bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of multiple fillers used for removal of water pollutants of large well near the river in northern China
Authors: Gao Yanjiao , Li Shujie 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this paper, chromium (Cr(VI)), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and ammonia nitrogen in synthetically polluted well water were treated in three columns packed with different fillers to compare treatment effects. The concentrations of Cr(VI), COD, and ammonia nitrogen were used to investigate processing efficiency and find the most efficient column and fillers. Several effective fillers were scanned by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) to discover the removing mechanism. Results showed No.1 column with iron powder, activated carbon, and artificial zeolite in series exerted the best ability to remove pollutants. Total removal rate of No.1 column for Cr(VI), COD, and ammonia nitrogen was 91.7%, 47.1%, and 81.6%, respectively. Iron powder removed 86.6% of Cr(VI), activated carbon removed 30.1% of COD, and artificial zeolite removed 66.9% of ammonia nitrogen. The ability of iron powder to remove Cr(VI) is attributed to the redox reaction between iron powder and Cr(VI). Removal of COD by activated carbon is based on the adsorption of activated carbon. Artificial zeolite contains a variety of cationic components and is capable of removing ammonia nitrogen from the water by ion exchange. The No.1 column process has higher reference values for the pretreatment of polluted well water in the towns of underdeveloped countries.
Optimization and mechanism of Acid Orange 7 removal by powdered activated carbon coupled with persulfate by response surface method
Authors: Wang Xuxu , Hu Xuebin , Zhao Chun , Sun Zhihua , Zheng Huaili , Li Junfeng , Wang Zhaoyang 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this study, powder activated carbon (PAC) utilized to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) was investigated for decolorization of Acid Orange 7 (AO7). The results indicated a remarkable synergistic effect in the PAC/PDS system. The effect of PAC, PDS dosages and initial pH on AO7 decolorization were studied and the processes followed first-order kinetics. Response surface method with central composite design (CCD) model was utilized to optimize these three factors and analyze the combined interaction. The optimum condition for the decolorization rate of AO7 was analyzed as the following: PAC (0.19 g/L), PDS (1.64 g/L), and initial pH (4.14). Cl− and SO42− showed a promoting effect on AO7 decolorization while HCO3− had a slightly inhibiting effect. Quenching experiments confirmed that both sulfate and hydroxyl radicals were the oxidizing species, and the oxidation reaction occurred on the surface of PAC. The results of UV-vis spectrum with 100% decolorization rate and the 50% total organic carbon reduction indicated highly efficient decolorization and mineralization of AO7 in the PAC/PDS system. Finally, the recovery performance of PAC was studied and the result indicated PAC had poor reuse in reactivity.
Effect of influent pH on hydrolytic acidification performance and bacterial community structure in EGSB for pretreating crotonaldehyde manufacture wastewater after ozonation
Authors: Liu Tao , Shen Zhiqiang , Zhang Chunyu , Song Yudong , Li Jie , Yang Zongpu , Song Guangqing , Han Zhenfeng , Zhou Yuexi 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of influent pH on the hydrolytic acidification (HA) performance and microbial community structure in an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) pretreating crotonaldehyde manufacture wastewater (CMW) after ozonation. The results showed that higher chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate (40.1%) and acidification degree (27.6%) were obtained at pH 8.0 than those at pH 6.0 and pH 4.0. The concentration of extractable extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the sludge gradually decreased with the pH decreasing from 8.0 to 4.0. A similar change was also observed for the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in the effluent. The optimal detoxification efficiency by the HA process was obtained at pH 8.0, with higher removal efficiency (all higher than 90%) of the main toxic pollutants (crotonaldehyde, 5-formyl-6-methyl-4,5-dihydropyran, etc.) and higher anaerobic biodegradation rate (44.5%) in biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay. Among the predominant genera, the Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were possibly related to biodegradation of pollutants, since their higher relative abundance also coincided with the better performance of the HA process at pH 8.0.
High rate filtration for local treatment of combined sewer overflow
Authors: Helness H. , Sun C. , Damman S. , Ahmadi M. , Raspati G. , Bjerkelund V. , Moldestad G. , Hattori K. , Kato T. , Ando N. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) pollute receiving waters and have a negative impact on ecosystem services. In urban areas rehabilitation of the sewer system to avoid CSOs is associated with high investment costs. Furthermore, not all CSOs can be closed due to the need for hydraulic reliability of the system. Local treatment of CSO with high rate filtration offers an alternative to rehabilitation of the sewer system that is flexible with respect to design and has lower investment cost than separating sewage and storm water runoff. Results from DESSIN, a 4-year EU demonstration project, are presented. The results showed on average 50% removal of particulate matter during CSO events, with higher removal (80%) in the initial first flush period. Other constituents, for example heavy metals, were removed through their association with particles. Potential impacts on ecosystem services in the catchment and the sustainability of the solution were assessed.
Using Small Peptide Segments of Amyloid-β and Humanin to Examine their Physical Interactions
Authors: Heyl Deborah L. , Iwaniec Brandon , Esckilsen Daniel , Price Deanna , Guttikonda Prathyusha , Cooper Jennifer , Lombardi Julia , Milletti Maria , Evans Hedeel Guy 
Published: April 2019

Background:Amyloid fibrils in Alzheimer’s disease are composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides of variant lengths. Humanin (HN), a 24 amino acid residue neuroprotective peptide, is known to interact with the predominant Aβ isoform in the brain, Aβ (1-40).Methods:Here, we constructed smaller segments of Aβ and HN and identified residues in HN important for both HN-HN and HN-Aβ interactions. Peptides corresponding to amino acid residues 5- 15 of HN, HN (5-15), HN (5-15, L11S), where Leu11 was replaced with Ser, and residues 17-28 of Aβ, Aβ (17-28), were synthesized and tested for their ability to block formation of the complex between HN and Aβ (1-40).Results:Co-immunoprecipitation and binding kinetics showed that HN (5-15) was more efficient at blocking the complex between HN and Aβ (1-40) than either HN (5-15, L11S) or Aβ (17-28). Binding kinetics of these smaller peptides with either full-length HN or Aβ (1-40) showed that HN (5- 15) was able to bind either Aβ (1-40) or HN more efficiently than HN (5-15, L11S) or Aβ (17-28). Compared to full-length HN, however, HN (5-15) bound Aβ (1-40) with a weaker affinity suggesting that while HN (5-15) binds Aβ, other residues in the full length HN peptide are necessary for maximum interactions.Conclusion:L11 was more important for interactions with Aβ (1-40) than with HN. Aβ (17-28) was relatively ineffective at binding to either Aβ (1-40) or HN. Moreover, HN, and the smaller HN (5-15), HN (5-15 L11S), and Aβ (17-28) peptides, had different effects on regulating Aβ (1-40) aggregation kinetics.
The Inducing Roles of the New Isolated Bursal Hexapeptide and Pentapeptide on the Immune Response of AIV Vaccine in Mice
Authors: Hao Shan Shan , Zong Man Man , Zhang Ze , Cai Jia Xi , Zheng Yang , Feng Xiu Li , Wang Chen 
Published: April 2019

Background:
Bursa of Fabricius is the acknowledged central humoral immune organ.
The bursal-derived peptides play the important roles on the immature B cell development and
antibody production.

Objective:
Here we explored the functions of the new isolated bursal hexapeptide and pentapeptide
on the humoral, cellular immune response and antigen presentation to Avian Influenza Virus (AIV)
vaccine in mice immunization.

Methods:
The bursa extract samples were purified following RP HPLC method, and were analyzed
with MS/MS to identify the amino acid sequences. Mice were twice subcutaneously injected with
AIV inactivated vaccine plus with two new isolated bursal peptides at three dosages, respectively.
On two weeks after the second immunization, sera samples were collected from the immunized
mice to measure AIV-specific IgG antibody levels and HI antibody titers. Also, on 7th day after the
second immunization, lymphocytes were isolated from the immunized mice to detect T cell subtype
and lymphocyte viabilities, and the expressions of co-stimulatory molecule on dendritic cells in the
immunized mice.

Results:
Two new bursal hexapeptide and pentapeptide with amino acid sequences KGNRVY and
MPPTH were isolated, respectively. Our investigation proved the strong regulatory roles of bursal
hexapeptide on AIV-specific IgG levels and HI antibody titers, and lymphocyte viabilities, and the
significant increased T cells subpopulation and expressions of MHCII molecule on dendritic cells
in the immunized mice. Moreover, our findings verified the significantly enhanced AIV-specific
IgG antibody and HI titers, and the strong increased T cell subpopulation and expressions of CD40
molecule on dendritic cells in the mice immunized with AIV vaccine and bursal pentapeptide.

Conclusion:
We isolated and identified two new hexapeptide and pentapeptide from bursa, and
proved that these two bursal peptides effectively induced the AIV-specific antibody, T cell and
antigen presentation immune responses, which provided an experimental basis for the further
clinical application of the bursal derived active peptide on the vaccine improvement.
Revealing the Synergistic Mechanism of Multiple Components in Compound Fengshiding Capsule for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapeutics by Network Pharmacology
Authors: Duan Hong , Zhai Ke-feng , Khan Ghulam J. , Zhou Jie , Cao Ting-yan , Wu Yu-qi , Zhou Ya-ru , Cao Wen-gen , Gao Gui-zhen , Shan Ling-ling 
Published: April 2019

Background:Compound Fengshiding capsule (CFC), is a Chinese formulation from herbal origin including Alangium platanifolium, Angelicae dahurica, Cynanchum paniculatum and Glycyrrhiza uralensis. CFC is widely used as clinical therapy against rheumatoid arthritis. However, its exact mechanism of action has not been explored yet.Methods:In order to explore the synergistic mechanism of CFC, we designed a study adopting network pharmacology scheme to screen the action targets in relation to the CFC components. The study analyses target facts of salicin, paeonol, liquiritin and imperatorin from PubMed database, and explores the potential pharmacological targets of rheumatoid arthritis, cervical neuralgia and sciatica related diseases for their interaction.Results:The results of boosted metabolic pathway showed that the chemical components of CFC interrupted many immune-related pathways, thus participating in immunity regulation of the body and playing a role in the treatment of rheumatism. Collectively, CFC has apoptotic, oxidative stress modulatory and anti-inflammatory effects that accumulatively serve for its clinical application against rheumatoid arthritis.Conclusion:Conclusively, our findings from present study reconnoiters and compacts systematic theoretical approach by utilizing the network pharmacology mechanism of four effective components for the treatment of rheumatism indicating sufficient potential drug targets associated with CFC against rheumatism. These interesting findings entreaties for further in vitro and in vivo studies on the mechanism of compound active ingredient against rheumatism.
Attitudes toward Social Media among Practicing Dentists and Dental Students in Clinical Years in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Aboalshamat Khalid , Alkiyadi Sharifah , Alsaleh Sarah , Reda Rana , Alkhaldi Sharifa , Badeeb Arwa , Gabb Najwa 
Published: April 2019

Background:Recently, social media use has been rising among dental students and practitioners.Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the usage, attitudes, and professionalism on social media among dental students and dentists in Saudi Arabia.Methods:This cross-sectional study investigated 779 dental students, interns, and dentists recruited from university hospitals and private clinics in three major cities (Jeddah, Riyadh, and Dammam), representing the eastern, central, and western regions of Saudi Arabia. Validated questionnaires were distributed to the participants asking about the use of social media for general purposes and professional purposes, attitudes on the social media, professionalism on social media, and the use of social media for marketing purposes. This study was ethically reviewed and approved by the Faculty of Dentistry Institutional Review Board, Umm Al-Qura University with application number (102-18).Results:Among the participants, the social media platforms most frequently used on a weekly basis are WhatsApp (m = 6.13 days/week, SD = 2.10), Snapchat (m = 5.33, SD = 2.65), and Instagram (m = 4.63, SD = 2.84). LinkedIn was the least frequently used platform. The most common professional uses were to watch clinical procedures (80.49%), find new information (79.59%), learn from peers (61.1%), and communicate with patients (5.76%). Only 47.75% followed their university or workplace professionalism guidelines, and 31.74% do not have any professionalism guidelines for using social media. There were 28.75% of participants who had considered posting information/photos about a patient without the patient’s permission, those who had criticized a dental colleague numbered 49.04%, and 59.69% had criticized a dental organization. However, only a few items had statistically significant differences between dental students and dentists.Conclusion:More stringent guidelines regarding proper conduct online should be implemented and included in the dental continuous education material.
Micro-CT Analysis of Morphological Changes in Mandibles of Growing Rats with Unilateral Occlusal Elevation
Authors: Morohoshi Takahiro , Ishii Takenobu , Ishikawa Munetada , Choi Daehwan , Ariizumi Dai , Morikawa Taiki , Sueishi Kenji 
Published: April 2019

Objectives:
This study investigated the effect of unilateral occlusal elevation in the molar region on facial and mandibular development in growing rats.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty 5-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to three groups (n = 10). The control group was allowed to develop naturally until 9 weeks of age. A device fitted on the caused unilateral occlusal elevation at 5 weeks in the removal group. The device was removed at 7 weeks and the rats were observed until 9 weeks. In the continuation group, the same device fitted on the left-side molars caused unilateral occlusal elevation continuously for 9 weeks. All groups underwent craniofacial scanning with three-dimensional micro-computed tomography at 5, 7, and 9 weeks.

Results:
In the removal and continuation groups, the mandible was displaced to the unelevated side. At 7 weeks, both these groups showed greater skeletal growth and molar extrusion on the elevated side, with significant differences between the elevated and unelevated sides. At 9 weeks, there were significant differences in both skeletal and alveolar growth between these groups; the asymmetry ameliorated in the removal group.

Limitations:
We evaluated three-dimensional morphometry by fitting a device to rat molars for a short observation period; thus, future studies are warranted to acquire data following long-term observation.

Conclusion:
Unilateral occlusal elevation during the growth period suppressed molar eruption and extrusion on the elevated and unelevated sides, respectively. The height of the mandibular ramus increased on the elevated side, resulting in asymmetric growth.
Effectiveness of Surgical versus Conservative Treatment for Distal Femoral Growth Plate Fractures: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hayes Nicholas , Umapathysivam Kandiah , Foster Bruce 
Published: April 2019

Background and Objective:The objective of this review was to determine whether surgery, in comparison to conservative treatment, is a safe and effective intervention for the management of distal femoral growth plate fractures.Methods:A systematic literature review was performed using a three-step search strategy. The PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases were utilized to identify current studies from 1 January 1990 to 8 January 2017. Papers selected for retrieval were assessed by two independent reviewers for methodological validity prior to inclusion in the review using standardized critical appraisal instruments. Primary outcomes of interest were rates of growth arrest and angular deformity.Results:Of the 7740 studies identified with the search, 15 case studies with data inclusive of outcomes of interest were selected for inclusion. A total of 466 patients were included.The rate of complication in the surgical population was 37.8%. In the conservative population the rate of complication was 34.0%. Five of the 15 papers showed Salter-Harris (SH) classification to correlate with prognosis, three papers showed the presence of displacement to correlate with prognosis which would have had an influence on the results of these higher graded injuries likely to have been managed operatively. A high rate of position loss and subsequent growth abnormalities was observed when conservative management was instituted.Conclusion:The rate of complication was marginally higher in the surgical population than that in the conservative population. This study also identified that higher severity distal femur physeal fractures, determined by the amount of displacement and Salter Harris grade, may associate a poorer outcome. It appears that managing higher severity distal femoral physeal injuries conservatively would be less likely to achieve and maintain reduction and therefore associate higher risks of malunion with subsequent growth arrest, leg length discrepancy and angular deformity as compared with surgical intervention. Further studies with higher patient numbers and comparable cohorts are needed to compare surgical and conservative interventions for the lower severity distal femoral physeal fractures.
Development of CliniPup, a Serious Game Aimed at Reducing Perioperative Anxiety and Pain in Children: Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Verschueren Sarah , van Aalst June , Bangels Anne-Marie , Toelen Jaan , Allegaert Karel , Buffel Connor , Vander Stichele Geert 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundAn increasing number of children undergo ambulatory surgery each year, and a significant proportion experience substantial preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain. The management of perioperative anxiety and pain remains challenging in children and is inadequate, which negatively impacts the physical, psychosocial, and economic outcomes. Existing nonpharmacological interventions are costly, time consuming, vary in availability, and lack benefits. Therefore, there is a need for an evidence-based, accessible, nonpharmacological intervention as an adjunct to existing pharmacological alternatives to reduce perioperative anxiety and pain in children undergoing ambulatory surgery. Technology-enabled interventions have been proposed as a method to address the unmet need in this setting. In particular, serious games hold a unique potential to change health beliefs and behaviors in children.ObjectiveThe objective of this research was to describe the rationale, scientific evidence, design aspects, and features of CliniPup, a serious game aimed at reducing perioperative anxiety and pain in children undergoing ambulatory surgery.MethodsThe SERES Framework for serious game development was used to create the serious game, CliniPup. In particular, we used a mixed methods approach that consisted of a structured literature review supplemented with ethnographic research, such as expert interviews and a time-motion exercise. The resulting scientific evidence base was leveraged to ensure that the resulting serious game was relevant, realistic, and theory driven. A participatory design approach was applied, wherein clinical experts qualitatively reviewed several versions of the serious game, and an iterative creative process was used to integrate the applicable feedback.ResultsCliniPup, a serious game, was developed to incorporate a scientific evidence base from a structured literature review, realistic content collected during ethnographic research such as expert interviews, explicit pedagogical objectives from scientific literature, and game mechanics and user interface design that address key aspects of the evidence.ConclusionsThis report details the systematic development of CliniPup, a serious game aimed at reducing perioperative anxiety and pain in children undergoing ambulatory surgery. Clinical experts validated CliniPup’s underlying scientific evidence base and design foundations, suggesting that it was well designed for preliminary evaluation in the target population. An evaluation plan is proposed and briefly described.
The Differences in Pacing Among Age Groups of Amateur Cross-Country Skiers Depend on Performance
Authors: Nikolaidis Pantelis T. , Rosemann Thomas , Knechtle Beat 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Pacing strategies have mainly been investigated for runners, but little is known for cross-country skiers. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of performance and age on pacing strategies in cross-country skiing. All finishers (women, n = 19,375; men, n = 86,190) in the ‘Engadin Ski Marathon’ (42 km) between 1998 and 2016 were analysed for the percentage change of speed at 10 km (Change A), 20 km (Change B) and 35 km (Change C). They were classified in performance groups according to quartiles of average race speed (Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4) and in 5-year age groups (<20, 20-24, 25-29… 85-89 years). Men were faster than women by +14.3% (15.2 ± 4.0 vs. 13.3 ± 3.3 km/h; p < 0.001, η2 = 0.215). A small impact of age group × performance group interaction on Change A was shown in women (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.026) and men (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.025), where Q1 augmented and Q4 attenuated the decrease in speed with aging. However, the impact of age group × performance group interaction on Change B and C was trivial (p = 0.002, η2 ≤ 0.010). Based on these findings, it was concluded that the differences in pacing among age groups depended on the performance level. Thus, the coaches and fitness trainers working with cross-country skiers should advise their athletes to consider both age and performance.