bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The FHD/εppsilon Epoch of Reionisation power spectrum pipeline
Authors: Barry N. , Beardsley A. P. , Byrne R. , Hazelton B. , Morales M. F. , Pober J. C. , Sullivan I. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEpoch of Reionisation (EoR) data analysis requires unprecedented levels of accuracy in radio interferometer pipelines. We have developed an imaging power spectrum analysis to meet these requirements and generate robust 21 cm EoR measurements. In this work, we build a signal path framework to mathematically describe each step in the analysis, from data reduction in the Fast Holographic Deconvolution (FHD) package to power spectrum generation in theεppsilon package. In particular, we focus on the distinguishing characteristics of FHD/εppsilon: highly accurate spectral calibration, extensive data verification products, and end-to-end error propagation. We present our key data analysis products in detail to facilitate understanding of the prominent systematics in image-based power spectrum analyses. As a verification to our analysis, we also highlight a full-pipeline analysis simulation to demonstrate signal preservation and lack of signal loss. This careful treatment ensures that the FHD/εppsilon power spectrum pipeline can reduce radio interferometric data to produce credible 21 cm EoR measurements.
Why Do Immigrants Participate in Politics Less Than Native-Born Citizens? A Formative Years Explanation
Authors: Li Ruoxi , Jones Bradley M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOne of the long-standing puzzles in the political behavior literature is about immigrants' low level of political participation: after achieving comparable and sometimes even higher levels of socioeconomic status relative to the native-born citizens, why do immigrants still participate less in politics? We argue that the different formative years experiences associated with immigrants who moved to the United States at an older age is the key that explains the participation gap between immigrants and the native-born population. Using the 1994–2016 Current Population Survey and their Voting and Civic Engagement Supplements as data sources, we develop a hierarchical model that simultaneously accounts for region-, country-, and individual-level variables. The results are striking. We show that immigrants who move to the United States at a young age participate in politics at a rate that is indistinguishable from the native-born population; those who migrated at an older age participate less. The fact that over 60% of the immigrant population moved to the United States as adults is a main factor that contributes to the political participation gap between immigrants and the native-born population.
Adaptive behaviour and predictive processing accounts of autism
Authors: Perrykkad Kelsey 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Many autistic behaviours can rightly be classified as adaptive, but why these behaviours differ from adaptive neurotypical behaviours in the same environment requires explanation. I argue that predictive processing accounts best explain why autistic people engage different adaptive responses to the environment and, further, account for evidence left unexplained by the social motivation theory.
Knowing autism: The place of experiential expertise
Authors: Pellicano Elizabeth , den Houting Jacquiline , du Plooy Lee , Lilley Rozanna 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Jaswal & Akhtar challenge the notion that autistic people have diminished social motivation, prompted in part by a desire to take autistic testimony seriously. We applaud their analysis and go further to suggest that future research could be enhanced by involving autistic people directly in the research process.
Autistic people may lack social motivation, without being any less human
Authors: Fletcher-Watson Sue , Crompton Catherine J. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In arguing that autistic people are socially motivated, Jaswal & Akhtar miss the opportunity to puncture the notion that social motivation is a prerequisite for humanity. Instead, we contend that some autistic people may indeed find social interactions to be unmotivating and that this doesn't have to be seen as a problem.
What do autistic people want from autism research?
Authors: Silverman Chloe 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Research that engages the experiences and insights of autistics and their caregivers can be more ethical, less stigmatizing, and innovative. To avoid reproducing established assumptions, researchers should learn how autistics and their caregivers understand behavioral and communicative differences, and how they prioritize interventions and accommodations. Fostering “autistic flourishing” requires that researchers focus on similarities between autistics and neurotypical people while allowing for autistic differences. Consulting autistics helps ensure that their personhood is acknowledged.
Multilingualism and Technology: A Review of Developments in Digital Communication from Monolingualism to Idiolingualism
Authors: Kelly-Holmes Helen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe focus in this article is on the evolution of language and technology in relation to multilingualism, in particular on how multilingual provision has developed in tandem with the development of the internet and the World Wide Web (WWW). In trying to understand how multilingualism has evolved, it is also necessary to understand how the technical aspects of digital technology as well as the politico-economic dimensions to that technology have changed. Four distinct periods emerge in the development: monolingualism, multilingualism, hyperlingualism, and idiolingualism. Monolingualism covers the origins of the internet and later the WWW as monolingual spaces. This was followed by a long period that charts the slow but gradual development of increased language provision and what I am terming “partial multilingualism.” Multilingualism expanded substantially, potentially limitlessly, with the development of Web 2.0. This has involved the diversification of online spaces to the point of “hyperlingualism.” I argue that we are still in this hyperlingual phase, but alongside it, a new phase is developing, that of “idiolingualism” as a result of mass linguistic customization. In this article, I discuss these phases, paying attention to both their technical and economic contexts, as well as their implications for linguistic diversity online and in wider society.
Scaling Up Intervention Studies to Investigate Real-Life Foreign Language Learning in School
Authors: Meurers Detmar , De Kuthy Kordula , Nuxoll Florian , Rudzewitz Björn , Ziai Ramon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntervention studies typically target a focused aspect of language learning that is studied over a relatively short time frame for a relatively small number of participants in a controlled setting. While for many research questions, this is effective, it can also limit the ecological validity and relevance of the results for real-life language learning. In educational science, large-scale randomized controlled field trials (RCTs) are seen as the gold standard method for addressing this challenge—yet they require intervention to scale to hundreds of learners in their varied, authentic contexts.We discuss the use of technology in support of large-scale interventions that are fully integrated in regular classes in secondary school. As an experimentation platform, we developed a web-based workbook to replace a printed workbook widely used in German schools. The web-based FeedBook provides immediate scaffolded feedback to students on form and meaning for various exercise types, covering the full range of constructions in the seventh-grade English curriculum.Following the conceptual discussion, we report on the first results of an ongoing, yearlong RCT. The results confirm the effectiveness of the scaffolded feedback, and the approach makes students and learning process variables accessible for the analysis of learning in a real-world context.
Gradient over Melody valve in left AV valve position reduces with beta blockade
Authors: Krasemann T. , van de Woestijne P. , van den Berg G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Melody valve, designed for implantation into the pulmonary outflow tract, can also be used to treat the pathology of atrioventricular (AV) valves. Increasing gradients are seen as an indication for re-dilating the valve. Our case demonstrates the heart rate dependency of the gradient across a Melody implanted in the left AV valve position in an infant. Beta blockers were used to lower both heart rate and gradient.
Evaluation of three behavioural economics ‘nudges’ on grocery and convenience store sales of promoted nutritious foods
Authors: Chapman Leah Elizabeth , Sadeghzadeh Claire , Koutlas Maria , Zimmer Catherine , De Marco Molly 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the association between three behavioural economics ‘nudges’ and store sales of promoted healthier foods.Design:Multiple interrupted time series.Setting:Two predominantly rural counties in central North Carolina, USA.Participants:Aggregated store transaction data from two grocery stores (one intervention, one control) and two convenience stores (one intervention, one control) were analysed using ANOVA to examine the association between three ‘nudges’ and store sales of promoted items. The nudges included: a ‘cognitive fatigue’ experiment, in which floor arrows guided customers to the produce sections; a ‘scarcity’ experiment, in which one sign in one area of the produce section portrayed a ‘limited amount’ message; and a ‘product placement’ experiment, where granola bars were moved into the candy bar aisle.Results:In convenience stores, there were no significant differences between sales of the promoted items during the intervention period for any of the nudges when implemented individually. However, compared with baseline sales, implementation of all three nudges simultaneously was associated with an increase in sales during the intervention period based on proportional computations (P = 0·001), whereas no significant changes in sales were observed in the control convenience store. Among the grocery stores, there were no significant differences in sales during the intervention period for any of the nudges or the combined intervention compared with baseline sales.Conclusions:Implementing three nudges concurrently in a convenience store setting may increase sales of promoted items. However, before stores consider implementing these nudges to increase sales of nutritious foods, additional research is warranted.
Overview of patient preparation strategies to manage internal organ motion during radiotherapy in the pelvis
Authors: Slevin F. , Beasley M. , Speight R. , Lilley J. , Murray L. , Henry A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroduction:Pelvic internal organs change in volume and position during radiotherapy. This may compromise the efficacy of treatment or worsen its toxicity. There may be limitations to fully correcting these changes using online image guidance; therefore, effective and consistent patient preparation and positioning remain important. This review aims to provide an overview of the extent of pelvic organ motion and strategies to manage this motion.Methods and Materials:Given the breadth of this topic, a systematic review was not undertaken. Instead, existing systematic reviews and individual high-quality studies addressing strategies to manage pelvic organ motion have been discussed. Suggested levels of evidence and grades of recommendation for each strategy have been applied.Results:Various strategies to manage rectal changes have been investigated including diet and laxatives, enemas and rectal emptying tubes and rectal displacement with endorectal balloons (ERBs) and rectal spacers. Bladder-filling protocols and bladder ultrasound have been used to try to standardise bladder volume. Positioning the patient supine, using a full bladder and positioning prone with or without a belly board, has been examined in an attempt to reduce the volume of irradiated small bowel. Some randomised trials have been performed, with evidence to support the use of ERBs, rectal spacers, bladder-filling protocols and the supine over prone position in prostate radiotherapy. However, there was a lack of consistent high-quality evidence that would be applicable to different disease sites within the pelvis. Many studies included small numbers of patients were non-randomised, used less conformal radiotherapy techniques or did not report clinical outcomes such as toxicity.Conclusions:There is uncertainty as to the clinical benefit of many of the commonly adopted interventions to minimise pelvic organ motion. Given this and the limitations in online image guidance compensation, further investigation of adaptive radiotherapy strategies is required.
Policies and Counterstrategies: State-Sponsored Filiality and False Accusation in Qing China
Authors: Du Yue 
Published: July 2019

AbstractUsing court cases culled from various national and local archives in China, this article examines two strategies widely employed by Qing litigants to manipulate state-sponsored filiality to advance their perceived interests in court: “instrumental filicide to lodge a false accusation” and “false accusation of unfiliality.” While Qing subjects were willing and able to exploit the legalized inequality between parent and child for profit-seeking purposes, the Qing imperial state tolerated such maneuvering so as to co-opt local negotiations to reinforce orthodox notions of the parent–child hierarchy in its subjects’ everyday lives. Local actors, who appealed to the Qing legal promotion of parental dominance and filial obedience to empower themselves, were recruited into the Qing state's project of moral penetration and social control, with law functioning as a conduit and instrument that gave the design of “ruling the empire through the principle of filial piety” a concrete legal form in imperial governance.
Investigation of Two Optical Methods for Aerosol‐Type Classification Extended to a Northern Indian Ocean Site
Authors: Höpner F. , Bender F. A.‐M. , Ekman A. M. L. , Andersson A. , Gustafsson Ö. , Leck C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMethods for determining aerosol types in cases where chemical composition measurements are not available are useful for improved aerosol radiative forcing estimates. In this study, two aerosol characterization methods by Cazorla et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-9337-2013; CA13) and Costabile et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2455-2013; CO13) using wavelength‐dependent particle absorption and scattering are used, to assess their applicability and examine their limitations. Long‐term ambient particle optical property and chemical composition (major inorganic ions and bulk carbon) measurements from the Maldives Climate Observatory Hanimaadhoo as well as concurrent air mass trajectories are utilized to test the classifications based on the determined absorption Ångström exponent, scattering Ångström exponent, and single scattering albedo. The resulting aerosol types from the CA13 method show a good qualitative agreement with the particle chemical composition and air mass origin. In general, the size differentiation using the scattering Ångström exponent works very well for both methods, while the composition identification depending mainly on the absorption Ångström exponent can result in aerosol misclassifications at Maldives Climate Observatory Hanimaadhoo. To broaden the applicability of the CA13 method, we suggest to include an underlying marine aerosol group in the classification scheme. The classification of the CO13 method is less clear, and its applicability is limited when it is extended to aerosols in this environment at ambient humidity.
Evaluating How Landform Design and Soil Covers Influence Groundwater Recharge in a Reclaimed Watershed
Authors: Lukenbach M. C. , Spencer C. J. , Mendoza C. A. , Devito K. J. , Landhäusser S. M. , Carey S. K. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLandscape‐scale reconstruction and prescription of soil cover systems following oil sands mining is challenging due to the quality of available reclamation materials and the subhumid climate of the Boreal Plains of Canada. In an experimental reclaimed watershed (Sandhill Fen Watershed), basin‐scale upland landforms (i.e., hummocks) were designed to provide groundwater to adjacent lowlands, necessitating adequate recharge following establishment of forest vegetation. Volumetric water contents, soil water pressure heads, and groundwater levels were monitored for four years throughout the watershed and used to calibrate and verify numerical models in HYDRUS. Using a variably saturated two‐dimensional domain, we identified a threshold‐like relationship between recharge (or upflux) and upland hummock height, where upland hummocks not tall enough to limit root water uptake from the saturated zone decreased recharge or resulted in net upflux. Recharge varied with soil cover texture (higher in coarser‐textured) and associated soil hydraulic parameters. Furthermore, scenario tests indicated the importance and relative influence that maximum rooting depths, forest floor placement thicknesses, and leaf area indices (all associated with forest development) had on recharge. Simulations utilizing a historical climate record indicated that interannual climatic variability was as influential as variation in soil cover texture in determining recharge. Reclamation practitioners should recognize that the water balances of reconstructed landscapes are largely influenced by the trade‐off between optimizing forest productivity and sourcing water to downgradient landscape positions.
Understanding Electron Dropout Echoes Induced by Interplanetary Shocks: Test Particle Simulations
Authors: Liu Y. , Zong Q.‐G. , Zhou X.‐Z. , Hao Y.‐X. , Liu Z.‐Y. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecently, interplanetary shocks have been reported to cause “electron dropout echoes” in the outer radiation belt, which is manifested as repeated dropout and recovery signals in electron fluxes. Both previous case and statistical studies have shown that electron dropout echoes are mostly found for high‐energy (>300 keV) electrons, and the initial dropout region is mainly located at the dusk magnetosphere, regardless of shock parameters such as shock normal. To understand these properties, we model the electron dropout echoes at geosynchronous orbit by tracing electrons in the analytic field model of the shock‐induced propagating pulse. It is shown that the characteristics of shock‐induced electron dropout echo events including energy dependence and localization are well reproduced by our model. By analyzing the trajectories of typical electrons, we find that electrons are inward transported and accelerated through “drift‐resonance‐like” interactions with the magnetosonic pulse. Two causes of the dawn‐dusk asymmetric response are presented: (1) the difference between the interaction time of electrons with the magnetosonic pulse and (2) the opposite radial ∇B drift of the electrons at dawnside and duskside. Further, we calculate the contributions to electron dynamics and phase space density variations from three terms: E×B drift, radial ∇B drift, and gyrobetatron acceleration. The details of electron flux variations could vary with the form of the shock‐induced pulse and the initial electron distribution, thus be different from our results; however, the basic ingredients of the electron interaction with the pulse could provide a general frame for understanding and evaluating electron flux responses.
Effects of Oceanic Mesoscale and Submesoscale Frontal Processes on the Vertical Transport of Phytoplankton
Authors: Ruiz Simón , Claret Mariona , Pascual Ananda , Olita Antonio , Troupin Charles , Capet Arthur , Tovar‐Sánchez Antonio , Allen John , Poulain Pierre‐Marie , Tintoré Joaquín , Mahadevan Amala 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOceanic fronts are dynamically active regions of the global ocean that support upwelling and downwelling with significant implications for phytoplankton production and export. However (on time scales
the inertial time scale), the vertical velocity is 103–104 times weaker than the horizontal velocity and is difficult to observe directly. Using intensive field observations in conjunction with a process study ocean model, we examine vertical motion and its effect on phytoplankton fluxes at multiple spatial horizontal scales in an oligotrophic region in the Western Mediterranean Sea. The mesoscale ageostrophic vertical velocity (∼10 m/day) inferred from our observations shapes the large‐scale phytoplankton distribution but does not explain the narrow (1–10 km wide) features of high chlorophyll content extending 40–60 m downward from the deep chlorophyll maximum. Using modeling, we show that downwelling submesoscale features concentrate 80% of the downward vertical flux of phytoplankton within just 15% of the horizontal area. These submesoscale spatial structures serve as conduits between the surface mixed layer and pycnocline and can contribute to exporting carbon from the sunlit surface layers to the ocean interior.
Estimating the success of re-identifications in incomplete datasets using generative models
Authors: Rocher Luc , Hendrickx Julien M. , de Montjoye Yves-Alexandre 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhile rich medical, behavioral, and socio-demographic data are key to modern data-driven research, their collection and use raise legitimate privacy concerns. Anonymizing datasets through de-identification and sampling before sharing them has been the main tool used to address those concerns. We here propose a generative copula-based method that can accurately estimate the likelihood of a specific person to be correctly re-identified, even in a heavily incomplete dataset. On 210 populations, our method obtains AUC scores for predicting individual uniqueness ranging from 0.84 to 0.97, with low false-discovery rate. Using our model, we find that 99.98% of Americans would be correctly re-identified in any dataset using 15 demographic attributes. Our results suggest that even heavily sampled anonymized datasets are unlikely to satisfy the modern standards for anonymization set forth by GDPR and seriously challenge the technical and legal adequacy of the de-identification release-and-forget model.
Evolution of metazoan oxygen-sensing involved a conserved divergence of VHL affinity for HIF1α and HIF2α
Authors: Tarade Daniel , Lee Jeffrey E. , Ohh Michael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDuplication of ancestral hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)α coincided with the evolution of vertebrate species. Paralogs HIF1α and HIF2α are the most well-known factors for modulating the cellular transcriptional profile following hypoxia. However, how the processes of natural selection acted upon the coding region of these two genes to optimize the cellular response to hypoxia during evolution remains unclear. A key negative regulator of HIFα is von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor protein. Here we show that evolutionarily-relevant substitutions can modulate a secondary contact between HIF1α Met561 and VHL Phe91. Notably, HIF1α binds more tightly than HIF2α to VHL due to a conserved Met to Thr substitution observed in the vertebrate lineage. Similarly, substitution of VHL Phe91 with Tyr, as seen in invertebrate species, decreases VHL affinity for both HIF1α and HIF2α. We propose that vertebrate evolution involved a more complex hypoxia response with fine-tuned divergence of VHL affinity for HIF1α and HIF2α.