bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foreclosure Externalities: Have We Confused the Cure with the Disease?
Authors: Liu Yishen , Yezer Anthony M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractForeclosure externalities, in which recent foreclosures proximate to a housing unit depress its sales price, are well accepted in the literature. Past research on foreclosure externalities implicitly assumes that both the partial and total derivatives of the outcome (house value) with respect to the treatment (foreclosure) are equal and constant. This article relaxes these assumptions about functional form. Results reported here show that the causes of foreclosure, mortgage delinquency and negative equity also lower nearby housing prices. Because foreclosure eliminates delinquency and negative equity, it appears to be the cure for the externality rather than the cause. Delay in the foreclosure process prolongs the externality problem and slows price recovery just as delay in application of a cure makes the disease worse. These results demonstrate that functional form matters in testing for overall effects of policy changes.
The Sound of Debate in Georgian England: Auralising the House of Commons
Authors: Cooper Catriona 
Published: March 2019

AbstractSt Stephen's Chapel, Westminster became the first permanent home of the house of commons in 1548. The building had to be adapted to conform to its new use. Visual and architectural adaptations to the space have been discussed in detail, but the building's new role also required improvements to the working use of the space as a forum for public debate. In this essay, acoustic techniques are used to explore how speeches and debate would have sounded during the Georgian period and consider how St Stephen's was adapted for this new use. The results demonstrate that, despite these alterations, the 18th‐century house of commons was not ideally suited to speaking or listening to debate. The listening experience was not uniform across the chamber, and its former use as a medieval chapel may have influenced how well certain positions in the chamber would have experienced speech.
Ventilating the Commons, Heating the Lords, 1701–1834
Authors: Smith Elizabeth Hallam 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn 1833, the Commons chamber was described as a ‘noxious vapour‐bath’, while the Lords deemed the insufferable heat and toxic smoke in its House as injurious to health. This situation was not new, as for more than a century both Houses had been battling with officialdom and technology to improve their working conditions. In their continuing quest for effective heating and ventilation they had drawn in many respected men of science and commerce as well as entrepreneurs and showmen of varying abilities, to little avail. Many machines were tried, Desaguliers's ventilating wheel alone achieving modest success. A notable institution arising from all these experiments was the ventilator in the Commons’ roof, enabling ladies, barred from the chamber, to witness debates, albeit in considerable discomfort. After the 1834 fire, parliamentarians renewed their ventilating mission in their temporary chambers, before projecting their cumulative experience and opinions onto the far larger canvas of the new Victorian Palace of Westminster.
St Stephen's in War and Peace: Civil Defence and the Location of Parliament, 1938–51
Authors: Taylor Miles 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis essay takes a new look at the destruction and the rebuilding of the house of commons during the 1940s. It argues that behind the home front bravado of the Palace of Westminster steadfastly enduring the blitz lay secret plans for rehousing MPs away from aerial bombardment, contingency scenarios that were then updated after 1945 in the event of attack on London by atomic weapons. The essay also suggests that threats to the security of parliament, together with the necessity to rebuild the Commons, were turned by the coalition government into an opportunity to refashion parliamentary politics in such a way that the two‐party system was restored, along the traditional lines of government and opposition that had become blurred since 1931.
Predictive factors for long‐term responders of pemetrexed maintenance treatment in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Yoon Joon‐Young , Park Cheol‐Kyu , Choi Yoo‐Duk , Oh In‐Jae , Kim Young‐Chul 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundWe determined the clinical characteristics and predictive factors of long‐term response to pemetrexed maintenance therapy as first‐line treatment for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).MethodsA total of 950 advanced NSCLC patients received pemetrexed (500 mg/m2) plus cisplatin (60 mg/m2) (Pem‐Cis) induction chemotherapy every three weeks as first‐line treatment between January 2010 and August 2018. Patients who did not show progression after four cycles of Pem‐Cis and received at least one cycle of pemetrexed maintenance were recruited (n = 199).ResultsPatients were divided into subgroups according to total cycles of pemetrexed: ≤ 10 (F10, n = 134) and > 10 (M10, n = 65). The M10 group had a higher proportion of patients with stage M1a (intrathoracic metastasis alone) and exhibited lower levels of thymidylate synthase (TS) than the F10 group (median H‐score 10.0% vs. 60.0%; P = 0.031). Further subgrouping identified extreme responders: ≤ 7 (F7, n = 101) and ≥ 20 (M20, n = 26) cycles. The M20 group showed lower mean serum CEA levels before (17.5 vs. 147.0; P = 0.099) and after (6.9 vs. 53.2; P = 0.001) Pem‐Cis treatment, and a higher incidence of normalization after Pem‐Cis (abnormal 41.7% vs. 68.5%; P = 0.015). M1a stage, normalization of CEA levels after Pem‐Cis, and lower TS H‐score were predictors of progression‐free survival in patients administered pemetrexed maintenance.ConclusionM1a stage and lower TS expression were predictors of long‐term response to pemetrexed maintenance. CEA normalization after Pem‐Cis could be an additional surrogate marker of positive response to long‐term treatment.
The Effect of Contextual Risk Factors on the Effectiveness of Brief Personality‐Targeted Interventions for Adolescent Alcohol Use and Misuse: A Cluster‐Randomized Trial
Authors: Edalati Hanie , Afzali Mohammad H. , Castellanos‐Ryan Natalie , Conrod Patricia J. 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundA range of school‐based prevention programs has been developed and used to prevent, delay, or reduce alcohol use among adolescents. Most of these programs have been evaluated at the community‐level impact. However, the effect of contextual risk factors has rarely been considered in the evaluation of these programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential moderating effects of 2 important contextual risk factors (i.e., socioeconomic status [SES] and peer victimization) on the effectiveness of the school‐based personality‐targeted interventions (Preventure program) in reducing adolescent alcohol use over a 2‐year period using a cluster‐randomized trial.MethodsHigh‐risk adolescents were identified using personality scores on the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale and randomized to intervention and control groups. Two 90‐minute cognitive behavioral therapy‐based group sessions targeted 1 of 4 personality risk profiles: Anxiety Sensitivity, Hopelessness, Impulsivity, or Sensation Seeking. Multilevel linear modeling of alcohol use, binge drinking, and drinking‐related harm was conducted to assess the moderating effect of baseline peer victimization and SES.ResultsResults indicated that the Preventure program was equally beneficial to all adolescents, regardless of SES and victimization history, in terms of their alcohol outcomes and related harm. Receiving the intervention was additionally beneficial for adolescents reporting peer victimization regarding their alcohol‐related harm compared to nonvictimized youth (β = −0.29, SE = 0.11, p = 0.014).ConclusionsFindings suggest that the content of personality‐targeted interventions is beneficial for all high‐risk youth regardless of their SES or experience of peer victimization. The current study suggests that using targeted approaches, such as targeting underlying personality risk factors, may be the most appropriate substance use prevention strategy for high‐risk youth, as it is beneficial for all high‐risk youth regardless of their contextual risk factors.
Estimating multiproduct and product‐specific scale economies for agricultural cooperatives
Authors: Pokharel Krishna P. , Featherstone Allen M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article estimates multiproduct and product‐specific scale economies, scope economies, and cost efficiency with single and annual cost frontiers using a nonparametric approach. Multiproduct scale and scope economies are found that suggests increasing scale and product diversification can reduce cost for agricultural cooperatives. Many agricultural cooperatives experience economies of scale indicating that variable returns to scale as opposed to constant returns to scale is the appropriate technology for modeling agricultural cooperatives. Product‐specific scale economies for all outputs are close to one indicating that individual outputs are operating close to constant returns to scale. Annual frontier estimates show that cooperatives have become less cost efficient over time, but scale and scope economies remain relatively consistent across years. Further, results show that economic measures obtained from the single frontier are statistically different from those measures calculated from annual frontiers, suggesting that the cost frontier has shifted over time. The trade‐off between cost efficiency and multiproduct scale economies indicates that smaller cooperatives can reduce a higher percentage of cost by increasing the scale of operations rather than just becoming cost efficient. Because larger incentives exist for small cooperatives to increase scale, mergers will likely continue until economies of scale are exhausted in the industry.
Longitudinal proton spectroscopy study of the prefrontal cortex in youth at risk for bipolar disorder before and after their first mood episode
Authors: Nery Fabiano G. , Weber Wade A. , Blom Thomas J. , Welge Jeffrey , Patino Luis R. , Strawn Jeffrey R. , Chu Wen‐Jang , Adler Caleb M. , Komoroski Richard A. , Strakowski Stephen M. , DelBello Melissa P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate neurochemical abnormalities in the left and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of youth at risk for bipolar disorder using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after their first mood episode.MethodsChildren and adolescents offspring of parents with bipolar I disorder (at‐risk group, n = 117) and matched healthy controls (HC group, n = 61) were recruited at the University of Cincinnati. At‐risk subjects had no lifetime major mood and psychotic disorders at baseline, and were followed up every 4 months to monitor for development of a major depressive, manic, hypomanic, or mixed mood episode. Levels of N‐acetyl‐aspartate (NAA), phosphocreatine plus creatine (PCr + Cr), choline‐containing compounds, myo‐inositol, and glutamate were determined using LCModel and corrected for partial volume effects.ResultsThere were no baseline differences in metabolite levels for any of the brain regions between at‐risk and HC youth. Nineteen at‐risk subjects developed a first mood episode during follow‐up. Survival analyses showed that baseline PCr + Cr levels in the left VLPFC significantly predicted a mood episode during follow‐up in the at‐risk group (HR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.27‐0.82, P = 0.008). There were no longitudinal changes in metabolites levels in the VLPFC and ACC before and after a mood episode in at‐risk subjects.ConclusionsWe found no evidence for abnormal proton spectroscopy metabolite levels in the VLPFC and ACC of at‐risk youth, prior and after the development of their first mood episode. Preliminary findings of association between baseline PCr + Cr levels in the left VLPFC and risk to develop a mood episode warrant further investigation.
How I manage patients with Wiskott Aldrich syndrome
Authors: Rivers Elizabeth , Worth Austen , Thrasher Adrian J. , Burns Siobhan O. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryWiskott Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a primary immunodeficiency disease resulting in recurrent infections, eczema and microthrombocytopaenia. In its classical form, significant combined immune deficiency, autoimmune complications and risk of haematological malignancy necessitate early correction with stem cell transplantation or gene therapy. A milder form, X‐linked thrombocytopaenia (XLT), shares similar bleeding risk from thrombocytopaenia but is not associated with other significant clinical features and is generally managed conservatively. Here, we detail our approach to the diagnosis and treatment of classical WAS and XLT.
Sustained treatment‐free remission in chronic myeloid leukaemia is associated with an increased frequency of innate CD8(+) T‐cells
Authors: Cayssials Emilie , Jacomet Florence , Piccirilli Nathalie , Lefèvre Lucie , Roy Lydia , Guilhot François , Chomel Jean‐Claude , Leleu Xavier , Gombert Jean‐Marc , Herbelin André , Barbarin Alice 
Published: March 2019

SummaryImmunological mechanisms of treatment‐free remission (TFR) in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) are poorly defined and, to date, no correlation between successful TFR and CD8(+) T‐cell subsets has been found. We analysed a new identified human subset of CD8(+) T‐cells, namely innate CD8(+) T‐cells, in CML patients with TFR ≥ 2 years. We demonstrated a dramatic increase of functionally active innate CD8(+) T‐cells in these patients as compared to control subjects and patients in remission under tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between frequencies of innate CD8(+) T‐cells and natural killer cells, possibly representing a new innate biomarker profile of successful TFR.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PUNISHMENT SUBSTITUTABILITY IN CRIMINOMETRIC STUDIES
Authors: Braslavskiy Eugene , Doko Tchatoka Firmin , Masson Virginie 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the role of punishment substitutability in the empirical estimation of the economic model of crime. Using a dynamic panel data model fitted to a panel of Local Government Areas in New South Wales, Australia, we evaluate the effects of financial penalties and imprisonment on the crime rate. Our results show that crime is clearly a dynamic phenomenon, and that failure to incorporate both financial penalties and imprisonment can lead to a misspecified model. Furthermore, our results vary significantly for different crime categories, highlighting the importance of analysing specific crime categories separately.
Retreat of the Smith Sound Ice Stream in the Early Holocene
Authors: Jennings Anne E. , Andrews John T. , Oliver Brett , Walczak Maureen , Mix Alan 
Published: March 2019

Nares Strait, a major connection between the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay, was blocked by coalescent Innuitian and Greenland ice sheets during the last glaciation. This paper focuses on the events and processes leading to the opening of the strait and the environmental response to establishment of the Arctic‐Atlantic throughflow. The study is based on sedimentological, mineralogical and foraminiferal analyses of radiocarbon‐dated cores 2001LSSL‐0014PCandTCfrom northern Baffin Bay. Radiocarbon dates on benthic foraminifera were calibrated with ΔR = 220±20 years. Basal compact pebbly mud is interpreted as a subglacial deposit formed by glacial overriding of unconsolidated marine sediments. It is overlain by ice‐proximal (red/grey laminated, ice‐proximal glaciomarine unit barren of foraminifera and containing >2 mm clasts interpreted as ice‐rafted debris) to ice‐distal (calcareous, grey pebbly mud with foraminifera indicative of a stratified water column with chilled Atlantic Water fauna and species associated with perennial and then seasonal sea ice cover) glacial marine sediment units. The age model indicates ice retreat into Smith Sound as early asc. 11.7 and as late asc. 11.2 cal. kaBPfollowed by progressively more distal glaciomarine conditions as the ice margin retreated toward the Kennedy Channel. We hypothesize that a distinctIRDlayer deposited between 9.3 and 9 (9.4–8.9 1σ) cal. kaBPmarks the break‐up of ice in Kennedy Channel resulting in the opening of Nares Strait as an Arctic‐Atlantic throughflow. Overlying foraminiferal assemblages indicate enhanced marine productivity consistent with entry of nutrient‐rich Arctic Surface Water. A pronounced rise in agglutinated foraminifers and sand‐sized diatoms, and loss of detrital calcite characterize the uppermost bioturbated mud, which was deposited after 4.8 (3.67–5.55 1σ) cal. kaBP. The timing of the transition is poorly resolved as it coincides with the slow sedimentation rates that ensued after the ice margins retreated onto land.
Pain is a family matter: Quality of life in mothers and fathers of youth with chronic pain
Authors: Benjamin Julia Z. , Harbeck‐Weber Cynthia , Sim Leslie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundMost research on family impacts of paediatric chronic pain has been conducted with mothers, and therefore, little is known about fathers' adjustment. However, it is well established that caring for a child with chronic pain takes a toll on caregiver well‐being. Parents of children with chronic pain have been found to experience high levels of anxiety, depression, and parenting stress. As such, the goal of this study was to examine differences between mothers and fathers of youth with chronic pain, explore interaction effects between parent gender and child variables, and compare parents' scores to national norms.MethodsParticipants included 160 matched mothers and fathers of youth with chronic pain participating in an interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programme. At admission, parents completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression scale and SF‐36 to assess depression and health‐related quality of life. T tests and analysis of variance were used to explore differences between mothers and fathers and population norms.ResultsMothers reported experiencing significantly poorer functioning than did fathers in the domains of emotional role interference, social functioning, and vitality. Differences remained significant when controlling for other psychosocial variables using multiple regression. Child gender and depression level were found to be significant predictors of parent mental health, with mothers' mental health more negatively influenced by child depression. Additionally, mothers' scores in mental health domains were significantly lower than population norms.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the importance of identifying the ways in which chronic pain in youth may affect parents differently in order to enhance caregiver support and interventions.
Explain This, Explore That: A Study of Parent–Child Interaction in a Children's Museum
Authors: Willard Aiyana K. , Busch Justin T.A. , Cullum Katherine A. , Letourneau Susan M. , Sobel David M. , Callanan Maureen , Legare Cristine H. 
Published: March 2019

Parents visiting a gear exhibit at a children's museum were instructed to encourage their children (N = 65; ages 4–6) to explain, explore, or engage as usual. Instructions led to different patterns of play at the exhibit: Encouragement to explain led to greater discussion of gear mechanisms, whereas encouragement to explore led to more time connecting gears. In the explain condition, parents’ questions predicted their children's discussion and further testing of gears. Questions also predicted the amount of time children spent on a follow‐up task. Parents’ exploration predicted an increase in exploration by their children. These data indicate that minimal interventions impact parent–child interaction at a museum exhibit and that prompts to explore or explain uniquely influence parent and child behavior.
Maternal and neonatal 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and school‐age lung function, asthma and allergy. The Generation R Study
Authors: Mensink‐Bout Sara M. , van Meel Evelien R. , de Jongste Johan C. , Voortman Trudy , Reiss Irwin K. , De Jong Nicolette W. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Duijts Liesbeth 
Published: March 2019

SummaryBackgroundVitamin D deficiency in early life might affect the developing lung and immune system, and subsequently influence the risk of asthma and allergy in later life.ObjectiveWe examined the associations of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in mid‐gestation and at birth with lung function, asthma, inhalant allergic sensitization and inhalant allergy at school‐age.MethodsThis study among 4951 children and their mothers was embedded in a population‐based prospective cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Maternal venous blood samples in mid‐gestation and umbilical cord blood samples at birth were used to determine 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. At age 10 years, lung function was measured by spirometry, current asthma and physician‐diagnosed inhalant allergy by questionnaire, and inhalant allergic sensitization by skin prick tests. We used multivariable regression models to examine associations.ResultsHigher 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in mid‐gestation were associated with a higher forced vital capacity (FVC), but a lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second/FVC (FEV1/FVC) and a lower forced expiratory flow after exhaling 75% of FVC (FEF75) (Z‐score differences [95% CI] 0.02 [0.00, 0.03], −0.02 [−0.03, −0.01] and −0.01 [‐0.03, −0.00], respectively, per 10 nmol/L 25‐hydroxyvitamin D), but not with asthma. Furthermore, higher 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in mid‐gestation were associated with an increased risk of inhalant allergy (Odds Ratio [95% CI] 1.07 [1.02, 1.12]), but not with inhalant allergic sensitization. After additional adjustment for child's 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations at the age of 6 years, only the associations of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in mid‐gestation with FEV1/FVC and FEF75 remained. We did not find consistent associations of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations at birth with respiratory or allergy outcomes.Conclusion and clinical relevanceOur results suggest that maternal 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in mid‐gestation may influence lung development. The clinical implications of the observed associations remain unclear.
Decision support needs of kidney transplant candidates regarding the deceased donor waiting list: A qualitative study and conceptual framework
Authors: Hart Allyson , Bruin Marilyn , Chu Sauman , Matas Arthur , Partin Melissa R. , Israni Ajay K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundKidney transplant candidates face complex decisions about transplant options such as living donation or acceptance of lower quality kidneys. We sought to characterize knowledge and decision support needs regarding kidney transplant outcomes and options.MethodsWe conducted 10 interviews and four focus groups of 28 adult kidney transplant candidates from two centers in Minnesota. Transcripts were analyzed thematically using a grounded theory approach.ResultsWe identified four themes: First, candidates have a limited understanding of treatment options and demonstrate confusion or a lack of awareness about waiting list outcomes and prognosis. Second, candidates desired frank discussions about likely outcomes and individualized prognosis. Third, emotional barriers impact how patients make informed decisions. Finally, participants relied on the support of family and friends to help process information, and many favored the medical community engaging their family and friends in their medical decisions. These findings were incorporated into a conceptual model to support kidney transplant candidates in medical decision making.ConclusionsTransplant candidates had limited understanding about treatment options and outcomes on the kidney transplant waiting list. Individualized risk information and cognitive approaches that recognize how patients process information and balance competing risks may improve informed decision making.