bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing the choice of practice location among Canadian otolaryngologists
Authors: Cottrell J , You P , Fung K 
Published: March 2019

AbstractObjectivesLittle is known about what shapes the choice of employment location in a competitive surgical specialty like otolaryngology – head and neck surgery. This study aimed to identify factors important in determining practice location among Canadian otolaryngologistsMethodsAn online survey was distributed nationally to active members of the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery. The survey collected data on general demographics, current practice description, training location, factors deemed important in practice location decisions, and job satisfaction.ResultsA total of 122 survey responses were collected, with a similar proportion of participants in academic versus community practice. The majority of respondents (73 per cent) practised in the same province as their residency training. Participants identified job vacancy, colleague interaction, spouse opinion and hospital services as important in the decision of practice location.ConclusionKey determinants of practice location among Canadian otolaryngologists include job vacancies, spouse opinion, and colleague interactions. Overall, Canadian otolaryngologists report high satisfaction with current employment.
Developmental programming of shyness: A longitudinal, prospective study across four decades
Authors: Poole Kristie L. , Saigal Saroj , Van Lieshout Ryan J. , Schmidt Louis A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAlthough shyness is a ubiquitous phenomenon with early developmental origins, little research has examined the influence of prenatal exposures on the developmental trajectory of shyness. Here, we examined trajectories of shyness from childhood to adulthood in three groups (N= 254), with varying degrees of prenatal adversity as indicated by the number of stressful exposures: extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) survivors prenatally exposed to exogenous corticosteroids (ELBW+S,n= 56); ELBW survivors not prenatally exposed to exogenous corticosteroids (ELBW+NS,n= 56); and normal birth weight (NBW,n= 142) controls. Multilevel modeling revealed that the ELBW+S individuals exhibited the highest levels of childhood shyness, which remained stable into adulthood. The ELBW+NS and NBW controls had comparably low levels of childhood shyness; however, the ELBW+NS individuals experienced patterns of increasing shyness, while NBW controls displayed decreases in shyness into adulthood. We speculate that individuals exposed to multiple prenatal stressors (i.e., ELBW+S) may be developmentally programmed to be more sensitive to detecting social threat, with one manifestation being early developing, stable shyness, while increasing shyness among ELBW+NS individuals may reflect a later developing shyness influenced by postnatal context. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding the developmental origins and developmental course of human shyness from childhood through adulthood.
The old regime of hygiene: Life in the nineteenth-century French countryside
Authors: Zdatny Steve 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis article provides an object lesson in the history of thelongue durée, reflected in the comprehensive filthiness of rural life in the nineteenth century. Political upheaval had not changed the material conditions of peasant existence or sensibilities relating to hygiene. Economic revolution had as yet made no practical difference to the dirtiness of daily life. Peasants under the Second Empire lived much as they had under the Old Regime – in dark, damp houses with no conveniences, cheek by jowl with the livestock. Their largely unwashed bodies were wrapped in largely unchanged clothes. Babies were delivered with germ-covered hands, drank spoilt milk from dirty bottles, and spent their young days swaddled like mummies and marinating like teriyaki. The Third Republic set out to ‘civilize’ the rural masses, but this snapshot of material life in the nineteenth-century French countryside illustrates just how much work lay in front of it.
First Observations of Gigantic Jets From Geostationary Orbit
Authors: Boggs Levi D. , Liu Ningyu , Peterson Michael , Lazarus Steven , Splitt Michael , Lucena Frankie , Nag Amitabh , Rassoul Hamid K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHere we report the first observations of gigantic jets (GJs) by the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) on board the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite‐R series. Fourteen GJs produced by Tropical Storm Harvey on 19 August 2017 were observed by both GLM and a ground‐based low‐light‐level camera system. The majority of the GJs produced distinguishable signatures in the GLM data, which include long continuous emissions, large peak flash optical energies, and small lateral propagation distances in comparison with other flashes observed by GLM. For two GJs with the best ground‐based images, each have a single pixel that contains the largest optical energy throughout the duration of the GJ and also coincides with the azimuth of the GJ from the video images. The optical energy of the pixel increases as the GJ propagates upward, reaches its peak when the GJ connects to the ionosphere, and then fades away.
Obscure soil microbes and where to find them
Authors: Delgado-Baquerizo Manuel 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Many soil bacteria and fungi remain unclassified at the highest taxonomic ranks (e.g. phyla level), which hampers our ability to assess the ecology and functional capabilities of these soil organisms in terrestrial ecosystems globally. The first logical step toward the classification of these unknown soil taxa is to identify potential locations on Earth where these unclassified bacteria and fungi are feasibly most prevalent. To do this, here I used data from a global soil survey across 235 locations, including amplicon sequencing information for fungal and bacterial communities, and generated global atlases highlighting those soils where the percentages of taxa of bacteria and fungi with an unknown phyla are expected to be more prevalent. Results indicate that soil samples with the largest percentage of fungal taxa with an unknown phyla can be found in dry forests and grasslands, while those with the largest percentage of bacterial taxa with an unknown phyla are found in boreal and tropical forests. This information can be used by taxonomists and microbiologists to target these potentially new soil taxa.
Inferring HIV-1 transmission networks and sources of epidemic spread in Africa with deep-sequence phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Ratmann Oliver , Grabowski M. Kate , Hall Matthew , Golubchik Tanya , Wymant Chris , Abeler-Dörner Lucie , Bonsall David , Hoppe Anne , Brown Andrew Leigh , de Oliveira Tulio , Gall Astrid , Kellam Paul , Pillay Deenan , Kagaayi Joseph , Kigozi Godfrey , Quinn Thomas C. , Wawer Maria J. , Laeyendecker Oliver , Serwadda David , Gray Ronald H. , Fraser Christophe ,   PANGEA Consortium and Rakai Health Sciences Program, Ayles Helen , Bowden Rory , Calvez Vincent , Cohen Myron , Dennis Ann , Essex Max , Fidler Sarah , Frampton Daniel , Hayes Richard , Herbeck Joshua T. , Kaleebu Pontiano , Kityo Cissy , Lingappa Jairam , Novitsky Vladimir , Paton Nick , Rambaut Andrew , Seeley Janet , Ssemwanga Deogratius , Tanser Frank , Nakigozi Gertrude , Ssekubugu Robert , Nalugoda Fred , Lutalo Tom , Galiwango Ronald , Makumbi Fred , Sewankambo Nelson K. , R. Tobian Aaron A. , Reynolds Steven J. , Chang Larry W. , Nabukalu Dorean , Ndyanabo Anthony , Ssekasanvu Joseph , Nakawooya Hadijja , Nakukumba Jessica , Kigozi Grace N. , Nantume Betty S. , Resty Nampijja , Kambasu Jedidah , Nalugemwa Margaret , Nakabuye Regina , Ssebanobe Lawrence , Nankinga Justine , Kayiira Adrian , Nanfuka Gorreth , Ahimbisibwe Ruth , Tomusange Stephen , Galiwango Ronald M. , Kalibbali Sarah , Nakalanzi Margaret , Otobi Joseph Ouma , Ankunda Denis , Ssembatya Joseph Lister , Ssemanda John Baptist , Kairania Robert , Kato Emmanuel , Kisakye Alice , Batte James , Ludigo James , Nampijja Abisagi , Watya Steven , Nehemia Kighoma , Anyokot Margaret , Mwinike Joshua , Kibumba George , Ssebowa Paschal , Mondo George , Wasswa Francis , Nantongo Agnes , Kakembo Rebecca , Galiwango Josephine , Ssemango Geoffrey , Redd Andrew D. , Santelli John , Kennedy Caitlin E. , Wagman Jennifer 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTo prevent new infections with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in sub-Saharan Africa, UNAIDS recommends targeting interventions to populations that are at high risk of acquiring and passing on the virus. Yet it is often unclear who and where these ‘source’ populations are. Here we demonstrate how viral deep-sequencing can be used to reconstruct HIV-1 transmission networks and to infer the direction of transmission in these networks. We are able to deep-sequence virus from a large population-based sample of infected individuals in Rakai District, Uganda, reconstruct partial transmission networks, and infer the direction of transmission within them at an estimated error rate of 16.3% [8.8–28.3%]. With this error rate, deep-sequence phylogenetics cannot be used against individuals in legal contexts, but is sufficiently low for population-level inferences into the sources of epidemic spread. The technique presents new opportunities for characterizing source populations and for targeting of HIV-1 prevention interventions in Africa.
A natural WNT signaling variant potently synergizes with Cdkn2ab loss in skin carcinogenesis
Authors: Krimpenfort Paul , Snoek Margriet , Lambooij Jan-Paul , Song Ji-Ying , van der Weide Robin , Bhaskaran Rajith , Teunissen Hans , Adams David J. , de Wit Elzo , Berns Anton 
Published: March 2019

AbstractCdkn2abknockout mice, generated from 129P2 ES cells develop skin carcinomas. Here we show that the incidence of these carcinomas drops gradually in the course of backcrossing to the FVB/N background. Microsatellite analyses indicate that this cancer phenotype is linked to a 20 Mb region of 129P2 chromosome 15 harboring theWnt7bgene, which is preferentially expressed from the 129P2 allele in skin carcinomas and derived cell lines. ChIPseq analysis shows enrichment of H3K27-Ac, a mark for active enhancers, in the 5’ region of theWnt7b129P2 gene. TheWnt7b129P2 allele appears sufficient to cause in vitro transformation ofCdkn2ab-deficient cell lines primarily through CDK6 activation. These results point to a critical role of theCdkn2ablocus in keeping the oncogenic potential of physiological levels of WNT signaling in check and illustrate that GWAS-based searches for cancer predisposing allelic variants can be enhanced by including defined somatically acquired lesions as an additional input.
Optimising surface d charge of AuPd nanoalloy catalysts for enhanced catalytic activity
Authors: Zhu Xiaojuan , Guo Qishui , Sun Yafei , Chen Shangjun , Wang Jian-Qiang , Wu Mengmeng , Fu Wenzhao , Tang Yanqiang , Duan Xuezhi , Chen De , Wan Ying 
Published: March 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the catalytic mechanism of bimetallic nanocatalysts remains challenging. Here, we adopt an adsorbate mediated thermal reduction approach to yield monodispersed AuPd catalysts with continuous change of the Pd-Au coordination numbers embedded in a mesoporous carbonaceous matrix. The structure of nanoalloys is well-defined, allowing for a direct determination of the structure-property relationship. The results show that the Pd single atom and dimer are the active sites for the base-free oxidation of primary alcohols. Remarkably, the d-orbital charge on the surface of Pd serves as a descriptor to the adsorbate states and hence the catalytic performance. The maximum d-charge gain occurred in a composition with 33–50 at% Pd corresponds to up to 9 times enhancement in the reaction rate compared to the neat Pd. The findings not only open an avenue towards the rational design of catalysts but also enable the identification of key steps involved in the catalytic reactions.
The temporal dynamics and infectiousness of subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections in relation to parasite density
Authors: Slater Hannah C. , Ross Amanda , Felger Ingrid , Hofmann Natalie E. , Robinson Leanne , Cook Jackie , Gonçalves Bronner P. , Björkman Anders , Ouedraogo Andre Lin , Morris Ulrika , Msellem Mwinyi , Koepfli Cristian , Mueller Ivo , Tadesse Fitsum , Gadisa Endalamaw , Das Smita , Domingo Gonzalo , Kapulu Melissa , Midega Janet , Owusu-Agyei Seth , Nabet Cécile , Piarroux Renaud , Doumbo Ogobara , Doumbo Safiatou Niare , Koram Kwadwo , Lucchi Naomi , Udhayakumar Venkatachalam , Mosha Jacklin , Tiono Alfred , Chandramohan Daniel , Gosling Roly , Mwingira Felista , Sauerwein Robert , Paul Richard , Riley Eleanor M , White Nicholas J , Nosten Francois , Imwong Mallika , Bousema Teun , Drakeley Chris , Okell Lucy C 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMalaria infections occurring below the limit of detection of standard diagnostics are common in all endemic settings. However, key questions remain surrounding their contribution to sustaining transmission and whether they need to be detected and targeted to achieve malaria elimination. In this study we analyse a range of malaria datasets to quantify the density, detectability, course of infection and infectiousness of subpatent infections. Asymptomatically infected individuals have lower parasite densities on average in low transmission settings compared to individuals in higher transmission settings. In cohort studies, subpatent infections are found to be predictive of future periods of patent infection and in membrane feeding studies, individuals infected with subpatent asexual parasite densities are found to be approximately a third as infectious to mosquitoes as individuals with patent (asexual parasite) infection. These results indicate that subpatent infections contribute to the infectious reservoir, may be long lasting, and require more sensitive diagnostics to detect them in lower transmission settings.
Scalable synthesis of ant-nest-like bulk porous silicon for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes
Authors: An Weili , Gao Biao , Mei Shixiong , Xiang Ben , Fu Jijiang , Wang Lei , Zhang Qiaobao , Chu Paul K. , Huo Kaifu 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAlthough silicon is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries, scalable synthesis of silicon anodes with good cyclability and low electrode swelling remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report a scalable top-down technique to produce ant-nest-like porous silicon from magnesium-silicon alloy. The ant-nest-like porous silicon comprising three-dimensional interconnected silicon nanoligaments and bicontinuous nanopores can prevent pulverization and accommodate volume expansion during cycling resulting in negligible particle-level outward expansion. The carbon-coated porous silicon anode delivers a high capacity of 1,271 mAh g−1 at 2,100 mA g−1 with 90% capacity retention after 1,000 cycles and has a low electrode swelling of 17.8% at a high areal capacity of 5.1 mAh cm−2. The full cell with the prelithiated silicon anode and Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 cathode boasts a high energy density of 502 Wh Kg−1 and 84% capacity retention after 400 cycles. This work provides insights into the rational design of alloy anodes for high-energy batteries.
The dawn of non-Hermitian optics
Authors: El-Ganainy Ramy , Khajavikhan Mercedeh , Christodoulides Demetrios N. , Ozdemir Sahin K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractRecent years have seen a tremendous progress in the theory and experimental implementations of non-Hermitian photonics, including all-lossy optical systems as well as parity-time symmetric systems consisting of both optical loss and gain. This progress has led to a host of new intriguing results in the physics of light–matter interactions with promising potential applications in optical sciences and engineering. In this comment, we present a brief perspective on the developments in this field and discuss possible future research directions that can benefit from the notion of non-Hermitian engineering.
Modulation of CRMP2 via (S)-Lacosamide shows therapeutic promise but is ultimately ineffective in a mouse model of CLN6-Batten disease
Authors: White Katherine A. , Cain Jacob T. , Magee Helen , Yeon Seul Ki , Park Ki Duk , Khanna Rajesh , Weimer Jill M. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
CLN6-Batten disease is a rare neurodegenerative disorder with no cure, characterized by accumulation of lipofuscin in the lysosome, glial activation, and neuronal death. Here we test the therapeutic efficacy of modulating collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) activity via S-N-benzy-2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ((S)-Lacosamide) in a mouse model of CLN6-Batten disease. Promisingly, mouse neuronal cultures as well as Cln6 patient fibroblasts treated with varying concentrations of (S)-Lacosamide showed positive restoration of lysosomal associated deficits. However, while acute in vivo treatment enhanced glial activation in 3-month-old Cln6 mutant mice, chronic treatment over several months did not improve behavioral or long-term survival outcomes. Therefore, modulation of CRMP2 activity via (S)-Lacosamide alone is unlikely to be a viable therapeutic target for CLN6-Batten disease.
Study on speed and torque control of a novel hydromechanical hybrid transmission system in wind turbine
Authors: Chen Wenting , Lin Yonggang , Li Wei , Liu Hongwei , Tu Le , Meng Hao 
Published: March 2019

A wind turbine is the most typical machine used to capture energy from the wind. The system design goal of a wind turbine is to obtain as much energy as possible from the wind while transmitting as much of that energy to the grid as possible, all under the highest possible level of stability. Currently, many inherent weaknesses result in a high failure rate in common commercial wind turbines with gear drive systems. To improve the performance, in this study, a typical 1.5 MW gear transmission was redesigned into a novel hydromechanical transmission system (HMTS). Parameters related to the HMTS efficiency were analysed to ensure that the efficiency was relatively high. The variable speed ratio (VSR) and torque triple absorption (TTA) principle were thoroughly deduced. Moreover, a MATLAB/Simulink‐ AMESim cosimulation model was proposed, and a 30 kW proportional prototype was established. Both simulation and experimental results show that the structural design and proposed control strategies meet the design goals, including a relatively high transmission efficiency around the rated wind speed, speed control below the rated wind speed, and torque control above the rated wind speed. These achievements should guarantee the future application of the novel transmission system in wind turbines.
X-ray absorbing column densities of a complete sample of short gamma ray bursts
Authors: Asquini L. , Campana S. , D’Avanzo P. , Bernardini M. G. , Covino S. , Ghirlanda G. , Ghisellini G. , Melandri A. , Nava L. , Salafia O. S. , Salvaterra R. , Sbarufatti B. , Tagliaferri G. , Vergani S. D. 
Published: March 2019

Context. X-ray absorbing column densities (NH) are used as a parameter to quantify the amount of absorbing material along the line of sight. The high values found for long gamma ray bursts (LGRBs) confirmed that these events take place in dense, star-forming environments, joining as an indirect proof the observation of supernovae associated to the bursts and the location in the brightest galaxy regions. Recently, the simultaneous detection of a short gamma ray burst (SGRB) and a gravitational wave signal occurred, strongly supporting the hypothesis that SGRBs instead originate from the merger of compact objects. The different predictions of the two progenitor scenarios for short and long GRBs should be reflected in a difference in the amount of absorbing matter between the two populations, with SGRBs occurring in less dense environments. Previous studies found that the two column density distributions were indistinguishable when compared in the same redshift range. The samples, though, were relatively small (10–12 SGRBs), and spanned a redshift range z ≲ 1.
Aims. We update a flux-limited complete sample of Swift-based SGRBs, the SBAT4, bringing it to 25 events and doubling its previous redshift range. We then evaluate the column densities of the events in the updated sample, in order to compare them with the NH distribution of LGRBs, using the sample BAT6ext.
Methods. We relied on Monte Carlo simulations of the two populations and compare the computed NH distributions with a two sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S) test. We then studied how the K–S probability varies with respect to the redshift range we consider.
Results. We find that the K–S probability keeps decreasing as redshift increases until at z ∼ 1.8 the probability that short and long GRBs come from the same parent distribution drops below 1%. This testifies for an observational difference among the two populations. This difference may be due to the presence of highly absorbed LGRBs above z ∼ 1.3, which have not been observed in the SGRB sample yet, although this may be due to our inability to detect them, or to the relatively small sample size.
Finite element approximation of the Isaacs equation
Authors: Salgado Abner J. , Zhang Wujun 
Published: March 2019

We propose and analyze a two-scale finite element method for the Isaacs equation. The fine scale is given by the mesh sizehwhereas the coarse scaleεis dictated by an integro-differential approximation of the partial differential equation. We show that the method satisfies the discrete maximum principle provided that the mesh is weakly acute. This, in conjunction with weak operator consistency of the finite element method, allows us to establish convergence of the numerical solution to the viscosity solution asε,h→ 0, andε ≳ (h|logh|)1/2. In addition, using a discrete Alexandrov Bakelman Pucci estimate we deduce rates of convergence, under suitable smoothness assumptions on the exact solution.
Endovenöse Rekanalisationen von chronischen Beckenvenenverschlüssen
Authors: Lichtenberg Michael 
Published: March 2019

Was ist neu?
Pathophysiologie Eine persistierende venöse Ausstromobstruktion nach iliofemoraler Thrombose führt bei vielen Patienten zu den Symptomen eines postthrombotischen Syndroms, wobei bereits eine persistierende Beinschwellung und venöse Claudicatio eine Einschränkung der Lebensqualität bedeuten kann.
Endovaskuläre Therapie Anspruchsvolle endovaskuläre Rekanalisationstechniken in Spezialkliniken ermöglichen die Wiedereröffnung von jahrelang bestehenden chronischen Verschlüssen der Vena cava inferior und der Beckenvenen.
Neue venöse Stentgeneration Inzwischen liegen immer mehr klinische Sicherheits- und Effektivitätsdaten für die neue Generation von Venenstents vor. Bei der Auswahl eines Stents sollte auf die jeweilige physikalische Eigenschaft des Stents geachtet werden, die sich teilweise sehr unterschiedlich zeigt bei den inzwischen neun in Europa zugelassenen venösen Stents.