bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retirement Transitions among Baby Boomers: Findings from an Online Qualitative Study
Authors: Genoe M. Rebecca , Liechty Toni , Marston Hannah R. 
Published: August 2018

RÉSUMÉEn 2011, les baby-boomers canadiens ont commencé à franchir la barre des 65 ans, ou l’âge traditionnel de la retraite. Il est possible que la perception et l’expérience de la retraite s’avèrent différentes dans cette génération, comparativement aux générations précédentes. Le but de cet article est d’explorer les tendances dans la transition vers la retraite de baby-boomers en Saskatchewan, en lien avec les phases qu’ils ont traversées au cours de cette transition. Dans cette étude effectuée en ligne selon un modèle de théorie ancrée, 25 baby-boomers approchant de la retraite ou récemment retraités ont participé à un blogue multi-auteurs où ils ont partagé leurs expériences et les processus liés à leur retraite. Des données additionnelles ont été collectées dans le cadre d’entrevues et de groupes de discussion réunissant les participants après la fin de leur participation au blogue. Les participants ont adopté différents modèles dans leur processus de retraite, certains arrêtant de travailler, d’autres poursuivant leurs activités professionnelles dans le cadre de travaux occasionnels ou à temps partiel, ou en effectuant d’autres types de travaux. Les résultats ont mis en évidence 3 phases dans la transition vers la retraite : la préretraite, caractérisée à la fois par certaines craintes liées à la retraite et par l’idéalisation de la retraite parfaite, suivie de la transition initiale, au cours de laquelle les participants ont comparé la retraite à des vacances prolongées, au cours desquelles ils ont peiné à s’adapter à l’augmentation de leur temps libre, pour enfin arriver à une transition de moyen terme où ils ont appris à équilibrer structure et flexibilité. Les résultats suggèrent que bien que la transition vers la retraite présente plusieurs défis, plusieurs personnes rapportent des visions et des expériences positives de cette transition.
Incidence of cardiovascular diseases in a nationwide HIV/AIDS patient cohort in Taiwan from 2000 to 2014
Authors: Lai Yun-Ju , Chen Yu-Yen , Huang Hsin-Hui , Ko Ming-Chung , Chen Chu-Chieh , Yen Yung-Feng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to determine the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLWHA) in Taiwan. PLWHA were identified from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control HIV Surveillance System between 2000 and 2014. To examine the effect of active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on CVD incidence, incidence densities and standardised incidence rates (SIRs) of CVD were calculated after stratifying PLWHA by HAART. Of 26 272 PLWHA (mean age, 32.3 years) identified, 73.4% received HAART. Compared with general population, SIRs (95% confidence interval) were higher for incident coronary artery disease (1.11 (1.04–1.19)), percutaneous coronary intervention (1.32 (1.18–1.47)), coronary artery bypass surgery (1.47 (1.29–1.66)), sudden cardiac death (3.01 (2.39–3.73)), heart failure (1.50 (1.31–1.70)) and chronic kidney disease (1.95 (1.81–2.10)), but was lower for incident atrial fibrillation (0.53 (0.37–0.73)). Considering the effect of HAART on incident CVD, the SIRs for all-cause, ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke were higher in PLWHA who did not receive HAART, but were lower in PLWHA who received HAART. PLWHA had higher risks of incident coronary artery disease, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass surgery, sudden cardiac death, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. HAART reduces risks of incident CVD in PLWHA.
Use of added sugars in packaged foods sold in Brazil
Authors: Scapin Tailane , Fernandes Ana Carolina , dos Anjos Adilson , Proença Rossana Pacheco da Costa 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveStudies have shown that the consumption of added sugars may be associated with harmful health effects. The present study investigated the presence and types of added sugars in packaged foods.DesignCross-sectional analysis of the presence and types of added sugars in the ingredients lists of packaged foods sold in a major Brazilian supermarket. The nomenclature of ingredients classified as added sugars and their frequency were identified. Data were organised and analysed through descriptive statistics: absolute and relative frequencies of the presence of added sugars categorised by food groups were calculated, and ingredients were analysed by text mining using R statistical environment.SettingA supermarket in Florianópolis, a metropolis in southern Brazil.SubjectsPackaged food products (n 4539) classified into eight groups.ResultsOf the 4539 products, 71 % had some type of added sugar. The group with the highest frequency of added sugars was ‘products in which carbohydrates and fats are the main energy source’ (93 %). Food groups containing predominantly salty foods had a high frequency of added sugars, such as ‘meats and eggs’ (61 %). In total, 179 different terms for added sugars were identified, of which sugar, maltodextrin and glucose syrup were the most frequent.ConclusionsMost of the packaged foods sold in Brazil contain added sugars, which may hamper adherence to the recommendation of limiting added sugars intake. The data may be useful for monitoring tendencies in the use of added sugars in packaged foods and as supplementary information to support the improvement of food label regulations.
What Are the Key Catchment Characteristics Affecting Spatial Differences in Riverine Water Quality?
Authors: Lintern A. , Webb J. A. , Ryu D. , Liu S. , Waters D. , Leahy P. , Bende‐Michl U. , Western A. W. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis study uses water‐quality data collected over 20 years, from 102 predominantly rural sites across Victoria, Australia, to further our understanding of spatial variability in riverine water quality. We focus on concentrations of total suspended solids, total phosphorus, filterable reactive phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate/nitrite (NOx), and electrical conductivity. We used an exhaustive search approach to identify the linear models that best link catchment characteristics to time‐averaged constituent concentrations. We ran additional analyses to (1) assess the performance of these models under drought conditions, and (2) understand the key drivers of site‐level variability (standard deviations) of constituent concentrations. Natural catchment characteristics appear to have a greater effect on spatial differences in average constituent concentrations. Performance of the statistical models of time‐averaged constituent concentrations varied, and spatial variability in mean electrical conductivity levels could be more readily explained by catchment characteristics compared to more reactive nutrients. Notwithstanding, the models performed relatively well under varying hydrologic conditions for most constituents. As such, these models provide an insight into the key factors affecting spatial variability in average stream water‐quality conditions. We also identified that hydrologic, climatic, and topographic characteristics of the catchment helped explain the spatial variability in temporal changes in constituents. After calibration and validation, these models of both average water quality and variability in water quality could be used to forecast stream water‐quality responses to future land use, climate, or soil and land management changes.
Evaluation of Nonparametric and Parametric Statistical Procedures for Modeling and Prediction of Cluster‐Correlated Hydroclimatic Data
Authors: Singh Sarmistha , Abebe Ash , Srivastava Puneet 
Published: August 2018

AbstractClimate and hydrologic variables such as temperature, precipitation, streamflow, and baseflow generally do not follow Gaussian distribution due to the presence of outliers and heavy tails. Therefore, they are usually analyzed using the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test rather than parametric methods like classical t tests and analysis of variance. Furthermore, in addition to having a non‐Gaussian distribution, these data exhibit monthly/seasonal variability, which leads to within month/season cluster correlation. In this study, a nonparametric procedure, called joint rank fit (JRFit), for analyzing cluster‐correlated data was implemented and compared against traditional methods such as restricted maximum likelihood, least absolute deviations, and rank‐based fit (a model‐based extension of Wilcoxon rank sum) for studying the coupled effect of the phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation on baseflow levels. The results from a large Monte Carlo simulation experiment showed that JRFit was more efficient than the other three methods for data with (i) high variability, (ii) outliers due to contamination, or (iii) strong monthly/seasonal correlation. The efficiency gain of JRFit was up to 50% compared to restricted maximum likelihood for heavy‐tailed and highly correlated data. Predictive performance evaluated using the mean absolute prediction error and mean prediction standard error from an out‐of‐sample cross‐validation study showed JRFit to be optimal for providing predictions of baseflow on the basis of the phases of El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. Thus, it is recommended that JRFit be implemented in hydroclimatic studies to provide powerful inference when there is evidence of clustering in the data.
Watching Dehydration: Seismic Indication for Transient Fluid Pathways in the Oceanic Mantle of the Subducting Nazca Slab
Authors: Bloch Wasja , John Timm , Kummerow Jörn , Salazar Pablo , Krüger Oliver S. , Shapiro Serge A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIntermediate depth seismicity in subduction zones often occurs in the form of two slab‐parallel bands. We estimated the seismic P to S wave velocity ratio within the shallowest part of the lower seismicity zone (LSZ) in the mantle of the subducting slab of the Central Andean subduction system at 50‐km depth, 30 km below the Moho, using local earthquake data. We find an exceptionally high VP/VS value larger than ∼2.0 that cannot be explained by a realistic solid lithology but requires the presence of fluid‐filled porosity. This implies that the incoming Nazca plate must be partially hydrated to this depth below the seafloor. We introduce a state‐of‐the‐art petrophysical model that takes into account the thermodynamic and poroelastic effects of dynamic metamorphic mineral dehydration at 1.8 GPa and consider anisotropic effects. The model shows that a high VP/VS value generally indicates that the medium is near the percolation threshold, that is, that porosity must be interconnected. This result is consistent with observations from outcrops of paleosubduction zones, laboratory experiments, and numerical simulations. It follows that the shallowest part of the LSZ of the Central Andes must reside at a temperature at which mineral dehydration reactions take place, here between 430 and 500 ° C. For the first time, we can confirm that the observations of transient dehydrating fluid‐filled vein structures with a pore volume in the order of only 10−3 are reasonable for the LSZ and enough to allow for effective drainage.
The Influence of Oceanic Stochastic Forcing on the Atmospheric Response to Midlatitude North Pacific SST Anomalies
Authors: Sun Xuguang , Tao Lingfeng , Yang Xiu‐Qun 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe stochastic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are always present because of the internal oceanic variability due to small‐scale SST variability and based on a set of ensemble experiments forced by Pacific Decadal Oscillation‐related midlatitude North Pacific SST anomalies with and without oceanic stochastic forcing, their influences on atmospheric variability in coarse‐resolution models are investigated in this study. Comparisons of experiment results show that oceanic stochastic forcing can improve the simulated atmospheric response by generating more organized atmospheric transient eddies through the increases of both thermal activity and atmospheric baroclinicity, similar to the high‐resolution observations and simulations. Dynamic diagnostics further reveal the dominant contributions of corresponding transient eddy vorticity forcing to the significantly enhanced westerly wind with equivalent barotropic structure. It suggests that the oceanic stochastic forcing is important and nonnegligible for the understanding and theory of oceanic feedback to the atmosphere in the midlatitudes.
Global Estimates of Changes in Shortwave Low‐Cloud Albedo and Fluxes Due to Variations in Cloud Droplet Number Concentration Derived From CERES‐MODIS Satellite Sensors
Authors: Painemal David 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFifteen years of Aqua Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy Systems (CERES) and MOderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations are combined to derive nearly global maps of shortwave albedo (A) and flux (F) response to changes in cloud droplet number concentration (Nd). Absolute (
) and relative (
) albedo susceptibilities are computed by exploiting the linear relationship between A and ln (Nd) for shallow liquid clouds. Subtropical stratiform clouds over the eastern Pacific, eastern Atlantic, and off the coast of eastern Asia yield the highest Sr, followed by the extratropical oceans during their hemispheric summer. When Sr is cast in terms of F, the eastern Pacific clouds dominate Sr. Sa is mainly governed by Nd, with offshore clouds producing high Sa. While both Sa and Sr are advantageous for understanding radiative aspects of the aerosol indirect effect, Sr is more suitable for calculating changes in A and F due to the linearity of the A‐ln (Nd) relationship.
High‐Frequency Intermittency in Observed and Model‐Simulated Precipitation
Authors: Covey Curt , Doutriaux Charles , Gleckler Peter J. , Taylor Karl E. , Trenberth Kevin E. , Zhang Yongxin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA newly reprocessed, bias‐corrected version of hourly satellite observations that provides global coverage of precipitation at high space‐time resolution is evaluated and compared with climate model simulations. Irregular subdaily fluctuations are the dominant component around the world, greater than variance of daily mean precipitation, and much greater than variance associated with the mean diurnal cycle of precipitation. Irregular subdaily fluctuations of precipitation are severely underestimated by models, even after taking into account the observational “error bars” implied by different space‐time resolutions. Variance of daily mean precipitation is less severely underestimated. Although mean diurnal cycle amplitudes vary among the models, this component is but a small part of total precipitation variance. Therefore, the total precipitation variance is significantly underestimated by models in general. Further exploration of model‐data discrepancies in precipitation at high‐time frequency may lead to new and useful climate model diagnostics.
Off‐Fault Focal Mechanisms Not Representative of Interseismic Fault Loading Suggest Deep Creep on the Northern San Jacinto Fault
Authors: Cooke M. L. , Beyer J. L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWithin the San Bernardino basin, some focal mechanisms show normal slip that is inconsistent with the expected interseismic strike‐slip loading of the region. The discrepancy may owe to deep (>10‐km depth), creep along the nearby northern San Jacinto fault. The enigmatic normal slip microseismicity occurs to the northeast of the fault and primarily below 10‐km depth, consistent with off‐fault deformation due to spatially nonuniform ongoing slip. Consequently, if these normal focal mechanisms are included in stress inversions from the seismic catalog, the results may provide inaccurate information about fault loading. Here we show that off‐fault loading from models with deep interseismic creep on the northern San Jacinto fault match the first‐order pattern of observed normal slip focal mechanisms in the basin and that this deep creep cannot be detected with GPS data due to the proximity of the San Andreas fault.
Nocturnal Thermal Fracturing of a Himalayan Debris‐Covered Glacier Revealed by Ambient Seismic Noise
Authors: Podolskiy Evgeny A. , Fujita Koji , Sunako Sojiro , Tsushima Akane , Kayastha Rijan B. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractScientifically valuable information can be learned by listening to the tiny vibrations emanating from a glacier with seismometers. However, this approach has never been employed to better understand glaciers protected from heat by a debris mantle, despite being common in the Himalayas, one of the most glacierized regions in the world. Here we installed a seismic network at a series of challenging high‐altitude sites on a glacier in Nepal. Our results show that the diurnal air temperature modulates the glacial seismic noise. The exposed surface of the glacier experiences thermal contraction when the glacier cools, whereas the areas that are insulated with thick debris do not suffer such thermal stress. Thus, the unprotected ice surface bursts with seismicity every night due to cracking, which gradually damages and weathers the ice. This is the first time such processes have been observed at relatively warm temperatures and outside of the polar regions.
Effects of a Weak Intrinsic Magnetic Field on Atmospheric Escape From Mars
Authors: Sakai Shotaro , Seki Kanako , Terada Naoki , Shinagawa Hiroyuki , Tanaka Takashi , Ebihara Yusuke 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe magnetization of a planet significantly changes the nature of atmospheric escape, and the question of whether a planetary field shields atmosphere from erosion by the solar wind or not remains open. Ion escape processes from Mars are investigated under two hypothetical conditions, namely, no intrinsic magnetic field and weak intrinsic dipole field cases under present solar wind conditions based on multispecies magnetohydrodynamics simulations. The existence of a weak dipole field results in an enhancement of the tailward flux of planetary ions through the four escape channels. Two channels are associated with the open fields at the poles, and the others are caused by magnetic reconnection between the planetary and solar wind magnetic fields at the flank magnetopause. The ion escape rate with the weak dipole is greater than in the no‐dipole case. The enhancement is significant for O2+ and CO2+, suggesting ion escape from the low‐altitude ionosphere.
Surface Creep Rate of the Southern San Andreas Fault Modulated by Stress Perturbations From Nearby Large Events
Authors: Xu Xiaohua , Ward Lauren A. , Jiang Junle , Smith‐Konter Bridget , Tymofyeyeva Ekaterina , Lindsey Eric O. , Sylvester Arthur G. , Sandwell David T. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA major challenge for understanding the physics of shallow fault creep has been to observe and model the long‐term effect of stress changes on creep rate. Here we investigate the surface creep along the southern San Andreas fault (SSAF) using data from interferometric synthetic aperture radar spanning over 25 years (ERS 1992–1999, ENVISAT 2003–2010, and Sentinel‐1 2014–present). The main result of this analysis is that the average surface creep rate increased after the Landers event and then decreased by a factor of 2–7 over the past few decades. We consider quasi‐static and dynamic Coulomb stress changes on the SSAF due to these three major events. From our analysis, the elevated creep rates after the Landers can only be explained by static stress changes, indicating that even in the presence of dynamically triggered creep, static stress changes may have a long‐lasting effect on SSAF creep rates.
Evolution of Freshly Generated Equatorial Spread F (F‐ESF) Irregularities on Quiet and Disturbed Days
Authors: Gurram P. , Kakad B. , Bhattacharyya A. , Pant T. K. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe examined the seasonal and solar flux dependence of the occurrence of freshly generated intermediate scale (100 m to few km) equatorial spread F (ESF) irregularities during magnetically quiet (Q) and disturbed (D) periods. We utilized long‐term (1992–2006 and 2013–2015) amplitude scintillation data on a 251 MHz signal recorded at Tirunelveli (dip lat. 1.5°N ). Also, ionosonde data (1990–2003) recorded at Trivandrum (dip lat. 0.5°N) are used. The presence of fresh ESF (F‐ESF) is identified using the maximum cross‐correlation between intensity variations recorded by two spaced receivers on a magnetic east‐west baseline. We find distinct differences in the seasonal and solar flux dependence of the usual postsunset (<22 LT) generation of F‐ESF on both Q‐ and D‐days. Interesting feature is that F‐ESF linked moderate–strong scintillations are more prevalent on D‐days as compared to Q‐days in both early (18–22 LT) and later (>22 LT) phase of evolution of the irregularities. It directly hints toward the difference in the spatial structuring (spatial scales) of F‐ESF on D‐days as compared to Q‐days. On D‐days, the occurrence of F‐ESF is more likely around midnight and early‐morning hours in all seasons. Whereas on Q‐days, the postmidnight F‐ESF is found to occur mainly during solstices of low solar activity. The possible sources for the generation of F‐ESF around midnight on Q‐days of solstices during low solar activity are examined. We also find that perturbation electric field linked with F‐ESF on D‐days sustains for longer time, which results in longer durations of the active phase of equatorial plasma bubbles.
The Acceleration of Electrons to High Energies Over the Jovian Polar Cap via Whistler Mode Wave‐Particle Interactions
Authors: Elliott S. S. , Gurnett D. A. , Kurth W. S. , Mauk B. H. , Ebert R. W. , Clark G. , Valek P. , Allegrini F. , Bolton S. J. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractUpward traveling electrons with energies from tens of kiloelectron volts to several megaelectron volts have been observed over the Jovian polar regions in association with intense upward propagating whistler mode waves. The electrons have a power law‐like energy distribution, indicative of a stochastic acceleration process. The energy flux of the upward propagating whistler mode waves is comparable to and strongly correlated with the energy flux of the upward traveling energetic electrons, suggesting that the whistler mode waves may be accelerating the electrons. We propose that a downward field‐aligned current over the polar cap generates strong downward parallel electric fields and associated upward electron beams in the low‐density regions of Jupiter's upper ionosphere, a mechanism similar to the formation of inverted‐Vs in Earth's auroral regions. At Jupiter, the upward‐traveling electron beams produce intense upward propagating whistler mode emissions over a broad frequency range, similar to upward propagating auroral hiss at Earth. As the whistler mode waves propagate upward out of the inverted‐V source region, the waves are absorbed by the plasma, thereby accelerating the electrons. We attribute the stochastic power law‐like energy spectrum of the accelerated electrons to the development of Hamiltonian chaos (velocity space diffusion), the signature of which is indicated by the occurrence of spiky soliton‐like variations in the whistler mode electric fields. Acceleration to high energies may be facilitated by the rapid increase in the phase velocity of the whistler mode waves with increasing altitude, which could accelerate some of the electrons trapped in the wavefield to very high relativistic energies.