bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Insight Into Seismic Estimates of Energy Partitioning During Dynamic Rupture: An Observable Scaling Breakdown
Authors: Selvadurai P. A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractWe investigate energy partitioning using seismological methods of seismic ruptures with estimated submicron levels of slip in the laboratory. Estimates inferred from recorded seismic waves are founded on microscale phenomenological friction experiments in the laboratory and appear to be constrained by inherent assumptions. In this concerted study, we build on the methods used to absolutely calibrate an array of piezoelectric transducers in a direct shear laboratory apparatus. We found that flat‐broadband sensor behavior allowed us to study source extent parameters using spectral source models that are typically used to interpret small to moderate‐sized earthquakes. We computed the corner frequencies, low‐frequency plateaus, and high‐frequency spectral falloff exponent using single‐station assumptions. Moment magnitude ranged from −9<Mw<−7.5 and slip was on the order of nanometers to micrometers—extending our understanding of source parameters studied via seismic waves. A number of findings are highlighted: (i) Variations in spectral falloff with corner frequencies followed the observations made in natural conditions. (ii) Corner frequency shift phenomenon was observed (fcP/fcS∼ 1.34) and was attributed to source finiteness rather than wave propagation effects. (iii) Events were stress overshoot as determined by the Savage‐Wood efficiency. (iv) The empirical power law scaling relationship between fracture energy and slip, given as, wherenG=1.28 appears to break down with seismological estimates made at the mining scale (nG=1.86) and laboratory scale (nG=2.35). This break in scaling may be related to the types of off‐fault energy sinks that are inherently captured in the seismological interpretation of fracture energy.
Climate, Irrigation, and Land Cover Change Explain Streamflow Trends in Countries Bordering the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Vicente‐Serrano S. M. , Peña‐Gallardo M. , Hannaford J. , Murphy C. , Lorenzo‐Lacruz J. , Dominguez‐Castro F. , López‐Moreno J. I. , Beguería S. , Noguera I. , Harrigan S. , Vidal J.‐P. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAttribution of trends in streamflow is complex, but essential, in identifying optimal management options for water resources. Disagreement remains on the relative role of climate change and human factors, including water abstractions and land cover change, in driving change in annual streamflow. We construct a very dense network of gauging stations (n = 1,874) from Ireland, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Portugal for the period of 1961–2012 to detect and then attribute changes in annual streamflow. Using regression‐based techniques, we show that climate (precipitation and atmospheric evaporative demand) explains many of the observed trends in northwest Europe, while for southwest Europe human disturbances better explain both temporal and spatial trends. For the latter, large increases in irrigated areas, agricultural intensification, and natural revegetation of marginal lands are inferred to be the dominant drivers of decreases in streamflow.
An Extended MHD Study of the 16 October 2015 MMS Diffusion Region Crossing
Authors: TenBarge J. M. , Ng J. , Juno J. , Wang L. , Hakim A. H. , Bhattacharjee A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission has given us unprecedented access to high cadence particle and field data of magnetic reconnection at Earth's magnetopause. MMS first passed very near an X‐line on 16 October 2015, the Burch event, and has since observed multiple X‐line crossings. Subsequent 3‐D particle‐in‐cell (PIC) modeling efforts of and comparison with the Burch event have revealed a host of novel physical insights concerning magnetic reconnection, turbulence‐induced particle mixing, and secondary instabilities. In this study, we employ the Gkeyll simulation framework to study the Burch event with different classes of extended, multifluid magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), including models that incorporate important kinetic effects, such as the electron pressure tensor, with physics‐based closure relations designed to capture linear Landau damping. Such fluid modeling approaches are able to capture different levels of kinetic physics in global simulations and are generally less costly than fully kinetic PIC. We focus on the additional physics one can capture with increasing levels of fluid closure refinement via comparison with MMS data and existing PIC simulations. In particular, we find that the ten‐moment model well captures the agyrotropic structure of the pressure tensor in the vicinity of the X‐line and the magnitude of anisotropic electron heating observed in MMS and PIC simulations. However, the ten‐moment model is found to have difficulty resolving the lower hybrid drift instability, which plays a fundamental role in heating and mixing electrons in the current layer.
Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability in a Dipole Magnetosphere: The Magnetopause as a Tangential Discontinuity
Authors: Leonovich A. S. , Kozlov D. A. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe boundary stability problem is solved for a dipole magnetosphere wrapped by an azimuthal solar wind flow. A simplified equation is obtained describing small‐scale fast magnetosonic waves in a dipole magnetosphere. The structure of surface fast magnetosonic waves along magnetic field lines is represented as an expansion into a set of standing (between the magnetoconjugate ionospheres) waves. Over the azimuthal coordinate, along which the plasma is homogeneous, the wave field is decomposed into a set of azimuthal harmonics. It is shown that, in solar wind flows with velocities actually observable near the Earth's magnetosphere, only surface waves corresponding to several first harmonics of these expansions are unstable. The frequency ranges of unstable oscillations do not overlap for harmonics with different wave numbers. As the plasma flow velocity increases, harmonics with higher and higher wave numbers become unstable. The characteristic frequencies of unstable surface waves cover the lowest‐frequency, Pc5–Pc6 range of geomagnetic pulsations observed in the magnetosphere. The frequency spectrum of these oscillations corresponds to geomagnetic pulsations at discrete “magic frequencies” occasionally observed in the Earth's magnetosphere.
The Warming of the Chukchi Slope Through the Barrow Canyon Outflow in the 2016–2017 Winter
Authors: Kimura Satoshi , Onodera Jonaotaro , Itoh Motoyo , Kikuchi Takashi , Nishino Shigeto , Kawaguchi Yusuke , Watanabe Eiji , Harada Naomi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe shallow Chukchi Sea is a gateway to the Arctic Ocean for Pacific‐origin waters. While a substantial portion of the Pacific‐origin waters flows through Barrow Canyon in the northeast corner of the Chukchi Sea, little is known on the hydrography of the surrounding regions in winter. We present profiles of wintertime hydrography on the Chukchi slope from an autonomous profiling instrument and mooring records in Barrow Canyon. The central and western sectors of Barrow Canyon in December 2016 to February 2017 were anomalously warm (∼0.5 °C warmer than the climatology) with the flow orienting toward the Arctic Ocean. Unlike the summertime warming near the surface, the warm outflow has a temperature maximum at 80 dbar, and this outflow modifies the water mass properties on the Chukchi slope 70 km north of the canyon. Based on our Barrow Canyon mooring records starting in 2002, this is the first time that such warming is recorded on the outflow in winter. We discuss that this is due to the combination of the Barrow Canyon outflow favorable wind pattern and warming in the southern Chukchi Sea (the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea) before the winter.
The Regulation of Sea Ice Thickness by Double‐Diffusive Processes in the Ross Gyre
Authors: Bebieva Yana , Speer Kevin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractNew fine‐scale observations from the central Ross Gyre reveal the presence of double‐diffusive staircase structures underlying the surface mixed layer. These structures are persistent over seasons, with more developed mixed layers within the double‐diffusive staircase in winter months. The sensitivity of the ice formation rate with respect to mixing processes within the main pycnocline (double‐diffusive versus purely turbulent mixing) is investigated with the 1‐D model. A scenario with purely turbulent mixing results in significant underestimates of sea ice thickness. However, a scenario when double‐diffusive mixing operates in the presence of weak shear yields plausible ranges for sea ice thickness that agrees well with the observations. The model results and observations suggest a peculiar feedback mechanism that promotes the self‐maintenance of double‐diffusive staircases. Suppression of the vertical heat fluxes due to the presence of a double‐diffusive staircase, compared to purely turbulent case, allows Upper Circumpolar Deep Water to be more exposed to surface buoyancy fluxes. Our results shed light on the process—double diffusion—that might account for estimated rates of winter water mass transformation in the central Ross Gyre.
Targeting the TR4 nuclear receptor-mediated lncTASR/AXL signaling with tretinoin increases the sunitinib sensitivity to better suppress the RCC progression
Authors: Shi Hangchuan , Sun Yin , He Miao , Yang Xiong , Hamada Michiaki , Fukunaga Tsukasa , Zhang Xiaoping , Chang Chawnshang 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the most lethal urological tumors. Using sunitinib to improve the survival has become the first-line therapy for metastatic RCC patients. However, the occurrence of sunitinib resistance in the clinical application has curtailed its efficacy. Here we found TR4 nuclear receptor might alter the sunitinib resistance to RCC via altering the TR4/lncTASR/AXL signaling. Mechanism dissection revealed that TR4 could modulate lncTASR (ENST00000600671.1) expression via transcriptional regulation, which might then increase AXL protein expression via enhancing the stability of AXL mRNA to increase the sunitinib resistance in RCC. Human clinical surveys also linked the expression of TR4, lncTASR, and AXL to the RCC survival, and results from multiple RCC cell lines revealed that targeting this newly identified TR4-mediated signaling with small molecules, including tretinoin, metformin, or TR4-shRNAs, all led to increase the sunitinib sensitivity to better suppress the RCC progression, and our preclinical study using the in vivo mouse model further proved tretinoin had a better synergistic effect to increase sunitinib sensitivity to suppress RCC progression. Future successful clinical trials may help in the development of a novel therapy to better suppress the RCC progression.
LMCD1 promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells by regulating BMP signaling
Authors: Zhu Bin , Xue Feng , Zhang Changqing , Li Guangyi 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHuman bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) are heterogeneous progenitor cells with two defining features, self-renew and multi-lineage differentiation. As one of the differentiation directions, osteogenesis is vital for bone homeostasis. A growing body of evidences show that ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation plays an essential role in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. In this study, we found that LMCD1 was upregulated during osteogenic differentiation process of BMSCs by analyzing GSE80614. In vitro and in vivo functional studies confirmed that LMCD1 was critical to the osteogenic commitment of BMSCs. Compared to those of the controls, downregulation of LMCD1 significantly restrained osteogenic differentiation and enhanced adipogenic differentiation, while upregulation of LMCD1 increased the osteogenic differentiation and suppressed adipogenic differentiation. Mechanically, we found that LMCD1 could protect RUNX2 and Smad1 protein from Smurf1-induced ubiquitination degradation thereby regulating BMP signaling. In conclusion, our findings suggest that LMCD1 is a novel regulator of osteogenic differentiation and may be a potential therapeutic target for bone metabolism related diseases.
The role of pyroptosis in cancer: pro-cancer or pro-“host”?
Authors: Xia Xiaojing , Wang Xin , Cheng Zhe , Qin Wanhai , Lei Liancheng , Jiang Jinqing , Hu Jianhe 
Published: September 2019

AbstractProgrammed cell death (PCD) refers to the way in which cells die depending on specific genes encoding signals or activities. Apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis are all mechanisms of PCD. Among these mechanisms, pyroptosis is mediated by the gasdermin family, accompanied by inflammatory and immune responses. The relationship between pyroptosis and cancer is complex, and the effects of pyroptosis on cancer vary in different tissues and genetic backgrounds. On one hand, pyroptosis can inhibit the occurrence and development of tumors; on the other hand, as a type of proinflammatory death, pyroptosis can form a suitable microenvironment for tumor cell growth and thus promote tumor growth. In addition, the induction of tumor pyroptosis is also considered a potential cancer treatment strategy. Studies have shown that DFNA5 (nonsyndromic hearing impairment protein 5)/GSDME (Gasdermin-E) mRNA methylation results in lower expression levels of DFNA5/GSDME in most tumor cells than in normal cells, making it difficult to activate the pyroptosis in most tumor cells. During the treatment of malignant tumors, appropriate chemotherapeutic drugs can be selected according to the expression levels of DFNA5/GSDME, which can be upregulated in tumor cells, thereby increasing the sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and reducing drug resistance. Therefore, induced pyroptosis may play a predominant role in the treatment of cancer. Here, we review the latest research on the anti- and protumor effects of pyroptosis and its potential applications in cancer treatment.
Dominant role of splenic marginal zone lipid rafts in the classical complement pathway against S. pneumoniae
Authors: Yang Seung Woo , Park Jin-Yeon , Choi Hyeongjwa , Yun Tae Jin , Choi Woo-Sung , Kim Min-Kyung , Lee Yun Kyung , Park Min , Jin Yihwa , Joo Jin Soo , Choi In-Soo , Park Seung Hwa , Hwang Han Sung , Kang Young-Sun 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLipid rafts (LRs) play crucial roles in complex physiological processes, modulating innate and acquired immune responses to pathogens. The transmembrane C-type lectins human dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) and its mouse homolog SIGN-R1 are distributed in LRs and expressed on splenic marginal zone (MZ) macrophages. The DC-SIGN-C1q or SIGN-R1-C1q complex could mediate the immunoglobulin (Ig)-independent classical complement pathway againstStreptococcus pneumoniae. Precise roles of LRs during this complement pathway are unknown. Here we show that LRs are indispensable for accelerating the DC-SIGN- or SIGN-R1-mediated classical complement pathway againstS. pneumoniae, thus facilitating rapid clearance of the pathogen. The trimolecular complex of SIGN-R1-C1q-C4 was exclusively enriched in LRs of splenic MZ macrophages and their localization was essential for activating C3 catabolism and enhancing pneumococcal clearance, which were abolished in SIGN-R1-knockout mice. However, DC-SIGN replacement on splenic MZ macrophage’s LRs of SIGN-R1-depleted mice reversed these defects. Disruption of LRs dramatically reduced pneumococcal uptake and decomposition. Additionally, DC- SIGN, C1q, C4, and C3 were obviously distributed in splenic LRs of cadavers. Therefore, LRs on splenic SIGN-R1+or DC-SIGN+macrophages could provide spatially confined and optimal bidirectional platforms, not only for usual intracellular events, for example recognition and phagocytosis of pathogens, but also an unusual extracellular event such as the complement system. These findings improve our understanding of the orchestrated roles of the spleen, unraveling a new innate immune system initiated from splenic MZ LRs, and yielding answers to several long-standing problems, including the need to understand the profound role of LRs in innate immunity, the need to identify how such a small portion of splenic SIGN-R1+macrophages (<0.05% of splenic macrophages) effectively resistS. pneumoniae, and the need to understand how LRs can promote the protective function of DC-SIGN againstS. pneumoniaein the human spleen.
Tracing the first hematopoietic stem cell generation in human embryo by single-cell RNA sequencing
Authors: Zeng Yang , He Jian , Bai Zhijie , Li Zongcheng , Gong Yandong , Liu Chen , Ni Yanli , Du Junjie , Ma Chunyu , Bian Lihong , Lan Yu , Liu Bing 
Published: September 2019

AbstractTracing the emergence of the first hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in human embryos, particularly the scarce and transient precursors thereof, is so far challenging, largely due to the technical limitations and the material rarity. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing, we constructed the first genome-scale gene expression landscape covering the entire course of endothelial-to-HSC transition during human embryogenesis. The transcriptomically defined HSC-primed hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs) were captured at Carnegie stage (CS) 12–14 in an unbiased way, showing an unambiguous feature of arterial endothelial cells (ECs) with the up-regulation ofRUNX1,MYBandANGPT1. Importantly, subcategorizing CD34+CD45−ECs into a CD44+population strikingly enriched HECs by over 10-fold. We further mapped the developmental path from arterial ECs via HSC-primed HECs to hematopoietic stem progenitor cells, and revealed a distinct expression pattern of genes that were transiently over-represented upon the hemogenic fate choice of arterial ECs, includingEMCN,PROCRandRUNX1T1. We also uncovered another temporally and molecularly distinct intra-embryonic HEC population, which was detected mainly at earlier CS 10 and lacked the arterial feature. Finally, we revealed the cellular components of the putative aortic niche and potential cellular interactions acting on the HSC-primed HECs. The cellular and molecular programs that underlie the generation of the first HSCs from HECs in human embryos, together with the ability to distinguish the HSC-primed HECs from others, will shed light on the strategies for the production of clinically useful HSCs from pluripotent stem cells.
Cell-type dependent enhancer binding of the EWS/ATF1 fusion gene in clear cell sarcomas
Authors: Komura Shingo , Ito Kenji , Ohta Sho , Ukai Tomoyo , Kabata Mio , Itakura Fumiaki , Semi Katsunori , Matsuda Yutaka , Hashimoto Kyoichi , Shibata Hirofumi , Sone Masamitsu , Jo Norihide , Sekiguchi Kazuya , Ohno Takatoshi , Akiyama Haruhiko , Shimizu Katsuji , Woltjen Knut , Ozawa Manabu , Toguchida Junya , Yamamoto Takuya , Yamada Yasuhiro 
Published: September 2019

AbstractClear cell sarcoma (CCS) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma caused by the EWS/ATF1 fusion gene. Here, we established induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from EWS/ATF1-controllable murine CCS cells harboring sarcoma-associated genetic abnormalities. Sarcoma-iPSC mice develop secondary sarcomas immediately after EWS/ATF1 induction, but only in soft tissue. EWS/ATF1 expression induces oncogene-induced senescence in most cell types in sarcoma-iPSC mice but prevents it in sarcoma cells. We identify Tppp3-expressing cells in peripheral nerves as a cell-of-origin for these sarcomas. We show cell type-specific recruitment of EWS/ATF1 to enhancer regions in CCS cells. Finally, epigenetic silencing at these enhancers induces senescence and inhibits CCS cell growth through altered EWS/ATF1 binding. Together, we propose that distinct responses to premature senescence are the basis for the cell type-specificity of cancer development.
Zika virus replicates in adult human brain tissue and impairs synapses and memory in mice
Authors: Figueiredo Claudia P. , Barros-Aragão Fernanda G. Q. , Neris Rômulo L. S. , Frost Paula S. , Soares Carolina , Souza Isis N. O. , Zeidler Julianna D. , Zamberlan Daniele C. , de Sousa Virginia L. , Souza Amanda S. , Guimarães André Luis A. , Bellio Maria , Marcondes de Souza Jorge , Alves-Leon Soniza V. , Neves Gilda A. , Paula-Neto Heitor A. , Castro Newton G. , De Felice Fernanda G. , Assunção-Miranda Iranaia , Clarke Julia R. , Da Poian Andrea T. , Ferreira Sergio T. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractNeurological complications affecting the central nervous system have been reported in adult patients infected by Zika virus (ZIKV) but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we report that ZIKV replicates in human and mouse adult brain tissue, targeting mature neurons. ZIKV preferentially targets memory-related brain regions, inhibits hippocampal long-term potentiation and induces memory impairment in adult mice. TNF-α upregulation, microgliosis and upregulation of complement system proteins, C1q and C3, are induced by ZIKV infection. Microglia are found to engulf hippocampal presynaptic terminals during acute infection. Neutralization of TNF-α signaling, blockage of microglial activation or of C1q/C3 prevent synapse and memory impairment in ZIKV-infected mice. Results suggest that ZIKV induces synapse and memory dysfunction via aberrant activation of TNF-α, microglia and complement. Our findings establish a mechanism by which ZIKV affects the adult brain, and point to the need of evaluating cognitive deficits as a potential comorbidity in ZIKV-infected adults.
Unveiling hidden multipolar orders with magnetostriction
Authors: Patri Adarsh S. , Sakai Akito , Lee SungBin , Paramekanti Arun , Nakatsuji Satoru , Kim Yong Baek 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBroken symmetries in solids involving higher order multipolar degrees of freedom are historically referred to as “hidden orders” due to the formidable task of detecting them with conventional probes. In this work, we theoretically propose that magnetostriction provides a powerful and novel tool to directly detect higher-order multipolar symmetry breaking—such as the elusive octupolar order—by examining scaling behaviour of length change with respect to an applied magnetic field h. Employing a symmetry-based Landau theory, we focus on the family of Pr-based cage compounds with strongly correlated f-electrons, Pr(Ti,V,Ir)2(Al,Zn)20, whose low energy degrees of freedom are purely higher-order multipoles: quadrupoles $${\cal{O}}_{20,22}$$

O

20
,
22

and octupole $${\cal{T}}_{xyz}$$

T

x
y
z

. We demonstrate that a magnetic field along the [111] direction induces a distinct linear-in-h length change below the octupolar ordering temperature. The resulting “magnetostriction coefficient” is directly proportional to the octupolar order parameter, thus providing clear access to such subtle order parameters.