bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grower and regulator conflict in management of the citrus disease Huanglongbing in Brazil: A modelling study
Authors: Craig Andrew P. , Cunniffe Nik J. , Parry Matthew , Laranjeira Francisco F. , Gilligan Christopher A. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract

In managing plant diseases, there is often tension between a regulator seeking to destroy infected plants to prevent further infection on a national scale and growers seeking to retain infected plants to continue obtaining yield. A high‐profile example is Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening, a bacterial disease that threatens Brazil's citrus industry. To prevent the spread of HLB, especially from abandoned infected groves, the government regulated that if 28% of a plantation unit (grove) is found to be symptomatic, then the whole plantation unit must be destroyed. This decision used the best evidence available in 2008, which suggested that a 28% detectable prevalence corresponded with 100% actual prevalence, the disparity being due to asymptomatic infected trees and imperfect detection methods.

Using a mathematical model with parameters estimated from field data, we evaluate the assumptions underlying the 28% threshold. We investigate the effects of spraying insecticide and removing diseased plants on the infectious pressure and potential loss of yield from an infected grove.

We find that the relationship between detectable and actual prevalence is much wider than allowed for in the regulations. There is a high probability that groves with detectable levels of symptomatic plants substantially below 28% have a >90% prevalence of infected plants. Paradoxically, in a well‐managed orchard, the threshold of 28% may not be reached at 100% prevalence.

Infectious pressure from an infected grove is substantially reduced when growers control disease. Individual growers failing to manage disease, therefore, threaten the wider grower community. Control is likely to increase yield and prolong grove productivity, but in some groves may reduce yield.

Policy implications. Current disease thresholds aimed at restricting the spread of the citrus disease, Huanglongbing (HLB), in Brazil allow heavily infected groves to remain in the landscape, but lower thresholds would disadvantage growers who are already controlling disease. There is probably no threshold that is optimal for individual growers and regulators but roguing and spraying is beneficial to both parties. Regulations should focus less on prevalence thresholds, and instead encourage early detection and co‐ordinated spraying among growers to control Huanglongbing on a regional level.
speed‐ne: Software to simulate and estimate genetic effective population size (Ne) from linkage disequilibrium observed in single samples
Authors: Hamilton Matthew B. , Tartakovsky Maria , Battocletti Amy 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThe genetic effective population size, Ne, can be estimated from the average gametic disequilibrium () between pairs of loci, but such estimates require evaluation of assumptions and currently have few methods to estimate confidence intervals. speed‐ne is a suite of matlab computer code functions to estimate from with a graphical user interface and a rich set of outputs that aid in understanding data patterns and comparing multiple estimators. speed‐ne includes functions to either generate or input simulated genotype data to facilitate comparative studies of estimators under various population genetic scenarios. speed‐ne was validated with data simulated under both time‐forward and time‐backward coalescent models of genetic drift. Three classes of estimators were compared with simulated data to examine several general questions: what are the impacts of microsatellite null alleles on , how should missing data be treated, and does disequilibrium contributed by reduced recombination among some loci in a sample impact . Estimators differed greatly in precision in the scenarios examined, and a widely employed estimator exhibited the largest variances among replicate data sets. speed‐ne implements several jackknife approaches to estimate confidence intervals, and simulated data showed that jackknifing over loci and jackknifing over individuals provided ~95% confidence interval coverage for some estimators and should be useful for empirical studies. speed‐ne provides an open‐source extensible tool for estimation of from empirical genotype data and to conduct simulations of both microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data types to develop expectations and to compare estimators.
Extended‐release injectable naltrexone for opioid use disorder: a systematic review
Authors: Jarvis Brantley P. , Holtyn August F. , Subramaniam Shrinidhi , Tompkins D. Andrew , Oga Emmanuel A. , Bigelow George E. , Silverman Kenneth 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAimsTo review systematically the published literature on extended‐release naltrexone (XR‐NTX, Vivitrol®), marketed as a once‐per‐month injection product to treat opioid use disorder. We addressed the following questions: (1) how successful is induction on XR‐NTX; (2) what are adherence rates to XR‐NTX; and (3) does XR‐NTX decrease opioid use? Factors associated with these outcomes as well as overdose rates were examined.MethodsWe searched PubMed and used Google Scholar for forward citation searches of peer‐reviewed papers from January 2006 to June 2017. Studies that included individuals seeking treatment for opioid use disorder who were offered XR‐NTX were included.ResultsWe identified and included 34 studies. Pooled estimates showed that XR‐NTX induction success was lower in studies that included individuals that required opioid detoxification [62.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 54.5–70.0%] compared with studies that included individuals already detoxified from opioids (85.0%, 95% CI = 78.0–90.1%); 44.2% (95% CI = 33.1–55.9%) of individuals took all scheduled injections of XR‐NTX, which were usually six or fewer. Adherence was higher in prospective investigational studies (i.e. studies conducted in a research context according to a study protocol) compared to retrospective studies of medical records taken from routine care (6‐month rates: 46.7%, 95% CI = 34.5–59.2% versus 10.5%, 95% CI = 4.6–22.4%, respectively). Compared with referral to treatment, XR‐NTX reduced opioid use in adults under criminal justice supervision and when administered to inmates before release. XR‐NTX reduced opioid use compared with placebo in Russian adults, but this effect was confounded by differential retention between study groups. XR‐NTX showed similar efficacy to buprenorphine when randomization occurred after detoxification, but was inferior to buprenorphine when randomization occurred prior to detoxification.ConclusionsMany individuals intending to start extended‐release naltrexone (XR‐NTX) do not and most who do start XR‐NTX discontinue treatment prematurely, two factors that limit its clinical utility significantly. XR‐NTX appears to decrease opioid use but there are few experimental demonstrations of this effect.
Estimating the health‐care costs of children born to pregnant smokers in England: cohort study using primary and secondary health‐care data
Authors: Vaz Luis R. , Jones Matthew J. , Szatkowski Lisa , Tata Laila J. , Petrou Stavros , Coleman Tim 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackground and aimsLittle is known about the long‐term economic consequences of smoking during pregnancy. We estimated the association between smoking in pregnancy and the costs of delivering health‐care to infants and children in England, and investigated which aspects of care are the key drivers of these costs.MethodsWe used Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) linked with Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) data in England from January 2003 to January 2015 in children with longitudinal data for at least 1, 5 and 10 years after birth. Poisson regression provided rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing health‐care episode rates between those exposed and not exposed to smoking during pregnancy. Linear regression was used to compare estimated costs between groups (£ sterling, 2015 prices) and generalized linear multivariable (GLM) models adjusted for potentially moderating factors.ResultsA total of 93 152 singleton pregnancies with the required data were identified. Maternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with higher primary care, prescription and hospital in‐patient episode rates, but lower out‐patient visit and diagnostic test rates. Adjusting for year of birth, socio‐economic deprivation, parity, sex of child and delivery method showed that maternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with increased child health‐care costs at 1 year [average cost difference for children of smokers, β = £91.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) = £47.52–134.83 and 5 years of age (β = £221.80, 95% CI = £17.78–425.83], but not at 10 years of age (β = £365.94, 95% CI = –£192.72 to £924.60).ConclusionIn England, maternal smoking in pregnancy is associated with increased child health‐care costs over the first 5 years of life; these costs are driven primarily by greater hospital in‐patient care.
The nutritional value of feeding on crops: Diets of vervet monkeys in a humanized landscape
Authors: Cancelliere Emma C. , Chapman Colin A. , Twinomugisha Dennis , Rothman Jessica M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAnthropogenic influences have dramatically altered the environments with which primates interact. In particular, the introduction of anthropogenic food sources to primate groups has implications for feeding behaviour, social behaviour, activity budgets, demography and life history. While the incorporation of anthropogenic foods can be beneficial to primates in a variety of nutritional ways including increased energetic return, they also carry risks associated with proximity to humans, such as risk of being hunted, disease risk and risk of conflict. Given such risks, we initiated a 3‐year study where we sought to understand the underlying nutritional motivations for anthropogenic food resource use by vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the humanized matrix surrounding the Nabugabo Field Station in central Uganda. Feeding effort, defined as proportion of feeding scans spent on anthropogenic food, was not associated with ripe fruit availability nor with crop availability as determined by phenological monitoring. Likewise, there was no difference in the protein, fibre, or lipid composition of crop food items compared to wild food items. Individuals spent less time feeding overall in months over the 3 years with a higher proportion of time spent feeding on crop foods, suggesting a potential benefit in terms of accessibility (reduction in the proportion of activity budget devoted to feeding).
Effects of training physicians in electronic prescribing in the outpatient setting on clinical, learning and behavioural outcomes: a cluster randomized trial
Authors: van Stiphout F. , Zwart‐ van Rijkom J. E. F. , Versmissen J. , Koffijberg H. , Aarts J. E. C. M. , van der Sijs I. H. , van Gelder T. , de Man R. A. , Roes C. B. , Egberts A. C. G. , ter Braak E. W. M. T. 
Published: February 2018

AimsElectronic prescribing systems may improve medication safety, but only when used appropriately. The effects of task analysis‐based training on clinical, learning and behavioural outcomes were evaluated in the outpatient setting, compared with the usual educational approach.MethodsThis was a multicentre, cluster randomized trial [EDUCATional intervention for IT‐mediated MEDication management (MEDUCATE trial)], with physicians as the unit of analysis. It took place in the outpatient clinics of two academic hospitals. Participants comprised specialists and residents (specialty trainees, in the UK) and their patients. Training took the form of a small‐group session and an e‐learning. The primary outcome was the proportion of medication discrepancies per physician, measured as discrepancies between medications registered by physicians in the electronic prescribing system and those reported by patients. Clinical consequences were estimated by the proportion of patients per physician with at least one missed drug–drug interaction with the potential for causing adverse drug events. A questionnaire assessed physicians' knowledge and skills.ResultsAmong 124 participating physicians, primary outcome data for 115 (93%) were available. A total of 1094 patients were included. A mean of 48% of registered medications per physician were discrepant with the medications that their patients reported in both groups (P = 0.14). Due to registration omissions, a mean of 4% of patients per physician had one or more missed drug–drug interactions with the potential to cause a clinically relevant adverse drug event in the intervention group, and 7% in controls (P = 0.11). The percentages of correct answers on the knowledge and skills test were higher in the intervention group (57%) compared with controls (51%; P = 0.01).ConclusionThe training equipped outpatient physicians with the knowledge and skills for appropriate use of electronic prescribing systems, but had no effect on medication discrepancies.
Contemporary surgical management of renal oncocytoma: a nation's outcome
Authors: Neves Joana B. , Withington John , Fowler Sarah , Patki Prasad , Barod Ravi , Mumtaz Faiz , O'Brien Tim , Aitchison Michael , Bex Axel , Tran Maxine G. B. ,   The British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS)
Published: February 2018

ObjectiveTo report on the contemporary UK experience of surgical management of renal oncocytomas.Patients and methodsDescriptive analysis of practice and postoperative outcomes of patients with a final histological diagnosis of oncocytoma included in The British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) nephrectomy registry from 01/01/2013 to 31/12/2016. Short‐term outcomes were assessed over a follow‐up of 60 days.ResultsOver 4 years, 32 130 renal surgical cases were recorded in the UK, of which 1202 were oncocytomas (3.7%). Most patients were male (756; 62.9%), the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 66.8 (13) years. The median (IQR; range) lesion size was 4.1 (3; 1–25) cm, 43.5% were ≤4 cm and 30.3% were 4–7 cm lesions. In all, 35 patients (2.9%) had preoperative renal tumour biopsy. Most patients had minimally invasive surgery, either radical nephrectomy (683 patients; 56.8%), partial nephrectomy (483; 40.2%) or other procedures (36; 3%). One in five patients (243 patients; 20.2%) had in‐hospital complications: 48 were Clavien–Dindo classification grade ≥III (4% of the total cohort), including three deaths. Two additional deaths occurred within 60 days of surgery. The analysis is limited by the study's observational nature, not capturing lesions on surveillance or ablated after biopsy, possible underreporting, short follow‐up, and lack of central histology review.ConclusionWe report on the largest surgical series of renal oncocytomas. In the UK, the complication rate associated with surgical removal of a renal oncocytoma was not negligible. Centralisation of specialist services and increased utilisation of biopsy may inform management, reduce overtreatment, and change patient outcomes for this benign tumour.
In silico annotation of five candidate genes associated with pathogenicity in Fusarium circinatum
Authors: Muñoz‐Adalia E. J. , Fernández M. , Wingfield B. D. , Diez J. J. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThe Pine Pitch Canker disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium circinatum is one of the most devastating diseases in pine forests, afforestation and nurseries around the world. Despite the importance of this phytopathogen, only a little is known about the genes that drive the infection traits and the virulence factors. In this work, five candidate genes (i.e. Fcfga1, Fcfgb1, Fcac, Fcrho1 and FcpacC) were in silico annotated using the whole genome of F. circinatum as reference. The similarity of these proposed genes at nucleotide and protein levels with genes previously described in other Fusarium species was > 90% of identity and > 90% query coverage in all cases. In addition, the gene ontology of each candidate gene was also investigated.
Can (Mg,Y)‐PSZ—Spinel composites be a valuable option for dental application?
Authors: De Portu Goffredo , Chevalier Jérôme , Douillard Thierry , Gremillard Laurent , Bonnefont Guillaume 
Published: February 2018

AbstractTwenty‐year‐old samples of (Mg,Y)‐PSZ—Spinel composite were characterized to assess their microstructure and mechanical properties after such a long period of natural aging. The amount of the different phases was determined byXRD, whereas a detailed observation of the microstructural features was carried out by high‐resolutionSEMandFIB/SEM. Bending strength, hardness, and toughness were also measured. Translucency was quantified by measuring the contrast ratio (CR). After comparison of the results obtained in this study with those obtained 20 years ago, the studied material reveals a phase stability superior to that exhibited by conventional 3Y‐TZP, good strength, and hardness and a remarkable toughness. The value ofCRis comparable with those exhibited by the materials commonly used in dentistry. Thanks to the presence of spinel particles, grains are smaller than in conventional Mg‐PSZ. In addition, we show here that grains can be further refined through spark plasma sntering. For all these reasons (Mg,Y)‐PSZ‐spinel composite could be proposed as valid alternative to 3Y‐TZPfor dental applications.
Hereditary palmoplantar keratodermas. Part II: syndromic palmoplantar keratodermas – Diagnostic algorithm and principles of therapy
Authors: Guerra L. , Castori M. , Didona B. , Castiglia D. , Zambruno G. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractHereditary palmoplantar keratodermas (PPKs) comprise a large and heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by persistent thickening of the epidermis at palmar and plantar surfaces. Clinical and genetic features of isolated and complex PPKs have been reviewed in part I of this 2‐part review. Here we focus on clinical and molecular classification of syndromic PPKs which are recognized by additional extracutaneous manifestations, in particular deafness, specific mucosal lesions, cardiomyopathy, inborn errors of metabolism, involvement of internal organs or disorders of sexual development. Other genetic diseases, which may show palmoplantar involvement, such as selected subtypes of hereditary epidermolysis bullosa, various hereditary ichthyoses and other keratinization disorders, several ectodermal dysplasias and some multisystem genetic disorders, are also briefly summarized. PPK diagnosis is based on inheritance pattern, age at onset, morphology, distribution and severity of hyperkeratosis, pattern of additional dermatological and systemic manifestations and laboratory findings. Molecular analysis is at present the gold standard to confirm the diagnosis in PPK forms due to mutations in known causative genes. No specific and curative therapy is currently available for PPKs which highly impair patients’ quality of life. Topical treatments are symptomatic and offer only temporary relief. Among systemic treatments, retinoids improve disease symptoms in the majority of patients.
Ethnocultural influences in how people prefer to obtain and receive health information
Authors: King‐Shier Kathryn , Lau Alyssa , Fung Sunny , LeBlanc Pamela , Johal Simran 
Published: February 2018

Aims and objectivesTo develop an understanding of south Asian and Chinese people's preferences about where to find health information and how best to receive health information, relative to their white counterparts.BackgroundSouth Asian and Chinese ethnic groups represent the largest proportion of Canada's growing visible minorities. There may be challenges to ensuring that south Asian and Chinese people have access to health information in the same way that others do.DesignQualitative descriptive.MethodsFifty‐two participants (12 white, 16 south Asian and 24 Chinese) engaged in six focus groups (two for each ethnocultural group). Focus groups were conducted in English, Punjabi and Cantonese, with the assistance of Punjabi and Cantonese interpreters. Questions were focused on how participants have preferred or would prefer to receive health information (e.g., when, where, what format, from whom), as well as the facilitators and barriers to understanding the health information.ResultsParticipants agreed that although physicians were their primary source for health information, they also used written materials, media and the Internet to glean information. Participants identified concerns regarding the use of technical jargon by healthcare providers. South Asians and Chinese referred to their English language fluency and the lack of ethnoculturally specific information as additional challenges to understanding information they were offered. Whether and how family members were included in the communication process, also varied by ethnocultural group.ConclusionsAs Canada welcomes immigrants from other countries, and its population becomes more diverse, healthcare providers need to have an understanding of the potential diversity in how to approach offering health information.Relevance to clinical practiceHealthcare providers need to consider what people of different ethnocultural backgrounds need when developing effective health communication strategies.
Coping with interruptions in clinical nursing—A qualitative study
Authors: Laustsen Sussie , Brahe Liselotte 
Published: February 2018

Aims and objectivesTo gain knowledge on how nurses’ cope with interruptions in clinical practice.BackgroundInterruptions may delay work routines and result in wasted time, disorganised planning and ineffective working procedures, affecting nurses’ focus and overview in different ways. Research has identified a growing problem linking errors or adverse events with interruptions. It may affect patient safety if nurses are not paying attention to interruptions. Little is known about how nurses cope with interruptionsDesignThe study was inspired by ethnographic fieldwork with a hermeneutical phenomenological approach.MethodsObservations were performed combined with semi‐structured qualitative interviews.ResultsManaging interruptions depend on level of competence, working environment, dialogue and matching of expectations, collegial roles and implicit rules. Working procedures impact on how nurses are exposed to unnecessary interruptions. The latter affects overview and the ability to put the foot down and decline being interrupted. Professional competencies for example prioritising, keeping focus and collaborating across disciplines are needed to cope with interruptions.ConclusionCulture work and matching of expectations are important to reflect on and discuss personal‐ and group behaviour caused by interruptions. We need to focus on the role of each nurse in the professional team, types of personality and unspoken rules. Professional competencies for example prioritising, keeping focus and cooperating across disciplines are needed to cope with interruptions.Relevance to clinical practiceCoping with interruptions is important for the nursing profession, quality of care and patient safety. Changing practice requires multidisciplinary cooperation accepting different agendas at personal, group and organisational levels. Nurses must understand the meaning and nature of different types of interruptions to develop coping strategies and maintain quality in care and patient safety in multidisciplinary teamwork.