bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Post-decision Decision-making’
Authors: Hoyle Carolyn , Sato Mai 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the Criminal Cases Review Commission's policy on post-decision decision-making, focusing on what happens in cases when the Commission has decided there are no grounds for referral but where the applicant comes back with further information or a new application to try to persuade the Commission that its decision was wrong. The chapter first describes the legitimacy of the Commission's post-decision decision-making before discussing its instrumental decision-making based on referrals, judicial review, and procedural justice. It then shows how the Commission responds to ‘further submissions’ or ‘reapplications’, and how they provide applicants with an opportunity to have their cases reconsidered. It also analyses the empirical and theoretical drivers that underpin the Commission's decision field, the new ‘frames’ that make it possible to redefine cases in further submissions and reapplications, and how developments in the surround affects the Commission's decision frame.
Experimental Science and the Art of the Novel
Authors: McLeish Tom 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The coincident birth of experimental science and the early English novel is followed to its underlying rationale of mimesis—the construction of small, abstracted worlds in which possibilities and constraints play out and which teach us about the wider world. The second mode of imagination is the textual. The entangled story of the textual in literature and science is followed though Newton and Milton, Boyle and Defoe, Humboldt and Emerson, and a parallel reading of Henry James’ The Art of the Novel and William Beveridge’s The Art of Scientific Investigation. Late-modern comparisons are made between Feynman’s Nobel Prize account, and the writing of Nabokov and Woolf, finding that textual imagination still displays common creative patterns in science and literature.
The End of Creation
Authors: McLeish Tom 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The book finishes with an examination of the human purpose of creativity and creation. The evidence and narrative gathered so far is summarized in a ‘creation narrative’—a basic story of the emotional and cognitive trajectory of the creative process. Drawing on recent work in anthropology, narratology, and theology, and on phenomenological philosophy of the human condition, the chapter develops the thesis that creativity of all kinds contributes to a healing of a broken or incomplete human relationship with the world. The story of our growing understanding of the rainbow acts as an illustration of the extreme length, but great human depth, of this process.
Buying for Britain, China, or India?
Authors: Thackeray David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 seeks to gain a clearer understanding of the language, reach, and limits of competing patriotic trade campaigns in the Empire-Commonwealth during the 1920s and 1930s. Efforts to foster the concept of ‘buying British’ served to highlight the marginality of Indian and Chinese businesspeople within the imperial economic community. This stimulated the development of competing patriotic trade campaigns in which non-white imperial subjects challenged British economic leadership by presenting themselves as part of alternative economic communities connected across and beyond imperial spaces. The hybridity of colonial subjects’ identities impeded efforts to develop patriotic trade networks and meant that the content, character, and popular appeal of trade campaigns shifted between different regions. Despite the prevalence of a ‘Buy British’ rhetoric in the Dominions, patriotic trade drives there quickly came to focus chiefly on national protectionism rather than wider themes of imperial collaboration.
Introduction
Authors: Thackeray David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Forging a British World of Trade explores the politics of culture, ethnicity, and market in the Empire-Commonwealth between the 1880s and 1970s, focusing on efforts to promote an economic system centred on trade between the UK and the old Commonwealth. This chapter situates the themes of the study within the existing historiography on British World networks. In recent years British World studies have received significant criticism both for the focus of their research and its absences. A key part of the problem here is that studies of the British World too often neglect key questions of uneven cultural and power relations. No one idea about the optimal future of British World collaboration was ever hegemonic. We should not discard the British World as a category of analysis, but rather explore how British World economic networks competed over time with alternative national, regional, and international ideas of trade community.
Key Questions
Authors: Bains Sunny 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
“Key Questions” works through the questions that come up when trying to evaluate a technology or think through how to solve a technical problem. It starts by looking at the technology itself and how to determine what it’s likely to be good for based on features such as performance or cost. Then it turns the question around to look at the problem being solved and what its requirements are: these criteria will help understand what success looks like. The effect of time is considered next. How will the demands of the technology and its application evolve? What difference will any start-up lag will make? Finally, it goes on to consider all the technologies competing to solve the given problem: how do they match up to the requirements of the application? Are there weaknesses that stop them being viable solutions?
Audience and Explanation
Authors: Bains Sunny 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
“Audience and Explanation,” which is the first of three chapters on communicating technical work, starts by focusing on the audience and how understanding their backgrounds and interests is critical to being able to report in a way that is meaningful to them. It consider their motivation for reading, what kinds of explanations will make sense to them, what kind of visualizations will be helpful, and the language that they will (or won’t) be able to follow. A section on jargon explains when to use a word without explanation, when to define, and when to avoid using a technical word altogether. There is also a discussion on the use of various kinds of figures (e.g. charts, photographs, and diagrams), how they are best used, captions, and how to avoid problems with copyright and plagiarism.
Technical Argument and Structure
Authors: Bains Sunny 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
“Technical Argument and Structure” discusses the steps involved in constructing a report. For a technical story to be told coherently, the audience must be given the context they need to appreciate the work that has been done. The first part of this chapter covers a straightforward formula to achieve this. The argument starts by presenting the vision (goal) for the work and then narrows down to the reason why progress was needed, the specific technical problem or obstacle that needs to be tackled to make this progress, the prognosis, and the competing solutions (and why the status quo is not good enough in these particular circumstances). This then leads perfectly to a discussion of the new solution. The second part of the chapter talks about overlaying structure on top of that: specifically, how to think about introductions, titles, and conclusions in the context of the technical argument.
Tense and Interperspectival Content
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Is tense, as some contend, merely a feature of language (linguistic tense) or is it used to express some perspectival feature of the world? Many have argued that a proper analysis of linguistic tense would say that the tense operators in natural language express nonperspectival features of the world—that past and future linguistic tense are just used to express static universal relations between events or times. Tensers and detensers are split on precisely this point: tensers take tense to express an irreducible and real perspectival feature of the world, and detensers think it is a superficial property of language or thought that refers to aperspectival contents. In this chapter tense is among several examples of perspectival content. It is argued that perspectival contents, or interperspectival contents, are expressed in different ways from different perspectival positions.
Some Alternative Accounts of Interperspectival Content
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at a number of attempts to exorcise perspectival content from the semantics (and thus, presumably, from our metaphysics). First, perhaps, we can make do with token indexical (token reflexive) content, give the account of human action and emotion that we needed, and avoid the use of perspectival contents. The chapter also considers other approaches to perspectival contents including David Lewis’s account of the de se, Kaplan’s theory of indexicals, and use-based accounts. It is argued that all such accounts sweep the perspectival content under the rug and fail to eliminate it.
Some Additional Metaphysical Questions
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The book has been making the case that perspectival content is necessary for the explanation of much of human activity, and that the best approach to tense is to think in terms of interperspectival contents. It has already covered a number of metaphysical worries about tense and perspectival contents (McTaggart’s argument, for example) but there are two additional worries that need to be addressed. The first has to do with the problem of truth-makers. The second has to do with the kinds of contents that are metaphysically admissible. It is argued that metaphysical concerns about truth-makers and Humean supervenience do not undermine the positing of interperspectival contents. Such contents are part and parcel of basic low-level descriptions and they do not thwart attempts at naturalization of our accounts of action, emotion, etc.
Food Commodity Speculation
Authors: Chadwick Anna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the significance of practices of ‘food commodity speculation’ in the causation of the global food crisis. After introducing some of the main instruments and actors involved in commodity derivatives trading, the chapter examines competing claims over the role of financial speculation in the global food crisis. Seeking to break the impasse that has characterized debates on this issue, the chapter probes into claims by NGOs that commodity futures markets have been ‘financialized’ in recent decades. The author draws on a body of literature from the Social Studies of Finance to argue that there is an urgent need to reconceptualize the nature of derivatives and their contribution to processes of value formation in underlying markets. The chapter concludes by signalling the emergence of a new logic of financial accumulation that has significant implications both for attempts to use financial regulation to address ‘excessive’ levels of speculation, and, more broadly, for the political economy of hunger.
‘OTC’, ‘Financial’ Innovation, and Food Commodity Speculation
Authors: Chadwick Anna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes issue with the popular presentation of the OTC market as a ‘regulatory vacuum’. The analysis demonstrates that the OTC market did not emerge spontaneously in response to the risk management needs of commercial actors, nor was it created through financial ‘deregulation’. Governments in the UK and the US were influential in the construction of the market and in the creation of a new private law centred approach to the regulation of finance in the years leading up to the global financial crisis and the global food crisis. Subsequent parts of the chapter challenge the dominant characterization of the products traded within this market as being the result of ‘financial’ innovation. Highlighting some of the significant developments in contract law that have furnished market actors with the capacity to develop new derivative contracts, the chapter ultimately demonstrates that contract law has played an active role in the emergence of a new market logic oriented towards financial accumulation.
Conclusion
Authors: Chadwick Anna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The conclusion begins with a discussion of the significance of some recent developments in the trajectory of agricultural commodity prices. The author then draws together the key arguments developed throughout the book, and offers some final reflections on the relationship between law and the political economy of hunger. The reflections are organized around the intellectual debts schema set out in the Introduction. Using the lenses of entitlement, commodification, Institutionalist insights, and Karl Polanyi’s motif of ‘double movement’, the author concludes with a determination on whether existing legal solutions to the challenge of world hunger are likely to be effective when the role of law in constituting markets and in conditioning logics of accumulation is taken into account.
Conclusion
Authors: Meyer Jessica 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the arguments made in the previous chapters, relating the points that they make to the representation of the Royal Army Medical Corps in the aftermath of the war. It further considers what information is known about the post-war activities of some of the men whose personal narratives have been discussed in the text, to reflect on the effect of the war on individual men’s constructions of subjective masculine identity over time. In doing so, it argues that the multiple masculinity that existed in wartime society was evident across a range of wartime service, complicating and nuancing historians’ understandings of gender relationships in the period. Exploring such relationships in detail, it contends, enables us to more fully understand the work and experiences of a previously underexamined but significant category of First World War British servicemen.
Fiscal Policy Coordination
Authors: Rommerskirchen Charlotte 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene for this study by providing historical context and introducing the key aspects, processes, and players of fiscal policy coordination. In so doing it charts key developments of pre-crisis fiscal policy coordination, before turning to the creation of the European crisis agreement, the European Economic Recovery Plan (EERP), and finally the reform packages post-crisis. Despite impressions to the contrary, the procedures for fiscal policy coordination are extensive, albeit enforced and reinforced with little political and legal power. Although there is persistent continuity for some ideas and procedures—the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) and its fear of stability free riding chief among them—new innovations and reforms have made inroads.
Policy Needs Politics
Authors: Rommerskirchen Charlotte 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets out to examine the determinants of fiscal policy outcomes during the Great Recession. EU members form a diverse union. What are the implications of economic and political diversity for public finances and by implication for collective action? To answer this question, this chapter analyzes time-series cross-sectional, country-level data from the twenty-seven EU member states over a three-year period (2008–10). The empirical analysis asserts that the deficit bias attributed to contemporary public finances was stronger during the Great Recession. Political factors (amongst them partisanship, the electoral calendar, and the strength of government) have shaped public finances markedly.
Beggar-Thy-Neighbors
Authors: Rommerskirchen Charlotte 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Diverse groups are a hotbed for free riders. This chapter thus tests whether fiscal policy coordination was marred by collective action failure. The central claim of this chapter is that accusations of stability or growth free riding are not borne out by factual evidence. Using regression analysis and Qualitative Comparative Analysis, the chapter shows that despite their greater ability to free ride (given their political clout and trade links), larger and more open economies implemented larger stimulus programs. Fiscal policy is further analyzed vis-à-vis a country’s fiscal space. Results show that, by and large, member states stimulated their economies in line with their fiscal room for maneuver. These findings are contrasted with the political discourse of the time, when indictments of growth free riding were widespread. Accusations of beggar-thy-neighbor politics were rife; first-order free riding was not.
Exit Stimulus
Authors: Rommerskirchen Charlotte 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the determinants of fiscal policy outcomes during the Consolidation Years 2011–14. It disagrees with the claim that Europe is under the spell of an austerity illusion. Echoing Chapter 5, it finds that member states’ fiscal consolidation was by and large in line with domestic fiscal space. Proponents of fiscal rules would credit the strictures of the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) or newly created debt brakes for bringing about consolidation. Yet there is no convincing evidence that these rules mattered for fiscal policy outcomes. Instead, financial market pressure mattered—this holds for the Stimulus Years and Consolidation Years alike. Market discipline is not felt equally across the EU. A prominent emerging fault line runs between program countries and those who fear the threat of market panic on the one hand, and credit countries who remain largely insulated from the vagaries of international capital markets on the other.
Free Riding Beyond Hard Times
Authors: Rommerskirchen Charlotte 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Looking ahead, the legacy of the crisis years shapes fiscal policy coordination. The two main aspects of change considered in this chapter are purview and pliancy. First, fiscal policy has ceased to be defined in narrow ‘low-deficit’ targets and instead is set to encompass a twin notion of free riding: growth free riding and stability free riding. Second, fiscal policy coordination has become more flexible and as a result more adaptive to the challenges of sound public finances in the twenty-first century. While the institutional architecture for collective action has been strengthened, there is little reason to be optimistic as to the containment of endemic second-order free riding. Member states, this chapter argues, are continuing to rely on market discipline as the erratic enforcer of rules they are unable to bring to bear amongst themselves.
Moore against the New Skeptics
Authors: Lycan William G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Moore’s method as detailed in Chapter 1 is applied against epistemological skepticism, and shown to have force in a way that other Moorean responses do not. The objections of Keith Lehrer, Peter Unger, and Barry Stroud are rebutted. In addition, this chapter responds to Stroud’s demand for a “deeper” response to the skeptic, and argues that the idea of a deeper response itself succumbs to Moore. It also addresses Moore’s own worry that “I know that I have hands” is both controversial and logically stronger than “I have hands,” arguing that that difference does not disqualify the knowledge claim as a term of the operative credibility comparison.
Studying Perpetrator Ideologies in Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Scholarly and public commentators frequently discuss the ideological backdrop of atrocity crimes, yet the actual role of ideology in such campaigns of violence remains a key source of disagreement between scholars. This chapter first briefly discusses the variation in contemporary theoretical perspectives on ideology’s relevance to the perpetration of atrocity crimes, and identifies some key shortcomings in most prevailing accounts. It presents the author’s ‘neo-ideological’ approach, which emphasizes ideology’s key role, but departs from some of the cruder, vaguer, or more compartmentalized characterizations of that role found in many existing accounts. It contends that the neo-ideological approach integrates a broad range of key findings from contemporary research on mass atrocities, and explicates the explanatory significance of ideology in the behaviour of various types of perpetrators. It illustrates the plausibility and value of the approach by briefly applying it to the case of the Stalinist Great Terror of 1936–1938.
Introduction
Authors: Marshall Shelley 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins by telling the story of Elena, a Bulgarian women who found herself without employment following the privatization of the garment factory she had worked in her whole adult life. It explains how she survived the transition to a market economy by scrounging together informal work of various types. This book is centrally concerned with what regulatory strategies can best improve the working standards and lives of Elena and workers like her around the world. It goes without saying that employment creation policies and those that foster industrial growth are crucially important for improving Elena’s well-being. This book is not aimed at addressing these types of policies, however. It is concerned with the realm of regulation—hard laws, soft initiatives and other institutions that shape behaviour and set incentives in particular directions. The chapter describes the prevalence of informal, low paid work worldwide and defines core terms. It concludes by summarizing the outcome of the global search conducted in this book for realizable policy responses to this persistent problem.
New Approaches to the Study of the Regulation of Work
Authors: Marshall Shelley 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This book attempts to implement a novel approach to the study of the regulation of work in order to generate new insights into the ways that regulation can help to improve the lives of workers. It adopts historical institutionalism and political economy approaches to build a comprehensive picture of the varied dynamics that contributed to the growth of a precarious, informal workforce in four very different countries. The first section of Chapter 3 describes the overarching case-study methodology employed in this book. The second section describes the primary approach deployed in the case studies: historical institutionalism. The third section describes additional methods and disciplines used to put together stories that span macro and micro scales.
Expansion of Labour Laws in Bulgaria
Authors: Marshall Shelley 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
By 2006, seven years after the transition to capitalism began, informal work in Bulgaria constituted somewhere between 20 per cent and 35 per cent of overall work. It was an entrenched feature of the Bulgarian economy. The aim of this chapter is, first, to track the way that national and international factors converged in the 1990s to create dramatic social change, leaving at least a third of the working population in Bulgaria stranded in informality. It is, second, to assess the expansion of the contract of employment as a means to achieve formalisation. In 2011, Bulgaria’s labour law underwent reform, following a successful campaign for the extension of employment laws to cover home-based workers. The state’s expansion of employment law was in part, a reflection of Bulgaria’s desire to demonstrate adherence with European Union (EU) recommendations as part of its integration into the EU.