bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Distribution of Sickness
Authors: Coward L. E. 
Published: June 2019

‘The fact that many applications of probability are based on belief or faith should not discourage us; for it is better to do something, though it may not be quite reliable, than nothing.’J. V. UspenskyThis paper is concerned with the application of probability theory to sickness. An attempt is made to explore the form, and in particular the standard deviation, of the distribution of the sickness experienced by a body of lives. It appears that, in the past, none but empirical investigations have been made in this field, the theoretical foundation being entirely lacking. The only exceptions are Sir George Hardy's paper in J.I.A. Vol. XXVII, and the paper in J.S.S. Vol. VII by R. E. Beard on The standard deviation of the distribution of sickness. This statistic, as Beard points out, appears to have been practically ignored by British actuaries hitherto.
The taxation of annuity funds
Authors: Bayley G. V. 
Published: June 2019

With these words Sir George Maddex, in his Presidential Address, directed our attention to the present system of taxation of annuity funds. M. E. Ogborn, on 27 October 1947, touched on the subject of uneven incidence of tax upon differing funds, and some uneasiness about the consequences was manifest in the discussion on that paper.‘Income tax is another subject on which it is difficult for me to speak freely, but I cannot refrain from noting that the general taxation position, as it now affects life assurance and pensions business, has given rise to serious anomalies: ...one has only to consider... that the terms quoted by offices for the purchase of life annuities vary to a quite remarkable extent, depending on the distribution of the company's business between various funds, as it exists at the moment, and the consequential incidence of tax;...’
Income Tax as Affecting Life Assurance Offices
Authors: Shrewsbury A. H. 
Published: June 2019

‘If there be one point free from obscurity in the Act of 1842 it is this, that the Legislature intended all traders, whether in groceries, annuities or other articles of commerce, to be assessed upon the same footing.’ Lord Watson in The Gresham Life Assurance Society υ. Styles.The main object is to discuss principles and therefore many points of detail will be omitted, however intrinsically interesting they may be. Satisfactory consideration of principles entails reference to all classes of business which involve an actuarial valuation (viz. life assurance and annuity business, sinking fund business and permanent sickness insurance business). Reference will be made to the National Defence Contribution and the Excess Profits Tax, which are based upon income-tax legislation. The subject in mind is the relation of such taxation to insurance business and funds of the classes mentioned, as distinct from other aspects of income tax which an insurance office encounters, and it will be considered solely from the point of view of an office established in the United Kingdom which transacts business only in the United Kingdom. In view of the paper by Messrs S. J. Rowland and F. H. Wales on ‘The Taxation of the Annuity Fund’ (March 1937, J.I.A. Vol. LXVIII), only brief reference will be made to annuity business, and it will be assumed that it is unnecessary, in describing taxation processes, to include explanations or qualifying phrases on account of annuity business.
The treatment of appreciation or depreciation in the assets of a life assurance fund
Authors: Suttie T. R. 
Published: June 2019

I have limited this paper to the consideration of appreciation or depreciation in fixed interest-bearing securities resulting from a fall or rise in the general level of interest rates and not from any alteration in the intrinsic value of the securities, i.e. there is assumed to be no change in the probabilities that the terms of the contracts will be fulfilled. My object is to discuss how this appreciation or depreciation should be treated in order to obtain the maximum practicable degree of equity between the different generations of policyholders in an office which distributes its surplus by means of a uniform reversionary bonus.The problem can be most easily discussed by showing the effect on a model office of adopting various methods of treating this appreciation or depreciation. I propose to limit the discussion in the first place to the question of depreciation in an office employing a bonus reserve valuation.
The financial investigation of charitable funds
Authors: Isaac S. F. , Fowler R. W. A. 
Published: June 2019

There are in existence numerous charitable funds which provide financial assistance to members or their dependants in the form of either grants or annuities and of which the principal characteristics are usually:(1) that the benefits are neither legally claimable nor clearly defined,(2) that membership is voluntary,(3) that the members' contributions are usually inadequate to support the benefits, and(4) that donations, voluntary subscriptions and legacies frequently form a large part of the income.
Drawings of Ancient Paintings in English Collections
Authors: Ashby Thomas 
Published: June 2019

The subject of the present article is not altogether a new one. In 1895 Professor Lanciani published in the Bullettino Comunale (165–192) an article (cited as L.) under the title of Picturae Antiquae Cryptarum Romanarum, in which he dealt with the results of his examination of the collections at Windsor and Eton and of the Corsini MS. (158, i. 5 : Inv. 130102 sqq.) in Rome.In 1909 the late Prof. R. Engelmann published his Antike Bilder aus römischen Handschriften (cited as Eng.), with a full description of the contents of the Corsini MS. (cited as Cors.), of two codices in the Vatican (Capp. 284, 285) of a codex in the possession of Mr. St. Clair Baddeley (cited as Badd.) and of Caylus' Recueil de Peintures (edition of 1757); a large number of photographic reproductions are added.
A Study on the Coccidia of Indian Birds
Authors: Chakravarty Mukundamurari , Kar Amiya Bhuson , Greenwood A. W. 
Published: June 2019

Thepresent paper is the third of a series of studies on the coccidia of Indian birds, and contains the description of six new species of these parasites, four of which belong to the genusIsospora, and one each to the generaDorisiellaandEimeria, All the parasites described here belong to the Order Coccidiida, Family Eimeriidae. New avian hosts for some already known species are recorded here. The life-history ofEimeria barbetaKar (1944) is described in detail. We also add here an amended description ofIsospora ginginianaChakravarty and Kar (1944b), and a new variety of the latter.The majority of the birds were purchased from local dealers, while some were collected from Gaya, Bihar. Of twenty-eight different species of birds examined, eighteen were parasitized. The table at the end of this paper will indicate the number of birds parasitized (21) out of the total number examined (48), together with the locality of the hosts. Some of the birds were also infected with other protozoan parasites (haemosporidians and flagellates), descriptions of which are being published elsewhere.The methods adopted here are the same as previously employed by the authors (Chakravarty and Kar, 1944aandb).Two species of birds, viz. the large Indian paroquetPsittacula eupatria nipalensis(Hodgs.) and the red-whiskered or Chinese bulbulElathea jocosa emeria(Linn.), harboured a newIsospora, which does not resemble any known species of this genus. It is therefore proposed to call itIsospora psittaculaen. sp. after one of its hosts.
The Identity ofGalago murinusMurray
Authors: Hill W. C. Osman 
Published: June 2019

In1859 Andrew Murray, an Edinburgh naturalist, described, under the name ofGalago murinus, what he believed to be a new species. His account was based upon material from Old Calabar sent to him by a missionary, Rev. W. C. Thomson, who had kept the animal some time in captivity. Murray was, at first, undecided whether to allocate his specimen to one or other of the two previously known smaller Galagidæ, namelyG. senegalensisorG. demidovii, and sought the advice of Gray, who thought it probably a juvenile Senegal Galago. (The more usual renderingdemidoffiwas shown by Schwarz (1931) to be incorrect, the first usage as a Latin name beingdemidovii(G. Fischer, 1808).) Murray did not accept this opinion, for he considered his specimen an adult, though not old, because its fontanelles were closed. He specified the distinctions fromsenegalensisas follows:—(a) Small size, it being only half the size of the larger species, declared by the missionaries (Thomson and Robb) to inhabit the same locality.(b) Difference in colour—mouse-coloured instead of the “orange-tawny-yellow” ofsenegalensis.(c) The nakedness of the ears.(d) The long fourth digit of the hand (according to Audebert's (1801) figure ofsenegalensis, the third was supposed to be longest in that species).(e) The slenderer, less bushy tail.All the above are perfectly good reasons for separatingmurinusfromsenegalensisand its allies, but, unfortunately, Murray gave no reasons against its being identified asdemidovii, previously known from Senegal, but erroneously believed by Murray to come from Madagascar and hence, probably, regarded as a justification for distinguishing it frommurinus.
XIV.—Chironomid Larvæ of the Millport Shore Pools
Authors: Stuart T. A. 
Published: June 2019

Chironomid larvæ for a long time have been known to inhabit the brackish pools around the coast, but there are few published records of their life-histories and habits, and in many cases they cannot be correlated with their imagines. This applies equally to the fresh-water types.The greater part of the systematic work on the Chironomidæ deals with the imagines, and much confusion exists regarding the nomenclature of species, which most authorities admit cannot be rectified until the early stages have been recorded.
Gene insertion into the avian germline
Authors: Salter D. W. , Crittenden L. B. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTGene insertion into the avian germ line is reviewed. Useful pathogen-derived and animal-derived resistance genes that could be inserted into the avian germ line to convey resistance to pathogens are discussed. Methods of germ line insertion that have been successful in mice are summarized and their possible application in future avian germ line research are described. The successful transfer of retroviral genes into the chicken germ line using replication-competent recombinant retroviruses is summarized and several potentially useful transgenic chicken lines are described. The attempts to use one-round replication-defective retroviral vectors have been complicated by the detection of replication-competent retrovirus in chicks from injected eggs.
An assessment of progress with different stocks and methods of selection in egg layers
Authors: Flock D. K. 
Published: June 2019

ABSTRACTData from 10 years of German random sample tests (1978-87) were analyzed to document recent changes in 5 white-egg and 5 brown-egg strains which had participated fairly regularly in the tests. In the absence of a control population, it is only possible to compare rates of changes between strains and the overall trends of white-egg vs. brown-egg strains. The data show that improvement continues at average levels of performance which must have seemed utopian 20 years ago, when it was popular to question whether any genetic progress was being made.The methods used by different breeders to achieve the apparent improvements are generally not disclosed, but it seems reasonable to assume that all programs more or less follow the same pattern: combined pure-line and cross-line testing, approximations to classical index selection using individual and family information, with emphasis on different traits depending on economic importance and pressures to keep pace with competitor stocks.The five brown-egg strains on average have made more progress than the five white-egg strains, but there are also obvious differences in rate of change among strains with the same shell colour. In some instances, the changes may involve the replacement of one or more lines making up the strain cross, which is not reflected by a change in product name.
1.3 Computer Hardware: Principles and Potential
Authors: Dorey A. P. 
Published: June 2019

The achievement of the microelectronics industry in integrating the components of a computer on to a few, or even a single, increasingly complex silicon chip has resulted in a reduction in price of the basic elements of a computer system by more than one hundred times. This technology has brought the cheap calculator which can now provide quite sophisticated programming functions that could only have been obtained with a computer occupying an equipment rack some few yean ago. The microprocessor is the most complex of the family of integrated circuits but its operation is not fundamentally different from that of its much larger predecessors, being a feat of technology rather than a new departure in computer design. It is the dramatic change in price and physical size, coupled with other associated technical advances such as low power consumption and reliability, that has made it possible for the use of computers to be considered in situations which could not reasonably be contemplated previously.Although computers include those that operate or continuous, or analogue, variables, the predominanl interest is in digital systems. These operate on discrete values of electrical signals that represent, in coded forms, data or the operations to be performed. These operations can be arithmetical or logical and may be combined into a sequence that constitutes a program. The notion of stored program control, where such a sequence is held in the memory of the machine, provides the essential feature of computer operation.
2.3 Farm Management Information Services
Authors: Warren M E. 
Published: June 2019

Farm management is the meeting-point of science, economics, man-management, marketing, planning and decision-making on the farm. From such a diverse background and because of the variable nature of farming itself, the supply of management information to the farmer is a subject which merits considerable attention.To identify the importance of management, it is worth considering the range in performance between farms, as measured by dairy herd gross margin per hectare. The average for 1979/80 of Farm Management Services (FMS) fully costed herds (MMB, 1980) was £546/ha, while the result for the ‘top 25%” was £809/ha, a difference of £263/ha. It is exceedingly difficult to define precisely the part which management plays in this difference. However, through its effect on feeding, breeding, grassland management, fertility and health, it is probably the dominant factor. If the range in FMS results were to be taken as the normal distribution for the national herd, one could postulate that bringing up the national average gross margin to that of the “top 25%” would add a further £127m to the national dairy herd gross margin. This would be equivalent to slightly in excess of £4 000 in the average 60 cow herd. Whilst admitting that not every farmer nor every farm can achieve the level of performance of the “top 25%”, such calculations do indicate the extent over which management has an influence.
2.5 Animal Production Response Prediction
Authors: Whittemore C. T. 
Published: June 2019

Computers appropriate for small-to-medium sized businesses (such as large farms, agri-businesses, and management and production consultants) can be broadly classified into three groups: pocket sized programmable calculators (£50-£500); micro-computers (£500-£5000); mini-computers (£5000-£50000). There are also the main-frame computers which take up considerably more resources of both money and space. Main-frame computers are likely to be restricted for use in specialist functions such as the handling of very large programs, complex statistical packages and so on.Of these, the simplest type to operate allows specific programs to be written onto magnetic cards which are fed in as required. Such programs may calculate: nutrient requirements for given levels of production; nutritional quality of a combination of ingredients in a farm mix; average herd performances to date; a register of input and output for the unit; and the like. The capacity of these machines is limited, both as to the extent and complexity of the calculations allowed and to the volume of data which can be stored and executed. The alphabetic printing and layout capability is rather poor and the user must be familiar with the input format and with the configuration for the output.
3.5 Statistical Approaches to Model Building
Authors: McDonald I. 
Published: June 2019

There is a belief among research workers that their experiments have two possible outcomes, either they are successful or else the results will have to be taken to a statistician. Although the belief is not universal, it does account for a certain amount of brooding by statisticians on their place in scientific research. This may be why I have made the title I was given, the excuse for examining some of my own activities and attitudes in bringing agricultural research data into juxtaposition with mathematical models. I apologize in advance for the egocentricity.Statisticians in agricultural research find considerable employment in enabling their customers to adorn papers with a sufficiency of standard errors and significance tests for the satisfaction of editorial boards. Underlying this apparently cosmetic activity is the important function of testing the logic of experimental conclusions and preventing their too easy or too general acceptance. The statistical approach to model building is therefore that of a strength tester. Theoretical assumptions may be vital for the construction of the model but statistical appraisal must be empirical, testing the correspondence between the model and these aspects of experience which it is intended to describe. On the basis of these tests, some parts or some uses of the model may be rejected as unsound and other parts or uses may be accepted, with varying degrees of confidence, as being reliable. Warning notices against undue dependence may be posted on these parts which cannot be tested for lack of data.
4.1 Computers in the Farm Office
Authors: Butterworth K. 
Published: June 2019

This paper concerns a look at the future use of computers in the farm office, particularly in relation to animal production. It would perhaps be appropriate to start by examining the current position and look briefly at the types of farms involved, the possible computer applications and the computer systems currently available. On the basis of what is known about future developments in hardware and software, a view of the future use of computers in animal production in the farm office will be attempted.The information largely comes from the ADAS On Farm Computing Team, which was set up in April 1979 to examine the implications of microcomputers in the farm office. The team has made contact with a large cross section of the industry. It has been in touch with farmers who own microcomputers, firms actively selling machines and programs, manufacturers, software houses, bureaux, consultants, accountants, secretarial agencies and others offering alternative services. The team has also had several machines and programs under evaluation.Our aim has been to brief the ADAS field advisers on the new technology, the possible applications, advantages, disadvantages and the criteria to be considered when a farmer is faced with the decision of whether or not to buy a microcomputer.
The use of animal excreta as feeds for livestock
Authors: Wilkinson J. M. 
Published: June 2019

The recycling of nutrients from animal excreta has occurred naturally for a very long time. For centuries scavenging pigs and poultry consumed undigested grain from cattle manure. More recently, however, interest in large-scale recycling of animal manures has arisen from a need to reduce the problems of pollution associated with large, intensive livestock units. To date the development of the use of animal excreta as feeds for livestock has been largely confined to those countries in which many thousands of livestock are kept on relatively small areas of land, for example the beef feedlots of the USA.The trend towards increased size of livestock unit is universal. In England and Wales the number of large livestock holdings increased three-fold in the period 1967 to 1977 (Table 1). There is little doubt that this trend will continue, as farmers strive towards achieving greater economies of scale. In consequence, there is increasing need to develop methods to utilize the manure produced from large livestock units in ways which do not give rise to environmental pollution.
Milk products and substitutes
Authors: Taylor S. J. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractRefinements in the techniques used for incorporation of fat and spray drying have improved the nutritional value of milk substitutes. The significance of these developments in protein separation and evaporation/spray drying technology are demonstrated in the new range of substitutes for colostrum which not only have a high nutritional value but also contain active immunoglobulins.Whilst milk replacers still remain a necessary outlet for excess skim milk powder production, progress has been made in the quality of novel ingredients available. The effect of European Community policy on the formulations used has been to divide milk replacers into two groups, those which do, and those which do not, contain at least 500 g/kg skim milk powder.A whole range of products based on high protein whey powders has been developed in order to replace skim milk protein in milk replacers. Differences in these whey products reflect the method of manufacture and this has repercussions on their nutritional value. The benefits of ultrafiltration technology, developed for the human food industry, have recently become available to the whey-based milk replacer market.Although the majority of milk substitutes are used for feeding calves, specific products have been developed for other species. Milk substitutes for lambs were introduced in the 1970s but there has been little commercial incentive for the use of alternatives to skim milk protein in the United Kingdom. Sow milk replacers are a more recent innovation and have taken advantage of developments in whey processing technology.
Effectiveness of substitute colostrum in preventing disease in newborn lambs
Authors: Hodgson J. C. , Moon G. M. , Hay L. A. , Quirie M. 
Published: June 2019

The newborn lamb lacks circulating antibodies and relies on an early and adequate intake of colostrum for passive protection against disease and for energy (Black, Francis and Nicholls, 1985; Mellor, 1990). However, lambs may receive less colostrum than they require because of sibling competition, maternal undernutrition or udder disease. Colostrum insufficiency accounts for about 25% of perinatal lamb deaths world wide (Khalaf, Doxey and Baxter, 1979).Powdered colostrum substitutes may be used to supplement ‘at risk’ lambs but, because the products are manufactured outside the United Kingdom (UK), mainly from bovine sources, their relevance to UK sheep enterprises is uncertain. Further, their available energy content is low because the main constituent, protein, is not catabolized by newborn lambs (Mellor and Cockburn, 1986). The present work measured the ability of one substitute derived from bovine whey (based on ProLAM, Fisons Animal Health Ltd), with or without supplementary glucose; to prevent disease and promote growth to 3 months in lambs reared in typical UK farm conditions.