bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the physiological changes induced by mannitol: From the theory to the clinical practice in neuroanaesthesia
Authors: Fandino Wilson 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIn this narrative review, the current evidence for the use of mannitol in neuroanaesthesia is presented, with focus on its pharmacokinetics and its main physiologic effects. Mannitol is a naturally occurring polyol that undergoes no biotransformation and is freely filtered in the kidney. Due to its strong osmotic effects, it induces key physiological changes, mainly in the cardiovascular system, the kidney and the brain. While it is clear that hypertonic solutions are effective in the treatment of intracranial hypertension in patients with acute brain injury, the role of mannitol in the context of intracranial haemorrhage, acute stroke and brain relaxation remains controversial. Furthermore, it possesses important side effects including acute kidney injury and electrolyte imbalances, particularly related to high doses in predisposing patients. Other aspects including the capability to modify neurological outcomes, the impact on mortality, the utility in patients with disrupted blood–brain barrier and the alternative use of hypertonic saline are also discussed. Further research is needed to make clear recommendations on these aspects.
Foreword
Authors: GOLOB Nina 
Published: January 2019

In the mids of cold northern winds and landscape covered with snow we are pleased to announce the first ALA issue of the year 2019, which contains six research articles. Warm congratulation goes to all the authors, and words of appreciation to the Editorial team and recently enlarged proofreading team that have been working very hard in order to offer state-of-the-art contemporary linguistic research in this journal.
The present issue is opened up by Mayuri J. DILIP and Rajesh KUMAR, who present a unified account of licensing conditions of Negative Polarity Items (NPI) in Telugu. In their work “Negative Polarity Items in Telugu” they analyze the distribution of NPIs in complex sentences with embedded clauses, and conclude that negation c-commanding NPI be conducted at the base-generated position.
Kun SUN with his article “The Integration Functions of Topic Chains in Chinese Discourse” thoroughly presents the long and extensive Chinese research tradition on topic chains, and re-examines their core characteristics with the help of the so-called “integration functions”.
The following paper “Tracing the Identity and Ascertaining the Nature of Brahmi-derived Devanagari Script” by Krishna Kumar PANDEY and Smita JHA exploits the orthographic design of Brahmi-derived scripts. Authors argue that such scripts should not be described with the existing linguistic properties of alphabetic and syllabic scripts but should instead gains its own categorization with a unique descriptor.
Chikako SHIGEMORI BUČAR successfully submitted the article “Image of Japan among Slovenes” in which she represents the process and mechanism of borrowing from Japanese into Slovene. Conclusions briefly touch the image of Japan seen through the borrowing process and consolidated loanwords, and predict possible development of borrowing in the near future.
Another interesting paper “Understanding Sarcastic Metaphorical Expression in Hindi through Conceptual Integration Theory” was authored by Sandeep Kumar SHARMA and Sweta SINHA. Based on a corpus of five thousand sentences, authors examine the abstract notion of sarcasm within the framework of conceptual integration theory, and with special reference to Hindi language. Findings aim to provide a theoretical understanding on how Hindi sarcasm is perceived among the native speakers.
And last but not least, Điệp Thi Nhu NGUYỄN, An-Vinh LƯƠNG, and Điền ĐINH humbly observe research backlog in the area of Vietnamese text readability and write their paper “Affection of the part of speech elements in Vietnamese text readability” to encourage researchers to further explore the field and put Vietnamese findings on the world’s map.
Editors and Editorial Board wish the regular and new readers of the ALA journal a pleasant read full of inspiration.
Long-range-transported Canadian smoke plumes in the lower stratosphere over northern France
Authors: Hu Qiaoyun , Goloub Philippe , Veselovskii Igor , Bravo-Aranda Juan-Antonio , Popovici Ioana Elisabeta , Podvin Thierry , Haeffelin Martial , Lopatin Anton , Dubovik Oleg , Pietras Christophe , Huang Xin , Torres Benjamin , Chen Cheng 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Long-range-transported Canadian smoke layers in the stratosphere over
northern France were detected by three lidar systems in August 2017. The
peaked optical depth of the stratospheric smoke layer
exceeds 0.20 at 532 nm, which is
comparable with the simultaneous tropospheric aerosol optical depth. The
measurements of satellite sensors revealed that the observed stratospheric
smoke plumes were transported from Canadian wildfires after being lofted by
strong pyro-cumulonimbus. Case studies at two observation sites, Lille (lat
50.612, long 3.142, 60 m a.s.l.) and Palaiseau (lat 48.712, long 2.215,
156 m a.s.l.), are presented in detail. Smoke particle depolarization
ratios are measured at three wavelengths: over 0.20 at 355 nm, 0.18–0.19 at
532 nm, and 0.04–0.05 at 1064 nm. The high depolarization ratios and their
spectral dependence are possibly caused by the irregular-shaped aged smoke
particles and/or the mixing with dust particles. Similar results are found by
several European lidar stations and an explanation that can fully resolve
this question has not yet been found. Aerosol inversion based on lidar
2α+3β data derived a smoke effective radius of about
0.33 µm for both cases. The retrieved single-scattering albedo is
in the range of 0.8 to 0.9, indicating that the smoke plumes are absorbing.
The absorption can cause perturbations to the temperature vertical profile,
as observed by ground-based radiosonde, and it is also related to the ascent
of the smoke plumes when exposed in sunlight. A direct radiative
forcing (DRF) calculation is performed using the obtained optical and
microphysical properties. The calculation revealed that the smoke plumes in
the stratosphere can significantly reduce the radiation arriving at the
surface, and the heating rate of the plumes is about 3.5 K day−1. The
study provides a valuable characterization for aged smoke in the
stratosphere, but efforts are still needed in reducing and quantifying the
errors in the retrieved microphysical properties as well as radiative forcing
estimates.
A decade of CH4, CO and N2O in situ measurements at Lauder, New Zealand: assessing the long-term performance of a Fourier transform infrared trace gas and isotope analyser
Authors: Smale Dan , Sherlock Vanessa , Griffith David W. T. , Moss Rowena , Brailsford Gordon , Nichol Sylvia , Kotkamp Michael 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. We present a
10-year (January 2007–December 2016) time series of continuous in situ
measurements of methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrous
oxide (N2O) made by an in situ Fourier transform infrared trace
gas and isotope analyser (FTIR) operated at Lauder, New Zealand (45.04 S,
169.68 E, 370 m a. m. s. l.). Being the longest continuous deployed
operational FTIR system of this type, we are in an ideal position to perform
a practical evaluation of the multi-year performance of the analyser. The
operational methodology, measurement precision, reproducibility, accuracy and
instrument reliability are reported. We find the FTIR has a measurement repeatability of the order of 0.37 ppb
(1σ standard deviation) for CH4, 0.31 ppb for CO and
0.12 ppb for N2O. Regular target cylinder measurements provide a
reproducibility estimate of 1.19 ppb for CH4, 0.74 ppb for CO and
0.27 ppb for N2O. FTIR measurements are compared to co-located
ambient air flask samples acquired at Lauder since May 2009, which allows a
long-term assessment of the FTIR data set across annual and seasonal
composition changes. Comparing FTIR and co-located flask measurements show
that the bias (FTIR minus flask) for CH4 of
−1.02 ± 2.61 ppb and CO of −0.43 ± 1.60 ppb are within the Global
Atmospheric Watch (GAW)-recommended compatibility goals of 2 ppb. The
N2O FTIR flask bias of −0.01 ± 0.77 ppb is within the GAW-recommended compatibility goals of 0.1 ppb and should be viewed as a
serendipitous result due to the large standard deviation along with known
systematic differences in the measurement sets. Uncertainty budgets for each
gas are also constructed based on instrument precision, reproducibility and
accuracy. In the case of CH4, systematic uncertainty dominates,
whilst for CO and N2O it is comparable to the random uncertainty
component. The long-term instrument stability, precision estimates and flask comparison
results indicate the FTIR CH4 and CO time series meet the GAW
compatibility recommendations across multiple years of operation (and
instrument changes) and are sufficient to capture annual trends and seasonal
cycles observed at Lauder. The differences between FTIR and flask
N2O measurements need to be reconciled. Trend analysis of the
10-year time series captures seasonal cycles and the secular upward trend of
CH4 and N2O. The CH4 and CO time series have
the required precision and accuracy at a high enough temporal resolution to
be used in inversion models in a data-sparse region of the world.
Assessment of food trade impacts on water, food, and land security in the MENA region
Authors: Lee Sang-Hyun , Mohtar Rabi H. , Yoo Seung-Hwan 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has the largest water deficit
in the world. It also has the least food self-sufficiency. Increasing food
imports and decreasing domestic food production can contribute to water
savings and hence to increased water security. However, increased domestic
food production is a better way to achieve food security, even if irrigation
demands an increase in accordance with projected climate changes. Accordingly, the
trade-off between food security and the savings of water and land through
food trade is considered to be a significant factor for resource management,
especially in the MENA region. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the
impact of food trade on food security and water–land savings in the MENA
region. We concluded that the MENA region saved significant amounts of
national water and land based on the import of four major crops, namely,
barley, maize, rice, and wheat, within the period from 2000 to 2012, even if
the food self-sufficiency is still at a low level. For example, Egypt
imported 8.3 million t yr−1 of wheat that led to
7.5 billion m3 of irrigation water and 1.3 million ha of land
savings. In addition, we estimated the virtual water trade (VWT) that refers
to the trade of water embedded in food products and analyzed the structure of
VWT in the MENA region using degree and eigenvector centralities. The study
revealed that the MENA region focused more on increasing the volume of
virtual water imported during the period 2006–2012, yet little attention was
paid to the expansion of connections with country exporters based on the VWT network analysis.
Cylinder pressure sensors for smart combustion control
Authors: Vollberg Dennis , Wachter Dennis , Kuberczyk Thomas , Schultes Günter 
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Different sensor concepts for time-resolved cylinder pressure monitoring of combustion engines are realized and evaluated in this paper. We distinguish a non-intrusive form of measurement outside the cylinder, performed by means of a force compression rod from intrusive, real in-cylinder measurement by means of pressure membrane sensors being exposed to the hot combustion process. The force compression rod has the shape of a sine wave with thinner zones equipped with highly sensitive foil strain gauges that experience a relatively moderate temperature level of 120 ∘C. The sensor rod delivers a relative pressure value that may be influenced by neighbour cylinders due to mechanical coupling. For the intrusive sensor type, two different materials for the membrane-type sensor element were simulated and tested, one based on the ceramic zirconia and the other based on stainless steel. Due to the higher thermal conductivity of steel, the element experiences only 200 ∘C while the zirconia element reaches 300 ∘C. Metallic chromium thin films with high strain sensitivity (gauge factor of 15) and high-temperature capability were deposited on the membranes and subsequently structured to a Wheatstone bridge. The pressure evolution can be measured with both types in full detail, comparable to the signals of test bench cylinder pressure sensors. For the preferential steel-based sensor type, a reliable laser-welded electrical connection between the thin films on the membrane and a copper wire was developed. The in-cylinder pressure sensors were tested both on a diesel test bench and on a gas-fired engine. On the latter, an endurance test with 20 million cycles was passed. Reliable cylinder pressure sensors with a minimum of internal components are thus provided. The signals will be processed inside the sensor housing to provide analysis and aggregated data, i.e. mass fraction burned (MFB50) and other parameters as an output to allow for smart combustion control.
Mediatization and the Internet of Things
Authors: Miller James 
Published: January 2019

Abstract
This article offers evidence from a literature review that mediatization research has yet to engage with the internet of things (IoT). This is a major lack, given the widely recognized importance of IoT phenomena, and may be attributable to mediatization’s limited direct interest in media technology. Through an extended examination of media in cars, the article demonstrates the fertility of a mediatization approach toward what is argued to be a prototype example of the emerging IoT. The article concludes by suggesting future directions for empirical studies.
The status of function words in dependency grammar: A critique of Universal Dependencies (UD)
Authors: Osborne Timothy , Gerdes Kim 
Published: January 2019

The article examines the Universal Dependencies (UD) annotation scheme. The UD project is an international initiative to produce treebanks of the world’s languages, whereby the treebanks have been annotated in a cross-linguistically consistent manner. A central aspect of the UD annotation scheme is its analysis of function words. The scheme advocates subordinating function words to content words. This article discusses linguistic and practical motivations behind the UD decision to subordinate function words to content words. It demonstrates that UD choices in this area are not supported linguistically. At the same time, the near convertibility of the UD treebanks to a more linguistically motivated annotation format means that the UD initiative remains of great value to linguistics in general.
The ‘SAFE’ initiative – An innovative approach to safer patient care in a tertiary hospital setting
Authors: Krishnasivam Deepan , Bennett Lesley , Birkett Katherine , Bowles Tim 
Published: January 2019

Introduction: Out of hours inpatient care within Australia, defined as the hours outside of 0800 to 1600 hours Monday to Friday, is traditionally provided by on-call medical teams, working in silos, supported by onsite junior medical staff. This model can be associated with poor communication both between and within teams, lack of accountability, failure of escalation, and a reactive model of care. International literature reveals that the outcomes of patients admitted to hospital out of hours are poorer, resulting in a discrepancy in mortality between in and out of hours admissions.Methods: We aimed to reduce the discrepancy in mortality between in and out of hours admissions, as well as reducing overall inpatient mortality. Using a resilience engineering approach, we introduced a novel model of out of hours care - the ‘Safety After Hours for Everyone’ (SAFE) Team. This incorporated a departmental model, with clear and robust internal leadership, external accountability, and formal processes for identification, review and follow up of at risk patients, as well as protocolised escalation processes.Results: The introduction of the SAFE model has been associated with a continuous reduction in the overall Hospital Standardised Mortality Ratio (HSMR) from 0.71 to 0.54 (periods January to March 2015 vs January to March 2018. In addition, the SAFE model has been associated with a reduction in out of hours mortality (defined as admissions from 1600 to 0800) from 0.98 to 0.38 (periods January to March 2015 vs January to March 2018). This has been accompanied by a qualitative improvement in the quality of care delivered out of hours, and improved satisfaction with working conditions and training delivered out of hours. Due to a drastic reduction in unplanned Resident Medical Officer (RMO) overtime associated with the introduction of the model, implementation was near cost neutral.Conclusion: The introduction of the SAFE model has been associated with improved hospital outcomes, in conjunction with improved medical and nursing staff experiences, at a low marginal cost. This model has scope to be applied to similar tertiary level hospitals, or modified to fit within most hospital structures. A key component to the success of this model’s innovation, is acknowledgement of the importance of after hours care provision to patients, highlighted by the formation of a department of after hours medicine as part of the SAFE model.
The Impact of Using Brainstorming in the Development of Creative Thinking and Achievement in the English Language of the 10th Grade Students at King Abdullah II Schools of Excellence in Amman
Authors: Al Masri Amaal 
Published: January 2019

This study aimed to identify the effect of using brainstorming in the development of creative thinking and achievement in the English language among 10th grade students at King Abdullah II School of Excellence. The study sample consisted of (168) students. The problem of the study was to answer the main question: What is the impact of using brainstorming strategy in the development of creative thinking and achievement in English language of 10th grade students at King Abdullah II School of Excellence in Amman?, to answer this question and the sub questions, the researcher built the study tools, which were: 1) A test for creative thinking in English, prepared by the researcher. 2) Achievement test of English language prepared by the researcher and consisted of (30) multiple choice questions.
The validity and reliability of the tools were verified. The researcher used the semi-experimental method according to the nature of the study. The researcher applied the pre and post study tools to the two groups (experimental and control), Where the students of the control group were taught using the normal way, while the experimental group was taught using the brainstorming strategy. The study was conducted in the second semester of the academic year 2017/2018.
The results of the study showed that there were statistically significant differences at (α≤0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group (taught using the brainstorming strategy) and the control group (taught in the usual way) in the pre/posttest of creative thinking. Results also showed there were statistically significant differences at (α≤0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group (taught using the brainstorming strategy) and the control group (taught in the usual way) in each skill of creative thinking (fluency, flexibility, and originality) in the pre/posttest of creative thinking. And also there were statistically significant differences at (α≤0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group and the control group in the achievement test of English language.
In light of the results of the study, the researcher proposed some recommendations such as: English language books in the educational stages should include some creative thinking skills, such as fluency, flexibility and originality, and the use of modern methods and strategies in teaching English in different educational stages, such as the use of brainstorming.
KEI is dood, lang leve KEI!? Over de invloed van de digitalisering op het denkproces van griffiers en rechters
Authors: van Toor D.A.G. 
Published: January 2019

KEI is dood, lang leve KEI!? Over de invloed van de digitalisering op het denkproces van griffiers en rechters
De wetgever zet in de modernisering van het Wetboek van Strafvordering in op het digitaliseren van het strafproces. Volgens de Raad voor de rechtspraak is digitalisering van juridische procedures ‘een onontkoombare ontwikkeling die maatschappelijk zeer gewenst is’. In de discussie over de digitalisering van juridische procedures wordt echter geen aandacht besteed aan het feit dat het ‘denken met handen’ en ‘denken met het hoofd’ geen alternatieve werkwijzen maar complementaire werkwijzen zijn.
Survivors
Authors: Hitchcott Nicki 
Published: January 2019

In chapter four, Hitchcott further considers the difficulties faced when fictionalising the testimonies of genocide survivors, as well as the difficulties and prejudice that survivors face in present day Rwanda. Attention is brought to the perceived social hierarchy that exists in post-genocide Rwanda, and where survivors find themselves placed within it by fellow citizens. A culture of mistrust exists between those that returned to Rwanda after fleeing the genocide and those that remained but survived as it is assumed they committed atrocities themselves in order to live. Hitchcott analyses the isolation of survivors as depicted in Rwanda genocide fiction, particularly in Jean-Marie Vianney Rurangwa’s ‘Au sortir de l’enfer’, and ultimately how these authors attempt to re-establish the dignity of survivors by creating characters with stories to be heard and understood.
Mehdi Charef and theInvention of Beur Writing
Authors: Kleppinger Kathryn A. 
Published: January 2019

After a brief discussion of political activism in the early 1980s by the descendants of North African immigrants to France, this chapter explores the reception and promotion of Mehdi Charef’s début novel, Le thé au harem d’Archi Ahmed (1983). Charef appeared on several top literary, society, and news programs, and successfully established himself as an insider providing new perspectives on France’s North African immigrant community. To better understand the contours of Charef’s media appearances, the chapter also explores the lack of attention accorded to Nacer Kettane’s Le sourire de Brahim and Leïla Sebbar’s Shérazade, 17 ans, brune, frisée, les yeux verts. Kettane promoted his work dogmatically as a political intervention, while Sebbar focused artistic and feminist aspects of her writing. These case studies reveal how Charef successfully positioned himself in a middle ground, as an author who accepted social and political readings of his work but also provided new and unique information on a population that had come to be heavily discussed by journalists and politicians.