bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A framework to support risk assessment in hospitals
Authors: Kaya Gulsum Kubra , Ward James R , Clarkson P John 
Published: August 2018

AbstractQuality problem or issueA number of challenges have been identified with current risk assessment practice in hospitals, including: a lack of consultation with a sufficiently wide group of stakeholders; a lack of consistency and transparency; and insufficient risk assessment guidance. Consequently, risk assessment may not be fully effective as a means to ensure safety.Initial assessmentWe used a V system developmental model, in conjunction with mixed methods, including interviews and document analysis to identify user needs and requirements.Choice of solutionOne way to address current challenges is through providing good guidance on the fundamental aspects of risk assessment. We designed a risk assessment framework, comprising: a risk assessment model that depicts the main risk assessment steps; risk assessment explanation cards that provide prompts to help apply each step; and a risk assessment form that helps to systematize the risk assessment and document the findings.ImplementationWe conducted multiple group discussions to pilot the framework through the use of a representative scenario and used our findings for the user evaluation.EvaluationUser evaluation was conducted with 10 participants through interviews and showed promising results.Lessons learnedWhile the framework was recommended for use in practice, it was also proposed that it be adopted as a training tool. With its use in risk assessment, we anticipate that risk assessments would lead to more effective decisions being made and more appropriate actions being taken to minimize risks. Consequently, the quality and safety of care delivered could be improved.
Exonephology: transmission spectra from a 3D simulated cloudy atmosphere of HD 209458b
Authors: Lines S , Manners J , Mayne N J , Goyal J , Carter A L , Boutle I A , Lee Elspeth , Helling Ch , Drummond B , Acreman D M , Sing D K 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACT
We present high-resolution transmission spectra, calculated directly from a 3D radiative hydrodynamic simulation that includes kinetic cloud formation, for HD 209458b. We find that the high opacity of our vertically extensive cloud deck, composed of a large number density of sub-$\mu$m particles, flattens the transmission spectrum and obscures spectral features identified in the observed data. We use the pandexo simulator to explore features of our HD 209458b spectrum which may be detectable with the James Webb Space Telescope. We determine that an   8–12$\mu$m absorption feature attributed to the mixed-composition, predominantly silicate cloud particles is a viable marker for the presence of cloud. Further calculations explore, and trends are identified with, variations in cloud opacity, composition heterogeneity, and artificially scaled gravitational settling on the transmission spectrum. Principally, by varying the upper extent of our cloud decks, rainout is identified to be a key process for the dynamical atmospheres of hot Jupiters and shown to dramatically alter the resulting spectrum. Our synthetic transmission spectra, obtained from the most complete, forward atmosphere simulations to date, allow us to explore the model’s ability to conform with observations. Such comparisons can provide insight into the physical processes either missing or requiring improvement.
Long-Term Update of Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Benign Spinal Tumors
Authors: Chin Alexander L , Fujimoto Dylann , Kumar Kiran A , Tupper Laurie , Mansour Salma , Chang Steven D , Adler John R , Gibbs Iris C , Hancock Steven L , Dodd Robert , Li Gordon , Gephart Melanie Hayden , Ratliff John K , Tse Victor , Usoz Melissa , Sachdev Sean , Soltys Scott G 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for benign intracranial tumors is an established standard of care. The widespread implementation of SRS for benign spinal tumors has been limited by lack of long-term data.

OBJECTIVE
To update our institutional experience of safety and efficacy outcomes after SRS for benign spinal tumors.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective cohort study of 120 patients with 149 benign spinal tumors (39 meningiomas, 26 neurofibromas, and 84 schwannomas) treated with SRS between 1999 and 2016, with follow-up magnetic resonance imaging available for review. The primary endpoint was the cumulative incidence of local failure (LF), with death as a competing risk. Secondary endpoints included tumor shrinkage, symptom response, toxicity, and secondary malignancy.

RESULTS
Median follow-up was 49 mo (interquartile range: 25-103 mo, range: 3-216 mo), including 61 courses with >5 yr and 24 courses with >10 yr of follow-up. We observed 9 LF for a cumulative incidence of LF of 2%, 5%, and 12% at 3, 5, and 10 yr, respectively. Excluding 10 tumors that were previously irradiated or that arose within a previously irradiated field, the 3-, 5-, and 10-yr cumulative incidence rates of LF were 1%, 2%, and 8%, respectively. At last follow-up, 35% of all lesions had decreased in size. With a total of 776 patient-years of follow-up, no SRS-related secondary malignancies were observed.

CONCLUSION
Comparable to SRS for benign intracranial tumors, SRS provides longer term local control of benign spinal tumors and is a standard-of-care alternative to surgical resection.
Pregnancy-Induced Increases in the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio: Examining Changes During Antepartum and Postpartum
Authors: Arger Christopher A , Taghavi Taraneh , Heil Sarah H , Skelly Joan , Tyndale Rachel F , Higgins Stephen T 
Published: August 2018

Abstract

Introduction
Pregnancy-induced increases in nicotine metabolism may contribute to difficulties in quitting smoking during pregnancy. However, the time course of changes in nicotine metabolism during early and late pregnancy is unclear. This study investigated how pregnancy alters the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a common biomarker of nicotine metabolism among nonpregnant smokers.

Methods
Urinary NMR (trans-3′-hydroxycotinine [3HC]/cotinine [COT]) was assessed using total (free + glucuronide) and free compounds among women (N = 47) from a randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation who self-reported smoking and provided a urine sample during early pregnancy (M ± SD = 12.5 ± 4.5 weeks’ gestation), late pregnancy (28.9 ± 2.0 weeks’ gestation), and 6 months postpartum (24.7 ± 1.2 weeks since childbirth). Urine samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and NMR were calculated as Total 3HC/Free COT, Free 3HC/Free COT, and Total 3HC/Total COT.

Results
NMR was significantly higher during early and late pregnancy compared to postpartum and significantly increased from early to late pregnancy as measured by Total 3HC/Free COT (0.76, 0.89, 0.60; all p’s < .05) and Free 3HC/Free COT (0.68, 0.80, 0.51; all p’s < .05). Total 3HC/Total COT did not vary over time (p = .81).

Conclusions
Total 3HC/Free COT and Free 3HC/Free COT increased in the first trimester and continued to increase throughout pregnancy, suggesting a considerable increase in nicotine metabolism over gestation. Future analyses are needed to interpret the changes in NMR in the context of nicotine pharmacokinetics, as well as its impact on changes in smoking behavior and cessation outcomes.

Implications
We observed that the NMR was significantly higher as early as 12 weeks’ gestation and increased further as a function of gestational age. Among nonpregnant smokers, elevated NMR is associated with smoking phenotypes such as smoking more cigarettes per day and poorer response to nicotine patch; therefore, pregnancy-induced increases in the NMR may contribute to smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy and reducing or quitting smoking may become more challenging as the rate of nicotine metabolism accelerates over the course of pregnancy.
Gestational Psittacosis Resulting in Neonatal Death Identified by Next-Generation RNA Sequencing of Postmortem, Formalin-Fixed Lung Tissue
Authors: Paul Litty , Comstock Jessica , Edes Kornelia , Schlaberg Robert 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPsittacosis is a rare zoonosis that can cause severe disease and adverse outcomes during pregnancy. We identified a previously elusive case of psittacosis causing premature delivery and infant death by next-generation RNA sequencing of postmortem tissues. Hypothesis-free pathogen detection in postmortem specimens can increase the yield of epidemiologic and cause-of-death studies.
Changing Notions of Linguistic Competence in the History of Formal Semantics
Authors: Partee Barbara H. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn the history of formal semantics, the successful joining of linguistic and philosophical work brought with it some difficult foundational questions concerning the nature of meaning and the nature of knowledge of language in the domain of semantics: questions in part about “what’s in the head” of a competent language-user. This chapter, part of a project on the history of formal semantics, revisits the central issues of Partee (1979) in a historical context, as a clash between two traditions, Fregean and Chomskyan, a clash that accompanied early work combining Montague’s semantics with Chomskyan syntax. Recent advances in philosophy of mind (from, e.g., Stalnaker and Burge) go a long way towards changing the framework of arguments about “psychological reality” and “competence”, challenging the suppositions on which the original dichotomy rested, thus largely defusing the tension.
Semantics as Measurement
Authors: Ball Derek 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis chapter defends a view of semantics on which developing a semantic theory closely resembles developing a scale of measurement. The view helps explain how semantics has made so much progress despite deep disagreements about the target of semantic theorizing (e.g., between those who maintain that semantics is characterizing something psychological, and those who maintain that it is characterizing something social), how appeals to set-theoretic abstracta make sense despite Benacerraf-style worries and despite the fact that set-theoretic entities fit badly with standard (e.g., causal) metasemantic views, and why the threat of radical context sensitivity does not undermine the semantic project.
Spontaneous changes
Authors: Sherwood Dennis , Dalby Paul 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
To set the scene for the Second Law, this (non-mathematical) chapter explores our experience of spontaneous changes - such as the expansion of a gas into a vacuum, mixing, phase changes and many chemical reactions - demonstrating that they are all irreversible, and proceed unidirectionally from non-equilibrium states to equilibrium states. Furthermore, they all comply with the First Law. The First Law therefore cannot be used as a predictor of spontaneity. What, then, can be used as a predictor?
Mathematical round up
Authors: Sherwood Dennis , Dalby Paul 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter draws together all the main mathematical equations into a single, structured, sequence, so providing a source of reference, as well as enabling the student to appreciate how superficially different equations are, in fact, component parts of a ‘bigger picture’. The chapter also introduces some new material, such as the Maxwell relations, the chain rule, the thermodynamic equations-of-state, isenthalpic throttling processes, the Joule-Thomson coefficient and the compressibility factor – so setting the scene for the discussion of real systems in the following chapter.
The physical-chemical environment of microbes
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Many physical-chemical properties affecting microbes are familiar to ecologists examining large organisms in our visible world. This chapter starts by reviewing the basics of these properties, such as the importance of water for microbes in soils and temperature in all environments. Another important property, pH, has direct effects on organisms and indirect effects via how hydrogen ions determine the chemical form of key molecules and compounds in nature. Oxygen content is also critical, as it is essential to the survival of all but a few eukaryotes. Light is used as an energy source by phototrophs, but it can have deleterious effects on microbes. In addition to these familiar factors, the small size of microbes sets limits on their physical world. Microbes are said to live in a “low Reynolds number environment”. When the Reynolds number is smaller than about one, viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. For a macroscopic organism like us, moving in a low Reynolds number environment would seem like swimming in molasses. Microbes in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats live in a low Reynolds number world, one of many similarities between the two environments at the microbial scale. Most notably, even soil microbes live in an aqueous world, albeit a thin film of water on soil particles. But the soil environment is much more heterogeneous than water, with profound consequences for biogeochemical processes and interactions among microbes. The chapter ends with a discussion of how the physical-chemical environment of microbes in biofilms is quite different from that of free-living organisms.
Microbial primary production and phototrophy
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter is focused on the most important process in the biosphere, primary production, the turning of carbon dioxide into organic material by higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic microbes account for roughly 50% of global primary production while the other half is by large, terrestrial plants. After reviewing the basic physiology of photosynthesis, the chapter discusses approaches to measuring gross and net primary production and how these processes affect fluxes of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of aquatic ecosystems. It then points out that terrestrial plants have high biomass but relatively low growth, while the opposite is the case for aquatic algae and cyanobacteria. Primary production varies greatly with the seasons in temperate ecosystems, punctuated by the spring bloom when the biomass of one algal type, diatoms, reaches a maximum. Other abundant algal types include coccolithophorids in the oceans and filamentous cyanobacteria in freshwaters. After the bloom, small algae take over and out-compete larger forms for limiting nutrients because of superior uptake kinetics. Abundant types of small algae include two coccoid cyanobacteria, Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, the latter said to be the most abundant photoautotroph on the planet because of its large numbers in oligotrophic oceans. Other algae, often dinoflagellates, are toxic. Many algae can also graze on other microbes, probably to obtain limiting nitrogen or phosphorus. Still other microbes are mainly heterotrophic but are capable of harvesting light energy. Primary production in oxic environments is carried out by oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, whereas in anoxic environments with sufficient light, it is anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis in which oxygen is not produced. Although its contribution to global primary production is small, anoxygenic photosynthesis helps us understand the biophysics and biochemistry of photosynthesis and its evolution on early Earth. These microbes as well as aerobic phototrophic and heterotrophic microbes make up microbial mats. These mats can provide insights into early life on the planet when a type of mat, “stromatolites,” covered vast areas of primordial seas in the Proterozoic.
Predation and protists
Authors: Kirchman David L. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Protists are involved in many ecological roles in natural environments, including primary production, herbivory and carnivory, and parasitism. Microbial ecologists have been interested in these single-cell eukaryotes since Antonie van Leeuwenhoek saw them in his stool and scum from his teeth. This chapter focuses on the role of protozoa (purely heterotrophic protists) and other protists in grazing on other microbes. Heterotrophic nanoflagellates, 3–5 microns long, are the most important grazers of bacteria and small phytoplankton in aquatic environments. In soils, flagellates are also important, followed by naked amoebae, testate amoebae, and ciliates. Many of these protists feed on their prey by phagocytosis, in which the prey particle is engulfed into a food vacuole into which digestive enzymes are released. This mechanism of grazing explains many factors affecting grazing rates, such as prey numbers, size, and composition. Ingestion rates increase with prey numbers before reaching a maximum, similar to the Michaelis–Menten equation describing uptake as a function of substrate concentration. Protists generally eat prey that are about ten-fold smaller than they are. In addition to flagellates, ciliates and dinoflagellates are often important predators in the microbial world and are critical links between microbial food chains and larger organisms Many protists are capable of photosynthesis. In some cases, the predator benefits from photosynthesis carried out by engulfed, but undigested photosynthetic prey or its chloroplasts. Although much can be learnt from the morphology of large protists, small protists (&lt;10 μm) often cannot be distinguished by morphology, and as seen several times in this book, many of the most abundant and presumably important protists are difficult to cultivate, necessitating the use of cultivation-independent methods analogous to those developed for prokaryotes. Instead of the 16S rRNA gene used for bacteria and archaea, the 18S rRNA gene is key for protists. Studies of this gene have uncovered high diversity in natural protist communities and, along with sequences of other genes, have upended models of eukaryote evolution. These studies indicate that the eukaryotic Tree of Life consists almost entirely of protists, with higher plants, fungi, and animals as mere branches.
Aperture harmony
Authors: van der Hulst Harry 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis chapter analyzes a number of vowel harmony systems which have been described or analyzed in terms of aperture (lowering or raising, including complete harmony). This takes us into areas where the literature on vowel harmony discusses cases involving the following binary features: [± high], [± low], [± ATR], and [± RTR]. Raising has been thought of as problematic for unary ‘IUA’ systems as these systems lack a common element for high vowels. This chapter suggests that raising can be attributed to ATR-harmony. The chapter also discusses typological generalizations and analyzes metaphony in Romance languages.
New York
Authors: Sylla Richard 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
New York, the epicentre of the 2007–9 Global Financial Crisis, during the ensuing decade regained much of its pre-Crisis stature as a pre-eminent international financial centre. Its advantages going forwards include the huge US Treasury debt market, the dollar as the leading reserve currency, the Federal Reserve System as a de facto world central bank, a stronger US banking system, and the world’s largest securities markets which list and trade leading US-based companies and many corporations based in other countries. Congress’s 2010 Dodd–Frank Act reduced systemic financial risks, but also contained regulatory overkill that is gradually being modified; attempts to repeal or replace Dodd–Frank appear unlikely to succeed. Fintech represents both an opportunity—more efficient financial services—and a threat—reduced profits—for New York financial firms, which will most probably incorporate fintech innovations into their business models. For New York, Brexit is more of an opportunity than a threat.
Paris
Authors: Quennouëlle-Corre Laure 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses Paris as an international financial centre and focuses on the role played by financial services and the numerous and various criteria that affect a financial centre’s competitiveness. It stresses both the long-term trends and the new circumstances that influence its current strengths and weaknesses compared to its main European competitors. The chapter analyses to what extent and how the Global Financial Crisis affected the financial activities of the French capital. Its banking stability, its active asset management industry, and its highly skilled labour market remain decisive advantages. The main uncertainty in the near future comes from the Brexit negotiations between the UK and the European Union, but there is also uncertainty arising from the development of technological delocalization of global firms’ financial activities.
Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Beijing
Authors: Meyer David R. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
China’s extraordinary economic growth over recent decades underpins the top global rank of its financial centres of Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Beijing. Hong Kong is China’s window to global capital, an Asia-Pacific leader, and one of the top three global financial centres, along with London and New York. Shanghai is the commercial-financial centre, and Beijing is the political-regulatory centre of China. Government policy supports stock- and bond-connect programmes among its exchanges, Fintech, internationalization of the renminbi, and its ‘Belt and Road’ initiative and associated Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). These directly and indirectly strengthen China’s internal financial centre networks and the centres’ global links. The government’s political and economic policies maintain Hong Kong as a premier global centre. China controls its banks, and its strength as a large economy will help mitigate the impacts of a global financial crisis.
Rhythmic Prose in Imperial Greek Literature
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe chapter looks at the division between poetry and prose in ancient and other literatures, and shows the importance of rhythmic patterning in ancient prose. The development of rhythmic prose in Greek and Latin is sketched, the system explained and illustrated (from Latin). It is firmly established, for the first time, which of the main Greek non-Christian authors 31 bc–ad 300 write rhythmically. The method takes a substantial sample of random sentence-endings (usually 400) from each of a large number of Imperial authors; it compares that sample with one sample of the same size (400) drawn randomly from a range of authors earlier than the invention of this rhythmic system. A particular sort of X2-test is applied. Many Imperial authors, it emerges, write rhythmically; many do not. The genres most likely to offer rhythmic writing are, unexpectedly, narrative: historiography and the novel.
Taking Fratricide Too Hard (Timoleon5–6)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis chapter provides a contrast: it looks at a longer passage not dense in rhythm to bring out the nature of the dense passages which are the main concern of the book. This passage itself varies in how packed or loose the rhythms are: there is greater passing density at philosophical or heightened moments. The mobility of Plutarch’s style can be clearly seen. Timoleon is here at a contrasting position to that seen in the previous chapter: he is reacting to his involvement in the killing of his tyrannical brother with gloom and an evasion of public life. Plutarch expatiates philosophically. This and the previous passage together illustrate various kinds of range in Plutarch’s Lives, including complexity of depiction and depth of time.