bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Loyal Republic
Authors: Mathisen Erik 
Published: January 2019

This is the story of how Americans attempted to define what it meant to be a citizen of the United States, at a moment of fracture in the republic's history. As Erik Mathisen demonstrates, prior to the Civil War, American national citizenship amounted to little more than a vague bundle of rights. But during the conflict, citizenship was transformed. Ideas about loyalty emerged as a key to citizenship, and this change presented opportunities and profound challenges aplenty. Confederate citizens would be forced to explain away their act of treason, while African Americans would use their wartime loyalty to the Union as leverage to secure the status of citizens during Reconstruction. In The Loyal Republic, Mathisen sheds new light on the Civil War, American emancipation, and a process in which Americans came to a new relationship with the modern state. Using the Mississippi Valley as his primary focus and charting a history that traverses both sides of the battlefield, Mathisen offers a striking new history of the Civil War and its aftermath, one that ushered in nothing less than a revolution in the meaning of citizenship in the United States.
Sedimentary alkalinity generation and long-term alkalinity development in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Gustafsson Erik , Hagens Mathilde , Sun Xiaole , Reed Daniel C. , Humborg Christoph , Slomp Caroline P. , Gustafsson Bo G. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Enhanced release of alkalinity from the seafloor,
principally driven by anaerobic degradation of organic matter under
low-oxygen conditions and associated secondary redox reactions, can increase
the carbon dioxide (CO2) buffering capacity of seawater and therefore
oceanic CO2 uptake. The Baltic Sea has undergone severe changes in
oxygenation state and total alkalinity (TA) over the past decades. The link
between these concurrent changes has not yet been investigated in detail. A
recent system-wide TA budget constructed for the past 50 years using
BALTSEM, a coupled physical–biogeochemical model for the whole Baltic Sea
area revealed an unknown TA source. Here we use BALTSEM in combination with
observational data and one-dimensional reactive-transport modeling of
sedimentary processes in the Fårö Deep, a deep Baltic Sea basin, to
test whether sulfate (SO42-) reduction coupled to iron (Fe)
sulfide burial can explain the missing TA source in the Baltic Proper. We
calculated that this burial can account for up to 26 % of the missing
source in this basin, with the remaining TA possibly originating from
unknown river inputs or submarine groundwater discharge. We also show that
temporal variability in the input of Fe to the sediments since the 1970s
drives changes in sulfur (S) burial in the Fårö Deep, suggesting
that Fe availability is the ultimate limiting factor for TA generation under
anoxic conditions. The implementation of projected climate change and two
nutrient load scenarios for the 21st century in BALTSEM shows that
reducing nutrient loads will improve deep water oxygen conditions, but at
the expense of lower surface water TA concentrations, CO2 buffering
capacities and faster acidification. When these changes additionally lead to
a decrease in Fe inputs to the sediment of the deep basins, anaerobic TA
generation will be reduced even further, thus exacerbating acidification.
This work highlights that Fe dynamics plays a key role in the release of TA
from sediments where Fe sulfide formation is limited by Fe availability, as
exemplified by the Baltic Sea. Moreover, it demonstrates that burial of Fe
sulfides should be included in TA budgets of low-oxygen basins.
Regulating Restraint and Seclusion in Australian Government Schools: A Comparative Human Rights Analysis
Authors: McCarthy Tony S 
Published: January 2019

The misuse of restraint and seclusion in Australian primary and secondary schools has received considerable exposure in recent years. Several Australian jurisdictions have recently reviewed laws and policies governing their use in schools. Yet reports about the inappropriate use of these practices remain prominent and raise concerns about whether existing regulatory frameworks do enough to protect the rights of children with disabilities in schools. This paper undertakes the first comparative analysis of existing regulatory frameworks governing the use of restraint and seclusion in Australian government schools, both primary and secondary, and considers whether existing frameworks are compliant with international human rights obligations under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (‘CRPD’) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (‘CRC’). The paper reveals substantial variation in regulation between jurisdictions, and demonstrates that significant reform is necessary to bring existing regulatory frameworks into alignment with human rights norms.
2018 WA Lee Equity Lecture:
Authors: Russell AM RFD QC David 
Published: January 2019

May I commence by acknowledging the honour done to me by asking me to give this, the nineteenth WA Lee lecture. I studied Equity, in part, under Professor Lee and he was a prominent member of the teaching community at my University College.
At that time, and later, I came to appreciate the extent to which his reputation was established, not just in Australia, but throughout the common law world. Perhaps the most telling of a number of indications, once publications such as the masterful Ford & Lee are put to one side, is the fact that when Donovan Waters QC, former Oxford don, STEP Honorary Member and one of the negotiators of the Hague Trust Convention,[1] visited Australia as a guest of STEP, the one Australian he specifically asked us to arrange for him to meet was Tony Lee.
So to give this lecture before an audience including Tony Lee, fills me with not a little trepidation. He – and no doubt many others of you – will be immediately aware of any errors or imperfections. It is small consolation that, on this occasion at least, he will not be marking the paper.
In choosing the topic for the paper, I had in mind a paper given by the Hon Dyson Heydon, AC QC, to the first STEP Australia Conference.[2] Mr Heydon QC observed that:
This paper is an edited version of a paper presented at the 2018 WA Lee Equity Lecture delivered on 21 November 2018 at the Banco Court, Supreme Court of Queensland, Brisbane.
* AM RFD QC; BA (UQ), LLB (UQ), LLM (UQ).
[1] Adopted by Australia and implemented in the Trusts (Hague Convention) Act 1991 (Cth).
[2] JD Heydon, ‘Modern Fiduciary Liability: the Sick Man of Equity’ (2014) 20 Trusts & Trustees 1006.
The individual in the semiotic landscape
Authors: Eckert Penelope 
Published: January 2019

I present the extreme proposal that change spreads by virtue of its role in a system of social meaning. And since individuals cannot construct meaning on their own, they can play no elemental role in sound change. Based on ethnographic-variationist studies of sound change among preadolescents and adolescents, I challenge two common assumptions in the study of variation and change: (1) that sound change is autonomous, and (2) that change spreads from individual to individual, by imitation and in isolation. Whatever its origins, whether from linguistic pressures (“change from below”) or social pressures (“change from above”), sound change spreads by virtue of its incorporation into a semiotic landscape, as non-referential material is recruited into signs articulating social distinctions. Participation in this landscape connects the individual to the immediate community and to the larger social order and it is through participation in this landscape that speakers produce and perceive – and accelerate – changes in progress.
Začetna obravnava bolnice z uroginekološkimi težavami
Authors: Serdinšek Tamara , But Igor 
Published: January 2019

Uroginekologija se ukvarja z diagnosticiranjem in zdravljenjem motenj v funkciji medeničnega dna. Gre za pogost pojav, s katerim se srečuje vsaj polovica vseh žensk. Simptomi, ki kažejo na disfunkcijo medeničnega dna, so številni. Najpogosteje pa se srečujemo s tistimi, ki jih povzročata urinska inkontinenca in zdrs medeničnih organov (ZMO).
Začetna obravnava bolnice z motnjami v funkciji medeničnega dna zajema uroginekološko anamnezo z analizo dnevnika uriniranja, analizo urina ter klinični pregled. Cilj usmerjene uroginekološke anamneze je opredelitev bolničinih glavnih simptomov, njihovega trajanja, značilnosti in vpliva na bolničino kakovost življenja. Nadalje bolnico povprašamo o jakosti teh simptomov, sprožilnih dejavnikih in njihovem začetku. Pomembno je opredeliti količino in vrsto tekočine, ki jo bolnica zaužije čez dan. Prav tako pridobimo celotno ginekološko anamnezo, podatke o spremljajočih boleznih, operacijah in možnih alergijah. Skupaj z anamnezo lahko analiziramo tudi dnevnik uriniranja, ki nam poda pomembne podatke glede frekvence, inkontinenčih epizod, uporabe vložkov, vnosa tekočin in stopnje urgence ter inkontinence v določenem obdobju.
Anamnezi sledi klinični pregled, ki je sestavljen iz splošnega statusa, pregleda trebuha in vaginalnega pregleda z oceno stopnje ZMO ter moči mišic medeničnega dna (MMD). Priporočamo, da se za oceno ZMO uporablja Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System (sistem POP-Q) in da se moč MMD ocenjuje z digitalno palpacijo, pri čemer se za opredelitev moči krčenja uporablja bodisi šeststopenjsko oxfordsko lestvico bodisi štiristopenjsko lestvico moči MMD. Zaradi visoke prevalence okužb sečil pri ženskah s simptomi v spodnjih sečilih sta nepogrešljiv del obravnave teh bolnic tudi analiza urina in urinokultura.
Selectively Potentiating Hypoxia Levels by Combretastatin A4 Nanomedicine: Toward Highly Enhanced Hypoxia‐Activated Prodrug Tirapazamine Therapy for Metastatic Tumors
Authors: Yang Shengcai , Tang Zhaohui , Hu Chenyang , Zhang Dawei , Shen Na , Yu Haiyang , Chen Xuesi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractHypoxia‐activated prodrugs (HAPs) have the potential to selectively kill hypoxic cells and convert tumor hypoxia from a problem to a selective treatment advantage. However, HAPs are unsuccessful in most clinical trials owing to inadequate hypoxia within the treated tumors, as implied by a further substudy of a phase II clinical trial. Here, a novel strategy for the combination of HAPs plus vascular disrupting agent (VDA) nanomedicine for efficacious solid tumor therapy is developed. An effective VDA nanomedicine of poly(l‐glutamic acid)‐graft‐methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)/combretastatin A4 (CA4‐NPs) is prepared and can selectively enhance tumor hypoxia and boost a typical HAP tirapazamine (TPZ) therapy against metastatic 4T1 breast tumors. After treatment with the combination of TPZ plus CA4‐NPs, complete tumor reduction is observed in 4T1 xenograft mice (initial tumor volume is 180 mm3), and significant tumor shrinkage and antimetastatic effects are observed in challenging large tumors with initial volume of 500 mm3. The report here highlights the potential of using a combination of HAPs plus VDA nanomedicine in solid tumor therapy.
A Highly Efficient Tumor‐Targeting Nanoprobe with a Novel Cell Membrane Permeability Mechanism
Authors: Lei Zhendong , Ding Lin , Yao Chenjie , Mo Fengfeng , Li Chenchen , Huang Yanan , Yin Xuelian , Li Min , Liu Jinliang , Zhang Yong , Ling Changquan , Wang Yanli 
Published: January 2019

AbstractEfficient tumor targeting has been a great challenge in the clinic for a very long time. The traditional targeting methods based on enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects show only an ≈5% targeting rate. To solve this problem, a new graphene‐based tumor cell nuclear targeting fluorescent nanoprobe (GTTN), with a new tumor‐targeting mechanism, is developed. GTTN is a graphene‐like single‐crystalline structure amphiphilic fluorescent probe with a periphery that is functionalized by sulfonic and hydroxyl groups. This probe has the characteristic of specific tumor cell targeting, as it can directly cross the cell membrane and specifically target to the tumor cell nucleus by the changed permeability of the tumor cell membranes in the tumor tissue. This new targeting mechanism is named the cell membrane permeability targeting (CMPT) mechanism, which is very different from the EPR effect. These probes can recognize tumor tissue at a very early stage and track the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells at the single cell level. The tumor‐targeting rate is improved from less than 5% to more than 50%. This achievement in efficient and accurate tumor cell targeting will speed up the arrival of a new era of tumor diagnosis and treatment.
Mastering Surface Reconstruction of Metastable Spinel Oxides for Better Water Oxidation
Authors: Duan Yan , Sun Shengnan , Sun Yuanmiao , Xi Shibo , Chi Xiao , Zhang Qinghua , Ren Xiao , Wang Jingxian , Ong Samuel Jun Hoong , Du Yonghua , Gu Lin , Grimaud Alexis , Xu Zhichuan J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDeveloping highly active electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical for the effectiveness of water splitting. Low‐cost spinel oxides have attracted increasing interest as alternatives to noble metal–based OER catalysts. A rational design of spinel catalysts can be guided by studying the structural/elemental properties that determine the reaction mechanism and activity. Here, using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it is found that the relative position of O p‐band and MOh (Co and Ni in octahedron) d‐band center in ZnCo2−xNixO4 (x = 0–2) correlates with its stability as well as the possibility for lattice oxygen to participate in OER. Therefore, it is testified by synthesizing ZnCo2−xNixO4 spinel oxides, investigating their OER performance and surface evolution. Stable ZnCo2−xNixO4 (x = 0–0.4) follows adsorbate evolving mechanism under OER conditions. Lattice oxygen participates in the OER of metastable ZnCo2−xNixO4 (x = 0.6, 0.8) which gives rise to continuously formed oxyhydroxide as surface‐active species and consequently enhances activity. ZnCo1.2Ni0.8O4 exhibits performance superior to the benchmarked IrO2. This work illuminates the design of highly active metastable spinel electrocatalysts through the prediction of the reaction mechanism and OER activity by determining the relative positions of the O p‐band and the MOh d‐band center.
Rhodium(III)‐catalyzed Intermolecular Unactivated Secondary C(sp3)−H Bond Amidation Directed by 3,5‐dimethylpyrazole
Authors: Wang Yanwei , Liu Hongxin , Li Bin , Wang Baiquan 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA Rh(III)‐catalyzed intermolecular unactivated secondary C(sp3)−H bond amidation via nitrene insertion directed by 3,5‐dimethylpyrazole is reported. This procedure tolerates a broad substrate scope including chain and cyclic N‐alklyamides. Notably, the directing group 3,5‐dimethylpyrazole of chain N‐alkylamide substrates could be easily removed via cascade intermolecular amidation and intramolecular cyclization in one‐pot affording the sulfonylureas by increasing the reaction temperature.magnified image
Direct C(sp2)−H Amination to Synthesize Primary 3‐aminoquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones under Simple and Mild Conditions
Authors: Yang Qiming , Yang Zibing , Tan Yushi , Zhao Jiquan , Sun Qian , Zhang Hong‐Yu , Zhang Yuecheng 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA convenient C−H amination of quinoxalin‐2‐ones has been developed. This transformation provides concise access to 3‐aminoquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones with a broad tolerance of functional groups, utilizing TMSN3 as an amino source under simple and mild conditions. The target 3‐aminoquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones are important intermediates for the synthesis of biologically active 3‐N‐substituted quinoxalin‐2‐one derivatives.magnified image
Unraveling the Factors Behind the Efficiency of Hydrogen Evolution in Endohedrally Doped C60 Structures via Ab Initio Calculations and Insights from Machine Learning Models
Authors: Tahini Hassan A. , Tan Xin , Smith Sean C. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the origins of catalytic activity (or inactivity) in nanostructures allows for the rational design of cheap and durable catalysts. Here, consistent and comprehensive ab initio screening of endohedrally doped fullerenes as potential catalysts for hydrogen evolution reactions is performed. By examining variations in the electronic structure of the carbon atoms in the presence of the dopant, and by relying on machine learning algorithms, the origin of enhanced activity in fullerenes can be underpinned. The effect is attributed to the formation of free radicals by weakening the C─C double bonds. A number of electronic descriptors are discussed which can be fed into machine learning models to efficiently and reliably predict catalytic activities. This allows for a generalization of trends and a predictive ability that could be applied to other fullerene structures.
Variations in exposure to carcinogens among shift workers and non‐shift workers
Authors: El‐Zaemey Sonia , Carey Renee N. 
Published: January 2019

BackgroundThere is limited information on whether the prevalence of exposure to workplace carcinogens varies among shift workers and non‐shift workers.MethodsThis analysis used data from the Australian Work Exposures Study‐Cancer, a telephone survey which examined exposure to carcinogens in the workplace. Workers were classified as shift workers if they indicated that their usual roster ever included work between the hours of midnight and 5 am. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate the adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% confidence internals (CIs).ResultsAmong the 5425 workers, 6.88% reported being exposed to shift work. Overall, shift workers were more likely to be exposed to any carcinogen (aPR = 1.16; 95% 1.06‐1.26) and to specific carcinogens such as asbestos (aPR = 1.93; 95% 1.33‐2.83) than non‐shift workers.ConclusionsOur study shows that there are differences in exposure to carcinogenic agents among shift and non‐shift workers, and so there is a need for prevention programs in order to reduce these discrepancies.
Variational Inference for Stochastic Differential Equations
Authors: Opper Manfred 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe statistical inference of the state variable and the drift function of stochastic differential equations (SDE) from sparsely sampled observations are discussed herein. A variational approach is used to approximate the distribution over the unknown path of the SDE conditioned on the observations. This approach also provides approximations for the intractable likelihood of the drift. The method is combined with a nonparametric Bayesian approach which is based on a Gaussian process prior over drift functions.
Frequency‐shifting‐based algebraic approach to stable on‐line parameter identification and state estimation of multirotor UAV
Authors: Kasac Josip , Kotarski Denis , Piljek Petar 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this paper, a frequency‐shifting‐based (FSB) algebraic approach to stable on‐line parameter identification and state estimation is proposed. The proposed simultaneous parameter identification and state estimation algebraic approach are applied to multirotor adaptive‐like tracking control assuming that only position measurement is available. The proposed algebraic approach provides very fast convergence towards true values of system parameters and states, without transients that depend on initial conditions and without peaking phenomenon which is characteristics of high‐gain observers. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is illustrated by a simulation example.
Oral probiotic administration during pregnancy prevents autism‐related behaviors in offspring induced by maternal immune activation via anti‐inflammation in mice
Authors: Wang Xiao , Yang Junhua , Zhang Hongyang , Yu Jing , Yao Zhibin 
Published: January 2019

Maternal immune activation (MIA) is associated with an increased risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in offspring. Animal experiments have found that interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and IL‐17a are key cytokines in the induction of ASD by MIA. Moreover, probiotics were verified to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we investigated whether the administration of oral probiotics during pregnancy might protect the offspring that have suffered MIA from developing ASD. Probiotics were orally administered to pregnant mice with/without the simultaneous administration of Poly(I:C). We found that oral probiotics prevented the ASD‐like behaviors induced by MIA in offspring. Furthermore, oral probiotics prevented the MIA‐induced increases in the IL‐6 and IL‐17a levels in both maternal serum and fetal brains, parvalbumin positive (PV+) neuron loss, and the decrease in the γ‐aminobutyric acid levels in the prefrontal cortex of adult offspring. This work suggests that administering oral probiotics during pregnancy may help decrease the risk of ASD following MIA during pregnancy. Autism Res 2019, 12: 576–588. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryInterleukin 6 (IL‐6) and IL‐17a are key cytokines in the maternal immune activation (MIA)‐induced autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Based on emerging evidence that probiotics can inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines, we found that oral probiotics prevented MIA‐induced ASD‐like behaviors in offspring. This work suggested that oral probiotics during pregnancy may be an effective means for decreasing the incidence of ASD in offspring.
An undergraduate laboratory on RNA sequencing analysis of bacterial gene expression
Authors: Militello Kevin T. , Reinhardt Josephine A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractNext generation sequencing has revolutionized molecular biology and has provided a mechanism for rapid DNA and RNA sequence analysis. Yet, there are few resources to introduce next generation sequencing into the undergraduate biochemistry and molecular biology curriculum. Herein, we describe the design, execution, and assessment of a four‐week laboratory for junior and senior undergraduate students that focuses on bacterial gene expression changes detected by RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq). In the laboratory, students analyze a bacterial RNA‐seq dataset in detail and answer questions relating to the impact of DNA methylation on bacterial gene expression. In addition, students confirm key results from the RNA‐seq dataset using qRT‐PCR and compare their results to similar experiments in the literature. A major strength of the laboratory is the ability of students to analyze raw RNA‐seq data. In addition, another strength of the laboratory is the utilization of both dry approaches (informatics and statistics) and wet approaches (RNA isolation, cDNA synthesis, and qRT‐PCR) to answer bacterial gene expression questions. Assessment of the laboratory indicates that significant learning gains were achieved with respect to next generation sequencing and RNA‐seq. We expect that the laboratory will be a valuable resource as is, or via modification with other datasets and projects. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(2): 161–167, 2019.