bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Study of Selective Protein Glycation
Authors: Sjoblom Nicole M. , Kelsey Maxfield M. G. , Scheck Rebecca A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractGlycation is a non‐enzymatic post‐translational modification (PTM) that remains poorly understood, largely because it is unknown how it occurs selectively. Using mass spectrometry, it was possible to evaluate total glycation levels, identify distinct glycated products, assign unique glycation sites, and correlate these data with chemical and structural features for a panel of proteins glycated in vitro. It was determined that the extent of glycation does not correlate with pKa or surface exposure at reactive sites. Rather, the data reveal that primary sequence dictates the overall likelihood that a site will become glycated, while surrounding structure further sculpts the glycation outcome. Clustered acidic residues were found to prevent glycation, whereas a combination of tyrosine and polar residues appear to promote glycation. This work contributes important new knowledge about the molecular features that govern selective glycation.
Mild Homologation of Esters through Continuous Flow Chloroacetate Claisen Reactions
Authors: Ganiek Maximilian A. , Ivanova Maria V. , Martin Benjamin , Knochel Paul 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe selective chloromethylenation of functionalized esters using chloroacetic acid (CA) and LiHMDS (HMDS=hexamethyldisilazide) in a continuous‐flow setup is reported. This Claisen homologation is for the first time extended to bis‐chloromethylenation using dichloroacetic acid (DCA), thus giving access to under‐explored α,α′‐bis‐chloroketones. The use of flow conditions enables efficient generation and reaction of the unstable chloroacetate dianion intermediates, leading to unprecedented mild and scalable reaction conditions at an economical reagent stoichiometry (−10 °C, <1 min, 1.0–2.4 equiv dianion). The clean reaction profiles allow subsequent use of the unpurified crude products, which is demonstrated in the synthesis of various heterocycles of broad interest. Furthermore, we report a novel, catalyst‐free substitution of the obtained monochloro ketone products with (hetero)aryl zinc enolates to give valuable 1,4‐diketones.
Rapid, Quantitative, and Ultrasensitive Point‐of‐Care Testing: A Portable SERS Reader for Lateral Flow Assays in Clinical Chemistry
Authors: Tran Vi , Walkenfort Bernd , König Matthias , Salehi Mohammad , Schlücker Sebastian 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe design of a portable Raman/SERS‐LFA reader with line illumination using a custom‐made fiber optic probe for rapid, quantitative, and ultrasensitive point‐of‐care testing (POCT) is presented. The pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is detectable in clinical samples within only 2–5 s down to approximately 1.6 mIU mL−1. This acquisition time is several orders of magnitude shorter than those of existing approaches requiring expensive Raman instrumentation, and the method is 15‐times more sensitive than a commercially available lateral flow assay (LFA) as the gold standard. The SERS‐LFA technology paves the way for affordable, quantitative, and ultrasensitive POCT with multiplexing potential in real‐world applications, ranging from clinical chemistry to food and environmental analysis as well as drug and biowarfare agent testing.
Antioxidant Activity Displayed by Phenolic Compounds Obtained from Walnut Oil Cake used for Walnut Oil Preservation
Authors: Grosso Antonella L. , Asensio Claudia M. , Nepote Valeria , Grosso Nelson R. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of various antioxidants (ethyl acetate‐soluble polyphenols: PAE; water‐soluble polyphenols: PH; and butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT]) on the preservation of walnut oil (W) during storage. An oven test was conducted on the walnut oil samples: without antioxidants (control: WC) and with antioxidants: PAE (WPAE), PH (WPH), and BHT (WBHT) during a 16‐day storage at 60 °C temperature. Chemical parameters related to deterioration were analyzed during storage: peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes (CD) and conjugated trienes (CT), and carotenoid content (CC). Volatile compounds were also analyzed. PV, CD, CT, and volatile compounds related to oxidation of lipids such as; nonanal, hexanal, butanal, and (E)‐2‐heptenal increased in all samples during storage. The increase of these variables was greater in WC and lower in WPAE and WPH. WPAE, WPH, and WBHT displayed a better preservation of volatile compounds that influence the walnut‐characteristic flavor like D‐limonene, and a lower increase of aldehydes and furans. The CC exhibited a decrease in all samples during storage. WPAE presented the greatest CC value along the storage and was followed by WPH. Antioxidants helped to preserve walnut oil against deterioration processes. PAE and PH displayed good antioxidant activity and in some cases showed a better performance for quality preservation of walnut oil compared to the BHT antioxidant.
Effects of Addition of Hydrolyzing Enzymes during Fermentation on Characteristics of Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles
Authors: Fang Lei , Lamsal Buddhi , Wang Tong 
Published: October 2018

AbstractVarious hydrolyzing enzymes are used in dry‐grind corn ethanol processes, mainly during liquefaction and saccharification steps, to improve yields of ethanol and/or distillers’ corn oil. However, the effects of enzyme addition on characteristics of distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are not thoroughly understood. In this study, the effects of using acid‐stable protease, pectinase, and cellulase enzymes during fermentation on chemical and physical characteristics of DDGS were evaluated, including in vitro digestibility using a pig digestion model. The use of a protease resulted in DDGS with a greater fiber content than the control (36% vs. 22%), as well as reduced protein digestibility (64% vs. 69%). The use of pectinase and cellulase (PC) also increased the fiber content of DDGS (29%) and significantly improved the protein content (27%) and protein digestibility (73%) compared with the other treatments. DDGS treated with hydrolyzing enzymes tended to have a darker color and lower water‐holding capacity, but better amino‐acid digestibility. Treatments with hydrolyzing enzymes significantly altered the composition and characteristics of DDGS, which strongly indicated that PC mix utilized is an effective combination to add during fermentation to produce high‐quality DDGS without undesirable effects on ethanol production. The enzyme‐treated DDGS can be an inexpensive and nutrient‐rich diet supply to the porcine diets; however, effects on cattle and dairy cow diets were beyond the scope of the study.
Determination of optical properties of a corn starch biofilm
Authors: Menchaca‐Rivera J. Alejandro , Gonzalez‐Reyna M. A. , Avilés‐Arellano Luz Ma. , Fernández‐Loyola Rodrigo , Morales‐Sánchez Eduardo , Pérez Robles J. Francisco 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIn this work, the optical properties of a corn starch‐based film were correlated with its structural properties. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to determine if incorporation of starch into the matrix gives a homogenous and smooth surface. X‐ray diffraction was performed to identify the relative degree of crystallinity. The optical properties of the film in the range 300 to 2500 nm were studied, showing diffuse total transmissivity and total absorption coefficients comparable with that of low‐density polyethylene films. The process used in this research is carried out in an aqueous solvent, without using any toxic raw material, and prepared by casting. The process allows for the use of different additives. This processing of the starch film represents a great advantage also because it takes a maximum of 10 h, four times less than other processes, and no special equipment is needed. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47111.
Effects of the molecular weight and CC functionality of poly 1‐hexene on the properties of poly 1‐hexene‐based high impact polystyrene
Authors: Hanifpour Ahad , Bahri‐Laleh Naeimeh 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTHere we are aimed to unravel the effects of CC functionality and molecular weight of the rubber on the final properties of poly1‐hexene‐based high impact polystyrenes (HIPS). In this regard, various HIPS samples were synthesized by free radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of different weight fractions of various poly1‐hexene‐based impact modifiers including: (i) high molecular weight poly1‐hexene (PHex), (ii) low molecular weight poly1‐hexene (Olig), and (iii) 1‐hexene/1,5‐hexadiene copolymer (Copolym). Results showed that by increasing CC functionality from PHex to Oligm and Copoly, the degree of grafting increases which has its influence on the mechanical, thermal and morphological perspectives of the synthesized HIPSs. Besides CC unsaturation degree, the effect of rubber molecular weight on the final HIPS properties was studied as well. According to the results, molecular weight has significant effect on the final HIPS performance, too. Finally, our obtained results suggest new HIPS/Copolym sample as the one with the highest mechanical and thermal properties which is comparable well with commercial HIPS/polybutadiene grades. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47169.
Anatomic Studies of the Miniature Swine Cornea
Authors: Abhari Sarag , Eisenback Michael , Kaplan Henry J. , Walters Eric , Prather Randall S. , Scott Patrick A. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe domestic swine eye resembles the human eye both anatomically and physiologically. Xenotransplantation of the swine cornea to humans in need of full keratoplasty shows promise as a potential therapeutic strategy to restore vision in individuals with advanced corneal disease, especially those residing in developing nations. That said, we characterized the morphology of corneas from miniature swine, which are smaller in size, easier to handle, and more cost‐effective compared to domestic swine. Eyes (N = 15) were harvested from miniature swine from different age groups: 1 month (N = 3), 2 month (N = 3), 4 month (N = 3), 8 month (N = 3), as well as 24 month old adult domestic swine (N = 3). They were immediately submerged in fixative and processed for histological examination at the light and transmission electron microscopic level. Gross anatomic measurements of the cornea were significantly less (Pvalue ≤ 0.05) in miniature swineversusdomestic swine. Corneal strata exhibited morphological characteristics similar to the domestic swine cornea. Adult miniature swine corneas show similar overall corneal thickness at 8 months of ageversusdomestic swine. Miniature swine exhibit similar corneal morphology with the domestic pig and humans, with the exception of Bowman's layer, which is absent in pigs. Therefore, miniature pigs may be a useful resource of corneal tissue for humans in need of full keratoplasty, as well as serve as a large eye model for ophthalmology residents to develop surgical skills and for development and testing of ocular therapeutic strategies that translate to humans. Anat Rec, 301:1955–1967, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heart Anatomy of Rhincodon typus: Three‐Dimensional X‐Ray Computed Tomography of Plastinated Specimens
Authors: Hirasaki Yuji , Tomita Taketeru , Yanagisawa Makio , Ueda Keiichi , Sato Keiichi , Okabe Masataka 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIn this study, we examined the structure of the heart of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, using a plastination technique and three‐dimensional X‐ray computer tomography (3DCT). Inspection of the atrium revealed a symmetric distribution of the pectinate muscles attached to the commissures of the sino‐atrial valve, suggesting some functional advantages. The majority of the ventricular wall comprised spongiosa, and compacta accounted for only ~3% of the entire thickness. There were three major fiber orientations in the spongiosa: the fibers on the endocardial side formed trabeculae that were aligned with the blood flow tract, whereas those on the epicardial side formed a circular pattern around the flow tract. Transmural myofibers connected the inner and outer layers in the spongiosa, which may serve as an intraventricular conduction pathway. Plastination and 3DCT is a powerful combination that allowed for multifaceted visualization of the internal structure of rare heart specimens in a nondestructive manner. Anat Rec, 301:1801–1808, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuropil Distribution in the Anterior Cingulate and Occipital Cortex of Artiodactyls
Authors: Spocter Muhammad A. , Fairbanks Jeremiah , Locey Lisa , Nguyen Amy , Bitterman Kathleen , Dunn Rachel , Sherwood Chet C. , Geletta Simon , Dell Leigh‐Anne , Patzke Nina , Manger Paul R. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTRelatively little neuroscience research has been focused on artiodactyls. Recent observations of complex social interactions in domestic and wild species suggest that analyses of artiodactyl brain anatomy would be of comparative value. In this study, we examined how the distribution of cortical neuropil space (a proxy for connectivity) varies across representative members of this diverse clade. Using image analysis techniques, we quantified the neuropil space in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the occipital (putative primary visual) cortex (OC) of 12 artiodactyl species from adult specimens. Additionally, we conducted a preliminary investigation of variation in ACC neuropil space in a developmental series of five white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Results indicate a consistent pattern of greater neuropil space in the ACC in comparison to the OC among all species, and a gradual increase in ACC neuropil space toward maturity in the white‐tailed deer. Given the taxa that have the greatest cortical neuropil space, we hypothesize that such enhanced connectivity might be needed to support behaviors such as group foraging and attentiveness to conspecifics. These results help advance a broader understanding of diversity in neural circuitry in artiodactyls and point to the need for more in‐depth comparisons of cortical neuron morphology and organization in this relatively understudied taxonomic group. Anat Rec, 301:1871–1881, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Considerations for Measurement of Embryonic Organ Growth
Authors: Prakash Stuti , de Boer Bouke A. , Hagoort Jaco , Gunst Quinn D. , Ruijter Jan M. , van den Hoff Maurice J. B. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTOrganogenesis is a complex coordinated process of cell proliferation, growth, migration, and apoptosis. Differential growth rates, particularly during cardiogenesis, play a role in establishing morphology. Studies using stereological and cell sorting methods derive averages of morphogenetic parameters for an organ. To understand tissue composition and differential growth, the researcher must determine a number of morphogenetic parameters in the developing organ. Such measurements require sectioning to enable identification of organ borders, tissue components and cell types, three‐dimensional (3D)‐reconstruction of sections to visualize morphology and a 3D‐measurement scheme to build local morphogenetic information. Although thick the section confocal microscopy partially solves these issues, information loss at the section surface hampers the reconstruction of 3D morphology. Episcopic imaging provides the correct morphology but lacks histological procedures to identify multiple cell types. The 3D‐measurement scheme is based on systematic sampling, with overlapping sample volumes, of the entire organ in the aligned image stack. For each sample volume, morphogenetic variables are calculated and results projected back to the cube (boxel) at the sample volume center. Boxel size determines spatial resolution of the final quantitative 3D‐reconstruction whereas size of the sample volume determines the precision of the morphogenetic information. The methods described here can be used to measure tissue volume, proliferation and cell size, to determine contribution and distribution of cell types in a tissue and to display this information in a quantitative 3D‐reconstruction. Anat Rec, 302:49‐57, 2019. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists
Hand Factors in Cardiac Development
Authors: George Rajani M. , Firulli Anthony B. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTCongenital heart defects account for 1% of infant mortality and 10% of in utero deaths. As the vertebrate embryo develops, multiple tissue types develop in tandem to morphologically pattern the functional heart. Underlying cardiac development is a network of transcription factors known to tightly control these morphological events. Members of the Twist family of basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors, Hand1 and Hand2, are essential to this process. The expression patterns and functional role of Hand factors in neural crest cells, endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium is indicative of their importance during cardiogenesis; however, to date, an extensive understanding of the transcriptional targets of Hand proteins and their overall mechanism of action remain unclear. In this review, we summarize the recent findings that further outline the crucial functions of Hand factors during heart development and in post‐natal heart function. Anat Rec, 302:101–107, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of the Myocardial Interstitium
Authors: Pogontke Cristina , Guadix Juan A. , Ruiz‐Villalba Adrián , Pérez‐Pomares José M. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTThe space between cardiac myocytes is commonly referred‐to as the cardiac interstitium (CI). The CI is a unique, complex and dynamic microenvironment in which multiple cell types, extracellular matrix molecules, and instructive signals interact to crucially support heart homeostasis and promote cardiac responses to normal and pathologic stimuli. Despite the biomedical and clinical relevance of the CI, its detailed cellular structure remains to be elucidated. In this review, we will dissect the organization of the cardiac interstitium by following its changing cellular and molecular composition from embryonic developmental stages to adulthood, providing a systematic analysis of the biological components of the CI. The main goal of this review is to contribute to our understanding of the CI roles in health and disease. Anat Rec, 302:58–68, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental Morphology of the Palatine Glands in Rats: An Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Hakami Zaki , Hand Arthur R. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTAlthough minor salivary glands play a significant functional role in the oral cavity, their developmental morphology and cell differentiation has been scarcely studied. This study aimed to describe the development of rat palatine glands with regard to the ultrastructural morphology of the secretory cells and surrounding myoepithelial cells (MECs). Palatine glands from rats at embryonic ages (E) 18 and 20 days, and postnatal days (PN) 0, 3, 7, 10, 13, 21, 30, 42, and 60 were fixed and prepared for morphological analysis and immunocytochemical labeling of alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA). At E18, epithelial cords were observed extending from the palatal epithelium and showed negative reactivity to α‐SMA. After luminization at E20, the cells of immature acini accumulated secretory granules of various densities: electron‐dense, electron‐lucent and some empty‐appearing granules. MECs were poorly differentiated at E20 and exhibited only slight α‐SMA expression. At birth, mucous and serous cells were typically located around a common lumen. Thereafter, serous cells began to move to the periphery to form demilunes by PN7. The mucous secretory granules of intermediate electron density became predominant around PN13. At PN21, these granules were dramatically reduced in number and most of the acini in adults contained acinar cells with numerous electron‐lucent granules, and a few serous demilune cells with electron‐dense granules. After birth, MECs progressively accumulated actin microfilaments until prominent α‐SMA expressing MECs invested the acini and the proximal part of the intercalated ducts in the adult. Anat Rec, 301:1820–1833, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Neuropeptide Secretoneurin Exerts a Direct Effect on Arteriogenesis In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Liu Weiqing , Wang Fei , Zhao Min , Fan Yan , Cai Weijun , Luo Mingying 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIt is well known that nerves modulate the development and remodeling of blood vessels by releasing different neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. Secretoneurin (SN), a neuropeptide located in nerve fibers along blood vessels, acts as a pro‐angiogenic agent and induces postnatal vasculogenesis. However, little is known about its involvement in arteriogenesis. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that SN promotes arteriogenesis in a rat model of hind limb ischemia, as such, we evaluated the effect of this neuropeptide on proliferation and the production of adhesion and chemotaxis molecules in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the main component that carries the burden of the transformation of a small arteriole into a large collateral vessel. In vivo, SN‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were abundantly distributed in the adventitia of the collateral vessel. Moreover, administration of SN induced cell proliferation in the vascular wall and the infiltration of inflammatory cells/macrophages to promote collateral vessel growth. This was shown by an increased density of arterioles/arteries, together with a well‐developed network of collateral vessels, and well‐preserved skeletal muscles. In vitro, SN exerted proliferative effects on VSMCs and stimulated these cells to express adhesion molecules. In conclusion, our data demonstrate for the first time that SN acts as a mediator of inflammation, contributing to collateral vessel growth, in addition to directly stimulating cell proliferation in the vascular wall to promote collateral vessel growth in a rat model of hind limb ischemia. Anat Rec, 301:1917–1927, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.