bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the E3SM land model version 0 (ELMv0) at a temperate forest site using flux and soil water measurements
Authors: Liang Junyi , Wang Gangsheng , Ricciuto Daniel M. , Gu Lianhong , Hanson Paul J. , Wood Jeffrey D. , Mayes Melanie A. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Accurate simulations of soil respiration and carbon
dioxide (CO2) fluxes are critical to project global biogeochemical
cycles and the magnitude of carbon–climate feedbacks in Earth system models
(ESMs). Currently, soil respiration is not represented well in ESMs, and few
studies have attempted to address this deficiency. In this study, we
evaluated the simulation of soil respiration in the Energy Exascale Earth
System Model (E3SM) land model version 0 (ELMv0) using long-term
observations from the Missouri Ozark AmeriFlux (MOFLUX) forest site in the
central US. Simulations using the default model parameters underestimated
soil water potential (SWP) during peak growing seasons and overestimated SWP
during non-growing seasons and consequently underestimated annual soil
respiration and gross primary production (GPP). A site-specific soil water
retention curve greatly improved model simulations of SWP, GPP, and soil
respiration. However, the model continued to underestimate the seasonal and
interannual variabilities and the impact of the extreme drought in 2012.
Potential reasons may include inadequate representations of vegetation
mortality, the soil moisture function, and the dynamics of microbial
organisms and soil macroinvertebrates. Our results indicate that the
simulations of mean annual GPP and soil respiration can be significantly
improved by better model representations of the soil water retention curve.
The Brazilian Earth System Model ocean–atmosphere (BESM-OA) version 2.5: evaluation of its CMIP5 historical simulation
Authors: Veiga Sandro F. , Nobre Paulo , Giarolla Emanuel , Capistrano Vinicius , Baptista Jr. Manoel , Marquez André L. , Figueroa Silvio Nilo , Bonatti José Paulo , Kubota Paulo , Nobre Carlos A. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The performance of the coupled ocean–atmosphere component of the Brazilian Earth System
Model version 2.5 (BESM-OA2.5) was evaluated in simulating the historical period
1850–2005. After a climate model validation procedure in which the main atmospheric and
oceanic variabilities were evaluated against observed and reanalysis datasets, the
evaluation specifically focused on the mean climate state and the most important
large-scale climate variability patterns simulated in the historical run, which was
forced by the observed greenhouse gas concentration. The most significant upgrades in the
model's components are also briefly presented here. BESM-OA2.5 could reproduce the most
important large-scale variabilities, particularly over the Atlantic Ocean (e.g., the
North Atlantic Oscillation, the Atlantic Meridional Mode, and the Atlantic Meridional
Overturning Circulation), and the extratropical modes that occur in both hemispheres. The
model's ability to simulate such large-scale variabilities supports its usefulness for
seasonal climate prediction and in climate change studies.
El género en la academia : los planes de estudio de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Authors: Bonavitta Paola , Camacho Becerra Jeli , Garay Hernández Jimena de , Johnson Cecilia , Bard Wigdor Gabriela , Gastiazoro María Eugenia , Muñoz Rodríguez Luisa Fernanda , Artaz Gabriela , Menoyo Sofía , Sarmiento Laura 
Published: April 2019

La Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC) es una de las pioneras en Argentina en crear un Doctorado en Estudios de Género. Esto parecería indicar, a simple vista, un avance en la materia. No obstante, ¿qué sucede en los estudios de grado? ¿Es el género una perspectiva implementada por las carreras? ¿Se considera al género de manera transversal a todos los estudios, tanto de nivel medio como superior y superior universitario? Este trabajo indaga particularmente en los estudios de nivel superior universitarios, para analizar si los estudios de género están incluidos en la academia a partir de la revisión y análisis de los planes de estudios universitarios la única institución estatal universitaria que funciona en Córdoba (segunda ciudad más importante de Argentina); para lo cual, aplicando un método, analizamos estadísticamente los planes de estudios de todas las carreras de grado y posgrado que se dictan en la UNC y reflexionamos sobre la inserción o no de asignaturas feministas o relacionadas directamente con los estudios de género en dicha institución.
Implications of Early Gulf of Mexico Tectonic History for Distribution of Upper Jurassic to Mid-Cretaceous Source Rocks in Deep-Water Exploration Areas of the US and Mexico
Authors: Pepper Andy 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The central Gulf of Mexico Basin formed by Callovian rifting followed by oceanic spreading during anticlockwise rotation of Yucatan Block between Oxfordian (160Ma) and Valanginian (140Ma). The rotation pole was in the Straits of Florida, resulting in a wiper-blade motion having greatest sweep along a transform paralleling the coast offshore Tampico-Misantla Basin. Oceanic crust progressively separated the 160-140Ma stratigraphy, creating bands of ocean crust lacking Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian, Tithonian and, near the ridge, even Berriasian deposition: present day, these stages appear progressively absent towards the spreading center.
After a basin-wide 140Ma (Valanginian) unconformity on the rimming shelves at the end of spreading, thermal subsidence resumed and water deepened further, in the basin. However, an arch separating the Gulf of Mexico and paleo-Caribbean basins across the Florida Straits remained a bathymetric sill to deep ocean circulation post-140Ma as before.
The impact of this tectonic/bathymetric evolution on the presence and ultimate expellable potential (UEP) of source rocks in the basin center is profound. Using a scheme of basin-wide correlated organic matter depositional acmes (recently developed by Petroleum Systems LLC, where the acme age is expressed in Ma), candidate source rocks in the Gulf of Mexico are: Acme A157 (late Oxfordian); A154 (Kimmeridgian); A148 (Tithonian); A144 (Berriasian/Portlandian). All four acmes have zones of nondeposition due to oceanic spreading, and older acmes are absent over a greater area. Some workers have proposed the main deep-water basin source rock in the United States is Tithonian; however, new work (so far limited to eastern deep water Mississippi Canyon, Atwater Valley, and Desoto Canyon) indicates that A157 (i.e., the oldest, most susceptible to nondeposition) is the most effective source rock.
Risk on Acme 157-144 non-deposition can be mitigated if source rocks younger than 140Ma, having significant ultimate expellable potential, were deposited in the deep basin. Based on recent reappraisal of data in DSDP Leg 77, Cuba and rafted sediment blocks in U.S. waters, significant ultimate expellable potential does exist in five younger Early to mid-Cretaceous acmes: A138 (Valanginian); A120 (early Aptian); A110 (early Albian); A101 (late Albian); and A98 (early Cenomanian). A138 may result from restricted circulation, reinforced during the 140Ma uplift of rimming shelves, while A120, A110, and A101 can be correlated with oceanic anoxic events OAE1a, b, and d.
Evolution of Late Cretaceous-Paleogene Foreland Sediment-Dispersal Systems of Northern and Central Mexico
Authors: Lawton Timothy F. , Edgar Juárez-Arriaga , Yam Zul Ernesto Ocampo-Díaz , Alejandro Beltrán-Triviño , Uwe Martens , Daniel Stockli 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene strata of northern and central Mexico were deposited in a retroarc foreland basin that was at first narrow but expanded eastward during the Paleogene. New petrographic data and U-Pb detrital zircon ages yield insights into stratirgaphic age of the basin fill, sediment sources, and sediment-dispersal pathways. The basin differs from the contemporary Cordilleran foreland basin of the US to the north in having a dominant volcanic-lithic component in all of its sandstones. Like its northern counterpart, the Mexican basin migrated eastward with time, ahead of an advancing orogenic wedge. Provenance data indicate that the dominant sediment source for all strata was the coeval continental margin arc of western Mexico. Nevertheless, temporal differences in zircon content indicate distant sediment sources in basement and derivative sedimentary rocks of southwestern Laurentia during early (Cenomanian–Turonian) and late (Campanian–Maastrichtian and Paleogene) stages in basin evolution; during an intermediate stage (Coniacian–earliest Campanian), the Laurentian sources were absent and most pre-arc grains were derived from accreted rocks of western Mexico. The initial basin possessed a narrow foredeep filled by sediment-gravity flow deposits filled with dominantly axial sediment transport. Carbonate platforms of eastern Mexico supplied calclithites to the foredeep during early stages of basin formation, indicating the importance of pre-foreland paleotopography on sediment fill.
Sediment-dispersal systems evolved in concert with the stages of basin development. During the Cenomanian–Turonian stage, turbidites deposited in the Mesa Central had headwaters as far away as northern Sonora, but headwaters for Coniacian–Campanian deep-water deposits probably lay closer to central Mexico. Although late-stage uppermost Cretaceous–lower Eocene shallow marine and continental strata in the foreland of northeast Mexico were linked to a fluvial drainage basin whose extent was probably the greatest in Mexico, it is unclear if these clastic sediments ever reached the Gulf of Mexico. Partitioning of the distal foreland by inversion of Jurassic extensional basins in Santonian–Campanian time was probably effective at isolating dispersal systems of northern Mexico from time-equivalent sediment-routing systems of northeast-ernmost Mexico and southwestern Texas.
The Expression of the Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 in the Gulf of Mexico: A Review
Authors: Lowery Christopher M. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Cenomanian-Turonian Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) is the last major OAE of the Mesozoic and probably the best studied. In marine rocks around the Gulf of Mexico it is associated with a variety of different environments, from well-oxygenated carbonate platforms to anoxic, organic-rich outer shelf environments and un-studied basinal muds. This paper reviews the current level of knowledge about the geographic distribution and stratigraphic expression of OAE2 in the Gulf of Mexico in order to synthesize this disparate data and attempt to draw some conclusions about regional oceanography during this critical interval of the Cretaceous.
A large number of localities with varying local redox states have been tied to OAE2, including the Valles-San Luis Potosí and Guerrero-Morelos platforms in southern Mexico, deep shelf sites in northern Mexico, the well-studied outcrops and cores of west Texas on the Comanche platform, cores and wells along the Barremanian-Albian shelf margin of south Texas, geophysical data in the East Texas basin, cores in the Marine Tuscaloosa Formation of Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi, and deep wells in the deep water Gulf of Mexico. The distribution of anoxic sediments at these sites during OAE2 appears to be determined by water depth. Shallow sites, like the Mexican carbonate platforms and the Comanche platform of Texas, are oxygenated during the event. Deeper shelf sites, like the south Texas Rio Grande submarine plateau and the noncarbonate platform parts of the Mexican shelf, are anoxic and enriched in organic carbon; it seems likely that this trend continues across the rest of the Cretaceous Gulf shelf, although data is sparse. Whether this oxygen minimum zone only impacts the deeper parts of the shelf or extends all the way to the basin floor is the most significant outstanding question about OAE2 in the Gulf of Mexico.
Environmental Issues and the Resulting Cultural Changes – A Study in the Hilly Tribal Ecosystem
Authors: Sasmitha R. , Arunachalam R. 
Published: April 2019

Tribal communities have deep connection to environment because they have a greater dependency on natural resources. When the natural environment is altered, it disproportionately affects the tribal life. Overburdened with the environmental issues, they have problem of change in culture and further facing lot of health hazards. Hence, the present study was taken up to document the cultural changes occurring due to the changes in natural environment and to identify the probable causes of factors responsible for each issue. For documentation of the issues, the Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu was selected considering the highest proportion of tribal population in the district. Ex-post facto research design was used. Totally there were seven major cultural changes have been identified viz., changes in the regular food habits, changes in the health management practices, changes in the dressing pattern, remarkable changes in the celebration of family festivals and ceremonies, changes in the housing pattern, disappearance of traditional utensils and changes in the water use tradition. For the above identified cultural changes, probable responsible factors were also identified and ranked by employing Garrett ranking method.
Organ Dose Distribution and Estimated Cancer Risk to Paediatric Patients Undergoing Computed Tomography in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Aborisade C. A. , Famurewa O. C. , Ibitoye F. I. , Balogun F. A. 
Published: April 2019

Aims: The aim of this research work is to estimate the organ dose distribution and the associated radiation induced cancer risk for some commonly performed Computerized Tomography (CT) examinations in a tertiary medical facility in South Nigeria.
Study Design: The study was designed to estimate the radiological implications of radiation dose that the paediatric patients were exposed to during routine CT examinations.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Radiology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between August 16, 2011 to August 15 2012.
Methodology: Well calibrated thermoluminescent dosimeters (LiF-100) were attached to the skin of paediatric patients such as skull, chest, abdomen, and pelvic in the path of the primary X-ray beam to determine radiation exposure during CT examination. The effective dose was calculated from the equivalent dose obtained from OAUTHC, and the cancer risk associated was estimated by multiply age-dependent lifetime cancer mortality risk (per unit dose) with estimated age-dependent doses produced by various CT examinations.
Results: Out of 258 paediatric patients scanned the equivalent dose measured for abdominal CT scan ranged from 23.49 - 55. 26 mSv; skull CT scan ranged from 10.07 – 69.94 mSv and chest CT scan ranged from 8.60 – 31.94 mSv. The peak tube voltage (kVp) used range from 80 – 140 while the exposure current-time product (mA) range from 30 – 300. The abdominal CT scan had the highest cancer risk ranging from digestive 37.5% to lung cancer risk of 0.4%. The risks estimated in this work were higher than the ICRP recommended value. Reducing the millampere-second setting of the equipment for paediatric without significant loss of radiological information will reduce this risk.
Conclusion: In this study the estimated cancer risk to paediatric patients undergoing CT is high. This is in keeping with findings in a previous study thus emphasizing the need to standardize and optimize radiation dose in paediatric patients undergoing CT in Nigeria so as to keep cancer risk at the minimum.
A novel auto‐positioning method in Iodine‐125 seed brachytherapy driven by preoperative planning
Authors: Ma Xiaodong , Yang Zhiyong , Jiang Shan , Zhang Guobin , Chai Shude 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIodine‐125 seed brachytherapy has great potential in the treatment of malignant tumors. However, the success of this treatment is highly dependent on the ability to accurately position the coplanar template. The aim of this study was to develop an auto‐positioning system for the template with a design focus on efficiency and accuracy. In this study, an auto‐positioning system was presented, which was composed of a treatment planning system (TPS) and a robot‐assisted system. The TPS was developed as a control system for the robot‐assisted system. Then, the robot‐assisted system was driven by the output of the TPS to position the template. Contrast experiments for error validation were carried out in a computed tomography environment to compare with the traditional positioning method (TPM). Animal experiments on Sprague–Dawley rats were also carried out to evaluate the auto‐positioning system. The error validation experiments and animal experiments with this auto‐positioning system were successfully carried out with improved efficiency and accuracy. The error validation experiments achieved a positioning error of 1.04 ± 0.19 mm and a positioning time of 23.15 ± 2.52 min, demonstrating a great improvement compared with the TPM (2.55 ± 0.21 mm and 40.35 ± 2.99 min, respectively). The animal experiments demonstrated that the mean deviation of the seed position was 0.75 mm. The dose‐volume histogram of the preoperative planning showed the same as the postoperative dosimetry validation. A novel auto‐positioning system driven by preoperative planning was established, which exhibited higher efficiency and accuracy compared with the TPM.
Radiopharmaceuticals and Fluorescein Sodium Mediated Triple‐Modality Molecular Imaging Allows Precise Image‐Guided Tumor Surgery
Authors: Zheng Sheng , Zhang Zeyu , Qu Yawei , Zhang Xiaojun , Guo Hongbo , Shi Xiaojing , Cai Meishan , Cao Caiguang , Hu Zhenhua , Liu Haifeng , Tian Jie 
Published: April 2019

AbstractRadical resection is the most effective method for malignant tumor treatments. However, conventional imaging cannot fully satisfy the clinical needs of surgical navigation. This study presents a novel triple‐modality positron emission tomography (PET)–Cerenkov radiation energy transfer (CRET)–confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) imaging strategy for intraoperative tumor imaging and surgical navigation. Using clinical radiopharmaceuticals and fluorescein sodium (FS), this strategy can accurately detect the tumor and guide the tumor surgery. The FS emission property under Cerenkov radiation excitation is investigated using 2‐deoxy‐2‐18F‐fluoroglucose and 11C‐choline. Performances of the PET–CRET–CLE imaging and the CRET–CLE image‐guided surgery are evaluated on mouse models. The CRET signal at 8 mm depth is stronger than the Cerenkov luminescence at 1 mm depth in phantoms. In vivo experiments indicate that 0.5 mL kg−1 of 10% FS generates the strongest CRET signal, which can be observed immediately after FS injection. A surgical navigation study shows that the tumors are precisely detected and resected using intraoperative CRET–CLE. In summary, a PET–CRET–CLE triple‐modality imaging strategy is developed. This strategy can detect the tumors and precisely guide the tumor resection using clinical pharmaceuticals. This triple‐modality imaging shows high potential in surgical navigation research and clinical translation.
Measuring the impact of European colonization on Native American populations in Southern Brazil and Uruguay: Evidence from mtDNA
Authors: Tavares Gustavo M. , Reales Guillermo , Bortolini Maria Cátira , Fagundes Nelson J. R. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe major aim of this article was to estimate the demographic impact of European arrival and colonization over Native American populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay. We also compared the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genetic diversity, structure, and demography of Native American lineages present in current indigenous (Natives) and nonindigenous admixed (Admixed) populations to estimate the effective population size (Ne) of contemporary and ancestral (pre‐Columbian) Native American populations.MethodsWe retrieved published mtDNA sequences from Native (n = 396) and Admixed (n = 309) populations from southern Brazil, Uruguay, and surrounding areas. We conducted genetic diversity, structure, and demographic analyses. Finally, we used Approximate Bayesian Computation to estimate the Ne for current Native, Admixed, and pre‐Columbian Native American populations.ResultsWe found higher Native American mtDNA genetic diversity in admixed rather than in indigenous populations (131/309 vs 27/396 different haplotypes, respectively). Only Admixed populations maintained ancient signals of the Native American population expansion approximately 14 to 17 kya, which have decayed in Natives. Our Ne estimates suggest that Natives represent only 0.33% (0.18%‐1.19%) of the Ne for ancestral pre‐Columbian indigenous populations.ConclusionsAdmixed populations represent an important genetic reservoir of Native American lineages, many of which are extinct in contemporary indigenous populations. In addition, the Native American lineages present in Admixed populations retain part of the past demographic history of Native Americans. The intensity of the reduction is congruent with historical accounts of strong indigenous depopulation during the colonization process.
Recent Development of Aprotic Na−O2 Batteries
Authors: Zhao Shuo , Qin Bin , Chan Kwong‐Yu , Li Chi‐Ying Vanessa , Li Fujun 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe development of batteries with high energy density and low costs involves chemistry beyond lithium‐ion batteries. Rechargeable sodium‐oxygen (Na−O2) batteries make two essential steps forward: i) replacing Li by Na to remove the bottleneck in resources supply and ii) using oxygen from air to raise the theoretical energy density. A lot of progress has been made in performance and understanding of Na−O2 battery since its first report in 2012. However, there remain significant challenges, such as the instability of discharge products, dendrite growth of Na metal, and the crossover of superoxide. A timely review is given here to summarize the challenges encountered in the components of the Na−O2 battery. Insights are offered on sodium anode protection, morphology dynamics at the cathode, amphibian presence of superoxide, and the roles of electrolyte. Bright prospects in further development of aprotic Na−O2 batteries are envisioned.
Structure‐Reactivity Relations in Ruthenium Catalysed Furfural Hydrogenation
Authors: Durndell Lee J. , Zou Guchu , Shangguan Wenfeng , Lee Adam F. , Wilson Karen 
Published: April 2019

AbstractFurfural is an abundant and low‐cost bio‐derived platform chemical, obtained by xylose dehydration, and an important precursor to furfuryl alcohol and furan resins. The liquid phase selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol was systematically investigated over silica supported Ru nanoparticles to elucidate structure‐reactivity relations and obtain mechanistic insight. Furfural hydrogenation to furfuryl alcohol is weakly structure sensitive for Ru nanoparticles spanning 2 to 25 nm, and the dominant reaction pathway reaching 95 % selectivity under our conditions (<25 bar H2 and 100–165 °C). In contrast, furfural decarbonylation to furan exhibits a strong structure sensitivity, being favoured over sub‐10 nm particles. Increasing pH2 from 10 to 25 bar resulted in a modest increase in C=O hydrogenation, while higher temperatures promoted ring‐opening of furfuryl alcohol.