bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women living with HIV in high‐income settings and breastfeeding
Authors: Moseholm E. , Weis N. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGuidelines in high‐income settings recommend breastfeeding avoidance amongst women living with HIV (WLWH). Increasingly, WLWH in high‐income settings, who are well‐treated with fully suppressed viral loads, are choosing to breastfeed their infants, even with these recommendations. The purpose of this article is to review existing research and guidance on infant feeding amongst WLWH in high‐income countries and to identify gaps in this evidence that require further investigation. Current evidence on the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding in the context of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the significance of cell‐associated virus, transmission risk factors, retention in care and adherence postpartum, infant prophylaxis and antiretroviral exposure, and monitoring of the breastfeeding WLWH are summarized. A latent HIV reservoir is persistently present in breast milk, even in the context of ART. Thus, suppressive maternal ART significantly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of postnatal transmission of HIV. There are currently limited data to guide the optimal frequency of virologic monitoring and the clinical actions to take in case of maternal detectable viral load whilst breastfeeding. Moreover, retention in care and adherence to ART in the postpartum period may be difficult and more research is needed to understand what clinical and psychosocial support would benefit these mothers so that successful engagement in care can be achieved. The long‐term effects of antiretroviral drug exposure in the infants also need further exploration. Thus, there is a need for collecting enhanced surveillance data on WLWH who breastfeed and their infants to augment clinical guidance in high‐income settings.
School‐Located Influenza Vaccination: Do Vaccine Clinics at School Raise Vaccination Rates?
Authors: Szilagyi Peter G. , Schaffer Stanley , Rand Cynthia M. , Goldstein Nicolas PN , Hightower A. Dirk , Younge Mary , Albertin Christina S. , DiBitetto Kristine , Yoo Byung‐Kwang , Humiston Sharon G. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDOnly half of US schoolchildren receive influenza vaccine. School‐located influenza vaccination (SLIV) might raise vaccination rates but conducting flu vaccine clinics at schools is challenging to implement. We compared 2 school‐based programs designed to raise influenza vaccination rates: parent reminder/educational messages sent to parents from schools which is a low‐intensity intervention vs the combination of reminder/educational messages plus SLIV clinics which is a high‐intensity intervention.METHODSWe assigned 36 schools (6 school districts, 2 per group) to 3 groups: (1) control, ie, no SLIV and no parent reminder/education, (2) parent reminder/education emailed by schools, and (3) parent reminder/education plus SLIV clinics. Some schools had SLIV clinics in prior years. Health department nurses conducted SLIV clinics.RESULTSAmong 24,832 children at 36 schools, vaccination rates were control (51.3%), parent reminder/education‐only (41.2%), and reminder/education + SLIV (58.7%). On multivariate analyses which controlled for vaccination in prior seasons, children in reminder/education + SLIV schools had higher vaccination rates (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10‐1.47), but children in reminder/education‐only schools had lower rates (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.75‐1.00) than children in control schools.CONCLUSIONSParent reminder/education combined with SLIV clinics raise vaccination rates, but parent reminder/education alone does not.
Flavor and mouthfeel of pseudo‐cocoa liquor: Effects of polyphenols, fat content, and training method
Authors: Hamada Terianne Y. , Brown Allison , Hopfer Helene , Ziegler Gregory R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCurrent theories of astringency propose that this sensation is a result of delubrication in the oral cavity due to precipitation of salivary proteins. Astringency, commonly described as a drying or puckering sensation, is a main driving factor for rejection of certain foods. Previous studies have shown that fat plays a role in moderating astringency in foods. To investigate the role that polyphenols and fat play in astringency perception, we used modified cocoa powders to produce pseudo‐cocoa liquor systems that were rated for taste and flavor attributes on generalized Labeled Magnitude Scales by semi‐trained consumers. Our results show significant differences among the cocoa liquors, resulting from acetone–water extraction of free polyphenols and fat content variation. No significant differences resulted from training with oil‐based vis‐à‐vis water‐based reference solutions.Practical ApplicationsAstringency is a prominent sensation commonly experienced by individuals who consume cocoa and chocolate products. It is of the utmost importance to the cocoa and chocolate industry because consumers typically reject products that are highly astringent. Therefore, study of the perception of astringency and the role that polyphenols and fat play would benefit our understanding of these fat‐based products. Training with aqueous‐based references, which was easier than oil‐based references, yielded equivalent results.
miR‐4510 blocks hepatocellular carcinoma development through RAF1 targeting and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signalling inactivation
Authors: Ghousein Amani , Mosca Nicola , Cartier Flora , Charpentier Justine , Dupuy Jean‐William , Raymond Anne‐Aurélie , Bioulac‐Sage Paulette , Grosset Christophe F. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundTherapeutic outcomes using the multikinase inhibitors, sorafenib and regorafenib, remain unsatisfactory for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thus, new drug modalities are needed. We recently reported the remarkable capacity of miR‐4510 to impede the growth of HCC and hepatoblastoma through Glypican‐3 (GPC3) targeting and Wnt pathway inactivation.MethodsTo identify new targets of miR‐4510, we used a label‐free proteomic approach and reported down‐regulation of RAF proto‐oncogene serine/threonine‐protein kinase (RAF1) by miR‐4510. Because the tumourigenic role of RAF1 in HCC is controversial, we further studied RAF1:miR‐4510 interactions using cellular, molecular as well as functional approaches and a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) xenograft model.ResultsWe found an increase in RAF1 protein in 59.3% of HCC patients and a specific up‐regulation of its transcript in proliferative tumours. We showed that miR‐4510 inactivates the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and reduces the expression of downstream targets (ie c‐Fos proto‐oncogene [FOS]) through RAF1 direct targeting. At a cellular level, miR‐4510 inhibited HCC cell proliferation and migration and induced senescence in part by lowering RAF1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression. Finally, we confirmed the pro‐tumoural function of RAF1 protein in HCC cells and its ability to sustain HCC tumour progression in vitro and in vivo.ConclusionsIn this work, we confirm that RAF1 acts as an oncogene in HCC and further demonstrate that miR‐4510 acts as a strong tumour suppressor in the liver by targeting many proto‐oncogenes, including GPC3 and RAF1, and subsequently controlling key biological and signalling pathways among which Wnt and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signals.
Cystine import is a valuable but risky process whose hazards Escherichia coli minimizes by inducing a cysteine exporter
Authors: Korshunov Sergey , Imlay Karin R. Chonoles , Imlay James A. 
Published: October 2019

SummaryThe structure of free cysteine makes it vulnerable to oxidation by molecular oxygen; consequently, organisms that live in oxic habitats have acquired the ability to import cystine as a sulfur source. We show that cystine imported into Escherichia coli can transfer disulfide bonds to cytoplasmic proteins. To minimize this problem, the imported cystine is rapidly reduced. However, this conversion of cystine to cysteine precludes product inhibition of the importer, so cystine import continues into cells that are already sated with cysteine. The burgeoning cysteine pool is itself hazardous, as cysteine promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species, triggers sulfide production and competitively inhibits a key enzyme in the isoleucine biosynthetic pathway. The Lrp transcription factor senses the excess cysteine and induces AlaE, an export protein that pumps cysteine back out of the cell until transcriptional controls succeed in lowering the amount of the importer. While it lasts, the overall phenomenon roughly doubles the NADPH demand of the cell. It comprises another example of the incompatibility of the reduced cytoplasms of microbes with the oxic world in which they dwell. It also reveals one natural source of cytoplasmic disulfide stress and sheds light on a role for broad‐spectrum amino acid exporters.
Peroxiredoxin 1 as an inflammatory marker in diarrhea‐predominant and postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wu Xia‐Xin , Li Shuang , Wu Jin‐Feng , Han Sen , Lin Zhi‐Jie , Ding Shi‐Zhen , Gong Wei‐Juan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundLow‐grade inflammation occurs in some patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the exact inflammatory markers of IBS and the relationship of these markers with IBS subtypes and symptoms are poorly defined. Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1) plays an important role in inflammatory responses, including intestinal inflammation. We investigated whether PRDX1 is associated with the diagnosis, subtypes, and symptom severity of IBS.MethodsA total of 177 IBS patients and 174 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. The PRDX1 levels in the sera and colonic mucosa of the participants were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays and immunohistochemistry. The severity of IBS symptoms was assessed using the IBS Severity Scoring System (SSS) questionnaire.ResultsThe PRDX1 levels in the sera (F = 71.81, P < .001) and colonic mucosa (F = 5.359, P < .001) of postinfectious (PI‐IBS) and diarrhea‐predominant IBS (IBS‐D) groups were significantly higher than those of the other three IBS subtypes and HC group. The PRDX1 level in the serum and colonic mucosa of IBS‐D (serum, P < .01, mucosa, P < .001) and PI‐IBS (serum, P < .05, mucosa, P < .001) groups with the most severe symptoms was significantly higher than that in the groups with mild and moderate symptoms. Correlation analysis revealed that in patients with IBS‐D (P < .001) and PI‐IBS (P < .05), the levels of PRDX1 and TNF‐α in sera had a significant positive correlation with IBS‐SSS.ConclusionElevated PRDX1 in the serum and colon mucosa may be closely related to the progression of IBS (especially IBS‐D and PI‐IBS) and the expression of gastrointestinal symptoms.
Chinese Perceptions of Threats from the United States and Japan
Authors: Sinkkonen Elina , Elovainio Marko 
Published: October 2019

People's threat perceptions play a role in influencing foreign policies towards perceived adversary countries. Earlier research has identified multiple components shaping mass‐level threat perceptions including military power, adversary country's perceived intentions, and national identities. On the individual level, education, use of media, and interest in politics have been shown to influence threat perceptions. However, most studies on perceptions of security threats fail to include both contextual and individual‐level explanatory factors and to consider that different national threats may be constructed differently. This research bridges formation of threat perceptions on the individual level to wider societal processes and provides an empirical perspective to understanding threat perceptions among the educated section of the Chinese population. To analyze threat perceptions, students from leading Chinese universities (N = 771) took part in a survey in the autumn of 2011 and spring of 2012. Respondents who followed conventional media were more likely to perceive both the United States and Japan as threatening, and the effect of media consumption was particularly strong with regards to perceived threat from Japan. In addition, each threat perception was significantly associated with threat‐specific explanatory factors. Potential explanatory factors of threat perceptions were explored with linear regression models.
Growth of Sphagnum is strongly rhythmic: contribution of the seasonal, circalunar and third components
Authors: Mironov Victor L. , Kondratev Aleksei Y. , Mironova Anna V. 
Published: October 2019

Among the bryophytes, biological growth rhythms have not yet been identified due to a lack of long‐term precision observations. Here, we carry out precision field monitoring of the growth of the peat moss Sphagnum riparium using the recent geotropic curvature method. For 4 years, using the observation intervals of 2–5 days, we measured 116 469 shoots and received 4493 estimates of growth rates. We found three rhythmic growth components. The seasonal rhythm of growth has a period of about 180 days, which coincides with the seasonal temperature cycle. The circalunar growth rhythm has a period of about 29.5 days and coincides with the synodic lunar cycle. There is an acceleration near the new moon, and a slowdown in growth near the full moon. The third rhythm has a period of 7–16 days and is always synchronized with the circalunar growth rhythm. From the models of the sums of sinusoids, we found that the total contribution of all three rhythms to the growth rate is R2 = 0.51–0.78, and without taking into account the seasonal rhythm, R2 = 0.36–0.42. Thus, our study provides the first data on the biological rhythms and the contribution of these rhythms to the growth process of bryophytes. We attribute the unexpectedly high contribution of rhythms to the synchronous growth of the Sphagnum mat, which is necessary to reduce the loss of moisture.
Circadian misalignment impairs ability to suppress visual distractions
Authors: Smit Andrea N. , Michalik Mateusz , Livingstone Ashley C. , Mistlberger Ralph E. , McDonald John J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEvening‐type individuals often perform poorly in the morning because of a mismatch between internal circadian time and external social time, a condition recognized as social jet lag. Performance impairments near the morning circadian (~24 hr) trough have been attributed to deficits in attention, but the nature of the impairment is unknown. Using electrophysiological indices of attentional selection (N2pc) and suppression (PD), we show that evening‐type individuals have a specific disability in suppressing irrelevant visual distractions. More specifically, evening‐type individuals managed to suppress a salient distractor in an afternoon testing session, as evidenced by a PD, but were less able to suppress the distractor in a morning testing session, as evidenced by an attenuated PDand a concomitant distractor‐elicited N2pc. Morning chronotypes, who would be well past their circadian trough at the time of testing, did not show this deficit at either test time. These results indicate that failure to filter out irrelevant stimuli at an early stage of perceptual processing contributes to impaired cognitive functioning at nonoptimal times of day and may underlie real‐world performance impairments, such as distracted driving, that have been associated with circadian mismatch.
Comparison of two point of care whole blood coagulation analysis devices and conventional coagulation tests as a predicting tool of perioperative bleeding in adult cardiac surgery—a pilot prospective observational study in Japan
Authors: Terada Rui , Ikeda Toshiyuki , Mori Yoshiteru , Yamazaki Sho , Kashiwabara Kosuke , Yamauchi Haruo , Ono Minoru , Yamada Yoshitsugu , Okazaki Hitoshi 
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUNDIt is widely accepted that Point‐of Care Test (PoCT) devices are useful in the detection of coagulopathies in situations of massive bleeding such as major cardiac surgery. These devices contribute to the reduction of blood transfusion. However, their implementation remains limited in Japan because of their cost and lack of health insurance support.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSConventional coagulation tests and thromboelastography (TEG)/Sonoclot values were measured in 50 consecutive cardiac surgery cases. Clinical background information such as operative procedures was obtained from electronic medical records, and the theoretical perioperative total blood loss was calculated by measuring the hemoglobin content and total red blood cell transfusion volume. The correlation between perioperative total blood loss and the measured laboratory values or clinical parameters was evaluated by a multivariate linear regression analysis. The risk factors of the total amount of platelet transfusion and postoperative drain bleeding volume were similarly evaluated.RESULTSNo significant association between the estimated perioperative total blood loss (eTBL) and the laboratory measurements including conventional coagulation tests, TEG and Sonoclot was observed. On the other hand, postoperative drain bleeding volume was significantly associated with postoperative Sonoclot CR (p = 0.039) as well as preoperative use of oral anticoagulants and cell saver treated blood volume. Platelet transfusion amount was significantly associated with post‐CBP PF and time to peak value of Sonoclot (p = 0.014 and 0.001, respectively).CONCLUSIONSonoclot measurements may be useful to estimate the risks of postoperative bleeding and platelet transfusion in cardiac surgeries in Japan.
Financial market development in host and source countries and their effects on bilateral foreign direct investment
Authors: Donaubauer Julian , Neumayer Eric , Nunnenkamp Peter 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe study an underexplored research question, namely whether financial market development in both host and source countries has an effect on bilateral stocks of foreign direct investment (FDI) and, particularly, whether the effect of financial market development in one member of the country pair conditions the effect of financial market development in the other member. We estimate gravity‐type models in a global sample of 43 source and 137 host countries over the period 2001–12. We address reverse causality concerns by restricting the sample to observations where reverse causality, if existent, should be less relevant. Our major and robust findings are that bilateral FDI increases with better developed financial markets in both the host and the source country and that for developing host countries, financial market development in source and host countries functions as substitutes for each other.
Speeding of oxygen uptake kinetics is not different following low‐intensity blood‐flow‐restricted and high‐intensity interval training
Authors: Corvino Rogério B. , Oliveira Mariana F. M. , Denadai Benedito S. , Rossiter Harry B. , Caputo Fabrizio 
Published: October 2019

New FindingsWhat is the central question of this study?Can interval blood‐flow‐restricted (BFR) cycling training, undertaken at a low intensity, promote a similar adaptation to oxygen uptake () kinetics to high‐intensity interval training?What is the main finding and its importance?Speeding of pulmonary on‐kinetics in healthy young subjects was not different between low‐intensity interval BFR training and traditional high‐intensity interval training. Given that very low workloads are well tolerated during BFR cycle training and speed on‐kinetics, this training method could be used when high mechanical loads are contraindicated.AbstractLow‐intensity blood‐flow‐restricted (BFR) endurance training is effective to increase aerobic capacity. Whether it speeds pulmonary oxygen uptake (), CO2 output () and ventilatory () kinetics has not been examined. We hypothesized that low‐intensity BFR training would reduce the phase 2 time constant (τp) of , and by a similar magnitude to traditional high‐intensity interval training (HIT). Low‐intensity interval training with BFR served as a control. Twenty‐four participants (25 ± 6 years old; maximal 46 ± 6 ml kg−1 min−1) were assigned to one of the following: low‐intensity BFR interval training (BFR; n = 8); low‐intensity interval training without BFR (LOW; n = 7); or high‐intensity interval training without BFR (HIT; n = 9). Training was 12 sessions of two sets of five to eight × 2 min cycling and 1 min resting intervals. LOW and BFR were conducted at 30% of peak incremental power (Ppeak), and HIT was at ∼103% Ppeak. For BFR, cuffs were inflated on both thighs (140–200 mmHg) during exercise and deflated during rest intervals. Six moderate‐intensity step transitions (30% Ppeak) were averaged for analysis of pulmonary on‐kinetics. Both BFR (pre‐ versus post‐training τp = 18.3 ± 3.2 versus 14.5 ± 3.4 s; effect size = 1.14) and HIT (τp = 20.3 ± 4.0 versus 13.1 ± 2.9 s; effect size = 1.75) reduced the τp (P < 0.05). As expected, there was no change in LOW ( τp = 17.9 ± 6.2 versus 17.7 ± 4.3 s; P = 0.9). The kinetics of and were speeded only after HIT (38.5 ± 10.6%, P < 0.001 and 31.2 ± 24.7%, P = 0.004, respectively). Both HIT and low‐intensity BFR training were effective in speeding moderate‐intensity kinetics. These data support the findings of others that low‐intensity cycling training with BFR increases muscle oxidative capacity.
On the Optimal Resolution of Inverse Kinematics for Redundant Manipulators Using a Topological Analysis
Authors: Ferrentino Enrico , Chiacchio Pasquale 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The redundancy resolution schemes based on the optimization of an integral performance index are investigated from the topological point of view. The topological notions of self-motion manifold, C-path-homotopy and extended aspect are clarified in relation to the limitations of the necessary conditions of optimality provided by calculus of variations. On one hand, they do not guarantee the achievement of the optimal solution, and on the other hand, they translate into a two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP), whose resolution, under certain circumstances, may not lead to a feasible solution at all. In response to the limitations of calculus of variations, a dynamic-programming-inspired formalism is developed, which is based on the discretization of the state space and on its representation in the form of multiple grids. Building upon the topological analysis, effective algorithms are designed that are able to find the optimal solution in any condition, across all C-path homotopy classes and self-motion manifolds, with no limitation due to the passage through singularities. Moreover, if the grids are representative of the manipulator’s extended aspects, the topological notion of the transitional point can be used to reduce the computational complexity of the optimal redundancy resolution algorithm. The results are demonstrated on a canonical 4R planar robot in two different scenarios.