bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CMB foreground measurements through broad-band radio spectro-polarimetry: prospects of the SKA-MPG telescope
Authors: Basu Aritra , Schwarz Dominik J , Klöckner Hans-Rainer , von Hausegger Sebastian , Kramer Michael , Wieching Gundolf , Burkhart Blakesley 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTPrecise measurement of the foreground synchrotron emission, which contaminates the faint polarized cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, is a major challenge for the next-generation of CMB experiments. To address this, dedicated foreground measurement experiments are being undertaken at radio frequencies between 2 and 40 GHz. Foreground polarized synchrotron emission measurements are particularly challenging, primarily due to the complicated frequency dependence in the presence of Faraday rotation, and are best recovered through broad fractional-bandwidth polarization measurements at frequencies ≲5 GHz. A unique opportunity for measuring the foreground polarized synchrotron emission will be provided by the 15 m SKA-MPG telescope operating in the frequency range 1.7–3.5 GHz (S band). Here, we present the scope of a Southern-sky survey in S band at 1 deg angular resolution and explore its added advantage for application of powerful techniques, such as, Stokes Q, U fitting and RM-synthesis. A full Southern-sky polarization survey with this telescope, when combined with other on-going efforts at slightly higher frequencies, will provide an excellent frequency coverage for modelling and extrapolating the foreground polarized synchrotron emission to CMB frequencies (≳80 GHz) with rms brightness temperature better than 10 nK per 1 deg2. We find that this survey will be crucial for understanding the effects of Faraday depolarization, especially in low Galactic latitude regions. This will allow better foreground cleaning and thus will contribute significantly in further improving component separation analyses and increase usable sky area for cosmological analysis of the Planck data, and the LiteBIRD mission in the future.
Can we detect aurora in exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs?
Authors: Vidotto A A , Feeney N , Groh J H 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
New instruments and telescopes, such as SPIRou, CARMENES, and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), will increase manyfold the number of known planets orbiting M dwarfs. To guide future radio observations, we estimate radio emission from known M dwarf planets using the empirical radiometric prescription derived in the Solar system, in which radio emission is powered by the wind of the host star. Using solar-like wind models, we find that the most promising exoplanets for radio detections are GJ 674 b and Proxima b, followed by YZ Cet b, GJ 1214 b, GJ 436 b. These are the systems that are the closest to us (&lt;10 pc). However, we also show that our radio fluxes are very sensitive to the unknown properties of winds of M dwarfs. So, which types of winds would generate detectable radio emission? In a ‘reverse engineering’ calculation, we show that winds with mass-loss rates $\dot{M} \gtrsim \kappa _{\rm sw} /u_{\rm sw}^3$ would drive planetary radio emission detectable with present-day instruments, where usw is the local stellar wind velocity and κsw is a constant that depends on the size of the planet, distance, and orbital radius. Using observationally constrained properties of the quiescent winds of GJ 436 and Proxima Cen, we conclude that it is unlikely that GJ 436 b and Proxima b would be detectable with present-day radio instruments, unless the host stars generate episodic coronal mass ejections. GJ 674 b, GJ 876 b, and YZ Cet b could present good prospects for radio detection, provided that their host stars’ winds have $\dot{M} u_{\rm sw}^{3} \gtrsim 1.8\times 10^{-4} \, {\rm M}_\odot \,{\rm yr}^{-1}\, ({\rm km\,s^{-1}})^{3}$.
Disparity in Quality of Infectious Disease vs Addiction Care Among Patients With Injection Drug Use–Associated Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
Authors: Serota David Phillip , Niehaus Emily D , Schechter Marcos C , Jacob Jesse T , Jones Jeb , Ray Susan M , Kelley Colleen F , Kempker Russell R 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Evidence-based interventions for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) are well known, but it is unclear how they are implemented among patients with injection drug use–associated (IDU) SAB. Of 46 patients with IDU-SAB identified, all received high-quality SAB management; however, few received appropriate recognition or treatment of their underlying substance use disorder.
Technique for Open Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Saadeh Yamaan S , Sabbagh M Amr , Smith Brandon W , Joseph Jacob R , Buckingham Martin J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Foraminal stenosis is an important cause of cervical radiculopathy, which can be treated with an anterior or posterior approach, depending on a number of factors. These include the etiology of the foraminal stenosis, individual patient risk factors, and surgeon preference. We provide a step-by-step technique guide for performing an open posterior cervical foraminotomy on a 33-yr-old male with a history of left-sided pain radiating down the medial aspect of his left arm and left triceps weakness. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a left-sided C6-7 disc herniation causing foraminal stenosis. Guidance on positioning, relevant anatomy, and appropriately planning the extent of bony decompression is also provided in this video. The patient, who consented to the recording of this surgical video, tolerated the procedure without complication, and upon follow-up had a significant improvement in his symptoms.
Bilateral Suprascapular Nerve Injury and Novel Technique of Nerve Transfers for Restoration of External Rotation: Case Report
Authors: Abou-Al-Shaar Hussam , Awad Al-Wala , Mahan Mark A 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Complex brachial plexus and peripheral nerve injuries can be challenging to evaluate and treat, especially in the face of novel pathology.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the diagnosis of bilateral suprascapular nerve injury, the unique surgical anatomy, and the novel use of a distal nerve transfer to re-establish external rotation. To the best of our knowledge, bilateral suprascapular nerve injury has not previously been reported.

METHODS
The authors describe the physical examination and electrodiagnostic and imaging work-up for elucidating complex injury patterns and present a procedure for reinnervating the infraspinatus muscle.

RESULTS
A 48-yr-old man presented with profound, right-sided, partial brachial plexus injury incurred 5 mo earlier in a motorcycle accident. Imaging demonstrated atrophy and severe edema within the bilateral supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. Needle electromyography depicted no motor units and insertional activities in bilateral infraspinatus muscles, consistent with bilateral suprascapular nerve injury. Along with brachial plexus repair, the patient underwent transfer of a distal branch of the spinal accessory nerve to the inferolateral branch of the suprascapular nerve to the infraspinatus muscle. At 16 mo, he had recovered strong restoration of shoulder external rotation.

CONCLUSION
Systematic evaluation can assist in defining complex pathology, particularly with previously unreported types. In this case, predominant injury was inflicted upon the branch innervating the infraspinatus. Highly focal nerve transfers can achieve substantial restoration of external rotation.
Firm Characteristics, Cross-Sectional Regression Estimates, and Asset Pricing Tests
Authors: Kirby Chris 
Published: June 2019

AbstractI test a number of well-known asset pricing models using regression-based managed portfolios that capture nonlinearity in the cross-sectional relation between firm characteristics and expected stock returns. Although the average portfolio returns point to substantial nonlinearity in the data, none of the asset pricing models successfully explain the estimated nonlinear effects. Indeed, the estimated expected returns produced by the models display almost no variation across portfolios. Because the tests soundly reject every model considered, it is apparent that nonlinearity in the relation between firm characteristics and expected stock returns poses a formidable challenge to asset pricing theory. (JEL G12, C58)
To Legislate Filial Piety: Is the Elderly Rights Law a Panacea?
Authors: Bu Qingxiu 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
With the life expectancy being steadily increasing, caring for an ageing population presents a paramount challenge in China. The article explores the traditional value of filial piety which is perceived to underpin social norms and beliefs about caring for aged parents. Apart from state and social institutions, a particular regard is given to the reshaping of relationships between aged persons and their family members. Given filial piety being a core value in Chinese cultures, there is a societal interest in protecting a healthy relationship between parents and children in the twenty-first century. In terms of the relational dimensions of current theories, it remains unclear whether an individual rights-based approach would have traction in the Chinese context, or represents an unintended disseverance from the Chinese traditional core values. More critically, a new law requires adult children to visit their elderly parents regularly. With the ongoing attempts to theorize and reconceptualize elder law across jurisdictions, the research further examines emerging legal issues that have arisen in China, and seeks to ascertain the extent to which the law addresses the above inquiry.
The effect of using a project-based learning (PBL) approach to improve engineering students’ understanding of statistics
Authors: Farrell Fionnuala , Carr Michael 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOver the last number of years we have gradually been introducing a project based learning approach to the teaching of engineering mathematics in Dublin Institute of Technology. Several projects are now in existence for the teaching of both second-order differential equations and first order differential equations. We intend to incrementally extend this approach across more of the engineering mathematics curriculum. As part of this ongoing process, practical real-world projects in statistics were incorporated into a second year ordinary degree mathematics module. This paper provides an overview of these projects and their implementation. As a means to measure the success of this initiative, we used the SALG instrument to gain feedback from the students. The SALG online tool - Student Assessment of their Learning Gains - https://salgsite.net/; is a free course-evaluation tool that enables third-level educators to gather feedback specifically focused on what the students gained through the learning exercise they experience. It can be used to measure students’ learning gains. Pre-developed surveys are available which can be modified and are stored in a repository for ease of access. Results are anonymous and there is the ability to download comments and basic statistical analysis of responses. Feedback from the survey points to a large increase in understanding of the material coupled with an increase in confidence. In addition we outline some of the limitations of our initial implementation of this approach and what we hope to improve on for the next academic year.
Unsuspected involvement of spinal cord in Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Lorenzi Roberta Maria , Palesi Fulvia , Castellazzi Gloria , Vitali Paolo , Anzalone Nicoletta , Bernini Sara , Sinforiani Elena , Micieli Giuseppe , Costa Alfredo , D’Angelo Egidio , Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott Claudia A.M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveBrain atrophy is an established biomarker for dementia, yet spinal cord involvement has not been investigated to date. As the spinal cord is relaying sensorimotor control signals from the cortex to the peripheral nervous system and viceversa, it is indeed a very interesting question to assess whether it is affected by atrophy in a disease that is known for its involvement of cognitive domains first and foremost, with motor symptoms being clinically assessed too. We therefore hypothesize that Alzheimer Disease severe atrophy can affect the spinal cord too and that spinal cord atrophy is indeed an important in vivo imaging biomarker contributing to understanding neurodegeneration associated with dementia.Methods3DT1 images of 31 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and 35 healthy control (HC) subjects were processed to calculate volumes of brain structures and cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume (CSV) of the cervical cord (per vertebra as well as the C2-C3 pair (CSA23 and CSV23)). Correlated features (ρ>0.7) were removed, and best subset identified for patients’ classification with the Random Forest algorithm. General linear model regression was used to find significant differences between groups (p<=0.05). Linear regression was implemented to assess the explained variance of the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score as dependent variable with best features as predictors.ResultsSpinal cord features were significantly reduced in AD, independently of brain volumes. Patients classification reached 76% accuracy when including CSA23 together with volumes of hippocampi, left amygdala, white and grey matter, with 74% sensitivity and 78% specificity. CSA23 alone explained 13% of MMSE variance.DiscussionOur findings reveal that C2-C3 spinal cord atrophy contributes to discriminate AD from HC, together with more established features. Results show that CSA23, calculated form the same 3DT1 scan as all other brain volumes (including right and left hippocampi), has a considerable weight in classification tasks warranting further investigations. Together with recent studies revealing that AD atrophy is spread beyond the temporal lobes, our result adds the spinal cord to a number of unsuspected regions involved in the disease. Interestingly, spinal cord atrophy explains also cognitive scores, which could significantly impact how we model sensorimotor control in degenerative diseases with a primary cognitive domain involvement. Prospective studies should be purposely designed to understand the mechanisms of atrophy and the role of the spinal cord in AD.
Mendelian randomization indicates that TNF is not causally associated with Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Andrews Shea J , Goate Alison 
Published: June 2019

AbstractINTRODUCTIONEpidemiological research has suggested that inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reduces the overall risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). TNF-α antagonists have been suggested as a potential treatment for AD.METHODSWe used a two-sample Mendelian randomization design to examine the causal relationship between blood TNF expression, serum TNF-α levels, and RA on AD risk.RESULTSOur results do not support a causal relationship between TNF expression, serum TNF-α levels or RA on AD risk.DISCUSSIONThese results suggest that TNF-α antagonists are unlikely to reduce the risk of AD.
Theyellowgene influencesDrosophilamale mating success through sex comb melanization
Authors: Massey Jonathan H. , Chung Daayun , Siwanowicz Igor , Stern David L. , Wittkopp Patricia J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDrosophila melanogastermales perform a series of courtship behaviors that, when successful, result in copulation with a female. For over a century, mutations in theyellowgene, named for its effects on pigmentation, have been known to reduce male mating success. Prior work has suggested thatyellowinfluences mating behavior through effects on wing extension, song, and/or courtship vigor. Here, we rule out these explanations, as well as effects on the nervous system more generally, and find instead that the effects ofyellowon male mating success are mediated by its effects on pigmentation of male-specific leg structures called sex combs. Loss ofyellowexpression in these modified bristles reduces their melanization, which changes their structure and causes difficulty grasping females prior to copulation. These data illustrate why the mechanical properties of anatomy, and not just neural circuitry, must be considered to fully understand the development and evolution of behavior.
Rapid range shifts in AfricanAnophelesmosquitoes over the last century
Authors: Carlson Colin J. , Bannon Ellen , Mendenhall Emily , Newfield Timothy , Bansal Shweta 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFacing a warming climate, many tropical species-including the arthropod vectors of several infectious diseases-will be displaced to higher latitudes and elevations. These shifts are frequently forecasted for the future, but rarely documented in the present day. Here, we use one of the most comprehensive datasets ever compiled by medical entomologists to track the observed range limits of African malaria mosquito vectors (Anophelesspp.) from 1898 to 2016. Using a simple regression approach, we estimate that these species’ ranges gained an average of 6.5 meters of elevation per year, and the southern limits of their ranges moved polewards 4.7 kilometers per year. These shifts are consistent with the local velocity of climate change, and might help explain the incursion of malaria transmission into new areas over the past few decades. Confirming that climate change underlies these shifts, and applying similar methods to other disease vectors, are important directions for future research.
Phylogeny ofPaulliniaL. (Paullinieae: Sapindaceae), a diverse genus of lianas with rapid fruit evolution
Authors: Chery Joyce G. , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro , Rothfels Carl J , Specht Chelsea D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPaulliniaL. is a genus of c. 220 mostly Neotropical forest-dwelling lianas that displays a wide diversity of fruit morphologies.Paulliniaresembles other members of the Paullinieae in being a climber with stipulate compound leaves and paired inflorescence tendrils. However, it is distinct in having capsular fruits with woody, coriaceous, or crustaceous pericarps. While consistent in this basic plan, the pericarps ofPaulliniafruits are otherwise highly variable—in some species they are winged, whereas in others they are without wings or covered with spines. With the exception of the water-dispersed indehiscent spiny fruits of some members ofPaulliniasect.Castanella, all species are dehiscent, opening their capsules while they are still attached to the branch, to reveal arillate animal-dispersed seeds. Here we present a molecular phylogeny ofPaulliniaderived from 11 molecular markers, including nine novel single-copy nuclear markers amplified by microfluidics PCR. This is the first broadly sampled molecular phylogeny for the genus.Paulliniais supported as monophyletic and is sister toCardiospermumL., which together are sister toSerjaniaMill +UrvilleaKunth. We apply this novel phylogenetic hypothesis to test previous infrageneric classifications and to infer that unwinged fruits represent the ancestral condition, from which there were repeated evolutionary transitions and reversals. However, because the seeds of both winged and unwinged fruits are all dispersed by animals, we conclude that the repeated transitions in fruit morphology may relate to visual display strategies to attract animal dispersers, and do not represent transitions to wind dispersal.
A Genome Model Linking Birth Defects to Infections
Authors: Friedenson Bernard 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that infections are linked to chromosomal anomalies that cause neurodevelopmental disorders. In children with disorders in the development of their nervous systems, chromosome anomalies known to cause these disorders were compared to microbial DNA, including known teratogens. Genes essential for neurons, lymphatic drainage, immunity, circulation, angiogenesis, cell barriers, structure, epigenetic and chromatin modifications were all found close together in polyfunctional clusters that were deleted or rearranged in neurodevelopmental disorders. In some patients, epigenetic driver mutations also changed access to large chromosome segments. These changes account for immune, circulatory, and structural deficits that accompany neurologic deficits. Specific and repetitive human DNA encompassing large deletions matched infections and passed rigorous artifact tests. Deletions of up to millions of bases accompanied infection-matching sequences and caused massive changes in the homologies to foreign DNAs. In data from three independent studies of private, familial and recurrent chromosomal rearrangements, massive changes in homologous microbiomes were found and may drive rearrangements and encourage pathogens. At least one chromosomal anomaly was found to consist of human DNA fragments with a gap that corresponded to a piece of integrated foreign DNA. Microbial DNAs that match repetitive or specific human DNA segments are thus proposed to interfere with the epigenome and highly active recombination during meiosis, driven by massive changes in the homologous microbiome. Abnormal recombination in gametes produces zygotes containing rare chromosome anomalies which cause neurologic disorders and non-neurologic signs. Neurodevelopmental disorders may be examples of assault on the human genome by foreign DNA at a critical stage. Some infections may be more likely tolerated because they resemble human DNA segments. Further tests of this model await new technology.Abstract Figure
Extracellular CIRP as a Novel Endogenous TREM-1 Ligand to Fuel Inflammation
Authors: Denning Naomi-Liza , Aziz Monowar , Murao Atsushi , Gurien Steven D. , Ochani Mahendar , Prince Jose M. , Wang Ping 
Published: June 2019

AbstractExtracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) is a recently-discovered damage-associated molecular pattern. Understanding the precise mechanism by which it exacerbates inflammation in sepsis is essential. Here we identified that eCIRP is a new biologically active endogenous ligand of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1), fueling inflammation in sepsis and ischemia-reperfusion. Surface plasmon resonance revealed a strong binding affinity between eCIRP and TREM-1, and FRET assay confirmed eCIRP’s interaction with TREM-1 in macrophages. TREM-1 inhibition, either by its siRNA or a decoy peptide LP17, dramatically reduced eCIRP-induced inflammation. We developed a novel 7-aa peptide derived from human eCIRP, M3, which blocked the interaction of TREM-1 and eCIRP. M3 suppressed inflammation induced by eCIRP or agonist TREM-1 Ab crosslinking in murine macrophages or human peripheral blood monocytes. M3 also inhibited eCIRP-induced systemic inflammation and tissue injury. Treatment with M3 further protected mice from sepsis and intestinal ischemia-reperfusion, improved acute lung injury, and increased survival. Thus, we have discovered a novel TREM-1 ligand and developed a new peptide M3 to block eCIRP-TREM-1 interaction and improve the outcome of sepsis and sterile inflammation.