bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЕМУЛЬГАТОРІВ ТА КОНСЕРВАНТІВ У СКЛАДІ ДЕРМАТОЛОГІЧНИХ ЛІКАРСЬКИХ ЗАСОБІВ
Authors: Pelekh I. R. , Bilous S. B. 
Published: November 2018

Мета роботи. Дослідити номенклатуру емульгаторів і консервантів, які найчастіше застосовуються у складі сучасних м’яких лікарських засобів, проаналізувати дані наукової літератури щодо розробки нових лікарських засобів емульсійного типу.
Матеріали і методи. Використано методи інформаційного пошуку та аналізу даних літератури.
Результати й обговорення. На сьогодні значну кількість дерматологічних лікарських засобів становлять лікарські засоби емульсійного типу з високим вмістом водної фази – це м’які лікарські засоби для нашкірного застосування та лікарські косметичні креми. При виготовленні емульсійних засобів важливим є вибір допоміжних речовин, зокрема емульгаторів та консервантів, які за структурою, здебільшого є поверхнево-активними речовинами та часто зумовлюють побічні реакції. Практично всі синтетичні поверхнево-активні речовини здатні видаляти з поверхні тіла жироподібні речовини, зокрема тонку захисну плівку, яку утворюють сальні та потові залози шкіри. Тому перспективним є використання біогенних поверхнево-активних речовин як емульгаторів та консервантів. Проведено вивчення номенклатури емульгаторів і консервантів, які застосовуються у складі м’яких емульсійних лікарських засобів, зареєстрованих у Державному реєстрі лікарських засобів України. В результаті проведеного дослідження встановлено, що як емульгатори 1-го роду у складі емульсійних лікарських засобів в основному використовують полісорбати, як емульгатори 2-го роду – цетостеариловий спирт та ланолін.
Висновки. Враховуючи, що синтетичні поверхнево-активні речовини можуть спричиняти значні побічні реакції та є сильними алергенами, актуальним є дослідження біогенних ПАР як перспективних емульгаторів та консервантів, зокрема вивчення їх емульсійної та консервуючої здатності, що буде сприяти розширенню номенклатури допоміжних речовин для емульсійних лікарських та косметичних засобів.
Динаміка змін в антиоксидантно-прооксидантній системі в тканинах нирок при травмі органів черевної порожнини на фоні гіповолемічного шоку та синдрому ішемії-реперфузії
Authors: Tsymbaliuk G. Y. 
Published: November 2018

Мета роботи: вивчити вплив реперфузії кінцівки в моделі поєднаної травми органів черевної порожнини та гіповолемічного шоку на зміни антиоксидантно-прооксидантних механізмів у тканинах нирки.
Матеріали і методи. В експерименті використали 80 статевозрілих білих щурів-самців лінії Wistar масою 190–220 г, які знаходилися на стандартному раціоні віварію.
Усіх тварин розділили на групи: контрольну і 3 дослідні (по 8 тварин у кожній групі). У тварин першої дослідної групи під тіопепнтало-натрієвим знеболенням (40 мг·кг-1) проксимально на ліві лапки накладали кровоспинний джгут терміном на 120 хв. У другій дослідні групі було змодельовано поєднану травму органів черевної порожнини шляхом нанесення двох дозованих ударів у ділянку черевної порожнини; гіповолемічний шок моделювали шляхом кровопусканням від 20 до 22 % об’єму циркулюючої крові з стегнових судин. В третій дослідній групі моделювали поєднану травму органів черевної порожнини та реперфузію кінцівок. Тварин контрольної групи вводили тільки в наркоз.
Тварин дослідних груп виводили з експерименту в умовах тіопентало натрієвого наркозу методом тотального кровопускання з серця через 1, 3 та 7 діб після репрерфузії. Для дослідження забирали нирки тварин.
У гомогенатах нирки визначали активність каталази, вміст реагентів до тіобарбітурової кислоти (ТБК-активних продуктів), та основі цих даних розраховували антиоксидантно-прооксидантний індекс.
Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Встановлено, що реперфузія кінцівки спричиняє тривалий оксидативний стрес у тканинах нирки, про що свідчить значне накопичення ТБК-активних продуктів ПОЛ в її тканині. Вивлено однотипність у динаміці змін рівня ТБК-активних продуктів ПОЛ та активності каталази між групами тварин із реперфузійними змінами та групою, де моделювали закриту травму органів черевної порожнини та гіповолемічний шок.
У групі тварин, де поєднували реперфузію, травму органів черевної порожнини та гіповолемічний шок, розвивалося виснаження антиоксидантних механізмів, про що свідчила динаміка показника АПІ до сьомої доби, коли він на 37,8 % був статистично менше контрольних показників (р<0,05). Це свідчить про високий ризик розвитку синдрому поліорганної недостатності та необхідність подальшого вивчення та розробки засобів корекції та профілактики.
The Importance of Unresolved Biases in Twentieth-Century Sea Surface Temperature Observations
Authors: Davis Luke L. B. , Thompson David W. J. , Kennedy John J. , Kent Elizabeth C. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
A new analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) observations indicates notable uncertainty in observed decadal climate variability in the second half of the twentieth century, particularly during the decades following World War II. The uncertainties are revealed by exploring SST data binned separately for the two predominant measurement types: “engine-room intake” (ERI) and “bucket” measurements. ERI measurements indicate large decreases in global-mean SSTs from 1950 to 1975, whereas bucket measurements indicate increases in SST over this period before bias adjustments are applied but decreases after they are applied. The trends in the bias adjustments applied to the bucket data are larger than the global-mean trends during the period 1950–75, and thus the global-mean trends during this period derive largely from the adjustments themselves. This is critical, since the adjustments are based on incomplete information about the underlying measurement methods and are thus subject to considerable uncertainty. The uncertainty in decadal-scale variability is particularly pronounced over the North Pacific, where the sign of low-frequency variability through the 1950s to 1970s is different for each measurement type. The uncertainty highlighted here has important—but in our view widely overlooked—implications for the interpretation of observed decadal climate variability over both the Pacific and Atlantic basins during the mid-to-late twentieth century.
Shallow Cumulus in WRF Parameterizations Evaluated against LASSO Large-Eddy Simulations
Authors: Angevine Wayne M. , Olson Joseph , Kenyon Jaymes , Gustafson William I. , Endo Satoshi , Suselj Kay , Turner David D. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRepresentation of shallow cumulus is a challenge for mesoscale numerical weather prediction models. These cloud fields have important effects on temperature, solar irradiance, convective initiation, and pollutant transport, among other processes. Recent improvements to physics schemes available in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model aim to improve representation of shallow cumulus, in particular over land. The DOE LES ARM Symbiotic Simulation and Observation Workflow (LASSO) project provides several cases that we use here to test the new physics improvements. The LASSO cases use multiple large-scale forcings to drive large-eddy simulations (LES), and the LES output is easily compared to output from WRF single-column simulations driven with the same initial conditions and forcings. The new Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) eddy diffusivity mass-flux (EDMF) boundary layer and shallow cloud scheme produces clouds with timing, liquid water path (LWP), and cloud fraction that agree well with LES over a wide range of those variables. Here we examine those variables and test the scheme’s sensitivity to perturbations of a few key parameters. We also discuss the challenges and uncertainties of single-column tests. The older, simpler total energy mass-flux (TEMF) scheme is included for comparison, and its tuning is improved. This is the first published use of the LASSO cases for parameterization development, and the first published study to use such a large number of cases with varying cloud amount. This is also the first study to use a more precise combined infrared and microwave retrieval of LWP to evaluate modeled clouds.
Test of measurement device for the estimation of leakage flow rate in pneumatic pipeline systems
Authors: Dindorf Ryszard , Wos Piotr 
Published: November 2018

Background: Indirect measurements of flow rate serve to determine air consumption, leakage values and characteristics of compressed air systems (CASs). Method: A new method of indirect flow rate measurement in a pneumatic pipeline system was developed. The method enables to measure the controlled leakage in a branch line and was used to construct automatic measuring systems auditing the compressed air systems piping. Results: First, the leak-testing instrument LT-I 200 was designed, constructed, and tested as portable measurement device for the estimation of air leakage flow rate in pneumatic pipeline system. Next, based on the authors’ patent, the automatic measuring system for the measurement of the leakage flow rate in industrial compressed air piping was developed. Conclusion: The measurement device was used to estimate of the leakage flow rate and cost of the energy losses in the compressed air piping system.
A Brief Marketing History of the Jewel Tea Company
Authors: Wright John S. 
Published: November 2018

Many businesses appear on the American marketing scene every year, to help the consumer in the fulfillment of his needs, wants, and desires. Most eventually fail, or at best survive in a marginal fashion; a few become pre-eminently successful. An intriguing and ever present question is what makes for the difference. One possible approach in the search for the “extra” ingredient may lie in the marketing policy formulation process as carried on by management within successful firms. Using this particular orientation, three key marketing policies have been woven into this brief history of the Jewel Tea Company.
How to Study Foreign Markets
Authors: Buell Victor P. 
Published: November 2018

The foreign business of many American companies is now receiving the attention of top management. And, as investment in foreign operations grows, company managements are looking for more facts on which to base decisions. This article raises the question of where American companies will turn to obtain research on foreign markets. The author outlines the experiences of The Hoover Company when it decided to research foreign markets before making further investments in overseas production facilities. He provides a detailed outline of the step-by-step process his company goes through when planning a foreign-marketing study.
The Changing Farm Market
Authors: Reed Vergil D. 
Published: November 2018

How does our farm market fit into a dynamic economy made up of 172,700,000 people, plus the resources, social organization, skills—and the urge—to improve their living conditions continuously? Why is it called a twin market? How can purchasing power and variety of goods purchased increase with a decreasing number of farms and people? Has the income of those on farms gone up or down recently? How much of their income is from farm operations? How does the balance sheet for agriculture look? These are the kinds of questions answered here.
Operations Research in Solving a Marketing Problem
Authors: Cross James S. 
Published: November 2018

An Operations Research task group was assembled at the Sun Oil Company to consider future product policies. Possible courses of action were: (1) To retain the policy of marketing only a single grade of gasoline. (2) To market a regular and a premium grade, similar to competition. (3) To market three grades of gasoline: regular, premium, and super-premium. (4) To continue the “Blue Sunoco” grade, but with an “octane concentrate” which could be custom blended at the pump to produce a wide range of fuels. This article explains how the group provided management with the data necessary to make the decision.
A Revised Concept of the Consumer's Co-operative
Authors: Bell Martin L. 
Published: November 2018

The usually accepted concept of consumer co-operators as penny-pinching, radically-minded citizens is challenged by the author. The concept is developed that the modern, urban co-operative movement in the United States is largely a special aspect of the consumer orientation of our economy, not just a surviving remnant of the dismal economic conditions of the late nineteenth century.
The Marketing Structure in the Soviet Union
Authors: Goldman Marshall I. 
Published: November 2018

What is the structure of marketing in the Soviet Union, the world's largest marketing network? Is it radically different from that of the West? The author supplements his earlier description of retailing in the Soviet Union (see April, 1960, JOURNAL OF MARKETING) with an outline of the over-all marketing structure. The unusual integration of the marketing structure and the government is also examined.
Selling the Tropical African Market
Authors: Marcus Edward 
Published: November 2018

The stepped-up tempo of economic development in Tropical Africa is opening new sales opportunities for American business. But for most companies the area is still a marketing “Dark Continent”; other than the large oil companies, few have ventured in on any sizable basis. This article discusses the potentials and the problems involved in tapping the market. It also offers suggestions to cope with the anticipated difficulties.
A Technique to Measure Purchase Influences
Authors: Purvis L. E. , Greene W. F. 
Published: November 2018

A measurement system is needed for evaluation of advertising in terms of sales. This article describes the theoretical concepts underlying a new technique, and presents some pilot-test results. The system is based on direct interviews made with individuals who have recently changed brands or tried a given brand for the very first time. Such individuals “reconstruct” the influences affecting such purchases. Although the value of this method has been demonstrated for large-ticket, “considered-purchase” items, it has not heretofore been applied to women-directed, small-ticket items.
Use of a Scaling Technique in Surveys
Authors: Crespi Irving 
Published: November 2018

The use of scaling techniques in sample surveys provides a way of introducing a “qualitative” dimension. However, the proper use of many scaling techniques requires a greater expenditure of time and money than is possible in most consumer surveys. A scaling technique is described here which provides an economical way of obtaining data comparable in many ways to those obtained by the semantic-differential technique.
Improved Efficiency and Reduced Cost in Marketing
Authors: Parker Donald D. 
Published: November 2018

Substantial progress has been made in reducing the costs of production and manufacturing activities. But similar cost reductions in marketing activities—particularly those associated with physical distribution—have failed to keep pace. The author shows the values of looking at marketing activities as an integrated whole, rather than as separate functional parts. The author wishes to acknowledge the aid of Canadair of Montreal, a subsidiary of General Dynamics, and of the Flying Tiger Line of Burbank, California.
Family Income and Spending Capacity
Authors: Semon Thomas T. 
Published: November 2018

A car salesman has three prospects, all of whom own 6-year old cars. One is a 4-person family with $6,000 income; the second, a 6-person family with $8,000; the third, a married couple earning $5,000. On the basis of spending capacity alone, which is the best prospect? The author of this article shows that the total-income criterion, commonly used in marketing research, yields the wrong answer.
The Salesman's Role Revisited
Authors: Belasco James A. 
Published: November 2018

Selection of salesmen, based on the simple concepts of personnel psychology, is one of the most difficult problems for marketing executives. The author of this article holds that selection problems may be traced to a unidimensional view of both the sales jobs and the people who fill them. Instead of this myopic view, he proposes a new view of the salesman's role, involving both interactional and emotional aspects.
Marketing Snags and Fallacies
Authors: Burnett Leo 
Published: November 2018

This article is based on an address by Leo Burnett, head of one of the largest advertising agencies, when he was named 1966 Marketing Man of the Year by the Chicago Chapter of the American Marketing Association. Mr. Burnett feels that marketing men are handicapped by five major fallacies. But he points with pride as well as views with alarm — he has some constructive suggestions for the field of marketing.
Private-label Marketing in the ice-cream Industry
Authors: Kaven William H. , Call David L. 
Published: November 2018

The growth of private-label products in the retail grocery industry has made an impact on manufacturers who sell both private-label and manufacturer-advertised goods. This article probes some of the problems of the ice-cream manufacturer who supplies bothlabelssimultaneously to corporate grocery chains and also to groups of affiliated independent grocers.
Impact of Government upon the Market System
Authors: Grether E. T. , Holloway Robert J. 
Published: November 2018

Suggestions are presented for research on the impact of governmental policies, programs, and regulations upon the functioning of the market system as a whole, and upon specific subsystems. The authors point out that intervention by government at all levels is one of the two most significant environmental forces affecting marketing. This paper is the first of four reports developed by the AMA Task Force on Research on Basic Problems in Marketing, chaired by Donald R. Longman. The other papers will be presented in subsequent issues of the JOURNAL OF MARKETING. Each paper will be accompanied by a review by Seymour Banks, in which the issues involved in each paper will be highlighted and the various papers related to one another.
South Africa: Its Multi-cultural Marketing System
Authors: Thorelli Hans B. 
Published: November 2018

The Republic of South Africa offers the marketer a special challenge in its clear-cut stratification in multiple cultures, modulated by stronger cross-cultural currents than most outsiders perceive. Homogenization versus heterogenization as a deliberate strategy frequently becomes a critical choice. The white minority of the population enjoys a standard of living comparable to most West European countries. The vast majority is represented by Bantu, economically better off than Negroes elsewhere in Africa. Consumer-oriented marketing management holds a key to continued rapid improvement — and self-improvement — of Bantu life. Indeed, by effective action in this regard business may importantly contribute to the bridging of the gaps between the races, a likely condition of long-term survival of the Republic.
A Model for Technical Communication
Authors: Hamlin Donna M. , Harkins Craig 
Published: November 2018

Much has been written on and about technical communication. Most of this writing focuses on specific advice for practitioners (e.g., how to write better, typographical guidelines, proposed standards, how to produce more effective manuals, and the like). Also, considerable literature deals with the field theoretically. Often, this second category of literature is difficult to find because so much is buried under the welter of pragmatically oriented material and is interwoven with literature from related fields. Assemblage of this hard-to-find material reveals that within the context of the considerably broader area of human communication, generally technical communication occupies a unique position. Schematic models of related human communication disciplines are used to construct an overall theoretical model which locates this specialized niche occupied by technical communication. Contributions to the overall model come from such areas as empirical social research, general semantics, learning theory, and modern rhetoric. The overall model represents an attempt to provide a catalogue of perspectives from which technical communication might be studied profitably. It also is intended to provide a useful guide to specific actions in various pragmatic and occupational technical communication situations.
Online Collaboration with Whiteboard Technology
Authors: Niamtu Joseph 
Published: November 2018

Introduction Digital technology has affected the practice of cosmetic surgery in many positive ways. It has enabled surgeons to more easily obtain patient and clinical photographs and use them for a variety of purposes, including diagnoses, medicolegal records, critical evaluation of procedures, and marketing. Whiteboard technology allows online sharing of digital images with real-time ability to perform various functions. Each computer user can draw on the picture, place symbols such as arrows and circles, and perform other functions in real time. This software enables sharing of images among multiple colleagues at any location and can be used to teach and learn. It comes free with recent versions of Microsoft Windows and is relatively simple to configure and use. Materials and Methods This article details the basic functions of configuring a computer for whiteboard usage and describes how this technology can be integrated with cosmetic surgery patients to share information with colleagues, students, and patients. Results Whiteboard technology has been improved to a simple user interface that can be mastered by most individuals with average computer experience. It can be especially useful for case planning or discussing specific areas of a photograph in real time over the Internet with a single person or a group of people. This application can also be used as a free long-distance telephone. In addition, the Remote Desktop Sharing function allows a user to control the computer of another participant. Discussion Most doctors have been in the situation where he or she could benefit from the discussion of a patient or clinical photograph. Although this can be done with conventional e-mail, there is no interactive method. Whiteboard technology allows multiple computer users to have an interactive discussion over the Internet regarding pictures, presentations, and video. The author has used this technology to teach a procedure to another surgeon in Europe, treatment plan a cosmetic case with a resident, and discuss areas of complication with colleagues. Whiteboard technology allows a surgeon to present cases to a group with each person providing input from the comfort of their home or office, free of charge by using the Internet. Digital communication is becoming more interactive as computer technology advances, and whiteboard technology is representative of technology that can be used to enhance cosmetic surgical communication.