bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Cost of Pre-Hospital Emergency Missions based on the Activity-based Costing Model and its Comparison with the Cost of Private Emergency Pre-Hospital Emergency Services in Mashhad in 2016
Authors: Ebrahimi Pour Hossein , Pourahmadi Elahe , Vafayinezhad Reza , Badie Aval Shapour , Keyvanlou Ahra , Javan Biparva Akbar 
Published: September 2019

Background: Pre-hospital care plays an important role in managing patients who require emergency services and preserving human life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost of completed public pre-hospital emergency missions according to the activity-based costing model and to compare it with the cost of private pre-hospital emergency services in Mashhad in 2016.
Methods: In this applied and descriptive cross-sectional study, the data were collected using a researcher-made form 4 major groups of costs were identified to estimate the total costs: 1- Personnel salaries, 2- Current expenses 3- Medical consumables 4- Depreciation. The cost of providing pre-hospital services was calculated based on the activity-based costing. Eventually, the cost of pre-hospital emergency services was compared between the public and private sectors. To investigate the cost-effective factors for missions, multiple regression analysis, Breusch-Pagan, Ramsey RESET, Swilk, and Linktest diagnostic tests were used by Stata 11.0 software.
Results: The average cost of each mission was equal to 2114337 ± 217786 thousand Rials in 58 emergency medical centers of Mashhad in 2016. Of this cost, 78.51 %, (1660129 ± 1578445 Rials) was related to employees' salaries, 19.24 % (406842 ± 375083 Rials) was related to the current costs of each center, 0.23 % (4796 ± 4476 Rials) was related to depreciation, and 2/02 % (42761 ± 42822 Rials) was related to medical consumables in each pre-hospital emergency mission. The value of contract with an emergency pre-hospital emergency was 1104000 Rials for each mission in 2016, which is almost half of the cost related to the public pre-hospital. Results of the regression model estimation also showed that among the variables of the model, the fuel cost variable was identified as an effective variable on the cost of each mission (p = 0.0001).
Conclusion: The private sector provides pre-hospital emergency services at a lower cost. Moreover, before establishing a pre-hospital pre-service center, the cost-effectiveness of establishing a center in each region should be checked.
IMPACT OF THE PERSONALITY, PROFESSIONALISM, AND SPIRITUALITY ON DYSFUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOUR (A CASE STUDY OF INDONESIAN ACCOUNTANTS)
Authors: Janie Dyah N.A. , Isgiyarta Jaka 
Published: September 2019

Purpose of the study: This examination means to inspect the impact of locus of control on the reception of dysfunctional behaviour in auditing and to accountants’ professional commitment. We test the impact of accountants’ professional commitment to the reception of dysfunctional behaviour in auditing. We also dissect how work environment spirituality would moderate them.
Methodology: The population was public accountants in Indonesia, selected using convenience sampling method due to the uncertainness of the population. Partial Least Square and WarPLS 6.0 were utilized to break down the information. The use of data collection methods in the form of online questionnaires directly addressed to all Indonesian accounting firms e-mail addresses.
Main Findings: Locus of control proved to have positive effects on the behavioural dysfunctional audits reception and auditors' professional commitment. Professional commitment is not proven to harm the reception of dysfunctional behaviour in auditing. Work environment spirituality is not proven to moderate the relationship between professional commitment and reception of dysfunctional behaviour in auditing.
Applications of this study: The more bound an auditor is to his profession, also makes him take actions that are less ethical, justifying any means so that his business can continue to run. Auditor's attachment to his profession gives an adverse impact. They need to develop themselves, switching to other professions, such as being an Accountant Educator, Management Accountant, or entering the public sector.
Novelty/Originality of this study: This study combines reasoned action and contingency theory. It also connects locus of control and professional commitment. We also adopt work environment spirituality in the model of reception of dysfunctional behaviour in auditing that researchers have never used before. We also integrate extrinsic/environmental factor as a moderating, not as an independent variable. We also utilized online questionnaires.
Lookin’ out my backdoor – El TJUE y la aceptación selectiva de los Tribunales internacionales
Authors: Cantore Carlo M. 
Published: September 2019

En ausencia de una autoridad política global, el diálogo entre tribunales internacionales, supranacionales y nacionales ha desempeñado un papel fundamental a lo largo de los años para favorecer la armonización jurídica y el reconocimiento y la ejecución de derechos y principios comunes. En Europa, el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE) ha estado en el centro de este proceso. A lo largo de los años, el TJUE ha actuado como "guardián" en la selección de otros interlocutores judiciales para el desarrollo de un verdadero dialogo. El enfoque del TJUE no ha sido siempre coherente. Sin embargo, desarrollos recientes muestran que el TJUE a veces ha reconsiderado su inclinación y mostrado mayor apertura a la aceptación de otros tribunales internacionales.Recibido: 11 mayo 2019Aceptado: 21 junio 2019Publicación en línea: 31 julio 2019
Metabolite Transporters—The Gatekeepers for T Cell Metabolism
Authors: Hsu Chia-Lin , Dzhagalov Ivan L. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Metabolism is the fundamental biological process that drives the survival and death at both organismal and cellular level. It is also intimately involved in all cellular functions, proliferation, differentiation, and response to environmental cues and stress. During infection, successful immune response depends on the proper activation of various cell types. T cells are a key component of adaptive immunity. They remain metabolically quiescent before meeting their cognate antigens, however upon antigen encounter, these activated T cells have increased demands for energy and biological building blocks for differentiation, proliferation, and effector molecules production. These biosynthetic needs are met through metabolic reprogramming. Multilayered metabolite sensing machinery is in place to interact with the environment and coordinates the cellular metabolism with cell signaling and gene expression to meet the cellular demand in a timely manner. As most of the metabolites are cell membrane impermeable and require specialized membrane proteins to facilitate their translocation, metabolite transporters serve as gatekeepers and an important layer of regulation of metabolism in general. In this review, we discuss how key metabolite transporters are involved in T cell metabolism and shape T cell responses.
The impact of peer assessment on mathematics students’ understanding of marking criteria and their ability to self-regulate learning
Authors: Brignell Chris , Wicks Tom , Tomas Carmen , Halls Jonathan 
Published: September 2019

At the University of Nottingham peer-assessment was piloted with the objective of assisting students to gain greater understanding of marking criteria so that students may improve their comprehension of, and solutions to, future mathematical tasks. The study resulted in improvement in all four factors of observation, emulation, self-control and self-regulation thus providing evidence of a positive impact on student learning.The pilot involved a large first-year mathematics class who completed a formative piece of coursework prior to a problem class. At the problem class students were trained in the use of marking criteria before anonymously marking peer work. The pilot was evaluated using questionnaires (97 responses) at the beginning and end of the problem class. The questionnaires elicited students’ understanding of criteria before and after the task and students’ self-efficacy in relation to assessment self-control and self-regulation.The analysis of students’ descriptions of the criteria of assessment show that their understanding of the requirements for the task were expanded. After the class, explanation of the method and notation (consistent and correct) were much more present in students’ descriptions. Furthermore, 67 per cent of students stated they had specific ideas on how to improve their solutions to problems in the future. Students’ self-perceived abilities to self-assess and improve were positively impacted. The pilot gives strong evidence for the use of peer-assessment to develop students’ competencies as assessors, both in terms of their understanding of marking criteria and more broadly their ability to self-assess and regulate their learning.
2020 SPE President Shauna Noonan
Authors: Donnelly John 
Published: September 2019

Interview with 2020 SPE President Shauna Noonan
Shauna Noonan will take office as 2020 SPE President during the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition 30 September–2 October in Calgary.
She is the director of artificial lift engineering for Occidental Petroleum Corporation, based in Houston, where she directs the company’s efforts in artificial lift system performance globally. Prior to joining Oxy in late 2015, she worked worldwide on artificial lift projects and technology development at ConocoPhillips and Chevron for more than 22 years. She has authored or coauthored more than 25 technical publications on the subject of artificial lift and is a frequent speaker at industry events.
She has been an avid SPE volunteer in many roles since first serving as a student section officer. She served on the SPE International Board of Directors as the Technical Director for Production and Operations from 2012–2015. She has driven the development of industry standards and recommended practices for artificial lift systems while serving as chair for ISO and API committees, and has received industry awards for her contributions to the discipline.
Noonan holds a BS degree in petroleum engineering from the University of Alberta.

What key issues will you emphasize during your year as president?
I want to focus on strengthening five areas for SPE to remain a trusted, unbiased source of technical information, be the membership of choice for professionals in oil and gas, and to be respected both within and outside of our industry. When people see that SPE logo, it should be synonymous with excellence in terms of all our offerings to our membership.
The theme of my presidency is “SPE strong,” strengthening the core of our society. The five areas are:
- Strengthening the technical quality of our publications, presentations, and events
- Strengthening the tools and methods by which we disseminate knowledge to our members
- Strengthening our core functions, with an additional focus on automation and digital science
- Strengthening knowledge transfer in unconventional resources
- Strengthening the feedstock of incoming talent into the industry.

How will you go about strengthening these areas?
For the past year in my role as incoming president, I have been working with my fellow board members and SPE staff to develop the various initiatives around my five focus areas. I will share those details in each of my monthly JPT columns along with updates on our progress.
In the latest SPE Strategic Plan, there is an emphasis on instilling professional pride.

What should be the focus?
I am proud to be a petroleum engineer but I, like many of our members, have not been adept at explaining what exactly our industry does. We need to learn how to have an effective conversation with those outside of our industry on how we lift the world out of poverty and improve the quality of life by providing affordable, sustainable energy while targeting carbon neutrality. An effective conversation is an open dialogue, not a PowerPoint presentation or a factual document.
Drilling Change Requires Changing Drillers
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen 
Published: September 2019

There is a lot of buzz about digital data and analytics changing drilling, and far less talk about teaching those who drill the wells how to deliver on that promise. That looks like a major oversight to Kevin Krausert, the chief executive officer of Beaver Drilling.
“Our industry is trying to figure out how we can engineer the humans out of this change. And we need to be thinking about how we put the humans in charge of engineering this change,” Krausert said.
His critique was delivered during a panel discussion at this year’s SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition. The head of the small Canadian drilling company argued that the value of digital- and data-driven change will depend on whether workers skilled at running a mechanical system are prepared to lead teams finding way to use digital tools to drill more productively.
To try to back up that claim, Beaver created a 2-year program in partnership with the University of Calgary to create the Avatar program to prepare students ranging from roughnecks to drilling managers for digital change.
The notion that an employee for a drilling contractor who may never have gone to college is the point person for drilling innovation is counterintuitive. But experience with drilling improvement programs has found that the ones on the rigs play a critical role.
“The fundamental shift has to be in the•mindset of the guys who are right there in the thick of it. They are the ones affecting the change; they are the ones who can lead the movement,” said Jennifer Zieglgansberger, an executive coach in Calgary who partnered with Beaver to create Avatar.
People-Driven Change
Beaver’s story is one of four examples of worker-centered innovation efforts in the oil industry.
Occidental Petroleum has slashed drilling costs using a flood of data from wired drilling pipe. The key to doing so was the teamwork on that rig, and others nearby, to systematically improve performance (SPE 194093).
Advanced technology provided an unusually detailed picture for a crew “systematically engaging the rig in identifying opportunities for improvement and using engineering design to make continuous improvements that can be used anywhere,” said Molly Giltner, a senior drilling engineering supervisor at Occidental, who delivered a paper on the project at the drilling conference.
“People can do it, they just need the information,” said Giltner, the project leader. “They need to be told they can change things. Motivating people makes a huge difference. We do not talk about that a lot as engineers and they do not talk about that in school.”
Corva has grown rapidly due to the strong demand for its real-time data and analysis system. In a year, it has gone from a couple of rigs equipped with its drilling advisory system to 250 rigs and 35 clients by September, said Ryan Dawson, chief executive officer of Corva.
To “Right Size” Fractures, Producers Adopt Robust Monitoring and Custom Completions
Authors: Jacobs Trent 
Published: September 2019

As the shale sector looks for ways to improve well results, momentum is building to take a much closer look at how and where hydraulic fractures are created while pressure pumping fluids into tight, complex reservoirs.
The effort is being driven by unresolved questions over optimal well spacing and fracturing techniques. They are two closely related issues that dovetail into sector-wide production shortfalls associated to frac hits, a common well-to-well effect that experts in the technical community have recently named fracture-driven interactions.
One of the biggest challenges in overcoming these issues is to learn how to control the size of hydraulic fractures (the general emphasis is on reducing their lateral and vertical extensions) with a far finer degree of accuracy and finesse than is realistic today. There is an expanding array of diagnostic studies and new technologies working to this end. Several of the latest examples were highlighted at the recent Unconventional Resources Technology Conference (URTeC) in Denver.
Operators both large and small used the conference as an opportunity to express support for the broader use of tools considered to be classic components of petroleum and reservoir engineering: wellhead and bottomhole pressure gauges. These two technological cousins are nothing new to the oil field, but have only recently become viewed as essential among those seeking affordable answers about how their fractures behave during the treatment.
“The industry badly needs a low-cost, stage-by-stage method that we can use for assessing the reservoir quality, the completion design, and fracture complexities,” said Michael Sullivan, a reservoir diagnostics advisor with Chevron, during a technical session at URTeC. “Unfortunately, the high-cost and operational complexity is a barrier to most other stage-level assessments. What we need is something we can afford to do.”
Sullivan was presenting a paper (URTeC 970) that describes how Chevron’s Canadian asset team in the Duvernay Shale recently began using “free” wellhead pressure data to estimate each fracturing stage’s performance. His hope is that others follow the workflows as Chevron looks at more than half-a-dozen ways to use the data (including perforation cluster efficiency analysis and frac hit identification) to refine its completions approach.
Sullivan highlighted that the new learnings are thanks to pressure gauges it uses per standard procedure, meaning they are on wellheads whether the data is analyzed or not. To drive down costs further, Sullivan advised other operators to buy their own gauges vs. renting them from service companies. “What I’ve been emphasizing around our company is that this is a measurement we can afford to make—so let’s make sure we’re getting the most out of it,” he•added.
Technology Focus: Field Development (September 2019)
Authors: Capello Maria A. 
Published: September 2019

Technology Focus
Field developers are making bold step changes to form their optimization strategies on the crests of digital transformation, using massive data analytics, machine learning, cloud computing, and data-sharing strategies for oil and gas fields in all stages of development. This trend will only grow, following the imperative to ensure the sustainability of new assets and extend the life of brownfields of any size.•
Current trends in field development are to study, model, and understand the time-lapse effects in those fields where optimization of costs, environmental challenges, and sustainability are key differentiators. In onshore or offshore heavy-oil developments, as well as in shale oil and gas, massive data analytics and optimization techniques revolutionize work flows in field development with great force and speed. Digital oilfield frameworks, fast-track modeling, genetic algorithms, particle-swarm optimization, ensemble-based optimization, and closed-loop reservoir management are the leading best-decision loops.
Operating companies of all sizes and profiles—national oil companies, large international oil companies, and small private investments—are migrating from structured, linear, and conventional approaches in field development toward more-efficient and data-driven work flows, with activities executed in parallel to benefit all fronts, and fit-for-purpose and temporary working teams. The investments of time and effort are focused to better understand and predict how to reduce or avoid the interference among child and parent wells in shale oil or to ensure the sustainable production from offshore heavy-oil developments. Field development and field-operation optimization become joint efforts as the loops of production are shorter and the data are shared among several disciplines, interconnecting and integrating their goals.
The three selected papers provide an opportunity to catch up with the thrilling step-change evolution in field development. The industry continues its digital transformation, and field development is leading the•wave.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 191799 Time-Dependent Depletion of Parent Well and Effect on Well Spacing in the Wolfcamp Delaware Basin by•Cyrille•Defeu, Schlumberger, et al.
SPE 193914 A Comprehensive Adaptive Forecasting Framework for Optimum Field-Development Planning by Amir Salehi, Quantum Reservoir Impact International, et al.
IPTC 19468 Modeling Interwell Interference Caused by Complex Fracture Hits in Eagle Ford Using an Embedded Discrete Fracture Model by Mauricio Xavier Fiallos, The University of Texas at Austin, et al.
The association between magnitude of T-SPOT.TB and clinical characteristics in active pulmonary tuberculosis: a retrospective multicenter investigation
Authors: Chang Yunqing , Kang Wanli , Wu Meiying , Ertai A , Wu Shucai , Li Zhihui , Geng Shujun , Li Mingwu , Li Liang , Tang Shenjie 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between magnitude of T-SPOT.TB and clinical characteristics in active pulmonary tuberculosis.
Methods: In this retrospective multicenter investigation, the medical records’ archives of PTB patients were reviewed. Data including gender, age group, bacterial culture, sputum-smear microscopy, lung cavity and range of PTB were extracted from the records. The Jonckheere-Terpstra test and chi-square test for trend were used to evaluate the association between magnitude of T-SPOT.TB and clinical characteristics in active pulmonary tuberculosis.
Results: A total of 1252 PTB patients were included in this study.Chi-square trend tests revealed significant positive trends between bacterial culture and magnitude of T-SPOT.TB A (χ2 =18.978, P <0.001) or T-SPOT.TB B (χ2 =19.677, P <0.001). There were significant positive trends between AFB and magnitude of T-SPOT.TB A (TJT =345784, P <0.001) or T-SPOT.TB B (TJT =336017, P <0.001). There was a significant positive trend between range of lung cavity and magnitude of T-SPOT.TB A (TJT =326079.5, P =0.023). There were significant negative trends between age group and magnitude of T-SPOT.TB A (TJT =204306, P <0.001) or T-SPOT.TB B (TJT =206572, P <0.001).
Conclusions: The magnitude of T-SPOT.TB in PTB patients may reflect the condition of the patients and could be helpful for clinicians to assess the degree of infection and lung tissue damage.