bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Self-Consciousness Breaks
Authors: Stephens G. Lynn , Graham George 
Published: December 2018

In this book, G. Lynn Stephens and George Graham examine verbal hallucinations and thought insertion as examples of what they call "alienated self-consciousness." In such cases, a subject is directly or introspectively aware of an episode in her mental life but experiences it as alien, as somehow attributable to another person.
Stephens and Graham explore two sorts of questions about verbal hallucinations and thought insertion. The first is their phenomenology—what the experience is like for the subject. The second concerns the implications of alien episodes for our general understanding of self-consciousness. Psychopathologists look at alien episodes for what they reveal about the underlying pathology of mental illness. As philosophers, the authors ask what they reveal about the underlying psychological structure and processes of human self-consciousness.
The authors suggest that alien episodes are caused by a disturbed sense of agency, a condition in which the subject no longer has the sense of being the agent who thinks or carries out the thought. Distinguishing the sense of subjectivity from that of agency, they make the case that the sense of agency is a key element in self-consciousness.
Bradford Books imprint
Contagion and Chaos
Authors: Price-Smith Andrew T. 
Published: December 2018

An analysis of infectious disease as a threat to national security that examines the destabilizing effects of the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic, HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, SARS, and Mad Cow Disease.
Historians from Thucydides to William McNeill have pointed to the connections between disease and civil society. Political scientists have investigated the relationship of public health to governance, introducing the concept of health security. In Contagion and Chaos, Andrew Price-Smith offers the most comprehensive examination yet of disease through the lens of national security. Extending the analysis presented in his earlier book The Health of Nations, Price-Smith argues that epidemic disease represents a direct threat to the power of a state, eroding prosperity and destabilizing both its internal politics and its relationships with other states. He contends that the danger of an infectious pathogen to national security depends on lethality, transmissability, fear, and economic damage. Moreover, warfare and ecological change contribute to the spread of disease and act as “disease amplifiers.”
Price-Smith presents a series of case studies to illustrate his argument: the Spanish influenza pandemic of 1918-19 (about which he advances the controversial claim that the epidemic contributed to the defeat of Germany and Austria); HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa (he contrasts the worst-case scenario of Zimbabwe with the more stable Botswana); bovine spongiform encephalopathy (also known as mad cow disease); and the SARS contagion of 2002-03. Emerging infectious disease continues to present a threat to national and international security, Price-Smith argues, and globalization and ecological change only accelerate the danger.
Sonic Warfare
Authors: Goodman Steve 
Published: December 2018

An exploration of the production, transmission, and mutation of affective tonality—when sound helps produce a bad vibe.
Sound can be deployed to produce discomfort, express a threat, or create an ambience of fear or dread—to produce a bad vibe. Sonic weapons of this sort include the “psychoacoustic correction” aimed at Panama strongman Manuel Noriega by the U.S. Army and at the Branch Davidians in Waco by the FBI, sonic booms (or “sound bombs”) over the Gaza Strip, and high-frequency rat repellants used against teenagers in malls. At the same time, artists and musicians generate intense frequencies in the search for new aesthetic experiences and new ways of mobilizing bodies in rhythm. In Sonic Warfare, Steve Goodman explores these uses of acoustic force and how they affect populations.
Traversing philosophy, science, fiction, aesthetics, and popular culture, he maps a (dis)continuum of vibrational force, encompassing police and military research into acoustic means of crowd control, the corporate deployment of sonic branding, and the intense sonic encounters of sound art and music culture.
Goodman concludes with speculations on the not yet heard—the concept of unsound, which relates to both the peripheries of auditory perception and the unactualized nexus of rhythms and frequencies within audible bandwidths.
Global Democracy and Sustainable Jurisprudence
Authors: Baber Walter F. , Bartlett Robert V. 
Published: December 2018

A proposal for a philosophical foundation and a realistic deliberative mechanism for creating a transnational common law for the environment.
In Global Democracy and Sustainable Jurisprudence, Walter Baber and Robert Bartlett explore the necessary characteristics of a meaningful global jurisprudence, a jurisprudence that would underpin international environmental law. Arguing that theories of political deliberation offer useful insights into the current “democratic deficit” in international law, and using this insight as a way to approach the problem of global environmental protection, they offer both a theoretical foundation and a realistic deliberative mechanism for creating effective transnational common law for the environment. Their argument links elements not typically associated: abstract democratic theory and a practical form of deliberative democracy; the legitimacy-imparting value of deliberative democracy and the possibility of legislating through adjudication; common law jurisprudence and the development of transnational environmental law; and conceptual thinking that draws on Deweyan pragmatism, Rawlsian contractarianism, Habermasian critical theory, and the full liberalism of Bohman, Gutmann, and Thompson. Baber and Bartlett offer a democratic method for creating, interpreting, and implementing international environmental norms that involves citizens and bypasses states—an innovation that can be replicated and deployed across a range of policy areas. Transnational environmental consensus would develop through a novel model of juristic democracy that would generate legitimate international environmental law based on processes of hypothetical rule making by citizen juries. This method would translate global environmental norms into international law—law that, unlike all current international law, would be recognized as both fact and norm because of its inherent democratic legitimacy.
Mergers, Merger Control, and Remedies
Authors: Kwoka John 
Published: December 2018

A comprehensive analysis of merger outcomes based on all empirical studies, with an assessment of the effectiveness of antitrust policy toward mergers.
In recent decades, antitrust investigations and cases targeting mergers—including those involving Google, Ticketmaster, and much of the domestic airline industry—have reshaped industries and changed business practices profoundly. And yet there has been a relative dearth of detailed evaluations of the effects of mergers and the effectiveness of merger policy. In this book, John Kwoka, a noted authority on industrial organization, examines all reliable empirical studies of the effect of specific mergers and develops entirely new information about the policies and remedies of antitrust agencies regarding these mergers. Combined with data on outcomes, this policy information enables analysis of, and creates new insights into, mergers, merger policies, and the effectiveness of remedies in preventing anticompetitive outcomes.
After an overview of mergers, merger policy, and a common approach to merger analysis, Kwoka offers a detailed analysis of the studied mergers, relevant policies, and chosen remedies. Kwoka finds, first and foremost, that most of the studied mergers resulted in competitive harm, usually in the form of higher product prices but also with respect to various non-price outcomes. Other important findings include the fact that joint ventures and code sharing arrangements do not result in such harm and that policies intended to remedy mergers—especially conduct remedies—are not generally effective in restraining price increases. The book's uniquely comprehensive analysis advances our understanding of merger decisions and policies, suggests policy improvements for competition agencies and remedies, and points the way to future research.
Lessons from the Lobster
Authors: Nassim Charlotte 
Published: December 2018

How forty years of research on thirty neurons in the stomach of a lobster has yielded valuable insights for the study of the human brain.
Neuroscientist Eve Marder has spent forty years studying thirty neurons on the stomach of a lobster. Her focus on this tiny network of cells has yielded valuable insights into the much more complex workings of the human brain; she has become a leading voice in neuroscience. In Lessons from the Lobster, Charlotte Nassim describes Marder's work and its significance accessibly and engagingly, tracing the evolution of a supremely gifted scientist's ideas.
From the lobster's digestion to human thought is very big leap indeed. Our brains selectively recruit networks from about ninety billion available neurons; the connections are extremely complex. Nevertheless, as Nassim explains, Marder's study of a microscopic knot of stomatogastric neurons in lobsters and crabs, a small network with a countable number of neurons, has laid vital foundations for current brain research projects.
Marder's approach is as intuitive as it is analytic, but always firmly anchored to data. Every scrap of information is a pointer for Marder; her discoveries depend on her own creative thinking as much as her laboratory's findings. Nassim describes Marder's important findings on neuromodulation, the secrets of neuronal networks, and homeostasis. Her recognition of the importance of animal-to-animal variability has influenced research methods everywhere.
Marder has run her laboratory at Brandeis University since 1978. She was President of the Society for Neuroscience in 2008 and she is the recipient of numerous awards, including the 2016 Kavli Award in Neuroscience and the 2013 Gruber Prize in Neuroscience. Research that reaches the headlines often depends on technical fireworks, and especially on spectacular images. Marder's work seldom fits that pattern, but this book demonstrates that a brilliant scientist working carefully and thoughtfully can produce groundbreaking results.
Shaping ability of the profile 25/0.06 and protaper F2 in rotary motion, and reciproc in simulated canals
Authors: Çelik Gül , Maden Murat , Savgat Ahmet , Orhan Hikmet 
Published: December 2018

Background
Since the introduction of nickel–titanium (Ni–Ti) instruments to dentistry, a wide variety of Ni–Ti instruments have become commercially available. These Ni–Ti instruments are expensive, which limits their usage in developing countries and forces practitioners to use instruments repeatedly. Another problem is the possible prion cross-contamination associated with the multiple usage of endodontic instruments. In addition, the use of these instruments requires new skills and experience. In this article, the shaping capacities of two conventional rotary file systems, ProFile 25/0.06 and ProTaper F2, were reviewed and compared with the Reciproc single-file system.

Methods
A total of 45 simulated canals with 40° curvature, in clear resin blocks, were prepared using conventional rotary systems consisting of ProFile orifice shaping (OS) #3 and final flaring #25/.06, Reciproc R25, and ProTaper shaping file SX and finishing file F2. Pre-and post-instrumentation images were analyzed at ten different levels, using AutoCAD 2007 software. The measurement positions were defined in 1-mm intervals: positions 0–3 established the apical part, positions 4–6 constituted the middle part, and positions 7–10 established the coronal part of the canal. The amount of removed resin, the transportation, instrumentation time, change in working length (WL), instrumentation fractures, and the presence of ledge were evaluated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis and independent t-test (p < 0.001).

Results
ProFile removed the least resin (p < 0.001) and caused less transportation than Reciproc and ProTaper, in total (p < 0.001). ProTaper caused more transportation ProFile and Reciproc in the apical part (p < 0.000). Reciproc caused more transportation than ProTaper and ProFile (p < 0.001), and the transportation tendency toward the inner aspect of the curvature in the middle part. Reciproc caused the less transportation than ProFile and ProTaper in the coronal part. The transportations tended to occur toward the outside of the curvature, except the middle part with Reciproc and at points 5 and 6 with ProTaper. There were no significant differences among the groups in terms of maintaining the original WL. Reciproc was significantly faster than the others group (p < 0.001). Only one instrument fracture (25/0.06 ProFile) was noted. All groups showed one ledge each.

Discussion
The results of the present study showed that both ProFile 25/06 and ProTaper F2, combined with a file used for coronal enlargement (OS3 and SX), have the potential to create satisfactory canal shape in the curved root canals. Further studies using real human teeth are needed to confirm our results.
Recurrent activations of transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 and vanilloid‐4 promote cellular proliferation and migration in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Huang Rongqi , Wang Fei , Yang Yuchen , Ma Wenbo , Lin Zuoxian , Cheng Na , Long Yan , Deng Sihao , Li Zhiyuan 
Published: December 2018

Some members of the transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) subfamily of cation channels are thermosensitive. Earlier studies have revealed the distribution and functions of these thermo‐TRPVs (TRPV1–4) in various organs, but their expression and function in the human esophagus are not fully understood. Here, we probed for the expression of the thermo‐TRPVs in one nontumor human esophageal squamous cell line and two esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines. TRPV1, TRPV2, and TRPV4 proteins were found to be upregulated in ESCC cells, while TRPV3 was not detectable in any of these cell lines. Subsequently, channel function was evaluated via monitoring of Ca2+ transients by Ca2+ imaging and nonselective cation channel currents were recorded by whole‐cell patch clamp. We found that TRPV4 was activated by heat at 28 °C–35 °C, whereas TRPV1 and TRPV2 were activated by higher, noxious temperatures (44 °C and 53 °C, respectively). Furthermore, TRPV1 was activated by capsaicin (EC50 = 20.32 μm), and this effect was antagonized by AMG9810; TRPV2 was activated by a newly developed cannabinoid compound, O1821, and inhibited by tranilast. In addition, TRPV4 was activated by hypotonic solutions (220 m Osm), and this effect was abolished by ruthenium red. The effects of TRPV1 and TRPV4 on ESCC were also explored. Our data, for the first time, showed that the overactivation of TRPV1 and TRPV4 promoted the proliferation and/or migration of ESCC cells. In summary, TRPV1, TRPV2, and TRPV4 were functionally expressed in human esophageal squamous cells, and thermo‐TRPVs might play an important role in the development of ESCC.
Cross‐Cultural Pragmatics
Authors: Stadler Stefanie 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Cross‐cultural pragmatics denotes a field of study that concerns itself with how language acquires meaning through context and through its sociocultural embedding. Because meaning is not inherent in the utterances we produce, messages have to be interpreted drawing on contextual information, the dynamics between the speaker and his/her interactional partner(s), and the common knowledge that we share with our interlocutors. What is pertinent to the study of cross‐cultural pragmatics is, therefore, the notion of speaker intention and the inferences interlocutors draw from them. Speaker intention and listener interpretation are rarely fully aligned and the chances of deriving meaning in line with what was intended decreases with the increase in cultural disparities. To enhance our ability to understand cultural differences and better enable sojourners and learners of foreign languages to deal appropriately with communication in their target languages, cross‐cultural pragmatics explores culturally motivated patterns of interactional preferences in certain contextual settings.
English for Business
Authors: Nickerson Catherine 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThere are many millions of business people across the globe who speak or write English on a daily basis, and hundreds and thousands of business transactions are initiated, negotiated, and completed using English. Outside of contexts where English is used as a first language, it is often also used in business within national borders in countries where it is one of the language choices available because of a country's colonial past, and it may also be chosen for pragmatic reasons because there is an extensive expatriate business community who are unfamiliar with the local language. Because of its widespread use, English has been analyzed more than any other business language. Researchers interested in English for business have looked at a variety of different forms of workplace communication, including business meetings, negotiations, presentations, sales letters, application letters, e‐mail, annual reports, audit reports, advertising texts, various forms of computer‐mediated communication, and corporate home pages. They have also studied the consequences of using business English across the globe, particularly for those people who do not speak it as a first language, and they have looked at the response of readers to promotional texts in English when they are used in contexts outside of the English‐speaking world. Research into English for business has largely been data driven. As a result, it has been characterized by reference to a variety of different research approaches, including sociolinguistics, intercultural communication, discourse analysis, business communication, management studies, English as a lingua franca, and English for specific purposes.
Positivism and Postpositivism
Authors: Weideman Albert 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
Positivism/postpositivism is one of several kinds of categorization that can be used to describe applied linguistic designs. Designs in applied linguistics include language policies, language tests, or language courses, for example. The different styles of working professionally within the discipline provide theoretical rationales for these three kinds of artifacts. Seven such paradigms or styles of doing applied linguistics can be distinguished in the short history of the discipline: the first four are modernist in orientation, though the third (a multidisciplinary approach) and the fourth already foreshadow the 180° degree turnabout that postmodernism brought about. Postmodernism harbors a variety of orientations: ethnography, critical applied linguistics, poststructuralism, narrative enquiry, and even posthumanism. Its most serious challenger, which harks back to modernist starting points, is to be found in complexity theory, and its dynamic systems approach. While many styles of applied linguistics exist side by side, there are now calls for integrating methodologies in a theoretically deliberate rather than a merely pragmatic or eclectic manner.
Theses and Dissertations in English for Specific Purposes
Authors: Paltridge Brian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
This entry reviews research into second language thesis and dissertation writing and issues that students face in this process. Topics covered include factors that influence the decisions a student makes while writing their thesis or dissertation, thesis and dissertation types, the teaching of thesis and dissertation writing, and students' experiences of the thesis and dissertation writing process. Suggestions are made for further research in the area of thesis and dissertation writing and further readings on the topic are provided.
Cell‐Templated Silica Microparticles with Supported Lipid Bilayers as Artificial Antigen‐Presenting Cells for T Cell Activation
Authors: Olden Brynn R. , Perez Caleb R. , Wilson Ashley L. , Cardle Ian I. , Lin Yu‐Shen , Kaehr Bryan , Gustafson Joshua A. , Jensen Michael C. , Pun Suzie H. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBiomaterial properties that modulate T cell activation, growth, and differentiation are of significant interest in the field of cellular immunotherapy manufacturing. In this work, a new platform technology that allows for the modulation of various activation particle design parameters important for polyclonal T cell activation is presented. Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) are successfully created using supported lipid bilayers on various cell‐templated silica microparticles with defined membrane fluidity and stimulating antibody density. This panel of aAPCs is used to probe the importance of activation particle shape, size, membrane fluidity, and stimulation antibody density on T cell outgrowth and differentiation. All aAPC formulations are able to stimulate T cell growth, and preferentially promote CD8+ T cell growth over CD4+ T cell growth when compared to commercially available pendant antibody‐conjugated particles. T cells cultured with HeLa‐ and red blood cell–templated aAPCs have a less‐differentiated and less‐exhausted phenotype than those cultured with spherical aAPCs with matched membrane coatings when cultured for 14 days. These results support continued exploration of silica‐supported lipid bilayers as an aAPC platform.
Imaging Spatial Variations of Optical Bandgaps in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Boyi , Peng Jun , Shen Heping , Duong The , Walter Daniel , Johnston Steve , Al‐Jassim Mowafak M. , Weber Klaus J. , White Thomas P. , Catchpole Kylie R. , Macdonald Daniel , Nguyen Hieu T. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA fast, nondestructive, camera‐based method to capture optical bandgap images of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with micrometer‐scale spatial resolution is developed. This imaging technique utilizes well‐defined and relatively symmetrical band‐to‐band luminescence spectra emitted from perovskite materials, whose spectral peak locations coincide with absorption thresholds and thus represent their optical bandgaps. The technique is employed to capture relative variations in optical bandgaps across various PSCs, and to resolve optical bandgap inhomogeneity within the same device due to material degradation and impurities. Degradation and impurities are found to both cause optical bandgap shifts inside the materials. The results are confirmed with micro‐photoluminescence spectroscopy scans. The excellent agreement between the two techniques opens opportunities for this imaging concept to become a quantified, high spatial resolution, large‐area characterization tool of PSCs. This development continues to strengthen the high value of luminescence imaging for the research and development of this photovoltaic technology.