bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of Air Pollution on Kharg Island in the South of	Iran
Authors: Tasharrofi S. , Dahaghin A. , Kazemi H. , Farhadynya M. 
Published: November 2024

Nowadays the development of oil industry has severe effects on environmental pollution. The problem begins from simple crude oil separation units to large refineries. As a case study we chose Kharg Island in which several production units and oily pits are active. This paper is in connection with a research work in two successive years (2000 and 2001) in which monthly concentration of total active sulfur compounds were measured in six stations; in parallel, measurement of sulfur dioxide and meteorological parameters in two seasons (Fall 2000 and Summer 2001) in two other locations have been covered. In this research work, sources, effects and standards of discussed pollutants are investigated and their relation to emission sources have been evaluated. Subsequently the results of measurements in different stations are compared with each other and with standard limits.
Paleoclimate of the Yangtze River's Lower Reaches for the Past	14,000 Years
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Hartmann Heike , Becker Stefan , Zhu Cheng 
Published: November 2024

The paleoclimate of the Yangtze River's lower reaches for the past 14,000 years is investigated by sediment records from the Linfengqiao section, a location near Nanjing. Therefore grain size and geochemical analyses as well as $^{14}$ C and biostratigraphical dating were carried out. The authors have come to the conclusion that the Holocene at the lower Yangtze was not characterized only by a warm and humid climate. In fact, the warm and humid climate was interrupted by two periods of extreme coldness and aridity with temperature and humidity pessima at about 2500 yr B.P. and 8200 yr B.P. There were also two extremely warm and humid periods recorded in which heavy precipitation led to the occurrence of several floods. The temperature and humidity maxima were dated at about 2000 yr B.P. and about 8000 yr B.P. Moreover, large amounts of gravel-grade sedimentary material indicates that the last deglaciation happened at about 11,000 yr B.P.
The Comparative Distribution of Volatile Aromatic Hydrocarbons in	Ambient Air of Hamadan (West of Iran) with Gasoline Stations
Authors: Bahrami Abdul Rahman 
Published: November 2024

Transportation sources create a major pollution problem with hydrocarbons in the ambient air of cities and petrol locations. The objective of this study was comparative distribution of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons (VAH) in the ambient air of Hamadan city and petrol stations. For this purpose, 74 samples of large size were obtained with charcoal tube and pump sampling. Samples were taken at eight sites in Hamadan at which traffic flow varied between 100 to 1200 vehicles per hour. Samples were analyzed with gas chromatography equipped with flame ionizing detector. The mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, m- and p-xylene and o-xylene in gasoline stations were 89.9, 128.6, 61.8 and 25.5μg/m $^3$ respectively. The concentrations depend on density of vehicular traffic per hour. The results of data analyses showed a significant difference between concentration of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline locations and ambient air of Hamadan city (P = 0.005). The mean concentrations of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air during the spring and the summer were more than during autumn and winter (P = 0.005). The concentrations of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline stations and ambient air are high as compared to other cities in the world that made potential effort to citizens' health. The authorities must decrease the amount of benzene in consumption of gasoline in Iran.
Air Pollution Control in Iran with Special References to Iranian	Oil Industry
Authors: Dahaghin A.R. , Kazemi H. , Tasharrofi S. 
Published: November 2024

In this paper reference has been given to the national bodies involved in environmental pollution, with especial emphasis on air problems. The scope of work of some of these organizations and the governing Acts are also explored. Specific attention has been paid to the previous and current activities of Iranian Oil Industry with respect to safeguarding the environment. The annual means of some of the measured pollutants in the vicinity of Tehran Refinery for the period of 1993 to 1998 are given. Even though the sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxidants do not exceed the standards, the soiling index, suspended particulate matter, dust fall and hydrocarbons do.
Use of Wetland for Dye-house Waste Waters Purifying Purposes
Authors: Parac-Osterman Durdica , Sutlovic Ana , Durasevic Vedran , Griessler-Bulc Tjasa 
Published: November 2024

Textile finishing processes produce waste waters burdened by high amounts of dyestuff, which has not been chemically bonded to the fiber in the process of fixation. Also, a great threat to the inlet water ways and the environment itself are high quantities of salt (e.g. NaCl or Na $_2$ SO $_4$ ), used in the processes of cotton dyeing. Although, recently more and more new physical and chemical purifying methods are being developed, with the emphasis on membrane processes, this paper revises an alternative solution to the problem, which is adapting and constructing a purifying system similar to the processes which have been occurring in the nature forever. Efficiency of such constructed wetland will depend on selection and mass relation of natural adsorbents, which should correlate to the natural geological profiles. In this paper wetland was optimized within laboratory investigations and then used as an only method employed in order to purify dye-house wastewater. Optimized combination of purifying media along with Phragmites Australis achieved reduction of measured biological parameters (COD, BOD $_5$ , TOC, AOX, el. conductivity, pH, NH $_4^+$ , NO $_3^-$ , NO $_2^-$ , total P and the amount of Cl $^-$ ions). In order to significantly reduce SAC values, another purifying method (e.g. chemical) should be employed.
Infiltration on Canal as a Method for Recharging Groundwater	Storage
Authors: Sunjoto S. 
Published: November 2024

Water losses in a designed irrigation area for paddy fields is necessary to be examined. Water losses in conveyance canal consists of evaporation and infiltration. The infiltrating water becomes groundwater storage and is distributed along the canal. Semi-empiric equation of infiltration on canal was developed by Moritz (1913) and the semi-graphic equation was developed by Bouwer (1965). Forchheimer (1930) has developed a formula based on dynamic balance of water flow to calculate the permeability coefficient value of soils and was continued by Dachler (1936) and Sunjoto (2002) that computed the shape factor of a well based on those formulas. Further, it can be developed a formula of water losses in the conveyance canals to complete the two existing formulas of Moritz and Bouwer. This research aimed to get a field data and had measured water losses directly in the canal of Sukawati Irrigation Region in Comal, Central Java, Indonesia. The results of the measurement are compared to the calculating results derived from the three formulas of Moritz, Bouwer and the proposed formula, based on the field data and for soil coefficient of permeability is 8.333 × 10 $^{-6}$ m/s. An analysis of the result is conducted using a least square and linear regression method. The result of the comparison are as follows: the proposed formula has the smallest deviation, followed by the Bouwer formula in the middle, and finally the Moritz formula has the biggest deviation.
Application of Ultrafiltration Membrane Technology in Pulp and	Paper Mills in Indian Context: A Review
Authors: Shukla Sudheer Kumar , Kumar Vivek , Bansal M.C. 
Published: November 2024

In general, Indian pulp and paper mills generate 25–225 m $^3$ wastewater/tonne of paper. Pulp and paper mill effluent carries high pollution load in terms of COD, BOD, absorbable organic halides (AOX) and is dark brown in colour mainly due to the lignin and lignin derivatives. Stringent application of new environmental norms in the form of CREP (Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection) has forced many mills to close down their operation. Hence, large proportion of water now being discharged need to be recycled back into the system at the appropriate intake points with/without treatment. There are several conventional treatment processes employed in Indian paper industry which effectively remove BOD, TSS, and also COD but do not remove colour, AOX, heavy metal and process chemicals as per the desired level to recirculate the process water in good condition. Membrane technology is being adopted increasingly in the paper mills for closing their mill production process. Application of membrane technology is one such option which can improve the recycled water quality by removal of heavy metal contaminates, COD, TSS, colour, AOX, and lignin. This shall reduce the load on conventional recovery evaporation system with no significant loss of inorganic compounds. Membranes also provide an effective method of closing the chelating stages and allow the filtrates to be used as bleach plant wash liquors. Membrane filtration also allows efficient recycling of white water. The present paper reviews current status of ultrafiltration in terms of R efforts and its application to the paper industry with due focus of system closure in Indian pulp and paper mills.
Biofilm Characteristics and Compositions in Fluidized Porcelanite	Bioreactors: An Experimental Work
Authors: Afaj Adnan H. , Abbood Dheyaa W. , Mostafa Ayad S. 
Published: November 2024

Two systems of Fluidized Porcelanite Bioreactors (FPBR) were designed and constructed at Al-Rustamiyah Sewage Treatment Plant, South of Baghdad. The first system consists of Upflow Expanded Bed Reactor (UEBR) which is connected in sequence with aerated fluidized bed reactor (AFBR), while the other system is composed of two identical upflow expanded reactors operated in parallel. In order to evaluate the biofilm compositions and its characteristics on Porcelanite aggregates or fragment surfaces, an experimental measurements of the biofilm formation using the light microscopy in fixed media have been undertaken. Systems operation consists of various distinct phases, where influent substrate concentrations were taken from primary sewage and clarifier effluent of Al-Rustamiyah sewage. Three effective parameters, that could influence the rate of biofilm growth such as superficial velocity, substrate, and biomass concentration, were investigated. The rate of biofilm was tested in two types of aeration; the first one was aerated directly compared with second one, which was operated by indirect aeration. Also the rate of biofilm losses for different influent flow rates, substrate concentrations, locations of packing bed in the reactor, and the periods of operation was evaluated. This work showed the main following conclusions: 1. The physical, chemical and biological analyses depend on the environmental conditions to which the attachment surface is exposed. The large portion of biofilm composition was water with 90.4%, and with a small value of volatile fraction ranged to 9.2%, while the fixed fraction is composed of 0.4% of total biofilm by mass. 2. Organic and chemical composition of the fixed fraction of biofilm was determined, where the primary constituents. carbon (C) was to be 58%, and nitrogen (N) to be 15%, and phosphorus (P) to be 2%, while the fixed solid composition was 25%. 3. The inorganic composition of fixed fraction of biofilm varies with chemical and organic properties of bulk water, chemical and physical properties of media, which composes mainly of silica with (45%), and with Fe $^{+2}$ (20%), Mn $^{+2}$ (14%), Al $^{+3}$ (10%), Ca $^{+2}$ (6%) and Mg $^{+2}$ (5%).
Physicochemical Quality and Trace Metal Levels of Municipal Water	from Three Reservoirs in Osun State, Nigeria
Authors: Ogunfowokan A.O. , Ajibola R.O. , Akanni M.S. 
Published: November 2024

The physicochemical quality of municipal water from three waterworks in Osun State, Nigeria was monitored in terms of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, solids (total, suspended and dissolved), nitrates and phosphates from April, 2003 to March, 2004 in order to assess the adequacy of treatment at the waterworks. The trace metal levels as well as the microbial quality of the municipal water from these waterworks were also monitored for the same length of time to establish their pollution levels. The temperature values varied between 24.6°C and 32.0°C. The annual mean pH values for the three municipal water varied between 6.92 and 7.54 and therefore conforms with the WHO guideline of <8.0 in drinking water. The electrical conductivity values obtained ranged from 120.05 μS/cm to 265.00 μS/cm. The mean levels of oxygen-demanding substances, nitrate, phosphate, total solids and dissolved solids were generally low and ranged from 6.23 mg/l to 8.99 mg/l; Not Detected (ND) to 2.59 mg/l; ND to 3.56 mg/l; 77.33 mg/l to 180.00 mg/l and 58.27 mg/l to 116.67 mg/l respectively. The concentrations of these substances were within safe limits. The coliform population varied from zero to 93 coliforms per 100 ml, the total bacteria count ranged between 0.3 × 10 $^4$ Cfu/ml and 45.50 × 10 $^8$ Cfu/ml while Escherichia coli was rarely detected throughout the study. Among the nine trace metals of interest only Hg, As and Cd occurred at concentrations above the WHO limits for drinking water and this give cause for concern
Control of Terrain Parameters on Glacier Shrinkage Pattern in Pin	Parbati Valley, Himachal Himalaya, India
Authors: Ahmad Sarfaraz , Islam Zahoor Ul 
Published: November 2024

The PCA (Principal Component Analysis) technique is used in evaluating the relationship between terrain parameters and old and new glacier surface area. The results indicate that the profile curvature shows a clear relationship with new glacier surface area development, whereas it does not show any relationship with the old glaciers surface area. It indicates that the new glaciers are being controlled by the terrain characteristics whereas the terrain characteristics have less control on the older glaciers surface. The correlation matrix between terrain characteristics of old and new glacier surface area also conforms to the results of principal component analysis. The present study also shows a clear trend in glacier shrinkage between 1963 and 2001 in the Pin Parbati valley in Himachal Himalayas, India. Temporal change in glacier area indicates overall loss of 27% for the period 1963–2001. The shrinkage of glacier varies with glacier size. The smaller glaciers show maximum shrinkage in comparison to the larger glaciers.
Optimal Conversion of Solar Energy of Statically Mounted Systems	in India
Authors: Sharan Anand M. 
Published: November 2024

In this paper, the optimum energy conversion conditions of stationary panels are calculated at different latitudes for 180 days of a year to cover various angular orientation of sun's rays on the earth. On a given day, the incident energy flux of the sun is resolved into three components, and the conversion efficiency is based on the flux normal to the panels. The efficiency of conversion is measured with respect to a solar tracking process. The number of days in a given year are divided into two groups – one between the winter solstice and the spring equinox, and another between the spring equinox and the summer solstice. The results show that, there exist two maxima, one for each of the two periods. By setting the panels at each of these maxima significant (of the order of 5% over the single optimal setting condition also derived in this work) improvement in energy conversion can be achieved.
Does High Silicate Supply Control Phytoplankton Composition and	Particulate Organic Matter Formation in Two Eutrophic Reservoirs in the Brantas	River Catchment, Java, Indonesia?
Authors: Jennerjahn Tim C. , Klöpper Sascha 
Published: November 2024

The Brantas River catchment on the Indonesian island of Java is among the most densely-populated regions in the world. Damming of the river and intensive agriculture in the catchment are supposed to affect the biogeochemistry and ecology of the river, its reservoirs and coastal waters. We collected water, suspended matter and phytoplankton samples from the Sutami and the Selorejo lakes, two major reservoirs in the catchment, in May 2001 and June 2002. Water samples were analyzed for dissolved inorganic nutrients and suspended matter was analyzed for carbon and nitrogen contents and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition. Phytoplankton cells were counted, identified and grouped into four major classes. Both reservoirs displayed clear signs of eutrophication as shown by high nutrient concentrations and high phytoplankton abundance. Phytoplankton abundance was generally higher in the Sutami than in the Selorejo reservoir and in the Sutami reservoir it was much higher in June 2002 than in May 2001. Phytoplankton responded to the amount and composition of nutrients in such a way that diatoms dominated when silicate concentrations and N/P ratios were high in the Sutami reservoir in May 2001. The mass occurrence of the water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes in the Selorejo reservoir was probably responsible for a high uptake of dissolved nutrients resulting in an N/P ratio <8. This favoured the growth of cyanobacteria which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Excessive phytoplankton growth in the Sutami reservoir in June 2002 led to a drastic silicate reduction (165 μM in May 2001, 95 μM in June 2002). This and an N/P ratio <4 consequently resulted in a much lower abundance of diatoms and a much higher abundance of cyanobacteria than in May 2001. The biogenic extraction of silicate by diatoms in reservoirs has often been observed in high latitude regions where it, in combination with high anthropogenic additions of nitrogen and phosphorus and a lack of silicate replenishment downstream of reservoirs, leads to eutrophication of coastal waters and a shift from biomineralizing to nonbiomineralizing phytoplankton. Because of the high weathering rates in the tropical Brantas River catchment, silicate concentrations in the downstream portion of the river were as high as in the headwaters and coastal phytoplankton was dominated by diatoms despite nutrient extraction in reservoirs. It indicates that human activities in river catchments in the humid tropics affect coastal ecosystems in a different way than in high latitude regions.
Sources and Degradation of Sedimentary Organic Matter in Coastal	Waters off the Brantas River, Java, Indonesia
Authors: Propp Claudia , Jänen Ingo , Jennerjahn Tim 
Published: November 2024

Organic matter (OM) processing in estuaries is crucial in the marine environment as significant quantities of OM are buried or modified in these land-ocean-interaction zones. Southeast Asia is globally important in this regard because of high sediment inputs to the ocean and intense human modifications in the coastal zone, as exemplarily can be observed in the catchment of Java's second largest river, the Brantas. In order to investigate sedimentary OM processing, surface sediments and short sediment cores were sampled in its estuary in the rainy and dry seasons of 2008. δ $^{13}$ C $_{org}$ , δ $^{15}$ N and C/N ratios as well as amino acids and hexosamines were used to determine the sources, transformation and fate of estuarine sedimentary organic matter. Ranges in δ $^{13}$ C $_{org}$ of −24.9 to −20.1‰, in δ $^{15}$ N of 3.5 to 5.4‰ and a C/N ratio of 7.9 to 16.5 in the sediments indicate a mixture of freshly produced marine algae and degraded terrestrial soil organic matter. The relative contributions of the autochthonous and allochthonous OM in the estuarine sediments differed according to the amount and dispersal of the land-derived material. As the discharge of the two main river arms, the Porong and the Wonokromo River, showed strong differences with upto five-fold higher values in the Porong River in the rainy season, the highest proportion of terrestrial OM was found off the Porong river mouth that received the highest riverine runoff. Also the lowest sedimentary reactivity was detected in this region as displayed by amino acids (AA) and hexosamines (HA). AA+HA ranged between 0.76 and 5.25 mg g $^{-1}$ , amino acid bound carbon between 5.9 and 22.6% and the AA/HA ratio between 4.2 and 13.0. Furthermore, a reduced intensity of OM degradation was observed in front of the Porong River outlet, which has been attributed to the high quantity of deposited material and the low reactivity of the surface sediments. In a global context, the reactivity of sedimentary OM from the Brantas estuary was in the range of degraded sediments from offshore regions or stations at greater water depth. It indicates that severe OM degradation based on a strong tidally induced resuspension of sediments in the turbid and well mixed waters of the shallow Brantas estuary is responsible for burial of refractory carbon.
Comparative Performance Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Plants in	Gurgaon
Authors: Sahu Vaishali , Varma V. Geetha 
Published: November 2024

The rapid growth of the population, the technological and industrial boom has brought enormous problems and degradation of the environment. Pollution caused by sewage discharged from cities and towns is the primary cause for degradation of water resources. Hence a proper and planned sewage treatment is needed. Gurgaon city hosts two sewage treatment plants located in Dhanwanpur village. These plants are designed and constructed with an aim to manage wastewater so as to minimize and/or remove organic matter, solids, disease-causing organisms and other pollutants, before disposal. This article evaluates and compares the actual behaviour of full-scale anaerobic and aerobic wastewater treatment plants in operation in Gurgaon, providing information on the performance of the processes in terms of the quality of the generated effluent and the removal efficiency achieved. The observed results of effluent concentrations and removal efficiencies of the constituents TSS, BOD, COD, VSS and BOD/COD ratio have been compared with the typical expected performances as per the standards given by CPCB. The treatment technologies selected for study were anaerobic-UASB and aerobic-ASP plants. The results, confirmed by statistical tests, showed that, in general, the best performance was achieved by ASP, but closely followed by UASB reactor, when operating with any kind of post-treatment. It was revealed from the performance study that efficiency of the two treatment plants was adequate with respect to removal of TSS, BOD, COD and VSS. In UASB, TSS, BOD, COD and VSS removal efficiency was 90.2, 87.4, 86.96 and 86.4% respectively, while in ASP, TSS, BOD, COD and VSS removal efficiency was 88.8, 90.07, 84.15 and 90.5 % respectively. The order of removal efficiency was VSS < COD < BOD < TSS and COD < TSS < BOD < VSS respectively in UASB and ASP STPs. Additionally, the problems associated with the operation and maintenance of wastewater treatment plants is discussed.
Celebrities Representation in Print Media Discourse: A Cognitive Approach
Authors: Jameel Maarif 
Published: November 2024

This research paper studies the cognitive aspect of the magazine's cover lines, which are employed to represent and present celebrities to the public. The present study aims to identify the conceptual metaphors and the cognitive function they fulfill in print media discourse, particularly the celebrity magazine category. Lakoff and Johnson 1980 is the model adopted for analyzing the data under study. The results of this paper revealed a scarcity of metaphorical language in magazine cover lines in general. Additionally, most conceptual metaphors have been spotted as confined to limited metaphor patterns and types. These are found geared towards unveiling facts related to a celebrity's private life. They are intended to arouse the readers' curiosity and encourage them to buy the issue.