bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planting Loblolly Pine and Sycamore vs. Natural Regeneration on a Bottomland Site
Authors: Rich Martha F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Comparing the yields of a 30-year-old, naturally regenerated hard-wood stand and two 16-year-old artificially regenerated stands of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) clearly demonstrates the superior yield (37 cords/ac) of the loblolly pine stand. Thenaturally regenerated hardwood stand yielded 30 cords/ac, while the sycamore plantation failed. An economic analysis shows that artificial regeneration of sycamore was not a viable investment due to site-selectivity and high establishment costs. Natural regeneration of hardwoods yields significantlylower returns than planting loblolly pine but could be considered a viable alternative on sites requiring intensive site preparation prior to planting pine. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):22-25.
A Simple Competition Assessment System Associated with Intensive Competition Control in Natural Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Seedling Stands
Authors: Cain M. D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A simple competition assessment system was evaluated as part of an intensive competition control study in a natural, even-aged stand of loblolly-short-leaf pine (Pinus taeda L.- P. echinata Mill.) seedlings in southern Arkansas. Four levels of competition control were maintained annuallyfor 3 years as follows: (1) no competition control, (2) woody competition control, (3) herbaceous competition control, and (4) total control of nonpine vegetation. The competition assessment system is based on a correlation of total height to groundline diameter (gld) for loblolly pine seedlingsthat are less than 6 ft tall. The correlation indicated that if seedling gld's are not within + 10 mm of total seedling height (in feet) multiplied by 10, then the seedlings would most likely show a positive growth response to competition control. South. J. Appl. For. 13(1):8-12.
Opportunity Costs of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Foraging Habitat
Authors: Lancia Richard A. , Roise Joseph P. , Adams David A. , Lennartz Michael R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The opportunity cost, or the loss in timber production, due to managing longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) stands as foraging habitat for red-cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) is a function of timber management objectives. Economic objectives that maximize soil expectation values(SEV) based on cubic foot (CF) volume result in shorter rotations and greater relative opportunity costs than wood production objectives that maximize the mean annual increment (MAI) based on board foot (BF) volume. When timber rotation ages are less than 60 years, opportunity costs of managingwoodpecker foraging habitat are minimized with a rotation of 79 years. When timber rotation ages are greater than 60 years, there is no opportunity cost associated with management for woodpecker foraging habitat. In some cases extending rotations beyond 79 years adds little additional opportunitycost, and rotation ages greater than 95 years could provide both nesting and foraging habitat. Finally, opportunity costs diminish as the density of colonies on a forest decreases. South J. Appl. For. 13(2):81-85.
Direct-Seeding of Loblolly Pine in the North Carolina Piedmont: Four-Year Results
Authors: Hazel Dennis W. , Smith Mark D. , Franklin Carlyle 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Direct-seeding of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in the Piedmont was evaluated using combinations of the following treatments: hand-casting and mechanical broadcast sowing; use of stratified and unstratified seed; and sowing during November, January, and March. Sowing stratified seedin November and unstratified seed in March resulted in the lowest stocking; however, regeneration was accomplished by all treatments. Costs including seed, but exclusive of site preparation costs, were $10/ac for hand-casting and $18/ac for mechanical sowing. Because capitalis the most limiting resource for accomplishing regeneration on nonindustrial private forestland, direct-seeding is a viable regeneration alternative. When adequate labor is available, direct-seeding is an effective alternative to machine use. South J. Appl. For. 13(2):91-93.
Estimating Pine Density and Competition Condition in Young Pine Plantations Using 35mm Aerial Photography
Authors: Smith James L. , Zedaker Shepard M. , Heer Richard C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A prediction system was developed that estimated pine density and hardwood competition levels in young plantations using simple measurements made on 35mm aerial photographs. The precision of the prediction system was found to be moderate to good. The use of these photo-based modelsin a decision-making situation was examined. Ground-based decisions regarding replanting, spraying for competition control, or no treatment were compared to similar decisions reached strictly from the aerial photographic measurements. Approximately 80% of all decisions agreed, and 90% of theno-treatment decisions agreed. While aerial photographs do not totally eliminate the need for field work, it is clear that photographic information can often produce reliable decisions with reduced field efforts. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):107-112.
Recovery of Florida Cypress Swamps from Clearcutting
Authors: Ewel Katherine C. , Davis H. Terrell , Smith Joel E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Vegetation analysis in ten central Florida cypress (Taxodium distichum) swamps was undertaken to determine the response of woody species composition to clearcutting. Line transects through swamps that had been harvested by clear-cutting within the last 5 years demonstrated that all but one of these swamps are likely to recover their original species composition and a normal stem density. Cypress was the major tree species in all swamps examined except one that had been severely burned by a wildfire. Both natural seedlings and vegetative propagation are important avenues of cypress reproduction following clearcutting. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):123-126.
Nursery Rooting of Cuttings from Seedlings of Slash and Loblolly Pine
Authors: Frampton L. John , Hodges James F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Methods used to root slash (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Englem.) and loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) pine cuttings from 1-0 seedlings in outdoor nursery beds are described. The species, the date of setting (February or March) and the type of shoot collected (succulent, top-pruned or bud-set)influenced rooting success. A February rather than March setting date is recommended. The succulent shoot type rooted best for slash pine while nonsucculent shoot types rooted best for loblolly pine. When considering all types of shoots set in February, slash and loblolly pine cuttings rootedat 77 and 69%, respectively. After lifting, approximately 70% of the cuttings that rooted (or 52% of all cuttings set in February) were judged acceptable for planting. Current costs of producing rooted cuttings exceed that of barefoot seedlings. However, as technology is developed to rootcuttings on a larger scale in the nursery, the superior genetic quality of plantations derived from rooted cuttings may offset their extra cost, relative to seedlings, enough to economically justify their operational use. If so, these procedures will offer forest managers an additional andmore effective option than seedling propagation for exploiting genetic variation in order to enhance forest productivity. South. Appl. For. 13(3):127-132.
Recovery and Development of Understocked Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands
Authors: Baker James B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Plots in two uneven-aged loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) stands were cut back to stocking levels of approximately 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% to simulate cutover, understocked stands. One stand was on a good site (SI = 90 ft at age 50), the other on a medium site(SI = 75 ft at age 50). As a rehabilitation treatment, all hardwoods 1-in. or larger in groundline diameter were injected with Tordon 101®. Two and 5 years later, the plots were reinventoried to determine stand growth and development. During the 5-year rehabilitation period the understockedstands changed dramatically, and because of the rapid growth of the pines left in the residual stands, stocking levels, basal areas, and tree volumes increased markedly. Average increases in stocking level, basal area, pulpwood, and sawlog volume were 40, 155, 160, and 355%, respectively,for the good site and 35, 110, 125, and 220% for the medium site. Projections of the time required for understocked stands to reach an acceptable stocking level of 60% (based on number and size of trees), or 45 ft² of basal area per acre, indicate that stands having at least 15 to 25%stocking, or 5 ft² of basal area per acre, can reach an acceptable stocking level in 15 years or less at a rehabilitation cost of $45 to $50 per acre. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):132-139.
Use of Randomized Branch and Importance Sampling to Estimate Loblolly Pine Biomass
Authors: Williams Roger A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A previously developed sampling method utilizing randomized branch and importance sampling for the purpose of quickly estimating tree biomass was tested on five loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees. Results show a wide range of per-tree sampling error, ranging from 5.3 to 28.9%. Largevariation in foliage content among selected branches per treee may be a major source of error. However, the sampling error for the total biomass of the five trees tested was only 3.3%. This sampling method appears to be reliable and efficient in obtaining precise estimates of the total biomassof a population of trees. Increased sampling intensity per tree is necessary to obtain precise estimates of individual tree biomass. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):181-184.
Nonindustrial Private Forest Management in the South: Assistance Foresters' Activities and Perceptions
Authors: Hodges Donald G. , Cubbage Frederick W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Private and public technical assistance foresters were surveyed in 12 southern states. Their management practices on southern forests are summarized by employment sector. Industrial foresters helped manage more acres per forester than consultants or state foresters. All foresters assisted more in planting trees than in preparing for natural regeneration. Industrial foresters favored clearcutting, consultants selective cuts, and state foresters a mix. Consultants performed much more natural regeneration than industrial or state foresters, who focused almost exclusively on artificial regeneration. Respondents also provided written opinion about current forest management and environmental issues, as well as suggestions for professional education. South. J. App. For. 14(1):44-48.
Harvest Activity and Residual Pine Stocking on Private Lands of Six South-Central Coastal States
Authors: McWilliams William H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Commercial harvests were carried out on 36% of the pine-site timberland in six states of the south-central United States during the interval of time between the last two forest inventories of each state. Half of forest industry's pine-site timberland was harvested, compared with 30% for nonindustrial private owners. Fifty-four percent of the heavily cut pine stands were at least 60% stocked with pine following harvest. The overall rate of replacement for pine stands was 78%. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):59-63.
Current Southern State Programs for Control of Forestry Nonpoint Source Pollution
Authors: Lickwar Peter M. , Cubbage Frederick W. , Hickman Clifford A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Southern state forestry and lead environmental agencies were surveyed regarding their 1987 silvicultural nonpoint pollution control programs. Most states had voluntary control systems and employed educational programs to meet pollution control objectives. North Carolina and Virginia provided modest cost-share funds for water quality protection on forested lands, and Florida had an extensive quasiregulatory approach to water quality protection. In total, southern state agencies employed 24 full-year equivalent personnel and spent about $935,000 to administer forestry-related water quality protection programs. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):64-69.
Observations on the Regeneration of Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) in Louisiana Swamps
Authors: Conner Williams H. , Toliver John R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Observations on the success of artificial regeneration of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum [L.] Rich.) are presented for three Louisiana swamp stands logged in 1983. One-year-old baldcypress seedlings were planted in six 0.5 ac plots in each stand in 1985 and monitored for 4 years. Seedlings planted in two of the study areas were totally destroyed by nutria (Myocastor coypus Molina) within 3 months. In the third area, plots in which seedlings were not destroyed displayed over 90% survival during the study. Height growth of seedlings was significantly higher in the plot where basal area was reduced to 100 ft²/ac. Establishing baldcypress regeneration on these sites, artificial or natural, appears to be a difficult task, but when successful, the seedlings initially grow relatively fast even under partial shade. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):115-118.
Analysis of Truck Weight Modifications for a Southern Timber Hauling Operation
Authors: McNeel J. F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Load data from modified and conventional timber haul trucks were compared to determine if weight-related changes to truck and trailer components affect truck load characteristics. Resulting estimates of load weight were used to measure the economic potential of these modifications. Statistical analysis indicates that gross, net, and tare mean weights for the modified vehicles differed significantly from mean weights for the conventional haul vehicles. Separate comparisons of net weights for pulpwood and chip'n'saw loads suggest that weight-related modifications can significantly improve net load weight, regardless of the type of load being carried. An economic analysis was made to determine the incremental value of investing in a modified haul vehicle for a contract hauler in the South. The incremental internal rate of return for a modified truck-trailer configuration was estimated at 242.7% annually. The incremental net present value for the investment at a 10% hurdle rate was estimated at $16,442 over a 5-year operating life. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):133-136.
Variable Bedding, Planting, Harvesting and Transportation Costs Impact Optimal Economic Management Regimes
Authors: Borders Bruce E. , Greene W. Dale , Clutter Michael L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Stand management decisions should be based on economic considerations for profit-oriented organizations and individuals. Maximization of bare land value is an appropriate criterion to use for such decisions. It is argued that planting, bedding, harvesting, and transportation costs vary by stand density and should therefore be incorporated into the decision-making process as variable costs on industrial lands. It is shown that not allowing for such variable costs leads to less than optimal decisions concerning planting density and rotation age. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):38-43.
Effect of Hexazinone Rate and Formulation on Loblolly Pine in Broadcast Release Applications
Authors: Glover Glenn R. , Zutter Bruce R. , Minogue Patrick J. , Gjerstad Dean H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Growth response and mortality of loblolly pine were examined 5 or 6 years after broadcast applications of four rates of pellet and liquid (applied as a foliar spray) hexazinone formulations for pine release at seven locations across the South varying in soil characteristics. Adjusted hardwood rootstock density 2 years following treatment was significantly affected by treatment and rate at all locations, and by formulation at five of the seven locations. Pine mortality was positively related to hexazinone rate at four of the study locations. Mortality was significantly higher for the pellet formulation compared to the liquid at the two locations with loamy sand surface soils. Mortality averaged less than 10% for the prescribed rate of both formulations at five of the seven locations, and at a sixth location for the pellet formulation. Mean pine height and dbh responses across hexazinone rates were greater than no treatment (check) at three and five locations, respectively. Response in dbh was positively related to hexazinone rate at three locations, and inversely related to rootstock density 2 years after treatment at six of seven locations. Mean treatment response for pine basal area and total volume (outside bark) per acre were significantly greater than the check at only two locations due to high pine mortality at some locations for 1.4X and 2.0X the prescribed rate. Mean increases in volume of the prescribed rate over the check were 9 and 7% for the pellet and liquid formulations, respectively. Maximum volume production increases across locations were 13% for the pellet formulation and 15% for the liquid formulation. South J. Appl. For. 15(1):54-61.
Selection Management of Shortleaf Pine in the Ouachita Mountains
Authors: Murphy Paul A. , Baker James B. , Lawson Edwin R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Selection (uneven-aged) management was instituted in shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands on three experimental watersheds in the Ouachita Mountains. The residual stand structure imposed on each was 60 ft² of basal area, a maximum tree diameter of 18 in., and a q value of 1.2 for 1 in. dbh classes. Hardwoods were injected with herbicide before the initial harvest. The average annual per-acre growth for the three watersheds for the first 6-year management period was 2 ft² of merchantable basal area growth, 57 ft³ of merchantable volume growth, and sawtimber growth of 157 board feet for the Doyle rule, 231 bd ft for the Scribner rule, and 274 bd ft for the International ¼-inch rule. Basal area and merchantable volume growth were up to expectations, but sawtimber growth was not. Sawtimber growth may increase as stand structure improves under management. South J. Appl. For. 15(1):61-67.
Weighted South-Wide Average Pulpwood Prices
Authors: Granskog James E. , Crowther Kevin D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Weighted average prices provide a more accurate representation of regional pulpwood price trends when production volumes vary widely by state. Unweighted South-wide average delivered prices for pulpwood, as reported by Timber Mart-South, were compared to average annual prices weighted by each state' s pulpwood production from 1977 to 1986. Weighted average prices for pine roundwood and pine chips were significantly higher than unweighted averages; for hardwood roundwood and hardwood chips, there was no significant difference between the weighted and unweighted average prices. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):100-102
Point-Model Based Sampling in Forestry: Principles and Practices
Authors: Rennie J. C. , Wood G. B. , Schreuder H. T. , Lund H. G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Point-model based sampling is described for timber inventory. Point-model based sampling is an improvement on point-3P sampling because the number of sample trees selected for detailed dendrometry is completely controlled. Field studies indicate that estimates derived from it are comparable to those from point-3P sampling. However, serious errors in estimates could arise from point-model based sampling if the linear model relating volume to D2H is incorrect. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):109-113.
Financial Risk and Desired Species Composition in Mixed Species Stands
Authors: Lilieholm Robert J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The use of historical stumpage price fluctuations in reducing the risk of future financial returns from mixed species stands is explored. It is demonstrated that if past stumpage values are indicative of future price behavior, silvicultural treatments designed to favor species with stable and/or negatively correlated stumpage values can reduce the variance of future harvest revenues and hence decrease the financial risks of growing timber. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):185-187.
An Economic Evaluation of the Use of Oust for Herbaceous Weed Control in Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Busby Rodney L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Herbaceous weed control using Oust (sulfometuron methyl²) is economically efficient in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations given reasonable expectations about the long-term effect of the treatment on stand growth. Increases in the sizes of the growth increments following treatment that have been reported in the literature, and the economic returns this analysis shows are possible, indicate that investment in herbaceous weed control can be a prudent silvicultural option. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):40-47.
Intensive Utilization and its Economic Impact on Pine Plantation Establishment
Authors: Watson W. F. , Stokes B. J. , Ragan J. R. , Dubois M. R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The opportunity to reduce reestablishment costs by intensive utilization during harvesting was evaluated. On the tracts studied, site preparation savings of at least $25/ac and of as much as $100/ac were realized on the stands where intensive utilization of the aboveground biomass was carried out. Significant differences in growth or survival were seldom observed on re-established stands which received a mechanical site preparation treatment following harvesting to either conventional or intensive utilization standards. South. J. Appl. For. 16(1):9-12.
Predicting Pole Classes for Longleaf Pine Based on Diameter Breast Height
Authors: Quicke Harold E. , Meldahl Ralph S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A table for estimating longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) pole classes in the field is presented. The table was derived by converting the American National Standards Institute's dimensions of southern pine poles from minimum circumference at 6 ft from the butt of the pole to minimum tree diameter breast height outside bark. The conversion is based on tree taper, stump height, length trimmed off the butt of the tree at the pole yard, and bark thickness. The table is compared to a previously published table for determining southern pine pole classes from dbh. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):79-82.
Landowner Characteristics Associated With Willingness To Try Beaver Control
Authors: Wigley T. Bently , Gbur Edward E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We used a survey of Arkansas landowners to identify characteristics of landowners who tried controlling beavers (Castor canadensis). Landowners most likely to try control were those who had damage and dams on their land and were willing to pay for control. A model is presented thatuses these dichotomous variables to predict the probability of landowners trying beaver control. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):138-139.
Reforestation of Drained Beaver Impoundments
Authors: Houston Allan E. , Buckner Edward R. , Rennie John C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Performance of 1-0 bareroot green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L), and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L., Rich.) planted on drained beaver (Castor canadensis) impoundments in southwest Tennessee was promising at the end of three growing season.First-year survival was significantly increased in plots where swamp cut grass (Leersia oryzoides) was controlled; however, effective grass control opened the site to aggressive invasion by broadleaf herbaceous vegetation. No treatment effect was noted for survival or growth of seedlings by the end of the third year. Containerized seedlings of swamp white oak (Quercus michauxii Nutt.) and willow oak (Quercus phellos L) failed due to poorly developed planting stock. Natural regeneration 3 years after drainage was poor, averaging 333 boxelder (Acer negundo L.), 42 black willow(Salix nigra Marsh), and 21 cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia Ell.) stems/ac. Continued beaver control was necessary to prevent recolonization of plantation sites. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):151-155.