bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Americans Think About Gun Control: Evidence from the General Social Survey, 1972–2016
Authors: Miller Steven V. 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveGun control is a classic case of policy gridlock and we commonly assume public opinion is at the foundation of this gridlock. However, public opinion analyses of attitudes about gun control often say little about the topic itself and do not fully leverage our long‐running survey data to assess partisan, regional, and temporal trends in attitudes toward gun control.MethodsI use over 26 waves of General Social Survey data from 1972 to 2016 to analyze the main public opinion cleavages (partisanship, urban/rural distinctions, and Census regions) of gun control.ResultsI find that partisanship and ruralness are not robust predictors of attitudes about gun control and that partisan polarization is only partial and recent. Further assumptions about regional variation in attitudes toward gun control need reevaluation.ConclusionGun control policy gridlock says more about polarization at the elite level than at the mass level. Future research can also do well to assess issue‐linkage concerns on specific gun control policy measures.
Wear Characteristics of Friction Stir Processed Magnesium RZ 5 Composites
Authors: Vedabouriswaran G. , Aravindan S. 
Published: November 2018

Friction stir processing is performed on RZ 5 Mg alloy to produce surface metal matrix composites reinforced with hard reinforcement particles. Boron carbide, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and a mixture of zirconia and alumina particle reinforcements were introduced. The developed surface composites (SCs) exhibited lower wear rates at various normal loads than the base RZ 5 Mg alloy owing to their improved microhardness. The wear resistance of the composites was 1.2–1.9 times greater than the base alloy, and hence, the wear rates were 18–50% lower than the base alloy. Maximum reduction in wear rate is observed in B4C-reinforced SC. Abrasion, adhesion, and oxidative wear mechanisms are operational during the wear test performed at loads ranging between 10 N and 75 N.
Barriers to and discourses about breast cancer prevention among immigrant women in Spain: a qualitative study
Authors: March Sebastià , Villalonga Barbara , Sanchez-Contador Carmen , Vidal Clara , Mascaro Aina , Bennasar Maria de Lluc , Esteva Magdalena 
Published: November 2018

ObjectivesTo identify knowledge, barriers and discourses about breast cancer screening in Spain among female immigrants from low-income countries and native Spanish women from a low socioeconomic class.DesignQualitative interview study with thematic analysis interpreted using cultural mediators.SettingMallorca, Spain.ParticipantsThirty-six in-depth interviews, using cultural mediators, of immigrant women living in Mallorca who were 50–69 years old and were from Maghreb, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, Latin America, China or were native to Spain and from a low socioeconomic class.ResultsWe analysed the interviews to assess breast cancer perceptions and beliefs, discourses about breast cancer prevention and barriers to accessing breast cancer prevention programmes. Although the women reported an association of breast cancer with death, they acknowledged the effectiveness of early detection. They also exhibited reluctance to talk about cancer. Discourses about cancer prevention tended to be proactive or fatalistic, depending on the woman’s country of origin. For all women, fear of results and lack of time were barriers that limited participation in breast cancer prevention programmes. Language barriers, frequent changes of residence and fear due to status as an irregular (undocumented) immigrant were barriers specific to immigrant women.ConclusionsThe culture of origin affects whether an immigrant has a fatalistic or proactive approach toward breast cancer screening. Immigrants from low-income countries and Spanish natives from a low socioeconomic class experience barriers in access to breast cancer screening. Frequently changing homes is also a barrier for immigrant women.
Improving CHA2DS2-VASc stratification of non-fatal stroke and mortality risk using the Intermountain Mortality Risk Score among patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Graves Kevin G , May Heidi T , Knowlton Kirk U , Muhlestein Joseph B , Jacobs Victoria , Lappé Donald L , Anderson Jeffrey L , Horne Benjamin D , Bunch Thomas Jared 
Published: November 2018

BackgroundOral anticoagulation (OAC) therapy guidelines recommend using CHA2DS2-VASc to determine OAC need in atrial fibrillation (AF). A usable tool, CHA2DS2-VASc is challenged by its predictive ability. Applying components of the complete blood count and basic metabolic profile, the Intermountain Mortality Risk Score (IMRS) has been extensively validated. This study evaluated whether use of IMRS with CHA2DS2-VASc in patients with AF improves prediction.MethodsPatients with AF undergoing cardiac catheterisation (N=10 077) were followed for non-fatal stroke and mortality (mean 5.8±4.1 years, maximum 19 years). CHA2DS2-VASc and IMRS were calculated at baseline. IMRS categories were defined based on previously defined criteria. Cox regression was adjusted for demographic, clinical and treatment variables not included in IMRS or CHA2DS2-VASc.ResultsIn women (n=4122, mean age 71±12 years), the composite of non-fatal stroke/mortality was stratified (all p-trend <0.001) by CHA2DS2-VASc (1: 12.6%, 2: 22.8%, >2: 48.1%) and IMRS (low: 17.8%, moderate: 40.9%, high risk: 64.5%), as it was for men (n=5955, mean age 68±12 years) by CHA2DS2-VASc (<2: 15.7%, 2: 30.3%, >2: 51.8%) and IMRS (low: 19.0%, moderate: 42.0%, high risk: 65.9%). IMRS stratified stroke/mortality (all p-trend <0.001) in each CHA2DS2-VASc category.ConclusionsUsing IMRS jointly with CHA2DS2-VASc in patients with AF improved the prediction of stroke and mortality. For example, in patients at the OAC treatment threshold (CHA2DS2-VASc = 2), IMRS provided ≈4-fold separation between low and high risk. IMRS provides an enhancing marker for risk in patients with AF that reflects the underlying systemic nature of this disease that may be considered in combination with the CHA2DS2-VASc score.
User perspective on receiving adaptive equipment after stroke: A mixed-methods study
Authors: Boland Pauline , Levack William M. M. , Graham Fiona P. , Perry Meredith A. 
Published: November 2018

Background. Adaptive equipment (AE) is frequently provided during stroke rehabilitation by occupational therapists. Purpose. This study aimed to identify the AE that people typically use after a stroke and the outcomes achieved as a result, and to explore people’s experiences obtaining and using AE, to inform both practice and policy in this field. Method. A mixed-methods study, involving a postal questionnaire and interviews, used descriptive statistics and grounded theory to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. Findings. Questionnaire data ( n = 258) revealed mobility AE was issued most frequently, with increased safety as the primary reported outcome. Interview data ( n = 15) indicated relationships with health professionals and the hospital environment shaped early AE selection and use. Once home, making sense of AE and community participation were more influential. Implications. Therapeutic relationships and reflection time are critical to maximize AE use after stroke. Policy and related funding for AE need to prioritize community participation.
The Supermarket Battle for Store Loyalty
Authors: Tate Russell S. 
Published: November 2018

To what extent are shoppers loyal to a single store? What are the factors that make for store loyalty? What is the key to increasing sales volume as competition between supermarkets in a trading area becomes more intense? In this article, the author discusses the results of several recent studies of consumer shopping behavior, and describes the characteristics and relative importance of “loyal” and “disloyal” shoppers. He also suggests some courses of action that the supermarket operator can undertake to improve customer loyalty.
The Acceleration Effect in Forecasting Industrial Shipments
Authors: Kuehn Alfred A. , Day Ralph L. 
Published: November 2018

The level of consumption of many industrial products is closely related to the general level of industrial activity. Yet forecasts of industrial activity are generally more accurate than forecasts of factory shipments for a particular industry. A method is presented for deriving better forecasts of manufacturers' sales from projections of general industrial activity by systematic analysis of inventory behavior at all levels of distribution.
A Low-Cost Method for Identifying TV Audiences
Authors: Roslow Laurence , Roslow Sydney 
Published: November 2018

The high costs of television make it increasingly important that TV commercials appear on programs which reach the right prospects for the advertised products and for isolating program audiences in large numbers for subsequent analysis of characteristics. The authors believe that a method now exists. Their article describes a method to expand the sample, without expanding cost unduly, and without affecting reliability of data obtained.
The Consumer Speaks
Authors: Peckham James O. 
Published: November 2018

Is Mrs. Consumer a satisfied grocery store customer? Can she get the specific brands, sizes, and colors she wants? What does she do when the brand, size, or color is out of stock—does she accept a substitute, or defer purchase until the next shopping trip? This article—based on a survey by the A. C. Nielsen Company, the results of which were presented at the 1962 annual meeting of the Grocery Manufacturers of America—discusses the potential loss of business to manufacturers and retail stores brought about by out-of-stock at the store level.
Marketing in South Africa
Authors: Wales Hugh G. , Winklé F. F. , Bak C. 
Published: November 2018

The misconceptions about the economic, political, and social situations in Africa are numerous and complex. Among the developing and mature nations of Africa such as South Africa there are a number of diverse elements which range from the most primitive conditions to the modern technologies of the space age. Within this framework, this article briefly describes the marketing structure of the Republic of South Africa and the potentialities which exist for knowledgable executives in international and domestic trade.
Passport for Marketing Overseas
Authors: Eppert Ray R. 
Published: November 2018

Ray Eppert, a recognized expert in the field of international marketing, contends that it is mandatory for U.S. marketing management to become internationally minded at all levels, or else face complete failure even at home. Originally titled “Passport for World Leadership,” the basic precepts in this article come from the Charles Coolidge Parlin Memorial Lecture given by Mr. Eppert at the American Marketing Association meeting in Philadelphia in May, 1964.
The Marketing Manager's Dilemma
Authors: Alexander Ralph S. 
Published: November 2018

To research or not to research. That is a question that often plagues the marketing manager. Should he spend money on marketing research to get more facts so that a given operating decision may be sounder? Or should he save the money and make the decision without the added information a research would supply, thereby accepting an increased risk of decision error? Professor Alexander suggests a systematic approach to the twin problems of deciding when marketing research is worth while, and of making it a more useful tool in the kit of the marketing manager.
People who Claim to be Opinion Leaders: Identifying their Characteristics by Self-report
Authors: Corey Lawrence G. 
Published: November 2018

Opinion leaders are “trusted and informed people who exist in virtually all primary groups.” Because they are “models” of opinion, they can be major influencers on a marketing effort through word-of-mouth communication to circles of relatives, friends, and acquaintances. Are opinion leaders aware of and able to report their own personal influence? This article presents data which indicate they are. People were identified as opinion leaders by their responses to a simple self-report item in a variety of questionnaires. As a group, opinion leaders displayed the major characteristics ascribed to them in the literature.
Marketing Literature Review
Authors: Speck Paul S. 
Published: November 2018

This section is based on a selection of article abstracts from a comprehensive business literature data base. Marketing-related abstracts from over 125 journals (both academic and trade) are reviewed by JM staff. Descriptors for each entry are assigned by JM staff. Each issue of this section represents three months of entries into the data base. JM wishes to thank Data Courier Inc for use of the ABI/INFORM business data base. Each entry has an identifying number. Cross-references appear immediately under each subject heading. Requests for specific articles should be directed to the specific publication named or to Data Courier Inc (800/626-2823). Abstracts of the articles are contained in the ABI/INFORM data base which is available through many on-line search vendors.
Primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Bowman SJ 
Published: November 2018

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by focal lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands causing dry eyes and dry mouth. Similar glandular features can also occur as a late complication in patients with other rheumatic disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and scleroderma (‘secondary’ Sjögren's syndrome).1 Anti-Ro and/or anti-La (ENA) antibodies are found in approximately 70% of pSS patients, generally with ANA positivity. Hypergammaglobulinaemia is also common. Systemic features also occur in some patients with pSS. A positive rheumatoid factor (RF) is often seen and so if patients present with arthritis, dryness and a positive RF a diagnosis of pSS should be considered as a possible alternative to RA. Anti-CCP antibodies are more specific for RA.
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is a curative resolution for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension associated with antiphospholipid syndrome: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Li C , Zhao J , Liu S , Song W , Zhu J , Hua L , Wang Q , Li M , Zeng X , Zhao Y 
Published: November 2018

Background Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare and life-threatening condition with poor prognosis in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) is the optimal surgical option for CTEPH. Objectives This retrospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and risk of PTE in patients with APS-associated CTEPH. Methods Consecutive patients with APS-associated CTEPH diagnosed between January 2012 and September 2017 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively evaluated. Demographics, clinical manifestations, antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) profiles, and pulmonary arterial hypertension–targeted medications were collected. Deterioration of cardiac function and death were chosen as the endpoints, in order to assess the effect of PTE on short-term and long-term prognoses (evaluated by the change of cardiac function after treatment and cardiac deterioration or death in the follow-up, respectively). Results A total of 20 patients with APS-associated CTEPH were enrolled, and eight patients underwent PTE. Chi-square test ( p = 0.01) and Kaplan–Meier curves (log rank test, p = 0.04) showed that there were statistically significant differences in both short-term and long-term prognoses between patients with and without PTE. Conclusion These results provide strong evidence that PTE is a curative resolution in patients with APS-associated CTEPH. Following a full specialized and multidisciplinary risk-benefit evaluation to limit the risk of thrombosis or bleeding and to manage possible thrombocytopenia, PTE is at least a temporal curative resolution for CTEPH complicated with APS.
Long-term clinical and radiographic outcomes and patient satisfaction after adult spinal deformity correction
Authors: Kyrölä K. , Kautiainen H. , Pekkanen L. , Mäkelä P. , Kiviranta I. , Häkkinen A. 
Published: November 2018

Background and Aims: Adult spinal deformity surgery has increased with the aging population and modern surgical approaches, although it has high complication and reoperation rates. The permanence of radiographic correction, mechanical complications, predictive factors for poor patient-reported outcomes, and patient satisfaction were analyzed. Material and Methods: A total of 79 adult patients were retrospectively analyzed at baseline and 1–9 years after adult spinal deformity correction between 2007 and 2016. Patient-reported outcomes (Oswestry Disability Index, visual analog scale, and Scoliosis Research Society–30 scores), changes in radiographic alignment, indications for reoperation, predictors of poor outcomes according to the Oswestry Disability Index and Scoliosis Research Society–30 scores, and patient satisfaction with management were studied. Results: Oswestry Disability Index and visual analog scale scores (p = 0.001), radiographic correction of thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, and pelvic retroversion (p ⩽ 0.001) and sagittal vertical axis (p = 0.043) were significantly better at 4–5 years of follow-up than at baseline. The risk for the first reoperation owing to mechanical failure of instrumentation or bone was highest within the first year, at 13.9% (95% confidence interval = 8.0%–23.7%), and 29.8% (95% confidence interval = 19.4%–43.9%) at the 5-year follow-up. Oswestry Disability Index and Scoliosis Research Society–30 total scores had a good correlation (r = −0.78; 95% CI = −0.86 to –0.68; p < 0.001). Satisfaction with management was correlated with patient-reported outcomes. Male sex and depression (p = 0.021 and 0.018, respectively) predicted poor outcomes according to the Oswestry Disability Index and/or Scoliosis Research Society–30 score. Conclusion: The achieved significant radiographic correction was maintained 5 years postoperatively. Despite reoperations, patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes were good. Depression and male sex predicted poor clinical outcomes.
Cyclophilin A as a target in the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections
Authors: A Abdullah Ashwaq , Abdullah Rasedee , A Nazariah Zeenathul , N Balakrishnan Krishnan , Firdaus J Abdullah Faez , A Bala Jamilu , Mohd-Lila Mohd-Azmi 
Published: November 2018

Background Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on the cellular machinery of the host to regenerate and manufacture their proteins. Most antiviral drugs on the market today target viral proteins. However, the more recent strategies involve targeting the host cell proteins or pathways that mediate viral replication. This new approach would be effective for most viruses while minimizing drug resistance and toxicity. Methods Cytomegalovirus replication, latency, and immune response are mediated by the intermediate early protein 2, the main protein that determines the effectiveness of drugs in cytomegalovirus inhibition. This review explains how intermediate early protein 2 can modify the action of cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressive, and antiviral drug. It also links all the pathways mediated by cyclosporin A, cytomegalovirus replication, and its encoded proteins. Results Intermediate early protein 2 can influence the cellular cyclophilin A pathway, affecting cyclosporin A as a mediator of viral replication or anti-cytomegalovirus drug. Conclusion Cyclosporin A has a dual function in cytomegalovirus pathogenesis. It has the immunosuppressive effect that establishes virus replication through the inhibition of T-cell function. It also has an anti-cytomegalovirus effect mediated by intermediate early protein 2. Both of these functions involve cyclophilin A pathway.
The evidence behind the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in scar management: a literature review
Authors: Alser Osaid H , Goutos Ioannis 
Published: November 2018

Introduction: Autologous platelet-based concentrates represent increasingly popular adjuncts to a variety of medical, surgical and aesthetic interventions. Their beneficial potential rests on the ability to deliver a high concentration of growth factors to the target tissues. There are currently no reports in the literature appraising the evidence behind the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in scar management. Methods: A detailed English literature review was conducted using PubMed Medline, Embase and Web of Science; the manuscripts were appraised and classified according to the Joanna Briggs Institute Levels of evidence. The results are presented in descending order of evidence separately for atrophic, keloid, surgical and traumatic scars. Discussion: On the basis of level 1 evidence currently available, it appears that PRP can improve the quality of atrophic acne scars treated with ablative fractional CO2 laser and decrease the duration of laser-related side effects including oedema and erythema. Regarding surgical scars, the current data suggest that PRP may improve wound healing and early scar quality; furthermore, incorporation of PRP in fat-grafting procedures undertaken in conjunction with non-ablative, fractional laser can contribute to better wound healing as well as a significant improvement in texture, colour and contour in traumatic scar resurfacing. There are no high level studies at present to support the incorporation of autologous platelet-based concentrates in the management of keloid scars. Conclusion: PRP is a promising adjunct in scar management practice. Further research with long-term follow-up is warranted to delineate the value of this modality in different subtypes of scars.
NPM1 mutated AML can relapse with wild-type NPM1: persistent clonal hematopoiesis can drive relapse
Authors: Höllein Alexander , Meggendorfer Manja , Dicker Frank , Jeromin Sabine , Nadarajah Niroshan , Kern Wolfgang , Haferlach Claudia , Haferlach Torsten 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with NPM1 mutation (NPM1mut) defines a World Health Organization entity. Absence of minimal residual disease (MRD) following induction chemotherapy is associated with an excellent prognosis. Data are conflicting on NPM1mut AML relapsing with wild-type NPM1 (NPM1wt). We analyzed 104 paired samples of NPM1mut AML patients with relapse and identified 14/104 that relapsed with NPM1wt AML. Blood counts at diagnosis differed significantly between patients with NPM1mut and NPM1wt relapse (median white blood cell count, 30 vs 3 × 109/L, P = .008; platelet count, 66 vs 128 × 109/l, P = .018). NPM1mut relapse occurred significantly earlier than NPM1wt relapse (14 vs 43 months, P = .004). At diagnosis, FLT3-ITD were more frequent in patients with NPM1mut relapse (P = .029), whereas DNMT3A mutations were more frequent in patients with NPM1wt relapse (P = .035). Sequencing analysis of paired samples at diagnosis, molecular remission, and NPM1wt relapse identified cooccurring mutations that persist from diagnosis throughout remission and at relapse, suggestive of a preexisting clonal hematopoiesis. We provide evidence that AML relapsing with NPM1wt is a distinct disease and that initial leukemia and relapse potentially arise from a premalignant clonal hematopoiesis.