bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic background, nonverbal IQ and school absence affects the development of vocabulary and reading comprehension in children living in severe poverty
Authors: Lervåg Arne , Dolean Dacian , Tincas Ioana , Melby‐Lervåg Monica 
Published: May 2019

AbstractFew studies have examined how socioeconomic status (SES) affects two essential parts of human development, namely vocabulary and reading comprehension, in children facing severe poverty. The Roma population is the largest minority group in Europe, the majority of whom live in severe poverty. This study compared the development of 322 Roma children with the development of 178 non‐Roma children, between the ages of 7 and 10 years, living in Romania. The Roma children had poorer initial vocabulary and reading comprehension skills as well as slower growth rates for both compared to the non‐Roma children. Importantly, SES had a direct influence on growth in both reading comprehension and vocabulary. The effect of SES was partly mediated by school absence and nonverbal IQ. This is a powerful finding since it suggests that poverty may have detrimental effects not only on reading but also on the development of verbal abilities.
The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy severe enough to cause a loss of protective sensation in a population‐based sample of people with known and newly detected diabetes in Barbados: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Adams O. P. , Herbert J. R. , Howitt C. , Unwin N. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAimsTo determine the prevalence and potential risk factors for diabetic peripheral neuropathy with a loss of protective sensation in Barbados.MethodsA representative population sample aged > 25 years with previously diagnosed diabetes or a fasting blood glucose ≥ 7 mmol/l or HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol (6.5%) was tested by 10 g monofilament at four plantar sites per foot and a 28 Hz tuning fork and neurothesiometer at the hallux. Data were adjusted to the age structure of people with diabetes in Barbados. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations with peripheral neuropathy with a loss of protective sensation.ResultsOf 236 participants [74% response rate, 33% men, 91% black, median age 58.6 years, mean BMI 30.1 kg/m2, mean HbA1c 54 mmol/mol (7.1%)], 51% had previously diagnosed diabetes. Foot examination demonstrated that 25.8% (95% CI 20.2 to 31.5) had at least one insensate site with monofilament testing, 14.8% (95% CI 10.2 to 19.4) had an abnormal tuning fork test and 10.9% (95% CI 6.9 to 14.9) had a vibration perception threshold > 25 V. Peripheral neuropathy with a loss of protective sensation prevalence was 28.5% (95% CI 22.7 to 34.4) as indicated by monofilament with ≥ 1 insensate site and/or vibration perception threshold > 25 V. With previously diagnosed diabetes the prevalence was 36.4% (95% CI 27.7 to 45.2) with 98.4% of cases identified by monofilament testing. Increasing age, previously diagnosed diabetes, male sex and abdominal obesity were independently associated with peripheral neuropathy with a loss of protective sensation.ConclusionsOver a third of people with previously diagnosed diabetes had evidence of peripheral neuropathy with a loss of protective sensation. Monofilament testing alone may be adequate to rule out peripheral neuropathy with a loss of protective sensation. Monofilament and neurothesiometer stimuli are reproducible but dependent on participant response.
Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in essential tremor and Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal study
Authors: Cardaioli G. , Ripandelli F. , Paolini Paoletti F. , Nigro P. , Simoni S. , Brahimi E. , Romoli M. , Filidei M. , Eusebi P. , Calabresi P. , Tambasco N. 
Published: May 2019

Background and purposeEssential tremor (ET) and Parkinson's disease (PD) sometimes overlap in their clinical expression with ET preceding PD onset, often leading to misdiagnosis. Transcranial sonography (TCS) has been shown to be a valid and non‐invasive diagnostic tool to identify early idiopathic PD and to differentiate it from ET. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevance of substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in patients with ET.MethodsA total of 138 patients (79 with PD, 59 with ET) and 50 matched controls underwent TCS examination at baseline. All patients were followed in a 3‐year longitudinal assessment.ResultsA total of 10 subjects were excluded from the analysis due to the bilateral absence of a temporal acoustic window. During the follow‐up period, 11 of the patients with ET developed new‐onset parkinsonian features, without fulfilling criteria for PD diagnosis (ET+). Nine patients developed clinical features meeting diagnostic criteria for probable PD (ET‐PD). Patients with ET− did not develop parkinsonian features. For each group, the maximum size of the substantia nigra hyperechogenicity was as follows: 5.62 ± 5.40 mm2 in the control group, 19.02 ± 14.27 mm2 in patients with PD, 9.15 ± 11.26 mm2 in patients with ET−, 20.05 ± 13.78 mm2 in patients with ET+ and 20.13 ± 13.51 mm2 in patients with ET‐PD. ET‐PD maximum values were significantly different from controls. Maximum values in patients with ET+ were different from both controls and patients with ET−.ConclusionSubstantia nigra hyperechogenicity in ET seems to represent a risk marker for developing early parkinsonian symptoms or signs in the 3 years following TCS assessment.
Invited review: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, agriculture, and food—A case of shifting cultivation and history
Authors: Porter John R. , Challinor Andrew J. , Henriksen Christian Bugge , Howden Stuart Mark , Martre Pierre , Smith Pete 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSince 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has produced five Assessment Reports (ARs), in which agriculture as the production of food for humans via crops and livestock have featured in one form or another. A constructed database of the ca. 2,100 cited experiments and simulations in the five ARs was analyzed with respect to impacts on yields via crop type, region, and whether adaptation was included. Quantitative data on impacts and adaptation in livestock farming have been extremely scarce in the ARs. The main conclusions from impact and adaptation are that crop yields will decline, but that responses have large statistical variation. Mitigation assessments in the ARs have used both bottom‐up and top‐down methods but need better to link emissions and their mitigation with food production and security. Relevant policy options have become broader in later ARs and included more of the social and nonproduction aspects of food security. Our overall conclusion is that agriculture and food security, which are two of the most central, critical, and imminent issues in climate change, have been dealt with an unfocussed and inconsistent manner between the IPCC five ARs. This is partly a result of not only agriculture spanning two IPCC working groups but also the very strong focus on projections from computer crop simulation modeling. For the future, we suggest a need to examine interactions between themes such as crop resource use efficiencies and to include all production and nonproduction aspects of food security in future roles for integrated assessment models.
Response of cyanobacteria and phytoplankton abundance to warming, extreme rainfall events and nutrient enrichment
Authors: Richardson Jessica , Feuchtmayr Heidrun , Miller Claire , Hunter Peter D. , Maberly Stephen C. , Carvalho Laurence 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCyanobacterial blooms are an increasing threat to water quality and global water security caused by the nutrient enrichment of freshwaters. There is also a broad consensus that blooms are increasing with global warming, but the impacts of other concomitant environmental changes, such as an increase in extreme rainfall events, may affect this response. One of the potential effects of high rainfall events on phytoplankton communities is greater loss of biomass through hydraulic flushing. Here we used a shallow lake mesocosm experiment to test the combined effects of: warming (ambient vs. +4°C increase), high rainfall (flushing) events (no events vs. seasonal events) and nutrient loading (eutrophic vs. hypertrophic) on total phytoplankton chlorophyll‐a and cyanobacterial abundance and composition. Our hypotheses were that: (a) total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial abundance would be higher in heated mesocosms; (b) the stimulatory effects of warming on cyanobacterial abundance would be enhanced in higher nutrient mesocosms, resulting in a synergistic interaction; (c) the recovery of biomass from flushing induced losses would be quicker in heated and nutrient‐enriched treatments, and during the growing season. The results supported the first and, in part, the third hypotheses: total phytoplankton and cyanobacterial abundance increased in heated mesocosms with an increase in common bloom‐forming taxa—Microcystis spp. and Dolichospermum spp. Recovery from flushing was slowest in the winter, but unaffected by warming or higher nutrient loading. Contrary to the second hypothesis, an antagonistic interaction between warming and nutrient enrichment was detected for both cyanobacteria and chlorophyll‐a demonstrating that ecological surprises can occur, dependent on the environmental context. While this study highlights the clear need to mitigate against global warming, oversimplification of global change effects on cyanobacteria should be avoided; stressor gradients and seasonal effects should be considered as important factors shaping the response.
Continuous renal replacement therapy is associated with acute cardiac stunning in critically ill patients
Authors: Slessarev Marat , Salerno Fabio , Ball Ian M. , McIntyre Christopher W. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Intermittent renal replacement therapy induces cardiac stunning in chronic hemodialysis and acute kidney injury (AKI) patients. In chronic hemodialysis, recurrent stunning contributes to heart failure and cardiac death, with ultrafiltration and intradialytic hypotension being the principal determinants of this injury. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), with its lower ultrafiltration rates and improved hemodynamic profile, should protect against cardiac stunning in AKI. The objective of this study was to assess whether CRRT is associated with cardiac stunning in critically ill patients with AKI.Methods: We prospectively measured cardiac function using global and segmental longitudinal left ventricular strain using transthoracic echocardiography in 11 critically ill patients who were started on CRRT for AKI. We compared measurements at 4, 8, and 24 hours to baseline immediately prior to initiation of CRRT, with each patient serving as their own control. We also recorded blood pressure, heart rate, dose of vasoactive medications and intensive care unit mortality.Findings: Ten of 11 patients developed new regional cardiac stunning, with 8/11 within 4 hours of starting CRRT, despite stable hemodynamics. The number of affected left ventricular segments varied from 1 to 11 (out of 12). The stunning occurred both in patients with preserved and impaired baseline cardiac function, and 7/11 patients died in the intensive care unit.Discussion: Initiation of CRRT in critically ill patients with AKI is associated with cardiac stunning despite stable hemodynamics. This mechanism may explain lack of clinical benefit of CRRT over intermittent modalities and warrants further investigation to improve cardiovascular outcomes in critically ill patients with AKI.
Co‐producing research with youth: The NeurOx young people's advisory group model
Authors: Pavarini Gabriela , Lorimer Jessica , Manzini Arianna , Goundrey‐Smith Ed , Singh Ilina 
Published: May 2019

AbstractContextThe 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child states that children have the right to be heard in all matters affecting them. The Convention inspired a surge in research that investigates young people's perspectives on health and wellness‐related concerns and that involves children as ‘co‐researchers'. Young people's advisory groups (YPAGs) are a widely used method to enable young people's involvement in all research stages, but there is a lack of academic literature to guide researchers on how to set up, run and evaluate the impact of such groups.ObjectiveIn this paper, we provide a step‐by‐step model, grounded in our own experience of setting up and coordinating the Oxford Neuroscience, Ethics and Society Young People's Advisory Group (NeurOx YPAG). This group supports studies at the intersection of ethics, mental health and novel technologies. Our model covers the following stages: deciding on the fit for co‐production, recruiting participants, developing collective principles of work, running a meeting and evaluating impact.ResultsWe emphasize that throughout this process, researchers should take a critical stance by reflecting on whether a co‐production model fits their research scope and aims; ensuring (or aspiring to) representativeness within the group; valuing different kinds of expertise; and undertaking on‐going evaluations on the impact of the group on both the young people and the research.ConclusionAdopting a critical and reflective attitude can increase researchers' capacity to engage youth in democratic and inclusive ways, and to produce research outputs that are aligned with the target audience's needs and priorities.
Electromagnetic wave absorbing properties of glucose‐derived carbon‐rich SiOC ceramics annealed at different temperatures
Authors: Du Bin , He Chao , Qian Junjie , Cai Mei , Wang Xuan , Shui Anze 
Published: May 2019

AbstractA kind of glucose‐derived carbon‐rich silicon oxycarbide (glucose‐SiOC) nanocomposite with excellent electromagnetic wave absorbing performance is obtained via solvothermal method, and then pyrolyzed at high temperature (1300°C and 1400°C) under argon atmosphere. The structural evolutions and the electromagnetic wave absorbing capabilities of the nanocomposites have been systematically investigated. The resultant 3 mol/L glucose‐SiOC ceramic exhibits a heterostructure, in which nanosized glucose‐derived carbon and SiC particles decorate on amorphous SiOC network. Benefitting from the nanosized carbon, SiC particles and the heterostructure attributes, the 3 mol/L glucose‐SiOC ceramic displays a strong electromagnetic wave‐absorbing property. The minimum reflection coefficient of the 3 mol/L glucose‐SiOC ceramic pyrolyzed at 1400°C reaches −27.6 dB at 13.8 GHz. The widest effective absorption bandwidth attains 3.5 GHz in Kμ‐band. This work opens up a novel and simple route to fabricate polymer‐derived ceramics with excellent electromagnetic wave‐absorbing performance.
Third‐wave therapies and adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review
Authors: Patterson Christopher Wynne , Williams Jonathan , Jones Robert 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundThird‐wave therapies appear to produce positive outcomes for people without intellectual disabilities. This systematic review aimed to establish which third‐wave therapies have been adapted for adults with intellectual disabilities and whether they produced positive outcomes.MethodFour databases were searched systematically (PsycINFO, Web of Science, MEDLINE and PubMed), yielding 1,395 results. Twenty studies (N = 109) met the present review's inclusion/exclusion criteria.ResultsIncluded studies used mindfulness‐based approaches, dialectical behaviour therapy, compassion focused therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy. Due to considerable heterogeneity in the designs and outcome measures used, a meta‐analysis was not possible.ConclusionsEvidence indicated that third‐wave therapies improved mental health symptoms for some and improved challenging/offending behaviour, smoking and mindfulness/acceptance skills for most. These findings must be interpreted with caution due to the low methodological quality of included studies. Future research should build on the current evidence base, using scientifically rigorous designs and standardized measures.
Interaction between securitization gains and abnormal loan loss provisions: Credit risk retention and fair value accounting
Authors: Zhao Qiuhong 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis study investigates whether managers use asset securitization gains to substitute loan loss provision (LLP) management for earnings management, and, if so, whether the percentage of credit risk retained affects such a relationship. The literature provides evidence that managers have used securitization transactions to boost earnings. Using 2001‒2014 data for a sample of bank holding companies, I find that managers use securitization gains and LLPs as partial substitutes and that earnings management from securitization gains grows at an increasing rate to substitute income increasing LLP management as the level of risk retention increases. These findings are consistent with the argument that the higher the level of risk retention, the greater the potential impact on achieving earnings targets, given banks’ exercise of discretion over securitization gains through estimation of fair value of retained interest. In addition, I document that the substitution effect between the two tools is non‐existent in the post‐SFAS 166/167 period. Taken together, the findings have timely implications for accounting standards by informing the effect of risk retention that I measure through earnings management techniques. Moreover, my findings provide additional support for improved disclosures on assets‐backed securities.
Quercetin protects rats from catheter‐related Staphylococcus aureus infections by inhibiting coagulase activity
Authors: Wang Lin , Li BangBang , Si Xiaosa , Liu Xingyuan , Deng Xuming , Niu Xiaodi , Jin Yingli , Wang Dacheng , Wang Jianfeng 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCoagulase (Coa) activity is essential for the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus (S aureus), one of the most important pathogenic bacteria leading to catheter‐related bloodstream infections (CRBSI). We have demonstrated that the mutation of coagulase improved outcomes in disease models of S aureus CRBSI, suggesting that targeting Coa may represent a novel antiinfective strategy for CRBSI. Here, we found that quercetin, a natural compound that does not affect S aureus viability, could inhibit Coa activity. Chemical biological analysis revealed that the direct engagement of quercetin with the active site (residues Tyr187, Leu221 and His228) of Coa inhibited its activity. Furthermore, treatment with quercetin reduced the retention of bacteria on catheter surfaces, decreased the bacterial load in the kidneys and alleviated kidney abscesses in vivo. These data suggest that antiinfective therapy targeting Coa with quercetin may represent a novel strategy and provide a new leading compound with which to combat bacterial infections.
Cost‐effectiveness of the utilization of “good practice” or the lack thereof according to a bronchiolitis evidence‐based clinical practice guideline
Authors: Rodriguez‐Martinez Carlos E. , Sossa‐Briceño Monica P. , Castro‐Rodriguez Jose A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesThe aim of the present study was to determine the cost‐effectiveness of the utilization of “good practice” according to a bronchiolitis clinical practice guideline (CPG) in a population of infants hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis.MethodA decision‐analysis model was developed in order to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of the utilization of “good practice” compared with the lack of use of “good practice” according to a bronchiolitis evidence‐based CPG. The effectiveness parameters and costs of the model were obtained from electronic medical records. The main outcome was the readmission of the patients within 10 days of post discharge.ResultsCompared with lack of “good practice,” the utilization of “good practice” in the diagnosis and management of patients with bronchiolitis was associated with both fewer patients readmitted within 10 days of post discharge (0.88 vs 0.99 on average per patient) and lower costs (US$1529.3 versus $1709.1 average cost per patient), thus leading to dominance. Results were robust to deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsCompared with lack of “good practice,” the utilization of “good practice” in the diagnosis and management of acute bronchiolitis according to a bronchiolitis CPG is a dominant strategy because it involves both fewer patients readmitted within 10 days of post discharge and lower costs.
The effect of repetitive firings on the color of an alumina ceramic system with varying ceramic shade and thickness
Authors: Şahin Volkan , Gülgezen Aydın Hilal , Akyel Alim , Uludağ Bülent C. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe color of all‐ceramic restorations is one of the main criteria to achieve esthetical success. Many factors such as ceramic thickness, condensation techniques, firing temperature, and numbers can affect the final color of restoration. The purpose of this study was to investigate the color changes in alumina‐based ceramic system according to ceramic shade and thickness during the multiple firings.Materials and MethodsSixty disc‐shaped specimens with two different veneering porcelain shades (A1 or A3), and with three different ceramic thicknesses (0.5, 1, or 1.5 mm), were fabricated from an alumina‐based ceramic system. Multiple firings (3, 5, 7, or 9 firings) were performed, and color changes (ΔE00) were determined using a spectrophotometer. Repeated‐measures ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The Duncan test was used for multiple comparisons (α = .05).ResultsThe L*a*b* values of the specimens were affected by the number of firings (3, 5, 7, or 9), veneering ceramic shades (A1 or A3) and veneering ceramic thicknesses (0.5, 1, or 1.5 mm). Significant interactions were present between the number of firings, veneering ceramic shade, and veneering ceramic thickness for L* (p < .001), a* (p < .001), and b* (p < .001) values.ConclusionsNo statistically significant color change was observed between 3rd and 9th firings.Clinical SignificanceVeneering ceramic shade, veneering ceramic thickness, and number of firings should be carefully considered to obtain an acceptable color match of the definitive restorations.