bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of microparticles on deformation and microstructural evolution of fine-grained ice
Authors: SARUYA TOMOTAKA , NAKAJIMA KOKI , TAKATA MORIMASA , HOMMA TOMOYUKI , AZUMA NOBUHIKO , GOTO-AZUMA KUMIKO 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTWe investigated the effects of microparticles and grain size on the microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of polycrystalline ice. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted using fine-grained pure ice and silica-dispersed ice under various conditions. Deformation behavior of fine-grained ice was found to be characterized by stress exponent n ≈ 2 and activation energy Q ≈ 60 kJ mol−1. The derived strain rates of fine-grained ice were ≈ 1 order of magnitude larger than those of coarse-grained ice obtained in previous studies, and they were found to be independent of particle dispersion and dependent on the mean grain size of ice, with grain size exponent p ≈ 1.4. Work hardening was observed in dislocation creep, while the strain rate continued to decrease. These results indicate that the deformation mechanism of fine-grained ice is different from typical dislocation creep, often associated with n = 3. Although microparticles restricted grain growth, there was little direct effect on the deformation of fine-grained ice. Microstructural observations of the ice samples indicated that the grain boundaries were straight and that the subgrain boundary densities increased after deformation. Our experiments suggest that grain size and boundaries play important roles in the deformation processes of polycrystalline ice.
The Prediction of Turbulent, Supersonic, Two-Dimensional, Boundary-Layer Flows
Authors: Sivasegaram S. , Whitelaw J. H. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThe prediction procedures of Bradshaw and Ferriss and Spalding and Patankar are compared with a wide range of experimental data obtained in turbulent, supersonic, two-dimensional flow. Both procedures are shown to result in satisfactory predictions of mean velocity profiles and wall shear stress in adiabatic-wall situations: in addition, the procedure of Spalding and Patankar is shown to be satisfactory in heat transfer situations. The Bradshaw and Ferriss procedure employs a turbulent energy hypothesis in contrast to the mixing-length assumptions used in the present version of the Spalding and Patankar procedure. The close agreement between the predictions of the two procedures indicates a lack of experimental data obtained in flow configurations with suddenly imposed or relaxed pressure gradients.
The Caret Wing at Certain Off-Design Conditions
Authors: Hui W H 
Published: May 2019

SummaryA unified theory is given of hypersonic and supersonic flow over the lower surface of a caret wing at certain off-design conditions when the bow shock is attached to the leading edges of the wing and when there exists no internal shock. The flow field on the lower surface of a caret wing consists of uniform flow regions near the leading edges, where the cross-flow is supersonic, and a non-uniform flow in the central region, where the cross-flow is subsonic. The basic assumption is that the flow in the central region differs slightly from the two-dimensional supersonic flow over a flat plate at the same angle of incidence as that of the lower ridge of the wing. Based on this assumption, a first-order perturbation flow is first calculated and then strained and corrected so that it matches the uniform flow which is obtained exactly. Slope discontinuities of the pressure curve are found at the cross-flow sonic line. Numerical examples and comparisons with previous theories and experiments are included.
Waves near a Sonic Line in Non-Homentropic Flow
Authors: Hunt B L 
Published: May 2019

SummaryThis paper gives qualitative descriptions of the wave patterns near a sonic line in non-homentropic flow. It is found that these wave patterns can be quite different from the homentropic forms. The most striking differences are that, under appropriate circumstances, the sonic line can produce expansion waves and receive compression waves. Three particular flow situations are then examined with the aid of the new descriptions.
Experimental Buckling Loads of Sandwich Panels with Carbon Fibre Faceplates
Authors: Pearce T R A , Webber J P H 
Published: May 2019

SummaryExperiments to determine the overall buckling and faceplate wrinkling loads of sandwich panels with carbon fibre reinforced plastic faces and honeycomb cores when loaded under uniaxial compression are described. The results are compared with theoretical predictions which assume that the faceplates are orthotropic. The effect on the experimental loads of certain coupling terms, which occur in the constitutive equations of those faceplates which are not orthotropic, is then considered.
The Dissolution of a Pension Fund
Authors: Gilley D. F. 
Published: May 2019

Consider what you think justice requires, and decide accordingly. But never give your reasons; for your judgement will probably be right, but your reasons will certainly be wrong.William Murray, Earl of Mansfield 1705-93Pension fund is created for what it will do while in full operation—not for what will emerge when it is wound up nor for what it might provide for members during their employment. Nevertheless, the dissolution provisions are important: they may reflect the philosophy on which, or the limitations within which, the fund is financed but it is of paramount importance that they should make llowance for the considerable problems that can and do arise on a dissolution acutally taking place.
Effects of drenching with a ‘pluronic’ on bloat and milk production
Authors: Wright D. E. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryBloat in identical twin lactating cattle grazing clover-rich pastures was controlled by twice-daily drenching with 7 ml ‘ Pluronic’ L 64 in water. The drench did not alter milk composition and there was no significant difference in milk production between control and treated groups. A significant (P <0·05) linear relationship between bloat protection and butterfat production was found between twin sets. Drenching increased milk production in high-bloating cows but slightly depressed production in low-bloating animals.
The metabolism of [U-14C]glucose, [1-14C]palmitic acid and [1-14C]stearic acid by the lactating mammary gland of the sow
Authors: Spincer J. , Rook J. A. F. 
Published: May 2019

Summary(1) Lactating Large White sows were given an intravenous infusion of [U-14C]glucose (3 sows), or of triglycerides containing [1-14C]palmitic acid (1 sow) or [1-14C]stearic acid (1 sow).(2) The contribution of labelled plasma constituents to the synthesis of milk citrate, lactose, triglyceride glycerol, individual amino acids of the milk proteins and individual fatty acids of the triglyceride fraction was estimated by the ‘transfer quotient’ method. For the glucose infusions the mean values for the transfer quotients were: lactose, 70%; citrate, 42%; glyceride glycerol, 38%; protein, 3%; laurate, 6%; myristate, 12%; palmitate, 6%; palmitoleate, 4% and stearate, 2%. Palmitic acid of the plasma triglycerides made similar contributions of about 60% to the palmitic and palmitoleic acids of milk fat, whereas stearic acid made a major contribution (71 %) to the stearic acid of milk fat but a smaller contribution (42%) to oleic acid.(3) The results are compared with corresponding values for the goat and the cow.
Observations on the Resistance to Schistosome Infection of Neonatal Mice born to Immune Mothers with a Demonstration of Increased Resistance in Lactating Mice
Authors: Taylor M. G. , Denham D. A. , Nelson G. S. 
Published: May 2019

An attempt was made to demonstrate passive transfer of immunity using neonatal mice born to mothers resistant to schistosome infection. No immunity was demonstrated in the baby mice, suggesting that the classes of antibody which are active in this immune system are not transferrable neonatally.An interesting incidental finding was the apparent enhanced resistance of lactating mice compared to normal females or males and this was confirmed in another experiment. There was no significant difference between the susceptibility of normal females and male mice. More male worms were recovered from male mice than from virgin female mice.
Parasitological research in the molecular age
Authors: Selbach Christian , Jorge Fátima , Dowle Eddy , Bennett Jerusha , Chai Xuhong , Doherty Jean-François , Eriksson Alan , Filion Antoine , Hay Eleanor , Herbison Ryan , Lindner Jocelyn , Park Eunji , Presswell Bronwen , Ruehle Brandon , Sobrinho Paulo M. , Wainwright Eleanor , Poulin Robert 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNew technological methods, such as rapidly developing molecular approaches, often provide new tools for scientific advances. However, these new tools are often not utilized equally across different research areas, possibly leading to disparities in progress between these areas. Here, we use empirical evidence from the scientific literature to test for potential discrepancies in the use of genetic tools to study parasiticvsnon-parasitic organisms across three distinguishable molecular periods, the allozyme, nucleotide and genomics periods. Publications on parasites constitute only a fraction (<5%) of the total research output across all molecular periods and are dominated by medically relevant parasites (especially protists), particularly during the early phase of each period. Our analysis suggests an increasing complexity of topics and research questions being addressed with the development of more sophisticated molecular tools, with the research focus between the periods shifting from predominantly species discovery to broader theory-focused questions. We conclude that both new and older molecular methods offer powerful tools for research on parasites, including their diverse roles in ecosystems and their relevance as human pathogens. While older methods, such as barcoding approaches, will continue to feature in the molecular toolbox of parasitologists for years to come, we encourage parasitologists to be more responsive to new approaches that provide the tools to address broader questions.
CONSENSO E OPPOSIZIONE: UNA TIPOLOGIA
Authors: Graham George J. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneI ruoli svolti dalle opposizioni all'interno di una società sono definiti dalle « aspettative » di coloro con cui i gruppi di opposizione interagiscono. Le aspettative della cittadinanza si traducono direttamente in una serie di condizioni di confine che stabiliscono quali forme di comportamento vengano apertamente tollerate nelle attività politiche. Le attività di opposizione vengono perciò giudicate sulla base delle norme consensuali presenti in una società, e gli effetti di stili differenti di comportamento dell'opposizione dipenderanno chiaramente dalla reazione pubblica nei loro confronti. È chiara l'importanza del rapporto tra consenso e opposizione per comprendere singolarmente entrambi i fenomeni dal momento che le norme ed i valori sociali prevalenti sono essenziali agli effetti dello stile del dissenso all'interno di una società. Da molto tempo è stata riconosciuta l'importanza di entrambi i fenomeni nelle analisi del decision-making, dell'integrazione sociale, dello sviluppo politico e del conflitto politico, ma la loro importanza ha ricevuto un nuovo rilievo dallo sviluppo di gruppi di opposizione di massa che perseguono la contestazione politica nella forma della politica di scontro frontale.
CONSEGUENZE POLITICHE DELLA LEGGE ELETTORALE REGIONALE IN ITALIA
Authors: Fisichella Domenico 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIl 7 giugno 1970 l'Italia è entrata nell'era regionalistica del suo sviluppo politico-amministrativo. Vi è entrata in virtú dell'elezione, svoltasi in quel giorno e nel successivo, dei consigli regionali delle quindici regioni a statuto normale: regioni le quali, insieme alle cinque a statuto speciale da tempo in essere, costituiscono adesso, e ancor piú costituiranno in futuro, le unità fondamentali della struttura politica di base della repubblica italiana.
LA POLITICA COME SCIENZA
Authors: Sartori Giovanni 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneLa filosofia non presuppone un metodo filosofico. Quantomeno, non esiste un metodo filosofico codificato. Al massimo si potrà dire che la filosofia presuppone un « corretto ragionare », e cioè la logica. Ma certo la logica non sta alla filosofia cosí come il metodo scientifico sta alla scienza. Sarebbe azzardato asserire che non c’è filosofia senza logica; e certo, molti illustri filosofi hanno ampiamente derogato dall−unica logica che la tradizione filosofica ha codificato: la logica Aristotelica. Per contro si sostiene che non c’è scienza propriamente detta senza metodo scientifico. Questo metodo scientifico non è immutabile, è uno ma anche plurimo, ed è in continua evoluzione. Il che non toglie che la scienza, presuppone un metodo scientifico. È in forza di questo criterio, difatti, che la nascita del pensiero scientifico e il suo distacco dal pensiero filosofico viene collocata nei secoli XVI-XVIII, nell−arco di tempo che va da Bacone a Galileo e, conclusivamente, a Newton.
MOBILITAZIONE SOCIALE E CRISI RIVOLUZIONARIA
Authors: Pellicani Luciano 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneIn questo saggio mi propongo di analizzare il meccanismo socio-psicologico che può determinare una crisi rivoluzionaria, cioè un acuto squilibrio tra il flusso degli inputs e il flusso degli outputs, eliminabile solo con una radicale trasformamazione del regime politico. L'ipotesi centrale dalla quale muovo è che, perché una società sia integrata, è necessario un notevole grado di sintonia fra le strutture, le istituzioni e le mentalità, di modo che:
DIMENSIONI DEL POTERE
Authors: Frey Frederick W. 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzioneNonostante quasi duemila anni di esperienze e di tentativi almeno occasionali di analisi sistematica in scienza politica, in antropologia, in economia e in sociologia, la comprensione scientifica dei fenomeni di potere, intesi in senso lato come quei fenomeni caratterizzati dall'influenza di un uomo su un altro uomo, si sta sviluppando soltanto adesso. L'argomento è altrettanto sfuggente e formidabile quanto di vitale importanza.
LE COMMISSIONI PARLAMENTARI AFFARI ESTERI: UNA UNITÀ DECISIONALE IN POLITICA ESTERA
Authors: Attinà Fulvio 
Published: May 2019

IntroduzionePresso i primi studiosi di Relazioni Internazionali l'analisi della politica estera occupava un posto di minore importanza rispetto all'analisi di tutti quei fattori (moralità, diritto, ecc.) e processi (organizzazione, guerra, ecc.) internazionali che si riteneva costituissero la sfera tipica degli interessi dello studioso. Il decision-making approach costituí, perciò, al suo apparire una vera e propria rivoluzione, non tanto come inversione di tendenza — privilegiare l'analisi della politica estera — quanto come chiarificazione del campo attraverso il riconoscimento che anche la politica estera non è soltanto il risultato di forze, morali e materiali, contrastanti, quanto un campo caratterizzato da attori che adottano scelte motivate. Sul piano della ricerca ciò si è tradotto nell'analisi del comportamento degli attori nazionali e internazionali nel momento in cui essi affrontano delle scelte, selezionano dei corsi di azione alternativi, decidono e attuano le loro scelte.
28. Galaxies
Authors: Burbidge E. M. 
Published: May 2019

As with the 1970 report, it has not been possible to write an all-inclusive account listing everything published by the great number of astronomers in this field (which greatly exceeds the commission membership). The subject headings below are not intended as completely separate divisions, but rather as guides to the contents. Where possible, references are given by the numbers in Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts; elsewhere, commonly-used abbreviations for journals are used and volume numbers alone without years.Among the colloquia and symposia on extragalactic astronomy whose proceedings have been published in the last three years are the following. IAU Symposium No. 38, on ‘The Spiral Structure of Our Galaxy’ (03.012.013), contained a few papers concerned with external galaxies, as did IAU Symposium No. 37, on ‘Non-Solar X- and Gamma-Ray Astronomy’ (04.012.002). ‘Quasars and High-Energy Astronomy’ (04.012.005) contained several papers on galaxies and QSOs. Some theoretical work relevant to external galaxies was contained in ‘Structure and Evolution of the Galaxy’ (Athens; NATO Summer Study; 05.012.006).
Deliberate Differentiation by the Chinese State: Outsourcing Responsibility for Governance
Authors: Sun Taiyi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDo authoritarian governments’ responses towards different civil society organizations (CSOs) reflect policy differentiations? Building on the existing literature of graduated control, diversification of civil society, and consultative authoritarianism, this paper utilizes an online field experiment,1and interviews with government officials and CSO leaders to demonstrate that local governments have the tendencies to intentionally treat different CSOs with different policy responses, referred to as “deliberate differentiation” in this paper. However, contrary to what the existing literature would suggest, this study reveals that at the local level, such differentiation is driven more by the state's interest in extracting productivity and outsourcing responsibility for the provision of public goods and less by the state's need to acquire information from CSOs, including politically sensitive advocacy groups.
Action for Cities: the Thatcher government and inner-city policy
Authors: Saumarez Smith Otto 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article surveys the Thatcher administration's approach to inner-city policy. It uses recently opened archives to reignite the debate over how far these years marked a radical break with past practices towards market-oriented approaches. The first part explains why inner cities became such a central issue for the Conservative party, running through all areas of domestic policy and taking up a vast amount of legislative time. The second part details some of the transatlantic neo-liberal ideas that blamed inner-city ills on government intervention, which were increasingly influential amongst senior Conservatives. The third section shows how little free market ideology actually succeeded in directing government policy, which more often than not saw an expansion of the role of the state. Antagonism with local authorities is revealed to have been a much more important and influential factor. These themes are expanded in the fourth section, which charts the Action for Cities policy drive of Thatcher's final term.
On digital front-runners and late-comers: Analyzing issue competition over digitization in German subnational elections
Authors: Siewert Markus B. , König Pascal D. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDespite the sweeping societal and economic transformation brought about by digitization, it has remained a relatively marginal topic in elections, with parties having few incentives to signal commitment to digitization. Why then would parties start to do so? We address this question by examining party manifestos from German subnational elections in the period between 2010 and 2018. Our analysis contributes to the research on issue competition by looking at why parties engage with the topic of the digitization even though it has neither become politicized nor salient, at present. We find, first, that parties emphasize digitization more in regions belonging to the mid-tier in terms of their degree of digital modernization. Second, parties with more resources and greater ideological compatibility signal more commitment to digitization. Finally, electoral success of the Pirate Party as a credible challenger has been followed by greater emphasis on digitization, especially among the ideologically closest competitors.
Attribution of the Hemispheric Asymmetries in Trends of Stratospheric Trace Gases Inferred From Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) Measurements
Authors: Han Yuanyuan , Tian Wenshou , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Zhang Jiankai , Wang Feiyang , Sang Wenjun , Luo Jiali , Feng Wuhu , Chrysanthou Andreas , Tian Hongying 
Published: May 2019

AbstractUsing Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) satellite observations, ERA‐Interim reanalysis data, and a chemistry transport model simulation, we analyze and investigate the causes of the asymmetric hemispheric trends of N2O, CH4, and HCl in the stratosphere during the period 2004–2012. We find significant hemispheric asymmetries in the trends of these trace gases in the midlatitude middle and lower stratosphere. With regard to N2O and CH4, the enhanced downwelling branch of the residual circulation in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) middle and upper stratosphere transports more N2O/CH4‐poor air from the upper stratosphere to the lower stratosphere. The enhanced poleward meridional branch of the residual circulation in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratosphere brings more N2O/CH4‐rich air from lower to middle latitudes. These processes therefore contribute to the negative trends of N2O and CH4 in the NH lower stratosphere and the positive trends in the SH middle stratosphere. A corresponding positive trend is found for HCl in the NH, where the deep branch of the residual circulation located in the middle and upper stratosphere strengthens, bringing more HCl‐rich air downward to the lower stratosphere, while the shallow branch of the residual circulation in the lower stratosphere weakens and leads to enhanced conversion of chlorine‐containing source gases of different lifetimes to HCl. A reversed picture emerges in the SH, where the deep branch of the residual circulation in the middle and upper stratosphere weakens, while the shallow branch in the lower stratosphere strengthens, resulting in less HCl there. In addition, the southward shift of the upwelling branch of the residual circulation in recent decades can partly explain trace gas trends above 20 hPa, while the eddy mixing has a small effect on the trends. Understanding these contributions from different processes to the hemispheric asymmetries in trends of these trace gases can help us to evaluate more accurately future changes in stratospheric composition.
Retreat Pattern of Glaciers Controls the Occurrence of Turbidity Currents on High‐Latitude Fjord Deltas (Eastern Baffin Island)
Authors: Normandeau A. , Dietrich P. , Hughes Clarke J. , Van Wychen W. , Lajeunesse P. , Burgess D. , Ghienne J.‐F. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGlacier and ice sheet mass loss as a result of climate change is driving important coastal changes in Arctic fjords. Yet limited information exists for Arctic coasts regarding the influence of glacial erosion and ice mass loss on the occurrence and character of turbidity currents in fjords, which themselves affect delta dynamics. Here we show how glacial erosion and the production of meltwaters and sediments associated with the melting of retreating glaciers control the generation of turbidity currents in fjords of eastern Baffin Island (Canada). The subaqueous parts of 31 river mouths along eastern Baffin Island were mapped by high‐resolution swath bathymetry in order to assess the presence or absence of sediment waves formed by turbidity currents on delta fronts. By extracting glaciological and hydrological watershed characteristics of these river mouths, we demonstrate that the presence and areal extent of glaciers are a key control for generating turbidity currents in fjords. However, lakes formed upstream during glacial retreat significantly alter the course of sediment routing to the deltas by forming temporary sinks, leading to the cessation of turbidity currents in the fjords. Due to the different deglaciation stages of watersheds in eastern Baffin Island, we put these results into a temporal framework of watershed deglaciation to demonstrate how the retreat pattern of glaciers, through the formation and filling of proglacial lakes, affects the turbidity current activity of deltas.