bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammation, immunity, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: II. immune‐modulating therapies
Authors: Wosiski‐Kuhn Marlena , Lyon Miles S. , Caress James , Milligan Carol 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTWith the emerging popularity of immune‐modulatory therapies to treat human diseases there is a need to step back from hypotheses aimed at assessing a condition in a single‐system context and instead take into account the disease pathology as a whole. In complex diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the use of these therapies to treat patients has been largely unsuccessful and likely premature given our lack of understanding of how the immune system influences disease progression and initiation. In addition, we still have an incomplete understanding of the role of these responses in our model systems and how this may translate clinically to human patients. In this review we discuss preclinical evidence and clinical trial results for a selection of recently conducted studies in ALS. We provide evidence‐based reasoning for the failure of these trials and offer suggestions to improve the design of future investigations. Muscle Nerve 59:23–33, 2019
Low‐Bandgap Terpolymers for High‐Gain Photodiodes with High Detectivity and Responsivity from 300 nm to 1600 nm
Authors: Han Jinfeng , Yang Dezhi , Hu Liuyong , Ma Dongge , Qiao Wenqiang , Wang Zhi Yuan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThree strong electron‐withdrawing monomers and one electron‐donating monomer were chosen by design to impart some desirable properties to the target terpolymers (P1‐P3) for use in the photodiodes, such as strong donor‐acceptor charge transfer, low bandgap, high mobility and good film morphology. Photodiodes with a device structure of ITO/ZnO/active layer/BCP/Al exhibited a significant increase of EQE only under forward bias. In particular, the P2‐based device had the specific detectivity greater than 1013 Jones from 330 nm to 1060 nm and 1011 Jones from 300 nm to 1600 nm under 0.5 V and linear dynamic range over 100 dB under 2.0 V. In comparison, after the UV light treatment to the ZnO layer, the P2‐based photodiodes exhibited a high gain in photocurrent under both forward and reverse bias and had specific detectivity above 1013 Jones at 320–1140 nm, 1012 Jones at 300–1460 nm and 1011 Jones at 300–1600 nm under 0.5 V. Our work has firstly demonstrated that high gain and high detectivity in polymer photodetector could be readily achieved under forward bias without the UV light treatment.
Flexural responses of nanobeams with coupled effects of nonlocality and surface energy
Authors: Limkatanyu Suchart , Sae‐Long Worathep , Horpibulsuk Suksun , Prachasaree Woraphot , Damrongwiriyanupap Nattapong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis paper proposes a beam model with inclusion of surface and nonlocal effects. Beam‐bulk kinematics is formulated within the framework of Euler‐Bernoulli beam theory; Eringen nonlocal elasticity theory is employed to account for long‐range atomic interactions of a nanoscale beam; and Gurtin‐Murdoch surface elasticity theory is used to represent the size‐dependent effect inherent to a nanoscale beam. Surface‐layer balance equation between the surface and bulk stresses is treated in a consistent manner. Virtual displacement principle is exploited to consistently derive the governing differential equilibrium equation as well as the natural boundary conditions of the problem. The general form of beam bending solution is presented. Two numerical simulations employing the proposed beam model are conducted to study characteristics and behaviors of the nanobeam with various model parameters. The first simulation investigates the coupled effects of nonlocality and surface energy on transverse displacement and bending moment characteristics of nanowires under various support conditions. The second examines the influences of several model parameters as well as the size‐dependent effect on the effective bulk Young's modulus of the nanobeam.
Response of twelve Florida cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) populations to herbicide treatment
Authors: Enloe Stephen F. , Lucardi Rima D. , Loewenstein Nancy J. , Lauer Dwight K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCogongrass [Imperata cylindrica(L.) Beauv.] is an invasive grass in the southeastern United States, and its impacts strongly affect the region, especially Florida. Herbicide strategies have been limited to glyphosate in natural areas and imazapyr in managed pine forests and non-crop areas where its soil residual activity is of less concern. This lack of options has raised concern for herbicide resistance, which has never been documented forI. cylindrica. Land managers have also reported variableI. cylindricacontrol, especially with glyphosate. To determine whether herbicide resistance was a possible explanation, we examined glyphosate response ofI. cylindricafrom 12 Florida populations. We also tested aminocyclopyrachlor with and without glyphosate and flumioxazin with glyphosate. Results indicated that herbicide performance was similar acrossI. cylindricapopulations: glyphosate and aminocyclopyrachlor reducedI. cylindricabiomass by 78% and 76%, respectively, and the combined tank mix reduced cogongrass biomass by 91%. Flumioxazin tank mixed with glyphosate did not improve control compared with glyphosate alone. There were no differences in pretreatmentI. cylindricashoot height, with the exception of two panhandle populations that were shorter. Subsequent harvests indicated few differences in shoot and root plus rhizome weights among untreated controls for almost all populations, with the exception of one of the initially shorter panhandle populations. Our findings indicate that variability in glyphosate efficacy, as suggested by managers, is unlikely due to any conferred resistance. Other abiotic factors such as drought and shade and applicator factors such as carrier water quality should be examined to better understand this issue. Additional studies examining non-target impacts of aminocyclopyrachlor should be conducted to determine its potential fit intoI. cylindricamanagement.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STATUS AND GENETICS IN SUCCESSION TO TITLES, HONOURS, DIGNITIES AND COATS OF ARMS: MAKING THE CASE FOR REFORM
Authors: Agnew of Lochnaw Crispin , Black Gillian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe significant evolution in family law in the last four decades has seen the breaking down of traditional barriers: illegitimacy has been swept away, and children conceived through assisted reproduction are now recognised as the legal children of their parents, even absent a genetic link. Transgender heirs are also fully recognised in their new gender. Yet fundamental exceptions remain in the case of succession to titles, honours, dignities and coats of arms, discriminating against children born out of marriage, or non-genetic children, or transgender children. The decision of the Privy Council in Pringle of Stichill emphasised this divergence, and raised the question of whether law reform is needed. In this article, we explore the rules which govern succession to titles and dignities and the two-tier system which has arisen. By pointing out the inconsistencies and lack of rationale therefor, we make the case for law reform to bring titles and dignities into line with the current understanding of family and succession.
The Abernethy malformation with inferior caval vein hypoplasia: a tailored technique for transcatheter closure and an insight into embryological perspective
Authors: Sheth Ronak , Sivakumar Kothandam 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAbernethy malformations manifest as hepatopulmonary syndrome, pulmonary vasculopathy, or encephalopathy. A novel intervention in a child with portosystemic shunt and inferior caval vein hypoplasia led to complete normalisation of hypoxia and relief of obstruction in the inferior caval vein. Embryological explanations of venous anomalies may indicate that inferior caval vein anomalies are frequent but under-recognised in patients with Abernethy malformation.
Qualitative study on identification of common coping strategies practised by Indigenous Peoples (Orang Asli) in Peninsular Malaysia during periods of food insecurity
Authors: Law Leh Shii , Norhasmah Sulaiman , Gan Wan Ying , Mohd Nasir Mohd Taib 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the types of coping strategies practised by Indigenous women or Orang Asli (OA) in Peninsular Malaysia during times of food shortage and to determine the level of severity for food insecurity that will trigger each specific coping strategy.DesignA qualitative case study was conducted. Pertinent information about each type of coping strategy was gathered by in-depth interviews. To gauge the level of severity for each of the coping strategies, focus group discussions (FGD) were held. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis.SettingOA villages in the states of Kelantan, Pahang, Perak and Selangor, Malaysia.SubjectsSixty-one OA women from three ethnic groups (Senoi, Proto-Malay and Negrito) for in-depth interviews and nineteen OA women from the Proto-Malay ethnic group for three FGD.ResultsThe findings identified twenty-nine different coping strategies and these were divided into two main themes: food consumption (sub-themes of food consumption included dietary changes, diversification of food sources, decreasing the number of people and rationing) and financial management (sub-themes of financial management included increasing household income, reducing expenses for schooling children and reducing expenses on daily necessities). Three levels of severity were derived: less severe, severe and very severe.ConclusionsThis information would enable local authorities or non-governmental organisations to more precisely target and plan interventions to better aid the OA communities needing assistance in the areas of food sources and financial management.
Future Fire Impacts on Smoke Concentrations, Visibility, and Health in the Contiguous United States
Authors: Ford B. , Val Martin M. , Zelasky S. E. , Fischer E. V. , Anenberg S. C. , Heald C. L. , Pierce J. R. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFine particulate matter (PM2.5) from U.S. anthropogenic sources is decreasing. However, previous studies have predicted that PM2.5 emissions from wildfires will increase in the midcentury to next century, potentially offsetting improvements gained by continued reductions in anthropogenic emissions. Therefore, some regions could experience worse air quality, degraded visibility, and increases in population‐level exposure. We use global climate model simulations to estimate the impacts of changing fire emissions on air quality, visibility, and premature deaths in the middle and late 21st century. We find that PM2.5 concentrations will decrease overall in the contiguous United States (CONUS) due to decreasing anthropogenic emissions (total PM2.5 decreases by 3% in Representative Concentration Pathway [RCP] 8.5 and 34% in RCP4.5 by 2100), but increasing fire‐related PM2.5 (fire‐related PM2.5 increases by 55% in RCP4.5 and 190% in RCP8.5 by 2100) offsets these benefits and causes increases in total PM2.5 in some regions. We predict that the average visibility will improve across the CONUS, but fire‐related PM2.5 will reduce visibility on the worst days in western and southeastern U.S. regions. We estimate that the number of deaths attributable to total PM2.5 will decrease in both the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios (from 6% to 4–5%), but the absolute number of premature deaths attributable to fire‐related PM2.5 will double compared to early 21st century. We provide the first estimates of future smoke health and visibility impacts using a prognostic land‐fire model. Our results suggest the importance of using realistic fire emissions in future air quality projections.
Maximum Magnitude Forecast in Hydraulic Stimulation Based on Clustering and Size Distribution of Early Microseismicity
Authors: Afshari Moein Mohammad Javad , Tormann Thessa , Valley Benoît , Wiemer Stefan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe interpreted the spatial clustering and size distribution of induced microseismicity observed during the stimulation of an enhanced geothermal system beneath Basel by comparison with scale‐invariant synthetic data derived from discrete fracture network models. We evaluated microseimic specific influential factors including the effect of hypocentral location uncertainties, existence of a fractured zone and repeating events on the observed spatial organization. Using a dual power‐law model originally developed in the context of discrete fracture network modeling, we developed theoretically the relationships among spatial clustering and magnitude distributions. We applied this model to the Basel data set and showed that the spatial clustering characteristics presented stationary properties during the hydraulic stimulation. Based on this observation, we proposed a statistical seismicity model calibrated on the scaling of early stimulation spatial patterns that is capable of forecasting the maximum magnitude of induced events with increasing injection time and stimulated volume.
Wave Generation of Gravity‐Driven Sediment Flows on a Predominantly Sandy Seabed
Authors: Flores Raúl P. , Rijnsburger Sabine , Meirelles Saulo , Horner‐Devine Alexander R. , Souza Alejandro J. , Pietrzak Julie D. , Henriquez Martijn , Reniers Ad 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWave‐supported gravity flows (WSGFs) generate rates of sediment flux far exceeding other cross‐shelf transport processes, contributing disproportionately to shelf morphology and net cross‐shelf fluxes of sediment in many regions worldwide. However, the conditions deemed necessary for the formation of WSGF limit them to a narrow set of shelf conditions; they have been observed exclusively in regions where the seabed consists of very fine‐grained sediment and typically co‐occur with nearby river flood events. Here we document the occurrence of a WSGF event on a predominantly sandy seabed and in the absence of a preceding river flood. Our measurements confirm that the dynamics are governed by the friction‐buoyancy balance observed in other WSGF and that WSGF can form in mixed grain‐size environments and transport high concentrations of sand. The occurrence of WSGF on a predominantly sandy seabed suggests that they may occur under a much wider range of conditions and, given the global prevalence of sandy shelves, they may be a more frequent and more ubiquitous feature of shelf dynamics than previously thought.
Saturn's Global Zonal Winds Explored by Cassini/VIMS 5‐μm Images
Authors: Studwell Aaron , Li Liming , Jiang Xun , Baines Kevin H. , Fry Patrick M. , Momary Thomas W. , Dyudina Ulyana A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) 5‐μm images are used to derive Saturn's global zonal winds around the 2,000‐hPa level. The comparison of zonal winds between 2,000 and 300–500 hPa shows a general consistency of wind structure between the two pressure levels on a global scale. However at some latitudes, the magnitude of the zonal winds differs between these levels. The equatorial zonal winds are stronger downward, while the zonal winds in the middle and high latitudes are generally weaker downward. These new wind measurements also imply that barotropic and baroclinic instabilities probably exist through the relatively deep atmosphere at some latitudes. Finally, our analysis reveals that the VIMS winds in the two polar regions are basically constant with time except for a westerly jet centered at ~88°N, which decreased from 135 ± 7 m/s in 2008 to 91 ± 12 m/s in 2017.
Martian Electron Temperatures in the Subsolar Region: MAVEN Observations Compared to a One‐Dimensional Model
Authors: Peterson W. K. , Fowler C. M. , Andersson L. A. , Thiemann E. M. B. , Jain S. K. , Mayyasi M. , Esman T. M. , Yelle R. , Benna M. , Espley J. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPrior to the Mars Atmospheric Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission, altitude profiles of the electron temperature in the Martian thermosphere were measured only twice. Because the rates of several geophysically important processes depend strongly on the electron temperature, models of the Martian thermosphere and atmospheric escape rates have not been well constrained. In this paper, we use densities and temperatures measured by MAVEN instruments and the one‐dimensional model of Matta et al. (2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.09.006) to test our understanding of the processes that determine the electron temperature. Our analysis is limited to inbound orbits where the magnetic field is within 30° of horizontal and the satellite is within 30° of the subsolar point at altitudes from 120 to 250 km. We introduce empirically adjusted electron temperatures below 180 km, where the MAVEN electron temperature measurements are known to be biased high. We introduce the concept of a local electron heating efficiency, which we define at a given altitude as the ratio of electron heating from photoionization to the total extreme ultraviolet energy deposited. Our analysis shows that MAVEN observations are consistent with the one‐dimensional model below ~210 km if the electron heating efficiency varies with altitude, and the electron temperature is within the empirical bounds below 180 km we introduced. It indicates that above ~210 km electron heat conduction dominates extreme ultraviolet heating in determining electron temperature. Our analysis also suggests that in the subsolar region electrons and neutrals are in thermal equilibrium below 120 km.
The Response Time of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Crest: A Unique Precursor to the Time of Equatorial Spread F Initiation
Authors: Aswathy R. P. , Manju G. , Sunda Surendra 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe time delay with which the magnitude and location of the total electron content (TEC) at the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest responds to the mean height of the F layer (hmF2) is examined seasonally using the ionosonde data at Trivandrum and the Global Positioning System data at different stations in the EIA region for low and high solar activity years. The study brings out the fact that for the low solar activity year, the crest TEC responds fastest in winter solstice compared to other seasons. Further, the response time of the crest is found to decrease with solar activity. The seasonal variation in the EIA response time is attributed to the modulation by meridional neutral winds, whereas the solar activity variation seems to be basically controlled by the diffusion times and the background ionization gradients in the respective epochs. The derived relationship between EIA crest location/magnitude and hmF2 for any season can be used for prediction purposes. Furthermore, this study for the first time establishes the relation of EIA response time to equatorial spread F (ESF) start time, for days when the F layer is in the neutral dynamically controlled domain. The deleterious effects of ESF irregularities on communication and navigation systems are well known, and the above result is significant in this context. The present study has the potential to be extended into a model to predict the ESF start time, from the EIA response time, earlier in the day.
Electron Dynamics in Magnetosheath Mirror‐Mode Structures
Authors: Yao S. T. , Shi Q. Q. , Liu J. , Yao Z. H. , Guo R. L. , Ahmadi N. , Degeling A. W. , Zong Q. G. , Wang X. G. , Tian A. M. , Russell C. T. , Fu H. S. , Pu Z. Y. , Fu S. Y. , Zhang H. , Sun W. J. , Li L. , Xiao C. J. , Feng Y. Y. , Giles B. L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMirror‐mode structures are widely observed in space plasma environments. Although plasma features within the structures have been extensively investigated in theoretical models and numerical simulations, relatively few observational studies have been made, due to a lack of high‐cadence measurements of particle distributions in previous space missions. In this work, electron dynamics associated with mirror‐mode structures are studied based on Magnetospheric Multiscale observations of electron pitch angle distributions. We define mirror‐mode peaks/troughs as the region where the magnetic field strength is greater/smaller than the mean field. The observations show that most electrons are trapped inside the mirror‐mode troughs and display a donut‐like pitch angle distribution configuration. Besides the trapped electrons in mirror‐mode troughs, we find that electrons are also trapped between ambient mirror‐mode peaks and coexisting untrapped electrons within the mirror‐mode structure. Analysis shows that the observed donut‐like electron distributions are the result of betatron cooling and the spatial dependence of electron pitch angles within the structure.
Modeling the Dawn/Dusk Asymmetry of Field Line Resonances
Authors: Wright Andrew N. , Elsden Tom , Takahashi Kazue 
Published: July 2018

AbstractField line resonances (FLRs) are observed to occur preferentially and have larger amplitudes at dawn compared to dusk. We present simulations of FLR excitation in a magnetospheric waveguide that can reproduce this behavior. Crucially, our equilibrium is asymmetric about noon. Even when this system is driven in a symmetric fashion about noon, the fast waves that are established in the magnetosphere develop asymmetries—as do the FLRs they excite. Fast mode ray trajectories are employed to show that the asymmetry evolves due to refraction. Preferential FLR excitation at dawn is further reinforced by calculating the Resonance Map. This shows that the Resonant Zone at dawn coincides with a large‐amplitude coherent fast mode driver, which is not the case at dusk. These factors result in FLRs having a larger amplitude at dawn compared to dusk.
The Relation Between Ground Motion, Earthquake Source Parameters, and Attenuation: Implications for Source Parameter Inversion and Ground Motion Prediction Equations
Authors: Lior Itzhak , Ziv Alon 
Published: July 2018

AbstractTheoretical equations relating the root‐mean‐square (rms) of the far‐field ground motions with earthquake source parameters and attenuation are derived for Brune's omega‐squared model that is subject to attenuation. This set of model‐based predictions paves the way for a completely new approach for earthquake source parameter inversion and forms the basis for new physics‐based ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs). The equations for ground displacement, velocity, and acceleration constitute a set of three independent equations with three unknowns: the seismic moment, the stress drop, and the attenuation parameter. These are used for source parameter inversion that circumvents the time‐to‐frequency transformation. Initially, the two source parameters and the attenuation constant are solved simultaneously for each seismogram. Sometimes, however, this one‐step inversion results in ambiguous solutions. Under such circumstances, the procedure proceeds to a two‐step approach, in which a station‐specific attenuation parameter is first determined by averaging the set of attenuation parameters obtained from seismograms whose one‐step inversion yields well‐constrained solutions. Subsequently, the two source parameters are solved using the averaged attenuation parameter. It is concluded that the new scheme is more stable than a frequency domain method, resulting in considerably less within‐event source parameter variability. The above results together with rms‐to‐peak ground motion relations are combined to give first‐order GMPEs for acceleration, velocity, and displacement. In contrast to empirically based GMPEs, the ones introduced here are extremely simple and readily implementable, even in low‐seismicity regions, where the earthquake catalog lacks strong ground motion records.