bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DrivAerNet: A Parametric Car Dataset for Data-Driven Aerodynamic Design and Graph-Based Drag Prediction
Authors: Elrefaie Mohamed , Dai Angela , Ahmed Faez 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study introduces DrivAerNet, a large-scale high-fidelity CFD dataset of 3D industry-standard car shapes, and RegDGCNN, a dynamic graph convolutional neural network model, both aimed at aerodynamic car design through machine learning. DrivAerNet, with its 4000 detailed 3D car meshes using 0.5 million surface mesh faces and comprehensive aerodynamic performance data comprising of full 3D pressure, velocity fields, and wall-shear stresses, addresses the critical need for extensive datasets to train deep learning models in engineering applications. It is 60% larger than the previously available largest public dataset of cars, and is the only open-source dataset that also models wheels and underbody. RegDGCNN leverages this large-scale dataset to provide high-precision drag estimates directly from 3D meshes, bypassing traditional limitations such as the need for 2D image rendering or Signed Distance Fields (SDF). By enabling fast drag estimation in seconds, RegDGCNN facilitates rapid aerodynamic assessments, offering a substantial leap towards integrating data-driven methods in automotive design. Together, DrivAerNet and RegDGCNN promise to accelerate the car design process and contribute to the development of more efficient vehicles. To lay the groundwork for future innovations in the field, the dataset and code used in our study are publicly accessible at https://github.com/Mohamedelrefaie/DrivAerNet.
Surrogate Models for Compliant Joints in Programmable Structures
Authors: Pieber Michael , Zhang Zhaowei , Manzl Peter , Gerstmayr Johannes 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This work focuses on compliant joints in autonomous cells. These cells are able to preserve the underlying geometry of a mesh and enable self-reconfiguration through the utilization of six-bar linkages. The six-bar linkages, essential for maintaining triangular mesh geometry, are realized as 3D-printable compliant mechanisms. However, challenges arise from compliance in the hinges and deviation from the desired center of rotation which results in positioning errors. To address these issues, a surrogate model which is derived from beam elements, is used to predict positioning errors during self-reconfiguration. Finally, these errors are corrected by solving the inverse kinematics of a hyper-redundant manipulator. Our study illustrates the benefits of utilizing a surrogate model, which reduces computation time compared to beam elements. For the first time, we successfully correct positioning errors within a system of cells.
Nonlinear Static Modeling of a Large Range XY-Nanopositioning System
Authors: Moeenfard Hamid , Rath Siddharth , Awtar Shorya 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
High-precision and high-speed requirements in flexure-based positioning systems require stringent dynamic performance. In the presence of geometric non-linearities, which are relevant in large stroke flexure mechanisms, a standard approach is to linearize the system dynamics about an operating point and then design suitable controllers. Therefore, the first step in this subsequent dynamic analysis, is to have static equilibrium conditions of the flexure mechanism that can serve as the operating point. With this motivation, the objective of this paper is to propose a nonlinear static model for a specific XY flexure mechanism capable of decoupled motion along two orthogonal axes. This XY flexure mechanism is of practical use in high-precision high-speed positioning systems. Initially, the generalized coordinates of the flexure mechanism are chosen from the various displacement coordinates of the system. The strain energy and generalized forces of the flexure depend not only on the generalized coordinates but also on other displacement coordinates. This complicates the application of the principle of virtual work. To address this complexity, we utilize the fact that other displacement components of the system implicitly depend on the generalized coordinates due to nonlinear constraints arising from the geometric nonlinearities associated with beam arc-length conservation. By considering this implicit dependence when applying derivatives in the principle of virtual work, we can derive the nonlinear equilibrium equations governing the static behavior of the flexure mechanism. This approach for arriving at a static model for the XY flexure is then generalized into a step-by-step procedure, capable of deriving the governing nonlinear static equations of a diverse class of flexure mechanisms. A physical understanding of the system is then employed to solve these equations to obtain the operating point for uniaxial loading. Resulting expressions are then used in a subsequent analysis with perturbation expansions to obtain closed-form, highly accurate solutions for the operating point of the XY flexure under biaxial loading. The results are validated through numerical simulations and Finite Element Analysis.
Navigating Team Dialogues: How Team Dynamics Affect Convergent and Divergent Design Actions During Concept Generation and Selection
Authors: Dougherty Presley , Letting Cynthia , Witherell C. J. , Soria Zurita Nicolás F. , Starkey Elizabeth , Menold Jessica 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Communication plays a pivotal role in design teams and can impact team dynamics and design outcomes. Understanding the relationships between design communication and design trajectory can significantly improve our ability to track and optimize design processes. While prior work has investigated design convergence, there is limited work on how team climate and communicative patterns impact the design process. This study investigates the interactions between team climate, communication, and design actions. We estimate team climate as an individual’s perception of their team’s psychological safety, or how comfortable they feel sharing thoughts and ideas freely. Design actions were measured using a behavioral coding schema and audio recordings of design team interactions. In this work, 28 participants and 5 design thinking experts engaging in a design thinking workshop were studied to understand the relationship between design communication, process, and team climate. Contrary to expectations, this mixed-methods study found no significant correlation between perceived psychological safety and design behaviors in engineering design teams, challenging prior research suggesting a positive link. This finding highlights the complexity of team dynamics and underscores the need for further exploration to understand how psychological safety, conversational behaviors, and design actions interact to shape collaborative processes and innovation in design teams.
System Tautochronic Path for Pendulum Vibration Absorber Based on Simple Harmonic Oscillator Transformation
Authors: Valadbeigi Nima , Monroe Ryan , Geist Bruce 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Centrifugal pendulum vibration absorbers (CPVAs) are essentially collections of pendulums attached to a rotor or rotating component or components within a mechanical system for the purpose of mitigating the typical torsional surging that is inherent to internal combustion engines and electric motors. The dynamic stability and performance of CPVAs are highly dependent on the motion path defined for their pendulous masses. Assemblies of absorbers are tuned by adjusting these paths such that the pendulums respond to problematic orders (multiples of average rotation speed) in a way that smooths the rotational accelerations arising from combustion or other non-uniform rotational acceleration events. For most motion paths, pendulum tuning indeed shifts as a function of the pendulum response amplitude. For a given motion path, the tuning shift that occurs as pendulum amplitude varies produces potentially undesirable dynamic instabilities. Large amplitude pendulum motion that mitigates a high percentage of torsional oscillation while avoiding instabilities brought on by tuning shift introduces complexity and hazards into CPVA design processes. Therefore, identifying pendulum paths whose tuning order does not shift as the pendulum amplitude varies, so-called tautochronic paths, may greatly simplify engineering design processes for generating high-performing CPVAs.
This paper expands on the work of Sabatini [1], in which a mathematical condition for tautochronicity is identified for a class of differential equations that includes those that arise in the modeling of the motion of a pendulum in a centrifugal field. The approach is based on a transformation from the physical coordinate to a standard Hamiltonian system. We show that transforming a nonlinear oscillator made tautochronic through path modification actually transforms the nonlinear oscillator into a simple harmonic oscillator. To illustrate the new approach and results, the technique is applied to the simplified problem of determining the cut-out shape that produces tautochronic motion for a mass sliding in the cut-out of a larger mass that is free to translate horizontally without friction. In the simplified problem, centrifugal acceleration is replaced by constant gravitational acceleration and rotation of the rotor inertia is replaced by the translation of the large base mass.
Vibration of Thin-Walled Tubes in Thermal Environment
Authors: Babilio Enrico 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Vibrations induced by fast varying thermal gradients were first investigated by Boley in the Fifties with respect to the case of beams operating in extra-atmospheric microgravity environment. Indeed, spacecrafts and orbiting satellites crossing from the Earth’s shadow into sunlight experience rapid changes in the thermal loading due to the solar radiation. Such loading is responsible of time dependent bending moments and transverse shear forces on appendages and booms. Those are typically lightweight structures having high flexibility with low frequency and damping characteristic. The thermally-induced bending moment produces a sudden deflection of such flexible structures, accompanied by a change of sunlight incidence angle. These two set up the onset of vibrations with fluctuating moment that could not be correctly analyzed if the inertia effect and the coupling between temperature and strain fields are not taken into account. A correct comprehension of the phenomenon is of interest since thermally-induced vibrations may interfere with system operations of booms, often carrying a payload for measurement. In the worst cases thermal flutter, a self-excited vibration of increasing amplitudes, may lead to the failure of the structural member. In problems in which thermal effect induces deflections and vibrations of a slender body, thermal conductivity, material stiffness and mass density play an important role. If correctly selected these properties could improve the material robustness against deflection and oscillation. Hence, the question is if indeed does exist a certain combination of those material properties which can help to lower deflections and damp oscillations. In the proposed contribution a cantilever beam with a circular hollow cross-section is considered and the possibility to protect the beam from thermal effects by optimizing the structure of the cross-sectional wall is investigated. Some preliminary results seem encouraging and may pave the way for passive control of deflection and thermal flutter effects.
Objective Colormaps for Minimizing Interpretation Bias in Science and Engineering
Authors: Iliopoulos Athanasios P. , Michopoulos John G. , Stueben John C. , Apetre Nicoleta , Birnbaum Andrew 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
While working on the implementation of hygro-thermo-structural models for composite materials like those used in aircraft, we started noticing discontinuities in the fringe plots of the validation tests. This led us down a time-consuming path of debugging the implementation, that indicated that there were no problems with our numerical code. After further investigation we established the the issue emanated from the non-uniform nature of the colormap used to map the field variables. In researching the matter further we identified several contemporary attempts in establishing metric to judge the perceptual non-uniformity of colormaps. In this work we extend these attempts to encompass objective functions that allow for the automated generation of colormaps that minimize non-uniformity with the goal to reduce visual bias to the extent allowed by modern color theory and color standards. The objective functions are formulates on the basis of lightness, chromaticity, gamut completion, and desired color in both explicit and implict forms. We present several application examples and illustrate them based on typical benchmark data. We furthermore demonstrate the appearance of colormaps for the three types of color vision deficiency using simulated mapping. These studies are a precursor of refinement of the proposed framework towards more universal colormaps.
Structural Design, Modal Analysis and Manufacturing of an Intelligent Robotic Walker
Authors: Sharma Anubhav Kumar , Sharifi Mojtaba 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
People with physical disabilities and chronic conditions often rely on assistive tools for their daily activities. Enhancing the affordability, design, and comfort of these devices can significantly improve their practicality for home use and enhance the life of individuals in need. Despite mechanical advancements in traditional walkers, they have not fully integrated robotic capabilities. This research aims to address this gap by providing practical solutions to a range of motor impairment challenges and developing a robotic walker with an optimum design for stability. The innovative walker features a 4-wheel structurally stable design, supported by the fundamental implementation of a Walker Tipping Index (WTI). Additionally, it includes motion planning based on the user’s intention, collision detection, and fall prevention, all with the goal of enhancing the walking experience for individuals with motor impairments. The design of the walker chassis prioritized postural stability in all directions, utilizing a WTI calculator to determine overall dimensions while ensuring the index remained below 0.5 in all directions (front-back, left-right). For the structural integrity of the design, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was conducted for symmetric and asymmetric loading, modal analysis, and buckling analysis. Results indicated a factor of safety above 2 for all worst-case loading conditions, with a buckling load factor of 5.94 and a natural frequency optimized to exceed the motor’s operational frequency. Fabrication of the walker utilized AISI 4130 steel tubes to minimize weight while maximizing strength. LiDAR and force Sensor, electronics, and battery mounting components were 3D printed using carbon fiber-infused PETG, and Aluminum 6061-T was used for the motor mounts which were manufactured using CNC milling. Finally, a comprehensive physical stability test in all directions was conducted to validate the WTI calculations and confirm the postural stability of the walker structure.
Advancing Fluid-Based Thermal Management Systems Design: Leveraging Graph Neural Networks for Graph Regression and Efficient Enumeration Reduction
Authors: Bayat Saeid , Shahmansouri Nastaran , Peddada Satya RT , Tessier Alexander , Butscher Adrian , Allison James T. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This study introduces a graph-based framework developed for representing various aspects of optimal thermal management system design, with the aim of rapidly and efficiently identifying optimal design candidates. Initially, the graph-based framework is utilized to generate diverse thermal management system architectures. The dynamics of these system architectures are modeled under various loading conditions, and an open-loop optimal controller is employed to determine each system’s optimal performance. These modeled cases constitute the dataset, with the corresponding optimal performance values serving as the labels for the data. In the subsequent step, a Graph Neural Network (GNN) model is trained on 11,134 (30%) of the labeled data to predict the systems’ performance, effectively addressing a regression problem. Utilizing this trained model, we estimate the performance values for the remaining 26,195 (70%) of the data, which serves as the test set. The reason for larger number of test points was to ensure that the model is capable of predicting performance across all the diversity of inputs. In the third step, the predicted performance values are employed to rank the test data, facilitating prioritized evaluation of the design scenarios. Specifically, a small subset of the test data with the highest estimated ranks undergoes evaluation via an open-loop optimal control solver. This targeted approach concentrates on evaluating higher-ranked designs identified by the GNN, replacing the exhaustive search (enumeration-based) of all design cases. The results demonstrate a significant average reduction of over 92% in the number of system dynamic modeling and optimal control analyses required to identify optimal design scenarios.
The Beginning of IDIVE: Interactive Design in Immersive Virtual Environments
Authors: Pawar Vathsa Rao , Mocko Gregory , Turner Cameron J. , Castanier Matthew P. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
With the advancing technology in the field of immersive reality, bringing the whole world closer is getting easier. For projects that involve multiple stakeholders, the IDIVE (Immersive Design in Virtual Reality) is a system in which a complex CAD model is placed in a virtual environment, which helps one understand the requirement gathering of the displayed model’s nature and its objective. The impact of using extended reality in early design reviews is that it supports accelerated iterations, quick testing, informed decision-making, simulations, and cost savings. This enables designers to assess various aspects of the design’s functionality and performance in the early stage of the project. We also represent a toolchain for developing a virtual environment using a game engine – Unreal Engine. The method briefly describes the basic principles and best practices for the development of a suitable location-based virtual environment for the model from initial study to implementation. Stakeholders can utilize a head-mounted device, allowing them to immerse themselves in the virtual environment, enabling each person to form their unique assessment of its merits and shortcomings. We ran a pilot study among homogeneous graduate students, this paper describes the existing tools and capabilities for each of these steps and highlights instances where further toolchain development is necessary to produce a useful design environment for distributed collaboration through an immersive design virtual environment.
Characterization of a Compliant Mechanism Gripper With Visual Force Feedback Capabilities
Authors: Mohanty Vineet K. , Ranganathan Sukesh Jagannathan , Vallinayagam Haris Raja , Aguirre Milton E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Teleoperating systems enable humans to perform material handling tasks that otherwise are inaccessible or hazardous to humans. Applications range from micro- to heavy-assembly, minimally invasive surgery, to sea and space exploration. Teleoperating machines often involve remote control of machinery or devices in environments where the operator is not physically present, which creates a physical barrier that separates the human operator’s sensory system from the working area. Force feedback systems can provide crucial information about the environment, which helps the operator make informed decisions and adjust their actions accordingly. This work examines the force-deflection properties of a compliant-based visual force feedback gripper. Experiments determine a linear relationship between force transmission and the deformation of flexible elements, which serve as a visual cue to interpret force feedback information. Since humans tend to have a preference or bias toward perceiving and understanding the behavior of datasets as linear rather than nonlinear, the existing mechanism design may sufficiently act as a testing platform for future assessment. Further research is needed to determine whether this compliant-based solution offers advantages over conventional force feedback interfaces by offering continuous force feedback cues without complex mechatronics. Expanding the scope of our study to encompass real-world scenarios and diverse object shapes, sizes, and stiffness will enhance the practical utility of our findings.
Emulating Cognitive Style in Large Language Models
Authors: Agarwal Vasvi , Jablokow Kathryn , McComb Christopher 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a pivotal technology in the evolving world. With respect to design, the significance of LLMs lies in their transformative potential for collaborating design teams. However, it is not known whether LLMs can emulate cognitive and social attributes which are known to be important during design, such as cognitive style. This research evaluates the efficacy of LLMs to emulate aspects of Kirton’s adaption innovation inventory, which characterizes approaches to problem-solving. Specifically, we use LLMs to generate solutions for three design problems using two different cognitive style prompts (adaptive and innovative), and evaluate the solutions with respect to feasibility and paradigm relatedness. We found that solutions generated using the adaptive prompt tend to display higher feasibility and are paradigm preserving, while solutions generated using the innovative prompts were more paradigm modifying. This aligns with prior work and expectations based on KAI theory. Ultimately, these results demonstrate that LLMs can be prompted to accurately emulate cognitive style.
Machine Learning Applications for the Synthesis of Planar Mechanisms — A Comprehensive Methodical Literature Review
Authors: Sonntag Sebastian , Brünjes Vincent , Luttmer Janosch , Corves Burkhard , Nagarajah Arun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Recent published works in mechanism synthesis have shown promising results by employing machine learning-based methods such as deep neural networks. As a foundation for further research, an extensive literature review on the application of machine learning algorithms for planar mechanism synthesis is provided. Following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for systematic review processes, the scientific landscape of the last two decades has been mapped. In total, 29 research articles have been identified and analyzed. The results were filtered, grouped by the machine learning algorithms used, and matched with the different tasks that occur in the mechanism synthesis process. Our analysis shows four major research aspects that allow improvement. First, including other requirements that occur in real-world motion tasks besides target paths, like velocities, transmission angles and other design requirements. Second, considering multiple kinematic chains and including different joint types, instead of learning on a few selected mechanism types, as in a real-world application the mechanism type is an output of the synthesis process, and not an input. Third, comparing the efficiency of different machine learning algorithms for synthesis problems, as well as applying algorithms that are, for example, widely used in similar design engineering tasks, and fourth, creating and utilizing standardized datasets of labeled mechanisms.