bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic effect of oligomeric proanthocyanidin in cuprizone‐induced demyelination
Authors: Wang Qing , Wang Jing , Yang Zhichao , Sui Ruoxuan , Miao Qiang , Li Yanhua , Yu Jiezhong , Liu Chunyun , Zhang Guangxian , Xiao Baoguo , Ma Cungen 
Published: February 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Oligomeric proanthocyanidin has the capacity to alleviate abnormalities in neurological functioning. However, whether oligomeric proanthocyanidin can reduce the progression of demyelination or promote remyelination in demyelinating diseases remains unknown.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Oligomeric proanthocyanidin can improve cuprizone‐induced demyelination by inhibiting immune cell infiltration, reversing overactivated microglia, decreasing the inflammatory cytokines secreted by inflammatory cells and decreasing the production of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein35–55‐specific antibody in the brain.

AbstractDemyelinating diseases of the CNS, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica and acute disseminated encephalomylitis, are characterized by recurrent primary demyelination–remyelination and progressive neurodegeneration. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPC), the most effective component of grape seed extract, in cuprizone‐fed C57BL/6 mice, a classic demyelination–remyelination model. Our results showed that OPC attenuated abnormal behaviour, reduced demyelination and increased expression of myelin basic protein and expression of O4+ oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum. Oligomeric proanthocyanidin also reduced the numbers of B and T cells, activated microglia in the corpus callosum and inhibited secretion of inflammatory factors. Furthermore, concentrations of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein‐specific antibodies were significantly reduced in serum and brain homogenates after OPC treatment. Together, these results demonstrate a potent therapeutic effect for OPC in cuprizone‐mediated demyelination and clearly highlight multiple effects of this natural product in attenuating myelin‐specific autoantibodies and the inflammatory microenvironment in the brain.
Multi-phase reactivations and inversions of Paleozoic–Mesozoic extensional basins during the Wilson cycle: case studies from the North Sea (UK) and the Northern Apennines (Italy)
Authors: Scisciani Vittorio , Patruno Stefano , Tavarnelli Enrico , Calamita Fernando , Pace Paolo , Iacopini David 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The Caledonian and Variscan orogens in northern Europe and the Alpine-age Apennine range in Italy are classic examples of thrust belts that were developed at the expense of formerly rifted, passive continental margins that subsequently experienced various degrees of post-orogenic collapse and extension. The outer zones of orogenic belts, and their adjoining foreland domains and regions, where the effects of superposed deformations are mild to very mild make it possible to recognize and separate structures produced at different times and to correctly establish their chronology and relationships. In this paper we integrate subsurface data (2D and 3D seismic reflection and well logs), mainly from the North Sea, and structural field evidence, mainly from the Apennines, with the aim of reconstructing and refining the structural evolution of these two provinces which, in spite of their different ages and present-day structural framework, share repeated pulses of alternating extension and compression. The main outcome of this investigation is that in both scenarios, during repeated episodes of inversion that are a characteristic feature of the Wilson cycle, inherited basement structures were effective in controlling stress localization along faults affecting younger sedimentary cover rocks.
Complementary spatial and timing control in rhythmic arm movements
Authors: Nickl Robert W. , Ankarali M. Mert , Cowan Noah J. 
Published: February 2019

Volitional rhythmic motor behaviors such as limb cycling and locomotion exhibit spatial and timing regularity. Such rhythmic movements are executed in the presence of exogenous visual and nonvisual cues, and previous studies have shown the pivotal role that vision plays in guiding spatial and temporal regulation. However, the influence of nonvisual information conveyed through auditory or touch sensory pathways, and its effect on control, remains poorly understood. To characterize the function of nonvisual feedback in rhythmic arm control, we designed a paddle juggling task in which volunteers bounced a ball off a rigid elastic surface to a target height in virtual reality by moving a physical handle with the right hand. Feedback was delivered at two key phases of movement: visual feedback at ball peaks only and simultaneous audio and haptic feedback at ball-paddle collisions. In contrast to previous work, we limited visual feedback to the minimum required for jugglers to assess spatial accuracy, and we independently perturbed the spatial dimensions and the timing of feedback. By separately perturbing this information, we evoked dissociable effects on spatial accuracy and timing, confirming that juggling, and potentially other rhythmic tasks, involves two complementary processes with distinct dynamics: spatial error correction and feedback timing synchronization. Moreover, we show evidence that audio and haptic feedback provide sufficient information for the brain to control the timing synchronization process by acting as a metronome-like cue that triggers hand movement. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vision contains rich information for control of rhythmic arm movements; less is known, however, about the role of nonvisual feedback (touch and sound). Using a virtual ball bouncing task allowing independent real-time manipulation of spatial location and timing of cues, we show their dissociable roles in regulating motor behavior. We confirm that visual feedback is used to correct spatial error and provide new evidence that nonvisual event cues act to reset the timing of arm movements.
EPB41L5 Mediates TGFβ-Induced Metastasis of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Jeong Mi-Hyeon , Park Soo-Yeon , Lee Seung-Hyun , Seo JaeSung , Yoo Jung-Yoon , Park Seung-Ho , Kim Mi Jeong , Lee SooYeon , Jang Subhin , Choi Hyo-Kyoung , Lee Jae Eun , Shin Su-Jin , Choi Kyung-Chul , Cheong Jae-Ho , Yoon Ho-Geun 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
Because of disease heterogeneity, limited studies on effective chemotherapies and therapeutic agents for advanced gastric cancer are available. Erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1-like 5 (EPB41L5) has critical roles in renal and breast cancer metastasis. However, its role in metastatic gastric cancer remains unknown.

Experimental Design:
The specimens of 78 gastric cancer patients were analyzed by oligonucleotide microarray and survival analysis. In vitro experiments and metastatic mice models were used to assess the effects of EPB41L5 on gastric cancer metastasis.

Results:
Gastric cancer patients with high EPB41L5 levels had poor prognosis and low survival rate. Further, TGFβ1-induced EPB41L5 expression promoted gastric cancer cell migration and invasion by Smad-dependent TGFβ signaling. Phospho-Smad3 recruitment to the EPB41L5 promoter was significantly inhibited by a TGFβ inhibitor. EPB41L5 overexpression increased lung metastasis of gastric cancer cells in nude mice, which was completely reversed by anti-EPB41L5 monoclonal antibody treatment. Importantly, p120-catenin knockdown abolished EPB41L5-enhanced gastric cancer cell metastasis. Anti-EPB41L5 monoclonal antibody treatment blocked the association of EPB41L5 with p120-catenin.

Conclusions:
TGFβ/EPB41L5/p120-catenin axis regulates gastric cancer cell metastasis, and EPB41L5 is a promising therapeutic target for advanced gastric cancer.
LEVELS OF PROINFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE CYTOKINES IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD IN PHLEGMONOUS PERITONITIS PATIENTS
Authors: Kuyun L. O. 
Published: February 2019

Introduction. Among surgical diseases, peritonitis is a life-threatening pathological condition characterized by inflammation at both local and systemic levels [8]. Identifying proinflammatory mediators in peripheral blood and in peritoneal fluid and their quantitative characteristic is vital for the diagnosis. High levels of these mediators may be indicators of complications development or lethal outcome.
The aim of the study – to learn the levels of proinflammatory and suppressive cytokines in the peripheral blood and compare their properties in patients with acute phlegmonous appendicitis, which causes peritonitis.
Materials and Methods. The study measured levels of proinflammatory and suppressive cytokines in the peripheral blood and compare their properties in patients with acute phlegmonous appendicitis, which causes peritonitis. Blood samples from 90 patients with peritonitis and 98 healthy volunteers were analyzed. Blood cytokine content was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Vector-Best). Optical density was measured on an analyzer “Stat FAX 303 PLUS” (USA, pg/ml). The results of the study were statistically analyzed using parametrical and nonparametrical criteria using “Minitab 16” software. Colmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the differences between the group of patients and the control group. Key numerical data was gathered and compared using the U-criteria of Mann-Whitney, whereas the average of the two independent data sets were analyzed using the Student method. All persons who took part in the study gave their written consent as required by the bioethics committee.
Results and Discussion. The research demonstrated that acute inflammation during phlegmonous peritonitis is characterized by mediator synergy between proinflammatory and suppressive potentials of the immune response at the systemic level. Significant (р<0.001) increase in the levels of proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and suppressive (IL-10, TGF-β) cytokines in the peripheral blood was observed in patients with phlegmonous peritonitis.
Conclusion. Acute inflammation during phlegmonous peritonitis is characterized by mediator synergy between proinflammatory and suppressive potentials of the immune response at the systemic level. Moreover, significant (р<0.001) increase in the levels of proinflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and suppressive (IL-10, TGF-β) cytokines in the peripheral blood was observed in patients with phlegmonous peritonitis.
THE INFLUENCE OF THYROID HORMONES ON PROTEIN OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION IN CASE OF EXPERIMENTAL PERIODONTITIS
Authors: Shcherba V. V. , Yaroshenko T. Ya. , Kubant R. M. , Korda M. M. 
Published: February 2019

Introduction. The inflammatory-dystrophic process in periodontium is accompanied by its hypoxia, which causes the activation of free radical oxidation processes. Tissue destruction in periodontal diseases is considered to be the result of an altered inflammatory/immune response to microbial plaque and involves massive release of neutrophils, reactive oxygen species and enzymes.
The aim of the study – to establish the protein oxidative modification in blood and periodontium in case of periodontitis combined with hyper- and hypothyroidism in rats.
Research Methods. Experimental studies were carry out on 48 mature male, nonliner, white rats, which were divided into the following groups: І – control animals; ІІ – animals with periodontitis; ІІІ – animals with periodontitis combined with hyperthyroidism; IV – animals with periodontitis combined with hypothyroidism. Protein oxidative modification (POM) was determined in blood serum and periodontium homogenate by the method of I.F. Meschyshyn.
Results and Discussion. The results of our studies showed that the intensity of the processes of protein oxidative modification was significantly increased in animals of all experimental groups vs control group. The content of aldehyde- and ketone derivatives of the alkali nature changed more pronounced than the content of aldehyde and ketone derivatives of neutral nature.
Conclusions. Thus, the experimental periodontitis is accompanied by a marked increase in the intensity of the protein oxidative modifications both in the homogenate of periodontal tissues and in the blood serum. Imbalance of thyroid hormones increases oxidative stress in experimental periodontitis, especially pronounced in hyperthyroidism.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЛЕТКИХ КОМПОНЕНТІВ БЕДРИНЦЮ ЛОМИКАМЕНЕВОГО (PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGA L.)
Authors: Parashchuk E. A. , Marchyshyn S. M. , Slobodianiuk L. V. 
Published: February 2019

Вступ. В Україні зростає 5 видів рослин роду Бедринець родини селерові (Apiaceae). Найпоширенішим є бедринець ломикаменевий (Pimpinella saxifraga L.) – багаторічна трав’яниста рослина, типовий представник роду Pimpinella. На сьогодні достатньо інформації щодо його застосування в народній медицині: відвари підземних органів рослини як відхаркувальний засіб при тривалому кашлі, фарингіті, ларингіті, трахеїті та хронічному бронхіті; при лікуванні захворювань шлунково-кишкового тракту (метеоризм, порушення травлення, хронічний гастрит, ентероколіт). Використовують рослину також як протизапальний та гіпотензивний засіб.
У доступних джерелах наукової літератури недостатньо інформації про хімічний склад бедринцю ломикаменевого. Відсутні відомості про дослідження його летких сполук. З огляду на це і те, що ефірні олії представників родини Apiaceae широко застосовують у народній та науковій медицині як антибактеріальні, протигрибкові, противірусні, протипаразитарні, інсектицидні, спазмолітичні, відхаркувальні, протизапальні засоби, метою дослідження було вивчити леткі сполуки бедринцю ломикаменевого трави та кореневищ і коренів, встановити їх компонентний склад.
Методи дослідження. Компонентний склад летких сполук досліджували хроматографічним методом на хромато-мас-спектрометричній системі Agilent 6890N/5973 inert (Agilent Technologies, США). Ідентифікацію компонентів проби здійснювали з використанням бібліотеки мас-спектрів NIST 02.
Результати й обговорення. У результаті проведених досліджень у бедринцю ломикаменевого траві виявлено 59 компонентів летких сполук, з них ідентифіковано 26, основними з яких є гермакрен-D, β-бісаболен, гептакозан та нонакозан. У траві досліджуваного об’єкта виявлено сесквітерпеновий спирт – α-бергамотол, який може бути маркерною сполукою леткої фракції трави рослини. У Pimpinella saxifraga L. коренях виявлено 65 компонентів летких сполук, з них ідентифіковано 27, основними з яких є каріофілен, п-гексадеканова і 9,12-октадекадієнова кислоти, гермакрен-D та β-гур’юнен. Спільними компонентами бедринцю ломикаменевого трави і підземних органів є β-фарнезен, гермакрен-D, β-бісаболен, 1,3-диметилнафтален та п-гексадеканова кислота.
Висновки. Методом газової хромато-мас-спектрометрії досліджено якісний склад летких сполук бедринцю ломикаменевого трави та корененевищ і коренів. У траві виявлено 59 компонентів, ідентифіковано 26. У кореневищах і коренях ідентифіковано 27 компонентів із 65 виявлених. Основними компонентами бедринцю ломикаменевого трави є гермакрен-D, β-бісаболен, гептакозан, нонакозан; кореневищ і коренів – каріофілен, гермакрен-D та β-гур’юнен. Спільними компонентами підземних і надземних органів рослини є β-фарнезен, гермакрен-D, β-бісаболен, 1,3-диметилнафтален та п-гексадеканова кислота. Встановлено маркерну сполуку леткої фракції бедринцю ломикаменевого трави – α-бергамотол.
Impact of Mitral Regurgitation Severity and Cause on Effort Tolerance–Integrated Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging and Echocardiographic Assessment of Patients With Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing
Authors: Kampaktsis Polydoros N. , Albert Benjamin J. , Kim Jiwon , Xie Lola X. , Brouwer Lillian R. , Tehrani Nathan H. , Villanueva Michael , Choi Daniel Y. , Szulc Massimiliano , Ratcliffe Mark B. , Levine Robert A. , Devereux Richard B. , Weinsaft Jonathan W. 
Published: February 2019

Background

Mitral regurgitation (
MR
) has the potential to impede exercise capacity; it is uncertain whether this is because of regurgitation itself or the underlying cause of valvular insufficiency.

Methods and Results

The population comprised 3267 patients who underwent exercise treadmill myocardial perfusion imaging and transthoracic echocardiography within 6±8 days.
MR
was present in 28%, including 176 patients (5%) with moderate or greater
MR
. Left ventricular systolic function significantly decreased and chamber size increased in relation to
MR
, paralleling increments in stress and rest myocardial perfusion deficits (all
P
<0.001). Exercise tolerance (metabolic equivalents of task) decreased stepwise in relation to graded
MR
severity (
P
<0.05). Workload was significantly lower with mild versus no
MR
(mean±SD, 9.8±3.0 versus 10.1±3.0;
P
=0.02); magnitude of workload reduction significantly increased among patients with advanced versus those with mild
MR
(mean±SD, 8.6±3.0 versus 9.8±3.0;
P
<0.001).
MR
‐associated exercise impairment was accompanied by lower heart rate and blood pressure augmentation and greater dyspnea (all
P
<0.05). Both functional and nonfunctional
MR
subgroups demonstrated significantly decreased effort tolerance in relation to
MR
severity (
P
≤0.01); impairment was greater with functional
MR
(
P
=0.04) corresponding to more advanced left ventricular dysfunction and dilation (both
P
<0.001). Functional
MR
predicted reduced metabolic equivalent of task–based effort (B=−0.39 [95% CI, −0.62 to −0.17];
P
=0.001) independent of
MR
severity. Among the overall cohort, advanced (moderate or greater)
MR
was associated with reduced effort tolerance (B=−1.36 [95% CI, −1.80 to −0.93];
P
<0.001) and remained significant (
P
=0.01) after controlling for age, clinical indexes, stress perfusion defects, and left ventricular dysfunction.

Conclusions

MR
impairs exercise tolerance independent of left ventricular ischemia, dysfunction, and clinical indexes. Magnitude of exercise impairment parallels severity of
MR
.
Remparts et philosophie aux Ve et IVe siècles av. J.-C.
Authors: Lévystone David 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe main disciples of Socrates criticise the use of city walls. However, their attacks are less grounded in a deep strategic reflexion than related to the traumatic consequences of Pericles’ strategy at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. The Lacedemonians’ opposition to the erection of surrounding walls is more likely linked to their aristocratic ideology and interests than to moral imperatives. Though Plato and Xenophon’s motives are to avoid political divisions in the city, their positions on fortifications reveal their aristocratic bias and the question of the walls appears to be part of a more general questioning on the spatial and political organisation of the city. On that issue, Aristotle criticises Plato from a pragmatic point of view and defends the use of walls, but under strict conditions only. The Spartan and Socratic critique of the building of the walls, as well as Aristotle reluctance to fully accept them, could be traced back to a common Greek archaic ideal.
Influences of facultative paedomorphosis on kin selection in a larval salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum
Authors: Mott Cy L. , Dzaferbegovic Haris , Timm Shelby R. , Whiteman Howard H. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Kin selection in larval amphibians is hypothesized to increase survival to metamorphosis. While kin selection may benefit amphibians with obligate metamorphosis, increased survival within sibships may exert fitness costs on facultatively paedomorphic species, such as increased competition among kin. Consequently, it is unclear whether such species should engage in kin selection. We investigated kin selection in a facultatively paedomorphic salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum, using laboratory behavioural trials and microcosm experiments. Individuals were most aggressive towards familiar siblings, and full-sibship groups incurred more injuries than mixed-sibship groups; however, familiar siblings ultimately exhibited higher survival. Thus, while short-term responses appeared to reflect the hypothesized costs of kin recognition, long-term patterns of survival did not support this hypothesis. The inconsistencies between results suggest that short-term studies may not capture ontogenetic variation in kin selection, and that long-term studies are needed to better test the hypothesized effects of kin selection on survival and metamorphosis.
Adaptive flexibility in cues guiding spider web construction and its possible implications for spider cognition
Authors: Eberhard William G. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Orb web construction was originally thought to be highly stereotyped, but adaptive flexibility is now well established in several aspects. This study reviews published data on one behavioural cue and presents new data on flexibility in experimentally modified and control webs of Zosis geniculata and Uloborus diversus. By occasionally ignoring this cue temporarily, spiders gained access to otherwise inaccessible portions of their webs. I discuss three hypotheses concerning the mechanism that resulted in this flexibility. Several types of evidence argue against the hypothesis that the adjustments were pre-programmed: substantial variation in the contexts when adjustments occurred; substantial variation in details of the adjustments; and rarity of the contexts that require adjustments in nature. Lack of plausible links between behavioural decisions and payoffs from prey capture argue against a second, learning hypothesis. By elimination, this flexibility may require a third type of explanation that includes more elaborate cognitive processes.
Biological attributes of Salibro™, a novel sulfonamide nematicide. Part 1: Impact on the fitness of Meloidogyne incognita, M. hapla and Acrobeloides buetschlii
Authors: Thoden Tim C. , Wiles John A. 
Published: February 2019

Summary
Salibro™ is a novel sulfonamide nematicide containing the active substance (a.s.) fluazaindolizine (Reklemel™ active). Its biochemical mode of action is presently unknown but in internal laboratory studies it exerted adverse effects on various fitness parameters (motility, mobility and infectivity) of two species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and M. hapla). While not causing an immediate knock-down effect on second-stage juveniles (J2) during the first 24-48 h of exposure to concentrations of 1-50 ppm (a.s.), exposed J2 showed clearly visible symptoms of toxicological effects (including characteristic body postures) and started to lose both their mobility as well as infectivity. This decrease in mobility and infectivity was nonreversible, even if the J2 were washed, and was already observed after pre-exposure periods of 24-48 h at 1-50 ppm (a.s.). Lower temperatures during the exposure period (4-10°C) did not prevent toxicological effects of treated J2 but slightly delayed the time-to-effect. By contrast, various vermiform life-stages of the bacteriophagous nematode, Acrobeles buetschlii, did not show any signs of intoxication or reduced motility during continuous exposure to Salibro™ at up to 250 ppm (a.s.). Salibro™ slightly increased hatching of M. hapla but did not significantly impact the hatching of M. incognita at concentrations up to 50 ppm (a.s.). No adverse effects on hatching were observed for A. buetschlii at concentrations up to 250 ppm (a.s.). The results indicate that Salibro™ is an effective and selective nematicide and will be a useful new tool in sustainable nematode management.