bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sterically Constrained Bicyclic Phosphines: A Class of Fascinating Compounds Suitable for Application in Small Molecule Activation and Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Brand Alexander , Uhl Werner 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBicyclic phosphines with two annulated, electronically unsaturated five‐membered heterocycles are available through facile routes. In most cases, their phosphorus atoms are bound to heteroatoms such as oxygen or nitrogen (PN3 or PN2O), whereas homoleptic coordination by three sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms has been reported only recently. Steric strain causes unique reactivity. Oxidative addition of halogens, N−H or O−H bonds have afforded phosphoranes as valuable materials for secondary processes. Ring opening was identified as an important step for the understanding of these reactions and has been observed experimentally with a diphosphorus‐based ring system. A PH2 derivative has been considered as a model system for small molecule activation, and hydrogen transfer to a diazo compound was observed experimentally. Several of these phosphines are excellent ligands for the coordination of transition‐metal atoms. The very bulky PC3 compound has a basicity similar to that of PPh3 and may allow the synthesis of complexes with unusually low coordination numbers at the metal atoms. These phosphines found recently renewed interest as promising reagents in various secondary transformations such as the activation of σ‐bonds or in coordination chemistry.
Photodynamic Activity of Fullerene Derivatives Solubilized in Water by Natural‐Product‐Based Solubilizing Agents
Authors: Antoku Daiki , Sugikawa Kouta , Ikeda Atsushi 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWater‐soluble fullerenes prepared by using solubilizing agents based on natural products are promising photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Cyclodextrin, β‐1,3‐glucan, lysozyme, and liposomes can stably solubilize not only C60 and C70, but also some C60 derivatives in water. To improve the solubilities of fullerenes, specific methods have been developed for each solubilizing agent. Water‐soluble C60 and C70 exhibit photoinduced cytotoxicity under near‐ultraviolet irradiation, but not at wavelengths over 600 nm, which are the appropriate wavelengths for photodynamic therapy. However, dyad complexes of solubilized C60 derivatives combined with light‐harvesting antenna molecules improve the photoinduced cytotoxicities at wavelengths over 600 nm. Furthermore, controlling the fullerene and antenna molecule positions within the solubilizing agents affects the performance of the photosensitizer.
Visible Light‐Induced Methoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation of Trimethylsilyl Enol Ethers and Allyltrimethylsilanes with FSO2CF2CO2Me
Authors: Yu Wei , Ouyang Yao , Xu Xiu‐Hua , Qing Feng‐Ling 
Published: August 2018

AbstractA photocatalytic methoxycarbonyldifluoromethylation of trimethylsilyl enol ethers with FSO2CF2CO2Me in the presence of fac‐Ir(ppy)3 was developed. This reaction provided a practical strategy for the construction of various α‐CF2CO2R aromatic ketones, which are difficult to access by other methods. Furthermore, a series of methoxycarbonyldifluoromethylated allylic compounds could also be obtained from allyltrimethylsilanes using the same strategy. The resulting CF2CO2R‐containing products are useful building blocks and potentially valuable in medicinal chemistry and material sciences.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Antiangiogenic Activity of Polyfluorinated Benzamides
Authors: Steinebach Christian , Ambrożak Agnieszka , Dosa Stefan , Beedie Shaunna L. , Strope Jonathan D. , Schnakenburg Gregor , Figg William D. , Gütschow Michael 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe introduction of fluorine into bioactive molecules is a matter of importance in medicinal chemistry. In this study, representatives of various chemical entities of fluoroaromatic compounds were synthesized. Depending on the reaction conditions, either tetrafluorophthalimides or ammonium tetrafluorophthalamates are accessible from tetrafluorophthalic anhydride and primary amines. Tetrafluorophthalamic acids undergo thermal decarboxylation to yield tetrafluorobenzamides. These could be successfully converted upon treatment with primary amines, in the course of an aromatic nucleophilic substitution, to 2,3,5‐trifluorobenzamides with respective amino substituents at the 4‐position. The five structure types were characterized by means of spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. The synthesized compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of angiogenesis by measuring microvessel outgrowth in a rat aortic ring assay. The biological activity was maintained throughout these different polyfluorinated chemotypes.
Preparation and Culture of Human Liver Resident Immune Cells
Authors: Feng Hao , Ou Baochi , Dong Wei , Thasler Wolfgang E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCo‐cultivation of tumor cells and liver resident immune cells or other non‐parenchymal cells (NPCs) from the same donor is important for the study of cancer metastasis. So far, little is known about the mechanism of tumor cell or pathogen clearance, leukocyte infiltration, and immune cell recruitment in the human liver. To investigate these processes in vitro, the use of primary human hepatocytes and non‐parenchymal cell, especially immune cell, co‐culture systems play essential roles in the establishment of cell–cell and cell–extracellular matrix communications similar to native liver tissues. Hepatic non‐parenchymal cells mainly comprise liver sinusoid endothelial cells (LSECs), microvascular endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells (KCs), natural killer T (iNKT) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs). Here we describe procedures for preparation, isolation, and culture of human liver resident immune cells and other non‐parenchymal cells. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Protein Expression Vectors for E. coli
Authors: Riggs Paul D. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEscherichia coli is often the first host chosen for recombinant protein production, due to its low cost, ease of use, and the wide range of molecular tools available. After the gene of interest is cloned, the first task of the researcher is to choose a suitable protein expression vector for protein production. The number of possible vectors is vast, but a good background of the advantages and disadvantages of the various types of vectors can help in designing a successful strategy. This unit provides an introduction to the elements that make up an expression vector and guidance in applying those elements to the production of a particular protein. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Human Papillomavirus Integration: Analysis by Molecular Combing and Fiber‐FISH
Authors: Redmond Catherine J. , Fu Haiqing , Aladjem Mirit I. , McBride Alison A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) are frequently integrated in HPV‐associated cancers. HPV genomes can be integrated in three patterns: A single integrated HPV genome (type I), multiple, tandemly integrated HPV genomes (type II), and multiple, tandemly integrated HPV genomes interspersed with host DNA (type III). Analysis of the organization of type II and type III integration sites is complicated by their repetitive nature, as sequences of individual repeats are difficult to distinguish from each other. This article presents a method for directly visualizing HPV integration sites using molecular combing combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization, also known as fiber‐FISH. In this technique, genomic DNA is stretched across a glass coverslip and individual integrated HPV sequences are detected and directly visualized by in situ hybridization with a resolution of ∼1 kb. Fiber‐FISH allows comprehensive characterization of the genomic organization of HPV integration sites containing type II and type III integration. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enhancing Durability and Photoelectrochemical Performance of the Earth Abundant Ni–Mo/TiO2/CdS/CIGS Photocathode under Various pH Conditions
Authors: Baek Minki , Zafar Muhammad , Kim Seongbeen , Kim Do‐Heyoung , Jeon Chan‐Wook , Lee Jinwoo , Yong Kijung 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) is a promising photocathode material owing to its high absorption coefficient, adjustable band gap, and suitable band edge for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, most CIGS photocathodes have suffered from instability in applications that require a wide range of pH conditions and have utilized noble metal HER catalysts to achieve a high performance. Thus, improving the durability of the CIGS photocathode under various pH conditions and developing a cost‐effective non‐noble metal catalyst are critical issues in the photoelectrochemical (PEC) application of this promising photocathode material. Here, we catalyze the CIGS photocathode with Ni–Mo as a non‐noble metal to enhance the PEC efficiency, and we employ atomically grown TiO2 to passivate the CdS/CIGS surface and improve the stability under a wide range of pH conditions. Our Ni–Mo alloy exhibits the best HER catalytic activity among reported earth‐abundant HER catalysts in both acidic and alkaline solutions. The Ni–Mo/CdS/CIGS photocathode yields an onset potential of 0.5 V (vs. RHE) and a short‐circuit photocurrent density as high as 15–25 mA cm−2 under various pH conditions ranging from 0.4 to 14, which is highly comparable to that of Pt/CdS/CIGS. Furthermore, the passivation of CdS/CIGS with a thin TiO2 layer, obtained by atomic layer deposition, effectively prevents the photocorrosion of CdS and the dissolution of the Mo back contact, which are the main causes of the degradation of the photocathode. The optimized Ni–Mo/TiO2/CdS/CIGS photocathode produces a stable photocurrent density at 0 VRHE for 100 minutes except under strong alkaline conditions. The current work presents a very useful method to improve the efficiency and durability of the CIGS photocathodes with an earth‐abundant metal catalyst, which completely replaces Pt.
Room‐Temperature Atomic‐Layer‐Deposited Al2O3 Improves the Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells over Time
Authors: Kot Malgorzata , Kegelmann Lukas , Das Chittaranjan , Kus Peter , Tsud Nataliya , Matolinova Iva , Albrecht Steve , Matolin Vladimir , Schmeisser Dieter 
Published: August 2018

AbstractElectrical characterisation of perovskite solar cells consisting of room‐temperature atomic‐layer‐deposited aluminium oxide (RT‐ALD‐Al2O3) film on top of a methyl ammonium lead triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3) absorber showed excellent stability of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) over a long time. Under the same environmental conditions (for 355 d), the average PCE of solar cells without the ALD layer decreased from 13.6 to 9.6 %, whereas that of solar cells containing 9 ALD cycles of depositing RT‐ALD‐Al2O3 on top of CH3NH3PbI3 increased from 9.4 to 10.8 %. Spectromicroscopic investigations of the ALD/perovskite interface revealed that the maximum PCE with the ALD layer is obtained when the so‐called perovskite cleaning process induced by ALD precursors is complete. The PCE enhancement over time is probably related to a self‐healing process induced by the RT‐ALD‐Al2O3 film. This work may provide a new direction for further improving the long‐term stability and performance of perovskite solar cells.
Efficient, Self‐Terminating Isolation of Cellulose Nanocrystals through Periodate Oxidation in Pickering Emulsions
Authors: Liu Peiwen , Pang Bo , Tian Lin , Schäfer Timmy , Gutmann Torsten , Liu Huan , Volkert Cynthia A. , Buntkowsky Gerd , Zhang Kai 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMany efforts have been made to isolate native nanocrystals from raw materials in the last two decades, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), but existing methods still suffer from low yields, complicated synthesis processes, and nonuniform sizes of obtained CNCs. This study concerns a facile, self‐terminating, and efficient method for the formation of uniform CNCs in high yields during the periodate oxidation process within Pickering emulsions. A biphasic system containing hexane with dissolved hexylamine and an aqueous solution of sodium periodate (NaIO4) was used as the reaction medium. Regulated by hexylamine, owing to its limited solubility in water, the pH value of the aqueous phase was enhanced to around 9.8, leading to the precipitation of sodium orthoperiodate (Na2H3IO6) nanoplates and thus the formation of the initial Pickering emulsions. During the gradual formation of cellulose nanofibers and then CNCs, CNCs were attracted to stabilize the interface of the Pickering emulsions, which prevented further decomposition of CNCs by the oxidizing agent in aqueous suspensions. Thus, this isolation strategy secured the efficient separation of CNCs based on their own particular amphiphilic properties and achieved a high yield of up to 56 wt %.
Metabolism of vesatolimod in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes: Metabolic stability assessment, metabolite identification, and interspecies comparison
Authors: Li Wen , Zhang Jing , Wang Yanping , Hu Fangdi , Zhang Yinghua 
Published: August 2018

AbstractVesatolimod (GS‐9620) is an agonist of toll‐like receptor (TLR7) 7, which has been developed as an anti‐hepatitis B virus (HBV) agent. The focus of the present study is on the metabolic stability evaluation and metabolite identification of GS‐9620 in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes, as well as interspecies comparison. The average observed in vitro T1/2 values were 3.06, 13.06, and 15.56 minutes in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes, respectively. The findings suggested that GS‐9620 was rapidly metabolized in the presence of reductive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in rat liver microsomes (RLM), and moderately metabolized in dog liver microsomes (DLM) and human liver microsomes (HLM). Subsequently, the metabolites were characterized using an ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap orbitrap tandem mass spectrometer (UHPLC–LTQ–Orbitrap–MS) with dd‐MS2 on‐line data acquisition mode. Under the current conditions, a total of 18 metabolites were detected and their identities were proposed by comparing their accurate masses, fragmental ions, and retention times with those of GS‐9620. Three metabolites (M2, M4, and M18) were authentically identified by using reference standards. In RLM, 16 metabolites were identified with M2 being the most abundant metabolite. M4, M5, and M9 were rat‐specific. In DLM, 12 minor metabolites were identified with a dog‐specific metabolite (M6). In HLM, GS‐9620 showed similar metabolic profiles to that in DLM, and 11 minor metabolites were detected with M12 being human‐specific. Based on the identified metabolites, the metabolic pathways of GS‐9620 were proposed, including hydroxylation, bis‐hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and oxidative deamination.
Linking marine ecosystems with the services they supply: what are the relevant service providing units?
Authors: Culhane Fiona E. , Frid Christoper L. J. , Royo Gelabert Eva , White Lydia , Robinson Leonie A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMarine ecosystems support supply of ecosystem services (ESs) through processes and functions carried out by diverse biological elements. Managing sustainability ofESuse requires linking services to the parts of ecosystems supplying them. We specified marine service providing units (SPUs) as plausible combinations of a biotic group (e.g., bacteria, seabirds) with an associated major habitat (e.g., sublittoral sediment). We developed a network model for large marine ecosystems, documenting 2,916 links between 153SPUs with 31 services. Coastal habitats and their taxa accounted for 48% of links, but all habitats with their taxa contribute to at least 20ESs. Through network analysis, we showed some services link to certain key habitats, while others are less clearly defined in space, being supported by a variety of habitats and their taxa. Analysis highlighted large‐scale flows across marine habitats that are essential in underpinning continued supply of certainESs, for example, seed dispersal. If we only protect habitats where services are used, we will not fully protect the supply of services reliant on mobile taxa moving between habitats. This emerged because we considered habitats and their taxa together. We recommend using combinations of habitats and taxa asSPUs when informing marine ecosystem management and conservation.
Rigor and reproducibility via laboratory studies of eating behavior: A focused update and conceptual review
Authors: Sysko Robyn , Steinglass Joanna , Schebendach Janet , Mayer Laurel E. S. , Walsh B. Timothy 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe eating behavior of individuals with eating disorders has been examined in laboratory settings over the last 30 years. In this focused review, we build on prior research and highlight several feeding laboratory paradigms that have successfully demonstrated quantifiable and observable behavioral disturbances, and thereby add rigor and reproducibility to the examination of disturbances of eating behavior. This review describes the measures commonly obtained via these laboratory techniques. Supporting Information Appendices with detailed information about implementation are provided to allow for the reproducible execution of these techniques across labs.Methods/ResultsLiterature documenting the existence of objective abnormalities in eating behavior among individuals with eating disorders or in comparison to healthy controls (n > 40) is briefly summarized. These protocols, conducted across at least 17 independent labs, are sensitive and reproducible, can be used to assess subjective and physiological parameters associated with eating, and elucidate the impact of treatment. Laboratory studies from patients with eating disorders compared with healthy controls reproducibly demonstrate both that patients with Anorexia Nervosa ingest fewer calories and that individuals with Bulimia Nervosa and Binge‐Eating Disorder ingest more calories when asked to binge‐eat.DiscussionFeeding laboratory studies have the potential for quantifying the characteristic behavioral psychopathology of patients with eating disorders, and may provide a useful tool to explore the potential utility of new treatments for individuals with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Binge‐Eating Disorder.
Discontinuities in soil strength contribute to destabilization of nutrient‐enriched creeks
Authors: Wigand Cathleen , Watson Elizabeth B. , Martin Rose , Johnson David S. , Warren R. Scott , Hanson Alana , Davey Earl , Johnson Roxanne , Deegan Linda 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn a whole‐ecosystem, nutrient addition experiment in the Plum Island Sound Estuary (Massachusetts), we tested the effects of nitrogen enrichment on the carbon and nitrogen contents, respiration, and strength of marsh soils. We measured soil shear strength within and across vegetation zones. We found significantly higher soil percent organic matter, carbon, and nitrogen in the long‐term enriched marshes and higher soil respiration rates with longer duration of enrichment. The soil strength was similar in magnitude across depths and vegetation zones in the reference creeks, but showed signs of significant nutrient‐mediated alteration in enriched creeks where shear strength at rooting depths of the low marsh–high marsh interface zone was significantly lower than at the sub‐rooting depths or in the creek bank vegetation zone. To more closely examine the soil strength of the rooting (10–30 cm) and sub‐rooting (40–60 cm) depths in the interface and creek bank vegetation zones, we calculated a vertical shear strength differential between these depths. We found significantly lower differentials in shear strength (rooting depth < sub‐rooting depths) in the enriched creeks and in the interface zones. The discontinuities in the vertical and horizontal shear strength across the enriched marshes may contribute to observed fracturing and slumping occurring in the marsh systems. Tide gauge data also showed a pattern of rapid sea level rise for the period of the study, and changes in plant distribution patterns were indicative of increased flooding. Longer exposure times to nutrient‐enriched waters and increased hydraulic energy associated with sea level rise may exacerbate creek bank sloughing. Additional research is needed, however, to better understand the interactions of nutrient enrichment and sea level rise on soil shear strength and stability of tidal salt marshes.
Three novel methods to estimate abundance of unmarked animals using remote cameras
Authors: Moeller Anna K. , Lukacs Paul M. , Horne Jon S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAbundance and density estimates are central to the field of ecology and are an important component of wildlife management. While many methods exist to estimate abundance from individually identifiable animals, it is much more difficult to estimate abundance of unmarked animals. One step toward noninvasive abundance estimation is the use of passive detectors such as remote cameras or acoustic recording devices. However, existing methods for estimating abundance from cameras for unmarked animals are limited by variable detection probability and have not taken full advantage of the information in camera trapping rate. We developed a time to event (TTE) model to estimate abundance from trapping rate. This estimate requires independent estimates of animal movement, so we collapsed the sampling occasions to create a space to event (STE) model that is not sensitive to movement rate. We further simplified the STE model into an instantaneous sampling (IS) estimator that applies fixed‐area counts to cameras. The STE and IS models utilize time‐lapse photographs to eliminate the variability in detection probability that comes with motion‐sensor photographs. We evaluated the three methods with simulations and performed a case study to estimate elk (Cervus canadensis) abundance from remote camera trap data in Idaho. Simulations demonstrated that the TTE model is sensitive to movement rate, but the STE and IS methods are unbiased regardless of movement. In our case study, elk abundance estimates were comparable to those from a recent aerial survey in the area, demonstrating that these new methods allow biologists to estimate abundance from unmarked populations without tracking individuals over time.