bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subnational politics of the urban age: evidence from Brazil on integrating global climate goals in the municipal agenda
Authors: de Macedo Laura Silvia Valente , Jacobi Pedro Roberto 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAs nations agreed on a bottom-up approach to establish the Paris Agreement in 2015, Non-state Actors (NSAs) became increasingly acknowledged as key players in the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). In a mostly urbanised world, local governments have a major part to play in designing and implementing climate policies that will help overcome carbon lock-in and enable the transition to a sustainable low-carbon future. Transnational municipal networks (TMNs) have a well-documented history of contributing to multilevel climate governance and supporting experiments in local climate action in many countries. In Brazil, urban climate experimentation has increased since 2005 and accelerated after 2015. Based on empirical evidence from a national survey and two Brazilian metropolises, the study demonstrates that TMNs have been drivers of the municipal climate agenda in Brazil, but there is no evidence so far that urban governance experiments have resulted in significant greenhouse gas emission reductions. Furthermore, the collective impact of cities' experimentation on the national climate agenda is yet to be verified. In light of multilevel climate governance and the urban experimentation conceptual framework, we contend that while there is no documented evidence that local climate action has affected Brazil's ability to meet its mitigation goals, cities' paradiplomacy and policy experiments have strengthened a multilevel approach to climate governance and contributed to positive change towards a sustainable transition. Furthermore, a closer look at policies across scales and their interactions will help our understanding of how to improve t'he institutional framework for climate governance in Brazil and secure GHG emission reductions, thus contributing to global goals beyond 2020.
Evidence of within-species specialization by soil microbes and the implications for plant community diversity
Authors: Eck Jenalle L. , Stump Simon M. , Delavaux Camille S. , Mangan Scott A. , Comita Liza S. 
Published: March 2019

Significance
It is widely known from agriculture that pathogens can specialize on genotypes within plant species, but such highly specialized pathogens have rarely been studied in natural plant communities. Although empirical evidence in natural plant communities demonstrates that pathogens can specialize at the level of species, our experiment in Panama demonstrates specialization of soil microbes within a wild plant population. Our complementary computer simulations suggest that genotype-level specialization by microbes may help maintain plant species diversity and promote the evolution of increased seed dispersal. Together, our results improve understanding of the role of microbes in natural plant communities by showing that microbes that specialize within species could influence diversity and dynamics in plant communities.
Reframing the linguistic to analyze the landscape
Authors: Michalovich Amir 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This article examines how eliciting metaphors from multimodal commercials can facilitate a critical interpretation of advertising media, which is ubiquitous in the LL and highly manipulative. Adolescent students, a population which is particularly vulnerable to advertising’s influence, utilized the analytic tool of metaphor elicitation to abstract away from the vast multimodal information that characterizes commercials, and simplify this information in the linguistic formulation of metaphor (e.g., super-pharm is a circus). The contrived link between the given brand (e.g., Super-Pharm pharmaceutical stores) and its metaphorically-attached source domain (e.g., circus) was emphasized to increase awareness of how the commercial was structured to deceive consumers. The study evaluated the intervention using a quasi-experimental design, showing that metaphor elicitation facilitated the knowledge, critical attitudes, and responsible behavioral inclinations of participants concerning advertising media. The study suggests that using the linguistic formulation of metaphor can help adolescents critically interpret the increasingly-deceptive commercial landscape.
Using experimental approaches to study translation
Authors: Hatzidaki Anna 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In the last few years, the study of the cognitive processes that underlie the translating act is well under way in
the field of translation studies (TS). Yet considering the potential of this research area, translation behaviour and how it is
affected and modulated by linguistic and psycholinguistic factors is still underinvestigated. The main culprit of this holdback
appears to be fuzziness over what experimental methods are expected to deliver and how sometimes
they are actually used. The present discussion article outlines these aspects, draws attention to methodological issues commonly
encountered when an experimental approach is adopted, and suggests ways to overcome the challenges posed by this promising line of
research.
In search of directionality effectsin the translation processand in the end product
Authors: Whyatt Bogusława 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article tackles directionality as one of the most contentious issues in translation studies, still without solid empirical footing. The research presented here shows that, to understand directionality effects on the process of translation and its end product, performance in L2 → L1 and L1 → L2 translation needs to be compared in a specific setting in which more factors than directionality are considered—especially text type. For 26 professional translators who participated in an experimental study, L1 → L2 translation did not take significantly more time than L2 → L1 translation and the end products of both needed improvement from proofreaders who are native speakers of the target language. A close analysis of corrections made by the proofreaders shows that different aspects of translation quality are affected by directionality. A case study of two translators who produced high quality L1 → L2 translations reveals that their performance was affected more by text type than by directionality.
LncRNA POU3F3 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of cancer cells in triple-negative breast cancer by inactivating caspase 9
Authors: Yang Jun , Meng Xuli , Yu Yong , Pan Lei , Zheng Qinghui , Lin Wei 
Published: March 2019

ABSTRACT
It has been reported that lncRNA POU3F3 was upregulated in esophageal squamous-cell carcinomas, indicating its role as an oncogene in this disease. However, the mechanism of its function and its involvement in other malignancies is unknown. In the present study we found that expression levels of lncRNA POU3F3 were higher in tumor tissues than in adjacent healthy tissues of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients and were significantly and inversely correlated with levels of cleaved caspase 9 only in tumor tissues. In addition, plasma levels of lncRNA POU3F3 were higher in TNBC patients than in healthy controls and were significantly and inversely correlated with levels of cleaved caspase 9 only in TNBC patients. In addition, treatment of exogenous Cleaved Caspase-9 significantly attenuated the effects of lncRNA POU3F3 overexpression on cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. lncRNA POU3F3 may promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of cancer cells in triple-negative breast cancer.
THE POLARIZATION CAPACITY AND RESISTANCE OF VALONIA
Authors: Blinks L. R. 
Published: March 2019

On page 685, at the end of the fourth line of the legend for Fig. 4, the sentence should begin "Δr derived" instead of "r derived".
On page 690 in the paragraph beginning in the middle of the page, in the second sentence the reference should be to footnote 12, instead of to footnote 11.
Synthetic 4D-CT of the thorax for treatment plan adaptation on MR-guided radiotherapy systems
Authors: Freedman Joshua N , Bainbridge Hannah E , Nill Simeon , Collins David J , Kachelrieß Marc , Leach Martin O , McDonald Fiona , Oelfke Uwe , Wetscherek Andreas 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
MR-guided radiotherapy treatment planning utilises the high soft-tissue contrast of MRI to reduce uncertainty in delineation of the target and organs at risk. Replacing 4D-CT with MRI-derived synthetic 4D-CT would support treatment plan adaptation on hybrid MR-guided radiotherapy systems for inter- and intrafractional differences in anatomy and respiration, whilst mitigating the risk of CT to MRI registration errors.
Three methods were devised to calculate synthetic 4D and midposition (time-weighted mean position of the respiratory cycle) CT from 4D-T1w and Dixon MRI. The first approach employed intensity-based segmentation of Dixon MRI for bulk-density assignment (sCTD). The second step added spine density information using an atlas of CT and Dixon MRI (sCTDS). The third iteration used a polynomial function relating Hounsfield units and normalised T1w image intensity to account for variable lung density (sCTDSL). Motion information in 4D-T1w MRI was applied to generate synthetic CT in midposition and in twenty respiratory phases. For six lung cancer patients, synthetic 4D-CT was validated against 4D-CT in midposition by comparison of Hounsfield units and dose-volume metrics. Dosimetric differences found by comparing sCTD,DS,DSL and CT were evaluated using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test (p   =  0.05).
Compared to sCTD and sCTDS, planning on sCTDSL significantly reduced absolute dosimetric differences in the planning target volume metrics to less than 98 cGy (1.7% of the prescribed dose) on average. When comparing sCTDSL and CT, average radiodensity differences were within 97 Hounsfield units and dosimetric differences were significant only for the planning target volume D99% metric. All methods produced clinically acceptable results for the organs at risk in accordance with the UK SABR consensus guidelines and the LungTech EORTC phase II trial. The overall good agreement between sCTDSL and CT demonstrates the feasibility of employing synthetic 4D-CT for plan adaptation on hybrid MR-guided radiotherapy systems.
A comparison of low carbon investment needs between China and Europe in stringent climate policy scenarios
Authors: Zhou Wenji , McCollum David L , Fricko Oliver , Gidden Matthew , Huppmann Daniel , Krey Volker , Riahi Keywan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The radical change in recent global climate governance calls for China and Europe to ramp up their efforts in leading the world to reach the long-term climate goals. By analyzing the results from the state-of-the-art global integrated assessment model, MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM, this paper aims to understand the future levels of financial investment needed for building and maintaining energy-related infrastructure in the two regions for fulfilling stringent targets consistent with ‘well below 2 °C’. The results indicate that a rapid upscaling and structural change of these investments towards decarbonization are necessitated by the climate stringent scenarios. China and Europe need to increase their low carbon investments by 65% and 38% in a scenario reaching the 2° target relative to their respective reference scenarios which assume no such target from 2016–2050. In a more stringent climate policy scenario of the 1.5° target, these investment needs will increase by 149% and 79% for China and Europe respectively. Among all the energy sectors, energy efficiency, renewable electricity generation and electricity transmission and distribution are the three largest investing targets for the two regions. However, those investments will not likely be realized without strong policy incentives. Implications for green finance and multilateral cooperation initiatives are discussed in the context of the scenario results.
Chronic Treatment With Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors Attenuates Vascular Dysfunction in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Lataro Renata M , Silva Marcondes A B , Mestriner Fabiola L , Cau Stefany B A , Tostes Rita C A , Salgado Helio C 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Background
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition prevents autonomic imbalance, reduces inflammation, and attenuates the development of hypertension. Considering that vascular dysfunction is a crucial feature of arterial hypertension, we investigated the effects of chronic administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors—pyridostigmine or donepezil—on vascular reactivity of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

Methods
Endothelium-dependent relaxant responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and contractile responses induced by electric field stimulation (EFS) and alpha-adrenergic agonist were studied in mesenteric resistance arteries from SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats. SHR were treated for 16 weeks with vehicle, pyridostigmine (1.5 mg/kg/day) or donepezil (1.4 mg/kg/day).

Results
Pyridostigmine and donepezil decreased the vasoconstrictor responses to EFS, which were increased in vehicle-treated SHR. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition increased the modulatory effects of nitric oxide (NO) on SHR vascular reactivity, that is, N(ω)-nitro-(L)-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) increased EFS-induced contractions and reduced ACh-induced relaxation, with more significant effects in pyridostigmine- and donepezil-treated SHR. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitors also decreased vascular reactive oxygen species levels.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates for the first time that long-term administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, pyridostigmine or donepezil, attenuates vascular reactivity dysfunction in SHR by decreasing reactive oxygen species generation and increasing NO bioavailability; possibly via increased endothelial NO synthase activity, and inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity.
The Glutamine Transporter Slc38a1 Regulates GABAergic Neurotransmission and Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Qureshi Tayyaba , Sørensen Christina , Berghuis Paul , Jensen Vidar , Dobszay Marton B , Farkas Tamás , Dalen Knut Tomas , Guo Caiying , Hassel Bjørnar , Utheim Tor Paaske , Hvalby Øivind , Hafting Torkel , Harkany Tibor , Fyhn Marianne , Chaudhry Farrukh Abbas 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
GABA signaling sustains fundamental brain functions, from nervous system development to the synchronization of population activity and synaptic plasticity. Despite these pivotal features, molecular determinants underscoring the rapid and cell-autonomous replenishment of the vesicular neurotransmitter GABA and its impact on synaptic plasticity remain elusive. Here, we show that genetic disruption of the glutamine transporter Slc38a1 in mice hampers GABA synthesis, modifies synaptic vesicle morphology in GABAergic presynapses and impairs critical period plasticity. We demonstrate that Slc38a1-mediated glutamine transport regulates vesicular GABA content, induces high-frequency membrane oscillations and shapes cortical processing and plasticity. Taken together, this work shows that Slc38a1 is not merely a transporter accumulating glutamine for metabolic purposes, but a key component regulating several neuronal functions.
Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling identifies convergent molecular signatures associated with idiopathic and syndromic autism in post-mortem human brain tissue
Authors: Wong Chloe C Y , Smith Rebecca G , Hannon Eilis , Ramaswami Gokul , Parikshak Neelroop N , Assary Elham , Troakes Claire , Poschmann Jeremie , Schalkwyk Leonard C , Sun Wenjie , Prabhakar Shyam , Geschwind Daniel H , Mill Jonathan 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses a collection of complex neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by deficits in social functioning, communication and repetitive behaviour. Building on recent studies supporting a role for developmentally moderated regulatory genomic variation in the molecular aetiology of ASD, we quantified genome-wide patterns of DNA methylation in 223 post-mortem tissues samples isolated from three brain regions [prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex and cerebellum (CB)] dissected from 43 ASD patients and 38 non-psychiatric control donors. We identified widespread differences in DNA methylation associated with idiopathic ASD (iASD), with consistent signals in both cortical regions that were distinct to those observed in the CB. Individuals carrying a duplication on chromosome 15q (dup15q), representing a genetically defined subtype of ASD, were characterized by striking differences in DNA methylationacross a discrete domain spanning an imprinted gene cluster within the duplicated region. In addition to the dramatic cis-effects on DNA methylation observed in dup15q carriers, we identified convergent methylomic signatures associated with both iASD and dup15q, reflecting the findings from previous studies of gene expression and H3K27ac. Cortical co-methylation network analysis identified a number of co-methylated modules significantly associated with ASD that are enriched for genomic regions annotated to genes involved in the immune system, synaptic signalling and neuronal regulation. Our study represents the first systematic analysis of DNA methylation associated with ASD across multiple brain regions, providing novel evidence for convergent molecular signatures associated with both idiopathic and syndromic autism.
Honesty, Social Presence and Self-Service in Retail
Authors: Siebenaler Susan , Szymkowiak Andrea , Robertson Paul , Johnson Graham I , Law Jan , Fee Kenneth 
Published: March 2019

Abstract

Retail self-service checkouts (SCOs) can benefit consumers and retailers, providing control and autonomy to shoppers independent from staff. Recent research indicates that the lack of presence of staff may provide the opportunity for consumers to behave dishonestly. This study examined whether a social presence in the form of visual, humanlike SCO interface agents had an effect on dishonest user behaviour. Using a simulated SCO scenario, participants experienced various dilemmas in which they could financially benefit themselves undeservedly. We hypothesized that a humanlike social presence integrated within the checkout screen would receive more attention and result in fewer instances of dishonesty compared to a less humanlike agent. Our hypotheses were partially supported by the results. We conclude that companies adopting self-service technology may consider the implementation of social presence to support ethical consumer behaviour, but that more research is required to explore the mixed findings in the current study.

Research Highlights
A method by Vohs and Schooler (2008) was adapted for investigating dishonesty. Social presence is proposed as a mediator for dishonest behaviour. There is scope for social presence to influence user behaviour in a world that increasingly relies on self-service transactions. The effectiveness of measures of dishonesty needs to be researched further.
Short-lived Parliamentarisation in 19th-century Germany: Parliamentary Government in the Frankfurt Assembly of 1848/1849
Authors: Sieberer Ulrich , Herrmann Michael 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe article shows that Germany established a short-lived but fully operative parliamentary system of government in its first democratically elected national parliament in 1848—some 70 years earlier than usually assumed. Qualitative evidence shows that the cabinet was responsible to the assembly and that parliamentary majorities forced cabinets to resign. Roll-call analysis reveals behavioural patterns that are typical for parliamentary government such as high party unity, cohesive voting by the governing coalition and substantially higher success rates for cabinet parties. These findings challenge claims of a ‘German exceptionalism’ and demonstrate the danger of hindsight bias in reading historical processes of parliamentarisation backwards. Instead, they suggest that successful parliamentarisation critically depends on the balance of power between democratic and autocratic forces and the degree to which old elites can be integrated in the new democratic order.
Evaluation of a clinical protocol using intranasal fentanyl for treatment of vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell patients in the emergency department
Authors: Paquin Hugo , Trottier Evelyne D , Pastore Yves , Robitaille Nancy , Dore Bergeron Marie-Joelle , Bailey Benoit 
Published: March 2019

AbstractBackgroundVaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) is one of the most frequent causes of emergency visits and admission in children with sickle cell disease (SCD).ObjectivesThis study aims to evaluate whether the use of a new pain management pathway using intranasal (IN) fentanyl from triage leads to improved care, translated by a decrease in time to first opiate dose.MethodsWe performed a retrospective chart review of patients with SCD who presented to the emergency department (ED) with VOC, in the period pre- (52 patients) and post- (44 patients) implementation period of the protocol. Time to first opiate was the primary outcome and was evaluated pre- and postimplementation. Patients received a first opiate dose within 52.3 minutes of registration (interquantile range [IQR] 30.6, 74.6), corresponding to a 41.4-minute reduction in the opiate administration time (95% confidence interval [CI] −56.1, −27.9). There was also a 43% increase in the number of patients treated with a nonintravenous (IV) opiate as first opiate dose (95% CI 26, 57). In patients who were discharged from the ED, there was a 49% decrease in the number of IV line insertions (95% CI −67, −22). There was no difference in the hospitalization rates (difference of 6 [95% CI −13, 25]).ConclusionsThis study validates the use of our protocol using IN fentanyl as first treatment of VOC in the ED by significantly reducing the time to first opiate dose and the number of IVs.