bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philosophical Letters
Authors: Cunning David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s book, Philosophical Letters. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes; the philosophy of René Descartes; the philosophy of Henry More; the science of Constantijn Huygens; gender; the role of theology in philosophy; God; the inconceivability of God; empty space and the impossibility of vacuum; the identity of a body and its location; materialism; the eternity of matter; creation; sensory perception; patterning; animal knowledge; freedom; motion; the transfer of motion; the impossibility of immaterial motion; embodied cognition; laws of nature; the spirit of nature; vitalism and the activity of matter; panpsychism; the struggle for bodies to maintain their structural integrity; individuation; death and regeneration; imagination; certainty; action at a distance; action by contact; the natural soul of the human being; the supernatural soul of a human being; how to read scripture; illegitimate uses of scripture; order vs. disorder; the interdependence of the bodies of nature; natural magic; occasional causation; medicine; and the limits of science. Philosophical Letters is not an actual correspondence in which Cavendish has a thorough and extended exchange with Descartes, Hobbes, More, and Van Helmont. Such a back-and-forth was presumably not in the cards, in part because of gender norms surrounding the question of who should engage in intellectual disputation with whom. In Philosophical Letters Cavendish engages a fictional correspondence between herself and a “Madam” who has asked her to comment on the work of all four philosophers.
Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Cunning David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s book, Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: the divisibility of body; empty space and the impossibility of vacuum; the reliability of scientific instrumentation; the reliability and sophistication of natural sense organs; artefacts vs. natural productions; the knowledge and know-how that are ubiquitous in nature; creation; annihilation; the interdependence of creatures; color; materialism; the nature of ideas; representation; God; belief in the existence of God; the limits of knowledge; death and regeneration; creation; gender; order vs. disorder; atomism; motion; freedom; the impossibility of incorporeal motion; panpsychism; action at a distance; action by contact; sensory perception and patterning; rational perception; embodied cognition; self-knowledge; self-motion; the different kinds of matter; animal knowledge; and the eternity of matter. Cavendish begins Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy by repeating the claim that there is no inherent difference between women and men with respect to intellectual capacities. The book treats a wide range of topics, but a central undercurrent is that matter is eternal and that bodies are sophisticated and have the wherewithal to bring about organization and order on their own.
Grounds of Natural Philosophy
Authors: Cunning David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s book, Grounds of Natural Philosophy. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: materialism; empty space and the impossibility of vacuum; the identity of a body and its location; the impossibility of immaterial motion; the different kinds of matter; order vs. disorder; active regions of the world that we do not notice; self-motion; self-knowledge; panpsychism; sensory perception and patterning; dreams; occasionalism; causality; chance; freedom, the cooperation of the parts of nature; individuation; natural productions vs. artefacts; imagination; fame; the afterlife; God; and belief in the existence of God. Cavendish enters into a wide spectrum of philosophical debates in Grounds of Natural Philosophy, but much of the focus is on arguments for materialism, the distinction between rational matter and sensitive matter, the knowledge and information that is shared among creatures, individuation, and the sophistication of natural (as opposed to artificial) productions.
Poems and Fancies
Authors: Cunning David 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter features a selection of excerpts from Cavendish’s poems and other short pieces. The passages treat a number of topics and issues: atomism; empty space; active regions of the world that we do not notice; the ideas that occur to us and why; animal knowledge; insect knowledge; peace and conflict; gender; imaginary worlds; poetry; animal cruelty; and the treatment of nature. The poems on atomism reflect a view that Cavendish entertained early on and then abandoned in favor of her animist view that bodies are not only divisible, but also active, perceptive, and knowledgeable. A common theme across other poems is the sophistication of nonhuman creatures, for example in “A Dialogue between an Oake, and a Man cutting him downe,” “A Morall Discourse betwixt Man, and Beast,” “Of the Ant,” and “Of Fishes.”
The First Public Guy
Authors: Metcalf Allan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
On November 4, 1605, Guy Fawkes was just another obscure English gentleman with Catholic sympathies and a decade of success as a courageous and skilled soldier. His obscurity abruptly changed in the night of November 5. On November 6, encouraged by “gentler tortures” ordered by the king, “John Johnson” confessed that he was Guy Fawkes. Thus the public quickly learned that Guy Fawkes had come very close to destroying the House of Lords with everyone in it, and the name Guy Fawkes became immediately one of the most famous in England, far more than that of Robert Catesby, because Guy had been the guy with the match. Within two months, all 13 of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators were arrested or killed, including four in a gunfight at Holbeche House in Staffordshire. On January 30 and 31, 1506, having been convicted of treason in a short trial, he and the seven others who remained alive were hanged, drawn, and quartered. That was the end for the earthly Guy.
Presidential Campaigning in the Internet Age
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Presidential candidates and their campaigns in the United States are fully invested in the use of social media. Yet, since 1996 presidential campaigns have been experimenting with ways to use digital communication technologies on the Internet to their advantage. This book tells the stories of the practices of campaigning online between 1996 and 2016, looking at winners and also-rans. The stories provide rich details of the factors that contribute to the success or failure of candidates, including the influence of digital media. The stories also show how political campaigns over six election cycles transitioned from the paradigm of mass media campaigning, to networked campaigning, and finally to mass-targeted campaigning. Campaigns shifted from efforts at mass persuasion to networked persuasion by identifying and communicating with super-supporters to give them the right digital tools and messages to take to their social network. Campaigns learned over time how to use the Internet’s interactive affordances to communicate with the public in ways that structures what supporters do for the campaign that maximizes strategic benefit—what I call “controlled interactivity.” By the 2016 campaign, technology companies made it easier and more effective to engage in mass-targeted campaigning—using large-scale data analytics by campaigns and tech companies to identify target audiences for campaigns to advertise to online.
Introduction
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of key arguments and goals. A key mission of the book is to help scholars of political communication and digital media contextualize and better understand the shifting practices by campaigns long before Barack Obama was a household name. To do so, this study borrows from the work of Robert Denton, looking especially at the political and social context, the organization, fundraising, and image construction of the candidates, as well as factoring in the role of journalists and the hybrid media environment and public opinion polling. I also examine citizen involvement in the campaign. I describe how campaigns’ use of digital communication technologies and the specific affordance of interactivity bring to light that the objective of a campaign is to win—not to fully engage citizens in the campaign. This chapter concludes by providing a brief outline of the book, underscoring the shifting campaign practices that occurred between 1996 and 2016.
1996
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The 1996 presidential campaigns were the first to experiment with DCTs. Democratic President Bill Clinton and his challenger, Republican Bob Dole, built the first presidential campaign websites, and their experimentation established the core genre of the campaign website. Ironically, it was the seventy-year-old Republican who had the more cutting-edge website, while the president’s site was more cautious—reflecting a pattern in future elections in which challengers are more forward thinking and experimental than incumbents. They have more to lose when experimenting with untested communication technologies. The campaigns demonstrated the mass media paradigm of campaigning, while dabbling with digital media. The absence of human-interactive affordances in their DCTs underscore that the underlying attitudes campaigns held toward citizens is that they are to be managed and controlled, persuaded but not empowered except in the most limited sense.
2000
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The 2000 campaigns focused on experimentation with DCTs. Changes in election laws made collecting contributions online feasible, which became a focus of campaigns. John McCain was savvy at capitalizing on fundraising, establishing the infrastructure to channel enthusiasm into money following key events. George W. Bush built a massive voter file for microtargeting. Steve Forbes constructed an image as the first “Internet candidate,” while Al Gore, who also should have done so, instead used DCTs conservatively. Bill Bradley developed a community involvement kit, a clear indication that campaigns began to see the potential of two-step flow. Yet, campaigns were still generally distrustful of what might happen if they let their supporters genuinely engage with the campaign. As hierarchical organizations with professional and highly paid senior staff who at their gut level—and through their experience know how to campaign—the idea of more citizen-driven efforts in political campaigns was unthinkable.
2012
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The 2012 presidential candidates refined proven practices and ran the most data-driven campaigns in history. The candidates deployed social media, strategic online ad buys, and used their websites as the cornerstones of their campaign practices in the increasingly complex, hybrid media environment. Obama’s and Romney’s campaigns produced a variety of tactics to interact with supporters in a way that suggested that controlled interactivity had been perfected. They built massive voter files to target usual demographic groups while expanding to new groups typically unreached by campaigns and conducted careful message testing to yield maximum effect. Yet, for the carefully scripted work to structure interactivity between supporters and the campaign and among supporters to greatest advantage for the candidate, a substantial challenge remained: how to manage messaging in the complex, hybrid media environment where gaffes and opposition discourse can be amplified in ways unintended and with unknown consequences for campaigns.
Conclusion
Authors: Stromer-Galley Jennifer 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This final chapter recaps the arguments and discusses implications of how campaigns have used DCTs. By only looking at digital practices of political campaigns, it is worrisome that we fail to see that for most campaigns digital media is still only a small part of the overall focus of campaigns. Greater appreciation is needed for understanding DCT use in the context of other factors of a campaign. Campaigns have dramatically changed their strategies over time as they learned the benefits and the challenges of communicating with the public and the media through DCTs. In 1996 they barely interacted with the public and controlled the message as much as possible. By 2016, they were using a variety of interactive affordances to mobilize supporters, attack opponents, and influence the news media’s agenda through their digital media accounts. They also learned to capitalize on the public’s data that they generate about themselves when they interact with the campaign online and in partnering with digital technology companies, such as Facebook, to engage in unprecedented micro-targeting through paid ads.
Embodied Reconciliation
Authors: Moland Lydia L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hegel’s analysis of poetry’s genres begins with epic poetry, which is the action-based articulation of a nation’s dawning self-awareness. Lyric poetry, by contrast, allows poets to express their deepest subjectivity and interpret the world through their own experience. Drama brings action back into art, allowing actors themselves to emerge as artists and correcting for the vanishing subjectivity in painting and music. Drama also incorporates the two other poetic genres, as well as the other arts. Because it achieves these syntheses, it is, according to Hegel, the highest art. Hegel gives special consideration to tragedy and comedy, assessing both in their ancient and modern forms. His conclusion is that although both subgenres are more difficult to achieve in the modern world, successful examples are possible, ensuring that poetry will continue. With these poetic subgenres, the individual arts reach their conceptual end.
Conclusion
Authors: Moland Lydia L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Hegel’s wide-ranging philosophy of art allows us both to assess the expression of different worldviews in art and the ways in which individual arts—architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and poetry—allow us to sense ourselves and become aware of the world around us. His aesthetic theory elucidates crucial components of philosophical idealism generally, and his description of how art gives us joy illuminates modern aesthetic experience as well. This chapter connects Hegel’s “aesthetics of truth,” and so his idealism, to a description of aesthetic pleasure, then briefly speculates on how Hegel’s theory of art can be applied and extended to our experiences of contemporary art today.
“Humanity Requires All the Relief Which Can Be Afforded”
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers the prehistory of Saint Elizabeths, including efforts to manage the insane in the District of Columbia in the first half of the nineteenth century and the establishment of the hospital in 1855. It examines how local officials, the federal government, and District residents addressed the problem of mental illness through public policy and private care. The chapter also reveals the role that ideas of racial difference played in decisions about where to locate Saint Elizabeths’ and its original design. Maintaining strict separation of the races became a central objective of the hospital’s first superintendent, Charles H. Nichols, as he laid out the hospital. This objective was in keeping with the moral treatment model of nineteenth-century asylum psychiatry.
The Paradox of Enlightened Care
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter covers Saint Elizabeths during the tenure of its first superintendent, Charles H. Nichols (1855–1877), including the impact of the Civil War on the composition of the patient population, the general operation of the hospital, and the overall treatment of African American patients. Although blacks were among the soldiers, sailors, and federal prisoners admitted to the hospital in its early years, the majority of African American patients were indigent civilian residents of the District. The Civil War led to emancipation in the District and the influx of contrabands—black refugees and fugitive slaves—into the city, making it difficult for hospital officials to employ a strict residency requirement for admission. The chapter also explores the ways in which racial discrimination characterized the hospital’s therapeutic regime. It further reveals how African American patients and their families sought to shape their own experiences in the hospital.
Care and the Color Line
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how the medical consensus about black mental illness in the post-Reconstruction era contributed to the unequal treatment of African American patients at Saint Elizabeths and, in turn, how black patients and their communities sought to manage their therapeutic experience. The tendency to construct black madness as particularly violent and depraved—evident in the profession’s conflation of African American insanity with mania—led to Saint Elizabeths housing black male patients, regardless of their diagnosis and civil status, with insane convicts and the criminally insane. Both African American male and female patients were sequestered in overcrowded, substandard wards. They were also subjected to menial forms of labor, especially laundering and cooking, that masqueraded as therapy. Yet patients and their families made their own interventions in the clinical relationship and attempted to shape the treatment that they and their loved ones received.
Conclusion
Authors: Summers Martin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The conclusion provides a summation of the book’s main arguments and offers suggestions for further research in the history of African American mental health. It reasserts the two central theses. First, Saint Elizabeths’ psychiatrists’ construction and reaffirmation of the white psyche as the norm produced a great deal of ambiguity regarding the nature of black insanity. This contributed to the prioritizing of the white sufferer of mental illness and the marginalization of mentally ill blacks. Second, African American patients and their communities exercised agency in their interactions with Saint Elizabeths, both to shape the therapeutic experience and to assert their status as citizens. This latter argument suggests that the orthodox view that African Americans have generally had an indifferent or antagonistic relationship to psychiatry needs to be rethought, which will require further historical scholarship, particularly with respect to African American activism within the realm of mental health care.
Occupying Your Rightful Space
Authors: Morinis Alan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
When Moses is described (Numbers 12:3) as being more humble than any other person on the face of the earth, and when God is described as being humble, we are forced to dissociate Jewish notions of humility from any connotations of meekness or diffidence. Biblical and rabbinic texts reveal that the essential consideration in assessing a person’s humility is not that person’s relative assertiveness or timidity but rather with how much he or she subjugates personal self-interest to higher purposes. As articulated within the Jewish tradition of self-development called Mussar, humility inheres in directing one’s will toward sensitive service of the needs and wants of others within one’s social sphere as well as in line with one’s allegiance to the divine. Virtuous humility expresses itself in everyday contexts in the measure of the “space” (be that in the physical, emotional, verbal, financial, or another realm) that a person occupies. The ideal is to take up just as much space as is necessary to fulfill one’s mission of service in his or her life, neither more nor less. Moses fits (as well as defines) this paradigm.
Humility in Four Forms
Authors: Narvaez Darcia 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Relational humility is not simply an intellectual thing, but embodied, all the way down to neurobiological systems. Humility is a developmental process, shaped and expressed within social systems from the beginning of life. Humility emerges naturally from beingness co-constructed by family and community. When parents and caregivers are humble before the needs of children, providing the evolved nest or developmental system for raising the young, a cascade of long-term effects ensues. When a baby is not treated with respect and empathy, with needs met promptly, neurobiology develops in the direction of self-protection with a cacostatic (too much or too little) orientation (dominance or submission) toward others, undermining capacities for humility. The cascade of effects shape cultural practices from the ground up, as individuals form and shape community cultures that carry across generations. Relational humility is defined as multilayered, including intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and ecological humility—relational attunement with others and with the web of life.
Humility as a Foundational Virtue
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We each stand, phenomenologically speaking, at the center of the universe. This inherent centeredness biases our experience of our own needs, desires, interests, beliefs, goals, and values as being more immediate and urgent than those of others’, manifesting in a natural self-orientation that—if left unchecked—can lead us to problematically privilege, prioritize, and favor ourselves. The central thesis presented here is that the interfering and distorting influences that arise from this centeredness are most effectively combated, and ultimately quieted, through the cultivation of humility. And further, that humility should be considered a foundational virtue, necessary for the full development and exercise of other virtues, and maturely virtuous character.
Self-Other Concept in Humble Love
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Spezio Michael 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
After a period in l’Arche communities, members’ self-other concept often changes from what is typical for modern secular societies to that of receiving “life” from and giving “life” to others. The two kinds of construal are mutually contrary. Following Jean Vanier, we call the ethos guiding the first construal the Normal. Its leading concepts are success, competence, competition, advancement, achievement, power, superior-inferior, and rival as criteria for evaluating persons. Here the relations of self and other are distancing, alienating, ones of differential competence, superior or inferior achievement, competition for power, being winner and loser, etc. Contrastingly, the concepts governing self-other construals characterizing long-term living in l’Arche are mutuality, vulnerability, forgiveness, compassion, reconciliation, belonging, and friendship. Humble love combines two complementary virtues: humility and agapê. The tyranny of the Normal erects walls that impede the symmetrical construals of self-other characteristic of humble love. Humility dissipates or undermines the distancing, alienating self-other construals, bringing down these walls.