bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apperception and the Unreality of Tense
Authors: Moore A.W. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The aim of this essay is to characterize the issue whether tense is real. Roughly, this is the issue whether, given any tensed representation, its tense corresponds in some suitably direct way to some feature of reality. The task is to make this less rough. Eight characterizations of the issue are considered and rejected, before one is endorsed. On this characterization, the unreality of tense is equivalent to the unity of temporal reality. The issue whether tense is real, so characterized, is then related to Kant’s deduction of the categories in his Critique of Pure Reason. It is argued that Kant’s deduction does not provide the argument for the unreality of tense that it may appear to. The conclusion drawn at the end of the essay is that the unreality of tense cannot be argued for—not because tense is real, but because, even if it is unreal, its unreality is basic.
Introduction to scattering amplitudes
Authors: Kosower David A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the new on-shell methods that have been developed over the past twenty years for computing scattering amplitudes in quantum field theory. These methods break free from the traditional approach of Feynman diagrams. The chapter covers a subset of topics, setting up the basic kinematics, spinor helicities, spinor products, and the calculation of tree amplitudes.
Mobilizing Memory
Authors: Hassett Dónal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This book provides the first detailed account of the political legacies of the Great War in colonial Algeria. Drawing on archival and press sources from both sides of the Mediterranean, it traces the ways in which political actors from across interwar Algerian society mobilised the memory of the conflict to legitimise their visions of a just post-war order. At the heart of this book is the contention that the First World War gave rise to a common political language that transcended boundaries of race, religion, class, ideology, and gender in the colony. The book’s analysis of a broad range of debates in interwar Algeria illustrates how most political actors in the colony, from the Governor General to the illiterate indigenous war widow, believed that evoking the Great War was the best means of advancing their agendas. Without diminishing the coercive power of the colonial state, it stresses the agency of the citizens and subjects of Algeria who sought to leverage their contribution to the war to enhance their positions within colonial society. In doing so, Mobilising Memory explores the consequences, often unintended, of framing political, social, and economic demands in terms of the Great War. It argues that the predominance of this shared language — grounded in notions of loyalty to and sacrifice for the Empire — meant that most actors in interwar Algeria sought not to break with the imperial polity but rather to renegotiate their place within it. While these efforts rarely proved successful, the book demonstrates how they transformed the practice of politics in the colony.
Remaking the Post-War Colonial Order
Authors: Hassett Dónal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the question of colonial reform in interwar Algeria, asking how political actors sought to redefine their place within the imperial polity in the wake of the war. Through a close reading of the debates that surrounded the two major moments of prospective colonial reform, the Jonnart reforms (1919) and the Blum-Viollette Project (1936), it shows how activists across ideological and ethnic divides mobilized the memory of the war to reimagine the system of colonial rule in Algeria. Underlining the limited appeal of Wilsonian rhetoric in the colony, this chapter explores the dominance of arguments grounded in concepts of the ‘moral economy of wartime sacrifice’ and ‘mutual obligation’. It considers how political actors sought to legitimize their visons of a just post-war colonial order by maximising their contribution to the war effort while minimising the wartime participation of their opponents, thus undermining their rival claims on the post-war state.
Conclusion
Authors: Hassett Dónal 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This conclusion ties together the different cases studied throughout the book to illustrate the centrality of the Great War to political discourse in the Algeria of the 1920s and 1930s. It analyses the effectiveness of the evocation of the Great War as a framing strategy for political, economic, and social demands in a colonial context. In particular, it considers how efforts to shroud rival conceptions of the relationship between the colonial state, its citizens, and its subjects in the cloak of legitimacy conferred by the war often had unforeseen consequences. The book concludes by arguing that the predominance of the Great War in political discourse in colonial Algeria may have, in the short term, ensured that most political actors envisaged reform within the bounds of the imperial polity, but it also created expectations that, in the long term, the colonial state proved unwilling and unable to satisfy.
Sacrifice Regained
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Does being virtuous make you happy? This book examines the answers to this ancient question provided by the so-called ‘British Moralists’, from about 1650 for the next two hundred years. This involves elucidating their views on happiness (self-interest, or well-being) and on virtue (or morality), in order to bring out the relation of each to the other. Themes ran through many of these writers: psychological egoism, evaluative hedonism, and—after Thomas Hobbes—the acceptance of self-standing moral reasons. But there are exceptions, and even those taking the standard views adopt them for very different reasons and express them in various ways. As the ancients tended to believe that virtue and happiness largely, perhaps entirely, coincide, so these modern authors are inclined to accept posthumous reward and punishment. Both positions sit uneasily with the common-sense idea that a person can truly sacrifice their own good for the sake of morality or for others, and the book shows that David Hume—a hedonist whose ethics made no appeal to the afterlife—was the first major British moralist to allow for, indeed to recommend, such self-sacrifice. Morality and well-being of course remain central to modern ethics, and this book demonstrates how much there is to learn from this remarkable group of philosophers.
Computing Possible Futures
Authors: Rouse William B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This book discusses the use of models and interactive visualizations to explore designs of systems and policies in determining whether such designs would be effective. Executives and senior managers are very interested in what “data analytics” can do for them and, quite recently, what the prospects are for artificial intelligence and machine learning. They want to understand and then invest wisely. They are reasonably skeptical, having experienced overselling and under-delivery. They ask about reasonable and realistic expectations. Their concern is with the futurity of decisions they are currently entertaining. They cannot fully address this concern empirically. Thus, they need some way to make predictions. The problem is that one rarely can predict exactly what will happen, only what might happen. To overcome this limitation, executives can be provided predictions of possible futures and the conditions under which each scenario is likely to emerge. Models can help them to understand these possible futures. Most executives find such candor refreshing, perhaps even liberating. Their job becomes one of imagining and designing a portfolio of possible futures, assisted by interactive computational models. Understanding and managing uncertainty is central to their job. Indeed, doing this better than competitors is a hallmark of success. This book is intended to help them understand what fundamentally needs to be done, why it needs to be done, and how to do it. The hope is that readers will discuss this book and develop a “shared mental model” of computational modeling in the process, which will greatly enhance their chances of success.
Statistical Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe connection between statistical mechanics on the one side and quantum mechanics and quantum field theory on the other side is based on the analogy between thermal and quantum fluctuations. Formally, the connection is expressed through the mathematical equivalence between the partition function in statistical mechanics and the propagator in quantum field theory. This chapter explores the equivalence between statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics or quantum field theory in general terms using the Feynman path integral and with the example of the equivalence between the classical XY Heisenberg model and the sigma model of quantum field theory. Invoking the concepts of the partition function and the transfer matrix, an example demonstrates the passage from the quantum mechanics of a single degree of freedom, a zero-dimensional system, to the statistical mechanics of a one-dimensional system represented by classical variables.
Bose Gas in One Dimension: Lieb–Liniger Model
Authors: Eckle Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe coordinate Bethe ansatz can be extended to a model, the Lieb–Liniger model, of a one-dimensional gas of Bosons interacting with repulsive δ-function potentials. It has attracted attention due to its relevance for experimental developments in the fields of ultracold gases and optical lattices. This chapter provides an exposition of the related classical nonlinear Schrödinger equation, followed by its generalization to the quantum model. It explores a limiting case, the Tonks-Girardeau gas. The δ-function potentials supply a kind of boundary condition on the wave functions allowing us to analyze the eigenfunctions of the Bethe ansatz, which are examined on the infinite line and for periodic boundary conditions. The latter leads to the Bethe ansatz equations. The solution of these equations is achieved in the thermodynamic limit for the ground state and for low-lying excited states.
Congregations in a Time of Change
Authors: Wellman James K. , Corcoran Katie E. , Stockly Kate J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
We examine Fourth Presbyterian Church in Chicago as a rare example of a liberal Protestant megachurch that provides a case study of broader changes in American religion. We argue that there are four important lessons that can be learned from American religious history: (1) culture controls churches—churches are shaped by the cultural climates of their time, (2) emotion always trumps the mind—the emotional capacity of churches wins over cognitive claims, (3) leadership counts—charismatic leaders are vital for the success of churches, and (4) congregations tell the real story of what is going on in American religious culture.
The Hard Arm of the State
Authors: Schain Martin A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
In contrast to the orderly control of entry that follows policies and rules, the state must also deal with the breakdown of policy, and the failure to maintain its priorities. This chapter explores the hard arm of border control, and the instruments that have been used to deal with the enforcement and breakdown of policy. It begins by examining how the border is policed, and how policing deals with undocumented entry. It then looks at attempts to enhance the policing of the border with passenger name records and entry/exit systems. The chapter finally examines the increasingly widespread pattern of construction of fences and walls on both sides of the Atlantic, and explores detention and expulsion.
Conclusion
Authors: Schain Martin A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter focuses on both what is meant by the idea that the border is back, and how this has come about. The new focus on the border has evolved in a context of important, and seemingly successful, efforts of international cooperation toward the removal of barriers to trade and the movement of people on both sides of the Atlantic. The shift toward harder controls at the border has been driven by the emergence of new radical right movements and political parties on both sides of the Atlantic. Borders are closing not because of economic protectionism, but as a result of conflicting commitments of liberal democracies: rights and treaty-based immigration is running up against growing support for a reinforcement of national identity and border control. Although there has consistently been significant opposition to immigration in the West, the increase in rights-based immigration on the borders of Europe and on the southern border of the United States has given this opposition political traction. In the context of electoral politics, political parties have driven border issues as political priorities. Identity has trumped trade as a priority issue.
Pathways From Research Into Public Decision Making: Intermediaries as the Third Community
Authors: Isett Kimberley R , Hicks Diana 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Scholars and practitioners in public administration have often been referred to as the two communities, reflecting their differing incentives, constraints, and foci. In this paper, we examine the knowledge surrounding the use of empirical evidence in public decision making from both the academic and practice of policymaking literatures. After identifying points of convergence, we compare the important factors identified in each literature to four known cases of impact of empirical findings. We discuss how well each set of literature explains our cases and identify an important third community underidentified in the current conceptualizations of evidence translation—knowledge intermediaries.
The Life-Space Assessment Measure of Functional Mobility Has Utility in Community-Based Physical Therapist Practice in the United Kingdom
Authors: McCrone Angela , Smith Angela , Hooper Julie , Parker Richard A , Peters Andy 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Background
The Life-Space Assessment (LSA) has demonstrable validity and reliability among people sampled from nonclinical settings. Its properties in clinical settings, especially physical therapy services, are less well established.

Objective
The aim of this study was to test the construct/convergent validity, responsiveness, and floor/ceiling effects of the LSA among patients who had musculoskeletal, orthopedic, neurological, or general surgical presentations and were receiving individually tailored, community-based physical therapist interventions to address gait/balance impairments in an urban location in the United Kingdom.

Design
A prospective, repeated-measures, comparative cohort design was used.

Methods
Two hundred seventy-six community-dwelling, newly referred patients were recruited from three cohorts (outpatients; domiciliary, nonhospitalized; and domiciliary, recent hospital discharge). Data were collected from the LSA and the Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA1) at initial assessment and discharge. Two hundred twenty-eight participants were retained at follow-up.

Results
The median age was 80.5 years, 73.6% were women, and the median number of physical therapist contacts over 53 days was five. LSA scores at assessment and changes over treatment distinguished between cohorts, even after adjustment for covariates. Weak correlations (0.14–0.41) were found between LSA and POMA1 scores. No LSA floor/ceiling effects were found. Significant improvements in the LSA score after the intervention were found for each cohort and for the sample overall. For the whole sample, the mean change in the LSA score was 10.5 points (95% CI = 8.3–12.8).

Limitations
The environmental demands participants faced were not measured. Caregivers answered the LSA questions on behalf of participants when necessary. Assessors were not always masked with regard to the measurement point.

Conclusions
The LSA has utility as an outcome measure in routine community-based physical therapist practice. It has satisfactory construct validity and is sensitive to change over a short time frame. The LSA is not a substitute for the POMA1; these measures complement each other, with the LSA bringing the added value of measuring real-life functional mobility.
Open Secrecy: How Police Crackdowns and Creative Problem-Solving Brought Illegal Markets out of the Shadows
Authors: Ladegaard Isak 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Can organized illegal activities grow stronger and more advanced in response to legal pressure? In October 2013, the FBI shut down Silk Road, a thriving e-commerce market for illegal drugs. After the shock, market actors adopted a new identity verification method that enabled mass-migration to other markets, and created websites for information distribution that reduced post-shock uncertainties. The outcome was a decentralized market in which actors could operate in “open secrecy” across multiple websites. With verifiable pseudonyms and securely obfuscated real-world identities, actors could publicly discuss, plan, and participate in illegal activities. Threats from police and opportunistic criminals persisted but were no longer crippling concerns as buyers and sellers could reasonably expect that their exchange partners would be available for future business; the illegal market could operate more like a legal one. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, the author argues that advances in information technology have expanded the opportunity structure for cooperation and creative problem-solving in the underworld, and therefore that shocks did not hinder but rather stimulate development in digital drug markets. Data, collected in 2013–2017, include nearly one million transactions from three illicit e-commerce markets, three million messages from eight discussion forums, and website traffic from two market-independent websites.
Olfaction in raptors
Authors: Potier Simon 
Published: September 2019

AbstractRaptors from the orders Accipitriformes and Falconiformes have been considered to rely principally on vision. Historically, this assumption has led scientists to discount any possible sense of smell in these birds, until work on cathartid vultures indicated that these species at least rely on olfaction to find carrion. In this review I provide evidence that raptors in general have functional olfactory systems that they may use in a range of different contexts. Anatomical studies show that raptors have well-developed olfactory bulbs that are within the range of other bird species. Furthermore, all raptors studied have multiple functional olfactory genes, with, for instance, 283 olfactory genes in the Oriental honey buzzard, Pernis orientalis, of which 81.5% are functional. It has also been shown that some raptors species may functionally use olfactory cues to forage and, potentially, for communication. While further research is required, the available evidence suggests that olfaction may be a more important sensory modality in these birds than previously thought.
GWAS including 82,707 subjects identifies functional coding variant in OPRM1 gene associated with opioid use disorder
Authors: Zhou Hang , Rentsch Christopher T. , Cheng Zhongshan , Kember Rachel L. , Nunez Yaira Z. , Tate Janet P. , Dao Cecilia , Xu Ke , Polimanti Renato , Farrer Lindsay A. , Justice Amy C. , Kranzler Henry R. ,   the VA Million Veteran Program, Gelernter Joel 
Published: September 2019

AbstractOne way to address the current crisis in opioid use is to improve our understanding of the biological mechanisms of opioid use disorder (OUD). We completed a primary GWAS of electronic health record-defined OUD in European-ancestry participants in the Million Veteran Program (MVP) sample, which included 8,529 affected subjects and 71,200 opioid-exposed controls. In the MVP alone, there were no genome-wide significant (GWS) associations. We then subjected the MVP and additional OUD GWAS results from the Yale-Penn and SAGE samples to meta-analysis (in total, 10,544 OUD cases and 72,163 opioid-exposed controls). A functional coding variant (rs1799971, encoding Asn40Asp) in OPRM1 (mu opioid receptor gene, the main biological target for opioid drugs) reached GWS (p=1.51×10−8); then replicated in two independent samples (each at p<0.05). The final meta-analyzed p-value for this variant in all samples was 7.81×10−10. SNP-based heritability of OUD was 11.3%. OUD was genetically correlated with 83 traits, including multiple substance use traits, psychiatric illnesses, cognitive performance, and others. Mendelian Randomization revealed possible causal effects on OUD risk from tobacco smoking, major depression, neuroticism, and cognitive performance. Despite the inclusion of data from the MVP, discovery of a significant association depended on including other purpose-collected samples as well. Recruitment of additional opioid dependent subjects for future studies – especially of non-European ancestry – is a crucial next step.
Automated Processing and Statistical Analysis of NMR spectra obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana Extracts
Authors: Mäkelä Valtteri , Vaahtera Lauri , Helminen Jussi , Koskela Harri , Brosché Mikael , Kilpeläinen Ilkka , Heikkinen Sami 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTo cope with vast amounts of data produced by metabolomic and mixture analysis using NMR, the employed analysis techniques and tools are very important. In this paper, we demonstrate quantitative 1H and 2D-JRES NMR analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana extracts utilizing our ImatraNMR and SimpeleNMR software to automate the processing the spectra, extracting data, and perform statistical analysis of the results. Metabolomes of four different strains of Arabidopsis thaliana are analyzed under control conditions and during acute ozone exposure. Key differences are identified between accessions Col-0 and Cvi-0 (epithionitriles, iberin nitrile) and ozone damage associated metabolite(s) can be identified. Sample stability is also addressed.
Automated Gene Data Integration with Databio
Authors: Reid Robert W , Ferrier Jacob W , Jay Jeremy J 
Published: September 2019

AbstractSummaryDatabio is capable of providing fast and accurate annotation of gene-oriented data sets, coupled with an integrated identifier conversion service to empower downstream data mining and computational analysis. Databio is enabled by fast real-time data structures applied to over 137 million unique identifiers, and uses automated heuristics to permit accurate data provenance without highly specialized knowledge and bioinformatics training.Availability and ImplementationFreely available on the web at https://datab.io/. Source code and binaries are freely available for download at https://github.com/joiningdata/databio/, implemented in Go and supported on Linux, Windows, and macOS.
iSeqQC: A Tool for Expression-Based Quality Control in RNA Sequencing
Authors: Kumar Gaurav , Ertel Adam , Feldman George , Kupper Joan , Fortina Paolo 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTQuality Control in any high-throughput sequencing technology is a critical step, which if overlooked can compromise the data. A number of methods exist to identify biases during sequencing or alignment, yet not many tools exist to interpret biases due to outliers or batch effects. Hence, we developed iSeqQC, an expression-based QC tool that detects outliers either produced by batch effects due to laboratory conditions or due to dissimilarity within a phenotypic group. iSeqQC implements various statistical approaches including unsupervised clustering, agglomerative hierarchical clustering and correlation coefficients to provide insight into outliers. It can be utilized either through command-line (Github: https://github.com/gkumar09/iSeqQC) or web-interface (http://cancerwebpa.jefferson.edu/iSeqQC). iSeqQC is a fast, light-weight, expression-based QC tool that detects outliers by implementing various statistical approaches.