bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONSTRUÇÃO DE INDICADORES PARA AVALIAÇÃO DO PROGRAMA MUNICIPAL DE EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL DE SÃO CARLOS, SP
Authors: Iared Valéria Ghisloti , Valenti Mayla , Spadoto Mariangela , Oliveira Haydée Torres de 
Published: June 2019

MMuitos princípios considerados como importantes para a elaboração de indicadores de sustentabilidade também são princípios da educação ambiental. Contudo, a literatura aponta poucos trabalhos que desenvolveram indicadores para avaliar políticas públicas em educação ambiental no Brasil. O objetivo desse artigo é descrever o processo construção de indicadores para o Programa Municipal de Educação Ambiental de São Carlos (ProMEA), SP e apresentar o conjunto de indicadores elaborados. Realizamos duas oficinas para a elaboração dos indicadores de forma coletiva, tendo participado professoras/es da rede municipal, servidoras/es e estudantes das universidades do município e funcionárias/os da prefeitura municipal. Nas oficinas, fizemos um primeiro levantamento de possíveis indicadores a partir de um modelo de dimensões construídos com base nas diretrizes do ProMEA. Além disso, discutimos os públicos contemplados pelos indicadores elencados e as fontes e formas de coleta de dados. A partir dessa discussão, algumas adaptações ao sistema de indicadores foram sugeridas, resultando em 34 indicadores, cada um relacionado aos públicos atendido e à sua fonte de coleta de dados. Consideramos que esse processo foi extremamente válido porque se configurou como um processo educativo ao discutir e analisar um documento municipal e o exercício desenvolvido no presente artigo pode subsidiar outras experiências semelhantes já que a elaboração de indicadores para avaliação de projetos e programas de sustentabilidade é desafiadora.
EDITORIAL: EDUCAÇÃO E CIÊNCIAS AMBIENTAIS
Authors: Nogueira Christiano , Joucoski Emerson 
Published: June 2019

Este dossiê temático sobre a Educação e Ciências Ambientais nos agracia com trabalhos inéditos oriundos de várias instituições do país. A proposta deste dossiê foi motivada com o início das atividades do Programa de Pós-graduação emEnsino das Ciências Ambientais – Polo UFPR devido à discussões e debates entre docentes e discentes sobre a oportunidade de congregar trabalhos no contexto do Ensino das Ciências Ambientais. Nesse número especial, apresentamos trabalhos que abordam a educação e as ciências ambientais, metodologias e práticas pedagógicas na perspectiva interdisciplinar.
The Critical Metals: An Overview and Opportunities and Concerns for the Future
Authors: Jowitt Simon M. , Mudd Gavin M. , Werner Timothy T. , Weng Zhehan , Barkoff Drew W. , McCaffrey Dalton 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The critical metals are vital to modern life due to their use in a variety of domestic, green, and military high technology applications but have supplies that are inherently insecure. This study provides an overview of the concept of criticality as applied to the critical metals and outlines key issues around the resources and future supply of these metals. The methods used to quantify the criticality of critical metals have advanced over time, demonstrating that some metals are more strategically important than others, depending on the viewpoint of the organization considering criticality. However, global resources and reserves of a number of critical metals as well as their production statistics remain unclear. Methods exist to quantify the resources of critical metals with reasonable accuracy but these methods rely on information provided by the mining industry, indicating that better reporting practices would improve our knowledge of the global resources and cycling of these key commodities. Criticality can also be addressed in numerous ways, including the analysis of known mine supply chains to enable the economic extraction of critical metal by-products, the determination of the critical metal prospectivity of mining/mineral processing wastes (given a significant amount of critical metals currently deport to waste), increased amounts of recycling intermediates or end-use products containing critical metals, and the discovery of new and economic deposits of the critical metals. However, all of these approaches and the associated policy around them require more information in terms of mineral resource accounting, mineral economics, material flow analysis, mineral processing, as well as increased economic geology knowledge that would enable the making of future discoveries and increase the likelihood of critical metals being extracted as either primary or by-products. Without this information, significant parts of our knowledge base on the supply (and the security of this supply) of the critical metals will remain opaque.
Anhydrite Assimilation by Ultramafic Melts of the Bushveld Complex, and Its Consequences to Petrology and Mineralization
Authors: Yudovskaya Marina A. , Sluzhenikin Sergey F. , Costin Gabi , Shatagin Konstantin N. , Dubinina Elena O. , Grobler Danie F. , Ueckermann Henriette , Kinnaird Judith A. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Sulfate assimilation by mafic to ultramafic melt is thought to be an important process in the genesis of magmatic PGE-Ni-Cu deposits. We consider petrological indicators and possible mechanisms of anhydrite assimilation by ultramafic melts of the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex. On farm Turfspruit, an anhydrite-bearing sedimentary raft of the Duitschland Formation separates the Platreef from underlying Lower zone peridotites. The proportion of anhydrite across the raft increases from negligible in corundum-sillimanite-magnetite hornfels at the base to 95 to 100% in anhydrite marble at the top. Underlying Lower zone peridotites lack anhydrite, whereas overlying Platreef pyroxenites contain both widespread interstitial to euhedral anhydrite as well as spherical to irregularly shaped anhydrite inclusions in association with olivine chadacrysts inside oikocrystic orthopyroxene. Olivine chadacryst compositions (Mg# 79–81 and 0.33–0.46 wt % NiO) support their pristine liquidus origin, although an association of Al-enriched orthopyroxene and interstitial anorthite indicates exchange reactions involving anhydrite and aluminosilicates from hornfels.
Plagioclase from the anhydrite-contaminated rocks has an Sr isotope initial ratio (Sri) of 0.7047 to 0.7063, similar to the compositions of Bushveld early primitive magmas, in agreement with a relatively nonradiogenic signature of the anhydrite-bearing contaminant with Sri of 0.7057 to 0.7094. The range of Sri of plagioclase from the underlying Lower zone peridotites (0.7040–0.7067) and from the Turfspruit platinum reefs just below the Main zone contact (0.7068–0.7084) supports their correlation and synchronous emplacement with the Lower zone and the top of the Upper Critical zone in the western and eastern limbs of the Bushveld.
The δ34S values of anhydrite (12.2–14.5‰) and a coexisting pyrrhotite-millerite-chalcopyrite sulfide assemblage (6.2–7.8‰) in a hornfelsed raft and overlying pyroxenites are interpreted to have resulted from open-system isotopic exchange, indicating closure temperatures of 750° to 820°C. The assimilation of sedimentary anhydrite is interpreted to be an important component of contact-style mineralization of the Platreef at Turfspruit that took place through the erosion and disintegration of footwall rocks by dynamic pulses of hot magmas. Chemical dissolution, thermal decomposition, and melting of sulfate-bearing rafts or xenoliths are viable assimilation processes that result in the saturation of silicate melt with sulfate, exsolution of immiscible sulfate melts, crystallization of cumulus and interstitial anhydrite, and precipitation of contact-style sulfide mineralization at the base of the intrusion. Reef-style mineralization at the top of the Platreef shows contrastingly negligible compositional and isotopic evidence of sulfate assimilation.
Geologic Controls on Hypogene Mineralization at the Zaldívar Porphyry Copper-Gold-Molybdenum Deposit, Escondida District, Northern Chile
Authors: Perelló José , González Aquiles , Monroy Cristian 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The porphyry copper mineralization at the Zaldívar deposit is confined to a NE-striking corridor of early- and late-intermineral granodioritic and dacitic porphyry intrusions and associated magmatic-hydrothermal breccia bodies. Country rocks comprise Early Permian rhyolite and andesite of La Tabla Formation plus comagmatic granitoids and Late Triassic andesite dikes. Middle Eocene andesitic rocks are common but of ill-defined distribution. Hydrothermal alteration consists of centrally located, magnetite-bearing potassic assemblages that are partially to completely overprinted by chlorite-epidote and sericitic alteration zones. The bulk of the hypogene metal resource was introduced synchronously with potassic alteration and A- and B-type veinlets during emplacement and evolution of multiple centers of biotite-bearing, early-intermineral porphyry and breccia bodies. Late-intermineral, hornblende-bearing dacite porphyry phases and associated breccia centers were emplaced later than the A- and B-veinlets but prior to multiple D-type veinlet generations and contributed additional, although lower grade, mineralization. Late-mineral dacite dikes are barren. Extensions to the east and northeast connect Zaldívar with Escondida Norte, and both can be considered as separate, coalescing porphyry copper deposits.
Two discrete porphyry copper systems coexist at Zaldívar: Early Permian and late Eocene. The minor, copper-only Early Permian event (~290–285 Ma) was associated with an evolved, end-stage rhyolite porphyry phase of the La Tabla magmatism. The major late Eocene event (38.6–36.1 Ma) produced copper in addition to gold, molybdenum, and silver. Protracted Eocene porphyry copper alteration and mineralization, over ~2.5 m.y. as constrained by numerous U-Pb (zircon) and Re-Os (molybdenite) ages, was coincident with the high rates of uplift and denudation synchronous with contractional Incaic deformation. Earliest-stage porphyry intrusions at 39–38 Ma were probably associated with the terminal stages of a volcanic edifice, likely a dome complex, whose erosion products were deposited in contiguous, synorogenic basins. District-wide precursor magmatism of intermediate composition was active between 45 and 41 Ma. Oxidation and enrichment were active between ~17 and 15 Ma (supergene alunite), consistent with the chronology of supergene activity throughout the district and wider region.
Exploring accreditation from the front lines: A qualitative study of staff experiences & perceptions of hospital accreditation
Authors: Dainty Katie N , Sinclair Douglas , O'Neill Cathy , Solway Sherra , Seaton Bianca 
Published: June 2019

Objective: Relative to the global investment in hospital accreditation programs overall, both the total amount and methodological quality of existing accreditation research is mediocre. To address this apparent gap in knowledge, we undertook a study of the experiences and perspectives of hospital staff, those most underrepresented in the accreditation research literature, including those working on the front lines and non-leaders who may or may not have been directly involved in the preparation for the accreditation survey visit.Methods: Design: Qualitative descriptive interview study. Setting: Tertiary care teaching hospital in Toronto, Ontario Canada. Study Participants: Program directors, unit managers, physicians, nurses, health discipline professionals (HDP), and non-clinical staff.Results: We have grouped what we heard from the data into three major groups of findings which we have titled: a) perceptions of the purpose of accreditation; b) the “work” of accreditation; and c) dissemination gaps regarding results. Informative finding from this study include the fact that participants put surprising value on the accreditation process, although mistaken feel it is mandatory; that the “work” of accreditation can be disappointing and feels disconnected from the bigger QI picture, and that the disconnect also exists in terms of their knowledge of and belief in the actual results of the process.Conclusions: These findings point to potential gaps in the accreditation culture which can be detrimental to the impact of the accreditation process. Such gaps likely exist in other health care organizations and could inform similar evaluations in other settings.
Effects of prolonged continuous computer gaming on physical and ocular symptoms and binocular vision functions in young healthy individuals
Authors: Lee Ji-Woo , Cho Hyun Gug , Moon Byeong-Yeon , Kim Sang-Yeob , Yu Dong-Sik 
Published: June 2019

Background and Objective
Addiction to computer gaming has become a social problem in Korea and elsewhere, and it has been enlisted as a mental health disorder by the World Health Organization. Most studies related to computer use and vision have individually assessed physical and ocular symptoms and binocular vision. Accordingly, the present study comprehensively assessed subjective physical and ocular symptoms and functions related to binocular vision after prolonged continuous computer gaming. This study aimed to investigate the effects of prolonged continuous computer gaming on physical and ocular health and visual functions in young healthy individuals.

Methods
Fifty healthy college students (35 male/15 female), aged 19–35 years old, were enrolled in this study. The inclusion criteria were no binocular vision problems and no reported history of ocular disease. Participants played continuously for 4 h from 6:00 to 10:00 p.m. Physical and ocular symptoms and visual functions such as convergence, accommodation, phoria, and the blink rate were assessed before and after continuous computer gaming for 4 h.

Results
Continuous computer gaming for 4 h resulted in convergence and accommodation disturbances and increased physical and ocular discomfort. Near phoria showed an exophoric shift, whereas distance phoria showed no change. Moreover, the accommodative and vergence facilities and blink rate were significantly decreased. All visual functions recovered to the baseline levels by the following morning.

Discussion
Our findings suggest that excessive and continuous computer gaming impairs visual functions and causes ocular and physical fatigue. Our findings further the understanding of the adverse effects of excessive computer use on physical and ocular health, and adequate breaks are necessary to reduce physical and visual discomfort during computer gaming.
Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Derived Microvesicles on Pulmonary Toxicity Induced by Petrol Exhaust Nanoparticle; Histological and Immuno-Histochemical Study
Authors: El Salam Sherifa Abd , Faruk Eman Mohamed , Fouad Hanan , Nafie Naglaa Yehia 
Published: June 2019

Background: Diesel vehicles exhaust contains toxic nanoparticles that drastically affect lung tissue due to their direct cytotoxic effects, induction of oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling pathways and DNA damage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exhibit anti-inflammatory effects and efficient regenerative capacity in chronic lung diseases.
Objectives: Evaluation of the effects of MSCs and MSCs-derived micro vesicles (MSCs-MVs) on pulmonary toxicity induced by diesel exhaust nanoparticles (DENPs).
Materials and Methods: Sixty male rats were equally divided into: Group I (Control rats), Group II (DENPs group) received repeated doses of DENPs (180μg/rat) intratracheally every other day for 6 days, Group III (MSCs group) received MSCs intravenously (3×106 cells) after the last dose of DENPs and Group IV (MSCs-MVs group) received MSCs-MVs (0.5 mg/mL) intravenously after the last dose of DENPs. Lung tissue were subjected to histological and immunohistochemical assessment. Inflammatory cytokines and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) contents of inflammatory cells, albumin, LDH and total proteins were evaluated.
Results: Histological picture of lung tissue in DENPs group showed numerous collapsed alveoli, thick interalveolar septa and marked cellular infiltration. Elastic fibers were markedly decreased by DENPs. Increased optical density of NF-κB/p65 immunoreactivity. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed significant elevation of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-6), polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), neutrophils, macrophages, LDH, total proteins and albumin. Treatment with either MSCs or MSCs-MVs led to a significant amelioration of all of the aforementioned studied parameters.
Conclusion: MSCs-MVs and MSCs showed significant therapeutic effects against DENPs damaging effects on the lung tissues via their regenerative capacity and anti-inflammatory effects.
Anisotropy and Bianisotropy
Authors: Mackay Tom G. , Lakhtakia Akhlesh 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe electromagnetic properties of an isotropic medium are the same in all directions. Accordingly, isotropic media are characterized simply by scalar constitutive parameters which relate the induction field phasors and to the primitive field phasors and . In contrast, anisotropic media exhibit directionally dependent electromagnetic properties, such that is not aligned with and/or is not aligned with . Furthermore, recent advances have focused attention on bianisotropic media, wherein both and are anisotropically coupled to both and . Therefore, dyadics (i.e., second‐rank Cartesian tensors) are needed to relate the primitive and the induction field phasors in both anisotropic and bianisotropic media. Correspondingly, these media exhibit a vastly more diverse range of phenomena than do isotropic media. A consequence of this wealth of interesting properties is that electromagnetic analyses are considerably more complicated for anisotropic and bianisotropic media than for isotropic media. In this chapter, anisotropic and bianisotropic media are discussed in terms of their constitutive dyadics and space–time symmetries. Planewave propagation, dyadic Green functions, and the conceptualization of anisotropic and bianisotropic media via homogenization are described. A brief account of anisotropic and bianisotropic behavior in nonlinear media concludes this chapter.
Reflector Antennas
Authors: Terada Marco A. B. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents a glimpse into the universe of reflector antennas. The initial sections offer an overview of reflector antennas and their main applications at a level suitable for high school and lower‐division college students, as well as the basic principles necessary for the proper understanding of their functionality. The following sections present a more in‐depth treatment of the subject, including methodologies for analyzing and designing practical reflector systems. Finally, advanced topics covering the current state of the art within the field are discussed at a level targeting both graduate students and researchers, as well as the practicing engineer. An effort is made to illustrate the theory and discussions with examples of reflector antennas embedded in real‐world scenarios, from digital communication systems to astronomical measurements.
MICROWAVE THERMOACOUSTIC TOMAGRAPHIC IMAGING
Authors: Garrett David C. , Xu Yuan , Wang Lihong V. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAfter introducing the principles of thermoacoustic tomography, we summarize the mechanisms and models of the dielectric properties of biological tissues in the microwave frequency range. Next, we introduce some theoretical results from studies of thermoacoustic tomography, including information about optimal microwave frequencies, effects of acoustical heterogeneity, limited‐view thermoacoustic tomography, reconstruction algorithms, and spatial resolution. Experimental setups are then reviewed in terms of their specifications and performance, and results from phantom, animal, and human imaging are summarized. Finally, in the interest of clinical applications, safety and practical considerations are reviewed.
MICROWAVE CIRCUITS
Authors: Cho Choon S. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe term “microwave circuits” is used to identify the electrical circuits used at microwave frequencies for performing signal‐processing functions such as amplification, frequency conversion, mixing, detection, phase shifting, filtering, and power dividing. By “microwave frequencies,” we refer to electromagnetic signals whose wavelength is in centimeters, roughly from 30 cm to 1 mm with the corresponding frequencies ranging from 1 GHz (GHz = 109 Hz) to 300 GHz. The frequency range from 30 to 300 GHz is also known as themillimeter‐wave band. Microwave frequencies present several interesting and unusual features not found in other portions of the electromagnetic frequency spectrum. These features make microwaves uniquely suitable for several useful applications in telecommunications, radar, industrial heating and sensors, wireless power transfer, and so on. The most common consumer application of microwaves is the domestic microwave oven used for food processing.
Tailoring Biopolymers for Electronic Skins: Materials Design and Applications
Authors: Zhu Hong , Wang Jinpei , Yang Xiao , Zhang Baoping , Wang Zuankai 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe past few years have witnessed the rapid exploration of natural and synthetic materials to construct electronic skins (e‐skins) to emulate the multisensory functions of human skins driven by promising applications. Among various materials employed in functional e‐skins, biopolymers are particularly notable for their exceptional biocompatibility and abundant resources. Despite remarkable progress in engineering biopolymeric materials, a timely and holistic review focusing on the design, synthesis, and modification of biopolymers tailored for biopolymers‐derived e‐skins (Bp‐E‐Skins) is lacking. In this review, the key attributes of biopolymers are introduced to establish a fundamental understanding fordeveloping functional Bp‐E‐Skins. Next, the recent progress in harnessing various natural and synthetic biopolymers as building blocks for constructing Bp‐E‐Skins is systematically discussed, providing insights into maximizing the distinctive attributes of biopolymers. Subsequently, the benefits of nature‐inspired Bp‐E‐Skins achieved through heterogeneous composite and structural engineering are highlighted, infusing fresh momentum into the advancement of e‐skins. Then, the promising applications of Bp‐E‐Skins in multisensory functions are summarized, including both local monitoring and remote teleoperation, as well as sustainable energy harvesting that empowers e‐skins. Finally, the remaining fundamental and technical challenges in advancing Bp‐E‐Skins are presented to provoke future designs that emulate and even go beyond human skins.
Potential Energy as Descriptor for Nanoparticle Coalescence
Authors: Grammatikopoulos Panagiotis , Damianidis Aristis , Toulkeridou Evropi 
Published: December 2024

AbstractCoalescence is a fundamental process in gas‐phase synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs), affecting their structure and resultant properties. Various metrics are currently used to measure the degree of coalescence in atomistic simulation studies, such as the radius of the neck formed between the NPs’ centers of mass, gyration radii, sphericity, and surface area changes. A common characteristic of such metrics is that they typically require additional, often painstaking, data manipulation. Here, a new descriptor is introduced, the Overall Reduced Change in Potential Energy (ORCiPE) between initially uncoalesced and coalesced configurations. To benchmark the descriptor, its definition is analogous to that of the Overall Change in Surface Area, a common and dependable metric. When no phase transition occurred, comparison with other metrics confirms the reliability of ORCiPE in coalescing Au NPs. Considering that potential energy is a standard output property in atomistic simulations, ORCiPE is proposed as a valuable and facile coalescence metric.