bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐Temperature Plasticity in Olivine: Grain Size, Strain Hardening, and the Strength of the Lithosphere
Authors: Hansen Lars N. , Kumamoto Kathryn M. , Thom Christopher A. , Wallis David , Durham William B. , Goldsby David L. , Breithaupt Thomas , Meyers Cameron D. , Kohlstedt David L. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractPlastic deformation of olivine at relatively low temperatures (i.e., low‐temperature plasticity) likely controls the strength of the lithospheric mantle in a variety of geodynamic contexts. Unfortunately, laboratory estimates of the strength of olivine deforming by low‐temperature plasticity vary considerably from study to study, limiting confidence in extrapolation to geological conditions. Here we present the results of deformation experiments on olivine single crystals and aggregates conducted in a deformation‐DIA at confining pressures of 5 to 9 GPa and temperatures of 298 to 1473 K. These results demonstrate that, under conditions in which low‐temperature plasticity is the dominant deformation mechanism, fine‐grained samples are stronger at yield than coarse‐grained samples, and the yield stress decreases with increasing temperature. All samples exhibited significant strain hardening until an approximately constant flow stress was reached. The magnitude of the increase in stress from the yield stress to the flow stress was independent of grain size and temperature. Cyclical loading experiments revealed a Bauschinger effect, wherein the initial yield strength is higher than the yield strength during subsequent cycles. Both strain hardening and the Bauschinger effect are interpreted to result from the development of back stresses associated with long‐range dislocation interactions. We calibrated a constitutive model based on these observations, and extrapolation of the model to geological conditions predicts that the strength of the lithosphere at yield is low compared to previous experimental predictions but increases significantly with increasing strain. Our results resolve apparent discrepancies in recent observational estimates of the strength of the oceanic lithosphere.
Geodetic Observations of the 2018 Mw 7.5 Sulawesi Earthquake and Its Implications for the Kinematics of the Palu Fault
Authors: Song Xiaogang , Zhang Yingfeng , Shan Xinjian , Liu Yunhua , Gong Wenyu , Qu Chunyan 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe ascending and descending interferometric synthetic aperture radar data are used to investigate the fault rupture and slip model of the 2018 Mw 7.5 Sulawesi, Indonesia, earthquake. The best fitting slip model indicates that this earthquake ruptured not only a segment extending the Palu fault to the north but also a northwestern segment offshore. The slip on the onshore fault is predominant left‐lateral strike slip. The slip on the offshore fault is dominated by normal faulting with a maximum slip of ~6.3 m. The newly discovered offshore normal faulting is likely to be the cause of the tsunami after the shock. Combined with previous geomorphic, tectonic, geodetic, and modeling studies, we suggest that the kinematics of the Palu fault maintained the same style of faulting from north to south, which resulted from an oblique extension occurred on an east dipping fault at depths. The deformation pattern of NW Sulawesi is dominated by this slip mechanism.
Hurricane María tripled stem breaks and doubled tree mortality relative to other major storms
Authors: Uriarte María , Thompson Jill , Zimmerman Jess K. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractTropical cyclones are expected to intensify under a warming climate, with uncertain effects on tropical forests. One key challenge to predicting how more intense storms will influence these ecosystems is to attribute impacts specifically to storm meteorology rather than differences in forest characteristics. Here we compare tree damage data collected in the same forest in Puerto Rico after Hurricanes Hugo (1989, category 3), Georges (1998, category 3), and María (2017, category 4). María killed twice as many trees as Hugo, and for all but two species, broke 2- to 12-fold more stems than the other two storms. Species with high density wood were resistant to uprooting, hurricane-induced mortality, and were protected from breakage during Hugo but not María. Tree inventories and a wind exposure model allow us to attribute these differences in impacts to storm meteorology. A better understanding of risk factors associated with tree species susceptibility to severe storms is key to predicting the future of forest ecosystems under climate warming.
Molecular evidence supports a genic capture resolution of the lek paradox
Authors: Dugand Robert J. , Tomkins Joseph L. , Kennington W. Jason 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe genic capture hypothesis, where sexually selected traits capture genetic variation in condition and the condition reflects genome-wide mutation load, stands to explain the presence of abundant genetic variation underlying sexually selected traits. Here we test this hypothesis by applying bidirectional selection to male mating success for 14 generations in replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster. We then resequenced the genomes of flies from each population. Consistent with the central predictions of the genic capture hypothesis, we show that genetic variance decreased with success selection and increased with failure selection, providing evidence for purifying sexual selection. This pattern was distributed across the genome and no consistent molecular pathways were associated with divergence, consistent with condition being the target of selection. Together, our results provide molecular evidence suggesting that strong sexual selection erodes genetic variation, and that genome-wide mutation-selection balance contributes to its maintenance.
The Gene ANTHER DEHISCENCE REPRESSOR (ADR) Controls Male Fertility by Suppressing the ROS Accumulation and Anther Cell Wall Thickening in Arabidopsis
Authors: Dai Shu-Yu , Hsu Wei-Han , Yang Chang-Hsien 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMale sterility in plants is caused by various stimuli such as hormone changes, stress, cytoplasmic alterations and nuclear gene mutations. The gene ANTHER DEHISCENCE REPRESSOR (ADR), which is involved in regulating male sterility in Arabidopsis, was functionally analyzed in this study. In ADR::GUS flowers, strong GUS activity was detected in the anthers of young flower buds but was low in mature flowers. ADR + GFP fusion proteins, which can be modified by N-myristoylation, were targeted to peroxisomes. Ectopic expression of ADR in transgenic Arabidopsis plants resulted in male sterility due to anther indehiscence. The defect in anther dehiscence in 35S::ADR flowers is due to the reduction of ROS accumulation, alteration of the secondary thickening in the anther endothecium and suppression of the expression of NST1 and NST2, which are required for anther dehiscence through regulation of secondary wall thickening in anther endothecial cells. This defect could be rescued by external application of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These results demonstrated that ADR must be N-myristoylated and targeted to the peroxisome during the early stages of flower development to negatively regulate anther dehiscence by suppressing ROS accumulation and NST1/NST2 expression.
First exploration of radiation temperatures of the laser spot, re-emitting wall and entire hohlraum drive source
Authors: Ren Kuan , Liu Shenye , Xie Xufei , Du Huabing , Hou Lifei , Jing Longfei , Yang Dong , Zhao Yang , Yan Ji , Yang Zhiwen , Li Zhichao , Dong Jianjun , Yang Guohong , Li Sanwei , Cao Zhurong , Lan Ke , Huo Wenyi , Liu Jie , Ren Guoli , Ding Yongkun , Jiang Shaoen 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study explores the radiation field temperatures introduced by the laser spot, the re-emitting wall in a hohlraum and the entire hohlraum drive source. This investigation, which is the first of its kind, is based on the radiation fluxes from the laser spot and the re-emitting wall, which have been accurately measured using time- and space-resolving flux detectors in a recent work, and additional flux data. The temperature difference between the laser spot and the entire hohlraum drive source was 6.08–35.35% of the temperature of the latter throughout the entire laser pulse, whilst that for the re-emitting wall was 3.90–12.81%. The radiation temperature of the cooler re-emitting wall had more influence on the temperature increase of the entire hohlraum drive source than the hot laser-spot temperature, which has been quantitatively discussed. Experimentally, we established the average distributions of the temperature fields of all the emitting sources, namely laser spot and re-emitting wall, of the irradiating fluxes on the capsule region in the hohlraum radiation field. This important progress in the exploration of radiation temperature distributions within a hohlraum will provide a foundation for determination of the irradiating radiation on the capsule and evaluation of capsule symmetry.
Amorphous silicon dioxide nanoparticles modulate immune responses in a model of allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Palmer Brian C. , Jatana Samreen , Phelan-Dickinson Sarah J. , DeLouise Lisa A. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAmorphous silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiNPs) are ubiquitous, and they are currently found in cosmetics, drugs, and foods. Biomedical research is also focused on using these nanoparticles as drug delivery and bio-sensing platforms. Due to the high potential for skin exposure to SiNPs, research into the effect of topical exposure on both healthy and inflammatory skin models is warranted. While we observe only minimal effects of SiNPs on healthy mouse skin, there is an immunomodulatory effect of these NPs in a model of allergic contact dermatitis. The effect appears to be mediated partly by keratinocytes and results in decreases in epidermal hyperplasia, inflammatory cytokine release, immune cell infiltration, and a subsequent reduction in skin swelling. Additional research is required to further our mechanistic understanding and to validate the extent of this immunomodulatory effect in human subjects in order to assess the potential prophylactic use of SiNPs for treating allergic skin conditions.
Male dominance status regulates odor-evoked processing in the forebrain of a cichlid fish
Authors: Nikonov Alexandre A. , Maruska Karen P. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe ability to identify odors in the environment is crucial for survival and reproduction. However, whether olfactory processing in higher-order brain centers is influenced by an animal’s physiological condition is unknown. We used in vivo neuron and local field potential (LFP) recordings from the ventral telencephalon of dominant and subordinate male cichlids to test the hypothesis that response properties of olfactory neurons differ with social status. Dominant males had a high percentage of neurons that responded to several odor types, suggesting broad tuning or differential sensitivity when males are reproductively active and defending a territory. A greater percentage of neurons in dominant males also responded to sex- and food-related odors, while a greater percentage of neurons in subordinate males responded to complex odors collected from behaving dominant males, possibly as a mechanism to mediate social suppression and allow subordinates to identify opportunities to rise in rank. Odor-evoked LFP spectral densities, indicative of synaptic inputs, were also 2–3-fold greater in dominant males, demonstrating status-dependent differences in processing possibly linking olfactory and other neural inputs to goal-directed behaviors. For the first time we reveal social and reproductive-state plasticity in olfactory processing neurons in the vertebrate forebrain that are associated with status-specific lifestyles.
Thickness determines microbial community structure and function in nitrifying biofilms via deterministic assembly
Authors: Suarez Carolina , Piculell Maria , Modin Oskar , Langenheder Silke , Persson Frank , Hermansson Malte 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMicrobial biofilms are ubiquitous in aquatic environments where they provide important ecosystem functions. A key property believed to influence the community structure and function of biofilms is thickness. However, since biofilm thickness is inextricably linked to external factors such as water flow, temperature, development age and nutrient conditions, its importance is difficult to quantify. Here, we designed an experimental system in a wastewater treatment plant whereby nitrifying biofilms with different thicknesses (50 or 400 µm) were grown in a single reactor, and thus subjected to identical external conditions. The 50 and 400 µm biofilm communities were significantly different. This beta-diversity between biofilms of different thickness was primarily caused by deterministic factors. Turnover (species replacement) contributed more than nestedness (species loss) to the beta-diversity, i.e. the 50 µm communities were not simply a subset of the 400 µm communities. Moreover, the two communities differed in the composition of nitrogen-transforming bacteria and in nitrogen transformation rates. The study illustrates that biofilm thickness alone is a key driver for community composition and ecosystem function, which has implications for biotechnological applications and for our general understanding of biofilm ecology.
Leishmania donovani 90 kD Heat Shock Protein – Impact of Phosphosites on Parasite Fitness, Infectivity and Casein Kinase Affinity
Authors: Hombach-Barrigah Antje , Bartsch Katharina , Smirlis Despina , Rosenqvist Heidi , MacDonald Andrea , Dingli Florent , Loew Damarys , Späth Gerald F. , Rachidi Najma , Wiese Martin , Clos Joachim 
Published: March 2019

AbstractLeishmania parasites are thought to control protein activity at the post-translational level, e.g. by protein phosphorylation. In the pathogenic amastigote, the mammalian stage of Leishmania parasites, heat shock proteins show increased phosphorylation, indicating a role in stage-specific signal transduction. Here we investigate the impact of phosphosites in the L. donovani heat shock protein 90. Using a chemical knock-down/genetic complementation approach, we mutated 11 confirmed or presumed phosphorylation sites and assessed the impact on overall fitness, morphology and in vitro infectivity. Most phosphosite mutations affected the growth and morphology of promastigotes in vitro, but with one exception, none of the phosphorylation site mutants had a selective impact on the in vitro infection of macrophages. Surprisingly, aspartate replacements mimicking the negative charge of phosphorylated serines or threonines had mostly negative impacts on viability and infectivity. HSP90 is a substrate for casein kinase 1.2-catalysed phosphorylation in vitro. While several putative phosphosite mutations abrogated casein kinase 1.2 activity on HSP90, only Ser289 could be identified as casein kinase target by mass spectrometry. In summary, our data show HSP90 as a downstream client of phosphorylation-mediated signalling in an organism that depends on post-transcriptional gene regulation.
Early postnatal development of pyramidal neurons across layers of the mouse medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Kroon Tim , van Hugte Eline , van Linge Lola , Mansvelder Huibert D. , Meredith Rhiannon M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractMammalian neocortex is a highly layered structure. Each layer is populated by distinct subtypes of principal cells that are born at different times during development. While the differences between principal cells across layers have been extensively studied, it is not known how the developmental profiles of neurons in different layers compare. Here, we provide a detailed morphological and functional characterisation of pyramidal neurons in mouse mPFC during the first postnatal month, corresponding to known critical periods for synapse and neuron formation in mouse sensory neocortex. Our data demonstrate similar maturation profiles of dendritic morphology and intrinsic properties of pyramidal neurons in both deep and superficial layers. In contrast, the balance of synaptic excitation and inhibition differs in a layer-specific pattern from one to four postnatal weeks of age. Our characterisation of the early development and maturation of pyramidal neurons in mouse mPFC not only demonstrates a comparable time course of postnatal maturation to that in other neocortical circuits, but also implies that consideration of layer- and time-specific changes in pyramidal neurons may be relevant for studies in mouse models of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Methane emissions from groundwater pumping in the USA
Authors: Kulongoski J. T. , McMahon P. B. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAtmospheric methane accumulation contributes to climate change, hence quantifying methane emissions is essential to assess and model the impacts. Here, we estimate methane emissions from groundwater pumping in the Los Angeles Basin (LAB), north-eastern Pennsylvania, and the Principal aquifers of the USA using the average concentrations of methane in groundwater and annual groundwater pumping volumes. High average methane concentrations, 44.1 mg/L, and extensive groundwater pumping, ~3.1 × 1011 L/a in the LAB, result in the annual emission of ~2.9 × 10−3 Tg of microbial methane. Ethane emissions in the LAB were 3.5 × 10−6 Tg/a. Lower methane emissions estimated for NE Pennsylvania, ~3.0 × 10−6 Tg/a, reflect lower methane concentrations and groundwater pumping, 0.7 mg/L and 4.27 × 109 L/a, respectively. Methane concentrations and groundwater withdrawals, 1.06 × 1014 L/a, across the USA enabled the estimation of the total emissions of methane from Principal aquifers (92% of total pumping) of 0.044 Tg/a in the year 2000, which represents a small percentage (~0.2%) of the total annual US methane emissions, but a previously unquantified flux in the global methane budget. Globally, groundwater-pumping methane emissions were estimated to be 0.53 Tg/a, 0.2% of global methane emissions, by adopting a global estimate for groundwater extraction, and an average methane concentration in older groundwater of 0.44 mg/L.
Understanding zeolite deactivation by sulfur poisoning during direct olefin upgrading
Authors: Harrhy Jonathan H. , Wang Aiguo , Jarvis Jack S. , He Peng , Meng Shijun , Yung Matthew , Liu Lijia , Song Hua 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe presence of sulfur contaminants in bitumen derived crude oils can lead to rapid catalyst deactivation and is a major problem faced by downstream refiners. Whilst expensive hydrotreating steps may remove much of the sulfur content, it is important to understand how catalyst deactivation by sulfur poisoning occurs and how it may be mitigated. Here we report a mechanistic study of sulfur poisoning over a zeolite catalyst promoted with silver and gallium Lewis acids. Olefin upgrading, an essential process in the refinement of heavy oils, is used as a model reaction. Access to the zeolite inner pores is blocked by bulky, weakly adsorbed sulfur species. Pore access and thus catalyst activity is restored by increasing the reaction temperature. We also show that a simple alkaline treatment greatly improves both the sulfur tolerance and performance of the catalyst. These findings may enhance the rational design of heterogenous catalysts for olefin upgrading.
Down-regulation of DANCR acts as a potential biomarker for papillary thyroid cancer diagnosis
Authors: Zhang Ke , Lv Jing , Peng Xiaowei , Liu Jianqiu , Li Cuilin , Li Jing , Yin Ningwei , Li Hui , Li Zhi 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be dysregulated and play a crucial role in the progression of cancer. LncRNA DANCR has recently been revealed to be involved in tumorigenesis of numerous types of cancer, including osteosarcoma, gastric cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and colorectal cancer. However, the expression profiles and biological relevance of DANCR in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) have not yet been reported. In the present study, the expression level of DANCR in PTC tissues and adjacent normal tissues was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR in PTC patients, and then we analyzed the association with clinical pathological characteristics of patients and DANCR expressions. These results demonstrated that the expression of DANCR was notably decreased in tumor tissues in comparison with adjacent normal tissues (P&lt;0.001). Furthermore, the present study found that DANCR expression level was correlated to T grade (P&lt;0.01) and TNM stage (P=0.017). The present study demonstrated that DANCR was associated with PTC aggressive clinical features and may serve as a diagnostic biomarker for detecting PTC patients.
LncRNA DANCR contributes to tumor progression via targetting miR-216a-5p in breast cancer: lncRNA DANCR contributes to tumor progression
Authors: Tao Weiyang , Wang Chunyang , Zhu Bifa , Zhang Guoqiang , Pang Da 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Breast cancer, the most frequently occurring malignant tumor, has high mortality rate, especially triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). LncRNA-differentiation antagonizing non-protein coding RNA (lncRNA DANCR) has been found that its aberrant expression was associated with tumor progression and it was promising to be a potential target for cancer therapy. The goal of the present study was to explore the biological effects and underlying mechanism of DANCR in breast cancer. Our results showed that DANCR was up-regulated in TNBC tissues and breast cancer cells compared with normal breast tissues and cells, and higher DANCR level suggested poorer prognosis, implying that it was promising to be a novel biomarker used for TNBC diagnosis and prognosis. To better research the functions and mechanism of DANCR on breast cancer cells, we selected two cell lines used for next study: one TNBC cell line–MDA-MB-231 and one ER-positive breast cancer cell line–MCF-7. Further study indicated that DANCR overexpression significantly promoted cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and contributed to tumor growth in vivo. To deeply understand its molecular mechanism, miRNA-216a-5p was identified as a target of DANCR by bioinformatic analysis. Experiments demonstrated that miRNA-216a-5p interacted with DANCR and its inhibitor could weaken the influences induced by DANCR knockdown for cancer cells, including cell proliferation and invasion, and the expression of Nanog, SOX2, and OCT4. Therefore, DANCR might act as a tumor promoter by targetting miRNA-216a-5p, which might provide a potential therapy target for breast cancer treatment.