bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health care professionals' perspectives on the requirements facilitating the roll-out of kangaroo mother care in South Africa
Authors: Ham Wilma Ten , Minnie Karin C.S. , Van der Walt Christa S.J.C. 
Published: April 2018

Background: Using best evidence to inform practice is the cornerstone of quality patient care, and requires spread, uptake, implementation and roll-out of best practices. Kangaroo mother care (KMC) was used as a best practice which has been partly rolled-out in South Africa. In order for successful roll-out of best practices, it is important to understand what health professionals perceive as requirements for the rolling-out process. However, no published research was found on requirements for rolling-out a best practice in the South African context.Purpose of the research: To explore and describe the perspectives of health professionals on the requirements for the rolling-out process of KMC as a best practice in South Africa.Methodology: Twelve semi-structured individual interviews were conducted in 2012 with health professionals from various South African healthcare levels, involved in the implementation and the rolling-out process of kangaroo mother care. Content analysis were guided in terms of the four requirements for roll-out of best practices, identified in Edwards and Grinspun's Evidence Informed Model of Care.Results: The requirements for the successful rollout of best practices mentioned by the participants in this study concur with the requirements of Edwards and Grinspun: personal alignment and protocol/policy alignment with the best practice; a roll-out plan; leadership; and supporting and reinforcing structures such as: resources, communicating, education and development regarding the best practice, and the organisational structure. The requirements were identified at four different levels: individual level (e.g. the nurse and medical specialists), management level (of the hospital), provincial level and national level.
Global radiative effects of solid fuel cookstove aerosol emissions
Authors: Huang Yaoxian , Unger Nadine , Storelvmo Trude , Harper Kandice , Zheng Yiqi , Heyes Chris 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We apply the NCAR CAM5-Chem global aerosol-climate model to quantify the net global radiative effects of black and organic carbon aerosols from global and Indian solid fuel cookstove emissions for the year 2010. Our assessment accounts for the direct radiative effects, changes to cloud albedo and lifetime (aerosol indirect effect, AIE), impacts on clouds via the vertical temperature profile (semi-direct effect, SDE) and changes in the surface albedo of snow and ice (surface albedo effect). In addition, we provide the first estimate of household solid fuel black carbon emission effects on ice clouds. Anthropogenic emissions are from the IIASA GAINS ECLIPSE V5a inventory. A global dataset of black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA) measurements from surface sites and aerosol optical depth (AOD) from AERONET is used to evaluate the model skill. Compared with observations, the model successfully reproduces the spatial patterns of atmospheric BC and OA concentrations, and agrees with measurements to within a factor of 2. Globally, the simulated AOD agrees well with observations, with a normalized mean bias close to zero. However, the model tends to underestimate AOD over India and China by  ∼  19 ± 4 % but overestimate it over Africa by  ∼  25 ± 11 % (± represents modeled temporal standard deviations for n = 5 run years). Without BC serving as ice nuclei (IN), global and Indian solid fuel cookstove aerosol emissions have net global cooling radiative effects of −141 ± 4 mW m−2 and −12 ± 4 mW m−2, respectively (± represents modeled temporal standard deviations for n = 5 run years). The net radiative impacts are dominated by the AIE and SDE mechanisms, which originate from enhanced cloud condensation nuclei concentrations for the formation of liquid and mixed-phase clouds, and a suppression of convective transport of water vapor from the lower troposphere to the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere that in turn leads to reduced ice cloud formation. When BC is allowed to behave as a source of IN, the net global radiative impacts of the global and Indian solid fuel cookstove emissions range from −275 to +154 mW m−2 and −33 to +24 mW m−2, with globally averaged values of −59 ± 215 and 0.3 ± 29 mW m−2, respectively. Here, the uncertainty range is based on sensitivity simulations that alter the maximum freezing efficiency of BC across a plausible range: 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1. BC–ice cloud interactions lead to substantial increases in high cloud (<  500 hPa) fractions. Thus, the net sign of the impacts of carbonaceous aerosols from solid fuel cookstoves on global climate (warming or cooling) remains ambiguous until improved constraints on BC interactions with mixed-phase and ice clouds are available.
Determination of the refractive index of insoluble organic extracts from atmospheric aerosol over the visible wavelength range using optical tweezers
Authors: Shepherd Rosalie H. , King Martin D. , Marks Amelia A. , Brough Neil , Ward Andrew D. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. Optical trapping combined with Mie spectroscopy is a new technique used to
record the refractive index of insoluble organic material extracted from
atmospheric aerosol samples over a wide wavelength range. The refractive
index of the insoluble organic extracts was shown to follow a Cauchy equation
between 460 and 700 nm for organic aerosol extracts collected from urban
(London) and remote (Antarctica) locations. Cauchy coefficients for the
remote sample were for the Austral summer and gave the Cauchy coefficients of
A = 1.467 and B = 1000 nm2 with a real refractive index of
1.489 at a wavelength of 589 nm. Cauchy coefficients for the urban samples
varied with season, with extracts collected during summer having Cauchy
coefficients of A=1.465±0.005 and
B=4625±1200 nm2 with a representative real refractive index
of 1.478 at a wavelength of 589 nm, whilst samples extracted during autumn
had larger Cauchy coefficients of A = 1.505 and B = 600 nm2
with a representative real refractive index of 1.522 at a wavelength of
589 nm. The refractive index of absorbing aerosol was also recorded. The
absorption Ångström exponent was determined for woodsmoke and humic
acid aerosol extract. Typical values of the Cauchy coefficient for the woodsmoke
aerosol extract were A=1.541±0.03 and
B=14800±2900 nm2, resulting in a real refractive index of
1.584 ± 0.007 at a wavelength of 589 nm and an absorption
Ångström exponent of 8.0. The measured values of refractive index
compare well with previous monochromatic or very small wavelength range
measurements of refractive index. In general, the real component of the
refractive index increases from remote to urban to woodsmoke. A
one-dimensional radiative-transfer calculation of the top-of-the-atmosphere
albedo was applied to model an atmosphere containing a 3 km thick layer of
aerosol comprising pure water, pure insoluble organic aerosol, or an
aerosol consisting of an aqueous core with an insoluble organic shell. The
calculation demonstrated that the top-of-the-atmosphere albedo increases by
0.01 to 0.04 for pure organic particles relative to water particles of the
same size and that the top-of-the-atmosphere albedo increases by 0.03 for aqueous
core-shell particles as volume fraction of the shell material increases to
25 %.
Comparison of several satellite-derived databases of surface solar radiation against ground measurement in Morocco
Authors: Marchand Mathilde , Ghennioui Abdellatif , Wey Etienne , Wald Lucien 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. HelioClim-3v4 (HC3v4), HelioClim-3v5 (HC3v5) and the radiation service
version 2 of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS-Rad) are
databases that contain hourly values of solar radiation at ground level.
These estimated hourly irradiations are compared to coincident measurements
made at five stations in Morocco. The correlation coefficients between
measurements and estimates are similar for the three databases and around
0.97–0.98 for global irradiation. For the direct irradiation, the
correlation coefficients are around 0.70–0.79 for HC3v4, 0.79–0.84 for
HC3v5 and 0.78–0.87 for CAMS-Rad. For global irradiation, the bias relative
to the average of the measurements is small and ranges between −6 and
−1 % for HC3v4, −4 and 0 % for HC3v5, and −4 and 7 % for
CAMS-Rad; HC3v4 and HC3v5 exhibit a tendency to slightly underestimate the
global irradiation. The root mean square error (RMSE) ranges between 53
(12 %) and 72 Wh m−2 (13 %) for HC3v4, 55 (12 %) and
71 Wh m−2 (13 %) for HC3v5, and 59 (11 %) and 97 Wh m−2
(21 %) for CAMS-Rad. For the direct irradiation, the relative bias ranges
between −16 and 21 % for HC3v4, −7 and 22 % for HC3v5, and −18 and
7 % for CAMS-Rad. The RMSE ranges between 170 (28 %) and
210 Wh m−2 (33 %) for HC3v4, 153 (25 %) and 209 Wh m−2
(40 %) for HC3v5, and 159 (26 %) and 244 Wh m−2 (39 %) for
CAMS-Rad. HC3v5 captures the temporal and spatial variability of the
irradiation field well. The performance is poorer for HC3v4 and CAMS-Rad
which exhibit more variability from site to site. As a whole, the three
databases are reliable sources on solar radiation in Morocco.
Quantifying changes in spatial patterns of surface air temperature dynamics over several decades
Authors: Zappalà Dario A. , Barreiro Marcelo , Masoller Cristina 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. We study daily surface air temperature (SAT) reanalysis in a grid over the
Earth's surface to identify and quantify changes in SAT dynamics during the
period 1979–2016. By analysing the Hilbert amplitude and frequency we identify
the regions where relative variations are most pronounced (larger than
±50 % for the amplitude and ±100 % for the frequency). Amplitude variations are interpreted as
due to changes in precipitation or ice melting, while frequency variations are interpreted as due to a
northward shift of the inter-tropical
convergence zone (ITCZ) and to a widening of the rainfall band in the western Pacific
Ocean.
The ITCZ is the ascending branch of the Hadley cell, and thus by affecting
the tropical atmospheric circulation, ITCZ migration has far-reaching
climatic consequences. As the methodology proposed here can be applied to
many other geophysical time series, our work will stimulate new research that
will advance the understanding of climate change impacts.
Paleocene orthophragminids from the Lakadong Limestone, Mawmluh Quarry section, Meghalaya (Shillong, NE India): implications for the regional geology and paleobiogeography
Authors: Özcan Ercan , Pignatti Johannes , Pereira Christer , Yücel Ali Osman , Drobne Katica , Barattolo Filippo , Saraswati Pratul Kumar 
Published: April 2018

Abstract. The late Paleocene orthophragminids, hitherto poorly known from the Himalayan foreland basins, are studied from the Lakadong Limestone in Meghalaya, northeastern India, in order to establish a systematic, biostratigraphic, and paleobiogeographical framework for them in the eastern Tethys. In the Mawmluh Quarry section (MQS) on the Shillong Plateau, to the southeast of Tibet, orthophragminids are associated with typical Paleocene orbitoidiform taxa endemic to the Indian subcontinent, i.e., Lakadongia Matsumaru &amp; Jauhri (= Setia Ferràndez-Cañadell) and Orbitosiphon Rao, and various species of alveolinids, miscellaneids, and rotaliids, characterizing the Shallow Benthic Zones (SBZ) 3 and 4. The orthophragminids belong to two lineages of the genus Orbitoclypeus Silvestri: O. schopeni (Checchia-Rispoli) and O. multiplicatus (Gümbel), both well known from the peri-Mediterranean region and Europe (western Tethys). The latter species is identified here for the first time from the eastern Tethys. Previous records of the genus Discocyclina Gümbel from the Lakadong Limestone actually correspond to misidentified Orbitoclypeus; this implies that the late Paleocene orthophragminid assemblages from Meghalaya and eastern Tethys were less diverse than in the western Tethys. The lineage of Orbitoclypeus schopeni in the lower part of the Lakadong Limestone (SBZ 3) is identified as O. schopeni cf. ramaraoi based on the morphometry of a few specimens, whereas in the upper part (SBZ 4) it corresponds to a transitional development stage between O. schopeni ramaraoi and O. schopeni neumannae (with average Dmean values ranging between 192 and 199 µm). The embryon diameters of O. multiplicatus, recorded only in SBZ 4, range between 300 and 319 µm on average, corresponding to transitional development stages of O. multiplicatus haymanaensis and O. multiplicatus multiplicatus. Our data, along with a review of previous Paleocene and Eocene records from India and Pakistan, suggest that Orbitoclypeus is the only orthophragminid in the Paleocene of the eastern Tethys, whereas Discocyclina first appears in early Eocene times, being mainly represented by endemic taxa confined to the Indian subcontinent. Facies change in the MQS from a marine to continental setting within SBZ 4 corresponds to the oldest record from the Indian plate in the Paleogene, which may be linked to the flexural uplift of the passive margin of the Indian plate, marking the onset of the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.
Mineral composition of amaranth (Amaranthus L.) seeds of vegetable and grain usage by ARHIVBSP selection
Authors: Gins Murat Sabirovich , Gins Valentina Karlovna , Motyleva Svetlana Mikhailovna , Kulikov Ivan Mikhailovich , Medvedev Sergei Mikhailovich , Kononkov Petr Fedorovich , Pivovarov Viktor Fedorovich 
Published: April 2018

The questions of the practical usage of the analytical scanning electron microscope JSM 600 LA by JEOL company (Japan) with EDS system - microanalysis for the studying of the ash elemental composition of seeds 9 breeds (Vegetable and Grain application) 4 species genus Amaranthus L. - A. hypochondriacus, A. cruentus, A. hybridus, A. caudatus, A. tricolor. Plant seeds by Federal center of vegetable production selection were envisaged. We studied the concentration of 14 basic elements (in weight %) contained in the mineral part of amaranth seeds. In the amaranth seeds of vegetable forms the accumulation order of the elements is the following: Ca >K >P >Mg >Si >Se >Fe >Mo ≈ S ≈ Cl ≈ Zn >Na >Al. In the seeds of the grain forms the order is different: К >P >Ca >Si >Se >Mg >Fe >Na >Mo >Cl ≈ S ≈ Mn ≈ Zn ≈ Al. The amaranth seeds of the grain forms are rich in macro - and microelements. P, K, Cl and S in the seeds of the grain forms are accumulated on 50, 37, 15 and 5% more and Si, Fe and Al in 2.6 and 1.8 times more than in the vegetable forms seeds. The breeds with the high concentration of the elements are recommended for using in the selection process. The elevated level of the essential macro- and microelements such as Ca, K, P, Mg, Mo, S and Cl stipulates the perspective of the functional products creation on the base of the studied amaranth seeds for the enrichment of the food stuffs.
“SAIR OU FICAR NO ARMÁRIO”? EIS A QUESTÃO! Estudo sobre as razões e os efeitos do coming out no ambiente de trabalho
Authors: Rabelo Adriana Marques , Nunes Simone Costa 
Published: April 2018

Este trabalho se propõe a investigar o Coming Out no ambiente de trabalho considerando os motivos que levam os trabalhadores homossexuais a revelarem sua orientação sexual no trabalho. Para tanto foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa em que foram entrevistados trabalhadores homossexuais que atuam em organizações públicas ou privadas, buscando-se apreender suas histórias de vida. Os dados foram colhidos por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com roteiro semiestruturado e analisados com base no método análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2006). Os depoimentos sugerem que o coming out traz melhorias para as relações interpessoais e satisfação com o ambiente de trabalho. Entretanto, não se trata de uma escolha isenta de riscos, tendo-se em vista que, em determinados ambientes, a assunção da identidade sexual no trabalho pode impactar negativamente na qualidade do relacionamento com a chefia e diminuir as chances de promoção.
Microplastics in the environment: Much ado about nothing? A debate
Authors: Backhaus Thomas , Wagner Martin 
Published: April 2018

This manuscript documents a debate between the two authors on the issue of microplastics in the environment. It was sparked by a recent viewpoint article published by G. A. Burton in Environmental Science and Technology (http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b05463) and started as a Twitter debate. To expand, we decided to continue our conversation publishing 1000-word texts on peerJ and responding to each other in roughly two-week intervals. Currently, the text contains the following:
1) An introduction, which sets the scene for the article
2) Martin's kick-off statement “Soul-searching on microplastics: Lost in translation, prioritization and communication?”, dated Feb. 27, 2018
3) Thomas' opening statement “A genuine research topic, but let’s avoid hyperboles”, dated March 18, 2018
4) Martin’s rebuttal “Moving forward: What are the risks of microplastics?”, dated April 18, 2018
Redescription of Phymolepis cuifengshanensis (Antiarcha: Yunnanolepididae) using high-resolution computed tomography and new insights into anatomical details of the endocranium in antiarchs
Authors: Wang Yajing , Zhu Min 
Published: April 2018

Background. Yunnanolepidoids constitute either the basal-most consecutive segments or the most primitive clade of antiarchs, a highly diversified jawed vertebrate group from the Silurian and Early Devonian periods. Although the general morphology of yunnanolepidoids is well established, their endocranial features remain largely unclear, thus hindering our further understanding of antiarch evolution, and early gnathostome evolution. Phymolepis cuifengshanensis, a yunnanolepidoid from the Early Devonian of southwestern China, is re-described in detail to reveal the information on endocranial anatomy and additional morphological data of head and trunk shields.
Methods. We scanned the material of P. cuifengshanensis using high-resolution computed tomography a nd generated virtual restorations to show the internal morphology of its dermal shield. The dorsal aspect of endocranium in P. cuifengshanensis was therefore inferred. The phylogenetic analysis of antiarchs was conducted based on a revised and expanded dataset that incorporates ten new cranial characters.
Results. The lateroventral fossa of trunk shield and Chang’s apparatus arethree-dimensionally restored in P. cuifengshanensis. The canal that is positioned just anterior to the internal cavity of Chang’s apparatus, probably corresponds to the rostrocaudal canal of euantiarchs. The endocranial morphology of P. cuifengshanensis corroborates a general pattern for yunnanolepidoids with additional characters distinguishing them from sinolepids and euantiarchs, such as a developed cranio-spinal process, an elongated endolymphatic duct, and a long occipital portion.
Discussion. In light of new data from Phymolepis and Yunnanolepis, we summarized the morphology on the visceral surface of head shield in antiarchs, and formulated additional ten characters for the phylogenetic analysis. These cranial characters exhibit a high degree of morphological disparity between major subgroups of antiarchs, and highlight the endocranial character evolution in antiarchs.
Influence of mutation bias and hydrophobicity on the substitution rates and sequence entropies of protein evolution
Authors: Jiménez-Santos María José , Arenas Miguel , Bastolla Ugo 
Published: April 2018

Protein sites present different amino acids during their evolution, whose number reflects the selective constraints operating on them. This evolutionary variability is strongly influenced by the structural properties of the site in the native structure, and it is quantified either through sequence entropy or through substitution rates. However, while the sequence entropy only depends on the equilibrium frequencies of the amino acids, the substitution rate also depends on the exchangeability matrix that describes mutations in the mathematical model of the substitution process.
Here we apply a mathematical model of protein evolution with selection for protein stability, both against unfolding and against misfolding, and find that sites with the same sequence entropy present different substitution rates depending on whether the site is prevalently hydrophobic or hydrophylic. For equal sequence entropy, polar sites evolve faster than hydrophobic sites. This is a consequence of the differential exchangeability associated with hydrophobic or polar amino acids. Accordingly, the model predicts that more polar proteins present, on the average, a faster substitution rate. However, these results change if we compare proteins that evolve under different mutation biases, such as orthologous proteins in different bacterial genomes. In this case, the substitution rates are faster in genomes that evolve under mutational bias that favour hydrophobic amino acids by preferentially incorporating the nucleotide Thymine that is more frequent in hydrophobic codons. In our model, the mutation bias influences both the sequence entropies and the substitution rates of protein sites. The sequence entropy is maximal for the mutational biases that reproduce the observed amino acid distributions and strongly decreases when extreme mutational biases are approached. The hydrophobicity for which the entropy is maximal is close to the mean hydrophobicity of the twenty amino acids and independent of the mutation bias. In contrast, the substitution rate and the hydrophobicity for which the substitution rate is maximal tend to increase when the mutation bias favours hydrophobic amino acids. Thus, changes of the mutational bias lead to deep effects on the biophysical properties of the protein (hydrophobicity) and on its evolutionary properties (sequence entropy and substitution rate) at the same time. The program Prot_evol is freely available for download at the url https://ub.cbm.uam.es/prot_fold_evol/prot_fold_evol_soft_main.php#Prot_Evol.[p]