bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polysaccharide-based component and their relevance in edible film/coating: a review
Authors: Kumar Nishant , Neeraj  
Published: August 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of functional properties of the polysaccharide-based component and their application in developing edible film and coating for the food processing sector.

Design/methodology/approach
In this review study, approximately 271 research and review articles focusing on studies related to polysaccharide-based components and their film-forming properties. This article also focused on the application of polysaccharide-based edible film in the food sector.

Findings
From the literature reviewed, polysaccharide components and components-based edible film/coating is the biodegradable and eco-friendly packaging of the materials and directly consumed by the consumer with food. It has been reported that the polysaccharide components have excellent properties such as being nontoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal and with good nutrients. The polysaccharide-based edible film has lipid and gas barrier properties with excellent transparency and mechanical strength. In various studies, researchers worked on the development of polysaccharide-based edible film and coating by incorporating plant based natural antioxidants. This was primarily done for obtaining improved physical and chemical properties of the edible film and coating. In future, the technology of developing polysaccharide-based edible film and coating could be used for extending the shelf life and preserving the quality of fruits and vegetables at a commercial level. There is more need to understand the role of edible packaging and sustainability in the food and environment sector.

Originality/value
Through this review paper, possible applications of polysaccharide-based components and their function property in the formation of the edible film and their effect on fruits, vegetables and other food products are discussed after detailed studies of literature from thesis and journal article.
Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non‐tuberculous mycobacteria from cutaneous sarcoidosis lesions by reverse blot hybridization assay
Authors: Lee Hanil , Eom Minseob , Kim Sang‐Ha , Wang Hye‐Young , Lee Hyeyoung , Choi Eung Ho 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWhile the etiology of sarcoidosis remains uncertain, mycobacteria have been suggested as a causative infectious agent. To investigate the causal relationship between mycobacteria and sarcoidosis, we performed a reverse blot hybridization assay (REBA) to identify mycobacteria from the skin samples of nine patients with sarcoidosis. Six of the nine samples were shown to be positive for mycobacteria by REBA, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non‐tuberculous mycobacteria. This is the first study to identify mycobacteria from the skin samples of sarcoidosis patients using REBA, and our results could strengthen the etiologic association between mycobacteria and sarcoidosis.
The protective effects of L‐carnitine on myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury in patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease undergoing CPB surgery are associated with the suppression of NF‐κB pathway and the activation of Nrf2 pathway
Authors: Li Ming , Xu Suochun , Geng Yan , Sun Lei , Wang Ruili , Yan Yang , Wang Haichen , Li Yongxin , Yi Qiuyue , Zhang Yongjian , Hao Junjun , Deng Chao , Li Wen , Xue Li 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMyocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury (MIRI) is a main pathophysiologic change following CPB surgery. L‐carnitine, a natural amino acid, is able to transport fatty acids for generating energy and has a protective effect on MIRI. We aim to investigate the protective effect of L‐carnitine on MIRI in patients with rheumatic valvular heart disease (RVHD) performed CPB surgical operation and the underlying mechanism. In this study, patients were randomized to three groups. L‐carnitine was added to the crystalloid cardioplegic solution for experimental group 1 (6 g/L) and experimental group 2 (12 g/L), whereas no L‐carnitine was used in the control group. Our results showed that L‐carnitine significantly attenuated myocardial injury after surgery in these patients. L‐carnitine decreased serum markers of myocardial injury including CK‐MB, cTnI, hs‐cTnT and IMA. L‐carnitine increased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) but reduced wall motion score index (WMSI) after operation. L‐carnitine also inhibited myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and inflammatory cytokines in the myocardium of patients after unclamping the aorta. Additionally, L‐carnitine increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) while decreased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl content in the myocardium of patients after unclamping the aorta. Moreover, L‐carnitine suppressed the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) and activated nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2). There was also no significant difference in these indices between two experimental groups after unclamping the aorta. Taken together, L‐carnitine had a protective effect against CPB‐induced MIRI in patients with RVHD, which might be related to its modulation of NF‐κB and Nrf2 activities.
Isoliquiritigenin‐induced vasodilation by activating large‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels in mouse mesenteric arteries
Authors: Ye Yang , Gao Mengru , Feng Lei , Feng Bainian , Ma Xin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIsoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a flavonoid substance with a chalcone structure, which exerts anti‐tumour, anti‐oxidation and anti‐inflammatory activity. The large‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium channel (BKCa) is an important potassium channel with negative feedback regulation on the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) membrane. The activation of BKCa channel causes the hyperpolarization of VSMCs. It plays an important role in relaxation of blood vessels. Previous studies have shown that ISL causes the relaxation of the aorta and the basilar artery of the rat. However, there have not been studies on regulation of ISL in mesenteric arteries. To examine whether ISL causes the relaxation of the mesenteric artery of mice, we recorded vasodilation of mouse mesenteric arterial rings with a myograph. After contraction of arterial rings with phenylephrine, we added ISL to the arterial rings and measured its relaxation effect. To further examine which channel was involved in this relaxation effect, we tested the effects of ISL on endothelium‐dependent and endothelium‐independent vasodilation. Then we used BKCa channel blockers tetraethylammonium and iberiotoxin, to detect whether the BKCa channel is involved in ISL‐induced vasodilation. Mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells were isolated by enzyme digestion. Bis‐(1, 3‐dibutylbarbituric acid) trimethine oxonol staining was used to measure membrane potential of mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells. We identified a vasodilation effect caused by ISL on mouse mesenteric arterial rings pre‐contracted by phenylephrine in a concentration‐dependent manner, with an EC50 of 13.71 ± 1.1 μmol/L. The vasodilation effect of ISL is endothelium‐independent. K+ channel inhibitors tetraethylammonium and iberiotoxin reduced the vasodilation induced by ISL which suggested the involvement of BKCa channel.
Identification of genetic associations of ECHS1 gene with milk fatty acid traits in dairy cattle
Authors: Shi L. , Liu L. , Ma Z. , Lv X. , Li C. , Xu L. , Han B. , Li Y. , Zhao F. , Yang Y. , Sun D. 
Published: August 2019

SummaryOur previous genome‐wide association study identified 83 genome‐wide significant SNPs and 20 novel promising candidate genes for milk fatty acids in Chinese Holstein. Among them, the enoyl‐CoA hydratase, short chain 1 (ECHS1) and enoyl‐CoA hydratase and 3‐hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (EHHADH) genes were located near two SNPs and one SNP respectively, and they play important roles in fatty acid metabolism pathways. We herein validated whether the two genes have genetic effects on milk fatty acid traits in dairy cattle. By re‐sequencing the full‐length coding region, partially adjacent introns and 3000 bp up/downstream flanking sequences, we identified 12 SNPs in ECHS1: two in exons, four in the 3′ flanking region and six in introns. The g.25858322C>T SNP results in an amino acid replacement from leucine to phenylalanine and changes the secondary structure of the ECHS1 protein, and single‐locus association analysis showed that it was significantly associated with three milk fatty acids (P = 0.0002–0.0013). The remaining 11 SNPs were found to be significantly associated with at least one milk fatty acid (P = <0.0001–0.0040). Also, we found that two haplotype blocks, consisting of nine and two SNPs respectively, were significantly associated with eight milk fatty acids (P = <0.0001–0.0125). However, none of polymorphisms was observed in the EHHADH gene. In conclusion, our findings are the first to indicate that the ECHS1 gene has a significant genetic impact on long‐chain unsaturated and medium‐chain saturated fatty acid traits in dairy cattle, although the biological mechanism is still undetermined and requires further in‐depth validation.
Revised threshold values for neonatal oxygen saturation at mild and moderate altitudes
Authors: Guo Fangqi , Tang Songyuan , Guo Tao , Bartell Scott , Detrano Robert 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to determine reference values for oxygen saturation (SpO2) in neonates at mild and moderate altitudes.MethodsOur study included 41 097 consecutively born, asymptomatic neonates from 35 hospitals, located in Yunnan, China, with altitudes ranging from 267 to 2202 m. Pre‐and post‐ductal SpO2 of each neonate was measured at 24 hours of age and before hospital discharge. All study participants, according to the altitude of birth, were categorised into three groups: low (0‐500 m), mild (500‐1500 m) and moderate altitude (1500‐2500 m).ResultsEvery 1000‐m increase in altitude was associated with a 1.54 per cent decrease in mean SpO2. The means of pre‐ductal SpO2 at low, mild and moderate groups were 97.9%, 96.4% and 95.5%, respectively. We used the 2.5th percentile of SpO2 distribution as the cut‐off for neonatal SpO2 screening and defined new cut‐off values of ≤93% for mild altitudes, ≤92% for moderate altitudes and no adjustment for low altitudes.ConclusionWe recommend revised cut‐off values for neonatal SpO2 at mild and moderate altitudes and provide new values for paediatricians to refer to when screening neonates for severe congenital heart or lung diseases.
Nilotinib efficacy, safety, adherence and impact on quality of life in newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase: a prospective observational study in daily clinical practice
Authors: Huguet Françoise , Cayuela Jean‐Michel , Cambier Nathalie , Carpentier Nathalie , Tindel Malka , Violet Isabelle , Zunic Patricia , Lascaux Axelle , Etienne Gabriel ,   AdheRMC Investigators
Published: August 2019

SummaryThis observational, prospective study assessed, in a daily clinical practice, the molecular response, safety, quality of life (QoL) and treatment adherence in 183 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in chronic phase (CML‐CP), receiving nilotinib as first‐line treatment. Premature study termination before 24 months of follow‐up occurred in 61 patients (33·3%), and was essentially due to nilotinib treatment discontinuation (n = 53; 29%), motivated by treatment intolerance (n = 29; 15·8%) and inefficacy (n = 19; 10·4%). After 24 months of treatment, 112/122 patients (91·8%) had a molecular assessment, 95·5% of whom achieved a major molecular response (MMR), 32·1% achieved uMR4, defined as an undetectable molecular disease with 4‐log molecular response sensitivity (≥10 000 ABL1 transcripts). The Morisky Green Levine Medication Adherence Scale was completed by 94/122 patients (77·0%), and 89·4% of these patients obtained a satisfactory level of treatment adherence, defined as a score ≥3. Patients’ QoL was good at baseline and stable during the follow‐up period. The two most common nilotinib‐related adverse events (AEs) were pruritus (14·8%) and asthenia (13·7%). Seven patients (3·8%) experienced at least one cardiovascular ischaemic AE. This French nationwide cohort study provides relevant information in daily clinical practice indicating that nilotinib is a valuable first‐line treatment option for CML‐CP patients.
The contribution of mentoring to the life skills of youth leaving care in Israel
Authors: Sulimani‐Aidan Yafit , Melkman Eran , Greeson Johanna K.P. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe goal of this study was to examine the contribution of natural mentoring to the improvement of life skills among youth in care in core areas of education, employment, and avoidance of risk behaviours while controlling for personal characteristics and placement history. The sample includes 174 adolescents in residential care in Israel. Results showed that mentoring duration and mentoring functions including mentor as “role model,” “parental figure,” and “independence promoter” significantly contributed to the prediction of the three life skills above and beyond control variables. This study highlights both the array of meaningful roles mentors play in youth's development of life skills and identifies important practice implications regarding the mechanism by which mentoring relationships contribute to the resilience of adolescents.
Normative Social Role Concepts in Early Childhood
Authors: Foster‐Hanson Emily , Rhodes Marjorie 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe current studies (N = 255, children ages 4–5 and adults) explore patterns of age‐related continuity and change in conceptual representations of social role categories (e.g., “scientist”). In Study 1, young children's judgments of category membership were shaped by both category labels and category‐normative traits, and the two were dissociable, indicating that even young children's conceptual representations for some social categories have a “dual character.” In Study 2, when labels and traits were contrasted, adults and children based their category‐based induction decisions on category‐normative traits rather than labels. Study 3 confirmed that children reason based on category‐normative traits because they view them as an obligatory part of category membership. In contrast, adults in this study viewed the category‐normative traits as informative on their own (not only as a cue to obligations). Implications for continuity and change in representations of social role categories will be discussed.
Curriculum gaps for adult climate literacy
Authors: Cooper Olivia , Keeley Annika , Merenlender Adina 
Published: August 2019

AbstractConservation scientists need to advance climate literacy so that people understand how climate affects all of life, acquire the skills to communicate about climate change, and become aware of ways to increase local resiliency. We examined syllabus content for 74 general climate change courses taught at the undergraduate college‐level to investigate the scope and extent to which these climate change courses include key topics to advance climate literacy. By analyzing the textual data, we discovered most courses had a strong focus on biogeophysical science and only 8.8 and 9.4% of the terms that occurred in this sample were connected to climate change solutions and communication, respectively. The fine category “Organisms,” which includes terms for specific animals such as “jellyfish” and “urchin” and related terms like “species”, was only observed in 26% of the syllabi; and the term “biodiversity” was mentioned seven times, “extinction” four times, and “animal” was mentioned two times across all 74 syllabi. This reveals a potential gap in addressing the impacts of climate change on biodiversity, and the role of some species in regulating climate. We recommend educators include a broader array of inter‐disciplinary topics, place‐based information, communication strategies, and mitigation and adaptation solutions to bridge the gap between climate science, literacy, and action.
New regionally modelled soil layers improve prediction of vegetation type relative to that based on global soil models
Authors: Cramer Michael D. , Wootton Lara M. , van Mazijk Ruan , Verboom George Anthony 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAimHigh‐resolution spatial soil data are crucial to species distribution modelling for fundamental research and conservation planning. Recent globally modelled soil layers (e.g. SoilGrids) have transformed distribution modelling, but may fail to represent regional soil characteristics accurately. We hypothesize that in the Cape biodiversity hotspot of South Africa, the use of global soil layers has led to underestimation of the importance of edaphic factors as determinants of species’ and vegetation distributions. We present a series of new, regionally modelled layers to address this deficiency.LocationGreater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR, South Africa).MethodsWe georeferenced edaphic characteristics from literature and other sources and used boosted regression trees (BRT) to associate edaphic characteristics with spatially explicit topographic, climatic, soil texture and biotic variables. Multinomial BRTs were used to predict mapped vegetation types from the collated edaphic and other data.ResultsBRTs reliably predicted pH (92% of variance), Na (87%), K (85%), electrical conductivity (81%) and P (73%), but were less accurate for total N (55%) and total C (61%), for which data were sparser. Soil clay and pH values differed markedly in range and in spatial variation from those in SoilGrids. Using our new edaphic layers, we were able to accurately predict spatial distributions of vegetation types within the GCFR (multi‐class AUC = 0.96). The multinomial BRT predicted vegetation less well when based on SoilGrids data alone (AUC = 0.84).Main conclusionsThe more faithful representation of soil properties in our model is attributable both to its use of ca. 10‐fold more samples, and to its regional focus. Our model of edaphic characteristics captures important edaphic variability that is vital for understanding plant and consequently faunal distributions, with wide‐ranging conservation implications. Ongoing development of global syntheses of soil data requires more samples, especially in areas with high spatial heterogeneity and extreme edaphic conditions.
Artificial intelligence using a convolutional neural network for automatic detection of small‐bowel angioectasia in capsule endoscopy images
Authors: Tsuboi Akiyoshi , Oka Shiro , Aoyama Kazuharu , Saito Hiroaki , Aoki Tomonori , Yamada Atsuo , Matsuda Tomoki , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Ishihara Soichiro , Nakahori Masato , Koike Kazuhiko , Tanaka Shinji , Tada Tomohiro 
Published: August 2019

Background and AimAlthough small‐bowel angioectasia is reported as the most common cause of bleeding in patients and frequently diagnosed by capsule endoscopy (CE) in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, a computer‐aided detection method has not been established. We developed an artificial intelligence system with deep learning that can automatically detect small‐bowel angioectasia in CE images.MethodsWe trained a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) system based on Single Shot Multibox Detector using 2237 CE images of angioectasia. We assessed its diagnostic accuracy by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC‐AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value using an independent test set of 10 488 small‐bowel images, including 488 images of small‐bowel angioectasia.ResultsThe AUC to detect angioectasia was 0.998. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of CNN were 98.8%, 98.4%, 75.4%, and 99.9%, respectively, at a cut‐off value of 0.36 for the probability score.ConclusionsWe developed and validated a new system based on CNN to automatically detect angioectasia in CE images. This may be well applicable to daily clinical practice to reduce the burden of physicians as well as to reduce oversight.
The rise and fall of budget support: Ownership, bargaining and donor commitment problems in foreign aid
Authors: Swedlund Haley J. , Lierl Malte 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMotivationBudget support is the form of aid most commonly associated with recipient‐country ownership. However, a number of scholars and practitioners have criticized the approach as masking new forms of conditionality. Was budget support simply a guise for increasing donor influence in recipient countries? How can we explain the rapid shift towards budget support, as well as the rapid decline in its popularity after only a few years?PurposeWe use a bargaining framework to explain the rise and fall of budget support. Contrary to explanations that suggest that budget support was a normative decision by donors designed to increase aid effectiveness by fostering ownership, a bargaining framework emphasizes that aid policy is the result of sustained negotiations between donors and recipients. These negotiations, however, are constrained by donors’ inability to deliver aid as promised.ApproachWe use a Nash bargaining framework to formalize the predictions of a bargaining model. From the model, two testable predictions emerge: (1) in exchange for more credible commitments, recipient governments are willing to selectively offer donor agencies greater access to and influence over domestic policy decision‐making; and (2) in exchange for such influence, donor agencies are willing to exert less pressure on recipients to be politically inclusive. We then test the implications of the model using case‐study evidence from Rwanda and Tanzania.FindingsThe empirical data, based on over 80 interviews with practitioners over several periods of research in both countries, provide substantial evidence in support of the model’s core assumptions and predictions. Contrary to claims that budget support increased recipient‐country ownership, interviews (identified as personal communications) suggest that, in exchange for more credible commitments, recipient governments were willing to grant donors greater access and influence. In return, donor agencies reduced demands on the recipient government regarding political inclusivity, tacitly accepting arrangements that centralized decision‐making and excluded civil society. When donor agencies could no longer provide budget support as promised, these negotiated arrangements broke down.Policy ImplicationsThe findings challenge a common narrative that donors embraced budget support because of a normative commitment to ownership. They also demonstrate the value of a bargaining framework. To understand why particular forms of aid, like budget support, rise in popularity only to quickly fall by the wayside, we need to understand what donor agencies and recipient governments bargain over and why.