bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID ACYLTRANSFERASES 4 and 5 are involved in glycerolipid metabolism and nitrogen starvation response in Arabidopsis
Authors: Angkawijaya Artik Elisa , Nguyen Van Cam , Nakamura Yuki 
Published: June 2019

Summary

Nitrogen (N) deficiency triggers an accumulation of a storage lipid triacylglycerol (TAG) in seed plants and algae. Whereas the metabolic pathway and regulatory mechanism to synthesize TAG from diacylglycerol are well known, enzymes involved in the supply of diacylglycerol remain elusive under N starvation.

Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) catalyzes an important step of the de novo phospholipid biosynthesis pathway and thus has a strong flux control in the biosynthesis of phospholipids and TAG. Five LPAT isoforms are known in Arabidopsis; however, the functions of LPAT4 and LPAT5 remain elusive.

Here, we show that LPAT4 and LPAT5 are functional endoplasmic‐reticulum‐localized LPATs. Seedlings of the double knockout mutant lpat4‐1 lpat5‐1 showed reduced content of phospholipids and TAG under normal growth condition. Under N starvation, lpat4‐1 lpat5‐1 seedlings showed severer growth defect than the wild‐type in shoot. The phenotype was similar to dgat1‐4, which affects a major TAG biosynthesis pathway and showed similarly reduced TAG content as the lpat4‐1 lpat5‐1.

We suggest that LPAT4 and LPAT5 may redundantly function in endoplasmic‐reticulum‐localized de novo glycerolipid biosynthesis for phospholipids and TAG, which is important for the N starvation response in Arabidopsis.
Low‐density barriers for controlling plant crowd diseases: How far and fast can pathogens spread?
Authors: Rodriguez‐Quinones Leoncio , Gordillo Luis F. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe explore numerically the possibility of controlling the spread of plant diseases characterized by relatively low dispersal (crowd diseases) through the introduction of a spatial barrier with low density of susceptible hosts. We use the diffusion approximation to Kendall's spatially extended version of the Kermack–McKendrick epidemic model and illustrate our findings within the context of a representative viral disease that affects cocoa trees.RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGERS:Our numerical results suggest that using low‐density barriers of hosts in crowd plant diseases might be an effective way of halting the spatial dispersal of pathogens. The introduction of these barriers may reduce the economic impact when compared with other methods of controlling the disease spread.Before using the model to approximate suitable sizes of barriers, it is necessary to execute an exhaustive assessment of the model appropriateness for any particular disease under consideration.Our results suggest that to improve the efficiency of low‐density barriers it is important to explore their use in combination of current alternative control methods.
Generalists and specialists in executive politics: Why ambitious meta‐policies so often fail
Authors: Jann Werner , Wegrich Kai 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article contributes to the politics of policy‐making in executive government. It introduces the analytical distinction between generalists and specialists as antagonistic players in executive politics and develops the claim that policy specialists are in a structurally advantaged position to succeed in executive politics and to fend off attempts by generalists to influence policy choices through cross‐cutting reform measures. Contrary to traditional textbook public administration, we explain the views of generalists and specialists not through their training but their positions within an organization. We combine established approaches from public policy and organization theory to substantiate this claim and to define the dilemma that generalists face when developing government‐wide reform policies (‘meta‐policies’) as well as strategies to address this problem. The article suggests that the conceptual distinction between generalists and specialists allows for a more precise analysis of the challenges for policy‐making across government organizations than established approaches.
Efficacy of repeated balloon venoplasty for treatment of hepatic venous outflow obstruction after pediatric living‐donor liver transplantation: A single‐institution experience
Authors: Shimata Keita , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Honda Masaki , Ikeda Osamu , Tamura Yoshitaka , Hayashida Shintaro , Ohya Yuki , Yamamoto Hidekazu , Yamashita Yasuyuki , Inomata Yukihiro , Hibi Taizo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHVOO is a rare complication after LT and an important cause of graft failure. Balloon venoplasty is the first‐line treatment for HVOO, but the effect of repeated balloon venoplasty and stent placement for HVOO recurrence after pediatric LDLT remains unclear. Between 1998 and 2016, 147 pediatric patients underwent LDLT in our institution. Among them, the incidence of HVOO and the therapeutic strategy were retrospectively reviewed. Ten patients were diagnosed with HVOO. All the patients underwent LLS grafts. Median age at the initial endovascular intervention was 2.7 years (range, 5 months‐8 years). The median interval between the LDLT and the initial interventional radiology was 2.7 months (range, 29 days‐35.7 months). Four patients experienced no recurrence after a single balloon venoplasty; 6 underwent balloon venoplasty more than 3 times because of HVOO recurrence; and 2 underwent stent placement due to the failure of repeated balloon venoplasty. All patients are alive with no symptoms of HVOO. The HVOO recurrence‐free period after the last intervention ranged from 20 days to 15.5 years (median, 8.9 years). Repeated balloon venoplasty may prevent unnecessary stent placement to treat recurrent HVOO after pediatric LDLT.
The Impact of Information Technology and Communication on Medical Malpractice Lawsuits
Authors: Sharma Luv , Queenan Carrie , Ozturk Orgul 
Published: June 2019

Health care organizations have substantially invested in Health Information Technology (HIT) as part of an effort to improve quality. However, many hospitals fail to generate positive returns on this significant investment, based on reimbursements for quality measures through the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Given the high cost of lawsuits, we investigate if HIT adoption reduces lawsuits, and their attendant costs, as another consideration in HIT payoffs. We use operational transparency theory to develop hypotheses on the individual and joint impact of HIT and communication quality in influencing patients’ likelihood to file a lawsuit. We combine data on 168 hospitals in the state of Florida from 2007 to 2011 in order to investigate these relationships. Analysis using a fractional response model indicates that HIT has a direct impact in reducing the number of lawsuits, this effect being higher for hospitals with higher communication quality scores. These results remain consistent irrespective of the type of caregiver (physician vs nurse) communicating with the patient or the severity of injury resulting in the lawsuit. Our results also remain robust under different operationalization of key independent variables and alternate model specifications. These results provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that reduce lawsuits.
Race, Residence, and Underemployment: Fifty Years in Comparative Perspective, 1968–2017
Authors: Slack Tim , Thiede Brian C. , Jensen Leif 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHigh underemployment has been a chronic structural feature of the rural United States for decades. In this paper, we assess whether and how inequalities in underemployment between metropolitan (metro) and nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) areas have changed over the course of the last five decades. Drawing on data from the March Current Population Survey from 1968 to 2017, we analyze inequality in the prevalence of underemployment between metro and nonmetro areas of the United States, paying special attention to differences between white, black, and Hispanic workers. Our results show that the underlying risk of underemployment has increased in both metro and nonmetro areas over the last 50 years. Nonmetro workers have consistently faced greater employment hardship compared to their metro counterparts, and these differences cannot be fully explained by differences in population characteristics. Nonmetro ethnoracial minorities have experienced particularly poor labor market outcomes. The disadvantage of ethnoracial minority status and rural residence is especially pronounced for nonmetro black workers, among whom underemployment has remained persistently high with only modest convergence with other workers. Hispanic workers also face an elevated risk of underemployment, but we observe a unique convergence between metro and nonmetro workers within this population.
Everyday dilemmas: New directions on the judgment and resolution of benevolence–integrity dilemmas
Authors: Moore Alexander K. , Munguia Gomez David M. , Levine Emma E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMany everyday dilemmas reflect a conflict between two moral motivations: the desire to adhere to universal principles (integrity) and the desire to improve the welfare of specific individuals in need (benevolence). In this article, we bridge research on moral judgment and trust to introduce a framework that establishes three central distinctions between benevolence and integrity: (1) the degree to which they rely on impartiality, (2) the degree to which they are tied to emotion versus reason, and (3) the degree to which they can be evaluated in isolation. We use this framework to explain existing findings and generate novel predictions about the resolution and judgment of benevolence–integrity dilemmas. Though ethical dilemmas have long been a focus of moral psychology research, recent research has relied on dramatic dilemmas that involve conflicts of utilitarianism and deontology and has failed to represent the ordinary, yet psychologically taxing dilemmas that we frequently face in everyday life. The present article fills this gap, thereby deepening our understanding of moral judgment and decision making and providing practical insights on how decision makers resolve moral conflict.
Comparison Between the Hyperelastic Behavior of Fresh and Frozen Equine Articular Cartilage in Various Joints
Authors: Lee Hyeon , Campbell William D. , Theis Kelcie M. , Canning Margaret E. , Ennis Hannah Y. , Jackson Robert L. , Hanson R. Reid 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Fresh and frozen cartilage samples of the fetlock, carpus, and stifle were collected from 12 deceased horses. Half were measured immediately following extraction, and half were frozen for seven days and then measured. Seven indentations (various normalized displacements) were implemented with an indention rate of 0.1 mm/s. Solid phase aggregate modulus (Es), hyperelastic material constant (α), and fluid load fraction (F′) of equine articular cartilage were assessed using the Ogden hyperelastic model. The properties were statistically compared in various joints (fetlock, carpus, and stifle), and between fresh and frozen samples using various statistical models. There was no statistical difference between the fetlock and carpus in the aggregate modulus (p = 0.5084), while both were significantly different from the stifle (fetlock: p = 0.0017 and carpus: p = 0.0406). For the hyperelastic material constant, no statistical differences between joints were observed (p = 0.3310). For the fluid load fraction, the fetlock and stifle comparison showed a difference (p = 0.0333), while the carpus was not different from the fetlock (p = 0.1563) or stifle (p = 0.3862). Comparison between the fresh and frozen articular cartilage demonstrated no significant difference among the joints in the three material properties: p = 0.9418, p = 0.7031, and p = 0.9313 for the aggregate modulus, the hyperelastic material constant, and the fluid load fraction, respectively.
Reliability Analysis of Networks Interconnected With Copulas
Authors: Behrensdorf Jasper , Broggi Matteo , Beer Michael 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
With the increasing size and complexity of modern infrastructure networks rises the challenge of devising efficient and accurate methods for the reliability analysis of these systems. Special care must be taken in order to include any possible interdependencies between networks and to properly treat all uncertainties. This work presents a new approach for the reliability analysis of complex interconnected networks through Monte Carlo simulation and survival signature. Application of the survival signature is key in overcoming limitations imposed by classical analysis techniques and facilitating the inclusion of competing failure modes. The (inter)dependencies are modeled using vine copulas while the uncertainties are handled by applying probability boxes and imprecise copulas. The proposed method is tested on a complex scenario based on the IEEE reliability test system, proving its effectiveness and highlighting the ability to model complicated scenarios subject to a variety of dependent failure mechanisms.
On the Robust Estimation of Small Failure Probabilities for Strong Nonlinear Models
Authors: Faes Matthias , Sadeghi Jonathan , Broggi Matteo , de Angelis Marco , Patelli Edoardo , Beer Michael , Moens David 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Structural reliability methods are nowadays a cornerstone for the design of robustly performing structures, thanks to advancements in modeling and simulation tools. Monte Carlo-based simulation tools have been shown to provide the necessary accuracy and flexibility. While standard Monte Carlo estimation of the probability of failure is not hindered in its applicability by approximations or limiting assumptions, it becomes computationally unfeasible when small failure probability needs to be estimated, especially when the underlying numerical model evaluation is time consuming. In this case, variance reduction techniques are commonly employed, allowing for the estimation of small failure probabilities with a reduced number of samples and model calls. As a competing approach to variance reduction techniques, surrogate models can be used to substitute the computationally expensive model and performance function with an easy to evaluate numerical function calibrated through a supervised learning procedure. Both these tools provide accurate results for structural application. However, particular care should be taken into account when the reliability problems deal with high-dimensional or strongly nonlinear structural performances since the accuracy of the estimate is largely dependent on choices made during the surrogate modeling process. In this work, we compare the performance of the most recent state-of-the-art advance Monte Carlo techniques and surrogate models when applied to strongly nonlinear performance functions. This will provide the analysts with an insight to the issues that could arise in these challenging problems and help to decide with confidence on which tool to select in order to achieve accurate estimation of the failure probabilities within feasible times with their available computational capabilities.
The Effects of a 2-Year Middle School Physical Education Program on Physical Activity and Its Determinants
Authors: Roth Sarah E. , Gill Monique , Chan-Golston Alec M. , Rice Lindsay N. , Crespi Catherine M. , Koniak-Griffin Deborah , Prelip Michael L. 
Published: June 2019

Purpose: This study examines the effects of the middle school SPARK physical education (PE) curriculum on predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors for physical activity (PA) as well as self-reported PA in a predominantly low-income, Latinx student population in Los Angeles, CA. Methods: Data were collected from 3763 students of seventh and eighth grades at 2 time points at the 16 middle schools enrolled in the study. Hierarchical logistic regression models were used to assess intervention effects on PA attitudes, PE enjoyment, FitnessGram passing, daily PA, and muscle-strengthening PA, controlling for demographic variables. Results: Although there was no detectable intervention effect on increasing the number of students exercising 60 minutes per day, there was a negative intervention effect detected for muscle-strengthening exercises. A significant positive intervention effect was detected for both PE enjoyment and FitnessGram passing. Deeper analysis of these findings revealed that the positive effect on PE enjoyment occurred only among male students. Conclusion: The SPARK curriculum had mixed effects on students’ PA behavior as well as predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors for PA. Incorporating student perspectives into the evaluation of intervention efforts to promote PA can facilitate a better understanding of the ways in which these efforts influence PA behaviors and its determinants.
Does hospital information technology infrastructure promote the implementation of clinical practice guidelines? A multicentre observational study of Japanese hospitals
Authors: Sasaki Noriko , Yamaguchi Naohito , Okumura Akiko , Yoshida Masahiro , Sugawara Hiroyuki , Imanaka Yuichi 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesIt remains unclear whether insufficient information technology (IT) infrastructure in hospitals hinders implementation of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and affects healthcare quality. The objectives of this study were to describe the present state of IT infrastructure provided in acute care hospitals across Japan and to investigate its association with healthcare quality.MethodsA questionnaire survey of hospital administrators was conducted in 2015 to gather information on hospital-level policies and elements of IT infrastructure. The number of positive responses by each respondent to the survey items was tallied. Next, a composite quality indicator (QI) score of hospital adherence to CPGs for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis was calculated using administrative claims data. Based on this QI score, we performed a chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) analysis to identify correlates of hospital healthcare quality. The independent variables included hospital size and teaching status in addition to hospital policies and elements of IT infrastructure.ResultsWide variations were observed in the availability of various IT infrastructure elements across hospitals, especially in local area network availability and access to paid evidence databases. The CHAID analysis showed that hospitals with a high level of access to paid databases (p<0.05) and internet (p<0.05) were strongly associated with increased care quality in larger or teaching hospitals.ConclusionsHospitals with superior IT infrastructure may provide higher-quality care. This allows clinicians to easily access the latest information on evidence-based medicine and facilitate the dissemination of CPGs. The systematic improvement of hospital IT infrastructure may promote CPG use and narrow the evidence-practice gaps.
Social support, social network and salt-reduction behaviours in children: a substudy of the School-EduSalt trial
Authors: Ma Yuan , Feng Xiangxian , Ma Jun , He Feng J , Wang Haijun , Zhang Jing , Xie Wuxiang , Wu Tao , Yin Yunjian , Yuan Jianhui , MacGregor Graham A , Wu Yangfeng 
Published: June 2019

ObjectivesHealthy behaviour changes, such as reducing salt intake, are important to prevent lifestyle-related diseases. Social environment is a major challenge to achieve such behaviours, but the explicit mechanisms remain largely unknown. We investigated whether social networks of children were associated with their behaviours to reduce salt intake.DesignAn ancillary study of a school-based cluster randomised controlled trial to reduce salt intake in children and their families (School-EduSalt), in which salt intake of children was significantly reduced by 25%.Setting14 primary schools in urban Changzhi, northern China.Participants603 children aged 10–12 years in the intervention arm.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe developed a score assessing salt-reduction behaviours (SRB score) of children based on self-administered questionnaires. The SRB score was validated by the changes in salt intake measured by 24-hour urine collection in a random sample of 135 children. A 1-unit increase in SRB score was associated with a 0.31 g/day greater reduction in salt intake during the trial (95% CI 0.06 to 0.57, p=0.016).ResultsChildren from families with more family members not supporting salt reduction had significantly lower SRB scores (p<0.0001). Children from a class with a smaller size and from a class with more friendship connections, as well as children having more friends within the class all showed higher SRB scores (all p<0.05). Children whose school teachers attended the intervention programme more frequently also had higher SRB scores (p=0.043).ConclusionSocial networks were associated with the behaviours to reduce salt intake in children. Future salt-reduction programmes may benefit from strategies that actively engage families and teachers, and strategies that enhance interconnectivity among peers.Trial registration numberNCT01821144; post-results.
Diabetes-related symptoms, acute complications and management of diabetes mellitus of patients who are receiving palliative care: a protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Bettencourt-Silva Rita , Aguiar Beatriz , Sá-Araújo Vânia , Barreira Rosa , Guedes Vânia , Marques Ribeiro Maria João , Carvalho Davide , Östlundh Linda , Paulo Marília Silva 
Published: June 2019

IntroductionWorldwide, an estimated 40 million people are in need of palliative care each year, but only 14% receive it. The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients receiving palliative care is higher than in the general population. This association is intended to grow as a result of the rising burden of DM worldwide, ageing populations and the improved overall survival time of several diseases over the last few decades. Recommendations for DM management in the context of palliative care are mainly based on expert opinion as there is a lack of suitable evidence base and randomised clinical trials in palliative care are scarce. The aim of our systematic review is to identify the best DM management practices in order to reduce important DM-related symptoms and acute complications in patients receiving palliative care.Methods and analysisThe authors will study the DM treatment and management literature, surveying the different approaches employed to treat adult palliative patients. Core health bibliographic databases will be searched from January 1990 to May 2019. Data sources will include Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and grey literature. Details regarding diet, oral and injectable glucose-lowering medicines, insulin regimens and blood glucose monitoring strategies will be evaluated. We defined the primary outcomes to compare between DM management approaches as the presence of symptoms (polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia) and acute complications of DM (hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and diabetic ketoacidosis), and secondary outcomes as hospital admissions and deaths due to DM-related complications, health-related quality of life and glycaemic control.Ethics and disseminationThe systematic review methodology does not require ethics approval due to the nature of the study design. The results of the systematic review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and will be publicly available.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018115772.