bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperandrogenism in POMCa-deficient zebrafish enhances somatic growth without increasing adiposity
Authors: Shi Chuang , Lu Yao , Zhai Gang , Huang Jianfei , Shang Guohui , Lou Qiyong , Li Dongliang , Jin Xia , He Jiangyan , Du Zhenyu , Gui Jianfang , Yin Zhan 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe endocrine regulatory roles of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis on anxiety-like behavior and metabolic status have been found throughout animal taxa. However, the precise effects of the balancing adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis under the influence of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), a pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptide, on animal energy expenditure and somatic growth remain unknown. POMC has also been identified as one of the candidate loci for polycystic ovary syndrome, which features hyperandrogenism and some prevalence of obesity in patients. Here we show that zebrafish lacking functional POMCa exhibit similar phenotypes of stress response and body weight gain but not obesity as observed in mammalian models. In contrast with the impaired anorexigenic signaling cascade of melanocyte-stimulating hormones and leptin, which are responsible for their obesity-prone weight gain observed in various pomc mutant mammals, analyses with our pomca mutant series indicate that ACTH is the key regulator for the phenotype with enhanced somatic growth without obesity in pomca-deficient zebrafish. Hypocortisolism associated with hyperandrogenism has been observed in the pomca-deficient zebrafish, with enhanced activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; reutilization of amino acids and fatty acid β-oxidation are observed in the muscle tissue of the pomca-deficient fish. After reducing hyperandrogenism by crossing our pomca mutant fish with a cyp17a1-deficient background, the phenotype of enhanced somatic growth in pomca-deficient fish was no longer observed. Thus, our work also demonstrated that the role of POMCa in stress response seems to be conserved in vertebrates, whereas its effect on adipostasis is unique to teleosts.
How protein - protein interactions contribute to pyrenoid formation in Chlamydomonas
Authors: Mukherjee Ananya , Moroney James V 
Published: June 2019

This article comments on:Atkinson N, Velanis CN, Wunder T, Clarke DJ, Mueller-Cajar O, McCormick AJ. 2019. The pyrenoidal linker protein EPYC1 phase separates with hybrid Arabidopsis-Chlamydomonas Rubisco through interactions with the algal Rubisco small subunit. Journal of Experimental Botany, 70, 5271–5285.
The Reduction of Necessity to Essence
Authors: Ditter Andreas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In ‘Essence and Modality’, Kit Fine (1994) proposes that for a proposition to be metaphysically necessary is for it to be true in virtue of the nature of all objects. Call this view Fine’s Thesis. This paper is a study of Fine’s Thesis in the context of Fine’s logic of essence (LE). Fine himself has offered his most elaborate defence of the thesis in the context of LE. His defence rests on the widely shared assumption that metaphysical necessity obeys the laws of the modal logic S5. In order to get S5 for metaphysical necessity, he assumes a controversial principle about the nature of all objects. I will show that the addition of this principle to his original system E5 leads to inconsistency with an independently plausible principle about essence. In response, I develop a theory that avoids this inconsistency while allowing us to maintain S5 for metaphysical necessity. However, I conclude that our investigation of Fine’s Thesis in the context of LE motivates the revisionary conclusion that metaphysical necessity obeys the principles of the modal logic S4, but not those of S5. I argue that this constitutes a distinctively essentialist challenge to the received view that the logic of metaphysical necessity is S5.
A public relativistic transfer function model for X-ray reverberation mapping of accreting black holes
Authors: Ingram Adam , Mastroserio Guglielmo , Dauser Thomas , Hovenkamp Pieter , van der Klis Michiel , García Javier A 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTWe present the publicly available model reltrans that calculates the light-crossing delays and energy shifts experienced by X-ray photons originally emitted close to the black hole when they reflect from the accretion disc and are scattered into our line of sight, accounting for all general relativistic effects. Our model is fast and flexible enough to be simultaneously fit to the observed energy-dependent cross-spectrum for a large range of Fourier frequencies, as well as to the time-averaged spectrum. This not only enables better geometric constraints than only modelling the relativistically broadened reflection features in the time-averaged spectrum, but additionally enables constraints on the mass of supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei and stellar-mass black holes in X-ray binaries. We include a self-consistently calculated radial profile of the disc ionization parameter and properly account for the effect that the telescope response has on the predicted time lags. We find that a number of previous spectral analyses have measured artificially low source heights due to not accounting for the former effect and that timing analyses have been affected by the latter. In particular, the magnitude of the soft lags in active galactic nuclei may have been underestimated, and the magnitude of lags attributed to thermal reverberation in X-ray binaries may have been overestimated. We fit reltrans to the lag-energy spectrum of the Seyfert galaxy Mrk 335, resulting in a best-fitting black hole mass that is smaller than previous optical reverberation measurements (∼7 million compared with ∼14–26 million M⊙).
Constraining astrophysical observables of galaxy and supermassive black hole binary mergers using pulsar timing arrays
Authors: Chen Siyuan , Sesana Alberto , Conselice Christopher J 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACT
We present an analytic model to describe the supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) merger rate in the Universe with astrophysical observables: galaxy stellar mass function, pair fraction, merger time-scale, and black hole–host galaxy relations. We construct observational priors and compute the allowed range of the characteristic spectrum hc of the gravitational wave background (GWB) to be 10−16 < hc < 10−15 at a frequency of f = 1 yr−1. We exploit our parametrization to tackle the problem of astrophysical inference from pulsar timing array (PTA) observations. We simulate a series of upper limits and detections and use a nested sampling algorithm to explore the parameter space. Corroborating previous results, we find that the current PTA non-detection does not place significant constraints on any observables; however, either future upper limits or detections will significantly enhance our knowledge of the SMBHB population. If a GWB is not detected at a level of hc(f = 1 yr−1) = 10−17, our current understanding of galaxy and SMBHB mergers is disfavoured at a 5σ level, indicating a combination of severe binary stalling, overestimating of the SMBH–host galaxy relations, and extreme dynamical properties of merging SMBHBs. Conversely, future detections of a Square Kilometre Array (SKA)-type instrument will allow to constrain the normalization of the SMBHB merger rate in the Universe, the time between galaxy pairing and SMBHB merging, the normalization of the SMBH–host galaxy relations and the dynamical binary properties, including their eccentricity and density of stellar environment.
shiva: a dust destruction model
Authors: Murga M S , Wiebe D S , Sivkova E E , Akimkin V V 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTWe present a numerical tool, shiva, designed to simulate the dust destruction in warm neutral, warm ionized and hot ionized media under the influence of photo-processing, sputtering and shattering. The tool is designed primarily to study the evolution of hydrogenated amorphous carbons (HACs), but options to simulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), silicate and graphite grains are also implemented. HAC grain photo-processing includes both dehydrogenation and carbon atom loss. Dehydrogenation leads to material transformation from aliphatic to aromatic structure. Simultaneously, some other physical properties (band-gap energy, optical properties, etc.) of the material change as well. The shiva tool allows calculation of the time-dependent evolution of the dust size distribution depending on hydrogen, helium and carbon number densities and ionization state, gas temperature, radiation flux, relative gas–dust and grain–grain velocities. For HAC grains the evolution of band-gap energy distribution is also computed. We describe a dust evolution model, on which the tool relies, and present evolutionary time-scales for dust grains of different sizes depending on external conditions. This allows the user to estimate quickly the lifetime of a specific dust grain under relevant conditions. As an example of the tool usage, we demonstrate how grain properties and corresponding infrared spectra evolve in photo-dissociation regions, H ii regions and supernova remnant shocks.
Symbiosis, Selection, and Novelty: Freshwater Adaptation in the Unique Sponges of Lake Baikal
Authors: Kenny Nathan J , Plese Bruna , Riesgo Ana , Itskovich Valeria B 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFreshwater sponges (Spongillida) are a unique lineage of demosponges that secondarily colonized lakes and rivers and are now found ubiquitously in these ecosystems. They developed specific adaptations to freshwater systems, including the ability to survive extreme thermal ranges, long-lasting dessication, anoxia, and resistance to a variety of pollutants. Although spongillids have colonized all freshwater systems, the family Lubomirskiidae is endemic to Lake Baikal and plays a range of key roles in this ecosystem. Our work compares the genomic content and microbiome of individuals of three species of the Lubomirskiidae, providing hypotheses for how molecular evolution has allowed them to adapt to their unique environments. We have sequenced deep (>92% of the metazoan “Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs” [BUSCO] set) transcriptomes from three species of Lubomirskiidae and a draft genome resource for Lubomirskia baikalensis. We note Baikal sponges contain unicellular algal and bacterial symbionts, as well as the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium. We investigated molecular evolution, gene duplication, and novelty in freshwater sponges compared with marine lineages. Sixty one orthogroups have consilient evidence of positive selection. Transporters (e.g., zinc transporter-2), transcription factors (aristaless-related homeobox), and structural proteins (e.g. actin-3), alongside other genes, are under strong evolutionary pressure in freshwater, with duplication driving novelty across the Spongillida, but especially in the Lubomirskiidae. This addition to knowledge of freshwater sponge genetics provides a range of tools for understanding the molecular biology and, in the future, the ecology (e.g., colonization and migration patterns) of these key species.
Bioinspired hierarchical helical nanocomposite macrofibers based on bacterial cellulose nanofibers
Authors: Gao Huai-Ling , Zhao Ran , Cui Chen , Zhu Yin-Bo , Chen Si-Ming , Pan Zhao , Meng Yu-Feng , Wen Shao-Meng , Liu Chuang , Wu Heng-An , Yu Shu-Hong 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Bio-sourced nanocellulosic materials are promising candidates for spinning high-performance sustainable macrofibers for advanced applications. Various strategies have been pursued to gain nanocellulose-based macrofibers with improved strength. However, nearly all of them have been achieved at the expense of their elongation and toughness. Inspired by the widely existed hierarchical helical and nanocomposite structural features in biosynthesized fibers exhibiting exceptional combinations of strength and toughness, we report a design strategy to make nanocellulose-based macrofibers with similar characteristics. By combining a facile wet-spinning process with a subsequent multiple wet-twisting procedure, we successfully obtain biomimetic hierarchical helical nanocomposite macrofibers based on bacterial cellulose nanofibers, realizing impressive improvement in their tensile strength, elongation and toughness simultaneously. The achievement certifies the validity of the bioinspired hierarchical helical and nanocomposite structural design proposed here. This bioinspired design strategy provides a potential platform for further optimizing or creating many more strong and tough nanocomposite fiber materials for diverse applications.
Criminal Law Basics and the Willful Ignorance Doctrine
Authors: Sarch Alexander 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets the stage. The author’s starting point is the willful ignorance doctrine, since it is the source from which the author will eventually extract his general theory of equal culpability mental state imputation. After explaining core criminal law concepts (particularly the mens rea concepts), the author introduces the willful ignorance doctrine, its history, and the normative claim it is premised on—namely, the equal culpability thesis. Situating this doctrine in the broader criminal law context reveals the questions to be tackled in the book, and the chapter ends by indicating the sorts of answers the author will go on to develop.
Toward a Normative Theory of Equal Culpability Imputation
Authors: Sarch Alexander 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter aims to defend a general theory of equal-culpability-based imputation of mental states in the criminal law. The willful ignorance doctrine is one example of an equal culpability mens rea imputation principle. After all, what grounds imputing knowledge to a willfully ignorant actor is that her conduct is as culpable as the analogous knowing conduct. Chapters 3 and 4 examined the scope of this imputation principle. But deeper worries linger. Even if equal culpability is necessary for this mode of imputing knowledge to the willfully ignorant, does it provide sufficient justification for such imputation? This chapter confronts two of the deeper objections that remain. One is pressing for practitioners within an existing legal framework (courts and litigants). But it admits of straightforward answers. The other is a harder normative problem for those who make law. Why should lawmakers take equal culpability to be a legitimate basis for imputing missing mental states? Answering this challenge requires a general theory of equal culpability imputation, which it is the aim of this chapter to provide. This theory will then serve as the basis for the remaining chapters in the book.
Substituting Willful Ignorance for Purpose?
Authors: Sarch Alexander 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 argued for moving beyond the existing willful ignorance doctrine by allowing some forms of nonwillful ignorance to substitute for knowledge. But where does it end? Chapter 7 considers moving beyond the willful ignorance doctrine in a different direction—by allowing willful ignorance to substitute for purpose—but argues that this doctrinal expansion is not justified. Acting with purpose to bring about a bad state of affairs will, all else equal, always be more culpable (or culpable in a different way) than doing so in willful ignorance of whether this state of affairs will result. This precludes willful ignorance of a proposition from substituting for purpose to make it true. Thus, this chapter aims to get clearer on the limits of equal culpability imputation.
Being With Others
Authors: Blustein David L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the relational aspects of work, exploring how work functions to provide people with an opportunity to connect to others and, at times, to evoke distress in the workplace. Beginning with a review of the relational revolution in psychology, vignettes from the Boston College Working Project participants explicate how relationships function within the workplace, underscoring both adaptive and aversive aspects of relational influences, power differentials at work, work–family balance, and the internalization process. The chapter includes a review of recent contributions on attachment, social support, mentoring, and social networks, which reflect important new directions for understanding the ways in which being with others at work enhances aliveness and well-being. Policy implications pertaining to the need for people to have access to decent work that affirms relational strivings conclude the chapter.
Being Able to Work Without Oppression and Harassment
Authors: Blustein David L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the broad array of obstacles and barriers emerging from the social and economic context that impedes individuals’ capacity to attain decent and dignified work. Initially, marginalizing forces, such as racism, sexism, poverty, heterosexism, immigration, and prejudice due to disability and age, are reviewed. The narratives from the Boston College Working Project deepen the discussion by exploring individual experiences of oppression and harassment in relation to people’s working lives. When considered collectively, the material presented in this chapter serves to expose the growing erosion of working in America, which is particularly painful for those who are marginalized. The chapter concludes with a review of racial color-blindness and critical consciousness and provides useful ways to understand and combat oppression and harassment at work.
Exodus
Authors: Davis Ellen F. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Together the two parts of Exodus—Israel in Egypt and in Sinai—form one of the master narratives of the Bible. The first part pits against each other two opposite responses to YHWH’s self-revelation: while Moses yields to God’s will, Pharaoh consistently resists manifestations of God’s presence and power. The second part introduces three elements of Israel’s formation as a people. The gift of manna establishes a godly food economy. The treatment of covenant provides theological reflection on divine sovereignty, divine dangerousness, the goodness of creation, and the problem of slavery. Finally, the instructions for the building of the tabernacle and its completion show Israel’s initial resistance to God’s commands and their eventual obedience; it also provides a humanizing counterpoint to Israel’s slave labor in Egypt.
Hope for a Better Future
Authors: Diamond Arthur M. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Pessimists predict the end of technological progress, but secular (long-term) stagnation is due to bad policies, not to having picked the low-hanging fruit, as illustrated by innovative medical entrepreneurs who have been constrained from bringing us quicker and better cures for cancer. Funded researchers must stick to their original protocols even in the face of promising serendipitous discoveries. Medical incumbents protect their turf by mandating costly double-blind studies for innovations, and then refusing to enroll their patients in the studies. Trial-and-error experimental tinkering allowed Emil Freireich and his Society of Jabbering Idiots to develop the chemotherapy cocktail that allowed many to be cured of childhood leukemia, and allowed Vincent DeVita to develop the chemotherapy cocktail that allowed many to be cured of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Yet FDA protocols restrict trial-and-error experimentation, resulting in many needless deaths. In medicine, as elsewhere, our future will be better if we unbind the innovative entrepreneur.
Dynamic Governance
Authors: Aligica Paul Dragos , Boettke Peter J. , Tarko Vlad 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 present a set of key notions to be employed in framing and approaching the dynamic governance process, and the phenomena associated with it, in ways that are particularly relevant for governance analysis and design: (a) the very idea of process-focused, dynamic governance itself, having at its core the voluntary action principle; (b) the notions of countervailing powers and voluntary sector, nonstate governance, leading to the overarching and encapsulating notion of polycentricity, the governance keystone of the normative individualist system of classical-liberal inspiration; and (c) the epistemic dimension, and the conceptualization of the role of knowledge discovery, production, aggregation and distribution in society, as well as the associated epistemic and institutional processes all seen as a natural complement of the notion of polycentricity.
Polycentric Stakeholder Analysis
Authors: Aligica Paul Dragos , Boettke Peter J. , Tarko Vlad 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 pushes further the frontier of the discussion into a new, growing and controversial governance debate area: that of corporate social responsibility. One of the most sensitive issues in polycentric governance systems, with their hybrid institutional arrangements at the dynamic interface between the “public” and the “private,” is to specify what are—and what are not—the responsibilities of the private sector—business firms and enterprises—when it comes to the public domain. This chapter offers an exploratory attempt to address this challenge. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged in the last several decades as a preeminent concept and issue area engaging the problem of public role of private business. This chapter demonstrates how the ideas and theories discussed so far combine, complement, and bolster this literature and the applied-level insights based on it.
The Rule of the Eurydice’s Sons
Authors: Carney Elizabeth Donnelly 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the rule of all three of Eurydice’s sons (Alexander II, Perdiccas III, and Philip II), but pays less attention to Philip II because his reign has been discussed in so many places at great length. The brief reign of Alexander II was shaped by his initially successful but ultimately disastrous invasion of Thessaly. His failure there led to Theban intervention in Macedonian affairs and then his assassination. It examines claims that Eurydice married his assassin and had a hand in his death. It also considers the possibility that her supposed lover/husband, Ptolemy, briefly reigned. Theban intervention forced Ptolemy to become regent for Alexander II. Alexander, in turn, murdered Ptolemy and ruled on his own until he, along with a much of a Macedonian army, died in a massacre. Philip II then took the throne, dealt with assorted foreign and domestic invasions and threats, rapidly stabilized Macedonia, and initiated its expansion to become the dominant power of the Greek peninsula. The chapter concludes with analysis of the factors that enabled the sons of Eurydice to defeat other Argead claimants.
Community, Group, Group Work
Authors: Nadel Meryl 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
“Community, Group, Group Work” continues to explore ideas undergirding social work in summer camps, examining how social science thinking about communities and groups informed both the developing profession of social work and the field of organized camping. The chapter discusses the notion of community, suggesting that summer camps be considered intentional communities. The development of such concepts as mutual aid, phases of group development, and group interaction are presented. The emergence of social group work is explored, including its historical background in settlement houses and other organizations, as well as its process of affiliation with the broader social work profession. The contributions of camp group work “pioneers” such as Louis H. Blumenthal are reviewed. By the 1920s and 1930s, Blumenthal and others recognized the many opportunities for growth and development inherent in the group life found in camps.