bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐regulated learning strategies in world's first MOOC in implant dentistry
Authors: Lan Min , Hou Xiangyu , Qi Xinyu , Mattheos Nikos 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundMassive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have been often described as a major innovation Higher Education, but their application in the teaching of clinical disciplines is still very limited, while there is a lack of scientific evaluations in this domain. The aim of this study was to investigate learners' behaviours and correlate patterns of Self‐Regulated Learning (SRL) with performance and achievement during a MOOC in Implant Dentistry.MethodsThe clickstream data of learners from the first run of the MOOC Implant dentistry by The University of Hong Kong were modelled and quantified based on Zimmerman's SRL model. The data were quantitatively analysed by means of k‐means clustering for evidence of five SRL behavioural indicators of student activity. The clusters identified were then correlated with student engagement and learning performance.ResultsA total of 7608 individuals enrolled, 5014 engaged (active learners 65.90%), 1277 of them (25.47%) completed the course and 1232 purchased a certificate. Two major groups of learners emerged: Attentive (n = 1433) who were more likely to follow the prescribed pathway in the MOOC and Auditors (n = 3581) who accessed content selectively. There was significantly higher engagement, achievement and completion rates among Attentive than Auditors. Both groups included subcategories (Browser, Digger, Test‐driven, Sampler, Persistent) which might reflect different SRL strategies.ConclusionA MOOC in a clinical discipline can achieve high enrolment and completion rates as compared to current benchmarks. There appears to be a wide diversity of learning behaviours among learners, with two however dominant patterns. Learners with a linear learning pathway achieved significantly higher grades and completion rates than those who accessed content irregularly and selectively. Such differences however might be influenced by the demographic and professional background of the learner, as well as their motivation to attending the MOOC. Certain learning behaviours, in particular how learners access content in relation to assessments might be closer related to SRL.
Predicting coral community recovery using multi‐species population dynamics models
Authors: Kayal Mohsen , Lenihan Hunter S. , Brooks Andrew J. , Holbrook Sally J. , Schmitt Russell J. , Kendall Bruce E. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPredicting whether, how, and to what degree communities recover from disturbance remain major challenges in ecology. To predict recovery of coral communities we applied field survey data of early recovery dynamics to a multi‐species integral projection model that captured key demographic processes driving coral population trajectories, notably density‐dependent larval recruitment. After testing model predictions against field observations, we updated the model to generate projections of future coral communities. Our results indicated that communities distributed across an island landscape followed different recovery trajectories but would reassemble to pre‐disturbed levels of coral abundance, composition, and size, thus demonstrating persistence in the provision of reef habitat and other ecosystem services. Our study indicates that coral community dynamics are predictable when accounting for the interplay between species life‐history, environmental conditions, and density‐dependence. We provide a quantitative framework for evaluating the ecological processes underlying community trajectory and characteristics important to ecosystem functioning.
Prodromal substantia nigra sonography undermines suggested association between substrate accumulation and the risk for GBA‐related Parkinson's disease
Authors: Arkadir D. , Dinur T. , Becker Cohen M. , Revel‐Vilk S. , Tiomkin M. , Brüggemann N. , Cozma C. , Rolfs A. , Zimran A. 
Published: February 2019

Background and purposeIndividuals with
GBA
(glucocerebrosidase) mutations are at increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is still debated, however, whether this increased risk results from impaired glucocerebrosidase activity leading to substrate accumulation. Comparing the presence of prodromal PD marker in
GBA
mutation carriers and patients with Gaucher disease (GD) (in which substrate accumulation is extensive) can assist in clarifying this issue.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, we compared the hyperechogenic area of the substantia nigra, a prodromal PD marker, in large cohorts of
GBA
mutation carriers (n = 71) and patients with GD (n = 145). Our control populations were healthy, non‐carriers (n = 49) and patients with
GBA
‐related PD (n = 11). Substrate accumulation was assessed from dry blood spot levels of glucosylsphingosine.ResultsOur findings indicate no contribution of substrate accumulation, as the area of hyperechogenicity is similarly enlarged relative to healthy controls in both
GBA
mutation carriers and patients with GD. Moreover, this similarity between
GBA
carriers and patients with GD persists when comparing only carriers of the N370S (c.1226A>G) mutation (n = 38) with untreated patients with GD who were homozygotes for the same mutation (n = 47). In addition, measurements of hyperechogenic area did not correlate with levels of glucosylsphingosine in the untreated patients with GD.ConclusionThe presence of a marker of prodromal PD (substantia nigra hyperechogenicity) is independent of substrate accumulation in a population with mutated
GBA
. Although further longitudinal studies are needed to determine the precise predictive value of this marker for
GBA
‐related PD, our findings raise doubts regarding the contribution of substance reduction strategies to PD prevention.
Bats join the ranks of oxpeckers and cleaner fish as partners in a pest‐reducing mutualism
Authors: Palmer Meredith S. , Krueger Jim , Isbell Forest 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWhile antagonistic species interactions such as predation or competition have a long history of study, positive inter‐species interactions have received comparatively little attention. Mutualisms and commensalisms appear to be widespread in the animal kingdom, with examples of mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles from around the world engaging with other species in evidentially beneficial ways. Cleaning mutualism is a specific type positive inter‐species interaction in which one species removes and feeds upon parasites infesting the other. Here, we document a new subset of positive inter‐species “cleaning” interactions, in which one partner benefits from and reduces the abundance of pest species attracted by but not attached to their host. We observed in person and in camera trap footage numerous instances of insectivorous bats associating with white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and feeding on the swarms of biting flies attracted to these large mammals. We call for the increased reporting of positive inter‐species associations to better our understanding of the mechanisms leading to the formation of these interactions and the effects that these relationships may for the structuring of ecological communities.
Long‐term dietary shift and population decline of a pelagic seabird—A health check on the tropical Atlantic?
Authors: Reynolds S. James , Hughes B. John , Wearn Colin P. , Dickey Roger C. , Brown Judith , Weber Nicola L. , Weber Sam B. , Paiva Vitor H. , Ramos Jaime A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractIn the face of accelerating ecological change to the world's oceans, seabirds are some of the best bio‐indicators of marine ecosystem function. However, unravelling ecological changes that pre‐date modern monitoring programmes remains challenging. Using stable isotope analysis of feathers and regurgitants collected from sooty terns (Onychoprion fuscatus) nesting at a major Atlantic colony, we reconstructed a long‐term dietary time series from 1890 to the present day and show that a significant dietary shift occurred during the second half of the twentieth century coinciding with an apparent population collapse of approximately 84%. After correcting for the “Suess Effect,” δ13C in feathers declined by ~1.5‰ and δ15N by ~2‰ between the 1890s and the present day, indicating that birds changed their diets markedly over the period of population decline. Isotopic niches were equally wide before and after the population collapse but isotopic mixing models suggest that birds have grown ever more reliant on nutrient‐poor squid and invertebrates as teleost fish have declined in availability. Given that sooty terns rely heavily on associations with sub‐surface predators such as tuna to catch fish prey, the rapid expansion of industrialized fisheries for these species over the same period seems a plausible mechanism. Our results suggest that changes to marine ecosystems over the past 60 years have had a dramatic impact on the ecology of the most abundant seabird of tropical oceans, and highlight the potentially pervasive consequences of large predatory fish depletion on marine ecosystem function.
Black ceramic coatings on Ti alloy with enhanced high absorptivity and high emissivity by plasma electrolytic oxidation
Authors: Yao Zhongping , Li Xuejian , Wei Han , Xia Qixing , Wang Ying , Li Dongqi , Jiang Zhaohua 
Published: February 2019

AbstractA black ceramic coating with high absorptivity and emissivity was successfully prepared on TA7 (Ti‐5Al‐2.5Sn) in a hybrid electrolyte solution by plasma electrolytic oxidation for improving the imaging precision of optical system. The influence of electrolyte components and technical parameters on the composition, structure, and optical properties was investigated. The results show the coatings with typically porous structure are mainly composed of O, P, Si, Ti, V, Fe, and Ni. The corresponding amorhous oxide in the outer layer endows the coating with strong absorption in the visible light and infrared areas, and the crystallized TiO2 indwelling the inner layer contributes to the strong UV absorption property. In addition, the micropores of the coatings have different size ranges corresponding to the wavelengths, facilitating the increase of absorptivity and emissivity in some degree. The absorptivity and emissivity can be adjusted by electrolyte components and technical parameters. The coating presents the best absorptivity of 0.962 and emissivity of 0.950 in the electrolyte solution of 3 g/L NH4VO3, 5 g/L FeSO4, and 5 g/L C4H6O4Ni under 400 V for 10 minutes.
Effect of partially defatted coconut flour on the rheological, physico‐sensory characteristics and fatty acid profile of no‐added fat rusk
Authors: Chandrashekar Soumya , Thangaraj Jeyarani , Dasappa Indrani 
Published: February 2019

SummaryPartially defatted coconut flour (PDCF) as a source of medium chain fatty acids was selected to replace fat in rusk formulation. Effect of replacement of wheat flour with PDCF (10%, 20% and 30%) on quality characteristics of rusk was studied. Increasing PDCF from 0% to 30% decreased farinograph water absorption, amylograph peak viscosity and overall quality score (52.5 to 19.5) of rusk. Use of additive mix, AM (4% dry gluten powder + 0.002% fungal α‐amylase) to 20% PDCF, increased the farinograph dough stability, strength of the paste during heating and overall quality score (39.5 to 50.5). The rusk with 20% PDCF + AM was stable up to 30 days, had 1.6, 5.5 times higher protein and dietary fibre contents as compared to control rusk respectively. The fat in the rusk had zero trans fatty acids and contained 66.2% medium chain fatty acids with lauric acid as a major fatty acid.
Waste from brewing (trub) as a source of protein for the food industry
Authors: Saraiva Bianka Rocha , Anjo Fernando Antônio , Vital Ana Carolina Pelaes , Silva Lucas Henrique Maldonado da , Ogawa Camilla Yara Langer , Sato Francielle , Coimbra Ladislau Beims , Matumoto‐Pintro Paula Toshimi 
Published: February 2019

SummaryThe use of agro‐industrial waste for food enrichment can be limited, due to taste, odour, colour and other unpleasant characteristics. Trub (brewing waste) has important nutrients, such as proteins and carbohydrates, and phytochemical compounds; however, its applications are hindered by the astringent flavour. In order to reduce the bitterness of trub, aqueous extractions were realized at high temperature (100 °C per 1 h) in five steps. Two fractions were obtained; a liquid fraction (containing bitter compounds) and a solid fraction (the trub after the extraction process; TAP). Both fractions and the trub before the extraction process (TBP) were evaluated. The bitterness of TBP was significantly reduced in TAP while the protein content increased; TAP presented a branched network and changes in its structure. The reduction in bitterness and the high protein content allows the use of trub in the food industry.
The Education‐Migration Industry: International Students, Migration Policy and the Question of Skills
Authors: Baas Michiel 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThis special section specifically focuses on student‐migrants and the way they are being catered to by an emerging education‐migration industry. The articles included build upon the observation that especially within the Asia‐Pacific region there is an increasing conflation and entanglement between categories of international students and skilled migrants. This has led to an emerging “industry” that facilitates study‐abroad trajectories and acts as broker for two‐step migration pathways. This Introduction aims to situate the research presented here within the broader context of a burgeoning field of research which examines the growing popularity of international education across the Asia‐Pacific region; the way its emergence is increasingly entangled with specific ambitions that skilled migration programmes cater to; and the way highly regulated skilled migration programmes have given rise to a migration industry in general.
The Migration Industry and the H‐2 Visa in the United States: Employers, Labour Intermediaries, and the State
Authors: Anderson Joseph Trawicki 
Published: February 2019

AbstractResearch on the migration industry has demonstrated the wide variety of roles played by private actors in international migration. However, so far little of this work has attempted to quantitatively measure the size and composition of these industries within particular migration schemes. Using the case of the H‐2 temporary working visa in the US, this article looks to better understand the prevalence, impact, and dynamics of the private labour intermediaries that offer services toUSemployers looking to hire workers from abroad. Using data from applications to hire foreign workers made to theUSDepartment of Labor, this article finds that private intermediaries are extensively involved. Their broad inclusion raises questions of public and private authority in the visa programme, as the use of private intermediaries becomes necessary for employers to access and navigate the state institutions that oversee the programme.
Influences of Mn doping on the microstructural, semiconducting, and optoelectronic properties of HgO nanostructure films
Authors: El‐Hagary Magdy , Moustafa Said H. , Hashem Hany , Shaaban Essam R. , Emam‐Ismail Mohamed 
Published: February 2019

AbstractMn‐doped HgO nanostructured thin films (Hg1‐xMnxO) have been prepared using electron beam evaporation technique on Corning glass (1022) substrate at room temperature with different concentrations x = 0, 0.015, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2. The microstructural, morphological, semiconducting, and optoelectronic properties of the films have been investigated. The X‐ray diffraction spectra suggest a hexagonal wurtzite type structure with lattice parameters decreased with increasing Mn content. It was found that the average particle size of the films decreases with increasing Mn doping which is confirmed by FE‐SEM and AFM micrographs. The optical band gap of the investigated Mn‐doped HgO nanocrystalline films is determined from the absorption coefficient and found to increase with the increase of Mn concentration which is attributed to the sp‐d exchange interaction and/or the quantum confinement effect. The refractive index and extinction coefficient of the Mn‐doped HgO films are also reported. The refractive index dispersion n(λ) is analyzed by single‐effective‐oscillator dispersion model proposed by the Wemple–DiDomenico (WDD). The oscillator parameters were estimated. The obtained dispersion values are suitable for the design of optoelectronic devices.
Ionic interdiffusion as interaction mechanism between Al and Si3N4
Authors: Adabifiroozjaei Esmaeil , Koshy Pramod , Emadi Fahimeh , Mofarah Sajjad S. , Ma Hongyang , Rastkerdar Ebad , Lim Sean , Webster Richard F. , Mitchell David R.G. , Sorrell Charles C. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAl‐Si3N4 couples were heat‐treated at 850‐1150°C for 250 hours. The thickness of the interacted area was measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning/transmission electron microscopy (TEM/STEM). The interaction rate increases exponentially with inverse temperature, with an activation energy of 194.23 kJ/mol and diffusion pre‐coefficient of 5 × 10−9 m2/s, indicating that the interaction is diffusion‐dependent. As the results showed, the interfacial area is comprised of Al alloy channels, Si precipitates, and AlN grains. Al‐Si transfer through the solid solution (Si3‐xAlxN4‐y) at the interface of Al alloy and β‐Si3N4 grains controls the kinetic of the interaction. When concentration of Al in solid solution exceeds a certain amount, it undergoes a topotactic phase transformation to form Al1‐xSixN1+y (viz., AlN). Next, the Al1‐xSixN1+y grains detach from the β‐Si3N4 grains and subsequently new Al‐Si3N4 interfaces are established. These interfaces repeat the interaction process, continuing until all the reactant is depleted. Thus, the interaction kinetics consist of a sequence of associated parabolic stages, precluding the observation of parabolic kinetics.
Two common invertebrate predators show varying predation responses to different types of sentinel prey
Authors: Greenop Arran , Cecelja Andreas , Woodcock Ben A. , Wilby Andrew , Cook Samantha M. , Pywell Richard F. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSentinel prey (an artificially manipulated patch of prey) are widely used to assess the level of predation provided by natural enemies in agricultural systems. Whilst a number of different methodologies are currently in use, little is known about how arthropod predators respond to artificially manipulated sentinel prey in comparison with predation on free‐living prey populations. We assessed how attack rates on immobilized (aphids stuck to cards) and artificial (plasticine lepidopteran larvae mimics) sentinel prey differed to predation on free‐moving live prey (aphids). Predation was assessed in response to density of the common invertebrate predators, a foliar‐active ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and a ground‐active beetle Pterostichus madidus (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Significant increases in attack rates were found for the immobilized and artificial prey between the low and high predator density treatments. However, an increased predator density did not significantly reduce numbers of free‐living live aphids included in the mesocosms in addition to the alternate prey. We also found no signs of predation on the artificial prey by the predator H. axyridis. These findings suggest that if our assessment of predation had been based solely on the foliar artificial prey, then no increase in predation would have been found in response to increased predator density. Our results demonstrate that predators differentially respond to sentinel prey items which could affect the level of predation recorded where target pest species are not being used.
Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis isolated from cultured tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) in Taiwan
Authors: Pulpipat Theeraporn , Lin Kuo‐Hua , Chen Ying‐Hao , Wang Pei‐Chi , Chen Shih‐Chu 
Published: February 2019

AbstractFrancisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis is a causative agent of systemic granulomatous disease in tilapia. The present study was designed to understand the genetic and phenotypic diversities among Taiwanese Fno isolates obtained from tilapia (n = 17) and green Texas cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatus) (n = 1). The enzymatic profiles of the isolates were studied using the API ZYM system. Phylogenetic tree analysis of the 16S rRNA and housekeeping gene and pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were carried out to determine the genotypic characters of all isolates. The phylogenetic tree showed similarity of 99%–100% nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes compared to the Fno references genes from GenBank database. Comparatively, the results revealed an identical profile of enzymatic and PFGE pattern which was distincted from that of F. philomiragia. To understand the pathogenicity, the isolates were intraperitoneal injected to tilapia the gross lesions were observed concomitant with natural outbreak. Median lethal dose upon Nile tilapia and red tilapia were 9.06 × 103 CFU/fish and 2.08 × 102 CFU/fish, respectively. Thus, our data provide understanding the epidemiology of Taiwanese Fno isolates, and help in development of future control and prevention.
Adaptive Identification of Cortical and Subcortical Imaging Markers of Early Life Stress and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Salminen Lauren E. , Morey Rajendra A. , Riedel Brandalyn C. , Jahanshad Neda , Dennis Emily L. , Thompson Paul M. 
Published: February 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heterogeneous condition associated with a range of brain imaging abnormalities. Early life stress (ELS) contributes to this heterogeneity, but we do not know how a history of ELS influences traditionally defined brain signatures of PTSD. Here, we used a novel machine learning method – evolving partitions to improve classification (EPIC) – to identify shared and unique structural neuroimaging markers of ELS and PTSD in 97 combat‐exposed military veterans.METHODSWe used EPIC with repeated cross‐validation (CV) to determine how combinations of cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical brain volumes could contribute to classification of PTSD (n = 40) versus controls (n = 57), and classification of ELS within the PTSD (ELS+ n = 16; ELS− n = 24) and control groups (ELS+ n = 16; ELS− n = 41). Additional inputs included intracranial volume, age, sex, adult trauma, and depression.RESULTSOn average, EPIC classified PTSD with 69% accuracy (SD = 5%), and ELS with 64% accuracy in the PTSD group (SD = 10%), and 62% accuracy in controls (SD = 6%). EPIC selected unique sets of individual features that classified each group with 75‐85% accuracy in post hoc analyses; combinations of regions marginally improved classification from the individual atlas‐defined brain regions. Across analyses, surface area in the right posterior cingulate was the only variable that was repeatedly selected as an important feature for classification of PTSD and ELS.CONCLUSIONSEPIC revealed unique patterns of features that distinguished PTSD and ELS in this sample of combat‐exposed military veterans, which may represent distinct biotypes of stress‐related neuropathology.