bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Odour Detection Threshold Determination of Volatile Compounds in Topical Skin Formulations
Authors: Thomsen Birgitte R. , Hyldig Grethe , Taylor Richard , Blenkiron Peter , Jacobsen Charlotte 
Published: February 2018

Several studies have shown that lipid oxidation can occur in topical skin formulations, but the impact of the individual volatile compounds on off‐odour has not yet been determined. In this study, lipid oxidation is investigated in prototype skin care formulations. Firstly, lipid oxidation volatile compounds that increased in concentration during storage are identified. The results show that the concentration of six volatile compounds increased above previously reported odour detection threshold values in water. These volatile compounds are selected for odour detection threshold value determination and also odour description by a trained sensory panel. In one case, the odour detection threshold value is 50 times higher (less detectable) in skin care products than in water, whereas for other volatile compounds the odour detection threshold value is only 1.5 times higher. The odour description of the volatile compounds is, in most cases, different from that reported in literature. The observed differences are hypothesised to be due to a masking effect of the base odour of the skin care product(s), a volatile‐retaining power of the base matrix and to a cocktail effect of the combined odours from different volatile oxidation products.Practical Application: In this study, the impact of volatile compounds on off‐odour is explored in prototype skin care formulations. The odour detection threshold value and odour description are determined for butanal, pentanal, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 2‐ethyl furan, 2‐pentyl furan and 1‐heptanol in prototype skin care formulations.Overview of the different odour descriptors of the same volatile (3‐methyl‐1‐butanol) when found in topical skin formulations with different lipid contents.
Improved multislope MUSCL reconstruction on unstructured grids for shallow water equations
Authors: Zhao J. , Özgen I. , Liang D. , Hinkelmann R. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryIn shallow water flow and transport modeling, the monotonic upstream‐centered scheme for conservation laws (MUSCL) is widely used to extend the original Godunov scheme to second‐order accuracy. The most important step in MUSCL‐type schemes is MUSCL reconstruction, which calculate‐extrapolates the values of independent variables from the cell center to the edge. The monotonicity of the scheme is preserved with the help of slope limiters that prevent the occurrence of new extrema during reconstruction. On structured grids, the calculation of the slope is straightforward and usually based on a 2‐point stencil that uses the cell centers of the neighbor cell and the so‐called far‐neighbor cell of the edge under consideration. On unstructured grids, the correct choice for the upwind slope becomes nontrivial. In this work, 2 novel total variation diminishing schemes are developed based on different techniques for calculating the upwind slope and the downwind slope. An additional treatment that stabilizes the scheme is discussed. The proposed techniques are compared to 2 existing MUSCL reconstruction techniques, and a detailed discussion of the results is given. It is shown that the proposed MUSCL reconstruction schemes obtain more accurate results with less numerical diffusion and higher efficiency.
A simple three‐wave approximate Riemann solver for the Saint‐Venant‐Exner equations
Authors: Audusse E. , Chalons C. , Ung P. 
Published: February 2018

SummaryErosion and sediments transport processes have a great impact on industrial structures and on water quality. Despite its limitations, the Saint‐Venant‐Exner system is still (and for sure for some years) widely used in industrial codes to model the bedload sediment transport. In practice, its numerical resolution is mostly handled by a splitting technique that allows a weak coupling between hydraulic and morphodynamic distinct softwares but may suffer from important stability issues. In recent works, many authors proposed alternative methods based on a strong coupling that cure this problem but are not so trivial to implement in an industrial context. In this work, we then pursue 2 objectives. First, we propose a very simple scheme based on an approximate Riemann solver, respecting the strong coupling framework, and we demonstrate its stability and accuracy through a number of numerical test cases. However, second, we reinterpret our scheme as a splitting technique and we extend the purpose to propose what should be the minimal coupling that ensures the stability of the global numerical process in industrial codes, at least, when dealing with collocated finite volume method. The resulting splitting method is, up to our knowledge, the only one for which stability properties are fully demonstrated.
Bioethics as care work
Authors: Reynolds Joel Michael 
Published: February 2018

AbstractGerman philosopher Martin Heidegger argued that humans are defined by care. The term he used, “Sorge,” picks out a wide range of caring relations, including sorrow, worry, the making of arrangements, and even fending for another. Since coming to The Hastings Center, I've been struck by the genuine care definitive of its scholars’ relationship to their work. Care about newborns, the elderly, and nonhuman animals. Care about doctors, nurses, and health care institutions. Care expressed in the panoply of ways biomedical knowledge and practices inform our havings, doings, and beings in the world. Perhaps in its better moments, bioethics just is care work. But care work is hard and messy.
Time Is Ethics
Authors: Mercurio Mark 
Published: February 2018

AbstractEarly in my career as a neonatologist, I was called into the hospital for a newborn who would not stop crying. Screaming, really. When I entered the unit, I was greeted by a loud, shrill, distinctive cry. After hearing the history and examining the baby, I just stood there for a while, watching and listening. It took some time, but eventually, I noticed a subtle regularity, a rhythmicity. I took off my watch, placed it on the bed next to the child, and found that the crying briefly grew louder about every six or seven seconds. This baby was having an atypical seizure. This preliminary diagnosis was followed by a conversation with the parents and a neurologist, transfer to the nearby academic center for an extensive evaluation, and the eventual demise of the child from a poorly understood disease. About a year later, I walked into the same unit and heard a cry I had heard only once before. I looked over to see the same mother at a newborn's bedside, with tears in her eyes, looking back at me. She knew what the coming days held for her and for her second child. That was over twenty years ago, but two images, or moments, remain with me. One is the watch on the bed next to the first baby; the other is the mother's expression of sadness the morning the second child was born. The image of the timepiece is perhaps instructive.
The impact of aging on different types of health care: The example of the Polish health insurance system
Authors: Kocot Ewa 
Published: February 2018

SummaryThe aging phenomenon, which is being observed all over the world, can strongly affect health policy and a planning in the health care sector. However, the impact of demographic changes on different parts of it can be varied. The main objective of this study was to check the possible impact of aging on health expenditure (HE) regarding different types of health care and to evaluate whether this impact is significant for all analyzed areas. To show a relationship between age and HE a special indicator (old‐age sensitivity) was defined, showing a difference between the standardized value of HE per capita in the age group 65+ and in the group 20 to 64 (defined as the reference group). Then a simple prognosis of expenditure was prepared. Both analyses were done separately for 11 types of health care services and 2 types of goods reimbursement. The results show that while sensitivity varies between the different types of care, however, it is strong in most of them. Because of the prognosis, the expenditure will be increasing for the 9 types of care and decreasing for 4 of them. While in the case of the low values of sensitivity the HE is actually decreasing, the high value of sensitivity does not result in a growing tendency. Our main conclusion is that it is very important for health policy and planning to take into account the diversity of the types of health care and the different influences of changes in the size and structure of population on them.
Quantifying threats to groundwater resources in the Republic of Maldives Part II: Recovery from tsunami marine overwash events
Authors: Alsumaiei Abdullah A. , Bailey Ryan T. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractMarine overwash events are among the most serious short‐term threats to groundwater supply of small coral islands. During such events, seawater can inundate small islands partially or completely, causing salinization of the aquifer. A comprehensive knowledge of freshwater lens recovery is essential for water planners on these islands. In this study, a numerical modelling approach is used to quantify recovery of the freshwater lens on 4 islands of the Maldives after a tsunami‐induced overwash event similar to that experienced from the Indian Ocean earthquake in December 2004. The islands vary in size (0.2 to 10.1 km2) and span the climatic regions of the Maldives. A tested 3‐dimensional SEAWAT groundwater model for each island is used to simulate the recovery process. Recharge rates from historical rainfall data and from global climate models are imposed on each island during the post‐overwash recovery period. The effect of groundwater pumping on lens recovery also is examined. Results show abrupt decrease in fresh groundwater volumes for each island, followed by recovery that is significantly influenced by island size and recharge patterns. Overall, salinization is more widespread on small islands (<1 km2), but recovery is more rapid than for large islands. Between 50% and 90% of lens recovery occurs after 2 years for small islands (<1 km2) whereas only 35% and 55% for large islands. Imposing pumping rates required to sustain the local population lengthened the recovery time between 5% and 15%, with smaller islands having the higher percentage. However, the governing factor on recovery time is the spatial extent of land surface inundation by the overwash event, with wave height and duration of the event having a negligible impact. A strong relationship exists between required recovery time and island surface area, thereby providing a method to determine recovery time for other atoll islands not investigated in this study with similar geologic structure. Our results can be used to aid in managing water resources during the post‐overwash period.
Factors associated with the desire for companionship during labor in a Nigerian community
Authors: Adeyemi Adebanjo B. , Fatusi Adesegun O. , Phillips Abimbola S. , Olajide Folakemi O. , Awowole Ibraheem O. , Orisawayi Ayoola O. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine preferences for companionship during labor and to identify associated factors.MethodsThe present prospective cross‐sectional survey was conducted at a university teaching hospital in Nigeria between September 1, 2011, and February 28, 2012. Participants included women who underwent the first stage of labor and delivery at the facility, male partners, and healthcare workers from the maternity unit. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire.ResultsThere were 226 parturients, 158 male partners, and 69 healthcare workers included in the final analysis; in all, 50 (22.1%) parturients and 37 (23.4%) male partners approved of companionship during labor, whereas 62 (90%) healthcare workers supported it. Among those who approved, a parturient's male partner was stated to be the preferred companion by 33 (66%) parturients, 32 (86%) male partners, and 58 (94%) healthcare workers. The perception of conduciveness of the labor ward for companionship was associated with approving of companionship among both the parturients (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.74) and male partners (aOR 15.79). Previous home delivery (aOR 31.43) and companionship during a previous delivery (aOR 23.00) were also associated with approval.ConclusionMost couples had negative attitudes toward companionship during labor. Intensive education programs and restructuring of facilities could enable Nigerian labor wards to improve the delivery experience for both parturients and their male partners.
TELEMETERING: FIVE UTILITIES’ EXPERIENCES
Authors: Van Loon Raymond E. 
Published: February 2018

The five articles that make up this joint discussion are based on papers originally delivered at a recent California Section meeting.∗ All of them have a common underlying theme: Telemetering makes it possible to accomplish measurement and control in a way that would be inconvenient manually.The lead article recounts the size of the Sunnyvale system and proceeds to elaborate on the tone transmission adopted to control the various pressures, water levels, and flow rates located throughout the system. Of value to many readers is a description of what can go wrong, how to interpret the malfunctions, and what to do to correct the situation.The second paper concentrates on explaining the difference between a system designed with electromechanical controllers (hard‐wire) and one that makes use of a digital computer (soft‐wire). The author explains that, initially, the essential difference is cost vs. versatility. However, because water systems are becoming more and more complex, it is increasingly essential to adopt the so‐called softwire technique.In the third article, the author describes how his company began encountering problems that could not be solved readily using manual methods, how telemetering and remote control gradually were introduced, and how each previous experience was applied to the next expansion phase. One of the prime accomplishments enabled by remote control, according to the author, is the ability to mix, and to avoid mixing, waters from different sources.The last two articles assay the cost of telemetering for the particular systems with which the authors are involved. Although the systems are radically different (one is a combine), both are said to be operating profitably. In one case, the labor savings have been calculated.
THE NATIONAL WATER COMMISSION AND THE WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL
Authors: Schad Theodore M. 
Published: February 2018

In 1965 Congress passed the Water Resources Planning Act and thereby created a (federal) Water Resources Council. It also authorized the establishment of interstate water‐resource development commissions and grants to individual states. About four years ago, Congress went a step further and authorized the creation of a (nonfederal) National Water Commission to look after the long‐range problems confronting the US in its effort to preserve its water resources. The four articles that appear under the common title, “National Water Commission and Water Resources Council,” are adapted from four related papers presented at the Annual Conference, Washington, D.C., Jun. 23, 1970.The lead article, by Schad, moderator of the joint discussion, is a response to questions that have been raised regarding the relationship of the National Water Commission and the Water Resources Council. Because it is made up of seven members who have no other position with the federal government, the Commission is in a position to obtain an overview of existing institutions and arrangements. The Commission's job is to come up with recommendations for measures to ensure that future needs for water and water‐related services are met efficiently. Under the terms of its charter, the Commission must work closely with the Council. The article details this relationship.The second article, by Maughan, describes the makeup and operations of the Council. In the process, the author brings the reader up to date about a current significant activity of the Council: its study of a multiple‐objective approach to the evaluation of water‐resource programs and projects.The third in this series of articles, by McFarland, is a critical appraisal of the relative merits of the Council and the Commission. The author contends that the Council has not done the job for which it was created. He ruminates about why this condition is so and suggests ways by which the Commission can avoid the same pitfalls.The last article, by Verkler, describes some of the ancillary benefits that are an outcome of the work by both the Council and the Commission. The author contends that many of the methods applied to the preservation of our water resources can be adapted to land‐use planning. The article is, therefore, an exposition of methods and procedures along with suggestions as to their future application.
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WATER
Authors: Wolf Harold W. 
Published: February 2018

In August 1970 the Journal published “Biological Problems Encountered in Water Supplies” (Mackenthun and Keup). It represented one paper of a joint presenta tion at the Annual Conference on Jun. 23, 1970. The following two articles complete that presentation.In the first article, the author explains that there are four types of organisms that can pollute reused water. He describes what the dangers are from each, what methods are available for detecting the pathogens, and what can be done to rid the system of them if indeed such action is necessary.In the second article, the author discusses reservoir water intakes and explains why their depth location should be varied with the seasons.
Equipment Selection
Authors: Grunwell Harry 
Published: February 2018

All things not necessarily considered, the prospective equipment buyer, nevertheless, may have to take account of cost, performance, servicing, who is doing the buying, and who will be working with the equipment—among other factors. The first three of seven presentations—originally given at the Ontario Sec. meeting in Mar. 1971—of this joint discussion contain information that describe the following:A general accounting of most of the factors involvedHow the utility should buy when it is the final customer and contractor or when it contracts for the workThe customer–supplier relationship and what each should expect of the otherThe last four presentations are devoted to the considerations that enter into servicing, cost, procedural guidelines, and suitability of equipment selection and the advisability of in‐house maintenance.
Long‐Term Financing and Debt Administration: Planning and Marketing Bonds
Authors: Emerson E. S. 
Published: February 2018

Many of the problems of long‐term financing are the same for all utilities, regardless of the utilities’ structure or location. Other problems are specific to particular locales. The joint discussion presented here, and originally given at the Southwest Sec. Meeting on Oct. 13, 1971, reviews the general and particular points of debt financing.The author of the first article explains that the problems of municipal financing today are more complicated than previously. However, there are organizations not previously available to which the utility manager can turn for help. And the utility manager can help his cause further by availing himself of staff advisers in the fields of law, engineering, and finance to meet the specific requirements of fiinancing and to coordinate all of the elements involved.The theme of the second article is that the utility that wants to raise monies for financing improvements through the issuance of bonds has two choices: general‐obligation bonds and revenue bonds. The process of financing via the latter offers the utility many procedural options. Which one is chosen depends upon the laws and their interpretation.
Getting the Employee Into “Action Now”‐Motivating Employees
Authors: Corey John B. W. 
Published: February 2018

Employee morale is not only a quality that can be sensed, it can be measured. The manager who permits himself to lose sight of the need for evaluating employee‐management relations can find himself unexpectedly confronting troubled times.The first article explains that concern about the attitudes of employees is a relatively recent development, but experience has shown how essential it is to ensure the success of an organization. Any discussion about motivating people must recognize that they are different in many ways and must be treated individually to achieve best results.The second article explains that management has to face the fact that it must deal with the employee through collective bargaining. Public‐employee unions share similarities with their cousins in the private sector, but there are differences that are worth noting.The third article explains that civil service and union regulations can stifle employee performance since, in general, everyone within the same stratum benefits equally with regard to pay boosts. However, with those employees for which it is possible, it makes sense to give greater rewards to topflight performers at the expense of the lesser valued.The fourth article explains that finding out what the employee thinks about his relationship with management possibly is best accomplished by simply asking the employee.
Computer Application in Distribution System Operations‐Experience in Philadelphia, Pa.
Authors: Pagnotto Victor A. 
Published: February 2018

As computers become more and more versatile in their monitoring and operating capabilities, water‐distribution systems must begin to incorporate their use for more efficient, reliable, and (in many cases) centrally controlled operations.In Philadelphia, a city with a population of 2 million, a computer is used for load dispatching. The acquisition and implementation of the system is discussed, and the observation of an experimental system is described.Denver is a large city with certain specific water‐distribution problems; and computers, with the aid of careful planning and design, are helping to solve them.Santa Clara County has a computer‐aided super visory control system that provides data from remote sites and controls turnout valves and pump stations. Some problems involved in implementing the computer system are discussed, along with the need for standardization.
Utility Emergency Planning Pays Off‐Hurricane Procedures in Corpus Christi, Tex.
Authors: Cunningham Atlee M. 
Published: February 2018

The rapid population growth and an increasing dependence on potable water create the need for improved methods of operating water systems throughout periods of emergency conditions, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, and civil strife. The water supply is of the utmost importance to the health and welfare of the general public, especially during and after disasters, and precautionary measures can be taken whereby minimum but safe water service can be made available under even the most adverse condition. This Joint Discussion, presented at the Annual Conference on Jun. 7, 1971, describes the experiences of water‐utility managers under different emergency conditions.For quick and effective response, there is no satisfactory substitute for a utility haying its own work force that knows how its system functions and how to repair it. The hurricane experience in Corpus Christi, Tex., has led the author of the first article to advise all water‐utility personnel of the wisdom in planning ahead and setting up emergency procedures. The second article describes water‐utility procedures during and after the Los Angeles earthquake of Feb. 1971. The Elizabethtown, N.J., Water Co. had to cope with major flood conditions resulting from tropical storm Doria. The third article describes its successes. The last article concerns experiences of water‐supply managers during a flood in Chester, Pa.