bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probing structure of normal and malignant prostate tissue before and after radiation therapy with luminal water fraction and diffusion‐weighted MRI
Authors: Carlin Dominic , Orton Matthew R. , Collins David , deSouza Nandita M. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundInterpretation of diffusion in conjunction with T2‐weighted MRI is essential for assessing prostate cancer; however, the combination of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with quantitative T2 mapping remains unexplored.PurposeTo document the T2 components and ADC of untreated and irradiated nonmalignant prostate tissue as a measure of their glandular luminal and cellular compartments and to compare values with those of tumor.Study TypeProspective.PopulationTwenty‐four men with prostate cancer (14 untreated; 10 with biochemical recurrence following radiation therapy).Field Strength/SequencesEndorectal 3 T MRI including a 32‐echo gradient echo and spin echo (GRASE) and an 8 b‐value diffusion‐weighted sequence.AssessmentRegions of interest were drawn on ADC maps and T2‐weighted images around focal lesions in areas of biopsy‐positive prostate cancer and in nonmalignant areas of untreated and irradiated peripheral zone (PZ), and untreated transitional zone (TZ). Multiecho T2 data were fitted with mono‐/biexponential decay and nonnegative least squares functions. The luminal water fraction (LWF) was derived.Statistical TestsThe preference between mono‐ and biexponential decay was assessed using the Bayesian information criterion. Differences in fitted parameters between tissue types were compared (paired t‐test within groups, Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon rank‐sum test between groups) and correlations between ADC and T2 components assessed (Spearman rank correlation test).ResultsLWF in tumor (0.09) was significantly lower than in PZ or TZ (0.27 and 0.18, P < 0.01, respectively), but tumor values were comparable to nonmalignant irradiated prostate (0.08). The short T2 relaxation rate was lower in tumor than in nonmalignant untreated or irradiated tissue (significant compared with TZ, P = 0.01). There was a strong correlation between LWF and ADC in normal untreated tissue (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). This relationship was absent in nonmalignant irradiated prostrate (r = –0.35, P = 0.42) and in tumor (r = –0.04, P = 0.88).Data ConclusionT2 components in conjunction with ADC can be used to characterize untreated and irradiated nonmalignant prostate and tumor. LWF is most useful at discriminating tumor in the untreated prostate.Level of Evidence: 2Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:619–627.
Gamma Distribution Model in the Evaluation of Breast Cancer Through Diffusion‐Weighted MRI: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Borlinhas Filipa , Loução Ricardo , C. Conceição Raquel , Ferreira Hugo A. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundThe gamma distribution (GD) model is based on the statistical distribution of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) parameter. The GD model is expected to reflect the probability of the distribution of water molecule mobility in different regions of tissue, but also the intra‐ and extracellular diffusion and perfusion components (f1, f2, f3 fractions).PurposeTo assess the GD model in the characterization and diagnostic performance of breast lesions.Study TypeProspective.PopulationIn all, 48 females with 24 benign and 33 malignant breast lesions.Field Strength/SequenceA diffusion‐weighted sequence (b = 0–3000 s/mm2) with a 3 T scanner.AssessmentFor each group of benign, malignant, invasive, and in situ breast lesions, the ADC was obtained. Also, θ and k parameters (scale and shape of the statistic distribution, respectively), f1, f2, and f3 fractions were obtained from fitting the GD model to diffusion data.Statistical TestsLesion types were compared regarding diffusion parameters using nonparametric statistics and receiver operating characteristic curve diagnostic performance.ResultsThe majority of GD parameters (k, f1, f2, f3 fractions) showed significant differences between benign and malignant lesions, and between in situ and invasive lesions (f1, f2, f3 fractions) (P ≤ 0.001). The best diagnostic performances were obtained with ADC and f1 fraction in benign vs. malignant lesions (area under curve [AUC] = 0.923 and 0.913, sensitivity = 93.9% and 81.8%, specificity = 79.2% and 91.7%, accuracy = 87.7% and 86.0%, respectively). In invasive lesions vs. in situ lesions, the best diagnostic performance was obtained with f1 fraction, which outperformed ADC results (AUC = 0.978 and 0.941, and sensitivity = 91.3% for both parameters, specificity = 100.0% and 90.0%, accuracy = 93.9% and 90.9%, respectively).Data ConclusionThis work shows that the GD model provides information in addition to the ADC parameter, suggesting its potential in the diagnosis of breast lesions.Level of Evidence 2: Technical Efficacy Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:230–238.
“I feel your pain”: A critical review of organizational research on empathy
Authors: Clark Malissa A. , Robertson Melissa M. , Young Stephen 
Published: December 2018

SummaryEmpathy, a multidimensional construct comprised of cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions, has been advanced as a critical predictor of prosocial behavior and effectiveness in the workplace. However, despite organizational interest in empathy, there is a lack of consensus on what empathy is, how empathy should be measured, and how empathy research can meaningfully contribute to our understanding of organizational behavior. This paper aims to provide a roadmap for researchers and practitioners interested in empathy in the workplace. We first provide an updated overview of the state of the broader multidisciplinary literature on empathy. On the basis of this literature, we outline the three dimensions of empathy, discuss the distinctions between state/trait and observer/judged empathy, and compare empathy with related constructs. This integrated multidimensional conceptualization provides the basis for our critical review and recommendations. We review the organizational research on empathy (1983–2018), identifying critical issues with how empathy has been conceptualized, measured, and designed, and offer practical recommendations for the advancement of organizational research on empathy. We conclude by highlighting two fundamental questions: (a) is empathy associated with important outcomes of interest to organizations and employees, and (b) can empathy be changed, and if so, how?
A history of meta‐regression: Technical, conceptual, and practical developments between 1974 and 2018
Authors: Tipton Elizabeth , Pustejovsky James E. , Ahmadi Hedyeh 
Published: December 2018

At the beginning of the development of meta‐analysis, understanding the role of moderators was given the highest priority, with meta‐regression provided as a method for achieving this goal. Yet in current practice, meta‐regression is not as commonly used as anticipated. This paper seeks to understand this mismatch by reviewing the history of meta‐regression methods over the past 40 years. We divide this time span into four periods and examine three types of methodological developments within each period: technical, conceptual, and practical. Our focus is broad and includes development of methods in the fields of education, psychology, and medicine. We conclude the paper with a discussion of five consensus points, as well as open questions and areas of research for the future.
Ultrasound‐Guided Release of the Tibial Nerve and Its Distal Branches: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Iborra Álvaro , Villanueva‐Martínez Manuel , Barrett Stephen L. , Rodríguez‐Collazo Edgardo R. , Sanz‐Ruiz Pablo 
Published: December 2018

ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to determine whether ultrasound (US)‐guided surgery is a viable type of surgery for performing an effective release/decompression of the constricting structures that are responsible for focal nerve compression in tarsal tunnel syndrome.MethodsUltrasound guidance was used on cadaveric specimens to delineate the anatomic course of the nerves and vessels in the medial ankle that comprise the structures involved in tarsal tunnel syndrome. Ultrasound guidance was used on cadaveric specimens and assisted in delineating a safe surgical zone to adequately and effectively release these constrictive structures of the proximal and distal tarsal tunnels. The US‐guided tarsal tunnel release/decompression was performed through 2 small 1‐ to 2‐mm portals. After US‐guided release, anatomic dissection was used to check the efficacy (release of the flexor retinaculum and deep abductor hallucis muscle) and safety (absence of neurovascular or tendon injury) of the procedure.ResultsIn 12 fresh cadaveric specimens, US‐guided release of the tibial nerve (proximal tarsal tunnel) and its branches (distal tarsal tunnel) at the medial ankle was effective in all 12 specimens (100% release rate), without any signs of compromise or injury into the neurovascular structures.ConclusionsUltrasound‐guided tarsal tunnel release is a feasible surgical procedure that can be safe and effective with the proper training, although further investigation is warranted. This type of surgery may promote faster recovery with less postoperative morbidity, including pain, but this will be the subject of a further investigation.
Laryngeal Botulinum Toxin Injection for Vocal Tremor: Utility of Concurrent Strap Muscle Injection
Authors: Nelson Rebecca Chota , Silva Merea Valeria , Tierney William S. , Milstein Claudio , Benninger Michael S. , Bryson Paul C. 
Published: December 2018

Objectives/HypothesisVocal tremor is a neurologic disorder that can be treated with laryngeal botulinum toxin injections (LBTX). We sought to describe our experience with thyroarytenoid and concurrent strap muscle injection.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsA chart review was performed of all patients with a primary diagnosis of vocal tremor treated with LBTX from 2012 through 2017.ResultsTwenty‐one patients were included (mean age 69 years, 100% female). Thirteen patients (62%) had a minor component of spasmodic dysphonia in addition to their tremor. Fourteen patients had vertical and horizontal components to their tremor, and two had horizontal tremor alone. The remaining five patients did not have clear characterization of their tremor. A total of 49 injections were reviewed (25 thyroarytenoid [TA], 24 thyroarytenoid and strap muscle [TA+S]), and patients reported subjective voice benefit with 48 (96%) of these (92% TA, 100% TA+S). When available, the postprocedural change from baseline Voice Handicap Index‐10 and Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice scores were calculated (mean overall: −1.9, −7.8; TA: −2.7, −3.5; TA+S: −1.4, −10.3, respectively). Subjective patient improvement ratings (scale 0%–100%) were obtained for 46 injections, with a mean of 70% improvement per injection. Of patients with both horizontal and vertical tremor, outcomes were improved with TA+S injection versus TA alone (mean improvement 74% vs. 35%, P < .005).ConclusionsThere is utility in the characterization of vertical and horizontal components of vocal tremor. Patients with both appear to have increased benefit with injection of strap muscles in addition to thyroarytenoid muscles.Level of Evidence4Laryngoscope, 129:1433–1437, 2019
Tracheal replacement revisited: Use of a vascularized tracheal transplant in a porcine model
Authors: Jacobson Adam S. , Roden Dylan F. , Lee Eric Q. , Most Allison , Meyers Adrienne , Liu Cheng , Levine Jamie 
Published: December 2018

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine if a long segment of trachea can be transplanted as a vascularized organ and to determine if a tracheal transplant is a potential surgical option for a long‐segment circumferential tracheal defect.Study DesignAnimal model.MethodsFour (two donors and two recipients) adult domestic Yorkshire swine were used. Two sets of transplants were performed from a donor to recipient pig. The transplant was placed heterotopically (not in continuity with the airway), and the recipient animals were monitored for 14 days to ensure the transplants were well vascularized. Immunosuppressive therapies included methylprednisolone, cyclosporine, and azathioprine. Gross as well as histological examination of multiple tissues types including mucosa, cartilage, muscle, and blood vessels were performed postsacrifice on day 14.ResultsRecipient animal weights ranged from 40 to 42 kilograms. Both recipient pigs survived the full 14 days of study and exhibited normal activity and appetite. Ischemia time of transplanted grafts ranged from 63 to 72 minutes. Transplanted tracheas included a minimum of 15 cartilaginous rings and measured greater than 10 cm in length. Both grafts maintained a robust blood supply throughout the duration of study.ConclusionsThe entire visceral compartment can be reliably transplanted, either as a single component (trachea) or as a chimeric flap with multiple components (trachea, esophagus, larynx, and pharynx). Further studies in the swine model should be considered to study the effects of transplanting the trachea orthotopically into the native airway. Further studies are needed into the reliability of this technique of transplantation in humans.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 128:S1–S9, 2018
Polyurethane Synthetic Papers Based on Different Inorganic Fillers with Water and Fire Resistance
Authors: Zhou Hu , Wang Xiaohong , Wang Taofen , Jian Jian , Zhou Zhihua , Zeng Jianxian , Zeng Lingwei , Liu Guoqing 
Published: December 2018

AbstractPolyurethane synthetic papers based on different inorganic fillers are prepared via wet phase inversion process and inorganic mineral filling modification technique. The surface and cross‐section morphology, tensile strength and elongation at break, fire resistance, water and oil adsorption, ink contact angle, writing and printing effects, and water resistance of synthetic paper are investigated, respectively. A large number of pores are present on the surface and in the interior of the synthetic papers and provide huge space for ink molecules. The synthetic paper with transparent powder filled exhibits the optimal performance in tensile strength and elongation at break. Moreover, the fire resistance of polyurethane is improved by inorganic particles, and the highest limit oxygen index value of synthetic paper reaches up to 31.8%, which meets the standard of flame retardant. Meanwhile, filled synthetic papers exhibit high water and oil adsorption capacity, good ink‐affinity, excellent writing and printing effects. In addition, filled synthetic papers perform well in water resistance when written and printed synthetic papers are immersed in water. This work may provide a new idea to design a novel, greener, and multifunctional synthetic paper for its broad applications.
Reprocessable and Recyclable Crosslinked Polyethylene with Triple Shape Memory Effect
Authors: Ji Fance , Liu Xiangdong , Lin Changhong , Zhou Yan , Dong Li , Xu Shaobin , Sheng Dekun , Yang Yuming 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThermosetting polymers, such as epoxy resins, have found widespread applications because of their excellent thermomechanical and solvent resistance properties. However, the recycling of thermosets remains a challenge, due to the irreversible covalent crosslinking bonds in the network. The exchangeable covalent bonds in vitrimers open opportunities in the way that materials can be dynamically repaired. However, in the case of polyolefins, the strategy of exchangeable vitrimers is still underexplored. Herein, a simple way is reported to prepare a high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) vitrimer with a triple shape memory effect, where exchangeable esters are introduced into the network of covalently crosslinked HDPE. With the incorporation of polyethers or polyesters into the crosslinked network, the two obtained vitrimers show outstanding recyclability and a good triple shape memory effect. This new strategy of preparing an HDPE vitrimer might allow the high‐value utilization of crosslinked polyolefins.
Developing Multi Stimuli‐Responsive Core/Shell Microcapsules to Control the Release of Volatile Compounds
Authors: Paret Nicolas , Trachsel Alain , Berthier Damien L. , Herrmann Andreas 
Published: December 2018

AbstractEncapsulation of 2‐oxoacetates into poly(urea‐urethane) core/shell microcapsules allows the light‐induced controlled release of volatile compounds such as fragrances, plant volatiles, pheromones, or other semiochemicals. On exposure to UVA light, 2‐oxoacetates decompose to form a carbonyl compound together with CO2or CO, which can build overpressure inside the capsules that expands and/or cleaves the capsule wall to release its content. The influence of the structure and ratio of the polyisocyanates and diamines used for interfacial polymerization, as well as the composition of the capsule wall and the oil phase, are investigated by dynamic headspace analysis of the released volatile compounds to optimize the performance of the delivery system. The combination of a light‐induced release with the mechanical cleavage of the capsule gives access to multi stimuli‐responsive systems that selectively respond to the different triggers applied. Furthermore, the concept outlined in the present work is generally applicable to other photolabile precursors that generate a gas inside the capsules and thus release co‐encapsulated active molecules as a direct response to light.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Magnetic Resonance‐Guided Focused Ultrasound for Essential Tremor
Authors: Li Chunmei , Gajic‐Veljanoski Olga , Schaink Alexis K. , Higgins Caroline , Fasano Alfonso , Sikich Nancy , Dhalla Irfan , Ng Vivian 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundRadiofrequency thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation are current treatments for moderate to severe medication‐refractory essential tremor. However, they are invasive and thus carry risks. Magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound is a new, less invasive surgical option. The objective of the present study was to determine the cost‐effectiveness of magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound compared with standard treatments in Canada.MethodsWe conducted a cost‐utility analysis using a Markov cohort model. We compared magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound with no surgery in people ineligible for invasive neurosurgery and with radiofrequency thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation in people eligible for invasive neurosurgery. In the reference case analysis, we used a 5‐year time horizon and a public payer perspective and discounted costs and benefits at 1.5% per year.ResultsCompared with no surgery in people ineligible for invasive neurosurgery, magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound cost $21,438 more but yielded 0.47 additional quality‐adjusted life years, producing an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $45,817 per quality‐adjusted life year gained. In people eligible for invasive neurosurgery, magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound was slightly less effective but much less expensive compared with the current standard of care, deep brain stimulation. The results were sensitive to assumptions regarding the time horizon, cost of magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound, and probability of recurrence.ConclusionsIn people ineligible for invasive neurosurgery, the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound versus no surgery is comparable to many other tests and treatments that are widely adopted in high‐income countries. In people eligible for invasive neurosurgery, magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound is also a reasonable option. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Fiber anemometer for simultaneously measuring wind speed and wind direction
Authors: Cheng Jui‐Nan , Chang Hung‐Ying , Fu Ming‐Yue , Liu Wen‐Fung 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we proposed a novel anemometer for simultaneously and conveniently monitoring wind speed and wind direction by using a pair of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). The anemometer comprises a plastic ball, a stainless steel rod, and two FBGs. The gratings are glued to the surface of the stainless steel rod with a location separation of 90°. In the operation mechanism, the bend in the stainless‐steel‐rod caused by the wind force drives the FBGs, thereby leading to a grating wavelength shift for the measurement both of wind speed and wind direction This fiber anemometer is experimentally demonstrated in real time with a sensitivity of 0.02 nm/(m/s) and a resolution of 0.49 m/s for wind speed measurement, with a wind speed error of less than 2.38%, and a wind direction angle error of approximately 0.69%.
The Self‐Management Assessment Scale: Development and psychometric testing of a screening instrument for person‐centred guidance and self‐management support
Authors: Öberg Ulrika , Hörnsten Åsa , Isaksson Ulf 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAimTo develop and psychometrically test the Self‐Management Assessment Scale (SMASc), a screening instrument for person‐centred guidance and self‐management support of persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D).BackgroundT2D is a common and globally increasing chronic condition. Improved self‐management is a vital and integral component of diabetes care to prevent complications from poorly managed diabetes. For diabetes nurses to better understand persons with diabetes experienced challenges and needs regarding self‐management and further for persons with T2D to take an active role in managing their condition, an instrument measuring this is needed.DesignInstrument development and psychometric testing of the content and construct validity, factor structure and reliability.MethodThe SMASc was psychometric tested on a sample of participants (September 2017–November 2017) with a confirmed diagnosis of T2D (N = 104).ResultsPsychometric findings were satisfactory and supported the scale´s reliability. Cronbach's alpha, CVI and goodness‐of‐fit were acceptable.ConclusionSelf‐Management Assessment Scale is a short validated screening instrument, which can indicate possible barriers for self‐management that ought to be approached during the conversation between the person with T2D and the primary healthcare nurses. Therefore, it is a promising instrument to be used to facilitate person‐centred guidance and to improve self‐management of people living with T2D.
Periconception weight management in the Women, Infants, and Children program
Authors: Gilmore L. A. , Augustyn M. , Gross S. M. , Vallo P. M. , Paige D. M. , Redman L. M. 
Published: December 2018

SummaryIntroductionReproductive age women, particularly low‐income and minority women, are at risk for obesity. As an integral service provider for these women, the US Department of Agriculture Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children is uniquely positioned to refine its focus and efforts.MethodsStrategies for accomplishing this goal include identifying pregnant, inter‐partum and post‐partum women in need of targeted patient‐centred services including education, counselling and support to address weight loss or appropriate gestational weight gain.ResultsThese services may include calorie‐controlled diets, behavioural strategies, alternative methods of education delivery and extending post‐partum benefits. Implementation of these strategies is feasible through collaboration with related government subsidized programs and reallocation of funds, staff and other resources.ConclusionsGiven the magnitude of the problem and the adverse outcomes that obesity has on health and quality of life, Women, Infants, and Children can more positively impact the lives of our most vulnerable families, which face an obesogenic environment.