bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personality and Gendered Selection Processes in the Political Pipeline
Authors: Dynes Adam M. , Hassell Hans J. G. , Miles Matthew R. , Preece Jessica Robinson 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMost research on the causes of women's underrepresentation examines one of two stages of the political pipeline: the development of nascent political ambition or specific aspects of the campaign and election process. In this article, we make a different kind of contribution. We build on the growing literature on gender, psychology, and representation to provide an analysis of what kinds of men and women make it through the political pipeline at each stage. This allows us to draw some conclusions about the ways in which the overall process is similar and different for women and men. Using surveys of the general U.S. population (N= 1,939) and elected municipal officials such as mayors and city councilors (N= 2,354) that measure the distribution of Big Five personality traits, we find that roughly the same types of men and women have nascent political ambition; there is just an intercept shift for sex. In contrast, male and female elected officials have different personality profiles. These differences do not reflect underlying distributions in the general population or the population of political aspirants. In short, our data suggest that socialization into political ambition is similar for men and women, but campaign and election processes are not.
Strength of nonhuman primate studies of developmental programming: review of sample sizes, challenges, and steps for future work
Authors: Huber Hillary F. , Jenkins Susan L. , Li Cun , Nathanielsz Peter W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNonhuman primate (NHP) studies are crucial to biomedical research. NHPs are the species most similar to humans in lifespan, body size, and hormonal profiles. Planning research requires statistical power evaluation, which is difficult to perform when lacking directly relevant preliminary data. This is especially true for NHP developmental programming studies, which are scarce. We review the sample sizes reported, challenges, areas needing further work, and goals of NHP maternal nutritional programming studies. The literature search included 27 keywords, for example, maternal obesity, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal high-fat diet, and maternal nutrient reduction. Only fetal and postnatal offspring studies involving tissue collection or imaging were included. Twenty-eight studies investigated maternal over-nutrition and 33 under-nutrition; 23 involved macaques and 38 baboons. Analysis by sex was performed in 19; minimum group size ranged from 1 to 8 (mean 4.7 ± 0.52, median 4, mode 3) and maximum group size from 3 to 16 (8.3 ± 0.93, 8, 8). Sexes were pooled in 42 studies; minimum group size ranged from 2 to 16 (mean 5.3 ± 0.35, median 6, mode 6) and maximum group size from 4 to 26 (10.2 ± 0.92, 8, 8). A typical study with sex-based analyses had group size minimum 4 and maximum 8 per sex. Among studies with sexes pooled, minimum group size averaged 6 and maximum 8. All studies reported some significant differences between groups. Therefore, studies with group sizes 3–8 can detect significance between groups. To address deficiencies in the literature, goals include increasing age range, more frequently considering sex as a biological variable, expanding topics, replicating studies, exploring intergenerational effects, and examining interventions.
Towards resilient African cities: Shared challenges and opportunities towards the retention and maintenance of ecological infrastructure
Authors: O'Farrell Patrick , Anderson Pippin , Culwick Christina , Currie Paul , Kavonic Jessica , McClure Alice , Ngenda Gertrude , Sinnott Eoin , Sitas Nadia , Washbourne Carla-Leanne , Audouin Michelle , Blanchard Ryan , Egoh Benis , Goodness Julie , Kotzee Ilse , Sanya Tom , Stafford William , Wong Gien 
Published: October 2019

Non-technical summaryThere are significant challenges to retaining indigenous biodiversity and ecological infrastructure in African cities. These include a lack of formal protection and status for remnant ecologically functional patches rendering them open toad hochuman settlement, which is in part linked to weak governance and management emerging from complex histories, and competing crisis-ridden demands. Persistent gaps in knowledge and practice mean that the social, economic, development and well-being benefits of ecological infrastructure are not understood or demonstrated. Addressing these challenges requires the adoption of multiple top-down government interventions and bottom-up community and neighbourhood actions. The development of detailed case studies that engage with knowledge generation and sharing at multiple scales through co-learning practices will also help create a much-needed deeper understanding of development options within this context.
Glyphosate sensitivity of selected weed species commonly found in maize fields
Authors: Escorial María-Concepción , Chueca María-Cristina , Pérez-Fernández Andrés , Loureiro Iñigo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGlyphosate resistance has evolved worldwide. Glyphosate is also the most used herbicide in Spain, and current changes in herbicide usage patterns can increase the risk of glyphosate resistance development. The objective of this study was to assess the glyphosate sensitivity of different selected weed species important in Spanish maize (Zea mays L.) fields. To this end, dose–response experiments were conducted under controlled conditions in a growth chamber to examine variation in glyphosate sensitivity among populations of five grass weed species and eight broadleaf weed species that are commonly found in the maize fields in Castilla y León, the biggest maize-growing region in Spain. The glyphosate doses that caused growth reduction by 50% (GR50) were calculated for each weed population. No populations were resistant to glyphosate. In addition, baseline values of glyphosate sensitivity were determined for each weed species. The GR50 baseline values ranged from 10.25 to 53.23 g ai ha−1 for the dicotyledonous weed species and from 16.05 to 66.34 g ai ha−1 for the monocotyledonous weed species. The ratio between the GR50 values of the least and most sensitive populations was used to determine the SI50 (sensitivity index at 50% growth reduction) for each weed species. The SI50 values showed a 1.4- to 3.3-fold difference in sensitivity for dicotyledonous weed species and 1.4- to 2.4-fold difference for monocotyledonous weed species. The sensitivity index was also calculated as the ratio between the GR50 values of the least sensitive population and the baseline GR50 value estimated for a range of susceptible populations (SI50b). SI50b values showed a 1.2- to 1.6-fold difference in sensitivity for dicotyledonous weed species and 1.1- to 1.2-fold difference for monocotyledonous weed species. The sensitivity data generated in this study provide a reference for determining time-dependent changes in glyphosate sensitivity in the commonly found weeds in the maize fields of Castilla y Léon.
Model for the Formation of Single‐Thread Rivers in Barren Landscapes and Implications for Pre‐Silurian and Martian Fluvial Deposits
Authors: Lapôtre Mathieu G. A. , Ielpi Alessandro , Lamb Michael P. , Williams Rebecca M. E. , Knoll Andrew H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFlume experiments and field observations show that bank vegetation promotes the formation of narrow and deep single‐thread channels by strengthening riverbanks. Consistent with this idea, the pre‐Silurian fluvial record generally consists of wide monotonous sand bodies often interpreted as deposits of shallow braided rivers, whereas single‐thread rivers with muddy floodplains become more recognizable in Silurian and younger rocks. This shift in the architecture of fluvial deposits has been interpreted as reflecting the rise of single‐thread rivers enabled by plant life. The deposits of some single‐thread rivers, however, have been recognized in pre‐Silurian rocks, and recent field studies have identified meandering rivers in modern unvegetated environments. Furthermore, single‐thread‐river deposits have been identified on Mars, where macroscopic plants most likely never evolved. Here we seek to understand the formation of those rarely recognized and poorly characterized single‐thread rivers in unvegetated landscapes. Specifically, we quantitatively explore the hypothesis that cohesive muddy banks alone may enable the formation of single‐thread rivers in the absence of plants. We combine open‐channel hydraulics and a physics‐based erosion model applicable to a variety of bank sediments to predict the formation of unvegetated single‐thread rivers. Consistent with recent flume experiments and field observations, results indicate that single‐thread rivers may form readily within muddy banks. Our model has direct implications for the quantification of riverbank strengthening by vegetation, understanding the hydraulic geometry of modern and ancient unvegetated rivers, interpreting pre‐Silurian fluvial deposits, and unraveling the hydrologic and climate history of Mars.
Improved Simulation of the QBO in E3SMv1
Authors: Richter Jadwiga H. , Chen Chih‐Chieh , Tang Qi , Xie Shaocheng , Rasch Philip J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) of the zonal mean wind is a prominent feature of the tropical lower stratosphere and has been shown to influence stratospheric and tropospheric variability. Although observed for many decades, the QBO is difficult to be accurately captured in Earth system models. The newly developed U.S. Department of Energy Energy Exascale Earth System Model, Version 1 (E3SMv1) is capable of resolving stratospheric dynamics as it has a top at 0.1 hPa and 72 levels. The tropical oscillation of the zonal mean zonal wind in the default version of the model is too fast and too strong compared to the observed QBO. Here we evaluate the current simulation of the QBO and present simulations with modified convective gravity wave parameterization parameters that make the oscillation more realistic, especially in terms of the period. Although improvements in the QBO are obtained through modifications to the parameterized gravity waves, we find that the forcing of the QBO from Kelvin and mixed‐Rossby gravity waves is small due to weak sources in the troposphere. The changes to the parameterized convective gravity waves (and QBO) are primarily limited to the tropical stratosphere. Small changes to mean wind and temperature are also found in Northern Hemisphere winter in the uppermost troposphere between 10°N and 60°N. Modifications to parameterized convectively generated gravity waves result in changes in interannual variability, primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, and modest changes in sea level pressure variability over the Pacific are also noted.
Minimal invasive microscopic tooth preparation in esthetic restoration: a specialist consensus
Authors: Yu Haiyang , Zhao Yuwei , Li Junying , Luo Tian , Gao Jing , Liu Hongchen , Liu Weicai , Liu Feng , Zhao Ke , Liu Fei , Ma Chufan , Setz Juergen M. , Liang Shanshan , Fan Lin , Gao Shanshan , Zhu Zhuoli , Shen Jiefei , Wang Jian , Zhu Zhimin , Zhou Xuedong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBy removing a part of the structure, the tooth preparation provides restorative space, bonding surface, and finish line for various restorations on abutment. Preparation technique plays critical role in achieving the optimal result of tooth preparation. With successful application of microscope in endodontics for >30 years, there is a full expectation of microscopic dentistry. However, as relatively little progress has been made in the application of microscopic dentistry in prosthodontics, the following assumptions have been proposed: Is it suitable to choose the tooth preparation technique under the naked eye in the microscopic vision? Is there a more accurate preparation technology intended for the microscope? To obtain long-term stable therapeutic effects, is it much easier to achieve maximum tooth preservation and retinal protection and maintain periodontal tissue and oral function health under microscopic vision? Whether the microscopic prosthodontics is a gimmick or a breakthrough in obtaining an ideal tooth preparation should be resolved in microscopic tooth preparation. This article attempts to illustrate the concept, core elements, and indications of microscopic minimally invasive tooth preparation, physiological basis of dental pulp, periodontium and functions involved in tool preparation, position ergonomics and visual basis for dentists, comparison of tooth preparation by naked eyes and a microscope, and comparison of different designs of microscopic minimally invasive tooth preparation techniques. Furthermore, a clinical protocol for microscopic minimally invasive tooth preparation based on target restorative space guide plate has been put forward and new insights on the quantity and shape of microscopic minimally invasive tooth preparation has been provided.
Volatile composition and classification of Lilium flower aroma types and identification, polymorphisms, and alternative splicing of their monoterpene synthase genes
Authors: Du Fang , Wang Ting , Fan Jun-miao , Liu Zhi-zhi , Zong Jia-xin , Fan Wei-xin , Han Yuan-huai , Grierson Donald 
Published: October 2019

AbstractLily is a well-known ornamental plant with a diversity of fragrant types. Basic information on lily floral scent compounds has been obtained for only a few accessions, and little is known aboutLiliumaroma types, the terpene synthase genes that may play roles in the production of key volatiles, or the range of monoterpenes that these genes produce. In this study, 41 cultivars were analyzed for volatile emissions, and a total of 46 individual volatile compounds were identified, 16 for the first time in lilies. Lily accessions were classified into six groups according to the composition of major scent components: faint-scented, cool, fruity, musky, fruity-honey, and lily. Monoterpenes were one of the main groups of volatiles identified, and attention was focused on terpene synthase (TPS) genes, which encode enzymes that catalyze the last steps in monoterpene synthesis. Thirty-two candidate monoterpene synthase cDNAs were obtained from 66 lily cultivars, and 64 SNPs were identified. Two InDels were also shown to result from variable splicing, and sequence analysis suggested that different transcripts arose from the same gene. All identified nucleotide substitution sites were highly correlated with the amounts of myrcene emitted, and InDel site 230 was highly correlated with the emission of all major monoterpenoid components, especially (E)-β-ocimene. Heterologous expression of five cDNAs cloned from faint-scented and strong-scented lilies showed that their corresponding enzymes could convert geranyl diphosphate to (E)-β-ocimene,α-pinene, and limonene. The findings from this study provide a major resource for the assessment of lily scent volatiles and will be helpful in breeding of improved volatile components.
Early-career setback and future career impact
Authors: Wang Yang , Jones Benjamin F. , Wang Dashun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSetbacks are an integral part of a scientific career, yet little is known about their long-term effects. Here we examine junior scientists applying for National Institutes of Health R01 grants. By focusing on proposals fell just below and just above the funding threshold, we compare near-miss with narrow-win applicants, and find that an early-career setback has powerful, opposing effects. On the one hand, it significantly increases attrition, predicting more than a 10% chance of disappearing permanently from the NIH system. Yet, despite an early setback, individuals with near misses systematically outperform those with narrow wins in the longer run. Moreover, this performance advantage seems to go beyond a screening mechanism, suggesting early-career setback appears to cause a performance improvement among those who persevere. Overall, these findings are consistent with the concept that “what doesn’t kill me makes me stronger,” which may have broad implications for identifying, training and nurturing junior scientists.
Bell correlations between spatially separated pairs of atoms
Authors: Shin D. K. , Henson B. M. , Hodgman S. S. , Wasak T. , Chwedeńczuk J. , Truscott A. G. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBell correlations are a foundational demonstration of how quantum entanglement contradicts the classical notion of local realism. Rigorous validation of quantum nonlocality have only been achieved between solid-state electron spins, internal states of trapped atoms, and photon polarisations, all weakly coupling to gravity. Bell tests with freely propagating massive particles, which could provide insights into the link between gravity and quantum mechanics, have proven to be much more challenging to realise. Here we use a collision between two Bose-Einstein condensates to generate spin entangled pairs of ultracold helium atoms, and measure their spin correlations along uniformly rotated bases. We show that correlations in the pairs agree with the theoretical prediction of a Bell triplet state, and observe a quantum mechanical witness of Bell correlations with $$6\sigma$$
6
σ
significance. Extensions to this scheme could find promising applications in quantum metrology, as well as for investigating the interplay between quantum mechanics and gravity.
Complex hazard cascade culminating in the Anak Krakatau sector collapse
Authors: Walter Thomas R. , Haghshenas Haghighi Mahmud , Schneider Felix M. , Coppola Diego , Motagh Mahdi , Saul Joachim , Babeyko Andrey , Dahm Torsten , Troll Valentin R. , Tilmann Frederik , Heimann Sebastian , Valade Sébastien , Triyono Rahmat , Khomarudin Rokhis , Kartadinata Nugraha , Laiolo Marco , Massimetti Francesco , Gaebler Peter 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFlank instability and sector collapses, which pose major threats, are common on volcanic islands. On 22 Dec 2018, a sector collapse event occurred at Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Strait, triggering a deadly tsunami. Here we use multiparametric ground-based and space-borne data to show that prior to its collapse, the volcano exhibited an elevated state of activity, including precursory thermal anomalies, an increase in the island’s surface area, and a gradual seaward motion of its southwestern flank on a dipping décollement. Two minutes after a small earthquake, seismic signals characterize the collapse of the volcano’s flank at 13:55 UTC. This sector collapse decapitated the cone-shaped edifice and triggered a tsunami that caused 430 fatalities. We discuss the nature of the precursor processes underpinning the collapse that culminated in a complex hazard cascade with important implications for the early detection of potential flank instability at other volcanoes.
Phosphatidylserine on viable sperm and phagocytic machinery in oocytes regulate mammalian fertilization
Authors: Rival Claudia M. , Xu Wenhao , Shankman Laura S. , Morioka Sho , Arandjelovic Sanja , Lee Chang Sup , Wheeler Karen M. , Smith Ryan P. , Haney Lisa B. , Isakson Brant E. , Purcell Scott , Lysiak Jeffrey J. , Ravichandran Kodi S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFertilization is essential for species survival. Although Izumo1 and Juno are critical for initial interaction between gametes, additional molecules necessary for sperm:egg fusion on both the sperm and the oocyte remain to be defined. Here, we show that phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is exposed on the head region of viable and motile sperm, with PtdSer exposure progressively increasing during sperm transit through the epididymis. Functionally, masking phosphatidylserine on sperm via three different approaches inhibits fertilization. On the oocyte, phosphatidylserine recognition receptors BAI1, CD36, Tim-4, and Mer-TK contribute to fertilization. Further, oocytes lacking the cytoplasmic ELMO1, or functional disruption of RAC1 (both of which signal downstream of BAI1/BAI3), also affect sperm entry into oocytes. Intriguingly, mammalian sperm could fuse with skeletal myoblasts, requiring PtdSer on sperm and BAI1/3, ELMO2, RAC1 in myoblasts. Collectively, these data identify phosphatidylserine on viable sperm and PtdSer recognition receptors on oocytes as key players in sperm:egg fusion.
ABCC9-related Intellectual disability Myopathy Syndrome is a KATP channelopathy with loss-of-function mutations in ABCC9
Authors: Smeland Marie F. , McClenaghan Conor , Roessler Helen I. , Savelberg Sanne , Hansen Geir Åsmund Myge , Hjellnes Helene , Arntzen Kjell Arne , Müller Kai Ivar , Dybesland Andreas Rosenberger , Harter Theresa , Sala-Rabanal Monica , Emfinger Chris H. , Huang Yan , Singareddy Soma S. , Gunn Jamie , Wozniak David F. , Kovacs Attila , Massink Maarten , Tessadori Federico , Kamel Sarah M. , Bakkers Jeroen , Remedi Maria S. , Van Ghelue Marijke , Nichols Colin G. , van Haaften Gijs 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMutations in genes encoding KATPchannel subunits have been reported for pancreatic disorders and Cantú syndrome. Here, we report a syndrome in six patients from two families with a consistent phenotype of mild intellectual disability, similar facies, myopathy, and cerebral white matter hyperintensities, with cardiac systolic dysfunction present in the two oldest patients. Patients are homozygous for a splice-site mutation inABCC9(c.1320 + 1 G > A), which encodes the sulfonylurea receptor 2 (SUR2) subunit of KATPchannels. This mutation results in an in-frame deletion of exon 8, which results in non-functional KATPchannels in recombinant assays. SUR2 loss-of-function causes fatigability and cardiac dysfunction in mice, and reduced activity, cardiac dysfunction and ventricular enlargement in zebrafish. We term this channelopathy resulting from loss-of-function of SUR2-containing KATPchannelsABCC9-related Intellectual disability Myopathy Syndrome (AIMS). The phenotype differs from Cantú syndrome, which is caused by gain-of-functionABCC9mutations, reflecting the opposing consequences of KATPloss- versus gain-of-function.
Squeezing-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Michael Yoad , Bello Leon , Rosenbluh Michael , Pe’er Avi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe sensitivity of classical Raman spectroscopy methods, such as coherent anti-stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) or stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS), is ultimately limited by shot-noise from the stimulating fields. We present the complete theoretical analysis of a squeezing-enhanced version of Raman spectroscopy that overcomes the shot-noise limit of sensitivity with enhancement of the Raman signal and inherent background suppression, while remaining fully compatible with standard Raman spectroscopy methods. By incorporating the Raman sample between two phase-sensitive parametric amplifiers that squeeze the light along orthogonal quadrature axes, the typical intensity measurement of the Raman response is converted into a quantum-limited, super-sensitive estimation of phase. The resonant Raman response in the sample induces a phase shift to signal-idler frequency-pairs within the fingerprint spectrum of the molecule, resulting in amplification of the resonant Raman signal by the squeezing factor of the parametric amplifiers, whereas the non-resonant background is annihilated by destructive interference. Seeding the interferometer with classical coherent light stimulates the Raman signal further without increasing the background, effectively forming squeezing-enhanced versions of CARS and SRS, where the quantum enhancement is achieved on top of the classical stimulation.