bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Stable Oxygen Electrodes Enabled by Catalyst Redistribution through an In Situ Electrochemical Method
Authors: Liu Bin , Xu Wu , Luo Langli , Zheng Jianming , Ren Xiaodi , Wang Hui , Engelhard Mark H. , Wang Chongmin , Zhang Ji‐Guang 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn this work, for the first time an in situ electrochemical pretreatment approach to fabricate a highly reversible oxygen electrode with redistributed ultrafine RuO2 catalysts on a carbon nanotube (CNT) matrix is reported. The optimally pretreated RuO2/CNT oxygen electrodes demonstrate an extremely stable cycling life, 800 times with non‐Li metal anode, under a capacity‐limited protocol of 800 mAh g−1 in an ether‐based electrolyte in an O2 environment. The highly stable activity of ultrafine RuO2 catalysts in oxygen reduction and evolution processes originates from the synergetic effect of greatly reduced size of catalyst (<2 nm) and uniform redistribution of catalyst particles after the in situ electrochemical pretreatment process. The pretreatment method discovered in this work can not only significantly enhance the activity/efficiency of the catalysts used for air electrodes but can also be widely applied to other electro‐catalysis systems.
Hydrous RuO2‐Decorated MXene Coordinating with Silver Nanowire Inks Enabling Fully Printed Micro‐Supercapacitors with Extraordinary Volumetric Performance
Authors: Li Hongpeng , Li Xiran , Liang Jiajie , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe fabrication of fully printable, flexible micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) with high energy and power density remains a significant technological hurdle. To overcome this grand challenge, the 2D material MXene has garnered significant attention for its application, among others, as a printable electrode material for high performing electrochemical energy storage devices. Herein, a facile and in situ process is proposed to homogeneously anchor hydrous ruthenium oxide (RuO2) nanoparticles on Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets. The resulting RuO2@MXene nanosheets can associate with silver nanowires (AgNWs) to serve as a printable electrode with micrometer‐scale resolution for high performing, fully printed MSCs. In this printed nanocomposite electrode, the RuO2 nanoparticles contribute high pseudocapacitance while preventing the MXene nanosheets from restacking, ensuring an effective ion highway for electrolyte ions. The AgNWs coordinate with the RuO2@MXene to guarantee the rheological property of the electrode ink, and provide a highly conductive network architecture for rapid charge transport. As a result, MSCs printed from the nanocomposite inks demonstrate volumetric capacitances of 864.2 F cm−3 at 1 mV s−1, long‐term cycling performance (90% retention after 10 000 cycles), good rate capability (304.0 F cm−3 at 2000 mV s−1), outstanding flexibility, remarkable energy (13.5 mWh cm−3) and power density (48.5 W cm−3).
Strategies for interfacial localization of graphene/polyethylene‐based cocontinuous blends for electrical percolation
Authors: Mun Sung Cik , Kim Min Jae , Cobos Mónica , Gu Liangliang , Macosko Christopher W. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe have investigated melt blending approaches to interfacial localization of few‐layer graphene in cocontinuous polymer blends with polyethylene as one of the components. When linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE)/polypropylene (PP) or high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/polylactic acid (PLA) and graphene were mixed all together, graphene preferred polyethylene over PP or PLA. When PP and graphene were premixed and blended with polyethylene, some graphene was trapped at the blend interface but not enough to cover the large interfacial area. In contrast, an ultralow electrical percolation was achieved (< 0.1 vol%) in HDPE/PLA blend due to smaller interfacial area. In another approach, polystyrene was added as a tertiary minor component to HDPE/PLA blends. This continuous interfacial layer containing graphene led to a low electrical percolation threshold (< 0.2 vol%). From these investigations, we suggest general ways to reduce a percolation threshold by kinetic control of the morphology of cocontinuous polymer blends.
Gain scheduling PID control for directed self‐assembly of colloidal particles in microfluidic devices
Authors: Gao Yu , Lakerveld Richard 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDirected self‐assembly provides a promising route to fabricate small‐scale structures for various engineering applications. The use of the external fields of variable strength and frequency allows for active controls to be implemented. For assembling specific structural features, precise control over a local particle density is often needed, which can be achieved using feedback control. However, the strong nonlinear behavior of directed self‐assembly complicates such control. In this work, a gain‐scheduling feedback control strategy for directed self‐assembly of colloidal particles is presented. The process gain is described by an empirical steady‐state model, which is used for scheduling a proportional‐integral feedback controller. The automated controller is implemented experimentally in a microfluidic device for directed self‐assembly of colloidal particles. The gain‐scheduled controller shows a significantly improved dynamic performance compared with a conventional proportional‐integral controller over a broad range of operating parameters.
Fitness benefits and costs of floral advertising traits: insights from rayed and rayless phenotypes ofAnacyclus(Asteraceae)
Authors: Cerca José , Agudo Alicia B. , Castro Sílvia , Afonso Ana , Alvarez Inés , Torices Rubén 
Published: February 2019

Premise of the StudyRay flowers commonly observed in daisies’ flowering heads are a well‐known example of advertising structures for enhancing pollinator attraction. Despite this, ray loss has occurred in multiple lineages, which still rely on pollinators, suggesting that rayless phenotypes could also be adaptive for animal‐pollination. Here, we investigate the benefits and costs of these specialized floral advertising structures by comparing rayed and rayless phenotypes in two hybridizing closely related species.MethodsWe assessed the advantages and costs of ray production in terms of floral visitor's attraction, pollen limitation, and female reproductive success using the broad natural variation on ray size and number at the contact zone ofA. clavatus(rayed) andA. valentinus(rayless). In addition, we experimentally explored the effect of rays under controlled neighborhoods and the effect of ray removal on fruit production.Key ResultsIn sympatry, rayed phenotypes attracted significantly more visitors than rayless plants, in which seed production was pollen limited. However, rayed phenotypes did not show higher fruit set or seed production than rayless phenotypes. Fruit set and seed production benefited from denser neighborhood displays and larger individual floral displays, respectively. The removal of ray florets did not appear to enable resource reallocation to fruit production.ConclusionsRayless heads compensated their lower visitation rate by means of a higher number of flowers per head achieving similar fecundity levels to rayed plants. The larger size of rayless heads might thus indicate an inflorescence‐level trade‐off between attraction and fertility.
Investigating the effect of endocranial volume on cranial shape in platyrrhines and the relevance of this relationship to interpretations of the fossil record
Authors: Halenar‐Price Lauren , Tallman Melissa 
Published: February 2019

AbstractObjectivesFossils have been linked to Alouatta based on shared cranial morphology and small brain size. However, the relationship between endocranial volume and cranial shape is unclear; it is possible that any platyrrhine with a small brain may exhibit “Alouatta‐like” features due to being “de‐encephalized.” We test two hypotheses: (a) there are aspects of cranial shape related to encephalization common to all platyrrhines; (b) it is these cranial traits that unite the small‐brained “Alouatta‐like” fossils.Materials and methodsThree‐dimensional cranial shape and endocranial volume (ECV) were measured on 350+ extant platyrrhine crania, Cartelles, Paralouatta, and Antillothrix. Encephalization quotient (EQ) was calculated using regressions of ECV on cranial centroid size. Multivariate regressions were performed using the shape coordinates and EQ and shape changes associated with EQ were visualized. Cranial shape was predicted for a hypothetical primate with an EQ matching the fossils and this shape was compared to the Alouatta mean.ResultsThere is a significant proportion of cranial shape variation explained by EQ in some taxa. The aspects of shape that are correlated with EQ are shared by several taxa and some have parallel regression vectors, but there is no overall pattern of shape change common to all platyrrhines. However, all taxa look more similar to Alouatta when their EQ is decreased, particularly Pithecia.DiscussionGiven that a decrease in encephalization can cause a more Alouatta‐like cranial shape in many extant platyrrhines, it should not be automatically assumed that Alouatta‐like cranial traits in a small‐brained fossil are evidence of a phylogenetic link to the alouattin clade.
Rethinking interhemispheric imbalance as a target for stroke neurorehabilitation
Authors: Xu Jing , Branscheidt Meret , Schambra Heidi , Steiner Levke , Widmer Mario , Diedrichsen Jörn , Goldsmith Jeff , Lindquist Martin , Kitago Tomoko , Luft Andreas R. , Krakauer John W. , Celnik Pablo A. ,   the SMARTS Study Group
Published: February 2019

ObjectivePatients with chronic stroke have been shown to have failure to release interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) from the intact to the damaged hemisphere before movement execution (premovement IHI). This inhibitory imbalance was found to correlate with poor motor performance in the chronic stage after stroke and has since become a target for therapeutic interventions. The logic of this approach, however, implies that abnormal premovement IHI is causal to poor behavioral outcome and should therefore be present early after stroke when motor impairment is at its worst. To test this idea, in a longitudinal study, we investigated interhemispheric interactions by tracking patients’ premovement IHI for one year following stroke.MethodsWe assessed premovement IHI and motor behavior five times over a 1‐year period after ischemic stroke in 22 patients and 11 healthy participants.ResultsWe found that premovement IHI was normal during the acute/subacute period and only became abnormal at the chronic stage; specifically, release of IHI in movement preparation worsened as motor behavior improved. In addition, premovement IHI did not correlate with behavioral measures cross‐sectionally, whereas the longitudinal emergence of abnormal premovement IHI from the acute to the chronic stage was inversely correlated with recovery of finger individuation.InterpretationThese results suggest that interhemispheric imbalance is not a cause of poor motor recovery, but instead might be the consequence of underlying recovery processes. These findings call into question the rehabilitation strategy of attempting to rebalance interhemispheric interactions in order to improve motor recovery after stroke. Ann Neurol 2019;85:502–513
Derivation and Validation of a Major Toxicity Risk Score Among Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Users Based on Data From a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Solomon Daniel H. , Shao Ming , Wolski Kathy , Nissen Steven , Husni M. Elaine , Paynter Nina 
Published: February 2019

ObjectiveWhile nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in rheumatology, they can cause major toxicity. Improving the risk/benefit ratio requires a more precise understanding of risk. This study was undertaken to derive and validate a risk score for major toxicity among NSAID users enrolled in a randomized controlled trial.MethodsPatients enrolled in a randomized controlled trial who had known cardiovascular disease or risk factors as well as osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis were divided into derivation and validation cohorts. Patients were randomized to receive celecoxib, naproxen, or ibuprofen at typical dosages. The risk score was designed to predict the 1‐year occurrence of major toxicity among NSAID users, including major adverse cardiovascular events, acute kidney injury, significant gastrointestinal events, and mortality. Variables significantly associated with major toxicity were candidates for inclusion in the final regression model. After derived models were found to have a similar model fit in the validation set, the cohorts were combined, allowing calculation of a risk score.ResultsIn the derivation cohort, significant variables included age, male sex, history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, statin use, elevated serum creatinine level, hematocrit level, and type of arthritis. The C‐index was 0.73 in the validation cohort and 0.71 in the total cohort; the model was well calibrated. Of the total population with complete data (n = 23,735), 1,080 participants (4.6%) had a predicted 1‐year risk of major toxicity of <1%, 16,273 (68.6%) had a predicted risk of 1–4%, and 6,382 (26.9%) had a predicted risk of >4%.ConclusionThe risk score accurately categorizes the 1‐year risk of major toxicity among NSAID users and may be useful in identifying patients who can safely use these agents.
Birth prevalence of orofacial clefts among perinatal infants: A register‐based study in Bao'an district, Shenzhen, China
Authors: Luo Ya Li , Wang Wei , Gao Xiao Hui , Huang Yue Hua , Xu Quan , Cheng Yu Li 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundThe birth prevalence of orofacial clefts (OFCs) has been widely studied, but results are considerable varied, and epidemiological studies in southern China are few in numbers. To address this gap, we carried out a register‐based study to estimate the birth prevalence of OFCs in Bao'an district, Shenzhen, China.MethodsData of perinatal infants born between 2003 and 2017 were extracted from Shenzhen Maternal and Child Health Management System. The overall OFCs birth prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI) as well as subgroup analysis based on selected demographic factors was conducted. Cochran–Armitage trend tests were applied to evaluate the time trend by 5‐year intervals.ResultsThe overall birth prevalence of OFCs, cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate only (CPO) was 1.30 (95% CI 1.21–1.39), 1.00 (95% CI 0.92–1.08), and 0.30 (95% CI 0.25–0.34) per 1,000 births, respectively. An overall declining tendency was observed in the OFCs (from 1.83 to 1.04 per 1,000 births), specifically CL/P (from 1.53 to 0.69 per 1,000 births) birth prevalence over 5‐year intervals, with statistical significance (p < 0.01). Subgroup analysis revealed that the CL/P and CPO birth prevalence was differed by infant gender, household registration, maternal age, and parity.ConclusionOur findings had firstly reported the birth prevalence of OFCs in Bao'an district, and might help other researchers to plan more comprehensive public health strategies to reduce the occurrence of OFCs in further generation.
Die Wiener Hirnforschung und die Entstehung des österreichischen Positivismus
Authors: Hlade Josef 
Published: February 2019

AbstractViennese Brain Research and the Formation of Austrian Positivism. In this paper, I want to argue that the Vienna School of Medicine and especially the Viennese Brain Anatomy had an impact on the formation of the Austrian positivism. I argue that Carl von Rokitansky's (1804–1878) doctrine that psychological phenomena must be translated into anatomical facts and Theodor Meynert's (1833–1892) theory of brain functions served as one basis for the formation of the Austrian positivism. In this sense, two of the main early positivistic thinkers, Ernst Mach (1838–1916) and Richard Wahle (1857–1935), used Meynert's brain theory to argue for a bundle view of the Self. Friedrich Jodl (1849–1914) also thought about his theory, and even Moritz Schlick (1882–1936) who demanded a ‘reduction of the psychology to the brain physiology’ grappled with this approach. Meynert, a scholar of Rokitansky, the founder of the Vienna School of Medicine, was a leading figure in the history of neurology and has made several significant contributions to this discipline. He argues that the Self does not exist from an anatomical point of view. As Richard Wahle tells us, Meynert's theory of the brain functions was widely accepted under the brain researchers by the end of the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century. He makes clear that brain researchers did in common refer to Meynert's theory to explain psychical functions as brain functions. He says from their point of view there was no doubt about it. Mach talks about Meynert's theory in Erkenntnis und Irrtum. There he says that Meynert's brain theory explains the nature and conditions of the consciousness. Michael Hagner argues that Mach's “Das Ich ist unrettbar” is hardly imaginable without the cerebral embedding of the mental functions.
Afrika im Blick der akademischen Welt der DDR. Ein wissenschaftsgeschichtlicher Überblick der afrikabezogenen Ethnographie
Authors: van der Heyden Ulrich 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAfrica in the View of the Academic World of the GDR: An Overview of the History of African Ethnography. Ethnography – also referred to as ethnology by the GDR – was a “minor subject” in which typical big science problems such as mass‐study and large‐scale research played no role. It was therefore not the focus of science policy interventions by the state and/or its ruling party. Nevertheless, ethnographic research, exemplified by the sub‐discipline related to Africa, remained within the limits set by the state and ruling party. Despite of these relative restrictions, the two East German universities in Berlin and Leipzig, as well as the ethnological museums in Leipzig and Dresden, have succeeded in presenting research results that are relevant and remain valid to the present day.
Ein Haus für Pettenkofer. Wissenschaftliche Traditionspflege in München 1902–1962
Authors: Schütz Mathias 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA House for Pettenkofer. Cultivation of a Scientific Tradition in Munich, 1902–1962. The article deals with three attempts to preserve the memory as well as the scientific heritage of Max von Pettenkofer, made by his successors at the University of Munich's Institute of Hygiene, Max von Gruber, Karl Kisskalt, and Hermann Eyer. All of those scientific memorials were supposed to take the form of a building: an interdisciplinary center of science and education in the city of Munich, an outpost of the Institute of Hygiene in Pettenkofer's birthplace in rural Bavaria, and a new building for the institute itself. The effort to establish such a place of memory and emulation were driven, on the one hand, by Pettenkofer's downright mythical reputation as the man who not only had established a new scientific field but saved Munich from dirt and pestilence; on the other hand, it was motivated by his successors’ respective understanding of which aspects of Pettenkofer's legacy were worth preserving as well as helpful in order to advance their own scientific and institutional standing – a calculation which turned out to be still valid and compelling more than half a decennium after Pettenkofer's death.
Der Klassische Archäologe Hermann Thiersch (1874–1939) und der Erwerb der Basler Papyrussammlung im Jahr 1899/1900
Authors: Huebner Sabine R. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe Classical Archaeologist Hermann Thiersch (1874–1939) and the Acquisition of the Basel Papyrus Collection in 1899/1900. During the winter of 1899/1900, the young archaeologist Hermann Thiersch traveled to Cairo to purchase papyri for the universities in Basel, Strasbourg, and Munich. By this point, European and North American collectors and researchers were racing to discover the finest material either for their own archaeological excavations or by purchasing papyri from local antiquities dealers who were generally supplied with material by looters. This article examines the acquisition of the Basel papyrus collection in the context of the great ‘papyrus rush’ that was in full swing. It also offers an insight into the collaboration of European archaeologists and classicists working in Egypt at the turn of the twentieth century.
Gene‐Centric Metagenome Analysis Reveals Gene Clusters for Carbon Monoxide Conversion and Validates Isolation of a Clostridial Acetogen for C2 Chemical Production
Authors: Kang Hyunsoo , Park Byeonghyeok , Bolo Nicole R. , Pathiraja Duleepa , Park Shinyoung , Cha Minseok , Choi In‐G. , Chang In S. 
Published: February 2019

Syngas fermentation is largely dependent on acetogens that occur in various anaerobic environmental samples including soil, sediment, and feces. Here the authors report the metagenomic isolation of acetogens for C2 chemical production from syngas. Screening acetogens for C2 chemical production typically involves detecting the presence of the Wood‐Ljungdahl Pathway for carbon monoxide conversion. The authors collect samples from river‐bed sediments potentially having conditions suitable for carbon monoxide‐converting anaerobes, and enrich the samples under carbon monoxide selection pressure. Changes in the microbial community during the experimental procedure are investigated using both amplicon and shotgun metagenome sequencing. Combined next‐generation sequencing techniques enabl in situ tracking of the major acetogenic bacterial group and lead to the discovery of a 16 kb of gene cluster for WLP. The authors isolat an acetogenic clostridial strain from the enrichment culture (strain H21‐9). The functional activity of H21‐9 is confirmed by its high level of production of C2 chemicals from carbon monoxide (77.4 mM acetate and 2.5 mM of ethanol). This approach of incorporating experimental enrichment with metagenomic analysis can facilitate the discovery of novel strains from environmental habitats by tracking target strains during the screening process, combined with validation of their functional activity.
Design and preparation of organic nanomaterials using self‐assembled peptoids
Authors: Battigelli Alessia 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe self‐assembly and self‐organization of peptoids, peptidomimetic polymers composed of N‐substituted glycine monomers, can result in a plethora of well‐defined organic nanostructures. Such classes of nanomaterials represent highly interesting functional platforms for many applications, for example, drug delivery, sensing, and catalysis. The main advantages of using self‐assembling peptoids to engineer organic nanostructures include their chemical diversity, biocompatibility, enzymatic stability, and ease of synthesis. The goal of this review is to present a comprehensive summary of the most relevant studies regarding the self‐assembling process of peptoids into zero‐, one‐, and two‐dimensional nanostructures, with a focus on their mechanism of formation and their potential applications.