bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theories of Heat: Some Background
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This is a condensed history of thermodynamics and kinetic-molecular theory in Boltzmann’s times and earlier. In the second half of the nineteenth century, there was a widely shared belief in the kinetic-molecular nature of heat. This belief extended to the generally educated public, thanks to popular accounts such as John Tyndall’s Heat considered as a mode of motion (1863). There still was no consensus on the precise form of this motion. For instance, many French physicists persisted in favoring Ampère’s old vibrational picture. Also, there was no consensus on the fruitfulness of the kinetic-molecular theories. Most physicists did not need more than macroscopic thermodynamics, and there were voices, toward the end of the century, to denounce the disproportion between the difficulty of the kinetic-molecular theories and the amount of usable results. Boltzmann had to face such criticism although he was not alone in his quest for a comprehensive kinetic-molecular view of nature.
QCD to All Orders
Authors: Campbell John , Huston Joey , Krauss Frank 
Published: March 2018

Abstract
This chapter centres around the treatment of QCD emissions to all orders. After introductory remarks about the analytic properties of the radiation pattern, some of the most striking phenomenological consequences of non-trivial quantum effects, in particular, the angular ordering property of QCD, are highlighted. Next, analytic resummation techniques are considered, expanding on the treatment of transverse momentum resummation from Chapter 2, and introducing the idea of threshold resummation. BFKL resummation, which resums large logarithms emerging in the high-energy limit, is also introduced. In the second part of this chapter, the probabilistic simulation of QCD radiation through the parton shower is discussed. After a detailed introduction to different schemes and algorithms, the discussion of the combination of the parton shower with fixed-order matrix elements beyond the Born approximation is considered, with a discussion of matching with NLO calculations and the merging with multijet matrix elements.
CD34 and BerEP4 Are Helpful to Distinguish Basaloid Tricholemmoma From Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Turnbull Nicholas , Ghumra Waseem , Mudaliar Vivek , Vella Josefa , Sanders D. Scott A. , Taibjee Saleem , Carr Richard 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:
Tricholemmoma, a benign follicular neoplasm with outer root sheath differentiation, typically comprises clear or pale cells, and when multiple is pathognomic of Cowden's syndrome. The tumor is probably underrecognized and in basaloid examples can be difficult to distinguish from basal cell carcinoma (BCC). We studied 55 tricholemmomas (including 15 basaloid cases) and compared immunohistochemical profile with nodular BCC from our archives. Basaloid and non–basaloid tricholemmomas had similar staining characteristics. BerEP4 was focally positive (range 10%–20%) in only 3/39 (7.7%) tricholemmomas compared with widespread positivity in BCC (90.8%, 139 of 151 cases with ≥50% tumor area stained). CD34 was expressed, usually focally (median 20%, range 10%–90%), in 52/53 (98.1%) tricholemmomas and was negative in all 21 BCCs stained. EMA staining lacked sensitivity or specificity in differentiating tricholemmoma from BCC. Five or more Merkel cells were found in 7/17 (40.1%) tricholemmomas and 1/23 (4.3%) nodular BCCs studied. In summary, immunohistochemistry is helpful in distinction between tricholemmoma, including difficult basaloid examples (BerEP4 negative or focal, CD34 positive) compared with BCC (BerEP4 widespread in most cases, CD34 negative). The presence of 5 or more Merkel cells is a relatively specific but not a particularly sensitive discriminator.
Small Vessel Vasculitis in Herpes Zoster—Discussion of Current Aspects of Varicella Zoster Virus Vasculopathy
Authors: Burgard Barbara , Smola Sigrun , Vogt Thomas , Müller Cornelia S. L. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) vasculopathy was initially described as herpes zoster ophthalmicus with contralateral hemiplegia in 1896. VZV is able to infect endothelial cells directly, leading to a thickened intima and vascular remodeling due to inflammation. Therefore, a spectrum of vasculopathies is induced, ranging from a discrete capillaritis-to-granulomatous vasculitis and obliterative angiitis. Cutaneous vasculitic changes sui generis with leukocytoclasia, cell debris, vascular damage, and endothelial swelling are very rare feature of herpetic infections in skin biopsies. We report an immunocompetent patient who presented with a rare form of cutaneous VZV infection of the upper leg characterized by vasculitic changes of the small vessels without typical herpetic epidermal features or neural involvement. Intriguingly, the vasculitis appeared prior to the characteristic vesicular rush without any pain symptoms. Because VZV can cause vasculopathic damage mainly within the central nervous system in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients, we recommend continuous clinical controls to recognize central symptoms that are related to VZV vasculopathy or giant cell arteriitis.
One-stage Pelnac Reconstruction in Full-thickness Skin Defects with Bone or Tendon Exposure
Authors: Lou Xianghong , Xue Hang , Li Gongchi , Wang Kun , Zhou Pan , Li Binghui , Chen Jianghai 
Published: March 2018

Summary:
Dermal regeneration template, such as Integra and Pelnac, was originally designed for treating large area burn injury by inducing regeneration of dermis. To date, it has been widely applied in various acute and chronic wound sites. The present study demonstrated that application of artificial dermis alone induced 1-stage wound healing for wounds with bone or tendon exposure that should usually be repaired by flap surgery. Eight patients who presented with skin defects with bone and/or tendon exposure were treated by 1-stage Pelnac approach. All wounds healed within 20 weeks without skin graft or flap surgery. The wound area was reconstructed by nearly normal skin structure and linear scar. In the case of scalp defect, evidence of hair follicle cell migration and regeneration during healing process was observed. Thereby, the 1-stage Pelnac reconstitution can be considered as a novel method for inducing regrowth of epidermis and hair follicles to cure large full-thickness skin defect with bone and tendon exposure in 1 stage.
Optimizing Accessibility of a Hand-wash Gel to Infant’s Cradle
Authors: Smolkin Tatiana , Roth-Ahronson Ella , Kranzler Michal , Geffen Yuval , Mashiach Tanya , Kugelman Amir , Makhoul Imad R. 
Published: March 2018

Background:
In our recent study in 2015, we showed a significant relationship between increased rate of clinical neonatal conjunctivitis (CNC) and performance of eye red reflex examination. Our study aim was to assess whether improved accessibility of staff to disinfectant gel (via attaching the gel bottle to infant’s cradle) will increase the caring staff compliance with hand hygiene and decrease the rate of CNC.

Methods:
Our intervention included attaching bottles of alcohol-based gel to newborns’ cradles to ensure full availability and accessibility of hand-wash disinfectant. We included all newborn infants who were born beyond 35 weeks’ gestation and stayed in the well-baby nursery. We compared 2 periods: pre-intervention period (n = 9380) versus an intervention period (n = 8087). Three variables were recorded: (1) rate of CNC: number of conjunctival swabs sampled per 1000 newborns whenever an eye discharge was noted, (2) rate of bacterial conjunctivitis: number of positive swabs per 1000 newborns and (3) percentage of positive swabs out of all sampled swabs.

Results:
Compared with pre-intervention period, the rate of CNC dropped significantly during the intervention period: 28.6/1000 versus 21.3/1000, respectively, P < 0.01. However, the number of positive bacterial swabs per 1000 newborns (3.2 vs. 2.5) and the percentage of positive bacterial swabs of all sent samples (11.6% vs. 10.8%) were not different between the 2 periods. The majority of pathogens in swabs were Gram-negative sp. without difference between study periods (77.4% vs. 80%), respectively. Univariate analysis showed significant association between rate of CNC and longer length of stay >5 days (P < 0.001) and vaginal delivery. Logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that 4 variables were significantly and independently associated with higher rate of clinical conjunctivitis. These include birth during pre-intervention period [P = 0.018, odds ratio (OR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04–1.54], length of stay 4–5 days (P < 0.001, OR = 2.23, CI: 1.63–3.06), length of stay >7 days (P < 0.001, OR = 6.51, CI: 4.24–10.02), vaginal delivery (P = 0.004, OR = 1.6, CI: 1.17–2.2) and male gender (P = 0.006, OR = 1.31, CI: 1.08–1.59).

Conclusions:
Accessibility of a disinfectant gel within each newborn’s cradle raised hygiene awareness among the caring staff and contributed to the reduction of CNC rate in the newborn nursery.
Vulvovaginal Disease Education in Canadian and American Gynecology Residency Programs: A Survey of Program Directors
Authors: Edwards Christine , Dogra Nupur , Antanrajakumar Annet , Sarangapani Aparna , Selk Amanda 
Published: March 2018

Objective
The aims of the study were to assess and describe the current vulvovaginal curriculum in gynecology residency training programs in Canada and the United States and to compare this with national training objectives.

Materials and Methods
A 22-question electronic survey was sent to 252 gynecology program directors in Canada and the United States between September 2015 and July 2016 using the platform SurveyMonkey.com. Survey responses were entered into SPSS Version 23, and analysis was performed using descriptive statistics.

Results
Overall, 58 (23%) of 252 programs directors responded. Nearly all of the sites provided formal teaching on pain disorders (54/58, 93%), vulvar dermatoses (54/58, 93%), and vulvovaginal infections (57/58, 98%). Exposure to vulvovaginal clinics varied widely. On average, program directors estimated that residents spend a median of 10 hours (0–200) in vulvar pain clinics, 9 hours (0–200) in dermatology clinics, and 50 hours (0–480) in colposcopy clinics during residency training. Most program directors (53/57, 93%) believed that all general gynecologists should be able to manage vulvar disorders in practice. Reported obstacles to treating vulvar disorders included lack of training (41/58, 71%) and lack of interest (35/58, 60%).

Conclusions
While most residency programs provided formal education on vulvovaginal diseases, clinical exposure is extremely variable between sites. When it is not possible to increase clinical exposure to vulvovaginal disorders, traditional training methods (lectures, textbooks) should be supplemented with online modules and other means of learning to improve resident knowledge of vulvovaginal diseases.
Gastric Emptying of Elemental Liquid Diets Versus Semisolid Diets in Bedridden Gastrostomy-fed Patients
Authors: Horiuchi Akira , Sakai Ryosei , Tamaki Michio , Kajiyama Masashi , Tanaka Naoki , Morikawa Akio 
Published: March 2018

Background:
Aspiration is a common problem in bedridden gastrostomy-fed patients. We compared gastric emptying of an elemental liquid diet and a commercial semisolid diet in bedridden gastrostomy-fed patients.

Methods:
Study 1: from January 2013 to December 2016, consecutive bedridden patients receiving percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) semisolid feeding hospitalized due to aspiration pneumonia were switched to elemental liquid diet feedings. The frequency of defecation, tube feed contents aspirated from the trachea, and aspiration pneumonia during hospitalization were retrospectively reviewed. Study 2 was a randomized, crossover trial comparing 13C sodium acetate gastric emptying of a commercial elemental liquid or a commercial semisolid diet in bedridden PEG patients and controls.

Results:
Study 1: 18 patients were enrolled. Elemental liquid diet was aspirated from the trachea in 1 (5.6%) (once in 24 observations); neither aspiration pneumonia nor diarrhea developed during elemental liquid diet feeding over 2 weeks observation. Study 2: 8 PEG patients and 8 healthy subjects were separately randomized to assess gastric emptying of the commercial elemental and semisolid diets. The elemental liquid diet was associated with a significant decrease of the 10%, 30%, or 50% emptying (excretion) time (P<0.05) and an increased the area under the curve (% dose/h) compared with the commercial semisolid diet (P<0.05). In healthy subjects there was no significant difference in gastric empting between the 2 diets.

Conclusions:
Elemental liquid diets emptied more rapidly from the stomach than semisolid diets in bedridden PEG patients. They may prevent or reduce aspiration pneumonia compared with semisolid diets.
Murine SEC24D Can Substitute Functionally for SEC24Cin vivo
Authors: Adams Elizabeth J. , Khoriaty Rami , Kiseleva Anna , Cleuren Audrey C. A. , Tomberg Kärt , van der Ent Martijn A. , Gergics Peter , O’Shea K. Sue , Saunders Thomas L. , Ginsburg David 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe COPII component SEC24 mediates the recruitment of transmembrane cargoes or cargo adaptors into newly forming COPII vesicles on the ER membrane. Mammalian genomes encode fourSec24paralogs (Sec24a-d), with two subfamilies based on sequence homology (SEC24A/B and C/D), though little is known about their comparative functions and cargo-specificities. Complete deficiency forSec24dresults in very early embryonic lethality in mice (before the 8 cell stage), with later embryonic lethality (E 7.5) observed inSec24cnull mice. To test the potential overlap in function between SEC24C/D, we employed dual recombinase mediated cassette exchange to generate aSec24cc-dallele, in which the C-terminal 90% of SEC24C has been replaced by SEC24D coding sequence. In contrast to the embryonic lethality at E7.5 of SEC24C-deficiency,Sec24cc-d/c-dpups survive to term, though dying shortly after birth.Sec24cc-d/c-dpups are smaller in size, but exhibit no obvious developmental abnormality. These results suggest that tissue-specific and/or stage-specific expression of theSec24c/dgenes rather than differences in cargo function explain the early embryonic requirements for SEC24C and SEC24D.
Cost-effectiveness of telephone-based weight loss support for patients with knee osteoarthritis: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Authors: O’Brien KM , van Dongen JM , Williams A , Kamper SJ , Wiggers J , Hodder RK , Campbell E , Robson EK , Haskins R , Rissel C , Williams CM 
Published: March 2018

AbstractBackgroundTelephone-based support offers a promising option to provide widely accessible and cost-effective weight loss care to the people with knee osteoarthritis who are overweight. While telephone-based interventions targeting weight loss are used routinely in the general populations, the cost-effectiveness of referring patients with knee osteoarthritis to these is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of referral to a telephone-based weight management and healthy lifestyle service for patients with knee osteoarthritis, who are overweight or obese, compared to usual care.MethodsWe randomised 120 patients with knee osteoarthritis to an intervention or usual care control group in a 1:1 ratio. Participants in the intervention group received a referral to an existing non-disease specific 6-month telephone-based weight management and healthy lifestyle service. The primary outcome of the study was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Secondary outcomes included pain intensity, disability, weight, and body mass index (BMI). Costs included intervention costs, healthcare utilisation costs (healthcare services and medication use) and absenteeism costs due to knee pain. The primary cost-effectiveness analysis was performed from the societal perspective.ResultsMean cost differences between groups (intervention minus control) were, $454 (95%CI: −2735 to 4206) for healthcare costs, $-36, (95%CI: −73 to 2) for medication costs, and $-13 (95%CI: −225 to 235) for absenteeism costs. The total mean difference in societal costs was $1022 (95%CI: −2201 to 4771). For all outcomes, the probability of the intervention being cost-effective compared with usual care was less than 0.33 at all willingness-to-pay values.ConclusionFrom a societal perspective, telephone-based weight loss support, provided using an existing non-disease specific 6-month weight management and healthy lifestyle service was not cost-effective in comparison with usual care for overweight and obese patients with knee osteoarthritis for QALYs, pain intensity, disability, weight, and BMI.
A novel microtubule nucleation pathway for meiotic spindle assembly in oocytes
Authors: Romé Pierre , Ohkura Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe meiotic spindle in oocytes is assembled in the absence of centrosomes, the major microtubule nucleation sites in mitotic and male meiotic cells. A crucial, yet unresolved question in meiosis is how spindle microtubules are generated without centrosomes and only around chromosomes in the large volume of oocytes. Here we report a novel oocyte-specific microtubule nucleation pathway that is essential for assembling most spindle microtubules complementarily with the Augmin pathway, and sufficient for triggering microtubule assembly in oocytes. This pathway is mediated by the kinesin-6 Subito/MKlp2, which recruits the γ-tubulin complex to the spindle equator to nucleate microtubules in Drosophila oocytes. Away from chromosomes, Subito interaction with the γ-tubulin complex is suppressed by its N-terminal region to prevent ectopic microtubule assembly in oocytes. We further demonstrate that the Subito complex from ovaries can nucleate microtubules from pure tubulin dimers in vitro. Taken together, microtubule nucleation regulated by Subito drives spatially restricted spindle assembly in oocytes.
Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe
Authors: Lamnidis Thiseas C. , Majander Kerttu , Jeong Choongwon , Salmela Elina , Wessman Anna , Moiseyev Vyacheslav , Khartanovich Valery , Balanovsky Oleg , Ongyerth Matthias , Weihmann Antje , Sajantila Antti , Kelso Janet , Pääbo Svante , Onkamo Päivi , Haak Wolfgang , Krause Johannes , Schiffels Stephan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractEuropean history has been shaped by migrations of people, and their subsequent admixture. Recently, evidence from ancient DNA has brought new insights into migration events that could be linked to the advent of agriculture, and possibly to the spread of Indo-European languages. However, little is known so far about the ancient population history of north-eastern Europe, in particular about populations speaking Uralic languages, such as Finns and Saami. Here we analyse ancient genomic data from 11 individuals from Finland and Northwest Russia. We show that the specific genetic makeup of northern Europe traces back to migrations from Siberia that began at least 3,500 years ago. This ancestry was subsequently admixed into many modern populations in the region, in particular populations speaking Uralic languages today. In addition, we show that ancestors of modern Saami inhabited a larger territory during the Iron Age than today, which adds to historical and linguistic evidence for the population history of Finland.
Increased posterior default mode network activity and structural connectivity in young adult APOE-ε4 carriers: a multi-modal imaging investigation
Authors: Hodgetts Carl J. , Shine Jonathan P. , Williams Huw , Postans Mark , Sims Rebecca , Williams Julie , Lawrence Andrew D. , Graham Kim S. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractYoung adult APOE-ε4 carriers show increased activity in posterior regions of the default mode network (pDMN), but how this is related to structural connectivity is unknown. Thirty young adults (half APOE-ε4 carriers, the other half APOE-ε3ε3/ε2ε3; mean age 20 years) were scanned using both diffusion and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Diffusion tractography was used to quantify the microstructure (mean diffusivity, MD; fractional anisotropy, FA) of the parahippocampal cingulum bundle (PHCB), which links pDMN and the medial temporal lobe. APOE-ε4 carriers had lower MD and higher FA relative to non-carriers in PHCB. Further, PHCB microstructure was selectively associated with pDMN activity during a scene discrimination task known to be sensitive to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). These findings are consistent with a lifespan view of AD risk, where early-life structural and functional brain changes in specific, vulnerable networks leads to increased neural activity that may ultimately trigger amyloid-ß deposition.
Hierarchical modeling of the effect of pre-exposure prophylaxis on HIV in the US
Authors: Dale Renee , Chen Ying , He Hongyu 
Published: March 2018

1.AbstractIn this paper we present a differential equation model stratified by behavioral risk and sexual activity. Some susceptible individuals have higher rates of risky behavior that increase their chance of contracting the disease. Infected individuals can be considered to be generally sexually active or inactive. The sexually active infected population is at higher risk of transmitting the disease to a susceptible individual. We further divide the sexually active population into diagnosed or undiagnosed infected individuals. We define model parameters for both the national and the urban case. These parameter sets are used to study the predicted population dynamics over the next 5 years. Our results indicate that the undiagnosed high risk infected group is the largest contributor to the epidemic. Finally, we apply a preventative medication protocol to the susceptible population and observe the effective reduction in the infected population. The simulations suggest that preventative medication effectiveness extends outside of the group that is taking the drug (herd immunity). Our models suggest that a strategy targeting the high risk undiagnosed infected group would have the largest impact in the next 5 years. We also find that such a protocol has similar effects for the national as the urban case, despite the smaller sexual network found in rural areas.
Gene2Vec: Distributed Representation of Genes Based on Co-Expression
Authors: Du Jingcheng , Jia Peilin , Dai Yulin , Tao Cui , Zhao Zhongming , Zhi Degui 
Published: March 2018

AbstractExisting functional description of genes are categorical, discrete, and mostly through manual process. In this work, we explore the idea of gene embedding, distributed representation of genes, in the spirit of word embedding. From a pure data-driven fashion, we trained a 300 dimension vector representation of all human genes, using gene co-expression patterns in 984 data sets from the GEO databases. These vectors capture functional relatedness of genes in terms of recovering known pathways - the average inner product (similarity) of genes within a pathway is 1.68X greater than that of random genes. Using t-SNE, we produced a gene co-expression map that shows local concentrations of tissue specific genes. We also illustrated the usefulness of the embedded gene vectors, laden with rich information on gene co-expression patterns, in tasks such as gene-gene interaction prediction. Overall, we believe that this distributed representation of genes may be useful for more bioinformatics applications.