bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of backpack carriage on gait kinematics and kinetics of schoolchildren
Authors: Ahmad Habibah N. , Barbosa Tiago M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThere has been a growing concern among clinical and educational practitioners, as well as, policy makers on the use of backpacks by schoolchildren. On a daily basis, pupils spend a significant amount of time carrying stuffed and heavy backpacks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of backpack carriage with different loads on spatiotemporal parameters of gait, plantar pressure and force distribution under different foot regions in schoolchildren. We have assessed fifty-seven primary school students (7–9 years-old) performing four walks of 10 m (carrying 0%, 10%, 15% of body mass in the backpack and the load they brought to school). A floor-based photocell system was used to collect the gait kinematics and insoles capacitive pressure sensors the kinetics. Children walked slower and at lower cadence with the load brought to school than in the other three conditions. There was no significant main effect on stride length. Backpack carriage with different loads did have a significant effect on plantar pressure and force distribution. We noted that heavier the load, higher the pressure and force under different foot regions. Our findings highlight that gait biomechanics of children (such as stride kinematics and pressure under the feet) is affected by carrying loads in the backpacks.
Exploration of phase structure evolution induced by alloying elements in Ti alloys via a chemical-short-range-order cluster model
Authors: Jiang Beibei , Wang Qing , Dong Chuang , Liaw Peter K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe prominent comprehensive properties of solid-solution- and intermetallic-based Ti alloys are derived from their diverse microstructures induced by multi-component alloying, which results in a chemical composition complexity. A cluster-plus-glue-atom model, characterizing the chemical short-range orders, was introduced to explore the relationships among the local atomic distributions of alloying elements in different phase structures of Ti alloys, including α-Ti, β-Ti, ω-Ti, α2-Ti3Al, γ-TiAl, O-Ti2AlNb, and B2-Ti(Al,Nb). Specific cluster structural units, i.e., cluster formulas, for these phases were determined with the guide of the Friedel oscillation theory for electron-structure stabilization. It is due to the change of cluster structural units that induces the phase transformation, which is attributed to the amounts of primary alloying elements of Al and Nb. The total atom number (Z) values in these cluster structural units, calculated by the Fermi vector kF, are all very close to the integer of Z = 16. Furthermore, the composition rules of industrial multi-component Ti alloys based on these phases were generalized in light of the cluster formula approach, which will open up a new route towards designing high-performance Ti alloys with complex compositions.
Detection of vaginal lactobacilli as probiotic candidates
Authors: Pino Alessandra , Bartolo Emanuela , Caggia Cinzia , Cianci Antonio , Randazzo Cinzia L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe vaginal microbiota of healthy women is dominated by lactobacilli, which exerts important health-promoting effects to the host. In the present study, 261 lactobacilli isolated from vagina of healthy women were screened for their potential probiotic characteristics. Safety features (haemolytic activity, antibiotic susceptibility, bile salt hydrolase activity) and functional properties (resistance to low pH and bile salts, lysozyme tolerance, gastrointestinal survival, antagonistic activity against pathogens, hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, and co-aggregation abilities, hydrogen peroxide production, biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide production, adhesion capacity to both normal human vagina epithelial cells and Caco-2 epithelial cells, and lactic acid production) were in depth evaluated. Seven strains, identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus salivarius fulfilled the criteria described above. Therefore, the vaginal ecosystem represents a suitable source of probiotic candidates that could be used in new functional formulates for both gastrointestinal and vaginal eubiosis.
LncRNA MALAT1 gene polymorphisms in coronary artery disease: a case–control study in a Chinese population
Authors: Hu Weina , Ding Hanxi , Ouyang An , Zhang Xiaohong , Xu Qian , Han Yunan , Zhang Xueying , Jin Yuanzhe 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the main fatal diseases all over the world. CAD is a complex disease, which has multiple risk factors mechanisms. In recent years, genome-wide association study (GWAS) had revealed single nucleotide polymorphism genes (SNPs) which were closely related with CAD risks. The relationship between long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) and CAD risk is largely unknown. To our knowledge, this is the first study which demonstrated the interaction effects of SNP–SNP and SNP–environment with CAD risk. In general, our case–control study is to detect the association between MALAT1 (rs619586, rs4102217) SNPs and CAD risk. Methods: Three hundred and sixty-five CAD patients and three hundred and eighty-four matched control participants blood samples were collected in Liaoning province, China. Two polymorphisms (rs619586, rs4102217) in lncRNA MALAT1 were genotyped by KASP platform. Results: In a stratified analysis, we found that non-drinkers with GC genotype and the recessive model of rs4102217 had higher CAD risk (P=0.010, odds ratio (OR): 1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17–3.28; P=0.026, OR: 1.73, 95% CI = 1.07–2.79) and diabetes mellitus (DM) history group (P=0.010, OR: 4.07, 95% CI = 1.41–11.81; P=0.019, OR: 3.29, 95% CI = 1.22–8.88). In SNP–SNP interactions analysis between MALAT1 and CAD risk, we found rs4102217 had an increase in smokers (GG: OR: 2.04, 95% CI = 1.42–2.92; CC+GC: OR: 2.64, 95% CI = 1.64–4.26) and a decrease in drinkers (CC+GC: OR: 0.33, 95% CI = 0.20–0.55). Smokers with MALAT1 rs619586 AA genotype (OR: 2.20, 95% CI = 1.57–3.07) and GG+AG genotype (OR: 2.11, 95% CI = 1.17–3.81) had a higher risk of CAD. Moreover, drinkers with AA genotype (OR: 0.22, 95% CI = 0.10–0.48) and GG+AG genotype (OR: 0.38, 95% CI = 0.22–0.65) had a lower risk of CAD. According to the MDR software, MALAT1 rs4102217 polymorphism-smoking-drinking was the best interaction model, which has higher risk of CAD (Testing Bal.ACC. = 0.6979). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the GC genotype and the recessive model of rs4102217 potentially increased CAD risk in some specific group.
LncRNA MRAK048635_P1 is critical for vascular smooth muscle cell function and phenotypic switching in essential hypertension
Authors: Fang Genqiang , Qi Jia , Huang Liya , Zhao Xianxian 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Vascular remodeling caused by essential hypertension is a leading cause of death in patients, and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) dysfunction and phenotypic switching result in vascular remodeling. Therefore, inhibiting cell dysfunction and phenotypic switching in VSMCs may be a new treatment strategy for essential hypertension. The aim of the current study is to explore the roles of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) MRAK048635_P1 in VSMC function and phenotypic switching. The MRAK048635_P1 level was determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and VSMCs isolated from SHRs. MRAK048635_P1 was knocked down using a specific siRNA in VSMCs isolated from the thoracic aorta of SHRs and Wistar–Kyoto rats. Then, the proliferation and migration of VSMCs were determined using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), a 3H labeling method, a transwell assay, and a wound healing assay. Flow cytometry was used to test the effect of MRAK048635_P1 on VSMC apoptosis. The protein and mRNA levels of associated genes were measured through Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). MRAK048635_P1 showed low expression during hypertension in vivo and in vitro. Down-regulation of lncRNA MRAK048635_P1 promoted proliferation and migration and inhibited apoptosis in VSMCs isolated from healthy rat vascular tissue and SHR-derived VSMCs. Importantly, we also found that down-regulation of MRAK048635_P1 could induce VSMC phenotypic switching from a contractile to a secretory phenotype. In conclusion, our findings reveal that decreased MRAK048635_P1 is probably an important factor for vascular remodeling by affecting VSMC cell function and phenotypic switching in essential hypertension.
Flaps for Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction: Review of Literature and a Clinical Guide to the Clinicians
Authors: Mittal Gaurav , Agarwal Anmol , Kataria Gaurav 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThere are many different ways documented for reconstruction of oral and maxillofacial (OMF) region among which the use of flaps (local or distant) is commonly practiced worldwide. Modern techniques of OMF reconstruction aim to restore function as well as improve aesthetics. This article intends to review the literature on varied flaps used in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) and summarize their precise clinical implications taking into consideration the ease, difficulties, and the ultimate clinical outcomes. A review of the literature of local or distant flaps used in OMFS was done using Google database. There are many different methods of reconstruction in patients who have had defect in the OMF region due to vascular reasons. It is important for the OMF surgeon who is involved with the management of such patients to have an understanding regarding the choice of flap used to reconstruct such defects.
Research interviewers as ‘knowers’ and ‘unknowers’
Authors: Roulston Kathryn 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The qualitative research interview is ubiquitously framed as producing information about research participants’ beliefs, perspectives, opinions and experiences. These beliefs, perspectives, opinions and experiences are derived from people who are experts on their selves – that is, they have first-person knowledge of the “territories of the self” (Goffman 1971
). In concert with Goffman’s work on territories of the self, in this chapter I use work on epistemics in conversation as a tool to explore how interviewers elicit knowledge claims from research participants during interviews. Scholarship on interviewing describes the dilemma faced by research interviewers who must navigate the spectrum of potential relationships with interviewees: on the one hand, as an “insider” to a culture, “everything goes without saying”; at the other extreme, “total divergence” in which interviewer and interviewee have no shared language with which to speak about topics (
Bourdieu et al. 1999). Yet, between these two poles lie any number of potential stances from which more or less knowledgeable (K+/K−) interviewers ask questions seeking information from more or less knowledgeable (K+/K−) (Heritage 2013) research participants. This chapter examines excerpts from interview data to explore key ideas drawn from literature on epistemics in conversation analysis to consider the researcher’s work of asking questions in research interviews for the purpose of knowledge production.
On doing ‘being feminist’ and ‘being researcher’
Authors: Herron Brigette Adair 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Novice interviewers can face many problems related to interviewing technique, theoretical and ethical tensions, developing rapport, and the production of knowledge and identities with strangers and in cross-cultural contexts. Reanalyzing problematic or failed interviews using ethnomethodological (EM) approaches and the tools of membership categorization analysis (MCA) is one way of exploring minute details of interview talk to improve interview conduct. Using an EM approach and the tools of MCA, this chapter re-examines previously abandoned interview data to demonstrate how conversational resources used by a novice interviewer and interviewee led to the production of shared understandings and the production of various identities in cross-cultural contexts. This chapter concludes with recommendations for using this kind of analysis when training novice interviewers. This work recommends an intentional approach to thinking through researcher ethics before interviews are conducted to promote interview practices where data are generated, analyzed, and represented in more ethical ways.
“What does it mean?”
Authors: Smith Rebecca Ann 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Social, cultural, and institutional norms invoked by adults in school settings often limit children’s voices in educational research. This chapter re-examines interview data, focusing on methodologies used to address the challenges associated with interviewing children. For this analysis, three challenges have been identified from transcripts: limiting the child/adult binary, analyzing children’s language, and overcoming children’s inexperience with interviewing. To address these challenges, this chapter focuses on methodological strategies used in an ethnographically inspired research study. These strategies included framing children’s positions through the reconceptualized model of childhood, using open or emergent listening (Davies 2011, 2014) during interviews, and reactive entry methods (Corsaro 1985, 2003). The analysis of the children’s language is expanded to include the bodily ways or multimodal forms of communication and the closer examination of the children’s abilities to participate in multiple conversations during interviews. Excerpts from interviews initially perceived to have “failed” are examined to understand how children’s inexperience with interviewing can be misinterpreted as unpredictable. Finally, interviews are interpreted as pedagogical encounters in which children are taught cultural and social norms.
“But you’re gonna ask me questions, right?”
Authors: Veronesi Daniela 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
By adopting a “social practice” perspective of qualitative interviews, and thereby considering such tool of data collection as a joint accomplishment of both interviewee and interviewer, in this chapter the author examines language biography interviews as they are co-constructed by conversational partners. Using conversation analysis (CA), the chapter looks at how participants locally negotiate the interactional frame of their encounter as institutional talk leading to the generation of research data. How interviewees display their “for the record” orientation by assessing their own talk, as well by drawing upon the encounter as a resource to let their voice be heard is then discussed.
The way(s) of interviewing
Authors: Rapley Tim 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In this closing chapter, I will offer some thoughts about how this volume extends existing methodological literature on qualitative interviewing, as well as further ideas for exploration. I will show how this volume offers a future direction for a range of work, including a focus on different modes or forms of interviews, identities and epistemics, as well as the role of the interview schedule. Finally, I show that despite this volume’s focus on the interactional work within interview interactions, it also suggests a trajectory of work that looks both across and beyond the spaces of the interview interactions.
Time-evolution of microstructure and mechanical behaviour of double annealed medium Mn steel
Authors: Arlazarov Artem , Goune Mohamed , Bouaziz Olivier , Kegel Frédéric , Hazotte Alain 
Published: March 2019

Cold rolled 0.1C-4.7Mn (wt-%) steel was submitted to double annealing. The holding time of second intercritical annealing at 650°C was varied between 3 min and 30 h. Tensile behavior after each treatment was measured and analysed. Microstructure characterisation was performed using field emission gun scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and saturation magnetisation method. Moreover, interrupted tensile tests were done to obtain the kinetics of austenite destabilisation during straining. An important effect of soaking time on the microstructure and associate mechanical properties was revealed and analysed. Considering thermal and mechanical stability of retained austenite, the optimum combination of phases, providing the best strength-ductility balance, was found after 2 h holding. This paper is part of a Thematic Issue on Medium Manganese Steels.
Induction of neutralizing antibodies by human papillomavirus vaccine generated in mammalian cells
Authors: Wu Xilin , Ma Xiaohua , Li Yanlei , Xu Yue , Zheng Nan , Xu Shijie , Nawaz Waqas , Wu Zhiwei 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
Cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is one of the most common cancers affecting women worldwide. Current preventative HPV vaccines on the market are composed of HPV L1 protein produced either in the yeast such as Gardasil or in the insect cells such as Cervarix. The duration of efficacy and cross-protection remain highly desirable for the improvement of current prophylactic HPV vaccine. Given that HPV carries out infection and replicates in mammalian cells, L2 protein, which is not included in the current licensed vaccines, is included in the third generation of HPV vaccine in pursuing of providing broader prevention. We hypothesize that a virus-like particle (VLP) consisting of HPV L1 plus L2 proteins generated in mammalian cells will present conformations more closely to native HPV, thus it will provide more durable and broader efficacy of prevention.

Methods
We took advantage of 293TT cells to produce VLP containing L1 and L2 proteins of HPV16 and HPV18, respectively.

Results
VLP particles of uniformed size and morphology were observed, and potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies were induced in mice and rabbits. In addition, compared to bivalent HPV vaccine of Cervarix, our HPV L1-L2 VLPs elicited higher titer of anti-sera, and the anti-sera also presented comparable neutralization potency against HPV16 and HPV18 infections even a much less potent adjuvant was used in our case.

Conclusion
Our VLPs were capable of eliciting stronger and more broadly neutralizing activities against various HPV subtypes and were potential candidate HPV vaccines.
The Ends of Human Rights in US Literary Studies
Authors: Goodman Brian K 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
How has contemporary US literature responded to the rapid rise and subsequent decline of human rights in US political discourse? In this essay-review, I examine two recent works—James Dawes’s The Novel of Human Rights (2018) and Crystal Parikh’s Writing Human Rights (2017)—that each bring a critical human rights approach to the study of contemporary US literatures. The essay begins by describing the emergence of the subfield of literature and human rights and its original investment in methodologies of ideology critique. I then show how Dawes and Parikh each adopt a dialectical method to investigate the contradictory relationship between a subset of contemporary American novels and a US-centric, liberal conception of human rights, while also mapping the emergence of new generic forms. But can new kinds of stories transform human rights in practice? To address this question, the essay next examines the role of literature in recent historiographic debates about the origins of human rights in order to argue for a literary-historical turn in the subfield of literature and human rights. Calling for new work that grounds the subfield’s ongoing critique of human rights representations in specific historical practices of the human rights, I conclude by briefly considering Toni Morrison’s novel Beloved (1987) alongside her involvement with the human rights movement. Can a search for literary precursors help us imagine a different future for human rights?
Microbial Colonization in Adulthood Shapes the Intestinal Macrophage Compartment
Authors: Schmidt Franziska , Dahlke Katja , Batra Arvind , Keye Jacqueline , Wu Hao , Friedrich Marie , Glauben Rainer , Ring Christiane , Loh Gunnar , Schaubeck Monika , Hackl Hubert , Trajanoski Zlatko , Schumann Michael , Kühl Anja A , Blaut Michael , Siegmund Britta 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background and Aims
Contact with distinct microbiota early in life has been shown to educate the mucosal immune system, hence providing protection against immune-mediated diseases. However, the impact of early versus late colonization with regard to the development of the intestinal macrophage compartment has not been studied so far.

Methods
Germ-free mice were colonized with specific-pathogen-free [SPF] microbiota at the age of 5 weeks. The ileal and colonic macrophage compartment were analysed by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and RNA sequencing 1 and 5 weeks after colonization and in age-matched SPF mice, which had had contact with microbiota since birth. To evaluate the functional differences, dextran sulfate sodium [DSS]-induced colitis was induced, and barrier function analyses were undertaken.

Results
Germ-free mice were characterized by an atrophied intestinal wall and a profoundly reduced number of ileal macrophages. Strikingly, morphological restoration of the intestine occurred within the first week after colonization. In contrast, ileal macrophages required 5 weeks for complete restoration, whereas colonic macrophages were numerically unaffected. However, following DSS exposure, the presence of microbiota was a prerequisite for colonic macrophage infiltration. One week after colonization, mild colonic inflammation was observed, paralleled by a reduced inflammatory response after DSS treatment, in comparison with SPF mice. This attenuated inflammation was paralleled by a lack of TNFα production of LPS-stimulated colonic macrophages from SPF and colonized mice, suggesting desensitization of colonized mice by the colonization itself.

Conclusions
This study provides the first data indicating that after colonization of adult mice, the numeric, phenotypic, and functional restoration of the macrophage compartment requires the presence of intestinal microbiota and is time dependent.