bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study protocol: A randomized controlled trial assessing the avoidance of endotracheal suction in cardiac surgical patients ventilated for ≤ 12 hr
Authors: Gilder Eileen , Parke Rachael L. , McGuinness Shay , Jull Andrew 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimsTo assess the safety and efficacy of avoiding endotracheal suction in postoperative cardiac surgical patients mechanically ventilated for ≤ 12 hr.DesignA prospective, single centre, single blind, non‐inferiority, randomized controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of avoiding suction in uncomplicated, postoperative, adult cardiac surgical patients mechanically ventilated for ≤ 12 hr.MethodsRandomization will be performed on return to intensive care (ICU) with allocation to either usual postoperative care including suction or to usual care with no suction (intervention arm). The primary outcome is the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) (P/F) 6 hr after extubation. Pain assessments will be performed before, during and after endotracheal suction (ETS) and the patient experience will be investigated with a brief interview the following day. Ethics approval was received in October 2015.DiscussionEndotracheal suction is performed as part of airway management but has potential complications and there is little robust evidence to guide practice. This study will add to the evidence base about the need and benefit of endotracheal suction in this patient cohort.ImpactAs there is currently no published evidence about the safety of avoiding endotracheal suction. This study will provide the first evidence about avoidance of endotracheal suction in patients ventilated for less than 1 day. If non‐inferior, the results have the capacity to change nursing practice by avoiding a potentially unnecessary procedure, it will build on the body of knowledge about the patient experience.
Eutopic endometrium from patients with endometriosis modulates the expression of CD36 and SIRP‐α in peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Xie Qi , He Hua , Wu Ya‐Hong , Zou Lu‐Jie , She Xiao‐Ling , Xia Xiao‐Meng , Wu Xian‐Qing 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimThis study aimed to investigate the in vitro alterations of the expression of signal regulatory protein‐α (SIRP‐α) and CD36 in macrophages in the endometriosis condition.MethodsThe expression of SIRP‐α and CD36 was measured in peritoneal macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of endometriosis patients and control participants. The expressions of SIRP‐α and CD36 were measured in human acute monocytic leukemia (THP‐1) cell‐derived macrophages that were treated with interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)‐induced conditioned medium, eutopic versus normal endometrial homogenate, or lipopolysaccharide in the presence or absence of nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB) or transforming growth factor (TGF‐β) inhibitors, respectively.ResultsPeritoneal macrophages that were isolated from women with endometriosis exhibited an enhanced expression of SIRP‐α and a decreased expression of CD36 compared to control participants. Women with endometriosis had significantly higher levels of SIRP‐α and CD36 in peripheral circulating mononuclear cells than in control participants. SIRP‐α expression was significantly increased, whereas the CD36 expression was decreased in THP‐1 cell‐derived macrophages after treatment with eutopic endometrial homogenate. Intervention with IL‐6‐induced conditioned medium resulted in the downregulation of SIRP‐α but the upregulation of CD36 in THP‐1 cells. Incubation with the NF‐κBp50 inhibitor decreased the expression of CD36 and SIRP‐α in macrophages that were treated with normal endometrial homogenate, whereas the TGF‐β inhibitor enhanced the CD36 expression of THP‐1 cell‐derived macrophages treated with eutopic endometrial homogenate.ConclusionThe eutopic endometrium could reduce the phagocytic ability of peritoneal macrophages in women with endometriosis through the modulation of SIRP‐α and CD36 expression. Inhibition of the TGF‐β signal pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of endometriosis.
Radiotherapy for isolated recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer: A single institutional experience
Authors: Komura Naoko , Mabuchi Seiji , Isohashi Fumiaki , Yokoi Eriko , Shimura Kotaro , Matsumoto Yuri , Kodama Michiko , Tomimatsu Takuji , Ogawa Kazuhiko , Kimura Tadashi 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of external beam radiotherapy (RT) for isolated recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).MethodsTwenty‐four isolated recurrent EOC patients treated with RT at Osaka University Hospital between January 2000 and January 2017 were included in the current study. Data regarding the primary or recurrent diseases, follow‐up findings, and efficacy or toxicities of RT were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log‐rank test.ResultsTheir median age was 59 years. Most patients had International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage III‐IV diseases at the initial diagnosis. Histologically, serous adenocarcinoma was predominant, followed by clear cell adenocarcinoma. All patients had received at least one regimen of platinum‐based chemotherapy; 8 were platinum‐sensitive relapse and the others were platinum‐resistant. Lymph nodes were the most common sites of recurrence, and the median tumor size was 25.5 mm. The median total dose of RT administered was 54 Gy, with a median daily dose of 2 Gy. RT was well‐tolerated, and no patients experienced Grade 3/4 toxicities. The in‐field overall response rate was 58.3% (14/24), the median regression rate was −40.2% (range: −100 to 0) and the median survival period after RT was 17 months. The 1‐year survival and local progression‐free survival rates after RT were 66.7% and 45.8%, respectively.ConclusionRT showed significant antitumor effect against isolated recurrent EOC without causing severe toxicities. Prospective studies with sufficient statistical power are warranted to further evaluate the role of RT in this patient population.
Cranial shape predicts arboreal activity of Sigmodontinae rodents
Authors: Camargo N. F. , Machado L. F. , Mendonça A. F. , Vieira E. M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBrain enlargement is an adaptation in animals that use the space in three dimensions and need to integrate information of complex environments. As consequence, this adaptation can result in differences in skull shape among species with different types of locomotion and level of arboreality. We directly tested for the relation between the cranial shape and arboreality (based on field data) of 11 Sigmodontinae rodent species from a Neotropical savanna (Cerrado). For that, we used geometric morphometrics considering both dorsal and lateral views of the cranium. We also accounted for any possible allometric effects (i.e. the relationship between size and shape) and evolutionary constraints (i.e. phylogenetic signal) on the cranial shape. The dorsal view presented strong allometric effects but no phylogenetic signal. On the other hand, the lateral view showed a weak allometric effect and a significant phylogenetic signal. After controlling for size and evolutionary constraints, we found significant relationships between rodent arboreality and cranial shape for both lateral (r2 = 0.74) and dorsal cranium views (r2 = 0.40). Patterns for both views showed that arboreal rodents present more expanded crania, suggesting larger brains. The dorsal view showed a general cranial expansion in arboreal rodents, whereas the lateral view showed a more rounded and posteriorly expanded cranium. This later suggests a larger cerebellum, an important brain portion responsible for orientation and sense of balance. Our study provides evidence that the cranial shape can be used as a proxy to infer arboreal activity of sigmodontine rodents. Moreover, the observed differences in cranial shape between arboreal and terrestrial species are probably related to brain enlargement in the former driven by the need to cope with a three‐dimensional environment.
Diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Macias Rocio I. R. , Kornek Miroslaw , Rodrigues Pedro M. , Paiva Nuno A. , Castro Rui E. , Urban Sabine , Pereira Stephen P. , Cadamuro Massimiliano , Rupp Christian , Loosen Sven H. , Luedde Tom , Banales Jesus M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe high mortality rate of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is due, in part, to the lack of non‐invasive approaches able to accurately detect this silent tumour at early stages, when therapeutic options can be potentially curative or may at least increase the overall survival of patients. The fact that the majority of CCA tumours are not linked to any known aetiological factor highly compromises the monitoring of patients at risk for tumour development and also their early diagnosis. Combination of clinical/biochemical features, imaging techniques and analysis of non‐specific tumour biomarkers in serum are commonly used to help in the diagnosis of CCA, but tumour biopsy is usually required to confirm the diagnosis. Moreover, no prognostic biomarkers are currently used in the clinical setting, deserving more innovative research, and international validation and consensus. Important efforts have been made in the last few years to identify accurate non‐invasive biomarkers, by using innovative techniques and high‐throughput omics technologies. This review summarizes and discusses the advances in the investigation of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in CCA and envisions the future directions in this field of research.
Ischaemia reperfusion injury in liver transplantation: Cellular and molecular mechanisms
Authors: Dar Wasim A. , Sullivan Elise , Bynon John S. , Eltzschig Holger , Ju Cynthia 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLiver disease causing end organ failure is a growing cause of mortality. In most cases, the only therapy is liver transplantation. However, liver transplantation is a complex undertaking and its success is dependent on a number of factors. In particular, liver transplantation is subject to the risks of ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI). Liver IRI has significant effects on the function of a liver after transplantation. The cellular and molecular mechanisms governing IRI in liver transplantation are numerous. They involve multiple cells types such as liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, neutrophils and platelets acting via an interconnected network of molecular pathways such as activation of toll‐like receptor signalling, alterations in micro‐RNA expression, production of ROS, regulation of autophagy and activation of hypoxia‐inducible factors. Interestingly, the cellular and molecular events in liver IRI can be correlated with clinical risk factors for IRI in liver transplantation such as donor organ steatosis, ischaemic times, donor age, and donor and recipient coagulopathy. Thus, understanding the relationship of the clinical risk factors for liver IRI to the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern it is critical to higher levels of success after liver transplantation. This in turn will help in the discovery of therapeutics for IRI in liver transplantation – a process that will lead to improved outcomes for patients suffering from end‐stage liver disease.
Climate change, extinction, and Sky Island biogeography in a montane lizard
Authors: Wiens John J. , Camacho Agustín , Goldberg Aaron , Jezkova Tereza , Kaplan Matthew E. , Lambert Shea M. , Miller Elizabeth C. , Streicher Jeffrey W. , Walls Ramona L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAround the world, many species are confined to “Sky Islands,” with different populations in isolated patches of montane habitat. How does this pattern arise? One scenario is that montane species were widespread in lowlands when climates were cooler, and were isolated by local extinction caused by warming conditions. This scenario implies that many montane species may be highly susceptible to anthropogenic warming. Here, we test this scenario in a montane lizard (Sceloporus jarrovii) from the Madrean Sky Islands of southeastern Arizona. We combined data from field surveys, climate, population genomics, and physiology. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that this species' current distribution is explained by local extinction caused by past climate change. However, our results for this species differ from simple expectations in several ways: (a) their absence at lower elevations is related to warm winter temperatures, not hot summer temperatures; (b) they appear to exclude a low‐elevation congener from higher elevations, not the converse; (c) they are apparently absent from many climatically suitable but low mountain ranges, seemingly “pushed off the top” by climates even warmer than those today; (d) despite the potential for dispersal among ranges during recent glacial periods (~18,000 years ago), populations in different ranges diverged ~4.5–0.5 million years ago and remained largely distinct; and (e) body temperatures are inversely related to climatic temperatures among sites. These results may have implications for many other Sky Island systems. More broadly, we suggest that Sky Island species may be relevant for predicting responses to future warming.
Thresholds for leaf damage due to dehydration: declines of hydraulic function, stomatal conductance and cellular integrity precede those for photochemistry
Authors: Trueba Santiago , Pan Ruihua , Scoffoni Christine , John Grace P. , Davis Stephen D. , Sack Lawren 
Published: March 2019

SummaryGiven increasing water deficits across numerous ecosystems world‐wide, it is urgent to understand the sequence of failure of leaf function during dehydration.We assessed dehydration‐induced losses of rehydration capacity and maximum quantum yield of the photosystemII(Fv/Fm) in the leaves of 10 diverse angiosperm species, and tested when these occurred relative to turgor loss, declines of stomatal conductancegs, and hydraulic conductanceKleaf, including xylem and outside xylem pathways for the same study plants. We resolved the sequences of relative water content and leaf water potential Ψleafthresholds of functional impairment.On average, losses of leaf rehydration capacity occurred at dehydration beyond 50% declines ofgs,Kleafand turgor loss point. Losses ofFv/Fmoccurred after much stronger dehydration and were not recovered with leaf rehydration. Across species, tissue dehydration thresholds were intercorrelated, suggesting trait co‐selection. Thresholds for each type of functional decline were much less variable across species in terms of relative water content than Ψleaf.The stomatal and leaf hydraulic systems show early functional declines before cell integrity is lost. Substantial damage to the photochemical apparatus occurs at extreme dehydration, after complete stomatal closure, and seems to be irreversible.
AtINO80 and AtARP5 physically interact and play common as well as distinct roles in regulating plant growth and development
Authors: Kang Huijia , Zhang Chi , An Zengxuan , Shen Wen‐Hui , Zhu Yan 
Published: March 2019

Summary

The proper modulation of chromatin structure is dependent on the activities of chromatin‐remodeling factors and their interplays. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis chromatin‐remodeler AtINO80 interacts with the actin‐related protein AtARP5 and can form a larger protein complex.

Genetic analysis demonstrated that AtARP5 acts in concert with AtINO80 during plant cellular proliferation and replication stress response. At the same time, AtARP5 is not required for AtINO80‐mediated control of flowering time and related transcriptional regulation, and their chromatin distribution patterns on regions of flowering‐repressor genes FLC/MAF4/MAF5 are also different.

An in vitro DNase I digestion assay revealed that the AtINO80N‐terminus can weakly bind DNA, an interaction that is significantly inhibited by H2A.Z/H2B addition. AtARP6, a specific subunit of SWR1‐C that mediates the H2A.Z exchange, was found to have a previously unexpected inhibitory role in the local chromatin enrichment of AtINO80. Further genetic analyses revealed the functional interplay between AtINO80 and AtARP6 and their critical roles in embryogenesis and post‐embryonic organ development, as well as the synergy of AtARP5 and AtARP6 in maintaining genomic stability.

Our findings provide insights into the common and distinct roles of AtINO80 and AtARP5 in diverse aspects of plant development.
The codon usage pattern of genes involved in ovarian cancer
Authors: Uddin Arif , Paul Nirmal , Chakraborty Supriyo 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIn this study, we analyzed the compositional dynamics and codon usage pattern of genes involved in ovarian cancer (OC) using a computational method. Mutations in specific genes are associated with OC, and some genes are risk factors for progression of OC, but no work has been reported yet on the codon usage pattern of genes involved in OC. Nucleotide composition analysis of OC‐related genes suggested that the overall GC content was higher than AT content; that is, the genes were GC rich. The improved effective number of codons indicated that the overall extent of codon usage bias of genes involved in OC was low. The codons AGC, CTG, ATC, ACC, GTG, and GCC were overrepresented, while the codons TCG, TTA, CTA, CCG, CAA, CGT, ATA, ACG, GTA, GTT, GCG, and GGT were underrepresented in the genes. Correspondence analysis suggested that the codon usage pattern was different in different genes. A highly significant correlation was observed between GC12 and GC3 (r = 0.587, P < 0.01) of genes, suggesting that directional mutation affected the three codon positions. Our report on the codon usage pattern of genes involved in OC includes a new perspective for elucidating the mechanisms of biased usage of synonymous codons, as well as providing useful clues for molecular genetic engineering.
Superimposition of maxillary digital models using the palatal rugae: Does ageing affect the reliability?
Authors: Garib Daniela , Miranda Felicia , Yatabe Marilia S. , Lauris José Roberto Pereira , Massaro Camila , McNamara James A. , Kim‐Berman Hera , Janson Guilherme , Behrents Rolf G. , Cevidanes Lucia H. S. , de Oliveira Ruellas Antonio Carlos 
Published: March 2019

Structured AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of 3‐dimensional maxillary dental changes using two methods of digital model superimposition.Setting and Sample PopulationThe Department of Orthodontics of Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo and University of Michigan Craniofacial Growth Center. Fifteen subjects with normal occlusion.Material & MethodsThe sample was composed of digital study models of 15 normal occlusion subjects taken at 13 (T1), 18 (T2) and 60 years of age (T3). Using the software SlicerCMF 3.1, superimposition (registration) was conducted using 9 landmarks placed on the incisive papilla, second and third palatal rugae and 10 mm distal to the third palatal rugae. Two registration methods were compared: landmarks (LA) and regions of interest (ROI). Three‐dimensional changes of landmarks on the buccal cusp tip of posterior teeth bilaterally and the incisal edge of the right central incisor were measured by three examiners. Intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland‐Altman method evaluated intra‐ and inter‐examiner agreements.ResultsGood or excellent intra‐examiner agreement was found for T1‐T2 and T2‐T3 measurements using both registration methods. Inter‐examiner agreements were good to excellent for T1‐T2 measurements and poor to fair for most T2‐T3 measurements. Mean T1‐T2 differences were less than 0.5 mm for most measurements.ConclusionMaxillary digital dental models of patients with normal occlusion superimposed on palatal rugae showed an adequate reliability for a 5‐year interval comparison using landmarks or regions of interest. Lower than acceptable reproducibility using both superimposition methods was found for a 40‐year interval comparison.
Detecting Anisotropy in Fingerprint Growth
Authors: Markert Karla , Krehl Karolin , Gottschlich Carsten , Huckemann Stephan 
Published: March 2019

SummaryFrom infancy to adulthood, human growth is anisotropic, much more along the proximal–distal axis (height) than along the medial–lateral axis (width), particularly at extremities. Detecting and modelling the rate of anisotropy in fingerprint growth facilitate the use of children's fingerprints for long-term biometric identification. Using standard fingerprint scanners, anisotropic growth is highly overshadowed by the varying distortions created by each imprint, and it seems that this difficulty has hampered to date the development of suitable methods, detecting anisotropy, let alone designing models. We provide a tool chain to detect statistically anisotropy in planar shape and its preferred axis. For this we develop a new anisotropic growth model with a Procrustes-type algorithm and a new parametric and non-parametric neighbourhood hypothesis test, tunable to measurement accuracy. In application to fingerprint growth, we require only a standard fingerprint scanner and a minutiae matcher. Taking into account realistic distortions caused by pressing fingers on scanners, our simulations based on real data indicate that, for example, already in rather small samples (56 matches) we can significantly detect proximal–distal growth if it exceeds medial–lateral growth by only around 5%. Our method is well applicable to future data sets of child fingerprint time series. We provide an implementation of our algorithms and tests with matched minutiae pattern data.
Do Exchange Rate Shocks Have Asymmetric Effects on Reserve Accumulation? Evidence from Emerging Markets*
Authors: Chen Shiu‐Sheng , Lin Tzu‐Yu 
Published: March 2019

AbstractIt is generally argued that central banks in emerging market countries, motivated by a desire to defend export competitiveness, tend to intervene in foreign exchange markets to limit currency appreciations rather than depreciations. Using panel data from 13 emerging market countries for the period 1998:M1 to 2016:M12, we find that exchange rate shocks play an important role in determining the accumulation of international reserves. Moreover, we find evidence that central banks in emerging markets tend to follow a “leaning against the depreciation wind” policy, rather than the appreciation wind (i.e., we provide evidence of a “fear of depreciation”).
Making and Unmaking Cosmopolitans: An Experimental Test of the Mediating Role of Emotions in International Development Appeals*
Authors: Hudson David , Laehn N. Susan , Dasandi Niheer , vanHeerde‐Hudson Jennifer 
Published: March 2019

ObjectiveIn this article, we test whether emotions mediate the effect of international development appeals on cosmopolitanism and donation behavior.MethodsWe design and conduct a lab experiment to test the impact of representations of global poverty on participants’ cosmopolitan sentiments and their likelihood to donate to development charities. We use multiple mediation analysis to test the intervening role of six emotional responses—anger, guilt, solidarity, hope, repulsion, and pity—as causal pathways to our two outcomes of interest: cosmopolitanism and donations.ResultsHope is the most consistent and powerful pathway through which appeals affect respondents’ sense of cosmopolitanism and willingness to donate. Negative imagery and text erode people's sense of hope, but drive donations, particularly via guilt.ConclusionsOur findings suggest we should move away from a mono‐causal view of emotional responses to disaster and development imagery, and provide a cautionary tale for practitioners: using negative imagery can undermine the public's sense of hope and cosmopolitanism.