bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying market risk for substandard and falsified medicines: an analytic framework based on qualitative research in China, Indonesia, Turkey and Romania
Authors: Pisani Elizabeth , Nistor Adina-Loredana , Hasnida Amalia , Parmaksiz Koray , Xu Jingying , Kok Maarten Oliver 
Published: April 2019

Introduction: Substandard and falsified medicines undermine health systems. We sought to unravel the political and economic factors which drive the production of these products, and to explain how they reach patients. Methods: We conducted in-depth case studies in China, Indonesia, Turkey and Romania. We reviewed academic papers and press reports (n = 840), developing semi-structured questionnaires. We interviewed regulators, policy-makers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, physicians, pharmacists, patients and academics (n=88). We coded data using NVivo software, and developed an analytic framework to assess national risks for substandard and falsified medicines. We tested the framework against cases reported to the World Health Organization, from countries at all income levels. Results: We found that increasing political commitment to provision of universal health coverage has led to public procurement policies aimed at lowering prices of medical products. In response, legitimate, profit-driven pharmaceutical companies protect their margins by cutting costs, or withdrawing from less profitable markets, while distributors engage in arbitrage. Meanwhile, health providers sometimes protect profits by 'upselling' patients to medicines not covered by insurers. Cost-cutting can undermine quality assurance, leading to substandard or degraded medicines. Other responses contribute to shortages, irrational demand and high prices. All of these provide market opportunities for producers of falsified products; they also push consumers outside of the regular supply chain, providing falsifiers with easy access to customers. The analytic framework capturing these interactions explained cases in most high and middle-income settings; additional factors operate in the poorest countries. Conclusions: Most efforts to secure medicine quality currently focus on product regulation. However, our research suggests market mechanisms are key drivers for poor quality medicines, including where political commitments to universal health coverage are under-resourced. We have developed a framework to guide country-specific, system-wide analysis. This can flag risks and pinpoint specific actions to protect medicine quality, and thus health.
Resin-based composite materials: A science update
Authors: Bonsor Stephen J 
Published: April 2019

Resin-based composite materials are widely used in contemporary restorative dentistry. Dental materials are constantly evolving as performance data become available and materials science advances. It is critical that the dental team is aware of changes in the science underpinning the resin-based composite materials that they are using as this may have an impact on how the materials are manipulated clinically and the ultimate success of the restoration. This paper reviews recent developments in resin-based composite materials, concentrating on those used for direct restorative procedures. CPD/Clinical Relevance: As materials science advances, so the constituent chemicals of resin-based composites may change, affecting the way these materials should be handled clinically by the dental team.
Posterior composites: An update
Authors: Mackenzie Louis , Shortall Adrian , Burke Trevor , Parmar Dipesh 
Published: April 2019

The restoration of damaged posterior teeth using direct composite materials is an integral component of contemporary dental practice. Resin-based materials are now routinely used to solve a wide range of restorative problems from the minimally invasive management of early carious lesions to the total restoration of severely worn dentitions. As there is a wide variation in the teaching and practice of posterior composite techniques worldwide, this paper aims to provide an evidence-based update designed to help clinical teams equip practices with suitable materials and equipment and optimize all clinical stages of posterior composite procedures. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Knowledge, understanding and advanced practical skill in posterior composite restorations is an essential requirement for contemporary clinical dentistry.
Differential Quadrature and Differential Transformation Methods in Buckling Analysis of Nanobeams
Authors: Jena Subrat Kumar , Chakraverty S. 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
In this paper, two computationally efficient techniques viz. Differential Quadrature Method (DQM) and Differential Transformation Method (DTM) have been used for buckling analysis of Euler-Bernoulli nanobeam incorporation with the nonlocal theory of Eringen. Complete procedures of both the methods along with their mathematical formulations are discussed, and MATLAB codes have been developed for both the methods to handle the boundary conditions. Various classical boundary conditions such as SS, CS, and CC have been considered for investigation. A comparative study for the convergence of DQM and DTM approaches are carried out, and the obtained results are also illustrated to demonstrate the effects of the nonlocal parameter, aspect ratio (L/h) and the boundary condition on the critical buckling load parameter.
Stable s-minimal cones in ℝ3 are flat for s ~ 1
Authors: Cabré Xavier , Cinti Eleonora , Serra Joaquim 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
We prove that half spaces are the only stable nonlocal s-minimal cones in

ℝ
3

{\mathbb{R}^{3}}

, for

s
∈

(
0
,
1
)

{s\in(0,1)}

sufficiently close to 1. This is the first classification result of stable s-minimal cones in dimension higher than two. Its proof cannot rely on a compactness argument perturbing from

s
=
1

{s=1}

. In fact, our proof gives a quantifiable value for the required closeness of s to 1. We use the geometric formula for the second variation of the fractional s-perimeter, which involves a squared nonlocal second fundamental form, as well as the recent BV estimates for stable nonlocal minimal sets.
A simulation-based approach to training in heuristic clinical decision-making
Authors: Altabbaa Ghazwan , Raven Amanda D. , Laberge Jason 
Published: April 2019

Abstract

Background
Cognitive biases may negatively impact clinical decision-making. The dynamic nature of a simulation environment can facilitate heuristic decision-making which can serve as a teaching opportunity.

Methods
Momentum bias, confirmation bias, playing-the-odds bias, and order-effect bias were integrated into four simulation scenarios. Clinical simulation educators and human factors specialists designed a script of events during scenarios to trigger heuristic decision-making. Debriefing included the exploration of frames (mental models) resulting in the observed actions, as well as a discussion of specific bias-prone frames and bias-resistant frames. Simulation sessions and debriefings were coded to measure the occurrence of bias, recovery from biased decision-making, and effectiveness of debriefings.

Results
Twenty medical residents and 18 medical students participated in the study. Twenty pairs (of one medical student and one resident) and two individuals (medical residents alone) completed a simulation session. Evidence of bias was observed in 11 of 20 (55%) sessions. While most participant pairs were able to avoid or recover from the anticipated bias, there were three sessions with no recovery. Evaluation of debriefings showed exploration of frames in all the participant pairs. Establishing new bias-resistant frames occurred more often when the learners experienced the bias.

Conclusions
Instructional design using experiential learning can focus learner attention on the specific elements of diagnostic decision-making. Using scenario design and debriefing enabled trainees to experience and analyze their own cognitive biases.
Toxicological Evaluation of Thermal Treatment of Drilling Waste from Shale Gas Exploration in Poland
Authors: Drzewicz Przemysław , Nałęcz-Jawecki Grzegorz , Drobniewska Agata , Zgadzaj Anna , Smoliński Adam , Krzan Marcel , Starzycka Anita 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The oil containing drilling waste is a worldwide environmental problem associated with oil and gas exploration. In Poland, the problem of the drilling waste has become important since starting of shale gas exploration. The results of thermal treatment of drilling waste from shale gas exploration are presented. It has been shown that organic content vaporized completely at temperature up to 500 °C. The main problem is high content of chloride, sulfate, sodium, potassium, magnesium in the waste and its water leachate. Toxicity tests confirmed that high salinity of the samples pose important risk for environment. Due to the high content of barium, the drilling waste may be utilized in production of cement with high chemical and heat resistance and opaque to X-ray. Thermal treatment process is a viable option for remediation of the drilling waste; however, the product of the process needs further treatment in order to remove its high salinity.
Sorption of Hydrogen Chloridein The Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Olek Małgorzata , Żukowski Witold , Baron Jerzy 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Combustion of fuels, including renewable fuels and thermal treatment of waste (CFCs, pesticides), is associated with emissions of pollutants including halogens. The reversible process of sorption/desorption of HCl, in a fluidized (bubbling) bed reactor (BFB), during co-combustion of Cl-materials, was carried out. The thermal decomposition of methylene chloride (DCM, CH2Cl2) in an inert sand bed with the addition of the hydroxyapatite sorbent (HAp, Ca5(PO4)3(OH)) was investigated. The process parameters were as follows: temperature - 930 °C, the air excess - 1.3, stream rate of CH2Cl2 - 50 cm3/h. The concentration of HCl, CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2, CH3Cl, COCl2 in the exhaust gases were monitored online with FTIR spectroscopy. The main chlorine product was hydrogen chloride. Samples of unprocessed HAp, taken from the bed during the process, and solid apatite residues were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The content of chlorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3Cl) in the analyzed samples was respectively 11, 53 and 19 %. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis showed the molar ratio of Ca:P:Cl was: 1.00:0.36:0.01, 1.00:0.36:0.09, 1.00:0.37:0.04 respectively. The HAp could be used as an sorbent of the HCl(g) during combustion of materials containing chlorine.
Adsorption of Malachite Green and Congo Red Dyes from Water: Recent Progress and Future Outlook
Authors: Swan Ng Boon , Zaini Muhammad Abbas Ahmad 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
Global concern on dyes-laden effluent has intensified over the years. Dyes are toxic, stable to light, and hardly oxidized and bio-degraded, hence causing severe physiological effects to living organisms. In water, dye hinders the light penetration for photosynthetic activity, consequently oxygen is deficient for respiration by aquatic creatures. Adsorption has been widely recognized as the effective removal strategy to abate dye wastewater. However, the quests to improve the adsorption efficiency are continuously sought through new adsorbents with special characters, while performing the removal process at optimum operating conditions. This short review aims to summarize the recent progress in adsorption studies of two commonly used industrial dyes, namely malachite green and congo red by various adsorbents. From the quoted studies, the oxidized mesoporous carbon yields a higher adsorption capacity of malachite green at 1265 mg/g, while Fe3O4@nSiO2@mSiO2 displays a greater capacity for congo red removal at 1429 mg/g. A superior adsorption relies not only on specific surface area but also the synergistic interactions of pore width and mesoporosity, surface chemistry, and operating conditions. The dyes properties and factors affecting the adsorption are also highlighted and discussed, with recommendations and future outlook.
nflWAR: a reproducible method for offensive player evaluation in football
Authors: Yurko Ronald , Ventura Samuel , Horowitz Maksim 
Published: April 2019

AbstractExisting methods for player evaluation in American football rely heavily on proprietary data, are often not reproducible, lag behind those of other major sports, and are not interpretable in terms of game outcomes. We present four contributions to the study of football statistics to address these issues. First, we develop the R package nflscrapR to provide easy access to publicly available play-by-play data from the National Football League (NFL). Second, we introduce a novel multinomial logistic regression approach for estimating the expected points for each play. Third, we use the expected points as input into a generalized additive model for estimating the win probability for each play. Fourth, we introduce our nflWAR framework, using multilevel models to isolate the contributions of individual offensive skill players in terms of their wins above replacement (WAR). We assess the uncertainty in WAR through a resampling approach specifically designed for football, and we present results for the 2017 NFL season. We discuss how our reproducible WAR framework can be extended to estimate WAR for players at any position if researchers have data specifying the players on the field during each play. Finally, we discuss the potential implications of this work for NFL teams.
On the C/edge linking mechanism. Evidence from Polish
Authors: Sopata Aldona 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe main aim of the paper is to examine Polish data from the perspective of Sigurðsson’s (2011, 2014) theory of C/edge linking. The crucial point of the theory lies in the hypothesis that phases are equipped with silent edge features which enable narrow syntax to link to context. All definite arguments, overt as well as null arguments, must be successfully C/edge linked, e.g. they have to match at least one feature in the broad C-domain.The present study focuses on utterances in Polish with direct object expressed as pronoun or null.The account proves successful in explaining some distributional patterns of null vs. pronoun objects in Polish. The Polish data investigated in this study indicates that the theory of silent edge linkers providing a communication channel for syntax and context is a step towards understanding the relation between syntax and pragmatics better.
Local habitat preferences of a semi-aquatic mammal, the Pyrenean desmanGalemys pyrenaicus
Authors: Biffi Marjorie , Laffaille Pascal , Buisson Laëtitia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTo date, the large-scale distribution of the endangered Pyrenean desman,Galemys pyrenaicus, has been related to various abiotic factors (e.g. riverbed and riverbank characteristics, hydrology, topography, climate). However, none could fully explain the recent observed range contraction of the species, suggesting the influence of other drivers. In this study, the potential effect of some unexplored variables on the Pyrenean desman presence was investigated at the local scale (i.e. stream reaches) in the French Pyrenees. They described not only the riverbed, riverbanks, water chemistry, topography and pedology but also the presence of potential interacting species. Generalised linear models were implemented to select the best drivers of the Pyrenean desman presence. Our results stressed the relevance of considering human impacts at the riverbed scale, river narrowing and water chemistry to explain the local distribution of the Pyrenean desman. The presence of two potential competitors, the Eurasian water shrewNeomys fodiensand the dipperCinclus cinclus, was also highly correlated to the species presence in stream reaches. This suggests that all three species may use the same resources within streams, which could be a potential source of competitive interactions. This study not only highlights the importance of maintaining the riverbed integrity for the Pyrenean desman but also stresses the need to assess the extent to which biotic interactions may affect its distribution in order to understand its current decline.
A Mn(II) complex with an amide-containing ligand: synthesis, structural characterization, and magnetic properties
Authors: Zhu Xiao-Hong , Jiang Ding-Yun , Cheng Xiao-Chun , Li Deng-Hao , Du Wei-Gang 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
A new Mn(II) complex [Mn2(L)(H2O)3] · (H2O)4.8 (1) was synthesized via the hydrothermal reaction of MnCl2 · 4H2O with N
4,N
4′-di(5-isophthalyl)biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxamide (H4L). Complex 1 is characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental and thermogravimetric analyses. 1 exhibits a uninodal 5-connected 3D bnn framework structure with (46.64) topology. The magnetic properties of 1 were investigated.
Paraganglioma presenting as stress cardiomyopathy: case report and literature review
Authors: Ferreira Ana Gonçalves , Nunes da Silva Tiago , Alegria Sofia , Cordeiro Maria Carlos , Portugal Jorge 
Published: April 2019

Summary
Pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) are neuroendocrine tumors that can secrete catecholamines. The authors describe a challenging case who presented as stress cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction (MI). A 76-year-old man, with a medical history of Parkinson’s disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and a previous inferior MI in 2001, presented to the emergency department due to chest pain, headaches and vomiting. He also reported worsening blood glucose levels and increasing constipation over the preceding weeks. BP was 185/89 mmHg (no other relevant findings). EKG had ST segment depression in leads V2-V6, T troponin was 600 ng/L (<14) and the echocardiogram showed left ventricular hypokinesia with mildly compromised systolic function. Nevertheless, he rapidly progressed to severe biventricular dysfunction. Coronary angiogram showed a 90% anterior descendent coronary artery occlusion (already present in 2001), which was treated with angioplasty/stenting. In the following days, a very labile BP profile and unexplained sinus tachycardia episodes were observed. Because of sustained severe constipation, the patient underwent an abdominal CT that revealed a retroperitoneal, heterogeneous, hypervascular mass on the right (62 × 35 mm), most likely a paraganglioma. Urinary metanephrines were increased several fold. 68Ga-DOTANOC PET-CT scan showed increased uptake in the abdominal mass (no evidence of disease elsewhere). He was started on a calcium-channel blocker and alpha blockade and underwent surgery with no major complications. Eight months after surgery, the patient has no evidence of disease. Genetic testing was negative for known germline mutations. This was a challenging diagnosis, but it was essential for adequate cardiovascular stabilization and to reduce further morbidity.

Learning points:

PPGL frequently produces catecholamines and can manifest with several cardiovascular syndromes, including stress cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction.

Even in the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD), PPGL should be suspected if signs or symptoms attributed to catecholamine excess are present (in this case, high blood pressure, worsening hyperglycaemia and constipation).

Establishing the correct diagnosis is important for adequate treatment choice.

Inodilators and mechanical support might be preferable options (if available) for cardiovascular stabilization prior to alpha blockade and surgery.

Laboratory interference should be suspected irrespective of metanephrine levels, especially in the context of treated Parkinson’s disease.
Sınıf Öğretmenlerinin Sanal Manipülatiflere İlişkin Görüşleri
Authors: UZUNDAĞ Kadriye , YAZICI Ersen 
Published: April 2019

Sanal manipülatiflerin, ilkokul öğrencilerinin kavramları daha iyi
anlamasına, kavramlar üzerinde yorum yapabilmelerine ve kavramları problem
çözmede kullanabilmelerine yardımcı olduğu düşünülmektedir. Matematik
öğretiminde sanal manipülatiflerin etkili olabilmesi için, öğretmenlerin uygun
manipülatifleri seçebilmeleri ve bunları etkili bir şekilde kullanabilmeleri
gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda, araştırmanın amacı sınıf öğretmenlerinin sanal
manipülatiflere ilişkin görüşlerini incelemektir. Araştırma tarama modelinde
olup, betimsel bir nitelik taşımaktadır. Sınıf öğretmenlerinin sanal
manipülatiflerden haberdar olma ve sanal manipülatifleri kullanma durumlarına
ilişkin görüşlerini belirlemek amacıyla araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen
anket uygulanmıştır. Betimsel analizler yoluyla elde edilen bulguları
desteklemek amacıyla, sanal manipülatifleri kullandığını ifade eden
öğretmenlerden 3’ü ile görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Araştırma verisinin analizinde
betimsel istatistikler, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin ölçülmesinde ki-kare
analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan 278 öğretmenden 254 tanesinin
matematik öğretiminde sanal manipülatifleri kullanmadıkları tespit edilmiştir
Polymorphism A1166C of AGTR1 Gene and the State of Intrarenal Blood Flow in Patients with Essential Arterial Hypertension 1–2 Degrees
Authors: Melnikova L. V. , Osipova E. V. , Levashova O. A. 
Published: April 2019

Aim: to study relationship between genetic disorders and features of intrarenal blood flow in patients with essential arterial hypertension (AH) of 1–2 degree. Materials and methods. We examined 100 patients (60 women, 40 men) aged 35 to 58 years with 1–2‑degree essential arterial hypertension (AH) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages I–III. Examination included triplex scanning of renal arteries on the ultrasound scanner Vivid-7 Dimension, genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphism А1166С of the AGTR1 gene by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using CKD-EPI formula. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 included persons with I and II stage CKD (n=65, 25 men and 40 women), group 2 included patients with stages IIIA and IIIB CKD (n=35, 15 men and 20 women). Results. Among patients of group 1 prevailed genotype AA, while among group 2 patients prevailed genotype AC. Speed of blood flow in interlobar renal arteries was higher in the group 1 compared with group 2, while in the group 2 time of acceleration of blood flow was higher than in the group 1. Discussion. The data obtained are indicative of the decrease of systolic, diastolic, and averaged maximal blood flow velocity and the lengthening of acceleration time in patients with higher CKD stage. Conclusions. The presence in the genotype of patients with 1–2‑degree AH of AGTR1 1166С allele may be considered a risk factor of early development of CKD. Lowering of speed characteristics of blood flow and lengthening of the acceleration time in patients with AH can be a criterion of hypertensive nephropathy development.