bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of the coadministration of the p-glycoprotein modulator elacridar on the pharmacokinetics of lapatinib and its distribution in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Karbownik Agnieszka , Sobańska Katarzyna , Płotek Włodzimierz , Grabowski Tomasz , Klupczynska Agnieszka , Plewa Szymon , Grześkowiak Edmund , Szałek Edyta 
Published: June 2019

SummaryBackground Lapatinib is a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2) and EGFR that has currently been approved for the treatment of HER2-positive advanced and metastatic breast cancer (BC). The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transporters includes P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; ABCG2), which substantially restrict the penetration of drugs, including chemotherapeutics, through the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of elacridar, an ABCB1 and ABCG2 inhibitor, on the brain and cerebrospinal fluid uptake of lapatinib. Methods Rats were divided into two groups: one group received 5 mg/kg elacridar and 100 mg/kg lapatinib (an experimental group), and the other group received 100 mg/kg lapatinib (a control group). Lapatinib concentrations in the blood plasma (BP), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain tissue (BT) were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Results Elacridar significantly increased lapatinib penetration into the CSF and BT (Cmax increase of 136.4% and 54.7% and AUC0-∞ increase of 53.7% and 86.5%, respectively). The Cmax of lapatinib in BP was similar in both experimental groups (3057.5 vs. 3257.5 ng/mL, respectively). Conclusion This study showed that elacridar influenced the pharmacokinetics of lapatinib. The inhibition of ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters by elacridar substantially enhanced the penetration of lapatinib into the CSF and BT. The blocking of protein transporters could become indispensable in the treatment of patients with breast cancer and brain metastases.
Feeding spinach thylakoids to rats modulates the gut microbiota, decreases food intake and affects the insulin response
Authors: Montelius Caroline , Osman Nadia , Weström Björn , Ahrné Siv , Molin Göran , Albertsson Per-Åke , Erlanson-Albertsson Charlotte 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThylakoid membranes derived from green leaf chloroplasts affect appetite-regulating hormones, suppress food intake, reduce blood lipids and lead to a decreased body weight in animals and human subjects. Thylakoids also decrease the intestinalin vitrouptake of methyl-glucose in the rat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary thylakoids on the gut microbiota composition, mainly the taxa of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, in rats fed either a thylakoid-enriched diet or a control diet for 10 d. At the same time, a glucose-tolerance test in the same rats was also performed. Food intake was significantly decreased in the thylakoid-fed rats compared with the control-fed rats over the 10-d study. An oral glucose tolerance test after 10 d of thylakoid- or control-food intake resulted in significantly reduced plasma insulin levels in the thylakoid-fed rats compared with the control-fed rats, while no difference was observed for blood glucose levels. Analysis of gut bacteria showed a significant increase of lactobacilli on the ileal mucosa, specificallyLactobacillus reuteri, in the rats fed the thylakoid diet compared with rats fed the control diet, while faecal lactobacilli decreased. No difference in bifidobacteria between the thylakoid and control groups was found. Analyses with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and principal component analysis of faeces demonstrated different microbial populations in the thylakoid- and control-fed animals. These findings indicate that thylakoids modulate the gut microbial composition, which might be important for the regulation of body weight and energy metabolism.
Development of an online database of typical food portion sizes in Irish population groups
Authors: Lyons Jacqueline , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe Irish Food Portion Sizes Database (available atwww.iuna.net) describes typical portion weights for an extensive range of foods and beverages for Irish children, adolescents and adults. The present paper describes the methodologies used to develop the database and some key characteristics of the portion weight data contained therein. The data are derived from three large, cross-sectional food consumption surveys carried out in Ireland over the last decade: the National Children's Food Survey (2003–2004), National Teens' Food Survey (2005–2006) and National Adult Nutrition Survey (2008–2010). Median, 25th and 75th percentile portion weights are described for a total of 545 items across the three survey groups, split by age group or sex as appropriate. The typical (median) portion weights reported for adolescents and adults are similar for many foods, while those reported for children are notably smaller. Adolescent and adult males generally consume larger portions than their female counterparts, though similar portion weights may be consumed where foods are packaged in unit amounts (for example, pots of yoghurt). The inclusion of energy under-reporters makes little difference to the estimation of typical portion weights in adults. The data have wide-ranging applications in dietary assessment and food labelling, and will serve as a useful reference against which to compare future portion size data from the Irish population. The present paper provides a useful context for researchers and others wishing to use the Irish Food Portion Sizes Database, and may guide researchers in other countries in establishing similar databases of their own.
Effect of supplementation with vitamin D2-enhanced mushrooms on vitamin D status in healthy adults
Authors: Stepien Magdalena , O'Mahony Louise , O'Sullivan Aifric , Collier John , Fraser William D. , Gibney Michael J. , Nugent Anne P. , Brennan Lorraine 
Published: June 2019

AbstractVitamin D deficiency is emerging worldwide and many studies now suggest its role in the development of several chronic diseases. Due to the low level of vitamin D naturally occurring in food there is a need for supplementation and use of vitamin D-enhanced products. The aim of the present study was to determine if daily consumption of vitamin D2-enhanced mushrooms increased vitamin D status in free-living healthy adults or affected markers of the metabolic syndrome. A total of ninety volunteers (aged 40–65 years) were randomly assigned to one of two 4-week studies: mushroom study (15 µg vitamin D2or placebo mushroom powder) and capsule study (15 µg vitamin D3or placebo capsules). Consumption of vitamin D2-enhanced mushrooms increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D2(25(OH)D2) by 128 % from baseline (3·9 (sd1·9) nmol/l;P < 0·05). Serum 25(OH)D3increased significantly in the vitamin D3capsule group (a 55 % increase from a baseline of 44.0 (sd17·1) nmol/l;P < 0·05). Vitamin D status (25(OH)D) was affected only in the vitamin D3group. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was lowered by vitamin D2intake. Vitamin D2from enhanced mushrooms was bioavailable and increased serum 25(OH)D2concentration with no significant effect on 25(OH)D3or total 25(OH)D.
Effect of age, gestation and lactation on faecal IgA and calprotectin concentrations in dogs
Authors: Grellet Aurélien , Mila Hanna , Heilmann Romy M. , Feugier Alexandre , Gruetzner Niels , Suchodolski Jan S. , Steiner Jorg M. , Chastant-Maillard Sylvie 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFaecal calprotectin and IgA have been suggested as non-invasive markers of gut health. Faecal calprotectin is a marker of intestinal inflammation in adults, whereas IgA has been suggested as a marker of intestinal immunity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of gestation, lactation and age on faecal concentrations of these biomarkers. Thirty puppies, nineteen pregnant or lactating bitches and eighty-nine healthy control adult dogs were included in the study. Faeces were collected from the fourth week of gestation until the eighth week of lactation in pregnant and lactating bitches, and between 4 and 9 weeks of age in puppies. Faeces from the eighty-nine healthy control adult dogs were also collected. Faecal calprotectin and IgA concentrations were measured. Faecal calprotectin concentrations in control dogs were significantly lower than faecal calprotectin concentrations in puppies between 4 and 6 weeks of age (P < 0·001) or between 7 and 9 weeks of age (P = 0·004). Puppies between 4 and 6 weeks of age had significantly higher faecal IgA concentrations compared with puppies between 7 and 9 weeks of age (P = 0·001). Bitches during their second month of lactation had significantly lower faecal IgA concentrations compared with their first month of lactation (P = 0·049). Faecal calprotectin and IgA have been suggested as non-invasive and easily measured biomarkers of gut health in adults. However, the present study underlines that faecal IgA and calprotectin concentrations vary markedly depending of physiologic factors such as gestation, lactation and age. These factors need to be considered when these faecal biomarkers are used for evaluation of intestinal immunity or inflammation.
Body condition of dogs fed diets containing soya hulls
Authors: Sabchuk Tabyta T. , Scheraiber Mariana , Zanatta Carolina P. , Maiorka Alex , Félix Ananda P. , Oliveira Simone G. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractObesity is a growing problem in dogs. Therefore, there is an increasing need of foods for obese dogs with high-fibre content to dilute energies and to reduce energy absorption. Soya hulls are cheap and are widely available as a fibre source. We aimed at evaluating the body condition of dogs fed diets containing 0 % soya hulls (0SH) or 16 % soya hulls (16SH) in replacement of maize. Twelve adult dogs, with 11·3 (se1·6) kg average body weight (BW), 4·1 (se0·1) years old and body condition score (BCS) between 4 and 7, were completely randomised assigned (six per treatment) and were fed the 0SH diet according to their maintenance energy requirements or the same amount in grams (g/kg BW0·75) of the 16SH diet once daily for 56 d. The animals were evaluated on days 0 and 57 for BW, BCS (1, very thin to 9, obese), subcutaneous fat thickness in the L7 vertebra using ultrasound (L7), canine BMI (CBMI) and body fat (BF). Data were analysed by the Student'sttest and Kruskal–Wallis test (P < 0·05). The change (final – initial) in BW (−0·58v.−0·49 kg), BCS (−1v.−1), L7 (−2v.0·35 mm), CBMI (−0·85v.−0·63 kg/m2) and BF (−5·0v.−5·4 %) of dogs fed the 0SH and 16SH diets, respectively, were not different (P > 0·05). The 16SH diet, with 11·4 % restriction in metabolisable energy, did not change the BCS of adult dogs. Further studies evaluating the supply of soya hulls only to overweight/obese dogs should to be carried out, because these dogs may respond differently than the group evaluated, which had a BCS between 4 and 7 (ideal to overweight).
Acute changes in blood metabolites and amino acid profile post-exercise in Foxhound dogs fed a high endurance formula
Authors: de Godoy Maria R. C. , Beloshapka Alison N. , Carter Rebecca A. , Fascetti Andrea J. , Yu Zengshou , McIntosh Bridgett J. , Swanson Kelly S. , Buff Preston R. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDogs participating in endurance exercise, including herding, hunting and racing have a greater energy requirement and may be more susceptible to nutrient depletion, electrolyte imbalance and metabolic stress. The objective of the present study was to investigate the acute response to unstructured mixed exercise in American Foxhounds fed a nutrient-fortified endurance diet. Thirty-nine adult Foxhound dogs (median age: 5·0, range: 2–10 years and median body weight (BW): 36·4, range: 24·9–49·5 kg) were allotted to a standard performance diet (Control) or nutrient-fortified endurance diet for adult dogs (Test). Dogs were balanced by sex, age, BW and athletic performance between diets. All male dogs were intact, whereas all the female dogs were spayed. After 80 d on diet, blood samples were collected via jugular puncture at baseline (0 h), and at 3 and 25 h post-exercise (mean: 17·7 (sem0·92) km run over 2–3 h). Plasma taurine concentration and complete amino acid (AA) profile, serum chemistry and creatine kinase were measured. Serum chemistry profile remained within normal ranges throughout the study. A significant (P < 0·05) diet by time interaction was observed for calcium, alkaline phosphatase and most AA. Plasma taurine and most essential AA were increased (P < 0·05) after exercise and remained greater (P < 0·05) in dogs fed the Test diet, including the branched-chain AA (isoleucine, leucine and valine). Creatine kinase increased (P = 0·01) after 3 h and returned to baseline after 25 h post-exercise, but was not altered by diet. These data indicate that dogs undergoing a moderate bout of exercise did not suffer from electrolyte imbalance, and that a nutrient-fortified diet resulted in greater plasma taurine and essential AA concentrations.
Differences in the Resistance of the Instars of a Pentatomid Bug to Pyrethrum Powder
Authors: Notley F. B. 
Published: June 2019

During the testing of finely ground pyrethrum flowers as an insecticide for the control of Antestia lineaticollis, Stål, in coffee trees, it was noticed that the various instars showed different percentage death rates under the same conditions. The experiment which is dealt with here was primarily designed to discover the minimum effective dose of powder per tree, and was carried out as follows.A block of 1,700 coffee trees was divided into seventeen square plots each containing 100 trees. Nine of these plots were treated with pyrethrum powder at rates varying from about 1 gram to 5 grams per tree; all the trees in the same plot receiving the same amount of powder. Two days later 36 trees from each of these plots, comprising all the trees from the centre of the plots (the two outer rows of each plot not being used in case migration of the Antestia should have taken place from the adjoining control plots) were heavily drenched with a strong kerosene extract of pyrethrum in order to bring down all the Antestia remaining on the trees; these Antestia were collected separately for each tree, sorted into instars and recorded. This method of testing is described fully by Le Pelley (1934).In each of the eight control plots five trees selected at random were drenched with the kerosene extract of pyrethrum and the Antestia obtained were recorded in the same way. It was found that the average number per tree of Antestia and of each instar present in each of these control plots, which were themselves evenly distributed through the whole block, was practically constant. It was therefore assumed that the numbers of Antestia and of each instar was the same for the plots treated with pyrethrum prior to this treatment, and the number of each instar found on the trees after treatment subtracted from this figure represented the number which had been killed by the pyrethrum powder.
Experimental Work with the Tsetse-fly,Glossina palpalis, in Uganda
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth 
Published: June 2019

This is an account of laboratory experiments made with the tsetseGlossina palpalis. The results deal mainly with the effects of climatic conditions, temperature and humidity in particular, on the metabolism and life-cycle. Some work was also done on the activity and behaviour of the fly, but this is very incomplete, though it shows the importance of the problem and the need for further study.The work was done during a visit of just over a year to East Africa, in 1935-36, as Wandsworth Scholar of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. I spent most of the time at the Human Trypanosomiasis Institute, Entebbe, Uganda, and also visited tsetse areas in Kenya and Tanganyika. I am grateful to all those who helped to make my visit profitable. Among others, to the Directors of Medical Services of the East African territories, in particular the Hon. W. H. Kauntze of Uganda, and many members of their departments. To Mr. C. B. Symes, Medical Entomologist, Kenya, and to Mr. W. H. Potts, of the Department of Tsetse Research, Tanganyika. I am especially grateful to Dr. H. Lyndhurst Duke, Director of the Human Trypanosomiasis Institute, for many kindnesses. Considerable assistance was received from Mrs. Helen Mellanby, who was working on allied problems at Entebbe. And mention must be made of the intelligent and conscientious help of my laboratory assistant, Omw. Bonaventure Semalwadde.
The Latin Colonies at Vitellia and Circeii
Authors: Salmon E. T. 
Published: June 2019

In the fifth book of Livy there is a passage of which hitherto no good explanation has been forthcoming:Romae interim multiplex seditio erat, cuius leniendae causa coloniam in Volscos, quo tria milia civium Romanorum scriberentur, deducendam censuerant; triumvirique ad id creati terna iugera et septunces viritim diviserant (Livy v, 24. 4: 395 B.C.). (Livy then goes on to describe the viritane division of the ager Veientanus.)
The Epigram on the Fallen of Coronea
Authors: Bowra C. M. 
Published: June 2019

The elegiac poem of eight lines discovered in the Ceramicus and published by by W. Peek is of considerable interest for the historian. Peek is surely right in maintaining that it was composed for the Athenians who fell under Tolmides at Coronea in 447 B.C., and his general exposition of the poem's meaning is convincing. The aim of this paper is to make some comments and supplements to his interpretation and then to consider some peculiarities in the thought and technique of the poem. We may first set out a text and a translation:λμονες ℎοῖον γṑνα μχες ελσανες λπ[ο]φσχς δαιμονṐς ṑλσα' μ πολμοισὐν κακι χσετλελεσσε βροοῖσι δ πσι λοιπνφρζεσθαι λογṐν πιοσν ἔθκε λος.
Some reflections on long-term investments with particular reference to the business of life assurance
Authors: Lever E. H. 
Published: June 2019

It is probably true to say that during the past two decades the most perplexing and important of the problems, with which those responsible for the management of Life Assurance Companies have been called upon to deal, has arisen from the investment side of the business rather than from the commercial and actuarial sides. On the whole, the investment policy followed has so far emerged successfully from the searching tests imposed upon it by the events of recent years but the future remains obscure and there are many lessons still to be learned.Life Assurance Companies, by the very nature of their business, are compelled to interest themselves in the problems of long-term investment, and it is worth while, therefore, to enquire whether the ordeal through which they have passed has revealed any defects in the present machinery of long-term lending and investing or in the basic principles which have heretofore governed investment policy.
The Measurement of Reproductivity
Authors: Pollard A. H. 
Published: June 2019

The measurement of the rate of population growth has attracted considerable attention in scientific literature of recent years. This is, no doubt, a result of the continual decline in the birth-rate which has formed the topic of innumerable articles in the popular press and elsewhere. Several attempts have been made to obtain a simple statistical measure of the reproductivity of a population at a particular time—that is, a measure of the extent to which a population will be replacing itself if current fertility and mortality continue indefinitely. It is the aim of this paper,
in section 1,to discuss the simple approximate formulae that have been suggested;in section 2,to discuss some more elaborate and more efficient formulae;in section 3,to analyse the effect on the formulae of section 2 of a change in the proportions married at a given age;in section 4,to outline the male versus female rate anomaly;in section 5,to suggest a formula which avoids the anomaly; and finally,in section 6,to discuss the application of these formulae to Australian population statistics.
Income Tax in Relation to Social Security
Authors: Haynes A. T. , Kirton R. J. 
Published: June 2019

This paper falls into three parts which form a progressive study involvingI. proposals for the reform of the Income Tax system as related to personal assessments,II. consideration of the interrelation of Income Tax and Social Security,III. proposals for the co-ordination of the Income Tax and Social Security systems.Part I of this progressive study is a plea for a business-like administration of the Income Tax system. Part II examines the combined effect upon the individual of the Income Tax system and the Social Security plan proposed by Sir William Beveridge. Part III sets out to co-ordinate Income Tax and Social Security and to simplify the financial relationship between the individual and the community.
II.—Pecus and Pecunia
Authors: Ridgeway William 
Published: June 2019

In a late number of the Journal of Hellenic Studies the present writer endeavoured to show, (1) that in the Homeric poems the gold talanton simply represented the value of the ox or cow, a relation which remained at Delos down into historical times, and (2) that the actual value of both units was a gold daric, or gold Attic stater (two drachms) of 130–135 grains Troy; in fact the standard on which all the gold coins, and a large proportion of the silver coins of Greek Proper were struck; and at the same time the basis of the standards of Asia Minor, Syria, and probably of Egypt. I then confined myself to the countries immediately bordering on the Aegean, and did not attempt to deal with the weight system of the Italian Peninsula. I propose in the present paper to examine the Roman system, and to seek for it, as I have tried for the others, a natural unit, by which I mean a metallic unit based on some older unit of barter.Dr. Hultsch remarks (Metrologie, p. 151) that whilst the weight unit of the Roman pound is the most accurately known of all ancient standards, its origin on the other hand is the most obscure. The Roman libra weighed 327·45 grammes. Though it was adjusted at a later period to the Attic system, it plainly dated from a period long before Rome had come into contact with the culture of Athens.
The Lorisoid GenusArctocebus: Observations Based on the Type Material
Authors: Hill W. C. Osman 
Published: June 2019

Instudying the literature relating to that little-known prosimian, the Angwántibo—with a view to incorporating the main facts known about it in a comprehensive work on primate anatomy at present in preparation—I had occasion to consult the original description of the species by J. A. Smith (1860). I there discovered that the type was a spirit specimen (an “adult” male) which was received in Edinburgh, along with a second male, from Old Calabar. There is some confusion in the literature as to the fate of these specimens and this should, I think, be cleared up. Both specimens were procured in 1859 by Rev. A. Robb, one being sent, indirectly, to Smith and the other to Andrew Murray. Smith recognized in his specimen something new and accordingly described it as a new species of Potto, placing it in Bennett's genusPerodicticusasP. calabarensis. He gave an assurance of his intention of depositing the type in the Natural History Museum of the University of Edinburgh, but later sent it to his friend Carruthers at the British Museum for comparison with Bennett's type ofPerodicticus potto. Some useful observations were made upon it by Carruthers and incorporated as an addendum to Smith's paper. The specimen was evidently returned to Edinburgh and found its way to the University, but in 1860 it was transferred, with other material, to the Edinburgh Industrial Museum (since 1904 the Royal Scottish Museum).With the kind assistance of Professor J. Ritchie I have succeeded in tracing it, and with the permission of Dr D. A. Allan, Director of the Museum, and the helpful co-operation of Dr A. C. Stephen, Keeper of Natural History, I have had the privilege of studying it.