bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential diagnosis of mesenchymal neoplasms of the digestive tract by cell block and immunohistochemistry
Authors: Lopes César Vivian , Rigon Péttala , Zettler Cláudio Galleano , Hartmann Antônio Atalíbio 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesTo evaluate the diagnostic yield of the cell block (CB) technique with immunohistochemistry in patients with mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract collected by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA).MethodsTissue samples from consecutive patients with subepithelial lesions collected by EUS‐FNA, without analysis by on‐site cytopathology, were evaluated by the same pathologist only using CBs in AAF fixative. Sections were stained with haematoxylin‐eosin and underwent complementary immunohistochemical staining for SMA, CD117, DOG‐1 and S100 in the presence of mesenchymal neoplasms. Specimens were defined as diagnostic when sufficient tissue was present for histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemistry analysis. If they were insufficient for complete evaluation, the specimens were considered nondiagnostic.ResultsBetween September 2012 and December 2016, a total of 158 patients (median age: 57 years, 64.5% women) underwent EUS‐FNA with an average of three needle passes for every lesion. The median lesion size was 17 mm. There were 113 mesenchymal neoplasms confirmed by immunohistochemistry (66 leiomyomas, 44 GISTs, two schwannomas, one leiomyosarcoma). The overall diagnostic yield of CBs was 84.17%. However, diagnosis was obtained in 98.5% (133/135) of the cases after exclusion of 23 cases in which EUS‐FNA sampling was insufficient or without tumoural tissue. Only two mesenchymal neoplasms were not confirmed by CBs even after immunohistochemistry.ConclusionsCBs collected by EUS‐FNA and analysed by immunohistochemistry showed a high diagnostic yield in patients with mesenchymal neoplasms, even without on‐site cytopathology.
Clinicocytopathological spectrum, including uncommon forms, of nine cases of chordomas with immunohistochemical results, including brachyury immunostaining: A single institutional experience
Authors: Rekhi Bharat , Karmarkar Srushti 
Published: September 2018

ObjectivesTo present clinical and cytopathological features of nine cases of chordomas, diagnosed over 9 years and confirmed by brachyury (T) immunostaining.MethodsConventional cytological smears, stained with Papanicolaou and May‐Grünwald Giemsa, along with corresponding histopathological (n = 8) and immunostained sections (n = 8) were reviewed. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on tissue sections by polymer detection technique.ResultsNine tumours occurred in seven males and two females, with age ranging from 36 to 72 years (average = 58.7), in the sacrum (seven) and spine (two). On fine needle aspiration cytology, five cases were either diagnosed with or diagnosed with a suggestion of a chordoma, while three cases were diagnosed with chordoma as a differential diagnosis. On review, smears were moderately cellular, comprising myxoid stroma (9/9), epithelioid cells (9/9), physaliphorous cells (8/9), including binucleation (7/9), prominent nucleolisation (2/9), pleomorphic cells (2/9) and intranuclear inclusions (3/9). Immunohistochemically, tumour cells expressed cytokeratin (4/4), pan cytokeratin (4/4), epithelial membrane antigen (8/8), S100 protein (6/8) and brachyury (8/8). Five patients underwent surgical excision, including two who underwent adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) and four patients who underwent RT. During follow‐up (n = 8), a single patient developed recurrence and another presented with metastatic lesions. Finally, five patients were alive with disease (7‐53 months); a single patient was free of disease (4 months), and two patients died of disease; the latter cases displayed pleomorphic cells and intranuclear inclusions.ConclusionsChordomas can be primarily diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology in a typical clinicoradiological setting with a combination of key cytomorphological features. Pleomorphic cells and intranuclear inclusions are associated with a relatively aggressive subtype. An exact diagnosis has treatment implications and requires confirmation by brachyury immunostaining.
Environmentally cued hatching in the bird‐parasitic nest fly Philornis downsi
Authors: Sage Roxanne , Boulton Rebecca A. , Lahuatte Paola F. , Causton Charlotte E. , Cloutier Richard , Heimpel George E. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUnder the hypothesis of environmentally cued hatching (ECH), eggs are stimulated to hatch by cues favouring larval survival. Here we investigated whether the bird‐parasitic nest fly Philornis downsi Dodge & Aitken (Diptera: Muscidae) exhibits ECH in response to the presence of suitable hosts and environmental conditions. Philornis downsi is an invasive in the Galapagos Islands and ECH could help to explain its success in a novel habitat. We found that the presence of hosts (nesting birds) per se does not accelerate hatching time in P. downsi, but that nesting birds do produce a microclimate, in terms of temperature and/or humidity that is conducive to faster hatching and higher hatching success. Eggs that are laid under extremely dry conditions die rather than delay their hatching time. We also found that P. downsi eggs hatch more rapidly when the substrate is very wet. Furthermore, larvae that hatch rapidly survive longer under starvation conditions. We suggest that eggs hatching more rapidly can either take advantage of optimal conditions for larval growth (host presence) or escape unfavourable microclimatic conditions (as larvae are mobile).
Inflammatory disorders associated with trisomy 8‐myelodysplastic syndromes: French retrospective case‐control study
Authors: Wesner Nadege , Drevon Louis , Guedon Alexis , Fraison Jean Baptiste , Trad Salim , Kahn Jean Emmanuel , Aouba Achille , Gillard Jerome , Ponsoye Matthieu , Hanslik Thomas , Gourguechon Clement , Liozon Eric , Laribi Kamel , Rossignol Julien , Hermine Olivier , Adès Lionel , Carrat Fabrice , Fenaux Pierre , Mekinian Arsene , Fain Olivier ,   GFM, MINHEMON (French Network of Dysimmune Disorders Associated to Hemopathies)
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectiveWe report cases of myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) with trisomy 8 associated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases (IADs).MethodData for 21 patients with trisomy 8‐MDS/MPN and IADs were analyzed and compared to 103 patients with trisomy 8‐MDS/MPN without IADs.ResultsThe median age of MDS/MPN patients with IADs was 67 [59‐80]. The IADs were Behçet's‐like disease in 11 (52%) patients, inflammatory arthritis in 4 (19%) and Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, aseptic abscess, periarteritis nodosa, Sweet's syndrome and unclassified vasculitis in one patient each. Overall, 17/21 (81%) patients with IADs received treatment (88% with steroids), with complete and partial response in 7/17 (35%) and 8/17 (47%), respectively. The effect of MDS treatment on IADs could be assessed in seven patients receiving azacytidine: five achieved remission and two partial response. As compared with the 103 trisomy 8‐MDS/MPN cases without IADs, those with IADs were more often non‐European (P = 0.005) and had poor karyotype (P < 0.001). We found no difference in overall survival or acute myeloid leukemia progression between trisomy 8‐associated MDS/MPN with and without IADs.ConclusionThe spectrum of IADs associated with trisomy 8‐positive MDS/MPN is dominated by Behçet's‐like disease. Steroid therapy is effective, but mostly sparing therapies are necessary. Azacytidine could be an effective alternative.
Contributions of nucleus accumbens dopamine to cognitive flexibility
Authors: Radke Anna K. , Kocharian Adrina , Covey Dan P. , Lovinger David M. , Cheer Joseph F. , Mateo Yolanda , Holmes Andrew 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThere is a compelling evidence that midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons and their projections to the ventral striatum provide a mechanism for motivating reward‐seeking behavior, and for utilizing information about unexpected reward prediction errors (RPEs) to guide behavior based on current, rather than historical, outcomes. When this mechanism is compromised in addictions, it may produce patterns of maladaptive behavior that remain obdurate in the face of contrary information and even adverse consequences. Nonetheless, DAergic contributions to performance on behavioral tasks that rely on the ability to flexibly update stimulus‐reward relationships remains incompletly understood. In the current study, we used a discrimination and reversal paradigm to monitor subsecond DA release in mouse NAc core (NAc) using in vivo fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). We observed post‐choice elevations in phasic NAc DA release; however, increased DA transients were only evident during early reversal when mice made responses at the newly rewarded stimulus. Based on this finding, we used in vivo optogenetic (eNpHR) photosilencing and (Channelrhodopsin2 [ChR2]) photostimulation to assess the effects of manipulating VTA‐DAergic fibers in the NAc on reversal performance. Photosilencing the VTA → NAc DAergic pathway during early reversal increased errors, while photostimulation did not demonstrably affect behavior. Taken together, these data provide additional evidence of the importance of NAc DA release as a neural substrate supporting adjustments in learned behavior after a switch in expected stimulus‐reward contingencies. These findings have possible implications for furthering understanding the role of DA in persistent, maladaptive decision‐making characterizing addictions.
Verbal working memory modulates afferent circuits in motor cortex
Authors: Suzuki Lorraine Y. , Meehan Sean K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractVerbal instruction and strategies informed by declarative memory are key to performance and acquisition of skilled actions. We previously demonstrated that anatomically distinct sensory–motor inputs converging on the corticospinal neurons of motor cortex are differentially sensitive to visual attention load. However, how loading of working memory shapes afferent input to motor cortex is unknown. This study used short‐latency afferent inhibition (SAI) to probe the effect of verbal working memory upon anatomically distinct afferent circuits converging on corticospinal neurons in the motor cortex. SAI was elicited by preceding a suprathreshold transcranial magnetic stimulus (TMS) with electrical stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist while participants mentally rehearsed a two‐ or six‐digit numeric memory set. To isolate different afferent intracortical circuits in motor cortex SAI was elicited, using TMS involving posterior–anterior (PA) or anterior–posterior (AP) monophasic current. Both PA and AP SAI were significantly reduced during maintenance of the six‐digit compared to two‐digit memory set. The generalized effect of working memory across anatomically distinct circuits converging upon corticospinal neurons in motor cortex is in contrast to the specific sensitivity of AP SAI to increased attention load. The common response across the PA and AP SAI circuits to increased working memory load may reflect an indiscriminate perisomatic mechanism involved in the voluntary facilitation of desired and/or suppression of unwanted actions during action selection or response conflict.
A coalescent sampler successfully detects biologically meaningful population structure overlooked by F‐statistics
Authors: Crandall Eric D. , Toonen Robert J. ,   ToBo Laboratory, Selkoe Kimberly A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAssessing the geographic structure of populations has relied heavily on Sewell Wright's F‐statistics and their numerous analogues for many decades. However, it is well appreciated that, due to their nonlinear relationship with gene flow, F‐statistics frequently fail to reject the null model of panmixia in species with relatively high levels of gene flow and large population sizes. Coalescent genealogy samplers instead allow a model‐selection approach to the characterization of population structure, thereby providing the opportunity for stronger inference. Here, we validate the use of coalescent samplers in a high gene flow context using simulations of a stepping‐stone model. In an example case study, we then re‐analyze genetic datasets from 41 marine species sampled from throughout the Hawaiian archipelago using coalescent model selection. Due to the archipelago's linear nature, it is expected that most species will conform to some sort of stepping‐stone model (leading to an expected pattern of isolation by distance), but F‐statistics have only supported this inference in ~10% of these datasets. Our simulation analysis shows that a coalescent sampler can make a correct inference of stepping‐stone gene flow in nearly 100% of cases where gene flow is ≤100 migrants per generation (equivalent to FST = 0.002), while F‐statistics had mixed results. Our re‐analysis of empirical datasets found that nearly 70% of datasets with an unambiguous result fit a stepping‐stone model with varying population sizes and rates of gene flow, although 37% of datasets yielded ambiguous results. Together, our results demonstrate that coalescent samplers hold great promise for detecting weak but meaningful population structure, and defining appropriate management units.
Mechanisms of pathogenic effects of eosinophil cationic protein and eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin on human keratinocytes
Authors: Amber Kyle T. , Chernyavsky Alex , Agnoletti Arianna F. , Cozzani Emanuele , Grando Sergei A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCutaneous deposition of eosinophil degranulation proteins is a major feature of eosinophil‐rich cutaneous diseases including bullous pemphigoid (BP). We sought to better understand the effect of two of these proteins – eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin (EDN), on human keratinocytes using the Het‐1A cell line. To evaluate expression of key cytokines and chemokines observed in BP as well as metal metalloprotease 9 (MMP9), we performed qPCR and in‐cell Western assays on cells treated with either ECP or EDN. We further evaluated the effect of ECP and EDN on keratinocyte survival, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Lastly, we assessed ECP and EDN's ability to induce keratinocyte detachment from provisional matrix. Treatment of keratinocytes with ECP and EDN resulted in significant increases in IL‐5, eotaxin‐1 and CCL5 (RANTES) expression at both mRNA and protein levels, but not IL‐17 or IL‐31. ECP and EDN also upregulate MMP9 production. Inhibiting MMP9, we confirmed that keratinocyte expression of IL‐5, eotaxin‐1 and RANTES was independent from MMP9. Both ECP and EDN were cytotoxic to keratinocytes, inducing ROS formation and apoptosis through a mitochondrion‐dependent pathway as evidenced by results of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labelling (TUNEL) and cytochrome c release assays, respectively. ECP but not EDN led to significant keratinocyte detachment from provisional matrix. These findings demonstrate that the pathogenic effects of ECP and EDN in BP may result from their direct action on keratinocytes, and as such may became a target for future therapies in eosinophil‐rich cutaneous diseases.
Adverse effect of dexamethasone on development of the fetal rat ovary
Authors: Ristić Nataša , Nestorović Nataša , Manojlović‐Stojanoski Milica , Trifunović Svetlana , Ajdžanović Vladimir , Filipović Branko , Pendovski Lazo , Milošević Verica 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDexamethasone (Dx) is often used in obstetric practice to promote fetal lung maturation and to prevent respiratory distress syndrome when the risk of preterm delivery persists. This therapy enables survival of the newborn, but also is associated with deleterious effects on the offspring, such as reproductive disorders. The aim of this study was to determine specifically whether prenatal exposure to Dx disturbs the physiological balance between proliferation and apoptosis of germinative cells (GC) in the ovary of 19‐ and 21‐day‐old fetuses and thus induces developmental programming of the female reproductive system. Pregnant Wistar rats (n = 10/group), separated into control (vehicle) and Dx‐treated (0.5 mg/kg body mass) groups, received injections on gestational days 16, 17, and 18. Exposure to Dx lowered the volume of the fetal ovary by 30% (P < 0.05) in 21‐day‐old fetuses, as well as the total number of GC in the ovary by 21% (P < 0.05). When compared to the controls, in Dx‐exposed fetuses, the total number of PCNA‐positive GC was 27% lower at 19 days and 71% lower at 21 days old (P < 0.05), while total numbers of caspase‐3‐positive GC were 2.3‐fold and 34% higher, respectively (P < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that prenatal exposure to Dx diminished proliferation but increased the rate of germinative cell apoptosis, with consequently reduced total germinative cell number and ovary volume. Impairment of fetal oogenesis and fewer GC in the fetal ovary compromise the oogonial stock and thus may constitute a risk of female fertility.
The global structure of marine cleaning mutualistic networks
Authors: Quimbayo Juan Pablo , Cantor Mauricio , Dias Murilo S. , Grutter Alexandra S. , Gingins Simon , Becker Justine H. A. , Floeter Sergio R. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimWe studied the underlying biotic and abiotic drivers of network patterns in marine cleaning mutualisms (species feeding upon ectoparasites and injured tissues of others) at large spatial scales.LocationEleven marine biogeographical provinces.Time period1971–2018.Major taxa studiedReef fish and shrimps.MethodsWe combined field and literature data to test whether recurrent patterns in mutualistic networks (nestedness, modularity) describe the distributions of marine cleaning interactions. Nested network structures suggest that some cleaner species interact with many clients while the others clean fewer, predictable subsets of these clients; modular network structures suggest that cleaners and clients interact within defined, densely connected subsets of species. We used linear mixed models to evaluate whether the life‐history traits of cleaners contribute to the emergence of these patterns locally and whether environmental and geographical factors influence the network structures.ResultsMarine cleaning networks were more nested than modular. Nestedness was prevalent in communities with dedicated cleaners (ones that feed exclusively by cleaning), whereas communities with only facultative cleaners (ones that clean opportunistically) were generally unstructured. Cleaner type and taxa were the only traits shaping networks, with dedicated fish cleaners contributing disproportionally more than facultative cleaners and shrimps to the emergence of nestedness. Although cleaner species seem concentrated around the tropics and biodiversity centres, we did not detect an influence of environmental and geographical factors on network structures.Main conclusionsDedicated species are key in shaping the structure of marine cleaning mutualistic networks. By relying exclusively on cleaning to feed, dedicated cleaners interact with most of the available clients and form the network core, whereas the opportunistic facultative species tend to clean the most common clients. We hypothesize that trophic niche variation and phenotypic specialization are major drivers of this asymmetry in marine mutualisms. Our study strengthens the links between biotic interactions at the community level and the distribution of species and specializations at larger spatial scales.
Similarity in spatial structure constrains ecosystem relationships: Building a macroscale understanding of lakes
Authors: Lapierre Jean‐Francois , Collins Sarah M. , Seekell David A. , Spence Cheruvelil Kendra , Tan Pang‐Ning , Skaff Nicholas K. , Taranu Zofia E. , Fergus C. Emi , Soranno Patricia A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimWe aimed to measure the dominant spatial patterns in ecosystem properties (such as nutrients and measures of primary production) and the multi‐scaled geographical driver variables of these properties and to quantify how the spatial structure of pattern in all of these variables influences the strength of relationships among them.Location and time periodWe studied > 8,500 lakes in a 1.8 million km2area of Northeast U.S.A. Data comprised 10‐year medians (2002–2011) for measured ecosystem properties, long‐term climate averages and recent land use/land cover variables.Major taxa studiedWe focused on ecosystem properties at the base of aquatic food webs, including concentrations of nutrients and algal pigments that are proxies of primary productivity.MethodsWe quantified spatial structure in ecosystem properties and their geographical driver variables using distance‐based Moran eigenvector maps (dbMEMs). We then compared the similarity in spatial structure for all pairs of variables with the correlation between variables to illustrate how spatial structure constrains relationships among ecosystem properties.ResultsThe strength of spatial structure decreased in order for climate, land cover/use, lake ecosystem properties and lake and landscape morphometry. Having a comparable spatial structure is a necessary condition to observe a strong relationship between a pair of variables, but not a sufficient one; variables with very different spatial structure are never strongly correlated. Lake ecosystem properties tended to have an intermediary spatial structure compared with that of their main drivers, probably because climate and landscape variables with known ecological links induce spatial patterns.Main conclusionOur empirical results describe inherent spatial constraints that dictate the expected relationships between ecosystem properties and their geographical drivers at macroscales. Our results also suggest that understanding the spatial scales at which ecological processes operate is necessary to predict the effects of multi‐scaled environmental changes on ecosystem properties.
Rapid Determination of Trace Element Compositions in Peridotites by LA‐ICP‐MS Using an Albite Fusion Method
Authors: Zhang Shenyang Y. , Zhang Hongluo L. , Hou Zhenhui , Ionov Dmitri A. , Huang Fang 
Published: September 2018

A rapid sample preparation procedure is described to determine trace element compositions of peridotites using LA‐ICP‐MS. Peridotite powders were fused with albite in a molybdenum–graphite assembly to obtain homogeneous glasses. Best conditions for the fusion procedure (heating at 1500–1550 °C for 10–15 min with a sample‐to‐flux ratio of 1:2) were constrained with melting experiments on two USGS reference materials, PCC‐1 and DTS‐2B. Mass fractions of first series transition elements, Ba and Pb, in quenched glasses of PCC‐1 and DTS‐2B are consistent with published data within 10% RSD. Three spinel peridotite xenoliths from eastern China were analysed following both our method and conventional solution ICP‐MS. Compared with solution ICP‐MS, the relative deviations of our method for most elements were within 10%, while for the REE, Ta, Pb, Th and U, the relative deviations were within 20%. In particular, volatile elements (e.g., Pb and Zn) are retained in the glass. Compared with conventional wet chemistry digestion, our method is faster. Additional advantages are complete sample fusion, especially useful for samples with acid‐resistant minerals (spinel and rutile), and long‐term conservation of glasses allowing unlimited repeated measurements with microbeam techniques. The same approach can be used for analyses of other mantle rocks, such as eclogites and pyroxenites.