bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymer Injectivity: Influence of Permeability in the Flow of EOR Polymers in Porous Media
Authors: Al-Shakry Badar , Shaker Shiran Behruz , Skauge Tormod , Skauge Arne 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Application of polymer flooding as a chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) has increased over recent years. The main type of polymer used is partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM). This polymer still has some challenges especially with shear stability and injectivity that restrict its utility, particularly for low permeability reservoirs. Injectivity limits the possible gain by acceleration in oil production due to polymer flooding. Hence, good polymer injectivity is a requirement for the success of the operation. This paper aims to investigate the influence of formation permeability on polymer flow in porous media.
In this study, a combination of core flooding with rheological studies is presented to evaluate the influence of permeability on polymer in-situ rheology behavior. The in-situ flow of HPAM polymers has also been studied for different molecular weights. The effect of polymer preconditioning prior to injection was studied through exposing polymer solutions to different extent of mechanical degradation.
Results from this study reveal that the expected shear thinning behavior of HPAM that is observed in rheometer measurements is not observed in in-situ rheology in porous media. Instead, HPAM in porous media exhibits near-Newtonian behavior at low flow rates representative of velocities deep in the reservoir, while exhibiting shear thickening behavior at high flow rates representative of velocities near wellbore region. The pressure build-up associated with shear thickening behavior during polymer injection is significantly higher than pressure differential during water injection. The extent of shear thickening is high during the injection of high Mw polymer regardless of cores' permeability. In low permeable Berea cores, shear thickening and mechanical degradation occur at lower velocities although the degree of shear thickening is lower in Berea to that observed in high permeable Bentheimer cores. This is ascribed to high polymer retention in Berea cores that results in high residual resistance factor (RRF). Results show that preshearing polymer before injection into porous media optimizes its injectability and transportability through porous media. The effect of preshearing becomes favorable for the injection of high Mw polymers into low permeability formation.
This study discusses polymer in-situ rheology and injectivity, which is a key issue in the design of polymer flood projects. The results provide beneficial information on optimizing polymer injectivity, in particular, for low permeability porous media.
How to Use Analytical Tools to Forecast Injectivity in Polymer Floods
Authors: Delamaide Eric 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
One of the main uncertainties when designing polymer floods is the polymer injectivity, an important parameter that can affect the economics of the process. Reservoir simulation can be used to forecast injectivity, but the process is not straightforward and can be affected by grid size and other factors. Analytical methods are also available for that purpose, but they are considered too simplistic to deal with realistic reservoir conditions. The aim of this paper is to show that this is not the case and that simple analytical tools can be accurate and of great help to predict or history match polymer injectivity.
The analytical method has been developed by Lake in his classical textbook on Enhanced Oil Recovery, but few applications are documented in the literature. This paper will review the method and corresponding equations before presenting several actual field cases of injectivity in polymer flood pilots or tests from several countries that have been matched analytically.
Although it has not been used very often, the method has been found to give very good results in most of the field cases tested in a variety of situations; these cases will be presented along with recommendations on how to apply the method and a discussion of the results. Sensitivities to the various parameters will also be presented. Once the equations are programmed in a spreadsheet, the matching process takes only a few minutes and it is easy to run various scenarios and sensitivities.
Polymer injectivity remains one of the less understood and less predictable aspects of polymer flood projects. This paper will encourage engineers who are planning such projects to use simple yet accurate analytical tools before embarking in more complex and time-consuming reservoir simulations.
Evaluation of Multicomponent Adsorption Kinetics for CO2 Enhanced Gas Recovery from Tight Shales
Authors: Berawala Dhruvit Satishchandra , Østebø Andersen Pål 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Only 3-10 % of gas from tight shale is recovered economically through natural depletion, demonstrating a significant potential for enhanced shale gas recovery (ESGR). Experimental studies have demonstrated that shale kerogen/organic matter has higher affinity for CO2 than methane, CH4, which opens possibilities for carbon storage and new production strategies.
This paper presents a new multicomponent adsorption isotherm which is coupled with a flow model for evaluation of injection-production scenarios. The isotherm is based on the assumption that different gas species compete for adsorbing on a limited specific surface area. Rather than assuming a capacity of a fixed number of sites or moles this finite surface area is filled with species taking different amount of space per mole. The final form is a generalized multicomponent Langmuir isotherm. Experimental adsorption data for CO2 and CH4 on Marcellus shale are matched with the proposed isotherm using relevant fitting parameters. The isotherm is first applied in static examples to calculate gas in place reserves, recovery factors and enhanced gas recovery potential based on contributions from free gas and adsorbed gas components. The isotherm is further coupled with a dynamic flow model with application to CO2-CH4 substitution for CO2-ESGR. We study the feasibility and effectiveness of CO2 injection in tight shale formations in an injection-production setting representative of lab and field implementation and compare with regular pressure depletion.
The production scenario we consider is a 1D shale core or matrix system intitally saturated with free and adsorbed CH4 gas with only left side (well) boundary open. During primary depletion, gas is produced from the shale to the well by advection and desorption. This process tends to give low recovery and is entirely dependent on the well pressure. Stopping production and then injecting CO2 into the shale leads to increase in pressure where CO2 gets preferentially adsorbed over CH4. The injected CO2 displaces, but also mixes with the in situ CH4. Restarting production from the well then allows CH4 gas to be produced in the gas mixture. Diffusion allows the CO2 to travel further into the matrix while keeping CH4 accessible to the well. Surface substitution further reduces the CO2 content and increases the CH4 content in the gas mixture that is produced to the well. A result of the isotherm and its application of Marcellus experimental data is that adsorption of CO2 with resulting desorption of CH4 will lead to a reduction in total pressure if the CO2 content in the gas composition is increased. That is in itself an important drive mechanism since the pressure gradient driving fluid flow is maintained (pressure buildup is avoided). This is a result of CO2 being found to take ~24 times less space per mol than CH4.
A Laboratory Method for Estimation of Storage Capacity of Rock Samples under Effective Stress
Authors: Aldana Gallego Ivan C. , Akkutlu I. Yucel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Fluid storage capacity measurements of core-plugs in the laboratory considers pore-volume as a function of effective stress. The latter is equal to (Applied Confining Pressure) − (Effective Stress Coefficient) x (Applied Pore Pressure). However, results are often reported as a function of difference in the applied pressures, because the coefficient is unknown and depends on the sample. This creates confusion during the interpretation of laboratory data and leads to added uncertainties in the analysis of storage capacity.
In this paper we present a new laboratory method that allows simultaneous prediction of the sample pore volume, coefficient of isothermal pore compressibility, and the stress coefficient. These quantities are necessary to predict the fluid storage as a function of effective stress. The method requires two stages of gas (helium) uptake by the sample under confining pressure and pore pressure and measures pressure-volume data. Confining pressure is always kept larger than the equilibrium pore-pressure but their values at each stage are changed arbitrarily. The method considers gas leakage adjustments at high pore pressure. The analysis is simple and includes simultaneous solutions of two algebraic equations including the measured pressure-volume data.
The model is validated by taking the reference pore volume near zero stress. The reference volume predicted matches with that measured independently using the standard helium porosimeter. For sandstone and shale, the pore compressibility is on average 10-5 psi-1 and the effective stress coefficient is slightly higher than 1. The effective stress coefficient in isotropic elastic porous materials is known as the Biot coefficient and the value we predict indicates the relationship between the bulk and grain volume moduli.
Interestingly the effective stress coefficient predicted using shale samples rich in clays and organic matter is slightly higher than for sandstone. This indicates that other features of the sample such as fine-scale texture (laminations, and anisotropy, etc.) could come into play during the fluid storage measurements.
Experimental Investigation of Integrity Issues of UGS Containing Hydrogen
Authors: Boersheim Erik Clemens , Reitenbach Victor , Albrecht Daniel , Pudlo Dieter , Ganzer Leonhard 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Hydrogen is portrayed as the fuel of the future. The storage of hydrogen in porous underground gas storages is a promising solution for large-scale energy storage in Germany. In theory, excess energy sourced from renewable sources would be converted to hydrogen and subsequently stored in underground porous media. This solution provides cost effective solutions whilst providing large capacities in comparison to other energy storage types, however hydrogen interactions in underground gas storage sites (UGS) is a perplexing topic due to its foreign nature and therefore its behavior in the subsurface could be unpredictable.
The implementation of autoclaves to recreate UGS with added hydrogen is a novel approach to investigate potential integrity issues that may arise during its lifetime. Where autoclaves can simulate conditions similar to UGS to analyze potential changes in the subsurface. The principal idea of autoclaves are to house samples which are exposed to pressures and temperatures equivalent that of typical Underground Gas Storages (max 200 bar, 120°C), allowing the recreation of any reservoir environment.
The Primary objective is to investigate interactions between subsurface materials combined with reservoir rock and hydrogen. Aforementioned interactions can be interpreted through the analysis of mineralogical, petrophysical, hydrochemical changes to ascertain information regarding to the productivity of the UGS, for examples reviewing changes in permeability and porosity.
Furthermore, the application of autoclaves can help to estimate the magnitude of hydrogen damage in subsurface equipment by providing insight into identifying key materials necessary to design a system preventing hydrogen damage to the subsurface; Supplementary implementation of conventional component inspection of mechanical properties of steels and cements through tensile strength testing and unconfined compressive strength testing, respectively, enable the extent of hydrogen damage inspection in UGS with added hydrogen. Predominantly API grade steels and API Grade G cement where used for this investigation. Preliminary autoclave experimentation results show that hydrogen can alter the characteristics of UGS, where API steels have shown to experience mild hydrogen damage and reservoir rock and API cement G samples have alterations in their chemical and physical characteristics.
Autoclaves provide flexible choice in testing parameters and can be used to recreate any UGS with any gas mixtures, allowing for limitless testing possibilities to test for potential integrity issues in porous UGS containing hydrogen.
Souring Prediction on Mature Waterflooded Reservoirs in North Kuwait
Authors: Al-Refai Sayed A’Rahman , Al-Ajmi Moudi , Oduola Lukman , Caicedo Martinez Carlos 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Presence of H2S detected in producing wells of North Kuwait sweet waterflooded reservoirs over the last 18 years, gave indications of biogenic souring. In response to this, the Kuwait Oil Company engaged in detailed souring potential assessments of selected reservoirs such as the Raudhatain Mauddud (RAMA), to predict the further generation of H2S and define the required souring mitigation strategy to ensure safe production over the remaining field life.
The souring simulation modelling was conducted on the RAMA subsurface model with support from Shell, using a state of the art souring prediction program. The initial phase of the study consisted in the history match simulation to define the most likely souring mechanism in the field. The forecast considered various scenarios with a range of sensitivities on carbon nutrient and sulphate levels, both in formation and injected water in the field.
The history match simulation results showed a good correlation with most of the producers with available H2S data. The Forecast simulation over the next 15-year period predicts a moderate souring severity for this reservoir, based on the maximum H2S mass flow rate of 90 kg/d and H2S in gas maximum concentration of 85 ppmv at the field level.
This work provides the petroleum Industry further insights into the souring behavior when effluent water is injected in addition to seawater, particularly the effects of additional carbon nutrients fed into the reservoir.
Experimental research on the maximum backwater height in front of a permeable spur dike in the bend of a spillway chute
Authors: Yang Jinmeng , Zhang Jing , Zhang Qinghua , Teng Xiaomin , Chen Wei , Li Xuemei 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Hydraulic experiments on installing a permeable spur dike at three positions (1/4, 1/2, and 3/4) on the concave bank of the bend of a spillway chute with three angles (45°, 60° and 75°) were carried out for studying the backwater condition in front of the permeable spur dike. Results show that the maximum backwater height occurs at the cross-section where the permeable spur dike meets the concave bank of the bend. A formula for the maximum backwater height was derived by the employment of the principle of momentum conservation, and the formula indicates that the height is influenced by the geometric parameters of the permeable spur dike and the bend, the layout of the spur dike in the bend, and the inflow discharge. Based on experimental data, a regression analysis was implemented on the water depth coefficient in the formula. Furthermore, the maximum backwater height can be obtained through the water depth at the concave bank of the end of bend when the parameters and installing pattern of the permeable spur dike are determined.
Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Traditional Uses of Curcuma spp. and Pharmacological Profile of Two Important Species (C. longa and C. zedoaria): A Review
Authors: Ayati Zahra , Ramezani Mahin , Amiri Mohammad Sadegh , Moghadam Ali Tafazoli , Rahimi Hoda , Abdollahzade Aref , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Emami Seyed Ahmad 
Published: April 2019

Ethnopharmacological relevance:
The genus Curcuma, which is the most important source of curcumin,
has been widely used in different traditional medicines. Various species of Curcuma have long been used for
several purposes such as healing wounds, liver disorders, jaundice and also as a blood purifier.

Aim of the study:
This review focused on the ethnopharmacological uses and phytochemical aspects of Curcuma.
Additionally, in this study, the different properties of two species of Curcuma in Islamic Traditional Medicine
(ITM), C. longa and C. zedoaria, as well as their pharmacological aspects in modern medicine are reviewed.

Materials and methods:
ITM literatures were searched to find Curcuma’s applications. Also, electronic databases
including PubMed and Scopus were searched to obtain studies giving any in vitro, in vivo or human evidence of
the efficacy of C. longa and C. zedoaria in the treatment of different diseases. ChemOffice software was used to
find chemical structures.

Results:
The analysis showed that ethno-medical uses of Curcuma have been recorded for centuries. Approximately,
427 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from Curcuma spp. This genus is rich in
flavonoids, tannins, anthocyanin, phenolic compounds, oil, organic acids and inorganic compounds. Curcumin is
one of the main active ingredients in Curcuma which has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Besides,
pharmacological studies have indicated wide range of Curcuma’s activities, such as hepato-protective,
antifungal, antihypertensive and neuroprotective.

Conclusions:
In this study, we reviewed various studies conducted on ethno-medicinal, ITM properties and photochemistry
of Curcuma spp. Also, pharmacological activities of two species, C. longa and C. zedoaria are summarized.
Pre-clinical investigations have demonstrated some of the traditional aspects of Curcuma, such as
wound healing, anti-arthritic, anti-tumor and liver protective activities. These could be related to antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory properties of Curcuma which might be due to high amounts of phenolic compounds. Curcuma
is mentioned to have neural tonic properties in ITM which have been confirmed by some animal studies. Considering
various preclinical studies on C. longa and C. zedoaria and their active ingredient, curcumin, randomized
controlled trials are warranted to confirm their promise as a clinically effective hepato and neuro-protective
agents.
Effects of Radiation on Drug Metabolism: A Review
Authors: Li Xiangyang , Yang Jianxin , Qiao Yijie , Duan Yabin , Xin Yuanyao , Nian Yongqiong , Zhu Lin , Liu Guiqin 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Radiation is the fourth most prevalent type of pollution following the water, air and noise
pollution. It can adversely affect normal bodily functions. Radiation alters the protein and mRNA expression of drugmetabolizing
enzymes and drug transporters and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs, thereby affecting drug
absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Therefore, it is important to study the pharmacokinetic changes
in drugs under radiation.

Methods:
To update data on the effects of ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation caused by environmental
pollution or clinical treatments on the protein and mRNA expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters.
Data and information on pharmacokinetic changes in drugs under radiation were analyzed and summarized.

Results:
The effect of radiation on cytochrome P450 is still a subject of debate. The widespread belief is that higherdose
radiation increased the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 of rat, zebrafish or human, CYP1A2, CYP2B1, and
CYP3A1 of rat, and CYP2E1 of mouse or rat, and decreased that of rat’s CYP2C11 and CYP2D1. Radiation increased
the expression of multidrug resistance protein, multidrug resistance-associated protein, and breast cancer
resistance protein. The metabolism of some drugs, as well as the clearance, increased during concurrent chemoradiation
therapy, whereas the half-life, mean residence time, and area under the curve decreased. Changes in the expression
of cytochrome P450 and drug transporters were consistent with the changes in the pharmacokinetics of some
drugs under radiation.

Conclusion:
The findings of this review indicated that radiation caused by environmental pollution or clinical treatments
can alter the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs. Thus, the pharmacokinetics of drugs should be rechecked
and the optimal dose should be re-evaluated after radiation.
Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced into Hollow Fiber by Chitosan Sol-gel for Solid/Liquid Phase Microextraction of NSAIDs from Urine Prior to HPLC-DAD Analysis
Authors: AL-Hashimi Nabil N. , El-Sheikh Amjad H. , Qawariq Rania F. , Shtaiwi Majed H. , AlEjielat Rowan 
Published: April 2019

Background:
The efficient analytical method for the analysis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) in a biological fluid is important for determining the toxicological aspects
of such long-term used therapies.

Methods:
In the present work, multi-walled carbon nanotubes reinforced into a hollow fiber by chitosan
sol-gel assisted-solid/ liquid phase microextraction (MWCNTs-HF-CA-SPME) method followed
by the high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC–DAD) was developed
for the determination of three NSAIDs, ketoprofen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen in human urine samples.
MWCNTs with various dimensions were characterized by various analytical techniques. The extraction
device was prepared by immobilizing the MWCNTs in the pores of 2.5 cm microtube via chitosan
sol-gel assisted technology while the lumen of the microtube was filled with few microliters of
1-octanol with two ends sealed. The extraction device was operated by direct immersion in the sample
solution.

Results:
The main factors influencing the extraction efficiency of the selected NSAIDs have been examined.
The method showed good linearity R2 ≥ 0.997 with RSDs from 1.1 to 12.3%. The limits of detection
(LODs) were 2.633, 2.035 and 2.386 µg L-1, for ketoprofen, diclofenac, and ibuprofen, respectively.
The developed method demonstrated a satisfactory result for the determination of selected drugs
in patient urine samples and comparable results against reference methods.

Conclusion:
The method is simple, sensitive and can be considered as an alternative for clinical laboratory
analysis of selected drugs.
Medical Records Quality as Prevention Tool for Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) Related Litigation: a Case Series
Authors: Albano Giuseppe D. , Bertozzi Giuseppe , Maglietta Francesca , Montana Angelo , Di Mizio Giulio , Esposito Massimiliano , Mazzeo Pietro , D'Errico Stefano , Salerno Monica 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Healthcare-associated infections are one of the most serious Public Health
concern, as they prolong the length of hospitalization, reduce the quality of life, and increase morbidity
and mortality. Despite they are not completely avoidable, the number of healthcare-associated infections
related to negligence claims has risen over the last years, contributing to remarkable economic
and reputation losses of Healthcare System.

Methods:
In this regard, several studies suggested a key role of medical records quality in determining
medical care process, risk management and preventing liability. Clinical documentation should be able
to demonstrate that clinicians met their duty of care and did not compromise patient’s safety.

Results:
Therefore, it has a key role in assessing healthcare workers’ liability in malpractice litigation.
Our risk management experience has confirmed the role of medical records accuracy in preventing
hospital liability and improving the quality of medical care.

Conclusion:
In the presented healthcare-associated infections cases, evidence-based and guidelinesbased
practice, as well as a complete/incomplete medical record, have shown to significantly affect the
verdict of the judicial court and inclusion/exclusion of hospital liability in healthcare-associated infections
related claims.