bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which Options Have Their Deontic Statuses in Virtue of Their Own Goodness?
Authors: Portmore Douglas W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The problem of act versions arises because one’s best option can be a version of a bad option. For instance, kissing passionately is a version of kissing. But it may be that although kissing passionately is one’s best option, kissing is a bad option. For it could be that, as a matter of fact, one would kiss nonpassionately if one were to kiss. This chapter argues that the best solution to this problem lies with adopting maximalism. On this view, the only options that have their deontic status in virtue of their own goodness are maximal options—options that are entailed only by evaluatively equivalent options (those being options that are identical in terms of whatever ultimately matters). According to maximalism, then, one ought to kiss even if one would, as a matter of fact, kiss nonpassionately. On this view, one ought to kiss, because one ought to kiss passionately, and kissing passionately entails kissing.
Introduction
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Three theories of distributive justice are introduced: the maximin/leximin theory, egalitarianism, and utilitarianism (with or without a prioritarian amendment). A methodology for assessing their plausibility is adumbrated: applied ethics turned upside down. This means arranging with crucial thought experiments where we reach conflicting verdicts from the theories. We confront the verdicts with the content of our considered intuitions. Roughly speaking, an intuition is taken to be ‘considered’ if it has survived cognitive psychotherapy, where we have learnt all we can about its causal origin. The theory that provides the best explanation of the content of our considered intuition gains support from the experiment. A nice aspect of thought experiments, it is noted, is that we are all capable of repeating them for ourselves.
Egalitarianism
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The idea that it is bad for a person when someone else is better off is presented. If taken seriously, this means that one should maximize not the sum total of happiness but a weighed sum where the weights for each person are given with reference to a position in relation to others with regard to happiness. This is egalitarianism. The egalitarian idea presupposes that interpersonal comparisons of happiness are possible and it takes for granted the distinction between persons. Yet, while it acknowledges that compensation within lives is morally unproblematic, and accepts some compensation between lives, the latter kind of compensation comes with a moral price whenever it means that increments fall on those who are better off rather on those who are worse off (comparatively speaking). Since compensation within lives is considered morally acceptable it is maintained that when we assess how badly off a person is, in relation to others, we focus on their entire lives rather than on time-slice of them.
Some Controversial Implications of the Three Theories
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Utilitarianism, the maximin/leximin theory, egalitarianism, and prioritarianism all come with, on the face of it, plausible rationales. However, these theories are inconsistent with one another, so they cannot all be true. It is of note, also, that each of them comes with some problematic implications. In particular, according to utilitarianism there are fewer reasons to extend the life of an unhappy person than the life of a happy person. Hence it has been thought to discriminate against disability. On the maximin/leximin theory, on the other hand, those who are worst off may seem to have a morally legitimate claim on all the good things in life (they become what is here nicknamed as ‘utility thieves’). Egalitarianism implies that levelling down to a situation where everyone is on the same low level of happiness means, at least in one respect, an improvement. Moreover, egalitarianism is insensitive in relation to momentary suffering. Prioritarianism does take suffering seriously, but apart from this it shares the standard problems with utilitarianism, which is only to be expected, since it is here seen as a mere amendment to utilitarianism.
Ideal and Nonideal Theory
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Time has come to apply the theories in the real world. We have seen that in the metaphysical laboratory, where we put them to crucial tests in our thought experiments, the theories conflict. Now time has come to investigate their implications in real life and to tease out their implications for priority-setting in health care. This task has to be accomplished in steps, however. It is important to distinguish between their implications for priority setting under the assumption of strict compliance (with one or another of the theories), and a realistic situation where it is expected that even people who accept one of the theories will, once their turn to carry the costs has come, try and bend the rules in their favour. Here a simplified notion of ideal and nonideal theory will be developed and put to use. And I will start by looking into the implications of the theories under the assumption of strict compliance (ideal theory), only later to turn to the problems associated with noncompliance (nonideal theory). All this prepares room for a discussion about the normative significance of noncompliance to be undertaken later in this book. The question then is whether the fact that noncompliance with the theories is to be expected spells problems for the theories as such. Does it count against their plausibility that people are not prepared to act in accordance with them?
Triage in Situations of Mass Casualty
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In situations of mass casualty there is a need to tend to the medical supply side. We must contemplate whether, by saving one person rather than another, we affect the medical resources available to us. Should medical personnel be tended to first if this means that those who are saved first can go on to save other lives? When resources are scare, should younger patients be treated rather than old ones? The unexpectedly similar implications of the three theories of distributive justice in situations of mass casualty are presented. Here a discussion is also undertaken about equity and the idea that we should save as many lives as possible. Does it make sense to flip a coin when you decide about priority setting in a triage situation? Could saving as many lives as possible work as a proxy for utilitarian thinking? Both the equity view and the idea that one should save as many lives as possible are rejected. It is argued that we should rely on our favoured theories: utilitarianism (with or without a prioritarian amendment), the maximin/leximin theory, and egalitarianism.
The Last Waltz of the Law of Nations
Authors: de Rayneval Joseph-Mathias Gérard 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This book is a translation of Rayneval’s 1803 classic Insitutions du droit de la nature and des gens. Having been translated into Spanish shortly after its appearance, les Institutions was the reference point for international law for much of the French- and Spanish-speaking world during the nineteenth century. As a result, arguably, les Institutions is the single most important text of international law to appear between the 1814 Congress of Vienna and the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. This book, the first ever English translation of Rayneval’s The Institutions of Natural Law and the Law of Nations, provides the English-language world with the last text conceived of, and written, during the era of bilateral European Law of Nations before the waltz into the Concert of Europe and the growth of multilateral diplomacy, with its end point in today’s United Nations.
Black Hagar
Authors: Junior Nyasha 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 details connections between multiple Black Hagar traditions within scholarship in religious studies and biblical studies. In conversation with Delores Williams’s Sisters in the Wilderness: The Challenge of Womanist God-Talk, it addresses the linking of Hagar with African American women’s experiences and the notion of a tradition of African American appropriation of Hagar. This chapter highlights how some scholars within classics and biblical studies emphasize the African presence in biblical lands and peoples. Also, it analyzes contextual readings of Hagar that create analogies between her experiences and those of contemporary women. It considers the influence of womanist work within theology and other fields in contributing to the popularity of a Black Hagar figure.
Conduct, Habitus and Practice
Authors: Crouch David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this chapter the context in social history is set out, with a particular consideration of the value of the insights of Pierre Bourdieu and how they might be applied to change in medieval society. The historiographical context of the emergence of the idea of Chivalry as a social change within an existing habitus follows from this, and the way the idea colonized the national historiographies of Europe after its first articulation in the Enlightenment. The chapter explains how it is that the Enlightenment and the present day are able to approach the contemporary medieval social mind because its aristocracy as much as its clerical elite was an educated and literate one, and quite how pervasive its use and appreciation of literate forms was.
The Preudomme
Authors: Crouch David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Gender expectations were a major part of the medieval social habitus, and they were conveyed by an idealized superior male (called in French a preudomme, in German the biderbe man), a concept applied across the social spectrum to laity and clergy alike and the subject of conduct manuals. The preudomme offers in fact a contemporary and widely accepted European medieval definition of masculinity, so far ignored by gender historians. He was very much crafted to assist success in courtly society. This chapter defines and analyses the concept and offers a new avenue into the study of medieval gender which to date has concentrated on data drawn from clerical sources.
The Preudefemme
Authors: Crouch David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Less prominent in conduct literature, but not invisible, was the female counterpart of the preudomme, the preudefemme (MHG biderbe wip). She operated in the same way in defining gender expectations within the habitus, though in a different way: she was more defensively crafted for women exposed to public life, where they could not themselves be careerists achieving reputation. Loss of reputation was the gender concern of women. The preudefemme likewise has not been to date used by gender historians, surprisingly in view of the considerable amount of twelfth- and thirteenth-century tracts by men attempting to define her, used here for the first time in most cases.
The Courtly Habitus
Authors: Crouch David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Courtly society acted most powerfully as a habitus in stigmatizing those who lacked the cultural capital acquired in the upbringing and education it offered in the hall. This was widespread across medieval European society down to the village level, where courtly norms were practised in the households of landowners and clergy. Courts of kings and princes were not therefore the source of cortoisie, though their standards and practices had a tidal effect on wider noble society. The courts of the sons of Henry II of England and Philip of Flanders can be seen acting this way, not least in sponsoring a lavish noble tourney culture. Another influence on the habitus was the universal courtly hero, of which the real-life Thomas Becket and the fictional Gawain were examples of teaching aids. Such courts were tainted with materialism, increasingly seen as the source of dysfunction in noble society, to which Chivalry was proposed as a solution.
The Enemy
Authors: Crouch David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In a society as competitive as that of the medieval European elite, defence from open and concealed enemies was a matter of survival. Self-control was paramount as it was proverbial that a man was his own worst enemy. As a result, mitigating the effects of anger, rather than indulging it, was predominant in medieval conduct literature, contrary to some analyses of the medieval mentality. It was the young male which medieval society most feared as likely to disrupt society by his lack of self-control. Most feared of all was the rival courtier whose pleasant and flattering demeanour concealed an implacable and covert enemy (the losenger) conspiring at a rival’s overthrow. When open hostility broke out, medieval societies structured animosity into a framework called mortal enmity, which allowed its worst effects to be mitigated and not spill over to blood feud.
Discrepant Solace
Authors: James David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Consolation has always played an uncomfortable part in the literary history of loss. But in recent decades its affective meanings and ethical implications have been recast by narratives that appear to foil solace altogether. Illuminating this striking archive, Discrepant Solace considers writers who engage with consolation not as an aesthetic salve but as an enduring problematic for late twentieth- and twenty-first-century fiction and memoir. Making close readings of emotion crucial to understanding literature’s work in the precarious present, David James examines writers who are rarely considered in conversation, including Sonali Deraniyagala, Colson Whitehead, Cormac McCarthy, W.G. Sebald, Doris Lessing, Joan Didion, J. M. Coetzee, Marilynne Robinson, Julian Barnes, Helen Macdonald, Ian McEwan, Colm Tóibín, Kazuo Ishiguro, Denise Riley, and David Grossman. These figures overturn critical suppositions about consolation’s kinship with ideological complaisance or dubious distraction, producing unsettling perceptions of solace that shape the formal and political contours of their writing.
Introduction
Authors: James David 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Introduction elucidates the central theoretical, literary-historical, and methodological arguments in the book. It explains how the coming chapters navigate the representation of consolation by examining both the formal and the thematic elements of contemporary narrative. The Introduction also situates the contribution Discrepant Solace makes to recent conversations in affect studies, the history of emotions, literary aesthetics, and ethical criticism. It explains the book’s rationale for selection and comparison, while summarizing each of the core chapter’s arguments and focal texts. As a way of offering preliminary examples of the book’s larger metacritical and literary-historical claims, the Introduction integrates close readings of Sonali Deraniyagala’s Wave (2013); Christina Crosby’s A Body, Undone (2016); and Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad (2016).
Feeling at one: Socio-affective distribution, vibe, and dance-music consciousness
Authors: Witek Maria A.G. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the embodied consciousness of clubbing and raving is considered through the theory of extended mind, according to which the mind is a distributed system where brain, body, and environment play equal parts. Building on the idea of music as affective atmosphere, a case is made for considering the vibe of a dance party as cognitively, socially, and affectively distributed. The chapter suggests that participating in the vibe affords primary musical consciousness—a kind of pre-reflexive state characterized by affective and bodily knowledge—and speculates about the neural correlates of clubbing and raving by means of an analogy with brain research on psychedelic states.
Populations in transition and post-settlement: an infectious diseases and travel medicine perspective
Authors: Kanhutu Kudzai , Leder Karin , Biggs Beverley Ann 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
There is mounting evidence that the mass population movements associated with the current global refugee and asylum seeker crisis have profound infectious diseases consequences. Key contributory factors identified include disruption of health systems building blocks, malnutrition, inadequate housing, and poverty. A literature review informs the content of this chapter, using recent examples to illustrate principles such as the decline in vaccination rates among refugees and asylum seekers and outbreaks of vaccine-preventable illnesses; the observed increased risk of tuberculosis in RAS populations; clustering of emerging infectious diseases in conflict zones; and transportation of arthropod vectors leading to emergence of disease in new geographical zones. A final section covers communicable disease assessments after settlement, identifying key barriers and enablers of best-practice care.
Addressing the rights of women in conflict and humanitarian settings
Authors: Khosla Rajat , Krause Sandra , Tanabe Mihoko 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe Sustainable Development Goals commit to an international development agenda based on the fundamental principle of leaving no one behind. However, the global convergence between conflict, crisis, migration, poverty, and young populations is driving serious health and human rights consequences for those living in humanitarian settings, especially for sexual and reproductive health and rights. Despite marked progress in the policy sphere over the past quarter-century, with high-level recognition of sexual and reproductive health risks as well as the need to address these concerns, gaps remain in availability, funding, equitable access to and quality of services, and realization of these rights. A common agenda is needed that promotes a rights-based, participatory, empowering approach; strengthens the evidence base for effective interventions; and promotes continued advocacy and leadership. A transformative leadership agenda is vital if women and girls everywhere are to realize their health and well-being.
Dual loyalty, medical ethics, and health care in offshore asylum-seeker detention
Authors: Zion Deborah 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the ethical issues related to the practice of health care in an environment where human rights are absent, specifically relating to the conditions for refugees and asylum seekers who arrive by sea in Australian territory. The ethical considerations of working within the offshore detention environment are discussed. Health-care workers in these harsh environments often have divided loyalties, when duties to their patients conflict with duties to their employer or to the state. The author draws on published accounts and interviews with health-care providers who have worked on Manus Island and Nauru and Christmas Island, the sites used by Australia for offshore detention of asylum seekers.
Controlling compassion: the media, refugees, and asylum seekers
Authors: Allotey Pascale , Mares Peter , Reidpath Daniel D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis chapter explains the influence of the media in controlling the discourse about humanitarianism, refugees, migrants and asylum seekers. Changing responses to the arrival of several waves of refugees in Australia are used as an example. Media reporting has great power to shape public perceptions of these populations, and the result is often a populist policy response that also ultimately has an impact on access to care and services. In recent years the advent of social media such as Facebook and Twitter has also had a great impact, as exemplified by the almost instantaneous worldwide response to the image of a drowned Syrian child refugee in 2015.
Introduction: The Essence, Significance, and Problems of the Trans-Pacific Partnership
Authors: Kingsbury Benedict , Malone David M. , Mertenskötter Paul , Stewart Richard B. , Streinz Thomas , Sunami Atsushi 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is the first fully formed attempt at a new type of geopolitical and economic ordering project we call megaregulation. This introduction draws on the volume’s thirty further chapters to distill TPP’s essence and critically appraise its significance in the Asia-Pacific and beyond. TPP’s megaregulatory project uses the treaty-institutional form to open space for transnational business operations and prescribe liberal-type reforms of regulatory states and of their relations to markets. It also carries glimmers of a megaregionalism, but one largely lacking in imagination of a shared social or ecological future. TPP’s extensive coverage implicates, but TPP does not very much address, concerns over distribution, inequality, labor, environment, development, and national futures and nationalism which became more and more evident in national and international politics during and after the years of its negotiation. Drawing together themes from the book sheds some light on thinking about possible futures of economic ordering.
TPP and Environmental Regulation
Authors: Meidinger Errol 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the environment-related provisions of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) to assess how and how much they contribute to a larger megaregulatory program for the Asia-Pacific region. TPP calls for “high levels” of environmental protection and effective enforcement; incorporates duties from several multilateral environmental agreements; adds new provisions addressing several important environmental problems; mandates administrative best practices; promotes corporate social responsibility and the use of voluntary certification systems; and provides implementation mechanisms for most of these provisions ranging from Party negotiations to committee processes and binding arbitration. On the whole, it promotes a model of environmental regulation consistent with that of the most OECD countries. The resulting movement toward cross-border regulatory alignment is likely to make member state environmental programs increasingly legible and navigable for transnational business actors. Alignment dynamics are likely to contribute to increased economic and political integration through implementation of common administrative techniques, increasing levels of communication and idea-sharing among mandated committees and resulting networks of officials, and increased trade and regulatory interactions across member states. While these developments seem likely also to lead to modest strengthening of environmental regulation in some member states, they clearly leave the dominant role to markets and trade as the driving forces in megaregional integration. Finally, TPP’s environmental regulatory program is quite different from China’s current model, and seems likely to provide an important arena for engaging and countering Chinese policies. While TPP’s environmental provisions are likely to spur improved environmental regulation in some member countries, they do not pre-figure a governance system capable of controlling the environmental degradation wrought by continuingly intensifying production and trade.