bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing for genodermatoses: progress and perspectives
Authors: Naso Gaetano , Petrova Anastasia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Genodermatoses constitute a clinically heterogeneous group of devastating genetic skin disorders. Currently, therapy options are largely limited to symptomatic treatments and although significant advances have been made in ex vivo gene therapy strategies, various limitations remain. However, the recent technical transformation of the genome editing field promises to overcome the hurdles associated with conventional gene addition approaches. In this review, we discuss the need for developing novel treatments and describe the current status of gene editing for genodermatoses, focusing on a severe blistering disease called epidermolysis bullosa (EB), for which significant progress has been made. Initial research utilized engineered nucleases such as transcription activator-like effector nucleases and meganucleases. However, over the last few years, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) have upstaged older generation gene editing tools. We examine different strategies for CRISPR/Cas9 application that can be employed depending on the type and position of the mutation as well as the mode of its inheritance. Promising developments in the field of base editing opens new avenues for precise correction of single base substitutions, common in EB and other genodermatoses. We also address the potential limitations and challenges such as safety concerns and delivery efficiency. This review gives an insight into the future of gene editing technologies for genodermatoses.
Synthesis of Si3N4 nanowires by catalyst‐free nitridation of (Si + SiO2) mixture
Authors: Tian Zhaobo , Chen Kexin , Sun Siyuan , Zhang Jie , Cui Wei , Xie Zhipeng , Liu Guanghua 
Published: April 2019

Recently nanowires, especially silicon nitride (Si3N4), have been the emphasis of recent researches, due to their potential application. In this work, the authors developed a catalyst‐free method to prepare Si3N4 nanowires by heating the mixture of Si powder and SiO2 sol, coupled with carbon felt at 1500°C in a N2 atmosphere. The nanowires were composed of α‐Si3N4 and β‐Si3N4, with lengths of 1–2 mm and diameters of 1.5 μm. Meanwhile, the vapour–solid mechanism was employed to interpret the nanowires growth, and this method may be applied to synthesise other long nanowires.
Well‐defined structures and nanoscale morphology for all‐conjugated BCPs
Authors: Wang Shifan , Jin Xiaodong , Yao Bing , Wang Peng , Du Xihua , Dong Liming , Wang Xiaohui , Zhu Xiaolin , Huang Wei 
Published: April 2019

A series of conjugated donor–acceptor (D–A) block copolymers (BCPs) were synthesised using a one‐pot Stille coupling polycondensation reaction. This involved reaction between a series of mono‐bromo‐functionalised Poly3‐hexylthiophene (P3HT) polymers (P3HT‐Br, Mn: 17, 21 and 43 kg/mol) and [N, N ′‐bis (2‐decyl‐tetradecyl)‐1,7‐dibromo‐3,4,9,10‐perylene diimide (PBI) and [2,5‐bis(trimethylstannyl)‐thiophene] (T) monomers. Purification using preparative gel permeation chromatography (GPC) removed any excess P3HT and resulted in BCPs with low polydispersity index values. The P3HT‐b‐PBIT BCPs were characterised using 1 H‐NMR and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. When compared to a P3HT/PBIT polymer blend, the D–A BCP films exhibited a remarkably fine structure with a nanoscale morphology. These results indicated that these D–A BCPs have the potential for use as nanostructured active layers in polymer solar cells.
Pontryagin maximum principle for general Caputo fractional optimal control problems with Bolza cost and terminal constraints
Authors: Bergounioux Maïtine , Bourdin Loïc 
Published: April 2019

In this paper we focus on a general optimal control problem involving a dynamical system described by a nonlinear Caputo fractional differential equation of order 0 < α≤ 1, associated to a general Bolza cost written as the sum of a standard Mayer cost and a Lagrange cost given by a Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order β ≥α. In addition the present work handles general control and mixed initial/final state constraints. Adapting the standard Filippov's approach based on appropriate compactness assumptions and on the convexity of the set of augmented velocities, we give an existence result for at least one optimal solution. Then, the major contribution of this paper is the statement of a Pontryagin maximum principle which provides a first-order necessary optimality condition that can be applied to the fractional framework considered here. In particular, Hamiltonian maximization condition and transversality conditions on the adjoint vector are derived. Our proof is based on the sensitivity analysis of the Caputo fractional state equation with respect to needle-like control perturbations and on Ekeland's variational principle. The paper is concluded with two illustrating examples and with a list of several perspectives for forthcoming works.
DNVF-Memorandum III – Methoden für die Versorgungsforschung, Teil 4 – Konzept und Methoden der organisationsbezogenen Versorgungsforschung. Kapitel 2 – Methodische Ansätze der organisationsbezogenen Versorgungsforschung: Zielgrößen, Datenquellen, Datenerhebung und Datenanalyse
Authors: Rölker-Denker Lars , Kowalski Christoph , Ansmann Lena , Hahn Ursula , Hammer Antje , Auer Ramona , Kostuj Tanja , Nöst Stefan 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungDas Forschungsfeld der organisationsbezogenen Versorgungsforschung ist in Deutschland noch relativ jung und von zunehmendem Interesse. Das Deutsche Netzwerk Versorgungsforschung e.V. (DNVF e.V.) hat im Jahr 2009 – getragen von den im DNVF organisierten Fachgesellschaften und Mitgliedern – eine Vertiefung zu „Methoden der organisationsbezogenen Versorgungsforschung“ des Memorandums III, Teil 1 konsentiert 1. Ausgehend von dieser Veröffentlichung und dem gegenwärtigen Bedeutungsgewinn des Forschungsfeldes ist eine Weiterentwicklung der konzeptionellen und methodischen Grundlage erforderlich. Die Neuauflage und Erweiterung der Veröffentlichung aus dem Jahr 2009 gliedert sich in 3 Kapitel: (1) Definition und Konzept der organisationsbezogenen Versorgungsforschung, (2) Methodische Ansätze der Organisationsbezogenen Versorgungsforschung: Zielgrößen, Datenquellen, Datenerhebung und Datenanalyse, (3) Methodische Ansätze zur Konzeption, Evaluation und Implementierung komplexer Interventionen in Versorgungsorganisationen. Die Herausarbeitung der methodischen Besonderheiten der organisationsbezogenen Versorgungsforschung – aufbauend auf den in Kapitel 1 dargestellten Besonderheiten des Forschungsgegenstandes – ist Ziel dieses zweiten Kapitels.
DNVF-Memorandum III – Methoden für die Versorgungsforschung, Teil 4 – Konzept und Methoden der
organisationsbezogenen Versorgungsforschung.
Authors: Wirtz Markus Antonius , Bitzer Eva Maria , Albert Ute-Susann , Ansmann Lena , Bögel Martina , Ernstmann Nicole , Hollederer Alfons , Hower Kira Isabel , Nowak Marina , Vollmar Horst Christian 
Published: April 2019

ZusammenfassungDas Forschungsfeld der organisationsbezogenen Versorgungsforschung ist in
Deutschland noch relativ jung und von zunehmendem Interesse. Das Deutsche
Netzwerk Versorgungsforschung e. V. (DNVF e. V.) hat im Jahr 2009 –
getragen von den im DNVF organisierten Fachgesellschaften und Mitgliedern
– eine Vertiefung zu „Methoden der organisationsbezogenen
Versorgungsforschung“ des Memorandums III, Teil 1 konsentiert [1].
Ausgehend von dieser Veröffentlichung und dem gegenwärtigen
Bedeutungsgewinn des Forschungsfeldes ist eine Weiterentwicklung der
konzeptionellen und methodischen Grundlage erforderlich. Die Neuauflage und
Erweiterung der Veröffentlichung aus dem Jahr 2009 gliedert sich in 3
Kapitel: (1) Definition und Konzept der organisationsbezogenen
Versorgungsforschung, (2) Methodische Ansätze der organisationsbezogenen
Versorgungsforschung: Zielgrößen, Datenquellen, Datenerhebung,
und Datenanalyse, (3) Methodische Ansätze zur Konzeption, Evaluation und
Implementierung komplexer Interventionen in Versorgungsorganisationen. Ziel des
dritten Kapitels ist es, Methoden für das Design von Interventionen,
für die Wirkungs- und Wirksamkeitsforschung sowie für die
Implementierungsforschung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des
organisationalen Kontextes, in dem Versorgungsinterventionen stattfinden,
vorzustellen.
Transediting Trump
Authors: Caimotto Maria Cristina 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes material collected online during Donald Trump’s inaugural speech together with material from Italian media outlets, comparing the translations published on news websites in real time and those published in printed newspapers the next day. The collection of real time texts provides insights into the translation process, testifying to the ongoing blurring of the lines separating translation and interpreting where news media are concerned. The analysis of the Italian translations enriches the critical analysis of the source texts themselves, while the possibility of observing the various stages of translation in real time on online media provides information on the influence that the media technological convergence is having on translation strategies and techniques.
Framing terrorism in the U.S., French, and Arabic editions of HuffPost
Authors: Roumanos Rayya , Noblet Arnaud 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
News about the terrorist attack that shook Istanbul on 1 January 2017 spread like wildfire on old, new, and social media. HuffPost was quick to cover this developing story in all of its eighteen international editions. This chapter explores the professional routines and the journalistic rhetoric of three major editions of HuffPost – U.S., French, and Arabic – to evaluate the similarities and differences in their respective narratives about Islamist terrorism. It relies on semi-directed interviews and comparative content analysis of a trilingual corpus of forty full articles related to the Istanbul attack, to examine synergies and assess how each edition, depending on its social grounding, frames terrorism. Despite their shared brand affiliation, their conceptualization of terrorism is not unified. Not only do their editorial agendas differ, but so do their sources, their work routines, and the precautionary measures they take when disclosing sensitive or unverifiable information.
Globalization of the emerging media newsroom
Authors: Matsushita Kayo 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Recent technological advances have fuelled the emergence of online media sites such as BuzzFeed, which disseminates news content across multiple platforms. Characterized by its global network, BuzzFeed relies on translation to facilitate the constant exchange of content between regions. At BuzzFeed Japan, BuzzFeed’s newest international edition at the time of writing, journalists are adapting to meet novel demands for translated multimedia content. Seldom required of conventional media journalists in Japan, news translation in the Japanese context is relatively unexplored but increasingly relevant (Matsushita 2016). Through interviews with key players of the newsroom and a full-staff survey, this chapter investigates BuzzFeed Japan’s news translation practices, highlighting journalists’ diversifying roles. It also suggests the possibility of media convergence increasing news flow from Japan to the rest of the world.
Tracing convergence in the translation of community radio news
Authors: van Rooyen Marlie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In South Africa, a number of new media role-players have appeared, but radio is still essential for the dissemination of information. This chapter addresses questions related to community radio news translation, namely the forms of new technologies involved. Actor-network theory (ANT) provides a framework to trace the role of the non-human in the form of new media technologies, as well as the interactions and translation processes between human and non-human. Data were collected from two community radio stations through observations, field notes, informal discussions with participants, photographs, and audio recordings. The study showed, among other things, that the technologies used in each station differ along the lines of the digital divide specific to South Africa. Although different non-human actants are important mediators, the examples also indicate that the translation of radio news – even in a convergent environment – does not necessarily depend on the latest new media technologies.
Effects of task repetition on EFL oral performance
Authors: Dawadi Saraswati 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Considerable research has examined the effects of task repetition (TR) on second language (L2) performance. While
results are still inconclusive, some patterns are emerging. However, limited attention has been paid to L2 learners’ perceptions
of TR. This paper reports a study in which 40 English as a foreign language (EFL) learners were asked to repeat a task after a
three-day interval; on both occasions they performed the task immediately after receiving instructions. Results indicated that TR
triggered more complex and fluent, but less accurate, narratives. In post-task interviews, the majority of learners expressed
positive attitudes towards TR, purporting that familiarity increased confidence. This paper will finally discuss the possible
pedagogical implications of the study for EFL teaching.
Scalarity, degree reading and maximality in a Mandarin numeral construction
Authors: Jin Dawei , Chen Jun 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This paper investigates the semantics of an understudied Mandarin numeral construction type, here dubbed
da-NumPs (i.e. number word < da ‘big’ < noun). Drawing primarily upon evidence from
online Mandarin corpora, we argue for a taxonomy of this construction that comprises two distinct interpretations, based on the
scalarity of the morpheme da and its composition with the other constituents within the construction.
Specifically, one reading of da-NumPs is a degree superlative reading, in which da relates a
domain of comparison, denoted by the nominal argument, to a plural group of entities ranked along the upper bound of a
contextually determined scale. Second, da-NumPs have a definite description reading, in which da
behaves on a par with a maximality-denoting iota operator, such that the construction refers to the maximal group individual that
satisfies the property denoted by the nominal argument. We further show that at the discourse level, both readings encode the way
the speaker subjectively construes the situation being described, indicating the speaker’s evaluative attitude towards the
significance of said situation. This pragmatic condition distinguishes the use of da-NumPs against that of
alternative, truth-conditionally identical numeral construction types. We further propose that in cases where the nominal
component includes a degree argument, a process of degree intensification enables the definite description reading to verify the
same situation as is licensed under a superlative semantics. We show that this process provides a way to make sense of the
systematic ambiguity available to da-NumPs, and allows us to capture its polysemy.
The effect of morphological structure on semantic transparency ratings
Authors: Wang Shichang , Huang Chu-Ren , Yao Yao , Chan Angel 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Semantic transparency deals with the interface between lexical semantics and morphology. It is an important
linguistic phenomenon in Chinese in the context of prediction of meanings of compounds from their constituents. Given prominence
of compounding in Chinese morpho-lexical processes, to date there is no semantic transparency dataset available to support
verifiable and replicable quantitative analysis of semantic transparency in Mandarin Chinese. In addition, the relation between
semantic transparency and morphological structure has not been systematically examined. This paper reports a crowdsourcing-based
experiment designed for the construction of a large semantic transparency dataset of Chinese compounds which includes semantic
transparency ratings of both the compound and each constituent root of the compound. We also present an analysis of the effects of
morphological structure on semantic transparency using the constructed dataset. Our study found that in a transparent
modifier-head compound, the head tends to get greater semantic transparency rating than the modifier. Interestingly, no such
effect is observed in coordinative compounds. This result suggests that compounds of different morphological structures are
processed differently and that the concept of head plays an important role in the word-formation process of compounding. We
advocate that crowdsourcing can be a highly instrumental method to collect linguistic judgments and to construct language
resources in Chinese language studies. In addition, the proposed methodology of comparing constituent transparency and word
transparency sheds light on the relation between morpho-lexical structure and cognitive processing of lexical meanings.
Computational and semantic aspects of resumption
Authors: Rouveret Alain 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Taking the properties of Welsh relativization as a point of departure, this paper argues that the linking of resumptive pronouns to the periphery is a strictly narrow-syntactic process, triggered by the uninterpretable features of resumptive pronouns and c-commanding complementizers and reducing to non-local Agree. Resumptive dependencies also give rise to reconstruction effects, which can also be detected in structures that have a different derivational history – the intrusive dependencies involving a strong island. It appears that, in both types, the internal structure of the pronouns involved is exclusively responsible for the various reconstruction options. In other words, the specific way pronouns are linked to the periphery (via a probe-goal relation or via binding at the interface) plays no role in their reconstruction properties, the fact that they have an internal structure plays no role in their distribution. This state of affairs has interesting implications concerning the “semantic blindness” of syntactic operations (Uriagereka 2002).
The syntax of either and disjunction
Authors: Law Paul 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
It is argued that the scope indicator either is base-generated in place and its syntactic relation with disjunction is subject to a phase-theoretic locality constraint. Apparently unbalanced disjunction where either does not occur adjacent to disjunction is in fact syntactically balanced coordination, with parts of the second disjunct possibly deleted by independent processes such as gapping or extraposition. Some facts recalling locality constraints on movement are shown to be due to conditions on deletion independently of movement. Processing may explain some but not all facts.
Focus, negation and event quantification in Chinese
Authors: Lee Peppina Po-lun 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Chinese negators, bu and mei, translated as “not” in English, are assumed to be focus-sensitive indiscriminately. In this paper, I argue that unlike bu, mei does not lexically encode a dependency on the placement of focus, due to the failure of semantic focus to override its syntactic constraint. Syntax has made mei inherently a negative existential quantifier of situations. The role of focus in mei-sentences is to provide the backgrounded event description. Material within the TP scope of mei, excluding the focus, will be structurally mapped to the background part to set up its restrictive domain, and everything within its scope to the nuclear scope. Therefore, although falling under the same category, negators do not necessarily demonstrate the same focus dependency.
Syntax/semantics interface and interpretation of Chinese NP1NP2V construction by Japanese speakers
Authors: Zeng Li , Hua Dongfan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Sorace’s (2005, 2006) Interface Hypothesis proposed that properties of syntax are relatively easier to acquire than ones involving interfaces. The article provides supporting evidence with a study investigating second language (L2) acquisition of the interpretation of Chinese NP1NP2V construction by Japanese speakers. The canonical OSV interpretation for Chinese NP1NP2V is considered a syntactic property. The acceptability of SOV interpretation for Chinese NP1NP2V depends on the combined effects of the semantic compatibility factor and the prominence factor, which involve the syntax-semantics interface. The results show that Japanese speakers can acquire the canonical OSV interpretation; but they have difficulties in accessing prominence to distinguish the acceptable SOV interpretation from the unacceptable one.
New words in contemporary Chinese language use
Authors: Xiao Yun 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This study analyzes the linguistic features and word formation processes of the new words in The List of New Words Used in Media 2015. The results show that the average word length of the 446 new words used in media 2015 is 3.34, with both 3- and 4-morpheme words hovering around 40% of the total and 2-morpheme words under 17%. The majority of the 2-morpheme new words parallel the Chinese syntactic patterns, such as [modifier + modified], [subject + predicate], [verb + object], and [verb + verb]. The major processes involved in the 4-morpheme word formation are blending, abbreviation, coinage, and numerical formulae. In the blending and abbreviation processes, large chunks of information are clipped off to maintain the [2+2] 4-morpheme word length pattern. In addition, like many other newly-created usages, the case of 互联网+ shows that, in language change, new words can be created through grammaticalization and various types of derivational morphology, involving the creation of new affixes.
Chinese near-synonyms jian (建), zao (造), gai (蓋) ‘to build’ revisited
Authors: Huang Chenhsuan 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This study reexamines Mandarin Chinese near-synonyms jian (建), zao (造), gai (蓋) ‘to build’ and their shared patterns in written and spoken genres. Three independent variables – including word length of the object NP, preverbal locative phrase, and building purpose – were tested by a logistic regression analysis (Rbrul) to account for the multiple crosscutting and interacting factors that influence language usage. Multivariate analyses show that word length and building purpose can account for the differences among these verbs in both genres. The analyses suggest that the use of jian (建) and zao (造) possess more written properties, while gai (蓋) favors the spoken genre. The current study contributes to a growing number of studies in Chinese near-synonyms by focusing on genre variation.
Constraints on the collocational behaviors of Chinese near-synonyms
Authors: Yang Jia 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
This paper reports a corpus-based study to examine how Chinese near-synonyms choose their typical collocates. Near-synonyms commonly misused by English-speaking learners of Chinese were selected for analysis. Results obtained from the corpora (the Chinese Internet Corpus by the University of Leeds and the Lancaster corpus of Mandarin Chinese) indicate that the collocational behaviors of the selected synonyms are constrained by their own semantic, grammatical, prosodic, stylistic and pragmatic features and hence are explainable to second/foreign learners. Findings of this study will contribute to the design of collocation/synonym dictionary as well as the instruction of collocations as a second/foreign language.