bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Relations as a Social System: From Sociocybernetics to the Sociology of IR
Authors: Peña Alejandro M 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAgainst current developments in the sociology of IR, from new systemic theorizations of world society to Bourdieusian approaches to the practices of IR scholars, this article claims that relevant problems remain regarding how IR theorizes its social location and reconciles the social character of the world it observes with the social character of its observations. To reformulate these problems, the article draws from an underused paradigm of social system theorizing, sociocybernetics, offering a radical constructivist treatment of the problem of observation and reflexivity. Elaborating the notion of second-order cybernetics and Niklas Luhmann's take on the reproduction of observing social systems, the article argues that IR can be conceived as an observing social system that adapts by altering and subdividing the semantic boundaries of its systemic communications, that is, IR theories. This socio-heuristic process structures both the first-order observations IR makes about the world, as well as second-order observations of itself. In this manner, the article argues that sociocybernetics-informed sociology of IR communications can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of IR as a social system that observes society from society.
A Novel Simulated-Use Test for Determining the Efficacy of Insecticides Against Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
Authors: Vander Pan Arlette , Schmolz Erik , Krücken Jürgen , Kuhn Carola 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. has undergone a worldwide expansion in recent years, due to increased opportunities for dispersal and development of insecticide resistance. For successful control, efficacy testing of products against bed bugs and determination of insecticide resistance under practical conditions are of outstanding importance. A new test system mimicking the practical use situation of residual insecticides was developed and evaluated. Bed bugs were attracted by CO2 and heat to cross surfaces treated with alpha-cypermethrin and bendiocarb. In contrast to the complete efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin (less than 1% surviving bed bugs [with one exception of 5%]), only 45.3, 46, and 29% of insecticide-susceptible bed bugs showed lethal damage 7 d after contact with freshly bendiocarb-treated wallpaper or insecticide aged for 1 or 2 wk. Results show that the efficacy of different insecticides can be assessed with this new test system. Moreover, susceptibility to deltamethrin of five bed bug field strains, collected from infested apartments in Berlin, Germany, was determined in a filter paper contact bioassay. Resistance ratios (RRs) ranged between 4.3 and 20.7. In the novel simulated-use test, efficacy of alpha-cypermethrin was tested against the bed bug strain with the highest RR. In contrast to the insecticide-susceptible laboratory strain, alpha-cypermethrin was not effective against the field strain, where 26–50% of the bed bugs survived and even laid eggs. These results provide evidence for the presence of practically relevant pyrethroid resistance in bed bugs in Germany.
Spatial Distribution of German Cockroaches in a High-Rise Apartment Building During Building-Wide Integrated Pest Management
Authors: Zha Chen , Wang Changlu , Eiden Amanda , Cooper Richard , Wang Desen 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea, Ectobiidae) is one of the most common indoor pests in multifamily housing communities. Our objectives were to investigate the spatial distribution patterns of German cockroach infestations in a multiunit dwelling before and after building-wide integrated pest management (IPM) implementation. The study was conducted in a high-rise apartment building with 188 residential units in Paterson, New Jersey. All the identified infestations were treated by researchers using IPM implementation, and monitoring was repeated at 6 and 12 mo after the initial survey. We examined cockroach spatial distribution patterns within and between apartments. Traps placed by the stove and refrigerator caught significantly more cockroaches than traps placed in the kitchen cabinet under the sink or in the bathroom. At month 0, cockroach infestations within the building were spatially correlated. At 12 mo after implementation of IPM, only infestations cross the floors remained to be correlated. Therefore, IPM not only eliminates cockroach infestations in individual units, but also reduces cockroach dispersal between units.
Evaluation of Mating Disruption For the Control of Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) in Suburban Recreational Areas in Italy and Greece
Authors: Trematerra Pasquale , Colacci Marco , Athanassiou Christos G , Kavallieratos Nickolas G , Rumbos Christos I , Boukouvala Maria C , Nikolaidou Anastassia J , Kontodimas Demetrius C , Benavent-Fernández Enrique , Gálvez-Settier Santiago 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis and Schiffermüller) is a severe defoliator of various species of Pinus and Cedrus, while the urticanting hairs produced by its larvae cause public health problems for humans and pets. In the present study, we report results of trials (from summer 2015 until winter 2017) of mating disruption for management of T. pityocampa in different areas of Italy and Greece. Overall, the total number of male moths captured in mating disruption-treated plots over each season (70) was significantly lower than the respective number in untreated plots (780). The total number of winter nests was likewise significantly less in the mating disruption plots (13) compared with control plots (147). Our results indicate that mating disruption can be an important tool for judicious, insecticide-free control of T. pityocampa in urban, suburban, and recreational areas, where many alternative control measures are not available.
Gender, Parenthood and Feelings of Safety in Greek Refugee Centres
Authors: Bjørneseth Frida , Smidt Martin , Stachowski Jakub 
Published: April 2019

AbstractForced migration and displacement are often associated with increased exposure to various risks that negatively affect personal safety. While experiences of displaced populations are heterogeneous, women have been shown to be exposed to intersecting factors, such as vulnerability to gender-based violence, restricting cultural norms and discrimination. Being a mother—or at least responsible for the care of a child—while en route stands as another marginalizing factor. This article’s point of departure is the so-called European ‘refugee crisis’ that peaked in 2015 and examines the effects of gender and family on the experience of safety among refugees in six refugee centres in Greece. We explore how intersecting issues such as gender roles and being responsible for children impact individuals’ feelings of safety. Using descriptive statistics and regression analyses of survey data on 367 migrants in six Greek refugee centres, we find that female migrants are more likely to feel unsafe compared to males. However, our results indicate that gender differences in feelings of safety are minimal for those without children. While having children affects both genders’ feeling of safety, the effect is much greater for women than for men. Our conclusion is that dissimilar experiences of safety along gender dimension are conditioned by norms and obligations inscribed in social roles of parents and care-givers.
Yeast applied readthrough inducing system (YARIS): an invivo assay for the comprehensive study of translational readthrough
Authors: Beznosková Petra , Pavlíková Zuzana , Zeman Jakub , Echeverría Aitken Colin , Valášek Leoš S 
Published: April 2019

AbstractStop codon readthrough—the decoding of a stop codon by a near-cognate tRNA—is employed by viruses to balance levels of enzymatic and structural proteins and by eukaryotic cells to enable isoform-specific protein synthesis in response to external stimuli. Owing to the prevalence of premature termination codons in human disease, readthrough has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target. A growing list of various features, for example the +4 nucleotide immediately following the stop codon, modulate readthrough levels, underscoring the need for systematic investigation of readthrough. Here, we identified and described a complete group of yeast tRNAs that induce readthrough in the stop-codon tetranucleotide manner when overexpressed, designated readthrough-inducing tRNAs (rti-tRNAs). These rti-tRNAs are the keystones of YARIS (yeast applied readthrough inducing system), a reporter-based assay enabling simultaneous detection of readthrough levels at all twelve stop-codon tetranucleotides and as a function of the complete set of rti-tRNAs. We demonstrate the utility of YARIS for systematic study of translation readthrough by employing it to interrogate the effects of natural rti-tRNA modifications, as well as various readthrough-inducing drugs (RTIDs). This analysis identified a variety of genetic interactions demonstrating the power of YARIS to characterize existing and identify novel RTIDs.
A Single Preoperative Administration of Dexamethasone, Low-dose Pregabalin, or a Combination of the 2, in Spinal Surgery, Does Not Provide a Better Analgesia Than a Multimodal Analgesic Protocol Alone
Authors: Momon Aurélien , Verdier Bruno , Dolomie Jacques-Olivier , Gardette Mélanie , Pereira Bruno , Curt Isabelle , Dualé Christian 
Published: April 2019

Objectives:A single perioperative dose of glucocorticoid or gabapentinoid, or a combination of the 2, may improve postoperative analgesia, but data are still insufficient to be conclusive. In this single-center, randomized, double-blind, and double-dummy trial, we aimed to test whether the analgesic effect of adding preoperative pregabalin, at a dose unlikely to induce side effects, to preoperative dexamethasone improves early mobilization after spinal surgery.Materials and Methods:A total of 160 patients undergoing scheduled lumbar disk surgery (145 analyzed) comprised the study cohort. The patients received either 0.2 mg/kg intravenous dexamethasone before incision, or 150 mg oral pregabalin 1 hour before surgery, or a combination of the 2, or none of the above (control). Analgesia was supplemented by acetaminophen and ketoprofen, plus oxycodone ad libitum. The primary outcome was pain intensity during the first attempt to sit up, assessed the morning of the first postoperative day on an 11-point Numerical Rating Scale. Pain at rest and when standing up, opioid consumption, and tolerance were also assessed.Results:None of the treatments tested differed from the control group in terms of efficacy or tolerance, even 6 months after surgery. The overall quality of analgesia was good, with only 10% and 30% of pain scores exceeding 3/10 for pain at rest and during movement, respectively.Discussion:In this surgical model with the given anesthetic and analgesic environment, there was no advantage gained by adding low-dose pregabalin or dexamethasone. The multimodal analgesic protocol applied to all patients may have reduced the size of the effect.
Surveying the POSNA Landscape: What Can We Learn From Society Survey Studies?
Authors: Williams Brendan A. , Guerrero Andres , Blakemore Laurel C. , Frick Steven L. 
Published: April 2019

Background:
A growing trend of survey-based research has been seen in the field of pediatric orthopaedics. The purpose of this study was to describe patterns of surveys of Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America (POSNA) membership and evaluate for associations between study characteristics and response rates in order to inform future research efforts. We hypothesized that studies with fewer survey questions and study group or committee involvement would demonstrate higher response rates.

Methods:
A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify all peer-reviewed survey publications targeting POSNA members published up to December 2017. Included studies were reviewed to identify author and publication characteristics, survey development and methodology, survey distribution procedures, and response rates. Statistical analyses were performed to describe publication patterns and evaluate for associations between study characteristics and response rates.

Results:
Thirty-four studies published from 1991 to 2017 were identified as meeting inclusion criteria, with a substantial increase noted over the last 3 years. Studies included 4.6 (SD 1.9) authors and 14.7% had affiliations with study groups or committees. Survey development methodology was detailed in only 1 study. Surveys included a median of 19.5 questions (3 to 108) and were primarily electronically distributed. The mean survey response rate was 42% with a downward trend noted over the studied time period. None of the studied author, publication, and design characteristics were associated with increased response rates.

Conclusions:
Survey-based studies of the POSNA membership have become increasingly popular study designs in recent years. Response rates are lower than reports in other physician cohorts, and appear to be declining, possibly representative of respondent fatigue. No associations were identified between response rates and the modifiable study characteristics evaluated (number of authors, committee or subgroup affiliation, number of questions, and mode of distribution). Efforts should be made to identify tactics to sustain participation as these studies become more widely utilized within our field. Optimizing study design and implementation features while valuing physician time and effort spent on survey completion is important to avoid member survey fatigue.

Level of Evidence:
Level V—systematic review of Level V research.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Morphological Change of Paraspinal Muscles in Girls With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Yeung Kwong Hang , Man Gene Chi Wai , Shi Lin , Hui Steve Cheuk Ngai , Chiyanika Chileka , Lam Tsz Ping , Ng Bobby Kin Wah , Cheng Jack Chun Yiu , Chu Winnie Chiu Wing 
Published: April 2019

Study Design.
A cross-sectional study.

Objective.
To investigate and compare any morphological differences in paraspinal muscles (PSM) between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients (with severe or non-severe curves) and healthy controls.

Summary of Background Data.
Several studies have reported abnormalities in biochemical, electromyographic activity, and histological changes of PSM in AIS. However, these studies only had qualitative data and without comparison with controls. Changes of muscle mass and mean density at the lumbar region have been described for scoliotic spines. All these findings suggested that imbalance of PSM in AIS could be a contributing factor to the development of severe scoliotic curve.

Methods.
T2-weighted MR images with multi-planar reconstruction were acquired in 41 Chinese AIS girls with a primary right-sided thoracic curve and 23 age-matched controls. In AIS, measurements of PSM were taken on both concavity and convexity of scoliosis starting from two vertebrae above and two below the apex. Morphological assessments of the multifidus (MF) and erector spinae (ES) muscles on both sides were made including signal intensity (SI) and fat deposition using manual tracing and thresholding technique, respectively. Same parameters were measured in controls at matched vertebrae. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results.
Abnormalities were found at concavity of muscles between AIS and controls. Significantly higher SI and fatty components was observed in AIS at MF muscles on concavity than controls (P-value <0.001). Additionally, SI at MF muscles was significantly correlated with Cobb angle.

Conclusion.
Increased SI and fatty components are asymmetrically present in PSM at apex in AIS. Our results showed higher intensity in PSM at concavity in AIS when compared with controls. There was a significant linear correlation between abnormal muscle signal and scoliotic curve. Above features are suggestive of altered muscle composition in concave PSM, possibly due to prolonged compression and reduced muscle activity of PSM caused by the spinal deformity.

Level of Evidence: 4
Validity of the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test to Assess Exercise Safety When Initiating Cardiac Rehabilitation in Low-Resource Settings
Authors: Lelis Joana D'arc , Chaves Gabriela , Ghisi Gabriela Lima de Melo , Grace Sherry L. , Britto Raquel Rodrigues 
Published: April 2019

Purpose:
To evaluate the validity of the Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT) for determining risk stratification in cardiac rehabilitation (CR).

Methods:
This is a cross-sectional study at a major CR center in a middle-income country. Clinically stable adult cardiac patients underwent an ISWT and an exercise test (ET), wore a pedometer for 7 d, and completed the Godin-Shepherd Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. Metabolic equivalents of task (METs) achieved on the ISWT were calculated.

Results:
One hundred fifteen patients were evaluated. The mean ± standard deviation distance on the ISWT was 372.70 ± 128.52 m and METs were 5.03 ± 0.62. The correlation of ISWT distance with ET METs (7.57 ± 2.57), steps/d (4556.71 ± 3280.88), and self-reported exercise (13.08 ± 15.19) was r
s = 0.61 (P < .001), r
s = 0.37 (P < .001), and r
s = 0.20 (P = .031), respectively. Distance on the ISWT accurately predicted METs from the ET (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.774). The ability to walk ≥410 m on the ISWT predicted, with a specificity of 81.5% and a sensitivity of 65.6%, a functional capacity of ≥7 METs on ET.

Conclusion:
The ISWT is an alternative way to evaluate functional capacity in CR and can contribute to the process of identifying patients at low risk for a cardiac event during exercise at moderate intensity.
Optimizing fluid therapy in shock
Authors: Marik Paul E. , Weinmann Maxwell 
Published: April 2019

Purpose of review
Shock, best defined as acute circulatory failure is classified into four major groups, namely hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, and distributive (vasodilatory). The purpose of this review is to provide a practical approach to fluid optimization in patients with the four types of shock.

Recent findings
Large-volume fluid resuscitation has traditionally been regarded as the cornerstone of resuscitation of shocked patients. However, in many instances, aggressive fluid resuscitation may be harmful, increasing morbidity and mortality.

Summary
We believe that the approach to fluid therapy must be individualized based on the cause of shock as well as the patient's major diagnosis, comorbidities and hemodynamic and respiratory status. A conservative, physiologically guided approach to fluid resuscitation likely improves patient outcomes.
Is microcirculatory assessment ready for regular use in clinical practice?
Authors: De Backer Daniel 
Published: April 2019

Purpose of review
The present review discusses the current role of microcirculatory assessment in the hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patients.

Recent findings
Videomicroscopic techniques have demonstrated that microvascular perfusion is altered in critically ill patients, and especially in sepsis. These alterations are associated with organ dysfunction and poor outcome. Handheld microscopes can easily be applied on the sublingual area of critically ill patients. Among the specific limitations of these techniques, the most important is that these can mostly investigate the sublingual microcirculation. The representativity of the sublingual area may be questioned, especially as some areas may sometimes be more affected than the sublingual area. Also, evaluation of the sublingual area may be difficult in nonintubated hypoxemic patients. Alternative techniques include vasoreactivity tests using either transient occlusion or performing a thermal challenge. These techniques evaluate the maximal dilatory properties of the microcirculation but do not really evaluate the actual microvascular perfusion. Focusing on the glycocalyx may be another option, especially with biomarkers of glycocalyx degradation and shedding. Evaluation of the glycocalyx is still largely experimental, with different tools still in investigation and lack of therapeutic target. Venoarterial differences in PCO2 are inversely related with microvascular perfusion, and can thus be used as surrogate for microcirculation assessment. Several limitations prevent the regular use in clinical practice. The first is the difficult use of some of these techniques outside research teams, whereas nurse-driven measurements are probably desired. The second important limitation for daily practice use is the lack of uniformly defined endpoint. The final limitation is that therapeutic interventions affecting the microcirculation are not straightforward.

Summary
Clinical and biological surrogates of microcirculatory assessment can be used at bedside. The role of microvideoscopic techniques is still hampered by the lack of clearly defined targets as well as interventions specifically targeting the microcirculation.
Tai Chi for improving balance and reducing falls
Authors: Zhong Dongling , Xiao Qiwei , He Mingxing , Li Yuxi , Ye Jing , Zheng Hui , Xia Lina , Zhang Chi , Liang Fanrong , Li Juan , Jin Rongjiang 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Introduction:
To investigate the effectiveness and safety of Tai Chi for improving balance and reducing falls on people.

Methods and analysis:
The following databases will be searched: China Biology Medicine (CBM), China National Knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), Wan Fang Data, the Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library from inception to March 2019. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) utilized Tai Chi to improve balance ability and reduce falls will be included. Primary outcomes are the fall-related indicators, including the number of falls, fall rate, and other fall-related outcomes. Additional outcomes include the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), standing-walk test, single-legged time, or other balance-related outcomes. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment will be performed independently by 2 reviewers. Assessment of risk of bias and data synthesis will be performed using Review Manager V5.3 software.

Ethics and dissemination:
The findings of this systematic review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publication or conference presentations.

Trial registration number PROSPERO CRD42019127810
Gradual aggravation of idiopathic glossopharyngeal neuralgia due to chronic tonsillitis
Authors: Kim EunSoo , Do Wangseok , Jung Young-Hoon , Lee Jiyoun , Baik Jiseok 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Rationale:
Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is a rare type of neuralgia. Depending on the cause, it is classified as idiopathic GPN and secondary GPN. Secondary GPN can also be caused by a mass effect or inflammation of the tonsils, the innervation area of glossopharyngeal nerve.

Patient concerns:
The patient was diagnosed idiopathic GPN 8 years ago. The patient had intermittent pain, but the pain was well controlled. From 5 months ago, the pain gradually worsened, the patient complained severe pain which impaired chewing and swallowing function.

Diagnoses:
Idiopathic GPN, secondary GPN, chronic tonsillitis

Interventions:
Percutaneous glossopharyngeal nerve block, glossopharyngeal neurolysis, and pulsed radiofrequency neuromodulation of glossopharyngeal nerve were performed. After the diagnosis of tonsillitis, antibiotic therapy was performed

Outcomes:
Two weeks after the antibiotic treatment, the pain decreased simultaneously with the patient's tonsillitis recovery.

Lessons:
In a Patient who had already been diagnosed with idiopathic GPN, both pain control and its cause should be considered when the pain is aggravated.