bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scale dependency of conservation outcomes in a forest‐offsetting scheme
Authors: Giannichi Marta Lisli , Gavish Yoni , Baker Timothy R. , Dallimer Martin , Ziv Guy 
Published: June 2019

AbstractOffset schemes help avoid or revert habitat loss through protection of existing habitat (avoided deforestation), through the restoration of degraded areas (natural regrowth), or both. The spatial scale of an offset scheme may influence which of these 2 outcomes is favored and is an important aspect of the scheme's design. However, how spatial scale influences the trade‐offs between the preservation of existing habitat and restoration of degraded areas is poorly understood. We used the largest forest offset scheme in the world, which is part of the Brazilian Forest Code, to explore how implementation at different spatial scales may affect the outcome in terms of the area of avoided deforestation and area of regrowth. We employed a numerical simulation of trade between buyers (i.e., those who need to offset past deforestation) and sellers (i.e., landowners with exceeding native vegetation) in the Brazilian Amazon to estimate potential avoided deforestation and regrowth at different spatial scales of implementation. Allowing offsets over large spatial scales led to an area of avoided deforestation 12 times greater than regrowth, whereas restricting offsets to small spatial scales led to an area of regrowth twice as large as avoided deforestation. The greatest total area (avoided deforestation and regrowth combined) was conserved when the spatial scale of the scheme was small, especially in locations that were highly deforested. To maximize conservation gains from avoided deforestation and regrowth, the design of the Brazilian forest‐offset scheme should focus on restricting the spatial scale in which offsets occur. Such a strategy could help ensure conservation benefits are localized and promote the recovery of degraded areas in the most threatened forest landscapes.
Modified frailty index predicts early outcomes after colorectal surgery: an ACS‐NSQIP study
Authors: AL‐Khamis A. , Warner C. , Park J. , Marecik S. , Davis N. , Mellgren A. , Nordenstam J. , Kochar K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimFrailty is defined as a decrease in physiological reserve with increased risk of morbidity following significant physiological stressors. This study examines the predictive power of the five‐item modified frailty index (5‐mFI) in predicting outcomes in colorectal surgery patients.MethodsThe American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database was queried from 2011 to 2016 to determine the predictive power of 5‐mFI in patients who had colorectal surgery.ResultsOf 295 490 patients, 45.8% had a score of 0, 36.2% had a score of 1 and 18% had a score of ≥ 2. On univariate analysis, frailer patients had significantly greater incidences for overall morbidity, serious morbidity, mortality, prolonged length of hospital stay, discharge to a facility other than home, reoperation and unplanned readmission. These findings were consistent on multivariate analysis where the frailest patients had greater odds of postoperative overall morbidity (OR 1.39; 95% CI 1.35–1.43), serious morbidity (OR 1.39; 95% CI 1.33–1.45), mortality (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.87–2.14), prolonged length of hospital stay (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.20–1.27), discharge destination to a facility other than home (OR 2.80; 95% CI 2.70–2.90), reoperation (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.11–1.23) and unplanned readmission (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.26–1.36). Weighted kappa statistics showed strong agreement between the 5‐mFI and 11‐mFI (kappa = 0.987, P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe 5‐mFI is a valid and easy to use predictor of 30‐day postoperative outcomes after colorectal surgery. This tool may guide the surgeon to proactively recognize frail patients to instigate interventions to optimize them preoperatively.
Affordance Compatibility Effect for Word Learning in Virtual Reality
Authors: Gordon Chelsea L. , Shea Timothy M. , Noelle David C. , Balasubramaniam Ramesh 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRich sensorimotor interaction facilitates language learning and is presumed to ground conceptual representations. Yet empirical support for early stages of embodied word learning is currently lacking. Finding evidence that sensorimotor interaction shapes learned linguistic representations would provide crucial support for embodied language theories. We developed a gamified word learning experiment in virtual reality in which participants learned the names of six novel objects by grasping and manipulating objects with either their left or right hand. Participants then completed a word–color match task in which they were tested on the same six words and objects. Participants were faster to respond to stimuli in the match task when the response hand was compatible with the hand used to interact with the named object, an effect we refer to as affordance compatibility. In two follow up experiments, we found that merely observing virtual hands interact with the objects was sufficient to acquire a smaller affordance compatibility effect, and we found that the compatibility effect was driven primarily by responses with a compatible hand and not by responses in a compatible spatial location. Our results support theoretical views of language which ground word representations in sensorimotor experiences, and they suggest promising future routes to explore the sensorimotor foundations of higher cognition through immersive virtual experiments.
Modelling potential cost savings from use of real‐time continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Murphy H. R. , Feig D. S. , Sanchez J. J. , de Portu S. , Sale A. ,   the CONCEPTT Collaborative Group
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimTo investigate potential cost savings associated with the use of real‐time continuous glucose monitoring (RT‐CGM) throughout pregnancy in women with Type 1 diabetes.MethodsA budget impact model was developed to estimate, from the perspective of National Health Service England, the total costs of managing pregnancy and delivery in women with Type 1 diabetes using self‐monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) with and without RT‐CGM. It was assumed that the entire modelled cohort (n = 1441) would use RT‐CGM from 10 to 38 weeks’ gestation (7 months). Data on pregnancy and neonatal complication rates and related costs were derived from published literature, national tariffs, and device manufacturers.ResultsThe cost of glucose monitoring was £588 with SMBG alone and £1820 with RT‐CGM. The total annual costs of managing pregnancy and delivery in women with Type 1 diabetes were £23 725 648 with SMBG alone, and £14 165 187 with SMBG and RT‐CGM; indicating potential cost savings of approximately £9 560 461 from using RT‐CGM. The principal drivers of cost savings were the daily cost of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions (£3743) and the shorter duration of NICU stay (mean 6.6 vs. 9.1 days respectively). Sensitivity analyses showed that RT‐CGM remained cost saving, albeit to lesser extents, across a range of NICU costs and durations of hospital stay, and with varying numbers of daily SMBG measurements.ConclusionsRoutine use of RT‐CGM by pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes, would result in substantial cost savings, mainly through reductions in NICU admissions and shorter duration of NICU care.
Safety and effectiveness of intramuscular ketamine sedation in the management of children with oro‐dental trauma in a paediatric emergency department
Authors: Yee Ruixiang , Chay Pui Ling , Tham Lai Peng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackground/AimsKetamine sedation has not been reported to be widely used as a pharmacological behavioural management strategy to facilitate the treatment of acute paediatric oro‐dental trauma. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and effectiveness of intramuscular ketamine sedation for managing paediatric oro‐dental trauma in a paediatric Emergency Department (ED).MethodsThe database of all paediatric procedural sedations performed in the hospital ED from 01 January 2014 to 31 December 2016 was reviewed to identify cases where intramuscular ketamine sedation was administered for dentists’ treatment of oro‐dental trauma. Patient demographics and epidemiological data, the type and number of sedation‐related adverse events, and interventions performed were extracted from the database. Clinical notes were reviewed to verify the dental diagnoses and dental treatment performed. Adverse events were further risk stratified using the World SIVA adverse event reporting tool.ResultsIn the study period, 167 intramuscular ketamine sedations were administered by ED doctors for dental treatment of oro‐dental trauma. The patients’ median age was 3.6 years (range 1.1 to 12 years). All dental procedures were successfully completed. Nineteen adverse events were reported (11.4%, n = 19) with the most common being emesis (9.0%) followed by transient desaturation (1.8%) and hypersalivation (0.6%). The lowest oxygen saturation level was 90%. None of the patients aspirated, and none required assisted ventilation or chest compression. The most common dental diagnosis was primary tooth luxation (49.1%). The most common dental treatment was primary teeth extraction (70.7%). When adverse events were stratified using the World SIVA tool, there were only 17 (10.2%) minor risk outcomes.ConclusionsThe data support the safety and effectiveness of intramuscular ketamine sedation administered by trained ED doctors to facilitate the management of paediatric oro‐dental trauma emergencies.
The Amazonas‐trap: a new method for sampling plant‐inhabiting arthropod communities in tropical forest understory
Authors: Lopes Marta C. , Lamarre Greg P.A. , Baraloto Christopher , Fine Paul V.A. , Vincentini Alberto , Baccaro Fabricio B. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMethods to quantify plant‐insect interactions in tropical forests may miss many important arthropods and can be time consuming and uneven in capture efficiency. We describe the Amazonas‐trap, a new method that rapidly envelops the target plant for sampling arthropods. We evaluated the efficiency of the Amazonas‐trap by comparing it with two commonly used sampling methods to collect arthropods from plants: the beating tray and manual collection. Samples were collected in 10 permanent plots, in the Ducke forest reserve, Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil). In each plot we sampled 18 plant individuals ofProtiumsp. (Burseraceae): six by a beating tray, six by manual collection, and six using the Amazonas‐trap. All insects were identified to the family level and those belonging to the order Hymenoptera were identified to the species and morphospecies level. The new method sampled more insect families and more Hymenoptera species than tree beating and manual collection. Of the 75 total families collected, 20 were sampled exclusively by the Amazonas‐trap, seven were only collected with a beating tray, and seven were sampled exclusively with manual collecting. A similar pattern was found for abundance: Amazonas‐trap sampled more individuals, followed by the beating tray and manual collection. Small and winged arthropods were more abundant in Amazonas‐trap, explaining the highest richness of Hymenoptera and insect families sampled with this method. The new method sampled more spiders, wood‐fungi feeders, sap suckers, omnivorous, parasitoids, and insect predators than the other methods, but was equally effective in sampling leaf‐feeders and ants. Amazonas‐trap was more time consuming in the field, but for all diversity parameters evaluated, the new method showed better performance for collecting invertebrates on plants.
Error variability affects the after effects following motor learning of lateral balance control during walking in people with spinal cord injury
Authors: Lin Jui‐Te , Hsu Chao‐Jung , Dee Weena , Chen David , Rymer William Zev , Wu Ming 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPeople with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) usually show impairments in lateral balance control during walking. Effective interventions for improving balance control are still lacking, probably due to limited understanding of motor learning mechanisms. The objective of this study was to determine how error size and error variability impact the motor learning of lateral balance control during walking in people with iSCI. Fifteen people with iSCI were recruited. A controlled assistance force was applied to the pelvis in the medial‐lateral direction using a customized cable‐driven robotic system. Participants were tested using 3 conditions, including abrupt, gradual, and varied forces. In each condition, participants walked on a treadmill with no force for 1 min (baseline), with force for 9 min (adaptation), and then with no force for additional 2 min (post‐adaptation). The margin of stability at heel contact (MoS_HC) and minimum value moment (MoS_Min) were calculated to compare the learning effect across different conditions. Electromyogram signals from the weaker leg were also collected. Participants showed an increase in MoS_Min (after effect) following force release during the post‐adaptation period for all three conditions. Participants showed a faster adaptation and a shorter lasting of after effect in MoS_Min for the varied condition in comparison with the gradual and abrupt force conditions. Increased error variability may facilitate motor learning in lateral balance control during walking in people with iSCI, although a faster learning may induce a shorter lasting of after effect. Error size did not show an impact on the lasting of after effect.
Maintaining arm control during self‐triggered and unpredictable unloading perturbations
Authors: Reschechtko Sasha , Johansson Anders S. , Andrew Pruszynski J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe often perform actions where we must break through some resistive force, but want to remain in control during this unpredictable transition; for example, when an object we are pushing on transitions from static to dynamic friction and begins to move. We designed a laboratory task to replicate this situation in which participants actively pushed against a robotic manipulandum until they exceeded an unpredictable threshold, at which point the manipulandum moved freely. Human participants were instructed to either stop the movement of the handle following this unloading perturbation, or to continue pushing. We found that participants were able to modulate their reflexes in response to this unpredictable and self‐triggered unloading perturbation according to the instruction they were following, and that this reflex modulation could not be explained by pre‐perturbation muscle state. However, in a second task, where participants reactively produced force during the pre‐unloading phase in response to the robotic manipulandum to maintain a set hand position, they were unable to modulate their reflexes in the same task‐dependent way. This occurred even though the forces they produced were matched to the first task and they had more time to prepare for the unloading event. We suggest this disparity occurs because of different neural circuits involved in posture and movement, meaning that participants in the first task did not require additional time to switch from postural to movement control.
CCL3, IL‐7, IL‐13 and IFNγ transcripts are increased in skin's biopsy of systemic sclerosis
Authors: Gonçalves Rafaela Silva Guimarães , Pereira Michelly Cristiny , Dantas Andréa Tavares , Almeida Anderson Rodrigues de , Rego Moacyr J. B. M. , Lima Emerson Andrade , Pitta Ivan da Rocha , Duarte Angela Luzia Branco Pinto , Pitta Maira Galdino da Rocha 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAlthough several cytokines and chemokines have been investigated as possible mediators of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc), specific correlation between cytokines and organ involvement have not been found yet, and a cytokine profile characteristic of SSc is far to be identified. We studied the profile of antifibrotic and profibrotic transcripts involved in skin of SSc patients. The mRNA expression was detected by fluorescence‐based quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) in skin's biopsies from 14 patients with SSc and 5 healthy controls. PDGF‐A, CTGF, CCL3, IL‐6, IL‐13, IL‐7, IFNγ, IL‐17, IL‐22 and RORc were analysed in these samples. CCL3, IL‐7, IL‐13 and IFN‐γ were more expressed in skin's biopsy of patients with SSc (P = 0.0002, P = 0.0082, P = 0.0243, P = 0.0335, respectively) when compared with healthy controls. We also found a positive correlation between CCL3 and IL‐7 transcripts (P = 0.0050 r = 0.7187). Furthermore, we observed that patients with lung involvement had lower expression of PDGF‐A (P = 0.0385). We found an increase in IL‐7, IFN‐γ, CCL3 and IL‐13 relative mRNA expressions on the skin's biopsy of patients with SSc, and a positive correlation between IL‐7 and CCL3. These molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of SSc, and how their interactions occur should be the subject of further studies.
The effects of rural–urban migration on corporate innovation: Evidence from a natural experiment in China
Authors: Chen Deqiu , Gao Huasheng , Luo Jiang , Ma Yujing 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe show that the migration of low‐skilled, rural workers to urban centers has a negative causal effect on innovation of firms in such urban centers. Our tests exploit the staggered relaxation of city‐level household registration system in China, which facilitates rural residents to migrate to cities. We find a significant decrease in innovation for firms headquartered in cities that have adopted such policies relative to firms headquartered in cities that have not. Overall, our results support the view that an abundant supply of low‐skilled workers increases the benefit of using existing low‐skilled technology and thus reduces firms’ incentive to innovate.
Saccharum×Miscanthusintergeneric hybrids (miscanes) exhibit greater chilling tolerance of C4photosynthesis and postchilling recovery than sugarcane (Saccharumspp. hybrids)
Authors: Kar Suraj , Zhang Na , Nakashima Taiken , Villanueva‐Morales Antonio , Stewart J. Ryan , Sacks Erik J. , Terajima Yoshifumi , Yamada Toshihiko 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAlthough commercial sugarcane (Saccharumspp. hybrid) produces large biomass yields, its lack of cold tolerance limits its cultivation to the tropics and subtropics. In contrast, sugarcane's close relative,Miscanthus, tolerates low temperatures. We studied 18 miscane genotypes, derived from hybridizations between two genotypes of sugarcane and two genotypes ofMiscanthus(one each ofM. sinensisandM. sacchariflorus). In an initial greenhouse experiment on long‐duration chilling stress (12–13°C day/7–9°C night), photosynthetic rates of theMiscanthusparents were significantly higher than the sugarcane parents after 7 days of chilling and were more than double by 14 days. TheMiscanthusalso retained more of their prechilling (22–25°C day/13–15°C night) photosynthetic rates (68%–72% 7 days, 64%–66% 14 days) than the sugarcanes (27% 7 days, 19%–20% 14 days). Seven of 18 miscanes exhibited higher photosynthetic rates than their sugarcane parents after 7 days of chilling, whereas after 14 days only four miscane genotypes had significantly higher photosynthetic rates than their sugarcane parents, but notably two of these did not differ from their highly tolerantMiscanthusparents. In a subsequent growth chamber experiment to evaluate short‐duration chilling stress and postchilling recovery, three miscanes representing the range of responses observed in the greenhouse experiment were compared with their parents. After 4 days of chilling (12/7°C day/night), the miscanes retained between 45% and 60% of their prechilling photosynthetic rate, with the best entry not significantly different from itsMiscanthusparent (66%), and all three miscanes performed significantly better than the sugarcane parents (32%–33% for sugarcanes). After 7 days of postchilling recovery (26/18°C day/night), theMiscanthusparents and two of the miscanes fully recovered their prechilling photosynthetic rates but the sugarcane parents only recovered 69%–73% of their prechilling rates. Thus, genes fromMiscanthuscan be used to improve chilling tolerance of sugarcane via introgression.
Range‐wide variation in local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity of fitness‐related traits in Fagus sylvatica and their implications under climate change
Authors: Gárate‐Escamilla Homero , Hampe Arndt , Vizcaíno‐Palomar Natalia , Robson T. Matthew , Benito Garzón Marta 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAimTo better understand and more realistically predict future species distribution ranges, it is critical to account for local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in populations' responses to climate. This is challenging because local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity are trait‐dependent and traits covary along climatic gradients, with differential consequences for fitness. Our aim is to quantify local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity of vertical and radial growth, leaf flushing and survival across the range of Fagus sylvatica and to estimate the contribution of each trait to explaining the species' occurrence.LocationEurope.Time period1995–2014; 2070.Major taxa studiedFagus sylvatica L.MethodsWe used vertical and radial growth, flushing phenology and mortality of F. sylvatica L. recorded in the BeechCOSTe52 database (>150,000 trees). Firstly, we performed linear mixed‐effect models that related trait variation and covariation to local adaptation (related to the planted populations' climatic origin) and phenotypic plasticity (accounting for the climate of the plantation), and we made spatial predictions under current and representative concentration pathway (RCP 8.5) climates. Secondly, we combined spatial trait predictions in a linear model to explain the occurrence of the species.ResultsThe contribution of plasticity to intraspecific trait variation is always higher than that of local adaptation, suggesting that the species is less sensitive to climate change than expected; different traits constrain beech's distribution in different parts of its range: the northernmost edge is mainly delimited by flushing phenology (mostly driven by photoperiod and temperature), the southern edge by mortality (mainly driven by intolerance to drought), and the eastern edge is characterized by decreasing radial growth (mainly shaped by precipitation‐related variables in our model); considering trait covariation improved single‐trait predictions.Main conclusionsPopulation responses to climate across large geographical gradients are dependent on trait × environment interactions, indicating that each trait responds differently depending on the local environment.