bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Art Works
Authors: Winner Ellen 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The final chapter of this book briefly summarizes what psychologists have learned about how art works—how we experience art. The key questions and contrasting philosophical positions and commonsense views discussed in each chapter are reviewed, followed by findings from empirical studies on how ordinary people (non-philosophers, and individuals without art or art history training) think about these questions. While philosophers search for the best answer to these questions based on careful reasoning, psychologists look at how ordinary people answer these questions, without raising the question of what is “correct.” The answers that psychologists have revealed as they explore ordinary people’s responses to philosophical questions help us understand how ordinary people experience art.
Getting to a Global Constitution Expanding Human Rights Law
Authors: Capaldo Giuliana Ziccardi 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The expansion of the global constitutional principle of no-impunity and its application to serious violations of social and economic rights are part of the process of constitutionalization of global law and its principles through jurisprudential cross-fertilization. The author identifies in the ECJ’s innovative approach to serious tax frauds in the Taricco judgment an opportunity to develop a judicial dialogue between international and national courts aimed at strengthening the paradigm of the no-impunity-imprescriptibility of the new criminal jurisdiction centered on the International Criminal Court (ICC). As announced in the Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritisation (PCSP), the ICC will now expand its focus on prosecuting with national governments such serious crimes as “financial crimes”. The ICC is not formally extending its jurisdiction to these cases, but this process has begun—based on the Rome Statute that recognizes that serious international crimes “threaten the peace, security and well-being of the world”.
M. Cherif Bassiouni (1937–2017)
Authors: Matwijkiw Anja , Matwijkiw Bronik 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Professor M. Cherif Bassiouni’s death sent shockwaves through the community of legal scholars and practitioners. As an influential figure in the post–World War II era, Bassiouni helped determine the direction of international criminal law and international criminal justice. Bassiouni joined the Editorial Board of The Global Community YILJ in 2001, upon the invitation of its founder and General Editor Giuliana Ziccardi Capaldo. Like the United Nations and the various universities, institutes and societies Bassiouni served, the Yearbook is saddened by the loss of a modern master. His contributions cover doctrine, human rights advocacy that accentuates humanistic values, holistic post-conflict justice principles and projects, together with a life-long campaign for fair (global) law-making and (global) law-enforcement. With the death of Bassiouni, the community witnessed the departure of one of the innovative, inspirational and illustrious masterminds in the fight against impunity and realpolitik and for accountability and the rule of law.
A Bifurcated Global Nuclear Order
Authors: Thakur Ramesh 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The very destructiveness of nuclear weapons makes them unusable for ethical and military reasons. The world has placed growing restrictions on the full range of nuclear programs and activities. But with the five NPT nuclear powers failing to eliminate nuclear arsenals, other countries acquiring the bomb, arms control efforts stalled, nuclear risks climbing, and growing awareness of the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear war, the United Nations adopted a new treaty to ban the bomb. Some technical anomalies between the 1968 and 2017 treaties will need to be harmonized and the nuclear-armed states’ rejection of the ban treaty means it will not eliminate any nuclear warheads. However, it will have a significant normative impact in stigmatizing the possession, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons and serve as a tool for civil society to mobilize domestic and world public opinion against the doctrine of nuclear deterrence.
Dual Provisional Measures Prescribed by ITLOS and Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal: Reflections on the “Enrica Lexie” Incident Case
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
In the “Enrica Lexie” Incident case between Italy and India, two judicial organs, i.e. the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal prescribed provisional measures. It is rare that ITLOS and the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal prescribed different provisional measures in the same dispute. The “Enrica Lexie” Incident case provides an insight into the procedural law governing provisional measures under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. This article examines the provisional measures prescribed by ITLOS and the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal in the “Enrica Lexie” Incident case focusing particularly on three issues: (1) the relationship between the request by Italy submitted to ITLOS and that submitted to the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal, respectively, (2) the existence of the urgency of the situation, and (3) the legal effect of considerations of humanity.
Introductory Note
Authors: Seatzu Francesco 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The year 2016 was characterized by three elements: the incorporation of the Civil Service Tribunal within the General Court and transfer of jurisdiction; the implementation of the reform of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) through an increase in the number of judges at the General Court; a rise in judicial decisions of the ECJ concerning intellectual property rights and freedoms. Also, 2016 was the year in which the ECJ and the General Court dealt with cases concerning restrictive measures relating to Afghanistan, Belarus, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Iran, Libya, Russia, Syria, Tunisia, Ukraine and Zimbabwe. Emblematic of this jurisprudential trend are the judgments on the cases of Yanukovych and Others, where the General Court upheld the freezing of funds of several Ukrainians.
Between Jerusalem and Athens
Authors: Yaari Nurit 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
How does a theatrical tradition emerge in the fields of dramatic writing and artistic performance? Can a culture, in which theatre played no part in the past, create a theatrical tradition in real time—and how? What was the contribution of classical Greek drama to the evolution of Israeli theatre? How do political and social conditions affect the encounter between cultures—and what role do they play in creating a theatre with a distinctive identity? This book, the first of its kind, attempts to answer these and other questions, by examining the reception of classical Greek drama in the Israeli theatre over the last seventy years. It deals with dramatic and aesthetic issues while analysing translations, adaptations, new writing, mise-en-scène, and ‘post dramatic’ performances of classical Greek drama that were created and staged at key points of the development of Israeli culture amidst fateful political, social, and cultural events in the country’s history.
Habima
Authors: Yaari Nurit 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the first encounters of the actors of Habima Theatre with classical Greek drama by examining two productions—Phaedra by Racine (1945) and Oedipus Tyrannus by Sophocles (1947). It describes the evolution of the Habima Theatre group in the early twentieth century under the director Yevgeny Vakhtangov, a disciple of Stanislavsky. It outlines the troupe’s ethos and its artistic journey as it made its way from Moscow to Berlin to New York until its final arrival in Palestine in 1931, and how this ethos was evident in the troupe’s work with the celebrated British director Tyrone Guthrie in 1947.
Aristophanes and the Occupied Territories
Authors: Yaari Nurit 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses an important trait of the Israeli theatre. It is inherently political by nature and it springs from and constantly reflects the complex realities of modern Israeli society: the continual wars, the innumerable cease-fires, ad hoc peace agreements, territorial occupations, military operations in response to terrorist attacks, and painful and disappointing attempts to reach permanent agreements and peace in the region. It is not surprising then that Israeli playwrights and directors who have searched for a suitable response to the Six Day War and the occupation have chosen Aristophanes as a teacher, guide, and mentor. Analysing an Israeli adaptation of Aristophanes’ comedy, Peace (1968), and several political satires of the Israeli playwright Hanoch Levin, this chapter examines the political role played by Israeli theatre, the use of performance as a tool of political criticism, and the role of theatre in demands for immediate negotiations for peace.
Classical Presences and ‘Post Dramatic’ Performances
Authors: Yaari Nurit 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter looks at theatrical productions created in the wake of the assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1995, which sought to convey the shock that permeated Israeli society as a result, and to provide theatrical responses to help the grieving community come to terms with his death. The chapter analyses the theatrical oeuvre of four post dramatic theatre creators—Ruth Kanner, Ilan Ronen, Rina Yerushalmi, and Hanan Snir—who saw Greek classical tragedy as a vast artistic arena where the political, the humanistic, and the artistic-performative merge, encompassing present and past, myth and history. Moreover, classical Greek tragedy allowed them to project their most disturbing concerns about the Israeli present and future by tearing apart the well-known texts, deconstructing their dramatic templates, and editing, adapting, revising, and redesigning their content in the decades after Rabin’s assassination, when hope gave way to despair.
Extractive Revenues and Government Spending
Authors: van der Ploeg Frederick , Venables Anthony J. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter looks at the prescription of optimally managing natural resource revenue windfalls by smoothing consumption across generations using an intergenerational sovereign wealth fund that only invests in foreign assets and is not appropriate for resource-rich developing economies. It is better for these economies to use their windfalls to boost investment in the domestic economy, especially when they confront capital scarcity and have poor access to international capital markets. However, it is important for such economies to have a parking fund to temporarily ‘park’ funds until absorption constraints are alleviated, and a stabilization fund to smooth out volatile budgets given the high stochastic volatility of commodity prices, especially if the economy is inflexible and has few other ways of adjusting to price shocks.
Oil and Gas Companies and the Management of Social and Environmental Impacts and Issues
Authors: Tomlinson Kathryn 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of social and environmental performance and management practices in the oil and gas industries, outlining the evolution of international companies’ approaches over the last twenty years within the wider extractive industries context. The chapter reviews what social and environmental management amongst such companies means in practice, and highlights some of the unresolved issues emerging. While most companies now model their approach to social and environmental management on international norms, they face a variety of drivers to their practices. These range from complying with international standards in order to gain access to finance, to complying with new host country legislation and regulation, and gaining and maintaining a good reputation and a ‘social licence to operate’. This chapter argues that the complexity of these drivers problematizes the portrayal of the industry’s social and environmental performance as ‘voluntary’ corporate social responsibility, and renders the latter term somewhat misleading.
Climate Change and the Extractives Sector
Authors: Addison Tony 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Climate change is one of the world’s most complex and urgent global problems—many argue that it is the greatest challenge. Climate change adaptation and mitigation are fundamental to the evolution of our economies and societies over the rest of the twenty-first century and beyond. The extractive industries are in many ways at the heart of the challenge. The extractives sector must support national and international efforts to respond to climate change, by adjusting exploration and production to shifting patterns of demand for energy and minerals—as policies and new technologies encourage progress along low-carbon pathways. None of this is easy; success is not assured. This is a large topic, and the task of this chapter is to set out some of its main issues as they relate to the extractives sector.
Framework
Authors: Roe Alan , Round Jeffery 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter discusses the channels of impact of an extractives activity on an economy by describing the different routes through which the direct economic and social impacts of these activities might be enhanced. These routes include those that often have the highest political profile, namely spending of government revenues. It also discusses other channels that arguably are far more important, such as the direct effects of corporate spend in local supply chains; the immediate ‘multiplier’ effects of this; the further multipliers that follow from significant income growth; the new downstream activities that may be built on the primary extractive activity; and the externalities that may accrue from the direct boost that a large extractive investment is likely to provide.
Donor-supported Approaches to Improving Extractives Governance
Authors: Buckley Joanna , McCulloch Neil , Travis Nicholas 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Donor interest in the natural resources extractives sector is based upon the premise that it represents an opportunity to improve a country’s development prospects. However, in many cases the presence of extractive resources is associated with poor economic performance. As a result, some donors are trying a radically different approach. This chapter explores one such programme funded by the UK Department for International Development: the Facility for Oil Sector Transparency and Reform in Nigeria. The chapter outlines five lessons learned from this example. First, continual analysis is essential to understand the underlying incentives of key actors. Second, interventions need to be locally led in order to provide legitimacy for reform. Third, interventions need to be flexible and adaptive. Fourth, acceptance of an element of risk is necessary. Fifth, donors need to develop a new way of measuring impact.
The Role of Participation in Sustainable Community Development Programmes in the Extractive Industries
Authors: Macdonald Catherine 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
A major challenge for almost all activity of the extractive industries is that benefits accrue predominantly at the national level while disruptions are invariably highly localized close to the resource. Recently, extractives companies have intensified efforts to correct this imbalance. The aim of this chapter is to identify the optimal approach for companies to encourage sustainable local community development. The role that government and civil society actors can play in supporting this process is also addressed. Community participation is central to the discussion, which makes reference to case studies, particularly that of the community development programmes of a gold mine in Tanzania over a period of fifteen years.
Education Policymaking at National Level
Authors: Cameron Robert , Naidoo Vinothan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
When one looks at the arrangements that have been put in place for managing performance in South Africa’s public sector since 1994—and specifically in the education sector—they are enormously impressive. But in general these efforts have not translated into strong performance. We find that policies for managing performance in basic education could best be explained as the outcome of a strategic interaction among three sets of actors: technocratically oriented public officials in the bureaucracy, teacher labour unions (especially SADTU, as the dominant union), and the African National Congress, in its dual role overseeing the education bureaucracy and as head of a ruling political alliance. In practice, the political strength of organized labour has resulted in outwardly impressive initiatives to promote performance management being diluted and falling well short of the aspiration of robust performance management.
Provincial Governance of Education—The Western Cape Experience
Authors: Robert Cameron , Levy Brian 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is the management and governance of education at provincial level—specifically on efforts to introduce performance management into education by the Western Cape Education Department (WCED), and their impact. Post-1994 the WCED inherited a bureaucracy that was well placed to manage the province’s large public education system. Subsequently, irrespective of which political party has been in power, the WCED consistently has sought to implement performance management. This chapter explores to what extent determined, top-down efforts, led by the public sector, can improve dismal educational performance. It concludes that the WCED is a relatively well-run public bureaucracy. However, efforts to strengthen the operation of the WCED’s bureaucracy have not translated into systematic improvements in schools in poorer areas. One possible implication is that efforts to strengthen hierarchy might usefully be complemented with additional effort to support more horizontal, peer-to-peer governance at the school level.
The Moment of History
Authors: Brazil Kevin 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
John Berger is widely recognized as one of the most influential and idiosyncratic British art critics of the twentieth century; less well known is that many of his ideas about art were first explored in novels responding to Cold War politics. This chapter analyses the engagement with art in Berger’s fiction and criticism of the 1950s and 1960s, situating it within broader debates among British New Left writers such as Raymond Williams and Doris Lessing. It argues that Berger used novels like A Painter of Our Time and G. to explore the limitations of postwar social realism and to articulate a return to the unfulfilled promise of visual and literary modernism, or what Berger called in his novels and criticism the ‘moment’ of Cubism.
The Years of Victory, 1939–1940
Authors: Brodie Thomas 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter analyses how German Catholics responded to the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, and continues its analysis until the fall of France in summer 1940. It explores how clergymen understood the conflict theologically, and the forms of patriotism embraced by laypeople and clergymen alike to justify involvement in the war. A particular focus of this chapter is on German Catholics’ responses to the Nazi regime’s treatment of Polish co-religionists—both in Poland itself, but also the Rhineland and Westphalia, where many Polish POWs and forced labourers were based as of autumn 1939. This chapter concludes by examining German Catholics’ responses to the defeat of France, and their attitudes at this height of the Nazi regime’s successes. Throughout its analysis, the chapter unpacks the diversity of Catholic perspectives, through the diaries and letters of laypeople as well as the pastoral letters and sermons of the clergy.
Marital Trajectories, Women’s Autonomy, and Women’s Well-Being in Senegal
Authors: Lambert Sylvie , van de Walle Dominique , Villar Paola 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Divorce is frequent and widowhood is a common predicament for women in Africa, due in particular to the fact that women marry older men. Remarriage appears to take place relatively rapidly: the median duration between widowhood and remarriage among those who remarry is one year. For those who are divorced it is two years. A key question is how such discontinuous marital trajectories affect women’s well-being. Women’s marital trajectories in Senegal are described and correlated with measures of voice, resource constraints, and consumption welfare. Considerable selection into divorce and widowhood as well as subsequent remarriage is documented. Poorer women are more vulnerable to both dissolutions and remarriage and hence bear more of the costs while being nevertheless afforded a safety net in the form of a male protector. Marital breakdowns and their aftermaths are far from neutral in terms of women’s well-being.
Why Do Women Co-Operate More in Women’s Groups?
Authors: Fearon James , Humphreys Macartan 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
A substantial amount of development programming assumes that women have preferences or aptitudes that are more conducive to economic development. For example, conditional cash transfer programmes commonly deliver funding to female household heads, and many microcredit schemes focus on women’s savings groups. This chapter examines a public goods game in northern Liberia. Women contributed substantially more to a small-scale development project when playing with other women than in mixed-gender groups, where they contributed at about the same levels as men. We try to explain this composition effect using a structural model, survey responses, and a second manipulation. Results suggest women in the all-women group put more weight on co-operation regardless of the value of the public good, the fear of discovery, or the desire to match others’ behaviour. We conjecture that players have stronger motivation to signal public-spiritedness when primed to consider themselves representatives of the women of the community.
The Impact of Social Mobilization on Health Service Delivery and Health Outcomes
Authors: Giné Xavier , Khalid Salma , Ghazala Mansuri 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter uses a randomized community development programme in rural Pakistan to assess the impact of citizen engagement on public service delivery and maternal and child health outcomes. The programme had a strong emphasis on organizing women, who also identified health services as a development priority at baseline. At midline, we find that the mobilization effort alone had a significant impact on the performance of village-based health providers. We detect economically large improvements in pregnancy and well-baby visits by female health workers, as well as increased utilization of pre- and post-natal care by pregnant women. In contrast, the quality of supra-village health services did not improve, underscoring the importance of community enforcement and monitoring capacity for improving service delivery.
Gender, Islam, and Law
Authors: Bowen John R. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
This chapter considers arguments about Islam and women’s welfare, and, at greater length, how legal systems with Islamic elements treat women, focusing on how women fare in Islamic family courts. Key methodological issues include how to focus on real-world views and practices rather than only texts, disentangle the effects of patriarchal regional cultures from the effects of Islamic law, and compare the gendered effects of Islamic court practices with local alternatives. The Islamic legal tradition features both a broadly shared set of texts and traditions and a wide array of interpretations and practices. From the very beginning of Islam, rulers and judges developed new ways of applying the traditions to changing situations. Many of these new applications involved ways to grant women greater autonomy. The chapter looks in greater detail at three countries—Tunisia, Indonesia, and Iran—to detect probable mechanisms shaping women’s access to divorce and to property.