bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of PSL(2, 7) in M‐theory: M2‐Branes, Englert Equation and the Septuples
Authors: Cerchiai Bianca Letizia , Fré Pietro , Trigiante Mario 
Published: March 2019

AbstractReconsidering the M2‐brane solutions of supergravity with a transverse Englert flux introduced by one of us in 2016, we present a new purely group theoretical algorithm to solve Englert equation based on a specific embedding of the PSL(2, 7) group into . The aforementioned embedding is singled out by the identification of PSL(2, 7) with the automorphism group of the Fano plane. Relying on the revealed intrinsic PSL(2, 7) symmetry of Englert equation and on the new algorithm we present an exhaustive classification of Englert fluxes. The residual supersymmetries of the corresponding M2‐brane solutions associated with the first of the 8 classes into which we have partitioned Englert fluxes are exhaustively analyzed and we show that all residual supersymmetries with are available. Our constructions correspond to a particular case in the category of M2‐brane solutions with transverse self‐dual fluxes.
An extensive evaluation of ensemble techniques for software change prediction
Authors: Catolino Gemma , Ferrucci Filomena 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPredicting the areas of the source code having a higher likelihood to change in the future represents an important activity to allow developers to plan preventive maintenance operations. For this reason, several change prediction models have been proposed. Moreover, research community demonstrated how different classifiers impact on the performance of devised models as well as classifiers tend to perform similarly even though they are able to correctly predict the change proneness of different code elements, possibly indicating the presence of some complementarity among them. In this paper, we deeper investigated whether the use of ensemble approaches, ie, machine learning techniques able to combine multiple classifiers, can improve the performances of change prediction models. Specifically, we built three change prediction models based on different predictors, ie, product‐, process‐ metrics‐, and developer‐related factors, comparing the performances of four ensemble techniques (ie, Boosting, Random Forest, Bagging, and Voting) with those of standard machine learning classifiers (ie, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Simple Logistic, and Multilayer Perceptron). The study was conducted on 33 releases of 10 open‐source systems, and the results showed how ensemble methods and in particular Random Forest provide a significant improvement of more than 10% in terms of F measure. Indeed, the statistical analyses conducted confirm the superiority of this ensemble technique. Moreover, the model built using developer‐related factors performed better than the other models that exploit product and process metrics and achieves an overall median of F measure around 77%.
Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration
Authors: Abu Rmilah Anan , Zhou Wei , Nelson Erek , Lin Li , Amiot Bruce , Nyberg Scott L. 
Published: March 2019

Tissue regeneration is a process by which the remaining cells of an injured organ regrow to offset the missed cells. This field is relatively a new discipline that has been a focus of intense research by clinicians, surgeons, and scientists for decades. It constitutes the cornerstone of tissue engineering, creation of artificial organs, and generation and utilization of therapeutic stem cells to undergo transformation to different types of mature cells. Many medical experts, scientists, biologists, and bioengineers have dedicated their efforts to deeply comprehend the process of liver regeneration, striving for harnessing it to invent new therapies for liver failure. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rodents has been extensively studied by researchers for many years. It is divided into three important distinctive phases including (a) Initiation or priming phase which includes an overexpression of specific genes to prepare the liver cells for replication, (b) Proliferation phase in which the liver cells undergo a series of cycles of cell division and expansion and finally, (c) termination phase which acts as brake to stop the regenerative process and prevent the liver tissue overgrowth. These events are well controlled by cytokines, growth factors, and signaling pathways. In this review, we describe the function, embryology, and anatomy of human liver, discuss the molecular basis of liver regeneration, elucidate the hepatocyte and cholangiocyte lineages mediating this process, explain the role of hepatic progenitor cells and elaborate the developmental signaling pathways and regulatory molecules required to procure a complete restoration of hepatic lobule.This article is categorized under:

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration
Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms
Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Cellular Differentiation
ARDIS: a Swedish historical handwritten digit dataset
Authors: Kusetogullari Huseyin , Yavariabdi Amir , Cheddad Abbas , Grahn Håkan , Hall Johan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This paper introduces a new image-based handwritten historical digit dataset named Arkiv Digital Sweden (ARDIS). The images in ARDIS dataset are extracted from 15,000 Swedish church records which were written by different priests with various handwriting styles in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The constructed dataset consists of three single-digit datasets and one-digit string dataset. The digit string dataset includes 10,000 samples in red–green–blue color space, whereas the other datasets contain 7600 single-digit images in different color spaces. An extensive analysis of machine learning methods on several digit datasets is carried out. Additionally, correlation between ARDIS and existing digit datasets Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) and US Postal Service (USPS) is investigated. Experimental results show that machine learning algorithms, including deep learning methods, provide low recognition accuracy as they face difficulties when trained on existing datasets and tested on ARDIS dataset. Accordingly, convolutional neural network trained on MNIST and USPS and tested on ARDIS provide the highest accuracies $$58.80\%$$

58.80
%

and $$35.44\%$$

35.44
%

, respectively. Consequently, the results reveal that machine learning methods trained on existing datasets can have difficulties to recognize digits effectively on our dataset which proves that ARDIS dataset has unique characteristics. This dataset is publicly available for the research community to further advance handwritten digit recognition algorithms.
Immunity of Heads of State and Senior State Officials from Subpoenas and Witness
Summonses
Authors: Pichou Maria 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Although the law on immunities under international law is a very rich field of study, not much analysis has been done on the immunities of Heads of State from acts other than prosecution, namely from witness summonses and subpoenas in international criminal law. This article poses the question whether international law allows for Heads of State and Senior State officials to be subpoenaed or summonsed to testify as witnesses, and seeks to answer it by systemizing the relevant case law of international criminal courts and tribunals. After defining the types and the application of subpoenas and witness summonses in international criminal proceedings, the article examines whether the immunity of Heads of State is upheld when such requests are filed before international and national courts. The case law of the ad hoc international criminal tribunals shows that when the tribunal had to adjudicate a request to compel a witness to appear, it adapted the legal standard by considering the type and the object of the subpoena, the status of the prospective witness, and the court’s role and mandate. The International Criminal Court iterated its power to compel the appearance of witnesses. As the immunities that are attached to the office of Heads of State and Senior State officials are largely sourced in rules of customary international law, the article maps the content of the customary rule governing specifically the immunity from subpoenas and witness summonses in international criminal law.
Ten-Year Interval Changes in the Prevalence of Self-Identified Premature Ejaculation and Premature Ejaculation Based on an Estimated Intravaginal Ejaculation Latency Time of &lt;3 Minutes in the General Population: The Korean Internet Sexuality Survey (KISS) 2016
Authors: Song Won Hoon , Yoo Sangjun , Oh Sohee , Park Juhyun , Cho Sung Yong , Cho Min Chul , Jeong Hyeon , Son Hwancheol 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Because the prevalence of premature ejaculation (PE) may change with time, few studies have been conducted over a 10-year time interval.

Aim
A 10-year time interval survey to determine whether there was a change in the prevalence of self-identified PE and PE defined on the basis of an estimated intravaginal ejaculation latency time of &lt;3 minutes in adult Korean men, even after adjusting for various sociocultural factors.

Methods
We sent an e-mail to the panels registered in the same Internet survey agency in 2006, asking them to participate in a questionnaire-based survey of the same study design. 1,401 participants were enrolled in the 2016 study that included 800 subjects in their 20s–50s. The PE prevalence adjusted for age was evaluated because the proportion of participants per age was different between the 2 surveys. The age-adjusted prevalence of self-identified PE and PE with an estimated intravaginal ejaculation latency time of 3 minutes, which meets the diagnostic criteria for PE set by the International Society for Sexual Medicine (PE), was evaluated.

Main Outcome Measures
Changes in the overall prevalence of self-identified PE and PE in over a decade were evaluated.

Results
The overall age-adjusted prevalence of self-identified PE increased from 19.0% in 2006 to 21.6% in 2016; however, the result was not statistically significant (P = .244). The overall age-adjusted prevalence of PE increased from 1.8–4.0% in 2006 and 2016, respectively (P = .012). The risk factors of self-identified PE were few intercourses per month, masturbation, and self-identified erectile dysfunction. In addition, the risk factors of PE were aging, high body mass index, few intercourses per month, and masturbation.

Clinical Implication
The prevalence of PE has increased over 10 years. However, this increase may be due to sociocultural changes and should be more concerned with these factors.

Strength & Limitations
This study was the first to conduct a 10-year interval Web-based survey on the prevalence and risk factors of PE. However, this was not a cohort study with the same participants.

Conclusion
The overall age-adjusted prevalence of PE increased significantly over a decade, and sociocultural factors such as lifestyle were associated with the difference of PE prevalence for 10 years. However, more research is needed to determine how these sociocultural changes affect PE prevalence.
Non-Gaussianity in turbulent relative dispersion
Authors: Devenish B. J. , Thomson D. J. 
Published: March 2019

We present an extension of Thomson’s (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 210, 1990, pp. 113–153) two-particle Lagrangian stochastic model that is constructed to be consistent with the $4/5$ law of turbulence. The rate of separation in the new model is reduced relative to the original model with zero skewness in the Eulerian longitudinal relative velocity distribution and is close to recent measurements from direct numerical simulations of homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The rate of separation in the equivalent backwards dispersion model is approximately a factor of 2.9 larger than the forwards dispersion model, a result that is consistent with previous work.
Missing the Target? Using Surveys to Validate Social Media Ad Targeting
Authors: Sances Michael W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractFacebook ads are increasingly used by political scientists as a method of survey recruitment. A key advantage is said to be the ability to recruit targeted audiences defined by demographics, political beliefs, location, and numerous other attributes. The same feature has been decried by non-researchers concerned about potential racial discrimination and foreign influence in elections. The extent to which these ads actually reach their targets, however, is unknown. Using a series of six surveys and 20 targeted ads, I show these ads regularly fail to reach their targets. The success rate ranges from 23 to 99 percent, and ads targeted toward groups defined by self-reported data and broader geographic locations are generally more successful.
Assessing Data Sources for Medicine Price Studies
Authors: Vogler Sabine , Schneider Peter 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesThere is no established methodology to assess the feasibility of medicine price data sources. Against this backdrop, a framework to guide the selection of most appropriate price data sources for pharmacoeconomic research has been developed.MethodsA targeted literature review was carried out. Dimensions discussed in literature as relevant for medicine price comparisons and practical experience of the authors in medicine price studies informed the conceptional work of the framework development. A draft version of the framework was reviewed by peer pricing experts. The feasibility of the framework was tested in case studies.ResultsAccording to the developed framework (called Re-ADAPT), a medicine price data source should meet the following criteria: reliability and sustainability; accessibility at a cost that users can afford; provision of medicine price information at the date(s) required; information for the defined geographic area, or at least in a representative way; coverage of the pharmaceuticals and at the price type(s) required. Easy handling and provision of additional information were defined as supportive assets of candidate data sources (secondary criteria). The case studies confirmed the feasibility of the Re-ADAPT framework. In some cases, however, it can be difficult to disentangle assessment criteria (particularly geographic area, scope of pharmaceuticals and price types) for separate consideration, given their interlinkage.ConclusionsWhile selection of the most appropriate data sources will remain a challenge, the Re-ADAPT framework aims to provide practical guidance and thus contribute to a more careful, balanced, and evidence-based selection of data sources for medicine price studies.
Conflicts of power, landscape and amenity in debates over the British Super Grid in the 1950s
Authors: Navickas Katrina 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe ‘Super Grid’ network of high-voltage power lines transformed the landscapes of England and southern Scotland in the 1950s. This article examines debates over the siting of pylons, with a focus on the public inquiries into the proposed lines across the Pennines in Lancashire. It brings together archives on electrification from the newly nationalised British Electricity Authority, preservationist groups and local government to reveal deeper insights into processes of local and national decision-making about and popular attitudes to the rural landscape. It uncovers how the public inquiries exposed tensions and differences about the definition of amenity, not just between the electricity industry and preservationists, but also between interests representing urban industrial districts and the National Parks, northern and southern England, and within the preservationist movement. The conflicts over pylons and amenity shows how narratives of landscape preservation were contested and riven with class, region and economic differences in the postwar period.
Seeing is believing: sites/sights of agricultural improvement in Germany (1840–1914)
Authors: Jones Elizabeth B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article explores the visual culture of rural improvement in Germany, manifested in agricultural exhibitions, model farms and test plots. It argues that, following the English example, nineteenth-century experts increasingly believed that such material sites were the most effective way to persuade small farmers to embrace change and increase productivity. The presumption was that farmers were habitually keen observers who preferred to learn by seeing and that visual displays would alleviate their characteristic mistrust and build confidence in scientific advisers. The fact that these efforts coincided with the professionalisation of agronomy, the increased influence of scientists in rural policymaking and the rise of elite agricultural institutions revises the existing narrative of the spread of agricultural knowledge in Germany. Based on archival evidence from north-western Prussia, it is clear that many small cultivators responded enthusiastically to these sites, defying stereotypes of ‘dull-wittedness’ and ingrained suspicion of the new.
Identity types and weak factorization systems in Cauchy complete categories
Authors: North Paige Randall 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIt has been known that categorical interpretations of dependent type theory with Σ- and Id-types induce weak factorization systems. When one has a weak factorization system $({\cal L},{\cal R})$ on a category $\mathbb{C}$ in hand, it is then natural to ask whether or not $({\cal L},{\cal R})$ harbors an interpretation of dependent type theory with Σ- and Id- (and possibly Π-) types. Using the framework of display map categories to phrase this question more precisely, one would ask whether or not there exists a class ${\cal D}$ of morphisms of $\mathbb{C}$ such that the retract closure of ${\cal D}$ is the class ${\cal R}$ and the pair $(\mathbb{C},{\cal D})$ forms a display map category modeling Σ- and Id- (and possibly Π-) types. In this paper, we show, with the hypothesis that $\cal{C}$ is Cauchy complete, that there exists such a class $\cal{D}$ if and only if $(\mathbb{C},\cal{R})$itself forms a display map category modeling Σ- and Id- (and possibly Π-) types. Thus, we reduce the search space of our original question from a potentially proper class to a singleton.
Externalities and Agricultural Import Bans: Evaluating Regionalization Measures in Light of the Russia–Pigs Dispute
Authors: BLANCHARD EMILY , WU MARK 
Published: March 2019

AbstractArticle 6 of the SPS Agreement presents a series of interlinked obligations for importing and exporting countries of diseased agricultural products. The Russia–Pigs dispute raises the question of when an importing country is justified in imposing a ban on products from exporting countries unaffected by the disease, on the basis of the fact that the country is part of the same customs union as another country inflicted with the disease. This Article contends that four distinct classes of cross-border and cross-product externalities ought to play an important role when assessing this question in the future. It discusses the possible roles to be played by bilateral, sequential, pass-through, and supply chain externalities in propagating the transmission of agricultural disease across borders through trade.
Multiple herbicide resistance in California Italian ryegrass (Lolium perennessp.multiflorum): characterization of ALS-inhibiting herbicide resistance
Authors: Tehranchian Parsa , Nandula Vijay K. , Matzrafi Maor , Jasieniuk Marie 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMultiple resistance to glyphosate, sethoxydim, and paraquat was previously confirmed in two Italian ryegrass [Lolium perenneL. ssp.multiflorum(Lam.) Husnot] populations,MR1andMR2, in northern California. Preliminary greenhouse studies revealed that both populations were also resistant to imazamox and mesosulfuron, both of which are acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. In this study, three subpopulations,MR1-A(from seed ofMR1plants that survived a 16X rate of sethoxydim),MR1-P(from seed ofMR1plants that survived a 2X rate of paraquat), andMR2(from seed ofMR2plants that survived a 16X rate of sethoxydim), were investigated to determine the resistance level to imazamox and mesosulfuron, evaluate other herbicide options for the control of these multiple resistantL. perennessp.multiflorum, and characterize the underlying ALS-inhibitor resistance mechanism(s). Based on LD50values, theMR1-A,MR1-P, andMR2subpopulations were 38-, 29-, 8-fold and 36-, 64-, and 3-fold less sensitive to imazamox and mesosulfuron, respectively, relative to the susceptible (Sus) population. OnlyMR1-P and MR2plants were cross-resistant to rimsulfuron, whereas bothMR1subpopulations were cross-resistant to imazethapyr. Pinoxaden (ACCase inhibitor [phenylpyrazoline 'DEN']) only controlledMR2andSusplants at the labeled field rate. However, all plants were effectively controlled (>99%) with the labeled field rate of glufosinate. Based on I50values,MR1-A,MR-P, andMR2plants were 712-, 1,104-, and 3-fold and 10-, 18-, and 5-fold less responsive to mesosulfuron and imazamox, respectively, than theSusplants. Sequence alignment of theALSgene of resistant plants revealed a missense single-nucleotide polymorphism resulting in a Trp-574-Leu substitution inMR1-AandMR1-Pplants, heterozygous in both, but not in theMR2plants. An additional homozygous substitution, Asp-376-Glu, was identified in theMR1-Aplants. Addition of malathion or piperonyl butoxide did not alter the efficacy of mesosulfuron onMR2plants. In addition, the presence of 2,4-D had no effect on the response of mesosulfuron on theMR2andSus. These results suggest an altered target site is the mechanism of resistance to ALS inhibitors inMR1-AandMR1-Pplants, whereas a non–target site based resistance apparatus is present in theMR2plants.
Effectiveness of the Pulsar-18 self-expanding stent with optional	drug-coated balloon angioplasty in the treatment of femoropopliteal lesions	– the BIOFLEX PEACE All-Comers Registry
Authors: Lichtenberg Michael , Breuckmann Frank , Kramer Veronika , Betge Stefan , Sixt Sebastian , Hailer Birgit , Nikol Sigrid , Arjumand Jawed , Wittenberg Guenther , Teßarek Jörg , Nolte-Ernsting Claus 
Published: March 2019

Summary. Background: Previous studies showed favorable results after treatment of femoropopliteal lesions with the Pulsar-18 self-expanding (SE) nitinol stent. The objective of this registry was to evaluate whether these results will be confirmed in a real-world setting with varying stenting strategies. Patients and methods: In this prospective, observational trial, 160 patients with 186 femoropopliteal lesions were treated with the Pulsar-18 SE nitinol stent at 9 German sites. Mean lesion length was 116 ± 103 mm, and 41.9 % of the lesions were moderately or heavily calcified. Eighty lesions were concomitantly treated with drug-coated balloon (DCB). Main effectiveness outcome was primary patency at 12 months, and main safety outcome was freedom from the composite of device or procedure related death, major target limb amputation, and clinically driven target lesion revascularization (TLR) at 30 days and 6 months. Results: Kaplan-Meier estimate of primary patency was 89.1 %, 67.3 %, and 57.1 % at 6, 12, and 24 months. Freedom from TLR was 95.5 %, 91.4 %, and 85.2 % at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Lesions, which were additionally treated with DCB (plus DCB-group), were longer (150 versus 82 mm on average, p < 0.0001), and associated with lower primary patency estimates than those without DCB angioplasty (stent-only-group) (log-rank p = 0.006). However, there was no difference in freedom from TLR between groups (log-rank p = 0.542). Improvement by ≥ 1 Rutherford category was achieved in 84.8 %, 81.0 %, and 81.7 % of patients at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Walking distance and patient-reported pain improved persistently through 24 months (p < 0.001). Hemodynamic improvement was achieved in 68.2 %, 73.7 %, and 70.7 % of the patients at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. Conclusions: The Pulsar-18 self-expanding nitinol stent with optional drug-coated balloon angioplasty can be considered an efficacious and safe therapy option for endovascular treatment of femoropopliteal artery disease.