bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recombinant Vaccinia Virus-Induced T-Cell Immunity: Quantitation of the Response to the Virus Vector and the Foreign Epitope
Authors: Harrington Laurie E. , Most Robbert van der , Whitton J. Lindsay , Ahmed Rafi 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTRecombinant vaccinia viruses (rVV) have been extensively used as vaccines, but there is little information about the total magnitude of the VV-specific T-cell response and how this compares to the immune response to the foreign gene(s) expressed by the rVV. To address this issue, we quantitated the T-cell responses to both the viral vector and the insert following the infection of mice with VV expressing a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope (NP118-126) from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The LCMV epitope-specific response was quantitated by intracellular cytokine staining after stimulation with the specific peptide. To analyze the total VV-specific response, we developed a simple intracellular cytokine staining assay using VV-infected major histocompatibility complex class I and II matched cells as stimulators. Using this approach, we made the following determinations. (i) VV-NP118 induced potent and long-lasting CD8 and CD4 T-cell responses to the vector; at the peak of the response (∼1 week), there were ∼107VV-specific CD8 T cells (25% of the CD8 T cells) and ∼106VV-specific CD4 T cells (∼5% of the CD4 T cells) in the spleen. These numbers decreased to ∼5 × 105CD8 T cells (∼5% frequency) and ∼105CD4 T cells (∼0.5% frequency), respectively, by day 30 and were then stably maintained at these levels for >300 days. The size of this VV-specific T-cell response was comparable to that of the T-cell response induced following an acute LCMV infection. (ii) VV-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells were capable of producing gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-2; all cells were able to make IFN-γ, a subset produced both IFN-γ and TNF-α, and another subset produced all three cytokines. (iii) The CD8 T-cell response to the foreign gene (LCMV NP118-126 epitope) was coordinately regulated with the response to the vector during all three phases (expansion, contraction, and memory) of the T-cell response. The total number of CD8 T cells responding to NP118-126 were ∼20- to 30-fold lower than the number responding to the VV vector (∼1% at the peak and 0.2% in memory). This study provides a better understanding of T-cell immunity induced by VV-based vaccines, and in addition, the technique described in the study can be readily extended to other viral vectors to determine the ratio of the T-cell response to the insert versus the vector. This information will be useful in optimizing prime-boost regimens for vaccination.
Replication of Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 (BPV-1) DNA in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
following Infection with BPV-1 Virions
Authors: Zhao Kong-Nan , Frazer Ian H. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Saccharomyces cerevisiae
protoplasts exposed to bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) virions demonstrated uptake of virions on electron microscopy.
S. cerevisiae
cells looked larger after exposure to BPV-1 virions, and cell wall regeneration was delayed. Southern blot hybridization of Hirt DNA from cells exposed to BPV-1 virions demonstrated BPV-1 DNA, which could be detected over 80 days of culture and at least 13 rounds of division. Two-dimensional gel analysis of Hirt DNA showed replicative intermediates, confirming that the BPV-1 genome was replicating within
S. cerevisiae
. Nicked circle, linear, and supercoiled BPV-1 DNA species were observed in Hirt DNA preparations from
S. cerevisiae
cells infected for over 50 days, and restriction digestion showed fragments hybridizing to BPV-1 in accord with the predicted restriction map for circular BPV-1 episomes. These data suggest that BPV-1 can infect
S. cerevisiae
and that BPV-1 episomes can replicate in the infected
S. cerevisiae
cells.
Heat Shock Cognate Protein 70 Is Involved in Rotavirus Cell Entry
Authors: Guerrero Carlos A. , Bouyssounade Daniela , Zárate Selene , Iša Pavel , López Tomás , Espinosa Rafaela , Romero Pedro , Méndez Ernesto , López Susana , Arias Carlos F. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIn this work, we have identified the heat shock cognate protein (hsc70) as a receptor candidate for rotaviruses. hsc70 was shown to be present on the surface of MA104 cells, and antibodies to this protein blocked rotavirus infectivity, while not affecting the infectivity of reovirus and poliovirus. Preincubation of the hsc70 protein with the viruses also inhibited their infectivity. Triple-layered particles (mature virions), but not double-layered particles, bound hsc70 in a solid-phase assay, and this interaction was blocked by monoclonal antibodies to the virus surface proteins VP4 and VP7. Rotaviruses were shown to interact with hsc70 at a postattachment step, since antibodies to hsc70 and the protein itself did not inhibit the virus attachment to cells. We propose that the functional rotavirus receptor is a complex of several cell surface molecules that include, among others, hsc70.
Inter- and Intramolecular Recombinations in theCucumber Mosaic VirusGenome Related to Adaptation to Alstroemeria
Authors: Chen Yuh-Kun , Goldbach Rob , Prins Marcel 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIn four distinct alstroemeria-infecting cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) isolates, additional sequences of various lengths were present in the 3′ nontranslated regions of their RNAs 2 and 3, apparently the result of intra- and intermolecular recombination events. Competition experiments revealed that these recombined RNA 2 and 3 segments increased the biological fitness of CMV in alstroemeria.
Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection Initiates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and an Unfolded Protein Response
Authors: Su Hong-Lin , Liao Ching-Len , Lin Yi-Ling 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The malfunctioning of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cells in hosts ranging from yeast to mammals can trigger an unfolded protein response (UPR). Such malfunctioning can result from a variety of ER stresses, including the inhibition of protein glycosylation and calcium imbalance. To cope with ER stresses, cells may rely on the UPR to send a signal(s) from the ER to the nucleus to stimulate appropriate cellular responses, including induction of chaperone expression. During
Japanese encephalitis virus
(JEV) infection, the lumen of the ER rapidly accumulates substantial amounts of viral proteins for virus progeny production. In the present study, we demonstrate that as evidenced by certain chaperone inductions, JEV infection triggers the UPR in fibroblast BHK-21 cells and in neuronal N18 and NT-2 cells, in which JEV results in apoptotic cell death. By contrast, no UPR was observed in apoptosis-resistant K562 cells infected by JEV. JEV infection also activates expression of CHOP/GADD153, a distinctive transcription factor often induced by the UPR, and appears to trigger activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, a posttranslational activator of CHOP. Ectopic enforcement of CHOP expression enhanced JEV-induced apoptosis, whereas treatment with a p38-specific inhibitor, SB203580, partially blocked JEV-induced apoptosis. Interestingly,
bcl-2
overexpression and treatment with a pancaspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk, inhibited CHOP induction and diminished JEV-induced apoptosis, suggesting that Bcl-2 and caspases could be the upstream regulators of CHOP. Our results thus suggest that virus-induced ER stress may participate, via p38-dependent and CHOP-mediated pathways, in the apoptotic process triggered by JEV infection.
The Common Retroviral Insertion LocusDsi1Maps 30 Kilobases Upstream of the P1 Promoter of the MurineRunx3/Cbfa3/Aml2Gene
Authors: Stewart Monica , MacKay Nancy , Cameron Ewan R. , Neil James C. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTTheDsi1locus was identified as a common integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV) in rat thymic lymphomas, but previous efforts to identify a gene affected by these insertions were unsuccessful. We considered theRunx3gene a potential candidate on the basis of genetic mapping which showed thatDsi1andRunx3are closely linked on mouse chromosome 4 and the precedent of the relatedRunx2gene, which emerged recently as aMyc-collaborating gene activated by retroviral insertion in thymic lymphomas of CD2-MYCmice. We now report the physical mapping of theDsi1locus to a site 30 kb upstream of the distal (P1) promoter of the murineRunx3gene. Comparison with the syntenic region of human chromosome 1 shows that the next gene is over 250 kb 5′ toRunx3, suggesting thatRunx3may be the primary target of retroviral insertions atDsi1. Screening of CD2-MYClymphomas for rearrangements atDsi1revealed a tumor cell line harboring an MLV provirus at this locus, in the orientation opposite that ofRunx3. Proviral insertion was associated with very high levels of expression ofRunx3, with a preponderance of transcripts arising at the P1 promoter. These results confirm thatRunx3is a target of retroviral insertions atDsi1and indicate thatRunx3can act as an alternative toRunx2as aMyc-collaborating gene in thymic lymphoma.
Symptomatic rickets in adolescence
Authors: Narchi H , El Jamil M , Kulaylat N 
Published: July 2002

AIMTo describe 21 cases of symptomatic rickets in adolescents.METHODSThe setting was a primary and secondary care hospital in Saudi Arabia providing medical care to Saudi Arab company employees and their families. Cases of symptomatic rickets diagnosed between January 1996 and December 1997 in adolescents aged 10 to 15 years were assessed with respect to clinical presentation, biochemical and radiological evaluation, dietary assessment, and estimation of sun exposure.RESULTSSymptomatic rickets developed in 21 adolescents (20 females), with a prevalence rate of 68 per 100 000 children years. Presentation included carpopedal spasms (n = 12), diffuse limb pains (n = 6), lower limbs deformities (n = 2), and generalised weakness (n = 1). Biochemical findings included hypocalcaemia (n = 19), hypophosphoraemia (n = 9), raised serum alkaline phosphatase (n = 21) and parathormone (n = 7), and reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (n = 7). Radiological studies were suggestive of rickets in only eight children. All children had an inadequate dietary calcium and vitamin D intake. All but one had less than 60 minutes sun exposure per day.CONCLUSIONEven in sunny climates, adolescents, especially females, can be at risk of rickets. Hypocalcaemic tetany and limb pains were the most common presenting symptoms. Radiological evidence was not present in every case.
Effects of three different training modalities on the cross sectional area of the lumbar multifidus muscle in patients with chronic low back pain
Authors: Danneels L A , Vanderstraeten G G , Cambier D C , Witvrouw E E , Bourgois J , Dankaerts W , De Cuyper H J 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To determine the effect of different training schedules on the cross sectional area (CSA) of the lumbar multifidus muscle in patients with chronic low back pain.Methods—Each of 59 nine patients was randomly assigned to one of three programmes: 10 weeks of stabilisation training (group 1; n = 19); 10 weeks of stabilisation training combined with dynamic resistance training (group 2; n = 20); 10 weeks of stabilisation training combined with dynamic-static resistance training (group 3; n = 20). Before and after 10 weeks of training, multifidus CSAs were measured from standard computed tomography images at three different levels (upper end plate of L3 and L4, and lower end plate of L4).Results—The CSA of the multifidus muscle was significantly increased at all levels after training in group 3. In contrast, no significant differences were found in groups 1 and 2.Conclusions—General stabilisation exercises and dynamic intensive lumbar resistance training have no significant effect on the CSA of the lumbar multifidus muscle in patients with chronic low back pain. The static holding component between the concentric and eccentric phase was found to be critical in inducing muscle hypertrophy during the first 10 weeks. Treatment consisting of stabilisation training combined with an intensive lumbar dynamic-static strengthening programme seems to be the most appropriate method of restoring the size of the multifidus muscle.
Microsatellite instability and the clinicopathological features of sporadic colorectal cancer
Authors: Ward R , Meagher A , Tomlinson I , O'Connor T , Norrie M , Wu R , Hawkins N 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUND AND AIMSIn this study, we prospectively examined the clinical significance of the microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype in sporadic colorectal cancer, and investigated methods for effective identification of these tumours in routine pathology practice.METHODSDNA was extracted from 310 tumours collected from 302 consecutive individuals undergoing curative surgery for sporadic colorectal cancer. Microsatellite status was determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification using standard markers, while immunostaining was used to examine expression of MLH1, MSH2, and p53.RESULTSEleven per cent of tumours showed high level instability (MSI-H), 6.8% had low level instability (MSI-L), and the remainder were stable. MSI-H tumours were significantly more likely to be of high histopathological grade, have a mucinous phenotype, and to harbour increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes. They were also more likely to be right sided, occur in women, and be associated with improved overall survival. In total, 25 (8%) tumours showed loss of staining for MLH1 and a further three tumours showed absence of staining for MSH2. The positive and negative predictive value of immunohistochemistry in the detection of MSI-H tumours was greater than 95%.CONCLUSIONSWe conclude that the MSI-H phenotype constitutes a pathologically and clinically distinct subtype of sporadic colorectal cancer. Immunohistochemical staining for MLH1 and MSH2 represents an inexpensive and accurate means of identifying such tumours.
Clinicopathological features of gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas: high grade transformation and comparison with diffuse large B cell lymphomas without MALT lymphoma features
Authors: Yoshino Tadashi , Omonishi Kunihiro , Kobayashi Keita , Mannami Tomohiko , Okada Hiroyuki , Mizuno Motowo , Yamadori Ichiro , Kondo Eisaku , Akagi Tadaatsu 
Published: July 2002

Aims—To investigate the clinicopathological differences among gastric low grade MALT lymphomas (low MALT), large B cell lymphomas with low grade components (secondary high grade MALT lymphomas, high MALT), and diffuse large B cell lymphomas without low grade features (primary high grade MALT lymphomas, DLL).Methods—Clinicopathological and morphological characters of 126 gastric lymphoma cases were studied: 82 cases of low MALT lymphoma including 40 that were surgically resected, 17 cases of high MALT lymphoma including 13 surgically resected, and 27 cases of DLL including 12 surgically resected.Results—Age ranges were as follows: low MALT lymphoma, 34 to 85 years (mean 59.9); high MALT lymphoma, 53 to 88 years (mean 68.5); DLL, 29 to 83 years (mean 62.3). The average age for low and high MALT lymphomas was significantly different (p < 0.05), but there were no differences in other comparisons. There was a female predominance of low MALT lymphoma patients (female to male ratio, 47/35), while for high MALT patients the ratio was almost even (8/9), and for DLL patients there was a male predominance (11/16). Examination of surgically resected material showed that MALT lymphomas had a wider distribution in the gastric wall than DLL.Conclusions—The findings suggest that at least some of the high grade gastric lymphomas, especially in patients younger than the fifth decade, do not originate from high grade transformation of low MALT lymphomas. It seems to take about one decade at least for high grade transformation of low MALT lymphomas.
Clinical value of anaerobic blood culture: a retrospective analysis of positive patient episodes
Authors: James Peter A , Al-Shafi Khalid M 
Published: July 2002

Aim—To investigate the clinical value of anaerobic blood culture.Methods—Blood culture bottles (n = 25 185) submitted for culture over a two year period were reviewed.Results—The bottles yielded 1992 positive patient episodes, a positive rate of 14.4/1000 hospital admissions. Significantly more isolations were obtained from aerobic than from anaerobic bottles. Twelve of the 38 anaerobic episodes were detected in aerobic bottles. Clinical management was influenced in one of 24 patients whose cultures yielded anaerobes from anaerobic bottles only. For a further six patients it was unlikely that the result had any effect on clinical management.Conclusions—If aerobic bottles were substituted for the anaerobic bottles, detection of positive patient episodes would increase by at least 6%. A higher yield would be achieved by using two aerobic bottles for routine culture and using anaerobic bottles only for patients where anaerobic culture may influence clinical management.
Co-expression inHelicobacter pyloriof cagA and non-opsonic neutrophil activation enhances the association with peptic ulcer disease
Authors: Danielsson D , Farmery S M , Blomberg B , Perry S , Rautelin H , Crabtree J E 
Published: July 2002

Aims—To investigate the association of cagA positivity and non-opsonic neutrophil activation capacity in wild-type Helicobacter pylori strains with peptic ulcer disease or chronic gastritis only.Methods—Helicobacter pyloriwere isolated from antral biopsies of 53 consecutive patients with chronic antral gastritis, of whom 24 had peptic ulcer disease endoscopically. The presence of cagA, a marker for the cag pathogenicity island, was determined by polymerase chain reaction with specific oligonucleotide primers, and non-opsonic neutrophil activation capacity by luminol enhanced chemiluminescence.Results—The cagA gene was present in 39 of 53 (73.6%) strains, 20 of which (83.3%) were from the 24 patients with peptic ulcer disease and 19 (65.5%) from the 29 patients with chronic gastritis only. Non-opsonic neutrophil activation was found in 29 (54.7%) strains, 16 of which (66.7%) were from patients with peptic ulcer disease, and 13 (44.8%) from those with chronic gastritis. Non-opsonic neutrophil activation was found more frequently in cagA+than cagA−strains (59% v 42.9%). Whereas four of the 14 cagA−strains and eight of the 24 non-opsonic neutrophil activation negative strains were from patients with peptic ulcer disease, only two of 24 (8.3%) peptic ulcer disease strains expressed neither cagA nor non-opsonic neutrophil activation. The cagA gene and non-opsonic neutrophil activation capacity were co-expressed in 14 of 24 (58.3%) strains from patients with peptic ulcer disease, and in nine of 29 (31%) strains from individuals with chronic gastritis.Conclusions—Positivity for cagA and non-opsonic neutrophil activation occur independently in wild-typeH pyloristrains. However, co-expression of the two markers enhanced the prediction of peptic ulcer disease.
Developing a culturally relevant bioethics for Asian people
Authors: Tai Michael Cheng-tek , Lin Chung Seng 
Published: July 2002

Because of cultural differences between East and West, any attempt at outright adaptation of Western ideas in Asia will undoubtly encounter problems, if not rejection. Transferring an idea from one place to another is just like transplanting an organ from a donor to a recipient—rejection is to be expected. Human cultures respond to new ideas from different value systems in very much the same way.Recently, biomedical ethics has received much attention in Asia. Fundamental advances in medicine have motivated medical scientists to look at the ethical issues arising from this progress. Will the principles upheld by the bioethicists in the West meet the challenge in Asia? This article argues that Asian bioethicists must develop a bioethics responding to their own cultural contexts. If Western principles are adopted, then they must be re-interpreted and even modified, if necessary, in light of Asian beliefs.
Cancers in concrete workers: results of a cohort study of 33 668 workers
Authors: Knutsson Anders , Damber Lena , Järvholm Bengt 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo study cancer morbidity patterns in concrete workers.METHODSA cohort of 33 503 concrete workers was enrolled in the study from 1971–86. The average duration of follow up was 19.4 years (582 225 person-years). The workers' cancer morbidity was compared with the morbidity of the general population.RESULTSA total of 3572 incident cancers were observed. Significantly increased standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were found for all malignant neoplasms (SIR 107; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 103 to 110), cancer of the lip (SIR 179; 95%CI 134 to 234), cancer of the stomach (SIR 139; 95%CI 122 to 158), cancer of the lung (SIR 125; 95%CI 114 to 137), and cancer of the prostate (SIR 108; 95%CI 101 to 116). Reduced risk was found for cancer of the large intestine (SIR 80; 95%CI 69 to 93) and cancer of the testis (SIR 50; 95%CI 26 to 87). Smoking was more prevalent among the concrete workers than in the general population (50%v35%).CONCLUSIONThe study has shown a slightly increased overall risk of cancer among concrete workers. The increased risk of lung cancer could entirely be due to differences in smoking habits between concrete workers and the general population. There is a possibility that the smoking also has contributed to the increased risks of stomach cancer and lip cancer, but occupational factors may have contributed to these cancer sites.
Prevalence of airway symptoms among hairdressers in Bergen, Norway
Authors: Hollund B E , Moen B E , Lygre S H , Florvaag E , Omenaas E 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo assess respiratory symptoms among hairdressers in Norway.METHODSThe study was based on a questionnaire sent to 100 hairdressers (91% responding) and 95 office workers (84% responding). The questionnaire sought information about allergy, respiratory symptoms in the past year, and symptoms after exposures to different types of pollutants, working conditions, and smoking habits. A population based control group was established because the hairdressers and office workers differed in age and smoking habits.RESULTSThe prevalence of respiratory symptoms in the past year did not differ significantly between hairdressers and office workers after adjusting for age, atopy, and smoking. The hairdressers over 40 years of age reported significantly more symptoms—such as wheezing and breathlessness—in the past year than the office workers of the same age. Compared with the population based control group, both hairdressers younger than 30 and those over 40 reported more symptoms—such as breathlessness in the past year. The oldest hairdressers reported such symptoms as wheezing and breathlessness more often than did the younger hairdressers. These differences in breathlessness were significant after adjusting for smoking and wheezing. The same trend was not found among the office workers. The hairdressers reported significantly more wheezing, breathlessness, runny eyes, and blocked or runny nose from exposure to hair dyes, permanent oils, bleaching powder, and other chemicals used in a hairdressing salon, compared with the office workers. Prevalence of symptoms during exposure to other types of generel pollutants was similar in the two groups.CONCLUSIONSHairdressers are exposed to low levels of various irritating chemicals every day. The prevalences of acute symptoms related to the exposure of hairdressers to hairdressing chemicals are very high. Hairdressers, especially the oldest hairdressers, have more asthma-like symptoms than the control groups.