bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial variability of soil nutrients in forest areas: A case study from subtropical China
Authors: Dai Wei , Li Yuhuan , Fu Weijun , Jiang Peikun , Zhao Keli , Li Yongfu , Penttinen Petri 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSoil nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and pH are important determinants and indicators of soil fertility and quality. Especially in forest, these soil properties are highly variable in space and time. However, more information on these properties in subtropical forests is needed to improve soil nutrients management and to sustain the productivity of subtropical forests. We collected a total of 838 forest topsoil samples (0–30 cm in depth) based on a 4‐km (E‐W) × 6‐km (S‐N) grid system in subtropical China. Geostatistics (i.e., global and local Moran's I) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques were applied to reveal the spatial distribution of N, P, and K contents and pH in subtropical forest soils. All the measured properties were highly variable. Soil N contents ranged from 9.55 mg kg−1 to 862.40 mg kg−1, P contents from 0.10 mg kg−1 to 195.40 mg kg−1, K contents from 10.00 mg kg−1 to 390.00 mg kg−1, and pH values from 2.69 to 8.09. The soil N, P and K contents correlated positively with soil organic carbon (SOC), while soil pH correlated negatively with SOC (P < 0.05). Global Moran's I revealed that soil N, P, and K contents and pH had significant positive spatial autocorrelations, and clear spatial patterns were identified based on local Moran's I. An exponential model was the best fitted model for soil N, P, K contents and pH. Spatial dependence was moderate for all studied soil variables, indicating that both intrinsic and extrinsic factors played a vital role in spatial heterogeneity. Distribution maps showed that soil N and K had similar spatial distribution patterns: a low value area surrounded by bands of higher values. A large‐scale low content area was observed in the spatial distribution map of soil P. An opposite trend was found for the spatial pattern of soil pH. The spatial distribution maps provide useful information for sustainable forest and environment management in subtropical China.
Effects of dietary lysozyme levels on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immunity response and microbiota community of growing pigs
Authors: Zou Lijun , Xiong Xia , Liu Hongnan , Zhou Jian , Liu Yanhong , Yin Yulong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDLysozyme has been studied as a potential alternative to antibiotics for animals in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary lysozyme on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, immune response and gut health of growing pigs.RESULTSA total of 216 growing pigs (19.81 ± 0.47 kg) were fed the diets supplemented with colistin sulfate at 20 mg kg−1 (control), or lysozyme at 50 (L50) or 100 mg kg−1 (L100) diet for 30 days. The results showed that pigs fed with L100 or control had greater average daily gain and gain‐to‐feed ratio than pigs in the L50 group. Pigs fed with L100 or colistin had greater villus height to crypt depth ratio in jejunum compared with pigs in the L50 group. Pigs fed with L100 had greater serum immunoglobulin A and jejunal secretory immunoglobulin A than control and L50, but lower serum total protein and globulin than control. No differences were observed in the messenger RNA expression of genes related to mucosal cytokines, antioxidant capacity, enzyme activity, and barrier functions among three treatments. The caecal microflora evenness was lower in the L100 group than in the control or L50 group by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states analysis predicted that lysozyme may modify nutrient metabolism by changing intestinal microbial function of pigs.CONCLUSIONSPigs supplemented with 100 mg kg−1 lysozyme had similar growth performance and intestinal morphology as pigs fed with colistin. This was likely due to the improved systemic and gut immune responses and the reduced microbiota diversity by feeding 100 mg kg−1 lysozyme. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Foal meat volatile compounds: effect of vacuum ageing on semimembranosus muscle
Authors: Maggiolino Aristide , Lorenzo Josè M , Marino Rosaria , della Malva Antonella , Centoducati Pasquale , De Palo Pasquale 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDCooked meat flavor arises through a combination of thermally generated aroma volatile and nonvolatile compounds in a matrix of muscle fiber, connective tissue, and fat. Ageing could affect meat odor, taste, and flavor by the development of odor compounds in the raw product. The aim of the work is to assess the ageing effect on the volatile compounds profile by solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of foal meat vacuum packaged for storage at 4 °C for a period of 14 days.RESULTSOnly pentane and 3,7‐dimethylnonane were significantly affected by ageing time (P < 0.01). Octanal and nonanal presented an increasing trend with higher values at 14 ageing days compared with six ageing days (P < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSAgeing poorly affects the volatile compounds production of foal meat. Probably, 14 days is considered to be a short maturation time in vacuum packaging for foal meat. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
A review of the use of biostimulants in the vineyard for improved grape and wine quality: effects on prevention of grapevine diseases
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Gamboa Gastón , Romanazzi Gianfranco , Garde‐Cerdán Teresa , Pérez‐Álvarez Eva P 
Published: September 2018

AbstractFoliar application of biostimulants (including resistance inducers or elicitors) in the vineyard has become an interesting strategy to prevent plant diseases and improve grape quality on the grapevine. This also represents a partial alternative to soil fertilisation, avoiding some of the negative effects to the environment from leaching of nutrients into the groundwater. The foliar applications that most promote the synthesis of secondary metabolites in grape berries are treatments with nitrogen, elicitors, other biostimulants, and waste from the agricultural industry. However, the impact of their use in the vineyard depends on a number of conditions, including mainly the type of compound, application rate, timing and number of applications, and cultivar. This review thus summarises the influence of biostimulants as foliar applications to grapevines on grape amino acids and their phenolic and volatile concentrations, to define the most important factors in their effectiveness. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Performance evaluation of RF coils integrated with an RF‐penetrable PET insert for simultaneous PET/MRI
Authors: Lee Brian J. , Watkins Ronald D. , Lee Keum Sil , Chang Chen‐Ming , Levin Craig S. 
Published: September 2018

PurposeAn “RF‐penetrable” PET insert that allows the MR body coil to be used for RF transmission was developed to make it easier for an existing MR center to achieve simultaneous PET/MRI. This study focuses on experiments and analyses to study PET/RF coil configurations for simultaneous PET/MR studies.MethodsTo investigate the appropriate RF coil design, a transmit/receive (TX/RX) birdcage coil and an RX‐only phased‐array coil (TX from body coil), both fitting inside the PET ring were built and characterized. For MR performance evaluation, B1 field uniformity and MR image SNR were calculated. PET photon attenuation due to each coil was studied by means of CT‐based attenuation maps and reconstructed PET images.ResultsWhen using the RX‐only phased‐array coil (TX from body coil), compared with the TX/RX birdcage coil, the B1 field uniformity and the MR image (gradient echo and fast spin echo) SNR increased by 2.4±4.8%, 386.1±62.3%, and 205.0±56.5%, respectively. Although some components of the coil were distributed within the PET FOV, no significant PET photon attenuation was shown in the CT‐based attenuation map and reconstructed PET images.ConclusionRF coil configurations for an RF‐penetrable PET insert for simultaneous PET/MRI were studied. The RX‐only phased‐array coil (TX from body coil) outperformed the TX/RX birdcage coil with improved MR performance as well as negligible PET photon attenuation.
Efficacy of Eugenol to Lightly Sedate Freshwater Salmonids for an Extended Time Period
Authors: Bowker James D , Trushenski Jesse T , Bowman Molly 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Lightly sedating fish for purposes such as sorting or loading onto a distribution truck makes fish crowding, netting, and handling easier and minimizes the risk of injury to fish and handler. We conducted three experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of eugenol (AQUI-S 20E, 10% eugenol) to lightly sedate fingerling Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Cutthroat Trout O. clarkii, and Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha for 5 h in static conditions. Thirty fish were introduced to each tank that contained either freshwater (control, n = 5) or freshwater treated with eugenol (treated, 3 mg/L, n = 10) and assessed the fish in terms of various sedation criteria at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min and then hourly for four more hours. Fish were considered lightly sedated if three fish per tank could be captured readily by hand and were dispersed throughout the water column. Results from all studies showed that light sedation criteria were met in at least 80% of the treated tanks at all time points except 0 min. After completion of the 5-h assessment period, water exchanges were conducted, normal water flow was restored to the tanks, and fish were monitored for an additional 48 h to evaluate their recovery from light sedation and determine any adverse effects. All fish recovered within 20–30 min and no posttreatment mortality was observed. Our results indicate 3 mg/L eugenol (30 mg/L AQUI-S 20E) is effective for lightly sedating juvenile salmonids for up to 5 h under the conditions tested.
Utilizing random regression models for genomic prediction of a longitudinal trait derived from high‐throughput phenotyping
Authors: Campbell Malachy , Walia Harkamal , Morota Gota 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe accessibility of high‐throughput phenotyping platforms in both the greenhouse and field, as well as the relatively low cost of unmanned aerial vehicles, has provided researchers with an effective means to characterize large populations throughout the growing season. These longitudinal phenotypes can provide important insight into plant development and responses to the environment. Despite the growing use of these new phenotyping approaches in plant breeding, the use of genomic prediction models for longitudinal phenotypes is limited in major crop species. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the utility of random regression (RR) models using Legendre polynomials for genomic prediction of shoot growth trajectories in rice (Oryza sativa). An estimate of shoot biomass, projected shoot area (PSA), was recorded over a period of 20 days for a panel of 357 diverse rice accessions using an image‐based greenhouse phenotyping platform. A RR that included a fixed second‐order Legendre polynomial, a random second‐order Legendre polynomial for the additive genetic effect, a first‐order Legendre polynomial for the environmental effect, and heterogeneous residual variances was used to model PSA trajectories. The utility of the RR model over a single time point (TP) approach, where PSA is fit at each time point independently, is shown through four prediction scenarios. In the first scenario, the RR and TP approaches were used to predict PSA for a set of lines lacking phenotypic data. The RR approach showed a 11.6% increase in prediction accuracy over the TP approach. Much of this improvement could be attributed to the greater additive genetic variance captured by the RR approach. The remaining scenarios focused forecasting future phenotypes using a subset of early time points for known lines with phenotypic data, as well new lines lacking phenotypic data. In all cases, PSA could be predicted with high accuracy (r: 0.79 to 0.89 and 0.55 to 0.58 for known and unknown lines, respectively). This study provides the first application of RR models for genomic prediction of a longitudinal trait in rice and demonstrates that RR models can be effectively used to improve the accuracy of genomic prediction for complex traits compared to a TP approach.
Design of maleimide monomer for higher level of alternating sequence in radical copolymerization with styrene
Authors: Nishimori Kana , Sawamoto Mitsuo , Ouchi Makoto 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTThis work deals with design of maleimide monomer toward more precise control of alternating sequence for radical copolymerization with styrene. Crucial in this study is sequence analysis by MALDI‐TOF‐MS for resultant copolymers that was obtained via ruthenium‐catalyzed living radical copolymerization with a malonate‐based alkyl halide initiator showing selective initiation ability. The copolymers of a simple N‐alkyl maleimide [e.g., N‐ethyl maleimide (EMI)] with styrene gave complicated peak patterns for the MALDI‐TOF‐MS spectra indicating low degree of alternating sequence, in contrary to expectation from the reactivity ratios (almost zero). A simple substitution of methyl group (CH3) of EMI with trifluoromethyl (CF3: CF3‐MI) made the peak patterns much simpler giving the copolymer with higher alternating sequence. More interestingly, the peak interval of the copolymer at earlier polymerization stage was equal to sum of the molecular weights of CF3‐MI and styrene, suggesting possibility of the pair propagation of the monomers. Indeed, 1H NMR analyses of the mixture of maleimide with styrene suggested stronger interaction of CF3‐MI than EMI. Based on the results, maleimide derivatives carrying a substituent‐designable electron‐withdrawing group [ROC(O)N–: R = substituent] were newly designed toward incorporation of functional side chains. They also gave higher alternating sequence for the copolymerization with styrene. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 367–375
Fire and Forget! One‐Shot Synthesis and Characterization of Block‐Like Statistical Terpolymers via Living Anionic Polymerization
Authors: Hutchings Lian R. , Brooks Paul P. , Shaw Peter , Ross‐Gardner Paul 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTDiphenylethylene (DPE) is a monomer which has attracted significant interest from academia and industry both in terms of copolymerization kinetics and for the potential to extend and tune the range of glass transition temperatures accessible for DPE‐containing copolymers. DPE can undergo (co)polymerization with a variety of other monomers by living anionic polymerization but is incapable of forming a homopolymer due to steric hindrance. DPE, being a sterically bulky monomer, results in dramatic increases in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of resulting copolymers, with a perfectly alternating copolymer of styrene and DPE having a Tg of ~180 °C. Herein we report for the first time, the outcome of the statistical terpolymerization of butadiene, styrene, and DPE—a one‐pot, one‐shot, commercially scalable reaction using monomers of wide industrial importance. This extremely facile approach produces copolymers with a block‐like structure, which undergo microphase separation, possess a high Tg glassy “block” and are virtually indistinguishable from analogous block terpolymers made by the traditional sequential addition of monomers approach. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 382–394
Systematic Investigation of the Photopolymerization of Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquid Styrene and Vinyl Monomers
Authors: Whitley John W. , Jeffrey Horne William , Shannon Matthew S. , Andrews Mary A. , Terrell Kelsey L. , Hayward Spenser S. , Yue Shuwen , Mittenthal Max S. , O'Harra Kathryn E. , Bara Jason E. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTThe use of ionic liquids (ILs) as media in radical polymerizations has demonstrated the ability of these unique solvents to improve both reaction kinetics and polymer product properties. However, the bulk of these studies have examined the polymerization behavior of common organic monomers (e.g., methyl methacrylate, styrene) dissolved in conventional ILs. There is increasing interest in polymerized ILs (poly(ILs)), which are ionomers produced from the direct polymerization of styrene‐, vinyl‐, and acrylate‐functionalized ILs. Here, the photopolymerization kinetics of IL monomers are investigated for systems in which styrene or vinyl functionalities are pendant from the imidazolium cation. Styrene‐functionalized IL monomers typically polymerized rapidly (full conversion ≤1 min) in both neat compositions or when diluted with a nonpolymerizable IL, [C2mim][Tf2N]. However, monomer conversion in vinyl‐functionalized IL monomers is much more dependent on the nature of the nonpolymerizable group. ATR‐FTIR analysis and molecular simulations of these monomers and monomer mixtures identified the presence of multiple intermolecular interactions (e.g., π–π stacking, IL aggregation) that contribute to the polymerization behaviors of these systems. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2364–2375
Heats of formation and thermal stability of substituted 1,1′‐Azobis(tetrazole) compounds with an extended nitrogen chain
Authors: Pimienta Ian , Patkowski Konrad 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe molecular structures of 1,1′‐Azobis(tetrazole) (N10) and monosubstituted compounds involving F, CH3, CN, NH2, OH, OCH3, N3, NF2, NO2, and CH2NO2 groups are investigated using density functional theory. The heats of formation of these compounds are investigated using ab initio composite methods. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations are performed to determine the energies along the decomposition pathways. The optimized geometries of the N10 compounds indicate planar configurations consisting of aromatic nitrogen–nitrogen and carbon–nitrogen bonds. The stability and energy content of the substituted compounds are highly correlated with the nature of the substituents. Electron‐donating groups reduce the heats of formation but increase the exothermicity of the decomposition. The decomposition of the N10 compounds is classified into two general pathways: (1) a scheme involving straight‐up decomposition and (2) a scheme involving functional rearrangement. Compounds undergoing decomposition pathway (1) are more exothermic with lower rate‐determining activation barriers than those undergoing the latter pathway (2).
Shaping organizational network structure to enable sustainable transformation
Authors: Rydzak Felicjan , Monus Paul A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper reports on investigations of organizational social network structure in relation to setting up a successful improvement program. The study was inspired by and is based on data from two organizations that attempted transformational change. Both organizations used the same method for transformation—defect elimination action teams—but had different outcomes. Data analysis and computer simulation are used to investigate how the strategies guiding the composition of action teams shaped the organizational network structure. The study suggests that the introduction of new cross‐functional relations between individuals increases the potential for innovation in organizations. It also stresses the importance of building cross‐functional relations to improving organization‐wide performance and fostering resilience with which to endure social disruptions.© 2018 System Dynamics Society
Recent Advances of Cellulose‐Based Materials and Their Promising Application in Sodium‐Ion Batteries and Capacitors
Authors: Zhang Tianyun , Yang Liang , Yan Xingbin , Ding Xin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractCellulose as the most abundant natural biopolymer on earth has shown promising potential because of its excellent physical, mechanical, and biocompatible properties, which are very important for sustainable energy storage systems (ESSs). In this review, a comprehensive summary of the applications involving all kinds and forms of cellulose in the advanced Na‐related ESSs, including sodium ion batteries (SIBs) and sodium ion capacitors (SICs), is presented. For cellulose, the impact of various structures and surface chemical properties on the electrochemical performance is focused on. In particular, the latest developments in cellulose‐based binders and separators are highlighted. In addition, an in‐depth understanding of the structure and performance of electrode materials and the storage mechanism of a hard carbon anode derived from cellulose for SIBs is provided. Further, the manufacturing of full‐cellulose‐based SICs assembled by all parts of devices including hard carbon anodes, active carbon cathodes, binders, and separator based on cellulose or cellulose derivatives is reviewed. Finally, the prospects of cellulose‐based energy storage systems on several issues that need further exploration are presented.
Li‐Rich Li[Li1/6Fe1/6Ni1/6Mn1/2]O2 (LFNMO) Cathodes: Atomic Scale Insight on the Mechanisms of Cycling Decay and of the Improvement due to Cobalt Phosphate Surface Modification
Authors: Li Xing , Zhang Kangjia , Mitlin David , Paek Eunsu , Wang Mingshan , Jiang Fei , Huang Yun , Yang Zhenzhong , Gong Yue , Gu Lin , Zhao Wengao , Du Yingge , Zheng Jianming 
Published: September 2018

AbstractLithium‐rich Li[Li1/6Fe1/6Ni1/6Mn1/2]O2 (0.4Li2MnO3‐0.6LiFe1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2, LFNMO) is a new member of the xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiMO2 family of high capacity–high voltage lithium‐ion battery (LIB) cathodes. Unfortunately, it suffers from the severe degradation during cycling both in terms of reversible capacity and operating voltage. Here, the corresponding degradation occurring in LFNMO at an atomic scale has been documented for the first time, using high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM), as well as tracing the elemental crossover to the Li metal anode using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is also demonstrated that a cobalt phosphate surface treatment significantly boosts LFNMO cycling stability and rate capability. Due to cycling, the unmodified LFNMO undergoes extensive elemental dissolution (especially Mn) and O loss, forming Kirkendall‐type voids. The associated structural degradation is from the as‐synthesized R‐3m layered structure to a disordered rock‐salt phase. Prior to cycling, the cobalt phosphate coating is epitaxial, sharing the crystallography of the parent material. During cycling, a 2–3 nm thick disordered Co‐rich rock‐salt structure is formed as the outer shell, while the bulk material retains R‐3m crystallography. These combined cathode–anode findings significantly advance the microstructural design principles for next‐generation Li‐rich cathode materials and coatings.