bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Rights as a Common Interest of the International Community under the Law of International Responsibility
Authors: Lipkina N. N. 
Published: September 2019

Human rights are playing an increasingly important role in the functioning and development of society, and the international legal regulation of the sphere of inter-State cooperation on human rights has acquired a number of specific features that have a significant impact on the development of various institutions of international law, including the law of international responsibility. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features and problems of implementation of the methodology of ensuring the common interest of the international community as a whole that includes protection of human rights under the law of international responsibility. The author considers the category “common interests of the international community as a whole,” and explores its importance in the process of intensification of interstate cooperation in the field of human rights. It is noted that such instruments of ensuring the implementation of the common interests of the international community as a whole as norms of jus cogens and obligations erga omnes predetermine the specifics of the content of the secondary rules of the law of international responsibility. These include rules establishing circumstances precluding the wrongfulness of an act, establishing the consequences of serious breaches of obligations arising from peremptory norms of international law governing the invocation of responsibility by a State other than an injured State. The author emphasizes the significance of the instruments under consideration in the process of establishing the features of the content of individual constructions of the law of international responsibility. Attention is drawn to the fact that implementation of the common interest of the international community as a whole ensuring promotion and protection of human rights in the law of international responsibility entails some difficulties arising due to the lack, inter alia, of consensus concerning methodology for classifying international law as jus cogens norms and the existence of different approaches to understanding the content and structure of human rights per se. It is concluded that, despite the existence of these problems, it is impossible to deny the significant influence of norms of jus cogens and obligations erga omnes on the content of international legal regulation of various areas of international cooperation in the context of the growing trend towards the communitarization of international law and humanization of international relations.
Lifestyle factors and breast cancer in a Moroccan population case-control study of the center Mohammed VI for cancer treatment
Authors: Houda Drissi , Ezzahra Imad Fatima , Karima Bendahhou , Abdelatif Benider , Driss Radallah 
Published: September 2019

Background: The study aims to examine the association between lifestyle habits and breast cancer risk in a Moroccan population.Methods: This is a case-control study conducted at the Mohammed VI Centre for cancer treatment in Casablanca.Results: The results highlighted that family history of breast cancer (OR=5.73) and alcohol consumption (OR=3.76) were positively associated with breast cancer. Analysis of anthropometric parameters showed that the risk of developing breast cancer is estimated at 1.78 in overweight women and 2.39 in obese women compared to those of normal weight. The risk of developing breast cancer is estimated at 1.82 for women with a WC greater than 88 cm and 1.70 for women with a WHR greater than 0.85. At age 10, the risk is 1.60 for women with a large figure compared to women with a small figure. However, at age 40, the average body shape relative to the lean body was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer. In addition, the data confirmed that physical activity participation decreases with age; in childhood and adolescence, women are more active while in post-menopause, women become moderately active. Being very active in childhood, peri-menopause and post-menopause seems to be a protective factor against the occurrence of breast cancer.Conclusions: The study showed that the risk of breast cancer is potentially high in elderly women, overweight women and women with a family history of cancer. This risk was increased by behavioral factors such as toxic habits and physical inactivity.
The role of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-a level in the first trimester of pregnancy and clinical outcome in an urban referral centre
Authors: T. Lavanya , R. Premalatha , Thakkar Nandita A. , Jawahar Latha , Rajendran Priya Kannappa , E. Geethanjali , Rajan Swetha V. 
Published: September 2019

Background: Estimation of serum PAPP-A levels studied predictability for adverse perinatal outcome. This case control study tries to establish the association between low PAPP-A levels among the pregnant woman and adverse maternal foetal outcome.Methods: This is an case-control study during 2017-2018 in the women delivered at Department of OBG at Mehta Hospitals. Women delivered in the labour room had a first trimester screening of PAPP-A level were explained, taken informed consent, questionnaire which include detailed antenatal history, mode of delivery and baby data. Depending upon outcome, the subjects are classified as case group or control group, out of the study sample of 264 subjects, 88 patients who had complications were taken as cases and 176 patients with no complications taken as control were undertaken.Results: Low PAPP-A level (<0.5 MoM) showed high incidence of PIH and preeclampsia, followed by IUGR and Preterm. PAPP-A level >0.5 MoM, normal outcome is more than the adverse outcome. The difference in the PAPP-A levels is statistically significant. In women with low PAPP A level, low birth weight found statistically significant when compared with <0.5 PAPP A level. The sensitivity of PAPP A levels in identifying the complicated outcomes was 17.04%.The specificity was 98.85%. The positive predictive value of predicting the complications was 88.23% and negative predictive value of 70.44%.Conclusions: The low PAPP-A levels confirmed during first trimester of pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal and foetal outcome such as PIH, preeclampsia, preterm, IUGR and LBW.
Prevalence and risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction among pregnancy-induced hypertension patient
Authors: Sharma Varuni , Shukla Navin 
Published: September 2019

Background: Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) remain a major global health issue not only because of the associated high adverse maternal outcomes but there is a close accompaniment of significant perinatal morbidity. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), a condition that occurs due to various reasons, is an important cause of fetal. It has been defined as a rate of fetal growth that is less than normal in light of the growth potential of that specific infant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and risk factor for IUGR among the PIH patient.Methods: A prospective randomized controlled clinical trial of 25 patients was carried out in Kamla Raja Hospital and Out Patient Department of Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior from October 6th to October 2007. A total number of 25 patients were included in study of PIH.Results: conclude that the prevalence and risk factor for IUGR among the PIH patient. The Distribution prevalence of sociodemographical factor for IUGR among PIH patient is statistically not significant. It concluded that there is no significance (no effect) between risk factors of IUGR among the pregnancy induced hypertension.Conclusions: The prevalence of IUGR found in this study. There is need to increase awareness among medical and paramedical personnel on the need for early referral of women with previous history of IUGR, preeclampsia, multiple gestations, gestational diabetes and obesity for specialist care as they have a higher risk.
Experience of hysteroscopy in a rural tertiary care center of Haryana, India
Authors: Upadhyay Manisha , Yadav Tek C. , Lakra Pinkey , Siwach Sunita , Mahendru Rajiv , Sangwan Vijayata 
Published: September 2019

Background: During the last few decades hysteroscopy has become a tool of choice for evaluation of uterine cavity due to its “see and treat “benefits. It is more accurate and less invasive. Introduction of hysteroscopy in gynecological practice is the need of time. Aim of our study is to share the experience of hysteroscopy, its learning curve and limitations in a rural tertiary care center of Haryana.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed all the hysteroscopy procedure done from January 2016 to December 2018 from the hospital records.Results: Total 118 hysteroscopy were done but record of only 110 was available. Out of 110, 37(33%) were operative and 73(67%) were diagnostic. 36% were done for AUB, 33% for infertility, 15% for misplaced cu t, 6% for amenorrhea, 2% in cases of RPL and rest for some less common indications. Out of operative hysteroscopy major procedures done were polypectomy and removal of misplaced Cu-T. Septal resection was also done in 3 cases. Number of operative hysteroscopy has increased over the time period of study.Conclusions: Hysteroscopic evaluation of uterine cavity is a reliable method for both diagnostic and treatment purpose. Proportion of hysteroscopy procedures and its learning curve will improve with persistent effort.
The second stage of labour
Authors: Singh Sanjay 
Published: September 2019

The second stage of labor begins with full dilatation of cervix and ends with delivery of the fetus. In most of the cases the labor progresses uneventfully, without any need of an active intervention but in few cases complications may occur. With passage of time there has been better understanding about second stage of labor, still there are several grey areas yet to be resolved. This review endeavours to scrutinize a variety of care practices including positions, time and type of pushing, use of epidural analgesia, and perineal support techniques etc and discuss evidence based management of second stage of labor. The review was carried out in the period of 1900-2019 by searching in Pub Med, Embase, Scopus, Google scholar, Web of sciences using relevant key words. Reports, articles, fact sheets and official publications of World health Organization (WHO), Ministry of health and family welfare-Govt of India and various other countries were also reviewed.
Evaluasi Potensi Sedimen Perairan Sebagai Sumber Kontaminan Logam Berat (Pb, Cu, Zn) Di Badan Air Pada Wilayah Reklamasi Lumpur Lapindo
Authors: Anitra Novi , Rumhayati Barlah , Retnaningdyah Catur 
Published: September 2019

<p>Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi potensi sedimen perairan di wilayah reklamasi lumpur Lapindo sebagai sumber kontaminan logam berat (Pb, Cu, Zn) di badan air muara Sungai Porong, Kabupaten Sidoarjo. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan menentukan nilai faktor kontaminasi (<em>Contamination Factor,</em> <em>CF</em>) dan kode penilaian resiko (<em>Risk Assessment Code, RAC) </em>berdasarkan konsentrasi fraksi geokimia logam berat dalam sedimen. Fraksi logam berat ditentukan dengan metode ekstraksi bertahap (<em>sequential extraction</em>) BCR dimodifikasi oleh Chakraborty. Sampel sedimen diambil pada dua lokasi di muara Sungai Porong, yaitu pada lokasi 1 yaitu 7°34'26.76" LS, 112°52'53.76" BT dan lokasi 2 yaitu 7°33'31.35" LS, 112°51'05.56"BT. Sampel diambil dengan menggunakan <em>Eickman Grab sampler</em>, disimpan dalam wadah gelap pada suhu 4<sup>0</sup>C. Konsentrasi logam berat ditentukan dengan Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kedua lokasi nilai CF(Cu) lebih tinggi dibandingkan CF(Pb) dan CF(Zn). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Cu memiliki waktu retensi lebih singkat dibandingkan kedua logam lainnya dalam sedimen. Dengan kata lain, Cu lebih mudah terlepas dari sedimen dan menuju badan air sehingga dapat mengkontaminasi badan air. Berdasarkan nilai RAC, sedimen di lokasi 2 memiliki potensi lebih besar melepaskan logam Cu dalam fraksi 1 (fraksi logam berat terlarut dalam air pori sedimen) dan fraksi 2 (fraksi logam berat mudah tertukar dan dalam bentuk karbonat) yang dapat dimanfaatkan langsung oleh biota di badan air. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa meskipun mangrove yang ditanam di wilayah reklamasi Lumpur Lapindo dapat mengabsorpsi logam berat tetapi sedimen perairan di wilayah tersebut memiliki potensi sebagai sumber kontaminan Cu, terutama di wilayah reklamasi yang berhubungan dengan laut.</p>
Antibacterial Activity of Germacrone Sesquiterpene from Curcuma Xanthorrhiza Rhizomes
Authors: Diastuti Hartiwi , Syah Yana Maolana , Juliawaty Lia Dewi , Singgih Marlia 
Published: September 2019

<p>The aim of this research was to isolate and indentify the terpenoid compound from <em>Curcuma xanthorrhiza </em>rhizomes and its antibacterial activity. Isolation was carried out by using vacuum liquid chromatography and centrifugal chromatography. The structure was determined by NMR spectroscopy (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR, <sup>13</sup>C-NMR 1D and 2D), then compare with data from literatures. Antibacterial test was carried out by using microdillution methods and evaluated against eight bacteria. They are <em>Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes</em>, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi</em>, <em>Shigella dysentriae</em> and <em>Vibrio cholerae</em>. The result showed that the isolate was a white crystal which was indetified as germacron-type sesquiterpene. Germacron have highest activity againts <em>P. aeruginosa, </em>MIC<em> </em>15.6 µg/mL <em>and </em>MBC 31.2 µg/mL.</p>
Preimplantation genetic screening: Changes in technology and methodology, ethical implications, and areas of future research
Authors: Vanderwal April Lynn 
Published: September 2019

Advances made in the field of genetics have positively contributed to the ability to screen for genetic diseases. Preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) is a type of Reproductive Genetic Screening that involves day 5 embryo biopsies and DNA testing prior to embryo implantation in the uterus. Historically, this DNA testing was performed using fluorescent in situ hybridization. However, this was deemed ineffective, so new procedures involving methods such as array comparative genomic hybridization and real time polymerase chain reaction have been implemented. As PGS technology develops, ethical issues arise, as well as a need for further research.
“Dominator Project” Raises Key Questions About Future of Cube Drilling
Authors: Jacobs Trent 
Published: September 2019

In Lea County, New Mexico, shale producers drill an average of 10 wells per 640-acre section.
But last year, Concho Resources, the third-largest producer of oil and gas in the Permian Basin, decided to push the envelope. The company assembled seven drilling rigs owned by six different contractors and five fracturing fleets on a mile-long tract of land to build the “Dominator Project.”
The effort took the better part of a year and, in the end, it delivered 23 wells targeting five individual target horizons in the Wolfcamp Shale formation. The location, in the northern Delaware Basin, was carefully selected for sit-ting atop some of highest-quality geology within one of the highest-producing unconventional plays on the planet.
But when executives revealed the first oil production results in July, new doubts were raised about the success of the experiment. They said the well spacing, which averaged a horizontal distance of 230 ft compared with the area average of 600 ft, was “too tight” and that future projects would execute wider intervals.
Independently developed type curves show that the Dominator wells are now on pace to fall short of initial estimates, maybe by as much as 45%. The news triggered one of the sharpest selloffs ever seen in the shale business, sending Concho’s share price down 22% for a single-day market value loss of close to $4.4 billion.
The sector is now studying the implications that this project will have on the cube developments that are believed to require at least $150–$200 million to execute for the largest such projects. Only the largest operators can afford to take this route and among those are Concho, Encana, Devon Energy, and QEP. Several others, including Callon Petroleum, Pioneer Natural Resources, and Chevron are in transition, according to various reports.
As the trend moves forward, questions are being raised about the business model that the cube represents, and how big these developments can be before diminishing returns kick in.
Analytics and industry consulting firm Enverus, which just this week changed its name from DrillingInfo, is using a new platform it built for analyzing well spacing scenarios to piece together the lessons learned from the Dominator case study. One obvious takeaway for the firm is that constructing 23 wells in a drilling section is probably too many, at least in the oil window of the northern Delaware.
“You now have the upper range,” said Tyler Krolczyk, a petroleum engineer and analyst at Enverus. He noted that Concho’s program mostly involved eight well pads in this area of the Wolfcamp before it jumped to the 23-well Dominator pad. Other operators have averaged just a couple of more wells per pad.
“There is a big question mark in between the 10 and 23 wells,” said Krolczyk, citing specifically a dearth of pads in the area drilled out to 16 wells. “I think it would be interesting to get into that middle ground and see what the production number is.”
Integrated Deepwater MPD Control System Increases Accuracy, Ease of Use
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: September 2019

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 194543, “Lessons Learned With Real Integration of a Deepwater Managed-Pressure-Drilling Control System,” by Svein Hovland, SPE, NOV; Robert van Kuilenburg, SPE, Noble Drilling; and Trym Eide, Christian Stridsklev, and Colin Munro, NOV, prepared for the 2019 IADC/SPE Managed Pressure Drilling and Underbalanced Operations Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, 9–10 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper presents lessons learned regarding design, testing, and installation of a completely integrated managed-pressure-drilling (MPD) control system on a deepwater drilling rig. For the installation described, all MPD control functions were installed permanently on the main drilling-control network of the drilling unit, providing direct access to high-speed data from other drilling machines that influence wellbore pressure. Moreover, the MPD control system has the ability to actively control these•drilling•machines.
Introduction
The authors have discussed in previous work that seamless integration with existing rig infrastructure will be instrumental in using MPD as standard operating procedure during drilling. Installing the MPD control system as an equal peer in the drilling-control network is key to this strategy. This allows for using existing high-speed, robust data networks, and optimization of the overall drilling process by including topdrive, mud pumps, drawworks, and MPD equipment in the management of pressure.
Other authors have discussed strategies for integration and economic deployment of MPD on a contractor’s fleet of vessels. This strategy includes integration of MPD hardware and control systems with existing rig systems in close collaboration with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and suppliers. In this strategy, the drilling contractor will be responsible ultimately for delivering MPD functionality as an integral part of its drilling service.
System Design
A key part of the drilling contractor’s strategy is to use the same user interfaces, topologies, and infrastructure on all their drilling vessels. To accomplish this, the MPD control system must be integrated into the overall OEM drilling control system. These integrated drilling control systems are built for seamless integration of machine control, process management, and information sharing. The system networks, forming the backbone of the system architecture, are secured and prepared for any machine integration with redundant setups for a high level of system and operational availability. The segregated networks offer increased security and reliability.
For the MPD-specific control tasks, the OEM maintains a code base of core MPD functionality that can be deployed quickly for standard deliveries. For integrated systems, the OEM and drilling contractor work together to review the existing drilling control system versions to ensure that the MPD installation is performed on the correct version of the drilling control system.
Technology Focus: Sand Management
Authors: Wang Xiuli 
Published: September 2019

Technology Focus
According to the US Energy Information Administration, West Texas Intermediate (WTI) annual average oil prices have fluctuated between $93.2 and $43.3/bbl between 2014 and 2019. The price was $76.4/bbl (WTI spot price) at the beginning of October 2018, dropping approximately 41% to $45.4/bbl on 1 January 2019, reached a peak of $66.3/bbl on 23• April 2019, and then depressed to today’s (15 August 2019) $55.1/bbl.
The lower and unstable oil prices since 2015 have continuously pushed operators and service companies to reduce costs and improve capital efficiency in all aspects of business, including sand management. This is reflective of the industry’s attention on fundamental and proven sand-control practices. This year, many published works have focused on standalone screens as the most cost-effective solution when compared with other more-expensive approaches such as gravel packing or frac packing. Screens are reliable for sand control when properly designed and used in suitable sand-prone environments. The latest technologies in this area have featured developments focusing on mitigating plugging and erosional damage.
While sand control in production wells catches much attention, water-injection wells also are subject to sand-control problems triggered by water hammer, crossflow, and backflow. Newly developed screens for water-injection wells have been demonstrated with promising results in the latest field trials in preventing formation sand from flowing back and, therefore, maximizing injectivity.
In this issue, I have selected a variety of papers with more emphasis on cost-effective sand-management practices and operations. Please read the following three paper synopses with the recommended additional readings for more information, and do not forget to attend the upcoming SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition scheduled for 30 September through 2 October in Calgary.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 192090 Sand Prediction for a Cost-Effective Marginal Greenfield Development by Siti Aishah Mohd Hatta, Petronas, et al.
SPE 193697 Risk Assessment in Sand-Control Selection: Introducing a Traffic Light System in Standalone-Screen Selection by Mahdi Mahmoudi, RGL Reservoir Management, et al.
SPE 193698 Successful Installation of Standalone Screen in Challenging Environment in Umm Niqa Field by Amr Zeidan, Kuwait Oil Company, et al.