bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Types and Stone spaces
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTypes are one of the cornerstones of contemporary model theory. Simply put, a type is the collection of formulas satisfied by an element of some elementary extension. The types can be organised in an algebraic structure known as a Lindenbaum algebra. But the contemporary study of types also treats them as the points of a certain kind of topological space. These spaces, called ‘Stone spaces’, illustrate the richness of moving back-and-forth between algebraic and topological perspectives. Further, one of the most central notions of contemporary model theory—namely stability—is simply a constraint on the cardinality of these spaces. We close the chapter by discussing a related algebra-topology ‘duality’ from metaphysics, concerning whether to treat propositions as sets of possible worlds or vice-versa. We show that suitable regimentations of these two rival metaphysical approaches are biinterpretable (in the sense of chapter 5), and discuss the philosophical significance of this rapprochement.
Quantifiers
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractTypically the existential and universal quantifiers are regarded as logical expressions. But there are straightforward semantic means for defining all sorts of new quantifiers that have roughly the same syntax as the more familiar quantifiers. This raises the question: Which of these new quantifiers are relevantly similar to the existential and universal quantifiers to count as logical? After introducing generalised quantifiers, we use notions of indiscernibility to investigate how to classify quantifiers as logical or non-logical, focussing especially on the famous Tarski-Sher thesis. Roughly, this thesis states that quantifiers are logical provided they exhibit a certain kind of invariance. We argue that intuitions about non-discrimination are insufficient to establish Tarski-Sher. Then, by considering infinitary logics and closure principles, we raise some further difficulties for attempts to establish Tarski-Sher.
Classification and uncountable categoricity
Authors: Button Tim , Walsh Sean 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe topic of this chapter is classification. We start by formulating a wholly general philosophical framework for understanding classification programs within mathematics, in which calculable invariants play an important role. We then consider the most famous classification program in contemporary model theory, due to Shelah, who has suggested that classification concerns identifying which theories do not have too many models. We critically compare these two different perspectives on classification— calculable mechanisms vs. not too many models. We close the chapter by discussing Zilber's ambitious proposal for the classification of uncountably categorical theories (i.e. theories which have only one model up to isomorphism in a given uncountable cardinality). Whereas categoricity was seen as a potential philosophical salve in chapters 6-8, Zilber's program regards uncountable categoricity as a kind of extreme classification.
Introduction
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The first section discusses definitions of the graphic sign and its typologies, and provides an overview of relevant academic literature. The second section highlights major historiographic trends in the study of graphic signs in the humanities from the early twentieth century to the present day. The next section outlines the relation of graphic signs to a wider corpus of graphic non-figurative data in the late antique Mediterranean and early medieval Europe with reference to the overarching methodological framework of visual thinking and graphic visualization and the related concept of early graphicacy, focusing particularly on the latter’s general cognitive aspects and intrinsic connection to the late antique and early medieval cultural system of visual representation. The concluding section defines the book’s subject, namely graphic signs of authority, outlines their functional usage in early medieval political culture, and summarizes the content of the following chapters.
Christograms as Signs of Authority in the Late Roman Empire
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The first section tests the main interpretations of Lactantius’ passage on Constantine’s victorious sign in 312 against existing graphic evidence from the 310s and early 320s, and consequently supports the interpretation of Lactantius’ description as a rhetorical device invented or modified by the Christian narrator. The next two sections support the argument that the perception of the chi-rho as Constantine’s triumphant sign became entrenched in courtly culture and public mentalities from the mid-320s onwards, and trace the diachronic change of the chi-rho from its paramount importance as an imperial sign of authority under the Constantinian dynasty to its hierarchic usage alongside the tau-rho and cross in the Theodosian period. The final section presents a contextualized discussion of the encolpion of Empress Maria and mosaics from several early baptisteries, illustrating the paradigmatic importance the chi-rho and tau-rho for early Christian graphicacy around the turn of the fifth century.
The Sign of the Cross in Late Antiquity
Authors: Garipzanov Ildar 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
The first section provides a synopsis of early Christian discourse on the symbolism of the cross, and emphasizes the importance of the emergence and the dissemination of the cult of the Holy Cross for the increasing public profile of the cross sign in late Roman culture from the mid-fourth century onwards. The second section overviews the appropriation of this sign by Theodosian empresses and emperors as a major imperial symbol of authority, and its rise to paramount importance for imperial culture in the course of the fifth and sixth centuries. The final section underscores beliefs in the apotropaic power of the sign of the cross as an important factor contributing to its growing popularity in late antiquity. It also points out that in this function the sign of the cross was similar to other apotropaic devices, alongside which this sign was often employed in textual amulets and ritual practices.
The Fact and Function of Meta-Ethical Pluralism
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis chapter has two objectives. The first is to argue for the fact of meta-ethical pluralism. In other words, the chapter argues that the recent empirical scholarship suggesting that people are both realists and anti-realists cannot be simply dismissed on the basis of being philosophically inadequate because even when we increase the level of clarity and rigor, the pluralism remains. The second is to argue for the function of meta-ethical pluralism. In other words, the chapter argues against the view that this pluralism in people’s meta-ethical commitments is incoherent or a sign of confusion and puts forth the view that, instead, it serves a pragmatic function—namely, that it promotes civility and aids in the individual and collective navigation of normative space within a morally imperfect world.
Personal Identity and Persisting as Many
Authors: Weaver Sara , Turri John 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMany philosophers hypothesize that our concept of personal identity is partly constituted by the one-person-one-place rule, which states that a person can only be in one place at a time. This hypothesis has been assumed by the most influential contemporary work on personal identity. This chapter reports a series of studies testing whether the hypothesis is true. In these studies, people consistently judged that the same person existed in two different places at the same time. This result undermines some widely held philosophical assumptions, supports others, and fits well with recent discoveries on identity judgments about inanimate objects and non-human animals.
Belief
Authors: Byrne Alex 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis chapter attempts to solve the puzzle of transparency for belief. The notion of an epistemic rule is introduced, and the proposed solution is that knowledge of one’s beliefs may be (and typically is) obtained by following the epistemic rule: Bel If p, believe that you believe that p. This is an inferential theory of knowledge of what we believe; it can be extended to an inferential theory of knowledge of what we know. The theory is also economical and detectivist, and is argued to give a satisfactory explanation of both privileged and peculiar access. The chapter concludes by examining a variety of objections.
Effect of Cervical Pessary on Spontaneous Preterm Birth in Women With Singleton Pregnancies and Short Cervical Length: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Saccone Gabriele , Maruotti Giuseppe Maria , Giudicepietro Antonia , Martinelli Pasquale 
Published: May 2018

(Abstracted from JAMA 2017;318(23):2317–2324)
Spontaneous preterm birth is a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity; it is estimated that preterm birth caused 1.1 million infant deaths in 2015, as well as short- and long-term disability in survivors. Cervical pessary is a silicone device used to prevent preterm birth, although its efficacy is unclear as there have been contradictory results in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in women with singleton pregnancies and short cervical length.
Are we ready for intercultural cancer care?
Authors: Crombez Patrick , Michiels Sandra , Bron Dominique 
Published: May 2018

Purpose of review
Migration is increasing worldwide, with accumulating evidence of health disparities. At the same time, oncology faces new challenges within a fast-changing care landscape. These two developments raise the question of integration of migrants and ethnic minorities (MEMs) and cultural influences in oncology.

Recent findings
Perceptions of health and disease differ substantially across and within societies and cultures. However, health needs of MEMs and cultural influences seem often out of the scope of cancer care. The purpose of this thematic review is to consider three major challenges of current and future oncology through the prism of culture and ethnicity: enrollment in cancer clinical trials, therapeutic adherence, and new models and paradigms of care. We found inconsistent literature highlighting gaps in knowledge, research, and clinical practice. This confirms unequal situations for MEMs in cancer and asserts interactions between culture influences and therapeutic transactions.

Summary
To eliminate the burden of health disparities and ensure the best outcomes in MEM's cancer patients, a collaborative approach from research and clinical practice is necessary. Only robust research from all countries exploring unmet needs of MEMs and striving for functional understanding can inform and innovate clinical practice.
Risk and Protective Factors for Externalizing Behavior at 3 Years: Results from the All Our Families Pregnancy Cohort
Authors: Hetherington Erin , McDonald Sheila , Racine Nicole , Tough Suzanne 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
This study examines risk and protective factors for externalizing behavior in children aged 3 years to inform early interventions and enhance school readiness.

Method:
A total of 1314 mothers participating in a longitudinal study completed questionnaires when their children turned 2 years and again at the age of 3 years. Externalizing behavior was assessed using a short version of the Child Behavior Checklist. Risk and protective factors included the child's characteristics, maternal mental health and disposition, socioeconomic status, and community engagement and child care. Logistic regression models produced crude and adjusted odds ratios (AORs).

Results:
Poor maternal mental health and high levels of maternal neuroticism were associated with an increased risk for externalizing problems at 3 years (AOR, 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16–2.40 and AOR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.58–3.30). Care by their mother, relative, or a nanny (compared with being in child care) also conferred an increased risk (AOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.01–1.90). Mothers' community engagement modified the risk for boys, such that boys whose mothers did not participate in community activities were 4 times more likely to have externalizing problems than did boys whose mothers engaged in community activities.

Conclusion:
Families in which mothers experience mental health challenges or have dispositional traits that increase the risk of externalizing behaviors can be identified early. Identification provides the opportunity to promote engagement with parenting supports to improve the outcomes of the child and family. Providing opportunities for children to practice their self-regulation skills through participation in child care and community activities promotes development and mitigates the risk of externalizing behavior.
Physical Therapist Profile of Alumni From a Brazilian University: A Survey Study
Authors: Driusso Patricia , Avila Mariana Arias , Jamami Mauricio , de Oliveira Sato Tatiana 
Published: May 2018

Introduction.
Little has been published about South American educational trends in the global literature of physical therapy. The aim of the present study was to describe the profile of the alumni who graduated from a Brazilian institution of higher education in order to better understand workforce insertion and satisfaction with the profession.

Materials and Methods.
This descriptive study was performed with the physical therapy alumni graduated from July 1981 to December 2013 (n = 1,076), who were contacted and invited to answer an online questionnaire about academic formation, work, and satisfaction with the profession. Data were descriptively analyzed using the SPSS software.

Results.
Most of the respondents were women, aged from 30 to 39 years, lived in the Brazil's Southeast region and worked as clinical therapists. Most of the alumni who graduated from a Brazilian Public Institution reported to have searched for continuing education through specializations, residencies, and Master's and Doctoral studies and most of them earn from US$1091 to US$2729 monthly. Of those who reported income greater than US$ 5459, most are aged 50 years or more, worked as academics or osteopathic clinical therapists and are women; however, among peers, this result shows that most of male alumni (44%) reported an income greater than US$ 5459. Most of the respondents reported to be satisfied or very satisfied with the profession.

Conclusion.
These results helped formulate a profile of the alumni and their insertion in the labor market, which can contribute to a better understanding of the profession and indicate aspects related to the academic education that may impact the insertion in the labor market and progress.
Developing a Tool to Assess Physical Therapist Educational Program Quality With Engagement Theory: The American Council of Academic Physical Therapy Benchmarks for Excellence Task Force
Authors: Heath Amy E. , Altenburger Peter , Brechter Jacklyn H. , Chleboun Gary , Jette Diane U. , Pike Gary , Schilling Denise , Topp Kimberly , Tschoepe Barbara 
Published: May 2018

Background and Purpose.
The American Council of Academic Physical Therapy (ACAPT) convened the Benchmarks for Excellence (BenEx) Task Force with a charge to define and assess excellence in physical therapist education. The purpose of this article is to describe the process employed by the BenEx Task Force in the development of a tool to measure physical therapist education program excellence, to provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the tool, and to describe the future goals of the BenEx Task Force.

Method/Model Description and Evaluation.
The BenEx Task Force members adopted the Engagement Theory of Program Quality as a framework for defining excellence. In 2013, the task force developed the initial Physical Therapist
Measure of
Educational Program Quality survey. The task force worked closely with a Web site design company to develop a comprehensive item database, survey format, survey delivery mechanism, data-entry process, and data summary and interactive display platform. The final student survey included 36 elements representing 11 attributes within the 5 clusters of quality hypothesized by the Engagement Theory, and the faculty survey included 38 elements representing 13 attributes within the 5 clusters.

Outcomes.
In 2015, 88 of 193 (46%) ACAPT-eligible programs participated in the survey: 706 students, 717 faculty, and 88 program directors. The analyses revealed some areas of the survey that may require revision; however, 35 of 36 elements on the student survey and 30 of 38 elements on the faculty survey met the expected acceptable alpha reliability coefficient levels (≥.70) of internal consistency.

Discussion and Conclusion.
Defining excellence in physical therapist education is a difficult undertaking. The process used by the BenEx Task Force to begin the work of defining excellence in physical therapist education underscores the need for continuous engagement of stakeholders. Enlisting literature from other areas of education and a theoretical framework helped to present a cohesive structure that allowed ACAPT members to agree to the process enough to move the project forward. Furthermore, a transparent process promoted success. Continued data collection and analysis will determine the inclusion/exclusion of specific items that may not fit well into particular elements, any necessary survey revisions, and facilitation of the development of benchmarks in physical therapist education.
Importance of Terminal Academic Degreed Core Faculty in Physical Therapist Education
Authors: Bliss Rebecca , Brueilly Kevin E. , Swiggum Mary S. , Morris G. Stephen , Williamson Elizabeth M. 
Published: May 2018

Background and Purpose:
Recent changes to the standards of accreditation implemented by the Commission on Accreditation in Physical Therapy Education require that a minimum 50% of all core faculty must hold an academic doctoral degree such as a PhD. Enforcement of these requirements will begin in 2020. Clearly, these changes will present challenges to the growing need for qualified faculty in physical therapist education programs. The purpose of this commentary is to provide a brief review of recent changes in the academic credentialing requirements for core faculty members and to offer our rationale for supporting these new standards.

Reasons to Support the New Standards:
The importance of maintaining the new requirements is supported by a recent decline in full-text scholarly products from core faculty across the profession, with faculty relying much more on presentation abstracts to meet accreditation requirements. The collective effect of decreased publication of full-length articles suggests that the generation of scholarly products in the field of physical therapy is at risk. In addition, a lack of scientific dissemination is likely to reduce the profession's ability to advance the profession through translational science. The minimum 50% core faculty with earned academic degrees standard also serves to aid in longevity and resultant stability of a core faculty through increased rates of successful promotion and tenure. Finally, recently published studies on methods of proposed excellence in physical therapist education suggest the need for continuing emphasis on physical therapist education in increased depth and breadth of foundation knowledge is needed to prepare graduates for a more complex health care environment. Faculty who possess terminal academic degrees in the field of physical therapy and foundational sciences are best prepared to take on this challenge.

Summary:
The practice of physical therapy is changing, and the education of entry-level students must adapt to keep current with those changes. We, as academic leaders in the profession, must insist on retaining, and possibly even strengthening, the requirement of a minimum 50% mix of terminally academic degreed faculty within our core faculty.
Do Health Promotion Behaviors Affect Levels of Job Satisfaction and Job Stress for Nurses in an Acute Care Hospital?
Authors: Williams Heather L. , Costley Teresa , Bellury Lanell M. , Moobed Jasmine 
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between nurse-reported health-promoting behaviors (HPBs), job stress, and job satisfaction in a hospital setting.

BACKGROUND
Job stress and satisfaction are key components of the nursing work environment; however, evidence of the relationship between HPB and job stress and satisfaction is lacking.

METHODS
A cross-sectional, 144-item survey was administered to nurses working in an acute care, community hospital in the southeastern United States.

RESULTS
Higher levels of HPB were associated with lower job stress and higher job satisfaction. Total HPB was associated with the competence subscale of job stress. Lower job stress was significantly associated with HPB subscales: spiritual growth, interpersonal relations, and stress management.

CONCLUSIONS
Nursing organizations can implement interventions that support HPB for nurses to reduce job stress and improve satisfaction.
Educational Preparation for Clinical Practice
Authors: Hatzenbuhler Nicole J. , Klein Julie E. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundPreparedness of newly graduated RNs to provide safe, competent patient care is a significant concern because of increasing work demands and complexities in health care systems.PurposeThis qualitative study explored the perceptions of newly graduated RNs about how their educational experiences as prelicensure students prepared them to enter the nursing workforce.MethodsFace-to-face, semi structured interviews were conducted with 10 RNs who held baccalaureate degrees, were employed in acute care settings, and practiced for 1 to 2 years.ResultsAnalysis of the interview data revealed that nursing education programs did not adequately prepare graduates for their multifaceted roles and responsibilities as RNs. The participants offered recommendations for faculty use in prelicensure nursing programs to better prepare students for successful transition into clinical practice.ConclusionsNursing faculty should implement practice-oriented educational experiences to facilitate students to assume professional roles and responsibilities when they enter the nursing workforce.