bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphofunctional description of mucous cells in the gills of the Arapaimidae Arapaima gigas (Cuvier) during its development
Authors: Ramos C. A. , da Costa O. T. F. , Duncan W. L. P. , Fernandes M. N. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryThe gill structure of the Amazonian fish Arapaima gigas (Cuvier 1829) shows ontogenetic changes during development, particularly due the transition from the aquatic to the obligatory air breathing mode of respiration. However, three main cell types can be found in the gills: mitochondrial rich cells, pavement cells and mucous cells (MCs). The MCs are involved in the secretory pathway. The functions of the secreted molecules include mechanical protection of epithelia, protection against parasites and bacterial infection, and role on ion regulation. In this study, we analysed mucous cell location and mucous cell type, based on pH, during the development of A. gigas. Using samples obtained from the environment, gills were collected and fixed in buffered solution. Histological techniques for the identification of MCs were performed Alcian Blue (AB) and periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS). The results showed the presence of PAS+ and AB+ cells in the whole filament in all examined fish. In animals less than 50 g, few MCs were present, and no differences were observed in AB+ and PAS+ cells. In animals weighing close to 500 g, more PAS+ cells than AB+ cells were observed, and in animals that weighed more than 1,000 g, more AB+ cells than PAS+ cells were observed. These observations may be a result of the ontogenetic changes in the gill epithelia, which can change the osmorespiratory compromise in ion regulation functions as well the glycosaminoglycans secreted by PAS cells, which in large animals can play a role in the protection against parasites and bacterial infection.
Chest‐lead ST‐J amplitudes using arm electrodes as reference instead of the Wilson central terminal in smartphone ECG applications: Influence on ST‐elevation myocardial infarction criteria fulfillment
Authors: Lindow Thomas , Engblom Henrik , Khoshnood Ardavan , Ekelund Ulf , Carlsson Marcus , Pahlm Olle 
Published: May 2018

Background“Smartphone 12‐lead ECG” for the assessment of acute myocardial ischemia has recently been introduced. In the smartphone 12‐lead ECG either the right or the left arm can be used as reference for the chest electrodes instead of the Wilson central terminal. These leads are labeled “CR leads” or “CL leads.” We aimed to compare chest‐lead ST‐J amplitudes, using either CR or CL leads, to those present in the conventional 12‐lead ECG, and to determine sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of STEMI for CR and CL leads.MethodsFive hundred patients (74 patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 66 patients with nonischemic ST deviation and 360 controls) were included. Smartphone 12‐lead ECG chest‐lead ST‐J amplitudes were calculated for both CR and CL leads.ResultsST‐J amplitudes were 9.1 ± 29 μV larger for CR leads and 7.7 ± 42 μV larger for CL leads than for conventional chest leads (V leads). Sensitivity and specificity were 94% and 95% for CR leads and 81% and 97% for CL leads when fulfillment of STEMI criteria in V leads was used as reference. In ischemic patients who met STEMI criteria in V leads, but not in limb leads, STEMI criteria were met with CR or CL leads in 91%.ConclusionBy the use of CR or CL leads, smartphone 12‐lead ECG results in slightly lower sensitivity in STEMI detection. Therefore, the adjustment of STEMI criteria may be needed before application in clinical practice.
Young Children From Three Diverse Cultures Spontaneously and Consistently Prepare for Alternative Future Possibilities
Authors: Redshaw Jonathan , Suddendorf Thomas , Neldner Karri , Wilks Matti , Tomaselli Keyan , Mushin Ilana , Nielsen Mark 
Published: May 2018

This study examined future‐oriented behavior in children (3–6 years; N = 193) from three diverse societies—one industrialized Western city and two small, geographically isolated communities. Children had the opportunity to prepare for two alternative versions of an immediate future event over six trials. Some 3‐year‐olds from all cultures demonstrated competence, and a majority of the oldest children from each culture prepared for both future possibilities on every trial. Although there were some cultural differences in the youngest age groups that approached ceiling performance, the overall results indicate that children across these communities become able to prepare for alternative futures during early childhood. This acquisition period is therefore not contingent on Western upbringing, and may instead indicate normal cognitive maturation.
Experiences of “I” and “we” among former looked‐after children in South Africa
Authors: Nurcombe‐Thorne Amanda , Nadesan Varoshini , van Breda Adrian DuPlessis 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article examines the care experiences of former looked‐after children from a residential care setting in South Africa. There is only limited research among care leavers in South Africa, and even less on their experiences of being in care. Six young adults who had been in residential care participated in individual and focus group interviews. The research was informed by Rogers' person‐centred approach. Two central themes emerged from the data, namely, experiences concerning the “I”—the self of the young person—and experiences concerning the “we”—the young person in relationship with her or his social environment. Within each of these themes, participants raised both positive and negative experiences, many of which continued to shape them well after leaving care. The findings emphasize the importance of the self‐in‐context and the need for childcare settings to strike a balance between the individual and communal needs of looked‐after children. These findings have implications both for child and youth care practice and for the management of child and youth care facilities.
Neuronal connections of direct and indirect pathways for stable value memory in caudal basal ganglia
Authors: Amita Hidetoshi , Kim Hyoung F. , Smith Mitchell K. , Gopal Atul , Hikosaka Okihide 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDirect and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia work together for controlling behavior. However, it is still a controversial topic whether these pathways are segregated or merged with each other. To address this issue, we studied the connections of these two pathways in the caudal parts of the basal ganglia of rhesus monkeys using anatomical tracers. Our previous studies showed that the caudal basal ganglia control saccades by conveying long‐term values (stable values) of many visual objects toward the superior colliculus. In experiment 1, we injected a tracer in the caudate tail (CDt), and found local dense plexuses of axon terminals in the caudal‐dorsal‐lateral part of substantia nigra pars reticulata (cdlSNr) and the caudal‐ventral part of globus pallidus externus (cvGPe). These anterograde projections may correspond to the direct and indirect pathways, respectively. To verify this in experiment 2, we injected different tracers into cdlSNr and cvGPe, and found many retrogradely labeled neurons in CDt and, in addition, the caudal‐ventral part of the putamen (cvPut). These cdlSNr‐projecting and cvGPe‐projecting neurons were found intermingled in both CDt and cvPut (which we call “striatum tail”). A small but significant proportion of neurons (<15%) were double‐labeled, indicating that they projected to both cdlSNr and cvGPe. These anatomical results suggest that stable value signals (good vs. bad) are sent from the striatum tail to cdlSNr and cvGPe in a biased (but not exclusive) manner. These connections may play an important role in biasing saccades toward higher valued objects and away from lower valued objects.
Uniaxial ratcheting behavior and fatigue life models of commercial pure titanium
Authors: Chang Le , Wen Jian‐Bin , Zhou Chang‐Yu , Zhou Bin‐Bin , Li Jian 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe uniaxial fatigue and ratcheting behavior of commercial pure titanium (CP‐Ti) was investigated by asymmetric cyclic stress‐controlled experiments at room temperature. The effects of mean stress, stress amplitude, stress ratio, and peak stress on ratcheting behavior and fatigue life were discussed. It was found that increasing mean stress, stress amplitude, and peak stress or decreasing stress ratio reduced fatigue life and promoted ratcheting behavior. The applicability of different fatigue life models was analyzed, and a new stress ratio‐related failure model was proposed based on the exponential increase of fatigue life with stress ratio. Among all the models investigated in this study, the exponential stress ratio‐related model has more advantage in fatigue life predictions for CP‐Ti under ratcheting‐fatigue interaction.
Monitoring the HIV continuum of care in key populations across Europe and Central Asia
Authors: Brown AE , Attawell K , Hales D , Rice BD , Pharris A , Supervie V , Van Beckhoven D , Delpech VC , An der Heiden M , Marcus U , Maly M , Noori T 
Published: May 2018

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to measure and compare national continuum of HIV care estimates in Europe and Central Asia in three key subpopulations: men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID) and migrants.MethodsResponses to a 2016 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) survey of 55 European and Central Asian countries were used to describe continuums of HIV care for the subpopulations. Data were analysed using three frameworks: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90‐90‐90 targets; breakpoint analysis identifying reductions between adjacent continuum stages; quadrant analysis categorizing countries using 90% cut‐offs for continuum stages.ResultsOverall, 29 of 48 countries reported national data for all HIV continuum stages (numbers living with HIV, diagnosed, receiving treatment and virally suppressed). Six countries reported all stages for MSM, seven for PWID and two for migrants. Thirty‐one countries did not report data for MSM (34 for PWID and 41 for migrants). In countries that provided key‐population data, overall, 63%, 40% and 41% of MSM, PWID and migrants living with HIV were virally suppressed, respectively (compared with 68%, 65% and 68% nationally, for countries reporting key‐population data). Variation was observed between countries, with higher outcomes in subpopulations in Western Europe compared with Eastern Europe and Central Asia.ConclusionsFew reporting countries can produce the continuum of HIV care for the three key populations. Where data are available, differences exist in outcomes between the general and key populations. While MSM broadly mirror national outcomes (in the West), PWID and migrants experience poorer treatment and viral suppression. Countries must develop continuum measures for key populations to identify and address inequalities.
Improving the ceramic yield of polycarbosilane by radiation cross‐linking in the presence of multifunctional monomers
Authors: Zhou Lulu , Cheng Yong , Zhang Wenfa , Zhang Wenli , Liu Weihua , Li Yunbo , Wang Mouhua 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAn interesting method for radiation cross‐linking polycarbosilane (PCS) at high efficiency and low cost was developed by adding multifunctional monomers (trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) or divinylbenzene (DVB)). The effect of multifunctional monomers on the radiation cross‐linking and ceramic yield of PCS was investigated. The results revealed that the addition of a small amount of multifunctional monomer can substantially improve the ceramic yield and reduce the absorbed dose by promoting cross‐linking. The ceramic yields of radiation cross‐linked “PCS/2%DVB (300 kGy)” and “PCS/2%TMPTMA (300 kGy)” were 74 wt% and 78 wt%, respectively, while that of the radiation cross‐linked “PCS (300 kGy)” was only 64 wt%. The presence of double bonds in multifunctional monomers stimulated the combination reactions of free radicals in PCS induced by γ‐ray irradiation and subsequently enhanced the efficiency of cross‐linking. Furthermore, it was found that the incorporation of a small amount of multifunctional monomer hardly affected the chemical composition and crystallization behavior of the final SiC ceramics.
Aquafaba, wastewater from chickpea canning, functions as an egg replacer in sponge cake
Authors: Mustafa Rana , He Yue , Shim Youn Young , Reaney Martin J. T. 
Published: May 2018

SummaryAquafaba, the viscous liquid resulting from cooking chickpeas in water is typically discarded. However, this solution is now widely used by the vegan community as an egg replacement that adds texture to food products, such as mayonnaise, pudding, ice cream and baked goods. Sponge cake was prepared with either egg white or aquafaba derived from ten different brands of canned chickpea and the texture and colour were compared. Aquafaba obtained from each chickpea can produced foam which differed in both properties and stability. In addition, aquafaba from some brands provided comparable foam volume and stability to that achieved with egg white. The colour and texture of sponge cake made with either egg white or aquafaba were similar and acceptable, but cakes prepared with aquafaba were less springy, and less cohesive than cake that included egg white. Based on our results, it appears that aquafaba has potential to replace egg white in eggless cake recipes.
How frontline staff manage paperwork in group homes for people with intellectual disability: Implications for practice
Authors: Quilliam Claire , Bigby Christine , Douglas Jacinta 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundPaperwork is a key tool that transforms organizational intentions into actions in group homes, although prescriptive procedures may limit how frontline staff use it in practice. The aim of this study was to explore how frontline staff use paperwork in group homes for people with intellectual disability and identify practice implications.MethodConstructivist grounded theory methodology guided the research. Data collection included semi‐structured interviews and participant observations. Coding, comparison and sorting methods were adopted to analyse how staff used paperwork.ResultsStaff followed organizational paperwork rules when they aligned with their resident‐focused approach to work. When they perceived rules to misalign with this approach, they managed paperwork by adjusting the time and place of completion, managing content, creating alternative tools and refusing completion.ConclusionsStaff purposefully managed paperwork rather than simply following procedures. Disability service organizations could develop flexible paperwork procedures and include frontline perspectives in paperwork development.
An evaluation of staff training in positive behavioural support
Authors: MacDonald Anne , McGill Peter , Murphy Glynis 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundPositive Behavioural Support (PBS) has been shown to be effective in minimizing challenging behaviour and improving the lives of people with intellectual disabilities. Training in PBS is an important factor in achieving good coverage in the use of PBS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of training managers of social care services in PBS.MethodA year‐long training programme in PBS was delivered to 50 managers of community‐based services for people with challenging behaviour. Data were collected pre‐ and post‐training, and at six month follow‐up. A non‐randomized control group design was used.ResultsData demonstrated significant reduction in challenging behaviour. However, there was no change in quality of life for service users.ConclusionTraining in PBS can reduce challenging behaviour in people with intellectual disabilities; demonstrating any impact of PBS training on quality of life remains a challenge.
Identification of spatiotemporal gait parameters and pressure‐related characteristics in children with Angelman syndrome: A pilot study
Authors: Grieco Joseph C. , Gouelle Arnaud , Weeber Edwin J. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundAngelman syndrome (AS) leads to clinical manifestations that include intellectual impairments, developmental delay and poor motor function. Initiatives to develop therapeutics implie an urgent need to identify methods that accurately measure the motor abilities.MethodsSix children with AS (6 to 9 years old) walked on an instrumented walkway to get spatiotemporal parameters (STPs) and center of pressure (CoP). These outcomes were compared to typically developing children (TD): 44 TD 6 to 9 years old and 20 TD 4 to 5 years old.ResultsAnalysis revealed differences in all STPs and gait variability index when compared to TD individuals. When AS participants were compared to younger TD individuals, except step length, STPs were different. Analysis of the CoP pathway revealed a less consistent and efficient pathway in AS.ConclusionsWe could delineate the functional difference between children with AS and TD children. The variability of STP and the CoP were the most valuable components in gait to be considered in AS.
Association between cryoglobulinemia and liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients
Authors: Batsaikhan Batbold , Huang Ching‐I , Yeh Ming‐Lun , Huang Chung‐Feng , Liang Po‐Cheng , Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Huang Jee‐Fu , Yu Ming‐Lung , Chuang Wan‐Long , Lee Jin‐Ching , Lee Pei‐Lun , Dai Chia‐Yen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackground and AimThe prevalence of mixed cryoglobulinemia is 15–50% in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients, and these patients are in an increased risk of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, but it is controversial. This study aimed to reveal the prevalence of mixed cryoglobulinemia in Asian population and to determine the relationship between presence of serum cryoglobulinemia and liver fibrosis in CHC patients with or without liver biopsy.MethodsIn total, 2255 treatment‐naïve patients retrospectively enrolled in our study. Serum cryoglobulinemia precipitation, liver biopsy, and four indexes of fibrosis (FIB4) were assessed to detect the associated factors.ResultsThree hundred sixty‐four (32%) out of 1135 liver biopsy patients and 341 (30.4%) out of 1120 non‐biopsy patients were positive for serum cryoglobulinemia. Multivariate analysis revealed that male gender, hepatitis C virus RNA, platelet and advanced fibrosis (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.87, P = 0.021) were significantly associated with the presence of cryoglobulinemia in the liver biopsy proven patients. The presence of serum cryoglobulinemia (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.04–1.96, P = 0.026) was associated with advanced liver fibrosis (F3 and F4) by multivariate logistic regression analysis. In patients without liver biopsy, FIB4 (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.30–2.27, P = 0.0001) was associated with the presence of serum cryoglobulinemia, and also cryoglobulinemia (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.32–2.30, P = 0.0001) was associated with high FIB4 (≥ 3.25) patients.ConclusionThe prevalence of the presence of serum cryoglobulinemia is 30.4–32% in CHC patients and associated with advanced fibrosis in liver biopsy proven patients and high‐FIB4 (≥ 3.25) patients without liver biopsy.
Wisteria floribunda agglutinin‐positive human Mac‐2 binding protein in decompensated cirrhosis
Authors: Uojima Haruki , Hidaka Hisashi , Tanaka Yoshiaki , Inoue Tomoyoshi , Onoue Mie , Wada Naohisa , Kubota Kousuke , Nakazawa Takahide , Shibuya Akitaka , Fujikawa Tomoaki , Nakayama Tsuyoshi , Yamanoue Hiroki , Sung Ji Hyun , Kako Makoto , Koizumi Wasaburo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackground and AimAn assay for Wisteria floribunda agglutinin‐positive human Mac‐2 binding protein (WFA+‐M2BP) has been reported as a useful non‐invasive marker for the evaluation of the staging of fibrosis in several chronic liver diseases. However, available data on the effect of WFA+‐M2BP level in decompensated cirrhosis patients were limited. It is important that these investigations can validate the diagnostic utility of WFA+‐M2BP in the full range of patients with liver cirrhosis.MethodsA multicenter study was conducted at five locations in Japan. A total of 207 patients with liver cirrhosis were enrolled in the present study. To determine whether or not the WFA+‐M2BP value was associated with a progression of fibrosis among cirrhosis, this study examined WFA+‐M2BP levels between patients with cirrhosis in the decompensated and compensated groups.ResultsThe numbers and proportions of compensated and decompensated patients were 113 (54.6%) and 94 (45.4%), respectively. The average WFA+‐M2BP levels were 2.22 ± 1.61 in the compensated group and 6.91 ± 5.04 in the decompensated group. Significantly higher WFA+‐M2BP levels were observed in the decompensated group than those in the compensated group (P < 0.0001). The respective cut‐off index values for decompensated cirrhosis were estimated using receiver‐operating characteristic curves for WFA+‐M2BP levels. Using a cut‐off index value of 3.37 for WFA+‐M2BP, predicting decompensated cirrhosis had a sensitivity of 77.8% and a specificity of 86.7%.ConclusionsWFA+‐M2BP values were higher in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.
Sinus‐like dilatations of the mammary milk ducts, Ki67 expression, and CD3‐positive T lymphocyte infiltration, in the mammary gland of wild European rabbits during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Hughes Katherine , Watson Christine J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSinus‐like dilatations of the mammary duct are recognisable in the mammary gland of pregnant and lactating wild European rabbits. These dilatations exhibit a bilaminar epithelial lining, with luminal epithelial cells expressing basal and lateral E‐cadherin. Occasional binucleated mammary epithelial cells are present in the luminal layer. Underlying the luminal epithelial cells is a basal layer of cytokeratin 14‐positive cells, supported by a thin layer of fibrous tissue. Multi‐segmental epithelial proliferation, as indicated by Ki67 expression, is apparent in the luminal epithelial cells, suggesting a capacity for division during pregnancy and lactation. CD3‐positive T lymphocytes are present both intraepithelially, suggesting exocytosis, and in foci subjacent to the ductular epithelium. We consider that sinus‐like dilatations of the mammary duct may have the potential to give rise to a subset of the mammary gland neoplasms classified as ductal in origin. Milk accumulation in these sinus‐like dilatations is likely to provide a niche for bacterial replication in cases of mastitis in rabbits. These structures are an important component of the innate immune system of the mammary gland, both as a physical barrier and as an interface between the milk and mammary immune cells.
A model of informal favor exchange on networks
Authors: Masson V. , Choi S. , Moore A. , Oak M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe develop a model of informal favor exchange within a social network where the cost of providing a favor is stochastic. The community has a norm, which specifies a cost threshold under which one should perform a favor if asked, as well as a punishment—exclusion from the network of the “noncompliers,” that is, of those who do not perform favors despite their cost being below the threshold, and those who refuse to punish nonperformers. We show that there always exists a cost threshold such that all agents participating in the favor exchange system receive strictly positive expected utility, and the system is a stable system. For systems involving stars and regular networks, we provide an ordering of the highest cost threshold supporting their stability. We also identify the conditions under which systems are efficient and show that, among all efficient systems, the one with the complete network provides the highest sum of expected utilities. An efficient system, however, need not be stable.