bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with low birth weight in Afghanistan: a cross-sectional analysis of the demographic and health survey 2015
Authors: Das Gupta Rajat , Swasey Krystal , Burrowes Vanessa , Hashan Mohammad Rashidul , Al Kibria Gulam Muhammed 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the factors associated with low birth weight (LBW) in Afghanistan.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThis study used data collected from the Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey 2015.ParticipantsFacility-based data from 2773 weighted live-born children enrolled by a two-stage sampling strategy were included in our analysis.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was LBW, defined as birth weight <2.5kg.ResultsOut of 2773 newborns, 15.5% (n=431) had LBW. Most of these newborns were females (58.3%, n=251), had a mother with no formal schooling (70.5%, n=304), lived in urban areas (63.4%, n=274) or lived in the Central region of Afghanistan (59.7%, n=257). In multivariable analysis, residence in Central (adjusted OR (AOR): 3.4; 95% CI 1.7 to 6.7), Central Western (AOR: 3.0; 95% CI 1.5 to 5.8) and Southern Western (AOR: 4.0; 95% CI 1.7 to 9.1) regions had positive association with LBW. On the other hand, male children (AOR: 0.5; 95% CI 0.4 to 0.8), newborns with primary maternal education (AOR: 0.5; 95% CI 0.3 to 0.8), birth interval ≥48 months (AOR: 0.4; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.8), belonging to the richest wealth quintile (AOR: 0.2; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.6) and rural residence (AOR: 0.3; 95% CI 0.2 to 0.6) had decreased odds of LBW.ConclusionsMultiple factors had association with LBW in Afghanistan. Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health programmes should focus on enhancing maternal education and promoting birth spacing to prevent LBW. To reduce the overall burden of LBW, women of the poorest wealth quintiles, and residents of Central, Central Western and South Western regions should also be prioritised. Further exploration is needed to understand why urban areas are associated with higher likelihood of LBW. In addition, research using nationally representative samples are required.
Informing the development of a standardised approach to measure antibiotic use in secondary care: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Patel Selina , Jhass Arnoupe , Hopkins Susan , Shallcross Laura 
Published: May 2019

IntroductionEcological and individual-level evidence indicates that there is an association between level of antibiotic exposure and the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. The Global Point Prevalence Survey in 2015 estimated that 34.4% of hospital inpatients globally received at least one antimicrobial. Antimicrobial stewardship to optimise antibiotic use in secondary care can reduce the high risk of patients acquiring and transmitting drug-resistant infections in this setting. However, differences in the availability of data on antibiotic use in this context make it difficult to develop a consensus of how to comparably monitor antibiotic prescribing patterns across secondary care. This review will aim to document and critically evaluate methods and measures to monitor antibiotic use in secondary care.Methods and analysisWe will search Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and websites of key organisations for published reports where an attempt to measure antibiotic usage among adult inpatients in high-income hospital settings has been made. Two independent reviewers will screen the studies for eligibility, extract data and assess the study quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. A description of the methods and measures used in antibiotic consumption surveillance will be presented. An adaptation of the Affordability, Practicability, Effectiveness, Acceptability, Side-effects Equity framework will be used to consider the practicality of implementing different approaches to measuring antibiotic usage in secondary care settings. A descriptive comparison of definitions and estimates of (in)appropriate antibiotic usage will also be carried out.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this study as no primary data will be collected. The results will be published in relevant peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant conferences or meetings where possible. This review will inform future approaches to scale up antibiotic consumption surveillance strategies to attempt to maximise impact through standardisation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018103375
Integrating a brief mental health intervention into primary care services for patients with HIV and diabetes in South Africa: study protocol for a trial-based economic evaluation
Authors: Mutyambizi-Mafunda Vimbayi , Myers Bronwyn , Sorsdahl Katherine , Lund Crick , Naledi Tracey , Cleary Susan 
Published: May 2019

IntroductionDepression and alcohol use disorders are international public health priorities for which there is a substantial treatment gap. Brief mental health interventions delivered by lay health workers in primary care services may reduce this gap. There is limited economic evidence assessing the cost-effectiveness of such interventions in low-income and middle-income countries. This paper describes the proposed economic evaluation of a health systems intervention testing the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of two task-sharing approaches to integrating services for common mental disorders with HIV and diabetes primary care services.Methods and analysisThis evaluation will be conducted as part of a three-armed cluster randomised controlled trial of clinical effectiveness. Trial clinical outcome measures will include primary outcomes for risk of depression and alcohol use, and secondary outcomes for risk of chronic disease (HIV and diabetes) treatment failure. The cost-effectiveness analysis will evaluate cost per unit change in Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test and Centre for Epidemiological Studies scale on Depression scores as well as cost per unit change in HIV RNA viral load and haemoglobin A1c, producing results of provider and patient cost per patient year for each study arm and chronic disease. The cost utility analyses will provide results of cost per quality-adjusted life year gained. Additional analyses relevant for implementation including budget impact analyses will be conducted to inform the development of a business case for scaling up the country’s investment in mental health services.Ethics and disseminationThe Western Cape Department of Health (WCDoH) (WC2016_RP6_9), the South African Medical Research Council (EC 004-2/2015), the University of Cape Town (089/2015) and Oxford University (OxTREC 2–17) provided ethical approval for this study. Results dissemination will include policy briefs, social media, peer-reviewed papers, a policy dialogue workshop and press briefings.Trial registration numberPACTR201610001825405.
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Self-Help Plus (SH+) for preventing mental disorders in refugees and asylum seekers in Europe and Turkey: study protocols for two randomised controlled trials
Authors: Purgato Marianna , Carswell Kenneth , Acarturk Ceren , Au Teresa , Akbai Sena , Anttila Minna , Baumgartner Josef , Bailey Della , Biondi Massimo , Bird Martha , Churchill Rachel , Eskici Sevde , Hansen Louise Juul , Heron Paul , Ilkkursun Zeynep , Kilian Reinhold , Koesters Markus , Lantta Tella , Nosè Michela , Ostuzzi Giovanni , Papola Davide , Popa Mariana , Sijbrandij Marit , Tarsitani Lorenzo , Tedeschi Federico , Turrini Giulia , Uygun Ersin , Välimäki Maritta Anneli , Wancata Johannes , White Ross , Zanini Elisa , Cuijpers Pim , Barbui Corrado , Van Ommeren Mark 
Published: May 2019

IntroductionThis article describes two randomised controlled trials that will evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Self-Help Plus (SH+), a group self-help intervention developed by the WHO to reduce distress. In these trials SH+ is being tested as a preventative intervention to lower the incidence of mental disorders in asylum seekers and refugees with psychological distress resettled in Europe and Turkey.Methods and analysisTwo prospective, multicentre, randomised, rater-blinded, parallel-group studies will follow participants over a period of 12 months. One trial will be conducted in Europe and one in Turkey. In each trial, 600 asylum seekers and refugees screening positive on the General Health Questionnaire (≥3), but without a formal diagnosis of any mental disorders according to the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, will be randomly allocated to SH+or to enhanced treatment-as-usual. The primary outcome will be a lower incidence of mental disorders at 6 month follow-up. Secondary outcomes will include the evaluation of psychological symptoms, functioning, well-being, treatment acceptability and indicators of intervention cost-effectiveness.Ethics and disseminationThe two trials received ethical clearance from the local Ethics Committees of the participating sites (seven sites), as well as from the WHO Ethics Committee. All participants will provide informed consent before screening and before study inclusion (a two-step procedure). The results of the trials will be disseminated in agreement with a dissemination plan that includes publication(s) in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at relevant national and international conferences and meetings.Trials registration numbersNCT03571347,NCT03587896.
International Cancer Microbiome Consortium consensus statement on the role of the human microbiome in carcinogenesis
Authors: Scott Alasdair J , Alexander James L , Merrifield Claire A , Cunningham David , Jobin Christian , Brown Robert , Alverdy John , O’Keefe Stephen J , Gaskins H Rex , Teare Julian , Yu Jun , Hughes David J , Verstraelen Hans , Burton Jeremy , O’Toole Paul W , Rosenberg Daniel W , Marchesi Julian R , Kinross James M 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveIn this consensus statement, an international panel of experts deliver their opinions on key questions regarding the contribution of the human microbiome to carcinogenesis.DesignInternational experts in oncology and/or microbiome research were approached by personal communication to form a panel. A structured, iterative, methodology based around a 1-day roundtable discussion was employed to derive expert consensus on key questions in microbiome-oncology research.ResultsSome 18 experts convened for the roundtable discussion and five key questions were identified regarding: (1) the relevance of dysbiosis/an altered gut microbiome to carcinogenesis; (2) potential mechanisms of microbiota-induced carcinogenesis; (3) conceptual frameworks describing how the human microbiome may drive carcinogenesis; (4) causation versus association; and (5) future directions for research in the field.The panel considered that, despite mechanistic and supporting evidence from animal and human studies, there is currently no direct evidence that the human commensal microbiome is a key determinant in the aetiopathogenesis of cancer. The panel cited the lack of large longitudinal, cohort studies as a principal deciding factor and agreed that this should be a future research priority. However, while acknowledging gaps in the evidence, expert opinion was that the microbiome, alongside environmental factors and an epigenetically/genetically vulnerable host, represents one apex of a tripartite, multidirectional interactome that drives carcinogenesis.ConclusionData from longitudinal cohort studies are needed to confirm the role of the human microbiome as a key driver in the aetiopathogenesis of cancer.
Differential effects of aging and physical activity on corticospinal excitability of upper and lower limb muscles
Authors: Rozand Vianney , Senefeld Jonathon W. , Sundberg Christopher W. , Smith Ashleigh E. , Hunter Sandra K. 
Published: May 2019

Corticospinal tract excitability can be altered by age, physical activity (PA), and possibly sex, but whether these effects differ between upper and lower limb muscles is unknown. We determined the influence of age, PA, and sex on corticospinal excitability of an upper limb and a lower limb muscle during submaximal contractions by comparing stimulus-response curves of motor evoked potentials (MEPs). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to evoke stimulus-response curves in active muscles by incrementally increasing the stimulator intensity from below the active motor threshold (AMT) until a plateau in MEP amplitudes was achieved. Stimulus-response curves were analyzed from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) of 30 young (23.9 ± 3.8 yr) and 33 older (72.6 ± 5.6 yr) men and women and the vastus lateralis (VL) of 13 young (23.2 ± 2.2 yr) and 25 older (72.7 ± 5.5 yr) men and women. Corticospinal excitability was determined by fitting the curves with a four-parameter sigmoidal curve and calculating the maximal slope (slopemax). PA was assessed with triaxial accelerometry, and participants were dichotomized into high-PA (>10,000 steps/day, n = 15) or low-PA (<10,000 steps/day, n = 43) groups. Young adults had larger FDI MEP amplitudes (% maximum amplitude of compound muscle action potential) at higher TMS intensities (120–150% AMT) and greater slopemax than older adults ( P < 0.05), with no differences between high- and low-PA groups ( P > 0.05). VL MEP amplitudes and slopemax, however, were lower in the high-PA than low-PA participants, with no age or sex differences. These data suggest that aging and PA, but not sex, differentially influence the excitability of the corticospinal tracts projecting to muscles of the upper compared with the lower limb. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Excitability of the corticospinal tract projecting to the first dorsal interosseous assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation was reduced with age but independent of regular physical activity (steps/day) and sex of the individual. In contrast, corticospinal excitability of the vastus lateralis was not affected by age but was reduced in individuals achieving more than the physical activity recommendations of 10,000 steps/day. Aging and activity differentially affect corticospinal excitability of upper and lower limb muscles.
Sensorimotor priors are effector dependent
Authors: Yin Cong , Wang Huijun , Wei Kunlin , Körding Konrad P. 
Published: May 2019

During sensorimotor tasks, subjects use sensory feedback but also prior information. It is often assumed that the sensorimotor prior is just given by the experiment and that the details for acquiring this prior (e.g., the effector) are irrelevant. However, recent research has suggested that the construction of priors is nontrivial. To test if the sensorimotor details matter for the construction of a prior, we designed two tasks that differ only in the effectors that subjects use to indicate their estimate. For both a typical reaching setting and an atypical wrist rotation setting, prior and feedback uncertainty matter as quantitatively predicted by Bayesian statistics. However, in violation of simple Bayesian models, the importance of the prior differs across effectors. Subjects overly rely on their prior in the typical reaching case compared with the wrist case. The brain is not naively Bayesian with a single and veridical prior. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Traditional Bayesian models often assume that we learn statistics of movements and use the information as a prior to guide subsequent movements. The effector is merely a reporting modality for information processing. We asked subjects to perform a visuomotor learning task with different effectors (finger or wrist). Surprisingly, we found that prior information is used differently between the effectors, suggesting that learning of the prior is related to the movement context such as the effector involved or that naive models of Bayesian behavior need to be extended.
Social Determinants of Appropriate Treatment for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Authors: Washington Samuel L. , Neuhaus John , Meng Maxwell V. , Porten Sima P. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background:
Racial disparities in guideline-based, appropriate treatment (ApT) may be a significant driving force for differences in survival for people with nonmetastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). We hypothesize that receipt of ApT is influenced by factors such as race and socioeconomic status, irrespective of neighborhood-level differences in healthcare, variations in practice patterns, and clinical characteristics of patients with nonmetastatic MIBC.

Methods:
Within the National Cancer Database, we identified individuals diagnosed with MIBC between 2004 and 2013. Multivariable logistic regression and mixed effects modelling was used to examine predictors of ApT, clustered within institutions.

Results:
A total of 51,350 individuals had clinically staged nonmetastatic, lymph node–negative MIBC. Black individuals comprised 6.4% of the cohort. Mean age was 72.6 years (SD 11.6) with a male predominance (71.4%). Less than half received ApT (42.6%). Fewer black individuals received ApT compared with white individuals (37% vs. 43%, P &lt; 0.001). When clustered by institution, the odds of ApT were 21% lower for black individuals [odds ratio (OR), 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.73–0.87] compared with white individuals with nonmetastatic MIBC. When restricted to higher volume centers with more diverse populations, black individuals had 25% lower odds of ApT (OR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.61–0.91; P &lt; 0.01), compared with white counterparts.

Conclusions:
Racial disparities in treatment persisted after accounting for various clinical factors and social determinants of health. Future efforts should focus on addressing racial bias to improve disparities in bladder cancer treatment.

Impact:
If we are not delivering evidence-based care due to these biases (after accounting for access and biology), then it is expected that patients will experience inferior outcomes.
СОЦІАЛЬНИЙ МОНІТОРИНГ ЧИННИКІВ РИЗИКУ ВИНИКНЕННЯ ПЕРИНАТАЛЬНИХ УСКЛАДНЕНЬ У ЖІНОК, ЗАЛЕЖНИХ ВІД ТЮТЮНОКУРІННЯ
Authors: Dudchenko L. V. , Tsyntar S. A. , Boyko V. V. 
Published: May 2019

Мета: визначити соціально-медичні чинники ризику виникнення перинатальних ускладнень у вагітних за умов тютюнокуріння.
Матеріали і методи. Обстежено 75 вагітних (основна група), яких поділено на 2 підгрупи: 1-А групу склали 45 вагітних, які курили сигарети протягом вагітності; 1-Б групу – 30 вагітних, які курили сигарети до вагітності й не зловживали тютюном упродовж теперішньої вагітності. Контрольну групу склали 40 здорових вагітних, які не курили.
Результати. Показано, що вагітні, залежні від тютюнокуріння, належать до високої групи соціального ризику. Встановлено, що ризик тютюнокуріння впродовж гестації підвищує частоту перинатальних ускладнень, проте частина вагітних жінок не в змозі відмовитися від куріння впродовж гестації та вигодовування немовля грудьми. Доведено, що впровадження комплексної корекційно-реабілітаційної програми для таких жінок сприяє зниженню тютюнокуріння серед вагітних і зменшенню частоти перинатальних ускладнень.
Висновки. Тютюнокуріння є чинником ризику перинатальних ускладнень, а прегравідарна підготовка таких жінок має вирішальне значення щодо зниження перинатальної патології.
ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ІНОЗИТОЛУ У ЖІНОК З СИНДРОМОМ ПОЛІКІСТОЗНИХ ЯЄЧНИКІВ (ОГЛЯД ЛІТЕРАТУРИ)
Authors: Khmil M. S. , Khmil-Doswald A. S. , Khmil S. V. , Pidhaina I. Ya. 
Published: May 2019

Мета: провести аналіз сучасної вітчизняної та зарубіжної літератури відносно впливу інозитолу в прегравідарній підготовці у жінок з синдромом полікістозних яєчників.
Матеріали і методи. У дослідженні використано бібліосемантичний та аналітичний методи. Під час виконання дослідження було проведено огляд та проаналізовано 25 джерел сучасної вітчизняної та зарубіжної літератури щодо питань впливу інозитолу на репродуктивне здоров’я жінок із синдромом полікістозних яєчників.
Результати. Дефіцит інозитолу у жінок із синдромом полікістозних яєчників пов’язаний з поганою якістю ооцитів і порушенням фолікулогенезу. Високі концентрації інозитолу в фолікулярній рідині асоціювались з високою якістю ооцитів та розвитком ембріонів хорошої якості. Також знайдена значна позитивна кореляція між концентраціями інозитолу та поділом запліднених яйцеклітин. Прегравідарна підготовка перед програмами допоміжних репродуктивних технологій, яка включала препарати з вмістом інозитолу, давала можливість знижувати дози рекомбінантного ФСГ, та тривалість стимуляції суперовуляції.
У пацієнток, які отримували інозитол, спостерігалося підвищення рівня естрадіолу та відновлення овуляції. Застосування інозитолу також сприяло підвищенню рівня ліпопротеїнів високої щільності, зниженню рівнів тестостерону та збільшенні рівні прогестерону.
Висновки. Синдром полікістозних яйників асоціюється з ендокринним безпліддям. Інозитол є ефективним у прегравідарній підготовці жінок з синдромом полікістозних яйників, впливаючи на відновлення метаболічних порушень. Відіграє вагомий вплив на репродуктивну функцію жінки (нормалізація регуляції менструального циклу, відновлення овуляції). Позитивно впливає на результати програм допоміжних репродуктивних технологій (покращує якість яйцеклітин та ембріонів, підвищуючи частоту настання вагітності).
GST Pass-through Across Indian Sates: Evidence from Difference-in-Differences
Authors: Das Debashree 
Published: May 2019

This article analyses whether there exists any short-term inflationary pressure on Indian economy post Goods and Services Tax (GST) implementation. It was found that the introduction of GST showed no significant effect on the rate of change of consumer price index (CPI). Though, the effect of the GST implementation on consumer prices in India showed no significant change in the short term, the impact needs to monitored and observed for the long term, because the current state of economic conditions may have led to a delayed pass-through of the GST increase into consumer prices. To estimate the pass-through effect on prices due to GST implementation from 1 July 2017, various graphical and statistical methods are used to ascertain whether there has been any significant pass-through of GST on CPI– ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, and difference-in differences (DID) estimation technique has been used. The impact of post- and pre-implementation of GST has been analysed through DID by segregating the data set on the basis of treatment and control groups. The non-special category states have been taken as the treatment group and remaining special category states as control group. The results indicate that there is no significant evidence of upward bias in the CPI post GST implementation; these conventional estimates hold true for all states that were segmented based on revenue distribution and contribution to gross domestic product (GDP). JEL: D78, H20, H22