bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary potential for genomic islands of sexual divergence on recombining sex chromosomes
Authors: Otto Sarah P. 
Published: July 2019

Summary

Differentiated sex chromosomes are thought to develop through the accumulation of polymorphisms at loci subject to opposing selection between males and females, and/or between haploids and diploids. As sex chromosomes differentiate, reduced recombination becomes favored between selected loci and the sex‐determining region, strengthening genetic associations between alleles favored in a sex and the corresponding sex chromosome.

Here a model is analyzed to explore whether polymorphism at one sexually or ploidally antagonistic locus facilitates the spread of rare alleles at other loci experiencing antagonistic selection, promoting further differentiation of the sex chromosomes.

It is found that antagonistic polymorphisms can spread and capture other such loci, building ‘genomic islands’ of differentiation on sex chromosomes, but the conditions are very restrictive, requiring the loci to be strongly selected, tightly linked and distant from the sex‐determining region. Epistatic interactions can facilitate the promotion of polymorphism among selected loci, but only if preferentially favoring heterozygotes.

Although these results apply to any taxa, plants provide a fertile ground for testing these and related theories given the recurrent evolutionary transitions to dioecy, which provide multiple opportunities to track the early evolution of sex chromosomes.
M1 macrophages regulate TLR4/AP1 via paracrine to promote alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis
Authors: Zhu Li‐Fang , Li Lu , Wang Xiao‐Qian , Pan Lu , Mei You‐Min , Fu Yong‐Wei , Xu Yan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveMacrophages could be fully polarized and acquire specific phenotype like M1, which considered to be essential for the alveolar bone destruction during the development of periodontitis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of M1 macrophages on the alveolar bone destruction are still not clear yet.MethodsMouse periodontitis model was established to determine the involvement of M1 macrophages in the pathogenic process. Condition medium of the M1 macrophages (M1‐CM) was incubated with pre‐osteoblasts to evaluate its effects on the osteoblastogenesis. Cells after treatment with CM were used for RNA‐sequencing, quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining to figure out pathways involved in the inhibition of osteoblastogenesis.ResultsIncreased infiltration of M1 macrophages was associated with alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis. M1‐CM markedly suppressed the generation of osteoblasts as evidenced by decreased expressions of Runx2 and Ocn, as well as reduced activity of ALP. Interestingly, RNA‐sequencing indicated the activation of TLR4/AP1 signaling pathway in pre‐osteoblasts treated with CM. Inhibition of TLR4 reduced the translocation of AP1 and rescued the osteoblastogenesis reduced by M1‐CM.ConclusionM1 macrophages induce TLR4/AP1 signaling of pre‐osteoblasts to inhibit the osteoblastogenesis via paracrine, at least partially contributing to alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis.
Patterned cutaneous hypopigmentation phenotype characterization: A retrospective study in 106 children
Authors: Belzile Eugénie , McCuaig Catherine , Le Meur Jean‐Baptiste , Coulombe Jérôme , Hatami Afshin , Powell Julie , Rivière Jean‐Baptiste , Marcoux Danielle 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundCutaneous patterned hypopigmentation's phenotype is highly variable and may be associated with extracutaneous anomalies.ObjectiveWe evaluated the phenotypic and clinical characteristics of patients with cutaneous patterned hypopigmentation to determine whether certain patterns were more likely to be associated with underlying anomalies.MethodsThe charts of 106 children with cutaneous patterned hypopigmentation were reviewed retrospectively (2007‐2018) at Sainte‐Justine University Hospital Centre, in Montreal, Canada. Retrieved information included sex, age at diagnosis, phototype, pattern, and distribution of the cutaneous lesions and the presence of extracutaneous findings. Data were recorded on a software tool which collects and analyzes phenotypic information.ResultsThe predominant types of cutaneous patterned hypopigmentation were along Blaschko's lines in narrow (38.7%) and broad bands (53.8%). Mixed patterns were observed in 22.5% of children. The anterior trunk and posterior trunk were most frequently affected (69% and 56%, respectively). Extracutaneous involvement, especially neurological and developmental, was present in 28.3% of patients and was significantly associated with ≥ 4 involved body sites.ConclusionDistribution and types of cutaneous patterned hypopigmentation were not predictive of extracutaneous findings, with the exception of multiple sites involvement and possibly centrofacial location and blocklike lesions. Follow‐up until school entry should help identify subtler associated extracutaneous anomalies.
The metaphysics of emergent spacetime theories
Authors: Martens Niels C.M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe debate concerning the ontological status of spacetime is standardly construed as a dilemma between substantivalism and relationalism. I argue that a trilemma is more appropriate, emergent spacetime theories being the third category. Traditional philosophical arguments do not distinguish between emergent spacetime and substantivalism. It is arguments from physics that suggest giving up substantivalism in favour of emergent spacetime theories. The remaining new dilemma is between emergent spacetime and relationalism. I provide a list of questions, which one should consider when discussing emergent spacetime theories, and apply them to a quantum superfluid toy model of emergent spacetime.
Significant Associations Between Sun Exposure and Adiposity Were Not Observed in Breast and Prostate Cancer Patients in a Cross‐sectional Analysis
Authors: Zhang Gary D. , Black Lucinda J. , Cooper Matthew N. , Lucas Robyn M. , Gorman Shelley 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObesity is a significant health problem worldwide. Exposure to low‐dose ultraviolet radiation (like that in sunlight) suppresses the development of obesity in mice; however, the nature of the associations between sun exposure and adiposity is not well understood in humans. The present study characterized cross‐sectional relationships between sun exposure and adiposity in a convenience cohort of breast (n = 269; mean age = 58 years) and prostate (n = 78; mean age = 69 years) cancer patients. Participants were enrolled in a 3‐month exercise program in Perth, Australia. Self‐reported questionnaires measured time spent outdoors (previous week, winter and summer), sex, age, treatment received and physical activity levels. Adiposity measures included body mass index, waist‐hip ratio and body fat percentage (measured via DXA). In unadjusted models, greater time spent outdoors across all times was significantly associated with lower waist‐hip ratio, while greater time spent outdoors in the last winter was associated with lower body fat percentage, but not when stratified by sex. There were no statistically significant associations between time spent outdoors and adiposity after adjusting for sex, age, treatments received and physical activity. Longitudinal studies in larger populations may elucidate significant associations not found in our study due to the cross‐sectional design and power limitations.
Predisposing factors for bacterial mastitis in ewes
Authors: Vasileiou Natalia G. C. , Mavrogianni Vassiliki S. , Petinaki Efi , Fthenakis George C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjective of this review paper is the appraisal of predisposing factors for bacterial mastitis in ewes. Factors that predispose ewes to mastitis can be classified into non‐animal‐related factors (environmental and climatological factors, housing, nutrition, milking practices) and animal‐related factors (anatomic, genetic, litter size—ethological factors, number and stage of lactation period, health problems). There are clear management—environment—animal interactions in mastitis development in ewes, which underline its multifactorial nature. Research and studies regarding risk factors are important, in order to develop strategies for their elimination, control or correction. Control measures for bacterial mastitis, which attempt to eliminate predisposing factors for infection, can thus be developed and implemented.
Cauliflower ear among Finnish high‐level male wrestlers and judokas is prevalent and symptomatic deformity
Authors: Manninen Iida‐Kaisa , Blomgren Karin , Elokiuru Rauno , Lehto Mika , Mäkinen Laura K , Klockars Tuomas 
Published: July 2019

Our research aimed to study the prevalence, concerns, and treatment practices related to cauliflower ear among Finnish wrestlers and judokas. In total, 32 Finnish wrestlers and 31 judokas completed a questionnaire at training sessions or at a competition. All participants were adults competing at the national or international levels. We also took lateral digital photographs of participants’ ears. A senior author graded the overall appearance of the auricles on a scale from 0 to 5 (0 = normal auricle, 5 = extreme cauliflower ear). Cauliflower ear was more prevalent among male athletes (84%, 46/55) than female athletes (0%, 0/8, P < .001). Almost all (96%) had sought treatment for an auricular hematoma. The most prevalent treatment modality was needle aspiration (96%). Most (76%) had received treatment from individuals not representing the healthcare profession. Only one athlete reported receiving successful treatment. No complications from treatment were reported. Almost all participants (96%) reported some symptom from the cauliflower ear, typically pain. None regretted their cauliflower ear(s), and 41% of athletes with cauliflower ear considered it desirable. Cauliflower ear is a common and symptomatic deformity among high‐level Finnish wrestlers and judokas. Despite the symptoms, it is accepted and sometimes even desired among the athletes.
“Danger, Will Robinson!” The challenges of social robots for intergroup relations
Authors: Vanman Eric J. , Kappas Arvid 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSociety's increasing reliance on robots in everyday life provides exciting opportunities for social psychologists to work with engineers in the nascent field of social robotics. In contrast to industrial robots that, for example, may be used on an assembly line, social robots are designed specifically to interact with humans and/or other robots. People tend to perceive social robots as autonomous and capable of having a mind. As such, they are also more likely to be subject to social categorization by humans. As social robots become more human like, people may also feel greater empathy for them and treat robots more like (human) ingroup members. On the other hand, as they become more human like, robots also challenge our human distinctiveness, threaten our identity, and elicit suspicion about their ability to deceive us with their human‐like qualities. We review relevant research to explore this apparent paradox, particularly from an intergroup relations perspective. We discuss these findings and propose three research questions that we believe social psychologists are ideally suited to address.
Naturally better? A review of the natural‐is‐better bias
Authors: Meier Brian P. , Dillard Amanda J. , Lappas Courtney M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPeople are frequently exposed to products and services that are labeled natural (e.g., Nature Made Vitamins or GoJo Natural Orange Hand Cleaner). The frequency with which this label is used suggests that it delivers an advantage in marketing and sales. Our review examines the preference for and perception of naturalness and reveals that people have a bias for items described as natural in many domains including foods, medicine, beauty products, cigarettes, and lighting. These preferences abound even when the natural item is identical or not objectively better than the non‐natural or synthetic item. We believe this bias may be driven by a natural‐is‐better default belief as well as the belief that natural items are safer than non‐natural items. Although a bias for natural items is apparent, this literature is in its infancy, and we suggest three areas that will help build and refine the empirical research base and theory: the measurement of behavior, the examination of individual differences, and the development of methods for reducing the bias. A better understanding of the naturalness bias relevant to these areas will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the area, including factors that may cause and reduce it.
DELAY OF GERMINATION 1‐LIKE 4 acts as an inducer of seed reserve accumulation
Authors: Sall Khadidiatou , Dekkers Bas J. W. , Nonogaki Mariko , Katsuragawa Yoshihiko , Koyari Ryosuke , Hendrix David , Willems Leo A. J. , Bentsink Leónie , Nonogaki Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2019

SummaryMore than 70% of global food supply depends on seeds. The major seed reserves, such as proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides, are produced during seed maturation. Here, we report that DELAY OF GERMINATION 1‐LIKE 4 (DOGL4) is a major inducer of reserve accumulation during seed maturation. The DOGL family proteins are plant‐specific proteins of largely unknown biochemical function. DOGL4 shares only limited homology in amino acid sequence with DOG1, a major regulator of seed dormancy. DOGL4 was identified as one of the outstanding abscisic acid (ABA)‐induced genes in our RNA sequencing analysis, whereas DOG1 was not induced by ABA. Induction of DOGL4 caused the expression of 70 seed maturation‐specific genes, even in germinating seeds, including the major seed reserves ALBUMIN, CRUCIFERIN and OLEOSIN. Although DOG1 affects the expression of many seed maturation genes, the major seed reserve genes induced by DOGL4 are not altered by the dog1 mutation. Furthermore, the reduced dormancy and longevity phenotypes observed in the dog1 seeds were not observed in the dogl4 mutants, suggesting that these two genes have limited functional overlap. Taken together, these results suggest that DOGL4 is a central factor mediating reserve accumulation in seeds, and that the two DOG1 family proteins have diverged over the course of evolution into independent regulators of seed maturation, but retain some overlapping function.
Salmonellosis detection and evidence of antibiotic resistance in an urban raccoon population in a highly populated area, Costa Rica
Authors: Baldi Mario , Barquero Calvo Elías , Hutter Sabine E. , Walzer Chris 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWild animals are involved in zoonotic disease transmission cycles. These are generally complex and poorly understood, especially among animals adapted to life in human ecosystems. Raccoons are reservoirs and effective carriers for infectious agents such as Salmonella throughout different environments and contribute to the transference of resistance genes. This study examined the presence of circulating Salmonella sp. in a population of raccoons in a tropical urban environment and evaluated resistance to antibiotics commonly used to treat salmonellosis. A total of 97 raccoons of different ages and sex were included in this study. 49% (38–60 CI) of the faecal samples were positive for Salmonella spp. The study identified 15 circulating serovars with the most prevalent being S. Hartford (7/15), S. Typhimurium (4/15) and S. Bovismorbificans (4/15). These serovars correspond to the serovars detected in humans with clinical symptoms in Costa Rica. 9.5% of the Salmonella strains recovered demonstrated ciprofloxacin resistance, and 7.1% showed resistance to nalidixic acid. This study provides evidence of multiple Salmonella serovars circulating in a population of urban raccoons in Costa Rica. Furthermore, the study confirms the existence of antimicrobial resistance to two antibiotics used to treat human salmonellosis. The findings emphasize the role of the raccoon as a reservoir of Salmonella in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica (GAM) and stress the need for active monitoring of the presence and possible spread in antibiotic resistance due to this peri‐domestic carnivore.
Effectiveness of intermittent screening and treatment for the control of malaria in pregnancy: a cluster randomised trial in India
Authors: Kuepfer Irene , Mishra Neelima , Bruce Jane , Mishra Vinit , Anvikar Anupkumar R , Satpathi Sanghamitra , Behera Prativa , Muehlenbachs Atis , Webster Jayne , terKuile Feiko , Greenwood Brian , Valecha Neena , Chandramohan Daniel 
Published: July 2019

BackgroundThe control of malaria in pregnancy (MiP) in India relies on testing women who present with symptoms or signs suggestive of malaria. We hypothesised that intermittent screening and treatment for malaria at each antenatal care visit (ISTp) would improve on this approach and reduce the adverse effects of MiP.MethodsA cluster randomised controlled trial comparing ISTp versus passive case detection (PCD) was conducted in Jharkhand state. Pregnant women of all parities with a gestational age of 18–28 weeks were enrolled. Women in the ISTp group were screened with a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for malaria at each antenatal clinic visit and those in the PCD group were screened only if they had symptoms or signs suggestive of malaria. All RDT positive women were treated with artesunate/sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine. The primary endpoint was placental malaria, determined by placental histology, and the key secondary endpoints were birth weight, gestational age, vital status of the newborn baby and maternal anaemia.ResultsBetween April 2012 and September 2015, 6868 women were enrolled; 3300 in 46 ISTp clusters and 3568 in 41 PCD clusters. In the ISTp arm, 4.9% of women were tested malaria positive and 0.6% in the PCD arm. There was no difference in the prevalence of placental malaria in the ISTp (87/1454, 6.0%) and PCD (65/1560, 4.2%) groups (6.0% vs 4.2%; OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.78 to 2.29, p=0.29) or in any of the secondary endpoints.ConclusionISTp detected more infections than PCD, but monthly ISTp with the current generation of RDT is unlikely to reduce placental malaria or impact on pregnancy outcomes. ISTp trials with more sensitive point-of-care diagnostic tests are needed.
Possibilities for interprofessional learning at a Swedish acute healthcare ward not dedicated to interprofessional education: an ethnographic study
Authors: Hägg-Martinell Ann , Hult Håkan , Henriksson Peter , Kiessling Anna 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesAlmost all healthcare today is team-based in collaboration over professional borders, and numerous students have work-based learning in such contexts. However, interprofessional learning (IPL) in clinical settings has mostly been systematically explored in specially designed contexts dedicated to interprofessional education (IPE). This study aimed to explore the possibilities for IPL activities, and if or how they occur, in an acute ward context not dedicated to IPE.Design and settingBetween 2011 and 2013 ethnographic observations were performed of medical and nursing students’ interactions and IPL during early clerkship at an acute internal medicine ward in Sweden. Field notes were taken and analysed based on the framework of IPE:learning with, from and about.Participants21 medical, 4 nursing students and 30 supervisors participated.ResultsLearning with—there were no organised IPE activities. Instead, medical and nursing students learnt in parallel. However, students interacted with staff members from other professions.Learning from—interprofessional supervision was frequent. Interprofessional supervision of nursing students by doctors focused on theoretical questions and answers, while interprofessional supervision of medical students by nurses focused on the performance of technical skills.Learning about—students were observed to actively observe interactions between staff and learnt how staff conducted different tasks.ConclusionThis study shows that there were plenty of possibilities for IPL activities, but the potential was not fully utilised or facilitated. Serendipitous IPL activities differed between observed medical and nursing students. Although interprofessional supervision was fairly frequent, students were not learning with, from or about each other over professional borders.
Risk scores identifying elderly inpatients at risk of 30-day unplanned readmission and accident and emergency department visit: a systematic review
Authors: Schwab Camille , Hindlet Patrick , Sabatier Brigitte , Fernandez Christine , Korb-Savoldelli Virginie 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesThe aim of this systematic review was to describe and analyse the performance statistics of validated risk scores identifying elderly inpatients at risk of early unplanned readmission.Data sourcesWe identified potentially eligible studies by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE and Web of Science. Our search was restricted to original studies, between 1966 and 2018.Eligibility criteriaOriginal studies, which internally or externally validated the clinical scores of hospital readmissions in elderly inpatients.Data extraction and synthesisA data extraction grid based on Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology and Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis statements was developed and completed by two reviewers to collect general data. The same process was used to extract metrological data of the selected scores.Quality assessment of the included studiesAssessment of the quality and risk of bias in individual studies was performed by two reviewers, using the validated Effective Public Health Practice Project quality assessment tool.ParticipantsElderly inpatients discharged to home from hospital or returning home after an accident and emergency department visit.ResultsA total of 12 studies and five different scores were included in the review. The five scores present area under the receiving operating characteristic curve between 0.445 and 0.69. Identification of Senior At Risk (ISAR) and Triage  Risk Screening Tool (TRST) scores were the more frequently validated scores with ISAR being more sensitive and TRST more specific.ConclusionsThe TRST and ISAR scores have been extensively studied and validated. The choice of the most suitable score relies on available patient data, patient characteristics and the foreseen clinical care intervention. In order to pair the intervention with the appropriate clinical score, further studies of external validation of clinical scores, identifying elderly patients at risk of early unplanned readmission, are needed.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017054516.