bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of the Missing Baryons toward the Sightline of H1821+643
Authors: Kovács Orsolya E. , Bogdán Ákos , Smith Randall K. , Kraft Ralph P. , Forman William R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Based on constraints from Big Bang nucleosynthesis and the cosmic microwave background, the baryon content of the high-redshift Universe can be precisely determined. However, at low redshift, about one-third of the baryons remain unaccounted for, which poses the long-standing missing baryon problem. The missing baryons are believed to reside in large-scale filaments in the form of warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM). In this work, we employ a novel stacking approach to explore the hot phases of the WHIM. Specifically, we utilize the 470 ks Chandra LETG data of the luminous quasar, H 1821+643, along with previous measurements of UV absorption line systems and spectroscopic redshift measurements of galaxies toward the quasar’s sightline. We repeatedly blueshift and stack the X-ray spectrum of the quasar corresponding to the redshifts of the 17 absorption line systems. Thus, we obtain a stacked spectrum with 8.0 Ms total exposure, which allows us to probe X-ray absorption lines with unparalleled sensitivity. Based on the stacked data, we detect an O vii absorption line that exhibits a Gaussian line profile and is statistically significant at the 3.3σ level. Since the redshifts of the UV absorption line systems were known a priori, this is the first definitive detection of an X-ray absorption line originating from the WHIM. The equivalent width of the O vii line is (4.1 ± 1.3) mÅ, which corresponds to an O vii column density of

. We constrain the absorbing gas to have a density of

for a single WHIM filament. We derive

for the cosmological mass density of O vii, assuming that all 17 systems contribute equally.
Constraints on Upper Cutoffs in the Mass Functions of Young Star Clusters
Authors: Mok Angus , Chandar Rupali , Fall S. Michael 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
We test claims that the power-law mass functions of young star clusters (ages ≲ few × 108 yr) have physical upper cutoffs at

. Specifically, we perform maximum likelihood fits of the Schechter function,

, to the observed cluster masses in eight well-studied galaxies (LMC, SMC, NGC 4214, NGC 4449, M83, M51, Antennae, and NGC 3256). In most cases, we find that a wide range of cutoff masses is permitted (

). We find a weak detection at

in one case (M51) and strong evidence against this value in two cases. However, when we include realistic errors in cluster masses in our analysis, the constraints on M
* become weaker and there are no significant detections (even for M51). Our data are generally consistent with much larger cutoffs, at

. This is the predicted cutoff from dynamical models in which old globular clusters and young clusters observed today formed by similar physical processes with similar initial mass functions.
Oral Treatment with BT-11 Ameliorates Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Enhancing Regulatory T Cell Responses in the Gut
Authors: Leber Andrew , Hontecillas Raquel , Zoccoli-Rodriguez Victoria , Chauhan Jyoti , Bassaganya-Riera Josep 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an expanding autoimmune disease afflicting millions that remains difficult to treat due to the accumulation of multiple immunological changes. BT-11 is an investigational new drug for IBD that is orally active, gut restricted, and targets the lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 immunometabolic pathway. CD25+ FOXP3+ CD4+ T cells are increased locally within the colon of BT-11–treated mice in Citrobacter rodentium and IL-10−/− mouse models of colitis. The maintained efficacy of BT-11 in the absence of IL-10 combined with the loss of efficacy when direct cell–cell interactions are prevented suggest that the regulatory T cell (Treg)–related elements of suppression are cell contact–mediated. When PD-1 is inhibited, both in vitro and in vivo, the efficacy of BT-11 is reduced, validating this assertion. The depletion of CD25+ cells in vivo abrogated the retention of therapeutic efficacy postdiscontinuation of treatment, indicating that Tregs are implicated in the maintenance of tolerance mediated by BT-11. Furthermore, the involvement of CD25 suggested a role of BT-11 in IL-2 signaling. Cotreatment with BT-11 and IL-2 greatly enhances the differentiation of CD25+ FOXP3+ cells from naive CD4+ T cells relative to either alone. BT-11 enhances phosphorylation of STAT5, providing a direct linkage to the regulation of FOXP3 transcription. Notably, when STAT5 is inhibited, the effects of BT-11 on the differentiation of Tregs are blocked. BT-11 effectively enhances the IL-2/STAT5 signaling axis to induce the differentiation and stability of CD25+ FOXP3+ cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa to support immunoregulation and immunological tolerance in IBD.
Lipschitz-free Spaces on Finite Metric Spaces
Authors: Dilworth Stephen J. , Kutzarova Denka , Ostrovskii Mikhail I. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMain results of the paper are as follows:(1) For any finite metric space$M$the Lipschitz-free space on$M$contains a large well-complemented subspace that is close to$\ell _{1}^{n}$.(2) Lipschitz-free spaces on large classes of recursively defined sequences of graphs are not uniformly isomorphic to$\ell _{1}^{n}$of the corresponding dimensions. These classes contain well-known families of diamond graphs and Laakso graphs.Interesting features of our approach are: (a) We consider averages over groups of cycle-preserving bijections of edge sets of graphs that are not necessarily graph automorphisms. (b) In the case of such recursive families of graphs as Laakso graphs, we use the well-known approach of Grünbaum (1960) and Rudin (1962) for estimating projection constants in the case where invariant projections are not unique.
Variations in the summer oceanic pCO2 and carbon sink in Prydz Bay using the self-organizing map analysis approach
Authors: Xu Suqing , Park Keyhong , Wang Yanmin , Chen Liqi , Qi Di , Li Bingrui 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. This study applies a neural network technique to produce maps
of oceanic surface pCO2 in Prydz Bay in the Southern
Ocean on a weekly 0.1∘ longitude × 0.1∘ latitude
grid based on in situ measurements obtained during the 31st CHINARE cruise
from February to early March 2015. This study area was divided into three
regions, namely, the “open-ocean” region, “sea-ice” region and “shelf” region. The
distribution of oceanic pCO2 was mainly affected by
physical processes in the open-ocean region, where mixing and upwelling were
the main controls. In the sea-ice region, oceanic pCO2
changed sharply due to the strong change in seasonal ice. In the shelf
region, biological factors were the main control. The weekly oceanic
pCO2 was estimated using a self-organizing map (SOM) with
four proxy parameters (sea surface temperature, chlorophyll a
concentration, mixed Layer Depth and sea surface salinity) to overcome the
complex relationship between the biogeochemical and physical conditions in
the Prydz Bay region. The reconstructed oceanic pCO2 data
coincide well with the in situ pCO2 data from
SOCAT, with a root mean square error of 22.14 µatm. Prydz Bay
was mainly a strong CO2 sink in February 2015, with a monthly
averaged uptake of 23.57±6.36 TgC. The oceanic CO2 sink is
pronounced in the shelf region due to its low oceanic
pCO2 values and peak biological production.
Mineral formation induced by cable bacteria performing long-distance electron transport in marine sediments
Authors: Geerlings Nicole M. J. , Zetsche Eva-Maria , Hidalgo-Martinez Silvia , Middelburg Jack J. , Meysman Filip J. R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Cable bacteria are multicellular, filamentous microorganisms that are capable
of transporting electrons over centimeter-scale distances. Although recently
discovered, these bacteria appear to be widely present in the seafloor, and
when active they exert a strong imprint on the local geochemistry. In
particular, their electrogenic metabolism induces unusually strong pH
excursions in aquatic sediments, which induces considerable mineral
dissolution, and subsequent mineral reprecipitation. However, at present, it
is unknown whether and how cable bacteria play an active or direct role in
the mineral reprecipitation process. To this end we present an explorative
study of the formation of sedimentary minerals in and near filamentous cable
bacteria using a combined approach of electron microscopy and spectroscopic
techniques. Our observations reveal the formation of polyphosphate granules
within the cells and two different types of biomineral formation directly
associated with multicellular filaments of these cable bacteria: (i) the
attachment and incorporation of clay particles in a coating surrounding the
bacteria and (ii) encrustation of the cell envelope by iron minerals. These
findings suggest a complex interaction between cable bacteria and the
surrounding sediment matrix, and a substantial imprint of the electrogenic
metabolism on mineral diagenesis and sedimentary biogeochemical cycling. In
particular, the encrustation process leaves many open questions for further
research. For example, we hypothesize that the complete encrustation of
filaments might create a diffusion barrier and negatively impact the
metabolism of the cable bacteria.
‘God’s Friend, the Whole World’s Enemy’
Authors: Sicking Louis 
Published: February 2019

‘God’s Friend, the Whole World’s Enemy’: Reconsidering the role of piracy in the development of universal jurisdiction.
Piracy holds a special place within the field of international law because of the universal jurisdiction that applies. This article reconsiders the role of piracy in the development of universal jurisdiction. While usually a connection is established between Cicero’s ‘enemy of all’ and modern conceptions of pirates, it is argued that ‘enemy of the human species’ or ‘enemy of humanity’ is a medieval creation, used by Bartolus, which must be understood in the wake of the Renaissance of the twelfth century and the increased interest for the study of Roman Law. The criminalization of the pirate in the late Middle Ages must be understood not only as a consequence of royal power claiming a monopoly of violence at sea. Both the Italian city-states and the Hanse may have preceded royal power in criminalizing pirates. All the while, political motives in doing so were never absent.
Initial management and investigations in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an audit
Authors: Lawson Courtney J. 
Published: February 2019

IntroductionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects threemillion people in England and Wales, including more than 5% of the over 65s. It is the country’s fifth biggest killer, at 30,000 deaths per year. Severeexacerbations are the second commonest cause of emergency admissions,with 15% three-month mortality.MethodsThe clinical practice of the Emergency Department (ED) on the Isleof Man was compared with UK best-practice guidelines regarding the initial management and investigations in acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD).The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) CG101 provides guidance for managing AECOPD. The evidence underpinning these guidelines was appraised and a retrospective audit of 40 patients in the ED was conducted.ResultsCompliance to the use of air-driven nebulisers was uncertain due to insufficient documentation. Adequate arterial blood gas (ABG): 19 (47.5%). Chest radiograph (CXR): 39 (97.5%). Electrocardiogram (ECG): 37 (92.5%).Full blood count (FBC) plus urea and electrolytes (U&Es): 38 (95%). All pyrexialpatients received blood cultures. Documentation of theophylline use was poor and patients on theophylline did not have levels measured.ConclusionsThe initial management and investigations of AECOPD in the ED could be improved through research on nebuliser use, better documentation and implementation of departmental guidance for clinical decision-making.
The value of diffusion tensor tractography delineating corticospinal tract in glioma in rat: validation via correlation histology
Authors: Jia Xiaoxiong , Su Zhiyong , Hu Junlin , Xia Hechun , Ma Hui , Wang Xiaodong , Yan Jiangshu , Ma Dede 
Published: February 2019

Background
An assessment of the degree of white matter tract injury is important in neurosurgical planning for patients with gliomas. The main objective of this study was to assess the injury grade of the corticospinal tract (CST) in rats with glioma using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).

Methods
A total 17 rats underwent 7.0T MRI on day 10 after tumor implantation. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were acquired in the tumor, peritumoral and contralateral areas, and the ADC ratio (ipsilateral ADC/contralateral ADC) and rFA (relative FA = ipsilateral FA/contralateral FA) in the peritumoral areas were measured. The CST injury was divided into three grades and delineated by diffusion tensor tractography reconstruction imaging. The fiber density index (FDi) of the ipsilateral and contralateral CST and rFDi (relative FDi = ipsilateral FDi/contralateral FDi) in the peritumoral areas were measured. After the mice were sacrificed, the invasion of glioma cells and fraction of proliferating cells were observed by hematoxylin-eosin and Ki67 staining in the tumor and peritumoral areas. The correlations among the pathology results, CST injury grade and DTI parameter values were calculated using a Spearman correlation analysis. One-way analysis of variance was performed to compare the different CST injury grade by the rFA, rFDi and ADC ratio values.

Results
The tumor cells and proliferation index were positively correlated with the CST injury grade (r = 0.8857, 0.9233, P < 0.001). A negative correlation was demonstrated between the tumor cells and the rFA and rFDi values in the peritumoral areas (r = −0.8571, −0.5588), and the proliferation index was negatively correlated with the rFA and rFDi values (r = −0.8571, −0.5588), while the ADC ratio was not correlated with the tumor cells or proliferation index. The rFA values between the CST injury grades (1 and 3, 2 and 3) and the rFDi values in grades 1 and 3 significantly differed (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
Diffusion tensor imaging may be used to quantify the injury degrees of CST involving brain glioma in rats. Our data suggest that these quantitative parameters may be used to enhance the efficiency of delineating the relationship between fiber tracts and malignant tumor.
A Retrospective Analysis of Refractive Changes in Pediatric Pseudophakia
Authors: Muppidi Manmitha Reddy , Karanam Sairani , Bevara Akhil 
Published: February 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate the refractive changes occurring after pediatric cataract surgery with primary Intraocular lens implantation considering several factors to provide an accurate prediction of the IOL power to be selected.

Setting:
Sankara Eye Hospital, Pedakakani, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Methods:
Our study includes 85 eyes of 52 patients of age 2-18 years who underwent cataract surgery with primary IOL implantation. Patients with follow up greater than 6 months were included. The median myopic shift was assessed and compared among various age groups.

Results:
In the 2-5 year age group (17 eyes), the median myopic shift was -1.125 D [Interquartile range (IQR): -3.25, -0.375] over a median follow up of 16 (IQR: 12, 38) months. In the 6-8 year age group (33 eyes), the median myopic shift was -1.125D (IQR: -1.85,-0.625) over a median follow up of 18 (IQR: 12, 33) months. In the 9-11 year age group (14 eyes), median myopic shift was -0.687 D (IQR: -1.625, -0.250) over a median follow up of 11.50 (IQR: 7, 27.75) months. In the 12-18 year age group (21 eyes), the median myopic shift was -0.75 D (IQR: -1.06, -0.25) over a median follow up of 16 (IQR: 7, 25.50) months. The difference of myopic shift between the 4 age groups was statistically significant. In unilateral cases, the operated eye had more myopic shift than the fellow eye and this difference was statistically significant. No statistically significant difference was found in comparing developmental with traumatic cataracts and amblyopic with non-amblyopic eyes.

Conclusion:
Our data shows a decreasing myopic shift as the age progresses in pediatric patients following IOL implantation. We conclude that correcting the eye to emmetropia or mild hypermetropia is a better option, as treating the refractive error that may occur as the age progresses is easier than treating the resultant amblyopia that can occur with under correction at the time of surgery.
Ocular Complications of Radiotherapy for Head and Neck Tumours
Authors: Maharia Sarita , Jain Kalpna , Kumar H. S. 
Published: February 2019

Aim:
To study the various ocular complications associated with radiotherapy and correlate them with duration & dose of radiation.

Design:
Hospital based prospective study

Methods:
The present study comprises of 100 patients of head and neck tumors who received radiotherapy by linear accelerator from September 2015 to February 2017. Ocular examination was done prior to the start of therapy, 1st follow up at 15th day of therapy, 2nd at last day of therapy (23-35 fraction), 3rd at 3 month after completion of therapy for side effects, 4th at 6 month, 5th at 12 month and 6th at 18 months after completion of therapy for assessing chronic side effects.

Results:
Astrocytoma was the most common tumour (35%). Maximum tumours of head and neck received 50-60 Gy of radiation. Nasopharyngeal carcinomas received maximum dose of radiation i.e. 60-70 Gy. Seventy one percent patients were male and 21% were female. Acute side effects were madarosis (19%), dermatitis (13%), conjunctivitis (3%), meibomitis (12%). Dry eye (33%) was seen in patients within hours to days after exposure to radiation or within 3 months of completion of therapy. Chronic side effects were dry eye (26%), punctal stenosis (1%), cataract (in 4 eyes), seen after 3 months or even a year after completion of therapy. Cataract occurred after > 20 Gy dose received by the lens. Radiation retinopathy and optic neuropathy were not seen till our last follow up.

Conclusion:
The current study suggests the importance of total dose as well as dose per fraction despite advancement of radiotherapy techniques and using protective mechanisms for eye complications developed.
Psychological Resilience and Frailty Progression in Older Adults
Authors: Ye Bo , Li Yunxia , Bao Zhijun , Gao Junling 
Published: November 2024

ImportanceThe association between psychological resilience (PR) and frailty progression in older adults is not fully understood.ObjectiveTo investigate the longitudinal associations between PR and its changes (ΔPR) with frailty progression among older adults.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsData were collected from a community-based prospective cohort study conducted in Shanghai from 2020 to 2023. Older adults aged 60 years and above were recruited at baseline and completed follow-up assessments. Statistical analysis was performed from May to July 2024.ExposuresPR was assessed using the 25-item Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). ΔPR was calculated using the difference between 3-year follow-up and baseline CD-RISC scores. Multiple key covariates were included such as demographics, health behaviors, social participation, and chronic diseases.Main Outcomes and MeasuresFrailty was evaluated using the Chinese Frailty Screening Scale-10. Frailty progression was categorized into 3 groups (improvement, stability, and deterioration) by the difference assessment between 3-year follow-up and baseline.ResultsA total of 4033 participants were included in the study (mean [SD] age, 71.0 [6.1] years; 2257 [56.0%] women). Over a 3-year follow-up period, 1142 participants (28.3%) experienced an improvement in frailty, 1200 (29.8%) experienced stability, and 1691 (41.9%) exhibited deterioration. After controlling for confounding variables, a significant association was found between PR and future frailty, particularly when baseline frailty scores were at least 3 vs 2 or lower (β, −0.136 [95% CI, −0.214 to −0.057] vs −0.020 [-95% CI, −0.052 to 0.012]; P for interaction &amp;lt; .001). A similar association was observed between PR and frailty improvement (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.28 [95% CI, 1.05 to 1.57]). Furthermore, ΔPR displayed a significant association with frailty, exhibiting a nonlinear association that was stronger when ΔPR was less than 0 vs when ΔPR was greater than 0 (β,−0.186 [95% CI, −0.228 to −0.145] vs −0.068 [95% CI, −0.107 to −0.029]; P for nonlinear &amp;lt; .001). Similarly, ΔPR was significantly associated with frailty progression, indicating both improvement (adjusted OR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.19 to 1.42]) and deterioration (adjusted OR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.69 to 0.80]). These associations were more pronounced among older adults with higher levels of baseline frailty.Conclusions and relevanceIn this cohort study of community-dwelling older adults, a longitudinal association between PR and frailty progression was found. The results suggest that monitoring changes in PR can help forecast future frailty trajectories, particularly highlighting the need to support individuals facing declines in resilience. Targeted interventions that prioritize enhancing PR have potential to prevent and ameliorate frailty.