bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Party Institutions and Authoritarian Power-Sharing: Evidence from China's Provincial Leader Appointment
Authors: ZENG QINGJIE 
Published: May 2018

AbstractRecent scholarship of comparative authoritarianism suggests that party institutions contribute to regime resilience by facilitating power-sharing among the party elites and preventing the paramount leaders’ abuse of power that undermines political stability. Existing studies tend to focus on the empirical association between party organizations and regime resilience, whereas the actual effects of institutions on elite behavior receive less attention. This paper conducts an in-depth study of China's appointment system to examine whether the CCP's power-sharing institutions indeed constrain the person- nel authority of the party's paramount leader. Using a unique dataset of provincial leadership appointment from 1992 to 2014, the empirical analysis reveals that the General Secretary enjoys what can be described as ‘constrained supremacy’ in the making of personnel decisions: the leader can boost his own position by providing favorable treatment to key supporters, but the formal arrangement of collective decision-making constrains rampant reward of patronage that would unsettle the balance among the regime's top elites. The findings of the paper lay bare the diffculty of capturing the inner workings of authoritarian politics with broad, cross-national indicators of regime type; they also illustrate the complicated interaction between formal institutions and informal, personal logic of exercising power in authoritarian regimes.
How Global Citizenries Think about Democracy: An Evaluation and Synthesis of Recent Public Opinion Research
Authors: SHIN DOH CHULL , KIM HANNAH JUNE 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSince the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, individual scholars and research institutes have conducted numerous public opinion surveys to monitor how global citizenries react to the process of democratization taking place in their own countries and elsewhere. This article reviews the various issues surrounding the divergent conceptions of democracy among political scientists and ordinary citizens, and synthesizes significant findings of the conceptual and empirical research based on these surveys. It also raises a set of new questions that future surveys should address to broaden and deepen our knowledge about citizen conceptions of democracy.
Why Election Monitoring Does Not Always Lead to Democratization: from the Perspective of Information on the International Standards of Electoral Integrity
Authors: YUKAWA TAKU 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper theoretically presents a new structure from the perspective of information on international standards with regards to the actual impact that election monitoring has on political change. Specifically, there is the point of view that after the election monitoring, a report is published, and as a result information relating to international standards of electoral integrity becomes clear in the countries subject to monitoring. Then if it becomes clear, for example, to one country that it is unable to meet the standards required by the international community then that country might abandon trying to meeting international requirements and its inclination toward authoritarianism might strengthen. Therefore, the clarification of information on the international standards of fair electoral integrity as a result of election monitoring could result in a shift toward authoritarianism. Through a case study, this paper shows that new interpretations of democratization in Africa can be advanced by its theoretical framework. Many African countries started to get rid of one-party systems or military dictatorships in the 1990s and to introduce multi-party elections. As a result, they held founding elections. What is often pointed out is that compared to the founding elections, the degree of fraud increased at the second elections. Although there has been no appropriate explanation, this paper suggests a theoretical explanation for this puzzling trend.
Comprehensive Retrospective Voting in Mixed Electoral Systems: Evidence from the 2016 Korean Legislative Election
Authors: SHIN JUNGSUB 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPerformance-based retrospective voting is a fundamental mechanism of democracy. A good deal of scholarship has examined this electoral mechanism, but the extant studies have two omissions. First, there is little research that considers several retrospective evaluations together using an incumbent voting model. Second, there is little research that examines the difference in the effects of voters’ retrospective evaluations on two different ballots in mixed electoral systems. To fill these omissions, this article tests a comprehensive retrospective performance voting model in a mixed electoral system. Specifically, this article examines the effects of voters’ retrospective economic evaluations of economic performance at the national and personal levels, human rights, corruption, welfare protection, and foreign policy on vote choice for the incumbent party in the 2016 Korean legislative election in which voters had two ballots: one for the party list vote and one for the district vote. By using multinomial logistic regression models, this article finds that among the six retrospective evaluation categories, judgments of national economic performance at the national level, human rights, and foreign policy have a statistically significant impact on the likelihood of voting for the incumbent party in party list vote choice, whereas only voters’ evaluation of foreign policy matter in the district level vote decision. The results imply that Korean voters consider various aspects of government performance, such as the conditions of human rights and relationships with other countries, rather than just focusing on the economy. The retrospective voting behavior of Korean voters differs between party list and district level ballots.
Developmental Dynamics in Real Time
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Embryologic development is a dynamic process that has been previously studied by examining static (usually chemically-fixed) specimens at different time periods and then extrapolating results by assembling a series of static images. Recently, Amy McMahon, Willy Supatto, Scott Fraser, and Angelike Stathopoulos have developed new methods to look at developmental migration patterns in real time. They used an optimized imaging approach and quantitative methods to analyze a two hour period during which gastrulation occurred in the embryos of fruitflies (Drosophila). Specifically, they characterized the complex interactions between cells of the ectoderm and mesoderm by tracking the movements of over 1,500 cells, which involved the analysis of over 100,000 cell positions for each embryo!
Phase Identification and Mapping Based on Valence Loss EELS and ELNES
Authors: Twesten RD 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Much of analytical TEM is based on elemental analysis of core-shell ionizations and their role in electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). In these techniques, integrals of the primary or secondary ionization signals (typically over many tens of eV in energy) are used to measure and map the elemental composition of probed sample areas.
In contrast, present-day STEM EELS systems are able to reveal spectral details with resolution in the range 0.1-1.0 eV. This means that EELS provides access to electronic structure and response information that goes beyond the simple elemental composition information of the integrated core-loss signals.
The Electron Gun its Saturation and Alignment—An Old Man's Saga
Authors: Chapman Steve 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
It was in October of 1964 when I first used a TEM, it was at the Siemens training school run by their agent Aeon Laboratories. A service engineer (we didn't call them technicians in those days), Robin Willis ran the course, five days for just alignment and cleaning! Robin, by the way, moved to University College London, Anatomy department and became the first person to publish on the tilting of biological samples. He actually invented tomography without knowing it! He used a fish tank within which he hung the negatives of his +60 to -60 tilt series. This procedure created a three dimensional image of the thin section, again I would guess, for the first time.
A Colorful New Way to Look at the Nuclear Pore!
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Light microscopy has many advantages and several disadvantages. One of the advantages is that different wavelengths are perceived as different colors, and with the proper use of dyes, filters, etc. several different structures can be imaged in the same object. One the major disadvantages is that the resolution is limited by the wavelength, a limit known as the diffraction barrier. Several recently-developed techniques have allowed light microscopy to “break” the diffraction barrier, a phenomenon known as “super-resolution.” Lothar Schermelleh, Peter Carlton, Sebastian Haase, Lin Shao, Lukman Winoto, Peter Kner, Brian Burke, Cristina Cardoso, David Agard, Mats Gustafsson, Heinhrich Leonardt, and John Sedat have created a new microscope that not only achieves super-resolution, but creates images in 3 dimensions and multiple colors. Not only that, but preparing specimens to examine with this microscope uses conventional methods, and they claim the microscope is easy to use!
Pushing the Envelope in Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Heaton Monteith G , Cleveland Jason P 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Over the past decade, Atomic Force/Scanning Probe Microscopy (AFM/SPM) has emerged as the leading tool for investigations at the nanoscale – doing everything from imaging, to compositional differentiation, to explorations of molecular forces. However, aside from some interesting tweaks, add-ons and repackaging, the field has seen no fundamentally new instruments for several years. For the extremely high-resolution AFM/SPMs, there has literally been no completely new microscope for well over a decade. We report here on the new CypherTM AFM from Asylum Research (Figure 1). that delivers upgrades from the existing field of older AFM/SPMs on a variety of levels.
TEM Sample Preparation: An Interdisciplinary Website
Authors: Ayache Jeanne , Beaunier Luc , Boumendil Jacqueline , Ehret Gabrielle , Laub Danièle 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Sample preparation is of central importance for the characterization of materials by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As a guide to researchers seeking practical help on the use of all types of TEM sample preparation techniques, we have created an Internet website. This website has been designed in French and is now translated into English. The website is accessible free of charge.
The TEMSAMPREP website, figure 1 http://temsamprep.in2p3.fr/, is the result of a synergistic effort of an atypical team of five electron microscopy scientists having different research specialties in physics, mineralogy, material science, and biology. They shared five years of human adventure in creating the website to transmit their 30 years of TEM experience to the international community.
New Ultra-Thin Pure Silicon Window Grids for Transmission Electron Microscopy Samples
Authors: Roussie James 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Traditional sample preparation supports for electron microscopy have usually been thin films of amorphous or holey carbon stretched over a metallic grid. More recently introduced formats include organic polymers over metallic grids or silicon nitride and silicon oxide membranes over silicon frames. Here, the application of a nanofabricated silicon membrane technology as a novel sample preparation support for electron microscopy is described. These new supports offer several unique characteristics, including nanoscale thickness and pores, which may improve imaging and analysis of materials and biological molecules.
Recently developed technology permits the fabrication of pure silicon membranes that are among the world's thinnest materials—only 5 to 15 nm thick. See Striemer et al., Nature (2007) 445: 749-751 for more details. These silicon membranes are also among the world's first membrane technologies to offer nanoscale pores of 5 to 50 nm. This combination of characteristics is unique and not shared by the materials currently employed as sample supports. Moreover, it suggests that these silicon membranes could overcome many of the problems associated with current generation materials. For example, the holes of lacey and holey carbon grids (1-5 micron diameter) are incompatible with the size of most nanotubes and nanoparticles (2-40 nm). Obtaining background-free images of the entire nanostructure is rarely possible with this incompatible combination of sizes. Another significant issue is the inability to vigorously plasma clean samples on carbon grids. In some cases, this inability to remove organic contaminants can prevent high-resolution imaging of samples.
Preparing Biological Samples for Analysis by High Vacuum Techniques
Authors: Ostrowski SG , Paxon TL , Denault L , McEvoy KP , Smentkowski VS 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provide valuable complementary information about the molecular composition and morphology of biological samples, but both techniques are performed under high vacuum, which is not compatible with hydrated samples. Designing a suitable method to prepare biological (hydrated) samples for high vacuum conditions is important to obtain reliable and scientifically meaningful results from ToF-SIMS and SEM and to enable the routine use of these techniques for characterization. This article will compare freeze-drying and critical point drying for preparing adherent and nonadherent cells for ToF-SIMS and SEM analyses.
Pioneers in Optics: Friedrich Johann Karl Becke and Anders Jöns Ångström
Authors: Davidson Michael W 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Friedrich Johann Karl Becke (1855-1931) was an Austrian geologist, mineralogist and petrologist from the University of Prague, who developed a method for determining the relationship between light refraction and refractive index differences observed in microscopic specimens. The phenomenon, which is now referred to as the formation of Becke lines, has been named for him. Becke also conducted important work on metamorphic rock recrystallization, and later contributed to the development of a descriptive terminology and classification of mineral assemblages in metamorphic rocks.
Tiny Bubbles
Authors: Carmichael Stephen W 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
This is not an article about the song made famous by the late (great) Don Ho. This is about a breakthrough in the understanding of how micrometer-sized bubbles can be stabilized for long periods of time. This can influence the taste, smell, and consistency of consumer products including food and cosmetics.
In two-phase systems, which can include air (as bubbles) suspended within a liquid, the structures of the dispersed (bubbles) and continuous (liquid) phases play a critical role in determining the properties of the material. There is also the function of time in that the microstructure of the dispersed phase continuously evolves toward a state of lower energy by minimizing the surface area between the two phases (referred to as the interfacial area). In the long term, this time evolution diminishes the usefulness of two-phase systems. Emilie Dressaire, Rodney Bee, David Bell, Alex Lips, and Howard Stone have devised a way to stabilize a two-phase system for time periods of a year or longer.
New Large Area Silicon Drift Detectors - Fast Analysis without Compromise
Authors: Collins Clair , Rowlands Neil , Statham Peter , Holland James 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Recent advances in silicon drift detector (SDD) design have set a new benchmark for Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Not only do these detectors offer all the benefits users have come to expect from SDD—high count rates, liquid nitrogen-free analysis and excellent resolution—but large active areas and unique technology allow the user to collect EDS data at normal imaging beam currents and lower accelerating voltages in seconds.
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) has been used for many years to analyse the chemical composition of materials. Historically, EDS detectors used a bulk silicon crystal drifted with lithium. Although such Si(Li) detectors had exceptionally good performance, they had limited count rate capability and operated at very low temperatures thus requiring cooling with liquid nitrogen.
Remote Microscopy for Education and Outreach
Authors: Seraphin Supapan , Hernandez Steven , Chandler Gary , Bentley David , Dorame Kristina , Sellers Marilee 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray analysis are standard tools in the nanotechnology world, but access to them by students is limited by high cost and lack of equipment. For this reason, among others, we have developed an on-demand remote access system to The University Spectroscopy and Imaging Facilities (USIF) of The University of Arizona (UA), by using Quartz PCI-Taipan. In general, Taipan is an online server based program that enables spectroscopy laboratories to store, organize, and manage data as well as users. Significantly, the Taipan system allows users, operators and researches to create their own online collaborations, which will, in many ways, fuse their research and outreach efforts. Therefore, we have incorporated the Taipan software to our recently installed Hitachi S-4800 FESEM and S-3400N variable-pressure SEM. With a high-speed internet connection, from any remote setting, the system allows students real-time access to view state-of-the-art microscopes, acquire data, and interact with the instrument operator. What is more, remote users can view up to six different screens including SEM image, SEM control screen, EDS, Raman spectrum, chamber scope, and microscope room as shown in Fig. 1. This offers a significant reduction of time, travel expenses, and more importantly, equipment cost.
Family networks and healthy behaviour: evidence from Nepal
Authors: Skordis Jolene , Pace Noemi , Vera-Hernandez Marcos , Rasul Imran , Fitzsimons Emla , Osrin David , Manandhar Dharma , Costello Anthony 
Published: May 2018

AbstractModels of household decision-making commonly focus on nuclear family members as primary decision-makers. If extended families shape the objectives and constraints of households, then neglecting the role of this network may lead to an incomplete understanding of health-seeking behaviour. Understanding the decision-making processes behind care-seeking may improve behaviour change interventions, better intervention targeting and support health-related development goals. This paper uses data from a cluster randomised trial of a participatory learning and action cycle (PLA) through women’s groups, to assess the role of extended family networks as a determinant of gains in health knowledge and health practice. We estimate three models along a continuum of health-seeking behaviour: one that explores access to PLA groups as a conduit of knowledge, another measuring whether women’s health knowledge improves after exposure to the PLA groups and a third exploring the determinants of their ability to act on knowledge gained. We find that, in this context, a larger network of family is not associated with women’s likelihood of attending groups or acquiring new knowledge, but a larger network of husband’s family is negatively associated with the ability to act on that knowledge during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Some reflections on the IFRC's approach to migration and displacement
Authors: Moretti Sebastien , Bonzon Tiziana 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the development of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies’ (IFRC) approach to migration and displacement. The focus of the IFRC and its member National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (National Societies) in this regard has traditionally been on refugees and other so-called “displaced persons” – that is, people who have been compelled to flee their place or country of origin and for this reason are deemed to be particularly vulnerable. However, this focus has been extended recently, in the course of the past decade, to cover all people who find themselves in a vulnerable situation in the context of migration. The IFRC Migration Policy, which was adopted in 2009, has offered much-needed guidance to National Societies in dealing with all migrants, including irregular migrants. However, it is argued that there is a need today – taking into consideration the increasing number of displaced people worldwide and the numerous contexts in which National Societies are dealing with refugees, internally displaced persons or cross-border disaster-displaced persons – to better understand the programmatic aspects that are specific to displacement compared with migration. This is a necessary condition in view of the development of more adequate and effective responses to the vulnerabilities and needs of migrants and displaced persons.
Seismically Detected Ground Tilts Induced by Precipitation and Fluvial Processes: An Example From Taiwan
Authors: Yang Chu‐Fang , Chi Wu‐Cheng , Lai Ying‐Ju 
Published: May 2018

AbstractShear strains, among other ground motions, can be induced by weather‐related processes. As a result, broadband seismic data offer a unique tool for understanding these natural weather events. Here we used continuous seismic, meteorological, and stream data to analyze weather‐related ground motions during typhoons and rainy seasons in Taiwan. In addition to high‐frequency signals, we detected ultralong period seismic signals at the station Mahsi (MASB) during three meteorological events: Typhoon Kalmaegi in 2008, Typhoon Morakot in 2009, and the East Asian rainy season in 2012. Seismic velocity signals with frequencies lower than 0.3 mHz correlate with precipitation and with the time derivative of the water level in a nearby river. We converted the seismic signals to ground tilt and found that the tilt correlates with the time history of river water level, which fluctuates with precipitation. The seismically derived tilt ranges from 10−8 to 10−7 radians, consistent with an analytic circular loading model, indicating water level fluctuations of higher than 1 m in the small river 30 m away from MASB. To quantify precipitation using seismic data, we successfully modeled seismic waveforms using an empirical Green's function method, which gives good fits to both main event seismic waveforms and precipitation time history. This work demonstrates that continuous recordings from broadband seismometers may help determine local fluvial water load and could be useful for decadal rainfall change research.