bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal and metabolic overlap between lipid accumulation and programmed cell death due to nitrogen starvation in the unicellular chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Sathe Santosh , Orellana Mónica V. , Baliga Nitin S. , Durand Pierre M. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryLipid accumulation due to nitrogen depletion has been studied extensively in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the metabolic changes that lead to triacylglycerol biosynthesis have been of particular interest to researchers in the biodiesel industry. The induction of programmed cell death (PCD) in response to nitrogen starvation has also been documented in related chlorophytes. Here, we examined the temporal and metabolic overlap of lipid accumulation and PCD in response to nitrogen starvation in the important model organism C. reinhardtii. Nitrogen starvation induced physiological stress, measured by the progressive decline in chlorophyll a fluorescence, reduced photosynthetic efficiency and decreased growth. In keeping with previous reports, cells accumulated lipids reaching a peak after 2–3 days. At the same time, DNA nicking and caspase‐like protease activity was observed in a proportion of cells, and ultrastructural observations confirmed that death was via PCD. Our results demonstrate that DNA nicking and caspase‐like activity are observed during PCD in C. reinhardtii in response to nitrogen starvation, and that death occurs at the same time as lipid biosynthesis. Microalgal lipid production due to nitrogen depletion in C. reinhardtii is limited by the decrease in culture growth and knowing that the loss of culture density is, at least in part, due to PCD is important for the biotechnology industry.
Mapping attention during gameplay: Assessment of behavioral and ERP markers in an auditory oddball task
Authors: Núñez Castellar Elena Patricia , Antons Jan‐Niklas , Marinazzo Daniele , Van Looy Jan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractVideo games are enjoyed most when the level and speed of the game match the players' skills. An optimal balance between challenges and skills triggers the subjective experience of “flow,” a focused motivation leading to a feeling of spontaneous joy. The present research investigates the behavioral and neural correlates of a paradigm aimed to assess the players' subjective experience during gameplay. Attentional engagement changes were assessed first at the behavioral level and in a second stage by means of EEG recordings. An auditory novelty oddball paradigm was implemented as a secondary task while subjects played in three conditions: boredom, frustration, and flow. We found higher reaction times and error rates in the flow condition. In a second stage, EEG time domain analysis revealed a significantly delayed response‐locked frontocentral negative deflection during flow, likely signaling the reallocation of attentional resources. Source reconstruction analyses showed that the brain regions responsible for the genesis of this negativity were located within the medial frontal cortex. Frequency domain analyses showed a significant power increase only in the alpha band for the flow condition. Our results showed that this alpha power enhancement was correlated with faster reaction times. This suggests that frontal alpha changes recorded as maximal at the midfrontal lines during flow might be related to inhibitory top‐down cognitive control processes.
Maintaining the benefits following pulmonary rehabilitation: Achievable or not?
Authors: Spencer Lissa M. , McKeough Zoe J. 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTPulmonary rehabilitation (PR) improves exercise capacity, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and dyspnoea in patients with COPD and other lung conditions. Once PR is completed, the benefits gained begin to decline unless patients continue to exercise regularly. Due to limited evidence in other lung conditions, this review aims to examine the current evidence regarding maintenance exercise programmes for patients with COPD and to determine the types of programmes that are able to maintain the benefits gained from PR to 12 months and longer. A number of factors may affect the ability to maintain exercise capacity and HRQoL in the long term including: frequency of supervised maintenance exercise; strategies used to improve adherence to maintenance exercise; facilitators and barriers to long‐term exercise training; and initial PR programme itself. The current evidence for maintenance exercise programmes that included supervised maintenance exercise was weak, and for those programmes that included unsupervised maintenance exercise (with and without support) were difficult to interpret and in many instances were no better than usual care. New research using technology has provided some promising results for the future and surveys have revealed important features that may help in the development of maintenance programmes from a participant perspective such as ongoing therapist support. How to best maintain the benefits gained from PR remains unclear. Therefore, it is likely that no one model of maintenance is ideal for all patients with COPD and that individually adapted maintenance exercise programmes need to be considered.
Vocational school students’ self‐evaluations of a sexual health promotion intervention
Authors: Pakarinen Marja , Kylmä Jari , Helminen Mika , Suominen Tarja 
Published: March 2019

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to pose a health risk among adolescents. School is therefore a logical place for promoting sexual health through interventions, but previous research has not examined student's self‐evaluations of these interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine students’ self‐evaluations of a sexual health promotion intervention carried out in four randomly selected vocational schools in Finland in the year 2011. The participants (n = 168) were first‐year students aged 15–19 years. The intervention (11 weeks) consisted of three components: (i) a teacher‐delivered classroom lesson about sexual health, (ii) information materials about sexual health and (iii) free condom distribution in the school corridors. An electronic questionnaire was developed and administered to the students after the intervention. The participants’ evaluations of the intervention were fairly positive. Almost all of the participants were at least partly satisfied with the classroom lesson. They mostly reported learning new information aboutSTIs and sexuality. Information material was also read and participants self‐evaluated themselves as having learned from the materials. Free condoms were obtained and the students felt that the condom distribution was useful. Sexual health promotion interventions might in the future include the classroom lesson, information material and free condom distribution components used in this study.
Assenting to exposedness – meanings of receiving assisted bodily care in a nursing home as narrated by older persons
Authors: Holmberg Bodil , Hellström Ingrid , Norberg Astrid , Österlind Jane 
Published: March 2019

Most older persons moving to a nursing home need to receive assisted bodily care, which means being in a position of vulnerability. However, few studies have explicitly focused on the meanings of receiving assisted bodily care from the older persons’ perspective. This study aimed to elucidate meanings of receiving assisted bodily care, as narrated by older persons living in a nursing home. Twelve men and women, aged 80 or older, living in a Swedish nursing home, participated in the study. Data were generated by narrative interviews and analysed with a phenomenological‐hermeneutical method. The regional ethics committee approved the study. In the analysis, one main theme emerged: ‘Assenting to exposedness’. This theme comprised five themes, ‘To have hope in hopelessness’, ‘To relinquish one's body into others’ hands’, ‘To be between power and powerlessness’, ‘To oscillate between one's own responsibility and demands’, ‘To be in an ongoing interaction’, and ten subthemes. In conclusion, receiving assisted bodily care means to be exposed, but not passively. Rather, it means to be self‐determinant for as long as possible, to perceive the body as lived. When the body must be relinquished to others, it might be objectified, leading to care‐suffering. To avoid this, the older persons use a certain competence, acquired through life, to decide when to take action or when to assent. However, this is but one of the several possible interpretations, which may be considered a limitation.
High‐resolution synchrotron X‐ray fluorescence investigation of calcite coralloid speleothems: Elemental incorporation and their potential as environmental archives
Authors: Vanghi Valentina , Borsato Andrea , Frisia Silvia , Howard Daryl L. , Gloy Gertruida , Hellstrom John , Bajo Petra 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSynchrotron high‐resolution and micro‐X‐ray fluorescence elemental mapping of two coeval coralloid speleothems from Lamalunga Cave (Italy) are complemented with petrographic, morphological and microstratigraphic studies. The importance of these speleothems relies on their direct and indirect association with a complete Neanderthal skeleton (‘Altamura Man’) found inside the cave. The coralloids grew discontinuously between 64·6 ka and the Holocene and reveal exceptionally high concentrations of Mg, Sr and Si, particularly on convex surfaces, where evaporation is more intense. The incorporation of trace elements depends on several factors including location, shape and geometrical evolution during their growth, as well as climate and environmental parameters. This resulted in calcite precipitation with Sr compositions from 100 to 1200 ppm and an average concentration of 7000 ppm Mg. An unusually high Si content (up to 16%) is possibly derived from volcanic ash transported as particulate and in solution inside the cave. The most common fabrics observed consist of non‐fluorescent elongated columnar calcite forming clean isopachous bands and fluorescent fibre‐like crystals associated with laminated, lenticular bands high in Sr, Mg and Si. Variability in Sr, Mg and Si concentrations appears to induce fabric changes in the coralloids. Elongation and lattice distortion of the crystals was found to coincide with high Mg concentrations. The transition from compact elongated to open to fibre‐like, is here interpreted as due to high concentrations of Si and Sr, which are preferentially incorporated in the speleothem at crystal boundaries and intra‐laminae. It is here inferred that coralloid fabric changes and their elemental content potentially record local rainfall variations through time, with the clean compact calcite marking high infiltration and open fibre‐like and micrite fabrics recording dry periods.
Development of the multispectral UV polarization reflectance imaging system (MUPRIS) for in situ monitoring of the UV protection efficacy of sunscreen on human skin
Authors: Nishino Ken , Haryu Yasushi , Kinoshita Ayui , Nakauchi Shigeki 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundProtection of the human skin from ultraviolet (UV) damage is one of the main issues in dermatology and cosmetology. The UV protection efficacy (UVPE) of the sunscreen film is decreased by sweat, sebum, and friction during the day. However, the technical relationship between the UVPE evaluated in a laboratory and the actual protection in daily use has not been clarified, because the UVPE measurement method in real‐life setting has not been established. This study aimed to develop a novel UVPE evaluation system that allows in situ monitoring of the UVPE in real‐life activities.MethodsThe multispectral UV polarization reflectance imaging system (MUPRIS) and a UVPE estimation algorithm were developed. The diffuse reflectance spectra were measured for a total of 48 sunscreen materials that were applied on 59 subjects. The UVPEs estimated from the diffuse reflectance spectra were compared with the in vivo SPFs. Finally, the UVPE before and after a marine leisure activity was evaluated using the MUPRIS as the practical use test.ResultsCompared with the conventional UV camera, the MUPRIS could visualize the applied sunscreen more clearly and showed good UVPE estimation accuracy (correlation coefficient for in vivo SPF, 0.82). In the practical use test, the degradation of the UVPE during a marine leisure activity was quantitatively monitored and was validated by the actual occurrence of sunburn.ConclusionsA novel in situ UVPE monitoring tool had been successfully developed. It can strongly support the development of innovative sunscreen products that can perfectly protect customers against UV irradiation in real‐life situation.
Legislative Seniority in the Partisan Congress*
Authors: Taylor Andrew J. 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveDespite the formal seniority system's demise, long‐serving members of the U.S. House of Representatives continue to demonstrate disproportionate legislative effectiveness in what scholars universally consider a strong‐party era. I test a bonding model of the continued utility of legislative seniority in an effort to understand the causal mechanism.MethodsI use regression and multilevel mixed effects analyses of roll‐call and co‐sponsorship data in the U.S. House from the 1990s and early 2000s to test hypotheses derived from the model.ResultsThe results are consistent with a process in which senior members attract support for their legislation through relationships cultivated over time. Seniority does not act like a commodity.ConclusionSeniority continues to provide value to its holders in the House by providing them opportunities to strengthen bonds with colleagues used to build coalitions for their legislative proposals.
A case of Pneumocystis pneumonia, with a granulomatous response and vitamin D‐mediated hypercalcemia, presenting 13 years after renal transplantation
Authors: Taylor Lindsay N. , Aesif Scott W. , Matson Kristine M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractVitamin D‐mediated hypercalcemia is an uncommon complication of Pneumocystis infection. A granulomatous response resulting from Pneumocystis infection is also atypical. In this report, we describe an exceptional case of granulomatous Pneumocystis pneumonia associated with vitamin D‐mediated hypercalcemia, in a patient who presented unusually late after renal transplantation. The patient's hypercalcemia resolved with treatment of the infection.
Large‐scale metabolite quantitative trait locus analysis provides new insights for high‐quality maize improvement
Authors: Li Kun , Wen Weiwei , Alseekh Saleh , Yang Xiaohong , Guo Huan , Li Wenqiang , Wang Luxi , Pan Qingchun , Zhan Wei , Liu Jie , Li Yanhua , Wu Xiao , Brotman Yariv , Willmitzer Lothar , Li Jiansheng , Fernie Alisdair R. , Yan Jianbing 
Published: March 2019

SummaryIt is generally recognized that many favorable genes which were lost during domestication, including those related to both nutritional value and stress resistance, remain hidden in wild relatives. To uncover such genes in teosinte, an ancestor of maize, we conducted metabolite profiling in a BC2F7 population generated from a cross between the maize wild relative (Zea mays ssp. mexicana) and maize inbred line Mo17. In total, 65 primary metabolites were quantified in four tissues (seedling‐stage leaf, grouting‐stage leaf, young kernel and mature kernel) with clear tissue‐specific patterns emerging. Three hundred and fifty quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for these metabolites were obtained, which were distributed unevenly across the genome and included two QTL hotspots. Metabolite concentrations frequently increased in the presence of alleles from the teosinte genome while the opposite was observed for grain yield and shape trait QTLs. Combination of the multi‐tissue transcriptome and metabolome data provided considerable insight into the metabolic variations between maize and its wild relatives. This study thus identifies favorable genes hidden in the wild relative which should allow us to balance high yield and quality in future modern crop breeding programs.
Electron transport pathways in isolated chromoplasts from Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.
Authors: Grabsztunowicz Magda , Mulo Paula , Baymann Frauke , Mutoh Risa , Kurisu Genji , Sétif Pierre , Beyer Peter , Krieger‐Liszkay Anja 
Published: March 2019

SummaryDuring daffodil flower development, chloroplasts differentiate into photosynthetically inactive chromoplasts having lost functional photosynthetic reaction centers. Chromoplasts exhibit a respiratory activity reducing oxygen to water and generating ATP. Immunoblots revealed the presence of the plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX), the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex, the cytochrome b6f complex, ATP synthase and several isoforms of ferredoxin‐NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR), and ferredoxin (Fd). Fluorescence spectroscopy allowed the detection of chlorophyll a in the cytochrome b6f complex. Here we characterize the electron transport pathway of chromorespiration by using specific inhibitors for the NDH complex, the cytochrome b6f complex, FNR and redox‐inactive Fd in which the iron was replaced by gallium. Our data suggest an electron flow via two separate pathways, both reducing plastoquinone (PQ) and using PTOX as oxidase. The first oxidizes NADPH via FNR, Fd and cytochrome bh of the cytochrome b6f complex, and does not result in the pumping of protons across the membrane. In the second, electron transport takes place via the NDH complex using both NADH and NADPH as electron donor. FNR and Fd are not involved in this pathway. The NDH complex is responsible for the generation of the proton gradient. We propose a model for chromorespiration that may also be relevant for the understanding of chlororespiration and for the characterization of the electron input from Fd to the cytochrome b6f complex during cyclic electron transport in chloroplasts.
The successful implementation of an automated institution‐wide assessment of hemoglobin and ABO typing to dynamically estimate red blood cell inventory requirements
Authors: Quinn Jason , Campbell Clinton , Gomez Alwyn , Kumar‐Misir Andrew , Watson Stephanie , Liwski Daniel , Covello Thomas , Tennankore Karthik K. , Chisholm Natalie , Sadek Irene , Cheng Calvino 
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUNDBlood bank inventories must balance adequate supply with minimal outdate rates. The day‐to‐day practice of ordering red blood cell (RBC) inventory usually involves manually comparing current inventory levels with predetermined thresholds calculated from historical usage and ordering the difference. To date, there have been no published methods for ordering RBC inventory based on laboratory characteristics of admitted patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe designed and implemented a blood ordering algorithm to provide a more accurate measure of predicted RBC utilization in our institution. Cerner Command Language (Cerner Millennium) was used to extract and combine historical RBC unit usage, current inventory levels, and system‐wide hematology values and blood groups. This report contains a suggested order based on current inventory, historical inventory data, ABO group, and the current “anemia index” for the institution.RESULTSThe mean daily total RBC inventory was significantly reduced after implementation (401.7 units vs. 309.0 units, p < 0.05). There was a significant reduction in monthly RBC outdates in this period (19.1 vs. 8.1, p < 0.05). The age of RBCs at time of transfusion was reduced as well.CONCLUSIONWe developed a novel algorithm that automatically generates a suggested RBC inventory order using real‐time hospital‐wide survey of patient ABO typing, hematology values, and historical data. After implementation of the algorithm we demonstrated a significant reduction in daily inventory levels and RBC outdate rates.
Multimodality characteristics of multifocal choroid plexus carcinoma with bilateral calvarial defects in a dog
Authors: Hughes Jonathan R. , Taylor‐Brown Frances E. , Greville‐Heygate Oliver , Constantino‐Casas Fernando , Williams David L. , Genain Marie‐Aude 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAn 8‐year‐old male intact miniature poodle presented for blindness, obtundation, tetraparesis, and vestibular signs. Magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, and ultrasound revealed a left piriform lobe lesion, right cerebellar and left brainstem lesions, and hydrocephalus and bilateral calvarial defects. Histopathology confirmed a choroid plexus carcinoma with meningeal and intraventricular metastases. The calvarial defect did not show evidence of necrosis, osteoclastic resorption, inflammation or neoplastic infiltration, reflecting a quiescent calvarial atrophy or dysplasia. These novel findings supported inclusion of bone atrophy secondary to chronic increased intracranial pressure as a differential diagnosis for large calvarial defects in dogs with choroid plexus carcinoma.
β2‐Adrenoceptors indirectly support impaired β1‐adrenoceptor responsiveness in the isolated type 2 diabetic rat heart
Authors: Cook Rosalind F. , Bussey Carol T. , Fomison‐Nurse Ingrid C. , Hughes Gillian , Bahn Andrew , Cragg Patricia A. , Lamberts Regis R. 
Published: March 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Are there specific contributions of β1‐ and β2‐adrenoceptor subtypes to the impaired β‐adrenoceptor responsiveness of the type 2 diabetic heart?

What is the main finding and its importance?
In hearts isolated from the Zucker diabetic fatty rat model of type 2 diabetes, we showed that the β1‐adrenoceptors are the main subtype to regulate heart rate, contraction and relaxation. Notably, the β2‐adrenoceptor subtype actions seem to support function in the diabetic heart indirectly.

AbstractImpaired β‐adrenoceptor (β‐AR) responsiveness causes cardiac vulnerability in patients with type 2 diabetes, but the independent contributions of β1‐ and β2‐AR subtypes to β‐AR‐associated cardiac dysfunction in diabetes are unknown. Our aim was to determine the specific β1‐ and β2‐AR responsiveness of heart rate (HR), contraction and relaxation in the diabetic heart. Isolated Langendorff‐perfused hearts of Zucker type 2 diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were stimulated with the β‐AR agonist isoprenaline (1 × 10−11 to 3 × 10−8 mol l−1) with or without the selective β1‐AR antagonist CGP20712A (3 × 10−8 mol l−1) or the β2‐AR antagonist ICI‐118,551 (5 × 10−8 mol l−1), and HR, contraction and relaxation were measured. Diabetic hearts showed lower basal HR (non‐diabetic 216 ± 17 beats min−1 versus diabetic 151 ± 23 beats min−1, P < 0.05). However, the β‐AR‐induced increase in HR was similar and was completely blocked by the β1‐AR antagonist, but not by the β2‐AR antagonist. The β‐AR‐induced increase in contraction and acceleration of relaxation was impaired in diabetic hearts, completely blocked by the β1‐AR antagonist and partly impaired by the β2‐AR antagonist. Western blots revealed 41% higher phosphorylation levels of AMP kinase (AMPK), a key regulator of cardiac energy metabolism, in diabetic hearts (non‐diabetic 1.62 ± 0.19 a.u. versus diabetic 2.30 ± 0.25 a.u., P < 0.05). In conclusion, the β1‐AR is the main subtype regulating chronotropic, inotropic and lusitropic β‐AR responses in the healthy heart and the type 2 diabetic heart. The β2‐AR subtype indirectly supports the β1‐AR functional response in the diabetic heart. This suggests that β2‐ARs could be an indirect target to improve the function of the heart in type 2 diabetes.