bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Low‐Income, Urban Middle Schools
Authors: Gill Monique , Roth Sarah E. , Chan‐Golston Alec M. , Rice Lindsay N. , Crespi Catherine M. , Koniak‐Griffin Deborah , Cole Brian L. , Prelip Michael L. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDPhysical education (PE) can provide opportunities to engage in daily moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), but MVPA levels in many classes are low. This study examines MVPA during middle school PE lessons before and after receiving the SPARK (Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids) program.METHODSSixteen schools were enrolled in the study. PE teachers at eight schools received the intervention. PE lessons at all schools (N = 561) were observed over 2 years. Hierarchical linear regression models examined the effect of the intervention on the amount and consistency of MVPA and sedentary behavior.RESULTSAn average of 13.7% of observed class time was spent in MVPA (approximately 5 minutes of a 60‐minute class), compared to 27.5% of time spent sedentary. There was no evidence that the curriculum resulted in increased MVPA or consistent MVPA, or that it decreased sedentary behavior. Findings also suggested that contextual factors may contribute to physical activity levels in PE.CONCLUSIONSMixed evaluation findings of the SPARK middle school curriculum demonstrate that an out‐of‐the‐box curriculum does not have the same results in all contexts. Implications for school health are described based upon findings. Further research is needed to identify effective strategies to increase MVPA for adolescents both in and outside of PE.
Evaluation of the paediatric foot using footprints and foot posture index: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Gijon‐Nogueron Gabriel , Marchena‐Rodriguez Ana , Montes‐Alguacil Jesus , Evans Angela M 
Published: July 2019

AimFootprints have long been used as proxy measures of foot morphology, yet there is little consensus regarding footprints versus measures of foot posture, which address foot anatomy directly. Foot posture in children can be a confusing clinical presentation, with previous studies both supporting and refuting the relationship between childhood obesity and flat feet. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between footprints and foot posture in children.MethodsA total of 316 school children (153 boys, 163 girls) from Spain, aged 6–9 years, were assessed for both footprint (Clarke's angle (CA)), by Tecniwork Pedrograph Plate, and foot posture (foot posture index (FPI)) measures, with participants barefoot, in a relaxed standing position, on a 50‐cm elevated platform.ResultsA negative correlation was found between FPI and footprints (CA) (rho = −0.505 left, P < 0.001) and by gender (rho = −0.457 for the left foot in girls, P < 0.001; rho = −0.548 for the left foot in boys, P < 0.001). The children with pes cavus according to the CA (73.3%) had normal feet according to FPI, and the children with severe pes planus according to the CA (78.98%) had pronated feet according to the FPI. A χ2 test showed these results to be statistically significant (P > 0.001).ConclusionsAn inverse relationship between CA and FPI was identified, that is, the greater the FPI, the smaller the CA, but not all pronated foot are planus feet and not all cavus feet are supinated feet. Footprints may overestimate and misguide paediatric foot posture concerns.
Heart rate variability parameters as markers of the adaptation to a sealed environment (a hypoxic normobaric chamber) in the horse
Authors: Muñoz Ana , Castejón‐Riber Cristina , Castejón Francisco , Rubio Dolores M. , Riber Cristina 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSimulated hypoxic normobaric devices have been used in human beings in order to enhance endurance capacity. These devices are sealed chambers where the athletes are supposed to stay for at least 6–8 hr daily. The current research assesses the changes in time‐domain, spectral and non‐geometrical heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in 6 horses subjected to progressive duration periods inside of a hermetically sealed chamber. It was pursued, firstly to evaluate the intensity of the stress experienced by the animals and secondly to elucidate whether the horses might require an acclimation period before implementation of hypoxic conditions. HRV parameters were monitored for 6 days: day 0 (6‐hr duration; in paddocks; basal conditions), and days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hr inside the chamber every day respectively). During day 1 and during the first hours of days 2 and 3, compared to day 0, horses presented increased HR and SDHR values and decreased RR interval duration. SD1 values decreased on some hours of days 2 and 3, but differences with day 0 were not found on day 1. Increased SDNN, RMSSD, SD1 and SD2 values were observed on days 4 and 5. These results showed an activation of the sympathetic activity together with an attenuation of the parasympathetic activity during the days 1 to 3. Increased parasympathetic activity was found only during the first hours of days 4 and 5. Spectral parameters experienced minor variations, with increased LFpeakand LF% during some hours of days 4 and 5. In conclusion, at least 3 days are needed to adapt the horse to a sealed environment before starting to subject the animals to hypoxic conditions. When the horses were acclimatized, however, a minor stress was detected with they spent more than 4 hr inside of the chamber.
Evaluating chewing function: Expanding the dysphagia field using food oral processing and the IDDSI framework
Authors: Cichero Julie A. Y. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe dysphagia field is still in relative infancy with a sophisticated knowledge base amassed since the early 1980's. The desire to identify aspiration and prevent life threatening pneumonia has resulted in a focus on the complexities of swallowing liquids. However, humans also ingest saliva, food, and oral medications, with the potential for these substances to incompletely clear the pharynx, be aspirated or block the airway. Safe swallowing of solid food in particular requires adequate chewing function, good oral control, and sufficient higher cortical function. Although screening and assessment for liquid swallowing safety is well established, the same cannot be said for the evaluation of safety to chew and swallow different food textures. While research into liquid swallowing physiology and its clinical application has largely come from the medical and allied health fields, our knowledge of chewing function for food textures comes from food texture research and food sensory science arenas. There is an exciting opportunity to bring the medical and food texture science fields together to expand our knowledge base on human chewing function, with clinical application to people with dysphagia. The development of the IDDSI Framework as an international standardized way of describing and labelling food texture and drink thickness allows the field to move toward management of texture modified food and thick liquids in a coordinated fashion, speaking the same language. This commentary will describe what we know of chewing function and how it is assessed clinically, proposing methods of assessment that utilize the IDDSI Framework.
Effects of dietary vitamin C on growth, antioxidant activity, and immunity in ricefield eel (Monopterus albus)
Authors: Hu Yajun , Zhang Junzhi , He Lanbo , Hu Yi , Zhong Lei , Dai Zhenyan , Zhou Dinggang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA 10‐week feeding trial aimed to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C (l‐ascorbic acid) on growth, antioxidant activity, and immunity in ricefield eel, Monopterus albus. Six diets were formulated with different levels of vitamin C supplementation (0.1, 17.5, 34.8, 68.6, 139.7, and 278.5 mg/kg). The results indicated that the weight gain (WG) of the M. albus fed the diets with vitamin C was remarkably higher than that of the M. albus fed the control diet (p < .05), and the quadratic analysis showed an optimal vitamin C level of 80.66 mg/kg. Compared with the control group, serum lysozyme activities, the complement pathway, red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, immunoglobulin M, and phagocytosis percentage were significantly increased (p < .05) in the treatment groups, and superoxide dismutase activity, serum glucose, and malondialdehyde content were significantly decreased (p < .05) in the treatment groups. The challenge trial with Aeromonas hydrophila showed that the M. albus fed the diets with vitamin C had remarkably reduced cumulative mortality compared with those fed the control diet (p < .05), and mortality in the 68.60 mg/kg diet group was the lowest. Based on WG, the optimal vitamin C supplementation level for M. albus was estimated to be 80.66 mg/kg.
Portugal dos Pequenitos as an urban laboratory for rehearsing national identity
Authors: Pinto Paulo Tormenta , Delgado João Paulo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPortugal dos Pequenitos (literally, ‘Portugal for the Little Ones’), a theme park built in Portugal as part of the Centenarian Commemorations of the Portuguese Nation of 1940, has been considered one of the most controversial pieces of Portuguese architecture in the 20th century. Designed between 1937 and 1962 by Architect Cassiano Branco, at the initiative of Bissaya Barreto, it features reproductions of uniquely typical Portuguese architecture built to a child's scale. It includes buildings from mainland Portugal, from the Azores and Madeira islands and from the colonial territories in Africa and Asia. The main aims of this paper are twofold: firstly, to frame Cassiano Branco's architecture in its specific context, in terms of historical contingencies and architectural controversies during the Estado Novo (New State) Portuguese dictatorship (1933–1974), and secondly, to assess the importance of Portugal dos Pequenitos as a laboratory for rehearsing an idyllic urban environment, applying hypothetical principles of national identity.
Moralism in theories of secession: a realist perspective
Authors: Sanjaume‐Calvet Marc 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMoral reasoning is the most common approach to secession in political philosophy. Just‐cause, choice and liberal‐cultural theories rely on moral conceptions of political authority. This article examines an alternative view through an exploration of moral theories of secession from a realist perspective. Realism has recently seen a revival as a form of normative political philosophy and focuses on political disagreement and legitimacy rather than rights and moral analysis. I claim that realism would reject utopianism and moralism present in theories of secession. Instead of regarding secession as a right, realism would frame secession as a political option. According to this view, this article explores a realist theory of secession that would be based on the priority of politics and disagreement among other concepts. This would be a middle‐ground theory, compatible with liberal values and existing moral theories.
Factors associated with depression in people with inflammatory bowel disease: The relationship between active disease and biases in neurocognitive processing
Authors: Wilkinson Ben , Trick Leanne , Knight Annie , Valton Vincent , Goodhand James , Kennedy Nick A. , Heerasing Neel , Ahmad Tariq , Bland Amy , Elliott Rebecca , Roiser Jonathan P. , Dickens Chris 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundDepression is common among people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), though the causes remain unclear. We conducted a cross‐sectional study to investigate the role of emotional processing biases in contributing to depression among people with IBD.Materials and MethodsOne hundred and twenty outpatients with IBD were recruited and: (a) completed questionnaires to record: age, sex, social support, socioeconomic status, anxiety and depression (n = 104), (b) underwent assessments of biases in emotional recognition (n = 112), emotional memory and reinforcement learning (c) had recorded from clinical records: type of IBD, duration of IBD, IBD activity and (d) provided blood for high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels (n = 99).Key ResultsSixty‐eight participants had Crohn's disease and 49 had ulcerative colitis. Of these, 35 had active disease and 26 had depression. Those with depression were more likely to be female, lack social support, have active disease, be taking corticosteroids but not TNF‐alpha inhibitors and exhibit less positive emotional recognition bias. On multivariable regression analysis, depression was associated independently with lack of social support (unstandardized regression coefficient (B) = −1.40, P = 0.02) and increased disease activity (B = 1.29, P = 0.03). Causal steps analysis was consistent with less positive emotional recognition bias partially mediating the effects of disease activity on depression.Conclusions and inferencesThis is the first study to demonstrate links between disease activity and less positive biases in emotional recognition that could explain higher rates of depression among people with active IBD. Future prospective studies are required to confirm the effects of emotional processing biases in depression and allow stronger causal inferences to be drawn.
The dynamics of gene expression, lipid composition and DNA methylation reprogramming are different during in vitro maturation of pig oocytes obtained from prepubertal gilts and cycling sows
Authors: Braga Thiago Felipe , Silva Thainara Christie Ferreira , Marques Mariana Groke , de Souza Andressa Pereira , Albring Daniela , Silva Luciano Paulino , Caetano Alexandre Rodrigues , Dode Margot Alves Nunes , Franco Maurício Machaim 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study aimed to characterize the gene expression, lipid composition and DNA methylation reprogramming during in vitro maturation (IVM) of pig oocytes with different developmental competencies. We used prepubertal gilts and cycling sows as a model to obtain oocytes with different levels of competency. We found that genes involved in lipid metabolism, SLC27A4, CPT2 and PLIN2, and DNA methylation, DNMT3A, TET1 and TET3, possessed altered transcript expression levels during IVM. Specifically, SLC27A4 mRNA (p = 0.05) increased in oocytes from cycling females, whereas CPT2 (p = 0.05), PLIN2 (p = 0.02) and DNMT3A (p = 0.02) increased in oocytes from prepubertal females during IVM. Additionally, TET3 mRNA increased during IVM in oocytes from prepubertal (p = 0.0005) and cycling females (p = 0.02). The TET1 transcript decreased (p = 0.05) during IVM in oocytes from cycling sows. Regarding lipid composition, mass spectrometry revealed a cluster of ions, with molecular masses higher than m/z 700, which comprises a group of complex phospholipids, was identified in all groups of oocytes, except in those from prepubertal gilts. With respect to DNA methylation reprogramming, it was noted that the less competent oocytes were not able to reprogramme the XIST gene during IVM. We conclude that the maternal mRNA store, lipid composition and epigenetic reprogramming are still being established during maturation and are related to oocyte competence. In addition, we propose that the methylation pattern of the XIST may be used as molecular marker for oocyte competence in pigs.
Predicting life expectancy of older people using respiratory symptoms and smoking status: Data from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Petrie Kate , Abramson Michael J. , Cross Amanda J. , George Johnson 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveRespiratory symptoms are recognizable to patients and may be markers of chronic disease and mortality risk. This risk may be easier to conceptualize if presented as remaining life expectancy (LE) rather than hazard ratios. We aimed to predict the remaining LE of older people with respiratory symptoms using data from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ALSA).MethodsThe ALSA is a prospective longitudinal cohort of older Australians (n = 2087) with 22 years of follow‐up. The symptoms analysed were cough, shortness of breath (SOB) and wheeze. The implied impact on LE was estimated using a parametric survival function.ResultsSOB predicted shorter LE irrespective of smoking status. Cough predicted shorter LE in former smokers and wheeze predicted shorter LE in current smokers. The estimated remaining LE of a 70‐year‐old male never smoker with no symptoms was 16.6 (95% CI: 14.8–17.7) years. The years of life lost for a 70‐year‐old male current smoker with cough, SOB and wheeze compared to a never smoker with no symptoms was 4.93 (95% CI: 2.87–7.36) years with only 2.99 (95% CI: 1.35–4.97) years being attributed to their current smoking and the remainder to their respiratory symptoms.ConclusionRespiratory symptoms predict mortality in older people. Cough in former smokers, wheeze in current smokers and all those with SOB require further investigations and disease‐specific management.
Functional immune response to influenza H1N1 in children and adults after live attenuated influenza virus vaccination
Authors: Islam Shahinul , Zhou Fan , Lartey Sarah , Mohn Kristin G. I. , Krammer Florian , Cox Rebecca Jane , Brokstad Karl Albert 
Published: July 2019

AbstractInfluenza virus is a major respiratory pathogen, and vaccination is the main method of prophylaxis. In 2012, the trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was licensed in Europe for use in children. Vaccine‐induced antibodies directed against the main viral surface glycoproteins, haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) play important roles in limiting virus infection. The objective of this study was to dissect the influenza‐specific antibody responses in children and adults, and T cell responses in children induced after LAIV immunization to the A/H1N1 virus. Blood samples were collected pre‐ and at 28 and 56 days post‐vaccination from 20 children and 20 adults. No increase in micro‐neutralization (MN) antibodies against A/H1N1 was observed after vaccination. A/H1N1 stalk‐specific neutralizing and NA‐inhibiting (NI) antibodies were boosted in children after LAIV. Interferon γ‐producing T cells increased significantly in children, and antibody‐dependent cellular‐mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) cell activity increased slightly in children after vaccination, although this change was not significant. The results indicate that the NI assay is more sensitive to qualitative changes in serum antibodies after LAIV. There was a considerable difference in the immune response in children and adults after vaccination, which may be related to priming and previous influenza history. Our findings warrant further studies for evaluating LAIV vaccination immunogenicity.
The MHC class I‐LILRB1 signalling axis as a promising target in cancer therapy
Authors: Zhao Jinming , Zhong Shanshan , Niu Xing , Jiang Jiwei , Zhang Ruochen , Li Qingchang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors are among the newest, cutting‐edge methods for the treatment of cancer. Currently, they primarily influence T cell adaptive immunotherapy targeting the PD‐1/PD‐L1 and CTLA‐4/B7 signalling pathways. These inhibitors fight cancer by reactivating the patient's own adaptive immune system, with good results in many cancers. With the discovery of the “Don't Eat Me” molecule, CD47, antibody‐based drugs that target the macrophage‐related innate immunosuppressive signalling pathway, CD47‐SIRPα, have been developed and have achieved stunning results in the laboratory and the clinic, but there remain unexplained instances of tumour immune escape. While investigating the immunological tolerance of cancer to anti‐CD47 antibodies, a second “Don't Eat Me” molecule on tumour cells, beta 2 microglobulin (β2m), a component of MHC class I, was described. Some tumour cells reduce their surface expression of MHC class I to escape T cell recognition. However, other tumour cells highly express β2m complexed with the MHC class I heavy chain to send a “Don't Eat Me” signal by binding to leucocyte immunoglobulin‐like receptor family B, member 1 (LILRB1) on macrophages, leading to a loss of immune surveillance. Investigating the mechanisms underlying this immunosuppressive MHC class I‐LILRB1 signalling axis in tumour‐associated macrophages will be useful in developing therapies to restore macrophage function and control MHC class I signalling in patient tumours. The goal is to promote adaptive immunity while suppressing the innate immune response to tumours. This work will identify new therapeutic targets for the development of pharmaceutical‐based tumour immunotherapy.
Cryptococcusneoformans pericarditis in a lung transplant recipient: Case report, literature review and pearls
Authors: El Helou Guy , Hellinger Walter 
Published: July 2019

AbstractA 68‐year‐old man presented for outpatient evaluation of dyspnea and new‐onset atrial fibrillation 9 months after undergoing bilateral lung transplantation. Echocardiography prior to cardioversion raised concern for tamponade. Therapeutic pericardiocentesis returned fluid containing 1875 wbc/mcl (68% pmn) and yielded Cryptococcus neoformans in culture. Cryptococcal antigen was detected in serum at a titer of 1:20. Cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid was without evidence of inflammation and without detectable cryptococcal antigen. There was no radiographic evidence of pulmonary cryptococcosis. Cultures of blood and CSF were without growth. Liposomal amphotericin B (3 mg/kg/day) was administered for 15 days. Oral fluconazole was added on day seven of amphotericin, and the patient was discharged to home 3 days later. Daily dosages of prednisone (10 mg), mycophenolate (500 mg), and tacrolimus (3 mg) at discharge were the same as at hospital admission. He was readmitted 12 days later with dyspnea and with re‐accumulation and loculation of pericardial fluid. A pericardial window was created. Pericardial fluid contained 722 wbc/mcl (35% pmn); Cryptococcus was not identified on direct examinations or cultures of pericardial fluid or tissue. Cryptococcus antigen was present in serum at 1:160. Liposomal amphotericin B was resumed and continued for 2 weeks followed by resumption of fluconazole. Mycophenolate was stopped. Prednisone and tacrolimus were continued. Restrictive pericarditis was evident 3 weeks after window creation. Colchicine was initiated, prednisone increased to 15 mg daily and pericardiectomy planned. We aim to raise awareness to Cryptococcus as a potential etiology for pericarditis in solid organ transplant recipients.
Fibrinogen concentrate for perioperative bleeding: what can we learn from the clinical trials?
Authors: Cushing Melissa M. , Haas Thorsten 
Published: July 2019

KEY IDEAS
There is great variation in the study design of the 21 major randomized controlled trials assessing fibrinogen concentrate use in perioperative settings, thus making it a confusing landscape to draw definitive conclusions about the efficacy of this drug.
Approximately 60% of the studies in which fibrinogen concentrate was used to treat clinically relevant bleeding showed decreased bleeding tendency and decreased transfusion requirements versus comparative treatment. It is unclear why the remainder did not show decreased bleeding. It should be noted that many patients in these studies 1) did not have significant hypofibrinogemia, 2) did not have significant bleeding in either arm, and/or 3) were treated only once with the intervention during complex major surgeries that required many transfusions.
Randomized controlled trials have cumulatively evaluated over 700 patients who received fibrinogen concentrate but have not reported an increase in the rate of perioperative thrombosis in the fibrinogen versus comparator arms.