bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enrichment of submicron sea-salt-containing particles in small cloud droplets based on single-particle mass spectrometry
Authors: Lin Qinhao , Yang Yuxiang , Fu Yuzhen , Zhang Guohua , Jiang Feng , Peng Long , Lian Xiufeng , Liu Fengxian , Bi Xinhui , Li Lei , Chen Duohong , Li Mei , Ou Jie , Tang Mingjin , Wang Xinming , Peng Ping'an , Sheng Guoying 
Published: August 2019

Abstract. The effects of the chemical composition and size of sea-salt-containing particles on their cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity
are incompletely understood. We used a ground-based counterflow virtual
impactor (GCVI) coupled with a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer
(SPAMS) to characterize chemical composition of submicron (dry diameter of
0.2–1.0 µm) and supermicron (1.0–2.0 µm) sea-salt-containing cloud
residues (dried cloud droplets) at Mount Nanling, southern China. Seven cut
sizes (7.5–14 µm) of cloud droplets were set in the GCVI system. The
highest number fraction of sea-salt-containing particles was observed at the
cut size of 7.5 µm (26 %, by number), followed by 14 µm
(17 %) and the other cut sizes (3 %–5 %). The submicron sea-salt-containing cloud residues contributed approximately 20 % (by number)
at the cut size of 7.5 µm, which was significantly higher than the
percentages at the cut sizes of 8–14 µm (below 2 %). This difference
was likely involved in the change in the chemical composition. At the
cut size of 7.5 µm, nitrate was internally mixed with over 90 % of
the submicron sea-salt-containing cloud residues, which was higher than
sulfate (20 %), ammonium (below 1 %), amines (6 %), hydrocarbon
organic species (2 %), and organic acids (4 %). However, at the cut
sizes of 8–14 µm, nitrate, sulfate, ammonium, amines, hydrocarbon
organic species, and organic acids were internally mixed with > 90 %, > 80 %, 39 %–84 %, 71 %–86 %, 52 %–90 %, and 32 %–77 %
of the submicron sea-salt-containing cloud residues. The proportion of sea-salt-containing particles in the supermicron cloud residues generally
increased as a function of cut size, and their CCN activity was less
influenced by chemical composition. This study provided a significant
contribution towards a comprehensive understanding of sea-salt CCN activity.
De eeuwige discussie over de toetsingsomvang bij beklag tegen niet-vervolging
Authors: Geelhoed W. 
Published: August 2019

De eeuwige discussie over de toetsingsomvang bij beklag tegen niet-vervolging
Het project Modernisering Strafvordering beoogt de vervolgingsbeslissing op meerdere punten te wijzigen. Dat geldt echter niet voor de manier waarop het hof in beklagzaken de beslissing tot niet-vervolging moet toetsen. De toetsingsomvang blijft waarschijnlijk het beste als ‘vol’ te karakteriseren, hoewel andere interpretaties niet zijn uitgesloten. Deze bijdrage werpt een blik op eerdere discussies over de toetsingsomvang in beklagzaken. Verder wordt, aan de hand van een beschouwing van de procedure van administratief beroep, het argument verworpen dat in beklagzaken een marginale toetsing zou moeten worden gehanteerd vanwege het feit dat de beklagprocedure gelijkenis vertoont met bestuursrechtelijke procedures.
L’égalité politique et les limites de la démocratie procédurale
Authors: Guénard Florent 
Published: August 2019

Tout le monde semble s’accorder pour penser la démocratie comme le régime de l’égalité politique. Mais les divergences sont nombreuses dès qu’on s’interroge sur le contenu de cette égalité et sur les raisons qu’on peut invoquer pour la justifier.
Deux types d’arguments semblent s’opposer sur ce point. On peut considérer, comme R. Dahl par exemple, que l’égalité politique est requise afin que la désignation des gouvernants par la voie électorale puisse paraître légitime et qu’elle ne soit pas contestée. L’argument est alors procédural. On peut également considérer, comme T. Nagel par exemple, que cette justification est insuffisante parce qu’elle est extérieure à l’idée démocratique, et que si celle-ci implique que tous aient le même statut politique, c’est parce qu’elle est le régime général de l’égalité, et que l’égalité politique en est la première forme. L’argument est alors substantiel.
L’objet de cet article est double. Il s’agit d’une part de comprendre ce que les défenseurs d’une conception substantielle de la démocratie reprochent à ceux qui définissent celle-ci en termes procéduraux. Il s’agit d’autre part de se demander s’il est possible de s’en tenir à une justification seulement procédurale de l’égalité politique, et en conséquence de s’interroger sur l’interprétation que l’on doit en avoir.
Pourquoi confronter les raisons ?
Authors: Girard Charles 
Published: August 2019

Maintes philosophies contemporaines de la démocratie s’accordent pour donner à la délibération publique une place centrale dans la prise de décisions politiques légitimes. Cet accord masque toutefois un désaccord récurrent sur la source de sa valeur : elle est liée, selon les théories, à son effet sur les participants, à sa valeur expressive, à son équité ou encore à la qualité des décisions qu’elle produit. Ces visions concurrentes de la délibération démocratique ont des implications différentes et parfois contradictoires pour les pratiques et les institutions politiques. Cet article analyse ces justifications afin d’en éprouver la solidité et de clarifier leurs relations. Il défend une justification originale de la délibération démocratique, en montrant qu’elle traite équitablement les citoyens en tant qu’auditeurs, donc en tant que juges. S’il n’est pas sûr qu’elle favorise en général la prise de bonnes décisions, elle rend moins inégales les conditions sous lesquelles les citoyens peuvent porter un jugement politique.
Le républicanisme, une solution de rechange au libéralisme politique ?
Authors: Desmons Ophélie 
Published: August 2019

Comment interpréter le renouveau du républicanisme ? Faut-il y voir, comme c’est souvent le cas, une tentative de formuler une véritable option de remplacement au libéralisme politique ? Le républicanisme est-il une théorie parfaitement distincte du libéralisme politique, capable de ne pas sombrer dans les mêmes écueils ? L’ambition de cet article est d’apporter des éléments de réponse à ces questions, en se focalisant sur le cas de la liberté de conscience. En faisant dialoguer le libéralisme politique de Rawls et le républicanisme critique de Cécile Laborde, j’entends montrer comment le républicanisme s’emploie à dépasser le libéralisme politique. Je souligne néanmoins les difficultés d’une interprétation perfectionniste du républicanisme et lui oppose une interprétation neutraliste. Cette interprétation neutraliste remet cependant en question l’idée selon laquelle le républicanisme est une option de rechange au libéralisme politique.
Management of Lagophthalmos in a Patient with Hansen Disease
Authors: Amole Isaac Olusayo , Adesina Stephen Adesope , Durodola Adewumi Ojeniyi , Eyesan Samuel Uwale 
Published: August 2019

Aim: To highlight the surgical management of Lagophthalmos in a patient with Hansen disease.
Case Presentation: We present a case of a 58-year old man who had bilateral lagophthamos. He had pre-operative physiotherapy for two weeks, Temporalis muscle transfer for the left eye and post-operative physiotherapy for three weeks. His post-operative period was uneventful and the outcome of the surgery was satisfactory.
Discussion: Lagophthalmos is a fairly common and extremely distressing condition. It is often found in association with corneal anesthesia, which is responsible for the development of the corneal trauma syndrome from keratitis and ulceration leading to blindness. Out of all the surgical methods used in treatment of Lagophthalmos, Temporalis muscle transfer according to the method of Gillies is considered the best procedure.
Conclusion: Surgical correction of Lagophthalmos usually leads to restoration of voluntary blinking and closure of the eye during sleep which effectively protect the eye against further damage. Our patient was able to close his eye during sleep after the surgical correction.
Laboratory Accreditation and Compliance
Authors: Loeffelholz Michael , Samuel Linoj , Sharp Susan E. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The current laboratory regulatory framework for accreditation in the United States began with the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1967. The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) program is administered by three agencies within the Department of Health and Human Services: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Food and Drug Administration. CLIA requires that all laboratories have a valid CLIA certificate unless they are CLIA exempt. CLIA inspectors may cite the laboratory for deficiencies based on the nature of the noncompliance. A quality management system is comprehensive; it involves all personnel and includes all phases of the testing workflow: preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical. Quality control testing must be performed and reviewed after performance of significant maintenance on an instrument or replacement of any important part of the test system, including reagents.
Molecular Techniques
Authors: Parikh Bijal A. , Hughes Andrew E. O. , Anderson Neil W. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Molecular methods for the diagnosis of infectious diseases can be broadly grouped into three categories: probe‐based methods without amplification, signal amplification methods, and target amplification methods. These methods differ significantly in terms of their technical requirements, analytical sensitivity, and specificity, which inform the role of individual techniques in specific clinical applications. Probe‐based methods without amplification are among the earliest‐described and simplest molecular tests. The analytical sensitivity of nucleic acid probes can be greatly enhanced through signal amplification, which allows the detection of low quantities of nucleic acid directly from clinical specimens. Transcription‐mediated amplification is a commonly utilized form of PCR‐free target amplification. Molecular assays all have some degree of susceptibility to inhibition by external substances. Quality assurance plans should be designed with consideration of the challenges and potential pitfalls of molecular testing. Molecular methods are exquisitely sensitive, making them very susceptible to false positivity due to environmental contamination.
General Approaches to the Identification of Aerobic Gram‐Positive Rods
Authors: Bernard Kathryn A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
All strains of Gram‐positive rods can be grown on blood agar plates, with specific descriptions of growth requirements. Gram‐positive organisms demonstrating “regular” rods are those cells with usually parallel longitudinal edges. “Irregular” rods are those organisms with cells observed to have curved or coccoidal longitudinal edges which are not parallel; these taxa can produce yellowish‐pigmented, yellow‐pigmented, or orange‐pigmented colonies. Molecular methods may be required for definitive identification to genus and species level for bacteria which are poorly reactive biochemically and/or are under represented or absent from databases of commercial matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) systems. MALDI‐TOF MS technology is widely used in clinical microbiology, because that method has been found to provide rapid, cost‐effective, and accurate identifications of both common and rare pathogens.
Preparation of Single‐Crystal MoS2 Nanotubes and 1D Van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Guo Jia , Zhai Linxin , Zhang Xinrui , Sheng Jian , Qiao Ruixi , Liu Kaihui , Xu Zhiping , Li Yan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSingle‐crystal MoS2 nanotubes possess outstanding electronic and optoelectronic properties. However, previous attempts to synthesize MoS2 nanotubes are hindered by poor crystallinity and the high strain energy required to roll a sheet with three atomic layers into a tubular structure. Here, the confined template growth of well‐crystallized MoS2 nanotubes encapsulated within carbon nanotubes, forming 1D van der Waals heterostructures, is reported. The growth of MoS2 nanotubes is catalyzed by iron carbide. CNTs serve as nanoreactors and structurally confined templates, ensuring the growth of fine MoS2 nanotubes. Water vapor is employed to manipulate the structure and morphology of resultant MoS2. Free‐standing MoS2 nanotubes are obtained by removing outer CNTs with gentle plasma etching. This method demonstrate the power of coupling the catalytic effect and the space confinement in the growth of high‐quality MoS2 nanotubes, which may become a common strategy for the preparation of general 1D nanostructures of various transition metal dichalcogenides and other materials.
An Extreme Environment Capable Self‐Healing Single Active Layered Triboelectric Sensors as Fully Recyclable and Transparent Human‐Machine Interfaces
Authors: Liu Mengmeng , Li Pengju , Tan Yu Jun , Yang Zijie , See Hian Hian , Yang Weidong , Liang Fang‐Cheng , Cheng Xu , Tee Benjamin C. K. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractCurrent approaches to triboelectric devices require multiple layers. Here, a transparent ultra‐stretchable single active layered ionic‐based nanogenerator is shown that can self‐heal in both dry and wet environments. Despite being conductive, surprisingly the ionogel exhibits triboelectric properties and generates output voltages ranging from 1.7 to 70 V. By tuning the ionic liquid concentration, unique triboelectric devices with position‐detection and energy harvesting ability are developed. This design enables visualization of the mechanical force distribution through the mechano‐electric‐optical conversion process, which is achieved by changing it from an insulating dielectric material to a tribo‐negative ionic conducting material. The triboelectric device maintains its stability and self‐healing ability at extreme environments (−20 to 380 °C, pH 1.3 to 13), and the device can be fully closed‐loop recycled for reuse. Various human‐machine interface applications such as untethered self‐powered light‐emitting jellyfish‐like devices are demonstrated, a mechano‐thermal sensor array, and tactile recognition of object shapes with over 91% accuracy using convolution neural networks (CNN).
Skin‐Inspired in‐Sensor Encoding of Strain Vector Using Tunable Quantum Geometry
Authors: Liu Zenglin , Shi Jingwen , Cao Jin , Ma Zecheng , Yang Zaizheng , Cui Yanwei , Wang Lizheng , Dai Yudi , Chen Moyu , Wang Pengfei , Xie Yongqin , Chen Fanqiang , Shi Youguo , Xiao Cong , Yang Shengyuan A. , Cheng Bin , Liang Shi‐Jun , Miao Feng 
Published: December 2024

AbstractHuman skin provides crucial tactile feedback, allowing to skillfully perceive various objects by sensing and encoding complex deformations through multiple parameters in each tactile receptor. However, replicating this high‐dimensional tactile perception with conventional materials' electronic properties remains a daunting challenge. Here, a skin‐inspired method is presented to encode strain vectors directly within a sensor. This is achieved by leveraging the strain‐tunable quantum properties of electronic bands in the van der Waals topological semimetal Td‐WTe2. Robust and independent responses are observed from the second‐order and third‐order nonlinear Hall signals in Td‐WTe2 when subjected to variations in both the magnitude and direction of strain. Through rigorous temperature‐dependent measurements and scaling law analysis, it is established that these strain responses primarily stem from quantum geometry‐related phenomena, including the Berry curvature and Berry‐connection polarizability tensor. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that strain‐dependent nonlinear Hall signals can efficiently encode high‐dimensional strain information using a single device. This capability enables accurate and comprehensive sensing of complex strain patterns in the embossed character “NJU”. The findings highlight the promising application of topological quantum materials in advancing next‐generation, bio‐inspired flexible electronics.
Electron Donor‐Functionalized Pyrenes with Amplified Spontaneous Emission for Violet–Blue Electroluminescent Devices Beyond the Spin Statistical Limit
Authors: Welscher Philipp J. , Straub Daniel , Stümpges Florian , Respondek A. Lennart , Esser Birgit , Kuehne Alexander J. C. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDirect electrically pumped organic lasers remain inaccessible to date, due to an interplay of different adverse effects. The most important of these effects are insufficient charge carrier mobility in the organic material, accumulation of triplet excitons upon charge injection, and absorption from the electrodes in the device. While triplet state management can be achieved using molecules that recycle triplet states into emissive singlet states, these molecules rarely support amplified emission. Pyrene derivatives not only show excellent charge transport properties, but their rigid π‐conjugated structure also entails excellent electro‐ and photoluminescence efficiency. Pyrenes exhibit very low‐lying first excited triplet states, rendering this class of molecules interesting for ultrafast upper‐level reverse intersystem crossing. This process counteracts the triplet accumulation in organic lasers. Here, pyrenes are functionalized with electron‐rich moieties of different donor strengths. Through comprehensive spectroscopic and quantum chemical analysis, the character of the charge transfer excited state is correlated with optical properties, excited state lifetimes, amplified spontaneous emission, and triplet recycling. Two donor functionalized pyrenes are reported with violet–blue emission that overcome the spin‐statistical limit of conventional organic emitters with spin factors ηST of up to 0.43 and low thresholds for amplified spontaneous emission Eth down to 1.73 µJ cm−2.
Li, Ag Co‐Doping Enables Efficient Kesterite Solar Cell with a High Fill Factor of 74.30%
Authors: Zhong Xinyi , Wang Jinlin , Han Litao , Chi JinJin , Liu Tong , Kou Dongxing , Zhou Wenhui , Zhou Zhengji , Yuan Shengjie , Meng Yuena , Qi Yafang , Meng Qingbo , Wu Sixin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn addition to open‐circuit voltage (VOC) loss, fill factor (FF) loss is considered another major factor restricting the further optimization of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) device efficiency. In this work, a comprehensive investigation into the loss mechanisms of FF has been conducted, and implemented a Li&Ag co‐doping approach to enhance FF. The results indicate that the FF loss caused by insufficient carrier extraction is higher than that caused by non‐radiative recombination. The carrier extraction capability is significantly influenced by the band alignment of the CdS/CZTSSe interface and has little relationship with the carrier concentration of the absorber. Therefore, although Ag doping reduces the hole concentration and conductivity, it reduces the FF loss caused by carrier extraction due to the improvement of band alignment. Ag doping is also superior to Li in passivating harmful defects, which helps reduce FF losses caused by non‐radiative recombination. Correspondingly, Li performs better than Ag in increasing the hole carrier concentration and optimizing band alignment, greatly reducing FF losses caused by insufficient carrier transport. Finally, the Li and Ag co‐doping strategy enables a 14.91% efficient kesterite solar cell with the highest reported FF to date of 74.30% through collaborative optimization of carrier extraction and suppression of non‐radiative recombination.
Bias‐Free Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Coupled with Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Reaction via Fe‐Based Electrodes with Long‐Term Operation
Authors: Chen Haojie , Gao Zehua , Nguyen Nhat Truong , Li Zilong , Gao Rui‐Ting , Wu Limin , Wang Lei 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPhotoelectrochemistry (PEC) is a green and sustainable approach in the synthesis of H2O2, depending on the semiconductor to initiate two‐electron water oxidation into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). However, the photoanodes generally have sluggish charge transfer and a limited number of active sites, which limit the yield and faradaic efficiency (FE) for the production of H2O2. Herein, Ti‐doped Fe2O3 photoanode with the modification of ZnO passivation layer (ZnO/Ti‐Fe2O3) for PEC H2O2 production is developed. The optimized photoanode has shown a high FE and selectivity for two‐electron water oxidation, achieving a yield approaching 0.56 µmol min−1 cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE and an average FE over 80% in the potential range from 1.0 to 1.6 VRHE. Impressively, an unassisted PEC system is designed to generate H2O2 at the ZnO/Ti‐Fe2O3 photoanode while performing an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the Fe(Co)‐NC cathode. The integrated system enables the average PEC H2O2 production rate of 0.275 µmol min−1 cm−2 without applying any additional bias. Moreover, an unassisted PEC cell obtains a long‐term stability of 100 h. This work demonstrates new possibilities in designing efficient and stable PEC assemblies using low‐cost earth‐abundant materials for light‐driven catalysis.
Tunable Optical High‐Order Differential Microscopy for Cell Structure Detection
Authors: Liu Shuoqing , Zhao Yongqi , Zheng Dandan , Chen Shizhen , Wen Shuangchun , Luo Hailu 
Published: December 2024

AbstractOptical differential microscopy is an important tool for the detection and recognition of transparent biological objects. Among it, the first‐order optical differentiation is commonly utilized to aid in fast, label‐free, and contactless detection. However, the characterization of detailed contours for some smooth object areas may be limited, and a higher order operation needs to be executed. A tunable optical high‐order differential microscopy is proposed and implemented, in virtue of electric‐driven liquid crystal (LC). By electrically switching the working state of LC, the differential operation can be flexibly tuned in desired order, such as from zero‐order to first‐order and second‐order differentiations. Using this scheme, clear edge‐enhanced images of different‐contrast objects even transparent biological cells are experimentally acquired under multi‐wavelength cases. Specifically, based on the connection between high‐order differential results and edge features, further gained in‐depth information in the size of light spot and structure of plant cells. The beam waist radius of a laser is determined as 0.35 ± 0.002 mm, and the cell wall thickness is estimated about 3 to 5 microns. These results may open the avenue for biological imaging and microscopic measurement.
Magneto‐Capacitance of PEDOT:PSS Thin Films; Effects of a Two‐Phase System and Coulomb Interaction
Authors: Nikiforov Daniel , Tessler Nir , Ehrenfreund Eitan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe study of the net magneto‐capacitance, C(B), in thin films of the conducting polymer Poly(3 4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is presented. In the films there are charged electrically‐conducting PEDOT‐rich regions surrounded by PSS insulating charged material. The high‐conductivity grade PEDOT:PSS thin films are studied at low temperature, where the hopping conduction is dominant. It is experimentally observed that there is a finite net magneto‐capacitance, C(B), in the temperature range T = 1.7–3 K. Thus, the observed C(B) is a direct evidence for an intra‐site Coulomb interaction, U ≈ 2 meV, among the mobile charge carriers in the PEDOT‐rich regions. The lifting of spin degeneracy motivates PEDOT for use in spintronic applications.