bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical characterization of automotive aluminum alloys regarding their corrosion fatigue behavior
Authors: Engler T. , Andersohn G. , Oechsner M. , de Araújo F. Duarte , Kaufmann H. , Melz T. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract„Downsizing“ is a well‐established practice in a wide range of industrial application. The aim is to reduce energy and raw material consumption through the enhancement of the efficiency of materials in service. In automotive and supply industry this is related to an increasing demand on performance and comfort whilst decreasing fuel consumption and pollutant emission. This is resulting in a higher and more complex material stress. Hence new testing methods have to be developed and implemented in order to meet the upcoming specifications. Aluminium alloys in chassis components are subjected to corrosion fatigue load and therefore have to be qualified for their use. The behavior of the aluminium alloys EN AW‐6082 T6 and EN AW‐7075 T73 are investigated in this study under simultaneous cyclic mechanical and corrosion loading. Load synchronized electrochemical as well as electrochemical noise measurements are performed to investigate the activation‐ and repassivation processes during corrosion fatigue testing. By monitoring the current these effects are assessed. The data monitored is conditioned by Fast‐Fourier‐Transformation in order to investigate the signal of the current density at different frequencies. Electrochemical noise measurements are performed without polarization and therefore a current transient describes local corrosion at very early stages.
A genetic variant in IL‐15Rα correlates with physical activity among European–American adults
Authors: Bruneau Michael , Walsh Sean , Selinsky Eric , Ash Garrett , Angelopoulos Theodore J. , Clarkson Priscilla , Gordon Paul , Moyna Niall , Visich Paul , Zoeller Robert , Thompson Paul , Gordish‐Dressman Heather , Hoffman Eric , Devaney Joseph , Pescatello Linda S. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundInterleukin‐15 (IL‐15) is a myokine associated with muscle strength, possibly by attenuating protein breakdown. A variant in the alpha‐receptor (IL‐15Rα 1775 A>C, rs2228059) partially modulates the muscle strength and size response to resistance training. We examined if this polymorphism associated with habitual physical activity among European‐American adults.MethodsMen (n = 240, 23.7 ± 0.3 year, body mass index [BMI] 25.3 ± 0.3 kg/m2) and women (n = 292, 23.2 ± 0.3 year, 24.0 ± 0.3 kg/m2) were genotyped. Physical activity phenotypes were derived from the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire. Analysis of covariance (ancova) tested log‐transformed differences between the IL‐15Rα genotype and physical activity phenotypes by gender with age and BMI as covariates.ResultsMen with the IL‐15Rα 1775AA genotype spent more time in light intensity physical activity (39.4 ± 2.4 hr/week) than men with the CC genotype (28.6 ± 2.3 hr/week, (p = .009).ConclusionFurther research is needed to confirm our finding and determine the possible mechanisms by which the IL‐15Rα variant modulates light intensity physical activity.
Fragile X checklists: A meta‐analysis and development of a simplified universal clinical checklist
Authors: Lubala Toni Kasole , Lumaka Aimé , Kanteng Gray , Mutesa Léon , Mukuku Olivier , Wembonyama Stanislas , Hagerman Randi , Luboya Oscar Numbi , Lukusa Tshilobo Prosper 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundClinical checklists available have been developed to assess the risk of a positive Fragile X syndrome but they include relatively small sample sizes. Therefore, we carried out a meta‐analysis that included statistical pooling of study results to obtain accurate figures on the prevalence of clinical predictors of Fragile X syndrome among patients with intellectual disability, thereby helping health professionals to improve their referrals for Fragile X testing.MethodsAll published studies consisting of cytogenetic and/or molecular screening for fragile X syndrome among patients with intellectual disability, were eligible for the meta‐analysis. All patients enrolled in clinical checklists trials of Fragile X syndrome were eligible for this review, with no exclusion based on ethnicity or age. Odds ratio values, with 95% confidence intervals as well as Cronbach coefficient alpha, was reported to assess the frequency of clinical characteristics in subjects with intellectual disability with and without the fragile X mutation to determine the most discriminating.ResultsThe following features were strongly associated with Fragile X syndrome: skin soft and velvety on the palms with redundancy of skin on the dorsum of hand [OR: 16.85 (95% CI 10.4–27.3; α:0.97)], large testes [OR: 7.14 (95% CI 5.53–9.22; α: 0.80)], large and prominent ears [OR: 18.62 (95% CI 14.38–24.1; α: 0.98)], pale blue eyes [OR: 8.97 (95% CI 4.75–16.97; α: 0.83)], family history of intellectual disability [OR: 3.43 (95% CI 2.76–4.27; α: 0.81)] as well as autistic‐like behavior [OR: 3.08 (95% CI 2.48–3.83; α: 0.77)], Flat feet [OR: 11.53 (95% CI 6.79–19.56; α:0.91)], plantar crease [OR: 3.74 (95% CI 2.67–5.24; α: 0.70)]. We noted a weaker positive association between transverse palmar crease [OR: 2.68 (95% CI 1.70–4.18; α: 0.51)], elongated face [OR: 3.69 (95% CI 2.84–4.81; α: 0.63)]; hyperextensible metacarpo‐phalangeal joints [OR: 2.68 (95% CI 2.15–3.34; α: 0.57)] and the Fragile X syndrome.ConclusionThis study has identified the highest risk features for patients with Fragile X syndrome that have been used to design a universal clinical checklist.
Accuracy of electron density, effective atomic number, and iodine concentration determination with a dual‐layer dual‐energy computed tomography system
Authors: Hua Chia‐ho , Shapira Nadav , Merchant Thomas E. , Klahr Paul , Yagil Yoad 
Published: April 2018

PurposeThis study aimed to quantitate the accuracy of the determination of electron density (ED), effective atomic number (Zeff), and iodine concentration, directed for more accurate radiation therapy planning, with a new dual‐layer dual‐energy computed tomography (DL‐DECT) system. The dependence of the accuracy of these values on the scan and reconstruction parameters, as well as on the phantom size, was also examined.MethodsMeasurements were performed on a commercial DECT system with a DL detector (IQon Spectral CT, Philips Healthcare), using phantoms with various tissue‐equivalent inserts as well as iodine and calcium inserts of different concentrations. The expected values of ED and Zeff for the insert materials were derived from the chemical compositions provided by the vendors. The nominal scan condition for the accuracy measurements was 120 kVp, 20 mGy CTDIvol, 0.812 pitch, 16 × 0.625 mm collimation, and 0.33‐second gantry rotation.ResultsThe median deviation of ED ranged from −0.1% to 1.1% for all Gammex tissue inserts. The median deviation of Zeff ranged from −2.3% to 1.7% for soft tissue and bone inserts and was ≤7% for lung inserts. The absolute deviations for ED and Zeff in lung inserts were within 1% of the ED of water and 1 a.u., respectively. For two different phantom sizes, the ED values agreed to within 0.7% and the Zeff values agreed to within 2%, except for the lung inserts. When the scan parameters were changed from 120 kVp/20 mGy to 140 kVp/30 mGy, the ED differed within [−0.51%, 0.65%] and the Zeff differed within [−1.1%, 0.23%] for all materials except lungs, in which Zeff increased by 2.4%. The accuracy of ED and Zeff measurement at 120 kVp was no worse than that at 140 kVp. For iodine quantitation, the median absolute deviations from the nominal values were up to 0.3 mg/mL for iodine concentrations of 2–20 mg/mL, with an overall median deviation of −0.1 mg/mL. Iodine and calcium were well separated on the ED‐Zeff scatter plot, even at the lowest concentrations (2 mg/mL for iodine and 50 mg/mL for calcium).ConclusionsThe accuracy of ED measurement, Zeff determination, and iodine quantitation derived from DL‐DECT was demonstrated with phantom measurements. The accuracies were not sensitive to scan and reconstruction parameters, namely tube potential, dose, rotation time, and spectral reconstruction level, especially in the case of electron density.
Gute Regulatorische Praxis – was ist das?
Authors: Bonarius Thorben 
Published: April 2018

AbstractStaatliche und internationale Organisationen regeln Chemikalien, Biozide, Pflanzenschutzmittel und Pharmazeutika, um Mensch, Tier und Umwelt schützen – es sollen nur ausreichend sichere und wirksame Produkte auf den Markt gelangen. Dafür gibt es bestimmte Grundsätze.
Stammzelltechnik: Japans systematischer Ansatz
Authors: Schmid Rolf 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAugenleiden, Herz‐ oder Lebererkrankungen sind vielleicht bald mit modifizierten Zellen – etwa aus dem eigenen Körper – zu behandeln. Japanische Wissenschaftler forschen daran, Unternehmen gehen dafür finanzielle Risiken ein, entwickeln neue Techniken und exportieren mehr.
Die digitale Disziplin
Authors: Vollmer Martin 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDas Berufsbild des Chemikers wird spannender: Durch die wachsende Bedeutung der Datenanalyse und der Digitalisierung wird Interdisziplinarität immer wichtiger. Die GDCh spielt eine wichtige Rolle, um bestehende Netzwerke zu stärken und um Impulse für die Zukunft zu geben.
Angler Effort Estimates from Instantaneous Aerial Counts: Use of High-Frequency Time-Lapse Camera Data to Inform Model-Based Estimators
Authors: Askey Paul J. , Ward Hillary , Godin Theresa , Boucher Marcus , Northrup Sara 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Due to the logistics of monitoring remote and diffuse fisheries, typically only a small portion of the annual fishing effort can be observed, and a random sample is often impractical. We used a large data set (over 250,000 observations) from time-lapse cameras placed at 53 lakes across the province of British Columbia, Canada, to better understand the relative influence of different temporal strata (time of day, day type, and month) on the relative number of fishing boats observed on lakes. The high temporal frequency data available from cameras were used to evaluate alternative effort monitoring and estimation strategies for aerial surveys that are commonly used in recreational fisheries. We tested the predictive performance of simple mean count expansion factors versus generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) under random and stratified (targeting high-effort strata) sampling regimes. Out-of-sample cross validation showed that the current sampling protocol and estimation method (mean count expansion) used for aerial surveys in British Columbia have low predictive power and are biased. A stratified sampling design combined with the GLMM estimator was an efficient strategy that could easily be applied to effort monitoring programs using aircraft. Moreover, the GLMM approach is much more flexible to interpret data obtained from nonstandard sampling regimes and can estimate angler effort over any temporal scale. We outline several summary statistics on accuracy, precision, and bias of estimates at different sample sizes so that managers can evaluate expected precision versus sampling effort in their management jurisdictions. Furthermore, we suggest that our general approach of using camera data to parameterize predictive models applied to data from other low-frequency effort monitoring methods (such as aircraft) can easily be replicated elsewhere.
Precision of Three Structures for Saugeye Age Estimation
Authors: Koch Jeff , Neely Ben , Sowards Bryan 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
We evaluated the precision of age estimates obtained from sagittal otoliths, scales, and dorsal fin spines from 341 saugeyes (Walleye Sander vitreus × Sauger S. canadensis) collected from six Kansas reservoirs. Between-reader agreement was greatest for otoliths, followed by dorsal spines and then scales. Coefficient of variation (CV) values for between-reader comparisons were 1.3–3.1% for otoliths and 13.8–18.2% for dorsal spines. Between-reader comparisons for scales were the most variable, with CV estimates between 19.9% and 23.1%. Age estimates from otoliths aligned with age estimates from scales more often than with estimates from dorsal spines, although age estimate comparisons between structures were generally variable. Between-reader agreement for scales and dorsal spines decreased with increasing estimated age; however, agreement for otoliths generally remained high (i.e., &gt;80%) through age 10. Given greater precision relative to other structures, we recommend the use of sectioned otoliths to estimate ages of saugeyes, especially when sacrificing the fish is not a concern.
Returns of Chum Salmon Released from Net-Pens and Rivers in Eastern Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Kasugai Kiyoshi , Sakamoto Hiroyuki , Miyakoshi Yasuyuki , Nagata Mitsuhiro 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The effectiveness of net-pen release of Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus keta in improving commercial coastal and river catches was examined by releasing marked fish from seawater net-pens in Nemuro Bay or into the Nishibetsu River, eastern Hokkaido, northern Japan. Between 100,000 and 130,000 Chum Salmon fry were reared in the hatchery and marked by clipping either the left or right pelvic fin in 2006 and 2007; the fin clip was used to distinguish between net-pen and river releases. Returning marked fish were surveyed in 17 set nets along the coast of Nemuro Bay, a small set net at the Betsukai Fishing Port, and a salmon weir in the Nishibetsu River 2–5 years after release. No differences were observed in the coastal catch period between the net-pen-released and river-released fishes. Estimated coastal return rates of the net-pen-released fish (0.929% and 0.845%) were twice those of the river-released fish (0.488% and 0.406%). However, six to seven times more river-released fish (river catch rate = 9.591% and 7.513%) migrated upstream than net-pen-released fish (1.292% and 1.192%). Our results suggest that the use of marine net-pens for Chum Salmon will not sustainably improve adult salmon catches in rivers, although it might increase coastal catches.
Quasi-Stationary Atlantic Cod Bycatch Estimation in the Maine American Lobster Homarus americanus Trap Fishery
Authors: Boenish Robert , Chen Yong 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua population in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) is currently near historically low levels of abundance. Reliable estimates of incidental Atlantic Cod bycatch from Maine's American lobster Homarus americanus fishery, which are unavailable and not included in the current stock assessment, are potentially critical for understanding complete catch dynamics and are thus essential for rebuilding the stock. Available fishery-dependent data cannot be used directly in estimating Atlantic Cod bycatch because of nonrandom spatial and temporal sampling efforts. We developed a standardized framework for estimating Atlantic Cod bycatch in Maine's inshore lobster fishery for the years 2006–2013. We employed environmental covariates in a bootstrapped generalized additive model framework to standardize monthly zonal Atlantic Cod bycatch per unit effort (BCPUE) and lobster CPUE. Bootstrapped distributions of standardized CPUE and BCPUE were combined with landings data to estimate spatiotemporally explicit confidence intervals of Atlantic Cod discards in the Maine lobster fishery. Modeling results remained consistent throughout the study years, suggesting robustness in our approach. The estimates of Atlantic Cod discards in the lobster fishery improve the understanding of the total GOM Atlantic Cod bycatch and help to address current stock assessment deficiencies.
No Injuries in European Sea Bass Tetanized by Pulse Stimulation Used in Electrotrawling
Authors: Soetaert M. , Verschueren B. , Decostere A. , Saunders J. , Polet H. , Chiers K. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Electrotrawling using electric pulse stimulation is a promising alternative to beam trawling in the brown shrimp Crangon crangon and Dover Sole Solea solea (also known as Solea vulgaris) fisheries of the North Sea. In the sole fishery, a 40–80-Hz pulse stimulation induces tetany in the muscles, which may result in injuries. Whereas no injuries have been reported in flatfish or selachian sharks and rays, electrically induced spinal injuries have been observed in gadoids such as Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua and Whiting (also known as European Whiting) Merlangius merlangus. This may indicate that fish species with a fusiform shape are more susceptible to electric pulses. Similar variation among species in electrically induced spinal injuries has been observed in freshwater electrofishing, although large variability in vulnerability has been reported among different freshwater fusiform species. Therefore, we aimed to assess the vulnerability of another, nongadoid, fusiform osteichthyan: Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax (also known as European Bass Morone labrax). Two length groups of Sea Bass (31.3 ± 2.2 and 42.1 ± 2.5 cm) were exposed to electric pulses as used in commercial electrotrawls targeting Sole (80 bipolar pulses per second, 2% duty cycle). Thereafter, the fish were monitored daily and then euthanized 14 d after exposure for gross, radiographic, and histologic examination. No injuries were found in fish exposed to the electrical pulses. Differences in vertebral morphology among fusiform species may result in varying vulnerabilities to electrically induced spinal injuries. As a result, electrically induced spinal injuries and/or their variability in both marine and freshwater species may be determined by similar morphological parameters.
Entrainment of Juvenile and Adult American Shad at a Pumped Storage Facility
Authors: Mathur Dilip , Heisey Paul G. , Royer Doug D. , White Eric J. , Slowik Adam C. , Bleistine Ray A. , Pracheil Brenda M. , Long Kimberly A. , Sullivan Thomas J. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The American Shad Alosa sapidissima has been targeted for restoration to the upper Susquehanna River, and entrainment losses at hydroelectric facilities on the river, including the Muddy Run Pumped Storage Facility, are of concern for the potential growth of the American Shad population. Based on the integration of pumping volume, time of entrainment, and literature-reported diel emigration of juvenile American Shad, the entrainment rate (N = 145; 53 exposed to pumping) was estimated at 3.5%. The entrainment rate for adults (N = 507) was estimated at 0.3–3.9%. Using multistate mark–recapture models, the estimated entrainment probabilities (Ψ) of radio-tagged juveniles were higher during periods of extended pumping (&gt;1 h; Ψ = 0.093; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.054–0.156) than at periods of no pumping or short-duration pumping (&lt;1 h; Ψ &lt; 0.0001; 95% CI = 0.0–0.001); the high extended pumping occurred between 2300 and 0600 hours. Entrainment probabilities for adults were low (Ψ &lt; 0.02); the highest probability occurred for fish detected downstream of the intake during the peak portion of the run (Ψ = 0.015; 95% CI = 0.004–0.047). Entrainment probability for most adult fish did not differ from zero. The low values of Ψ for both life stages were attributed to (1) the deep location of the intake (intake ceiling &gt;11.7 m below the water surface), (2) the surface orientation of American Shad (upper 3.1 m), (3) the low overlap between high-volume pumping and peak emigration/migration times, (4) the pumping volume relative to prevailing river flows, and (5) the prolonged, robust swimming speed of American Shad, particularly that of adults (&gt;2.2 m/s), which exceeded the intake velocity (0.2–0.9 m/s). Entrainment of juveniles increased with co-occurrence of low incoming river flows, high pumping volume, and peak emigration times. Quantification of migratory species’ entrainment at pumped storage facilities requires integration of diel migration/emigration times with the frequency, timing, and duration of pumping volume.
Age and Growth of Juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon in the Lower Hudson River
Authors: Kehler Thomas , Sweka John A. , Mohler Jerre , Higgs Amanda , Kenney Gregg 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
The precipitous decline of Atlantic Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus coupled with their recent listing under the U.S. Endangered Species Act necessitates investigations into their population dynamics. Our objectives were to (1) estimate age of juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon by using pectoral spine sections; (2) determine annual growth periodicity in hatchery-reared and recaptured wild Atlantic Sturgeon to validate our aging method; (3) determine growth rates for recaptured juveniles; and (4) back-calculate lengths from ages estimated by using pectoral spine sections from captured juveniles. Fish were captured via gillnetting in Newburgh and Haverstraw bays, Hudson River, during fall 2003, spring and fall 2004, and spring and fall 2005. Two readers agreed upon 91% (n = 474) of ages estimated for juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon, establishing a coefficient of variation of 1.7%. Eight year-classes (ages 1–8) were represented, with age-4 fish making up the largest age-class (39%; n = 203) and age-1 fish being the least represented (&lt;1%; n = 4). Multi-annual oxytetracycline injections in four cohorts of hatchery-reared Atlantic Sturgeon (n = 34) demonstrated a two-part zone for each year of growth, as did four recaptured juveniles that were at liberty for a least 1 year, which exhibited mean growth rates of 0.3 mm/d and 2.4 g/d. We back-calculated median FLs from annulus positioning in ages 2–8 by using dorsal and ventral lobes of pectoral spine sections and compared the results to actual reported lengths. Dorsal and ventral lobes underestimated the median FLs of all age-classes except ages 3 and 7, for which lengths were overestimated. We found statistical differences between dorsal- and ventral-derived median FLs, suggesting that both regions must be evaluated. Our overall goal is to provide researchers with a baseline of age and growth data for future work on juvenile Atlantic Sturgeon.
A study on the S‐version FEM for a dynamic damage model
Authors: Xu Qiang , Chen Jianyun , Yue Hongyuan , Li Jing 
Published: April 2018

SummaryA mesh superposition technique is developed based on the superimposed version FEM (s‐version FEM) for dynamic analysis of damage to structures. In the proposed technique, the concerned area is discretized as a rough global mesh and is overlaid into a fine local mesh of the proposed s‐version FEM. To describe the small‐scale stress wave, the governing equations for the internal part and boundary of the local region are proposed. The damage evolving constitutive model is substituted into these governing equations to describe the distributions of damage on a small scale. L‐shape domain problem, modal, time history, and damage examples are given for the validations. The results show that the proposed s‐version FEM can refine a global mesh and accurately describe the damage, stress, and deformation of a concerned area of structure on the small scale. The proposed s‐version FEM can be applied to not only a dynamic problem but also a damage analysis of structures.