bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational social entrepreneurship: scale development and validation
Authors: Kannampuzha Merie , Hockerts Kai 
Published: May 2019

PurposeSocial entrepreneurship has become a growing field of research interest. Yet, past research has been held back by the lack of a rigorous measurement instrument. Rather than defining social entrepreneurship as an organizational form that a venture does or does not have, this paper agrees with Dees and Anderson (2006) that the construct is better thought of as a set of practices, processes and behaviors that organizations can engage in to a higher or a lesser degree. In other words, the construct is a set of behaviors that any organization can engage in. The purpose of the paper is to develop scale items to measure the construct of organizational social entrepreneurship (OSE).Design/methodology/approachDrawing on previous literature, this paper first develops and then validates scales for measuring OSE as a third-order formative construct. As its second order, the scale includes three components that capture the heterogeneity of the OSE concept: social change intention, commercial activity and inclusive governance.FindingsThe OSE scale is developed and tested through a sample of 182 nascent social enterprises from 55 different countries in the world and then revalidated using a second sample of 263 mature social enterprises from 6 European countries. Results suggest that the scale items exhibit internal consistency, reliability, construct validity and nomological validity.Research limitations/implicationsThe scale presented here offers an important new venue for social entrepreneurship theorizing. First, it allows scholars to take a broad approach toward a diverse field and to study OSE behavior in any empirical field in which it may occur. Second, the scales also allow for more focused theorizing. Scholars are encouraged to delve into the antecedents of all three components presented here and to study the different performance effects they have in terms of likelihood to survive, growth rate or potential to achieve financial sustainability.Originality/valueThe paper develops a multidimensional construct for OSE. In particular, the authors propose scale items for three central components of social entrepreneurship, namely, social change intentions, commercial activities and inclusive governance. The scales thus measure the three formative dimensions identified by Dees and Anderson (2006) and Defourny and Nyssens (2010).
Embracing entrepreneurial action through effectuation in social enterprise
Authors: Weerakoon Chamindika , Gales Byron , McMurray Adela J. 
Published: May 2019

PurposeMainstream entrepreneurship research tends to adopt either the causation or effectuation perspective in their studies. Yet, the social enterprise literature has largely focussed on the bricolage perspective to explain social entrepreneurial action. The authors argue that when investigating legitimacy driven opportunity pursuit of an enterprise’s pre-emergence stage, all three perspectives of causation, effectuation and bricolage are required. The purpose of this paper was to address the research question how does effectuation determine entrepreneurial action in the pre-emergence of a social enterprise?Design/methodology/approachAn in-depth single case study approach was used based on the data provided by the founding entrepreneur of Good-Faith Learning social enterprise in Australia.FindingsThe results demonstrated the complementary evolution of the three perspectives. In the following sequence, the effectuation, causation and bricolage actions were identified during the pre-emergence stage of the Good-Faith Learning social enterprise. Specifically, the input–process–output perspective of the study confirmed that the initial stage reflects on the effectual means linked to the causation-based strong articulation of the social vision and mission. The process stage dominates the bricolage approach to resourcing leading to effectual outcomes subsequently. Further, the specific actions of the pre-emergence stage are comprised legitimacy driven symbolic management approaches conveying the entrepreneur’s credibility and commitment, professional organising through website, gut-instinct based team selection, and organisational achievement.Research limitations/implicationsThe future research may conduct multiple case study analysis with multiple respondents to observe the consistency or deviations of the patterns identified in this study.Originality/valueThis single case study demonstrates the complementary existence of causation, effectuation and bricolage elements in entrepreneurial actions in a single social enterprise context and advances the social entrepreneurship literature.
Solidarity cooperatives
Authors: Ridley-Duff Rory James , Bull Michael Frederick 
Published: May 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to re-evaluate social enterprise (SE) history to pinpoint a pluralist turn in communitarian philosophy during the 1970s, which has the potential to transform labour and consumer rights in enterprise development.

Design/methodology/approach
Through a close examination of model rules created by founders of the FairShares Association (FSA), the authors find that the communitarian origins of SE are disturbingly obscured and hidden.

Findings
In studying FSA documents and building a timeline of the development of the FairShares Model (FSM), the authors found links between SE developments in the UK, continental Europe, Asia, North/South America and the development of solidarity cooperatives.

Research limitations/implications
The authors argue that the discovery of a communitarian pluralist turn advances “new cooperativism” by enfranchising both labour and users in industrial relations (IR). Using this insight, they challenge accounts of SE history and argue for more research on SE’s potential contribution to radical IR.

Originality/value
The paper highlights the potential of the FSM as a vehicle for catalysing new SE and IR practices that share wealth and power more equitably between social entrepreneurs, workforce members, service/product users and community/social investors.
Towards a Global Biodiversity Action Agenda
Authors: Pattberg Philipp , Widerberg Oscar , Kok Marcel T. J. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractNon‐state and sub‐national actors (e.g. cities, regions and companies) are increasingly taking action to address biodiversity loss. They set up standards and commitments, provide funding, create and disseminate information, and execute projects on the ground. As part of the post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) decided to implement the ‘Sharm El‐Sheikh to Beijing Action Agenda for Nature and People’. While there is general support for a voluntary commitment process, the question now is how the Action agenda should look like, what form voluntary commitments for biodiversity should take and if and how the action agenda could become a meaningful pillar in the post‐2020 global biodiversity framework. A recent study by the authors reveals the actual depth and breadth of biodiversity governance beyond the CBD. This contribution argues that lessons learned from the ongoing climate change action agenda should urgently be taken into account when further developing the biodiversity action agenda.
Sharpshooters: a review of what moves Xylella fastidiosa
Authors: Krugner Rodrigo , Sisterson Mark S , Backus Elaine A , Burbank Lindsey P , Redak Richard A 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSharpshooters (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Cicadellinae) and spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae: Aphrophorinae) have a worldwide distribution and are often associated with many crops. Because the geographic range of sharpshooters and spittlebugs often overlaps with the range of the plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, the importance of these groups of insects in spreading X. fastidiosa rises to the level of a major socioeconomic problem. Managing diseases caused by X. fastidiosa is challenging for several reasons. First, multiple sequence types of the pathogen have been identified, with sequence type affecting host plant specificity. Second, multiple vector species may be present in an agroecosystem, and the host range of vector species is often broad. Although multiple vector control options such as biological, chemical, physical and cultural controls have been described, disease control programs must take into account biological and ecological parameters of locally dominant X. fastidiosa sequence types and vector species to develop suitable control strategies. Our review demonstrates how fundamental principles of vector reproductive biology, behaviour, nutrition and population and community ecology have influenced research on insect vectors and provides insights into priority research areas.
A haplotype variant of Hu sheep follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor promoter region decreases transcriptional activity
Authors: Du X. , Guo J. , Cao Q. Y. , Yao W. , Li Q. F. 
Published: May 2019

SummaryIn sheep, increased expression of the follicle‐stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) in the ovary is a common feature of ewes that carry the prolific allele. In this study, we demonstrated that polymorphisms in the core promoter of the FSHR gene are associated with the reproductive performance of Hu sheep and are involved in the transcriptional activity of FSHR. An approximately 1.5‐kb region of the 5′ flanking sequence of the Hu sheep FSHR gene was isolated and characterized, and its core promoter was located in the 5′ regulatory region, from nucleotides –580 to –342. Four variants (c.–518T>C, c.–466C>T, c.–414A>G and c.–365C>T) were detected in this region, and six genotypes and three haplotypes were found in the Hu sheep population (n = 245). An association analysis revealed that these polymorphisms are associated with the litter size of Hu ewes. Furthermore, a luciferase assay showed that the T‐C‐A‐C‐ and C‐T‐G‐T‐type core promoters have higher transcriptional activity than does the T‐C‐G‐C type. Notably, the putative binding site for the transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) was present at the A allele of nucleotide –414, but YY1 can significantly increase the transcriptional activity of the FSHR core promoter, which contains three different haplotypes. Taken together, our results establish that these variants might be involved in regulating the transcriptional activity of FSHR and litter size in Hu ewes and may provide a novel candidate marker for marker‐assisted selection in sheep breeding.
Oral corticosteroid use, morbidity and mortality in asthma: A nationwide prospective cohort study in Sweden
Authors: Ekström Magnus , Nwaru Bright I. , Hasvold Pål , Wiklund Fredrik , Telg Gunilla , Janson Christer 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundPatterns and determinants of long‐term oral corticosteroid (OCS) use in asthma and related morbidity and mortality are not well‐described. In a nationwide asthma cohort in Sweden, we evaluated the patterns and determinants of OCS use and risks of OCS‐related morbidities and mortality.MethodsData for 217 993 asthma patients (aged ≥ 6 years) in secondary care were identified between 2007 and 2014 using Swedish national health registries. OCS use at baseline was categorized: regular users (≥5 mg/d/y; n = 3299; 1.5%); periodic users (>0 but <5 mg/d/y; n = 49 930; 22.9%); and nonusers (0 mg/d/y; n = 164 765; 75.6%). Relative risks of becoming a regular OCS user and for morbidity and mortality were analysed using multivariable Cox regression.ResultsAt baseline, 24% of asthma patients had used OCS during the last year and 1.5% were regular users. Of those not using OCS at baseline, 26% collected at least one OCS prescription and 1.3% became regular OCS users for at least 1 year during the median follow‐up of 5.3 years. Age at asthma diagnosis, increasing GINA severity and Charlson Comorbidity Index were associated with regular OCS use. Compared to periodic and non‐OCS use, regular use was associated with increased incidence of OCS‐related morbidities and greater all‐cause mortality, adjusted HR 1.34 (95% CI 1.24‐1.45).ConclusionsOral corticosteroids use is frequent for asthma patients, and many are regular users. Regular OCS use is associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality. These findings indicate that there is a need of other treatment options for patients with severe asthma who are using regular OCS.
Key components of learning ecologies: A Delphi assessment
Authors: González‐Sanmamed Mercedes , Muñoz‐Carril Pablo‐César , Santos‐Caamaño Francisco‐José 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe educational landscape has changed in recent years, requiring reflection about new pedagogical methods and theories. There are three important perspectives as drivers of pedagogical reflection: lifelong and life‐wide learning, the idea of learning as a social construct in which internal elements and changing external factors converge, and the recognition of technology as a resource that can promote ubiquitous and expanded learning. Learning ecology has been proposed as a conceptual and empirical framework, but its still emergent nature along with its multidimensionality and complexity require further exploration. The Delphi study we present as part of a broader research project aims to identify the components of learning ecologies. Three panel rounds with international experts were carried out, after which two important dimensions emerged in the structure of learning ecologies. The first is related to intrinsic “learning dispositions,” which is made up of three categories: the subject's ideas about learning, their motivations and expectations. The second dimension, called “learning processes,” comprises four components: relationships, resources, actions and context. The identification of the components of learning ecologies and their influence on formal, non‐formal and informal training processes will provide guidance for educational policies and help to better organize training programmes.
The Many Meanings of Co‐Operation in the Employment Relationship and Their Implications
Authors: Bray Mark , Budd John W. , Macneil Johanna 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCo‐operation in the employment relationship continues to be a widely lauded goal, but academics, practitioners and policy makers rarely define the concept or analyse systematically its variants. This is problematic because a lack of clarity is a significant barrier to academic discourse and practical implementation in many organizations and countries. This article therefore carefully develops a framework that results in six key perspectives on co‐operation rooted in five assumptions. In addition to fostering a deeper understanding of co‐operation, these six perspectives can be used to theorize alternative employment relations paradigms when co‐operation rather than conflict is viewed as the central construct. Moreover, a dynamic analysis of these six perspectives adds new insights to understanding the challenges of achieving and sustaining truly co‐operative regimes, while also highlighting the need to go beyond structures and practices by incorporating the role of ideas in analyses of the success or failure of co‐operative efforts.
Experiences of sleep hygiene education as an intervention for sleep problems in children with developmental disabilities: Findings from an exploratory study
Authors: Sutton Julie E. , Huws Jaci C. , Burton Christopher R. 
Published: May 2019

Accessible summarySleep hygiene education (SHE) is a “behavioural” intervention which helps parents create the best sleeping conditions for their child. It is often used to improve sleep problems that children with developmental disabilities have.SHE includes advice around creating bedtime routines, creating a calming bedroom environment and eating healthily. Lots of health and social care professionals use SHE, but there are not many research papers which show the best way to support parents to try out the advice.This research tells the story of nine parents and eleven professionals who have used SHE to help improve children’s sleep problems.Their experiences are important in the research literature and will help services such as community children’s learning disability teams improve the way SHE is used in the future.AbstractBackgroundSleep hygiene education (SHE) is a familiar intervention for addressing behavioural sleep problems in children with developmental disabilities that involves advising parents on sleep‐promoting behaviours; however, it is supported by a limited evidence base.Materials and methodsThis exploratory study aimed to enhance qualitative understanding and explore stakeholder perceptions about experience, current practice and ideas around the implementation of SHE. Parents of children with developmental disabilities and sleep problems (N = 9) and sleep practitioners (N = 11) took part in semi‐structured interviews and focus groups, and data were thematically analysed.Results and discussionThe analysis identified four parent themes: Beliefs about sleep problems; Getting professional help; Ways of knowing about sleep; and Visions of sleep support. Two practitioner themes were also identified: Sleep service accessibility and Inconsistent sleep support.ConclusionThe findings provide further insight into how parents of children with developmental disabilities experience sleep problems, and how SHE is currently implemented. These have implications for both policy and practice.
Histidine‐rich glycoprotein ameliorates endothelial barrier dysfunction through regulation of NF‐κB and MAPK signal pathway
Authors: Gao Shangze , Wake Hidenori , Gao Yuan , Wang Dengli , Mori Shuji , Liu Keyue , Teshigawara Kiyoshi , Takahashi Hideo , Nishibori Masahiro 
Published: May 2019

Background and PurposeMicrovascular barrier breakdown is a hallmark of sepsis that is associated with sepsis‐induced multiorgan failure. Histidine‐rich glycoprotein (HRG) is a 75‐kDa plasma protein that was demonstrated to improve the survival of septic mice through regulation of cell shape, spontaneous ROS production in neutrophils, and adhesion of neutrophils to vascular endothelial cells. We investigated HRG's role in the LPS/TNF‐α‐induced barrier dysfunction of endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo and the possible mechanism, to clarify the definitive roles of HRG in sepsis.Experimental ApproachEA.hy 926 endothelial cells were pretreated with HRG or human serum albumin before stimulation with LPS/TNF‐α. A variety of biochemical assays were applied to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms on how HRG protected the barrier function of vascular endothelium.Key ResultsImmunostaining results showed that HRG maintains the endothelial monolayer integrity by inhibiting cytoskeleton reorganization, losses of VE‐cadherin and β‐catenin, focal adhesion kinase degradation, and cell detachment induced by LPS/TNF‐α. HRG also inhibited the cytokine secretion from endothelial cells induced by LPS/TNF‐α, which was associated with reduced NF‐κB activation. Moreover, HRG effectively prevented the LPS/TNF‐α‐induced increase in capillary permeability in vitro and in vivo. Finally, Western blot results demonstrated that HRG prevented the phosphorylation of MAPK family and RhoA activation, which are involved mainly in the regulation of cytoskeleton reorganization and barrier permeability.Conclusions and ImplicationsTaken together, our results demonstrate that HRG has protective effects on vascular barrier function in vitro and in vivo, which may be due to the inhibition of MAPK family and Rho activation.
Body mass index and dental caries experience in Nepalese schoolchildren
Authors: Karki Saujanya , Päkkilä Jari , Ryhänen Tapio , Laitala Marja‐Liisa , Humagain Manoj , Ojaniemi Marja , Anttonen Vuokko 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe aim was to investigate the severity of untreated dental caries among Nepalese schoolchildren and its association with their body mass index (BMI) using IOTF, WHO and Nepalese growth reference systems.MethodsThis school‐based clinical cross‐sectional study was conducted with three WHO index age groups (5‐ to 6‐, 12‐ and 15‐year‐olds) in 18 out of 75 districts of Nepal, selected using stratified random sampling. A total of 1135 schoolchildren were included in the study. A validated structured questionnaire was used to assess the children's oral hygiene practices and dietary habits. Clinical oral examinations investigated the status of untreated dental caries in primary and permanent teeth (dt/DT) along with its consequences (pufa/PUFA). Later, the grade of severity of untreated dental caries (GUDC) was determined using both dt/DT and pufa/PUFA. Height (cm), weight (kg), waist circumference (cm) and hip circumference (cm) were measured, and the body mass index (BMI), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The findings were presented as proportions, and the chi‐square test was performed to compare differences between groups. Generalized linear mixed models with random effects assessed the association between the severity of untreated dental caries and the BMI.ResultsAccording to the IOTF, WHO and Nepalese growth reference systems, the overall proportions of children with a low BMI were 38.6%, 15.4% and 12.8%, and those with a high BMI were 7.9%, 4.6% and 8.4%, respectively. Untreated dental caries was common among the youngest age group and those with infrequent tooth brushing habits or frequent consumption of sweet bakery products, sweets or candy, or tea with sugar. Neither a low nor a high BMI was associated either with dt + DT or with pufa + PUFA, after adjusting for confounders. However, both a low and a high BMI (all three references) were associated with the severity of dental caries or GUDC.ConclusionRegardless of the growth reference system used, children with either low or high BMI may be at risk of developing untreated dental caries lesions and related consequences. Both underweight and overweight/obese and dental caries share common risk factors, mostly dietary. Preventive and intervention approaches/strategies such as behavioural and dietary modifications should be implemented to improve both children's oral health and their nutrition in Nepal.
The incidence of endogenous Cushing's syndrome in the modern era
Authors: Wengander Sofie , Trimpou Penelope , Papakokkinou Eleni , Ragnarsson Oskar 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIntroductionEpidemiological studies on the incidence of Cushing's syndrome (CS) are few and most often includes only patients with the most common form, that is Cushing's disease (CD).ObjectiveTo analyse the incidence of endogenous CS in an unselected cohort of patients from western Sweden between 2002 and 2017.MethodsMedical records from patients who had received a diagnostic code for CS and adrenocortical carcinoma in the Västra Götaland County between 2002 and 2017 were reviewed. Eighty‐two patients had been diagnosed with endogenous CS in the region during the study period and were included in this analysis.ResultsThirty‐nine patients (48%) had CD, 21 (26%) had ectopic ACTH‐producing tumour, 17 (21%) had a benign adrenal CS, and 5 (6%) had cortisol‐producing adrenocortical carcinoma. Nine of 21 (43%) patients with ectopic CS had an ACTH‐producing lung tumour, 4 had a neuroendocrine pancreas tumour, and 5 had an occult tumour. The annual incidence of endogenous CS was 3.2 cases per million/y; 1.5 for CD, 0.8 for ectopic CS, 0.7 for benign adrenal CS and 0.2 for adrenocortical carcinoma.ConclusionsApproximately three new cases of endogenous CS, per one million inhabitants, were diagnosed annually between 2002 and 2017. Compared with previous reports, proportionally more patients had ectopic CS. The reason for this is unclear although increased awareness of hypercortisolism in patients with malignant tumours in the modern era is a possible explanation.