bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Expected Utility Objection to the Dutch Book Argument for Probabilism*
Authors: Pettigrew Richard 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe Dutch Book Argument for Probabilism assumes Ramsey's Thesis (RT), which determines the prices an agent is rationally required to pay for a bet. Hedden (2013) argues that Ramsey's Thesis is wrong. He claims that Maximise Subjective Expected Utility (MSEU) determines those prices, and it often disagrees with Ramsey's Thesis. I suggest two responses to Hedden's objection. First, we might be permissive: agents are permitted to pay any price that is required or permitted by RT, and they are permitted to pay any price that is required or permitted by MSEU. This allows us to give a revised version of the Dutch Book Argument for Probabilism, which I call the Permissive Dutch Book Argument. Second, I suggest that even Hedden should admit that RT gives the correct answer in certain very limited cases, and I show that, together with MSEU, this very restricted version of RT gives a new pragmatic argument for Probabilism, which I call the Bookless Pragmatic Argument.
Arabidopsis translation initiation factors eIFiso4G1/2 link repression of mRNA cap‐binding complex eIFiso4F assembly with RNA‐binding protein SOAR1‐mediated ABA signaling
Authors: Bi Chao , Ma Yu , Jiang Shang‐Chuan , Mei Chao , Wang Xiao‐Fang , Zhang Da‐Peng 
Published: May 2019

Summary

The translation initiation factor eIF4E‐binding protein‐mediated regulation of protein translation by interfering with assembly of mRNA cap‐binding complex eIF4F is well described in mammalian and yeast cells. However, it remains unknown whether a signaling regulator or pathway interacts directly with any translation initiation factor to modulate assembly of eIF4F in plant cells.

Here, we report that the two isoforms of Arabidopsis eIF4G, eIFiso4G1 and eIFiso4G2, interact with a cytoplasmic–nuclear dual‐localized pentatricopeptide repeat protein SOAR1 to regulate abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. SOAR1 inhibits interactions of eIFiso4E, eIF4Es, eIF4A1, eIF4B2 and poly(A)‐binding protein PAB6 with eIFiso4G1 and eIFiso4G2, thereby inhibiting eIFiso4F/mixed eIF4F assembly and repressing translation initiation.

SOAR1 binds mRNA of a key ABA‐responsive gene ABI5 and cooperates with eIFiso4G1/2 to repress translation of ABI5. The binding of SOAR1 to ABI5 mRNA is likely to inhibit the interaction of SOAR1 with eIFiso4G1/2, suggesting a regulatory loop.

Our findings identify a novel translation initiation repressor interfering with cap‐binding complex assembly, and establish a link between cap‐binding complex assembly and ABA signaling.
Robert Nozick and Axel Honneth: An attempt to shed light on mental health service in Norway through two diametrical philosophers
Authors: Terkelsen Toril Borch , Nodeland Siren , Tomstad Solveig Thorbjørnsen 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article aims at giving insight into Norwegian mental health service by exploring the ideologies of two diametrical philosophers, the American Robert Nozick (1938–2002) and the German Axel Honneth (1949‐). Nozick proposes as an ideal a minimal state in which citizens have a “negative right” to the absence of interference and to follow their own interests without restriction from the state. On the other side, Axel Honneth claims that there is no freedom without state interference. In his view, governmental involvement is understood as a prerequisite for personal freedom. We may call this state an opposite of the minimal state; a maximal state. To get a better understanding of these opposite philosophies, we use texts written from conversations with people suffering from mental health problems, nurses and other caregivers in four Norwegian municipalities. Nozick's notion of the minimal state and Honneth's political philosophy of freedom and recognition were used as analytical tools. Among patients and helpers, there were different opinions about good care and how much caregivers should intervene. Some emphasized autonomy, independency, minimal involvement in human contact by nurses and other caregivers, similar a minimal state. Others perceived good care as bonding between helpers and service‐users. They underlined equal and personal relationships, as well as helping with practicalities, similar a maximal state. In the discussion, we focus on how people with chronic illnesses are supposed to transform themselves into self‐cared individuals, able to manage their own condition successfully with minimal help from public welfare and at a lower cost. Finally, we express concerns about who will care for disempowered patients without family and other resources in a minimal state.
Narrating an unnarratable present
Authors: Freed Mark M. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRobert Musil characterizes the moment of modernity that is the historical setting of his novel The Man without Qualities with the expression “Seinesgleichen geschieht,” which he glosses by explaining that the present lacks determinacy and as a result remains unsurveyable (unübersichtlich). This characterization raises the question of how the novel is able to give rise to an understanding of the historical moment that is one object of its narration. Literature attempting to represent the un‐representable is the fundamental form of the problematic called Romanticism, which offers conceptual resources for understanding how Musil goes about narrating an unnarratable present. One of the pivots on which early German Romanticism turns away from transcendental philosophy involves assimilating the Kantian notion of “schematism” to the particular functioning of language Novalis and Schlegel call “Poesie.” Schematism is also found working in the narrative technique of Musil's novel. In the sense that schematism names the inscription of relations by which, in the absence of any representable object, the world becomes the world‐for‐us and therefore intelligible, this inscription—this schematism—is the “writing” of modernity.
Fish type I and type II interferons: composition, receptor usage, production and function
Authors: Gan Zhen , Chen Shan Nan , Huang Bei , Zou Jun , Nie Pin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractInterferons (IFNs) have been reported in vertebrates from fish to mammals. To date, two types of IFNs, i.e. type I and type II IFNs have been reported in a range of fish species in aquaculture. In fish, type I IFNs are clarified into group I and group II, with two cysteines and four cysteines, and further into subgroups a, d, e, h, and b, c, f, respectively. Group I IFNs appear to exist in all fish species, whereas group II IFNs are discovered only in certain species such as cyprinids, salmonids and perciform fish. It seems preferentially functional that group I IFNs signal through cytokine receptor family B (CRFB) 5 and CRFB1, while group II IFNs through CRFB5 and CRFB2. But they all initiate a same signalling pathway for the expression of interferon induced genes. The information about the production and the function of type I IFNs in fish are further summarized in the review. Interestingly, two members of type II IFNs, IFN‐γ and a unique member, IFN‐γ related gene (IFN‐γrel) exist in fish, and IFN‐γ and IFN‐γrel can separately become homodimers for signalling through CRFB13, CRFB17, CRFB6 and CRFB17, respectively. In addition, the variation in the composition of type I and type II IFNs as well as in their receptors in some cyprinid and salmonid fish has also been reviewed. It is suggested that future perspectives for the research on type I and type II IFNs in fish are outlined from a comparative and evolutionary point of view.
The anatomy of fragile states in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Understanding the interrelationship between fragility and indicators of wellbeing
Authors: McKay Andy , Thorbecke Erik 
Published: May 2019

AbstractAccording to most classifications, Sub‐Saharan Africa is the region of the world with the highest presence of fragile states. In this paper we examine the relationship between fragility and poverty, suggesting that countries may become trapped in a vicious circle of fragility and low levels of wellbeing. We consider fragility as a continuum and begin by reviewing available measures. These show the high presence of fragility in Sub‐Saharan Africa and allow the more fragile countries to be identified. There is seen to be a strong association between fragility, poor growth performance, and lower wellbeing in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Building on the strong evidence for the two‐way relationship between economic growth and poverty, we present an analysis of how the vicious circle linking poorer welfare outcomes and fragility may be able to be broken. We argue that building successful institutions is key here, and this can be enabled by specific policy interventions that are both poverty reducing and productive.
The effect of exergaming on executive functions in children with ADHD: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Benzing Valentin , Schmidt Mirko 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundChildren with ADHD frequently suffer from deficits in cognitive (ie, executive functions) and motor abilities. Although medication usually has a positive effect, a lack of commitment and possible side effects result in a need for adjunct or alternative treatments. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of cognitively and physically demanding exergaming on executive functions, ADHD symptoms, and motor abilities.MethodsIn a parallel group randomized trial, 51 children between 8‐12 years (M = 10.63; SD = 1.32) diagnosed with ADHD were assigned either to an 8‐week exergame intervention group (three training sessions per week for 30 minutes) or a waiting‐list control group. The core executive functions (inhibition, switching, updating), parent ratings of symptoms, and motor abilities were assessed/gathered before and after the intervention.ResultsAnalyses of covariance (using pre‐test values as covariates) revealed that children in the exergame intervention group improved in specific executive functions (reaction times in inhibition and switching), general psychopathology as well as motor abilities compared to control group.ConclusionsFindings indicate that exergaming might benefit two domains in which frequent deficits can be observed in children with ADHD, executive functions and motor abilities. Given that these beneficial effects in turn might positively affect psychopathology, exergaming could serve as an individualized home‐based intervention in the future. However, in order to maximize benefits and make exergaming a valuable adjunct to treatment for children with ADHD, customized exergames are needed.
China's one belt one road initiative: The impact of trade facilitation versus physical infrastructure on exports
Authors: Ramasamy Bala , Yeung Matthew C. H. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThe One Belt One Road (OBOR) project is perhaps China's most significant international relations initiative in recent times. It is based on openness, harmony, inclusivity, mutual benefit and market operations and aims to connect the economically vibrant East Asia and the developed Europe by land and by sea, and in the process, it brings growth and development to tens of countries along the modern Silk routes. In this paper, we compare the impact of the main initiatives ofOBOR, namely enhancements in physical infrastructure and improvements in border administration, on the trade of countries that have signed on to this project, especially countries along the six economic corridors. We find overwhelming evidence that shows improvements in border administration has the greatest impact on exports of corridor countries. Although physical infrastructure is important for trade, the Chinese government should place equal attention to improvements in trade facilitation to ensure trade routes operate seamlessly across the various corridors.
International joint ventures and technology diffusion: Evidence from China
Authors: Liu Qing , Lu Ruosi , Yang Chao 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates international technology diffusion through FDI by explicitly considering the ownership structure of FDI projects with detailed Chinese data. We find that international joint ventures (JVs) generate significantly positive technology diffusion effects, while wholly foreign‐owned firms (WFOs) generate significantly negative competition effects. The differentiated impacts of JVs and WFOs are robust, heterogeneous and causal as shown by our instrumental variable estimation. As for the mechanisms, evidence suggests that JVs bring better technology to the host country, invest more in R&D and employee training, and also provide easier technology access to local firms than WFOs.
Laser scanning in vivo confocal microscopic characterization of equine immune‐mediated keratitis
Authors: Ledbetter Eric C. , Irby Nita L. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the corneal in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings in horses with putative immune‐mediated keratitis (IMMK).AnimalsSixty five horses with IMMK.ProceduresHorses diagnosed with IMMK were examined with a modified Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II and Rostock Cornea Module. The findings from the IVCM examinations were correlated with clinical details from ophthalmic examination and diagnostic test results.ResultsEighty eyes from 65 horses were examined. Clinical IMMK lesions were categorized as epithelial (n = 17 eyes), superficial stromal (n = 38), midstromal (n = 18), and endothelial (n = 7). Epithelial, superficial stromal, and midstromal lesions were characterized with IVCM by variable corneal leukocyte infiltrates and vascularization of the approximate corneal anatomic region that was clinically affected as determined by biomicroscopy. In addition, all horses displayed a dense network of dendritic cells in the epithelial basement membrane and immediate subepithelial stroma. Less consistent IVCM findings included epithelial disorganization, corneal edema, mineral deposition, stromal fibrosis, and epithelial pigment granules. Endothelial IMMK was distinct from the other forms of IMMK and characterized with IVCM by stromal edema, endothelium disorganization, endothelial cell loss, and multifocal accumulations of highly reflective material within the endothelium.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe distinguishing feature of epithelial and stromal forms of IMMK is a dense accumulation of dendritic cells in the epithelial basement membrane and immediate subepithelial stroma. Cellular changes in endothelial IMMK were largely confined to the endothelium and distinct from the other forms of IMMK evaluated.
Physical activity patterns among children and adolescents with mild-to-moderate chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis
Authors: Solomon-Moore Emma , Jago Russell , Beasant Lucy , Brigden Amberly , Crawley Esther 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveChronic fatigue syndromemyalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is relatively common among children and adolescents; however, little is known about the physical activity levels and patterns of this population. The aim of this study was to examine the underlying patterns of physical activity among youth with mild-to-moderate CFS/ME. Cross-sectional associations between physical activity patterns with self-reported physical function, pain, fatigue, anxiety and depression were also examined.DesignBaseline cross-sectional data from the Managed Activity Graded Exercise iN Teenagers and pre-Adolescents randomised controlled trial.PatientsChildren and adolescents (aged 8–17 years) diagnosed with mild-to-moderate CFS/ME who wore an accelerometer for at least three valid weekdays.AnalysesLatent profile analysis was used to identify physical activity patterns. Linear regression models examined associations between physical activity classes and self-reported physical function, pain, fatigue, anxiety and depression.Results138 children and adolescents (72.5% females) had valid data. Overall, participants did less than half the government recommended level of physical activity for children and adolescents, but not all were inactive: three (2.2%) did more than 1 hour of physical activity every day, and 13 (9.4%) achieved an average of 60 min a day. Adolescents (≥12 years) were less active than younger children, but activity levels were similar between genders. Three latent classes emerged from the data: ‘active’, ‘light’ and ‘inactive’. Compared with being ‘inactive’, being in the ‘light’ class was associated with greater self-reported physical function (10.35, 95% CI 2.32 to 18.38) and lower fatigue (−1.60, 95% CI −3.13 to −0.06), while being ‘active’ was associated with greater physical function (15.26, 95% CI 0.12 to 30.40), but also greater anxiety (13.79, 95% CI 1.73 to 25.85).ConclusionsPaediatricians need to be aware that physical activity patterns vary widely before recommending treatment.Clinical trial registrationISRCTN registry: 23 962 803
Diseases and causes of death among alpacas in Sweden: a retrospective study
Authors: Björklund Christina , Båge Renée , Morrell Jane , de Verdier Kerstin , Nisu Hartzell Lisbeth , Kjellinbro Nanna , Belák Katinka , Bernodt Karin , Gavier‐Widen Dolores 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundDue to increasing popularity in Sweden during the last decade, alpacas are frequently encountered by practising veterinarians and pathologists. Knowledge regarding their health and diseases under Swedish conditions is, however, limited.ObjectivesTo improve knowledge about the health of alpacas in Sweden by collecting information on diseases and health status.DesignA retrospective study was made of 93 necropsies conducted on alpacas in Sweden during the period 2001–2013.SettingData were obtained from the two major veterinary pathology centres in Sweden. The alpacas were hobby or farm animals and they were submitted by veterinarians in local practices or at a national animal healthcare organisation.ResultsThe digestive system was most frequently affected (29 per cent), with parasitic gastroenteritis (17 per cent) and hepatic disease being especially prevalent (15 per cent fascioliasis and 7 per cent hepatitis). Cardiovascular conditions (9 per cent), systemic diseases (7 per cent) and perinatal deaths were also common, including abortions (10 per cent) and fatal septicaemia (4 per cent). Wasting/emaciation was a frequent finding (26 per cent). Other diagnoses included dermatitis (8 per cent), diseases of the central nervous system (8 per cent), traumatic injuries (7 per cent), neoplasia (5 per cent), pneumonia (5 per cent) and nephritis (3 per cent).ConclusionsThis study identified areas of concern regarding diagnostic and pathological procedures, for which specific measures have been recommended. One particular cause for concern was the number of deaths from emaciation in weanling alpacas during late winter or early spring. For adult alpacas, infectious and non‐infectious causes of death were approximately equally frequent. Many of the diseases were considered clinically acute but pathology often showed them to be chronic conditions that had eventually deteriorated and presented as acute cases in the late stages. This study revealed similarities in the health/disease status reported in other European countries and in North America. The results can be used by alpaca keepers and veterinary practitioners to improve management, diagnosis and treatment of alpacas.
TGFβ-induced SMAD4-dependent Apoptosis Proceeded by EMT in CRC
Authors: Siraj Abdul K. , Pratheeshkumar Poyil , Divya Sasidharan Padmaja , Parvathareddy Sandeep Kumar , Bu Rong , Masoodi Tariq , Kong Yan , Thangavel Saravanan , Al-Sanea Nasser , Ashari Luai H. , Abduljabbar Alaa , Al-Homoud Samar , Al-Dayel Fouad , Al-Kuraya Khawla S. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In Saudi Arabia, colorectal cancer is more aggressive and presents at younger age, warranting new treatment strategies. Role of TGFβ/Smad4 signaling pathway in initiation and progression of colorectal cancer is well documented. This study examined the role of TGFβ/Smad4 signaling pathway in a large cohort of Saudi patients with colorectal cancer, followed by in vitro analysis to dissect the dual role of TGFβ on inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptosis. Our study demonstrated high frequency of Smad4 alterations with low expression of Smad4 protein identifying a subgroup of aggressive colorectal cancer to be an independent marker for poor prognosis. Functional studies using colorectal cancer cells show that TGFβ induces Smad4-dependent EMT followed by apoptosis. Induction of mesenchymal transcriptional factors, Snail1 and Zeb1, was essential for TGFβ-induced apoptosis. Our results indicate that KLF5 acts as an oncogene in colorectal cancer cells regardless of Smad4 expression and inhibition of KLF5 is requisite for TGFβ-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, TGFβ/Smad4 signal inhibits the transcription of KLF5 that in turn switches Sox4 from tumor promoter to suppressor. A high incidence of Smad4 alterations were found in the Saudi patients with colorectal cancer. Functional study results indicate that TGFβ induces Smad4-dependent EMT followed by apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells.
Function of Human Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Early-Stage Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: O'Brien Shaun M. , Klampatsa Astero , Thompson Jeffrey C. , Martinez Marina C. , Hwang Wei-Ting , Rao Abishek S. , Standalick Jason E. , Kim Soyeon , Cantu Edward , Litzky Leslie A. , Singhal Sunil , Eruslanov Evgeniy B. , Moon Edmund K. , Albelda Steven M. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cancer progression is marked by dysfunctional tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) with high inhibitory receptor (IR) expression. Because IR blockade has led to clinical responses in some patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we investigated how IRs influenced CD8+ TIL function from freshly digested early-stage NSCLC tissues using a killing assay and intracellular cytokine staining after in vitro T-cell restimulation. Early-stage lung cancer TIL function was heterogeneous with only about one third of patients showing decrements in cytokine production and lytic function. TIL hypofunction did not correlate with clinical factors, coexisting immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, or CD4+ T regulatory cells), nor with PD-1, TIGIT, TIM-3, CD39, or CTLA-4 expression. Instead, we found that the presence of the integrin αeβ7 (CD103), characteristic of tissue-resident memory cells (TRM), was positively associated with cytokine production, whereas expression of the transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes) was negatively associated with TIL function. These data suggest that the functionality of CD8+ TILs from early-stage NSCLCs may be influenced by competition between an antitumor CD103+ TRM program and an exhaustion program marked by Eomes expression. Understanding the mechanisms of T-cell function in the progression of lung cancer may have clinical implications for immunotherapy.