bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjunctive efficacy of diode laser in the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis with mechanical therapy: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Aimetti Mario , Mariani Giulia Maria , Ferrarotti Francesco , Ercoli Elena , Liu Chun Ching , Romano Federica 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesDue to the inconclusive findings on the effect of laser therapy in the management of peri‐implant diseases, the aim of this study was to analyze the adjunctive clinical efficacy of 980‐nm diode laser (DL) irradiation in the treatment of peri‐implant mucositis with mechanical debridement.Material and methodsTwo hundred and twenty patients with one implant diagnosed with peri‐implant mucositis (probing depth [PD] ≥ 4 mm and bleeding on probing [BoP] [primary outcome]) were randomly allocated to test and control treatments. Patients in the control group (n = 110) received debridement using curettes and ultrasonic devices, while patients allocated in the test group (n = 110) received mechanical therapy in combination with DL irradiation (setting 980 nm, 2.5 W, 10 kHz, pw, 30 s). BoP, presence of plaque, and PD were recorded at baseline, 1 month, and 3 months after treatment.ResultsBoth therapeutic modalities yielded similar clinical improvements with comparable reductions in the number of BoP‐positive sites, plaque scores, and PD values at 3 months (allp‐values > 0.05). Complete disease resolution was obtained in 38/110 (34.5%) implants in the test group compared with 34/110 (30.9%) implants in the control group at the end of the observation period.ConclusionBased on these results, the adjunct use of DL did not yield any statistically significant clinical benefit as compared to nonsurgical mechanical treatment alone in controlling peri‐implant inflammation at 3 months.
Histological, cellular and behavioural analyses of effects of chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide in the developing cerebellum
Authors: Zhang Yu , Li Yongfang , Luo Wenqin , Tang Yaohui , Wang Jia , Yang Ru , Gao Wei‐Qiang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractObjectivesWe performed histological, cellular and behavioural analyses of the effects of cyclophosphamide (CTX), a chemotherapeutic drug, in the developing cerebellum and aimed to provide valuable insights into clinical application of CTX in children.Materials and methodsC57BL/6 mice and Math1‐dependent GFP expression transgenic mice were used in the research. H&E staining was performed to analyse histological effects of CTX in the cerebellum. Staining for EdU and TUNEL was used to estimate the cell proliferation and apoptosis. Rotarod test and hanging wire test were used to evaluate the behavioural functions. Immunofluorescent staining was used to identify the cell types. The differentiation markers and genes related to Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signalling were measured via quantitative real‐time PCR or immunoblotting.ResultsWe found that while CTX induced a significant reduction in cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in the EGL in 48 hours, the behavioural functions and the multilayer laminar structure of cerebella were largely restored when the mice grew to adults. Mechanistically, granule neuron progenitors, driven by the SHH signalling, enhanced the capability of proliferation quickly after CTX administration was stopped, which allowed the developing cerebellum to catch up and to gradually replenish the injury.ConclusionThe chemotherapeutic agent CTX induces an immediate damage to the developing cerebellum, but the cerebellar multilayer laminar structure and motor function can be largely restored if the agent is stopped shortly after use.
Histopathology of aging of the hair follicle
Authors: Fernandez‐Flores Angel , Saeb‐Lima Marcela , Cassarino David S. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractHair follicles experience several changes with aging, the most noticeable of which is graying of the hair shaft due to loss of melanin. Additional changes in the diameter and length of the hair have contributed to the concept of senescent alopecia, which is different from androgenetic alopecia according to most. Graying happens in most individuals, although in different grades and starting at different ages. It is related to a decrease in the number and activity of the melanocytes of the hair bulb, which eventually completely disappear from the bulb of the white hair. Residual non‐active melanocytes remain in the outer root sheath and in the bulge, which allows for repigmentation of the hair under certain stimuli or conditions.
The Ancient Quarrel Between Art and Philosophy in Contemporary Exhibitions of Visual Art
Authors: McMahon Jennifer A. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAt a time when professional art criticism is on the wane, the ancient quarrel between art and philosophy demands fresh answers. Professional art criticism provided a basis upon which to distinguish apt experiences of art from the idiosyncratic. However, currently the kind of narratives from which critics once drew are underplayed or discarded in contemporary exhibition design where the visual arts are concerned. This leaves open the possibility that art operates either as mere stimulant to private reverie or, in the more contentful cases, as propaganda. The ancient quarrel between art and philosophy is that art influences surreptitiously while philosophy presents reasons that invite rational scrutiny. As such, in contrast to philosophy, art would undermine our agency. In July 2017, a group of philosophers gathered at the Art Gallery of NSW (AGNSW), in Sydney, Australia, in the presence of two AGNSW curators to explore the basis of their own experiences of selected artworks. Here, those commentaries are reproduced. Each reveal that objective grounds for an experience of art can be based in the community from which one draws one's terms of reference. In our commentaries we see the expertise of the respective philosophical communities but other communities of culture or expertise might serve the same purpose and hence resolve the ancient quarrel. Before hearing these commentaries, I explain what is at stake when the ancient quarrel between art and philosophy is understood in contemporary terms. This Issue of the Curator also includes an article on the community‐based art criticism that emerges from these commentaries followed by an exhibition review which reveals the incorrigible impulse (also demonstrated in the commentaries) to find the basis for the most apt experience of an artwork.
Art and the Approval of Nature: Philosophical Reflections on Tom Roberts, Holiday Sketch at Coogee (1888)
Authors: Newall Michael 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThis paper, based on a talk given at the Art Gallery of New South Wales, is presented as an example of philosophy done in an art gallery. Its subject is Tom Roberts’ painting Holiday Sketch at Coogee (1888), and as well as responding directly to the painting in the environment of the gallery, it draws on the author's memories of seeing that painting in other times and places. It draws on these personal experiences to relate Roberts’ painting to a controversial idea laid out by art historian Heinrich Wölfflin, and to more recent conventionalist and resemblance theories of pictorial representation. It finishes by affirming one of Roberts’ important achievements: his discarding of inherited European ways of picture‐making, and his place among the first generation of non‐indigenous artists to represent the real colours of the Australian landscape.
The use of 2940‐nm ER:YAG laser for the treatment of lentigo maligna
Authors: Fikrle Tomáš , Divišová Barbora , Šuchmannová Jitka , Pizinger Karel 
Published: April 2019

SummaryObjectivesLentigo maligna is a common in situ malignancy in elderly patients, with a low risk of progression to an invasive tumor. Surgical treatment may be complicated or refused. Non‐surgical treatment options (such as lasers) may therefore be needed.Patients and MethodsWe report on 17 patients treated with a 2940‐nm Er:YAG (erbium‐doped yttrium aluminum) laser for histopathologically confirmed lentigo maligna. The lesions were ablated with a 5 mm margin of adjacent skin under local anesthesia with a 3.5 mm overlapping spot, energy density of 6.5 J/cm2 and a repetition rate of 5 Hz. If clinically visible pigmentation was seen in the ablated area during the following three months, the lesion was re‐treated. All patients were followed up for residual or recurrent tumors.ResultsWe achieved clinical clearance in all 17 patients. There were three recurrences during the follow‐up period (9, 30 and 36 months after laser therapy). All patients were satisfied with the treatment course and cosmetic outcome. The mean follow‐up duration was 28 months.ConclusionsLaser ablation is an interesting alternative method for treatment of lentigo maligna. It can be used for selected cases where surgery is contraindicated, complicated or declined by the patient.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soil enzyme activity is coupled with increased plant biomass
Authors: Qin Mingsen , Zhang Qi , Pan Jianbin , Jiang Shengjing , Liu Yongjun , Bahadur Ali , Peng Zhenling , Yang Yue , Feng Huyuan 
Published: April 2019

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a mutualistic association with plant roots by improving phosphorus (P) uptake of the host plant. Previous studies demonstrated that AMF exert various influences on soil enzyme activity; however, quantification of these effects has not been published to date. This study explored the effect of AMF on soil enzyme activity by meta‐analysis of a current dataset. The AMF inoculation increased the activities of most soil enzymes, with the exception of polyphenol oxidase. Across all observations, AMF enhanced soil enzyme activity optimally at smaller soil available P and neutral soil pH conditions. This effect was positively correlated with the increasing ratios of soil available P and plant biomass. The results of this study indicate that AMF can enhance the release of soil nutrients required for plant growth in response to increased soil enzyme activity. The results obtained emphasize that the effect of AMF on soil enzyme activity is strongly abiotic context‐dependent and coupled with beneficial effects for plant growth. This has relevant implications for AMF application for sustainable agriculture.Highlights

Meta‐analysis of 56 studies shows that AMF usually increase soil enzyme activity.
Neutral pH and low available phosphorus lead to optimal AMF influence on soil enzyme activity.
Plant growth promotion by AMF can lead to an increase of soil enzyme activity.
AMF inoculation offers positive implications for agricultural application.
Longitudinal quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in adrenomyeloneuropathy
Authors: Politi L. S. , Castellano A. , Papinutto N. , Mauro E. , Pareyson D. , Henry R. G. , Falini A. , Salsano E. 
Published: April 2019

Background and purposeAdrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) is the most frequent metabolic hereditary spastic paraplegia. Accordingly, its main site of pathological changes is the spinal cord. It is difficult to quantify AMN progression because commonly used clinical scales have limitations and reliable biomarkers are lacking. The goal was to investigate whether spinal cord and brain quantitative magnetic resonance imaging may assess structural changes in AMN over a relatively short time period.MethodsIn this longitudinal observational study, the total cord areas (TCAs) from the C2–C3 to T2–T3 level and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics of the cervical spinal cord and brain portion of the corticospinal tracts in six AMN and six age‐matched control subjects at baseline and at a mean follow‐up of 22.6 months were assessed.ResultsA significant reduction of the mean TCA at the T1–T2 level (−3.79%) and a trend of reduction at the lowest cervical levels were observed only in AMN patients. Additionally, DTI metrics revealed significant changes in fractional anisotropy (−8.84%), mean diffusivity (+12.62%) and radial diffusivity (+25.91%) at the C2–C3 level.DiscussionThe study encourages the assessment of TCAs and spinal cord DTI metrics as surrogate outcome measures in AMN, by focusing on the cervical–thoracic junction and the uppermost part of the cervical spinal cord. Despite the limitation of the results due to the small number of investigated subjects, these observations are useful for forthcoming clinical trials in AMN and possibly other hereditary diseases with predominant spinal cord involvement.
Protected habitats of Natura 2000 do not coincide with important diversity hotspots of arthropods in mountain grasslands
Authors: Harry Ingmar , Höfer Hubert , Schielzeth Holger , Assmann Thorsten 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Biodiversity assessments for conservation planning are often restricted to a limited set of species. This is also the case in the context of Natura 2000, where surveys focus strongly on vegetation and selected vertebrate species. Without cross‐taxon congruence, however, this approach does not guarantee that the relevant aspects of biodiversity are appropriately represented.
We here assess the diversity of vascular plants, carabid beetles and spiders in mountain grasslands of the European Alps. We address the questions whether there are distinct species assemblages in different habitats and whether these assemblages show sufficient cross‐taxon congruence. Furthermore, we test whether habitats that are protected based on vegetation characteristics also inhabit an arthropod fauna with highest conservation value.
We found only weak agreement in assemblage composition and no positive correlation in species richness across the three focal taxa. Furthermore, we found a negative correlation between species richness of plants and carabids, indicating opposing taxon‐specific responses to habitat differences and land use intensity. Species richness was higher at protected sites for plants, but not for carabids and spiders. This applied also to the subset of species with highest conservation value.
Our results show that prioritisation of sites for conservation based solely on vegetational aspects does not necessarily coincide with important sites for arthropods. This calls for a multi‐taxon approach in conservation planning to cover more of the endangered and range‐restricted species. Species‐ and surrogate‐based conservation efforts, like the Natura 2000 directive, should therefore be extended to embrace the diversity of arthropods.
Human leucocyte antigen but not KIR alleles and haplotypes associated with chronic HCV infection in a Chinese Han population
Authors: Li Qiongfen , Liu Shuyuan , Zhang Shuqiong , Liu Chengxiu , Sun Mingbo , Li Chuanyin , Zhang Xinwen , Chen Jun , Yao Yufeng , Shi Li 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe host immune system plays a key role in the elimination of infected cells which depend on killer‐cell immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR), human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules and their combinations. To evaluate the roles of HLAclass I, KIR genes and their combination in Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (CHC), a total of 301 CHCs and 239 controls in a Chinese Han population were included for HLA and KIR genotyping using next‐generation sequencing and multiplex PCR sequence‐specific priming, respectively. The allele frequency of HLA‐C*08:01 was significantly higher in the CHCs than that of the controls (0.088 vs. 0.040, OR = 2.332, 95%CI: 1.361–3.996, p = 0.022), while the frequencies of B*13:01 (0.032 vs. 0.084, OR = 0.357, 95%CI: 0.204–0.625, p = 0.009) and C*08:04 (0.008 vs. 0.038, OR = 0.214, 95%CI: 0.079–0.581, p = 0.022) were significantly lower in the CHCs. The frequencies of haplotype A*11:01‐C*08:01 were higher in the CHCs (0.058 vs. 0.019, OR = 3.096, 95%CI: 1.486–6.452, p = 0.026), while haplotype B*13:01‐C*03:04 were lower in the CHCs compared to the controls (0.028 vs. 0.071, OR = 0.377, 95%CI: 0.207–0.685, p = 0.012). No association of CHC with KIR genes, genotypes, or haplotypes, as well as HLA/KIR combinations was observed. Our results indicated that HLA‐C*08:01 was a risk factor for CHC, while HLA‐C*08:04 and HLA‐B*13:01 were protective factors against CHC. Haplotypes HLA‐A*11:01‐C*08:01 could increase susceptibility to CHC, while HLA‐B*13:01‐C*03:04 could be protective against CHC in the Chinese Han population.
Dynamics of nurses’ authority in the inpatient care of adolescent consumers with anorexia nervosa: A qualitative study of nursing perspectives
Authors: Zugai Joel Sebastian , Stein‐Parbury Jane , Roche Michael 
Published: April 2019

AbstractNurses caring for adolescent consumers with anorexia nervosa in the inpatient setting are challenged in a unique way, in that they are caring for people with whom they do not have a mutually held concept of well‐being. Their efforts to ensure weight gain are frequently against the wishes of the consumer. This dissonance results in challenging interactions, where nursing care and authority may be undermined. This study investigated the dynamics of nurses’ authority within this context. Interviews with nurses (n = 10) were conducted and analysed through thematic analysis. Nurses reported that consumers, compelled by the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa, often sought to challenge or undermine their authority. Some nurses experienced the opposition and conflict as demoralizing, whereas others were able to maintain confidence in the therapeutic merit of their care. Younger, inexperienced nurses in this study were particularly vulnerable to interactions that mitigated their authority, due to their tendency to engage in friend‐like relationships. Nurses caring for adolescents with anorexia nervosa should be prepared to be confronted by interactions that overtly and surreptitiously undermine their capacity to exercise professional authority. It is important that nurses recognize the importance of maintaining their authority, and how it can be threatened in subtle and unexpected ways.
The World we Think we Know
Authors: Langkjær-Bain Robert 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Max Roser is the creator of Our World in Data, a site that brings together long-term data on global development, health, the environment and more, complete with interactive visualisations and explanations. He spoke to Robert Langkjær-Bain about the power of data to reveal the truth about the world we live in – and to remind us that we really can change it for the better
iPSCs: A powerful tool for skeletal muscle tissue engineering
Authors: del Carmen Ortuño‐Costela María , García‐López Marta , Cerrada Victoria , Gallardo María Esther 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBoth volumetric muscle loss (VML) and muscle degenerative diseases lead to an important decrease in skeletal muscle mass, condition that nowadays lacks an optimal treatment. This issue has driven towards an increasing interest in new strategies in tissue engineering, an emerging field that can offer very promising approaches. In addition, the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has completely revolutionized the actual view of personalized medicine, and their utilization in skeletal muscle tissue engineering could, undoubtedly, add myriad benefits. In this review, we want to provide a general vision of the basic aspects to consider when engineering skeletal muscle tissue using iPSCs. Specifically, we will focus on the three main pillars of tissue engineering: the scaffold designing, the selection of the ideal cell source and the addition of factors that can enhance the resemblance with the native tissue.
Heightened amygdala reactivity and increased stress generation predict internalizing symptoms in adults following childhood maltreatment
Authors: Gerin Mattia I. , Viding Essi , Pingault Jean‐Baptiste , Puetz Vanessa B. , Knodt Annchen R. , Radtke Spenser R. , Brigidi Bartholomew D. , Swartz Johnna R. , Hariri Ahmad R. , McCrory Eamon J. 
Published: April 2019

BackgroundChildhood maltreatment is one of the most potent predictors of future psychopathology, including internalizing disorders. It remains unclear whether heightened amygdala reactivity to threat and elevated stress exposure may be implicated in the pathogenesis and maintenance of internalizing disorders among individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment.MethodsUsing data from a sample of 1,144 young adults, we investigated the contribution of baseline threat‐related amygdala reactivity and prospective major stressful life events to internalizing symptoms severity 1 year later (on average) in individuals with a history of maltreatment (n = 100) and propensity score matched nonmaltreated peers (n = 96).ResultsEven after stringently matching for several potentially confounding variables – including baseline internalizing symptoms, socioeconomic status and IQ – childhood maltreatment status predicted increased amygdala reactivity at baseline, elevated post‐baseline exposure to major stressful life events and internalizing symptoms at follow‐up. We also showed, for the first time, that amygdala reactivity at baseline and also post‐baseline exposure to major stressful life events mediated the association between a history of maltreatment and future internalizing symptoms.ConclusionsThese findings provide support for the view that maltreatment is a potent developmental insult leading to long‐lasting neurocognitive recalibrations of the threat processing system. It is possible that such alterations, over time, may impact mental health functioning by compromising the ability to effectively negotiate everyday challenges (stress susceptibility). These alterations were not, however, found to sensitize an individual to the impact of major stressful life events. The results of this study also lend compelling support to the view that increased psychiatric risk, in the context of childhood maltreatment, follows from an increased propensity to experience major stressful life events (stress generation).