bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pascal-points quadrilaterals inscribed in a cyclic quadrilateral
Authors: Fraivert David 
Published: June 2019

This paper presents some new theorems about the Pascal points of a quadrilateral. We shall begin by explaining what these are.Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral, with AC and BD intersecting at E and DA and CB intersecting at F. Let ω be a circle through E and F which meets CB internally at M and DA internally at N. Let CA meet ω again at L and let DB meet ω again at K. By using Pascal’s theorem for the crossed hexagons EKNFML and EKMFNL and which are circumscribed by ω, the following results can be proved [1]:–
(a)NK, ML and AB are concurrent (at a point P internal to AB)(b)NL, KM and CD are concurrent (at a point Q internal to CD)
On the Case for Magnetic Field Line Sweep-Back in Pulsars 0950+08 and 1133+16
Authors: Hankins T. H. , Izvekova V. A. , Malofeev V. M. , Rankin J. M. , Shitov Yu. P. , Stinebring D. R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCoordinated profile observations between 25 MHz and 5 GHz have been carried out at the Arecibo and Pushchino observatories, and aligned according to dispersion measure (DM) values determined by cross-correlating microstructure features at adjacent frequencies. The average profiles of the nearly aligned rotator PSR 0950+08 align satisfactorily using the DM value of 2.9701 pc cm–3. For PSR 1133+16 excess delay at low frequencies is observed when alignment is made using the value of DM = 4.8413 pc cm–3 determined from microstructure cross-correlations
The Evolution of the Magnetic Fields of Neutron Stars
Authors: Bhattacharya Dipankar 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe evolution of the magnetic field strength plays a major role in the life history of a neutron star. In this article the observational evidence of field evolution, in particular that of field decay and magnetic alignment, are critically examined. It is concluded that the observed decay of the spindown torque on radio pulsars cannot be caused by a secular evolution of the “obliqueness” of the neutron star, as suggested by some authors. Recent observations provide a strong indication that the decay of the magnetic field strength of a neutron star may be closely related to its evolution in a binary system. Theoretical models for such an evolution are discussed.
Statistical Search for Magnetic Field Decay
Authors: Michel F. Curtis 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe claims made in many statistical analyses for magnetic field decay follow from the assumption that radio luminosity declines slower than spin-down luminosity which is suggested by least-squares fits to the data. However, such fits are very sensitive to the behaviors of the fastest and slowest pulsars. If pulsar luminosities are plotted in distance-selected groups, the (radio inefficient) Crab and Vela pulsars are clearly exceptional members and the remaining pulsars are consistent with a mean fixed conversion efficiency of 10–5. Numerical simulations (and theoretical analysis) strongly suggest that the pulsar period distribution peak is caused by luminosity selection and searches limited in distance by dispersion measure, and not by some mechanism that removes old pulsars. We cannot exclude magnetic field decay with some large time constant, ≥107 years say, but only because it would make such a small difference to the expected pulsar statistics, not because it is required by the data.
Self-Consistent Numerical Modelling of Pulsar Magnetospheres
Authors: Herold H. , Ertl T. , Finkbeiner B. , Ruder H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe magnetosphere of a rapidly rotating, strongly magnetized neutron star with aligned magnetic and rotational axes (parallel rotator) is modelled numerically. Including the radiation of the particles accelerated to relativistic energies as an efficient damping mechanism, we obtain a quasi-stationary self-consistent solution to this classical problem. The numerical simulation,which was started from the well-known vacuum solution, yields a global magnetospheric structure that can be characterized by two regions of oppositely charged particles, which eventually produce a relativistic pulsar wind, separated by a vacuum gap of considerable extent.
Radius-to-Frequency Mapping in the Radio Pulsar Emission Mechanism
Authors: Thorsett S. E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA general feature of many models of the pulsar emission mechanism is that radiation of different frequencies is produced at different altitudes above the polar cap. The broadening of pulse components and increasing separation between components at low frequency is in general agreement with these theories. We review the available average profile and pulsar timing observations and discuss the implications for theories of radius-to-frequency mapping.
Very High Energy γ-Ray Generation Near The Light Cylinder of an Axisymmetric Rotator: Cos-B Like γ-Ray Sources
Authors: Bogovalov S. V. , Kotov YU. D. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSuper-hard γ-ray radiation spectra have been calculated. This radiation is generated near the velocity-of-light cylinder through the process of inverse-Compton scattering of relativistic electrons by thermal photons radiated by a neutron star. These calculations have been compared with observations of the Crab and Vela pulsars at 1000-GeV γ-ray energies. A correlation between γ-ray flares and those in soft (Ex ≃ lkeV) X-rays are predicted.
The Locations of the Core and Conal Emission Regions in an Inverse-Compton Scattering Model
Authors: Qiao G. J. , Li C. G. , Li M. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe physical conditions and locations of the emission regions for core and hollow cone emissions are very important in understanding the mechanism of radio pulsars. We present two related methods in an Inverse-Compton Scattering (ICS) model in this paper, which give a clear scenario for determining the location of the emission regions and are consistent with the results given by Cordes et al. (1984) and Rankin (1990).
Is the pulsar emission produced by superluminally moving charged patterns?
Authors: Ardavan Housang 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThere are no physical principles disallowing the existence of extended sources of the electromagnetic field which move faster than light in empty space (Bolotovskii and Ginzburg 1972). Charge-current distributions whose patterns rotate around a fixed axis rigidly, and so have a phase speed that is greater than the speed of light in vacuo outside the light cylinder, emit radiation—different from both Cherenkov and synchrotron radiation—which has the following characteristics:1.It arises almost exclusively from the vicinity of those points within the source which, at the emission time, approach the observer with the speed of light and with zero acceleration.2.It consists of the superposition of a (continuous) set of narrow radiation beams whose flux densities fall off with the radial distance R from the source like R–1 (rather than R–2), and so it is intrinsically coherent.3.It has a power-law spectrum with no exponential cut-off, at high harmonics of the rotation frequency, whose index lies between –1 and –3 if the longitudinal distribution of the source density is pulse-like.4.It consists of two concurrent elliptically polarized signals whose position angles are predominantly orthogonal and simultaneously vary in direction in the course of each rotation.I suggest that this radiation, here referred to as Schott radiation (cf. Schott 1912), may in fact be that received from pulsars.
Observational Evidence for Persistent Microstructure Periodicities
Authors: Friedman Jeffrey Foster , Boriakoff Valentín 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBy using Cross Spectral Density processing between high time resolution radio intensity observations of pulsars made simultaneously at two different receiver frequencies, several high frequency periodicities that are persistent over many pulses were discovered. A possible interpretation in terms of neutron star vibration models is discussed.
Modeling of Pulsar Polarization Properties
Authors: Shier L. M. , Michel F. C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn the popularly accepted empirical model for pulsar emission, bunches of charged particles traveling along open field lines near the magnetic pole emit curvature radiation. Such radiation is linearly polarized. Most of the radiation is assumed to be emitted from a ring shaped region centered on the pole (the hollow cone model). We have calculated the expected average polarization using this model and find them to be in disagreement with observations. The addition of a second ring inside the first with orthogonal polarization solves this problem. This new model explains other observed features of pulsar emission including discontinuities in position-angle profiles and multicomponent profiles. Plasma interactions might account for a second ring.
A Determination of Pulsar Emission Geometry from Polarization Observations
Authors: Wu Xinji , Xu Wen 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOne of the important problems in pulsar studies is to determine the magnetic inclination angle α, the intrinsic width of the radiation beam (2ρ) and the angle (α + β) between the observer's direction and the rotation axis. In this paper we solve this problem for individual pulses by using the observed pulse width (2Δ𝜙), the swing of polarization angle (2Δψ), and its central gradient (dψ/d𝜙)max.From the polar cap model we establish three basic geometrical relations, a complete set of equations from which explicit solutions can be obtained using the observed data. This is the first time that the orientation of pulsar emission is solved analytically solely on the basis of a geometrical model. However, the results are shown to be sensitively connected to the polarization-angle swing (2Δψ), which is not well measured for most pulsars. So the number of pulsars to which our method can be applied is limited. The importance of the measurement of Δψ is seen from our method. To ensure the credibility of our results, we have discussed the conditions to be satisfied by all reliable pulsar measurements. Our method is shown to be more favorable for pulsars with large pulse width 2Δ𝜙, large central gradient (dψ/d𝜙)max and large magnetic inclination angle α. Out of 120 pulsars (from Lyne and Manchester 1988), 40 are solvable, and 7 are believed to be reliable. We discuss our method for the determination of pulsar geometry in comparison with other methods.
The Dimensions of Status in the Burials at Spiro
Authors: Brown James A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFormal analysis is employed to express symbolically the behavior associated with disposal of the dead in archaeological contexts. Key diagrams are shown to economically express the partitioning of attribute space by a series of variables coded on independently measured dimensions. The attention of this paper is to explicate the analysis of formal-structural relations among archaeological materials from Spiro, a specialized Mississippian period site in eastern Oklahoma, without resort to analogies between cultural-historical configurations. The power of the analysis is extended by direct comparison of the Spiro key with keys made on the same dimensions that are drawn from the ethnohistorical literature of two southeastern societies.
Fibro-muscular-periosteal flap and bilobed flap for post-auricular cutaneous mastoid fistula closure
Authors: Pendolino A L , Pavone C , Zanoletti E 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundA post-auricular cutaneous mastoid fistula is a rare condition that can occur following radical mastoid surgery, chronic suppurative otitis media or spontaneous exteriorisation of cholesteatoma from the mastoid through the post-auricular skin surface. Management of a post-auricular cutaneous mastoid fistula can be challenging for the surgeon.ObjectiveThis paper describes a surgical refinement for post-auricular cutaneous mastoid fistula closure, involving a fibro-muscular-periosteal flap to cover the mastoid cavity, combined with a bilobed flap from the mastoid and lateral neck regions for skin closure.Method and resultsA case of a post-auricular cutaneous mastoid fistula developed after revision tympanoplasty for a cholesteatoma. The condition was successfully treated with the presented technique. Pre- and post-operative photographs are provided for demonstration.ConclusionThe fibro-muscular-periosteal flap combined with a bilobed flap from the mastoid and lateral neck regions, in our view, can be considered a valid option for post-auricular cutaneous mastoid fistula closure.
Naming and Praising in Humanitarian Norm Development
Authors: Petrova Margarita H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTo examine the early development of humanitarian norm cascades, the author focuses on the processes that led to the adoption of the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty and the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions. Even though major military powers like the United States, Russia, and China opposed these initiatives, the latter set in motion quick norm cascades that brought about international legal norms stigmatizing land mines and cluster munitions. It is conventionally asserted that international norms emerge either due to great power backing or despite great power opposition, but the author argues that new norms can also take off because of great power opposition. Whenngos and leading states actively foster normative change, a particular type of norm cascade is engineered—one generated by different mechanisms and starting earlier than postulated in the literature. Early norm cascading is driven not by emulation of peers andngonaming and shaming of laggard states, but rather by leadership aspirations and naming and praising.
Propaganda and Combat Motivation: Radio Broadcasts and German Soldiers’ Performance in World War II
Authors: Barber Benjamin , Miller Charles 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhat explains combat motivation in warfare? Scholars argue that monitoring, material rewards, and punishment alone are insufficient explanations. Further, competing ideological accounts of motivation are also problematic because ideas are difficult to operationalize and measure. To solve this puzzle, the authors combine extensive information from World War II about German soldiers’ combat performance with data about conditionally exogenous potential exposure to Nazi radio propaganda. They find evidence that soldiers with higher potential exposure to propaganda were more likely to be decorated for valor even after controlling for individual socioeconomic factors, home district characteristics like urbanization, and proxies for combat exposure.
Plato in the Folk-lore of the Konia Plain
Authors: Hasluck F. W. 
Published: June 2019

The recognition of Plato by the Arab philosophers, and consequently by the Seljouks of Roum, has long been the accepted explanation of the fact that his name is popularly associated with a remarkable spring (Eflatoun Bounari = Plato's spring) with ‘Hittite’ ruins some fifty miles west of Konia, the Seljouk capital, and with a spring at Konia itself: the connection has not hitherto been made clear. Stray references to Plato in the description of this part of Asia Minor by the Turkish geographer Hadji Khalfa (1648) seem to throw some fresh light on the subject.These references are three in number. The first records the existence of a ‘tomb of Plato the divine’ in the citadel at Konia. This is also mentioned earlier by the thirteenth-century geographer Yakut, one of Hadji Khalfa's acknowledged sources: Yakut adds that the tomb was ‘in the church by the mosque.’
The Polish Art Treasures in Canada, 1940-60
Authors: Williams Sharon A. 
Published: June 2019

The Case of the Polish art treasures in Canada presents two important issues: the question of immunity of a foreign state’s public movable property and the question of state responsibility for such property.Removal from Poland and Entry into CanadaIn 1940 the Canadian government permitted the duty free entry into Canada, as property of the Polish state, of a number of cases and trunks containing Polish art treasures which had been removed from the museum at the Wawel Royal Castle in Cracow before invading German armies could seize them. The treasures were stored in the Records Storage Building at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa, on the clear understanding that Canada was to assume no responsibility for their safekeeping. At no time was an inventory of the treasures given to the Canadian government.
Perspectives canadiennes de droit international public et privé relatives à la maîtrise du territoire
Authors: Goldstein Gerald 
Published: June 2019

SummaryState sovereignty manifests itself through all the powers a state exercises over its territory: it is one of the basic components of sovereignty according to international law. Sovereign power involves controlling territory with a degree of efficiency sufficient to prove the existence of the state. But according to some, state sovereignty has now become less and less a matter of territorial control, and international law is now witnessing an erosion of the significance of territory. While the author admits the plausibility of this opinion when applied to states belonging to closely linked economic unions as the EEC, he challenges this statement when applied to Canada, even given the framework of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement. In Part I, this article gives a full account of the Canadian positions dealing with legally valid acquisition of territories through effective control and other means. It points out how Canada has been coherently committed to protect its territorial sovereignty in all the border and territorial disputes in which it was and is still involved. It explores how this country deliberately also committed itself to effectively controlling its vast terrestrial, aerial, and maritime territories.From this perspective, the author exposes in Part II the rather protective Canadian legal attitude when dealing with private international interests in Canada: how foreign investors are selectively allowed to own, control, possess, or otherwise acquire an interest in any part of Canadian land or real property through specific substantial rules or conflict of law rules; how Canadian federal and provincial laws deal with expropriating foreign-owned property or with foreign judgments affecting the same. In the view of the author, all these territorialist features strongly convey the idea that Canada still attributes a prime role to securing close control over its territory within its global policy of sovereignty and independence.
“Developing Sustainability” and the Emerging Norms of International Environmental Law: The Case of Land-Based Marine Pollution Control
Authors: M'Gonigle R. Michael 
Published: June 2019

SommaireBien que la pollution marine d'origine tellurique soit de loin la plus importante source de pollution marine, ce problème n'occupe pas une place dominante dans la réglementation internationale en matière d'environnement. Cet article examine les tentatives de réglementation de la pollution d'origine tellurique et fait des propositions pour son élaboration future. Il soutient principalement que la réglementation de la pollution d'origine tellurique a un impact direct d'une telle importance sur les objectifs économiques nationaux qu'il nous faut concevoir une nouvelle forme d'intégration du droit international de l'environnement et du développement économique international, si l'on veut réussir à contrôler cette forme de pollution. La Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'environnement et le développement ayant lieu bientôt, le temps est propice à l'action innovatrice.L'article étudie en premier lieu le droit coutumier applicable, puis il examine les conventions internationales en fonction du niveau de contrainte de leurs dispositions: engagements non contraignants; obligations générales; obligations particulières précises; engagements institutionnels concrets envers l'adoption de mesures. Il discute également d'une série de conventions régionales adoptées dans le cadre et en dehors du Programme des mers régionales du Programme des Nations Unies pour l'environnement, dont les principes directeurs sur la pollution d'origine tellurique élaborés à Montréal en 1985. Il analyse ensuite ces instruments et discute des éléments suivants: la définition de la pollution; le caractère des obligations fondamentales; la gamme d'obligations relatives à l'application des mesures (y compris la surveillance, les stratégies de contrôle, la gestion intégrée, l'exécution et la responsabilité); l'assistance financière et les arrangements institutionnels. Les failles de la réglementation sont analysées à la lumière de l'ampleur croissante du conflit entre les intérêts économiques et la protection de l'environnement.En conclusion, il recommande des changements et souligne l'intérêt grandissant pour ce domaine, particulièrement dans le contexte de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur l'environnement et de développement qui aura lieu au Brésil en 1992. Enfin, il propose une nouvelle approche “préventive” pour la réglementation en matière d'environnement et étudie les moyens de concilier protection de l'environnement et développement lors de l'élaboration des instruments juridiques futurs.
Same-Sex Relationships and Anglo-Canadian Choice of Law: An Argument for Universal Validity
Authors: Adams Wendy A. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe distinction between formal and essential validity in Anglo-Canadian choice of law regarding marriage is an illogical bifurcation that unnecessarily invalidates same-sex relationships contracted in foreign jurisdictions. The Supreme Court of Canada has recently reformulated certain rules of private international law, taking into account both the constitutional and sub-constitutional imperatives inherent in a federal setting and the need for order and fairness when co-ordinating diversity in the face of increasing globalization. Reform of the choice of law rules regarding the validity of foreign marriages should proceed accordingly with the result being that a marriage valid where celebrated is valid everywhere. No principled reason exists to deny recognition to same-sex relationships validly contracted in other jurisdictions, nor to differentiate between the rights and obligations arising from the legal status of same-sex and different-sex relationships.
Pouring Fuel on the Fire? The WTO’sReformulated GasolineCase
Authors: Strom Torsten H. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryTheReformulated Gasolinecase is the latest decision in a series of recent WTO/GATT disputes dealing with environment and trade issues. The author analyzes the panel’s treatment of Article XX(g) and the Appellate Body’s reasons for rejecting the panel’s interpretation of that provision and substituting its own approach. He aho examines the Appellate Body’s attempt to give new life to the preamble (or chapeau) of Article XX. The author concludes that the Appellate Body’s revised interpretation of Article XX(g) is a significant and constructive departure from previous panel interpretations, but that the Appellate Body’s analysis of the wording in the preamble creates a logically flawed and overly restrictive test that is likely to render illusory the broadened scope it had previously given to Article XX(g).