bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nigrostriatal Lesions Alter Oral Dyskinesia and c-Fos Expression Induced by the Serotonin Agonist 1-(m-Chlorophenyl)piperazine in Adult Rats
Authors: De Deurwaerdère Philippe , Chesselet Marie-Françoise 
Published: April 2018

The loss of dopaminergic innervation of the basal ganglia, a group of subcortical regions involved in motor control, is the hallmark of Parkinson's disease. The resulting molecular and cellular alterations mediate behavioral deficits and may modify neuronal responses to other neurotransmitters. In the present study, we sought to determine the effects of chronic dopamine (DA) depletion on responses mediated by stimulation of serotonergic 2C (5-HT2C) receptors, a serotonergic receptor subtype present in discrete regions of the basal ganglia. Specifically, the effects of unilateral lesions of nigrostriatal DA neurons on oral dyskinesia and Fos protein expression induced by the non-selective 5-HT2Cagonist 1-(m-chlorophenyl)piperazine (m-CPP) were examined.Confirming previous findings, both peripheral and local injections ofm-CPP into the subthalamic nucleus elicited oral dyskinesia. Nigrostriatal lesions markedly enhanced oral bouts induced by peripheral but not intrasubthalamic administration ofm-CPP. In intact rats, Fos expression was increased bym-CPP (1 mg/kg, i.p.) in the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus. After nigrostriatal lesions,m-CPP-induced Fos expression remained unchanged in the subthalamic nucleus but was reduced in the medial quadrants of the striatum and was markedly enhanced in the entopeduncular nucleus. These data demonstrate regionally specific alterations in behavioral and cellular responses to a serotonergic agonist in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.
Late-Stage Immature Neocortical Neurons Reconstruct Interhemispheric Connections and Form Synaptic Contacts with Increased Efficiency in Adult Mouse Cortex Undergoing Targeted Neurodegeneration
Authors: Fricker-Gates Rosemary A. , Shin Jennifer J. , Tai Cindy C. , Catapano Lisa A. , Macklis Jeffrey D. 
Published: April 2018

In the neocortex, the effectiveness of potential cellular repopulation therapies for diseases involving neuronal loss may depend critically on whether newly incorporated cells can differentiate appropriately into precisely the right kind of neuron, re-establish precise long-distance connections, and reconstruct complex functional circuitry. Here, we test the hypothesis that increased efficiency of connectivity could be achieved if precursors could be more fully differentiated toward desired phenotypes. We compared embryonic neuroblasts and immature murine neurons subregionally dissected from either embryonic day 17 (E17) (Shin et al., 2000) or E19 primary somatosensory (S1) cortex and postnatal day 3 (P3) purified callosal projection neurons (CPNs) with regard to neurotransmitter and receptor phenotype and afferent synapse formation after transplantation into adult mouse S1 cortex undergoing targeted apoptotic degeneration of layer II/III and V CPNs.Two weeks after transplantation, neurons from all developmental stages were found dispersed within layers II/III and V, many with morphological features typical of large pyramidal neurons. Retrograde labeling with FluoroGold revealed that 42 ± 2% of transplanted E19 immature S1 neurons formed connections with the contralateral S1 cortex by 12 weeks after transplantation, compared with 23 ± 7% of E17 neurons. A greater percentage of E19-derived neurons received synapses (77 ± 1%) compared with E17-derived neurons (67 ± 2%). Similar percentages of both E17 and E19 donor-derived neurons expressed neurotransmitters and receptors [glutamate, aspartate, GABA, GABA receptor (GABA-R), NMDA-R, AMPA-R, and kainate-R] appropriate for endogenous adult CPNs progressively over a period of 2–12 weeks after transplantation. Although P3 fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified neurons also expressed these mature phenotypic markers after transplantation, their survivalin vivowas poor.We conclude that later-stage and region-specific immature neurons develop a mature CPN phenotype and make appropriate connections with recipient circuitry with increased efficiency. However, at postnatal stages of development, limitations in survival outweigh this increased efficiency. These results suggest that efforts to direct the differentiation of earlier precursors precisely along specific desired neuronal lineages could potentially make possible the highly efficient reconstruction of complex neocortical and other CNS circuitry.
Projection Neurons in Lamina I of Rat Spinal Cord with the Neurokinin 1 Receptor Are Selectively Innervated by Substance P-Containing Afferents and Respond to Noxious Stimulation
Authors: Todd Andrew J. , Puskár Zita , Spike Rosemary C. , Hughes Catriona , Watt Christine , Forrest Lisa 
Published: April 2018

Lamina I of the spinal cord is densely innervated by nociceptive primary afferents, many of which contain substance P. It contains numerous projection neurons: the majority of these respond to noxious stimuli, however some are activated by cooling. In the rat, ∼80% of the projection neurons express the neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, on which substance P acts, and most cells with this receptor are activated by noxious stimuli. Lamina I neurons can be classified morphologically into pyramidal, multipolar, and fusiform types. It has been reported in the cat that pyramidal neurons are activated only by cooling and that in monkey relatively few pyramidal cells are NK1 receptor-immunoreactive.We have used immunocytochemistry to examine the innervation of lamina I projection neurons in the rat by substance P-containing primary afferents and their responses to a noxious stimulus (subcutaneous formalin injection). NK1 receptor-immunoreactive projection cells received a significantly higher density of contacts from substance P-containing afferents than neurons that lacked the receptor. Most contacts on NK1 receptor-immunoreactive cells were associated with synapses. Formalin injection induced c-Fos in ∼80% of projection neurons with the NK1 receptor and in 25–45% of those without it. More than 80% of pyramidal neurons expressed the receptor, and for both substance P innervation and c-Fos expression there were no significant differences among different morphological types of NK1 receptor-immunoreactive neuron.We conclude that presence or absence of the NK1 receptor is a better indicator of function than morphology for lamina I projection neurons in the rat.
Hippocampal Neurogenesis Follows Kainic Acid-Induced Apoptosis in Neonatal Rats
Authors: Dong Hongxin , Csernansky Cynthia A. , Goico Brian , Csernansky John G. 
Published: April 2018

The effects of kainic acid (KA) on neurogenesis in the developing rat hippocampus were investigated. Neonatal [postnatal day (P) 7] rats received a single bilateral intracerebroventricular infusion of KA (50 nmol in 1.0 μl) or vehicle. At P14, P25, P40, and P60, the spatial and temporal relationships between the neurodegeneration and neurogenesis induced by KA were explored using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) to detect the dying cells and 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label newly generated cells.There was progressive loss of neurons in the cornu ammonis (CA) 1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus at all time points in KA-treated rats. TUNEL staining identified dying cells at P14 through P60, mainly in the CA3 subfield. The number of TUNEL-positive cells decreased with age. Neurogenesis also was observed in the KA-treated hippocampus. The number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus was significantly decreased at P14, when the number of TUNEL-positive cells is highest. However, at later time points (P40 and P60) the number of BrdU-positive cells in the dentate gyrus was significantly increased. In addition, the number of BrdU-positive cells was increased in the CA3 subfield at P40 and P60 in KA-treated rats. A substantial proportion (40%) of the newly generated cells in CA3 also expressed markers of immature and mature neurons (class III β-tubulin and neuronal nuclei). Newly generated cells in the CA3 subfield only rarely expressed glial markers (8%).These results suggest that a single exposure to KA at P7 has both immediate (inhibition) and delayed (stimulation) effects on neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus of developing rats. KA administration resulted in both neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis within the CA3 subfield, suggesting that the purpose of neurogenesis in the CA3 is to replace neurons lost to apoptosis.
Sleep-Active Neurons: Conserved Motors of Sleep
Authors: Bringmann Henrik 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Sleep is crucial for survival and well-being. This behavioral and physiological state has been studied in all major genetically accessible model animals, including rodents, fish, flies, and worms. Genetic and optogenetic studies have identified several neurons that control sleep, making it now possible to compare circuit mechanisms across species. The “motor” of sleep across animal species is formed by neurons that depolarize at the onset of sleep to actively induce this state by directly inhibiting wakefulness. These sleep-inducing neurons are themselves controlled by inhibitory or activating upstream pathways, which act as the “drivers” of the sleep motor: arousal inhibits “sleep-active” neurons whereas various sleep-promoting “tiredness” pathways converge onto sleep-active neurons to depolarize them. This review provides the first overview of sleep-active neurons across the major model animals. The occurrence of sleep-active neurons and their regulation by upstream pathways in both vertebrate and invertebrate species suggests that these neurons are general and ancient components that evolved early in the history of nervous systems.
Uropathogens and Pyuria in Children With Neurogenic Bladders
Authors: Forster Catherine S. , Shaikh Nader , Hoberman Alejandro , Jackson Elizabeth 
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND:
A recent study revealed that specific uropathogens are associated with lower odds of pyuria in a general pediatrics population. Children with neurogenic bladders who require clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) frequently have pyuria. Our objective with this study was to determine if an association exists between pyuria and type of uropathogen in CIC-dependent children.

METHODS:
We obtained urinalysis and urine culture results from electronic medical records from January 2008 through December 2014 for patients ≤18 years of age with neurogenic bladders managed at a single institution. Cultures without concurrent urinalyses were excluded from analysis, as were cultures that yielded no growth, fungal growth, or growth of unidentified mixed organisms. We used logistic regression to determine the association of pyuria and leukocyte esterase with specific uropathogens.

RESULTS:
We included 2420 cultures in this analysis. The growth of Enterococcus on urine culture was associated with lower odds of both pyuria and leukocyte esterase. In contrast, the growth of more than 100 000 colony-forming units per milliliter of Proteus mirabilis was associated with increased odds of both pyuria and leukocyte esterase, and the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was associated with increased odds of leukocyte esterase but not pyuria. Certain etiologies of neurogenic bladder, such as bladder exstrophy and cloacal malformations, were also associated with increased odds of pyuria compared with neurogenic bladder due to myelomeningocele.

CONCLUSIONS:
In children with neurogenic bladders who require CIC, Enterococcus may grow in urine culture without pyuria or positive leukocyte esterase. Accordingly, urine cultures should be obtained in symptomatic children, regardless of urinalysis results.
Molecular Identification of Pm4 Powdery Mildew Resistant Gene in Oat
Authors: OKOŃ Sylwia Magdalena , OCIEPA Tomasz , NUCIA Aleksandra 
Published: April 2018

The selection of specific plants with desirable traits supported by molecular markers is one of the most important tools in modern breeding programs, which lead to reduce time and cost of selection. The aim of presented study was identification of dominant markers associated with Pm4 powdery mildew resistant gene in oat. To identify dominant silicoDArT markers for Pm4 gene, F2 mapping population ‘Av1860’ × ‘Fuchs’ were analyzed using DArTseq methodology. Among obtained 46 230 silicoDArT markers, 126 markers were high correlated with resistance to powdery mildew in oat conditioned by Pm4 gene. Among selected markers, 48 sequences have been chosen for potential conversion into specific STS markers. Finally, only 20 were suitable for primer design. As a result, 5 converted markers amplified expected products in resistant bulks, 3 of them segregated according to resistance in the whole population and shoved high correlation coefficient between marker and phenotype observation. Converted markers based on PCR could be used for identification of Pm4 gene in oat. Obtained results confirm the possibility of converting silicoDArT markers into PCR-based technique, which can be used in marker assisted selection (MAS).
hBN-SiC KOMPOZİTLERDE SICAKLIĞIN SiC TANE BOYUNUNA ETKİSİ
Authors: Yılmaz Zuhal , Ay Nuran 
Published: April 2018

Bu çalışmada hekzagonal bor nitrür- silisyum
karbür (hBN-SiC) kompozit sentezinde sıcaklığın SiC tane boyutu üzerine etkisi
araştırılmıştır. Numunelerin SPS ile
1700oC, 1800oC, 1900oC ve 2000oC’de
farklı sıcaklıklarda 50MPa basınç altında 15dak sinterleme işlemi
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sinterleme sıcaklığının SiC tane boyutu üzerine etkisinin
belirlenmesi için İmageJ programı ile tane boyut ölçümleri gerçekleştirilerek normal dağılım fonksiyonu ile
tane boyut dağılımları tespit edilmiştir. 1700oC’den 1900oC’ye
sıcaklık artırıldığında h-BN miktarında %0,9’luk bir artış gözlenmiştir ve 2000oC’de
ise değişmemiştir. SiC ortalama tane boyutu 1700oC’den 2000oC’ye
sıcaklık artırıldığında 1,09µm’den 1,96µm’ye artmıştır. Tane boyut
dağılımlarının standart sapma değerleri ise 1700oC’de 0,445 iken
2000oC’de 0,812 değerine arttığı gözlenmiştir. Sıcaklığa bağlı olarak
tane boyut dağılımı artmaktadır. hBN
fazının güçlü kovalent bağları ve plaka şeklinde yapıya sahip olmasından dolayı
hBN’nin zayıf sinterlenebilitesi nedeniyle SiC tane büyümesini yavaşlattığı
söylenebilir.
OKUL MÜDÜRLERİNİN PATERNALİST LİDERLİK DAVRANIŞLARININ İNCELENMESİ
Authors: Dağlı Abidin , Ağalday Bünyamin 
Published: April 2018

Bu
araştırmanın amacı, kamu ortaokullarında görevli
öğretmenlerin kendi okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışlarına
ilişkin algılarının
nasıl olduğunu saptamaktır. Araştırma, betimsel tarama modelinde yapılmıştır.
Araştırmanın örneklemini, 2016-2017 eğitim-öğretim yılında Mardin il merkezinden basit seçkisiz
örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 20 ortaokul ve bu okullarda görevli 261 öğretmen
oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri,
Dağlı ve Ağalday (2017) tarafından geliştirilen “Okul Müdürlerinin Paternalist Liderlik Davranışları Ölçeği”
kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Anlamlılık düzeyi .05 olarak alınmıştır.
Verilerin analizi sonucunda ulaşılan bazı önemli bulgular şunlardır:
Öğretmenlerin kendi okul müdürlerinin paternalist liderlik davranışlarına
ilişkin algılarının genel ortalaması “çok
katılıyorum” düzeyinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Öğretmen algılarına göre okul
müdürlerinin en düşük düzeyde sergiledikleri patarnalist liderlik davranışı “otoritelerini kendilerine menfaat sağlamak
için kullanmaları” iken en yüksek
düzeyde sergiledikleri davranış ise
“okul dışından
gelen haksız eleştirilere karşı öğretmenlerini koruması” davranışıdır. Öğretmenlerin kendi okul müdürlerinin “yardımsever
liderlik” boyutuna ilişkin algıları arasında “sendika üyeliği” ve “cinsiyet”
değişkenlerine göre anlamlı bir fark saptanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda,
uygulayıcı ve araştırmacılara yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Transfusion in Haemoglobinopathies: Review and recommendations for local blood banks and transfusion services in Oman
Authors: Al-Riyami Arwa Z. , Daar Shahina 
Published: April 2018

Sickle cell disease and homozygous β-thalassaemia are common haemoglobinopathies in Oman, with many implications for local healthcare services. The transfusions of such patients take place in many hospitals throughout the country. Indications for blood transfusions require local recommendations and guidelines to ensure standardised levels of care. This article summarises existing transfusion guidelines for this group of patients and provides recommendations for blood banks and transfusion services in Oman. This information is especially pertinent to medical professionals and policy-makers developing required services for the standardised transfusion support of these patients.
Implications of Early Pregnancy Obesity on Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Health: Retrospective cohort study from Oman
Authors: Zutshi Anita , Santhosh Jayasree , Sheikh Julie , Naeem Fareeha , Al-Hamedi Ahmed , Khan Shahla , Al-Said Eishthiag 
Published: April 2018

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of early pregnancy obesity among Omani women and to review maternal antenatal complications, intrapartum and postpartum events and neonatal complications among such women in comparison to women of normal weight. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 2,652 pregnant Omani women who delivered at the Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman, between November 2011 and April 2012. The patients’ electronic medical records were reviewed for antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum data. Body mass index was measured during the first trimester (≤12 gestational weeks) and classified according to the World Health Organization categories. Maternal and neonatal complications were compared between obese women and those of normal weight. Obstetric outcomes in uncomplicated pregnancies were also compared. Results: In the study cohort, there were 901 (34%) obese women and 912 (34.4%) women of normal weight; of these, 440 (48.8%) and 672 (73.7%) had uncomplicated pregnancies, respectively. Obese women had a significantly increased incidence of gestational diabetes (relative risk [RR]: 2.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.70–2.92; P <0.01), gestational hypertension (RR: 3.04; 95% CI: 1.63–5.65; P <0.01), Caesarean delivery (RR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.08–2.03; P <0.01), postpartum haemorrhage (RR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.11–4.10; P = 0.01) and fetal macrosomia (RR: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.21–6.09; P <0.01). Conclusion: Approximately one-third of the studied Omani women were obese. These women had a significantly increased risk of various maternal antenatal complications, intrapartum and postpartum events and neonatal complications.
Removal of Nasogastric Tube Accidentally Stitched to Roux-en-Y Oesophagojejunostomy Following a Radical Gastrectomy for Stomach Cancer: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Azzam Ayman Z. , Azzam Kareem A. , Amin Tarek 
Published: April 2018

Nasogastric tubes (NGTs) are important for feeding, stenting and decompression after gastrointestinal surgeries, particularly in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Resistance in the removal of a NGT is a rare surgical complication and may be due to a knot in the tube or a stitch anchoring the tube to an anastomosis. We report a 41-year-old male patient who was admitted to the King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in 2015 with stomach cancer. He underwent a radical total gastrectomy with a Roux-en-Y oesophagojejunostomy. One week after the surgery, removal of the NGT was attempted; however, this was very difficult and the proximal end of the tube was cut off as a temporary measure. Six weeks later, an upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy revealed that the distal end of the NGT had been accidentally stitched to the Roux-en-Y oesophagojejunostomy. The stitch was removed and the rest of the NGT was successfully extracted using a snare.
Theoretical analysis on the convergence of India and China’s interests and their impact on post-conflict Sri Lanka
Authors: Karunarathne M.S.H.U. 
Published: April 2018

Convergence of India-China interests on Sri Lankan context became critical during post conflict period as it provided the platform for these two powerful nations to check and balance their interests. This paper aims at discussing the impact of their interests on post conflict Sri Lanka. The main objective of the study is to theoretically analyze the convergence of Indo-China interests on above context and their impact on Sri Lanka. To achieve aforesaid objectives qualitative approach has been adopted and secondary data is the main type of data obtained from various sources such as books, journal articles, newspapers, government records and other relevant documents available in both printed and electronic versions. Document analysis, theoretical analysis and descriptive analysis are used to analyze data. In document analysis documents are interpreted to give meaning and it collects available data related to the study and interprets them to find out specific issues. Concepts derive from literature review and theoretical analysis helps to develop broader understanding on those issues and collect new knowledge. Descriptive analysis also used in certain areas to provide comprehensive understanding of collected data. The research findings conclude Chinese influence over the other regions seems inevitable with its rise as a global economic and military power which is perceived as a threat by India. India is also trying to match Chinese rise resulting suspicion and fear psychosis among one another’s achievements. Both are engaged in a competition to achieve goodwill of their neighbors. Sri Lanka has become convergence point for both India and China due to its strategic importance in the Indian Ocean and it was intensified during post conflict period. Both attempted to attract the post conflict reconstruction projects but China impressed more positively on Sri Lankan policy makers since its aid came with no influences for domestic politics. India raised the issue on reconciliation and power devolution and even supported UN resolution against Sri Lanka. Chinese approach was more peaceful and beneficial for Sri Lanka whereas India
Tech-Based Approaches To Supporting And Engaging Diverse Learners: Visual Strategies For Success
Authors: Bryans-Bongey Sarah E. 
Published: April 2018

This paper explores teaching and learning applications at the intersection between Universal Design for Learning, Assistive Technology, and mainstream educational technology. Informed by the SETT framework in which the technology choice is informed by student, environment, and task (Dell, Newton, & Petroff, 2017; Zabala, 2005), this paper is designed for a learner-profile consistent with learners who need concrete and visual approaches to optimize receptive and expressive communication. The visual and interactive approaches shared here include Universal Design, graphic organizers, and comic strip creations, and may appeal to teachers of students on the autism spectrum as well as others who are responsive to visual supports.
While it is not possible to predict the exact nature of the environment and tasks at hand for these students, the paper leaves those decisions in the hands of the readers. Approaches and suggestions shared here reflect practitioner experience, findings from the literature, and data from a 2016 course, in which a small number of diverse students reinforced the concept that UDL approaches increased their engagement and success.