bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge‐based approaches for identity management in online social networks
Authors: Bahri Leila , Carminati Barbara , Ferrari Elena 
Published: April 2018

When we meet a new person, we start by introducing ourselves. We share our names, and other information about our jobs, cities, family status, and so on. This is how socializing and social interactions can start: we first need to identify each other. Identification is a cornerstone in establishing social contacts. We identify ourselves and others by a set of civil (e.g., name, nationality, ID number, gender) and social (e.g., music taste, hobbies, religion) characteristics. This seamlessly carried out identification process in face‐to‐face interactions is challenged in the virtual realms of socializing, such as in online social network (OSN) platforms. New identities (i.e., online profiles) could be created without being subject to any level of verification, making it easy to create fake information and forge fake identities. This has led to a massive proliferation of accounts that represent fake identities (i.e., not mapping to physically existing entities), and that poison the online socializing environment with fake information and malicious behavior (e.g., child abuse, information stealing). Within this milieu, users in OSNs are left unarmed against the challenging task of identifying the real person behind the screen. OSN providers and research bodies have dedicated considerable effort to the study of the behavior and features of fake OSN identities, trying to find ways to detect them. Some other research initiatives have explored possible techniques to enable identity validation in OSNs. Both kinds of approach rely on extracting knowledge from the OSN, and exploiting it to achieve identification management in their realms. We provide a review of the most prominent works in the literature. We define the problem, provide a taxonomy of related attacks, and discuss the available solutions and approaches for knowledge‐based identity management in OSNs.This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Human Centricity and User Interaction
Application Areas> Internet and Web‐Based Applications
Application Areas> Society and Culture
Wave propagation through poroelastic soil with underground structures via hybrid BEM‐FEM
Authors: Basnet Min Bahadur , Aji Hendrawan D. B. , Wuttke Frank , Dineva Petia 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA hybrid model for evaluation of the seismic response of a complex poroelastic soil region containing an underground structure is developed. The model is based on an efficient computational technique unifying the benefits of both boundary element method (BEM) and finite element method (FEM). The mechanical model takes the whole seismic wave path from the seismic source, through the heterogeneous geological saturated deposits, till the local site with underground structure into consideration. The seismic load comprises time‐harmonic or transient P‐ and SV‐wave, thus covering the plane strain case. A viscoelastic isomorphism to Biot's equations of dynamic poroelasticity presented by Bardet's model is used. The direct BEM is applied for the unbounded part of the geological region, while the FEM is used for the local finite geological profile containing an underground structure. The BEM model is inserted as a macro finite element in commercial program ABAQUS used for solution of the entire problem. The simulation results reveal that the seismic response is sensitive to the site conditions such as the existence of surface relief and layers, to soil inhomogeneity and poroelasticity, and most importantly to the soil‐underground structure interaction.
Problem Identification and Agenda Setting
Authors: Willemsen Marc C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractTobacco is a highly contested topic. Lobbyists present their policy solutions to politicians and government officials who weigh the evidence against what they believe is feasible or desirable, much like solving a complex puzzle (Kingdon, 2003). Such puzzles take considerable time. In the meantime, the many other concerns that a government is confronted with compete with tobacco control for a place on the policy agenda. The public policy literature distinguishes different stages of agenda setting: issues move from the public agenda to the political agenda, move again to the formal (sometimes called institutional or governmental) agenda, and finally reach the decision agenda. The public agenda consists of issues that have achieved a high level of public interest and visibility, while the formal agenda lists the topics that decision makers formally give serious consideration to (Cobb, Ross, & Ross, 1976). For an issue to reach the formal agenda, decision makers must be aware of the underlying problem, and consensus must be reached that acting upon the problem is possible and necessary and that the solution falls within the government’s responsibility.
Conclusions
Authors: Willemsen Marc C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPublic policy scholars propose that policy change emerges from the interaction of five elements: (1) the policy context, which can be more or less conducive to tobacco control policy change; (2) the workings of the institutions involved in the process of policymaking; (3) the diffusion of knowledge and ideas which highlight the urgency of a problem and inspire policy solutions; (4) the organisation and advocacy potential of coalitions; and (5) the relative success of opposing coalitions in setting the agenda of policymaking through issue framing (Cairney, Studlar, & Mamudu, 2012; John, 2012). I presented a general framework in Chap. 1 to illustrate how these elements are related and influence each other over time (Fig. 1.1). The reader may want to occasionally consult the framework while reading this concluding chapter.
The Tempo of Dutch Tobacco Control Policy
Authors: Willemsen Marc C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis chapter considers the tempo at which the Dutch government took steps to control smoking by comparing the moment of adoption of policy measures in the Netherlands with the United Kingdom and with the rest of Europe. Before we embark on comparisons, it will be useful to define what 'tobacco control policy' is. It is not straightforward, since it refers to various actions that governments may take. Scholars (e.g., Birkland, 2011) distinguish between “types” of policy: laws, services, incentives (spending, grants, reimbursement), taxation, and persuasion (education, campaigns). These differ in effectiveness, timelines (a quick or a slow effect), cost, efficiency, flexibility, visibility, accountability, and degree of citizen choice (Levine, Peters, & Thompson, 1990). Effective tobacco control is comprehensive in that it is a combination of many policy instruments. At its core are laws that restrict the availability of and exposure to tobacco products. Such regulations tend to become increasingly restrictive over time and are supported by various degrees of education, cessation support, incentives, and taxation.
Tobacco Industry Influence
Authors: Willemsen Marc C. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe origins of the tobacco market can be traced back to the seventeenth century. The famous Dutch golden age was an era of prosperity for tobacco merchants. They traded not only in spices and slaves but also in tobacco, and made Dutch towns extremely wealthy and financed the famous grand houses lining the canals of Amsterdam today. The habit of smoking tobacco spread from the New World and from England to the Dutch harbours. The act of smoking can be seen on many Dutch paintings from the seventeenth century. According to historian Schama (1987, p. 189), in the Golden Age “the smell of the Dutch Republic was the smell of tobacco.” He referred to accounts by visitors to the Netherlands who were struck by the omnipresence of tobacco smoke in inns and towing barges, and the common sight of men and women smoking in public. Dutch clay pipes became an important export product. In the first half of the seventeenth century, tobacco was imported from the Americas, processed in Amsterdam, and exported to Russia and the Baltic. Amsterdam was the biggest staple market for Virginia and Maryland tobacco. The Dutch tobacco trade received a further boost when merchants set up tobacco plantations on Dutch soil, especially in the middle of the country, around the city of Amersfoort, and in the province of Gelderland. Around the year 1700 the total volume of exported mixed tobacco to Denmark, Sweden, Russia, and the Baltic states was about 10–15 million pounds per year, much larger than the 1.2 million that England exported to the Nordic countries (Roessingh, 1976).
When to trust our learners? Clinical teachers’ perceptions of decision variables in the entrustment process
Authors: Duijn Chantal C. M.A. , Welink Lisanne S. , Bok HaroldG. J. , Ten Cate Olle T. J. 
Published: April 2018

Introduction Clinical training programs increasingly use entrustable professional activities (EPAs) as focus of assessment. However, questions remain about which information should ground decisions to trust learners. This qualitative study aimed to identify decision variables in the workplace that clinical teachers find relevant in the elaboration of the entrustment decision processes. The findings can substantiate entrustment decision-making in the clinical workplace.
Methods Focus groups were conducted with medical and veterinary clinical teachers, using the structured consensus method of the Nominal Group Technique to generate decision variables. A ranking was made based on a relevance score assigned by the clinical teachers to the different decision variables. Field notes, audio recordings and flip chart lists were analyzed and subsequently translated and, as a form of axial coding, merged into one list, combining the decision variables that were similar in their meaning.
Results A list of 11 and 17 decision variables were acknowledged as relevant by the medical and veterinary teacher groups, respectively. The focus groups yielded 21 unique decision variables that were considered relevant to inform readiness to perform a clinical task on a designated level of supervision. The decision variables consisted of skills, generic qualities, characteristics, previous performance or other information. We were able to group the decision variables into five categories: ability, humility, integrity, reliability and adequate exposure.
Discussion To entrust a learner to perform a task at a specific level of supervision, a supervisor needs information to support such a judgement.
Gender-based analysis of the characteristics and outcomes of surgery for anal fistula: analysis of more than 560 cases
Authors: Emile Sameh Hany , Elgendy Hesham , Sakr Ahmad , Youssef Mohamed , Thabet Waleed , Omar Waleed , Khafagy Wael , Farid Mohamed 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Background Fistula-in-ano commonly affects males more than females. Some differences in the characteristics of fistula-in-ano between both genders have been recognized, yet the impact of these differences on the outcomes of surgery for fistula-in-ano is still unclear. The present study conducted a gender-specific analysis aiming to assess the characteristics and the outcomes of surgery of fistula-in-ano in each gender.
Patients and methods The records of patients with fistula-in-ano were retrospectively reviewed and the following variables were extracted: patients’ demographics, type of fistula-in-ano, position of the external opening, operation performed, incidence of recurrence and complications, particularly fecal incontinence. Gender-based analysis of the characters and outcomes of surgery for fistula-in-ano was performed.
Results 565 (491 males) patients of a mean age of 41.7 years were included. Females had a significantly higher percentage of low fistula-in-ano than males (70.2% vs. 50.3%, p = 0.002). Males had a significantly higher percentage of high trans-sphincteric fistula-in-ano (48.5% vs. 29.7%; p = 0.003). Anterior fistula-in-ano was more common in female patients (69% vs. 16.3%; p < 0.0001). Recurrence of fistula-in-ano was detected in 42 (7.4%) patients. Males had higher recurrence rate than females (7.9% vs. 4%; p = 0.34). Fecal incontinence developed in 1.7% of patients with higher incidence observed in females (4% vs. 1.4%).
Conclusion The majority of fistula-in-ano in males were posterior and high trans-sphincteric whereas most fistula-in-ano in females were low and anteriorly based. Despite the different characteristics of fistula-in-ano; no significant differences in the rates of fistula recurrence and fecal incontinence between males and females could be recorded.
The Enduring but Unwelcome Role of Party Intent in Treaty Interpretation
Authors: Bjorklund Andrea K. 
Published: April 2018

Party “intent” is not one of the tools that the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) gives to treaty interpreters. To be sure, party intent is presumably reflected in the “object and purpose” of the treaty, but it is not a separate criterion; in fact, the VCLT implicitly excludes party intent from playing an interpretive role. Yet many decision-makers, counsel, and academics persistently look to party intent for guidance when interpreting treaties. The most favored nation (MFN) debate illustrates why party intent endures as an interpretive touchstone: treaty language, even when analyzed in context and in light of the convention's object and purpose, does not always lead to clear answers. Both Simon Batifort and J. Benton Heath and Stephan Schill, in their different ways, depart from traditional VCLT analysis and hark to party intent as a reason to endorse a modified approach to treaty interpretation. Yet they also illustrate why party intent is an imperfect tool: party intent is too malleable to be a conclusive guide to treaty meaning.
Health Care Providers in War and Armed Conflict: Operational and Educational Challenges in International Humanitarian Law and the Geneva Conventions, Part I. Historical Perspective
Authors: Burkle Frederick M. , Kushner Adam L. , Giannou Christos , Paterson Mary A. , Wren Sherry M. , Burnham Gilbert 
Published: April 2018

AbstractSince 1945, the reason for humanitarian crises and the way in which the world responds to them has dramatically changed every 10 to 15 years or less. Planning, response, and recovery for these tragic events have often been ad hoc, inconsistent, and insufficient, largely because of the complexity of global humanitarian demands and their corresponding response system capabilities. This historical perspective chronicles the transformation of war and armed conflicts from the Cold War to today, emphasizing the impact these events have had on humanitarian professionals and their struggle to adapt to increasing humanitarian, operational, and political challenges. An unprecedented independent United Nations–World Health Organization decision in the Battle for Mosul in Iraq to deploy to combat zones emergency medical teams unprepared in the skills of decades-tested war and armed conflict preparation and response afforded to health care providers and dictated by International Humanitarian Law and Geneva Convention protections has abruptly challenged future decision-making and deployments. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:109–115)
Immunohistochemical observation of local inflammatory cell infiltration in the host-tissue reaction site of human hydatid cysts
Authors: Jafari R. , Sanei B. , Baradaran A. , Kolahdouzan M. , Bagherpour B. , Yousofi Darani H. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of local immune cell infiltration in human cystic echinococcosis (CE) by identifying the subtypes of immune cells using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Fifty surgically removed hydatid cyst samples and surrounding tissues were collected from patients referred to Al-Zahra Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. IHC was performed on the surrounding host tissue of hydatid cysts using anti-human CD3, CD19, CD8, CD4, CD68, CD56, Ki-67 and Foxp3 (forkhead box P3) antibodies. The results were then compared to hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic hepatitis. In the host-tissue reaction site of liver hydatid cysts, a distinct pattern of local immune cell response, which outwardly consisted of a pack of the fibrous elements, a layer of palisading macrophages, an eosinophil-containing layer and a layer of accumulated lymphocytes, was observed. However, in some cases there were no positive cells for CD56+natural killer cells and Foxp3+regulatory T cells. The CD3+T cells were the predominant inflammatory cells in all groups, followed by CD19+B cells. It can be concluded that different immune cells are involved in the local response to human hydatid cysts.
Distinct positions underpin ecosystem services for poverty alleviation
Authors: Howe Caroline , Corbera Esteve , Vira Bhaskar , Brockington Daniel , Adams William M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractAs the concept of ecosystem services is applied more widely in conservation, its users will encounter the issue of poverty alleviation. Policy initiatives involving ecosystem services are often marked by their use of win-win narratives that conceal the trade-offs they must entail. Modelling this paper on an earlier essay about conservation and poverty, we explore the different views that underlie apparent agreement. We identify five positions that reflect different mixes of concern for ecosystem condition, poverty and economic growth, and we suggest that acknowledging these helps to uncover the subjacent goals of policy interventions and the trade-offs they involve in practice. Recognizing their existence and foundations can ultimately support the emergence of more legitimate and robust policies.
Weekly Checks Improve Real-Time Prehospital ECG Transmission in Suspected STEMI
Authors: D’Arcy Nicole T. , Bosson Nichole , Kaji Amy H. , Bui Quang T. , French William J. , Thomas Joseph L. , Elizarraraz Yvonne , Gonzalez Natalia , Garcia Jose , Niemann James T. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIntroductionField identification of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and advanced hospital notification decreases first-medical-contact-to-balloon (FMC2B) time. A recent study in this system found that electrocardiogram (ECG) transmission following a STEMI alert was frequently unsuccessful.HypothesisInstituting weekly test ECG transmissions from paramedic units to the hospital would increase successful transmission of ECGs and decrease FMC2B and door-to-balloon (D2B) times.MethodsThis was a natural experiment of consecutive patients with field-identified STEMI transported to a single percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-capable hospital in a regional STEMI system before and after implementation of scheduled test ECG transmissions. In November 2014, paramedic units began weekly test transmissions. The mobile intensive care nurse (MICN) confirmed the transmission, or if not received, contacted the paramedic unit and the department’s nurse educator to identify and resolve the problem. Per system-wide protocol, paramedics transmit all ECGs with interpretation of STEMI. Receiving hospitals submit patient data to a single registry as part of ongoing system quality improvement. The frequency of successful ECG transmission and time to intervention (FMC2B and D2B times) in the 18 months following implementation was compared to the 10 months prior. Post-implementation, the time the ECG transmission was received was also collected to determine the transmission gap time (time from ECG acquisition to ECG transmission received) and the advanced notification time (time from ECG transmission received to patient arrival).ResultsThere were 388 patients with field ECG interpretations of STEMI, 131 pre-intervention and 257 post-intervention. The frequency of successful transmission post-intervention was 73% compared to 64% prior; risk difference (RD)=9%; 95% CI, 1-18%. In the post-intervention period, the median FMC2B time was 79 minutes (inter-quartile range [IQR]=68-102) versus 86 minutes (IQR=71-108) pre-intervention (P=.3) and the median D2B time was 59 minutes (IQR=44-74) versus 60 minutes (IQR=53-88) pre-intervention (P=.2). The median transmission gap was three minutes (IQR=1-8) and median advanced notification time was 16 minutes (IQR=10-25).ConclusionImplementation of weekly test ECG transmissions was associated with improvement in successful real-time transmissions from field to hospital, which provided a median advanced notification time of 16 minutes, but no decrease in FMC2B or D2B times.D’ArcyNT, BossonN, KajiAH, BuiQT, FrenchWJ, ThomasJL, ElizarrarazY, GonzalezN, GarciaJ, NiemannJT. Weekly checks improve real-time prehospital ECG transmission in suspected STEMI. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(3):245–249.
International Law before the Courts of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China—Twenty Years On
Authors: LUNG Wan Pun 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWhile there have been various studies on international law in domestic courts, the case of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China [HKSAR], which celebrated its twentieth anniversary in 2017, presents unique questions. Under the principle of “One Country, Two Systems”, while the HKSAR maintains a distinct common-law system and a separate judicial regime, foreign affairs remain the responsibilities of the Central People’s Government of China. The handling of international law issues in cases before HKSAR courts would require consideration of the constitutional relation between the national (central) authorities of China and the local authorities in the HKSAR, and between the main legal system of China and the local HKSAR common-law system, in the light of the experiences of handling relevant cases in the past twenty years.
Numerical Simulations of Earthquake Triggering by Dynamic and Static Stress Changes Based on a Revised Friction Law
Authors: Yoshida Shingo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractWe conducted numerical simulations of earthquake triggering by assuming a circular asperity using a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law revised by Nagata et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB008818). For a situation in which earthquakes occurred repeatedly, we applied dynamic sinusoidal stress perturbation. The stress perturbation caused an increase in slip velocity after the cessation of perturbation, and the resultant slip weakened the frictional strength. This leads to dynamic earthquake triggering for certain perturbation amplitudes. The following results were obtained. (1) Dynamic perturbations of long durations have high triggering potentials, whereas there is no significant frequency dependence because the potential is mainly determined by the total displacement due to the perturbation. (2) When a static stress jump is applied in addition to a dynamic perturbation, their combined effect on the triggering potential cannot be estimated by simply summing the applied stress amplitudes. A lower bound can be found by summing the logarithms of the velocity changes due to each individual perturbation. In addition, a nonlinear effect is required to explain the simulation results. (3) We evaluate the equivalent static stress jump that results in a triggering potential approximately the same as in the case of dynamic stress perturbation. (4) Even if the static stress change is negative, large dynamic stress perturbations can trigger earthquakes. (5) When stress perturbations are applied to stably sliding patches, dynamic triggering can occur under certain conditions.