bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Demographic Embeddings Into Language Understanding
Authors: Garten Justin , Kennedy Brendan , Hoover Joe , Sagae Kenji , Dehghani Morteza 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMeaning depends on context. This applies in obvious cases like deictics or sarcasm as well as more subtle situations like framing or persuasion. One key aspect of this is the identity of the participants in an interaction. Our interpretation of an utterance shifts based on a variety of factors, including personal history, background knowledge, and our relationship to the source. While obviously an incomplete model of individual differences, demographic factors provide a useful starting point and allow us to capture some of this variance. However, the relevance of specific demographic factors varies between situations—where age might be the key factor in one context, ideology might dominate in another. To address this challenge, we introduce a method for combining demographics and context into situated demographic embeddings—mapping representations into a continuous geometric space appropriate for the given domain, showing the resulting representations to be functional and interpretable. We further demonstrate how to make use of related external data so as to apply this approach in low‐resource situations. Finally, we show how these representations can be incorporated into improve modeling of real‐world natural language understanding tasks, improving model performance and helping with issues of data sparsity.
Discourse Coherence as a Cue to Reference in Word Learning: Evidence for Discourse Bootstrapping
Authors: Sullivan Jessica , Boucher Juliana , Kiefer Reina J. , Williams Katherine , Barner David 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWord learning depends critically on the use of linguistic context to constrain the likely meanings of words. However, the mechanisms by which children infer word meaning from linguistic context are still poorly understood. In this study, we asked whether adults (n = 58) and 2‐ to 6‐year‐old children (n = 180) use discourse coherence relations (i.e., the meaningful relationships between elements within a discourse) to constrain their interpretation of novel words. Specifically, we showed participants videos of novel animals exchanging objects. These videos were accompanied by a linguistic description of the events in which we manipulated a single word within a sentence (and vs. because) in order to alter the causal and temporal relations between the events in the discourse (e.g., “One animal handed the baby to the other animal [and/because] the baby started crying in the talfa's arms”). We then asked participants which animal (the giver or the receiver) was the referent of the novel word. Across two experiments, we found evidence that young children used the causal and temporal relations in each discourse to constrain their interpretations of novel words.
The Minds of God(s) and Humans: Differences in Mind Perception in Fiji and North America
Authors: Willard Aiyana K. , McNamara Rita A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPrevious research suggests that how people conceive of minds depends on the culture in which they live, both in determining how they interact with other human minds and how they infer the unseen minds of gods. We use exploratory factor analysis to compare how people from different societies with distinct models of human minds and different religious traditions perceive the minds of humans and gods. In two North American samples (American adults,N = 186; Canadian students,N = 202), we replicated a previously found two‐factor agency/experience structure for both human and divine minds, but in Fijian samples (IndigenousiTaukei Fijians,N = 77; Fijians of Indian descent,N = 214; totalN = 679) we found a three‐factor structure, with the additional containing items related to social relationships. Further, Fijians’ responses revealed a different three‐factor structure for human minds and gods’ minds. We used these factors as dimensions in the conception of minds to predict (a) expectations about human and divine tendencies towards punishment and reward; and (b) conception of gods as more embodied (an extension of experience) or more able to know people's thoughts (an extension of agency). We found variation in how these factors predict conceptions of agents across groups, indicating further theory is needed to explain how culturally generated concepts of mind lead to other sorts of social inferences. We conclude that mind perception is shaped by culturally defined social expectations and recommend further work in different cultural contexts to examine the interplay between culture and social cognition.
Learning Words Via Reading: Contextual Diversity, Spacing, and Retrieval Effects in Adults
Authors: Pagán Ascensión , Nation Kate 
Published: January 2019

AbstractWe examined whether variations in contextual diversity, spacing, and retrieval practice influenced how well adults learned new words from reading experience. Eye movements were recorded as adults read novel words embedded in sentences. In the learning phase, unfamiliar words were presented either in the same sentence repeated four times (same context) or in four different sentences (diverse context). Spacing was manipulated by presenting the sentences under distributed or non‐distributed practice. After learning, half of the participants were asked to retrieve the new words, and half had an extra exposure to the new words. Although words experienced in diverse contexts were acquired more slowly during learning, they enjoyed a greater benefit of learning at immediate posttest. Distributed practice also slowed learning, but no benefit was observed at posttest. Although participants who had an extra exposure showed the greatest learning benefit overall, learning also benefited from retrieval opportunity, when words were experienced in diverse contexts. These findings demonstrate that variation in the content and structure of the learning environment impacts on word learning via reading.
Violence and Latin‐American preadolescents: A study of social brain function and cortisol levels
Authors: Buchweitz Augusto , de Azeredo Lucas Araújo , Sanvicente-Vieira Breno , Metsavaht Cará Valentina , Bianchini Esper Nathália , Soder Ricardo Bernardi , da Costa Jaderson Costa , Portuguez Mirna Wetters , Franco Alexandre Rosa , Grassi‐Oliveira Rodrigo 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe present study investigated exposure to violence and its association with brain function and hair cortisol concentrations in Latin‐American preadolescents. Self‐reported victimization scores (JVQ‐R2), brain imaging (fMRI) indices for a social cognition task (the ‘eyes test’), and hair cortisol concentrations were investigated, for the first time, in this population. The eyes test is based on two conditions: attributing mental state or sex to pictures of pairs of eyes (Baron‐Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, & Plumb, 2001). The results showed an association among higher victimization scores and (a) less activation of posterior temporoparietal right‐hemisphere areas, in the mental state condition only (including right temporal sulcus and fusiform gyrus); (b) higher functional connectivity indices for the Amygdala and Right Fusiform Gyrus (RFFG) pair of brain regions, also in the mental state condition only; (c) higher hair cortisol concentrations. The results suggest more exposure to violence is associated with significant differences in brain function and connectivity. A putative mechanism of less activation in posterior right‐hemisphere regions and of synchronized Amygdala:RFFGtime series was identified in the mental state condition only. The results also suggest measurable effects of exposure to violence in hair cortisol concentrations, which contribute to the reliability of self‐reported scores by young adolescents. The findings are discussed in light of the effects of exposure to violence on brain function and on social‐cognitive development in the adolescent brain. A video abstract of this article can be viewed athttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qHcXq7Y9PBk
The impact of unequal regional distribution of fiscal resources on China’s post‐reform economic growth
Authors: Huang Jr‐Tsung , Chang Ming‐Lei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractMotivationThe relationship between unequal fiscal resources among regions and China’s economic growth remains unclear due to its possibly different short‐ and long‐run directions. This study considers the role of unequal fiscal resources among regions in China’s economic growth.PurposeThe article develops an empirical model to investigate the effect of unequal regional distribution of fiscal resources on China’s economic growth in the short and long run in the post‐reform period.Approach and MethodsA time‐series data during the 1979–2010 period is used, adopting the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach plus co‐integration with two indicators of inequality, the GINI coefficient (GINI) and coefficient of variance (CV), calculated from different components of provincial fiscal revenue. Six model specifications of the ARDL plus co‐integration equation are estimated.FindingsThe primary finding is that, in the short run, China’s regional fiscal distribution inequality has a negative one‐year lagged effect on its economic growth as the fiscal subsidy from central government is considered. However, the long‐run equilibrium relationship between fiscal inequality and economic growth in China is positive during the research period.Policy ImplicationsAs China is pursuing sustainable economic growth and trying ultimately to achieve equal regional development, this study thus suggests that China should continue to support the principle of ‘let some people grow rich first’, perhaps implying that some regions should have more fiscal resources to develop successfully first. This will eventually benefit the country’s overall economic development.
Infestation of the orchid Cephalanthera spp. by Parallelomma vittatum (Meigen, 1826) (Diptera: Scathophagidae) in Japan
Authors: Suetsugu Kenji , Kitamura Shumpei , Sueyoshi Masahiro 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIt is important to understand the interactions between orchids and their herbivores, especially considering the rarity of most orchids and the potential negative effects of pests on orchid reproduction. Here, we report the infestation of leaves of Cephalanthera spp. orchids by Parallelomma vittatum (Scathophagidae) in Japan. The present study represents the first report of P. vittatum on orchid hosts in Asia.
Rough‐fuzzy quadratic minimum spanning tree problem
Authors: Majumder Saibal , Kar Samarjit , Pal Tandra 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA quadratic minimum spanning tree problem determines a minimum spanning tree of a network whose edges are associated with linear and quadratic weights. Linear weights represent the edge costs whereas the quadratic weights are the interaction costs between a pair of edges of the graph. In this study, a bi‐objective rough‐fuzzy quadratic minimum spanning tree problem has been proposed for a connected graph, where the linear and the quadratic weights are represented as rough‐fuzzy variables. The proposed model is formulated by using rough‐fuzzy chance‐constrained programming technique. Subsequently, three related theorems are also proposed for the crisp transformation of the proposed model. The crisp equivalent models are solved with a classical multi‐objective solution technique, the epsilon‐constraint method and two multi‐objective evolutionary algorithms: (a) nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA‐II) and (b) multi‐objective cross‐generational elitist selection, heterogeneous recombination, and cataclysmic mutation (MOCHC) algorithm. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the proposed model when solved with different methodologies. A sensitivity analysis of the example is also performed at different confidence levels. The performance of NSGA‐II and MOCHC are analysed on five randomly generated instances of the proposed model. Finally, a numerical illustration of an application of the proposed model is also presented in this study.
Simulation in pharmacy education to enhance interprofessional education
Authors: Kayyali Reem , Harrap Nicola , Albayaty Aiden , Savickas Vilius , Hammell James , Hyatt Francina , Elliott Karen , Richardson Sally 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Objective
Increased demands from healthcare services have led to new roles for healthcare professionals (HCPs). Simulation based learning (SBL) can offer multidisciplinary HCPs and students a format to train for such emerging roles. The aim of this work was to adapt existing nursing SBL to involve pharmacy students and evaluate perceptions and effectiveness of SBL when used for interprofessional education (IPE).

Methods
Settings were a simulated hospital ward and a general practitioner (GP) practice. Participants were pharmacy and nursing students. Evaluation was by questionnaires and interviews. Ethical approval was obtained from the University Ethics Committee.

Key Findings
A total of 440 students participated. The majority of respondents (317/330;96%) found the sessions useful. All elements were highly rated: briefing (315/340;93%), setting (301/321;94%), scenario (325/338;96%), feedback (303/327;93%), interaction with the “patient” (328/338;97%), interactions with other HCP trainee (293/329;89%). The majority (304/327;93%) agreed that they felt the sessions had enhanced their skills. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) enhancement in communication confidence was perceived by the students. Students gained understanding of each other’s roles, and appreciated practicing communication and teamwork.

Conclusions
Students recognised the importance, usefulness and need for IPE. SBL has the potential to support a variety of HCPs to facilitate uptake of new roles and working in multidisciplinary teams.
Does interspecific competition change the barley's response and recovery from heat wave?
Authors: Žaltauskaitė Jūratė , Dikšaitytė Austra , Miškelytė Diana , Kacienė Giedrė , Sujetovienė Gintarė , Januškaitienė Irena , Sakalauskienė Sandra , Miliauskienė Jurga , Juknys Romualdas 
Published: January 2019

AbstractDifferent species have different sensitivity to heat waves; therefore, interspecific competition may affect the crop response to heat waves. We investigated the effects of heat waves on spring barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) grown with and without wild mustard (Sinapis arvensisL.) as well as the recovery of barleys from stress. The plants were exposed to a 7‐day 35/28ºC (day/night) heat wave at ambient CO2(400 μmol/mol) and elevated CO2(800 μmol/mol). All seedlings were rehydrated and returned to control conditions (21/14ºC, CO2400 μmol/mol) after the cease of heat wave and grown for a 7‐day period of recovery. Heat wave had more pronounced negative effect on the barley's aboveground biomass under competition with mustard, whereas the response of root biomass was not influenced by the presence of weeds. The heat wave induced reductions in barley's photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency under interspecific competition were higher compared to monocultured conditions. Interspecific competition impaired and delayed the recovery of barley's biomass production and leaf gas exchange parameters after heat wave. Elevated CO2slightly mitigated negative heat wave impact on the growth and leaf gas exchange parameters but had no effect during the recovery period.
Gel‐casting of MgAl2O4 transparent ceramics using a common dispersant
Authors: Liu Mengwei , Shimai Shunzo , Zhao Jin , Zhang Jian , Han Dan , Li Yi , Liu Juan , Wang Shiwei 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe ethanolaminic salt of citric acid (commercial name Dolapix CE 64) has commonly been used as a dispersant for colloidal based ceramic forming process. In this paper, a surprise was presented that MgAl2O4 spinel slurries consisting of MgAl2O4 spinel nanoparticles and Dolapix CE 64 gelled in air at room temperature spontaneously. The MgAl2O4 spinel slurries with high solid loading (54 vol%) were prepared with Dolapix CE 64 and the green body with up to 57% relative density was obtained. MgAl2O4 transparent ceramics with small grain size (0.92 μm) and high transmittance (81.7% at 600 nm) were fabricated after pre‐sintering at 1500°C and hot‐isostatic sintering at 1550°C.
Development costs capitalization and debt financing
Authors: Kreß Andreas , Eierle Brigitte , Tsalavoutas Ioannis 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThis study investigates debt market effects of research and development (R&D) costs capitalization, using a global sample of public bonds and private syndicated loans issued by public non‐financial firms. Firstly, we show that firms capitalize larger amounts of R&D in a year when they exhibit a propensity for issuing bonds, rather than borrowing funds privately from the syndicated loan market, in the subsequent year. Secondly, we provide evidence that capitalized R&D investments reduce the cost of debt. We infer that debt market participants are able to identify firms’ motives for R&D capitalization, as we find a reduction in the cost of debt only for those firms that do not show indications of employing R&D capitalization for earnings management reasons. Indeed, only for this sub‐sample of firms, the amount of capitalized R&D contributes positively to future earnings. We confirm that R&D capitalization is positively associated with audit fees and thus can be deemed to be a signaling device. Lastly, we find that it is the amount of R&D a firm is expected to capitalize and not the discretionary counterparts, which facilitates a firm's access to public debt markets, reduces bond and syndicated loan prices, and contributes to future benefits.
Assessing the environmental and dispersal controls onFagus grandifoliadistributions in the Great Lakes region
Authors: Seeley Megan , Goring Simon , Williams John W. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimThis paper assesses the relative importance of environmental filtering and dispersal limitations as controls on the western range limit ofFagus grandifolia, a common mesic late‐successional tree species in the easternUnited States. We also test for differences in species–environment relationships between range‐edge populations ofF. grandifoliain eastern Wisconsin and core populations in Michigan. Because environmental conditions between the states differ moderately, while in Michigan dispersal presumably no longer limitsF. grandifoliadistributions,F. grandifoliaoffers a classic case study for biogeographers, foresters, and palaeoecologists interested in understanding processes governing species range limits.LocationWisconsin and Michigan,USA.TaxonFagus grandifolia.MethodsThis study combines historical datasets ofF. grandifoliafrom the Public Land Survey, environmental covariates from soil maps and historical climate data, three spatial scenarios of dispersal limitation, and five species distribution models (SDMs). We test dispersal limitation and environmental filtering hypotheses by assessingSDMtransferability between core and edge populations, measuring the importance of dispersal and environmental predictors, and using a residual autocovariate model to test for spatial processes not represented by these predictors.ResultsFagus grandifoliapresence was best predicted by total snowfall in Michigan and by dispersal, summer precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration (PET) in Wisconsin. Following the addition of dispersal as a predictor, most Wisconsin models improved and spatial autocorrelation effects largely disappeared. Transferability between core and edge populations was moderate to low.Main conclusionsBoth environmental and dispersal limitations appear to govern the western range limit ofF. grandifolia. Species–environment relationships differ between range‐edge and core populations, suggesting either stronger environmental filtering at the range edge or fine‐scale, spatially varying interactions between environmental factors governing moisture availability in core populations. Although lakes, like Lake Michigan, both moderate regional climates and act as dispersal barriers, these effects can be disentangled through the joint analysis ofSDMs and historic observational datasets.
Big data for a large clade: Bioregionalization and ancestral range estimation in the daisy family (Asteraceae)
Authors: McDonald‐Spicer Christiana , Knerr Nunzio J. , Encinas‐Viso Francisco , Schmidt‐Lebuhn Alexander N. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAimIn recent years biogeography has been transformed by the increased availability of large‐scale distributional data, phylogenies, and novel quantitative analysis methods and models. More case studies, however, are needed to test the performance of various approaches, in particular at global scales and in species‐rich groups. In this study, we inferred bioregionalization and estimated ancestral areas for the largest plant family, the Asteraceae.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe used the Global Compositae Checklist data to infer Asteraceae bioregions with cluster and modularity analysis. We reconstructed a phylogeny of genus‐terminals for the Asteraceae family from a supermatrix of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast data. Combining areas based on the bioregions from modularity analysis and the phylogeny, we then estimated ancestral ranges across the Asteraceae phylogeny under 12 biogeographic models.ResultsCluster analysis resulted in several small bioregions from areas with low taxon numbers and linear and disjunct bioregions between Eurasia and Africa. Modularity analysis produced larger and compact bioregions, and we based downstream analysis on its results. The favoured model for ancestral area estimation was BAYAREALIKE+j+x, demonstrating the importance of long distance dispersal in the biogeographic history of the Asteraceae and a strong distance‐dependence of dispersal.Main conclusionsDifferences between cluster and modularity analysis suggest that the latter may be more robust to incomplete data and produces less disjunct and thus presumably biologically more realistic bioregions. With few exceptions, results of ancestral area estimation confirmed the results of previous studies, in particular South America as the ancestral area of the family, subsequent dispersal to and a secondary radiation from Africa, and the ancestral areas of individual tribes of the family.