bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-polio enteroviruses among healthy children aged zero to five (0-5) years old in the Philippines
Authors: Jiao Maria Melissa Ann , Apostol Lea Necitas Necitas , de Quiroz-Castro Maricel , Jee Youngmee , Roque Vito , Mapue Manuel , Navarro Frances Marsha , Tabada Cleo Fe , Tandoc Amado III 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background One of the indicators of a properly functioning Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance is the proportion of stool samples in which non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) are detected. Typically, this proportion is expected to be above 10% in tropical countries, however, the Philippines only averages 6.5% NPEV isolation rate. With continued threat of possible importation of wild poliovirus, the current NPEV rate prompted concerns about the quality of the AFP surveillance, in particular, stool sample management and transportation being performed in the field. To know whether the low NPEV rates gathered from AFP cases is a reflection of the true prevalence in the Philippines, a stool survey of healthy children 0-5 years old from three urban communities was conducted in 2015.Methods Two stool samples were collected from three hundred sixty healthy children. Virus isolation and Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed to identify enteroviruses in the samples. The results were compared to the prevalence and isolation rate among AFP cases the same year.Results Results show a prevalence of 24.7% which is higher than 12.4% prevalence rate among AFP cases the similar year. However, analysis of AFP cases between 0-5 years old showed prevalence of 20.8% (p-value 0.33) which is not significantly different when compared to the study.Conclusion This study supports the idea that the observed low NPEV rate in the country may be due to low number of NPEV prevalence. However, further investigations on all possible data sources for NPEV such as among hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and aseptic meningitis cases, may be necessary to fully understand the occurrence of NPEVs in the country.
The epidemiology and population-based incidence of influenza in two communities, Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia, 2008-2011
Authors: Agustian Dwi , Mutyara Kuswandewi , Murad Chrysanti , Uyeki Timothy M. , Kartasasmita Cissy B. , Simoes Eric A.F. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: Influenza surveillance is important for monitoring influenza virus circulation and disease burden to inform influenza prevention and control measures. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology and estimate the incidence of influenza in two small communities in West Java, Indonesia, before and after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.
Methods: A population-based surveillance study in the community health care setting was conducted to estimate the annual incidence of influenza. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used for influenza case ascertainment.
Results: The mean annual incidence of influenza A and B, adjusted for health care utilization, was 1.6 (95% CI 1.3-2.0) and 0.7 (95% CI: 0.5-1.0) per 1,000 persons, respectively, with the most affected group being young and school-age children.
Conclusions: Young and school-age children populations are potential targets for influenza vaccination in Indonesia.
High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration and acute kidney injury after noncardiac surgery
Authors: Zhou Yan , Yang Hong-Yun , Zhang Hui-Li , Zhu Xiao-Jin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: Abnormal High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration is closely related to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgeries. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration and acute kidney injury after non-cardiac surgeries. Method: This was a single-center cohort study for elective non-cardiac non-kidney surgery from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2017. The endpoint was the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) 30 days postoperatively in hospital. Preoperative serum High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentration was examined by multivariate logistic regression models before and after propensity score weighting analysis. Results: Of the 74284 surgeries, 4.2% (3159 cases) suffered acute kidney injury. Preoperative serum HDL was associated with postoperative AKI, with odds ratio (0.96-1.14 as reference, <0.96, 1.14-1.35, >1.35 mmol/L, Quartile) 1.27 (1.15~1.39), P <.001; 0.90 (0.80~1.01), P= .086; 0.75 (0.65~0.85), P <.001, respectively. Preoperative serum HDL <1.03 mmol/L was associated with increased risk of postoperative AKI, with odds ratio 1.32 (1.21~1.46), P<0.001 before propensity score weighting, and 1.32 (1.18~1.48), P<0.001 after propensity score weighting. Sensitivity analysis with other cut values of HDL showed similar results. Conclusions: Postoperative acute kidney injury occurred in 4.2 % of patients undergoing elective non-cardiac non-kidney surgery. This study found that low HDL cholesterol levels were independent risk factors for AKI after non-cardiac surgery.
Do anesthesia emergence times reflect resident training progression, educational competency, and operating room efficiency?
Authors: Miles Luke Fitzgerald , Hoffman Christopher Ryan , Granche Janeway , Green Michael Stuart 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: Anesthesia residents are often subjectively and objectively deemed competent by their impact of cost-efficacy and perioperative metrics. Assessing knowledge acquisition and procedural skill is difficult to measure equitably. Inspecting tangible metrics of perioperative efficiency may or may not provide a source for reliable evaluation.
Methods: Retrospective case-log database review yielded 3072 surgical cases involving residents over five years. Primary variable investigated was the time from surgery completion to exit from operating room. Other variables recorded included day of week, attending anesthesiologist name, attending surgeon name, patient age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA PS), and in-patient versus day surgery status.
Results: After controlling for procedure duration time, in-patient status, ASA class, surgeon, and attending anesthesiologist, resident training time became highly significant (p < 0.001). In the fully adjusted model, one year of resident training was associated with a reduction in emergence time by 28 seconds (95% CL = (12, 44)). A one-hour increase in procedure time was associated
with an increase in emergence time of 34 seconds (95% CL = (17, 50)).
Conclusions: Although a statistically significant correlation was demonstrated, the clinical significance is likely low given the relatively small amount of actual time saved. We question the value of utilizing perceived or measured perioperative metrics for evaluating anesthesia resident competency.
Influenza, Malaria parasitaemia and Typhoid fever Coinfection in Children: Seroepidemiologic Investigation in Four Healthcare Centres in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Anjorin AbdulAzeez Adeyemi , Babalola Shola R , Iyiade Oluwaseun P 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background : According to WHO, out of about one billion individuals usually infected with influenza virus, children from developing countries account for 99% of deaths due to related infections. There is dearth of clinical-epidemiological information on the trio of influenza, malaria, and typhoid fever co-infection in Nigeria. Similarity of their clinical symptoms coupled with lack of vaccine and all year-round circulation in sub-Saharan Africa cause serious paediatric morbidity and mortality. This study therefore investigated influenza, malaria and typhoid fever coinfection among children in Lagos, Nigeria.
Methods : A sero-epidemiologic hospital-based study was designed. Blood from 364 children tested by RDT for malaria HRP-II/pLDH (Accessbio or Medicon BioCheck, USA) and typhoid (CTKBiotech, USA or Omega, UK) were screened by ELISA (Demeditec, Germany) for influenza virus specific IgM antibody. Descriptive statistics was used and p-values were determined with Chi-square.
Results : Demographic data showed median age of 3 (mean 3.8, mode 2, range 0-14) years. Out of the 364 samples tested, 76/364 (20.9%) were seropositive for influenza A virus. Of the 76 seropositive patients, 47/76 (61.8%) had malaria parasitaemia, 42/76 (55.3%) had typhoid, and 21/76 (27.6%) were co-infected with malaria parasitaemia and typhoid fever. Furthermore, 2/76 (2.6%) children having underlying health condition of sickle cell anaemia recorded influenza seropositivity. Ojo primary healthcare centre had the highest seroprevalence of 48.7% (37/76), age group 1-4 years recorded the highest seroprevalence of 55.3% (42/76), the highest serologic evidence of 61.8% (47/76) was detected among male children, while fever 27.6% (21/76) was the most common of all the clinical symptoms recorded. Although, the month of March had the highest seroprevalence of 20/76 (26.3%), seropositivity was recorded in all other months considered for this study.
Conclusions : We hereby report the first paediatric co-infection of influenza, malaria and typhoid fever with a percentage seroprevalence of 27.6% among all age group round the months. Low co-infection was however recorded in children having sickle cell anaemia. Annual vaccination is strongly recommended for children of all ages in order to prevent co-infection of influenza with other deadly diseases.
In vitro and in vivo efficacies of artesunate in the treatment of cystic echinococcosis
Authors: Wen LM , Lv GD , Zhao J , Lu S , Gong YH , Li YF , Zheng HY , Chen B , Gao HJ , Tian CY , Wang JH 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: In this study, we aim to investigate the efficiency of artesunate (AS) in treating cystic echinococcosis (CE). Methods: Eosin staining and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were utilized for the evaluation of treatment efficiency. DHR123 method and comet assay were utilized to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and DNA damages. Results: Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that AS showed significantly higher anti-parasitic effects on CE compared to albendazole (ABZ), especially under in vitro conditions. AS could elevate the ROS level in the protoscoleces (PSCs), which resulted in obvious DNA damages. AS could significant improve the liver function in infected mice compared with the model group (P < 0.05). Moderate and high doses of AS could decrease the TNF-α content compared with the model group (P < 0.05). The content of H2O2 in hydatid fluid treated by AS showed significant decrease compared with the model group (P < 0.01), while the T-SOD level showed significant elevation compared with model group (P < 0.01). Conclusions: In this study, we confirmed that the effects of AS on PSCs may be related to the DNA damages induced by oxidative stress, which provided solid information for the research and development of drugs for hydatid disease.
Plastome phylogenomic and biogeographic study on Thuja (Cupressaceae)
Authors: Adelalu Kole F. , Zhang Xu , Qu Xiaojian , Landis Jacob B. , Sun Yanxia , Meng Aiping , Sun Hang , Wang Hengchang 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: Investigating the biogeographical disjunction of East Asia and North America flora is the key to understanding the formation and dynamic biodiversity in the Northern Hemisphere. The small Cupressaceae genus Thuja, comprising five species, exhibits a typical disjunct distribution in East Asia and North America. Owing to the obscure relationships, the biogeographical history of the genus remains controversial. Here, complete plastomes were employed to investigate the plastome evolution, phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic history of Thuja. Results: All plastomes of Thuja share the same gene contents arranged in the same order. The loss of an IR was evident in all Thuja plastomes, and the B-arrangement as previously recognized was detected. Phylogenomic analyses resolved two sister pairs, T. standishii-T. koraiensis and T. occidentalis-T. sutchuenensis, with T. plicata sister to T. occidentails-T. sutchuenensis. Molecular dating and biogeographic result suggest the diversification of Thuja occurred in the Middle Miocene, and the ancestral area of extant species was located in northern East Asia. Incorporating the fossil record, we inferred that Thuja likely originated from the high-latitude areas of North America in the Paleocene with a second diversification center in northern East Asia. Conclusions: The dispersal events attributed to the Bering Land Bridge in the Miocene and subsequent vicariance events accompanying climate cooling may have shaped the current geographic distributions of Thuja. Given most lineages of gymnosperm, including Thuja, have encountered massive extinction resulted from climatic oscillations, we here advocate that the potential effect of extinction should be re-evaluated in exploring the evolutionary history of gymnosperms.
The impact of vascular calcification among dialysis dependent south African CKD patients: A five year follow up study.Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, ethnic variation and hemodynamic correlates
Authors: SIMBA Kudakwashe , BORKUM Megan , STRAUSS Nalene , BASERA Wisdom , SWANEPOEL Charles , FREERCKS Robert Jeremy , RAYNER Brian Lindsay 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular calcification is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). In Western countries, Blacks with ESRD appear to have lesser degrees of vascular calcification compared to non-Blacks. However, there is no published data on the association of ethnic differences in vascular calcification and survival in ESRD from Sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS This study assessed 5-year changes in vascular calcification and mortality in a previously published cohort of patients with ESRD. Vascular calcification was assessed by abdominal aortic calcification score and vascular stiffness by pulse wave velocity. RESULTS Sixty-six of the original 74 participants, studied at baseline, were identified. The median age was 46.6 years (37.6-59.2) and 57.6% were women. Abdominal aortic calcification showed no progression among Blacks [baseline range 0-5, follow up range 0-8 (p=1.00)], but a non-significant trend to progression among non-Blacks [baseline range 0-19, follow up range 0-22 (p=0.066)]. Black participants did not display a survival advantage (p=0.870). Overall, sepsis was the most common cause of mortality (64% of those with an identifiable cause of death). Non-Blacks had higher parathyroidectomy rates than Blacks with 9/30 cases compared to 2/36 (p=0.036). After adjustment for parathyroidectomy at follow up, the odds ratio of having abdominal vascular calcification score of ≥1 amongst non-Blacks was 8.6-fold greater compared to Blacks (p= 0.03). Central aortic systolic pressures (CASP) and pulse wave velocities (PWV) were higher in the study population than age matched normative values. At follow up, a positive correlation (r=0.5) was observed between PWV and abdominal aortic calcification (p=0.047). Elevated baseline coronary artery calcification score and FGF-23 level at baseline were not associated with a difference in mortality. CONCLUSION There was no significant progression in vascular calcification among Blacks. After adjusting for increased parathyroidectomy rates, there was a greater progression of vascular calcification amongst non-Blacks compared to Blacks highlighting possible ethnic differences in calcium phosphate metabolism in patients with ESRD. Lack of vascular calcification progression in Blacks was not associated with improved survival, but the sample size was small.
Analysis of factors associated with local recurrence after endoscopic resection of gastric epithelial dysplasia
Authors: Back Min Kyung , Moon Hee Seok , Kwon In Sun , Park Jae Ho , Kim Ju Seok , Kang Sun Hyung , Sung Jae Kyu , Lee Eaum Seok , Kim Seok Hyun , Lee Byung Seok , Jeong Hyun Yong 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background : Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) are widely used techniques for the treatment of gastric epithelial dysplasia. Previous studies have compared the clinical outcome of endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer, but few studies have focused on gastric dysplasia alone. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term prognosis following endoscopic procedures for gastric epithelial dysplasia, investigate differences in local recurrence rates according to the treatment modality, and identify risk factors associated with local recurrence. Methods : In this retrospective study, local recurrence rates and risk factors associated with local recurrence were compared between 599 patients who underwent EMR and 306 who underwent ESD for gastric epithelial dysplasia from January 2011 to December 2015. Results : The en bloc resection rate (32.2% vs. 100%, p<0.001) and complete resection rate (94.8% vs. 99.0%, p=0.003) were significantly lower in the EMR group than in the ESD group. The local recurrence rate was significantly lower in the ESD group (1.3%) than in the EMR group (4.2%; p=0.026). There was a significantly increased risk of local recurrence, regardless of lesion location or histologic grade, in patients with lesions >2 cm (p=0.002) or red in color (p=0.03). The ESD group had a significantly lower local recurrence rate, with a higher complete resection rate, than that in the EMR group (p<0.05). Conclusions : The complete resection rate was significantly higher, and the local recurrence rate was significantly lower, in patients with gastric epithelial dysplasia treated with ESD. Therefore, ESD should be considered the preferred treatment in patients with lesions >2 cm or showing redness due to an increased risk of local recurrence.
Determinants of pregnant mothers to bypass primary health facilities and directly seek postnatal care in hospitals in Dar es Salaam region – A Community health needs assessment, Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Hokororo Joseph Christopher , Eliakimu Eliudi S. , Ngowi Ruth , Mohammed Mohammed A. , Malebo Hamisi M. , Kim Sehyeon , Jigabha Nyambuli , Makupa Jackline , Salimu Fatuma , Mtesigwa Pauline , Kim Sukyung , Nkungu Daniel , Mawazo Akili 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Introduction Dar es Salaam is the region with a large number of Primary healthcare facilities (dispensaries and health centres) outnumber the available hospitals. Although policies on referral system are available, there is a gap in terms of compliance and adherence to the governance system. Hospitals are overwhelmed with patients as compared to primary healthcare facilities, leading to poor quality of the healthcare services. The aim was to assess the needs of community members for primary healthcare services, as well as, to identify the reasons and determinants that influence mothers to bypass primary healthcare facilities.Methodology A cross-sectional study that assessed the determinants associated with pregnant mothers to bypass primary healthcare facilities in their healthcare needs. The study was conducted in Kinondoni, Ilala, Kigamboni, Temeke and Ubungo healthcare facilities in Dar es Salaam region. It targeted all postnatal women. A consecutive sampling procedure was used and a total of 544 of respondents were involved in the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on: social demographic; Clinical factors of the mother; Health services; and provider’s factors that might contribute to the observed bypass. Data were analysed in levels of univariate, bivariate and multivariate using SPSS statistical package number 20.Results A total of 544 respondents were interviewed. Mothers who bypassed the primary healthcare facilities were 94%. After adjustment it was found that, those with income more than 1USD a day were (OR=4.27, CI=1.8- 15.4, P=0.01) more likely to bypass the primary facilities and go straight to the upper levels of healthcare facilities.Conclusions This study has found postnatal women in Dar es Salaam region are at high chance of going straight to the secondary and tertiary Hospitals without passing at primary healthcare facilities. Nine in every ten postnatal women were found to have by passed the primary healthcare facilities. Findings from this study reveals a strong and urgent need to strengthen primary healthcare facilities and as well implement the referral guidelines on all clients who seek health care to reduce the bypass.
Predictors of very preterm births (born between 23 and 29 weeks’ gestation) at a tertiary care center in Karachi, Pakistan: additional multivariate analyses on data from primary cohort
Authors: Yakoob Mohammad 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Objective: Previously, we have published univariate analyses on a cohort of all singleton very preterm infants (N=101) born between 23 and 29 weeks of gestation during January 01, 1998 to June 30, 2003 at The Aga Khan University Hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. Our main objective was to extend these analyses to multivariate logistic regression models and report Odds Ratios (ORs) for univariate and multivariate analyses. All variables in univariate were included in multivariate models. Results: The survival incidences were 0% at 23, 16.7% at 24, 40.0% at 25, 30.0% at 26, 33.3% at 27, 68.8% at 28 and 83.9% at 29 weeks of gestation. In univariate analyses, gestational age, birth-weight and mode of delivery (Cesarean-section had higher survival compared to vaginal) were statistically significant predictors of survival (P≤0.001 each). Other variables that also included antenatal steroids did not achieve significance. However, in complete case multivariate analyses, only gestational age (per week) was associated with survival (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.1–5.5, P=0.03); birthweight and C-section were not associated-1.2, 0.88–1.6, P=0.26 and 2.4, 0.48–12.2, P=0.28. Antenatal steroid use, maternal age, year of birth, parity, history of preterm delivery, hemoglobin levels, complications and time of birth remained not associated.
Legume Cover Crops Provide Nitrogen to Corn During a Three‐Year Transition to Organic Cropping
Authors: Yang X.M. , Drury C.F. , Reynolds W.D. , Reeb M.D. 
Published: August 2019

Crop yields are often lower during the “three‐year transition” period from conventional to organic production systems. This paper presents the results from an organic cropping trial which used summer‐seeded legume cover crops as the primary N source for corn in a corn (Zea mays L.)‐ soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr)‐ winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation in southwestern Ontario, Canada. The cover crop treatments included crimson clover (CC, Trifolium incarnatum L.), hairy vetch (HV, Vicia villosa Roth subsp. villosa) and red clover (RC, Trifolium pratense L.). Also included were a conventional control (CKC, with synthetic fertilizers) and an organic control (CKO, no synthetic fertilizer) without cover crops. The objectives were to determine the N and C accumulation in the legume above‐ground biomass; the impacts of cover crops on residual soil mineral N (RSN) in late fall and on crop grain yields during the 3‐yr transition period. Compared to CKC, cover crops left less RSN (51 kg N ha−1 less) in the soil profile (0–90 mm) by late November. In early May before plow‐down, significantly more above‐ground biomass was found for HV (3313 kg C ha−1, 240 kg N ha−1) and RC (2766 kg C ha−1, 199 kg N ha−1) than for CC (1787 kg C ha−1, 119 kg N ha−1). In the three‐year transition period, average corn grain yields were 13.1 and 13. 0 Mg ha−1 for HV and RC which were similar (P = 0.05) to CKC (13.8 Mg ha−1) but greater than CKO (6.4 Mg ha−1) (P = 0.05). This study highlighted the effectiveness of using HV or RC as a primary N source for organic corn production in southwestern Ontario.Core Ideas

Summer seeded legume cover crops decreased residual soil N in late fall.
Summer seeded hairy vetch & red clover grow well in the following spring.
Summer seeded hairy vetch & red clover were good N sources for corn in SW Ontario.