bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residual Organics Following Biological Treatment
Authors: Murphy K.L. , Sedivy M.J. , Vigers G.A. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Laboratory studies have indicated filterable carbon in measurable concentrations remaining after extended periods of biological treatment. These studies followed the disappearance of several pure substrates; glucose, glutamic acid, starch, and phenol in a batch system through the biological action of acclimated micro-organisms and monitored the presence of residual filterable carbon. The concentration of the residual organic matter has been related to the type and concentration of substrate and to the concentration of micro-organisms present. The presence of these materials indicate that even with simple compounds complete removal of organics by biological treatment is not possible.
Phosphorus Balance: Field Studies of Two Sewage Treatment Plants
Authors: Radley J.E. , Heinke G.W. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Removal of phosphates from wastewater will become an important requirement in the near future in order to arrest the eutrophication of our surface water supplies. Present day treatment plants are inefficient in removing phosphates. Additions of new and deletions or changes in existing processes will be required. Knowledge of the concentration and type of phosphorus compound in all streams of a conventional biological treatment plant will be required to make effective and economical changes.
This work attempts a mass balance on phosphorus on unit operations of two activated sludge plants: The North Toronto Sewage Treatment Plant and the Penetanguishene Sewage Treatment Plant. Preliminary field studies were carried out over several weeks to establish background information on phosphorus concentration and type at each plant. From this information, the number of sampling streams, timing of sampling, and accuracy and precision of phosphate and flow measurements for short, in-depth, phosphorus studies on each plant was made. Two 2–3 day surveys were made at each plant. The data are presented in the form of phosphorus mass balances on important unit operations as well as on the entire plant. Balances were found to be within the combined experimental error of sampling, analytical technique, and flow measurement. Major phosphate streams in decreasing order are the return sludge, raw influent, primary sludge and digestor supernatant. Present phosphorus reduction is about 20–30%, as expected for biological treatment. The possible effect of operational changes and additions of phosphorus removal process is discussed.
Kinetic Study of an Industrial Waste Containing a Non-Biodegradable Fraction
Authors: Davis E. , Goos G. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A study was undertaken which was primarily concerned with the use of batch tests to investigate the kinetic behaviour of a high strength industrial waste which contained a non-biodegradable fraction and to determine the kinetic parameters, maximum specific growth rate, umax, saturation constant, Ks, and cell yield, Y. Substrate for the experiments was obtained from the effluent of a forest products industry manufacturing millboard. Bacterial cells were obtained from a heterogeneous culture of organisms acclimatized to this substrate. Samples were withdrawn periodically and analysed, using organic carbon as a parameter, to study the organism growth and substrate removal patterns. Data analysis based on the Monod equation, u = umax S/(Ks + S), performed after values of specific growth rate, u, specific decay rate, kd, organism growth rate, dX/dt, and substrate removal rate, dS/dt, were obtained and the initial substrate concentrations were corrected for the ultimate non-biodegradable fraction, produced values for the desired kinetic parameters. The activation energy, E, calculated from the van’t Hoff-Arrhenius relationship was found to be 15,160 calories per mole. The corresponding Streeter-Phelps coefficient, Θ, was found to be 1.095. Observations indicated that the organic matter in the substrate was removed initially by adsorption, and then a first-order removal rate. At the higher temperatures the initial first-order removal rate was ultimately replaced by a second and slower first-order removal rate. This overall condition could be approximated by the use of a single second-order removal rate.
This investigation indicated that relatively simple and economical batch shaker flask studies can be successfully used to determine kinetic parameters for a complex industrial waste undergoing biological degradation by a heterogeneous population of organisms.
Cadmium and Zinc Toxicity and Synergism to Floating Aquatic Plants
Authors: Hutchinson T.C. , Czyrska Halina 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Floating aquatic plants have been used in a study of the uptake, toxicity and synergism of cadmium and zinc. Both of the species used were found to accumulate the metals, from even very low levels in solution. Cadmium at 0.01 p.p.m. had an inhibitory effect on growth; and 0.1 p.p.m. was enough to cause death. A concentration factor of up to 9500 times occurred; with clear implications of potential food chain effects. Interspecific competition was found to be a further factor influencing metal toxicity. In natural ‘field’ situations, biological competition is the norm. Cadmium and zinc acted synergistically together. Zinc markedly increased the inhibitory effect of cadmium, even though it was itself stimulatory. The presence of one metal also increased the uptake of the other The ecological implications are discussed.
A Study of Pollution Loadings From Urban Runoff
Authors: Hartt James P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Very few urban storm water runoff studies have produced quantitative pollutional loadings and those that have cover a narrow range of parameters. This study produced qualitative values ranges of values and mean values on a seasonal and annual basis for nineteen physical chemical and bacteriological parameters. In addition the rainfall and runoff quantities were recorded and thence the quantities of the pollutants in pounds per acre per season were determined. Although the concentration of a pollutant at a given point in time is meaningful the total quantity produced is in many cases more meaningful when total pollutional loads reaching a receiving water are needed. Such information has been available for some time with respect to treatment plant and industrial waste effluents. However with respect to urban storm runoff the information is very sketchy. It is in answer to such a need that this research was conducted.
A Performance Study of Aerobic Sludge Digestion
Authors: Hogg K.S. , Ganczarczyk J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The aerobic sludge digestion system at the sewage treatment plant at Dunnville, Ontario was designed as a one-stage aeration process (by means of the Inka system) of moderately concentrated excess activated sludge (less than 1 percent of TS), followed by continuous sludge thickening and sludge drying lagoons for the final dewatering of the digestion product.
An evaluation of this system was conducted in the summer of 1972. It included the study of sludge and supernatant characteristics, phosphorus balance and an economical comparison of the costs associated with this type of aerobic digestion and anaerobic sludge digestion for similar size (about 1.7 IMGD) activated sludge process plants.
Results of the investigations disclosed that the aerobic digester with sludge loading of about 0.03 lb VS/cu ft/day and an average hydraulic detention time of only 9.2 days, operated satisfactorily at the summer climatic conditions of Southern Ontario. This process, however, could not be judged on the basis of volatile solids reduction, which proved to be only equal to 6 percent. This phenomenon was probably due to the solubility in water of a part of the mineral constituents of the sludge under the process conditions. The change in the sludge specific oxygen uptake rates from 8.9 to 2.75 mg 02/gVSS/hr at 25°C, was a more reliable indicator of the digested sludge characteristics. Supernatant quality (average COD of 170 mg/l and SS of 110 mg/l) and the dewaterability of the digested sludge (average resistance to filtration equal to 0.86 x 1013 m/kg) provided additional information of the digester’s performance.
Disposal of Alum Sludge to the Existing Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Hsu Deh Yuan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
For finding the practicability of discharging water treatment plant sludge into the municipal sewer, the effects of synthetic aluminum hydroxide floc on several major units in an activated sludge wastewater treatment process were studied.
It was found that the crucial effects were the increase in sludge production, either in the primary settling tank or in the secondary settling tank, and the retardation of the digestibility of the wasted sludge. The treatment efficiency, in terms of the quality of the treated wastewater, however, was improved. No toxic effects were found in the study of the functions of organic matter removal and the nitrification of activated sludge with the addition of aluminium hydroxide up to 300 mg Al/1 to the mixed liquor. The dewatering property of the wastewater sludge was improved with the addition of this chemical floc.
Two processes are suggested. One is to discharge alum. sludge into the sewer at a suitable rate and the other is to discharge the water treatment wastes into a thickener in the wastewater treatment plant. The concentrated underflow can be mixed with the regular digested sludge for dewatering while the supernatant can be discharged either to the primary settling tank or to the aeration tank.
Comparative Studies of the Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Phytoplankton and Their Synergistic Interactions
Authors: Hutchinson T.C. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Comparative studies have been made of the relative toxicities, in solution, of the metals cadmium, copper, cobalt, lead, mercury, silver, selenium, barium, and nickel to algae (phytoplankton). Several of these' metals have been considered potential pollutants in water bodies and one, copper, is used extensively as an algicide. Toxicity tests were performed under controlled conditions using growth as an indication of algal-metal response. Chlorella, Scenedesmus, Haematoaoacus and Chlamydomonas have been used as test species. Both the metals and the species differed markedly in their response. Silver was found to be the most toxic metal overall, inhibiting growth of Chlorella at levels of 0.005 ppm. Mercury and cadmium were also highly toxic to Chlorella i.e. 0.1 ppm Cu inhibited growth. Selenium, nickel and cobalt were somewhat less toxic, although inhibition and death of one or more species occurred at 0.1-5.0 ppm, whilst lead was apparently non-toxic at the levels used. Haematococcus was generally a good deal more resistant than other species. The response to increasing metal concentration was either a gradual diminution of growth or a drastic fall above a threshold level. This response was metal specific. Copper and nickel were found to act synergistically each enhancing the other's toxicity, but selenium was found to reduce the toxicity of cadmium thus showing metal antagonism. Potential ecological consequences are discussed.
The Effects of Aluminum Sludge From Water Purification on Municipal Primary Sewage Treatment
Authors: O’Blenis J. D. , Warriner T.R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The current widespread practice of disposal of water filtration plant wastes by direct discharge to receiving waters is coming under critical review by regulatory agencies. Among the alternatives for management of these wastes is the possibility of disposal to sanitary sewer systems. Since a recent nation-wide survey had established alum sludge as the most common waste generated by filtration plants, research was initiated to study the effects of water plant alum sludge on primary sewage treatment. A pilot primary sewage treatment plant was constructed and operated with a raw sewage feed of five litres per minute. A laboratory jar test program was conducted to supplement pilot plant operation.
Sludges from two different water purification plants were tested along with alum and combinations of alum and water purification plant sludge for their effects on the removal of suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphates. The data showed jar testing to be a good indicator of pilot plant performance. Suspended solids, COD and phosphate removal efficiencies were improved by the addition of the sludges. The phosphate removal capacity of water treatment plant alum sludge was approximately the same as that reported for aluminum hydroxide, or about 1/7 to 1/9 of that determined for alum (as Aluminum). Recycling of the sludges improved phosphate removal performance.
Removal of Phenol in Wastewater by Wet Air Oxidation
Authors: Pruden B.B. , Ferguson D.R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The Wet Air Oxidation process was developed by F.J. Zimmermann for removing suspended solids from waste waters, notably waste water from pulp mills. The basic idea behind the process is to combine the waste stream and air under suitable conditions so that liquid water is present. In theory waste organic is oxidized to CO2 and water, and thus removed by conversion to a harmless gas. In practice there are problems with incomplete combustion and tar formation especially in the oxidation of phenol. This project was undertaken to try and resolve these problems. Furthermore, specifications in the literature are for mixed reactors, which have financial disadvantages due to mixer sealing problems. This study is part 1 of a two part study to investigate unmixed reactors for the job of Wet Air Oxidation.
The study was made in an unmixed reactor at temperatures of 200 and 250°C Pressure was varied from 800 to 2200 psi, and residence times from 0.25 to 2 hours. Phenol feed concentration was either 1400 or 3000 mg/L for all runs. Conversions of over 99% were achieved for conditions at the highest pressure and either temperature.
A Water Quality Economic Index
Authors: Keilani W. M. , Peters P. H. , Reynolds P. J. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A methodology is presented for producing a water quality economic index which will provide information on the direction and the amount of change in water quality on a regional and a national basis. It will be useful for evaluation of water quality trends and for economic decision making regarding preventive measures and treatment programs.
The methodology set out gives the statistical and mathematical models, supported by tables, for the different steps in calculating the indices. Two sample indices derived from actual and estimated data are also given. The methodology utilizes an adaptation of Laspeyre’s weighted aggregative formula which employs base year weights for construction of indices.
Five water quality parameters are assigned to each of twelve water uses. Each parameter value, measured at the actual or potential point of use, is rated between a “desired objective” of 0 and a “maximum permissible level” of 100.
Each parameter is then given a relative weight out of a total weight of unity to reflect its importance to the use. Relative economic weights for all uses are derived by means of a damage coefficient. Segments of the index are combined where parameters are common to more than one use, and a bivariate use and parameter economic index is constructed. A set of subgroup bivariate indices by both use and individual parameters is also produced to allow for quality trend evaluation.
Applying Probabilistic Water Quality Standards in River Basin Water Quality Optimization Models
Authors: Bayer M. B. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper describes a method of applying probabilistic DO (dissolved oxygen) and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) standards in river basin water quality models. Maximum likelihood estimators for the DO and BOD concentrations variances for each reach are used to obtain a lower bound for BOD so that the probability of violating specified DO and BOD standards is less than Θ per cent in any reach. These boundary values for DO and BOD concentrations are incorporated into a nonlinear water quality optimization model for finding the minimum cost set of wastewater treatment plant efficiencies required to meet DO and BOD standards. The method also provides the minimum DO concentration and the maximum BOD concentration which may be expected to occur 1-Θ of the time for any reach.
Acid Shield Lakes in the Sudbury Ontario Region
Authors: Conroy N. , Jeffries D.S. , Kramer J.R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The chemistry of fifty lakes in the Sudbury, Ontario region was studied by float equipped aeroplane in August, 1973. Conductivity, alkalinity, chlorophyll a, NO3, PO4, SiO2, SO4, F, Cl, Br, Ca, Mg, Na, K were measured as well as “labile” metals. Conductivity ranged from 28 to 264 umho cm−1 with a distinct bimodal distribution related to the presence or absence of calcareous material.
Twenty-nine percent of the study lakes showed pH’s &lt;5.5, a value below which reproductive success of fish is questionable.
A calcite saturation index (CSI) was defined to predict lakes with low pH, lakes susceptible to pH depression, and lakes with sufficient buffering to provide protection against pH depression from atmospheric fallout.
Twelve (24%) of the study lakes have CSI’s that make them critically acid and an additional fifteen lakes (30%) are susceptible to pH depression with continued atmospheric loading.
The program utilizing a field laboratory and a float plane was low cost and permitted maximum data collection in the time available. Further, the rapid return of data in the field allowed ongoing verification and modification of the program.
Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Utilizing Discarded Automotive Tires
Authors: Netzer A. , Wilkinson P. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Discarded rubber tires, a monumental solid waste problem, may provide the answer to another environmental problem - the removal of trace metals from wastewaters.
Experiments indicated that used rubber tires will remove trace metals from aqueous solutions by reaction with the various constituents of the rubber tire. Aluminum, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, silver and zinc solutions were investigated and greater than 99.5% removal for most of the metals by treatment with discarded automotive tires was found.
Cyanide Destruction in Mine Waste Water
Authors: Rosehart R.G. , Chu R. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Cyanide, heavy metals and dissolved arsenic are typically found in the effluent from gold extraction plants. The waste solutions are usually basic and if the cyanide is removed or destroyed, the heavy metals and arsenic will co-precipitate. This paper describes the characteristics of such wastes in relationship to the processes involved. Potential techniques to minimize the volume of effluent discharged and several chemical oxidation techniques for the destruction of both free and complexed cyanide are discussed.
An Attempt to Locate the Sources of Phosphorus in Residential Streams
Authors: La Valle Placido 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A random sample of 24 urban residential watersheds was selected, and stream water specimens taken from these watersheds were analyzed for total phosphorus content. The mean total phosphorus concentrations of these residential stream samples were correlated with the following variables: 1) rainfall phosphorus content; 2) weight of phosphorus in detergents consumed per month; 3) mean weight of phosphorus in fertilizers applied per lot annually; 4) per cent watershed households connected to city sewers, an index of household sanitary system type. Statistically significant relationships were noted between stream total phosphorus content, mean weight of phosphorus, rainfall phosphorus content, and per cent homes connected to city sewers. In a multiple regression study, garden fertilizer use, rainfall phosphorus content, and per cent homes connected to city sewers accounted for 81 per cent of the variation in stream total phosphorus concentrations.
Resistance of Lignosulfonate-NH4 to Degradation by a Thermophilic Fungus, Aspergillus SP
Authors: Suzuki F. , Kosaric N. , Zajic J. E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Biodegradation of lignosulfonate-NH4 was tested under thermophilic conditions. A fungus, an Aspergillus sp., was cultivated in 2.0 or 3.0% lignosulfonate solutions in tap water at 45°C. Good growth of fungus was observed; however, the degradation of the lignosulfonate was quite limited within the 7 day test period used. In general the amounts of lignosulfonate utilized varied from 10–15% of the extent of biodegradation and the comparative results are reported.
Chemical Treatment of a Potato Waste Effluent
Authors: Landine R. C. , Ghauri A. M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Polishing of effluents from wastewater treatment plants is inevitable in order to prevent biological overloading of lakes and rivers.
This paper concerns a laboratory investigation of chemical coagulation as a means of improving the effluent from a plastic media, biofiltration plant treating a potato wastewater.
Several coagulants and coagulant-aids were tried. Coagulant dosages of 50 to 100 ppm were sufficient to produce satisfactory results when the quality of the raw effluent was good while 200 to 600 ppm of coagulants were needed in some instances.
Sludge generation was studied and the sludge was found to be voluminous and sometimes floatation problems were experienced.
Median efficiencies achieved were 48, 46, 56, 6 3 and 25% for the removal of BOD, COD, SS, P and N respectively. Therefore, moderate removals of pollutants were possible at moderate to high chemical dosages.
The difficulty of successful chemical treatment of this non-highly-stabilized starch waste effluent was confirmed.
Wet Air Oxidation of Some Ontario Sludges (Chemical)
Authors: Hudgins R. R. , Silveston P. L. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A study was made of the wet air oxidation of eight Ontario sludges containing phosphates. Sludges were obtained from primary or secondary clarifiers in which lime, ferric chloride, or alum had been used to precipitate phosphates. A further set of sludges from the same plants which did not contain these chemical additives were used for comparison purposes. Sludges were oxidized at temperatures up to 550°F in a rocking autoclave; total carbon and total organic carbon values were measured in samples withdrawn during oxidation. Selected total phosphate and orthophosphate analyses were made on both chemical and non-chemical sludges. Oxidation of the sludges is readily obtained. Wet air oxidation reduced the stabilization of phosphates in chemical sludges, although this was not always the case in non-chemical sludges.