bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suicide as a Public Health Burden
Authors: Wilcox Holly C. , Clarke Diana , Grzenda Adrienne , Smith Stephanie G. , Eaton William W. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the burden associated with suicide in the United States and around the world as a leading cause of death. There are many factors associated with higher risk for suicide, and there are a range of conceptual approaches to understanding it, including the sociological perspective, originally proposed by Durkheim in the 19th century and elaborated in many ways since then. American Indians and Alaskan Natives; lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals; middle-aged men and women; and military personnel and veterans have higher than expected rates of suicide. Suicide sometimes occurs in imitation of public figures who take their own life, and the manner of journalistic reporting can affect the size of the imitative response in the population. Future directions for suicide prevention should focus on the need for data linkage and upstream approaches to identify novel predictors, evaluate the effectiveness of prevention techniques, and expand on prevention paradigms.
Models of Stress and Adapting to Risk
Authors: Rebok George W. , Bradshaw Catherine P. , Volk Heather E. , Mendelson Tamar , Eaton William W. , Letourneau Elizabeth J. , Kellam Sheppard G. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the role of stress in the conduct of both public mental health research and practice. It includes a discussion of the leading definitions and theories of stress proposed in relation to the experience of mental problems, followed by an examination of the multiple perspectives related to the measurement and study of stress. A broad life-span perspective is used to highlight the significance of both human development and the social context in examining the link between stress and mental health problems. A range of developmental stressors are identified spanning different life stages, and their effects on mental health and adjustment problems are described. The concept of resilience is discussed to help explain why not all individuals exposed to stress will develop mental and behavioral disorders.
Community and Public Mental Health Services in the United States
Authors: Everett Anita , Lee-Tauler Su Yeon , Bommersbach Tanner 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the history and current status of community behavioral health organizations (CBHOs) in the United States. The vast majority of individuals receiving behavioral health care today are served by outpatient community settings, with only a small proportion receiving care in inpatient facilities. This chapter provides an understanding of the vital role CBHOs play in providing both therapeutic and rehabilitative services to some of the nation’s most vulnerable citizens. It outlines the origins of CBHOs within the publicly funded health care system in the United States, provides examples of available programs and services, and delineates the range of challenges faced by contemporary CBHOs as they strive to meet the needs of people with serious mental illnesses.
Hopes and Challenges Moving Forward
Authors: Fallin M. Daniele , Holingue Calliope , Ostrow Laysha , Leaf Philip J. , Manderscheid Ronald W. , Shern David L. , Thrul Johannes , Zandi Peter P. , Eaton William W. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The field of public mental health has seen many advances in policy and discovery, yet there is much more to be done. We must move beyond a narrow focus on clinical interventions to now embrace the impact of community and population dynamics in promoting mental health, preventing mental illnesses, and fostering recovery. We must take advantage of emerging technologies, tools and strategies to expand discovery of the causes of mental illness that will inform new prevention and treatment strategies. Emerging tools can also guide the best implementation of individual and systems-level changes. Finally, we must continue to monitor the frequency of illness and related outcomes among individuals and populations to gauge our progress and highlight areas for continued improvement.
Mirrored Loss
Authors: vom Bruck Gabriele 
Published: June 2019

Mirrored Loss tells the story of Amat al-Latif al Wazir, only daughter of 'Abdullah al-Wazir, the leader of Yemen's constitutional movement of the mid-twentieth century for reform of the autocratic imamate. Her relationship with her adored father, who was accused of treason, takes center stage in this biographical narrative. Amat al-Latif enjoyed a privileged childhood in a high-ranking family at the heart of Yemeni politics; yet the failed revolt of 1948 was the family's downfall, leaving her and other close relatives exposed to social indignities and privation. She then spent many years in exile, where she suffered a personal calamity that compounded the earlier catastrophe. Through one family's story, Gabriele vom Bruck explores how violence translates into tragedy in the personal realm, and how individual lives and larger cultural and political worlds intersect in Yemen. Her narrative makes these tragic events compellingly tangible, especially at the level of gendered subjectivity ‒ female Yemenis have been either unknown to or deemed insignificant by most male historians of this period. Mirrored Loss is a significant step in righting that omission.
Lost and Found
Authors: Kennedy John James , Shi Yaojiang 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Between 1979 and 2010 local leaders and rural families across China concealed the existence of millions of girls from government officials and the national census. The single child policy (1979–2015) was introduced in 1979, and the central government’s goal was to reduce population growth through strict birth control. Yet, at the same time, many rural parents had strong incentives not to comply with the birth control policy because under economic reforms in the 1980s and 1990s, larger families meant increased labor and income. However, most journalists and scholars reported that the combination of a strictly enforced central policy and a historical preference for sons had led to a stark gender imbalance, with an abnormally higher number of males being born than females. The result was an estimated 20 million “missing girls” in the population from 1980 to 2010. Most demographers have believed that this dearth of girls has been due to widespread sex-selective abortion and infanticide. Yet quantitative analysis of China census data and qualitative interviews with rural parents and local leaders suggest that at least half of the “missing girls” were hidden in China. This was due to two key factors. First was the discretion to implement central policy that street-level bureaucrats and local leaders have. There was mutual noncompliance between rural families and village leaders, such that rural parents did not immediately register additional children and local leaders underreported illegal births to higher authorities. Second is the increasing value of daughters and equal preference for sons and daughters over the last several decades.
Historical Underreporting and the Identification of the “Missing Girls”
Authors: Kennedy John James , Shi Yaojiang 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
There are three distinct time periods in which the social and political environments influenced incentives to hide or not hide infants, children, and young adults: the pre-PRC period before 1949, the Maoist era (1949–1976), and the reform era, after 1979. Rural families and local officials avoided census counts and registration for males and females from the late Qing Empire in the 1800s right up through modern times. After 1979 came the most critical outcome of the state birth control policy: the country’s abnormally high sex ratio at birth statistic. According to an assessment of the 2010 population census, the number of girls truly missing from the population between 1980 and 2010 was estimated to be about 20 million. However, an examination of the two key assumptions behind these skewed statistics shows the number of hidden girls to be closer to 10 million, or about half of the estimated number of “missing girls.”
Villagers, Daughters, and the Voices of the “Missing”
Authors: Kennedy John James , Shi Yaojiang 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The general assumption has been that rural residents prefer sons and that under the single child policy and cultural constraints, daughters are valued less. This desire is assumed to be based on a traditional preference for sons and a virilocal marriage system that goes back more than a millennium. Given this cultural assumption and the central government’s push for birth control, a number of journalists and scholars have suggested that villagers hold continuous and unchanging attitudes toward daughters. However, national surveys and local interviews suggest that the value of daughters has changed over the last 30 years, with equal preference for sons and daughters increasing. As a result, mutual noncompliance and the change in rural attitudes has contributed to a greater number of hidden girls than previous studies have suggested.
Chelsea Manning and the Politics of Truth-Telling
Authors: Maxwell Lida 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that reading Chelsea Manning as an outsider truth-teller, and developing a defense of outsider truth-telling, is important to our understanding of the relationship between democracy and truth more generally. Outsider truth-telling reveals problems with, and offers an important alternative to, our dominant understanding of truth and democracy, namely, that democracy is dependent on truth because it offers prepolitical stability for a society of diverse viewpoints. The chapter argues that this dominant view actually grew out of particular historical circumstances and is tied to a raced, classed, and gendered conception of truth-telling. In this context, outsider truth-tellers should be understood as crucial yet vulnerable figures in democracy, revealing from a position of social illegibility an unsettling reality that their societies need to see. This chapter calls democratic theorists to raise, thematize, and address, as central concerns for democracy, the predicaments and problems surrounding outsider truth-telling.
Introduction
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the historical importance of the image, provides a methodological framework for studying moving images, lays out the two major problems the book aims to overcome, describes the limitations of the book, and offers its plan of organization. As such, it redefines the image as fundamentally mobile and thus proposes to investigate all images as mobile images. It argues for a new materialist aesthetics distinct from representational and constructivist theories. That is, the image is not a copy nor a movement relative to an object or subject; it is not even a copy of a copy without an original. All these structures have to be accounted for, starting from the historical mobility of the image, and not from any metaphysical or ontological position. Therefore, the book is an attempt to develop a theory and a history of the logic and structure of the moving image.
The Prehistoric Image
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the kinesthetic shift occurs increasingly from less ordered and gathered images to more and larger gatherings of images on new and larger fields of sensation. This is done by looking closely at the kinetic patterns produced by six major aesthetic fields that define the prehistoric image: the body, the hearth, the cave, the vessel, the wind instrument, and the house. The argument of this chapter is that each of these major fields is defined predominately by a distinctly centripetal pattern of motion and a functional aesthetics. The prehistoric field gathers the flows of matter and images toward a central or hollowed-out region and begins to distribute them across the body, the hearth, the cave, the house, and so on. All this attests to the predominantly centripetal and functional nature of prehistoric aesthetic fields.
The Modern Image, I
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
The argument in this chapter and the next is that the aesthetic field during the modern period is defined by an elastic and differential regime of motion. These two chapters marshal support for this thesis by looking closely at major arts of the modern age: steel, photographic image, and the novel in Chapter 13, and meter, the action arts, and molecular arts in the next chapter. Although empirically quite different and distributed over hundreds of years, each follows a similar kinetic pattern or regime. This chapter looks at the way in which steel architecture, photography, and the novel move elastically by expanding and contracting and open series of frames (steel frames, photographic frames, and print frames).
The Modern Image, II
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Over the course of the modern period, a kinesthetic shift occurred in the arts from a tensional to a more elastic pattern of motion. The argument of this chapter is that meter, action art, and molecular art are also defined predominately by a distinctly elastic pattern of motion and a differential aesthetics. This chapter concludes the book’s historical analysis of the moving image and provides a material and historical foundation for interpreting the hybrid kinetic structure of contemporary arts in the next part of the book. Art history is not dead. It all returns and resurfaces in the present, forming hybrid combinations. Although their name and appearance might have changed, the same regimes are still at work today.
Divinatory Practices and Palpability of the Gods
Authors: Eyl Jennifer 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 demonstrates that divinatory practices were ubiquitous in antiquity, and that such practices indicate a widespread religious and epistemological disposition. These related dispositions are best expressed by Xenophon: “The gods know everything, and in sacrifices, omens, prophetic voices, and dreams they provide forewarnings to whomever they want” (On the Cavalry Commander, 9.9). Thus, the religious disposition is that gods and other divine beings are present in the world and take an interest in human affairs. The epistemological disposition is that there is important knowledge to be gained from observing and interpreting gods’ physical impact on the world. This chapter explores a wide range of methods for Greeks, Romans, and Judeans to ascertain information from gods, and provides the groundwork for arguing that Paul shared in this basic religious and epistemological disposition.
A Taxonomy of Paul’s Divinatory Practices
Authors: Eyl Jennifer 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines three broad types of Paul’s divinatory practices: (1) the interpretation of nonverbal divine signs [sēmeia], or communications, (2) the channeling of divine information by means of the speech faculty of a human agent, and (3) the use of literary texts or written symbols to discern divine messages. These categories include what Paul calls the interpretation of signs, speaking in tongues, and (oral and literacy-based) prophecy. Drawing on widely available ancient comparanda, the chapter cuts across our modern categories to redescribe Paul’s divinations and to normalize them in their historical environment. Paul does not invent his practices from whole cloth, but repackages and innovates upon practices that have long been part of ancient religiosity.
A Taxonomy of Paul’s Wonderworking
Authors: Eyl Jennifer 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines Paul’s performance of wondrous feats, divine abilities, and transformations through ritual power. First, the chapter considers his use of the terms dunameis [powers] and terata [wonders]. While some scholars have argued that Paul (begrudgingly) discusses wondrous powers only with his Corinthian followers, the chapter shows that he mentions such powers also in 1 Thessalonians, Galatians, and Romans. The chapter then looks at his claims to heal the diseases, illnesses, and pains of others, utilizing no expertise beyond the power invested in him from a deity. Finally, Pauline baptism is treated not as an initiation or purification ritual, but in light of ritual powers that purport to change the material nature of bodies. The ritual transformation of material bodies is a sorely overlooked aspect of Paul’s baptismal claims, and one that locates the practice among those frequently called mageia and goēteia.
Paul, Pistis, and Divine Powers
Authors: Eyl Jennifer 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores how Paul relates this array of divine abilities to the ethic of pistis, or faithfulness. In essence, Paul suggests that divinatory and wonderworking powers are extended in proportion to gentile faithfulness; he does not say that such gifts are offered “in exchange for,” but rather, “in proportion to” faithfulness. The reciprocal relationship between pistis and his divinatory powers hinges on the mechanism of empowerment—the pneuma of Christ. The chapter departs from the task of comparison, as we lack sufficient ancient data with which we may compare Paul’s construction of the pistis–pneuma–gift relationship (as Paul provides almost our only first-person account of the inner working of his type of religious specialist in the early Roman Empire, we are sorely lacking another figure with whom we may compare him on this level of detail). The chapter explores forms of reciprocity thought to be critical to religions in the ancient Mediterranean, and challenges scholarship that reduces ancient religiosity to do ut des [I give so that you will give].
Conclusion
Authors: Eyl Jennifer 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This Conclusion reiterates the central argument of the book and ties each chapter to that argument: Paul’s practices of divination and wonderworking are easily and naturally contextualized within his ancient Mediterranean milieu. This milieu includes widespread practical understandings of the gods’ interest in human affairs, the human ability to discern divine messages, the human ability to channel divine power, and reciprocity as a central feature of the human–divine dynamic. The chapter observes that the mode of religiosity favored by most New Testament scholars has generated a kind of blind spot toward the evidence that contextualizes Paul in this milieu. That is, the mode of the literate cultural producer looks askance at practical, mundane attitudes toward reciprocity and divination. Thus, Paul’s emphasis on reciprocity and his consistent participation in forms of divination and wonderworking have largely gone ignored.
Hume’s Moral Psychology
Authors: Garfield Jay L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter concludes the discussion of Book II as the theoretical foundation for the Treatise as a whole. It addresses the role of the passions in moral psychology, showing how they ground our accounts of virtue and vice. Virtue and vice are in fact defined in relation to the passions. It also shows how the account of the passions grounds Hume’s moral and political reflections. That is, Hume argues that civil society is initially grounded on certain innate moral psychological dispositions, but also that civil society enables the cultivation of the range of passions that preserve our social unity and that enable us to constitute ourselves as persons in a social context.
Ethics
Authors: Garfield Jay L. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows that in the moral domain, as in epistemology, Hume’s task is to provide a naturalistic explanation of our moral conventions and explain why we so often misunderstand the structure of our own moral thought. He aims to explain how custom grounds, and is not grounded by, the moral universe we inhabit. Although many of the components of Hume’s account of morality derive from Hutcheson, Shaftesbury, and Mandeville, the structure into which he places these components—constituted by his naturalism and Pyrrhonism—together with the understanding of custom based in legal theory, gives rise to something entirely new. Hume offers an account of ethics grounded in the union of natural sentiment and a natural propensity to artifice, reflecting the seamless integration of distinct instances of custom as it is manifest both as habit and as convention, as a foundation for the normativity we seek in morality.
Estimative Intelligence after the Cold War: 1993–1994
Authors: Nye Jr. Joseph S. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
In the immediate aftermath of the Cold War, the National Intelligence Council faced two kinds of challenges: coping with sectarian conflicts that emerged after the Cold War, and the helping to imagine and shape a post–Cold War order. This latter challenge was complicated by the collapse of the bipolar world order that had shaped US thinking for 40 years. As a leading Soviet official put it at the time, “We are going to do a terrible thing: we are going to deprive you of an enemy.” Accordingly, new chairman Joseph Nye put a high priority on refocusing the intelligence community for a new set of challenges. As a leading scholar of international relations, he worked to improve the art and discipline of estimative intelligence. With strong connections to senior policymakers, he also focused on strengthening the intelligence-policy relationship and improving relevance by producing shorter, more focused estimates.
Controlling Controversy: 1995–1997
Authors: Cooper Richard N. 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
As a leading international economist with prior high-level policy experience, Richard Cooper brought to the National Intelligence Council chairmanship an unusual level of authority on economic issues. This proved valuable in internal policy disputes over Japan’s financial situation, in which the NIC successfully challenged the Treasury Department’s assessment. His tenure also saw the challenges of dealing with the former Yugoslavia after the Dayton Accords brokered a tenuous peace, as well as the NIC’s first foray into nontraditional security issues such as climate change. Finally, the NIC published an influential report called Global Trends 2010, looking out 15 years to anticipate future challenges—and initiating a series of reports issued by the NIC every four years thereafter.
New Missions, New Challenges: 2005–2008
Authors: Fingar Thomas 
Published: June 2019

Abstract
Thomas Fingar’s chairmanship began with two overriding challenges: to implement the intelligence reforms of 2004–5 and to repair the damage to the National Intelligence Council’s credibility in the aftermath of the Iraqi WMD debacle. The reforms had created the position of director of national intelligence (DNI), with a large mandate but no staff, and much of the day-to-day analytic support that formerly would have been done by CIA now fell to the NIC—a major shift from its traditional role in strategic analysis. Ironically, in seeking to restore the NIC’s credibility, Fingar found himself in another controversy—this time over an NIE on Iranian WMD that seemed to downplay the threat. Fingar offers a detailed rebuttal of those charges and examines the larger question of the often-fraught relationship between the intelligence community and the Congress. Finally, the NIC produced both a path-breaking analysis of the security implications of climate change, and Global Trends 2025, which took the series to a higher level.