bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sumber Pendapatan dan Proporsi Pengeluaran Keluarga Petani untuk Konsumsi, Tabungan dan Investasi: Studi Kasus Petani di Kecamatan Pedan Kabupaten Klaten
Authors: Djiwandi Djiwandi 
Published: April 2018

<p>Petani di Jawa pada umumnya menguasai tanah pertanian kurang dari setengah hektar, sehingga pendapatannya dari usahatani selalu kecil. Pendapatan tersebut tidak mungkin dapat digunakan untuk kebutuhan hidupnya, apalagi hidup makmur. Oleh karena itu petani dengan keluarganya berusaha mencari tambahan pendapatan dari usaha di luar sektor pertanian.</p><p>Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui besarnya pendapatan keluarga petani dari usahatani dan dari luar sektor pertanian, serta proporsi pengeluaran keluarga petani untuk konsumsi, tabungan dan investasi. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder yang berasal dari desa-desa Kecamatan Pedan Kabupaten Klaten.</p><p>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pendapatan dari usaha di luar sektor pertanian lebah besar daripada dari usahatani. Pendapatan dari usahatani tidak cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi rumah tangga petani dan harus ditambah dari pendapatan di luar sektor pertanian. Selain untuk memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi keluarga, pendapatannya juga ditabung untuk keperluan lain dan atau diinvestasikan dalam usahatani maupun usaha di luar sektor pertanian.</p>
Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pinning of Pediatric Supracondylar Humeral Fractures
Authors: Vuillermin Carley , May Collin , Kasser James 
Published: April 2018

Supracondylar humeral fractures are the most common elbow fractures in children requiring operative intervention. They are classified according to the Gartland system as nondisplaced (type I), displaced with hinging and the posterior cortex intact (type II), and completely displaced (type III). The standard treatment for type-II and III fractures is closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. The timing of surgery depends on the severity of the fracture and the presence of any neurovascular injury. Preoperative assessment of the neurologic and vascular status is imperative, and can be challenging in a young child. The steps of the surgical procedure consist of the following.Position the patient supine with the affected extremity on a fluoroscopy detector or hand-table.Perform closed reduction.Apply longitudinal traction with the elbow in 30° of flexion.Correct medial or lateral translational displacement.Correct varus or valgus malalignment.Maintain traction and flex the elbow, placing pressure over the olecranon process to correct extension at the fracture site.Assess reduction using anteroposterior, oblique, and lateral fluoroscopic views.Place divergent pins from the lateral side, using 2 pins for type-II and 3 pins for type-III fractures.Assess stability by moving the elbow through a range of motion under live fluoroscopy in the lateral projection. If the fracture is determined to be unstable with lateral-only pins, proceed with medial pin placement through a mini-open approach.Cut the pins and bend them outside the skin. Then apply a long-arm bivalved cast.

The pins are removed between 3 and 4 weeks postoperatively, depending on patient age, and range of motion is initiated. Elbow stiffness is common for 4 to 6 weeks, but a return to a nearly full range of motion can be expected. Resumption of normal activities should be delayed until the fracture is fully healed and the range of motion is nearly normal.
Solitary Trochleoplasty for Treatment of Recurrent Patellar Dislocation
Authors: Camathias Carlo , Speth Bernhard Maria , Rutz Erich , Schlemmer Thomas , Papp Kata , Vavken Patrick , Studer Kathrin 
Published: April 2018

Background:
Solitary trochleoplasty for recurrent patellar dislocation offers a unique benefit in that it addresses the most important factor in patellar instability: the trochlear dysplasia.

Description:
The trochlea is visualized through a lateral arthrotomy of the knee joint. An osteochondral layer is peeled off with curved chisels and extended into the intercondylar notch. A triangular bone block is removed from the subchondral bone to form the new groove. A new groove is begun with a chisel and smoothed with a high-speed burr. Also, the osteochondral layer is thinned out and fixed back transosseously in the new groove with 2 Vicryl (polyglactin) bands. The bone block is used to lengthen the lateral condyle by placing it under the osteochondral layer at the proximal extension of the lateral femoral condyle with an overlap of 1 cm.

Alternatives:
Nonsurgical alternatives include a knee or patellar brace, taping of the patella, and physiotherapy for strengthening of the vastus medialis obliquus of the quadriceps muscle. Surgical alternatives include reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament; several femoral and tibial osteotomies, such as rotational osteotomies of the femur and tibia or medialization of the tibial tuberosity; and several soft-tissue interventions, such as medial reefing, relocation of the patellar tendon as described by Goldthwait
1
, and proximal realignments according to the method described by Insall et al.
2
or Green et al.
3
.

Rationale:
Most patients with recurrent patellar dislocation have a dysplastic trochlea
4
, which is considered to be the primary reason for a recurrence. While interventions such as reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament or femoral and tibial osteotomies also provide stability of the patella, they do not change the most essential factor of the instability—the trochlear dysplasia. The trochleoplasty addresses this underlying condition and reshapes the trochlea.
Co creating by degrees – exploring experiences of co design
Authors: Becker Sue , Hopps Daniel , Owens Gill , Runze Jana , Morris Sarah , Bainbridge Victoria , Wylie Mark 
Published: April 2018

This is a video article. To play the video, please click on the link at the bottom of this page.Co-creation of learning and student engagement in shaping their curricula are becoming more widespread as pedagogic practice in Higher Education. The literature surrounding co-creating the learning experience has focussed primarily on the benefits for staff and students involved in terms of increased student engagement (Cook-Slather et al, 2014). The barriers to co-creation, which include perceived threats to ‘academic as expert’ and role-blurring, in part derive from a lack of transparency about the strategies for embedding co-creation of learning in established learning and teaching practices (Allin, 2014). The procedure and mechanics of co-creating curricula appear obfuscated by theoretical and academic discussions about the intersection of partnership, co-creation and student engagement. The current project seeks to throw light on and explore two different approaches to co-creating the curricula on level 6 option modules run by Psychology and Business programmes.
Evaluating and Co-creating with Student Learning Developers
Authors: McKay Jane , Petrakieva Lina , Telfer Dickson , Williams Kim , Nielsen Calum , O'Neill Deborah , MacInnes Frances , Stevenson Lori 
Published: April 2018

This is a research article supported by a video. To read the article, please click on the pdf. To play the video, click on the link at the bottom of this page.The Learning Development Centre (LDC) in the School of Health & Life Sciences at Glasgow Caledonian University serves over 6000 students, of whom over 70% have off-campus placement requirements. Provision of high-quality online support materials is therefore a priority. The LDC team has developed a suite of contextualised online resources to assist students in their development of academic and digital literacies. The LDC Team undertook a project to evaluate and enhance the resources and the LDC website. This involved the use of traditional evaluation tools in addition to the more innovative use of the 'Think Aloud Method' (Ericsson and Simon, 1984), to assess interface usability and online community content. A key to this project was the Team’s partnership with students, as ‘Student Learning Developers’ who played a pivotal role in the evaluation and co-creation of resources. This has helped to embed a culture of student collaboration within the LDC. In addition to showcasing the community and sharing students’ experiences of participating in the project, this submission will include discussion about effective ways of creating, evaluating and promoting online learning development resources, together with the LDC team’s reflections on partnership working with students.
Students as digital partners – empowering staff and students together
Authors: Harvey Fiona 
Published: April 2018

Over the last four years, students from across the University of Southampton have been working in partnership with academic teams to support the development of digital skills for both staff and students. The ethos of everything that they do is ‘working together’ and they understand that they must evidence their activities, using open badges combined with a portfolio. This combination supports their online presence as well as providing an evidence base for impact, providing the University with a rich source of good practice and authentic learning. Students are working on a range of projects in education and some research activities have also been supported, including eBooks, blogs, the creation of resources and engagement with new tools. This case study explains the process of setting up and managing a cross-university digital literacies development programme, including plans for expansion to cover pathways for students and, potentially, staff, as they work together to become engaged and empowered learners.
Modeling and Simulating Multi-Polymer Injections
Authors: Preux Christophe , Malinouskaya Iryna , Nguyen Quang-Long , Tabary René 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In a process of enhanced oil recovery (polymer flooding), of well treatment (conformance control, water shut-off) or eventually any other process, the injection of several types of polymer solutions can be envisioned. Polymers considered could have different chemical structure, may not have been dissolved in the same water and may not necessarily be injected in a single and unique well. The same question appears in connection with a method where a mixture of two (or more) polymers would be intentionally injected. The few studies available involve mixtures of polymers in organic solvents.
We could not find a study dedicated to an injection of a blend of polymers in porous media. Only a theoretical paper by V.P. Budtov [1] drew our attention, focusing on the estimation of the relative viscosity of a mixture of several polymers. Its main message is that, in order to make sense, the mixture is assumed as a single homogeneous phase, at least in a given area of concentration. The adsorption of several "polymer" components raises a difficult question about the so-called competitive adsorption.
There are two opposite answers. In the first one, at the laboratory scale, chemical interactions on the rock surface are instantaneous ("first come, first adsorbed"). According to the other one, at the reservoir scale, exchanges have all the time necessary to occur and they take place in the direction of a preferential adsorption of the stronger mass or higher affinity polymer ("hierarchical model"). In this paper, we present a complete modeling and simulation of multi-polymer injection(s), based on physical data. The concepts of mobility reduction and adsorption are studied and validated through some test cases. In particular, the effect of multi-polymer injection(s) on adsorption is investigated. In the first part, we introduce the mathematical system and the method used to solve it. The second part addresses the modeling of different parameters such as mobility and permeability reduction and hierarchical adsorption based on experimental data. Then, we discuss some numerical experiments realized thanks to the in-house software PumaFlowTM to validate the model and study the effect of multi-polymer injection(s) on adsorption. Finally, we conclude with the benefit provided by such type of modeling and we present the perspectives of this work.
Pore Shape Factors in Shale: Calculation and Impact Evaluation on Fluid Imbibition
Authors: Yang Bin , You Lijun , Kang Yili , Chen Zhangxin , Yang Jian , Han Huifen , Wang Liang 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
In shale gas reservoirs, the fluid imbibition was quite common during well drilling and stimulation, and it also related with engineering designs such as the borehole instability control and hydraulic fracturing operation, which fluid spontaneous imbibition into shales became a hot issues. In current fluid imbibition models, the pore shape was usually assumed to be circular tube, whereas scanning electron microscope (SEM) images analysis showed that the pore shapes in shale derived a lot from the ideal circular pores. One of the approaches to correct the deviation between the pore shapes and the ideal circular pores was to introduce a pore shape factor into the imbibition model. This paper provided a model to calculate the shape factors for specific geometric pores, and then based on the shape and proportion analyses of the inorganic and organic pores in shale, a comprehensive pore shape factor can be obtained. For tested two shale samples, the comprehensive pore shape factor was 0.54 and 0.61. Taking the values into the fluid imbibition model, it showed that the predicted curves accord quite well with the experimental data, and if the pore shape factors were ignored, there would present an overestimation of 37.0% and 27.9%, respectively. It seemed that calculating the pore shape factor accurately and involving it in the imbibition model would be very essential when dealing with the experimental fluid imbibition data or conducted field fluid imbibition volume predictions.
Optimization of Downhole Fluid Sampling Using Focused Probes
Authors: Kristensen Morten , Machado Cintia , Chugunov Nikita 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Acquisition of fluid samples using wireline formation testers is an integral part of reservoir evaluation and fluid characterization. The use of focused probe technology, in which the flow of mud filtrate to the main sampling port is shielded by one or more guard ports, has proved to be particularly effective in acquiring clean formation fluid samples with short pump-out times. To both improve operational efficiency for the current focused probes and optimize the design of next-generation tools, it is necessary to understand how to optimally operate the tools in different sampling environments. The objective of this study is to investigate optimal sampling strategies for focused tools in presence of formation and fluid property uncertainty. In particular, the pump rates for the sample and guard ports in a focused tool can be manipulated, allowing for optimization of pump rate profiles to maximize overall sampling efficiency.
We use a numerical forward model of the filtrate cleanup process coupled with optimization. We study the problem of pump rate profile optimization in different sampling environments and compare the results against two operating strategies commonly applied in the field.
The optimization results show that significant sampling time savings are possible (for each sampling station) compared with a default fixed-rate strategy, especially in environments characterized by a high viscosity contrast between the formation fluid and mud filtrate. These savings translate directly into rig time savings for the operator. In general, the results in the paper provide guidance on optimal focused-sampling operation in different environments.
CO2–Stripping of Kerogen Condensates in Source Rocks
Authors: Baek Seunghwan , Akkutlu I. Yucel 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Much work has been done targeting hydrocarbon fluids in organic materials of source rocks such as kerogen and bitumen. These were, however, limited in scope to simple fluids confined in nanopores and ignored multi-component effects. Recent studies using hydrocarbon mixtures revealed that compositional variation caused by selective adsorption and nano-confinement significantly alters the fluids phase equilibrium properties. One important consequence of this behavior is capillary condensation and trapping of hydrocarbons in nanopores. Fluid expansion is not an effective mechanism in these pores. To show the impact of lean gas injection on the hydrocarbons recovery, an investigation is carried out using equilibrium molecular simulations of hydrocarbon mixtures with varying concentrations of CO2. The results with N2 are also presented for comparison. We show that large molecules in the mixture are left behind in nanopores are generally responsible for the residual hydrocarbon amount, and that high-pressure CO2 injection extracts more hydrocarbons from the nanopores than that based on pressure depletion only. In these small pores, the injection pressure and the kind of injected gas play a critical role in recovery. We also show that the nanopore surface area, rather than the nanopore size, is the primary factor affecting the residual amount. CO2 molecules introduced into the nanpores during the soaking period of a cyclic injection operation lead to exchange of molecules and a shift in the phase equilibrium properties of the confined fluids. This exchange has a stripping effect and in turn enhances the hydrocarbons recovery. However, the subsequent production and pressure depletion has no additional impact on the recovery beyond the stripping effect. CO2 injection and soaking has the ability to extract the heavier hydrocarbon fluids irrespective of the operating pressure conditions, while the pressure depletion produces the lighter fluids from the nanopores.
Field-Scale Production Optimization with Intelligent Wells
Authors: Ilamah Osho , Waterhouse Ross 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Intelligent wells with inflow control valves enable flexible management of multiple reservoir intervals. In this paper, we describe model based optimization of inflow control valve settings for a producing North Sea field. A two step, non-invasive, iterative pattern search optimization algorithm is applied. The first step provides global search of the feasible region using a discrete genetic algorithm whereas the second step provides local search around the incumbent solution. To account for reservoir uncertainties, optimization is performed on a diverse set of history matched reservoir model realizations, within an automated framework. The results show a significant improvement in predicted reservoir production performance over the remaining life of the field.
Sulphate in Original Reservoir Chalk Rocks: Release of Sulphate by Desulphated Sea Water and Effects on Wettability
Authors: Fjelde Ingebret 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Injection of sea water (SW) into oil reservoirs for pressure maintenance or sweep can in some cases cause reservoir souring, sulphate scaling and formation damage. Change of injection water from SW to desulphated sea water (D-SW) may reduce these problems. The objective for the presented study was to investigate the interactions between reservoir chalk rocks and D-SW, and to determine the effects of low sulphate concentration in formation water (FW) on oil production from reservoir chalk.
FW, SW, D-SW (synthetic) and water from a sulphate removal plant (SRPW) were injected to reservoir chalk plugs. Effluent samples were analysed for sulphate, pH and elements to investigate the interactions between brines and minerals. During the brine injections, the potential for formation damage was also evaluated by measuring differential pressure across the core plugs. Reservoir chalk plugs were prepared using FW without sulphate and FW with sulphate concentration as in real FW, to investigate the effect of initial sulphate on spontaneous imbibition and viscous flooding.
No pressure build-up was observed when FW, SW, D-SW and SRPW were injected to the reservoir chalk plugs. Sulphate effluent peaks were observed during injection of FW, D-SW and SRPW to the reservoir chalk. The effluent pH was higher in the D-SW and SRPW injections than in the FW injections. The compositions of effluent samples confirmed the interactions between the reservoir chalk and these brines. Both spontaneous imbibition and viscous flooding with SW showed that the reservoir chalk with initial sulphate was more water-wet than the same chalk without initial sulphate.
Injection of D-SW will reduce the amount of sulphate produced in the oil fields, but the study has shown that sulphate will be produced due to the release of sulphate from the original reservoir chalks. Since SW has been reported to improve the oil recovery, it is important to compare the oil recovery potential for D-SW and SW before the type of injection brine is selected. It will then be important to prepare the reservoir rock with the correct amount of initial sulphate.
A Comparison of Clean-Up Efficiency of Multiple Fractured Horizontal Wells and Hydraulically Fractured Vertical Wells in Tight Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Nasriani Hamid Reza , Jamiolahmady Mahmoud 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is a well-established stimulation technique especially for unconventional reservoirs. However, sometimes its performance is less than expected due to poor cleanup of the injected fracture fluid. There are publications studying the clean-up efficiency of hydraulic fractures in vertical wells, however, there is little information in this area for multiple fractured horizontal wells, MFHWs.
This paper compares the fracture cleanup efficiency of a hydraulically fractured vertical well (VW) with that of multiple fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) using numerical simulations and statistical approaches.
In these simulations, twelve parameters related to fracture and matrix relative permeability and matrix capillary pressure were varied simultaneously based on the two-level full factorial experimental design statistical method. Gas production loss (GPL), as the response term, was calculated and input into Response Surface Model. In each set, the correlation between parameters and GPL was established and compared to investigate the post-fracturing cleanup efficiency.
Results show that the direction of impact of parameters for VW and MFHW are similar except for the matrix permeability, Km. This difference is attributed to the flow geometry and how the well has been completed. This observation underlines that in MFHWs, the cleanup mechanism and the sequences of the importance of pertinent parameters could be different from those of the VWs.
Results also indicate that matrix Book's type capillary pressure pertinent parameters are more important in the MFHW sets whilst Corey type relative permeability parameters are more important in VWs. These observations suggest that having a higher capillary pressure is more important in MFHWs because it results in more FF imbibition into the matrix and consequently less resistance to gas flow within the fracture. Several MFHW models with different number of fractures were constructed, which demonstrated that although the impact on well productivity is significant, its impact on clean-up performance was minimal.
These results improve our understanding of VWs and MFHWs clean-up and design of such costly operations.