bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Executive Influence on State Supreme Court Justices: Strategic Deference in Reappointment States
Authors: Gray Thomas R 
Published: April 2019

AbstractState supreme court justices are often the final arbiters of cases in their jurisdictions. Yet, in states that grant governors the power to selectively reappoint supreme court justices, justices’ independence is limited. These governors are able to monitor justices’ decisions and are empowered to remove justices whose jurisprudence conflicts with the governor’s preferences. This power gives governors substantial influence over judicial decision-making by justices eligible for another term on the bench. I test this proposition on an exhaustive set of state supreme court criminal appeals from 1995 to 2010, and show that votes by justices who need to be reappointed covary with executive preferences, and more than votes by justices ineligible for reappointment. These effects are stable across time within a justice’s term so long as the serving governor may one day be their reappointer. I also show that these shifting individual votes lead to changes in outcomes for defendants.
Thawing the frozen-in approximation: implications for self-gravity in deeply plunging tidal disruption events
Authors: Steinberg Elad , Coughlin Eric R , Stone Nicholas C , Metzger Brian D 
Published: April 2019

ABSTRACT
The tidal destruction of a star by a massive black hole, known as a tidal disruption event (TDE), is commonly modelled using the ‘frozen-in’ approximation. Under this approximation, the star maintains exact hydrostatic balance prior to entering the tidal sphere (radius rt), after which point its internal pressure and self-gravity become instantaneously negligible and the debris undergoes ballistic free fall. We present a suite of hydrodynamical simulations of TDEs with high penetration factors β ≡ rt/rp = 5−7, where rp is the pericentre of the stellar centre of mass, calculated using a Voronoi-based moving-mesh technique. We show that basic assumptions of the frozen-in model, such as the neglect of self-gravity inside rt, are violated. Indeed, roughly equal fractions of the final energy spread accumulate exiting and entering the tidal sphere, though the frozen-in prediction is correct at the order-of-magnitude level. We also show that an $\mathcal {O}(1)$ fraction of the debris mass remains transversely confined by self-gravity even for large β which has implications for the radio emission from the unbound debris and, potentially, for the circularization efficiency of the bound streams.
Fecal Microbiome, Metabolites, and Stem Cell Transplant Outcomes: A Single-Center Pilot Study
Authors: Galloway-Peña Jessica R , Peterson Christine B , Malik Farida , Sahasrabhojane Pranoti V , Shah Dimpy P , Brumlow Chelcy E , Carlin Lily G , Chemaly Roy F , Im Jin Seon , Rondon Gabriela , Felix Edd , Veillon Lucas , Lorenzi Philip L , Alousi Amin M , Jenq Robert R , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P , Shpall Elizabeth J , Shelburne Samuel A , Okhuysen Pablo C 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Accumulating evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiome may dramatically affect the outcomes of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Providing 16S ribosomal RNA based microbiome characterization in a clinically actionable time frame is currently problematic. Thus, determination of microbial metabolites as surrogates for microbiome composition could offer practical biomarkers.

Methods
Longitudinal fecal specimens (n = 451) were collected from 44 patients before HSCT through 100 days after transplantation, as well as 1-time samples from healthy volunteers (n = 18) as controls. Microbiota composition was determined using 16S ribosomal RNA V4 sequencing. Fecal indole and butyrate levels were determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Results
Among HSCT recipients, both fecal indole and butyrate levels correlated with the Shannon diversity index at baseline (P = .02 and P = .002, respectively) and directly after transplantation (P = .006 and P &lt; .001, respectively). Samples with high butyrate levels were enriched for Clostridiales, whereas samples containing high indole were also enriched for Bacteroidales. A lower Shannon diversity index at the time of engraftment was associated with increased incidence of acute intestinal graft-vs-host disease (iGVHD) (P = .02) and transplant-related deaths (P = .03). Although fecal metabolites were not associated with acute iGVHD or overall survival, patients contracting bloodstream infections within 30 days after transplantation had significantly lower levels of fecal butyrate (P = .03).

Conclusions
Longitudinal analysis of fecal microbiome and metabolites after HSCT identified butyrate and indole as potential surrogate markers for microbial diversity and specific taxa. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether fecal metabolites can be used as biomarkers of acute iGVHD or bacteremia after HSCT.
Europe and LGBT Rights
Authors: Ayoub Phillip , Paternotte David 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Europe matters to contemporary LGBTQ politics. This chapter maps out various political articulations connecting Europe and LGBT rights today, arguing that Europe has played a central role in much of the LGBTQ movement’s history but that this relationship is complex and multifaceted depending on the vast space of what “Europe” means to many different actors. In other words, Europe has been imagined and unimagined as LGBTQ-friendly by various actors and for various purposes. In making this argument the chapter presents “Europe” from four different angles, exploring the association between the continent and “LGBT rights” in each: Europe as an institutional entity, Europe as an activist project, Europe as exclusionary, and Europe as a threat. It takes a position on how the relationship is defined in each section, highlighting both the opportunity and risk that entails for LGBT rights and people on the continent. In doing so, the chapter highlights the ways European states and institutions have gradually endorsed some activist goals, embedding LGBT rights into the version of Europe understood as an institutional entity. Problematically, however, it shows that this project also generates different forms of exclusion. Moreover, while many actors articulate an idea of Europe as associated with LGBT rights, these actors also compete to define the nature and the content of this association. Europe as an idea is thus multifaceted in its relation to LGBTQ politics, depending on the angle from which it is viewed.
What Makes LGBT Sexualities Political?
Authors: Rahman Momin 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains the sociological basis to identity categories of sexuality and their hierarchical organization that leads to oppression. It begins with some assumptions of “progress” that underpin contemporary LGBT politics, identifying that this idea of progress is based on assumptions that ignore the ways in which sexualities reflect the gender organization in specific societies and ignore the differences between the Western societies where LGBT rights have been institutionalized and other cultures. It describes the sociological analyses of heteronormativity, which entails both hierarchical gender and sexual organization and results in the oppression of non-conforming genders and sexualities. The chapter goes on to discuss how this structure emerged in the specific sociohistorical context of Western colonialist capitalism and thus how the politics of LGBT liberation are also grounded in this social context. It concludes by arguing that LGBT politics need to take account of these sociological insights to avoid an unreflective adoption of Western identity categories and equality claims and to better understand that any LGBT politics is a profoundly radical challenge to the institutionalization of patriarchal heteronormativity in any culture.
Making LGBT Rights into Human Rights
Authors: Langlois Anthony J. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter commences by examining the status LGBT rights have achieved within the United Nations (UN) human rights system and reviews some key aspects of their trajectory. It considers how best to interpret the varying roles LGBT rights can play in the international system, given their new status, with a critical reading of Hillary Clinton’s famous and much lauded “gay rights are human rights” speech to the UN General Assembly in 2011. It then moves on to what LGBT rights as human rights might mean in those parts of the world where this status receives little if any formal institutional recognition, using the case of the Southeast Asian region, where a new human rights regime has been established but where non-normative sexuality and gender have been willfully excluded from its remit. The chapter considers what the politics of human rights mean for sexuality and gender-diverse people in this region with reference to two senses in which human rights claims are political: (1) activists and advocates push against the status quo to have sexuality and gender issues included in the human rights discussion and (2) resistance to this inclusion is often played out by a politicization of sexuality and gender that obscures other pressing issues. This chapter demonstrates both the profound and important advances that have been made for LGBT individuals and communities and the ways in which these successes generate political dynamics of their own, which must be carefully navigated in order to sustain the emancipatory potential of the movement.
Visibility in Global Queer Politics
Authors: Edenborg Emil 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the notion of visibility and its place in the politics of queer oppression and queer liberation. In theory as well as activism, visibility is often considered necessary for the advancement of LGBT rights. However, some researchers challenge the reliance on visibility in queer politics, arguing that visibility may be related to control, normalization, increased violence, and backlashes; may contain biases with regard to race, class, and gender; and may rest on Eurocentric assumptions. Queer visibility has varied meanings and effects both in different national contexts and in international political arenas, ranging from instrumentalization of pro- or anti-LGBT discourses to the invocation of hypervisibilized “queer folk devils.” Moreover, discourses of queer invisibility may legitimize certain forms of politics. An approach to visibility is proposed that focuses on regimes of visibility, their multiple and differentiated effects, and the possibilities of resistance, highlighting the relation between queer visibility and community formation.
Standards-based Reform and Accountability Law and Policy
Authors: Superfine Benjamin Michael , De Voto Craig , Shyjka Andria 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Standards-based reform and accountability (SBRA) laws and policies are among the most pervasive and durable types of education reforms currently implemented in the United States. These laws and policies specify what students should know and be able to do, and, as such, serve as an “anchor” for other educational policies, including those governing curricula, professional development, and testing. Moreover, these laws and policies hold students, teachers, or schools accountable for their performance, generally by connecting the results of tests aligned with standards to consequences. On one hand, SBRA laws and policies entail several benefits. By explicitly specifying what students should know and be able to do, these laws can align educational reform efforts not only in small areas like a school or district, but across levels of governance. On the other hand, SBRA laws and policies have resulted in a wide range of problems, such as putting demands on school systems that they did not have the capacities to meet, and resulting in inequitable treatment of high-poverty and minority students and schools. As a result, SBRA laws and policies have failed to consistently promote deep change throughout school systems and down to classroom level. This chapter examines the historical and current legal landscape of SBRA laws and policies, in addition to major insights from educational research, about how these laws and policies have fared, and offers recommendations for legal and policy change moving forward.
Closing Achievement Gaps through Socioeconomic Integration
Authors: Black Derek W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Social science demonstrates that racial and socioeconomic segregation undermine the quality of education students receive in a number of different ways. Yet, in the absence of intentional racial segregation, federal law provides no obvious remedy. In fact, federal law may even limit the options schools can voluntarily pursue in addressing the problem. State constitutional law provides a solution. State constitutions guarantee students access to adequate and equal educational opportunities. If socioeconomic segregation is a causal factor in depriving students of those guaranteed opportunities, state courts can afford students a remedy. Plaintiffs need not show intentional racial or socioeconomic segregation. Two state supreme courts have already explicitly recognized as much, and analogous claims are pending in other states. This chapter argues that one key to expanding these claims is changing how courts and educators think about student assignment policies. Students—just like money, teachers, and facilities—are a key resource that school districts distribute. When districts segregate middle-income and low-income students, they are, consciously or otherwise, making decisions about the quality of the learning environment that will exist in individual schools. Those decisions, too often, create unequal access to adequate educational opportunities.
Contesting New Markets for Bodily Knowledge
Authors: Almeling Rene 
Published: April 2019

AbstractUsing the case of direct-to-consumer genetic testing, this chapter examines how experts contested the emergence of this new market for bodily knowledge in the United States at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Drawing on theoretical innovations in economic sociology and medical sociology, the author analyzes how scientists, clinicians, and genetic counselors made the argument that genetic information should be provided within the context of a clinical relationship and not a commercial relationship. A systematic examination of editorials in scientific and medical journals, statements by medical professional organizations, and interviews with genetic counselors reveals that experts draw a bright line between medical genetic testing and commercial genetic testing by emphasizing the complexity of the information and the different motivations of clinical versus corporate purveyors. The conclusion offers suggestions for how to study markets for bodily knowledge, and it discusses how experts’ claims may affect people’s ability to access and control their own bodily information.
Dorsal Horn Pain Mechanisms
Authors: Zeilhofer Hanns Ulrich , Ganley Robert 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The spinal dorsal horn and its equivalent structure in the brainstem constitute the first sites of synaptic integration in the pain pathway. A huge body of literature exists on alterations in spinal nociceptive signal processing that contribute to the generation of exaggerated pain states and hence to what is generally known as “central sensitization.” Such mechanisms include changes in synaptic efficacy or neuronal excitability, which can be evoked by intense nociceptive stimulation or by inflammatory or neuropathic insults. Some of these changes cause alterations in the functional organization of dorsal horn sensory circuits, leading to abnormal pathological pain sensations. This article reviews the present state of this knowledge. It does not cover the contributions of astrocytes and microglia in detail as their functions are the subject of a separate chapter.
International Regulatory Cooperation and Trade Agreements
Authors: Hoekman Bernard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The gradual reduction of traditional barriers to trade such as tariffs and quotas implies that the agenda for international cooperation on trade has changed. The focus of international firms increasingly is on the trade and transaction costs effects of differences in national regulatory standards and regulatory regimes. Such differences are also a matter of concern to consumers, who worry about the health consequences and safety of products produced as part of global supply chains. This chapter discusses the challenge of managing the interface between the market access objectives of trade agreements—that is, the reduction of trade frictions—while not undercutting national regulatory objectives and preferences. It develops a typology of approaches that can be used to reduce the negative trade spillovers created by regulatory differences across countries and discusses how trade agreements can help do so, drawing on the experience of efforts by the EU and other OECD nations to negotiate deeper integration agreements.
Transnational Business Governance through Private Standards
Authors: Humphrey John 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Increasing fragmentation in the global economy has been accompanied by a rise in the use of private standards. Technical standards created by companies and standards-writing organizations facilitate coordination and enable elaborate divisions of labor of the sort evident in the electronics industry. Standards are also used for control. Private standards schemes specify rules of behavior and develop mechanisms to monitor and enforce them. Schemes address issues such as product safety, environmental and social impacts, and sustainability. They are developed and adopted by many different actors and actor coalitions, including businesses, NGOs, and governments. They respond to the regulatory challenges created by global fragmentation, but also use the opportunities offered by interdependencies within global value chains to enable cross-border control over how products are produced and their social and environmental impacts. The multiplicity of actors and interests involved in standards development leads to the proliferation of standards and competition between them.
Developing Mastery Models to Support the Acquisition and Assessment of Expertise
Authors: Ross Karol G. , Phillips Jennifer K. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the origin, development, and application of the Mastery Model. The model results from a specific process designed to generate a representation of five stages of development in any domain characterized by complex expertise. The framework of the model originated with the Dreyfus and Dreyfus general model of cognitive skill acquisition. Development is based on a semi-structured interview of experts and a qualitative analysis process. The structure of the Mastery Model is defined by key performance areas; stage profiles for each of these key areas specifying the hallmarks of performance and characterizing the progression of skill; and performance indicators for each of the key areas, categorized in five progressive levels. Specific examples from a completed model are provided. Differences between the Mastery Model and competency models are discussed. Recommendations to improve the development and application of the model are provided.
Musical Expertise
Authors: Mishra Jennifer 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Music has played a pivotal role in the development of the theory of expert performance with much of the foundational research conducted with musical experts. This chapter explores the role music played in the development of the theory and issues arising from the original research that have not yet been fully addressed. The definitions of musical expertise and deliberate practice in music are explored. Because the musical field has not adopted a consistent definition of expertise, operational definitions in the research can be somewhat inconsistent. A preliminary hierarchical system is proposed. The chapter concludes with consideration of other variables, such as genetics, that could interact with deliberate practice to develop expertise in the musical domain. Current thinking is that deliberate practice is important, but insufficient to explain expertise. The development of musical experts may be more complex than either the amount of deliberate practice or genetics can explain.
The Cyber Domains
Authors: Thomson Robert 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this chapter, the historical and continuing evolution of the cyber domains, and how current research in cyber expertise can be operationalized, are described. Research into cyber expertise is in its infancy; in fact, there is no clear definition of what constitutes cyber expertise or how it may be unique when compared to other technical fields. The work roles of cyber operators are described and results from cognitive task analyses of their workplace are reviewed. The chapter then reviews several paradigms in detail including experiments using simulated intrusion detection software to study different levels of expertise and how information is shared between multiple teammates in these environments. Finally, some candidate topics for future research are presented, including the use of realistic synthetic environments to study cyber operations with more ecological validity.
Philosophical aspects of cosmology
Authors: Smeenk Chris 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe development of cosmological theories has been accompanied by philosophical debates inspired by the contrasts between cosmology and other areas of physics. This chapter reviews aspects of these debates from a historical perspective, beginning with debates about whether the uniqueness of the universe implies that cosmology needs a distinctive methodology. Underdetermination of theory by the evidence is particularly challenging due to horizons and inaccessible physics. Theories of the ‘origin’ of the universe do not have the same structure as other physical theories. Recent debates have focused on how to evaluate theories that predict a multiverse, in particular regarding the significance of fine-tuning and how to conduct anthropic reasoning.