bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philosophies of Creation
Authors: Kerr Gaven 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this chapter the philosophies of creation with which Aquinas himself was familiar are explored. Accordingly, Aquinas’s engagement with the creationist metaphysics of the Presocratics, Plato and Aristotle, and their followers is considered. It is noted that in his engagement with these thinkers, Aquinas articulates a basic deficiency in many of them to the effect that they do not isolate the actual existence of things as a feature of them without which they would not be and thus calling on a cause for all things that in any way exist. Accordingly, many of these thinkers fail to arrive at the notion of a creator, and those who do so because they have reached a universal consideration of things in terms of their very being.
The Meaning of Creation
Authors: Kerr Gaven 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this chapter the very meaning of creation is considered. It is noted that for Thomas creation involves the production of the total substance in being, and that the philosopher can establish a number of things about this on the basis of natural reason. However, as is well known, Thomas stops short of saying that the beginning of creation can be established by the philosopher. Thus, the consideration of the meaning of creation in this chapter is limited to details which can be established by the philosopher, in particular how it is to be taken as ex nihilo, as a relation, and whether or not creatures can create. The issue of the beginning of creation is dealt with in a later chapter.
The History of Creation
Authors: Kerr Gaven 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In this chapter the history of creation is considered, and the focus is on two key issues: (i) whether or not there is a beginning to creation, and (ii) the consistency of Aquinas’s views with the biblical account of Genesis. There are two main parts of this chapter. The first part deals with Aquinas’s view that the arguments both for and against a beginning of creation are unsatisfactory. The second part deals with Aquinas’s reading of the creation narrative in Genesis, how this reading fits in with his metaphysics of creation, and how it entails that one need not be committed to a literal six-day creation story in order to take the Genesis account seriously.
Maximalism and the Ought-Most-Reason View
Authors: Portmore Douglas W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Maximalism forces us to deny either that we ought to do whatever we have most reason to do or that how much reason there is to perform a given option is directly proportional to how good that option is. In this chapter, I argue that we should deny the latter. We should instead hold that how much reason there is to perform a given option is directly proportional to how good the best version of that option is. Thus, how much reason I have to kiss my partner is not a function of, say, the bad consequences that would result from my doing so (for assume that I would in fact kiss her nonpassionately if I were to kiss her), but a function of the good consequences that would result from my kissing her passionately.
Which, if Either, Are We to Assess Directly in Terms of What Ultimately Matters
Authors: Portmore Douglas W. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that our uncertainty with respect to whether a subject has violated a constraint in ϕ-ing can stem not only from our limited knowledge of the actual world but also from the indeterminacy that’s inherent in certain possible worlds. And this means that constraint-accepting theorists will need to find a way to deal with such uncertainty even when it comes to giving an account of objective rightness. And it’s argued that the best way for constraint-accepting theorists to deal with this issue is to adopt a teleological theory. In doing so, she needn’t give up on any of our common-sense moral intuitions. Nor would she need to give up the deontological idea that constraints are ultimately grounded in our duty to respect people and their capacity for rational, autonomous decision making. Thus, it’s argued that we should accept a teleological version of rationalist maximalism.
Other People's Struggles
Authors: Owen Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Other People’s Struggles is the first attempt in over forty years to explain the place of “conscience constituents” in social movements. Conscience constituents are people who participate in a movement but do not stand to benefit if it succeeds. Why do such people participate when they do not stand to benefit? Why are they sometimes present and sometimes absent in social movements? Why and when is their participation welcome to those who do stand to benefit, and why and when is it not? The work proposes an original theory to answer these questions, crossing discipline boundaries to draw on the findings of social psychology, philosophy, and normative political theory, in search of explanations of why people act altruistically and what it means to others when they do so. The theory is illustrated by examples from British history, including the antislavery movement, the women’s suffrage and liberation movements, labor and socialist movements, anticolonial movements, antipoverty movements, and movements for global justice. Other People’s Struggles also contributes to new debates concerning the rights and wrongs of “speaking for others.” Debates concerning the limits of solidarity—who can be an “ally” and on what terms—have become very topical in contemporary politics, especially in identity politics and in the new “populist” movements. The book provides a theoretical and empirical account of how these questions have been addressed in the past and how they might be framed today.
The conscience constituent reconsidered
Authors: Owen Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides a critical account of the conscience constituent in social movement theory. It identifies the points at which conscience constituents are deployed in social movement theory: in resource mobilization theory, rational choice accounts of mobilization, political process theory, and framing theory. It considers the weaknesses of the conscience constituent theory both in terms of supply (why conscience constituents participate) and demand (why social movements make use of them). It introduces four puzzling empirical cases the existing theory struggles to explain: women’s movements and their male supporters, anticolonialism and its British friends, labor representation and its professional advocates, and Victorian socialists and middle-class fellowship. The chapter also provides a roadmap to the book as a whole and explains and justifies methodological and definitional choices.
Problems of accountability in outward work
Authors: Owen Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers the dilemmas that arise in the outward orientation, when movements seek to define and pursue interests. The key difference is between constituents who define and pursue their own interests and adherents who define and pursue the interests of others. The chapter focuses on the work of representation and the accompanying dilemma of accountability. It argues that adherents, as supposedly disinterested non-beneficiaries, can be effective as representatives, but may also be harder to trust. It distinguishes between three approaches: disjoint “championing,” conjoint “allying,” and “self-representation.” The chapter also considers the difficulties that may arise when a movement is defining emerging interests rather than pursuing crystallized interests. The supporting case study considers labor representation and its professional advocates. The historical puzzle is why it has sometimes (but not always) been possible for workers to be represented in Parliament by middle-class Labour MPs.
Problems of authenticity in expressive work
Authors: Owen Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers work in the expressive orientation, which concerns the articulation and expression of identities. The dilemma is one of authenticity, and it turns on questions of provenance. When the identity is grounded in shared experiences, needs, and desires, the adherent may be well placed to help. When the experiences, needs, and desires are unshared, she is a less possible and less useful ally. Three approaches are distinguished: disjoint “validation,” in which the adherent attests, on the basis of her expertise, that the claimed identity is valid; conjoint “crossing-over” in which the adherent seeks to share the identity-forming experiences of the constituents; and “self-expression,” in which constituents seek to secure their identities alone. The supporting case study for this chapter contrasts the mobilization of male sympathizers in the Edwardian women’s suffrage movement with their demobilization in the Women’s Liberation Movement of the 1970s.
On having to be what we cannot be
Authors: Owen Nicholas 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 9 sums up the findings of the historical case studies by looking at the long-run changes and making a conjecture about the trajectory they indicate from the beginnings of modern social movements to the late-modern present day. The conjecture is that adherent selves can no longer act for others with the same confidence and authority as they once did. Nor can they give up their desire, based in part on others’ expectations, to assist in other people’s struggles. Nor is it easy for them to change themselves as required to belong in those struggles. The late-modern adherent is therefore cross-pressured. She has to be what she cannot be. The claim is illustrated and supported with empirical examples from contemporary social movements, especially the changing nature of charitable participation.
Utilitarianism
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Utilitarianism is the idea that we ought to maximize the sum total of happiness. The notion of happiness is clarified. Happiness is taken in a subjective and empirical sense, as a kind of mood. Affirmative answers to the following questions are provided: What is happiness? Can it be measured? Can we compare it between persons? Can it function as a common currency when the different theories of distributive justice are compared? What about the heterogeneity objection? Can very different kinds of happiness be measured on a single scale? In the answers to these questions the idea of a least noticeable difference with respect to happiness plays a crucial role. It is conjectured that, if a person is in a certain mood (momentarily), then there exists an exact number of just noticeable changes for the worse or the better to the point where life is just worth living. Many different conditions can contribute to cause a person to be at the state where she is. A distinction of the utmost importance between physical and subjective time is introduced and a claim is made that what matters, from the point of view of moral theory, is subjective time.
Prioritarianism
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The rationale behind prioritarianism is the idea that suffering has a special moral importance. This means that a person who momentarily suffers has a special moral claim for improvement of her hedonic situation. It is the other way around with happiness. Prioritarianism is seen as a possible amendment to utilitarianism. Since suffering takes place at a definite time, momentary suffering, not suffering within an entire life, is what matters, according to prioritarianism. While the maximin/leximin theory gives absolute priority to those who are worst off prioritarinism presents a more nuanced view. Some special weight is given to an amount of happiness/unhappiness depending on where it falls, on a happy or on a miserable moment. There are many ideas, however, about how to specify the exact weight which should be given to an instant of happiness/unhappiness depending on where it appears on the hedonistic scale. This means that prioritarianism presents us with a family of theories rather than with one theory in particular. They all agree on the claim, however, that what should be maximized is a weighted sum of happiness rather than the sum total of happiness.
The Maximin/Leximin Theory
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The maximin/leximin theory is applied in real medical life. The general result, in relation to any welfare state assuming its global obligations, is that more resources ought to be directed to the care and cure of people suffering from mental illness; less should be spent on marginal life extension (especially among elderly patients).The urgency of mental health, when the matter is assessed from the point of view of the maximin/leximin theory, has to do with the fact that people often suffer for very long time from mental disease rendering it plausible to assume that many people in this category garner throughout their lives a net deficit in terms of happiness. Hence they are the patients who are worst off. The problem with marginal life extension among elderly patients has to do with the fact that many among them have throughout their long lives already garnered a lot of happiness. Now these people have to stand back when there is fierce competition for available medical resources.
History of Interpretation of Melchizedek
Authors: Cargill Robert R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a standard history of literary research on the topics of Melchizedek, Gen. 14, and Ps. 110. It looks at each of the research questions, including whether Gen. 14 is unified or composite; whether it is early (i.e., an eleventh- to ninth-century bce Mesopotamian or Canaanite chronicle adapted by Hebrew scribes) or late (i.e., a Persian or Hellenistic period composition); and whether the Melchizedek episode is original to the narrative or a later gloss. Likewise, questions regarding Ps. 110 are addressed, including whether it is early (i.e., a tenth- to ninth-century bce Canaanite coronation psalm adopted by the Israelites) or late (i.e., a Hellenistic or even Hasmonean composition), whether verse 4 is a Hasmonean gloss, and whether the personal name Melchizedek is mentioned in verse 4.
From Sodom to Shalem
Authors: Cargill Robert R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter details the first central thesis of the book, its principal text-critical argument: that Melchizedek originally appeared in the text of Gen. 14 as the king of Sodom, but that this text was altered to Shalem to distance the patriarch Abram from the city that would come to represent God’s destruction of perversity and inhospitality. The chapter proceeds step by step through the redaction process of the word Sodom to Shalem. The chapter then discusses the death of Beraʿ, the king of Sodom, and how later literature altered the account of his death so that he could reappear later in the story, thereby causing Melchizedek to appear as someone other than the heir to the throne of Sodom. The chapter concludes with a thorough grammatical examination of Gen. 14 demonstrating that verse 18 was manipulated and wrongly interpreted to understand Melchizedek and the king of Sodom as separate individuals.
From ʾEl ʿElyon to YHWH
Authors: Cargill Robert R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the references to the deity (or deities) ʾEl ʿElyon in Gen. 14:19, 20, and 22. Using archaeological evidence in the form of Phoenician, Aramaic, and Hittite inscriptions, this chapter specifically looks at the northern Phoenician origin of the deity and his peculiar epithet “Creator of Heaven and Earth” as evidence of the antiquity of this text. Finally, this chapter provides evidence that the name of YHWH in verse 22 is a later gloss.
Evidence of Sectarian Redaction in the Samaritan Pentateuch and the Masoretic Text
Authors: Cargill Robert R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides the theoretical and methodological foundation for the second central thesis of the book. The chapter systematically explores examples in the HB of growing redactional competition between the Masoretic Text and the Samaritan Pentateuch, with each sectarian group making slight alterations to key texts in order to promote their respective holy mountains and denigrate the others’. This leads to the presentation of evidence for a third compelling thesis: that the Moriah mentioned in conjunction with Abraham and the sacrifice of Isaac in Gen. 22 originally read Moreh, and was initially a reference to the Oak of Moreh near Shechem in the shadow of Mt. Gerizim. To combat this, the hapax legomenon Moriah was created to remove the central theophany from the holy Samaritan mountain, Gerizim, and later, utilizing a gloss in 2 Chron. 3:1, was relocated from the desert to Jerusalem.
From Shalem to Jerusalem
Authors: Cargill Robert R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents evidence that demonstrates, in a manner similar to Moriah detailed in the previous chapter, that the city of Shalem was relocated in a two-step redactional process. First, Shalem was moved from being “a city of Shechem” (Gen. 33:18) to being located in an unknown region. In Jer. 41:5, a reference to Shalem was replaced outright with a reference to Shiloh so as to obscure its mention, but not before the LXX preserved the original reference to Shalem. Later, Shalem was associated explicitly with Jerusalem, using texts from the Second Temple period like Jubilees, the Genesis Apocryphon, and the works of Josephus. The location of the Valley of Shaveh was also relocated from the Dead Sea to Jerusalem to correspond to the relocation of Shalem to Jerusalem.
Psalm 110
Authors: Cargill Robert R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the presence of Melchizedek in Ps. 110 (LXX Ps. 109) and asks if the Hebrew text refers to the same priest-king mentioned in Gen. 14:18 or to another priest-king—the Israelite king the psalm celebrates as part of his coronation. This chapter closely examines the extraordinary measures taken by Hebrew interpreters to alter references to the metaphorical birth of the king in verse 3 that are clear references to birth in other psalms. This chapter also examines the LXX’s “inventive” interpretation in verse 4 of a priestly “Order of Melchizedek”—a translation that is not supported by later translations like the Aramaic targums.
Conclusion
Authors: Cargill Robert R. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the central arguments and evidence presented in the book. It demonstrates that the original purpose of Gen. 14 was that of a hero narrative, presenting the über-righteous Abram as a YHWH-empowered warrior who rescues his nephew, Lot, and returns the kidnaped and plundered Sodomite people and their goods to their homeland, without exacting a payment! Abram was to be depicted as the ultimate righteous hero, fighting the good fight on behalf of his extended family and demanding no payment in return. He is victorious in battle and generous in victory, “blessing those who bless him and becoming a curse to those who curse him.” However, as the history of Israel unfolded, parts of the Abram narrative required updating in the eyes of the Jerusalem priesthood. Given the sectarian political battles that came to shape Judean and Samaritan history in Israel following the collapse of the two kingdoms and the Babylonian exile, the Melchizedek encounter underwent small changes over time, each of which created new problems with each problem it solved. It was this redaction history of the Melchizedek encounter that created Melchizedek as an individual separate from the king of Sodom and gave rise to the varied Jewish interpretations of him in the late Second Temple period.
Politics in Unusual Places
Authors: Behl Natasha 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 recounts the 2012 gang rape and murder of Jyoti Singh to highlight the contradictory nature of Indian democracy—which gravely affects its institutions and puts its citizens at risk. The book asks, why do we find pervasive gender-based discrimination, exclusion, and violence in India when the Indian Constitution builds an inclusive democracy committed to gender and caste equality? To understand women’s unequal experience of Indian democracy in multiple domains, the introduction weaves an analysis of the 2012 gang rape with ethnographic data from the Sikh community to call attention to the dangers of gender-based violence, from its most horrific expression to the more commonplace. In doing so, the book highlights similar logics at play along the spectrum of gender-based violence and explains how these logics cause women’s lives to be at risk in all spheres of life—state, civil society, religious community, and home.
Situated Citizenship
Authors: Behl Natasha 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 advances situated citizenship as a general theoretical and methodological framework to study the lived experiences of unequal democracy across subordinated demographics and to understand gendered and racialized citizenship in different locations across the world. In developing a framework of situated citizenship, chapter 2 reviews democratization and legal studies literatures, identifies the major limitations of these literatures, and explains how a theory of situated citizenship overcomes these limitations. Chapter 2 argues that institutional indicators and formal rights fail to tell the full story—and hide more than they show because through nominal female inclusion these formal institutions often render the mechanisms of exclusionary inclusion invisible. In contrast, situated citizenship explains how uneven and unequal experiences of citizenship are created, maintained, and challenged in the private and public spheres through concrete face-to-face social practices often compounded by intersecting categories like gender, caste, class, religion, and nation.
Unequal Citizenship
Authors: Behl Natasha 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses attention on women’s unequal experience of the Indian state through an examination of the debates surrounding the 2012 gang rape. Chapter 3 examines both the progressive political opening and the retrenchment of patriarchal norms following Jyoti Singh’s murder, and argues that this opening and retrenchment are emblematic of the Indian state’s radical promise of equality and its horrific failure to achieve this equality. An analysis of politicians’ responses demonstrates how gendered norms operate to exclude women in the name of inclusion. This analysis highlights the difficulty of eradicating gendered violence through legal reform, demonstrates the unpredictability of the political process, and shows how gendered norms operate in the public sphere to undermine and frustrate progressive change. The chapter outlines the difficulty of turning to the law as a liberatory strategy in a liberal democracy and shifts attention to other spheres of life as potential sources for more egalitarian social relations.
Conclusion
Authors: Behl Natasha 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The concluding chapter returns to the 2012 gang rape and murder of Jyoti Singh to reanalyze this horrific incident in light of the research findings, and to discuss the implications of the analysis for the study of gender equality, citizenship, and democracy in India and beyond. Behl puts her experience of SGBV in direct relation with the gang rape case and with the findings from the Sikh community to call attention to the dangers that lurk in every case of SGBV, from its most extraordinary to the more mundane expression in daily life. She shares her own experience to critically reflect on her positionality as a diasporic researcher, with attention to the ways participants and she coconstruct the data, and to the ways her own blind spots impact the research process. Lastly, she asks if political science as a discipline is willing to listen to new forms of knowledge production.