bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress on the Synthesis of CF2H-Containing Derivatives
Authors: Levi Noam , Amir Dafna , Gershonov Eytan , Zafrani Yossi 
Published: September 2019

Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the development of novel synthetic methods and new reagents for the synthesis of difluoromethylated compounds. Dozens of studies have been published on this topic each year over the past few years. These studies are focused on direct and indirect difluoromethylation of various organic functionalities via nucleophilic-, electrophilic-, radical-, carbene- or metal-mediated mechanisms. The present short review covers the very recent studies, published between mid-2017 and early 2019, on the synthesis of compounds containing a CF2H group. A brief summary of the physicochemical properties and medicinal applications of difluoromethylated compounds is also included.1	Introduction2	Nucleophilic Difluoromethylation2.1	Metal-Mediated Nucleophilic Difluoromethylation2.2	Non-Metal Difluoromethyl Nucleophiles3	Radical Difluoromethylation3.1	Metal-Induced Radical Difluoromethylation3.2	Non-Metal-Induced Radical Difluoromethylation3.3	Electrochemically Induced Radical Difluoromethylation4	Carbene-Based Difluoromethylation4.1	Metal-Induced Carbene Difluoromethylation4.2	Non-Metal-Induced Difluoromethyl Carbenes5	Cross-Coupling Difluoromethylation5.1	Palladium-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation5.2	Nickel-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation5.3	Copper-Mediated Difluoromethylation5.4	Iron-Catalyzed Difluoromethylation5.5	Gold-Mediated Difluoromethylation6	Electrophilic Difluoromethylation7	Other Examples7.1	A Difluoromethyl-Borane Complex7.2	A Tellurium Difluoromethyl Derivative8	Summary
The Effects of Capitate Height Alteration on Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability
Authors: Nayar Suresh K. , Marjoua Youssra , Colon Anthony F. , Means Kenneth R. , Higgins James P. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Question/Purpose Carpal kinematics may be influenced by the manipulation of carpal dimensions. This may provide a surgical alternative to unpredictable soft tissue reconstruction for scapholunate dissociation. The purpose of this study was to determine if altering capitate height can correct dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI).
Materials and Methods Five cadaveric wrists had baseline radiolunate (RL) angles and scapholunate (SL) intervals measured fluoroscopically, confirming no baseline DISI. We simulated open- and clenched-fist testing via a constant load of the wrist extensors and sequential loading of the digital flexors. We confirmed no baseline static/dynamic DISI. The SL ligament and secondary stabilizers (scapho-trapezio-trapezoid [STT] and dorsal intercarpal ligaments) were transected. Repeat loading and fluoroscopic measurements confirmed creation of static DISI. Capitate height was altered in three interventions: 2 mm shortening osteotomy of capitate waist, 7 mm shortening osteotomy of capitate waist, and 2 mm lengthening of original capitate height by insertion of a spacer at capitate waist. The osteotomized capitate was stabilized with a Kirschner wire; RL angles and SL intervals were measured via fluoroscopy during open- and clenched-fist testing. Primary and secondary outcomes were change in RL angle and SL interval, from the DISI stage to each capitate shortening and lengthening stage.
Results SL ligament and secondary stabilizers sectioning created a DISI pattern, with abnormal RL angles (>15°) and widened SL intervals. Neither capitate shortening nor overexpansion corrected RL angles or SL intervals in any DISI-induced wrists.
Conclusions Under the conditions studied, isolated capitate shortening or lengthening did not correct radiographic DISI posturing of the lunate following sectioning of the SL and STT interosseous ligaments. Further study of carpal kinematics with more substantial bone changes and loading of adjacent joints may be beneficial.
Clinical relevance Surgeons performing capitate shortening osteotomy in isolation should not expect to improve DISI.
Effects of In-Office and Home Bleaching Gels on the Surface Mercury Levels of Dental Amalgam
Authors: Oskoee Parnian Alizadeh , Kahnamoui Mahdi Abed , Oskoee Siavash Savadi , Zadfattah Firooz , Pournaghi-Azar Fatemeh 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different in-office and home bleaching gels on the surface mercury levels of dental amalgam.Methods: Sixty disk-shaped amalgam specimens (GS-80, SDI- Australia) were prepared and randomly divided into the following treatment groups: 1. Distilled water (control); 2. 15% home-bleach carbamide peroxide (Opalescence PF, Ultra dent, USA) applied for 6 h/day for 3 weeks; and 3. 35% in-office bleach carbamide peroxide (Opalescence Quick, Ultradent) applied for 30 min/week for 3 weeks. Levels of mercury were measured as weight percentages using an energy dispersive x-ray micro-analyzer detector connected to an electron microscope. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and a post hoc Tukey tests (P<.05).Results: There were no significant differences between the surface mercury levels measured following treatment with the tested home-bleach and in-office bleach products (P=0.71). However, both materials yielded significantly more mercury levels than that of the control group (P<.001).Conclusions: The tested bleaching products significantly elevated the surface mercury levels of amalgam in vitro. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:23-27)
Re-Treatment Decisions for Failed Posterior Restorations among Dentists in Kuwait
Authors: Alomari Qasem , Al-Kanderi Bader , Qudeimat Muawia , Omar Ridwaan 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTObjective: To compare re-treatment choices for MOD amalgam or resin composite restorations with or without cusp fracture among dentists in Kuwait.Methods: A random sample of 158 dentists completed a questionnaire designed to obtain sociodemographic, educational and work-related information and their choices for re-treatment of four scenarios of failed restorations on lower first molars: 1. MOD amalgam restoration; 2. MOD composite restoration; 3. MOD amalgam restoration with cuspal fracture; 4. MOD composite restoration with cuspal fracture. Re-treatment options were: re-treating with amalgam; re-treating with composite; placing an onlay; or, placing a crown. For the purpose of analysis, responses were dichotomized into re-treatment with a direct or indirect restoration.Results: For cases 1 and 2, most participants chose to re-treat with amalgam restoration and for cases 3 and 4, most chose to place an indirect restoration. In general, an increased tendency towards the indirect option was associated with increased age, being a male and being a specialist. Tendencies to place an indirect restoration did not differ between cases 1 and 2 (P=1.0) or cases 3 and 4 (P=0.317), although the tendency to do so was significantly greater in case 3 than 1 (P=0.000) and case 4 than 2 (P=0.000).Conclusions: The variation noted among dentists regarding their stated choices for re-treating failed posterior restorations appeared to be associated with gender, education and experience factors. A tendency towards indirect restorations was seen when the restoration is associated with a fractured cusp. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:41-49)
Effects of Delayed Finishing/Polishing on Surface Roughness, Hardness and Gloss of Tooth-Coloured Restorative Materials
Authors: Yazici A Ruya , Tuncer Duygu , Antonson Sibel , Onen Alev , Kilinc Evren 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of delayed finishing/polishing on the surface roughness, hardness and gloss of tooth-coloured restorative materials.Methods: Four different tooth-coloured restoratives: a flowable resin composite- Tetric Flow, a hybrid resin composite- Venus, a nanohybrid resin composite- Grandio, and a polyacid modified resin composite- Dyract Extra were used. 30 specimens were made for each material and randomly assigned into three groups. The first group was finished/polished immediately and the second group was finished/polished after 24 hours. The remaining 10 specimens served as control. The surface roughness of each sample was recorded using a laser profilometer. Gloss measurements were performed using a small-area glossmeter. Vickers microhardness measurements were performed from three locations on each specimen surface under 100g load and 10s dwell time. Data for surface roughness and hardness were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis test and data for gloss were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (P<.05).Results: The smoothest surfaces were obtained under Mylar strip for all materials. While there were no significant differences in surface roughness of immediate and delayed finished/polished Dyract Extra samples, immediately finished/polished Venus and Grandio samples showed significantly higher roughness than the delayed polished samples (P<.05). In Tetric Flow samples, immediately finishing/polishing provided smoother surface than delayed finishing/polishing (P<.05). The highest gloss values were recorded under Mylar strip for all materials. While delayed finishing/polishing resulted in a significantly higher gloss compared to immediate finishing/polishing in Venus samples (P<.05), no differences were observed between delayed or immediate finishing/polishing for the other materials (P>.05). The lowest hardness values were found under Mylar strip. Delayed finishing/polishing significantly increased the hardness of all materials.Conclusions: The effect of delayed finishing/polishing on surface roughness, gloss and hardness appears to be material dependent. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:50-56)
Garlic Burn in a Patient with Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Case Report
Authors: Yilmaz H Huseyin , Gormez Ozlem , Hastar Esin , Yildirim Derya , Aksoy Muge Cina 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACTGarlic is an herb which has been used by many cultures for treating various health problems for centuries. Uncontrolled use of herbal remedies, known as alternative treatment methods, may lead to side effects and serious treatment complications. This study aimed to draw attention to complications related to alternative treatment methods and to review the literature in the light of this case.A female patient who had been treated for trigeminal neuralgia was admitted to our clinic complaining of severe pain on the left side of her face. In anamnesis, the patient reported that she had applied garlic topically to this region. Extraoral examination revealed a broad cutaneous burn on the same region. According to a dermatology consultation, a treatment for cutaneous burns was applied and severe trigeminal neuralgia pain was eliminated with glycerol injection by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:88-90)
Occlusal Characteristics of Deaf-Mute Individuals in the Turkish Population
Authors: Ciger Semra , Akan Seden 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To classify and determine the occlusal characteristics of deaf-mute individuals and its gender distribution in the Turkish population.Methods: For this study, 213 deaf-mute individuals (155 boys and 58 girls) were evaluated. The age range was between 10–24 years, and the mean age was 16.37±2.53 years. Measurements were divided into four groups: dental, intraarch, interarch, and, extra data.Results: Of the participants, 75.0% had a Class I molar relationship, whereas 13.0% and 8.0% had Class II and Class III malocclusions, respectively. 23.9% of individuals had a normal overbite, 38.4% had a deepbite, and 23.4% had an openbite. One or more congenitally missing teeth were found in 6.0% of individuals; 81.0% expressed satisfaction with their esthetics, and 19.0% expressed the contrary.Conclusions: Different characteristics and malocclusions are present in deaf-mute individuals. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:128-136)
Effect of Hybrid Layer and Thickness on Stress Distribution of Cervical Wedge-Shaped Restorations
Authors: Eliguzeloglu Evrim , Eraslan Oguz , Omurlu Huma , Eskitascıoglu Gurcan , Belli Sema 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The aim of this finite elemental stress analysis study was to evaluate the effect of a hybrid layer and the hybrid layer thickness on the shear stress distribution in mandibular premolar teeth under occlusal loading.Methods: The mandibular premolar tooth was selected based on the anatomical measurements suggested by Wheeler. The analysis was performed with a computer with the SAP 2000 structural analysis program. Three different mathematical models were evaluated; 1) composite restoration without a hybrid layer 2) composite restoration with a 1.5 μm thick hybrid layer and 3) composite restoration with a 3 μm thick hybrid layer. A total of 200 N of occlusal loading force was simulated from the buccal tubercule and central fossa of the premolar tooth. The findings were drawn by the Saplot program.Results: In model B, the output showed that hybrid layer reduced the shear stress concentration especially on gingival margin of the composite. Similarly shear stress intensity was decreased by a thick hybrid layer in model C, especially on the gingival margin of the composite.Conclusions: The hybrid layer and its thickness plays an important role on stress distribution and intensity in cervical restorations. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:160-165)
Oral Verrucous Carcinoma: A Study of 12 Cases
Authors: Alkan Alper , Bulut Emel , Gunhan Omer , Ozden Bora 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this clinical study was to identify a clinical and histopathological relationship between verrucous hyperplasia, verrucous keratosis, and verrucous carcinoma.Methods: We evaluated 12 patients who had developed oral verrucous carcinoma in the past 10 years in a follow-up study. In this study, the diagnostic criteria included clinical and histopathological features of the lesions. Each lesion was examined by a single oral pathologist.Results: All the patients were diagnosed with verrucous carcinoma following excisional biopsy. One patient was diagnosed with verrucous hyperplasia and another with verrucous keratosis in their initial histological findings. Mandibular, posterior alveolar crest, and retromolar trigone were the most affected sites (41.6%), followed by the buccal mucosa (16.6%), the palate (16.6%), the floor of the mouth (16.6%), and the lip (8.3%). No patients had evidence of recurrence after treatment.Conclusions: Verrucous hyperplasia, verrucous keratosis, and verrucous carcinoma may not be distinguished clinically or may coexist, resulting in diagnostic difficulties. It should be kept in mind that verrucous hyperplasia may also develop from leukoplakic lesions, and it may transform into verrucous carcinoma or squamous-cell carcinoma, acting as a potential precancerous lesion. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:202-207)
Fluoride Release and Recharge from Different Materials Used as Fissure Sealants
Authors: Bayrak Sule , Tunc Emine Sen , Aksoy Abdurrahman , Ertas Ertan , Guvenc Dilek , Ozer Sezin 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Fluoride release/recharge properties of fissure sealants are important for their longterm inhibition of caries. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between fluoride release and recharge of pit-and-fissure sealants.Methods: Specimens were prepared from 5 different sealant materials: Fissurit F, a conventional resin; Fuji VII, a glass-ionomer cement (GIC); Fuji II LC, a resin-modified GIC; Ionosit, a polyacidmodified composite resin (PMRC); and Aelite Flo, a flowable composite resin. Specimens stored in a polyethylene test tube containing 5.0 ml ultrapure water. On day 21, specimens were exposed to 1.23% APF gel. Fluoride release was measured using a fluoride-specific ion electrode at 1-7, 14, 21, 22, 28, 35 and 42 days.Results: The glass-ionomer based sealants Fuji VII and Fuji II LC had significantly higher fluoride release than the other materials at all times tested (P<.05). Fluoride release of all materials tested increased following exposure to APF gel (P<.05).Conclusions: Within the limitations of this short-term study, glass ionomer-based sealants were shown to have higher initial fluoride release as well as higher fluoride recharge capacity than other sealants. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:245-250)
Effect of Different Polymerization Methods on the Cytotoxicity of Dental Composites
Authors: Beriat Nilufer Celebi , Ertan Ahmet Atila , Canay Senay , Gurpinar Aylin , Onur Mehmet Ali 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxic effects of various dental composites polymerized with two different curing units.Methods: Disc-shaped test samples of composites Filtek Z250, Filtek A110, Filtek P60, Filtek Supreme, and SDI Rok were polymerized using one quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) and one light emitting diode (LED) light curing unit (LCU), namely Optilux 501 (QTH) and Elipar Freelight 2 (LED). L-929 mouse fibroblast cultures (3x104 cells/ml) were incubated with the samples in 96 well culture plates for evaluation after 8, 24, 48, 72 h. At the end of each period, the cells were counted and examined under a light microscope, and a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed. The degree of cytotoxicity for each sample was determined according to the reference value represented by the cells in a control group (a culture without sample).Results: A significant 3 factor interaction occurred among LCUs, composites, and time factors (P<.005). In general, the test materials cured with the LED LCU demonstrated higher cell survival rates when compared with those cured with halogen LCUs.Conclusions: This study shows that polymerization of dental composites with a light emitting diode LCU positively influences the L-929 mouse fibroblast cell viability. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:287-292)
Solvent Retention of Contemporary Commercial Dentin Bonding Agents in a Demineralized Dentin Matrix
Authors: Garcia Georges , Parron Fernandes Karen Barros , Pimentel Garcia Fernanda Cristina , Perlatti D’Alpino Paulo Henrique , Svizero Nádia da Rocha , Wang Linda 
Published: September 2019

Objectives: Solvents are ingredients in dentin-bonding agents (DBAs) that are essential to obtain efficient adhesion to dentin under wet-technique bonding protocol. However, an excess of solvents can compromise bonding durability. This study aimed to assess the retention of solvents present in different DBAs after their application to a demineralized dentin matrix.Methods: Thirty-six specimens of bovine dentin were demineralized for 7 days in 0.5M EDTA and divided into six groups n=6 (Scotchbond primer, Adper Single Bond 2, Excite, AdheSE primer, Prime & Bond NT and Xeno III). These specimens were individually saturated by the systems for 5 min and then kept in vials protected against light exposure. Each specimen was measured using a digital balance and then measured at the following intervals 10, 20, 30 sec, 1, 2 and 5 min thereafter. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (alfa=.05).Results: There were significant differences evident in Excite, Prime & Bond NT at 2 and 5 min, respectively. There was no significant interaction between materials and time in all experimented time evaluated. The amount of solvent spontaneously evaporated was limited even in acetone-based specimens.Conclusions: After DBAs are applied, professionals may facilitate their evaporation, since spontaneous evaporation is limited. (Eur J Dent 2010;4:293-297)
Manejo Artroscópico de Pseudoartrosis de Escafoides con Deformidad en Joroba: Técnica Quirúrgica y Serie de Casos
Authors: Cifras V José Luis , Azócar S Camila , Sanhueza F Miguel , Cavalla A Pedro , Liendo V Rodrigo 
Published: September 2019

Resumen
Introducción La pseudoartrosis de escafoides con deformidad en joroba es una patología compleja que si no recibe tratamiento oportuno puede llevar a una deformidad avanzada, con colapso del carpo produciendo un deterioro significativo en la función de la muñeca. En la actualidad se considera como tratamiento estándar la reducción abierta de la deformidad utilizando injerto estructural.El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir una técnica de reducción artroscópica, utilizando injerto no estructural para la no-unión de escafoides con deformidad en joroba. Se muestran los resultados obtenidos en una serie de casos manejados con la técnica propuesta.
Material y método Estudio retrospectivo de una serie de casos de pacientes diagnosticados con pseudoartrosis de escafoides con deformidad en joroba manejados con la técnica propuesta. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica. Se utiliza el programa STATA 15 para el análisis estadístico de los resultados, al igual que test de Wilcoxon para variables no paramétricas.
Resultados Once pacientes de sexo masculino, con edad promedio de 23,4 años, completaron seguimiento promedio de 12 meses. En todos los pacientes se comprobó consolidación de la no-unión mediante Tomografía Computada en un tiempo promedio de 9,1 semanas. Todos los pacientes mejoraron sus rangos de movilidad y ángulos imagenológicos de manera significativa y mejoraron en la prueba funcional de DASH (p = 0.0033).
Discusión Se muestra una técnica de reducción percutánea con asistencia artroscópica utilizando injerto no estructural para corregir la no-unión de escafoides con deformidad en joroba produciéndose buenos resultados clínicos con consolidación, en todos los pacientes de nuestra serie, similar a lo encontrado en la literatura internacional. Creemos que esa técnica permite una corrección parcial de la anatomía del carpo y favorece la consolidación ósea al tener las ventajas teóricas de una técnica mínimamente invasiva.
Cirugía Robótica en Artroplastia de Rodilla
Authors: Negrín Roberto , Duboy Jaime , Iñiguez Magaly , Reyes Nicolás , Wainer Mauricio , Infante Carlos , Ferrer Gonzalo , Gaggero Nicolás , Díaz Rodrigo 
Published: September 2019

ResumenLa cirugía protésica de rodilla es un procedimiento ampliamente aceptado como etapa final del tratamiento de la artrosis de rodilla, con sobrevida que supera el 90% a 10–15 años. Dentro de las principales causas de fallo, se encuentran la infección (20,4%) y el aflojamiento mecánico (20,3%). El uso de ayudas tecnológicas en cirugía está en constante desarrollo, con el objetivo de mejorar la precisión del acto quirúrgico. En ese escenario, la Cirugía Asistida por Computador (CAS) en artroplastia de rodilla, crece de forma exponencial, y apunta a mejorar el posicionamiento y selección del tamaño de los componentes protésicos, aumentar la precisión de las resecciones óseas y mejorar el balance de los tejidos blandos, logrando así una mayor sobrevida del implante. En comparación a las técnicas convencionales, la cirugía robótica ha mostrado mejores resultados funcionales, al primer año de seguimiento, en términos de rango articular, menor dolor post-operatorio y menor tiempo de estadía hospitalaria. Pero todavía es necesario establecer si, a largo plazo, esas diferencias funcionales se traducirán en mejores resultados clínicos que permitan, de forma consistente, inclinar la balanza en favor de la técnica asistida por robot por sobre las técnicas tradicionales.