bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of Rhizobium japonicum, I. Enzymatic Comparison of Nitrogenase Repressed and Derepressed Free Living Cells and of Bacteroids
Authors: Werner D. , Stripf R. 
Published: August 2018

Derepressed free living cells of Rhizobium japonicum strain 61-A-101 with leucine as single nitrogen source develop a maximum nitrogenase activity of 180 nmol C2H4 · mg protein -1·h-1 in liquid culture under 2% O2 in the gas phase. Only 10% of this activity is found with no oxygen in the gas phase during a 90 min incubation period. The maximum activity under 2% oxygen in the gas phase is unaffected by addition of 1 -100 mM NH4* and by addition of low concentrations of glutamine (0.36 - 1.44 mᴍ).
Specific activities of alanine dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.4.1.1.) aspartate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.1.) and, with much lower activities, of GOGAT (E.C. 1.4.1.13) in nitrogenase active free living cells are more similar to bacteroids than to nitrogenase repressed free living cells from liquid culture. The activities in nitrogenase repressed cells were about 50% lower. Glutamine synthetase (E.C. 6.3.1.2.) activity in bacteroids and in nitrogenase active cells were also similar, but only about 25 - 30% of that found in nitrogenase repressed Rhizobium japonicum cells.
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Fungal Melanins
Authors: Gonzalez-Vila F. J. , Saiz-Jimenez C. , Lentz H. , Lüdemann H.-D. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The 13C resonance spectra of fungal melanins from Aspergillu sniger, Eurotium echinolatum , and Stachybotrys chartarum are reported. The spectra were taken in 5% W/W solution of the substances in 0.1 ɴ NaOD in D2O using the Fourier-transform-technique. The spectra and possible as­ signments of the bands are discussed. The similarities of these spectra to those of soil humic acids are unexpectedly small.
Chloroplast Sedoheptulose 1,7-Bisphosphatase: Evidence for Regulation by the Ferredoxin/Thioredoxin System
Authors: Breazeale Vicki D. , Buchanan Bob B. , Wolosiuk Ricardo A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
1. A substrate-specific sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase has been found in chloroplasts and separated from its fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase counterpart. Experiments with antibodies indicate that the two enzymes are structurally different.
2. Activity of the sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase enzyme was dependent on Mg2+ and a reductant. The most effective reductant tested was thioredoxin that was reduced either photochemically via ferredoxin with chloroplasts or chemically with dithiothreitol. Dithiothreitol added alone also activated the enzyme, but reduced glutathione or 2-mercaptoethanol did not. The thioredoxin-activated enzyme was deactivated by oxidized glutathione.
3. The results suggest that the new substrate-specific sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase depends on light for activity and resembles certain other regulatory enzymes of the reductive pentose phos­phate cycle in its mode of regulation.
The Collapse of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Sommer Joachim R. , Wallace Nancy R. , Hasselbach Wilhelm 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
When various cations, including Ca2+, are in the fixative, both sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of whole skeletal muscle and isolated SR vesicles collapse to form pentalaminate “compound membranes” that result from the apparent fusion of the lumenal lamellae of the membranous envelope of the SR. The process may be reversed by subsequently soaking the tissue in 1 ᴍ NaCl. An identical morphological phenomenon is observed in unfixed quickly frozen isolated frog skeletal muscle fibers, the cation in that case coming from endogenous sources. The hypothesis is advanced that the collapse is an in vivo process mediated by the sequestration of Ca2+ after contraction. The resulting obliteration of the SR lumen would have the effect of displacing the SR contents into the junctional SR, as well as electrically isolating the free SR from the junctional SR during relaxation. As a consequence, resistive coupling between the plasmalemma and the junctional SR becomes a plausible mechanism for the translation of the action potential into Ca2+ release, since the bulk of the SR membrane capacitance would now remain separated from the plasmalemma during relaxation.
Carotinoid-Garnitur und -Stoffwechsel von Arctodiaptomus bacillifer KOEBEL (Crustacea, Copepoda) / Carotenoid Composition and Metabolism of Arctodiaptomus bacillifer KOEBEL (Crustacea, Copepoda)
Authors: Seefried Hans , Czygan Franz-C. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Composition and metabolism of carotenoids in Arctodiaptomus bacillifer taken from a mountain lake in the Alps have been studied. This copepode contains esters of astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4′-dion) mainly. Besides β-carotene (β,β-carotene) and unesterified zeaxanthin (β,β-carotene-3,3′-diol), esters of hydroxyechinenone (3-hydroxy-β,β-caroten-4-one), adonixanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-caroten-4-one), and zeaxanthin were found. The metabolism of carotenoids in Arctodiaptomus bacillifer and a possible way of astaxanthin biosynthesis have been discussed.
Variation in Chloroplast Lipid Content and its Correlation to Photosynthetic Activities
Authors: Heise K.-P. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
During illumination infiltrated spinach leaf sections show after a short log a linearly increasing 14C-incorporation into membrane lipids from H14CO3
-.
Isolated intact chloroplasts show this increase only for the neutral lipid fraction (NL). Glyco-and phospholipid accumulation declines in the light.
In chloroplast suspensions the increase in content and also in its 14C-incorporation rate of the NL fraction is accompanied
1. by a proportional decrease of CO2-fixation capacity,
2. by a decrease of the P/2 e-quotient.
From 14C-incorporation kinetics, this increase of neutral lipids in plastid suspensions even after short illumination periods appears to be a consequence of an inhibited glycolipid - and phospho­ lipid synthesis from diglycerides.
Binding of Antibodies onto the Thylakoid Membrane III. Proteins in the Outer Surface of the Thylakoid Membrane
Authors: Radunz Alfons 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The maximal binding of antibodies to ferredoxin-NADP+ -reductase, cytochrome f, plastocyanin, coupling factor of photophosphorylation, carboxydismutase and to a polypeptide with the apparent molecular weight 24 000 onto stroma-freed chloroplasts of Antirrhinum majus was determined. The three proteins involved in photosynthetic electron transport bind approximately 0.05 to 0.07 g antibodies per g chloroplasts. The chloroplast preparation itself binds maximally about 1 gantibodies. From an antiserum to carboxydismutase and to a membrane polypeptide with the apparent molecular weight 24 000 approximately double the amount of antibodies namely 0.1 to 0.14 g antibodies per g chloroplasts are bound. Extraction of stroma-freed chloroplasts with 0.02 ᴍ Tris buffer pH 7.8 containing 0.7 mᴍ EDTA caused a threefold increase of the amount of bound anti­ bodies in the case of the membrane protein. 40% of the amount of antibodies which can be maxi­mally bound by this chloroplast preparation is adsorbed out of an antiserum to the coupling factor.
Out of an antiserum which contains equal concentrations of antibodies to ferredoxin-NADP+ -reductase, cytochrome f and plastocyanin the same amount of antibodies is bound as out of an antiserum directed to only one of these components. This shows that the proteins involved in electron transport are located in a very close relationship to each other in the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane.
The Reproductive Behaviour of Gynandromorphic Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Cook Robert 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Reproductive behaviour was studied in 192 gynandromorphs with female genitalia and reproductive system, produced by ring-X chromosome loss. Male and female behaviour patterns were frequently found to coexist in the same individuals, and male courtship behaviour, when it occurred, retained its characteristic hierarchical organisation. Sexually receptive individuals were found to be an almost perfect subset of those ovipositing, and the control of both of these behaviours mapped to the head, as did male orientation (courtship). High rates of wing flicking, a response of males to courtship, mapped rather to the thorax, although a quantitative analysis demonstrated that the frequency of flicking behaviour was also influenced by male tissue in the head. In non-ovipositing individuals mature oocytes were retained in the ovary. An egg held in the uterus is not deposited by a fly without female tissue in the head and all but one sexually receptive individuals laid eggs. It is therefore concluded that both of these behaviours depend upon closely related neural circuitry operating the genital musculature under control from the brain.
Notizen: Flavonoids and Related Compounds in Leaves of Pinaceae, III Pinus jeffreyi
Authors: Niemann Gerard J. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Nine flavonoids were isolated from leaves of Pinus jef­freyi and identified as kaempferol, the 3-glucosides of kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, laricitrin and syringetin, a 3-glucoside of an A-ring methylated kaempferol derivative, kaempferol-3-(p-coumarylglucoside) and kaempferol-3-(ferulylglucoside). Myricetin-3-rhamnoside was found dur­ing an earlier investigation.
Notizen: Formation of Erythroascorbic Acid and 2,3-Enediol Pentonic Acid from ʟ-Ascorbic Acid by Purple Sulfur Bacteria
Authors: Bast Eckhard , Marx Friedhelm , Pfeilsticker Konrad 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Phototrophic growth of Chromatium vinosum strain D on pyruvate or malate, and of Thiocapsa roseopersicina strain 6311 on malate or sulfide as sole electron donors was promotedby 5 mᴍ ʟ-ascorbate, while growth of T. roseopersicina on fructose was inhibited. Slow growth was obtained also with ascorbate alone. In ascorbate-containing cultures the medium developed a yellow to red-brown colour which showed an absorption maximum at 310 -320 nm. As colourless products of ʟ-ascorbic acid degradation by the two strains examined erythroascorbic acid and 2,3-enediol pentonic acid were found in cell-free culture filtrates by gas chromatographic analysis of the silylated residues and identified by their mass, IR and UV spectra.
Notizen: Biosynthesis of Stizolobic and Stizolobinic Acids in Amanita pantherina
Authors: Saito Koshi , Komamine Atsushi , Hatanaka Shin-Ichi 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

14C-labelled 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) was fed to the fruit bodies of Amanita pantherina. About 0.02% of radioactivity was incorporated into stizolobic and stizolobinic acids after 24 hours of the incubation. Radioactive stizolobic acid was crystallized after the addition of the authentic unlabelled material and the specific radioactivity was shown to be constant after repeated recrystallization.
These results indicate that DOPA is metabolically active as a precursor of stizolobic and stizolobinic acids in A. pantherina, as in Stizolobiu mhassjoo.
Notizen: Kurzzeitwirkung von Adenosin-3′: 5′-monophosphorsäure (c-AMP) auf das Streckenwachstum von Mais-Koleoptilzylindern / Short Time Effect of Adenosine -3′: 5′ monophosphoric Acid (c-AMP) on Corn (Zea mays) Coleoptile Growth
Authors: Janistyn B. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
c-AMP(10−4 ᴍ) has a stimulating effect on the growth of corn coleoptiles similar to that of IAA(10-5 ᴍ) .
However this effect of c-AMP is more rapid and ceases after ca. 3 hours. In the presence of the phosphodiesteraseinhibitor theophylline the stimulating effect of c-AMP lasts for 3,5 hours only, and after this period, the coleoptiles shrink and diminish in length.
Bombykal, a Sex Pheromone of the Sphinx Moth Manduca sexta
Authors: Starratt Alvin N. , Dahm Karl H. , Allen Norman , Hildebrand John G. , Payne Thomas L. , Roller Herbert 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The first sex pheromone of a Sphinx moth has been isolated from Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) with the aid of an electroantennogram assay. It is attractive to males in a field test where its activity might be augmented by a second component in female extracts. Chemical tests and chromatographic properties identify the pheromone as a C16-aldehyde with a pair of conjugated double bonds. (E , Z)-0,12-hexadecadienal, (“bombykal”) was identical with the natural product. The comparison includes chromatography on three different capillary columns and determination of specific activities in the electroantennogram test.
Versuche zur Anreicherung und Solubilisierung des muscarinischen Acetylcholinreceptors aus dem Nucleus caudatus vom Rind/Attempts to Enrich and to Solubilize the Muscarinic Acetylcholinereceptor from Bovine Caudate nucleus
Authors: Rueß Klaus-Peter , Liefländer Manfred , Herzog K. H. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Neuronal membranes of postsynaptic origin twofold enriched in acetylcholinesterase, muscarinic acetylcholinereceptor and (Na+/K+)-ATP-Phosphohydrolase, proteins associated with cholinergic nerve excitability, were prepared with yields between 60 and 75% from bovine caudate nucleus.
On subfractionation of these membranes an additional twofold enrichment of the mentioned proteins is achieved in different subfractions. SDS-gradient gel electrophoresis shows that these subfractions have slightly different polypeptide compositions.
Neuronal membranes of presynaptic origin on the other hand, prepared from purified synapto-somes, possess only small amounts of the mentioned proteins, showing no enrichment with respect to the homogenate.
Solubilization of acetylcholinesterase with 1 ᴍ NaCl as well as of muscarinic acetylcholinreceptor with 2 ᴍ NaCl does not succeed. These proteins are therefore not solely bound by ionic forces to the isolated membranes from bovine caudate nucleus.
In vitro Action of Gastric Mucosal Lysosomal Enzymes on Intracellular Gastric Glycoproteins
Authors: Fouad Fouad M. , Waldron-Edward D. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The results show that incubation of gastric mucosal cells from rat at pH ~4.5 or in the presence of aspirin is associated with a specific increase in the activity of some acid-hydrolases. Intracellular glycoproteins, isolated by non-degradative techniques from rat or dog fundic mucosal cells, were found to be potential bio-substrates for these acid-hydrolyses. This may suggest that cleavage of the carbohydrate moieties of the intracellular and mucosal cell wall glycoproteins is a fundamental step in the development of gastric ulceration. A model for gastric lesions is proposed and discussed in the light of the results obtained.
Veränderungen der Pigment-und Prenylchinongehalte in Chloroplasten von Gerstenkeimlingen nach Applikation des Wuchsstoffherbizids MCPA (4-Chlor-2-methylphenoxyessigsäure)/Changes of the Amounts of Pigments and Prenylquinones in Chloroplasts of Hordeum vulgare — Seedlings Treated with the Growth Regulating Herbicide MCPA (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic Acid)
Authors: Kleudgen H. K. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) was applied (1, 10, 100 μᴍ/ 1) via the roots to 4 day old etiolated barley seedlings, which were subjected to continuous white light at the same time. The prenyllipids of chloroplasts (chlorophylls, carotenoids, prenylquinones) were determined 7 and 10 days after sowing.
Chlorophyll accumulation was reduced by up to 40% compared to the control depending on the herbicide concentration. The formation of carotenoids was inhibited to a lower degree, the ratio xanthophylls/carotenes being increased. There were decreasing ratios of chlorophyll a/benzoquinones and a higher inhibition of the oxidized benzoquinones plastoquinone-9 and α-tocoquinone compared to the reduced forms plastohydroquinone-9 and α-tocopherol.
Very similar changes had been observed in earlier works on barley seedlings undergoing an artificial degeneration of their chloroplasts in the dark. It is suggested that MCPA induces a state of senescence in the prenyllipid metabolism of the photosynthetic apparatus, which is cor­ related with respect to structure, to a reduction of the pigment antennae.
Moderne Landwirtschaft und Herbizide/ Modern Agriculture and Herbicides
Authors: Köhler Edmund 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Weeds and their control were mentioned already in the Bible. For hundreds of years weed control was performed by hand, with tools and machines. Since more than thirty years “Chem­istry” has been helping out to a steadily increasing degree. More than 100 different active sub­stances are available for this purpose today.
The use of herbicides has grown at this tremendous rate because many of the people formerly employed in “Farming” discovered that other sectors of the economy offered better opportunities for earning an income with shorter hours and more pleasant working conditions; so they gradually left agriculture. In view of the lade of any other solution farmers had to use chemistry to substitute for the absence of sufficient manpower.
A reversal of this development is hardly to be expected in spite of the growing popularity of the environmentalists’ slogan “Bade to Nature”. For one thing, the rationalization that was more or less forced on agriculture finally helped the farmer approach the high standard of living enjoyed by the rest of society.
Agriculture without chemical| weed control would only become plausible if the people working in agriculture were again willing to accept longer workdays and greater discomfort (dust, dirt, wet and cold) and to agree voluntarily to waive a portion of their potential income. The resultant unit production costs in that case would mean that the consumer would have to also be willing to spend more for food and thus cut back the share spent on other items related to a high quality of living, such as leisure time, holidays and cultural activities.
As the realization of these preconditions sharply contradicts the progressive nature of man and the trends of history, herbicides will maintain their position in agriculture. However, we are all called upon to integrate the use of chemical weed control agents with other cultural practices available in an economically and biologically responsible manner. Successful basic research must remain the foundation of social progress, and this in turn must create the financial prerequisites for flourishing basic research.
Interpretation of Plant Growth Responses to Chemicals
Authors: Wurzer Bruno 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
While searching for chemical compounds with herbicidal or growth regulating activities the researcher gladly notices if intact plants respond to the treatments at all. By means of colour slides, which unfortunately could not be printed here, changes in plant growth and leaf colour induced by chemicals were demonstrated as they usually occur in an industrial screening operation. The range of symptoms shown in the presentation included simple lethal necrosis, “bleaching”, increased generation of anthocyans, deterioration of the plant tissue, control of axillary buds, the prevention of resprouting, stunting of the shoots, and epinasties. Chemical compounds synthesised in the BASF laboratories and commercial products were applied.
Effect of Biocides on the Development of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Radish Seedlings Grown under Strong and Weak Light Conditions
Authors: Lichtenthaler H. K. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The influence of two biocides (bentazone, triadimefon) on the growth-response of radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L.) was investigated with special emphasis on the development of sun or shade-type chloroplasts.
1. The fungicid e triadimefon causes strong-light growth-response and the formation of sun-type chloroplasts as seen from the changed chlorophyll a/b ratio and the carotenoid and prenyl-quinone com position.
2. The photosystem II herbicide bentazone, in turn, induces a shade-type adaption. It prevents the strong-light induced formation of sun-type chloroplasts, but has little influence on the chloroplast com position in weak light.
The Effect of PS II Herbicides, Amitrol and SAN 6706 on the Activity of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A-reductase and the Incorporation of [2-14C]Acetate and [2-3H]Mevalonate into Chloroplast Pigments of Radish Seedlings
Authors: Grumbach K. H. , Bach T. J. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The influence of photosystem II herbicides (DCMU, bentazone) and herbicides that block chloroplast-pigment formation (amitrol, SA N 6706) on the incorporation of [14C] acetate and [3H ]- mevalonate in chlorophylls and carotenoids was studied in radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L .).
1. Though the pigment content in SAN 6706-treated plants is very low, they exhibit the highest specific incorporation rate as compared to controls and to the other herbicide-treated plants. This high metabolic activity coincides with a high specific activity of HMG-CoA-reductase in the plastidic and cytoplasmic fraction.
2. [2-3H] mevalonic acid was incorporated in chlorophylls and carotenoids of controls and all herbicide-treated plants.
3. [2-14C] acetate was only incorporated in β-carotene and lycopene, but not in α-carotene or xanthophylls. From this it is concluded that β-carotene is synthesized by two different biosynthetic pathways.
4. The incorporation of [14C ]acetate in DCMU- and bentazone-treated plants proceeded at a much lower rate (chlorophyll a) - or not at all (chlorophyll b) - than in controls of plants treated with amitrol or SAN 6706.
Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship of Diphenylamines as Inhibitors of Photosynthetic Electron Transport and Photophosphorylation
Authors: Oettmeier Walter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
A number of 16 substituted diphenylamines have been tested for their inhibitory activity on photosynthetic NADP reduction and photophosphorylation. The most active compounds exhibited pI50 values of 6.0 in photosynthetic electron transport and 6.8 in cyclic photophosphorylation, respectively. The inhibition site in electron flow of the diphenylamines is located between the two photosystems. Necessary for high activity is the substitution of the phenyl moieties by several strongly electron withdrawing substituents. A quantitative structure activity relationship according to a parabolic Hansch approach could be accomplished by using the Hammett electronic parameter as the only variable.
Biological Systems to Assay Herbicidal Bleaching
Authors: Sandmann Gerhard , Kunert Karl-Josef , Böger Peter 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Two strains of Scenedesmus acutus were found useful to study the influence of bleaching agents on either the greening process or the fully pigmented algal cell during growth. Both physiological conditions exhibit high sensitivity to bleaching herbicides. With this new assay, contrasting bleach­ing effects with the same compound can be found allowing differentiation of the herbicidal action of bleaching agents which apparently is a multifunctional one. Furthermore, the I50 can be determined rather rapidly in a simple graphical method by a Dixon plot. A subsequent application of bleaching herbicides to cultures of the fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus rules out a possible specific action of the compounds assayed on chlorophyll or photosynthetic redox carriers. This latter assay can show whether or not the herbicides synthesis as is the case with difunon or SAN 9789.
PYRIDAZINONES, Their Influence on the Biosynthesis of Carotenoids and the Metabolism of Lipids in Plants (Survey of Literature)
Authors: Eder F. A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
The pyridazinone herbicides influence to several degrees, the Hill reaction, the pigment formation, the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids and the chloroplast ribosomes. Which is the primary effect is not yet known.