bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Read, Understand, Learn, & Excel: Development and Testing of an Automated Reading Strategy Detection Algorithm for Postsecondary Students
Authors: Kucheria Priya , Sohlberg McKay Moore , Prideaux Jason , Fickas Stephen 
Published: June 2019

Purpose
An important predictor of postsecondary academic success is an individual's reading comprehension skills. Postsecondary readers apply a wide range of behavioral strategies to process text for learning purposes. Currently, no tools exist to detect a reader's use of strategies. The primary aim of this study was to develop Read, Understand, Learn, & Excel, an automated tool designed to detect reading strategy use and explore its accuracy in detecting strategies when students read digital, expository text.

Method
An iterative design was used to develop the computer algorithm for detecting 9 reading strategies. Twelve undergraduate students read 2 expository texts that were equated for length and complexity. A human observer documented the strategies employed by each reader, whereas the computer used digital sequences to detect the same strategies. Data were then coded and analyzed to determine agreement between the 2 sources of strategy detection (i.e., the computer and the observer).

Results
Agreement between the computer- and human-coded strategies was 75% or higher for 6 out of the 9 strategies. Only 3 out of the 9 strategies–previewing content, evaluating amount of remaining text, and periodic review and/or iterative summarizing–had less than 60% agreement.

Conclusion
Read, Understand, Learn, & Excel provides proof of concept that a reader's approach to engaging with academic text can be objectively and automatically captured. Clinical implications and suggestions to improve the sensitivity of the code are discussed.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8204786
Effects of a Cycling Dual Task on Emotional Word Choice in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Hazamy Audrey A. , Horne Sara A. , Okun Michael S. , Hass Chris J. , Altmann Lori J. P. 
Published: June 2019

PurposeIndividuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) demonstrate language- and emotion-related impairments; however, emotional language production has received little attention within the literature despite the fact that deficits could significantly impact one's daily interactions with loved ones and others. Multitasking (i.e., dual tasking), specifically while completing language tasks, is a common everyday occurrence and typically impacts performance on 1 or both tasks. This study compared emotional word use during discourse production in individuals with PD and healthy older adults (HOAs) under single- and dual-task conditions.MethodParticipants completed a discourse task while sitting in a quiet room and while stationary cycling. Discourse output was analyzed along several emotional and intellectual language dimensions obtained from the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program (Pennebaker, Booth, & Francis,2007).ResultsGroups did not differ on any outcome measure in the single-task condition. However, HOAs produced a higher percentage of words associated with affective processes and positive emotion while completing the dual-task condition, whereas the PD group exhibited a decrease in production of these words. Compared to the single-task condition, during cycling, individuals with PD also produced a lower percentage of inhibition-related words.ConclusionsThese results suggest that cycling, like other types of exercise, improves mood as manifested in discourse word choice in HOAs; however, it may lead to reduced use of emotional words in individuals with PD. Expressing emotion may also be more difficult in those with PD than in HOAs and, therefore, easily disrupted in distracting circumstances.
Automating Error Frequency Analysis via the Phonemic Edit Distance Ratio
Authors: Smith Michael , Cunningham Kevin T. , Haley Katarina L. 
Published: June 2019

Purpose
Many communication disorders result in speech sound errors that listeners perceive as phonemic errors. Unfortunately, manual methods for calculating phonemic error frequency are prohibitively time consuming to use in large-scale research and busy clinical settings. The purpose of this study was to validate an automated analysis based on a string metric—the unweighted Levenshtein edit distance—to express phonemic error frequency after left hemisphere stroke.

Method
Audio-recorded speech samples from 65 speakers who repeated single words after a clinician were transcribed phonetically. By comparing these transcriptions to the target, we calculated the percent segments with a combination of phonemic substitutions, additions, and omissions and derived the phonemic edit distance ratio, which theoretically corresponds to percent segments with these phonemic errors.

Results
Convergent validity between the manually calculated error frequency and the automated edit distance ratio was excellent, as demonstrated by nearly perfect correlations and negligible mean differences. The results were replicated across 2 speech samples and 2 computation applications.

Conclusions
The phonemic edit distance ratio is well suited to estimate phonemic error rate and proves itself for immediate application to research and clinical practice. It can be calculated from any paired strings of transcription symbols and requires no additional steps, algorithms, or judgment concerning alignment between target and production. We recommend it as a valid, simple, and efficient substitute for manual calculation of error frequency.
Sliding mode controller–observer pair for p53 pathway
Authors: Rizwan Azam Muhammad , Utkin Vadim I. , Arshad Uppal Ali , Bhatti Aamer Iqbal 
Published: June 2019

A significant loss of p53 protein, an anti‐tumour agent, is observed in early cancerous cells. Induction of small molecules based drug is by far the most prominent technique to revive and maintain wild‐type p53 to the desired level. In this study, a sliding mode control (SMC) based robust non‐linear technique is presented for the drug design of a control‐oriented p53 model. The control input generated by conventional SMC is discontinuous; however, depending on the physical nature of the system, drug infusion needs to be continuous. Therefore, to obtain a smooth control signal, a dynamic SMC (DSMC) is designed. Moreover, the boundedness of the zero‐dynamics is also proved. To make the model‐based control design possible, the unknown states of the system are estimated using an equivalent control based, reduced‐order sliding mode observer. The robustness of the proposed technique is assessed by introducing input disturbance and parametric uncertainty in the system. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is witnessed by performing in‐silico trials, revealing that the sustained level of p53 can be achieved by controlled drug administration. Moreover, a comparative quantitative analysis shows that both controllers yield similar performance. However, DSMC consumes less control energy.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Medical and Dental Applications: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Zia Komal , Siddiqui Talal , Ali Saqib , Farooq Imran , Zafar Muhammad Sohail , Khurshid Zohaib 
Published: June 2019

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most significant analytical techniques that has been developed in the past few decades. A broad range of biological and nonbiological applications ranging from an individual cell to organs and tissues has been investigated through NMR. Various aspects of this technique are still under research, and many functions of the NMR are still pending a better understanding and acknowledgment. Therefore, this review is aimed at providing a general overview of the main principles, types of this technique, and the advantages and disadvantages of NMR spectroscopy. In addition, an insight into the current uses of NMR in the field of medicine and dentistry and ongoing developments of NMR spectroscopy for future applications has been discussed.
The Effect of Digital Noise Reduction on Annoyance and Speech Perception in Low and High Acceptable Noise Level Groups
Authors: Shetty Hemanth Narayan , Nanjundaswamy Navya Bilijagalemole 
Published: June 2019

Introduction Studies have reported that although speech perception in noise was unaltered with and without digital noise reduction (DNR), the annoyance toward noise measured by acceptable noise level (ANL) was significantly improved by DNR with the range between 2.5 and 4.5 dB. It is unclear whether a similar improvement would be observed in those individuals who have an ANL ≥ 14 dB (predictive of poor hearing aid user) often rejects their aid because of annoyance toward noise.
Objectives (a) To determine the effect of activation of DNR on the improvement in the aided ANL from low- and high-ANL groups; and (b) to predict the change in ANL when DNR was activated.
Method Ten bilateral mild to severe sloping sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) participants in each of the low- and high-ANL groups were involved. These participants were bilaterally fitted with receiver in canal (RIC) hearing aids (Oticon, Smorum, Egedal, Denmark) with a DNR processor. Both SNR-50% (Signal to noise ratio (in dB) required to achieve 50 % speech recognition) and ANL were assessed in DNR-on and DNR-off listening conditions.
Results Digital noise reduction has no effect on SNR-50 in each group. The annoyance level was significantly reduced in the DNR-on than DNR-off condition in the low-ANL group. In the high-ANL group, a strong negative correlation was observed between the ANL in DNR off and a change in ANL after DNR was employed in the hearing aid (benefit). The benefit of DNR on annoyance can be effectively predicted by baseline-aided ANL by linear regression.
Conclusion Digital noise reduction reduced the annoyance level in the high-ANL group, and the amount of improvement was related to the baseline-aided ANL value.
Professor Fernando Costa— A Man Ahead of His Time
Authors: Isolan Gustavo Rassier 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis article describes the milestones in the life Brazil’s greatest neurosurgeons, Professor Fernando Costa. Born and raised in the city of Pelotas, RS, Professor Fernando was an exemplary doctor. As former director and professor at the Catholic University of Pelotas, School of Medicine, his courage as well as his ethical attitude and transparency were the central traits of this masterful teacher. He will be eternally remembered as a great physician, teacher, father, husband, grandfather and friend.
The Patient-Centered Approach: A Review of the Literature and Its Application for Acoustic Neuromas
Authors: Hong Christopher S. , Moliterno Jennifer 
Published: June 2019

AbstractPatient-centered care is defined as “care that is consistent with and respects the values, needs, and wishes of patients” and is best achieved when clinicians involve patients and their support system in health care discussions and decisions. While this approach has been well established and supported in more general medical specialties, such as primary care, that may encompass a more holistic approach, it has rarely been described in surgical disciplines. Acoustic neuromas (ANs) can be unique among other skull base and intracranial pathologies, in that the management of these tumors can vary from patient to patient depending on various factors. Moreover, typical options, including observation, radiation, and surgery, may often have equipoise for some patients and their tumors. Therefore, a patient-centered approach, strongly guided by the expertise of experienced skull base surgeons, may likely be the most appropriate type of care for patients with ANs. Herein, we review the documented use of patient-centered care in other aspects of medicine, propose the benefits of this approach for patients with ANs, and provide ways this can be better implemented in practice.
Microsyntactic annotation
Authors: Kahane Sylvain , Gerdes Kim , Bawden Rachel 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the microsyntactic analysis of the Rhapsodie corpus in terms of dependency syntax. Microsyntax studies the relations between words that are characterized by a strong syntactic cohesion, traditionally called “government”. The different steps in the annotation are presented: segmentation into words and labeling in parts of speech, dependency structure, and basic syntactic functions. We justify our decision to use a small set of tags without redundancies, but to introduce a predicative relation for elements that form a complex predicate including copula, auxiliaries, and some modal verbs. Complex cases of annotations such as extraction (relative and interrogative clauses, cleft sentences) and negation are also presented. In addition, we show how a constituent structure can be computed from the dependency structure.
The annotation of list structures
Authors: Kahane Sylvain , Pietrandrea Paola , Gerdes Kim 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents phenomena we call “piles” or “lists”, which are characterized by the fact that a list of elements piles up in the same syntactic position. We therefore group the analysis of coordination together with the analysis of other phenomena such as reformulation, disfluency, partial answer, or negotiation. The elements of a pile are linked to one another by a relation that is both syntagmatic (they follow one another) and paradigmatic (they fill the same syntactic slot with respect to their common governor). The syntactic analysis of the other elements – junctors, paradigmatic adverbs, and list completers – is discussed. We also propose a typology of the different cases of pile structure and introduce the seven subcases of paradigmatic links taken into account in the annotation.
The benefits of a challenge approach on match day: Investigating cardiovascular reactivity in professional academy soccer players
Authors: Dixon J. G. , Jones M. V. , Turner M. J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis study assessed physiological (cardiovascular) and psychological (confidence, control, and approach focus) data in professional academy soccer players prior to performance in competitive matches. A challenge state is characterised by an increase in cardiac output (CO), and a decrease in total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR). Data were collected from 37 participants, with 19 of these providing data on two separate occasions. Performance was measured using coach and player self‐ratings. Challenge reactivity was positively, and significantly, associated with performance. Participants who demonstrated blunted cardiovascular (CV) responses performed significantly worse than participants who displayed either challenge or threat reactivity. There was mixed consistency in CV reactivity for those participants whose data were collected on more than one occasion, suggesting that some participants responded differently across the competitive matches. The association between self‐report data and CV responses was weak. This study supports previous research demonstrating that challenge reactivity is associated with superior performance.
Modern unexplored martial arts – what can mixed martial arts and Brazilian Jiu‐Jitsu do for youth development?
Authors: Blomqvist Mickelsson Tony 
Published: June 2019

AbstractContemporarily, two martial arts have emerged as highly popular among youth; Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) and Brazilian Jiu‐Jitsu (BJJ). Despite their popularity, we know little of how they affect individuals sociopsychologically. The current study sought to explore how the currently underexplored martial art disciplines may contribute to sociopsychological development among young people. In addition, it was investigated whether individuals who are predisposed to different traits may favour one sport over the other. This study was conducted with a longitudinal design; over the course of 5 months, 113 participants completed training in either condition. The results show that both groups displayed increased self‐control and pro‐social behaviour; however, MMA practitioners also reported increased aggressiveness, whereas BJJ practitioners experienced a decline in aggression. Accordingly, individuals who trained in MMA displayed substantially higher pre‐existing aggression levels than the BJJ practitioners. The current results further corroborate research suggesting that modern martial arts and MMA may not be suitable for at‐risk youth to practice, whereas traditional martial arts and sports with a healthy philosophical foundation may be effective in reducing antisocial behaviour while enhancing socially desirable behaviour among young people.
Tailored interior and boundary parameter transformations for iterative inversion in electrical impedance tomography
Authors: Winkler Robert 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Electrical impedance tomography is a non-invasive method for imaging the electrical conductivity of an object from electrode measurements on its surface. The underlying mathematical problem is highly nonlinear, severely ill-posed, and several model parameters are usually not known accurately. Despite the strong nonlinearity, iterative Newton-type methods are widely used to tackle the problem numerically.
This work presents and analyzes tailored transformations for the conductivity and for electrode parameters which are favourable in two regards: they remove the constrainedness of the unknown parameters and simultaneously decrease the nonlinearity of the underlying problem. We study the impact of various transformations on the nonlinearity of the problem and demonstrate improved speed of convergence for Newton-type methods while avoiding local minima in the solution space. The presented transformations can conveniently be incorporated into existing iterative solvers as they improve stability and do not require hand-tuned regularization parameters or line-search strategies, thereby bridging a gap between a variety of established conductivity estimation methods and practical applications.
Identification of activation products and radiation dose estimates in Havar® foils for a GE PETtrace800 medical cyclotron via high resolution gamma ray spectroscopy and MCNPX simulation
Authors: Inamarga J , de Vera N , Dungao J 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
During production of F-18 in a medical cyclotron, high energy protons and secondary neutrons hit the highly reactive components of the target assembly resulting to activation products. In determining the presence of activation products and quantifying their respective activities, high resolution gamma spectroscopy using high purity germanium (HPGe) was used. From the results of the spectroscopy analysis, the doses were estimated using two methods: calculation method and MCNPX simulations. For the gamma spectroscopy analysis, the sample was prepared using aqua regia and was sent to PNRI. The analysis was done using GEM Series HPGe Coaxial Detector System. The results of the gamma spectroscopy showed the presence of 56Co, 57Co, 58Co, and 54Mn after a cooling period of eighty (80) days. For the MCNP simulations, the Havar® window foil was simulated as an isotropic disc source and a soft - tissue mimicking box detector was used and positioned at 100 cm from the center of the simulated window foil. *F8 tally was used to estimate the effective dose arising from a single activation product homogeneously distributed in the window foil and was done under the assumption that no other radiation sources were present in the simulation. Using calculation method, the effective dose estimates of 56Co, 57Co, 58Co, and 54Mn were found to be of minimal values during replacement of 18O vial at one meter. Moreover, it was found out that the highest contributors of dose during replacement of an 18O vial and maintenance of cyclotron are 56Co and 58Co. After a period of one year, the guiding activation products become 57Co and 54Mn due to their long half - lives. Furthermore, the annual dose estimates of these activation products were found to not exceed the annual dose limits for the whole body and for the extremities. As for disposal and storage, a period of four years will allow the Havar® window foil to reach the exemption levels set by PNRI.
Estimation of effective dose for whole body18F-FDG PET/CT examination
Authors: Sabri A S A , Wong J H D 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWhole body flourine-18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is part of the standard management of oncologic diagnosis and staging. However, there is a growing concern over the radiation exposure of patient undergoing PET/CT due to higher radiation dose compared to other imaging modalities. The aim of this study is to estimate the effective dose received by 104 patients that undergone a whole body18F-FDG PET/CT at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). The effective dose from CT were calculated using two methods, namely, dose length product (DLP) method as recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Publication 102 and size specific dose estimates (SSDE) method as recommended by American Association of Physicist in Medicine, AAPM Report No. 204. Meanwhile, for PET dosimetry, the effective dose resulting from the radiopharmaceutical injection was estimated by means of the model proposed by ICRP Publication 106. The average effective dose for a whole body18FFDG PET/CT examination was found to be 14.82 ± 3.2 mSv for DLP method and 9.47 ± 1.5 mSv for SSDE method. DLP method shows over estimated effective dose because average malaysian population is smaller than reference Perspex phantom which is 32 cm diameter. From this study, estimates lifetime attribute risk (LAR) based on BEIR VII report is only 0.09% for SSDE method compare to DLP method which is 0.14%.
CT contrast agent of Platinum nanodendrites: Preliminary study
Authors: Khairil Anuar MA , Harun AZ , Abdul Razak K , Rahman WN 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Platinum nanodendrites (PtNDs) are high-Z nanomaterials (Z=78) that possess a promising potential to be introduced as a novel contrast agent in diagnostic radiology. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of PtNDs as contrast agent in computed tomography in term of CT number and CNR. PtNDs of different sizes (29, 36, 42, 52 nm) were prepared into final concentration of 1.0 mM in 3 mL syringes. CT scans were performed on PtND samples, distilled water and iodinated contrast agent arranged in phantom. The scans of each samples were conducted at 0.6 mm slice thickness and 80 kVp setting. CT number and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) were measured and calculated. The attenuation property of PtNDs shows size dependent characteristics, as the smallest PtNDs tested (29 nm) shows the lowest CT number (3.73 ± 0.37), followed by 36 nm PtNDs (21.23 ± 0.77), 42 nm (62.77 ± 2.08) and 52 nm (89.33 ± 4.60). CNR quantification reveals that there are no significant different of CNR values for PtNDs of size 29 nm, 36 nm, and 42 nm (around 24.67 ± 0.25), while 52 nm PtNDs sees drop of CNR (20.14 ± 0.57). Compared to iodinated contrast agent, 42 and 52 nm PtNDs show higher CT number, with slightly reduced CNR. This preliminary study suggests that PtNDs have the potential to be applied as contrast agents for CT imaging. The study also demonstrates that the performance of nanomaterial based contrast agent and x-ray attenuation properties are dependent on nanoparticles size and further study is required to elucidate multiparameter involved.