bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental hydrothermal alteration of basaltic glass with relevance to Mars
Authors: Sætre C. , Hellevang H. , Riu L. , Dypvik H. , Pilorget C. , Poulet F. , Werner S. C. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPhyllosilicates, carbonates, zeolites, and sulfates on Mars give clues about the planet's past environmental conditions, but little is known about the specific conditions in which these minerals formed within the crust and at the surface. The aim of the present study was to gain increased understanding on the formation of secondary phases by hydrothermal alteration of basaltic glass. The reaction processes were studied under varying conditions (temperature, pCO2, water:rock ratio, and fluid composition) with relevance to aqueous hydrothermal alteration in fully and partly saturated Martian basalt deposits. Analyses made on reaction products using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were compared with near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to establish relative detectability and spectral signatures. This study demonstrates that comparable alteration minerals (phyllosilicates, carbonates, zeolites) form from vapor condensing on mineral surfaces in unsaturated sediments and not only in fully water‐saturated sediments. In certain environments where water vapor might be present, it can alter the basaltic bedrock to a suite of authigenic phases similar to those observed on the Martian surface. For the detection of the secondary phases, XRD and SEM‐EDS were found to be superior to NIR for detecting and characterizing zeolites. The discrepancy in detectability of zeolites between NIR and XRD/SEM‐EDS might indicate that zeolites on Mars are more abundant than previously thought.
Gene flow, divergent selection and resistance to introgression in two species of morning glories (Ipomoea)
Authors: Rifkin Joanna L. , Castillo Allan S. , Liao Irene T. , Rausher Mark D. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractGene flow is thought to impede genetic divergence and speciation by homogenizing genomes. Recent theory and research suggest that sufficiently strong divergent selection can overpower gene flow, leading to loci that are highly differentiated compared to others. However, there are also alternative explanations for this pattern. Independent evidence that loci in highly differentiated regions are under divergent selection would allow these explanations to be distinguished, but such evidence is scarce. Here, we present multiple lines of evidence that many of the highly divergentSNPs in a pair of sister morning glory species,Ipomoea cordatotrilobaandI. lacunosa, are the result of divergent selection in the face of gene flow. We analysed aSNPdata set across the genome to assess the amount of gene flow, resistance to introgression and patterns of selection on loci resistant to introgression. We show that differentiation between the two species is much lower in sympatry than in allopatry, consistent with interspecific gene flow in sympatry. Gene flow appears to be substantially greater fromI. lacunosatoI. cordatotrilobathan in the reverse direction, resulting in sympatric and allopatricI. cordatotrilobabeing substantially more different than sympatric and allopatricI. lacunosa. ManySNPs highly differentiated in allopatry have experienced divergent selection, and, despite gene flow in sympatry, resist homogenization in sympatry. Finally, five out of eight floral and inflorescence characteristics measured exhibit asymmetric convergence in sympatry. Consistent with the pattern of gene flow,I. cordatotrilobatraits become much more like those ofI. lacunosathan the reverse. Our investigation reveals the complex interplay between selection and gene flow that can occur during the early stages of speciation.
Genome‐wide signals of drift and local adaptation during rapid lineage divergence in a songbird
Authors: Friis Guillermo , Fandos Guillermo , Zellmer Amanda J. , McCormack John E. , Faircloth Brant C. , Milá Borja 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe formation of independent evolutionary lineages involves neutral and selective factors, and understanding their relative roles in population divergence is a fundamental goal of speciation research. Correlations between allele frequencies and environmental variability can reveal the role of selection, yet the relative contribution of drift can be difficult to establish. Recently diversified taxa like the Oregon junco (Aves, Passerellidae,Junco hyemalis oreganus) of western North America provide ideal scenarios to apply genetic‐environment association analyses (GEA) while controlling for population structure. Analysis of genome‐wide SNP loci revealed marked genetic structure consisting of differentiated populations in isolated, dry southern mountain ranges, and less divergent, recently expanded populations in humid northern latitudes. We used correlations between genomic and environmental variance to test for three specific modes of evolutionary divergence: (a) drift in geographic isolation, (b) differentiation along continuous selective gradients and (c) isolation‐by‐adaptation. We found evidence of strong drift in southern mountains, but also signals of local adaptation driven by temperature, precipitation, elevation and vegetation, especially when controlling for population history. We identified numerous variants under selection scattered across the genome, suggesting that local adaptation can promote rapid differentiation when acting over multiple independent loci.
Simulation of the entanglement of a North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) with fixed fishing gear
Authors: Howle Laurens E. , Kraus Scott D. , Werner Timothy B. , Nowacek Douglas P. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractPopulation estimates of the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) put the number of individuals at 458 with the actual number likely being lower due to a recent unusual mortality event. Entanglement with fixed fishing gear is the most significant cause of mortality of North Atlantic right whales. There remains little documentation of how North Atlantic right whales become enwrapped during an encounter with fixed fishing gear. In order to gain a better understanding of how entanglements might occur, an interactive simulator was developed that allows the user to swim a virtual whale model using a standard game controller through a gear field in an attempt to re‐create an entanglement. The morphologically accurate right whale model produces realistic swimming motions and is capable of pectoral fin motions in response to user input. Using the simulator, gear entanglements involving the pectoral flippers including ropes wrapping around the body and entanglements involving the tailstock were re‐created. Entanglements involving the pectoral flippers with body wraps were more easily generated than entanglements involving the tailstock only. The simulator should aid scientists, fisheries experts, fishing gear designers, and bycatch reduction scientists in understanding entanglement dynamics and testing potential new gear configurations.
The Age Structure of Human Capital and Economic Growth
Authors: Castelló‐Climent Amparo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper shows that the age structure of human capital is a relevant characteristic to take into account when analysing the role of human capital in economic growth. The effect of an increase in the education of the population aged 40–49 years is found to be an order of magnitude larger than an increase in the education attained by any other age cohort. The results are unlikely to be driven by the age structure of the population, as we find that the effects on growth of the age structure of education and the age structure of population are distinct. The findings are robust across specifications and remain unchanged when we control for long‐delayed effects in human capital or for the experience of the workforce.
Beyond Early Warning Indicators: High School Dropout and Machine Learning
Authors: Sansone Dario 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper combines machine learning with economic theory in order to analyse high school dropout. It provides an algorithm to predict which students are going to drop out of high school by relying only on information from 9th grade. This analysis emphasizes that using a parsimonious early warning system – as implemented in many schools – leads to poor results. It shows that schools can obtain more precise predictions by exploiting the available high‐dimensional data jointly with machine learning tools such as Support Vector Machine, Boosted Regression and Post‐LASSO. Goodness‐of‐fit criteria are selected based on the context and the underlying theoretical framework: model parameters are calibrated by taking into account the policy goal – minimizing the expected dropout rate ‐ and the school budget constraint. Finally, this study verifies the existence of heterogeneity through unsupervised machine learning by dividing students at risk of dropping out into different clusters.
The influence of high‐intensity interval training on anthropometric variables of adults with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Andreato L. V. , Esteves J. V. , Coimbra D. R. , Moraes A. J. P. , de Carvalho T. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryObjectiveThe goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) on anthropometric variables in adults afflicted with overweight or obesity and to compare the effects with those of moderate‐intensity continuous training.MethodsA computer literature search was performed for HIIT intervention studies that evaluated anthropometric variables in adults afflicted with overweight or obesity.ResultsOf the 857 articles retrieved in the electronic search, 48 met the inclusion criteria. The analyses demonstrated that HIIT was effective in decreasing body mass (−1.45 kg [95% CI: −1.85 to −1.05 kg]), body mass index (−0.44 kg m−2 [95% CI: −0.59 to −0.30 kg m−2]), waist circumference (−2.3 cm [95% CI: −3.1 to −1.4 cm]), waist/hip ratio (−0.01 [95% CI: −0.02 to −0.00]), body fat percentage (−1.29% [95% CI: −1.70% to −0.87%]) and abdominal visceral fat area (−6.83 cm2 [95% CI: −11.95 to −1.71 cm2]). When considering equalization between the two methods (energy expenditure or workload matched), no differences were found in any measure except body mass (for which HIIT was superior).ConclusionsHigh‐intensity interval training and moderate‐intensity continuous training results were similar, particularly when equalization between the two methods was considered. Thus, HIIT can be used as a secondary method for the treatment of obesity in adults.
Phylogeny, ecology and deep time: 2D outline analysis of anuran skulls from the Early Cretaceous to the Recent
Authors: Bardua Carla , Evans Susan E. , Goswami Anjali 
Published: November 2018

AbstractAnurans have a long fossil record, spanning from the Early Jurassic to the Recent. However, specimens are often severely flattened, limiting their inclusion in quantitative analyses of morphological evolution. We perform a two‐dimensional morphometric analysis of anuran skull outlines, incorporating 42 Early Cretaceous to Miocene species, as well as 93 extant species in 32 families. Outlines were traced in tpsDig2 and analysed with elliptical Fourier analysis. Fourier coefficients were used in MANOVAs, phylogenetic MANOVAs (as significant phylogenetic signal was found) and disparity analyses across multiple ecological and life history groupings. The Neotropical realm showed higher disparity than the Australian, Palaearctic and Oriental realms (p = 0.007, 0.013, 0.038, respectively) suggesting concordance of disparity and diversity. Developmental strategy had a weak effect on skull shape (R2 = 0.02, p = 0.039) and disparity was similar in metamorphosing and direct developing frogs. Ecological niche was a significant discriminator of skull shape (F = 1.43, p = 0.004) but not after phylogenetic correction. Evolutionary allometry had a small but significant influence on the cranial outlines of the combined extant and fossil dataset (R2 = 0.05, p = 0.004). Finally, morphospace occupation appears to have changed over time (F = 1.59, p = 5 × 10−10). However, as with ecological signal, this shift appears to be largely driven by phylogeny and was not significant after phylogenetic correction (R2 = 0.26, p = 0.22). This study thus suggests that frog skull evolution is shaped more by phylogenetic constraints than by ecology.
Perioperative management of tracheocutaneous fistula closure in children: A review of 96 cases
Authors: Ferns Janis M. , Khan Mehnaz , Gupta Sanjeev , Smith Jonathan H. 
Published: November 2018

SummaryBackgroundA tracheocutaneous fistula is a known complication following tracheostomy decannulation. Although surgical techniques for its repair are well described, there is no consensus about perioperative management and this procedure may generate significant airway and respiratory complications intraoperatively, and in the early postoperative period. We aimed to describe variations in perioperative management in tracheocutaneous fistula closure, estimate the incidence of early airway and respiratory complications, and identify any predisposing factors.MethodsThe otorhinolaryngology surgical database identified 118 tracheocutaneous fistula closures from August 1994 to September 2015. Ninety‐seven case notes were located generating 96 procedures for retrospective review. The data collected included demographics, comorbidities, anesthetic, and surgical technique, and complications up to 24 hours postoperatively.ResultsThe median age at surgery was 5 years 10 months (range 1 year 8 months to 19 years 6 months). Preoperatively, 72% of patients had a “mini” sleep study (where the tracheocutaneous fistula is covered and saturations measured overnight). Ninety percent had an inhalational induction and 96% a tracheal intubation. Intraoperatively, laryngospasm occurred in 2% and there was difficulty ventilating in another 2%. A “leak test” to check fistula repair airtightness was recorded in 35%. Postoperatively 24% had one or more episodes of oxygen desaturation. Major complications occurred in five patients (incidence 5%, 95% CI 0.8‐9.7); four patients had pneumothoraxes with two needing postoperative mechanical ventilation and one patient developed life‐threatening subcutaneous emphysema.ConclusionPerioperative care for children undergoing tracheocutaneous fistula closure was not standardized. Advocated tests such as preoperative “mini” sleep studies and “leak test” intraoperatively were not consistently performed. Intraoperative anesthetic complications were uncommon; however, major postoperative respiratory complications were 5%.
Which Patients With Chronic Pain Are More Likely to Improve Pain Biology Knowledge Following Education?
Authors: Pate Joshua W. , Veage Stephanie , Lee Susan , Hancock Mark J. , Hush Julia M. , Pacey Verity 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundPain education is an important part of multidisciplinary management of chronic pain. The characteristics of people likely to have more improvement in pain biology knowledge following pain education are unknown.ObjectiveTo identify the baseline factors predicting changes in pain biology knowledge in adults with chronic pain following a 2‐hour multidisciplinary pain education session.MethodsFifty‐five adults with chronic pain attended a 2‐hour pain education session prior to a multidisciplinary assessment at a pain clinic. Patients completed the 12‐item revised Neurophysiology of Pain Questionnaire (rNPQ, score/12) before and after the pain education session. The primary outcome was change in pain biology knowledge, evaluated with the change in rNPQ score. Ten preselected predictors were investigated using univariate models followed by multivariable models with a manual forwards‐building process.ResultsEducation level and age were significantly associated with change in rNPQ score in the univariate models. Participants with higher levels of education had, on average, 1.96 (0.68 to 3.23) points more improvement in rNPQ score than those with lower levels of education. For every 10 years older a participant was, his or her rNPQ score changed on average by 0.5 (0.1 to 0.8) points less. In the multivariable model, only the education level remained significant, explaining 17% of the variance (R2 = 0.17). The clinical variables that were assessed (pain severity, pain interference, pain self‐efficacy, depression, anxiety, and pain catastrophizing) did not predict any knowledge change.ConclusionThis study suggests that, of those patients with chronic pain who choose to attend pain education, more educated patients are more likely to improve their pain biology knowledge after a pain education session.
Living liver donation improves patient and graft survival in the pediatric population
Authors: Montenovo Martin I. , Bambha Kiran , Reyes Jorge , Dick Andre , Perkins James , Healey Patrick 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe utilization of living donor grafts resulted in an increased availability of liver for pediatric recipients, and accordingly, this was associated with a significantly decreased waiting time before liver transplantation as well as reduced pre‐transplant mortality. We hypothesized that the use of living donors in pediatric LT may lead to improved graft and patient survival, when compared to LT using deceased donors.MethodsRetrospective cohort analysis of pediatric recipients (aged <18 years) registered in the UNOS database who received a primary liver transplant between February 2002 and December 2016. Covariates predictive of survival by multivariable analyses were included in the Cox proportional hazards regression models to determine predictors of patient and graft survival.ResultsA total of 6312 children received a primary LT from a LD (n = 800) or a deceased donor (n = 5517; partial graft n = 1784 and whole graft n = 3733). Vascular and biliary complications were similar. Kaplan‐Meier graft and patient survival rates were superior in LD recipients compared with recipients of deceased whole and reduced graft (Figures 1 and 2). In the multivariable analysis, LD were an independent predictor of improved patient and graft survival.ConclusionThe use of LD in children is associated with improved patient and graft survival. The option of LD should be introduced early on in the evaluation of every pediatric patient being evaluated for liver transplant.
An EU ban on microplastics in cosmetic products and the right to regulate
Authors: Kentin Esther , Kaarto Heidi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractIn January 2018, the European Commission initiated a restriction procedure on microplastics in cosmetic products. This article deals with the legal implications of a European Union (EU) restriction under the Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) in relation to the right to regulate in the EU and in the context of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The article argues that in the aftermath of harmonization, the legal scope for EU Member States is dependent on the definition that will be adopted as regards microplastics under REACH: the wider the scope of the restriction, the more probable it is that Member States’ action is restrained. In the context of WTO rules, similar considerations apply as regards the scope of the definition: the wider the scope of an EU ban, the more demanding it will be to satisfy the requirements under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. Providing scientific evidence is instrumental, as there is little room for the precautionary principle in both regimes.
Addressing Climate Change as an Emerging Risk to Infrastructure Systems
Authors: Shortridge Julie , Camp Janey Smith 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe consequences that climate change could have on infrastructure systems are potentially severe but highly uncertain. This should make risk analysis a natural framework for climate adaptation in infrastructure systems. However, many aspects of climate change, such as weak background knowledge and societal controversy, make it an emerging risk where traditional approaches for risk assessment and management cannot be confidently employed. A number of research developments aimed at addressing these issues have emerged in recent years, such as the development of probabilistic climate projections, climate services, and robust decision frameworks. However, additional research is needed to improve the suitability of these methods for infrastructure planning. In this perspective, we outline some of the challenges in addressing climate change risks to infrastructure and summarize new developments aimed at meeting these challenges. We end by highlighting needs for future research, many of which could be well‐served by expertise within the risk analysis community.
T11TS immunotherapy augments microglial and lymphocyte protective immune responses against Cryptococcus neoformans in the brain
Authors: Hazra Iman , SK Md Omar Faruk , Datta Ankur , Mondal Somnath , Moitra Saibal , Singh Manoj Kumar , Chaudhuri Suhnrita , Das Prasanta Kumar , Basu Anjan Kumar , Dhar Indranil , Basu Nandita , Chaudhuri Swapna 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCryptococcus neoformans, the encapsulated yeast acquired through inhalation, remains localized in lungs, but harbours the CNS in immunocompromised individuals. Several treatment regimes have failed combating this disease totally, but long‐term usage of drugs leads to organ damage. As T11‐target structure (T11TS) has documented profound immune potentiation, we aimed to investigate the role of microglia, pivotal immune cells of brain in ameliorating cryptococcosis, with T11TS immunotherapy. Murine model with C neoformans infection was prepared by intraperitoneal injection and the brains of rats examined 7 days post‐infections for histopathology by PAS and Alcian blue staining corroborated with organ fungal burden evidencing restorative T11TS action on Cryptococcal meningitis. Immunotherapy with three doses of T11TS, a CD2 ligand, in C neoformans infected rats, upregulates toll‐like receptors 2, −4 and −9 of microglia, indicating increased phagocytosis of the fungus. Flowcytometric analysis revealed increased numbers of T11TS treated brain infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T‐lymphocytes along with increased MHC I and MHC II on microglia, activating the infiltrating lymphocytes aiding the killing mechanism. Present study also indicated that T11TS increased production of Th1 inflammatory cytokines conducive to fungal elimination while the inhibitory Th2 cytokines were dampened. This preclinical study is first of its kind to show that T11TS effected profound immune stimulation of microglial activity of C neoformans infected rats eradicating residual fungal burden from the brain and can be a useful therapeutic strategy in fighting against this deadly disease.