bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in Cell Membrane–Camouflaged Nanoparticles for Cancer Phototherapy
Authors: Zhen Xu , Cheng Penghui , Pu Kanyi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPhototherapy including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) employs phototherapeutic agents to generate heat or cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and has therefore garnered particular interest for cancer therapy. However, the main challenges faced by conventional phototherapeutic agents include easy recognition by the immune system, rapid clearance from blood circulation, and low accumulation in target sites. Cell‐membrane coating has emerged as a potential way to overcome these limitations, owing to the abundant proteins on the surface of cell membranes that can be inherited to the cell membrane–camouflaged nanoparticles. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of biomimetic cell membrane–camouflaged nanoparticles for cancer phototherapy. Different sources of cell membranes can be used to coat nanoparticles uisng different coating approaches. After cell‐membrane coating, the photophysical properties of the original phototherapeutic nanoparticles remain nearly unchanged; however, the coated nanoparticles are equipped with additional physiological features including immune escape, in vivo prolonged circulation time, or homologous targeting, depending on the cell sources. Moreover, the coated cell membrane can be ablated from phototherapeutic nanoparticles under laser irradiation, leading to drug release and thus synergetic therapy. By combining other supplementary agents to normalize tumor microenvironment, cell‐membrane coating can further enhance the therapeutic efficacy against cancer.
Union Transitions and Fertility Within First Premarital Cohabitations in Canada: Diverging Patterns by Education?
Authors: Wright Laura 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCohabitation has become increasingly accepted and normalized as part of the family system in Canada and has become the most common way to form a first union. The changing role of cohabitation in the family system is often understood as being driven by the ideational changes associated with the second demographic transition, but increasing international evidence indicates that this explanation is incomplete. Using nationally representative retrospective data from Canadians born between 1940 and 1979 from the 2011 General Social Survey, this study examines transitions out of first premarital cohabitation and fertility within these unions as two measures of the changing role of cohabitation. Across birth cohorts, Canadians are increasingly likely to use cohabitation as an alternative to marriage and less likely to use cohabitation as a short-lived prelude to marriage. These overall trends support the second demographic transition perspective. However, this study also finds that Canadians without a bachelor’s degree are far more likely to experience a birth within cohabitation and that their likelihood of transitioning to marriage has declined steeply across birth cohorts. This educational gradient in childbearing in cohabitation and the increasing educational differences in union transitions over time provide support for the diverging destinies thesis in Canada.
MALE ANXIETY AMONG YOUNGER SONS OF THE ENGLISH LANDED GENTRY, 1700–1900
Authors: FRENCH HENRY , ROTHERY MARK 
Published: November 2018

ABSTRACTYounger sons of the gentry occupied a precarious and unstable position in society. They were born into wealthy and privileged families yet, within the system of primogeniture, were required to make their own way in the world. As elite men, their status rested on independence and patriarchal authority, attaining anything less could be deemed a failure. This article explores the way that these pressures on younger sons emerged, at a crucial point in the process of early adulthood, as anxiety on their part and on the part of their families. Using the correspondence of eleven English gentry families across this period, we explore the emotion of anxiety in this context: the way that it revealed ‘anxious masculinities’; the way anxiety was traded within an emotional economy; the uses to which anxiety was put. We argue that anxiety was an important and formative emotion within the gentry community and that the expression of anxiety persisted among younger sons and their guardians across this period. We therefore argue for continuity in the anxieties experienced within this emotional community.
Sovereign equality as misrecognition
Authors: Zarakol Ayşe 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article makes two contributions. First, I argue that contrary to what was often assumed in the recognition literature, social hierarchies (as in the Hegelian master–slave dynamic) are very stable. Though social hierarchies are relationships of misrecognition, they nevertheless allow for the simulation of recognition for ‘the master’, and also trap ‘the slave’ in that role through stigmatisation. Second, I make a historical argument about the state and its role in recognition struggles. The modern state is relatively unique (historically speaking) in being tasked with solving the recognition problems of its citizens. At the same time, the modern state has to derive its own sovereignty from the recognition of those same citizens. There is an inherent tension between these two facts, which forces the modern state to turn increasingly outward for its own recognition. This is why ‘the master–slave dynamic’ was increasingly projected onto the international stage from nineteenth century onwards (along with the diffusion of the modern state model). As a result, international recognition came to play an even larger role in state sovereignty than domestic recognition (in contrast to common historical practice). This also explains how and why social hierarchies came to dominate international politics around the same time as the norm of sovereign equality.
Misrecognition in legal practice: the aporia of the Family of Nations
Authors: Aalberts Tanja 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article discusses the concept of misrecognition to analyse international legal ordering in the practice of colonial treatymaking. As critical interventions to the debate on recognition have made clear, recognition is about exclusion as much as it is about inclusion. The most obvious example is the nineteenth-century applications of the standard of civilisation, where the European Family of Nations introduced the criterion of ‘civilisation’, which excluded non-European entities as sovereigns and legitimised their colonisation. But at the same time colonial treaties included the ‘savage rulers’ as signatory powers, and thus legal persons within the international legal order that at once excluded them. This contribution to the Special Issue discusses these treatymaking practices as a practice of misrecognition; not because it misrecognises some natural, essential, or true identity of the indigenous entities, but as a misrecognition of the international order’s own conditions of possibility through practices that simultaneously constitute that order and undermine its constitutive conditions. A rereading of Hegel’s famous master–slave metaphor through the concept of misrecognition sheds light on the reversals and contradictions of the colonial legal enterprise and reveals the aporia of the contemporary international legal order by showing the void at its heart.
Temporal Change of Export Production at Xisha of the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Chen Yinchao , Wu Zhengchao , Li Qian P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPhysical‐biological interaction within the upper ocean influences fixed organic carbon with various efficiencies leading to spatial and temporal change of carbon export in the ocean, which is important for global biogeochemical dynamics but is inadequately understood in the northern South China Sea (NSCS). Here the temporal variations of primary and export production are investigated using a 1‐D physical‐biogeochemical coupling model at a pelagic station of Xisha (XS) in the NSCS. At this station, the model reproduces the satellite sea surface observations, the depth‐integrated primary production, and the sinking flux of particulate organic carbon at 500 m from a moored sediment trap. By synthesizing these results, we investigate the long‐term dynamics of the biological pump with the focus on export production. We compared our results at XS with that at A Long‐Term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment (ALOHA) in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. While the surface export at XS is greater than ALOHA, the stronger subsurface remineralization at XS has resulted in a similar week biological pump as ALOHA. The high surface export and subsurface flux attenuation at XS are caused by its physical dynamics that support a stronger upward nitrate flux than ALOHA. We also find a time lag of about 20 days between primary production and export production at XS, which has led to the large variability of export ratios in the subsurface layers. Further analyses suggest that the temporal variations of primary and export productions are largely driven by the change of turbulent mixing and Ekman pumping that control the vertical nutrient fluxes into the upper ocean.
Overcoming the Challenges Associated with Image‐Based Mapping of Small Bodies in Preparation for the OSIRIS‐REx Mission to (101955) Bennu
Authors: DellaGiustina D. N. , Bennett C. A. , Becker K. , Golish D. R. , Le Corre L. , Cook D. A. , Edmundson K. L. , Chojnacki M. , Sutton S. S. , Milazzo M. P. , Carcich B. , Nolan M. C. , Habib N. , Burke K. N. , Becker T. , Smith P. H. , Walsh K. J. , Getzandanner K. , Wibben D. R. , Leonard J. M. , Westermann M. M. , Polit A. T. , Kidd J. N. , Hergenrother C. W. , Boynton W. V. , Backer J. , Sides S. , Mapel J. , Berry K. , Roper H. , Drouet d'Aubigny C. , Rizk B. , Crombie M. K. , Kinney‐Spano E. K. , de León J. , Rizos J. L. , Licandro J. , Campins H. C. , Clark B. E. , Enos H. L. , Lauretta D. S. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe OSIRIS‐REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission is the third mission in National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)'s New Frontiers Program and is the first U.S. mission to return samples from an asteroid to Earth. The most important decision ahead of the OSIRIS‐REx team is the selection of a prime sample‐site on the surface of asteroid (101955) Bennu. Mission success hinges on identifying a site that is safe and has regolith that can readily be ingested by the spacecraft's sampling mechanism. To inform this mission‐critical decision, the surface of Bennu is mapped using the OSIRIS‐REx Camera Suite and the images are used to develop several foundational data products. Acquiring the necessary inputs to these data products requires observational strategies that are defined specifically to overcome the challenges associated with mapping a small irregular body. We present these strategies in the context of assessing candidate sample sites at Bennu according to a framework of decisions regarding the relative safety, sampleability, and scientific value across the asteroid's surface. To create data products that aid these assessments, we describe the best practices developed by the OSIRIS‐REx team for image‐based mapping of irregular small bodies. We emphasize the importance of using 3‐D shape models and the ability to work in body‐fixed rectangular coordinates when dealing with planetary surfaces that cannot be uniquely addressed by body‐fixed latitude and longitude.
Annual Rossby Waves Below the Pycnocline in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Nagura Motoki 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAnnual variability in pressure and horizontal velocity below the pycnocline of the Indian Ocean is examined using in situ observations obtained from Argo floats and conductivity‐temperature‐depth sensors. Pressure and velocity at 1,000‐m depth show significant annual variability in the Arabian Sea and between 10°S and 20°S in the South Indian Ocean. Wavenumbers were estimated by fitting a straight line to annual harmonic phase by amplitude‐weighted least squares fit. Results showed that vertical wavenumber tends to decrease poleward in both hemispheres, and vertical wavelength is more than tripled from about 5,000 m at 5°N/S to 16,000 m at 20°N/S. The inverse radius of deformation squared (defined as f2m2/N2) does not show clear dependence on latitude, because poleward increase in the magnitude of the Coriolis parameter (f) compensates for poleward decrease in vertical wavenumber (m), and Brunt‐Väisälä frequency (N) varies little meridionally in the analysis domain. According to the dispersion relation of quasi‐geostrophic Rossby waves, these meridional structures in m and deformation radius result in steeper angle of ray trajectory at a higher latitude in the longitude‐depth plane. Energy estimated from in situ observations shows a consistent pattern with this expectation. The line of constant phase of annual pressure harmonic is steeper in angle at higher latitudes, which is also expected from the uniform deformation radius and constant N. This result indicates that energy penetrates deeper at higher latitudes.
What Limits Predictive Certainty of Long‐Term Carbon Uptake?
Authors: Raczka Brett , Dietze Michael C. , Serbin Shawn P. , Davis Kenneth J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTerrestrial biosphere models can help identify physical processes that control carbon dynamics, including land‐atmosphere CO2 fluxes, and have the potential to project the terrestrial ecosystem response to changing climate. It is important to identify ecosystem processes most responsible for model predictive uncertainty and design improved model representation and observational system studies to reduce that uncertainty. Here we identified model parameters that contribute the most uncertainty to long‐term (~100 years) projections of net ecosystem exchange, net primary production, and aboveground biomass within a mechanistic terrestrial biosphere model (Ecosystem Demography, version 2.1) ED2. An uncertainty analysis identified parameters that represent the quantum efficiency of light to photosynthetic conversion, leaf respiration and soil‐plant water transfer as the highest contributors to model uncertainty regardless of time frame (annual, decadal, and centennial) and output (e.g., net ecosystem exchange, net primary production, aboveground biomass). Contrary to expectations, the contribution of successional processes related to reproduction, competition, and mortality did not increase as the time scale increased. These findings suggest that uncertainty in the parameters governing short‐term ecosystem processes remains the most significant bottleneck to reducing predictive uncertainty. Key actions to reduce parameter uncertainty include more leaf‐level trait measurements across multiple sites for quantum efficiency and leaf respiration rate. Further, the empirical representation of soil‐plant water transfer should be replaced with a mechanistic, hydraulic representation of water flow, which can be constrained with direct measurements. This analysis focused on aboveground ecosystem processes. The impact of belowground carbon cycling, initial conditions, and meteorological forcing should be addressed in future studies.
Quantifying post-transcriptional regulation in the development of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Becker Kolja , Bluhm Alina , Casas-Vila Nuria , Dinges Nadja , Dejung Mario , Sayols Sergi , Kreutz Clemens , Roignant Jean-Yves , Butter Falk , Legewie Stefan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractEven though proteins are produced from mRNA, the correlation between mRNA levels and protein abundances is moderate in most studies, occasionally attributed to complex post-transcriptional regulation. To address this, we generate a paired transcriptome/proteome time course dataset with 14 time points during Drosophila embryogenesis. Despite a limited mRNA-protein correlation (ρ = 0.54), mathematical models describing protein translation and degradation explain 84% of protein time-courses based on the measured mRNA dynamics without assuming complex post transcriptional regulation, and allow for classification of most proteins into four distinct regulatory scenarios. By performing an in-depth characterization of the putatively post-transcriptionally regulated genes, we postulate that the RNA-binding protein Hrb98DE is involved in post-transcriptional control of sugar metabolism in early embryogenesis and partially validate this hypothesis using Hrb98DE knockdown. In summary, we present a systems biology framework for the identification of post-transcriptional gene regulation from large-scale, time-resolved transcriptome and proteome data.
Crack growth and energy dissipation in paper
Authors: Hanifpour Maryam , Mäkinen Tero , Koivisto Juha , Ovaska Markus , Alava Mikko J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractHere, we follow the stable propagation of a roughening crack using simultaneously Digital Image Correlation and Infra-Red imaging. In a quasi-two-dimensional paper sample, the crack tip and ahead of that the fracture process zone follow the slowly, diffusively moving “hot spot” ahead of the tip. This also holds when the crack starts to roughen during propagation. The well-established intermittency of the crack advancement and the roughening of the crack in paper are thus subject to the dissipation and decohesion in the hot spot zone. They are therefore not only a result of the depinning of the crack in a heterogeneous material.
Deep Semi Supervised Generative Learning for Automated Tumor Proportion Scoring on NSCLC Tissue Needle Biopsies
Authors: Kapil Ansh , Meier Armin , Zuraw Aleksandra , Steele Keith E. , Rebelatto Marlon C. , Schmidt Günter , Brieu Nicolas 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe level of PD-L1 expression in immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays is a key biomarker for the identification of Non-Small-Cell-Lung-Cancer (NSCLC) patients that may respond to anti PD-1/PD-L1 treatments. The quantification of PD-L1 expression currently includes the visual estimation by a pathologist of the percentage (tumor proportional scoring or TPS) of tumor cells showing PD-L1 staining. Known challenges like differences in positivity estimation around clinically relevant cut-offs and sub-optimal quality of samples makes visual scoring tedious and subjective, yielding a scoring variability between pathologists. In this work, we propose a novel deep learning solution that enables the first automated and objective scoring of PD-L1 expression in late stage NSCLC needle biopsies. To account for the low amount of tissue available in biopsy images and to restrict the amount of manual annotations necessary for training, we explore the use of semi-supervised approaches against standard fully supervised methods. We consolidate the manual annotations used for training as well the visual TPS scores used for quantitative evaluation with multiple pathologists. Concordance measures computed on a set of slides unseen during training provide evidence that our automatic scoring method matches visual scoring on the considered dataset while ensuring repeatability and objectivity.
A biophysical study on the mechanism of interactions of DOX or PTX with α-lactalbumin as a delivery carrier
Authors: Delavari Behdad , Mamashli Fatemeh , Bigdeli Bahareh , Poursoleiman Atefeh , Karami Leila , Zolmajd-Haghighi Zahra , Ghasemi Atiyeh , Samaei-Daryan Samaneh , Hosseini Morteza , Haertlé Thomas , Muronetz Vladimir I. , Halskau Øyvind , Moosavi-Movahedi Ali Akbar , Goliaei Bahram , Rezayan Ali Hossein , Saboury Ali Akbar 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDoxorubicin and paclitaxel, two hydrophobic chemotherapeutic agents, are used in cancer therapies. Presence of hydrophobic patches and a flexible fold could probably make α-Lactalbumin a suitable carrier for hydrophobic drugs. In the present study, a variety of thermodynamic, spectroscopic, computational, and cellular techniques were applied to assess α-lactalbumin potential as a carrier for doxorubicin and paclitaxel. According to isothermal titration calorimetry data, the interaction between α-lactalbumin and doxorubicin or paclitaxel is spontaneous and the K (M−1) value for the interaction of α-lactalbumin and paclitaxel is higher than that for doxorubicin. Differential scanning calorimetry and anisotropy results indicated formation of α-lactalbumin complexes with doxorubicin or paclitaxel. Furthermore, molecular docking and dynamic studies revealed that TRPs are not involved in α-Lac’s interaction with Doxorubicin while TRP 60 interacts with paclitaxel. Based on Pace analysis to determine protein thermal stability, doxorubicin and paclitaxel induced higher and lower thermal stability in α-lactalbumin, respectively. Besides, fluorescence lifetime measurements reflected that the interaction between α-lactalbumin with doxorubicin or paclitaxel was of static nature. Therefore, the authors hypothesized that α-lactalbumin could serve as a carrier for doxorubicin and paclitaxel by reducing cytotoxicity and apoptosis which was demonstrated during ourin vitrocell studies.
A rare human CEP290 variant disrupts the molecular integrity of the primary cilium and impairs Sonic Hedgehog machinery
Authors: Kilander Michaela B. C. , Wang Chun-Hung , Chang Chia-Hsiang , Nestor Jonathan E. , Herold Kevin , Tsai Jin-Wu , Nestor Michael W. , Lin Yu-Chih 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe primary cilium is a microtubule-enriched cell-communication organelle that participates in mechanisms controlling tissue development and maintenance, including cerebellar architecture. Centrosomal protein of 290 kDa (CEP290) is a protein important for centrosomal function and ciliogenesis. Mutations in CEP290 have been linked to a group of multi-organ disorders - termed ciliopathies. The neurophysiological deficits observed in ciliopathies are sometimes associated with the progression of autistic traits. Here, the cellular function of two rare variants of CEP290 identified from recent exome sequencing of autistic individuals are investigated. Cells expressing Cep290 carrying the missense mutation R1747Q in mouse exhibited a defective Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling response, mislocalisation of the Shh receptor Smoothened (Smo), and dysregulation of ciliary protein mobility, which ultimately disrupted the proliferation of cerebellar granule progenitors (CGPs). This data was furthermore corroborated in an autism patient-derived iPSC line harbouring the R1746Q rare CEP290 variant. Evidence from this study suggests that the R1746Q mutation interferes with the function of CEP290 to maintain the ciliary diffusion barrier and disrupts the integrity of the molecular composition in the primary cilium, which may contribute to alterations in neuroarchitecture.