bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Bedeutung der Psyche bei obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen
Authors: Edelmann Andreas 
Published: October 2018

ZusammenfassungPsychische Einflüsse auf Entstehung und Verlauf obstruktiver Atemwegserkrankungen werden heutzutage wenig beachtet und in den neuesten Leitlinien nur noch
beiläufig erwähnt, obwohl zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Studien diese Komorbidität eindrucksvoll belegen. Um auf die emotionale Befindlichkeit des Patienten
angemessen einzugehen, werden bewährte Formen einer patientenzentrierten Gesprächsführung zwischen Arzt und Patient vorgestellt. Dazu eignen sich sowohl
verbale, strukturierte Fragebögen als auch nonverbale, auf Farbwahlen basierende Verfahren, um die emotionale Struktur und den affektiven Zustand des Patienten
zu erfassen. Diese orientierende Vorinformation erweist sich als hilfreich für einen von Anteilnahme und Respekt gekennzeichneten ärztlichen Dialog.
Orthomolekulare Therapie bei obstruktiven Atemwegserkrankungen
Authors: Wey Stephan 
Published: October 2018

ZusammenfassungUngefähr jeder zehnte Deutsche leidet unter Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) oder Asthma, wobei beide Krankheiten aufgrund erheblicher klinischer
Überlappung häufig gemeinsam vorkommen. Das betrifft auch deren entzündliche Komponente, die Bedeutung der antioxidativen Abwehr und die Gefährdung durch akute
und rezidivierende Atemwegsinfektionen. In Prophylaxe und Therapie muss eine gezielte Diagnostik und Supplementation orthomolekularer Substanzen eingebaut
werden, besonders die Vitamine C und D sowie Selen, Zink, Magnesium und Omega-3-Fettsäuren.
Hydro- und Thermotherapie bei Atemwegserkrankungen
Authors: Brenke Rainer 
Published: October 2018

ZusammenfassungChronische Lungenerkrankungen nehmen zu. Trotz medizinischer Fortschritte bei der medikamentösen Behandlung von Atemwegserkrankungen, besitzen die vielfältigen
Maßnahmen der Hydro- und Thermotherapie, insbesondere zur Reduzierung von Nebenwirkungen konventioneller Medikamente, immer noch einen hohen Stellenwert. Anhand
von Studien werden die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Hydro- und Thermotherapie aufgezeigt. Die verschiedenen zur Verfügung stehenden Anwendungen weisen Wirkung
auf u. a. zur Abhärtung, Stimulation des Immunsystems, Verringerung der Infektanfälligkeit, Bronchospasmolyse und Mukolyse bis hin zum Anstieg des
Atemgrenzwerts.
Bootstrapping Your Telehealth Program
Authors: Grome Luke , Jalalabadi Faryan , Fordis C. , Sussman Norman , Reece Edward 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTelehealth is a proven modality to better patient care, reduce health care cost, and increase provider efficiency. This article outlines the necessary steps for starting a telehealth program at a medical center or practice. A review of the current literature and health care-related laws was undertaken to identify the necessary steps and considerations for starting a telehealth program. Bootstrapping a telehealth program starts with the creation of concept and identification of need. Generation of a hotbed of support, from providers and patients, is key in gaining executive interest and idea investment. Development of a defined plan of implementation with the utilization of already available technologic assets facilitates ease of execution. Creation of a televisit platform, a patient portal for enrollment, and dedicated provider time for televisits to occur are the next steps in plan realization. Measuring results of patient satisfaction, number of visits, cost reduction, and scheduled procedures are powerful tools in support of the multifaceted expansion of a telehealth program. The authors believe that telehealth programs are critical to advancing patient care, reduction of costs, and increased productivity in the future of medicine.
Strategy Assessment for the Medical Professional
Authors: Bhadkamkar Mohin , Ewing Donald , Jalalabadi Faryan , Clark Matt , Reece Edward 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWhile medical professionals are superbly trained in treating patients, they are not often trained in quality improvement principles. In this article, the authors present a framework for strategy assessment commonly used in the business sector to identify areas for improvement and measure the improvement of interventions. This framework can be adapted to the medical field and used to improve the delivery of health care at a systems level.
Activation of orexin system facilitates anesthesia emergence and pain control
Authors: Zhou Wei , Cheung Kevin , Kyu Steven , Wang Lynn , Guan Zhonghui , Kurien Philip A. , Bickler Philip E. , Jan Lily Y. 
Published: October 2018

Significance
Although millions of procedures are performed under general anesthesia every year, we do not fully understand the mechanisms underlying anesthesia. Orexin neurons in the hypothalamus form one of the centers in the central nervous system involved in sleep–wake control. The orexin system has also been implicated in anesthesia. In this study, we specifically activated orexin neurons via a designer receptor that is exclusively activated by a designer drug, to test how activation of orexin neurons affects anesthesia recovery. We found that orexin neuronal activation can speed up wakeup and improve pain control as well. Our study suggests that the orexin system has the potential as a target for drug discovery to facilitate postprocedural recovery.
VCPA: genomic variant calling pipeline and data management tool for Alzheimer’s Disease Sequencing Project
Authors: Leung Yuk Yee , Valladares Otto , Chou Yi-Fan , Lin Han-Jen , Kuzma Amanda B , Cantwell Laura , Qu Liming , Gangadharan Prabhakaran , Salerno William J , Schellenberg Gerard D , Wang Li-San 
Published: October 2018

Abstract

Summary
We report VCPA, our SNP/Indel Variant Calling Pipeline and data management tool used for the analysis of whole genome and exome sequencing (WGS/WES) for the Alzheimer’s Disease Sequencing Project. VCPA consists of two independent but linkable components: pipeline and tracking database. The pipeline, implemented using the Workflow Description Language and fully optimized for the Amazon elastic compute cloud environment, includes steps from aligning raw sequence reads to variant calling using GATK. The tracking database allows users to view job running status in real time and visualize &gt;100 quality metrics per genome. VCPA is functionally equivalent to the CCDG/TOPMed pipeline. Users can use the pipeline and the dockerized database to process large WGS/WES datasets on Amazon cloud with minimal configuration.

Availability and implementation
VCPA is released under the MIT license and is available for academic and nonprofit use for free. The pipeline source code and step-by-step instructions are available from the National Institute on Aging Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease Data Storage Site (http://www.niagads.org/VCPA).

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Detecting trends in body size: empirical and statistical requirements for intraspecific analyses
Authors: Gienger C M , Dochtermann Ned A , Tracy C Richard 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Attributing biological explanations to observed ecogeographical and ecological patterns require eliminating potential statistical and sampling artifacts as alternative explanations of the observed patterns. Here, we assess the role of sample size, statistical power, and geographic inclusivity on the general validity and statistical significance of relationships between body size and latitude for 3 well-studied species of turtles. We extend those analyses to emphasize the importance of using statistically robust data in determining macroecological patterns. We examined intraspecific trends in body size with latitude in Chelydra serpentina, Chrysemys picta, and Trachemys scripta using Pearson’s correlations, diagnostic tests for influential points, and resampling. Existing data were insufficient to ascertain a latitudinal trend in body size for C. serpentina or T. scripta. There was a significant relationship for C. picta, however, resampling analyses show that, on average, 16 of the 23 available independent populations were needed to demonstrate a significant relationship and that at least 20 of 23 populations were required to obtain a statistically powerful correlation between body size and latitude. Furthermore, restricting the latitudes of populations resampled shows that body size trends of C. picta were largely due to leveraging effects of populations at the edge of the species range. Our results suggest that broad inferences regarding ecological trends in body size should be made with caution until underlying (intraspecific) patterns in body size can be statistically and conclusively demonstrated.
Coping with abrupt environmental change: the impact of the coastal El Niño 2017 on artisanal fisheries and mariculture in North Peru
Authors: Kluger Lotta Clara , Kochalski Sophia , Aguirre-Velarde Arturo , Vivar Ivonne , Wolff Matthias 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
In February and March 2017, a coastal El Niño caused extraordinary heavy rains and a rise in water temperatures along the coast of northern Peru. In this work, we document the impacts of this phenomenon on the artisanal fisheries and the scallop aquaculture sector, both of which represent important socio-economic activities for the province of Sechura. Despite the perceived absence of effective disaster management and rehabilitation policies, resource users opted for a wide range of different adaptation strategies and are currently striving towards recovery. One year after the event, the artisanal fisheries fleet has returned to operating almost on a normal scale, while the aquaculture sector is still drastically impacted, with many people continuing to work in different economic sectors and even in other regions of the country. Recovery of the social-ecological system of Sechura likely depends on the occurrence of scallop seed and the financial capacity of small-scale producers to reinitiate scallop cultures. Long-term consequences of this coastal El Niño are yet to be studied, though the need to develop trans-local and trans-sectoral management strategies for coping with disturbance events of this scale is emphasized.
Rule of Law
Authors: Hayne Kenneth 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines how, and to what extent, the Constitution in Australia, and the system of law and governance for which it provides, restrains the exercise of power. The Constitution of the Commonwealth is the basic law of the nation, and all laws made by the federal Parliament are ‘binding on the courts, judges and people of every State and every part of the Commonwealth, notwithstanding anything in the law of any State’. As it deals with government and governmental powers, the Constitution thus serves as a political instrument. Moreover, the foundation of the Constitution is ‘the conception of a central government and a number of State governments separately organised’. It distributes powers of governing the country among those integers of the federation. In short, the chapter discusses the effect given to a notion of ‘the rule of law’.
Judicial Reasoning
Authors: Stone Adrienne 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter identifies the methods and techniques that characterize judicial reasoning about constitutional law in Australia, as well as significant points of agreement and disagreement thereof. Here, ‘constitutional reasoning’ refers to the explanation and justification given to the application of constitutional principles to specific circumstances. In common law systems, constitutional reasoning is most commonly understood as ‘judicial reasoning’. In Australia, its focus is usually the Constitution of the Commonwealth. However, not all constitutional reasoning takes this form. In particular, the chapter focuses only on the narrower conception of constitutional reasoning as judicial reasoning. This focus is justified partly by central tenets of Australian constitutionalism itself. Unlike the in the United States, the courts' power to interpret and enforce the Constitution has never been the subject of serious controversy.
Standards of Review in Constitutional Review of Legislation
Authors: Kiefel Susan 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter explores the High Court's jurisdiction in Australia to review legislation for constitutional validity. Every Australian court of competent jurisdiction has the power to declare a law of the Commonwealth or of a State void because of transgressing the Constitution. The High Court, which is the ultimate court of appeal in Australia, is the authoritative and final interpreter of the Constitution. Though this authority is not expressly stated in the Constitution, it can be discerned through various sources. Furthermore, the methods of review vary according to both the nature of the constitutional head of power under which legislation is said to have been enacted, as well as whether the challenge to the validity of the legislation is based upon its restrictive effect upon a constitutionally protected freedom. These freedoms are not individual rights or freedoms, but instead effect a restriction or limitation on the legislative power of the Commonwealth.
Executives
Authors: Daintith Terence , Ng Yee-Fui 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the executive branch in Australia. It demonstrates the relationship between the explicit terms of the Australian Constitution and the way the Executive is actually organized. It also identifies the unwritten but constitutionally salient features of executive organization, and how they relate to broader constitutional values such as responsible government, effectiveness, and legality. The chapter highlights the various ways of controlling Executive action, from the traditional parliamentary and judicial channels, to mechanisms such as party structures, departmental reporting, and accounting obligations, and centrally imposed budgetary and financial disciplines, alongside scrutiny by integrity bodies.
Basel and International Bank Regulation
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the Basel committee and the Basel Accord. It details how the Basel committee, an organization with no powers, constitution, or even legal existence, became the dominant power in bank regulation. The Basel Capital Accord of 1988 set out a simple weighting system for different types of assets and standardized the rules as to what should count as capital. While the 1988 Accord was applied initially only to internationally active banks in the G10 countries, it quickly became acknowledged as a benchmark measure of a bank's solvency and is believed to have been adopted in some form by more than 100 countries. The remainder of the chapter covers policy responses to the recent financial crisis, Basel 2.5, Basel 3 framework document, and other initiatives.
Bank Capital Requirements
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the three overlapping capital requirements that banks are subject to. The first is the orthodox Basel capital requirement. The second is the Leverage Ratio, which is simply a non-risk-weighted capital requirement. The third is the stress test requirement. This has historically been the largest of the three. Stress testing identifies a particular probable state of the world, estimates the total loss which would occur if that state of the world were to eventuate, and requires capital sufficient to ensure that the bank retains sufficient capital after suffering the projected losses. The remainder of the chapter covers Pillar 2 assessment, capital floor, and capital buffers.
Credit Risk
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of credit risk. Of all the risks that banks are exposed to, credit risk is the most important and the most intuitively obvious. It is important to remember that credit means more than simply loans. At the heart of financial transactions are credit exposures. For an economist, the function of a bank is maturity transformation and intertemporal transfers of resources. But in a world where debts were always repaid, these functions would be as mechanical as the transmission of water or electricity. It is the unpredictability of credit that differentiates banking from other businesses. The remainder of the chapter covers risk weighting of assets, valuation of exposures, and provisioning and expected loss.
The Standardized Approach
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the standardized approach, which is the bedrock of the Basel system. Although many of the largest banks are internal ratings-based banks, there is probably no bank currently existing which does not use some elements of the standardized approach as part of its overall capital calculation. The discussions cover classification of exposures, credit conversion factors, and credit risk mitigation; ratings and rating agencies; exposures to sovereigns; multilateral development banks; exposures to banks and financial institutions; exposures to corporates; exposures to retail customers; commercial mortgage exposures; overdue undefaulted exposures; high-risk exposures; covered bonds; securitization exposures; short-term claims on financial institutions and corporates; fund exposures: and off-balance sheet items.
Model-Based Approaches to Risk Weighting
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Basel risk model. Every financial institution expects to suffer some level of default. Consequently, all properly run banks make provisions for some level of default on their existing assets. This is known as expected loss. At some points losses will be lower than those expected, and at some points they will be higher. The task of the regulator is to set a capital requirement which just skims the top of the actual loss experience curve. If the capital requirement is set significantly higher than this, then banks will be penalized by being required to hold excessive capital, if it is set lower, then the risk of bank failure increases. The remainder of the chapter covers Value at Risk and the Basel framework; the basic Basel formula; specific amendments for different classes; translating between capital requirements and risk weightings; illustrative risk weights; and variations in credit risk weightings between firms.
The Internal Ratings-Based Approach
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the internal ratings-based approach (IRB). The IRB permits a bank to use its internal models to derive risk weights for particular exposures. There are two available bases for the IRB: foundation (F-IRB), which permits the bank to model Probability of Default (PD), but relies on regulatory standard figures to determine Loss Given Default (LGD) and Exposure at Default (EAD); and advanced (A-IRB), in which all three of these are modelled. The A-IRB IRB approach models PD, LGD, EAD, and M. Both IRB approaches model both expected loss (EL) and unexpected loss (UL), and IRB banks are expected to recognise the EL derived from their models in their capital calculations. Consequently, a bank using an IRB approach will generally have a different total capital level from that which it would have if it were an SA bank.
Netting, Collateral, and Credit Risk Mitigation
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Credit risk mitigation is the umbrella term that covers the various different ways in which an exposure can be reduced for regulatory reporting purposes. This chapter discusses the three ways of doing this: netting against an existing exposure owed by the bank to the borrower; taking (certain types of) collateral; and obtaining cover from third parties in the form of guarantees or similar contracts. Banks use a several techniques to improve their position as lenders which are simply disregarded by the regulatory system, of which the most important are probably loan covenants. No matter how restrictive the undertakings which a borrower gives a bank as to the way in which it manages its business, or the way in which it will repay its loan, this protection will not be recognized for regulatory purposes.
Derivatives, Clearing, and Exposures to CCPs
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses requirements for derivatives, clearing and exposures to CCPs. In September 2009, as one of the primary policy responses to the crisis, G20 leaders at the Pittsburgh summit decided to promote central clearing of derivatives, and legislation is now in place to provide a framework for compelling banks to do this. However, clearing increases the risk exposures of banks providing that clearing service, since the bank retains the risks arising from the original derivative transaction, and adds to them any risks arising from the clearing process. In general, a bank will measure its derivative exposures using one of three methods: the Internal Model Method; the Standardized Method; or the Current Exposure Method. The risk weight is that which applies to the counterparty under the Standardized Approach (SA) or internal ratings-based approach for credit risk. However, these approaches will be replaced by the SA-CCR under Basel 3.
Securitization and Repackaging
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses securitization requirements under Basel 3. The Basel 3 reforms have rewritten the capital treatment of securitisations. However this rewriting sits on top of some major restructuring of the regime effected by Basel 2.5. Given that the Basel Accord is intended to reflect credit risk, it might be expected that the rationale for a separate treatment of securitization exposures would have disappeared, and that exposures to securitization vehicles would be evaluated in exactly the same way as exposures to other types of vehicles, based on credit characteristics. However, the opposite is the case. The chapter begins with an explanation of securitization. It then discusses true sale and derecognition of assets, risk weighting of securitization exposures, weighting holdings of securitization positions, the internal ratings-based approach approach, and revolving credit securitizations.
The Leverage Ratio
Authors: Gleeson Simon 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the leverage ratio under Basel 3. The leverage ratio was initially implemented as a disclosure standard, with the aim of becoming a mandatory requirement as from 1 January 2018. Basel 3 provides that the original 2014 standard should become binding as a requirement from 2018 to 2021, with the revised Basel 3 requirement taking effect as from 1 January 2022. All banks are required to maintain a leverage ratio of 3 per cent at all times. However, in addition to the 3 per cent requirement, they must also meet a leverage ratio buffer requirement. Both of these requirements must be met with tier 1 capital. The leverage ratio buffer will be set at 50 per cent of a bank's G-SIB buffer.