bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rising Dominance of the Tactical Defense?
Authors: Hammes T.X. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The balance between the tactical offense and the tactical defense has varied throughout history. On World War I's Western Front, the combination of magazine fed rifles, machine guns, and rapid-fire artillery made the defense tactically dominant in land warfare. It was not until each side developed new tactics tied to new technologies that movement was restored. By adopting new technologies developed between the wars, the offense became dominant on land in 1940. Today, tactics built around the technology of pervasive surveillance, precision weapons in mass, and C2 systems that can exploit the two provide the tactical defense in land, air, and sea domains with major advantages. This chapter explores the question whether land warfare is again entering a period of defense dominance.
Terrorists and Their Beliefs
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces my approach, embeds it in the existing literature, and argues that in order to understand what drove young men and women in the Netherlands and Indonesia to become terrorists in the last decade, we need to take their beliefs seriously. It therefore advocates a first-person perspective approach to extreme belief and behavior. In addition, the chapter explains the hybrid approach of combining history, religious studies, and social psychology in developing a design for identifying narratives of radical redemption. Finally, it presents my main research question: To what extent does the radical redemption narrative shape radicalization toward terrorism? This question can be divided in three subquestions: (1) How does terrorism manifest itself as a praxis of radical redemption? (2) How does the redemption narrative offer individuals a framework within which they can give their lives meaning? (3) At what point and why does this narrative lose its appeal?
The First Panel
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses primarily on the moment when the interviewed (ex-)detainees began to form images of and to dream about the fight against injustice and to compare those dreams to the reality of their daily lives. Their sense of social and moral deficit and feelings of frustration became increasingly linked to a desire for purification and action. The radical redemption model can be seen as a triptych: sense of deficit, dedication and fight, and validation. Chapter 4 outlines the first panel. Terrorists believe their country or group is in a state of absolute, radical evil and injustice. They then see themselves as part of that situation, living in a state of moral deficit, and believe that they are responsible for stopping that evil and injustice. What they have been doing so far is not enough: they come to believe they should radically change the course of their lives.
Radical Redemption Narratives in Other Contexts
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
To place this study of radical redemption as both a personal motive and a group narrative in perspective, chapter 7 discusses various radicals and convicted terrorists with other ideological leanings and in other contexts. In doing so, it brings together a number of control narratives closely related in time and place to the stories of the jihadists described in this book. This allows us to compare the motives of religious radical redemption with the motives of members of armed militias in Syria, and the individual radicalization processes of Dutch and Indonesian jihadists with the background of Boko Haram members. Lastly, the chapter looks at the accounts of how extreme right-wing terrorists seek meaning in their lives, and explores whether the model of radical redemption is also applicable to such secular terrorists.
Reflexive and reciprocal marking in Bantu
Authors: Sikuku Justine Mukhwana 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Bantu languages, like most other languages of the world, show great variation in coding anaphoric relations. These relations often include reflexive and reciprocal marking. This chapter discusses different reflexive and reciprocal marking patterns as manifested in various Bantu languages. The chapter shows that the anaphoric patterns are derived from a typology of strategies which include both verbal and nominal strategies. The former is concerned with inherent verbal reflexives/reciprocals and affixal markers. The latter focuses on numerous pronouns, nouns, and noun phrases. The strategies further display variation in form, distribution, and antecedent selection requirements. Based on this variation, the chapter develops Bantu reflexive and reciprocal parameters that seek to account for the different anaphoric patterns.
Morphosyntactic properties of object marking in Nyakyusa
Authors: Lusekelo Amani 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter contributes to the morphosyntactic properties of object marking in Nyakyusa (M31). It also contributes to the division of verbs based on their inherent semantic content. The division is of verbs which require mandatory object marking, and the ones which require optional object marking on definiteness grounds. Based on the refined criteria of parametric variations, Nyakyusa allows both object prefixation and object encliticization in a verb. The language behaves typically like symmetric ones with regard to passivization and the adjacency condition. The lexical semantic content of verbs in Nyakyusa allows the division of some verbs, e.g. aga ‘find’, bona ‘see’, and bʊʊla ‘tell, inform’, that invoke compulsory object marking regardless of (in)definiteness, and other verbs, e.g. piija ‘cook’, fʊʊla ‘undress’, and buumba ‘mould’, that attract optional object marking to indicate definiteness. The former group of verbs is labelled neutral verbs, and the latter non-neutral verbs.
‘Being Persecuted’ and the Internal Protection Alternative
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter inquires whether unavailability of an internal protection alternative (IPA) is a necessary requirement within the refugee definition. It is argued that, applying VCLT rules, there is a sufficient basis for concluding that it is. The chapter seeks to evaluate the three best-known approaches to IPA analysis: the ‘reasonableness’ analysis set out in UNHCR Guidelines No 4; the Michigan Guidelines; and the human rights approach. The chapter sees the best hope for resetting IPA analysis so that it truly is tied back to key elements of the refugee definition to lie in further development of a human rights approach. However, one important modification is necessary in order to avoid a present misunderstanding in the case law of the ECtHR as regards the threshold of harm that it necessary for an applicant to face in a putative alternative area (the ECtHR presently applying an Article 3 threshold to it as well as to the issue of protection in the country as a whole). That said, it is noted that a human rights approach has yet to be developed in detail and that there is potential for building on the UNHCR ‘reasonableness’ approach. It is concluded that notwithstanding continuing disagreements between these three approaches, there is consensus about a significant number of propositions relating to substantive contents. Mention is also made of the main suggestions set forth regarding procedural contents. The chapter ends by listing several ‘suggested propositions’ arising out of the author’s own evaluation of the main disagreements that remain.
Refugee Convention Reasons: ‘For Reasons Of’
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the ‘nexus clause’ which contains the Convention reasons (race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group (MPSG), and political opinion). Interpretation of some of these has provoked myriad conceptual problems. It is argued that although the reasons are best understood as having a common theme of non-discrimination, the most well-known framework for analysing this, based on the ‘protected characteristics’ analysis of MPSG, harbours serious problems. It is argued that, applying VCLT rules of interpretation, each reason is to be given a broad interpretation, notwithstanding that this has not always been done. Caution is expressed about interpretation imposing qualitative criteria concerning morality of conduct. In relation to the MPSG reason, it is concluded that neither the ‘protected characteristics’ nor the ‘social perception’ approach is in fact coherent on its own and that applying them cumulatively only makes matters worse. It is noted, however, that clashes between these two approaches have not prevented widespread agreement about several common features that a PSG must possess. Relative to the political opinion reason, three approaches to the notion of ‘political’ are discussed, leading to a suggestion as to how they can be amalgamated. In an examination of this element’s causal nexus requirement, reasons are given for understanding this as an ‘effective or essential reason’ test and for viewing it as erroneous to impose a requirement of persecutory intent. Further observations are made on the doctrine of attribution and the nature of the risk, concluding with several ‘basic propositions’ and ‘suggested propositions’.
Brief Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Luyten Patrick , Abrahams Deborah 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy (DIT) is a brief psychodynamic psychotherapy developed for the treatment of mood disorders. It is now offered in the UK in NHS for the treatment of depression and has been applied worldwide in public health care settings as well as private settings. This book is a user-friendly, practical guide for the implementation of a brief psychodynamic intervention in routine clinical practice as well as in research protocols. It has been substantially updated since the first edition in 2011 with the addition of five new chapters to reflect new applications of the model in complex care, for patients with functional and somatic disorders, and for internet delivered DIT, and it outlines the changes in the training of DIT practitioners. It sets out clearly the theoretical framework, as well as the rationale and strategies for applying DIT with patients presenting with mood disorders (depression and anxiety). Throughout, it is illustrated with detailed examples that help the reader to implement the approach in their practice. The book will be required reading to support training initiatives in DIT, as well as providing a resource for mental health professionals specializing in psychodynamic psychotherapy and wishing to work within a limited time frame.
The Initial Phase
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter gives a detailed overview of the initial phase of DIT (sessions 1–4), setting out how to engage the patient and listen out for ‘cautionary tales’ that help the therapist to anticipate the patient’s anxieties and defences about starting therapy. It guides the therapist in how to formulate a dynamic focus for intervention. It discusses the range of information that the therapist requires to arrive at a formulation to share with the patient. It considers the history of the presenting problem from the patient’s point of view and in the context of family history and medical history. It describes how to manage risk and set goals, and covers the use of outcome monitoring and video/audio recording of sessions.
Working in the Transference
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) is a psychodynamic approach and draws on the use of transference, but it does this in a very focused manner, informed by its potential relevance to the exploration of the interpersonal-affective focus. This chapter offers a detailed guide to formulating a transference interpretation in DIT. Case examples are provided and analysed. The criteria for interpreting the transference in DIT are outlined.
Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy for Complex Care (DITCC)
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The clinical experience of dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) therapists indicated a need to adapt the model for patients with chronic, complex, and severe depression owing to issues related to engagement, risk, and sustainable change with these patients. This new chapter for the second edition outlines the adaptation of DIT for complex care (DITCC)—an extended twenty-six-session model. This chapter addresses suitability for DITCC with a focus on the failure of mentalizing in depression. It considers commonalities and differences between the original sixteen-session model and DITCC. It then provides the manual for using DITCC in practice. New concepts include a focus on developing epistemic trust during the first phase of DITCC, the concept of relationship-interfering behaviours in the second phase, and the ‘taking stock’ letter as part of the third phase, as well as a follow-up phase.
Artificial Intelligence-Based STEM Education
Authors: Zhai Xiaoming , Krajcik Joseph 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive exploration of the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education, elucidating both its transformative potential and associated challenges. The chapter critically examines the findings in the book, including the roles of AI in personalized learning, assessment automation, AI tool design and development, and teacher professional development while also addressing ethical and inclusivity concerns. It provides a set of key recommendations for future research, highlighting the need for empirical studies that focus on diverse learner populations, validity, pedagogy, and ethical frameworks to guide AI's responsible deployment. The chapter serves as a seminal resource for educators, researchers, and policymakers, offering a nuanced understanding of the complexities involved in leveraging AI to enhance STEM education. It concludes by outlining key future directions, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary efforts to realize the full potential of AI-based STEM education.
Using AI Tools to Provide Teachers with Fully Automated, Personalized Feedback on Their Classroom Discourse Patterns
Authors: Suresh Abhijit , Penuel William R. , Jacobs Jennifer K. , Raza Ali , Martin James H. , Sumner Tamara 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
By incorporating discussion practices aligned with accountable talk, teachers can establish discourse-rich classrooms that center student voices within a rigorous learning environment. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as the TalkMoves application can be harnessed to automatically recognize and classify critical features of classroom talk. A pilot group of twenty-one mathematics teachers who used the TalkMoves application were generally enthusiastic and perceived it as having a strong utility value; however, disruptions due to COVID and the shift to remote learning hindered their use. Those teachers who chose to use the application for two years significantly increased the amount of teacher and student talk moves in their recorded lessons. There is a pressing need for future research to explore the potential of AI tools like the TalkMoves application to provide personalized, formative feedback at scale, particularly in other STEM fields that may benefit from an intentional focus on fostering student-driven conversations.
The locative domain in Mupun
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 describes the locative domain in Mupun (West Chadic). The locative complement in Mupun codes only the place where an event happens and the spatial relations with respect to the complement. Directionality, vertical dimensions of motion, and other functions are coded by verbs. Every verb of motion carries only one parameter of motion. Verbs have different properties with respect to the number of locative complements they can take. Syntactic properties of verbs, rather than being arbitrary, are motivated by the semantic functions encoded in the grammatical system and by the paucity of functions coded in the locative complements. The study provides evidence that the existence of some verbs coding motion, directionality, and the inherent locative complement is motivated by the paucity of functions coded in the locative complement.
Competition and Cooperation
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the primate research literature on the social economy of cooperation and competition. It covers what primates know about their social relationships, including social evaluation and reputation, and whether their social interactions involve barter, exchange, and reciprocity. Next, the chapter covers prosocial behaviour, including coalitions and alliances, instrumental helping, and food sharing. Some space is also devoted to how individuals respond to unequal food distributions and the actions that they take when their (or others’) expectations are violated or their food is stolen. The last part of the chapter focuses on how individuals initiate and maintain collaboration in problem-solving situations, including how they share the spoils and solve social dilemmas.
Evolution of Primate Social Cognition
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys the major theoretical issues in the study of primate social cognition in relation to primate socioecology, particularly focusing on factors such as food distribution, predator pressure, and intergroup competition. It also discusses how the idea of social intelligence originated in primatology/comparative psychology and how various authors have conceptualized social cognition over the years. Whereas some authors have denied its existence or importance, others have invoked the use of behavioural rules to predict behaviour, and a third group has argued that some primates make social inferences based on attributing mental states to others. The last part of the chapter offers some theoretical speculations about the evolution of primate social cognition in each of the main primate taxa.
Memories of Colonisation in Medieval and Modern Castile
Authors: De Souza Rebecca 
Published: November 2024

AbstractMemories of Colonisation in Medieval and Modern Castile: Rereading and Refashioning al-Andalus traces the evolving memory of a dominant al-Andalus in medieval Castilian and, later, modern Spanish literature. It presents a series of close readings of neomedievalist literary works that look back to the socioeconomic apogee of al-Andalus, the tenth-century Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, but were written centuries later, from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century. These works rewrite what has become known as the story of the siete infantes de Lara, although it is their Andalusi half-brother, Mudarra, who takes centre stage from the early modern period on. In its earliest form, it is a story of a weak, conflictual county of Castile, dependent socioeconomically and morally upon Andalusi intervention. Memories of Colonisation asks why Mudarra and the infantes continue to reappear in medieval chronicles, from the Estoria de España to lesser-known regional historiography, early modern ballads, comedias, and nineteenth-century Romantic poetry and prose. By examining how each of these texts remembers tenth-century Iberia’s fluid geographical and interracial boundaries and Castilian disempowerment, it explores how they support or challenge dominant contemporary discourses of collective identity, race, and nation; from the neogothic aspirations of thirteenth-century Castile to the antisemitism of fifteenth-century Toledo, expansion in the Mediterranean, the Islamophobia of the morisco expulsion, and the partisan manipulation of al-Andalus under nineteenth century liberalism. It also examines how each text exposes the task of reconstructing historical memory in the present and thereby challenges the notion of a stable, incontestable past for Castile and Spain.
Radical Performances of al-Andalus in the Earlycomedia
Authors: De Souza Rebecca 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe chapter reads the rewriting of the story of Mudarra and the infantes de Lara in the emergent, late-sixteenth century Spanish comedia against the sociocultural backdrop of increased morisco marginalisation and internal conflict experienced by the theatre’s patrons and playwrights. Andalusian Juan de la Cueva’s melancholic Tragedia de los siete infantes de Lara (1579), written and performed in Seville, fuses both classical and popular literary forms and sets most of its action in Cordoba among a classicised, erudite Andalusi milieu. This tragedy stages the lost potential of the Caliphate but also demonstrates the productive nature of its memory for Spain’s future by depicting characters who effectively harness their pasts. Its melancholic neomedievalism proposes an alternative to the discursive and political exclusion of Iberian Muslims against the backdrop of the influx of displaced moriscos to Seville after the War of the Alpujarras (1568–1571). Four years later, a play that shifts the focus to the Andalusi protagonist Mudarra was composed: the anonymous Famosos hechos de Mudarra (1583). This is the first in a long line of works to focus on the figure of Mudarra and his dual subject position across the Castilian–Andalusi border. Famosos hechos follows Mudarra’s journey, both literal and figurative, to his father in Castile. Although a willing migrant keen to redeem his past indiscretions in Cordoba, the question of coerced conversion brings his expedition to an ambivalent close, particularly in light of the displacement of contemporary moriscos.
Coda
Authors: De Souza Rebecca 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThis book closes with a short coda that traces Mudarra and the infantes to the twenty-first century and to their (post)colonial guises, from Manila back to Burgos. It evaluates how this study changes how we think about the memory of al-Andalus in medieval Castile and modern Spain, and how these divergent memories each respond uniquely to their contemporary circumstances. Avoiding sweeping conclusions or a history of ideas approach, it instead underscores the power dynamics and sociocultural relations that have enabled the composition and reception of these memories of the premodern era, and gesture to how these works might help us trace the evolution of neomedievalism as a literary mode. It also delineates the fate of the infantes and Mudarra after 1842. While later nineteenth-century philologists configured this story as a canonical (hi)story for modern Spain, this study ultimately unsettles its role as a stable cultural memory given the nature of neomedievalism as the rewriting of open, anonymous traditions that pertain to the collective.
Introduction
Authors: Börzel Tanja A. , Gerschewski Johannes , Zürn Michael 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the added value of using “script” as a heuristic and an analytical concept over alternatives and introduces four central themes that structure this volume. We ask first what the liberal script is and how we can approach it from different viewpoints. Second, we inquire how the liberal script varies over time and space. Third, we distinguish subscripts and major components of the liberal script. Fourth, we identify tensions emerging within the liberal script and possible resolutions. In each section, we introduce individual contributions to the book and show how they deal with the four central themes.