bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RNA Localization in Bacteria
Authors: Fei Jingyi , Sharma Cynthia M. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT

Diverse mechanisms and functions of posttranscriptional regulation by small regulatory RNAs and RNA-binding proteins have been described in bacteria. In contrast, little is known about the spatial organization of RNAs in bacterial cells. In eukaryotes, subcellular localization and transport of RNAs play important roles in diverse physiological processes, such as embryonic patterning, asymmetric cell division, epithelial polarity, and neuronal plasticity. It is now clear that bacterial RNAs also can accumulate at distinct sites in the cell. However, due to the small size of bacterial cells, RNA localization and localization-associated functions are more challenging to study in bacterial cells, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of transcript localization are less understood. Here, we review the emerging examples of RNAs localized to specific subcellular locations in bacteria, with indications that subcellular localization of transcripts might be important for gene expression and regulatory processes. Diverse mechanisms for bacterial RNA localization have been suggested, including close association to their genomic site of transcription, or to the localizations of their protein products in translation-dependent or -independent processes. We also provide an overview of the state of the art of technologies to visualize and track bacterial RNAs, ranging from hybridization-based approaches in fixed cells to
in vivo
imaging approaches using fluorescent protein reporters and/or RNA aptamers in single living bacterial cells. We conclude with a discussion of open questions in the field and ongoing technological developments regarding RNA imaging in eukaryotic systems that might likewise provide novel insights into RNA localization in bacteria.
Processive Antitermination
Authors: Goodson Jonathan R. , Winkler Wade C. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT

Transcription is a discontinuous process, where each nucleotide incorporation cycle offers a decision between elongation, pausing, halting, or termination. Many
cis
-acting regulatory RNAs, such as riboswitches, exert their influence over transcription elongation. Through such mechanisms, certain RNA elements can couple physiological or environmental signals to transcription attenuation, a process where
cis
-acting regulatory RNAs directly influence formation of transcription termination signals. However, through another regulatory mechanism called processive antitermination (PA), RNA polymerase can bypass termination sites over much greater distances than transcription attenuation. PA mechanisms are widespread in bacteria, although only a few classes have been discovered overall. Also, although traditional, signal-responsive riboswitches have not yet been discovered to promote PA, it is increasingly clear that small RNA elements are still oftentimes required. In some instances, small RNA elements serve as loading sites for cellular factors that promote PA. In other instances, larger, more complicated RNA elements participate in PA in unknown ways, perhaps even acting alone to trigger PA activity. These discoveries suggest that what is now needed is a systematic exploration of PA in bacteria, to determine how broadly these transcription elongation mechanisms are utilized, to reveal the diversity in their molecular mechanisms, and to understand the general logic behind their cellular applications. This review covers the known examples of PA regulatory mechanisms and speculates that they may be broadly important to bacteria.
Dual-Function RNAs
Authors: Raina Medha , King Alisa , Bianco Colleen , Vanderpool Carin K. 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACT

Bacteria are known to use RNA, either as mRNAs encoding proteins or as noncoding small RNAs (sRNAs), to regulate numerous biological processes. However, a few sRNAs have two functions: they act as base-pairing RNAs and encode a small protein with additional regulatory functions. Thus, these so called “dual-function” sRNAs can serve as both a riboregulator and an mRNA. In some cases, these two functions can act independently within the same pathway, while in other cases, the base-pairing function and protein function act in different pathways. Here, we discuss the five known dual-function sRNAs—SgrS from enteric species, RNAIII and Psm-mec from
Staphylococcus aureus
, Pel RNA from
Streptococcus pyogenes
, and SR1 from
Bacillus subtilis
—and review their mechanisms of action and roles in regulating diverse biological processes. We also discuss the prospect of finding additional dual-function sRNAs and future challenges in studying the overlap and competition between the functions.
Arthrogenic muscle inhibition after ACL reconstruction: a scoping review of the efficacy of interventions
Authors: Sonnery-Cottet Bertrand , Saithna Adnan , Quelard Benedicte , Daggett Matt , Borade Amrut , Ouanezar Hervé , Thaunat Mathieu , Blakeney William G 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveTo determine whether reported therapeutic interventions for arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) in patients with ACL injuries, following ACL reconstruction, or in laboratory studies of AMI, are effective in improving quadriceps activation failure when compared with standard therapy in control groups.DesignA scoping review of the efficacy of interventions was conducted in accordance with the methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Search terms included ‘arthrogenic muscle inhibition’, ‘quadriceps activation following knee injuries’, ‘anterior cruciate’ or ‘knee’ combined with ‘quadriceps activation’, ‘quadriceps inhibition’, ‘corticomotor’, ‘arthrogenic’, ‘brain activation’ and ‘neuroplasticity’. Articles were evaluated for risk of bias using the PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database) criteria. The overall quality of evidence for each intervention was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).Data sourcesPubMed, EMBASE and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature databases.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesIsolated case reports and articles reporting outcomes in patients with chronic disease or major trauma were excluded. All other original research articles were included.Results780 potential articles were identified. 20 met the inclusion criteria. These studies provided a moderate quality of evidence to support the efficacy of cryotherapy and physical exercises in the management of AMI. There was low-quality evidence for efficacy of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, and very low-quality evidence for efficacy of ultrasound and vibration.ConclusionsThis scoping review demonstrated moderate-quality evidence for the efficacy of cryotherapy and physical exercises in improving quadriceps activation failure after ACL injury and reconstruction. These therapeutic modalities are therefore recommended in the management of AMI.
Prevalence and behavioural associations of unintentional injuries among Chinese college students: a 50-University population-based study
Authors: Wu Dan , Yang Tingzhong , Cottrell Randall R , Zhou Huan , Feng Xueying 
Published: September 2018

ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence, demographic characteristics and behavioural correlates of unintentional injuries among Chinese college students.MethodsA cross-sectional multistage survey sampling process was conducted among 11 770 undergraduates from 50 universities in China. Students were asked to report different types of unintentional injuries that required medical attention from a doctor over the past year. The χ² test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used to identify factors associated with these injuries.ResultsThe overall unintentional injury prevalence was 47.9% (95% CI 47.6% to 48.2%). Most injuries occurred at sport venues (24.0%), following by home/dormitory injuries (20.5%) and traffic injuries (13.0%). Some behavioural factors exhibiting significant associations with overall unintentional injuries were: sleeping less than 7 hours (OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.37), smoking (OR=1.28, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.32), alcohol consumption (OR=1.74, 95% CI 1.69 to 1.78) and heavy internet use (OR=1.60, 95% CI 1.52 to 1.67). Male students were more likely to be involved in traffic and sport injuries than female students. Students majoring in non-medical fields had a higher risk of sport and home injuries than students majoring in medical fields. Those who drank alcohol, slept less than 7 hours or who reported heavy internet use were more likely to experience all types of injuries than students who did not participate in these behaviours. Finally, students who smoked had a higher likelihood of traffic and sport injuries than non-smoking students.ConclusionsA substantial number of college students reported injuries in the past year, and several key behavioural factors were associated with injuries. These findings could be beneficial for the design, implementation and assessment of injury intervention programme with college students. Based on these findings, policy implications for unintentional injury prevention and control were also considered.
A near-infrared small molecule acceptor based on the quinoidal form for organic solar cells
Authors: Sun Shi-Xin , Xu Jia-Wei , Chen Xiao-Long , Zhang You-Wen , Chen Yang , Chen De-Yin , Ren Tian-Hua , Xing Rong 
Published: September 2018

A novel non-fullerene small molecule acceptor named DPPMDPC6 with diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) as central moiety and methyl-dioxocyano-pyridine (MDP) units as two branches has been designed and synthesized. Benefitted from the quinoidal MDP segment, the molecule exhibits effective electron delocalization extending to the near infrared (NIR) region absorption with narrow bandgap of 1.42[Formula: see text]eV. The acceptor also displayed intrinsic properties with good thermal stability, and matched energy levels with various donor materials especially for the commercial polymer PTB7. Under optimized condition, the devices fabricated by forming PTB7:DPPMDPC6 blend films yield a moderate PCE of 5.80% with a [Formula: see text] of 0.84[Formula: see text]V, a [Formula: see text] of 12.94[Formula: see text]mA[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text], and an FF of 53.4%. This preliminary study demonstrates that the new acceptor tailored with quinoidal MDP units could lead to enhancement on the low energy absorption band that is favorable for the photovoltaic performances.
Race Detection in Two Dimensions
Authors: Dimitrov Dimitar , Vechev Martin , Sarkar Vivek 
Published: September 2018

Dynamic race detection is a program analysis technique for detecting errors caused by undesired interleavings of concurrent tasks. A primary challenge when designing efficient race detection algorithms is to achieve manageable space requirements.

State-of-the-art algorithms for unstructured parallelism require Θ (
n
) space per monitored memory location, where
n
is the total number of tasks. This is a serious drawback when analyzing programs with many tasks. In contrast, algorithms for programs with a series-parallel (SP) structure require only Θ (1) space. Unfortunately, it is currently not well understood if there are classes of parallelism beyond SP that can also benefit from and be analyzed with Θ (1) space complexity.

In this work, we show that structures richer than SP graphs, namely, that of two-dimensional (2D) lattices, can also be analyzed in Θ (1) space. Toward that (a) we extend Tarjan’s algorithm for finding lowest common ancestors to handle 2D lattices; (b) from that extension we derive a serial algorithm for race detection that can analyze arbitrary task graphs with a 2D lattice structure; (c) we present a restriction to fork-join that admits precisely the 2D lattices as task graphs (e.g., it can express pipeline parallelism).
Our work generalizes prior work on structured race detection and aims to provide a deeper understanding of the interplay between structured parallelism and program analysis efficiency.
Specific Targeting of Oncogenes Using CRISPR Technology
Authors: Oppel Felix , Schürmann Matthias , Goon Peter , Albers Andreas E. , Sudhoff Holger 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In recent decades, tools of molecular biology have enabled researchers to genetically modify model organisms, including human cells. RNAi, zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator–like effector nucleases, CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9), retro- or lentiviral gene transfer, and many other methods can be utilized to remove genes, add genes, or change their expression. Within the same timeframe, survival rates for many highly malignant tumor diseases have not improved substantially. If modern medicine could apply even a subset of research methods in clinical management, which are already well established and controllable in basic research laboratories, this could strongly impact patients' prognosis. CRISPR-Cas9 is a method to precisely target and manipulate genomic loci and recent studies have attempted to use this method as a genetic treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, blood disorders, autosomal-dominant hearing loss, and cancer. Some of these approaches target mutant genomic sequences specifically and try to avoid affecting the respective normal loci. Considering obvious genetic risks opposing the objected benefits, data are needed to show whether CRISPR technology is suitable as a future cancer therapy approach or not. Here, we develop strategies for the specific targeting of viral cancer drivers and oncogenes activated by mutation, using the latest CRISPR technology. Cancer Res; 78(19); 5506–12. ©2018 AACR.
MERTK Promotes Resistance to Irreversible EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Non–small Cell Lung Cancers Expressing Wild-type EGFR Family Members
Authors: Yan Dan , Parker Rebecca E. , Wang Xiaodong , Frye Stephen V. , Earp H. Shelton , DeRyckere Deborah , Graham Douglas K. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Purpose:
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of all lung cancers and over 60% express wild-type EGFR (wtEGFR); however, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have limited effect in most patients with wtEGFR tumors. We previously identified MERTK tyrosine kinase as a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC and developed MRX-2843, a novel MERTK-selective inhibitor with favorable properties for clinical translation. The goal of this study was to determine whether MERTK and EGFR inhibitor combination therapy could provide antitumor efficacy against wtEGFR NSCLC.

Experimental Design:
An unbiased screen of 378 kinase inhibitors was conducted to identify synergistic interactions with MRX-2843 and biochemical and therapeutic effects were determined in vitro and in vivo.

Results:
Numerous irreversible EGFR TKIs, including CO-1686 and osimertinib, synergized with MRX-2843 to inhibit wtEGFR NSCLC cell expansion, irrespective of driver oncogene status. CO-1686 and MRX-2843 combination therapy inhibited MERTK, wtEGFR, and ERBB2/ERBB3 and decreased downstream PI3K-AKT, MAPK-ERK, and AURORA kinase (AURK) signaling more effectively than single agents. Inhibition of PI3K, AKT or AURK, but not MEK, synergized with CO-1686 to inhibit tumor cell expansion, suggesting their roles as key redundant resistance pathways. Treatment with MRX-2843 and CO-1686 or osimertinib prevented xenograft growth while single agents had limited effect. Tumor growth inhibition was durable even after treatment with combination therapy was stopped.

Conclusions:
Our data support the application of MRX-2843 in combination with an irreversible EGFR TKI as a novel strategy for treatment of patients with wtEGFR NSCLC.
Prognostic Significance of Asymptomatic Brain Natriuretic Peptide Elevation at Nephrology Referral in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Hayashi Terumasa , Yasuda Keiko , Kimura Tomonori , Sasaki Koichi , Shimada Karin , Hashimoto Nobuhiro , Isaka Yoshitaka 
Published: September 2018

<b><i>Background:</i></b> It is unclear whether asymptomatic elevation of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is associated with cardiovascular events (CVEs) or heart failure (HF) in predialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We measured BNP in 482 asymptomatic predialysis patients with CKD stages 2–5 at nephrology referral between August 2004 and October 2010, and followed them prospectively to investigate the prognostic significance of BNP using Cox models and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. The primary composite end point was the time to death or the first nonfatal CVEs. Secondary end points included CVEs including sudden death, HF and all-cause death. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The median age was 67 years (male, 67.4%; diabetic nephropathy, 33.4%), and estimated glomerular filtration rate was 20.1 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>. The primary end point occurred in 92 patients. CVEs including sudden death, HF and all-cause death occurred in 66, 35, and 54 patients, respectively during a median follow-up period of 37.7 months. Multivariate analyses showed that BNP level was significantly associated with the primary end point (hazard ratio [HR] 1.241; 95% CI 1.020–1.511; <i>p</i> = 0.031), CVEs (HR 1.337; 95% CI 1.067–1.675; <i>p</i> = 0.012) and HF (HR 1.489; 95% CI 1.059–2.091; <i>p</i> = 0.022), but not associated with all-cause death (HR 1.081; 95% CI 0.829–1.410; <i>p</i> = 0.565). The ROC curves showed that the optimal predictive BNP levels for the primary end point, CVEs and HF were 92.5, 127.0, and 274.6 (pg/mL) respectively. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Asymptomatic elevation of BNP is strongly predictive for CVEs and HF, which might help to integrate cardio-renal risk stratification in predialysis CKD patients.
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДЕФЕКТІВ МЕДИЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ В АНЕСТЕЗІОЛОГІЇ-РЕАНІМАТОЛОГІЇ (ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ СУДОВО-СЛІДЧИХ СПРАВ)
Authors: Franchuk V. V. 
Published: September 2018

Medical malpractice litigations have become a serious social and public health problem in contemporary Ukraine, however peculiarities of improper medical care in anesthesiology is little known inside the country.The aim of the study – to evaluate the medical malpractice litigations provided by anesthesiologists in Ukraine.Materials and Methods. A retrospective review of all alleged medical malpractice cases (350 in total) between 2007 and 2016 handled at Ternopil, Zhytomyr and Chernivtsi Regional Bureaus of Forensic Medical Examination, was performed. The paper analyses official data of court verdicts in cases of medical malpractice litigations taken from Ukrainian State Register of court decisions for the same time period.Results and Discussion. 32.5 % of all of medical malpractice litigations were initiated against anesthesiologists. Lacks of health care provision committed by anesthesiologists were detected in 70.2 % of the cases. Unreasonable medical care occurred in cases of serious Unintentional medical care was confirmed by forensic medical expert commission as a rule in diagnostics (33.8 %) and medical procedures or medical treatment (26.4 %). Mistakes in medical records were detected in (24.7 %) of the cases, institutional errors – (11.1 %), ethical errors – (4.0 %). Insufficient or incomplete medical care provided by anesthesiologists seemed more frequently (44.5 %), inopportune medical care – 33.6 %, unskillful medical care 20.3 %. Severe consequences for the patients took place in all of the cases. A causal relationship between the damage claimed by the patient or his family and improper medical care were found in 30.0 % cases.Conclusions. Anesthesiologists lead the top list of physician specialties involved in claims in Ukraine. Diagnostic and institutional errors, improper performance of medical procedures and medication errors are seemed most frequently in medical malpractice cases in anesthesiology. The majority of the medical mistakes became due to different objective reasons. Approximately a half of all of the studied cases faced together with breach of standards of care followed by the poor quality of the medical personnel.
АНАЛІЗ СТОМАТОЛОГІЧНОГО СТАТУСУ ШКОЛЯРІВ МІСТА СТРИЯ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД РЕЖИМУ ТА РАЦІОНУ ХАРЧУВАННЯ
Authors: Lebid O. I. , Duda K. M. , Stoikevych H. V. 
Published: September 2018

The analysis of the stomatological status of schoolchildren in the city of Stryi shows the influence of the regime and diet, physical activity of students in conjunction with other factors, to metabolic disorders that are trigger in the development of generalsomatic diseases and diseases of hard tissues of teeth.The aim of the study – to analyze the results of the questionnaire and dental examination, on the effect of diet on the stomatological status of schoolchildren in the city of Stryi.Materials and Methods. 96 children aged 14–16 participated in the studies. Among the schoolchildren in the city of Stryi, Lviv oblast, a sociological survey on diet and motor activity was conducted by questionnaire on the poll developed by us. The obtained data were compared with the results of the dental examination, which included the determination of the intensity of caries of the teeth according to the CPI index. The examination of oral hygiene was carried out using the Green-Vermillion (OH I-S) Hygiene Index. The results were summarized into a common table to facilitate statistical processing of information.Results and Discussion. As a result of our research, we have established a clear link between the diet and the diet of schoolchildren on their dental health. So, we found that in the diet of schoolchildren decreased the consumption of dairy products, fish and meat, and on the contrary increased the use of "fast foods", sweets, sweet beverages. Our definition of dental status has shown that the prevalence of caries is 93.69 % for schoolchildren who do not adhere to the regime and diet, and only 6.31 % of the surveyed have intact dental rows.Conclusions. The according to the results of our research, it can be concluded that inappropriate nutrition, violation of its mode and structure, sedentary lifestyle, lack of oral hygiene, in our opinion, together with other factors, lead to metabolic disorders that are trigger in the development of general-somatic diseases, and diseases of hard tissues of teeth.
Victorian Science
Authors: Nixon Jude V. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
Now virtually unknown, Anne Pratt (1806–1893) remains an important Victorian illustrator, naturalist, and popularizer of science, whose Wild Flowers (1852) made a strong impression on Queen Victoria. While Pratt’s works addressed a largely female audience, their generic appeal, reflecting her profound botanical knowledge and astute insights into flower study, had an ever broader reach into the general public. Pratt authored over twenty books, among them Chapters on the Common Things of the Sea-Side (1850), which saw four editions in ten years. Hopkins was given a second edition as a gift for his tenth birthday. Though he nowhere acknowledges Pratt but for an obscure reference in a letter to his mother, a precocious Hopkins would have found in Chapters the keen attention to nature he would later observe in Ruskin. Pratt’s study would have been an important precursor for Hopkins’s detailed observations of nature in his journals, diaries, and notebooks. Especially pronounced are their attempts to connect the beauty in nature to a benevolent Creator and a natural theology in which everything in nature, to use a Hopkins expression, “speaks and spells” Christ. In their theology of the aesthetics, the divine plays in “ten thousand places.”