bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editorial Review: The Control of Iron Balance by the Intestinal Mucosa
Authors: CROSBY WILLIAM H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this hypothetical model of intestinal function the ferritin apparatus of the absorptive epithelial cells provides the most important mechanism for day-to-day control of iron balance. Iron incorporated into epithelial ferritin cannot be released and therefore is lost when the cell is lost at the end of the life cycle. Information concerning the state of the body’s iron stores is conveyed to the intestine, perhaps by the concentration of plasma iron or iron-binding capacity. When the iron stores are replete the newly forming epithelial cells are constructed to contain a functional ferritin apparatus capable of synthesizing apoferritin and incorporating iron into ferritin, thus preventing its entering the body. However, this mechanism is not completely adequate to intercept all unneeded iron. When too much iron has bypassed the ferritin apparatus it may be intercepted by tissue macrophages in the villus and lost when these macrophages work their way into the lumen; or it may be loaded into newly forming villous epithelial cells thereby saturating a part of their ferritin capacity. Cells thus loaded would develop increased resistance to the incursion of dietary iron; they would also carry the ferritin iron away with them at the end of their life span. In iron deficiency the absorptive cells are constructed with a relative lack of ferritin apparatus so that dietary iron can pass freely into the cell and thence freely into the body.
In iron storage disease other populations of cells are used for excretion of iron. In general these are the glandular epithelial cells and tissue macrophages. Both varieties of cells are able to accept and store relatively large amounts of nonfunctional iron. They are deciduous cells which are shed from the internal surfaces of the body, and when they go their iron goes with them. The capacity of the excretory mechanism is not great, perhaps about 5 mg. per day. When the rate of introduction of iron into the body exceeds this capacity, siderosis of parenchymal tissues develops due to accumulation of excess iron.
The Pelger-Huët Anomaly and Megaloblastic Anemia
Authors: ARDEMAN S. , CHANARIN I. , FRANKLAND A. W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A patient is described with addisonian pernicious anemia and with the Pelger-Huët anomaly of leukocytes. Before the patient was treated with vitamin B12, her peripheral blood contained three- and four-lobed neutrophils, but with therapy almost all the neutrophils showed the characteristic bilobed form of the Pelger-Huët anomaly. Before treatment the sex chromatin appendage was present in the neutrophils in normal numbers, but these could not be identified after treatment.
Congenital Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
Authors: PORTER F. STANLEY , LOWE BETTY A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two cases of erythropoietic protoporphyria in brothers are presented in detail. The results of clinical studies and porphyrin analyses are presented. The pathogenesis of hepatic involvement and resulting hypersplenism exhibited by one of the cases is discussed.
Congenital Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
Authors: PORTER F. STANLEY 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Investigations into the pathophysiology of erythropoietic protoporphyria suggest that the basic defect is an inborn error of metabolism resulting in the overproduction of protoporphyrin IX by the bone marrow not in response to a failure of heme synthesis. A method is described for evaluating the in vitro synthesis of protoporphyrin and heme by human bone marrow.
Phosphate Partition in the Erythrocytes of Normal Newborn Infants and Infants with Erythroblastosis Fetalis. IV. Ion Exchange Chromatography
Authors: GREENWALT T. J. , MORELL S. A. , AYERS V. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ion exchange chromatography was used to study perchloric acid extracts of the erythrocytes from the cord blood of normal infants and infants with erythroblastosis fetalis due to anti-D and, for comparison, the red blood cells of adults. Adenosine triphosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and the total phosphates were found to be highest in the infants with the most severe form of erythroblastosis fetalis. Evidence is given to show that these findings are not related to the relative immaturity of the erythrocytes in hemolytic discase of the newborn. No changes could be demonstrated in the partition of the intraerythrocytic phosphates in a patient with pernicious anemia before B12 therapy and at the height of the reticulocyte response. It is suggested that the high level of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate found in the erythrocytes in hemolytic disease due to anti-D may be due to alterations in the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway. The nature of the upheaval is not clear at present.
Serology of Acquired Hemolytic Anemias
Authors: WEINER W. , VOS G. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The investigation of 60 "pan-agglutinating, unspecific" eluates has disclosed distinct blood group specificity within the rhesus system in at least 70 per cent. This has increased our confidence in their true antibody nature. Their investigation has also contributed to our understanding of the makeup of this complex system of Rhesus antigens and antibodies.
The "Infectious Mononucleosis Cell" A Cytochemical Study
Authors: GALBRAITH PETER , MITUS W. J. , GOLLERKERI MOHAN , DAMESHEK WILLIAM 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The abnormal cells in the peripheral blood of patients with infectious mononucleosis were studied by available histochemical technics and with immunofluorescent and autoradiographic technics. The findings indicated a close relationship of these cells to lymphocytes, although the strong acid phosphatase reaction observed in the infectious mononucleosis (IM) cells was not usually seen in normal lymphocytes, but rather in monocytes and reticulum cells. There was no evidence of antibody production by the IM cells of the peripheral blood.
Studies of the lymph nodes showed two abnormal cell types: one, similar to the IM cells in the peripheral blood but more immature, and the second, a primitive cell with various indications of immunologic competence.
The Sustained Action of Erythropoietin Injected Repeatedly into Rats and Mice
Authors: KEIGHLEY GEOFFREY , HAMMOND DENMAN , LOWY PETER H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Rats and mice were given exogenous erythropoietin for periods from 40 to over 200 days. Increased erythropoiesis was maintained as long as erythropoietin was given; when it was stopped, erythropoiesis returned to its normal level; when the dose was dimished, erythropoiesis fell accordingly.
In mice there was no long-term increase of platelets or change in the differential leukocyte counts and leukocyte counts were, during the middle period of the experiment, decreased.
One mouse developed a tumor. It is pointed out that humans with certain chronic anemias have lived for years with greatly elevated concentrations of erythropoietin in their blood and urine, yet they have normal leukocyte and platelet counts and no tumors.
The Development of Platelet Factor 3 Activity by Latex Particles—An Interaction with Plasma
Authors: HOROWITZ HERBERT I. , MARCUS AARON J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Platelet factor 3 activity of polystyrene latex particles was found to be absent when the particles were tested without prior incubation with plasma. Following such incubation, the particles developed considerable but suboptimal activity. An interaction between the particles and some plasma component(s) during the incubation period which gives rise to a labile type of activity has been postulated.
Synthesis of AHF in von Willebrand’s Disease
Authors: LEWIS JESSICA H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A 5 year old girl suffering from a severe hemorrhagic disorder which appears identical to von Willebrand’s disease is presented. Transfusion of either normal or hemophilic plasma resulted in brief shortening of the bleeding time and gradual and sustained elevation of the AHF (factor VIII) level. The latter observation suggested that this patient was able to synthesize her own AHF when infused with a material present in normal or hemophilic plasma.
Leukemia and Background Radiation in Northern New England
Authors: SEGALL ASCHER 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A survey of background radiation and mortality from leukemia was conducted in the states of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont. The radioactivity in bedrock underlying each of 1,178 minor civil divisions was estimated on the basis of radiogeological analysis. Values were found to range from 5 parts per million equivalent uranium in the limestone areas of Vermont to 45 parts per million equivalent uranium in the Conway granite region of New Hampshire.
Mortality records from the tri-state study area for the period 1925-54 were examined. One thousand nine hundred and seventy deaths from leukemia were identified and tabulated by minor civil division. An expected number of deaths by decade was calculated for each minor civil division using the tristate age specific rates for standardization. Minor civil divisions were grouped into four categories according to mean equivalent uranium concentration in underlying bedrock. The difference in annual dose rate from external background sources was estimated to be 14.65 mrads per year. No significant difference in exposure to internal emitters was noted.
The observed and expected numbers of deaths were compared within each of the four radiogeological categories. No statistically significant association was observed between mortality from leukemia and radiogeological category either for the entire 30-year study period or within successive decades.
These data do not allow rejection of the hypothesis that leukemia mortality varies with background radioactivity if the dose response relationship is of the order of that estimated from studies in humans at doses of 100 rads or greater. It seems unlikely that such a hypothesis could be adequately tested in the United States where geographic variation in background radiation is relatively small.
Electron Microscope Studies on Normal Human Myeloid Elements
Authors: CAPONE ROBERT J. , WEINREB EVA LURIE , CHAPMAN GEORGE B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The development of representative myeloid elements is traced by correlated light and electron microscopy. Cytoplasmic changes during maturation of granulocytes from the myeloblast include loss of basophilia, development of the endoplasmic reticulum complex, decrease in number of mitochondria, and granule formation. The endoplasmic reticulum vesicles increase in size and number during the promyelocyte and myelocyte stages, accompanied by the appearance of non-specific and specific granules, and decrease again during the cytosomal maturation of the metamyelocyte. A reduction in number of mitochondria is noted through the metamyelocyte stage. The apparent continuity of the limiting membranes of both the granules and mitochondria with those of the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum suggests a direct connection among cytosomal organelles. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum in granulogenesis is discussed. Maturation of the nucleus involves a loss of nucleolar differentiation by a loosening of the compact fibrillar aggregates, and progressive chromatin condensation.
Brief Note: Long-Term Survival of Lethally Irradiated Dogs Given Homografts of Bone Marrow
Authors: THOMAS E. DONNALL , PLAIN G. L. , GRAHAM T. C. , FERREBEE JOSEPH W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chemical, hematologic, biochemical, immunologic and pathologic data are presented in a group of 15 dogs that survived lethal total body radiation, 1200-1800 r, and a transplant of allogeneic marrow for periods ranging from 5 months to 4 years.
Bx, A Subtype of B
Authors: ALTER AARON A. , ROSENFIELD RICHARD E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A subtype of B, termed Bx, was found to have serologic characteristics analogous to those described for subtype Ax. The B determinants of the erythrocytes and salivary secretions of the Bx person could be detected when anti-B was absorbed by and eluted from her red cells. These particularly reactive antibody molecules were best demonstrated by using acacia to support agglutination. Other described subtypes of B have been reviewed and reclassified in accordance with analogous criteria employed for subtypes of A. Evidence was found for two other examples of Bx as well as for B3, Bm and Bg, but not for B2.
Clinical Bone Marrow Scanning with Radioisotopes
Authors: EDWARDS C. LOWELL , ANDREWS G. A. , SITTERSON B. W. , KNISELEY R. M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Thirty-two series of bone marrow scans were performed on 29 patients. The scans were made with three colloid preparations, the most satisfactory of which has been colloidal Au198. Distinct pictures exhibiting the distribution of hematopoietic marrow have been obtained with the ORNL Research Scanner. Local lesions within the marrow organ has been demonstrated and confirmed by histologic studies. Variations in the size and distribution of the marrow organ have been shown in a graphic fashion which have hitherto been impossible. The doses of Au198 required, although rather large, do not produce any detectable early radiation effects. The possibility of harmful effects years after administration limits the present method to selected patients. Bone marrow scanning using the procedure reported here can be of considerable assistance to the investigator, and with improvements anticipated in the technic, it may find its place as a practical clinical procedure.
Rate of Sickling of Red Cells during Deoxygenation of Blood from Persons with Various Sickling Disorders
Authors: CHARACHE SAMUEL , CONLEY C. LOCKARD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The clinical severity of various sickle hemoglobinopathies was directly related to the rate of increase of viscosity of blood during deoxygenation. The principal determinants of the rate were the concentration of hemoglobin S in the red cell and the degree of interaction between hemoglobins when more than one major type was present. There was a close correlation between the rate of change of viscosity of blood under the conditions employed and the minimum concentration of the deoxygenated hemolysate required for gelation. Hemoglobin DPunjab showed the most marked interaction with hemoglobin S and hemoglobin F the least, accounting for the striking clinical differences between S-D and S-F heterozygotes. Clinical status of the patients and rate of increase of viscosity of partially deoxygenated blood were not closely correlated with the percentage of hemoglobin S in the hemolysate, the mean corpuscular sickle hemoglobin concentration, or the solubility of the hemoglobin. The viscosity of deoxygenated blood was directly related to the proportion of sickled red cells, but filamentous forms were associated with a greater viscosity than holly leaf forms; accordingly, viscosity could not be predicted precisely from the percentage of sickled erythrocytes in a blood specimen. The viscosity of blood containing sickled erythrocytes was approximately proportional to the square of the hematocrit value, an observation of relevance in explaining the frequent occurrence of vascular occlusive manifestations in patients with certain heterozygous sickling disorders without appreciable anemia. The data of this study support the concept that all of the clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease are attributable to the consequences of intravascular sickling of erythrocytes. Clinical differences between patients whose red cells appear to be similar probably can be explained by extracorpuscular factors influencing rates of sickling.
Hereditary Persistence of Fetal Hemoglobin in Greece. A Study and a Comparison
Authors: FESSAS PHAEDON , STAMATOYANNOPOULOS GEORGE 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The features of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin in six Greek families are described. In eight cases this abnormality was associated with typical β-thalassemia; in all these cases Hb A was the major hemoglobin component. The clinical and hematologic picture was that of mild thalassemia. The findings are compared to relevant observations in cases of Negro origin and several differences are stressed. It is tentatively concluded that the inherited abnormality occurring in these families is responsible for an incomplete shift from the fetal to the adult type of hemoglobinopoiesis, i.e., from synthesis of γ-chains to the production of β-and δ-chains.
Autoradiographic Study on the Origin and Fate of Small Lymphoid Cells in the Dog Bone Marrow: Effect of Femoral Artery Clamping during in Vivo Availability of H3-Thymidine
Authors: KEISER G. , COTTIER H. , ODARTCHENKO N. , BOND V. P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The origin and fate of small lymphoid cells in the dog bone marrow were studied autoradiographically by observing the effect of clamping of the femoral artery during in vivo availability of H3-thymidine. Heavily labeled small lymphoid cells appeared in the bone marrow of the clamped leg 3 hours after injection of the tracer and increased in number up to 6 days. The labeling indices of these cells, however, were significantly lower than those of control marrow. A possible interpretation is that dog bone marrow contains two populations of small lymphoid cells, one migrating into the marrow via the blood stream, the other originating from local precursor cells within the marrow. There was no evidence for a transformation of migrated small lymphoid cells into erythroblasts during the first 48 hours after injection of H3-thymidine.
Combined Hemophilia and Christmas Disease
Authors: ROBERTSON J. H. , TRUEMAN ROSEMARY G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A case of combined hemophilia (AHG deficiency) and Christmas disease is described. Five other members of the family had either hemophilia or Christmas disease.
The manner of inheritance of the two disorders was uncertain but it was considered most probable that in the mother of the combined case, coupling of the two genes had resulted from a cross-over involving the X-chromosome. It is believed that the findings are consistent with the view that the hemophilia and Christmas disease genes have quite separate loci on the X-chromosome.
Experimental Renal Erythrocytosis. I. Effects of Pressure and Vascular Interference
Authors: MITUS W. J. , GALBRAITH PETER , GOLLERKERI MOHAN , TOYAMA K. , Dorson-Halfond Brenda 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Experimental data presented in this study indicate that prolonged pressure exerted on the kidneys of rabbits may lead to true erythrocytosis. With approximately 60 per cent of rabbits developing erythrocytosis, the pressure of experimentally induced unilateral hydronephrosis appears to be most effective in this respect. It is suggested that of the role of the renal medulla in the production of erythrocytosis is an important one. Interference with renal arteries and veins did not result in erythrocytosis. The role of erythropoietin and the possible mechanisms by which "renal pressure erythrocytosis" is produced is discussed.
The Presence of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Synthesizing Cells in Patients with Refractory Anemia
Authors: COOPER I. A. , FIRKIN B. G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An autoradiographic technic with tritiated thymidine to label cells in the peripheral blood undergoing DNA synthesis, has been utilized to study patients with refractory anemia.
Included in this study are patients with aplastic or hypoplastic anemia and acquired hemolytic anemia. Patients with anemia and chronic renal failure and normal persons as controls have been included.
The patients with aplasia, with no history of exposure to toxic agents, showed a marked increase in labeling index, whereas the patients with a history of exposure to toxic agents showed a normal labeling index.
The patients with refractory hemolytic anemia and positive Coombs’ test revealed a marked increase in labeling.
The cells revealing the increased labeling have the morphologic characteristics of the young lymphocyte.
The hypotheses have been put forward that the cases of aplasia showing an increased labeling index together with the cases of refractory hemolytic anemia may be explained on an auto-immune basis or an increased number of circulating totipotential cells in response to the anemia.
A Case of Red Cell Aplasia Occurring as a Result of Antituberculous Therapy
Authors: GOODMAN STEPHEN B. , BLOCK MATTHEW H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A case of reversible pure red cell aplasia, due to antituberculous therapy, is reported. Re-administration of isoniazid and para-aminosalicylic acid again produced erythroblastic aplasia.
Effect of Prolactin on Erythropoiesis in the Mouse
Authors: JEPSON J. H. , LOWENSTEIN L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The effect of prolactin, growth hormone, progesterone, testosterone, lactating mouse plasma (fifth postpartum day), pregnant mouse plasma (sixteenth to nineteenth day of pregnancy) on erythropoiesis in the polycythemic mouse has been studied and compared. Prolactin was found to stimulate erythropoiesis in the intact mouse. Also, pregnant mouse plasma and lactating mouse plasma had an erythropoietic stimulating effect. Prolactin produced an increase in the red cell mass when administered over a prolonged period to normal and orchidectomized mice. This suggests that the testes are not necessary for the action of prolactin. It is suggested that prolactin could function as an erythropoietic stimulatory component in pregnant and lactating mouse plasma.
A Comparison of Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Factors from Different Sources
Authors: ROSSE WENDELL F. , WALDMANN THOMAS A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the present study we have compared some molecular characteristics of factors stimulating erythropoiesis found in the serum from patients with (a) aplastic anemia and (b) with erythremia due to anoxia, and in cyst fluid from patients with erythremia secondary to (c) a renal cyst and (d) a cerebellar hemangioblastoma. The biological activity of each of the four materials was found to migrate as an α2-globulin on zonal electrophoresis and was destroyed by treatment with sialidase and trypsin; this implies that these materials are mucoproteins with similar electrophoretic mobility. The erythropoietin activity was also completely neutralized by an antiserum made in rabbits to an extract of urine of anemic patients. This implies that these materials share common antigenic determinants. Thus, the erythropoiesisstimulating factors in human anemic and anoxic serum, cerebellar hemangioblastoma cyst fluid, and renal cyst fluid appear to be similar, if not identical. Therefore, the pathogenesis of the erythrocytosis seen in association with renal cysts and cerebellar hemangioblastomas appears to be due to the secretion of erythropoietin by these lesions.
Demonstration of Isoantigenic Receptors on Human Epidermal Cells and Established Cell Lines
Authors: YUNIS EDMOND J. , YUNIS JORGE J. , BRAND K. GERHARD 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper describes mixed agglutination and serum absorption experiments for the demonstration of A, B, H, M, N, D, C, E, c and e isoantigens in human epidermal cells and cultured cells. It was found that only A, B and H antigens are present on human epidermal cells and that this does not appear to be related to the secretor status of the donor. The same antigens were also examined on six different established human cell strains (HeLa, EE, ERK-1, Maben, Chang conjunctiva, Chang liver), and one established mouse cell strain (L). It was found that the H antigen persists in established human cell cultures. The M antigen which is not seen in normal epithelial cells can be demonstrated on HeLa cells by mixed agglutination reaction and by absorption experiments. Guinea pig antisera against established cell lines of human origin were found to contain a small fraction of agglutinins with H specificity, but no anti-M, anti-N or anti-Rh agglutinins.