bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Painted by Default: Public Shaming and Graffiti on the Homefront
Authors: Ellison Susan H. 
Published: May 2019

ABSTRACTAcross El Alto, Bolivia, a particular kind of graffiti stands out on the walls of household compounds: startling letters proclaiming deudor moroso (defaulting debtor). These public accusations of insolvency join other expressions of households in crisis, disrupting any imagined public/private boundary between city streets and homes that are charged moral, material, and social configurations. As I show, defaulting debtor graffiti spatializes loan recovery efforts by implicating a broader constellation of relationships connected through the physical structure of the home and, in that implication, often fractures bonds of relatedness in the process. Yet the graffiti's ambiguous authorship enables those branded to challenge any singular reading of its scrawl. As deudor moroso graffiti enters into the struggle over urban space's inscriptions, it illuminates the ways home space is entangled with public space as a battleground over economic ruin and its meanings. [urban anthropology, graffiti, kinship, debt, microfinance, Bolivia]
Outcomes of hip and knee replacement surgery in private and public hospitals in Australia
Authors: Harris Ian , Cuthbert Alana , Lorimer Michelle , de Steiger Richard , Lewis Peter , Graves Stephen E. 
Published: May 2019

BackgroundThis study determined the contributing factors of hospital sector (private versus public) variation in revision rates after elective total hip replacement (THR) for hip fracture, and elective total knee replacement (TKR).MethodsUsing data from a large national arthroplasty registry, funnel plots for hospitals were generated, displaying the proportion of revised primary procedures. The proportion of outliers for each distribution was defined as the proportion outside the upper 99.7% confidence limit. Survival analyses determined differences between hospital sector revision rates separately for implants with the lowest revision rate, and for all other implants. Multivariate Cox regression determined the role of hospital sector in revision, adjusting for possible confounders.ResultsFor THR performed for osteoarthritis, 17.4% of private and 4.4% of public hospitals were outliers. For TKR performed for osteoarthritis, 19.6% of private and 10.0% of public hospitals were outliers. For THR for fractured neck of femur, 8.1% of private and 0.0% of public hospitals were outliers. Adjusted and unadjusted Kaplan–Meier analyses showed higher THR revision rates in private hospitals for osteoarthritis and fractured neck of femur, but no difference when restricted to the 10 prostheses with the lowest revision rate. The Kaplan–Meier analysis of TKR showed higher revision rates for private hospitals, with the association reversing when restricted to prostheses with the lowest revision rate.ConclusionsConsiderable variation was seen in the revision rate after THR and TKR between hospital sectors in Australia. The variation was largely due to differences in prosthesis selection.
How I treat children with haemophilia and inhibitors
Authors: Young Guy 
Published: May 2019

SummaryHaemophilia is a serious inherited bleeding disorder resulting from a deficiency of coagulation factor VIII (haemophilia A) or coagulation factor IX (haemophilia B). While effective therapies have been developed to replace the missing factor and restore normal coagulation, they can lead to the development of neutralizing anti‐drug antibodies, termed inhibitors, which significantly worsen morbidity and quality of life. While advancements have been made to improve the management of patients, and particularly for this review, children with inhibitors, there remain significant unmet needs including inhibitor prevention, inhibitor eradication and, when those fail, more effective bleed prevention and a reduction in the treatment burden. This review will discuss current treatment options including the recently licensed bispecific antibody, emicizumab, and provide insights into how I treat children with inhibitors.
CADM1 associates with Hippo pathway core kinases; membranous co–expression of CADM1 and LATS2 in lung tumors predicts good prognosis
Authors: Ito Takeshi , Nakamura Atsuko , Tanaka Ichidai , Tsuboi Yumi , Morikawa Teppei , Nakajima Jun , Takai Daiya , Fukayama Masashi , Sekido Yoshitaka , Niki Toshiro , Matsubara Daisuke , Murakami Yoshinori 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCell adhesion molecule‐1 (CADM1) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that functions as a tumor suppressor of lung tumors. We herein demonstrated that CADM1 interacts with Hippo pathway core kinases and enhances the phosphorylation of YAP1, and also that the membranous co–expression of CADM1 and LATS2 predicts a favorable prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. CADM1 significantly repressed the saturation density elevated by YAP1 overexpression in NIH3T3 cells. CADM1 significantly promoted YAP1 phosphorylation on Ser 127 and downregulated YAP1 target gene expression at confluency in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Moreover, CADM1 was co–precipitated with multiple Hippo pathway components, including the core kinases MST1/2 and LATS1/2, suggesting the involvement of CADM1 in the regulation of the Hippo pathway through cell‐cell contact. An immunohistochemical analysis of primary lung adenocarcinomas (n = 145) revealed that the histologically low‐grade subtype frequently showed the membranous co–expression of CADM1 (20/22, 91% of low‐grade; 61/91, 67% of intermediate grade; and 13/32, 41% of high‐grade subtypes; P < 0.0001) and LATS2 (22/22, 100% of low‐grade; 44/91, 48% of intermediate‐grade; and 1/32, 3% of high‐grade subtypes; P < 0.0001). A subset analysis of disease‐free survival revealed that the membranous co–expression of CADM1 and LATS2 was a favorable prognosis factor (5‐year disease‐free survival rate: 83.8%), even with nuclear YAP1‐positive expression (5‐year disease‐free survival rate: 83.7%), whereas nuclear YAP1‐positive cases with the negative expression of CADM1 and LATS2 had a poorer prognosis (5‐year disease‐free survival rate: 33.3%). These results indicate that the relationship between CADM1 and Hippo pathway core kinases at the cell membrane is important for suppressing the oncogenic role of YAP1.
Use of an aromatase inhibitor in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Impact of anastrozole on bone mineral density and visceral adipose tissue
Authors: Halper Alyssa , Sanchez Belen , Hodges James S. , Dengel Donald R. , Petryk Anna , Sarafoglou Kyriakie 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveAnastrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, has been used off‐label in males with short stature to delay bone maturation. No studies have examined anastrozole's effect on bone mineral density (BMD) or body composition in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency. Our objective was to evaluate anastrozole's effect on BMD and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in children with CAH.DesignTotal body BMD (TBMD) and L2‐L4 BMD Z‐scores were adjusted for height‐for‐age Z‐scores (TBMDHAZ and L2‐L4HAZ). Hydrocortisone doses (mg/m2/d) were averaged over the previous year. Comparison of treated vs not treated with anastrozole used linear regression adjusting for age, pubertal status, sex, CAH type, years on hydrocortisone, BMI Z‐scores and bone age Z‐scores.PatientsWe compared 25 children with CAH treated with anastrozole (mean age 11.3 [SD 3.0] years, 56% males) vs 31 children with CAH not treated with anastrozole (13.5 [SD 4.6], 29%). Participants underwent a pubertal exam, bone age X‐ray and dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan.ResultsAverage bone age Z‐score of 4.3 SDs on beginning anastrozole decreased to 1.9 SDs at time of DXA exam (P = 0.0004) 5.2 (SD 2.2) years later. TBMD Z‐scores (P = 0.51), L2‐L4 BMD Z‐scores (P = 0.66), VAT (P = 0.38), TBMDHAZ Z‐scores (P = 0.66) and L2‐L4HAZ Z‐scores (P = 0.41) did not differ between children treated vs not treated with anastrozole.ConclusionAnastrozole significantly reduced bone age advancement in children with CAH and advanced bone age (>2SDs) without adverse effects on BMD or VAT. Longitudinal studies of anastrozole in children with CAH are needed to validate these findings.
Overlooked biodiversity loss in tropical smallholder agriculture
Authors: Socolar Jacob B. , Valderrama Sandoval Elvis H. , Wilcove David S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSmallholder agriculture is the main driver of deforestation in the western Amazon, where terrestrial biodiversity reaches its global maximum. Understanding the biodiversity value of the resulting mosaics of cultivated and secondary forest is therefore crucial for conservation planning. However, Amazonian communities are organized across multiple forest types that support distinct species assemblages, and little is known about smallholder impacts across the range of forest types that are essential for sustaining biodiversity. We addressed this issue with a large‐scale field inventory of birds (point counts) and trees (transects) in primary forest and smallholder agriculture in northern Peru across 3 forest types that are key for Amazonian biodiversity. For birds smallholder agriculture supported species richness comparable to primary forest within each forest type, but biotic homogenization across forest types resulted in substantial losses of biodiversity overall. These overall losses are invisible to studies that focus solely on upland (terra firma) forest. For trees biodiversity losses in upland forests dominated the signal across all habitats combined and homogenization across habitats did not exacerbate biodiversity loss. Proximity to forest strongly predicted the persistence of forest‐associated bird and tree species in the smallholder mosaic, and because intact forest is ubiquitous in our study area, our results probably represent a best‐case scenario for biodiversity in Amazonian agriculture. Land‐use planning inside and outside protected areas should recognize that tropical smallholder agriculture has pervasive biodiversity impacts that are not apparent in typical studies that cover a single forest type. The full range of forest types must be surveyed to accurately assess biodiversity losses, and primary forests must be protected to prevent landscape‐scale biodiversity loss.
What have we learned from coagulation laboratory participation in external quality programs?
Authors: Smock Kristi J. , Moser Karen A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractCoagulation laboratory external quality assurance (EQA) programs provide information that satisfies regulatory requirements and improves laboratory quality, patient care, and safety. In addition to the value to individual laboratories, data from EQA programs benefits the laboratory community in multiple ways by providing a snapshot of laboratory practice and summarizing the performance of various methods in identifying normal and abnormal specimens and the effects of therapies or interfering substances. This review article aims to summarize and provide examples of some of the important lessons learned from coagulation EQA data, including issues related to non‐standardization, imprecision, and the effects of interfering substances.
The utility of flow cytometry for the diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies
Authors: Knight Vijaya 
Published: May 2019

AbstractPrimary immunodeficiencies (PID) or inborn errors of immunity affect phenotype and/or function of one or more components of the immune system. The exponential growth of genetic analysis has enabled identification of known and novel mutations. However, genetic analysis continues to be expensive and is not easily accessible. Flow cytometry, on the other hand, has been well established for many years in clinical laboratories and its use for the analysis of immunodeficiencies is expanding. Surface, intracellular, and intranuclear proteins can easily be evaluated by flow cytometry, enabling both phenotypic and functional identification of specific cell populations and therefore facilitating the identification of a variety of PIDs. While genetic analysis provides a definitive diagnosis for PIDs, flow cytometry is necessary to confirm or establish the immune phenotype of a gene mutation. Furthermore, flow cytometry provides a rapid means to identify an immunological defect at a relatively low cost.
BCR‐ABL1‐like B‐lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma: Review of the entity and detection methodologies
Authors: Conant Joanna L. , Czuchlewski David R. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBCR‐ABL1‐like B‐lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (BCR‐ABL1‐like ALL or Ph‐like ALL) is a neoplastic proliferation of lymphoblasts that has a gene expression profile similar to that of B‐ALL with t(9;22)(q34.1;q11.2) BCR‐ABL1, but lacks that gene fusion. It is associated with poor prognosis and is seen in 10%‐20% of pediatric cases and 20%‐30% of adult cases of ALL. It is included as a provisional entity in the revised 4th edition of the WHO Classification. A variety of different genetic abnormalities are identified in this entity, but they all converge on pathways that are potentially responsive to the addition of targeted therapy to conventional chemotherapy. Thus, it is important to screen for BCR‐ABL1‐like ALL, particularly in adults and pediatric patients with high‐risk clinical features. Here, we provide a brief overview of the genetic profile and clinical features of BCR‐ABL1‐like ALL and review laboratory methodologies for routine identification of this genetically heterogeneous entity.
Decreasing daily blood work in hospitals: What works and what doesn't
Authors: Jalbert Rochelle , Gob Alan , Chin‐Yee Ian 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRecurrent, inappropriate laboratory testing is a costly and wasteful use of healthcare resources. Recognizing this problem, the American Board of Internal Medicine, Canadian Society of Internal Medicine, and the Canadian Association of Pathologist all supported the Choosing Wisely campaign to reduce laboratory investigations in patients who demonstrate clinical and laboratory stability. In this narrative, we review studies looking at a variety of approaches to reduce excessive testing including education, audit and feedback, computerized physician order entry system changes, and forcing functions. Each type of intervention has its own unique advantages and disadvantages, varying in complexity, disruptiveness, effectiveness, and sustainability. Before implementing any quality improvement project, it is important to analyze the local context to identify the root causes for the practice behavior and aim to use the minimal amount of intervention to achieve the desired result. Change is often incremental and will seldom occur with a single intervention or Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act cycle. Garnering the support of opinion leaders and a quality improvement team will help make the process and intervention a success.
Sickle cell disease: Reducing the global disease burden
Authors: Mburu Joy , Odame Isaac 
Published: May 2019

AbstractSickle cell disease has been largely an invisible global health issue, especially in regions of high incidence mainly due to lack of awareness among both the local health policy makers and the public. Public health interventions, such as screening of newborns, provision of prophylaxis against bacterial infections, and immunizations against pneumococcal infections can have the greatest impact. Family education on assessment of spleen size and subsequent detection of splenic sequestration and promptness to seek medical attention for a febrile child is also important in the control of the morbidity and mortality of children with SCD living in resource‐poor countries. In addition to these affordable interventions, hydroxyurea therapy is necessary to decrease both the acute and chronic complications of sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell disease has been recognized to have global health significance by key institutions including the World Health Organization in 2006 and the United Nation is 2008. In 2010, the WHO released national health care management goals and set targets to be achieved by the countries in sub‐Saharan Africa for the control and management of SCD. These are yet to be translated into action. To do, this would require active and sustainable public‐private partnerships for sustainable program development in these regions. Effective interventions should be integrated into existing health systems, the best examples linking primary healthcare facilities to specialized sickle cell disease centers in regional and tertiary healthcare institutions.
The original boneheads: histologic analysis of the pachyostotic skull roof in Permian burnetiamorphs (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia)
Authors: Kulik Zoe T. , Sidor Christian A. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThickened, pachyostotic skulls are best known in pachycephalosaur dinosaurs, but evolved convergently in Permian burnetiamorphs as well as in some other stem‐mammal groups and Triassic archosauromorphs. Until now, only pachycephalosaur domes have been histologically sampled to reveal patterns of bone tissue microstructure and growth. Using computed tomography and osteohistology, we serially thin‐sectioned one of the smallest burnetiamorph skull caps ever recovered (estimated skull length = 10 cm), as well as an individual nearly twice as large, and here report the first cranial histological data from this clade. We recognize four highly vascularized histological zones visible in coronal thin‐sections, only one of which shares morphological similarities with the tripartite zonation previously reported in pachycephalosaur domes. Zone A forms the endocranial region of the skull cap and records disorganized primary osteons in a fibrolamellar complex. Zone B preserves a border of compact, avascular layers of parallel‐fibered bone surrounding an interior of partially remodeled vascular canals. Interestingly, the outline of Zone B resembles the shape of an incipient skull roof. Zone C forms the thickest portion of the skull cap and is composed of fast‐growing woven bone with minimal osteonal development. The superficial Zone D has a matrix of predominantly woven bone with narrower primary vascular canals than in deeper regions of the skull caps. Unlike in pachycephalosaurs, where primary vascular porosity is thought to decrease through ontogeny, both burnetiamorph skull caps preserve a thick Zone C of highly vascularized tissue. Additionally, the remnants of sutures are visible as radial struts that taper superficially, leaving no trace on the surface of the skull. Even in the smallest individual, the sutures are closed ectocranially, which is unusual, given that some large, presumably adult pachycephalosaur domes preserve open sutural gaps. Although pachycephalosaur and burnetiamorph skull domes are superficially similar, histological analysis reveals differences in their vascularity and construction that imply multiple evolutionary pathways to form an elaborate pachyostotic dome.
Ontogeny of the human maxilla: a study of intra‐population variability combining surface bone histology and geometric morphometrics
Authors: Schuh Alexandra , Kupczik Kornelius , Gunz Philipp , Hublin Jean‐Jacques , Freidline Sarah E. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBone modeling is the process by which bone grows in size and models its shape via the cellular activities of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts that respectively form and remove bone. The patterns of expression of these two activities, visible on bone surfaces, are poorly understood during facial ontogeny in Homo sapiens; this is due mainly to small sample sizes and a lack of quantitative data. Furthermore, how microscopic activities are related to the development of morphological features, like the uniquely human‐canine fossa, has been rarely explored. We developed novel techniques for quantifying and visualizing variability in bone modeling patterns and applied these methods to the human maxilla to better understand its development at the micro‐ and macroscopic levels. We used a cross‐sectional ontogenetic series of 47 skulls of known calendar age, ranging from birth to 12 years, from a population of European ancestry. Surface histology was employed to record and quantify formation and resorption on the maxilla, and digital maps representing each individual's bone modeling patterns were created. Semilandmark geometric morphometric (GM) methods and multivariate statistics were used to analyze facial growth. Our results demonstrate that surface histology and GM methods give complementary results, and can be used as an integrative approach in ontogenetic studies. The bone modeling patterns specific to our sample are expressed early in ontogeny, and fairly constant through time. Bone resorption varies in the size of its fields, but not in location. Consequently, absence of bone resorption in extinct species with small sample sizes should be interpreted with caution. At the macroscopic level, maxillary growth is predominant in the top half of the bone where bone formation is mostly present. Our results suggest that maxillary growth in humans is highly constrained from early stages in ontogeny, and morphological changes are likely driven by changes in osteoblastic and osteoclastic rates of expression rather than differences in the bone modeling patterns (i.e. changes in location of formation and resorption). Finally, the results of the micro‐ and macroscopic analyses suggest that the development of the canine fossa results from a combination of bone resorption and bone growth in the surrounding region.
Vascular coverage of the anterior knee region – an anatomical study
Authors: Hirtler Lena , Lübbers Anke , Rath Claus 
Published: May 2019

AbstractDescriptions of vessel angiosomes or perforasomes throughout the human body are quite frequent, and led to the development of flaps nowadays commonly used to surgically cover skin and soft tissue defects. In these procedures, the surgeon requires a profound anatomical knowledge of the respective blood vessels and the extent of the perfused area to define the size of the graft. In the region of the knee joint, descriptions of flaps based on the superior lateral genicular artery and descending genicular artery are quite frequent. In contrast, information regarding other popliteal branches is scarce or non‐existent. The aim of this study was to provide a concise and complete overview on the extent and variability of the perforator angiosomes of the femoral and popliteal arteries in the anterior knee region. Twenty lower extremities were dissected, the respective perforators identified and perfused with dye. All resulting angiosomes were marked and documented. A total of 84 angiosomes were identified in all specimens, with an average of 4.2 (3–6) angiosomes per specimen. The average size of the angiosomes was 97.04 ± 72.30 cm2 (8.61–360.41 cm2), their source vessels had an average diameter of 1.42 ± 0.54 mm (0.60–3.25 mm). The complex and highly variable distribution of perforator angiosomes of the anterior knee region and especially of its less frequently investigated distal part was demonstrated. Based on these results, the planning of existing perforator flaps in this region and the development of flaps including the inferior medial or inferior lateral genicular arteries may be facilitated.