bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecosystem carbon transit versus turnover times in response to climate warming and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration
Authors: Lu Xingjie , Wang Ying-Ping , Luo Yiqi , Jiang Lifen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Ecosystem carbon (C) transit time is a critical diagnostic parameter to characterize land C sequestration. This parameter has different variants in the literature, including a commonly used turnover time. However, we know little about how different transit time and turnover time are in representing carbon cycling through multiple compartments under a non-steady state. In this study, we estimate both C turnover time as defined by the conventional stock over flux and mean C transit time as defined by the mean age of C mass leaving the system. We incorporate them into the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model to estimate C turnover time and transit time in response to climate warming and rising atmospheric [CO2]. Modelling analysis shows that both C turnover time and transit time increase with climate warming but decrease with rising atmospheric [CO2]. Warming increases C turnover time by 2.4 years and transit time by 11.8 years in 2100 relative to that at steady state in 1901. During the same period, rising atmospheric [CO2] decreases C turnover time by 3.8 years and transit time by 5.5 years. Our analysis shows that 65 % of the increase in global mean C transit time with climate warming results from the depletion of fast-turnover C pool. The remaining 35 % increase results from accompanied changes in compartment C age structures. Similarly, the decrease in mean C transit time with rising atmospheric [CO2] results approximately equally from replenishment of C into fast-turnover C pool and subsequent decrease in compartment C age structure. Greatly different from the transit time, the turnover time, which does not account for changes in either C age structure or composition of respired C, underestimated impacts of warming and rising atmospheric [CO2] on C diagnostic time and potentially led to deviations in estimating land C sequestration in multi-compartmental ecosystems.
Marine and freshwater micropearls: biomineralization producing strontium-rich amorphous calcium carbonate inclusions is widespread in the genus Tetraselmis (Chlorophyta)
Authors: Martignier Agathe , Filella Montserrat , Pollok Kilian , Melkonian Michael , Bensimon Michael , Barja François , Langenhorst Falko , Jaquet Jean-Michel , Ariztegui Daniel 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Unicellular algae play important roles in the biogeochemical cycles of
numerous elements, particularly through the biomineralization capacity of
certain species (e.g., coccolithophores greatly contributing to the “organic
carbon pump” of the oceans), and unidentified actors of these cycles are
still being discovered. This is the case of the unicellular alga
Tetraselmis cordiformis (Chlorophyta) that was recently discovered
to form intracellular mineral inclusions, called micropearls, which had been
previously overlooked. These intracellular inclusions of hydrated amorphous
calcium carbonates (ACCs) were first described in Lake Geneva (Switzerland)
and are the result of a novel biomineralization process. The genus
Tetraselmis includes more than 30 species that have been widely
studied since the description of the type species in 1878. The present study shows that many other Tetraselmis species share
this biomineralization capacity: 10 species out of the 12 tested contained
micropearls, including T. chui, T. convolutae,
T. levis, T. subcordiformis, T. suecica and
T. tetrathele. Our results indicate that micropearls are not
randomly distributed inside the Tetraselmis cells but are located
preferentially under the plasma membrane and seem to form a definite pattern,
which differs among species. In Tetraselmis cells, the
biomineralization process seems to systematically start with a rod-shaped
nucleus and results in an enrichment of the micropearls in Sr over Ca (the
Sr∕Ca ratio is more than 200 times higher in the micropearls than in
the surrounding water or growth medium). This concentrating capacity varies
among species and may be of interest for possible bioremediation techniques
regarding radioactive 90Sr water pollution. The Tetraselmis species forming micropearls live in various habitats, indicating that
this novel biomineralization process takes place in different environments
(marine, brackish and freshwater) and is therefore a widespread phenomenon.
Uniform grain-size distribution in the active layer of a shallow, gravel-bedded, braided river (the Urumqi River, China) and implications for paleo-hydrology
Authors: Guerit Laure , Barrier Laurie , Liu Youcun , Narteau Clément , Lajeunesse Eric , Gayer Eric , Métivier François 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. The
grain-size distribution of ancient alluvial systems is commonly determined
from surface samples of vertically exposed sections of gravel deposits. This
method relies on the hypothesis that the grain-size distribution obtained
from a vertical cross section is equivalent to that of the riverbed. Such an
hypothesis implies first that the sediments are uniform in size in the river
bed, and second that the sampling method implemented on a vertical section
leads to a grain-size distribution equivalent to the bulk one. Here, we
report a field test of this hypothesis on granulometric samples collected in
an active, gravel-bedded, braided stream: the Urumqi River in China. We
compare data from volumetric samples of a trench excavated in an active
thread and from surface counts performed on the trench vertical faces. Based
on this data set, we show that the grain-size distributions obtained from all
the samples are similar and that the deposit is uniform at the scale of the
river active layer, a layer extending from the surface to a depth of
approximately 10 times the size of the largest clasts. As a consequence, the
grid-by-number method implemented vertically leads to a grain-size
distribution equivalent to the one obtained by a bulk volumetric sampling.
This study thus brings support to the hypothesis that vertical surface counts
provide an accurate characterization of the grain-size distribution of
paleo-braided rivers.
Spatial assessments of soil organic carbon for stakeholder decision-making – a case study from Kenya
Authors: Vågen Tor-Gunnar , Winowiecki Leigh Ann , Neely Constance , Chesterman Sabrina , Bourne Mieke 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. Land degradation impacts the health and livelihoods of about 1.5 billion
people worldwide. Given that the state of the environment and food security
are strongly interlinked in tropical landscapes, the increasing need for land
for food production, urbanization and other uses poses several threats to
sustainability in the long term. This paper demonstrates the integration of
land and soil health maps with socioeconomic datasets into an online,
open-access platform called the Resilience Diagnostic and Decision Support
Tool for Turkana County in Kenya, using the Stakeholder Approach to Risk
Informed and Evidence Based Decision Making (SHARED) methodology. The paper
highlights the utility of spatial assessments of soil organic carbon (SOC)
for monitoring land degradation neutrality (LDN) compliance, understanding
the drivers of SOC dynamics and inclusion of these in stakeholder
decision-making. The main objectives of this paper were to (1) demonstrate
the application of a systematic approach for land health assessments,
including spatial mapping of soil organic carbon; (2) show an operational
interdisciplinary framework for assessing ecosystem health and (3) showcase
the application of evidence-based tools for stakeholder engagement using the
SHARED approach. Through the approaches and tools presented, the paper
addresses the increasing need for more integrated approaches when assessing
and managing ecosystem health to meet the targets of the 2030 Agenda,
including Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15.3. In addition to systematic
and reliable biophysical and socioeconomic assessments, stakeholder
engagement with evidence is crucial to support such integrated approaches.
How Does Electronic Monitoring Affect Hours‐of‐Service Compliance?
Authors: Miller Jason , Saldanha John P. , Rungtusanatham Manus , Knemeyer A. Michael , Goldsby Thomas J. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAccidents involving large commercial trucks kill over 3,000 motorists every year in the United States. A substantial number of these accidents stem from truck drivers operating their trucks while excessively fatigued. This concern has resulted in regulatory agencies establishing hours‐of‐service (HOS) rules that carriers must ensure their drivers abide by. In this study we examine the relationship between carriers' capability at monitoring their truck drivers using electronic technologies and carrier‐level compliance with HOS rules. Drawing on principles from deterrence theory, we explain why this relationship should be sigmoidal (S‐shaped) in nature such that motor carriers receive the greatest gains from investing in electronic monitoring capability when they have a moderate level of this capability. We subject our theorized prediction to empirical testing using a longitudinal research design that combines primary data on motor carriers' electronic monitoring capability and secondary data from regulators regarding carrier‐level compliance with HOS rules. Results from our econometric analysis corroborate the hypothesized sigmoidal relationship, which stands up to stringent robustness testing. These results hold important implications for theory and practice.
Leveraging Suppliers for Product Innovation Performance: The Moderating Role of Intellectual Capital
Authors: Schoenherr Tobias 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis article scrutinizes the link between supplier leveraging and product innovation performance with the contingency of intellectual capital. Supplier leveraging refers to the utilization of knowledge obtained from suppliers for the benefit of the firm and product innovation performance to the firm's ability to introduce new and radically different products. Intellectual capital is represented by the trichotomy of structural, human, and social capital. Applying the knowledge‐based view, a positive moderation effect emanating from structural and human capital is hypothesized, with however a negative moderation effect emanating from social capital. The expectation for the positive moderation is grounded in the enabling knowledge processing capabilities of structural and human capital, enhancing the effectiveness of supplier leveraging for the generation of product innovation performance. The negative moderation of social capital is suggested due to it likely limiting the transferability and aggregation capacity for knowledge, in addition to also potentially questioning the legitimacy of the suppliers' information, and thus making knowledge leveraged from suppliers less effective in informing product innovation performance. Data collected from 576 manufacturing firms confirm these hypotheses. Overall, by considering the interplay between supplier leveraging and intellectual capital, and its effect on product innovation performance, this study offers important new insight on the dynamics governing product innovations within supply chains.
Evidence-Based Regulation and the Translation from Empirical Data to Normative Choices: A Proportionality Test
Authors: van Gestel Rob , van Lochem Peter 
Published: November 2018

Evidence-Based Regulation and the Translation from Empirical Data to Normative Choices: A Proportionality Test
Studies have shown that the effects of scientific research on law and policy making are often fairly limited. Different reasons can be given for this: scientists are better at falsifying hypothesis than at predicting the future, the outcomes of academic research and empirical evidence can be inconclusive or even contradictory, the timing of the legislative cycle and the production of research show mismatches, there can be clashes between the political rationality and the economic or scientific rationality in the law making process et cetera. There is one ‘wicked’ methodological problem, though, that affects all regulatory policy making, namely: the ‘jump’ from empirical facts (e.g. there are too few organ donors in the Netherlands and the voluntary registration system is not working) to normative recommendations of what the law should regulate (e.g. we need to change the default rule so that everybody in principle becomes an organ donor unless one opts out). We are interested in how this translation process takes place and whether it could make a difference if the empirical research on which legislative drafts are build is more quantitative type of research or more qualitative. That is why we have selected two cases in which either type of research played a role during the drafting phase. We use the lens of the proportionality principle in order to see how empirical data and scientific evidence are used by legislative drafters to justify normative choices in the design of new laws.
‘A Continuous Process of Becoming’: The Relevance of Qualitative Research into the Storylines of Law
Authors: Chevalier Danielle Antoinette Marguerite 
Published: November 2018

‘A Continuous Process of Becoming’: The Relevance of Qualitative Research into the Storylines of Law
The maxim ‘law in books and law in action’ relays an implicit dichotomy, and though the constitutive nature of law is nowadays commonly professed, the reflex remains to use law in books as an autonomous starting point. Law however, it is argued in this article, has a storyline that commences before its institutional formalisation. Law as ‘a continuous process of becoming’ encompasses both law in books and law in action, and law in action encompasses timelines both before and after the formal coming about of law. To fully understand law, it is necessary to understand the entire storyline of law. Qualitative studies in law and society are well equipped to offer valuable insights on the facets of law outside the books. The insights are not additional to doctrinal understanding, but part and parcel of it. To illustrate this, an ethnographic case study of local bylaws regulating an ethnically diverse public space of everyday life is expanded upon. The case study is used to demonstrate the insights qualitative data yields with regard to the dynamics in which law comes about, and how these dynamics continue for law in action after law has made the books. This particular case study moreover exemplifies how law is one of many truths in the context in which it operates, and how formalised law is reflective of the power constellations that have brought it forth.
Application of a MALDI-TOF analysis platform (ClinProTools) for rapid and preliminary report of MRSA sequence types in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Hsin-Yao , Lien Frank , Liu Tsui-Ping , Chen Chun-Hsien , Chen Chao-Jung , Lu Jang-Jih 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundThe accurate and rapid preliminarily identification of the types of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is crucial for infection control. Currently, however, expensive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive methods are used for MRSA typing. By contrast, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a potential tool for preliminary lineage typing. The approach has not been standardized, and its performance has not been analyzed in some regions with geographic barriers (e.g., Taiwan Island).MethodsThe mass spectra of 306 MRSA isolates were obtained from multiple reference hospitals in Taiwan. The multilocus sequence types (MLST) of the isolates were determined. The spectra were analyzed for the selection of characteristic peaks by using the ClinProTools software. Furthermore, various machine learning (ML) algorithms were used to generate binary and multiclass models for classifying the major MLST types (ST5, ST59, and ST239) of MRSA.ResultsA total of 10 peaks with the highest discriminatory power (m/zrange: 2,082–6,594) were identified and evaluated. All the single peaks revealed significant discriminatory power during MLST typing. Moreover, the binary and multiclass ML models achieved sufficient accuracy (82.80–94.40% for binary models and >81.00% for multiclass models) in classifying the major MLST types.ConclusionsA combination of MALDI-TOF MS analysis and ML models is a potentially accurate, objective, and efficient tool for infection control and outbreak investigation.
Novel findings on the impact of chytridiomycosis on the cardiac function of anurans: sensitive vs. tolerant species
Authors: Salla Raquel F. , Rizzi-Possignolo Gisele M. , Oliveira Cristiane R. , Lambertini Carolina , Franco-Belussi Lilian , Leite Domingos S. , Silva-Zacarin Elaine Cristina M. , Abdalla Fábio C. , Jenkinson Thomas S. , Toledo Luís Felipe , Jones-Costa Monica 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundUnderstanding of the physiological effects of chytridiomycosis is crucial to worldwide amphibian conservation. Therefore, we analyzed the cardiac function of two anuran species (Xenopus laevisandPhysalaemus albonotatus) with different susceptibilities to infection by the causative agent of chytridiomycosis,Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis(hereafterBd).MethodsWe analyzed thein situheart rate (fH- bpm), relative ventricular mass (RVM -%), and Ca2+handling in heart ofBdinfected animals compared to uninfected controls of both study species.ResultsBdinfection resulted in a 78% decrease in contraction force values inP. albonotatuswhen compared to the less susceptibleX. laevis. This negative effect was even more evident (82%) for the cardiac pumping capacity. The time to reach peak tension was 125% longer inP. albonotatusthan inX. laevis, and cardiac relaxation was 57% longer.DiscussionThese results indicate a delay in the cardiac cycle ofP. albonotatuson a beat-to-beat basis, which was corroborated by the bradycardia observedin situ. In summary,Bd-sensitive species present impaired cardiac function, which could be a factor in mortality risk. The more pronounced effects ofBdinP. albonotatusmay not only result from electrolyte imbalance, as previously reported, but also could be an effect of toxins produced byBd. ForX. laevis, the ability to promote cardiac adjustments seems to be an important homeostatic feature that allows greater tolerance to chytridiomycosis. This study provides new physiological mechanisms underlying the tolerance or susceptibility of amphibian species to chytridiomycosis, which determine their adaptability to survive in the affected environments.
Memórias e cenas narradas sobre a infância e as relações de gênero na linha de vida da professora universitária e da pesquisadora encarnada
Authors: Messeder Suely Aldir 
Published: November 2018

Neste artigo, a autora acolhe com densidade a teoria feminista e se apropria da sua própria vivência analisando três eventos que versam sobre infância e relações de gênero em três distintos momentos em sua linha de vida − a) na tenra infância; b) na atuação como professora de antropologia; c) na atuação como pesquisadora encarnada −, cenas das quais a sala de aula foi o palco principal. Com isto, advoga como o debate acadêmico sobre as questões de gênero e as relações da infância se estruturam como primordial na área da Educação, uma vez que o debate qualificado denuncia a ideologia de gênero naturalizada no/pelo senso comum. Nesta rota conclui que o entrelaçamento entre os estudos feministas e estudos da infância tem a ver com o cuidado, o refinamento naconstrução de uma ética na vida e nos estudos sobre/com os/as subalternizados/as/xs
Recent Advances in Memristive Materials for Artificial Synapses
Authors: Kim Sun Gil , Han Ji Su , Kim Hyojung , Kim Soo Young , Jang Ho Won 
Published: November 2018

AbstractNeuromorphic architectures are in the spotlight as promising candidates for substituting current computing systems owing to their high operation speed, scale‐down ability, and, especially, low energy consumption. Among candidate materials, memristors have shown excellent synaptic behaviors such as spike time‐dependent plasticity and spike rate‐dependent plasticity by gradually changing their resistance state according to electrical input stimuli. Memristor can work as a single synapse without programming support, which remarkably satisfies the requirements of neuromorphic computing. Here, the most recent developments in memristor‐based artificial synapses are introduced with their excellent synaptic behaviors accompanied with detailed explanation of their working mechanisms. As conventional memristive materials, metal oxides are reviewed with recent advancements in heterojunction technologies. An overview of organic materials is presented with their remarkable synaptic behaviors including their advantages of biocompatibility, low cost, complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor compatibility, and ductility. 2D materials are also introduced as promising candidates for artificial synapses owing to their flexibility and scalability. As emerging materials, halide perovskites and low‐dimensional materials are presented with their synaptic behaviors. In the last section, future challenges and research directions are discussed. This review article is hoped to be a guide to rational materials design for the artificial synapses of neuromorphic computing.
A Strategy to Modulate the Bending Coupled Microwave Magnetism in Nanoscale Epitaxial Lithium Ferrite for Flexible Spintronic Devices
Authors: Shen Lvkang , Lan Guohua , Lu Lu , Ma Chunrui , Cao Cuimei , Jiang Changjun , Fu Huarui , You Caiyin , Lu Xiaoli , Yang Yaodong , Chen Lang , Liu Ming , Jia Chun‐Lin 
Published: November 2018

AbstractWith the development of flexible electronics, the mechanical flexibility of functional materials is becoming one of the most important factors that needs to be considered in materials selection. Recently, flexible epitaxial nanoscale magnetic materials have attracted increasing attention for flexible spintronics. However, the knowledge of the bending coupled dynamic magnetic properties is poor when integrating the materials in flexible devices, which calls for further quantitative analysis. Herein, a series of epitaxial LiFe5O8 (LFO) nanostructures are produced as research models, whose dynamic magnetic properties are characterized by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements. LFO films with different crystalline orientations are discussed to determine the influence from magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Moreover, LFO nanopillar arrays are grown on flexible substrates to reveal the contribution from the nanoscale morphology. It reveals that the bending tunability of the FMR spectra highly depends on the demagnetization field energy of the sample, which is decided by the magnetism and the shape factor in the nanostructure. Following this result, LFO film with high bending tunability of microwave magnetic properties, and LFO nanopillar arrays with stable properties under bending are obtained. This work shows guiding significances for the design of future flexible tunable/stable microwave magnetic devices.