bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of face masks used to protect Beijing residents against particulate air pollution
Authors: Cherrie John W , Apsley Andrew , Cowie Hilary , Steinle Susanne , Mueller William , Lin Chun , Horwell Claire J , Sleeuwenhoek Anne , Loh Miranda 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesMany residents in Beijing use disposable face masks in an attempt to protect their health from high particulate matter (PM) concentrations. Retail masks may be certified to local or international standards, but their real-life performance may not confer the exposure reduction potential that is marketed. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a range of face masks that are commercially available in China.MethodsNine masks claiming protection against fine PM (PM2.5) were purchased from consumer outlets in Beijing. The masks’ filtration efficiency was tested by drawing airborne diesel exhaust through a section of the material and measuring the PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) concentrations upstream and downstream of the filtering medium. Four masks were selected for testing on volunteers. Volunteers were exposed to diesel exhaust inside an experimental chamber while performing sedentary tasks and active tasks. BC concentrations were continuously monitored inside and outside the mask.ResultsThe mean per cent penetration for each mask material ranged from 0.26% to 29%, depending on the flow rate and mask material. In the volunteer tests, the average total inward leakage (TIL) of BC ranged from 3% to 68% in the sedentary tests and from 7% to 66% in the active tests. Only one mask type tested showed an average TIL of less than 10%, under both test conditions.ConclusionsMany commercially available face masks may not provide adequate protection, primarily due to poor facial fit. Our results indicate that further attention should be given to mask design and providing evidence-based guidance to consumers.
When should screening of pediatric trauma patients for adult behaviors start?
Authors: Maung Adrian A , Becher Robert D , Schuster Kevin M , Davis Kimberly A 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundCare of patients with trauma is not only limited to the sustained physical injuries but also requires addressing social issues, such as substance abuse and interpersonal violence, which are responsible for trauma-related recidivism. This study investigates whether there are age-related variations in these problematic social behaviors to analyze whether there is an age cut-off at which point adolescents should be screened for adult social behaviors.MethodsRetrospective review of patients with trauma aged 12–21 admitted to an urban Level 1 adult and pediatric trauma center between February 2013 and April 2016. Demographics, mechanisms of injury, Injury Severity Score, outcomes, toxicology and social history evaluations were abstracted from the electronic medical record.Results756 patients were admitted during the 39-month period. Most patients were male (73.9%) without significant variation by age. The mechanisms of injury varied by age (p<0.001) with the incidence of sports and bicycle injuries decreasing and the incidence of motor vehicle/motorcycle crashes, assaults and gunshot injuries increasing with increasing patient age. In a logistic regression, risks of positive toxicology tests, injuries due to violence as well as overall use of drugs, tobacco and alcohol also significantly increased with age starting with the youngest age included in the study.ConclusionsAs pediatric trauma patients get older, they have increasing risks of social issues typically associated with adults. Our study underscores the need to evaluate and address these issues even in young adolescents.Level of evidenceLevel IV—epidemiological.
Traumatic pulmonary pseudocysts associated to pneumothorax and rib fractures in a dog
Authors: Barge Pablo , Fernández‐Del Palacio Maria Josefa , Santarelli Giorgia , Soler Marta , Agut Amalia 
Published: April 2018

A two‐year‐old, 37 kg intact mixed‐breed dog was presented with lameness of the left pelvic limb after being hit by a car three days ago. The physical examination revealed tachypnoea with an abdominal restrictive respiratory pattern. Based on history of the patient and imaging findings a presumptive diagnosis of pneumothorax, rib fractures and traumatic pulmonary pseudocysts (TPP) was made. The patient was treated conservatively. One month later, thoracic radiograph showed only a pulmonary small nodule. TPPs are an uncommon complication after blunt thorax trauma but should be included in the differential diagnosis when cavitary pulmonary lesions are seen on thoracic radiograph or CT.
Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions from surface and subsurface drip irrigated tomato fields
Authors: Edwards K.P. , Madramootoo C.A. , Whalen J.K. , Adamchuk V.I. , Mat Su A.S. , Benslim H. 
Published: April 2018

Irrigation practices change the soil moisture in agricultural fields and influence emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). A 2 yr field study was conducted to assess carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from surface and subsurface drip irrigated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fields on a loamy sand in southern Ontario. Surface and subsurface drip irrigation are common irrigation practices used by tomato growers in southern Ontario. The N2O fluxes were generally ≤50 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1, with mean cumulative emissions ranging between 352 ± 83 and 486 ± 138 mg N2O-N m−2. No significant difference in N2O emissions between the two drip irrigation practices was found in either study year. Mean CO2 fluxes ranged from 22 to 160 mg CO2-C m2 h−1 with cumulative fluxes between 188 ± 42 and 306 ± 31 g CO2-C m−2. Seasonal CO2 emissions from surface drip irrigation were significantly greater than subsurface drip irrigation in both years, likely attributed to sampling time temperature differences. We conclude that these irrigation methods did not have a direct effect on the GHG emissions from tomato fields in this study. Therefore, both irrigation methods are expected to have similar environmental impacts and are recommended to growers.
First-principles study on the electronic structure and elastic properties of Mo2NiB2doped with V
Authors: Li Jinming , Li Xiaobo , Gao Haiyun , Peng Dian 
Published: April 2018

The content of this study is to analyze the electronic structure and elastic properties that the different structures of Mo2NiB2and doping with V of the tetragonal M3B2(Mo2Ni[Formula: see text]V[Formula: see text]B2and Mo[Formula: see text]Ni[Formula: see text]V[Formula: see text]B2) (x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and y = 0.125, 0.25, 0.375) by first-principles calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) combined with the projection-plus-wave method. But the calculated formation energy shows that V atoms prefer to substitute the Mo and Ni atoms of the tetragonal Mo2NiB2. Moreover, with the increase of V content, the formation enthalpy of tetragonal Mo2NiB2is reduced, and the formation enthalpy of Mo[Formula: see text]Ni[Formula: see text]V[Formula: see text]B2is the least as −53.23 kJ/mol. The calculated elastic constant suffices the condition of mechanical stability, indicate that they are stable. The calculated elastic modulus illustrates that Mo2NiB2having better mechanical properties when V elements are at Mo and Ni sites instead of Ni sites. The calculated and analyzed density of states of Mo[Formula: see text]Ni[Formula: see text]V[Formula: see text]B2has the smallest the density of states at the Fermi level indicating that it has the more stable structure. For the theoretical analysis of the first-principles calculations, the addition of 15 atom% of the V and V doping modes of Mo and Ni are preferentially replaced by V atoms of Mo2NiB2ternary boride has the best performance.
Hiding in Plain Sight: Rediscovering the Importance of Noncoding RNA in Human Malignancy
Authors: Feeley Kyle P. , Edmonds Mick D. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
At the time of its construction in the 1950s, the central dogma of molecular biology was a useful model that represented the current state of knowledge for the flow of genetic information after a period of prolific scientific discovery. Unknowingly, it also biased many of our assumptions going forward. Whether intentional or not, genomic elements not fitting into this paradigm were deemed unimportant and emphasis on the study of protein-coding genes prevailed for decades. The phrase “Junk DNA,” first popularized in the 1960s, is still used with alarming frequency to describe the entirety of noncoding DNA. It has since become apparent that RNA molecules not coding for protein are vitally important in both normal development and human malignancy. Cancer researchers have been pioneers in determining noncoding RNA function and developing new technologies to study these molecules. In this review, we will discuss well known and newly emerging species of noncoding RNAs, their functions in cancer, and new technologies being utilized to understand their mechanisms of action in cancer. Cancer Res; 78(9); 2149–58. ©2018 AACR.
Identification and Validation of a 3-Gene Methylation Classifier for HPV-Based Cervical Screening on Self-Samples
Authors: Verlaat Wina , Snoek Barbara C. , Heideman Daniëlle A.M. , Wilting Saskia M. , Snijders Peter J.F. , Novianti Putri W. , van Splunter Annina P. , Peeters Carel F.W. , van Trommel Nienke E. , Massuger Leon F.A.G. , Bekkers Ruud L.M. , Melchers Willem J.G. , van Kemenade Folkert J. , Berkhof Johannes , van de Wiel Mark A. , Meijer Chris J.L.M. , Steenbergen Renske D.M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPurpose: Offering self-sampling of cervico-vaginal material for high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing is an effective method to increase the coverage in cervical screening programs. Molecular triage directly on hrHPV-positive self-samples for colposcopy referral opens the way to full molecular cervical screening. Here, we set out to identify a DNA methylation classifier for detection of cervical precancer (CIN3) and cancer, applicable to lavage and brush self-samples.Experimental Design: We determined genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of 72 hrHPV-positive self-samples, using the Infinium Methylation 450K Array. The selected DNA methylation markers were evaluated by multiplex quantitative methylation-specific PCR (qMSP) in both hrHPV-positive lavage (n = 245) and brush (n = 246) self-samples from screening cohorts. Subsequently, logistic regression analysis was performed to build a DNA methylation classifier for CIN3 detection applicable to self-samples of both devices. For validation, an independent set of hrHPV-positive lavage (n = 199) and brush (n = 287) self-samples was analyzed.Results: Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling revealed 12 DNA methylation markers for CIN3 detection. Multiplex qMSP analysis of these markers in large series of lavage and brush self-samples yielded a 3-gene methylation classifier (ASCL1, LHX8, and ST6GALNAC5). This classifier showed a very good clinical performance for CIN3 detection in both lavage (AUC = 0.88; sensitivity = 74%; specificity = 79%) and brush (AUC = 0.90; sensitivity = 88%; specificity = 81%) self-samples in the validation set. Importantly, all self-samples from women with cervical cancer scored DNA methylation–positive.Conclusions: By genome-wide DNA methylation profiling on self-samples, we identified a highly effective 3-gene methylation classifier for direct triage on hrHPV-positive self-samples, which is superior to currently available methods. Clin Cancer Res; 24(14); 3456–64. ©2018 AACR.
Projected Costs of Informal Caregiving for Cardiovascular Disease: 2015 to 2035: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association
Authors: Dunbar Sandra B. , Khavjou Olga A. , Bakas Tamilyn , Hunt Gail , Kirch Rebecca A. , Leib Alyssa R. , Morrison R. Sean , Poehler Diana C. , Roger Veronique L. , Whitsel Laurie P. 
Published: April 2018

Introduction:
In a recent report, the American Heart Association estimated that medical costs and productivity losses of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are expected to grow from $555 billion in 2015 to $1.1 trillion in 2035. Although the burden is significant, the estimate does not include the costs of family, informal, or unpaid caregiving provided to patients with CVD. In this analysis, we estimated projections of costs of informal caregiving attributable to CVD for 2015 to 2035.

Methods:
We used data from the 2014 Health and Retirement Survey to estimate hours of informal caregiving for individuals with CVD by age/sex/race using a zero-inflated binomial model and controlling for sociodemographic factors and health conditions. Costs of informal caregiving were estimated separately for hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and other heart disease. We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 16 731 noninstitutionalized adults ≥54 years of age. The value of caregiving hours was monetized by the use of home health aide workers’ wages. The per-person costs were multiplied by census population counts to estimate nation-level costs and to be consistent with other American Heart Association analyses of burden of CVD, and the costs were projected from 2015 through 2035, assuming that within each age/sex/racial group, CVD prevalence and caregiving hours remain constant.

Results:
The costs of informal caregiving for patients with CVD were estimated to be $61 billion in 2015 and are projected to increase to $128 billion in 2035. Costs of informal caregiving of patients with stroke constitute more than half of the total costs of CVD informal caregiving ($31 billion in 2015 and $66 billion in 2035). By age, costs are the highest among those 65 to 79 years of age in 2015 but are expected to be surpassed by costs among those ≥80 years of age by 2035. Costs of informal caregiving for patients with CVD represent an additional 11% of medical and productivity costs attributable to CVD.

Conclusions:
The burden of informal caregiving for patients with CVD is significant; accounting for these costs increases total CVD costs to $616 billion in 2015 and $1.2 trillion in 2035. These estimates have important research and policy implications, and they may be used to guide policy development to reduce the burden of CVD on patients and their caregivers.
Associations of Fitness, Physical Activity, Strength, and Genetic Risk With Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Tikkanen Emmi , Gustafsson Stefan , Ingelsson Erik 
Published: April 2018

Background:
Observational studies have shown inverse associations among fitness, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about these associations in individuals with elevated genetic susceptibility for these diseases.

Methods:
We estimated associations of grip strength, objective and subjective physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness with cardiovascular events and all-cause death in a large cohort of 502 635 individuals from the UK Biobank (median follow-up, 6.1 years; interquartile range, 5.4–6.8 years). Then we further examined these associations in individuals with different genetic burden by stratifying individuals based on their genetic risk scores for coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation. We compared disease risk among individuals in different tertiles of fitness, physical activity, and genetic risk using lowest tertiles as reference.

Results:

Grip strength, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness showed inverse associations with incident cardiovascular events (coronary heart disease: hazard ratio [HR], 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77–0.81; HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93–0.97; and HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.63–0.74, per SD change, respectively; atrial fibrillation: HR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.73–0.76; HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.91–0.95; and HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.56–0.65, per SD change, respectively). Higher grip strength and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with lower risk of incident coronary heart disease and atrial fibrillation in each genetic risk score group (
P
trend
<0.001 in each genetic risk category). In particular, high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with 49% lower risk for coronary heart disease (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.38–0.69) and 60% lower risk for atrial fibrillation (HR, 0.40; 95%, CI 0.30–0.55) among individuals at high genetic risk for these diseases.

Conclusions:
Fitness and physical activity demonstrated inverse associations with incident cardiovascular disease in the general population, as well as in individuals with elevated genetic risk for these diseases.
Composite Respect for Animals Scale
Authors: Randler Christoph , Binngießer Janine , Vollmer Christian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA valid and convenient method to measure nonhuman animal attitudes contributes to feasible survey studies and the evaluation of educational programs. There are established scales for measuring animal attitudes but only some have acceptable psychometric properties: others address only a small fraction of the constructs, and some are overly long. We therefore aimed to develop a short, practicable measurement of animal attitudes that contains the constructs developed previously. Two studies were conducted: in the first one, 127 items were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis, which extracted 51 items in 10 factors. The scale was reduced to 20 items retaining all of the initial constructs with 13 positive and 7 negative items, which were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis in study 2. Correlations with personality, meat consumption, age, and gender provide evidence for validity. We suggest using this short, unidimensional Composite Respect for Animals Scale covering a broad construct.
Social Unrest in the uk and Turkey: Rethinking Police Violence against Dissident Communities
Authors: Cayli Baris , Hodgson Philip , Walsh Dave 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe present study explores police violence during the riots in London and Gezi Park protests in Istanbul. This study puts forth that the rise of social injustice in theukand the erosion of plural democracy in Turkey clarify the paradox of state intervention because the two states prioritized rapid repression of uprising without consolidating public trust and social justice in the society. This comparative study reveals that the liberal and non-religious elements of the capitalist ruling system in theukcontain similar fractions of state repression when compared to the authoritarian and religious elements of the capitalist ruling system in Turkey. The authors conclude that police violence endures the social control of dissident communities while it maintains the sustainability of different capitalist ruling systems in the periods of social unrest.
Juristic Differences over the Implementation of Qiṣāṣ against a Muslim Who Kills a Non-Muslim
Authors: Amanullah Muhammad 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Muslim jurists differ on whether Muslims who murder non-Muslims should be sentenced to death or not. Although Ḥanafī jurists maintain that they should be, most Muslim jurists hold that they should not. Modern scholars such as ʿAwdah, El-Awa and others have discussed the issue. Based on classical and modern fiqh (Islamic law) literature, this article examines the principal arguments used by both groups, concluding that the Ḥanafī opinion is to be preferred because it is based on stronger proofs and conforms more closely to the public interest of contemporary Muslims and non-Muslims.
Patterns in Outcomes Reporting of Operatively Managed Pediatric Patellofemoral Instability: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Gao Burke , Dwivedi Shashank , Fabricant Peter D. , Cruz Aristides I. 
Published: April 2018

Background: Traumatic patellofemoral dislocation is a common injury in pediatric patients, and surgical treatment is often recommended. Increasingly, it has been recognized that clinical studies need to report age-appropriate treatment outcomes. However, the variability and appropriateness of outcomes reporting in the youth patellar instability literature are unknown. Purpose: To analyze the patterns of outcomes reporting in studies published in high-impact orthopaedic journals after operative management of pediatric patellar instability. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Six high-impact orthopaedic journals were searched using PubMed and EMBASE to identify studies reporting outcomes of operative management of pediatric patellar instability. Studies containing adults were excluded. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were recorded from included articles. Descriptive statistics were calculated for overall instability recurrence rates, return-to-activity rates, and changes in Kujala and Tegner scores. Results: Of 545 identified articles, 8 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies encompassed 213 patients and 230 knees (mean age, 13.2 years; range, 4.5-18.3 years). Seven of 8 studies reported patients’ physeal status, but only 4 studies limited their outcomes reporting to patients with open physes. Two studies reported postoperative radiographic measures, and 5 studies reported preoperative radiographic findings. Six studies reported patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Seven unique PROMs were reported. All but one study reported complication rates and types of complications. The mean postoperative change in Tegner scores was −0.07 (range, −0.6 to 1.0). Among studies examining medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction with adequate data, the mean return-to-activity rate was 86% (range, 81%-92%), the instability recurrence rate was 3% ± 20%, and the mean improvement in Kujala scores postoperatively was 22.1 (range, 19.9-26). Conclusion: There is a need for more pediatric-specific outcomes studies regarding operatively managed traumatic patellofemoral instability. Of the outcomes reported, both radiographic outcomes and PROMs should be standardized. Among radiographic outcomes, there is a need for more studies that report tibial tubercle–trochlear groove distances and use Caton-Deschamps and/or Blackburne-Peel indices to assess patellar height. Among PROMs, there is a need for studies that use PROMs validated in pediatric populations, such as the International Knee Documentation Committee Pediatric Form or the Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale.