bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct testing by VITEK® 2: A dependable method to reduce turnaround time in Gram-negative bloodstream infections
Authors: Barman Purabi , Chopra Shimpi , Thukral Tarun 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Bloodstream infections pose a major health-care burden worldwide. Routine microbiological methods are time-consuming, thereby delaying appropriate treatment.
AIMS: The aim of this study is to evaluate the method of direct testing of identification (ID) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of positive blood culture bottles by VITEK®2.
SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This was a prospective study at a tertiary level hospital.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred positive BACTEC blood culture bottles with monomicrobial Gram-negative organisms on microscopy were tested in parallel by direct ID/AST as well as conventional method. Results obtained by two methods were compared in terms of ID/AST and turnaround time (TAT).
Results: Of the 100 isolates tested, only one was misidentified by the direct method and there was no unidentified isolate. The AST results demonstrated 99.74% categorical and 99.65% essential agreement. Of 1144 organism-antibiotic combinations, there were 0.44% major error, no very major error, or minor error observed.
Conclusions: While conventional method is the gold standard, the direct ID/AST methods have demonstrated that it can be successfully utilized to decrease TAT to the final results by 18–24 h, without sacrificing test accuracy. This technique will help to tailor antimicrobial therapy, thereby reducing patient morbidity, mortality, and antibiotic resistance, as well.
<em>Free Speech Beyond Words: The Suprising Reach of the First Amendment</em> by Mark V. Tushnet, Alan K. Chen, and Joseph Blocher
Authors: Richardson Wade Franklin 
Published: July 2018

Free Speech Beyond Words: The Surprising Reach of the First Amendment addresses a straightforward, and seemingly simple, question—why is it that certain art forms that do not communicate a specific, clearly articulated message, are considered “speech” and, thus, are covered under the First Amendment? Written by three authors, this work is divided into an introduction, three main chapters, and a concluding chapter. In Chapter One, Alan Chen discusses instrumental music under the First Amendment, while in Chapter Two, Mark V. Tushnet focuses on nonrepresentational art and the First Amendment, and Joseph Blocher explores the relationship between nonsense and the First Amendment in Chapter Three (as the Supreme Court has declared nonsense poetry such as Lewis Carroll’s “Jabberwocky” to be protected under the First Amendment.) While the authors make some headway in trying to justify First Amendment protection for these art forms (and for the concept of nonsense), their primary goal seems to be to make the argument that this is an important area of legal scholarship that has been underexplored, and to encourage further study and work in this area.
Meşrutiyet Döneminde Asker-Vatandaş Yetiştirme Anlayışı Çerçevesinde Paramiliter Gençlik Örgütleri / Paramilitary Youth Organizations within the Framework of Training Citizen-Militia Conception in the Second Constitutional Period
Authors: Çelebi Nurhayat , Asan Hatice Tezer , Asan Engin 
Published: July 2018

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>In this study, the struggle against paramilitary organizations and associations founded during the Second Constitutional period when the conception of nation-state and the concept of citizen-militia gained momentum in European states has been scrutinized. The research is a qualitative study based on a document analysis. After the traumas of wars in the Ottoman Empire, which entered the process of rapidly losing the lands spreading over three continents, the education mentality has been re-examined within the framework of citizenship conception. In addition to these inquiries and innovations, which began especially in the military area, they also manifested themselves with educational programs and schools centered on military regimes. This paradigm shift, which accelerated especially with the 18th century, soldier-son themed citizen perception and the current dominant patriarchal moral shave had reflections on education mentality and practice of social structure organized by the state and they turned into bringing up sons as warriors, power-owners and citizens ready to sacrifice for their motherland.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Bu çalışmada, Ulus-devlet anlayışının ivme kazandığı Avrupa devletlerinde vatandaş-asker anlayışı ve uygulamasının ön plana geçtiği II. Meşrutiyet yıllarında açılan paramiliter örgüt ve derneklere ilişkin çabalar mercek altına alınmıştır. Araştırma doküman incelemesine dayalı nitel bir çalışmadır. Üç kıtaya yayılan topraklarını hızla kaybetme sürecine giren Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda yaşanan savaş travmalarından sonra vatandaş kavramı çerçevesinde eğitim anlayışı yeniden gözen geçirilmiştir. Özellikle askeri alanda başlayan bu sorgulamalar ve yenilik arayışlarının yanı sıra, yine askeri düzenlemeleri merkeze alan eğitim programları ve okulları ile kendini açıkça belli etmiştir. Özellikle 18. Yüzyılla birlikte hız kazanan bu paradigma değişimi, asker-evlat ana temalı vatandaş algısı ile halihazırda baskın ataerkil değerler, sosyal yapının bu kez devlet eliyle organize edilen eğitim anlayışı ve uygulamalarına yansımış; “savaşçı, erk sahibi, vatana kendini feda etmeye hazır” –özellikle erkek- evlatların yetiştirilmesine dönüşmüştür.</p>
Genetic analysis of water loss of excised leaves associated with drought tolerance in wheat
Authors: Czyczyło-Mysza Ilona Mieczysława , Marcińska Izabela , Skrzypek Edyta , Bocianowski Jan , Dziurka Kinga , Rančić Dragana , Radošević Radenko , Pekić-Quarrie Sofija , Dodig Dejan , Quarrie Stephen Alexander 
Published: July 2018

Background
Wheat is widely affected by drought. Low excised-leaf water loss (ELWL) has frequently been associated with improved grain yield under drought. This study dissected the genetic control of ELWL in wheat, associated physiological, morphological and anatomical leaf traits, and compared these with yield QTLs.

Methods
Ninety-four hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) doubled haploids, mapped with over 700 markers, were tested for three years for ELWL from detached leaf 4 of glasshouse-grown plants. In one experiment, stomata per unit area and leaf thickness parameters from leaf cross-sections were measured. QTLs were identified using QTLCartographer.

Results
ELWL was significantly negatively correlated with leaf length, width, area and thickness. Major QTLs for ELWL during 0–3 h and 3–6 h were coincident across trials on 3A, 3B, 4B, 5B, 5D, 6B, 7A, 7B, 7D and frequently coincident (inversely) with leaf size QTLs. Yield in other trials was sometimes associated with ELWL and leaf size phenotypically and genotypically, but more frequently under non-droughted than droughted conditions. QTL coincidence showed only ELWL to be associated with drought/control yield ratio.

Discussion
Our results demonstrated that measures of ELWL and leaf size were equally effective predictors of yield, and both were more useful for selecting under favourable than stressed conditions.
Transient ischemia facilitates neuronal chloride accumulation and severity of seizures
Authors: Blauwblomme Thomas , Dzhala Volodymyr , Staley Kevin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectivePreceding oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) and ongoing seizures have both been reported to increase neuronal chloride concentration ([Cl−]i), which may contribute to anticonvulsant failure by reversing the direction of chloride currents at inhibitory GABAA synapses.MethodsThe effects of OGD on [Cl−]i, seizure activity, and anticonvulsant efficacy were studied in a chronically epileptic in vitro preparation.ResultsSeizures initially increased during OGD, followed by suppression. On reperfusion, seizure frequency and [Cl−]i progressively increased, and phenobarbital efficacy was reduced. Bumetanide (10 μmol/L) and furosemide (1 mmol/L) prevented or reduced the OGD induced [Cl−]i increase. Phenobarbital efficacy was enhanced by bumetanide (10 μmol/L). Furosemide (1 mmol/L) suppressed recurrent seizures.Interpretation[Cl−]i increases after OGD and is associated with worsened seizure activity, reduced efficacy of GABAergic anticonvulsants, and amelioration by antagonists of secondary chloride transport.
24.1% External Quantum Efficiency of Flexible Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes by Light Extraction of Silver Nanowire Transparent Electrodes
Authors: Ding Ke , Fang Yunsheng , Dong Shaohua , Chen Hongting , Luo Beibei , Jiang Kui , Gu Honggang , Fan Lianwei , Liu Shiyuan , Hu Bin , Wang Lei 
Published: July 2018

AbstractFlexible quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (FQLEDs) always suffer poor performance, and current efforts towards performance improvement need complicated procedures but still ending with limited progress. An extremely efficient and simply structured FQLED is demonstrated profited from the substantially enhanced light outcoupling efficiency by employing solution‐processed flexible silver nanowires (AgNWs) transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs). As is uncovered by rigorous simulations, AgNWs TCEs extract enormous light trapped in the substrate mode and waveguide mode compared with indium tin oxide (ITO) TCEs, which greatly agrees with the experimental measurements in this work. As an ultimate achievement, the FQLED shows the record‐breaking maximum external quantum efficiency of 24.1% and current efficiency of 19.5 cd A−1, giving a ≈4.4 and 3 times efficiency improvement compared to the rigid QLED with glass/ITO, respectively. This study not only demonstrates the prominent role of network‐based TCEs for efficient ITO‐free FQLEDs, but also shows a lot of room for further performance improvement of flexible light‐emitting devices with the guideline of light extraction by solution‐processed electrodes.
Ordered Porous Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Matrix with Atomically Dispersed Cobalt Sites as an Efficient Catalyst for Dehydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation of N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Han Yunhu , Wang Ziyun , Xu Ruirui , Zhang Wei , Chen Wenxing , Zheng Lirong , Zhang Jian , Luo Jun , Wu Konglin , Zhu Youqi , Chen Chen , Peng Qing , Liu Qiang , Hu P. , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) have been explored widely as potential substitutes for homogeneous catalysts. Isolated cobalt single‐atom sites were stabilized on an ordered porous nitrogen‐doped carbon matrix (ISAS‐Co/OPNC). ISAS‐Co/OPNC is a highly efficient catalyst for acceptorless dehydrogenation of N‐heterocycles to release H2. ISAS‐Co/OPNC also exhibits excellent catalytic activity for the reverse transfer hydrogenation (or hydrogenation) of N‐heterocycles to store H2, using formic acid or external hydrogen as a hydrogen source. The catalytic performance of ISAS‐Co/OPNC in both reactions surpasses previously reported homogeneous and heterogeneous precious‐metal catalysts. The reaction mechanisms are systematically investigated using first‐principles calculations and it is suggested that the Eley–Rideal mechanism is dominant.
Preventive effects of N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine against imidacloprid intoxication on Bombyx mori larvae
Authors: Gao Hui‐Ju , Sun Yong‐Liang , Song Gui‐Zhen , Su Bin , Zhang Meng‐Meng , Ren Chun‐Jiu , Wang Yan‐Wen 
Published: July 2018

AbstractImidacloprid, a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide, is toxic to silkworm (Bombyx mori). To explore whether N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine (NAC) has an effect on preventing silkworm (B. mori) from toxification caused by imidacloprid, we fed the fifth‐instar larvae with mulberry leaves dipped in 200 mg/L NAC solution before exposing in imidacloprid, and investigated the silkworm growth, survival rate, feed efficiency, cocoon quality, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in midgut. The results showed that addition of NAC could significantly increase body weight, survival rate, and feed efficiency of imidacloprid poisoned silkworm larvae (P < 0.05), as well as cocoon mass, cocoon shell mass, and the ratio of cocoon shell (P < 0.05). Furthermore, it could significantly promote the activities of the antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxide in the midgut of fifth‐instar larvae under imidacloprid exposure at the late stage of treatment. In addition, it also could downregulate the malondialdehyde content. The results of our findings proved that the added NAC may have some beneficial effects on protection or restoration of antioxidant balance in imidacloprid exposed larvae.
Ryanodine‐ and CaMKII‐dependent release of endogenous CGRP induces an increase in acetylcholine quantal size in neuromuscular junctions of mice
Authors: Gaydukov Alexander E. , Balezina Olga P. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the mechanism responsible for an increase in miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) amplitude, induced by ryanodine as an agonist of ryanodine receptors in mouse motor nerve terminals.MethodsUsing intracellular microelectrode recordings of MEPPs and evoked endplate potentials (EPPs), the changes in spontaneous and evoked acetylcholine release in motor synapses of mouse diaphragm neuromuscular preparations were studied.ResultsRyanodine (0.1 μM) increased both the amplitudes of MEPPs and EPPs to a similar extent (up to 130% compared to control). The ryanodine effect was prevented by blockage of receptors of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) by a truncated peptide CGRP8‐37. Endogenous CGRP is stored in large dense‐core vesicles in motor nerve terminals and may be released as a co‐transmitter. The ryanodine‐induced increase in MEPPs amplitude may be fully prevented by inhibition of vesicular acetylcholine transporter by vesamicol or by blocking the activity of protein kinase A with H‐89, suggesting that endogenous CGRP is released in response to the activation of ryanodine receptors. Activation of CGRP receptors can, in turn, upregulate the loading of acetylcholine into synaptic vesicles, which will increase the quantal size. This new feature of endogenous CGRP activity looks similar to recently described action of exogenous CGRP in motor synapses of mice. The ryanodine effect was prevented by inhibitors of Ca/Calmodulin‐dependent kinase II (CaMKII) KN‐62 or KN‐93. Inhibition of CaMKII did not prevent the increase in MEPPs amplitude, which was caused by exogenous CGRP.ConclusionsWe propose that the activity of presynaptic CaMKII is necessary for the ryanodine‐stimulated release of endogenous CGRP from motor nerve terminals, but CaMKII does not participate in signaling downstream the activation of CGRP‐receptors followed by quantal size increase.
Architecture, remodeling, and functions of the septin cytoskeleton
Authors: Marquardt Joseph , Chen Xi , Bi Erfei 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe septin family of proteins has fascinated cell biologists for decades due to the elaborate architecture they adopt in different eukaryotic cells. Whether they exist as rings, collars, or gauzes in different cell types and at different times in the cell cycle illustrates a complex series of regulation in structure. While the organization of different septin structures at the cortex of different cell types during the cell cycle has been described to various degrees, the exact structure and regulation at the filament level are still largely unknown. Recent advances in fluorescent and electron microscopy, as well as work in septin biochemistry, have allowed new insights into the aspects of septin architecture, remodeling, and function in many cell types. This mini‐review highlights many of the recent findings with an emphasis on the budding yeast model.
Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Endothelial Cells
Authors: Gu Mingxia 
Published: July 2018

AbstractEndothelial cells (ECs) line the interior surface of blood and lymphatic vessels, and play a key role in a variety of physiological or pathological processes such as thrombosis, inflammation, or vascular wall remodeling. Human‐induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs)‐derived ECs provide a new opportunity for vascular regeneration and serve as a model to study the mechanism and to screen for novel therapies. We use developmental cues in a monolayer differentiation approach to efficiently generate mesoderm cells from iPSCs via small‐molecule activation of WNT signaling in chemically defined medium for 4 days, and subsequent EC specification using vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor for another 4 days. After 8 days of differentiation, mature ECs are further purified using magnetic‐activated cell sorting for the EC surface marker CD144. These ECs exhibit molecular and cellular characteristics consistent with native ECs, such as expression of specific surface markers, formation of tube‐like structures and acetylated low‐density lipoprotein uptake. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neural Mechanisms of High‐Level Vision
Authors: Hegdé Jay 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTThe last three decades have seen major strides in our understanding of neural mechanisms of high‐level vision, or visual cognition of the world around us. Vision has also served as a model system for the study of brain function. Several broad insights, as yet incomplete, have recently emerged. First, visual perception is best understood not as an end unto itself, but as a sensory process that subserves the animal's behavioral goal at hand. Visual perception is likely to be simply a side effect that reflects the readout of visual information processing that leads to behavior. Second, the brain is essentially a probabilistic computational system that produces behaviors by collectively evaluating, not necessarily consciously or always optimally, the available information about the outside world received from the senses, the behavioral goals, prior knowledge about the world, and possible risks and benefits of a given behavior. Vision plays a prominent role in the overall functioning of the brain providing the lion's share of information about the outside world. Third, the visual system does not function in isolation, but rather interacts actively and reciprocally with other brain systems, including other sensory faculties. Finally, various regions of the visual system process information not in a strict hierarchical manner, but as parts of various dynamic brain‐wide networks, collectively referred to as the “connectome.” Thus, a full understanding of vision will ultimately entail understanding, in granular, quantitative detail, various aspects of dynamic brain networks that use visual sensory information to produce behavior under real‐world conditions. © 2017 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:903‐953, 2018.
Kinesthetic Senses
Authors: Proske Uwe , Gandevia Simon C. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTThe kinesthetic senses are the senses of position and movement of the body, senses we are aware of only on introspection. A method used to study kinesthesia is muscle vibration, which engages afferents of muscle spindles to trigger illusions of movement and changed position. When vibrating elbow flexors, it generates sensations of forearm extension, when vibrating extensors, sensations of forearm flexion. Vibrating the elbow joint produces no illusion. Vibrating flexors and extensors together at the same frequency also produces no illusion, because what is perceived is the signal difference between antagonist muscles of each arm and between arms. The size of the illusion depends on how the muscle has been conditioned beforehand, due to a property of muscle called thixotropy. When measuring the illusion, blindfolded subjects may carry out a matching or pointing task. In pointing, signals from muscle spindles are less important than in matching. Afferent signals from kinesthetic receptors project to areas of somatosensory cortex to generate sensations of detection and location. This is referred to the body model, which provides information about size and shape of body parts. Kinesthesia, together with vision and touch, is associated with the sense of body ownership. All three can combine or each, on its own, can generate ownership. Related is the sense of agency, the sense of being responsible for one's own actions. In recent times, much progress has been made using neuroimaging techniques to identify the various areas of the brain likely to be responsible for generating these sensations. © 2017 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:1157‐1183, 2018.
Natriuretic Peptides and Normal Body Fluid Regulation
Authors: Bie Peter 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTNatriuretic peptides are structurally related, functionally diverse hormones. Circulating atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are delivered predominantly by the heart. Two C‐type natriuretic peptides (CNPs) are paracrine messengers, notably in bone, brain, and vessels. Natriuretic peptides act by binding to the extracellular domains of three receptors, NPR‐A, NPR‐B, and NPR‐C of which the first two are guanylate cyclases. NPR‐C is coupled to inhibitory proteins. Atrial wall stress is the major regulator of ANP secretion; however, atrial pressure changes plasma ANP only modestly and transiently, and the relation between plasma ANP and atrial wall tension (or extracellular volume or sodium intake) is weak. Absence and overexpression of ANP‐related genes are associated with modest blood pressure changes. ANP augments vascular permeability and reduces vascular contractility, renin and aldosterone secretion, sympathetic nerve activity, and renal tubular sodium transport. Within the physiological range of plasma ANP, the responses to step‐up changes are unimpressive; in man, the systemic physiological effects include diminution of renin secretion, aldosterone secretion, and cardiac preload. For BNP, the available evidence does not show that cardiac release to the blood is related to sodium homeostasis or body fluid control. CNPs are not circulating hormones, but primarily paracrine messengers important to ossification, nervous system development, and endothelial function. Normally, natriuretic peptides are not powerful natriuretic/diuretic hormones; common conclusions are not consistently supported by hard data. ANP may provide fine‐tuning of reno‐cardiovascular relationships, but seems, together with BNP, primarily involved in the regulation of cardiac performance and remodeling. © 2017 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol8:1211‐1249, 2018.
Rhizosphere interactions between copper oxide nanoparticles and wheat root exudates in a sand matrix: Influences on copper bioavailability and uptake
Authors: McManus Paul , Hortin Joshua , Anderson Anne J. , Jacobson Astrid R. , Britt David W. , Stewart Joseph , McLean Joan E. 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

The impact of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) on crop production is dependent on the biogeochemistry of Cu in the rooting zone of the plant. The present study addressed the metabolites in wheat root exudates that increased dissolution of CuONPs and whether solubility correlated with Cu uptake into the plant. Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Dolores) was grown for 10 d with 0 to 300 mg Cu/kg as CuONPs in sand, a matrix deficient in Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu for optimum plant growth. Increased NP doses enhanced root exudation, including the Cu-complexing phytosiderophore, 2′-deoxymugineic acid (DMA), and corresponded to greater dissolution of the CuONPs. Toxicity, observed as reduced root elongation, was attributable to a combination of CuONPs and dissolved Cu complexes. Geochemical modeling predicted that the majority of the solution phase Cu was complexed with citrate at low dosing or DMA at higher dosing. Altered biogeochemistry within the rhizosphere correlated with bio-responses via exudate type, quantity, and metal uptake. Exposure of wheat to CuONPs led to dose-dependent decreases in Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, and K in roots and shoots. The present study is relevant to growth of a commercially important crop, wheat, in the presence of CuONPs as a fertilizer, fungicide, or pollutant. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2619–2632. © 2018 SETAC