bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond elocution: Multimodal narrative discourse analysis of L2 storytelling
Authors: Liang Mei-Ya 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDrawing upon research on narrative and speech styles and on digital and multimodal communication, the author proposes multimodal narrative discourse analysis (MNDA) with associated pedagogical and analytical procedures to teach and study storytelling. The second language (L2) students first participated in multimodal narrative simulations in the virtual world of Second Life. The university students then presented, evaluated, and revised stories in both face-to-face and digital contexts through multiple modalities and technologies. MNDA further provided tools and methods for analyzing the students’ discursive processes and agentive experiences of L2 storytelling. The results of MNDA showed that the proper use of narrative elements, discourse structures, and stylistic devices, as well as bodily, visual, and video resources, assisted the students in developing multimodal designs and storytelling styles. This technology-mediated discourse approach to L2 storytelling suggests the importance of teaching and researching broader narrative contexts and activities other than simply elocution in multimodal communicative activities.
Biventricular morphology in adults born with a ventricular septal defect
Authors: Maagaard Marie , Heiberg Johan , Eckerström Filip , Asschenfeldt Benjamin , Rex Christian E. , Ringgaard Steffen , Hjortdal Vibeke E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractVentricular septal defects – large, surgically closed or small, untreated – have demonstrated lower peak exercise capacity compared with healthy controls. The mechanisms behind these findings are not yet fully understood. Therefore, we evaluated biventricular morphology in adults with a ventricular septal defect using MRI. Adults with either childhood surgically closed or small, untreated ventricular septal defects and healthy controls underwent cine MRI for the evaluation of biventricular volumes and quantitative flow scans for measurement of stroke index. Scans were analysed post hoc in a blinded manner. In total, 20 operated patients (22±2 years) and 20 healthy controls (23±2 years) were included, along with 32 patients with small, unrepaired ventricular septal defects (26±6 years) and 28 controls (27±5 years). Operated patients demonstrated larger right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (103±20 ml/m2) compared with their controls (88±16 ml/m2), p=0.01. Heart rate and right ventricular stroke index did not differ between operated patients and controls. Patients with unrepaired ventricular septal defects revealed larger right ventricular end-diastolic volume index (105±17 ml/m2) compared with their controls (88±13 ml/m2), p<0.01. Furthermore, right ventricular stroke index was higher in unrepaired ventricular septal defects (53±12 ml/minute/m2) compared with controls (46±8 ml/minute/m2), p=0.02, with similar heart rates. Both patient groups’ right ventricles were visually characterised by abundant coarse trabeculation. Positive correlations were demonstrated between right ventricular end-diastolic volume indices and peak exercise capacity in patients. Left ventricle measurements displayed no differences between groups. In conclusion, altered right ventricular morphology was demonstrated in adults 20 years after surgical ventricular septal defect repair and in adults with small, untreated ventricular septal defects.
The insurance premium in the interest rates of interlinked loans in a small-scale fishery
Authors: Riekhof Marie-Catherine 
Published: August 2018

AbstractInterest payments based on income flows are a common feature of informal loans. Such so-called ’interlinked loans’ can be seen as insurance against very low disposable incomes, as interest payments are lowest when income turns out to be low. This paper examines whether interlinked loans indeed contain an insurance premium and how those premia are determined. A simple theoretical model predicts that interest rates of interlinked loans increase with income volatility when insurance premia exist. Based on data from a small-scale fishery in India, calculations show that, on average, lenders receive 25 per cent of the income, which corresponds to an average interest rate of 49 per cent p.a. A panel data analysis confirms theoretical predictions that interlinked loans contain an insurance component paid by the borrowers.
Nutrient intakes in an Italian population of infants during the complementary feeding period
Authors: Concina Federica , Pani Paola , Bravo Giulia , Barbone Fabio , Carletti Claudia V , Knowles Alessandra , Ronfani Luca , Parpinel Maria 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the nutrient intakes of an Italian cohort of infants at 6, 9 and 12 months of age.DesignDietary data were collected using a food diary at three follow-ups (6, 9 and 12 months of age of infants). The infants’ dietary data were used to estimate nutrient intakes using the Italian food composition database integrated with data from nutritional labels and the literature. The mean and standard deviation, median and interquartile range, minimum and maximum, and 5th, 25th, 75th and 95th percentiles were calculated for the daily intake of twenty-eight nutrients, with sex differences evaluated using parametric/non-parametric statistical methods.SettingA prospective population-based birth cohort.SubjectInfants (n 400) living in the urban area of Trieste (Italy).ResultsThe sex distribution was fairly balanced at each follow-up. The mean daily intakes of energy and the other twenty-seven nutrients considered were greater in males at all follow-ups. In particular, a significant statistical difference was observed in higher male consumption of cholesterol at 9 months and in energy and carbohydrate intakes at 12 months (P < 0·05). The mean daily intake of proteins was greater than that recommended by the Italian Dietary Reference Values at all follow-ups.ConclusionsThese preliminary results provide a useful basis for understanding the nutrient intake patterns of infants in this area of Italy during the first year of life.
On the quantification of habitability: merging the astrobiological and ecological schools
Authors: Rodríguez-López Lien , Cardenas Rolando , Parra Oscar , González-Rodríguez Lisdelys , Martin Osmel , Urrutia Roberto 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we connect ideas of the astrobiological and ecological schools to quantify habitability. We show how habitability indexes, devised using the astrobiologically inspired Quantitative Habitability Theory (QHT), can be embedded into ecological models of trophic levels. In particular, we address the problem of spatial-temporal scales. It turns out that the versatility of QHT allows to treat spatial and temporal scales typical of ecological studies. As a habitability index, we propose a new version of our Aquatic Primary Habitability, devised by some of us and formerly applied to saltwater ecosystems (both ocean and coastal) and now applied to freshwater. Although the aim of the paper is to outline the methodology rather than realism, initial steps for parameterization are considered for lakes of South-Central Chile.
Separation of Scales in Transpiration Effects on Low Flows: A Spatial Analysis in the Hydrological Open Air Laboratory
Authors: Széles B. , Broer M. , Parajka J. , Hogan P. , Eder A. , Strauss P. , Blöschl G. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe objective of this study was to understand whether spatial differences in runoff generation mechanisms affect the magnitudes of diurnal streamflow fluctuations during low flow periods and which part of the catchment induces the diurnal streamflow signal. The spatiotemporal variability of the streamflow fluctuations observed at 12 locations in the 66‐ha Hydrological Open Air Laboratory experimental catchment in Austria was explained by differences in the vegetation cover and runoff generation mechanisms. Almost a quarter of the volume associated with diurnal streamflow fluctuations at the catchment outlet was explained by transpiration from vegetation along the tributaries; more than three quarters was due to transpiration by the riparian forest along the main stream. The lag times between radiative forcing and evapotranspiration estimated by a solar radiation‐driven model increased from 3 to 11 hr from spring to autumn. The recession time scales increased from 21 days in spring to 54 days in autumn. Observations and model simulations suggest that a separation of scales in transpiration effects on low flows exists both in time and space; that is, the diurnal streamflow fluctuations are induced by transpiration from the riparian vegetation, while most of the catchment evapotranspiration, such as evapotranspiration from the crop fields further away from the stream, do not influence the diurnal signal in streamflow.
Streamline Tracing Methods Based on Piecewise Polynomial Pressure Approximations
Authors: Zhang Nan , Cao Jie , James Lesley A. , Johansen Thormod E. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn this paper, a unified approach for developing streamline tracing method is proposed based on piecewise polynomial pressure approximation functions. It is designed for the numerical schemes that solve the pressure solution at grid blocks while the interior velocity field remains unknown. The suitable velocity approximation functions are derived through analytical differentiation of pressure functions. They better represent the relationship between velocity field and pressure distribution in reality, satisfy the Laplace equation everywhere in a grid block, and ensure local mass conservation and normal flux continuity. Based on different polynomial pressure functions, the Trilinear/Bilinear and Cubic streamline tracing methods are developed. Additionally, a piecewise parabolic velocity reconstruction method is proposed to extend the application of the Cubic method to first‐order numerical schemes. The accuracy and efficiency of the newly proposed methods are evaluated through comparing it with the Pollock and the high‐order method in terms of velocity approximations and computational cost in numerical cases. Comparison results indicate that the Cubic method delivers the most accurate results at the same computational cost.
Hydromechanical Impacts of Pleistocene Glaciations on Pore Fluid Pressure Evolution, Rock Failure, and Brine Migration Within Sedimentary Basins and the Crystalline Basement
Authors: Zhang Yipeng , Person Mark , Voller Vaughan , Cohen Denis , McIntosh Jennifer , Grapenthin Ronni 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe effects of Pleistocene glacial loading on rock failure, permeability increases, pore pressure evolution, and brine migration within two linked sedimentary basins were evaluated using a multiphysics control volume finite element model. We applied this model to an idealized cross section that extends across the continent of North America from the Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. Our analysis considered lithosphere geomechanical stress changes (σyy > 35 MPa) in response to 10 cycles of ice sheet loading. Hydrologic boundary conditions, lithosphere rheological properties, and aquifer/confining unit configuration were varied in a sensitivity study. We used a Coulomb Failure Stress change metric (ΔCFSp > 0.1 MPa) to increase permeability by a factor of 100 in some simulations. Results suggest that a buildup of anomalous pore pressures up to about 3 MPa occurred in confining units during periods of glaciations, but this had only a second‐order effect on triggering rock failure. In regions prone to failure, permeability increases during glaciations help to explain observations of brine flushing in sedimentary basin aquifers. During the Holocene to present day, deglaciation resulted in underpressure formation in confining units primarily along the northern margin of the northern basin. Holocene‐modern geomechanical stress fields were relatively small (<0.6 MPa). However, pore pressure increases associated with postglacial rebound, especially when a basal sedimentary basin aquifer is present, induced rock failure and seismicity up to 150 km beyond the terminus of the ice sheet. Sedimentary basin salinity patterns did not equilibrate after 10 simulated glacial cycles.
Nonsinking Organic Matter Production in the California Current
Authors: Stephens B. M. , Porrachia M. , Dovel S. , Roadman M. , Goericke R. , Aluwihare L. I. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractProductive eastern boundary upwelling systems such as the California Current Ecosystem (CCE) are important regions for supporting both local and remote food webs. Several studies have reported on the temporal and spatial variability of primary production and gravitational export in the CCE. However, few studies have quantified the partitioning of net primary and new production into other reservoirs of detrital organic matter. This study tested the hypothesis that nonsinking detrital reservoirs are an exportable reservoir of new production in the CCE with samples collected by the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigation survey between 2008 and 2010. Water column gradients in nitrate (NO3−) and total organic carbon (TOC; which excludes sinking particulate organic carbon) were used to estimate potential rates of new production (PNew) and TOC production (PTOC), respectively. The PTOC:PNew varied between 0.16 and 0.56 and often increased with indicators of enhanced autotrophic production. At times, surface stratification was also correlated with elevated PTOC:PNew. In the most productive, inshore region, PTOC exceeded previously reported sinking export rates, which identified TOC as a quantitatively significant repository of exportable carbon in the CCE. However the sum of PTOC and sinking export for these productive regions was less than both PNew and oxygen‐based estimates of net community production. These results imply that nonsinking reservoirs alone are not sufficient to explain observed imbalances between production and export for the most productive CCE regions.
Lethargic Response to Aerosol Emissions in Current Climate Models
Authors: Storelvmo Trude , Heede Ulla K. , Leirvik Thomas , Phillips Peter C. B. , Arndt Philipp , Wild Martin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe global temperature trend observed over the last century is largely the result of two opposing effects—cooling from aerosol particles and greenhouse gas warming. While the effect of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations on Earth's radiation budget is well constrained, that due to anthropogenic aerosols is not, partly due to a lack of observations. However, long‐term surface measurements of changes in downward solar radiation (SDSR), an often used proxy for aerosol radiative impact, are available worldwide over the last half century. We compare SDSR changes from ∼1,400 stations to those from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Version 5 global climate simulations over the period 1961–2005. The observed SDSR shows a strong early downward trend followed by a weaker trend reversal, broadly consistent with historical aerosol emissions. However, despite considerable changes to known aerosol emissions over time, the models show negligible SDSR trends, revealing a lethargic response to aerosol emissions and casting doubt on the accuracy of their future climate projections.
Topographic and Seismic Constraints on the Vulnerability of Himalayan Hydropower
Authors: Schwanghart Wolfgang , Ryan Marie , Korup Oliver 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe compiled damages to hydropower projects (HPPs) in the wake of Nepal's 2015 Gorkha earthquake and its main aftershock. Based on 41 records of HPP losses, we identify the main mechanisms determining the degree of loss. We show that, among these mechanisms, earthquake‐triggered landslides had the largest share. Landslides clustered where peak ground acceleration and river steepness Mχ, a metric frequently used in tectonic geomorphology, attain high values. A Bayesian logistic regression reveals that both metrics are credible predictors for HPP damage states. Our study underscores the vulnerability of Himalayan hydropower to landsliding. We estimate that ~25% of existing, currently constructed, and planned HPPs and >10% of potential HPP sites along Himalayan rivers have high probabilities of moderate to severe damage during future earthquake. Our study highlights that HPP hazard assessments need to consider both seismic and the geomorphic setting of HPP sites conjunctively.
First Observation of Transport of Solar Wind Protons Scattered From Magnetic Anomalies Into the Near Lunar Wake: Observations by SARA/Chandrayaan‐1
Authors: Dhanya M. B. , Bhardwaj Anil , Alok Abhinaw , Futaana Yoshifumi , Barabash Stas , Wieser Martin , Holmström Mats , Wurz Peter 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe report the first observational evidence for the transport of the solar wind protons scattered from the lunar magnetic anomaly (LMA) into the near wake region from SWIM/Sub‐keV Atom Reflecting Analyzer (SARA) aboard Chandrayaan‐1. These protons with high angular spread are observed in the near wake region for specific orientations of interplanetary magnetic field. The typical energy range is 600–1,000 eV, which is either smaller or comparable to that of solar wind. Using our backtracing model, the source region of these protons is found to be the large LMA at South Pole‐Aitken basin on the dayside, suggesting that these are solar wind protons forward scattered from LMA at the South Pole‐Aitken. The flux of these protons is ∼5 × 10−4 of the solar wind proton flux, which is comparable to the proton population in near wake due to other known processes. Such protons can significantly affect the electromagnetic environment in near wake region.
In Situ Observation of Magnetic Reconnection Between an Earthward Propagating Flux Rope and the Geomagnetic Field
Authors: Man H. Y. , Zhou M. , Deng X. H. , Fu H. S. , Zhong Z. H. , Chen Z. Z. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Paterson W. R. , Giles B. L. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Ergun R. E. , Burch J. L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIt has been proposed that, in the near‐Earth magnetotail, earthward propagating flux ropes can merge with the Earth's dipole magnetic field and dissipate its magnetic energy. However, the reconnection diffusion region related to this process has not been identified. Here we report the first in situ observation of magnetic reconnection between an earthward propagating flux rope and the closed magnetic field lines connecting to Earth. Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft crossed a vertical current sheet between the leading edge of the flux rope (negative Bz) and the geomagnetic field (positive Bz). The subion‐scale current sheet, super‐Alfvénic electron outflow, Hall magnetic and electric field, conversion of magnetic energy to plasma energy (J·E > 0), and magnetic null were observed during the crossing. All the above signatures indicate that MMS detected the reconnection diffusion region. This result is also relevant to other planets with intrinsic magnetosphere.
How Well Does the Mechanistic Water Quality Model CE‐QUAL‐W2 Represent Biogeochemical Responses to Climatic and Hydrologic Forcing?
Authors: Zhang Chen , Brett Michael T. , Brattebo Shannon K. , Welch Eugene B. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMechanistic water quality models are applied globally for water quality management in rivers and lakes. However, it is unclear how well these models represent the response of lakes to changes in climate and hydrologic conditions. To address this question, we conducted a series of climate and hydrologic sensitivity analyses using a parameterized water quality model, CE‐QUAL‐W2, for the Spokane River and Lake Spokane system. Two experimental tests with climate and flow forcing showed that the model predictions were rather insensitive to climatic‐driven hydrologic changes and a wide range of hydrologic conditions (1st to 99th percentile flows) for two different wastewater treatment plant discharge scenarios. The model realistically represented some aspects of Lake Spokane's observed responses to climatic and hydrologic variability, for example, the water residence time and some water quality trends. However, the model overestimated the reservoir total phosphorus (TPR) concentration by ~37% and the chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration by ~31% and underestimated the minimum volume‐weighted hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DOMIN) concentration by ~26% for a wide range of flows compared to the observed data. In contrast to the model's water quality insensitivity, the modeled temperature was more sensitive to flow than was actually observed in Lake Spokane. This study provides guidance for improving the response of one of the most important mechanistic water quality models to climatic and hydrologic forcing and should help modelers and decision‐makers to develop a rigorous assessment of climate and flow sensitivity to improve the margin of safety when setting total maximum daily load targets.
A Transdisciplinary Review of Deep Learning Research and Its Relevance for Water Resources Scientists
Authors: Shen Chaopeng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDeep learning (DL), a new generation of artificial neural network research, has transformed industries, daily lives, and various scientific disciplines in recent years. DL represents significant progress in the ability of neural networks to automatically engineer problem‐relevant features and capture highly complex data distributions. I argue that DL can help address several major new and old challenges facing research in water sciences such as interdisciplinarity, data discoverability, hydrologic scaling, equifinality, and needs for parameter regionalization. This review paper is intended to provide water resources scientists and hydrologists in particular with a simple technical overview, transdisciplinary progress update, and a source of inspiration about the relevance of DL to water. The review reveals that various physical and geoscientific disciplines have utilized DL to address data challenges, improve efficiency, and gain scientific insights. DL is especially suited for information extraction from image‐like data and sequential data. Techniques and experiences presented in other disciplines are of high relevance to water research. Meanwhile, less noticed is that DL may also serve as a scientific exploratory tool. A new area termed AI neuroscience, where scientists interpret the decision process of deep networks and derive insights, has been born. This budding subdiscipline has demonstrated methods including correlation‐based analysis, inversion of network‐extracted features, reduced‐order approximations by interpretable models, and attribution of network decisions to inputs. Moreover, DL can also use data to condition neurons that mimic problem‐specific fundamental organizing units, thus revealing emergent behaviors of these units. Vast opportunities exist for DL to propel advances in water sciences.