bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smoking Cessation Treatment Programs Offered at Hospitals Providing Oncology Services
Authors: Gallaway Michael Shayne , Tai Eric , Rohan Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2018

Background: Many people with cancer continue smoking despite evidence that it negatively effects cancer treatment, worsens chemotherapy toxicity, and increases risk for a second cancer.Aims: We examined tobacco treatment services offered to cancer patients at hospitals providing oncology services, including National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Designated Cancer Centers (NDCCs).Methods: We examined survey data of 6,400 U.S. hospitals from 2008 to 2015 to determine the manner in which tobacco treatment/cessation program services were provided among NDCCs and non-NDCC hospitals providing oncology services (HPOs).Results: From 2008 to 2015, 784 responses from NDCCs and 18,281 responses from HPOs were received. NDCCs (86%) reported significantly higher tobacco treatment/cessation programs owned by the hospital compared to HPOs (68%) (p < 0.001). Among NDCCs, there was a significant increasing trend of tobacco treatment/cessation programs reported owned by the hospital, the health system, or other contractual mechanism from 2008 to 2015 (p = 0.03).Conclusions: More than 80% of oncology providing hospitals report providing tobacco cessation programs, with higher percentages reported in NDCCs. As hospitals implement smoking cessation programs, partnerships between hospitals and cancer coalitions could help bring tobacco cessation activities to communities they both serve, and link discharged patients to these cessation resources so they can continue quit attempts that they initialised while hospitalised.
Quasilinear Scalar Field Equations Involving Critical Sobolev Exponents and Potentials Vanishing at Infinity
Authors: Lyberopoulos Athanasios N. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe are concerned with the existence of positive weak solutions, as well as the existence of bound states (i.e. solutions inW1,p(ℝN)), for quasilinear scalar field equations of the form$$ - \Delta _pu + V(x) \vert u \vert ^{p - 2}u = K(x) \vert u \vert ^{q - 2}u + \vert u \vert ^{p^ * - 2}u,\qquad x \in {\open R}^N,$$where Δpu: =div(|∇u|p−2∇u), 1 <p<N,p*: =Np/(N−p) is the critical Sobolev exponent,q∈ (p, p*), whileV(·) andK(·) are non-negative continuous potentials that may decay to zero as |x| → ∞ but are free from any integrability or symmetry assumptions.
Evaluation of optimal straw incorporation characteristics based on quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design
Authors: Rong Guohua , Ning Yucui , Cao Xu , Su Ye , Li Jing , Li Lei , Liu Liyan , Zhou Dongxing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFor straw incorporation, three crucial factors affect the soil microbial community and various enzyme activities: straw length, amount and burial depth. To analyse the individual and interactive effects of these three factors on the soil microbial community and various enzyme activities, 23 treatments with five levels of the three variables (straw length, amount and burial depth) were applied in a quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design. A comprehensive indicator was constructed that could represent soil microbial functional diversity and enzyme activity by determining the weights of measured indicators and using Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The results indicated that the soil microbiological indicators have a higher criteria weight than soil enzyme activity indicators. The final weight orders of indicators were as follows: Shannon–Weaver > invertase > Shannon evenness > urease > catalase > McIntosh index > Simpson diversity > phosphatase. The soil comprehensive values constructed by the TOPSIS method are reliable. The optimal combination for the improvement of soil microbial functional diversity and enzyme activity was a straw length of 13–24 cm, burial depth of 10–17 cm and straw amount of 370–650 g/m2.
The value of chest X-ray in the Scottish Referral Guidelines for suspected head and neck cancer in 2144 patients
Authors: Fingland P , Carswell V , Tikka T , Douglas C M , Montgomery J 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjective:In Scotland, patients with suspected head and neck cancer are referred on the basis of the Scottish Referral Guidelines for Suspected Cancer, rather than the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines. A chest X-ray should be requested by the general practitioner at the same time as referral for persistent hoarseness. The evidence for this is level 4.Methods:This audit identified adherence to this recommendation and X-ray results. All ‘urgent suspicion of cancer’ referrals to the ENT department in the National Health Service Greater Glasgow and Clyde for 2015–2016 were audited.Results:Persistent hoarseness for more than 3 weeks instigated referral in 318 patients (15.7 per cent). Chest X-ray was performed in 120 patients (38 per cent), which showed: no abnormality in 116 (96.7 per cent), features of infection in 2 (1.7 per cent) and something else in 2 patients (1.7 per cent). No chest X-ray altered the management of a patient.Conclusion:Performance of chest X-ray does not alter management and its removal from the Scottish Referral Guidelines for Suspected Cancer is recommended.
THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF LIBERAL RIGHTS IN A DIVERSE WORLD
Authors: Chung Hun 
Published: April 2018

Abstract:A defining characteristic of a liberal democratic society is the assignment of basic rights and liberties that protect each person's private sphere. Hence, social choice made in a liberal democratic society must at the very least be consistent with the exercise of each person's basic rights. However, even when everybody agrees to this basic principle, there could still remain irreconcilable social conflict and disagreement when it comes to the specific assignment of basic rights. This is especially so in a pluralistic society where there is a clash among radically different and incompatible world views. Philosophers have now started to focus on this issue, which now goes by the name 'perspectival diversity'. This paper extends the basic social choice theoretic framework of liberal rights by enlarging the domain to includeindividual perspectivesalongside individual preferences. In this new framework, different individuals are able toseeorperceivethe same social alternative differently based on their own unique perspectives. The formal results of the paper imply that generating a viable social choice that is consistent with the assignment of basic rights can quickly break down once we start to increase the level of perspectival diversity in society.
Addressing religion and spirituality in the intensive care unit: A survey of clinicians
Authors: Choi Philip J. , Curlin Farr A. , Cox Christopher E. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractObjectiveStudies have shown that when religious and spiritual concerns are addressed by the medical team, patients are more satisfied with their care and have lower healthcare costs. However, little is known about how intensive care unit (ICU) clinicians address these concerns. The objective of this study was to determine how ICU clinicians address the religious and spiritual needs of patients and families.MethodWe performed a cross-sectional survey study of ICU physicians, nurses, and advance practice providers (APPs) to understand their attitudes and beliefs about addressing the religious and spiritual needs of ICU patients and families. Each question was designed on a 4- to 5-point Likert scale. A total of 219 surveys were collected over a 4-month period.ResultA majority of clinicians agreed that it is their responsibility to address the religious/spiritual needs of patients. A total of 79% of attendings, 74% of fellows, 89% of nurses, and 83% of APPs agreed with this statement. ICU clinicians also feel comfortable talking to patients about their religious/spiritual concerns. In practice, few clinicians frequently address religious/spiritual concerns. Only 14% of attendings, 3% of fellows, 26% of nurses, and 17% of APPs say they frequently ask patients about their religious/spiritual needs.Significance of resultsThis study shows that ICU clinicians see it as their role to address the religious and spiritual needs of their patients, and report feeling comfortable talking about these issues. Despite this, a minority of clinicians regularly address religious and spiritual needs in clinical practice. This highlights a potential deficit in comprehensive critical care as outlined by many national guidelines.
Prenatal lead exposure in relation to age at menarche: results from a longitudinal study in Mexico City
Authors: Jansen E. C. , Zhou L. , Song P. X. K. , Sánchez B. N. , Mercado A. , Hu H. , Solano M. , Peterson K. E. , Tellez-Rojo M. M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAnimal and cross-sectional epidemiological studies suggest that prenatal lead exposure is related to delayed menarche, but this has not been confirmed in longitudinal studies. We analyzed this association among 200 girls from Mexico City who were followed since the first trimester of gestation. Maternal blood lead levels were analyzed once during each trimester of pregnancy, and daughters were asked about their first menstrual cycle at a visit between the ages of 9.8 and 18.1 years. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for probability of menarche over the follow-up period using interval-censored Cox models, comparing those with prenatal blood lead level ⩾5 µg/dl to those with prenatal blood lead <5 µg/dl. We also estimated HRs and 95% CI with conventional Cox regression models, which utilized the self-reported age at menarche. In adjusted analyses, we accounted for maternal age, maternal parity, maternal education, and prenatal calcium treatment status. Across trimesters, 36−47% of mothers had blood lead levels ⩾5 µg/dl. Using interval-censored models, we found that during the second trimester only, girls with ⩾5 µg/dl prenatal blood lead had a later age at menarche compared with girls with prenatal blood lead levels <5 µg/dl (confounder-adjusted HR=0.59, 95% CI 0.28–0.90; P=0.05). Associations were in a similar direction, although not statistically significant, in the conventional Cox regression models, potentially indicating measurement error in the self-recalled age at menarche. In summary, higher prenatal lead exposure during the second trimester could be related to later onset of sexual maturation.
Evidence for Crustal Magnetic Field Control of Ions Precipitating Into the Upper Atmosphere of Mars
Authors: Hara Takuya , Luhmann Janet G. , Leblanc François , Curry Shannon M. , Halekas Jasper S. , Seki Kanako , Brain David A. , Harada Yuki , Mcfadden James P. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Soobiah Yasir I. J. , Mitchell David L. , Xu Shaosui , Mazelle Christian , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe present the effects of the local magnetic field configurations on ions precipitating into the upper atmosphere of Mars using Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations. Precipitating pickup planetary heavy ions (O+,
, and
) are of particular interest in the Martian plasma environment because they potentially enhance the sputtering loss of ambient neutral particles. In addition, solar wind protons (and H+ pickup ions) penetrate into the dayside atmosphere due to the direct interaction with the Martian obstacle. We present a statistical study showing that precipitating ion fluxes are typically enhanced by a factor of 2–3 under radial field configurations. We also show that the crustal fields have a shielding effect; the precipitating fluxes are significantly reduced by ∼50% under the strong crustal fields (
100 nT), where the local magnetic field is oriented with a more horizontal component to the surface. These trends are seen consistently regardless of ion species, as well as the observed locations including dayside/nightside, subsolar longitudes, and ±E hemispheres in the Mars‐centered solar electric (MSE) coordinates. In particular, the local magnetic field configurations control precipitating ions with energies lower than a few keV, while precipitating high‐energy ion fluxes are likely independent of the local magnetic field configurations. Precipitating ion fluxes are known to vary by at least an order of magnitude depending on the upstream solar wind. Therefore, the local magnetic field configurations turn out to be the secondary factor in modulating precipitating ion fluxes at Mars.
GPS/GLONASS Combined Precise Point Positioning With the Modeling of Highly Stable Receiver Clock in the Application of Monitoring Active Seismic Deformation
Authors: Chen X. , Lu C. , Guo B. , Guo F. , Ge M. , Li X. , Schuh H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe high‐rate kinematic Precise Point Positioning (PPP) of the Global Navigation Satellite System has become an effective method for monitoring crustal deformation caused by earthquakes. In this contribution, the method of GPS/GLONASS PPP with the receiver clock modeling is applied in active seismic deformation monitoring for the first time. With the modeling method, the short‐term vertical positioning accuracy of 2–4 mm that usually cannot be obtained by standard PPP is achieved. Our PPP results confirm that the positioning accuracy is improved due to the increase of GLONASS observations compared to the GPS‐only solution. Based on the external seismic data and the high‐rate GPS/GLONASS data for the 2011 Japan earthquake and 2010 and 2015 Chile earthquakes, comparative analyses concerning receiver clock modeling are carried out. The results show that a high degree of decorrelation between the height position estimates and receiver clock offsets can be obtained by using the receiver clock modeling. The short‐term accuracy of the GPS‐based vertical displacements is improved to the level of about 4.4 mm, and the short‐term accuracy of better than 4 mm for the GPS/GLONASS‐combined vertical displacements is achievable. Furthermore, the weak vertical signals that are not detected by standard PPP can be captured with the modeling of highly stable receiver clock.
Loading‐Induced Earth's Stress Change Over Time
Authors: Lu Zhou , Yi Hang , Wen Lianxing 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe establish a physical framework and build a preliminary database of stress changes on the Earth from 2000 to 2017 in a global scale and at various depths. We consider six loading forces that would generate stress changes on the Earth: hydrological loading, atmospheric pressure, ocean water (including tides and nontidal variation), solid lunisolar tides, pole tide, and postglacial rebound (PGR). The maximum amplitudes of normal deviatoric stress changes on the Earth's surface caused by hydrological loading, atmospheric pressure, and solid lunisolar tides reach 10−2 bar, those by pole tide 10−4–10−3 bar, and those by ocean tides 10−1 bar mostly in the coastal regions. The shear stress changes are about 1 order of magnitude smaller than the normal deviatoric stresses. The PGR‐induced stress rates are 10−3–10−2 bar/year. Stress variations caused by the different forces also exhibit different spatial patterns, with large hydro‐induced stresses mainly distributed in torrid and frigid zones, atmosphere‐induced stresses in temperate and frigid zones, and ocean‐induced stresses in coastlands and PGR‐induced stress rates in Greenland, north Europe, North America, and Antarctica. The hydro‐induced stresses exhibit significant seasonal variations in Amazon Basin, northern India, and central Africa and persistent increase/decrease in Antarctica, Greenland, and Alaska due to ice shelf melting. All loading‐induced stress changes exhibit significant depth variations. The stress database would provide a resource for better understanding the triggering mechanisms of various tectonic events, and the physical framework we establish to build the database could be useful for better studying properties and physical states of Earth's interior.
Equations of State and Anisotropy of Fe‐Ni‐Si Alloys
Authors: Morrison Rachel A. , Jackson Jennifer M. , Sturhahn Wolfgang , Zhang Dongzhou , Greenberg Eran 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe present powder X‐ray diffraction data on body centered cubic (bcc)‐ and hexagonal close packed (hcp)‐structured Fe0.91Ni0.09 and Fe0.8Ni0.1Si0.1 at 300 K up to 167 and 175 GPa, respectively. The alloys were loaded with tungsten powder as a pressure calibrant and helium as a pressure transmitting medium into diamond anvil cells, and their equations of state and axial ratios were measured with high statistical quality. These equations of state are combined with thermal parameters from previous reports to improve the extrapolation of the density, adiabatic bulk modulus, and bulk sound speed to the pressures and temperatures of Earth's inner core. We propagate uncertainties and place constraints on the composition of Earth's inner core by combining these results with available data on light‐element alloys of iron and seismic observations. For example, the addition of 4.3 to 5.3 wt% silicon to Fe0.95Ni0.05 alone can explain geophysical observations of the inner core boundary, as can up to 7.5 wt% sulfur with negligible amounts of silicon and oxygen. Our findings favor an inner core with less than ∼2 wt% oxygen and less than 1 wt% carbon, although uncertainties in electronic and anharmonic contributions to the equations of state may shift these values. The compositional space widens toward the center of the Earth, considering inner core seismic gradients. We demonstrate that hcp‐Fe0.91Ni0.09 and hcp‐Fe0.8Ni0.1Si0.1 have measurably greater c/a axial ratios than those of hcp‐Fe over the measured pressure range. We further investigate the relationship between the axial ratios, their pressure derivatives, and elastic anisotropy of hcp‐structured materials.
Paleoseismic Investigation of the Aksay Restraining Double Bend, Altyn Tagh Fault, and Its Implication for Barrier‐Breaching Ruptures
Authors: Shao Yanxiu , Liu‐Zeng Jing , Oskin Michael E. , Elliott Austin J. , Wang Peng , Zhang Jinyu , Yuan Zhaode , Li Zhanfei 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFault geometry is recognized as an important control on earthquake rupture extent, magnitude, and recurrence behavior. However, multicycle earthquake rupture simulations indicate that geometrical barriers do not always stop rupture propagation. Stress buildup over multiple prior earthquakes may promote an occasional breach of a barrier, producing a significantly larger rupture. Here we present paleoseismic data from the Aksay restraining double bend of the Altyn Tagh fault, which supports such breaching. The Aksay bend consists of two main strands, which bend together in a broad transpressional configuration. We investigate the paleo‐earthquake histories of both strands to assess the correlation of events within and beyond the bend. The south strand exhibits four very likely paleo‐earthquakes with an average interval of 1,433 ± 57 years and a coefficient of variation (COV) of ~ 0.5. The north strand records four highest‐quality events after 3650 Before Common Era with an average interval of ~1,326 ± 179 years and a COV of ~0.3. The varying recurrence intervals and relatively high COVs indicate that faults within the Aksay bend have only quasi‐periodic rupture recurrence. Comparing the event sequences also suggests a complex rupture history. The penultimate event appears to correlate across the bend, as well as to previously published paleoseismic chronologies both to the east and to the west, which supports it being a barrier‐breaching event. The event histories reported here indicate that multiple earthquakes must terminate within the bend, over several earthquake cycles, in order to arrive at a stress condition suitable for a breaching earthquake rupture.
Subseasonal Coastal‐Trapped Wave Propagations in the Southeastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans: 2. Wave Characteristics and Connection With the Equatorial Variability
Authors: Illig Serena , Bachèlery Marie‐Lou , Cadier Emeline 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe objective of this study is to compare the characteristics of the oceanic teleconnection with the linear equatorial dynamics of two upwelling systems along the southwestern South American and African continents at subseasonal time scales (<120 days). Altimetric data analysis shows that the coastal variability remains coherent with the equatorial signal until 27°S in the southeastern Pacific (SEP), while in the southeastern Atlantic (SEA) it fades out south of 12°S. To explain this striking difference, our methodology is based on the experimentation with twin regional model configurations of the SEP and SEA Oceans. The estimation of free Coastal‐Trapped Waves (CTWs) modal structures and associated contribution to coastal variability allows inferring and comparing the characteristics of each CTW mode in the two systems; namely, their forcings, amplitude, dissipation rate, and scattering. Results show that the Pacific subseasonal equatorial forcing is only 20% larger than in the Atlantic, but important differences in the relative contribution of each baroclinic mode are reported. The first baroclinic mode dominates the eastern equatorial Pacific variability, while in the eastern equatorial Atlantic, the second mode is the most energetic. This leads to a drastic increase in the dissipation and scattering of the remotely forced CTW in the SEA sector, compared to the coastal SEP. Concomitantly, south of 15°S, the subseasonal coastal wind stress forcing is substantially more energetic in the SEA and participates in breaking the link between the equatorial forcing and the coastal variability. Our results are consistent with the solutions of a simple multimode CTW model.
The Gravitational Stability of Lenses in Magma Mushes: Confined Rayleigh‐Taylor Instabilities
Authors: Seropian G. , Rust A. C. , Sparks R. S. J. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn the current paradigm, magma primarily exists in the crust as a crystalline mush containing distributed melt lenses. If a melt‐rich (or fluid) lens is less dense than the overlying mush, then Rayleigh‐Taylor (RT) instabilities will develop and could evolve into spheroids of ascending melt. Due to contrasting melt‐mush rheologies, the theoretical RT instability wavelength can be orders of magnitude larger than the magmatic system. We explored how this confinement affects the gravitational stability of melt lenses through laboratory experiments with pairs of liquids with one layer much thinner and up to 2.2·105 times less viscous than the other; we extended the viscosity ratio to 106 with linear stability analysis. We found the growth rate of a bounded RT instability is approximately
, where Δρ is the difference in density between the fluids, g is gravity, D is the container diameter, and μ2 is the viscosity of the thicker viscous layer. This differs from the unbounded case, where the growth rate also depends on the thickness and viscosity of the thin, low‐viscosity layer. Applying the results to melt lenses in magmatic mushes, we find that for the ranges of expected rheologies, the timescales for development of the instability, and the volumes of packets of rising melt generated span very wide ranges. They are comparable with the frequencies and sizes of volcanic eruptions and episodes of unrest and so suggest that RT instabilities in mush systems can cause episodic volcanism.