bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personalized Patient Data and Behavioral Nudges to Improve Adherence to Chronic Cardiovascular Medications
Authors: Ho P. Michael , Glorioso Thomas J. , Allen Larry A. , Blankenhorn Richard , Glasgow Russell E. , Grunwald Gary K. , Khanna Amber , Magid David J. , Marrs Joel , Novins-Montague Sylvie , Orlando Steven , Peterson Pamela , Plomondon Mary E. , Sandy Lisa M. , Saseen Joseph J. , Trinkley Katy E. , Vaughn Shawni , Waughtal Joy , Bull Sheana 
Published: December 2024

ImportancePoor medication adherence is common. Text messaging is increasingly used to change patient behavior but often not rigorously tested.ObjectiveTo compare different types of text messaging strategies with usual care to improve medication refill adherence among patients nonadherent to cardiovascular medications.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsPatient-level randomized pragmatic trial between October 2019 to April 2022 at 3 US health care systems, with last follow-up date of April 11, 2023. Adult (18 to &amp;lt;90 years) patients were eligible based on diagnosis of 1 or more cardiovascular condition(s) and prescribed medication to treat the condition. Patients who did not opt out and had a 7-day refill gap were randomized to 1 of 4 study groups.Intervention(s)Generic text message refill reminders (generic reminder); behavioral nudge text refill reminders (behavioral nudge); behavioral nudge text refill reminders plus a fixed-message chatbot (behavioral nudge + chatbot); usual care.Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrimary outcome was refill adherence based on pharmacy data using proportion of days covered at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were clinical events of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and mortality.ResultsAmong 9501 enrolled patients, baseline characteristics across the 4 groups were comparable (mean age, 60 years; 47% female [n = 4351]; 16% Black [n = 1517]; 49% Hispanic [n = 4564]). At 12 months, the mean proportion of days covered was 62.0% for generic reminder, 62.3% for behavioral nudge, 63.0% for behavioral nudge + chatbot, and 60.6% for usual care (P = .06). In adjusted analysis, when compared with usual care, mean proportion of days covered was 2.2 percentage points (95% CI, 0.3-4.2; P = .02) higher for generic reminder, 2.0 percentage points (95% CI, 0.1-3.9; P = .04) higher for behavioral nudge, and 2.3 percentage points (95%, 0.4-4.2; P = .02) higher for behavioral nudge + chatbot, none of which were statistically significant after multiple comparisons correction. There were no differences in clinical events between study groups.Conclusions and RelevanceText message reminders targeting patients who delay refilling their cardiovascular medications did not improve medication adherence based on pharmacy refill data or reduce clinical events at 12 months. Poor medication adherence may be due to multiple factors. Future interventions may need to be designed to address the multiple factors influencing adherence.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03973931
Anechoic Chambers
Authors: Chung Boon‐Kuan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe geometric shape of the anechoic chamber can be optimized to achieve better performance. Microwave absorbers to be installed over the entire inner surfaces of the anechoic chamber must be properly selected. The selection criteria may include the reflectivity levels for normal and oblique incident angles, operating frequency, bandwidth, type of bulk materials, size, shape, weight, mechanical stability, mounting method, fire retardant, and lifespan. The anechoic chamber must be sufficiently large to provide the required dimensions of the quiet zone. Shielding enclosure is provided to prevent extraneous energy from masking measurements of the intended signals. Ventilation, access doors, lighting, cabling, and heating–ventilation–air conditioning (HVAC) will be incorporated in the design according to the operational purpose of the facility. Different construction methods will give rise to varying degrees of imperfection that determine the shielding effectiveness. The performance of the anechoic environment may be evaluated in terms of amplitude ripple and phase change across the quiet zone. There is much interest in trying to reduce the required investment in constructing an anechoic chamber while still maintaining adequate performance. With a suitable computer simulation tool, together with a reasonable absorber model, the design of anechoic chamber can be made more economical.
Antenna Compact Range
Authors: Kefauver William Neill , Samson Timothy 
Published: December 2024

AbstractCompact ranges are a powerful tool to measure the performance of antennas accurately, efficiently, and with minimal facility investment. The term “compact” comes from the idea that an antenna can be measured without requiring an indoor or outdoor range that is large enough to meet the far‐field criteria. The far‐field criterion is 2D2/λ, whereDis the diameter of the sphere that encloses the antenna, andλis the wavelength. The antenna compact range allows one to have a nearly fixed size quiet zone above the cutoff frequency of the optics. Otherwise, evaluation of antennas must use conventional far‐field equipment—positioners and receivers. This article covers the design concerns with this antenna facility including positioners, multipath, quiet zone, and polarization.
Chirality
Authors: Lakhtakia Akhlesh 
Published: December 2024

AbstractChiral media have the ability to discriminate between left‐ and right‐handed electromagnetic fields. These media can be classified into two types: (1) isotropic chiral media and (2) structurally chiral media. The molecules of a naturally occurring isotropic chiral medium are handed, while an artificial chiral medium can be made by randomly dispersing electrically small, handed inclusions (such as springs) in an isotropic achiral host medium. The molecules or inclusions in a structurally chiral medium, such as a chiral nematic liquid crystal, are randomly positioned but have helicoidal orientational order. Structurally chiral media can also be artificially fabricated either as stacks of uniaxial laminae or using thin‐film technology. Formulations for electromagnetic fields in both classes of chiral media are succinctly presented here.
Reflectarray Antennas
Authors: Encinar Jose A. , Martinez‐de‐Rioja Daniel , Martinez‐de‐Rioja Eduardo 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of reflectarray antennas, covering from their historical development to the latest applications. A reflectarray antenna consists of an array of phase‐shifter cells, which are preadjusted to generate a collimated or shaped beam, when illuminated by an external source. The chapter describes different types of reflectarray cells, analysis and design techniques, as well as some realizations for bandwidth improvement, multifrequency operation, and beam scanning. Various selected applications of reflectarray antennas in radar, imaging, and communications are described. Some of them are already commercialized as automotive radars and imaging scanners for security. Finally, some challenging examples of satellite antennas are shown, such as spaceborne interferometer radars, contoured‐beam antennas for broadcasting, large inflatable reflectarrays, multibeam antennas for satellite communications, and high‐gain antenna for data transmission in CubeSats.
Slot Antennas
Authors: Nakano Hisamatsu 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe radiation pattern and conductance of a thin straight half‐wavelength slot are derived using an assumed electric field distribution over the slot. Subsequently, Babinet's principle, which provides a relationship between the input impedances of a slot and a conducting plate, both having the same shape, is derived. In addition, an antenna evaluation method based on the finite‐difference time‐domain method (FDTDM) is briefly described. Using the FDTDM, straight, bowtie, loop, curl, and spiral slot antennas are analyzed. The analysis reveals (1) the effects of the finiteness of the conducting sheet, in which the straight slot is cut, on the radiation characteristics; (2) the effects of the bowtie angle on the radiation characteristics; (3) the input impedance of the loop as a function of the circumference; and (4) the frequency responses of the curl and spiral slots, acting as circularly polarized radiation elements.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
Authors: Feely Orla , Mulkeen Brian , King Justin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the basic principles of transient circuit analysis, which is a long‐established branch of circuit theory with a wide range of applications. It examines transient behavior in linear circuits and explains the type of behavior that can occur in these circuits. It shows how this behavior can be analyzed by solving appropriate differential equations or by applying the Laplace transform. A brief discussion of transient simulation for nonlinear radio frequency (RF) circuits is also provided, showing how arbitrary frequency‐defined models may be handled via a rational model and time‐domain convolution.
FINITE‐DIFFERENCE TIME-DOMAIN ANALYSIS
Authors: Taflove Allen , Hagness Susan C. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractFor over 100 years after the publication of Maxwell's equations in 1865, essentially all solution techniques for electromagnetic fields and waves were based on Fourier‐domain concepts, assuminga prioria time‐harmonic (sinusoidal steady‐state) field variation and possibly the existence of a particular Green's function or a set of spatial modes. In 1966, Kane Yee's seminal paper introduced a complete paradigm shift in how to solve Maxwell's equations, reporting a field evolution‐in‐time technique that subsequently evolved into the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. In the decades since the publication of Yee's paper, there has been an explosion of interest in FDTD and related grid‐based time‐marched solutions of Maxwell's equations among scientists and engineers. During this period, FDTD modeling has evolved to an advanced stage enabling large‐scale simulations of full‐wave time‐domain electromagnetic wave interactions with volumetrically complex structures over large frequency ranges, spatial scales, and timescales. Currently, FDTD modeling spans the electromagnetic spectrum from ultralow frequencies to visible light. FDTD modeling is routinely conducted as an invaluable virtual laboratory bench in scientific inquiry and exploration in electrodynamics; as an integral part of the electromagnetic engineering design and optimization process; and as a powerful forward solver in imaging and sensing inverse problems. This article reviews the technical basis of the key features of FDTD solution techniques for Maxwell's equations and provides 18 modeling examples spanning the electromagnetic spectrum to illustrate the power, flexibility, and robust nature of FDTD computational electrodynamics simulations.
INTEGRAL EQUATIONS
Authors: Rao S. M. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn this chapter, we present simple and efficient numerical solution methods for solving several types of integral equations encountered in electromagnetic engineering problems. All these methods can be categorized into a single method popularly known as the method of moments (MOM). Initially, we present the method for simple one‐ and two‐dimensional problems and later extend the method to more complex three‐dimensional problems. Although the MOM solution technique is the most popular method for calculating radar cross section (RCS) of complex objects, it is limited by prohibitively large computational and memory requirements if attempted to use in the millimeter wave region (30–300 GHz). Lastly, in this work, a new procedure is described to estimate RCS of truly complex and practical problems and to overcome the limitation imposed by conventional MOM scheme.
RF MOSFETs
Authors: Kumari Vandana , Gupta Mridula , Saxena Manoj 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn this article, the RF performance of different MOSFET architectures such as Silicon‐On‐Insulator (SOI), Lightly Doped Drain (LDD) MOSFET, Graphene FET, and Negative Capacitance (NC) FET have been reported based on the previously reported work in the form of equivalent circuits. Using the data reported in the literature, the cutoff frequency and maximum frequency of oscillation have been summarized with varying channel lengths. Compared results show that multigate architecture results in higher cutoff frequency and a maximum frequency of oscillation, which can be further increased by decreasing the channel length of the MOSFET architecture. However, the deterioration in the resulting device gain at lower channel length has also been reported. Furthermore, the performance of SOI, Silicon‐on‐Nothing (SON), Double Gate (DG), Double‐Gate Silicon‐On‐Insulator (DGSOI), and Empty Space in Double‐Gate (ESDG) architectures have been explored using ATLAS TCAD software tool for RF and digital parameters investigation. The various parameters explored in this article are current density, electric field, breakdown voltage, impact ionization rate, scattering parameters, noise conductance, minimum noise figure, and cross‐correlation factor. The presented results show that, for the same drain current value, ESDG architecture has higher device gain compared to other devices used for comparison along with higher cutoff frequency. However, this higher device gain comes at the cost of a slightly higher minimum noise figure but with improved noise conductance and cross‐correlation factor (slightly higher than DG). Thus, ESDG is a reliable candidate for LNA design compared to other devices.
ANTENNA TESTING AND MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Kefauver W. Neill , Samson Timothy 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAntenna measurements have a wide range of end uses; in many cases, the need is to verify as‐built performance against the evermore sophisticated design tools. These electromagnetic design tools now include details on surface roughness and dielectric loading with computational speeds that make these problem easily completed on engineering workstation that would have required supercomputers a decade ago. In addition, the resulting simulations can be tied from RF (radio frequency) fields into detailed physics associated with power handling due to heat, corona breakdown, saturation, and multipaction. Properly verifying the performance has hence become more complex as the margins continue to be reduced on as‐built designs, and the antennas have more embedded electronics.Antenna measurements have thus become more detailed with the increasing complexity of antennas. In the 1950s, the phase or quadrature response of the antenna was not required for many systems, only power detection was necessary. As the systems started to use techniques of phase and frequency modulation, the measurement of phase became more essential to characterizing system performance and improving polarization data also. Next, the need for knowledge extended to frequency and eventually time domain as increasingly the antenna became another electronic component in the microwave designers' tool kit. In the 2000s, the antenna has evolved into a shaped multibeam, polarization, and frequency agile device, not just for the military but for communications systems as well. In application, the next generation, from the 2020s onward, will see the concept of an antenna become blurred as the digital realm begins to reach down into the final layers of RF devices to the antenna itself.Not all antenna testing is providing measurements of fields, but for this article, the author will not investigate testing that is not unique to antennas, such as temperature, vibration, shock, humidity, stress, wind, and other possibilities. Unless the RF properties are part of the performance evaluated during these other types of tests, the testing methods would be the same as for any black box taken to an environmental test facility.
FULL‐DUPLEX COMMUNICATIONS ANTENNAS
Authors: Smida Besma , Khaledian Seiran , Farzami Farhad , Atiqul Islam Md , Erricolo Danilo 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSingle‐antenna in‐band full‐duplex communication technology has the potential to substantially increase spectral efficiency. However, the implementation of full‐duplex systems is constrained by the cancellation of self‐interference (SI). This chapter provides an overview of all methodologies used to maintain a low level of SI in real‐time. First, a new analog SI cancellation technique is proposed. A radiofrequency (RF) circulator is used to separate transmitted (Tx) and received (Rx) signals. Instead of estimating the SI signals and subtracting them from the Rx signals, the inherent secondary SI signals at the circulator, reflected by the antenna, is used to cancel the primary SI signals leaked from the Tx port to the Rx port. The frequency response of the secondary SI signals is modified through a reconfigurable impedance mismatched terminal (IMT) circuit, which consists of two varactor diodes at the antenna port. The IMT adjustability makes it robust to antenna input impedance variations and fabrication errors.Second, a comprehensive residual SI model based on a direct‐conversion transceiver structure considering nonlinearities of all the transceiver radio frequency components, in‐phase/quadrature (IQ) imbalances, phase noise effect, and receiver noise figure is offered. A more appropriate digital SI cancellation approach considering receiver chain RF and baseband (BB) nonlinearities is proposed to validate this model.Finally, a prototype of the proposed technique at 2.45 GHz is analyzed and fabricated. An analog cancellation exceeding 40 dB over 65 MHz of bandwidth is achieved. The performance of the digital cancellation strategy is investigated and it achieves 20 dB more cancellation compared to existing methods.
Cluster Missile‐Inspired Dynamic Nanocomposite Hydrogel Precisely Mediates Robust Locoregional Tumor Theranostics
Authors: Ma Jingge , Gong Beilei , Hu Wenlei , Liu Junheng , Wang Yujing , Wang Zixuan , Yang Xuefeng , Wang Xin , Yang Hailin , Yan Guoqing 
Published: December 2024

AbstractLocoregional injectable tumoral theranostic nanocomposite hydrogels have shown great potential for clinical transformation, owing to their integration of the advantageous features of both systems, whilst simultaneously minimizing their drawbacks. However, how the nanomedicines efficiently escape from hydrogel and circumvent the intrinsically conflicting attributes between tumor penetration and accumulation directly determines the theranostic efficiency. Herein, a cluster missile‐inspired dynamic nanocomposite hydrogel synthesized via Schiff base reaction between crosslinked synergistic size‐changeable nano‐prodrugs (NPs) and glutaraldehyde (GA) is successfully developed. The hydrogel, analogous to a cluster missile, can efficiently release NPs with an initial size of 25.3 nm for deep tumor distribution and cellular internalization by responding to the tumoral extracellular pH, while precisely directing their exceptionally high cellular accumulation and highly selective drug release in response to the tumoral intracellular pH/glutathione (GSH), thereby achieving robust locoregional chemotherapy. Furthermore, platinum heavy metals within NPs confer upon the hydrogel an ability to spatiotemporally monitor dynamic changes in both itself and tumor tissues without necessitating additional conventional imaging agents. Thus, such a cluster missile‐inspired dynamic nanocomposite hydrogel paves the way toward clinical use for precise locoregional tumor theranostics.
An Electro‐Driven Dynamic and Multicolored Radiative Thermal Regulation Material for All‐Year‐Round Building Energy Saving
Authors: Zhao Siming , Wu Xueke , Guo Zhenyu , Huang Ya , Liu Ruina , Zhao Zhuojing , Xu Jiaqi , Wang Fei , Jiang Qinyuan , Xi Aike , Li Run , Lan Fan , Zhao Yanlong , Zhang Rufan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractRational dynamic thermal regulation of both solar and thermal regions is of significant importance for building energy saving. In this work, an electro‐driven dynamic radiative thermal regulation material (EDRTRM) capable of switching the thermal regulation capacity between the heating, white cooling, and multicolored cooling (blue, green, and yellow) modes is designed. These multi‐modes with high thermal regulation power and color variation are achieved through a synergistic material combination involving an electrochromism of Prussian blue (PB) and the electrodeposition of copper (Cu) with a polyformaldehyde (POM)‐based mid‐infrared (MIR) emitter. Optical characterization confirmed the superior spectral performance of materials, with a remarkable modulation capability of power density up to 659 W m−2, indicating an exceptional heating and cooling performance, which is evidenced by a temperature modulation difference of up to 11 °C. Notably, the EDRTRM under a multi‐colored cooling mode also achieves a temperature reduction of ≈ 4–6 °C. The EnergyPlus simulations demonstrate that the EDRTRM can save a huge amount of energy consumption of 16.56 MJ m−2 in cities with seasonal temperature variations such as Beijing. This dual‐functional design not only maximizes thermal regulation capabilities but also satisfies aesthetic requirements, showcasing its potential for widespread practical application.
Sonoactivated Z‐Scheme Heterojunction for Enhanced Sonodynamic Mitophagy Inhibition and Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Zheng Yi , Zhang Tianhu , Chang Meiqi , Xia Lili , Chen Liang , Ding Li , Chen Yu , Wu Rong 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSonodynamic therapy (SDT) has emerged as a potent therapeutic modality to generate intratumoral toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in combating refractory triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, its therapeutic efficacy is compromised due to pro‐survival cancer‐cell mitophagy to mitigate mitochondrial oxidative damage. Here, an “all‐in‐one” tumor‐therapeutic strategy that integrates nanosonosensitizer‐augmented noninvasive SDT with mitophagy inhibition is reported. This is achieved using a rationally constructed sonoactivated liquid Z‐scheme heterojunction that connects sonosensitizer PtCu3 nanocages and mitophagy‐blocking sonosensitizer BP nanosheets via an amphipathic organic linker (PEI‐PEG5000‐C18). The conjugated electron mediator (M, Cp*Rh(phen)Cl) is strategically positioned between the 2 sonosensitizers to facilitate electron transfer. This M‐based Z‐scheme configuration prolongs the separation of sonoactivated electron‐hole pairs, leading to efficient ROS generation upon ultrasound stimulation. Importantly, Cu2+ released from PtCu3 expedites BP degradation by reducing phosphorus vacancy formation energy, improving the overall biodegradability of BP‐M‐PtCu3 and favoring phosphate ions production. These ions elevate lysosomal pH, inhibiting the hydrolysis of damaged mitochondria within autophagic lysosomes, thus preventing cancer cell self‐preservation under oxidative stress and effectively eliminating TNBC. It is believe that the M‐based sonoactivated Z‐scheme heterojunction will be a promising sonosensitizer structure, and the sonodynamic mitophagy inhibition strategy offers valuable prospects for cancer treatment.