bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complexity and naturalness biases in phonotactics: Hayes and White (2013) revisited
Authors: Prickett Brandon 
Published: March 2018

Hayes and White (2013) found that English speakers rate words that violate natural phonotactic constraints as worse than words that violate unnatural ones. Their “natural” constraints both enforced typologically common restrictions and were phonetically grounded, while their unnatural constraints met neither criterion. They used this experimental finding as evidence for a learning bias in favor of natural constraints. The strength of this conclusion was weakened by the presence of a confound: the unnatural constraints were also more structurally complex. This paper presents the results from an experiment that replicated Hayes and White, but added complexity as a variable of interest. The results suggest that naturalness and complexity both affect phonological acquisition: supporting the conclusions of Hayes and White (2013), but differing from the findings of most artificial language learning studies.
IL-15 Promotes Polyfunctional NK Cell Responses to Influenza by Boosting IL-12 Production
Authors: Wagstaffe Helen R. , Nielsen Carolyn M. , Riley Eleanor M. , Goodier Martin R. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
IL-15 is a key regulator of NK cell maintenance and proliferation and synergizes with other myeloid cell–derived cytokines to enhance NK cell effector function. At low concentrations, trans-presentation of IL-15 by dendritic cells can activate NK cells, whereas at higher concentrations it can act directly on NK cells, independently of accessory cells. In this study, we investigate the potential for IL-15 to boost responses to influenza virus by promoting accessory cell function. We find that coculture of human PBMCs with inactivated whole influenza virus (A/Victoria/361/2011) in the presence of very low concentrations of IL-15 results in increased production of myeloid cell–derived cytokines, including IL-12, IFN-α2, GM-CSF, and IL-1β, and an increased frequency of polyfunctional NK cells (defined by the expression of two or more of CD107a, IFN-γ, and CD25). Neutralization experiments demonstrate that IL-15–mediated enhancement of NK cell responses is primarily dependent on IL-12 and partially dependent on IFN-αβR1 signaling. Critically, IL-15 boosted the production of IL-12 in influenza-stimulated blood myeloid dendritic cells. IL-15 costimulation also restored the ability of less-differentiated NK cells from human CMV-seropositive individuals to respond to influenza virus. These data suggest that very low concentrations of IL-15 play an important role in boosting accessory cell function to support NK cell effector functions.
Multiple measures of refractive state of a test eye making use of a Nidek ARK-10000 OPD-scan
Authors: Gillan W.D.H. 
Published: February 2018

Introduction: It is important for the users of automated instruments that measure refractive state to know that the results obtained from such instruments are accurate and repeatable. This study was conducted to investigate the repeat-ability of multiple measures of refractive state using a Nidek ARK-10000 OPD-scan.Method: 150 measurements of refractive state of a test eye were obtained using an OPD- scan. The method of focusing and triggering the instrument was varied for three sets of 50 measurements.Results: The results of this study suggest that the OPD-scan gives reliable and accurate measures of refractive state when taking mul-tiple measurements. Although the means of the various sets of measurements were significantly different, clinically the differences are probably insignificant.
Perceptions, expectations, apprehensions and realities of graduating South African optometry students (PEAR study, 2006)
Authors: Oduntan A. O. , Louw A. , Moodley V. R. 
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to establish the perceptions, expectations, apprehensions and realities of South Africa optometry students completing their undergraduate studies in 2006. Copies of a questionnaire containing relevant information were distributed to all graduating students at the four Universities offering Optometry. The responses were coded and analyzed. The respondents (N=143), representing 77% of the graduating students included 27.3% males and 72.7% females, aged 20 to 37 years (mean = 23.34 ± 2.75). About a third (32.9%) of the respondents considered opening their own practice as the best way of entering into practice. Also, this mode of practice was considered as providing the greatest fulfilment for their personal (60.8%) and professional (53.8%) goals as well as offering long term financial security (43.7%). Many (56.6%) have secured employment before graduation. Upon graduation, 43.4% would like to join a franchise. Many (79.7%) felt that Government was not offering sufficient opportunities for optometrists. The majority, (70.6%) felt that the South African optometry profession is fastly becoming saturated and this was of great concern to many (31.5%). About half, (50.3%) have plans to go overseas to practice and the most common destinations were the UK (36.1%) and Australia (15%). The mean minimum monthly salary expected as new graduates was between R9 500 and R11 500 in the public and private sectors respectively. On a response scale, the future of optometry in South Africa was scored as 6.59 ± 1.92. Findings in this study may be useful to all stake holders in optometric education in South Africa, as they may reflect the future of the optometry profession in the country.
Citizen observations contributing to flood modelling: opportunities and challenges
Authors: Assumpção Thaine H. , Popescu Ioana , Jonoski Andreja , Solomatine Dimitri P. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Citizen contributions to science have been successfully implemented in many
fields, and water resources is one of them. Through citizens, it is possible
to collect data and obtain a more integrated decision-making process.
Specifically, data scarcity has always been an issue in flood modelling,
which has been addressed in the last decades by remote sensing and is already
being discussed in the citizen science context. With this in mind, this
article aims to review the literature on the topic and analyse the
opportunities and challenges that lie ahead. The literature on monitoring,
mapping and modelling, was evaluated according to the flood-related variable
citizens contributed to. Pros and cons of the collection/analysis methods
were summarised. Then, pertinent publications were mapped into the flood
modelling cycle, considering how citizen data properties (spatial and
temporal coverage, uncertainty and volume) are related to its integration
into modelling. It was clear that the number of studies in the area is
rising. There are positive experiences reported in collection and analysis
methods, for instance with velocity and land cover, and also when modelling
is concerned, for example by using social media mining. However, matching the
data properties necessary for each part of the modelling cycle with
citizen-generated data is still challenging. Nevertheless, the concept that
citizen contributions can be used for simulation and forecasting is proved
and further work lies in continuing to develop and improve not only methods
for collection and analysis, but certainly for integration into models as
well. Finally, in view of recent automated sensors and satellite
technologies, it is through studies as the ones analysed in this article that
the value of citizen contributions, complementing such technologies, is
demonstrated.
Effectiveness of distributed temperature measurements for early detection of piping in river embankments
Authors: Bersan Silvia , Koelewijn André R. , Simonini Paolo 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Internal erosion is the cause of a significant percentage of failure and
incidents involving both dams and river embankments in many countries. In the
past 20 years the use of fibre-optic Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) in
dams has proved to be an effective tool for the detection of leakages and
internal erosion. This work investigates the effectiveness of DTS for dike
monitoring, focusing on the early detection of backward erosion piping, a
mechanism that affects the foundation layer of structures resting on
permeable, sandy soils. The paper presents data from a piping test performed
on a large-scale experimental dike equipped with a DTS system together with a
large number of accompanying sensors. The effect of seepage and piping on the
temperature field is analysed, eventually identifying the processes that
cause the onset of thermal anomalies around piping channels and thus enable
their early detection. Making use of dimensional analysis, the factors that
influence this thermal response of a dike foundation are identified. Finally
some tools are provided that can be helpful for the design of monitoring
systems and for the interpretation of temperature data.
Práticas Parlamentares e Convenções Constitucionais
Authors: Sampaio José Adércio Leite 
Published: February 2018

Práticas Parlamentares e Convenções Constitucionais

Resumo: As práticas parlamentares desenvolvem um papel importante nas democracias modernas. Em suas diversas modalidades, praxe, precedente e convenções, elas são responsáveis pelo estabelecimento do equilíbrio dinâmico entre estabilidade e flexibilidade política e legislativa. Entre todas, as convenções constitucionais gozam de maior longevidade e grau de vinculação. Sua aplicação em Estados que adotam Constituições rígidas é polêmica. Entretanto, a literatura identifica sua presença em diversos deles, inclusive contra constitutionem. No Brasil, tanto as práticas em geral, quanto as convenções constitucionais em particular encontram especial obstáculo em se firmarem, em vista de da instabilidade política, da tendência à positivação das normas de costumes parlamentares e de arranjos partidários e interpoderes nem sempre inspirados no bem comum.
Palavras-Chave: Convenções Constitucionais. Direito Parlamentar. Práticas Parlamentares. Práticas Políticas no Brasil.

Parliamentary Practices and Constitutional Conventions

Abstract: Parliamentary practices play a key role in modern democracies. In their various modalities, praxis, precedent and conventions, they are responsible for establishing the dynamic balance between political and legislative stability and flexibility. Among all, constitutional conventions enjoy greater longevity and degree of attachment. Its application in States that adopt rigid Constitutions is controversial. However, the literature identifies their presence in several of them, even contra constitutionem. In Brazil, both, practices in general and constitutional conventions, in particular are difficult task to be accomplished, in view of political instability, the tendency towards the transformation of parliamentary customs into legal rules, and of party and inter-power arrangements not always inspired by the common good.
Keywords: Constitutional Conventions. Parliamentary Law. Parliamentary Practices. Political Practices in Brazil.
Las metodologías de enseñanza implementadas en la formación inicial docente en Instituciones de Educación Superior de la zona occidental de El Salvador
Authors: Repreza Eugenia De los Ángeles 
Published: February 2018

<p>Esta investigación de tipo explicativo se desarrolló con el propósito de analizar las metodologías de enseñanza implementadas en la formación inicial docente en las Instituciones de Educación Superior de la Zona Occidental de El Salvador, así como su funcionabilidad. Para ello se aplicó la técnica de la entrevista a los docentes de las tres universidades que formaron parte del estudio.</p><p>El estudio reflejó que los docentes determinan qué métodos, qué técnicas y qué recursos aplicar, según los objetivos que se le presenten. Esto se refleja en el nivel de atención y participación de los estudiantes; aclarando que la efectividad de esto no sólo depende de la parte metodológica del proceso, sino también de factores - sean estos académicos, personales y sociales -, los cuales en algunos estudiantes les impiden alcanzar el 100% de los objetivos planteados.</p><p>Conocimiento Educactivo, Vol. 3, 2016: 91-102</p><p> </p>
On the Relationship of Socio-Economic Status and Risk Factors for Alcoholic Liver Disease in North China
Authors: Wang Haixia , Yin Qiling , Zhang Xiaowei , Zhang Cuiqin 
Published: March 2018

BACKGROUND: The present article analyses the association between socioeconomic status (includes education, occupation, income and marriage) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) risk factors (age, gender, obesity, quantity and duration of alcohol intake, alcoholic beverages, drinking patterns) in Taishan area of Shandong province, to provide scientific basis for the prevention of alcoholic liver disease for the people who mostly need it in north China.METHODS: Across-sectional survey of over 18--year-old inhabitants in Shandong Province in 2011 used multistage, randomized clustered sampling to identify 8186 subjects; 7295 (89.12%) of them were interviewed. Questionnaires, designed by co-working of epidemiologists and hepatologists, included demographic characteristics, current medication use, medical history and health-relevant behaviors, i.e. alcohol consumption, dietary habits and physical activities. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests and abdominal ultrasonography were carried out. The sample was determined by Chi-square test, covariance analysis and logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: Because of the small number of female drinkers, alcoholic liver disease prevalence of female was obviously lower than that of male, the very study of the male drinkers is more meaningful and can be represent the whole drinkers group to some extent. Among the four socio-economic status (SES) indicators the marriage status seemed to be the most influential factor. People (men or women) without spouse had higher risk of alcoholic liver disease risk factors than those who had spouse. The risk of people who have different occupation is different. The higher education was associated with risk of ALD.CONCLUSION: Marriage status seemed to be the most important measure of the socioeconomic indicators in relation to the alcoholic liver disease risk factors in the study of population. There is obvious relation between occupation status and alcoholic liver disease risk factors in men. The lower occupation had higher alcoholic liver disease risk factors. People with higher income and education had higher levels of drinking risk factors and lower level of obesity risk factors.
Cytology Smears in the Era of Molecular Biomarkers in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Doing More With Less
Authors: Lozano Maria D. , Echeveste José I. , Abengozar Marta , Mejías Luis D. , Idoate Miguel A. , Calvo Alfonso , de Andrea Carlos E. 
Published: March 2018

Context.—
The rapid advances in targeted therapies in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) make the optimization and implementation of cytology specimens for molecular testing a priority. Up to 70% of patients with NSCLC are diagnosed at advanced stages and tissue biopsies often cannot be taken. Although cytology samples provide high-quality material for molecular testing, molecular cytopathology is not yet well known or widely used.

Objective.—
To report the many advances in molecular cytopathology and the suitability and utility of cytology samples in molecular and genetic testing of NSCLC.

Data Sources.—
Data sources comprised published peer-reviewed literature and personal experience of the authors.

Conclusions.—
Molecular testing can be performed on cytologic specimens, especially on direct smears. Rapid on-site evaluation by cytopathologists has improved the adequacy and the management of cytology samples for molecular testing. Mutational profiling of NSCLC using next-generation sequencing can be performed on cytology samples from very small amounts of DNA. Fluorescence in situ hybridization assays on cytology specimens, including stained direct smear, offer some distinct advantages over their histologic counterpart, and are used to detect ALK and ROS1 rearrangements in NSCLC. Cytology specimens allow assessment of the entire tumor cell nucleus, avoiding signal loss from truncation artifacts. The use of cytology samples for assessing programmed death ligand-1 protein expression is currently being developed. Protocols for bisulfite conversion and DNA droplet digital polymerase chain reaction assays have been optimized for cytology smear to investigate aberrant DNA methylation of several NSCLC-related genes.
El jefe de Protocolo de la oficina del Ejecutivo Federal mexicano y las normas elementales de las autoridades cuando concurren a un acto oficial
Authors: Gómez Huerta Suárez José 
Published: February 2018

Nosotros proponemos en este artículo, un jefe de Protocolo de la Oficina de la Presidencia de la República, esta oficina contribuirá a dar forma a la agenda interna para el beneficio de México, de acuerdo con los intereses y valores mexicanos, internamente a través de la gestión y supervisión de los actos oficiales.El Jefe de Protocolo tiene que ser el responsable de la gestión de la Oficina de Protocolo de la Presidencia de la República y se considera que proporcionará los aspectos de coordinación y operacionales del Estado, también define estándares de tratamiento para los Secretarios del Estado, visitas, gobernadores, ministros e invitados del gobierno entre otros. Además, la Oficina de Protocolo puede ofrecer la planificación estratégica y apoyo operacional a todos los organismos del Estado en la celebración de conferencias y eventos locales o internacionales en México. We propose in this paper, a head of the Office of Protocol at the presidency of Mexican Republic, this office would contributes to shaping the internal agenda to Mexico benefit, in accordance with Mexican interests and values, at home and abroad through the management and oversight of Official events.The Chief of Protocol of Mexico is responsible for the management of the Office of Protocol and it would be considered too provides the coordination and operational aspects of state, also define standards of treatment for state, official, heads of governments, ministers and guests of government. In addition the Office of Protocol can offer strategic planning and operational support to all government departments and agencies hosting international conferences and events in Mexico.
Reconocimiento de sentencias judiciales entre España y EEUU
Authors: Varela Rodríguez Adrián 
Published: February 2018

En un mundo cada vez más globalizado, el reconocimiento de sentencias judiciales deja de ser un procedimiento nacional para tener una gran importancia a nivel global. En concreto, se desarrolla el nuevo procedimiento de exequátur a partir de la reciente ley 29/2015 de cooperación jurídica internacional en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. También se analiza los distintos tipos de procedimientos de reconocimientos de sentencias en Estados Unidos. Después de aplica estos conceptos procesales teóricos a ejemplos prácticos con casos reales. In an increasingly globalized world, the recognition of judgments is no longer a national procedure. Nowadays, it has a great importance globally. Specifically, the new enforcement procedure is developed from the recent law 29/2015 of international legal cooperation in our legal system. The different types of procedures for recognition of judgments in the United States is also analyzed. After by applying these theoretical concepts to practical examples process with real cases.
Protocolo y ceremonial: una visión desde los videojuegos
Authors: Delmás Martín Daniel 
Published: February 2018

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo hacer un análisis del protocolo y del ceremonial dentro de un área de las nuevas tecnología como es la industria de los videojuegos. Para ello, además haremos un acercamiento al videojuego on-line líder en plataforma multijugador World of Warcraft.Nuestro fin es el acercamiento a cómo se crea y se genera el elemento de protocolo y ceremonial dentro de esta nueva tecnología y que tanta importancia ha ganado en los últimos años. Veremos de qué forma se recrea, cuáles son las nuevas formas que toma y si están fundamentadas en la cultura, política, religión y otros ámbitos que se generan ad-hoc para los mismos. _____________________The purpose of the present research work is to analyse protocol and ceremonial inside new technologies such as videogame's industry. For that purpose, we are going to make and nearness to the leader multiplayer on-line game World of Warcraft.Videogame's industry is one of the most important nowadays. Our aim is making an approach to how is create and is produced the protocol and ceremonial element inside this new technology. We will see how protocol works, which new way takes and whether is supported on culture, politics, religion and others areas created for them
La utilización de la bandera de España por las fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad del Estado
Authors: Eiroa Escalada Javier , Toribio Castro Luis 
Published: February 2018

Las banderas ya no tienen finalidad táctica, pero como símbolo de la nación, representan los valores superiores expresados en la Constitución de 1978.A diferencia de las Fuerzas Armadas, donde las banderas se mantienen como parte de las tradiciones, y aportan gran brillantez a los actos militares, en la literatura española existen pocos estudios relativos a la bandera en el ámbito de las fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad del Estado.Tras un breve repaso a la normativa vigente en el ámbito de la Vexilología, este trabajo aborda el procedimiento para la concesión del derecho de uso de la enseña Nacional a distintas unidades de las fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad de ámbito estatal, así como sus modalidades, uso y colocación en actos oficiales, honores y protocolo.Finalmente, se analizan las peculiaridades del ceremonial en el acto de entrega de la bandera, como distinción que se otorga en reconocimiento a la labor que desarrollan como garantes de las libertades públicas y de la seguridad ciudadana, considerando la distinta naturaleza -militar y civil- de ambos cuerpos de seguridad. _________________ The flags are no longer tactical, but as a symbol of the nation, they represent the higher values expressed in the Spanish Constitution of 1978.The Army has kept flags as part of the traditions, and provide great brilliance to the military acts. Instead, in Spanish literature there are few studies about the flag in the State Security Forces.After a brief review of current legislation in Vexillology, this paper deals with the procedure for bestowal of the use the National Flag to different units of the National Security Forces, as well as their modalities, use and placement in official events, honours and protocol.Finally, we analyze the peculiarities of ceremonial in the Act of delivery of the flag, as a distinction that is given in recognition of the work they perform as guarantors of citizen freedoms and public safety, considering the different nature - military and civil- of both security Forces.