bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Type IIn Supernova SN 2010bt: The Explosion of a Star in Outburst
Authors: Elias-Rosa Nancy , Van Dyk Schuyler D. , Benetti Stefano , Cappellaro Enrico , Smith Nathan , Kotak Rubina , Turatto Massimo , Filippenko Alexei V. , Pignata Giuliano , Fox Ori D. , Galbany Lluis , González-Gaitán Santiago , Miluzio Matteo , Monard L. A. G. , Ergon Mattias 
Published: June 2018

Abstract
It is well known that massive stars (M > 8 M
☉) evolve up to the collapse of the stellar core, resulting in most cases in a supernova (SN) explosion. Their heterogeneity is related mainly to different configurations of the progenitor star at the moment of the explosion and to their immediate environments. We present photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2010bt, which was classified as a Type IIn SN from a spectrum obtained soon after discovery and was observed extensively for about 2 months. After the seasonal interruption owing to its proximity to the Sun, the SN was below the detection threshold, indicative of a rapid luminosity decline. We can identify the likely progenitor with a very luminous star (log L/L
☉ ≈ 7) through comparison of Hubble Space Telescope images of the host galaxy prior to explosion with those of the SN obtained after maximum light. Such a luminosity is not expected for a quiescent star, but rather for a massive star in an active phase. This progenitor candidate was later confirmed via images taken in 2015 (∼5 yr post-discovery), in which no bright point source was detected at the SN position. Given these results and the SN behavior, we conclude that SN 2010bt was likely a Type IIn SN and that its progenitor was a massive star that experienced an outburst shortly before the final explosion, leading to a dense H-rich circumstellar environment around the SN progenitor.
All Our Eggs In One Basket: Challenges of High Resolution X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography of Great Auk Pinguinus impennis Eggshell
Authors: Russell Douglas , Bernucci Arianna , Scott-Murray Amy , Jackson Duncan , Ahmed Farah , Garbout Amin , Birkhead Tim 
Published: June 2018

High resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography gives the ability to research objects in unprecedented detail in 3D without damaging them but applying these new techniques to specimens can be complex. In 2017 the Natural History Museum (NHM), London embarked on a ground-breaking project with University of Sheffield to compare extinct Great Auk Pinguinus impennis eggshell microstructure to that of their extant relatives to gain new insight into their breeding ecology.
NHM has a ZEISS Xradia 520 Versa X-ray microscope capable of submicron X-ray imaging in 3D but using it required supporting and moving complete eggshells within the confined, potentially harsh, mechanised environment of the microscope without risk. Ensuring the correct position and orientation of each egg to image nine distinct areas on the eggshell was also a challenge. Collaboration with colleagues in the NHM Conservation and Imaging &amp; Analysis Centres developed a bespoke solution to hold and protect the eggs during scanning. All six NHM Great Auk eggshells and the inside of the microscope were surface scanned using a handheld structured light scanner. Scan data produced 3D models from which accurate 3D printed plastic replicas were made of the three Great Auk eggs prioritised for research. Each replica was used to mould a two-part, custom-built, case for each egg constructed from conservation grade epoxy putty and lined with polyethylene foam. This provided close-fitting, durable cases which could be used for the 6-month duration of the project. Each case enclosed its matching Great Auk egg entirely and had the advantage of being rock-hard, electrically insulating and water, heat and chemical resistant. A system of three, interchangeable, tailor-made mounting brackets were designed that married with the cases and held them safely and precisely inside the microscope at the correct angles and positions for imaging. The structured light scan of the inside of the microscope was used to model the necessary rotational movements of the cases and brackets inside the scanner, ensuring that all movements had sufficient clearance to avoid risk of impact. This system successfully protected the fragile c. 200 year old eggs throughout 70 scanning sessions. This provides a methodology for high resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography imaging of any similarly sized, fragile, object.
Looking Back for the Future: Utilizing Sawfish Saws from Natural History Collections to Conserve the Critically Endangered Largetooth Sawfish (Pristis pristis)
Authors: Fearing Annmarie , Smith Kelcee , Wiley Tonya , Whitty Jeff , Feldheim Kevin , Kyne Peter , Phillips Nicole 
Published: June 2018

The Critically Endangered (International Union for Conservation of Nature) largetooth sawfish, Pristispristis, was historically distributed in the tropical Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Today, ‘viable’ populations are largely limited to northern Australia. Populations that have suffered from drastic declines in abundance, such as those experienced by P.pristis, are typically at risk of having reduced, or low, levels of genetic diversity. Previous research found that P.pristis in Australia have experienced a genetic bottleneck, but it is unclear whether this bottleneck is the result of contemporary declines over the last century, or if it is the result of historic processes. A direct way to assess whether this genetic bottleneck occurred relatively recently is to compare levels of genetic diversity in contemporary and historic populations.
Sawfish saws that were taken as trophies over the past century can now be found in natural history collections around the world and can provide DNA from past sawfish populations. We collected tissue samples from 150 dried P.pristis saws found in both private and public natural history collections. Because DNA from natural history specimens tends to be highly degraded, we targeted ten small DNA fragments, ~150 base pairs each, to amplify and sequence the entire mitochondrial control region. These data will provide important baseline information about P.pristis that can be used to quantify any loss of genetic diversity over the past ~100 years and assess their long-term survival potential. If the levels of genetic diversity in contemporary populations are severely reduced from those of past populations, protecting remaining genetic diversity within and between viable populations should be a priority in conservation plans.
A Workflow for the Semantic Annotation of Field Books and Specimen Labels
Authors: Stork Lise , Weber Andreas , Miracle Eulàlia , Wolstencroft Katherine 
Published: June 2018

Geographical and taxonomical referencing of specimens and documented species observations from within and across natural history collections is vital for ongoing species research. However, much of the historical data such as field books, diaries and specimens, are challenging to work with. They are computationally inaccessable, refer to historical place names and taxonomies, and are written in a variety of languages.
In order to address these challenges and elucidate historical species observation data, we developed a workflow to
(i) crowd-source semantic annotations from handwritten species observations,
(ii) transform them into RDF (Resource Description Framework) and
(iii) store and link them in a knowledge base.
Instead of full-transcription we directly annotate digital field books scans with key concepts that are based on Darwin Core standards. Our workflow stresses the importance of verbatim annotation. The interpretation of the historical content, such a resolving a historical taxon to a current one, can be done by individual researchers after the content is published as linked open data. Through the storage of annotion provenance, who created the annotation and when, we allow multiple interpretations of the content to exist in parallel, stimulating scientific discourse.
The semantic annotation process is supported by a web application, the Semantic Field Book (SFB)-Annotator, driven by an application ontology. The ontology formally describes the content and meta-data required to semantically annotate species observations. It is based on the Darwin Core standard (DwC), Uberon and the Geonames ontology. The provenance of annotations is stored using the Web Annotation Data Model. Adhering to the principles of FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable &amp; Reusable) and Linked Open Data, the content of the specimen collections can be interpreted homogeneously and aggregated across datasets. This work is part of the Making Sense project: makingsenseproject.org. The project aims to disclose the content of a natural history collection: a 17,000 page account of the exploration of the Indonesian Archipelago between 1820 and 1850 (Natuurkundige Commissie voor Nederlands-Indie)
With a knowledge base, researchers are given easy access to the primary sources of natural history collections. For their research, they can aggregate species observations, construct rich queries to browse through the data and add their own interpretations regarding the meaning of the historical content.
Collections Support Services (CSS) - 25 Years of Improving Access and Care to our Nation’s Collections
Authors: Schuhmann Leslie , Chagnon Christine 
Published: June 2018

Originally formed in the early 1980s as the Move Crew to move museum collections to the newly opened state of the art Smithsonian Institution’s Museum Support Center, Collections Support Services has evolved into a team of highly skilled museum professionals recognized as trusted experts, innovators, project managers, and problem solvers in all aspects of collections stewardship. We have packed, moved, and stored MILLIONS of objects across Smithsonian museums including the National Museum of Natural History and several of our art museums; the Freer Sackler Gallery, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, and National Museum of African Art.
Our vast experience with Natural History collections has been with objects ranging from microscopic invertebrates, fragile bird eggs, 40’ war canoes, whale skulls, giant squids and EVERYTHING in between! Many of these collections came from overcrowded and dusty attics, basements, and warehouses prone to flooding, pest infestation, and poor climate control. We have spent the last 25 years moving these collections into our climate controlled storage pods furnished with new metal cabinets designed for long term preservation. Some of the unique packing and transportation methods we will highlight in this presentation are “airbags” that encompass fragile bird skeletons and uniform shipping containers made of ethafoam planks and old wooden drawers. In addition, we have designed and constructed aluminum pallets for oversized collections, specialized elephant skull pallets, and plaster jackets for paleo fossil specimens. These storage solutions have greatly improved access to collections by allowing researchers to study specimens with minimal handling necessary. This presentation will specifically demonstrate these and other dramatic improvements that we have made as well as highlight innovative solutions we developed to safely transport, store, and provide better access to our Natural History collections for future generations.
Bringing Sternberg Museum Fossils into the 21st Century
Authors: Byrd Christina 
Published: June 2018

The Sternberg Museum of Natural History (FHSM) has a rich paleontology history extending back to the late 1800s and early 1900s. From the 1902 to 1992, the museum was housed on the Fort Hays State University campus. FHSM outgrew the campus capacity and moved to a new location that afforded the museum significant space for collections and exhibits. Just as the museum had to change locations with its growing collections, so too must the means of care for the collections change and be updated. In order to improve the state of the paleontology collections and make them more accessible, the FHSM’s Chief Curator pursued grants to achieve these goals. Two grants later, FHSM is well on its way to a digitized paleontology collection.
One National Science Foundation (NSF) grant focuses on basic collections improvement: transcription of hand-written records, cataloging the specimen backlog, and imaging specimens. One of the most important updates is the addition of the relational database, CollectiveAccess. This database enables FHSM to have a public-facing, searchable database that can show not only specimen data but also images and 3D scans of fossils. The second grant is an NSF funded Integrated Digitized Biocollection (iDigBio) collaborative research project. This grant focuses on fossils collected from the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway fossils. The digitization goals of the collections improvement grant work synergistically with the iDigBio grant. When preparing to start work on these two projects, workflows and how-to guides were developed to fit the needs of both grants. This synergy increased efficiency for training student workers and aided quality control. In regards to the new relational database, many considerations had to be made: what is the nature of the data, with whom are we sharing data, what are the data standards, what controls need to be in place to increase ease of use. Digitization of the collection started with transcription of hand-written records into a spreadsheet. The data from those record books and ledgers was cross referenced with the specimen cards to check for accuracy. Between the two grants, FHSM has two photography stations, four undergraduate students, and two graduate students. This small army of students, along with the Collections Manager, have succeeded in digitizing the invertebrate paleontology collection and have made significant progress on the vertebrate collection. Once the database is finalized, the images produced by these students will be uploaded and shared with aggregators such as iDigBio and accessible via the FHSM website.
Size Doesn’t Matter: Fundamental Requirements in Relocating a Herbarium.
Authors: Knight Karina , Hemmings Frank , Jobson Peter , Bruhl Jeremy 
Published: June 2018

Relocating a natural history collection is a daunting prospect. Underpinning successful relocation is getting the fundamentals right. From the moment the seed of an idea for a new facility is planted, a raft of detailed planning and preparation issues emerge. Meticulous planning and management is essential, from initial design through to the last specimen being housed in its new location.
Herbaria are complex organisms each with a core collection of specimen sheets and associated infrastructure to house them; ancillary collections such as ‘spirit’ and ‘DNA’, a library, databasing, mounting, materials, imaging, loans and exchange, facilities for environmental control, biosecurity, space for staff, volunteers, research students, and class or public access and outreach. All these elements require careful consideration for relocation regardless of the size of the collection.
Timelines for relocations from initial decisions to commencement of the move vary widely. Early involvement of core herbarium staff is critical to managing risks to the integrity of the collection during a move. Success of the operation can be gauged immediately after the move and again, much later, based on feedback on the operation of the facility and whether planned expansion will meet future needs. All these considerations are important and essentially the same, irrespective of distance of relocation or size of the collection.
We will discuss the fundamental issues of herbarium relocation based on two recent case studies.The Western Australian Herbarium moved from its 1970s home to a modern, purpose-built, best practice facility incorporating innovative design features in 2011 with c. 800,000 specimens. The John T. Waterhouse Herbarium at UNSW Sydney (The University of New South Wales) moved c. 66,000 specimens in October 2017 from within a 1962 departmental building, to a modern, purpose-built facility, incorporating significant improvements, as part of a much larger relocation of its School. We will provide a guide to assist future relocations, both imminent (such as the N.C.W. Beadle Herbarium at the University of New England (&gt;100,000 specmens), and the National Herbarium of New South Wales, &gt;1,400,000 specimens) and for those yet to be considered.
This will be a presentation on behalf of the Managers of Australasian Herbarium Collections (MAHC), a network of herbarium Collection Managers in Australia and New Zealand.
Kōhatu Mauri: An Exercise in Practice across Cultures
Authors: Wesley Rachel , Burns Emma 
Published: June 2018

The 2017 redevelopment of Otago Museum’s Discovery World into Tūhura, a bi-cultural science centre that reflected an indigenous Kāi Tahu understanding of the universe alongside a western scientific paradigm, was a bold move into new territory for museum staff, who had to become familiar with not only new forms of knowledge, but also to work comfortably with Kāi Tahu tikanga (values-based practice) and cultural beliefs.
An integral component of the creation of a space reflective of a Māori worldview is the placement of a Kōhatu Mauri - a small boulder or rock loaded with symbolism that encapsulates the mauri, or 'lifeforce' of a space. In order to enhance its value as a receptacle for the mauri of such a space, a Kōhatu Mauri must be touched, thus increasing the actual mauri it contains. If a Kōhatu Mauri is treated as a typical museum object, isolated and untouched, the result is culturally akin to death and is symbolic of a lack of life and perceived value of its wider space.
To fit with Kāi Tahu notions of value, a Kōhatu Mauri is usually selected according to aesthetic, historic, and whakapapa (genealogy) values. It must be firmly rooted in its cultural context, regardless of the space it inhabits.
When the need for a Kōhatu Mauri for Tūhura was identified, short timeframes and recognition of the need to select a boulder that captured the above cultural values resulted in the selection of a sarsen stone that had recently been acquired for the geological collections of the Otago Museum. The transition of the sarsen stone into a Kōhatu Mauri highlighted an anomaly in how collection items are valued. When objects that hold a special cultural value for a community come into a museum environment, they tend to lose that value by being removed from their cultural context. This paper will explore how the opposite happened in the case of the sarsen stone transitioning into a Kōhatu Mauri. The contradictions and confusion around understanding multiple layers of meaning and value in a collection item resulted in the Kōhatu Mauri ultimately losing its museum value while in the process of regaining its cultural value.
Scanning Electron Microscopy as a Tool to Observe the Effects of Simulated Conservation Treatment on Herbarium Specimens
Authors: Grenda-Kurmanow Magdalena 
Published: June 2018

This paper presents the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations conducted for the project "Heritage preservation and ethnobotany. Analysis of the influence of conservation treatment on genetic material comprised in historic herbaria“ (project no. 2014/13/N/HS2/03118) funded by the National Science Centre in Poland.
The main aim of the project is to establish if treatment methods used by herbarium conservators and mounters in different countries are harmful for the DNA material comprised in herbarium specimens. In order to analyse this problem the author conducted an international survey among specialists with documented experience in herbarium treatment. The next step was the evaluation of the results and the choice of materials. The chosen materials were then applied to samples of herbarium specimens, artificially aged in the climatic chamber, and subjected to DNA analysis.
The results of the survey illustrated the variety of the materials used to treat and mount specimens. Some of them, such as methyl cellulose, were used in different concentrations and different degrees of polymerization. The project limitations determined the selection of materials for further testing, particularly when it comes to the concentration of a particular adhesive/consolidant. At the same time the main assumption was to identify versions of the material that can effectively penetrate the specimen in order to intensify the potential influence on its DNA.
Dessicated plant specimens are not a common material in conservation research because their structure is highly heterogenic, fragile and brittle. Moreover, the materials used for mounting and conservation treatment are most often adapted from bookbinding and paper conservation disciplines. They are not always suitable for the treatment of botanic material and may cause damage. When observations of stratigraphic samples under a traditional microscope proved unsatisfactory, the potential of SEM imaging was examined.
SEM turned out to be a very useful tool to observe the effects of simulated conservation treatments conducted on herbarium specimen samples, but only when samples were coated with gold. The conclusions from these observations informed decisions about what versions of the conservation and mounting materials should be used for further testing. Additionally, some samples were observed after artificial aging in aclimatic chamber. It enabled us to observe the degradation of the layers of materials applied onto the specimens. The analysis focussed on the leaves of two species, Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) and Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress).