bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiosynthesis of (R,S)‐[18F]GE387: A Potential PET Radiotracer for Imaging Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) with Low Binding Sensitivity to the Human Gene Polymorphism rs6971
Authors: Qiao Luxi , Fisher Emily , McMurray Lindsay , Milicevic Sephton Selena , Hird Matthew , Kuzhuppilly‐Ramakrishnan Nisha , Williamson David J. , Zhou Xiouyun , Werry Eryn , Kassiou Michael , Luthra Saijinder , Trigg William , Aigbirhio Franklin I. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTranslocator protein (TSPO) is a biomarker of neuroinflammation, which is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases and has been exploited as a positron emission tomography (PET) target. Carbon‐11‐labelled PK11195 remains the most applied agent for imaging TSPO, despite its short‐lived isotope and low brain permeability. Second‐generation radiotracers show variance in affinity amongst subjects (low‐, mixed‐, and high‐affinity binders) caused by the genetic polymorphism (rs6971) of the TSPO gene. To overcome these limitations, a new structural scaffold was explored based on the TSPO pharmacophore, and the analogue with a low‐affinity binder/high‐affinity binder (LAB/HAB) ratio similar (1.2 vs. 1.3) to that of (R)‐[11C]PK11195 was investigated. The synthesis of the reference compound was accomplished in six steps and 9 % overall yield, and the precursor was prepared in eight steps and 8 % overall yield. The chiral separation of the reference and precursor compounds was performed using supercritical fluid chromatography with >95 % ee. The absolute configuration was determined by circular dichroism. Optimisation of reaction conditions for manual radiolabelling revealed acetonitrile as a preferred solvent at 100 °C. Automation of this radiolabelling method provided R and S enantiomers in respective 21.3±16.7 and 25.6±7.1 % decay‐corrected yields and molar activities of 55.8±35.6 and 63.5±39.5 GBq μmol−1 (n=3). Injection of the racemic analogue into a healthy rat confirmed passage through the blood–brain barrier.
Long‐term fatigue in survivors of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: The Lymphoma Study Association SIMONAL cross‐sectional study
Authors: Mounier Nicolas , Anthony Sabine , Busson Raphaël , Thieblemont Catherine , Ribrag Vincent , Tilly Hervé , Haioun Corinne , Casasnovas René‐Olivier , Morschhauser Franck , Feugier Pierre , Delarue Richard , Ysebaert Loic , Sebban Catherine , Broussais‐Guillaumot Florence , Damaj Gandhi , Nerich Virginie , Jais Jean‐Philippe , Laborde Lilian , Salles Gilles , Henry‐Amar Michel 
Published: March 2019

BackgroundLong‐term survivors of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) must cope with treatment complications and late toxicities that affect their health‐related quality of life. Little is known about the risk‐to‐benefit ratio of new agents like rituximab. The impact of treatment regimens and health disorders on long‐term fatigue levels was investigated in a cross‐sectional study.MethodsTwo self‐administered questionnaires, the 20‐item Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI‐20) and a Life Situation Questionnaire, were mailed in 2015 to NHL survivors enrolled onto 12 successive clinical studies (1993‐2010) conducted by the Lymphoma Study Association. Private addresses were obtained for 3317 survivors, of whom 1671 (50%) returned the questionnaires. Severe fatigue was defined as MFI‐20 scores ≥60 on dimension scales scored from 0 to 100. Linear regression models were used to assess factors that were linked to increased fatigue levels.ResultsThe study population included 906 men and 765 women, and the median age was 64 years (age range, 24‐95 years). Overall, 811 survivors had received cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (CHOP)‐like chemotherapy, 518 had received high‐dose CHOP, and 342 had undergone upfront autologous stem cell transplantation; 829 survivors also had received rituximab. In total, 1100 survivors (66%) reported 1 or more late health disorders. Severe fatigue was reported by 602 survivors (37%). Increased fatigue levels were associated (P < .001) with increased age, obesity, and the presence of health disorders, but not with initial treatment or rituximab.ConclusionsThe survey confirms that high proportions long‐term NHL survivors have severe fatigue. The results suggest that initial treatment and the receipt of rituximab have no influence on the development of long‐term fatigue.
Optimizing Dispersion, Exfoliation, Synthesis, and Device Fabrication of Inorganic Nanomaterials Using Hansen Solubility Parameters
Authors: Qin Jinwen , Wang Xin , Jiang Qiwang , Cao Minhua 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHansen solubility parameters (HSPs) were established by Hansen in 1967 and predict miscibility between different material systems. So far, HSP theory works across polymers, crystalline bulk solids and nanomaterials and can be used to identify single solvents or, more likely, blends of solvents that deliver not only the initial solubility but also control it during reaction processes. This minireview summarizes the recent progress on HSP theory to optimize dispersion, exfoliation, synthesis, and device fabrication of inorganic nanomaterials. First, we briefly introduce HSP theory and determination of HSPs. Then, we discuss in detail the utilization of HSPs for inorganic nanomaterials, focusing on carbon nanomaterials, two‐dimensional non‐graphene nanomaterials, and metal oxide nanoparticles. Finally, challenges and perspectives of HSP theory in inorganic nanomaterials are reviewed.
Recombinant Viral Vectors as Neuroscience Tools
Authors: Chen Shih‐Heng , Haam Juhee , Walker Mitzie , Scappini Erica , Naughton John , Martin Negin P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRecombinant viruses are highly efficient vehicles for in vivo gene delivery. Viral vectors expand the neurobiology toolbox to include direct and rapid anterograde, retrograde, and trans‐synaptic delivery of tracers, sensors, and actuators to the mammalian brain. Each viral type offers unique advantages and limitations. To establish strategies for selecting a suitable viral type, this article aims to provide readers with an overview of viral recombinant technology, viral structure, tropism, and differences between serotypes and pseudotypes for three of the most commonly used vectors in neurobiology research: adeno‐associated viruses, retro/lentiviruses, and glycoprotein‐deleted rabies viruses. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Method to Isolate CD34+ Mononuclear Cells from Canine Peripheral Blood
Authors: Kasimanickam Vanmathy , Kasimanickam Ramanathan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEmbryonic stem cells are pluripotent whereas adult stem cells are multipotent in nature. In recent years, evidence suggests that adult stem cells not only differentiate into specific cell lineages but also transdifferentiate into multiple cell lineages. Progenitor cells are found in adult bone marrow, blood, and other organs and differentiate into numerous cell lineages regardless of origin. Identifying a subset that can differentiate into mature endothelial cells is essential. This article describes peripheral blood collection in adult beagle dogs, isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) from the cell fraction, separation of a subset of CD34+ cells using immunomagnetic principles, characterization of PBMNCs and CD34+ cells using flow cytometry, and evaluation of gene expression of CD34, KDR, and CD133 in CD34+ fractions. Efficient methods of isolation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) will promote the ex vivo expansion and transplantation of EPCs in ischemic injury to enable neovascularization. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Examining the selection of university courses in young adults with learning disabilities
Authors: Longobardi Claudio , Fabris Matteo A. , Mendola Manuela , Prino Laura Elvira 
Published: March 2019

The literature contains a great deal of research on Specific Learning Disorders (SpLDs). However, almost all of the studies related to SpLDs deal with the difficulties that said disorders cause during childhood or adolescence. An interest in adults with SpLDs is only recent, especially in university students like those in this study. In Italy, research on SpLDs in higher education is rather limited. This study aims to rectify this lack of data by making a brief analysis of the data on SpLDs prevalence in higher education and of the courses chosen by university students with SpLDs. Our sample consisted of 585 students with SpLDs enrolled at 19 public universities that communicated the number of students who contacted their offices of service for students with SpLDs. The prevalence of students with SpLDs in the higher education populations we sample had a mean of 0.13% (SD = 0.11) and ranged from 0.03% to 0.48%. The data showed that the higher education faculties with the highest number of reported SpLDs students in our sample were Statistics, Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Education, and Architecture. It is important to analyse the trend in university enrolment of student with SpLDs to protect the right to education for people with SpLDs.
Bridging eating disorder symptoms and trait anxiety in patients with eating disorders: A network approach
Authors: Forrest Lauren N. , Sarfan Laurel D. , Ortiz Shelby N. , Brown Tiffany A. , Smith April R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectiveAnxiety is thought to influence the development and maintenance of eating disorders (EDs). However, little is known about how, specifically, anxiety influences ED symptoms and vice versa. Network analysis identifies how symptoms within and across disorders are interconnected. In a network, central nodes (i.e., symptoms) have the strongest relations to other nodes and are thought to maintain psychopathology. Bridge nodes are symptoms in one diagnostic cluster that are strongly connected to symptoms in another diagnostic cluster and are thought to explain comorbidity. We identified central and bridge nodes in a network of ED symptoms and trait anxiety features.MethodWe estimated a regularized partial correlation network in patients with mixed EDs (N = 296). ED symptoms were assessed with the Eating Disorder Examination–Questionnaire. Trait anxiety was assessed with the Trait subscale of the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. Items to include in the network were selected with a statistical algorithm to ensure that all nodes represented unique constructs. Central and bridge nodes were identified with empirical calculations.ResultsCentral ED nodes were dietary restraint, as well as overvaluation of and dissatisfaction with shape and weight. The central trait anxiety node was low feelings of satisfaction. The strongest ED bridge node was avoidance of social eating. The strongest trait anxiety bridge node was low self‐confidence.DiscussionAvoidance of social eating and low self‐esteem may be routes through which EDs and trait anxiety are linked.
Disentangling drivers of the abundance of coral reef fishes in the Western Indian Ocean
Authors: Samoilys Melita A. , Halford Andrew , Osuka Kennedy 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAimUnderstanding the drivers of the structure of coral reef fish assemblages is vital for their future conservation. Quantifying the separate roles of natural drivers from the increasing influence of anthropogenic factors, such as fishing and climate change, is a key component of this understanding. It follows that the intrinsic role of historical biogeographical and geomorphological factors must be accounted for when trying to understand the effects of contemporary disturbances such as fishing.LocationComoros, Madagascar, Mozambique and Tanzania, Western Indian Ocean (WIO).MethodsWe modeled patterns in the density and biomass of an assemblage of reef‐associated fish species from 11 families, and their association with 16 biophysical variables.ResultsCanonical analysis of principal coordinates revealed strong country affiliations of reef fish assemblages and distance‐based linear modeling confirmed geographic location and reef geomorphology were the most significant correlates, explaining 32% of the observed variation in fish assemblage structure. Another 6%–8% of variation was explained by productivity gradients (chl_a), and reef exposure or slope. Where spatial effects were not significant between mainland continental locations, fishing effects became evident explaining 6% of the variation in data. No correlation with live coral was detected. Only 37 species, predominantly lower trophic level taxa, were significant in explaining differences in assemblages between sites.Main ConclusionsSpatial and geomorphological histories remain a major influence on the structure of reef fish assemblages in the WIO. Reef geomorphology was closely linked to standing biomass, with “ocean‐exposed” fringing reefs supporting high average biomass of ~1,000 kg/ha, while “lagoon‐exposed fringing” reefs and “inner seas patch complex” reefs yielded substantially less at ~500kg/ha. Further, the results indicate the influence of benthic communities on fish assemblages is scale dependent. Such insights will be pivotal for managers seeking to balance long‐term sustainability of artisanal reef fisheries with conservation of coral reef systems.
Genome streamlining via complete loss of introns has occurred multiple times in lichenized fungal mitochondria
Authors: Pogoda Cloe S. , Keepers Kyle G. , Nadiadi Arif Y. , Bailey Dustin W. , Lendemer James C. , Tripp Erin A. , Kane Nolan C. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractReductions in genome size and complexity are a hallmark of obligate symbioses. The mitochondrial genome displays clear examples of these reductions, with the ancestral alpha‐proteobacterial genome size and gene number having been reduced by orders of magnitude in most descendent modern mitochondrial genomes. Here, we examine patterns of mitochondrial evolution specifically looking at intron size, number, and position across 58 species from 21 genera of lichenized Ascomycete fungi, representing a broad range of fungal diversity and niches. Our results show that thecox1gene always contained the highest number of introns out of all the mitochondrial protein‐coding genes, that high intron sequence similarity (>90%) can be maintained between different genera, and that lichens have undergone at least two instances of complete, genome‐wide intron loss consistent with evidence for genome streamlining via loss of parasitic, noncoding DNA, inPhlyctis boliviensisandGraphis lineola. Notably, however, lichenized fungi have not only undergone intron loss but in some instances have expanded considerably in size due to intron proliferation (e.g.,Alectoria fallacinaandParmotrema neotropicum), even between closely related sister species (e.g.,Cladonia). These results shed light on the highly dynamic mitochondrial evolution that is occurring in lichens and suggest that these obligate symbiotic organisms are in some cases undergoing recent, broad‐scale genome streamlining via loss of protein‐coding genes as well as noncoding, parasitic DNA elements.
Altitude effects on spatial components of vascular plant diversity in a subarctic mountain tundra
Authors: Naud Lucy , Måsviken Johannes , Freire Susana , Angerbjörn Anders , Dalén Love , Dalerum Fredrik 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEnvironmental gradients are caused by gradual changes in abiotic factors, which affect species abundances and distributions, and are important for the spatial distribution of biodiversity. One prominent environmental gradient is the altitude gradient. Understanding ecological processes associated with altitude gradients may help us to understand the possible effects climate change could have on species communities. We quantified vegetation cover, species richness, species evenness, beta diversity, and spatial patterns of community structure of vascular plants along altitude gradients in a subarctic mountain tundra in northern Sweden. Vascular plant cover and plant species richness showed unimodal relationships with altitude. However, species evenness did not change with altitude, suggesting that no individual species became dominant when species richness declined. Beta diversity also showed a unimodal relationship with altitude, but only for an intermediate spatial scale of 1 km. A lack of relationships with altitude for either patch or landscape scales suggests that any altitude effects on plant spatial heterogeneity occurred on scales larger than individual patches but were not effective across the whole landscape. We observed both nested and modular patterns of community structures, but only the modular patterns corresponded with altitude. Our observations point to biotic regulations of plant communities at high altitudes, but we found both scale dependencies and inconsistent magnitude of the effects of altitude on different diversity components. We urge for further studies evaluating how different factors influence plant communities in high altitude and high latitude environments, as well as studies identifying scale and context dependencies in any such influences.
The bioelements, the elementome, and the biogeochemical niche
Authors: Peñuelas Josep , Fernández‐Martínez Marcos , Ciais Philippe , Jou David , Piao Shilong , Obersteiner Michael , Vicca Sara , Janssens Ivan A. , Sardans Jordi 
Published: March 2019

AbstractEvery living creature on Earth is made of atoms of the various bioelements that are harnessed in the construction of molecules, tissues, organisms, and communities, as we know them. Organisms need these bioelements in specific quantities and proportions to survive and grow. Distinct species have different functions and life strategies, and have therefore developed distinct structures and adopted a certain combination of metabolic and physiological processes. Each species is thus also expected to have different requirements for each bioelement. We therefore propose that a “biogeochemical niche” can be associated with the classical ecological niche of each species. We show from field data examples that a biogeochemical niche is characterized by a particular elementome defined as the content of all (or at least most) bioelements. The differences in elementome among species are a function of taxonomy and phylogenetic distance, sympatry (the bioelemental compositions should differ more among coexisting than among non‐coexisting species to avoid competitive pressure), and homeostasis with a continuum between high homeostasis/low plasticity and low homeostasis/high plasticity. This proposed biogeochemical niche hypothesis has the advantage relative to other associated theoretical niche hypotheses that it can be easily characterized by actual quantification of a measurable trait: the elementome of a given organism or a community, being potentially applicable across taxa and habitats. The changes in bioelemental availability can determine genotypic selection and therefore have a feedback on ecosystem function and organization, and, at the end, become another driving factor of the evolution of life and the environment.
Human milk oligosaccharides promote immune tolerance via direct interactions with human dendritic cells
Authors: Xiao Ling , van De Worp Wouter RPH , Stassen Roderick , van Maastrigt Celine , Kettelarij Nienke , Stahl Bernd , Blijenberg Bernadet , Overbeek Saskia A. , Folkerts Gert , Garssen Johan , van't Land Belinda 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHuman milk oligosaccharides (HMOS) are a complex mixture of bioactive components supporting the immune development of breastfed‐infants. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the regulation of immune responses, being specialized in antigen presentation and driving T‐cell priming as well as differentiation. However, little is known about the direct effects of HMOS on human DC phenotypes and functions. Here, we report that HMOS mixture isolated from pooled human milk, induced semi‐maturation of human monocytes‐derived DCs (moDCs), and elevated levels of IL‐10, IL‐27 and IL‐6 but not IL‐12p70 and TNF‐α. Consistently, HMOS‐conditioned human moDCs promoted Treg generation from naïve CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, HMOS limited LPS‐induced maturation of human moDCs, while maintained IL‐10 and IL‐27 secretion and reduced LPS‐induced production of IL‐12p70, IL‐6 and TNF‐α. Furthermore, HMOS+LPS‐stimulated DCs induced a higher frequency of Tregs and increased IL‐10 production, while a reduction in Tbet+Th1 frequency and IFN‐γ production was detected as compared to LPS‐DCs. The regulatory effects of HMOS seemed to be mediated by interactions of HMOS with receptors, including but not limited to TLR4 and DC‐SIGN on human moDCs. In conclusion, HMOS contain tolerogenic factors influencing human moDCs and thereby modulating the development of the neonatal immune system.
Separation of brombuterol enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis with cyclodextrin‐type chiral selectors and investigation of structure of selector‐selectand complexes using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Gogolashvili Ann , Tatunashvili Elene , Chankvetadze Lali , Sohajda Tamas , Gumustas Mehmet , Ozkan Sibel A. , Salgado Antonio , Chankvetadze Bezhan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe major goal of this study was to determine the affinity pattern of brombuterol (BB) enantiomers toward various cyclodextrins (CD) and to evaluate the potential of NMR spectroscopy for understanding fine mechanisms of interactions between CDs and BB enantiomers. Separation of BB enantiomers was performed in a fused‐silica capillary using a phosphate buffer, pH 2.5, at the room temperature in the normal polarity mode. It was shown once again that CE in combination with NMR spectroscopy represents a very sensitive tool for studies of affinity patterns and structure of CD complexes with chiral guests. Although opposite affinity patterns of BB enantiomers were observed toward native β‐ and γ‐CDs, no significant differences between the structures of the complexes of these two CDs with BB were detected by NMR spectroscopy. In contrary to this, the opposite affinity pattern of BB enantiomers toward β‐CD and its two sulfated derivatives, heptakis (2,3‐O‐diacetyl‐6‐sulfo)‐β‐CD (HDAS‐β‐CD) and heptakis (2‐O‐methyl‐3,6‐di‐O‐sulfo)‐β‐CD (HMDS‐β‐CD) was associated with major differences in the structure of the complexes. In addition, it was shown again that HMDS‐β‐CD provides separation of enantiomers without formation of inclusion‐type complex with the chiral analyte.
A Multitracer Approach to Quantifying Resource Utilization Strategies in Lake Trout Populations in Lake Huron
Authors: McLeod Anne M. , Di Pierdomenico Lauren , Haffner G. Douglas 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Lake ecosystems are threatened by an array of stressors. An understanding of how food webs and bioaccumulation dynamics respond to these challenges requires the quantification of energy flow. We present a combined, multitracer approach using both polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and stable isotopes to trace energy flow, and to quantify how lake trout feeding strategies have adapted to changes in food web structure in 3 basins of Lake Huron (ON, Canada). This combined tracer approach allows the quantification of dietary proportions (using stable isotopes), which are then integrated using a novel PCB tracer approach that employs knowledge of PCB bioaccumulation pathways, to estimate consumption and quantify energy flow between age cohorts of individual fish across Lake Huron. We observed basin-specific differences in ultimate energy sources for lake trout, with Georgian Bay lake trout deriving almost 70% of their energy from benthic resources compared with 16 and 33% for Main Basin and North Channel lake trout, respectively. These differences in resource utilization are further magnified when they are contrasted with age. The dependency on pelagic energy sources in the Main Basin and North Channel suggests that these populations will be the most negatively affected by the ongoing trophic collapse in Lake Huron. Our study demonstrates the utility of a multitracer approach to quantify the consequences of food web adaptations to changes in aquatic ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1245–1255. © 2019 SETAC