bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neofunctionalisation of basic helix−loop−helix proteins occurred when embryophytes colonised the land
Authors: Bonnot Clémence , Hetherington Alexander J. , Champion Clément , Breuninger Holger , Kelly Steven , Dolan Liam 
Published: April 2019

AbstractROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE SIX‐LIKE(RSL) genes control the development of structures from single cells at the surface of embryophytes (land plants) such as rhizoids and root hairs.RSLproteins constitute a subclass (VIIIc) of the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) classVIIItranscription factor family.The Charophyceae form the only class of streptophyte algae with tissue‐like structures and rhizoids. To determine if the function ofRSLgenes in the control of cell differentiation in embryophytes was inherited from a streptophyte algal ancestor, we identified the single classVIII bHLHgene from the charophyceaen algaChara braunii(CbbHLHVIII).CbbHLHVIIIis sister to theRSLproteins; they constitute a monophyletic group. Expression of CbbHLHVIIIdoes not compensate for loss ofRSLfunctions inMarchantia polymorphaorArabidopsis thaliana. InC. brauniiCbbHLHVIIIis expressed at sites of morphogenesis but not in rhizoids.This finding indicates thatC. brauniiclassVIIIprotein is functionally different from land plantRSLproteins. This result suggests that the function ofRSLproteins in cell differentiation at the plant surface evolved by neofunctionalisation in the land plants lineage after its divergence from its last common ancestor withC. braunii, at or before the colonisation of the land by embryophytes.
Is reducing appetite beneficial for body weight management in the context of overweight and obesity? A systematic review and meta‐analysis from clinical trials assessing body weight management after exposure to satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing products
Authors: Hansen Thea Toft , Andersen Sarah Vold , Astrup Arne , Blundell John , Sjödin Anders 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThis review aims to investigate whether interventions that enhance satiety and/or reduce hunger lead to beneficial effects on body weight management in the context of overweight and obesity. A comprehensive review protocol was prepared before conducting a systematic search in PubMed identifying 517 papers with 12 meeting the inclusion criteria. A thorough risk of bias assessment was performed based on the Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Based on a meta‐analysis, the average of 75 subjects exposed to satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing foods during more than 8 weeks coincidently reduced their body weight by 3.60 (1.05; 6.15) kg (mean (95% confidence interval)) more compared with controls. Two studies analysed whether individual reductions in appetite were associated with body weight. Decreased ad libitum energy intake after exposure to the satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing interventions explained 58% (P < 0.001) and 23% (P < 0.001) of the variations in the subsequent weight losses over 12 and 8 weeks, respectively. Robust acute effects on appetite were found equally likely to be linked to improved body weight management as sustained effects. Satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing interventions are supported to improve body weight management, but studies specifically designed to demonstrate a causal link remain needed.
Effects of oral healthcare motivation in patients with gingival oral lichen planus: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mergoni Giovanni , Magnani Veronica , Goldoni Matteo , Vescovi Paolo , Manfredi Maddalena 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe role of dental plaque in gingival lesions caused by oral lichen planus has not been fully defined. The aim of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effects of oral healthcare motivation on clinical variables in patients with gingival oral lichen planus.Material and MethodsOral lichen planus patients with symptomatic gingival lesions were randomized in control and intervention groups. The intervention group was instructed to effectively remove bacterial biofilm from dental surfaces, while controls did not receive any advice. The outcome variables were as follows: quality of life (OHIP‐14), pain, plaque index and clinical severity of the disease (Escudier index). Outcome variables were assessed at 0, 4 and 20 weeks and analysed using an ANOVA model for factorial design.ResultsData from 60 patients were collected. Regression analysis showed a significant positive trend of OHIP‐14, plaque index and Escudier index in the intervention group compared to controls (p < 0.05). Pain did not prove significantly different (p = 0.408).ConclusionsPlaque control improved both OHIP‐14 and gingival lesion clinical severity. Oral hygienists should be involved in the multidisciplinary management of patients affected by oral lichen planus with gingival lesions.
Effects of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery in Total Knee Arthroplasty for Patients Older Than 65 Years
Authors: Jiang Hong‐hui , Jian Xiao‐fei , Shangguan Yang‐fan , Qing Jun , Chen Liao‐bin 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesTo explore the safety and efficacy of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program for elderly total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients.MethodsA prospective controlled study was conducted for patients older than 65 years, who would undergo unilateral TKA with a minimum follow‐up of 2 years. Patients were divided into an ERAS group (n = 106) and a traditional group (n = 141) based on the patients’ willingness to participate in the ERAS program. Baseline parameters of American Society of Anesthesiologists classification and comorbidity were recorded. Complication, mortality, knee function assessment using knee society score and knee range of motion, and perioperative clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of baseline parameters. Although no significant differences were found in postoperative nausea and vomiting, urinary tract infection, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, wound delayed healing, superficial infection, and deep infection, there were significantly fewer total complications in the ERAS group (26/106 vs 52/141; P = 0.039). No significant difference was found in short‐term mortality (1/106 vs 3/141; P = 0.836) between the two groups. There were no significant differences in preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS), knee society score (KSS), and range of motion (ROM) between the two groups. Lower VAS scores were found in the ERAS group at time of postoperative day (POD) 1 (P = 0.012) and POD 5 (P = 0.020); no significant differences were observed at time of postoperative month (POM) 1 and final follow‐up. Higher KSS scores were found in the ERAS group at time of POD 1 (P = 0.013), and POD 5 (P = 0.011), no significant differences were observed at time of POM 1 and final follow‐up. Increased ROM degree was found in the ERAS group at time of POD 1 (P = 0.021); no significant differences were observed at time of POD 5, POM 1 and final follow‐up. Decreased intraoperative blood loss (P < 0.001), total blood loss (P < 0.001), transfusion rate (P = 0.004), and length of stay (P < 0.001) were found in the ERAS group; no significant differences were found in operative time and hospitalization costs between the two groups.ConclusionThe ERAS program is safer and more efficacious in elderly TKA patients compared to the traditional pathway. It could effectively relieve perioperative pain and improve joint function, and reduce blood transfusion, length of stay, and total complications without increasing short‐term mortality.
Two‐Stage Sulfide Mineral Assemblages in the Mineralized Ultramafic Rocks of the Laowangzhai Gold Deposit (Yunnan, SW China): Implications for Metallogenic Evolution
Authors: Zhang Huichao , Chai Peng , Zhang Hongrui , Hou Zengqian , Chen Shouming , Sun Yanbin , Peng Qing 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe Laowangzhai gold deposit, located in the Ailaoshan gold belt (SW China), is hosted in various types of rocks, including in quartz porphyry, carbonaceous slate, meta‐sandstone, lamprophyre, and altered ultramafic rocks. In contrast to other wall rocks, the orebodies in altered ultramafic rocks are characterized by the occurrence of a large amount of Ni‐bearing minerals. The ore‐forming process of the orebodies hosted by altered ultramafic rocks can be divided into two stages: pyrite‐vaesite‐native gold and gersdorffite‐violarite stages. The contents of As and Sb increased during the evolution of ore‐forming fluid based on the mineral assemblages. Thermodynamic modeling of the Ni‐Cu‐As‐Fe‐S system using the SUPCRT92 software package with the updated database of slop16.dat indicates the fS2 in ore‐forming fluid decreases significantly from stage I to stage II. The decreases of fS2 due to crystallization of sulfides and fO2 due to fluid–rock reaction were responsible for ore formation in altered ultramafic rocks of the Laowangzhai gold deposit. Geological evidence, the in situ sulfur isotope values of pyrite, and the other published isotopic data suggest that the ore‐forming fluid for ultramafic rock ores was dominantly composed of evolved magmatic fluid with the important input of sediments.
Growth in the first 5 years after antiretroviral therapy initiation among HIV‐infected children in the IeDEA West African Pediatric Cohort
Authors: Jesson Julie , Ephoevi‐Ga Ayoko , Desmonde Sophie , Ake‐Assi Marie‐Hélène , D'Almeida Marcelline , Sy Haby Signaté , Malateste Karen , Amorissani‐Folquet Madeleine , Dicko Fatoumata , Kouadio Kouakou , Renner Lorna , Leroy Valériane ,   the IeDEA West African Pediatric Collaboration
Published: April 2019

SummaryObjectiveTo describe growth evolution and its correlates in the first 5 years of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation among HIV‐infected children followed up in West Africa.MethodsAll HIV‐infected children younger than 10 years followed in the IeDEA pWADA cohort while initiating ART, with at least one anthropometric measurement within the first 5 years of treatment were included in the study. Growth was described according to the WHO child growth standards, using Weight‐for‐age Z‐score (WAZ), Height‐for‐age Z‐score (HAZ) and Weight‐for‐Height/BMI‐for‐age Z‐score (WHZ/BAZ). Growth evolution and its correlates, measured at ART initiation, were modelled in individual linear mixed models for each anthropometric indicator, with a spline term added at the 12‐, 24‐ and 9‐month time point for WAZ, HAZ and WHZ/BAZ, respectively.ResultsAmong the 4156 children selected (45% girls, median age at ART initiation 3.9 years [IQR interquartile range 1.9–6.6], and overall 68% malnourished at ART initiation), important gains were observed in the first 12, 24 and 9 months on ART for WAZ, HAZ and WHZ/BAZ, respectively. Correlates at ART initiation of a better growth evolution overtime were early age (<2 years of age), severe immunodeficiency for age, and severity of malnutrition.ConclusionsGrowth evolution is particularly strong within the first 2 years on ART but slows down after this period. Weight and height gains help to recover from pre‐ART growth deficiency but are insufficient for the most severely malnourished. The first year on ART could be the best period for nutritional interventions to optimize growth among HIV‐infected children in the long‐term.
Nutrition for Ultramarathon Running: Trail, Track, and Road
Authors: Costa Ricardo J.S. , Knechtle Beat , Tarnopolsky Mark , Hoffman Martin D. 
Published: April 2019

Ultramarathon running events and participation numbers have increased progressively over the past three decades. Besides the exertion of prolonged running with or without a loaded pack, such events are often associated with challenging topography, environmental conditions, acute transient lifestyle discomforts, and/or event-related health complications. These factors create a scenario for greater nutritional needs, while predisposing ultramarathon runners to multiple nutritional intake barriers. The current review aims to explore the physiological and nutritional demands of ultramarathon running and provide general guidance on nutritional requirements for ultramarathon training and competition, including aspects of race nutrition logistics. Research outcomes suggest that daily dietary carbohydrates (up to 12 g·kg−1·day−1) and multiple-transportable carbohydrate intake (∼90 g·hr−1 for running distances ≥3 hr) during exercise support endurance training adaptations and enhance real-time endurance performance. Whether these intake rates are tolerable during ultramarathon competition is questionable from a practical and gastrointestinal perspective. Dietary protocols, such as glycogen manipulation or low-carbohydrate high-fat diets, are currently popular among ultramarathon runners. Despite the latter dietary manipulation showing increased total fat oxidation rates during submaximal exercise, the role in enhancing ultramarathon running performance is currently not supported. Ultramarathon runners may develop varying degrees of both hypohydration and hyperhydration (with accompanying exercise-associated hyponatremia), dependent on event duration, and environmental conditions. To avoid these two extremes, euhydration can generally be maintained through “drinking to thirst.” A well practiced and individualized nutrition strategy is required to optimize training and competition performance in ultramarathon running events, whether they are single stage or multistage.
Defining the developmental program leading to meiosis in maize
Authors: Nelms Brad , Walbot Virginia 
Published: April 2019

Following meiosis in maize
Plants do not set aside a germ-cell lineage from early development as animals do, but instead generate germ cells on demand. Nelms and Walbot, working in maize, took advantage of a size differential between somatic and developing germ cells in the anthers at the top of the maize plant to isolate individual germ cells during the meiotic progression to pollen development. They used single-cell RNA sequencing to study changes in the transcriptome through meiosis. These studies revealed increasing specialization as meiosis progressed, with a reorganization of the transcriptome in a transition during the leptotene stage of meiosis.

Science
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Prevalence of cervical disease at age 20 after immunisation with bivalent HPV vaccine at age 12-13 in Scotland: retrospective population study
Authors: Palmer Tim , Wallace Lynn , Pollock Kevin G , Cuschieri Kate , Robertson Chris , Kavanagh Kim , Cruickshank Margaret 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Objective
To quantify the effect on cervical disease at age 20 years of immunisation with bivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine at age 12-13 years.

Design
Retrospective population study, 1988-96.

Setting
National vaccination and cervical screening programmes in Scotland.

Participants
138 692 women born between 1 January 1988 and 5 June 1996 and who had a smear test result recorded at age 20.

Main outcome measures
Effect of vaccination on cytology results and associated histological diagnoses from first year of screening (while aged 20), calculated using logistic regression.

Results
138 692 records were retrieved. Compared with unvaccinated women born in 1988, vaccinated women born in 1995 and 1996 showed an 89% reduction (95% confidence interval 81% to 94%) in prevalent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 3 or worse (from 0.59% (0.48% to 0.71%) to 0.06% (0.04% to 0.11%)), an 88% reduction (83% to 92%) in CIN grade 2 or worse (from 1.44% (1.28% to 1.63%) to 0.17% (0.12% to 0.24%)), and a 79% reduction (69% to 86%) in CIN grade 1 (from 0.69% (0.58% to 0.63%) to 0.15% (0.10% to 0.21%)). Younger age at immunisation was associated with increasing vaccine effectiveness: 86% (75% to 92%) for CIN grade 3 or worse for women vaccinated at age 12-13 compared with 51% (28% to 66%) for women vaccinated at age 17. Evidence of herd protection against high grade cervical disease was found in unvaccinated girls in the 1995 and 1996 cohorts.

Conclusions
Routine vaccination of girls aged 12-13 years with the bivalent HPV vaccine in Scotland has led to a dramatic reduction in preinvasive cervical disease. Evidence of clinically relevant herd protection is apparent in unvaccinated women. These data are consistent with the reduced prevalence of high risk HPV in Scotland. The bivalent vaccine is confirmed as being highly effective vaccine and should greatly reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. The findings will need to be considered by cervical cancer prevention programmes worldwide.
Prediction of adverse motor outcome for neonates with punctate white matter lesions by MRI images using radiomics strategy: protocol for a prospective cohort multicentre study
Authors: Wang Miaomiao , Liu Heng , Liu Congcong , Li Xianjun , Jin Chao , Sun Qinli , Liu Zhe , Zheng Jie , Yang Jian 
Published: April 2019

IntroductionPunctate white matter lesions (PWML) are prevalent white matter disease in preterm neonates, and may cause motor disorders and even cerebral palsy. However, precise individual-based diagnosis of lesions that result in an adverse motor outcome remains unclear, and an effective method is urgently needed to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment. Advanced radiomics for multiple modalities data can provide a possible look for biomarkers and determine prognosis quantitatively. The study aims to develop and validate a model for prediction of adverse motor outcomes at a corrected age (CA) of 24 months in neonates with PWML.Methods and analysisA prospective cohort multicentre study will be conducted in 11 Chinese hospitals. A total of 394 neonates with PWML confirmed by MRI will undergo a clinical assessment (modified Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale). At a CA of 18 months, the motor function will be assessed by Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III (Bayley-III). Mild-to-severe motor impairments will be confirmed using the Bayley-III and Gross Motor Function Classification System at a CA of 24 months. During the data collection, the perinatal and clinical information will also be recorded. According to the radiomics strategy, the extracted imaging features and clinical information will be combined for exploratory analysis. After using multiple-modelling methodology, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity will be computed. Internal and external validations will be used to evaluate the performance of the radiomics model.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the institutional review board of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University (XJTU1AF2015LSK-172). All parents of eligible participants will be provided with a detailed explanation of the study and written consent will be obtained. The results of this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at local, national and international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT02637817; Pre-results.
Does service heterogeneity have an impact on acute hospital length of stay in stroke? A UK-based multicentre prospective cohort study
Authors: Tørnes Michelle , McLernon David , Bachmann Max , Musgrave Stanley , Warburton Elizabeth A , Potter John F , Myint Phyo Kyaw 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesTo determine whether stroke patients’ acute hospital length of stay (AHLOS) varies between hospitals, over and above case mix differences and to investigate the hospital-level explanatory factors.DesignA multicentre prospective cohort study.SettingEight National Health Service acute hospital trusts within the Anglia Stroke & Heart Clinical Network in the East of England, UK.ParticipantsThe study sample was systematically selected to include all consecutive patients admitted within a month to any of the eight hospitals, diagnosed with stroke by an accredited stroke physician every third month between October 2009 and September 2011.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAHLOS was defined as the number of days between date of hospital admission and discharge or death, whichever came first. We used a multiple linear regression model to investigate the association between hospital (as a fixed-effect) and AHLOS, adjusting for several important patient covariates, such as age, sex, stroke type, modified Rankin Scale score (mRS), comorbidities and inpatient complications. Exploratory data analysis was used to examine the hospital-level characteristics which may contribute to variance between hospitals. These included hospital type, stroke monthly case volume, service provisions (ie, onsite rehabilitation) and staffing levels.ResultsA total of 2233 stroke admissions (52% female, median age (IQR) 79 (70 to 86) years, 83% ischaemic stroke) were included. The overall median AHLOS (IQR) was 9 (4 to 21) days. After adjusting for patient covariates, AHLOS still differed significantly between hospitals (p<0.001). Furthermore, hospitals with the longest adjusted AHLOS’s had predominantly smaller stroke volumes.ConclusionsWe have clearly demonstrated that AHLOS varies between different hospitals, and that the most important patient-level explanatory variables are discharge mRS, dementia and inpatient complications. We highlight the potential importance of stroke volume in influencing these differences but cannot discount the potential effect of unmeasured confounders.
Recruitment strategies in randomised controlled trials of men aged 50 years and older: a systematic review
Authors: Bracken Karen , Askie Lisa , Keech Anthony C , Hague Wendy , Wittert Gary 
Published: April 2019

ObjectivesTo identify and review evaluations of strategies to recruit men aged 50 years and over to randomised controlled trials (RCTs).DesignSystematic review and narrative synthesis.Data sourcesMEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and ORRCA databases were searched to 1 December 2017.Eligibility criteriaStudies using quantitative methods to evaluate recruitment strategies to RCTs of men aged 50 years and older.Data extraction and synthesisA single reviewer extracted data (for each strategy, number of participants approached, screened and randomised, and cost). Study quality was assessed using National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Quality Assessment Tools and considered study design, description of interventions, description and measurement of outcomes, completeness of outcome reporting, performance of statistical testing and consideration of confounders. Recruitment strategies were categorised by the recruitment stage they addressed.ResultsSixteen studies (n >14 000) were included: one good quality, ten fair quality and five poor quality. Studies evaluated strategies to identify prospective participants, and to improve the processes for assessing participant eligibility, providing participant information and seeking consent. In good and fair quality studies, the most effective strategies for identifying participants were referral from an affiliated health service provider (two studies), mass mailing (five studies) and media coverage (two studies). Community outreach activities such as displaying posters and attending local community events were not effective (two studies). Trial-specific training of site recruitment staff, developed using qualitative analysis of recruitment visits (two studies), and provision of study information to prospective participants at a multidisciplinary, group information session (one study) both improved recruitment.ConclusionImproved engagement of men aged 50 years and older in RCTs is needed. A gender-sensitised approach to RCT recruitment may help to address this need. We have identified several promising recruitment strategies that merit further evaluation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017060301.