bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BOP Pressure and Flowrate Conditions During High Pressure Gas Kick Control
Authors: Omrani Ala Eddine , Franchek Matthew Albert , Tang Yingjie 
Published: April 2019

AbstractVertical upward multiphase flow through a blowout preventer (BOP) during a gas kick event produces complex fluid flow transients. Further complicating these transients is the fluid phase interactions during BOP closing event. The resultant pressure and flowrate transients are critical parameters that influence the BOP design and should be used to estimate if the BOP can close-on/control a kick event. In this paper, a hydro-mechanical two-phase flow model is developed to predict the fluid pressure and flowrate conditions for fully open and closing BOP during a gas kick. The case of a 20,000 psi reservoir is investigated along with a wel depth, from the rig floor to the borehole, ranging from 10,000 ft to 20,000 ft. The results illuminate the dependence of model-based BOP pressure rated design on the formation productivity index during a gas kick event. Furthermore, using a model-based approach for determining such information is essential in the development of next generation pressure control equipment standards and equipment certification, risk minimization to drilling crew and rig assets and reduction of well intervention frequency. High pressure definition based on pore pressure and/or BOP rated working pressure are discussed as well.
Characterizing Smart Cement Modified with Styrene Butadiene Polymer for Quality Control, Curing and to Control and Detect Fluid Loss and Gas Leaks Using Vipulanandan Models
Authors: Vipulanandan C. , Panda G. , Maddi A. R. , Wong G. , Aldughather A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn this study, commercially available styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) polymer up to 3% was added to the highly sensing chemo-thermo-piezoresistive smart cement with a water-to-cement ratio of 0.38 to investigate the effects on the sensing properties. Series of quality control, curing and high pressure high temperature (HPHT) experiments were performed to evaluate the smart cement behavior with and without the SBR polymer. Addition of 1% and 3% SBR polymer increased the initial resistivity by 4% and 12% respectively and hence this parameter can be used for quality control in the field. Vipulanandan p-q curing model was used to predict the changes in resistivity with curing time. Addition of 1% and 3% SBR polymer also increased the compressive strength of the smart cement by 18% and 32% after 1 day of curing respectively, The piezoresistivity of smart cement with the addition of SBR polymer after 1 day of curing was over 500 times (50,000%) higher than the regular cement failure strain of 0.2%. The Vipulanandan p-q piezoresistivity model also predicted the experimental results very well. Addition of SBR polymer reduced the fluid losses 30 minutes and 24 hours after curing. The fluid loss was predicted using the Vipulanandan fluid loss model and compared it to the API model. The smart cement with and without SBR polymer detected the gas leak during initial slurry condition and after solidification. Addition of SBR polymer reduced the gas leak. During the gas leak in the piezoresisitive smart cement slurry the resistivity change was positive and for the solid smart cement the resistivity change was negative. During gas leak in the smart cement slurry the resistivity increase was about 45% and it reduced to 30% with the addition of 3% SBR polymer at pressure gradient of 2000 psi/ft. During gas leak in the solidified smart cement the resistivity reduced, opposite to the piezoresistive response to compressive stress, by about 30% and it reduced to 12% with the addition of 3% SBR polymer at a pressure gradient of 2000 psi/ft. Vipulanandan fluid flow model, generalized Dary's Law, predicted the non-linear responses of gas leak velocity (discharge per unit area) to the applied pressure gradient. Also electrical resistivity changes can be used to predict the gas leak velocity in the smart cement with and without SBR polymer.
The Impact of Real-Time Data in Improving the Efficiency, Safety and Productivity of Wells During the Installation of Lower Completion Assemblies in the Complex Deepwater Environment
Authors: Hawthorn Andrew , Fang Lei , O'Malley Ed 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
As wells have become deeper with more highly complex well trajectories and tighter mud weight windows, there has been an increase in the amount of Non Productive Time associated with installing lower completion assemblies. One of the key issues in safely and efficiently installing these complex assemblies is that, as these wells have become more complex, the traditional methods of utilizing surface measurements and extrapolating or modeling what is actually happening downhole has started to run into problems. Models for torque and drag and hydraulics that worked in shallower and less complex wells with large pressure windows often fail to actually predict what is happening downhole, leading to extreme inefficiencies and sub-optimal or in extreme cases complete failure of the installation. In certain circumstances surface data and models may indicate almost the exact opposite of what is actually occurring downhole.
This paper will demonstrate through case histories in the complex deepwater environment the use of an easy to deploy acoustic telemetry and measurement network that can be run in conjunction with any lower completion assembly to minimize these risks and to optimize the workflows. Data will be shown from the full range of lower completion operations including TCP gun runs, displacement operations and throughout the actual fracing operation itself. This system is completely wireless and can send data through the wall of regular drillpipe without requiring any modification of surface or downhole equipment. Data can be provided back to surface irrespective of fluid, flow or formation type and also during tripping in and out of the hole. Downhole and along string measurement of weight, torque, internal and external pressures and temperatures provide the key data allowing real-time decision to be made on what is actually happening downhole.
The case histories will show how material gains were made by using and acting on this real-time data leading to safer, more efficient and in some case enhanced productivity from these wells.
This paper will show how this real-time downhole data is now readily available and how it has been used to solve problems and optimize the efficiency of operations throughout lower completion installation. Real-time downhole data, which has revolutionized the drilling of wells in the last couple of decades, is now for the first time available to solve the complex issues associated with lower completion operations. If this access to real-time downhole data provides even half of the gains in efficiency and safety seen in the drilling environment, moving forward huge gains may be realized throughout completion operations.
Self-Supervised Subsea SLAM for Autonomous Operations
Authors: Marques Filipe , Costa Pedro , Castro Filipa , Parente Manuel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The Earth’s surface is mostly water-covered and the ocean is the source of a significant slice on natural resources and renewable energies. However, only a small fraction of the ocean has been surveyed. Being able to estimate the 3D model of the environment from a single video eases the task of surveying the underwater environment, saves costs and opens doors to autonomous exploration of unknown environments. In order to estimate the 3D structure of a vehicle’s surrounding environment, we propose a deep learning based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) method. With our method, it is possible to predict a depth map of a given video frame while, at the same time, estimate the movement of the vehicle between different frames. Our method is completely self-supervised, meaning that it only requires a dataset of videos, without ground truth, to be trained. We propose a novel learning based depth map prior using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to improve the depth map prediction results. We evaluate the performance of our method on the KITTI dataset and on a private dataset of subsea inspection videos. We show that our method outperforms state of the art SLAM methods in both depth prediction and pose estimation tasks. In particular, our method achieves a mean Absolute Trajectory Error of 1.6 feet in our private subsea test dataset.
Updated Case Study: The Pursuit of an Ultra-Low Manned Platform Pays Dividends in the North Sea
Authors: Settemsdal Stig 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The use of a unique, data-driven approach to remote condition monitoring of equipment maintenance has enabled a major offshore E&P producer to build and operate a a low-manned platform — a key step in its strategic goal to reduce per-barrel production costs to below $7. The field is 112 miles (180 km) off Norway’s coast, with the platform drawing first oil in December 2016. In January 2019 — after operating identical offshore and onshore platform control rooms — the company started conducting remote condition monitoring of platform machinery exclusively from its control room onshore in Trondheim, Norway, 620 miles (1,000 km) away. With the remote equipment condition monitoring done onshore, the operator is better able to optimize maintenance work and schedules. At the same time, it has contributed to a big reduction in the number of offshore personnel otherwise required, reducing operating costs and personnel risks substantially. In May 2018, Siemens entered into a long-term partnership with the operator to continue developing digital solutions in a closed-loop lifecycle approach, utilizing the digital twin concept from pre-FEED and FEED stages through construction, commissioning, and operations, with operations expected to continue for a minimum of 20-years. This paper will provide an update to a 2018 OTC conference presentation when this use case was introduced. Last year’s paper was based on operations and observations during 2017, the platform’s first full year of operation.
Life Extension of the Risers Used for the Hoover DDCV in Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Yu Chenteh Alan , Cheng Yongming , Yang Guangqiang , Carballo Manuel R. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This paper investigates life extension of the risers used for the Hoover DDCV (a classical Spar) in GoM, based on the latest technology and monitored data. Deepwater development in Gulf of Mexico (GoM) started about two decades ago. It is the time to evaluate the global integrity of the riser systems and explore the possibility of life extension in a structured and systematic way.
A Deep Draft Caisson Vessel (DDCV), has been keeping up its class services for the past 17 years since it was installed in 2000. It was expected to extend the riser design life by 10 more years. This paper showed the life extension verification process starting from the initial planning, reviewing of the original design document, gathering and analyzing production and offshore measured data and finally to offshore focused underwater inspection. It introduces the methodology to assess the integrity of Steel Catenary Risers (SCRs) and Top Tensioned Risers (TTRs) used for the DDCV. An independent global performance was analyzed by utilizing latest environmental data, as-built information, measured VIM motion data and the latest analytical tools. It computes the riser global performance including dynamic strength and fatigue with the contributions from wave fatigue, VIM and VIV. The factored riser fatigue life is provided with the original safety factors to meet the intended 10 more years of service life.
Operators Optimize High-Pressure/High-Temperature and Ultrahigh-Pressure Perforation Strategies Using Laboratory Testing
Authors: Grove Brenden , DeHart Rory , McGregor Jacob , Dennis Haggerty , Christopher Chow 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Multiple perforation laboratory programs have been conducted during recent years to support high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) oil and gas field developments at various offshore locations globally. This paper highlights six such projects that supported activities within the Asia-Pacific, North Sea, and US Gulf of Mexico (GOM) (both Miocene and Lower Tertiary) regions. Each program was designed and conducted in collaboration with an operator and field operations personnel to help reduce potential risks, improve operational efficiency, and optimize well performance across a variety of challenging environments.
Laboratory experiments were based on API RP 19B Sections 2 and 4, with test conditions customized to match specific downhole environments of interest (rock and fluid properties, stress, pressure, temperature, and flow scenarios). Matching downhole conditions at the laboratory proved important because this yields results that can be quite different from those obtained at surface (or scaled) test conditions. Reliable estimations of field perforation skin, sanding propensity, and the effectiveness of subsequent stimulation operations depend on realistic perforation and flow data obtained at relevant downhole conditions. The overriding goal for test design is to create and expose the laboratory perforation in an environment that matches its field counterpart as closely as possible. Beyond obtaining accurate flow data for skin and/or sanding propensity determination, post-test diagnostics, such as computed tomography (CT) and optical techniques, provide additional essential insight into the characteristics of the perforation tunnel, core interior, and the hole through the casing and cement.
Results from these various programs were used to confirm or, in some cases, guide the field perforating strategy.
Un-Manned Minimal Floating Platforms
Authors: Beyko Eleni , Sablok Anil , Pegg Mathew James 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A normally un-manned minimal floating platform can be used for several applications to support subsea development. The applications include enabling Long Subsea Tiebacks by supporting power generation and distribution equipment, when the host facility doesn't have excess power capacity (Power Buoy) or the required footprint and space to support the required power distribution hardware or locate the distribution equipment to distribute the power imported from shore. It can also serve as a partial processing host with functionality ranging from Chemicals and Artificial Lift all the way to Multi-Phase Pumping or Gas Compression, as required.
An un-manned floating platform can be a cost-efficient solution, where the economics of a very Long Subsea Tieback or a Host Facility with full processing capacity become prohibitive for developing small to medium size fields. The substructures for these platforms have reduced and simplified systems resulting in lower Capex, Opex and minimal maintenance requirements. This platform is safer to operate than conventional host platforms because it is un-manned, and it also deploys robotics and remotely controlled equipment, using the latest advances in digital, robotics, and autonomous control technologies.
The paper reviews the different floating unmanned minimal platform configurations that are designed for this purpose. The following aspects of the normally un-manned floating platform are discussed:
Functionality Cost-Efficient Design alternatives Construction/Installation efficiency Operations/ Maintenance principles
Possible applications of the normally un-manned floating platform include small to medium size fields, remote gas fields requiring compression to export gas to shore that would otherwise prove to be un-economical to develop. The normally un-manned floating platform helps improve the development economics and the operational safety of these fields. The industry's response to the oil price slump in the past few years combined with the latest advances in technology led to the evolution of these minimal unmanned floating platforms.
Citrullination Controls Dendritic Cell Transdifferentiation into Osteoclasts
Authors: Krishnamurthy Akilan , Ytterberg A. Jimmy , Sun Meng , Sakuraba Koji , Steen Johanna , Joshua Vijay , Tarasova Nataliya K. , Malmström Vivianne , Wähämaa Heidi , Réthi Bence , Catrina Anca I. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
An increased repertoire of potential osteoclast (OC) precursors could accelerate the development of bone-erosive OCs and the consequent bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Immature dendritic cells (DCs) can develop into OCs, however, the mechanisms underlying this differentiation switch are poorly understood. We investigated whether protein citrullination and RA-specific anti–citrullinated protein Abs (ACPAs) could regulate human blood–derived DC–OC transdifferentiation. We show that plasticity toward the OC lineage correlated with peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) activity and protein citrullination in DCs. Citrullinated actin and vimentin were present in DCs and DC-derived OCs, and both proteins were deposited on the cell surface, colocalizing with ACPAs binding to the cells. ACPAs enhanced OC differentiation from monocyte-derived or circulating CD1c+ DCs by increasing the release of IL-8. Blocking IL-8 binding or the PAD enzymes completely abolished the stimulatory effect of ACPAs, whereas PAD inhibition reduced steady-state OC development, as well, suggesting an essential role for protein citrullination in DC–OC transdifferentiation. Protein citrullination and ACPA binding to immature DCs might thus promote differentiation plasticity toward the OC lineage, which can facilitate bone erosion in ACPA-positive RA.
Multilingualism and augmentative and alternative communication in South Africa – Exploring the views of persons with complex communication needs
Authors: Tönsing Kerstin M. , Van Niekerk Karin , Schlünz Georg , Wilken Ilana 
Published: April 2019

Background: Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) can assist persons with complex communication needs to communicate competently with a variety of communication partners in a variety of contexts. However, AAC systems and intervention often do not take multilingual aspects into consideration.Objective: This small-scale exploratory study had three aims, namely: (1) to describe the self-reported language skills of multilingual South African adults using AAC, (2) to describe the languages and communication modalities they used in interaction and (3) to obtain their views regarding access to various languages.Methods: Twenty-seven adults using AAC were recruited via an empowerment programme, as well as an email list for persons interested in AAC, and provided responses to a questionnaire. To compensate for access and written language challenges, the questionnaire was administered with help and/or as a face-to-face interview where needed. Responses were analysed using mostly descriptive statistics.Results: Participants generally could not express themselves in all the languages they understood and were regularly exposed to. Speech-generating devices specifically gave access almost exclusively to English. Participants expressed a desire to increase their expressive language repertoire, and mentioned both limitations of communication technology as well as their own literacy skills as barriers to overcome in this regard.Conclusion: In order for multilingual South African adults using AAC to express themselves in multiple languages, appropriate AAC systems and interventions as well as literacy learning opportunities need to be developed and provided.
Resolving Presalt Sediment Source Terrains and Dispersal Pathways for the Northern Gulf of Mexico Basin
Authors: Frederick Bruce C. , Blum Mike D. , Lowery Chris M. , Snedden John W. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
As part of a larger intercollegiate effort to reconstruct late Triassic, presalt sediment provenance and routing environments for the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin, an integrated geochronologic approach leveraging more traditional biostratigraphic, sedimentologic, and sequence stratigraphic provenance constraints from geologic cores, cuttings, and geophysical well logs was initiated. This paper presents the initial results of this ongoing study and details detrital zircon U-Pb extraction methodologies while Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry analyses are pending. Eagle Mills Formation sandstone samples were collected from well core and cuttings, at five sub-crop locations extending from Texas to South Carolina to the West Florida shelf, in preparation for U-Pb detrital zircon provenance analysis. Prior to separation of detrital zircon grains, a sedimentologic-stratigraphic analysis was conducted including detailed core description, well log evaluation, and thin-section petrography assessment. These findings confirm a hypothesis that late Triassic Eagle Mills siliciclastics were derived from the erosion of an active horst-graben rift block topography with associated igneous intrusives. Specifically, preliminary results reveal pervasive very finegrained mottled gray to red bed sandstone lithology confirming synrift continental alluvium having little or no marine component, and probable deposition in a warm, humid environment but with increasing aridity. Classic fluvial facies features are highlighted including depositional cross strata typifying dynamic braided to meandering channel belts and alluvial floodplain deposits. Less common siltstone and shale lithologies were likely deposited amidst lower energy subfacies including potential shallow lakes, marshes, and/or ephemeral ponds. Bioturbated trace fossils were only rarely preserved, and there was no evidence of marine or eolian facies incursion. Igneous magmatism was prevalent in most subsurface Eagle Mills Formation samples including intrusive diabase, basalt flows, and volcanic ash.
Cenomanian Gulf of Mexico Paleodrainage—Application of Channel-Belt Scaling to Drainage Basins
Authors: Milliken Kristy , Blum Mike , Snedden John , Galloway Bill 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Fluvial systems possess a range of scaling relationships that reflect drainage-basin controls on water and sediment flux. Quaternary channel-belt thickness (as controlled by bank-full water discharge) has been documented as a reliable first-order proxy for drainage basin size if climatic regimes are independently constrained. In hydrocarbon exploration and production, scaling relationships for fluvial deposits can be utilized to constrain drainage basin size with implications for sequence-stratigraphic interpretations.
This study documents the scales of channel belts within Cenomanian fluvial successions from the Gulf of Mexico. Data on single-story channel-belt scales were compiled from well logs and utilized to constrain contributing catchment areas of fluvial systems. The data indicate that the Cenomanian fluvial systems were significantly smaller than the Cenozoic fluvial systems, which can be related to drainage basin reorganization. These scaling relationships can be validated by regional paleogeographic maps and provide additional insight into the variability of sediment routing systems through time.