bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indoor rock climbing: who gets injured?
Authors: Wright D M , Royle T J , Marshall T 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To determine the frequency of overuse injury in indoor climbers, the common sites of such injury, and the factors that influence the probability that a climber will have sustained an overuse injury while climbing indoors.Method—A semisupervised questionnaire was used to survey overuse injury in 295 spectators and competitors at the Entre-Prises World Climbing Championships held in Birmingham 3–5 December 1999. Statistical analysis included simple cross tabulations, calculation of odds ratios, and multiple logistic regression to explore the effect of several factors simultaneously.Results—Some 44% of respondents had sustained an overuse injury, 19% at more than one site. The most common site of injury was the fingers. Univariate analysis showed that the probability of having sustained a climbing injury is higher in men (p = 0.009), those who have climbed for more than 10 years (p = 0.006), those who climb harder routes (p<0.0005), and those who boulder or lead more than they top rope (p<0.0005). The relation between lead grade and climbing injury is linear. Multivariate analysis removed the effect of sex as an independent predictor.Conclusions—Many climbers sustain overuse injury. The most at risk are those with the most ability and dedication to climbing. Climbers should be aware of the risk factors that influence injury and be able to spot the signs and symptoms of injury once they occur.
Distinct outcomes of chloride diarrhoea in two siblings with identical genetic background of the disease: implications for early diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Höglund P , Holmberg C , Sherman P , Kere J 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUNDCongenital chloride diarrhoea (CLD, OMIM 214700) is a serious inherited defect of intestinal electrolyte absorption transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion. The major clinical manifestation is diarrhoea with high chloride content which can be balanced by substitution. The molecular pathology involves an epithelial Cl−/HCO3− exchanger protein, encoded by the solute carrier family 26, member 3 gene (SLC26A3), previously known as CLD or DRA (downregulated in adenomas). To date, almost 30 different mutations in the SLC26A3 gene have been identified throughout the world. No clear genotype-phenotype correlation has been established.PATIENTS/METHODSTwo siblings presenting with CLD were studied for disease history, supplementation, or other treatments, and for mutations in the SLC26A3 gene.RESULTSMutation analysis revealed a homozygous I544N mutation in both patients. However, despite the uniform genetic background of CLD in this family, the clinical picture and outcome of the disease were remarkably different between siblings. The older sibling had a late diagnosis and chronic course of the disease whereas the younger one, who was diagnosed soon after birth and immediately received supplementation therapy, grows and develops normally.CONCLUSIONTime of diagnosis, substitution therapy, compliance, and compensatory mechanisms are more important modulators of the clinical picture of CLD than the type of mutation in the SLC26A3 gene.
Improved prognosis of Epstein-Barr virus associated childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma: study of 47 South African cases
Authors: Engel M , Essop M F , Close P , Hartley P , Pallesen G , Sinclair-Smith C 
Published: July 2002

Aim—To study the distribution of Hodgkin's lymphoma in South African children and report the incidence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as regards age, race, sex, and histological subtype; to investigate whether EBV is relevant to survival.Methods—Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridisation (ISH) to detect EBV were performed on 47 South African children with classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, ranging in age from 3 to 14 years and coming from different ethnic backgrounds. The correlation between the presence of the virus and clinical outcome was assessed.Results—The nodular sclerosing subtype predominated, comprising 89% of cases; the remaining 11% were of the mixed cellularity subtype. EBV was present in 68%. Full clinical data were available for 36 cases; EBV positive patients presented with less aggressive symptoms at diagnosis and had a significantly longer median survival than EBV negative patients.Conclusions—The distribution of EBV in South African childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma follows a pattern intermediate to that of industrialised and non-industrialised countries. Furthermore, our data suggest that there is an association between poor prognosis and the non-detection of EBV products in South African childhood Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Deprivations, futures and the wrongness of killing
Authors: Marquis Don 
Published: July 2002

In my essay, Why abortion is immoral, I criticised discussions of the morality of abortion in which the crucial issue is whether fetuses are human beings or whether fetuses are persons. Both argument strategies are inadequate because they rely on indefensible assumptions. Why should being a human being or being a person make a moral difference? I argued that the correct account of the morality of abortion should be based upon a defensible account of why killing children and adults is wrong. I claimed that what makes killing us wrong is that our premature deaths deprive us of our futures of value, that is, the goods of life we would have experienced had we survived. This account of the wrongness of killing explains why killing is one of the worst of crimes and how killing greatly harms the victim. It coheres with the attitudes of those with cancer or HIV facing premature death. It explains why we believe it is wrong to kill infants (as personhood theories do not). It does not entail that it wrongs a human being to end her life if she is in persistent vegetative state or if her future must consist only of unbearable physical suffering and she wants to die (as sanctity of human life theories do not). This account of the wrongness of killing implies (with some defensible additional assumptions) that abortion is immoral because we were fetuses once and we know those fetuses had futures of value.Mark Brown claims that this potential future of value account is unsound because it implies that we have welfare rights to what we need to stay alive that most people would reject. I argue that Brown is incorrect in two ways: a welfare right to what we need to stay alive is not directly implied by my account and, in addition, most of us do believe that dependent human beings have substantial welfare rights to what they need to stay alive. Brown argues that depriving us of a future of value of which we have mental representations both is a better explanation of the wrongness of killing and does not imply that abortion is immoral. I reply that (a) if Brown's arguments against my view were sound, those arguments could be easily adapted to show that his view is unsound as well and (b) Brown's view is both ambiguous and unsound on any interpretation.The most popular class of pro-choice argument strategies appeals to the view that some or all fetuses lack either a mental state or function or a capacity for a mental state or function necessary for possession of the right to life. Desires, interests, sentience, various concepts, moral agency, and rationality have all been suggested as candidates for this crucial mental role. Brown's analysis is one member of this class of strategies. I believe that it is possible to show that none of these strategies is reasonable. However, there are so many of these strategies that the required argument demands something more like a book and less like a short essay. The argument of the following essay is a piece of this larger argument.
Prospective study of work related respiratory symptoms in trainee bakers
Authors: De Zotti Renata , Bovenzi Massimo 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the occurrence of work related respiratory symptoms and to assess the effect of atopy in a group of trainee bakers.METHODSA prospective study of work related respiratory symptoms among 125 trainee bakers who were investigated with a questionnaire plus skin prick test with wheat flour and α-amylase allergens at baseline and then after 6, 18, and 30 months.RESULTSAt the baseline examination, four students (3.2%) complained of respiratory symptoms (cough and rhinitis) when working with flours and four were skin positive to wheat flour or α-amylase. The incidence of work related respiratory symptoms was 3.4% at 6 months, and the cumulative incidence was 4.8% and 9.0% at 18 and 30 months, respectively. The incidence of skin sensitisation to occupational allergens was 4.6% at 6 months and the cumulative incidence was 4.6% at 18 months and 10.1% at 30 months. The generalised estimating equation approach to longitudinal data showed that work related respiratory symptoms in the study population was significantly associated with a personal history of allergic disease (odds ratio (OR) 5.8, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.8 to 18.2) and skin sensitisation to wheat flour or α-amylase (OR 4.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 14.9). Atopy based on prick test was not related to the occurrence of work related respiratory symptoms over time (OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.3 to 3.8).CONCLUSIONSPersonal history of allergic disease is a predisposing factor for the development of symptoms caused by exposure to wheat flour and may be a criterion of unsuitability for starting a career as a baker. Atopy based on the skin prick test is useful for identifying subjects with allergic disease, but should not be used to exclude non-symptomatic atopic people from bakery work.
Crohn's colitis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Boyne Michael S , Dye Kevin R 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A 17 year old girl with active Crohn's colitis developed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura that was managed with intravenous immune globulins and cyclosporin A. The possible association between Crohn's disease and immune thrombocytopenia is explored.
Pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets—a report from the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Zargar Abdul Hamid , Mithal Ambrish , Wani Arshad Iqbal , Laway Bashir Ahmad , Masoodi Shariq Rashid , Bashir Mir Iftikhar , Ganie Mohammad Ashraf 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Pseudovitamin D deficiency rickets (also called vitamin D dependent rickets type I) is one of the types of inherited rickets and is caused by a deficit in renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase. This form of rickets has not been reported from the Indian subcontinent. Three patients with this disorder are presented. These patients were all females aged 3–20 years and presented with growth failure and skeletal deformities. All had florid clinical and radiological rickets. The biochemical abnormalities seen included hypocalcaemia, hypophosphataemia, and hyperphosphatasia. All patients had grossly raised 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and markedly low to undetectable concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. A disturbing feature of this study was the late referral of the patients.
Turkish pepper (extra hot)
Authors: Woywodt Alexander , Herrmann Alena , Choi Mira , Goebel Ursula , Luft Friedrich C 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A 38 year old female office worker was admitted with a newly discovered blood pressure of 250/110 mm Hg. Evaluation for secondary forms of hypertension was negative and treatment was begun. Sodium excretion was markedly reduced, plasma aldosterone was normal, and plasma renin activity was low. Therefore, presence of an aldosterone-like activity was suspected. Eventually, the patient confessed to abusing “Turkish Pepper”, a brand of Scandinavian liquorice candies and “Fisherman’s Friend”, another brand of liquorice candies, concurrently. After eliminating liquorice from her diet, the hypertension disappeared thus allowing her antihypertensive treatment to be stopped.
Adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction with a synchronous carcinoid of the duodenum
Authors: McCabe H L 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Duodenal carcinoids are rare tumours. There is an increased incidence of primary carcinomas, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, which occur synchronously with gastrointestinal tract carcinoids. However, the synchronous occurrence of adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction with a duodenal carcinoid has not been previously described. A case report is presented, with discussion of carcinoid tumours and management when occurring synchronously with non-carcinoid tumours.
Decreased sexual function in a young man
Authors: Fisken R A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A 36 year old professional man presented with an 18 month history of difficulty in achieving and maintaining an erection. He also described “lack of sex drive”, malaise, and non-specific ill health over several months. He was sometimes able to masturbate successfully but commented that his ejaculate was of small volume. Physical examination showed him to be anxious but he was otherwise normal except for the fact that the testes were smaller than expected (about 12 ml in volume) and soft.
Cutaneous gangrene in a renal dialysis patient
Authors: Pantanowitz L , Harton A , Beckwith B 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A 54 year old obese man with end stage renal disease secondary to membranous and cresentric glomerulonephritis, receiving haemodialysis, was admitted for painful necrotising abdominal and left groin wounds. He had hyperlipidaemia, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and a 35 pack year smoking history. He was on warfarin sodium for a deep venous thrombosis. His vital signs were normal and a physical examination was remarkable for pitting pedal oedema, carotid bruits, weak left pedal pulses and large, tender, erythematous, and ulcerating subcutaneous masses of the lower abdominal wall. Blood tests revealed a glucose concentration of 6.5 mmol/l, total serum calcium 2.4 mmol/l, albumin 36 g/l, and phosphate 1.9 mmol/l. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were normal and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody and antinuclear antibody were negative. Radiographs of his lower legs showed bilateral subcutaneous calcifications. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, and streptococci were isolated from his wounds. A biopsy specimen (fig 1) was taken from these lesions to help make the diagnosis.
Electrorheological Particles Composed of Polymer Core with Controlled Diameter and Electro-Conductive/Nonconductive Double Layers Shell
Authors: Saito Toshiharu , Anzai Hidenobu , Kuroda Shin-ichi , Osawa Zenjiro 
Published: July 2002

Novel electrorheological particles (ERP) consisting of polymer core and electroconductive/nonconductive double layers shell were synthesized. The core was prepared by dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate to control the particle diameter and its distribution. The inner conductive and the outer nonconductive layers were composed of silver and silica, respectively. The ERP was found to form an anhydrous ERF system. ERP with thinner nonconductive layer showed stronger ER effect and higher electric current. ER effect was also increased in inversely proportion to the average diameter of ERP. The number of and the Coulomb interaction between the particles were considered to determine ER effect.
Computer Simulation of Electrorheological Fluids in the Binary System of Particle Size
Authors: Mori Yasushige , Tsunamoto Tetsu , Nakayama Hitoshi 
Published: July 2002

One of the typical electrorheological (ER) fluids consists of suspension of fine particles in the liquid of low dielectric constant. Particles for ER fluids generally have a size distribution, and some experimental results were reported which showed the effect of particle size on the shear stress of ER fluids. On the other hand, the simulation by dielectric polarization model concluded that the shear stress calculated did not depend on the particle size under the same volume fraction of particles. In order to understand the effect of particle size, the two dimensional computer simulation was carried out for a system containing particles of different size, by using a model similar to that reported by Klingenberg et al. It was found that the shear stress of uniform size system did not depend on the particle size. When small and large particles, with the diameter ratio of 1:2, were mixed in equal numbers of particles, the chain-like clusters consisiting of both sizes of particles were formed. The shear stress and the response time of the binary size system were close to those of uniform size system, if the total volume fraction of particles was kept constant.
Biomechanical Analysis of Tendon Suture Techniques
Authors: Lee Kwang Suk , Woo Kyung Jo , Jeon Jae Young 
Published: July 2002

The relative strength of three suture methods of lacerated tendon were measured by mechanical disruption in effort to determine the strength of suture technique. Fifty-four calcaneal tendons of 27 New Zealand white rabbits were transected at mid-portion and repaired with the three suture techniques: group 1: Kessler suture; group 2: Pennington's modified-Kessler suture; and group 3: augmented-Becker suture technique. Each group was composed of 18 calcaneal tendons. Three groups of rabbits, 9 in each, were, respectively, sacrificed immediately after suture, at 2 weeks postoperatively and at 4 weeks postoperatively. The augmented-Becker repair was strongest in tensile strength and maximum stress at immediate operation, 2 weeks postoperatively and 4 weeks postoperatively. The augmented-Becker repair had the highest modulus of elasticity at time of suture, at 2 and at 4 weeks postoperatively. Tensile strength, maximum stress and modulus of elasticity gradually increased from the time of operation to 4 weeks, but the difference was not of statistical significance at 4 weeks.
Semantic data modeling of hypermedia associations
Authors: Schnase John L. , Leggett John J. , Hicks David L. , Szabo Ron L. 
Published: July 2002

Many important issues in the design and implementation of hypermedia system functionality focus on the way interobject connections are represented, manipulated, and stored. A prototypic system called HB1 is being designed to meet the storage needs of next-generation hypermedia system architectures. HB1 is referred to as a hyperbase management system (HBMS) because it supports, not only the storage and manipulation of information, but the storage and manipulation of the connectivity data that link information together to form hypermedia. Among HB1's distinctions is its use of a semantic network database system to manage physical storage. Here, basic semantic modeling concepts as they apply to hypermedia systems are reviewed, and experiences using a semantic database system in HB1 are discussed.
Semantic data models attempt to provide more powerful mechanisms for structuring objects than are provided by traditional approaches. In HB1, it was necessary to abstract interobject connectivity, behaviors, and information for hypermedia. Building on top of a semantic database system facilitated such a separation and made the structural aspects of hypermedia conveniently accessible to manipulation. This becomes particularly important in the implementation of structure-related operations such as structural queries. Our experience suggests that an integrated semantic object-oriented database paradigm appears to be superior to purely relational, semantic, or object-oriented methodologies for representing the structurally complex interrelationships that arise in hypermedia.
Location of the Maximum on Unimodal Surfaces
Authors: Newman D. J. 
Published: July 2002

Pinning down the maximum of a function in one or more variable is a basic computing problem. Without further a priori information regarding the nature of the function, of course, the problem is not feasible for computation. Thus if the function is permitted to oscillate infinitely often then no number of evaluations can give information regarding its maximum.
J. Kiefer, in his paper, treats the one-dimensional problem and shows that the correct a priori assumption regarding the function is that of “unimodality.” He then gives the complete and exact optimal procedure within this framework.
In this paper is given what the author believes is the correct a priori background for functions of several variables. (This is analogous to unimodality in one dimension.) However, there is not obtained the exactness of Kiefer's result, but rather the determination of the correct procedures to within “order of magnitude.”
Computational Models for the Formation of Protocell Structures
Authors: Edwards Linglan , Peng Yun , Reggia James A. 
Published: July 2002

There have been various attempts to simulate the self-assembly process of lipid aggregates by computers. However, due to the computationally complex nature of the problem, previous simulations were often conducted with unrealistic simplifications of the molecules' morphology, intermolecular interactions, and the environment in which the lipid molecules interact. In this article, we present a new computational model in which each lipid is simulated by a more realistic amphiphilic particle consisting of a hydrophilic head and a long hydrophobic tail. The intermolecular interactions are approximated by a set of simple forces reflecting physical and chemical properties of lipids, for example, hydrophobicity and electrostatic forces, which are believed to be crucial for the formation of various aggregates. With a set of carefully selected parameters, this model is able to simulate successfully the formation of micelles in an aqueous environment and reversed micelle structures in an oil solvent from an initially randomly distributed set of lipidlike particles. This model can be used to study, at the microscopic level, the self-assembly of different protocell structures in the evolutionary process and the impact of environmental conditions on the formation of these structures. It may be further generalized to simulate the formation of other, more complex structures of amphiphilic molecules such as monolayer and bilayer aggregates.
THE KALEIDOSCOPIC NATURE OF DIVINE PERSONALITY IN THE HEBREW BIBLE
Authors: Noll K.L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOver the centuries, rabbis, priests and laity have wrestled with the Bible's various and often conflicting portraits of the God Yahweh. The social sciences suggest that each Yahweh text reflects the needs of the communities that formulated the text. Also, academic research has explored the reception of the complete Bible by religious communities. With the exception of so-called canonical criticism, very little work has been done on the transition between these two stages of the Bible's (and Yahweh's) evolution, from initial composition of texts to complete biblical canon. But canonical criticism usually presumes, a priori , that any text later deemed biblical was in some sense religiously useful from the day of initial composition, became (or continued to be) religiously authoritative as it evolved toward final edited form, and only increased in sacredness as it moved toward canonization. This study disputes that presumption, suggesting that the anthology was produced by a group of literati whose motivation was both socio-ideological and aesthetic, but not religious. This motivation best explains the extreme diversity of Yahweh personalities in the Hebrew canon.