bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of children and adolescents with psychosis risk syndrome: The Children and Adolescents Psychosis Risk Syndrome (CAPRIS) study
Authors: Dolz Montserrat , Tor Jordina , De la Serna Elena , Pardo Marta , Muñoz‐Samons Daniel , Rodríguez‐Pascual Marta , Puig Olga , Sugranyes Gisela , Usall Judith , Sánchez‐Gistau Vanessa , Baeza Inmaculada 
Published: November 2018

AimDespite the interest in psychosis risk syndrome (PRS) in children and adolescents, information on the syndrome in this population is scarce.MethodsProspective naturalistic multi‐site study in which 10‐ to 17‐year‐old help‐seeking subjects who met PRS criteria (positive or negative attenuated symptoms; brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms; genetic risk or schizotypal personality disorder plus impairment in functioning) were included, along with 45 age and sex‐matched healthy controls (HC). All subjects were clinically and functionally assessed.ResultsNinety‐one PRS subjects (PRSS) with a mean age of 15.5 ± 1.4 met inclusion criteria (IC). Compared with HC, PRSS presented worse global and academic functioning in the previous year, had experienced more psychiatric and psychological problems, and presented gestational ages outside the normal range. More than 80% of PRSS met ≥2 IC, with 65.9% having one Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Text Revision diagnosis, and 61.7% of those having ≥2 diagnoses. Some 49.5% of PRSS had a first‐ or second‐degree family history (FH) of psychosis. Patients with first‐ and second‐degree FH do not differ in their clinical expression.ConclusionsChildren and adolescents with PRS are a patient group with a pattern of neurodevelopmental impairment and clinical complexity similar to patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, highlighting the importance of assessing these variables in child and adolescent samples. PRSS with first‐ and second‐degree relatives with FH do not present differences in their clinical presentation, suggesting that including these two groups of patients in the genetic risk criteria would enrich knowledge of these criteria.
22q11 microdeletion syndrome and ultra‐high risk for psychosis: The role of neurological soft signs as an independent marker of vulnerability for psychosis
Authors: Pitzianti Mariabernarda , Pontillo Maria , Vicari Stefano , Armando Marco , Pasini Augusto 
Published: November 2018

Aim22q11 microdeletion syndrome has an increased risk for psychosis, similar to subjects at ultra‐high risk for psychosis. Neurological soft signs are considered an endophenotype of psychotic disorders and a marker of vulnerability to Schizophrenia, consisting of overflow movements, dysrhythmia and speed of timed activities. To date, there are no studies that have evaluated the presence of the neurological soft signs in subjects with 22q11 microdeletion syndrome and there are a few studies that have analysed this issue in subjects at ultra‐high risk.MethodsWe sought to measure neurological soft signs in these two conditions, compared to healthy controls and to analyse the possible correlation between neurological soft signs and positive/negative symptoms both in 22q11 microdeletion syndrome and ultra‐high‐risk groups. 54 drug‐naive patients (29 with 22q11 microdeletion syndrome and 25 at ultra‐high risk for psychosis) and 25 healthy controls were evaluated for neurological soft signs.ResultsBoth clinical groups showed a greater number of neurological soft signs compared to healthy control, although the two clinical groups did not differ for the number of neurological soft signs. Positive correlation between speed of timed activities and negative symptoms was found in subjects at ultra‐high risk.ConclusionNeurological soft signs could represent a marker of atypical neurodevelopment in the two populations examined. Since we did not found a strong correlation between neurological soft signs and positive/negative symptoms, we suggest that neurological soft signs could be indicators of vulnerability to psychosis independent from the psychopathology.
Predation drives recurrent convergence of an interspecies mutualism
Authors: Feeney William E. , Brooker Rohan M. , Johnston Lane N. , Gilbert James D. J. , Besson Marc , Lecchini David , Dixson Danielle L. , Cowman Peter F. , Manica Andrea 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMutualisms are important ecological interactions that underpin much of the world's biodiversity. Predation risk has been shown to regulate mutualism dynamics in species‐specific case studies; however, we lack studies which investigate whether predation can also explain broader patterns of mutualism evolution. We report that fish‐anemone mutualisms have evolved on at least 55 occasions across 16 fish families over the past 60 million years and that adult body size is associated with the ontogenetic stage of anemone mutualisms: larger‐bodied species partner with anemones as juveniles, while smaller‐bodied species partner with anemones throughout their lives. Field and laboratory studies show that predators target smaller prey, that smaller fishes associate more with anemones, and that these relationships confer protection to small fishes. Our results indicate that predation is likely driving the recurrent convergent evolution of fish‐anemone mutualisms and suggest that similar ecological processes may have selected convergence in interspecies interactions in other animal clades.
Spatial and temporal variation in nitrogen fixation and its importance to phytoplankton in phosphorus‐rich lakes
Authors: Hayes Nicole M. , Patoine Alain , Haig Heather A. , Simpson Gavin L. , Swarbrick Vanessa J. , Wiik Emma , Leavitt Peter R. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Limnological theory posits that phosphorus (P) limits primary production in freshwater lakes, in part because fixation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) can compensate for limitations in nitrogen (N) supply to phytoplankton. However, quantitative estimates of the degree to which N2 fixation satisfies planktonic N demand are rare.

Here we used biweekly sampling during summer in seven lakes over 2 decades to estimate both planktonic N2 fixation and phytoplankton N demand. We further assessed the ability of biologically fixed N to satisfy N needs of primary producers in productive hardwater lakes.

Phytoplankton N requirements, derived from estimates of phytoplankton productivity and N content, were moderately synchronous (S = 0.41) among lakes (ca. 0.1–9.2 mg N m–3 hr–1). In contrast, rates of N2 fixation determined using isotopic natural abundance method (NAM; 0.002–3.2 mg N m–3 hr–1), or heterocyte‐based calculations (0.10–1.78 mg N m–3 hr–1), varied asynchronously (SNAM = –0.03 and SHeterocyte = –0.11) among basins, accounted for a median of 3.5% (mean 11.3% ± 21.6) of phytoplankton demand, and were correlated to the abundance of Nostocales cyanobacteria when analysed using generalised additive models.

Overall, the total mass of fixed N accounted for a median of only 3.0% of the spring standing stock of total dissolved N in study lakes (mean 7.5 ± 12.1%), with higher relative importance of fixed N in highly productive downstream lakes. Thus, while fixed N helps sustain primary productivity, particularly in years with high rates of N2‐fixation, it does not appear to eliminate N limitation of phytoplankton growth in these P‐rich hardwater lakes.
Reconciling the theory and reality of shared decision‐making: A “matching” approach to practitioner leadership
Authors: Brown Stephen L. , Salmon Peter 
Published: November 2018

AbstractShared decision making (SDM) evolved to resolve tension between patients’ entitlement to make health‐care decisions and practitioners’ responsibility to protect patients’ interests. Implicitly assuming that patients are willing and able to make “good” decisions, SDM proponents suggest that patients and practitioners negotiate decisions. In practice, patients often do not wish to participate in decisions, or cannot make good decisions. Consequently, practitioners sometimes lead decision making, but doing so risks the paternalism that SDM is intended to avoid. We argue that practitioners should take leadership when patients cannot make good decisions, but practitioners will need to know: (a) when good decisions are not being made; and (b) how to intervene appropriately and proportionately when patients cannot make good decisions. Regarding (a), patients rarely make decisions using formal decision logic, but rely on informal propositions about risks and benefits. As propositions are idiographic and their meanings context‐dependent, normative standards of decision quality cannot be imposed. Practitioners must assess decision quality by making subjective and contextualized judgements as to the “reasonableness” of the underlying propositions. Regarding (b), matched to judgements of reasonableness, we describe levels of leadership distinguished according to how directively practitioners act; ranging from prompting patients to question unreasonable propositions or consider new propositions, to directive leadership whereby practitioners recommend options or deny requested procedures. In the context of ideas of relational autonomy, the objective of practitioner leadership is to protect patients’ autonomy by supporting good decision making, taking leadership in patients’ interests only when patients are unwilling or unable to make good decisions.
Protective effect of acquired long QT syndrome in Takotsubo syndrome
Authors: Hohneck Anna , El‐Battrawy Ibrahim , Lang Siegfried , Ansari Uzair , Schramm Katja , Zhou Xiaobo , Borggrefe Martin , Akin Ibrahim 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundClinical variables that predict long‐term mortality and recurrence of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) are not completely understood as the role of acquired corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation.AimTo detect the prevalence of QTc interval prolongation in patients with TTS and to evaluate its long‐term prognostic impact.MethodsQTc intervals were analysed in 105 patients presenting with symptoms of TTS. These patients were included in an ongoing retrospective cohort database. The cohort was subsequently subdivided into two groups based on the presence (long QT (LQT) group, n = 73, 69.52%) or absence (non‐long QT (non‐LQT) group, n = 32, 30.43%) of QTc interval prolongation. Patients were followed up over a mean period of 4.2 years. The rate of life‐threatening arrhythmia during the first 30 days in the LQT group was comparable with the non‐LQT group (10.9 vs 12.5%), whereas in‐hospital mortality and 30‐day mortality occurred less frequently in the LQT group (2.7 vs 18.75%, P < 0.01).ResultsDuring this time span, 17 (23.3%) patients with acquired LQT syndrome died, whereas 14 (43.7%) patients with non‐LQT duration died. Kaplan–Meier survival rates were significantly higher in the LQT group than those in the non‐LQT group (Log‐rank‐test, P = 0.02). On multivariate analysis, the QTc interval was an independent negative predictor of all‐cause mortality (P = 0.02).ConclusionThe QTc interval at admission is an independent negative predictor of long‐term adverse outcome in patients with TTS.
Simultaneous Quantification of Various Retinoids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Its Relevance to Alcohol Research
Authors: Yokoyama Hirokazu , Matsumoto Michinaga , Shiraishi Haruko , Ishii Hiromasa 
Published: November 2018

Background: We established a high performance liquid chromatography system that allowed simultaneous quantification of various retinoids.Methods: We applied the retinoids to a high performance liquid chromatography system with a silica gel absorption column. Samples were separated by the system with a binary multistep gradient with two kinds of solvent that contained n‐Hexan, 2‐propanol, and glacial acetic acid in different ratios. Each retinoid was detected at a wavelength of 350 nm.Results: This condition allowed separation of 13‐cis‐retinoic acid, 9‐cis‐retinoic acid, all‐trans‐retinoic acid, 13‐cis‐retinol, all‐trans‐retinol, all‐trans‐4‐oxo‐retinoic acid, and 13‐cis‐4‐oxo‐retinoic acid as distinct single peaks. Each retinoid was also analyzed separately and its retention time determined. To ascertain the reliability of this system for retinoid quantification, retinoids at various concentrations were applied to the system. We observed the linearities between the concentration and area under the curve of the peak for each retinoid by linear least‐squares regression analysis up to 2.5 ng/ml for all retinoic acids and up to 5 ng/ml for all retinols. There was no significant scattering in tests of within‐day reproducibility or day‐to‐day reproducibility. Using this system, we examined effects of light exposure on isomerization of retinoids. When retinoids were exposed to room light for 2 hr, the amounts of all but 13‐cis‐retinol changed significantly. In particular, the amounts of all‐trans‐retinoic acid and 9‐cis‐retinoic acid were reduced by 40% and 60%, respectively.Conclusion: The HPLC system established in this study should be useful for studying the oxidation pathway of retinol to retinoic acid. A light‐shielded condition is required when particular retinoic acids are analyzed.
Ethanol Patch Test: A Simple Method for Identifying the Effectiveness of Cyanamide in Alcoholics
Authors: Yamauchi Masayoshi , Kimura Taketo , Takeda Kunihiko , Sakamoto Kazuhiko , Ohata Mitsuru , Tabe Tetsuko , Nakano Kazuko , Fujiwara Seiji , Takao Yukihiro , Toda Gotaro 
Published: November 2018

Background: To identify the pharmacological effectiveness of cyanamide, 144 alcoholics treated with cyanamide were subjected to a test that used an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitor, the ethanol patch test, which is considered to be a good indicator of ALDH2 phenotype.Methods: We placed 100 μl of 70% ethanol on a lint pad and, as a control, placed the same volume of distilled water on a second pad. The ethanol patch test was performed on 144 alcoholics more than 2 weeks after abstinence from alcohol before and after treatment with cyanamide for 1 week. The dose of cyanamide was increased up to 150 mg until the patch test yielded a positive result.Results: In the ethanol patch test, 36 alcoholics (25.0%) gave a positive result before treatment with cyanamide and might have been ALDH21/22 heterozygotes. Among 108 alcoholics who were not positive, the distribution of the cyanamide dose that yielded a positive ethanol patch test result was 30 mg in 42 cases (38.9%), 50 mg in 33 cases (30.6%), 70 mg in 5 cases (4.6%), 100 mg in 6 cases (5.6%), and 150 mg in 2 cases (1.9%). Prevalence of liver cirrhosis was significantly higher in alcoholics who showed a positive ethanol patch test result at doses of less than 50 mg cyanamide than those at doses more than 70 mg (p = 0.029). The prevalence of adverse effects was significantly higher in alcoholics who showed a positive ethanol patch test result at doses of more than 70 mg than at doses of less than 50 mg cyanamide (p = 0.002).Conclusions: The ethanol patch test is a useful method for identifying pharmacological effectiveness of cyanamide and may reduce the prevalence of side effects in cyanamide‐treated alcoholics.
Contribution of Hepatitis C Virus to the Progression of Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: Tanaka Takashi , Yabusako Tsuneo , Yamashita Terumi , Kondo Kyoko , Nishiguchi Shuhei , Kuroki Tetsuo , Monna Takeyuki 
Published: November 2018

Background: We determined hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody, HCV RNA, and genotype in patients with alcoholic liver disease and studied the involvement of HCV in alcoholic liver disease. Additionally, we used the histological activity index (HAI) to study the influence of HCV on the severity of inflammation.Methods: The subjects were 143 patients with alcoholic liver disease: 7 with fatty liver (FL), 18 with hepatic fibrosis (HF), 24 with alcoholic hepatitis (ALH), 39 with chronic hepatitis (CH), 42 with liver cirrhosis (LC), and 13 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The HCV RNA positivity rate in each type of disease was 0/7 (0%), 1/18 (6%), 2/24 (8%), 27/39 (69%), 24/42 (57%), and 7/13 (54%), respectively. It was high in the advanced hepatic lesions.Results: Clinically, the serum hepatic function tests after abstinence from drinking improved significantly in the HCV RNA negative patients compared with the positive patients. The proportion of genotype II in each type of disease was 0/0, 0/1 (0%), 1/2 (50%), 18/27 (67%), 18/24 (75%), and 7/7 (100%), respectively. It became high with the advance of pathophysiology. The HCV RNA amount stood at 7.5 ± 0.4 [log (copies/ml)] in CH, 7.9 ± 0.4 in LC, and 8.4 ± 0.8 in HCC, with a statistically significant difference between CH and HCC. However, we found no changes in the HCV RNA amount due to abstinence from drinking. The HAI score was high in the HCV RNA positive patients, but several cases in the HCV RNA negative group showed severe inflammatory changes. Therefore, judging the presence or absence of HCV RNA with the HAI score alone was considered difficult.Conclusions:: These results suggest that HCV, particularly genotype II, plays an important role in the advance of disease to LC and HCC in heavy drinkers.
CXXC5: A novel regulator and coordinator of TGF‐β, BMP and Wnt signaling
Authors: Xiong Xiangyang , Tu Shuo , Wang Jianbin , Luo Shiwen , Yan Xiaohua 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCXXC5 is a member of the CXXC‐type zinc‐finger protein family. Proteins in this family play a pivotal role in epigenetic regulation by binding to unmethylated CpG islands in gene promoters through their characteristic CXXC domain. CXXC5 is a short protein (322 amino acids in length) that does not have any catalytic domain, but is able to bind to DNA and act as a transcription factor and epigenetic factor through protein‐protein interactions. Intriguingly, increasing evidence indicates that expression of the CXXC5 gene is controlled by multiple signaling pathways and a variety of transcription factors, positioning CXXC5 as an important signal integrator. In addition, CXXC5 is capable of regulating various signal transduction processes, including the TGF‐β, Wnt and ATM‐p53 pathways, thereby acting as a novel and crucial signaling coordinator. CXXC5 plays an important role in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In keeping with these functions, aberrant expression or altered activity of CXXC5 has been shown to be involved in several human diseases including tumourigenesis. This review summarizes the current understanding of CXXC5 as a transcription factor and signaling regulator and coordinator.
Design features of a guideline implementation tool designed to increase awareness of a clinical practice guide to HIV rehabilitation: A qualitative process evaluation
Authors: Salbach Nancy M. , Solomon Patricia , O'Brien Kelly K. , Worthington Catherine , Baxter Larry , Blanchard Georgina , Casey Alan , Chegwidden Will , Dolan Le‐Ann , Eby Sarah , Gervais Nicole 
Published: November 2018

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesA comprehensive electronic guide (e‐module) describing an interprofessional, evidence‐informed approach to HIV rehabilitation was developed as an education resource for rehabilitation professionals. We developed a guideline implementation tool, consisting of a 10‐week, case‐based education intervention delivered by email, that was perceived to increase rehabilitation professionals' (occupational therapists (OTs), physical therapists (PTs), and speech language pathologists (SLPs)) knowledge and confidence to apply best practices in HIV rehabilitation. This study aimed to increase understanding of how the design of the guideline implementation tool facilitated increased awareness of and access to the e‐module among rehabilitation professionals.MethodsWe conducted a single group intervention study with rehabilitation professionals in Canada and the United Kingdom. Six case studies targeting HIV pathophysiology and associated conditions, an interprofessional approach to rehabilitation assessment and treatment, and psychosocial issues experienced by people living with HIV, were emailed to participants at 2‐week intervals. Individual semi‐structured interviews were conducted post‐intervention. Interview transcripts were analysed using a descriptive qualitative approach.ResultsTwenty‐six individuals (17 from Canada, and 9 from the UK; 16 PTs, 7 OTs, 3 SLPs) were interviewed. One main theme related to design features of the intervention that facilitated learning and access to the e‐module emerged. Subthemes highlighted features of the case‐based intervention, including technical feasibility, terminology, formatting and layout, hyperlinks, number and frequency of case studies, and diverse and realistic case scenarios relevant to the learner's practice, that participants described as facilitating access to information and learning.ConclusionElectronically administered case studies were perceived as complementary knowledge tools that increased access to an evidence‐informed guide to HIV rehabilitation. Findings provide guidance on using case studies as a guideline implementation tool to facilitate access to information and related resources to optimize learning.
Assessing the microbiological safety status of most commonly consumed food items sold at local and branded restaurants of Faisalabad, Pakistan
Authors: Arshad Fariha , Zahoor Tahir 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe current study was designed to assess the microbial safety status of rice and chicken dishes offered for sale at various local and branded restaurants. Purposely, 24 samples of rice and chicken dishes were collected from eight local and branded restaurants of Faisalabad city. All the collected samples were subjected to microbiological examination to determine the prevalence and comparative enumeration of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli (rice), Salmonella and Campylobacter (chicken). Results pertaining to the enumeration of B. cereus and E. coli exhibited highest count of 2.12 × 108 and 2.59 × 107 cfu/g, respectively. Both strains were found to be higher among the samples collected from branded restaurants. Likewise for chicken dishes, the highest count observed for Salmonella and Campylobacter were 2.50 × 107 and 1.87 × 108 cfu/g, respectively. Further, the results of current study revealed that 38% of rice samples collected from local restaurants and 63% from branded restaurants have unsatisfactory safety status for B. cereus. Similarly, for E. coli, 63 and 42% samples were found unsatisfactory from local and branded restaurants, respectively. On the other hand, the percentage of chicken samples with unacceptable safety status according to Salmonella and Campylobacter standards were 46 & 58% and 54 & 46% for local and branded restaurants, respectively.Practical applicationsSafe handling of food during preparation and adherence to the food safety principles are key factors in determining the safety of food served at any restaurant. The study focused on previously unreported microbial safety status of some commonly sold food items at local and branded restaurants. The results and suggestions of this study will help the food handlers and regulatory bodies to map out the potential gaps in food supply chain to reduce the incidence of microbial contamination in cooked food items. The study will provide guidance for the restaurant industry to improve the overall safety of cooked foods by taking the corrective measures in the light of results presented in this article.