bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descriptive epidemiological study of South African colorectal cancer patients at a Johannesburg Hospital Academic institution
Authors: McCabe Michelle , Perner Yvonne , Magobo Rindidzani , Mirza Sheefa , Penny Clement 
Published: October 2019

Background and AimEpidemiological studies of colorectal cancer (CRC) in South Africa (SA) have been poorly characterized. Black and white SA population groups have demonstrated distinct CRC clinical presentations, suggesting that black SA patients follow a different carcinogenic pathway than their white counterparts. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify unique demographic and histopathological features associated with black SA patients to facilitate earlier diagnosis and to improve disease management.MethodsThis preliminary descriptive epidemiological study included 665 retrospective CRC cases diagnosed between the period 2011 and 2015 at the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital. Demographic and histopathological features in black versus other race groups (ORG) were compared, and Student's t‐test, Chi‐square, and Fischer's exact tests were used for statistical analysis.ResultsStatistical analysis demonstrated that patients with left‐sided tumors of invasive adenocarcinoma were predominantly black and male. These patients were considerably younger when compared to ORG (median 56 vs 62 years, respectively), P < 0.0001. However, no significant propensity for other histological features was illustrated. Polyps were mostly tubular adenomas (51%) and tubulovillous adenomas (TVAs) (44%). TVAs were mostly high‐grade lesions (P < 0.0001) and associated with left‐sided CRC (P = 0.0325).ConclusionThese findings verify that black SA CRC patients have an earlier disease onset in comparison to ORG; however, no increased tendency for tumor site, precursor lesion, stage of disease, or gender was evident. Thus, a deeper molecular characterization of CRC is required to understand the underlying causes associated with earlier disease onset in black SA CRC patients.
Influence of duration of type 1 diabetes on long‐term pancreatic transplant outcomes
Authors: Zhou Jie , Dong Yinlei , Mei Shengmin , Gu Yangjun , Li Zhiwei , Xiang Jie , Zheng Huilin , Chen Zheng , Huang Zhichao , Hu Zhenhua 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere are no multicenter studies on the influence of diabetes duration on pancreatic transplant outcomes. Our study aimed to determine how type 1 diabetes duration influenced survival of pancreatic grafts.MethodsThe data of 8,139 patients who received pancreas transplants during 2006–2015 were extracted from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database. Patients were separated into two groups according to duration of diabetes: S group (diabetes ≤20 years) and L group (>20 years).ResultsCompared to S group, L group were older and prone to be male, to have higher body mass index, to receive pancreas after kidney transplantation (PAK), and to be White. Patient survival was not significantly different between the two groups, but pancreatic survival was better in the L group (hazard ratio 0.88; P = 0.012). Pancreatic survival of L group was better than S group in pancreas transplant alone and simultaneous pancreas‐kidney transplantation (SPK). Graft survival was not significant different between the two groups in PAK. Diabetes duration was an independent predictor of graft survival in SPK patients (hazard ratio 0.86; P = 0.012).ConclusionsDiabetes duration has no influence on patient survival. However, long duration of type 1 diabetes mellitus appears to be protective against pancreatic graft loss.
Age-related alterations in human gut CD4 T cell phenotype, T helper cell frequencies, and functional responses to enteric bacteria
Authors: Dillon Stephanie M. , Liu Jay , Purba Christine M. , Christians Allison J. , Kibbie Jon J. , Castleman Moriah J. , McCarter Martin D. , Wilson Cara C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Intestinal lamina propria (LP) CD4 T cells play critical roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and in immune responses to enteric microbes, yet little is known regarding whether they contribute to age-associated intestinal immune dysfunction. In this study, we evaluated the direct ex vivo frequency, activation/inhibitory phenotype, death profiles, and in vitro functional responses of human jejunum LP CD4 T cells, including Th1, Th17, and Th22 subsets isolated from younger (&lt;45 years) and older (&gt;65years) persons. Expression of the co-inhibitory molecule CTLA-4 was significantly lower in older CD4 T cells, whereas expression of HLA-DR, CD38, CD57, and PD-1 were not significantly different between groups. Total CD4 T cell frequencies were similar between age groups, but lower frequencies and numbers of Th17 cells were observed directly ex vivo in older samples. Older Th17 and Th1 cells proliferated to a lesser degree following in vitro exposure to bacterial antigens vs. their younger counterparts. Levels of spontaneous cell death were increased in older CD4 T cells; however, cellular death profiles following activation did not differ based on age. Thus, small intestinal CD4 T cells from older persons have altered phenotypic and functional profiles including reduced expression of a co-inhibitory molecule, increased spontaneous cell death, and both reduced frequencies and altered functional responses of specific Th cell subsets. These changes may contribute to altered intestinal homeostasis and loss of protective gut immunity with aging.
Biological models in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Sanabria‐Castro Alfredo , Flores‐Díaz Marietta , Alape‐Girón Alberto 
Published: October 2019

AbstractConsidering the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still unknown, experimental models resembling specific aspects of this immune‐mediated demyelinating human disease have been developed to increase the understanding of processes related to pathogenesis, disease evolution, evaluation of therapeutic interventions, and demyelination and remyelination mechanisms. Based on the nature of the investigation, biological models may include in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assessments. Even though these approaches have disclosed valuable information, every disease animal model has limitations and can only replicate specific features of MS. In vitro and ex vivo models generally do not reflect what occurs in the organism, and in vivo animal models are more likely used; nevertheless, they are able to reproduce only certain stages of the disease. In vivo MS disease animal models in mammals include: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, viral encephalomyelitis, and induced demyelination. This review examines and describes the most common biological disease animal models for the study of MS, their specific characteristics and limitations.
Assessing the impacts of the spring sensible heat flux over the Tibetan Plateau on Asian summer monsoon rainfall using observational and reanalysis data
Authors: Zhan Chuan , Shi Qinqing , Liang Shunlin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe influence of the spring sensible heat flux (SHF) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on the Asian summer monsoon rainfall (ASMR) has been widely investigated. Previous efforts have mainly used the SHF at meteorological stations located over the central and eastern TP. The relationship between the SHF over the entire TP and the ASMR over a time period of two decades is poorly known. Based on observational and reanalysis datasets, we analysed the impact of SHF anomalies on the ASMR from 1984 to 2007. Lag correlation analysis showed that the May SHF and atmospheric heat source (AHS) anomalies over the TP can persist until June and June–July, respectively. Partial correlation analysis, which removed the effects of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), was performed. Summer rainfall in northern China and northern India were positively correlated with the late spring SHF, while in western India and southern China, it was negatively correlated. The mechanism of these associations was demonstrated by composite analysis of winds and water vapour transport in the years of anomalously high and low SHF over the TP. The results highlight the importance of the changes in the surface and atmospheric conditions in late spring over the TP, which exert a significant influence on the ASMR through sensible heat anomalies.
Emergency contraception awareness in an at‐risk population
Authors: Hope Denise L. , Hattingh Laetitia , King Michelle A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundConsumer awareness of emergency contraception is generally poor. School leavers (schoolies) engage in risky behaviours, including casual sex and alcohol and drug consumption.AimThe aim of this study was to explore the awareness of an at‐risk population of schoolies regarding the use and availability of emergency contraception.MethodsAn electronic survey was self‐administered by participants using Wi‐Fi‐connected iPads at the Schoolies Wristband Distribution Centre, Surfers Paradise, on the first day of Queensland Schoolies Week, November 2017. Outcomes measured were awareness of the availability of emergency contraception from a pharmacy, maximum time for effective use following unprotected intercourse and whether emergency contraception is harmful to the health of the user.ResultsSchoolies completed 498 valid surveys. Most (83.5%) were aged 17 years and 50.8% were aware that emergency contraception is available from community pharmacies with prescription and 36.7% were aware that it is available without prescription; 18.5% were aware of the 72‐ or 120‐h effectiveness window and 38.0% agreed that it is not harmful. All questions were associated with considerable uncertainty. Females were 1.8‐ to 3.2‐fold more likely than males to provide an appropriate response to any emergency contraception statement.ConclusionSchoolies’ awareness of emergency contraception availability, effectiveness window and safety was low. At‐risk schoolies may not access emergency contraception when indicated due to fear of harm, uncertainty about its effectiveness window or a lack of knowledge about timely non‐prescription access from community pharmacies. Targeted education may improve current knowledge gaps. The misnomer ‘morning‐after pill’ should be abandoned for the clinically appropriate term ‘emergency contraception’.
Live porcine model for surgical training in tracheostomy and open‐airway surgery
Authors: Deonarain Ashley R. , Harrison Robert V. , Gordon Karen A. , Wolter Nikolaus E. , Looi Thomas , Estrada Marvin , Propst Evan J. 
Published: October 2019

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate the validity of a live porcine model for surgical training in tracheostomy and open‐airway surgery.Study DesignProspective observational study.MethodsEleven expert otolaryngologists–head and neck surgeons rated a live porcine model's realism/anatomical accuracy (face validity) and perceived effectiveness as a training tool (content validity) for tracheostomy and laryngotracheoplasty using anterior costal cartilage and thyroid ala cartilage grafts using a 53‐item post‐trial questionnaire with a five‐point Likert scale.ResultsExperts rated the face validity of the live porcine model a median (interquartile range [IQR]) of 4/5 (4–5) and the content validity a median (IQR) of 5/5 (4–5) for each surgical procedure. Overall, 91% strongly agreed or agreed that the simulator would increase trainee competency for tracheostomy and laryngotracheoplasty using costal cartilage graft, and 82% strongly agreed or agreed that it would increase trainee competency for laryngotracheoplasty using thyroid ala cartilage graft.ConclusionsThe live porcine model has high face and content validity as a training tool for tracheostomy and laryngotracheoplasty using costal cartilage and thyroid ala cartilage grafts. This training model can help surgical trainees practice these complex, low‐frequency procedures.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 130: 2063–2068, 2020
Gastrostomy Utilization by Oropharyngeal Cancer Patients Is Partially Driven by Swallowing Function
Authors: Chhabria Karishma , Kansara Sagar , Badr Hoda , Stach Carol , Vernese Madeline , Lerner Allison , Harms Aaron , Hernandez David J. , Huang Andrew T. , Chen George , Parke Robert B. , Charnitsky Scott , Sandulache Vlad C. 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveOropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) incidence is rapidly increasing, as are survival rates, in large part due to the human papillomavirus (HPV). Treatment intensity, however, has remained unchanged, making treatment‐related toxicity (i.e., dysphagia) a critical problem for an increasing number of patients. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether pretreatment objective swallowing measures can predict percutaneous fluoroscopic guided gastrostomy tube (PFG) utilization during OPSCC treatment.MethodsForty‐one newly diagnosed OPSCC patients treated with radiation underwent evaluation of swallow function with modified barium swallow study (MBSS) prior to and at completion of radiation treatment using the Dynamic Imaging Grade of Swallowing Toxicity (DIGEST); a subset of patients were evaluated using the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI).ResultsPatients were male (100%), primarily Caucasian (85.4%) and p16 positive (85.4%) with mean age of 65.7 years. PFG were placed in 70.7% patients (n = 29) and used by 63.4% (n = 26). Pre‐ and post‐treatment DIGEST scores were associated with T‐classification (t = −2.9, p = .001, t = −2.7, p = .01) and indicated deteriorating swallow function during treatment (mean change = 0.46 [t = −2.7, p = .01]). DIGEST and MDADI scores were generally not associated with patient PFG utilization. DIGEST and MDADI scores were significantly correlated prior to, but not following completion of treatment.ConclusionPre‐treatment DIGEST and patient reported swallowing outcomes (MDADI) can be useful in identifying patients with unsafe and/or grossly inefficient swallowing function. However, objectively measured swallow function was not associated with PFG utilization. Development of PFG placement algorithms (reactive vs. prophylactic) therefore require additional inputs/metrics.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 130:2153–2159, 2020
Sub‐mesoscale fronts modify elephant seals foraging behavior
Authors: Rivière Pascal , Jaud Thomas , Siegelman Lia , Klein Patrice , Cotté Cédric , Le Sommer Julien , Dencausse Guillaume , Guinet Christophe 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSub‐mesoscale fronts—with scales from 1 to 50 km are ubiquitous in satellite images of the world oceans. They are known to generate strong vertical velocities with significant impacts on biogeochemical fluxes and pelagic ecosystems. Here, we use a unique data set, combining high‐resolution behavioral and physical measurements, to determine the effects of sub‐mesoscale structures on the foraging behavior of 12 instrumented female southern elephant seals. These marine mammals make long voyages (several months over more than 2000 km), diving and feeding continuously in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Our results show that elephant seals change their foraging behavior when crossing sub‐mesoscale fronts: They forage more and at shallower depths inside sub‐mesoscale fronts compared to nonfrontal areas, and they also reduce their horizontal velocity likely to concentrate on their vertical diving activity. The results highlight the importance of sub‐mesoscale fronts in enhancing prey accessibility for upper trophic levels, and suggest that trophic interactions are stimulated in these structures.
Corrosion behaviour and mechanism of 6082 aluminium alloy in NaCl and Na2SO4 etchants
Authors: Zhou Bin , Zhang Chi , Yang Li , Bai Di , Olugbade Emmanuel Oluwatobi , Huang Gen‐zhe 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe corrosion behaviour of 6082 aluminium alloy was studied by measuring the electrochemical impedance spectra and electrode polarization curves. After the electrochemical tests, a microstructural analysis of the samples was conducted by using optical microscopy and electron scanning microscopy techniques to determine the corrosion mechanism. The results show that the Nyquist plot of the electrochemical impedance data in the NaCl solution consists of high‐ and low‐frequency capacitive impedance loops. When ions are added to the NaCl etchant, the Nyquist plots of the electrochemical impedance data are composed of two different curves: a high‐frequency capacitive impedance loop and a low‐frequency inductive impedance loop. The corrosion current density increases with increasing concentration, and as a result, the corrosion resistance of the aluminium alloy decreases. The microstructures of 6082 aluminium alloy consist of Mg2Si secondary particles in a large α‐Al matrix. Pitting corrosion initially occurs at the boundary between the matrix and secondary particles because the electrode potentials of the matrix and secondary particles are different. Then, corrosion paths develop along the network‐like grain boundaries, and finally, massive network‐like corrosion occurs throughout the entire alloy.
On definability of types and relative stability
Authors: Verbovskiy Viktor 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the question of definability of types in non‐stable theories. In order to do this we introduce a notion of a relatively stable theory: a theory is stable up to Δ if any Δ‐type over a model has few extensions up to complete types. We prove that an n‐type over a model of a theory that is stable up to Δ is definable if and only if its Δ‐part is definable.
DendriPeps: Expanding Dendrimer Functionality by Hybridizing Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) Scaffolds with Peptide Segments
Authors: Smith Ryan J. , Gorman Christopher B. , Menegatti Stefano 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this work, the first synthesis of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers whose branches are hybridized with peptide segments (DendriPeps) is reported. The intercalation of amino acids within the branches of PAMAMs provides supplementary internal functionalities to the coronal groups. Four DendriPep prototypes are synthesized with lysine or glutamic acid as “guest” amino acids, displaying, respectively, a primary amine or a carboxyl group, on generation (G)2 and G3 PAMAMs as host scaffolds. The precise control over the number, type, and topological placement of functional groups expands the functional behavior of DendriPeps beyond current PAMAM dendrimers toward new frontiers or colloids, drug delivery vectors, and catalysis.
Reversible Destabilization of UV‐Responsive Polymer Particles (Latex) using a Photoresponsive Surfactant
Authors: Jasinski Florent , Guimarães Thiago R. , David Samantha , Suniary Caroline , Funston Toby , Takahashi Yutaka , Kondo Yukishige , Zetterlund Per B. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractProduction of aqueous dispersions of polymeric nanoparticles via heterogeneous radical polymerization in emulsion‐type systems is of enormous commercial importance. The ability to reversibly destabilize such a latex is highly desirable, for example, to save transportation costs. Herein, a method for synthesis of photo‐responsive polymer latexes that can be destabilized (leading to sedimentation) by only using UV irradiation (no addition of chemicals or change in the experimental conditions) and subsequently redispersed by stirring under visible light irradiation is described. The destabilization/redispersion mechanism relies on photoinduced trans‐cis isomerization of the cationic diazene surfactant 2‐(4‐(4‐butylphenyl)diazenylphenoxy)ethyltrimethylammonium bromide (C4AzoTAB) used in conjunction with the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. It is demonstrated that reversible destabilization can be achieved very rapidly (90 s residence time) employing continuous flow technology.
The CLN3 gene and protein: What we know
Authors: Mirza Myriam , Vainshtein Anna , DiRonza Alberto , Chandrachud Uma , Haslett Luke J. , Palmieri Michela , Storch Stephan , Groh Janos , Dobzinski Niv , Napolitano Gennaro , Schmidtke Carolin , Kerkovich Danielle M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundOne of the most important steps taken by Beyond Batten Disease Foundation in our quest to cure juvenile Batten (CLN3) disease is to understand the State of the Science. We believe that a strong understanding of where we are in our experimental understanding of the CLN3 gene, its regulation, gene product, protein structure, tissue distribution, biomarker use, and pathological responses to its deficiency, lays the groundwork for determining therapeutic action plans.ObjectivesTo present an unbiased comprehensive reference tool of the experimental understanding of the CLN3 gene and gene product of the same name.MethodsBBDF compiled all of the available CLN3 gene and protein data from biological databases, repositories of federally and privately funded projects, patent and trademark offices, science and technology journals, industrial drug and pipeline reports as well as clinical trial reports and with painstaking precision, validated the information together with experts in Batten disease, lysosomal storage disease, lysosome/endosome biology.ResultsThe finished product is an indexed review of the CLN3 gene and protein which is not limited in page size or number of references, references all available primary experiments, and does not draw conclusions for the reader.ConclusionsRevisiting the experimental history of a target gene and its product ensures that inaccuracies and contradictions come to light, long‐held beliefs and assumptions continue to be challenged, and information that was previously deemed inconsequential gets a second look. Compiling the information into one manuscript with all appropriate primary references provides quick clues to which studies have been completed under which conditions and what information has been reported. This compendium does not seek to replace original articles or subtopic reviews but provides an historical roadmap to completed works.
Association of IL‐10‐1082A/G polymorphism with cardiovascular disease risk: Evidence from a case–control study to an updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Lu Shijuan , Zhong Jianghua , Huang Kang , Zhou Honghao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have generated controversial results about the association of interleukin 10 (IL‐10) gene polymorphisms (−1082G/A) in the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, this study processed a systemic meta‐analysis to verify this association.MethodsThe publication studies on the IL‐10 (−1082G/A) polymorphism and CVDs risk were obtained by searching PubMed and Embase databases. We analyzed the genotype data for meta‐analysis. The results were evaluated by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Meanwhile, our meta‐analysis was also performed sensitivity analyses, heterogeneity test, and identification of publication bias.ResultsThe present meta‐analysis suggested that the risk with allele G is lower than with allele A for CVD. The G allele of IL‐10 (−1082) could increase the risk of CVDs in the 31 case–control studies for all genetic models. (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04–1.15 for the allele model A vs. G; OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.72–1.04 for the dominant model GG+AG vs. AA; OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02–1.05 for the recessive model GG vs. AG + AA; OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.03–1.10 for the homozygote comparison model GG vs. AA; and OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.73–1.06 for the heterozygote comparison model AG vs. AA).ConclusionsIn genetic models, the association between the IL‐10 (−1082G/A) polymorphism and CVDs risk was significant. This meta‐analysis proposes that the IL‐10 (−1082G/A) polymorphism may serve as a risk factor for CVDs.