been working towards creating a standard conceptual framework of food parenting. To understand how parents’ reports correspond with the proposed model, the current study examined parents’ reports of their feeding behaviours in the context of a newly established framework of food parenting.DesignCross-sectional, with a two-week follow-up for a subset of the sample. Participants completed a quantitative and qualitative survey to assess food parenting. The survey included items from common food parenting instruments to measure the constructs posited in the framework. Exploratory factor analyses were conducted to ascertain which items related most closely to one another and factors were mapped on to existing constructs.SettingOnline.ParticipantsParents of children aged 2·5–7 years (n496). Of these, 122 completed a two-week follow-up.ResultsAnalyses revealed eleven aspects of Structure (monitoring; distraction; family presence; meal/snack schedule; unstructured practices; healthy/unhealthy food availability; food preparation; healthy/unhealthy modelling; rules), ten aspects of Coercive Control (pressure to eat; using food to control emotions; food incentives to eat; food incentives to behave; non-food incentives to eat; restriction for health/weight; covert restriction; clean plate; harsh coercion) and seven aspects of Autonomy Promotion (praise; encouragement; nutrition education; child involvement; negotiation; responsive feeding; repeated offering). Content validity, assessed via parents’ open-ended explanations of their responses, was high, and test–retest reliability was moderate to high. Structure and Autonomy Promoting food parenting were highly positively correlated.ConclusionsIn general, parents’ responses provided support for the model, but suggested some amendments and refinements.
The interface between consumers and their food environment in Myanmar: an exploratory mixed-methods study
Authors: Downs Shauna M , Glass Sara , Linn Kay Khine , Fanzo Jessica 
Published: December 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo examine consumers’ perceptions of their food environments, their food consumption patterns and preferences, and to better understand the attributes of foods that are available within food environments in Myanmar.DesignAn exploratory mixed-methods study using a combination of focus group discussions, market and consumer surveys.SettingFour study settings in Myanmar were included: an upper-income township of Yangon; a lower-income township of Yangon; a middle-income township in the southern Myanmar town of Dawei; and a lower-income village in the country’s dry zone of Magway.ParticipantsThirty-two women participated in the focus groups discussions, twenty market surveys were conducted and 362 consumers (both men and women) completed food consumption surveys.ResultsFocus group participants indicated that the availability of a diverse range of foods had increased over time, while the quality of foods had decreased. Health was seen primarily through the lens of food safety and there was an overall lack of knowledge about which foods were more or less healthy. Consumers preferred fruits, vegetables and red meat compared with highly processed snack foods/beverages. Although consumers reported low intakes of highly processed snack foods, Burmese street food was consumed in high quantities. The market surveys suggested that fresh, minimally processed and highly processed foods were available at all markets across the study settings.ConclusionsConsumers are exposed to a variety of foods, of varying quality, within their food environments in Myanmar. Interventions aimed at increasing consumer knowledge regarding healthy diets and improving food safety are needed.
ENGINEERED STRUGGLE AND “EARNED” SUCCESS
Authors: Cox Amanda Barrett 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis paper examines how a nonprofit organization prepares low-income Black and Latino/a students to attend elite boarding high schools. Using ethnographic data, I investigate how the program engineers the experience of academic and emotional struggle for students, how students experience these struggles, and what students learn from this process. I find that the program’s academically-induced emotional rollercoaster serves to strengthen students’ confidence in their academic skills and their ability to persist in the face of academic challenges—a valuable emotional asset for the students as they enter elite boarding schools. However, I argue, the feeling students emerge with of having earned their successes (and failures) may ultimately serve to reproduce the individualistic, meritocratic discourses that support the patterns of social inequality the program helps its students sidestep.
The same or different psychiatrists for in- and out-patient treatment? A multi-country natural experiment
Authors: Giacco D. , Bird V.J. , Ahmad T. , Bauer M. , Lasalvia A. , Lorant V. , Miglietta E. , Moskalewicz J. , Nicaise P. , Pfennig A. , Welbel M. , Priebe S. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract

Aims
A core question in the debate about how to organise mental healthcare is whether in- and out-patient treatment should be provided by the same (personal continuity) or different psychiatrists (specialisation). The controversial debate drives costly organisational changes in several European countries, which have gone in opposing directions. The existing evidence is based on small and low-quality studies which tend to favour whatever the new experimental organisation is.
We compared 1-year clinical outcomes of personal continuity and specialisation in routine care in a large scale study across five European countries.

Methods
This is a 1-year prospective natural experiment conducted in Belgium, England, Germany, Italy and Poland. In all these countries, both personal continuity and specialisation exist in routine care. Eligible patients were admitted for psychiatric in-patient treatment (18 years of age), and clinically diagnosed with a psychotic, mood or anxiety/somatisation disorder.
Outcomes were assessed 1 year after the index admission. The primary outcome was re-hospitalisation and analysed for the full sample and subgroups defined by country, and different socio-demographic and clinical criteria. Secondary outcomes were total number of inpatient days, involuntary re-admissions, adverse events and patients’ social situation. Outcomes were compared through mixed regression models in intention-to-treat analyses. The study is registered (ISRCTN40256812).

Results
We consecutively recruited 7302 patients; 6369 (87.2%) were followed-up. No statistically significant differences were found in re-hospitalisation, neither overall (adjusted percentages: 38.9% in personal continuity, 37.1% in specialisation; odds ratio = 1.08; confidence interval 0.94–1.25; p = 0.28) nor for any of the considered subgroups. There were no significant differences in any of the secondary outcomes.

Conclusions
Whether the same or different psychiatrists provide in- and out-patient treatment appears to have no substantial impact on patient outcomes over a 1-year period. Initiatives to improve long-term outcomes of psychiatric patients may focus on aspects other than the organisation of personal continuity v. specialisation.
Lunar Science for Landed Missions Workshop Findings Report
Authors: Jawin Erica R. , Valencia Sarah N. , Watkins Ryan N. , Crowell James M. , Neal Clive R. , Schmidt Gregory 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Lunar Science for Landed Missions workshop was convened at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ames Research Center on 10–12 January, 2018. Interest in the workshop was broad, with 110 people participating in person and 70 people joining online. In addition, the workshop website (https://lunar‐landing.arc.nasa.gov) includes video recordings of many of the presentations. This workshop defined a set of targets that near‐term landed missions could visit for scientific exploration. The scope of such missions was aimed primarily, but not exclusively, at commercial exploration companies with interests in pursuing ventures on the surface of the Moon. Contributed and invited talks were presented that detailed many high priority landing site options across the surface of the Moon that would meet scientific goals in a wide variety of areas, including impact cratering processes and dating, volatiles, volcanism, magnetism, geophysics, and astrophysics. Representatives from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and the European Space Agency also presented about international plans for lunar exploration and science. This report summarizes the set of landing sites and/or investigations that were presented at the workshop that would address high priority science and exploration questions. In addition to landing site discussions, technology developments were also specified that were considered as enhancing to the types of investigations presented. It is evident that the Moon is rich in scientific exploration targets that will inform us on the origin and evolution of the Earth‐Moon system and the history of the inner Solar System, and also has enormous potential for enabling human exploration and for the development of a vibrant lunar commercial sector.