bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cubic and Board Foot Volume Models for the Central States
Authors: Hahn Jerold T. , Hansen Mark H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper presents tree volume models developed for major timber species in the Central States (Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa). Models for estimating gross tree volume (either cubic foot or board foot International ¼-in. log rule) and percent cull were developed for 23 species or species groups. These models estimate volume based on observed dbh and tree site index. Nonlinear regression techniques were used to fit a Weibull-type function to estimate gross volume with a data set containing observations from more than 50,000 trees measured throughout the region. A simple linear model was used to estimate percent cull in a tree for each of several tree classes. These models are being used in the statewide inventories now underway in Missouri and Iowa and may be used by anyone desiring volume-per-tree estimates that are comparable to USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis estimates in these areas. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):47-57
Response of Eastern White Pine to Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Shephard Robert K. , Reams Gregory A. , Lemin Ronald C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Plots were established in nine eastern white pine stands; six on outwash soils and three on till soils. Nitrogen was applied to the plots at rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 lb/ac. Four-year growth response functions for basal area/ac and merchantable cubic ft volume/ac were developed. Basal area growth was 9.2 ft²/ac greater and volume growth was 235 ft³/ac greater on the till soils compared with the outwash soils, regardless of application rate Both basal area and volume growth increased as basal area/ac increased. Maximum basal area response, 5.7 ft²/ac, and maximum volume response, 198 ft³/ac, was estimated to occur at an application rate of approximately 160 lb of nitrogen/ac, with incremental response being greater at lower application rates. Fertilization at a rate of approximately 100 lb of nitrogen/ac appears to be a cost effective practice for many white pine stands. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):83-85.
Effect of Shelterwood Canopy Density on Sugar Maple Reproduction in Vermont
Authors: Tubbs Carl H. , Lamson Neil 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
To determine the best residual overstory density for sugar maple regeneration, five 3-ac blocks were established in northern hardwoods in Vermont, and three levels of shelterwood cutting were applied (30%, 60%, and 90% residual crown cover) as well as a clearcut and uncut treatment. Remeasurements after 8 years showed that a residual cover of 20-40%, coupled with removal of competing striped maple and ironwood saplings, produced satisfactory numbers and height growth of sugar maple regeneration. North. J. Appl. For. 8(2):86-89.
Professional Forestry Assistance in New Hampshire Timber Sales
Authors: Clark Brian J. , Howard Theodore E. , Parker Richard G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Two hundred and forty private individual forest landowners who harvested timber in New Hampshire during 1987-1988 were surveyed to ascertain their use of professional forestry assistance in marketing timber, identify the sources of assistance, and measure landowners' satisfaction with the assistance and harvest. The harvesters sampled were divided into assisted and nonassisted categories. The two groups differed significantly in terms of management planning, preparation of sale inventories, use of competitive bidding, contact use, and method of harvest. On average, the private individual land-owner using assistance owned more timberland, sold from more acres, merchandized more products from the sale, had slightly higher post-harvest satisfaction rates, and indicated that 95% of their land would still be available for future harvest. By examining the differences and similarities between assisted and unassisted private landowners, methods to enhance the use of assistance in private timber sales are offered. North. J. Appl. For. 9(1):14-18.
Black Walnut Provenance Performance in Kansas
Authors: Bresnan Damian F. , Geyer Wayne A. , Lynch Keith D. , Rink George 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fifteen seed sources of black walnut were planted at Manhattan, Kansas (39.2°N and 96.5°W) in 1967, the western edge of its natural range. After 22 years, height, dbh, and survival measurements revealed that local trees (Kansas) and trees from within 200 miles south of the planting site grew tallest. Height and dbh correlations were highly significant and increased when compared to successive 5-yr interval measurements. Geographic and climatic variables of seed sources did not provide a significant predictive regression model. Low survival limited the success of some sources, such as two from Indiana, in this Kansas plantation. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):41-43.
Assessment of Wounding at Two Commercially Thinned Jack Pine Sites
Authors: McLaughlin John A. , Pulkki Reino E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The long-term effect of thinning on extent of aboveground wounding and effect of wounding on dbhob growth at two commercially thinned jack pine sites near Chapleau, Ontario, was studied. Conventional shortwood logging was used to strip-thin the Nimitz site in 1970. The Dupuis site was strip-thinned in 1973 with a Timberjack RW-30 tree-length harvester. The proportions of trees with wounds were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the thinned areas: Nimitz thinned, 13.9%; Nimitz unthinned, 3.6%; Dupuis thinned, 18 7%; and Dupuis unthinned, 7.5%. The logging system employed did not appear to affect overall wounding; however, there were significantly (P < 0.05) more deep wounds in the conventional shortwood thinned area. The differences between dbhob of wounded and nonwounded trees in thinned and unthinned areas at the Nimitz and Dupuis sites were contradictory and statistically insignificant. Wounding may be more important as an infection court for fungi than for its effect on overall diameter growth. The extent of wounding emphasizes the need for good planning and control, and the use of highly skilled workers. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):43-46.
Stumpage Price Reporting in the Northern United States
Authors: Lutz Jack , Howard Theodore E. , Sendak Paul E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Data collection, processing, and dissemination methods of stumpage price reports in the northern United States vary considerably among the states due to differing objectives, markets, traditions, and budget constraints. Data are collected primarily from limited segments of the market with little quality control exerted by the compiling agencies. Prices are reported in terms of species, timber quality, and major product, and range from detailed lists to gross aggregates. Important areas for improving the price reports include more rapid dissemination, broader sampling of transactions, improved quality control and statistical analysis, and increased computerization. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):69-73.
Stability of Ponderosa Pine Provenance Performance: Results after 21 Years in Eastern South Dakota
Authors: Schaefer Peter R. , Baer Norman W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Present seed source recommendations for ponderosa pine throughout most of the Great Plains are based on provenance data of trees up to 15 years old. There are indications in the literature that these recommendations may change as test plantations get older. Height and survival of 69 provenances of ponderosa pine were recorded 5, 10, 15, and 21 years following field establishment in 1968. The three provenances forming the north central Nebraska cluster maintained a significant height superiority over the remaining clusters at all measurement dates. Age/age correlations for total height growth declined over time; however, all were highly significant and the correlation between ages 10 and 21 was quite strong (r = 0.76). However, relative to the plantation mean, the growth rate of the rapid early growers was decreasing, while that of the slow early growers was increasing. Correlations between survival and growth rate were strong and highly significant at all ages, with the highest correlations for 5-or 10-year growth rate and 21-year survival (r = 0.74 and 0.75, respectively). If present growth trends continue, the historically strong age correlations for height growth will likely weaken. The impact on provenance recommendations should be minimal, because rapid early growth and long-term survival are the traits of interest. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):102-107.
Impact of Deer Browsing on Regeneration of Balsam Fir in Canaan Valley, West Virginia
Authors: Michael Edwin D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
I determined composition and regeneration of balsam fir stands during June 1991 at four sites in Canaan Valley, West Virginia. White-tailed deer had heavily browsed balsam fir, and regeneration did not appear adequate to replace the stands. There was an apparent correlation between relative deer abundance, as measured by numbers of pellet groups, and balsam fir regeneration. The site with the most deer had the fewest balsam fir seedlings (5/ac), and the site with the fewest deer had the most balsam fir seedlings (1040/ac). Balsam fir will probably be replaced by red spruce, one of the few tree species not commonly browsed by deer. North. J. Appl. For. 9(3):89-90.
Vegetative Stabilization of Logging Roads and Skid Trails
Authors: Maynard Abigail A. , Hill David E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Increased logging activity in the suburban forest heightens the risk of scarring the landscape and silting of streams, and it increases the need for specialized management to stabilize the soil with vegetation after harvest. Appropriate management requires evaluation of soil and seedbed characteristics and site conditions of slope and shade. This study evaluated the effects of site, fertilizer, and mulch on initial density of planted species, and subsequent invasion of volunteers from surrounding seed sources. The results can be used by foresters and loggers to develop more effective treatments to stabilize disturbed areas with vegetation. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):153-157.
DOSE ESTIMATION FOR CONTAMINATED SOIL STORAGE IN LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Takai Shizuka , Shimada Asako , Sawaguchi Takuma , Takeda Seiji , Kimura Hideo 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
After the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident, most of radiocesium-contaminated soil generated from decontamination activities outside Fukushima prefecture has been stored at decontamination sites such as schools, parks and residential lands (storage at sites) according to the Decontamination Guidelines. However, additional exposure due to the present storage has not been evaluated. Moreover, entering storage sites, which is not restricted for storage at sites, was not considered in safety assessment conducted in the guidelines. To continue the storage and confirm the effectiveness, understanding of present possible exposures is important. In this study, we evaluated exposure doses for residents and users of storage sites based on the present situation. As a result, annual doses due to residence were 10−2 to 10−3 mSv y–1 and doses due to annual entries were of the order of 10−3 mSv y–1. Hence, we confirmed that the exposure due to present storage outside Fukushima is significantly &lt;1 mSv y–1.
Managing for High-Value Poles in the Loblolly-Shortleaf Belt
Authors: Burton James D. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Results of this study provide the practicing forester with guidelines on pole management. Beginning at age 20, second-growth loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands were managed under various thinning regimes for 25 years to determine how pole yield is affected by stand density and method of thinning. Thinning initially from above produced more poles while thinning initially from below resulted in longer poles and higher pole values. Profitable numbers of poles were grown under a range of residual stand densities from 55 to 130 square feet per acre. Sweep, the defect most commonly limiting pole length and merchantability, tended to diminish as trees grew older.
Tree Percent from Naturally Regenerated Shortleaf Pine
Authors: Yocom Herbert A. , Lawson Edwin R. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The percent of established seedlings from natural seed crops was .46, .88, and 1.41 for three 3-year seeding periods. Burning and logging disturbance enhanced seedbed conditions and increased tree percents, and burning caused a greater increase on undisturbed areas than on logging-disturbed areas. Intensive hardwood control on southern slopes decreased tree percents.
Subsoiling to Stimulate Flowering and Cone Production in a Loblolly Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Gregory J. D. , Davey C. B. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Subsoiling in a loblolly pine seed orchard was studied in relation to female flowering, cone production, root growth, and soil bulk density. Subsoiling was conducted in late July 1973 in a nine-year-old seed orchard on sandy soil. The average number of female flowers per tree in 1974 and cones per tree in 1975 was considerably greater in the subsoiled plots than in the control plots. There was large tree-to-tree variability. The 1975 flower crop was not affected by the subsoiling treatments. Root excavations made two years after the subsoiling was done indicated vigorous generation and growth of new roots near the ends of cut roots. Soil bulk density was reduced in the upper soil horizons in and adjacent to the subsoiler slits. The stimulating effects on flowering by subsoiling are thought to result principally from the immediate physiological effects of root pruning.
Deer Utilization of Clearcuts in Southwestern Virginia
Authors: Blymyer Michael J. , Mosby Henry S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
An investigation of a 2-year-old and a 6-to 7-year-old clearcut compared with an uncut 60- to 100-year-old area, based on snow-track counts and mean pellet groups per acre, showed that the 2-year-old cut was most heavily used by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The 300 feet nearest the forest edge received the greatest utilization. Results suggest that clearcuts 10 chains in width would probably best meet deer management considerations, with the cut acreage adjusted within the range of 20 to 50 acres, depending upon the density of the deer population, topography, and logging economics.
Growth Responses of Loblolly Pine to Precommercial Thinning
Authors: Lohrey Richard E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
At age 16 years, average diameters and merchantable volumes were inversely related to density in a stand that was precommercially thinned at age 3. Heights of dominants and codominants were related to site factors and not to treatment effects. At residual stocking levels of 1,450 and 2,900 trees per acre, strip thinning was as effective as selective thinning.
An Application of Two-Stage Forest Sampling
Authors: Yandle David O. , White Fred M. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
A method of two-stage forest sampling is presented. The first stage is Bitterlich sampling, and the second stage (subsampling) is by PPS sampling. The method is suitable for use in updating an earlier survey or in returning to the field to obtain intensive measurement for the selected subsample trees after the first-stage sampling has been completed. The necessary equations are given and their use shown by numerical example.
Expanding Role for the South in World Trade
Authors: Wisdom Harold W. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
International trade in forest products has traditionally received little attention in the South. There are indications that this is changing as demand in wood-deficit countries increases. In 1974 the South exported $858 million in forest products. The South has an opportunity to become one of the world's major suppliers of wood fiber and, in the process, to strengthen its base for more intensive management of its own forest resources.
Which STX Bark Option is Best For Certain Appalachian Hardwoods?
Authors: Colaninno A. , Sheetz C. E. , DeMoss J. C. , Wiant H. V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
No single STX bark option was best for seven Appalachian hardwood species. The most appropriate option may vary for different species in the same genus and for the same species in different geographic areas.
Effects of
Seymeria cassioides Infestation on Pine Seedling and Sapling Growth
Authors: Fitzgerald C. H. , Schultz R. C. , Fortson J. C. , Terrell S. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The mortality of pine seedlings caused by seymeria [Seymeria cassioides (J. F. Gmelin) Blake] infestations has been documented. The results of our study in Georgia substantiate the suggestions of previous authors that growth losses occur in infested pine surviving attack and that increment losses extend into the following growing season.
Effect of Undercutting on Loblolly Pine Seedling Size and Its Relation to Root Growth Potential
Authors: Feret Peter P. , Kreh Richard E. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Loblolly pine seedlings undercut using five different treatments extending from July to September exhibited significant alteration of shoot and root biomass. Root growth potential (RGP) (measured by number of new elongating roots) was not significantly altered by undercutting. Undercutting did significantly alter the RGP/root weight ratio and the RGP/shoot weight ratio because of both concomitant changes in root and shoot biomass and changes in seedling physiology. Root growth potential and efficiency of existing old roots to produce new roots were not well correlated with seedling size.
Predicting Severity of Fusiform Rust in Young Loblolly and Slash Pine Stands in Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas
Authors: Anderson Robert L. , Cost Noel D. , McClure Joe P. , Ryan George 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Resource managers need to know how severe fusiform rust is likely to be before they plant southern pine seedlings in an area. The system described allows the manager to estimate the probability of having different amounts of rust infection in newly established stands. By selecting the geographic location of a stand, the species, and the type of regeneration, the manager can assess these probabilities. The system allows the user to compare the probabilities for slash and loblolly pine and to select prevention techniques, such as the use of resistant planting stock.
Relationship of Total Height and Merchantable Height to DBH and Site Index in Natural Even-Aged Stands of Loblolly Pine in the Lower Piedmont
Authors: Brender Ernst V. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The total and merchantable heights of loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) growing in the Piedmont area can be predicted from the site index of the stand and the tree-diameter class.
Evaluation of a Loblolly Pine Plantation Thinning Model
Authors: Smith W. D. , Hafley W. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eight long-term thinning studies of loblolly pine in plantations, established across the range of loblolly pine, are summarized for purposes of evaluation of a thinning model. The studies have been classified according to questions they addressed, such as intensity of selective thinning, intensity of row thinning, row versus selective thinning, and accelerated saw-timber production. Based on these studies the following inferences are made: 1. With selective thinning, total yield decreases and final stem size increases as intensity is increased. As rotation length is increased, the loss in total yield associated with increased intensity is diminished. 2. Row thinning, without successive selective thinning, reduces total yield proportional to the intensity of thinning, has little effect on average diameter, but significantly increases the diameter of dominant trees. 3. Row thinning combined with moderate to heavy selective thinning results in responses little different than from selective thinning alone. 4. With heavy early thinning, yields of 15 + Mbf are attainable in a 30 year rotation. Since the studies were not used in the development of the mathematical model being evaluated, they represent an independent test of the model. Thinning simulations based on the loblolly pine plantation growth and yield. model are compared with the reported observations from the eight studies, the intent being to test the veracity of the model with respect to its accuracy of prediction and consistency with regard to the inferences suggested by the studies. The comparisons presented demonstrate that the model performs well with regard to both accuracy and consistency. Recognizing that the studies were, in general, established under conditions much different than occur today, use of the model to expand the applicability of the inferences implied from the studies to current conditions is demonstrated.
Phosphorus and Nitrogen plus Phosphorus Fertilization in Loblolly Pine Stands at Establishment
Authors: Gent James A. , Allen H. Lee , Campbell Robert G. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The effect of phosphorus and nitrogen plus phosphorus fertilization at time of establishment on the early height and diameter growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was examined in 18 studies on the southeastern Lower Coastal Plain. Growth responses varied substantially by soil type. Stands on very poorly drained clay sites did not respond to fertilization, while stands on very poorly drained loams were the most responsive. Applications of nitrogen plus phosphorus gave consistently superior results when compared with phosphorus alone on poorly drained clay sites. Response to phosphorus alone generally proved superior or equal to nitrogen plus phosphorus on other soil-site types.
South J. Appl. For. 114-117, May 1986
Economics of Buying versus Leasing Timberlands
Authors: Klemperer W. David , Greber Brain J. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This paper illustrates decision guidelines for forest products firms deciding whether to buy or lease timberlands. Analyses include factors such as tax rates on ordinary income and capital gains, lease payments, interest rates, inflation, land costs, rates of land value-increase, and costs of debt. South. J. Appl. For. 10:211-214, Nov. 1986.
Hardwood Epicormic Branching—Small Knots but Large Losses
Authors: Stubbs Jack 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Epicormic sprouting was studied in a seed-tree regeneration cut and a selection cut, both made in mature, previously unmanaged, creek bottomland hardwoods in the lower coastal plain of South Carolina. The total exposure that seed trees received probably created near-ideal conditions for maximum epicormic sprouting, which allowed species to be ranked by sprouting propensity and degree of sprouting variation within species. Cherrybark oak produced the most sprouts, followed in descending order by swamp chestnut oak, Shumard oak, sweetgum, and yellow-poplar. White and green ash did not sprout, and Shumard oak and yellow-poplar were quite variable in sprouting incidence. The selection cut showed that in this stand, primarily composed of cherrybark oak and sweetgum, neither degree of release, crown class, nor direction of opening had an appreciable effect on sprout initiation or sprout numbers. Cherrybark oak sprouted less profusely than in the seed-tree cut, but sweetgum did not. Epicormic sprouting hazard is an important consideration in deciding whether to use some form of selection management. South. J. Appl. For. 10:217-220, Nov. 1986.
Tree Injection for Early Pine Seedling Release in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas
Authors: Yeiser J. L. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Injected Roundup/2,4-D mix, Tordon 101 R, and Velpar L gave greater percent crown kills than did Banvel CST or Banvel/2,4-D mix. All treatments killed oaks more readily than hickories. Hickories ≥5 in. in dbh were the hardest to kill. Second-year pine seedling heights were greater for injected plots than untreated plots, but there were no differences in pine survival and height growth among herbicides. South. J. Appl. For. 10:249-251, Nov. 1986.