bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly specific and selective anti‐pS396‐tau antibody C10.2 targets seeding‐competent tau
Authors: Rosenqvist Nina , Asuni Ayodeji A. , Andersson Christian R. , Christensen Søren , Daechsel Justus A. , Egebjerg Jan , Falsig Jeppe , Helboe Lone , Jul Pia , Kartberg Fredrik , Pedersen Lars Ø. , Sigurdsson Einar M. , Sotty Florence , Skjødt Karsten , Stavenhagen Jeffrey B. , Volbracht Christiane , Pedersen Jan T. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIntroductionThe abnormal hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule‐associated protein tau plays a crucial role in neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies.MethodsHighly specific and selective anti‐pS396‐tau antibodies have been generated using peptide immunization with screening against pathologic hyperphosphorylated tau from rTg4510 mouse and AD brains and selection in in vitro and in vivo tau seeding assays.ResultsThe antibody C10.2 bound specifically to pS396‐tau with an IC50 of 104 pM and detected preferentially hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates from AD brain with an IC50 of 1.2 nM. C10.2 significantly reduced tau seeding of P301L human tau in HEK293 cells, murine cortical neurons, and mice. AD brain extracts depleted with C10.2 were not able to seed tau in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that C10.2 specifically recognized pathologic seeding‐competent tau.DiscussionTargeting pS396‐tau with an antibody like C10.2 may provide therapeutic benefit in AD and other tauopathies.
Human settlement and vegetation-climate relationships in the Greenland Stadial 5 at the Piovesello site (Northern Apennines, Italy)
Authors: Peresani Marco , Ravazzi Cesare , Pini Roberta , Margaritora Davide , Cocilova Arianna , Delpiano Davide , Bertola Stefano , Castellano Lorenzo , Fogliazza Fabio , Martino Gabriele , Nicosia Cristiano , Simon Patrick 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Gravettian settlements of Europe are considered as an expression of human adaptation to harsh climates. In Southern Europe, however, favorable vegetation-climate conditions supported hunters-gatherer subsistence and the maintenance of their large-scale networks. This was also the case of the North-Adriatic plain and the Apennine mountain ridge in Italy. Traditionally considered lacking evidence, the northern part of the Apennine ridge has recently yielded the Early Gravettian site of Piovesello, located at 870 m a.s.l. Survey and excavation revealed lithic artifacts in primary position embedded in loamy sediments. Radiocarbon dating, anthracological and extended palynological and microcharcoal analyses have been integrated to reconstruct the palaeoecological context of this camp which was probably positioned above the timberline in an arid rocky landscape, bounding the fronts of local glaciers close to their maximum expansion at the time of Greenland Stadial (GS) 5 (32.04 - 28.9 ka cal BP). Human activity left ephemeral traces represented by lithic artefacts, charcoal, and the introduction of radiolarites from sources in proximity to the site and of chert from very far western sources. Evidence from Piovesello contributes to the reconstruction of human and vegetation ecology during Late Pleistocene glaciations and also provides hints for the historical biogeography of petrophytic plants and their orographic relics in the northern Apennine.
(Affective) union in hell
Authors: WORSLEY DAVID 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAccording to Eleonore Stump, God has a morally sufficient reason for allowing evil (or more properly, suffering) if, by allowing it, either the sufferer's permanent separation from God can be prevented or their deeper union with God can be motivated. But if, in the life to come, it is not possible for a person to be united with God, can God have a morally sufficient reason for allowing their suffering? After rejecting Stump's ingenious answer to this question, I argue that God has a morally sufficient reason to allow an inhabitant of even a maximally bad hell to suffer, namely, to prevent their further separation from God, and from themselves, and to motivate their ‘affective’ union with God.
THE EFFECTS OF READING ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS ON L2 READING PROCESSES AND NOTICING OF GLOSSED CONSTRUCTIONS
Authors: Jung Jookyoung , Révész Andrea 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study examined the extent to which manipulating the characteristics of second language reading activities affects the reading process and noticing of glossed linguistic constructions. Thirty-eight Korean learners of English read two texts under conditions that required more or less careful reading. For the condition intended to promote more careful reading, each paragraph of the texts was divided into three or four subparts. For the condition expected to elicit less careful reading, each paragraph was split into two sections. While reading the texts, the participants’ eye movements were recorded. Eleven students were further invited to participate in stimulated recall protocols. The target constructions were English unaccusative verbs and 10 pseudowords, which were glossed with Korean translations. The eye movement and stimulated recall data indicated that, as predicted, the participants processed the texts more carefully and attended to the target verbs more closely when paragraphs were divided into more subparts.
The Trouble With Moral Enhancement
Authors: de Melo-Martín Inmaculada 
Published: October 2018

AbstractProponents of moral enhancement believe that we should pursue and apply biotechnological means to morally enhance human beings, as failing to do so is likely to lead to humanity's demise. Unsurprisingly, these proposals have generated a substantial amount of debate about the moral permissibility of using such interventions. Here I put aside concerns about the permissibility of moral enhancement and focus on the conceptual and evidentiary grounds for the moral enhancement project. I argue that such grounds are quite precarious.
Kantian Challenges for the Bioenhancement of Moral Autonomy
Authors: Wilks Anna Frammartino 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn the debate over moral bioenhancement, some object that biochemical, genetic, and neurological interventions aiming at enhancing moral agency threaten the autonomy of persons, as they compromise moral deliberation and motivation. Opponents of this view argue that such interventions may actually enhance autonomy itself, thereby increasing a person's capacity for moral agency. My aim is to explore the various senses of autonomy commonly appealed to in such controversies and to expose their limitations in resolving the central disputed issues. I propose that a Kantian conception of autonomy is more effective in addressing these issues, as it specifies the key features that inform an intelligible account of moral worth and moral law. A consideration of these features is typically lacking in the arguments advanced by contenders in these debates. Guided by a Kantian framework, I argue that moral bioenhancement projects directed at affecting moral autonomy are not as promising as they appear, for both metaphysical and empirical reasons.
Oral antiplatelet agents in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Pultar Joseph , Wadowski Patricia P. , Panzer Simon , Gremmel Thomas 
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Antiplatelet agents significantly reduce mortality and morbidity in ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease (PAD), and are therefore part of guideline-driven daily medical treatment in these patients. Due to its beneficial effects in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events, aspirin remains the most frequently prescribed antiplatelet agent in cardiovascular disease. In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and in those undergoing angioplasty with stent implantation dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonist is indicated. The development of the newer ADP P2Y12 inhibitors prasugrel and ticagrelor has further improved prognosis in ACS patients compared to clopidogrel. Moreover, vorapaxar allows the inhibition of platelet activation by thrombin via protease-activated receptor-1 and has been approved for the use in patients with PAD and in those with a history of myocardial infarction. This review article summarizes the current evidence on oral antiplatelet agents in cardiovascular disease. Keywords: Aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, vorapaxar, cardiovascular disease
Future Global Soil Respiration Rates Will Swell Despite Regional Decreases in Temperature Sensitivity Caused by Rising Temperature
Authors: Jian Jinshi , Steele Meredith K. , Day Susan D. , Thomas R. Quinn 
Published: October 2018

AbstractBetween 1960 and 2014, the global soil respiration (RSG) flux increased at a rate of 0.05 Pg C year−1; however, future increase is uncertain due to variations in projected temperature and regional heterogeneity. Regional differences in the sensitivity of soil respiration (RS) to temperature may alter the overall increase in rates of RS because the RS rates of some regions may decelerate while others continue to rise. Using monthly global RS data, we modeled the relationship between RS and temperature for the globe and eight climate regions and estimated RSG between 1961and 2100 using historical (1961–2014) and future (2015–2100) temperature data [Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5)]. Importantly, our approach allowed for estimation of regional sensitivity, where respiration rates may peak or decline as temperature rises. Estimated historical RSG increase (0.05 Pg C year−1) was similar to the RSG increase of previous estimates. However, under the RCP8.5 scenario, which estimates approximately 3 °C of warming globally, the forecasted acceleration of RSG increased to an average of 0.12 Pg C year−1. Under RCP8.5, the temperature sensitivity of RS declined in the arid, winter‐dry temperate, and tropic. These regional declines were offset by increased RS sensitivity and fluxes from the boreal and polar regions. In contrast, under RCP2.6 RSG decelerated slightly from current rates. If rising greenhouse gas emission remains unmitigated, future increases in RSG will be much faster than current and historical rates, thereby possibly enhancing future losses of soil carbon and contributing to positive feedback loops of climate change.
Analyses for High‐Resolution Projections Through the End of the 21st Century for Precipitation Extremes Over the United States
Authors: Zobel Zachary , Wang Jiali , Wuebbles Donald J. , Kotamarthi V. Rao 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThis study compares an ensemble of dynamically downscaled projections of extreme daily precipitation over the contiguous United States (CONUS). With a grid spacing of 12 km and a domain that encompasses most of North America, we use the Weather Research and Forecast model as a regional climate model. We incorporate initial and boundary conditions from three different Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 Earth system models (ESMs). We focus on precipitation extremes in the future climate (2045–2054 and 2085–2094) by comparing a business‐as‐usual high‐emissions scenario to emissions from a historical period (1995–2004). In the historical period, the Weather Research and Forecasting‐downscaled simulations result in significant improvements over the ESMs for precipitation extremes. In the analyses of future climate, there is a large increase in the projected frequency of extreme precipitation events over the entire CONUS and a decrease in median precipitation days. Moreover, most regions show an increase in the number of dry days in the future scenarios. The magnitude of extreme precipitation events is projected to increase in the CONUS at all temperatures above freezing. The strongest precipitation events will increase in intensity, primarily because of a shift in precipitation distribution due to the increase in near‐surface air temperatures (Clausius‐Claperyon relationship). However, these events are also affected by changes in some atmospheric dynamical factors, such as stronger low level jet, especially over the Midwestern United States. In addition, compared to those calculated by the ESMs, the downscaled projections show important regional differences in the frequency and magnitude of extreme precipitation events.
A Turbulence Velocity Scale for Predicting the Fate of Buoyant Materials in the Oceanic Mixed Layer
Authors: Chor Tomas , Yang Di , Meneveau Charles , Chamecki Marcelo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe introduce a general framework to predict the fate of buoyant materials in the oceanic mixed layer. The framework is based on the estimation of a turbulence velocity scale for the vertical mixing of buoyant materials. By combining this velocity scale with the material's terminal rise velocity and a K‐profile parameterization, we are able to derive an analytical prediction for the vertical profile of material concentration that is shown to be a reasonably accurate and general representation for oceanic mixed layer regimes driven by various levels of wind shear, Stokes drift, and buoyancy flux. The analytically predicted profile allows us to estimate relevant parameters for the fate of buoyant materials, such as the depth of a plume's center of mass and the horizontal transport. We show that the predictions agree with large‐eddy simulations driven by various combinations of wind shear, Stokes drift, and buoyancy fluxes.
Ultrasonic Velocity of Diopside Liquid at High Pressure and Temperature: Constraints on Velocity Reduction in the Upper Mantle Due to Partial Melts
Authors: Xu Man , Jing Zhicheng , Chantel Julien , Jiang Peixiu , Yu Tony , Wang Yanbin 
Published: October 2018

AbstractSound velocities of diopside liquid were determined at high pressures and temperatures up to 3.8 GPa and 2375 K, using the ultrasonic technique combined with synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and imaging in a multianvil apparatus. Our results show that the sound velocity increases with pressure but is nearly independent of temperature. Using a Monte Carlo approach, the measured high‐pressure sound velocities combined with ambient‐pressure density provide tight constraints for the equation of state of diopside liquid, with a best‐fit adiabatic bulk modulus (KS) of 23.8 ± 0.4 GPa and its pressure derivative (KS') of 7.5 ± 0.5. The calculated adiabatic temperature and density profile of diopside liquid suggest that a melt layer with diopside composition in the upper mantle would be gravitationally unstable and start to crystallize from the bottom of the layer during cooling. By comparing our results with previous acoustic measurements on silicate glasses, we demonstrate the important differences in sound velocities between silicate liquids and glasses and conclude that silicate glasses may not work as a good analog material for studying the acoustic properties of silicate liquids, as measurements on unrelaxed glasses do not capture the entropic contribution to the compressional properties of liquids. We modeled velocity reductions due to partial melts in the upper mantle using our results and found that for a given velocity reduction, the deeper the low‐velocity region, the larger the melt fraction is required. Using silicate glass data for such estimation would result in a significant underestimation of melt fractions at high pressures.
Observations and Cloud‐Resolving Modeling of Haboob Dust Storms Over the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Anisimov Anatolii , Axisa Duncan , Kucera Paul A. , Mostamandi Suleiman , Stenchikov Georgiy 
Published: October 2018

AbstractStrong mesoscale haboob dust storms in April 2007 in the central Arabian Peninsula were studied using the cloud‐resolving Weather Research and Forecasting‐Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) modeling system and observations collected during an intensive atmospheric field campaign. The field campaign provided the valuable aircraft and Doppler weather radar measurements. Active convection persisted for several days during the study period. Dust generation was caused by both strong large‐scale winds and locally produced density currents. Because of insufficient spatial resolution, the event was not resolved accurately by the conventional reanalyses. However, the WRF‐Chem model did successfully capture the primary features of the convection, its location, and precipitation patterns. Although the amount of rainfall in the model was slightly underestimated compared to the satellite measurements, it was approximately double the rainfall in the reanalysis. The convection‐associated dust outbreaks were simulated well, with the aerosols optical depth magnitude and the temporal variability being in good agreement with both the ground‐based and satellite aerosol retrievals. The model captured the major dust generation patterns, transport pathways, and several of the largest haboobs identified from the satellite observations. About 25 Tg of dust was emitted in the Arabian Peninsula during the 10‐day period. Approximately 40% of the locally deposited dust was subject to wet removal processes. During periods of high local dust production, the WRF‐Chem model underestimated the PM10 mass concentration (associated mostly with dust particles larger than 3 μm in diameter) by nearly a factor of 2. This suggests that the current dust parameterizations, which prescribe the size distribution of the emitted dust, underestimate the number of large particles that increases at strong wind conditions.
The Relationships Between Cloud Top Radiative Cooling Rates, Surface Latent Heat Fluxes, and Cloud‐Base Heights in Marine Stratocumulus
Authors: Zheng Youtong , Rosenfeld Daniel , Li Zhanqing 
Published: October 2018

AbstractCloud top radiative cooling (CTRC) drives turbulence in marine boundary layers (MBLs) topped by stratocumulus clouds. This study examines the role of CTRC in regulating the surface‐cloud coupling, surface latent heat fluxes, and cloud base height by exploiting a 6‐month worth of shipborne observations over the subtropical northeast Pacific in combination with geostationary satellite data. We find that owning to the prevailing equatorward flow that advects stratocumulus clouds over warmer sea surfaces, the vast majority of the decoupled stratocumulus decks are fed by divergence from the tops of underlying cumulus, forming cumulus‐coupled MBL. The cumulus‐coupled and well‐mixed MBL dominate the subtropical MBL regimes. We find that strong CTRC favors greater (smaller) occurrence frequency of well‐mixed (cumulus‐coupled) MBLs. In well‐mixed MBLs, strong CTRC enhances entrainment of dry free‐tropospheric air, desiccates the MBL, increases the surface latent heat fluxes, and elevates the cloud‐base height. This is demonstrated by the observed covariabilities between the CTRC rate and surface latent heat fluxes and cloud‐base height. The relationships are more statistically significant in conditions where the inversion strength is relatively weak, and thus, the entrainment is more effective. In cumulus‐coupled MBLs, however, the influence of CTRC in regulating the surface moisture is not detected by the ship observations. The much greater latent heat fluxes than the CTRC rate in cumulus‐coupled MBLs suggest stronger surface forcing, which substantially tames the footprint of CTRC.
The Influences of Orography and Ocean on Track of Typhoon Megi (2016) Past Taiwan as Identified by HWRF
Authors: Li Dian‐Yi , Huang Ching‐Yuang 
Published: October 2018

AbstractTyphoon Megi (2016) headed northwestward toward Taiwan with southward deflection near landfall. In this study, Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast system (HWRF) was used to investigate the mechanism of the track changes over free ocean and track deflection near landfall. HWRF simulations using more realistic Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model sea surface temperature (SST) analysis improve the northward biased track compared with that using Global Forecast System SST, due to the initial cooler SST below the storm path. The initial warmer Global Forecast System SST leads to a northward track shifting with an overintensified typhoon. As the Princeton Ocean Model is coupled, the SST over South China Sea becomes warmer leading to a northward track shifting compared to a southward shifting induced by the upper ocean cooling due to the typhoon‐ocean interactions in the vicinity of the typhoon. Regardless of track shifting, southward deflection near landfall is mainly controlled by orographic effects of the Central Mountain Range (CMR). Cyclonic northerly is enhanced to the west of the typhoon center ahead and over the CMR that results in southward deflection. Diagnostics of potential vorticity (PV) tendency budget indicates that southward deflection can be explained by the southeastward tendency of latent heating effects near landfall. The combined effects of latent heating and cyclonic rotation of positive wave numer‐1 (WN‐1) potential vorticity vertical advection dominate the southward deflection when the typhoon is closer to Taiwan. Furthermore, the typhoon movement near landfall is slowed down mainly due to WN‐1 negative vertical differential latent heating over the northern CMR.
Emplacement of the Triassic Pueblito Pluton, NW Colombia: Implications for the Evolution of the Western Margin of Pangea
Authors: Rodriguez‐Jimenez J. V. , Vinasco C. , Archanjo C. J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe present the first structural geology focused study of a Triassic pluton in the Northern Andes, which provides new insights into the understanding of the tectonically complex northwestern corner of South America. Based on a combination of field structural data (377 stations) and a detailed magnetic susceptibility survey, 159 sites, we studied the structure of the Pueblito Pluton (PP), an original suprasubduction mafic cumulate structure emplaced in the northern part of the Arquia Terrane (western margin of Central Cordillera of Colombia). Even though the PP has resided along an active margin for over 230 million years ago, geochronology suggests no postcrystallization Ar‐loss and, probably, no major reset of the original emplacement fabric. The PP magnetic fabric is dominatly parallel to the measured field foliation and formed under submagmatic to high‐temperature conditions, at the final stages of cooling. The pluton internal contacts, mylonitic structures along the western margin, shape of the pluton, scalar parameters of the magnetic fabric, the directional field/magnetic data, and the geochronological data are compatible with a sinistral transpressional tectonic regime of emplacement by ca 233 Ma. This regime was regionally extended in the Arquia and Tahami Terranes (western margin of Pangea).
Primary thermometry of a single reservoir using cyclic electron tunneling to a quantum dot
Authors: Ahmed Imtiaz , Chatterjee Anasua , Barraud Sylvain , Morton John J. L. , Haigh James A. , Gonzalez-Zalba M. Fernando 
Published: October 2018

AbstractAt the nanoscale, local and accurate measurements of temperature are of particular relevance when testing quantum thermodynamical concepts or investigating novel thermal nanoelectronic devices. Here, we present a primary electron thermometer that allows probing the local temperature of a single-electron reservoir in single-electron devices. The thermometer is based on cyclic electron tunneling between a system with discrete energy levels and the reservoir. When driven at a finite rate, close to a charge degeneracy point, the system behaves like a variable capacitor whose full width at half maximum depends linearly with temperature. We demonstrate this type of thermometer using a quantum dot in a silicon nanowire transistor. We drive cyclic electron tunneling by embedding the device in a radio-frequency resonator which in turn allows reading the thermometer dispersively. Overall, the thermometer shows potential for local probing of fast heat dynamics in nanoelectronic devices and for seamless integration with silicon-based quantum circuits.