bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Do Soldiers Do What They Do and What Can We Learn from It?
Authors: Shortland Neil D. , Alison Laurence J. , Moran Joseph M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the psychology of making decisions in a conflict environment. Furthermore, it examines the reality that in many cases, a good decision can often still result in an adverse outcome. Finally, the chapter discusses how the changing character of conflict and how the insights gleaned from this book can be integrated into future training to help develop soldiers who are better able to handle situations they face in which there really are no good outcomes. Specifically, it focuses on the fact that soldiers often seem to outperform their non-military counterparts in navigating fraught psychological terrain with ease and conviction, proving decisive where others might falter.
The Romantic Lives of Emerging Adults
Authors: Konstam Varda 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of emerging adults and the challenges they face. It examines the unstable nature of emerging adulthood itself as a prelude to the discussion of the romantic lives of emerging adults. Tending to view relationships as either undependable or too difficult to manage at this point in their lives, emerging adults are retaining their independence longer and putting a heavier reliance on nonromantic relationships. On the other hand, most of them do foresee getting married and are desirous of forming long-term, trusting relationships. Emerging adults are apparent contradictions and this book aims to shed some light on how and why this is so. This introductory chapter also describes the methods used for the book’s original research and summarizes the chapter content. It concludes with a “case study” of one emerging adult research participant.
Casual Sexual Relationships and Experiences
Authors: Konstam Varda 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Casual sexual relationship and experiences (CSREs) are defined by sexual encounters that take place outside of formal romantic relationships. These relationships are associated with sexual identity exploration and in keeping with the fluid and flexible pathways emerging adults are taking during this transitional period. Consistent with the ambiguity emblematic of these relationships, terminology used to describe these relationships are also ambiguous and can vary by degree of commitment, investment, and emotional closeness. Sexual double standards are evident; emerging adult women are more likely to be judged negatively for participating in CSREs. Transitions from casual relationships to more exclusive relationships and their influence on future romantic relationships are not well understood. A case study of one of the 29 participants is presented and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Love and Living LGBTQ
Authors: Konstam Varda 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the challenges faced by LGBTQ-identified emerging adults as they chart a romantic course in the early 21st century. Diversity and fluidity are themes specific to today’s emerging adults, with a greater acceptance of a range of sexual/gender identities in evidence. The complexity of sexual/gender identity is discussed, with an emphasis on the importance of each individual’s intersectionalities with other identities (race, religion, ethnicity, etc.). Terms are defined, with the understanding that LGBTQ definitions are evolving and not always universally accepted. The nature and effect of stigma, both overt and subtle, is examined. Queer theory is introduced as a way of looking beyond heteronormative bias in the day to day lives of emerging adults. The issues of coming out and living as a trans individual are given attention. Two detailed case studies of LGBTQ-identified individuals are presented.
Defining Normativity
Authors: Finlay Stephen 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter aims to clarify debate over the nature, existence, extension, and analyzability of normativity, by investigating whether different philosophers’ claims are about the same subject or (as argued by Derek Parfit) they are using the terms ‘normative’ and ‘normativity’ with different meanings. While it is suggested that the term may be multiply ambiguous, reasons are identified for optimism about a common subject-matter for metanormative theory. This is supported by sketching a special hybrid view of normative judgment, perspectivism, that occupies a position between cognitivism and noncognitivism, naturalism and nonnaturalism, objectivism and subjectivism. Three main fissures are explored: between (i) the “normativity” of language/thought versus that of facts and properties, (ii) abstract versus substantive normativity, and (iii) formal versus robust normativity.
Brain-Mind
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Minds enable people to perceive, imagine, solve problems, understand, learn, speak, reason, create, and be emotional and conscious. Competing explanations of how the mind works have identified it as soul, computer, brain, dynamical system, or social construction. This book explains minds in terms of interacting mechanisms operating at multiple levels, including the social, mental, neural, and molecular. Brain–Mind presents a unified, brain-based theory of cognition and emotion with applications to the most complex kinds of thinking, right up to consciousness and creativity. Unification comes from systematic application of Chris Eliasmith’s powerful new Semantic Pointer Architecture, a highly original synthesis of neural network and symbolic ideas about how the mind works. The book shows the relevance of semantic pointers to a full range of important kinds of mental representations, from sensations and imagery to concepts, rules, analogies, and emotions. Neural mechanisms are used to explain many phenomena concerning consciousness, action, intention, language, creativity, and the self. This book belongs to a trio that includes Mind–Society: From Brains to Social Sciences and Professions and Natural Philosophy: From Social Brains to Knowledge, Reality, Morality, and Beauty. They can be read independently, but together they make up a Treatise on Mind and Society that provides a unified and comprehensive treatment of the cognitive sciences, social sciences, professions, and humanities.
Laughter on the Fringes
Authors: Peterson Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This book examines the impact that Athenian Old Comedy had on Greek writers of the Imperial era. It is generally acknowledged that Imperial-era Greeks responded to Athenian Old Comedy in one of two ways: either as a treasure trove of Atticisms, or as a genre defined by and repudiated for its aggressive humor. Worthy of further consideration, however, is how both approaches, and particularly the latter one that relegated Old Comedy to the fringes of the literary canon, led authors to engage with the ironic and self-reflexive humor of Aristophanes, Eupolis, and Cratinus. Authors ranging from serious moralizers (Plutarch and Aelius Aristides) to comic writers in their own right (Lucian, Alciphron), to other figures not often associated with Old Comedy (Libanius) adopted aspects of the genre to negotiate power struggles, facilitate literary and sophistic rivalries, and provide a model for autobiographical writing. To varying degrees, these writers wove recognizable features of the genre (e.g., the parabasis, its agonistic language, the stage biographies of the individual poets) into their writings. The image of Old Comedy that emerges from this time is that of a genre in transition. It was, on the one hand, with the exception of Aristophanes’s extant plays, on the verge of being almost completely lost; on the other hand, its reputation and several of its most characteristic elements were being renegotiated and reinvented.
A Problematic Genre
Authors: Peterson Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Plutarch is famous for his disapproval of Old Comedy despite the fact that he invokes the genre as a source in his biographies. This chapter takes as its starting point the negative comparison that Plutarch draws between Aristophanes and Menander, arguing that Plutarch recasts the agonistic language of Old Comedy into an attack on its figurehead. Comic language in this text serves to reinforce social and educational hierarchies. Plutarch employs a similar approach in the Lives, where the negative example of Old Comedy is used to highlight both the positive virtues of Pericles and the character flaws of Nicias. Plutarch thus shows himself to be an astute reader of Old Comedy even when he expresses strong disapproval of key features of the genre.
A Menandrian Interlude
Authors: Peterson Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Alciphron’s collection of 123 fictional letters recreate in miniature the world of Menandrian New Comedy. Three of these letters, however, involve a basic scenario that is reminiscent of Clouds: disputes between a father and son and, in one case, a hetaira and her lover, regarding the corrupting influence of philosophers. Language borrowed directly from Aristophanes’s play further cements this connection. In this context, Old Comedy is subsumed into a New Comic context, and Clouds emerges as a literary shorthand for denoting corrupt philosophers. Yet the epistolary format also provides Alciphron with a way to recreate the dramatic elements of the original play: his readers are given unfettered access to the characters and are asked to fill in what is left unsaid by the letter from their knowledge of Aristophanes’s play.
Old Comedy Transformed
Authors: Peterson Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The fourth century witnessed significant changes in how Old Comedy was read and understood. Not the least significant factor responsible for these changes was the shrinking of the corpus of plays that were readily available. A reference to Old Comedy emerges, then, in a surprising way in Libanius’s Life: the young sophist is struck by lightning while reading Aristophanes’s Acharnians. By referencing Aristophanes’s play in this scene, Libanius draws on the play’s reputation for self-referential writing, such that Old Comedy emerges in the Life as a possible foil for Libanius’s own autobiographical project. Eunapius’s praise for the charm and wit of Libanius’s “Old Comic” style in his biography of the sophist deserves reconsideration in light of this reference to Acharnians. As Eunapius’s account suggests, the genre could be regarded as a model for stylistic grace, an approach to the genre that has previously been more closely associated with Roman orators and theorists—namely Cicero and Quintilian.
Epilogue
Authors: Peterson Anna 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The Imperial-era approaches to Old Comedy had an appreciable effect on later understandings of the genre when it was in the process of being rediscovered in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe. Both Plutarch and Lucian were among the most popular Greek authors in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. While manuscripts of Aristophanes’ plays were available in Greek as early as 1501, it would take almost thirty years before Latin translations were available. This means that the reception of Aristophanes by Plutarch, Lucian, and others likely contributed to how early modern readers conceived of Old Comedy as a genre. Evidence from Erasmus’s Adagia and Thomas More’s Utopia point to the close associations between Aristophanes, Lucian, and Plutarch. As a text that blurs the boundaries between fiction and reality, More’s Utopia displays a particularly Lucianic view of the comic poet—a fact that is signaled by the inclusion of both Lucian and Aristophanes as among the Utopians’ favorite authors.
Borderlands
Authors: Idler Annette 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides an overview of the book. It starts by arguing that borderlands magnify some of the most entrenched security challenges of the world. It then contextualizes the shared borderlands of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela within the global security challenge of violent non-state group interactions. It explains how the author combines a bottom-up approach with a global outlook on security and presents the backdrop to the cases discussed in the book. It then provides summaries of the arguments made in each chapter and states the book’s transformative aspiration of depicting entry points for achieving positive change in settings of insecurity. Finally, the chapter outlines how this goal arises from critically examining violent non-state groups and security through a borderland lens “endowed” with ethnographic methods, bringing together three themes: borderlands and borders, interactions among violent non-state groups, and how these interactions matter for the security of local communities.
Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a short history of social entrepreneurship in order to frame up a discussion of youth-centered social entrepreneurship. The chapter explores the basic concepts and foundational elements of social entrepreneurship as a whole before differentiating it with youth social entrepreneurship. It includes a description of early movements of social entrepreneurship and social enterprise. The reader who is new to the field of social entrepreneurship will find this chapter to be an appropriate introduction, while readers who are more experienced in this area will find it to be a review that shapes the explorations of youth social entrepreneurship to come.
The Asset-Focus of Youth Social Entrepreneurship
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the “asset-based” frameworks in both positive youth development and community. This chapter also orients the reader to the link between youth social entrepreneurship’s grounding in the central theme of positive psychology: human flourishing. Instead of focusing on the incremental steps toward getting any job at all, the emphasis is on youth capacity for creating a positive career trajectory, supported by exposure to a breadth of opportunity instead of a narrow pipeline. To accomplish meaningful and authentic positivity, the cultural reality of each young person and each community must be included in the experience of development. Therefore, a review of culturally relevant pedagogies and the need for valuing cultural funds of knowledge is included. All together, the asset-focused, culturally relevant practices can foster youth leadership with social entrepreneurship that paves a road toward thriving.
Focal Case Examples
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This part of the book of the book introduces the text's two focal case examples which are examined after each section. Case 1 is about the SOUL Sisters Leadership Collective (SSLC). The primary purpose of SOUL Sisters is social change in the lives of their targeted community, which is system-involved girls and women of color. Case 2 is focused on Cookie Cart, which teaches youth social entrepreneurship. There is a short summary of each organization at the end of this first examination of the case examples.
Youth Cultures and Contexts
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the most relevant youth contexts in the United States at this socio-historical point in time. To do so with any accuracy requires drawing on multiple fields of inquiry—youth contexts are not solely the study of developmental scientists. Thus, this chapter reviews prominent theories of cultural theorists, sociologists, educational researchers, and political scientists to establish a depiction of the contemporary American youth context. The aim is a macro-level view of the policies and practices influencing the individual youth micro-level, including the reader’s frame of reference. A brief examination of current cultural narratives about young people can inform analysis about limiting parameters: youth who lead social change are often portrayed as either “cute” or “dangerous,” with both views disparaging their efforts and undermining their credible power.
Youth Social Entrepreneurship Preparation, Education, and Advocacy
Authors: Kruse Tina P. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the need to prepare future researchers and practitioners to continue the growth of the youth social entrepreneurship model. More specifically, this chapter explores the contexts and constituents most ripe for integrating youth social entrepreneurship terminology, concepts, and practical components, as well as for growing the field through strategic and feasible scaffolding efforts. Current, promising examples illustrate the means to this goal, while more general principles are offered in order to transcend time and place. The aim is to communicate both singular and specific opportunities for advancing this work, as well as the broad interconnectedness of education, professional development, philanthropy, and policy that can be unified toward youth social entrepreneurship advocacy.
Composite Subjectivity and Microsubjects
Authors: Roelofs Luke 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter is about how to combine the very simple subjects of experience posited by panpsychism, the theory that matter itself is inherently conscious. The combination problem has been most thoroughly discussed in relation to the combination of these microsubjects, and this chapter addresses head-on the two central strands of the combination problem: the subject-summing problem and the problem of the unity, and boundaries, of consciousness. Alternative solutions, including cosmopsychism (the world as a whole is conscious) and panprotopsychism (matter is not conscious, but contains some sort of germ of consciousness) are also discussed. The metaphysics of nature that results from addressing these challenges is both highly counterintuitive and theoretically elegant.
Composite Subjectivity in Organisms, Organs, and Organizations
Authors: Roelofs Luke 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at four potential cases of mental combination, to examine what the theory sketched in the previous chapter might say about them. It starts with the “Nation-Brain” thought experiment, originally offered as a reductio ad absurdum of functionalism, where a few billion people agree to collectively simulate a single human mind. It then considers actual human social groups, the ways that they differ from this thought experiment, and the significance of these differences for questions of collective mentality. It next considers the split-brain phenomenon, where patients with a severed corpus callosum seem at times to exhibit two distinct consciousnesses in one head, and then finally comes back to the ordinary human brain, where two cerebral hemispheres, each capable of supporting consciousness without the other, are able to establish richly unified consciousness through their intact corpus callosum.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Roelofs Luke 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter draws together the previous chapters’ ideas and considers one remaining question: If mental combination is possible, why have so many people thought it impossible? Why does combining minds seem so strange and perplexing? The chapter argues that the idea is hard for us partly because of contingent facts about human (and more broadly vertebrate) anatomy, and partly because of the way that common conceptual confusions and uncertainties about consciousness and composition interact with each other. Because of these uncertainties, any answer to the major objections against mental combination will seem to miss something important, and only by developing more than one combinationist theory can combinationism be defended at all.
Raise the Debt
Authors: Bunte Jonas B. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Governments frequently borrow money. It is often assumed that it is creditors, and creditors alone, who determine what loans developing countries obtain. Yet this is only partially true: the data show that countries with the same credit rating, income levels, and degree of democracy exhibit a remarkable diversity in the types of creditors used. Some borrow from China, while others turn to the United States; some borrow from private investors, while others rely on multilateral institutions. Apparently, developing countries have some choice. Developing countries are not merely passive recipients gobbling up whatever loans they can get, but active agents. This book systematically explains how governments choose among competing loan offers. The argument focuses on societal interest groups in recipient countries and the distributional consequences of external loans. For example, China and the International Monetary Fund might both offer the same loan volume, but the strings attached to the loans differ. As a result, domestic interest groups would benefit from one loan but not the other. Governments then cater to whichever domestic interest group coalition dominates by borrowing from that coalition’s preferred creditor. Interviews with decision-makers in Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia provide strong evidence that domestic politics shape borrowing decisions. A Statistical analyses confirms that borrowing portfolios around the world reflect the relative strength of societal interest groups. Understanding why certain loans are chosen is critical for gaining insights into the effects these loans might have on growth and democracy.
What Is New about the New Silk Road?
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
China’s New Silk Road is far different from earlier routes that were similarly named. It promises to link all of Eurasia and Africa in a single hemispheric market with additional connections to the Arctic Sea and Latin America. It builds upon a historic network of Islamic civilization underpinning modern nations that aspire to become regional powers in their own right. China’s deepening involvement in these countries’ conflicts is also reverberating throughout Chinese society. Inside China, blowback from the New Silk Road is aggravating tensions between religious and ethnic groups and widening splits between rival regions.
Nigeria
Authors: Bianchi Robert R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Nigerian democracy is particularly vexing for Chinese efforts to promote the New Silk Road as a pan-African venture. Beijing wants Nigeria to become a keystone of South-South alliances that can challenge Western control over the international system. But China’s disruptive presence has engendered resentment across Africa. Instead of developing into a showcase of Sino-African collaboration, Nigeria seemed to confirm fears that China would be another domineering empire subverting native industries. Fearing a failure that could reverberate throughout Africa, China’s leaders scrambled to show their commitment to Nigerian industrialization. Beijing boosted investments in infrastructure and energy and, then, pledged to relocate factories and technology to make Nigeria an export platform for manufacturing. China’s willingness to take on greater risks stemmed from its conviction that Nigeria was important not only for Africa, but also for appealing to Latin America where economic nationalists voiced similar accusations that China stifled independent development.