bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fashion TV and the Motivation of His Audience
Authors: Pavlushina Margarita I. , Dautova Rezida V. 
Published: March 2018

<p><span lang="EN-US">The beginning of the 21st century is characterized not only by important historical events in the world, but also by the changes in value norms and priorities. Television, being the most mass and accessible means of information, reflects these changes directly or indirectly. One of the significant trends of modern media is the development of an entertainment segment, which is present on television in the form of special formats and a specialized content. It is necessary to create special conditions for the permanent demonstration of their events, symbols and samples for the development of fashion, as the reflection of public and cultural content and as the means of search for a person's identity. Television has such natural features that provide fashion industry a unique platform for the development of a global fashionable space and intercivilizational communication. Fashion-TV complements the television picture of the world, influencing the spread of fashion trends and the development of a certain culture of behavior and lifestyle among TV viewers. Fashion-TV, as the combination of specialized Fashion channels and TV projects dedicated to fashion and human beauty on Russian social, political and entertainment channels, is primarily the carrier of information about modern fashion trends in clothing that influences the change of a person social-cultural image. This article the hypothesis of modern fashion TV has a blurred target audience with pronounced gender characteristics and a developed motivation</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span><span lang="EN-US">The article presents the results of the study conducted on the basis of the Kazan Federal University for two years. </span></p>
Determining the numbers of a landscape architect species (Tapirus terrestris), using footprints
Authors: Moreira Danielle O. , Alibhai Sky K. , Jewell Zoe C. , da Cunha Cristina J. , Seibert Jardel B. , Gatti Andressa 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundAs a landscape architect and a major seed disperser, the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) is an important indicator of the ecological health of certain habitats. Therefore, reliable data regarding tapir populations are fundamental in understanding ecosystem dynamics, including those associated with the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Currently, many population monitoring studies use invasive tagging with radio or satellite/Global Positioning System (GPS) collars. These techniques can be costly and unreliable, and the immobilization required carries physiological risks that are undesirable particularly for threatened and elusive species such as the lowland tapir.MethodsWe collected data from one of the last regions with a viable population of lowland tapir in the south-eastern Atlantic Forest, Brazil, using a new non-invasive method for identifying species, the footprint identification technique (FIT).ResultsWe identified the minimum number of tapirs in the study area and, in addition, we observed that they have overlapping ranges. Four hundred and forty footprints from 46 trails collected from six locations in the study area in a landscape known to contain tapir were analyzed, and 29 individuals were identified from these footprints.DiscussionWe demonstrate a practical application of FIT for lowland tapir censusing. Our study shows that FIT is an effective method for the identification of individuals of a threatened species, even when they lack visible natural markings on their bodies. FIT offers several benefits over other methods, especially for tapir management. As a non-invasive method, it can be used to census or monitor species, giving rapid feedback to managers of protected areas.
The antimalarial compound ELQ‐400 is an unusual inhibitor of the bc1 complex, targeting both Qo and Qi sites
Authors: Song Zehua , Iorga Bogdan I. , Mounkoro Pierre , Fisher Nicholas , Meunier Brigitte 
Published: March 2018

Inhibitors of the mitochondrial respiratory chain cytochrome bc1 complex, such as the antimalarial atovaquone and ELQ‐300, and many well‐studied compounds, are classified as either Qo or Qi site inhibitors based on their site of action. Here, we investigated the site of action of ELQ‐400 that showed an unusual behaviour, being effective against parasites resistant to the Qo site inhibitor atovaquone or to the Qi site inhibitor ELQ‐300. Analysis of yeast mutants and comparison with atovaquone and other ELQs strongly suggest that ELQ‐400 targets both Qo and Qi sites. Dual site inhibition would be particularly efficient as it would lower the risk of acquired resistance. However, such compounds are seldom found, which could be explained by structural and mechanistic differences between the sites.
The Influence of Sea Level Rise on the Regional Interdependence of Coastal Infrastructure
Authors: Wang Ruo‐Qian , Stacey Mark T. , Herdman Liv Muir Meltzner , Barnard Patrick L. , Erikson Li 
Published: March 2018

Sea level rise (SLR) is placing both immediate and long‐term pressures on coastal communities to take protective actions. Projects in the United States, and in many locations throughout the world, generally involve local jurisdictions raising the elevation of shoreline protection elements, with limited or no analysis of the feedback between shoreline management decisions and the impacts to water levels regionally. Our study examines the impact of local shoreline development on regional flood risk and considers SLR scenarios up to 1.5 m using a large‐scale numerical model, as an example, for San Francisco Bay. Here we show that measures to prevent flooding along an embayment shoreline in one location or subregion may increase inundation elsewhere in the system. The network of interactions occurs not only within subbasins of the Bay but also across the greater geographic extent from one end of the Bay to the other, and local jurisdiction may have either reciprocal relationships with or asymmetric impacts on one other. Importantly, the nature of the interaction network is seen to evolve with SLR: interactions are purely subregional at current sea level but with higher sea level (e.g., 1 m of SLR), not only do the subregional interdependencies strengthen but also regional interdependences emerge.
The Role of External Inputs and Internal Cycling in Shaping the Global Ocean Cobalt Distribution: Insights From the First Cobalt Biogeochemical Model
Authors: Tagliabue Alessandro , Hawco Nicholas J. , Bundy Randelle M. , Landing William M. , Milne Angela , Morton Peter L. , Saito Mak A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractCobalt is an important micronutrient for ocean microbes as it is present in vitamin B12 and is a co‐factor in various metalloenzymes that catalyze cellular processes. Moreover, when seawater availability of cobalt is compared to biological demands, cobalt emerges as being depleted in seawater, pointing to a potentially important limiting role. To properly account for the potential biological role for cobalt, there is therefore a need to understand the processes driving the biogeochemical cycling of cobalt and, in particular, the balance between external inputs and internal cycling. To do so, we developed the first cobalt model within a state‐of‐the‐art three‐dimensional global ocean biogeochemical model. Overall, our model does a good job in reproducing measurements with a correlation coefficient of >0.7 in the surface and >0.5 at depth. We find that continental margins are the dominant source of cobalt, with a crucial role played by supply under low bottom‐water oxygen conditions. The basin‐scale distribution of cobalt supplied from margins is facilitated by the activity of manganese‐oxidizing bacteria being suppressed under low oxygen and low temperatures, which extends the residence time of cobalt. Overall, we find a residence time of 7 and 250 years in the upper 250 m and global ocean, respectively. Importantly, we find that the dominant internal resupply process switches from regeneration and recycling of particulate cobalt to dissolution of scavenged cobalt between the upper ocean and the ocean interior. Our model highlights key regions of the ocean where biological activity may be most sensitive to cobalt availability.
The Impact of Parameterized Convection on Climatological Precipitation in Atmospheric Global Climate Models
Authors: Maher Penelope , Vallis Geoffrey K. , Sherwood Steven C. , Webb Mark J. , Sansom Philip G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractConvective parameterizations are widely believed to be essential for realistic simulations of the atmosphere. However, their deficiencies also result in model biases. The role of convection schemes in modern atmospheric models is examined using Selected Process On/Off Klima Intercomparison Experiment simulations without parameterized convection and forced with observed sea surface temperatures. Convection schemes are not required for reasonable climatological precipitation. However, they are essential for reasonable daily precipitation and constraining extreme daily precipitation that otherwise develops. Systematic effects on lapse rate and humidity are likewise modest compared with the intermodel spread. Without parameterized convection Kelvin waves are more realistic. An unexpectedly large moist Southern Hemisphere storm track bias is identified. This storm track bias persists without convection schemes, as does the double Intertropical Convergence Zone and excessive ocean precipitation biases. This suggests that model biases originate from processes other than convection or that convection schemes are missing key processes.
Seasonal and Temporal Variations of Field‐Aligned Currents and Ground Magnetic Deflections During Substorms
Authors: Forsyth C. , Shortt M. , Coxon J. C. , Rae I. J. , Freeman M. P. , Kalmoni N. M. E. , Jackman C. M. , Anderson B. J. , Milan S. E. , Burrell A. G. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractField‐aligned currents (FACs), also known as Birkeland currents, are the agents by which energy and momentum are transferred to the ionosphere from the magnetosphere and solar wind. This coupling is enhanced at substorm onset through the formation of the substorm current wedge. Using FAC data from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment and substorm expansion phase onsets identified using the Substorm Onsets and Phases from Indices of the Electrojet technique, we examine the Northern Hemisphere FACs in all local time sectors with respect to substorm onset and subdivided by season. Our results show that while there is a strong seasonal dependence on the underlying FACs, the increase in FACs following substorm onset only varies by 10% with season, with substorms increasing the hemispheric FACs by 420 kA on average. Over an hour prior to substorm onset, the dayside currents in the postnoon quadrant increase linearly, whereas the nightside currents show a linear increase starting 20–30 min before onset. After onset, the nightside Region 1, Region 2, and nonlocally closed currents and the SuperMAG AL (SML) index follow the Weimer (1994, https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA02721) model with the same time constants in each season. These results contrast earlier contradictory studies that indicate that substorms are either longer in the summer or decay faster in the summer. Our results imply that, on average, substorm FACs do not change with season but that their relative impact on the coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere system does due to the changes in the underlying currents.
Seismic Imaging of Lithosphere Structure and Upper Mantle Deformation Beneath East‐Central China and Their Tectonic Implications
Authors: Li Hongyi , Song Xiaodong , Lü Qingtian , Yang Xiaoyu , Deng Yangfan , Ouyang Longbin , Li Jiapeng , Li Xinfu , Jiang Guoming 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWe conduct a nonlinear joint inversion of receiver functions and surface waves to obtain the lithosphere structure in east‐central China. We also use SKS splitting measurements to evaluate upper mantle deformation. The velocity model reveals that, to the east of the North‐South Gravity Lineament, the crust and lithosphere are significantly thinned. Three extensive crustal/lithospheric thinning subregions are identified. This indicates that the lithospheric modification in east‐central China is nonuniform due to heterogeneity of lithospheric strength. Extensive crustal and lithospheric thinning probably occurs in some weak zones such as basin‐range junction belts and large faults. The structure beneath the Dabie orogenic belt is complex due to the collision between the North and South China Blocks during the Late Paleozoic‐Triassic. The Dabie orogenic belt is delineated by a thick crust with a midcrust low‐velocity zone and a two‐directional convergence in the lithospheric scale. The crust and uppermost mantle across the Tanlu fault exhibit a strong seismic velocity contrast, which suggests deep penetration of this lithospheric‐scale fault. Most of our splitting measurements show nearly E‐W trending fast polarization. The similar present‐day lithosphere structure and upper mantle deformation may imply that the eastern North China Craton and South China Block have been dominated by a common dynamic process since the Late Mesozoic. The westward subduction of the Philippine plate and the long‐range effects of the collision between the Indian and Eurasia plates during the Cenozoic may have also contributed to the present velocity structure and stress field of eastern China.
Retrieval of Elastodynamic Reflections From Passive Double‐Couple Recordings
Authors: Hartstra I. E. , Almagro Vidal C. , Wapenaar K. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractVirtual Green's functions obtained by seismic interferometry (SI) can provide valuable reflectivity data that can complement tomographic inversion schemes. However, virtual reflections are affected by illumination irregularities that are typical of earthquake‐induced wavefields recorded by the receiver array. As a consequence, irregular source distributions, scattering (in case of suboptimal illumination), and complex source mechanisms can significantly disturb the retrieval of Green's function approximations by conventional SI methods. We introduce SI by full‐field multidimensional deconvolution (MDD) for elastodynamic wavefields as an alternative method to obtain body wave Green's functions under those typical circumstances. The advantage of this method compared to other MDD methods is that the kernel of its governing equation is exact. This alternative formulation of the kernel pertains to several advantages: the solution is less sensitive to artifacts and utilizes the free‐surface multiples in the data to estimate primary reflections. Moreover, the point spread function of the full‐field MDD method corrects more affectively for irregular illumination because it also addresses irregularities caused by scattering inside the medium. In order to compare full‐field MDD to existing SI methods, we model synthetic earthquake recordings in a subduction zone setting using an elastodynamic finite‐difference scheme with double couples of different orientations and peak frequencies. Our results show that SI by cross correlation suffers most under these circumstances. Higher‐quality reflections are obtained by the MDD methods, of which full‐field MDD involves the most stable inversion, and its results are least contaminated by artifacts.
Shear Versus Tensile Failure Mechanisms Induced by Sill Intrusions: Implications for Emplacement of Conical and Saucer‐Shaped Intrusions
Authors: Haug Ø. T. , Galland O. , Souloumiac P. , Souche A. , Guldstrand F. , Schmiedel T. , Maillot B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSills, saucer‐shaped sills, and cone sheets are fundamental magma conduits in many sedimentary basins worldwide. Models of their emplacement usually approximate the host rock properties as purely elastic and consider the plastic deformation to be negligible. However, many field observations suggest that inelastic damage and shear fracturing play a significant role during sill emplacement. Here we use a rigid plasticity approach, through limit analysis modeling, to study the conditions required for inelastic deformation of sill overburdens. Our models produce distinct shear failure structures that resemble intrusive bodies, such as cone sheets and saucer‐shaped sills. This suggests that shear damage greatly controls the transition from flat sill to inclined sheets. We derive an empirical scaling law of the critical overpressure required for shear failure of the sill's overburden. This scaling law allows to predict the critical sill diameter at which shear failure of the overburden occurs, which matches the diameters of natural saucer‐shaped intrusions' inner sills. A quantitative comparison between our shear failure model and the established sill's tensile propagation mechanism suggests that sills initially propagate as tensile fractures, until reaching a critical diameter at which shear failure of the overburden controls the subsequent emplacement of the magma. This comparison also allows us to predict, for the first time, the conditions of emplacement of both conical intrusions, saucer‐shaped intrusions, and large concordant sills. Beyond the application to sills, our study suggests that shear failure significantly controls the emplacement of igneous sheet intrusions in the Earth's brittle crust.
Insights Into the Stress Field Around Bárarbunga Volcano From the 2014/2015 Holuhraun Rifting Event
Authors: Spaans Karsten , Hooper Andrew 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe two weeklong rifting event at Bárðarbunga volcano in 2014 led to the Holuhraun eruption, which produced 1.5 km3 of lava and was the largest in Iceland in over 200 years. Predicting when and where an intrusion will lead to eruption requires detailed knowledge of the underlying stress field. Previous studies have explained the dike propagation path with a model that includes a tectonically induced stress field set up by a uniform amount of plate spreading across a straight rift axis. Here we test this hypothesis by modeling the tractions acting on the dike walls, constrained by data from Global Navigation Satellite System and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. Our results show that the majority of the opening and shearing in the final two dike segments is due to stresses built up by plate spreading since the last eruption at Holuhraun, as expected, but that the tectonically induced stress magnitude must be much lower to explain the movement of the dike walls further south. This result implies that most of the tectonically induced stress beneath the ice cap has been released, presumably due to intrusions associated with the Bárðarbunga volcanic system and the nearby Grímsvötn volcanic system, which have not been detected due to their subglacial nature. Modeling of the 2014 Bárðarbunga rifting event therefore not only yields insights into the event but also provides a window into undetected volcanic activity in the past.
A Bayesian Approach to Estimating a Spatial Stress Pattern From P Wave First‐Motions
Authors: Iwata Takaki 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study presents a new statistical method to estimate a spatial stress pattern in the Earth's crust from P wave first‐motions. In this method, it is assumed that the orientation of a fault plane is distributed randomly with a uniform distribution and that the direction of fault slip is parallel to the direction of maximum shear stress on the fault plane. Under these two assumptions, the spatial stress pattern that fits the data set of P wave first‐motions is estimated with a smoothness constraint on the spatial variation of stress pattern. An advantage of this method is that it does not require the determination of the focal mechanisms of each event. This method was applied to synthetic data sets to demonstrate its performance. The estimated stress pattern agreed with that given in the generation of the data set if the given pattern changes smoothly in space. Then, the method was applied to the real data set that was taken from the aftershocks of the 2000 Western Tottori earthquake. The resulting stress pattern was consistent with that estimated in previous studies examining the same data set. Additionally, the spatial variation of stress rotation across the main fault was revealed. These applications show the validity and benefit of the new method.
Subduction Thermal Regime, Slab Dehydration, and Seismicity Distribution Beneath Hikurangi Based on 3‐D Simulations
Authors: Suenaga Nobuaki , Ji Yingfeng , Yoshioka Shoichi , Feng Deshan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe downdip limit of seismogenic interfaces inferred from the subduction thermal regime by thermal models has been suggested to relate to the faulting instability caused by the brittle failure regime in various plate convergent systems. However, the featured three‐dimensional thermal state, especially along the horizontal (trench‐parallel) direction of a subducted oceanic plate, remains poorly constrained. To robustly investigate and further map the horizontal (trench‐parallel) distribution of the subduction regime and subsequently induced slab dewatering in a descending plate beneath a convergent margin, we construct a regional thermal model that incorporates an up‐to‐date three‐dimensional slab geometry and the MORVEL plate velocity to simulate the plate subduction history in Hikurangi. Our calculations suggest an identified thrust zone featuring remarkable slab dehydration near the Taupo volcanic arc in the North Island distributed in the Kapiti, Manawatu, and Raukumara region. The calculated average subduction‐associated slab dehydration of 0.09 to 0.12 wt%/km is greater than the dehydration in other portions of the descending slab and possibly contributes to an along‐arc variation in the interplate pore fluid pressure. A large‐scale slab dehydration (>0.05 wt%/km) and a high thermal gradient (>4 °C/km) are also identified in the Kapiti, Manawatu, and Raukumara region and are associated with frequent deep slow slip events. An intraslab dehydration that exceeds 0.2 wt%/km beneath Manawatu near the source region of tectonic tremors suggests an unknown relationship in the genesis of slow earthquakes.
An Uncertainty Data Set for Passive Microwave Satellite Observations of Warm Cloud Liquid Water Path
Authors: Greenwald Thomas J. , Bennartz Ralf , Lebsock Matthew , Teixeira João 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe first extended comprehensive data set of the retrieval uncertainties in passive microwave observations of cloud liquid water path (CLWP) for warm oceanic clouds has been created for practical use in climate applications. Four major sources of systematic errors were considered over the 9‐year record of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐EOS (AMSR‐E): clear‐sky bias, cloud‐rain partition (CRP) bias, cloud‐fraction‐dependent bias, and cloud temperature bias. Errors were estimated using a unique merged AMSR‐E/Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Level 2 data set as well as observations from the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization and the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar. To quantify the CRP bias more accurately, a new parameterization was developed to improve the inference of CLWP in warm rain. The cloud‐fraction‐dependent bias was found to be a combination of the CRP bias, an in‐cloud bias, and an adjacent precipitation bias. Globally, the mean net bias was 0.012 kg/m2, dominated by the CRP and in‐cloud biases, but with considerable regional and seasonal variation. Good qualitative agreement between a bias‐corrected AMSR‐E CLWP climatology and ship observations in the Northeast Pacific suggests that the bias estimates are reasonable. However, a possible underestimation of the net bias in certain conditions may be due in part to the crude method used in classifying precipitation, underscoring the need for an independent method of detecting rain in warm clouds. This study demonstrates the importance of combining visible‐infrared imager data and passive microwave CLWP observations for estimating uncertainties and improving the accuracy of these observations.