bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser‐Enabled Processing of Stretchable Electronics on a Hydrolytically Degradable Hydrogel
Authors: Rahimi Rahim , Shams Es‐haghi Siamak , Chittiboyina Shirisha , Mutlu Zeynep , Lelièvre Sophie A. , Cakmak Mukerrem , Ziaie Babak 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDegradable electronics represent a rapidly emerging field of science and technology with the potential to serve short‐term medical implantation applications where the device disappears once its function is complete. Despite many efforts in developing new types of degradable electronics, many of such systems are nonelastic and incompatible with the dynamic motion of native soft/elastic biological tissues. Herein, a photo‐crosslinkable hydrogel with integrated electronics that are highly stretchable and degradable in liquid environments is demonstrated. The fabrication process takes advantage of facile laser micromachining of conductive patterns directly onto the hydrogel under ambient conditions and permanent hydrogel–hydrogel bonding. The robustness and degradation rate of hydrogel and the laser‐processed encapsulated stretchable circuits is systematically investigated in different solutions under various conditions. Biocompatibility tests with non‐neoplastic cells (HMT 3522 S1) and cancer cells (T4‐2 and MDA‐MB‐231) are performed in 2D and 3D cell culture systems to confirm instead of evaluate the safety of the hydrogel and its byproducts during degradation as well as the zinc metal used in this technology. As a proof of concept, a stretchable hydrogel‐based device that can be used for remote/wireless delivery of thermal energy into the tissue in contact with the hydrogel is fabricated.
Palladium‐Catalyzed β‐C−H Arylation of Ketones Using Amino Amide as a Transient Directing Group: Applications to Synthesis of Phenanthridinone Alkaloids
Authors: Wang Junliang , Dong Cong , Wu Liangfei , Xu Mingkai , Lin Jun , Wei Kun 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe direct arylation of aromatic and aliphatic ketones was carried out via palladium‐catalyzed inert C−H bond functionalization with 2‐amino‐N‐isopropyl‐acetamide as a new catalytic transient directing group. The reaction showed excellent functional group compatibility and site selectivity. We demonstrated that α‐amino amide forming N,N‐bidentate coordination with Pd catalyst is more favorable for the β‐arylation of ketones than α‐amino acid forming N,O‐bidentate coordination with Pd catalyst under relatively mild conditions. This elegant approach provides straightforward access to important structural motifs in organic and medicinal chemistry and is demonstrated here in the efficient synthesis of phenanthridinone alkaloids.magnified image
Platinum Deposited on Carbon Supports for the Complete Detoxification of Formaldehyde at Room Temperature under Humid Conditions
Authors: Schade Elke , Wisser Florian M. , Franke Markus , Weiz Alexander , Werheid Matthias , Martin Jan R. , Kaskel Stefan , Grothe Julia 
Published: June 2018

AbstractUniform platinum nanoparticles are deposited on porous carbon supports using a polymeric precursor method. The presented approach has a high potential since hydrophilic and hydrophobic carbon supports are homogeneously impregnated without any preliminary treatment. The platinum nanoparticles on porous carbon composites show a high catalytic activity in the complete detoxification of formaldehyde. Catalysts with platinum loading as low as 0.75 wt.% enable a complete conversion of 700 ppm formaldehyde into carbon dioxide at a relative humidity up to 60% at room temperature. We assign this remarkable catalytic acitivty to a symbiotic effect of the platinum nanoparticles with the carbon support in terms of an oversolubility of formaldehyde in water confined in the pores of the support material.
Local patterns of diversity in California northern coastal scrub
Authors: Wrubel Eric , Parker V. Thomas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWithin global biodiversity hotspots such as the California Floristic Province, local patterns of diversity must be better understood to prioritize conservation for the greatest number of species. This study investigates patterns of vascular plant diversity in relation to coast–inland environmental gradients in the shrublands of Central California known as northern coastal scrub. We sampled coastal shrublands of the San Francisco Bay Area at coastal and inland locations, modeled fine‐scale climatic variables, and developed an index for local exposure to maritime salts. We compared diversity, composition, and structure of the coastal and inland plots using indirect gradient analysis and estimated species accumulation using rarefaction curves. Coastal plots were significantly higher in alpha, beta, and gamma diversity than inland plots. Plant diversity (effective species number) in coastal plots was 2.1 times greater than inland plots, and beta diversity was 1.9 times greater. Estimated richness by rarefaction was 2.05 times greater in coastal sites than inland sites. Salt deposition and water availability were the abiotic process most strongly correlated with increased maritime plant diversity and compositional differences. Stands of northern coastal scrub on the immediate coast with higher maritime influence exhibit markedly higher plant diversity than most interior stands, paralleling previous work in other vegetation types in this region. These studies suggest that the California coastline deserves special consideration for botanical conservation. Fine‐scale climatic models of cloud frequency, water availability, and the salt deposition index presented here can be used to define priority areas for plant conservation in California and other coastal regions worldwide.
Estimating densities of large herbivores in tropical forests: Rigorous evaluation of a dung‐based method
Authors: Ahrestani Farshid S. , Kumar N. Samba , Vaidyanathan Srinivas , Hiby Lex , Jathanna Devcharan , Karanth K. Ullas 
Published: June 2018

AbstractWhen sighting‐based surveys to estimate population densities of large herbivores in tropical dense forests are not practical or affordable, surveys that rely on animal dung are sometimes used. This study tested one such dung‐based method by deriving population densities from observed dung densities of six large herbivores (chital, elephant, gaur, muntjac, sambar, and wild pig) in two habitats, dry deciduous forests (DDF) and moist deciduous forests (MDF), within Nagarahole National Park, southern India. Using the programDUNGSURV, dung pile counts, decay rates estimated from field experiments, and defecation rates derived from literature were analyzed together by a model that allows for random events affecting dung decay. Densities of chital were the highest, followed by sambar. Wild pig densities were similar in the two habitats, sambar densities were higher inDDF, and densities of the other species were higher inMDFthan inDDF. We comparedDUNGSURVestimates with densities estimated using distance sampling in the same season.DUNGSURVestimates were substantially higher for all species in both habitats. These differences highlight the challenges that researchers face in computing unbiased estimates of dung decay rates and in relying on defecation rates from literature. Besides the elephant, this study is the first to rigorously test the efficacy of using a dung‐based approach to estimate densities of large herbivore species in Asia, and based on this evaluation, we provide specific recommendations to address issues that require careful consideration before observed dung densities are used to derive animal densities. Our results underline the need for an experimental study of a known population in a fenced reserve to validate the true potential of using dung‐based approaches to estimate population densities.
Cross‐scale effects of spruce budworm outbreaks on boreal warblers in eastern Canada
Authors: Drever Mark C. , Smith Adam C. , Venier Lisa A. , Sleep Darren J.H. , MacLean David A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractInsect outbreaks are major natural disturbance events that affect communities of forest birds, either directly by affecting the food supply or indirectly by changing the vegetation composition of forest canopies. An examination of correlations between measures of bird and insect abundance across different spatial scales and over varying time lag effects may provide insight into underlying mechanisms. We developed a hierarchical Bayesian model to assess correlations between counts of eight warbler species from the Breeding Bird Survey in eastern Canada, 1966 to 2009, with the presence of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferanaClem.) at immediate local scales and time‐lagged regional scales, as measured by extent of defoliation on host tree species. Budworm‐associated species Cape May warbler (Setophaga tigrina), bay‐breasted warbler (Setophaga castanea), and Tennessee warbler (Oreothlypis peregrina) responded strongly and positively to both local and regional effects. In contrast, non‐budworm‐associated species, Blackburnian warbler (Setophaga fusca), magnolia warbler (Setophaga magnolia), Canada warbler (Cardellina canadensis), black‐throated blue warbler (Setophaga caerulescens), and black‐throated green warbler (Setophaga virens), only responded to regional effects in a manner that varied across eastern Canada. The complex responses by forest birds to insect outbreaks involve both increased numerical responses to food supply and to longer term responses to changes in forest structure and composition. These effects can vary across spatial scales and be captured in hierarchical population models, which can serve to disentangle common trends from data when examining drivers of population dynamics like forest management or climate change.
Variation in lipid synthesis, but genetic homogeneity, among Leptopilina parasitic wasp populations
Authors: Visser Bertanne , Hance Thierry , Noël Christine , Pels Christophe , Kimura Masahito T. , Stökl Johannes , Geuverink Elzemiek , Nieberding Caroline M. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLipid synthesis can have a major effect on survival and reproduction, yet most insect parasitoids fail to synthesize lipids. For parasitic wasps in the genus Leptopilina, however, studies have suggested that there is intraspecific variation in the ability for lipid synthesis. These studies were performed on only few populations, and a large‐scale investigation of both lipogenic ability and population genetic structure is now needed. Here, we first examined lipogenic ability of nine Leptopilina heterotoma populations collected in 2013 and found that five of nine populations synthesized lipids. The 2013 populations could not be used to determine genetic structure; hence, we obtained another 20 populations in 2016 that were tested for lipogenic ability. Thirteen of 20 populations (all Leptopilina heterotoma) were then used to determine the level of genetic differentiation (i.e., haplotype and nucleotide diversity) by sequencing neutral mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (ITS2) markers. None of the 2016 populations synthesized lipids, and no genetic differentiation was found. Our results did reveal a nearly twofold increase in mean wasp lipid content at emergence in populations obtained in 2016 compared to 2013. We propose that our results can be explained by plasticity in lipid synthesis, where lipogenic ability is determined by environmental factors, such as developmental temperature and/or the amount of lipids carried over from the host.
Does functional homogenization accompany taxonomic homogenization of British birds and how do biotic factors and climate affect these processes?
Authors: White Hannah J. , Montgomery W. Ian , Storchová Lenka , Hořák David , Lennon Jack J. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractEnvironmental change has reshuffled communities often causing taxonomic homogenization rather than differentiation. Some studies suggest that this increasing similarity of species composition between communities is accompanied by an increase in similarity of trait composition—functional homogenization—although different methodologies have failed to come to any consistent conclusions. Functional homogenization could have a large effect on ecosystem functioning and stability. Here, we use the general definition of homogenization as “reduced spatial turnover over time” to compare changes in Simpson's beta diversity (taxonomic turnover) with changes in Rao's quadratic entropy beta diversity (functional turnover) in British breeding birds at three spatial scales. Using biotic and climatic variables, we identify which factors may predispose a site to homogenization. The change in turnover measures between two time periods, 20 years apart, was calculated. A null model approach was taken to identify occurrences of functional homogenization and differentiation independent of changes in taxonomic turnover. We used conditional autoregressive models fitted using integrated nested Laplace approximations to determine how environmental drivers and factors relating to species distributions affect changes in spatial turnover of species and functional diversity. The measurement of functional homogenization affects the chance of rejection of the null models, with many sites showing taxonomic homogenization unaccompanied by functional homogenization, although occurrence varies with spatial scale. At the smallest scale, while temperature‐related variables drive changes in taxonomic turnover, changes in functional turnover are associated with variation in growing degree days; however, changes in functional turnover become more difficult to predict at larger spatial scales. Our results highlight the multifactorial processes underlying taxonomic and functional homogenization and that redundancy in species traits may allow ecosystem functioning to be maintained in some areas despite changes in species composition.
Analysis of cost function based on Kullback–Leibler divergence in independent component analysis for two uniformly distributed source signals
Authors: Tanzawa Kota , Koshita Shunsuke , Abe Masahide , Kawamata Masayuki 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIndependent component analysis plays a central role in blind source separation, leading to many applications of signal processing such as telecommunications, speech processing, and biomedical signal processing. Although the independent component analysis requires cost functions for evaluation of mutual independence of observed signals, little has been reported on theoretical investigation of the characteristics of such cost functions. In this paper, we mathematically analyze the cost function based on Kullback–Leibler divergence in independent component analysis. Our analysis proves that the cost function becomes unimodal when the number of source signals is two and both of the source signals have uniform distributions. In order to derive this result, we make use of whitening of observed signals and we describe the cost function in closed form.
Image enhancement using Retinex and image fusion techniques
Authors: Yamakawa Masaya , Sugita Yasunori 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe image quality improvement techniques based on Retinex theorem are effective for enhancement of visibility in dark area, while visibility in bright area is degraded. This paper presents an image fusion technique using source image and Retinex‐processed image in order to implement high visibility in both bright and dark areas. In the proposed method, the statistic that corresponds to the subject's evaluation is used for image fusion. It is shown through some experiments that the proposed method can generate the image with high visibility in both bright and dark areas, with less computational cost compared with a conventional image fusion method.
Detection of Analgesics and Sedation Drugs in Whiskey Using Electrochemical Paper‐based Analytical Devices
Authors: Dias Anderson A. , Cardoso Thiago M. G. , Chagas Cyro L. S. , Oliveira Virgílio X. G. , Munoz Rodrigo A. A. , Henry Charles S. , Santana Mário H. P. , Paixão Thiago R. L. C. , Coltro Wendell K. T. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe adulteration of whiskey with analgesics and sedation drugs has been a common practice to prevent hangover the following day and promote loss of consciousness. In both situations, the portable and low cost detection platforms are of paramount importance for forensic investigations. This report describes the use of electrochemical paper‐based analytical devices (ePADs) fabricated by pencil drawing for detecting metamizole, paracetamol and midazolam maleate in whiskey. Different types of paper substrates and graphite pencils were initially characterized with ferrocyanide. The best results were achieved using vegetal paper and Aquarelle/6B pencils. ePADs revealed a decrease in current signal indicating a short lifetime, thus limiting their use to disposable sensors. Despite the short lifetime, the graphite pencil ePADs revealed good electrochemical reproducibility (RSD=3.3 %). The forensic feasibility of the proposed ePADs was demonstrated through the analysis of metamizole and paracetamol in whiskey. The limit of detection (LOD) achieved for paracetamol and metamizole were 45 and 20 mg L−1, respectively. ePADs were also tested to detect midazolam maleate in whiskey. The signal recorded exhibited linear correlation in a wide concentration range (25–1000 mg L−1) and a LOD of ca. 5 mg L−1. Considering the disposability and operational simplicity, ePADs offer a good strategy for detecting adulterations in alcoholic beverages at the point‐of‐need.
The Use of a 3D‐printed Microfluidic Device and Pressure Mobilization for Integrating Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection
Authors: Kimlinger Melissa J. , Martin R. Scott 
Published: June 2018

AbstractCapillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemical detection can be a powerful analysis tool; however, previous methods developed to integrate these two techniques can often times be fragile and have alignment issues such that there are no commercially available approaches. In this paper, we present the use of a 3D‐printed Wall‐Jet Electrode device for integrating capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. A pressure mobilization step was also utilized to further reduce noise by allowing the electrophoresis separation step to continue only until the first analyte was close to elution. Then, the separation voltage was terminated and pressure‐based flow was used for elution of the analyte bands onto the electrode surface with a wall‐jet configuration. It is shown that the pressure‐based elution is beneficial for the reduction of baseline noise and elimination of field effects. A mixture of catecholamines were separated to demonstrate effectiveness of the system. In addition, the system was coupled with a Beckman Coulter commercial capillary electrophoresis instrument in a straightforward manner. The system was also shown to be effective in separations done with a high ionic strength physiological buffer. This 3D printing approach can be used by researchers to utilize electrochemical detection on commercial capillary electrophoresis systems by downloading the provided STL and/or CAD files.
Separation and determination of corynoxine and corynoxine B using chiral ionic liquid and hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin as additives by field‐amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Wang Zhiying , Guo Haitao , Chen Meng , Zhang Guangbin , Chang Ruimiao , Chen Anjia 
Published: June 2018

AbstractA sensitive, fast, and effective method, field‐amplified sample stacking (FASS) in capillary electrophoresis, has been established for the separation and determination of corynoxine and corynoxine B. Hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD (HP‐β‐CD) and tetrabutylammonium‐L‐glutamic acid (TBA‐L‐Glu) were used as additives in the separation system. Electrokinetic injection was chosen to introduce sample from inlet at 10 kV for 50 s after a water plug (0.5 psi, 4 s) was injected to permit FASS. The running buffer (pH 6.1) was composed of 40 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution, 130 mM HP‐β‐CD, and 10 mM TBA‐L‐Glu and the separation voltage was 20 kV. Under the optimum conditions, corynoxine and corynoxine B were successfully enriched and separated within 12 min and the sensitivity was improved approximately by 700–900 folds. Calibration curves were in a good linear relationship within the range of 62.5–5.00 × 103 ng/mL for both corynoxine and corynoxine B. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) and quantitation (S/N = 10) were 14.9, 45.2 ng/mL for corynoxine and 11.2, 34.5 ng/mL for corynoxine B, respectively. Finally, this method was successfully applied for the determination of corynoxine and corynoxine B in the stems with hooks of Uncaria rhynchophylla and its formulations.
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Burosumab, an Anti-FGF23 Antibody, in Adults With X-Linked Hypophosphatemia: Week 24 Primary Analysis
Authors: Insogna Karl L , Briot Karine , Imel Erik A , Kamenický Peter , Ruppe Mary D , Portale Anthony A , Weber Thomas , Pitukcheewanont Pisit , Cheong Hae Il , Jan de Beur Suzanne , Imanishi Yasuo , Ito Nobuaki , Lachmann Robin H , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Perwad Farzana , Zhang Lin , Chen Chao-Yin , Theodore-Oklota Christina , Mealiffe Matt , San Martin Javier , Carpenter Thomas O ,   on behalf of the AXLES 1 Investigators
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT

In X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), inherited loss-of-function mutations in the PHEX gene cause excess circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), leading to lifelong renal phosphate wasting and hypophosphatemia. Adults with XLH present with chronic musculoskeletal pain and stiffness, short stature, lower limb deformities, fractures, and pseudofractures due to osteomalacia, accelerated osteoarthritis, dental abscesses, and enthesopathy. Burosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody, binds and inhibits FGF23 to correct hypophosphatemia. This report summarizes results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial of burosumab in symptomatic adults with XLH. Participants with hypophosphatemia and pain were assigned 1:1 to burosumab 1 mg/kg (n = 68) or placebo (n = 66) subcutaneously every 4 weeks (Q4W) and were comparable at baseline. Across midpoints of dosing intervals, 94.1% of burosumab-treated participants attained mean serum phosphate concentration above the lower limit of normal compared with 7.6% of those receiving placebo (p &lt; 0.001). Burosumab significantly reduced the Western Ontario and the McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) stiffness subscale compared with placebo (least squares [LS] mean ± standard error [SE] difference, –8.1 ± 3.24; p = 0.012). Reductions in WOMAC physical function subscale (–4.9 ± 2.48; p = 0.048) and Brief Pain Inventory worst pain (–0.5 ± 0.28; p = 0.092) did not achieve statistical significance after Hochberg multiplicity adjustment. At week 24, 43.1% (burosumab) and 7.7% (placebo) of baseline active fractures were fully healed; the odds of healed fracture in the burosumab group was 16.8-fold greater than that in the placebo group (p &lt; 0.001). Biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption increased significantly from baseline with burosumab treatment compared with placebo. The safety profile of burosumab was similar to placebo. There were no treatment-related serious adverse events or meaningful changes from baseline in serum or urine calcium, intact parathyroid hormone, or nephrocalcinosis. These data support the conclusion that burosumab is a novel therapeutic addressing an important medical need in adults with XLH.© 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.