bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retirement and Pensions in American Economic History
Authors: Clark Robert L. , Craig Lee A. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
The proportion of the US population that survives to retirement age has increased over time, as has the share of the older population that retires. Higher incomes at older ages explain the increase in the incidence of retirement. Pensions provide much of that income. In general, public-sector workers, especially military personnel, were covered by pensions before their private-sector counterparts, and coverage in the public sector remains more widespread, and generous, than it is in the private sector. Public-sector pension plans are more likely to be defined benefit plans than are private-sector plans. Many public-sector employers have promised their employees more in benefits than they have set aside to pay for those benefits. Estimates suggest that the federal, state, and local retirement plans currently in operation are underfunded by as much as $5 trillion.
Anthropometric History in American Economic History
Authors: Steckel Richard H. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Anthropometric history arose in the 1970s and gained momentum as a supplement to traditional economic measures of the standard of living. he discovery of very large number of measurements of height have allowed social scientists to use heights as a summary measure of health from conception to maturity. Though dominated by genes, individual height is sensitive to diet, work effort, and disease, while income and its distribution affect average height within a population. Among the interesting results from hundreds of studies are (1) Americans were taller than Europeans during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; (2) health declined during the early decades of industrialization in the United States (and elsewhere); (3) children bore the appalling brunt of slavery; (4) Plains Indians were tall during the nineteenth century. The superabundance of height records and surprising new insights into the standard of living bode well for the future of this research.
Innovation and Patents in American Economic History
Authors: Moser Petra 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter summarizes historical evidence on the link between patent laws and innovation. Earlier historical analyses have emphasized the importance of patent laws in encouraging innovation. Data on exhibits at international technology fairs, such as the 1851 Crystal Palace world’s fair, however, indicate that only a small share of innovations are patented and that non-patent mechanisms may play an important role in encouraging innovation. They also show that inventors’ dependency on patents varies strongly across industries, so that radical changes in patent laws may influence the direction, if not the level, of technical change. Exhibition data also indicate that patents may play an important role in facilitating the diffusion of innovative activity by encouraging inventors to advertise their ideas. These results highlight the need for additional analyses of innovation that systematically analyze patents and alternative measures of innovation.
Property Rights in American Economic History
Authors: Libecap Gary 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines the development of private property rights to natural resources in the United States as a bottom-up or top-down process. Long-term equity and efficiency effects are highlighted. The role of property rights in avoiding the tragedy of the commons is illustrated. The property rights examined are those to farmland, timberland, as well as grazing rights and mineral rights. Each emerged or were constrained in different ways with important long-term economic and social effects in American economic development. The role of the rectangular survey in deliminating rights to surface land to reduce tenure uncertainty and to promote land and capital markets is described in detail.
The US Constitution in American Economic History
Authors: McGuire Robert 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This chapter examines how the Founding Fathers designed and ratified the US Constitution, greatly strengthening the national government at the expense of existing state governments. It discusses Charles Beard’s economic interpretation of the Constitution and the views of his critics, critically focusing on statistical findings that explain the making of the Constitution and assess the Constitution’s impact on the American economy. The chapter examines statistical findings on the economic and ideological factors influencing the choice of provisions included in the Constitution and the votes for its ratification. These findings indicate that the personal economic interests, and ideologies and beliefs, of the Founding Fathers played an important role in drafting the Constitution in 1787 and at the state ratifying conventions that followed. The statistical findings suggest that constituents’ interests, while less impactful, likely affected the Constitution’s drafting and ratification as well, and that the Constitution positively impacted the American economy.
Postcolonial Biblical Criticism and Queer Studies
Authors: Punt Jeremy 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This article aims to explore the possible relations or links between postcolonial and queer biblical criticisms by trying to understand wherein such links may be situated and also how queer theory/theories function in postcolonial biblical criticism. Discursive alignments at the epistemological level as well as shared thematic and methodological interests illustrate the value of investigating postcolonial queer intersections. After investigating a number of primary research foci in postcolonial, queer studies, queer(y)ing contributions are identified as related to identity negotiation and retrieval hermeneutics; issues of power and intersectionality; denaturalization; and the problematic position of the Bible and associated Christian religions. Future queer expectations are characterized by tensions; relate to categories of bodily identity; look beyond the engagement with societal structures; engage knowledge systems and their use in the identification and exercise of powers; and, investigate the ambivalence of social life in which all participate.
Voluntary wheel running reveals sex-specific nociceptive factors in murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Mifflin Katherine A. , Yousuf Muhammad S. , Thorburn Kevin C. , Huang Jennifer. , Pérez-Muñoz Maria Elisa , Tenorio Gustavo , Walter Jens , Ballanyi Klaus , Drohomyrecky Paulina C. , Dunn Shannon E. , Kerr Bradley J. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, neurodegenerative autoimmune disease associated with sensory and motor dysfunction. Although estimates vary, ∼50% of patients with MS experience pain during their disease. The mechanisms underlying the development of pain are not fully understood, and no effective treatment for MS-related pain is available. Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that voluntary exercise (wheel running) can reduce nociceptive behaviours at the disease onset in female mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model used to study the immunopathogenesis of MS. However, given the established sex differences in the underlying mechanisms of chronic pain and MS, we wanted to investigate whether wheel running would also be effective at preventing nociceptive behaviours in male mice with EAE. C57BL/6 mice of both sexes were given access to running wheels for 1 hour/day until the disease onset, when nociceptive behaviour was assessed using von Frey hairs. Daily running effectively reduced nociceptive behaviour in female mice, but not in male mice. We explored the potential biological mechanisms for these effects and found that the reduction in nociceptive behaviour in female mice was associated with reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines from myelin-reactive T cells as well as reduced dorsal root ganglia excitability as seen by decreased calcium responses. These changes were not seen in male mice. Instead, running increased the levels of inflammatory cytokines and potentiated Ca2+ responses in dorsal root ganglia cells. Our results show that voluntary wheel running has sex-dependent effects on nociceptive behaviour and inflammatory responses in male and female mice with EAE.
Radical Surgery for Head and Neck Rhabdomyosarcoma Failed Primary Chemotherapy
Authors: Yunteng Wu , Xuhui Ma , Guoxin Ren , Wei Guo 
Published: December 2018

Objective:
The aim of the study was to explore an optimal surgery way for head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS) children who have failed primary chemotherapy.

Methods:
A total of 51 HNRMS children who have failed primary chemotherapy were retrospectively analyzed from April 2005 to May 2017. Surgery was performed in 2 ways, widely radical resection (22 patients) and conservative resection (29 patients). Multivariate analysis was performed to identify the various variables related to overall survival (OS).

Results:
The estimated 5-year OS was 53%. Embryonic RMS enjoyed a favorable outcome than those nonembryonic RMS (P = 0.03). Head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma children who received partial remission (PR) after primary chemotherapy enjoyed a better outcome than those only achieved stable disease (SD) (P = 0.006). A total of 22 children accepted widely radical resection, whereas 29 patients got conservative resection. Interestingly, the 2 groups did not have a statistical significance (P = 0.86). However, the latter group children have conserved more important organs, such as eyeball, facial nerves, and enough mandible or maxilla bones, and have enjoyed a better life quality.

Conclusion:
Primary chemotherapy is most important for HNRMS children, which influences the prognosis of HNRMS widely. Conservative resection is an optimal surgery way for HNRMS, bringing a better life quality for these children.
Repurposing antihypertensive drugs for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease: a Mendelian Randomization study
Authors: Walker Venexia M , Kehoe Patrick G , Martin Richard M , Davies Neil M 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTBackgroundEvidence concerning the potential repurposing of antihypertensives for Alzheimer’s disease prevention is inconclusive. We used Mendelian randomization, which can be more robust to confounding by indication and patient characteristics, to investigate the effects of lowering systolic blood pressure (SBP), via different antihypertensive drug classes, on Alzheimer’s disease.MethodsWe used summary statistics from genome wide association studies of SBP (from UK Biobank) and Alzheimer’s disease (from the International Genomics of Alzheimer’s Project) in a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that mimic the action of antihypertensive targets and estimated the effect of lowering SBP, via antihypertensive drug classes, on Alzheimer’s disease. We also report the effect of lowering SBP on Alzheimer’s disease by combining all drug targets and without consideration of the associated drugs.ResultsThere was limited evidence that lowering SBP, via antihypertensive drug classes, affected Alzheimer’s disease risk. For example, calcium channel blockers had an odds ratio (OR) per 10mmHg lower SBP of 1.53 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94 to 2.49; p=0.09; SNPs=17). We also found limited evidence for an effect of lowering SBP on Alzheimer’s disease when combining all drug targets (OR per 10mmHg lower SBP: 1.14; 95%CI: 0.83 to 1.56; p=0.41; SNPs=59) and without consideration of the associated drug targets (OR per 10mmHg lower SBP: 1.04; 95%CI: 0.95 to 1.13; p=0.45; SNPs=153).ConclusionsLowering SBP itself is unlikely to affect risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Consequently, if specific antihypertensive drug classes do affect risk of Alzheimer’s disease, they are unlikely to do so via SBP.KEY MESSAGESThis is the first study to use Mendelian randomization to estimate the effects of the twelve most common antihypertensive drug classes on Alzheimer’s disease.Lowering systolic blood pressure itself is unlikely to affect risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.If specific antihypertensive drug classes do affect Alzheimer’s disease risk, they are unlikely to do so via systolic blood pressure.
TgCentrin2 is required for invasion and replication in the human parasiteToxoplasma gondii
Authors: Leung Jacqueline M. , Liu Jun , Wetzel Laura A. , Hu Ke 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCentrins are EF-hand containing proteins ubiquitously found in eukaryotes and are key components of centrioles/basal bodies as well as certain contractile fibers. We previously identified three centrins in the human parasiteToxoplasma gondii, all of which localized to the centrioles. However, one of them, TgCentrin2 (CEN2), is also targeted to ring-shaped structures at the apical and basal ends of the parasite, as well as to multiple annuli at the junction between the apical cap and the rest of the membrane cortex. The role(s) that TgCentrin2 plays in these locations was unknown. Here we report the functional characterization of TgCentrin2 in the parasite lytic cycle. After multiple unsuccessful attempts to knock out or knock down theTgCentrin2gene with existing tools, we designed a new conditional knockdown method that combines transcriptional and protein stability control to achieve tight regulation of TgCentrin2 levels in the parasite. We discovered that under knockdown conditions, there was an ordered loss of TgCentrin2 from its four compartments, due to differences in incorporation kinetics and structural inheritance over successive generations. This was correlated with the development of major invasion deficiency at early stages of CEN2 knockdown, and replication defects at later stages. These results indicate that TgCentrin2 is incorporated into multiple cytoskeletal structures to serve distinct functions inT. gondiithat are required for parasite survival.
Birds invest wingbeats to keep a steady head and reap the ultimate benefits of flocking
Authors: Taylor Lucy A. , Biro Dora , Lambert Ben , Walker James A. , Taylor Graham K. , Portugal Steven J. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractFlapping flight is the most energetically demanding form of sustained forwards locomotion that vertebrates perform. Flock dynamics therefore have significant implications for energy expenditure. Despite this, no studies have quantified the biomechanical consequences of flying in a cluster flock relative to flying solo. Here, we compared the flight characteristics of homing pigeons (Columba livia) flying solo and in pairs, using high-precision 5 Hz GPS and 200 Hz tri-axial accelerometer biologgers. Paired flight increased route accuracy by ~7%, but, was accompanied by an increase in wingbeat frequency of ~18%. As expected, paired individuals benefitted from improved homing route accuracy, which reduced flight distance by ~7% and time by ~9%. However, realising these navigational gains involved substantial changes in flight kinematics and energetics. Both individuals in a pair increased their wingbeat frequency byc.18%, by decreasing the duration of their upstroke. This sharp increase in wingbeat frequency caused just a 3% increase in airspeed, but reduced the oscillatory displacement of the body by ~22%, which we hypothesise relates to an increased requirement for visual stability and manoeuvrability when flocking. Overall, the shorter flight distances and increased wingbeat frequency in a pair resulted in a net increase in the aerodynamic cost of returning home, which we estimate was ~14%. Our results demonstrate that flocking costs have been underestimated by an order of magnitude and force reinterpretation of their mechanistic origin. We show that, for pigeons, two heads are better than one, but keeping a steady head necessitates energetically costly kinematics.
Uncovering the unexplored diversity of thioamidated ribosomal peptides in Actinobacteria using the RiPPER genome mining tool
Authors: Santos-Aberturas Javier , Chandra Govind , Frattaruolo Luca , Lacret Rodney , Pham Thu H. , Vior Natalia M. , Eyles Tom H. , Truman Andrew W. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTThe rational discovery of new specialized metabolites by genome mining represents a very promising strategy in the quest for new bioactive molecules. Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a major class of natural product that derive from genetically encoded precursor peptides. However, RiPP gene clusters are particularly refractory to reliable bioinformatic predictions due to the absence of a common biosynthetic feature across all pathways. Here, we describe RiPPER, a new tool for the family-independent identification of RiPP precursor peptides and apply this methodology to search for novel thioamidated RiPPs in Actinobacteria. Until now, thioamidation was believed to be a rare post-translational modification, which is catalyzed by a pair of proteins (YcaO and TfuA) in Archaea. In Actinobacteria, the thioviridamide-like molecules are a family of cytotoxic RiPPs that feature multiple thioamides, and it has been proposed that a YcaO-TfuA pair of proteins also catalyzes their formation. Potential biosynthetic gene clusters encoding YcaO and TfuA protein pairs are common in Actinobacteria but the chemical diversity generated by these pathways is almost completely unexplored. A RiPPER analysis reveals a highly diverse landscape of precursor peptides encoded in previously undescribed gene clusters that are predicted to make thioamidated RiPPs. To illustrate this strategy, we describe the first rational discovery of a new family of thioamidated natural products, the thiovarsolins from Streptomyces varsoviensis.
Region-specific regulation of stem cell-driven regeneration in tapeworms
Authors: Rozario Tania , Quinn Edward B. , Wang Jianbin , Davis Richard E. , Newmark Phillip A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractTapeworms grow at rates rivaling the fastest-growing metazoan tissues. To propagate they shed large parts of their body; to replace these lost tissues they regenerate proglottids (segments) as part of normal homeostasis. Their remarkable growth and regeneration are fueled by adult somatic stem cells that have yet to be characterized molecularly. Using the rat intestinal tapeworm,Hymenolepis diminuta, we find that regenerative potential is regionally limited to the neck, where head-dependent extrinsic signals create a permissive microenvironment for stem cell-driven regeneration. Using transcriptomic analyses and RNA interference, we characterize and functionally validate regulators of tapeworm growth and regeneration. We find no evidence that stem cells are restricted to the regeneration-competent neck. Instead, lethally irradiated tapeworms can be rescued when cells from either regeneration-competent or regeneration-incompetent regions are transplanted into the neck. Together, the head and neck tissues provide extrinsic cues that regulate stem cells, enabling region-specific regeneration in this parasite.
Customer disloyalty in retail banking services: attitudinal and behavioural dimensions
Authors: Bhatnagar Shakti Bodh , Mishra Jitendra Kumar , Syed Asif Ali 
Published: December 2018

Purpose
The literature on customer behaviour has attracted significant attention towards customer loyalty; however, customer disloyalty has not been adequately studied. The purpose of this paper is to identify factors leading to customer disloyalty and develop a comprehensive framework for understanding various dimensions of customer disloyalty in retail banking services.

Design/methodology/approach
The study is descriptive in nature. Variables associated with customer disloyalty were identified from literature and subsequently factor analysis has been applied to derive the significant factors leading to customer disloyalty. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to 357 retail banking customers. EFA and CFA have been employed to determine relevant factors.

Findings
This study found that customer disloyalty comprises of, both, attitudinal and behavioural components. Further, the study revealed three factors – unfair practices, unfulfilled services and poor interaction leading to behavioural disloyalty and negative image leading to attitudinal disloyalty. Surprisingly, the study found that pricing and competitor’s attraction do not affect, both, attitudinal disloyalty and behavioural disloyalty.

Research limitations/implications
The study contributes to customer behaviour literature by understanding customer disloyalty as a distinct concept in comparison to much prevalent customer switching. It addition, this study empirically identified factors leading to behavioural disloyalty and attitudinal disloyalty.

Originality/value
The originality lies in that fact that it is the only empirical study which has studied customer disloyalty through attitudinal disloyalty lenses. Subsequently, it has also attempted to fill the gap in available literature by studying the relationship between attitudinal disloyalty and behavioural disloyalty.
Three-dimensional rotating Darcy–Forchheimer flow with activation energy
Authors: Rashid Sadia , Hayat Tasawar , Qayyum Sumaira , Ayub Muhammad , Alsaedi Ahmed 
Published: December 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to study flow caused by rotating frame. Effects of Darcy–Forchheimer and porous medium are considered to study velocity field. Concentration field is discussed in presence of activation energy. Darcy–Forchheimer in a rotating frame is examined. Flow because of stretched sheet fills the porous space. Binary chemical reaction is entertained. Resulting system is numerically solved. The plots are arranged for rotational parameter, porosity parameter, coefficients of inertia, Prandtl number and Schmidt number. It is revealed that rotation on velocity has opposite effects when compared with temperature and concentration distributions. Skin friction coefficients and local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are numerically discussed.

Design/methodology/approach
Darcy–Forchheimer in a rotating frame is examined. Flow because of stretched sheet fills the porous space. Binary chemical reaction is entertained. Resulting system is numerically solved. The plots are arranged for rotational parameter, porosity parameter, coefficients of inertia, Prandtl number and Schmidt number. It is revealed that rotation on velocity has opposite effects when compared with temperature and concentration distributions. Skin friction coefficients and local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are numerically discussed.

Findings
The major findings here are as follows: an addition in porosity λ causes decay in velocity f′(η) while there is opposite behavior for temperature θ(η) and concentration ϕ(η) fields. θ and ϕ via β have similar results qualitatively. There is an opposite behavior of Pr on temperature and concentration. Inverse behavior of λ on ϕ and wall mass flux is noted. Concentration ϕ is decreasing function of reaction rate constant σ. Skin friction coefficient has similar qualitative results for λ and β. Temperature gradient −θ′(0) is decreased by λ and β.

Originality/value
Here, the authors are interested to investigate rotating flow in a porous space. Dissipation and radiation effects are neglected. Effects of activation energy are studied. This work is not done yet in literature.