bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The substance of citizenship: is it rights all the way down?
Authors: Raucea Chiara 
Published: May 2018

The substance of citizenship: is it rights all the way down?
This paper examines how the distribution of social goods within a political community relates to decisions on membership boundaries. The author challenges two renowned accounts of such a relation: firstly, Walzer’s account according to which decisions on membership boundaries necessarily precede decisions on distribution; secondly, Benhabib’s account, according to which membership boundaries can be called into question on the basis of universalist claims. Departing from both accounts, the author concludes that actual changes in the pool of participants in practices of creation and exchange of social goods pressure a political community to redefine its distributive patterns and, accordingly, the boundaries of its formal political membership. This claim will be supported by the analysis of threshold cases decided by the EU Court of Justice, in which EU citizenship is invoked with the atypical purpose of granting rights to a specific group of non-formal members.
Feeding behavior and trophic interaction of three shark species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve
Authors: Páez-Rosas Diego , Insuasti-Zarate Paul , Riofrío-Lazo Marjorie , Galván-Magaña Felipe 
Published: May 2018

There is great concern about the future of sharks in Ecuador because of the lack of biological knowledge of most species that inhabit the region. This paper analyzes the feeding behavior of the pelagic thresher shark (Alopias pelagicus), the blue shark (Prionace glauca) and the silky shark (Carcharhinus falciformis) through the use of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N), with the aim of determining the degree of interaction between these species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve. No interspecific differences were found in use of oceanic vs. inshore feeding areas (δ13C: Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.09). The position in the hierarchy of the food web where A. pelagicus feeds differed from that of the other species (δ15N: Kruskal–Wallis test, p = 0.01). There were no significant differences in δ13C and δ15N values between males and females of the three species (Student’s t-test, p > 0.05), which suggests that both sexes have a similar feeding behavior. A specialist strategy was observed in P. glauca (trophic niche breadth TNB = 0.69), while the other species were found to be generalist (A. pelagicus TNB = 1.50 and C. falciformis TNB = 1.09). The estimated trophic level (TL) varied between the three species. C. falciformis occupied the highest trophic level (TL = 4.4), making it a quaternary predator in the region. The results of this study coincide with the identified behavior in these predators in other areas of the tropical Pacific (Colombia and Mexico), and suggest a pelagic foraging strategy with differential consumption of prey between the three species. These ecological aspects can provide timely information when implementing in conservation measures for these shark species in the Tropical Pacific and Galapagos Marine Reserve.
Selective constraint acting on TLR2 and TLR4 genes of JapaneseRanafrogs
Authors: Lau Quintin , Igawa Takeshi , Kosch Tiffany A. , Satta Yoko 
Published: May 2018

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an important component of innate immunity, the first line of pathogen defence. One of the major roles of TLRs includes recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Amphibians are currently facing population declines and even extinction due to chytridiomycosis caused by theBatrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd) fungus. Evidence from other vertebrates shows that TLR2 and TLR4 are involved in innate immunity against various fungi. Such genes therefore may play a functional role in amphibian-chytridiomycosis dynamics. Frogs from East Asia appear to be tolerant to Bd, so we examined the genetic diversity that underlies TLR2 and TLR4 from three Japanese Ranidae frog species,Rana japonica,R. ornativentrisandR. tagoi tagoi(n = 5 per species). We isolated 27 TLR2 and 20 TLR4 alleles and found that these genes are evolutionarily conserved, with overall evidence supporting purifying selection. In contrast, site-by-site analysis of selection identified several specific codon sites under positive selection, some of which were located in the variable leucine rich repeat domains. In addition, preliminary expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 from transcriptome data showed overall low expression. Although it remains unclear whether infectious pathogens are a selective force acting on TLRs of Japanese frogs, our results support that certain sites in TLRs of these species may have experienced pathogen-mediated selection.
Allocation pattern and accumulation potential of carbon stock in natural spruce forests in northwest China
Authors: Yue Jun-Wei , Guan Jin-Hong , Deng Lei , Zhang Jian-Guo , Li Guoqing , Du Sheng 
Published: May 2018

Background
The spruce forests are dominant communities in northwest China, and play a key role in national carbon budgets. However, the patterns of carbon stock distribution and accumulation potential across stand ages are poorly documented.

Methods
We investigated the carbon stocks in biomass and soil in the natural spruce forests in the region by surveys on 39 plots. Biomass of tree components were estimated using allometric equations previously established based on tree height and diameter at breast height, while biomass in understory (shrub and herb) and forest floor were determined by total harvesting method. Fine root biomass was estimated by soil coring technique. Carbon stocks in various biomass components and soil (0–100 cm) were estimated by analyzing the carbon content of each component.

Results
The results showed that carbon stock in these forest ecosystems can be as high as 510.1 t ha−1, with an average of 449.4 t ha−1. Carbon stock ranged from 28.1 to 93.9 t ha−1 and from 0.6 to 8.7 t ha−1 with stand ages in trees and deadwoods, respectively. The proportion of shrubs, herbs, fine roots, litter and deadwoods ranged from 0.1% to 1% of the total ecosystem carbon, and was age-independent. Fine roots and deadwood which contribute to about 2% of the biomass carbon should be attached considerable weight in the investigation of natural forests. Soil carbon stock did not show a changing trend with stand age, ranging from 254.2 to 420.0 t ha−1 with an average of 358.7 t ha−1. The average value of carbon sequestration potential for these forests was estimated as 29.4 t ha−1, with the lower aged ones being the dominant contributor. The maximum carbon sequestration rate was 2.47 t ha−1 year−1 appearing in the growth stage of 37–56 years.

Conclusion
The carbon stock in biomass was the major contributor to the increment of carbon stock in ecosystems. Stand age is not a good predictor of soil carbon stocks and accurate evaluation of the soil carbon dynamics thus requires long-term monitoring in situ. The results not only revealed carbon stock status and dynamics in these natural forests but were helpful to understand the role of Natural Forest Protection project in forest carbon sequestration as well.
A importância da pós-graduação na produção do conhecimento científico
Authors: De Araújo Roberto Paulo Correia 
Published: May 2018

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Beyond a constant proton relative biological effectiveness: A survey of clinical and research perspectives among proton institutions in Europe and the United States
Authors: Ödén Jakob , Eriksson Kjell , Kaushik Suryakant , Traneus Erik 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPurposeAlthough proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE) depends on factors like linear energy transfer (LET), tissue properties, dose, and biological endpoint, a constant RBE of 1.1 is recommended in clinical practice. This study surveys proton institutions to explore activities using functionalities beyond a constant proton RBE.MethodsResearch versions of RayStation integrate functionalities considering variable proton RBE, LET, proton track‐ends, and dirty dose. A survey of 19 institutions in Europe and the United States, with these functionalities available, investigated clinical adoption and research prospects using a 25‐question online questionnaire.ResultsOf the 16 institutions that responded (84% response rate), 13 were clinically active. These clinical institutions prescribe RBE = 1.1 but also employ planning strategies centered around special beam arrangements to address potentially enhanced RBE effects in serially structured organs at risk (OARs). Clinical plan evaluation encompassed beam angles/spot position (69%), dose‐averaged LET (LETd) (46%), and variable RBE distributions (38%). High ratings (discrete scale: 1–5) were reported for the research functionalities using linear LETd‐RBE models, LETd, track‐end frequency and dirty dose (averages: 4.0–4.8), while LQ‐based phenomenological RBE models dependent on LETd scored lower for optimization (average: 2.2) but congruent for evaluation (average: 4.1). The institutions preferred LET reported as LETd (94%), computed in unit‐density water (56%), for all protons (63%), and lean toward LETd‐based phenomenological RBE models for clinical use (> 50%).ConclusionsProton institutions recognize RBE variability but adhere to a constant RBE while actively mitigating potential enhancements, particularly in serially structured OARs. Research efforts focus on planning techniques that utilize functionalities beyond a constant RBE, emphasizing standardized LET and RBE calculations to facilitate their adoption in clinical practice and improve clinical data collection. LETd calculated in unit‐density water for all protons as input to adaptable phenomenological RBE models was the most suggested approach, aligning with predominant clinical LET and variable RBE reporting.
Nanoconfinement Effect Enhances Stretchability and Mechanical Stability of Organic Photodetectors
Authors: Peng Zhongxiang , Chen Rui , Liu Xinyu , Zhang Yingze , Wang Jiahui , Miao Junhui , Han Yanchun , Liu Jun 
Published: November 2024

AbstractOrganic photodetectors (OPDs) hold immense promise for stretchable and wearable applications, but their photoactive films demonstrate brittleness, stiffness, and mechanical instability, posing challenges for future applications. Herein, the nanoconfinement effect is reported to substantially improve the stretchability and mechanical stability while reducing the stiffness of photoactive films, simultaneously maintaining the high light detection performance. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and photoelectric performance of the quaternary blend films with varying elastomer contents are thoroughly characterized. Additionally, the elastic modulus of quaternary blends can be accurately predicted by the Coran–Patel model. Cyclic tensile tests demonstrate enhanced mechanical stability, resulting in a specific detectivity of the quaternary blend with the nanoconfinement effect being 19 times higher than that of the ternary blend after 200 cycles. Overall, this study provides novel insights into constructing stretchable blend films for wearable electronics.
Polymer Electrolyte Based All‐Solid‐State Rechargeable Fluoride Ion Batteries
Authors: Yu Yifan , Li Guyue , Li Chilin 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRechargeable fluoride ion batteries (FIBs) are one of the most promising energy storage candidates in view of high energy density and low cost. The development of highly F‐conductive, safe, and flexible electrolytes is the central task for the construction of high‐performance FIBs. Hereby, this work first proposes a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐borax‐glycerol (PBG) polymer electrolyte. The F− transport along one PVA chain is realized by the interaction between F− and ‐OH on the PVA chain and the motion of PVA chain would facilitate the migration of F−. The B(OH)4− dissociated from borax can be used as a cross‐linking agent, and react with the hydroxyl groups on PVA by a dehydration process to form a polymer with a 3D cross‐linked structure. The optimized ionic conductivity (as high as 2.82 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C and 1.08 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 60 °C) of PBG can be obtained. The flat and soft surface of PBG electrolytes can significantly reduce the activation energy for the interfacial transport process. Benefitting from the high ionic conductivity and easier interfacial transport, the PBG electrolyte makes the all‐solid‐state FIBs enable reversible cycling at a high current density of 125 mA g−1.
Rubidium Halide Additive Engineering for Efficient and Stable Bifacial Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Jieqiong , Sun Xiaoxu , Wang Zishuo , Cui Xiaoxia , Chen Xianggang , Li Zhuoxin , Feng Xuzheng , Tang Jixiang , Yang Miao , Yuan Zhengbo , Zhang Zhao , La Sijia , Li Xing , Dai Songyuan , Cai Molang 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBifacial perovskite solar cells (PSCs) possess a dual light‐absorbing structure, which enables higher power output at lower additional costs. However, the replacement of metal electrodes with transparent ones leads to serious light loss, necessitating a thicker perovskite layer to compensate for this drawback. In this study, the impact of different rubidium halide (RbCl, RbBr, and RbI) additives is systematically investigated on precursor solubility and the quality of micron‐sized perovskite thick films prepared using a two‐step method. It is observed that RbCl exhibited the strongest interactions with PbI2, enhancing its solubility and leading to the formation of multihole PbI2 films that promote subsequent crystallization of thick perovskite film. Additionally, the RbCl‐based perovskite film demonstrates a narrowed bandgap attributed to the formation of a‐FAPbI3. Consequently, the short‐circuit current density (Jsc) and open‐circuit voltage (Voc) in the RbCl‐based bifacial PSCs are simultaneously enhanced, and a record efficiency of 20.86% (21.04% certified) is also obtained among n‐i‐p bifacial PSCs, exhibiting an ≈80% bifaciality and a power generation density (PGD) exceeding 24 mW cm−2 with a reflectivity value of 0.2. More importantly, the optimized device does not show any performance degradation after continuous illumination under 1sun for 1000 h.
Development of Ultrathin, Breathable, Waterproof, and Durable Nanonet‐Supported Ionogel Sensors for Electrophysiological Monitoring
Authors: Zhang Jiale , Ma Zhuangzhuang , Li Maojian , Lou Minghao , Wang Hongqiang , Jia Lichao 
Published: November 2024

AbstractIonogel has gained attention as a promising material for flexible electronic skin (e‐skin), due to its exceptional conductivity, compositional stability, and biocompatibility. Nevertheless, establishing a seamless interface between ionogel and human skin remains a significant challenge. This study presents the design and fabrication of a nanonet‐supported ionogel with a thickness of ≈16 µm, marking it the thinnest ionogel reported to date. This ultrathin ionogel exhibits remarkable toughness (5.51 MJ m−3), a broad strain range (0–375%), and impressive fatigue resistance, enduring over 3000 cycles. Additionally, it offers excellent water resistance and a high water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), supporting perspiration and enhancing skin breathability. Moreover, the ultrathin ionogel has potential as a carrier in transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), highlighting its suitability for biomedical applications. Wearable devices incorporating this ultrathin ionogel facilitate continuous, sensitive, and highly accurate monitoring of physiological signals, positioning it as a promising material for future flexible e‐skin material.
MXene Surface Engineering Enabling High‐Performance Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: He Xiaolong , Xiang Yinyu , Yao Wenjiao , Yan Feng , Zhang Yongsheng , Gerlach Dominic , Pei Yutao , Rudolf Petra , Portale Giuseppe 
Published: November 2024

AbstractSolid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) offer inherent advantages for battery applications, such as high safety and excellent processability, but their practical use is limited by challenges like low ionic conductivity, subpar mechanical properties, and instability of the electrode/electrolyte interface. Here, novel SPEs are developed by embedding 2D MXenes decorated at the surface with methoxypolyethylene glycol chains into poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐hexafluoropropylene matrices, enhanced with succinonitrile as a plasticizer. This innovative design improves the compatibility of the modified MXene in poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐hexafluoropropylene and, together with the synergistic effects of succinonitrile, promotes the dissociation of lithium salt. The SPE achieves ionic conductivity of 1.49 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C, and a Li‐ion transference number of 0.59. These results are supported by comprehensive experimental characterization, COMSOL simulations, and DFT calculations. This SPE enables stable and reversible Li plating/stripping for over 2100 h in Li/Li symmetric cells, while fabricated Li/LiFePO4 full cells deliver a notable capacity of 135.4 mAh g−1 with an average Coulombic efficiency of 98.9% after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. Furthermore, the Li/LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 full cells also demonstrate a capacity of 140.5 mAh g−1 after over 200 cycles at 0.5 C, showcasing an impressive capacity retention rate of 99.6%.
Sugar‐Derived Carbon‐Based Fiber with Core‐Sheath Structure for Fiber‐Shaped Supercapacitors with High Strength and Superior Capacitive Performance
Authors: Yang Yu , Chen Daming , Han Wenbo , Hou Chenglin , Chen Guiqing , Han Jiecai , Zhang Xinghong 
Published: November 2024

AbstractFiber‐shaped supercapacitors are pivotal for wearable device advancement, yet they struggle to achieve both high strength and energy density, hindering their daily practicality in wearable electronic devices. In this study, a sugar‐derived carbon‐based fiber with a core‐sheath structure is designed to enhance the overall performance of fiber supercapacitors. The porous multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) sheath is bonded by sugar‐derived carbon （SDC）, which effectively prevents aggregation between the MWCNTs, providing a large adsorption surface for the fiber, consequently yielding excellent electrochemical performance, with a specific capacity of 236.7 F cm−3. The sugar‐derived core fibers function as the current collector for the fiber electrode, contributing significantly to the mechanical properties (213 MPa). The assembled fiber‐shaped supercapacitors demonstrate outstanding energy density (5.67 mWh cm−3 at power density of 45 mW cm−3) and flexibility, which can provide stable energy for various electronic devices and has great potential for application in wearable devices.
Stabilizing 4.6 V LiCoO2 via Surface‐to‐Bulk Titanium Modification
Authors: Gao Liu , Li Fujie , Zeng Guangrong , Jin Xin , Li Zhenyou , Wang Chao 
Published: November 2024

AbstractElevating the charging cut‐off voltage is an effective strategy to increase the energy density of LiCoO2. However, unstable interfacial structures and unfavorable phase transitions in bulk are inevitably triggered during deep de‐lithiation at high voltage. Herein, an integrated surface‐to‐bulk Ti‐modification strategy is applied to LiCoO2, enabling uniform Li2TiO3 coating on the surface and gradient Ti‐doping toward the structural bulk. The resultant Ti‐modified LiCoO2 (T‐LCO) electrode can be stably cycled up to 4.6 V, providing a high‐rate capability of 137 mAh g−1 at 5C and a long‐life stability with 80.5% capacity retention after 400 cycles at 1C, far outperforming the unmodified LiCoO2 electrode with only 50.7% capacity retention. In situ X‐ray diffraction characterization and density functional theory calculation reveal that the synergistic modification of T‐LCO enhances Li+ diffusion, facilitates the construction of high‐quality cathode/electrolyte interphase, reduces the phase transition from O3 to H1‐3 and Co3d/O2p band overlap, and restrains layer‐to‐spinel phase distortion, thus improving structural stability at 4.6 V. This work presents a “two birds one step” strategy to enhance the cycling stability and achievable capacity of high‐voltage LiCoO2 for developing high energy density lithium‐ion batteries.
Fabrication of MnO2‐Modified Decellularized Tendon Membrane for Enhancing Tendon Repair
Authors: Lun Wanqing , Wang Huajun , Li Mengyuan , Ma Jiuzhi , Ding Yilin , Zheng Xiaofei , Cao Xiaodong , Li Qingtao 
Published: November 2024

AbstractRepairing tendon/ligament injuries is a major challenge in sports medicine. It has been reported that tendon injury healing is hindered by massive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Manganese oxides nanoparticles are generally non‐toxic, can scavenge ROS, promote tissue regeneration, and hold promise for sustainable nanotechnologies. However, the effective and safe integration of MnO2 nanoparticles on decellularized scaffold mediating tissue repair is still a great challenge. To address these issues, an in situ MnO2‐modified decellularized scaffold is developed to enhance tendon regeneration through improving microenvironment. The decellularized fibrous membrane is designed and prepared using the central tendon of the porcine diaphragm. Then MnO2 nanozymes are in situ grown on the collagen fibers using tannic acid (TA) as cross‐linking agent and reducing agent. The results showed that MnO2‐modified scaffold eliminates excessive accumulation of ROS in cells, protects mitochondrial, and maintains the phenotype of tendon cells in an oxidative stress environment. Notably, it is found that the MnO2‐modified scaffold exhibits good biocompatibility and is able to promote the tendon healing in the rat patellar tendon defect model. Altogether, this study confirmed that this nanozyme‐functionalized decellularized extracellular matrix effectively enhanced tendon repair by scavenging ROS, which provides new strategies for enhancing tendon regeneration.