bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismicity of central Italy in the context of the geological history of the Umbria-Marche Apennines
Authors: Barchi Massimiliano R. , Collettini Cristiano 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
In the Umbria-Marche Apennines, direct evidence of earthquakes (including data from geodetic, geophysical, historical, and paleoseismological research) is not older than 20–10 ka, but the events themselves are influenced by the whole ~250 m.y. geological history of the region. For seismic sequences that have occurred in the past few decades, seismological data of increasing quality provide detailed images of the active NNW-SSE–trending normal fault systems in the upper 10 km of the crust. Major historical earthquakes and sparse paleoseismological data are also aligned parallel to the same lineaments, which clearly define the distribution of the major seismogenic sources of the region. The close connection between active tectonics and older Quaternary faults that border a series of extensional intramountain basins is demonstrated by the fact that seismogenic and Quaternary faults are distributed along the same alignments, formed within similarly oriented stress fields, and accommodate WSW-ENE extension coherently with the active strain field. The Quaternary to present tectonics form part of a long-lived extensional process, active over 15–20 m.y., which is migrating eastward through time across the Italian peninsula, superimposed on the previous compressional phase that created the Apennines. The older Umbria-Marche geological history, recorded in the Triassic to Paleogene stratigraphic succession of the region, also influences the present-day distribution of seismicity. Specifically, the complex mechanical stratigraphy of the region determines the superposition of rocks with different rheological behaviors and overall thickness of the seismogenic layer. Almost all of the earthquakes occur within the sedimentary cover, with main shocks located close to the basal contact with the underlying Paleozoic basement.
Pelagosite revisited: The origin and significance of a laminated aragonitic encrustation of Mediterranean supralittoral rocks
Authors: Montanari Alessandro , Bice David M. , Jull A.J. Timothy , Kudryavtsev Anatoliy B. , Macalady Jennifer L. , Schaperdoth Irene , Sharp Warren D. , Shimabukuro David , Schopf William J. , Vucetić Visnja 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we review ~140 yr of investigations about pelagosite, a usually black aragonitic encrustation with a vitreous luster that forms in the splash zone of Mediterranean rocky coasts. Prior to the mid-1920s, the geologic community considered pelagosite to be a separate mineral of uncertain composition, but then in 1926, Italian mineralogist Ettore Onorato determined that pelagosite has the same structure as aragonite (orthorhombic CaCO3), and also that it contained cells of blue-green algae (i.e., cyanobacteria). Once pelagosite was declassed from the status of a mineral, and its name was eliminated from catalogues and textbooks, Onorato’s documentation of the cyanobacterial cells contained in this encrustation seems to have fallen into almost total oblivion during the rest of the twentieth century. We revisited pelagosite in its original type locality, the remote southern Adriatic island of Pelagosa (today’s Croatian island of Palagruža), as well as in the Dalmatian island of Hvar. Using modern analytical methods and techniques, we redefined the mineralogical and geochemical composition of pelagosite, the nature and significance of its microbial content, and the origin of its pisolitic “tree-ring” internal structure, which probably reflects cyclic climate changes.
Safety and quality of endovascular therapy under general anesthesia and conscious sedation are comparable: results from the GOLIATH trial
Authors: Sørensen Leif H , Speiser Lasse , Karabegovic Sanja , Yoo Albert J , Rasmussen Mads , Sørensen Kristina E , Simonsen Claus Z 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundThe “General or Local Anesthesia in Intra-Arterial Therapy” (GOLIATH) trial compared infarct growth and outcome in patients undergoing endovascular therapy (EVT) under either general anesthesia (GA) or conscious sedation (CS). The results were the same for the primary outcome (infarct growth) but successful reperfusion was higher in the GA arm.ObjectiveTo further examine differences in the quality and safety of EVT with the two anesthetic regimens in a post hoc analysis of GOLIATH.MethodsIn GOLIATH, 128 subjects with anterior circulation large vessel occlusion stroke within 6 hours of onset were randomized to either GA or CS (1:1 allocation). We compared the quality of reperfusion, treatment delay, use of catheters, and contrast and radiation dosage between the trial arms.ResultsSixty-five subjects were randomized to GA. Baseline demographic and clinical variables were similar between the treatment arms. We found no difference in procedure time, contrast dose, or radiation dose between the two arms. Tandem occlusions were associated with a longer procedure time, but there was no difference between the two arms. There was no difference in reperfusion rates between the direct aspiration technique and a stent retriever (86% vs 79%, respectively, p=0.54), but aspiration was associated with a shorter procedure time (28 min vs 42 min for a stent retriever), p=0.03.ConclusionSafety and quality of EVT under either GA and CS are comparable.Trial registrationUnique identifier:NCT02317237;Post-results.
Progress and prospects of marine microplastic research in China
Authors: Li Daoji , Peng Guyu , Zhu Lixin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Research on microplastics in China is progressing rapidly. Within recent years, more than 30 research institutes have conducted research on marine microplastic in estuaries, coasts, open sea, and Polar regions. Microplastics have been detected in freshwater systems (lakes, rivers, and wastewater treatment plants) and coastal and marine environments. This paper reviews the research progress of microplastics in China, providing information on topics including the methodology, quantification of microplastics in various habitats, eco-toxicological effect, biodegradation, management, and control of plastic waste and microplastics. This paper discusses the sampling and analysis of microplastic in different media, followed by spatial and temporal distribution of microplastics in marginal seas and coastal and freshwater systems. After summarizing the recent advances on toxicology research and risk assessment of microplastics, this paper provides suggestions for future study to provide baseline information for better risk assessment and improved understanding of the lifecycle of microplastics in the environment.
TLA+ model checking made symbolic
Authors: Konnov Igor , Kukovec Jure , Tran Thanh-Hai 
Published: October 2019

TLA+ is a language for formal specification of all kinds of computer systems. System designers use this language to specify concurrent, distributed, and fault-tolerant protocols, which are traditionally presented in pseudo-code. TLA+ is extremely concise yet expressive: The language primitives include Booleans, integers, functions, tuples, records, sequences, and sets thereof, which can be also nested. This is probably why the only model checker for TLA+ (called TLC) relies on explicit enumeration of values and states.
In this paper, we present APALACHE -- a first symbolic model checker for TLA+. Like TLC, it assumes that all specification parameters are fixed and all states are finite structures. Unlike TLC, APALACHE translates the underlying transition relation into quantifier-free SMT constraints, which allows us to exploit the power of SMT solvers. Designing this translation is the central challenge that we address in this paper. Our experiments show that APALACHE outperforms TLC on examples with large state spaces.
Value-centric dynamic partial order reduction
Authors: Chatterjee Krishnendu , Pavlogiannis Andreas , Toman Viktor 
Published: October 2019

The verification of concurrent programs remains an open challenge, as thread interaction has to be accounted for, which leads to state-space explosion. Stateless model checking battles this problem by exploring traces rather than states of the program. As there are exponentially many traces, dynamic partial-order reduction (DPOR) techniques are used to partition the trace space into equivalence classes, and explore a few representatives from each class. The standard equivalence that underlies most DPOR techniques is the
happens-before
equivalence, however recent works have spawned a vivid interest towards coarser equivalences. The efficiency of such approaches is a product of two parameters: (i) the size of the partitioning induced by the equivalence, and (ii) the time spent by the exploration algorithm in each class of the partitioning.

In this work, we present a new equivalence, called
value-happens-before
and show that it has two appealing features. First, value-happens-before is always at least
as coarse as
the happens-before equivalence, and can be even exponentially coarser. Second, the value-happens-before partitioning is efficiently explorable when the number of threads is bounded. We present an algorithm called
value-centric
DPOR (
VCDPOR
), which explores the underlying partitioning using polynomial time per class. Finally, we perform an experimental evaluation of
VCDPOR
on various benchmarks, and compare it against other state-of-the-art approaches. Our results show that value-happens-before typically induces a significant reduction in the size of the underlying partitioning, which leads to a considerable reduction in the running time for exploring the whole partitioning.
A path to DOT: formalizing fully path-dependent types
Authors: Rapoport Marianna , Lhoták Ondřej 
Published: October 2019

The Dependent Object Types (DOT) calculus aims to formalize the Scala programming language with a focus on
path-dependent types
— types such as
x
.
a
1
…
a

n

.
T
that depend on the runtime value of a
path
x
.
a
1
…
a

n

to an object. Unfortunately, existing formulations of DOT can model only types of the form
x
.
A
which depend on
variables
rather than general paths. This restriction makes it impossible to model nested module dependencies. Nesting small components inside larger ones is a necessary ingredient of a modular, scalable language. DOT’s variable restriction thus undermines its ability to fully formalize a variety of programming-language features including Scala’s module system, family polymorphism, and covariant specialization.

This paper presents the pDOT calculus, which generalizes DOT to support types that depend on paths of arbitrary length, as well as singleton types to track path equality. We show that naive approaches to add paths to DOT make it inherently unsound, and present necessary conditions for such a calculus to be sound. We discuss the key changes necessary to adapt the techniques of the DOT soundness proofs so that they can be applied to pDOT. Our paper comes with a Coq-mechanized type-safety proof of pDOT. With support for paths of arbitrary length, pDOT can realize DOT’s full potential for formalizing Scala-like calculi.
Reliable and fast DWARF-based stack unwinding
Authors: Bastian Théophile , Kell Stephen , Zappa Nardelli Francesco 
Published: October 2019

Debug information, usually encoded in the DWARF format, is a hidden and obscure component of our computing infrastructure. Debug information is obviously used by debuggers, but it also plays a key role in program analysis tools, and, most surprisingly, it can be relied upon by the runtime of high-level programming languages. For instance the C++ runtime leverages DWARF stack unwind tables to implement exceptions! Alas, generating debug information adds significant burden to compiler implementations, and the debug information itself can be pervaded by subtle bugs, making the whole infrastructure unreliable. Additionally, interpreting the debug tables is a time-consuming task and, for some applications as sampling profilers, it turns out to be a performance bottleneck.
In this paper we focus on the DWARF .eh_frame table, that enables stack unwinding in absence of frame-pointers. We will describe two techniques to perform validation and synthesis of the DWARF stack unwinding tables, and their implementation for the x86_64 architecture. The validation tool has proven effective for compiler and inline assembly testing, while the synthesis tool can generate DWARF unwind tables for arbitrary binaries lacking debug information. Additionally, we report on a technique to precompile unwind tables into native x86_64 code, which we have implemented and integrated into libunwind, resulting in 11x-25x DWARF-based unwind speedups.
Duet: an expressive higher-order language and linear type system for statically enforcing differential privacy
Authors: Near Joseph P. , Darais David , Abuah Chike , Stevens Tim , Gaddamadugu Pranav , Wang Lun , Somani Neel , Zhang Mu , Sharma Nikhil , Shan Alex , Song Dawn 
Published: October 2019

During the past decade, differential privacy has become the gold standard for protecting the privacy of individuals. However, verifying that a particular program provides differential privacy often remains a manual task to be completed by an expert in the field. Language-based techniques have been proposed for fully automating proofs of differential privacy via type system design, however these results have lagged behind advances in differentially-private algorithms, leaving a noticeable gap in programs which can be automatically verified while also providing state-of-the-art bounds on privacy.
We propose Duet, an expressive higher-order language, linear type system and tool for automatically verifying differential privacy of general-purpose higher-order programs. In addition to general purpose programming, Duet supports encoding machine learning algorithms such as stochastic gradient descent, as well as common auxiliary data analysis tasks such as clipping, normalization and hyperparameter tuning - each of which are particularly challenging to encode in a statically verified differential privacy framework.
We present a core design of the Duet language and linear type system, and complete key proofs about privacy for well-typed programs. We then show how to extend Duet to support realistic machine learning applications and recent variants of differential privacy which result in improved accuracy for many practical differentially private algorithms. Finally, we implement several differentially private machine learning algorithms in Duet which have never before been automatically verified by a language-based tool, and we present experimental results which demonstrate the benefits of Duet's language design in terms of accuracy of trained machine learning models.
Dependence-aware, unbounded sound predictive race detection
Authors: Genç Kaan , Roemer Jake , Xu Yufan , Bond Michael D. 
Published: October 2019

Data races are a real problem for parallel software, yet hard to detect. Sound predictive analysis observes a program execution and detects data races that exist in some other, unobserved execution. However, existing predictive analyses miss races because they do not scale to full program executions or do not precisely incorporate data and control dependence.
This paper introduces two novel, sound predictive approaches that incorporate data and control dependence and handle full program executions. An evaluation using real, large Java programs shows that these approaches detect more data races than the closest related approaches, thus advancing the state of the art in sound predictive race detection.
I/O dependent idempotence bugs in intermittent systems
Authors: Surbatovich Milijana , Jia Limin , Lucia Brandon 
Published: October 2019

Intermittently-powered, energy-harvesting devices operate on energy collected from their environment and must operate intermittently as energy is available.

Runtime systems for such devices often rely on checkpoints or redo-logs to save execution state between power cycles, causing arbitrary code regions to re-execute on reboot. Any
non-idempotent
program behavior—behavior that can change on each execution—can lead to incorrect results.

This work investigates non-idempotent behavior caused by repeating I/O operations, not addressed by prior work. If such operations affect a control statement or address of a memory update, they can cause programs to take different paths or write to different memory locations on re-executions, resulting in inconsistent memory states. We provide the first characterization of input-dependent idempotence bugs and develop IBIS-S, a program analysis tool for detecting such bugs at compile time, and IBIS-D, a dynamic information flow tracker to detect bugs at runtime.
These tools use taint propagation to determine the reach of input. IBIS-S searches for code patterns leading to inconsistent memory updates, while IBIS-D detects concrete memory inconsistencies. We evaluate IBIS on embedded system drivers and applications. IBIS can detect I/O-dependent idempotence bugs, giving few (IBIS-S) or no (IBIS-D) false positives and providing actionable bug reports. These bugs are common in sensor-driven applications and are not fixed by existing intermittent systems.
Initialize once, start fast: application initialization at build time
Authors: Wimmer Christian , Stancu Codrut , Hofer Peter , Jovanovic Vojin , Wögerer Paul , Kessler Peter B. , Pliss Oleg , Würthinger Thomas 
Published: October 2019

Arbitrary program extension at run time in language-based VMs, e.g., Java's dynamic class loading, comes at a startup cost: high memory footprint and slow warmup. Cloud computing amplifies the startup overhead. Microservices and serverless cloud functions lead to small, self-contained applications that are started often. Slow startup and high memory footprint directly affect the cloud hosting costs, and slow startup can also break service-level agreements. Many applications are limited to a prescribed set of pre-tested classes, i.e., use a closed-world assumption at deployment time. For such Java applications, GraalVM Native Image offers fast startup and stable performance.
GraalVM Native Image uses a novel iterative application of points-to analysis and heap snapshotting, followed by ahead-of-time compilation with an optimizing compiler. Initialization code can run at build time, i.e., executables can be tailored to a particular application configuration. Execution at run time starts with a pre-populated heap, leveraging copy-on-write memory sharing. We show that this approach improves the startup performance by up to two orders of magnitude compared to the Java HotSpot VM, while preserving peak performance. This allows Java applications to have a better startup performance than Go applications and the V8 JavaScript VM.
Intermittent restraint-induced sympathetic activation attenuates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in a high-fat diet-fed mouse model
Authors: Lee Sung Bae , Kim Hyeong Geug , Lee Jin Seok , Kim Won Yong , Lee Myong Min , Kim Yun Hee , Lee Jung Ok , Kim Hyeon Soo , Son Chang Gue 
Published: October 2019

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is very prevalent worldwide and is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Stress is a physiological and biological response to maintain homeostasis of the body against stressors while severe stress response is an important contributor to various illnesses, including metabolic syndrome and brain disorders. We have evaluated the effects of intermittent restraint stress on NAFLD in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mouse model. C57/BL6 mice had free access to a 60% HFD for 8 wk, with or without intermittent restraint stress (3 h) conducted three times a week. HFD administration increased fat accumulation in liver tissues. Unlike the stressed standard diet group, the levels of hepatic total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly ameliorated in the HFD with stress group compared with the HFD alone group. These beneficial results were in accordance with serum levels of liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase) and hepatic levels of TNF-α and oxidative stress parameters (reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde). The intermittent restraint stress significantly attenuated the HFD-derived alterations in serum insulin levels, hepatic protein kinase B activity, and gene expression, especially related to lipogenesis. This intermittent restraint stress also elevated the serum epinephrine concentration and activated the adrenergic receptor β2 or β3 in livers or white adipose tissue (WAT). Activation of energy expenditure markers (uncoupling protein 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α) in brown adipose tissue and the browning of WAT were also observed in the HFD with stress group. Taken together, our findings showed the beneficial effects of sympathetic activation by intermittent restraint stress on HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and partial inflammation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In modern society, stress is a part of daily life, and a certain level of stress is inevitable to most of the general population. Uncontrolled severe stress is obviously harmful; however, certain kind/level of stress could be beneficial on lipid metabolism via sympathetic activation. Our data suggest that a sympathetic activation by intermittent restraint stress could play a positive role in maintaining the balance of hepatic lipid metabolism, especially under high-fat diet conditions.
Cell-specific regulatory effects of CXCR2 on cholestatic liver injury
Authors: Konishi Takanori , Schuster Rebecca M. , Goetzman Holly S. , Caldwell Charles C. , Lentsch Alex B. 
Published: October 2019

The CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is critical for neutrophil recruitment and hepatocellular viability but has not been studied in the context of cholestatic liver injury following bile duct ligation (BDL). The present study sought to elucidate the cell-specific roles of CXCR2 on acute liver injury after BDL. Wild-type and CXCR2−/− mice were subjected BDL. CXCR2 chimeric mice were created to assess the cell-specific role of CXCR2 on liver injury after BDL. SB225002, a selective CXCR2 antagonist, was administrated intraperitoneally after BDL to investigate the potential of pharmacological inhibition. CXCR2−/− mice had significantly less liver injury than wild-type mice at 3 and 14 days after BDL. There was no difference in biliary fibrosis among groups. The chemokines CXCL1 and CXCL2 were induced around areas of necrosis and biliary structures, respectively, both areas where neutrophils accumulated after BDL. CXCR2−/− mice showed significantly less neutrophil accumulation in those injured areas. CXCR2Liver+/Myeloid+ and CXCR2Liver−/Myeloid− mice recapitulated the wild-type and CXCR2-knockout phenotypes, respectively. CXCR2Liver+/Myeloid+ mice suffered higher liver injury than CXCR2Liver+/Myeloid− and CXCR2Liver−/Myeloid+; however, only those chimeras with knockout of myeloid CXCR2 (CXCR2Liver+/Myeloid− and CXCR2Liver−/Myeloid−) showed reduction of neutrophil accumulation around areas of necrosis. Daily administration of SB225002 starting after 3 days of BDL reduced established liver injury at 6 days. In conclusion, neutrophil CXCR2 guides the cell to the site of injury, while CXCR2 on liver cells affects liver damage independent of neutrophil accumulation. CXCR2 appears to be a viable therapeutic target for cholestatic liver injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to reveal cell-specific roles of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 in cholestatic liver injury caused by bile duct ligation. CXCR2 on neutrophils facilitates neutrophil recruitment to the liver, while CXCR2 on liver cells contributes to liver damage independent of neutrophils. CXCR2 may represent a viable therapeutic target for cholestatic liver injury.