bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief report: Assessing the risk of reporting bias in a RCT for adolescent mothers
Authors: Stevens Jack , Rotz Dana , Goesling Brian 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionMost adolescent sexual and reproductive health studies rely solely upon self‐report surveys to assess key variables such as pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The current study investigated the risk of reporting bias that may result from using such surveys to measure outcomes in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsAs part of an RCT of a multicomponent intervention to delay repeat pregnancy among adolescent mothers, we compared survey data on repeat pregnancy with birth records from a state's vital statistics system. The survey assessed contraceptive use, pregnancy status, and future pregnancy intentions. The sample consisted of American adolescents ages 18 and 19 years who were at least 28 weeks pregnant or less than nine weeks postpartum.ResultsFor 14 of 331 study participants (4 percent), we found a birth record in the vital statistics system for a mother who reported not having gotten pregnant on the survey. We found no evidence of underreporting for the other survey respondents. The rate of underreporting was similar for the intervention and control groups.ConclusionsA low rate of underreporting for repeat pregnancy in adolescent mothers was found in the present sample.
Occupational exposure to heavy metals, alcohol intake, and risk of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes among Chinese male workers
Authors: Yang Ai‐Min , Hu Xiao‐Bin , Liu Simin , Cheng Ning , Zhang De‐Sheng , Li Juan‐Sheng , Li Hai‐Yan , Ren Xiao‐Wei , Li Na , Sheng Xi‐Pin , Ding Jiao , Zheng Shan , Wang Min‐Zheng , Zheng Tong‐Zhang , Bai Ya‐Na 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObjectiveBoth exposure to heavy metals and alcohol intake have been related to the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, we aimed to assess the potential interactions between metal exposure and alcohol intake on the risk of T2D and prediabetes in a cohort of Chinese male workers.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of 26,008 Chinese male workers in an occupational cohort study from 2011 to 2013. We assessed metal exposure and alcohol consumption at baseline in these workers who were aged ≥20 years. Based on occupations which were categorized according to measured urine metal levels, multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the independent and joint effects of metal and alcohol exposure on the risk of T2D and prediabetes.ResultsRisks of T2D (Ptrend = 0.001) and prediabetes (Ptrend = 0.001) were significantly elevated with increasing number of standard drinks per week, years of drinking, and lifetime alcohol consumption. An adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 6.1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.8–7.8) was observed for the smelting/refining workers (highest metal exposure levels) who had the highest lifetime alcohol consumption (>873 kg) (Pinteraction = 0.018), whereas no statistically significant joint effect was found for prediabetes (Pinteraction = 0.515).ConclusionsBoth exposures to metal and heavy alcohol intake were associated with the risk of diabetes in this large cohort of male workers. There was a strong interaction between these two exposures in affecting diabetes risk that needs to be confirmed in future studies.
Transnational Climate Litigation: The Contribution of the Global South
Authors: Peel Jacqueline , Lin Jolene 
Published: June 2019

AbstractSince the conclusion of the Paris Agreement, climate litigation has become a global phenomenon, casting courts as important players in multilevel climate governance. However, most climate litigation scholarship focuses on court actions in the Global North. This Article is the first to shine a light on the Global South's contribution to transnational climate litigation. Analysis of this experience is essential if transnational climate jurisprudence is to contribute meaningfully to global climate governance, and to ensuring just outcomes for the most climate-vulnerable.
The Differend of Justice: Violence and Redemption in Dworkin'sJustice for Hedgehogs
Authors: OLNEY CHARLES 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article uses Ronald Dworkin's argument for the unity of value to explore the redemptive core of modern legal order. Dworkin establishes a formal unity: all legal claims reside within a linked framework of moral justification. However, Jean-Francois Lyotard's concept of the differend exposes a lingering gap. Arguments within a moral universe do inevitably converge, but such unity is only possible due to the formative violence enactedbysuch orders. Dworkin hopes to provide the definitive statement against moral subjectivity, but in its purest form, he proves precisely the opposite. The lesson to draw from Dworkin's work is that ‘justice’ is ultimately only the means by which political orders categorize and thereby sustain their own formative acts of exclusion under the guise of offering their redemption.
Improving Emotional Competence in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Mild Intellectual Disability in Schools: A Preliminary Treatment Versus Waitlist Study
Authors: Ratcliffe Belinda , Wong Michelle , Dossetor David , Hayes Susan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of delivering a new cognitive behavioural intervention package ‘Emotion-Based Social Skills Training (EBSST) for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Mild Intellectual Disability (ASD + MID)’ in schools. Fourteen school counsellors nominated 75 children (aged 7–13 years) with ASD + MID to receive 16 sessions of EBSST in groups of 3–8 children in their schools. Parent and teacher pre-post ratings of emotional competence (Emotions Development Questionnaire), social skills (Social Skills Improvement System Rating Scales) and mental health (Developmental Behaviour Checklist) were collected. Forty-three children received 16 sessions of EBSST and 32 children were allocated to the 9-month waitlist control group. Teachers and parents also received six EBSST training sessions in separate groups at school. Significant improvements in parent and teacher ratings of emotional competence were found at posttreatment among children in the EBSST group relative to controls; however, the results were not significant after the Bonferroni adjustment. Small to medium effect sizes were found. No difference in untrained social skills or mental health was observed. This study provides preliminary support for the utility of EBSST in teaching emotional competence skills for children with ASD + MID in schools and provides valuable pilot data for future research.
Refined scales of weak-mixing dynamical systems: typical behaviour
Authors: CARVALHO SILAS L. , DE OLIVEIRA CÉSAR R. 
Published: June 2019

We study sets of measure-preserving transformations on Lebesgue spaces with continuous measures taking into account extreme scales of variations of weak mixing. It is shown that the generic dynamical behaviour depends on subsequences of time going to infinity. We also present corresponding generic sets of (probability) invariant measures with respect to topological shifts over finite alphabets and Axiom A diffeomorphisms over topologically mixing basic sets.
Hidden gender dimensions of the brain drain: the case of Turkey
Authors: Elveren Adem Yavuz , Toksöz Gülay 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study examines the gender dimension of the brain drain in Turkey, drawing on the results of an online survey to argue that the gender inequality present in sending countries can serve as a push factor in women's decisions to migrate and return or not return. The results indicate that the gender gap in the labor market in Turkey is an important factor in shaping the return intentions of female Turkish professionals and students living abroad. The findings reveal a gender gap in return intentions independent of other main factors, such as age, field of study/occupation, or duration of stay.
A comparison of epiphytic nematode diversity and assemblages inCorallinaturves on British and South Korean coasts across hierarchical spatial scales
Authors: Kim Hyeong-Gi , Hawkins Lawrence E. , Godbold Jasmin A. , Maclean Moira , Oh Chul-Woong , Rho Hyun Soo , Hawkins Stephen J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCosmopolitan habitat-forming taxa of algae such as the genusCorallinaprovide an opportunity to compare patterns of biodiversity over wide geographic scales. Nematode assemblages inhabitingCorallinaturves were compared between the south coasts of the British Isles and South Korea. A fully nested design was used with three regions in each country, two shores in each region and replicate samples taken from three patches on each shore to compare differences in the taxonomic and biological trait composition of nematode assemblages across scales. A biological traits approach, based on functional diversity of nematodes, was used to make comparisons between countries, among regions, between shores and among patches. The taxonomic and biological trait compositions of nematode assemblages were significantly different across all spatial scales (patches, shores, regions and countries). There is greater variation amongst nematode assemblages at the scale of shore than at other spatial scales. Nematode assemblage structure and functional traits are influenced by the local environmental factors on each shore including sea-surface temperature, the amount of sediment trapped inCorallinaspp. and tidal range. The sea-surface temperature and the amount of sediment trapped inCorallinaspp. were the predominant factors determining nematode abundance and composition of assemblages and their functional diversity.
Bayesian modelling of a hepatitis A outbreak in men who have sex with men in Sydney, Australia, 1991/1992
Authors: Zhang X.-S. , Charlett A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTo control hepatitis A spread by vaccination, accurate estimation of transmissibility is vital. Reganet al. (2016) proposed a model of hepatitis A virus (HAV) transmission and used least squares to calibrate model to the 1991/1992 HAV outbreak in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Sydney, Australia. Based on the estimate ofR0, they obtained the critical immunity of 70% and showed that when the proportion immune <70%, there is a definite chance for outbreaks to take place. The immunity level from previous surveys ranges from 32% to 64% after 1996 while no outbreaks in Australian MSMs have been reported since 1996. Further noticing the ill-distributed parameters, we argue that their estimate ofR0is not accurate. In this study, we revisited their model by Bayesian inference, which has privilege over least squares. We obtained the appropriate posterior distributions of parameters and the estimate ofR0ranges from 1.38 to 2.89, indicating a critical immunity of 65%. The reduction in critical immunity and outbreak probabilities predicts the absence of outbreaks in Australian MSMs since 1996. Our study shows the importance of using appropriate methods to provide reliable and accurate estimates of the model parameters especially the transmissibility.
La polarité de un tant soit peu
Authors: Voicu Roxana 
Published: June 2019

RESUMEL’article soulève la question de la polarité de la constructionun tant soit peu, faisant suite à une analyse récente de Spector (2012) qui relève son statut d’item bipolaire. L’analyse menée dans le cadre de la pragmatique lexicale d’Israel (2011) récuse un tel diagnostic. Empruntant à Israel (2011) l’hypothèse selon laquelle les items à polarité se laissent prédire par la conventionnalisation de la valeur argumentative, emphase ou atténuation, l’analyse montre le statut argumentativement sous-spécifié du quantifieur et, conséquemment, son échec à devenir un item à polarité. La diachronie se trouve convoquée à travers un réseau de relations reliant le quantifieur soumis à l’analyse àsi peu que ce soitetun peu. Issue du paradigme depeuoù elle instancie à l’origine une concessive extensionnelle, la construction intègre par réanalyse le paradigme deun peuen raison, entre autres, du sémantisme existentiel que les deux partagent. Le statut argumentativement sous-spécifié deun tant soit peureflète ainsi le comportement deun peuauprès de laquelleun tant soit peusert à varier davantage le domaine de quantification.
Balancing patient priorities for technical and interactional aspects of care in a measure of primary care quality
Authors: Mulder Carol , Sunderji Nadiya 
Published: June 2019

Abstract

Aim:
This study attempts to strike a balance to measure primary care quality in a way that considers what is important to patients, providers and the healthcare system, all at the same time.

Background:
The interest in delivering patient-centered primary care implies a need for patient-centered performance measurement. However, the distinction between measures of patient experience and technical aspects of care raises an unanswerable question: if a provider has good performance on technical measures but not on patient experience measures (or vice versa), what can be said about the quality of care?

Methods:
We surveyed patients to determine the relative priorities of each of a series of primary care measures in the patients’ relationship with their primary care provider. The on-line survey was co-designed with patient co-investigators. The items consisted of 14 primary care quality measures used in pre-existing performance report, 41 additional indicators including a novel set of patient-generated Key Performance Indicators and 17 questions about patients’ demographics, health and socioeconomic status as well as open-ended questions.

Findings:
Despite challenges, the study suggests that this is feasible. We argue that it is necessary to get better at measuring and finding ever-better ways to put patients at the center of primary care
Viewpoint: Back to the future for fisheries, where will we choose to go?
Authors: Zeller Dirk , Pauly Daniel 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
We present a view on global marine fisheries that emphasizes mitigating the conflict between sustainability and the scale of industrial exploitation driven by the demand of continuous economic growth. We then summarize the current state of global fisheries. Finally, we advocate strongly for scaling back industrial fisheries, most of which are non-sustainable. This can be achieved through eliminating the harmful, capacity-enhancing subsidies that prop up industrial fisheries to continue operating despite declining fish stocks. Instead, we propose to support well-managed, locally owned and operated small-scale fisheries, which generally contribute more to local employment and food security. We stress that contrary to deep-seated opinion in the fishing industry and among politicians, reducing overfishing by eliminating overcapacity in fishing fleets will actually lead to greater, not reduced catches. This would address part of the increased global seafood demand over the coming decades, which is driven by population and wealth growth. This seems counterintuitive, but is supported by fisheries science, data and experiences. Thankfully, we are beginning to see that some of these changes are being pursued by a growing number of countries and international institutions.
Equifinality and Flux Mapping: A New Approach to Model Evaluation and Process Representation Under Uncertainty
Authors: Khatami Sina , Peel Murray C. , Peterson Tim J. , Western Andrew W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractUncertainty analysis is an integral part of any scientific modeling, particularly within the domain of hydrological sciences given the various types and sources of uncertainty. At the center of uncertainty rests the concept of equifinality, that is, reaching a given endpoint (finality) through different pathways. The operational definition of equifinality in hydrological modeling is that various model structures and/or parameter sets (i.e., equal pathways) are equally capable of reproducing a similar (not necessarily identical) hydrological outcome (i.e., finality). Here we argue that there is more to model equifinality than model structures/parameters, that is, other model components can give rise to model equifinality and/or could be used to explore equifinality within model space. We identified six facets of model equifinality, namely, model structure, parameters, performance metrics, initial and boundary conditions, inputs, and internal fluxes. Focusing on model internal fluxes, we developed a methodology called flux mapping that has fundamental implications in understanding and evaluating model process representation within the paradigm of multiple working hypotheses. To illustrate this, we examine the equifinality of runoff fluxes of a conceptual rainfall‐runoff model for a number of different Australian catchments. We demonstrate how flux maps can give new insights into the model behavior that cannot be captured by conventional model evaluation methods. We discuss the advantages of flux space, as a subspace of the model space not usually examined, over parameter space. We further discuss the utility of flux mapping in hypothesis generation and testing, extendable to any field of scientific modeling of open complex systems under uncertainty.
Grain Friction Controls Characteristics of Seismic Cycle in Faults With Granular Gouge
Authors: Dorostkar Omid , Carmeliet Jan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMature faults at their core contain granular gouge, created due to communition of host rocks, which its frictional behavior controls earthquake nucleation and rupture patterns. In this work, we consider a fault system with granular gouge to study the effect of grain friction on the characteristics of seismic cycles. Our results show that particle friction controls the evolution of fault frictional strength as well as accumulation and release of elastic strain energy. Our discrete element simulations show that the stick‐slip frictional strength and dilation of the fault, as well as their variations, nonlinearly increase with the particle friction, but at high particle friction saturate. By statistical analyses on a large number of slip events, we find that the average recurrence time and its variations decrease with particle friction. A fault with higher grain friction shows more small slip events and also contains a limited number of extreme events. High particle friction introduces a more complex nucleation phase with higher stored energy and many recurrent small failures. We analyze the pseudo acoustic emission, which is based on monitoring the velocity signal of particles, and find higher temporal and more spatially distributed pseudo acoustic emissions for fault with higher grain friction. Our findings in this study show that, in faults with granular gouge, where the fault zone walls are totally engaged to the gouge layer, the friction at grain‐scale controls the characteristics of stick‐slip cycles including timing and amount of energy release.
On the Origin of Water Masses in the Beaufort Gyre
Authors: Kelly S. J. , Proshutinsky A. , Popova E. K. , Aksenov Y. K. , Yool A. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Beaufort Gyre is a key feature of the Arctic Ocean, acting as a reservoir for freshwater in the region. Depending on whether the prevailing atmospheric circulation in the Arctic is anticyclonic or cyclonic, either a net accumulation or release of freshwater occurs. The sources of freshwater to the Arctic Ocean are well established and include contributions from the North American and Eurasian Rivers, the Bering Strait Pacific water inflow, sea ice meltwater, and precipitation, but their contribution to the Beaufort Gyre freshwater accumulation varies with changes in the atmospheric circulation. Here we use a Lagrangian backward tracking technique in conjunction with the 1/12‐degree resolution Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean model to investigate how sources of freshwater to the Beaufort Gyre have changed in recent decades, focusing on increase in the Pacific water content in the gyre between the late 1980s and early 2000s. Using empirical orthogonal functions we analyze the change in the Arctic oceanic circulation that occurred between the 1980s and 2000s. We highlight a “waiting room” advective pathway that was present in the 1980s and provide evidence that this pathway was caused by a shift in the center of Ekman transport convergence in the Arctic. We discuss the role of these changes as a contributing factor to changes in the stratification, and hence potentially the biology, of the Beaufort Gyre region.
MEMS-in-the-lens architecture for a miniature high-NA laser scanning microscope
Authors: Liu Tianbo , Rajadhyaksha Milind , Dickensheets David L. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLaser scanning microscopes can be miniaturized for in vivo imaging by substituting optical microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices in place of larger components. The emergence of multifunctional active optical devices can support further miniaturization beyond direct component replacement because those active devices enable diffraction-limited performance using simpler optical system designs. In this paper, we propose a catadioptric microscope objective lens that features an integrated MEMS device for performing biaxial scanning, axial focus adjustment, and control of spherical aberration. The MEMS-in-the-lens architecture incorporates a reflective MEMS scanner between a low-numerical-aperture back lens group and an aplanatic hyperhemisphere front refractive element to support high-numerical-aperture imaging. We implemented this new optical system using a recently developed hybrid polymer/silicon MEMS three-dimensional scan mirror that features an annular aperture that allows it to be coaxially aligned within the objective lens without the need for a beam splitter. The optical performance of the active catadioptric system is simulated and imaging of hard targets and human cheek cells is demonstrated with a confocal microscope that is based on the new objective lens design.