bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of single‐port retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy in dogs
Authors: Ko Jonghyeok , Jeong Junemoe , Lee Sungin , Son Hyunglak , Kweon Oh‐Kyeong , Kim Wan Hee 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of single‐port retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy (SPRA) in dogs.Study DesignA pilot experimental study.AnimalsEight healthy beagle dogs.MethodsSPRA was performed on the left and right sides (4 dogs each). Resection of the adrenal gland was performed through a SILS port using a retroperitoneal approach. Operative time was defined from skin incision to the completion of skin suture. Postoperative pain was evaluated by using 3 pain scores. Integrity of the adrenal gland capsule was evaluated by histologic assessment.ResultsMean time taken to complete the SPRA was 44.1 minutes (range, 37‐51) and was significantly longer on the right side than on the left side (P < .05). There were no complications intraoperatively or during 14 days of postoperative monitoring. The adrenal gland capsule was found to be injured in 3 of the 8 dogs by histologic assessment.ConclusionThis is the first report of SPRA in the veterinary literature. With this technique it is possible to perform adrenalectomy with some risk of capsule penetration and with excellent visibility.Clinical significanceThis study suggests that SPRA is feasible and can be used to resect small adrenal tumors with minimal complications.
Gradual attenuation of a congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt with a self‐retaining polyacrylic acid‐silicone device in 6 dogs
Authors: Wallace Mandy L. , Ellison Gary W. , Giglio Robson F. , Batich Christopher D. , Berry Clifford R. , Case J. Brad , Kim Stanley E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the ability of a polyacrylic acid‐silicone radiolucent self‐retaining gradual occlusion device (PAS‐OD) to attenuate congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (EHPSS) in dogs.Study designProspective clinical trial.AnimalsSix client‐owned dogs with single, congenital EHPSS.MethodsSerum bile acids (SBA), abdominal ultrasonography, and computed tomographic angiography (CTA) were performed preoperatively and at 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively. Each dog was treated for EHPSS by placement of a PAS‐OD.ResultsPAS‐OD were placed without complication an average of 4.3 seconds (range, 3‐7) after isolation of the shunt. Median surgical time was 38.5 minutes (range, 28‐84) including concurrent procedures. All dogs recovered from surgery without complications. SBA were normal in 5 of 6 dogs at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. The shunt was completely attenuated in 2 of 6 dogs at 4 weeks and in 4 of 6 dogs at 8 weeks, without evidence of acquired shunt formation in any dog. The size and velocity of the portal vasculature were improved in 5 of 6 dogs according to 8‐week postoperative CTA and ultrasonography results, respectively. The remaining dog had a persistently decreased portal vasculature size but a normal velocity according to 8‐week postoperative CTA and ultrasound results, respectively.ConclusionThe PAS‐OD led to complete attenuation in 4 of 6 dogs and partial attenuation with mild residual flow of 2 EHPSS over an 8‐week period in dogs.Clinical significanceThe PAS‐OD is a new option for gradual occlusion of congenital EHPSS over 8 weeks.
Asymmetric distribution and spatial switching of dynein activity generates ciliary motility
Authors: Lin Jianfeng , Nicastro Daniela 
Published: April 2018

Switching how to make flagella beat
Motile cilia and flagella are hairlike cellular appendages that power the movement of individual cells or liquid across tissues, as exemplified by the cilia found in airways. The question of how they move in rhythmic oscillations has puzzled scientists for centuries. Lin and Nicastro used cryo–electron tomography (cryo-ET) to visualize the activity states of individual dynein motors with respect to their locations within beating flagella. They observed an asymmetric distribution of dynein activity and the switching of conformations of dyneins and their regulators between opposite sides of active flagella. The results confirm the switching aspect of the prevailing “switch-point” hypothesis but change the view with respect to how dynein activities are coordinated to drive flagellar motility.

Science
, this issue p.
eaar1968
Development and Evaluation of a Novel Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Diagnosis of Cutaneous and Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Adams Emily Rebecca , Schoone Gerard , Versteeg Inge , Gomez Maria Adelaida , Diro Ermias , Mori Yasuyoshi , Perlee Desiree , Downing Tim , Saravia Nancy , Assaye Ashenafi , Hailu Asrat , Albertini Audrey , Ndung'u Joseph Mathu , Schallig Henk 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

A novel pan-
Leishmania
loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (CL and VL) that can be used in near-patient settings was developed. Primers were designed based on the 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the conserved region of minicircle kinetoplast DNA (kDNA), selected on the basis of high copy number. LAMP assays were evaluated for CL diagnosis in a prospective cohort trial of 105 patients in southwest Colombia. Lesion swab samples from CL suspects were collected and were tested using the LAMP assay, and the results were compared to those of a composite reference of microscopy and/or culture in order to calculate diagnostic accuracy. LAMP assays were tested on samples (including whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and buffy coat) from 50 suspected VL patients from Ethiopia. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated against a reference standard of microscopy of splenic or bone marrow aspirates. To calculate analytical specificity, 100 clinical samples and isolates from fever-causing pathogens, including malaria parasites, arboviruses, and bacteria, were tested. We found that the LAMP assay had a sensitivity of 95% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87.2% to 98.5%) and a specificity of 86% (95% CI, 67.3% to 95.9%) for the diagnosis of CL. With VL suspects, the sensitivity of the LAMP assay was 92% (95% CI, 74.9% to 99.1%) and its specificity was 100% (95% CI, 85.8% to 100%) in whole blood. For CL, the LAMP assay is a sensitive tool for diagnosis and requires less equipment, time, and expertise than alternative CL diagnostics. For VL, the LAMP assay using a minimally invasive sample is more sensitive than the gold standard. Analytical specificity was 100%.
A Chikungunya Virus
trans
-Replicase System Reveals the Importance of Delayed Nonstructural Polyprotein Processing for Efficient Replication Complex Formation in Mosquito Cells
Authors: Bartholomeeusen Koen , Utt Age , Coppens Sandra , Rausalu Kai , Vereecken Katleen , Ariën Kevin K. , Merits Andres 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a medically important alphavirus that is transmitted by
Aedes aegypti
and
Aedes albopictus
mosquitoes. The viral replicase complex consists of four nonstructural proteins (nsPs) expressed as a polyprotein precursor and encompasses all enzymatic activities required for viral RNA replication. nsPs interact with host components of which most are still poorly understood, especially in mosquitos. A CHIKV
trans
-replicase system that allows the uncoupling of RNA replication and nsP expression was adapted to mosquito cells and subsequently used for analysis of universal and host-specific effects of 17 different nonstructural polyprotein (ns-polyprotein) mutations. It was found that mutations blocking nsP enzymatic activities as well as insertions of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into different nsPs had similar effects on
trans
-replicase activity regardless of the host (i.e., mammalian or mosquito). Mutations that slow down or accelerate ns-polyprotein processing generally had no effect or reduced
trans
-replicase activity in mammalian cells, while in mosquito cells most of them increased
trans
-replicase activity prominently. Increased RNA replication in mosquito cells was counteracted by an antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) response. Substitution of the W258 residue in the membrane binding peptide of nsP1 resulted in a temperature-sensitive defect, in the context of both the
trans
-replicase and infectious CHIKV. The defect was compensated for by secondary mutations selected during passaging of mutant CHIKV. These findings demonstrate the value of alphavirus
trans
-replicase systems for studies of viral RNA replication and virus-host interactions.

IMPORTANCE
Chikungunya virus is an important mosquito-transmitted human pathogen. This virus actively replicates in mosquitoes, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and interactions of viral and host components are poorly understood. This is partly due to the lack of reliable systems for functional analysis of viral nonstructural polyproteins (ns-polyproteins) and nonstructural proteins (nsPs) in mosquito cells. Adaption of a CHIKV
trans
-replicase system allowed study of the effects of mutations in the ns-polyprotein on RNA replication in cells derived from mammalian and mosquito hosts. We found that a slowdown of ns-polyprotein processing facilitates replication complex formation and/or functioning in mosquito cells and that this process is antagonized by the natural RNAi defense system present in mosquito cells. The mosquito-adapted CHIKV
trans
-replicase system represents a valuable tool to study alphavirus-mosquito interactions at the molecular level and to develop advanced antiviral strategies.
Neuro-ophthalmological manifestations of Behçet’s disease
Authors: Alghamdi Ammr , Bodaghi Bahram , Comarmond Chloé , Desbois Anne Claire , Domont Fanny , Wechsler Bertrand , Depaz Raphael , Le Hoang Phuc , Cacoub Patrice , Touitou Valérie , Saadoun David 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundThe neuro-ophthalmological manifestations of Behcet’s disease (BD) are rare, and data regarding their characteristics and outcome are lacking.ObjectiveTo report prevalence, main characteristics and outcome of neuro-ophthalmological manifestations in BD.Patients and methodsThis is a retrospective monocentric study of 217 patients diagnosed with neuro-Behçet’s disease (NBD), of whom 29 (13.3%) patients presented with neuro-ophthalmological manifestations (55% of men and mean±SD age of 26±8 years). All patients underwent a detailed ophthalmological examination and were followed up in the internal medicine and the ophthalmology departments.ResultsNeuro-ophthalmological manifestations were the first presentation of BD in 45% of patients and developed later in the course of the disease in 55% of patients. They are divided into parenchymal (PM) and non-parenchymal (NPM)-related manifestations in, respectively, 13 patients (45%) and 16 patients (55%). PM included papillitis in seven patients (53.8%), retrobulbar optic neuritis in four patients (30.8%) and third cranial nerve palsy in two patients (15.4%). NPM included papilloedema related to cerebral venous thrombosis in all 16 patients, of whom 6 patients (37.5%) had sixth cranial nerve palsy. At initial examination, 93.1% of patients had visual alterations, including mainly decreased visual acuity visual field defects and/or diplopia. All patients were treated with corticosteroids and 79% of patients received immunosuppressive agents. After treatment, the visual outcome improved or stabilised in 66.7% of patients while it worsened in 33.3. The mean±SD logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity improved from 0.4±0.3 at diagnosis to 0.2±0.3 after therapy. 10.3% and 3.4% of patients were legally blind at diagnosis and after therapy, respectively.ConclusionNeuro-ophthalmological manifestations of BD represented 13% of NBD. They could be potentially severe and disabling. Prompt treatment is the key factor in improving visual outcome.
Prevalence of glaucoma in the Australian National Eye Health Survey
Authors: Keel Stuart , Xie Jing , Foreman Joshua , Lee Pei Ying , Alwan Mostafa , Fahy Eamonn T , van Wijngaarden Peter , Fan Gaskin Jennifer C , Ang Ghee Soon , Crowston Jonathan G , Taylor Hugh R , Dirani Mohamed 
Published: April 2018

AimTo estimate the prevalence of glaucoma in Australia.MethodsThis was a population-based study of 3098 non-Indigenous Australians (50–98 years) and 1738 Indigenous Australians (40–92 years) stratified by remoteness. Each participant underwent a standard examination that included visual field assessment, tonometry and non-mydriatic fundus photography. Two fellowship-trained glaucoma specialists independently assessed relevant case notes (past ocular history, best-corrected visual acuity, frequency doubling technology visual fields, Van Herick grade, intraocular pressure and optic disc-centred photographs) and assigned a diagnosis ranked on a scale of certainty: none, possible, probable or definite glaucoma.ResultsA total of 4792 (99.1%, 3062 non-Indigenous and 1730 Indigenous) participants had retinal photographs in at least one eye that were gradable for glaucoma. The weighted prevalence of glaucoma (definite) in non-Indigenous Australians and Indigenous Australians was 1.5% (95% CI 1.0 to 2.2) and 0.6% (95% CI 0.4 to 1.1), respectively. When definite and probable cases of glaucoma were combined, rates were 3.4% (95% CI 2.7 to 4.3) among non-Indigenous and 1.6% (95% CI 1.1 to 2.3) in Indigenous Australians. Only 52.4% of non-Indigenous Australians and 28.0% of Indigenous Australians with glaucoma self-reported a known history of glaucoma.ConclusionWe estimate that 198 923 non-Indigenous Australians aged 50 years and over and 2139 Indigenous Australians aged 40 years and over have glaucoma. Given the high rates of undiagnosed glaucoma coupled with a significant ageing of the Australian population, improvements in case detection and access to low vision rehabilitation services may be required to cope with the growing burden of glaucoma.
Resting nailfold capillary blood flow in primary open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Cousins Clara C , Chou Jonathan C , Greenstein Scott H , Brauner Stacey C , Shen Lucy Q , Turalba Angela V , Houlihan Patricia , Ritch Robert , Wiggs Janey L , Knepper Paul A , Pasquale Louis R 
Published: April 2018

Background/AimsAn altered haemodynamic profile for various ocular posterior segment capillary beds has been documented in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). POAG may also involve abnormal non-ocular blood flow, and the nailfold capillaries, which are not affected by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), are readily assessable.MethodsWe measured resting nailfold capillary blood flow in 67 POAG and 63 control subjects using video capillaroscopy. Masked readers tracked blood column voids between consecutive, registered image sequence frames, measured vessel diameter and calculated blood flow. We used multiple logistic regression to investigate the relation between nailfold capillary blood flow and POAG. In secondary analyses, we stratified cases by maximum IOP and concurrent topical beta-blocker use.ResultsMean (±SD) blood flow in picolitres per second was 26.8±17.6 for POAG cases and 50.1±24.2 for controls (p<0.0001). After adjustment for demographic and clinical factors including blood pressure and pulse, every picolitre per second increase in resting nailfold blood flow was associated with a 6% (95% CI 0.92 to 0.96) reduced odds of POAG (p<0.0001). Similar relations between nailfold capillary blood flow and POAG were found for cases stratified by maximum known IOP and for cases stratified by concurrent topical beta-blocker use.ConclusionReduced resting nailfold capillary blood flow is present in POAG independent of covariates such as blood pressure, pulse and IOP.
Differential associations between plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose and intestinal expression of key genes involved in chylomicron metabolism
Authors: Drouin-Chartier Jean-Philippe , Tremblay André J , Lemelin Valéry , Lamarche Benoît , Couture Patrick 
Published: April 2018

The mechanisms underlying the oversecretion of apolipoprotein (apo)B-48-containing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) in insulin-resistance (IR) states in humans remain to be fully understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the plasma levels of insulin and glucose and the intestinal expression of key genes involved in chylomicron metabolism in a large sample of nondiabetic men displaying various degrees of IR. Duodenal biopsies were obtained by gastroduodenoscopy in 127 men free of intestinal disease. Gene expression was measured using quantitative PCR in duodenal samples. Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were measured in the fasting state. Postprandial TRL apoB-48 kinetics were measured using a primed-constant infusion of l-[5,5,5-D3]leucine for 12 h in a subgroup of 75 subjects maintained in a constant fed state. Plasma insulin levels were negatively associated with intestinal expression of ACS1 (standard β = −0.20, P = 0.007), DGAT1 (β = −0.18, P = 0.001), DGAT2 (β = −0.20, P = 0.02), and MTP (β = −0.27, P = 0.0005), whereas glucose levels were positively associated with MTP expression (β = 0.15, P = 0.04) independent of age, BMI, waist circumference, dietary intake, and duodenal expression of SREBP1c. Insulin levels, but not glucose concentrations, were positively correlated with postprandial TRL apoB-48 production rate ( r = 0.24, P = 0.04) and pool size ( r = 0.27, P = 0.03). In conclusion, plasma insulin and glucose levels are differentially associated with the expression of key genes involved in chylomicron metabolism. These results suggest that alterations in intestinal lipoprotein metabolism associated with IR may be regulated by plasma levels of both insulin and glucose concurrently and are therefore likely modified by the onset of insulin insufficiency.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that plasma insulin and glucose levels are differentially associated with the expression of key genes involved in chylomicron metabolism in men. For instance, intestinal expression of MTP is negatively associated with plasma insulin concentrations and positively associated with plasma glucose concentrations. Alterations in intestinal lipoprotein metabolism associated with insulin resistance may be regulated by plasma levels of both insulin and glucose concurrently and are therefore likely modified by the onset of insulin insufficiency.
Effects of morphine on respiratory load detection, load magnitude perception, and tactile sensation in obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Tomazini Martins Rodrigo , Carberry Jayne C. , Gandevia Simon C. , Butler Jane E. , Eckert Danny J. 
Published: April 2018

Pharyngeal and respiratory sensation is impaired in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Opioids may further diminish respiratory sensation. Thus protective pharyngeal neuromuscular and arousal responses to airway occlusion that rely on respiratory sensation could be impaired with opioids to worsen OSA severity. However, little is known about the effects of opioids on upper airway and respiratory sensation in people with OSA. This study was designed to determine the effects of 40 mg of MS-Contin on tactile sensation, respiratory load detection, and respiratory magnitude perception in people with OSA during wakefulness. A double-blind, randomized, crossover design (1 wk washout) was used. Twenty-one men with untreated OSA (apnea/hypopnea index = 26 ± 17 events/h) recruited from a larger clinical study completed the protocol. Tactile sensation using von Frey filaments on the back of the hand, internal mucosa of the cheek, uvula, and posterior pharyngeal wall were not different between placebo and morphine [e.g., median (interquartile range) posterior wall = 0.16 (0.16, 0.4) vs. 0.4 (0.14, 1.8) g, P = 0.261]. Similarly, compared with placebo, morphine did not alter respiratory load detection thresholds for nadir mask pressure detected = −2.05 (−3.37, −1.55) vs. −2.19 (−3.36, −1.41) cmH2O, P = 0.767], or respiratory load magnitude perception [mean ± SD Borg scores during a 5 resistive load (range: 5–126 cmH2O·l−1·s−1) protocol = 4.5 ± 1.6 vs. 4.2 ± 1.2, P = 0.347] but did reduce minute ventilation during quiet breathing (11.4 ± 3.3 vs. 10.7 ± 2.6 l/min, P < 0.01). These findings indicate that 40 mg of MS-Contin does not systematically impair tactile or respiratory sensation in men with mild to moderate, untreated OSA. This suggests that altered respiratory sensation to acute mechanical stimuli is not likely to be a mechanism that contributes to worsening of OSA with a moderate dose of morphine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Forty milligrams of MS-Contin does not alter upper airway tactile sensation, respiratory load detection thresholds, or respiratory load magnitude perception in people with obstructive sleep apnea but does decrease breathing compared with placebo during wakefulness. Despite increasing concerns of harm with opioids, the current findings suggest that impaired respiratory sensation to acute mechanical stimuli with this dose of MS-Contin is unlikely to be a direct mechanism contributing to worsening sleep apnea severity in people with mild-to-moderate disease.
Arachidonic acid supplementation transiently augments the acute inflammatory response to resistance exercise in trained men
Authors: Markworth James F. , D'Souza Randall F. , Aasen Kirsten M. M. , Mitchell Sarah M. , Durainayagam Brenan R. , Sinclair Andrew J. , Peake Jonathan M. , Egner Ingrid M. , Raastad Truls , Cameron-Smith David , Mitchell Cameron J. 
Published: April 2018

Strenuous exercise can result in skeletal muscle damage, leading to the systemic mobilization, activation, and intramuscular accumulation of blood leukocytes. Eicosanoid metabolites of arachidonic acid (ARA) are potent inflammatory mediators, but whether changes in dietary ARA intake influence exercise-induced inflammation is not known. This study investigated the effect of 4 wk of dietary supplementation with 1.5 g/day ARA ( n = 9, 24 ± 1.5 yr) or corn-soy oil placebo ( n = 10, 26 ± 1.3 yr) on systemic and intramuscular inflammatory responses to an acute bout of resistance exercise (8 sets each of leg press and extension at 80% one-repetition maximum) in previously trained men. Whole EDTA blood, serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs), and skeletal muscle biopsies were collected before exercise, immediately postexercise, and at 2, 4, and 48 h of recovery. ARA supplementation resulted in higher exercise-stimulated serum creatine kinase activity [incremental area under the curve (iAUC) P = 0.046] and blood leukocyte counts (iAUC for total white cells, P < 0.001; neutrophils: P = 0.007; monocytes: P = 0.015). The exercise-induced fold change in peripheral blood mononuclear cell mRNA expression of interleukin-1β ( IL1B), CD11b ( ITGAM), and neutrophil elastase ( ELANE), as well as muscle mRNA expression of the chemokines interleukin-8 ( CXCL8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 ( CCL2) was also greater in the ARA group than placebo. Despite this, ARA supplementation did not influence the histological presence of leukocytes within muscle, perceived muscle soreness, or the extent and duration of muscle force loss. These data show that ARA supplementation transiently increased the inflammatory response to acute resistance exercise but did not impair recovery.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Daily arachidonic acid supplementation for 4 wk in trained men augmented the acute systemic and intramuscular inflammatory response to a subsequent bout of resistance exercise. Greater exercise-induced inflammatory responses in men receiving arachidonic acid supplementation were not accompanied by increased symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage. Although increased dietary arachidonic acid intake does not appear to influence basal inflammation in humans, the acute inflammatory response to exercise stress is transiently increased following arachidonic acid supplementation.