bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
European Association of Neuro-Oncology guideline on molecular testing of meningiomas for targeted therapy selection
Authors: Sahm Felix , Bertero Luca , Brandner Sebastian , Capper David , Goldbrunner Roland , Jenkinson Michael D , Kalamarides Michel , Lamszus Katrin , Albert Nathalie L , Mair Maximilian J , Berghoff Anna S , Mawrin Christian , Wirsching Hans-Georg , Maas Sybren L N , Raleigh David R , Reifenberger Guido , Schweizer Leonille , Suwala Abigail K , Tabatabai Ghazaleh , Tabouret Emeline , Short Susan , Wen Patrick Y , Weller Michael , Le Rhun Emilie , Wesseling Pieter , van den Bent Martin , Preusser Matthias 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors of adults. For meningiomas that progress or recur despite surgical resection and radiotherapy, additional treatment options are limited due to a lack of proven efficacy. Meningiomas show recurring molecular aberrations, which may serve as predictive markers for systemic pharmacotherapies with targeted drugs or immunotherapy, radiotherapy, or radioligand therapy. Here, we review the evidence for a predictive role of a wide range of molecular alterations and markers including NF2, AKT1, SMO, SMARCE1, PIK3CA, CDKN2A/B, CDK4/6, TERT, TRAF7, BAP1, KLF4, ARID1/2, SUFU, PD-L1, SSTR2A, PR/ER, mTOR, VEGF(R), PDGFR, as well as homologous recombination deficiency, genomic copy number variations, DNA methylation classes, and combined gene expression profiles. In our assessment based on the established ESMO ESCAT (European Society for Medical Oncology Scale for Clinical Actionability of molecular Targets) evidence-level criteria, no molecular target reached ESCAT I (“ready for clinical use”) classification, and only mTOR pathway activation and NF2 alterations reached ESCAT II (“investigational”) classification, respectively. Our evaluations may guide targeted therapy selection in clinical practice and clinical trial efforts and highlight areas for which additional research is warranted.
Stratification economics: historical origins and theoretical foundations
Authors: Davis John B 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Stratification economics (SE) investigates how economies are organized around group inequalities, especially by race and gender but also by ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, etc. Its historical origins and theoretical foundations have both a structural strand that addresses how and a social behavioural strand. SE’s structural strand goes back to Ricardo and Marx regarding the relationship between growth and distribution, and then draws on recent economic theory of noncompeting groups and dual economy models of labour market segmentation. SE’s structural strand produces an inequality-based understanding of economics’ standard goods taxonomy. The social behavioural strand builds on Du Bois’s psychological wage concept, Veblen’s social ladders theory of emulation, Blumer’s theory of prejudice and stereotyping, and current social identity theory. SE’s social behavioural strand makes it possible to explain how discrimination selectively stigmatizes people’s social identities in order to reinforce existing intergroup inequalities.
Sixty years of the Voting Rights Act: progress and pitfalls
Authors: Bernini Andrea , Facchini Giovanni , Tabellini Marco , Testa Cecilia 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We review the literature on the effects of the 1965 Voting Rights Act (VRA), which removed formal restrictions to Black political participation. After a brief description of racial discrimination suffered by Black Americans since Reconstruction, we introduce the goals that the VRA was meant to achieve. Next, we discuss the local level impact of the law on political participation and representation, on public goods provision and policing practices, and on labour market outcomes. We then turn to Whites’ reactions, from political realignment to electoral counter-mobilization to changes in voting rules and arrests patterns. We conclude by discussing how the evidence reviewed in this article can inform policy-making and the design of legislation aimed at reducing racial discrimination and inequality.
The continuing significance of Oliver Cox’s Caste, Class, and Race
Authors: McAuley Christopher 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Despite being a major study that compares India’s caste system to the system of racial stratification in the United States, Oliver C. Cox’s Caste, Class, and Race continues to be largely under-appreciated and under-explored by scholars of both systems. This article re-evaluates Cox’s contributions to social theory by putting him into conversation with Isabel Wilkerson, Bhimrao Ambedkar, and Gunnar Myrdal. Cox, like Ambedkar, concluded that, despite occasional similarities, caste and racial systems were products of two distinct pasts with distinct objectives. Whereas the caste system emerged from a variant of an estate society akin to European feudalism, the modern racial system is an outgrowth of capitalism, according to Cox. However, what Cox failed to consider in his theory of the caste system is the degree to which its expansion and institutionalization over the Indian subcontinent were also modern phenomena.
Ethnic minority and migrant pay gaps over the life-cycle
Authors: Hall Tessa , Manning Alan , Rose Rebecca 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
It is well-known that ethnic minority and migrant workers have lower average pay than the White UK-born workforce. However, we know much less about how these gaps vary over the life-cycle because of data limitations. We use new data that combine a 1999–2018 panel from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings (ASHE) with individual characteristics from the 2011 Census in England and Wales. We investigate pay gaps on labour market entry and differences in pay growth. We find that differences in entry pay gaps are more important than differences in pay growth. The entry pay gaps are large, though vary across groups. The pay penalties on labour market entry can, to a considerable degree, be explained by over-representation in lower-paying firms and, within firms, in lower-paying occupations. For most groups, the pay gaps at entry seem to be largely preserved over the life-cycle, neither narrowing nor widening. For migrants, we find that the extra pay penalty is concentrated almost exclusively in those who arrived in the UK at later ages.
The long-run impacts of banning affirmative action in US higher education
Authors: Antman Francisca M , Duncan Brian , Lovenheim Michael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This paper estimates the long-run impacts of banning affirmative action on men and women from under-represented minority (URM) racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Using data from the US Census and American Community Survey, we use a difference-in-differences framework to compare the college degree completion, graduate degree completion, earnings, and employment of URM individuals to non-URM individuals before and after affirmative action bans went into effect across several US states. We also employ event study analyses and alternative estimators to confirm the validity of our approach and discuss the generalizability of the findings. Results suggest that banning affirmative action results in a decline in URM women’s college degree completion, earnings, and employment relative to non-Hispanic White women, driven largely by impacts on Hispanic women. Thus, affirmative action bans resulted in an increase in racial/ethnic disparities in both college degree completion and earnings among women. Effects on URM men are more ambiguous and indicate significant heterogeneity across states, with some estimates pointing to a possible positive impact on labour market outcomes of Black men. These results suggest that the relative magnitude of college quality versus mismatch effects vary for URM men and women and highlight the importance of disaggregating results by gender, race, and ethnicity. We conclude by discussing how our results compare with others in the literature and directions for future research.
The colour-blind approach to discrimination and inequality: the case of France
Authors: Govind Yajna , Santini Paolo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The colour-blind approach to data collection has long been debated. The lack of ethno-racial information in surveys and administrative data impedes researchers from studying the level of inequality and discrimination against minorities. As an alternative to ethno-racial information, the use of factual information such as parents’ place of birth has been proposed. In this paper, we discuss the colour-blind approach in France and review the evidence of discrimination based on origins. Using the Trajectories and Origins survey, we propose a novel index capturing the degree of individuals’ alterity, and we present evidence that it is associated with a penalty in the labour market. Exploiting this index, we further investigate whether information on parents’ place of birth is valuable and adequate to measure population diversity.
Caste, class, race, and inequality: insights for economic policy
Authors: Darity William A , Ruiz Isabel 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Disparities across social identity groups (such as race, caste, and ethnicity) are a global phenomenon, where significant differences in wealth and other socioeconomic outcomes are observed. Although the contexts and historical roots of these differences vary by country, there are common factors—particularly arising at the intersection of social identity and social class—that help explain the persistence of these inequalities. This issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy examines various dimensions of inequality tied to intergroup disparities and social hierarchy, drawing insights from policy responses across different contexts, countries, and regions. The article introduces stratification economics as a framework to understand these shared global patterns. It further reviews the papers published in the issue that explore topics such as social mobility, labour market discrimination, social exclusion, the role of artificial intelligence, the challenges associated with the interpretation and application of the law, the importance of data collection, and the role of existing and potential policy interventions (e.g. affirmative action and reparations) to address these persistent inequalities.
Modeling protoplanetary disk heating by planet-induced spiral shocks
Authors: Ono Tomohiro , Okamura Tatsuki , Okuzumi Satoshi , Muto Takayuki 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
We investigate the heating of protoplanetary disks caused by shocks associated with spiral density waves induced by an embedded planet. Using two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations, we explore the dependence of shock heating rates on various disk and planetary parameters. Our results show that the shock heating rates are primarily influenced by the planet’s mass and the disk’s viscosity, while being insensitive to the thermal relaxation rate and the radial profiles of the disk’s surface density and sound speed. We provide universal empirical formulas for the shock heating rates produced by the primary and secondary spiral arms as a function of orbital radius, viscosity parameter $\alpha$, and planet-to-star mass ratio $q$. The obtained formulas are accurate within a factor of a few for a moderately viscous and adiabatic disk with a planet massive enough that its spiral arms are strongly nonlinear. Using these universal relations, we show that shock heating can overwhelm viscous heating when the disk viscosity is low ($\alpha \lesssim 10^{-3}$) and the planet is massive ($q \gtrsim 10^{-3}$). Our empirical relations for the shock heating rates are simple and can be easily implemented into radially one-dimensional models of gas and dust evolution in protoplanetary disks.
Viscoelastic hydrogel combined with dynamic compression promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and bone repair in rats
Authors: Yang Chao , Cai Wenbin , Xiang Pan , Liu Yu , Xu Hao , Zhang Wen , Han Fengxuan , Luo Zongping , Liang Ting 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A biomechanical environment constructed exploiting the mechanical property of the extracellular matrix and external loading is essential for cell behaviour. Building suitable mechanical stimuli using feasible scaffold material and moderate mechanical loading is critical in bone tissue engineering for bone repair. However, the detailed mechanism of the mechanical regulation remains ambiguous. In addition, TRPV4 is involved in bone development. Therefore, this study aims to construct a viscoelastic hydrogel combined with dynamic compressive loading and investigate the effect of the dynamic mechanical environment on the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells and bone repair in vivo. The role of TRPV4 in the mechanobiology process was also assessed. A sodium alginate–gelatine hydrogel with adjustable viscoelasticity and good cell adhesion ability was obtained. The osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was obtained using the fast stress relaxation hydrogel and a smaller compression strain of 1.5%. TRPV4 was activated in the hydrogel with fast stress relaxation time, followed by the increase in intracellular Ca2+ level and the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The inhibition of TRPV4 induced a decrease in the intracellular Ca2+ level, down-regulation of β-catenin and reduced osteogenesis differentiation of BMSCs, suggesting that TRPV4 might be the key mechanism in the regulation of BMSC osteogenic differentiation in the viscoelastic dynamic mechanical environment. The fast stress relaxation hydrogel also showed a good osteogenic promotion effect in the rat femoral defect model. The dynamic viscoelastic mechanical environment significantly induced the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and bone regeneration, which TRPV4 being involved in this mechanobiological process. Our study not only provided important guidance for the mechanical design of new biomaterials, but also provided a new perspective for the understanding of the interaction between cells and materials, the role of mechanical loading in tissue regeneration and the use of mechanical regulation in tissue engineering.
Endostatin-expressing endometrial mesenchymal stem cells inhibit angiogenesis in endometriosis through the miRNA-21-5p/TIMP3/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway
Authors: Cheng Yan , Guo Qiuyan , Cheng Yulei , Wang Dejun , Sun Liyuan , Liang Tian , Wang Jing , Wu Han , Peng Zhibin , Zhang Guangmei 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory and neoangiogenic disease. Endostatin is one of the most effective inhibitors of angiogenesis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been investigated as compelling options for cell therapy. However, the effect and mechanism of action of endostatin-expressing endometrial MSCs (EMSCs) in endometriosis are unclear. Here, EMSCs were genetically modified to overexpress endostatin (EMSCs-Endo). A reduction in the angiogenic capacity of HUVECs was observed in vitro after treatment with EMSCs-Endo. EMSCs-Endo significantly suppressed endometriotic lesion growth in vivo. The limited efficacy was associated with suppressed angiogenesis. The miRNA-21-5p level and the levels of p-PI3K, p-mTOR, and p-Akt in HUVECs and mouse endometriotic lesions significantly decreased after treatment with EMSCs-Endo, whereas TIMP3 expression significantly increased. In summary, targeted gene therapy with EMSCs-Endo is feasible, and its efficacy in regulating endometriosis can be attributed to the inhibition of angiogenesis, suggesting that EMSCs could be used as promising vehicles for targeted gene therapy.
What Perioperative Factors Are Associated With High-risk Daily Morphine Milligram Equivalent Totals in Spinal Decompressions?
Authors: Truumees Eeric , Duncan Ashley , Singh Devender , Geck Matthew J. , Adindu Ebubechi , Stokes John K. 
Published: November 2024

Study Design/Setting:
Retrospective cohort analysis.

Objective:
To determine what factors are associated with high-risk daily morphine milligram equivalent (MME) totals in patients undergoing spinal decompression.

Background:
Daily dosages of ≥100 MME/d are associated with an almost 9-fold increased risk of overdose. Current general recommendations endorse the lowest effective dose and ≤50 MME/d.

Materials and Methods:
Retrospective analysis was conducted on 260 patients who underwent spinal decompressive surgery. Average MME/d was calculated as the sum of qualifying inpatient MMEs administered divided by the sum of inpatient length of stay. Independent variables across demographic, clinical, and surgical domains were subject to comparative and logistic regression analysis.

Results:
Overall MME per day was 54.19 ± 39.37, with a range of 1.67–218.34 MME/d. Sixty-six patients were determined to have “high-risk MME.” These patients were significantly younger (58.8 ± 13.1 vs 70.53 ± 11.5; P < 0.001) and reported higher preoperative pain visual analog scale (VAS; 4.8 ± 3 vs 2.8 ± 3.3; P = 0.0021) than the patients at low risk. In addition, high-risk patients had significantly higher body mass indexes (BMIs; P < 0.05) and received ketamine as part of anesthesia (P < 0.05). Patients who consumed high-risk dosages of MMEs in the perioperative period were more likely to have been on opioids before surgery and to report higher pain scores at 4–6 week follow-ups (P < 0.05). The final logistics regression model identified independent risk factors to be younger age, higher BMIs and preoperative VAS, and prior use of opioids and intraoperative ketamine.

Conclusions:
Patients with high MME per day who underwent spinal decompression were significantly younger with higher BMIs and preoperative VAS with an increased incidence of preoperative opioid use and intraoperative ketamine. A closer look at interaction models revealed that a combination of high preoperative pain and intraoperative ketamine usage were at a significantly increased risk of higher MME consumption. Preoperative opioid risk education and mitigation strategies should be considered in patients with high MME risk, especially in younger patients already utilizing opioids before surgery.
Association of the number of pregnancies and births with cognitive performance in older postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Zhao Yue , Li Kaixin , Peng Junge , Xiao Jiang , Zhang Mengying , Mo Hongfei , Wang Guirong , Li Yan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objective
Cognitive impairment in the elderly is a serious public health problem. However, the effect of the number of pregnancies and births in the early years of life on cognitive function in postmenopausal women remains controversial. This study aims to investigate the relationship between these two factors.

Methods
We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014 data on women aged ≥60 years. This study included sociodemographic data, history of estrogen use, and contraceptive use as confounding variables. The combined scores of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Word Learning (CERAD-WL), delayed word recall (CERAD-DR), the Animal Fluency test (AF), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) were used to assess the cognitive performance of participants. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis explored the relationship between the number of pregnancies and births and cognitive function.

Results
The study screened 1,259 postmenopausal women and found that 24.3% had low cognitive performance. The study found a significant increase in low cognitive performance among older adults, Mexican Americans, those with a lower education level and poverty-income ratio, those who were widowed, and those with diabetes and hypertension (P < 0.001). In the multiple regression analysis, the number of pregnancies remained a significant determinant of cognitive performance (B = −0.188, P < 0.001).

Conclusions
The number of pregnancies was associated with cognitive performance in a population of postmenopausal women in the United States. A lower number of pregnancies is associated with better cognitive performance.
Identifying Preferences for Exercise and Sport in Australians With Mild Multiple Sclerosis: Looking Beyond Clinical Characteristics when Implementing Exercise Interventions
Authors: Baynton Shavaughn L. , Mavropalias Georgios , Inderpreet Kaur , van Rens Fleur , Learmonth Yvonne C. 
Published: November 2024

Objective:
Exercise is a salient component in delaying disability progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study considers personal preferences regarding exercise program prescription and the resources needed to facilitate exercise.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Community online, Australia.

Participants:
Adults with MS.

Independent variables:
Participants completed online questionnaires on current exercise and sport, and preferences toward exercise prescription variables, facilitative resource needs, and delivery method.

Main outcomes:
We established preference responses for the entire sample, and separately, we used logistic regression and analysis of variance to compare preferences between participants stratified according to (1) geographical rurality (ie, metro vs rural and remote) and (2) current exercise engagement (ie, active, moderately active, and insufficiently active).

Results:
Fifty people with a diagnosis of MS completed the survey. Participants had mild disability; most were metro-dwelling (74%) and physically active (58%). Preferences included a program of at least 6 months (70%), where exercise sessions are performed 5 d/wk (38%) at a moderate intensity (50%). Half (50%) of responders wanted to participate in sports for exercise. There was a significant difference in the preference toward higher-intensity exercise in active persons compared with inactive persons. Facilitative resources selected included a behavioral exercise coach (80%) who provides MS-specific information (46%) and behavioral change strategies (41%).

Conclusions:
Persons with mild MS are interested in participating in various exercises and sports. Encouraging participation will have long-term benefits. We recommend that HCPs and researchers consider individual social factors, in addition to patient symptoms and disability, when designing exercise programs for an Australian MS population.
Neonatal Mastitis
Authors: Kaplan Ron L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Mastitis is an uncommon but potentially serious infection in neonates. Characteristic findings include erythema, induration, and tenderness around the breast bud. Fluctuance and purulent drainage may be present with abscess formation. Fever and signs of systemic illness may occur, or there may only be signs of localized soft tissue infection. Until recently, there have been very few cohort studies of neonatal mastitis in high-income countries, and no literature available regarding the incidence of concurrent serious bacterial infection such as meningitis or urinary tract infection. A recent large, multicenter study suggests that most neonatal mastitis presents as localized soft tissue infection, with very low rates of concurrent serious bacterial infection or adverse outcomes. Treatment of neonatal mastitis consists primarily of antibiotic administration. Surgical intervention, such as incision and drainage or intraoperative debridement, may be needed for frank abscesses. While antibiotics are typically administered intravenously, there may be a role for oral antibiotics in some lower risk infants with mastitis.