bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using a Particle Filter to Estimate the Spatial Distribution of the Snowpack Water Equivalent
Authors: Cantet Philippe , Boucher M. A. , Lachance-Coutier S. , Turcotte R. , Fortin V. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA snow model forced by temperature and precipitation is used to simulate the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) over a 600 000 km2 portion of the province of Quebec, Canada. We propose to improve model simulations by assimilating SWE data from sporadic manual snow surveys with a particle filter. A temporally and spatially correlated perturbation of the meteorological forcing is used to generate the set of particles. The magnitude of the perturbations is fixed objectively. First, the particle filter and direct insertion were both applied on 88 sites for which measured SWE consisted of more or less five values per year over a period of 17 years. The temporal correlation of perturbations enables us to improve the accuracy and the ensemble dispersion of the particle filter, while the spatial correlation leads to a spatial coherence in the particle weights. The spatial estimates of SWE obtained with the particle filter are compared with those obtained through optimal interpolation of the snow survey data, which is the current operational practice in Quebec. Cross-validation results as well as validation against an independent dataset show that the proposed particle filter enables us to improve the spatial distribution of the snow water equivalent compared with optimal interpolation.
Gridded Monthly Rainfall Estimates Derived from Historical Atoll Observations
Authors: Cook Werner E. , Greene J. Scott 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTo provide an analysis tool for areal rainfall estimates, 1° gridded monthly sea level rainfall estimates have been derived from historical atoll rainfall observations contained in the Pacific Rainfall (PACRAIN) database. The PACRAIN database is a searchable repository of in situ rainfall observations initiated and maintained by the University of Oklahoma and supported by a research grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Climate Program Office/Ocean Observing and Monitoring. The gridding algorithm employs ordinary kriging, a standard geostatistical technique, and selects for nonnegative estimates and for local estimation neighborhoods yielding minimum kriging variance. This methodology facilitates the selection of fixed-size neighborhoods from available stations beyond simply choosing the closest stations, as it accounts for dependence between estimator stations. The number of stations used for estimation is based on bias and standard error exhibited under cross estimation. A cross validation is conducted, comparing estimated and observed rains, as well as theoretical and observed standard errors for the ordinary kriging estimator. The conditional bias of the kriging estimator and the predictive value of kriging standard errors, with respect to observed standard errors, are discussed. Plots of the gridded rainfall estimates are given for sample El Niño and La Niña cases and standardized differences between the estimates produced here and the merged monthly rainfall estimates published by the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) are shown and discussed.
Modeling variables associated with personal recovery among service users with mental disorders using community-based services
Authors: Fleury Marie-Josée , Sabetti Judith , Bamvita Jean-Marie , Grenier Guy 
Published: February 2019

Background: Mental health research is evolving toward the identification of conceptual models and associated variables, which may provide a better understanding of personal recovery, given its importance for individuals affected by mental disorders (MDs). Aims: This article evaluated personal recovery in a sample of adults with MDs using an adapted conceptual framework based on the Andersen behavioral model, which evaluates predisposing, enabling and needs factors in service use. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional and included 327 mental health service users recruited across four local health service networks in Quebec (Canada). Data were collected using seven standardized instruments and participant medical records. Structural equation modeling was performed. Results: Quality of life (QOL), an enabling factor, was most strongly associated with personal recovery. Health behavior variables associated with recovery included the following: use of alcohol services, having a family physician, consulting a psychologist, use of food banks, consulting fewer professionals and not using drug services. Regarding needs factors, higher numbers of needs, lower severity of unmet health, social and basic needs and absence of mood disorders were also associated with personal recovery. No predisposing factors emerged as significant in the model. Conclusion: Findings suggest that QOL, needs variables and comprehensive service delivery are important in personal recovery. Services should be individualized to the health, social and basic needs of service users, particularly those with mood disorders or co-occurring mental health/substance use disorders.
Prioritizing Workforce Development Training in State Health Departments Using TRAIN: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Angeloni Magali , Bialek Ron , Petros Michael P. , Fagen Michael C. 
Published: February 2019

Objective: The objectives of this study were (1) to obtain data on the current status of public health workforce training and the use of the Training Finder Real-Time Affiliate Network (TRAIN), a public health learning management platform, in state health departments, and (2) to use the data to identify organizational features that might be affecting training and to determine barriers to and opportunities for improving training. Methods: We conducted structured interviews in 2014 with TRAIN administrators and performance improvement managers (n = 14) from 7 state health departments that were using TRAIN to determine training practices and barriers to training. We determined key organizational features of the 7 agencies, including training structure, required training, TRAIN administrators’ employment status (full time or part time), barriers to the use and tracking of core competencies in TRAIN, training needs assessment methods, leadership support of training and staff development, and agency interest in applying for Public Health Accreditation Board accreditation. Results: We identified 4 common elements among TRAIN-affiliated state health departments: (1) underuse of TRAIN as a training tool, (2) inadequate ownership of training within the organization, (3) insufficient valuation of and budgeting for training, and (4) emerging collaboration and changing perceptions about training stimulated by agency preparation for accreditation. Conclusions: Public health leaders can increase buy-in to the importance of training by giving responsibility for training to a person, centralizing training, and setting expectations for the newly responsible training leader to update training policy and require the use of TRAIN to develop, implement, evaluate, monitor, and report on agency-wide training.
Are Otolaryngology Milestones Predictive of Otolaryngology Training Examination Scores?
Authors: Lozada Kirkland N. , Ferrandino Rocco M. , Teng Marita S. , Colley Patrick M. , Bernstein Joseph M. 
Published: February 2019

Importance: Otolaryngology residents take the otolaryngology training examination (OTE) yearly to assess their fund of knowledge. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) milestone evaluations are also conducted semiannually. Accurate prediction of training examination performance allows identification of residents who are performing well and those who need targeted remediation. Prior studies in other specialties have attempted to use milestone evaluations to help predict in-training examination scores. Objective: In this study, we aim to identify whether ACGME milestone evaluation scores predict OTE performance. Design: Milestone ratings and OTE scores for residents at 2 US otolaryngology residency programs were collected. Multivariate analysis was achieved using linear mixed modeling. We considered a 2-tailed P value of ≤ .05 as statistically significant. Setting: Two US otolaryngology residency programs Participants: Forty-eight otolaryngology residents postgraduate years 2 to 5 Results: Otolaryngology training examination scores and ACGME milestone evaluations were collected from 48 residents from postgraduate year 2 to 5 between the years 2014 and 2017. One hundred eight OTE scores were available. Linear mixed-effect models were constructed, and after adjusting for level of training and OTE year, the total milestone rating made a negligible impact in estimating OTE percentage correct (β = −.01, P = .9). Similarly, total milestone rating demonstrated a minimal contribution in approximating OTE national stanine score after adjusting for the level of training (β = −.003, P = .9). Conclusions and Relevance: In our study, ACGME milestone evaluations are not predictive of residents’ OTE performance. What these milestone evaluation data mean and how they should be used continues to be an unanswered question. We should aim to identify the most effective applications of the milestone data collected yearly by otolaryngology programs.
Prosthetic pulmonary valve and conduit endocarditis in congenital heart disease
Authors: Rebollal-Leal Fernando , Felipe-Abella Raúl , Gutierrez-García Francisco , A. Mestres Carlos , Bautista-Hernandez Victor 
Published: February 2019

Background Pulmonary valve replacement is one of the most common procedures in patients with congenital heart disease. Little is known about prosthetic valve endocarditis in this population. Objectives To review management and outcomes of pediatric and adult patients with a prosthetic pulmonary valve or right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery conduit infective endocarditis. Methods and results A multiinstitutional cohort of 10 patients is reported. Median age at endocarditis was 24 years (range 8–41 years). The most common causative organisms were Staphylococcus ( n = 4) and Streptococcus species ( n = 2). In addition to medical treatment, 5 patients required surgery. Majors complications such as renal damage, life-threatening hemoptysis, and septic shock were observed. No patient died in hospital or during follow-up. Conclusions Pulmonary prosthetic valve endocarditis is a rare condition associated with significant morbidity and a high risk of requiring operative intervention. Larger studies are required to optimize the management.
The effectiveness of trunk training on trunk control, sitting and standing balance and mobility post-stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Van Criekinge Tamaya , Truijen Steven , Schröder Jonas , Maebe Zoë , Blanckaert Kyra , van der Waal Charlotte , Vink Marijke , Saeys Wim 
Published: February 2019

Objective:To investigate the effectiveness of trunk training on trunk control, sitting and standing balance and mobility.Data sources:PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Cochrane Library, Rehab+ and ScienceDirect were searched until January 2019.Review methods:Randomized controlled trials were included if they investigated the effect of trunk exercises on balance and gait after stroke. Four reviewers independently screened and performed data extraction and risk of bias assessment with the PEDro scale. Disagreements were resolved by a fifth independent reviewer. A meta-analysis was performed to quantitatively describe the results.Results:After screening of 1881 studies, 22 studies and 394 participants met the inclusion criteria. Trunk training was executed as core stability, reaching, weight-shift or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation exercises. The amount of therapy varied from a total of 3–36 hours between studies. The median PEDro score was 6 out of 10 which corresponds with a low risk of bias. Meta-analysis was performed with a random-effects model due to differences in study population, interventions received and follow-up length. The overall treatment effect was large for trunk control standardized mean differences (SMD) 1.08 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.96–1.31), standing balance SMD 0.84 (95% CI: 0.04–0.98) and mobility SMD 0.88 (95% CI: 0.67–1.09).Conclusions:In patients suffering from stroke, there is a strong amount of evidence showing that trunk training is able to improve trunk control, sitting and standing balance and mobility.
Henry A. Wallace as Vice President: The Last New Dealer
Authors: Wijkman Per Magnus 
Published: February 2019

In his third term, Roosevelt appointed Vice President Henry A. Wallace to Chair the Board of Economic Warfare. Conflicts soon arose with Secretaries Jessie Jones and Cordell Hull. An ailing Roosevelt replaced Wallace by Leo Crowley and adopted a bipartisan policy to win the war. He abandoned the New Deal, and left to Wallace to support trade unions, to protect the rights of Blacks in the South and of those working in defense industries in the North and to champion the interests of the common man. Roosevelt dropped Wallace from the ticket in 1944 to get southern support to run for a fourth term. As Secretary of Commerce in President Truman’s cabinet, Wallace advocated normalizing relations with the U.S.S.R. But like his father before him, he now represented a minority view in a government dominated by industrial, military, and financial interests. At the urging of Secretary of State Byrnes, President Truman dismissed Wallace in 1946.JEL Classification: F5.
Are People Trained in Economics “Different,” and if so, Why? A Literature Review
Authors: Hellmich Simon Niklas 
Published: February 2019

Some argue that frequent confrontation with the homo economicus actor-concept motivates economists to adjust their behavior to that paradigm. Another thesis is that economists are different because the discipline attracts individuals with preferences that differ from those of noneconomists. This article discusses survey, experimental, and field evidence collected during this debate. In certain situations, there appear differences between the behavior of people trained in economics and other groups, but as the existing evidence is mostly ambiguous, a comprehensive picture of the nature and sources of these differences has not yet emerged. The article concludes that economics teachers and researchers should pay more attention to the influence the normative statements inherent in basic neoclassical economics can have on cognitive frames and interindividual processes in moral decision making. JEL Classifications: A13, A2
Appropriateness of Direct Oral Anticoagulant Dosing in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Insights From the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Leef George C. , Perino Alexander C. , Askari Mariam , Fan Jun , Ho P. Michael , Olivier Christoph B. , Longo Lisa , Mahaffey Kenneth W. , Turakhia Mintu P. 
Published: February 2019

Background: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have strict dosing guidelines, but recent studies indicate that inappropriate dosing is common, particularly in chronic kidney disease (CKD), for which it has been reported to be as high as 43%. Since 2011, the Veterans Health Administration (VA) has implemented anticoagulation management programs for DOACs, generally led by pharmacists, which has previously been shown to improve medication adherence. Objective: We investigated the prevalence of overdosing and underdosing of DOACs in the VA. Methods: Using data from the TREAT-AF cohort study (The Retrospective Evaluation and Assessment of Therapies in AF), we identified VA patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF) and receipt of a DOAC between 2003 and 2015. We classified dosing as correct, overdosed, or underdosed based on the Food and Drug Administration–approved dosing criteria. Results: Of 230 762 patients, 5060 received dabigatran (77.3%) or rivaroxaban (22.7%) within 90 days of AF diagnosis (age 69 [10[ years; CHA2DS2-VASc 1.6 [1.4]), of which 1312 (25.9%) had CKD based on estimated glomerular filtration rate <60. Overall, 93.6% of patients, 83.2% with CKD, received appropriate DOAC dosing. Incorrect dosing increased with worsening renal function. Conclusion: Compared to recent studies of commercial payers and health-care systems, incorrect dosing of DOACs is less common across the VA. Pharmacist-led DOAC management or similar anticoagulation management interventions may reduce the risk of incorrect dosing across health-care systems.
Trends in the Incidence, Etiology, Treatment, and Outcomes of Pleural Infections in Adults Over a Decade in a Finnish University Hospital
Authors: Lehtomäki A. , Nevalainen R. , Ukkonen M. , Nieminen J. , Laurikka J. , Khan J. 
Published: February 2019

Background and Aims: The aim of the study was to ascertain changes in the incidence, etiology, treatment, and outcomes of pleural infections over a decade in a Finnish University Hospital. Materials and Methods: All patients treated for pleural infections in Tampere University Hospital during 2000–2008 and 2012–2016 were included. The incidence rates and the epidemiologic data and medical history of patients, etiology of infection, and treatment trends and outcomes were compared between the cohorts. Results: The incidence of pleural infections increased from 4.4 during 2000–2008 to 9.9 during 2012–2016 per 100.000 patient-years, p < 0.001. The patients in the latter group were older, 63 versus 57 years, p = 0.001, and the prevalence of chronic lung disease, hypertension, heart failure, dyslipidemia, and immunosuppressive medication were higher. The causes of infection remained similar and pneumonia accounted for 70% of all cases. The identification rate of the microbe pathogens increased from 49% to 64%, p = 0.002, while the distribution of identified pathogens was unchanged. More patients in the latter cohort were treated operatively, 88.3% versus 80.9%, p = 0.005, and, in these, the proportion of thoracoscopic surgery was higher, 57.4% versus 8.0%, p < 0.001, and the delay to surgery shorter, 5 versus 7 days, p < 0.001. Radiologic outcomes were similar. The 30-day mortality rate was 3.1% during 2000–2008 and 5.1% during 2012–2016, p = 0.293. conclusion: The overall incidence of pleural infections has increased significantly while the causes of pleural infections and the distribution of pathogens remain unchanged. Contemporary patients are older with higher prevalence of comorbidities and more frequently undergo thoracoscopic surgery.
Differences in Prognostic Factors and Recurrence Patterns After Curative-Intent Resection of Perihilar and Distal Cholangiocarcinomas
Authors: Sallinen V. , Sirén J. , Mäkisalo H. , Lehtimäki T. E. , Lantto E. , Kokkola A. , Nordin A. 
Published: February 2019

Background: Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma and distal cholangiocarcinoma arise from the same tissue but require different surgical treatment methods. It remains unclear whether these cholangiocarcinoma types have different outcomes, prognostic factors, and/or recurrence patterns. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated patients who underwent curative-intent resection for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma or distal cholangiocarcinoma at a tertiary academic hospital during 2000–2015. Survival and prognostic factors were identified using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses. Results: The 90-day mortality rates were 0% for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (36 patients) and 4% for distal cholangiocarcinoma (47 patients). There were no significant differences between perihilar cholangiocarcinoma or distal cholangiocarcinoma in median overall survival (30.9 vs 40.4 months) or median disease-free survival (14.2 vs 21.4 months). Among perihilar cholangiocarcinoma patients, age > 65 years was an independent predictor of poorer overall survival (hazard ratio: 2.45, 95% confidence interval: 1.07–5.64), while requiring bile duct re-resection was an independent predictor of disease-free survival (hazard ratio: 2.76, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–7.51). Among distal cholangiocarcinoma patients, a pN1 category independently predicted poorer overall survival (hazard ratio: 3.40, 95% confidence interval: 1.14–10.11), while preoperative CA19-9 levels >30 U/mL (hazard ratio: 2.51, 95% confidence interval: 1.09–5.79) and pN1 category (hazard ratio: 2.51, 95% confidence interval: 1.09–5.79) predicted a shorter disease-free survival. Local recurrence was more common with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (50% of recurrences), while multiple synchronous sites were more common for distal cholangiocarcinoma (41% of recurrences). Conclusion: Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma and distal cholangiocarcinoma patients have similar survival outcomes. However, local control appears to be more prognostic for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma patients, while positive lymph nodes are critical prognostic factor for distal cholangiocarcinoma patients.
Social Movement Learning and Human Resource Development: An Agenda for a Radical Future
Authors: Sisco Stephanie , Valesano Michael , Collins Joshua C. 
Published: February 2019

The Problem Research concerning how social movements change power relations, policies, and structures in organizations remains unexplored within human resource development (HRD) literature. The Solution The purpose of this article is to explore the intersections of HRD and social movement learning (SML) by acknowledging how social movements invite organizations to recognize and learn about social interests and social injustice. A review of concepts concerning collective learning, power and politics, and spatial theory guided the assumptions and claims outlined throughout the article. Three leading suggestions emerged for future consideration: (a) social movements are self-directed and require support, and not direction; (b) HRD is equipped to provide a more holistic understanding of learning and development within and outside the workplace; and (c) organizations that support social movements should demonstrate a genuine interest in their social cause, and not use it merely as an opportunity to build social capital for the organization. The Stakeholders The value of social movement learning (SML) is discussed to draw attention to HRD scholars and practitioners, social activists, and employers who aspire to uplift individuals who are excluded and marginalized in society. Prospects to expand the application and scope of HRD are also discussed to reach a broader audience and appreciate the development and learning within social justice initiatives.
Lower Extremity Amputation among Diabetic Patients in San Antonio, Texas
Authors: Sunil Thankam , Limon Amanda , Ochoa Lyssa 
Published: February 2019

Background: In the United States, ethnic minorities are disproportionately affected by diabetes-related lower extremity amputations (LEA) and have higher associated mortality rates than non-Hispanic Whites. Bexar County, a county in south Texas, had higher diabetes rates than both Texas and the national average. Bexar County also had one of the highest LEA hospital admission rates in the State. Aim: Elucidate diabetes-related LEA factors to assist policy makers and health professionals develop more effective interventions. Results: For participants who had more than one amputation, the time between amputations was approximately 1 year. Hispanics endorsed more diabetic health beliefs than non-Hispanic Whites. Participants 64 and younger reported greater social support and greater depression symptomatology than participants 65 and older. Participants with an amputation reported greater ability to engage in activities that would manage their diabetes than participants without an amputation. Participants without an amputation reported greater concern of their general health than participants with an amputation. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the necessity for more research on diabetic amputation and related depression among Hispanics. The study also highlighted the need to create culturally appropriate interventions to reduce the rate and frequency of additional amputations.