bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Undoing the Institutions of the Democratic State
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers how, from the very beginning, the Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS)) party targeted five democratic institutions as obstacles to its capture of the state. First, it looks at the parliamentary opposition being marginalized and effectively silenced. Second, it details how the civil service has been subjected to political control, and the principles of professionalism and neutrality in the civil service have been abandoned. Third, the chapter looks at the public media being transformed into a propaganda machine for the ruling party, and the commercial media being threatened with laws that would constrain their operation. Fourth, it considers how electoral commissions have been effectively subjected to the executive, which renders massive electoral frauds possible. Finally, the chapter looks at how institutions dispensing grants and subsidies to civil society organizations have been centralized and subjected to the executive. All these institutions provide a buffer for the population from the arbitrary will of politicians, which is why PiS could not tolerate them.
Why Did It Happen?
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the causes of Poland’s constitutional breakdown in and after 2015. On the one hand, they have an ‘agentic’ character: the role of the paranoia and anger of political leaders cannot be disregarded. In addition to such supply-side explanations, there are also important demand-side hypotheses, linked in particular to anti-elite and xenophobic attitudes, concerns and fears. As the chapter shows, in the case of Poland, the most important role is played by identity-related concerns, rather than socio-economic vulnerabilities. In turn, persistent support for the populist Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS)) party can be explained by its successful even if irrational welfare policies, by its effective if primitive propaganda, and by the weaknesses of the opposition. This leads to a reflection on the fragility of the institutions. As this chapter argues, partly because of its newness, partly because of faulty institutional design, and partly because of the thinness of democratic political culture among the elite and in society at large, the institutional system of Poland was ineffective in blocking anti-constitutional parties’ access to power.
China
Authors: Erickson Andrew S. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Scholars still debate the very notion of a Chinese grand strategy. Nonetheless, recent leadership and policy statements, and their explicit linkage to historical patterns of Chinese behavior, suggest that China may well have the most forthright example of a grand strategy of any major power today. This chapter is composed of five parts in substantiating that claim. First, it survey’s Xi’s contemporary grand strategy. Second, it discusses the historical foundations of Xi’s initiatives. Third, it lists the modern factors that shape and complicate China’s grand strategic efforts. Fourth, it examines the two major contemporary prongs that link the global to the national strategy: the external Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aimed at binding Eurasia to China through infrastructure and commercial development; and the internal efforts to consolidate societal stability with a stronger surveillance state. Together, the chapter argues, these initiatives are designed to mitigate the impact of demographic decline and an S-curved slowdown in the growth of China’s economy, with the goal of buttressing other elements of national power to facilitate China’s re-emergence.
Introduction
Authors: Burnham Michelle 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Introduction develops a transoceanic framework for the study of American literature and the emergence of the novel. It establishes that American literature and culture have always been integrated within complex and wide-ranging commercial, political, and textual networks that connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. By locating the presence of the Pacific in the Atlantic, and of the Atlantic in the Pacific, this volume establishes a global materiality to narrative in the transoceanic age of revolutions. Long-distance maritime travel depended on capitalist strategies of calculation that also concealed practices of violence against women and indigenous peoples. The resultant narrative of expectation or suspense drives the discourses of commerce, revolution, and the novel.
Bayes’ Theorem
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Bayes’ Theorem. The chapter first gives a brief introduction to Thomas Bayes, who first formulated the theorem. It then builds on the content presented in Chapters 1 and 2 to derive Bayes’ Theorem and describes two ways to think about it. First, Bayes’ Theorem describes the relationship between two inverse conditional probabilities, P(A | B) and P(B | A). Second, Bayes’ Theorem can be used to express how a degree of belief for a given hypothesis can be updated in light of new evidence. This chapter focuses on the first interpretation. The chapter also discusses the concepts of joint probability and marginal probability.
The Birthday Problem: Bayesian Inference with Multiple Discrete Hypotheses
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The “Birthday Problem” expands consideration from two hypotheses to multiple, discrete hypotheses. In this chapter, interest is in determining the posterior probability that a woman named Mary was born in a given month; there are twelve alternative hypotheses. Furthermore, consideration is given to assigning prior probabilities. The priors represent a priori probabilities that each alternative hypothesis is correct, where a priori means “prior to data collection,” and can be “informative” or “non-informative.” A Bayesian analysis cannot be conducted without using a prior distribution, whether that is an informative prior distribution or a non-informative prior distribution. The chapter discusses objective priors, subjective priors, and prior sensitivity analysis. In addition, the concept of likelihood is explored more deeply.
The Maple Syrup Problem: The Normal-Normal Conjugate
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, Bayesian methods are used to estimate the two parameters that identify a normal distribution, μ and σ. Many Bayesian analyses consider alternative parameter values as hypotheses. The prior distribution for an unknown parameter can be represented by a continuous probability density function when the number of hypotheses is infinite. In the “Maple Syrup Problem,” a normal distribution is used as the prior distribution of μ, the mean number of millions of gallons of maple syrup produced in Vermont in a year. The amount of syrup produced in multiple years is determined, and assumed to follow a normal distribution with known σ. The prior distribution is updated to the posterior distribution in light of this new information. In short, a normal prior distribution + normally distributed data → normal posterior distribution.
MCMC Diagnostic Approaches
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate some of the things that can go wrong in Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis and to introduce some diagnostic tools that help identify whether the results of such an analysis can be trusted. The goal of a Bayesian MCMC analysis is to estimate the posterior distribution while skipping the integration required in the denominator of Bayes’ Theorem. The MCMC approach does this by breaking the problem into small, bite-sized pieces, allowing the posterior distribution to be built bit by bit. The main challenge, however, is that several things might go wrong in the process. Several diagnostic tests can be applied to ensure that an MCMC analysis provides an adequate estimate of the posterior distribution. Such diagnostics are required of all MCMC analyses and include tuning, burn-in, and pruning.
The Lorax Problem: Introduction to Bayesian Networks
Authors: Donovan Therese M. , Mickey Ruth M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The “Lorax Problem” introduces Bayesian networks, another set of methods that makes use of Bayes’ Theorem. The ideas are first explained in terms of a small, standard example that explores two alternative hypotheses for why the grass is wet: the sprinkler is on versus it is raining. The chapter describes how to depict causal models graphically with the use of influence diagrams and directed acyclic graphs. Bayes’ Theorem is used to compute conditional probabilities and to update probabilities once new information is obtained or assumed. The software program Netica is introduced. Finally, the chapter provides a second example of Bayesian networks based on The Lorax by Dr. Seuss. The reader will gain a firm understanding of parent nodes (also known as root nodes), child nodes, conditional probability tables (CPTs), and the chain rule for joint probability.
The Self-Undermining Arguments from Disagreement
Authors: Sampson Eric 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Arguments from disagreement against moral realism begin by calling attention to (or supposing) widespread, fundamental moral disagreement among a certain group of people (e.g., the folk, moral philosophers, idealized agents). Then, some skeptical or anti-realist-friendly conclusion is drawn. Chapter 2 proposes that arguments from disagreement share a structure that makes them vulnerable to a single, powerful objection: they self-undermine. For each formulation of the argument from disagreement, at least one of its premises casts doubt either on itself or on one of the other premises. On reflection, this shouldn’t be surprising. These arguments are intended to support very strong metaphysical or epistemological conclusions about morality (e.g., that there are no moral facts, that none of our moral beliefs are justified). They must therefore employ very strong metaphysical or epistemological premises. But, given the pervasiveness of disagreement in philosophy, especially about metaphysics and epistemology, very strong premises are virtually certain to be the subject of widespread, intractable disagreement—precisely the sort of disagreement that proponents of these arguments think undermine moral claims. Thus, these arguments undermine their own premises. If Chapter 2’s argument is sound, it provides realists with a single, unified strategy for responding to any existing or forthcoming arguments from disagreement.
Contextualism, Moral Disagreement, and Proposition Clouds
Authors: Suikkanen Jussi 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
According to contextualist theories in metaethics, when a moral term is used in a context, the context plays an ineliminable part in determining what natural property will be the semantic value of the term. Furthermore, on subjectivist and relativist versions of these views, it is either the speaker’s own moral code or her moral community’s moral code that constitutes the reference-fixing context. One standard objection to views of this type is that they fail to enable disagreement in ordinary conversations. Chapter 3 develops a new response to this objection on the basis of Kai von Fintel and Anthony Gillies’s notion of proposition clouds. It is argued that, because we live in a multicultural society, the conversational contexts we face will fail to disambiguate between all the things we could mean. This is why we can at best put into play proposition clouds when we make moral utterances. All the propositions in such clouds are then available for rejection and acceptance on behalf of our audiences. The norms of conversation then guide us to make informative contributions to the conversation—accept and reject propositions in a way that leads to coordination of action and choice.
Internalism and Prudential Value
Authors: Hawkins Jennifer 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Existence internalism claims that facts about human psychological responsiveness constrain the metaphysics of value in particular ways. Chapter 5 examines whether some form of existence internalism holds for prudential value (as opposed to moral or aesthetic value). It emphasizes the importance of a modal distinction that has been traditionally overlooked. Some facts about personal good are facts about realized good. For example, right now it may be true that X is good for me. Other facts about goodness are facts about what would be good for me in certain possible futures. These are facts about merely possible good. Philosophers should be internalists about realized good. The chapter defends a qualified version of the idea that a necessary constraint on something’s being good for a person at a time is that the thing in question elicits some kind of positive psychological response from the person at that time. However, philosophers should be motivational externalists about merely possible good. Facts about the superior future goodness of an option may ground reasons now to choose it. But we should not expect individuals to always recognize such facts, and so there is no reason to think such facts are always motivating.
Infinitism about Cross-Domain Conflict
Authors: Killoren David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 argues that if the overriding view is true, then infinitism about cross-domain conflict is true. The overriding view is the view that (i) there are multiple normative domains (including, e.g., the domains of morality and prudence), (ii) normative domains can come into conflict with one another, and (iii) in some such conflicts, an obligation belonging to one normative domain overrides an obligation belonging to another normative domain. Infinitism about cross-domain conflict contains two main claims. First claim: There is at least one case in which an agent has an obligation OA that belongs to domain DA, and an obligation OB that belongs to domain DB (where DA and DB are different domains), and OA overrides OB. Second claim: For every such case, there is an infinitely long chain of domains D1, D2, D3,…, such that D1 contains an obligation to act in line with the obligations of DA, and D2 contains an obligation to act in line with the obligations of D1, and D3 contains an obligation to act in line with the obligations of D2, and so on, indefinitely.
Definitions: From Cultural Property to Cultural Heritage (and Back?)
Authors: Lixinski Lucas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the multiple definitions of ‘heritage’ in UNESCO instruments, and particularly on their relationship to the idea of ‘property’, with respect to communities’ engagement with heritage. It examines the drafting history of the key UNESCO treaties in the area, to identify the role of communities and other stakeholders in the definitions, as well as the political compromises made. The chapter also re-examines the move from ‘cultural property’ to ‘cultural heritage’, an important part of the elevation of the field to one overseeing international public goods. The chapter argues that this shift has had unintended consequences, key among which is the exclusion of communities. The field would do well to revisit the idea of ‘property’, but, as the chapter discusses, as a specific understanding of property that goes against conventional wisdom based on property as the ultimate bastion of individual liberty.
Stakeholders in International Heritage Law
Authors: Lixinski Lucas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at the actors and stakeholders in the field of international heritage law. It focuses a significant amount of energy on the roles of states and experts, who are the key actors with a seat at the international table, before moving to look at museums, collectors, and other private (corporate) actors, and the elusive ‘community’, which is at the centre of this book’s project. The chapter argues that community, while ambiguous and laden with colonial legacies, is still a concept worth trying to define.
International Heritage Law and the Market
Authors: Lixinski Lucas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the second major part of this book, looking at the application of international heritage law. It focuses on the ways in which the economics of heritage are engaged (or disengaged) by international heritage treaties, and their effects on communities, whose engagement with their own heritage is very often economic. The common assumption is that economic uses of heritage cheapen what is otherwise unique and special culture. Therefore, the economics of heritage end up either made illegal, or ignored. The result backfires: the market does not stop interacting with cultural heritage, it is just that its regulation moves to other fora, which are less sympathetic to culture and its special character. The chapter also looks at the literature on heritage economics and the contribution it can make to heritage law, as well as the connection between heritage and development, particularly from the standpoint of communities.
Heritage and the Environment
Authors: Lixinski Lucas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the relationship between heritage and sustainable development, and more broadly the environment, particularly in the ways in which sustainable development can exclude communities from their own heritage. It shows how ‘natural’ heritage has a much more pervasive impact on how we think of heritage in international law, and the conservation paradigm more specifically. The chapter also discusses the implications of sustainability for heritage safeguarding; how environmental considerations, while in and of themselves positive and desirable, can also have the effect of excluding community stakeholders, ultimately compromising their ability to promote sustainable safeguarding of heritage, and, in more extreme cases, the very existence of the heritage they set out to protect. The chapter thus argues that sustainable development, in the heritage context, needs to take communities into account more seriously if it is to effectively pursue its goals.
Implementation and Enforcement of International Heritage Law
Authors: Lixinski Lucas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter tackles issues of application that are at the forefront of international heritage treaties. It looks at tools inherent to international heritage treaties such as listing, international funds, and cooperation mechanisms, and the ways communities can (or, more often, cannot) rely on them. It also considers how, once compared across treaties, these tools share certain commonalities and differences that are revealing about the way international heritage law as a body of rules operates, particularly vis-à-vis communities. After that, the chapter examines the somewhat elusive matter of enforcement of international heritage law, which is for the most part reliant on non-specific fora, and sometimes other treaties altogether, to translate heritage goals into the language of those other instruments. Alternative fora can have beneficial effects on the inclusion of communities as a central part of heritage processes. Lastly, the chapter engages briefly with the matter of domestic implementation.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Howard , Jones Martin H. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains the organization of the book and defines the object of study. Different pathways are recommended depending on readers’ prior knowledge of Middle High German and their linguistic, literary, or historical interests. The Introduction makes a distinction between Middle High German writings in general and Classical Middle High German, i.e. the normalized language in which many great works of the period are edited (reflecting nineteenth-century practices) and read today. Middle High German is situated within the Germanic language family and contrasted with Middle Low German, and its main dialect areas are described. The Introduction explains why the period 1050–1350, which is traditionally used to define Middle High German, has been adopted in this volume, and gives an account of the chronological subdivisions of the period. The methodological approach of the remaining chapters of the book is set out and recommendations are made for further reading.
Grammar and Lexis
Authors: Jones Howard , Jones Martin H. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter has four sections, ‘Sounds and spelling’ (i.e. phonology and orthography), ‘Inflectional morphology’, ‘Syntax’, and ‘Lexis’ (the last of these covers word formation, borrowing, and vocabulary with meanings peculiar to the period such as dienest, êre, minne, ritter, vrouwe). In each section there is a summary of the main points, followed by detailed advanced paragraphs. The summaries serve as a stand-alone introductory grammar designed to help readers gain a reading knowledge of MHG as quickly as possible, which they can try out on the two introductory texts in Chapter 5. The detailed paragraphs can be used for reference or to gain an overview of particular areas of the language, and include extensive cross references to and from the texts in Chapter 5. The chapter concludes with an overview of the MHG dictionaries that are available on the Internet, in print, and on CD-ROM.
Selection of Annotated Texts
Authors: Jones Howard , Jones Martin H. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The selection of texts comprises extracts not only from the courtly literature of the Middle High German Classical period such as Erec, the Nibelungenlied, Parzival, Tristan, and the lyrics of Walther von der Vogelweide, but also from religious literature, writings on natural history, chronicles, and legal texts. Verse and prose works from the whole span of the Middle High German period are included. In addition to texts in the normalized Middle High German in which the classical authors are normally read, texts have been chosen to represent all the major dialects of Middle High German. Each text has an introduction placing it in context; texts in a dialectical variety have also linguistic introductions. All texts are accompanied by notes on their grammar, vocabulary, and content, and by recommendations for further reading. Two introductory texts are designed to familiarize readers new to Middle High German with essential features of the language.
Prevalence, pattern and factors of intimate partner violence against Saudi women
Authors: Abolfotouh Mostafa A , Almuneef Maha 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and its correlates, amongst currently married Saudi women.MethodsA total of 400 currently married females aged 19–65 years old who attended the outpatient clinics of PHC centres in Riyadh, from 1 November 2015 to 1 February 2016, were screened for the current and previous experiences with IPV, and its correlates, using the previously validated Arabic version of the WHO multi-country instrument on violence against women. Logistic regression analyses were applied to identify the correlates of IPV.ResultsThe lifetime overall prevalence of IPV was 44.8%, in the form of; physical (18.5%), emotional (25.5%), sexual (19.2%) and economic (25.3%) violence. Wife’s experience of child abuse was significantly associated with physical [OR = 3.63, P &lt; 0.001], emotional [OR = 2.2, P = 0.004], sexual [OR = 2.42, P = 0.006], economic [OR = 2.24, P = 0.006] and overall IPV [OR = 2.76, P &lt; 0.001], whilst husband’s experience was significantly associated with only the emotional violence [OR = 2.4, P = 0.004]. Physical violence was significantly more prevalent when the woman lived with other wife in same house.ConclusionIPV with its all forms was prevalent amongst Saudi women. Child abuse experience and polygamy were significantly associated with IPV. Designing tailored IPV national prevention programmes is a necessity.