bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Public Debt in the Euro Area: A Tale of Belgium and Italy
Authors: Sapir André 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWhen they joined the euro in 1999 Belgium and Italy were almost identical in two respects: both had public debts equal to 110 per cent of GDP and the same GDP per capita. Today the situation in the two countries is very different. This article looks at the evolution of public debt in Belgium and Italy since 1990 and uses the debt dynamics equation to explain the contrasting evolution in the two countries in the run‐up to the introduction of the euro, during the early years of the euro and since the beginning of the crisis. It argues that Italy's current predicament was not caused by the euro, as some have suggested. Instead, as the experience of Belgium suggests, the euro could have been used also by Italy to make a sufficiently large fiscal adjustment prior to the crisis to avoid the harsh adjustment that the crisis eventually imposed on the country.
Normative Power Europe? The EU's Embrace of the Responsibility to Protect in a Transitional International Order
Authors: Newman Edward , Stefan Cristina G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis article assesses the EU's engagement with the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) norm and considers the scope for its integration into the EU's activities and global strategy. We examine how the EU's engagement with R2P tests its normative leadership in the context of internal and external political challenges to its authority. We expand on previous studies of the EU's failure to live by example over R2P by adding a missing analytical dimension – trends at the global level – and by suggesting an alternative explanation for the apparent ambivalence towards R2P in some parts of the EU. The EU has engaged with R2P – albeit labelling it differently at times – more than many observers recognize and despite bureaucratic resistance and diverging national approaches. Rather, the fundamental constraint on the EU's role in promoting R2P relates to a transitional international order in which the EU's normative traction is in decline and European foreign policy elites are increasingly pragmatic and cautious.
Naked in the eyes of the public: A phenomenological study of the lived experience of suffering from burnout while waiting for recognition to be ill
Authors: Engebretsen Karin Mohn , Bjorbækmo Wenche Schrøder 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAlthough there has been a focus on problematic issues related to health care services and complaints made by patients, individuals who suffer from medically unexplained syndromes continue to report being epistemically marginalized or excluded by health professionals. The aim of this article is to uncover a deeper understanding of the what‐ness of experiencing being naked in the eyes of the public while waiting to be recognized as ill. Therefore, a phenomenological approach was chosen to inductively and holistically understand the human experience in this context‐specific setting. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with two men and six women between 25 and 65 years of age, who had been on sick leave for more than 52 weeks. Their symptoms were consistent with Exhaustion Disorder (ICD‐10, F43.8A). The meaning of the interviewees' lived experience was explored using a life‐world approach to phenomenological reflection and writing. The participants described their experience of encountering the general practitioner as taking part in a battle. Feeling distrusted by others seemed to result in disconnection from their habitual lifeworld, which in turn triggered a shame reaction. Additionally, the study showed a possible distrust related to several communication levels within the health care system, which influenced the recovery process negatively. Lack of experienced support can lead to exacerbated feelings of distress. Accordingly, the psychosocial experience of being ill might be as important as its unknown aetiology. Therefore, in the context of these interpersonal relations, both norms, values, and attitudes, and issues of power need to be considered and addressed properly.
Neuromuscular characteristics in trained vs. sedentary male adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Zghal F. , Borji R. , Colson S. S. , Sahli S. , Rebai H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to explore muscle strength production and its underlying neuromuscular characteristics in sedentary and trained individuals with intellectual disability (ID) compared with healthy sedentary individuals.MethodsThree adult groups (age: 25.07 ± 0.70) consisting of sedentary individuals with ID (IDSG), trained individuals with ID (IDTG) and a control group (CONT) participated in the present study. Peak torque (PT) during maximal voluntary isometric contraction, voluntary activation level (VAL), surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings, electrophysiological (Mmax) and potentiated twitch torque (PTT responses) of the knee extensor muscles and thigh muscle volume were assessed.ResultsCompared with CONT and IDTG, respectively, IDSG presented significantly lower PT (−48% and −42%), VAL (−24% and −9%), sEMG (−49% and −29%), Mmax (−41% and −39%) and PTT (−32% and −28%) values. These deficits were reduced between IDTG compared with CONT (i.e. PT: −10%; VAL: −16%; and sEMG: −28%) or did not differ anymore (PTT and Mmax). Normalising PT to thigh muscle volume and/or computing theoretical PT value overwhelm strength production differences between IDTG and CONT. Training background influences the outcomes with IDTG exhibiting greater PT, VAL, sEMG, Mmax and PTT than IDSG.ConclusionsStrength production deficit in IDSG was related to both muscular and neural characteristics compared with healthy controls whereas this deficit mainly arises from neural characteristics for IDTG.
Exploration of difficulty accessing the mouths of intubated and mechanically ventilated adults for oral care: A video and photographic elicitation study
Authors: Dale Craig M. , Angus Jan E. , Sutherland Susan , Dev Shelly , Rose Louise 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAimTo explore descriptors of difficulty accessing the mouths of intubated and mechanically ventilated adults for oral care, consequences, modifiable antecedents and recommendations for improving care delivery.BackgroundNurses report oral access and care delivery difficulty in most mechanically ventilated patients.DesignA prospective qualitative descriptive design.MethodsData were collected using video and photographic elicitation interviews focused on delivery of oral care. Directed content analysis was used to explore descriptive categories. Reporting used the SRQR guidelines.Setting and participantsA university‐affiliated hospital in Toronto, Canada. Participants included clinicians experienced in accessing the oral space of adults representing nursing, medicine, dentistry and allied health professionals.FindingsWe recruited 18 participants; 9 representing critical care and 9 other specialties frequently accessing the mouth, that is dentistry. Descriptors for observed difficulty accessing the oral cavity were “oral crowding with tubes” and “aversive patient responses”, which were considered to result in insufficient oral care. Participants perceived aversive patient responses (e.g. biting, turning head side to side, gagging, coughing) as a consequence of forced introduction of instruments inside a crowded mouth. A key finding identified by participants was the observation of substantial procedural pain during oral care interventions. Potentially modifiable antecedents to difficult oral care delivery identified were procedural pain, oral health deterioration (e.g. xerostomia) and lack of interprofessional team problem‐solving. Recommendations to address these antecedents included patient preparation for oral care through verbal and nonverbal cueing, pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies, and ICU interprofessional education.ConclusionsOral care in mechanically ventilated adults is complex and painful. Visual research methods offer important advantages for oral care exploration including its ability to reveal less visible aspects of the nurse–patient encounter, thereby enabling novel insights and care.Relevance for clinical practiceInterprofessional education and training in oral health and care interventions tailored to mechanically ventilated patients are recommended.
Literacies across sponsorscapes: mobilising notions of literacy sponsorship
Authors: Smith Anna , West Autumn J. , McCarthey Sarah J. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBuilding from the concept ‘sponsors of literacy', the authors revisit three empirical studies to argue for mobilising notions of sponsorship beyond fixed conceptions of individual sponsors and literacy to lifewide perspectives that take into account sponsoring relations across the broader learning lives of youth. The authors take up the theoretical heuristic ‘sponsorscapes' as a lens for attending to the dynamically networked, reciprocal and human‐material dimensions of literacy practices. With cases drawn from across settings and research foci, including middle school students in a classroom setting, high school‐aged youth across contexts and a participant‐researcher's interactions with a college student, the authors argue that attending to sponsorscapes can contribute critical insight into the emergent, diverse and valued literacies and sponsorship thriving across lifewide learning pathways, while recognising learners' agentive roles in investing, resisting and sponsoring literacies.
What Characterizes Adolescents Struggling With Educational Decision‐Making?
Authors: van der Aar L. P. E , Crone E. A , Peters S. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTEducational decision‐making is a complex process where individual factors such as how adolescents think about and evaluate themselves could play an important role. In this study, (N = 84), we combined behavioral and neural correlates of self‐concept and self‐esteem to examine what characterizes adolescents who struggle with educational decision‐making. We included 38 adolescents (16–24 years, M = 18.7 years) from “the Gap‐Year program.” This program focuses on personal development for adolescents who have dropped out of higher education or stay undecided after high school. We compared these adolescents prior to the start of the training with 46 peers (17–21 years, M = 19.4 years) who reported to have successfully chosen a major. The results showed that adolescents struggling with educational decision‐making reported lower levels of self‐esteem and self‐concept clarity. Neurally, higher self‐esteem was associated with more self‐related activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Together, these results suggest that healthy self‐esteem levels are an important condition for the ability to make a well‐suited educational choice.
Mapping Assessment in Anthropology: Using Team‐Based Qualitative Methodology to Create Learning Objectives and Evaluate Outcomes
Authors: RICKE AUDREY 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAnthropology departments are increasingly faced with the challenge of developing assessment strategies to document and assess student learning as it relates to university‐ and state‐level learning objectives. This article draws on the work in applied anthropology as it relates to assessment and team‐based qualitative data analysis to develop and test a model for mapping assessment in higher education. It introduces a model for aligning course learning objectives with departmental, university, and state‐level goals and assessing student performance across multiple sections of an introductory anthropology course that contains different assignments, ethnographies, and exams. Based on case study data, this research shows how qualitative methods developed for team‐based research can be applied to sustain instructor creativity in the area of pedagogy while coordinating assessment.
Sortase A‐mediated modification of the Streptococcus mutans transcriptome and virulence traits
Authors: Chen Xuan , Liu Chengcheng , Peng Xian , He Yuanli , Liu Haixia , Song Ying , Xiong Kaixin , Zou Ling 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSortase A contributes to adhesion and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans by anchoring surface proteins like P1 onto the cell wall, and few other functional characterization has been annotated to this protein and its coding gene srtA. In this study we investigated that whether srtA deletion would affect S. mutans virulence determinants in addition to adhesion and further explored whether these effects were caused due to changes in S. mutans genomic transcription. We used acid‐killing assays, glycolytic rate assessments, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) formation tests to detect whether srtA deletion influenced S. mutans acid tolerance/production and glucan formation. Comparisons between RNA‐sequencing data from both the exponential and stationary phases of UA159 and the srtA‐deleted strain were made to determine the impact of srtA knockout on S. mutans genomic transcription. Results of our assays indicated that S. mutans aciduricity was enhanced in the srtA deleted strain when bacterial cells were directly subjected to pH 2.8, but the enhancement was repressed when the acid tolerance response was induced in advance. The srtA mutation strain exhibited reduced EPS formation in mature biofilms. SrtA deletion led to pleiotropic changes in the S. mutans transcriptome with a growth phase‐dependent pattern. The affected genes mainly included those involved in aciduricity, carbohydrate transport, and EPS formation. It was concluded that S. mutans srtA exhibited multiple effects on the virulence traits of this pathogen, including acid tolerance and glucan formation, and that these alterations could be partially due to transcriptional changes upon loss of srtA.
Leading and lagging natural gas markets between Asia and Europe
Authors: Kim Man‐Keun , Kim Dae‐Wook 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the dynamic relationship between Asian and European natural gas markets. The present study determines whether these markets underwent structural changes following i) the emergence of swing suppliers (Russia and Qatar) who export natural gas to both Asian and European markets, ii) substantial increases in Japan's gas import after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and iii) fast‐paced increases in China's gas import from Russia; its import increased significantly in 2011 and thereafter. We attempt to identify changes in the dynamic price process between these two markets and also in the long‐run equilibrium, by applying the price discovery framework (Vector Error Correction model). Main findings are i) Asian and European natural gas markets are cointegrated over the sample period (2000–2017) and ii) Asian market was leading the natural gas market, but after 2011, European market became the leader. Asian market is the major adjuster following the market shock which implies that any changes in European market would be transferred to Asian market. Results have implications for industry and policy analyses, and price risk management in the market.
Barriers to ideal outcomes after pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Ng Vicky Lee , Mazariegos George V. , Kelly Beau , Horslen Simon , McDiarmid Sue V. , Magee John C. , Loomes Kathleen M. , Fischer Ryan T. , Sundaram Shikha S. , Lai Jennifer C. , Te Helen S. , Bucuvalas John C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLong‐term survival for children who undergo LT is now the rule rather than the exception. However, a focus on the outcome of patient or graft survival rates alone provides an incomplete and limited view of life for patients who undergo LT as an infant, child, or teen. The paradigm has now appropriately shifted to opportunities focused on our overarching goals of “surviving and thriving” with long‐term allograft health, freedom of complications from long‐term immunosuppression, self‐reported well‐being, and global functional health. Experts within the liver transplant community highlight clinical gaps and potential barriers at each of the pretransplant, intra‐operative, early‐, medium‐, and long‐term post‐transplant stages toward these broader mandates. Strategies including clinical research, innovation, and quality improvement targeting both traditional as well as PRO are outlined and, if successfully leveraged and conducted, would improve outcomes for recipients of pediatric LT.
An integrative overview of physiological and proteomic changes of cytokinin‐induced potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber development in vitro
Authors: Cheng Lixiang , Wang Dongxia , Wang Yuping , Xue Hongwei , Zhang Feng 
Published: July 2019

Potato tuberization is a complicated biological process regulated by multiple phytohormones, in particular cytokinins (CKs). The information available on the molecular mechanisms regulating tuber development by CKs remains largely unclear. Physiological results initially indicated that low 6‐benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentration (3 mg l−1) advanced the tuberization beginning time and promoted tuber formation. A comparative proteomics approach was applied to investigate the proteome change of tuber development by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis in vitro, subjected to exogenous BAP treatments (0, 3, 6 and 13 mg l−1). Quantitative image analysis showed a total of 83 protein spots with significantly altered abundance (>2.5‐fold, P < 0.05), and 55 differentially abundant proteins were identified by MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS. Among these proteins, 22 proteins exhibited up‐regulation with the increase of exogenous BAP concentration, and 31 proteins were upregulated at 3 mg l−1 BAP whereas being downregulated at higher BAP concentrations. These proteins were involved in metabolism and bioenergy, storage, redox homeostasis, cell defense and rescue, transcription and translation, chaperones, signaling and transport. The favorable effects of low BAP concentrations on tuber development were found in various cellular processes, mainly including the stimulation of starch and storage protein accumulation, the enhancement of the glycolysis pathway and ATP synthesis, the cellular homeostasis maintenance, the activation of pathogen defense, the higher efficiency of transcription and translation, as well as the enhanced metabolite transport. However, higher BAP concentration, especially 13 mg l−1, showed disadvantageous effects. The proposed hypothetical model would explain the interaction of these proteins associated with CK‐induced tuber development in vitro.
Oral health assessment of independent elders in Texas
Authors: Tapias Perdigon Helena , Schneiderman Emet , Opperman Lynne A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe oral health status of older adults in North Texas is largely unknown.MethodsThis cross‐sectional, pilot study used the Basic Screening Survey for older adults involving a self‐administered questionnaire and oral screening examination of 155 adults aged 65 years and older, in four Dallas, TX settings, stratified socioeconomically. Recruitment occurred from July 2012 through March 2014.ResultsParticipants were between 65 and 90 years of age. The sample was predominantly female (64%), reflecting Texas population diversity with 49.7% White, 34.2% Hispanic, 14.2% Black, and 1.8% others. Missing teeth number (P < .019), functional contacts, untreated decay, root decay (P < .05), tooth mobility, root fragments and need for emergency treatment (P < .021) differed significantly regarding site and ethnicity. Participants at the least affluent sites (two) evidenced significant unmet dental needs and suboptimal access to care. In contrast, those at the most affluent sites (also oldest participants) had good oral health and access to care.ConclusionsThere are profound oral health disparities in urban North Texas based on socioeconomic status. These findings suggest that poor oral health is not inevitable in the elderly, as long as there is access to care. Larger‐scale studies are required to broadly address oral health disparities among elderly Texans.
A quick and low‐cost technique to identify layers associated with heavy rainfall in sediment archives during the Anthropocene
Authors: Foucher Anthony , Evrard Olivier , Cerdan Olivier , Chabert Clément , Lecompte François , Lefèvre Irène , Vandromme Rosalie , Salvador‐Blanes Sébastien 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLong‐term records are needed to investigate the impact of extreme events in the current framework of global change. Sedimentary reconstruction with a high resolution remains difficult without conducting expensive, destructive and/or time‐consuming analyses. In this study, high resolution CT‐scan profiles (0·6 mm resolution) were used to investigate their potential for detecting flood deposits induced by heavy rainfall events. This method was applied to a sediment core dated with fallout radionuclides – covering a 120 year period – collected in a pond draining a small forested catchment (French Massif Central – Central France). Between 1960 and 2017, 28 layers were deposited. Seventy‐six percent of these deposits were correlated to the occurrence of heavy rainfall (>50 mm) recorded during one or two consecutive days. The remainder of the deposits detected with the Computer Tomography (CT) scanner (n = 5) were not correlated to weather events. They mainly occurred in response to landscape management operations (for example, afforestation works as a result of the major 1999 storm). This period was indeed characterized by an increase in the delivery of137Cs‐enriched sediment, demonstrating a greater topsoil contribution to sediment during major forest management operations. The intensity of detrital layers has significantly decreased throughout time after a major land use change that took place in 1948 and land abandonment. The frequency of heavy rainfall and associated detrital deposits has nevertheless increased by 60% and 75%, respectively, between the years 1960 and 2017. These results outline the potential of CT‐scan for reconstructing long‐term flood deposits associated with heavy precipitation.