bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Claims of Experience
Authors: Bennett Nolan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Why have so many figures throughout American history proclaimed their life stories when confronted by great political problems? The Claims of Experience provides a new theory for what makes autobiography political throughout the history of the United States and today. Across five chapters, the book examines the democratic crises that encouraged a diverse cast of figures to tell their stories: Benjamin Franklin amid the revolutionary era and its aftermath, Frederick Douglass in the antebellum South and in abolitionist movements, Henry Adams in the Gilded Age and its anxieties of industrial change, Emma Goldman among the first Red Scare and state opposition to radical speech, and Whittaker Chambers amid the second Red Scare that initiated the anticommunist turn of modern conservatism. These authors made a “claim of experience”: a life narrative that offers its audience new community by restoring to readers and author alike from prevailing political authorities the power to remake and make meaning of their lives. Whereas political theorists and activists have often seen autobiography as too individualist or a mere documentary source of evidence, this theory reveals the democratic power that life narratives, both written and spoken, have offered both those on the margins and in the mainstream. When successful, claims of experience redistribute popular authority from unsettled institutions and identities to new democratic visions. This book offers both a method for understanding the politics of life narrative and a call to anticipate claims of experience as they appear today.
Bias and Belief
Authors: Bardon Adrian 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces key psychological concepts pertinent to denial, such as cognitive dissonance, motivated reasoning, and confirmation bias. It also addresses the relation between denial and ideology. It explains different social psychology approaches to understanding the phenomena of denial and ideological denialism. Ideological denialism is a unique psychological condition wherein the subject is motivated to embrace a certain conclusion about issues of public relevance for reasons relating to self-interest, group-interest, culture, personality, and/or identity. A discovery of great importance is that the tendency to ideological denial is neither a consequence of being uninformed nor a consequence of one’s lacking political sophistication.
Explosive Pluralisms
Authors: Pollock Emily Richmond 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
A specifically Germanic tradition of opera was renewed in Zimmermann’s Die Soldaten, an ambitious serial construction saddled with an antiwar moral. Zimmermann approached the problem of tradition by recasting opera as an inherently monstrous, pluralistic, and multivalent art form. Rather than steering around Wagner, Berg, and the modernists who had problematized opera, Zimmermann regarded them as a legacy worth confronting. He programmatically addressed modern music’s relationship to history, referring to old forms as Berg had done and incorporating new influences in an updated Gesamtkunstwerk. He positioned opera as a site for the serialist realization of his concept of the “spherical shape of time” (Kugelgestalt der Zeit). His allusions shaped the work’s formal structure and characterization, the rigidity of which in turn suggested an analogy to the inevitability of societal oppression. Archival documents show Zimmermann negotiating a balance between serialist control and Expressionist verve.
The Logic of Violent Ethnic Competition
Authors: Vogt Manuel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides both quantitative and qualitative evidence from post–Cold War sub-Saharan Africa for how ethnic organizations affect outcomes of equality and peace in decolonized states. It first addresses the group-level relationship between ethnic organizations and ethnic inequality. These analyses show that groups that are politically mobilized through an ethnic party are more likely to become politically dominant than groups that lack the infrastructural power that such parties provide. The following part then moves to the systemic level to analyze the effect of group mobilization on the risk of ethnic civil conflict. The results reveal that it is the concurrence of group mobilization and ethnic inequality that makes the outbreak of violent conflict most likely in Africa’s decolonized states.
Elite Alliances and Conflict in Decolonized States
Authors: Vogt Manuel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
What explains different degrees of ethnic group mobilization and exclusion across decolonized states? And how can ethnic civil conflict be avoided in these states? This chapter addresses these questions on the basis of a comparative case study of Côte d’Ivoire and Gabon. Relying on evidence from in-depth elite interviews, collected during three months of field research, and secondary sources, the chapter illuminates the causal path leading from inequality and mobilization to violent conflict—or from transethnic cooperation and ethnic inclusion to peace—in these two cases. It also examines the historical origins of ethnic and transethnic organizations in the two countries. Highlighting the crucial impact of elite behavior, the evidence from Côte d’Ivoire and Gabon suggests that the historical nature of elite alliances decisively shapes patterns of inequality, mobilization, and, ultimately, violence in decolonized states.
The Logic of Nonviolent Ethnic Movements
Authors: Vogt Manuel 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Focusing on Latin America, this chapter examines the consequences of ethnic mobilization in the colonial settler states. It draws on a novel data set on ethnic organizations covering all Latin American states from 1946 to 2009. The statistical analyses reveal that indigenous and African-descendant groups that are represented by ethnic organizations have a higher chance of inclusion in executive state power at either the national or regional level than groups without such organizational representatives. Yet this effect depends on the level of democratic freedom. In addition, the results confirm that ethnic organizations in these states also foment peaceful ethnopolitical contention, in the form of collective protest. Thus, in stratified societies, ethnic organizations assume an emancipatory function, promoting the empowerment of the historically subordinated groups, while promoting nonviolent contentious action.
Illiberal versus Liberal State Branding and Public International Law
Authors: Matwijkiw Anja , Matwijkiw Bronik 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article examines the renaissance of Hannah Arendt’s thoughts on refugees and minorities and the post-2001 illiberal developments in Denmark—towards popular nationalism. Instrumentally, Denmark has adopted a strict course to avoid asylum-seekers from Syria and other countries whose populations cannot be squared with Danish value politics on account of their ethnic and religious ties. More precisely, the dual strategy that experts on Danish policymaking link with a “desire to avoid” refugees, asylum-seekers and foreigners in general has not only resulted in Denmark’s decision to copy the (increasingly popular) “Burqa IUBan” trend in Europe, but also to institutionalize a restrictive economic and social regime to prevent attractive protection conditions. The question is whether the political reference to the national interest warrants more than an admission to Arendt’s solution to the problem of rights for refugees and minorities. The article believes that this is the case.
Reparations for Victims of Mass Atrocities: Actual and Potential Contributions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to the International Criminal Court
Authors: Perez-Leon-Acevedo Juan-Pablo 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) has developed important reparations case-law, especially concerning serious human rights violations. Among international and hybrid criminal tribunals (ICTs), the International Criminal Court (ICC) introduced the first reparations system for victims of international crimes under its jurisdiction. However, whereas the IACtHR orders reparations against states, the ICC can only order reparations against convicted individuals. Thus, this article examines whether, to what extent and how the IACtHR’s practice has actually contributed and/or may potentially contribute to the substantive law and institutional aspects of the ICC’s reparations system. It is found that the ICC’s reparations practice has extensively used the IACtHR’s reparations case-law, especially concerning substantive law, as adapted to the nature and mandate of the ICC. Besides these contributions, the IACtHR’s potential contributions to enhance institutionally the ICC’s reparations system, particularly as for reparations implementation, are discussed.
Collective Reparations as a Partial Remedy for State-Perpetrated Blanket Violations of the Rights of Targeted Child Asylum Seeker Groups
Authors: Grover Sonja C. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This article argues for the entitlement of discrete refugee groups to collective reparations for targeted state-perpetrated blanket grievous human rights violations against their group whether by the home, transit or prospective asylum state. A review of selected international law and international principles of justice are discussed as a grounding for the applicability of collective reparations in such a refugee context. The example is discussed of children from Central America who accompanied their parent or parents to the US-Mexican border in search of refugee asylum most of whom, but not all, crossed the US border irregularly and then were separated from their parents as a result of President Trump’s so-called ‘zero-tolerance’ migration policy and held in US custody. Over 500 of these children are still, at the time of writing, separated from their parents and for a significant number of those, their parents have been deported without them.
Global versus National
Authors: Dueck Colin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the efforts of various Republican presidents and congressional leaders to balance nationalist with global foreign policy priorities between 1901 and 1960. Theodore Roosevelt was quite effective in doing so, within the context of his time. GOP conservatives struggled to respond to Woodrow Wilson, splintering into factional disputes, but agreeing that Wilson’s League of Nations could not be supported unrevised. Republican presidents from Warren Harding to Herbert Hoover then tried to cultivate a pacified international system while promoting US national interests, but were unwilling to sustain the necessary costs. Fierce debates over foreign policy characterized internal GOP politics during 1939–1941. Finally, in the mid-1950s, President Eisenhower hit upon a reasonable balance of national and global priorities, internationalizing the Republican Party.
Global versus National
Authors: Dueck Colin 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the efforts of various Republican presidents and congressional leaders to strike balances between nationalist and internationalist priorities between the 1960s and 2015. Barry Goldwater championed a hawkish Sunbelt conservatism that in the long run helped remake the Republican Party. President Nixon pursued a foreign policy based upon assumptions of great-power politics and realpolitik. President Reagan led an ideologically charged effort at anti-Communist rollback, although he was careful not to overextend the United States in any large-scale wars on the ground. Republicans during the Clinton presidency struggled to reformulate conservative foreign policy assumptions in the wake of the Soviet Union’s collapse. George W. Bush remade conservative foreign policy into a war on terror, aiming at the democratization of the Greater Middle East. Finally, during the presidency of Barack Obama, Republican foreign policy factions once again splintered, paving the way for a conservative nationalist resurgence.
Divine and Human Laughter in Later Platonism
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Plato’s dialogues contain much laughter, sometimes expressing personal or shared pleasure, but often aggressive or malicious (a phenomenon examined in Philebus). Later Platonists, whose texts did not dramatize social interactions, have less to say about laughter and treat it with reserve. Porphyry’s Plotinus never laughs, though he smiles tolerantly at Porphyry’s misunderstanding of his metaphysics (a scene modeled on a passage in Plato’s Parmenides). So the famous remark that Longinus was philologos but not philosophos was probably not aggressive, but a witty riposte to Longinus’ wordplay in the titles of a pair of texts criticizing Plotinus’ philosophy. Later Platonists increasingly favor a serious demeanor, treating laughter with reserve. For Iamblichus, laughter is a merely human trait that obstructs assimilation to the divine. Yet Syrianus and his pupils find in the laughter of Homer’s gods a celebration of divine providence, inspired by Plotinus’ playfully serious reflections on the seriousness of play.
Self-Ridicule
Authors: Woodruff Paul B. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Socrates seeks wisdom through self-ridicule, which is a product of self-questioning. The questions he asks others are questions that he asks of himself, questions that we should be asking of ourselves. They are mischievous questions in that they bring to light comfortable presuppositions that will not stand up to investigation; taking them seriously helps us reach an understanding of our ignorance, an understanding that is the basis of human wisdom. What Socrates calls his daimonion, an uncanny ability to avoid wrongdoing, is a product of his self-questioning. Because he has become clear about his ethical commitments, he is able to honor them consistently. Uncanny this may be, but it is not beyond human reach.
The Psychology of Creativity
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
With respect to the psychology of creativity, different approaches are presented that this author has developed over the years. In particular, they are a three-facet approach, an investment approach, and a propulsion approach to creative work. According to the three-facet model, the aspect of intelligence that is most important is creative intelligence. According to the investment theory, creative people defy the crowd as they question familiar beliefs and assumptions. According to the propulsion theory, creativity propels a field in a new direction. Divergent thinking is discussed, but only as a small part of the wider scope of creativity that occurs in real-world domains. Alternative theories are reviewed. Emerging from these theories are common “creative” dispositions that are described, such as an openness to new experience, a willingness to take risks, and intrinsic motivation. Conclusions are drawn regarding how education—often early education—can nurture the development of creative thinking in our society.
Creativity and the Brain’s Default Mode Network
Authors: Raichle Marcus E. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
It may be surprising to learn that the brain’s intrinsic, ongoing activity is the dominant mode of brain function, present and largely nonconscious whether we are daydreaming, sleeping, or engaged in the full range of human behaviors. Intrinsic activity is easily seen in the ongoing electrical activity of the brain, where extensive averaging is needed to separate evoked activity from intrinsic activity. Reinforcing its dominant role in brain function is the fact that it accounts for well over 90% of the enormous cost of brain function. A productive discussion of creativity must, therefore, take into account the role of intrinsic activity. Fortunately, intrinsic activity is highly organized, a feature highlighted by the recent discovery of the brain’s default mode network (DMN) that serves a dominant role in the overall organization of intrinsic activity. The relationship between the DMN and memory-related structures such as the hippocampus has the hallmark of how an internal model of the environment is built and maintained, which is critical for prediction, imagination, and creativity. More generally the DMN is concerned with our internal mental state (i.e., an egocentric perspective) whereas the networks with which it interacts offer an allocentric perspective. It is at this interface between the egocentric and allocentric perspective that the comfort one has with risk-taking, a necessary component of the creative process, is adjudicated. Exploring the many facets of the DMN’s role in the intrinsic activities of the brain will likely yield new insights into the creative process.
Creativity in Modernist Literary Writers
Authors: Nalbantian Suzanne 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents a theory of creativity as a transformative process, derived from the study of a group of modernist writers used as case studies. Such transformation has analogues in the neuroscientific study of creativity, which deals with dynamic interactions between nonconscious and conscious processing. Certain literary authors illuminate the extent to which the creative process is conscious and top-down yet also nonconscious and bottom-up according to different states of the brain at different stages of the creative process. The prefix “trans” describes the brain’s interconnectivity that is exemplified in the transforming strategies that contribute to the artistry of these authors. Writers like Proust, Joyce, Woolf, Faulkner, and Anaïs Nin transform their life material into the art of their fiction through a variety of literary devices that can be scrutinized. The autobiographical material derives from various preliminary modes of creativity—the default mode network (DMN) in Nin, the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep mode among the Surrealists, encoded emotional memories in the case of Woolf and Nin, and fragments of quotidian life in the case of Henry James, Joyce, and Faulkner. These writers were cognizant of their creative processes, writing about them in notes, letters, diaries, memoirs, and prefaces and enacting them in their creative works.
The Distinctive Creativity of Leonardo and Michelangelo
Authors: Onians John 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
The artistic creativity of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo can be studied from a neuroscientific perspective. We can appreciate their innovativeness if we recognize that creativity is rare, for good evolutionary reasons. Our genetic material predisposes us to imitate our elders and betters because it is safer that way. This is why norms are so prevalent. This is also why innovation is rare, and why it is often found in the work of individuals who, for some reason, are outside the norm. Such people will possess neural resources that are exceptional, and none will be more important for artists than their default mode networks (DMN), which are vital because of their integration of past memories, present experience, and future planning. The more independent and non-normative the artist, the more crucial are such resources, especially for artists such as Leonardo and Michelangelo. Their family backgrounds, family relationships, and experiences were all unlike those of other people, equipping them with highly differentiated networks, which they were in a good position to exploit because of their brains’ neuroplasticity and their training in attention which gave them their mental discipline. These two artists were also skilled in several fields which contributed to their creativity. Their conscious interdisciplinarity included insights from visual arts and music (for Leonardo), from architecture (for Michelangelo), and from the study of human anatomy for both artists.
Dearest Lenny
Authors: Yoshihara Mari 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Buried in the massive archives of Leonard Bernstein are many letters to the maestro from two unknown Japanese individuals: Kazuko Amano, who became a loyal fan of Bernstein in 1947, and Kunihiko Hashimoto, who fell deeply in love with Bernstein in 1979 and later came to be professionally involved in the maestro’s work. Using their passionate letters to trace their special relationship with Bernstein, Dearest Lenny explores how Bernstein, a quintessential American in so many ways, became the world maestro who reached and communicated so powerfully across borders. It follows Bernstein’s transformation from an American icon to the world maestro against the backdrop of the changing geopolitics and economy during the second half of the twentieth century. During this period, Japan’s place in the world and its relationship to the United States changed dramatically, which also shaped Bernstein’s relationship to the world and to the two individuals in important ways. In tracing Bernstein’s worldwide reach through the decades, Dearest Lenny looks at many forms of relationships—not only between Bernstein and the two individuals but also between art and life, the United States and the world, culture and commerce, artists and the state, the private and the public, conventions and transgressions, dreams and realities. Amano’s and Hashimoto’s stories provide a unique window into these relationships, as well as the deep, intimate bond each of them built with their beloved maestro.
Distinction
Authors: Alborn Timothy 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
“Distinction” identifies the often-tortured efforts by Britons to have their gold and wear it too. Mayors, liverymen, admirals, peers, and royals conspicuously brandished gold well into the nineteenth century, while belittling foreigners and status-hungry nouveau riches for wearing wealth. The ideal and reality did start to converge after 1820, when doctors started to trade in their gold-headed canes for stethoscopes, watches lost their gold chains, and gold-laced hats gave way to felt derbies. Increasingly, wearing gold appeared in conduct manuals and novels as resoundingly atavistic; and once it had been consigned to the past it could be safely enjoyed in historical settings, as when Victoria and Albert presided over costume balls bedecked in Elizabethan embroidery. More generally, Britons carefully carved out exceptions—including servants, military officers, and members of the royal family—that proved a general rule against wearing gold.
The Partnership Begins
Authors: Chapman Con 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the early years of Hodges’s association with Duke Ellington beginning in 1928, when the band strove to play “jungle music” that would titillate white patrons of the segregated Cotton Club, where the group served as house band. Hodges’s seductive approach added a new dimension to the growls, hot rhythms, and strange harmonies that characterized Ellington’s early efforts; the warmth of his tone, his flatted “blue” notes and his plaintive phrasing brought an element of New Orleans to Ellington’s New York band that it had lacked after the brief tenure of Sidney Bechet ended. Noteworthy performances of the 1930s are described, including Hodges’s participation in Benny Goodman’s 1938 mixed-race concert at Carnegie Hall. Goodman and Ellington were rivals, and Ellington was upset that Goodman got to Carnegie Hall before he did and that Hodges showed an independent streak by participating.