bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of timing of intrauterine insemination with frozen-thawed semen on conception rates in ewes
Authors: Findlater R.C.F. , Haresign W. , Curnock R.M. 
Published: June 2019

The widespread use of artificial insemination (AI) in the United Kingdom sheep industry has been limited by the poor conception rates obtained after cervical insemination of frozen-thawed semen. The major problem in this respect is the impairment of sperm transport through the cervix, particularly when AI is used in conjunction with oestrus synchronisation.Previous studies (Killeen and Caffery, 1982; Maxwell, 1984) have indicated that a laparo-scopic technique for intrauterine insemination in ewes may overcome such limitations. At the moment, however, sufficient data on the optimum time of insemination and sperm doses required to maximise fertility in British breeds are not available. The present study was conducted to establish the optimum time of intrauterine insemination using frozen-thawed semen.
Treatment of barley straw with mixtures of calcium hydroxide and urea : Effect on intake and digestibility in sheep
Authors: Shahiduzzaman Md. , Owen E. 
Published: June 2019

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is widely available in Third World countries because of extensive limestone deposits. Previous studies (reviewed by Owen et al 1984) have shown Ca(OH)2-treated straw to be prone to mouldiness and low intakes. Urea was added to Ca(OH)2 in the present study to inhibit mould and supply nitrogen. Two experiments are reported which investigated the amounts of Ca(OH)2 and urea required for improving intake and digestibility of barley straw in sheep.Forty Suffolk x Mule store lambs (20 castrates, 20 ewe lambs) aged 8 months were used to measure intake and digestibility of 5 straws (Table 1) in a randomized block experiment, with blocking according to weight and sex. Animals were fed restricted concentrates (Table 1) and ad libitum straw (allowing refusals of 25% of intake) over a period of 35 days, with collection of faeces over the last 8 days. For treatment, straw was chopped, mixed with chemical solutions (Table 1) in a concrete mixer, and “ensiled” for 60 days (September & October) at 500 g dry matter (DM) per kg, in plastic bags contained in 45-gallon oil drums. Straw was aerated for 3 days before feeding. Untreated straw was simply chopped before feeding.
Recent Development in Methods of Strength Testing Pressurised Fuselages
Authors: Hotson A. W. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe dangers and other disadvantages of using air pressure in the strength testing of pressurised fuselages are reviewed. A technique in which water is used instead of air is described, and its advantages considered. References are made to future test methods, and particularly to the need for the application of pressure combined with aerodynamic and inertia loads.
II. Du Nouveau Sur le Symbolisme Médiéval
Authors: Lesure François 
Published: June 2019

Les deux ouvrages de Sedlmayr et de Panofsky posent le problème d'ensemble du gothique. Mais il est important de signaler une série de recherches qui, dans ces dernières années, ont modifié les bases de notre interprétation du symbolisme médiéval.Sous le titre : El origen musical de los animales simbolos en la mitologia y la escultura antiguas, M. Marius Schneider a publié à Barcelone, en 1946, un ouvrage qui ne semble pas avoir encore été discuté.
Randall cattle in the USA: rescuing a genetic resource from extinction
Authors: Sponenberg D.P. , Creech C. , Miller W.J. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryRandall Cattle are a landrace from the northeast USA. The cattle are triple-purpose and well adapted to the cold northeast geographic region. The current population descends from 14 cattle that remained after the death of the original owner, though only 12 of these represented unique founders due to interrelationships among the 14. He had kept the cattle as an isolated strain for nearly 80 years. Blood-typing results point to a north Atlantic origin for the breed, which is consistent with the history. The policy and practice of the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy has been to carefully document landraces and to assure their conservation. Focused breeding strategies have succeeded in rescuing the original 13 animals and expanding the population to nearly 300 in 2006. The breed is gaining popularity as a hardy, adapted and useful genetic resource. Breeding management has decreased overall inbreeding while at the same time managing the contributions of the various founder animals.
Puesta en valor de un sistema tradicional y de sus recursos genéticos mediante una Indicación Geográfica: El proceso de la Carne Caprina del Norte Neuquino en la Patagonia Argentina
Authors: Centeno M. Pérez , Lanari M.R. , Romero P. , Monacci L. , Zimerman M. , Barrionuevo M. , Vázquez A. , Champredonde M. , Rocca J. , Raggi F. López , Domingo E. 
Published: June 2019

ResumenEl sistema tradicional de producción caprina del norte de Neuquen (Patagonia, Argentina), desarrollado por“crianceros”trashumantes, es un sistema marginal de baja dotación de recursos económicos y alta fragilidad ambiental pero que dispone de un alto capital cultural, un recurso genético adaptado y un producto de calidad superior reconocida pero no diferenciado. A fin de superar esta situación se propone la aplicación de una Denominación de Origen (DO). La propuesta se basó en la organización de los integrantes de la cadena de valor de la carne caprina regional y la determinación de sus cualidades tecnológicas ligado a la raza Criolla Neuquina. Se construyó una visión común sobre el sistema y su identidad, expresada en el Protocolo de la Denominación de Origen del “Chivito Criollo del Norte Neuquino”. Los estudios sobre la tipicidad y calidad han permitido establecer indicadores de la misma y la trazabilidad del producto. El fortalecimiento de las organizaciones campesinas y la conformación de un espacio de articulación ha permitido niveles de concertación inexistentes hasta el presente que potencian el desarrollo del territorio y lo capitalizan, dando proyección a la sostenibilidad del sistema y del recurso genético.
The Meaning of Biotic Succession
Authors: Bambach Richard K. 
Published: June 2019

Determination of the time sequence in the geologic record is a logical process that involves little “guesswork.” The geologic time scale is real, not a circular argument developed to show evolution. By applying Occam's Razor and assuming continuity, it is clear that biotic succession in apparent lineages demonstrates that species are capable of giving rise to others through modification with descent and have done so through geologic time. Although the fossil record is incomplete, biotic succession on a large scale provides a clear and unambiguous outline of the history of the change in life over time.Science seeks explanations for observations and facts that begin as hypotheses. When hypotheses successfully survive rigorous testing, they mature into accepted theories. Evolution is the theory accepted as the explanation for the facts of biotic succession. The operational processes invoked in the theory of evolution (such as mutation, natural selection, isolation, and genetic drift) have been successfully tested many times. The general pattern of biotic succession follows the path expected or predicted for the course of the evolutionary development of the biosphere.The biotic succession is the preserved result of the operation of the processes of organic evolution. Contributions from molecular biology and cladistics make it clear that the branching processes in evolution, operating over time, have produced all the diversity preserved in the fossil record. The current diversity of life is simply the product of its three and a half billion year history.
Paleobiology of Predators, Parasitoids, and Parasites: Death and Accomodation in the Fossil Record of Continental Invertebrates
Authors: Labandeira Conrad C. 
Published: June 2019

Carnivory is the consumption of one animal by another animal; among invertebrates in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems this type of feeding can take three forms: predation, parasitoidism, and parasitism. Differences among these three functional modes involve (i) whether the duration of feeding on the prey item is quick or there is an accommodation, coevolutionary or otherwise, between the carnivore and the host prey; (ii) whether the prey or host is killed; (iii) whether single or multiple prey or host items are consumed during the carnivore's lifespan, and (iv) the relative sizes of the carnivore and its prey or host. Uniformitarian and nonuniformitarian evidence directly relating to the history of carnivory can be found in exceptionally preserved deposits from the mid-Paleozoic to the Recent, but such evidence is relatively rare because carnivores are the least represented trophic group in ecosystems. Six types of paleobiological data provide evidence for carnivory: taxonomic affiliation, fossil structural and functional attributes, organismic damage, gut contents, coprolites, and indications of mechanisms for predator avoidance.Only 12 invertebrate phyla have become carnivorous in the continental realm. Six are lophotrochozoans (Acanthocephala, Rotifera, Platyhelminthes, Nemertinea, Mollusca, and Annelida) and six are ecdysozoans (Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Tardigrada, Onychophora, Pentastoma, and Arthropoda). Most of these groups have poor continental fossil records, but the two most diverse—nematodes and arthropods—have comparatively good representation. The record of arthropods documents (i) the presence of predators among primary producers, herbivores, and decomposers in early terrestrial ecosystems; (ii) the addition later in the fossil record of the more accommodationist strategies of parasitoids and parasites interacting with animal hosts; (iii) the occurrence of simpler food-web structures in terrestrial ecosystems prior to parasitoid and parasite diversification; and (iv) a role for mass extinction in the degradation of food-web structure that ultimately affected carnivory. Future research should explore how different modes of carnivory have brought about changes in ecosystem structure through time. Despite numerous caveats and uncertainties, trace fossils left by predators on skeletons of their prey remain one of the most promising research directions in paleoecology and evolutionary paleobiology.
Do you follow? Rethinking causality in archaeology
Authors: Govier Eloise 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPhilosopher and physicist Karen Barad (2003; 2007; 2012) has brought a new understanding of causality to the academic discourse (agential realism theory). Inspired by this new take on causality, I problematize the argument that archaeologists ‘follow’ materials. I begin by challenging the act of ‘following’ on two counts (causality and universalism), and then consider the work of Malafouris (2008a) – a thinker whose ideas have the potential to remediate this issue through his examination of the ‘in-between’ humans and matter. I argue that, despite offering an inspirational approach to mind–matter relationships, the dialectical relationship he evokes remains problematic from a Baradian perspective as it is still rooted in ‘following’. I suggest that Barad’s agential realism offers a valuable conceptual framework for researchers who are weary of ‘unilateral’ linear causality and keen to move beyond dialectical thinking (Barad 2007, 214).
Processing characteristics of milk constituents
Authors: Fox P.F. , Guinee T.P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractMilk and dairy products are major components of the human diet in Western countries, providing about 30% of dietary proteins and lipids. The current annual production of milk is 560 x 106 tonnes, of which 85, 11, 2 and 2% are bovine, buffalo, caprine and ovine, respectively. Although some raw milk is still consumed, the vast majority of milk is processed to at least some extent. Liquid milk is a major food item in all developed dairying countries, representing 30% of total milk production. The remainder is processed into one of several thousand products, making dairy products the most diverse and flexible group of food products. The flexibility of milk as a raw material resides in the chemical and physico-chemical properties of its constituents, many of which are unique. The principal constituents of milk can be modified by enzymatic, chemical and/or physical methods, permitting the production of new products. However, the concentrations and properties of milk constituents are variable and hence the processability of milk and the properties of dairy products are inconsistent, although much of this variability can be eliminated by employing modern technology, which exploits certain features of milk constituents. Today, most milk is processed in very large, highly mechanised and automated factories, where consistency in processing properties is essential. The resulting products are distributed through large wholesale and retail outlets, where consistency is, again, paramount. Finally, today's consumers expect consistency. The consistency expected by the processor, distributor and consumer can be achieved only if the properties of milk constituents are understood at the molecular level.This communication will describe:The chemical and physico-chemical properties of the principal constituents of milk, i.e. lactose, lipids, proteins and salts,Variations in milk composition and in the properties of its constituents and the influence of dairy husbandry practices thereon,Exploitation and significance of the chemical and physico-chemical properties of milk constituents in the production and properties of the principal groups of dairy foods, i.e. liquid milk products, cheese, butter, fermented milks, functional milk proteins and lactose.Process modifications which may be used to overcome variations in the properties of milk constituents.
The effects of wilting of grass prior to ensiling and bacterial inoculation on milk composition
Authors: Patterson D.C. , Yan T. , Gordon F.J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA study was conducted to assess the effects of rapid wilting of grass prior to ensiling on milk composition in lactating dairy cattle across a range of silage harvests. The effects of wilting on the response to bacterial inoculation were also examined. Experiments 1 and 2 were of 2 x 2 factorial design based on the factors wilting (unwilted and wilted treatments) and inoculant (control and inoculant treatments). The inoculants each had Lactobacillus plantarum plus other bacterial species. Experiments 1 and 2 had 3 and 8 harvests respectively and the corresponding feeding experiments were balanced changeover designs with 3 and 8 periods respectively. The feeding periods were of 8 and 3 weeks duration in Experiments 1 and 2 respectively and during each period each silage was fed ad libitum together with a concentrate supplement to 12 cows.The durations of the wilting periods ranged from 24 to 48 h in each experiment and the mean initial and final dry matter contents of the grass were 200; 317 g/kg and 176; 316 g/kg for Experiments 1 and 2 respectively.In Experiment 1 the butterfat, protein and lactose concentrations (g/kg) from the unwilted and wilted silages were 45.1 and 47.2 (s.e. 0.23, P<0.001), 33.7 and 35.6 (s.e. 0.11, P<0.001) and 48.9 and 48.7 (s.e. 0.08, P<0.05) respectively. In Experiment 2 the corresponding values (g/kg) were 45.2 and 46.4 (s.e. 0.23, P<0.05), 32.3 and 33.2 (s.e. 0.13, P<0.05) and 48.9 and 49.1 (s.e. 0.06, P>0.05) respectively. Inoculation had no significant effects on milk composition with either unwilted or wilted silage except for a reduction in protein content in Experiment 1, with values (g/kg) of 34.8 and 35.4 (s.e. 0.11, P<0.05) for control and inoculant treated silage respectively.It is concluded that wilting produced statistically significant increases in the concentrations of butterfat and protein in milk and that inoculants had little effect on milk composition in this study.
Demonstration of technologies and best management practice to improve milk protein content in a commercial dairying situation
Authors: Henning R.H. , Mulholland M.V. , Cushnahan A. , Peoples A.C. , Bruce D.W. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA technology transfer project has been set up to demonstrate management techniques to help raise the weighted average annual milk protein concentration to 36 g/kg in a cost effective manner using feeding, breeding and management techniques over a period of five years. A herd of autumn calving Holstein/Friesian cows was selected for the project on the basis of performance records and a number of commercial farms were selected for demonstration and benchmarking purposes. Methods which have been employed to improve milk protein include the use of extended grazing, improvements in silage quality, the use of specifically formulated concentrate supplements and the development of a breeding strategy designed to improve milk protein. Herd performance currently stands at 34.2 g/kg milk protein. Improvements in protein content to date have coincided with improvements in silage quality, the early introduction of grazed grass and the use of a specifically formulated concentrate. To date heifers entering the herd have not improved milk protein content. However, this appears to have been a result of the breeding policy adopted prior to the start of the project. Farmers have been able to develop their own competencies and management skills through project features on the Internet, in press articles, during visits to Greenmount College and through John Thompson and Sons Technical Department.
Variation of freezing point of cow's milk free from extraneous water during lactation
Authors: Slaghuis B.A. , Klungel G.H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe freezing point of bovine milk is known to vary between narrow limits. However, some variation is possible, because of the osmotic relationship between blood and milk. The extent of variation in freezing points of cow's milk was studied. For one year, freezing points were determined in individual milk samples from a high producing herd. Differences (P<0.05) were found between evening and morning milk yield and freezing points. A ‘lactation curve’ for freezing points was fitted and showed some similarity with milk yield curves. Stage of lactation explained part of the variation of freezing points of cow's milk.
Ovro Results on the Sunyaev-Zel’Dovich Effect, 1983-5
Authors: Birkinshaw M. , Moffet A.T. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRecent data taken with the 40-m telescope of the Owens Valley Radio Observatory at 20 GHz have confirmed the detections of the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect towards three clusters of galaxies, 0016+16, Abell 665 and Abell 2218. Rough measurements of the angular scale of the effect have also been made, and a comparison of these with the X-ray observations supports an isothermal model for the cluster gas.
The Nature of Faint Radio Sources
Authors: Wall J V , Benn C R , Grueff G , Vigotti M 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRadio, optical and infrared data are combined to study the nature of mJy-sources found in the 5C12 aperture-synthesis survey. The optical counterparts are QSOs, giant elliptical galaxies of the 3CR type, and blue galaxies. We find that the blue galaxies are a mixed group; the suggestion of a new blue population of evolving spirals at mJy levels is not supported by our data.
Hipparcos – Preparation of the Mission: Earth-Based Astrometry
Authors: Requième Y. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe proper and efficient operation of the Hipparcos satellite requires positions within 1.5 arcsec at the 1989 epoch for the 100-120 000 programme stars. The first steps of the preparation have been the identification of the proposed stars in the well-known astrometric catalogues and the output of successive lists of ‘non-astrometric’ stars not belonging to these catalogues. Ground-based observations needed to supplement the presently available data, which are now under way, are also described.
Energy Distribution, Photometry and Physical Characteristics of the Sun and Solar Analogs
Authors: Glushneva I. N. , Markova E. A. , Kharitonov A. V. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractColor indices of solar analogs in the Vilnius seven-color photometric system are discussed. The physical parameters (effective temperatures, radii and luminosities) for solar analogs with reliable spectrophotometric and photometric data were obtained by means of infrared fluxes. The effective temperatures of 16 Cyg A and B, which are considered to be the closest solar analogs are 5854 and 5664 K, respectively. The radii of both stars are in the range of 1 Ro < R < 1.4 Ro and luminosities 1.2Lo < L < 2.1 Lo for 16 Cyg A and Lo < L < 1.7 Lo for 16 Cyg B depending on different evaluations of the distances. We find that the relative solar energy distribution in the 0.33 – 1.25 μm range determined by Neckel and Labs (1984) is reliable enough, however the absolute fluxes are slightly too low at the maximum of energy distribution.
The Formation and Evolution of Binaries in Globular Clusters
Authors: Verbunt Frank 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe number density of stars in the cores of globular clusters is high enough for close encounters between stars to be frequent. These encounters may lead to the formation of binaries. Those binaries which do not easily form via the evolution of primordial main-sequence star binaries, and are therefore rare in the galactic disk, can be common in globular clusters. Examples of such binaries are the low-mass X-ray binaries. Such binaries may evolve into radiopulsars.
Dynamics and Spatial Shape of Short-Period Meteoroid Streams
Authors: Babadzhanov P.B. , Obrubov Yu.V. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAt the early stage of evolution the meteoroid streams may be considered as elliptical rings of relatively small thickness. The influence of planetary perturbations can essentially increase the stream width and its thickness. As a result one stream may produce several couples of meteor showers active in different seasons of the year. 22 short-period meteoroid streams under review may theoretically produce 104 meteor showers. The existence of 67 is confirmed by observations.
The status of Big Bang nucleosynthesis in July 1988
Authors: Reeves Hubert 
Published: June 2019

Important progresses have been made in two fronts in the few past years.On the theoretical ground, we have realized the importance of the quark-hadron phase transition as possibly influencing in a major way the yields of die primordial nucleosynthesis isotopes.On the observational ground, the status of lithium as a bona-fide cosmological observable has been confirmed and its primordial abundance can be evaluated with increased confidence.
Observational Problems in Extragalactic Astronomy
Authors: Arp Halton 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA large number of observations have accumulated which represent baffling mysteries from the standpoint of current astronomy. A sample of the most crucial of these cases is reviewed and updated. Evidence has slowly built up to the point where often each individual object is a formidable challenge to conventional theory. But, most importantly, it is now possible to appreciate the common pattern which mutually reinforces all the separate results.These empirical discordances point directly at known weaknesses in the Big Bane theory of the origin of the universe. New data is used to introduce a proposal which accounts for both the data which gave rise to the Big Bang interpretation and which also satisfies the discordant results which have accumulated over the last quarter of a century. Though perhaps only a primitive beginning, the new interpretation demonstrates that observations need not be discarded because they disagree with current theory. The major conclusion from the cases discussed here is that the present observational paradoxes represent spectacular opportunities to make new and fundamental discoveries about the universe.