bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolving Role of Nationality in the Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights
Authors: Foster Michelle , Lambert Hélène 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 considers the role of nationality in the protection and enjoyment of human rights. It examines the history of international law’s involvement in and regulation of matters concerning nationality, thereby providing a crucial link between Chapter 2 and Chapters 4, 5, and 6. It begins by reviewing the traditional position whereby considerations of nationality, including the practice of re-admission for non-nationals, fell within the reserved domain of states through their own nationality laws. The chapter outlines the evolution of international human rights law and its impact on state discretion, such that in many instances, deprivation of nationality (i.e. denial of nationality and/or withdrawal of nationality) may now well violate norms of international law. The chapter therefore examines deprivation of nationality, and the consequences for the persons concerned, in treaty law, UN documents, and the jurisprudence of international and regional courts.
The Mode of Disagreement
Authors: Sienkiewicz Stefan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between two different principles (consistent with Sextus’ text) that connect the phenomenon of disagreement with the suspension of judgement and—correspondingly—two different versions of the mode of disagreement. It argues that one version, which turns on the phenomenon of peer disagreement, is a dogmatic version of the mode insofar as only the sceptic’s dogmatic opponent can come to suspend judgement on the basis of it. The other version, which turns on the phenomenon of evidentially undecided disagreement, is a version of the mode on the basis of which a sceptic might come to suspend judgement. This is because it is one and the same thing to suspend judgement on the basis of an evidentially undecided disagreement as it is to suspend judgement on the basis of a pair of equipollent arguments.
The Metaphysical Modesty of Narrowly Linguistic Semantics
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Some foundational assumptions of the generative paradigm in linguistic semantics are outlined. It is argued that they do not suffice, on their own, to license the drawing of metaphysically immodest conclusions about the assigned semantic values on the basis of narrowly semantic premises. It is concluded that if we seek to establish metaphysical conclusions from semantic starting points, we need additional premises not provided by narrowly linguistic semantics alone. The possibility is bruited that we may be furnished such premises from some style or other of broadly philosophical semantics and metasemantics, setting the stage for a subsequent discussion of various alternative metasemantical theses about the proper dialectical role of semantic analyses vis-à-vis metaphysical inquiry.
Modesty as Incompleteness
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Metaphysical modesty may be thought to be a form of incompleteness. And incompleteness may be thought to be a bug rather than a feature. But it is argued that the incompleteness of a metaphysically modest semantics is a feature rather than a bug. It is a feature that both lightens the metaphysical burdens of the special science of semantics and thereby brings semantics into greater metaphysical alignment with the special sciences generally. It is argued that there is no more reason to think that a semantics not weighed down by metaphysical burdens is a bar to ever deepening metaphysical insight any more than a psychology or biology or economics not weighed down by heavy metaphysical burdens would be.
State Sovereignty and International Law Personality
Authors: Heller Hermann 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the concept of sovereignty is essential to construct international law positivity and the concept of the international law person. Basically, the only international law persons are sovereign territorial decision-making units. This concept of the international law person is built upon the historical fact that, for a few generations, pretty much the entire ecumenical world has been divided among sovereign decision-making units. However, there are exceptions to this fact, and thus the possibility of international law persons that, without being states, “are not subject to the authority of any state.” Among these are cases in which the unity of territorial decision-making is still being contested; that is, the case of rebels recognized as belligerent parties.
The Claim of Sovereignty in International Law and against International Law
Authors: Heller Hermann 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers the attempt of contemporary international law doctrine to minimize the concept of sovereignty. The attempt is made to draw its fangs by construing the nature of sovereignty as a kind of modest, legally normed capacity to act, as authority under international law, or as a discretionary sphere granted by international law. However, this operation can never succeed using the tools of international law, because international law is only possible as long as there are at least two absolutely independent territorial decision-making units. The sovereignty problem has become more complicated for members of the League of Nations and its Permanent International Court in The Hague. The principles of a treaty order free of domination on which these institutions rest have not fundamentally changed; voluntariness and unanimity are preserved under these principles.
Legitimacy Criticisms of International Courts
Authors: Follesdal Andreas 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book as a whole and attempts to bring some order to debates about the legitimacy of international courts. It draws on Raz’s conception of authority and on cosmopolitan theory. It argues that this approach can reduce apparent confusion about the legitimacy of international courts by explaining the significance of considerations such as states’ consent, states’ compliance, and the legality of courts’ decisions. International courts not only adjudicate disputes, but also engage in the interpretation and specification of laws, and—some would argue—even law-making. Thus, the issue is not only the judicial legitimacy of these courts, but also their legitimate role in specifying treaties and shaping other actors’ expectations of others’ future actions more broadly. Raz’s service conception helps to explain why several legitimacy conceptions matter for normative legitimacy, including legality, the (limited) significance of state consent, and why actual compliance often matters if international courts are to provide impartial yet responsive judgments and specifications whilst accountable and responsive.
Redeeming Rape
Authors: Matthews Heidi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Since the 1990s, feminist activists committed to the policy project of addressing wartime sexual violence through international criminal prosecution have deployed a specific historical narrative about the failure of international law to adequately punish sexual crimes perpetrated by Allied forces at the end of the Second World War. This ‘feminist failure narrative’ (FFN), however, can be contested on historical and normative grounds. Instead of being silenced throughout the post-war period, German women’s experiences of wartime sexual violence were in fact mobilized by both East and West German state-building projects that, in part, sought to minimize ordinary German complicity in the horrors of the war by emphasizing German suffering. Often, women had a vested interest in participating in the construction of these new nationalist stories. I argue that in foregrounding female sexual victimization the FFN depoliticizes women’s wartime agency, thereby dangerously shifting our gaze away from the politics of war.
The ‘Africa Blue Books’ at Versailles
Authors: Gevers Christopher 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of the silencing of crimes committed against Africans from international criminal law’s founding moment at Versailles in 1919. While British ‘Atrocity Blue Books’ were central to the call for criminal prosecutions of Germans after the war, the two Blue Books concerning crimes committed against Africans were inexplicably excluded from the report of the Commission on the Responsibility for the Authors of the War. This chapter explores the conditions of their erasure—both at Versailles and in the subsequent histories of the First World War and international criminal law—and considers what might happen if they were included within the fields’ dominant historical narrative. In both respects C.S. Forrester’s 1935 novel The African Queen and its myriad afterlives, in fiction, non-fiction, and film, prove a productive analogue as these texts intersect in interesting ways, both in content and form.
Kant and Ontotheology
Authors: Abacı Uygar 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines Kant’s objection to the ontological argument, based on the thesis Kant introduces in The Only Possible Argument (1763), “Existence is not a predicate or determination of a thing” (Ak. 2:72), which means that existence cannot be contained in the intension of the concept of any object. However, the historical novelty of Kant’s conception of existence does not lie in this negative thesis but in his two positive theses, “Existence is a predicate not so much of the thing itself as of the thought which one has of the thing” (OPA, Ak. 2:72), and “Existence is the absolute positing of a thing” (OPA, Ak. 2:73). These theses point to a radical discovery: existence is to be reinterpreted as a feature of conceptual representations of things and in reference to a cognitive subject. Kant’s later realization of the groundbreaking implications of this discovery will ground his revolution in modality.
Perception and Primary Knowledge
Authors: Ayers Michael 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
A phenomenological analysis of perceptual experience, conducted with an eye on experimental psychology, addresses a series of questions. What is phenomenology? What makes perception of one’s environment as one’s environment? Does the phenomenal integration of the senses give decisive reason for ‘direct realism’? Do we perceive causal relations, or only infer them? Are we perceptually aware of acting? Are we perceptually aware of the causality of perception itself, and if so, in some cases or in all? It is argued that perceiving is not only direct cognitive contact with reality, but that the perceptual relation is itself an object of perceptual awareness. Accordingly, conscious perceptual knowledge comes with knowledge that and of how one has it. Other forms of knowledge (e.g. a priori knowledge) are analogous. A distinction is drawn between primary and secondary knowledge, such that that there could be no secondary knowledge without some primary knowledge.
Scepticism, Certainty, and Defeasibility
Authors: Ayers Michael 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In a first analysis, the ‘Cartesian’ argument denying the possibility of perceptual knowledge is compared with acceptable and unacceptable arguments that occur in non-philosophical contexts. Its illusory force is attributed to similarities to the former, its invalidity to differences partly shared with the latter. A variety of possible moves in defence of scepticism are then critically considered. Discussion of a confusion between infallibility and certainty leads into the topic of probability and a critique of two related responses to scepticism, ‘fallibilism’ and ‘contextualism’, that discard the intuitive link between knowledge and objective certainty. The argument calls on the notion of ‘defeasibility’, a term imported from jurisprudence into epistemology (where it is seriously ambiguous—see Chapter 6). Its relation to the notion of burden of proof and to argumentation theory is explained, and a particular sense is accordingly proposed in which ascriptions of knowledge may be both certain and ‘defeasible’.
The Allure of Independence
Authors: Toprani Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the origins of Britain’s postwar oil strategy, which aimed at making Britain independent of imports from other great powers, especially the United States. It begins by reviewing Whitehall’s increasing preoccupation with oil as a matter of national security before 1914, including the Royal Navy’s shift to oil and the government’s purchase of a majority of shares in the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. It then examines the British experience during and immediately after World War I, when officials began pursuing two of the key objectives of British strategy—securing British majority ownership of Shell and the oilfields of Mesopotamia. The chapter concludes with an assessment of how oil influenced Britain’s war aims in the Middle East and Anglo-American competition over the region’s oil.
Fueling the War to Come
Authors: Toprani Anand 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter sketches out the progress of the Four-Year Plan of 1936 to achieve economic self-sufficiency. It stresses that Germany never sought self-sufficiency as an end in and of itself—the aim was always to provide the German armed forces and war economy with sufficient resources to wage a war of conquest. By 1939, progress toward even this narrower objective was faltering due to shortages of steel, coal, capital, and labor. The Third Reich’s bellicosity after 1937 also limited the amount of time Germany would have to remedy its economic vulnerabilities before war began. Following the Sudeten crisis of 1938, the regime moved to rebuild relations with Romania to guarantee at least one reliable source of imports in wartime. By the time war broke out the following year, German officials were cautiously optimistic that Romanian exports, along with synthetics and existing stockpiles, were sufficient to meet Germany’s immediate wartime requirements.
Davenant’s Numerical Nationhood
Authors: Lecky Katarzyna 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 begins by placing Davenant’s first laureate chapbook Madagascar (1638) into conversation with the popular pocket atlases of the 1620s and 1630s to argue that the poet’s imagistic “Numbers” map links between geographical precision and societal betterment. As he argues in his Discourse on Gondibert (his Sidneian defense of poesy), Davenant believed that the numerical structure of poetry could speak to a broad public sphere defined by its constituents’ numeracy, at a time when numbers were emerging as a prime language for measuring the shifting British landscape. Davenant’s royalist carto-poiesis reemerges in his chart of London as the “Royall city” in King Charles his Augusta (1648) on the eve of the regicide. His work to remap monarchical prerogative onto the national topography constituted a deliberate challenge to the geographic imaginary of the small-format cartography which pervaded the popular culture of mid-seventeenth-century Britain.
Milton’s Map of Liberty
Authors: Lecky Katarzyna 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns to Milton’s exploration of custom as it informs Britain’s ancient territories of civic liberty in A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle (1637/45). Milton’s poetic map of the uneasy lands around the Welsh border juxtaposes competing visions of the land as massive or minuscule with rival definitions of its character as a Crown holding or a distinct nation. Like the pocket cartography it physically resembles, the poet’s publication is a rebus that argues on both lexical and image-based levels for a British government whose magistrates serve as temperate and virtuous representatives of the commons, acting in relative autonomy within the polity.
Health Equity in a Globalizing Era
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book explores globalization as a ‘determinant’ of social determinants of health within and between nations. Although not a new a phenomenon, globalization has undergone dramatic shifts since the beginning of the neoliberal era post-1980. Neoliberal globalization’s impacts on governments’ foreign policy decisions and domestic policy space is increasingly evident, the more so since the 2008 financial crisis. Much public health literature on global health, however, continues to focus primarily on ‘international health’: the concern for high burdens of disease in generally low-income countries. Although international health work remains important, a globalization approach augments it by posing two questions: Why are some countries poorer and sicker, and others wealthier and healthier? What are the inherently global (trans-border) issues that affect inequities in disease burdens and health opportunities, for individuals as well as for nations? The book takes a political economy approach in answering these questions, covering key globalization concepts and theory, as well as historical background to an understanding of both globalization and global health. It then turns to key pathways by which globalization is affecting health through profound changes in migration, labour markets, trade and investment rules, international development assistance, health systems, infectious and non-communicable disease risks, environmental health, and gendered aspects of globalization’s health dialectic. The book closes with a discussion of global governance for health, the role of human rights, and the importance of a strong civil society articulating and advocating for national and global policies predicated on social justice, health equity, and a sustainable ecology.
Globalization
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Globalization is not a new phenomenon but the rise of industrialization and capitalism changed earlier periods of global expansionism to one that is dominated more by transnational corporations and global capital than by governments and their armies. Globalization is not a singular event, but a confluence of multiple, dynamic, and inter-linked processes. Some of these processes reflect changes in perceptions of time, space, and ideas, while others are shaped primarily by economic relations. The term, globalization, only began to replace an older concept (internationalization) in the 1990s, and was used principally to describe global market integration, hinting at the role economic interests have always played in what many in the world would now describe as ‘globalization’. In overviewing the entire book, this chapter also begins to engage in the debate: is globalization good for health, or bad for health?
Globalization as a ‘determinant of the determinants of health’
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
International health, a concern with the high burden of preventable disease in poorer countries, is long-standing. In late nineteenth century sanitary reforms and early twentieth century philanthropic financing to control infectious diseases in the Americas, this concern also foreshadows more contemporary debates over global health financing and the ‘health securitization’ of wealthier nations against diseases spreading from poorer ones. By the late twentieth century, however, there was a shift in discourse from ‘international’ to ‘global’ health underpinned by the growing awareness that there are inherently global reasons for why some countries are wealthier and healthier, while others remain poorer and sicker. Two different frameworks are used to unpack these causal pathways, in which globalization processes are regarded as meta-determinants of health inequities within and between nations. Although researchers argue that globalization processes have been good for health, others are much less sanguine on this claim.
Disrupted labour markets
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The search for employment is one of the major drivers behind migration. Globalization processes have had profound impacts on the world’s labour markets, creating opportunities for some (through out-sourcing) while dislocating work for others. This global redistribution of labour is not motivated by concerns for the livelihoods of workers so much as by the pursuit of profits by transnationally liberated capital. Net effects include increases in precarious work, declines in labour’s share of global economic product, and a continuous ‘flexibilization’ of labour markets excused by competitive pressures. Such changes bring new health risks associated with insecurity for many and downwards pressure on wages for some. International policy discourse lauds efforts to improve social protection measures for affected workers, while the growing gap between productivity and wages is giving rise to a call for universal basic incomes to compensate for globalization’s victory of capital over labour.
Globalizing health systems
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Strengthening health systems in poorer countries has long been a focal point in development aid debates. Visionary models of comprehensive primary health care caught the global imagination in the late 1970s but were quickly eclipsed with the rise of neoliberal globalization in the 1980s, truncated into ‘selective’ silos appealing to donor nations. ‘Investing in health’ for economic growth eclipsed more humanitarian principles for health assistance. Corporate philanthropies began to set health agendas resonant with those of a century earlier, while private health care financing and delivery models that grew under neoliberalism’s first wave (structural adjustment) have yet to yield to the evidence of the efficiencies of public health care models. The current push to achieve Universal Health Coverage captures the ongoing tension between the interests of private capital and the need for public goods.
Imperilling the health of the global environmental commons
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Ruckert Arne 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Alongside persisting and massive wealth inequalities, the ecological toll that human population growth and the economic appropriation of natural resources has taken on the sustainability of the myriad ecosystems essential to human survival is now the major threat to future health and human survival. With ecologists arguing that we have entered a new geologic era (the Anthropocene) in which our planet is shaped almost entirely by human activity, the greatest environmental threat is often considered to be climate change. But there are few of the ecological boundaries on which life depends that are not in crisis of being breached. The causes and the consequences of this looming health catastrophe are wholly inequitable: the wealthy benefit, the poor pay the price. There is some technological optimism on the horizon, but fundamentally the present excesses of human consumption and productions, and their misallocation globally, require a rapid reversal if the intent of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, and the targets of the new Sustainable Development Goals are to have any chance of attainment.