bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of voice control related to prosody in autism spectrum disorder and first‐degree relatives
Authors: Patel Shivani P. , Kim Jason H. , Larson Charles R. , Losh Molly 
Published: June 2019

Differences in prosody (e.g., intonation, rhythm) are among the most obvious language‐related impairments in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and significantly impact communication. Subtle prosodic differences have also been identified in a subset of clinically unaffected first‐degree relatives of individuals with ASD, and may reflect genetic liability to ASD. This study investigated the neural basis of prosodic differences in ASD and first‐degree relatives through analysis of feedforward and feedback control involved in the planning, production, self‐monitoring, and self‐correction of speech by using a pitch‐perturbed auditory feedback paradigm during sustained vowel and speech production. Results revealed larger vocal response magnitudes to pitch‐perturbed auditory feedback across tasks in ASD and ASD parent groups, with differences in sustained vowel production driven by parents who displayed subclinical personality and language features associated with ASD (i.e., broad autism phenotype). Both ASD and ASD parent groups exhibited increased response onset latencies during sustained vowel production, while the ASD parent group exhibited decreased response onset latencies during speech production. Vocal response magnitudes across tasks were associated with prosodic atypicalities in both individuals with ASD and their parents. Exploratory event‐related potential (ERP) analyses in a subgroup of participants during the sustained vowel task revealed reduced P1 ERP amplitudes in the ASD group, with similar trends observed in parents. Overall, results suggest underdeveloped feedforward systems and neural attenuation in detecting audio‐vocal feedback may contribute to ASD‐related prosodic atypicalities. Importantly, results implicate atypical audio‐vocal integration as a marker of genetic risk to ASD, evident in ASD and among clinically unaffected relatives. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1192–1210. © 2019 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryPrevious research has identified atypicalities in prosody (e.g., intonation) in individuals with ASD and a subset of their first‐degree relatives. In order to better understand the mechanisms underlying prosodic differences in ASD, this study examined how individuals with ASD and their parents responded to unexpected differences in what they heard themselves say to modify control of their voice (i.e., audio‐vocal integration). Results suggest that disruptions to audio‐vocal integration in individuals with ASD contribute to ASD‐related prosodic atypicalities, and the more subtle differences observed in parents could reflect underlying genetic liability to ASD.
Koppel‐, Steck‐ und Einrastmechanismen
Authors: Nachtigall Werner 
Published: June 2019

ZusammenfassungNeben „einfachen“ Maschinenelementen wie Hebel und Scharnier (beschrieben in Teil 1 dieses Artikels, BiuZ 2/19) geben insbesonders komplexere wie die hier geschilderten Koppel‐, Steck‐ und Einrastmechanismen Vergleichsmöglichkeiten auf der Suche nach biologisch‐technischen Analogien. Die technischen Vergleichspartner erweisen sich dabei oft als heuristisch bedeutsame Näherungen, können sie doch den nach Funktionen suchenden Biologen bei der Beschreibung komplexerer biomechanischer Systeme auf übersehene Elemente hinweisen. Eine zwangsläufige kinematische Kette zum Beispiel muss viergliedrig sein; eine in der Biologie scheinbar fehlende Drehachse kann sich etwa in einer dünnen knöchernen Biegestelle manifestieren.
Mit den Waffen der Chemie gegen Insekten
Authors: Menzel Randolf , Tison Lea 
Published: June 2019

ZusammenfassungDie industrialisierte Landwirtschaft setzt zunehmend auf chemische Mittel bei der Bekämpfung von Nahrungskonkurrenten. Daraus ergeben sich eine Reihe von direkten und indirekten Wirkungen auf die Kulturlandschaft. Unter den Insektiziden sind es vor allem die Neonicotinoide, die die bestäubenden Insekten abtöten oder schädigen. Diese Insektizide binden an den nikotinischen Acetylcholin‐Rezeptor im Gehirn der Insekten und beeinträchtigen insbesondere die Gedächtnisbildung und den Abruf aus dem Gedächtnis. Lernvermögen und Gedächtnis sind essentielle Voraussetzungen für eine effektive Bestäubung. Untersuchungen an der Honigbiene ergaben, dass so geringe Dosen, wie sie von behandelten Pflanzen im Nektar und Pollen aufgenommen werden, das Lernvermögen, das Gedächtnis, die Navigation, die Sammelmotivation und die soziale Kommunikation massiv stören. Neben diesen direkten Wirkungen der Neonicotinoide auf Nicht‐Zielinsekten gehen eine Fülle von weiteren indirekten Wirkungen aus, die zu einer Verarmung der Umwelt führen, und dies nicht nur auf den behandelten Flächen. Die Ursache für diese großflächige Wirkung liegt an der Stabilität und der Wasserlöslichkeit der Neonicotinoide.
Ein Weg ohne Rückkehr?
Authors: Werneburg Ingmar 
Published: June 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Lebendgeburt (Viviparie) evolvierte mehrfach unabhängig voneinander innerhalb der Wirbeltiere, besonders oft bei den Eidechsen und Schlangen. Dafür wurden verschiedene physiologische und anatomische Veränderungen entwickelt wie die Plazenta bei rein viviparen Arten. Fossile Meeresreptilien belegen, dass das marine Leben die Evolution der Viviparie begünstigt. Voraussetzung dafür ist die Entwicklung einer genetisch determinierten Geschlechtsbestimmung. Die Rückkehr von der Viviparie zur Eiablage (Oviparie) ist physiologisch und anatomisch sehr schwierig. Ob sie überhaupt möglich ist, ist noch nicht geklärt.
Epidemiology of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Denmark (1998–2008, 2007–2014)
Authors: Asgari Nasrin , Lillevang Soeren T. , Skejoe Hanne P. B. , Kyvik Kirsten O. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractEpidemiological studies of the uncommon disorder neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) may be difficult to interpret because of the evolving nature of diagnostic criteria, differences in the definition and accuracy of NMOSD diagnosis, the completeness of case ascertainment, and variability in assays for the disease‐specific biomarker aquaporin‐4 (AQP4)‐IgG. A sub‐group of patients with the clinical syndrome NMOSD lack detectable AQP4‐IgG and in these cases an accurate diagnosis requires precise diagnostic algorithms and longitudinal follow‐up. Consecutive sets of criteria for NMO/NMOSD have been introduced during the two last decades. Such criteria need validation in different populations. Detection of other autoantibodies, such as IgG specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein or for glial fibrillary acidic protein in a sub‐group of AQP4‐IgG–negative NMOSD patients, has improved over the past decade and may lead to overlap of the clinical syndromes/phenotypes. This review begins by summarizing current knowledge on the widening clinical spectrum of NMOSD. Subsequently, we describe two epidemiological studies from Denmark carried out in two different decades (1998–2008 and 2007–2014) and comment on the differences in study design, patient ascertainment, and interpretation of results. These factors may explain some of the observed differences, reflecting the complexity and providing a clear example of this development.
Heterologous expression, purification, and functional characterization of recombinant ovine angiotensinogen in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Palanikumar Indumathi , Katla Srikanth , Tahara Nariyasu , Yui Midori , Zhang Rui , Ebihara Akio , Sivaprakasam Senthilkumar 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAngiotensinogen (AGT), a glycosylated plasma noninhibitory serpin, serves as a precursor for angiotensin peptides which regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance. AGT is specifically cleaved by renin to produce angiotensin‐I, the first product of the angiotensin‐processing cascade. Ovine angiotensinogen (oAGT) is considered an effective substrate for human renin and consequently finds application in clinical renin assays. In this study, oAGT was cloned into the genome of Pichia pastoris and expressed under the control of alcohol oxidase (AOX1) promoter for high‐level production. Compared to the shake flask study, the high cell density cultivation in bioreactor resulted in multifold increase in oAGT titer (420 ± 9.26 mg/L), which is its highest reported titer to date. We purified recombinant oAGT to homogeneity using two chromatography steps. The characterization studies revealed oAGT underwent a two‐state transition during thermal denaturation process as assessed by differential scanning fluorimetry, and the melting temperature (Tm) of the purified oAGT from P. pastoris was 48.3°C. Renin reactivity with recombinant oAGT from P. pastoris (0.51 nM angiotensin‐I/min) was slightly lower than the renin reactivity for recombinant oAGT from Escherichia coli (0.67 nM angiotensin‐I/min), possibly because of its mannosylated N‐glycan content. Enhanced production of functionally active recombinant oAGT using P. pastoris expression system reported in this study envisage the effective utilization of oAGT in clinical studies related to renin in near future.
Modeling and Simulation of Solid‐Bowl Centrifuges as an Aspect of the Advancing Digitization in Solid‐Liquid Separation
Authors: Hammerich Simon , Gleiß Marco , Nirschl Hermann 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAs a part of the Industry 4.0 initiative, the level of digitization in the process industry is increasing. Through a close link between analytics and dynamic modeling, digitization enables the optimization of processes and the model predictive control. In the field of solid‐liquid separation using centrifuges, the advancing digitization forces the development of methods for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and short‐cut models to deepen process understanding and process intensification. CFD should be seen as support for experiments to develop suitable short‐cut models for the process simulation. Based on the prerequisites, this article describes the development of dynamic models and their application using the example of solid bowl centrifuges. Therefore, the particulate level is first addressed by discussing critical material properties. Afterwards, the developed numerical algorithms to investigate centrifuges on different time and length scales will be presented. Finally, the mathematical modeling on the process level by using short‐cut models is shown and discussed for decanter and tubular centrifuges.
Proteomic profiling of key transcription factors in the process of neonatal mouse cardiac regeneration capacity loss
Authors: Wang Mangyuan , Hu ShengShou , Nie Yu , Song Jiangping 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe heart lacks complete regeneration capacity. In mice, the cardiac apex can regenerate 1 day after birth, although 7 days after birth the repair occurs with a fibrous scar. However, the key transcription factors (TFs) related to this loss of regeneration capacity remain largely unknown. We aimed to find candidates for key TFs using proteomic profiling and comparison during loss of neonatal mouse cardiac regeneration capacity, with preliminary validation using western blotting (WB) and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). A total of 69 common discrepant TFs with similar variation trends in two TF response element experiments were identified, 18 of which were matched to known key signaling pathways of cardiac regeneration after pathway enrichment of downstream genes. Validation using RT‐qPCR‐selected DACH1, RBL1 (P107), and TBX20, and further validation with WB‐selected RBL1 (P107) and TBX20. We therefore identified two candidates for key TFs in the loss of mouse cardiac apex regeneration capacity. TBX20 has been biologically validated, and RBL1 (P107) needs to be validated in the future.
Brown adipose activation and reversible beige coloration in adipose tissue with multiple accumulations of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose in sporadic paraganglioma: A case report
Authors: Terada Eriko , Ashida Kenji , Ohe Kenji , Sakamoto Shohei , Hasuzawa Nao , Nomura Masatoshi 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, nontumorous high 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose accumulations are observed in both beige and brown adipose tissues. Recognizing this feature of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose accumulation can help physicians make precise diagnoses and help them avoid the pitfalls of a false‐positive 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography result, preventing unnecessary interventions.
Synthesis of Small Lipid Nanoparticles Using an Inkjet Mixing System Aiming to Reduce Drug Loss
Authors: Inohara Kota , Asano Shusaku , Maki Taisuke , Mae Kazuhiro 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAn inkjet mixing system was investigated to synthesize lipid nanoparticles (LNP) by mixing lipid ethanol and aqueous saline solutions. The system was employed to help minimize drug loss. The quick mixing of the droplets enabled the synthesis of small LNP while reducing the excess amount of saline solution that would contain drugs. The system also features minimal usage of reagents. A high relative velocity of the droplets and moderate values of the impact parameter were necessary for successful mixing. Faster droplets should collide with the upper or horizontal level of slower droplets to promote mixing. A horizontal spin of the coalesced droplets was favored rather than a vertical spin.
Effect of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate on the Continuous Crystallization in Microfluidic Devices Using Microbubbles
Authors: Fatemi Naghmeh , Devos Cedric , De Cordt Glenn , Van Gerven Tom , Kuhn Simon 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIntroducing microbubbles in a microreactor for continuous crystallization increases the nucleation rate and also prevents clogging. Adding surfactants affects the microbubble generation as it reduces their size, increases their frequency of formation and consequently also the interfacial area per unit volume of reactor acting as heterogeneous surface for nucleation. Here, the effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on both the microbubble generation and the continuous crystallization of paracetamol is investigated. It is observed that while SDS significantly enlarges the heterogeneous surface available for nucleation, the crystallization itself is inhibited by its presence.
Microporous Organic Polymer‐Derived Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon Spheres for Efficient Capacitive Energy Storage
Authors: Deka Namrata , Barman Jayshree , Deka Jumi , Raidongia Kalyan , Dutta Gitish K. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA facile and template‐free synthetic approach was utilized to obtain a series of nitrogen and oxygen‐doped microporous carbon spheres (CTS‐X‐700) from carbazole‐terephthalaldehyde based co‐polymer spheres (CTS). The inherent spherical morphology of the co‐polymer remained intact even after activation at high temperature (700 °C). The synthesized materials exhibit BET surface area of up to 1340 m2 g−1 with an interconnected porous network consisting of ultramicropores and supermicropores along with a small amount of mesopores. Moreover, a good balance of heteroatom surface functionalities (N content up to 3.2 % and O content up to 12 %) was maintained without compromising the porosity by systematically varying the activation conditions. These features result in a high specific capacitance value of 407 F g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 in aqueous acid electrolyte with a three‐electrode system and superior cycle stability of 100 % capacitance retention even after 10000 cycles. Furthermore, the high energy density (10.6 W h kg−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1) in an aqueous electrolyte of the assembled supercapacitor device further demonstrates the possible applications of the synthesized materials as high‐performance energy storage devices.
trans‐Hydroboration of Propargyl Alcohol Derivatives and Related Substrates
Authors: Longobardi Lauren E. , Fürstner Alois 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe hydroboration of internal alkynes with pinacolborane as the reagent catalyzed by [Cp*RuCl]4 results in good to excellent levels of regio‐ as well as stereoselectivity, provided that the triple bond bears one linear and one singly‐branched substituent. In such cases, the reaction follows an unusual trans‐addition mode and places the boron entity distal to the branching point. The resulting alkenyl boronates, which are difficult to make otherwise, can be engaged in numerous enabling downstream processes.
Topology‐Selective Ullmann Coupling on Metal Surfaces by Precursor Design and Adsorbate‐Substrate Interaction: Towards the Control over Polymer versus Macrocycle Formation
Authors: Fan Qitang , Gottfried J. Michael 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn polymerization reactions, controlling the formation of open‐chain versus cyclic product topologies is necessary because of the different properties of polymer chains and macrocycles. Here, we report a topology‐selective Ullmann coupling on metal surfaces with control of the ring/chain competition. The precursor employed is 4,4′′‐dibromo‐ortho‐terphenyl (DBOTP), which features a 60° bent feature and polymerizes into zigzag polyphenylene chains on both Au(111) and Ag(111) surface via Ullmann coupling. However, the cyclotrimerization of the precursor occurs only on Ag(111) but not Au(111). It is proposed that the cyclotrimerization reaction on Au(111) is blocked, because the necessary C−C coupling of two carbon radicals with different vertical heights is unfavored. Such height difference stems from the intrinsic steric repulsion between the two ortho‐substituted phenyl groups. On Ag(111), the stronger adsorbate‐substrate interaction reduces the extent of the tilting of the phenyl group, resulting in a smaller height difference of the carbon radicals and consequently in the increased probability for the formation of the cyclic trimer.
Experimental Research on the Regeneration of Incomplete Crystallographic KH2PO4 Crystal Enclosed by Singular Face
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Li Mingwei , Xiao Linhai 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThe phenomenon of thin surface layer growth during the regeneration of incomplete crystallographic potassium dihydrogen phosphate crystal has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In the present study, four sets of incomplete crystallographic KH2PO4 crystals enclosed by singular faces are designed to observe their regeneration characteristics in supersaturated solution. In all the crystals, even though every crystal face is singular surface, thin surface layers still grow from crystal edges or concave angles to repair themselves to convex polyhedrons. Through surface energy calculation, it is found that the thin surface layer growth encounters higher growth barrier than ordinary layer‐by‐layer growth. Here, an assumption is proposed that the incomplete crystal possesses a “potential of morphology repair”, which drives the thin surface layers growing to repair itself into complete form. This assumption is confirmed to some extent by a thin surface layer fragments experiment. The experiment implies that thin surface layer is the same as the ordinary crystal seed once separated from incomplete crystal, and its growth rate is one order slower than in incomplete crystal.
Natural selection drives leaf divergence in experimental populations ofSenecio lautusunder natural conditions
Authors: Richards Thomas J. , Ortiz‐Barrientos Daniel , McGuigan Katrina 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLeaf morphology is highly variable both within and between plant species. This study employs a combination of common garden and reciprocal transplant experiments to determine whether differences in leaf shape betweenSenecio lautusecotypes has evolved as an adaptive response to divergent ecological conditions.We created a synthetic population of hybrid genotypes to segregate morphological variation between three ecotypes and performed reciprocal transplants where this hybrid population was transplanted into the three adjacent native environments. We measured nine leaf morphology traits across the experimental and natural populations at these sites.We found significant divergence in multivariate leaf morphology toward the native character in each environment, suggesting environmental conditions at each site exert selective pressure that results in a phenotypic shift toward the local phenotype of the wild populations.These associations suggest that differences in leaf morphology betweenS. lautusecotypes have arisen as a result of divergent selection on leaf shape or associated traits that confer an adaptive advantage in each environment, which has led to the formation of morphologically distinct ecotypes.
Evolutionary stasis of a heritable morphological trait in a wild fish population despite apparent directional selection
Authors: O'Sullivan Ronan James , Aykanat Tutku , Johnston Susan E. , Kane Adam , Poole Russell , Rogan Ger , Prodöhl Paulo A. , Primmer Craig R. , McGinnity Philip , Reed Thomas Eric 
Published: June 2019

AbstractComparing observed versus theoretically expected evolutionary responses is important for our understanding of the evolutionary process, and for assessing how species may cope with anthropogenic change. Here, we document directional selection for larger female size in Atlantic salmon, using pedigree‐derived estimates of lifetime reproductive success as a fitness measure. We show the trait is heritable and, thus, capable of responding to selection. The Breeder's Equation, which predicts microevolution as the product of phenotypic selection and heritability, predicted evolution of larger size. This was at odds, however, with the observed lack of either phenotypic or genetic temporal trends in body size, a so‐called “paradox of stasis.” To investigate this paradox, we estimated the additive genetic covariance between trait and fitness, which provides a prediction of evolutionary change according to Robertson's secondary theorem of selection (STS) that is unbiased by missing variables. The STS prediction was consistent with the observed stasis. Decomposition of phenotypic selection gradients into genetic and environmental components revealed a potential upward bias, implying unmeasured factors that covary with trait and fitness. These results showcase the power of pedigreed, wild population studies—which have largely been limited to birds and mammals—to study evolutionary processes on contemporary timescales.