bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Frontal Bone Fractures
Authors: Schultz Jerette J. , Chen Jeffrey , Sabharwal Samir , Halsey Jordan N. , Hoppe Ian C. , Lee Edward S. , Granick Mark S. 
Published: July 2019

Background:
The purpose of this study was to examine a level 1 trauma center's 12-year experience treating frontal sinus fractures with regards to patient demographics, management strategies, and treatment outcomes.

Methods:
An institutional review board-approved retrospective review of all facial fractures at a level 1 trauma center was performed for the years 2000 to 2012. Patient demographics, location of fractures, concomitant injuries, use of antibiotics, surgical management strategies and outcomes were collected for all frontal sinus fractures. A significance value of 5% was used.

Results:
There were 291 frontal sinus fractures treated at our institution. The mean age of patients was 34.4 years with a male predominance (90%). The most common mechanisms of injury were assault in 82 (28.2%) and motor vehicle accidents in 80 (27.5%). Anterior table fractures were seen in 261 patients (89.7%) and posterior table fractures were seen in 181 (62.2%). Treatment included ORIF with sinus preservation in 18 (6.2%), ORIF with sinus obliteration in 20 (6.9%), and cranialization in 18 (6.2%). Antibiotics were started on admission in 152 patients (52.2%). Fatality occurred in 9.3% of patients and complications included meningitis (1%), frontal sinusitis (1%), early wound infection (0.3%), and mucopyelocele (0.3%).

Conclusions:
Frontal sinus fractures in our center are most often caused by interpersonal violence. Anterior table fractures were more common than posterior table fractures and ORIF with sinus obliteration was the most common surgical intervention. Most frontal sinus fractures at our institution (82%) were treated conservatively with no surgical intervention and we observed a low rate of long term complications.
Big problems in little patients: Nationwide blunt cerebrovascular injury outcomes in the pediatric population
Authors: Marenco Christopher W. , Do Woo S. , Lammers Daniel T. , Morte Kaitlin R. , Eckert Matthew J. , Eckert Carly M. , Bensard Denis , Martin Matthew J. 
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND
Blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI) are uncommon but potentially devastating. The epidemiology, outcomes, and screening criteria are well described in adults, but data in pediatric patients are extremely limited. The purpose of this study was to characterize pediatric BCVI in a large nationwide sample. We hypothesized that outcomes of BCVI in the pediatric blunt trauma population will vary by age.

METHODS
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of the Kids' Inpatient Database for pediatric BCVI from 2000 to 2012. Epidemiology, associated injuries, outcomes (including stroke and mortality), and the utility of standard screening criteria were analyzed.

RESULTS
There were 1,182 cases of BCVI identified, yielding an incidence of 0.21%. Patients were predominately male (69%; mean age, 15 ± 5 years). Injuries were 59% carotid, 13% vertebral, and 28% unspecified, with 15% having bilateral or multivessel BCVI. Although younger patients (<11 years) had significantly lower ISS and decreased severe associated injuries (all p < 0.01), they had a similar mortality rate (10%) versus the older cohort. Additionally, the stroke rate was significantly higher among the younger patients versus their older peers (29% mortality for <11 years vs. 15% for ≥11 years, p < 0.01). Only four of seven commonly utilized risk factors were associated with BCVI overall, but none were significantly associated with BCVI in younger children (<11 years).

CONCLUSION
This represents the first nationwide assessment of BCVI in the pediatric population. Pediatric BCVI carry considerable mortality and stroke risk. Despite being less severely injured, younger children (<11 years) had similar a mortality rate and a significantly higher stroke rate compared with older pediatric patients. Furthermore, commonly utilized adult screening criteria had limited utility in the younger cohorts. These findings suggest pediatric BCVI may require screening and treatment protocols that are significantly different than currently utilized adult-based programs.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic/Epidemiological Study, level III.
The plasma membrane as a mechanochemical transducer
Authors: Le Roux Anabel-Lise , Quiroga Xarxa , Walani Nikhil , Arroyo Marino , Roca-Cusachs Pere 
Published: July 2019

Cells are constantly submitted to external mechanical stresses, which they must withstand and respond to. By forming a physical boundary between cells and their environment that is also a biochemical platform, the plasma membrane (PM) is a key interface mediating both cellular response to mechanical stimuli, and subsequent biochemical responses. Here, we review the role of the PM as a mechanosensing structure. We first analyse how the PM responds to mechanical stresses, and then discuss how this mechanical response triggers downstream biochemical responses. The molecular players involved in PM mechanochemical transduction include sensors of membrane unfolding, membrane tension, membrane curvature or membrane domain rearrangement. These sensors trigger signalling cascades fundamental both in healthy scenarios and in diseases such as cancer, which cells harness to maintain integrity, keep or restore homeostasis and adapt to their external environment.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Forces in cancer: interdisciplinary approaches in tumour mechanobiology’.
Mechanotransduction: from the cell surface to the nucleus via RhoA
Authors: Burridge Keith , Monaghan-Benson Elizabeth , Graham David M. 
Published: July 2019

Cells respond and adapt to their physical environments and to the mechanical forces that they experience. The translation of physical forces into biochemical signalling pathways is known as mechanotransduction. In this review, we focus on two aspects of mechanotransduction. First, we consider how forces exerted on cell adhesion molecules at the cell surface regulate the RhoA signalling pathway by controlling the activities of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). In the second part of the review, we discuss how the nucleus contributes to mechanotransduction as a physical structure connected to the cytoskeleton. We focus on recent studies that have either severed the connections between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton, or that have entirely removed the nucleus from cells. These actions reduce the levels of active RhoA, thereby altering the mechanical properties of cells and decreasing their ability to generate tension and respond to external mechanical forces.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Forces in cancer: interdisciplinary approaches in tumour mechanobiology’.
Ranking of Major Classes of Antibiotics for Activity against Stationary Phase Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Identification of Clinafloxacin + Cefuroxime + Gentamicin Drug Combination that Eradicates Persistent P. aeruginosa Infection in a Murine Cystic Fibrosis Model
Authors: Yuan Yuting , Yee Rebecca , Gour Naina , Dong Xinzhong , Feng Jie , Shi Wanliang , Zhang Ying 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa can cause serious persistent infections such as ventilator-associated pneumonia, sepsis, biofilm-related infections as in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Although CF lung infections can be treated with antibiotics, full clearance is difficult due to P. aeruginosa persistence. While antibiotic activity against growing P. aeruginosa is well documented, their activity against the non-growing persisters enriched in stationary phase cultures has not been well studied. Here, we systematically evaluated and ranked the six major classes of antibiotics, cell wall and cell membrane inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors, DNA synthesis inhibitors, RNA synthesis inhibitors, sulfa drugs, and nitrofurantoin, for their activity against both growing and persister forms of P. aeruginosa using colony forming count (CFU) and SYBR Green I/Propidium Iodide (PI) viability assay. Among the six major classes of antibiotics, cell wall and cell membrane inhibitors (Cefuroxime and Colistin), DNA synthesis inhibitors (Clinafloxacin) and sulfa drugs (Sulfamethoxazole) had good activity against stationary phase cells. In contrast, protein synthesis inhibitors (Gentamicin), RNA synthesis inhibitor (Rifampicin) and Nitrofurantoin had relatively poor activity against the stationary phase P. aeruginosa but relatively high activity against log phase P. aeruginosa. Clinafloxacin is the only single drug that could completely kill all (109 CFU) stationary phase cells in a 4 day drug exposure. The Cefuroxime + Gentamicin+ Clinafloxacin combination could kill all biofilm bacteria in 2 days whereas the clinically used drug combination Cefuroxime + Gentamicin + Colistin only partially killed the biofilm bacteria with 103 CFU remaining. In a murine persistent CF lung infection model, only Cefuroxime + Gentamicin+ Clinafloxacin cleared all bacteria in the infected lungs, whereas Clinafloxacin alone, or Cefuroxime + Clinafloxacin, or the current recommended drug combination Cefuroxime + Gentamicin, all failed to completely clear the bacterial load in the lungs. The complete sterilization of the bacterial load is a property of Clinafloxacin combination, as Cefuroxime + Gentamicin+ Levofloxacin combination was unable to clear the bacterial load in the lungs. Our findings demonstrate the importance of persister drug clinafloxacin, offer new therapeutic approaches for more effective treatment of persistent P. aeruginosa infections, and may have implications for treating other persistent infections.
Monoclonal IgM antibodies raised againstCandida albicansHyr1 provide cross-kingdom protection against Gram negative bacteria
Authors: Youssef Eman G. , Alkhazraji Sondus , Ghebremariam Teclegiorgis , Zhang Lina , Singh Shakti , Yount Nannette Y. , Yeaman Michael R. , Uppuluri Priya , Ibrahim Ashraf S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRecent years have seen an unprecedented rise in the incidence of multidrug resistant (MDR) Gram negative bacteria (GNB) such asAcinetobacterandKlebsiellaspecies. In view of the shortage of novel drugs in the pipeline, alternative strategies to prevent and treat infections by GNB are urgently needed. Previously, we have reported that theC. albicanshyphal-regulated protein Hyr1 shares striking 3D structural homology with cell surface proteins ofA. baumannii; and active or passive vaccination with rHyr1p-N or anti-Hyr1p polyclonal antibody, respectively; protect mice fromAcinetobacterinfections. Here, we show that monoclonal antibodies (mAb) generated against Hyr1p, bind to the surface ofAcinetobacteras well asK. pneumoniae. The anti-Hyr1 mAb also block damage to primary endothelial cells by the bacteria, and protect mice from lethal pulmonary infections mediated byA. baumanniiandK. pneumoniae. Our current studies emphasize the potential of harnessing Hyr1p mAb as a cross-kingdom immunotherapeutic strategy against MDR GNB.
Peroxisome turnover and diurnal modulation of antioxidant activity in retinal pigment epithelia utilizes microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B
Authors: Daniele Lauren L. , Caughey Jennifer , Volland Stefanie , Sharp Rachel C. , Dhingra Anuradha , Williams David S. , Philp Nancy J. , Boesze-Battaglia Kathleen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) supports the outer retina through essential roles in the retinoid the visual cycle, nutrient supply, ion exchange and waste removal. Each day the RPE removes the oldest ∼10% of photoreceptor outer segments through phagocytic uptake, which peaks in a synchronous burst following light onset. Impaired degradation of phagocytosed OS material by the RPE can lead to toxic accumulation of lipids, oxidative tissue damage, inflammation and cell death. OSs are rich in very long chain fatty acids which are preferentially catabolized in peroxisomes. Despite the importance of lipid degradation in RPE function, the regulation of peroxisome number and activity relative to diurnal OS ingestion is relatively unexplored. Using immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and catalase activity assays, we investigated peroxisome abundance and activity at 6 am, 7 am (at lights on), 8 am, and 3 pm, in WT mice and mice lacking microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B), that have impaired degradation of phagosomes. We found that catalase activity, but not protein expression, is 50% higher in the morning compared with 3 pm, in RPE of WT but not LC3B-/- mice. Surprisingly, we found that peroxisome abundance was stable during the day, however numbers are elevated overall in LC3B-/- mice, implicating LC3B in autophagic organelle turnover in RPE. Our data suggest that RPE peroxisome function is regulated in coordination with phagocytosis, possibly through direct enzyme regulation, and may serve to prepare RPE peroxisomes for daily surges in ingested lipid-rich OS.
Neurofeedback linked suppression of subthalamic beta oscillations speeds up movement initialisation in Parkinsonian Patients
Authors: He Shenghong , Mostofi Abteen , Syed Emilie , Torrecillos Flavie , Tinkhauser Gerd , Fischer Petra , Pogsyan Alek , Hasegawa Harutomo , Li Yuanqing , Ashkan Keyoumars , Pereira Erlick , Tan Huiling 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEnhanced beta oscillations (13-30 Hz) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) have been associated with clinical impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD), such as rigidity and slowing of movement, with the suppression of STN beta activity through medication or deep brain stimulation correlating with improvement in these symptoms. Recent studies have also emphasized the importance of the time dynamics of the STN beta oscillations in the pathology of PD. An increased probability of prolonged beta bursts, defined as periods when beta band power exceeds a certain threshold, was more closely related to motor symptoms than average power; and the occurrence of beta bursts just before a go cue slows cued movements. Here we adopted a sequential neurofeedback-behaviour task paradigm to investigate whether patients with PD can learn to suppress pathological beta oscillations recorded from STN with neurofeedback training and whether the training improves the motor performance. Results from twelve patients showed that, compared with the control condition, the neurofeedback training led to reduced incidence and duration of beta bursts in the STN local field potential (LFP) and also reduced the synchrony between the STN LFP and cortical activities measured through EEG in the beta frequency band. The changes were accompanied by a reduced reaction time in cued movements. These results suggest that volitional suppression of beta bursts facilitated by neurofeedback training could help improve movement initialisation in Parkinson’s disease.Significance StatementOur study suggests that a neurofeedback paradigm which focuses on the time dynamics of the target neural signal can facilitate volitional suppression of pathological beta oscillations in the STN in Parkinson’s disease. Neurofeedback training was accompanied by reduced reaction time in cued movements, but associated with increased tremor in tremulous patients. The results strengthen the link between subthalamic beta oscillations and motor impairment, and also suggest that different symptom-specific neural signals could be targeted to improve neuromodulation strategies, either through brain stimulation or neurofeedback training, for patients with tremor and bradykinesia-rigidity.
Downscaling Satellite Soil Moisture using Geomorphometry and Machine Learning
Authors: Guevara Mario , Vargas Rodrigo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAnnual soil moisture estimates are useful to characterize trends in the climate system, in the capacity of soils to retain water and for predicting land and atmosphere interactions. The main source of soil moisture spatial information across large areas (e.g., continents) is satellite-based microwave remote sensing. However, satellite soil moisture datasets have coarse spatial resolution (e.g., 25-50 km grids); and large areas from regional-to-global scales have spatial information gaps. We provide an alternative approach to predict soil moisture spatial patterns (and associated uncertainty) with higher spatial resolution across areas where no information is otherwise available. This approach relies on geomorphometry derived terrain parameters and machine learning models to improve the statistical accuracy and the spatial resolution (from 27km to 1km grids) of satellite soil moisture information across the conterminous United States on an annual basis (1991-2016). We derived 15 primary and secondary terrain parameters from a digital elevation model. We trained a machine learning algorithm (i.e., kernel weighted nearest neighbors) for each year. Terrain parameters were used as predictors and annual satellite soil moisture estimates were used to train the models. The explained variance for all models-years was >70% (10-fold cross-validation). The 1km soil moisture grids (compared to the original satellite soil moisture estimates) had higher correlations with field soil moisture observations from the North American Soil Moisture Database (n=668 locations with available data between 1991-2013; 0-5cm depth) than the original product. We conclude that the fusion of geomorphometry methods and satellite soil moisture estimates is useful to increase the spatial resolution and accuracy of satellite-derived soil moisture. This approach can be applied to other satellite-derived soil moisture estimates and regions across the world.
Laccaria bicolor MiSSP8 is a small‐secreted protein decisive for the establishment of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis
Authors: Pellegrin Clément , Daguerre Yohann , Ruytinx Joske , Guinet Frédéric , Kemppainen Minna , Frey Nicolas Frei dit , Puech‐Pagès Virginie , Hecker Arnaud , Pardo Alejandro G. , Martin Francis M. , Veneault‐Fourrey Claire 
Published: July 2019

SummaryThe ectomycorrhizal symbiosis is a predominant tree–microbe interaction in forest ecosystems sustaining tree growth and health. Its establishment and functioning implies a long‐term and intimate relationship between the soil‐borne fungi and the roots of trees. Mycorrhiza‐induced Small‐Secreted Proteins (MiSSPs) are hypothesized as keystone symbiotic proteins, required to set up the symbiosis by modifying the host metabolism and/or building the symbiotic interfaces. L. bicolor MiSSP8 is the third most highly induced MiSSPs in symbiotic tissues and it is also expressed in fruiting bodies. The MiSSP8‐RNAi knockdown mutants are strongly impaired in their mycorrhization ability with Populus, with the lack of fungal mantle and Hartig net development due to the lack of hyphal aggregation. MiSSP8 C‐terminus displays a repetitive motif containing a kexin cleavage site, recognized by KEX2 in vitro. This suggests MiSSP8 protein might be cleaved into small peptides. Moreover, the MiSSP8 repetitive motif is found in other proteins predicted secreted by both saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Thus, our data indicate that MiSSP8 is a small‐secreted protein involved at early stages of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, likely by regulating hyphal aggregation and pseudoparenchyma formation.
Who's European? Scotland and England Compared
Authors: McCrone David 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn the Brexit referendum in 2016, Scotland voted 62 per cent Remain, and England 53 per cent Leave. This article explores whether this came about because more people in Scotland considered themselves ‘strongly European’ compared with people in England. Analysis of Scottish and British Social Attitudes survey data for 2017 shows that people in Scotland are significantly more inclined to say they are ‘strongly European’ (45 per cent) than in England (34 per cent), a finding that holds true across the spectrum of socio‐demographic and political variables. Nevertheless, the key predictors of being strongly European are similar in both countries: having liberal values, high levels of education, political party support, as well as being British, while in Scotland supporting the Scottish National Party and being in favour of independence are important. ‘Being European’ has taken on different meanings in Scotland and England as the aftermath of the Brexit referendum works its way through the political process.
Aetiology and trends of rates of stillbirth in a tertiary care hospital in the north of India over 10 years: a retrospective study
Authors: Sharma B , Prasad GRV , Aggarwal N , Siwatch S , Suri V , Kakkar N 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveTo analyse the aetiology of stillbirth and its changing trends in a single tertiary care referral institute of northern India over a 10‐year period (2007–2016).DesignRetrospective study.SettingTertiary care hospital in the north of India.SampleMedical records of all mothers who delivered a stillborn at the institute.MethodsData was collected from monthly and annual perinatal audits and causes of stillbirths were classified using Simplified CODAC classification. Annual reduction rate was calculated by linear regression analysis and Cusick test for the changing trends over 9 years.Main outcome measuresOf 54 160 births, 3678 babies were stillborn. Over 9 years, the annual stillbirth rate has reduced significantly from 73.6 to 62.0 per 1000 total births with an average annual reduction rate of 1%. The most common causes of stillbirths were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (27.6%), antepartum haemorrhage (19.5%), and congenital anomalies (9.3%).ConclusionThe annual reduction rate (1%) of stillbirth remains low. The aetiology of stillbirths remains unchanged over a 10‐year period and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy remains the single most preventable cause of stillbirth.Tweetable abstractAnalysis of stillbirths over a 10‐year period in an Indian institute showed a high but declining trend with annual reduction rate of 1%.
Edible Insects Processing: Traditional and Innovative Technologies
Authors: Melgar‐Lalanne Guiomar , Hernández‐Álvarez Alan‐Javier , Salinas‐Castro Alejandro 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInsects are part of the human diet in many parts of the world. Their nutritional value is widely recognized. Currently, most edible insects are harvested from the wild, although semi‐domestication and indoor farming have increased insect availability and the sustainability of production. In traditional cultures, insects are processed in a number of ways (steaming, roasting, smoking, frying, stewing, and curing, among others) to improve their sensory and nutritional qualities as well as their shelf‐life. In order to increase consumer interest in the West, various technologies have been developed that are aimed primarily at using insects as ingredients in a non‐recognizable form, such as powders or flour. These technologies include drying (sun‐drying, freeze‐drying, oven‐drying, fluidized bed drying, and microwave‐drying) and new processing methods (ultrasound‐assisted extraction, cold atmospheric pressure plasma, and dry fractionation) designed mainly for protein, fat, and/or chitin extraction. Insect‐based ingredients are sold for the production of cookies, chocolates, tortilla‐style chips, and other snacks. This review focuses on edible insect production, processing technologies, and commercialization using strategies ranging from traditional to novel as a sustainable approach for improving food security worldwide.