bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Waste Materials to Promote Hardwood Tree Growth
Authors: Thornton Frank C. , Bock Bert R. , Behel A. David , Houston Allan , Tyler Don D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Land application of wastes can increase the growth of crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of various waste products on the growth of trees. Two sites, one in northeast Alabama growing sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and the other in west Tennessee growing cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.), were studied. At the Alabama site, 3 yr of replicated field plots were evaluated to assess the influence of scrubber gypsum, wood ash, and containerboard sludge on the growth of sycamore on a Decatur soil. Compared to the control treatment, a mulch application of scrubber gypsum at a rate of 672 Mg/ha improved the volume response of sycamore after 3 yr. There was no volume response to liming, whether agricultural lime or wood ash was used, and sycamore did not respond to nitrogen (N) in the containerboard sludge treatment. Further investigations into the use of scrubber gypsum applied at high rates as a mulch in combination with weed control appear warranted from these studies. On a Memphis-Loring soil at the Tennessee site, organic N amendments, whether swine waste or sewage, were superior to ammonium nitrate in terms of volume response of cottonwood. Averaged across the three application rates, swine effluent increased volume growth of cottonwood by nearly 18% relative to comparable N additions from ammonium nitrate whereas municipal sewage sludge increased volume growth by almost 4% compared to ammonium nitrate treatments. South. J. Appl. For. 24(4):230-237.
A Survey of Animal-Powered Logging in Alabama
Authors: Toms Christopher W. , Dubois Mark R. , Bliss John C. , Wilhoit John H. , Rummer Robert B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In a state with a very large, highly mechanized timber harvesting industry, animal-powered logging still occupies a niche in Alabama as a small-scale harvesting alternative. This article summarizes the results from a study that examined the extent of animal logging in Alabama. We investigated this topic by asking who is logging with animals, where are they working, what equipment are they using, and what do they see as the future of animal-powered logging in Alabama. To answer these questions, we conducted a telephone survey of 33 owner-operators of horse and/or mule logging operations and on-site semi-structured interviews with a subsample of survey participants. Horse and mule loggers in Alabama work mostly on nonindustrial privately owned forests. The average animal logging operation consists of three people, two animals, and a side-loading truck. Most animal loggers find their niche in Alabama's logging industry by working on small tracts, tracts with low timber volumes, and harvests that use selective thinnings. With 90% of the animal loggers in Alabama over age 40, and with 27 loggers having retired in the past 5 yr, the number of animal loggers in Alabama is expected to decline, or, at best, hold steady, over the next 10 to 20 yr. As the average area of a nonindustrial privately owned forested tract in the Southeast continues to decrease, particularly along the urban fringe, the demand for small-scale harvesting systems, including systems using animals and farm tractor-sized implements to skid logs, may increase. South. J. Appl. For. 25(1):17–24.
Prescribed Burning in the South: Trends, Purpose, and Barriers
Authors: Haines T.K. , Busby R.L. , Cleaves D.A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The results of a survey of fire management officials concerning historical and projected prescribed burning activity in the South is reported. Prescribed burning programs on USDA Forest Service and private and state-owned lands are described in terms of area burned by ownership and state, intended resource benefits, barriers to expanded burning, and optimum burning area needed to achieve resource management goals. More than 4.1 million ac/yr of pine-type forest were burned between 1985 and 1994, about 6.5% of the area in pine-type forest per year. South. J. Appl. For. 25(4):149–153.
Financially Optimal Thinning and Final Harvest Schedules for Loblolly Pine Plantations on Nonindustrial Private Forestland in East Texas
Authors: Kronrad Gary D. , Huang Ching-Hsun 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A quantitative analysis of the profitability of managing loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in relation to the length of rotation and the timing, frequency, and intensity of thinning(s) was conducted to determine financially optimal schedules for nonindustrial private forest landowners in Texas. The results indicate that as site index increases from 50 to 90, rotation length decreases from age 59 to 38; as real alternative rate of return (ARR) increases from 2.5 to 15.0%, rotation length decreases from age 38 to 21. The timing of first thinning varies from age 11 for landowners with a 15.0% ARR on site index 90 land to age 47 for landowners with a 2.5% ARR on site index 60 land. The frequency of thinning for optimal schedules is highly related to landowners' site index and ARR. Landowners with low and medium ARR on site index 90 land should conduct thinnings up to three times to maximize profits; landowners with low ARR on site index 50 or 60 land should conduct one thinning only. The intensity of thinning tends to increase (from 20 to 35% basal area removal) as landowners' ARR increases. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):13–17.
Growth of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) Related to Forest Floor Consumption by Prescribed Fire in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Elliott Katherine J. , Vose James M. , Clinton Barton D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chainsaw felling, burning, and planting of eastern white pine (Pinus strobusL.) have been prescribed on degraded pine/hardwood stands in the Southern Appalachians to improve overstory composition and productivity. The desired future condition of the overstory is a productive pine/hardwood mixture, with white pine, which is resistant to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), as the dominant pine. We evaluated the growth of white pine planted after fell-and-burn treatments through eight growing seasons after planting on three sites that differed in their fire characteristics and carbon and nitrogen losses. The three sites (JE, JW, and DD) differed in heat penetration and forest floor consumption. Although very little consumption of the Oe+Oa humus layer occurred during burning, consumption of the Oi litter layer was 94%, 94%, and 63% at JE, JW, and DD, respectively. Corresponding to the forest floor layer consumption (Oi and Oe+Oa combined), 46% of forest floor N was lost at JE, 45% of forest floor N was lost at JW, and less than 0.1% of the forest floor N was lost at DD. Biomass and density of woody competitor species were not significantly related to white pine size or growth. By the eighth growing season, no differences in white pine size or growth were detected between JE and JW, but DD had significantly smaller white pine trees. The size difference between DD and the other two sites was attributed to the replanting of seedlings at DD in 1992. However, relative growth rate (RGR) was significantly higher on DD in 1998 than the other two sites. Eight growing seasons after planting, white pine growth was negatively related to percent Oi layer consumed on the JE and JW sites. We also found significant relationships between white pine RGR and percent Oi consumed using data from all three sites. Although fire severity had a long-term effect on pine growth, fire severity was considered low overall on these sites because there were limited losses from the forest floor Oe+Oa layer. However, white pine increment and RGR were significantly related to percent forest floor Oi mass and N loss. This loss of site N capital could have a significant negative effect on growth of planted white pine over the long term. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):18–25.
Discount Rates for Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners in Mississippi: How High a Hurdle?
Authors: Bullard Steven H. , Gunter John E. , Doolittle Max L. , Arano Kathryn G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Mississippi forest landowners were surveyed to determine average discount rates or “hurdle rates”—the lowest rates of return they consider acceptable—for 3 nonforestry investments, and for 5, 15, and 25 yr forestry investments. The survey included 829 individuals who owned at least 20 ac of uncultivated land and had harvested timber during a recent 5 yr period; survey results are therefore oriented toward commercially active forest landowners. On average, the private nonindustrial forest landowners included in the survey expect timberland investments to earn higher rates of compound interest than relatively low-risk bank savings accounts and certificates of deposit. Relatively short-term (5 yr) timberland investments, however, have lower minimum rates of return than stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. With forestry investments, all else equal, Mississippi nonindustrial private forest landowners prefer shorter time periods—average hurdle rates in nominal terms before taxes were 8.0% for forestry investments lasting 5 yr, 11.3% for those lasting 15 yr, and 13.1% for those lasting 25 yr. Household income significantly influenced the lowest rate of return considered acceptable for 5 yr forestry investments—the rate was 9% for landowners with annual incomes above $50,000 and 7.4% for landowners with annual incomes below $50,000. On a hurdle rate basis, higher income private landowners in Mississippi generally find forestry investments lasting 15 yr to be competitive with stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. However, Mississippi landowners' 13.1% required rate of return for 25 yr forestry investments was higher than the rate considered acceptable for the other investments included in the survey. Reforestation tax incentives, cost-shares, and related public policies that reduce the front-end costs incurred by NIPF landowners tend to increase the projected rate of return for relatively long-term reforestation investments. South. J. Appl. For. 26(1):26–31.
Forest Management Expenses of Mississippi's Nonindustrial Private Forest Landowners
Authors: Arano Kathryn G. , Cushing Tamara L. , Munn Ian A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Detailed information about the forest management expenditures incurred by nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners over time provides a wealth of information about costs associated with forestland ownership, management practices implemented by NIPF landowners, and changes in management intensity over time. A survey of Mississippi's nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners owning 20 ac or more of forestland was conducted to determine their annual expenditures on forest management practices for the period 1995–1997. Landowners were asked how much they spent on property taxes, professional services, timber management activities, and other management activities. The resulting expenditures data were summarized in three ways: frequency of occurrence, mean expenditures per-acreowned for all respondents, and mean expenditures per-acreowned for those respondents engaged in each activity. With the exception of property taxes, most expenditures occur infrequently. Fewer than 15% of all respondents incurred expenditures for any specific activity during any survey year. Total annual expenditures for all respondents averaged $9.68/ac-owned over the study period. Across all landowners, property taxes represented the largest component of annual expenditures with planting costs and consulting forester fees ranking second and third. Mean expenditures for only those respondents engaged in each activity told a slightly different tale. Planting and consulting forester fees were the two largest expenditures, but site preparation, timber cruising, timber marking, and surveyor fees were all greater than property taxes for those engaged in these activities. South. J. Appl. For. 26(2):93–98.
Modeling the Effect of Density on the Growth of Loblolly Pine Trees
Authors: Sharma Mahadev , Burkhart Harold E. , Amateis Ralph L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data from a set of loblolly pine spacing trials that have reached 16 yr since establishment were used to evaluate the effect of spacing on loblolly pine tree growth and stand development. Mean responses for six variables were evaluated: height, dbh, crown ratio, crown length, crown width, and survival. All response variables were affected by density, with dbh being the most affected and height the least affected over the 16 yr period. The rectangularity, or shape, of the growing space was not a significant factor in the development of any of these response variables. Models were constructed to characterize the development of the six response variables extrapolated over typical plantation rotation lengths of loblolly pine. South. J. Appl. For. 26(3):124–133.
Effects of Alternative Thinning Regimes and Prescribed Burning in Natural, Even-Aged Loblolly–Shortleaf Pine Stands: 25 Year Results
Authors: Cain Michael D. , Shelton Michael G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In southeastern Arkansas, pine growth was monitored for 19 yr after mechanically strip thinning a dense, naturally regenerated, even-aged stand of 6-yr-old loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pines (P. echinata Mill.) that averaged 16,600 stems/ac. Prescribed winter burns were conducted biennially between ages 9 and 20 yr and at 24 yr. Commercial thinnings during the 17th and 23rd growing seasons left a residual stocking of either 85 ft2/ac or 200 crop trees/ac (75 ft2/ac) in merchantable-sized (> 3.5 in. dbh) pines on plots that were precommercially thinned and on plots that were not. Precommercial thinning enhanced pine growth in dbh and sawlog volume through 25 yr. Because of increased sawlog production, present net value averaged highest on plots that were precommercially thinned at age 6 then commercially thinned during the 17th yr to 200 crop trees/ac and during the 23rd yr to 75 ft2/ac. In the year following prescribed winter burns, both dbh growth and volume growth were reduced by about one-half when crown scorch was 75%. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):18–29.
Optimal Diameter Growth Equations for Major Tree Species of the Midsouth
Authors: Bragg Don C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Optimal diameter growth equations for 60 major tree species were fit using the potential relative increment (PRI) methodology. Almost 175,000 individuals from the Midsouth (Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas) were selected from the USDA Forest Service's Eastwide Forest Inventory Database (EFIDB). These records were then reduced to the individuals growing at the fastest rate given their species and size, and nonlinear ordinary least squares regression was used to fit equations to a subset of points with maximal increment. Sugarberry is provided as an example of the PRI derivation process. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):5–10.
Forest Management Intensity: A Comparison of Timber Investment Management Organizations and Industrial Landowners in Mississippi
Authors: Munn Ian A. , Rogers W. Rhett 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
All timberland investment management organizations (TIMOs) and industrial landowners in Mississippi were surveyed during 1998 and 1999 to determine their annual forest management practices and related expenditures. The response rate was 65%, and respondents accounted for approximately 90% of the timberland owned by these two landowner groups. For analysis purposes, industrial landowners were separated into two categories: large (>10,000 ac) and small (<10,000 ac). Pine plantations represented 66% of TIMOs' timberland base compared to 55% for large industrial landowners and less than 50% for small industrial landowners. Over the 2 yr study period, TIMOs and large industrial landowners invested heavily in site preparation and planting as well as midrotation chemical release and fertilization. In contrast, small industrial landowners relied on natural regeneration to a much greater extent and conducted few, if any, midrotation treatments. As a group, TIMOs and industrial landowners spent approximately $20/ac annually on their Mississippi timberlands. Overhead represented slightly over 40% of this total, with silvicultural treatments accounting for the remainder. Property taxes represented the largest overhead expense. In total, these landowners spent $67 million in 1998 and $54 million in 1999 to maintain and manage their Mississippi timberlands. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2):83–91.
Equations for Predicting Green Weight of Loblolly Pine Trees in the South
Authors: Bullock Bronson P. , Burkhart Harold E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Equations are needed to estimate the green weight of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees across the commercial range in the South. Thus, a study was conducted to derive models for predicting green weight of total and merchantable bole portions. Equations were fitted to sectional tree stem observations where a serial correlation was discerned among the data, indicating an intratree relationship. Linear equations utilizing a correction for serial correlation did not outperform an uncorrected nonlinear equation form. Three data sets were combined, and regionwide prediction models for total green weight, green weight to any upper merchantable diameter, and green weight to any upper merchantable height were developed for loblolly pine trees. Implicit taper functions were derived from the green weight prediction equations to enable estimation of upper stem diameters and heights. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2):153–159.
Response of Densely Stocked Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.) to Applied Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Authors: Bekele A. , Hudnall W.H. , Tiarks A.E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Forest productivity may be enhanced by satisfying the nutrient requirement of trees through fertilization. A field experiment was designed to study the response of densely stocked 1-yr-old loblolly pine to nitrogen and phosphorus in the presence of applied K on a Beauregard silt loam soil (fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Plinthaquic Paleudults) of the Gulf Coastal Plain. The continuous function design with three replications was used. Fertilizer P rate was based on the P adsorption characteristics of the soil. After 1 yr of growth, the response variables: height; total aboveground dry matter; foliage and wood dry matter; diameter at ground level; and N, P, and K contents were related to the rate of N and P applied by quadratic models with response surface methodology. The lack-of-fit test showed that the quadratic model was adequate in explaining the relationship between N and P applied and all the response variables except height. Fertilization with N alone on this soil had a depressing effect on yield. Growth and nutrient uptake were enhanced when both N and P were applied. The predicted N and P levels that would give maximum growth were beyond the rates of N and P tested, indicating that more time should be given to observe the full response. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):180–189.
Reducing Trucks on the Road through Optimal Route Scheduling and Shared Log Transport Services
Authors: Murphy Glen 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A concern for public safety on the roads, cost pressures from global competition and a need to find more energy efficient forestry practices are driving forest companies to develop new transport management systems and novel approaches to using trucking resources. A 0/1 integer linear programming truck route-scheduling model was developed and tested in two medium-sized New Zealand forest companies. One company indicated that truck fleet size could be reduced by 25 to 30%. The other company indicated that a reduction in fleet size of 50% was possible. Substantial cost savings were also identified. In practice, it is expected that the reductions in fleet size and cost savings would not be quite as large as those indicated because of a number of simplifying assumptions included in the models. Results and solution times would be suitable for using the model as a tactical planning tool for small to medium sized problems. It would not be suitable as an aid for dispatching log trucks or for use with large and complex transport operations. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):198–205.
Effects of Reproduction Cutting Method and Hardwood Retention on Shortleaf Pine Seed Production in Natural Stands of the Ouachita Mountains
Authors: Wittwer Robert F. , Shelton Michael G. , Guldin James M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seed production was monitored for 4 yr in stands harvested by a range of even- and uneven-aged reproduction cutting methods. The fifty-two 35–40 ac stands were distributed throughout the Ouachita Mountains from central Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma. Seed crops were characterized as good, poor, poor, and bumper, averaging 109,000, 18,000, 5,000, and 379,000 sound seeds/ac, respectively. Seed production the first year after harvest was generally correlated with residual density of shortleaf pines; unharvested control stands, single-tree selection, and shelterwood stands produced more seeds than seed tree stands. Differences in seed production among regeneration cutting methods were not significant for the crop dispersed 4 yr after harvest; this is attributed to release and response of residual seed-producing trees in the seed tree and shelterwood stands. Results also indicated that seed production was lowest for stands located in the western section of the Ouachita Mountains. South. J. Appl. For. 27(3):206–211.