bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How useful is the Burghley Young Event Horse Competition as a predictor of performance in British Eventing?
Authors: Kingston D. , Milmine R. , Nankervis K. , Wolframm I. 
Published: June 2019

The Burghley Young Event Horse (BYEH) competition attempts to identify young horses with the potential to excel in the sport of eventing. The competition includes a basic dressage test, a show jumping course and a conformation assessment. Judges are advised to reward potential rather than the degree of training or rider ability. The main aim of this study was to determine whether a correlation exists between scores achieved in the finals of the four and five-year-old sections of the final of the BYEH competition and British Eventing (BE) points achieved by age eight. A second aim was to determine whether or not the BYEH scores of horses that go on to achieve points in BE differed significantly from those that do not.Data were obtained from the Burghley Direct Web Page and from records supplied by British Eventing. Data were analysed for 43 four-year-olds and 77 five-year-olds that competed between the years 1998 and 2001. The BYEH scores for horses with and without BE records were compared using Student's t-test.
Stallion Monogramm – improver of Arabian horse breeding in Poland
Authors: Pieszka M. , Kulisa M. , Luszczynski J. , Dlugosz B. , Bacik K. 
Published: June 2019

The chestnut stallion Monogramm was born in 1985 at Kay Patterson stud in Oregon (USA); by Negatraz out of Monogramma by Knippel. His basic measurements were: height at withers – 152 cm, girth circumference -170 cm, cannon circumference 18.5 cm. PASB (Polish Arabian Stud Book) T. XIII, Suppl. I, page 85; He came from USA to Poland on 04.12.1992.Monogramm drew the attention of Michalów stud director, Mr Ignacy Jaworowski, who wanted to extend the sire line of great stallions Ofir and Witraz. This chestnut stallion was distinguished among his rivals by his beauty, harmony and great movement (Jaworowski 2001). After long discussion a contract was negotiated for his stay in Poland, particularly in Michalów stud, where he was used for covering mares for two seasons 1993-1994. His frozen semen was then used between 1995-1997. This valuable grandson of Bask by his best son Negatraz is from dam line of Mammona mare (by Ofir) (Chmiel 2002).
Drug compliance
Authors: Lee M. R. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisCompliance with drug therapy is a much neglected part of the science of therapeutics. It is a particular problem with certain chronic diseases, for example, hypertension and diabetes; and certain classes of therapeutic agent, for example, anticoagulants and antiepileptics. Methods for the monitoring of compliance are discussed and it is concluded that the best available are either the electronic drug delivery system or chemical monitoring with a suitable long half-life compound. Until modern methods of measuring drug compliance are introduced, patients will surfer disability and even death. It should also be mandatory for controlled clinical trials of new therapeutic entities to include an acceptable mechanism (or method) for the assessment of adherence to the protocol. If not, the results will be vitiated.
Quality assurance in clinical biochemistry
Authors: Fraser Callum G. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThere are many steps in the process between the clinician requesting a clinical biochemistry test and receiving a numerical result. Each of these steps must be subject to quality assurance techniques. Clinical biochemistry laboratories now have mature, integrated systems of internal quality control, external quality assessment and quality assurance to ensure that the results issued do aid in the provision of optimum patient care. The recent advent of a professionally led laboratory accreditation scheme will stimulate further improvements in quality. Enthusiastic adoption of the techniques of quality management science, in the form of total quality management systems, will focus future attention on laboratories providing services to the standards dictated by consumers. Translation of these standards into objective operational specifications will then allow laboratories to adopt appropriate comprehensive quality assurance techniques which will guarantee the quality demanded.
Quality assurance in radiology
Authors: Dixon Adrian K. , Freer Charles E. L. , Appleton Derek S. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisMost radiology departments have had comprehensive quality assurance programmes up and running for many years. There are several tangible measures of the output of a radiological department in the form of workload, staffing, film quality, film retrieval, accuracy of reports, availability of reports, etc. There are also many less tangible aspects. In this paper, which attempts to cover most of the practical aspects of quality assurance in radiology, the programme is followed through from the initiation of the request for a radiological investigation right up to its possible influence on the outcome of the patient. The educational aspects are also addressed in this rapidly evolving field.
Chemical monitoring in Sullom Voe: the SOTEAG and statutory programmes
Authors: Davies J. M. , Matheson I. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisTwo chemical monitoring programmes have operated in Sullom Voe since 1978, a statutory programme which measures levels of contaminants in the area of the diffuser outfall and the SOTEAG programme which measures contamination in the wider area of Sullom Voe and Yell Sound. Both programmes were in place prior to the operation of the terminal and had gathered useful information. The subsequent information provided annually by the two monitoring programmes during the operations of the terminal has allowed accurate assessment of the levels of contamination in the area of operation and has shown that the contamination from heavy metals and hydrocarbons in the Sullom Voe area is at the lower end of the range of levels encountered in mainland estuarine regions.
Tributyltin contamination and its impact on Nucella lapillus populations
Authors: Bailey S.K. , Davies I.M. , Harding M.J.C. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisCommon dogwhelks (Nucella lapillus) show a characteristic response to exposure to tributyltin compounds. Females develop male sexual characteristics, a phenomenon termed imposex. Dogwhelks have been collected for assesment of imposex from sites throughout Sullom Voe and Yell Sound in 1987, 1990 and 1991.Results of the 1991 survey have indicated that dogwhelks were completely absent from the terminal area, on the promontory of Calback Ness. The degree of imposex was highest in the population from Kames, the site closest to the terminal. Juveniles were completely absent from this site. Incidence of imposex was high in populations throughout the Voe and 91% of the females examined from within the Voe were reproductively unviable due to blockage of their reproductive tracts with vas deferens tissue. Outside the Voe, in the well flushed waters of Yell Sound, imposex was much lower, but only fell to levels associated with populations from areas distant from tributyltin (TBT) contamination in the two most northerly sites surveyed.Results of the survey have indicated that activities associated with the oil terminal are the source of TBT contamination to the area, and that contamination arising from the terminal operations has not only affected dogwhelks in Sullom Voe, but populations throughout Yell Sound.Comparison of the imposex levels from 1987 and 1990 data indicates that the reproductive capacity of females has progressively declined and that populations within the Voe are gradually being eliminated. Forty-six percent of females sampled from populations within the Voe were sterile in 1987, compared to 65% in 1990, and 91% in 1991. In 1987, both adult and juvenile dogwhelks were present in the jetty area, although 94.5% of the females were sterile. In 1990, juveniles were absent from this area, and all females were sterile. No dogwhelks were found in the terminal area during the 1991 survey and, at Kames, the next closest site, juveniles were absent.
The involvement of oestrogen in the development and function of the normal breast: histological evidence
Authors: Anderson Thomas J. , Battersby Sharon 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe modifications that occur to breast tissue as a consequence of different physiological states of the female are considered with particular respect to oestrogen. Various tissue responses can be noted and the implications of modulation in cell proliferation, as a consequence of menstrual cycles, pregnancy, oophorectomy and oral contraceptive use, are considered. Assessment of oestrogen receptor by immuno-cytochemistry confirms the involvement of the steroid as a cell stimulant. Evidence from a variety of sources indicates the role in normal breast epithelium is more permissive than deterministic.
The involvement of oestrogen in the development and progression of breast disease: epidemiological evidence
Authors: Vessey M. P. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe epidemiological approach to the investigation of breast cancer is briefly described with special reference to case-control and cohort studies. Risk factors for breast cancer are then reviewed, paying particular attention to menstrual and reproductive factors and to body weight. Some of the hypotheses which attempt to draw the epidemiological observations together are also outlined.The effects of exposure to exogenous oestrogens are considered in more detail. There is evidence from one study that the administration of large doses of stilboestrol during pregnancy increases breast cancer risk after a latent interval of about twenty years. Conjugated equine oestrogens administered to postmenopausal women may also slightly increase breast cancer risk after prolonged use. Little information is available about the effects of any other type of “hormone replacement therapy”. Combined oral contraceptives do not appear to have any general effect on breast cancer risk, but prolonged early use, especially use before first term pregnancy, may be harmful to the breast.
Immunohistochemical expression of oestrogen receptor in normal breast tissue
Authors: Carpenter Sarah , Georgiade Gregory , McCarty Kenneth S. , McCarty Kenneth S. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe human breast undergoes profound changes during the menstrual cycle. The development of monocloiial antibodies to oestrogen-receptors (ER) allows study of receptor content and distribution in individual components of breast tissue. Forty-one specimens from premenopausal patients who underwent bilateral mastectomy for benign conditions were evaluated. The patients were categorised into early follicular, late follicular, early luteal, late luteal, and menstrual phases. An HSCORE, a semiquantitative evaluation of the intensity and distribution of receptor antigen localisation, was evaluated for the ductal and lobular epithelia as a tissue mean HSCORE. ER localised to the nuclei of the epithelium and was not observed in stromal elements. Receptor concentration was greater for ER in the follicular phase but this finding was not as striking as differences between lobules in a single breast and even between breasts. This heterogeneous expression between lobules was in contrast to the relatively uniform expression of receptor within a lobule of a given specimen.
Oestrogens in breast tumours and fat
Authors: Thijssen J. H. H. , Blankenstein M. A. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe levels of endogenous steroids in the target tissues are thought to be more closely related to the biological effects than their concentrations in plasma. Therefore studies on oestrogen levels in malignant and non-malignant breast tissues (expressed per g wet weight) were conducted and the following conclusions were drawn:(1) malignant tumours contained higher oestradiol levels than normal or benign breast tissues, whereas oestrone levels were more comparable;(2) in contrast to the large decrease in plasma concentrations after menopause, the levels of oestradiol in tumours and in normal breast tissue did not change with advancing age;(3) the oestradiol levels in breast tissues were lower than in uterine tissues, particularly in women before menopause; oestrone levels were very similar in all tissues studied;(4) the mean oestradiol level was higher in oestrogen-receptor-positive tumours, but no correlation between the two parameters was found;(5) preliminary results indicated lower oestradiol levels in tumours obtained from countries with a lower incidence of breast cancer;(6) as far as available, oestrone levels were comparable and those of oestradiol were lower in fat tissues than in breast tumours;(7) neither in vitro studies with breast tumours, nor in vivo results using myometrial tissues support a prominent role of the metabolism of oestrogens at the 16α-position in the development of tumours;(8) the role of local factors in the production, retention and metabolism of oestradiol in the breast remains to be elucidated.
Novel methods of oestrogen deprivation for treatment of breast diseases
Authors: Santen Richard J. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe breast can be deprived of oestrogen by blockade of the synthesis of oestradiol or of its precursors. In postmenopausal women, oestrogen synthesis occurs almost exclusively in extraglandular tissues. Thus, liver, muscle and fat, as well as other tissues, convert precursor androgens such as androstenedione and testosterone of adrenal origin to oestrone and oestradiol through the enzyme, aromatase. Breast cancer tissue and its surrounding stroma also contain aromatase which could potentially convert a biologically important amount of androgen to oestrogen. Sulphatases are present in multiple tissues including breast and act to reform free oestrogens from their conjugated derivatives. Each of the steps outlined (i.e. precursor androgen formation, aromatase, and sulphatase), serve as potential sites of blockade of oestrogen synthesis. Aromatase can be inhibited by either suicide or competitive inhibitors. In our studies, an imidazole inhibitor of aromatase which acts competitively (i.e. CGS 16949A) is 1000-fold more potent than aminoglutethimide and ten-fold more potent than 4-hydroxyandrostenedione in vitro. In sixteen postmenopausal women, doses 500-fold less than standard doses of aminoglutethimide inhibited plasma and urinary oestrogens measured by radioimmunoassay or GLC mass spectrometry to the same extent as with aminoglutethimide. The use of sulphatase inhibitors, another means of oestrogen deprivation, may potentially be feasible. Sulphatase inhibitors are active in vitro but currently lack potency and specificity for the sulphatase in breast cancer tissue itself.In premenopausal women, the oestrogens are directly aromatised from androgens in ovarian tissues through the stimulatory influence of LH and FSH. Suppression of these gonatrophins with or without additional aromatase inhibitors provides a means of inhibiting oestrogen in premenopausal women. Aromatase inhibition, alone, will probably not be effective because of the reflex rise in LH and FSH observed. Our studies indicate effective suppression of oestradiol in premenopausal women with the GnRH superagonist analogue, Leuprolide. However, combined use of this superagonist analogue plus an aromatase inhibitor would have the advantage of blocking synthesis of oestrogen, both in ovary and in extraglandular sites.
Inhibitors of oestrogen biosynthesis: preclinical studies with CGS 16949A, a new nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor
Authors: Bhatnagar Ajay S. , Schieweck Klaus , Häusler Albert , Browne Leslie J. , Steele Ronald E. 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisInhibitors of the aromatase enzyme represent a class of therapeutic agents which potently inhibit oestrogen biosynthesisin vivo. This inhibition of oestrogen biosynthesis is well established as effective therapy in the treatment of oestrogen-dependent breast cancer. CGS 16949A [4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydroimidazo-[l,5-a]pyridin-5-yl)-benzonitrile hydrochloride] is a non-steroidal imidazole derivative which is a potent competitive aromatase inhibitorin vitro. At a maximally effective concentration, it selectively inhibits aromatase and does not affect glucocorticoid production from the adrenalin vitro.In vivoin the rat, CGS 16949A effectively reduces ovarian oestrogen content and potently inhibits an aromatase-mediated androgen-induced uterine hypertrophy. Oral treatment of adult, cyclic female rats with CGS 16949A disrupts cyclicity, inhibits ovulation, reduces uterine weight and suppresses serum oestradiol, all expected sequelae of oestrogen deprivation. At maximally effective doses, there is no evidence of adrenal hypertrophy, indicating that adrenal steroidogenesis is unaffected. In the DMBA-induced mammary carcinoma model in the rat, CGS 16949A caused almost complete regression of palpable tumours and significantly suppressed the appearance of new tumours at a maximally effective oral dose. Thus, CGS 16949A is a potent and selective inhibitor of the aromatase enzyme. In the rat, it is very efficacious in inhibiting oestrogen biosynthesis and in suppressing the growth of DMBA-induced mammary tumours.
The ecology of plankton in Scottish coastal waters
Authors: Tett Paul 
Published: June 2019

SynopsisThe lives of the plants, animals and bacteria of the plankton are ruled by the diffusive nature of their fluid medium, in which vertical turbulence is sometimes checked by density gradients caused by surface heating or inflow of freshwater. Seasonal and spatial changes in the production and species composition of phytoplankton and associated microheterotrophs result from interactions amongst light penetration, supply of mineral nutrients, and vertical mixing; many species are capable of rapid increase when multiplication exceeds losses by dispersion and predation. Water depth, currents, dispersion and food supplies control mesozooplankton.Although Scottish coastal waters include a variety of pelagic environments, there is little evidence of site-specific flora or fauna. Planktonic assemblages are, however, locally more diverse than expected. If this excess diversity is a result of ever-changing conditions, the composition of microplanktonic associations may be largely decided by chance. Explanations based on niche theory seem to apply convincingly only to the larger, semi-nektonic, pelagic crustaceans. Thus, consideration of issues relating to conservation raises fundamental and difficult questions about the biology of plankton.Conservation of species is impractical if accident plays a large part in recruitment and replacement. Conversely, the dispersive nature of the pelagic environment and the weakness of interspecific relations may lessen the sensitivity of plankton to anthropogenic perturbations. Nevertheless, eutrophication and climatic change can disturb pelagic communities, especially in enclosed waters.
Precambrian Prokaryotes and Stromatolites
Authors: Schopf J. William 
Published: June 2019

In terms of biochemical and intracellular organization, living systems can be divided into two major “Superkingdoms,” eukaryotes and prokaryotes.Eukaryotes, comprising the more advanced and later evolving Superkingdom, include unicellular or multicellular organisms (viz., members of the Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia) characterized by nucleus-, mitochondrion-, and (in plants and some protists) chloroplast-containing cells that are capable typically of mitotic cell division. Paleontologic evidence indicates that the eukaryotic cell originated during the Middle Proterozoic, probably about 1.4 to 1.5 Ga ago (Schopf and Oehler, 1976).Prokaryotes, comprising the more primitive and earlier evolving Superkingdom, include microbial microorganisms (viz., members of the Kingdom Monera: bacteria, cyanobacteria, archaebacteria, and prochlorophytes) characterized by cells that lack membrane-bound nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and similar organelles and that reproduce by non-mitotic and non-meiotic division. Some authors (e.g., Woese and Fox, 1977) subdivide prokaryotes (monerans) into two kingdoms, the Kingdom Archaebacteriae (including methanogenic, extremely halophilic and some thermoacidophilic bacteria) and the Kingdom Eubacteriae (including all non-archaebacterial prokaryotes), based on the chemistry of their cell walls, membranes, transfer RNA's and RNA polymerase subunits. Paleontologic evidence indicates that prokaryotes originated early in Earth history - the group was extant, morphologically varied and evidently physiologically advanced at least as early as 3.3 to 3.5 Ga ago (Schopf and Packer, 1987).
The effects of forage: concentrate ratio and protein supplementation for finishing beef heifers
Authors: Robson Alice E. , Steen R. W. J. 
Published: June 2019

The increased consumer awareness of diet and health related aspects has increased the demand for leaner beef. Nutritional factors which influence carcass composition include plane of nutrition, diet type, forage:concentrate ratio and protein supplementation. An experiment has been carried out to examine the independent and interacting effects of protein supplementation and forage:concentrate ratio on performance and carcass composition of finishing beef heifers.The six experimental diets used consisted of two dietary crude protein (CP) levels (142 (LP) and 175 (HP) g CP/kg dry matter (DM)) each offered at three forage:concentrate ratios in a 2 x 3 factorial design. High (HF), medium (MF) and low(LF) forage diets contained on a DM basis 0.75, 0.50 and 0.30 grass silage and 0.25, 0.50 and 0.70 concentrates respectively. In the HF diets, grass silage was offered ad libitum but intake was restricted in the MF and LF diets so as to equalise total metabolisable energy (ME) intakes for the six diets. In the LP diets, the control concentrate consisted of (g/kg) 925 ground barley, 50 molasses and 25 minerals and vitamins.
In vitro culture of embryos produced by in vitro maturation and fertilization of bovine follicular oocytes
Authors: Vergos V. , Gordon A. , Gallagher M. , Gordon I. 
Published: June 2019

A previous report from this laboratory dealt with the establishment of pregnancies in the early months of gestation after the non-surgical transfer of cattle embryos derived from the in vitro maturation (IVM) of primary bovine oocytes, their fertilization in vitro (IVF) and their subsequent development to the transferable stage (morula/blastocyst) using an in vivo (sheep oviduct) culture system (Lu et al.,1987). The present report deals with some factors affecting the efficiency of IVF and with the culture in vitro of zygotes to the morula/ blastocyst stage of development. Some embryos were frozen and after thawing transferred by non-surgical procedures to five recipient cattle to obtain information on their capacity to undergo further embryonic development.Primary oocytes, enclosed in cumulus cells, were recovered from vesicular follicles (2-6mm) after their dissection from the ovaries of heifers slaughtered at a local abattoir. The ovaries were brought to the laboratory within one hour of animal slaughter in medium held at 35'C.