bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interleukin 2 is an Upstream Regulator of CD4+ T Cells From Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients With Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Chauhan Shashi Bhushan , Faleiro Rebecca , Kumar Rajiv , Ng Susanna , Singh Bhawana , Singh Om Prakash , Singh Siddharth Sankar , Amante Fiona , Rivera Fabian de Labastida , Rai Madhukar , Chakravarty Jaya , Sacks David , Nylen Susanne , Sundar Shyam , Engwerda Christian 
Published: February 2019

AbstractControl of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania donovani requires interferon-γ production by CD4+ T cells. In VL patients, antiparasitic CD4+ T-cell responses are ineffective for unknown reasons. In this study, we measured the expression of genes associated with various immune functions in these cells from VL patients and compared them to CD4+ T cells from the same patients after drug treatment and from endemic controls. We found reduced GATA3, RORC, and FOXP3 gene expression in CD4+ T cells of VL patients, associated with reduced Th2, Th17, and FOXP3+CD4+ T regulatory cell frequencies in VL patient blood. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) was an important upstream regulator of CD4+ T cells from VL patients, and functional studies demonstrated the therapeutic potential of IL-2 for improving antiparasitic immunity. Together, these results provide new insights into the characteristics of CD4+ T cells from VL patients that can be used to improve antiparasitic immune responses.
Phosphorylation of PDE4A5 by MAPKAPK2 attenuates fibrin degradation via p75 signalling
Authors: Houslay K F , Fertig B A , Christian F , Tibbo A J , Ling J , Findlay J E , Houslay M D , Baillie G S 
Published: February 2019

AbstractPhosphodiesterases (PDEs) shape local cAMP gradients to underpin the specificity of receptor function. Key to this process is the highly defined nature of the intra-cellular location of PDEs in the cell. PDE4A5 is a PDE isoform that specifically degrades cAMP and is known to associate with the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) where it modulates cAMP signalling cascades that regulate extracellular matrix remodelling in the lungs. Here we map and validate novel protein–protein interaction sites that are important for formation of the PDE4A5–p75NTR complex and show, for the first time, that phosphorylation of PDE4A5 by MAPKAPK2 enhances PDE4A5 interaction with p75NTR and that this, in turn, serves to attenuate fibrin degradation.
Differences in Genomic Profiles and Outcomes Between Thoracic and Adrenal Neuroblastoma
Authors: Oldridge Derek A , Truong Bao , Russ Douglas , DuBois Steven G , Vaksman Zalman , Mosse Yael P , Diskin Sharon J , Maris John M , Matthay Katherine K 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Neuroblastoma is a biologically and clinically heterogeneous disease. Based on recent studies demonstrating an association between the primary tumor site, prognosis, and commonly measured tumor biological features, we hypothesized that neuroblastomas arising in different sites would show distinct genomic features reflective of the developmental biology of the sympathicoadrenal nervous system.

Methods
We first compared genomic and epigenomic data of primary diagnostic neuroblastomas originating in the adrenal gland (n = 646) compared to thoracic sympathetic ganglia (n = 118). We also evaluated association of common germline variation with these primary sites in 1027 European-American neuroblastoma patients.

Results
We observed higher rates of MYCN amplification, chromosome 1q gain, and chromosome 11q deletion among adrenal tumors, which were highly predictive of functional RNA signatures. Surprisingly, thoracic neuroblastomas were more likely to harbor ALK driver mutations than adrenal cases among all cases (odds ratio = 1.89, 95% confidence interval = 1.04 to 3.43), and among cases without MYCN amplification (odds ratio = 2.86, 95% confidence interval = 1.48 to 5.49). Common germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in BARD1 (previously associated with high-risk neuroblastoma) were found to be strongly associated with predisposition for origin at adrenal, rather than thoracic, sites.

Conclusions
Neuroblastomas arising in the adrenal gland are more likely to harbor structural DNA aberrations including MYCN amplification, whereas thoracic tumors show defects in mitotic checkpoints resulting in hyperdiploidy. Despite the general association of ALK mutations with high-risk disease, thoracic tumors are more likely to harbor gain-of-function ALK aberrations. Site of origin is likely reflective of stage of sympathetic nervous system development when malignant transformation occurs and is a surrogate for underlying tumor biology.
Web Versus Other Survey Modes: An Updated and Extended Meta-Analysis Comparing Response Rates
Authors: Daikeler Jessica , Bošnjak Michael , Lozar Manfreda Katja 
Published: February 2019

AbstractDo web surveys still yield lower response rates compared with other survey modes? To answer this question, we replicated and extended a meta-analysis done in 2008 which found that, based on 45 experimental comparisons, web surveys had an 11 percentage points lower response rate compared with other survey modes. Fundamental changes in internet accessibility and use since the publication of the original meta-analysis would suggest that people’s propensity to participate in web surveys has changed considerably in the meantime. However, in our replication and extension study, which comprised 114 experimental comparisons between web and other survey modes, we found almost no change: web surveys still yielded lower response rates than other modes (a difference of 12 percentage points in response rates). Furthermore, we found that prenotifications, the sample recruitment strategy, the survey’s solicitation mode, the type of target population, the number of contact attempts, and the country in which the survey was conducted moderated the magnitude of the response rate differences. These findings have substantial implications for web survey methodology and operations.
On the small-scale clustering of quasars: constraints from the MassiveBlack II simulation
Authors: Bhowmick Aklant K , DiMatteo Tiziana , Eftekharzadeh Sarah , Myers Adam D 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
We examine recent high-precision measurements of small-scale quasar clustering (at z ∼ 0.5–2 on scales of ${\sim }25~\mathrm{kpc}\, h^{-1}$) from the SDSS in the context of the MassiveBlack II (MBII) cosmological hydrodynamic simulation and conditional luminosity function (CLF) modelling. At these high luminosities (g &lt; 20.85 quasars), the MBII simulation volume ($100~\mathrm{cMpc}\, h^{-1}$ comoving boxsize) has only three quasar pairs at distances of 1–4 Mpc. The black hole masses for the pairs range between $M_{\rm bh}\sim 1{\, \rm and\, }3\times 10^{9}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$ and the quasar hosts are haloes of $M_{\rm h}\sim 1\hbox{--}3\times 10^{14}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$. Such pairs show signs of recent major mergers in the MBII simulation. By modelling the central and satellite AGN CLFs as lognormal and Schechter distributions, respectively (as seen in MBII AGNs), we arrive at CLF models which fit the simulation predictions and observed luminosity function and the small-scale clustering measured for the SDSS sample. The small-scale clustering of our mock quasars is well-explained by central--satellite quasar pairs that reside in $M_{\rm h}\gt 10^{14}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$ dark matter haloes. For these pairs, satellite quasar luminosity is similar to that of central quasars. Our CLF models imply a relatively steep increase in the maximum satellite luminosity, $L^*_{\mathrm{sat}}$, in haloes of $M_{\rm h}\gt 10^{14}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$ with associated larger values of $L^*_{\mathrm{sat}}$ at higher redshift. This leads to increase in the satellite fraction that manifests itself in an enhanced clustering signal at ≲1 Mpc h−1. For the ongoing eBOSS-CORE sample, we predict ∼200–500 quasar pairs at z ∼ 1.5 (with $M_{\rm h} \gtrsim 10^{13}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$ and $M_{\rm bh} \gtrsim 10^{8}~\mathrm{M}_{\odot }\, h^{-1}$) at ∼25 kpc scales. Such a sample would be ≳ 10 times larger than current pair samples.
The linear bias of radio galaxies at z ≈ 0.3 via cosmic microwave background lensing
Authors: Devereux C , Geach J E , Hardcastle M J 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
We present a new measurement of the linear bias of radio-loud active galactic nuclei (RLAGNs) at $z$ ≈ 0.3 and $L_{\rm 1.4GHz}\gt 10^{23}\, {\rm W\, Hz^{-1}}$ selected from the Best & Heckman (2012) sample, made by cross-correlating the RLAGN surface density with a map of the convergence of the weak lensing field of the cosmic microwave background from Planck. We detect the cross-power signal at a significance of 3σ and use the amplitude of the cross-power spectrum to estimate the linear bias of RLAGNs, b = 2.5 ± 0.8, corresponding to a typical dark matter halo mass of $\log _{10}(M_{\rm h} /h^{-1} M_\odot)=14.0^{+0.3}_{-0.5}$. When RLAGNs associated with optically selected clusters are removed we measure a lower bias corresponding to $\log _{10}(M_{\rm h} /h^{-1} M_\odot)=13.7^{+0.4}_{-1.0}$. These observations support the view that powerful RLAGNs typically inhabit rich group and cluster environments.
A longitudinal study of the effects of age, sex and race on body composition in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Agarwal Rajiv 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by accelerated aging, but the age-related changes in body composition and its modification by sex and race are unclear.

Methods
We assembled a cohort of 516 patients with CKD and 45 healthy controls and serially measured body composition using air-displacement plethysmography for up to 6 years. Mixed models were used to evaluate simultaneously the baseline and longitudinal changes in body composition as influenced by age, sex and race.

Results
Compared with healthy controls, patients with CKD had a greater weight, body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM) and percent body fat (BF%), but the changes over time in body composition were similar. Older age (&gt;60 years) was a strong determinant of loss of weight, BMI, FM and fat-free mass (FFM), but not BF%. Compared with non-blacks, blacks had a higher FFM at baseline, but they lost FFM more rapidly. Compared with women, men had an accelerated loss of FFM and accumulation of FM. Taking interactions into account, we found that young black men had no significant change in weight due to the loss of FFM and the accumulation of FM, thereby masking obesity by conventional measurements.

Conclusion
Among patients with CKD, the changes in body composition are influenced by age, sex and race. Young black men have changes in body composition that may remain undetectable by conventional methods thus masking the occurrence of obesity.
The impact of sequencing PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with brain metastasis
Authors: Kotecha Rupesh , Kim Joseph M , Miller Jacob A , Juloori Aditya , Chao Samuel T , Murphy Erin S , Peereboom David M , Mohammadi Alireza M , Barnett Gene H , Vogelbaum Michael A , Angelov Lilyana , Suh John H , Ahluwalia Manmeet S 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
The response of brain metastases (BM) treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs; programmed cell death 1 and its ligand) is of significant interest.

Methods
Patients were divided into cohorts based on ICI sequencing around SRS. The primary outcome was best objective response (BOR) that was lesion specific. Secondary outcomes included overall objective response (OOR), response durability, radiation necrosis (RN), and overall survival (OS).

Results
One hundred fifty patients underwent SRS to 1003 BM and received ICI. Five hundred sixty-four lesions (56%) treated with concurrent ICI (±5 half-lives) demonstrated superior BOR, OOR, and response durability compared with lesions treated with SRS and delayed ICI. Responses were best in those treated with immediate (±1 half-life) ICI (BOR: −100 vs −57%, P < 0.001; complete response: 50 vs 32%; 12-month durable response: 94 vs 71%, P < 0.001). Lesions pre-exposed to ICI and treated with SRS had poorer BOR (−45%) compared with ICI naive lesions (−63%, P < 0.001); best response was observed in ICI naive lesions receiving SRS and immediate ICI (−100%, P < 0.001). The 12-month cumulative incidence of RN with immediate ICI was 3.2% (95% CI: 1.3–5.0%). First radiographic follow-up and best intracranial response were significantly associated with longer OS; steroids were associated with inferior response rates and poorer OS (median 10 vs 25 mo, P = 0.002).

Conclusions
Sequencing of ICI around SRS is associated with overall response, best response, and response durability, with the most substantial effect in ICI naive BM undergoing immediate combined modality therapy. First intracranial response for patients treated with immediate ICI and SRS may be prognostic for OS, whereas steroids are detrimental.
Community Power and Empowerment
Authors: Christens Brian D. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Community Power and Empowerment is the most comprehensive treatment of empowerment theory to date. The book begins by situating empowerment with regard to community power, thereby addressing a long-standing ambiguity within empowerment theory, research, and practice. Next, chapters examine psychological, organizational, and community aspects of empowerment processes. A new orienting framework for studying and comparing community empowerment processes is developed. The outcomes and impacts of empowerment processes are specified across multiple pathways. Finally, the book provides recommendations for integrating research and practice to achieve the goals of empowerment: building and exercising social power for systemic change and improving community well-being.
Community Power
Authors: Christens Brian D. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Power is a fundamental force in community affairs and change processes. This chapter examines community power structure as a basis for understanding empowerment processes. Early social scientific treatments of community power structure focused on which actors won and which lost in publicly visible debates and conflicts over policy. Later studies added conceptual depth by drawing attention to gatekeeping, agenda setting, and other behind-the-scenes maneuvers to influence outcomes that were not typically visible to the public or outside observers. Then, scholars who focused on the ways that power can be used to subtly shape and influence ideology, grievances, and quiescence added still further depth. Taken together, these three “faces” of power in community decision-making comprise a framework for understanding community power. This three-dimensional framework is reviewed and updated in this chapter to elaborate a theory of community power on which to base considerations of empowerment.
The Rise of Empowerment
Authors: Christens Brian D. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the rise of the term empowerment from its early influences through the 1970s and 1980s, when it became a topic of great interest to activists, policymakers, and those in the helping professions, through to contemporary empowerment theory and practice. Particular attention is paid to a multilevel framework for empowerment that has been advanced by community psychologists. This framework posits inextricable and context-specific empowerment processes and outcomes at the psychological, organizational, and community levels of analysis. This conceptualization has been influential in interdisciplinary scholarship and practice, yet work is still needed to coherently link this framework to the concept of community power, as well as to enhance its ability to illuminate dynamic organizational and community processes.
Organizational Development
Authors: Christens Brian D. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Voluntary associations and non-profit organizations are the most common catalysts for empowerment processes and the exercise of community power. Yet, there are tremendous variations in scale, mission, composition, and structure among these organizations. How can stakeholders—from staff and volunteers to policymakers and funders—know how best to invest their efforts and resources? Organizational empowerment theory aspires to function as a framework that can shed light on these topics, yet it has inadequately considered how contemporary trends in political economy affect organizations and organizational networks. This chapter elaborates the characteristics of organizations and their networks of relations with other organizations that are conducive to building community power.
Designing Research and Action
Authors: Christens Brian D. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Taking account of the holistic framework for empowerment processes and outcomes developed in previous chapters, this chapter provides recommendations in the form of a set of design principles that can apply to both empowerment research and the various forms of praxis that seek to catalyze, sustain, and multiply empowerment processes. Although there are common concepts that can guide and inform research and action, creative design is needed to tailor efforts for specific local contexts, issues of concern, and questions. The principles offered in this chapter are therefore intended to provide a set of recommendations for translating the frameworks that are the primary focus of the book into context-specific plans for action and research.
Conclusion
Authors: Christens Brian D. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The conclusion of this book addresses the need to navigate a perennial paradox: on the one hand, there is great urgency to address the issues currently facing communities; on the other hand, there is need for diligent (and often painfully slow) pursuit of better frameworks and tools that can help advance praxis and make it more effective. In the current sociopolitical context, however, it does not seem nearly as necessary to stress this need for urgency. The urgency should be readily apparent. The final chapter offers concluding thoughts, especially in light of constantly changing sociopolitical contexts. Crises often present unique opportunities for change, and the process of building power to press for change has many benefits.
Rewriting Gideon
Authors: Murphy Kelly J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 argues that the Bible we read today reflects periods of rewriting, understood as a kind of reception history, and illustrates how revisions and expansions to earlier texts provide readers with a window onto changing expectations for gendered performance, as inscribed in the biblical story of Gideon. The chapter analyzes the significance of a manuscript found at Qumran, 4QJudga, which lacks the unnamed prophet now in Judg 6:7–10. Additionally, the chapter explores how constructions of gender often define men as the opposite of what is considered “womanly,” citing two examples: first, by examining how the prophet in Judg 6:7–10 connects the story of Deborah to the story of Gideon; and, second, by discussing how the first-century Jewish historian Josephus retells the stories of Deborah, Barak, and Gideon from the book of Judges by rewriting these characters in light of ancient Roman gender norms.
Laying Out the Fleece
Authors: Murphy Kelly J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 approaches Gideon’s story in three different ways: the role of divine signs in the ancient Near East; the portrait of Gideon as a hesitant solider in need of divine assurance in the biblical stories of Judg 6:36–40, 7:1–8, and 7:9–15; and the ways that early Christian exegetes interpreted Gideon’s requests for divine assurance. The chapter continues to trace how masculinity is constructed in different cultures, including the Greco-Roman world of early Christianity, where men were encouraged to fight spiritual battles rather than physical battles. These interpretations serve as a powerful reminder that masculinity is always “in crisis,” tending toward transformation and change, depending on cultural context.
Battlefields
Authors: Murphy Kelly J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the first battle scene in the Gideon narrative. First, the chapter examines how the story of the battle against the Midianites in Judg 7:16–22 is used in contemporary Christian children’s literature to show how Gideon is a model warrior because he trusted God. Next, the chapter turns to Judg 7:16–22, uncovering how these verses might contain some of the earliest materials about Gideon the “mighty warrior,” though they are now overlaid with a later theological retelling of the battle. Last, the chapter returns to the way that Gideon is rewritten as a model man who now acts according to the prevailing ideals for masculinity in some forms of present-day Christianity.
Fathers and Sons
Authors: Murphy Kelly J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the final scenes of the Gideon narrative, arguing that the earliest texts about the “mighty warrior” can be found here, though later rewriting and updating of the narrative resulted in cutting the successful war hero down to size. In particular, additions to an earlier Gideon narrative rewrite him as an idolater and failed father. The chapter highlights the many ways Gideon acts as the ideal hegemonic male of the Hebrew Bible, especially in Judg 8:4–21, while also focusing on how later readers—from antiquity to the present—have wrestled with questions of piety, fathers/sons, and violence in the construction of masculinity both in the text and as the text is later used.
Executing Plans
Authors: Shortland Neil D. , Alison Laurence J. , Moran Joseph M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Once a decision has been made, it still needs to be implemented into the real world. Although a decision is a commitment to a course of action, it is important to consider the stages beyond mere commitment and the issues that are encountered during the execution of this commitment. Furthermore, although a decision may be an internal commitment or preference, in many cases decisions made by an individual are done so within an environment of multiple, competing individuals and agencies that may (or may not) share the individual’s priorities and values. As such, the commitment made by the individual may not reflect the decision that is executed. This chapter examines the wider social pressures that are present within the decision-making environment and also how these can interfere with an individual’s preference, resulting in changes in commitment and decision errors. This chapter also examines the barriers to executing decisions.
Thoughts That Haunt
Authors: Shortland Neil D. , Alison Laurence J. , Moran Joseph M. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Least-worst decisions, by their nature, have a high chance of an adverse outcome. The decisions that soldiers make during war cause them conflict, and such decisions can have major implications for reintegration post-war. This chapter discusses what happens after soldiers must engage in least-worst first decision-making and the sequelae often observed after soldiers return home from deployment—post-traumatic stress disorder and its effects. Based on interviews of soldiers, it is clear that least-worst decisions have a long-lasting impact due, in part, because they may constantly wonder “what if?” This chapter discusses the long-term implications of having to make such decisions.