bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The knowledge base of Chinese as a second language teaching in K-12 settings
Authors: Geng Ziyi , Murphy John 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The field of teaching Chinese as a second language (CSL) is expanding and growing in importance worldwide. Related
fields, such as Chinese language pedagogy, language policy, and the acquisition of Chinese as a second language, are attracting
increased attention in research. However, research into K-12 CSL teacher cognition (what teachers know, think, and believe) has
been very limited. It has been reported that more understanding of language teacher cognition has significant impacts on the
development of teacher training and professional development programs (Borg, 2015;
Kubanyiova & Feryok, 2015). Many aspects of CSL teacher cognition are
underexplored when compared with language teacher cognition research in general and K-12 language teacher cognition research
specifically. This article reviews current theoretical and empirical research into language teacher cognition with a particular
focus on existing studies in the field of CSL teaching in the context of K-12 education. The purposes of the review article are
(1) to document the current knowledge base of CSL teaching, and (2) to discuss current gaps in and future directions of teacher
cognition research in this area. It first discusses general theories and research concerning second language teacher cognition
within current research paradigms, and then provides a review of CSL teacher cognition research. Finally, it reviews pressing
issues and suggests directions for future research in K-12 Chinese teacher cognition.
Juglans L.
Authors: Savill P. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

This chapter describes the origin and introduction; climatic and site requirements, and other silvicultural characteristics; Juglone; pests and diseases; natural regeneration; flowering, seed production and nursery conditions; provenance; timber and uses; and place of of black and common walnuts (Juglans nigra and J. regia) in British forestry.
Larix Mill.
Authors: Savill P. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

This chapter describes the origin and introduction; climatic and site requirements, and other silvicultural characteristics; pests and diseases; natural regeneration; flowering, seed production and nursery conditions; provenance; area, yield and rotation length; timber and uses; yield and timber; and place of European (Larix decidua), Japanese (L. kaempferi) and hybrid larches (Larix × marschilinsii) in British forestry.
Nothofagus Blume.
Authors: Savill P. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

This chapter describes the origin and introduction; climatic and site requirements, and other silvicultural characteristics; pests and pathogens; natural regeneration; seed production and nursery conditions; provenance; yield and timber; and place of southern beeches (Nothofagus alpina and N. obliqua) in British forestry.
Quercus L.
Authors: Savill P. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

This chapter describes the origin and introduction; climatic and site requirements, and other silvicultural characteristics; pests and diseases; natural regeneration; flowering, seed production and nursery conditions; conservation; provenance and breeding; timber and uses; area and yield; and place of oaks (Quercus petraea, Q. robur, and Q. rubra) in British forestry.
Synergistic Impact of Diabetes and Hypertension on the Progression and Distribution of Glomerular Histopathological Lesions
Authors: Sasaki Takaya , Tsuboi Nobuo , Okabayashi Yusuke , Haruhara Kotaro , Kanzaki Go , Koike Kentaro , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Ikegami Masahiro , Shimizu Akira , Yokoo Takashi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Diabetes and hypertension share renal histopathological features, such as arterial lesions and glomerular hypertrophy, that have not been investigated in relation to the blood pressure status of diabetic subjects. The severity of glomerular lesions varies across locations of the renal cortex, which may be further affected by diabetes and/or hypertension.

METHODS
Histopathological lesions in different parts of the renal cortex of autopsy kidneys were evaluated and analyzed based on medical histories of diabetes and hypertension.

RESULTS
This study included a total of 82 Japanese autopsies composed of normotensive nondiabetics (n = 31), hypertensive nondiabetics (n = 28), normotensive diabetics (n = 14), and hypertensive diabetics (n = 9). There were no differences in age, sex, renal function, or body size among groups. In both the superficial and juxtamedullary cortices, increased glomerular volume (GV) was significantly associated with either diabetes or hypertension. In addition, diabetes and hypertension showed a significant interaction with GV regardless of the cortical location. Values for global glomerulosclerosis (GGS) and arteriolar hyalinosis (AH) were associated with diabetes but not with hypertension. Only values for GGS consistently showed cortical surface superiority. The zonal distribution of AH, GV, or other diabetic glomerular lesions differed among the lesions depending on the presence or absence of hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS
These results imply that diabetes and hypertension synergistically enhance glomerular hypertrophy across all layers of the human renal cortex. The process is closely associated with the severity of GGS and AH predominantly associated with diabetes.
Onlay Fascial Grafts to Silicone-Polytetrafluorethylene Composite Implants in Augmentation Rhinoplasty: A Retrospective Study of 241 Cases
Authors: Khoo Lee Seng , Yen Cheng-I , Chang Chun-Shin , Chen Hung-Chang , Huang Chih-Jung , Hsiao Yen-Chang 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Silicone-polytetrafluoroethylene composite implants are fast gaining popularity in Asian rhinoplasty. Nonetheless, implant displacement, erythematous reactions, and infections still occur in the authors’ patient group during long-term follow-up.

Objectives
The authors reported successful experience of combining the utilization of silicone-polytetrafluoroethylene composite implants with onlay temporal fascial grafts to circumvent these complications.

Methods
Sixty-four patients of Asian ethnicity underwent augmentation rhinoplasty utilizing an I-shaped composite implant with an onlay fascial graft from January 2015 to June 2018, with a mean follow-up period of 13.5 months. This patient group was compared with a control group of 177 Asian patients who underwent augmentation rhinoplasty utilizing the same composite implant but without the addition of a fascial graft; the control group was treated from February 2012 to June 2015, with a mean follow-up of 42.0 months. Complications were compared between these 2 patient groups, specifically focusing on malposition/deviations, erythema, and infections.

Results
There was a marked decrease in complication rates with the addition of an onlay temporal fascial graft to cover the composite implant in augmentation rhinoplasty (7.8% vs 14.7%) as well as the rate of erythematous reactions (0% vs 6.2%, P = 0.04), infection (1.6% vs 1.1%), and implant malposition/deviation (0% vs 4.5%). Harvesting the temporal fascia and fashioning the onlay graft added an additional 33 minutes on average per procedure. No donor site morbidity was encountered.

Conclusions
Although the operative time increased, the benefits of adding onlay fascial grafts to silicone-polytetrafluoroethylene implants in alloplastic augmentation rhinoplasty outweigh the drawbacks, as evidenced by the decrease in erythematous reactions.

Level of Evidence: 4
The Rainbow Scale for the Assessment of the Cervicomental Angle: A Validated Scale
Authors: van de Lande Lara S , Eyck Ben M , Mooij Jelle J , Stevens Hieronymus P , van Dongen Joris A 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Aging of the neck results in an increased cervicomental angle, which can be treated by various surgical and nonsurgical procedures. To measure the success of these procedures, standardized validated objective photographic measurement tools are needed. However, no online standardized photographic measurement tools exist for the assessment of the cervicomental angle.

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to establish a validated and reliable measurement tool for the assessment of the cervicomental angle based on the Rainbow Scale.

Methods
A 5-point photographic rating scale was developed and created from 1 photograph with Adobe Photoshop. Fifteen reference photographs of women, 3 photographs per grade, were included for validation. Seven panelists (ie, plastic and maxillofacial surgeons) assessed the reference photographs 3 times with a minimal interval of 3 days in an online survey. Intra- and inter-observer agreements were calculated utilizing the weighted kappa coefficient.

Results
Mean intra-observer agreement was 0.93 (0.78-1.00). Mean interobserver agreement was 0.796 (0.574-0.961) for survey 1, 0.868 (0.690-0.960) for survey 2, and 0.820 (0.676-0.959) for survey 3.

Conclusions
The Rainbow Scale for the assessment of the cervicomental angle has been validated in an online fashion. The scale is reproducible and reliable and requires no learning curve. Potential applications include objective assessment of neck treatment planning and surgical outcome.

Level of Evidence: 4
Mitochondrial DNA enrichment reduced NUMT contamination in porcine NGS analyses
Authors: Wang Dan , Xiang Hai , Ning Chao , Liu Hao , Liu Jian-Feng , Zhao Xingbo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Genetic associations between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and economic traits have been widely reported for pigs, which indicate the importance of mtDNA. However, studies on mtDNA heteroplasmy in pigs are rare. Next generation sequencing (NGS) methodologies have emerged as a promising genomic approach for detection of mitochondrial heteroplasmy. Due to the short reads, flexible bioinformatic analyses and the contamination of nuclear mitochondrial sequences (NUMTs), NGS was expected to increase false-positive detection of heteroplasmy. In this study, Sanger sequencing was performed as a gold standard to detect heteroplasmy with a detection sensitivity of 5% in pigs and then one whole-genome sequencing method (WGS) and two mtDNA enrichment sequencing methods (Capture and LongPCR) were carried out. The aim of this study was to determine whether mitochondrial heteroplasmy identification from NGS data was affected by NUMTs. We find that WGS generated more false intra-individual polymorphisms and less mapping specificity than the two enrichment sequencing methods, suggesting NUMTs indeed led to false-positive mitochondrial heteroplasmies from NGS data. In addition, to accurately detect mitochondrial diversity, three commonly used tools—SAMtools, VarScan and GATK—with different parameter values were compared. VarScan achieved the best specificity and sensitivity when considering the base alignment quality re-computation and the minimum variant frequency of 0.25. It also suggested bioinformatic workflow interfere in the identification of mtDNA SNPs. In conclusion, intra-individual polymorphism in pig mitochondria from NGS data was confused with NUMTs, and mtDNA-specific enrichment is essential before high-throughput sequencing in the detection of mitochondrial genome sequences.
A new technique for measuring fistula flow using venous blood gas oxygen saturation in patients with a central venous catheter
Authors: Rotondi Silverio , Tartaglione Lida , Muci Maria Luisa , Pasquali Marzia , Pirozzi Nicola , Mazzaferro Sandro 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Doppler ultrasound (DU) monitoring early after arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation allows the identification of low blood flow (Qa) requiring prompt revision, but it is costly (needs skilled operators and technical instruments) and is not available in all dialysis units. Therefore alternative first-line methods to measure Qa would be welcomed. We reasoned that once an AVF is created, an increment in central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) is predictable and proportional to Qa.

Methods
Accordingly, in patients receiving dialysis through a central venous catheter (CVC) in whom an AVF was created, we measured, by means of blood gas analysis, the ScvO2 increment before and after manual compression of the arteriovenous shunt and verified its correlation with DU-measured Qa.

Results
We sampled blood gas in 18 patients with CVC and AVF before and after 30 s manual compression of the AVF. ScvO2 averaged 70.5 ± 3% before and 65.2 ± 3% after AVF closure, with an average drop of 5.1 ± 3% (range 1–12). AVF Qa, which was measured within 24 h by means of DU, averaged 635 ± 349 mL/min (range 50–1300) and was strictly and positively correlated with ΔScvO2 (r = 0.954, P &lt; 0.0001).

Conclusions
Therefore we suggest that in patients with CVC and a newly created AVF, it is possible to monitor AVF Qa without DU by simply measuring blood gas and ΔScvO2. This technique is simple, cheap, repeatable, non-invasive and operator independent and represents a new useful screening test to detect delayed AVF access maturation deserving prompt DU measurement and surgical revision. It helps to quickly identify patients in urgent need of DU verification and possible surgical revision. Regrettably, it is applicable only in patients with CVC.
CD1d Modulates Colonic Inflammation in NOD2−/− Mice by Altering the Intestinal Microbial Composition Comprising Acetatifactor muris
Authors: Lee Chansu , Hong Sung Noh , Paik Nam Young , Kim Tae Jun , Kim Eun Ran , Chang Dong Kyung , Kim Young-Ho 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Aims
NOD2 and CD1d play a key role in innate immunity by recognizing conserved molecular patterns of pathogens. While NOD2−/− and CD1d−/− mice display structural and functional alterations in Paneth cells, animal studies have reported no impact of NOD2 or CD1d deficiency on experimental colitis. NOD2 mutations increase the susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases and the CD1d bound to α-galactosylceramide [α-GalCer] alleviates intestinal inflammation. We evaluated the effect of CD1d modulation on experimental colitis in NOD2−/− mice.

Methods
The effect of CD1d augmentation and depletion in NOD2−/− mice was assessed in a dextran sodium sulphate [DSS]-induced colitis model via administration of α-GalCer and construction of NOD2−/−CD1d−/− mice. The structural and functional changes in Paneth cells were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy and pilocarpine administration. Colitogenic taxa were analysed in the faeces of NOD2−/−CD1d−/− mice using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Results
In NOD2−/− mice, α-GalCer alleviated and CD1d depletion [NOD2−/−CD1d−/− mice] aggravated colitis activity and histology compared with co-housed littermates NOD2−/−, CD1d−/− and wild-type mice after administration of 3% DSS. In NOD2−/−CD1d−/− mice, the ultrastructure and degranulation ability of secretary granules in Paneth cells were altered and the intestinal microbial composition differed from that of their littermates. Faecal microbiota transplantation [FMT] with NOD2−/−CD1d−/− mice faeces into wild-type mice aggravated DSS-induced colitis, while FMT with wild-type mice faeces into NOD2−/−CD1d−/− mice alleviated DSS-induced colitis. Acetatifactor muris was identified only in NOD2−/−CD1d−/− mice faeces and the oral gavage of A. muris in wild-type mice aggravated DSS-induced colitis.

Conclusion
CD1d modulates colonic inflammation in NOD2−/− mice by altering the intestinal microbial composition comprising A. muris.
Adverse Events and Nocebo Effects in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Ma Christopher , Panaccione Nicola R , Nguyen Tran M , Guizzetti Leonardo , Parker Claire E , Hussein Isra M , Vande Casteele Niels , Khanna Reena , Dulai Parambir S , Singh Siddharth , Feagan Brian G , Jairath Vipul 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background and Aims
Nocebo effects, adverse outcomes occurring in patients receiving inert therapy, contribute to adverse event [AE] reporting in randomized controlled trials [RCTs]. High placebo AE rates may result in inaccurate estimation of treatment-related AEs. We estimate the pooled rate of AEs in patients randomized to placebo compared to active therapy in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] RCTs.

Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL were searched to March 1, 2017 for RCTs of conventional medical therapies for Crohn’s disease [CD] or ulcerative colitis [UC]. Rates of AEs, serious AEs [SAEs], AE-related trial withdrawal, infections and worsening IBD were pooled using a random-effects model.

Results
We included 124 CD [n = 26 042] and 71 UC RCTs [n = 16 798]. The pooled placebo AE rate was 70.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 65.3%, 75.4%) and 54.5% [47.8%, 61.1%] in CD and UC RCTs, respectively. There was no significant risk difference [RD] in AE, SAE or AE-related withdrawal rates between CD patients receiving placebo or active drug. A 1.6% [95% CI: 0.1%, 3.1%] increase in AE rates was observed among UC patients randomized to active therapy. Patients receiving active therapy had a higher risk of infection (RD 1.0% [95% CI: 0.4%, 1.7%] for CD, 2.9% [95% CI: 1.4%, 4.4%] for UC) although a lower risk of worsening CD (RD −3.2% [95% CI: −4.8%, −1.5%]) or UC (RD –3.7% [95% CI: –5.7%, –1.8%]).

Conclusions
AEs are commonly reported by patients randomized to either placebo or active treatment in IBD RCTs. Clinically relevant differences in AE, SAE and AE-related withdrawal were not observed.
A Phenology Model for Asian Gypsy Moth Egg Hatch
Authors: Gray David R , Keena Melody A 
Published: April 2019

AbstractPhenology models are useful tools in pest management interventions, biosecurity operations targeting alien invaders, and answering questions regarding the potential for range expansion/shift. The Gypsy Moth Life Stage model (GLS) has been used to predict the invasive range of the North American gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar dispar Linnaeus [Lepidoptera: Erebidae]) in North America and New Zealand. It has been used to examine the role of supra-optimal temperatures in range expansion/stasis/retraction. However, GLS has also been used where the target organism is the Asian subspecies L. d. asiatica Vnukovskij, despite observed differences between the predominant phenotypes of the two subspecies in the temperature requirements for egg hatch and the absence of egg phenology model parameters specific to the Asian phenotype. Here we describe the results of temperature and exposure duration on the timing of Asian gypsy moth egg hatch, and we present phenology model parameters for the Asian phenotype. Sum of squared differences (observed minus predicted day of median egg hatch) was reduced from 7,818 d2 (North American parameters) to 178 d2. Days of simulated median egg hatch differed from the observed days by 0–7 d (x¯=0.2; SD=3.1). The pattern of simulated egg hatch closely mimicked the irregular pattern of observed egg hatch from the temperature regimes of our experiment. Egg hatch is arguably the most important life cycle event in gypsy moth population suppression/eradication interventions and in estimating their potential invasive range. The model parameters described here produce accurate predictions of Asian gypsy moth egg hatch.
Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Assemblages of High Andean Rivers Respond to Environmental and Pollution Gradients
Authors: Cuadrado Luz A , Moncada Ligia I , Pinilla Gabriel A , Larrañaga Aitor , Sotelo Aura I , Adler Peter H 
Published: April 2019

AbstractSimuliid larvae are common inhabitants of mountain rivers throughout the world, where they can serve as ecological indicators. Black flies were sampled during three seasons in four rivers in the upper basin of the Bogotá River in the Colombian Andes, and physical, chemical, and hydrological data were recorded. Multivariate methods were used to determine the relationships between the presence and abundance of simuliid species and environmental characteristics. Fourteen species were found: eight in the genus Gigantodax (Enderlein, Diptera, Simuliidae) and six in the genus Simulium (Latreille, Diptera, Simuliidae). Dissolved oxygen, dissolved solids, redox potential, chemical oxygen demand, and nutrients contributed to an explanation of species distributions. Species in clean waters and in more polluted waters had narrow niches; those in low to moderately polluted waters had broader niches. Species in the lower reaches of the watercourses had greater turnover, perhaps because the most sensitive species had disappeared and been replaced by more tolerant species. Thus, simuliids can be used as predictors of environmental characteristics of Andean rivers and can be useful in the evaluation and management of these watersheds.
Birth Cohort Effects in Influenza Surveillance Data: Evidence That First Influenza Infection Affects Later Influenza-Associated Illness
Authors: Budd Alicia P , Beacham Lauren , Smith Catherine B , Garten Rebecca J , Reed Carrie , Kniss Krista , Mustaquim Desiree , Ahmad Farida B , Cummings Charisse N , Garg Shikha , Levine Min Z , Fry Alicia M , Brammer Lynnette 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe evolution of influenza A viruses results in birth cohorts that have different initial influenza virus exposures. Historically, A/H3 predominant seasons have been associated with more severe influenza-associated disease; however, since the 2009 pandemic, there are suggestions that some birth cohorts experience more severe illness in A/H1 predominant seasons.MethodsUnited States influenza virologic, hospitalization, and mortality surveillance data during 2000–2017 were analyzed for cohorts born between 1918 and 1989 that likely had different initial influenza virus exposures based on viruses circulating during early childhood. Relative risk/rate during H3 compared with H1 predominant seasons during prepandemic versus pandemic and later periods were calculated for each cohort.ResultsDuring the prepandemic period, all cohorts had more influenza-associated disease during H3 predominant seasons than H1 predominant seasons. During the pandemic and later period, 4 cohorts had higher hospitalization and mortality rates during H1 predominant seasons than H3 predominant seasons.ConclusionsBirth cohort differences in risk of influenza-associated disease by influenza A virus subtype can be seen in US influenza surveillance data and differ between prepandemic and pandemic and later periods. As the population ages, the amount of influenza-associated disease may be greater in future H1 predominant seasons than H3 predominant seasons.
Infant Pneumococcal Carriage During Influenza, RSV, and hMPV Respiratory Illness Within a Maternal Influenza Immunization Trial
Authors: Murray Alastair F , Englund Janet A , Kuypers Jane , Tielsch James M , Katz Joanne , Khatry Subarna K , Leclerq Steven C , Chu Helen Y 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this post-hoc analysis of midnasal pneumococcal carriage in a community-based, randomized prenatal influenza vaccination trial in Nepal with weekly infant respiratory illness surveillance, 457 of 605 (75.5%) infants with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), or human metapneumovirus (hMPV) illness had pneumococcus detected. Pneumococcal carriage did not impact rates of lower respiratory tract disease for these 3 viruses. Influenza-positive infants born to mothers given influenza vaccine had lower pneumococcal carriage rates compared to influenza-positive infants born to mothers receiving placebo (58.1% versus 71.6%, P = 0.03). Maternal influenza immunization may impact infant acquisition of pneumococcus during influenza infection.
Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01034254.