bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantum Hall devices for the primary resistance standard based on the GaAs/AlxGa1−x As heterostructure
Authors: Wang Xueshen , Zhong Qing , Li Jinjin , Zhong Yuan , Zhao Mengke 
Published: January 2019

Quantum Hall devices for primary resistance metrology based on the GaAs/Al[Formula: see text]Ga[Formula: see text]As heterostructure were fabricated and compared with the devices from international metrology organization International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) by calibrating the same 100 [Formula: see text] transfer standard resistor with a cryogenic current comparator. Relative deviation between NIM-made device NIM-C1 and BIPM-made device BIPM-1 was −4.49 parts in 109 with an uncertainty of 3.63 parts in 109 which indicated NIM-C1 satisfied the requirement for the primary resistance standard.
2.4 GHz Real-Time Prototyping Tool for OFDM Channel Estimation using USRP2 and LabVIEW
Authors: Küçük Kerem 
Published: January 2019

Wireless local area networks (WLANs) are currently playing an important role in serving the indoor traffic demand. Therefore, there is a need for software-defined radio platforms (SDRs) that can enable the solutions used in these systems to be tested in real environments as well as simulated results. In this paper, we present the SDR-based wireless receiver platform for determining the real-time WLANs performance and provide the comparison of the different channel estimation methods for IEEE 802.11g based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) operations. The implementation of the receiver comprises the universal software radio peripheral and National Instruments LabVIEW. To determine the real-time receiver tool performance, we emphasized necessary signal processing techniques and different channel estimation methods with varying experimental parameters in real wireless environments. Experimental results report that the SDR-based receiver tool with the LabVIEW in real-time provides the throughput of the OFDM wireless network. The captured throughput performance concerning frame error rate by the receiver is also scrutinized with different channel estimation methods.
Split Manufacturing-Based Register Transfer-Level Obfuscation
Authors: Cui Xiaotong , Zhang Jeff (Jun) , Wu Kaijie , Garg Siddharth , Karri Ramesh 
Published: January 2019

Fabrication-less integrated circuit (IC) design houses outsource fabrication to third-party foundries to reduce cost of manufacturing. The outsourcing of IC fabrication, beyond our expectation, raises concerns regarding intellectual property (IP) piracy and theft by rogue elements in the third-party foundries. Obfuscation techniques have been proposed to increase resistance to reverse engineering, IP recovery, IP theft, and piracy. However, prior work on obfuscation for IP protection has primarily applied to the gate level or the layout level. As a result, it can significantly impact the performance of the original design in addition to requiring redesign of standard cells.
In this article, we propose a high-level synthesis and analysis (HLSA)-based obfuscation approach for IP protection. The proposed method is based on split manufacturing. Additional dummy units and MUXes can be added to further obfuscate the design. The proposed technique aligns with the standard-cell-based design methodologies and does not significantly impact the performance of the original design. Our experimental results confirm that the proposed approach can provide high levels of IC obfuscation with moderate area cost.
Processing of object motion and self-motion in the lateral subdivision of the medial superior temporal area in macaques
Authors: Sasaki Ryo , Angelaki Dora E. , DeAngelis Gregory C. 
Published: January 2019

Multiple areas of macaque cortex are involved in visual motion processing, but their relative functional roles remain unclear. The medial superior temporal (MST) area is typically divided into lateral (MSTl) and dorsal (MSTd) subdivisions that are thought to be involved in processing object motion and self-motion, respectively. Whereas MSTd has been studied extensively with regard to processing visual and nonvisual self-motion cues, little is known about self-motion signals in MSTl, especially nonvisual signals. Moreover, little is known about how self-motion and object motion signals interact in MSTl and how this differs from interactions in MSTd. We compared the visual and vestibular heading tuning of neurons in MSTl and MSTd using identical stimuli. Our findings reveal that both visual and vestibular heading signals are weaker in MSTl than in MSTd, suggesting that MSTl is less well suited to participate in self-motion perception than MSTd. We also tested neurons in both areas with a variety of combinations of object motion and self-motion. Our findings reveal that vestibular signals improve the separability of coding of heading and object direction in both areas, albeit more strongly in MSTd due to the greater strength of vestibular signals. Based on a marginalization technique, population decoding reveals that heading and object direction can be more effectively dissociated from MSTd responses than MSTl responses. Our findings help to clarify the respective contributions that MSTl and MSTd make to processing of object motion and self-motion, although our conclusions may be somewhat specific to the multipart moving objects that we employed. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Retinal image motion reflects contributions from both the observer’s self-motion and the movement of objects in the environment. The neural mechanisms by which the brain dissociates self-motion and object motion remain unclear. This study provides the first systematic examination of how the lateral subdivision of area MST (MSTl) contributes to dissociating object motion and self-motion. We also examine, for the first time, how MSTl neurons represent translational self-motion based on both vestibular and visual cues.
Adrenergic agonist induces rhythmic firing in quiescent cardiac preganglionic neurons in nucleus ambiguous via activation of intrinsic membrane excitability
Authors: Aiba Isamu , Noebels Jeffrey L. 
Published: January 2019

Cholinergic vagal nerves projecting from neurons in the brain stem nucleus ambiguus (NAm) play a predominant role in cardiac parasympathetic pacemaking control. Central adrenergic signaling modulates the tone of this vagal output; however, the exact excitability mechanisms are not fully understood. We investigated responses of NAm neurons to adrenergic agonists using in vitro mouse brain stem slices. Preganglionic NAm neurons were identified by ChAT-tdTomato fluorescence in young adult transgenic mice, and their cardiac projection was confirmed by retrograde dye tracing. Juxtacellular recordings detected sparse or absent spontaneous action potentials (AP) in NAm neurons. However, bath application of epinephrine or norepinephrine strongly and reversibly activated most NAm neurons regardless of their basal firing rate. Epinephrine was more potent than norepinephrine, and this activation largely depends on α1-adrenoceptors. Interestingly, adrenergic activation of NAm neurons does not require an ionotropic synaptic mechanism, because postsynaptic excitatory or inhibitory receptor blockade did not occlude the excitatory effect, and bath-applied adrenergic agonists did not alter excitatory or inhibitory synaptic transmission. Instead, adrenergic agonists significantly elevated intrinsic membrane excitability to facilitate generation of recurrent action potentials. T-type calcium current and hyperpolarization-activated current are involved in this excitation pattern, although not required for spontaneous AP induction by epinephrine. In contrast, pharmacological blockade of persistent sodium current significantly inhibited the adrenergic effects. Our results demonstrate that central adrenergic signaling enhances the intrinsic excitability of NAm neurons and that persistent sodium current is required for this effect. This central balancing mechanism may counteract excessive peripheral cardiac excitation during increased sympathetic tone. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cardiac preganglionic cholinergic neurons in the nucleus ambiguus (NAm) are responsible for slowing cardiac pacemaking. This study identified that adrenergic agonists can induce rhythmic action potentials in otherwise quiescent cholinergic NAm preganglionic neurons in brain stem slice preparation. The modulatory influence of adrenaline on central parasympathetic outflow may contribute to both physiological and deleterious cardiovascular regulation.
In-Hospital Outcomes after Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer: Comparing National Trends in the United States and Germany from 2006 to 2014
Authors: Groeben Christer , Koch Rainer , Baunacke Martin , Borkowetz Angelika , Wirth Manfred P. , Huber Johannes 
Published: January 2019

Background: Radical cystectomy (RC) still poses a significant risk for mortality and morbidity. Objectives: We compared in-hospital outcomes after RC in the United States and ­Germany using population-based data. Methods: We compared data from the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample to the German hospital billing database. Mortality and transfusion during hospital stay and length of stay (LOS) were evaluated. Results: In all, 17,711 (the United States) and 60,447 (­Germany) cases were included. The share of robot-assisted RC increased to 20.5% in the United States vs. 2.3% in Germany (p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was 1.9% (the United States) vs. 4.6% (Germany), transfusion rates were 34.2% (the United States) vs. 58.7% (Germany), and LOS was 10.7 (the United States) vs. 25.1 days (Germany; all p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, higher patient age and lower annual hospital caseload were associated with increased mortality and longer LOS. Minimal-invasive surgery was associated with less blood transfusion and shorter LOS in the United States vs. hospital caseload and choice of urinary diversion in Germany. Conclusions: Healthcare systems might exert a relevant impact on outcomes of oncologic surgery. Increased in-hospital mortality rates in Germany seem to be partly explained by much longer LOS compared to those in the United States. Annual caseload seems to be influential on in-hospital outcomes raising the question of centralization of RC.
Projected Changes in Maternal Heat Exposure During Early Pregnancy and the Associated Congenital Heart Defect Burden in the United States
Authors: Zhang Wangjian , Spero Tanya L. , Nolte Christopher G. , Garcia Valerie C. , Lin Ziqiang , Romitti Paul A. , Shaw Gary M. , Sheridan Scott C. , Feldkamp Marcia L. , Woomert Alison , Hwang Syni‐An , Fisher Sarah C. , Browne Marilyn L. , Hao Yuantao , Lin Shao ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, Hobbs Charlotte , Carmichael Suzan , Reefhuis Jennita , Tinker Sarah , Anderka Marlene , Druschel Charlotte , Bell Erin , Olshan Andy , Meyer Robert , Canfield Mark , Langlois Peter , Botto Lorenzo 
Published: January 2019

Background

More intense and longer‐lasting heat events are expected in the United States as a consequence of climate change. This study aimed to project the potential changes in maternal heat exposure during early pregnancy (3–8 weeks post conception) and the associated burden of congenital heart defects (
CHD
s) in the future.

Methods and Results

This study expanded on a prior nationwide case‐control study that evaluated the association between
CHD
s and maternal heat exposure during early pregnancy in summer and spring. We defined multiple indicators of heat exposure, and applied published odds ratios obtained for the matching season of the baseline (1995–2005) into the projection period (2025–2035) to estimate potential changes in
CHD
burden throughout the United States. Increases in maternal heat exposure were projected across the United States and to be larger in the summer. The Midwest will potentially have the highest increase in summer maternal exposure to excessively hot days (3.42; 95% CI, 2.99–3.88 per pregnancy), heat event frequency (0.52; 95%
CI,
0.44–0.60) and heat event duration (1.73; 95%
CI,
1.49–1.97). We also found large increases in specific
CHD
subtypes during spring, including a 34.0% (95%
CI,
4.9%–70.8%) increase in conotruncal
CHD
in the South and a 38.6% (95%
CI
, 9.9%–75.1%) increase in atrial septal defect in the Northeast.

Conclusions

Projected increases in maternal heat exposure could result in an increased
CHD
burden in certain seasons and regions of the United States.
Abstract 15: Reduction in Perihematomal Edema Leads to Improved Clinical Outcomes: Results from the MISTIE III Trial
Authors: Mould W. Andrew , Muschelli John , Avadhani Radhika , McBee Nichol , Lane Karen , Thompson Richard , Ziai Wendy , Zuccarello Mario , Awad Issam , Hanley Daniel F 
Published: January 2019

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a stroke subtype with high mortality and poor functional outcome. No successful treatments or therapies exist. Secondary injury to ICH, perihematomal edema (PHE), contributes to poor outcomes and is a potential therapeutic target. We hypothesized that minimally invasive surgery (MIS) plus rt-PA would reduce ICH and PHE volumes and that this reduction would lead to improved clinical outcomes.
MISTIE III is a multi-center, prospective, randomized, phase III trial testing the efficacy of standardized hematoma evacuation after spontaneous ICH. We conducted a semi-automated, computerized, volumetric analysis on CT imaging assessing the effect of hematoma removal on PHE at baseline (BL) and end-of-treatment (EOT).
Of 500 randomized, 240 surgical and 232 medical patients were analyzed. There was no significant difference between the two cohorts in age, GCS, ICH location, BL ICH or BL PHE volumes. Surgical patients experienced a significant reduction in ICH volumes: mean EOT ICH 14.9(12.2)mL vs medical patients, 46.8(17.4)mL; p<0.001. Moreover, surgical patients had a positive reduction in PHE, 4.7(13.8)mL, compared with medical patients -11.8(15.1)mL; p<0.001. Subdividing the cohort into pre-specified subgroups of ICH removal >65%, 20-65%, and <20% clot removal, (Med 0:5:227, Surg 167:66:7) all patients achieving <20% reduction experienced a PHE increase, while reductions of 2.1mL and 6.6mL occurred in the surgical groups achieving 20-65% and >65%, respectively; p<0.001. A continuous analysis confirmed that greater ICH removal leads to greater PHE reduction (Spearman coefficient: 0.55(0.48-0.61), p<0.001). Logistic regression was used to look at effect of PHE volume on mortality and for every 10 mL increase in PHE volume, patients in both groups were 25% more likely to die [OR=1.25 (1.11-1.41)] at 30 days and 15% more likely at 180 days [OR=1.15 (1.03-1.27)]. Complete clinical and unblinded functional outcomes data will be presented at the conference.
The MISTIE procedure has demonstrated capability to substantially reduce ICH volumes while also mitigating PHE formation. This benefit has potential to establish a viable treatment option, which may significantly improve patient outcomes in this population.
Analytical Solutions for Precipitation Size Distributions at Steady State
Authors: Garrett Timothy J. 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
Analytical solutions are derived for the steady-state size distributions of precipitating rain and snow particles assuming growth via collection of suspended cloud particles. Application of the Liouville equation to the transfer of precipitating mass through size bins in a “cascade” yields a characteristic gamma distribution with a Marshall–Palmer exponential tail with respect to particle diameter. For rain, the principle parameters controlling size distribution shape are cloud droplet liquid water path and cloud updraft speed. Stronger updrafts lead to greater concentrations of large precipitating drops and a peak in the size distribution. The solutions provide a means for relating size distributions measured in the air or on the ground to cloud bulk microphysical and dynamic properties.
A Multiscale Evaluation of Multisensor Quantitative Precipitation Estimates in the Russian River Basin
Authors: Bytheway Janice L. , Abel Mimi R. , Mahoney Kelly , Cifelli Robert 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe Russian River in northern California is an important hydrological resource that typically depends on a few significant precipitation events per year, often associated with atmospheric rivers (ARs), to maintain its annual water supply. Because of the highly variable nature of annual precipitation in the region, accurate quantitative precipitation estimates (QPEs) are necessary to drive hydrologic models and inform water management decisions. The basin’s location and complex terrain present a unique challenge to QPEs, with sparse in situ observations and mountains that inhibit remote sensing by ground radars. Gridded multisensor QPE datasets can fill in the gaps but are susceptible to both the errors and uncertainties from the ingested datasets and uncertainties due to interpolation methods. In this study a dense network of independently operated rain gauges is used to evaluate gridded QPE from the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) during 44 precipitation events occurring during the 2015/16 and 2016/17 wet seasons (October–March). The MRMS QPE products matched the gauge estimates of precipitation reasonably well in approximately half the cases but failed to capture the spatial distribution and intensity of the rainfall in the remaining cases. ERA-Interim reanalysis data suggest that the differences in performance are related to synoptic-scale patterns and AR landfall location. These synoptic-scale differences produce different rainfall distributions and influence basin-scale winds, potentially creating regions of small-scale precipitation enhancement or suppression. Data from four profiling radars indicated that a larger fraction of the precipitation in poorly captured events occurred as shallow stratiform rain unobserved by radar.
Observed Storm Track Dynamics in Drake Passage
Authors: Foppert Annie 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe dynamics of an oceanic storm track—where energy and enstrophy transfer between the mean flow and eddies—are investigated using observations from an eddy-rich region of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current downstream of the Shackleton Fracture Zone (SFZ) in Drake Passage. Four years of measurements by an array of current- and pressure-recording inverted echo sounders deployed between November 2007 and November 2011 are used to diagnose eddy–mean flow interactions and provide insight into physical mechanisms for these transfers. Averaged within the upper to mid-water column (400–1000-m depth) and over the 4-yr-record mean field, eddy potential energy is highest in the western part of the storm track and maximum eddy kinetic energy occurs farther away from the SFZ, shifting the proportion of eddy energies from to about 1 along the storm track. There are enhanced mean 3D wave activity fluxes immediately downstream of SFZ with strong horizontal flux vectors emanating northeast from this region. Similar patterns across composites of Polar Front and Subantarctic Front meander intrusions suggest the dynamics are set more so by the presence of the SFZ than by the eddy’s sign. A case study showing the evolution of a single eddy event, from 15 to 23 July 2010, highlights the storm-track dynamics in a series of snapshots. Consistently, explaining the eddy energetics pattern requires both horizontal and vertical components of W, implying the importance of barotropic and baroclinic processes and instabilities in controlling storm-track dynamics in Drake Passage.
Pre-quit nicotine decreases nicotine self-administration and attenuates cue- and drug-induced reinstatement
Authors: Clemens Kelly J , Stuart Angela , Ferguson Stuart G 
Published: January 2019

Background: Administration of smoking cessation medications in anticipation of a nominated quit date can promote abstinence. How this occurs is not widely understood, but may be due to the disruption of contingencies between smoking behaviour and acute drug effects. Aims: The aim of this study was to explore this relationship, we examined the effect of pre-quit nicotine replacement therapy on susceptibility to relapse in an animal model of nicotine dependence. Methods: Rats were trained to intravenously self-administer nicotine across 20 days. Continuous low-dose nicotine was administered via a mini-osmotic pump either across the last 7 days of self-administration and across 6 days of extinction, or across extinction only. Cue- and drug-induced reinstatements of responding were then measured with mini-pumps retained, the day after mini-pump removal or one week later. Results: Pre-quit nicotine administration markedly reduced self-administration across the last days of training as the response, and its associated cues, no longer reliably predicted an acute drug effect. Pre-quit, but not post-quit, nicotine administration significantly attenuated cue-induced reinstatement once mini-pumps were removed, indicating that the contingency disruption across training reduced the conditioned reinforcing properties of the cue at test. Both pre-quit and post-quit nicotine attenuated nicotine-primed reinstatement. Conclusions: Together these results suggest that administration of a nicotine replacement prior to a nominated quit date may enhance resistance to relapse via disruption of the contingency between a response, its associated cues, and a rewarding nicotine effect.
Primary repair of duodenal injuries: a retrospective cohort study from a major trauma centre in South Africa
Authors: Weale R. D. , Kong V. Y. , Bekker W. , Bruce J. L. , Oosthuizen G. V. , Laing G. L. , Clarke D. L. 
Published: January 2019

Background and Aims: The management of duodenal trauma remains controversial. This retrospective audit of a prospectively maintained database was intended to clarify the operative management of duodenal injury at our institution and to assess the risk factors for leak following primary duodenal repair. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study undertaken at the Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Operative techniques used for duodenal repair were recorded. Our primary outcome was duodenal leak in the postoperative period. Patients from January 2012 to December 2016 were included. All duodenal injuries were graded according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grading. Only patients who had a primary repair were included in the final analysis. Results: During the five-year data collection period, a total of 562 patients underwent a trauma laparotomy; of which 94 patients sustained a duodenal injury. A primary pyloric exclusion and gastro-jejunostomy (PEG) was performed in three patients. These three were then excluded from further analysis. Of the 91 primary duodenal repairs, seven (8%) subsequently leaked. These were managed by PEG in three and by secondary repair and para-duodenal drainage in four. The two physiological parameters most associated with subsequent leak were lactate and pH level. There was a significantly higher mortality rate for those who leaked vs those who did not leak. Chi-squared test revealed a significant difference in the leak rate between AAST I (0%), AAST-II (1.6%) and AAST-3 (66.7%) grade injuries (p <0.01). Conclusion: The trend towards primary repair of duodenal injuries appears to be justified. However duodenal leak remains a significant risk in certain high risk patients and strategies to manage injuries in this subset requires further work.