bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDY OF CATALYTIC CYCLISATION OF (+)-CITRONELLAL WITH Zn/γ-ALUMINA AS CATALYST
Authors: Iftitah Elvina Dhiaul , Sastrohamidjojo Hardjono , Muchalal M. 
Published: January 2019

The reaction of catalytic cyclisation of (+)-citronellal has been done using g-alumina and Zn/γ-alumina as catalysts. Zn/γ-alumina catalyst was prepared by impregnation of ZnBr2 into solid of γ-alumina in methanol as a solvent. The calcination process is performed on Muchalal reactor at 400 oC. The reactions were carried out under nitrogen gas atmosphere by mixing 5 mL sample and 1.0 g catalyst at 90-95 oC for 3 hours. The product of reaction was analyzed using GC, FT-IR and GC-MS. The reaction of cyclization of (+)-citronellal with γ-alumina catalyst did not give targeted product as well as reaction with Zn/g-alumina catalyst. Whereas, the reactions with Zn/γ-alumina catalyst gave four compounds of isopulegol stereoisomer. Conversion of (-)-Isopulegol, (+)-Neoisopulegol, (+)-Isoisopulegol and (+)-Neoisoisopulegol were 64,29%, 18,80%, 9,20% and 3,32% respectively. For that reason, the transformation of (+)-sitronelal using Zn/γ-alumina was considered to be the best catalyst. A reaction mechanism is proposed where the (+)-citronellal molecule binds to a catalyst Lewis acid site via the aldehyde oxygen and the π-electrons of the double bond. Subsequent protonation of the aldehyde via a neighbouring Bronsted acid site initiates the cyclisation to isopulegol. Keywords: catalytic cyclisation, impregnation, (+)-isopulegol
CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF PROTEIN FRACTION ISOLATED FROM <i>Curcuma mangga</i> VAL RHIZOMES AND CONTAINING RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEINS ON CANCER CELL-LINES AND NORMAL CELL
Authors: Sismindari Sismindari , Sudibyo Retno S. , Astuti Endang 
Published: January 2019

C. mangga Val. has been used as an alternative remedy for cancer in Yogyakarta. The protein fraction of C. mangga was identified to contain Ribosome-inactivating Protein which cleave supercoiled double stranded DNA in vitro. In this experiment, the protein fraction isolated from fresh, 400C dried and freeze dried C. mangga Val. rhizome was screened against HeLa, Raji cell-lines and normal mononuklear cells for cytotoxic effects. This would enable us to describe the sensitivity of the protein extract on different cell types. The level of cytotoxicity was determined on the level of LC50 which was based on the percentage of the cell death following the 24 hours incubation with the extract. The protein isolated from C. mangga Val. was able to cleave supercoiled double stranded DNA to nick circular form. This result suggested that protein contained RIPs. The highest activity was identified in the protein isolated from fresh C. mangga Val, and this was followed respectively by freeze drying and 400C drying C. mangga Val. The comparison of the cytotoxic effect showed that protein of fresh C. mangga Val produced the largest number of death cells and the most toxic was on the HeLa cell line. Moreover, the LC50 indicated that the highest cytotoxic effect was shown by protein isolated from fresh C. mangga Val. followed respectively by freeze drying and 400C drying C. mangga Val. Based on LC50, the highest cytotoxic effect of C. mangga Val was found on HeLa cell line, while similar cytotoxic effect was appear on Raji cell line and normal mononuclear cells Keywords: C. mangga Val., RIP, cytotoxic, cancer cell lines, normal cell
THE STEREOCHEMISTRY EFFECT OF EUGENOL, CIS-ISOEUGENOL AND TRANS-ISOEUGENOL ON THEIR CATALYTIC HIDROGENATION
Authors: Muchalal M. 
Published: January 2019

The stereochemistry effect of eugenol, cis-isoeugenol and trans-isoeugenol on their catalytic hydrogenation by Ni/g-Al2O3 catalyst was investigated. In this investigation, the catalyst is prepared by impregnation of Nickel into solid of γ-Al2O3 in methanol as a solvent. The calcination process, which is followed by reduction, is performed on Muchalal reactor at 400 oC. After that, the catalytic hydrogenation is carried out under hydrogen gas atmosphere by mixing 10 mL sample and 0.5 g Ni/g-Al2O3 catalyst at 200 oC for 3 hours. The stereochemistry effect of reactants is evaluated by computer modelling using PM3 semiempirical methods. The mass spectrum of catalytic hydrogenation product from those compounds shows a molecular ion at m/z 164, which proves the existence of 2 -methoxy-4-propylphenol. The eugenol gives the highest conversion (99%), followed by cis-isoeugenol (81%) and trans-isoeugenol (67%). It was found that there is a correlation between the stereochemistry of those compounds and catalytic reactivity. Keywords: stereochemistry effects, 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol
GAS PHASE STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF COMPLEX FORMED BY H<sub>2</sub>O, NH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S AND THEIR METHYL DERIVATIVES WITH THE CATION CO<sup>2+</sup>
Authors: Kusumawardani Cahyorini 
Published: January 2019

Ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the Hartree-Fock-Self Consistent Field (HF-SCF) have been performed in order to determine the structure and gas phase energies of complex formed by the Lewis bases of H2O, NH3, H2S and their methyl derivatives with the cation Co2+. The relative basicities of the base studied depend on both the substituent. The gas-phase interaction energies computed by the SCF method including electron correlation Møller-Plesset 2 (MP2) dan Configuration Iteration (CI) were comparable in accuracy. The binding energies computed by these two methods reach the targeted chemical accuracy. Keywords: ab initio calculation, cobalt complex, structure stability
UTILIZATION OF ACTIVATED ZEOLITE AS MOLECULAR SIEVE IN CHROMATOGRAPHIC COLUMN FOR SEPARATION OF COAL TAR COMPOUNDS
Authors: Wahidiyah Dwi Retno Nurotul , Setiaji Bambang , Tahir Iqmal 
Published: January 2019

Application of activated zeolite (ZAA) as molecular sieve to separate compounds of coal tar from vaccum fractional distillation, have been done. The size of zeolite was 10-20 mesh and used as solid phase in column chromatography with length of 30 cm. The first step of the research was coal pyrolisis and the product (tar) was distillated by fractional column and vaccum system at reduced pressure 44 cmHg and maximum temperature at 200 oC. The distillate from this procedure was flowed to the column chromatography of zeolite (ZAA). The compound absorbed by zeolite was eluted with varying solvents, i.e: CCl4, acetone and ethanol. Each fraction was then analyzed by gas chromatography. The results showed, zeolite have a capability to separate the compounds of tar and it tends to absorb medium hydrocarbon. The nonpolar eluent [CCl4] gives the better result in eluting tar compound than polar (ethanol) or medium polar eluents (acetone). Keywords: zeolite, coal tar, column chromatography
STUDY ON THE RATE OF REDUCTION OF Cr(VI) TO Cr(III) BY HUMIC ACID USING CONTINUM MULTICOMPONENT MODEL
Authors: Santoso Uripto Trisno , Herdiansyah Herdiansyah , Trisunaryanti Wega , Santosa Sri Juari 
Published: January 2019

The objective of this study is to develop a rate equation for reduction of Cr(VI) by humic acid (HA) using a continuum multicomponent model. HA was extracted from peat soil samples in Gambut Subdistrict, South Kalimantan. Parameters influencing the rate of reduction, i.e., medium acidity ([H+]), as well as initial humic acid concentrations ([HA]o) and initial Cr(VI) concentrations ([Cr(VI)]o) were critically evaluated. Experiments were performed in triplicate tests. Aliquots of stock solution containing 100 mg/L HA were equilibrated for 24 h at pH 1.5, 2.05, 3.2, 5.6, and 6.5 before being spiked with 0.02 mM of Cr(VI). [Cr(VI)] was determined by 1,5-diphenylcarbazide spectrometric method. A similar set of rate experiments was conducted at a fixed pH of 1.5 and an [Cr(VI)]o of 0.02 mM and with [HA]o of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg/L. A third set of batch experiment was performed at pH 1.5, an [HA]o of 100 mg/L, and [Cr(VI)]o 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mM. The results showed that the rate of reduction cannot be adequately modeled by either a simple first- or second- order rate equation. A continum multicomponent model adequately describes the effect of solution parameters on the rates of Cr(VI) reduction.
SYNTHESIS OF FAUJASITE WITH HIGH THERMAL STABILITY FROM FLY ASH
Authors: Sutarno Sutarno , Arryanto Yateman 
Published: January 2019

Faujasite was hydrothermally synthesized from fly ash at 100oC in alkaline solution by reflux with various concentration of HCl and fusion with NaOH (weight ratio of NaOH/fly ash = 1.2) pretreatments. Thermal stability of faujasite from fly ash was tested at 400-900oC and was compared with commercial zeolite Y. The solid products were characterized by X-ray diffraction method, chemical analysis and nitrogen adsorption (BET). Results showed that synthesis of faujasite from fly ash via fusion pretreatment with NaOH has resulted faujasite selectively, however, the faujasite obtained still showed relatively low thermal stability due to its relatively low of Si/Al mol ratio. Reflux pretreatment with HCl was an effective method not only to increase the Si/Al mol ratio but also to decrease the metal impurities in the fly ash sample. Synthesis of faujasite from fly ash via combination of reflux with HCl and fusion with NaOH pretreatment has resulted faujasite selectively with higher Si/Al mol ratio. Faujasite obtained from fly ash via combination of reflux with HCl and fusion with NaOH pretreatment showed thermal stability as high as commercial zeolite NaY. Keywords: fly ash, reflux with HCl, fusion with NaOH, faujasite and thermal stability
SYNTHESIS OF IRON OXIDE-MONTMORILLONITE COMPOSITE AND STUDY OF ITS STRUCTURAL STABILITY AGAINTS SULFURIC ACID
Authors: Wijaya Karna , Sugiharto Eko , Mudasir Mudasir , Tahir Iqmal , Liawati Ika 
Published: January 2019

The synthesis and characterization of iron oxide-montmorillonite and its structural stability test with various concentration of sulfuric acid were conducted. Synthesis was performed by treating Na-montmorillonite clay with oligocations of iron, followed by calcinating the intercalation compound of oligocations-montmorillonite at 200oC for 24 hours. Calcined product was then characterized to determine the iron content, basal spacing and its porosities distribution. To test structural stability againts strong acid (i.e. sulfuric acid), the composites were dispersed into solution of sulfuric acid with various concentration, i.e: 1, 2 and 3M for 24 hours. The characterization result, especially from x-ray-diffractometry analysis, demonstrated that modification of montmorillonite using iron (III)oxide produced so called house of card structure as indicated by its broad, low intensity reflection at 2θ = 5-6o. The addition of sulphuric acid into composite resulted in probably the formation of face to face arrangements indicated by the appearance of 001 plane reflection. The acid treatment also caused the decrease in the iron content of the iron oxide-montmorillonite as shown by its neutron activated analysis result. The iron content of iron oxide-montmorillonite before the acid treatment was 32,01% w/w, and after the acid treatment was 14.08% w/w (with sulfuric acid of 1M), 6.05% w/w (sulfuric acid of 2M) and 5,98% w/w (with sulfuric acid of 3M), respectively. In general, the sulphuric acid treatment to the composite did not distore the 001 planes of the montmorillonite. Keywords: pillarization, montmorillonite, structure stability
SYNTHESIS OF SAFRYL KETONE FROM SAFROLE
Authors: Sohilait Hanoch J , Sastrohamidjojo Hardjono , Matsjeh Sabirin , Grossert J Stuart 
Published: January 2019

Synthesis of safryl ketone from safrole has been achieved through conversion of allyl group to secondary alcohol, followed by oxidation with PCC-Al2O3. The oxymecuration-demercuration reaction of safrole with HgSO4-NaBH4 yields safryl alcohol (66.38%) and the oxidation of safryl alcohol with PCC-Al2O3 yields safryl ketone (62.92%). The structure elucidation of these products was conducted using Fourier Transformed Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) and Mass Spectroscopy (MS). Keywords: safryl ketone, safrole
BIODEGRADATION OF POLYBLEND POLYPROPILENE- PALM OIL-AMYLUM BY <i>Bacillus subtilus</i> AND <i>Clostridium botulinum</i>
Authors: Fanani Zainal , Miksusanti Miksusanti , Desnelli Desnelli 
Published: January 2019

It had been done a biodegradation polyblend from blending polypropilene-palm oil-amylum with three composition of polyblend i.e polyblend A 80% polypropilene- 19.5% palm oil- 0.5% amylum, poliblend B 80% polypropilene- 19% palm oil- 1% amylum and polyblend C 80% polypropilene-18% palm oil- 2% amylum by B. subtilus and C. botulinum, time incubation was twenty five days. The characterization of polyblend before and after biodegradation has done with FTIR, DTA, Viscometre and tensile strength of polyblend. The result showed that Bacillus subtilus and Clostridium botulinum can biodegradate polyblend and make holes as well as chink on polyblend especially polyblend C, because it has more carbohidrat than polyblend A and B. Analysis from FTIR showed compatible of poliblend because it did not have a new function group and did not change of wavelength. Data of tensile strength showed lower value after biodegradation at polyblend C and from DTA and Viscometre showed lower melting point and lower average molecule weight, respectively. Keywords: Biodegradation, Polyblend, Bacillus, Clostridium
“TERPI” AS A QUANTITY OF THERMODYNAMIC POTENTIAL ENERGY SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONCEPT OF WORK AND HEAT
Authors: Alim RHA Sahirul 
Published: January 2019

Isothermal reversible thermodynamic processes were studied, where there will not occur flow of heat (q) in the system in accord with the second law of thermodynamic. It appear that the energy flow in the system cannot be explained adequately by considering the flow of P,V - work, usually indicated by w, in accordance with the first law, that is, ΔU = q + w with q = 0. Therefore, it is necessary to have another kind of work energy (potential) which is not electrical to explain such as the experiment of Boyle that results in the formula PV = C for a close ideal gas system undergoing an isothermal and reversible process. In this paper, a new work potential which is called ";;terpi";; is introduced, and is abbreviated as τ (tau) and defined as: dτ ≡ - T dSrev = - dqrev. Therefore, dt is also not an exact differential as dw and dq. For any isothermal reversible process, it can be written: τ = -TΔSrev, and for redox reaction, such as an electrochemical cell, it is noteworthy to distinguish between τ system (τsyst) and τ reaction (τr) which combine together to become an electrical work flow, (wel) done by the system on the surrounding, so that: ΔGr = τsyst + τr = v F E Furthermore, the studies of phase transitions, which occur isothermally, were also considered, e.g. the evaporation of a liquid into vapour at a certain T. The heat given to this process cannot freely flow isothermally, but first it must be changed into terpy and then added to the enthalpy of the vapour following the equation: τvap = -TΔSvap = -ΔHvap. Keywords: thermodynamics, heat, work, isothermal, reversible
STUDIES ON LEWIS ACID REACTION OF ISOEUGENOL AND ISOEUGENYL ACETATE
Authors: Purwono Bambang , Soelistyowati Retno Dwi , Mudasir Mudasir 
Published: January 2019

Studies of the Lewis Acid (AlCl3 and BF3-methanol) to isoeugenol and isoeugenyl acetate have been conducted. Reactions were carried out by stirring of isoeugenol and isoeugenyl acetate for 4 days at room temperature.Structure analysis of the products using IR, MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectrophotometer showed that cyclic dimer product has been obtained white crystal, 175 oC, as a 1-ethyl-5-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl phenyl)-6-methoxy-2-methyl indane. Keywords: csoeugenol, cyclic dimer, clove leaf oil, indane.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF PARACETAMOL AND IBUPROFENE MIXTURES BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Damayanti Sophi , Ibrahim Slamet , Firman Kurnia , Tjahjono Daryono H 
Published: January 2019

Analytical method for the determination of paracetamol and ibuprofene mixtures has been developed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography using C-18 column and acetinitrile - phosphate buffer pH = 4.5 (75:25) containing 0.075% sodium hexanesulfunate as a mobile phase. The detector was set at 215 nm. Using such conditions, retention time for paracetamol and ibuprofen was 4.89 and 7.11 min, respectively. The recovery for paracetamol and ibuprofen was found to be 101.07± 0.73% and 102.02 ± 1.58%, respectively. The detector limits of the method was 1.30 and 1.60 μg/mL with the relative standard deviation (RSD) 0.74 and 1.52% for paracetamol and ibuprofen, respectively. Keywords: paracetamol, ibuprofen, multi-component, validation, HPLC.
SYNTHESIS OF 6-NITRO VERATRYL ALCOHOL AND 6-NITRO VERATRALDOXIM FROM VANILIN AS INTERMEDIATES FOR THE PREPARATION OF C-9154 ANTIBIOTIC DERVATIVES
Authors: Jumina Jumina , Rastuti Undri , Matsjeh Sabirin 
Published: January 2019

The synthesis of 6-nitro veratryl alcohol and 6-nitro veratraldoxim from vanilin which was required as intermediates for the preparation of C-9154 antibiotic derivatives was carried out. C-9154 antibiotic is a sufficiently potent antibiotic, but so far this is produced only in low yields through microbiological processes. The reaction steps performed were (1) methylation of vanilin, (2) nitration of the methylation product, (3) reduction of the corresponding nitro compound and (4) reaction of the nitration product with HO-NH2.HCl. Methylation of vanilin was conducted using dimethylsulfate and NaOH at 60 oC for 2 hours. Nitration of the methylation product was performed in 2 methods, i.e. using neat HNO3 and using a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 both at 5 oC for 2 hours. Reduction of the nitration product was conducted using NaBH4 either at room temperature and at reflux. Reaction of the nitration product with HO-NH2.HCl was carried out in ethanol 95% at 50 oC for 2 hours. The products were analyzed by means of TLC, GC, IR, 1H NMR and GC-MS spectrometers. The methylation of vanilin gave 87.7% yield of veratraldehyde which was found as a white crystal (m.p 43 oC). The nitration of veratraldehyde produced 6-nitro veratraldehyde observed as a yellow crystal having of m.p. 130 oC. Nitration using neat HNO3 gave a smaller yield (50.35%) of 6-nitro veratraldehyde than nitration with a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 (93.63%). Reduction of 6-nitro veratraldehyde using NaBH4 at room temperature and at reflux afforded 6-nitro veratryl alcohol which was found as brown crystal (m.p 123-127 oC) respectively in 13.47% and 56.61%. This reduction also produced 6-amino veratryl alcohol and 3,4-dimethoxy benzoic zcid as by products. 6-Nitro veratraldehyde reacts with HO-NH2.HCl to give 6-nitro veratraldoxim in 48.27% yield. Keywords: antibiotics, veratril alcohol, veratraldoxim vanilin
EFFECT OF THE REDUCTION TEMPERATURE INTO CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF Ni SUPPORTED BY TiO<sub>2</sub>, AL<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> AND TiO<sub>2</sub>/AL<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> FOR CONVERSION CO<sub>2</sub> INTO METHANE
Authors: Haerudin Hery , Waskitoaji Wihatmoko , Usman Usman 
Published: January 2019

Nickel catalysts, containing 6% (w/w) of nickel, have been prepared using TiO2, Al2O3 and mixture of TiO2-Al2O3 (1:9). The catalysts were used for CO2 conversion into methane. The characteristics of catalysts were studied by determination of its specific surface area, temperature programmed reaction technique and X-ray diffraction. The specific surface area were varied slightly by different temperature of reduction, namely after reduction at 300°C it was 39, 120 and 113 m2/g and after reduction at 400°C it was 42, 135 and 120 m2/g for 6% nickel catalysts supported on TiO2, Al2O3 and mixture of TiO2-Al2O3 (1:9) respectively. Temperature program reaction studies (TPO and TPR) showed that NiTiOx species were possibly formed during the pretreatments which has shown by the shift of its peak to the lower temperature on Ni catalyst, that supported on mixture of TiO2-Al2O3 compared with catalysts supported on individual TiO2 or Al2O3. The nickel species on reduced Ni catalysts supported on TiO2 and on mixture of TiO2-Al2O3 could be detected by X-ray diffraction. The catalyst's activities toward CH4 formation were affected by the reduction temperature. Activity for CH4 formation was decreased in the following order: Ni/ TiO2 > Ni/ TiO2: Al2O3 > Ni/ Al2O3 and Ni/ TiO2: Al2O3 > Ni/ TiO2> Ni/ Al2O3, when catalysts were reduced at 300°C or 400°C respectively. The CO2 conversion was decreased in the following order: Ni/ Al2O3 > Ni/ TiO2: Al2O3 > Ni/ TiO2 when catalysts were reduced at 300°C or 400°C respectively. Keywords: nickel catalyst, carbondioxide, methane
KINETIC STUDY ON ADSORPTION OF CHROMIUM(lIl) TO DIATOMACEOUS EARTH PRE-TREATED WITH SULFURIC AND HYDROCHLORIC ACIDS
Authors: Nuryono Nuryono , Susanti V.V.H. , Narsito Narsito 
Published: January 2019

In this research, the effect of Sangiran diatomaceous earth pre-treatment with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the kinetics of adsorption for Cr(III) in aqueous solution has been studied. The research has been carried out by mixing an amount of diatomeaeous earth with HCl or H2SO4 in various concentrations for two hours at temperature of 150 - 200°C. The mixture was washed with water until neutral, and the residue was dried at 70°C for four hours. The result then was used as adsorbent. Adsorption was carried out by mixing an amount of adsorbent with Cr(III) solution in various contact times. Ion adsorbed was determined by analyzing filtrate using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The effect of pre-treatment on adsorption kinetics was evaluated based on kinetic parameters, i.e. constant of adsorption rate by using Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics and using two-process kinetics (fast and slow processes). Adsorption kinetics calculated using LH equation gave negative value for adsorption rate constant of zero order (k0). On the other words, the LH kinetics might not be applied for adsorption of Cr(III) to diatomaceous earth adsorbent. Results of kinetics study approached using two processes (fast and slow) showed that adsorption of Cr(III) occurred in two processes with rate constant of fast adsorption, kc, 0.041/min, rate constant of slow adsorption, kl, 0.0089/min, and of slow desorption, k'l, 0.089/menit. Pre-treatment with HCl up to 10 M decreased either kc, kl or k'l, while pre-treatment with H2SO4 1M increased kc to 0.061/min, decreased kl to 0.00424 and k'l to 0.0139/min. On pre-treatment with H2SO4 higher than 6 M significantly decreased three constants above. Based on the Gibbs energy change (4.31 - 6.79 kJ/mole) showed that adsorption involved physical interaction. Keywords: adsorption, chromium, diatomaceous earth, kinetics, Langmuir-Hinshelwood