bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Peripheral Venous Catheter Placement With Vein Visualization Device Support on Success Rate and Pain Levels in Pediatric Patients Aged 0 to 3 Years
Authors: Inal Sevil , Demir Duygu 
Published: May 2018

Background
Pediatric nurses should be able to use techniques that increase the success rate or shorten the procedural duration of peripheral intravenous catheterization (PIVC).

Objectives
This study was performed to define the effect of the infrared vein visualization device support on the success of PIVC in pediatric patients aged 0 to 3 years. Success was determined based on the number of attempts per patient, the duration of the procedure, the success rate of first attempts, and the pain levels of the children.

Methods
The study was a randomized, controlled experimental study on 54 children aged 0 to 3 years.

Results
Peripheral intravenous catheterization in the study group was performed with fewer attempts (study group: 1.44 ± 0.85 [median, 1]; control group: 2.41 ± 1.99 [median, 2]; P = 0.016) and in a shorter period (study group: 44.37 ± 32.22 [median, 40 seconds]; control group: 168.89 ± 171.54 [median, 112 seconds; P = 0.001), and the first attempt success rate in the study group (74.1%) was higher than in the control group (40.7%; P = 0.028). Also, the pain level of the children in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
In conclusion, PIVC supported by the infrared vein visualization device reduces the number of attempts per patient, reduces the duration of the procedure, and increases the success rate of first attempts, and there is procedural pain; therefore, vein visualization improves the success of PIVC.
Requirement for Head Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children Who Present to the Emergency Department With Acute Nontraumatic Visual Disturbance
Authors: Lee Jeong-Yong , Kim Jung-Heon , Cho Hyung-Rae , Lee Jong-Seung , Ryu Jeong-Min , Yum Mi-Sun , Ko Tae-Sung 
Published: May 2018

Objectives
This study aimed to investigate the clinical features and head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in children who presented to the emergency department with acute nontraumatic visual disturbance and to study related clinical factors for discovering positive lesions on head MRI.

Methods
We performed a retrospective study of 1-month to 15-year-old children who underwent head MRI as an evaluation for acute nontraumatic visual disturbance as a chief complaint in our pediatric emergency department between March 2010 and March 2015. The symptoms of visual disturbance were blurred vision, diplopia, loss of vision, and visual hallucination. Head MRI findings were considered positive when lesions could explain the symptoms.

Results
We identified 39 patients (25 with blurred vision, 9 with diplopia, 3 with loss of vision, and 2 with visual hallucination) with a mean age of 8.35 ± 4.06 years. Positive head MRI findings were identified in 13 patients (33.3%). Brain tumors were most common (53.8%), followed by optic nerve inflammations (23.1%), congenital brain lesions (15.4%), and hypertensive encephalopathy (7.7%). Compared with the negative head MRI group, the positive head MRI group showed significantly less transient visual disturbance (duration <1 hour to complete recovery) (P = 0.001), more limited eye movement (P = 0.003), and more pupillary abnormalities (P = 0.030).

Conclusions
We suggest performing urgent head MRI in children with acute nontraumatic visual disturbance if the symptoms last longer than 1 hour without complete recovery and are accompanied by limited eye movement or pupillary abnormality.
Pediatric Esophageal Foreign Body
Authors: Johansen Andrew , Conners Gregory P. , Lee Jacob , Robinson Amie L. , Chew William L. , Chan Sherwin S. 
Published: May 2018

Objectives
Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common reason for emergency department visits, affecting more than 80,000 children in the United States annually. Whereas most ingested FBs are coins or other radiopaque objects, some are radiolucent FBs such as food. Digital tomosynthesis (DTS) is a radiographic technique that produces cross-sectional images with in-plane resolution similar to that of traditional radiographs. Our pilot study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of DTS to detect FB in comparison to esophagram and clinical impression.

Methods
This was a retrospective review on patients aged 0 to 18 years with suspected esophageal FB who received an esophagram with DTS at our institution between January 2014 and June 2016. Digital tomosynthesis images were analyzed by 3 readers for identification of FB impaction and compared with esophagram and discharge diagnosis. This study was approved by our local institutional review board.

Results
A total of 17 patients underwent an esophagography with DTS for suspected esophageal FB, of which 9 (53%) were suspected of having an FB on esophagram. Compared with esophagram, DTS had a sensitivity of 44%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 62%. Compared with clinical impression, DTS had a sensitivity of 33%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 38%.

Conclusions
This pilot study showed that chest DTS has a very high positive predictive value, compared with esophagram and clinical impression, in detecting radiolucent esophageal FBs in children. Chest DTS is a promising modality for ruling in the presence of a radiolucent esophageal FB.
Orbital Cellulitis—When Computed Tomography Imaging Is Falsely Reassuring
Authors: Basily Arsany , Mansukhani Sasha , Anzeljc Andrew , Gutierrez Peter 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
An 8-year-old male presented to the pediatric emergency department with subjective fever, blurry vision, and left eye pain. On physical examination, there was mild left lower lid erythema and a subtle left eye elevation deficit. Computed tomography demonstrated preseptal soft tissue swelling without orbital involvement; however, there was varying amounts of paranasal sinus opacification. Despite the negative scan, a diagnosis of orbital cellulitis associated with sinusitis was made and treatment with intravenous antibiotics was initiated. A magnetic resonance imaging performed subsequently revealed orbital fat stranding and inferior rectus enlargement and enhancement near the orbital apex, indicating the presence of orbital cellulitis. This case demonstrates the utility of magnetic resonance imaging when initial computed tomography imaging is negative in patients with concern for orbital cellulitis.
Gold Nanoprisms as Optical Coherence Tomography Contrast Agents in the Second Near Infrared Window for Enhanced Angiography in Live Animals
Authors: Si Peng , Yuan Edwin , Liba Orly , Winetraub Yonatan , Yousefi Siavash , SoRelle Elliott Daniel , Yecies Derek William , Dutta Rebecca , de la Zerda Adam 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTOptical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is an important tool for investigating vascular networks and microcirculation in living tissue. Traditional OCTA detects blood vessels via intravascular dynamic scattering signals derived from the movements of red blood cells (RBCs). However, the low hematocrit and long latency between RBCs in capillaries makes these OCTA signals discontinuous, leading to incomplete mapping of the vascular networks. OCTA imaging of microvascular circulation is particularly challenging in tumors due to the abnormally slow blood flow in angiogenic tumor vessels and strong attenuation of light by tumor tissue. Here we demonstrate in vivo that gold nanoprisms (GNPRs) can be used as OCT contrast agents working in the second near infrared window, significantly enhancing the dynamic scattering signals in microvessels and improving the sensitivity of OCTA in skin tissue and melanoma tumors in live mice. This is the first demonstration that nanoparticle-based OCT contrast agent work in vivo in the second near infrared window, which allows deeper imaging depth by OCT. With GNPRs as contrast agents, the post-injection OCT angiograms showed 41% and 59% more microvasculature than pre-injection angiograms in healthy mouse skin and melanoma tumors, respectively. By enabling better characterization of microvascular circulation in vivo, GNPR-enhanced OCTA could lead to better understanding of vascular functions during pathological conditions, more accurate measurements of therapeutic response, and improved patient prognoses.
Engagement of pulvino-cortical feedforward and feedback pathways in cognitive computations
Authors: Jaramillo Jorge , Mejias Jorge F. , Wang Xiao-Jing 
Published: May 2018

AbstractComputational modeling of brain mechanisms of cognition has been largely focused on the cortex, but recent experiments have shown that higher-order nuclei of the thalamus, in particular the pulvinar, participate in major cognitive functions and are implicated in psychiatric disorders. Here we show that a pulvino-cortical circuit model, composed of two cortical areas and the pulvinar, captures a range of physiological and behavioral observations related to the macaque pulvinar. Effective connections between the two cortical areas are gated by the pulvinar, allowing the pulvinar to shift the operation regime of these areas during attentional processing and working memory, as well as to resolve decision-making conflict. Furthermore, cortico-pulvinar projections that engage the thalamic reticular nucleus enable the pulvinar to estimate decision-making confidence. Finally, feedforward and feedback pulvino-cortical pathways participate in frequency-dependent inter-areal interactions that modify the relative hierarchical positions of cortical areas. Overall, our model suggests that the pulvinar provides crucial contextual modulation to cortical computations associated with cognition.
High-throughput identification and marker development of perfect SSR for cultivated genus of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis)
Authors: Wu Yanyan , Huang Weihua , Huang Yongcai , Liu Jieyun , Tian Qinglan , Yang Xinghai , Xia Xiuzhong , Mou Haifei 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSimple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are characterized by high polymorphism, good reproducibility and co-dominance etc. They can be easily applied to develop efficient, simple and practical molecular markers. In the present study, bioinformatics methods were applied to identify high-throughput perfect SSRs of cultivar Passiflora genome. A total of 13104 perfect SSRs were obtained. SSR core sequence structure is mainly 2-4 bases, the maximum numbers are TA, AT, TC and AG. The maximum numbers of repetitions were up to 20 times. A total of 12934 pairs of SSR markers were developed by using bioinformatics software, and 20 pairs of markers were selected for amplification specificity assessment of MTX and WJ10, and the polymorphism rate was as high as 60%. The large-scale development of the SSR markers of Passiflora cultivar has paved a foundation for the efficient utilization of the germplasm resources of passion fruit, genetic improvement of the varieties and molecular breeding.
Monocyte and Macrophage Subtypes as Paired Cell Biomarkers for Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Arnold Kathryn A. , Blair John E. , Paul Jonathan D. , Shah Atman P. , Nathan Sandeep , Alenghat Francis J. 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTBackground: Monocytes and macrophages are central to atherosclerosis, but how they mark progression of human coronary artery disease (CAD) is unclear. We tested whether patients’ monocyte subtypes paired with their derived macrophage profiles correlate with extent of CAD.Methods: Peripheral blood was collected from 30 patients undergoing cardiac catheterization, and patients were categorized as having no significant CAD, single vessel disease, or multivessel disease according to the number of affected coronary arteries. Mononuclear cells were measured for monocyte markers CD14 and CD16 by flow cytometry, and separate monocytes were cultured into macrophages over 7 days and measured for polarization markers CD86 and CD206.Results: At baseline, patients with greater CAD burden were older with higher rates of statin use, whereas all other characteristics were similar across the spectrum of coronary disease. Non-classical (CD14loCD16hi) and all CD16+ monocytes were elevated in patients with single vessel and multivessel disease compared to those without significant CAD (8.6% and 10.5% vs. 2.8%, p < 0.05), whereas regulatory M2 macrophages (CD206+) were decreased in patients with single vessel and multivessel disease (0.34% and 0.34% vs. 1.4%, p < 0.05). An inverse relationship between paired CD16+ monocytes and M2 macrophages marked CAD severity. CAD was also found to be more tightly associated with CD16+ cells than age or traditional cardiovascular risk factors on multiple regression analysis of these patients.Conclusions: CAD extent is correlated directly with CD16+ monocytes and inversely with M2 (CD206+) macrophages, suggesting circulating monocytes may influence downstream polarization of lesional macrophages. These measures of monocyte and macrophage subtypes hold potential as biomarkers in CAD.
High Temporal-Resolution Dynamic PET Image Reconstruction Using A New Spatiotemporal Kernel Method
Authors: Wang Guobao 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCurrent clinical dynamic PET has an effective temporal resolution of 5-10 seconds, which can be adequate for traditional compartmental modeling but is inadequate for exploiting the benefit of more advanced tracer kinetic modeling. There is a need to improve dynamic PET to allow fine temporal sampling of 1-2 seconds. However, reconstruction of these shorttime frames from tomographic data is extremely challenging as the count level of each frame is very low and high noise presents in both spatial and temporal domains. Previously the kernel framework has been developed and demonstrated as a statistically efficient approach to utilizing image prior for low-count PET image reconstruction. Nevertheless, the existing kernel methods mainly explore spatial correlations in the data and only have a limited ability in suppressing temporal noise. In this paper, we propose a new kernel method which extends the previous spatial kernel method to the general spatiotemporal domain. The new kernelized model encodes both spatial and temporal correlations obtained from image prior information and is incorporated into the PET forward projection model to improve the maximum likelihood (ML) image reconstruction. Computer simulations and an application to real patient scan have shown that the proposed approach can achieve effective noise reduction in both spatial and temporal domains and outperform the spatial kernel method and conventional ML reconstruction method for improving high temporal-resolution dynamic PET imaging.
Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the MEDI4839 (Suvratoxumab) epitope reduces alpha toxin lytic activity in vitro and S. aureus fitness in infection models
Authors: Tkaczyk C , Semenova E , Shi Y.Y , Rosenthal K , Oganesyan V , Warrener P , Stover C.K , Sellman B.R 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAlpha toxin (AT) is a cytolytic pore-forming toxin that plays a key role in Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis, consequently extensive research was undertaken to understand the AT mechanism of action and its utility as a target for novel prophylaxis and treatment strategies against S. aureus infections. MEDI4893 (Suvratoxumab) is a human anti-AT IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), which targets AT and is currently in Phase 2 clinical development. As shown previously, the MEDI4893-binding epitope on AT is comprised of the highly conserved amino acid regions 177-200 and 261-271, suggesting these amino acids are important for AT function. To test this hypothesis, and gain insight into the effect mutations in the epitope on AT neutralization by MEDI4893, nine MEDI4893 contact residues in AT were individually mutated to alanine. Consistent with our hypothesis, 8 out of 9 mutants exhibited >2-fold loss in lytic activity resulting from a defect in cell binding and pore formation. MEDI4893 binding affinity was reduced >2-fold (2 – 27-fold) for 7 out of 9 mutants and no binding detected for W187A mutant. MEDI4893 effectively neutralized all of the lytic mutants in vitro and in vivo. When the defective mutants were introduced into a S. aureus clinical isolate, the mutant-expressing strains exhibited less severe disease in mouse models and were effectively neutralized by MEDI4893. These results indicate the MEDI4893 epitope is highly conserved due, in part to its role in AT pore-formation and bacterial fitness, thus decreasing the likelihood for the emergence of mAb-resistant variants.
Short-term plasticity of the human adult visual cortex measured with 7T BOLD
Authors: Binda Paola , Kurzawski Jan W. , Lunghi Claudia , Biagi Laura , Tosetti Michela , Morrone Maria Concetta 
Published: May 2018

AbstractVisual cortex, particularly V1, is considered to be resilient to plastic changes in adults. In particular, ocular dominance is assumed to be hard-wired after the end of the critical period. We show that short-term (2h) monocular deprivation in adult humans boosts the BOLD response to the deprived eye, changing ocular dominance of V1 vertices, consistently with homeostatic plasticity. The boost is strongest in V1, present in V2, V3 & V4 but absent in V3a and MT. Assessment of spatial frequency tuning in V1 by a population Receptive-Field technique shows that deprivation primarily boosts high spatial frequencies, consistent with a primary involvement of the parvocellular pathway. Crucially, the V1 deprivation effect correlates across participants with the perceptual increase of the deprived eye dominance assessed with binocular rivalry, suggesting a common origin. Our results demonstrate that visual cortex, particularly the ventral pathway, retains a high potential for homeostatic plasticity in the human adult.
ALPHLARD: a Bayesian method for analyzing HLA genes from whole genome sequence data
Authors: Hayashi Shuto , Yamaguchi Rui , Mizuno Shinichi , Komura Mitsuhiro , Miyano Satoru , Nakagawa Hidewaki , Imoto Seiya 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAlthough human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotyping based on amplicon, whole exome sequence (WES), and RNA sequence data has been achieved in recent years, accurate genotyping from whole genome sequence (WGS) data remains a challenge due to the low depth. Furthermore, there is no method to identify the sequences of unknown HLA types not registered in HLA databases. We developed a Bayesian model, called ALPHLARD, that collects reads potentially generated from HLA genes and accurately determines a pair of HLA types for each of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DPA1, -DPB1, -DQA1, -DQB1, and -DRB1 genes at 6-digit resolution. Furthermore, ALPHLARD can detect rare germline variants not stored in HLA databases and call somatic mutations from paired normal and tumor sequence data. We illustrate the capability of ALPHLARD using 253 WES data and 25 WGS data from Illumina platforms. By comparing the results of HLA genotyping from SBT and amplicon sequencing methods, ALPHLARD achieved 98.8% for WES data and 98.5% for WGS data at 4-digit resolution. We also detected three somatic point mutations and one case of loss of heterozygosity in the HLA genes from the WGS data. ALPHLARD showed good performance for HLA genotyping even from low-coverage data. It also has a potential to detect rare germline variants and somatic mutations in HLA genes. It would help to fill in the current gaps in HLA reference databases and unveil the immunological significance of somatic mutations identified in HLA genes.
The Carcinogenome Project: In-vitro Gene Expression Profiling of Chemical Perturbations to Predict Long-Term Carcinogenicity
Authors: Li Amy , Lu Xiaodong , Natoli Ted , Bittker Joshua , Sipes Nisha , Subramanian Aravind , Auerbach Scott , Sherr David H. , Monti Stefano 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackground: Most chemicals in commerce have not been evaluated for their carcinogenic potential. The current de-facto gold-standard approach to carcinogen testing adopts the two-year rodent bioassay, a time consuming and costly procedure. Alternative approaches, such as high-throughput in-vitro assays, show promise in addressing the limitations in carcinogen screening.Objectives: We developed a screening process for predicting chemical carcinogenicity and genotoxicity and characterizing modes of actions (MoAs) using in-vitro gene expression assays.Methods: We generated a large toxicogenomics resource comprising ~6,000 expression profiles corresponding to 330 chemicals profiled in HepG2 cells at multiple doses and in replicates. Predictive models of carcinogenicity were built using a Random Forest classifier. Differential pathway enrichment analysis was performed to identify pathways associated with carcinogen exposure. Signatures of carcinogenicity and genotoxicity were compared with external data sources including Drugmatrix and the Connectivity Map.Results: Among profiles with sufficient bioactivity, our classifiers achieved 72.2% AUC for predicting carcinogenicity and 82.3% AUC for predicting genotoxicity. Our analysis showed that chemical bioactivity, as measured by the strength and reproducibility of the transcriptional response, is not significantly associated with long-term carcinogenicity, as evidenced by the many carcinogenic chemicals that did not elicit substantial changes in gene expression at doses up to 40 μM. However, sufficiently high transcriptional bioactivity is necessary for a chemical to be used for prediction of carcinogenicity. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed several pathways consistent with literature review of pathways that drive cancer, including DNA damage and DNA repair. These data are available for download via https://clue.io/CRCGN_ABC, and a web portal for interactive query and visualization of the data and results is accessible at https://carcinogenome.org.Conclusions: We demonstrated a short-term in-vitro screening approach using gene expression profiling to predict long-term carcinogenicity and infer MoAs of chemical perturbations.
Anti-aging food that improves markers of health in senior dogs by modulating gut microbiota and metabolite profiles
Authors: Gebreselassie Eden Ephraim , Jackson Matthew I. , Yerramilli Maha , Jewell Dennis E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDysbiosis is one of the major changes in aging that leads to an accumulation of toxic microbial metabolites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a test food containing components of citrus, carrot, spinach and tomato on gut microbiota and age-related metabolites in senior dogs. The study was conducted on 36 dogs between 8 and 13 years of age. All dogs were maintained on a control food (control 1), which used corn as major source of fiber. After 30 days, the dogs were divided into two groups of 18 dogs. One of the groups received the test food for 30 days while the other group received the control 2 food, containing multiple whole grains as the test food but without the above added sources of fiber present in the test food. After a washout period on the control 1 food for 30 days, a cross-over was performed so that the test or the control 2 food was fed for 30 days to those dogs which had not yet been fed that food. Samples from feces and blood were collected after each 30 days period to analyze changes in gut microbial composition and metabolites. The consumption of the test food led to increased proportions ofAdlercreutzia,Oscillospira,Phascolarcobacteria,FaecalibacteriumandRuminococcus,Christensenellaceae,Ruminococcaceae,CyanobacteriaandAcidobacteriaand decreased proportions ofMegamonas,Salmonella,EnterobacteriaceaeandFusobacterium. Pets had higher levels of glycerol and fatty acids and lower levels of pyrraline and mucin amino acids in feces. The test food also reduced circulating levels of pyrraline, symmetric dimethylarginine and phenolic uremic toxins, including the microbial brain toxin, 4-ethylphenyl sulfate.Christensenellaceaeabundance was strongly associated with the observed health benefits. Fermentable fibers from fruits and vegetables enhance health in senior dogs by modulating the gut bacteria and metabolites involved in aging, kidney, brain and gut health.