bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socio-demographic Characteristics, Risk Factors and Awareness of Adults Hypertensive Population in Khartoum Locality, 2014
Authors: Abdalla Asma Abdelaal , Alagib Mohammed Eltahir Abdalrahman , Balla Siham Ahmed 
Published: October 2019

Aims: To identify the prevalence of hypertensions, socio demographic characteristics, risk factor and awareness of the study population about hypertension in Khartoum Locality.
Study Design: A descriptive community-based cross-sectional study.
Place of Study: Khartoum locality, Sudan.
Methodology: A total of 587 adult participants were interviewed using structured close ended questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured considering hypertension as ≥ 140 mmHg and ≥ 90 mmHg for systole and diastole blood pressure respectively. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated and the cutoff points were derived from World Health Organization (WHO) reference criteria to classify BMI as normal, overweight and obese. Chi square test was used to assess the association of socio demographic characteristics and risk factors with hypertensive population.
Results: The prevalence of hypertensive accounted to 216 (36.8%). Thirty seven hypertensive participants (17%) were not aware about having hypertension, 86 (40%) were not aware about at least one complication of HTN and 117(54%) were not aware about the normal measures of blood pressure. The hypertensive participants were significantly high in the age group 25- 64 years of age and above. Females were significantly having hypertension more than males, 155 (72%) versus 61 (28%). Married participants were significantly having hypertension more than non-married, 169(78%) and 47(22%) respectively. Unemployed participants were significantly having hypertension more than employed ones, 168 (77.8%) and 48 (22.2%) respectively.
Risk factors among hypertensive participants were significantly found among overweight 67 (31%) and obese 115 (53%), positive family history of hypertension 139 (65%), increase salt in food149 (69.3%) and physical inactivity 166 (77%).
Conclusion: The prevalence of hypertension among Khartoum locality was high. Hypertensive population awareness was low. Age, sex, marital status, education and employment were significantly associated with hypertensive population. Obesity and overweight, family history of hypertension, increase salt in food and physical inactivity were risk factors among hypertensive study population.
Phenotypic variability of GABRA1‐related epilepsy in monozygotic twins
Authors: Krenn Martin , Ernst Margot , Tomschik Matthias , Treven Marco , Wagner Matias , Westphal Dominik S. , Meitinger Thomas , Pataraia Ekaterina , Zimprich Fritz , Aull‐Watschinger Susanne 
Published: October 2019

AbstractVariants in GABRA1 have been associated with different epilepsies ranging from mild generalized forms to epileptic encephalopathies. Despite the broad clinical spectrum, phenotypes were found to be largely concordant within families. Contrary to this observation, we report monozygotic twin sisters with generalized epilepsy due to the c.541C>T; p.(Pro181Ser) de novo variant in GABRA1. One experienced juvenile absence seizures promptly responding to first‐line medication, whereas the second developed severe treatment‐refractory epilepsy with febrile, absence, atonic, and tonic‐clonic seizures indicating marked intrafamilial variability in GABRA1‐related epilepsy. Moreover, we provide a molecular characterization of the novel variant based on recently published structural data.
Full Energy Spectra of Interface State Densities for n‐ and p‐type MoS2 Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Fang Nan , Toyoda Satoshi , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Nagashio Kosuke 
Published: October 2019

Abstract2D materials are promising to overcome the scaling limit of Si field‐effect transistors (FETs). However, the insulator/2D channel interface severely degrades the performance of 2D FETs, and the origin of the degradation remains largely unexplored. Here, the full energy spectra of the interface state densities (Dit) are presented for both n‐ and p‐ MoS2 FETs, based on the comprehensive and systematic studies, i.e., full rage of channel thickness and various gate stack structures with h‐BN as well as high‐k oxides. For n‐MoS2, Dit around the mid‐gap is drastically reduced to 5 × 1011 cm−2 eV−1 for the heterostructure FET with h‐BN from 5 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1 for the high‐k top‐gate. On the other hand, Dit remains high, ≈1013 cm−2 eV−1, even for the heterostructure FET for p‐MoS2. The systematic study elucidates that the strain induced externally through the substrate surface roughness and high‐k deposition process is the origin for the interface degradation on conduction band side, while sulfur‐vacancy‐induced defect states dominate the interface degradation on valance band side. The present understanding of the interface properties provides the key to further improving the performance of 2D FETs.
Nanoassembly Growth Model for Subdomain and Grain Boundary Formation in 1T′ Layered ReS2
Authors: Li Xiaobo , Wang Xiao , Hong Jinhua , Liu Dongyan , Feng Qingliang , Lei Zhibin , Liu Kaihui , Ding Feng , Xu Hua 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGrain boundaries (GBs) significantly affect the electrical, optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties of 2D materials. An anisotropic 2D material like ReS2 provides unprecedented opportunities to explore novel GB properties, since the reduced lattice symmetry offers greater degrees of freedom to build new GB structures. Here the atomic structure and formation mechanism of unusual multidomain and diverse GB structures in the vapor phase synthesized ReS2 atomic layers are reported. Using high‐resolution electron microscopy, two major categories of GBs are observed in each ReS2 domain, namely, the joint GB including three structures, and the GBs formed from a reconstruction of Re4‐chains including seven different structures. Based on the experimental observations, a novel “nanoassembly growth model” is proposed to elucidate the growth process of ReS2, where three types of Re4‐chain reconstruction give rise to a multidomain structure. Moreover, it is shown that by controlling the thermodynamics of the growth process, the structure and density of GB in the ReS2 domain can be tailored. First‐principles calculations point to interesting new properties resulting from such GBs, such as a new electron state or ferromagnetism, which are highly sought after in the construction of novel 2D devices.
Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells Incorporating Secondary Amines
Authors: Chen Hao , Wei Qi , Saidaminov Makhsud I. , Wang Fei , Johnston Andrew , Hou Yi , Peng Zijian , Xu Kaimin , Zhou Wenjia , Liu Zhenghao , Qiao Lu , Wang Xiao , Xu Siwen , Li Jiangyu , Long Run , Ke Youqi , Sargent Edward H. , Ning Zhijun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLarge‐bandgap perovskites offer a route to improve the efficiency of energy capture in photovoltaics when employed in the front cell of perovskite–silicon tandems. Implementing perovskites as the front cell requires an inverted (p–i–n) architecture; this architecture is particularly effective at harnessing high‐energy photons and is compatible with ionic‐dopant‐free transport layers. Here, a power conversion efficiency of 21.6% is reported, the highest among inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Only by introducing a secondary amine into the perovskite structure to form MA1−xDMAxPbI3 (MA is methylamine and DMA is dimethylamine) are defect density and carrier recombination suppressed to enable record performance. It is also found that the controlled inclusion of DMA increases the hydrophobicity and stability of films in ambient operating conditions: encapsulated devices maintain over 80% of their efficiency following 800 h of operation at the maximum power point, 30 times longer than reported in the best prior inverted PSCs. The unencapsulated devices show record operational stability in ambient air among PSCs.
Heterostructured TiO2 Spheres with Tunable Interiors and Shells toward Improved Packing Density and Pseudocapacitive Sodium Storage
Authors: Xu Xin , Chen Bo , Hu Junping , Sun Bowen , Liang Xiaohui , Li Nan , Yang Shengyuan A. , Zhang Hua , Huang Wei , Yu Ting 
Published: October 2019

AbstractInsertion‐type anode materials with beneficial micro‐ and nanostructures are proved to be promising for high‐performance electrochemical metal ion storage. In this work, heterostructured TiO2 shperes with tunable interiors and shells are controllably fabricated through newly proposed programs, resulting in enhanced pseudocapacitive response as well as favorable Na+ storage kinetics and performances. In addition, reasonably designed nanosheets in the extrinsic shells are also able to reduce the excess space generated by hierarchical structure, thus improving the packing density of TiO2 shperes. Lastly, detailed density functional theory calculations with regard to sodium intercalation and diffusion in TiO2 crystal units are also employed, further proving the significance of the surface‐controlled pseudocapacitive Na+ storage mechanism. The structure design strategies and experimental results demonstrated in this work are meaningful for electrode material preparation with high rate performance and volume energy density.
Highly Efficient and Environmentally Friendly Fabrication of Robust, Programmable, and Biocompatible Anisotropic, All‐Cellulose, Wrinkle‐Patterned Hydrogels for Cell Alignment
Authors: Zou Jie , Wu Shuangquan , Chen Jie , Lei Xiaojuan , Li Qihua , Yu Hui , Tang Shan , Ye Dongdong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWrinkled hydrogels from biomass sources are potential structural biomaterials. However, for biorelated applications, engineering scalable, structure‐customized, robust, and biocompatible wrinkled hydrogels with highly oriented nanostructures and controllable intervals is still a challenge. A scalable biomass material, namely cellulose, is reported for customizing anisotropic, all‐cellulose, wrinkle‐patterned hydrogels (AWHs) through an ultrafast, auxiliary force, acid‐induced gradient dual‐crosslinking strategy. Direct immersion of a prestretched cellulose alkaline gel in acid and relaxation within seconds allow quick buildup of a consecutive through‐thickness modulus gradient with acid‐penetration‐directed dual‐crosslinking, confirmed by visual 3D Raman microscopy imaging, which drives the formation of self‐wrinkling structures. Moreover, guided by quantitative mechanics simulations, the structure of AWHs is found to exhibit programmable intervals and aligned nanostructures that differ between ridge and valley regions and can be controlled by tuning the prestretching strain and acid treatment time, and these AWHs successfully induce cell alignment. Thus, a new avenue is opened to fabricate polysaccharide‐derived, programmable, anisotropic, wrinkled hydrogels for use as biomedical materials via a bottom‐up method.
2D Electrocatalysts for Converting Earth‐Abundant Simple Molecules into Value‐Added Commodity Chemicals: Recent Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Yin Huajie , Dou Yuhai , Chen Shan , Zhu Zhengju , Liu Porun , Zhao Huijun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe electrocatalytic conversion of earth‐abundant simple molecules into value‐added commodity chemicals can transform current chemical production regimes with enormous socioeconomic and environmental benefits. For these applications, 2D electrocatalysts have emerged as a new class of high‐performance electrocatalyst with massive forward‐looking potential. Recent advances in 2D electrocatalysts are reviewed for emerging applications that utilize naturally existing H2O, N2, O2, Cl− (seawater) and CH4 (natural gas) as reactants for nitrogen reduction (N2 → NH3), two‐electron oxygen reduction (O2 → H2O2), chlorine evolution (Cl− → Cl2), and methane partial oxidation (CH4 → CH3OH) reactions to generate NH3, H2O2, Cl2, and CH3OH. The unique 2D features and effective approaches that take advantage of such features to create high‐performance 2D electrocatalysts are articulated with emphasis. To benefit the readers and expedite future progress, the challenges facing the future development of 2D electrocatalysts for each of the above reactions and the related perspectives are provided.
Impact of the Ink Formulation and Coating Speed on the Polymorphism and Morphology of a Solution‐Sheared Thin Film of a Blended Organic Semiconductor
Authors: Tamayo Adrián , Riera‐Galindo Sergi , Jones Andrew O. F. , Resel Roland , Mas‐Torrent Marta 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDespite the recent encouraging advances in achieving high‐performance organic field effect transistors employing meniscus‐guided processing techniques compatible with roll‐to‐roll manufacturing, there is still a very limited knowledge about how all the coating parameters influence the thin film electrical characteristics. Here, the polymorphism and morphology of thin films of the organic semiconductor dibenzo‐tetrathiafulvalene blended with polystyrene deposited by bar‐assisted meniscus shearing (BAMS) are investigated in‐depth by modifying the coating speed and ink formulation. It is found that all these parameters significantly affect the crystallization process and the resulting thin film characteristics. Remarkably, pure polymorphs with optimized field‐effect mobilities can be achieved only within a narrow range of conditions. The precise control of the film morphology and crystal structure is of paramount importance in order to move toward real applications achieving high device‐to‐device reproducibility.
Understanding the Independent and Interdependent Role of Water and Oxidation on the Tribology of Ultrathin Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2)
Authors: Arif Taib , Yadav Shwetank , Colas Guillaume , Singh Chandra Veer , Filleter Tobin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this work, the tribological behavior of ultrathin MoS2 is investigated to understand the independent roles of water and oxidation. Water adsorption is identified as the primary interfacial mechanism for both SiO2/pristine‐MoS2 and SiO2/graphene interfaces, however, tribological behavior of pristine‐MoS2 is observed to be more sensitive to presence of water due to stronger MoS2–water interaction. Comparison of pristine‐MoS2 and oxidized‐MoS2 reveals that the oxidation of MoS2 significantly increases its friction and sensitivity to water by playing a more detrimental role. The specific effect of oxygen on friction via chemical interactions is studied in isolation through density functional theory simulations of a tip sliding on MoS2 basal planes and over edges before and after oxidation. The maximum change in energy, or energy barrier correlating with friction, as the tip moves across the surface, increases after oxidation by up to 66% for the basal plane and by 25% at the edge. Charge density analysis suggests that the more localized and nonuniform interfacial charge distribution on oxygen‐rich surfaces, as compared to pristine surfaces, leads to higher resistance to sliding. This confirms that oxygen presence alone increases friction and when coupled with the presence of water, both effects are additive in increasing friction.
Transcription‐Related Dynamics from Immune Disability into Endogenous Innovation
Authors: Zhang Yanna , Li Qian , Hou Panyan , Lu Yanan , Yang Huanhuan , Lin Xiaojuan , Su Chao , Wei Yuquan , Yang Xiulin , Yang Hanshuo , Zhao Xia , Chen Xiancheng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSo far, thymus involution in adults is believed to be irreversible, and endogenous innovation for thymus‐related immunodeficiency remains to be an intractable puzzle. With the expectation of addressing this dilemma, human ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) has been reengineered as epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐tridimensional‐spheroid biologics (ETSB) using a dynamic EMT‐3D‐floating system along with 160 Gy X‐ray‐amelioration, which inoculates subcutaneously into aging rhesus and athymic Balb/cnu/nu mice. Herein, it is bioinformatically validated that ETSB can reset Clock/Arntl‐Per3/Tim molecule rhythm dynamics to re‐prime thymus residual (parathyroid or fatty‐like invalid vesicles yet no thymic architecture) to evolutionary transcription with overall cortex‐medulla endogenized by TECs undergoing MET/EMT reversion. Rhythm dynamics immediately resettles the bHLH‐LTβR‐NFκB‐RelA/B loop as a cascade to provoke the core immune microenvironment for multifunctional innovation of dynamic TCR orchestration, with harmonious naïve T‐subsets and TRECs renewals (P < 0.005). Subsequently, peripheral biological burden and tumor metastasis dynamics are addressed by innovative TCR‐defense/attack dynamics quickly (P < 0.005 vs Control), yet without autoimmune indication to hosts. Moreover, a functional blockade of core‐rhythm dynamics deeply impedes the endogenous innovation of invalid thymus residual. Thus this study may help pioneer a prospective strategy to innovate panoramic central‐peripheral immune microenvironments and defense dynamics for immune‐deficient/aging victims.
Recent Progress of Rare‐Earth Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Optimization, and Applications
Authors: Zhu Xiaohui , Zhang Jing , Liu Jinliang , Zhang Yong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUpconversion is a nonlinear optical phenomenon that involves the emission of high‐energy photons by sequential absorption of two or more low‐energy excitation photons. Due to their excellent physiochemical properties such as deep penetration depth, little damage to samples, and high chemical stability, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are extensively applied in bioimaging, biosensing, theranostic, and photochemical reactions. Here, recent achievements in the synthesis, optimization, and applications of UCNP‐based nanomaterials are reviewed. The state‐of‐the‐art approaches to synthesize UCNPs in the past few years are introduced first, followed by a summary of several strategies to optimize upconversion emissive properties and various applications of UCNPs. Lastly, the challenges and future perspectives of UCNPs are provided as a conclusion.
DNA‐Encoded Libraries: Aryl Fluorosulfonates as Versatile Electrophiles Enabling Facile On‐DNA Suzuki, Sonogashira, and Buchwald Reactions
Authors: Xu Hongtao , Ma Fei , Wang Nan , Hou Wei , Xiong Huan , Lu Fengping , Li Jie , Wang Shuyue , Ma Peixiang , Yang Guang , Lerner Richard A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUsing (hetero)aryl fluorosulfonates as versatile electrophiles, facile on‐DNA cross‐coupling reactions of Suzuki, Sonogashira, and Buchwald are reported here. Notably, all of these reactions show excellent functional group tolerance, mild reaction conditions (relative low temperature and open to air), rich heterocyclic coupling partners, and more importantly, DNA‐compatibility. Thus, these new reactions based on efficient formation of C(sp2)‐C(sp2), C(sp2)‐C(sp), and C(sp2)‐N bonds are highly amenable to synthesis of DNA‐encoded libraries with great molecular diversity.
Design and Construction of Sodium Polysulfides Defense System for Room‐Temperature Na–S Battery
Authors: Yang Tingting , Guo Bingshu , Du Wenyan , Aslam Muhammad Kashif , Tao Mengli , Zhong Wei , Chen Yuming , Bao Shu‐Juan , Zhang Xuan , Xu Maowen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRoom‐temperature Na–S batteries are facing one of the most serious challenges of charge/discharge with long cycling stability due to the severe shuttle effect and volume expansion. Herein, a sodium polysulfides defense system is presented by designing and constructing the cathode‐separator double barriers. In this strategy, the hollow carbon spheres are decorated with MoS2 (HCS/MoS2) as the S carrier (S@HCS/MoS2). Meanwhile, the HCS/MoS2 composite is uniformly coated on the surface of the glass fiber as the separator. During the discharge process, the MoS2 can adsorb soluble polysulfides (NaPSs) intermediates and the hollow carbon spheres can improve the conductivity of S as well as act as the reservoir for electrolyte and NaPSs, inhibiting them from entering the anode to make Na deteriorate. As a result, the cathode‐separator group applied to room‐temperature Na–S battery can enable a capacity of ≈1309 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and long cycling life up to 1000 cycles at 1 C. This study provides a novel and effective way to develop durable room‐temperature Na–S batteries.
Dynamic Profiling of Antitumor Activity of CAR T Cells Using Micropatterned Tumor Arrays
Authors: Wang Xiao , Scarfò Irene , Schmidts Andrea , Toner Mehmet , Maus Marcela V. , Irimia Daniel 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCancer immunotherapy based on the engineering of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) on T cells has emerged as one of the most promising new therapies for patients with B‐cell malignancies. Preclinical assessments of essential CAR T cell functions such as trafficking and cytotoxicity are critical for accelerating the development of highly effective therapeutic candidates. However, current tools for evaluating CAR‐T functions lack sufficient precision. Here, a micropatterned tumor array (MiTA) is described that enables detailed and dynamic characterization of CAR T cell trafficking toward tumor‐cell islands and subsequent killing of tumor cells. It is shown that CAR T cells often merge into large clusters that envelop and kill the tumor cells with high efficiency. Significant differences are also measured between CAR T cells from different donors and between various CAR T cell constructs. Overall, the assay allows for multifaceted, dynamic, high‐content evaluation of CAR T trafficking, clustering, and killing and could eventually become a useful tool for immune‐oncology research and preclinical assessments of cell‐based immunotherapies.
Robust Amphiphobic Few‐Layer Black Phosphorus Nanosheet with Improved Stability
Authors: Liu Xiao , Bai Yunfei , Xu Jun , Xu Qingchi , Xiao Liangping , Sun Liping , Weng Jian , Zhao Yanli 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFew‐layer black phosphorus (FL‐BP) has been intensively studied due to its attractive properties and great potential in electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, the intrinsic instability of FL‐BP greatly limits its practical application. In this study, the amphiphobic FL‐BP is achieved by functionalization of 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (PFDTS) on the surface of FL‐BP. The obtained PFDTS coated FL‐BP (FL‐BP/PFDTS) demonstrates enhanced stability, which is not observed during significant degradation for 2 months in high moisture content environment (95% humidity). Particularly, attributing to the surface amphiphobicity, FL‐BP/PFDTS exhibits strong surface water repellency in the presence of oleic acid (as the contaminant), while other passivation coating layers (such as hydrophilic or hydrophobic coating) become hydrophilicity under such conditions. Owing to this advantage, the obtained FL‐BP/PFDTS demonstrates enhanced stability in high moisture content environment for 2 months, even though the surface is contaminated by oil liquid or other organic solvents (such as oleic acid, CH2Cl2, and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone). The passivation of FL‐BP by amphiphobic coating provides an effective approach for FL‐BP stabilization toward future applications.