bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GIS‐based susceptibility assessment of the occurrence of gully headcuts and pipe collapses in a semi‐arid environment: Golestan Province, NE Iran
Authors: Kariminejad Narges , Hosseinalizadeh Mohsen , Pourghasemi Hamid Reza , Bernatek‐Jakiel Anita , Alinejad Mohammad 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhen the effect of two soil erosion features, in this study, gully headcuts (GHs) and pipe collapses (PCs), is investigated jointly, a new comprehensive concept related to their controlling factors can be found. The objective of this paper to evaluate susceptibility to these two features in the hilly region of the Golestan Province (NE Iran), which may be helpful in land management and the sustainable development of the region. The maps of the controlling factors of GHs and PCs were constructed and the random forest algorithm was used to prioritize the factors controlling the occurrence of these two soil erosion features. The GHs and PCs susceptibility maps were prepared using the random forest model in the R software and validated applying the receiver operating characteristic curves, fourfold plot, and Cohen's kappa index, whereas the susceptibility map of the two soil erosion features was prepared by overlapping these maps. The results of factor importance analysis have indicated that land use, slope, and silt content are the most important factors in the occurrence of PCs, whereas slope gradient, silt content, and distance to streams are the most important in GHs occurrence. This means that steep and uncultivated slopes in the study area are most susceptible to GHs and PCs. The susceptibility models of GHs and PCs have excellent accuracy, that is, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values of GHs and PCs models were 0.960 and 0.935, respectively. The susceptibility map of GHs and PCs analysed jointly has shown that 66% of the area is not susceptible to any of these soil erosion features, whereas 15% is susceptible to both of them. The places susceptible to the two types of soil erosion features (GHs and PCs) indicate the areas where there is a high probability of GHs retreat due to the PCs. This study has confirmed that it is feasible to forecast the spatial behaviour of GHs and PCs occurrence and development. This is particularly preferred when the developed methods are applied for the susceptibility evaluation under various mitigation scenarios.
Bragg Soliton Compression and Fission on CMOS‐Compatible Ultra‐Silicon‐Rich Nitride
Authors: Sahin Ezgi , Blanco‐Redondo Andrea , Xing Peng , Ng Doris K. T. , Png Ching E. , Tan Dawn T. H. , Eggleton Benjamin J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractHigher‐order soliton dynamics, specifically soliton compression and fission, underpin crucial applications in ultrafast optics, communications, and signal processing. Bragg solitons exploit the strong dispersive properties of periodic media near the photonic band edge. This enables soliton dynamics to occur in very short propagation distances, opening avenues to harness soliton compression and fission in integrated photonic platforms. However, implementation in complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible platforms has been hindered by the strong nonlinear loss that dominates the propagation in silicon and the low‐optical nonlinearity of traditional silicon nitride. Here, CMOS‐compatible, on‐chip Bragg solitons, are presented with a soliton‐effect pulse compression with a factor of × 5.7, along with time‐resolved measurements of soliton fission on a CMOS‐compatible photonic circuit platform. These observations are enabled by the combination of a unique cladding‐modulated Bragg grating design and the high nonlinearity and negligible nonlinear loss of compositionally engineered ultra‐silicon‐rich nitride (USRN: Si7N3).
Investigating the applicability of induced polarization method in ore modelling and drilling optimization: a case study from Abassabad, Iran
Authors: Mostafaei Kamran , Ramazi Hamidreza 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTThe main issue in mineral exploration is to obtain as much information as possible in a time‐ and cost‐efficient manner. This may be achieved through a combination of geophysical methods including the induced polarization method. The induced polarization is the most applicable method in case of metal exploration through drilling. We argue that the relationship between induced polarization, electrical resistivity and ore grade data may be used in resource estimation. This argument is tested in the active copper mine of Madan Bozorg, Abassabad, which is located in the Miami‐Sabzevar mineralization belt in NW Iran. Within the borehole locations, geophysical profiles of induced polarization and electrical resistivity were designed and surveyed using combined resistivity sounding and profiling array. Two‐dimensional models of induced polarization and electrical resistivity were prepared through inversion of geophysical data, after the primary processing. The three‐dimensional block models of induced polarization and electrical resistivity were also compiled using geostatistical methods. Obtained two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional models of induced polarization and electrical resistivity were checked using exploratory boreholes to investigate the relationship among induced polarization, electrical resistivity and copper grade. The three‐dimensional block model of the copper ore was prepared using cokriging and artificial neural network, using a combination of induced polarization and drilling data. In the cases where borehole data were unavailable, the presence of copper ore was predicted by artificial neural network and cokriging methods, and the three‐dimensional models of ore body were constructed in all of the study area. Obtained models based on the predicted copper ore distribution were checked and compared with ore distribution model compiled using drilling data. The results indicate a good agreement between predicted and real results. This led to reduction of borehole number to about 45% and the optimization of boreholes locations. Finally, an optimized drilling plan has been prepared and presented for the Abassabad copper mine.
Risk‐reducing surgery in BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers: Are there factors associated with the choice?
Authors: Manoukian Siranoush , Alfieri Sara , Bianchi Elisabetta , Peissel Bernard , Azzollini Jacopo , Borreani Claudia 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveFemale carriers of BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations (BRCAm) are at increased risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. The main prevention options currently available consist in either clinical‐radiological surveillance or risk‐reducing surgery. This study investigated factors that might influence the choice of risk‐reducing mastectomy (RRM) and/or salpingo‐oophorectomy (RRSO) over surveillance in high‐risk women.MethodsOne hundred twenty‐eight BRCAm women, 75 (58.60%) cancer affected (C‐A) and 53 (41.40%) cancer‐unaffected (C‐UN), completed a baseline questionnaire concerning socio‐demographic factors, personal medical history, cancer family history, and psychological dimensions. Preferences about prevention strategies were evaluated after 15 months. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyse the relationship between these factors and the choice of RRSO or RRM in the whole cohort and the choice of surgery (RRM and/or RRSO) in C‐A and C‐UN women.ResultsThe analyses on the whole cohort highlighted factors associated with the choice of both RRM and RRSO (“cancer concern,” “previous therapeutic mastectomy,” and “number of cancer‐affected family members”), but also a few specifically associated with either RRM (age) or RRSO (“health” and “energy” perception and “number of children”). Surgery was more likely to be chosen by C‐A (76%) than C‐UN women (34%). With the exception of “cancer concern,” factors associated with the choice of surgery were different between C‐A (“number of deaths for cancer in the family” and “feeling downhearted and blue”) and C‐UN (“number of children” and “health perception”) women.ConclusionThis study highlights potential drivers underlying the choice of preventive surgery, which should be considered when supporting the decision‐making process in these women.
Combustion of Aluminum‐Metal Fluoride Reactive Composites in Different Environments
Authors: Valluri Siva Kumar , Schoenitz Mirko , Dreizin Edward L. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCombustion of two nanocomposite powders comprising equal mass fractions of aluminum and a metal fluoride, BiF3 or CoF2, is characterized experimentally. The powders were prepared by arrested reactive milling; earlier work showed that they are readily ignited upon heating and are insensitive to ignition by electrostatic discharge. Here, powder particles were ignited in air by passing through a focused CO2 laser beam. They were also ignited and burned in oxygen‐starved environments produced in the combustion products of an air‐acetylene and air‐hydrogen flames. Burn times and color temperatures of the particles were measured optically. Combustion products were collected and examined using electron microscopy. Correlations of burn times with particle sizes showed that the composites containing BiF3 burned faster than those containing CoF2. In air, the burn rates of both composite powders exceeded that of pure Al; in the oxygen‐starved environments the burn rates of the prepared composites were comparable to that of Al. The flame temperatures of the CoF2‐containing composite were limited by the Al boiling point while BiF3 containing composites burned at higher temperatures. Combustion mechanisms for the prepared materials are discussed qualitatively.
Lifestyle migrants or “environmental refugees”?—Resisting urban risks
Authors: Persson Linda 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA relatively large group of immigrants to rural parts of inner Scandinavia are of German and Dutch descent. Many are families with young children having moved to unpopular areas, characterised by declining populations and services. Seven households of Dutch and German descent were interviewed with a narrative approach to explore their decision to migrate. It is revealed that they do not fit the common explanations of lifestyle migration. A “tale” of escape emerges as they describe what they wanted to leave behind, primarily risks associated with a neoliberal urban environment such as stress, aggression, and competition. The rural is described as a restful and safe space, like Hobbiton, where urban environmental refugees can exhale and live life a bit more lugnt. Drawing on Focaults “care for the self,” their experiences of the negative effects, of the individualisation of risks, neoliberal competition, and an accelerating society render evasion to a new environment into a means of risk avoidance.
Targeted Gold Nanocluster‐Enhanced Radiotherapy of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Luo Dong , Wang Xinning , Zeng Sophia , Ramamurthy Gopalakrishnan , Burda Clemens , Basilion James P. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFor over a hundred years, X‐rays have been a main component of the radiotherapeutic approaches to treat cancer. Yet, to date, no radiosensitizer has been developed to selectively target prostate cancer. Gold has excellent X‐ray absorptivity and is used as a radiotherapy enhancing material. In this work, ultrasmall Au25 nanoclusters (NCs) are developed for selective prostate cancer targeting, radiotherapy enhancement, and rapid clearance from the body. Targeted‐Au25 NCs are rapidly and selectively taken up by prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo and also have fast renal clearance. When combined with X‐ray irradiation of the targeted cancer tissues, radiotherapy is significantly enhanced. The selective targeting and rapid clearance of the nanoclusters may allow reductions in radiation dose, decreasing exposure to healthy tissue and making them highly attractive for clinical translation.
Chitinozoan biostratigraphy of the Rheidol Gorge Section, Central Wales, UK: a GSSP replacement candidate for the Rhuddanian–Aeronian boundary
Authors: De Weirdt Julie , Vandenbroucke Thijs R. A. , Cocq Justine , Russell Catherine , Davies Jeremy R. , Melchin Michael , Zalasiewicz Jan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAs part of an international effort to evaluate potential replacement sections for the current Aeronian GSSP, the stratigraphy of the Rheidol Gorge section (central Wales, UK) is being restudied. A total of 28 samples from the Rhuddanian–Aeronian boundary interval at Rheidol Gorge were studied for chitinozoans. This famous Welsh Basin section, its stratigraphy rooted in the work of O.T. Jones and M. Sudbury, comprises a series of laminated black shales with abundant graptolites, alternating with grey mudstone intervals, deposited in anoxic to dysoxic/oxic seafloor conditions, respectively. The exposed section of c. 20 m spans the middle part of the upper Rhuddanian Pernerograptus revolutus Biozone through the lower Aeronian Neodiplograptus magnus Biozone of the lower to mid‐Llandovery Series (Cwmere and Derwenlas formations). Our chitinozoan analysis yielded an assemblage of over 2300 specimens distributed approximately uniformly throughout the entire succession. A total of 16 different taxa are identified, of which 12 remain in open nomenclature, reflecting the poor to moderately intact preservation of the specimens. Based on the presence of key species such as Spinachitina maennili and Conochitina iklaensis, the Rheidol Gorge section is referred to the Spinachitina maennili Biozone. This observation is in perfect alignment with the typical signature of other Rhuddanian–Aeronian boundary successions in the Welsh Basin and in other parts of the world.
Alcohol, its analysis in blood and breath for forensic purposes, impairment effects, and acute toxicity
Authors: Jones Alan W. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlcohol (ethanol) is man's favorite recreational drug and the psychoactive substance most often encountered in forensic toxicology casework; impaired driving cases, sexual assaults, and drug intoxication deaths. Because of the legal consequences of a person's blood– or breath–alcohol concentration (BAC or BrAC), the analytical methods used must be accurate, precise, and fit for purpose. The gold standard method for determination of ethanol in blood and other biological specimens is gas–liquid chromatography with flame ionization detector, although some laboratories also use a mass spectrometric detector. Also widely used for legal purposes are breath–alcohol analyzers; at the roadside as screening tests and also as evidence for prosecution of traffic offenders. Evidential instruments determine ethanol in exhaled breath by infrared spectrometry at wavelengths of 3.4 and/or 9.5 μm or by electrochemical oxidation with a fuel‐cell detector. The impairment of body functions after drinking alcohol depend on the amount consumed (the dose), the speed of drinking and the BAC reaching the brain. After drinking 1–2 units of alcohol (~16 g ethanol) people become more talkative and feel less inhibited (BAC <50 mg%). Cognitive and psychomotor functions are impaired as BAC reaches 80 mg% and at 150 mg% the signs and symptoms of alcohol intoxication are much more obvious including slurred speech, lack of coordination, confusion, and combativeness. On reaching BACs of 300–400 mg% most people are incapacitated and/or unconscious with slow and shallow breathing and at risk of death from paralysis of respiratory centers in the brain stem.This article is categorized under:
Toxicology > Alcohol
Toxicology > Analytical Toxicology
Toxicology > Drug‐Impaired Driving
Fracture analysis of a 3D rectangular permeable crack and two 3D rectangular permeable cracks in the orthotropic piezoelectric media
Authors: Liu Hai‐Tao , Wu Wen‐Juan , Tian Hong‐Yan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFracture analysis of a rectangular permeable crack and two 3D rectangular permeable cracks in the orthotropic piezoelectric media (OPM) is investigated by using the generalized Almansi's theorem and the Schmidt method. Utilizing the 2D Fourier transform, the problems reduce to the solution of three pairs of dual integral equations, which the unknown variables are the jumps of displacements across the crack surfaces. To solve the dual integral equations, the jumps of displacements across the crack surfaces are directly expanded as a series of Jacobi polynomials. Finally, the effects of the geometric shape of the rectangular crack and the distance between two rectangular cracks on the stress intensity factors (SIFs) and electric displacement intensity factors (EDIFs) in the OPM are analyzed.
Early Chemical Thromboprophylaxis Does not Increase the Risk of Intracranial Hematoma Progression in Patients with Isolated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Störmann Philipp , Osinloye William , Freiman Thomas M. , Seifert Volker , Marzi Ingo , Lustenberger Thomas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is recognized as a factor of morbidity and mortality in trauma patients suffering from severe blunt traumatic brain injury (TBI). The administration of pharmacological prophylaxis is broadly accepted as an effective therapy to prevent VTE events in trauma patients. Regardless of its ascertained efficacy, the risk of hematoma progression complicates the therapy in patients suffering from TBI: therefore, the optimal time to start prophylactic anticoagulation in these patients remains controversial.MethodsAll primary admissions to our level‐1‐trauma center between January 2012 and December 2016 were screened for severe blunt TBI with a head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥ 3. Patients who died within the first 24 h were excluded. Basic demographic results, thromboembolic events and progression of the intracranial hematoma were extracted from the patient's records. The patients were categorized into 4 groups according to start of VTE chemoprophylaxis: early ( < 24 h after hospitalization), intermediate (24–48 h), late ( > 48 h) and no therapy (no prophylactic anticoagulation within the first five days of hospitalization). A total of 292 patients with severe TBI were analyzed (early: n = 93, intermediate: n = 90, late: n = 74, no therapy: n = 35). The overall rate of intracranial bleeding progression was 13.6% after prophylactic anticoagulation was started.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were found in the frequency of intracranial bleeding progression comparing the different time groups (early 12.9% vs. intermediate 11.1% vs. late 17.6%; adj. p = 0.13). In patients with VTE chemoprophylaxis, no thromboembolic events were recorded. Male gender, age, head AIS and subarachnoidal hemorrhage were identified as independent risk factors associated with intracranial hematoma progression.ConclusionThe early administration of VTE chemoprophylaxis within 24 h after admission in patients with severe TBI did not increase the risk of intracranial bleeding progression.
The Explanatory Role of Concepts
Authors: Taylor Samuel D. , Vosgerau Gottfried 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMachery (Doing without concepts, Oxford University Press, New York, 2009) and Weiskopf (Synthese 169:145–173, 2009) argue that the kindconceptis a natural kind if and only if it plays an explanatory role in cognitive scientific explanations. In this paper, we argue against this explanationist approach to determining the natural kind-hood ofconcept. We first demonstrate that hybrid, pluralist, and eliminativist theories of concepts afford the kindconceptdifferent explanatory roles. Then, we argue that we cannot decide between hybrid, pluralist, and eliminativist theories of concepts, because each endorses a different, but equally viable, specification of the explananda of cognitive science. It follows that an explanationist approach to determining the natural kind-hood ofconceptfails, because there is no consensus about whether or notconceptshould be afforded an explanatory role in our best cognitive scientific explanations. We conclude by considering what our critique of explanationism could imply for further discussions about the explanatory role of concepts in cognitive science.
Young Children’s Narrations of Relational Recovery: a School-Based Group for Children Who Have Experienced Domestic Violence
Authors: Beetham Tanya , Gabriel Lynne , James Hazel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn the UK, domestic violence (DV) is one of the most common safeguarding concerns children and young people report (CAADA, 2014). However, little is known about how children experience participation in interventions that aim to support their recovery if they have been affected by DV. This study aims to understand children’s experiences of participating in a group programme facilitated by a DV organisation in the UK. Interviews were conducted with four children (aged 7–10) using a flexible, creative and child-led approach. A thematic narrative analysis was used, using a small story approach to narrative data. Results indicate that issues of children’s agency, choice and intersecting identities are central to not only how children experience DV but also how they experience recovery. Findings highlight the experiential and relational aspect of therapeutic spaces that can enable children to form relationships and construct meaningful identities. Conclusions suggest that children need to be consulted in inclusive ways in order to contribute to the development and accessibility of services designed to support them when they have been affected by DV.
Effect of Powder Recycling in Electron Beam Melting on the Surface Chemistry of Alloy 718 Powder
Authors: Gruber Hans , Henriksson Mikael , Hryha Eduard , Nyborg Lars 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Process-induced degradation of the powder feedstock in additive manufacturing may have a negative influence on the final properties of built components. Consequently, it may lower the cost-effectiveness of powder bed additive manufacturing, which relies on recycling of the nonconsumed powder. This is especially the case for production of high-performance aero engine components where high material and process reliability is required. This study comprises a detailed investigation on the degradation of Alloy 718 powder during multicycle electron beam melting (EBM). The surface-sensitive analysis methods, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), were combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to depict the differences in surface morphology, and surface composition of powder samples exposed to varying numbers of re-use cycles. The results show a significant change in surface characteristics after exposing the powder to the process and the environment in the build chamber. The virgin powder is covered mainly by a relatively thin and homogeneous oxide layer. The re-used powder, however, has undergone transformation to a heterogeneous oxide layer, rich in thermodynamically stable Al-rich oxide particulates, which started already during the first build cycle. Significant growth of the Al-rich oxide occurs via selective oxidation of Al under the conditions in the build chamber, including both pick-up of oxygen from the process atmosphere and redistribution of initial surface-bound oxygen from less-stable products like Ni-oxide and/or hydroxide.