bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
French foreign fighters: The engagement of administrative and criminal justice in France
Authors: Weill Sharon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSince 2012, it is estimated that 2,000 French nationals have joined jihadist armed groups listed by the UN as terrorist organizations in Syria and in Iraq. Consequently, a new prosecution policy has been introduced in France. To date, more than 200 persons have been prosecuted and 1,600 persons have been placed under criminal investigation. In parallel, after the 13 November 2015 terror attacks in Paris, a State of emergency was declared. Persisting for two years, it introduced derogative administrative measures that slowly transgressed into regular criminal law. Consequently, French administrative and criminal courts, with ordinary judges and professional routines, find themselves involved in matters related to armed conflicts – a completely new phenomenon for them. What role has been performed by French criminal and administrative judges in the global fight against terrorism?This article takes a close look at France's fight against terrorism and the engagement of its domestic legal system in the context of foreign fighters and suspects of terrorism. It outlines the radicalization processes of French administrative and criminal law along with their hybridization and complementarity. While the armed conflict in Syria and Iraq and the complex geopolitical context are clearly present in French courtrooms, international humanitarian law and international criminal law frameworks are almost entirely absent. At the same time, by granting a growing power to the administration, the repressive and pre-emptive approaches introduced within criminal and administrative law transform liberal conceptions of law and justice.
Lessons Learned From Modeling Irrigation From Field to Regional Scales
Authors: Xu Xiaoyu , Chen Fei , Barlage Michael , Gochis David , Miao Shiguang , Shen Shuanghe 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCorrectly calculating the timing and amount of crop irrigation is crucial for capturing irrigation effects on surface water and energy budgets and land‐atmosphere interactions. This study incorporated a dynamic irrigation scheme into the Noah with multiparameterization land surface model and investigated three methods of determining crop growing season length by agriculture management data. The irrigation scheme was assessed at field scales using observations from two contrasting (irrigated and rainfed) AmeriFlux sites near Mead, Nebraska. Results show that crop‐specific growing‐season length helped capture the first application timing and total irrigation amount, especially for soybeans. With a calibrated soil‐moisture triggering threshold (IRR_CRI), using planting and harvesting dates alone could reasonably predict the first application for maize. For soybeans, additional constraints on growing season were required to correct an early bias in the first modeled application. Realistic leaf area index input was essential for identifying the leaf area index‐based growing season. When transitioning from field to regional scales, the county‐level calibrated IRR_CRI helped mitigate overestimated (underestimated) total irrigation amount in southeastern Nebraska (lower Mississippi River Basin). In these two heavily irrigated regions, irrigation produced a cooling effect of 0.8–1.4 K, a moistening effect of 1.2–2.4 g/kg, a reduction in sensible heat flux by 60–105 W/m2, and an increase in latent heat flux by 75–120 W/m2. Most of irrigation water was used to increase soil moisture and evaporation, rather than runoff. Lacking regional‐scale irrigation timing and crop‐specific parameters makes transferring the evaluation and parameter‐constraint methods from field to regional scales difficult.
Ionospheric Scintillations: Indices and Modeling
Authors: Béniguel Yannick 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a review of the ionosphere scintillation characteristics recorded at low and high latitudes. The European Space Agency (ESA) MONITOR database has been used to support the analysis. We review in particular the different indices and the values recorded by the different kinds of receivers deployed during the measurement campaign. The climatology of the scintillation occurrences and their dependencies are presented on global maps. At low latitudes, together with the most used scintillation indices, additional parameters have been investigated, such as the time and frequency coherences and the fades and interfade time duration. These additional parameters have been obtained through an analysis of the raw data files recorded on extreme scintillation events. At high latitudes, the different nature of the scintillations recorded is analyzed and compared with the low‐latitude case. The last section of the paper shows a comparison between modeling and measured results for a 1‐month period at low latitudes.
A Study of Optoelectronic Scale Model of Full‐Size Target
Authors: Li Jin , Feng Xiaoyi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this article, a method of establishing a scaled model for a full‐size target composed both of medium and conductive material is proposed. First, the internal electromagnetic field of scale model equals the electromagnetic field of the corresponding full‐size target is proved from the relation of size of target, and the operating frequency as the target and its scale model are illuminated by the identical incident electromagnetic wave. Second, a general expression of target scattering is given. Finally, the scattered field of scale model equal to the scattered field of the corresponding full‐size target is demonstrated. All the measured results by the scaled model have a good agreement with the accurate solutions of the full‐size target. Simulation shows that the effectiveness of the method used to the target of lossy medium is better than that of the principle of similitude. The method has the advantage of being free from the operating frequency, the target permittivity, and target permeability.
Strengthening of the Indian Ocean Dipole With Increasing Seasonal Cycle in the Mid‐Holocene
Authors: Iwakiri T. , Watanabe M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis study presents modeling evidence that the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is enhanced in its frequency and amplitude under mid‐Holocene (8‐ka) conditions. This enhancement is identified in a global climate model simulation driven by the 8‐ka insolation, in which negative sea surface temperature anomalies grow more than the present‐day simulation in the eastern Indian Ocean. The mechanism of IOD amplification is explained in terms of a positive feedback among sea surface temperature, precipitation, and wind speeds over the eastern Indian Ocean. A series of idealized experiments in which the present‐day insolation seasonal cycle over the tropics is systematically perturbed in the model demonstrates that the IOD frequency and amplitude are proportional to the seasonal cycle strength of the atmospheric circulation off Sumatra‐Java, consistent with proxy records in the mid‐Holocene. Greater surface warming over Eurasia due to increased insolation in boreal summer is not critical to the amplification of the IOD.
The flagellin-TLR5-Nox4 axis promotes the migration of smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis
Authors: Kim Jinoh , Yoo Jung-Yeon , Suh Jung Min , Park Sujin , Kang Dongmin , Jo Hanjoong , Bae Yun Soo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe hypothesized that NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is involved in the formation of neointimal atherosclerotic plaques through the migration of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in response to flagellin. Here, we demonstrate that TLR5-mediated Nox4 activation regulates the migration of SMCs, leading to neointimal plaque formation in atherosclerosis. To investigate the molecular mechanism by which the TLR5-Nox4 cascade mediates SMC migration, we analyzed the signaling cascade in primary vascular SMCs (VSMCs) from wild-type (WT) or Nox4 KO mice. Stimulation of VSMCs from Nox4 KO mice with flagellin failed to induce H2O2 production and Rac activation compared with stimulation of VSMCs from WT mice. Moreover, the migration of Nox4-deficient VSMCs was attenuated in response to flagellin in transwell migration and wound healing assays. Finally, we performed partial carotid artery ligation in ApoE KO and Nox4ApoE DKO mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without recombinant FliC (rFliC) injection. Injection of rFliC into ApoE KO mice fed a HFD resulted in significantly increased SMC migration into the intimal layer, whereas SMC accumulation was not detected in Nox4ApoE DKO mice. We conclude that activation of the TLR5-Nox4 cascade plays an important role in the formation of neointimal atherosclerotic plaques.
Time series modeling of cell cycle exit identifies Brd4 dependent regulation of cerebellar neurogenesis
Authors: Penas Clara , Maloof Marie E. , Stathias Vasileios , Long Jun , Tan Sze Kiat , Mier Jose , Fang Yin , Valdes Camilo , Rodriguez-Blanco Jezabel , Chiang Cheng-Ming , Robbins David J. , Liebl Daniel J. , Lee Jae K. , Hatten Mary E. , Clarke Jennifer , Ayad Nagi G. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractCerebellar neuronal progenitors undergo a series of divisions before irreversibly exiting the cell cycle and differentiating into neurons. Dysfunction of this process underlies many neurological diseases including ataxia and the most common pediatric brain tumor, medulloblastoma. To better define the pathways controlling the most abundant neuronal cells in the mammalian cerebellum, cerebellar granule cell progenitors (GCPs), we performed RNA-sequencing of GCPs exiting the cell cycle. Time-series modeling of GCP cell cycle exit identified downregulation of activity of the epigenetic reader protein Brd4. Brd4 binding to the Gli1 locus is controlled by Casein Kinase 1δ (CK1 δ)-dependent phosphorylation during GCP proliferation, and decreases during GCP cell cycle exit. Importantly, conditional deletion of Brd4 in vivo in the developing cerebellum induces cerebellar morphological deficits and ataxia. These studies define an essential role for Brd4 in cerebellar granule cell neurogenesis and are critical for designing clinical trials utilizing Brd4 inhibitors in neurological indications.
Use cases, best practice and reporting standards for metabolomics in regulatory toxicology
Authors: Viant Mark R. , Ebbels Timothy M. D. , Beger Richard D. , Ekman Drew R. , Epps David J. T. , Kamp Hennicke , Leonards Pim E. G. , Loizou George D. , MacRae James I. , van Ravenzwaay Bennard , Rocca-Serra Philippe , Salek Reza M. , Walk Tilmann , Weber Ralf J. M. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMetabolomics is a widely used technology in academic research, yet its application to regulatory science has been limited. The most commonly cited barrier to its translation is lack of performance and reporting standards. The MEtabolomics standaRds Initiative in Toxicology (MERIT) project brings together international experts from multiple sectors to address this need. Here, we identify the most relevant applications for metabolomics in regulatory toxicology and develop best practice guidelines, performance and reporting standards for acquiring and analysing untargeted metabolomics and targeted metabolite data. We recommend that these guidelines are evaluated and implemented for several regulatory use cases.
Activation of STAT3 signaling is mediated by TFF1 silencing in gastric neoplasia
Authors: Soutto Mohammed , Chen Zheng , Bhat Ajaz A. , Wang Lihong , Zhu Shoumin , Gomaa Ahmed , Bates Andreia , Bhat Nadeem S. , Peng Dunfa , Belkhiri Abbes , Piazuelo M. Blanca , Washington M. Kay , Steven Xi Chen , Peek Richard , El-Rifai Wael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTFF1, a secreted protein, plays an essential role in keeping the integrity of gastric mucosa and its barrier function. Loss of TFF1 expression in the TFF1-knockout (KO) mouse leads to a pro-inflammatory phenotype with a cascade of gastric lesions that include low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, and adenocarcinomas. In this study, we demonstrate nuclear localization of p-STATY705, with significant overexpression of several STAT3 target genes in gastric glands from the TFF1-KO mice. We also show frequent loss of TFF1 with nuclear localization of STAT3 in human gastric cancers. The reconstitution of TFF1 protein in human gastric cancer cells and 3D gastric glands organoids from TFF1-KO mice abrogates IL6-induced nuclear p-STAT3Y705 expression. Reconstitution of TFF1 inhibits IL6-induced STAT3 transcription activity, suppressing expression of its target genes. TFF1 blocks IL6Rα-GP130 complex formation through interfering with binding of IL6 to its receptor IL6Rα. These findings demonstrate a functional role of TFF1 in suppressing gastric tumorigenesis by impeding the IL6-STAT3 pro-inflammatory signaling axis.
Integrating biomedical research and electronic health records to create knowledge-based biologically meaningful machine-readable embeddings
Authors: Nelson Charlotte A. , Butte Atul J. , Baranzini Sergio E. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn order to advance precision medicine, detailed clinical features ought to be described in a way that leverages current knowledge. Although data collected from biomedical research is expanding at an almost exponential rate, our ability to transform that information into patient care has not kept at pace. A major barrier preventing this transformation is that multi-dimensional data collection and analysis is usually carried out without much understanding of the underlying knowledge structure. Here, in an effort to bridge this gap, Electronic Health Records (EHRs) of individual patients are connected to a heterogeneous knowledge network called Scalable Precision Medicine Oriented Knowledge Engine (SPOKE). Then an unsupervised machine-learning algorithm creates Propagated SPOKE Entry Vectors (PSEVs) that encode the importance of each SPOKE node for any code in the EHRs. We argue that these results, alongside the natural integration of PSEVs into any EHR machine-learning platform, provide a key step toward precision medicine.
Unavoidable disorder and entropy in multi-component systems
Authors: Toher Cormac , Oses Corey , Hicks David , Curtarolo Stefano 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe need for improved functionalities is driving the search for more complicated multi-component materials. Despite the factorially increasing composition space, ordered compounds with four or more species are rare. Here, we unveil the competition between the gain in enthalpy and entropy with increasing number of species by statistical analysis of the AFLOW data repositories. A threshold in the number of species is found where entropy gain exceeds enthalpy gain. Beyond that, enthalpy can be neglected, and disorder—complete or partial—is unavoidable.
Global ocean synoptic thermocline gradient, isothermal-layer depth, and other upper ocean parameters
Authors: Chu Peter C. , Fan Chenwu 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDifferent from the existing global ocean climatological datasets of isothermal layer (ITL) depth (h), a global ocean synoptic dataset of h along with other parameters has been established from temperature profiles of the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) world ocean database 1961–2017. The exponential leap-forward gradient method was used to identify h and thermocline gradient (G) from each temperature profile measured by expendable bathythermograph (XBT) and conductivity, temperature, depth (CTD) instruments. Due to quality and vertical resolution of the profiling data, the numbers of (G, h) pairs are 446,811 out of 964,942 CTD profiles and 755,086 out of 2,303,433 XBT profiles. With the given h, other parameters such as ITL heat content (HITL), sea surface temperature (SST), temperature below ITL (Tm), and quality measures (Q, I) indices are provided. Altogether, the dataset contains 1,201,897 temporally and horizontally varying sets of (G, h, HITL, SST, Tm, Q-index, I-index). Note that we added 200° to the longitude. This synoptic dataset is located on the NCEI website for public use.
CD14 is a unique membrane marker of porcine spermatogonial stem cells, regulating their differentiation
Authors: Park Hyun-Jung , Lee Won-Young , Park Chankyu , Hong Kwonho , Song Hyuk 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMolecular markers of spermatogonia are necessary for studies on spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and improving our understanding of molecular and cellular biology of spermatogenesis. Although studies of germ cell surface marker have been extensively conducted in the testes of rodents, these markers have not been well studied in domestic animals. We aimed to determine the expression pattern of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) in developing porcine testes and cultured porcine SSCs (pSSCs), as well as its role in pSSC colony formation. Interestingly, expression of CD14 was observed in porcine testes with PGP9.5-positive undifferentiated spermatogonia at all developmental stages. In addition,in vitrocultured pSSCs expressed CD14 and showed successful colony formation, as determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and flow cytometry. PKH26 dye-stained CD14-positive cells transplants were performed into the testes of recipient mice, which were depleted of both testicular germ and somatic cells from immunodeficiency mice and were shown to colonise the recipient testes. Moreover, a colony-forming assay showed that the development of pSSC colonies was disrupted by a high concentration of lipopolysaccharide. These studies indicated that CD14 is surface marker of early spermatogonia in developing porcine testes and in pSSCs, suggesting a role for CD14 in porcine spermatogenesis.
Myosin binding protein H-like (MYBPHL): a promising biomarker to predict atrial damage
Authors: Lahm Harald , Dreßen Martina , Beck Nicole , Doppler Stefanie , Deutsch Marcus-André , Matsushima Shunsuke , Neb Irina , König Karl Christian , Sideris Konstantinos , Voss Stefanie , Eschenbach Lena , Puluca Nazan , Deisenhofer Isabel , Doll Sophia , Holdenrieder Stefan , Mann Matthias , Lange Rüdiger , Krane Markus 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMyosin binding protein H-like (MYBPHL) is a protein associated with myofilament structures in atrial tissue. The protein exists in two isoforms that share an identical amino acid sequence except for a deletion of 23 amino acids in isoform 2. In this study, MYBPHL was found to be expressed preferentially in atrial tissue. The expression of isoform 2 was almost exclusively restricted to the atria and barely detectable in the ventricle, arteria mammaria interna, and skeletal muscle. After atrial damage induced by cryo- or radiofrequency ablation, MYBPHL was rapidly and specifically released into the peripheral circulation in a time-dependent manner. The plasma MYBPHL concentration remained substantially elevated up to 24 hours after the arrival of patients at the intensive care unit. In addition, the recorded MYBPHL values were strongly correlated with those of the established biomarker CK-MB. In contrast, an increase in MYBPHL levels was not evident in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement or transcatheter aortic valve implantation. In these patients, the values remained virtually constant and never exceeded the concentration in the plasma of healthy controls. Our findings suggest that MYBPHL can be used as a precise and reliable biomarker to specifically predict atrial myocardial damage.
Theta oscillations show impaired interference detection in older adults during selective memory retrieval
Authors: Ferreira Catarina S. , Maraver Maria J. , Hanslmayr Simon , Bajo Teresa 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSeemingly effortless tasks, such as recognizing faces and retrieving names, become harder as we age. Such difficulties may be due to the competition generated in memory by irrelevant information that comes to mind when trying to recall a specific face or name. It is unknown, however, whether age-related struggles in retrieving these representations stem from an inability to detect competition in the first place, or from being unable to suppress competing information once interference is detected. To investigate this, we used the retrieval practice paradigm, shown to elicit memory interference, while recording electrophysiological activity in young and older adults. In two experiments, young participants showed Retrieval-Induced Forgetting (RIF), reflecting the suppression of competing information, whereas older adults did not. Neurally, mid-frontal theta power (~4–8 Hz) during the first retrieval cycle, a proxy for interference detection, increased in young compared to older adults, indicating older adults were less capable of detecting interference. Moreover, while theta power was reduced across practice cycles in younger adults, a measure of interference resolution, older adults did not show such a reduction. Thus, in contrast with younger adults, the lack of an early interference detection signal rendered older adults unable to recruit memory selection mechanisms, eliminating RIF.
The astrocyte transcriptome in EAE optic neuritis shows complement activation and reveals a sex difference in astrocytic C3 expression
Authors: Tassoni Alessia , Farkhondeh Vista , Itoh Yuichiro , Itoh Noriko , Sofroniew Michael V. , Voskuhl Rhonda R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory multifocal disorder. Optic neuritis is common in MS and leads to visual disability. No current treatments repair this damage. Discerning gene expression changes within specific cell types in optic nerve (ON) may suggest new treatment targets for visual disability in MS. Astrocytes are pivotal regulators of neuroinflammation, playing either detrimental or beneficial roles. Here, we used RiboTag technology to characterize the astrocyte-specific transcriptome in ON in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. RNA sequencing analysis showed the Complement Cascade and Cholesterol Biosynthesis Pathways as the most enriched and de-enriched pathways, respectively, in ON astrocytes in EAE. Expression of complement component 3 (C3) was confirmed to be increased in ON astrocytes at the protein level during EAE. A bigger increase in C3 expressing ON astrocytes was found in EAE females versus healthy females, as compared to that in EAE males versus healthy males. Also, there was worse retinal ganglion cell (RGC) and axonal loss in EAE females. Regression analyses showed a negative correlation between C3 expressing astrocytes and RGC density. This cell-specific and sex-specific investigation of the optic nerve provides targets for the development of therapeutic strategies tailored for optic neuritis in MS.