bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Change in International Society: How Not to Recreate the “First Debate” of International Relations
Authors: Friedner Parrat Charlotta 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe English school of international relations is in large parts focused on the study of historical change; at the same time, however, it is remarkably unclear on how to understand change in between the idealist belief in progress and the realist eternal cycles of recurrence. This article seeks to avoid this dead end by questioning the school's understanding of change as a commonsensical concept. It is argued that change would be better understood as composed of three facets: one ontological (what is change?), one explanatory (what causes change?), and one normative (is change desirable?). This metatheoretical reconceptualization of change permits cross-checking the three facets against each other for internal coherence, but most importantly, it makes visible the underlying assumptions used to study change, so that ideas of history, causes, and normative ideals can be openly scrutinized, questioned, and defended rather than treated as self-evident. The resulting suggestion of an internally metatheoretically coherent understanding of change in international society signifies a much-needed addition to the English school tool-kit. It brings a promise of a significant metatheoretical overhaul of the theory, which, if taken up, will open up new horizons for the school. In addition, it opens up similar metatheoretical inquiries into other international relations theories’ views of change.
Circ_0000218 plays a carcinogenic role in colorectal cancer progression by regulating miR-139-3p/RAB1A axis
Authors: Pei Fu-Lai , Cao Ming-Zheng , Li Yue-Feng 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Accumulating researches have confirmed that circRNA abnormal expression plays a prominent role in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). The role of circ_0000218 in CRC and its potential mechanism are not clear. In this study, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to measure the circ_0000218, miR-139-3p and RAB1A mRNA expression in CRC tissues and cells. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were conducted to determine the RAB1A expression in CRC tissues and cells, respectively. Colony formation assay and BrdU method were employed to monitor the effect of circ_0000218 on cell proliferation. Transwell assay was adopted to detect cell migration and invasion. Dual luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay were adopted to confirm the targeting relationship between circ_0000218 and miR-139-3p, miR-139-3p and RAB1A. We demonstrated that circ_0000218 was notably upregulated in CRC tissues and cell lines, and its high expression level was markedly linked to the increase of T staging and local lymph node metastasis. Circ_0000218 overexpression enhanced the proliferation and metastasis of CRC cells while knocking down circ_0000218 caused the opposite effects. We also observed that miR-139-3p was negatively regulated by circ_0000218, while RAB1A was positively regulated by it. Collectively, this study suggested that circ_0000218 upregulated RAB1A and promoted CRC proliferation and metastasis via sponging miR-139-3p.
Understanding Cryptocurrencies*
Authors: Härdle Wolfgang Karl , Harvey Campbell R , Reule Raphael C G 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cryptocurrency refers to a type of digital asset that uses distributed ledger, or blockchain, technology to enable a secure transaction. Although the technology is widely misunderstood, many central banks are considering launching their own national cryptocurrency. In contrast to most data in financial economics, detailed data on the history of every transaction in the cryptocurrency complex are freely available. Furthermore, empirically oriented research is only now beginning, presenting an extraordinary research opportunity for academia. We provide some insights into the mechanics of cryptocurrencies, describing summary statistics and focusing on potential future research avenues in financial economics.
Canid collision—expanding populations of coyotes (Canis latrans) and crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) meet up in Panama
Authors: Hody Allison W , Moreno Ricardo , Meyer Ninon F V , Pacifici Krishna , Kays Roland 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The rise of the Panamanian Isthmus 3–4 million years ago enabled the first dispersal of mammals between North and South America in what is known as the Great American Biotic Interchange. Modern deforestation threatens the historic forest connectivity and creates new habitat for open-country species, as documented by recent expansions of North American coyotes (Canis latrans) and South American crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) into Central America. We used camera traps to map the expansions of these species into eastern Panama and found that, by 2015, coyote populations had colonized most agricultural area west of Lago Bayano. Most of our camera arrays east of this point documented crab-eating foxes, and evidence from roadkills showed some foxes had advanced farther west, but we never documented both species at the same camera-trap array, suggesting the possibility of fine-scale spatial avoidance. We used a data fusion approach to build species distribution models combining our camera surveys with records from the literature and roadkill. While the auxiliary data improved the predictive accuracy for both species, few clear habitat patterns emerged, which might reflect the generalist tendencies of these canids, or the fact that both are in the early stages of colonizing the region. Camera-trap photos showed that both species were nocturnal and revealed some dog-like morphology in coyotes, which could indicate their recent hybridization with dogs (Canis familiaris). Our continued monitoring of the Darién documented single coyotes moving through the western edge of the area in 2016 and 2018. This leaves only the great Darién forests between coyotes and South America. If deforestation continues in the region, these two invasive canids could represent the first of a new, Not-So-Great American Biotic Interchange, where generalist species adapted to human disturbance cross continents and threaten native biota.
Mammalian research honoring the educational contributions of Grinnell Awardee Robert M. Timm
Authors: Anderson Robert P , Eifler Maria A , Lanier Hayley C , Holmes Thorvald 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis Special Feature honors Robert M. (Bob) Timm, who was recognized by the American Society of Mammalogists in 2017 with the Joseph Grinnell Award for his contributions to education in mammalogy. Bob has made great educational contributions through formal classroom and field instruction, interactions with researchers, public outreach, and mentorship of graduate students. Bob also has promoted equity and human diversity in mammalogy and joyfully assisted international colleagues (especially Latin Americans). In this Festschrift, many of his Ph.D. students offer the results of their recent mammalian research on topics as diverse as taxonomy and species identification, functional morphology, and biogeography and conservation on an environmentally dynamic planet.Esta Sección Especial honra a Robert M. (Bob) Timm, quien fue reconocido por la American Society of Mammalogists en el 2017 con el Premio Joseph Grinnell, por sus aportes a la educación en la mastozoología. Bob ha realizado grandes contribuciones educativas dando clases en el aula y en el campo, interactuando con investigadores, involucrándose con el sector civil y asesorando a estudiantes de posgrado. Además, Bob ha promovido la igualdad y diversidad de participantes en la mastozoología, además de haber colaborado vehementemente junto a colegas internacionales (especialmente Latinoamericanos). En este homenaje, muchos de sus estudiantes de doctorado comparten los resultados recientes de sus investigaciones con mamíferos en temas tan diversos como la taxonomía e identificación de especies, la morfología funcional, y la biogeografía y conservación en un planeta medioambientalmente dinámico.
Aedes albopictus Body Size Differs Across Neighborhoods With Varying Infrastructural Abandonment
Authors: Katz Grace , Leisnham Paul T , LaDeau Shannon L 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mosquitoes pose an increasing risk in urban landscapes, where spatial heterogeneity in juvenile habitat can influence fine-scale differences in mosquito density and biting activity. We examine how differences in juvenile mosquito habitat along a spectrum of urban infrastructure abandonment can influence the adult body size of the invasive tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae). Adult Ae. albopictus were collected across 3 yr (2015–2017) from residential blocks in Baltimore, MD, that varied in abandonment level, defined by the proportion of houses with boarded-up doors. We show that female Ae. albopictus collected from sites with higher abandonment were significantly larger than those collected from higher income, low abandonment blocks. Heterogeneity in mosquito body size, including wing length, has been shown to reflect differences in important traits, including longevity and vector competence. The present work demonstrates that heterogeneity in female size may reflect juvenile habitat variability across the spatial scales most relevant to adult Aedes dispersal and human exposure risk in urban landscapes. Previous work has shown that failure to manage abandonment and waste issues in impoverished neighborhoods supports greater mosquito production, and this study suggests that mosquitoes in these same neighborhoods could live longer, produce more eggs, and have different vector potential.
Vaginal evisceration of small bowel
Authors: Rogers Peter , Lee Hong , Jape Kedar , Ng Zi Qin , Koong David 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Evisceration of bowel through the vaginal vault is an extremely rare condition and is considered to be a surgical emergency. We present the case of an 83-year-old female who was brought to the emergency department with a vaginal prolapse complicated by evisceration of small bowel. A midline laparotomy was performed for reduction of the bowel with a subsequent vaginal repair. We present this case due to its rarity and high-reported mortality rate.
Territoriality and Globalization
Authors: Kohl Uta 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter challenges the commonly held view that the territorial state is fundamentally unsuited for, and incompatible with, twenty-first century manifestations of globalization in the form of ever-tightening economic integration or all-pervasive global communication networks. This is only partly true. The state—as defined and enabled by public international law around the idea of territorial sovereignty—provides the ideal mechanism for global capital and corporate activity to function and grow with maximum efficiency and minimal accountability. The territorial nation state provides the legal framework that facilitates foreign wealth accumulation through open borders, and its subsequent retention in the Global North through closed borders. At the core of this legal framework are the territorial rules under private and public international law that provide high flexibility in opening and closing borders as and when national interest demands.
The early history of digital humanities: An analysis of Computers and the Humanities (1966–2004) and Literary and Linguistic Computing (1986–2004)
Authors: Sula Chris Alen , Hill Heather V 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMost commentators locate the origin of digital humanities (DH) in computational text analysis of the mid-twentieth century, beginning in 1946 with Roberto Busa’s plans for the Index Thomisticus, a massive attempt to encode nearly 11 million words of Thomas Aquinas’ writings on IBM punch cards. This event (and the narrative that follows) is found throughout the literature, leading some to believe that early DH work ‘concentrated, perhaps somewhat narrowly, on text analysis (such as classification systems, mark-up, text encoding, and scholarly editing)’ (Presner, 2010, p. 6). Others seem convinced that DH is still only text analysis or too dominated by it (Meeks, 2013)—and misguided in its approach (Fish, 2012). Meanwhile, Underwood (2017) has recently made a case for disentangling distant reading methods from DH generally, noting that the former predates and does not depend on digital technology.This article presents an empirical perspective on the early history of DH by tracing publications in two foundational journals (Computers and the Humanities (CHum), established in 1966, and Literary and Linguistic Computing (LLC), established in 1986), with particular emphasis on media types, authors’ disciplines and locations, and teaching and learning. In doing so, we examine the extent to which early DH work focused on text analysis as well as broader trends in the early history of the field.
The effect of stellar activity on the spectroscopic stellar parameters of the young solar twin HIP 36515
Authors: Yana Galarza Jhon , Meléndez Jorge , Lorenzo-Oliveira Diego , Valio Adriana , Reggiani Henrique , Carlos Marília , Ponte Geisa , Spina Lorenzo , Haywood Raphaëlle D , Gandolfi Davide 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Spectroscopic equilibrium allows us to obtain precise stellar parameters in Sun-like stars. It relies on the assumption of the iron excitation and ionization equilibrium. However, several works suggest that magnetic activity may affect chemical abundances of young active stars, calling into question the validity of this widely used method. We have tested, for the first time, variations in stellar parameters and chemical abundances for the young solar twin HIP 36515 (∼0.4 Gyr), along its activity cycle. This star has stellar parameters very well established in the literature and we estimated its activity cycle in ∼6 yr. Using HARPS spectra with high resolving power (115 000) and signal-to-noise ratio (∼270), the stellar parameters of six different epochs in the cycle were estimated. We found that the stellar activity is strongly correlated with the effective temperature, metallicity, and microturbulence velocity. The possibility of changes in the Li i 6707.8 Å line due to flares and star-spots was also investigated. Although the core of the line profile shows some variations with the stellar cycle, it is compensated by changes in the effective temperature, resulting in a non-variation of the Li abundance.
The ALPINE-ALMA [C ii] survey: a triple merger at z ∼ 4.56
Authors: Jones G C , Béthermin M , Fudamoto Y , Ginolfi M , Capak P , Cassata P , Faisst A , Le Fèvre O , Schaerer D , Silverman J D , Yan Lin , Bardelli S , Boquien M , Cimatti A , Dessauges-Zavadsky M , Giavalisco M , Gruppioni C , Ibar E , Khusanova Y , Koekemoer A M , Lemaux B C , Loiacono F , Maiolino R , Oesch P A , Pozzi F , Riechers D , Rodighiero G , Talia M , Vallini L , Vergani D , Zamorani G , Zucca E 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
We report the detection of [C ii] λ158 $\mu$m emission from a system of three closely separated sources in the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field at z ∼ 4.56 , as part of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Large Program to INvestigate C ii at Early times (ALPINE). The two most luminous sources are closely associated, both spatially (1.6 arcsec ∼ 11 kpc) and in velocity (∼100 km s−1), while the third source is slightly more distant (2.8 arcsec ∼ 18 kpc, ∼300 km s−1). The second most luminous source features a slight velocity gradient, while no significant velocity gradient is seen in the other two sources. Using the observed [C ii] luminosities, we derive a total log$_{10}(\rm SFR_{[C\,{\small II}]}\, [M_{\odot }\, yr^{-1}])=2.8\pm 0.2$, which may be split into contributions of 59, 31, and 10 per cent from the central, east, and west sources, respectively. Comparison of these [C ii] detections to recent zoom-in cosmological simulations suggests an ongoing major merger. We are thus witnessing a system in a major phase of mass build-up by merging, including an ongoing major merger and an upcoming minor merger, which is expected to end up in a single massive galaxy by z ∼ 2.5.
Fine-Scale Haplotype Structure Reveals Strong Signatures of Positive Selection in a Recombining Bacterial Pathogen
Authors: Arnold Brian , Sohail Mashaal , Wadsworth Crista , Corander Jukka , Hanage William P , Sunyaev Shamil , Grad Yonatan H 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIdentifying genetic variation in bacteria that has been shaped by ecological differences remains an important challenge. For recombining bacteria, the sign and strength of linkage provide a unique lens into ongoing selection. We show that derived alleles &lt;300 bp apart in Neisseria gonorrhoeae exhibit more coupling linkage than repulsion linkage, a pattern that cannot be explained by limited recombination or neutrality as these couplings are significantly stronger for nonsynonymous alleles than synonymous alleles. This general pattern is driven by a small fraction of highly diverse genes, many of which exhibit evidence of interspecies horizontal gene transfer and an excess of intermediate frequency alleles. Extensive simulations show that two distinct forms of positive selection can create these patterns of genetic variation: directional selection on horizontally transferred alleles or balancing selection that maintains distinct haplotypes in the presence of recombination. Our results establish a framework for identifying patterns of selection in fine-scale haplotype structure that indicate specific ecological processes in species that recombine with distantly related lineages or possess coexisting adaptive haplotypes.
Taphonomic field experiment in a freshwater shallow lake: alteration of gastropod shells below the sediment–water interface
Authors: Cristini Paula Andrea , De Francesco Claudio Germán 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We conducted a taphonomic field experiment to evaluate the effects of (1) depth below the sediment–water interface (SWI) and (2) time of exposure on the accrual of damage (particularly through dissolution) to empty mollusc shells in freshwater environments. The experiment, which lasted 30 months, was carried out in the littoral area of Lake Nahuel Rucá, a shallow freshwater lake in the Pampa plain of Argentina. Bags (0.5-cm mesh) containing empty, cleaned shells of the freshwater gastropods Heleobia parchappii, Biomphalaria peregrina and Pomacea canaliculata were buried at three different depths (5, 20 and 35 cm) below the SWI. Damage was assessed every 3 months. All experimental shells exhibited fine-scale surface alteration, but the extent of this damage was relatively low, even in shells recovered after 30 months of exposure. Most of the damage consisted of minor pitting. For H. parchappii and B. peregrina, shell surface alteration varied significantly with depth, but not with time; in both species, alteration occurred mainly at the beginning of the experiment. For P. canaliculata, shell surface alteration varied significantly only with respect to time and this was the case for all three burial depths. All shells of this species exhibited a lower level of damage than what was observed for H. parchappii and B. peregrina. These differences may be related to the fact that P. canaliculata is characterized by a larger and thicker shell than the other two species. The shell attributes of larger size and greater thickness are known to confer a greater resistance to shell dissolution. In addition, the reactive surface area available for dissolution varies with shell size. Larger-sized shells have a lower potential for dissolution than smaller shells due to their lower surface-area-to-volume ratio. In contrast, species such as H. parchappii and B. peregrina, which have smaller and thinner shells, are likely to be more rapidly destroyed because they are more vulnerable to dissolution and have less preservation potential. Our results demonstrate that dissolution is a significant taphonomic process affecting shells even during burial and that the influence of dissolution on shell alteration might be significant in cases of long persistence within the taphonomically active zone. Consequently, we suggest that when working on taphofacies in the context of aquatic environments, assessments of taphonomic alteration should include changes at and below the SWI.
PADS Arsenal: a database of prokaryotic defense systems related genes
Authors: Zhang Yadong , Zhang Zhewen , Zhang Hao , Zhao Yongbing , Zhang Zaichao , Xiao Jingfa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDefense systems are vital weapons for prokaryotes to resist heterologous DNA and survive from the constant invasion of viruses, and they are widely used in biochemistry investigation and antimicrobial drug research. So far, numerous types of defense systems have been discovered, but there is no comprehensive defense systems database to organize prokaryotic defense gene datasets. To fill this gap, we unveil the prokaryotic antiviral defense system (PADS) Arsenal (https://bigd.big.ac.cn/padsarsenal), a public database dedicated to gathering, storing, analyzing and visualizing prokaryotic defense gene datasets. The initial version of PADS Arsenal integrates 18 distinctive categories of defense system with the annotation of 6 600 264 genes retrieved from 63,701 genomes across 33 390 species of archaea and bacteria. PADS Arsenal provides various ways to retrieve defense systems related genes information and visualize them with multifarious function modes. Moreover, an online analysis pipeline is integrated into PADS Arsenal to facilitate annotation and evolutionary analysis of defense genes. PADS Arsenal can also visualize the dynamic variation information of defense genes from pan-genome analysis. Overall, PADS Arsenal is a state-of-the-art open comprehensive resource to accelerate the research of prokaryotic defense systems.