bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental Health and Suicide Concerns
Authors: Ranahan Patti 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores practice implications for youth workers attempting to support the mental health and well-being of young people as they leave care and transition to the adult system. Young people in care are more likely to experience suicidality and mental health concerns, with the transition out of care accentuating such concerns. Access to youth mental health services may also reach an expiration date, at which time young people are expected to transition to the adult mental health system at a predetermined chronological age. Specifically, this chapter examines the current research regarding mental health issues and suicidality within the youth-in-care population and the impact of transitioning out of care on the well-being of young people, and it discusses practical strategies for youth workers to enhance young people’s literacies in mental health that can lead to more positive outcomes.
Afterword
Authors: Goyette Martin 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Although the challenges of effectively supporting youth in care in their transition to adulthood are formidable, this chapter concludes this book, which discusses how the needs of youth, research findings, and supports interventions, have informed reflection on improving youth services. One of the central conclusions of this book is the importance of maintaining support for youth who lack assistance from friends and relatives well after they age out of youth protection services. This support must cover all the spheres of the youths’ life, from finance and psychosocial well-being, to housing, as whell as support for staying in school, and workforce integration and more.
Mental Mechanisms
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Psychological explanations based on representations and procedures can be deepened by showing how they emerge from neural mechanisms. Neurons represent aspects of the world by collective patterns of firing. These patterns can be bound into more complicated patterns that can transcend the limitations of sensory inputs. Semantic pointers are a special kind of representation that operates by binding neural patterns encompassing sensory, motor, verbal, and emotional information. The semantic pointer theory applies not only to the ordinary operations of mental representations like concepts and rules but also to the most high-level kinds of human thinking, including language, creativity, and consciousness. Semantic pointers also encompass emotions, construed as bindings that combine cognitive appraisal with physiological perception.
Social Mechanisms
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Social mechanisms are systems of parts whose connections enable them to interact in ways that produce regular changes. In the social world, the main parts are individual people, but parts can also be groups formed out of those individuals. The interactions between individuals and groups are primarily verbal and nonverbal communication but can also include purely physical acts such as fighting and the inferences that people make about each other. There are many kinds of verbal communication using speaking and writing, and even more kinds of nonverbal communication by seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and moving. Interactions between people can occur in pairs or in larger groups where communication links multiple people. Semantic pointers suggest a novel way of understanding communication that accommodates both verbal and nonverbal processes.
Social Psychology
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
A theory of romantic relationships should explain why and how they develop, why they succeed, and why they fail. Mental mechanisms of individual thinking and social mechanisms of verbal and nonverbal communication provide a start to answering these questions. The semantic pointer theory of emotions explains central emotions such as love, trust, and commitment. It suggests a way of understanding the interactions between people as transfer and eliciting of emotions by verbal and nonverbal communication. The shaping of interpersonal interactions by unconscious rules fits well with the semantic pointer accommodation of multimodal rules that employ nonverbal perceptions and emotions. Many of the rules that help to generate and maintain relationships concern trust, a neural process that binds representations of self, other, and situation with a positive emotional result of appraisal and physiology.
Sociology
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Social mechanisms of communicative interaction influence and are influenced by mental mechanisms of representation, inference, and emotion. Discrimination is an important problem that results from social causes such as institutions but also from psychological causes such as prejudice. Prejudice operates in individual minds through representations and processes that include concepts, images, beliefs, rules, and emotions. Emotions are a key part of the force of prejudicial concepts, not just because of their general negativity but also because of specific emotions such as fear, anger, hatred, resentment, contempt, and disgust. Important sociological ideas such as identity, social norms, and institutions can be deepened by understanding how concepts and rules operate in human minds. The semantic pointer theory of communication provides the social mechanism that complements the cognitive mechanism of conscious and unconscious rule operation.
Medicine
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
All mental illnesses involve breakdowns in neural mechanisms for emotions that do not simply reduce to isolated mental, social, or chemical causes. The case of depression shows how illness results from the interaction of many causes that can be social, cognitive, neural, and molecular. Depression emerges from the interactions of mechanisms at all of these levels in a way that exemplifies emergence rather than simple reduction. Accordingly, treatment of depression often benefits from trying to repair mechanisms at multiple levels, most commonly by employing psychotherapy to make changes in mental representations and by employing antidepressants to change neurochemistry. Social cognitivism, the approach that integrates social, mental, neural, and molecular mechanisms, provides a new approach to explaining mental illness thanks to semantic pointer theories of cognition and communication.
Education
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Semantic pointers provide new insights into learning by specifying what kinds of representations need to be developed in the brains of learners who are acquiring complex information. Some of this information is verbal, but learners need to be able to integrate this verbal information with other modalities such as pictures and sounds. A social cognitive-emotional workup of the vaccine debate shows how people can learn why vaccines are valuable for public health and the protection of children. Teaching people about vaccines requires communication of many kinds of mental representation: concepts, values, images, beliefs, rules, analogies, and emotions. Educating people about vaccines needs to take into account the complexity of the emotions and the inferences required. Teaching requires many different kinds of conceptual change.
Engineering
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Creativity can be viewed as the outcome of interacting mental and social mechanisms. In individual designers, thinking is multimodal, depending on sensory, motor, and emotional representations in addition to words. Creativity works in minds that are capable of taking previously unconnected representations and combining them into ones that turn out to be new, valuable, and surprising. Well-functioning groups such as design teams, scientific laboratories, and artist colonies can be more creative than individuals on their own, when the groups foster communication of semantic pointers among individuals. Apple’s production of novel and successful products such as the Apple II, Macintosh, iMac, iPod, iPhone, and iPad illustrates the mental and social mechanisms responsible for creative design.
Business
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Social cognitivism illuminates two of the most important processes in business, leadership and marketing, which turn out to have remarkable similarities. Effectiveness in both endeavors requires understanding cognitive and emotional mechanisms operating in the minds of individuals, and also social mechanisms by which thoughts and emotions are communicated. Both leadership and marketing require elicitation of multimodal semantic pointers that combine verbal, sensory, motor, and emotional information. Leaders and marketers all need to understand the emotional processes of their followers and customers by using theories of emotion (based on semantic pointers, not folk psychology) and modes of empathy ranging from verbal analogy to multimodal rule simulation. For employees and purchasers, emotion is a major contributor to motivations that produce intentions that lead to action.
Philosophy Matters
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Philosophy is the attempt to answer general questions about the nature of knowledge, reality, and values. Natural philosophy draws heavily on neuroscience and psychology to develop interconnected theories of knowledge, reality, morality, justice, meaning, and the arts. It uses a procedure that identifies the most important philosophical issues as questions, considers a range of available answers to these questions, evaluates these answers based on coherence with scientific knowledge and other defensible philosophical doctrines, and reaches philosophical conclusions by accepting some answers and rejecting others based on explanatory coherence with evidence and on emotional coherence with human goals. Philosophy differs from science in being more general, ranging across all of the sciences, and in being more normative, concerned with how the world can be made better.
Justice
Authors: Thagard Paul 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The crucial bridge between observations and values in the study of justice is vital needs, which must be satisfied if people are going to function as human beings. A just society meets both the biological needs of all its members for water, food, shelter, and health care and the psychological needs for relatedness, competence, and autonomy. Justice does not require complete equality of wealth, income, or preference satisfaction, as long as people are equal in having their vital needs satisfied. The needs-sufficiency view of social justice has strong implications for establishing political and legal justice, including taking into account the needs of future generations. To contribute to social justice, the political system in a country needs to support the population’s vital needs. Democracy is the best available system for accomplishing this support.
The Perspective from Semantic Typology
Authors: Kemmerer David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a synopsis of the cross-linguistic approach to studying concepts, with the aim of giving readers enough background to understand and appreciate the more detailed typological data covered in Part II. The first section focuses on the fact that most people, including cognitive neuroscientists, are highly susceptible to mistakenly thinking that the concepts conveyed by the words in their language represent the world in an objective manner that is self-evident and inevitable. The next two sections then introduce some basic aspects of semantic typology by discussing a variety of cross-linguistic similarities and differences in the encoding of concepts, first with regard to lexical semantics, and then with regard to grammatical semantics.
Objects
Authors: Kemmerer David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
It is tempting to suppose that all languages represent objects in comparable ways. Typological research has shown, however, that while there are many cross-linguistic similarities in this semantic realm, there are also numerous differences. This chapter describes some of these findings and explores their implications for cognitive neuroscience. The first section discusses plant, animal, and artifact concepts jointly, but in a manner that still respects their different treatments by typologists and neuroscientists. Then the subsequent section focuses on a fourth domain, namely body parts. Next, the chapter considers some of the ways in which objects are represented by the following kinds of closed-class items and constructions: grammatical-semantic splits involving possession, and nominal classification systems. Although both of these forms of object representation have been intensively investigated in typology, they have been almost completely neglected in neuroscience; hence, they are especially relevant to the latter field of study.
How Do Language-Specific Concepts Relate to Cognition?
Authors: Kemmerer David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the following question: How do language-specific concepts relate to cognition? The interaction between language and thought has fascinated scholars and laypeople alike for centuries, but during the past few decades this complex topic has gained significance from the discovery that, as shown in Part II, the amount of cross-linguistic diversity in both lexical and grammatical semantics is much greater than previously assumed. The first two sections draw upon psychological and neuroscientific studies to support two seemingly contradictory but actually complementary claims: many forms of cognition do not depend on language-specific concepts; nonetheless, such concepts do sometimes influence a variety of cognitive processes, in keeping with Whorf’s (1956) linguistic relativity hypothesis (or at least with a weak version of it). The last section then addresses some interpretive issues regarding recent neuroscientific evidence that some verbal and nonverbal semantic tasks have partly shared cortical underpinnings.
Are We Ever Conscious of Concepts?
Authors: Kemmerer David 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This final chapter addresses the following question: Do the highest levels of mental representation—in particular, concepts and the thoughts they enter into—ever achieve consciousness when activated? Two competing positions have been taken on this issue. The liberal view holds that the contents of experience include not only sensory, motor, and affective states, but also whatever concepts happen to be engaged. In contrast, the conservative view maintains that concepts lack intrinsic qualia and always perform their functions beneath the surface of awareness. This chapter argues that the conservative view is more plausible than the liberal view, and that this has significant implications for three contemporary neuroscientific theories of consciousness. Specifically, it shows that the conservative view raises serious problems for Stanislas Dehaene’s Global Neuronal Workspace Theory and Giulio Tononi’s Integrated Information Theory, but is consistent with Jesse Prinz’s Attended Intermediate-Level Representation Theory.
The Hegelian Progressives
Authors: Emerson Blake 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the legal and political theory of the American Progressive thinkers who were influenced by Hegel, and situates their thought within the broader Progressive movement. W.E.B. Du Bois, Woodrow Wilson, John Dewey, Mary Follett, and Frank Goodnow were each influenced by Hegel and Hegelian public law scholars. Read as a group, they offer a coherent understanding of democracy in the American administrative state. Du Bois argued that the state needed to create the conditions for democracy by protecting the rights and promoting the welfare of African Americans. Wilson argued that public opinion should influence administration, and that administration could become a source of binding law. The conflict between Du Bois and Wilson over questions of racial equality teases out a tension between democratic equality and public participation, which is explored further in chapter 3. Dewey understood the state as an articulation of rational public discourse, and insisted like Wilson on public participation in the administrative process. Follett buttressed Dewey’s democratic theory with an account of how participation in administrative policymaking could generate cooperative democratic power. Goodnow adapted the German concept of the Rechtsstaat to the American context. He explained how administrative agencies could carry legislative will into action through fair procedures, and how courts and administrative agencies could play a coordinate role in the implementation of law. Together these theorists offer a model of administration in which democracy-preserving goods and institutions are furnished by administrative bodies through participatory, egalitarian, and inclusive administrative processes.
Conclusion
Authors: Emerson Blake 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This conclusion explains how the Progressive theory offers a critical perspective on our present political moment and the political ideologies that underlie it. Using examples from the Obama and Trump administrations on topics such as fair housing, climate change and immigration, I show how cost-benefit analysis and presidentialist theories of administration undermine deliberative democratic values. Cost-benefit analysis tends to restrict the administrative state to the task of simulating a perfectly competitive marketplace. Progressivism insists that the state should more broadly further public freedom, providing the goods, services, and institutions that allow democratic self-government to function. Presidential administration equates democracy with plebsicitary legitimacy, and aligns with Carl Schmitt’s illiberal, authoritarian political theory. While Progressivism acknowledges that the president has an important role to play in supervising administration, it aims to anchor administrative legitimacy in broader, plural, and discursive interactions between the government and its citizens.
Dying to Be Normal
Authors: Krutzsch Brett 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Through an examination of publicly mourned gay deaths in America, Brett Krutzsch counters the common perception that LGBT politics and religion have been oppositional to one another. Dying to Be Normal reveals how gay activists have used religion to bolster the argument that gays are essentially the same as straights, and therefore deserving of equal rights. Krutzsch’s analysis turns to the memorialization of Matthew Shepard, Harvey Milk, Tyler Clementi, Brandon Teena, and F. C. Martinez, as well as to campaigns like the It Gets Better Project and national tragedies like the Pulse nightclub shooting to illustrate how activists used specific deaths to win acceptance, influence political debates over LGBT rights, and encourage assimilation. Throughout, Krutzsch shows how, in the fight for greater social inclusion, activists relied on Christian values and rhetoric to portray gays as upstanding Americans. As Krutzsch demonstrates, gay activists regularly reinforced a white Protestant vision of acceptable American citizenship that often excluded people of color, gender-variant individuals, non-Christians, and those who did not adhere to Protestant Christianity’s sexual standards. The first book to detail how martyrdom has influenced national debates over LGBT rights, Dying to Be Normal establishes how religion has shaped gay assimilation in the United States and the mainstreaming of particular gays as “normal” Americans.
The “Epidemic of Bullying and Gay Teen Suicide”: Tyler Clementi and It Gets Better
Authors: Krutzsch Brett 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the first gay death that incited national outrage after Matthew Shepard’s murder: Tyler Clementi’s suicide in 2010. Twelve years after Shepard’s murder, another white, Protestant, gay college student became a national name. The chapter explores why many elected officials and heterosexual citizens viewed Clementi’s suicide as an atrocity that the country needed to address. The chapter also investigates how several anti-gay Christian groups reframed their rhetoric about homosexuality as a direct response to Clementi’s suicide. The chapter’s other focus is the It Gets Better Project. It Gets Better became a cultural phenomenon soon after news broke of Clementi’s death. The chapter considers why It Gets Better achieved remarkable popularity, what messages the campaign has promoted as necessary for a “better” life, and how those largely Protestant messages are based on the assimilationist trends of white, middle-class, gender-typical, gay Americans.
Epilogue: The Pulse Nightclub Massacre and the Queer Potential of Memorialization
Authors: Krutzsch Brett 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
The epilogue moves past the period of 1995 to 2015 to consider responses to the 2016 Pulse Nightclub shooting in Orlando, Florida that left forty-nine people, predominantly LGBT people of color, dead. In the wake of the massacre, legislators at each end of the political spectrum used the shooting to advance their own political agendas, from advocating for stricter gun laws, to lobbying for policies that would restrict Muslims from entering the United States, to creating awareness of the unique vulnerabilities of LGBT people of color. As the largest mass killing of LGBT Americans in U.S. history, the shooting, and the myriad political responses to the tragedy, revealed the precarious position of many LGBT people even after the purported victory of “marriage equality” one year earlier. The epilogue also offers possibilities for how to engage in memorialization in ways that promote greater awareness of, and space for, gender, racial, religious, and sexual diversity.
Arriving at a System of Pleas
Authors: Dervan Lucian E. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to plea bargaining. The chapter begins with a discussion of the mechanics of plea bargaining and the dominant forms of plea bargaining in the United States’ criminal justice system. In doing so, the chapter examines the manner in which defendants engage in bargaining and the shadow-of-trial model of bargaining. The chapter then discusses the historical rise of plea bargaining in the United States and considers whether today’s plea bargains reflect the U.S. Supreme Court’s vision of the system as laid down in the case of Brady v. United States in 1970 (Brady v. United States, 1970). Finally, the chapter concludes by briefly examining several recent Supreme Court plea bargaining cases and considers whether a renewed focus on plea bargaining jurisprudence is materializing.
Defense Attorneys and Plea Bargains
Authors: Henderson Kelsey S. 
Published: March 2019

Abstract
In the landmark Gideon v. Wainwright decision (1963), the U.S. Supreme Court established the federal standard of appointed counsel for indigent defendants as fundamental to fairness. This right has been upheld throughout the years and is central to our adversarial system. The attorney’s responsibility is to zealously serve as the accused’s strongest counselor and advocate. In the context of plea bargaining, the attorney can assist the defendant in making a voluntary, knowing, and intelligent plea decision. The attorney may act as a “debiaser,” counteracting irrationality on the defendant’s part. However, research suggests structural influences and psychological processes may impede the role of the attorney. This chapter explores how legal and extralegal factors affect attorneys’ plea decision-making, which ultimately influence defendants’ decisions to waive or invoke their right to trial.