bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Recent Applications of Ion Beam Techniques on Nanomaterial Surface Modification: Design of Nanostructures and Energy Harvesting
Authors: Li Wenqing , Zhan Xueying , Song Xianyin , Si Shuyao , Chen Rui , Liu Jing , Wang Zhenxing , He Jun , Xiao Xiangheng 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNanomaterials have gained plenty of research interest because of their excellent performance, which is derived from their small size and special structure. In practical applications, to acquire nanomaterials with high performance, many methods have been used to modulate the structure and components of materials. To date, ion beam techniques have extensively been applied for modulating the performance of various nanomaterials. Energetic ion beams can modulate the surface morphology and chemical components of nanomaterials. In addition, ion beam techniques have also been used to fabricate nanomaterials, including 2D materials, nanoparticles, and nanowires. Compared with conventional methods, ion beam techniques, including ion implantation, ion irradiation, and focused ion beam, are all pure physical processes; these processes do not introduce any impurities into the target materials. In addition, ion beam techniques exhibit high controllability and repeatability. Here, recent progress in ion beam techniques for nanomaterial surface modification is systematically summarized and existing challenges and potential solutions are presented.
The sun pillar of 26 May 2018 at Bergen
Authors: Tartaglione Nazario 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA solar pillar was observed in Bergen, Norway on 26 May 2018. In what follows, the meteorological phenomenon is described using a photograph and available scientific data. Radio occultation data are used to infer temperature and altitude ranges for the potential formation of ice crystals, which play a crucial role in the phenomenon.
A verification-driven framework for iterative design of controllers
Authors: Menghi Claudio , Spoletini Paola , Chechik Marsha , Ghezzi Carlo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractControllers often are large and complex reactive software systems and thus they typically cannot be developed as monolithic products. Instead, they are usually comprised of multiple components that interact to provide the desired functionality. Components themselves can be complex and in turn be decomposed into multiple sub-components. Designing such systems is complicated and must follow systematic approaches, based on recursive decomposition strategies that yield a modular structure. This paper proposes FIDDle–a comprehensive verification-driven framework which provides support for designers during development. FIDDle supports hierarchical decomposition of components into sub-components through formal specification in terms of pre- and post-conditions as well as independent development, reuse and verification of sub-components. The framework allows the development of an initial, partially specified design of the controller, in which certain components, yet to be defined, are precisely identified. These components can be associated with pre- and post-conditions, i.e., a contract, that can be distributed to third-party developers. The framework ensures that if the components are compliant with their contracts, they can be safely integrated into the initial partial design without additional rework. As a result, FIDDle supports an iterative design process and guarantees correctness of the system at any step of development. We evaluated the effectiveness of FIDDle in supporting an iterative and incremental development of components using the K9 Mars Rover example developed at NASA Ames. This can be considered as an initial, yet substantive, validation of the approach in a realistic setting. We also assessed the scalability of FIDDle by comparing its efficiency with the classical model checkers implemented within the LTSA toolset. Results show that FIDDle scales as well as classical model checking as the number of the states of the components under development and their environments grow.
P.095 Novel use of fluorescein sodium in the resection of a pediatric posterior fossa tumor
Authors: Almojuela A , Honey CM , Gomez A , Hasen M , MacDonald C , Kazina C , Serletis D 
Published: June 2019

Background: Gross total resection of pediatric posterior fossa tumors is paramount towards improving progression-free survival.Fluorescein accumulates in tumoral tissue, where the blood-brain barrier is disrupted. It can therefore potentially aid in differentiating tumoral versus normal tissue. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of fluorescent-guidance (using fluorescein) towards the resection of a pediatric cerebellar tumor, as the index case at our institution using this technique. Methods: 5 mg/kg of IV fluorescein sodium was injected upon induction of general anesthesia. During tumor resection, a yellow 560-nm filter (Kinevo microscope, Zeiss) was employed for fluorescent-guidance. The extent of resection was assessed via post-operative MRI. Results: There were no adverse side effects experienced by the patient. Tumoral material was clearly visualized under the yellow 560-nm filter, allowing for satisfactory gross total resection of the lesion (confirmed on post-operative MRI). Preliminary pathology was consistent with medulloblastoma. Conclusions: Fluorescent-guided resection of pediatric posterior fossa tumors appears to be a safe and useful adjunct for gross total resection of these lesions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case in Canada wherein IV fluorescein was used under a yellow 560-nm filter for resection of a posterior fossa medulloblastoma in a child.
The Theory of Games and its Application to Rate of Interest
Authors: Benjamin S. 
Published: June 2019

In this paper the reader is asked to watch the heuristic development of an idea and its implications.The subject is the way in which the working of a life office is unaffected by changes in the market rate of interest. For this purpose all other questions such as mortality, expenses, etc., will be ignored as far as possible. The idea is that actuarially a life office is qualitatively different from the sum of its individual policies; that many of the difficulties in discussing this subject occur because basic actuarial concepts and techniques, especially(i) the idea of an average rate of interest, and(ii) the method of discounting into a present value,which have been designed primarily to deal with the problems of individual policies, are inappropriate to the large-scale problems of a life office, e.g. valuation, investment and bonus declarations.The heuristic development is that of an alternative theory and technique; these do not, for instance, make use of (i) and (ii) above.
Installing Electronic Procedures—A Progress Report
Authors: Finelli J. J. 
Published: June 2019

It is now June 1959—only eight years after the first magnetic tape computer was put to work in the U.S. Bureau of the Census. But it was not until mid-1954 that the appropriate auxiliary machines needed to complement this computer became available. In a very real sense, magnetic tape data processing facilities suitable for business operations are only five years old at this time.Yet, in so short a time, possibly 300 or more tape-operated data processing systems have already been installed in the United States. A great deal has been written and said regarding the use of this equipment and its impact on current practices. There is much yet to be said. As we come to grips with the immediate and difficult job of putting it to work we can be encouraged by the very substantial progress already achieved by both manufacturers and users. In just a few years, the initial approach to computers has changed so much that the key question ‘Can electronic computers be relied upon?’ has become for many ‘Which one should I get?’
Neuromuscular activity in sea anemoneCalliactis parasitica(Couch)
Authors: Needler Mary , Ross D. M. 
Published: June 2019

In a recent study (Ross, 1957) isolated marginal sphincter preparations of the sea anemone,Calliactis parasitica, showed two distinct responses to stimulation: (1) a quick contraction in response to stimuli at frequencies from 0–2 to 3–0 sec, the facilitated response of Pantin (1935 a) beginning only on the second stimulus of a series, with a latent period of about 0 1 sec; (2) a smooth slow contraction in response to stimuli at lower frequencies, with a latent period of not less than 30 sec, and beginning only after several stimuli. This slow movement of the marginal region had not been detected in work on whole animals, but it is similar to the contractions of the ‘slow’ muscles ofCalliactis(Pantin, 1935b) andMetridium(Batham & Pantin, 1950a). However,Calliactissphincter shows almost no spontaneous activity.Both quick and slow contractions had previously been observed in excised sphincters and mesenteric retractors ofMetridium(Batham & Pantin, 1954), the chief muscles utilized in the closure of that animal. In all these cases, the quick contraction would seem to be a specialized mechanism for sudden withdrawal superimposed upon, and perhaps developed from, a more primitive and general slow contractile mechanism. As part of a programme to investigate and compare the properties of quick and slow contractions in these muscles it seemed desirable to see what part, if any, slow contractions of the marginal sphincter play in the life ofCalliactis. This involved us in a wider study of the neuromuscular activity of this anemone which normally lives on shells inhabited by the hermit crab,Eupagurus bernhardus.
III.—Aspects of the Intertidal Ecology of Rocky Shores in Argyll, Scotland. I. General Description of the Area
Authors: Lewis John R. , Powell H. T. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisA Description is given of the distribution and zonation of the dominant intertidal plants and animals found in a survey of rocky shores in Argyll, from Clachan Sound southwards to the south end of the Kintyre peninsula, thence northwards along the east side of Kintyre to Loch Fyne. Particular attention is given to two sheltered lochs, Loch Sween and West Loch Tarbert. Features of special interest in the area include: (i) a very small spring tide range (only 2–4 ft.) on much of the west coast of Kintyre, which results in a very compressed littoral zone by British standards; (ii) an unusual abundance of Chthamalus stellatus, often accompanied by a scarcity of Balanus balanoides, at very sheltered sites in Loch Sween and West Loch Tarbert (this problem is considered separately in Part II of the present paper); (iii) rich lower-shore populations in parts of the lochs, and especially associated with the Linne Mhuirich rapids in Loch Sween. In a concluding discussion the lower shore populations found in the survey area are compared with those observed in the rest of the British Isles. It is concluded that the rich lower-shore populations (often associated with rapid systems) that occur in many of the lochs on the west coast of Scotland constitute a major component of the littoral fauna and flora of the British Isles that has been largely unknown and neglected in the past because of the remoteness of many of the sites.
IV.—Aspects of the Intertidal Ecology of Rocky Shores in Argyll, Scotland. II. The Distribution of Chthamalus stellatus and Balanus balanoides in Kintyre
Authors: Lewis John R. , Powell H. T. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe distribution and zonation of Chthamalus stellatus and Balanus balanoides on British coasts is reviewed, and it is shown that the very sheltered waters of Loch Sween and West Loch Tarbert are unusual in that Chthamalus occurs there in greater quantity than in any other sheltered (British) locality, and the upper limit of Chthamalus is consistently higher, relative to other species, than elsewhere in shelter. The lower limit of Chthamalus is generally at a rather high level on these shores even when bare rock occurs below. Balanus balanoides, on the other hand, is often scarce or absent at the same sheltered sites. The physical conditions in the lochs (water temperatures, tides, winds, sunshine, rainfall) and their seasonal variations are examined and it is shown that there probably is a unique succession of environmental factors that would favour Chthamalus and operate against Balanus at critical times of the year. It is suggested that Chthamalus occurs higher than Pelvetia in the lochs because of a greater tolerance of irregular and often prolonged periods of desiccation. The failure of Chthamalus to occupy the middle and lower shore when Balanus is absent indicates that competition between the two barnacles does not alone determine their vertical distribution on the shore. A tentative hypothesis is developed showing how the very local distribution of Chthamalus and the level occupied on the shore might be related to responses of the cyprids to light and to a supposed requirement of emersion during the early stages on the shore.
XVI.–The Tertiary Pollen-Flora of Mull and Ardnamurchan
Authors: Simpson J. B. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisA detailed description is given of the fossil pollen floras of two lignite seams associated with the Tertiary igneous rocks of Western Scotland. One of the seams occurs at the base of the lava succession at Ardslignish, Ardnamurchan; the other is exposed at two localities, Shiaba and Bremanoir, within the lava succession on the island of Mull.Seventy-one species belonging to forty-four genera are described. All the species and two of the genera are new. Comparisons are made with modern pollen grains and some close resemblances are noted between the fossil species and species now living in various distant parts of the world, in particular Eastern Asia, Australasia and North America.
Progressive and Punctuated Magnetic Mineral Diagenesis: The Rock Magnetic Record of Multiple Fluid Inputs and Progressive Pyritization in a Volcano‐Bounded Basin, IODP Site U1437, Izu Rear Arc
Authors: Musgrave Robert J. , Kars Myriam , Vega Marta E. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractInternational Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1437 recovered an 1,800‐m‐long sediment sequence in a volcano‐bounded basin on the Izu rear arc. Pore fluid studies revealed a pattern of repeated fluid inputs, fluid diffusion, and methane and ethane accumulations, which represent “fluid anomalies” that disturb the fluid profiles. First‐order reversal curve analysis, magnetic hysteresis, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization, and low‐temperature remanence cycling reveal a detrital input dominated by vortex‐state and multidomain magnetite, which passes through an initial stage of partial magnetite dissolution and greigite authigenesis in the upper few tens of meters. Progressive magnetic mineral diagenesis comprises the continued loss of fine‐grained magnetite and gradual pyritization of greigite and produces a background logarithmic decrease in saturation isothermal remanent magnetization normalized by magnetic susceptibility. This process implies a continuing slow supply of S2− to depths >1,500 m. Thermally driven diagenesis, which would cause extensive loss of greigite at these depths, does not appear to be significant here. Multidomain magnetite grains dominate the magnetic mineralogy in the deepest part of the sequence, but some single‐domain magnetite survives as inclusions in silicates. Fluid anomalies representing sulfate influx drive locally renewed greigite authigenesis, as do methane and ethane accumulations. In some cases, where methane is accompanied by H2S (“sour gas”), fine‐grained greigite is converted to pyrite. We term these multiple episodes of enhanced magnetic mineral alteration “punctuated magnetic mineral diagenesis.” Despite both progressive and punctuated magnetic mineral diagenesis, enough depositional remanence survives to allow recognition of the magnetostratigraphy to 1,320 m below seafloor.
Arctic Summer Sea Ice Melt and Related Atmospheric Conditions in Coupled Regional Climate Model Simulations and Observations
Authors: Rinke A. , Knudsen Erlend M. , Mewes D. , Dorn W. , Handorf D. , Dethloff K. , Moore J. C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObservations from 1979 to 2014 show a positive trend in the summer sea ice melt rate with an acceleration particularly in June and August. This is associated with atmospheric circulation changes such as a tendency toward a dipole pattern in the mean sea level pressure (SLP) trend with an increase over the Arctic Ocean and a decrease over Siberia. Consistent with previous studies, we here show the statistical relationship between the summer sea ice melt rate and SLP and that more than one SLP pattern is associated with anomalously high melt rates. Most high melt rates occur during high pressure over the Arctic Ocean accompanied by low pressure over Siberia, but a strong Beaufort High and advection of warm air associated with a cyclone located over the Taymyr Peninsula can also trigger anomalous high ice melt. We evaluate 10‐member ensemble simulations with the coupled atmosphere‐ice‐ocean Arctic regional climate model HIRHAM‐NAOSIM. The simulations have systematically low acceleration of sea ice melt rate in August, related to shortcomings in representing the strengthening pressure gradient from the Barents/Kara Sea toward Northern Greenland in recent decades. In general, the model shows the same classification of SLP patterns related to anomalous melt rates as the observations. However, the evolution of sea ice melt‐related cloud‐radiation feedback over the summer reveals contrary effects from low‐level clouds in the reanalysis and in the simulations.
Future Carbon Emission From Boreal and Permafrost Lakes Are Sensitive to Catchment Organic Carbon Loads
Authors: Bayer T. K. , Gustafsson E. , Brakebusch M. , Beer C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCarbon storage, processing, and transport in freshwater systems are important components of the global carbon cycle and sensitive to global change. However, in large‐scale modeling this part of the boundless carbon cycle is often lacking or represented in a very simplified way. A new process‐oriented lake biogeochemical model is used for investigating impacts of changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and organic carbon loading from the catchment on future greenhouse gas emissions from lakes across two boreal to subarctic regions (Northern Sweden and Alaska). Aquatic processes represented include carbon, oxygen, phytoplankton, and nutrient dynamics leading to CO2 and CH4 exchanges with the atmosphere. The model is running inside a macroscale hydrological model and may be easily implemented into a land surface scheme. Model evaluation demonstrates the validity in terms of average concentration of nutrients, algal biomass, and organic and inorganic carbon. Cumulative annual emissions of CH4 and CO2, as well as pathways of CH4 emissions, also compare well to observations. Model calculations imply that lake emissions of CH4 may increase by up to 45% under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 scenario until 2100, and CO2 emissions may increase by up to 80% in Alaska. Increasing organic carbon loading to the lakes resulted in a linear response in CO2 and CH4 emissions across both regions, but increases in CO2 emissions from subarctic lakes in Sweden were lower than for southern boreal lakes, probably due to the higher importance of imported vegetation‐“generated” inorganic carbon for CO2 emission from subarctic lakes.
Experimental demonstration of linear and spinning Janus dipoles for polarisation- and wavelength-selective near-field coupling
Authors: Picardi Michela F. , Neugebauer Martin , Eismann Jörg S. , Leuchs Gerd , Banzer Peter , Rodríguez-Fortuño Francisco J. , Zayats Anatoly V. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe electromagnetic field scattered by nano-objects contains a broad range of wavevectors and can be efficiently coupled to waveguided modes. The dominant contribution to scattering from subwavelength dielectric and plasmonic nanoparticles is determined by electric and magnetic dipolar responses. Here, we experimentally demonstrate spectral and phase selective excitation of Janus dipoles, sources with electric and magnetic dipoles oscillating out of phase, in order to control near-field interference and directional coupling to waveguides. We show that by controlling the polarisation state of the dipolar excitations and the excitation wavelength to adjust their relative contributions, directionality and coupling strength can be fully tuned. Furthermore, we introduce a novel spinning Janus dipole featuring cylindrical symmetry in the near and far field, which results in either omnidirectional coupling or noncoupling. Controlling the propagation of guided light waves via fast and robust near-field interference between polarisation components of a source is required in many applications in nanophotonics and quantum optics.
Mechanism of Snhg8/miR-384/Hoxa13/FAM3A axis regulating neuronal apoptosis in ischemic mice model
Authors: Liu Jie , An Ping , Xue Yixue , Che Dongfang , Liu Xiaobai , Zheng Jian , Liu Yunhui , Yang Chunqing , Li Zhen , Yu Bo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLong noncoding RNAs, a subgroup of noncoding RNAs, are implicated in ischemic brain injury. The expression levels of Snhg8, miR-384, Hoxa13, and FAM3A were measured in chronic cerebral ischemia-induced HT22 cells and hippocampal tissues. The role of the Snhg8/miR-384/Hoxa13/FAM3A axis was evaluated in chronic cerebral ischemia models in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we found that Snhg8 and Hoxa13 were downregulated, while miR-384 was upregulated in chronic cerebral ischemia-induced HT22 cells and hippocampal tissues. Overexpression of Snhg8 and Hoxa13, and silencing of miR-384, all inhibited chronic cerebral ischemia-induced apoptosis of HT22 cells. Moreover, Snhg8 bound to miR-384 in a sequence-dependent manner and there was a reciprocal repression between Snhg8 and miR-384. Besides, overexpression of miR-384 impaired Hoxa13 expression by targeting its 3′UTR and regulated chronic cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis. Hoxa13 bound to the promoter of FAM3A and enhanced its promotor activity, which regulated chronic cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis. Remarkably, the in vivo experiments demonstrated that Snhg8 overexpression combined with miR-384 knockdown led to an anti-apoptosis effect. These results reveal that the Snhg8/miR-384/Hoxa13/FAM3A axis plays a critical role in the regulation of chronic cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis.