bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neighbouring plants modify maize root foraging for phosphorus: coupling nutrients and neighbours for improved nutrient‐use efficiency
Authors: Zhang Deshan , Lyu Yang , Li Hongbo , Tang Xiaoyan , Hu Ran , Rengel Zed , Zhang Fusuo , Whalley William R. , Davies William J. , Cahill James F. , Shen Jianbo 
Published: September 2019

Summary

Nutrient distribution and neighbours can impact plant growth, but how neighbours shape root‐foraging strategy for nutrients is unclear. Here, we explore new patterns of plant foraging for nutrients as affected by neighbours to improve nutrient acquisition.

Maize (Zea mays) was grown alone (maize), or with maize (maize/maize) or faba bean (Vicia faba) (maize/faba bean) as a neighbour on one side and with or without a phosphorus (P)‐rich zone on the other in a rhizo‐box experiment.

Maize demonstrated root avoidance in maize/maize, with reduced root growth in ‘shared’ soil, and increased growth away from its neighbours. Conversely, maize proliferated roots in the proximity of neighbouring faba bean roots that had greater P availability in the rhizosphere (as a result of citrate and acid phosphatase exudation) compared with maize roots. Maize proliferated more roots, but spent less time to reach, and grow out of, the P patches away from neighbours in the maize/maize than in the maize/faba bean experiment. Maize shoot biomass and P uptake were greater in the heterogeneous P treatment with maize/faba bean than with maize/maize system.

The foraging strategy of maize roots is an integrated function of heterogeneous distribution of nutrients and neighbouring plants, thus improving nutrient acquisition and maize growth. Understanding the foraging patterns is critical for optimizing nutrient management in crops.
Waiting list mortality for pediatric deceased donor liver transplantation in a Japanese living‐donor–dominant program
Authors: Kasahara Mureo , Katono Masami , Schlegel Andrea , Kubota Tomomi , Nakazato Yayoi , Uchida Hajime , Shimizu Seiichi , Yanagi Yusuke , Takeda Masahiro , Fukuda Akinari , Sakamoto Seisuke 
Published: September 2019

AbstractLiving donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has become a major life‐saving procedure for children with end‐stage liver disease in Japan, whereas deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) has achieved only limited success. The annual number of pediatric liver transplantations is approximately 100‐120, with a patient 20‐year survival rate of 81.0%. In 2005, the liver transplantation program at the National Center for Child Health and Development in Tokyo, Japan, was initiated, with an overall number of 560 pediatric patients with end‐stage liver disease to date. In July 2010, our center was qualified as a pediatric DDLT center; a total of 132 patients were listed for DDLT up until February 2019. The indications for DDLT included acute liver failure (n = 46, 34.8%), metabolic liver disease (n = 26, 19.7%), graft failure after LDLT (n = 17, 12.9%), biliary atresia (n = 16, 12.1%), and primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 10, 7.6%). Overall, 25.8% of the patients on the waiting list received a DDLT and 52.3% were transplanted from a living donor. The 5‐year patient and graft survivals were 90.5% and 88.8%, respectively, with an overall waiting list mortality of 3.0%. LDLT provides a better survival compared with DDLT among the recipients on the DDLT waiting list. LDLT is nevertheless of great importance in Japan; however, it cannot save all pediatric recipients. As the mortality of children on the waiting list has not yet been reduced to zero, both LDLT and DDLT should be implemented in pediatric liver transplantation programs.
Inverse scattering transform for the defocusing Ablowitz–Ladik system with arbitrarily large nonzero background
Authors: Ortiz Alyssa K. , Prinari Barbara 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this work we develop the inverse scattering transform (IST) for the defocusing Ablowitz–Ladik (AL) equation with arbitrarily a large nonzero background at space infinity. The IST was developed in previous works under the assumption that the amplitude of the background satisfies a “small norm” condition . On the other hand, Ohta and Yang recently showed that the defocusing AL system, which is modulationally stable for , becomes unstable if , and exhibits discrete rogue wave solutions, some of which are regular for all times. Here, we construct the IST for the defocusing AL with , analyze the spectrum, and characterize the soliton and rational solutions from a spectral point of view.We formulate the direct and inverse problems by using a suitable uniformization variable, and pose the inverse problem as an RHP across a simple contour in the complex plane of the uniform variable. As a by‐product of the IST, we also obtain explicit soliton solutions, which are the discrete analog of the celebrated Kuznetsov–Ma, Akhmediev, Peregrine solutions, and which mimic the corresponding solutions for the focusing AL equation. Soliton solutions that are the analog of the dark soliton solutions of the defocusing AL equation in the case are also presented.
AtPER1 enhances primary seed dormancy and reduces seed germination by suppressing the ABA catabolism and GA biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seeds
Authors: Chen Huhui , Ruan Jiuxiao , Chu Pu , Fu Wei , Liang Zhenwei , Li Yin , Tong Jianhua , Xiao Langtao , Liu Jun , Li Chenlong , Huang Shangzhi 
Published: September 2019

SummarySeed is vital to the conservation of germplasm and plant biodiversity. Seed dormancy is an adaptive trait in numerous seed‐plant species, enabling plants to survive under stressful conditions. Seed dormancy is mainly controlled by abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) and can be classified as primary and secondary seed dormancy. The primary seed dormancy is induced by maternal ABA. Here we found that AtPER1, a seed‐specific peroxiredoxin, is involved in enhancing primary seed dormancy. Two loss‐of‐function atper1 mutants, atper1‐1 and atper1‐2, displayed suppressed primary seed dormancy accompanied with reduced ABA and increased GA contents in seeds. Furthermore, atper1 mutant seeds were insensitive to abiotic stresses during seed germination. The expression of several ABA catabolism genes (CYP707A1, CYP707A2, and CYP707A3) and GA biosynthesis genes (GA20ox1, GA20ox3, and KAO3) in atper1 mutant seeds was increased compared to wild‐type seeds. The suppressed primary seed dormancy of atper1‐1 was completely reduced by deletion of CYP707A genes. Furthermore, loss‐of‐function of AtPER1 cannot enhance the seed germination ratio of aba2‐1 or ga1‐t, suggesting that AtPER1‐enhanced primary seed dormancy is dependent on ABA and GA. Additionally, the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in atper1 mutant seeds was significantly higher than that in wild‐type seeds. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AtPER1 eliminates ROS to suppress ABA catabolism and GA biosynthesis, and thus improves the primary seed dormancy and make the seeds less sensitive to adverse environmental conditions.
A Modified Parallel Plate Flow Chamber to Study Local Endothelial Response to Recirculating Disturbed Flow
Authors: Sedlak Jason Matthew , Clyne Alisa Morss 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAtherosclerosis develops at arterial sites where endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to low time-averaged shear stress, in particular in regions of recirculating disturbed flow. To understand how hemodynamics contributes to EC dysfunction in atheroma development, an in vitro parallel plate flow chamber gasket was modified with protruding baffles to produce large recirculating flow regions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predicted that more than 60% of the flow surface area was below the 12 dynes/cm2 atheroprotective threshold. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were then seeded in the parallel plate flow chamber with either the standard laminar or the new disturbed flow gasket (DFG) and exposed to flow for 36 h. Cell morphology, nitric oxide (NO), proliferation, permeability, and monocyte adhesion were assessed by phase contrast and confocal microscopy. BAEC exposed to 20 dynes/cm2 shear stress in the laminar flow device aligned and elongated in the flow direction while increasing nitric oxide, decreasing permeability, and maintaining low proliferation and monocyte adhesion. BAEC in the recirculating flow and low shear stress disturbed flow device regions did not elongate or align, produced less nitric oxide, and showed higher proliferation, permeability, and monocyte adhesion than cells in the laminar flow device. However, cells in disturbed flow device regions exposed to atheroprotective shear stress did not consistently align or decrease permeability, and these cells demonstrated low nitric oxide levels. The new parallel plate DFG provides a means to study recirculating flow, highlighting the complex relationship between hemodynamics and endothelial function.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of Aviation Kerosene Flowing in Enhanced Tubes at Supercritical Pressure
Authors: Huang Dan , Li Wei , Chen Jingxiang , Zhang Zhixiao , Sherif S. A. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Results of an experimental investigation on heat transfer characteristics of kerosene flowing in vertical upward high-flux tubes at supercritical pressures are presented. Three metal powder-coated tubes (high-flux tubes) and one smooth tube have been tested and compared. The three high-flux tubes all perform much better than the smooth tube at the same parameters of the tube and same working conditions. The observed enhancement in heat transfer is mainly due to the disturbance introduced in the low field by the metal powder coatings and the differences in the thermophysical properties. The heat transfer coefficient in the metal-coated tube (200 mesh) has been found to be 2.5 times that in the smooth tube. Yet, it has been found that both too large and too small of a particle diameter of the metal powder coating on the tube surface could cause the heat transfer to deteriorate. The high-flux tube with a particle diameter of 200 mesh was found to exhibit the best cooling performance. The pressure drop was observed to increase with the increase of the particle diameter. However, the pressure drop was found to be three orders of magnitude smaller than the working pressure in the test section, thus the pressure drop for all practical purposes may be neglected. The density, viscosity, and thermal conductivity of kerosene at different temperatures and supercritical pressures were evaluated using the extended corresponding state principle, which has been proven to show good consistency with the experimental results.
Evidence-Based Structural Uncertainty Quantification by Dimension Reduction Decomposition and Marginal Interval Analysis
Authors: Cao Lixiong , Liu Jie , Jiang Chao , Wu Zhantao , Zhang Zheng 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Evidence theory has the powerful feature to quantify epistemic uncertainty. However, the huge computational cost has become the main obstacle of evidence theory on engineering applications. In this paper, an efficient uncertainty quantification (UQ) method based on dimension reduction decomposition is proposed to improve the applicability of evidence theory. In evidence-based UQ, the extremum analysis is required for each joint focal element, which generally can be achieved by collocating a large number of nodes. Through dimension reduction decomposition, the response of any point can be predicted by the responses of corresponding marginal collocation nodes. Thus, a marginal collocation node method is proposed to avoid the call of original performance function at all joint collocation nodes in extremum analysis. Based on this, a marginal interval analysis method is further developed to decompose the multidimensional extremum searches for all joint focal elements into the combination of a few one-dimensional extremum searches. Because it overcomes the combinatorial explosion of computation caused by dimension, this proposed method can significantly improve the computational efficiency for evidence-based UQ, especially for the high-dimensional uncertainty problems. In each one-dimensional extremum search, as the response at each marginal collocation node is actually calculated by using the original performance function, the proposed method can provide a relatively precise result by collocating marginal nodes even for some nonlinear functions. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method are demonstrated by three numerical examples and two engineering applications.
Non-Convex Feasibility Robust Optimization Via Scenario Generation and Local Refinement
Authors: Rudnick-Cohen Eliot , Herrmann Jeffrey W. , Azarm Shapour 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Feasibility robust optimization techniques solve optimization problems with uncertain parameters that appear only in their constraint functions. Solving such problems requires finding an optimal solution that is feasible for all realizations of the uncertain parameters. This paper presents a new feasibility robust optimization approach involving uncertain parameters defined on continuous domains. The proposed approach is based on an integration of two techniques: (i) a sampling-based scenario generation scheme and (ii) a local robust optimization approach. An analysis of the computational cost of this integrated approach is performed to provide worst-case bounds on its computational cost. The proposed approach is applied to several non-convex engineering test problems and compared against two existing robust optimization approaches. The results show that the proposed approach can efficiently find a robust optimal solution across the test problems, even when existing methods for non-convex robust optimization are unable to find a robust optimal solution. A scalable test problem is solved by the approach, demonstrating that its computational cost scales with problem size as predicted by an analysis of the worst-case computational cost bounds.
Energetics of Walking With a Robotic Knee Exoskeleton
Authors: MacLean Mhairi K. , Ferris Daniel P. 
Published: September 2019

The authors tested 4 young healthy subjects walking with a powered knee exoskeleton to determine if it could reduce the metabolic cost of locomotion. Subjects walked with a backpack loaded and unloaded, on a treadmill with inclinations of 0° and 15°, and outdoors with varied natural terrain. Participants walked at a self-selected speed (average 1.0 m/s) for all conditions, except incline treadmill walking (average 0.5 m/s). The authors hypothesized that the knee exoskeleton would reduce the metabolic cost of walking uphill and with a load compared with walking without the exoskeleton. The knee exoskeleton reduced metabolic cost by 4.2% in the 15° incline with the backpack load. All other conditions had an increase in metabolic cost when using the knee exoskeleton compared with not using the exoskeleton. There was more variation in metabolic cost over the outdoor walking course with the knee exoskeleton than without it. Our findings indicate that powered assistance at the knee is more likely to decrease the metabolic cost of walking in uphill conditions and during loaded walking rather than in level conditions without a backpack load. Differences in positive mechanical work demand at the knee for varying conditions may explain the differences in metabolic benefit from the exoskeleton.
Can smartphone technology be used to support an effective home exercise intervention to prevent falls amongst community dwelling older adults?: the TOGETHER feasibility RCT study protocol
Authors: Hawley-Hague Helen , Tacconi Carlo , Mellone Sabato , Martinez Ellen , Easdon Angela , Yang Fan Bella , Su Ting-Li , Mikolaizak A Stefanie , Chiari Lorenzo , Helbostad Jorunn L , Todd Chris 
Published: September 2019

IntroductionFalls have major implications for quality of life, independence and cost to the health service. Strength and balance training has been found to be effective in reducing the rate/risk of falls, as long as there is adequate fidelity to the evidence-based programme. Health services are often unable to deliver the evidence-based dose of exercise and older adults do not always sufficiently adhere to their programme to gain full outcomes. Smartphone technology based on behaviour-change theory has been used to support healthy lifestyles, but not falls prevention exercise. This feasibility trial will explore whether smartphone technology can support patients to better adhere to an evidence-based rehabilitation programme and test study procedures/outcome measures.Methods and analysisA two-arm, pragmatic feasibility randomised controlled trial will be conducted with health services in Manchester, UK. Seventy-two patients aged 50+years eligible for a falls rehabilitation exercise programme from two community services will receive: (1) standard service with a smartphone for outcome measurement only or (2) standard service plus a smartphone including the motivational smartphone app. The primary outcome is feasibility of the intervention, study design and procedures. The secondary outcome is to compare standard outcome measures for falls, function and adherence to instrumented versions collected using smartphone. Outcome measures collected include balance, function, falls, strength, fear of falling, health-related quality of life, resource use and adherence. Outcomes are measured at baseline, 3 and 6-month post-randomisation. Interviews/focus groups with health professionals and participants further explore feasibility of the technology and trial procedures. Primarily analyses will be descriptive.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol is approved by North West Greater Manchester East Research Ethics Committee (Rec ref:18/NW/0457, 9/07/2018). User groups and patient representatives were consulted to inform trial design, and are involved in study recruitment. Results will be reported at conferences and in peer-reviewed publications. A dissemination event will be held in Manchester to present the results of the trial. The protocol adheres to the recommended Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) checklist.Trial registration numberISRCTN12830220; Pre-results.
Are socioenvironmental factors associated with psychotic symptoms in people with first-episode psychosis? A cross-sectional study of a West London clinical sample
Authors: Tibber Marc S , Kirkbride James B , Mutsatsa Stanley , Harrison Isobel , Barnes Thomas R E , Joyce Eileen M , Huddy Vyv 
Published: September 2019

ObjectivesTo determine whether neighbourhood-level socioenvironmental factors including deprivation and inequality predict variance in psychotic symptoms after controlling for individual-level demographics.DesignA cross-sectional design was employed.SettingData were originally collected from secondary care services within the UK boroughs of Ealing, Hammersmith and Fulham, Wandsworth, Kingston, Richmond, Merton, Sutton and Hounslow as part of the West London First-Episode Psychosis study.ParticipantsComplete case analyses were undertaken on 319 participants who met the following inclusion criteria: aged 16 years or over, resident in the study’s catchment area, experiencing a first psychotic episode, with fewer than 12 weeks’ exposure to antipsychotic medication and sufficient command of English to facilitate assessment.Outcome measuresSymptom dimension scores, derived from principal component analyses of the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, were regressed on neighbourhood-level predictors, including population density, income deprivation, income inequality, social fragmentation, social cohesion, ethnic density and ethnic fragmentation, using multilevel regression. While age, gender and socioeconomic status were included as individual-level covariates, data on participant ethnicity were not available.ResultsHigher income inequality was associated with lower negative symptom scores (coefficient=−1.66, 95% CI −2.86 to –0.46, p<0.01) and higher levels of ethnic segregation were associated with lower positive symptom scores (coefficient=−2.32, 95% CI −4.17 to –0.48, p=0.01) after adjustment for covariates.ConclusionsThese findings provide further evidence that particular characteristics of the environment may be linked to specific symptom clusters in psychosis. Longitudinal studies are required to begin to tease apart the underlying mechanisms involved as well as the causal direction of such associations.
Understanding on the association between informal caregiver characteristics and cognitive function of adults with cancer: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Yang Yesol , Rushton Sharron , Woodward Amanda , Hendrix Cristina 
Published: September 2019

IntroductionAdults with cancer frequently report symptoms such as decline in cognitive function throughout the trajectory of illness. Patients with cognitive deficits need support and assistance from their informal caregivers and often rely on them to manage their symptoms based on their degree of deficits. Patients spend a significant amount of time with their informal caregivers and become interdependent with each other. In spite of their interdependence, it is unclear whether patients’ cognitive outcomes (ie, cognitive function) are associated with their informal caregivers. Therefore, the body of literature related to the association between caregiver characteristics and cognitive function of adults with cancer needs to be fully mapped with assessment for knowledge gaps.Methods and analysisMethods for this scoping review was informed by the framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. Seven electronic databases will be searched: (1) PubMed (MEDLINE), (2) CINAHL, (3) Embase, (4) PsycINFO, (5) Scopus, (6) Sociological Abstracts and (7) ProQuest dissertation abstracts. In addition, the search for grey literature will include the conference abstracts available through Embase, Scopus and Sociological abstracts as well as dissertations available in ProQuest dissertations. All retrieved citations will be independently screened by two authors and eligibility will be determined based on inclusion and exclusion criteria at title and abstract level. Studies meeting inclusion criteria, will be screened at full text level by two reviewers followed by abstraction of included studies. Eligible studies will be collated, summarised and reported using the data charting form that research team developed.Ethics and disseminationThis scoping review does not require ethics approval. Results of this scoping review will be disseminated via conference presentation and/or publication in a scientific journal.