bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autumn bird migration phenology: A potpourri of wind, precipitation and temperature effects
Authors: Haest Birgen , Hüppop Ommo , van de Pol Martijn , Bairlein Franz 
Published: July 2019

AbstractClimate change has caused a clear and univocal trend towards advancement in spring phenology. Changes in autumn phenology are much more diverse, with advancement, delays, and ‘no change' all occurring frequently. For migratory birds, patterns in autumn migration phenology trends have been identified based on ecological and life‐history traits. Explaining interspecific variation has nevertheless been challenging, and the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. Radar studies on non‐species‐specific autumn migration intensity have repeatedly suggested that there are strong links with weather. In long‐term species‐specific studies, the variance in autumn migration phenology explained by weather has, nevertheless, been rather low, or a relationship was even lacking entirely. We performed a spatially explicit time window analysis of weather effects on mean autumn passage of four trans‐Saharan and six intra‐European passerines to gain insights into this apparent contradiction. We analysed data from standardized daily captures at the Heligoland island constant‐effort site (Germany), in combination with gridded daily temperature, precipitation and wind data over a 55‐year period (1960–2014), across northern Europe. Weather variables at the breeding and stopover grounds explained up to 80% of the species‐specific interannual variability in autumn passage. Overall, wind conditions were most important. For intra‐European migrants, wind was even twice as important as either temperature or precipitation, and the pattern also held in terms of relative contributions of each climate variable to the temporal trends in autumn phenology. For the trans‐Saharan migrants, however, the pattern of relative trend contributions was completely reversed. Temperature and precipitation had strong trend contributions, while wind conditions had only a minor impact because they did not show any strong temporal trends. As such, understanding species‐specific effects of climate on autumn phenology not only provides unique insights into each species' ecology but also how these effects shape the observed interspecific heterogeneity in autumn phenological trends.
Long‐term nitrogen addition modifies microbial composition and functions for slow carbon cycling and increased sequestration in tropical forest soil
Authors: Tian Jing , Dungait Jennifer A. J. , Lu Xiankai , Yang Yunfeng , Hartley Iain P. , Zhang Wei , Mo Jiangming , Yu Guirui , Zhou Jizhong , Kuzyakov Yakov 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNitrogen (N) deposition is a component of global change that has considerable impact on belowground carbon (C) dynamics. Plant growth stimulation and alterations of fungal community composition and functions are the main mechanisms driving soil C gains following N deposition in N‐limited temperate forests. In N‐rich tropical forests, however, N deposition generally has minor effects on plant growth; consequently, C storage in soil may strongly depend on the microbial processes that drive litter and soil organic matter decomposition. Here, we investigated how microbial functions in old‐growth tropical forest soil responded to 13 years of N addition at four rates: 0 (Control), 50 (Low‐N), 100 (Medium‐N), and 150 (High‐N) kg N ha−1 year−1. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content increased under High‐N, corresponding to a 33% decrease in CO2 efflux, and reductions in relative abundances of bacteria as well as genes responsible for cellulose and chitin degradation. A 113% increase in N2O emission was positively correlated with soil acidification and an increase in the relative abundances of denitrification genes (narG and norB). Soil acidification induced by N addition decreased available P concentrations, and was associated with reductions in the relative abundance of phytase. The decreased relative abundance of bacteria and key functional gene groups for C degradation were related to slower SOC decomposition, indicating the key mechanisms driving SOC accumulation in the tropical forest soil subjected to High‐N addition. However, changes in microbial functional groups associated with N and P cycling led to coincidentally large increases in N2O emissions, and exacerbated soil P deficiency. These two factors partially offset the perceived beneficial effects of N addition on SOC storage in tropical forest soils. These findings suggest a potential to incorporate microbial community and functions into Earth system models considering their effects on greenhouse gas emission, biogeochemical processes, and biodiversity of tropical ecosystems.
The oral health‐related section of the interRAI: Evaluation of test content validity by expert rating and assessment of potential reasons for inaccurate assessments based on focus group discussions with caregivers
Authors: Krausch‐Hofmann Stefanie , De Almeida Mello Johanna , Declerck Dominique , Declercq Anja , De Lepeleire Jan , Tran Trung Dung , Lesaffre Emmanuel , Duyck Joke 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the failure of the oral health‐related section of the interRAI (ohr‐interRAI), this study investigated test content validity (A.) and reasons for inaccurate assessments (B.).BackgroundPoor oral health negatively affects quality of life and is associated with a number of systemic diseases. The interRAI instruments, internationally used for geriatric assessment, should accurately detect oral conditions that require care. Previous research showed that the ohr‐interRAI and related precursor versions do not achieve this goal.Materials and Methods(A.) A group of 12 experts rated completeness, relevance, clarity of wording and feasibility of the ohr‐interRAI. Content validity indices were calculated per item (threshold 0.78). (B.) Focus group discussions with 23 caregivers were organized. A semi‐structured question guide made sure that all topics of interest were covered. Qualitative content structuring analysis was applied after transcription.Results(A.) Experts agreed on the relevance of the items on chewing, pain, gingival inflammation and damaged teeth. They regarded none of the items as worded clearly and only prosthesis use and pain were considered to be assessable by untrained caregivers. All experts agreed that the ohr‐interRAI was incomplete. (B.) Focus group discussions revealed that in the care environment oral health had low priority. Aspects related to the ohr‐interRAI itself and aspects related to the assessment situation impeded the oral health assessment. The approach of the caregivers to complete the ohr‐interRAI was inappropriate to accurately detect oral care needs.ConclusionsFindings challenge test content validity of the ohr‐interRAI and reveal reasons for inaccurate assessments.
Sociodemographic determinants of edentulism in the elderly population: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Roberto Luana L. , Crespo Thaisa S. , Monteiro‐Junior Renato S. , Martins Andréa M. E. B. L. , De Paula Alfredo M. B. , Ferreira Efigênia F. , Haikal Desirée S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a systematic review on the demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with edentulism among older persons.BackgroundEdentulism (complete loss of the natural teeth) is one of the main problems affecting the oral health of the elderly individuals. Many unfavourable socioeconomic factors are considered important predictors of edentulism.Materials and methodsThis review was performed according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (PRISMA). The search for published studies was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, SciELO, Google and Google Scholar. Only observational epidemiological studies published in either English or Portuguese prior to June 2018 were included in our study. The bibliographic and methodological characteristics of the selected studies were evaluated. The Review Manager 5.3 software was used in the meta‐analysis.ResultsWe identified 343 articles, 24 of which met all the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. Unfavourable demographic and socioeconomic conditions were associated with the highest proportion of edentulous individuals. Age, level of education, and socioeconomic status were the main factors that were found to influence edentulism among elderly individuals. The meta‐analysis results showed a lower risk of edentulism in men (OR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.90‐0.96) and no significant differences in the risk of developing edentulism among different races/ethnicities or skin colours (OR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.45‐1.01).ConclusionBetter socioeconomic conditions and male sex were identified as protective factors against edentulism among older individuals. Thus, public policies aimed at helping the most vulnerable populations must be implemented.
Cause of death among HIV patients in London in 2016
Authors: Croxford S , Miller RF , Post FA , Harding R , Lucas SB , Figueroa J , Harrison I , Delpech VC , Dhoot S , Sullivan AK 
Published: July 2019

ObjectivesSince 2013, the London HIV Mortality Review Group has conducted annual reviews of deaths among people with HIV to reduce avoidable mortality.MethodsAll London HIV care Trusts reported data on 2016 patient deaths in 2017. Deaths were submitted using a modified Causes of Death in HIV reporting form and categorized by a specialist HIV pathologist and two HIV clinicians.ResultsThere were 206 deaths reported; 77% were among men. Median age at death was 56 years. Cause was established for 82% of deaths, with non‐AIDS‐related malignancies and AIDS‐defining illnesses being the most common causes reported. Risk factors in the year before death included: tobacco smoking (37%), excessive alcohol consumption (19%), non‐injecting drug use (10%), injecting drug use (7%) and opioid substitution therapy (6%). Thirty‐nine per cent of patients had a history of depression, 33% chronic hypertension, 27% dyslipidaemia, 17% coinfection with hepatitis B virus and/or hepatitis C virus and 14% diabetes mellitus. At the time of death, 81% of patients were on antiretroviral therapy (ART), 61% had a CD4 count < 350 cells/μL, and 24% had a viral load ≥ 200 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL. Thirty‐six per cent of deaths were unexpected; 61% of expected deaths were in hospital. Two‐thirds of expected deaths had a prior end‐of‐life care discussion documented.ConclusionsIn 2016, most deaths were attributable to non‐AIDS‐related conditions and the majority of patients were on ART and virally suppressed. However, several potentially preventable deaths were identified and underlying risk factors were common. As London HIV patients are not representative of people with HIV in the UK, a national mortality review is warranted.
Gestational diabetes exposure and adiposity outcomes in childhood and adolescence: An analysis of effect modification by breastfeeding, diet quality, and physical activity in the EPOCH study
Authors: Sauder Katherine A. , Bekelman Traci A. , Harrall Kylie K. , Glueck Deborah H. , Dabelea Dana 
Published: July 2019

SummaryBackgroundIntrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes (GDM) is associated with increased adiposity; however, not all offspring exposed to GDM exhibit excess adiposity.ObjectivesExamine whether optimal diet and activity behaviours in infancy, childhood, and adolescence modify the association between GDM exposure and adiposity.MethodsIn 564 offspring (84 exposed to GDM), we assessed breastfeeding (maternal recall), dietary intake (food frequency questionnaire), physical activity (3‐day recall), and adiposity (BMI, waist‐to‐height ratio, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and subscapular‐to‐triceps skinfold ratio) at 10.4 (SD, 1.5) and 16.7 (SD, 1.2) years. Optimal behaviours were defined as >6 breastmilk months, Healthy Eating Index score >60, and daily vigorous activity >1 hour. Linear mixed models assessed the association between GDM exposure and adiposity among those with optimal versus suboptimal health behaviours, adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, age, and pubertal status.ResultsGDM exposure was associated with increased skinfold ratio, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue among those with <6 breastmilk months (all Ps < .05), but only associated with increased skinfold ratio among those with >6 breastmilk months (P = .01). GDM exposure was associated with increases in all adiposity measures among those with Healthy Eating Index scores <60 (P < .01), but not those with scores >60 (P > .10). GDM exposure was associated with increased BMI and subcutaneous adipose tissue among those with >1 hour of vigorous activity (P < .05) but not among those with <1 hour of vigorous activity (P > .30).ConclusionsThe association of GDM exposure with excess adiposity is attenuated in offspring with more optimal diet and activity behaviours in infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
Extended duration of thromboprophylaxis for medically ill patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Zayed Yazan , Kheiri Babikir , Barbarawi Mahmoud , Banifadel Momen , Abdalla Ahmed , Chahine Adam , Obeid Michele , Haykal Tarek , Yelangi Anitha , Malapati Sindhu , Bachuwa Ghassan , Seedahmed Elfateh 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe benefit of extended‐duration thromboprophylaxis in patients hospitalised for acute medical illness beyond hospital stay remains controversial.AimsTo perform a meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) in order to examine the efficacy and safety of extended‐duration anticoagulation for venous‐thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in this high‐risk population.MethodsAn electronic database search was conducted to include all RCT comparing between extended‐duration versus short‐duration prophylactic anticoagulation in medically ill patients. The primary efficacy outcome was the composite events of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT), symptomatic VTE and death from VTE‐related causes.ResultsFive RCT were included totalling 40 124 patients, with a mean age of 71 years and 51% were male. In comparison to standard‐duration therapy, extended‐duration thromboprophylaxis was associated with a significant reduction in the primary efficacy outcome (risk ratio (RR) 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67–0.85; P < 0.01), symptomatic VTE (RR 0.53; 95% CI 0.33–0.84; P < 0.01) and asymptomatic DVT (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.71–0.94; P < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences between both groups with regard to VTE‐related death (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.60–1.10; P = 0.18) or all‐cause death (RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.88–1.08; P = 0.64). In contrast, extended‐duration thromboprophylaxis was associated with an increased risk of major bleeding (RR 2.04; 95% CI 1.42–2.91; P < 0.01) and non‐major clinically relevant bleeding (RR 1.81; 95% CI 1.29–2.53; P < 0.01).ConclusionsAmong hospitalised medically ill patients, prolonging venous thromboprophylaxis was associated with a decreased risk of composite events of the primary efficacy outcome and increased risk of bleeding with no significant difference in VTE‐related death.
Nicotinic acid suppresses sebaceous lipogenesis of human sebocytes via activating hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2)
Authors: Markovics Arnold , Tóth Kinga Fanni , Sós Katalin Eszter , Magi József , Gyöngyösi Adrienn , Benyó Zoltán , Zouboulis Christos C. , Bíró Tamás , Oláh Attila 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNicotinic acid (NA) activates hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2), and it is widely used in treating dyslipidaemias. Since its side effects include skin dryness, whereas its deficiency can be accompanied by dyssebacia, characterized by sebaceous gland enlargement, we asked if HCA2 is expressed on human sebocytes, and if NA influences sebocyte functions. By using human immortalized SZ95 sebocytes, we found that non‐cytotoxic (≤100 μmol/L; MTT‐assay) concentrations of NA had no effect on the homeostatic sebaceous lipogenesis (SLG; Nile Red), but normalized excessive, acne‐mimicking SLG induced by several lipogenic agents (arachidonic acid, anandamide, linoleic acid + testosterone; Nile Red; 48‐hr treatments). Moreover, it exerted significant anti‐proliferative actions (CyQUANT‐assay), and increased [Ca2+]IC (Fluo‐4 AM‐based Ca2+‐measurement). Although NA did not prevent the lipopolysaccharide‐induced pro‐inflammatory response (up‐regulation [Q‐PCR] and release [ELISA] of several pro‐inflammatory cytokines) of the sebocytes, collectively, these data support the concept that NA may be effective in suppressing sebum production in vivo. While exploring the mechanism of the sebostatic actions, we found that sebocytes express HCA2 (Q‐PCR, immunofluorescent labelling), siRNA‐mediated silencing of which prevented the NA‐induced Ca2+‐signal and the lipostatic action. Collectively, our data introduce NA, and HCA2 activators in general, as novel, potent and most likely safe sebostatic agents, with possible anti‐acne potential.
The impact of maternity training on knowledge, confidence, and empowerment: A mixed method pilot evaluation
Authors: Jomeen Julie , Jones Catriona , Martin Colin R. , Ledger Sara , Hindle Grace , Lambert Carol 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesMaternity training is a critical global issue. In the United Kingdom (UK), the need for safer care and patient safety is emphasized through NHS policy. Health Education England (HEE) recommends that training should support a culture of continuous learning and improvement, particularly in the area of reducing the rates of stillbirths, neonatal and maternity deaths, and other adverse outcomes, such as intrapartum brain injuries. Training has been shown to play a crucial role in improving quality of care and reducing maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. This evaluation was undertaken to determine both the immediate and sustained impact of multiprofessional training in cardiotocograph (CTG) interpretation and community‐based simulation training in obstetric emergencies: childbirth emergencies in the community (CEC). The impact was measured in terms of practitioner knowledge, confidence, and empowerment immediately pretraining and posttraining and at 12 weeks following training.MethodsA longitudinal mixed methods design was used. Attendees to maternity training sessions on cardiotocograph interpretation and management of childbirth emergencies in the community provided the sample. Quantitative data were collected using questionnaires to assess knowledge, confidence, and empowerment. Qualitative data were collected using open‐ended questions embedded in the questionnaires. Quantitative data were analysed using within‐subject t test to compare differences in the dependent variable measures. Qualitative data analysis was guided by Braun and Clarke (2013) method thematic analysis.ResultsThe combined qualitative and quantitative results lucidly highlight that training positively impacts upon knowledge, confidence, and empowerment, an impact which is observed across three time points.ConclusionsTraining in CTG and CEC is effective in improving knowledge, confidence, and empowerment across all groups. Furthermore, the provision of training packages in these subject areas facilitates improvements in the longer term.
The metabolism of U.S. cities 2.0
Authors: Chini Christopher M. , Stillwell Ashlynn S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn the fifty years since Abel Wolman first published an estimate of U.S. urban metabolism, the field of urban metabolism has begun to thrive, with cities outside the United States being much of the focus. As cities attempt to meet local and international sustainability goals, it is time to revisit the metabolism of cities within the United States. Using existing empirical databases for material flows (the Freight Analysis Framework) and a published database on urban water flux, we provide a revised estimate of urban metabolism for the typical U.S. city. We estimate median values of metabolism for a city of one million people, considering water resources, food, fuel, and construction materials. Food consumption and waste production increased substantially to 3,800 metric tons per day and 4,900 metric tons per day, respectively. To facilitate a second generation of urban metabolism, we extend traditional analyses to include the embedded energy required to facilitate material consumption with important implications in determining sustainable urban metabolism. We estimate that a city of one million people requires nearly 4,000 gigajoules of primary energy per day to facilitate its metabolism. Our results show high heterogeneity of urban metabolism across the United States. As a result of the study, we conclude that there is a distinct need to promote policies at the regional or city scale that collect data for urban metabolism studies. Urban metabolism is an important educational and decision‐making tool that, with an increase in data availability, can provide important information for cities and their sustainability goals.
Drug testing complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor chip reveals drug modulation of transmitter release for potential therapeutic applications
Authors: Huang Meng , Rathore Shailendra S. , Lindau Manfred 
Published: July 2019

AbstractNeurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, are considered incurable and significantly reduce the quality of life of the patients. A variety of drugs that modulate neurotransmitter levels have been used for the treatment of the neurodegenerative diseases but with limited efficacy. In this work, an amperometric complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) chip is used for high‐throughput drug testing with respect to the modulation of transmitter release from single vesicles using chromaffin cells prepared from bovine adrenal glands as a model system. Single chromaffin cell amperometry was performed with high efficiency on the surface‐modified CMOS chip and follow‐up whole‐cell patch‐clamp experiments were performed to determine the readily releasable pool sizes. We show that the antidepressant drug bupropion significantly increases the amount of neurotransmitter released in individual quantal release events. The antidepressant drug citalopram accelerates rapid neurotransmitter release following stimulation and follow‐up patch‐clamp experiments reveal that this is because of the increase in the pool of readily releasable vesicles. These results shed light on the mechanisms by which bupropion and citalopram may be potentially effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. These results demonstrate that the CMOS amperometry chip technology is an excellent tool for drug testing to determine the specific mechanisms by which they modulate neurotransmitter release.
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