bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of volumetric contrast‐enhanced and diffusion‐weighted MRI in differentiating between common primary hypervascular liver tumors
Authors: Zarghampour Manijeh , Fouladi Daniel F. , Pandey Ankur , Ghasabeh Mounes Aliyari , Pandey Pallavi , Varzaneh Farnaz Najmi , Khoshpouri Pegah , Shao Nannan , Pan Li , Grimm Robert , Kamel Ihab R. 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundDifferentiating between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), and hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) is usually achievable by MRI. However, in some cases with atypical imaging findings accurate diagnosis may be difficult.PurposeTo assess the diagnostic value of volumetric contrast‐enhanced (CE) and volumetric diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) in differentiating between HCC, FNH, and HCA.Study TypeRetrospective.SubjectsIn all, 143 patients (206 lesions): 42 HCA (81 lesions), 51 FNH (65 lesions), and 50 HCC (60 lesions).Field Strength/sequence1.5T MRI, T1‐T2WI, DWI.AssessmentPatients underwent CE‐MRI and DWI (b = 0, 750 mm2/s). Volumetric assessment of lesions' contrast enhancement and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was performed with semiautomatic software after 3D image registration and segmentation by an observer and compared between three lesion groups. The diagnosis of lesions was based on histopathology, typical MRI findings, and/or follow‐up.Statistical TestsIndependent t‐test was used to compare parameters between two groups, one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) between three groups, and receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis to define under‐curve area and optimal cutoff.ResultsMean values (±standard deviation) for HCC, FNH, and HCA, respectively, were: 1) arterial enhancement (%), 40.5 ± 13.2, 88.6 ± 32.6, 69.6 ± 25.1; 2) venous enhancement (%) 72.4 ± 22.1, 95.2 ± 30.9, 80.7 ± 30.6; and 3) ADC (10−6 mm2/s) 1404.5 ± 168.1, 1413.4 ± 232.1, 1070.1 ± 232.1. ADC was the best differentiator of HCA from FNH (at 1211 × 10−6 mm2/s; sensitivity 80.4%, specificity 71.7%) and arterial enhancement was the best differentiator of HCC from both HCA (at 48%; sensitivity 80.0%, specificity 80.5%) and FNH (at 52%; sensitivity 85.7%, specificity 85.4%). A combination of arterial enhancement and ADC (at 50% and 1227 × 10−6 mm2/s) differentiated three types of tumors with high specificity (87.9%).Data ConclusionVolumetric CE‐MRI and volumetric DWI can help to differentiate between HCC, FNH, and HCA.Level of Evidence: 1Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;48:1080–1090.
Influence of the electron buffer layer on the photovoltaic performance of planar Sb2(SxSe1‐x)3 solar cells
Authors: Jaramillo‐Quintero Oscar Andrés , Rincón Marina Elizabeth , Vásquez‐García Geovanni , Nair P. K. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAppropriate selection of electron buffer layer and understanding its impact on the photo‐generated charge transfer dynamics at the interfaces are critical to enhance the efficiency of solar cells. By optimizing a multilayer electron buffer composed of CdS thin film deposited on TiO2 compact layer, we obtained a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.47% for a planar solar cell of Sb2(SxSe1‐x)3 absorber. The PCE was significantly enhanced in the photovoltaic parameters of planar solar cells fabricated with single‐layer configuration: for example, PCE of 3.99% and 0.79% were obtained when either CdS or TiO2, respectively, were used. Surface photovoltage spectroscopy, transient photovoltage, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses indicated that the PCE improvement can be ascribed to a combination of 2 factors: (i) better separation and transfer of the photo‐excited free charge, provided by the beneficial energy level alignment between TiO2 and CdS layers, and (ii) sulfur passivation upon incorporation of CdS in a multilayer configuration causing a reduction in the trap states at the interface with Sb2(SxSe1‐x)3.
Overall energy assessment and integration optimization process of semitransparent PV glazing technologies
Authors: Skandalos Nikolaos , Karamanis Dimitris , Peng Jinqing , Yang Hongxing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn order to reduce the building's energy demand, different glass innovative technologies are currently under intensive research and development. However, applicability of a particular technology requires its extensive environmental and energy characterization in building integration. In this work, overall performance (thermal, optical, and electrical) of semitransparent PV windows from different technologies has been assessed and compared with conventional windows. Characterization studies include both field measurements and numerical simulations and reveal the energy saving potential of PV windows on the overall energy demand of an office room and Mediterranean climate conditions. Finally, building integration is optimized by maximizing energy efficiency while keeping acceptable indoor visual comfort for different PV technology, ratio of the glazing surface replaced by PV windows (cover ratio), and orientation.
Comparative characterization of thermal isomerization rates of 6‐phenyl‐1,5‐diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane at convection and microwave heating
Authors: Kornilova Tatiana A. , Kostikov Rafael R. , Khlebnikov Alexander F. , Zenkevich Igor G. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRate constants of thermal isomerization of 6‐phenyl‐1,5‐diazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane into 1‐(benzyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazole at convection and microwave heating in toluene and chlorobenzene (solvents) were determined within the temperature range 90°C to 120°С. These data were used for the calculation of activation parameters of isomerization. It is shown that microwave heating increases the rate constants at the same temperature by a factor of 2 to 2.5 as compared with those using convection heating. The reason is that the effective temperature of microwave heating exceeds that of convection heating by 6°C to 9°С in toluene and by 12°C to 20°С in chlorobenzene as solvent.
Thermodynamics of Boron Removal from Silicon Using CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 Slags
Authors: Jakobsson Lars Klemet , Tangstad Merete 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Slag refining is one of few metallurgical methods for removal of boron from silicon. It is important to know the thermodynamic properties of boron in slags to understand the refining process. The relation of the distribution coefficient of boron to the activity of silica, partial pressure of oxygen, and capacity of slags for boron oxide was investigated. The link between these parameters explains why the distribution coefficient of boron does not change much with changing slag composition. In addition, the thermodynamic properties of dilute boron oxide in CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 slags was determined. The ratio of the activity coefficient of boron oxide and silica was found to be the most important parameter for understanding changes in the distribution coefficient of boron for different slags. Finally, the relation between the activity coefficient of boron oxide and slag structure was investigated. It was found that the structure can explain how the distribution coefficient of boron changes depending on slag composition.
Wishes and preferences for an online lifestyle program for brain health—A mixed methods study
Authors: Wesselman Linda M.P. , Schild Ann‐Katrin , Coll‐Padros Nina , van der Borg Wieke E. , Meurs Judith H.P. , Hooghiemstra Astrid M. , Slot Rosalinde E.R. , Sannemann Lena , Rami Lorena , Molinuevo José Luis , Bouwman Femke H. , Jessen Frank , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Sikkes Sietske A.M. ,   Euro‐SCD working group
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionIndividuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) are at increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and could benefit from a prevention strategy targeting lifestyle factors. Making a program available through the Internet gives a widespread reach at low cost, but suboptimal adherence is a major threat to effectiveness. As a first step in developing an online lifestyle program (OLP), we aimed to identify factors that are barriers and/or facilitators for the use of an OLP in individuals with SCD in three European countries.MethodsAs part of the Euro‐SCD project, SCD subjects were recruited at memory clinics in the Netherlands, Germany, and Spain. We combined quantitative and qualitative methods, using a mixed methods approach. We conducted an online 18‐item survey on the preferences of SCD patients for an OLP (N = 238). In addition, we held semi‐structured interviews (N = 22) to gain in‐depth understanding of factors acting as a facilitator and/or barrier for intended use of an OLP. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was performed.ResultsOne hundred seventy‐six individuals completed the survey (response rate 74%). Almost all participants regularly use the Internet (97%). Participants reported trustworthiness (93%), user‐friendliness (91%), and up‐to‐date information (88%) as main facilitators, whereas having contact with other users (26%), needing an account (21%), and assignments (16%) were reported as barriers. Barriers differed slightly between countries, but facilitators were largely similar. In‐depth interviews revealed that both program characteristics (e.g., trustworthiness, user‐friendliness, and personalization) and personal factors (e.g., expectancy to receive negative feedback) are likely to influence the intended use of an OLP.DiscussionInvolving users provided in‐depth understanding of factors associated with the intended use of an OLP for brain health. Both program characteristics and personal factors are likely to influence the use of an OLP. Based on this input from the end‐users, we will develop an OLP for individuals with SCD.
UNSPEAKABLE WORDS, UNMASTERABLE FEELINGS: CALAMITY AND THE MAKING OF HISTORY IN ASANTE
Authors: MCCASKIE TOM 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe present article explores crucial aspects of the Asante understanding and construction of their own historical experience. Specifically, it historicizes the royal oaths of the first two Asante rulers Osei Tutu (d. 1717) and Opoku Ware (d. 1750). These have long been understood to be fundamental elements in the working of Asante society and culture, but here they are situated precisely as historical testaments and mnemonics. Attention is paid to current debates on matters of emotion, affect and performance, but the focus of the article is an empirical and exemplary investigation of history-making among the Asante.
Long reading range for the frequency coded Chipless RFID system based on reflectarray antennas
Authors: Khaliel Maher , El-Awamry Ahmed , Fawky Abdelfattah , Kaiser Thomas 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis work proposes the utilization of a high gain and pencil beam reflectarray (RA) antenna at the reader of the frequency coded (FC) chipless radio-frequency identification (RFID) system to minimize the environmental reflections and increase the reading range. Moreover, the reader antenna should operate over ultra wideband (UWB) range of frequencies to accommodate multiple bits. However, the conventional antenna arrays cannot operate over UWB range of frequencies with high gain and pencil beam characteristics. Therefore, a novel UWB RA antenna dedicated to the chipless RFID reader is developed. The developed RA antenna operates over UWB range of frequencies from 4 to 6GHzto fulfill the requirements of the FC chipless RFID system. Therefore, the antenna is successfully integrated with the FC chipless RFID tags, and a reading range of 1mis achieved.
New Approach to Estimate Tidal Climatology From Ground‐ and Space‐Based Observations
Authors: Zhou Xu , Wan Weixing , Yu You , Ning Baiqi , Hu Lianhuan , Yue Xinan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper proposes a new approach to obtain seasonal variations of global tides for the horizontal winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region, based on daily tides derived from the global coverage of the TIMED Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) and the local‐time coverage of a meteor radar chain. The daily variations of different mesosphere and lower thermosphere tides are obtained taking advantage of empirical tidal mode (ETM), which is first derived from Global Scale Wave Model using empirical orthogonal function analysis. ETM displays latitudinal and vertical features of each tidal component in a realistic background atmosphere with dissipation effects. After fitting the observations by ETM day by day, the monthly mean of daily fitted results is then used to describe tidal monthly features. Seasonal variations of three major tidal components were found: DW1 in both zonal and meridional winds usually has two maxima around equinoxes, DE3 in zonal winds achieves their maximum in September, while that in meridional winds becomes strongest in February and November. SW2 in zonal winds reaches largest amplitudes in May in the southern hemisphere, and meridional winds has minor peaks in February and November in the northern hemisphere. At last, we superpose each tidal component with the same frequency to reconstruct the global diurnal and semidiurnal tidal winds. Comparing them with both of TIDI 60‐day average winds and outputs of Global Scale Wave Model model, similar characteristics and magnitudes indicate their consistency and confirm the reliability and feasibility of this new approach.
On the Use of Topside RO‐Derived Electron Density for Model Validation
Authors: Shaikh M. M. , Nava B. , Haralambous H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this work, the standard Abel inversion has been exploited as a powerful observation tool, which may be helpful to model the topside of the ionosphere and therefore to validate ionospheric models. A thorough investigation on the behavior of radio occultation (RO)‐derived topside electron density (Ne(h))‐profiles has therefore been performed with the main purpose to understand whether it is possible to predict the accuracy of a single RO‐retrieved topside by comparing the peak density and height of the retrieved profile to the true values. As a first step, a simulation study based on the use of the NeQuick2 model has been performed to show that when the RO‐derived electron density peak and height match the true peak values, the full topside Ne(h)‐profile may be considered accurate. In order to validate this hypothesis with experimental data, electron density profiles obtained from four different incoherent scatter radars have therefore been considered together with co‐located RO‐derived Ne(h)‐profiles. The evidence presented in this paper show that in all cases examined, if the incoherent scatter radar and the corresponding co‐located RO profile have matching peak parameter values, their topsides are in very good agreement. The simulation results presented in this work also highlighted the importance of considering the occultation plane azimuth while inverting RO data to obtain Ne(h)‐profile. In particular, they have indicated that there is a preferred range of azimuths of the occultation plane (80°–100°) for which the difference between the “true” and the RO‐retrieved Ne(h)‐profile in the topside is generally minimal.
Modulation of the MJO and North Pacific Storm Track Relationship by the QBO
Authors: Wang Jiabao , Kim Hye‐Mi , Chang Edmund K. M. , Son Seok‐Woo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis study demonstrates a possible impact of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) on the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO)‐related North Pacific storm track (NPST) change during October–March for the period of 1979–2016. The NPST shows significant intraseasonal changes in response to the MJO. In general, when the MJO convection is located over the Indian Ocean (western to central Pacific), the NPST tends to shift poleward (southward). This MJO‐related NPST change has larger amplitude during the easterly phase of the QBO (EQBO) than during its westerly phase (WQBO). The spatial distribution of this NPST change also exhibits significant differences between the two QBO phases with a zonally elongated pattern during EQBO winters but separated into two centers during WQBO winters. Diagnoses of the dynamical processes associated with the NPST change indicate the dominant roles of the baroclinic energy conversion and downstream energy propagation. The analysis of intraseasonal flow change indicates a larger amplitude of the MJO‐related baroclinicity over the North Pacific. This is likely due to a stronger MJO and associated Rossby wave source in EQBO winters, which may give rise to the enhanced amplitude of the NPST change. On the other hand, different spatial distribution of the NPST change is likely a result of a direct impact of the QBO on the NPST. These results suggest that the QBO impact needs to be considered for better reproduction of the MJO‐NPST teleconnection in general circulation models, which may also benefit subseasonal prediction of extratropical storm activities.
Salt Dynamics in Coastal Marshes: Formation of Hypersaline Zones
Authors: Shen Chengji , Zhang Chenming , Xin Pei , Kong Jun , Li Ling 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSalt is a key solute in salt marshes and under the influence of evapotranspiration can accumulate to a high concentration level in the marsh soil and precipitate in the solid form to become a significant stressor for plants, affecting marsh plant productivity and ecological zonation. Numerical simulations of coupled pore water flow and salt transport were conducted to examine how spring‐neap tides and evaporation combine to influence salt dynamics and distribution patterns in marshes. The salt pan formation was simulated with a sandy loam marsh soil subjected to a medium rate of potential evaporation. The critical condition for the salt pan formation was underpinned by hydraulic connection between the marsh surface and water table to sustain evaporation in the supratidal zone. Both low soil permeability and overly high potential evaporation were found to break the hydraulic connection. In this case, the surface soil salinity increased gradually over the intertidal zone to a maximum around the spring high tide mark followed by a rapid decrease to a lower constant level across the supratidal zone. This salinity distribution pattern has also been observed in the field. In both salt marshes with and without salt pans, excessive salt accumulated on the marsh surface due to evaporation was removed by tidally induced circulating flow and/or flow driven by density gradients associated with the accumulated salt. The salt dynamics and distribution patterns revealed here, especially the salt pan formation simulated for the first time, have important implications for studies of marsh plant growth and overall eco‐functions.
Compact prototype microfabricated gas chromatographic analyzer for autonomous determinations of VOC mixtures at typical workplace concentrations
Authors: Wang Junqi , Bryant-Genevier Jonathan , Nuñovero Nicolas , Zhang Chengyi , Kraay Bruce , Zhan Changhua , Scholten Kee , Nidetz Robert , Buggaveeti Sanketh , Zellers Edward T. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis report concerns a benchtop prototype instrument containing a gas chromatographic microanalytical system (μGC) designed for the selective determination of multiple airborne volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at concentrations in the vicinity of recommended occupational exposure limits. The core microsystem consists of a set of discrete Si-microfabricated devices: a dual-cavity, adsorbent-packed micro-preconcentrator-focuser (μPCF) chip that quantitatively captures and thermally desorbs/injects VOCs with vapor pressures between ~0.03 and 13 kPa; tandem micro-column (μcolumn) chips with cross-linked PDMS wall-coated stationary phases capable of temperature-programmed separations; and an integrated array of five μchemiresistors (μCR) coated with different thiolate-monolayer protected gold nanoparticle (MPN) interface films that quantifies and further differentiates among the analytes by virtue of the response patterns generated. Other key components include a pre-trap for low-volatility interferences, a split-flow injection valve, and an onboard He carrier–gas canister. The assembled unit measures 19×30×14 cm, weighs ~3.5 kg, operates on AC power, and is laptop/LabVIEW controlled. Component- and system-level tests of performance demonstrated injection bandwidths <1 s, a μcolumn capacity of ≥8 μg injected mass, linear calibration curves, no humidity effects, excellent medium-term (that is, 1 week) reproducibility, autonomous operation for 8 h, detection limits below Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for 10 mL air samples collected in 1 min, and response patterns that enhanced vapor recognition. The determination of a 17-VOC mixture in the presence of seven interferences was performed in 4 min. Results augur well for adapting the microsystem to an all-MEMS wearable μGC currently under parallel development.
Magnetic field at a jet base: extreme Faraday rotation in 3C 273 revealed by ALMA
Authors: Hovatta T. , O’Sullivan S. , Martí-Vidal I. , Savolainen T. , Tchekhovskoy A. 
Published: April 2018

Aims. We studied the polarization behavior of the quasar 3C 273 over the 1 mm wavelength band at ALMA with a total bandwidth of 7.5 GHz across 223–243 GHz at 0.8′′ resolution, corresponding to 2.1 kpc at the distance of 3C 273. With these observations we were able to probe the optically thin polarized emission close to the jet base, and constrain the magnetic field structure.
Methods. We computed the Faraday rotation measure using simple linear fitting and Faraday rotation measure synthesis. In addition, we modeled the broadband behavior of the fractional Stokes Q and U parameters (qu-fitting). The systematic uncertainties in the polarization observations at ALMA were assessed through Monte Carlo simulations.
Results. We find the unresolved core of 3C 273 to be 1.8% linearly polarized. We detect a very high rotation measure (RM) of (5.0 ± 0.3) × 105 rad m−2 over the 1 mm band when assuming a single polarized component and an external RM screen. This results in a rotation of >40° of the intrinsic electric vector position angle, which is significantly higher than typically assumed for millimeter wavelengths. The polarization fraction increases as a function of wavelength, which according to our qu-fitting could be due to multiple polarized components of different Faraday depth within our beam or to internal Faraday rotation. With our limited wavelength coverage we cannot distinguish between the cases, and additional multifrequency and high angular resolution observations are needed to determine the location and structure of the magnetic field of the Faraday active region. Comparing our RM estimate with values obtained at lower frequencies, the RM increases as a function of observing frequency, following a power law with an index of 2.0 ± 0.2, consistent with a sheath surrounding a conically expanding jet. We also detect ~0.2% circular polarization, although further observations are needed to confirm this result.