bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcendent motivations and virtue development in adolescent marathon runners
Authors: Schnitker Sarah A. , Gilbertson Madison Kawakami , Houltberg Benjamin , Hardy Sam A. , Fernandez Nathaniel 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo understand how health, prosocial, and spiritual motivations correspond to changes in the virtues of self‐control, patience, and interpersonal generosity among adolescents and emerging adults.MethodParticipants included adolescent and emerging adult athletes (N = 396; 12–22 years, M = 18.42, SD = 2.03) on marathon training teams fundraising for a faith‐based charity. Participants completed self‐report questionnaires four times over six months. Participants were 63% female and identified as 61% Caucasian, 17% Latino/a, 10% African American, 6% Asian American, and 6% other.ResultsBivariate latent growth curve models showed positive relations between baseline levels of transcendent motivations (spiritual, prosocial) and all three virtues (self‐control, patience, interpersonal generosity) as well as baseline health motivation and self‐control. Linear slopes in all three motivations were positively correlated with change in patience, and greater decreases in these motivations from wave 1 to wave 2 before recovering motivation in subsequent waves correlated with less change in patience. Only the linear slope in prosocial motivation positively correlated with change in generosity. None of the motivation slopes correlated with change in self‐control.ConclusionsMore than just sport participation is required to cultivate virtue in adolescents; instead, transcendent and non‐transcendent motivations are concurrently developing for athletes who increase in prosocial virtues.
Sclerostin and WNT‐5a gingival protein levels in chronic periodontitis and health
Authors: Chatzopoulos Georgios S. , Mansky Kim C. , Lunos Scott , Costalonga Massimo , Wolff Larry F. 
Published: April 2019

Background and ObjectiveWnt signaling pathways regulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation and are associated with inflammatory responses driven by innate and adaptive immunity via the NF‐κB pathway. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of sclerostin (SOST), WNT‐5a, and TNF‐α between chronic periodontitis and periodontally healthy sites and determine their value as diagnostic markers of chronic periodontitis.Material and MethodsIn a cross‐sectional assessment 25 chronic periodontitis cases and 25 periodontally healthy controls were selected upon clinical and radiographic periodontal evaluation. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected cross‐sectionally from diseased and healthy sites in periodontitis patients and from healthy sites in each control subject. In a subgroup analysis, ten patients with generalized moderate and severe chronic periodontitis and ten generalized periodontally healthy individuals were included. The protein levels of SOST, WNT‐5a, and TNF‐α in GCF were measured by sandwich ELISA. The Shapiro‐Wilk test was utilized to assess the normality of the distribution and non‐parametric comparisons were performed.ResultsThe protein levels of SOST were significantly higher in the generalized moderate and severe chronic periodontitis subgroup when compared to the generalized healthy (P = 0.002), while the WNT‐5a and TNF‐α GCF total amounts were similar (P > 0.05). Diseased sites in the periodontitis patients exhibited significantly higher total protein levels of WNT‐5a than in healthy sites (P = 0.017), whereas no differences were detected for SOST and TNF‐α (P > 0.05). The total protein levels of SOST, WNT‐5a, and TNF‐α in GCF were similar in periodontitis and non‐periodontitis patients (P > 0.05).ConclusionsSclerostin and WNT‐5a gingival protein levels demonstrated a high diagnostic value for generalized moderate and severe chronic periodontitis, while a low accuracy was detected for localized chronic periodontitis.
The Dune Lakes in central coastal California: Why are they dry?
Authors: Kofron Christopher P. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Dune Lakes comprise 10 natural lakes in the Callender Dunes in central coastal California, USA. These lakes are wetlands in an arid environment, being important habitat for native wildlife and plants, including three occurrences of the federally endangered/State threatened wetland plant, La Graciosa thistle (Cirsium scariosum var. loncholepis; Asteraceae). This plant is known from 21 occurrences, of which only five are extant in 2019. One extant occurrence persists at the lakes and where two other occurrences are likely extirpated. Nine lakes have recently dried, one having been dry for 5 years (2012–2017). Understanding the hydrology of the Dune Lakes is essential for conservation planning and to help prevent extinction of La Graciosa thistle. The best available information points to a combination of two primary causes for drying of the lakes. The first is extensive groundwater extraction beneath Nipomo Mesa to the east. The second is severe drought. The competing demands for water and continued development on the mesa will be obstacles to restoration of the lakes and to recovery of the endangered plant.
Substrate and metabolic promiscuities of d‐altronate dehydratase family proteins involved in non‐phosphorylative d‐arabinose, sugar acid, l‐galactose and l‐fucose pathways from bacteria
Authors: Watanabe Seiya , Fukumori Fumiyasu , Watanabe Yasuo 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThe gene context in microorganism genomes is of considerable help for identifying potential substrates. The C785_RS13685 gene in Herbaspirillum huttiense IAM 15032 is a member of the d‐altronate dehydratase protein family, and which functions as a d‐arabinonate dehydratase in vitro, is clustered with genes related to putative pentose metabolism. In the present study, further biochemical characterization and gene expression analyses revealed that l‐xylonate is a physiological substrate that is ultimately converted to α‐ketoglutarate via so‐called Route II of a non‐phosphorylative pathway. Several hexonates, including d‐altronate, d‐idonate and l‐gluconate, which are also substrates of C785_RS13685, also significantly up‐regulated the gene cluster containing C785_RS13685, suggesting a possibility that pyruvate and d‐ or l‐glycerate were ultimately produced (novel Route III). On the contrary, ACAV_RS08155 of Acidovorax avenae ATCC 19860, a homologous gene to C785_RS13685, functioned as a d‐altronate dehydratase in a novel l‐galactose pathway, through which l‐galactonate was epimerized at the C5 position by the sequential activity of two dehydrogenases, resulting in d‐altronate. Furthermore, this pathway completely overlapped with Route III of the non‐phosphorylative l‐fucose pathway. The ‘substrate promiscuity’ of d‐altronate dehydratase protein(s) is significantly expanded to ‘metabolic promiscuity’ in the d‐arabinose, sugar acid, l‐fucose and l‐galactose pathways.
Dark metabolism: a molecular insight into how the Antarctic sea‐ice diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus survives long‐term darkness
Authors: Kennedy Fraser , Martin Andrew , Bowman John P. , Wilson Richard , McMinn Andrew 
Published: April 2019

Summary

Light underneath Antarctic sea‐ice is below detectable limits for up to 4 months of the year. The ability of Antarctic sea‐ice diatoms to survive this prolonged darkness relies on their metabolic capability. This study is the first to examine the proteome of a prominent sea‐ice diatom in response to extended darkness, focusing on the protein‐level mechanisms of dark survival.

The Antarctic diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus was grown under continuous light or darkness for 120 d. The whole cell proteome was quantitatively analysed by nano‐LC−MS/MS to investigate metabolic changes that occur during sustained darkness and during recovery under illumination.

Enzymes of metabolic pathways, particularly those involved in respiratory processes, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, the Entner−Doudoroff pathway, the urea cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain became more abundant in the dark. Within the plastid, carbon fixation halted while the upper sections of the glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and pentose phosphate pathways became less active.

We have discovered how F. cylindrus utilises an ancient alternative metabolic mechanism that enables its capacity for long‐term dark survival. By sustaining essential metabolic processes in the dark, F. cylindrus retains the functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus, ensuring rapid recovery upon re‐illumination.
Examining the Institutional Features Influencing Sexual Assault at Small Colleges and Universities*
Authors: Cameron Kolby , Wollschleger Jason 
Published: April 2019

This article explores the relationships between institutional features of small college and university campuses and the levels of reported sexual assault. Using the mandated reporting of crime on campus through the Clery Act, we look at the combined levels of reported sexual assault for the years 2012 and 2013 at the main campuses of all accredited non‐profit, four‐year, residential, undergraduate colleges and universities in the United States that have a student body size of 2,000–2,999 students, N = 198. We find that the presence of a Greek life system, alcohol policy, religious affiliation, and the proportion of male students all influence the levels of reported sexual assault at colleges and universities, with alcohol policy being the strongest influence.
Applying discursive psychology to ‘fact’ construction in political discourse
Authors: Burke Shani , Demasi Mirko A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we show how discursive psychology can be used to show how ‘facts’ are used rhetorically by politicians. That is, they are more than neutral reflections of an objective reality—these ‘facts’ are highly attuned to the local context of political argumentation. We draw upon examples from two studies that used discursive psychology to analyse two different political contexts: (1) Islamophobia in the wake of the Charlie Hebdo attack and (2) debates over Great Britain and the European Union. In both contexts, the analysis uncovers how politicians challenge both the context and the relevance of a fact. The context of ‘facts’ is reconstructed to undermine their original argumentative strength, whereas questioning the relevance of a ‘fact’ undermines it both as fact and as a rhetorical tool to be used in a debate. These findings show how discursive psychology can contribute to knowledge about political communication, as well as the benefits of applying discursive psychology to political discourse.
Polarization of Climate Change Beliefs: The Role of the Millennial Generation Identity
Authors: Ross Ashley D. , Rouse Stella M. , Mobley William 
Published: April 2019

ObjectiveThis article explores how the Millennial Generation identity—the shared values and experiences of young adults (born between 1980 and 1997)—affects political polarization of climate change belief, specifically how it mediates the relationship between party affiliation and educational attainment.MethodTo test this, an interaction between Millennial*Republican*education is estimated, using data from an original national survey administered in 2015.ResultsMillennials are more likely to believe in the evidence of climate change and its anthropogenic causes than older adults of their same party affiliation. Unlike older adults, the most educated Millennials are not the most likely to adhere to political party stance; rather, it is among the least educated Millennials that party sorting is most evident.ConclusionThe Millennial Generation identity is meaningful for understanding political attitudes. Important distinctions exist between Millennials and older adults in the evaluation of climate change opinion and related policies.
Nonhuman primate vestibuloocular reflex responses to prosthetic vestibular stimulation are robust to pulse timing errors caused by temporal discretization
Authors: Boutros Peter J. , Valentin Nicolas S. , Hageman Kristin N. , Dai Chenkai , Roberts Dale , Della Santina Charles C. 
Published: April 2019

Electrical stimulation of vestibular afferent neurons to partially restore semicircular canal sensation of head rotation and the stabilizing reflexes that sensation supports has potential to effectively treat individuals disabled by bilateral vestibular hypofunction. Ideally, a vestibular implant system using this approach would be integrated with a cochlear implant, which would provide clinicians with a means to simultaneously treat loss of both vestibular and auditory sensation. Despite obvious similarities, merging these technologies poses several challenges, including stimulus pulse timing errors that arise when a system must implement a pulse frequency modulation-encoding scheme (as is used in vestibular implants to mimic normal vestibular nerve encoding of head movement) within fixed-rate continuous interleaved sampling (CIS) strategies used in cochlear implants. Pulse timing errors caused by temporal discretization inherent to CIS create stair step discontinuities of the vestibular implant’s smooth mapping of head velocity to stimulus pulse frequency. In this study, we assayed electrically evoked vestibuloocular reflex responses in two rhesus macaques using both a smooth pulse frequency modulation map and a discretized map corrupted by temporal errors typical of those arising in a combined cochlear-vestibular implant. Responses were measured using three-dimensional scleral coil oculography for prosthetic electrical stimuli representing sinusoidal head velocity waveforms that varied over 50–400°/s and 0.1–5 Hz. Pulse timing errors produced negligible effects on responses across all canals in both animals, indicating that temporal discretization inherent to implementing a pulse frequency modulation-coding scheme within a cochlear implant’s CIS fixed pulse timing framework need not sacrifice performance of the combined system’s vestibular implant portion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Merging a vestibular implant system with existing cochlear implant technology can provide clinicians with a means to restore both vestibular and auditory sensation. Pulse timing errors inherent to integration of pulse frequency modulation vestibular stimulation with fixed-rate, continuous interleaved sampling cochlear implant stimulation would discretize the smooth head velocity encoding of a combined device. In this study, we show these pulse timing errors produce negligible effects on electrically evoked vestibulo-ocular reflex responses in two rhesus macaques.
Quest for Tangible Biomarkers for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Sharma Dipali 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Identification of key molecular networks involved in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) growth and metastasis will increase our mechanistic understanding of this disease and pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic interventions. The study by Khawaled and colleagues points to a direct antimetastatic function of WW domain–containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) in TNBC and identifies the Myc/miR-146a/fibronectin axis as a molecular mediator of the tumor-suppressive function of WWOX. This information can potentially be used to identify actionable nodes for targeting TNBC, a breast cancer subtype otherwise characterized by the absence of markers.
See related article by Khawaled et al., p. 1784
Tumor-associated Macrophages as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers for Postoperative Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Stage II Colon Cancer
Authors: Feng Qingyang , Chang Wenju , Mao Yihao , He Guodong , Zheng Peng , Tang Wentao , Wei Ye , Ren Li , Zhu Dexiang , Ji Meiling , Tu Yongjiu , Qin Xinyu , Xu Jianmin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
For stage II colon cancer, the efficacy of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy remains controversial. It is well known that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are important in tumor progression. In this study, TAMs were investigated as prognostic and predictive biomarkers for the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer after radical resection.

Experimental Design:
This study enrolled two independent cohorts of consecutive patients from one medical center with pathologic stage II colon cancer after radical resections. Macrophages were detected using IHC staining of CD68 and CD206. Infiltration densities of CD68+ TAMs, CD206+ TAMs, and ratio of CD206+ TAMs/CD68+ TAMs (CD206/CD68 ratio) were calculated as prognostic and predictive biomarkers.

Results:
The primary and validation cohorts consisted of 521 and 314 patients, respectively. In both cohorts, high CD206/CD68 ratio was significantly associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). As an independent risk factor, CD206/CD68 ratio also had significantly better prognostic efficacy than CD68+ TAM density, CD206+ TAM density, and traditional clinicopathologic high-risk factors. Moreover, adjuvant chemotherapy significantly improved DFS and OS for patients with high CD206/CD68 ratio but not for those with low CD206/CD68 ratio. The interaction analyses were also significant for DFS. In subgroup analysis, CD206/CD68 ratio was still a significant predictor for adjuvant chemotherapy for patients in traditional high-risk group of recurrence (significant interaction for DFS).

Conclusions:
For stage II colon cancer, CD206/CD68 ratio is a better prognostic and predictive biomarker for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Together with clinicopathologic high-risk factors, it will aid in precision treatment.
TP53 Mutation by CRISPR System Enhances the Malignant Potential of Colon Cancer
Authors: Watanabe Sho , Tsuchiya Kiichiro , Nishimura Ryu , Shirasaki Tomoaki , Katsukura Nobuhiro , Hibiya Shuji , Okamoto Ryuichi , Nakamura Tetsuya , Watanabe Mamoru 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutation is a well-known occurrence at the late phase of carcinogenesis during the adenoma–carcinoma sequence of a sporadic colon cancer. Although numerous reports about clinical information of the patients with colon cancer have suggested that TP53 mutation might be related to various types of malignant potential, the direct effects of this mutation on the malignant potential of colon cancer remain unknown. Notably, no previous report has described a relationship between TP53 mutation and cancer stemness. We therefore aimed to assess the function of a TP53 mutant induced by the CRISPR-Cas9 system in colon cancer cells. In this study, two TP53 mutations, corresponding to exon 3 (TP53E3) and 10 (TP53E10), were generated in LS174T cells derived from a wild-type TP53 human colon cancer via a lentiviral CRISPR-Cas9 system. The loss of function of TP53 resulting from both mutations manifested as resistance to Nutlin3a-induced apoptosis and the downregulation of target genes of TP53. TP53 mutants exhibited an enhanced malignant potential, characterized by accelerated cell growth, invasiveness, chemoresistance, and cancer stemness. Interestingly, TP53E10 but not TP53E3 cells exhibited aberrant transcriptional activity of regenerating family member 1-α (REG1A) and expression of REG1A, resulting in the acquisition of enhanced malignant potential. In conclusion, we demonstrated for the first time that TP53 genomic mutation into human colon cancer cells affects the malignant potential.

Implications:
These findings suggest that both a loss of function and an aberrant gain of function of TP53 might promote high malignant potentials at the late phase of carcinogenesis in colon cancer.
Mild segregation in the breeding preferences of an invasive anuran (Discoglossus pictus) and its main native competitor (Epidalea calamita) in ephemeral ponds
Authors: Pujol-Buxó Eudald , Riaño Gabriel M. , Llorente Gustavo A. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The choice of breeding sites by pond-breeding anurans has notable consequences for the fitness of larvae. Hence, beyond pond typology and phenology, adults can also discriminate according to several other features, for instance to favour allotopy with potential competitors. However, the lack of shared evolutionary history might impede proper ecological differentiation with alien species during the first stages of invasions. Here, we studied several possible sources of ecological segregation between the invasive Discoglossus pictus and the native Epidalea calamita in ephemeral ponds, where the native toad hardly had competition before the arrival of the invasive frog. During spring of 2016, we periodically surveyed 69 ephemeral ponds in three areas with different invasion histories to detect the presence/absence of eggs and tadpoles of these species. Invasive D. pictus started breeding earlier than E. calamita, but differences were not significant. Similarly, there were not clear differences among areas with different invasion histories. However, we found for both species a mutual tendency to directly avoid larval syntopy at the end of the reproductive season. We also found interspecific differences in the features that both species use for pond choice, preferring the native species shallower and less vegetated ephemeral ponds. Globally however, co-occurrence was high, pointing at other processes as key to the coexistence between both species in these habitats.
Getting a Sharper View of the Humanitarian Marketplace: Introducing Conduit Engagement Theory
Authors: Bock Joseph G. , Haque Ziaul 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
There are differing views on the strengths and weaknesses of faith-based organizations relative to secular international nongovernmental organizations. This article argues that the theory of comparative advantage and the theory of organizational alignment are inadequate in helping to assess these strengths and weaknesses. The article offers a different perspective, called conduit engagement theory. It holds that humanitarian organizations naturally have specific relationships, organizational linkages, affiliations, or shared philosophies (referred to in the article as conduits) that enable certain programmatic interventions. Maximum effectiveness within the humanitarian marketplace is a function of the robustness of engagement of conduits with high-priority initiatives that have adequate funding over the necessary length of time. A new kind of tool for strategic planning within specific countries and for auditing at an organizational level are proposed.
The Anti-Mercenary Norm and United Nations’ Use of Private Military and Security Companies
Authors: Bures Oldrich , Meyer Jeremy 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This article offers an analysis of the influence of the anti-mercenary norm on the United Nations’ use of services provided by private military and security companies (PMSCs). It follows a constructivist approach which focuses on violations of the anti-mercenary norm within the UN system and on the justifications and condemnations of these violations in official UN documents. The findings suggest that while the anti-mercenary norm is no longer puritanical, two key aspects of the norm—the lack of a proper cause and the lack of control—remain influential within the UN system. Although all parts of the UN system nowadays routinely use a wide variety of services of PMSCs and the UN Secretary-General officially sanctioned security outsourcing in 2011, the UN continues to insist that it is only using PMSCs as a last resort, when no other options are available. The continuing need to justify the use of PMSCs’ services suggests that this practice challenges both the long-established identity of the UN as a key anti-mercenary norm entrepreneur and its ontological security.