bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF TETRAPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM ARENESULFONATES
Authors: Sharutin Vladimir V. , Sharutina Olga K. , Gubanova Yuliya O. 
Published: February 2019

Interaction between pentaphenylphosphorus and arenesulfonic acids (mole ratio 1:1) in the benzene solution of tetraphenylphosphonium arenesulfonates has led to [Ph4P]+[O3SAr]−, Ar = Ph (I), C6H4Me-4 (II), C6H3(Me2-2,5) (III) (hydrate with 1.5 molecules of water). According to X-ray analysis, which was performed in the automatic four-circle Bruker D8 Quest diffractometer (Mo Kα-radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å, graphite monochromator), crystals I (C30H25O3PS, M 496.53 g/mol, crystal system moloclinic, space group P21/n, crystal size 0.25 × 0.2 × 0.15 mm), II(C31H27O3PS, M 510.56 g/mol, crystal system rhombic, space group Pna21, crystal size 0.48 × 0.18 × 0.12 mm) and III (C32H32O4.5PS, M 1097.16 g/mol, crystal system moloclinic, space group P2/c, crystal size 0.43 × 0.34 × 0.22 mm) include the tetrahedral cations (bond length equal 1.797(2)-1.799(2), 1.652(2)-1.999(3), 1.785(8)-1.815(7) Å; angles СРС equal 109.29(9)°-110.86(9)°, 104.04(13)°-115.14(12)°, 107.1(4)°-113.3(4)° in I, II and III respectively) and arenesulfonate anions (bond length equal S-O 1.4355(18)-1.4446(17), 1.313(3)-1.597(3), 1.431(6)-1.457(7) Å; angles ОSO 113.07(11)°-113.30(11)°, 107.5(2)°-117.2(2)°, 112.3(4)°-114.2(4)° in I, II and III respectively). In hydrate III the water molecules associate the cations and anions into the spatial grid through the intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The solvate [Ph4P]Br∙РhH (IV) has been obtained by the interaction of pentaphenylphosphorus with the hydrogen bromide. In IV the P-C bonds (1.7941(19)-1.803(2) Å) and angles СРС (107.93(9)°-112.96(9)°) are close to the similar values in the tetraphenylphosphonium arenesulfonates.
Effects of In-Shoe Midsole Cushioning on Leg Muscle Balance and Co-Contraction with Increased Heel Height During Walking
Authors: Yick Kit-lun , Yeung Ka-lai , Wong Del P. , Lam Yee-nee , Ng Sun-pui 
Published: February 2019

Background:The midsole is an essential assembly of footwear for retaining the shape of the shoe, delivering support to the foot, and serving as a cushioning and stability device for walking. To improve leg muscle balance and muscle co-contraction, we propose a new midsole design for high heels with different hardness levels at the forefoot region.Methods:Five healthy women participated in the study, with a mean ± SD age of 21.80 ± 4.09 years, and duration of high-heeled shoe wear of 5.20 ± 4.09 years. Two midsole conditions, control and multiple-hardness midsole (MHM), with heel heights of 2 (flat), 5, and 8 cm were used. The main outcome measures were to examine the acute effects of MHM by electromyography on muscle activity balance and co-contraction at varying heel heights during shuttle walk.Results:Use of the MHM significantly reduced the muscle activity ratio between the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles (P = .043) during push-off to heel strike with a heel height of 5 cm (−22.74%) and heel strike to midstance with a heel height of 8 cm (−22.26%). The increased co-contraction indices of the tibialis anterior–peroneus longus muscles (14.35% with an 8-cm heel height) and tibialis anterior–soleus muscles (15.18% with a 5-cm heel height) are significant (P = .043), with a large effect size (d = 0.8).Conclusions:These results deliver important implications in advancing the engineering of MHM design without changing the in-shoe volume to enhance leg muscle balance and co-contraction during walking.
In silico analysis reveals a shared immune signature in CASP8-mutated carcinomas with varying correlations to prognosis
Authors: Ghanekar Yashoda , Sadasivam Subhashini 
Published: February 2019

Background
Sequencing studies across multiple cancers continue to reveal mutations and genes involved in the pathobiology of these cancers. Exome sequencing of oral cancers, a subset of Head and Neck Squamous cell Carcinomas (HNSCs) common among tobacco-chewing populations, revealed that ∼34% of the affected patients harbor mutations in the CASP8 gene. Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma (UCEC) is another cancer where ∼10% cases harbor CASP8 mutations. Caspase-8, the protease encoded by CASP8 gene, plays a dual role in programmed cell death, which in turn has an important role in tumor cell death and drug resistance. CASP8 is a protease required for the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis and is also a negative regulator of necroptosis. Using multiple tools such as differential gene expression, gene set enrichment, gene ontology, in silico immune cell estimates, and survival analyses to mine data in The Cancer Genome Atlas, we compared the molecular features and survival of these carcinomas with and without CASP8 mutations.

Results
Differential gene expression followed by gene set enrichment analysis showed that HNSCs with CASP8 mutations displayed a prominent signature of genes involved in immune response and inflammation. Analysis of abundance estimates of immune cells in these tumors further revealed that mutant-CASP8 HNSCs were rich in immune cell infiltrates. However, in contrast to Human Papilloma Virus-positive HNSCs that also exhibit high immune cell infiltration, which in turn is correlated with better overall survival, HNSC patients with mutant-CASP8 tumors did not display any survival advantage. Similar analyses of UCECs revealed that while UCECs with CASP8 mutations also displayed an immune signature, they had better overall survival, in contrast to the HNSC scenario. There was also a significant up-regulation of neutrophils (p-value = 0.0001638) as well as high levels of IL33 mRNA (p-value = 7.63747E−08) in mutant-CASP8 HNSCs, which were not observed in mutant-CASP8 UCECs.

Conclusions
These results suggested that carcinomas with mutant CASP8 have broadly similar immune signatures albeit with different effects on survival. We hypothesize that subtle tissue-dependent differences could influence survival by modifying the micro-environment of mutant-CASP8 carcinomas. High neutrophil numbers, a well-known negative prognosticator in HNSCs, and/or high IL33 levels may be some of the factors affecting survival of mutant-CASP8 cases.
Sampling bias in snow leopard population estimation studies
Authors: Suryawanshi Kulbhushansingh R. , Khanyari Munib , Sharma Koustubh , Lkhagvajav Purevjav , Mishra Charudutt 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAccurate assessments of the status of threatened species and their conservation planning require reliable estimation of their global populations and robust monitoring of local population trends. We assessed the adequacy and suitability of studies in reliably estimating the global snow leopard (Panthera uncia) population. We compiled a dataset of all the peer‐reviewed published literature on snow leopard population estimation. Metadata analysis showed estimates of snow leopard density to be a negative exponential function of area, suggesting that study areas have generally been too small for accurate density estimation, and sampling has often been biased towards the best habitats. Published studies are restricted to six of the 12 range countries, covering only 0.3–0.9% of the presumed global range of the species. Re‐sampling of camera trap data from a relatively large study site (c.1684 km2) showed that small‐sized study areas together with a bias towards good quality habitats in existing studies may have overestimated densities by up to five times. We conclude that current information is biased and inadequate for generating a reliable global population estimate of snow leopards. To develop a rigorous and useful baseline and to avoid pitfalls, there is an urgent need for (a) refinement of sampling and analytical protocols for population estimation of snow leopards (b) agreement and coordinated use of standardized sampling protocols amongst researchers and governments across the range, and (c) sampling larger and under‐represented areas of the snow leopard's global range.
US Adult Rheumatologists’ Perspectives on the Transition Process for Young Adults With Rheumatic Conditions
Authors: Zisman Devy , Samad Aaida , Ardoin Stacy P. , Chira Peter , White Patience , Lavi Idit , von Scheven Emily , Lawson Erica F. , Hing Melinda , Mellins Elizabeth D. 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveTo assess the attitudes and common practices of adult rheumatologists in the US regarding health care transition (HCT) for young adults with rheumatic diseases.MethodsAn anonymous online survey was sent to US adult rheumatologist members of the American College of Rheumatology to collect demographic data and information on attitudes and common practices regarding the transition process.ResultsOf 4,064 contacted rheumatologists, 203 (5%) completed the survey. Almost half of respondents (45.1%) were never trained in transition practices, and 74.7% were not familiar with the American Academy of Pediatrics/American Academy of Family Physicians/American College of Physicians Consensus Statement About Transitions for Youth with Special Healthcare Needs. Only 56.2% felt comfortable caring for former pediatric patients. The vast majority of respondents (90.7%) did not have a multidisciplinary transition team, and 37% did not have a plan for transitioning pediatric patients into their practice. Most adult rheumatologists were unsatisfied with the current transition process (92.9%), due to insufficient resources, personnel (91.1%), and time in clinic (86.9%). They also were unsatisfied with referral data received concerning previous treatments (48.9%), hospitalization history (48%), disease activity index (45.1%), medical history summary (43.9%), comorbidities (36.4%), medication list (34.1%), and disease classification (32.6%). Three major barriers to HCT were lack of insurance reimbursement (33.7%), knowledge about community resources (30.8%), and lapses in care between primary provider and specialist (27.8%).ConclusionThis survey identified substantial gaps in knowledge and resources regarding HCT for young adults with rheumatic diseases. These may be best addressed by further training, research, dedicated resources, adequate payment, and practice guidelines.
Directed Growth of Biomimetic Microcompartments
Authors: Ivanov Ivan , Lira Rafael B. , Tang T.‐Y. Dora , Franzmann Titus , Klosin Adam , da Silva Lucas Caire , Hyman Anthony , Landfester Katharina , Lipowsky Reinhard , Sundmacher Kai , Dimova Rumiana 
Published: February 2019

AbstractContemporary biological cells are sophisticated and highly compartmentalized. Compartmentalization is an essential principle of prebiotic life as well as a key feature in bottom‐up synthetic biology research. In this review, the dynamic growth of compartments as an essential prerequisite for enabling self‐reproduction as a fundamental life process is discussed. The micrometer‐sized compartments are focused on due to their cellular dimensions. Two types of compartments are considered, membraneless droplets and membrane‐bound microcompartments. Growth mechanisms of aqueous droplets such as protein (condensates) or macromolecule‐rich droplets (aqueous two phase systems) and coacervates are discussed, for which growth occurs via Ostwald ripening or coalescence. For membrane‐bound compartments, vesicles are considered, which are composed of fatty acids, lipids, or polymers, where directed growth can occur via fusion or uptake of material from the surrounding. The development of novel approaches for growth of biomimetic microcompartments can eventually be utilized to construct new synthetic cells.
Defect Modulation Doping
Authors: Weidner Mirko , Fuchs Anne , Bayer Thorsten J. M. , Rachut Karsten , Schnell Patrick , Deyu Getnet K. , Klein Andreas 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe doping of semiconductor materials is a fundamental part of modern technology, but the classical approaches have in many cases reached their limits both in regard to achievable charge carrier density as well as mobility. Modulation doping, a mechanism that exploits the energy band alignment at an interface between two materials to induce free charge carriers in one of them, is shown to circumvent the mobility restriction. Due to an alignment of doping limits by intrinsic defects, however, the carrier density limit cannot be lifted using this approach. Here, a novel doping strategy using defects in a wide bandgap material to dope the surface of a second semiconductor layer of dissimilar nature is presented. It is shown that by depositing an insulator on a semiconductor material, the conductivity of the layer stack can be increased by 7 orders of magnitude, without the necessity of high‐temperature processes or epitaxial growth. This approach has the potential to circumvent limits to both carrier mobility and density, opening up new possibilities in semiconductor device fabrication, particularly for the emerging field of oxide thin film electronics.
Controlled Vapor–Solid Deposition of Millimeter‐Size Single Crystal 2D Bi2O2Se for High‐Performance Phototransistors
Authors: Khan Usman , Luo Yuting , Tang Lei , Teng Changjiu , Liu Jiaman , Liu Bilu , Cheng Hui‐Ming 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAtomically thin 2D materials have received intense interest both scientifically and technologically. Bismuth oxyselenide (Bi2O2Se) is a semiconducting 2D material with high electron mobility and good stability, making it promising for high‐performance electronics and optoelectronics. Here, an ambient‐pressure vapor–solid (VS) deposition approach for the growth of millimeter‐size 2D Bi2O2Se single crystal domains with thicknesses down to one monolayer is reported. The VS‐grown 2D Bi2O2Se has good crystalline quality, chemical uniformity, and stoichiometry. Field‐effect transistors (FETs) are fabricated using this material and they show a small contact resistivity of 55.2 Ω cm measured by a transfer line method. Upon light irradiation, a phototransistor based on the Bi2O2Se FETs exhibits a maximum responsivity of 22 100 AW−1, which is a record among currently reported 2D semiconductors and approximately two orders of magnitude higher than monolayer MoS2. The Bi2O2Se phototransistor shows a gate tunable photodetectivity up to 3.4 × 1015 Jones and an on/off ratio up to ≈109, both of which are much higher than phototransistors based on other 2D materials reported so far. The results of this study indicate a method to grow large 2D Bi2O2Se single crystals that have great potential for use in optoelectronic applications.
Lysosome‐Targeted Bioprobes for Sequential Cell Tracking from Macroscopic to Microscopic Scales
Authors: Park G. Kate , Lee Jeong Heon , Levitz Andrew , El Fakhri Georges , Hwang Nathaniel S. , Henary Maged , Choi Hak Soo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractLongitudinal tracking of living cells is crucial to understanding the mechanism of action and toxicity of cell‐based therapeutics. To quantify the presence of administered cells in the host tissue without sacrifice of animals, labeling of the target cells with a nontoxic and stable contrast agent is a prerequisite. However, such long‐term live cell tracking is currently limited by the lack of fluorophores with steady optical and physicochemical properties in the near‐infrared (NIR) window. Herein, for the first time, the design of fixable cell‐tracking NIR fluorophores (CTNFs) with high optical properties, excellent cell permeation and retention, and high stability against chemical treatments is reported. Efficient cellular labeling and tracking of CTNFs using intraoperative optical fluorescence imaging by following the fate of NIR‐labeled cells from the time of injection into animals to ex vivo cellular analysis after resection of the target tissue is demonstrated. Due to the lipophilic cationicity and primary amine docking group, CTNF126 outperforms the other tested fluorophores with rapid diffusion into the cytoplasmic membrane and sequestration inside the lysosomes, which prevents cellular efflux and improves cellular retention. Thus, CTNF126 will be useful to track cells in living organisms for the mechanism of action at the single cell level.
Self‐Regenerating Antimicrobial Polymer Surfaces via Multilayer‐Design—Sequential and Triggered Layer Shedding under Physiological Conditions
Authors: Riga Esther Karolin , Gillies Elizabeth , Lienkamp Karen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractRegeneration of materials properties through surface regeneration can extend the lifetime of devices and is still an emerging field of research. (Self‐)regenerating antimicrobial polymer surfaces can help to fight biofilm formation and related bacterial infections. In this paper, four different polymer multilayer designs for the regeneration of antimicrobial surfaces by layer shedding are presented. The multilayer architectures consist of 100–200 nm thick, discrete polymer layers. They are made from poly(guanidinium oxanorbornene) networks as the antimicrobial component, and different interlayers made from degradable poly(adipic anhydrides), depolymerizable poly(ethyl glyoxylate), or water‐soluble poly(acrylamide). Layer shedding is designed to occur after hydrolysis, dissolution, or depolymerization under simulated physiological conditions. The multilayer fabrication and disassembly is monitored by fluorescence microscopy, ellipsometry, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. By testing the antimicrobial activity of the restored surfaces, their functional integrity after layer shedding is confirmed.
A Highly Efficient Bifunctional Dielectric Metasurface Enabling Polarization‐Tuned Focusing and Deflection for Visible Light
Authors: Gao Song , Park Chul‐Soon , Lee Sang‐Shin , Choi Duk‐Yong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMultifunctional metasurfaces have attracted drastically growing interest, serving as a prominent candidate to cope with both device miniaturization and integration. Conventional transmissive bifunctional metasurfaces working for visible light inherently suffer from several demerits owing to the use of geometric phase and spatial multiplexing scheme. Research endeavors are mainly devoted to the implementation of static devices. In this work, a highly efficient bifunctional dielectric metasurface, taking advantage of a unit cell (UC), the building block of which capitalizes on a nanopost in hydrogenated amorphous silicon, is proposed and experimentally demonstrated to successfully enable polarization‐mediated anomalous beam deflection and focusing in the visible band. Through the tailoring of the UC periodicity, it is found to be capable of efficiently tuning the beam deflection angle and focusing distance. For the fabricated sample, the normal transverse‐electric incidence within a spectral band from 600 to 715 nm is angle‐resolved to a single diffraction order via the beam deflection, while a bright line focus is attained at the target focal plane for the normal transverse‐magnetic incidence at λ = 650 nm. This work will initiate a positive prospect for the development of high‐performance tunable multifunctional metasurfaces.
Synthetic Vehicles for Encapsulation and Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Machinery
Authors: Carboni Valentina , Maaliki Carine , Alyami Mram , Alsaiari Shahad , Khashab Niveen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractClustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR‐associated 9 (Cas‐9) technology holds tremendous potential as a gene editing tool. Different strategies have been adopted for in vitro and in vivo delivery of CRISPR/Cas9, including both viral and non‐viral. The possibility of tailoring properties of nanosized systems makes the molecular design of self‐assembled non‐viral delivery systems based on organic (lipids and polymers) and hybrid (zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, ZIF and gold nanoparticles) materials of a great interest in CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. This review highlights the progress and challenges of organic and hybrid CRISPR/Cas9 delivery vehicles.
Inhibition of CaMKIIα Activity Enhances Antitumor Effect of Fullerene C60 Nanocrystals by Suppression of Autophagic Degradation
Authors: Xu Jing , Wang Hongsheng , Hu Yi , Zhang Yu Shrike , Wen Longping , Yin Fei , Wang Zhuoying , Zhang Yingchao , Li Suoyuan , Miao Yanyan , Lin Binhui , Zuo Dongqing , Wang Gangyang , Mao Min , Zhang Tao , Ding Jianxun , Hua Yingqi , Cai Zhengdong 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFullerene C60 nanocrystals (nano‐C60) possess various attractive bioactivities, including autophagy induction and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) activation. CaMKIIα is a multifunctional protein kinase involved in many cellular processes including tumor progression; however, the biological effects of CaMKIIα activity modulated by nano‐C60 in tumors have not been reported, and the relationship between CaMKIIα activity and autophagic degradation remains unclear. Herein, nano‐C60 is demonstrated to elicit reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐dependent cytotoxicity and persistent activation of CaMKIIα in osteosarcoma (OS) cells. CaMKIIα activation, in turn, produces a protective effect against cytotoxicity from nano‐C60 itself. Inhibition of CaMKIIα activity by either the chemical inhibitor KN‐93 or CaMKIIα knockdown dramatically promotes the anti‐OS effect of nano‐C60. Moreover, inhibition of CaMKIIα activity causes lysosomal alkalinization and enlargement, and impairs the degradation function of lysosomes, leading to autophagosome accumulation. Importantly, excessive autophagosome accumulation and autophagic degradation blocking are shown to play an important role in KN‐93‐enhanced‐OS cell death. The synergistic anti‐OS efficacy of KN‐93 and nano‐C60 is further revealed in an OS‐xenografted murine model. The results demonstrate that CaMKIIα inhibition, along with the suppression of autophagic degradation, presents a promising strategy for improving the antitumor efficacy of nano‐C60.
Anomalous Hall Effect–Like Behavior with In‐Plane Magnetic Field in Noncollinear Antiferromagnetic Mn3Sn Films
Authors: You Yunfeng , Chen Xianzhe , Zhou Xiaofeng , Gu Youdi , Zhang Ruiqi , Pan Feng , Song Cheng 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMagnetotransport is at the center of spintronics. Mn3Sn single crystals, an antiferromagnet that has a noncollinear 120° spin order, exhibit large anomalous Hall effect (AHE) at room temperature. But such a behavior has remained elusive in epitaxial Mn3Sn films. Here the observation of AHE‐like behavior with in‐plane magnetic field up to room temperature in quasi‐epitaxial Mn3Sn thin films, prepared by magnetron sputtering, is reported. The growth of both (1120)‐ and (0001)‐oriented Mn3Sn films provides a unique opportunity for comparing AHE‐like behavior in three different measurement configurations. When the magnetic field is swept along (0001) plane, such as the direction of [0110] and [2110], the films show comparatively higher Hall conductivity than its perpendicular counterpart [0001], irrespective of their respectively orthogonal current along [0001] or [0110]. A quite weak ferromagnetic moment of ≈3 emu cm−3 is obtained in (1120)‐oriented Mn3Sn films, guaranteeing the switching of the Hall signals with magnetization reversal. This finding would advance the integration of Mn3Sn in antiferromagnetic spintronics.