bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performing fully parallel constraint logic programming on a quantum annealer
Authors: PAKIN SCOTT 
Published: May 2018

AbstractAquantum annealerexploits quantum effects to solve a particular type of optimization problem. The advantage of this specialized hardware is that it effectively considers all possible solutions in parallel, thereby potentially outperforming classical computing systems. However, despite quantum annealers having recently become commercially available, there are relatively few high-level programming models that target these devices. In this article, we show how to compile a subset of Prolog enhanced with support for constraint logic programming into a two-local Ising-model Hamiltonian suitable for execution on a quantum annealer. In particular, we describe the series of transformations one can apply to convert constraint logic programs expressed in Prolog into an executable form that bears virtually no resemblance to a classical machine model yet that evaluates the specified constraints in a fully parallel manner. We evaluate our efforts on a 1,095-qubit D-Wave 2X quantum annealer and describe the approach's associated capabilities and shortcomings.
Current Status of the LOFAR EoR Key Science Project
Authors: Koopmans L. V. E. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractA short status update on the LOFAR Epoch of Reionization (EoR) Key Science Project (KSP) is given, regarding data acquisition, data processing and analysis, and current power-spectrum limits on the redshifted 21-cm signal of neutral hydrogen at redshiftsz= 8 − 10. With caution, we present a preliminary astrophysical analysis of ∼60 hr of processed LOFAR data and their resulting power spectrum, showing that potentially already interesting limits on X-ray heating during the Cosmic Dawn can already be gained. This is by no means the final analysis of this sub-set of data, but illustrates the future potential when all nearly 3000 hr of data in hand on two EoR windows will have been processed.
Two Millennia of South Atlantic Convergence Zone Variability Reconstructed From Isotopic Proxies
Authors: Novello V. F. , Cruz F. W. , Moquet J. S. , Vuille M. , de Paula M. S. , Nunes D. , Edwards R. L. , Cheng H. , Karmann I. , Utida G. , Stríkis N. M. , Campos J. L. P. S. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractMost reconstructions of the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) over the last two millennia are based on δ18O records from locations at high‐elevation sites in the Andes, which are not influenced by the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). Yet the SACZ is a key driver of SAMS variability over much of Brazil. Here we use two new δ18O records from speleothems sampled in the central and southwestern portions of the SACZ core to show that the SAMS was not varying in phase over the entire tropical continent during the last two millennia. In fact, speleothem records located to the northeast of the SACZ record precipitation variations that are antiphased with similar records on the opposite side of the SACZ, in particular during the Little Ice Age period, while records close to the core of the SACZ axis show no significant departure from the mean state during this period.
Crustal Structure and Quaternary Acceleration of Deformation Rates in Central Washington Revealed by Stream Profile Inversion, Potential Field Geophysics, and Structural Geology of the Yakima Folds
Authors: Staisch Lydia , Blakely Richard , Kelsey Harvey , Styron Richard , Sherrod Brian 
Published: May 2018

AbtractPost‐Miocene tectonic uplift along fault‐cored anticlines within central Washington produced the Yakima Fold Province, a region of active NNE‐SSW shortening in the Cascadian backarc. The relative timing and rate of deformation along individual structures is coarsely defined yet imperative for seismic hazard assessment. In this work, we use geomorphic and geophysical mapping, stream profile inversion, and balanced cross‐section methods to constrain fault geometries and slip rates in the Yakima Canyon region. We extract stream profiles from LiDAR data and analytically solve for the rate of relative rock uplift along several active fault‐cored anticlines. To constrain the fault geometries at depth and the long‐term magnitude of deformation, we constructed two line‐balanced cross sections across the folds with forward‐modeled magnetic and gravity anomaly data. Our stream profile results indicate an increase of incision rates in the Pleistocene, and we infer the increase is tectonically controlled. We estimate modern slip rates between 0.4 and 0.6 mm/year accommodated on reverse faults that core the Manastash Ridge, Umtanum Ridge, and Selah Butte anticlines and establish that these faults reactivate and invert older normal faults in basement rocks. Finally, we calculate the time required to accumulate sufficient strain energy for a large magnitude earthquake (M ≥ 7) along individual structures in the Yakima Fold Province. Results show that the Yakima folds likely accommodate large magnitude earthquakes and that it takes several hundred to several thousand years to accumulate sufficient strain energy for an M ≥ 7 earthquake.
Influences of Root Hydraulic Redistribution on N2O Emissions at AmeriFlux Sites
Authors: Fu Congsheng , Lee Xuhui , Griffis Timothy J. , Wang Guiling , Wei Zhongwang 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIt has long been suspected that root hydraulic redistribution (HR) affects the carbon and nitrogen cycles. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas and is the primary stratospheric ozone‐depleting substance. To our knowledge, the influences of HR on N2O emissions have not been investigated. Here we use the HR schemes of Ryel et al. and Amenu and Kumar incorporated into CLM4.5 to examine N2O emissions at five AmeriFlux sites. The results show that HR reduced N2O emissions by 28–92% in the four natural ecosystems experiencing a dry season, whereas it had a very limited effect on the Corn Belt site that has strong emissions but with no distinct dry season. We hypothesize that N2O emissions in ecosystems with a distinct dry season are likely overestimated by CENTURY‐based Earth system models.
A strategy to apply machine learning to small datasets in materials science
Authors: Zhang Ying , Ling Chen 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThere is growing interest in applying machine learning techniques in the research of materials science. However, although it is recognized that materials datasets are typically smaller and sometimes more diverse compared to other fields, the influence of availability of materials data on training machine learning models has not yet been studied, which prevents the possibility to establish accurate predictive rules using small materials datasets. Here we analyzed the fundamental interplay between the availability of materials data and the predictive capability of machine learning models. Instead of affecting the model precision directly, the effect of data size is mediated by the degree of freedom (DoF) of model, resulting in the phenomenon of association between precision and DoF. The appearance of precision–DoF association signals the issue of underfitting and is characterized by large bias of prediction, which consequently restricts the accurate prediction in unknown domains. We proposed to incorporate the crude estimation of property in the feature space to establish ML models using small sized materials data, which increases the accuracy of prediction without the cost of higher DoF. In three case studies of predicting the band gap of binary semiconductors, lattice thermal conductivity, and elastic properties of zeolites, the integration of crude estimation effectively boosted the predictive capability of machine learning models to state-of-art levels, demonstrating the generality of the proposed strategy to construct accurate machine learning models using small materials dataset.
Faraday forcing of high-temperature levitated liquid metal drops for the measurement of surface tension
Authors: Brosius Nevin , Ward Kevin , Matsumoto Satoshi , SanSoucie Michael , Narayanan Ranga 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this work, a method for the measurement of surface tension using continuous periodic forcing is presented. To reduce gravitational effects, samples are electrostatically levitated prior to forcing. The method, called Faraday forcing, is particularly well suited for fluids that require high temperature measurements such as liquid metals where conventional surface tension measurement methods are not possible. It offers distinct advantages over the conventional pulse-decay analysis method when the sample viscosity is high or the levitation feedback control system is noisy. In the current method, levitated drops are continuously translated about a mean position at a small, constant forcing amplitude over a range of frequencies. At a particular frequency in this range, the drop suddenly enters a state of resonance, which is confirmed by large executions of prolate/oblate deformations about the mean spherical shape. The arrival at this resonant condition is a signature that the parametric forcing frequency is equal to the drop’s natural frequency, the latter being a known function of surface tension. A description of the experimental procedure is presented. A proof of concept is given using pure Zr and a Ti39.5Zr39.5Ni21 alloy as examples. The results compare favorably with accepted literature values obtained using the pulse-decay method.
Sex-related differences in vision are heterogeneous
Authors: Shaqiri Albulena , Roinishvili Maya , Grzeczkowski Lukasz , Chkonia Eka , Pilz Karin , Mohr Christine , Brand Andreas , Kunchulia Marina , Herzog Michael H. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDespite well-established sex differences for cognition, audition, and somatosensation, few studies have investigated whether there are also sex differences in visual perception. We report the results of fifteen perceptual measures (such as visual acuity, visual backward masking, contrast detection threshold or motion detection) for a cohort of over 800 participants. On six of the fifteen tests, males significantly outperformed females. On no test did females significantly outperform males. Given this heterogeneity of the sex effects, it is unlikely that the sex differences are due to any single mechanism. A practical consequence of the results is that it is important to control for sex in vision research, and that findings of sex differences for cognitive measures using visually based tasks should confirm that their results cannot be explained by baseline sex differences in visual perception.
Structure of photodissociation fronts in star-forming regions revealed by Herschel observations of high-J CO emission lines
Authors: Joblin C. , Bron E. , Pinto C. , Pilleri P. , Le Petit F. , Gerin M. , Le Bourlot J. , Fuente A. , Berne O. , Goicoechea J. R. , Habart E. , Köhler M. , Teyssier D. , Nagy Z. , Montillaud J. , Vastel C. , Cernicharo J. , Röllig M. , Ossenkopf-Okada V. , Bergin E. A. 
Published: May 2018

Context. In bright photodissociation regions (PDR) associated with massive star formation, the presence of dense “clumps” that are immersed in a less dense interclump medium is often proposed to explain the difficulty of models to account for the observed gas emission in high-excitation lines.
Aims. We aim to present a comprehensive view of the modelling of the CO rotational ladder in PDRs, including the high-J lines that trace warm molecular gas at PDR interfaces.
Methods. We observed the 12CO and 13CO ladders in two prototypical PDRs, the Orion Bar and NGC 7023 NW using the instruments onboard Herschel. We also considered line emission from key species in the gas cooling of PDRs (C+, O, and H2) and other tracers of PDR edges such as OH and CH+. All the intensities are collected from Herschel observations, the literature and the Spitzer archive and were analysed using the Meudon PDR code.
Results. A grid of models was run to explore the parameter space of only two parameters: thermal gas pressure and a global scaling factor that corrects for approximations in the assumed geometry. We conclude that the emission in the high-J CO lines, which were observed up to Jup = 23 in the Orion Bar (Jup = 19 in NGC 7023), can only originate from small structures with typical thicknesses of a few 10−3 pc and at high thermal pressures (Pth ~ 108 K cm−3).
Conclusions. Compiling data from the literature, we find that the gas thermal pressure increases with the intensity of the UV radiation field given by G0, following a trend in line with recent simulations of the photoevaporation of illuminated edges of molecular clouds. This relation can help to rationalise the analysis of high-J CO emission in massive star formation and provides an observational constraint for models which study stellar feedback on molecular clouds.
Multicenter prospective evaluation of the express view reading mode for small-bowel capsule endoscopy studies
Authors: Saurin Jean-Christophe , Jacob Philippe , Heyries Laurent , Pesanti Christian , Cholet Franck , Fassler Isaac , Boulant James , Bramli Slim , De Leusse Antoin , Rahmi Gabriel ,   and the French Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SFED)
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Background Reducing the reading time of capsule endoscopy films is of high priority for gastroenterologists. We report a prospective multicenter evaluation of an “express view” reading mode (Intromedic capsule system).
Methods Eighty-three patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding were prospectively included in 10 centers. All patients underwent small-bowel capsule endoscopy (Intromedic, Seoul, Republic of Korea). Films were read in standard mode, then a second reading was performed in express view mode at a second center. For each lesion, the precise location, nature, and relevance were collected. A consensus reading and review were done by three experts, and considered to be the gold standard.
Results The mean reading time of capsule films was 39.7 minutes (11 – 180 minutes) and 19.7 minutes (4 – 40 minutes) by standard and express view mode, respectively (P < 1 × 10 – 4). The consensus review identified a significant lesion in 44/83 patients (53.0 %). Standard reading and express view reading had a 93.3 % and 82.2 % sensitivity, respectively (NS). Consensus review identified 70 significant images from which standard reading and express view reading detected 58 (82.9 %) and 55 (78.6 %), respectively. The informatics algorithm detected 66/70 images (94.3 %) thus missing four small-bowel angiodysplasia.
Conclusion The express view algorithm allows an important shortening of Intromedic capsule film reading time with a high sensitivity.
Molecular Epidemiology of Candida auris in Colombia Reveals a Highly Related, Countrywide Colonization With Regional Patterns in Amphotericin B Resistance
Authors: Escandón Patricia , Chow Nancy A , Caceres Diego H , Gade Lalitha , Berkow Elizabeth L , Armstrong Paige , Rivera Sandra , Misas Elizabeth , Duarte Carolina , Moulton-Meissner Heather , Welsh Rory M , Parra Claudia , Pescador Luz Angela , Villalobos Nohora , Salcedo Soraya , Berrio Indira , Varón Carmen , Espinosa-Bode Andrés , Lockhart Shawn R , Jackson Brendan R , Litvintseva Anastasia P , Beltran Mauricio , Chiller Tom M 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background
Candida auris is a multidrug-resistant yeast associated with hospital outbreaks worldwide. During 2015–2016, multiple outbreaks were reported in Colombia. We aimed to understand the extent of contamination in healthcare settings and to characterize the molecular epidemiology of C. auris in Colombia.

Methods
We sampled patients, patient contacts, healthcare workers, and the environment in 4 hospitals with recent C. auris outbreaks. Using standardized protocols, people were swabbed at different body sites. Patient and procedure rooms were sectioned into 4 zones and surfaces were swabbed. We performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) on all isolates.

Results
Seven of the 17 (41%) people swabbed were found to be colonized. Candida auris was isolated from 37 of 322 (11%) environmental samples. These were collected from a variety of items in all 4 zones. WGS and AFST revealed that although isolates were similar throughout the country, isolates from the northern region were genetically distinct and more resistant to amphotericin B (AmB) than the isolates from central Colombia. Four novel nonsynonymous mutations were found to be significantly associated with AmB resistance.

Conclusions
Our results show that extensive C. auris contamination can occur and highlight the importance of adherence to appropriate infection control practices and disinfection strategies. Observed genetic diversity supports healthcare transmission and a recent expansion of C. auris within Colombia with divergent AmB susceptibility.
Noël-Antoine Pluche’s
Le Spectacle de la nature, ou, Entretiens sur les particularités de l’histoire naturelle
as an Instrument for the Government of Bodies
Authors: Wallmann Elisabeth 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

This article reads Noël-Antoine Pluche’s bestseller
Le Spectacle de la nature, ou, Entretiens sur les particularités de l’histoire naturelle
as a contribution to eighteenth-century theories of government. It contends that the work’s didactic as well as entertaining volumes on animals, building on and reinforcing the vogue for natural history among the eighteenth-century reading public, helped formulate and disseminate new ideas about how to increase France’s prosperity. Interpreting Pluche’s descriptions of animals in the light of Foucault’s claims about the emergence of ‘biopolitics’, this article argues that his natural histories of animals provided the upper-class readers of the
Spectacle de la nature
with tools for rendering the bodies of those lower down the social hierarchy as productive as possible without external coercion and, hence, for contributing to the country’s political economy by exercising their management functions. Through interpretation of several examples from Pluche’s bestiary of hard-working animals, it shows how descriptions of animals were used as an instrument for reconstructing and disseminating the concept of ‘work’. In this way, the article provides an account of the intertwining of natural history, political economy, and the shaping of the individual in the first half of the eighteenth century.
Improving Aztreonam Stewardship and Cost Through a Penicillin Allergy Testing Clinical Guideline
Authors: Chen Justin R , Tarver Scott A , Alvarez Kristin S , Wei Wenjing , Khan David A 
Published: May 2018

Abstract

Background
Patients reporting penicillin allergy often receive unnecessary and costly broad-spectrum alternatives such as aztreonam with negative consequences. Penicillin allergy testing improves antimicrobial therapy but is not broadly used in hospitals due to insufficient testing resources and short-term expenses. We describe a clinical decision support (CDS) tool promoting pharmacist-administered penicillin allergy testing in patients receiving aztreonam and its benefits toward antimicrobial stewardship and costs.

Methods
A CDS tool was incorporated into the electronic medical record, directing providers to order penicillin allergy testing for patients receiving aztreonam. An allergy-trained pharmacist reviewed orders placed through this new guideline and performed skin testing and oral challenges to determine whether these patients could safely take penicillin. Data on tests performed, antibiotic utilization, and cost-savings were compared with patients tested outside the new guideline as part of our institution’s standard stewardship program.

Results
The guideline significantly increased penicillin allergy testing among patients receiving aztreonam from 24% to 85% (P &lt; .001) while reducing the median delay between admission and testing completion from 3.31 to 1.05 days (P = 0.008). Patients tested under the guideline saw a 58% increase in penicillin exposure (P = .046). Institutional aztreonam administration declined from 2.54 to 1.47 administrations per 1000 patient-days (P = .016). Average antibiotic costs per patient tested before and after CDS decreased from $1265.81 to $592.08 USD, a 53% savings.

Conclusions
Targeting penicillin allergy testing to patients on aztreonam yields therapeutic and economic benefits during a single admission. This provides a cost-effective model for inpatient testing.
PA use of point-of-care ultrasound
Authors: Rizzolo Denise , Krackov Rachel 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACT
Limited research exists on PAs and use of point-of-care (POC) ultrasound. This pilot survey sought to determine current views on and use of POC ultrasound in a small group of PAs.

Methods:
The authors developed an anonymous voluntary survey on PA views and use of POC ultrasound. The survey was entered into Qualtrics and e-mailed three times.

Results:
Nearly 27% of the subjects use ultrasound with 62% feeling confident in their ability to use ultrasound. The top reason for not using ultrasound was lack of access to a machine (50%). Only 35.3% of those without access to a machine were interested in bringing ultrasound into their practices. Sixty-seven percent of respondents felt that PAs should have standardized ultrasound training.

Conclusions:
Results demonstrate that more research is needed into the applicability of POC ultrasound to all PA practice areas as well as how PAs should be trained in POC ultrasound.
What Makes “Difficult Patients” Difficult for Medical Students?
Authors: Steinauer Jody E. , O’Sullivan Patricia , Preskill Felisa , ten Cate Olle , Teherani Arianne 
Published: May 2018

Purpose
Physicians can find it challenging to provide high-quality care to “difficult patients.” While studies support that medical students also find some patients “difficult,” little is known about why they do or how being a student affects their perceptions. The authors conducted this study to gain a deeper understanding of students’ experiences with “difficult patients” to inform clinical teaching about effective patient communication and patient-centered care.

Method
In 2016, the authors conducted interviews with fourth-year medical students, who were asked to describe patient interactions in which they felt negative emotions toward the patient, as well as describe the clinical setting and their feelings. The authors audiorecorded and transcribed the interviews. Then, using a constructivist grounded theory approach, they reviewed the transcripts, coded the data using a codebook they had developed, and grouped the codes into themes.

Results
Twenty-six students (of 44 volunteers and 180 students invited) were interviewed. Students described negative feelings toward patients and patients’ behaviors, which were exacerbated by three situations related to their role and expectations as learners: (1) patients’ interference with students’ ability to “shine”; (2) patients’ interference with students’ expectations of patient-centered care; and (3) students’ lack of the tools or authority to improve patients’ health.

Conclusions
Educators should consider these findings, which can be explained by the professional identity formation and goal orientation theory frameworks, as they teach medical students to provide high-quality care for patients they find “difficult.”