bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Second Lens on Formative Reading Assessment With Multilingual Students
Authors: Briceño Allison , Klein Adria F. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractUsing running records as a lens to facilitate multilingual students’ language and literacy development can help teachers recognize and build on students’ linguistic capital. The authors analyzed 123 running records of Spanish‐speaking first graders to begin to identify the types of language‐related errors they made when reading. Using an assets orientation, the authors ask teachers to shift from the concept of reading errors to language‐related approximations when a student's reading and rereading differ from the text because of linguistic differences. The authors consistently found five types of language‐related approximations in the data: teachers’ use of tolds, verbs, contractions, prepositions, and use of the plural ‐sfor nouns. The possible impact on comprehension for each of these language‐related approximations is explored and practical instructional recommendations provided, as well as a tool to help teachers analyze language‐related approximations.
Testosterone deficiency in non-cancer opioid-treated patients
Authors: Coluzzi F. , Billeci D. , Maggi M. , Corona G. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
Purpose
The use of opioids in patients with chronic non-cancer pain is common and can be associated with opioid-induced androgen deficiency (OPIAD) in men. This review aims to evaluate the current literature regarding the prevalence, clinical consequence and management of OPIAD.

Methods
A database search was performed in Medline, Embase and Cochrane using terms such as “analgesics”, “opioids” and “testosterone”. Relevant literature from January 1969 to March 2018 was evaluated.

Results
The prevalence of patients with OPIAD ranges from 19 to 86%, depending on the criteria for diagnosis of hypogonadism. The opioid-induced suppression of gonadotropin-releasing and luteinizing hormones represents the main important pathogenetic mechanisms. OPIAD has significant negative clinical consequences on sexual function, mood, bone density and body composition. In addition, OPIAD can also impair pain control leading to hyperalgesia, which can contribute to sexual dysfunction and mood impairment.

Conclusions
OPIAD is a common adverse effect of opioid treatment and contributes to sexual dysfunction, impairs pain relief and reduces overall quality of life. The evaluation of serum testosterone levels should be considered in male chronic opioid users and the decision to initiate testosterone treatment should be based on the clinical profile of individuals, in consultation with the patient.
A mixed methods examination of adolescents’ reasons for pretending to text
Authors: Tulane Sarah , Vaterlaus J. Mitchell , Beckert Troy E. 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe purpose of this study was to examine reasons adolescents give for pretending to text in various social situations. Pretending to text was conceptualized as when a person uses a cellphone to make it look like they are texting, but they are not actually sending messages. Little research is available from the adolescent perspective regarding self‐presentation and avoidance when using digital devices in social contexts.MethodsA convergent mixed methods approach was used to understand the experience of high school sophomores, juniors, and seniors (n = 216) in the United States. Chi‐square analyses and t‐tests were used to examine differences between those who pretended to text and those who did not. Qualitative data were analyzed using van Manen's line‐by‐line approach.Results & conclusionsParticipants indicated they pretended to text for reasons of avoidance, to maintain a positive appearance, and sometimes to provide a sense of security if they felt unsafe in a situation. This study uses self‐presentation to further understand adolescent perceptions of pretending to text.
Incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma in multinodular goiter patients
Authors: Ghadhban Basim R. , kadam Satar M. , sultan Hanan Abdullatif 
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT

Background:
The prevalence of multinodular goiter in all over the world is high, commonly in developing countries. Incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma among patients with multinodular goiter is increased in recent literature.

Aim of study:
To determine the incidence rate of differentiated thyroid carcinoma among patients with multinodular goiter.

Patients and methods:
This study is a cross sectional study carried out in Surgical Ward of Baghdad Teaching Hospital during the period from 1st of October, 2016 to 31st of September, 2017 on convenient sample of 120 patients with multinodular goiter. Clinical history and examination, fine needle aspiration and postoperative histopathology examination was done to confirm the diagnosis.

Results:
Mean age of patients was 43.9 years, with 10 males and 110 females. Fine needle aspiration test showed that 26 (21.7%) multinodular goiter patients had differentiated thyroid carcinoma, while 94 (78.3%) patients had benign goiter. The histopathology of multinodular goiter patients revealed that 40.8% of them had colloid goiter, 17.5% of them had micro-papillary carcinoma and 37,5% of them had follicular adenoma. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma among multinodular goiter patients was significantly associated with smoking and exposure to ionizing radiation.

Conclusions:
The incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma among multinodular goiter patients is high.

Highlights:
Detection Method for Pairs of P and S Waves of Deep Low‐Frequency Earthquakes Using a 3‐D Array in the Tokai Area of the Nankai Subduction and Its Application to Hypocenter Determination
Authors: Suzuki Sadaomi , Okubo Makoto , Imanishi Kazutoshi , Takeda Naoto 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe report on a novel method that uses a three‐dimensional (3‐D) array to detect P and S wave pairs of the deep low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) occurring along the Nankai subduction zone. In an effort to determine LFE hypocenters precisely we attempt to find their P and S pairs and obtain S‐P times using a 3‐D array (6 km in the horizontal direction) made up 14 seismic stations with deep (600 m at the deepest) borehole seismographs in the Tokai area. During operation we observed remarkable LFE activities on 10–30 November 2010. Using these data, we succeeded in distinguishing between P and S phases in complex LFE seismic waves using an effect of velocity filtering in semblance analysis via the 3‐D array. We also obtained high‐quality propagation parameters (back azimuths and incidence angles) and S‐P times for the LFEs. Referring to these identified P and S phases, after manually reading the arrival times at the 3‐D array and regular network, we could precisely relocate the hypocenters of 15 LFEs. These hypocenters were distributed in a depth range from 26 to 34 km, and approximately followed the plate interface. A comparison of the LFE hypocenter distribution to seismic tomography indicates that the LFEs are distributed in the oceanic crust and mantle wedge with relatively low velocities under an undrained cover with relatively high velocities following the land Moho (land crust bottom). We believe that our detection method will be useful in the automated detection and preliminary hypocenter determination of LFEs.
Investigating Complex Isochron Data Using Mixture Models
Authors: Davies Joshua H. F. L. , Sheldrake Tom E. , Reimink Jesse R. , Wotzlaw Jörn‐Frederik , Moeck Christian , Finlay Alex 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe isochron technique for dating geological events is widely used in many fields of isotope geochemistry. However, data sets can be complex, and many samples may not behave as closed systems, resulting in excess scatter around a regression line. In certain data sets, however, excess scatter may result when geological samples are partially reset or when samples are comprised of multiple components recording different geological processes separated in time and/or initial isotope composition. Here we introduce a new approach for investigating evidence of such multicomponent mixtures within isochron space. We provide a mathematical framework to resolve the number of mixture components, without requiring any prior knowledge of this number. Crucially, the model reports the proportion of each individual sample that belongs to each mixture component, allowing the user to return to the samples and independently test model outputs with other techniques. It is important to distinguish accurate and meaningful ages and initial daughter isotope compositions from the meaningless values that are caused by mismatch between geological processes and the models that we use to describe them. First, we demonstrate our new model on a synthetic data set to show that it can successfully separate distinct isochrons in a complex mixture. We further validate our approach with a previously published data set using the 187Re‐187Os system in bitumen and 147Sm/144Nd system in magmatic rocks. We identify discrete components in these data sets and using complementary geological observations discuss the implications of treating these scattered data as recording multiple geological processes.
Using Carbon Isotope Fractionation to Constrain the Extent of Methane Dissolution Into the Water Column Surrounding a Natural Hydrocarbon Gas Seep in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Leonte M. , Wang B. , Socolofsky S. A. , Mau S. , Breier J. A. , Kessler J. D. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA gas bubble seep located in the northern Gulf of Mexico was investigated over several days to determine whether changes in the stable carbon isotopic ratio of methane can be used as a tracer for methane dissolution through the water column. Gas bubble and water samples were collected at the seafloor and throughout the water column for isotopic ratio analysis of methane. Our results show that changes in methane isotopic ratios are consistent with laboratory experiments that measured the isotopic fractionation from methane dissolution. A Rayleigh isotope model was applied to the isotope data to determine the fraction of methane dissolved at each depth. On average, the fraction of methane dissolved surpasses 90% past an altitude of 400 m above the seafloor. Methane dissolution was also investigated using a modified version of the Texas A&M Oil spill (Outfall) Calculator (TAMOC) where changes in methane isotopic ratios could be calculated. The TAMOC model results show that dissolution depends on depth and bubble size, explaining the spread in measured isotopic ratios during our investigations. Both the Rayleigh and TAMOC models show that methane bubbles quickly dissolve following emission from the seafloor. Together, these results show that it is possible to use measurements of natural methane isotopes to constrain the extent of methane dissolution following seafloor emission.
Mantle‐Derived Helium and Multiple Methane Sources in Gas Bubbles of Cold Seeps Along the Cascadia Continental Margin
Authors: Baumberger Tamara , Embley Robert W. , Merle Susan G. , Lilley Marvin D. , Raineault Nicole A. , Lupton John E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractDuring E/V Nautilus NA072 expedition, multibeam sonar surveys located over 800 individual bubble streams rising from the Cascadia Margin between the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Cape Mendocino at depths between 104 and 2,073 m. Gas bubbles were collected directly at the seafloor using gastight sampling bottles. These bubbles were consistently composed of over 99% methane with traces of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, noble gases, and more rarely higher hydrocarbons. A common previous view was that a biogenic source was responsible for seeps from within the gas hydrate stability zone (upper limit near 500‐m isobath) and a thermogenic source was responsible for seeps from the upper slope and the shelf. Higher hydrocarbons in deep seeps with a biogenic methane signature, as well as the lack of higher hydrocarbons in some shallower seeps with a thermogenic methane signature, show that the origin of the gas cannot simply be attributed to seep location on the margin. Instead, mixing and oxidation processes play an integral role. 3He/4He ratios at Coquille SW point to a contribution of 30% mantle helium, whereas all the other investigated sites are characterized by a crustal helium signature. Hence, the Coquille SW seeps are directly or indirectly connected to the mantle or to very young oceanic crust. The detection of mantle helium in these seeps can thus be used as a tracer for deep‐reaching fracture systems and their changing pathways.
The Volume of Gas Hydrate‐Bound Gas in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Majumdar Urmi , Cook Ann E. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe northern Gulf of Mexico is known to host gas hydrate in submarine sediments. Estimating the amount of gas hydrate for both carbon cycle and resource interest has been ongoing for more than three decades. A large range of estimates (from 0.2 to 680 trillion cubic meters (TCM)) for hydrate‐bound natural gas at standard temperature and pressure exists. We bring a new perspective to resource estimates by using ~800 publicly available petroleum industry well logs assessed for natural gas hydrate. Our resulting probabilistic range of the gas hydrate‐bound natural gas in the northern Gulf of Mexico ranges from 37 TCM (10th percentile estimate) to 78 TCM (90th percentile estimate) of gas hydrate‐bound natural gas, with a mean estimate of 56 TCM. This suggests that the gas hydrate resource density of the northern Gulf of Mexico is 4 times lower than that previously estimated by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Our results also indicate that over half of the gas hydrate in the area is strategically hosted in sand reservoirs, which is significantly higher than that previously estimated.
The Calcium Isotope Systematics of the Late Quaternary Dead Sea Basin Lakes
Authors: Bradbury Harold J. , Torfstein Adi , Wong Kenneth , Turchyn Alexandra V. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe report the calcium isotopic composition (δ44Ca) of primary aragonite laminae, primary gypsum, and secondary gypsum in sediments deposited from Lake Lisan, the last glacial cycle of the Dead Sea (70–14.5 ka). The δ44Ca of primary gypsum varies between 0.17‰ and 0.71‰ versus bulk silicate earth, with an average of 0.29‰, whereas the aragonite δ44Ca varies between −0.68‰ and −0.16‰ with an average of −0.4‰. The secondary gypsum δ44Ca is close to the calcium isotope composition of the aragonite, averaging at −0.3‰. The aragonite δ44Ca shows small variations temporally in sync with lake level fluctuations, suggesting the aragonite δ44Ca reflects changes in the lake calcium balance, which in turn reflects changes in the local hydrological cycle. The secondary gypsum calcium isotope composition (−0.3‰) overlaps with that of coeval aragonite, suggesting the calcium for secondary gypsum was derived from the aragonite through quantitative, or near‐isotopic equilibrium, recrystallization of the aragonite to gypsum after the lake desiccation and exposure of sediments during the Holocene. A numerical box model is used to explore the effect of changing lake water levels on the calcium isotope composition of the aragonite and gypsum in the lake. The relatively low variability in the δ44Ca over the lake's history suggests that a high‐concentration calcium‐rich brine buffers the calcium cycle.
Combined Effects of Gametogenic Calcification and Dissolution on δ18O Measurements of the Planktic Foraminifer Trilobatus sacculifer
Authors: Wycech Jody B. , Kelly Daniel Clay , Kitajima Kouki , Kozdon Reinhard , Orland Ian J. , Valley John W. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractOxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) measured from planktic foraminifer shells are commonly used to reconstruct past surface ocean conditions, yet the shells of many planktic foraminifers are an aggregate mixture of multiple carbonate phases with differing δ18O compositions. Here we demonstrate how secondary ion mass spectrometry can be used to measure intrashell δ18O heterogeneity by performing in situ analyses on micrometer‐scale (3–10 μm) domains within individual shells of the extant, mixed layer species Trilobatus sacculifer. Secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements on shells taken from Holocene‐aged sediments at three sites in different ocean basins confirm that the δ18O of gametogenic (GAM) calcite added to shells during the terminal (reproductive) stage of the life cycle is 1.0–1.4‰ higher than that of pregametogenic calcite. Examination of shells in cross section reveals that many have suffered varying degrees of internal dissolution, which further skews whole‐shell δ18O compositions toward higher values by preferentially removing low δ18O pregametogenic calcite. The results of this study echo the calls of earlier studies cautioning that spatiotemporal changes in the proportion of high δ18O GAM calcite should be considered when assessing T. sacculifer δ18O records generated via conventional isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
Satellite‐Based Estimation of Particulate Organic Carbon Export in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Li Teng , Bai Yan , He Xianqiang , Xie Yuyuan , Chen Xiaoyan , Gong Fang , Pan Delu 
Published: October 2018

AbstractKnowledge of particulate organic carbon export flux (EP) is the key to understanding the marine biological carbon pump. In this study, a satellite remote sensing algorithm based on the food‐web model established by Siegel et al. (2014; https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GB004743) was used to estimate EP in the northern South China Sea (NSCS), which consists of direct sinking flux of large phytoplankton and associated aggregates by gravity and flux of zooplankton feces by grazing. This is the first time that fine spatiotemporal variation of satellite‐derived EP in the NSCS is unveiled. Compared with the results on 1° spatial scale products, the model results based on the satellite products with 1/3° and 1/12° resolutions showed better consistency with the observations. Validation with in situ EP showed that the model exhibited a good performance in the NSCS basin, but the predicted EP in the shelf regions were smaller compared with measurements. The satellite‐derived annual‐mean EP in the shelf areas was 8.47 and 5.56 mmol C·m−2·d−1 in the NSCS basin, on the 1/3° spatial scale, with relative differences from observations were about −50% and −15% for the shelf and basin, respectively. The flux of feces from zooplankton grazing, especially that from microzooplankton grazing, might account for the major fraction of the EP in the NSCS. Accurate products of ocean net primary production and empirical coefficients in the food web (e.g., export efficiency of zooplankton grazing and specific mortality rate of nongrazing phytoplankton) suitable for the NSCS, are essential for performance improvement of the satellite‐based EP model.
Low‐Cloud Feedback in CAM5‐CLUBB: Physical Mechanisms and Parameter Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Zhang Haipeng , Wang Minghuai , Guo Zhun , Zhou Chen , Zhou Tianjun , Qian Yun , Larson Vincent E. , Ghan Steven , Ovchinnikov Mikhail , Bogenschutz Peter A. , Gettelman Andrew 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe physical mechanism of low‐cloud feedbacks is examined by using perturbed‐parameter ensemble experiments in a unified scheme of boundary layer turbulence and shallow convection, named Cloud Layers Unified by Binormals (CLUBB) coupled to Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5). The shortwave cloud feedbacks in CAM5‐CLUBB are positive in the most stable tropical regime, which is related to the weaker turbulence in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in a warmer climate that is possibly triggered by the strengthened stability of the cloud layer. The positive feedback between low cloud cover (LCC), cloud top radiative cooling, and PBL turbulent mixing may further enhance the decrease in LCC. The stronger inversion stability of PBL partly counters the decrease in LCC, and a recently developed index, the estimated cloud‐top entrainment index, is a better predictor for LCC changes than conventional stability indices. The relative strength of shallow convection increases in the warmer climate, but its effect on low‐cloud feedback is complicated by the unified treatment of shallow convection and PBL turbulence in CLUBB. Stronger shallow convection means more convective drying but also less PBL turbulence and less LCC in the present climate, which leads to less reduction in LCC. The parameters related to dynamic turbulent structure and double Gaussian closure in CLUBB are the most influential parameters on low‐cloud feedbacks. Our results suggest that a unified treatment of shallow convection and turbulence may give rise to the predominate role of the PBL turbulent mixing in determining low‐cloud feedback.
Vibration characteristics of the two‐stage throttle valve induced by cavitation
Authors: Li Beibei , Li Ruirui , Yan Jingwei , Liu Xiumei , Wang Bingyang 
Published: October 2018

The effect of cavitation on vibration characteristics of a two‐stage throttle valve is experimentally studied by changing inlet pressure, outlet pressure and opening. The shadow photograph of the flow field in the throttle is obtained by a high‐speed camera, and the signal of vibration induced by cavitation of the two‐stage throttle is obtained by an acceleration sensor. It can be concluded that the fixed cavitation and the travelling cavitation in the two‐stage throttle valve occur at the back of the throttle orifice. The effect of cavitation on vibration intensity and power spectral density is obvious. There are two frequency peaks in the spectrum, which are located in the vicinity of 7.5 and 12.5 kHz, respectively. These peaks correspond to travelling cavitation and fixed cavitation. The cavitation vibration intensity increases with the increase in the cavitation intensity, and the centre frequency of the signal peak near 7.5 kHZ is also moving towards the low frequency.
Design of a high water‐based fluid, high‐pressure, and large‐flow safety valve
Authors: Li Geqiang , Li Liaoyuan , Guo Bingjing , Li Yuesong 
Published: October 2018

Aiming at solving the problem of low unloading sensitivity, bad dynamic performance and poor stability of high‐pressure and large‐flow relief valve in hydraulic support system, a new differential type of high‐pressure and large‐flow relief valve, functioned by high water‐based hydraulic medium, is designed. Through analysing the influence of spool form, elastic element, and working principle on valve performance, a structural scheme of large‐flow and high‐pressure safety valve is put forward. The three‐dimensional fluid–solid coupling model of differential safety valve is established; through ADINA software, three‐dimensional fluid–solid coupling simulation of relief valve's orifice from shutdown to full opening is carried out to analyse the distribution of internal pressure in the flow field of the safety valve and the pressure change of the structure field. The physical simulation model of safety valve is established by using AMESim software, and the dynamic performance of safety valve is simulated under the given signal of nominal flow and small flow. According to the design structure, the safety valve with the rated flow of 3000 L/min is manufactured and tested. The simulation and experimental results show that the safety valve has good dynamic performance and high sensitivity..