bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In preterm infants, does fluid restriction, as opposed to liberal fluid prescription, reduce the risk of important morbidities and mortality?
Authors: Abbas Safiyyah , Keir Amy K 
Published: July 2019

AimTo answer the clinical question: ‘In preterm infants, does fluid restriction, as opposed to liberal fluid prescription, reduce the risk of important morbidities (namely, intraventricular haemorrhage, necrotising enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and patent ductus arteriosus) and mortality?’MethodsLiterature searches were conducted of Medline, Embase and Cochrane Library. Results were limited to human clinical trials on infants and those published in English. The reference lists of relevant articles were screened for further articles. Studies that examined measures which inform diagnostic criteria of morbidities of interest (such as echocardiographic changes) but did not go further to confirm or exclude presence of said morbidities in study populations were excluded.ResultsA total of 110 articles were found and screened by title and abstract. The final analysis included five randomised controlled trials and five case control studies. Among the randomised controlled trials, there is some suggestion (though not unanimous) that liberal fluid regimens are associated with an increased risk of patent ductus arteriosus, necrotising enterocolitis and mortality. Case control studies focused on patent ductus arteriosus and bronchopulmonary dysplasia or chronic lung disease, with all but one study suggesting an increased risk of these complications with liberal fluid regimens.ConclusionFurther investigation is needed to clarify the optimal fluid regimen for preterm infants to ensure adequate hydration and nutrition without contributing to serious complications.
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) after intravenous and intramuscular administration
Authors: Poapolathep Saranya , Giorgi Mario , Chaiyabutr Narongsak , Chokejaroenrat Chanat , Klangkaew Narumol , Phaochoosak Napasorn , Wongwaipairote Tara , Poapolathep Amnart 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, pharmacokinetic information to establish suitable therapeutic plans for freshwater crocodiles is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the pharmacokinetic characteristics of enrofloxacin (ENR) in freshwater crocodiles, Crocodylus siamensis, following single intravenous and intramuscular administration at a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 168 hr. The plasma concentrations of ENR and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) were measured by liquid chromatography tandem–mass spectrometry. The concentrations of ENR and CIP in the plasma were quantified up to 144 hr after both the administrations. The half‐life was long (43–44 hr) and similar after both administrations. The absolute i.m. bioavailability was 82.65% and the binding percentage of ENR to plasma protein ranged from 9% to 18% with an average of 10.6%. Percentage of CIP (plasma concentrations) was 15.9% and 19.9% after i.v. and i.m. administration, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, susceptibility break point and PK‐PD indexes, i.m. single administration of ENR at a dosage of 5 mg/kg b.w. might be appropriate for treatment of susceptible bacteria (MIC > 1 μg/mL) in freshwater crocodiles, C. siamensis.
Neuropeptides at the crossroad of fear and hunger: a special focus on neuropeptide Y
Authors: Comeras Lucas B. , Herzog Herbert , Tasan Ramon O. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSurvival in a natural environment forces an individual into constantly adapting purposive behavior. Specified interoceptive neurons monitor metabolic and physiological balance and activate dedicated brain circuits to satisfy essential needs, such as hunger, thirst, thermoregulation, fear, or anxiety. Neuropeptides are multifaceted, central components within such life‐sustaining programs. For instance, nutritional depletion results in a drop in glucose levels, release of hormones, and activation of hypothalamic and brainstem neurons. These neurons, in turn, release several neuropeptides that increase food‐seeking behavior and promote food intake. Similarly, internal and external threats activate neuronal pathways of avoidance and defensive behavior. Interestingly, specific nuclei of the hypothalamus and extended amygdala are activated by both hunger and fear. Here, we introduce the relevant neuropeptides and describe their function in feeding and emotional‐affective behaviors. We further highlight specific pathways and microcircuits, where neuropeptides may interact to identify prevailing homeostatic needs and direct respective compensatory behaviors. A specific focus will be on neuropeptide Y, since it is known for its pivotal role in metabolic and emotional pathways. We hypothesize that the orexigenic and anorexigenic properties of specific neuropeptides are related to their ability to inhibit fear and anxiety.
Anatomy of the greater occipital nerve block in infants
Authors: Prigge Lané , van Schoor Albert N. , Bosenberg Adrian T. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundPain relief for posterior fossa craniotomies as well as occipital neuralgia, are indications for the use of the greater occipital nerve block in children. The greater occipital nerve originates from the C2 spinal nerve and is accompanied by the occipital artery as it supplies the posterior scalp.AimsThe aim of this study was to develop a unique, yet simple technique for blocking the greater occipital nerve in children through the evaluation of the anatomy of this nerve and the accompanying occipital artery in the occipital region.MethodsThe greater occipital nerve and occipital artery were dissected and exposed in six formalin‐fixed cadavers (five infants [average age of 51.4 days] and one 2‐year‐old) from the Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria. Measurements between the nerve and selected bony landmarks were obtained. The relationship between the greater occipital nerve and the occipital artery at the trapezius muscle hiatus was also evaluated.ResultsThe greater occipital nerve is on average 22.6 ± 5.6 mm from the external occipital protuberance in infants. The average width of the medial three fingers measured at the proximal interphalangeal joint, for each respective cadaver is 20.4 ± 4.0 mm, with a strong correlation coefficient of 0.97 between the aforementioned distances. In 83.3% of the specimens, the occipital artery lies lateral to the greater occipital nerve at the trapezius muscle hiatus.ConclusionIn infants, the greater occipital nerve can be blocked approximately 23 mm from the external occipital protuberance, medial to the occipital artery. This distance is equal to the width of the medial three fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joint of the patient.
Discoidin domain receptors: A promising target in melanoma
Authors: Reger de Moura Coralie , Battistella Maxime , Sohail Anjum , Caudron Anne , Feugeas Jean Paul , Podgorniak Marie‐Pierre , Pages Cecile , Mazouz Dorval Sarra , Marco Oren , Menashi Suzanne , Fridman Rafael , Lebbé Celeste , Mourah Samia , Jouenne Fanélie 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family that signals in response to collagen and that has been implicated in cancer progression. In the present study, we investigated the expression and role of DDR1 in human melanoma progression. Immunohistochemical staining of human melanoma specimens (n = 52) shows high DDR1 expression in melanoma lesions that correlates with poor prognosis. DDR1 expression was associated with the clinical characteristics of Clark level and ulceration and with BRAF mutations. Downregulation of DDR1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in vitro inhibited melanoma cells malignant properties, migration, invasion, and survival in several human melanoma cell lines. A DDR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (DDR1‐IN‐1) significantly inhibited melanoma cell proliferation in vitro, and ex vivo and in tumor xenografts, underlining the promising potential of DDR1 inhibition in melanoma.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with acute cytomegalovirus infection in a renal transplant
Authors: Wynd Elsa , Stewart Anne , Burke John 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFocal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) occurring in association with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in a renal transplant patient with no previous history of FSGS has rarely been reported. We present a case of a 16‐year‐old renal transplant recipient who developed acute hepatitis, leukopenia, nephrotic syndrome, and progressive renal dysfunction in the setting of acute infection with CMV. The cytomegalovirus infection was successfully treated with IV ganciclovir followed by oral valganciclovir but renal function deterioration and massive proteinuria continued. Features of FSGS were found on two renal allograft biopsies. Plasmapheresis and cyclophosphamide treatment was instituted with no clear effect on disease progress.
A cyanogenic glucoside of Trifolium repens deters oviposition by the common grass yellow Eurema mandarina
Authors: Ohashi Toshiki , Ohta Shinji , Ômura Hisashi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe common grass yellow Eurema mandarina (Pieridae, Coliadinae) widely inhabits Japan, feeds on various fabaceous plants such as silktree (Albizia julibrissin) and uses d‐pinitol, a cyclitol omnipresent in Fabaceae, as a primary oviposition stimulant. However, E. mandarina has a clear host preference within the Fabaceae; for example, white clover (Trifolium repens) is a nonhost despite containing d‐pinitol. The present study aims to identify plant chemicals in white clover that inhibit oviposition of E. mandarina. Females lay very few eggs on T. repens foliage and plastic plant models treated with a methanolic extract of the foliage. The foliage extract is fractionated by successive extraction with chloroform, isobutanol and water. None of these fractions induce egg‐laying responses. The aqueous fraction is further separated into four subfractions (Tr‐3‐1 to Tr‐3‐4) by column chromatography. Among these subfractions, females show high egg‐laying responses to Tr‐3‐1, which is known to contain d‐pinitol. Interestingly, Tr‐3‐2, when mixed with Tr‐3‐1, significantly decreases egg‐laying responses, indicating that it contains oviposition deterrents. Chemical analyses reveal that two cyanogenic glucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin, are the major constituents of Tr‐3‐2. Authentic linamarin does not elicit egg‐laying responses and significantly inhibits female oviposition when mixed with Tr‐3‐1 at the natural concentration. Although these cyanogenic glucosides are reported to synergistically induce oviposition of a coliadine species Colias erate on white clover, we conclude that linamarin acts as an oviposition deterrent for E. mandarina, restricts its host range and regulates their differential host acceptance.
Population dynamics ofEchinops gmeliniiTurcz. at different successional stages of biological soil crusts in a temperate desert in China
Authors: Wang Y. L. , Li X. R. , Zhao J. C. , Liu L. C. , Yang H. T. , Zhou Y. Y 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe effects of biological soil crusts (BSC) on vascular plant growth can be positive, neutral or negative, and little information is available on the impacts of different BSC successional stages on vascular plant population dynamics.We analysed seedling emergence, survival, plant growth and reproduction in response to different BSC successional stages (i.e.habitats: bare soil, cyanobacteria, lichen and moss crusts) in natural populations ofEchinops gmeliniiTurcz. in the Tengger Desert of northwest China. The winter annualE. gmeliniiis a dominant pioneer herb after sand stabilisation.During the early stages of BSC succession, the studied populations ofE. gmeliniiwere characterised by high density, plant growth and fecundity. As the BSC succession proceeded beyond moss crusts, the fecundity decreased sharply, which limited seedling recruitment. Differences in seedling survival among the successional stages were not evident, indicating that BSC have little effect on survival in arid desert regions. Moreover,E. gmeliniibiomass allocation exhibited low plasticity, and only reproductive allocation was sensitive to the various habitats. Our results further suggest that the negative effects of BSC succession on population dynamics are primarily driven by increasing topsoil water‐holding capacity and decreasing rain water infiltration into deeper soil.We conclude that BSC succession drives population dynamics ofE. gmelinii, primarilyviaits effect on soil moisture. The primary cause forE. gmeliniipopulation decline during the moss‐dominated stage of BSC succession is decreased fecundity of individual plants, with declining seed mass possibly reducing the success of seedling establishment.
Content Matters: How Online Language Content Gives Rise to Digital Divides
Authors: Grace Rob , Stratton Caroline , Fonseca Fred 
Published: July 2019

ObjectiveWe examine the language content of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) to consider how features of online content unequally structure access to capital‐enhancing uses of the Internet and contribute to digital divides.MethodologyThis study adopts a mixed‐methods approach using descriptive statistics to examine the distribution of language content among MOOCs, and qualitative content analysis to understand the motivations, resources, and methods behind initiatives to create MOOC language content.ResultsThe availability of MOOCs varies significantly by language, with a preponderance of English‐language courses available compared to other world languages. Furthermore, a qualitative content analysis of initiatives to expand MOOC language content reveals a diverse ensemble of actors whose varied motivations, resources, and methods may widen existing inequalities structuring access to online learning despite expanding the availability of MOOCs in non‐English languages.ConclusionBy revealing the availability of online content structuring access to capital‐enhancing uses of the Internet, studies of online content can help explain sociodemographic differences in Internet accessibility and usage, and can delineate digital divides along lines of inequality, when content is available to some people but not others, as well as inequity, when content is available but not useful in people's contexts of use.
The impact of recipient factors on the lower‐than‐expected hemoglobin increment in transfused outpatients with hematologic diseases
Authors: Karafin Matthew S. , Bruhn Roberta , Roubinian Nareg H. , Chowdhury Dhuly , Qu Lirong , Snyder Edward L. , Murphy Edward L. , Brambilla Don , Cable Ritchard G. , Hilton Joan F. , St. Lezin Elizabeth ,   for the NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation (REDS)‐III Study
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUNDPatients with cancer or chronic hematologic disorders frequently receive red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. Based on long‐standing assumptions, each RBC unit is thought to increase recipient hemoglobin by 1 g/dL, but smaller increments can occur. A better understanding of recipient factors affecting hemoglobin increments could help providers manage these patients.METHODSData were collected as a part of the observational Red Cells in Outpatients Transfusion Outcomes (RETRO) study of outpatients with hematologic or cancer‐related diagnoses. Hemoglobin was measured before transfusion and 30 minutes after transfusion. A classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was performed to identify statistically significant associations with clinical variables. A corresponding prediction equation was developed and validated using linear regression.RESULTSA total of 195 participants had both pre‐ and posttransfusion hemoglobin values for analysis. The median age was 66 years, and patients received one (73%) or two (27%) RBC units during the transfusion episode. The overall median change in hemoglobin was 0.6 g/dL per RBC unit. Both CART analysis and linear regression identified the following significant predictors of hemoglobin increment: number of units received (positive correlation), patient estimated circulating blood volume (negative correlation), pretransfusion hemoglobin (negative correlation), and patient age (negative correlation).CONCLUSIONIn this study of outpatients with hematologic disease, most patients had a hemoglobin increment of less than 1 g/dL/unit. Recipient‐specific factors influenced the hemoglobin increment at 30 minutes, and providers should consider circulating blood volume, pretransfusion hemoglobin, and recipient age, when developing patient‐specific RBC transfusion plans for this unique cohort.
Standing MRI for surgical planning of equine fracture repair
Authors: Genton Martin , Vila Thibault , Olive Julien , Rossignol Fabrice 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo report the feasibility of standing MRI (sMRI) and document the value of sMRI in surgical planning for surgical repair of limb fractures in the horse.Study designRetrospective case series.AnimalsThirty‐one horses with preoperative sMRI.MethodsMedical records were reviewed for fracture type, application of a polyester cast, sMRI sequences performed, technical variables, and image quality. Fracture geometry and concomitant lesions were compared between sMRI and radiography. The relative value of sMRI with regard to surgical planning was classified as minor (sMRI did not provide additional findings), intermediate (additional lesions found or slight modification to surgical plan), or major (sMRI led to significant alternations in surgical plan).ResultsStanding MRI provided good studies in all horses. Standing MRI was classified as having major relevance in 12 of 31 horses, intermediate relevance in 14 of 31 horses, and minor relevance in 5 of 31 horses.ConclusionPreoperative sMRI produced good studies in all horses and influenced the surgical planning in the majority of fractures in this study. Application of a polyester cast seemed to improve comfort without appreciable loss of image quality.Clinical significanceStanding MRI can be considered as an adjunct to plan the repair of equine fractures, and a polyester cast does not impair image quality.
Treatment strategies for Graves’ ophthalmopathy: a network meta-analysis
Authors: Zhou Xiaoxin , Zhou Dongdong , Wang Juan , Chen Guangmin 
Published: July 2019

PurposeVarious treatments have been investigated for Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO). We aimed to provide an overall profile of the efficacy and tolerability of various interventions for active and moderate to severe GO.MethodsPubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched on 6 July 2018. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) investigating GO treatments were included. Two researchers independently extracted data according to a predefined form. A random effects network meta-analysis was performed using a frequentist approach. The primary outcome was efficacy, and the secondary outcome was tolerability (side effect discontinuation).ResultsThirty-three studies with 1846 patients with GO were included. Orbital radiotherapy (ORT) plus intravenous glucocorticoids (IVGC) (OR 27.11; 95% CI 4.57 to 160.92), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) (24.40, 95% CI 5.28 to 112.67), oral glucocorticoids (OGC) plus ciclosporin (20.22, 95% CI 1.60 to 255.20), IVGC plus MMF (12.08, 95% CI 2.96 to 49.35), teprotumumab (8.92, 95% CI 2.51 to 31.77), ORT plus OGC (4.88, 95% CI 1.25 to 19.06), rituximab (RTX) (4.85, 95% CI 1.18 to 19.86), somatostatin analogues (4.23, 95% CI 1.60 to 11.16), OGC plus azathioprine (AzA) (5.77, 95% CI 1.17 to 28.47) and IVGC (4.96, 95% CI 1.96 to 12.55) showed significantly better improvement than no treatment. ORT plus IVGC ranked first, followed by MMF. High heterogeneity and significant local inconsistency were observed in the RTX studies. The results of the sensitivity analyses were similar to those of the main analysis.ConclusionA robust recommendation regarding the best treatment cannot be made, because most evidence was rated as low or very low quality according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations framework. Large RCTs and individual participant data meta-analyses are necessary to confirm these results and explore potential moderators.PROPERO trial registration numberCRD42018103029.
Long-term outcomes of ocular adnexal lesions in IgG4-related ophthalmic disease
Authors: Kubota Toshinobu , Katayama Masao , Nishimura Reiko , Moritani Suzuko 
Published: July 2019

AimsTo determine the long-term outcomes of ocular adnexal lesions in immunoglobulin G4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD).MethodsThis retrospective, non-randomised exploratory study included 82 patients with ocular adnexal lesions. We evaluated the long-term outcomes in 71 patients during the median follow-up period of 30 months, who underwent either watchful waiting (n=20; range 12–90 months) or systemic corticosteroid treatment, delivered according to consensus guidelines (n=51; range 9– 115 months). We also analysed factors that might contribute to recalcitrance to treatment.ResultsOf 82 patients, 40 (49%) were male, and the median patient age was 60 years old. Twenty-one (26%) patients with extraocular muscle (EOM) and/or trigeminal nerve branch (CN V) enlargements had a significantly high frequency of multiple ocular adnexal lesions (p<0.0001, Fisher’s exact test). In addition, two patients developed EOM and/or CN V enlargements de novo over time. Twenty patients with solitary lacrimal gland enlargements preferred watchful waiting, due to mild symptoms. Of these, 18 (90%) lesions remained dormant throughout a median follow-up of 27 months. Among 51 patients treated with corticosteroids, 31 (61%) experienced relapses after treatment and required systemic low-dose maintenance treatment. A multivariate analysis indicated that EOM and/or CN V enlargements comprised a risk factor for relapse (HR 2.7; 95% CI 1.1 to 6.7).ConclusionsThis exploratory study showed that different types of ocular adnexal lesions in IgG4-ROD displayed distinct proliferative activities. Our results suggested that EOM and/or CN V enlargements might be secondary lesions that confer refractoriness to systemic corticosteroid treatment recommended by consensus guidelines.