bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Wind Speed and Direction and Key Meteorological Parameters on Potential Pesticide Drift Mass Loadings from Sequential Aerial Applications
Authors: Desmarteau Dean A , Ritter Amy M , Hendley Paul , Guevara Megan W 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Pesticide spray drift is potentially a significant source of exposure to off-target, adjacent aquatic habitats. To estimate the magnitude of pesticide drift from aerial or ground applications, regulatory agencies in North America, Europe, and elsewhere rely on spray drift models to predict spray drift deposition for risk assessments. Refined assessments should ultimately depend on best-available data for exposure modeling. However, when developing lower tier “screening” assessments designed to indicate whether further refinement is needed, regulators often make conservative assumptions with a resulting increased level of uncertainty in estimating environmental exposure or risk. In the United States, it is generally accepted that, to ensure conservative regulatory assessments, it is reasonable to assume that the wind speed might be 4.47 m/s (10 miles per hour [mph]), the relative humidity and temperature are highly conducive to drift, and the wind is blowing directly toward a receiving water for any given single spray event in a season. However, what is the probability these conditions will all co-occur for each of 4 sequential spray events spaced a week apart (common practice for insecticides)? The refined approach in the present study investigates this question using hourly meteorological data sets for 5 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standard crop scenarios to understand how real-world data can reduce unnecessary uncertainty for sequential applications. The impact of wind speeds, temperatures, relative humidity, and wind direction at different times of day on annual drift loadings has been examined using a stepwise process for comparison with corresponding regulatory default loading estimates. The impacts on drift estimates were significant; interestingly, the time of day of the applications impacted variability more than did the selected crop scenario. When all these real-world factors were considered, estimated 30-y total drift loads ranged from 2% to 5% greater than the default estimate (2 of 30 cases due to high afternoon wind speeds) to 51% to 86% reductions (25 of 30 cases) with an overall average reduction of 63%. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:197–210. © 2019 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)
Highly crystalline ReSe2 atomic layers synthesized by chemical vapor transport
Authors: Xing Lei , Yan Xingxu , Zheng Jingying , Xu Guanchen , Lu Zhixing , Liu Lina , Wang Jinghui , Wang Peng , Pan Xiaoqing , Jiao Liying 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) anisotropic rhenium diselenide (ReSe2) has attracted lots of attention due to its promising applications in electronics and optoelectronics. However, controlled synthesis of high quality ultrathin ReSe2 remains as a challenge. Here we developed an approach for synthesizing high quality 2D ReSe2 flakes with a thickness down to monolayer by chemical vapor transport (CVT) through carefully tuning the growth kinetics. The atomic structures and anisotropy of the obtained ReSe2 flakes were intensively characterized with scanning transmission electron microscope and angle‐resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy. Field‐effect transistors fabricated on the CVT‐grown ReSe2 flakes showed n‐type semiconducting behavior with an on/off current ratio of 105 and a mobility up to ∼5 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is comparable to mechanically exfoliated flakes and is obvious higher than the samples synthesized with other approaches. This study not only make high quality 2D ReSe2 easily accessible for both fundamental and application explorations but also sheds new lights on the chemical synthesis of other anisotropic 2D materials.
The larval morphology of the spongefly Sisyra nigra (Retzius, 1783) (Neuroptera: Sisyridae)
Authors: Jandausch Kenny , Beutel Rolf G. , Bellstedt Ronald 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe morphology of mature larvae of Sisyra nigra was studied and documented with a broad spectrum of techniques. Special emphasis is on the cephalic anatomy and on the digestive tract. Cephalic structures are highly modified, with numerous autapomorphic conditions, including a globular head capsule, an extended area with large cornea lenses, a massive tentorium, a strongly developed prepharyngeal pumping apparatus with a horizontal arrangement of dilators, a sharp bend between the prepharynx and pharynx, and an unusual filter apparatus at the entrance of the large crop. The thoracic and abdominal muscle sets, and the legs are largely unmodified. Postcephalic apomorphies are conspicuous tergal setiferous tubercles, trifid setiferous pleural projections, single pretarsal claws, zigzag‐shaped abdominal tracheal gills, and a dense vestiture of setae on the terminal abdominal segments. Mandibulo‐maxillary stylets curved outwards are an unusual apomorphy also found in the semiaquatic larvae of Osmylidae. Semiaquatic or aquatic habits and secondarily multisegmented antennae are potential synapomorphies of these two groups and Nevrorthidae (Osmyloidea). A sistergroup relationship between Sisyridae and Nevrorthidae suggests that fully aquatic habits of larvae may be a synapomorphy of both families. A specialized terminal antennal seta is a potential groundplan apomorphy of Neuroptera, with secondary loss in Nevrorthidae and Ithonidae + Myrmeleontiformia, respectively. A trumpet‐shaped empodium is likely an apomorphy of Neuroptera excluding Coniopterygidae and Osmyloidea, and the secondary loss an apomorphy of Ithonidae on one hand, and Myrmeleontiformia excl. Psychopsidae on the other.
Histopathological Features of MRI‐Invisible Regions of Prostate Cancer Lesions
Authors: van Houdt Petra J. , Ghobadi Ghazaleh , Schoots Ivo G. , Heijmink Stijn W.T.P.J. , de Jong Jeroen , van der Poel Henk G. , Pos Floris J. , Rylander Susanne , Bentzen Lise , Haustermans Karin , van der Heide Uulke A. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundPrevious studies have reported tumor volume underestimation with multiparametric (mp)MRI in prostate cancer diagnosis.PurposeTo investigate why some parts of lesions are not visible on mpMRI by comparing their histopathology features to those of visible regions.Study TypeRetrospective.PopulationThirty‐four patients with biopsy‐proven prostate cancer scheduled for prostatectomy (median 68.7 years).Field Strength/SequenceT2‐weighted, diffusion‐weighted imaging, T2 mapping, and dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI on two 3T systems and one 1.5T system.AssessmentTwo readers delineated suspicious lesions on mpMRI. A pathologist delineated the lesions on histopathology. A patient‐customized mold enabled the registration of histopathology and MRI. On histopathology we identified mpMRI visible and invisible lesions. Subsequently, within the visible lesions we identified regions that were visible and regions that were invisible on mpMRI. For each lesion and region the following characteristics were determined: size, location, International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade, and Gleason subpatterns (density [dense/intermediate], tumor morphology [homogeneous/heterogeneous], cribriform growth [yes/no]).Statistical TestsWith generalized linear mixed‐effect modeling we investigated which features explain why a lesion or a region was invisible on MRI. We compared imaging values (T2, ADC, and Ktrans) for these features with one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsSmall, anterior, and ISUP grade 1–2 lesions (n = 34) were missed more frequent than large, posterior, ISUP grade ≥ 3 lesions (n = 35). Invisible regions on mpMRI had lower tumor density, heterogeneous tumor morphology, and were located in the transition zone. Both T2 and ADC values were higher in "intermediate" compared with "dense" regions (P = 0.002 and < 0.001) and in regions with heterogeneous compared with homogeneous morphology (P < 0.001 and 0.03). Ktrans was not significantly different (P = 0.24 and 0.99).Data ConclusionRegions of prostate cancer lesions that are invisible on mpMRI have different histopathology features than visible regions. This may have implications for monitoring during active surveillance and focal treatment strategies.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy: Stage 3J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1235–1246.
Prostate Cancer Risk Stratification in Men With a Clinical Suspicion of Prostate Cancer Using a Unique Biparametric MRI and Expression of 11 Genes in Apparently Benign Tissue: Evaluation Using Machine‐Learning Techniques
Authors: Montoya Perez Ileana , Jambor Ivan , Pahikkala Tapio , Airola Antti , Merisaari Harri , Saunavaara Jani , Alinezhad Saeid , Väänänen Riina‐Minna , Tallgrén Terhi , Verho Janne , Kiviniemi Aida , Ettala Otto , Knaapila Juha , Syvänen Kari T. , Kallajoki Markku , Vainio Paula , Aronen Hannu J. , Pettersson Kim , Boström Peter J. , Taimen Pekka 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundAccurate risk stratification of men with a clinical suspicion of prostate cancer (cSPCa) remains challenging despite the increasing use of MRI.PurposeTo evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a unique biparametric MRI protocol (IMPROD bpMRI) combined with clinical and molecular markers in men with cSPCa.Study TypeProspective single‐institutional clinical trial (NCT01864135).SubjectsEighty men with cSPCa.Field Strength/Sequence3T, surface array coils. Two T2‐weighted and three diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) acquisitions: 1) b‐values 0, 100, 200, 300, 500 s/mm2; 2) b‐values 0,1500 s/mm2; 3) b‐values 0, 2000 s/mm2.AssessmentIMPROD bpMRI examinations were qualitatively (IMPROD bpMRI Likert score) and quantitatively (DWI‐based Gleason grade score) prospectively reported. Men with IMPROD bpMRI Likert 3–5 had two targeted biopsies followed by 12‐core systematic biopsies (SB); those with IMPROD bpMRI Likert 1–2 had only SB. Additionally, 2‐core from normal‐appearing prostate areas were obtained for the mRNA expression of ACSM1, AMACR, CACNA1D, DLX1, PCA3, PLA2G7, RHOU, SPINK1, SPON2, TMPRSS2‐ERG, and TDRD1 measured by quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction.Statistical TestsUnivariate and multivariate analysis using regularized least‐squares, feature selection and tournament leave‐pair‐out cross‐validation (TLPOCV), as well as 10 random splits of the data in training‐testing sets, were used to evaluate the mRNA, clinical and IMPROD bpMRI parameters in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer (SPCa) defined as Gleason score ≥ 3 + 4. The evaluation metric was the area under the curve (AUC).ResultsIMPROD bpMRI Likert demonstrated the highest TLPOCV AUC of 0.92. The tested clinical variables had AUC 0.56–0.73, while the mRNA and additional IMPROD bpMRI parameters had AUC 0.50–0.67 and 0.65–0.89 respectively. The combination of clinical and mRNA biomarkers produced TLPOCV AUC of 0.87, the highest TLPOCV performance without including IMPROD bpMRI Likert.Data ConclusionThe qualitative IMPROD bpMRI Likert score demonstrated the highest accuracy for SPCa detection compared with the tested clinical variables and mRNA biomarkers.Level of Evidence:1Technical Efficacy Stage:2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1540–1553.
Rising mean and extreme near‐surface air temperature across Nepal
Authors: Karki Ramchandra , ul Hasson Shabeh , Gerlitz Lars , Talchabhadel Rocky , Schickhoff Udo , Scholten Thomas , Böhner Jürgen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOwing to unique topographic and ecological diversity, central Himalayan state of Nepal is exposed to adverse impacts of climate change and associated disasters. However, countrywide historical assessment of mean and extreme temperature changes, a prerequisite for devising adequate adaptation strategies, is still lacking. Here, we present a comprehensive picture of mean and extreme temperature trends across Nepal over the 1980–2016 period, based on high‐quality daily temperature observations from 46 stations. Our results suggest that besides winter cooling in southern lowlands, the country features a widespread warming, which is higher for maximum temperature (~0.04°C⋅year−1) than for minimum temperature (~0.02°C⋅year−1), over the mountainous region than in valleys and lowlands and during the pre‐monsoon season than for the rest of the year. Consistently, we found a higher increasing trend for warm days (13 days⋅decade−1) than for warm nights (4 days⋅decade−1), whereas the rates of decrease for cold days and cold nights are the same (6 days⋅decade−1). Further investigations reveal that pronounced warming in maximum temperature over mountain regions can be attributed to less cloud cover and snowfall in recent decades during non‐monsoon seasons as a result of positive geopotential height anomalies and strengthening of anticyclonic circulations in the mid‐to‐upper troposphere. Similarly, increased stability of lower atmosphere during winter and post‐monsoon seasons caused prolonged and frequent periods of fog over lowlands, resulting in significant winter cooling there.
Effect of green garlic/cucumber crop rotation for 3 years on the dynamics of soil properties and cucumber yield in Chinese anthrosol
Authors: Ding Haiyan , Ali Ahmad , Cheng Zhihui 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDLong‐term drastic anthropic inputs in conventional monoculture systems cause negative plant–soil feedback that will largely affect sustainable cucumber cultivation. The inclusion of multicropping in intensive cropping systems could reduce the detrimental effects of continuous cropping obstacles. The present study investigated the dynamics of soil microbial communities, soil enzyme activities and cucumber yield under plastic tunnel cultivation for three successive growing seasons (2013, 2014 and 2015).RESULTIn the amended crop rotation system, soil pH decreased with increasing number of cropped garlic bulbs. The soil electrical conductivity significantly changed during the entire growth period and increased with increasing number of incorporated garlic bulbs. The level of soil organic matter content increased in the last year (2015). Soil catalase activity was generally induced by the treatments of 10, 15, 20 and 25 garlic bulbs, and soil invertase activity was also enhanced by all the treatments in the last year. Similarly, fungal species richness dramatically increased under these crop rotation systems. In this study, we found the highest cucumber yield under the cropping treatment of 20 garlic bulbs.CONCLUSIONThe results indicate that the green garlic/cucumber cropping system is a sustainable and efficient cropping system for cucumber production and can improve the soil environment to a certain extent. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Associations Among Childhood Trauma, Childhood Mental Disorders, and Past‐Year Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military and Civilian Men
Authors: Syed Sheriff Rebecca , Van Hooff Miranda , Malhi Gin , Grace Blair , McFarlane Alexander 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTo identify early life factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we investigated the association between childhood trauma and mental disorders with International Classification of Diseases (ICD)‐diagnosed past‐year PTSD in employed military and civilian men. Data were derived from the 2010 Australian Defence Force (ADF) Mental Health Prevalence and Wellbeing Study (N = 1,356) and the 2007 Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing Study (N = 2,120) and analyzed using logistic regression and generalized structural equation modeling. After controlling for demographics, PTSD was associated with childhood anxiety, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.94, 95% CI [2.36, 6.58]; and depression, AOR = 7.01, 95% CI [2.98, 16.49], but not alcohol use disorders, in the ADF. In civilians, PTSD was associated with childhood anxiety only, AOR = 7.06, 95% CI [3.50, 14.22]. These associations remained significant after controlling for childhood and adult trauma in both populations and service factors and deployment, combat, or adult trauma in the ADF. In both populations, PTSD was associated with more than three types of childhood trauma: AOR = 2.97, 95% CI [1.53, 5.75] for ADF and AOR = 5.92, 95% CI [3.00, 11.70] for ABS; and childhood interpersonal, but not noninterpersonal, trauma: AOR = 3.08, 95% CI [1.61, 5.90] for ADF and AOR = 6.63, 95% CI [2.74, 16.06] for ABS. The association between childhood trauma and PTSD was fully mediated by childhood disorder in the ADF only. Taking a lifetime perspective, we have identified that the risk of PTSD from childhood trauma and disorder is potentially predictable and, therefore, modifiable.
Carbon dioxide supersaturation in high‐elevation oligotrophic lakes and reservoirs in the Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Cohen Adam P. , Melack John M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTo better understand the contribution of alpine lakes to global CO2 emissions, carbon dioxide concentrations and fluxes to the atmosphere were measured in five high‐elevation lakes and five reservoirs in the Sierra Nevada, California. Median summer surface concentrations of dissolved CO2 (reservoirs: 21.1 μM, lakes: 23.7 μM) were supersaturated for most of the ice‐free season. Median diffusive flux of CO2 was low as compared to other inland waters (lakes: 260 mg CO2 m−2 d−1, reservoirs: 192 mg CO2 m−2 d−1). Linear mixed modeling demonstrated that the length of ice cover, persisting for 5–9 months and allowing for accumulation of under‐ice CO2, was a strong predictor of summer surface CO2. During the ice‐free period, surface evasion of CO2 was highest for the first 40 d after ice‐off when carbon dioxide that had accumulated during winter was released, although supersaturation and evasion continued until fall at most sites despite low rates of ecosystem metabolism. This study suggests that the contribution of high‐elevation, oligotrophic lakes and reservoirs in the Sierra to global CO2 emissions are small despite persistent supersaturation, and are primarily driven by the duration of ice cover.
Intracavity‐Squeezed Optomechanical Cooling
Authors: Gan Jing‐Hui , Liu Yong‐Chun , Lu Cuicui , Wang Xiao , Tey Meng Khoon , You Li 
Published: October 2019

AbstractQuantum ground‐state cooling of macroscopic mechanical resonators is of essential importance to both fundamental physics and applied science. The conventional method of laser cooling is limited by the quantum backaction, which requires the mechanical sideband to be resolved in order to cool to ground state. Herein, an idea to break the quantum backaction limit by engineering intracavity optical squeezing is presented. It gives rise to quantum interference for all the dissipation channels, and under certain circumstances can totally remove the influence of the cavity dissipation and the resultant quantum backaction, with much lower cooling limit irrespective of the sideband resolution. It is shown that the scheme enables ground‐state cooling in the highly unresolved sideband limit and it also works beyond the weak coupling regime, which provides the opportunity for quantum manipulation of macroscopic mechanical systems.
Long‐term exposure of austenitic steels and nickel‐based alloys in lignite‐biomass cofiring
Authors: Montero Xabier , Rudolphi Mario , Galetz Mathias C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the long‐term impact that the addition of biomass provokes on superheater materials exposed to fireside corrosion environments. Alloys covering a broad range of commercially available materials were investigated. Their corrosion kinetics under different corrosive deposits and atmospheres was evaluated, and their corrosion products analyzed to deepen understanding of the underlying corrosion mechanisms. Therefore, three nickel‐based alloys and three austenitic steels containing 20–24 wt.% Cr were tested at 650°C for 7,000 hr. The long‐term exposure shows new mechanistic aspects of Type II hot corrosion that were revealed by accelerated material depletion. The formation of Ni–NiS eutectic and the formation of a Cr depleted zone close to the substrate corrosion product interface are indicative of the breakaway occurrence. Differences in the corrosion behavior are related to the balance of Ni, Mo, Co, and Cr and can serve as the material selection argument. The evaluation concluded with the finding that alloys presenting Mo and Ni might be preferentially used in fireside corrosion in the presence of biomass, whereas the use of austenitic steels suffer less corrosion if no biomass is present in the corrosive atmosphere.
Effect of anodizing on galvanic corrosion behavior of T300 CFRP/5083P‐O Al bolted joints
Authors: Shan Meile , Guo Kang , Gou Guoqing , Fu Zhenghong , Yang Bangjian , Lu Wei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractT300 carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and 5083P‐O aluminum (5083P‐O Al) alloy bolted joints have been used in high‐speed trains due to the advantages of light weight and high strength. However, high potential difference between the CFRP and 5083P‐O Al will induce galvanic corrosion and result in accelerating corrosion rate of 5083P‐O Al, which is a potential risk for its engineering applications. In this work, combination with the electrochemical analysis, surface and cross‐section corrosive morphologies analysis, the galvanic corrosion behavior between CFRP/5083P‐O Al bolted joints with and without anodizing in 3.5 wt.% NaCl spray was investigated. Results indicated that severe corrosion occurred on unanodized 5083P‐O Al in the coupled regions of the CFRP/5083P‐O Al bolted joint due to galvanic corrosion. With the content of sulfuric acid increasing, the thickness of each Al2O3 layer and atomic oxygen content increases significantly. 5083P‐O Al anodized by the 135 g/L H2SO4 + 8 g/L H3BO3 mixed solution had the favorable Al2O3 film, which increased the resistance of 5083P‐O Al by roughly three orders of magnitude, effectively improving the corrosion resistance of 5083P‐O Al.
Synthesis of (1,4‐Methylenephenylphosphinic acid) Piperazine and Its Application as a Flame Retardant in Epoxy Thermosets
Authors: Ma Wen , Xu Bo , Shao Lushan , Liu Yanting , Chen Yajun , Qian Lijun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAn efficient flame retardant (1,4‐methylenephenylphosphinic acid) piperazine (MPPAP) is successfully synthesized. The application of MPPAP in epoxy (EP) thermosets increases limited oxygen index values of composites to 30.2% and 6 wt% or more loading makes the materials get through UL94 V‐0 rating. The investigation of the combustion process indicates that MPPAP clearly changes the combustion behavior of EP composites, forms a char layer on the surface of the composites, and presents an effective flame inhibition effect, consequently resulting in clear reduction of the flammability and smoke production. The thermal degradation process of MPPAP/EP indicates that MPPAP promotes the matrix to decompose earlier and increases the char‐forming ability of composites. The morphology and structure of the final char shows MPPAP can promote the formation of cross‐linking structures and increase the graphitization degree of char residues acting as an excellent barrier. Furthermore, the flame‐retardant mechanism illuminates that MPPAP can reduce the generation of volatile fuels, and the pyrolysis products of MPPAP contain PO and PO2, which exert free radical quenching effect in the gas phase. Therefore, MPPAP is a terrific flame retardant for epoxy thermosets which manifests a flame retarding action in the gas phase and condensed phase.