bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upper tropospheric CH4 and CO affected by the South Asian summer monsoon during the Oxidation Mechanism Observations mission
Authors: Tomsche Laura , Pozzer Andrea , Ojha Narendra , Parchatka Uwe , Lelieveld Jos , Fischer Horst 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The Asian monsoon anticyclone (AMA) is annual phenomenon in the
northern hemispheric upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. It is part of
the South Asian summer monsoon system, and it has a clearly observable
signature due to the vertical transport of polluted air masses from the surface
to the upper troposphere by monsoon convection. We performed in situ
measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) in the region of
monsoon outflow and in background air in the upper troposphere
(Mediterranean, Arabian Peninsula, and Arabian Sea) using optical absorption
spectroscopy on board the High Altitude and LOng range (HALO) research
aircraft during the OMO (Oxidation Mechanism Observations) mission in summer
2015. We identified the transport pathways and the origin of the trace gases
with back trajectories, which were calculated using the Lagrangian particle dispersion
model FLEXPART, and we compared the in situ data with simulations of the
atmospheric chemistry general circulation model EMAC. CH4 and CO mixing
ratios were found to be enhanced within the AMA, the in situ data increased
by 72.1 and 20.1 ppbv on average, respectively, and originated in the South
Asian region (Indo-Gangetic Plain, northeastern India, Bangladesh, and the Bay of
Bengal). It appears that CH4 is an ideal monsoon tracer in the upper
troposphere due to its extended lifetime and the strong South Asian
emissions. Furthermore, we used the measurements and model results to study
the dynamics of the AMA over several weeks during the monsoon season, with an
emphasis on the southern and western areas in the upper troposphere. We
distinguished four AMA modes based on different meteorological conditions.
On one occasion we observed that under the influence of dwindling flow
the transport barrier between the anticyclone and its surroundings weakened,
expelling air masses from the AMA. The trace gases exhibited a distinct
AMA fingerprint; we also found that CH4 accumulated over the
course of the OMO campaign.
China's historical record when searching for tropical cyclones corresponding to Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) shifts over the past 2 kyr
Authors: Chen Huei-Fen , Liu Yen-Chu , Chiang Chih-Wen , Liu Xingqi , Chou Yu-Min , Pan Hui-Juan 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The northwestern Pacific Ocean and South China Sea are where tropical
cyclones occur most frequently. Many climatologists also study the formation
of Pacific Ocean warm pools and typhoons in this region. This study
collected data of paleotyphoons found in China's official historical records
over the past 2000 years that contained known typhoon activity reports. The
collected data are then subjected to statistical analyses focusing on typhoon
activity in coastal regions of southeastern China to garner a better
understanding of the long-term evolution of moving paths and occurrence
frequency, especially regarding those typhoons making landfall in mainland China. We
analyzed the data with the year and month of each typhoon event, as well as
the number of events in a 10-year period. The result shows that (1) north–southward
migration of typhoon paths corresponds to the north–southward
migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during the Medieval Warm
Period (MWP) and Little Ice Age (LIA) and (2) paleotyphoons made landfall in
mainland China 1 month earlier during the MWP than during the LIA. This
implies a northward shift in ITCZ during the MWP. Typhoons tend to make landfall
in Japan during El Niño-like periods and strike the southern coastal regions
of China during La Niña-like stages. According to paleotyphoon records over
the last 2000 years, typhoons made landfall in southeastern China
frequently around 490–510, 700–850, and after 1500 CE The number
of typhoons striking Guangdong Province peaked during the coldest period in
1660–1680 CE; however, after 1700 CE, landfall has migrated farther
north. The track of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the northwestern Pacific
Ocean is affected by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific
Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which shows a nearly 30-year and a 60-year cycle
during the LIA.
Reconstruction of four-dimensional rockfall trajectories using remote sensing and rock-based accelerometers and gyroscopes
Authors: Caviezel Andrin , Demmel Sophia E. , Ringenbach Adrian , Bühler Yves , Lu Guang , Christen Marc , Dinneen Claire E. , Eberhard Lucie A. , von Rickenbach Daniel , Bartelt Perry 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. This work focuses on the in-depth reconstruction of the full set of
parameters of interest in single-block rockfall trajectories. A comprehensive
understanding of rockfall trajectories holds the promise to enhance the
application of numerical models for engineering hazard analysis. Such
knowledge is equally important to investigate wider cascade problems in steep
terrain. Here, we present a full four-dimensional trajectory reconstruction
of the “Chant Sura” rockfall experiment performed with EOTA221 norm rocks. The data
analysis allows a complete kinematic description of a rock's trajectory in
real terrain and underscores the physical complexity of rock–ground
interactions. In situ accelerometer and gyroscope data are combined with
videogrammetric and unmanned aerial-systems mapping techniques to understand
the role of rock rotations, ground penetration and translational scarring in
rockfall motion. The exhaustive trajectory reconstruction provides
information over the complete flight path such as translational velocity
vectors, angular velocities, impact duration and forces, ballistic jump
heights, and lengths. The experimental data provide insight into the basic
physical processes detailing how rotating rocks of general shape penetrate,
rebound and scar ground terrain. In future, the data will serve as a calibration
basis to enhance numerical rockfall modelling.
Linear Optimal Runoff Aggregate (LORA): a global gridded synthesis runoff product
Authors: Hobeichi Sanaa , Abramowitz Gab , Evans Jason , Beck Hylke E. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. No synthesized global gridded runoff product, derived from multiple sources, is
available, despite such a product being useful for meeting the needs of many
global water initiatives. We apply an optimal weighting approach to merge
runoff estimates from hydrological models constrained with observational
streamflow records. The weighting method is based on the ability of the
models to match observed streamflow data while accounting for error
covariance between the participating products. To address the lack of
observed streamflow for many regions, a dissimilarity method was applied to
transfer the weights of the participating products to the ungauged basins
from the closest gauged basins using dissimilarity between basins in
physiographic and climatic characteristics as a proxy for distance. We
perform out-of-sample tests to examine the success of the dissimilarity
approach, and we confirm that the weighted product performs better than its
11 constituent products in a range of metrics. Our resulting synthesized
global gridded runoff product is available at monthly timescales, and
includes time-variant uncertainty, for the period 1980–2012 on a
0.5∘ grid. The synthesized global gridded runoff product broadly
agrees with published runoff estimates at many river basins, and represents
the seasonal runoff cycle for most of the globe well. The new product, called
Linear Optimal Runoff Aggregate (LORA), is a valuable synthesis of existing
runoff products and will be freely available for download on
https://geonetwork.nci.org.au/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/f9617_9854_8096_5291 (last access:
31 January 2019).
Reanalysis of the 1761 transatlantic tsunami
Authors: Wronna Martin , Baptista Maria Ana , Miranda Jorge Miguel 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. The segment of the Africa–Eurasia plate boundary between the
Gloria Fault and the Strait of Gibraltar has been the setting of significant
tsunamigenic earthquakes. However, their precise location and rupture
mechanism remain poorly understood. The investigation of each event
contributes to a better understanding of the structure of this diffuse plate
boundary and ultimately leads to a better evaluation of the seismic and
tsunami hazard. The 31 March 1761 event is one of the few known
transatlantic tsunamis. Macroseismic data and tsunami travel times were used
in previous studies to assess its source area. However, no one discussed the
geological source of this event. In this study, we present a reappraisal of
tsunami data to show that the observations data set is compatible with a
geological source close to Coral Patch and Ampere seamounts. We constrain the
rupture mechanism with plate kinematics and the tectonic setting of the area.
This study favours the hypothesis that the 1761 event occurred in the
southwest of the likely location of the 1 November 1755 earthquake in a
slow deforming compressive regime driven by the dextral transpressive
collision between Africa and Eurasia.
Enhancing Toward the Last Universal Common Descendant
Authors: Roduit Johann A. R. , Caon Maurizio , Menuz Vincent 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTIn the debate addressing socio-ethical issues related to human enhancement, some have suggested that technological modifications of individuals could vastly increase diversity between them. This article argues the contrary. In this thought experiment, we argue that if—as some have argued—we have a moral obligation to use technology to enhance humans and other species, and if such enhancement is understood as improving particular traits only, it might artificially make all the species in the world converge toward a specific one, which we have named the last universal common descendant. In this reductio ad absurdum, we suggest that this argument could be used to challenge the idea that it would be morally good to enhance humans and other species without considering their species limitations.
ESTUDO SOBRE INDUÇÃO DE PARTOS GEMELARES EM VACAS NELORE
Authors: Cavalieri Fabíola Dos Santos Ramos , Cavalieri Fabio Luiz Bim , Rigolon Luiz Paulo , Andreazzi Márcia Aparecida , Botelho Ana Carolina Fanhani de Arruda , Colombo Antonio Hugo Bezerra 
Published: February 2019

RESUMO: Buscando melhorar os índices produtivos da pecuária de corte no Brasil, várias pesquisas nas áreas de nutrição, sanidade e reprodução animal estão sendo desenvolvidas e, no que tange à reprodução animal, o emprego das biotecnologias tem se destacado. A associação entre Inseminação em Tempo Fixo, seguida de Transferência de Embriões pode melhorar a taxa de gestação e o número de bezerros nascidos, por meio da indução de gestações gemelares. Contudo os dados na literatura sobre a viabilidade desta associação são controversos, bem como a maioria das pesquisas foram conduzidas com animais de origem europeia e não avaliaram o desempenho dos bezerros. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a indução de parto gemelar em vacas da raça Nelore, por meio da associação de IATF e TE, sobre a taxa de gestação, índice de parto distócico, taxa de rejeição e o desempenho dos bezerros até o desmame. Foram utilizadas 93 vacas da raça Nelore (10 doadoras e 83 receptoras). As doadoras foram sincronizadas com implante intravaginal e superovuladas com 250 UI de FSH e as receptoras foram inseminadas em tempo fixo no mesmo dia das doadoras. Sete dias após a inseminação, as receptoras foram inovulados. Os resultados mostraram que a taxa de gestação foi de 75,50%, sendo que destes, 58,73% foram de gestação simples e somente 34,92% foram de gestação dupla. Houve diferença (P<0,05) no tempo de gestação, sendo menor para gestação gemelar. A indução de partos gemelares não aumentou a taxa de distocia, de retenção de placenta, de aborto e de natimorto, contudo elevou a taxa de rejeição das vacas pelos bezerros. A gestação dupla resultou em menor peso vivo dos bezerros ao nascimento, aos três e aos sete meses idade (P<0,05).
The Enemy of All Humanity
Authors: Luban David 
Published: February 2019

The Enemy of All Humanity
Trationally, the term “enemy of all humanity” (hostis generis humani) referred to pirates. In contemporary international criminal law, it refers to perpetrators of crimes against humanity and other core. This essay traces the evolution of the concept, and then offers an analysis that ties it more closely to ancient tyrants than to pirates. Some object that the label is dehumanizing, and justifies arbitrary killing of the “enemy of humanity.” The essay admits the danger, but defends the concept if it is restricted to fair trials. Rather than dehumanizing its target, calling the hostis generis humani to account in a court of law is a way of recognizing that radical evil can be committed by humans no different from any of us.
‘Cruel Men Can Do Kind Things and Kind Men Can Do Cruel Things’
Authors: Stolk Sofia 
Published: February 2019

‘Cruel Men Can Do Kind Things and Kind Men Can Do Cruel Things’: Reconsidering the Enemy of Humanity in Contemporary International Criminal Trial Discourse
This article discusses empirical examples from international trial transcripts to see if and why there is a need to use the ‘enemy of all humanity’ label in contemporary international criminal justice discourse. It shows an absence of explicit uses of the concept and an ambiguous set of implicit references; the hosti generis humani concept is simultaneously too precise and too broad for ICJ discourse. Based on these findings, the article challenges David Luban’s suggestion that the term can be undone from its dehumanizing potential and used adequately in the ICJ context.
On the Humanity of the Enemy of Humanity
Authors: Luban David 
Published: February 2019

On the Humanity of the Enemy of Humanity: A Response to My Critics
Antony Duff, Marc de Wilde, Louis Sicking, and Sofia Stok offer several criticisms of my “The Enemy of All Humanity,” but central to all of them is concern that labeling people hostis generis humani dehumanizes them, and invites murder or extrajudicial execution. In response I distinguish political, legal, and theoretical uses of the ancient label. I agree with the critics that the political use is toxic and the legal use is dispensable. However, the theoretical concept is crucial in international criminal law, which rests on the assumptions that the moral heinousness of core crimes makes them the business of all humanity. Furthermore, far from dehumanizing their perpetrators, calling them to account before the law recognizes that they are no different from the rest of humanity. This response also offers rejoinders to more specific objections raised by the critics.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CETUXIMAB FOR METASTATIC COLORECTAL CANCER (mCRC): A PROTOCOL FOR EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Putri Septiara , Setiawan Ery , Saldi Siti Rizny F , Chandra Levina , Megraini Amila , P Vetty Yulianty 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTColorectal cancer is fairly common compared to other cancers. The incidence and mortality rates are predicted to increase globally. In some cases, cancer can be potentially spread to another organ or metastatic. One of recent available targeted therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patient is Cetuximab (Erbitux ®), combined with chemotherapy. Despite clinical effectiveness, there is the importance of the evidence related cost-effectiveness of therapy. This study aims to summary, synthesize, and systematically review the economic evaluation studies of Cetuximab for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Model based economic evaluation of Cetuximab for metastatic colorectal cancer will be searched and included in the review based on specific eligibility criteria. Several electronic databases that will be used: Medline, Embase, Cochrane, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Center for Reviews and Dissemination. Full economic evaluation evidence will be summarized and critically appraised using Drummond as well as (Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist. In terms of analysis, we will qualitatively appraise and present the studies that meet our inclusion and exclusion criteria. We are expected to summarize the quality and capture the valuable insights related to health economic evaluation studies of Cetuximab for mCRC patient. ABSTRAKKanker kolorektal cukup umum terjadi dibandingkan kanker lainnya, angka kejadian dan angka kematian diprediksi meningkat secara global. Dalam beberapa kasus, kanker berpotensi menyebar ke organ lain atau disebut metastasis. Salah satu terapi yang ditargetkan baru-baru ini untuk pasien kanker kolorektal metastatik (mCRC) adalah Cetuximab (Erbitux®), yang dikombinasikan dengan kemoterapi. Meskipun terdapat bukti klinis, penting untuk mempertimbangkan bukti terkait efektivitas biaya dari terapi tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merangkum, mensintesis, dan meninjau secara sistematis studi evaluasi ekonomi Cetuximab untuk kanker kolorektal metastatik (mCRC). Evaluasi ekonomi berbasis model untuk menilai Cetuximab pada kanker kolorektal metastatik akan ditelusuri sesuai dengan kriteria yang ditetapkan. Beberapa database elektronik yang akan digunakan: Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Pusat Penelitian Kesehatan Nasional (NIHR) untuk Tinjauan dan Diseminasi. Bukti evaluasi ekonomi lengkap akan dirangkum dan dinilai secara kritis dengan menggunakan daftar pertanyaan oleh Drummond dan juga Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS). Dalam hal analisis, kami akan menilai dan menyajikan secara kualitatif studi yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Kami berekspektasi untuk meyimpulkan kualitas dan menangkap informasi yang berkaitan dengan studi evaluasi ekonomi pada Cetuximab untuk pasien mCRC.
Nautical Culture as The Main Destiny of Indonesia Maritime State's Future
Authors: Zuhdi Susanto 
Published: February 2019

In many paper and discussions, the term of "nautical" and "maritime" are always exchanged to the term of sea. but there is also another meaning of it in certain terminologies. The word of "maritime" bas another meaning instead of the sea. Additionally, the word of "nautical" has another word, that is about time dimension and tradition. This article will explain the sorting and the choosing of these two words as a means of properly using it, either conceptually or substantially. At this point, ''rmaritime'' is used for a state (maritime state), while "nautical" is related to culture (nautical culture).
Balancing plant conservation and agricultural production in the Ecuadorian Dry Inter-Andean Valleys
Authors: Quintana Catalina , Girardello Marco , Balslev Henrik 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundConserving both biodiversity and ecosystem services is a major goal of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Hotspots for biodiversity in the Andes significantly overlap with areas with dense human populations that sustain their economy through agricultural production. Therefore, developing management forms that reconcile food provisioning services—such as agriculture—with biodiversity conservation must be addressed to avoid social conflicts and to improve conservation in areas where biodiversity co-occurs with other ecosystem services. Here, we present a high-resolution conservation plan for vascular plants and agriculture in the Ecuadorian Dry Inter-Andean Valleys (DIAV) hotspot. Trade-offs in conserving important areas for both biodiversity and agriculture were explored.MethodsWe used a dataset containing 5,685 presence records for 95 plant species occurring in DIAVs, of which 14 species were endemic. We developed habitat suitability maps for the 95 species using Maxent. Prioritization analyses were carried out using a conservation planning framework. We developed three conservation scenarios that selected important areas for: biodiversity only, agriculture only, and for both biodiversity and agriculture combined.ResultsOur conservation planning analyses, capture 33.5% of biodiversity and 11% of agriculture under a scenario solely focused on the conservation ofbiodiversity. On the other hand, the top 17% fraction of theagriculture onlyscenario captures 10% of biodiversity and 28% of agriculture. When biodiversity and agriculture were considered in combination, their representation varied according to the importance given to agriculture. The most balanced solution that gives a nearly equal representation of both biodiversity and agriculture, was obtained when agriculture was given a slightly higher importance over biodiversity during the selection process.DiscussionThis is the first evaluation of trade-offs between important areas for biodiversity and agriculture in Ecuadorian DIAV. Our results showed that areas with high agricultural productivity and high biodiversity partly overlapped. Our study suggests that a land-sharing strategy would be appropriate for conserving plant diversity and agriculture in the DIAV. Overall, our study reinforces the idea that friendly practices in agriculture can contribute to biodiversity conservation.
Bilateral Posner Schlossman Syndrome with Underlying Open Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Bhoot Madhu , Dubey Suneeta , Mukherjee Saptarshi 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To describe a case of Posner Schlossman Syndrome (PSS) with bilateral presentation with underlying open angle glaucoma.

Case Report:
A young patient presented with blurring of vision in the right eye. On examination, he had mild anterior chamber reaction and open angles on gonioscopy. IOP was 30mm Hg in the right eye and 11mm Hg in the left eye. He had recurrent episodes of IOP spikes in the right eye despite being on ocular hypotensives. Trabeculectomy was done in the right eye. Few months later, he had similar episodes of elevation of IOP with inflammation in the left eye also for which he underwent trabeculectomy. Following trabeculectomy, his IOP was well controlled in both the eyes.

Conclusion:
PSS should be considered in any patient with increased IOP without any other signs because the inflammation may be so mild as to be overlooked or it may follow the acute rise in IOP by some days. Though PSS is unilateral, a bilateral presentation should also be kept in mind. Follow up of the patients should be at regular intervals and they need to have their visual fields and optic discs frequently monitored because of the recurrent nature and progression of the optic disc damage.
Modeling of interior reinforced concrete beam‐column joint based on an innovative theory of joint shear failure
Authors: Tran Xuan Hoa , Kai Yoshiro 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA two‐dimensional macroelement is proposed for reinforced concrete interior beam‐column joints based on an innovative theory of joint shear hinging failure. The new joint model maintains the original aspect of the mechanical model of the joint shear hinging failure theory, in which concrete struts are used to model the concrete core, which differs from other multispring models discussed in the literature and developed from the theory. The applicable scope of the new joint element encompasses interior joints where the beams and columns have the same depth and width. Moreover, within the scope of this study, only the monotonic responses were computed to capture the backbone of the joint hysteresis responses. Verification of the test data indicated the reliability of the new joint models for predicting the backbone of the load‐deflection relationship and the yielding of reinforcements under cyclic loadings.