bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CF2‐Functionalized Trifluoromethylated Fullerene C70(CF3)8(CF2): Structure, Electronic Properties, and Spontaneous Oxidation at the Bridgehead Carbon Atoms
Authors: Lukonina Natalia S. , Semivrazhskaya Olesya O. , Apenova Marina G. , Belov Nikita M. , Troyanov Sergey I. , Goryunkov Alexey A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThermally‐induced CF2 addition to Cs‐C70(CF3)8 upon reaction with sodium chlorodifluoroacetate is found to proceed via the nucleophilic cyclopropanation pathway, possibly with a certain involvement of the alternative singlet carbene pathway. Of the two major isomers of C70(CF3)8(CF2) characterized by X‐ray diffraction and spectroscopically, the less abundant one has a [6,6]‐open structure whereas the more abundant product is a [5,6]‐open isomer with highly reactive bridgehead sites. Under ambient conditions, its rapid oxidation and hydration produce C70(CF3)8[CF2](OH)2 and C70(CF3)8[CF2](OH)H, respectively, in which the π‐system is split in two disjoint caps and the HOMO–LUMO gap is considerably increased, as evidenced by the blue‐shifted fluorescence.
Visible‐Light‐Enabled Selective Oxidation of Primary Alcohols through Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer and its Application in the Synthesis of Quinazolinones
Authors: Xia Qiangqiang , Shi Zuodong , Yuan Jiangpei , Bian Qilong , Xu Yuanqing , Liu Baoying , Huang Yongwei , Yang Xiaobo , Xu Hao 
Published: August 2019

AbstractA visible‐light‐enabled selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes has been developed under transition‐metal‐free conditions. Utilizing eosin Y as the direct hydrogen‐atom transfer (HAT) photocatalyst and molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant, both aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes could be obtained in moderate to good yields. Using this approach, various quinazolinones, including two real drug molecules, were easily synthesized from the corresponding o‐aminobenzamides and alcohols.
Discrete π‐Stacks from Self‐Assembled Perylenediimide Analogues
Authors: Su Feng , Chen Guangmei , Korevaar Peter A. , Pan Fangfang , Liu Huijiao , Guo Zongxia , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Zhang Hui‐Jun , Lin Jianbin , Jiang Yun‐Bao 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe formation of well‐defined finite‐sized aggregates represents an attractive goal in supramolecular chemistry. In particular, construction of discrete π‐stacked dye assemblies remains a challenge. Reported here is the design and synthesis of a novel type of discrete π‐stacked aggregate from two comparable perylenediimide (PDI) dyads (PEP and PBP). The criss‐cross PEP‐PBP dimers in solution and (PBP‐PEP)‐(PEP‐PBP) tetramers in the solid state are well elucidated using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, and diffusion‐ordered NMR spectroscopy. Extensive π–π stacking between the PDI units of PEP and PBP as well as repulsive interactions of swallow‐tailed alkyl substituents are responsible for the selective formation of discrete dimer and tetramer stacks. Our results reveal a new approach to preparing discrete π stacks that are appealing for making assemblies with well‐defined optoelectronic properties.
HfN Nanoparticles: An Unexplored Catalyst for the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Defilippi Chiara , Shinde Dipak V. , Dang Zhiya , Manna Liberato , Hardacre Christopher , Greer Adam J. , D'Agostino Carmine , Giordano Cristina 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWater electrolysis is one of the most promising methods to produce H2 and O2 as high potential fuels. Comparing the two half‐reactions, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the more difficult to be optimized and still relies on expensive noble metal‐based catalysts such as Ru or Ir. In this paper, we prepared nanoparticles of HfN and Hf2ON2 and tested them for the OER for the first time. The HfN sample, in particular, showed the highest activity, requiring an overpotential of only 358 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in Fe‐free electrolyte and, above all, exhibiting long‐term stability. This result places this system amongst one of the most promising catalysts for OER tested to date, in terms of sustainability, activity and stability. The prepared nanoparticles are small (less than 15 nm in diameter), well‐defined in shape and crystalline, and were characterised before and after electrochemical testing also via electron microscopy (EM), powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Total Synthesis and Functional Characterization of Selenoneine
Authors: Lim David , Gründemann Dirk , Seebeck Florian P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe N‐α‐trimethyl 2‐selenohistidine selenoneine is the selenium isolog of the natural antioxidant ergothioneine. Sulfur‐to‐selenium substitutions are known to endow proteins and nucleic acids with special activities. In contrast, secondary metabolites that exploit selenium‐specific chemistry are rare. Selenoneine therefore provides a unique opportunity to study how natural organoselenides interact with cellular processes. In this report we describe the chemical synthesis of selenoneine and other 2‐selenoimidazoles. With synthetic selenoneine at hand we discovered a set of reactivities that distinguish selenoneine from ergothioneine, showing that the two compounds can fill distinct functional niches. Synthetic access to 2‐selenoimidazoles should pave the way to explore the pharmaceutical potential and physiological function of this heretofore inaccessible class of compounds.
Effects of Conjugation between Proteins and Polysaccharides on the Physical Properties of Emulsion‐Based Edible Films
Authors: Li Chen , Wang Luxin , Xue Feng 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe effects of conjugation between protein (soybean or peanut protein isolates) and polysaccharides (dextran or gum acacia) with different glycation time (0–32 hours) on the physical properties of emulsion‐based edible films containing beeswax as dispersed phase were studied. Both the reaction time and type of polymers significantly (P < 0.05) affected the emulsifying properties of conjugates. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that the emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsifying stability index (ESI), and droplet size of emulsions were in strong correlation with the physical properties of films, such as whiteness index, transparency, water vapor permeability, surface hydrophobicity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Furthermore, even though glycation could significantly (P < 0.05) affect intermolecular interactions between polymers in films, there was no strong correlation between the intermolecular interactions and the physical properties of films. Therefore, the emulsifying properties of conjugates are essential for preparing emulsion‐based edible films.
Adaptive high‐order sliding mode controller‐observer for MIMO uncertain nonlinear systems
Authors: Hendel Rim , Khaber Farid , Essounbouli Najib 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn this paper, an adaptive high‐order sliding mode controller‐observer is proposed for multi input–multi output uncertain systems with application to robotic manipulators. Firstly, a type‐2 Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy system is used to model the original system. Next, with the unavailability of velocity measurement, a fuzzy high‐order sliding mode observer is designed to estimate both the joint velocities and uncertainties. Moreover, based on a super twisting second‐order sliding mode, the proposed robust controller generates smooth control and guarantees finite‐time convergence to the third‐order sliding set with respect to the sliding variable by keeping second‐order sliding mode constraint. The controller gains are generated based on an adaptive estimation scheme without overestimation. The finite‐time stability of the suggested controller is proved by using an homogeneous and strict Lyapunov function. Finally, the obtained simulation results for two‐link robot manipulators demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Maßgeschneiderte Proteine
Authors: Bornscheuer Uwe 
Published: August 2019

ZusammenfassungDer Nobelpreis für Chemie 2018 würdigte eine Wissenschaftlerin und zwei Wissenschaftler für deren herausragende Forschung im Bereich Protein‐Engineering. Die Hälfte des Preises erhielt Prof. Frances H. Arnold für die gerichtete Evolution von Enzymen, die es erlaubt Biokatalysatoren zu erzeugen, die vor allem für industrielle Anwendungen maßgeschneidert werden können. Die zweite Hälfte teilten sich George P. Smith für seine Entwicklung des Phagen‐Displays und Sir Gregory P. Winter für die Anwendung dieser Methode zur Erzeugung hochaffiner Antikörper für Therapeutika.
Quantification of the energy storage caused dual performance of thermal protective clothing containing with moisture exposed to hot steam
Authors: He Jiazhen , Lu Yehu , Yang Jie 
Published: August 2019

AbstractExcept for providing thermal protection, thermal protective clothing (TPC) may also impose thermal hazards on human skin due to the discharge of energy storage. The dual thermal protective/thermal hazardous performance of TPC is rather complicated when TPC gets wet from internal and external sources and especially when it is exposed to conditions of pressurized hot steam. In this study, several indices were used to quantitatively investigate the influences of moisture location, moisture content within TPC, and their combined effect on the energy storage caused dual performance of TPC under exposure to steam. Results showed that both the increasing of external and internal moisture could decrease heat absorption of the skin and increase burn injury time under steam exposure through heat storage, but the positive effect of the external moisture amount was more obvious. The external moisture amount had no significant effect on heat discharge from TPC to the skin, whereas the internal moisture amount increased heat discharge. Empirical models were successfully established to predict the energy absorption of human skin and the burn injury time. Research outcomes of this study will contribute to thoroughly understanding the impact of moisture on dual performance under steam exposure and provide new insights into the development of functional textile materials.
Research on dynamical overflow characteristics of a vertical H2S‐containing natural gas well
Authors: Mao Liangjie , Cai Mingjie , Liu Qingyou , Wang Guorong , Wang Xiangyang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis work aims to explore the overflow characteristics of a vertical H2S‐containing natural gas well. A two‐phase flow model for H2S‐containing natural gas well combining with a transient temperature prediction model was established to simulate the overflow process of a vertical H2S‐containing natural gas well. The model was validated by reproducing the field data of Well Longhui #2. The effects of H2S content, mud displacement, drilling fluid density, geothermal gradient, and reservoir permeability on the overflow characteristics of a vertical H2S‐containing natural gas well were studied and analyzed in this work. Results indicate that bubble, slug, and churn flows constitute the main flow patterns in the whole overflow process. The higher the H2S content is, the more obviously the gas void fraction increases. The phase change position of H2S is closer to the wellhead at lower H2S content. An increase in mud displacement indicates the decreases in overflow time. As drilling fluid density increases, the release position of H2S moves up, and the overflow time and shut‐in casing pressure increase. The initial gas void fraction is higher and the gas invasion volume will be larger in gas reservoirs with higher permeability. As the reservoir permeability increases, the shut‐in casing pressure rises while the overflow time declines. With higher geothermal gradient, the wellbore temperature tends to be higher at the same depth, leading to an increase in the H2S solubility. The gasification starting position is further away from the wellhead at higher geothermal gradient. The results of this work could provide important theoretical basis and technical guidance for drilling engineers to reduce a blowout risk during drilling of H2S‐containing natural gas well.
Methamphetamine‐associated psychosis: Clinical presentation, biological basis, and treatment options
Authors: Chiang Mathew , Lombardi Domenico , Du Jiang , Makrum Ursula , Sitthichai Rangsun , Harrington Amy , Shukair Nawras , Zhao Min , Fan Xiaoduo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionMethamphetamine associated psychosis (MAP) represents a mental disorder induced by chronic methamphetamine use in a subset of users. The prevalence of the disorder has increased in several countries in Europe and Asia where methamphetamine use has increased. MAP remains difficult to distinguish from primary psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia, creating complications in prescribing treatment plans to patients.DesignThis narrative review sought to summarize difficulties related to MAP diagnosis and highlight the need for a better treatment model. Current best practices are described and potential novel therapies and future research suggested.ResultsResults suggest that clear biological and clinical differences appear between patients presenting with MAP and schizophrenia and that there may exist distinct subgroups within MAP itself. MAP‐specific treatment studies have been few and have focused on the use of antipsychotic medication. Antipsychotic treatment has been shown to alleviate the psychotic symptoms of MAP but produce debilitating adverse effects and fail to adequately address methamphetamine use in patients.ConclusionsContinued identification of subgroups within the heterogenous MAP population may lead to better diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes for patients. Psychosocial therapies should be explored in addressing the cooccurring substance use and psychosis in the treatment of MAP.
Multisystem impairment in South African adolescents with Perinatally acquired HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART)
Authors: Frigati Lisa J , Brown Karryn , Mahtab Sana , Githinji Leah , Gray Diane , Zühlke Liesl , Nourse Peter , Stein Dan J , Hoare Jaqueline , Cotton Mark F , Myer Landon , Zar Heather J 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionAdolescents with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) are at risk of chronic disease due to long‐standing immune suppression, HIV disease and antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposure. However, there are few data on multisystem disease in this population. We investigated the overlapping burden of neurocognitive, cardiovascular, respiratory and/or renal impairment among PHIV positive (PHIV+) adolescents.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional analysis, participants aged 9 to 14 years on ART for >6 months were recruited from seven sites across Cape Town from July 2013 through March 2015, together with age‐matched HIV‐negative (HIV‐) adolescents. Impairment at enrolment was assessed across neurocognitive functioning (using the youth‐International HIV Dementia Scale); cardiac function (echocardiogram abnormality); respiratory function (abnormal spirometry) and renal function (abnormal glomerular filtration rate).Results and DiscussionOverall, 384 PHIV+ and 95 HIV‐ adolescents were included (mean age, 11.9 years; 49% female). Median age of ART initiation was 4.2 years (IQR: 1.7 to 7.6) and median CD4 count was 709 (IQR: 556 to 944) with 302 (79%) of PHIV+ adolescents virologically suppressed. Abacavir and Zidovudine were the most commonly used nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) with 60% of adolescents on non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) and 38% on a protease inhibitor (PI). Among PHIV+ adolescents, 167 (43.5%) had single system impairment only, 110 (28.6%) had two systems involved, and 39 (10.2%) had three or four systems involved. PHIV+ participants had more 2‐system and 3‐system impairment than HIV‐, 110 (28.6%) versus 17 (17.9%), p = 0.03 and 39 (10.2%) versus 3 (4.3%), p = 0.03. PHIV+ participants who had failed a year of school (73.8% vs. 46.4%, p = 0.00) and with a viral load >1000 copies/mL at enrolment (16.8% vs. 8.1%, p = 0.03) were more likely to have dual or multisystem impairment. Of those with cardiac impairment, 86.7% had an additional system impaired. Similarly, in those with neurocognitive impairment, almost 60% had additional systems impaired and of those with respiratory impairment, 74% had additional systems impaired.ConclusionsDespite relatively early ART initiation, there is a substantial burden of multisystem chronic impairment among PHIV+ adolescents. This phenomenon needs to be further explored as this population ages and begins to engage in adult lifestyle factors that may compound these impairments.
Distinct impact of the Pacific multi‐decadal oscillation on precipitation in Northeast China during April in different Pacific multi‐decadal oscillation phases
Authors: Chen Dong , Sun Jianqi , Gao Ya 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe impact of the Pacific multi‐decadal oscillation (PMO) on precipitation in April during the sowing season in Northeast China (NEC) was analysed. According to the results, there was a significant inter‐decadal change in the relationship between the PMO in December of the previous year and the precipitation in NEC in April of the following year during different PMO phases. Before 1980, when the PMO was in a negative phase, there was no significant correlation between the PMO and NEC April precipitation. After 1980, when the PMO changed to a positive phase, the relationship between the two variables became significant. Based on further analysis, the main reason for this relationship is that as the PMO changes from a negative phase to a positive phase, the northern North Pacific warms, and the north–south temperature gradient in the mid‐ to high latitudes of the North Pacific decreases, which weakens the mid‐ to high‐level westerlies, thus increasing the impact of North Pacific water vapour transport on the April precipitation in NEC. When the PMO changes from a negative phase to a positive phase, the increased sea surface temperature (SST) significantly strengthens the Aleutian low (AL), which can enhance the Alaska warm current and further increase the sea temperature in the PMO region. This air–sea interaction forms a positive feedback that maintains the SST signal from December of the previous year to April of the following year, which affects the circulation and water vapour conditions of NEC and ultimately affects NEC April precipitation. This positive feedback mechanism was further verified in the ECHAM5 model. When the positive anomalous SST appeared in the PMO region, as in the observations after 1980, the AL was significantly enhanced, which in turn affected the SST enhancement.
Early Enteral Administration of a Complex Lipid Emulsion Supplement Prevents Postnatal Deficits in Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acids and Increases Tissue Accretion of Lipophilic Nutrients in Preterm Piglets
Authors: Akinsulire Olajumoke , Perides George , Anez‐Bustillos Lorenzo , Cluette‐Brown Joanne , Nedder Arthur , Pollack Elizabeth , Singh Pratibha , Liu Yan , Sanchez‐Fernandez Lady Leidy , Obregon Evelyn , Bicak Ece , Kiefer Savanna , Yakah William , Gutierrez Hilda V. , Dao Duy T. , Vurma Mustafa , Ehling Stefan , Gordon Douglas , DeMichele Stephen , Freedman Steven D. , Martin Camilia R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundPreterm delivery and current nutrition strategies result in deficiencies of critical long‐chain fatty acids (FAs) and lipophilic nutrients, increasing the risk of preterm morbidities. We sought to determine the efficacy of preventing postnatal deficits in FAs and lipophilic nutrients using an enteral concentrated lipid supplement in preterm piglets.MethodsPreterm piglets were fed a baseline diet devoid of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and randomized to enteral supplementation as follows: (1) Intralipid (IL), (2) complex lipid supplement 1 (CLS1) with an AA:DHA ratio of 0.25, or (3) CLS2 with an AA:DHA ratio of 1.2. On day 8, plasma and tissue levels of FAs and lipophilic nutrients were measured and ileum histology performed.ResultsPlasma DHA levels decreased in the IL group by day 2. In contrast, DHA increased by day 2 compared with birth levels in both CLS1 and CLS2 groups. The IL and CLS1 groups demonstrated a continued decline in AA levels during the 8‐day protocol, whereas AA levels in the CLS2 group on day 8 were comparable to birth levels. Preserving AA levels in the CLS2 group was associated with greater ileal villus height and muscular layer thickness. Lipophilic nutrients were effectively absorbed in plasma and tissues.ConclusionsEnteral administration of CLS1 and CLS2 demonstrated similar increases in DHA levels compared with birth levels. Only CLS2 maintained AA birth levels. Providing a concentrated complex lipid emulsion with an AA:DHA ratio > 1 is important in preventing postnatal AA deficits.
Sustaining cultural tourism through higher female participation in Nigeria: The role of corporate social responsibility in oil host communities
Authors: Uduji Joseph I. , Okolo‐Obasi Elda N. , Asongu Simplice A. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis paper adds to the gender discourse in sustainable African tourism development from the corporate social responsibility (CSR) perspective. Specifically, we examine the impact of CSR on the development of rural women in cultural tourism. A total of 600 rural women were sampled across the Niger Delta. Results from the use of a logit model indicate a significant relationship between CSR and cultural tourism development in oil host communities in Nigeria. This implies that CSR of a multinational oil company is a critical factor for sustaining cultural tourism. The findings suggest increased female participation in General Memorandum of Understanding interventions of multinational oil company and the need to pay close attention to which extent the participation of rural women in the General Memorandum of Understanding projects may be limited by cultural and traditional obstacles.
Average proportional consecutive interval difference accurately differentiates spontaneous activity from motor unit potentials
Authors: Robbins Gregory T. , Tucker Bradley G. , Stashuk Daniel W. , Dillingham Timothy R. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIntroductionAn objective method is required to detect spontaneous activity (SA) for prevalence studies in needle electromyography (EMG). Because of frequent similarities in the morphology of SA and motor unit potentials (MUP), identification of SA depends on assessment of firing regularity, which has not yet been quantitated through a modern interface.MethodsProspective recordings obtained from patients referred for electrodiagnostic evaluation were analyzed by using decomposition‐based quantitative EMG (DQEMG) customized to calculate descriptive statistics.ResultsForty‐four MUP recordings (39 participants) and 80 SA recordings (62 participants) were analyzed. One hundred one of 124 recordings successfully interfaced with DQEMG. The remaining recordings were analyzed in Audacity. Average proportional consecutive interval differences differentiated SA from MUPs with 97.5% sensitivity (confidence interval [CI] 91.3%‐99.7%) and 100.0% specificity (CI 92%‐100%). There was substantial overlap, however, for SD and mean consecutive differences.DiscussionAverage proportional consecutive interval difference accurately differentiates SA from MUPs and may be useful in future prevalence studies of SA.