bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Futures of War
Authors: Osinga Frans 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter canvasses the range of visions on the shape of future war and warfare that have been developed by Western scholars and practitioners since the end of the Cold War. These visions often resulted from recent strategic shocks such as the terrorist attacks of 9/11, reflected problematic operational experiences following counterinsurgency missions, or explored the potential and risks of novel technologies such as AI and drones. Focusing on the novel, suffering from presentism and exaggeration, such visions served to highlight emerging societal and military developments, informing fruitful debate concerning future security and defense policy as well as force structure and doctrine. The War in Ukraine offers a mirror to assess to what extent these visions actually proved valid.
Urbicide and the Future of Civil War
Authors: Betz David 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Civil war is the primary and imminent future threat to the security of the West. This is because of the explosive configuration of multiculturalism in Western society combined with economic decline. The tactics employed in future civil war will be a mix of the old techniques of insurgency and revolution combined with new methods. Of the latter, the most important will be the use of attacks on the critical infrastructure located in rural and suburban areas which sustains life in the major urban centers.
A Paradigm for Studying Extreme Belief and Behavior
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This introduction to the series sketches the five elements of a paradigm for studying extreme belief and behavior that this series seeks to develop. It also briefly shows how Beatrice de Graaf’s radical redemption model, which this book presents and defends, embodies these elements. These five elements are (i) the idea that extremists are often rational people who do not suffer from psychopathology (or at least, often not significantly more than on average); (ii) a first-person approach that comes with taking extremists seriously and listening to them; (iii) the idea that the study of extreme belief and behavior is inherently normative and requires reflection on the researcher, policymaker, and practitioner as well; (iv) the call for cross-domain study, so that extremism, fanaticism, fundamentalism, radical conspiracy theorizing, and terrorism are studied in relation to one another; and (v) true interdisciplinarity in the study of extreme belief and behavior, welcoming in particular two disciplines that would be largely new to the field: philosophy and theology. Finally, this introduction provides an overview of how the series is structured.
The Desire for Radical Redemption
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this book, the triptych model of radical redemption is employed as an interpretive device. It is inspired by narrative psychologist Dan McAdams’s research, which is outlined and adapted to radicalization in chapter 2. In this psychological-narrative context, I see radical redemption as a phenomenon that comprises the following elements: it is a narrative upheld by an individual to interpret a stressful, problematic life situation (appraisal) and to deal with it (coping mechanism), motivating them to sacrifice themselves or others in a violent or violence-glorifying act in the expectation of a reward (redemption) for themselves or for their community. That reward is transcendent and can be secular (liberating the working classes) or divine (gaining paradise, the forgiveness of sins). Redemption is achieved when the sacrifice is made and some form of validation occurs. If such validation does not materialize, the narrative of redemption becomes one of contamination and disappointment.
Evolutionary Distance Analysis in Molecular Evolution
Authors: Gu Xun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a concise summary of evolutionary distance analysis. In the first part, the evolutionary distance of DNA sequences is introduced under various nucleotide substitution models, from the simplest one-parameter model to a very general time-reversible model. Those models have been further extended to the case when the rate varies among sites. In the second part, the evolutionary distance between protein-encoding sequences is discussed at both amino acid and codon levels.
Strength of Expression Conservation in Transcriptome Evolution
Authors: Gu Xun 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Evolution of genes across species is usually subject to stabilizing selection to maintain the optimal expression level. While it is generally accepted that the resulting expression conservation may vary considerably among genes, statistically reliable estimation remains challenging, due to so few species being included in current comparative RNA-seq data with a large number of unknown parameters. In this chapter, we develop a gamma distribution model to describe how the strength of expression conservation (denoted by W) varies among genes. Given the high throughput RNA-seq datasets from multiple species, we then formulate an empirical Bayesian procedure to estimate W for each gene. Our case studies showed that those W-estimates are useful to study the evolutionary pattern of expression conservation.
Foucault's Technologies
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Michel Foucault is rarely viewed as a philosopher of technology, yet academics and students routinely refer to his terms ‘technologies of power’, ‘governmental technologies’, and ‘technologies of the self’. This book is a response to the contradiction between the paucity of research into Foucault’s technological thought and the abundance of technological vocabulary and metaphors in his own writings as well as in the commentary literature. It aims to provide the most extensive examination so far of the role of technology in Foucault’s work. The book argues that technology serves neither as the object of Foucault’s analysis nor as a convenient metaphor for making arguments, but rather as integral to his thinking and writing. As the book’s title Foucault’s Technologies indicates, it explores not Foucault and modern technology, defined as technical devices like television, smartphones, or industrial machines, but rather Foucault’s approach to the theme of technology and his use of technological terms. The book proceeds through Foucault’s thought, reconstructing his mature concept of technology, the dispositif. The reader also travels a route paved with discussions of how Foucault’s work intersects with that of other key thinkers, particularly Heidegger, Althusser, Nietzsche, and Deleuze. While presenting efforts in intellectual history, the book ultimately focuses on the analytical implications for ‘users’, showing how researchers can benefit from Foucault’s technological approach. As such, the book offers an analytical framework effective for the study of problems in present-day welfare states and the emergent world of data-capitalism.
Introduction
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Introduction begins with some of Foucault’s own words on technology, each of which presents important ways in how he thinks technologically. It proceeds by discussing the notion of technology itself in Foucault’s work and, more broadly, evaluates the critique voiced by some scholars that technology is an imprecise term. The chapter then outlines the book’s key contribution: the reconstruction of Foucault’s technological thought. Next, it positions the book in the literature on Foucault’s approach to technology. Although it highlights important points in these studies, it notes that none of them undertake a systematic reconstruction of Foucault’s technological thought. Finally, the introduction discusses how the book utilizes elements of intellectual history, paying attention to Foucault’s cautioning against this tradition’s key modes of inquiry. It stresses that the book prioritizes the future analytical potential of Foucault’s technological concepts over the reconstruction of past influences, conceptual origins, and intellectual contexts.
The ‘Eye’ of Technology
Authors: Villadsen Kaspar 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins by discussing how the development of humanity is intricately tied to technology. Modernity is marked by a tendency towards ‘blind optimization’, that is, the growing technological exploitation of all aspects of our genetic and mental capacities with the purpose of maximizing efficiency for its own sake. Heidegger and Foucault are both pivotal in critically exploring this theme, both discerning a particular modern world view, or ‘gaze’, which turns both nature and humans into exploitable resources. The chapter compares Heidegger and Foucault around ‘the eye of technology’, focusing on their respective concepts of Gestell and dispositif. It takes its starting point in Giorgio Agamben’s (2009) decisive but poorly supported claim that Gestell and the dispositif are ‘perfectly corresponding’ concepts. While the two terms evince broad parallels in terms of their attention to visualization, human disposition, and historical contingency, the chapter’s close comparison reveals significant philosophical and methodological differences.
Comparative analysis of morphosyntactic variation in Bantu languages
Authors: Edelsten Peter , Guérois Rozenn , Marten Lutz 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Following a long tradition of historical-comparative work in Bantu, recent years have seen an increase in studies adopting systematic, parametric approaches to morphosyntactic variation in Bantu. In parallel with this, there have been a number of research projects to record and analyse typological data using large-scale online databases. This chapter presents a particular approach within this wider context, focusing on a new database built around parametric data, used for storing, analysing, and comparing morphosyntactic data from Bantu languages. The chapter discusses conceptual, empirical, and methodological issues which lie behind the parametric study of Bantu morphosyntactic variation, including issues involved in the selection of languages, the design of the parameter set, the types of analysis supported, and other factors affecting the design of the database. The relevance of this quantitative approach to the analysis of Bantu morphosyntax is then illustrated by two case studies.
Micro-variation of noun-modifying constructions in Bantu languages
Authors: Yoneda Nobuko 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Noun-modifying constructions, most typically relative clauses, make use of similar constructions across many Bantu languages. There is a great degree of variation, however, in terms of what semantic relations can be expressed by these constructions. In typological studies of noun modification, the difference between the inner and outer relation has often been discussed. The inner relation is one in which the head noun fills an argument position of the modifying clause, while the outer relation is one in which the head noun cannot fill an argument position of the modifying clause. Previous studies of relative clauses in Bantu languages have only dealt with noun modification in the inner relation, and none have examined in detail the outer relation. This chapter thus adds to the existing typology of noun-modifying constructions, including both inner and outer relations, in order to capture the micro-variation involved in noun-modifying constructions in Bantu languages.
Approaches, Ordering, Interrelationships, Modalities
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Before being able to address the individual elements of the refugee definition, it is important to cover several ‘framework’ issues that overset their interpretation. This chapter first examines the main approaches that have been taken: the ‘literal approach’; the ‘circumstantial approach’; the ‘US subjective approach’; the ‘case-by-case’ approach; and the human rights approach. It is argued that the human rights approach is the only one that adheres closely to VCLT rules. Having looked at the history of this approach and its main versions, this chapter seeks to evaluate its merits and demerits. The author concludes that it has justifiably come to be regarded as the approach most conducive to achieving a truly universal definition of key elements of the refugee definition, although more clarification is needed. Hence international human rights law (IHRL) norms are to be applied to the definition unless there are cogent reasons not to. The chapter then turns to consider the question of whether there is a correct order in which to tackle the key elements (it is concluded there is not). A more vexed issue is how the different elements of the definition fit together. The author seeks to deploy the wide agreement that the approach to the definition must be holistic to draw a line under what has become an abstruse ‘meta-level’ of inquiry regarding the proper location or ‘home’ of certain inquiries. Finally this chapter discusses the book’s use of various modalities such as personal, material and temporal scope.
‘Being Persecuted’ and Serious Harm
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter contends that it is now possible to provide considerable content to the meaning of the ‘being persecuted’ element of the refugee definition. In line with VCLT rules, it is best understood in terms of sufficiently severe violations of human rights. In relation to material scope, the main types of harm involved in acts of persecution are identified and analysed: physical violence and related harm; psychological and related harm; socio-economic harms; and environmental harms. There follows analysis of the main specific forms of persecution: gender-specific, age-and child-specific, sexual orientation-specific, and disability-specific acts. Section 3 focuses on the modalities of persecution in terms of acts of persecution and actors, both state and non-state, of persecution. Whilst accepting that the term ‘being persecuted’ conveys a predicament, it remains one concerning acts or measures. Analysis is made of laws and related measures, these being the main structural medium through which state authorities operate. Section 4 analyses the main ‘incidents’ of persecution in terms of: individual assessment; intensity (including the distinction between persecution and discrimination); actual or threatened harm; indirect or derivative harm; duration; intentionality; and individualisation (individual and group persecution). Brief coverage is given in Section 5 of temporal scope, including past and current persecution, with specific attention paid to sur place claims. This chapter ends by proposing a number of ‘basic propositions’ seen to furnish content for a working definition of persecution. Several suggested propositions follow, representing the author’s own attempts to resolve several ongoing debates.
Conclusions
Authors: Storey Hugo 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects upon the main questions posed in Chapter 1, in particular whether it is now possible to give key terms of the refugee definition more content in the form of a ‘working definition’. To this end the chapter first assembles in the one place all the ‘basic propositions’ set out at the end of each of the book’s foregoing chapters. Then follows interrogation of the nature and status of these ‘basic propositions’; the extent to which they take a legal form; the extent to which they constitute lex lata or de lege ferenda; the role of the ‘suggested propositions’; the extent to which the working definition provides a framework for definition; the role of VCLT rules; their significance for the definition as a whole; the extent to which the ‘basic propositions’ can be said to reflect ‘quasi-state practice’; a comparison of the working definition with existing codification measures; a comparison with existing sources of interpretive guidance; and an evaluation of possible drawbacks to the working definition endeavour. An attempt is then made to substantiate the claims made in Chapter 1 that more content to the refugee definition has been agreed than many think. This chapter then offers this study’s working definition as a stepping-stone to concretising further definition of key terms. It concludes that for the present the most feasible means of achieving that would be for UNHCR, in consultation with the judicial and other pillars, to undertake wholesale revision of Part 1 of the 1979 UNHCR Handbook.
Techniques
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT), like all psychodynamic approaches, relies on listening to unconscious communication through an appreciation of the patient’s unique use of language, how they tell their story, what they omit to say, and their non-verbal communication. However, due to its time-limited nature, DIT introduces structure into the sessions while striving to allow for an emergent focus. To this end, it draws on many established psychoanalytic techniques, such as the interpretation of the transference, the use of countertransference. and the interpretation of defences, but also integrates other types of interventions, namely expressive/exploratory techniques, supportive techniques, mentalizing interventions, and sparsely used directive interventions.
Research on Psychotherapy Outcomes, Fidelity and Mechanisms of Change in Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
As dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) is a comparatively new model, research on the model is ongoing. This new chapter for the second edition provides an up-to-date overview of the meta-analytic evidence base of psychodynamic therapy for depression as well as of the evidence base now available for DIT. The current research literature supports the validity of DIT, its effectiveness, and its theoretical assumptions. The chapter discusses research on fidelity to psychodynamic principles in DIT and examines the working mechanisms of change in DIT. It outlines the development of competence rating scales for DIT therapists and the relationship that exists between clinical competence and symptomatic improvement on routine measures of anxiety and depression. In the future, trials of DIT for complex care and research into DIT training would both be valuable, as would more research on the Therapist Competence Scale.
Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy for Patients with Functional Somatic Disorders
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Patients presenting with persisting somatic complaints or functional somatic disorders (FSDs) constitute a large subset of patients seen in routine health care. This new chapter describes adaptations of the dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) model for the treatment of patients with FSDs (DIT-FSD). Empirical evidence supporting this approach is summarized, and the main adaptations of the DIT model for treating patients with FSDs are outlined and illustrated with clinical examples. These adaptations include a greater emphasis than in ‘standard’ DIT on empathic validation, and supportive and normalizing interventions more generally; a greater emphasis on the DIT therapist’s use of flexibility in moving along the spectrum of interventions aimed at fostering the process of mentalizing and interventions that focus on increasing insight into the patient’s repetitive interpersonal pattern (i.e. the interpersonal-affective focus); and a key role for interventions aimed at increasing embodied mentalizing through micro-slicing of (interpersonal) experiences and events.
Future Directions for Dynamic Interpersonal Therapy
Authors: Lemma Alessandra , Hepworth Mary , Fonagy Peter , Abrahams Deborah , Luyten Patrick 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This brief new chapter considers the potential broadening scope of dynamic interpersonal therapy (DIT) with different patient populations and modes of delivery such as individual therapy, in groups, and in hybrid formats. It suggests that DIT might offer a particularly interesting transdiagnostic approach, firmly rooted in psychoanalytic thinking and research, for patients across the spectrum of psychopathology. Finally, the chapter addresses the future of training in DIT, including its adaptations for online delivery and the extended 20-day training format.
Should Economists Deceive? Prosocial Lying, Paternalism, and the “Ben Bernanke Problem”
Authors: DeMartino George F. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the conditions under which economists feel justified in abandoning honesty and transparency with respect to what they can and cannot know. This is a clear departure from norms around scientific rigor associated with the economics profession, but George DeMartino argues that the profession has normalized “prosocial lying”—that is, making false or unknowable statements about probable outcomes to shape public behavior. The wide acceptance among economists that prosocial lying or strategic speaking serves the public interest has made the practice a norm—albeit one that is antithetical to, yet coexisting alongside, the academic enterprise. As DeMartino points out, however, many economists are so secure in their sense of superior knowledge vis-à-vis the public, they do not see the contradiction. They further believe that moving the public toward broader acceptance of trade liberalization or curtailing fear during a financial crisis serves the greater good, regardless of whether it is achieved through neglect of distributional consequences or explicit falsehoods. In his strong dissent, DeMartino points out that prosocial lying is coercive and paternalistic at its core, undermining the quality of policy debate and damaging confidence in expert opinion.
AI in Biology Education Assessment
Authors: Nehm Ross H. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In this chapter I review a decade of research on the artificial intelligence (AI)-based EvoGrader assessment system and its associated ACORNS instrument to demonstrate the complex consequences of developing technological tools designed to replicate human tasks (in this case, computer scoring of biological explanations). Many of the examples highlight the challenge of cleanly disentangling automation efforts from the educational systems in which they operate. AI scoring performance is impacted by instructor discourse practices, disciplinary language, writing fatigue, implementation conditions, English learner attributes, and many other variables. Consequently, efforts to improve automated scoring may (intentionally or unintentionally) reveal crucial insights into the educational contexts in which AI-based assessments operate. These findings suggest that future AI-assessment development work should be grounded in a “systems” perspective that explicitly acknowledges and integrates features of the broader educational ecosystem and considers benefits of the development process beyond the assessments themselves.