bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of scleral transillumination techniques to identify infant ciliary body for sclerostomy and intravitreal injections
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Ali Asim , Henderson Robert H. , Patel C. K. , VandenHoven Cynthia , Lam Wai‐Ching 
Published: November 2018

ImportanceThere is variation in the literature for sclerotomy and intravitreal injection placement in young children, ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 mm from the limbus. We assess the accuracy of scleral transillumination to identify the ciliary body in infants for safe sclerotomy and intravitreal injections in young children.BackgroundThe study compares the perilimbal “dark band” seen on scleral transillumination (STI) with the ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), and compares these measurements with the current guidelines for sclerotomy in infants.DesignProspective case series in a tertiary paediatric hospital.ParticipantsChildren aged ≤36 months undergoing general anaesthesia for eye procedures.MethodsScleral transillumination was performed to measure the perilimbal dark band. UBM of the ciliary body region was then performed, and correlated with transillumination findings.Main Outcome MeasuresThe midpoints of STI and UBM were compared to current cadaver‐based guidelines to assess the safe point for sclerotomy.ResultsTwenty children were recruited, 36 STI and 35 UBM measurements were obtained. The posterior edge of the dark band had good correlation with the posterior border of the ciliary body. Transillumination and UBM correlated well for midpoint measurements. The midpoint of the dark band on transillumination was confirmed to be in the ciliary body by UBM in all cases.Conclusions and RelevanceThe STI technique is a useful and fast technique to demonstrate the ciliary body. The midpoint of the dark band on STI correlates well with the UBM, and has a potential use for confirming safe‐entry into the posterior segment if using current guidelines. The current cadaver‐based paediatric guidelines safely avoid retinal injury.
Diagnostic utility and pitfalls of intraoperative pulmonary imprint cytology based on final pathological diagnoses
Authors: Sugiyama Tomoko , Tajiri Takuma , Fujita Hirotaka , Hiraiwa Shinichiro , Toguchi Suguru , Nomura Nozomi , Machida Tomohisa , Nakamura Yusuke , Nakagawa Tomoki , Yamada Shunsuke , Iwazaki Masayuki , Nakamura Naoya 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the reliability of imprint cytology (IC) for intraoperative diagnosis of pulmonary lesions.MethodsWe reviewed 113 cases of pulmonary lesion resection for which a scratch imprint was made intraoperatively. We divided the specimens into two groups (benign and malignant) and compared the scratch IC‐based diagnoses against the final histopathological diagnoses in each group for concordance. We also analysed those cases in which the scratch IC preparation was classified as inadequate.ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of IC diagnoses among the patient cohort were 87.7% (72/82), 100% (7/7), 100% (72/72), 41.2% (7/17) and 88.8% (79/89), respectively. IC yielded some false‐negative results in terms of malignancy, although most of these imprints were of early cancer or cancer with mild cytological atypia. Five (41.6%) of 12 lesions for which the imprint was deemed inadequate were diagnosed histologically as granulomas with caseous necrosis.ConclusionIC‐based diagnoses of pulmonary lesions as malignant corresponded well with the final histopathological diagnoses, but IC‐based diagnoses of negative (ie, without malignant cells) were not as reliable. Thus, pathologists should recognise the limitations of IC, especially for identifying malignant lesions. Also, the possibility of latent bacterial infection in a granuloma with caseous necrosis indicates that an IC preparation deemed inadequate for diagnosis should not be ignored.
Dermatological conditions presenting to the emergency dermatological unit of a university hospital in Germany
Authors: Ansorge Claudia , Miocic Johannes M. , von Bubnoff Dagmar , Technau‐Hafsi Kristin 
Published: November 2018

SummaryBackground and ObjectivesRecently, there have been increasing numbers of patients consulting emergency units in all medical disciplines. Our aim was to analyze the demographics, referral mode, symptoms, localization of lesions, prior treatment, diagnoses and hospitalization rate of dermatological patients.Patient and MethodsThe study was conducted as a prospective single center survey over six months in the dermatology unit of a university hospital in Germany. 1552 consultations were included with consecutive sampling.ResultsThe study cohort had a mean age of 41 years and included 53 % females. Nearly half of the patients lived less than 10 kilometers from the study center. 72 % of patients referred themselves. The main symptoms were itching and occurrence of a rash; these symptoms had been present for more than a week on average. A general manifestation was present on the skin in most cases. 55 % of patients were seen by a dermatologist or a general practitioner before the consultation. Prior treatment had been received in 49 % of cases. Eight percent of patients were hospitalized. Eczema was the most common diagnosis, followed by urticaria and scabies.ConclusionsThis study confirms that a considerable number of patients present with non‐urgent diagnoses. Careful prescreening and sensitization of the population may be necessary to reverse this trend.
Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for complex achalasia and the POEM difficulty score
Authors: Bechara Robert , Woo Matthew , Hookey Lawrence , Chung Wiley , Grimes Kevin , Ikeda Haruo , Onimaru Manabu , Sumi Kazuya , Nakamura Jun , Hata Yoshitaka , Maruyama Shota , Gomi Kuniyo , Shimamura Yuto , Inoue Haruhiro 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundPeroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for achalasia is technically challenging to carry out in patients with type III, multiple prior treatments, prior myotomy, and sigmoid type. Herein, we present a series of consecutive patients with complex achalasia and introduce the POEM difficulty score (PDS).AimTo demonstrate the application and discuss the utility of PDS and present the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of POEM in complex achalasia patients.MethodsForty consecutive POEM were carried out with 28 meeting the criteria for complex achalasia. Primary outcome was clinical success (Eckardt score ≤3) at a minimum of 3 months follow‐up. Secondary outcomes included adverse events, procedural velocity and PDS.ResultsTwenty‐eight complex and 12 non‐complex POEM procedures were carried out with 100% and 92% clinical success, respectively, without any major adverse events with a median follow up of 15 months (complex) and 8 months (non‐complex). Mean velocities for non‐complex, type III, prior myotomy, ≥4 procedures and sigmoid type were as follows: 4.4 ± 1.6, 4.8 ± 1.5, 5.9 ± 2.2, 6.9 ± 2.2 and 8.2 ± 3.2 min/cm, respectively. Median PDS for non‐complex, type III, prior myotomy, ≥4 treatments and sigmoid type were 1 (0–3), 2 (0–4), 2.5 (1–6), 3 (2–6) and 3.5 (1–6), respectively. PDS was shown to correlate well with procedural velocity with a correlation coefficient of 0.772 (Spearman's P < 0.001).ConclusionsPDS identifies the factors that contribute to challenging POEM procedures and correlates well with procedural velocity. The order of increasing difficulty of POEM in complex achalasia appears to be type III, prior myotomy, ≥4 treatments and sigmoid type.
Current practices in the management of adenovirus infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients in Europe: The AdVance study
Authors: González‐Vicent Marta , Verna Marta , Pochon Cécile , Chandak Aastha , Vainorius Enrikas , Brundage Tom , Mozaffari Essy , Nichols Garrett , Rao Kanchan 
Published: November 2018

AbstractObjectiveAdenovirus (AdV) infections are potentially life‐threatening for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo‐HCT) recipients. The AdVance study aimed to evaluate the incidence, management, and outcomes of AdV infections in European allo‐HCT recipients.MethodsAs part of the study, physician surveys were conducted to determine current AdV screening and treatment practices at their center.ResultsAll of the 28 respondents who treat pediatric patients reported routine AdV screening practices, with 93% screening all allo‐HCT recipients and others screening those with transplant‐related risk factors. Nearly all centers take a pre‐emptive approach to AdV treatment in both high‐ (89%) and low‐risk patients (75%). Among the 14 respondents who treat adult patients, 5 (36%) reported routine screening practices and few (21%) screen all allo‐HCT recipients unless risk factors are present. In adults, pre‐emptive AdV treatment is uncommon and quantitative AdV thresholds are rare. Typical treatment for all patients with symptomatic AdV infection is off‐label intravenous cidofovir.ConclusionsOur findings confirm that screening for AdV is more common in pediatric patients. Antiviral treatment is employed in both pediatric and adult patients, although adults are generally treated when AdV disease is diagnosed. The approach to AdV screening and treatment is risk‐based and consistent with clinical guidelines.
Depredation in pelagic surface longlines in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans
Authors: Muñoz‐Lechuga Rubén , Coelho Rui 
Published: November 2018

AbstractDepredation has aroused great interest over the last few decades, mainly due to the expansion of distant fishing, in particular longlines. For this study, captures and depredation records were taken by scientific observers on board Portuguese commercial longline vessels in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans between 2011 and 2016. A total of 1,336 fishing sets were monitored, with a total of 86,183 fish captured, including 1,681 depredation events. The percentage of depredation tended to increase along the time series, except in the last year where a decrease was noted. Significant differences between sizes of swordfish Xiphias gladius damaged by predators were observed in the Indian Ocean but not in the Atlantic. The highest proportions of depredation were observed on tuna and small pelagic fishes in both oceans. For swordfish, the effects of spatial variables were significant on the rate of depredation events. The results provide an overview of the depredation patterns in the Portuguese pelagic longline fishery in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, which can inform and improve fisheries management and contribute to the development of effective mitigation measures to reduce the impacts of depredation on fisheries.
Unique sympatric quartet of limnetic, benthic, profundal and piscivorous brown trout populations resolved by 3D sampling and focused molecular marker selection
Authors: Verspoor Eric , Coulson Mark W. , Greer Ronald B. , Knox David 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

The full extent of sympatric intraspecific population diversity (SIPD) i.e. structuring into multiple genetically distinct Mendelian populations, remains uncertain for most lacustrine fish species, particularly in northern lakes. However, increasing application of molecular genetics is advancing understanding and has shown both that many known intraspecific sympatric lacustrine morphological and behavioural polymorphisms represent SIPD, and resolved the existence of phenotypically cryptic structuring.

Uncertainty remains as only a few northern lakes have been comprehensively surveyed and existing studies focus on known phenotypic polymorphisms or exploit ad hoc field sampling, marker selection and data analysis methods. Such unfocused approaches constrain resolving power and increase the likelihood of failing to detect SIPD when present.

Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in a previously unstudied Scottish lake were collected by 3D stratified random netting. They were screened with both an arbitrary set of molecular markers and markers pre‐selected for their ability to resolve regional allopatric brown trout population structuring and data analysed by both Bayesian and non‐Bayesian approaches.

Depth clines for mitochondrial and microsatellite markers variation were observed and found to arise from different, but overlapping, depth distributions of four genetically distinct piscivorous, limnetic, shallow benthic, and profundal benthic populations. This is the highest number of ecologically and phenotypically distinct sympatric brown populations identified in any lake to date, and includes the first reported profundal benthic form.

The detection of the SIPD in Loch Laidon depended critically on the random 3D sampling and using markers preselected for their power to differentiate regional allopatric populations of trout, as well as aided by using both Bayesian and non‐Bayesian analytical approaches.

The findings support the view that the extent of ecologically and evolutionarily significant SIPD is probably underestimated in brown trout and other fish species, and probably is a significant component of the biodiversity in many northern hemisphere lakes.
Trophic coupling of the microbial and the classical food web in Lake Baikal, Siberia
Authors: Moore Marianne V. , De Stasio Bart T. , Huizenga Kristin N. , Silow Eugene A. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Pelagic copepods often couple the classical and microbial food webs by feeding on microzooplankton (e.g. ciliates) in oligotrophic aquatic systems, and this consumption can trigger trophic cascades within the microbial food web. Consumption of mixotrophic microzooplankton, which are both autotrophic and heterotrophic within the same individual, is of particular interest because of its influence on carbon transfer efficiency within aquatic food webs.

In Lake Baikal, Siberia, it is unknown how carbon from a well‐developed microbial food web present during summer stratification moves into higher trophic levels within the classical food web.

We conducted in situ experiments in August 2015 to test the hypotheses that: (a) the lake's dominant endemic copepod (Epischura baikalensis), previously assumed to be an herbivore feeding on diatoms, connects the microbial and classical food webs by ingesting ciliates; and (b) this feeding initiates top‐down effects within the microbial food web.

Our results supported these hypotheses. E. baikalensis individuals consumed on average 101–161 ciliates per day, obtaining 96%–98% of their ingested carbon from ciliates and the remainder from small diatoms. Clearly, E. baikalensis is omnivorous, and it is probably channelling more primary production from both the microbial food web and the classical food web of Lake Baikal to higher trophic levels than any other pelagic consumer.

Most ciliates consumed were a mixotrophic oligotrich and such taxa are often abundant in summer in other oligotrophic lakes. Consumption of these mixotrophs is likely to boost substantially the transfer efficiency of biomass to higher trophic levels with potential implications for fish production, but this has seldom been investigated in oligotrophic lakes.

Feeding of E. baikalensis initiated a three‐link predatory cascade which reduced the abundance of ciliates and elevated growth rates of heterotrophic nanoflagellates but did not affect abundance or growth rates of autotrophic picoplankton. This demonstration of a potential trophic cascade in Lake Baikal indicates that investigations at larger spatial–temporal scales are needed to identify the conditions promoting or precluding trophic cascades in this lake.
The role of fine sediment characteristics and body size on the vertical movement of a freshwater amphipod
Authors: Mathers Kate L. , Hill Matthew J. , Wood Connor D. , Wood Paul J. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Sedimentation and clogging (colmation) of interstitial pore spaces with fine sediment particles is widely considered to be one of the most significant threats to lotic ecosystem functioning. This paper presents the results of a running water mesocosm study examining the effect of benthic and hyporheic fine sediment loading and particle size on the vertical movement and distribution of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex.

A gradient of fine sediment loading and different particle sizes were used to examine the ability of G. pulex from two body size classes to access and migrate vertically within subsurface sediments.

We tested three hypotheses: (a) sediment loading would modify the distribution of G. pulex by limiting vertical movement; (b) the deposition of large particles and heterogenous sediments would limit the vertical movement of individuals more than homogeneous fine‐grained sediments; and (c) large bodied individuals would be prevented from migrating vertically with increasing sediment loading and particle size/heterogeneity.

Sediment loading, particle size and heterogeneity of deposited sediment had a significant effect on the vertical movement of individuals, with heterogeneous sand (0.125–4 mm) acting as the strongest barrier to the vertical movement of individuals through the infilling and clogging of interstitial spaces followed by coarse (1–4 mm) and fine sand (0.125–4 mm).

Fine sediment loading and particle size acted as a filter on body size and limited the ability of large bodied individuals to migrate vertically to a greater extent than small bodied individuals.

This study demonstrates that the effects of fine sediment on habitat availability and faunal movement is dependent on both sedimentological characteristics and an individual's body size. The results illustrate the importance of both abiotic and biotic factors when evaluating the ecological effects of fine sediment deposition.
Susceptibility of European freshwater fish to climate change: Species profiling based on life‐history and environmental characteristics
Authors: Jarić Ivan , Lennox Robert J. , Kalinkat Gregor , Cvijanović Gorčin , Radinger Johannes 
Published: November 2018

AbstractClimate change is expected to strongly affect freshwater fish communities. Combined with other anthropogenic drivers, the impacts may alter species spatio‐temporal distributions and contribute to population declines and local extinctions. To provide timely management and conservation of fishes, it is relevant to identify species that will be most impacted by climate change and those that will be resilient. Species traits are considered a promising source of information on characteristics that influence resilience to various environmental conditions and impacts. To this end, we collated life‐history traits and climatic niches of 443 European freshwater fish species and compared those identified as susceptible to climate change to those that are considered to be resilient. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in their distribution, life history, and climatic niche, with climate‐change‐susceptible species being distributed within the Mediterranean region, and being characterized by greater threat levels, lesser commercial relevance, lower vulnerability to fishing, smaller body and range size, and warmer thermal envelopes. Based on our results, we establish a list of species of highest priority for further research and monitoring regarding climate‐change susceptibility within Europe. The presented approach represents a promising tool to efficiently assess large groups of species regarding their susceptibility to climate change and other threats, and to identify research and management priorities.
Pyruvic acid/ethyl pyruvate inhibits melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells through PI3K/AKT, GSK3β, and ROS‐ERK signaling pathways
Authors: Zhou Siqi , Sakamoto Kazuichi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractMelanin is the main product of human melanocytes and functions to protect skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation while conferring color to skin and hair. Tyrosinase is the rate‐limiting enzyme for melanin synthesis along with tyrosinase‐related protein (TRP)‐1 and TRP‐2. Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor regulates tyrosinase gene expression and is in turn regulated by extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT, and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)3β signaling pathways. Pyruvic acid (PA) is an energy source for ATP synthesis in the tricarboxylic acid cycle that also acts as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. As UV irradiation induces melanin synthesis and ROS generation, we speculated that PA or ethyl pyruvate (EP), a stable form of pyruvate, regulates melanogenesis. B16F10 melanoma cells served as a melanin synthesis model. Treatment with PA or EP suppressed melanin synthesis while increasing intracellular ROS levels, which was accompanied by increased ERK phosphorylation in the case of EP treatment. PA and EP induced GSK3β phosphorylation and activated PI3K/AKT signaling, leading to decreased melanin synthesis. These results indicate that PA and EP inhibit melanogenesis via PI3K/AKT and GSK3β signaling and targeting the ERK and GSK3β pathways, respectively. Thus, PA and EP can potentially be used for treatment of hyperpigmentation disorders.
Reconstruction of global regulatory network from signaling to cellular functions using phosphoproteomic data
Authors: Kawata Kentaro , Yugi Katsuyuki , Hatano Atsushi , Kokaji Toshiya , Tomizawa Yoko , Fujii Masashi , Uda Shinsuke , Kubota Hiroyuki , Matsumoto Masaki , Nakayama Keiichi I. , Kuroda Shinya 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCellular signaling regulates various cellular functions via protein phosphorylation. Phosphoproteomic data potentially include information for a global regulatory network from signaling to cellular functions, but a procedure to reconstruct this network using such data has yet to be established. In this paper, we provide a procedure to reconstruct a global regulatory network from signaling to cellular functions from phosphoproteomic data by integrating prior knowledge of cellular functions and inference of the kinase–substrate relationships (KSRs). We used phosphoproteomic data from insulin‐stimulated Fao hepatoma cells and identified protein phosphorylation regulated by insulin specifically over‐represented in cellular functions in the KEGG database. We inferred kinases for protein phosphorylation by KSRs, and connected the kinases in the insulin signaling layer to the phosphorylated proteins in the cellular functions, revealing that the insulin signal is selectively transmitted via the Pi3k‐Akt and Erk signaling pathways to cellular adhesions and RNA maturation, respectively. Thus, we provide a method to reconstruct global regulatory network from signaling to cellular functions based on phosphoproteomic data.