bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF BORDER CARBON ADJUSTMENTS IN A U.S. CARBON TAX
Authors: MCKIBBIN WARWICK J. , MORRIS ADELE C. , WILCOXEN PETER J. , LIU WEIFENG 
Published: March 2018

This paper examines carbon tax design options in the United States using an intertemporal computable general equilibrium model of the world economy called G-Cubed. In this paper, we discuss four policy scenarios that explore two overarching issues: (1) the effects of a carbon tax under alternative assumptions about the use of the resulting revenue, and (2) the effects of a system of import charges on carbon-intensive goods (“border carbon adjustments” or BCAs). Consistent with earlier studies, we find that the carbon tax raises considerable revenue and reduces CO2 emissions significantly relative to baseline, no matter how the revenue is used. Gross annual revenue from the carbon tax with lump sum rebating and no BCA begins at $110 billion in 2020 and rises gradually to $170 billion in 2040. By 2040, annual CO2 emissions fall from 5.5 billion metric tons (BMT) under the baseline to 2.4 BMT, a decline of 3.1 BMT, or 57%. Cumulative emissions over 2020 to 2040 fall by 48 BMT. Also consistent with earlier studies, we find that the carbon tax has very small overall impacts on gross domestic product (GDP), wages, employment, and consumption. Different uses of the revenue from the carbon tax result in slightly different levels and compositions of GDP across consumption, investment and net exports. Overall, using carbon tax revenue to reduce the capital income tax rate results in better macroeconomic outcomes than using the revenue for lump sum transfers. Counter to their purported purpose of protecting U.S. trade strength, for a given revenue policy, BCAs tend to produce lower net exports than the carbon taxes alone. This is generally because the BCAs raise the value of the dollar relative to other currencies, thus lowering exports more than they lower imports. This is consistent with standard results in the international trade literature on the effects of import tariffs and export subsidies on real exchange rates, a result that is often overlooked in the discussion of domestic carbon policy. In a finding new to the literature, our results show that BCAs can have strikingly different effects depending on the use of the revenue. Under a lump sum rebate, BCAs exacerbate the impact of the carbon tax by lowering domestic output further than it would fall under the carbon tax alone. Under a capital tax swap, however, BCAs have a moderating effect: they reduce the impact of the tax on most industries.
Are Metabolic Signatures Mediating the Relationship between Lifestyle Factors and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk? Results from a Nested Case–Control Study in EPIC
Authors: Assi Nada , Thomas Duncan C. , Leitzmann Michael , Stepien Magdalena , Chajès Véronique , Philip Thierry , Vineis Paolo , Bamia Christina , Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine , Sandanger Torkjel M. , Molinuevo Amaia , Boshuizen Hendriek C. , Sundkvist Anneli , Kühn Tilman , Travis Ruth C. , Overvad Kim , Riboli Elio , Gunter Marc J. , Scalbert Augustin , Jenab Mazda , Ferrari Pietro , Viallon Vivian 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackground: The “meeting-in-the-middle” (MITM) is a principle to identify exposure biomarkers that are also predictors of disease. The MITM statistical framework was applied in a nested case–control study of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) within European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), where healthy lifestyle index (HLI) variables were related to targeted serum metabolites.Methods: Lifestyle and targeted metabolomic data were available from 147 incident HCC cases and 147 matched controls. Partial least squares analysis related 7 lifestyle variables from a modified HLI to a set of 132 serum-measured metabolites and a liver function score. Mediation analysis evaluated whether metabolic profiles mediated the relationship between each lifestyle exposure and HCC risk.Results: Exposure-related metabolic signatures were identified. Particularly, the body mass index (BMI)-associated metabolic component was positively related to glutamic acid, tyrosine, PC aaC38:3, and liver function score and negatively to lysoPC aC17:0 and aC18:2. The lifetime alcohol-specific signature had negative loadings on sphingomyelins (SM C16:1, C18:1, SM(OH) C14:1, C16:1 and C22:2). Both exposures were associated with increased HCC with total effects (TE) = 1.23 (95% confidence interval = 0.93–1.62) and 1.40 (1.14–1.72), respectively, for BMI and alcohol consumption. Both metabolic signatures mediated the association between BMI and lifetime alcohol consumption and HCC with natural indirect effects, respectively, equal to 1.56 (1.24–1.96) and 1.09 (1.03–1.15), accounting for a proportion mediated of 100% and 24%.Conclusions: In a refined MITM framework, relevant metabolic signatures were identified as mediators in the relationship between lifestyle exposures and HCC risk.Impact: The understanding of the biological basis for the relationship between modifiable exposures and cancer would pave avenues for clinical and public health interventions on metabolic mediators. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(5); 531–40. ©2018 AACR.
Analysis of the accuracy and consistency of the behavioral ecology literature that investigates Tinbergen’s question “What does the behavior exist for?”
Authors: Campos Barbosa Júnior Emerson , da Rocha Pedro Luís Bernardo 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Tinbergen’s question “What does the behavior exist for?” has contributed to the establishment of behavioral ecology. However, communication within this discipline could be impaired if one does not realize that the question may refer to distinct temporal scopes. Answering it requires specific methodological approaches for each scope: different interpretations of the question refer to different processes. Here we evaluate whether the behavioral ecology literature avoids these pitfalls. We analyze a sample of the articles related to Tinbergen’s question, evaluating if they: precisely delimit the temporal scope of the question; use methodology appropriate to the temporal scope of the article; accurately define the terms used to refer to the survival value of behavior; and use the terms consistently. Additionally, we evaluate whether the citation of these articles is impaired by misinterpretations regarding the temporal scope and terms associated with the question. Of the 22 analyzed articles, three present problems in defining the time of the question, but in the other 19, methods suited to the time studied were used. Four terms (fitness, effect, adaptation, and function) were used to refer to the utility of the behavior, but only one article defined all of them. We found no communication problems in the citing process regarding the time of interest of the question and the terms used to refer to the usefulness of the behavior in the 16 analyzed citation events. Low/medium- and high-impact articles were similar in terms of the problems found. We suggest future articles should define the terms used, in order to avoid miscommunication in the field.
Neuroendocrine structures of the small intestine of the capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris (Mammalia, Rodentia)
Authors: Rodrigues Sartori Sirlene Souza , Peixoto Juliano Vogas , Lopes Vanessa de Paula Guimarães , Barbosa Alfredo José Afonso , Neves Clóvis Andrade , Fonseca Cláudio César 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
A complex network of nerve fibers of the enteric nervous system and enteroendocrine cells is known to regulate the gastrointestinal tract. The distribution and frequency of the argyrophil, argentaffin and serotonin immunoreactive endocrine cells and of the submucosal and myenteric nervous ganglia were studied in the small intestine of the capybara Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, aiming to verify the existence of possible numerical correlations between endocrine cells and nervous ganglia. Fragments of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of adult animals were collected and processed according to routine histological techniques. To study the nervous ganglia, hematoxylin and eosin staining was used, while specific staining techniques were used to study the argyrophil, argentaffin and serotonin immunoreactive endocrine cells: Grimelius, modified Masson-Fontana and peroxidase anti-peroxidase, respectively. Endocrine cells were more abundant in the area of the crypts and, in relation to their morphology, ‘open type’ endocrine cells prevailed. The population of argyrophil cells was larger than that of argentaffin cells, and these cells were larger than serotonin immunoreactive cells. The frequency of endocrine cells was apparently greater in the duodenum, indicating the importance of this intestinal segment in digestive and absorptive functions. Prominent nervous ganglia were observed in the submucosal and myenteric plexi, and were larger and more frequent in the myenteric plexus. A numerical correlation was found among the endocrine cells (argentaffin and serotonin immunoreactive cells) and the myenteric nervous ganglia, suggesting the presence of physiological interactions among the endocrine and nervous systems for the control of intestinal activities. The findings in this study contribute to the understanding of the digestive processes of this species, which may also help in its conservation and future survival.
Relationship between chorusing activity and number of oviposition events in the Otton frog
Authors: Iwai Noriko 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
Call surveys are an effective technique for detecting the presence and activity of breeding male frogs. Such surveys have been used to quantify breeding activity at a site under the assumption that male chorusing activity appropriately reflects breeding consequences, such as the number of oviposition events. However, only a few studies have actually examined the relationship between chorusing activity and breeding consequences in the field. In this study, I examined the relationship between chorusing activity (the number of male calls recorded during a five-minute period every night) and the number of oviposition events (number of oviposited egg masses during the night) of the Otton frog, Babina subaspera, with regard to the time lag between calls and oviposition. I constructed nine generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to explain the number of oviposition events by chorusing activity on the same night and on nights 1 to 7 days before the oviposition events. The Akaike information criterion (AiC) of the GLMM was lowest when the number of calls from nights 2 days before the oviposition events was used, indicating that breeding consequences in Otton frogs reflect the chorusing activity of 2 days prior. This study shows that frog call surveys can be reliable tools with which to represent breeding activity at a site as long as the time lag between chorusing activity and breeding consequences is considered.
Application of the Generalized Gamma Model to Represent the Full Rain Drop Size Distribution Spectra
Authors: Thurai Merhala , Bringi V. N. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract We report on measurements of drop size distributions (DSD) using collocated instruments (a Droplet Measurement Technologies, Inc., Meteorological Particle Spectrometer and a 2D-video disdrometer) from two locations with different rainfall climates (Greeley, Colorado, and Huntsville, Alabama, with measurements from the latter that include the outer rainbands of Hurricane Irma). The combination of the two instruments gives what we term as the “full” DSD spectra, the shape of which generally cannot be represented by the standard gamma model, but instead requires the additional flexibility of the generalized gamma model, which includes two shape parameters (μ and c). The double-moment normalization of DSDs using the third and fourth moments is used to arrive at the intrinsic shapes of the DSD with two shape parameters that are shown to capture simultaneously the drizzle mode as well as the precipitation mode, together with a “plateau” region between the two. The estimation of μ and c is done with a global search using nonlinear least squares, and the error residuals are examined to check the sensitivity of the parameters to a preselected, allowed tolerance around the minimum error in the μ, c plane. This leads to a range of plausible fits for a given normalized DSD mainly governed by the c parameter. The stability or invariance of the shape of the normalized DSDs from the two sites is examined, and on average the shapes are similar with some variability at the large normalized diameter end that is explained by the aforementioned range of plausible fits. Heuristic goodness-of-fit methods are described that demonstrate that the generalized gamma model outperforms the standard gamma model with only one shape parameter (μ).
How Well Can We Correct Systematic Errors in Historical XBT Data?
Authors: Cheng Lijing , Luo Hao , Boyer Timothy , Cowley Rebecca , Abraham John , Gouretski Viktor , Reseghetti Franco , Zhu Jiang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBiases have been identified in historical expendable bathythermograph (XBT) datasets, which are one of the major sources of uncertainty in the ocean subsurface database. More than 10 correction schemes were proposed; however, their performance has not been collectively evaluated and compared. This study quantifies how well 10 different available schemes can correct the historical XBT data by comparing the corrected XBT data with collocated reference data in both the World Ocean Database (WOD) 2013 and the EN4 dataset. Four different metrics are proposed to quantify their performances. The results indicate CH14 is the best among the currently available methods, and L09/G12/GR10 can be used with some caveats. To test the robustness of the schemes, we further train the CH14 and L09 by using 50% of the XBT–reference data and the schemes are tested by using the remaining data. The results indicate that the two schemes are robust. Moreover, the EN4 and WOD comparison datasets show a systematic difference of XBT error (~0.01°C on a global scale and 0–700 m on average). influences of quality control and data processing have been investigated. Additionally, the side-by-side XBT–CTD comparison experiment is used to examine the correction schemes and provides independent high-quality data for the assessment. The schemes that best correct the global datasets do not always perform as well at correcting the side-by-side dataset, and further examination of the discrepancy in performance is still required. Finally, CH14 and L09 result in very similar ocean heat content (OHC) change estimates in the upper 700 m since 1966, suggesting the potential of reducing XBT-induced error in OHC estimates.
Rivaroxaban versus nadroparin for preventing deep venous thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty following femoral neck fractures: A retrospective comparative study
Authors: Zhang Chi , Xu Bo , Liang Guanzhao , Zeng Xianshang , Yang Chen , Zhang Fan , Wan Zi , Yu Weiguang , Chen Deng , Ge Zhe , Zhang Xinchao 
Published: March 2018

Objective This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of rivaroxaban versus nadroparin for preventing deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in elderly patients with osteoporosis undergoing initial total hip arthroplasty (THA) for femoral neck fractures. Methods Prospectively maintained databases were reviewed to retrospectively compare elderly patients with osteoporosis who underwent initial THA for femoral neck fractures from 2007 to 2015. The patients received peroral rivaroxaban at 10 mg/day for 2 weeks or subcutaneous injections of nadroparin at 0.3 mL/day for 2 weeks until the primary analysis cut-off date. The time to first on-study DVT was the primary endpoint. Results In total, 399 patients were included (rivaroxaban group: n=200; mean age, 70.20 ± 9.16 years and nadroparin group: n = 199; mean age, 69.90 ± 8.87 years), with a mean 3-year follow-up. The time to first on-study DVT was significantly longer in the rivaroxaban than nadroparin group (12 and 5 days, respectively). The incidence of DVT within the 2-week follow-up was significantly higher in the nadroparin than rivaroxaban group (6.8% and 19.7%, respectively), but this difference was no longer present at the final follow-up. Conclusion Rivaroxaban was associated with a significant reduction in the occurrence of first on-study DVT compared with nadroparin.
Genetic Analysis of Syndromic and Nonsyndromic Patients With Craniosynostosis Identifies Novel Mutations in the TWIST1 and EFNB1 Genes
Authors: Apostolopoulou Despina , Kaxira Olga S. , Hatzaki Angeliki , Panagopoulos Kanaris P. , Alexandrou Konstantinos , Stratoudakis Alexander , Kollia Panagoula , Aleporou Vassiliki 
Published: March 2018

Introduction: Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of cranial sutures, is usually divided into 2 major categories: syndromic and nonsyndromic. Mutations in the FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, TWIST1, and EFNB1 genes cause the common craniosynostosis syndromes Muenke, Crouzon and Crouzon with acanthosis nigricans, Apert, Pfeiffer, Saethre-Chotzen, and Craniofrontonasal. Overlapping features among craniosynostosis syndromes, phenotypic heterogeneity even within the same syndrome, especially in the case of Muenke syndrome, and inadequate clinical evaluation can lead to misdiagnosis, which molecular testing can help clarify. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the underlying genetic cause in 46 patients with syndromic or nonsyndromic craniosynostosis by direct sequencing and/or microdeletion/microduplication analysis of the FGFR1-3, TWIST1, and EFNB1 genes. Results: Genetic analysis identified 3 novel mutations, c.413T>C - p.(Leu138Pro) [p.(L138P)] in TWIST1, the previously reported c.373G>A - p.(Glu125Lys) [p.(E125K)], and c.717dupA - p.(Leu240IlefsTer79) [p.(L240fs)] mutation in EFNB1 gene as well as 6 previously known mutations and a heterozygous TWIST1 gene deletion. The 2 novel mutations within EFNB1 gene arose de novo, but the novel mutation p.(L138P) within TWIST1 gene was inherited from the patient’s father, who was found to be mosaic for the mutation. To our knowledge, this is the first case of mosaicism described for TWIST1 gene. Conclusions: The contribution of molecular genetic analysis to the diagnosis of patients with syndromic craniosynostosis was useful because some were originally misdiagnosed. Conversely, thorough clinical evaluation can guide molecular testing and result in a correct diagnosis.
Parental Attitude Toward the Prenatal Diagnosis of Oral Cleft
Authors: Maarse Wies , Boonacker Chantal W. B. , Swanenburg de Veye Henriette F. N. , Kon Moshe , Breugem Corstiaan C. , Mink van der Molen Aebele B. , van Delden Johannes J. M. 
Published: March 2018

Objectives: The prenatal diagnosis of oral clefts (OCs) by ultrasound can pose an ethical dilemma. The purpose of this study was to obtain insight into the psychosocial and moral considerations of prospective parents concerning OCs, the burden of OCs and parents’ attitude toward possible termination of pregnancy (TOP) in order to improve counseling in the future. Design: Between August 2011 and August 2014, a prospective cohort questionnaire study was administered. Setting: Prenatal care clinic of the Wilhelmina’s Children hospital, a Tertiary Care Centre. Participants: Parents expecting a child with an OC. Main Outcome Measures: Expectation of OCs in general and attitudes toward the impact and expected burden of the OC of their child. Furthermore, parents were asked if they had considered TOP. Results: Most of the parents described an OC as a cosmetic disability (50.6%) or as “just a little different” (29.4%). These parents expected that the OC would not affect their own happiness and have only minor influence on the happiness of their future child. Health professionals had a considerable influence on parental opinion. A minority (6.4%, 5/85) of the respondents considered TOP, and none of the responders chose to terminate the pregnancy. Conclusions: This study suggests that future parents have very few negative perceptions of OC after prenatal counseling. Caregivers should be aware that their counseling is important for decision-making of parents.
Measuring Critical Care Providers’ Attitudes About Controlled Donation After Circulatory Death
Authors: Rodrigue James R. , Luskin Richard , Nelson Helen , Glazier Alexandra , Henderson Galen V. , Delmonico Francis L. 
Published: March 2018

Introduction: Unfavorable attitudes and insufficient knowledge about donation after cardiac death among critical care providers can have important consequences for the appropriate identification of potential donors, consistent implementation of donation after cardiac death policies, and relative strength of support for this type of donation. The lack of reliable and valid assessment measures has hampered research to capture providers’ attitudes. Design and Research Aims: Using stakeholder engagement and an iterative process, we developed a questionnaire to measure attitudes of donation after cardiac death in critical care providers (n = 112) and examined its psychometric properties. Exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency, and validity analyses were conducted to examine the measure. Results: A 34-item questionnaire consisting of 4 factors (Personal Comfort, Process Satisfaction, Family Comfort, and System Trust) provided the most parsimonious fit. Internal consistency was acceptable for each of the subscales and the total questionnaire (Cronbach α > .70). A strong association between more favorable attitudes overall and knowledge ( r = .43, P < .001) provides evidence of convergent validity. Multivariable regression analyses showed that white race ( P = .002) and more experience with donation after cardiac death ( P < .001) were significant predictors of more favorable attitudes. Conclusion: Study findings support the utility, reliability, and validity of a questionnaire for measuring attitudes in critical care providers and for isolating targets for additional education on donation after cardiac death.
The network of Shanghai Stroke Service System (4S): A public health-care web-based database using automatic extraction of electronic medical records
Authors: Dong Yi , Fang Kun , Wang Xin , Chen Shengdi , Liu Xueyuan , Zhao Yuwu , Guan Yangtai , Cai Dingfang , Li Gang , Liu Jianmin , Liu Jianren , Zhuang Jianhua , Wang Panshi , Chen Xin , Shen Haipeng , Wang David Z , Xian Ying , Feng Wuwei , Campbell Bruce CV , Parsons Mark , Dong Qiang 
Published: March 2018

Background Several stroke outcome and quality control projects have demonstrated the success in stroke care quality improvement through structured process. However, Chinese health-care systems are challenged with its overwhelming numbers of patients, limited resources, and large regional disparities. Aim To improve quality of stroke care to address regional disparities through process improvement. Method and design The Shanghai Stroke Service System (4S) is established as a regional network for stroke care quality improvement in the Shanghai metropolitan area. The 4S registry uses a web-based database that automatically extracts data from structured electronic medical records. Site-specific education and training program will be designed and administrated according to their baseline characteristics. Both acute reperfusion therapies including thrombectomy and thrombolysis in the acute phase and subsequent care were measured and monitored with feedback. Primary outcome is to evaluate the differences in quality metrics between baseline characteristics (including rate of thrombolysis in acute stroke and key performance indicators in secondary prevention) and post-intervention. Conclusions The 4S system is a regional stroke network that monitors the ongoing stroke care quality in Shanghai. This project will provide the opportunity to evaluate the spectrum of acute stroke care and design quality improvement processes for better stroke care. A regional stroke network model for quality improvement will be explored and might be expanded to other large cities in China. Clinical Trial Registration-URL http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02735226.