bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new species of Carlquistoxylon from the Early Cretaceous of Patagonia (Chubut province, Argentina): the oldest record of angiosperm wood from South America
Authors: Nunes Cristina I. , Pujana Roberto R. , Escapa Ignacio H. , Gandolfo María A. , Rubén Cúneo N. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
An angiospermous wood from the Lower Cretaceous (upper Albian) of the Cerro Barcino Formation, Chubut Group, central Patagonia, Argentina, is described. Its estimated minimum diameter is 40 cm and it is significant as the oldest known angiosperm wood for South America.
It has indistinct growth ring boundaries, vessels solitary and in radial multiples, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, vessel-ray parenchyma pits oval to horizontally elongated, heterocellular rays, non-septate fibres, axial parenchyma absent, and abundant tyloses. Because this Albian wood has non-septate fibres we assign it to Carlquistoxylon, even though it has a general combination of characters similar to that of Paraphyllanthoxylon, which has septate fibres. The number of vessels per radial multiple, vessel tangential diameter and frequency, vessel-ray parenchyma pitting, and absence of axial parenchyma distinguish the fossil described here from the only previously known species of Carlquistoxylon: Carlquistoxylon nacimientense; therefore, a new species is erected. Because of the close similarities between this new specimen and Paraphyllanthoxylon species, comparisons with all the species included in both genera are provided. Systematic affinities for this wood are discussed considering previous discussions for both Paraphyllanthoxylon and Carlquistoxylon affinities. As the oldest described angiosperm wood in South America to date, this specimen provides critical information on the diversity and growth habit of Cretaceous angiosperms from the Southern Hemisphere.
A Study of Ice Accretion on Aircraft Over the Canadian Rockies*
Authors: Benum Frank W. , Cameron Hugh 
Published: August 2018

The results presented in this paper were obtained in a statistical investigation made to determine the meteorological conditions of air temperature and stability under which the occurrence of aircraft icing is most likely to occur over the route flown by a scheduled air line in the Rocky Mountain region of southern British Columbia. The investigation was limited to the fall, winter and spring seasons.
The results obtained show that, during the seasons studied, the greatest frequency of icing occurs at temperatures in the vicinity of 8°F. and that air masses most favourable for icing are originally potentially unstable, which instability is realized when they are lifted over the higher terrain of the region considered. Icing may occur with lift of stable air provided the relative humidities of the lower levels are near 100 per cent.
The Development of a New Wind-Measuring System
Authors: Wood Louvan E. 
Published: August 2018

SUMMARY
This paper describes a new light weight anemometer and wind vane, together with associated equipment. The characteristics of pitot static, bridled, cup wheel, and propeller anemometers are discussed and reasons given for using a propeller in the new equipment. This propeller anemometer is characterized by accuracy, linearity, and generally excellent performance as determined by wind tunnel and other tests. The anemometer is adaptable to wind speed measurement by means of magneto and voltmeter, disc and roller tachometer mechanism, contacts or electronic devices. While primarily designed for fixed station and marine use, the equipment is suitable where portability is required.
The Temperature of the Upper Atmosphere*
Authors: Penndorf R. 
Published: August 2018

Summary
The thermal structure of the stratosphere and ionosphere is more elaborate than has heretofore been assumed. No appreciable rise in temperature up to 30 km is indicated from direct observations. A temperature of + 50°C at a height of 50 km is supported by the results on anomalous sound propagation, and of research on ozone and meteors, as well as by the theory of atmospheric tides. At heights around 50 to 80 km, the temperature again falls to −70°C, and afterwards rises again to somewhere between + 60°C and + 160°C at a height of 100 km. At heights around 200 to 250 km, the temperature is probably between + 160°C and + 560°C. In the polar regions at 100 km, the temperature is about −40°C, showing the marked difference due to latitude. A new definition for the concept of temperature in the upper atmosphere is given, since allowance must be made for radiation density.
Tests of the Friez Aerovane in the Natural Wind at Blue Hill Observatory1
Authors: Conover John H. 
Published: August 2018

SYNOPSIS
A new combination windmill anemometer and vane under the name of Aerovane, constructed by the Friez Instrument Division of Bendix Aviation Corp. was tested in the natural wind at Blue Hill Observatory. The anemometer was compared with a standard 3-cup, a 6-bladed duralumin windmill, a 3-bladed balsa windmill, and a pressure-tube anemometer. It was exposed to severe weather, including gale-driven rain, snow, sleet, hail, and freezing rain. The maximum wind measured was 94 mph. Although its starting speed of 2 mph is not as low as in other types, there are no essential differences, and its responsiveness to changes in speed and its capacity for indicating maximum gusts seems to be practically equal to those of mills and pressure-tube anemometers. The Aerovane, in common with other mill and pressure-suction types, appears to show no over-registration in gusty winds, an appreciable fault of the cup anemometer. The error due to variable angle of attack of the wind in its minor changes of direction seems to be held to negligible proportions, owing to the responsiveness but reduced overswing of the streamlined vane. Though it remains to be seen whether the Aerovane can hold together at maximum hurricane speeds that the cup anemometer can stand, the chances seem good because of the, aerodynamically speaking, “clean” lines of the instrument. The Aerovane seems to be the best all-purpose instrument for measuring wind yet devised.
Non-contrast liver MRI as an alternative to gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for liver metastasis from colorectal cancer
Authors: Hwang Jeong Ah , Kim Young Kon , Min Ji Hye , Song Kyoung Doo , Sohn Insuk , Ahn Hyeon Seon 
Published: August 2018

Background Liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides reliable diagnostic performance for detecting liver metastasis but is costly and time-consuming. Purpose To compare the diagnostic performance of non-contrast liver MRI to whole MRI using gadoxetic acid for detecting liver metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Material and Methods We included 175 patients with histologically confirmed 401 liver metastases and 73 benign liver lesions. A non-contrast MRI (T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and diffusion-weighted images) with or without multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and a whole MRI (gadoxetic acid-enhanced and non-contrast MRI) were analyzed independently by two observers to detect liver metastasis using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results We found no significant differences in Az value (range = 0.914–0.997), sensitivity (range = 95.2–99.6%), specificity (range = 77.3–100%), or positive (range = 92.9–100%) or negative predictive value (range = 87.5–95.7%) between the non-contrast MRI with or without MDCT and the whole MRI for both observers for all lesions as well as lesions ≤1.0 cm and lesions >1.0 cm in size ( P = 0.203–1.000). Combined MDCT and non-contrast MRI led to similar numbers of false-positive diagnosis to the whole MRI (eight for Observers 1 and 4 vs. 3 for Observer 2). Conclusion Non-contrast liver MRI may serve as an alternative to gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI for detecting and characterizing liver metastasis from CRC, at least in patients with relatively high risk of liver metastasis who underwent MDCT. Non-contrast liver MRI could be beneficial especially for patients with lesions that are already documented as benign but require additional follow-up MRIs.
Topotecan/carboplatin regimen for refractory/recurrent rhabdomyosarcoma in children: Report from the AIEOP Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee
Authors: Compostella Alessia , Affinita Maria Carmen , Casanova Michela , Milano Giuseppe Maria , Scagnellato Angela , Dall’Igna Patrizia , Chiaravalli Stefano , Pierobon Marta , Manzitti Carla , Zanetti Ilaria , Schiavetti Amalia , Sorbara Silvia , Mura Rosella Maria , Ruggiero Antonio , Ferrari Andrea , Bisogno Gianni 
Published: August 2018

Introduction: From 2002 to 2011, the Italian Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee explored a combination of topotecan and carboplatin as a second-line strategy for children with resistant or relapsing rhabdomyosarcoma. Methods: Patients received two blocks of topotecan 2 mg/m2 on days 1, 2, and 3, and carboplatin 250 mg/m2 on days 4 and 5, followed by alternating blocks of topotecan–cyclophosphamide and carboplatin–etoposide for a total of six courses with 3-week intervals. Tumor response was assessed after two cycles, and local control was implemented when feasible. Results: A total of 38 patients were included in this study: 18/38 had alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), 10/38 had metastatic disease at diagnosis, 8/38 had tumor progression during first-line chemotherapy, 21/38 had locoregional relapses, and 9/38 had distant relapses. Thirty-two patients could be assessed for tumor response to topotecan–carboplatin, and 9 (28%) showed a complete or partial response. Twenty-four patients experienced grade IV hematologic toxicity, while transient grade 1 tubulopathy, grade 3 mucositis, transient grade 2 nephrotoxicity, and a grade 2 decline in cardiac function occurred in one patient each. The 5-year overall and progression-free survival rates were 17% and 14%, respectively. Conclusion: the prognosis for children with resistant or relapsing RMS remains unsatisfactory. The topotecan–carboplatin regimen was well-tolerated. Though in case of late relapse the response rate was similar to those reported for other regimes, the result achieved remains unsatisfactory. New approaches, possibly including target agents, seem more attractive for future studies.
Subverting Administrative Oversight: Campaign Contributions and Nursing
Home Inspections
Authors: Boehmke Frederick J. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
I study the consequences of interest group campaign contributions for
administrative oversight. Unlike the few previous studies in this area,
however, I study the influence in state bureaucracies and at the level of
individual groups. Specifically, I test whether campaign contributions to
state elected officials influence the outcomes of annual inspections of
skilled nursing facilities in 16 states, leveraging the context of state
politics in two important ways. First, I consider the differing effects of
contributions to the legislative and executive branches. Second, I argue
that legislative capacity for oversight influences the efficacy of
contributions Regression analysis of inspection results with controls for
facility characteristics provides evidence that contributing facilities have
better overall inspection results, with a large reduction in citations for
severe problems. Furthermore, contributions to legislators reduce overall
problems, particularly in less professionalized legislatures, while those to
the governor reduce severe ones.
Patient Experience in the Transition of Home Parenteral Nutrition Services Between Centers: Evaluation of a Transition Model
Authors: Fletcher Jane , Mumtaz Saqib , Dera Merceline , Cooper Sheldon C 
Published: August 2018

Background: In 2014, Dudley Group of Hospitals (DGH) underwent an organizational change that necessitated closure of their Home Parenteral Nutrition (HPN) service. University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (UHBFT) transitioned 50 patients from DGH into their HPN service. The transition model included communication with patients, communication between centers (development of an HPN Patient Passport), and rapid follow-up on transition ensuring clinical care continued uninterrupted. Aim: Evaluate patient experience and their level of satisfaction with our HPN transition model. Method: A 19-point, mixed mode paper-based questionnaire was developed. Questionnaires were posted to 42 surviving patients still receiving HPN. Results: Response rate: 67%. Communication with patients: The transition was discussed with them, and they had appropriate contact details during the process—94%. Patients informed of patient transition meetings—97%. Attendance at meetings: DGH 89%, UHBFT 55%. Ongoing care at UHBFT: 86% very satisfied and 11% satisfied. Overall rating of the transition process: 79% very satisfied and 14% satisfied. Friends and Family Test: 82% “extremely likely” and 18% “likely” to recommend our services. Conclusion: The transition model used was successful, with the majority of patients “very satisfied” with how the transition was managed and their ongoing care. Effective communication with patients and between the 2 centers was the key to success. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transition of care for HPN patients. It is proposed that this model may be used by other centers to plan for future HPN service transitions where necessary.
In vitro study of the efficacy of Solanum nigrum against Leishmania major
Authors: Mutoro Christine N. , Kinyua Johnson K. , Ng'ang'a Joseph K. , Kariuki Daniel W. , Ingonga Johnstone M. , Anjili Christopher O. 
Published: August 2018

Leishmania parasites (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) are obligate intracellular parasites of macrophages that causes visceral and cutaneous leishmaniases. Currently, there is inadequate therapeutic interventions to manage this endemic tropical disease, transmitted mainly by phlebotomine sandflies hence there is need to develop affordable and effective therapeutic measures. This study determined the in vitro efficacy of Solanum nigrum methanolic and aqueous plant extracts on Leishmania major parasites. Cytotoxic effects of the extracts were determined using vero cells and reported as percentage viability of the cells. The promastigote parasites of Leishmania major were cultured and grown for 3 days in different concentrations of extracts to determine the MIC and IC50 values. The in vitro antileishmanial efficacy was done on macrophages infected with L. major amastigote parasites and then treated with extracts in varying concentrations. The study revealed that all the test extracts had lower toxicity than control drugs, pentostam (IC50= 0.0 92 mg/ml) and amphotericin B (IC50=0.049 mg/ml). The extracts tended to show a dose dependent cytotoxic effect which corresponded to high vero cells viability as their concentration increased. Methanolic extract of S. nigrum from Kisii seemed to be more efficacious in vitro since it knocked out the promastigotes at a lower MIC level (0.5 mg/ml) when compared to all other extracts whose effective MIC level was ≥ 1 mg/ml. High concentrations of the test extracts and control drugs resulted to low infectivity and multiplication of L. major amastigotes. Findings from this study demonstrate that S. nigrum extracts have potential antileishmanial activities however; further investigation needs to be done on pure compound isolation, in vivo assays and clinical trials so as to use the promising compounds as effective antileishmanial agents.
Developing new health technologies for neglected diseases: a pipeline portfolio review and cost model
Authors: Young Ruth , Bekele Tewodros , Gunn Alexander , Chapman Nick , Chowdhary Vipul , Corrigan Kelsey , Dahora Lindsay , Martinez Sebastián , Permar Sallie , Persson Johan , Rodriguez Bill , Schäferhoff Marco , Schulman Kevin , Singh Tulika , Terry Robert F , Yamey Gavin 
Published: August 2018

Background: Funding for neglected disease product development fell from 2009-2015, other than a brief injection of Ebola funding. One impediment to mobilizing resources is a lack of information on product candidates, the estimated costs to move them through the pipeline, and the likelihood of specific launches. This study aimed to help fill these information gaps. Methods: We conducted a pipeline portfolio review to identify current candidates for 35 neglected diseases. Using an adapted version of the Portfolio to Impact financial modelling tool, we estimated the costs to move these candidates through the pipeline over the next decade and the likely launches. Since the current pipeline is unlikely to yield several critical products, we estimated the costs to develop a set of priority “missing” products. Results: We found 685 neglected disease product candidates as of August 31, 2017; 538 candidates met inclusion criteria for input into the model. It would cost about $16.3 billion (range $13.4-19.8B) to move these candidates through the pipeline, with three-quarters of the costs incurred in the first 5 years, resulting in about 128 (89-160) expected product launches. Based on the current pipeline, there would be few launches of complex new chemical entities; launches of highly efficacious HIV, tuberculosis, or malaria vaccines would be unlikely. Estimated additional costs to launch one of each of 18 key missing products are $13.6B assuming lowest product complexity or $21.8B assuming highest complexity ($8.1B-36.6B). Over the next 5 years, total estimated costs to move current candidates through the pipeline and develop these 18 missing products would be around $4.5B (low complexity missing products) or $5.8B/year (high complexity missing products). Conclusions: Since current annual global spending on product development is about $3B, this study suggests the annual funding gap over the next 5 years is at least $1.5-2.8B.
Characterizing mutations in and genetic interactions of RGG-motif translation repressor Sbp1
Authors: Bhatter Nupur , Iyyappan Rajan , Rajyaguru Purusharth I 
Published: August 2018

Background: Mechanisms of mRNA fate decisions play an important role in determining if a given mRNA will be translated, stored or degraded upon arrival to cytoplasm. Sbp1 is an important RGG-motif containing protein that is implicated in mRNA fate decisions since it can affect mRNA decapping and translation. Sbp1 represses translation by binding eIF4G1 through its RGG-motif and activates decapping when overexpressed. In order to understand the amino acids important for translation repression activity of Sbp1 we performed mutational analysis of Sbp1 combined with assessing its genetic interaction with another RGG-motif protein Scd6. We created two classes of point mutations a) in aromatic residues of the RGG-motif and b) in residues reported to be phosphorylated. Method: Sequence alignment was performed to identify aromatic residues to be mutated based on conservation. Site-directed mutagenesis approach was used to create several point mutations in Sbp1 expressed under galactose-inducible promoter. The mutants were tested for their ability to cause growth defect upon overexpression. The ability of Sbp1 to affect repression activity of other decapping activators was tested using the same growth assay. Results: Mutation of several aromatic residues in the RGG-motif of Sbp1 led to a weak rescue phenotype. However the phospho-mimetic mutants of Sbp1 did not lead to any kind of growth defect rescue. Deletion of another eIF4G1-binding RGG-motif protein Scd6 does not affect ability of Sbp1 to cause growth defect. On the other hand absence of Sbp1 does not affect ability of Dhh1 and Pat1 to repress translation. Conclusion: Based on our growth assay analysis we conclude that mutated aromatic residues contribute marginally to repression activity of Sbp1 whereas phospho-mimetic mutants do not alter ability of Sbp1 to cause growth defect. Interestingly Scd6 does not affect ability of Sbp1 to repress translation, which in turn does not affect Dhh1 and Pat1.
Expression of BMP II by human osteoblasts cultivated on dense or porous titanium
Authors: Gagliardi Carolina Fedel , Vasconcellos Luana Marotta Reis de , Cairo Carlos Alberto Alves , Rabelo Sylvia Bicalho , Prado Renata Falchete do 
Published: August 2018

Objective: To quantified the expression of the morphogenetic bone protein II (BMP II) produced by human cells with osteoblast differentiation, after cultured over dense or porous samples of pure titanium grade II. Material and methods: The samples were produced by powder metallurgy technique. Mesenquimal steam cells isolated from alveolar bone of healthy donors were stimulated to differentiate, assuming an osteoblastic phenotype, by supplemented medium and plated over the samples. The experimental groups were: control, dense titanium, titanium of higher porosity and titanium of lower porosity. After 7 and 14 days, the RNA was extracted. The cDNA was prepared and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used in real time, using the constitutive gene Beta-Actin to relative quantification. The pore morphology and interconnection were confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: Total porosity (obtained after apply dimensions and density formulas) and surface porosity (SEM) presented significant differences among the groups. For the group of total porosity of 33.79%, the superficial porosity was 32.5% (± 7.74%) and for the group of 41.79%, the superficial porosity was 37.4% (± 7.95%), significantly lower. The expression of BMP II was similar in all groups. Conclusion: It was concluded that the powder metallurgy has a reduced ability to standardize the porosity in the samples and that the porosity does not interfere in the cellular response of BMP II production, an important inducer of osteoblastic differentiation. KeywordsPorous titanium; BMP II; Cell culture; PCR.
Considerations About Traditions Influential in the Ahirbudhnyasaṃhitā
Authors: Rastelli Marion 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The Ahirbudhnyasaṃhitā, probably compiled in South India in the twelfth/thirteenth century, is one of the most interesting texts of the Vaiṣṇava Pāñcarātra tradition. Its most important deity is Sudarśana, the anthropomorphic discus of Viṣṇu, who is ritually worshipped by personal priests (purohita, purodhas) for the sake of the king. In contrast to other Pāñcarātra Saṃhitās, the Ahirbudhnyasaṃhitā contains extensive theological and cosmological chapters. It also shows traces of several other religious traditions. The paper is mainly devoted to this second characteristic and presents examples of influences from two sides, namely, from Śaivas on one hand and Atharvavedins on the other, and tries to give a possible explanation for their presence.
Towards a Methodology for Applying the paribhāṣās in the Kauśikasūtra (II)
Authors: Rotaru Julieta 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The Kauśikasūtra has three sets of general rules, the first two (1.1–8 cum 1.9–23) consecutively opening up the sūtra-text, having an application to the adjoining context, and the third one (7.1–9.7) being seemingly prescribed for the rest of the work. The understanding of the Kauśikasūtra draws hugely on ascertaining the right meaning of these paribhāṣās. The general rule 8.10 is an interesting example of such crux filologorum, wherein, regardless the emendation, the enouncement apparently bears little meaning and the paribhāṣā, as a whole, seems inapplicable. The paper discusses sixteen cases whereto the paribhāṣā 8.10 might be applied, starting from the instances thus indicated by the two commentators, Dārila and Keśava. In subsidiary, another subject is elucidated, the set of rites called manthāntāni karmāṇi, which, although there is no paribhāṣā regulating their function, they are prescribed by the sequence of rites 11.11–11.15, and are to be applied in the specified context. This is an example of the efforts done by the subsequent redactor(s) of the Kauśikasūtra, who have added general rules to elucidate the concise and obscure sūtra-text: an unspecified general rule (11.11ff) inserted in the adjoining context, and a specified, but redundant general rule (8.10) employed in the appropriate section, with little care for the consistency of the editorial work.