bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Year That Was! Microscopy in Southern Africa
Authors: Harmsen Luc 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
If we look back at the year 2003 it becomes quite clear that the South African microscopy year was quite unique. …Of course, I can't speak for all the companies and laboratories in the country, but from my personal view it was definitely interesting.
FEI definitely had a great year in that they managed to sell 5 systems. Then LEO added to that another 3, and we have heard that there is also a Cameca probe being bought. This may not sound like a lot, but if you take into consideration that in the last few years an average of 4-5 EM columns per year would register as a banner year. Given that we have seen our currency improve over the past 2 years, it does imply that buying imported equipment is getting cheaper. However as this effect has also negatively affected exports, we can't say that we have become richer, and so could afford more systems.
Sub-Ångstrom Resolution with a Mid-Voltage TEM
Authors: O'Keefe Michael A , Hetherington Crispin JD , Chris Nelson E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The One-Ångstrom Microscope (OÅM) project was established at the NCEM to produce images at sub-Ångstrom resolution (O'Keefe, 1993). The project was implemented using a Philips CM300FEG/UT with hardware modifications designed to correct objective lens three-fold astigmatism and extend information transfer to 0.8 Ångstrom (O'Keefe et al., 2001a). A Gatan image filter (GIFTM) was used to bring the image magnification to more than three million times at the CCD camera to provide adequate real-space sampling.
Phase-contrast imaging in the HRTEM produces images with peaks at atom positions by extracting the spatial distribution of the relative phase from the electron wave. Usually, the electron wave is imaged by direct interference of diffracted beams at optimum focus (Scherzer, 1949).
Viability and Versatility of the Yeast Cell
Authors: Henry-Stanley Michelle J , Wells Carol L 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Yeasts are single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms (generally about 5 to 10 microns in diameter) that divide by a budding process and are classified with the fungi. Yeast cells are ubiquitous in our environment and can be found on plants and in soil and water. Yeasts have considerable importance Ln industrial and agricultural settings, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Figure 1) is also known as “bakers yeast” or “brewers yeast.” Specific strains of yeast are used to make pastries, bread, beer, ale, wine, distilled spirits, and industrial alcohol. In the paper industry, Candida utilis is used to break down die sugars from processed wood pulp. Yeast cells are also nutritious. In some societies, “cloudy” beer (containing yeast cells) provides essential B vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.
Secondary Melt Ornamentation on Westwater, Utah Microspherules: Evidence of an Extraterrestrial Provenance
Authors: Fandrich J W , Dujay Richard C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Microspherules (MS) ranging in size from 50μm to 425μm were discovered at Westwater, Utah in 1999. Examination of these particles using a scanning electron microscope identifies certain physical features that support an extraterrestrial (ET) provenance for these objects. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) was used to determine the qualitative chemistry of these particles.
Inspecting Surfaces With a Sharp Stick: Scanning Probe Microscopy - Past, Present, and Future
Authors: West Paul 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
With the growing emphasis on nanotechnology, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is emerging from the surface science laboratories and becoming a mainstream inspection and metrology tool along side optical and SEM microscopes. Scanning probe instrumentation and applications evolved dramatically during the past quarter-century (Table I). By 1998 SPM-related papers were being published at the rateof nearly 5000 per year Here we review the history of scanning probe microscopy, describe its current role as a critical enabler in nanotechnology, discuss why it has become a routine laboratory tool, and present a view of future directions for this advanced technology.
Setting White, Black and Gamma on Continuous Tone Grayscale and Color Images using Photoshop
Authors: Sedgewick Jerry 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The contrast range of many digital images needs to be reset before outputting images to various ends. This is especially important when printing to paper because ink absorbs into papers through a capillary action, most in the cheapest papers (such as newspaper) and least in high gloss paper from slick magazines. The capillary phenomenon is known as dot gain In the printing world, since images are redefined as small dots when printing to publications, The result of dot gain is seen most in a loss of details or muddiness in the shadow or the black region of images.
Nutlet Morphology and the Use of SEMs to Determine Characteristics for Identification of Species in the Genus Cryptantha Lehm. ex G. Don Section Oreocarya (E. Greene) Payson
Authors: Murphy Willow B , Kelley Walter A , Dujay Richard C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The genus Cryptantha Lehm ex G. Don section Oreocarya (E. Greene) Payson of the family Boraginaceae presents some problems to botanists, both professional and amateur, in the keying and identification of species. The genus contains approximately 150 species, the section about 60 perennial and biennial herbs located generally in western North America. Identification has presented some taxonomic difficulty due to the variability and lack of distinctive vegetative characters. Botanists have turned to the nutlet (fruit) and flower morphology to aid in identification for precise specific differentiation. In the past, 10X magnification and a decent botanical illustrator were required to provide the illustrations necessary to assist in this identification. We are in the process of collecting micrographs of nutlets (dorsal, sagital, and ventral views) and developing a webpage containing these micrographs along with descriptions of their morphological variations.
Media-Agarose Slides: A Mounting Method for Observation of Living Cells
Authors: Merla Alia 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Often during light and fluorescent microscopy, one wishes to observe samples of cells (e.g., yeast) grown in liquid culture. This is sometimes difficult as the cells can move around under the coverslip and a wet mount can dry out, killing the cells. Protocols in which the cells are resuspended in molten agarose results in cells that are in many different focal planes and often stressed by the high temperature of the molten agarose. This protocol describes a method of depositing small pads of growth media containing agarose onto slides, which eliminates these problems. Choice of growth media depends upon both the growth requirements of the cells and the requirements of the microscopy method. For example, yeast synthetic media works better for fluorescent microscopy than yeast rich media, because the yeast extract in rich media is autofluorescent in the green (fluorescein/GFP) channel.
Coating Effects On BSE Imaging
Authors: White Woody 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Poorly conducting specimens can be examined without coating by using a variable pressure SEM. However, many labs may only have a high vacuum SEM, or for other reasons, choose a high vacuum mode. In order to examine insulating specimens in a high vacuum SEM (using operating conditions conducive to BSE and X-ray analysis) specimens must be coated with a conductive thin film.
The perspective of this article is from a materials point of view, but the principles remain the same for biological examinations requiring similar information.
Back Scattered Electron (BSE) image contrast is primarily a function of the average atomic number of an imaged area. This is particularly true for polished specimens where there is no topography to contribute to contrast. The BSE coefficient is the ratio of back scattered electrons to incident (beam) electrons.
Expiration Dating Of Chemicals And Reagents
Authors: Kline Rande 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
With today's requirements for chemicals and reagents in research and clinical laboratory environments, questions often arise concerning expiration dating. Why are not all chemicals and reagents expiration dated by the manufacturer when they are made? How should expiration of chemicals and reagents not dated by the manufacturer be determined? How would a laboratory establish expiration of solutions and reagents prepared in-house?
To assure good manufacturing practices, many manufacturers comply with guidelines set for them by agencies such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and are inspected by ISO auditors. Some manufacturers are required to comply with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA.) These manufacturers are known as GMP facilities (good manufacturing practices) and are assessed by FDA inspectors. Like regulatory agencies who govern clinical sites, ISO and FDA require manufacturers to establish uniform quality systems for product testing and certification.
Imaging of Big and Messy Biological Structures Using Electron Tomography
Authors: Sosinsky Gina E , Martone Maryann E 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Any student of cell biology cannot help but be impressed with the exquisite organization of cellular and subcellular compartments, where Individual proteins and even nucleic acids are targeted to specific domains and held together in macromolecular assemblies to achieve orderly and efficient interactions. Perhaps nowhere is the specialization of cellular compartments more apparent than in the nervous system, where the cell contains multiple, well-defined functional domains, each with its own unique biochemical character.
Converting Right-Left Stereo Pairs into Colored Pairs for Electronic Presentation
Authors: Tengowski Mark W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Since Microsoft PowerPoint has become the dominant scientific meeting presentation format, my collection of right-left stereo slide pairs has basically been rendered obsolete. Yet, contained within these striking images are valuable scientific data. This communication describes an easy method whereby analog slide data (i.e. scanning electron micrograph RL pairs, Figs. 1 & 2) are transformed into an electronic format such that the need for projector polarizers is replaced by inexpensive red-green or red-blue 3-D glasses.
An Aberration Corrected (S)TEM Microscope for Nanoresearch
Authors: Kujawa S , Freitag B , Hubert D 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The continued focus on improving materials, combined with the fact that it is now commonly understood that material properties are affected by characteristics at the atomic level, give rise to the need to characterize and image at the best resolutions possible. The (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscope ((S)TEM) has the capability to image structures with atomic resolution and provides, at the same time, information on the chemical composition, bonding and electronic structure of the material. The nanoresearcher's continued need for the ultimate resolution has accelerated the development of next generation electron optics and technology.
Getting the Green Light to Measure Small Forces
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and related molecules have been important signal molecules for cell biologists because they emit a bright signal to mark the position of tagged structures as well as changes in calcium and proton concentrations. Related molecules even emit in different colors. Now Hendrik Dietz and Matthias Rief from the Technical University of Munich have given us a detailed look at the "energy landscape" of GFP with the promise that it may also be useful indicator for forces.2 In this context, energy landscape refers to a three-dimensional map of the energy levels of the molecule as it is transitioned from its native state to an unfolded state.
Integrating Light and TEM Information with F-TEM images
Authors: Sims PA , Lockwood CA , Hardin JD 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Fluorescent fusion proteins are widely used to visualize the localization of proteins in worms, fish, flies and tissue culture cells. We have used two different methods that use high pressure freezing (HPF) combined with correlative light microscopy (LM) and TEM. The first method uses fluorescence from live organisms immobilized in agarose followed by HPF and standard freeze substitution in dry solvent with osmium. This pre-embedding method optimizes ultrastructural preservation. A second, post-embedding method preserves fluorescence and immunoreactivity from embedded and polymerized thin sections. Here we describe post-embedding fluorescent integrated TEM images (F-TEM).
A Novel FIB Method for Preparing Three Dimensional TEM Specimens
Authors: Wang Nathan 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Presently, there is an increasing demand for multi-view TEM observation of semiconductor device failure locations where the feature size of interest is smaller than the specimen thickness, and where the thin section has other features that may have high Z materials that obscure the site of interest in the TEM. Therefore, different viewing angles are necessary — such as a cross-section view of a defect-containing planar thin specimen. A major obstacle for the preparation of three dimensional specimens of this nature is specimen preparation. Great care must be taken when preparing a thin specimen from an already thin existing TEM specimen.
ASTM Standards in Microscopy
Authors: Friel John J 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
ASTM International publishes many standards specifically about microscopes and using microscopy. The value of these standards falls into three distinct categories. First, they can be a quick tutorial on how to perform some operation. E 1508, "Standard Guide to Quantitative Analysis by EDS" is only eight pages long and falls into this category. Second, they can be used to standardize a test and reporting method. The methods described in E 1382, "Standard Test Methods for Determining Grain Size by Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis" are examples of procedures that have been agreed upon for many years.
Very Cool Clathrin
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Clathrin-coated vesicles are the shuttle containers within cells. The vesicles carry lipids and proteins between membrane-bound compartments. Clathrin forms a cage-like structure around the membrane-bound vesicle that is pinched off from the plasma membrane (in endocytosis) or a membranous component of the cytoplasm. Clathrin recruits cargo that is within a vesicle through intermediary proteins known as adaptors that help select membrane-anchored protein and form an interface between the clathrin cage and the membrane bilayer.
Metallography for the European Copper Age: Research on the Axe-Blade of the Glacier- Mummy from the Ötztaler Alps in Tyrol
Authors: Sperl Gerhard O 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The beginning of metallurgy in the Old World is characterized by hammering native metals such as gold, copper and meteoric iron. Owing to the need of annealing the metal, for softening it after cold working, pyrometallurgy, the use of fire for producing metals from ores, could have been found by trial and error. Parallel to the rise of metallurgy is the use of a campfire (low temperature: max. 800°C) for baking clay-objects, which also seems to be an additional origin of metallurgy. The very first piece of molten copper-ore, dating back to the 7th millennium BC, was found in Catal Hoyiik, Turkey, together with hammered native copper and beads made of galena (PbS), initially mistakenly thought to be metallic lead.
LN2 Handling—Fact and Fiction
Authors: Compton Bob 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
“I will be getting my first SEM/EDS shortly, and to obtain the required operating permit from my safety group, I need a written procedure for handling LN2. Specifically I need a written procedure for filling the 3 L dewar on the EDS detector from a 50 L dewar mounted on a cart. I plan to make the transfer by using a lab source of LN2 to pressurize the 50 L dewar and have obtained all the valves and fittings required to do this from another SEM lab. I would appreciate copies of the procedure.”
This question recently posed to the Microscopy List Server unleashed a flurry of comments, not only on the safety of various LN2 procedures but on the safety of other materials as well. Also discussed was the necessity of formal LN2 handling procedures.
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Examines Embryonic Cells to Find the Origin of Muscles With Image Analysis Software
Authors: DeSandies Kisha D , Madden Gabriella 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Tens of thousands of Americans suffer from muscular dystrophy (MD), a disease that gradually deteriorates a person's skeletal muscle. While there is no effective cure, scientists know MD is caused by a genetic defect and are searching for treatments that will stop or retard the deterioration of muscle. In June, American and British researchers announced the success of a long-term treatment that repairs the genetic defect in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the most common childhood form of MD.
Last fall, these researchers injected a short strand of nucleic acid into the shin muscle of a six-week old golden retriever - which had a genetic defect that leads to Duchenne MD in dogs - in order to maintain normal levels of dystrophin, the muscle protein missing in Duchenne MD. Their goal was for the nucleic acid to trigger the dog's system to correct the genetic defect. Eleven months later, the injected muscle continues to show normal levels of dystrophin.
Advantages of Adobe Photoshop Elements 2.0* over the full version of Photoshop*
Authors: Sedgewick Jerry 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The high cost of Photoshop and its increasing complexity with each new version can leave the user longing for a version that is a fraction of the price, but still contains the basic features. That longing may be met with Adobe's Photoshop Elements.
Certainly its price is attractive at $99.00 on some websites and about $50.00 on others (including sites for those in Education), For the shopper who wishes to do a little extra research, a web search may reveal that Elements is included with a scanner or ink jet printer at well under $99.00, making the purchase a 2-for-1.
Elements is a pared down version of Photoshop, but it is still a viable solution for almost all image processing needs. Simply because it is pared down, it becomes very attractive for occasional users who do not desire to re-learn the full version of Photoshop, let alone yet another upgrade and yet more frustrating minutea to discover.
Integrated Electron and X-Ray Induced Microbeam XRF in the SEM
Authors: Cross Brian J , Witherspoon Kenny C 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (ED-XRS or EDS) is a powerful and easy-to-use technique for the elemental analysis of a wide variety of materials. Most commonly, this technique is called X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), which classically uses x-ray photon sources to excite the sample. A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), of course, uses electrons as the excitation source for microbeam x-ray spectroscopy together with sample imaging using characteristic x-rays and/or secondary electrons. These two XRS techniques are used independently, although often the same sample is analysed by both, to provide complementary information.
The advantages of both techniques have been reviewed several times [e.g. 1,2], SEM-EDS being more suited to imaging and microbeam quantitative compositional analysis and maps, and XRF more suited to accurate quantitative analysis, especially for trace elements, while analyzing a much larger area.
Microscopical Evaluation of Glass Delamination in Pharmaceutical Vials: A Look at Three Different Vial Manufacturers
Authors: Diebold Kristie 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Delamination is defined as separation into constituent thin layers (lamellae). Glass delamination, which can have several causes, could then be defined as a separation of surface glass, as from a vial, into thin layers resulting in a flaky appearance. Pitting could be related to, or even be the initial stages of glass delamination; data will be provided that supports a relationship. The presence of glass delamination is a serious concern to the pharmaceutical industry, not only because suspended glass flakes in any pharmaceutical product poses an obvious health hazard, but because of regulatory quality control standards, and medical profession requirements.
There are, of course, many ways of addressing the problem of glass delamination in pharmaceutical vials, including looking into the relationship of chemical nature of vial contents to degree of delamination and conditions of vial manufacture. Specialized lighting and imaging methods are other research approaches.
Chromatic Aberration in Digital Photomicrographs from Microscopes Requiring Compensating Eyepieces
Authors: Clarke Ted 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Chromatic aberrations are defects in an imaging system caused by the fact that different wavelengths or colors of light are refracted by different amounts. There are two types of chromatic aberration: longitudinal and lateral. Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration arises when a lens fails to focus various colors sharply in the same plane. If white light is used, the resulting image will be unsharp due to the different focal points of its component colors. Some colors will be in focus (and therefore sharp) and other colors will be out of focus. Lateral Chromatic Aberration results in a lateral shift of the different color components of an image as a single lens with a fixed refractive index will disperse each color by different amounts. This results in color stripes at slightly different magnifications, much like a rainbow, around hard edges and a general softening or decrease in resolution in all areas.
Why Flies Walk with Wet Feet
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Many animals can walk up vertical surfaces or even along the ceiling. And many studies have examined how flies accomplish this impressive task. Whereas these studies have revealed the anatomy of the contact area and there have been many assumptions about the fly attachment mechanism, the main elements that contribute to the attachment force were unknown. However, Mattias Langer, J. Peter Ruppersberg, and Stanislav Gorb have successfully demonstrated that the fluid secreted from the fly's feet is a critical factor in attaching the fly to the ceiling.
Temperature Monitoring of an EM Environment
Authors: Fellmann Denis , Bañez Rachel , Carragher Bridget , Potter Clinton S 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
The ultimate performance of high resolution electron microscopes depends on a variety of factors including the stability of the temperature surrounding the instrument. Variations in temperature can cause drift of the specimen, the microscope electronics, and the mechanical tolerances in components such as microscope lenses and scan coils. For high resolution work or for image reconstruction that requires acquisition of multiple exposures over extended periods of time, it is critical that the temperature variations be strictly controlled. A typical manufacturer's specification for temperature stability of a room housing a transmission electron microscope (TEM) is a tolerance of &lt;0.5°C/hour with fluctuations of &lt;0.05°C/minute. While modern instrumentation rooms are carefully designed to maintain stable environmental conditions (O'Keefe etal, 2004), it seems unlikely that these stringent specifications are routinely met in practice when the microscope is in operation and personnel are present in the room.