bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutrinos: Detection and Interpretation
Authors: Alexeyeva L.N. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObservations of the neutrino burst from Supernova 1987A by water Cherenkov detectors (KAMIOKANDE II, IMB) and liquid scintillator detectors (Baksan, Mont Blanc) are reviewed. It is shown that neutrino signal from SN 1987A was observed. There are 24 events in three detectors (KAMIOKANDE II, IMB, Baksan) recorded at 7:35 UT. The average properties of the signal (effective neutrino temperature, total energy of neutrino emission, burst duration) are consistent with the general theoretical description of supernova explosions. Special attention is concentrated on individual characteristics of the signals detected and the available discrepancies of the model estimates. Time profile of the neutrino burst, estimates of effective neutrino temperatures and total neutrino energies, angular distributions of the events are discussed. These properties point out, probably, a more compound picture of the phenomenon. The more detail analysis of the experimental data is needed and all possibilities must be at least considered. Based upon the Baksan observations, an upper limit of 0.35 core collapse in the Galaxy per year (90% C.L.) is shown.
Accretion Disk Coronae
Authors: Kuperus Max 
Published: June 2019

SummaryAccretion disk coronae around compact objects are the result of strong magnetic activity in the inner regions of accretion disks. Part of the accreting energy is dissipated in te corona and can be observed as hard X-ray emission with a time variability caused by the coronal structures. The interaction of disk coronae with neutron stars and black holes may cause quaslperiodlc oscillations respectively flare type emission.
Observations of Magnetic Fields in Galaxies
Authors: Wielebinski R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMagnetic fields are present in every corner of the Universe. The Earth, the Sun and most of the planets are known to possess dipolar magnetic fields. In the Galaxy many individual objects like stars, pulsars, bipolar nebulae and supernova remnants are found to have associated magnetic fields. It seems that the rotation plays a significant role in the ability of a cosmic object to develop a magnetic field. The magnetic field of the Galaxy is observed to be oriented along the galactic plane as evidenced by both optical and radio polarization observations. Radio maps of the Galactic centre reveal poloidal magnetic fields as ‘wisps’ or ‘strings’ around Sagittarius A. Observations of nearby galaxies give us remarkable information about the large-scale magnetic fields in these building blocks of the Universe. Magnetic fields play an important role in the formation of jets of radio galaxies. Further out, in clusters of galaxies, definitive evidence has been given for the existence of intergalactic magnetic fields.
The Galactic Center
Authors: Yusef-Zadeh Farhad 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe dynamic subject of the Galactic center is driven mostly by high-resolution imaging both in the continuum and in the spectral line modes in a number of wavelength regimes. An attempt has been made to give a short overview of recent observations in this region, as follows: 1) Unusual characteristics of the population of molecular and dust clouds within the inner few hundred pc of the Galactic center. 2) Large-scale magnetic structures within the inner 100 pc of the Galactic center and the possible evidence for their poloidal configurations -unlike that seen in the disk of the Galaxy. 3) Stellar kinematics in the bulge and the possible evidence for a massive central source at the dynamical center and its examination as a gravitational lens. 4) Morphological and kinematic evidence for the Galactic center wind interacting with stellar wind associated IRS7, a mass-losing supergiant lying one light year away in projection from the Galactic center.
Morphology and Physics of Supernova Remnants
Authors: Aschenbach B. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSpectrally resolved X-ray images of the Cygnus Loop and the Vela supernova remnant have been obtained during the ROSAT all sky survey. The remnants show highly filamentary brightness distributions. Temperatures between 1·106 K and 10·106 K have been measured. Both remnants show significant deviation from thermal pressure equilibrium. The highest pressure excursions of up to a factor of 50 are associated with the X-ray brightest filaments. Pressure variations are expected for very recently shocked clouds, on a smaller scale though. In a limited search of the all sky survey data 14 extended objects have been found, which have tentatively been identified as previously unknown supernova remnants. A total number of ~ 60 new remnants are expected from the analysis of the full sky.
The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE): Mission and Science Overview
Authors: Boggess Nancy W. 
Published: June 2019

Ever since the discovery in 1964 of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), scientists have tried to make accurate measurements of its spectrum and anisotropie3. With the successful COBE mission, major advances in our understanding of the very early universe have been achieved.COBE’s complement of instruments are the Far Infrared Absolute Spectrophotometer (FIRAS), the Differential Microwave Radiometers (DMR), and the Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE). FIRAS and DIRBE are located inside a 4He dewar to operate at 1.5 K. DMR receivers are located around the outside of the dewar. The instruments and mission plan have been described by Gulkis et al. (1990). Essential for the cosmological objectives are the all-sky observing strategy, periodic absolute calibrations of the instruments, high sensitivity, and extensive care to minimize potential systematic errors.
The CBR frequency spectrum below 1 GHz recent results and new observations
Authors: Sironi G. , Bonelli G. , Gervasi M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe are carrying on measurements of the absolute temperature of the CBR at various frequencies near and below 1 GHz, looking for so far undetected deviations from a planckian spectrum. The amplitude and frequency of those distortions can give precious information about the history of the Universe.
Laboratory Needs of Current and Future Space Spectroscopic Astrophysics Missions
Authors: Shore S. N. 
Published: June 2019

Astrophysics bears a distinct relation to Robin Hood’s robbing from the data rich and giving to the poor, in this case, observers. The basic data obtained from laboratory investigation is essential to the understanding of the diverse cosmic environments with which observers and modelers have to deal.The broad areas of investigation pioneered in the ultraviolet by the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite (IUE) and certain to be the focus of the spectrographs on the Hubble Space Telescope and FUSE/Lyman are: 1. planetary atmospheres, magnetospheres and comets; 2. stellar atmospheres; and 3. H II regions and diffuse interstellar gas. The last of these is to be understood in both Galactic and extragalactic contexts. These illustrate the diversity of the required data, and also highlight the existing lacunae in the available data sets. I shall touch briefly in this note on each of them.
What do Mira Variables Tell us About the Late Evolution of Low Mass Stars?
Authors: Feast M.W. 
Published: June 2019

(1)Mira variables define the tip of the AGB for low mass stars (cf. Feast and Whitelock 1987 fig. 1).(2)The kinematics of Mira variables are a function of period (e.g. Feast 1989 and earlier references) and for Miras in globular clusters the period is a function of metallicity (e.g. Feast 1981). Hence the Mira period sequence is not an evolutionary sequence but represents the sequence of AGB tips for stars of different initial mass and/or chemical composition and/or age.(3)Mira are surrounded by circumstellar dust shells. The mass loss rates are a function of period and light amplitude (Whitelock et al. 1987, Whitelock et al. 1991, Whitelock 1990). The results suggest evolution with increasing pulsation amplitude and mass loss but little change in log P ((2) and (3) do not preclude some (small) change in log P during evolution nor possible phases of decreasing light amplitude and mass loss).
Japanese activities related to (Radio) astronomy in the Antarctic
Authors: Hasegawa Tetsuo 
Published: June 2019

Japanese activities related to radio astronomy in Antarctica are briefly reviewed.The Japanese base, Showa, is located on the coast and is based on rocks rather than ice. A 10 metre diameter microwave antenna has been built at the Showa station and a series of VLBI experiments have been made between the Showa base and a station in Japan in 1988–1989. The experiments have been geophysically motivated and an accurate measurement of the location of the Showa base was determined relative to Japan, which has a well determined position relative to other continents.
The Costs of Pride: Survey Results from LGBTQI Activists in the United States, United Kingdom, South Africa, and Australia
Authors: Pepin-Neff Christopher , Wynter Thomas 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA comparative analysis of emotional taxation was conducted to investigate the affective cost of entering the political process among 1,019 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex (LGBTQI) activists in the United States (n = 355), the United Kingdom (n = 230), South Africa (n = 228), and Australia (n = 206). Four consistent trends were identified across these four contexts, with important implications for the study of social movements, youth activism, gender, sexuality, and race. First, levels of emotional taxation resulting from LGBTQI activist work were consistently very high. Second, emotional burdens were systematically greater for young, nonwhite, and transgender activists. Third, emotional taxation was compounded for activists whose identities crossed multiple marginalized groups. This finding supports the validity and importance of intersectional approaches to LGBTQI issues. Fourth, the sources of emotional taxation varied greatly among activists, and transgender activists were particularly stressed by public engagements such as major events and marches. Transgender nonwhite activists also indicated relatively high levels of emotional stress related to online forms of engagement, such as posting on Twitter and Facebook. These findings could help identify the kinds of activists who participate, the kinds of issues advocated for, and why certain tactics are used.
Islam, Parties, and Women's Political Nomination in Indonesia
Authors: Prihatini Ella S. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article responds to earlier research on the role of Islam as a barrier to women's political nominations by assessing and comparing parties’ efforts to meet institutionally required gender quotas in Indonesia. With the provision of 30% candidate gender quotas implemented since the 2004 elections, how have parties responded? Do Islamist and pluralist parties differ systematically in this regard? More specifically, does religious ideology influence how parties go about meeting quotas, recruiting female candidates, and getting them elected? Or do all parties face the same challenges when it comes to getting women into parliament? Drawing on a unique dataset collected from 2004 to 2019 legislative elections and in-depth interviews with central party officers, faction leaders, and members of parliament, this article investigates these questions. The results indicate that Islamic ideology plays no obvious role in limiting female participation in legislative elections; Islamist and pluralist parties are equally good at achieving the percentage quotas of female nominees. Both groups are also similarly poor at putting female candidates first on the party lists. Indonesia's open-list proportional representation (PR) system is prohibitively expensive, and this hurts women candidates more than it does male candidates because women generally have less access to the capital necessary to purchase the top position on party lists.
Lucius Crassus and Cicero: The Formation of a Statesman
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2019

If we remember anything about Cicero's political ideas, it is that he believed in the right and duty of the senate to exercise supremacy in Rome, but that he also advocated aconcordia ordinmi, an alliance between and recognition of the common interests of senators andequites, to whom property and thestatus quowere sacred. Closely connected with this is the idea of aconsensus omnium bonorum, a wider alliance to include most of theplebs, and Italy. In the service of this ideal of unity he believed that the conservative statesman should beconcordiae causa sapienter popularis, though he should consult the true interests of the people even more than their wishes; and that all government should be mild and conciliatory. These are the views by which we distinguish him from his more obstinate optimate contemporaries, above all Cato, who are less flexible, more rigidly reactionary. Although, since Strasburger's famous study ofConcordia Ordinum, students of Cicero ought to have been prepared to pursue some of these beliefs of his back into the Roman past, too many historians and biographers still give the impression that they were Cicero's own invention (and an unhappy and unrealistic one too, it is often implied). But this is rash. Cicero,pacesome of his detractors, was an intelligent man; but he was not a man of deeply original mind, as would be generally admitted. His greatness lay not in originality, but in the life and form that he could give to the Roman tradition, enriching or illuminating it, sometimes even criticising it, from his knowledge of Greek history and thought.We should be chary therefore of supposing that Cicero's political programme was wholly his own; and, where a programme on a practical level is concerned, we should probably look more closely for Roman than for Greek sources. The first place to search is of course in a man's immediate family background, its position, traditions and contacts. This is true of all ages and places; but it is especially true of Rome. In the recent and justified reaction against the idea of fixed family parties, allied to or warring with certain other families from generation to generation, we are in danger of forgetting that family tradition in a broad sense was often very important. Cicero explains in thede officiishow one should imitate not only themaioresin general, but one's ownmaioresin particular – thus successive Scaevolae have become legal experts, and Scipio Aemilianus emulated the military glory of the first Africanus.
Ibycus; Stesichorus; Alcman (P. Oxy. 2735, 2618, 2737)
Authors: Page Denys 
Published: June 2019

In PCPS N.S. XV (1969), 69 ff. I defined the triadic structure of P. Oxy. 2735 fr. I and suggested that the contents of this and other fragments would seem more at home in Ibycus than in Stesichorus. It was already clear that not all the fragments of this papyrus come from the same poem, but I had not yet noticed that the number of poems represented is probably at least three, and that there are now further reasons for preferring Ibycus as author.The following two fragments belong to poems different from each other and from fr. 1:(a) P. Oxy. 2735 fr. II(i) The tradic structure (top of column)(a), (b), (c) with paragraphos mark stanza-ends according to the three schemes described immediately below.Though the left-hand margin is nowhere preserved, I take it as self-evident that these are the beginnings of lines. It is likely, in Ibycus or Stesichorus, that eighteen lines will cover at least about two-thirds, perhaps the whole, of a triad; and in fact it seems obvious that strophe, antistrophe, and epode are represented here, although it is not quite certain where the stanzas end.There are three choices:(a) 1–6 = ant., 7–11 = ep., 12–17 = str., 18 ff. = ant.(b) 1–5 = ant., 6–10 = ep., 11–16 = str., 17 ff. = ant.(c) 1–5 = str., 6–16 = ant., 17 ff. = ep.
Prevalence of suicide attempts in individuals with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Lu Li , Dong Min , Zhang Ling , Zhu Xiao-Min , Ungvari Gabor S. , Ng Chee H. , Wang Gang , Xiang Yu-Tao 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimsSuicide attempt is an important indicator of suicide and potential future mortality. However, the prevalence of suicide attempts has been inconsistent across studies. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the prevalence of suicide attempts in individuals with schizophrenia and associated correlates.MethodsRelevant publications in Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of science and Cochrane were systematically searched. Data on the prevalence of suicide attempts in individuals with schizophrenia were pooled using a random-effects model.ResultsThirty-five studies with 16 747 individuals with schizophrenia were included. The pooled lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts was 26.8% (95% CI 22.1–31.9%;I2= 97.0%), while the 1-year prevalence, 1-month prevalence and the prevalence of suicide attempts from illness onset were 3.0% (95% CI 2.3–3.7%;I2= 95.6%), 2.7% (95% CI 2.1–3.4%;I2= 78.5%) and 45.9% (95% CI 42.1–49.9%;I2= 0), respectively. Earlier age of onset (Q= 4.38,p= 0.04), high-income countries (Q= 53.29,p< 0.001), North America and Europe and Central Asia (Q= 32.83,p< 0.001) were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of suicide attempts.ConclusionsSuicide attempts are common in individuals with schizophrenia, especially those with an early age of onset and living in high-income countries and regions. Regular screening and effective preventive measures should be implemented as part of the clinical care.
The Sun Behind the Clouds? Enforcement of Renewable Energy Awards in the EU
Authors: López-Rodríguez Ana Mercedes 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA number of European Union (EU) countries have undertaken thorough reforms in the renewable energy sector over the past years. The regulatory changes have triggered a wave of claims from low-carbon investors asserting that the reforms have diminished or exhausted the economic viability of their investments. Unlike local investors, who typically take legal action before domestic courts, foreign investors have filed arbitration claims in accordance with the Energy Charter Treaty, notably against Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic, resulting in several awards of damages. However, recent developments in EU state aid law seem to restrict the ability of investors to obtain compensation. This article argues that such developments may undermine renewable energy policy, because arbitration enhances the regulatory stability and predictability which low-carbon investments require only if arbitral awards can be enforced effectively. The article examines the different scenarios that may arise out of the interplay between EU law and investment arbitration in the EU and concludes that the European Commission's arguable redrawing of the boundaries of state aid rules to encompass investment arbitration, combined with the EU's general quest to replace investment arbitration with alternative mechanisms of adjudication, may jeopardize climate change mitigation policies.
Isopycnal Processes Allow for Summertime Heterotrophy Despite Net Oxygen Accumulation in the Lower Euphotic Zone of the Western North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Chen Haidi , McKinley Galen A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn the oligotrophic subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic, the processes that allow for an imbalance between annual biological productivity and organic carbon export have been sought for decades. We use biogeochemical data from profiling floats and 26‐year bottle samples off Bermuda to provide the first evidence for a mechanism that allows for heterotrophy in the presence of oxygen accumulation in the lower euphotic zone (50–100 m) during the stratified season. After the spring bloom, surface waters that are enriched in oxygen and organic matter, but low in nitrate, are subducted and transported along the seasonal isopycnals that progressively displace downward. Due exclusively to this downward displacement, a positive 50‐ to 100‐m depth‐integrated O2 anomaly appears (1,688 ± 545 mmol O2/m2) from mid‐May to mid‐October. Neglecting this effect of isopycnal displacement would suggest an excess of biological productivity over remineralization at 50–100 m (344 ± 330 mmol O2/m2). Yet, when these changes are differenced, significant along‐isopycnal oxygen consumption (−1,344 ± 537 mmol O2/m2) is identified. After accounting for mixing, net biological‐driven oxygen consumption is still found (−827 ± 509 mmol O2/m2), which indicates heterotrophy. Remineralization of sinking and suspended organic matters at 50–100 m could support 90 ± 67% of the heterotrophic demand. Our analysis also shows that the spread in the biological‐driven oxygen sink is linked to the strength of isopycnal displacement that modulates the supply of nutrients and organic matters. This along‐isopycnal transport and heterotrophy in the lower euphotic zone reduces carbon export at 100 m and helps to resolve previously noted imbalances between surface biological productivity and total organic carbon export.
Future Hydroclimatic Impacts on Africa: Beyond the Paris Agreement
Authors: Piemontese Luigi , Fetzer Ingo , Rockström Johan , Jaramillo Fernando 
Published: June 2019

AbstractProjections of global warming in Africa are generally associated with increasing aridity and decreasing water availability. However, most freshwater assessments focus on single hydroclimatic indicators (e.g., runoff, precipitation, or aridity), lacking analysis on combined changes in evaporative demand, and water availability on land. There remains a high degree of uncertainty over water implications at the basin scale, in particular for the most water‐consuming sector—food production. Using the Budyko framework, we perform an assessment of future hydroclimatic change for the 50 largest African basins, finding a consistent pattern of change in four distinct regions across the two main emission scenarios corresponding to the Paris Agreement, and the business as usual. Although the Paris Agreement is likely to lead to less intense changes when compared to the business as usual, both scenarios show the same pattern of hydroclimatic shifts, suggesting a potential roadmap for hydroclimatic adaptation. We discuss the social‐ecological implications of the projected hydroclimatic shifts in the four regions and argue that climate policies need to be complemented by soil and water conservation practices to make the best use of future water resources.