bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rectification of walls of the historical brick barrack on the site of the former German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp KL Auschwitz - Birkenau
Authors: Gromysz Krzysztof , Szoblik Lukasz , Cyrulik Ewa , Tanistra-Rozanowska Agnieszka , Drabczyk Zofia , Jancia Szymon 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The construction of the German Nazi concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz II - Birkenau started at the end of 1941. A barrack with the current inventory no. B-123, situated at the section BI, was then erected. The barrack has a documentary and historical value. The barrack walls are characterised by the low stiffness, because with the building’s plan of 36.17 m × 11.39 m, the walls are only 0.12 m thick. All the outer walls have been substantially deformed or vertically deflected. Up to 100 mm wide gaps have formed between the deformed and deflected external walls and contiguous walls as a result. The stability of the walls was at risk, because a bad-quality wall was loaded with horizontal and vertical forces transmitted from the roof on the eccentricity reaching 100 mm. Deformations were progressing over time as a consequence of such forces. Individual rectification procedures were designed and implemented for each wall as part of the comprehensive conservatory and building works, the purpose of which was to ensure the stability. This article presents a procedure of rectification the eastern gable wall and the outer, longitudinal northern wall. The deformation of the eastern gable wall was removed by changing its static scheme, by inserting hinge regions into the wall along the line of selected bed joints. Separate wall patches, which could rotate relative to each other, were created as a result of the forces acting perpendicular to the wall surface. By causing the mutual rotation of such patches, the eastern gable wall reached the desired vertical position. The vertically deflected, longitudinal outer northern wall was rectified by rotating the wall in relation to the wall support edge on the foundations. An analogous procedure was applied to the outer longitudinal southern wall. After the completed rectification, the walls were anchored to the contiguous walls; the places of rotation and anchoring were filled with mortar. A different procedure was adopted for the other deflected walls. The advancing deformations of the western gable wall were stopped by stabilising its position with the steel elements connected with ties anchored in the ground. It was inadmissible to rectify this wall because it is covered with plaster and paint coats with a high historical value.
Flexible Tools with Diamond Blades for Polishing Granite Surfaces
Authors: Rajczyk Marlena , Rajczyk Pawel , Bednarczyk Karolina 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Polishing is an operation of treating the surface of the stone that gives it final useful features, giving the surface shine, which in the final stage of stone surface treatment give it important usable features, which include: aesthetics, i.e. surface property of the stone, characterized by the glassiness of the surface in some case has a mirror effect, which is characterized by a high degree of reflection of light, allowing it to observe the structure of the stone well in the aspect of its decorative elements placed on its surface. The physical features of polished surfaces are, above all, a shorter time to maintain moisture on its surface, which is the basic factor of material destruction. The quality of the polished surface of natural stone determines the degree of its longevity, this principle is particularly important for polished marble and concrete surfaces. An important value of the quality of polished products is the assessment of this parameter in a commercial assessment. The property of achieving a high degree of polishing can only be achieved with the help of highly effective diamond tools for polishing operations, where the quality of their work is evaluated by instrumental methods using tools measuring the amount of reflected light from the polished surface (gloss meter). Flexible diamond tools for dry and wet polishing operations are a set of 8 discs with a diameter of 100 mm mounted on a fast link formed in the friction surface on a synthetic binder of diamond abrasive with a grain size of 50 ÷ 3000 #. In order to increase the efficiency of surface treatment technology in polishing operations, it is necessary for granite processing for a given polishing operation with grain size 800 #, to select the appropriate hardness resulting from the synthetic binder formulation.
Pedestrian Road Accident Index for Municipalities: The Portuguese Case
Authors: Santos Bertha , Carvalheira Carmen 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Portuguese road traffic accidents statistics show that the number of accidents with fatalities and serious injuries has in general decreased in recent years. However, the number of accidents involving pedestrians is still high when compared with those observed in other countries of the European Union. In order to assess this problem, an index of pedestrian road traffic accidents for municipalities that could be used in decision-making about pedestrian safety measures is proposed. The use of absolute values of accidents involving pedestrians (running over) does not allow itself a reliable comparison of pedestrian safety level between municipalities. In this sense, the approach proposed uses the information available in the Portuguese database PORDATA to calculate a municipal index that takes into account the degree of exposure of pedestrians to accident, based on national and municipal resident population annual growth rates and number of pedestrian’s casualties. This index allows to identify the municipalities with unfavourable deviation to national numbers of road accidents involving pedestrians (per 10000 inhabitants), supporting the plan and allocation of human and economic resources for the diagnosis, definition and implementation of safety measures. The results obtained can be visualized in a GIS for a more comprehensive comparison between municipalities. The analyses performed for Portugal showed that, in general, municipalities with higher resident population annual growth rates, located mostly along the coastline and in more consolidated urban areas, tend to present better index values, which points to the need to intervene in less consolidated areas.
Multiplication Analysis of the Cause, Form and Extent of Damage to Buildings in Areas with Mining Impact
Authors: Gwozdz-Lason Monika 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This publication is a summary of all tasks carried out in recent years of research, calculations, simulations and analyse related to the performed research on parameter analysis that affect the form, scope and cost of removing damage in buildings and structures in areas with mining impact. The analysed problem is interdisciplinary and contains legal, geotechnical, engineering - mining, construction, material and economic analysis. The ground reaction forces were analysed for buildings and structures in the mining area. Coordinating activities of the land model, foundations and construction of buildings and structures in the mining area were adopted and the distribution rights and changes in additional reaction forces of the structure in the mining area were analysed and various factors which affect the construction damage were indicated. Problems were also identified in the mining impact forecasts that affect the design scope of new engineering structures and the impact of existing buildings and structures. The influence of various factors was analysed and additional dependency formulas were proposed, which are needed for current calculations and analyses of the scope and costs of strengthening the structure or its modernization. Based on the output data and the analysis of the results of the empirical examination of selected buildings, the determination of all factors affecting the technical condition of the building erected in the areas with the impact of mining operations. Classification according to currently used guidelines and clarification of new attributes affecting the technical condition of buildings and structures (typical and modern geometry of the building’s structure, type of foundation, type of construction protection, type and stiffness of the structure). Backward analysis of damages (their temporary changes) identified as factor affecting the current state of engineering objects.
Influence of Different Types of Trains on Human in The Buildings
Authors: Pachla Filip , Kowalska-Koczwara Alicja 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The impact of vibrations on railway lines for people in buildings can cause discomfort. The problem has recently become particularly important due to the increase in the number of objects built within the range of vibrations from the railway line. The article presents selected results of measurements of vibrations from the railway line to a single-family brick building and people staying in them. The presented methodology and test results may be useful in the future in the modernization of railway lines or the development of areas near railway lines.
Archetype of Alleys in the Cities - A Retrospective Approach
Authors: Blazy Rafal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Alleys are very important elements in the city. Their role is not only architectural, but also cultural and social. When we design characteristic points on a city map, they are very often significant spaces in the wider area, as well as a place that is generally known, recognizable and allowing to determine a location or a reference point. According to the contemporary urban definitions, the alleys are walking, cycling or driving routes. The alley also includes the waterway route, planted on both sides with trees or shrubs with a specific composition that is keeping the rhythm of planting and landscaping connections. In the article, the author included historical and cultural changes that take place in contemporary times. The alleys create permanent - stable forms in the landscape. On the other hand, due to the excessive car traffic and related environmental pollution, the alleys lose their recreational significance. The role of the alleys in the city is changing. Usually, it was a system which was always associated with fashion and prestige. The author in conclusion showed that the main values of the alleys should be cultivated; nowadays, their most important feature from the archetypical point of view should be the recreation and economic opportunities. The article shows that today’s alleys should have less transport importance. This is because the car traffic is no longer synonymous with the progress of civilization and technical achievements.
Revitalization of Riverside Boulevards in Poland – A Case Study on the Background of the European Implementation
Authors: Blazy Rafal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
River banks have recently experienced a real renaissance, this form of development of the city areas located directly near the river is often treated as one of the most representative areas in the city. More and more cities are opting for the revitalization of heavily degraded areas bordering the river. Rivers, which in the past were “unfriendly” to man for most of the XX century, through the close proximity to industrial and transport functions, have become currently an attraction in the scale of the whole city and even in the wider region very often. The author presents examples of revitalized boulevards in Poland, ie.: Vistula Boulevards in Warsaw, River banks in Bydgoszcz, Biała River bank in Bialystok. The aim of the study was to compare selected types of the revitalization of these areas in Poland with selected foreign examples. In the conclusions, the author showed the factors determining their current function and character depending on their historical significance, location and function, and especially the current location in the functional and spatial structure. To a larger extent, the current function of these public spaces is determined by the size of the city and their location in relation to the centre. Distance from other open public spaces, especially green areas, is also significant. The most frequent activity in these spaces is the improvement of their pedestrian and bicycle accessibility through the construction of paths, ramps, slipways and footbridges. The second basic action is the change of the status of these areas and the attempt to include them in the park area system, giving the status of recreation and leisure places for residents and tourists. Foreign examples: The Nervión River in Bilbao, The Rio Madrid Avenue in Madrid and the Rheinauhafen Boulevard in Cologne show a fairly diverse approach to this issue while expanding the scope of possible actions.
The Development of Data-Collection Methods for Thermal Comfort Assessment in Tropical Countries
Authors: Rodriguez Carolina M , Medina Juan M , Camila Coronado Maria , D´Alessandro Marta 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Thermal comfort in the built environment is one of the most defining parameters influencing energy use, environmental quality, and occupant satisfaction; therefore, it is currently receiving a great deal of academic attention. Unfortunately, there is still a pronounced lack of research in this area within developing countries in tropical regions, which are becoming increasingly urbanised and where mechanical air conditioning demands are rising dramatically. Many of these countries are adopting thermal comfort standards such as the ASHRAE Standard 55, the EN 15251, and the ISO 7730 to regulate the use of air-conditioning; even when these standards have been widely criticised for their inadequacy to suit other geographical regions and contexts, different to the ones that they were designed for. There is growing evidence to suggest the need to confirm these models through further post-occupancy studies and fieldwork in real buildings. Deficiencies in data collection and methodologies are thought to require particular attention, in order to develop algorithms that can predict thermal comfort levels with more accuracy. More comprehensive strategies considering relevant interrelated psychological, physiological and social factors are needed. This manuscript highlights gaps of research regarding thermal comfort in the built environment, through the analysis of Colombia as a case study. It is stressed here that new academic advancements in this area have had little effect on related policy. The work emphasises the importance of standardised fieldwork data and gives examples of alternative data collection and methodology systems. This aims to contribute to the current efforts of improving the understanding of occupant´s adaptive behaviours and their potential impact on the mitigation of climate change.
Location of University Buildings in the Space of Medium European Cities and Szczecin
Authors: Zych Magdalena , Woloszyn Marek 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Higher education in many cities is the dominant function. Universities are often characteristic city elements with a specific layout, climate and tradition. The purpose of the article is to identify and discuss how to locate the academic buildings in a city space. The analyzed objects are European medium-sized cities with academic traditions, in which there are min. two universities. What are the types of locations of academic buildings and what does it mean?
The impact of the Architecture on the Climate Change in Anthropocene
Authors: Gradzinski Piotr 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The author focused on the philosophical and technical-analytical issues in the influence of architecture in the Anthropocene era. The text introduces to the issues of the impact on the natural environment through the activity of construction and architecture in the Anthropocene era. The first part introduces the philosophical character of the discussion on the nomenclature and the scope of the ecological character. The author indicates in the second part to the extent of the environmental impact of the tested object. The example of the analyzed architecture shows that the nature of the impact on the natural environment and climate change has been approximated. Concluded the paper refer directly to the architectural-environmental issues, orienting to the regenerative design process of architecture in respect of widely comprehended climatic changes in philosophical and theoretical dimension.
Establishing the project portfolio management in the construction company
Authors: Bizon-Gorecka Jadwiga , Gorecki Jaroslaw 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The principal production activity of construction companies is centralised on the investment and construction projects executed on various construction sites. In the pursuit of using the potential accumulated in the means of production, construction companies start to manage a number of projects implemented concurrently. Therefore, a project portfolio is a key challenge for the strategic management of modern construction companies. There is a way to deal with the multi-project phenomenon called the project portfolio management. At this level, specific features of construction production have to be taken into account. An efficient selection of the project portfolio, treated as the project portfolio management maturity, allows reducing the risk associated with investing in projects, by creating a combination of expenses on a number of projects. The strategies accepted by an organisation determine the project portfolio to the implementation according to some specific requirements (scope, deadlines, cost, quality). Disruptions of meeting these requirements generate the risk associated with concrete projects, and the configuration of the project portfolio, i.e. a number of projects implemented parallelly, their distribution in time and space, produces the risk connected with resources vital to the project execution. Results of a survey conducted among 100 Polish construction entrepreneurs, regarding the problems of establishing the project portfolio management, were presented. Majority of respondents indicated a profit margin as the most important factor in the selection of the project. A number of projects executed in one year, in individual groups of the surveyed enterprises, varies. Large companies usually execute up to 5 projects at the same time. In turn, small and micro-sized enterprises are mostly involved in 6-20 projects in one year. The research revealed that the most frequently indicated criterion for selecting the project portfolio in the construction industry is the availability of workforce. Subsequently, the availability of materials and equipment were indicated in the second and third place. All factors of production, i.e. human resources, materials, equipment as well as financial resources, become sources of the risk in projects, as it comes to a chance to obtain or substitute them. The summary includes a conclusion of the considerations, containing a specification of criteria for selecting the project portfolio in a construction company.
Modelling Freight Transportation Impacts of the Gulf Cooperation Council Region using GIS
Authors: Tayyeb Hasan , Kassim Ali , Al-Falahi Mubarak 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Freight transportation is a key element in economic growth and the development of countries. Linking freight lines between Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (specifically Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and Oman) will increase revenues, improve infrastructure asset efficiency and generate employment. Shipping and transport industries endure continuous changes and transformations in response to technological developments and changes in world trade. Significant amounts of documentation, research papers as well as technical and economic reports are available in literature that details ways in which these industries respond to and meet the needs of shippers and consumers. Information and data are valuable assets in providing a basic understanding and base knowledge of the different types and methods of shipping options, as well as the impacts of different transportation modes. In this paper, possible environmental impacts will be discussed, including air quality, noise levels and vibration. In addition, safety factors such as fatalities and accidents will be incorporated into discussions on mode selection. A GIS model was implemented and a case study was created to assess these impacts, estimate damage costs as well as discuss concerns with logistics and mode selection. Finally, possible mitigation measures to manage environmental and safety concerns will be proposed. Based on the analysis and results, more work on environmentally sustainable models and designs need to be implemented to mitigate impacts and to ensure that the environment and quality of life can be preserved. Incentivizing shifts from truck to rail or to intermodal systems is key for shippers’ participation in reducing environmental and societal impacts. Encouraging shippers to change their mode selection can relieve congestion and lower accident rates.
Analyze of the Runoff in Gilort Watershed
Authors: Mihaela Pisleaga , Codruta Badaluta–Minda , Gabriel Eles 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In recent years, the climate changes have determined the increase of the frequency flooding, and concurrently, the negative effects of these weather phenomena were amplified by other factors (the deforestation, needs of the hydrotechnical works, etc.). Floods represent a natural phenomenon that cannot be prevented. However, human activities contribute to the probability and the magnitude of the negative impact of floods. In the first part of the paper the catchment Gilort is characterized, from the point of view of the hydro morphological and morphometric. Further, the paper presents the hydrologic analysis of atmospheric precipitation and liquid runoff in the catchment for 2007. Finally, the paper presents the conclusions and some considerations on the water resources management from the catchment Gilort.
Variations of Ground Temperature in Shallow Depths in the Silesian Region
Authors: Pokorska-Silva Iwona , Kadela Marta , Fedorowicz Lidia 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Knowledge of temperature distribution in relation to time and depth is necessary in many applications. These include: designing GSHP (ground source heat pump) and EAHE (earth-air heat exchangers) systems, calculating heat loss in buildings, in determining foundation depth for buildings and structures with consideration of frost penetration depth, designing pavement of roads and airports or designing underground systems of energy transmission. Regular measurements and perfecting models describing temperature in the ground is therefore extremely valuable. This article presents authors’ own research on ground temperature changes in time and distribution of temperature at different depths, up to c. 2.0 m beneath ground level. The tests were performed in the Silesia region over a period of 6 months between May and October, using thermistors installed in the ground at various depths. The measurements were compared with temperature of the air, measured at test stations using a meteorological multisensor in order to find a correlation. Aside from readings of temperature over time and profiles of ground temperatures the paper contains selected elements of statistical analysis of the measurements. It was noted that the temperature distribution is closely related to depth below ground level, and the influence of outside temperatures decreases with depth.