bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the material study of global constitutional law
Authors: GOLDONI MARCO 
Published: March 2019

Abstract:The article addresses the question of how to study global constitutional law by suggesting a material methodology. Drawing from previous studies of the notion of the material constitution, both from materialist and institutionalist types (Marx, Mortati, Poulantzas), the article proposes to look at the development of global constitutional law, in its many instantiations, in terms of its relation with the state. Accounts of the autonomy of global constitutional law are requalified in terms of relative autonomy. More specifically, global constitutional law is conceived as a legal construction functional to the transformation of the contemporary state. From the perspective of the material study of constitutional law, the state is still deemed to be the main unit of analysis, but, at the same time, state-centred accounts based on an exceptionalist understanding of sovereignty are rejected as reductive and, at times, inaccurate.
The Expanding Footprint of Rapid Arctic Change
Authors: Moon Twila A. , Overeem Irina , Druckenmiller Matt , Holland Marika , Huntington Henry , Kling George , Lovecraft Amy Lauren , Miller Gifford , Scambos Ted , Schädel Christina , Schuur Edward A. G. , Trochim Erin , Wiese Francis , Williams Dee , Wong Gifford 
Published: March 2019

AbstractArctic land ice is melting, sea ice is decreasing, and permafrost is thawing. Changes in these Arctic elements are interconnected, and most interactions accelerate the rate of change. The changes affect infrastructure, economics, and cultures of people inside and outside of the Arctic, including in temperate and tropical regions, through sea level rise, worsening storm and hurricane impacts, and enhanced warming. Coastal communities worldwide are already experiencing more regular flooding, drinking water contamination, and coastal erosion. We describe and summarize the nature of change for Arctic permafrost, land ice, and sea ice, and its influences on lower latitudes, particularly the United States. We emphasize that impacts will worsen in the future unless individuals, businesses, communities, and policy makers proactively engage in mitigation and adaptation activities to reduce the effects of Arctic changes and safeguard people and society.
Physical Processes Driving the Response of the F2 Region Ionosphere to the 21 August 2017 Solar Eclipse at Millstone Hill
Authors: Wang Wenbin , Dang Tong , Lei Jiuhou , Zhang Shunrong , Zhang Binzheng , Burns Alan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe high‐resolution thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model has been used to investigate the response of F2 region electron density (Ne) at Millstone Hill (42.61°N, 71.48°W, maximum obscuration: 63%) to the Great American Solar Eclipse on 21 August 2017. Diagnostic analysis of model results shows that eclipse‐induced disturbance winds cause F2 region Ne changes directly by transporting plasma along field lines, indirectly by producing enhanced O/N2 ratio that contribute to the recovery of the ionosphere at and below the F2 peak after the maximum obscuration. Ambipolar diffusion reacts to plasma pressure gradient changes and modifies Ne profiles. Wind transport and ambipolar diffusion take effect from the early phase of the eclipse and show strong temporal and altitude variations. The recovery of F2 region electron density above the F2 peak is dominated by the wind transport and ambipolar diffusion; both move the plasma to higher altitudes from below the F2 peak when more ions are produced in the lower F2 region after the eclipse. As the moon shadow enters, maximizes, and leaves a particular observation site, the disturbance winds at the site change direction and their effects on the F2 region electron densities also vary, from pushing plasma downward during the eclipse to transporting it upward into the topside ionosphere after the eclipse. Chemical processes involving dimming solar radiation and changing composition, wind transport, and ambipolar diffusion together cause the time delay and asymmetric characteristic (fast decrease of Ne and slow recovery of the eclipse effects) of the topside ionospheric response seen in Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar observations.
Observations of Low‐Latitude Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances by a 630.0‐nm Airglow Imager and the CHAMP Satellite Over Indonesia
Authors: Moral Aysegul Ceren , Shiokawa Kazuo , Suzuki Shin , Liu Huixin , Otsuka Yuichi , Yatini Clara Yoko 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe report the first comparison of ground and satellite measurements of low‐latitude traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). Three TID events were simultaneously observed by a 630.0‐nm airglow imager and the CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite at Kototabang, Indonesia (geographic coordinates: 0.2° S, 100.3° E, geomagnetic latitude: 10.6° S). In 630.0‐nm airglow images of all three events, there are clear southward‐moving structures. Events 1 and 2 are a single pulse with horizontal scales of ∼500–1,000 km. Event 3 shows five wave fronts with a horizontal scale size of 500–1,000 km. All three TIDs are medium‐scale TIDs. Horizontal wavelengths of both airglow intensity at an average emission altitude of 250 km and CHAMP neutral density variations measured at 400 km are estimated by fitting a sinusoidal function to the observed data. The estimated horizontal wavelengths for airglow and neutral density data are 1,031 and 880 km for event 1 and 560 and 420 km for event 3, respectively. These values between airglow and CHAMP are comparable, suggesting both instruments are observing the same wave. For event 1, the CHAMP electron density mapped along the geomagnetic field line onto the airglow altitude does not show wave structure similar to the airglow variation. For events 2 and 3, the plasma density did not show wavy structures similar to the waves seen in the airglow image and CHAMP neutral density. These results suggest that the TIDs observed in airglow images are not caused by ionospheric plasma instability but by gravity waves in the thermosphere.
Solar Cycle Variability of Nonmigrating Tides in the 5.3 and 15 μm Infrared Cooling of the Thermosphere (100–150 km) from SABER
Authors: Nischal N. , Oberheide J. , Mlynczak M. G. , Marsh D. R. , Gan Q. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis paper discusses the solar cycle variation of the DE3 and DE2 nonmigrating tides in the nitric oxide (NO) 5.3 μm and carbon dioxide (CO2) 15 μm infrared cooling between 100 and 150 km altitude and ±40° latitude. Tidal diagnostics of SABER NO and CO2 cooling rate data (2002–2013) indicate DE3 (DE2) amplitudes during solar maximum are on the order of 1 (0.5) nW/m3 in NO near 125 km, and on the order of 60 (30) nW/m3 in CO2 at 100 km, which translates into roughly 15–30% relative to the monthly zonal mean. The NO cooling shows a pronounced (factor of 10) solar cycle dependence (lower during solar minimum) while the CO2 cooling does not vary much from solar min to solar max. Photochemical modeling reproduces the observed solar cycle variability and allows one to delineate the physical reasons for the observed solar flux dependence of the tides in the infrared cooling, particularly in terms of warmer/colder background temperature versus smaller/larger tidal temperatures during solar max/min, in addition to cooling rate variations due to vertical tidal advection and tidal density variations. Our results suggest that (i) tides caused by tropospheric weather impose a substantial—and in the NO 5.3 μm case solar cycle dependent—modulation of the infrared cooling, mainly due to tidal temperature, and (ii) observed tides in the infrared cooling are a suitable proxy for tidal activity including its solar cycle dependence in a part of Earth's atmosphere where direct global temperature observations are lacking.
On the Evaluation of Data Quality in the OMNI Interplanetary Magnetic Field Database
Authors: Vokhmyanin M. V. , Stepanov N. A. , Sergeev V. A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe OMNI database is formed by propagating the solar wind measured at around Lagrange point L1, whose result may differ from the actual solar wind in the vicinity of the bow shock nose. To test the quality of the OMNI database, we cross‐correlate the 2‐hr intervals of 1‐min interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) data provided mostly by ACE and WIND spacecraft with Geotail measurements in front of the bow shock (10,409 cases in 1997–2016). We used two metrics: Pearson correlation coefficient (CC) and prediction efficiency (PE). Confirming previous studies, we found that the prediction quality of actual IMF degrades continuously with increasing distance of OMNI spacecraft from the Sun‐Earth line, with the amounts of poor and good predictions become nearly equal for RYZ ≥ 65 RE (they constitute ~12% of the entire database). In roughly 20% of the analyzed data, low CC and PE values were the consequence of low IMF variability (a low signal‐to‐noise ratio). The remaining data set includes 42% of very good data (CC ≥ 0.8), 33% of relatively good data (0.5 ≤ CC < 0.8 and PE ≥ 0), 10% of data having correct variability but wrong absolute values (0.5 ≤ CC < 0.8 and PE < 0), and 15% of poor data (CC < 0.5). We also discovered that the OMNI data are generally of a good quality when the PC index of geomagnetic activity correlates well with the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling factor suggested by Kan and Lee (1979, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL006i007p00577).
Natural history of multiple myeloma with de novo del(17p)
Authors: Lakshman Arjun , Painuly Utkarsh , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Ketterling Rhett P. , Kapoor Prashant , Greipp Patricia T. , Gertz Morie A. , Buadi Francis K. , Lacy Martha Q. , Dingli David , Dispenzieri Angela , Fonder Amie L. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Hobbs Miriam A. , Gonsalves Wilson I. , Hwa Yi Lisa , Leung Nelson , Go Ronald S. , Lin Yi , Kourelis Taxiarchis V. , Warsame Rahma , Lust John A. , Russell Stephen J. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Kyle Robert A. , Kumar Shaji K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractWe compared the outcomes of 310 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma with del(17p) detected by FISH to patients with high-risk translocations (HRT) (n = 79) and standard-risk (SR) cytogenetics (n = 541). The median progression-free survival (PFS) following initial therapy for the three groups was 21.1, 22, and 30.1 months, respectively (P = 0.437- del(17p) vs. HRT); the median overall survival (OS) was 47.3, 79.1, and 109.8 months, respectively, (P = 0.007- del(17p) vs. HRT). PFS and OS for patients with relative loss of 17p (n = 21) were comparable to other patients with del(17p). The PFS was similar between the del(17p) and HRT groups when stratified for age, ISS stage or treatment. The OS of del(17p) and HRT groups were similar in presence of advanced age, ISS III stage or if patients did not receive a proteasome-inhibitor containing induction. ISS III stage, high LDH and HRT, but not the percentage of cells with del(17p) predicted shorter OS in patients with del(17p). The median OS for low (ISS I, normal LDH and no HRT), intermediate (neither low nor high-risk) and high-risk (ISS III and either elevated LDH or coexistent HRT) groups among del(17p) patients were 96.2, 45.4, and 22.8 months, respectively, allowing further risk stratification.
Universal nuclear focusing of confined electron spins
Authors: Markmann Sergej , Reichl Christian , Wegscheider Werner , Salis Gian 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFor spin-based quantum computation in semiconductors, dephasing of electron spins by a fluctuating background of nuclear spins is a main obstacle. Here we show that this nuclear background can be precisely controlled in generic quantum dots by periodically exciting electron spins. We demonstrate this universal phenomenon in many-electron GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dot ensembles using optical pump-probe spectroscopy. A feedback mechanism between the electron spin polarization and the nuclear system focuses the electron spin precession frequency into discrete spin modes. Employing such control of nuclear spin polarization, the electron spin lifetime within individual dots can surpass the limit of nuclear background fluctuations, thus substantially enhancing the spin coherence time. This opens the door to achieve long electron spin coherence times also in lithographically defined many-electron systems that can be controlled in shape, size and position.
The molecular logic of Nanog-induced self-renewal in mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Heurtier Victor , Owens Nick , Gonzalez Inma , Mueller Florian , Proux Caroline , Mornico Damien , Clerc Philippe , Dubois Agnes , Navarro Pablo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTranscription factor networks, together with histone modifications and signalling pathways, underlie the establishment and maintenance of gene regulatory architectures associated with the molecular identity of each cell type. However, how master transcription factors individually impact the epigenomic landscape and orchestrate the behaviour of regulatory networks under different environmental constraints is only partially understood. Here, we show that the transcription factor Nanog deploys multiple distinct mechanisms to enhance embryonic stem cell self-renewal. In the presence of LIF, which fosters self-renewal, Nanog rewires the pluripotency network by promoting chromatin accessibility and binding of other pluripotency factors to thousands of enhancers. In the absence of LIF, Nanog blocks differentiation by sustaining H3K27me3, a repressive histone mark, at developmental regulators. Among those, we show that the repression of Otx2 plays a preponderant role. Our results underscore the versatility of master transcription factors, such as Nanog, to globally influence gene regulation during developmental processes.
MTrack: Automated Detection, Tracking, and Analysis of Dynamic Microtubules
Authors: Kapoor Varun , Hirst William G. , Hentschel Christoph , Preibisch Stephan , Reber Simone 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMicrotubules are polar, dynamic filaments fundamental to many cellular processes. In vitro reconstitution approaches with purified tubulin are essential to elucidate different aspects of microtubule behavior. To date, deriving data from fluorescence microscopy images by manually creating and analyzing kymographs is still commonplace. Here, we present MTrack, implemented as a plug-in for the open-source platform Fiji, which automatically identifies and tracks dynamic microtubules with sub-pixel resolution using advanced objection recognition. MTrack provides automatic data interpretation yielding relevant parameters of microtubule dynamic instability together with population statistics. The application of our software produces unbiased and comparable quantitative datasets in a fully automated fashion. This helps the experimentalist to achieve higher reproducibility at higher throughput on a user-friendly platform. We use simulated data and real data to benchmark our algorithm and show that it reliably detects, tracks, and analyzes dynamic microtubules and achieves sub-pixel precision even at low signal-to-noise ratios.
Multimodal floral cues guide mosquitoes to tansy inflorescences
Authors: Peach Daniel A. H. , Gries Regine , Zhai Huimin , Young Nathan , Gries Gerhard 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFemale mosquitoes exploit olfactory, CO2, visual, and thermal cues to locate vertebrate hosts. Male and female mosquitoes also consume floral nectar that provides essential energy for flight and survival. Heretofore, nectar-foraging mosquitoes were thought to be guided solely by floral odorants. Using common tansies,Tanacetum vulgareL., northern house mosquitoes,Culex pipiensL., and yellow fever mosquitoes,Aedes aegypti(L.), we tested the hypothesis that the entire inflorescence Gestalt of olfactory, CO2and visual cues is more attractive to mosquitoes than floral odorants alone. In laboratory experiments, we demonstrated that visual and olfactory inflorescence cues in combination attract more mosquitoes than olfactory cues alone. We established that tansies become net producers of CO2after sunset, and that CO2enhances the attractiveness of a floral blend comprising 20 synthetic odorants of tansy inflorescences. This blend included nine odorants found in human headspace. The “human-odorant-blend” attracted mosquitoes but was less effective than the entire 20-odorant floral blend. Our data support the hypothesis that the entire inflorescence Gestalt of olfactory, CO2and visual cues is more attractive to mosquitoes than floral odorants alone. Overlapping cues between plants and vertebrates support the previously postulated concept that haematophagy of mosquitoes may have arisen from phytophagy.
Mutational effects of human dopamine transporter at tyrosine88, lysine92, and histidine547 on basal and HIV-1 Tat-inhibited dopamine transport
Authors: Sun Wei-Lun , Quizon Pamela M. , Yuan Yaxia , Strauss Matthew J. , McCain Richard , Zhan Chang-Guo , Zhu Jun 
Published: March 2019

AbstractDysregulation of dopaminergic system induced by HIV-1 Tat protein-mediated direct inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT) has been implicated as a mediating factor of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders. We have reported that single point mutations on human DAT (hDAT) at tyrosine88 (Y88F), lysine92 (K92M), and histidine547 (H547A) differentially regulate basal dopamine uptake but diminish Tat-induced inhibition of dopamine uptake by changing dopamine transport process. This study evaluated the effects of double (Y88F/H547A) and triple (Y88F/K92M/H547A) mutations on basal dopamine uptake, Tat-induced inhibition of DAT function, and dynamic transport process. Compared to wild-type hDAT, the Vmax values of [3H]Dopamine uptake were increased by 96% in Y88F/H547A but decreased by 97% in Y88F/K92M/H547A. [3H]WIN35,428 binding sites were not altered in Y88F/H547A but decreased in Y88F/K92M/H547A. Y88F/H547A mutant attenuated Tat-induced inhibition of dopamine uptake observed in wild-type hDAT. Y88F/H547A displayed an attenuation of zinc-augmented [3H]WIN35,428 binding, increased basal dopamine efflux, and reduced amphetamine-induced dopamine efflux, indicating this mutant alters transporter conformational transitions. These findings further demonstrate that both tyrosine88 and histidine547 on hDAT play a key role in stabilizing basal dopamine transport and Tat-DAT integration. This study provides mechanistic insights into developing small molecules to block multiple sites in DAT for Tat binding.
Mediterranean isolation preconditioning the Earth System for late Miocene climate cooling
Authors: Capella Walter , Flecker Rachel , Hernández-Molina F. Javier , Simon Dirk , Meijer Paul Th. , Rogerson Mike , Sierro Francisco J. , Krijgsman Wout 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA global Neogene cooling trend culminated ~7 million years ago with the onset of Greenland glaciation. Increased ocean-atmosphere interaction and low- to high-latitude circulation are thought to be key factors in reorganizing late Miocene global temperature and precipitation patterns, but the drivers of this reorganization have yet to be identified. Here, we present new information about the evolution of the Atlantic-Mediterranean gateway that generated Mediterranean overflow. We use sedimentary and palaeogeographic evidence to constrain the timing and dimensions of this gateway and document the initiation of a saline plume of water within the North Atlantic. Today, this saline jet entrains and transports Eastern North Atlantic water and its dissolved inorganic carbon into the interior of the ocean, contributing to the drawdown of CO2 and the sensitivity of the ocean to atmospheric changes. We show that during the Miocene this transport emerged simultaneously with gateway restriction and propose that the resulting interaction of ocean-surface and ocean-interior carbon inventories would have greatly enhanced ocean-atmosphere exchange, preconditioning the Earth System for late Miocene cooling.
Interleukin-33 serum levels in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis
Authors: Ginaldi Lia , De Martinis Massimo , Saitta Salvatore , Sirufo Maria Maddalena , Mannucci Carmen , Casciaro Marco , Ciccarelli Fedra , Gangemi Sebastiano 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThere are many cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. So far IL-33 involvement in osteoporotic patients has not yet been studied. IL-33 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which mediates several immune functions; its involvement in a wide range of diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis, is now emerging. In view of the crucial role of this cytokine in inflammation and bone remodeling, we measured IL-33 levels in the serum of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. In 50 postmenopausal osteoporotic patients and 28 healthy postmenopausal control women, serum IL-33 levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In both patients and controls the bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by double-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Vitamin D, calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathyroid hormone (PTH) serum levels, as well as bone turnover markers, such as C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) and N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) were also evaluated. In postmenopausal osteoporotic women IL-33 levels were significantly lower compared to healthy controls (3.53 ± 2.45 vs. 13.72 ± 5.39 pg/ml; P = 0.009) and positively correlated respectively with serum PTH (rho = 0.314; P = 0.026) and P1NP (rho = 0.373; P = 0.011) levels, while a statistically significant inverse correlation was observed between serum IL-33 and CTX levels (rho = −0.455; P = 0.002). Our results thus suggest that IL-33 represents an important bone-protecting cytokine which may be of therapeutic benefit in treating bone resorption.
Development of species specific putative miRNA and its target prediction tool in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Jaiswal Sarika , Iquebal M. A. , Arora Vasu , Sheoran Sonia , Sharma Pradeep , Angadi U. B. , Dahiya Vikas , Singh Rajender , Tiwari Ratan , Singh G. P. , Rai Anil , Kumar Dinesh 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMicroRNA are 20–24 nt, non-coding, single stranded molecule regulating traits and stress response. Tissue and time specific expression limits its detection, thus is major challenge in their discovery. Wheat has limited 119 miRNAs in MiRBase due to limitation of conservation based methodology where old and new miRNA genes gets excluded. This is due to origin of hexaploid wheat by three successive hybridization, older AA, BB and younger DD subgenome. Species specific miRNA prediction (SMIRP concept) based on 152 thermodynamic features of training dataset using support vector machine learning approach has improved prediction accuracy to 97.7%. This has been implemented in TamiRPred (http://webtom.cabgrid.res.in/tamirpred). We also report highest number of putative miRNA genes (4464) of wheat from whole genome sequence populated in database developed in PHP and MySQL. TamiRPred has predicted 2092 (>45.10%) additional miRNA which was not predicted by miRLocator. Predicted miRNAs have been validated by miRBase, small RNA libraries, secondary structure, degradome dataset, star miRNA and binding sites in wheat coding region. This tool can accelerate miRNA polymorphism discovery to be used in wheat trait improvement. Since it predicts chromosome-wise miRNA genes with their respective physical location thus can be transferred using linked SSR markers. This prediction approach can be used as model even in other polyploid crops.