bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Concussion Screening Battery for Use in Medical Settings: Predicting Centers for Disease Control Concussion Symptoms in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lecci Len , Williams Mark , Taravath Sasidharan , Frank Harrison G , Dugan Kelly , Page Ryan , Keith Julian 
Published: July 2019

AbstractObjectiveEffective screening for concussion is increasingly important, and medical professionals play a critical role in diagnostic and return-to-play decisions. However, few well-validated measures are available to assist in those decisions. This study aims to determine whether previously validated measures assessing neurocognitive and neurobehavioral abilities can predict Centers for Disease Control (CDC) concussion symptom endorsement in a sample of child or youth athletes.MethodParticipants were 113 individuals, aged 6–17, representing 29 consecutive cases undergoing a post-concussion evaluation by a pediatric neurologist and 84 consecutive cases completing standardized baseline assessments (i.e., not being evaluated as a follow-up to a concussion). All participants completed the same standardized battery of tests comprised of the Connors’ Continuous Performance Test (CPT 3), the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), and the NIH 4-Meter Gait Test as well as completing a checklist of CDC concussion symptoms.ResultsRegression analyses indicate that the screening battery explained 33% of the variance (d = 1.4) in concussion symptom endorsement, after controlling for age. The neurocognitive test alone (CPT 3) accounts for 21.5% of the variance (d = 1.05) in symptoms after controlling for age, and the neurobehavioral measures (BESS and NIH 4-Meter Gait) then account for an additional 11.5% variance (accounting for 18.6% variance, d = .96, when entered first). These effect sizes are considered large to very large and reflect a marked increase in predictive validity relative to existing measures commonly used in concussion assessments.ConclusionsA relatively brief screening battery can function in medical settings to predict significant and substantial variability in CDC concussion symptoms in a pediatric sample.
XIII—The Flow of Time in Experience
Authors: Sattig Thomas 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOur perceptual experiences as of change over time seem to be accompanied by the sense that time flows. The sense of flow is widely regarded as one of the most elusive aspects of temporal experience. In this paper, I develop a novel account of its nature. I give an initial characterization of the sense of flow as the sense that the present changes—in short, as the sense of replacement. Further, I specify the type of account of the sense of replacement to be developed: since the sense that the present changes will be assumed to be grounded in the perceptual representation that the present changes, my focus will be to explain the perceptual representation that the present changes. I develop an account of the synchronic perceptual representation of the present. Finally, I develop an account of the diachronic perceptual representation of the present as changing.
Natal conditions, lifespan and lifetime reproductive success of European blackbirds
Authors: Wysocki Dariusz , Jankowiak Łukasz , Cholewa Marta , Zyskowski Dawid 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEven though much has been published in recent years on the factors affecting the lifespan and lifetime reproductive success of birds, there are still gaps in our knowledge. Here, we present the results of a long-term study of European blackbirds which examined the effect of natal conditions on lifespan and lifetime reproductive success (expressed by the number of fledglings) of 152 nestlings (72 males and 80 females) ringed in the Stefan Żeromski Park in Szczecin (NW Poland). We have complete information regarding parental age, family brood (first-egg laying date, clutch size, and hatching sequence), bird size, lifetime reproductive success, pair density and weather conditions during the natal year. For males, total fledgling production was the smaller, the later the laying date of the family brood, but increased with mean daily precipitation and pair density in the natal year. In the case of females, we did not find any significant relationships between their lifetime reproductive success and the above parameters. Male lifespan increased with mean daily precipitation and bird density, but only pair density had a positive effect on female lifespan. We suggest that for females, genetic factors could be more important for their reproductive success than for males. In addition, a blackbird’s lifespan depends strongly on environmental factors.
Computational/in silico methods in drug target and lead prediction
Authors: Agamah Francis E , Mazandu Gaston K , Hassan Radia , Bope Christian D , Thomford Nicholas E , Ghansah Anita , Chimusa Emile R 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDrug-like compounds are most of the time denied approval and use owing to the unexpected clinical side effects and cross-reactivity observed during clinical trials. These unexpected outcomes resulting in significant increase in attrition rate centralizes on the selected drug targets. These targets may be disease candidate proteins or genes, biological pathways, disease-associated microRNAs, disease-related biomarkers, abnormal molecular phenotypes, crucial nodes of biological network or molecular functions. This is generally linked to several factors, including incomplete knowledge on the drug targets and unpredicted pharmacokinetic expressions upon target interaction or off-target effects. A method used to identify targets, especially for polygenic diseases, is essential and constitutes a major bottleneck in drug development with the fundamental stage being the identification and validation of drug targets of interest for further downstream processes. Thus, various computational methods have been developed to complement experimental approaches in drug discovery. Here, we present an overview of various computational methods and tools applied in predicting or validating drug targets and drug-like molecules. We provide an overview on their advantages and compare these methods to identify effective methods which likely lead to optimal results. We also explore major sources of drug failure considering the challenges and opportunities involved. This review might guide researchers on selecting the most efficient approach or technique during the computational drug discovery process.
THETA: a new genotypic approach for predicting HIV-1 CRF02-AG coreceptor usage
Authors: Dimeglio Chloé , Raymond Stéphanie , Jeanne Nicolas , Reynes Christelle , Carcenac Romain , Lefebvre Caroline , Cazabat Michelle , Nicot Florence , Delobel Pierre , Izopet Jacques 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMotivationThe circulating recombinant form of HIV-1 CRF02-AG is the most frequent non-B subtype in Europe. Anti-HIV therapy and pathophysiological studies on the impact of HIV-1 tropism require genotypic determination of HIV-1 tropism for non-B subtypes. But genotypic approaches based on analysis of the V3 envelope region perform poorly when used to determine the tropism of CRF02-AG. We, therefore, designed an algorithm based on information from the gp120 and gp41 ectodomain that better predicts the tropism of HIV-1 subtype CRF02-AG.ResultsWe used a bio-statistical method to identify the genotypic determinants of CRF02-AG coreceptor use. Toulouse HIV Extended Tropism Algorithm (THETA), based on a Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator method, uses HIV envelope sequence from phenotypically characterized clones. Prediction of R5X4/X4 viruses was 86% sensitive and that of R5 viruses was 89% specific with our model. The overall accuracy of THETA was 88%, making it sufficiently reliable for predicting the tropism of subtype CRF02-AG sequences.Availability and implementationBinaries are freely available for download at https://github.com/viro-tls/THETA. It was implemented in Matlab and supported on MS Windows platform. The sequence data used in this work are available from GenBank under the accession numbers MK618182-MK618417.
Bi-parental mucus provisioning in the scale-eating cichlid Perissodus microlepis (Cichlidae)
Authors: Satoh Shun , Awata Satoshi , Tanaka Hirokazu , Jordan Lyndon A , Kakuda Umi , Hori Michio , Kohda Masanori 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlthough parental care is known to occur in a wide range of teleost fishes, postnatal provisioning of nutrition has been documented rarely. Here, we describe a novel example of bi-parental care in a teleost, i.e. mucus-provisioning behaviour in the scale-eating cichlid Perissodus microlepis endemic to Lake Tanganyika. Field observations revealed that young guarded by their parents frequently glanced towards the body surface of both parents. Furthermore, analyses of stomach contents of the young found the presence of ingested mucus, confirming that the young feed on the mucus secretions of their parents. The frequency of glancing behaviour increased with size of the young up to ~13 mm in standard length, but then declined with further growth. Additionally, the frequency of glancing of young towards their parents was higher when the frequency of foraging on plankton was lower. Underwater cage experiments revealed a higher rate of growth in the young kept in direct contact with their parents than in those not allowed direct contact. We conclude that glancing behaviour in young P. microlepis is a form of direct parental nourishment that confers growth benefits to the young when food abundance is low.
Thrush anvils are calcium source hotspots for many bird species
Authors: Kwieciński Zbigniew , Rosin Zuzanna M , Jankowiak Łukasz , Sparks Tim H , Tryjanowski Piotr 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Calcium is one of the most important elements determining reproductive success in birds, and snail shells are a well-known source of calcium for egg-laying females. In Europe, song thrushes, Turdus philomelos, break snails open at locations called anvils, eat the soft parts and leave the broken shells. Based on observational studies in 2011–2017 in western Poland, we showed that thrush anvils were visited by 54 other bird species (mainly smaller species) that collected the broken shell fragments. The frequency of visits to anvils differed among species and changed over the course of the breeding season, but anvils were especially used by females during the pre-laying period. Our study is the first description of such widespread exploitation of thrush anvils by other bird species, and we think that this phenomenon has been overlooked owing to the difficulties in recording anvils located, for example, on single small stones, stumps of felled trees and man-made objects such as glass bottles. We conclude that thrush anvils can be an important source of calcium for many bird species that adapt behaviourally to use these places. Hence, anvils should be recognized as localized hotspots for bird diversity.
The Poverty-Aware Paradigm for Child Protection: A Critical Framework for Policy and Practice
Authors: Saar-Heiman Yuval , Gupta Anna 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article aims to present a Poverty-Aware Paradigm for Child Protection (PAPCP). The increasing scholarly recognition of the damaging impact of poverty, inequality and the neoliberal politics of ‘risk’ on child protection policy and practice, has highlighted the need for a justice-based and poverty-aware analytical framework for child protection social work. In order to create such a framework, we build upon Krumer-Nevo’s Poverty-Aware Paradigm (PAP)—that was first presented in a previous issue of the British Journal of Social Work—and adapt its paradigmatic premises to the context of child protection social work. By addressing ontological, epistemological and axiological questions underpinning the construction of risk and the practices utilised to deal with it, the article provides a clear, practical and applicable link between critical theories and everyday child protection practice. The PAPCP is presented against the background of the risk-focused paradigm currently dominating the child protection systems in both the authors’ countries—Israel and England.
A Sensitive and Quantitative Isotope-Dilution LC-MS/MS Method for Analysis of Hydrazine in Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Sharifi Mehran , Donisa Carmen , Joza Peter 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A new isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for the analysis of potential hydrazine present in tobacco smoke. The sample preparation was performed via an optimized derivatization method using an aqueous buffer:methanol solution of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (10 g/L) used as a derivatizing agent. The mainstream smoke of cigarettes was passed through a glass fiber filter pad followed by a trapping solution containing an isotopically labeled 15N2-hydrazine used as internal standard. After smoking, the filter pad was extracted with the trapping solution and then incubated for 30 minutes at 35°C. An aliquot of the extract was centrifuged and the resultant hydrazone was quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The isotope dilution standard calibration curve demonstrated good linearity (R2 &gt; 0.999) from 0.079 to 248 ng/mL, with limits of quantification in mainstream smoke of 0.2 and 0.4 ng/cig for ISO and Canadian Intense smoking regimens, respectively. The method recovery was assessed using samples spiked with solutions of known amounts of hydrazine. The results showed good accuracy with recoveries ranging from 98 to 111%. Although there were no detectable levels of hydrazine in the reference cigarettes used in the validation (KR3R4F), the method precision was estimated to be ~10% based on the variability observed in the spiked samples. Trapping efficiencies were assessed using a hydrazine permeation tube providing a known amount of hydrazine vapor such that the distribution between the vapor phase and particulate phase of mainstream smoke could be determined.
Effect of an Intervention Package and Teamwork Training to Prevent Healthcare Personnel Self-contamination During Personal Protective Equipment Doffing
Authors: Andonian Jennifer , Kazi Sadaf , Therkorn Jennifer , Benishek Lauren , Billman Carrie , Schiffhauer Margaret , Nowakowski Elaine , Osei Patience , Gurses Ayse P , Hsu Yea-Jen , Drewry David , Forsyth Ellen R , Vignesh Arjun , Oresanwo Ifeoluwa , Garibaldi Brian T , Rainwater-Lovett Kaitlin , Trexler Polly , Maragakis Lisa L 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
More than 28 000 people were infected with Ebola virus during the 2014–2015 West African outbreak, resulting in more than 11 000 deaths. Better methods are needed to reduce the risk of self-contamination while doffing personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent pathogen transmission.

Methods
A set of interventions based on previously identified failure modes was designed to mitigate the risk of self- contamination during PPE doffing. These interventions were tested in a randomized controlled trial of 48 participants with no prior experience doffing enhanced PPE. Contamination was simulated using a fluorescent tracer slurry and fluorescent polystyrene latex spheres (PLSs). Self-contamination of scrubs and skin was measured using ultraviolet light visualization and swabbing followed by microscopy, respectively. Doffing sessions were videotaped and reviewed to score standardized teamwork behaviors.

Results
Participants in the intervention group contaminated significantly fewer body sites than those in the control group (median [interquartile range], 6 [3–8] vs 11 [6–13], P = .002). The median contamination score was lower for the intervention group than the control group when measured by ultraviolet light visualization (23.15 vs 64.45, P = .004) and PLS swabbing (72.4 vs 144.8, P = .001). The mean teamwork score was greater in the intervention group (42.2 vs 27.5, P < .001).

Conclusions
An intervention package addressing the PPE doffing task, tools, environment, and teamwork skills significantly reduced the amount of self-contamination by study participants. These elements can be incorporated into PPE guidance and training to reduce the risk of pathogen transmission.
Factors Influencing the Incubation of an Infectious Form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Authors: Peckeu Laurène , Brandel Jean-Philippe , Welaratne Arlette , Amar Elodie , Costagliola Dominique , Haïk Stéphane 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The French epidemics of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after growth hormone (GH) treatment provide an opportunity to understand factors governing the inter-human transmission of prions. The present analysis relying on truncated Weibull distribution supports a relationship between host genetics, dose of the at-risk GH, age at treatment onset, and duration of the incubation period.
Clinical Features, Epidemiology, and Climatic Impact of Genotype-specific Human Metapneumovirus Infections: Long-term Surveillance of Hospitalized Patients in South Korea
Authors: Lim Yong Kwan , Kweon Oh Joo , Kim Hye Ryoun , Kim Tae-Hyoung , Lee Mi-Kyung 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Background
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) commonly causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Here, we performed long-term retrospective surveillance of hMPV infection among patients hospitalized in South Korea between 2007 and 2016 and investigated seasonal dynamics and clinical characteristics associated with each virus subtype/genotype.

Methods
Patient specimens were tested for hMPV and other respiratory viruses by commercial molecular assays. Medical records of hMPV-positive patients were reviewed, and hMPV subtype/genotype analysis was performed. We also collected meteorological data and analyzed relationships with hMPV activity.

Results
Of 23 694 specimens, 1275 (5.4%) were positive; among them, 94.0% were classified into 5 subtypes (A1, A2a, A2b, B1, and B2). Some clinical manifestations differed according to hMPV genotype; however, there was no correlation between hMPV subtype and clinical outcome. Viral activity peaked at 13–20 weeks (April and May) and was associated with climate-specific factors, including temperature, relative humidity, diurnal temperature variation, wind speed, and sunshine duration.

Conclusions
This large-scale, 10-year study provides valuable information about the clinical characteristics associated with hMPV subtypes and climate factors contributing to virus transmission.
Historical–Geopolitical Contexts and the Transformation of Chinese Foreign Policy
Authors: Flint Colin , Xiaotong Zhang 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
In the past few years, China has made dramatic foreign policy decisions that have changed both the global landscape and the behaviour of other states. To understand fully the possibilities and limitations of China’s foreign policy, it is important to see its occurrences within geopolitical contexts. The main argument of this article is that geopolitical context must be theorised in order to understand the decisions of states. We define a political geography perspective within a world-systems analysis that creates a Space–Time matrix of context based on the core–periphery hierarchy of the capitalist world economy and economic and hegemonic cycles. Inspired by Chinese scholars and policymakers’ periodisations of Chinese diplomacy, we develop a new periodisation of Chinese diplomatic cycles from 1840 to 2039. Using this new periodisation of Chinese diplomacy, we situate the changing nature of Chinese foreign policy within our Space–Time matrix. We then evaluate the possibilities and challenges of China’s current foreign policy, with emphasis on the Belt and Road Initiative, by illustrating features of the contemporary geopolitical context. Finally, we discuss the implications of this for contemporary Chinese foreign policy.
A developmental network city? Double embeddedness in New York
Authors: Indergaard Michael 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This article develops the concept of the “developmental network city” (DNC) to link the literatures on neo-developmental states and urban economic innovation. Applying the developmental network state (DNS) model to the case of New York City, it shows how the American DNS contributed to the rise of a New York DNC, which features localised discovery and governance. Most important here was that New York’s developmental agencies created a knowledge economy alternative to the “global financial centre” path by selectively adapting DNS ideas and resources to fit the city’s landscape of applied innovation.
Opportunities and risks of localised industrial policy: the case of “maker-entrepreneurial ecosystems” in the USA
Authors: Schrock Greg , Wolf-Powers Laura 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEfforts in US cities to support the emergence of the “maker economy” could take urban-level industrial policy in a new direction. Optimistic projections about the potential of the maker economy for urban manufacturing revitalisation, however, downplay an enduring tension in local economic development between efforts to build endogenous capabilities and pressures to facilitate property value growth. Exploring maker industrial policy efforts in New York City and Portland, Oregon, we argue that local government actors often struggle to build network capacity and curb opportunism. District-based models hold promise, but the real estate-driven model of local development poses a persistent challenge.
Change in left atrial function predicts incident atrial fibrillation: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Lim Daniel J , Ambale-Ventakesh Bharath , Ostovaneh Mohammad R , Zghaib Tarek , Ashikaga Hiroshi , Wu Colin , Watson Karol E , Hughes Timothy , Shea Steven , Heckbert Susan R , Bluemke David A , Post Wendy S , Lima João A C 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

Aims
Longitudinal change in left atrial (LA) structure and function could be helpful in predicting risk for incident atrial fibrillation (AF). We used cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging to explore the relationship between change in LA structure and function and incident AF in a multi-ethnic population free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline.

Methods and results
In the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), 2338 participants, free at baseline of clinically recognized AF and cardiovascular disease, had LA volume and function assessed with CMR imaging, at baseline (2000–02), and at Exam 4 (2005–07) or 5 (2010–12). Free of AF, 124 participants developed AF over 3.8 ± 0.9 years (2015) following the second imaging. In adjusted Cox regression models, an average annualized change in all LA parameters were significantly associated with an increased risk of AF. An annual decrease of 1-SD unit in total LA emptying fractions (LAEF) was most strongly associated with risk of AF after adjusting for clinical risk factors for AF, baseline LA parameters, and left ventricular mass-to-volume ratio (hazard ratio per SD = 1.91, 95% confidence interval = 1.53–2.38, P < 0.001). The addition of change in total LAEF to an AF risk score improved model discrimination and reclassification (net reclassification improvement = 0.107, P = 0.017; integrative discrimination index = 0.049, P < 0.001).

Conclusion
In this multi-ethnic study population free of clinical cardiovascular disease at baseline, a greater increase in LA volumes and decrease in LA function were associated with incident AF. The addition of change in total LAEF to risk prediction models for AF improved model discrimination and reclassification of AF risk.