bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of frequency drift on CEST MRI and dynamic correction: application to gagCEST at 7 T
Authors: Windschuh Johannes , Zaiss Moritz , Ehses Philipp , Lee Jae‐Seung , Jerschow Alexej , Regatte Ravinder R. 
Published: May 2018

PurposeTo investigate the effect of a frequency drift of the static magnetic field on 3D CEST MRI based on glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of articular cartilage at 7 T and to introduce a retrospective correction method that uses the phase images of the gradient‐echo readout.MethodsRepeated gagCEST and B0 measurements were performed in a glucose model solution and in vivo in the knee joint of 3 healthy volunteers at 7 T. Phase images of the modified 3D rectangular spiral centric–reordered gradient‐echo CEST sequence were used to quantify and compensate the apparent frequency drift in repeated gagCEST measurements.ResultsThe frequency drift of the MRI scanner strongly influences the gagCEST signal in the articular cartilage of the human knee joint. The gagCEST signal in the articular cartilage is changed by 0.18%/Hz while an average drift of 0.7 ± 0.2 Hz/minute was observed. The proposed correction method can be applied retrospectively without the need of additional measurements and provides improved comparability and reproducibility for gagCEST studies. This correction method may also be of interest for other applications of CEST MRI.ConclusionProspective or retrospective correction of the frequency drift of the MRI scanner is essential for reproducible gagCEST measurements. The proposed retrospective correction method fulfills this requirement without the need of additional measurements.
Effect of a mitochondrial‐targeted coenzyme Q analog on pancreatic β‐cell function and energetics in high fat fed obese mice
Authors: Imai Yumi , Fink Brian D. , Promes Joseph A. , Kulkarni Chaitanya A. , Kerns Robert J. , Sivitz William I. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWe recently reported that mitoquinone (mitoQ, 500 μmol/L) added to drinking water of C57BL/6J mice attenuated weight gain and reduced oxidative stress when administered to high‐fat (HF) fed mice. Here, we examined the effects of mitoQ administered to HF fed mice on pancreatic islet morphology, dynamics of insulin secretion, and islet mitochondrial metabolism. C57BL/6J mice were fed HF for 130 days while we administered vehicle (cyclodextrin [CD]) or mitoQ added to the drinking water at up to 500 μmol/L. MitoQ‐treated mice vs vehicle gained significantly less weight, expended significantly more energy as determined by indirect calorimetry, and trended to consume less (nonsignificant) food. As we and others reported before, mitoQ‐treated mice drank less water but showed no difference in percent body fluid by nuclear magnetic resonance. Circulating insulin and glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion by isolated islets were decreased in mitoQ‐treated mice while insulin sensitivity (plasma insulin x glucose) was greater. Islet respiration as basal oxygen consumption (OCR), OCR directed at ATP synthesis, and maximal uncoupled OCR were also reduced in mitoQ‐treated mice. Quantitative morphologic studies revealed that islet size was reduced in the mitoQ‐treated mice while visual inspection of histochemically stained sections suggested that mitoQ reduced islet lipid peroxides. MitoQ markedly improved liver function as determined by plasma alanine aminotransferase. In summary, mitoQ treatment reduced the demand for insulin and reduced islet size, likely consequent to the action of mitoQ to mitigate weight gain and improve liver function.
Cybersecurity in safety‐critical systems
Authors: Walker Alastair 
Published: May 2018

Abstract2016 saw cybersecurity standards appear in both automotive and medical device industries. Both standards are understandably based on processes that already exist in the respective industries. The automotive J3061 standard is very much focussed on existing categories for defining the cybersecurity threats, ie, systems, hardware and software. Cybersecurity is very much a multifaceted topic, and by restricting the scope to these 3 subject areas there is the risk that many significant threats could be overlooked, in particular the malicious acts of employees within an organisation.The medical cybersecurity report AAMI TIR 57 takes the approach based on ISO 14971 the medical device risk management standard, which encourages a more open‐minded approach to evaluating cybersecurity threats. Both of these documents, which are discussed in this paper, are short of practical examples or techniques for assessing and mitigating threats; the topic is handled in a more theoretical manner.Key issues such as trojan circuits in microcontrollers are not well represented in either document. Generally, software topics such as authentication and encryption are given good coverage in international standards; however, this not the case when reviewing hardware concerns. Both TIR 57 and J3061 are good starting documents for the topic of cybersecurity, but both could benefit from expansion to cover the wider topics affecting cybersecurity.
Simplified design equations for Plate‐to‐CHS T and X joints for use in codes
Authors: Wardenier Jaap , Packer Jeffrey A. , Puthli Ram 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis paper deals with revised, simplified, consistent equations for plate‐to‐Circular Hollow Section (CHS) joints for inclusion in codes. After a short review of the background to these resistance equations in the current consolidated version of EN 1993‐1‐8 and those in ISO 14346, the background to these simplified new equations is discussed. The equations for Plate‐to‐Circular Hollow Section T and X joints (called TP and XP joints respectively) in the current EN 1993‐1‐8 are based on experimental data available up to 1991. They are further related to the equations for CHS T and X joints. Most of the data used are based on the ultimate joint resistance. A similar approach is used for the TP and XP equations in ISO 14346, but these are related to the updated equations for CHS T and X joints.Since the drafting of ISO 14346, new consistent numerical data from Voth became available where the resistance is not only based on the ultimate resistance but also takes the 3 %d0 joint deformation limit into account.The new equations in prEN 1993‐1‐8 are based on the Voth data, the de Winkel data and the Voth‐Packer equations, but use a simplified uniform presentation which permits one to relate joints with an I, H and RHS brace‐to‐CHS chord to these basic equations. Furthermore, the presented equations are based on the case of axial compression load in the plate, which is the lower bound of the compression and tension load cases.
Effects of Flow‐Related Variables on Oversummer Survival of Juvenile Coho Salmon in Intermittent Streams
Authors: Obedzinski Mariska , Nossaman Pierce Sarah , Horton Gregg E. , Deitch Mathew J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractWhile many studies have established the importance of streamflow as a driver of fish population dynamics, few have examined relationships between survival of juvenile salmonids and flow‐related variables in intermittent streams. With predictions for a higher frequency of drought conditions due to climate change and the associated increasing human demand for water during the dry season, understanding fish–flow relationships is becoming increasingly important for the protection of sensitive aquatic species. To examine the effects of low streamflow on juvenile salmonids rearing in small intermittent streams, we estimated survival and collected environmental data in four coastal California watersheds from 2011 to 2013. We used an individual‐based mark–recapture modeling approach to evaluate the influence of flow‐related variables on oversummer survival of PIT‐tagged juvenile Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch stocked into eight stream reaches. Survival was positively associated with streamflow magnitude, wetted volume, and dissolved oxygen and negatively associated with days of disconnected surface flow (days of disconnection) and temperature. Days of disconnection best explained survival, though the relationship varied by geomorphic reach type. Survival was lower in alluvial reaches than in bedrock and clay reaches and showed a faster rate of decline with increasing days of disconnection and drought condition. In all reaches, the onset of pool disconnection represented a turning point at which water quality, water quantity, and survival declined. For this reason, we suggest that days of disconnection (or the flow magnitude at which pools become disconnected) is a useful metric for identifying flow‐impaired reaches, informing streamflow protection strategies, and prioritizing streamflow enhancement efforts designed to benefit sensitive salmonid populations in intermittent streams.
Survival and Reproductive Success of Hatchery YY Male Brook Trout Stocked in Idaho Streams
Authors: Kennedy Patrick A. , Meyer Kevin A. , Schill Daniel J. , Campbell Matthew R. , Vu Ninh V. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNonnative Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis were introduced throughout western North America in the early and mid 1900s, resulting in populations that are difficult to eradicate and that often threaten native salmonids. Male YY Brook Trout (MYY), created in the hatchery by feminizing XY males and then crossing them with normal XY males, comprise a novel approach to eradicating undesirable Brook Trout populations. If stocked MYY Brook Trout survive and reproduce with wild females, it could eventually drive the wild population sex ratio to 100% males, at which point the population would be unable to reproduce and would be eradicated after stocking ceased. In this study, we stocked the limited number of catchable‐size (mean TL = 229 mm) MYY hatchery Brook Trout available from an established MYY broodstock into four streams. In two streams, the wild Brook Trout population was suppressed via electrofishing prior to stocking to determine whether diminished competition with wild fish would increase the survival of hatchery MYY fish. We used genetic assignment testing to identify the successful reproduction of stocked MYY fish. Apparent survival of MYY Brook Trout averaged 18% in streams with wild population suppression (mean suppression, 17%) and 9% in streams without suppression, suggesting that suppression of the wild population before stocking increased MYY survival poststocking. Hatchery MYY Brook Trout comprised an estimated 3.1% of all adult Brook Trout during spawning. Genetic assignment tests identified successful reproduction of MYY fish in all streams in which they were stocked, with an average of 3.7% of fry being the progeny of MYY fish. Our results confirm that hatchery MYY fish stocked in streams can survive and spawn successfully with wild fish and produce all‐male progeny. Despite the slightly reduced fitness of MYY Brook Trout, this technology may be a viable method for eradicating undesirable nonnative Brook Trout populations.
Inquiry Scholars Collaborative: Growing a Culture of Assessment
Authors: Goncalves Zan , Bennett Thomas , Murray‐Chandler Lynn , Hall Caroline 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis article describes a multi‐institution collaboration to improve student skills in information literacy and inquiry and analysis (as described by the American Association of Colleges & Universities’ VALUE rubrics). The project is unique in that it captures the student voice in all phases of the process—from choosing the kind of inquiry students wish to undertake through communicating with stakeholders about the results of research and assessment initiatives taking place on their campuses.
An overview on evolutionary algorithms for many‐objective optimization problems
Authors: von Lücken Christian , Brizuela Carlos , Barán Benjamin 
Published: May 2018

Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) effectively solve several complex optimization problems with two or three objectives. However, when they are applied to many‐objective optimization, that is, when more than three criteria are simultaneously considered, the performance of most MOEAs is severely affected. Several alternatives have been reported to reproduce the same performance level that MOEAs have achieved in problems with up to three objectives when considering problems with higher dimensions. This work briefly reviews the main search difficulties, visualization, evaluation of algorithms, and new procedures in many‐objective optimization using evolutionary methods. Approaches for the development of evolutionary many‐objective algorithms are classified into: (a) based on preference relations, (b) aggregation‐based, (c) decomposition‐based, (d) indicator‐based, and (e) based on dimensionality reduction. The analysis of the reviewed works indicates the promising future of such methods, especially decomposition‐based approaches; however, much still need to be done to develop more robust, faster, and predictable evolutionary many‐objective algorithms.This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Computational Intelligence
Men’s Migration, Adulthood, and the Performance of Masculinities
Authors: Vlase Ionela 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThis chapter examines the ways migration shapes men migrants’ adulthood transitions, their performance of masculinities during migration and upon their return, and their narratives of adult male identity. The chapter documents the socially constructed nature of adulthood and provides evidence on the ambivalences and ambiguities that men migrants experience regarding adulthood and manhood as a result of their long-term migration. Tensions involving the duration of stays abroad after migration—12 years, on average—on the one hand, and the difficulties in settling down and establishing unequivocal benchmarks of manly adulthood while living in different cultural and structural contexts, on the other hand, result in unsettling migrants’ prior beliefs and goals concerning age and gender identities.
Trends in the Use of Laparoscopic Versus Open Paediatric Appendicectomy: A Regional 12‐Year Study and a National Survey
Authors: Bhatt N. R. , Dunne E. , Faraz M. , Gillis A. E. , Conlon K. C. , Paran S. , Ridgway P. F. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundIn adult patients, it is generally accepted that laparoscopic appendicectomy (LA) is the predominant operative pathway in treating acute appendicitis. The case for a similar pathway utilising LA in children is less clear. We investigate usage, trends and complications after LA in children in a single co‐located adult/paediatric centre with contemporaneous adults as controls.MethodsA retrospective case–control study was conducted over 12 years including patients who underwent appendicectomy, and the paediatric series (<16 years) was divided into age‐groups‐based quartiles. An anonymous questionnaire‐based national survey was circulated among general and paediatric surgeons.ResultsOf the 5784 appendicectomy patients, 2960 were children. LA rate in paediatric appendicitis was 65%. Yearly trends in LA reached a steady state in both groups after 2010 (Δ 0–1%/year). Rates of LA and LA IAA (respectively) differed significantly between age groups: 60, 3% (0–9 years); 65, 1% (10–13 years); 71, 2% (14–16 years) and 93, 3% (>16 years) (p = 0.001, 0.02). The national survey showed respondents believed LA was not superior to OA in paediatric patients except in terms of cosmesis. There was strong support in the use of LA in older children and children >40 kg.ConclusionThe use of LA in paediatric appendicectomies in the study region is similar to international rates, but not increasing over time. Irish surgeons still favour OA in younger children and prefer a case‐by‐case approach rather LA being the preferred pathway. This is despite the regional and international evidence showing favourable outcomes with LA in children.
Efficient decoding algorithm for 3D video over wireless channels
Authors: Yasakethu S. L. P. , Hewage C. T. E. R. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn wireless communication networks, additive channel noise and time varying multipath fading are considered amongst the main challenges and these effects will bring significant quality degradation to the transmitted 2D/3D video streams. This paper presents an efficient decoding algorithm for Distributed Video Coding (DVC) for enhanced performance of colour and depth based 3D video over error prone wireless channels. The maximum a-posteriori (MAP) algorithm for turbo decoding is modified considering the effects of the channel errors on both Wyner-Ziv and key frame bit streams of colour and depth videos. The proposed codec is simulated using a W-CDMA wireless channel model and the results are analyzed to determine the effect of the modifications. The performance of the state-of-the-art H.264/AVC video codec is also presented for comparison under similar conditions. The results show that the proposed modifications provide a significant improvement in the DVC codec performance under unfavourable channel conditions for colour plus depth based 3D video.
History Dependence of the Microstructure on Time-Dependent Deformation During In-Situ Cooling of a Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Superalloy
Authors: Panwisawas Chinnapat , D’Souza Neil , Collins David M. , Bhowmik Ayan , Roebuck Bryan 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
Time-dependent plastic deformation through stress relaxation and creep deformation during in-situ cooling of the as-cast single-crystal superalloy CMSX-4® has been studied via neutron diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, electro-thermal miniature testing, and analytical modeling across two temperature regimes. Between 1000 °C and 900 °C, stress relaxation prevails and gives rise to softening as evidenced by a decreased dislocation density and the presence of long segment stacking faults in γ phase. Lattice strains decrease in both the γ matrix and γ′ precipitate phases. A constitutive viscoplastic law derived from in-situ isothermal relaxation test under-estimates the equivalent plastic strain in the prediction of the stress and strain evolution during cooling in this case. It is thereby shown that the history dependence of the microstructure needs to be taken into account while deriving a constitutive law and which becomes even more relevant at high temperatures approaching the solvus. Higher temperature cooling experiments have also been carried out between 1300 °C and 1150 °C to measure the evolution of stress and plastic strain close to the γ′ solvus temperature. In-situ cooling of samples using ETMT shows that creep dominates during high-temperature deformation between 1300 °C and 1220 °C, but below a threshold temperature, typically 1220 °C work hardening begins to prevail from increasing γ′ fraction and resulting in a rapid increase in stress. The history dependence of prior accumulated deformation is also confirmed in the flow stress measurements using a single sample while cooling. The saturation stresses in the flow stress experiments show very good agreement with the stresses measured in the cooling experiments when viscoplastic deformation is dominant. This study demonstrates that experimentation during high-temperature deformation as well as the history dependence of the microstructure during cooling plays a key role in deriving an accurate viscoplastic constitutive law for the thermo-mechanical process during cooling from solidification.
Evaluation of lubrication performance of crank pin bearing in a marine diesel engine
Authors: Moon Suk Man , Cho Yong Joo , Kim Tae Wan 
Published: May 2018

Abstract
In this study, the lubrication performance of the crank pin bearing in a marine two–stroke diesel engine is evaluated to investigate the adhesional failure on the crank pin bearing. A numerical algorithm for the lubrication analysis considering motion analysis of the crank pin system is developed. The film pressure and thickness for three clearances and three lubricant temperatures are calculated. The results show that the lubricant temperature has a higher effect on film thickness than clearance. In terms of the film parameter, the operating condition that can result in solid–solid contact is investigated. We also suggest the desirable operating conditions of clearance and lubricant temperature to prevent the solid–solid contact.
Acoustic emission signatures prior to snow failure
Authors: CAPELLI ACHILLE , REIWEGER INGRID , SCHWEIZER JÜRG 
Published: May 2018

ABSTRACTSnow slab avalanches are caused by cracks forming and propagating in a weak snow layer below a cohesive slab. The gradual damage process leading to the formation of the initial failure within the weak layer (WL) is still not entirely understood. To this end, we designed a novel test apparatus that allows performing loading experiments with large snow samples (0.25 m2) including a WL at different loading rates and simultaneously monitoring the acoustic emissions (AE) response. By analyzing the AE generated by micro-cracking, we studied the evolution of the damage process preceding snow failure. At fast loading rates, the exponent of the AE energy distribution (b-value) gradually changed, and both the energy rate and the inverse waiting time increased exponentially with increasing load. These changes in AE signature indicate a transition from small to large events and an acceleration of the damage processes leading to brittle failure. For the experiments at slow loading rate, these changes in the AE signature were not or only partially present, even if the sample failed, indicating a different evolution of the damage process. The observed characteristics in AE response provide new insights on how to model snow failure as a critical phenomenon.
Legislative Party Switching and the Changing Nature of the Canadian Party System, 1867–2015
Authors: Sevi Semra , Yoshinaka Antoine , Blais André 
Published: May 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the phenomenon of party switchers in the Canadian House of Commons. With the most extensive dataset on party-switching MPs (1867–2015), we answer the following questions: What are the electoral trajectories of party switchers? Have their prospects changed over time? We assess whether the historical dynamics of the Canadian party system explain changes in the incidence and fate of party switchers since 1867, hypothesizing that both the rate of party switching and the electoral fortunes of floor crossers decline over time. The evidence accords with our second hypothesis more strongly than our first. Party switching has become slightly less common, but the electoral consequence has become much more severe.
Japanese Reverse Compasses: Grounding Cognition in History and Society
Authors: Frumer Yulia 
Published: May 2018

ArgumentAn unusual compass, on which east and west are reversed, provides insight into the dynamics guiding our understanding of artifacts. By examining how such compasses were used in Tokugawa Japan (1600–1868), the benefits they brought, and how users knew how to read them, this article uncovers the cognitive factors that shape our interaction with technology. Building on the methodological approach of thedistributed cognitiontheory, the article claims that reverse compasses allowed the user to conserve cognitive effort, which was particularly advantageous to Tokugawa-period mariners. Moreover, the article shows that even non-professional Tokugawa Japanese had a relatively easy time reading reverse compasses due to similarity between the compasses’ orientation and Tokugawa timekeeping practices. Building on the bodily and cognitive habits they had developed through the practices of keeping time, users could identify and interpret cultural cues embedded in the structure of reverse compasses.