bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Raines James C. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders can be debilitating to children and adolescents. Childhood onset of OCD occurs in about 1–3% of all children. When childhood OCD symptoms are particularly sudden and/or suddenly more severe, clinicians should investigate if it is precipitated by infectious or immune problems. The most common comorbid diagnoses are anxiety disorders, followed by oppositional defiant disorder. The Child Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) is the gold standard clinician-completed assessment. Intervention can be titrated using a multitiered system of supports framework. Collaborating with teachers, parents, and community providers is essential for these students. A case study is provided to illustrate chapter recommendations.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Pomeroy Elizabeth C. , Tate Smith Alice 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Eating disorders among school-age children have become an increasingly serious mental health concern over the past decade. Children and adolescents from 5 to 18 years old are being diagnosed with eating disorders, and the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) has expanded the eating disorders section to allow for more precise diagnoses of these disorders. Children and adolescents with eating disorders can suffer from anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders underlying the eating disorder. Youth often hide their eating disorder from adults, making it difficult for school professionals to assist them. This chapter includes evidence-based information on the assessment and diagnosis of and interventions for school-age children with eating disorders.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender/Transsexual People
Authors: Lombardi Emilia , Bettcher Talia Mae 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes social injustice experienced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender/transsexual (LGBT) individuals. It addresses stigma-based violence, HIV/AIDS, and issues related to mental health as well as to alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. It describes the increased risk that LGBT men and women face for cardiovascular disease and cancer. In addition, the chapter addresses the underlying factors and roots of this social injustice. The chapter addresses what needs to be done, including changes to legislative and other policies, an expanded role for healthcare facilities and organizations, and ongoing research. The authors stress the need for a change in the social environment that creates social injustice against LGBT people—a change that can only be brought about through education and by addressing multiple forms of social injustice.
Noncommunicable Diseases
Authors: Benmaamar Ramla , Smith Madeleine , Yach Derek 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Social justice impacts on the occurrence, the severity, and the mortality due to noncommunicable diseases. Four noncommunicable diseases account for almost two-thirds of all deaths globally: cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, and diabetes mellitus. Almost 80% of deaths due to noncommunicable diseases occur in low- and middle-income countries. This chapter addresses the occurrence of these four noncommunicable diseases and how social injustice impacts on their occurrence. The chapter addresses what needs to be done, including implementing policies that reach the poorest people in all countries, placing greater emphasis on prevention and health promotion, strengthening capacity and mobilizing resources, developing global norms that benefit low-income countries (such as the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control), promoting broader societal changes, and building on the prevention and control of infectious disease.
Protecting Human Rights Through International and National Law
Authors: Freedman Henry A. , Davis Martha F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
International and national law can play a critical role in protecting human rights and thereby reducing social injustice because law is the primary system through which the national and international communities seek to enforce social norms. The notion of a supreme law that confers on individuals rights that transcend those found in the codes of laws of their nations is a constant theme in the writings of all major cultures for the past 2,500 years. After providing a historical perspective on these issues, the chapter describes how international and national law can reduce social injustice. It provides specific examples of laws and legal cases that have helped to achieve social justice, both internationally and within the United States. The chapter concludes with an agenda for action. A text box addresses the prevention of torture.
Introduction
Authors: Chrastil Rachel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The history of childlessness is longer than we might imagine. This book will examine the pathways to childlessness and the ways that childlessness can be part of the good life. To set the stage for the chapter discussions, this introduction addresses some basic questions related to childlessness. How should we talk (or not talk) about childlessness? How do we define and categorize childlessness? What does it mean to be voluntarily versus involuntarily childless? How does being childless differ for men and women? What are the personal, political, and philosophical implications for childlessness? The answers are more complex than we might think.
Interlude
Authors: Chrastil Rachel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
During the baby boom, childlessness plummeted; at the same time, more couples planned and limited their family size. The baby boom included both an increase in the number of children born per woman and an increase in the percentage of women having children. Many women had children all at the same time. Women born around 1935 had the lowest levels of childlessness on record in Europe and America. In one respect, however, the baby boom provided continuity: these parents nurtured the belief that they could and should plan their families. This chapter details the history of childlessness during the years of the baby boom.
Shouts
Authors: Chrastil Rachel 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
In the 1970s, after the baby boom hiatus, childlessness returned to prominence. By the 1970s, in contrast with previous centuries, the complex reasons that women ended up without children were openly reframed as the willful exercise of choice. The Pill, the rising importance of self-actualization, and economic opportunity costs all became explanations for the return of childlessness, although none of these are completely satisfactory. American child-free advocates began to argue that childlessness was not only an acceptable path but also a better choice than parenthood. Moral outrage characterized debates over childlessness in the 1970s.
Individuality and Beyond
Authors: Zavatta Benedetta 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Based on an analysis of the marginal markings and annotations Nietzsche made to the works of Emerson in his personal library, the book offers a philosophical interpretation of the impact on Nietzsche’s thought of his reading of these works, a reading that began when he was a schoolboy and extended to the final years of his conscious life. The many ideas and sources of inspiration that Nietzsche drew from Emerson can be organized in terms of two main lines of thought. The first line leads in the direction of the development of the individual personality, that is, the achievement of critical thinking, moral autonomy, and original self-expression. The second line of thought is the overcoming of individuality: that is to say, the need to transcend one’s own individual—and thus by definition limited—view of the world by continually confronting and engaging with visions different from one’s own and by putting into question and debating one’s own values and certainties. The image of the strong personality that Nietzsche forms thanks to his reading of Emerson ultimately takes on the appearance of a nomadic subject who is continually passing out of themselves—that is to say, abandoning their own positions and convictions—so as to undergo a constant process of evolution. In other words, the formation of the individual personality takes on the form of a regulative ideal: a goal that can never be said to have been definitively and once and for all attained.
Natural and Human-Made Disasters
Authors: Waldman Ronald 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence is a critical element of humanitarian assistance. The identification of appropriate interventions for priority health problems depends heavily on the rapid collection, analysis, and interpretation of data derived from sound methods adapted to challenging circumstances. In the relative chaos of the emergency setting, accurate determination of both numerators and denominators can depend on the ability to be observant, innovative, and flexible. In addition to possessing technical skills, the humanitarian epidemiologist needs to be a strong advocate for the importance of data, an excellent communicator, and a team player. At all times, the epidemiologist should remember that every action taken is not about producing more and better data, but rather about saving imperiled lives.
Suspected Intentional Use of Biologic and Toxic Agents
Authors: Papagiotas Stephen , Shannon Kelly 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Exposures, illnesses, or outbreaks involving the suspected intentional use of biological or toxic agents require epidemiologists to work with nontraditional partners, specifically law enforcement. To increase effectiveness, public health and law enforcement must collaborate on timely identification, notification, assessment, and investigation. The process begins by establishing relationships between appropriate public health and law enforcement points of contact. Once an event is recognized, and if that threat involves a biological or toxic agent, public health and law enforcement can conduct a joint criminal–epidemiologic (crim–epi) investigation, which increases the effectiveness of the investigation through the exchange of real-time information. Although instances of bioterrorism are infrequent, the potential use of biological or toxic agents for this purpose by individuals and groups can have enormous consequences and are likely to remain a persistent threat. Only through a productive partnership can public health and law enforcement effectively respond to intentional uses of biological and toxic agents.
Suicide, Violence, and Other Forms of Injury
Authors: Logan Joseph E. , Mercy James A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fatal and nonfatal self-directed and interpersonal violence and unintentional injuries can spread throughout a community just like infectious diseases. What drives people to attempt suicide, harm others, or place themselves in unsafe situations most often results from complex dynamics between themselves and their social environments. Nevertheless, outbreaks of fatal and nonfatal injuries do occur. Similar to how an infectious disease manifests and spreads, outbreaks of self-inflicted, violent injuries, and even unintentional injuries, such as drug overdoses, also can be precipitated by immediate exposures that public health prevention strategies can best address. At some point, a field epidemiologist will face the challenges and the nuances of these epidemics. This chapter provides case stories of injury-related epidemics and the exposures and circumstances that propagated them. It also reviews the types of investigations conducted to address these epidemics, common challenges, and the short- and long-term strategies used to control such dangerous and deadly outbreaks.
Innovation Commons
Authors: Potts Jason 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This book explores the institutional conditions of the origin of innovation, arguing that prior to the emergence of competitive entrepreneurial firms and the onset of new industries is a little-understood but crucial phase of cooperation under uncertainty: the innovation commons. An innovation commons is a governance institution to incentivize cooperation in order to pool distributed information, knowledge, and other inputs into innovation to facilitate the entrepreneurial discovery of an economic opportunity. In other words, the true origin of innovation is not entrepreneurial action per se, but the creation of a common-pool resource from which entrepreneurs can discover opportunities. The true origin of innovation, and therefore of economic evolution, occurs one step further back, in the commons. Innovation has a cooperative institutional origin. When the economic value or worth of a new technological prospect is shrouded in uncertainty—which arises because information is distributed or is only experimental obtained—a commons can be an economically efficient governance institution. Specifically, a commons is efficient compared to the creation of alternative economic institutions that involve extensive contracting and networks, private property rights and price signals, or public goods (i.e., firms, markets, and governments). A commons will often be an efficient governance solution to the hard economic problem of opportunity discovery. This new framework for analysis of the origin of innovation draws on evolutionary theory of cooperation and institutional theory of the commons and carries important implications for our understanding of the origin of firms and industries, and for the design of innovation policy.
On the Importance ofMaṇḍalı̄s
Authors: Saunders Jennifer B. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter weaves together the themes of imagination, religion, and migration. It argues that although economic globalization and technological advances in communication and transportation have provided a framework within which transnational lives are possible, the heart of developing transnational communities and identities lies in the new social imaginaries made viable by these frameworks but brought to life in religious narrative performances. The argument is supported by several sections that develop ideas about what it means to be transnational, the creativity generated by narrative performances and its connection to social imaginaries, and finally, an argument about what count as religious narratives in a transnational Hindu context.
Introduction
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis chapter explains what the book is about and highlights the range of processes and questions to be considered. The central thesis is that species represent more than a unit of taxonomy, they are a model of how diversity is structured and how groups of organisms evolve. All organisms live in diverse communities with hundreds of other species. Knowledge of what species are, how they form, and the genetic and ecological interactions among them is therefore vital both for understanding where diversity comes from and for predicting contemporary and future evolution. It is time for evolutionary biology to embrace the diversity of life.
Species boundaries and contemporary evolution
Authors: Barraclough Timothy G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMuch of the evolutionary study of species is retrospective and reconstructs the past processes leading to extant diversity. Yet the nature of species and extent of diversity has profound implications for adaptation to ongoing environmental and biotic change. This chapter considers the significance of species and species boundaries for contemporary evolution. Simple theory and evidence is presented, showing how partial gene flow between co-occurring species alters the dynamics of evolution in changing environments. The chapter then focuses on gene transfer in microbial populations, showing how plasmids and phage target transfer to particular subsets of genes, and thereby optimize adaptation in fluctuating environments. The costs and benefits depend on the ecological interactions among the donor and recipient species. Different mechanisms have a different range of transfer, with phage being mainly restricted to species, but plasmids often transferring traits across greater taxonomic distances.
Livy, Pestilentia, and the Pathologies of Class Strife
Authors: Gardner Hunter H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Accounts of pestilence in the historical record help us understand those assumptions about the effects of disease that inform both the creation of the plague narrative and its reception among Roman audiences. Chapter 2 examines Livy’s Ab Urbe Condita in order to suggest that the historical experience and representation of plague in Rome was infused with resonance of civil strife by the Augustan period. Livy refines his source material to address a body politic in need of healing and thus sharpens the correlation between contagium and civil discord (discordia), especially in early episodes recounting the struggle of the orders. The historian’s narratives of contagion draw partly from the language of medical writers, but equally from a historiographic tradition that correlated a diseased body with a diseased body politic. Accounts of plague allow Livy to reflect on distinctions among members of different orders, especially the patres/patricii (highest class of citizens) and plebs (lowest class of citizens). The remedies enacted to combat plague, in forms of both cultural and political innovations, prove alternatingly salubrious and detrimental to the body politic. Livy recognizes, however, that, as a challenge to the people equivalent to strife within and war abroad, pestilentia could have a positive impact on the development of Roman hegemony and prompt coalescence among a divided citizenry.
Methodological Challenges in Studying Context in Action
Authors: Dopson Sue , Meier Ninna 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter develops the methodological aspects of the Framework for Studying Context and Action presented and discussed in the first two chapters of the book. The chapter offers two vignettes as examples of how context can be operationalized and studied (Genetics Knowledge Park and Comparing across Contexts in Action), and it reflects on the lessons these vignettes offer. Next it explores why the links between an understanding of context, the unit of analysis, and methods have such an impact on a given research project and its results. It discussed the methodological aspects of the Framework for Studying Context and Action, specifically in relation to the three main questions we address in the book. Then it presents and discusses the methodological challenges of studying context raised by the contributors.
Context of Health Policies and the Impact on Implementation of Health Care and Health Interventions
Authors: Chambers David A. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter will discuss the interface between context, health and health care policy, and health care delivery, using examples primarily from the experience of cancer control and mental health care within the US health care system, although drawing on the more general trends in the influence of policy on health care. Primarily, the chapter will describe policy as existing as two distinct spheres of activity. First, it will describe the set of legislative and regulatory actions that governments and organizations use to influence the provision and receipt of health care, which form the context upon which health care is delivered. Second, it will describe policy as a set of interventions that may support or impede the implementation of health and health care innovations. Finally, the chapter discusses how research can be advanced in this space.
The Subject of Trust
Authors: Milnes Tim 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that trust and testimony acquire a significance in the work of Hume and his contemporaries that belies the relatively scant (and in Hume’s case, ambivalent) attention they devote to the subjects. Following Annette Baier, Steven Shapin, Martin Hollis, Guido Möllering, and John Hardwig, it suggests that trust, being fundamentally non-rational and social, is antithetical to the Cartesian picture of a lucid, private rationality. By enshrining trust as epistemologically constitutive, the Humean picture of communicative intelligence emerges as identifiably anti-Jacobin, the antitype of Rousseau’s picture of civic virtue as based upon transparency, perfect sympathy, and reason. The chapter proceeds to explore the ways in which the conflict between instrumental reason and trust that continues to exercise philosophers and economists today has its roots in the work of Hume, Reid, Smith, and other thinkers from this period.
Impossible Worlds
Authors: Berto Francesco , Jago Mark 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The latter half of the twentieth century witnessed an ‘intensional revolution’, a great collective effort to analyse notions which are absolutely fundamental to our understanding of the world and of ourselves—from meaning and information to knowledge, belief, causation, essence, supervenience, conditionality, as well as nomological, metaphysical, and logical necessity—in terms of a single concept. This was the concept of a possible world: a way things could have been. Possible worlds found applications in logic, metaphysics, semantics, game theory, information theory, artificial intelligence, and the philosophy of mind and cognition. However, possible worlds analyses have been facing numerous problems. This book traces them all back to hyperintensionality: the need for distinctions more fine-grained than the possible worlds apparatus can easily represent. It then introduces impossible worlds—ways things could not have been—as a general tool for modelling hyperintensional phenomena. The book discusses the metaphysics of impossible worlds and applies them to a range of central topics and open issues in logic, semantics, and philosophy: from the problem of logical omniscience in epistemic logic, to the semantics of non-classical logics, the modelling of imagination and mental simulation, the analysis of information and informative inference, truth in fiction, and counterpossible reasoning.
The Failed Cartel
Authors: Garavini Giuliano 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 describes the rise of non-OPEC oil production, especially in the UK, Norway, and Mexico, and the start of the price-slump at the beginning of the 1980s, also due to increased production coming from these new oil regions. The chapter goes on to explain how OPEC transformed itself for the first time into a cartel, trying to set at the same time the price of petroleum and production levels for its members, and then deals with the failure of such an approach, first with the Saudi struggle for “market share” in the latter half of 1985, and then with the resulting oil “counter-shock” of 1986 after which OPEC lost its power to control prices.