bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
УСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЯ И ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ИНОСТРАННОГО ПРАВА В ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВЕ ЗАРУБЕЖНЫХ ГОСУДАРСТВ1, "Государство и право"
Authors: Гетьман-Павлова И. В. , Касаткина А.С 
Published: July 2018

Статья посвящена комплексному исследованию одного из наиболее сложных институтов международного частного права - установлению содержания иностранных правовых норм. Нормативной основой исследования является законодательство по МЧП ряда зарубежных государств, судебная практика Франции, Великобритании, Швеции, США и других стран. Методология исследования основана на применении методов сравнительного анализа и сравнительного правоведения. По своему юридическому характеру институт установления содержания иностранного права является процессуальным и реализуется в международном гражданском процессе. Как правило, надлежащее установление содержания представляет собой непростую задачу для национального правоприменителя. Кроме того, иностранное право должно быть применено так, как оно толкуется и применяется в его “родном” суде. Это требование вызывает наибольшие затруднения в процессе его практической реализации. С точки зрения вовлеченности суда в процесс установления содержания иностранного права и отношения к этому праву можно выделить три подхода: 1) активный (правовой); 2) промежуточный (смешанный); 3) пассивный (фактический). В статье сделан вывод, что наиболее корректным и функцио­нальным является активный (правовой) подход.
ГЛАВА ГОСУДАРСТВА В ИСПАНИИ: ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ПОНЯТИЯ, "Государство и право"
Authors: Алексеева Т.А. 
Published: July 2018

Статья посвящена теоретическому осмыслению и законодательному оформлению понятия “глава государства” в Испании. Анализируются особенности его закрепления в Конституции 1931?г., а также в законодательстве Ф.?Франко и действующей Конституции 1978?г.
ПЕНСИОННОЕ СТРАХОВАНИЕ: ФИЛОСОФИЯ, ИСТОРИЯ, ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА: УЧЕБНИК?/ ОБЩ. РЕД. С.А.?ХМЕЛЕВСКОЙ; КОЛЛ. АВТ.: С.А.?ХМЕЛЕВСКАЯ, Д.Н.?ЕРМАКОВ, М.М.?АРАНЖЕРЕЕВ И ДР. М.: ИЗДАТЕЛЬСКО-ТОРГОВАЯ КОРПОРАЦИЯ “ДАШКОВ И К°”, 2018. 720 С., "Государство и право"
Authors: Разумов А.А. 
Published: July 2018

В учебнике изложены теоретико-методологические проблемы пенсионного страхования, включая философию данного вида страхования, раскрыты этапы эволюции пенсионного страхования в мировой практике и в России, дана типология пенсионных систем современности, рассмотрена современная модель российской системы пенсионного страхования с учетом последних изменений в законодательстве.
ПРАВО КАК ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ФЕНОМЕН, "Государство и право"
Authors: Корнев В. Н. 
Published: July 2018

Тема “право и язык” является одной из ключевых для юридической науки и практики. Именно в языке право находит свое выражение и объективное существование. Совершенствование языка нормативных и индивидуальных правовых актов с точки зрения юридической техники?-?это одна из важнейших задач современной юридической науки. Однако только такой подход не решает других, очень важных проблем соотношения права и языка. Автор исследует заявленную тему в контексте теории и философии языка, что составляет предпосылку для обоснования концепции права как языкового феномена. На основе такого методологического подхода автор приходит к обоснованию вывода о том, что право именно как языковой феномен способно осуществлять свои специ­фические функции. К числу их автор относит прежде всего коммуникативную функцию, которая присуща как текстам нормативных правовых актов, так и правовым актам индивидуального характера. Для выполнения нормативно-регулятивной функции право должно быть при помощи языка доведено до сведения неопределенного круга лиц. Так оно приобретает свойство регулятора общественных отношений. В этом смысле действительность (действие) права выступает как действительность (действие) языка, в котором формируются и выражаются правила поведения. В статье анализируются и другие функции права как языкового феномена: правоприменительная?-?функция означивания правовых явлений и др. Автор приходит к выводу о том, что применение права есть специальный случай применения языка. Все вопросы, которые обозначены в тексте научной статьи, рассматриваются на основе анализа концепций отечественных и зарубежных исследователей языка права.
ПОНЯТИЕ И СТРУКТУРА ОБЪЕКТА В МНОГООБЪЕКТНЫХ СОСТАВАХ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЙ, "Государство и право"
Authors: Карабанова Е. Н. 
Published: July 2018

В статье рассмотрено понятие объекта преступления, проанализированы сложившиеся в теории уголовного права взгляды на его содержание и классификацию. Обосновывается правильность аксиологической концепции объекта преступления. Освещены вопросы соотношения понятий “объект преступления” как элемент и как признак состава преступления. В результате автор приходит к выводу о нецелесообразности выделения в теории и в правоприменительной практике факультативного объекта преступления. Предлагается авторское определение объекта в многообъектном составе преступления, а также основного и дополнительного объектов преступления.
КОНСТИТУЦИОННОЕ ПРЕДПИСАНИЕ КАК ПРАВОВАЯ КАТЕГОРИЯ1, "Государство и право"
Authors: Алешкова И. А. , Власова Т.В. 
Published: July 2018

Рассматриваются актуальные вопросы, связанные с понятием и особенностями конституционных предписаний. Авторы дают определение конституционного предписания и выделяют характеризующие данное правовое явление признаки. Акцентируется внимание на том, что конституционные предписания отличаются от норм права, в частности от норм конституционного права.
Doping and Switchable Photovoltaic Effect in Lead‐Free Perovskites Enabled by Metal Cation Transmutation
Authors: Harikesh Padinhare Cholakkal , Wu Bo , Ghosh Biplab , John Rohit Abraham , Lie Stener , Thirumal Krishnamoorthy , Wong Lydia Helena , Sum Tze Chien , Mhaisalkar Subodh , Mathews Nripan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCreating defect tolerant lead‐free halide perovskites is the major challenge for development of high‐performance photovoltaics with nontoxic absorbers. Few compounds of Sn, Sb, or Bi possess ns2 electronic configuration similar to lead, but their poor photovoltaic performances inspire us to evaluate other factors influencing defect tolerance properties. The effect of heavy metal cation (Bi) transmutation and ionic migration on the defects and carrier properties in a 2D layered perovskite (NH4)3(Sb(1−x)Bix)2I9 system is investigated. It is shown, for the first time, the possibility of engineering the carriers in halide perovskites via metal cation transmutation to successfully form intrinsic p‐ and n‐type materials. It is also shown that this material possesses a direct–indirect bandgap enabling high absorption coefficient, extended carrier lifetimes >100 ns, and low trap densities similar to lead halide perovskites. This study also demonstrates the possibility of electrical poling to induce switchable photovoltaic effect without additional electron and hole transport layers.
Discovery of a Highly Potent and Broadly Effective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and HER2 Exon 20 Insertion Mutant Inhibitor
Authors: Jang Jaebong , Son Jieun , Park Eunyoung , Kosaka Takayuki , Saxon Jamie A. , De Clercq Dries J. H. , Choi Hwan Geun , Tanizaki Junko , Eck Michael J. , Jänne Pasi A. , Gray Nathanael S. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractExon 20 insertion (Ex20Ins) mutations are the third most prevalent epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutation and the most prevalent HER2 mutation in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Novel therapeutics for the patients with Ex20Ins mutations are urgently needed, due to their poor responses to the currently approved EGFR and HER2 inhibitors. Here we report the discovery of highly potent and broadly effective EGFR and HER2 Ex20Ins mutant inhibitors. The co‐crystal structure of compound 1 b in complex with wild type EGFR clearly revealed an additional hydrophobic interaction of 4‐fluorobenzene ring within a deep hydrophobic pocket, which has not been widely exploited in the development of EGFR and HER2 inhibitors. As compared with afatinib, compound 1 a exhibited superior inhibition of proliferation and signaling pathways in Ba/F3 cells harboring either EGFR or HER2 Ex20Ins mutations, and in the EGFR P772_H773insPNP patient‐derived lung cancer cell line DFCI127. Our study identifies promising strategies for development of EGFR and HER2 Ex20Ins mutant inhibitors.
Supramolekulare Schalter auf der Basis von Cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8])
Authors: Pazos Elena , Novo Paula , Peinador Carlos , Kaifer Angel E. , García Marcos D. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDer molekulare Wirt Cucurbit[8]uril kann in wässrigen Medien homo‐ und heteroternäre Komplexe mit molekularen Schaltern als Gastspezies bilden und gilt in der chemischen Literatur zunehmend als zuverlässiges System zum Erzeugen dynamischer chemischer Systeme. Durch Auswählen geeigneter Gastspezies kann das Redox‐, photochemische oder pH‐ausgelöste Verhalten von Mehrkomponentensystemen konditioniert werden, so dass supramolekulare Schalter auf CB[8]‐Basis vorhersehbar und modular entworfen werden können. Zudem können mit CB[8] durch sorgfältige Auswahl der Gastspezies dual/dreifach und linear/orthogonal stimuliabhängige Eigenschaften für diese molekularen Funktionseinheiten verwirklicht werden. Die vielseitigen Designmöglichkeiten verleihen diesen supramolekularen Schaltern ein enormes Potential für die rationale Entwicklung neuer Materialien, bei denen die Funktion nicht nur durch die maßgeschneiderte Ansprechbarkeit durch Reize bestimmt wird, sondern auch durch die vorübergehende Aggregation/Disaggregation homo‐ oder heteromerer Baueinheiten.
Solid‐Phase Thiol–Ene Lipidation of Peptides for the Synthesis of a Potent CGRP Receptor Antagonist
Authors: Williams Elyse T. , Harris Paul W. R. , Jamaluddin Muhammad A. , Loomes Kerry M. , Hay Debbie L. , Brimble Margaret A. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe report a new method herein coined SP‐CLipPA (solid‐phase cysteine lipidation of a peptide or amino acid) for the synthesis of mono‐S‐lipidated peptides. This technique utilizes thiol–ene chemistry for conjugation of a vinyl ester to a free thiol of a semiprotected, resin‐bound peptide. Advantages of SP‐CLipPA include: ease of handling, conversions of up to 91 %, by‐product removal by simple filtration, and a single purification step. Additionally, the desired lipidated products show high chromatographic separation from impurities, thus facilitating RP‐HPLC purification. To showcase the utility of SP‐CLipPA, we synthesized a potent calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist peptide in excellent yield and purity. This peptide, selected from a series of lipidated analogues of CGRP8–37 and CGRP7–37, has potential for the treatment of migraine.
Fast Gas–Solid Reaction Kinetics of Nanoparticles Unveiled by Millisecond In Situ Electron Diffraction at Ambient Pressure
Authors: Yu Jian , Yuan Wentao , Yang Hangsheng , Xu Qiang , Wang Yong , Zhang Ze 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAcquiring the kinetics of gas–nanoparticle fast reactions under ambient pressure is a challenge owing to the lack of appropriate in situ techniques. Now an approach has been developed that integrates time‐resolved in situ electron diffraction and an atmospheric gas cell system in transmission electron microscopy, allowing quantitative structural information to be obtained under ambient pressure with millisecond time resolution. The ultrafast oxidation kinetics of Ni nanoparticles in oxygen was vividly obtained. In contrast to the well‐accepted Wagner and Mott–Cabrera models (diffusion‐dominated), the oxidation of Ni nanoparticles is linear at the initial stage (<0.5 s), and follows the Avrami–Erofeev model (n=1.12) at the following stage, which indicates the oxidation of Ni nanoparticles is a nucleation and growth dominated process. This study gives new insights into Ni oxidation and paves the way to study the fast reaction kinetics of nanoparticles using ultrafast in situ techniques.
Aluminum toxicity related to SOD and expression of presenilin and CREB in Bombyx mori
Authors: Liu Longhai , Qian Xiaoran , Chao Mengling , Zhao Yijiao , Huang Junyi , Wang Taichu , Sun Fan , Ling Erjun , Song Hongsheng 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAluminum (Al) is an important environmental metal factor that can be potentially associated with pathological changes leading to neurotoxicity. The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is an important economic insect and has also been used as a model organism in various research areas. However, the toxicity of Al on silkworm physiology has not been reported. Here, we comprehensively investigate the toxic effects of Al on the silkworm, focusing on its effects on viability and development, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and the expression of presenilin and cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) in BmE cells and silkworm larvae. BmE cell viability decreased after treatment with aluminum chloride (AlCl3) in both dose‐ and time‐dependent manners. When AlCl3 solution was injected into newly hatched fifth instar larvae, both larval weight gain and survival rate were significantly decreased in a manner correlating with AlCl3 dose and developmental stage. Furthermore, when BmE cells and silkworm larvae were exposed to AlCl3, SOD activity decreased significantly relative to the control group, whereas presenilin expression increased more than twofold. Additionally, CREB and phosphorylated CREB (p‐CREB) expression in the heads of fifth instar larvae decreased by 28.0% and 50.0%, respectively. These results indicate that Al inhibits the growth and development of silkworms in vitro and in vivo, altering SOD activity and the expressions of presenilin, CREB, and p‐CREB. Our data suggest that B. mori can serve as a model animal for studying Al‐induced neurotoxicity or neurodegeneration.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolic elimination of tolbutamide in female rats: Comparison with male rats
Authors: Fukuno Shuhei , Nagai Katsuhito , Horii Ayano , Yamamoto Kohei , Konishi Hiroki 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAs there are to be known gender differences in the expression profiles of rat hepatic CYP2C, we examined the pharmacokinetic behavior of tolbutamide (TB), a typical probe for CYP2C, and hepatic enzyme activities for metabolizing TB in female rats to compare with male rats. On the pharmacokinetic analysis of TB after intravenous administration to female rats, the elimination rate constant at the terminal phase (ke), total clearance (CLtot) and the apparent volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vdss) were significantly lower than in male rats. The binding rates of TB to serum protein were similar in male and female rats, indicating that the change in unbound TB concentration in serum is not associated with the difference in the pharmacokinetic disposition of TB. On metabolic examination using hepatic microsomes, the maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) of the metabolic conversion from TB to 4‐hydroxytolbutamide (4‐OH‐TB) in female rats was lower than that in male rats, although there was no significant difference in the Michaelis constant (Km) between genders. Consistent with this, the Vmax‐to‐Km ratio (Vmax/Km) was significantly lower in female rats than in male rats. Therefore, the low in vitro CYP2C‐dependent activity for hepatic TB removal in female rats provided a clear explanation for the lower in vivo elimination clearance of TB. Our findings strongly suggest that there is a gender difference in the metabolic capacity to eliminate drugs that serve as substrates of hepatic CYP2C enzymes in rats.
Smoothed quantile regression analysis of competing risks
Authors: Choi Sangbum , Kang Sangwook , Huang Xuelin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractCensored quantile regression models, which offer great flexibility in assessing covariate effects on event times, have attracted considerable research interest. In this study, we consider flexible estimation and inference procedures for competing risks quantile regression, which not only provides meaningful interpretations by using cumulative incidence quantiles but also extends the conventional accelerated failure time model by relaxing some of the stringent model assumptions, such as global linearity and unconditional independence. Current method for censored quantile regressions often involves the minimization of the L1‐type convex function or solving the nonsmoothed estimating equations. This approach could lead to multiple roots in practical settings, particularly with multiple covariates. Moreover, variance estimation involves an unknown error distribution and most methods rely on computationally intensive resampling techniques such as bootstrapping. We consider the induced smoothing procedure for censored quantile regressions to the competing risks setting. The proposed procedure permits the fast and accurate computation of quantile regression parameter estimates and standard variances by using conventional numerical methods such as the Newton–Raphson algorithm. Numerical studies show that the proposed estimators perform well and the resulting inference is reliable in practical settings. The method is finally applied to data from a soft tissue sarcoma study.
A reliable LC‐MS/MS method for the quantification of N‐acetyl‐p‐benzoquinoneimine, acetaminophen glutathione and acetaminophen glucuronide in mouse plasma, liver and kidney: Method validation and application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Zhang Xiqian , Li Ruina , Hu Wenya , Zeng Jin , Jiang Xuehua , Wang Ling 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA rapid, specific, and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method has been developed and validated to simultaneously quantify N‐acetyl‐p‐benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI), acetaminophen‐glutathione (acetaminophen‐glut) and acetaminophen‐glucuronide (acetaminophen‐gluc) in mouse plasma, liver and kidney homogenates. Analytes were eluted by a binary gradient mobile phase composed of water (phase A) and methanol containing 0.1% formic acid (phase B) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min, which was performed on a CAPCELL PAK C18 MG II column. It took 3.2 min to detect three analytes in a single run. Quantification was carried out in positive mode combined with multiple reaction monitoring. The validation of the LC‐MS/MS method consisted of specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, protein precipitation recovery, matrix effect, dilution integrity and stability. The plasma and tissue homogenate calibration curves were linear over concentration ranges of 0.050–5.00, 0.050–5.00 and 0.100–40.0 μg/mL, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.050, 0.050, and 0.100 μg/mL for NAPQI, acetaminophen‐glut and acetaminophen‐gluc, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐run precision values were within 12.47% for NAPQI, 12.11% for acetaminophen‐glut and 11.86% for acetaminophen‐gluc at their lower limit of quantitation levels. The samples were stable under all tested conditions. This method was successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetics of NAPQI, acetaminophen‐glut and acetaminophen‐gluc in ICR mice following oral administration of 200 mg/kg of acetaminophen suspension.
A sensitive and validated HPLC‐UV method for the quantitative determination of the new antifungal drug isavuconazole in human plasma
Authors: Nannetti Giulio , Pagni Silvana , Palù Giorgio , Loregian Arianna 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIsavuconazole is a broad‐spectrum triazole antifungal drug recently approved for the therapy of both invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis. To support a widespread therapeutic drug monitoring of isavuconazole, a simple, sensitive, and precise high‐performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection was developed and fully validated for the quantification of this drug in human plasma. The method involved a combined protein precipitation−solid‐phase extraction and a chromatographic separation on a Waters XTerra RP18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) column using an isocratic mobile phase of ammonium acetate buffer (pH 8.0, 10 mm) and acetonitrile (45:55, v/v). The UV detection was performed at 285 nm. This method was linear (correlation coefficients ≥0.998), specific (no interference with plasma components or various potentially co‐administrated drugs), sensitive (lower limit of quantification of 0.025 μg/mL), reproducible (coefficients of variation were ≤7.9%) and accurate (deviations ranged from −5.0 to 8.0%) over the range of 0.025–10 μg/mL. The method fulfilled all of the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines validation criteria and performed well in an international proficiency testing program. The assay was also successfully applied to routine therapeutic drug monitoring of patients and to drug stability investigations under various conditions.
Coproduction of Ethyl Acetate and n‐Butyl Acetate by Using a Reactive Dividing‐Wall Column
Authors: Xie Jiangwei , Peng Fei , Li Chunli , Jiang Ting , Ma Shuaiming 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe performance of the reactive distillation dividing‐wall column for coproduction of ethyl acetate and butyl acetate was experimentally studied. n‐Butanol and ethanol are raw reaction materials that react with acetic acid in the reaction zone to produce n‐butyl acetate and ethyl acetate, respectively. n‐Butyl acetate is not only a product, but also acts to remove water generated by the esterification reactions. The effects of various parameters, such as catalyst loading per stage, reflux ratio, liquid split and molar feed ratios, ethyl acetate/n‐butyl acetate purity, pressure drop, and total energy consumption, are investigated. Results show that ethanol could be completely converted and the products could be easily separated, which shows great industrial application potential in the coproduction of ethyl acetate and n‐butyl acetate.
Transition‐Metal‐Free N‐Arylation of Amines by Triarylsulfonium Triflates
Authors: Tian Ze‐Yu , Ming Xiao‐Xia , Teng Han‐Bing , Hu Yu‐Tian , Zhang Cheng‐Pan 
Published: July 2018

AbstractA simple and efficient method for transition‐metal‐free N‐arylation of various amines by triarylsulfonium triflates is described. Both aliphatic and aromatic amines were smoothly converted at 80 °C in the presence of tBuOK or KOH to give the corresponding mono N‐arylated products in good to high yields. The molar ratios of the reactants and the choice of bases had a big effect on the reaction. When a large excess of [Ph3S][OTf] and tBuOK were employed for primary amines under the standard conditions, the bis(N‐phenyl) products were predominantly formed. This method was also applicable to the synthesis of bioactive N‐phenyl amino acid derivatives. The control experiments, the deuterium labelling study, and the presence of regioisomers of N‐arylated products when using 4‐substituted triarylsulfonium triflates suggested that the reaction might proceed through an aryne intermediate. The present protocol demonstrated that triarylsulfonium salts are versatile arylation reagents in the construction of CAr−N bonds.