bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequential feeding of whole grain wheat to broiler chickens
Authors: Rose S.P. , Fielden M. , Gardin P. 
Published: June 2019

Broilers select an adequate diet when they are given a cycle of 8h free access to whole grain wheat followed by 8h access to a pelleted balancer feed (Foote and Rose 1991). This study had 3 feeding trials. Their objectives were to investigate whether the sequential feeding regimen allowed dietary self-selection by broilers and to compare the productive performance of the broilers with other feeding regimens.The first trial used 144 broilers in 24 cages. Three balancer feeds were formulated by removing part of the wheat component of a complete feed formulation. Either 35%, 50% or 65% of the wheat was removed from the original formulation. A fourth sequential feeding treatment used the 50% balancer but with another sample of whole wheat as the alternate feed.
Pathophysiological observations from ascitic broiler chickens raised at sea-level
Authors: Maxwell M.H. 
Published: June 2019

The ascites syndrome is a cardiopulmonary condition which affects young just-growing broiler chickens. It is identified by the accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity and birds die from chronic passive congestion and right ventricular heart failure. Many reports refer to its incidence among broilers maintained at altitudes greater than 3000 m. It is thought that hypoxia caused by decreased partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen (p02 results in a syndrome of cor pulmonale analogous to high mountain disease in cattle and is a major cause of ascites. From the mid 1980's, however, there have been more frequent reports that refer to the occurrence of spontaneous outbreaks of ascites in flocks maintained at moderate altitudes or even at sea level. At sea level, the increased frequency of this syndrome has still to be determined.Because the pathology of this syndrome is characterised by marked ascites, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary congestion and oedema and hepatopathy, much of this talk will concentrate on morphological changes, both spontaneous and induced, that have been identified in altitude - and sea level-reared broiler chicks. Histo/ultracytochemical techniques have been used to investigate the possible role of tissue oxygen underutilisation in the broiler ascites syndrome at low altitude.
Quantifying Nesting Motivation in Domestic Hens
Authors: Cooper Jonathan J. , Appleby Mike C. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe fact that laying hens prefer to lay in a nest is not evidence in itself that a suitable nest-site is necessary for the hens’ well-being. Stronger evidence would be found if hens were prepared to pay some cost to use a nest-site. The objective of this study is to quantify the strength of individual hens’ nesting motivation in terms of meaningful measures such as overcoming aversive obstacles, work or time.To investigate the motivation to gain access to a nestbox, hens were floor housed in groups of four in a pen containing food and water. Access to a nesting pen containing two nestboxes, could be restricted using a number of obstacles such as a narrow gap, a water bath and a swing door. Between trials hens were singly housed in wire-floored cages containing a perch and a nestbox. Results indicate that hens made less entries of longer duration to the nesting pen (Means + s.e in Figures 1 and 3) on treatment days with an obstacle than on control days without an obstacle. There was little disruption of use of the nest box (Figures 2 and 4). Hens that were due to lay made more visits on both control (C Egg) and treatment (T Egg) days (Figure 1), which may indicate greater motivation to explore the whole pen before oviposition.
The Initial and Longterm Preference of Broilers for Red, Blue or Green Light After Being Reared in Red, Blue, Green or White Light
Authors: Prayitno D.S. , Phillips C.J.C , Omed H.M 
Published: June 2019

Most birds,both domestic chicks and adult chickens,belong to the group of animals which have a relatively well developed mechanism for visual perception and discrimination (Hurnik et al , 1971). Furthermore, this ability extends to a differentiation between certain areas of the colour spectrum. According to Bell and Freeman (1971) fowls can more easily be trained to distinguish colours than to distinguish intensity.The present study was designed to investigate whether a response in the initial and long-term preference of broilers could be achieved by using different colour light after being reared in red, blue, green and white light.
Effect of bovine somatotropin (growth hormone) treatment on gonadotropin profiles and ovarian follicle populations during the postpartum period in beef cows in low body condition
Authors: Andrade L.P. , Rhind S.M. , Wright I.A. , McMillen S.R. , Whyte T.K. 
Published: June 2019

Cows in low body condition exhibit a prolonged postpartum anoestrous period and a delayed return to normal follicular function (Prado et al 1990). Previous studies have shown that the effects of body condition on gonadotrophin profiles are inconsistent (Wright et al 1990; Rhind et al 1992) indicating that the effects of body condition on ovarian function cannot be explained by changes in gonadotrophin profiles alone. Since nutritional state influences growth hormone profiles which in turn can affect ovarian function (Gong et al 1991), it was postulated that the effects of body condition on the duration of postpartum anoestrus could be mediated through changes in profiles of this hormone.The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of growth hormone on ovarian follicle development and associated gonadotrophin profiles in post-partum beef cows.
Production responses by cows to grass-clover swards maintained at different heights with or without concentrate supplementation
Authors: Huckle C. A. , Rook A. J. , Wilkins R. J. 
Published: June 2019

Clements, Huckle and Wilkins (1991) reported that milk yield did not differ significantly between cows grazing grass-clover swards with compressed sward heights maintained at either 4.5 or 6 cm in early season. However, cows grazing the shorter sward produced milk with a lower protein concentration. The feeding of 4 kg concentrates/day resulted in an increase in milk yield at both sward heights but there was no effect on milk constituent concentrations. The present experiment was designed to investigate the effect of a wider range of sward heights and their interaction with concentrate supplementation.Forty eight, multiparous, Holstein Friesian cows with a mean calving date of 21 March were continuously stocked on mixed grass-clover swards. The cows were blocked by calving date, parity and milk yield and randomly allocated to one of six treatments, 0 (U) or 4 kg concentrate supplementation (S) with swards maintained at 4, 6 or 8 cm compressed sward height. Sward heights were maintained by adjusting the grazed area. The swards were permanent pastures which had received no fertilizer nitrogen.
Use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy to Predict the Composition of Carcass Samples
Authors: Sanderson R. , Lister S.J. , Dhanoa M.S. 
Published: June 2019

Near infrared spectroscopy offers an alternative to wet chemical methods for determining the composition of a diverse range of materials. This physical method requires only a single instrument and although this can be expensive initially, the cost per sample analysed is relatively low when compared with many chemical methods. If it is to be applied in a quantitative way near infrared spectroscopy requires calibration against chemical methods, but once calibrated the instrument is simple to use and there are few operator-induced sources of error. The objective of this work was to evaluate near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a technique for assessing the composition of carcass samples from young steers.Seventy-one, approximately 9-month-old, British Friesian steers with live weights ranging from 106 to 265kg were slaughtered. The left half carcass (including the left kidney and kidney knob and channel fat) was retained, blast frozen and subsequently minced in the frozen state through a 10mm plate of a KS Mincemaster.
Cut-and-carry feeding of indigenous grasses in indonesian smallholder sheep production: effect of amount offered on intake and growth, and on output of compost made from refusals and excreta
Authors: Tanner J C , Owen E , Winugroho M , Gill M 
Published: June 2019

Sheep in West Java, Indonesia, are raised by smallholders using labour-intensive, cut-and-carry feeding of indigenous grasses. Flock sizes are small, ca. 5 sheep per household and animals are permanently housed in thatched sheds. The sheds are elevated on stilts and are fitted with slatted floors beneath which the excreta and feed refusals (ca. 400 g/kg offered) are composted. Compost is an important fertiliser for smallholders' crops.Cutting and carrying grass is labour demanding (eg 2.1 h/sheep.day [Thahar & Petheram, 1983]; 1.4 h/sheep.day [Hill, 1973]); allowing sheep to refuse ca. 400 g/kg of grass offered would therefore appear wasteful. However research on feeding barley straw (Wahed, Owen, Naate & Hosking, 1990) has shown intake to increase when sheep and goats are allowed to refuse 500 g/kg offered instead of the more conventional 200 g/kg refusal-rate.
The fermentable metabolisable energy in grass silage
Authors: Chamberlaina A T , Seyoum K , Chapman D , Piotrowski C 
Published: June 2019

The UK metabolisable protein system (AFRC, 1992) requires the measurement of fermentable metabolisable energy (FME) to determine the potential yield of microbial crude protein in the rumen. FME is defined as:The objective of this work was to measure the ME , ether extract and volatile fatty acid components of first cut grass silages to assess the range of FME and non-fermentable fractions and hence the range of fermentabilities (FME:ME).Eighty-four clamp grass silages, predominantly first-cut rye grass, were analysed for modified acid detergent fibre (MADF), individual volatile fatty acids, oil (ether extract) and oven dry matter. ME was predicted from the MADF after correction for oven dry matter. The gross energy of the lactic, acetic, propanoic, butyric and valeric acid were taken to be 15.2, 14.6, 20.8, 24.9, and 28.0 MJ/kg DM, and for the Ether Extract fraction of grass 38.5 MJ/kg DM. The energy content of the volatile fatty acids in the silage were summed and FME was calculated as described above. The fermentability of the silage was the expressed as the proportion of FME to ME.
The effect of species complexity and sodium fertilizer application on the grazing behaviour of calves
Authors: Youssef M. , Chiy P.C. , Phillips C.J.C. , Metwally M. 
Published: June 2019

Cattle exhibit preferences not only for certain sward species but for the same species at different stages of growth, and the various parts of an individual plant and for individual plant of preferred composition. This tendency is termed selective grazing (Fontenot and Blaser, 1965). For example ruminants will select a high Sodium diet. Calves tend to be more selective than adult cattle, muzzling herbage before eating.The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of sward complexity, species and sodium fertilizer on the grazing behaviour of calves.Sixteen dairy Friesian calves, aged 5 to 6 months, with no previous grazing experience, were allocated to groups of 4 similar calves, and then at random to four pasture treatments of 3480m2 each with one (Perennial Ryegrass, P), two (P and Timothy, T), three (P, T and Cocksfoot, C) and four (P, T.C and Red Fescue, R) grass species in a balanced change over design. Each species was sown in plots of 290m2 and one half of each plot received 48Kg/ha. nacl.
Encouraging store lambs to eat barley straw at housing: Influence upon intake of pen to pen visibility and number of lambs per pen
Authors: Odoi F.N.A. , Owen E. 
Published: June 2019

Many trials at Reading have shown store lambs to be reluctant to eat straw when first housed after grazing. This is especially so if penned individually, as is often the case in feeding trials. Such isolation may induce stress, including depressed intake (Crampton, 1959; Kidwell, Bohman and Hunter, 1954). Farm animals are generally stimulated to eat more when in a group than when isolated (Curtis, 1983), yet most intake studies, particularly with sheep and cattle, are conducted with individually-penned animals. Concern for the welfare of animals being used for trials calls for systems of housing that minimise stress.The present experiment tested the hypothesis that straw intake, by store lambs first-housed after grazing, would increase if lambs were penned in pairs rather than individually, or confined in pens allowing pen to pen vision rather than prohibiting pen to pen vision.
Comparison of Grass Silage and Whole Crop Fodder Beet Silage When Fed to Ewes in Late Pregnancy
Authors: O'Doherty J.V. , Quinn P.J. , Crosby T.F. 
Published: June 2019

The use of fodder beet in rations fed to cattle and sheep has always been valued highly. Recent long-term experiments have shown that the palatability and high feeding value of fodder beet is fully preserved during the ensiling process.The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of ewes in late pregnancy when fed either whole crop fodderbeet silage or grass silage.Mature (2-7 yrs), oestrous synchronised, twin bearing ewes (n=60) of mixed breeds (mainly Suffolk cross, greyface and halfbred), were selected following winter shearing and pregnancy scanning in December. At ten weeks prior to the predicted mean lambing date, the ewes were allocated to one of two treatment groups which were balanced for breed, age and liveweight. High quality precission chopped silage (DM 194 g/kg; CP 152 g/kg DM; in vivo ME 12.8 MJ/kg DM) and whole crop fodderbeet silage (WCFB)(DM 171 g/kg; CP126 g/kg DM; in vivo ME 11.7 MJ/kg DM) were fed in Tl and T2 respectively.
The Effect of Varying Cattle Trough Height on Their Reach and Food Wastage
Authors: Petchey A M , Hailu Tesfaye 
Published: June 2019

Feeding cattle is an operational process where such factors as the size and range of the animals, the nature of the feed, the design and robustness of the feed barriers and troughs and the man doing the feeding task all contribute to its efficiency. In two trials reported here three types of feed barrier, dovetail, tombstone and diagonal, were compared and their troughs were varied in height. A previous trial (Petchey and Abdulkader, 1991) indicated that food wastage was significantly (P<0.05) greater from a post-and-rail barrier. The third trial was to examine the effect of varying the central rail and trough height on the efficiency of the post-and-rail barrier.Each of the experimental barriers was movable 2.7 m long and positioned across the front of the experimental pens. Each trough could be varied in height. The trials had a Latin square design. In trials 1 and 2 there were three Friesian heifers and two Hereford x Friesian cows in each group respectively. Trial 3 had three Friesian heifers in each group. The mean values for the nine heifers, six cows and nine heifers in trial 1,2 and 3 respectively are given in Table 1.
Studies on the structure and function cellulases and hemicellulases.
Authors: Gilbert H.J. , Hazlewood G.P. 
Published: June 2019

Plant structural polysaccharides provide a major source of nutrient for ruminant livestock. These carbohydrates are not degraded by mammalian-derived enzymes, but are hydrolysed by rumen microbial plant cell wall hydrolases. In view of the pivotal role of microbial cellulases and xylanases in ruminant nutrition, there has been considerable interest in these enzymes. In this paper we wish to illustrate how recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology can be utilised to dissect the biochemistry and molecular architecture of these enzymes, and provides us with the opportunity of generating novel cellulases and xylanases with increased capacity to hydrolyse the plant cell wall.In general cellulases and xylanases from anaerobic microbes associate into large molecular weight complexes, whose integral structures are responsible for the efficient hydrolysis of plant structural polysaccharides. The feasibility of altering these complexes, or transferring them to other organisms represents a significant challenge.
Autocrine control of milk secretion by a milk protein
Authors: Wilde C.J. , Addey C.V.P. , Campbell F.M. , Connor S.A. , Kerr M.A. , Knight C.H. 
Published: June 2019

The rate of milk secretion is controlled acutely by the frequency and completeness of milk removal from the mammary gland. Numerous experiments in dairy animals have shown that this acute control is exerted locally within each gland, rather than by circulating galactopoietic hormones (Wilde & Peaker, 1990). Local regulation of milk secretion by milk removal is not related to physical distension of the gland by accumulated milk (Henderson & Peaker, 1984), but is instead the result of changes in the degree of chemical feedback inhibition exerted by a secreted milk constituent.Proteins that may act as feedback inhibitors of lactation (FIL) have been isolated from goat's milk (Addey et al, 1991a), cow's milk (Addey et al, 1991b) and human milk (Wilde, unpublished work) on the basis of their ability to inhibit synthesis of milk constituents in a rabbit tissue explant bioassay (Wilde et al, 1987a).
Salivary losses of purine derivatives in sheep
Authors: Surra J. , Guada J.A. , Balcells J. , Castrillo C. 
Published: June 2019

Developed models to estimate rumen microbial yield from the urinary excretion of purine derivatives fail to account for a complete absorbed purines (Chen et al., 1990a, Balcells et al., 1991). Ruminal degradation of purine derivatives recycled via saliva has been suggested as a possible explanation after detecting the presence of allantoin and uric acid in the sheep saliva (Chen et al. 1990b). However, it is not known to what extent these losses may be affected by dietary induced variations in saliva flow (Kay, 1966).This paper reports preliminary results of an experiment designed to study the effect of diet processing and blood allantoin concentration on the rate of purine derivatives losses through salivary secretion.
The effects of low molecular weight phenolics in the ruminant gut metabolism
Authors: Parrinder R. , Buttery P.J. , Dawson J.M. , Wood C.D. , Gill M. 
Published: June 2019

Polyphenolics are a common group of anti-nutritional factors, which occur in many browse plants found in the tropics. They have been implicated in the poor performance of ruminants. Detrimental effects could occur in the rumen or, if phenolics or their metabolites escape degradation, in the intestines or animal tissues. Most published reports have concentrated on examining the effect of feeding plant material containing anti-nutritional factors or the effects of administration of plant extracts containing a mixture of possible anti-nutritional compounds. We have adopted an alternative approach by investigating the metabolism of individual phenolic compounds rather than broad groups. For our initial studies the flavonol glycoside rutin (a monomeric unit of many condensed tannins) and gallic acid (monomeric unit of many hydrolysable tannins) were chosen as models to study the fate of these compounds in the rumen environment.All samples were analysed for phenolics by HPLC (Spectra Physics Focus System) using a diode-array detector (220-900nm) and a 250 × 4mm column packed with ODS Hypersil, CIS. Samples run on this system were eluted with a linear gradient of 2% glacial acetic acid(A) and methanol(B), 100% A - 100% B in 30-60 min, the gradient run time depending on the type of sample being analysed. Sample peaks were identified using their retention time, maximum absorbances and peak spectra relative to known phenolic standards. All samples containing phenolics were extracted in 100% methanol by homogenization (Polytron AG Kinematic, Switzerland) at 13,500 rpm for 2 × 90 sec. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 1·000g for 10 min. The resulting supernatant was analysed for phenolics by HPLC.
Purine derivatives excretion in sheep urine in relation to metabolizable energy and rumen degradable protein intake
Authors: Giráldez F.J. , Peláez R. , Zorita E. , Valdés C. 
Published: June 2019

Recently has been shown that allantoin or total purine derivatives excretion in urine are strongly related to the amount of purines reaching the small intestine (Chen et al., 1990; Balcells et al., 1992) and as consequence purine derivative output is propouse to be used as an index of microbial protein flow to small intestine.Because energy and rumen degradable protein supplies are the main factors affecting rumen microbial growth, the effect of changes in rumen degradable protein supplies at different levels of ME intake on urinary excretion of purine derivatives was studied in this work.
Plasma iodine status in steers treated with iodine
Authors: Rogers P.A.M. , Larkin J.A. , Moloney A.P. 
Published: June 2019

Twenty-four steers of low iodine (I) status were selected from a group of 40 of similar weight and type. Changes in plasma inorganic iodide (PII) levels in steers treated with I were examined in a randomised block experiment (Part 1 below). Relationships between PII, plasma total I (TOTI) and thyroxine (T4) levels were examined also (Part 2 below).The trial began after a pre-treatment blood sampling (Pre) on Day 1. Selected steers (4 groups of 6 each) were assigned at random to individual stalls. Treatments were: C = no I supplement; D = a daily oral drench of 10 mg I (as potassium iodide)/100 kg liveweight (LW) on Days 1 to 7 inclusive; F = one application of 70 mg I (as Tincture of l)/100 kg LW to the flank fold on Day 1; L = intramuscular injection (1.1 ml/100 kg LW) of an oil-based iodine preparation (Lipiodol; 400 mg l/ml)) on Day 1.
The effect of supplementation with starch on the voluntary intake of straw and the flux of water from the rumen of sheep
Authors: Nengomasha E.M. , Fikrernariam D. , Hovell F.D.DeB. , Lopez S. 
Published: June 2019

The literature suggests that supplementation of fibrous roughages with small amounts of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates can increase intake. A wide range of supplements has been used such as sugar beet pulp, (Silva, 1985), barley (Chimwano et al, 1976), maize starch (Huque, 1991) or sucrose (Campling et al, 1962). It has been suggested that one of the positive effects of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates on poor quality roughages is to provide extra fermentable organic matter, thereby enhancing microbial activity and fermentation of the less readily degradable components of the roughage. Thus Chappel and Fontenot (1968) used an 8 per cent concentrate inclusion with a roughage-based diet, and observed higher cellulose digestibility than without supplementation. We have suggested (Hovell et al 1988) that the outflow from the rumen of undegraded roughage residues is driven by salivary flow, rumen VFA levels stimulating saliva production during rumination. In this case, at least part of the effect of starchy concentrates on stimulating intake would be through a stimulation of rumen outflow. This hypothesis would seem to have been confirmed by the observations of Huque (1991) who supplemented a basal straw diet with maize starch (10, 20 or 30%) and observed an increased intake and rumen outflow with the lower levels of supplementation.The objective of the experiment described here was to study the effect of the addition of starch to a straw diet on voluntary intake and rumen parameters including the dynamics of water flux.