bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of polite stance in preschoolers: how prosody, gesture, and body cues pave the way
Authors: HÜBSCHER Iris , GARUFI Martina , PRIETO Pilar 
Published: May 2019

AbstractGesture and prosody are considered to be important precursors in early language development. In the present study, we ask whether those cues play a similar role later in children's acquisition of more complex pragmatic skills, such as politeness. 64 three- to five-year-old Catalan-dominant children participated in a request production task in four different conditions. They were prompted to request an object from either a classmate or an unfamiliar adult experimenter, with the implied cost of the request to the receiver's face thus being either high or low. Results showed that these preschool-age children used mitigating prosodic and gestural strategies to encode politeness earlier and more often than they used lexical or morphosyntactic markers, and that those cues develop incrementally during the preschool years. These findings suggest that prosody, gesture, and other body signals are an essential first step in the development of children's socio-pragmatic competence.
Producing Chinese Urban Landscapes of Public Art: The Urban Sculpture Scene in Shanghai
Authors: Zheng Jane 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article uses an “urban landscapes” perspective to examine the urban sculpture scene and its production system in Shanghai. It reviews both the national urban sculpture discourse and urban sculpture planning practices since 1949, and then focuses on Shanghai specifically. It examines three major stakeholders in urban sculpture development and their interactions. The main argument is that Shanghai's urban sculpture scene has evolved due to the proliferation of aesthetic and symbolic sculptures as opposed to traditional monuments; however, urban entrepreneurialism and globalization have been shaped by the continuity of the Chinese ideological framework, which has transformed urban sculptures from explicit into veiled political didacticism under the guise of caring for the people.
Proteolytic Activity During the Growth of C6 Astrocytoma in the Murine Spheroid Implantation Model
Authors: Vaithilingam Indrasen S. , McDonald Warren , Stroude Eric C. , Cook Robert A. , Del Maestro Rolando F. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:General protease and collagenase IV activity are involved in the remodelling of the vascular basement membrane that occurs during tumor-induced angiogenesis. This study has assessed the level of these enzymes in tumor, peritumoral or contralateral cerebral cortex tissue during the growth of C6 astrocytoma in the rat spheroid implantation model. General proteolytic activity was increased in tumor tissue beginning on day 8 following spheroid implantation, then increased to a maximum value on day 11 and decreased to control values on day 18. A similar pattern was seen for collagenase IV activity but maximal activity occurred on day 13. The peritumor and tumor patterns of activity were similar. General protease activity was increased in the hemisphere contralateral to the tumor suggesting that the growth of C6 astrocytoma in rat brain was influencing biochemical events distant from the tumor. C6 astrocytoma cells orchestrate a cascade of proteolytic events which may play a crucial role in angiogenesis associated with tumor growth in the model system studied.
Nociceptive Threshold and Physical Activity
Authors: Guieu Régis , Blin Olivier , Pouget Jean , Serratrice Georges 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACT:Previous studies using subjective tools to measure pain have shown that muscle exercise can have analgesic effects in man. The nociceptive leg flexion reflex (or RIII reflex) is a useful objective tool for assessing human pain. In this study, the pain threshold was assessed using the nociceptive flexion reflex in six high-level athletes 1) at rest in comparison with 8 control subjects and 2) after exercise requiring the production of a 200-Watt force over a period of 20 minutes. The nociceptive flexion reflex threshold at rest was found to be spontaneously higher in the athletes than in the controls. Physical activity resulted in a significant increase (+53%) in the threshold of the nociceptive reflex in the athletes. The role of stress-induced analgesia, the reduction in perceived intensity of stimuli during movement, and the release of opioids are discussed.
Seroprevalence of Bordetella pertussis toxin antibodies in children and adolescents in Tunis, Tunisia
Authors: Ben Fraj I. , Zghal M. , Hsairi M. , Kechrid A. , Smaoui H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPertussis remains a public health concern in most countries. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the distribution of pertussis toxin antibodies (anti-PT IgG) in Tunisian children and adolescents aged 3–18 years, to define optimal age for booster vaccination. Anti-PT IgG concentrations of enrolled participants were measured using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Concentrations were classified as: indicative of current/recent infection if ⩾100 IU/ml, indicative of recent exposure to Bordetella pertussis within the last year if 40–100 IU/ml and less likely revealing a recent exposure to B. pertussis if <40 IU/ml. Between March and June 2018, a total of 304 participants (mean age: 9.3 years) were included in this study. Overall, 12.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.1%–16.6%) were seropositive (IgG levels ⩾40 IU/ml). Among them, 14.7% (95% CI 2.3%–23.3%) had levels indicative of a current/recent infection. The multivariate Poisson regression analysis suggested associations between female gender, as well as age group 13–18 years and 3–5 years and higher anti-PT IgG concentrations. Our results are consistent with the notion that vaccine-induced immunity decline, as well as circulation of pertussis among school children and adolescents enables them to be reservoirs of infection and disease transmission to vulnerable infants. Booster dose of acellular pertussis vaccine for school entrants is therefore recommended.
Temperamental vulnerability to emotion dysregulation and risk for mental and physical health challenges
Authors: Calkins Susan D. , Dollar Jessica M. , Wideman Laurie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractEmotion dysregulation characterizes many forms of psychopathology. Patterns of dysregulation occur as a function of a developmental process in which normative and adaptive emotion regulation skills fail to become part of the child's behavioral repertoire due to biological, psychological, and contextual processes and experiences. Here we highlight the processes involved in the dysregulation of temperamental anger and frustration that become core features of externalizing problems and place children at risk for more serious forms of psychopathology. We imbed these processes in a larger self-regulatory framework, and we discuss how they influence mental as well as physical health, using data from our 20-year longitudinal study following a large cohort of children into young adulthood. Recommendations are made for future research involving the integration of biological systems with mental and physical health outcomes.
Modular proof of strong normalization for the calculus of constructions
Authors: Geuvers Herman , Nederhof Mark-Jan 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe present a modular proof of strong normalization for the Calculus of Constructions of Coquand and Huet (1985, 1988). This result was first proved by Coquand (1986), but our proof is more perspicious. The method consists of a little juggling with some systems in the cube of Barendregt (1989), which provides a fine structure of the calculus of constructions. It is proved that the strong normalization of the calculus of constructions is equivalent with the strong normalization of Fω.In order to give the proof, we first establish some properties of various type systems. Therefore, we present a general framework of typed lambda calculi, including many well-known ones.
Theoretical Pearls: Self-interpretation in lambda calculus
Authors: Barendregt Henk 
Published: May 2019

Programming languages which are capable of interpreting themselves have been fascinating computer scientists. Indeed, if this is possible then a ‘strange loop’ (in the sense of Hofstadter, 1979) is involved. Nevertheless, the phenomenon is a direct consequence of the existence of universal languages. Indeed, if all computable functions can be captured by a language, then so can the particular job of interpreting the code of a program of that language. Self-interpretation will be shown here to be possible in lambda calculus.The set of λ-terms, notation Λ, is defined by the following abstract syntaxwhereis the set {v, v′, v″, v′″,…} of variables. Arbitrary variables are usually denoted by x, y,z,… and λ-terms by M,N,L,…. A redex is a λ-term of the formthat is, the result of substituting N for (the free occurrences of) x in M. Stylistically, it can be said that λ-terms represent functional programs including their input. A reduction machine executes such terms by trying to reduce them to normal form; that is, redexes are continuously replaced by their contracta until hopefully no more redexes are present. If such a normal form can be reached, then this is the output of the functional program; otherwise, the program diverges.
Food insecurity, childhood hunger and caregiver life experiences among households with children in South Carolina, USA
Authors: Drucker Erin R , Liese Angela D , Sercy Erica , Bell Bethany A , Draper Carrie , Fleischer Nancy L , Flory Kate , Jones Sonya J 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:We explored how positive and negative life experiences of caregivers are associated with household food insecurity.Design:The Midlands Family Study (MFS) was a cross-sectional study with three levels of household food security: food secure, food insecure without child hunger and food insecure with child hunger. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used for analyses of negative and positive life experiences (number, impact, type) associated with food insecurity.Setting:An eight-county region in South Carolina, USA, in 2012–2013.Participants:Caregivers (n 511) in households with children.Results:Caregivers who reported greater numbers of negative life experiences and greater perceived impact had increased odds of household food insecurity and reporting their children experienced hunger. Each additional negative life experience count of the caregiver was associated with a 16 % greater odds of food insecurity without child hunger and a 28 % greater odds of child hunger. Each one-unit increase in the negative impact score (e.g. a worsening) was associated with 8 % higher odds of food insecurity without child hunger and 12 % higher odds of child hunger. Negative work experiences or financial instability had the strongest association (OR = 1·8; 95 % CI 1·5, 2·2) with child hunger. Positive life experiences were generally not associated with food security status, with one exception: for each unit increase in the number of positive experiences involving family and other relationships, the odds of child hunger decreased by 22 %.Conclusions:More research is needed to understand approaches to build resilience against negative life experiences and strengthen positive familial, community and social relationships.
Daily intake of soft drinks is associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in Chinese adolescents
Authors: Zhang Xingyu , Huang Xiaoyan , Xiao Yi , Jing Danrong , Huang Yuzhou , Chen Liping , Luo Dan , Chen Xiang , Shen Minxue 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjective:The association of soft drink consumption with mental problems in Asian adolescents has not been reported. The present study aimed to investigate the association of soft drink consumption and symptoms of anxiety and depression in adolescents in China.Design:A cross-sectional study to investigate the association of intake of soft drinks and sugars from soft drinks with symptoms of anxiety and depression measured by the two-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), respectively.Setting:A comprehensive university in Changsha, China.Participants:Newly enrolled college students in 2017.Result:In total, 8226 students completed the investigation and 8085 students with no systemic disorders were finally analysed. Students consuming soft drinks ≥7 times/week had significantly higher (mean difference; 95 % CI) GAD-2 (0·15; 0·07, 0·23) and PHQ-2 (0·27; 0·19, 0·35) scores compared with those barely consuming soft drinks, adjusted for demographic and behavioural factors. Those consuming &gt;25 g sugar/d from soft drinks had significantly higher GAD-2 (0·11; 0·04, 0·18) and PHQ-2 (0·22; 0·15, 0·29) scores compared with non-consumers. The mediation effect of obesity in the associations was not clinically significant.Conclusions:Adolescents consuming soft drinks ≥7 times/week, or &gt;25 g sugar/d from soft drinks, had significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression. Dietary suggestion is needed to prevent anxiety and depression in adolescents.
Legal Approaches to Shark Conservation and Management across the Indo-Pacific Small Island States
Authors: Techera Erika 
Published: May 2019

AbstractConsiderable global attention has focused on the plight of sharks and the implications for ocean health. Scientists point to the importance of sharks for healthy ecosystems and the consequences of their disproportionate removal; yet legal and management responses vary considerably. In some states, negative human-shark interactions have led to shark culls and swimming bans, and have prompted public fears about future activities that might attract species closer to coasts and communities. In other countries, sharks are respected, conserved and utilized only as a non-consumptive marine-based tourism resource. This article argues that culture plays an important role in the variety of legal responses to the conservation and management of sharks. By examining the development of shark sanctuaries across the Indian and Pacific Ocean island states, this analysis highlights the legal approaches taken, and the varying socio-cultural values that have influenced these responses. Understanding the role of culture will remain important as these laws mature, because it may affect implementation, compliance, and ultimately the achievement of conservation outcomes.
Klinisch-psychologische Diagnostik in einer Flüchtlingsambulanz für Kinder und Jugendliche
Authors: Barthel Dana , Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike , Schulte-Markwort Michael , Klasen Fionna , Zindler Areej 
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Für geflüchtete Kinder und Jugendliche wird in der Flüchtlingsambulanz des Universitätsklinikums Hamburg-Eppendorf ambulante psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutische und psychosoziale Versorgung angeboten. Seit Oktober 2016 durchlaufen die Patienten einen standardisierten klinisch-psychologischen Diagnostikprozess, welcher die Behandlungsplanung unterstützen soll. Von den N = 134 untersuchten Patienten im Alter von 8 bis 20 Jahren wurden n = 90 (69.8 %) mit einer gegenwärtig vorliegenden PTBS diagnostiziert. Weiterhin wiesen n = 67 (50.0 %) der Geflüchteten eine mittelgradige oder schwere depressive Episode auf. Nahezu alle Patienten gaben an, in ihrem Herkunftsland mehrfach interpersonelle Gewalt erlebt zu haben. Als Behandlungsziel wurde am häufigsten ein besserer Umgang mit negativen Gefühlen und Gedanken formuliert. Diese Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass es sich bei den untersuchten geflüchteten Kindern und Jugendlichen, um eine äußerst stark belastete Gruppe mit hohem Behandlungsbedarf handelt.
The Martian Bow Shock Over Solar Cycle 23–24 as Observed by the Mars Express Mission
Authors: Hall B. E. S. , Sánchez‐Cano B. , Wild J. A. , Lester M. , Holmström M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Martian bow shock position is known to be correlated with solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance. Since this parameter is also correlated with the evolution of the solar cycle, it is expected that the Martian bow shock position should also vary over such a period. However, previous reports on this topic have often proved contradictory. Using 13 years of observations of the Martian bow shock by the Mars Express mission over the period 2004 to 2017, we report that the Martian bow shock position does vary over the solar cycle. Over this period, our analysis shows the bow shock position to increase on average by 7% between the solar minimum and maximum phases of solar cycle 23–24, which could be even larger for more extreme previous solar cycles. We show that both annual and solar cycle variations play major roles in the location of the bow shock at Mars.
Reservoir Structure and Hydraulic Properties of the Campi Flegrei Geothermal System Inferred by Audiomagnetotelluric, Geochemical, and Seismicity Study
Authors: Siniscalchi Agata , Tripaldi Simona , Romano Gerardo , Chiodini Giovanni , Improta Luigi , Petrillo Zaccaria , D'Auria Luca , Caliro Stefano , Avino Rosario 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Campi Flegrei caldera is a large volcanic complex lying in the Campanian Plain, Southern Italy. During its history the caldera experienced episodes of bradyseism and intense swarm seismicity. The mechanism leading to unrest episodes is still debated, and great efforts are ongoing to improve the knowledge of this structure and its evolution due to the high volcanic risk in such a densely populated area. Here we present a resistivity model from a two‐dimensional inversion of audiomagnetotelluric data acquired along an approximately 5.6‐km long profile crosscutting the Solfatara‐Pisciarelli district and the Agnano plain. The resistivity model shows (1) very low resistivity values confined in the first 500 m of depth both in correspondence of the Solfatara‐Pisciarelli districts and the Agnano depression; (2) a resistive plume that extends underneath the Solfatara crater down to 2,000‐ to 3,000‐m depth, and (3) an adjoining relative conductive unit eastward. We discuss the resistivity structures in a multidisciplinary framework integrating inedited geochemical and seismological observations with existing surface geology and subsurface information. The Solfatara‐Pisciarelli district and the Agnano plain, both being expression of intense hydrothermal activity, show different characteristics. Below the Solfatara‐Pisciarelli area, the shallow conductive zone is interpreted as a faulted clay cap that overlies a highly active vapor‐dominated reservoir characterized by a convective mechanism. Conversely, below the Agnano plain, a liquid phase seems to prevail in the reservoir. The spatiotemporal variations of seismicity imply a combined action of preexisting tectonic lineaments and fluid interaction between the gas/steam reservoir and the outflow zone.
Quantification of Hidden Whole‐Field Stress Inside Porous Geomaterials Via Three‐Dimensional Printing and Photoelastic Testing Methods
Authors: Ju Yang , Ren Zhangyu , Li Xiaolan , Wang Yating , Mao Lingtao , Chiang Fu‐Pen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractQuantification and visualization of the three‐dimensional (3‐D) whole‐field stress distribution in porous geomaterials are significant for solving various subsurface engineering problems in which stress governs the deformation, fracture propagation, and fluid transport inside the materials. However, quantitatively characterizing the whole‐field stress distribution inside 3‐D porous geomaterials is challenging because of the complications involved in identifying and extracting the hidden structures and stress distribution. This paper presents a method for extracting and characterizing whole‐field distributions of principal stress difference and shear stress inside a cubic model containing irregular pores, which are replicated using three‐dimensional printing techniques to model the real complex porous structures of natural geomaterials. We combine frozen‐stress, phase‐shifting, and unwrapping methods to identify and characterize the whole‐field distributions of principal stress difference and shear stress inside the pore structure. The unwrapped‐algorithm‐incorporated traditional phase‐shifting approach is proposed to determine the stress fringe deviation around irregular pores. A comparison of numerical simulation and photoelastic tests shows that this method can visually and quantitatively characterize the whole‐field stress of a 3‐D porous model. The stress distribution characterization and potential failure bands in the 3‐D porous structure model subjected to uniaxial compression load are discussed, and findings indicate that potential shear fractures with high‐concentration stress are formed before porous model failure, and 3‐D annular zones with high stress appear around individual pores. The proposed method and results will support future work on uncovering the mechanism of crack propagation and shear fracture formation in reservoir geomaterials.
A Case Study of the Transport/Transformation of Air Pollutants Over the Yellow Sea During the MAPS 2015 Campaign
Authors: Lee Hyo‐Jung , Jo Hyun‐Young , Park Shin‐Young , Jo Yu‐Jin , Jeon Wonbae , Ahn Joon‐Young , Kim Cheol‐Hee 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAs a case study, the fate of pollutants subjected to long‐range transport over northeast Asia was investigated. These pollutants originated as emitted particulate pollutants from Chinese source area, moved across the Yellow Sea (YS), and entered the Korean Peninsula (KP) during the Megacity Air Pollution Studies Seoul (MAPS‐Seoul) 2015 aircraft field campaign. The MAPS‐Seoul campaign, designed as a precampaign of the Korea‐United States Air Quality (KORUS‐AQ) campaign, was performed to diagnose the air quality around the KP and YS. Of particular interest during the campaign period was the existence of the elevated mixed layer (EML), the lofted layer of highly concentrated fine aerosols, observed in the marine atmosphere in and around the western coast of the KP. The pollutants within EML identified with the bulk Richardson number of 1.2–6.1, transported longer toward the downwind area than within marine boundary layer. As a result, pollutants emitted from Chinese source areas can cross the YS due to the EML and influence the surface air quality on downstream areas, where the inland boundary layer is sufficiently developed. We also analyzed the vertical distribution of the simulated sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfate (SO42−) in the EML over China‐YS‐KP belt area and found that the concentration of SO4−2 increases through a hygroscopic conversion process as the gas phase precursors move across the YS in an environment full of water vapor. Therefore, the EML makes the transport of the Chinese plume possible, as it passes over the marine boundary layer, entering downwind area over northeast Asia.