bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ductile Shearing and Large-Scale Thrusting in the Main Central Thrust Zone, Chur-Peak Area, Lesser Himachal Himalaya
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Dilip K. , Bhadra Bidyut K. , Ghosh Tamal K. , Srivastava Deepak C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the Himalayan orogenic belt the rocks of the High Himalaya Crystalline Zone (HHCZ) have been thrust over the rocks of the Lesser Himalaya Zone along the Main Central Thrust (MCT). Around the Chur peak in the Lesser Himachal Himalaya the frontal part of the HHCZ is preserved in a half klippe. Analyses of structures from thin section to outcrop scales in this area show that a progressive ductile shearing has been superimposed on two generations of pre-shearing coaxial folds (F1 and F2 ). The F1 and F2 are tight to isoclinal and recumbent to gently plunging reclined/inclined folds with E or W axial trend. A penetrative cleavage (S1) parallel to the axial planes of F1 folds is the common planar structure, and a crenulation cleavage (S2) parallel to the F2 axial planes has sporadically developed. In the ductile shear zones the rocks have been extensively mylonitized and a plethora of small-scale compressional and extensional structures have developed. A set of very open and upright folds (F3) has affected all these structures. The last episode of deformation is represented by a set of subvertical fractures some of which are normal faults. Detailed mapping in selected areas and stereographic analyses of small-scale structures in the shear zones show that the earlier interpretation of large-scale recumbent folding on stratification is not tenable. Four large-scale thrusts cut up the crystalline rocks of the area into a pack of four thin thrust slices in large scale. The MCT in this area can be considered to be a 5-6 km thick ductile shear zone in which two phases of preshearing coaxial folding and late-stage thrusting can be demonstrated.
Local Gravity Anomaly and Geotectonics in the Dharamsala Palampur Area, Northwest Himalaya
Authors: Mahajan A. K. , Kumar Surendar , Chabak S. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Gravity survey in the station spacing of about 2 km was carried out in Dhararnsala-Palampur area (36 x 20 km) of the northwest Himalaya to study the seismotectonics of the region. The regional trend of Bouguer anomaly shows general decrease from -230 mGal to -250 mGal from south to north. The present gravity survey in DhararnsaIa-Palampur area has brought out some gravity highs trending transverse to the Himalayan trend. The presence of gravity high zone in the central portion of the study area near Yol may indicate either an anticlinal structure or emplacement of denser material from below, probably along the southeast dipping transverse feature noticed in the area. Another gravity high is noticed southwest of Palampur, also named as Paror anticline. The Bouguer anomaly map has helped to detect some transverse faults trending northeast-southwest and north-south i.e. oblique to the major thrust in the Dharamsala-Palampur region.
Multiple Deformation Around Saltora Murlu in the Western Part of Bengal Anorthosites
Authors: Dastidar S. , Samanta S. , Chaudhuri A. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Structural mapping in this area in Bankura district of West Bengal reveals coaxial easterlyl westerly plunging early isoclinal F1 folds and later upright F2 folds giving rise to hook-shaped interference patterns. Later slip and shearing along the F2 axial plane cause considerable bending of early linear structures in both mesoscopic and macroscopic scales. All rock types including anorthosite, granite gneiss and composite gneiss are affected by multiple deformation plan.
Striated Coal from Darjeeling and Rangit Valley Coalfields, Eastern Himalaya
Authors: Ghosh T. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Striated structure has been .recorded in some coal seams of Darjeeling and Rangit Valley Coalfields. This structure is generally restricted within the vitrain bands which range in rank from Iignitous to anthracite. The structure is fonned mainly due to brittle deformation with or without little rise in temperature.
Petrology and Geochemistry of the Lamprophyric Rocks from the Bokaro Coalfield, Bihar and their Economic Potential
Authors: Basu A. , Bhattacharya A. K. , Paul D. K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The dyke swarms intruding the Gondwana sequence in the east Bokara Coalfield, Bihar include lamprophyres and lamproites such as olivine lamproties, olivine-leucite lamproites and leucite lamproites. Basic intrusives and rare siderite rich carbonates (carbonatite ?) are also found. The olivine lamproites contain xenocrysts of olivine and rare xenoliths of harzburgite. Gold values upto 3.6 ppm on grab samples have been noted from the intrusive rocks in the area. These lampropbyric rocks are considered to have formed from a highly incompatible element enriched metasomatised mantle source probably of harzburgitic composition.
Rubidium-Strontium Whole-Rock Ages of Banded and Incipient Charnockites from Southern Karnataka
Authors: Hansen E. C. , Stern R. J. , Devaraju T. C. , Mahabaleswar B. , Kenny P. J. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Late Archaean regional amphibolite facies to granulite facies progression in southern Karnataka contains two textural varieties of charnockite (orthopyroxene-bearing quartzofeldspathic rocks). Banded chamockites typified by the banded pyroxene gneisses in the vicinity of Halaguru are thought to be older than the "incipient" coarse-grained charnockitic alteration of am.phibolite facies gneisses, as at Kabbaldurga, and similar alteration of the banded charnockites in many places south of there.
Whole-rock Rb-Sr isochrons were obtained for banded chamockites from the Chillapura quarry near Halaguru, and for incipient charnockite in amphibolite facies gneiss from a quarry near Honganuru, just east of Chamarajnagar. Large multi-layered samples and individual layers (light versus dark layers) were analysed separately in an attempt to discriminate older and younger metamorphic ages. For both quarries, all data yielded good isochrons with ages near 2.5 Ga, or terminal Archaean (2.50 ± 0.05 Ga with initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70500 ± 0.00009 for Chillapura and 2.54 ± 0.17 Ga, 0.7088 ± 0.0016 for Honganuru). More than one age of charnockitic metamorphism based on isotope systematics of samples collected from single quarries is not evident.
The high initial Sr ratios for both localities suggest, however, that the country rocks in southern Kamataka had a protracted crustal history prior to 2.5 Ga ago. Moreover, when the mean isotopic data of both quarries are plotted on the same diagram, "a regional isochron" close to 3.0 Ga with low initial Sr ratio results. This plausibly corresponds to a crustal accretion age, in accord with the interpretaiton of previous whole-rock isotope studies of this region based on combining data from widely-separated quarries. A widespread high-grade metamorphic event coinciding with, or following shortly after, crustal accretion remains an open possibility.
Occurrence of Anorthosite Near Sripuram, Khammam Schist Belt, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Srinivasan K. N. , Ganesan V. , Roop Kumar D. , Murti K. S. , Rao N. V. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The anorthosite of Sripuram is a syn - to late - tectonic concordant intrusive into the rocks of Khammam Schist Belt (KSB). Its major element Chemistry is comparable to Archaean anorthosites.
Geological and Geochemical Studies on Carbonatites and Rocks of Carbonatitic (?) Affinity from Areas North of the Narmada Lineament in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
Authors: Khandelwal M. K. , Maithani P. B. , Pant P. C. , Hansda P. K. , Ramachandran S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the region covering some 400 km2 immediately to the north of Narmada lineament between Dharmrai, Dhar district, Madhya Pradesh, in the east and Nakhal and Panwad, Vadodara district, Gujarat, in the west, numerous E-W to ENE-WSW trending linear fault zones (c.l km to 5 km long X 20 m to over 100 m wide) occur within the Deccan basalts and infratrappean rocks. Brownish, brecciated, calcareous rocks, often with pockets and veins of calcite (carbonatites ?) are found within such fracture zones, and many of them show intrusive-like features. These faults apparently have developed sympathetic to the major Narmada rift to the south which provided structural avenues for the emplacement of carbonatites and associated basic alkaline rocks as found at Ambadongar. Panwad, Kawant and Saidiwasan, as part of the Deccan volcanic episode. Comparison of major and selected trace element data on these carbonatitic (?) rocks with Woolley and Kempe's average trace elements in carbonatite indicates that they are significantly impoverised in Zr, Nb, Y, La and U compared to the carbonatites and phonolites and phonolitic nephelinites of Panwad, Saidiwasan and Nakhal which are enriched in these elements. Carbonate-rich rocks of Bakhatgarh and Katarkheda in the east are rich in CaO and P2O3 compared to those of Panwad and Kawant. Based on available data it is suggested that the carbonatitic (?) types found in the east may represent an early phase of carbonatite (?) impoverished in Zr, Nb, Y, La, U and Th compared to the late residual (?) phase found in the Panwad-Saidiwasan-Nakal area which records significant radioactivity (upto 0.04% eUPR) and higher abundances of Zr (0.06%) and Nb (upto 0.1 %).
Petrochemical Basis for the Rank (Maturity) Evaluation of Permian Coals of the Ramagundam Coal Belt, Godavari Valley Coalfield, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Singh Ganesh P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Permian coals of Ramagundam coalfield are sub-bituminous to high volatile bituminous in rank on the basis of chemical (carbon, and volatile matter) and petrographic (reflectance-Rom,) parameters. These coals are characterized as kerogen type-III. Reflectance (Rom) values suggest the maturation temperatures rapging from 46° and 108°C and depth of burial, of coal bearing horizons varies from 1725 to 2175 metres.
Pan-African U-Pb Zircon age from Apatite-Magnetite Veins of Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt, India
Authors: Kovach V. P. , Salnikova E. B. , Kotov A. B. , Yakovlevn S. Z. , Rao A. T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
206Pb/238U ages of zircon correspond to 502 ± 3 Ma and 207Pb/206Pb ages are equal to 508 ± 14 Ma. U-Ph isotopic study of the Kasipatnam zircon has led to the recognition of pan-African thermal event in the Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt, India.
Eocene Rodents From New Localities in Himachal Pradesh, Northwest Himalaya, India: Biochronologic Implications
Authors: Kumar Kishor , Loyal R. S. , Srivastava Rahul 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The report of Eocene rodents from Himachal Pradesh is of considerable biochronologic and biogeographic significance. It corroborates that the Eocene rodent-yielding horizons at the top of the Subathu formation in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh (India) and of the Kuldana Formation in Pakistan are in the same time frame. It also extends the geographic range of the Eocene chapattimyid rodents to about 300 km east of earlier known localities in Rajauri and Reasi districts, Jammu and Kashmir.
Whole Rock and Mineral Chemistry of Aluminous Granulites From the Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Rao A. T. , Divakara Rao V. , Yoshida M. , Arima M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The whole rock analyses confirm the basic to intermediate nature of the protolith (SiO2, &gt; 53% - &lt; 67%) with high alumina (highest 22.18%) and high K2O (~ 4%). Metamorphic segregation as well as source rock compositions appear to have contributed -to the formation of high alumina granulites. The temperatures of metamorphism estimated using garnet - hypersthene/cordierite pairs range from 680-980°C, The gamet-cordierite reference temperatures with narrow range 700-750°C, indicate a pressure range of 5-7 kbar for the garnet-orthopyroxene-plagioclase-quartz assemblage in the aluminous granulites. Textural relationships of cordierite breakdown and reappearance of cordierite supplement the two generations of cordierite from aluminous granulites in the Eastern Ghats Granulites Belt.
Rare Earth Element Geochemistry of Selected Mafic-Ultramafic Units from Singhbhum Craton: Implications to Source Heterogeneity
Authors: Roy A. , Sarkar A. , Bhattacharya S. K. , Ozaki H. , Ebihara M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Modelling ofREE data indicates that while mafic rocks of Dhanjori Group are partial melting products of a spinel Iherzolite source, Dalma ultrabasics are the residue after the melt-extraction from an original garnet lherzolite rock. Ultramafics of Newer dolerite dykes indicate either derivation by mantle meta somatism or effect of post magmatic serpentinisation. REE data in conjunction with the available geochronological data suggest that significant mantle heterogeneity existed over relatively smaller distances (~100 km) even during Proterozoic and that the mantle evolved in a non-uniform manner with distinct localised processes.
The Intensely Bored Rocks in Vinjhan (Kutch) Indicate Glossifungites Ichnofacies
Authors: Patel S. J. , Shringarpure D. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The occurrence of Glossifungites ichnofacies from the Vinjhanian stage exposed near Vinjhan in Kutch have confirmed its development of the firm but unlithified substrates possibly intertidal to subtidal in nature where the semi consolidated substrate provided resistance to erosion and supported three generations of borings by different organisms. The filling of the borings with gypsum and development of iron-oxide stains on them indicate a major regressive phase of the Vinjhanian stage and diagenetic effects due to chemical variations in the depositional system.
Sedimentological Study of Kwada and Belekeri Bay Beaches, Uttara Kannada, West Coast, India
Authors: Hanamgond P. T. , Chavadi V. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Granulometric studies of 317 sediment samples collected at different micro-environments were used to understand the depositional environment and their spatial (cross-shore and longshore) and temporal (seasonal) grain size variations. The study involves EOF analysis to understand the size distributions at each of the micro-environments through different seasons. With the help of the available textural tools sediment movement and high energy areas have been distinguished.
Electrofacies Analysis and Paleogeographic Maps of Sands within the Lower Clay Marker of Lakhmani Field
Authors: Rao A. B. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
An integrated study of three sands within Lower Clay Marker formation (LCM) of Lakhmani field, Assam has been carried out to identify the geometry of the hydrocarbon-bearing sand. Based on the sand geometry the facies changes in petrophysical properties of the rock areally could be explained. Depositional environments in heavily drilled areas can be interpreted with confidence and the same ideas can be imparted to sparsely drilled areas for improving the evaluation in relatively unexplored areas.
Distribution and Succession of Jurassic Rocks in Gora Dodgar, Pachchham "Island", Kachchh, India
Authors: Pandey Dhirendra Kumar , Fuersich Franz T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Its prolific fossil fauna and well exposed sedimentary sequence make Kachchh, a Mesozoic pericratonic basin at the western margin of the Indian plate. one of the classic areas of Jurassic geology. The Jurassic sediments represent, for their most part, shallow, largely nearshore shelf environments characterized by a moderately rich bivalve-dominated fauna. An exception is the Eomiodon Red Sandstone Member, which is characterized by brackish biota and contains interludes of non-marine coastal plain sedimentation.
Gravity Bases Established by Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) over Parts of Northern Kerala
Authors: Radha Krishna M. , John Kurian P. , Nambiar C. G. , Krishna Mohan S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A network of 30 gravity base stations have been established. The dynamic drift curves show an average drift rate of less than 0.006 mgal/min. The observed gravity values have repeatability of 0.08 mgal, and can be used for regional gravity surveys.
Oxygen Isotopic Studies of Ice, Snow and Water Samples near the Indian Stations in Antarctica
Authors: Bhattacharya S. K. , Nijampurkar V. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Oxygen isotopic ratios in water samples collected from various sources (recent snow, glacier ice, coastal sea, lakes etc.) near the two Indian stations in Antarctica (Dakshin Gangotri and Maitri) have been measured. The general range of d18O values is from -14 to -30 (in ‰ w.r.t SMOW). The fresh water lakes in the Schirmacher Range area receive 30 to 40% of their input from melt water of adjoining glacier. This glacier has old ice characterized by extremely depleted d18O value of -42‰ at the shallow depth of 10 m. This is not normally expected and can complicate interpretation of d18O profile in cores from this region for palaeoclimatic studies.
Rainwater Harvesting - A Possible Seasonal Addition to Bangalore Water Supply
Authors: Curtis L. C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The conservation by storage in underground cisterms of a significant proportion of local rainfall, to provide a supplementary supply during the non-monsoon months, is a feasible proposition. Basic requirements in respect of cistern capacities, possible supply levels, excavations required, possible layout and preliminary cost estimates are indicated.
Estimation of Hydraulic Characteristics of Alluvial Aquifers from Electrical Resistivity Data
Authors: Singhal D. C. , Niwas Sri , Shakeel M. , Adam E. M. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The applicability of geophysical techniques has been examined for evaluating aquifer properties like transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity of alluvial anisotropic aquifers of Saharanpur area, Western Uttar Pradesh. The available pumping test data for various tube well sites is reinterpreted by using different methods for obtaining the aquifer characteristics. The available vertical electrical soundings (VES) data in the vicinity of the sites of pumping tests have been interpreted and true resistivity and thickness determined for each site under both isotropic and anisotropic conditions. Three types of empirical relations from the data are established for estimating the hydraulic parameters from electrical data: (i) Relation between hydraulic conductivity and apparent formation factor; (ii) Relation between hydraulic conductivity and a modified aquifer resistivity; (iii) Relation between transmissivity and modified transverse resistance.
It is concluded that in an alluvial area where Darcy flow is deemed to be valid, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity of aquifers can be estimated with reasonable accuracy at aquifer level by using relations between hydraulic properties and resistivity parameters.
Geothermobarometry and Fluid Inclusion Studies of Leucogneisses from Schirmacher Region, East Antarctica
Authors: Rameshwar Rao D. , Sharma Rajesh , Gururajan N. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The granulite-gneiss terrain of Schirmacher region, East Antarctica includes mafic to acid granulites pervasively intruded by stringers, bands, lenses and stocks of felsic rocks. The late stage felsic rocks are the leucocratic rocks and are the focus of this paper. They have concordant to discordant relation with the associated felsic and other granulitic rocks of the region.
The fluid inclusions, show three stages of f1uid entrapment. The monophase CO2 inclusions, with densities in the range of 0.996 to 0.811 g/cm3, show pressures of about 5.1 ± 0.6 kbars at inferred temperatures of 675 ± 25°C and indicate peak metamorphism after crystallization. Early stage deformed aqueous inclusions, however, represent initial crystallization. Entrapment of these inclusions was followed by carbonic aqueous inclusions, whose CO2 densities range from 0.816 to 0.624 g/cm3 with increasing H2O fluid entrapment occurring during the retrogressive stages. The increased concentration of aqueous fluids has resulted in biphase aqueous inclusions in trails. Their density and homogenization temperatures indicate a pressure of 2 ± 0.5 kbars.
The P-T trend observed from fluid inclusion studies is ref1ected from mineral equilibria studies. The GMBPQ assemblage of these rocks gave temperatures and pressures of 675 ± 25°C and 5.5 ± 0.3 kbars respectively. Further, the two-feldspar thermometry for these rocks record a reequilibrated temperatures of 444 ± 9°C. These P-T conditions of the leucogneisses suggest around 18 km of crust to have been removed, indicating &gt; 50 km thick crust during the amphibolite facies metamorphism corresponding to geothermal gradients of around 37°C/km. A successive decrease in estimated P-T conditions along with density and compositional information suggests retrogression and compressional cooling path for these rocks.
Organic Carbon and Total Phosphorus in the Sediments of Some Selected Mangrove Ecosystems of Kerala, Southwest Coast of India
Authors: Badarudeen A. , Padmalal D. , Sajan K. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Distributions of organic carbon (OC) and total phosphorus (P) in the sediments of three mangrove ecosystems located at Veli, Kochi and Kannur areas, southwest coast of India are described. The mangrove sediments of Kannur contain comparatively high concentration of DC (4%) than that of Veli (2.6%) and Kochi (3.7%). Total P records the highest concentrations in Kochi (av. 0.395%) compared to Veli (0.055%) and Kannur (av. 0.323%) mangroves. However, their distribution does not yield any specific pattern with respect to landward, intermediate and shallow water profiles. Statistical analysis of OC and P contents against the various causative factors stresses the role of particle size in regulating their distributional pattern in mangrove environments.
Late Quaternary Environment, Palaeontology and Culture of Tarafeni Valley, Midnapur District, West Bengal - A Preliminary Study
Authors: Basak Bishnupriya , Badam G. L. , Kshirsagar Anupama , Rajaguru S. N. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The authors present an integrated data on the Quaternary studies carried out during the 1993-95 field seasons in a lesser known area, the Tarafeni Valley in Midnapur District, West Bengal. Microliths primarily made on chert, quartzite have been found in association with colluvial deposits formed more or less contemporaneously with underlying nodular calcrete of pedogenic Oligin. Occurrence of several vertebrate fossils on the surface of the calcrete at Dhuliapur indicates Late Pleistocene age of the artefact bearing colluvial deposits. The formation of pedogenic calcrete in a sub-humid environment, with an average annual rainfall of 1600 - 2000 mm, suggests the presence of semi-aridity in Late Terminal Pleistocene period.
Trace Fossils from the Cambrian Sequence of Zanskar (Ladakh Himalaya)
Authors: Shah S. K. , Kumar Ashok , Sudan C. S. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Spiti - Zanskar Basin of Himalaya exposes rocks ranging in age from Proterozoic to Early Cenozoic. Cambrian trilobites, brachiopods and trace fossils are known from the Kurgiakh area of the basin. The present paper concerns with Early Cambrian trace fossils reported from the same stratigraphic section in which trilobite body fossils are known. The assemblage of trace fossils include: Chondrites sp., Cruziana sp., Rusophycus sp., Phycodes palmatum, sp., Didymaulichnus sp., Protichnites sp., Monomorphicnus monolinearis, Diplichnites sp. associated with scratch marks indicating trilobite movements. The finding of trace fossils far below the definite brachiopod and trilobite body fossil horizons in the Lower Cambrian sequence of Kurgiakh area of Zanskar is of significance.