bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural holes, exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation
Authors: Zang Jinjuan 
Published: April 2018

PurposeExisting research has demonstrated that the innovation implications of structural holes are inconsistent. The diverse and broad resources associated with structural holes facilitate innovation. On the contrary, brokerage will also hinder trust and increase the opportunism behaviors among partners, which will damage innovation. Inspired by the conflicting conclusions, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the roles of structural holes on exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation.Design/methodology/approachTo test the model, the paper used a panel of 305 US computer focal firms and 6,894 alliances from the period spanning 1993 to 2004, and adopted the Heckman two-stage selection procedure in predicting the results.FindingsThe results show that structural holes help firms to develop exploratory innovation while negatively impacting exploitative innovation.Originality/valueThis study offers precise insights on inconsistent understandings between structural holes and innovation by differentiating exploratory innovation from exploitative innovation. Furthermore, it contributes to the burgeoning literature on exploration and exploitation from the network perspective.
Mechanical properties evaluation of T800 carbon fiber reinforced hybrid composite embedded with silicon carbide microparticles
Authors: Potluri Rakesh 
Published: April 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of the addition of silicon carbide (SiC) microparticles and their contributions regarding the tensile and shear properties of the T800 fiber reinforced polymer composite at various fiber volume fractions. The tensile and shear properties of the hybrid composites where continuous T800 fibers are used as reinforcements in an epoxy matrix embedded with SiC microparticles have been studied.

Design/methodology/approach
The results were obtained by implementing a micromechanics approach assuming a uniform distribution of reinforcements and considering one unit cell from the whole array. Using the two-step homogenization process, the properties of the materials were determined by using the finite element analysis (FEA). The predicted elastic properties from FEA were compared with the analytical results. The analytical models were implemented in the MATLAB Software. The FEA was performed in ANSYS APDL.

Findings
The mechanical properties of the hybrid composite had increased when compared with the properties of the conventional FRP. The results suggest that SiC particles are a good reinforcement for enhancing the transverse and shear properties of the considered fiber reinforced epoxy composite. The microparticle embedment has significant effect on the transverse tensile properties as well as in-plane and out-of-plane shear properties.

Research limitations/implications
This is significant because improving the properties of the composite materials using different methods is of high interest in the materials community. Using this study people can work on the process of including different type of microparticles in to their composite designs and improve their performance characteristics. The major influence of the particles can be seen only at lower volume fractions of the fiber in the composite. Only FEA and analytical methods were used for the study.

Practical implications
Material property improvements lead to more advanced designs for aerospace and defense structures, which allow for high performance under unpredictable conditions.

Originality/value
This type of study proves that the embedment of different microparticles is a method that can be used for improving the properties of the composite materials. The improvement of the transverse and shear properties will be useful especially in the design of shell structures in the different engineering applications.
Millennials and organizational citizenship behavior
Authors: Gong Baiyun , Greenwood Regina A. , Hoyte David , Ramkissoon Arlene , He Xin 
Published: April 2018

Purpose
Growing up in the technology era and heavily invested in longer full-time education, the millennial workforce holds unique characteristics that may influence important job outcomes. Building on the recent research on workforce generations, this paper aims to investigate not only the overall effect of the millennial generation on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) but also the nuanced effect of how workforce generations may interact with two factors in career development (i.e. job crafting and career anchor) in predicting OCB.

Design/methodology/approach
An online survey was conducted among full-time workers in the USA, 321 (64 per cent) of whom were millennials. Hierarchical regression was used to test the hypotheses.

Findings
Results indicated that millennials appeared to be less interested in OCB compared to earlier generations in the workforce. Nevertheless, some dimensions of OCB increased when millennials conducted resource-related job crafting or when they held a career anchor on service. In addition, both of these career development factors were positively correlated with OCB.

Research limitations/implications
This study offers important implications to researchers as well as practitioners and highlights the significance of career development factors in motivating millennials toward desired job outcomes.

Originality/value
This research is among the initial attempts to assess the impact of job design and career factors on OCB among millennial workers. The findings highlight millennials’ unique perspectives toward OCB and how job crafting and career anchor may play influencing roles on OCB. With millennials becoming the largest generation in the workforce, such knowledge is critical.
Kaizen philosophy
Authors: Marin-Garcia Juan A. , Juarez-Tarraga Amable , Santandreu-Mascarell Cristina 
Published: April 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to perform a context analysis about a specific Kaizen program, suggestion systems in permanent teams, and identified the barriers and facilitators that companies encounter while implementing them from the workers’ perspective.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors applied an inductive method, the Grounded Theory, to develop a specific context theory using the information that emerged from a convenience sample of 182 workers in several countries.

Findings
The facilitators and barriers identified for the workers in the field study are aligned with those identified in previous studies, generally obtained using information provided by managers. The methodology enabled us to identify the relationships between them and their level of relevance.

Research limitations/implications
The main limitations were linked with the source of the data as the authors worked with a convenience sample and only analyzed the information provided by the workers.

Practical implications
The identified facilitators, their relationships and their relevance, contribute to understand the functioning phenomena of suggestion systems in permanent teams to facilitate organizations using this continuous improvement program more effectively.

Originality/value
The originality of this study, apart from identifying facilitators from the workers’ perspective, is that the used method enabled us to identify the relationships between them and know how the operators perceived their relevance.
Theory as Fantasy: Emotional Dimensions to Grounded Theory
Authors: Clancy Annette , Vince Russ 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this paper we discuss emotions and fantasies that inform and influence the project of theory building. Our argument is that theory building can be improved by engaging directly with emotions and with fantasies that are defensively and creatively generated by the researcher. Once acknowledged, these can be transformed into ideas and insights. We provide an example of the emotional dynamics surrounding a novice researcher's use of grounded theory within her doctoral research. We highlight three distinctive researcher fantasies of containment, coherence and purity associated with her experience of the method. We discuss how engagement with these fantasies deepened the researcher's analysis and thereby enhanced the process of building theory from the data. Therefore, our paper contributes to an understanding of how fantasies mobilized by such an open‐ended research method can help to refine our thinking about emerging theory.
Association of mitochondrial displacement loop polymorphisms with diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome: A preliminary study
Authors: Liu Zi Yu , Gua Xia Xu , Zhang Rong Gui , Wang Xiao Xiao , Ai Jie , Wang Wei Feng , Yang Yun Sheng 
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVESTo investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mitochondrial displacement loop (D‐loop) were associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).METHODSAltogether 40 participants were recruited and classified into three groups, including 20 that fulfilled the Rome III criteria for diarrhea‐predominant IBS (IBS‐D), 10 with constipation‐predominant IBS (IBS‐C), and 10 healthy volunteers (controls). DNA was extracted from biopsy specimens of the colon obtained during routine colonoscopies. The mitochondrial D‐loop was sequenced and variants were identified in comparison with the reference sequence from GenBank. We searched GenBank and MITOMAP to determine whether a variant could be considered an SNP.RESULTSNo significant differences in sex, age and body mass index were found among the three groups. The average numbers of SNPs in the IBS‐D, IBS‐C and control groups were 12.2 ± 2.7, 9.8 ± 1.8 and 9.9 ± 2.1, respectively. The frequency of SNPs was significantly higher in the IBS‐D group than in the IBS‐C group and controls (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the latter two groups. Each SNP was compared among the three groups and the frequency of 199C was found to be significantly higher in the control group than in the IBS‐D group (P = 0.03), but no significant difference in its frequency was found between the IBS‐C group and controls.CONCLUSIONSPatients with IBS‐D have a higher incidence of SNPs in the mitochondrial D‐loop than controls. The genotype 199C may be associated with a lower risk of IBS‐D.
Inter‐Governmental Regimes and Recruitment to Private Regimes:GATT/WTOand theISO, 1951–2005
Authors: Lim Sijeong , Prakash Aseem 
Published: April 2018

AbstractScholars of international relations and public policy recognize that quasi‐private actors supply governance services alongside governmental actors. We explore how membership in the dominant trade regime, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/the World Trade Organization (GATT/WTO) influences countries’ incentives to join the quasi‐private regime, International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Both global regimes seek to remove trade barriers; the former focuses on tariff and non‐tariff obstacles, and the latter on technical barriers. While any firm can subscribe to over 18,000ISOstandards, only national standards bodies, one per country, can becomeISOmembers. We posit that given the substantial political costs of joiningGATT/WTOand the relatively low entry barriers to joining theISO, high trading countries might view theISOas a (partial) functional equivalent of theGATT/WTO. Our empirical analysis ofISOmembership dynamics over the period 1951–2005 lends support to our argument.
Binge Drinking Above and Below Twice the Adolescent Thresholds and Health‐Risk Behaviors
Authors: Hingson Ralph Waldo , Zha Wenxing 
Published: April 2018

BackgroundUnderage drinking has been associated with health‐risk behaviors: unintentional and unprotected sex; physical and sexual assault; suicide; homicide; traffic and other unintentional injuries; and overdoses. Five drinks consumed over 2 hours by adult males and 4 drinks by adult females typically produce blood alcohol levels (BALs) of ≥0.08%, which the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism considers binge drinking. Being smaller, young adolescents can reach adult binge‐drinking BALs of ≥0.08% with fewer drinks. Previous research indicates boys ages 9 to 13 would reach ≥0.08% with 3 drinks, 4 drinks at ages 14 to 15, and 5 drinks at ages ≥16. For girls, ≥0.08% is reached with ≥3 drinks at ages 9 to 17 and ≥4 drinks at ages ≥18. This study explores whether, among a national sample of high school students, adolescent binge drinking at ≥twice versus <twice the age‐/gender‐specific thresholds versus nonbinge drinking heightens associations of drinking with health‐risk behaviors.MethodsIn 2015, the Youth Risk Behavior Survey asked a national probability sample of 15,624 high school students grades 9 to 12 (response rate 60%) about their past‐month drinking and past‐month or past‐year health‐risk behaviors. Logistic regressions with pairwise comparisons examined the association between different drinking levels and selected risk behaviors, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and drinking frequency.ResultsSeven percent binged ≥twice and 9% <twice the age‐/gender‐specific thresholds, and 14% drank less than the binge thresholds. Significantly higher percentages of binge drinkers at ≥twice versus <twice the thresholds versus other drinkers reported illegal drug and tobacco use, risky sexual and traffic behaviors, physical fights, suicide, less school‐night sleep, and poorer school grades.ConclusionsAdolescent alcohol misuse screening should query the maximum number of drinks consumed per occasion and frequency of such consumption. State and national surveillance surveys should include those questions to investigate which individual, family, school, community, and policy interventions reduce consumption beyond binge thresholds and related health‐risk behaviors.
Novel modification of the Reported Edmonton Frail Scale
Authors: Rose Michael , Yang Allan , Welz Martina , Masik Anna , Staples Margaret 
Published: April 2018

ObjectivesThe Reported Edmonton Frail Scale (REFS) uses clock drawing as a measure of cognition. However, many patients in the acute hospital setting present with an inability to clock‐draw. We considered an alternative method for assessing cognition based on a history of cognitive impairment.MethodsWe created a modified version of the REFS (mod‐REFS), utilising the same domains as the REFS, in which a screening question of cognition substitutes the clock‐drawing task. Data were collected from a prospective cohort study.ResultsOf 181 participants, frailty measured with either the REFS or the mod‐REFS found equivalence. A comparison between clock drawing and cognitive question scores demonstrated a complete agreement for 152 patients (84%), a reduction in cognition score for 25 (14%) and an increase for 4 (2%).ConclusionWe suggest the mod‐REFS will improve the frailty assessment in the acute hospital setting, overcoming the limitations associated with clock drawing.
A retrospective clinico‐pathological study comparing lichen planus pigmentosus with ashy dermatosis
Authors: Cheng Hui Mei , Chuah Sai Yee , Gan Emily Yiping , Jhingan Anjali , Thng Steven Tien Guan 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesControversy persists as to whether lichen planus pigmentosus and ashy dermatosis are separate clinical entities. This study was conducted to examine the clinicopathological features and treatment outcome of the two conditions.MethodsA retrospective medical chart review of all patients who were diagnosed with lichen planus pigmentosus or ashy dermatosis was conducted. The information collected included the participants’ age at onset, site of onset, duration of disease, presence of precipitating factors, distribution of disease, pigmentation and presence of symptoms. In patients from whom a biopsy was taken the histopathological reports were included.ResultsAltogether 26 patients with ashy dermatosis and 29 with lichen planus pigmentosus were included in the study. Compared with ashy dermatosis, lichen planus pigmentosus had a more localised distribution with a preponderance for facial involvement, compared with the truncal preponderance in ashy dermatosis. Ashy dermatosis tended to have a more stable clinical course than lichen planus pigmentosus, which was more likely to wax and wane. The utility of histopathology in differentiating between the two conditions is low.ConclusionAshy dermatosis and lichen planus pigmentosus, as defined in this study, appear to be two separate clinical entities with distinguishable clinical features and natural histories.
Visual Evoked Potential Recovery by Subretinal Implantation of Photoelectric Dye‐Coupled Thin Film Retinal Prosthesis in Monkey Eyes With Macular Degeneration
Authors: Matsuo Toshihiko , Uchida Tetsuya , Sakurai Jun , Yamashita Koichiro , Matsuo Chie , Araki Tomoaki , Yamashita Yusuke , Kamikawa Kunihisa 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRetinal prosthesis or artificial retina is a promising modality of treatment for outer retinal degeneration, caused by primary and secondary loss of photoreceptor cells, in hereditary retinal dystrophy and age‐related macular degeneration, respectively. Okayama University‐type retinal prosthesis (OUReP) is a photoelectric dye‐coupled polyethylene film which generates electric potential in response to light and stimulates nearby neurons. The dye‐coupled films were implanted by vitreous surgery in the subretinal space of monkey eyes with macular degeneration which had been induced by cobalt chloride injection from the scleral side. A pilot 1‐month observation study involved 6 monkeys and a pivotal 6‐month observation study involved 8 monkeys. Of 8 monkeys in 6‐month group, 3 monkeys underwent dye‐coupled film removal at 5 months and were observed further for 1 month. The amplitude of visual evoked potential which had been reduced by macular degeneration did recover at 1 month after film implantation and maintained the level at 6 months. Optical coherence tomography showed no retinal detachment, and full‐field electroretinograms maintained a‐wave and b‐wave amplitudes, indicative of no retinal toxicity. Pathological examinations after 6‐month implantation showed structural integrity of the inner retinal layer in close apposition to dye‐coupled films. The implanted films which were removed by vitrectomy 5 months later showed light‐evoked surface electric potentials by scanning Kelvin probe measurement. The photoelectric dye‐coupled film (OUReP), which serves as a light‐receiver and a displacement current generator in the subretinal space of the eye, has a potential for recovering vision in diseases with photoreceptor cell loss, such as retinitis pigmentosa and age‐related macular degeneration.
Sino‐Philippine Joint Development in the South China Sea: Is Political Will Enough?
Authors: Santamaria Carlos 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPhilippine President Rodrigo Duterte aims to resume joint development with China in disputed areas of the natural resource‐rich South China Sea. But will he be able to overcome the domestic factors that thwarted a previous attempt at such cooperation? This article will analyze why the short‐lived 2005–2008 Joint Marine Seismic Undertaking failed as a case study to appreciate the role of domestic politics in the Philippines' erratic policy on China and the South China Sea issue. The research will draw lessons learned from that experience to inform the administration's strategy to pursue joint development in the face of nationalism, legal restrictions, and popular mistrust of China.
Evaluation of sex‐by‐formulation interaction in bioequivalence studies of efavirenz tablets
Authors: González‐Rojano Esperanza , Abad‐Santos Francisco , Ochoa Dolores , Román Manuel , Marcotegui Julio , Álvarez Covadonga , Gordon John , García‐Arieta Alfredo 
Published: April 2018

AimsThe existence of a sex‐by‐formulation interaction in bioequivalence studies implies that the bioequivalence results (i.e., the test/reference ratio of the pharmacokinetic parameters) obtained in one sex are not similar to those obtained in the other sex. Therefore, results obtained in studies including only males would not be representative of the results that would have been obtained in females and vice versa. Recently, a sex‐by‐formulation interaction has been reported in a study for efavirenz tablets. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a sex‐by‐formulation interaction is actually observed in the bioequivalence studies conducted with efavirenz tablets.MethodsThe existence of sex‐by‐formulation interaction was investigated in the two studies conducted in our centre, where the same test and reference products were investigated in a pilot study with 12 subjects and a pivotal study with 36 subjects.ResultsIn the pilot study, the point estimates for the test/reference ratio of geometrics means of Cmax in females and males were more than 20% different (95.42% vs.79.38%, i.e., 120.21%), but in a subsequent pivotal study the difference was less than 2% (111.14% vs. 109.98%, i.e., 101.66%).ConclusionsA sex‐by‐formulation interaction is suggested in the study with a small sample size, but it disappears when the study is repeated with a larger sample size. In conclusion, the analysis of subgroups should be conducted with caution when the size of the subgroups is not powered to show bioequivalence. There seems to be no reason to require bioequivalence studies for efavirenz in both sexes.
Trust and Society: Suggestions for Further Development of Niklas Luhmann's Theory of Trust
Authors: Morgner Christian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis paper addresses an apparent gap in the work of Niklas Luhmann. While the issue of trust continues to receive widespread attention in the social sciences, Luhmann's interest in this topic declined following the development of his systems theory. It is argued that this decline does not reflect any diminished relevance of trust for systems theory, but rather that the architectural remodeling of theory cannot easily be applied to the issue of trust. Here, the issue of trust is reconceptualized as a connection medium. This entails a reconstruction of Luhmann's early theory of trust, especially with regard to function and social positioning. In this context, trust can in turn be linked to the concept of medium in Luhmann's late work. As a connection medium, trust mediates between the different levels of sociality—interaction, organization, and society. These theoretical considerations are employed to develop a more applied framework for empirical research, with a brief case study from southern Italy. From this perspective, the idea of trust as society's glue is seen to be overly simplistic. The common ethical understanding that more trust leads to a better society is also questioned on the grounds that social cooperation can also lead to social sclerosis. Finally, risk and trust are shown to accommodate the formation of different cultures of trust. The paper shows how Luhmann's updated version of trust can inspire current research and enhance our understanding of how trust operates in contemporary society.