bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Ebola virus and other zoonotic transmission risks through human–bat contacts: Exploratory study on knowledge, attitudes and practices in Southern Cameroon
Authors: Baudel Helene , De Nys Helene , Mpoudi Ngole Eitel , Peeters Martine , Desclaux Alice 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe ecology of Ebola virus (EBV) remains largely unknown, but the previous detection of viral RNA and anti‐EBV antibodies in African bats suggests that they might play a role in the EBV reservoir. Moreover, African bats also carry other potentially zoonotic agents such as Henipah‐like viruses, coronaviruses and lyssaviruses. Today only little information is available on interactions between humans and bats. The objective of our exploratory study was to describe the extent and modes of contacts between humans and bats in southern Cameroon, considered as an area at risk for future EBV outbreaks. The survey was conducted in 11 villages of four distinct rural areas in southern Cameroon. A total of 135 respondents were interviewed using semi‐structured questionnaires, between February and May 2017. The study showed that direct contacts between bats and humans are relatively common. Bat bushmeat appeared to be an occasional meat resource; 40% of respondents consume bats with a median annual consumption of three, and 28% of respondents hunt them. About 22% of the respondents reported children catching bats. Indirect contact also appeared to be common; 55% of hunters use caves as shelters and 67% of interviewees eat fruits previously chewed by bats. Bat consumption varied significantly between regions (from 0% to 87%) and between pygmies and bantus in the extreme south‐east of Cameroon. The study revealed considerable diversity in practices among interviewees, most of them being subsistence cultivators and relying on self‐hunted bushmeat. Geographical diversity of contacts and perceptions regarding bats in Cameroon emphasizes the need to adjust zoonotic pathogen surveillance and education campaigns to the specificities of the communities and their context of interaction with wildlife.
Fueling for the Field: Nutrition for Jumps, Throws, and Combined Events
Authors: Sygo Jennifer , Kendig Glass Alicia , Killer Sophie C. , Stellingwerff Trent 
Published: January 2019

Athletes participating in the athletics (track and field) events of jumps, throws, and combined events (CEs; seven-event heptathlon and 10-event decathlon) engage in training and competition that emphasize speed and explosive movements, requiring optimal power–weight ratios. While these athletes represent a wide range of somatotypes, they share an emphasis on Type IIa and IIx muscle fiber typing. In general, athletes competing in jumps tend to have a lower body mass and may benefit from a higher protein (1.5–1.8 g PRO·kg−1·day−1) and lower carbohydrate (3–6 g CHO·kg−1·day−1) diet. Throwers tend to have a higher body mass, but with considerable differences between events. Their intense, whole-body training program suggests higher PRO requirements (1.5–2.2 g PRO·kg−1·day−1), while CHO needs (per kg) are similar to jumpers. The CE athletes must strike a balance between strength and muscle mass for throws and sprints, while maintaining a low enough body mass to maximize performance in jumps and middle-distance events. CE athletes may benefit from a higher PRO (1.5–2 g PRO·kg−1·day−1) and moderate CHO (5–8 g CHO·kg−1·day−1) diet with good energy availability to support multiple daily training sessions. Since they compete over 2 days, well-rehearsed competition-day fueling and recovery strategies are imperative for CE athletes. Depending on their events’ bioenergetic demands, athletes in throws, jumps, and CE may benefit from the periodized use of ergogenic aids, including creatine, caffeine, and/or beta-alanine. The diverse training demands, physiques, and competitive environments of jumpers, throwers, and CE athletes necessitate nutrition interventions that are periodized throughout the season and tailored to the individual needs of the athlete.
The Peer Experience for Older People Encouraging Other Older People to Engage in Resistance Training: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Watkins Paige M. , Burton Elissa , Hill Anne-Marie 
Published: January 2019

Resistance training (RT) can maintain and improve physical and mental health in older adults, but this population has low levels of RT participation. Linking older people participating in RT (i.e., peers) with those who have not may promote and maintain adherence. This qualitative study explored the experience of peers in encouraging RT participation among older adults. Data were collected using focus groups, researcher observations, and semistructured interviews. Thematic analysis was conducted. Older people (n = 8) who engaged in RT prior to recruitment, participated as peers. Each provided peer support for between one and four RT participants for 6 weeks. The peer role was perceived by peers as potentially leading to a relationship which benefitted both parties. Peers reported that helping and supporting others was a positive experience and raised their self-efficacy. Difficulty initiating contact and differing expectations of peers and RT participants were viewed as challenges. Peer mentoring could help promote RT participation among older adults.
Associations Between Latent Classes of Perceived Neighborhood Destination Accessibility and Walking Behaviors in Older Adults of a Low-Density and a High-Density City
Authors: Boakye-Dankwa Ernest , Barnett Anthony , Pachana Nancy A. , Turrell Gavin , Cerin Ester 
Published: January 2019

To examine associations between perceived destination accessibility within different distances from home and self-reported overall amounts of walking for different purposes among older adults (aged ≥ 65 years) in Brisbane, Australia (N = 793) and Hong Kong, China (N = 484). Perceived neighborhood destination accessibility types were derived from latent class analysis using comparable measures of perceived distance to 12 destinations from epidemiological studies in the two cities. Associations of perceived destination accessibility with measures of within-neighborhood walking were also estimated in Hong Kong participants. Better perceived destination accessibility was positively associated with the likelihood of walking in Brisbane participants only. Perceived destination accessibility within a short distance from home (5-min walk) was negatively related to the amount of within-neighborhood walking for transport in Hong Kong residents who walked. Our findings suggest that providing moderate-to-high, but not extreme, levels of destination accessibility may be optimal for the promotion of walking in older community dwellers.
IDO1 and Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites Activate PI3K-Akt Signaling in the Neoplastic Colon Epithelium to Promote Cancer Cell Proliferation and Inhibit Apoptosis
Authors: Bishnupuri Kumar S. , Alvarado David M. , Khouri Alexander N. , Shabsovich Mark , Chen Baosheng , Dieckgraefe Brian K. , Ciorba Matthew A. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

The tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is frequently overexpressed in epithelial-derived malignancies, where it plays a recognized role in promoting tumor immune tolerance. We previously demonstrated that the IDO1–kynurenine pathway (KP) also directly supports colorectal cancer growth by promoting activation of β-catenin and driving neoplastic growth in mice lacking intact adaptive immunity. In this study, we sought to delineate the specific role of epithelial IDO1 in colon tumorigenesis and define how IDO1 and KP metabolites interact with pivotal neoplastic signaling pathways of the colon epithelium. We generated a novel intestinal epithelial–specific IDO1 knockout mouse and utilized established colorectal cancer cell lines containing β-catenin–stabilizing mutations, human colorectal cancer samples, and human-derived epithelial organoids (colonoids and tumoroids). Mice with intestinal epithelial–specific knockout of IDO1 developed fewer and smaller tumors than wild-type littermates in a model of inflammation-driven colon tumorigenesis. Moreover, their tumors exhibited reduced nuclear β-catenin and neoplastic proliferation but increased apoptosis. Mechanistically, KP metabolites (except kynurenic acid) rapidly activated PI3K-Akt signaling in the neoplastic epithelium to promote nuclear translocation of β-catenin, cellular proliferation, and resistance to apoptosis. Together, these data define a novel cell-autonomous function and mechanism by which IDO1 activity promotes colorectal cancer progression. These findings may have implications for the rational design of new clinical trials that exploit a synergy of IDO1 inhibitors with conventional cancer therapies for which Akt activation provides resistance such as radiation.

Significance: This study identifies a new mechanistic link between IDO1 activity and PI3K/AKT signaling, both of which are important pathways involved in cancer growth and resistance to cancer therapy.
Insights into Molecular Classifications of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Improving Patient Selection for Treatment
Authors: Garrido-Castro Ana C. , Lin Nancy U. , Polyak Kornelia 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains the most challenging breast cancer subtype to treat. To date, therapies directed to specific molecular targets have rarely achieved clinically meaningful improvements in outcomes of patients with TNBC, and chemotherapy remains the standard of care. Here, we seek to review the most recent efforts to classify TNBC based on the comprehensive profiling of tumors for cellular composition and molecular features. Technologic advances allow for tumor characterization at ever-increasing depth, generating data that, if integrated with clinical–pathologic features, may help improve risk stratification of patients, guide treatment decisions and surveillance, and help identify new targets for drug development.Significance:TNBC is characterized by higher rates of relapse, greater metastatic potential, and shorter overall survival compared with other major breast cancer subtypes. The identification of biomarkers that can help guide treatment decisions in TNBC remains a clinically unmet need. Understanding the mechanisms that drive resistance is key to the design of novel therapeutic strategies to help prevent the development of metastatic disease and, ultimately, to improve survival in this patient population.
PRODUCTION OF MALTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES FROM HUTAN JATI VARIETY CULTIVAR TACCA (Tacca leontopetaloides) STARCH
Authors: Yopi Yopi , Rahmani Nanik , Putri Feby Heryani , Martin Andri Fadillah 
Published: January 2019

This research aimed to extract and characterize the physicochemical properties of starch from Tacca tuber, to determine the optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis to produce maltooligosaccharides, and to analyze the character of these maltooligosaccharides. The analysis was conducted by calculating the amount of reducing sugar, total sugar, and the degree of polymerization, and by using the TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) and HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) analyses. The Hutan Jati variety cultivar of Tacca was selected from three Tacca variety cultivars (Hutan Jati, Pulau Katang and Gunung Batur) to produce maltooligosaccharides by enzymatic hydrolysis of crude Brevibacterium sp. Î±-amylase. The optimum conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis of Hutan Jati variety cultivar Tacca starch for the production of maltooligosaccharides were obtained at a substrate concentration of 3% (w/v) and a ratio of 1:5 enzyme and substrate at 6 hours incubation time. From 250 mL of fresh hydrolysate, some 34.49 grams of powder maltooligosaccharide were produced. The TLC and HPLC results showed a similar yield of both the liquid and powder maltooligosaccharides with maltose, maltotriose, and maltotetraose as the main products. Considering its physicochemical characteristics and the product of its maltooligosaccharides, the starch from the tuber of Hutan Jati variety cultivar Tacca possessed strong potential for the future production of maltooligosaccharides particularly, Â maltotriose and maltotetraose, in food industries.
EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIODS ON THE CLONED GTH GENES IN HARD-LIPPED BARB (Osteochillus hasseltii)
Authors: Prayogo Norman Arie , Pramono Taufik Budi , Siregar Asrul Sahri , Sukardi Purnama , Kawaichi Masashi 
Published: January 2019

Photoperiod is one factor that regulates the endocrine glandâ€™s production of hormones necessary for gonadal growth and development, gametogenesis and reproductive cycles in fish reproduction. However, studies on the influence of photoperiod on tropical fishes are still limited. Hence, this study investigates the effects of photoperiod on the hard-lipped barb, particularly, the genetic expression of its cloned gonadotropin hormones I (GtH-I) and II (GtH-II) genes. Experiment was designed using three treatments; 14L: 10D (control), 8L: 16D (short photoperiods), and 18L: 6D (long photoperiods). Four aquariums with nine fishes/tank were used, serving as replicates. The fishes were kept under these different photoperiod lengths for eight weeks. Â Pituitary activities were observed by measuring the GtH genetic expression. Â The length of cDNA GtH-I was 222 bp, and the cDNA GtH-II was 354 bp. The GtH-I precursors encoded by cDNA consisted of 67 amino acids, including mature peptide. The level of GtH gene expression significantly increased as longer photoperiods were administered. The results indicated that photoperiod lengths affect the hard-lipped barb reproductive performance.
INTESTINAL HISTOLOGY OF THE GROUPER Epinephelus lanceolatus fuscogutattus ADMINISTERED WITH SIMPLICIA PAPAYA
Authors: Rostika Rita , Yustiati Ayu , Rizal Achmad , Rudyansyah Mochammad , Dewanti Lantun Paradhita 
Published: January 2019

The grouper (Epinephelus sp) is a marine fish species that many people commercially cultivate, for hatchery and rearing, and showing such promising prospect. Fish intestine and growth histology are a function of internal and external conditions, namely water quality, feed quality and feed quantity. However, even though the protein content of its feed is high, the growth of the grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus fuscogutattus is quite low. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of simplicia papaya on Â the growth of the grouper particularly, absolute weight and the protein efficiency ratio. The research was conducted using Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments and 3 replications (A: simplicia papaya 5% application, B: simplicia papaya 3.75% application, C: simplicia papaya 2.5% application, D: simplicia papaya 1.25% application, and E: 0% simplicia papaya). The groupers were cultivated in a floating net cage in Pangandaran Regency, Indonesia. The addition of simplicia papaya at 3.75% and 55% to the grouperâ€™s artificial feed had influenced the number of necrotic cells at 169 and 183 cells, respectively, and so were the number of goblet cells. The addition of simplicia papaya at 5%, 3.75% and 2.5% of the grouperâ€™s artificial feed had increased the absolute weight gain by 161.36 grams, 152.19 grams, 152.09 grams, respectively. The addition of simplicia papaya at 5%, and 3.75% of the grouperâ€™s artificial feed increased the protein efficiency ratio by 3.18% and 3.19%, respectively.
Public Funding and Expenditure Regulation of Australian Political Parties: Some Reflections
Authors: Tham Joo-Cheong , Grove David 
Published: January 2019

Not so long ago, Australian electoral law was described as being in a Cinderella state, a neglected but promising field of inquiry. Some years down the track, it is clear that Australian electoral law is beginning to shed its Cinderella-status with scholars paying increasing attention to the legal regulation of elections.In this burgeoning field, political finance laws assume critical importance. Indeed, it has been said that such laws probably pose ‘perhaps the central issue facing electoral law’. Arguably for this reason, this aspect of Australian electoral law, more so than any other, has been the subject of sustained scholarship. It is even showing signs of maturing into a distinct area of electoral law.
The Public Enforcement of Sanctions against Illegal Phoenix Activity: Scope, Rationale and Reform
Authors: Welsh Michelle , Anderson Helen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe loss suffered by unsecured creditors of all insolvent companies is the non-payment in full of amounts rightfully owed to them. This loss is all the more unacceptable to creditors when a company has been illegally phoenixed by the transfer from the insolvent company of assets at undervalue. One way of increasing the pool of funds available for distribution to creditors is to issue proceedings seeking compensation against directors alleging that their ‘phoenixing’ amounted to a breach of directors’ duties or insolvent trading. Such an action may be instigated by the liquidator and by ASIC. ASIC's enforcement role can be contrasted with the recovery role of the liquidator where the latter acts primarily in the furtherance of private interests, being those of the insolvent company's creditors; ASIC's mandate, on the other hand, is to act in the public interest. The purpose of this article is to examine the enforcement roles of liquidators and ASIC where suspected illegal phoenix activity has occurred. Following consideration of the difficulties faced by liquidators acting on behalf of creditors of phoenixed companies, this article considers whether it is appropriate, from a policy perspective, for the public regulator to promote private interests by exercising its enforcement powers for the benefit of creditors. The argument in favour of a publicly funded regulator seeking compensation for creditor losses is particularly compelling in the context of illegal phoenix activity, given the inability of creditors to bring enforcement proceedings themselves and the difficulties faced by liquidators when they seek redress for creditors’ losses.
Who's the Legislator Anyway? How the Fatf's Global Norms Reshape Australian Counter Terrorist Financing Laws
Authors: Goldbarsht Doron 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis article focuses on the Australian implementation of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Recommendations, so-called ‘soft law’ instruments, which represent the international standards in Counter Terrorist Financing (CTF) but which force legislators to conform. The article will fill the gaps existing in the literature today by focusing on the origins and motives of broad CTF legislation in Australia, then detailing each of the FATF's CTF Recommendations and the ways in which they are implemented in Australia. This approach differs significantly from other literature in the field, which deals solely with Australian implementation of one of the FATF's components. The current paper's examination will reveal the CTF regime in Australia, a decade after the FATF's first CTF Mutual Evaluation Report on Australia, and its decisive influence.
Gone but not Forgotten: In Defence of Hickman
Authors: Waller Jacob 
Published: January 2019

AbstractJudicial review of executive action is the stage upon which all three arms of government engage in stark interplay. The High Court, by virtue of s 75(v) of the Constitution, is vested with supervisory jurisdiction to undertake judicial review of executive action and to grant the constitutional writs of mandamus, prohibition and injunction. However, for centuries, legislatures have enacted privative clauses designed to limit the ability of courts to perform this function, thereby unshackling the executive from judicial restraint. In 1945, the authoritative approach in Australia to construing such clauses was established in the case of Hickman. This approach was substantially overturned by the High Court in 2003 in the case of Plaintiff S157. In this much lauded case, the High Court recognised that s 75(v) amounts to an ‘entrenched minimum provision of judicial review’ and constitutes ‘textual reinforcement’ of the rule of law. Notwithstanding this strong stance, by 2008 the High Court had given effect to a so-called no-invalidity clause which, although conceptually different from the privative clause, enabled Parliament to evade the reach of the High Court's constitutional jurisdiction. This paper seeks to defend Hickman on its own terms, arguing that it is consistent with the modern jurisprudence on statutory interpretation. It then proceeds to criticise the soundness of Plaintiff S157. Finally, it claims that a return to Hickman represents the best way in which to construe no-invalidity clauses.
Whistleblowing, National Security and the Constitutional Freedom of Political Communication
Authors: Ireland-Piper Danielle , Crowe Jonathan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWhistleblowers promote the values of responsible government and the rule of law by drawing attention to criminal or other forms of wrongdoing in publicly accountable organisations. This article explores the relationship between whistleblowing, national security and the implied freedom of political communication under the Australian Constitution. Legislation such as the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth) (‘Crimes Act’), the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 (Cth) (‘ASIO Act’) and the Australian Border Force Act 2015 (Cth) (‘Border Force Act’) makes it an offence to reveal certain types of information obtained as a Commonwealth officer. The Public Interest Disclosure Act 2013 (Cth) (‘PIDA’) offers limited protection to whistleblowers in the Commonwealth public sector, but this protection does not extend to information relating to intelligence operations. We argue that blanket criminalisation of unauthorised disclosure by Commonwealth officers or contractors under s 70 of the Crimes Act, along with similar prohibitions in s 35P of the ASIO Act and s 42 of the Border Force Act, offend the implied freedom of political communication by failing to strike an adequate balance between national security and organisational secrecy, on the one hand, and public debate and discussion, on the other. The courts should read down these laws to protect disclosures that hold significant public interest for discussion and debate over government policy or the performance of government officials.
The Dilemma of Indigenous Self-Government in Canada: Indigenous Rights and Canadian Federalism
Authors: Stacey Richard 
Published: January 2019

AbstractCanada's constitutional distribution of authority between the provinces and federal government leaves no room for Indigenous self-government, but there are increasingly vocal calls for change. Whether Indigenous peoples are acknowledged as one of Canada's founding nations alongside its English and French settlers, or are recognized as distinctive peoples within its multicultural society, these calls affirm Indigenous peoples as sovereign nations deserving of at least some of the powers that the provinces have. The Constitution Act 1982 provides a different mechanism of legal protection for Indigenous peoples, recognizing and affirming already existing Indigenous rights. Canada's Indigenous rights jurisprudence, however, pulls against the sovereignty that underlies federalism. The courts have understood Indigenous rights such that accessing their protections denies to Indigenous peoples the autonomy to define themselves as member nations of Canada's multicultural society. As a normative point, this paper argues that we should embrace constitutional Indigenous rights as a vehicle for Indigenous sovereignty, because it brings federalism and Indigenous rights together as a theoretically coherent foundation for Indigenous self-government in Canada. As a descriptive point, the paper argues that the jurisprudence itself already contains the resources to support a sovereignty-affirming reading of the Constitution's Indigenous rights provisions.