bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forecasting Short-Term Timber Prices with Univariate ARIMA Models
Authors: Yin Runsheng 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In this paper, we conduct timber price forecasts with univariate autoregressive-integrated-moving-average, or ARIMA, models employing the standard Box-Jenkins modeling strategy. Using quarterly price series from Timber Mart-South, we find that most of the selected pine pulpwood and sawtimber markets can be evaluated using ARIMA models, and that short-term forecasts, especially those of one-lead forecasts, are fairly accurate. We believe that forecasting future prices could aid timber producers and consumers alike in timing harvests, reducing uncertainty, and enhancing efficiency. South. J. Appl. For. 23(1):53-58.
Effects of Seasonal Prescribed Fires on Residual Overstory Trees in Oak-Dominated Shelterwood Stands
Authors: Brose Patrick , Van Lear David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A study was initiated in 1994 to evaluate the degree of bole damage and crown decline residual overstory trees would experience because of prescribed burning of shelterwood stands. Three oak-dominated shelterwood stands, partially harvested 2 to 4 yr earlier, were divided into four treatments (unburned control, spring burn, summer burn, and winter burn). Fifteen permanent sampling points were systematically located in each 5 to 12 ac treatment area, and overstory trees were selected from these points with a 10 BAF prism. Before burning, each tree was evaluated for lower bole and crown condition and reevaluated two growing seasons after the fires. Hickory, oak, and yellow-poplar were largely unaffected by the winter and summer prescribed fires but displayed bole damage and crown decline following spring burning. American beech and red maple declined after all fire treatments. Fire damage to oak, hickory, and yellow-poplar was strongly associated to presence of logging slash near a tree's base. Directional felling or moving slash should minimize injury to these trees. This research will aid resource managers wishing to use prescribed fire in shelterwood stands to favor oak regeneration while minimizing damage to residual overstory oaks. South. J. Appl. For. 23(2):88-93.
Assessment of the Regeneration Potential of Red Oaks and Ash on Minor Bottoms of Mississippi
Authors: Belli Keith L. , Hart Christopher P. , Hodges John D. , Stanturf John A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Plots were established to monitor the success of advance regeneration for red oaks and ash on eight high quality sites on minor bottoms in Mississippi. Data were collected pre- and post-harvest, and annually for 3 yr following harvest. Red oak and ash stems were initially categorized by height class, or by diameter class for those stems at least 1 in. in diameter at breast height. Survival and competitive position were monitored to provide estimates of the probability of producing at least one free-to-grow stem 3 growing seasons following stand harvest. Regardless of species, the competitive advantage of larger seedlings and stump sprouts over smaller seedlings (less than 1 ft tall) was clear. Less than 10% of the smaller seedlings were free-to-grow after 3 growing seasons, whereas 26% to 71% of the larger seedlings and stump sprouts were judged free-to-grow after the same amount of time. Results were used to revise an existing regeneration assessment system. A field tally sheet was developed to aid in the application of the revised system. South. J. Appl: For. 23(3): 133-138.
Estimating Mast Production: An Evaluation of Visual Surveys and Comparison with Seed Traps using White Oaks
Authors: Perry Roger W. , Thill Ronald E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We compared five types of visual mast surveys with seed trap data from 105 white oaks (Quercus alba L.) during 1996-1997 in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas. We also evaluated these visual survey methods for their usefulness in detecting differences in acorn density among areas. Indices derived from all five methods were highly correlated with acorn densities derived from traps, and the Koenig method had the highest r-values. Categorical surveys using fewer than six categories yielded significantly different acorn densities among all categories, whereas surveys using nine or ten categories did not. All survey methods detected moderate to large acorn density differences among four study areas. We found no difference in the effectiveness of visual surveys in dense versus open-forested conditions. Visual surveys are an effective method for evaluating acorn production and may be superior to seed traps for comparisons of acorn production in tree canopies since they are not affected as greatly by wildlife removal. However, visual surveys can be biased by observer differences, whereas trap data are not. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):164-169.
Fumigation with Chloropicrin, Metham Sodium, and EPTC as Replacements for Methyl Bromide in Southern Pine Nurseries
Authors: Carey William A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effects of soil fumigation with chloropicrin alone or in combination with metham sodium and or with EPTC on the growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings and on nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) control were investigated at three forest tree nurseries. Fumigation with chloropicrin plus metham sodium (CMS) significantly increased seedling numbers and growth compared to controls. Averaged among nurseries, mean root-collar-diameter increased from 0.14 to 0.17 in., and biomass from 0.14 to 0.20 lb/ft2. This produced seven more plantable seedlings and 6.5 more grade 1 seedlings/ft2 in CMS compared to not fumigated plots. Fumigation increased average potential sales $7,100/ac and increased present values, projected for the growth increases for additional grade 1 seedlings, by $25,900/ac. Fumigation increased biomass per unit area similarly at tested bed densities (10 to 29/ft2), but at low bed densities (≤20/ft2) the present values associated with grade 1 seedlings increased more than at higher densities. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):135-139.
Realized Genetic Gains for First Generation Improved Loblolly Pine in 45 Tests in Coastal North Carolina
Authors: Lambeth Clem 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An improved first generation check (a mixture of 12 of the best open-pollinated families) was compared with an unimproved check in 45 tests in coastal North Carolina at age 6 or 7 yr. Excellent and consistent genetic gains were realized for exhibited site index and sweep reduction from the first generation of genetic improvement. It was rare that the unimproved check lot was better than the first generation improved stock for site index (2 out of 45 trials) or stem sweep (1 out of 45 trials). On average, a 3.4 ft improvement in exhibited site index (3.9%) and a 0.43 in. reduction in sweep (-27%) were realized across all tests, both highly statistically significant. Moderate but statistically significant gains in rust resistance were realized. Rust resistance gains were moderate because rust is not a serious problem in the region, and less emphasis was given to rust resistance in the selection of families than to growth rate and stem straightness. Improvements in survival through age six were nominal and statistically nonsignificant since survival was not a primary selection criterion in this region where survival is generally good. Regressions of improved check means by site were regressed onto unimproved check means for a better understanding of the nature of realized gains for the various traits. South J. Appl. For. 24(3):140-144.
Rethinking How Nonindustrial Landowners View Their Lands
Authors: Kluender R.A. , Walkingstick T.L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Southwide nonindustrial landowners account for 70% of the commercial timber land and 69% of the total growing stock. These forests provide a diversity of benefits including solid wood products, wood fiber, wildlife habitat, recreation opportunities, water conservation, and scenic beauty. This study explores the diversity of landowner groups by developing landowner typologies (groups of individuals with similar characteristics) based on grouped responses to a mail questionnaire. Selected landowners were mailed a questionnaire that requested information about their land and their personal objectives for these land holdings. A K-means cluster analysis using chi-square distancing was used to separate out four cluster groups based on the seven clustering factors. These clusters were identified as Timber Managers, Resident Conservationists, Affluent Weekenders, and Poor Rural Residents. Once stable clusters of landowners were established, a cross tab, chi-square analysis of landowner clusters vs. discrete question responses was performed. The Timber Managers were most likely to have sold timber in the past and maintained plans to sell again in the future. They tended to be affluent and well educated. Resident Conservationists tended to live on their properties and displayed a strong aversion to harvesting. They were only moderately well educated and had a moderate income level. Affluent Weekenders hem their property as second homes or weekend retreats and were generally averse to timber harvest. They were well educated and generally affluent. Poor Rural Residents were raised in a rural environment, tended to be at or below national poverty levels, were poorly educated, and would consider using their land or timber to produce revenue if they could. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):150-158.
Modeling Response to Midrotation Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization in Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Liu Jiping , Ducey Mark J. , Lee Allen H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data from a fertilizer response study in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations at different sites in the southeastern United States were used to develop response models for dominant height and basal area following midrotation nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization. Nonlinear regression models developed from the data predict total cumulative response as a function of the interaction of N and P application rates, drainage class of the site, stand conditions when fertilized, and time since fertilization. Stand variables that were found to be significant predictors of response included site index, age, basal area, number of surviving trees, and dominant height at fertilization. Dominant height response was significantly greater on poorly drained sites than on other sites. Basal area response to P was significantly less on poorly drained sites and significantly greater on well drained sites. These models can be coupled with unfertilized baseline models to estimate volume response to midrotation fertilization. South. J. Appl. For. 24(4):207-212.
Effects of Climate and Soil Type Interactions on Probable Work Days with Harvest Equipment in Mississippi and Alabama Forests
Authors: Pote Jonathan W. , Wax Charles L. , Karr Bob L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A computer model predicted soil moisture in three climate zones with three soil textures. A 30 yr daily simulation provided probable work days for the nine combinations. Criteria for work days were soil moisture capacities less than 95% of maximum for sandy soils, 80% for loamy soils, and 65% for clay soils. Results indicate that sandy soils in the inland zone allow 233 work days/yr at the 50% probability level, whereas clay soils there allow only 140 days at that level. In the coastal zone sandy soils allow 252 work days/yr at the 50% level and clay soils allow 122 days at that level. These results were produced at ten probability levels for all soil types and all zones, as well as for each month. Applied examples of uses of the results are included. South. J. Appl. For. 24(4):213-218.
Development of Water Tupelo Coppice Stands on the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta for Five Years After Precommercial Thinning and Cleaning
Authors: Goelz J.C.G. , Meadows J.S. , Fristoe T.C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Three 4-yr-old stands (or locations) were selected for treatment. Treatment consisted of two components: (1) thinning water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) stump sprouts and (2) cutting all stems of Carolina ash (Fraxinus caroliniana Mill.) and black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.) (cleaning). Contrary to results in other areas, survival of water tupelo coppice was very high and was not affected by the treatments. Cleaning had little or no positive effect on the individual tree or stand-level variables we measured. Thinning sprout clumps significantly increased diameter growth of water tupelo; the effect of thinning was considerably larger for one location. Stand basal area growth was decreased by thinning sprout clumps. However, quadratic mean diameter was increased by thinning, particularly at one location. Although thinning decreased basal area 5 yr after treatment, the increase in quadratic mean diameter was sufficient for there to be no significant effect of thinning on total volume 5 yr after treatment. Because of this, and in anticipation of imminent natural thinning of the unthinned plots, we suspect that the thinned plots will eventually have significantly greater standing volume than the unthinned plots, at least for the location where density of large sprouts was initially the highest. Rotation age will be decreased for that stand because stems will achieve merchantable size sooner. Thus we consider precommercial thinning of sprout clumps to be a potentially effective practice in stands with a high density of large water tupelo sprouts. South. J. Appl. For. 25(4):165–172.
Woody Debris Volume on Clearcuts With and Without Satellite Chip Mills
Authors: Hess George R. , Zimmerman Dale 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
During public forums on the ecological impacts of satellite wood chip mills in North Carolina, environmentalists and hunters stated that less downed woody debris is left on sites harvested with a satellite chip mill component than on sites without a chip mill component. We conducted a pilot study to obtain preliminary evidence of differences in the volume and spatial distribution of downed woody debris between sites harvested with and without a satellite chip component. We used a transect method to estimate the volume of woody debris on seven harvest sites: four with and three without a satellite wood chip component. The mean volume of fresh coarse downed woody debris (≥;10 cm diameter), fresh downed woody debris (≥;2.5 cm diameter), and total downed woody debris (≥;2.5 cm diameter) was lower on sites harvested with a satellite chip mill component than on sites harvested without a satellite chip component. On all sites, debris was found in clusters rather than spread evenly across the site. The consensus among forest ecologists is that downed woody debris promotes biodiversity and facilitates ecological processes and that more woody debris is almost always better than less. South. J. Appl. For. 25(4):173–177.
Mississippi Consultant Fees and Services: By Tract Size and Professional Affiliation
Authors: Munn Ian A. , Watkins Christopher C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Consultants in Mississippi were surveyed to determine their services, fees, and professional characteristics. Most consultants provided forest management and timber sale administration services inhouse and subcontracted site preparation, regeneration, and chemical applications. Average fees varied considerably by tract size. Average timber sales rates ranged from 8.55% of sale value for tracts less than 100 ac to 7.75% for tracts greater than 500 ac. Average fees for other services varied as much as 28% across tract sizes. Association of Consulting Foresters (ACF) and Society of American Foresters (SAF) member consultants typically were more experienced, offered more services, were more likely to be members of other professional organizations, and were more likely to have professional licenses in other states and other fields, than nonmember consultants. Average fees for ACF and SAF member consultants were generally higher than nonmember consultants, which held true across services and tract sizes. South. J. Applied Forestry 25(4):178–186.
Modeling Forest Fire Probabilities in the South Central United States Using FIA Data
Authors: Munn Ian A. , Zhai Yushun , Evans David L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Factors influencing the probability of fire occurrence in the south central United States were investigated using a geographic information system (GIS) and a multinomial logit model. Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data at the plot level were merged with census data at the census-tract level to create a data set containing demographic, geographic, and timber-related characteristics. A multinomial logit model was employed to estimate the relationships between plot characteristics and the probability of wildfires, prescribed fires, and fires of unknown origins. Wildfires occurred more frequently on public forests than industrial and nonindustrial private forests (NIPFs). The probability of wildfire increased with proximity to urban areas and “built-up” areas of 4 ha or more in size. Wildfires occurred more frequently in younger stands and in pine and mixed pine-hardwood types than in hardwood types. Prescribed fires occurred more frequently on public and industrial forests than on NIPFs. The probability of prescribed fires increased with proximity to roads, urban areas, built-up areas of 4 ha or more, and on flatter terrain, but was inversely related to population density. Fire was prescribed less frequently for pole-sized stands than sawtimber size stands and more frequently for pine and mixed pine-hardwood types than for hardwood types. Education levels and median household incomes of the surrounding census tract had no significant effects on the probability of any type of fire. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):11–17.
Role of the Tennessee Master Logger Program in Implementation of Best Management Practices on Non-Industrial Private Forests
Authors: Davis Chad T. , Clatterbuck Wayne K. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A field evaluation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) was used to determine the effectiveness of the Tennessee Master Logger Program (TMLP) in 1997–1998. The study was conducted on non-industrial private forestland (NIPF) and excluded harvests on land owned by forest industry or public forests. Completed logging jobs were evaluated in relation to four components of timber harvesting: (1) haul roads, (2) skid trails, (3) log decks, and (4) Streamside Management Zones (SMZs). The scores assigned during evaluation to each of the four components were added together to yield an overall score. An overall percentage score was calculated because some sites did not have all four components, for example, SMZs are not necessary on sites without streams. Of 191 randomly chosen logging sites across the state of Tennessee, 38, or 19.9%, were harvested by trained Master Loggers. A significant association (P < 0.05) was found between overall percentage score and logger training. The mean overall percentage score for Master Loggers was 75.1%, and the mean score for untrained loggers was 60.4%. Only 17 of the 627 possible scores or 2.6%, exhibited threats to water quality. Of these 17, Master Loggers were only responsible for 3. Point biserial correlations indicated that a substantial association (P < 0.05) existed between harvests completed by Master Loggers and the scores of haul roads, skid trails, log decks, and SMZ grades. This study indicates that loggers who received training from the TMLP were more likely to implement BMPs during harvesting operations on NIPF than loggers who did not participate in the Tennessee Master Logger Program. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):36–40.
Salicylic Acid Increases the Biomass Accumulation of Pinus patula
Authors: San-Miguel Rubén , Gutiérrez Mario , Larqué-Saavedra Alfonso 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Aqueous solutions of low concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), applied as a spray to the shoots of 3-month-oldPinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham seedlings, significantly increased the biomass of the plants. The measurements were taken after nine monthly treatments. Stem diameter and height of the plants were increased by 10-10 and 10-8 M SA. Similarly, applications of 10-8 and 10-6 M SA increased fresh stem weight by 33 and 30%, respectively, and the dry stem weight by 65 and 44%. Increases of 28–30% in gross root length were detected in applications of 10-8 and 10-6 M SA, which were reinforced by increases of 33% in fresh root weight, and of 45 to 54% in dry root weight. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):52–54.
Cost of Six Different Stream Crossing Options in the Appalachian Area
Authors: Visser Rien , Aust W. Michael , Gallagher Tom , Roberts Tal , Poirot Matt 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Permanent and temporary forest bridges are an integral part of achieving environmental Best Management Practices (BMPs) for harvesting operations. Within Virginia Tech's Fishburn Forest, five stream crossings have been installed to improve access and to provide a demonstration area for continuing education purposes. Approximately 1 mile of abandoned road was re-opened and improved, and 850 tons of gravel used to form the new running surface. In addition to a number of existing fords, three new culvert crossings and five new bridges were installed. These include a 70 ft low-water concrete culvert crossing, a two-span 31 ft wooden stringer bridge, and three different types of stress-laminated bridges. This article provides basic information regarding permit acquisition and environmental considerations for stream crossings. Location, design, and installation procedures for a variety of permanent and temporary forest bridges are presented. Finally, an evaluation of bridge installation costs, including materials, labor, and machinery requirements, are shown for the various permanent and temporary crossing types. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):66–70.
Summer Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations in Forested Streams of Northern Louisiana
Authors: Ice George , Sugden Brian 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations are critical to aquatic communities and are an important measure of water quality conditions in streams. Best Management Practices that maintain shade near streams and avoid introduction of slash should minimize forest management effects on DO concentrations. However, many streams in the South Central Plains Ecoregion of Louisiana have summer DO concentrations below the 5 mg/L criterion recommended by EPA. Based on a synoptic survey of 43 least-impaired and reference forest stream reaches, we found that over 80% of these reaches had DO concentrations below 5 mg/L, and almost 60% of monitored sites had DO concentrations below 3 mg/L. These low DO concentrations are associated with low streamflow velocities and organic channel bottoms. Unachievable DO standards in the region need to be addressed to realistically reflect local environmental conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2):92–99.