bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproduction ofNippostrongylus brasiliensisin the rat intestine
Authors: Phillipson R. F. 
Published: June 2019

Evidence was obtained that copulation ofNippostrongylus brasiliensisdid not occur until at least 104 h after rats had been subcutaneously infected with 1000 3rd-stage larvae. The majority of worms copulated for the first time approximately 120 h after infection.Females usually, but not invariably, contained infertile eggs in the uterus before the first insemination occurred. Fertile eggs were not seen in the uterus until sperm had ascended from the vagina to the seminal receptacle, a process which appeared to take about 3 h.On average each female in a normal mixed infection was capable of producing about 1000 fertile eggs every 24 h. Females recovered from rats on the 10th day after infection and transplanted into uninfected rats, were capable of producing an average of 3500 fertile eggs each without further insemination. When newly matured females, which had received a single full insemination, were isolated from males they produced on average, between 1000 and 1500 fertile eggs each.From these observations it was concluded that in normal mixed infections females must copulate at least once every other day and probably once a day, in order to maintain fertile egg output. It was also deduced that females are capable of storing from 4000 to 4500 sperm in the seminal receptacle.There was clear evidence of reduced reproductive efficiency in both male and female worms recovered from rats during the expulsion phase of the infection.The author wishes to thank Professor J. J. C. Buckley and Dr J. A. McFadzean for their suggestions, criticism and encouragement and Miss G. Merchant and Mrs P. Counsel for able technical assistance.
Interactions of Four Herbicides with Rhizoctonia solani on Seedling Cotton
Authors: Chandler James M. , Santelmann P. W. 
Published: June 2019

Growth chamber and field studies were conducted to investigate the possibility of an interaction between the herbicides 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin), a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin), 3- (m-tri-fluromethylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (fluometuron), and 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methylmercapto-s-triazine (prometryne), and the seedling disease organism Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). When high levels of trifluralin or prometryne were used in the growth chamber, an interaction with the pathogen that was injurious to the cotton occurred. Prometryne and fluometuron produced an antagonistic effect on R. solani.Under field conditions, R. solani usually caused cotton injury. Interactions injurious to the cotton occurred between trifluralin and a low level of R. solani and between nitralin and a high level R. solani infestation. No interactions occurred with fluometuron or prometryne. In all instances, the effect occurred only when the herbicides were being used at high rates.
Effects of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehydeO-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)oxime on Reactions of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Authors: Moreland D. E. , Blackmon W. J. 
Published: June 2019

The effects of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehydeO-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)oxime (hereinafter referred to as C-9122), 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil), 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldoxime (hereinafter referred to as bromoxime), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (hereinafter referred to as DNP) on phosphorylation and electron transport were measured in mitochondria isolated from white potato tubers (Solarium tuberosumL.) and in chloroplasts from spinach leaves (Spinacia oleraceaL.). Mitochondrial oxygen utilization was monitored polarographically. All four chemicals stimulated ADP-limited oxygen utilization, inhibited non-ADP-limited oxygen uptake, and relieved oligomycin-inhibited oxygen uptake. C-9122 produced responses at lower molar concentrations than did bromoxynil, bromoxime, and DNP. The I50value for inhibition of state 3 respiration by C-9122 was 2.7 × 10−6M.In chloroplasts, C-9122, bromoxime, and DNP inhibited photoreduction and coupled photophosphorylation with water as the electron donor, and with ferricyanide and NADP as electron acceptors. Cyclic photophosphorylation, with phenazine methosulfate as the electron mediator under an argon gas phase, also was inhibited. With ascorbate-2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (hereinafter referred to as DPIP) as the electron donor, phosphorylation coupled to NADP reduction was inhibited, but not the reduction of NADP. C-9122 was the strongest inhibitor, and bromoxime was the weakest inhibitor of the several reactions. The I50value for inhibition of the coupled ferricyanide reduction was 4.6 × 10−6M for C-9122. C-9122 appeared to act in two different ways by (a) inhibiting electron transport at or near photosystem II and the oxygen evolution pathway, and (b) interfering with energy transfer and the generation of ATP. Bromoxynil inhibited photoreduction and photophosphorylation reactions in which water served as the electron donor; but it was a very poor inhibitor of both cyclic photophosphorylation, and photophosphorylation coupled to NADP reduction with ascorbate-DPIP serving as the electron donor. Because of the pivotal role of ATP in cellular metabolism, it is conceivable that interference with ATP generation could be a major (but not necessarily the only) mechanism through which the herbicidal activity of C-9122 is expressed.
Les changements de climat à l'époque préhistorique.
Authors: Galy G.-R. 
Published: June 2019

L'ouvrage de M. RAIKES suscitera des critiques, mais ne laissera pas le lecteur indifférent. Regrettons seulement qu'il nous faille attendre la page 107 pour connaître les intentions de l'auteur, qui, jusqu'alors, attaque sans contrepartie certaines données des disciplines du quaternaire, en palynologie notamment.Disons tout de suite que la pensée de l'auteur trouve des limites dans la formation scientifique de ce dernier : c'est un hydrologue, et un technicien qui, sur les divers domaines du quaternaire, s'en tient à la bibliographie en langue anglaise.
Effects of Light Component and Water Stress on Photosynthesis of Amazon Rainforests During the 2015/2016 El Niño Drought
Authors: Yan Hao , Wang Shao‐qiang , Huete Alfredo , Shugart Herman H. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhether enhanced sunshine increases photosynthesis in Amazon rainforests during drought is unclear. Here we used a light component‐based two‐leaf‐photosynthesis model, driven with climate data and satellite vegetation data, to inspect the controlling mechanisms among climate factors on gross primary production (GPP) during the 2015/2016 El Niño drought event. We found that simulated GPP and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer enhanced vegetation index indicated an Amazonian “browning” and not a “green up” during the 2015/2016 El Niño year relative to the 2011–2014 interval. The result shows that, along with intensified sunlight, diffuse sunlight and diffuse fraction as well as canopy light use efficiency decreased, which further produced a decreased potential GPP* (determined by light components and leaf area index of shaded and sunlit leaves). The decreased GPP* and drought‐induced water stress jointly reduced canopy photosynthesis of Amazon rainforests during the 2015/2016 drought. The light component variations caused a reduction in GPP but with a magnitude inferior to the GPP reduction from water stress. These findings suggest that intensified sunlight did not enhance photosynthesis of Amazon rainforests and highlight the important role of light components in interannual and seasonal variations of photosynthesis in Amazon rainforests.
Sea Ice Control on Winter Subsurface Temperatures of the North Iceland Shelf During the Little Ice Age: A TEX86 Calibration Case Study
Authors: Harning David J. , Andrews John T. , Belt Simon T. , Cabedo‐Sanz Patricia , Geirsdóttir Áslaug , Dildar Nadia , Miller Gifford H. , Sepúlveda Julio 
Published: June 2019

AbstractHolocene paleoceanographic reconstructions along the North Iceland Shelf have employed a variety of sea surface temperature and sea ice proxies. However, these surface proxies tend to have a seasonal bias toward spring/summer and thus only provide a discrete snapshot of surface conditions during one season. Furthermore, sea surface temperature proxies can be influenced by additional confounding variables resulting in markedly different Holocene temperature reconstructions. Here, we expand Iceland's marine paleoclimate toolkit with TEX86L: a temperature proxy based on the distribution of archaeal glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraether (GDGT) lipids. We develop a local Icelandic calibration from 21 surface sediment samples covering a wide environmental gradient across Iceland's insular shelves. Locally calibrated GDGT results demonstrate that (1) TEX86L reflects winter subsurface (0–200 m) temperatures on the North Iceland Shelf and (2) our calibration produces more realistic temperature estimates with substantially lower uncertainty (S.E. ±4 °C) over global calibrations. We then apply this new calibration to a high‐resolution marine sediment core (last millennium) collected from the central NIS with age control constrained by 14C‐dated mollusks. To test the veracity of the GDGT subsurface temperatures, we analyze quartz and calcite wt% and a series of highly branched isoprenoid alkenes, including the sea ice biomarker IP25, from the same core. The sediment records demonstrate that the development of thick sea ice during the Little Ice Age warmed the subsurface due to winter insulation. Importantly, this observation reflects a seasonal component of the sea ice/ocean feedback to be considered for the nonlinear cooling of the Little Ice Age in and around Iceland.
Diel and Seasonal Dynamics of Ecosystem‐Scale Methane Flux and Their Determinants in an Alpine Meadow
Authors: Chen Weinan , Zhang Fangyue , Wang Bingxue , Wang Jinsong , Tian Dashuan , Han Guangxuan , Wen Xuefa , Yu Guirui , Niu Shuli 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTemporal variations of methane flux (FCH4) and its underlying mechanisms still remain poorly understood. To quantify diurnal and seasonal patterns of FCH4 and investigate its determinants, we monitored FCH4 using eddy covariance in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, China, from June 2015 to December 2016. As a strong CH4 sink, the alpine meadow on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau consumed 0.41 ± 0.04 Tg CH4/year. There was an obvious diurnal pattern with more CH4 uptakes during the nighttime than the daytime for both growing and nongrowing season. The diurnal FCH4 during the growing and nongrowing season were positively correlated with air temperature (Ta), volumetric water content, friction velocity (u*), and vapor pressure deficit. The growing season FCH4 showed a significant quadratic polynomial relationship with the canopy conductance (Gw) and gross primary production). FCH4 was significantly higher in the growing season than in the nongrowing season. The seasonal FCH4 was negatively correlated with soil temperature and net radiation (Rn) but not with volumetric water content and gross primary production. Ridge regression models indicated that Ta and u* explained 83% of the variation in the diel dynamics of FCH4 during the growing season and explained 72% of the variation during the nongrowing season. Rn accounted for 49% of variations of FCH4 at the seasonal scale. The temporal patterns and the environmental controlling factors revealed in this study may improve model parameterization for biosphere‐atmosphere CH4 exchange simulation as well as the methane budget estimation.
Organic Matter and Mineral Interactions Modulate Flocculation Across Arctic River Mixing Zones
Authors: Lasareva Elena V. , Parfenova Aksana M. , Romankevich Evgeniy A. , Lobus Nikolay V. , Drozdova Anastasia N. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe focus of this study is organic matter changes and suspended particle and colloid behavior in riverine and marine water mixing zones. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that salinity, clay mineral type, and the nature of dissolved organic matter (DOM) have a strong influence on mineral suspension stabilities (clays, carbonates, and ferric hydroxide), which represent the main fractions of particulate and colloidal matter riverine export. Clay mineral modification by humic acids stabilizes suspensions under increasing salinity, resulting in greater export of particles to coastal zones. Simultaneously, modified particles are more efficiently aggregated by a flocculant than nonmodified particles. Field investigations were conducted in Arctic river mixing zones, providing new information about colloid matter and colloid organic carbon distributions in the mixing zones, which agreed well with laboratory studies. The ratio between colloid organic carbon and suspended matter may prove a useful criterion to distinguish effective flocculation zones. Arctic River DOM fluorescence suggests dominance of terrigenous humic substances in mixing zones as well as coprecipitation by coagulation and flocculation. Our findings may reconcile reports of nonconservative behavior of DOM previously reported in the mixing zone at salinities of less than 12. We suggest that there is a flocculation mechanism in the estuarine mixing zone, which implies the presence of natural active substances, released during microorganism viral lysis (viral shunting).
High‐throughput Bit Flipping decoder for structured LDPC codes
Authors: Kalipatnapu Shantharam , Chakrabarti Indrajit 
Published: June 2019

Low‐density parity‐check (LDPC) codes are predominantly used in many energy scavenging devices, data centres, and communication devices. In this work, the authors propose a high‐throughput parallel bit‐flipping (BF) decoder using multithreshold BF algorithm. The decoder is endowed with features including low interconnect complexity, simpler computations, and high throughput. The decoder has been synthesised in 65 nm technology for (273, 191) and (1023, 781) finite‐geometry LDPC (FG‐LDPC) codes. These decoders require an area of 0.1 and 0.45 mm2, and they achieve an average throughput of 147.57 and 268.5 Gbps and energy efficiency of 0.92 and 0.91 pJ/bit for (273, 191) and (1023, 781) FG‐LDPC codes, respectively. Compared to the state‐of‐the‐art design, the proposed designs offer 4.5 times higher normalised throughput.
Measuring dielectric properties by two methods using software‐defined radio
Authors: Lourenço Chuma Euclides , Iano Yuzo , Roger Leonardo Lorenzo Bravo , Fontgalland Glauco 
Published: June 2019

Two methods for measuring the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the dielectric materials using software‐defined radio (SDR) are presented, which may be used as an alternative to the expensive vector network analysers (VNA). The first method used was the cylindrical cavity resonator designed for a resonance frequency of 2.5 GHz. The second method used was the complementary split ring resonator designed for a resonance frequency of 1.25 GHz. In both cases, measurements were carried out using VNA and SDR to compare the efficiency of both tools. The measurement accuracy was assessed by comparing the results with the declared values in the data sheets of dielectric manufacturers. The results showed a good agreement with the available data sheet values and further demonstrated that the SDR is an excellent tool for microwave measurements.
Protein phosphatase 2A has an essential role in promoting thymocyte survival during selection
Authors: Zheng Mingzhu , Li Dan , Zhao Zhishan , Shytikov Dmytro , Xu Qin , Jin Xuexiao , Liang Jingjing , Lou Jun , Wu Songquan , Wang Lie , Hu Hu , Zhou Yiting , Gao Xiang , Lu Linrong 
Published: June 2019

SignificanceSer/Thr phosphorylation is critical for T cell receptor signal transduction as well as cell survival/death regulation in developing thymocytes. In this work, we established a Ser/Thr phosphorylation profile during thymocytes selection. Substrate analysis revealed PP2A as the most important enzyme responsible for the dephosphorylation events, which was proved in the PP2A cKO model. Thymic-specific depletion of PP2A caused impaired thymocyte selection. The decrease of DP thymocytes upon PP2A cKO is accompanied by dysregulated dephosphorylation of apoptosis-related proteins and increased cell apoptosis, which could be rescued by Bcl2 transgene or p53 knockout. This studies the role of PP2A in thymocyte development and provides insights to understand T cell development through dephosphorylation regulation of apoptosis-related molecules.
Intracellular iron deficiency in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells induces pulmonary arterial hypertension in mice
Authors: Lakhal-Littleton Samira , Crosby Alexi , Frise Matthew C. , Mohammad Goran , Carr Carolyn A. , Loick Paul A. M. , Robbins Peter A. 
Published: June 2019

Significance
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease in which lung blood pressure is raised chronically, causing right heart failure. It has been shown that iron deficiency also raises lung blood pressure. However, we don’t know the mechanisms because we don’t understand precisely how cells of the lung blood vessels are affected by iron levels. The smooth muscle cells of the lung blood vessels are important for controlling lung blood pressure. Our study shows that iron deficiency specifically within these cells is sufficient to cause PAH, even against a background of normal iron levels in other tissues.
Location deviations of DNA functional elements affected SNP mapping in the published databases and references
Authors: Zheng Hewei , Zhao Xueying , Wang Hong , Ding Yu , Lu Xiaoyan , Zhang Guosi , Yang Jiaxin , Wang Lianzong , Zhang Haotian , Bai Yu , Li Jing , Wu Jingqi , Jiang Yongshuai , Xu Liangde 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The recent extensive application of next-generation sequencing has led to the rapid accumulation of multiple types of data for functional DNA elements. With the advent of precision medicine, the fine-mapping of risk loci based on these elements has become of paramount importance. In this study, we obtained the human reference genome (GRCh38) and the main DNA sequence elements, including protein-coding genes, miRNAs, lncRNAs and single nucleotide polymorphism flanking sequences, from different repositories. We then realigned these elements to identify their exact locations on the genome. Overall, 5%–20% of all sequence element locations deviated among databases, on the scale of kilobase-pair to megabase-pair. These deviations even affected the selection of genome-wide association study risk-associated genes. Our results implied that the location information for functional DNA elements may deviate among public databases. Researchers should take care when using cross-database sources and should perform pilot sequence alignments before element location-based studies.
Structural and environmental constraints on reduction of paired appendages among vertebrates
Authors: Macaluso Loredana , Carnevale Giorgio , Casu Raffaello , Pietrocola Daniel , Villa Andrea , Delfino Massimo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBurrowing habits or complex environments have generally been considered as potential drivers acting on reduction and loss of the appendicular skeleton among vertebrates. Herein, we suggest that this might be the case for lissamphibians and squamates, but that fin loss in fishes is usually prevented by important structural constraints, because pectoral fins are commonly used to control rolling and pitching. We provide an overview of the distribution of paired appendage reduction across vertebrates while examining the ecological affinities of finless and limbless clades. We analysed the correlation between lifestyle and fin or limb loss using the discrete comparative analysis. The resulting Bayesian factors indicate strong evidence of correlation between: (1) pectoral-fin loss and coexistence of anguilliform elongation and burrowing habits or complex habitat in teleost fishes; and (2) limb loss and a burrowing or grass-swimming lifestyle in squamate reptiles and lissamphibians. These correlations suggest that a complex environment or a fossorial habit is a driving force leading to appendage loss. The only style of locomotion that is functional even in the absence of paired appendages is the undulatory one, which is typical of all elongated reptiles and lissamphibians, but certainly less common in teleost fishes.
GRP78 antibodies damage the blood–brain barrier and relate to cerebellar degeneration in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Authors: Shimizu Fumitaka , Takeshita Yukio , Sano Yasuteru , Hamamoto Yuka , Shiraishi Hirokazu , Sato Takuya , Yoshimura Shunsuke , Maeda Toshihiko , Fujikawa Susumu , Nishihara Hideaki , Kitanosono Hiroko , Tsujino Akira , Motomura Masakatsu , Kanda Takashi 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction caused by autoantibodies binding to P/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels. Breakdown of the blood–brain barrier and diffusion of cerebellar granule/Purkinje cell-reactive autoantibodies into the CNS are critical for the pathogenesis of paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (PCD) with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. We recently found evidence that glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) autoantibodies in the plasma of patients with neuromyelitis optica promote the CNS access of AQP4 autoantibodies. In the present study, we investigated whether the GRP78 autoantibodies in PCD-LEMS IgG boost the brain uptake of cerebellar cell-reactive antibodies across the blood–brain barrier and facilitate cerebellar dysfunction. We first evaluated the effects of purified IgG from PCD-LEMS or PCD patients on the blood–brain barrier function in human brain microvascular endothelial cells using a high content imaging system with nuclear factor κB p65 and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) immunostaining. Next, we identified GRP78 autoantibodies causing blood–brain barrier permeability in PCD-LEMS IgG by co-immunoprecipitation and the living cell-based antibody binding assays. Exposure of brain microvascular endothelial cells to IgG from PCD-LEMS patients induced nuclear factor κB p65 nuclear translocation, ICAM1 upregulation, reduced claudin-5 expression, increased permeability and increased autocrine IL-1β and IL-8 secretion; the IgG from patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome did not have these effects. We detected GRP78 autoantibodies in the IgG of LEMS-PCD (83.3%, n = 18), but observed fewer in patients with LEMS (6.6%, n = 15) and none were observed in the control subjects (n = 8). The depletion of GRP78 autoantibodies reduced the biological effect of LEMS-PCD IgG on brain microvascular endothelial cells. These findings suggest that GRP78 autoantibodies play a role beyond neuromyelitis optica and that they have direct implications in the phenotypic differences between PCD-LEMS and LEMS.