bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A unified model for optimizing riverscape conservation
Authors: Erős Tibor , O'Hanley Jesse R. , Czeglédi István 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSpatial prioritization tools provide a means of finding efficient trade‐offs between biodiversity protection and the delivery of ecosystem services. Although a large number of prioritization approaches have been proposed in the literature, most are specifically designed for terrestrial systems. When applied to river ecosystems, they often fail to adequately account for the essential role that landscape connectivity plays in maintaining both biodiversity and ecosystem services. This is particularly true of longitudinal connectivity, which in many river catchments is highly altered by the presence of dams, stream‐road crossings, and other artificial structures.We propose a novel framework for coordinating river conservation and connectivity restoration. As part of this, we formulate an optimization model for deciding which subcatchments to designate for ecosystem services and which to include in a river protected area (RPA) network, while also deciding which existing river barriers to remove in order to maximize longitudinal connectivity within the RPA network. In addition to constraints on the size and makeup of the RPA network, the model also considers the suitability of sites for conservation, based on a biological integrity index, and connectivity to multiple habitat types. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach using a case study involving four managed river catchments located in Hungary.Results show that large increases in connectivity‐weighted habitat can be achieved through targeted selection of barrier removals and that the benefits of barrier removal are strongly depend on RPA network size. We find that (i) highly suboptimal solutions are produced if habitat conservation planning and connectivity restoration are done separately and (ii) RPA acquisition provides substantially greater marginal benefits than barrier removal given limited resources.Synthesis and applications. Finding a balance between conservation and ecosystem services provision should give more consideration to connectivity restoration planning, especially in multi‐use riverscapes. We present the first modelling framework to directly integrate and optimize river conservation and connectivity restoration planning. This framework can help conservation managers to account better for connectivity, resulting in more effective catchment scale maintenance of biological integrity and ecosystem services delivery.
The Effect of Medicaid on Management of Depression: Evidence From the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment
Authors: BAICKER KATHERINE , ALLEN HEIDI L. , WRIGHT BILL J. , TAUBMAN SARAH L. , FINKELSTEIN AMY N. 
Published: March 2018

Policy Points:
We take advantage of Oregon's Medicaid lottery to gauge the causal effects of Medicaid coverage on mental health care, how effectively it addresses unmet needs, and how those effects differ for those with and without a history of depression.
Medicaid coverage reduced the prevalence of undiagnosed depression by almost 50% and untreated depression by more than 60%. It increased use of medications and reduced the share of respondents reporting unmet mental health care needs by almost 40%.
There are likely to be substantial mental health consequences of policy decisions about Medicaid coverage for vulnerable populations.
ContextExpanding Medicaid to previously uninsured adults has been shown to increase detection and reduce the prevalence of depression, but the ways that Medicaid affects mental health care, how effectively it addresses unmet needs, and how those effects differ for those with and without a history of depression remain unclear.MethodsWe take advantage of Oregon's Medicaid lottery to gauge the causal effects of Medicaid coverage using a randomized‐controlled design, drawing on both primary and administrative data sources.FindingsMedicaid coverage reduced the prevalence of undiagnosed depression by almost 50% and untreated depression by more than 60%. It increased use of medications frequently prescribed to treat depression and related mental health conditions and reduced the share of respondents reporting unmet mental health care needs by almost 40%. The share of respondents screening positive for depression dropped by 9.2 percentage points overall, and by 13.1 for those with preexisting depression diagnoses, with greatest relief in symptoms seen primarily in feeling down or hopeless, feeling tired, and trouble sleeping—consistent with the increase observed not just in medications targeting depression but also in those targeting sleep.ConclusionsMedicaid coverage had significant effects on the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of a population with substantial unmet mental health needs. Coverage increased access to care, reduced the prevalence of untreated and undiagnosed depression, and substantially improved the symptoms of depression. There are likely to be substantial mental health consequences of policy decisions about Medicaid coverage for vulnerable populations.
Transformation of the Health Care Industry: Curb Your Enthusiasm?
Authors: BURNS LAWTON R. , PAULY MARK V. 
Published: March 2018

Policy Points:
Policymakers seek to transform the US health care system along two dimensions simultaneously: alternative payment models and new models of provider organization.
This transformation is supposed to transfer risk to providers and make them more accountable for health care costs and quality.
The transformation in payment and provider organization is neither happening quickly nor shifting risk to providers. The impact on health care cost and quality is also weak or nonexistent.
In the longer run, decision makers should be prepared to accept the limits on transformation and carefully consider whether to advocate solutions not yet supported by evidence.
ContextThere is a widespread belief that the US health care system needs to move “from volume to value.” This transformation to value (eg, quality divided by cost) is conceptualized as a two‐fold movement: (1) from fee‐for‐service to alternative payment models; and (2) from solo practice and freestanding hospitals to medical homes, accountable care organizations, large hospital systems, and organized clinics like Kaiser Permanente.MethodsWe evaluate whether this transformation is happening quickly, shifting risk to providers, lowering costs, and improving quality. We draw on recent evidence on provider payment and organization and their effects on cost and quality.FindingsData suggest a low prevalence of provider risk payment models and slow movement toward new payment and organizational models. Evidence suggests the impact of both on cost and quality is weak.ConclusionsWe need to be patient in expecting system improvements from ongoing changes in provider payment and organization. We also may need to look for improvements in other areas of the economy or to accept and accommodate prospects of modest improvements over time.
Geographic Variation in Household and Catastrophic Health Spending in India: Assessing the Relative Importance of Villages, Districts, and States, 2011‐2012
Authors: MOHANTY SANJAY K. , KIM ROCKLI , KHAN PIJUSH KANTI , SUBRAMANIAN S.V. 
Published: March 2018

Policy Points:
Per‐capita household health spending was higher in economically developed states and was associated with ability to pay, but catastrophic health spending (CHS) was equally high in both poorer and more developed states in India.
Based on multilevel modeling, we found that the largest geographic variation in health spending and CHS was at the state and village levels, reflecting wide inequality in the accessibility to and cost of health care at these levels.
Contextual factors at macro and micro political units are important to reduce health spending and CHS in India.
ContextIn India, health care is a local good, and households are the major source of financing it. Earlier studies have examined diverse determinants of health care spending, but no attempt has been made to understand the geographical variation in household and catastrophic health spending. We used multilevel modeling to assess the relative importance of villages, districts, and states to health spending in India.MethodsWe used data on the health expenditures of 101,576 households collected in the consumption expenditure schedule (68th round) carried out by the National Sample Survey in 2011‐2012. We examined 4 dependent variables: per‐capita health spending (PHS), per‐capita institutional health spending (PIHS), per‐capita noninstitutional health spending (PNHS), and catastrophic health spending (CHS). CHS was defined as household health spending exceeding 40% of its capacity to pay. We used multilevel linear regression and logistic models to decompose the variation in each outcome by state, region, district, village, and household levels.FindingsThe average PHS was 1,331 Indian rupees (INR), which varied by state‐level economic development. About one‐fourth of Indian households incurred CHS, which was equally high in both the economically developed and poorer states. After controlling for household level factors, 77.1% of the total variation in PHS was attributable to households, 10.1% to states, 9.5% to villages, 2.6% to districts, and 0.7% to regions. The pattern in variance partitioning was similar for PNHS. The largest interstate variation was found for CHS (15.9%), while the opposite was true for PIHS (3.2%).ConclusionsWe observed substantial variations in household health spending at the state and village levels compared with India's districts and regions. The large variation in CHS attributable to states indicates interstate inequality in the accessibility to and cost of health care. Our findings suggest that contextual factors at the macro and micro political units are important to reduce India's household health spending and CHS.
On matters of mind and body: regarding Descartes
Authors: Urban Elizabeth 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn this paper the author considers Descartes’ place in current thinking about the mind‐body dilemma. The premise here is that in the history of ideas, the questions posed can be as significant as the answers acquired. Descartes’ paramount question was ‘How do we determine certainty?’ and his pursuit of an answer led to cogito ergo sum. His discovery simultaneously raised the question whether mind is separate from or unified with the body. Some who currently hold that brain and subjectivity are unified contend that the philosopher ‘split’ mind from body and refer to ‘Descartes’ error’. This paper puts forward that Descartes’ detractors fail to recognise Descartes’ contribution to Western thought, which was to introduce the Enlightenment and to give a place to human subjectivity. Added to this, evidence from Descartes’ correspondence with Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia supports the conclusion that Descartes did in fact believe in the unity of mind and body although he could not reconcile this rationally with the certainty from personal experience that they were separate substances. In this Descartes was engaged in just the same dilemma as that of current thinkers and researchers, a conflict which still is yet to be resolved.
No System Is Perfect: Understanding How Registration‐Based Editorial Processes Affect Reproducibility and Investment in Research Quality
Authors: BLOOMFIELD ROBERT , RENNEKAMP KRISTINA , STEENHOVEN BLAKE 
Published: March 2018

ABSTRACTThe papers in this volume were published through a Registration‐based Editorial Process (REP). Authors submitted proposals to gather and analyze data; successful proposals were guaranteed publication as long as the authors lived up to their commitments, regardless of whether results supported their predictions. To understand how REP differs from the Traditional Editorial Process (TEP), we analyze the papers themselves; conference comments; a survey of conference authors, reviewers, and attendees; and a survey of authors who have successfully published under TEP. We find that REP increases up‐front investment in planning, data gathering, and analysis, but reduces follow‐up investment after results are known. This shift in investment makes individual results more reproducible, but leaves articles less thorough and refined. REP could be improved by encouraging selected forms of follow‐up investment that survey respondents believe are usually used under TEP to make papers more informative, focused, and accurate at little risk of overstatement.
Analyzing Approaches to the Backlog of Untested Sexual Assault Kits in the U.S.A.
Authors: Wang Can , Wein Lawrence M. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMotivated by the debate over how to deal with the huge backlog of untested sexual assault kits in the U.S.A., we construct and analyze a mathematical model that predicts the expected number of hits (i.e., a new DNA profile matches a DNA sample in the criminal database) as a function of both the proportion of the backlog that is tested and whether the victim–offender relationship is used to prioritize the kits that are tested. Refining the results in Ref. (Criminol Public Policy, 2016, 15, 555), we use data from Detroit, where government funding was used to process ≈15% of their backlog, to predict that prioritizing stranger kits over nonstranger kits leads to only a small improvement in performance (a 0.034 increase in the normalized area under the curve of the hits vs. proportion of backlog tested curve). Two rough but conservative cost‐benefit analyses—one for testing the entire backlog and a marginal one for testing kits from nonstranger assaults—suggest that testing all sexual assault kits in the backlog is quite cost‐effective: for example, spending ≈$1641 to test a kit averts sexual assaults costing ≈$133,484 on average.
Frequency of Respiratory Nursing Diagnoses and Accuracy of Clinical Indicators in Preterm Infants
Authors: Avena Marta José , Pedreira Mavilde da Luz Gonçalves , Bassolli de Oliveira Alves Lucas , Herdman T. Heather , de Gutiérrez Maria Gaby Rivero 
Published: March 2018

PURPOSETo identify the frequency of the nursing diagnoses,ineffective breathing pattern, impaired gas exchange and impaired spontaneous ventilationin newborns; and, to analyze the accuracy of diagnostic indicators identified for each of these diagnoses.METHODSThis was a cross‐sectional study conducted with a nonprobability sample of 92 infants. Data collected were represented by demographic and clinical variables, clinical indicators of the three respiratory nursing diagnoses from NANDA International, and were analyzed according to frequency and agreement between pairs of expert nurses (Kappa).FINDINGSIneffective breathing patternwas identified in 74.5% of infants;impaired gas exchangewas noted in 31.5%;impaired spontaneous ventilationwas found in 16.8% of subjects.Use of accessory muscles to breatheshowed the highest sensitivity forineffective breathing pattern; abnormal blood gaseshad the best predictive value forimpaired gas exchange. Use of accessory muscles to breathehad the highest sensitivity forimpaired spontaneous ventilation.CONCLUSIONSIneffective breathing patternwas the most frequently identified;use of accessory muscles, alteration in depth of breathing, abnormal breathing, anddyspneawere the most representative signs/symptoms.IMPLICATION FOR NURSING PRACTICEEarly recognition of respiratory conditions can support safe interventions to ensure appropriate outcomes.
Distinct chromatin signatures of DNA hypomethylation in aging and cancer
Authors: Pérez Raúl F. , Tejedor Juan Ramón , Bayón Gustavo F. , Fernández Agustín F. , Fraga Mario F. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryCancer is an aging‐associated disease, but the underlying molecular links between these processes are still largely unknown. Gene promoters that become hypermethylated in aging and cancer share a common chromatin signature in ES cells. In addition, there is also global DNA hypomethylation in both processes. However, the similarity of the regions where this loss of DNA methylation occurs is currently not well characterized, and it is unknown if such regions also share a common chromatin signature in aging and cancer. To address this issue, we analyzed TCGA DNA methylation data from a total of 2,311 samples, including control and cancer cases from patients with breast, kidney, thyroid, skin, brain, and lung tumors and healthy blood, and integrated the results with histone, chromatin state, and transcription factor binding site data from the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics and ENCODE projects. We identified 98,857 CpG sites differentially methylated in aging and 286,746 in cancer. Hyper‐ and hypomethylated changes in both processes each had a similar genomic distribution across tissues and displayed tissue‐independent alterations. The identified hypermethylated regions in aging and cancer shared a similar bivalent chromatin signature. In contrast, hypomethylated DNA sequences occurred in very different chromatin contexts. DNA hypomethylated sequences were enriched at genomic regions marked with the activating histone posttranslational modification H3K4me1 in aging, while in cancer, loss of DNA methylation was primarily associated with the repressive H3K9me3 mark. Our results suggest that the role of DNA methylation as a molecular link between aging and cancer is more complex than previously thought.
Differences in the Synthesis and Elimination of Phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 After Acute Doses of Alcohol
Authors: Hill‐Kapturczak Nathalie , Dougherty Donald M. , Roache John D. , Karns‐Wright Tara E. , Javors Martin A. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine the synthesis and elimination of phosphatidylethanol (PEth) 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 following the consumption of alcohol among 56 light and heavy drinkers.MethodsA transdermal alcohol monitor was used to promote alcohol absence 7 days prior, and 14 days after, alcohol consumption in the laboratory. Participants consumed a 0.4 or 0.8 g/kg dose of alcohol in 15 minutes. Blood and breath samples were collected before, at various times up to 360 minutes postconsumption, and 2, 4, 7, 11, and 14 days after alcohol consumption. Initial rates of PEth synthesis, 360 minutes area under the PEth pharmacokinetic curves (AUCs), and elimination half‐lives were determined.Results(i) Nonzero PEth levels were observed before alcohol dosing for most participants, despite 7 days of alcohol use monitoring; (ii) 0.4 and 0.8 g/kg doses of alcohol produced proportional increases in PEth levels in all but 1 participant; (iii) the initial rate of synthesis of both PEth homologues did not differ between the 2 doses, but was greater for PEth 16:0/18:2 than PEth 16:0/18:1 at both doses; (iv) the mean AUC of both PEth homologues was higher at 0.8 g/kg than at 0.4 g/kg; (v) the mean AUC of 16:0/18:2 was greater than that of PEth 16:0/18:1 at both alcohol doses; (vi) the mean half‐life of PEth 16:0/18:1 was longer than that of PEth 16:0/18:2 (7.8 ± 3.3 [SD] days and 6.4 ± 5.0 [SD] days, respectively); and (vii) there were no sex differences in PEth 16:0/18:1 or 16:0/18:2 pharmacokinetics.ConclusionsThe results of this study support the use of PEth 16:0/18:1 and 16:0/18:2 as biomarkers for alcohol consumption. Because of consistent pharmacokinetic differences, the levels of these 2 PEth homologues may provide more information regarding the quantity and recentness of alcohol consumption than either alone.
Greater prevalence of post‐traumatic stress disorder and depression in deployed Canadian Armed Forces personnel at risk for moral injury
Authors: Nazarov A. , Fikretoglu D. , Liu A. , Thompson M. , Zamorski M. A. 
Published: March 2018

BackgroundA link between moral injury (i.e., the psychological distress caused by perceived moral transgressions) and adverse mental health outcomes (AMHO) has been recently proposed. However, the prevalence of exposure to morally injurious events and the associated risk of experiencing AMHO remains understudied.MethodThe impact of exposure to potentially morally injurious experiences (PMIEs) was explored in relation to past‐year PTSD and MDD, using the 2013 Canadian Armed Forces Mental Health Survey dataset of Afghanistan mission deployed regular force and reserve personnel. A series of logistic regressions were conducted, controlling for relevant sociodemographic, military, deployment, and trauma‐related variables.ResultsOver half of the deployed personnel endorsed at least one PMIE. Several demographic and military variables were associated with exposure to PMIEs. Those exposed to PMIEs demonstrated a greater likelihood of having past‐year PTSD and MDD; feeling responsible for the death of Canadian or ally personnel demonstrated the strongest association with PTSD and MDD. Mental health training was not a moderator for PMIE exposure and AMHO.ConclusionsExposure to PMIEs during deployments is common and represents an independent risk factor for past‐year PTSD and MDD. Improved training that targets moral–ethical dilemmas and treatment interventions that address moral injury expressions is warranted.
The components of the bid‐ask spread: Evidence from the corn futures market
Authors: Shang Quanbiao , Mallory Mindy , Garcia Philip 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis article examines whether USDA announcements and commodity index fund rolling activity have an impact on liquidity costs, measured by the bid‐ask spread. Using Huang and Stoll's (1997) model of liquidity costs, we estimate whether changes to liquidity costs are driven by its adverse selection, inventory, or order processing components. Commodity index fund roll activity reduces the asymmetric information cost component of liquidity cost due to an increased proportion of noninformation‐based trading, but the inventory cost component increases as (mostly long only) commodity index funds sell their nearby positions and buy the first deferred contract—raising liquidity providers’ risk of building a position. The sum of these two effects is that liquidity costs remain low during index fund roll periods, averaging one “tick” (0.25 cents). On USDA report release days, we find that informed traders raise the asymmetric information component of liquidity costs in the first hour after release, but the inventory cost component is reduced due to the increase in volume. Similar to index fund roll activity, liquidity costs on USDA report release days remain low, averaging one “tick”. Our findings that liquidity costs are minimally changed during USDA report releases and commodity index fund roll periods is consistent with other recent research on liquidity costs, but we show that what drives liquidity costs differs substantially depending on the circumstances surrounding daily trading.
Shamanic Microscopy: Cellular Souls, Microbial Spirits
Authors: Giraldo Herrera César E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIn Amerindian ontologies, hallucinations or visions, rather than being dismissed as delusions or symbolic constructs, are recognized as means of perceptual access to physical reality. Lowland South American shamans claim to be able to diagnose and treat infectious diseases, and to assess the status of wildlife resources through interactions with pathogenic agents perceived in visions. This essay examines some perceptual capabilities that shamans might be employing to explore their physical reality. The structure of the eye affords a form of microscopy of retinal structures and of objects flowing within them, including cells and microbial agents during systemic infection. Lowland South American shamanic practices involve optical and physiological conditions that optimize entoptic microscopy. Images of those visions display the characteristic features of shadow formation, confirming their microscopic origin. This phenomenological access to the microscopic world and similarities with the panorama depicted by current microbiology indicate the commensurability of these forms of knowledge.