bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal brain changes in MDD during emotional encoding: effects of presence and persistence of symptomatology
Authors: Ai Hui , Opmeer Esther M. , Marsman Jan-Bernard C. , Veltman Dick J. , van der Wee Nic J. A. , Aleman André , van Tol Marie-José 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe importance of the hippocampus and amygdala for disrupted emotional memory formation in depression is well-recognized, but it remains unclear whether functional abnormalities are state-dependent and whether they are affected by the persistence of depressive symptoms.MethodsThirty-nine patients with major depressive disorder and 28 healthy controls were included from the longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sub-study of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Participants performed an emotional word-encoding and -recognition task during fMRI at baseline and 2-year follow-up measurement. At baseline, all patients were in a depressed state. We investigated state-dependency by relating changes in brain activation over time to changes in symptom severity. Furthermore, the effect of time spent with depressive symptoms in the 2-year interval was investigated.ResultsSymptom change was linearly associated with higher activation over time of the left anterior hippocampus extending to the amygdala during positive and negative word-encoding. Especially during positive word encoding, this effect was driven by symptomatic improvement. There was no effect of time spent with depression in the 2-year interval on change in brain activation. Results were independent of medication- and psychotherapy-use.ConclusionUsing a longitudinal within-subjects design, we showed that hippocampal–amygdalar activation during emotional memory formation is related to depressive symptom severity but not persistence (i.e. time spent with depression or ‘load’), suggesting functional activation patterns in depression are not subject to functional ‘scarring’ although this hypothesis awaits future replication.
Sub-marine exploration in Crete, 1955
Authors: Leatham John , Hood Sinclair 
Published: June 2019

In 1955 it was decided to transfer the School's undersea activity from Chios to Crete during the time that excavations on land were being continued at Knossos. The Greek Ministry of Education most generously granted permission for the School to carry on diving operations at selected points off the coast of Crete in co-operation with the Ephor of Antiquities, Dr. Nicolas Platon.The campaign lasted three weeks, from August 9th to 30th, with a party of ten volunteers under the leadership of John Leatham. The sites explored were chosen by Dr. Platon, who gave the party much of his time and interest, and made repeated visits to the places where they were working. The party had its headquarters in an empty house which belonged to the School's foreman, Manoli Markoyiannakis, conveniently situated upon the main road in the suburb of Poros (Katsamba) just east of Herakleion. This was used as a central depot, and the compressor for filling the aqualungs was established here. The work was unfortunately hampered throughout the three weeks by high seas owing to the prevailing north winds (Meltemia). It was difficult therefore to make great use of the aqualungs.
Accord de coopération dans l'Arctique entre le Canada et les États-Unis d'Amérique
Authors: Mathys François-Antoine 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe Arctic Cooperation Agreement signed at Ottawa on January 11, 1988 deals strictly with movements of United States government-owned or government-operated icebreakers. In future, the United States will seek Canada's prior consent for each and every transit of United States icebreakers through the waters of the Canadian Arctic archipelago. The Agreement provides Canada with more effective control over the waters of the Arctic archipelago than it had at the time of the Polar Sea voyage through the Northwest Passage in 1985. The Agreement does not resolve the legal dispute between Canada and the United States over the status of the Canadian Arctic waters. It does not affect the legal position of either country. Canada takes the view that the waters of the Arctic archipelago are internal waters by virtue of historic title. The United States, on the other hand, takes the position that these Arctic waters are international straits subject to the right of innocent passage or the right of transit passage. The Agreement does not cover the movements of U.S. naval vessels, including submarines, which are in accordance with Alliance commitments and relevant bilateral arrangements. U.S. (and other foreign flag) commercial vessels operating in Canadian Arctic waters have to conform, as in the past, with the provisions of the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act and other relevant laws and regulations.
Environmental Protection in the Antarctic: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Overholt Deborah H. 
Published: June 2019

SommaireLe récent échec de la Convention sur la réglementation des ressources minérales de l'Antarctique (la Convention) a attiré l'attention internationale sur l'Antarctique et soulevé des questions sur l'efficacité des mécanismes de protection de l'environnement prévus par le système du Traité de l'Antarctique. On a souvent laissé entendre que ces mesures étaient inadéquates et que la protection de l'environnement de l'Antarctique devrait être réglementée par une organisation internationale. L'attitude des Parties Consultatives du Traité de l'Antarctique à l'égard de l'environnement de l'Antarctique n'est en fait que le reflet de l'indifférence générale des dix dernières années envers la question de l'environnement. Plusieurs des Parties Consultatives du Traité de l'Antarctique ont adopté des législations internes qui témoignent d'un engagement envers la remise de l'Antarctique en son état originel. Depuis l'abandon de la Convention, plusieurs Parties Consultatives du Traité de l'Antarctique appuient la proposition visant à faire de l'Antarctique une réserve naturelle mondiale. Une telle mesure assurerait certes la protection de l'Antarctique dans l'avenir. Toutefois, on devrait tenter d'atteindre cet objectif graduellement, dans le cadre de la structure administrative actuelle du système du Traité de l'Antarctique.
Central Bank Immunity and the Inadequacy of the Restrictive Immunity Approach
Authors: Asiedu-Akrofi Derek 
Published: June 2019

SommaireLes Banques Centrales sont engagées dans des activités multiples. Leur rôle actuel est le résultat de l'histoire, dans la mesure où chaque banque centrale est apparue à un certain stage de développement de son pays et a commencé à exercer son rôle en fonction des objectifs de développement du pays en question. En conséquence, les fonctions des Banques Centrales varient d'un endroit à un autre. Cependant, en dépit des circonstances différentes dans lesquelles elles opèrent, la plupart des Banques Centrales ont la tendance d'agir de manière identique, particulièrement eu égard aux principes et pratiques développés par la Banque d'Angleterre, lesquels ont fini par être acceptés comme le prototype des fonctions traditionnelles des Banques Centrales.Cette étude effectue une comparaison entre les fonctions traditionnelles des Banques Centrales et leurs rôles nouveaux et en expansion constante dans les pays en développement. L'axe central de l'analyse, c'est l'importante question des immunités des gouvernements. Agissant comme agents de leurs gouvernements, les Banques Centrales violent parfois leurs obligations et c'est ainsi que la question des immunités se pose. Dans la détermination de l'étendue des immunités des États étrangers, de leurs agents ou organismes affiliés, les cours et tribunaux qualifient les activités de ces personnes publiques d'actes de nature publique ou privée. Ce processus de qualification a été plutôt difficile en ce qui concerne son application aux Banques Centrales. Cela est dû au fait qu'il n'existe pas d'uniformité des fonctions des Banques Centrales. En conséquence, il est difficile de déterminer quand une Banque Centrale est en train d'exécuter une fonction que l'on peut qualifier de propre aux Banques Centrales.L'approche basée sur la théorie de l'immunité relative présuppose que les fonctions des Banques Centrales peuvent être facilement définies comme étant soit de nature commerciale soit d'une nature propre aux Banques Centrales. Notre approche est comparative en ce qu'elle se fonde sur une analyse des différents modèles d'évolution des Banques Centrales, ainsi que sur une étude de l'étendue de la protection dont elles bénéficient dans le droit actuel des immunités aux États-Unis, au Canada, en Grande-Bretagne et dans d'autres conventions internationales.L'étude se termine par une évaluation de l'étendue des immunités accordées aux Banques Centrales ainsi que des problèmes liés au processus de qualification. Nous concluons enfin qu'en l'absence d'uniformité des fonctions des Banques Centrales et d'un accord sur l'étendue des sphères d'activité gouvernementale, la théorie de l'immunité relative apparaît inadéquate pour le règlement des problèmes liés aux immunités des Banques Centrales. En conséquence, un programme de signature de traités bilatéraux nous semble plus approprié comme alternative.
Exceeding the Limits of Territorial Bounds: The Helms-Burton Act
Authors: Fairley H. Scott 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThe author argues that the Helms-Burton Act violates general principles of international law. The analysis begins with a brief discussion of the extraterritorial purposes, structure, and operation of the act, followed by a survey of international responses to Helms-Burton by the principal trading partners of the United States: diplomatic protest, formalized dispute settlement under international trade agreements, retaliatory blocking leghlation, and multi-hteral scrutiny in and by international institutions. The author then turns to principles of jurisdiction with a view to demonstrating that Helms-Burton does not meet the applicable thresholds to support either the private right to sue for trafficking in confiscated property under Title III of the act or the governmental exclusion of designated aliens from admission to the United States under Title IV. In this regard, substantive international law arguments in relation to extraterritoriality and nationality, remoteness, the effects doctrine, human rights, and the reasonable expectations of other nations are also considered.
On Expelling Nigeria from the Commonwealth
Authors: Carmody Chi 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn November 1995, the execution of Nigerian writer Ken Saro-Wiwa led to Nigeria’s suspension from the Commonwealth and the possibility of its expuhion from membership. The absence of an expulsion clause for the Commonwealth led to the question whether the association has the inherent power to expel and whether any such power of expuhion is limited by international law. A review of treaties, customary international law, and commentary suggests that the Commonwealth can expel a member by use of implied power. Other factors, however, militate against Nigeria’s expuhion. Once expelled, Nigeria would be free to behave as it saw fit. Expuhion could aho divide the Commonwealth and make other members think twice about their membership obligations. The author concludes that expuhion from the Commonwealth must be a last resort.
Compliance Committees and Recent Multilateral Environmental Agreements: The Canadian Experience with Their Negotiation and Operation
Authors: Adsett Hugh , Daniel Anne , Husain Masud , McDorman Ted L. 
Published: June 2019

SummaryIn order to enhance and encourage compliance with obligations in multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), states have agreed to the creation of compliance committees for all of the recent MEAs. Canada has been a strong supporter of the compliance committee experiment and an active participant in the negotiation and operation of numerous MEA compliance committees. This article does three things. First, it examines the international legal nature of the MEA compliance committees. Second, the key issues of the structure of the committees are explored. Finally, the article look at the development and operation of compliance committees pursuant to: the Montreal Protocol; the LRTAP Convention; the Espoo Convention; the Basel Convention; the Cartagena Protocol; the Rotterdam Convention; the Stockholm Convention; and the Protocol to the London Dumping Convention.
Radiation Warfare: A Review of the Legality of Depleted Uranium Weaponry
Authors: Hulme Karen 
Published: June 2019

SummaryCriticized by many as the new “weapon of mass destruction,” lauded by some as the “weapon of choice in combat,” the use of depleted uranium ammunition in warfare raises many legal questions. Designed as a point weapon to penetrate armoured targets, scientific studies prove that depleted uranium has both chemically and radioactively toxic characteristics. Clearly, every weapon of war will have some affect on human health and the environment, but the laws of armed conflict have evolved to place limits on the level of harm viewed as permissible and legal. Does this “weapon of choice,” therefore, breach the international laws of armed conflict?Although the subject of media frenzy in the immediate aftermath of the 1999 Kosovo conflict, the use of depleted uranium ammunition in Iraq 2003 raised little media attention. How could the use of such a controversial weapon in 1991 go largely unnoticed just four years later? Does this lack of global condemnation necessarily lead to the conclusion that the “dictates of the public conscience” have evolved in regard to the use of this previously controversial weapon of war? This article seeks to analyze the legality of the use of depleted uranium ammunition — the main question being whether the existing laws of armed conflict are already sufficient to address any human and environmental concerns.
Determining the Existence of Countervailable Subsidies in the Context of the Canada-United States Softwood Lumber Dispute: 1982–2005
Authors: Sandford Iain 
Published: June 2019

SummaryThis article examines the history of countervailing duty determinations with respect to softwood lumber between 1982 and 2005. The piece is divided into two main areas of analysis. First, the article chronicles and reviews certain key determinations made throughout the history of softwood lumber countervailing duty proceedings. It examines, in particular, certain recurring themes as well as issues that shed light on some of the interesting jurisprudential questions that arise out of the case study. Second, having completed this review, the note turns to distill some lessons from the experience to date. These lessons focus on the light shed by the lengthy history of the softwood lumber dispute upon the nature of subsidies disciplines in international trade. They also focus on what the softwood lumber dispute reveals about the relationship between different judicial actors at the international level. The article closes with some reflections on the limits of international dispute settlement tools in highly contentious and politicized cases.
Les zones de pêche de Terre-Neuve et du Labrador à la lumière de l’évolution du Droit international
Authors: Morin Jagques-Yvan 
Published: June 2019

Depuis Que La Seconds Conférence Sur le droit de la mer, tenue à Genève en 1960, a échoué dans sa tentative de fixer de manière uniforme la largeur de la mer territoriale et de la zone de pêche des Etats, la situation a évolué sans cesse dans le sens de l’extension des compétences étatiques vers la haute mer.Avant 1960, plus de vingt pays revendiquaient déjà des eaux territoriales ou une zone de pêche de douze milles marins, et quelquefois davantage. A ces Etats sont venus s’ajouter au moins une quinzaine d’autres qui ont étendu leur mer territoriale à douze milles, tandis que 25 environ ont opté pour une zone de pêche de douze milles, tout en conservant des eaux territoriales plus exiguës. Parmi ces derniers, il convient de mentionner en particulier les signataires de la Convention européenne sur les pêcheries, du 9 mars 1964, qui consacre au profit de l’Etat riverain l’établissement d’une zone de pêche de six milles, ainsi que d’une zone additionnelle de même largeur où l’exclusivisme est tempéré par certains droits réservés aux co-contractants, quelle que soit, par ailleurs, la largeur de la mer territoriale de chacune des parties. Si l’on considère que 28 Etats ne possèdent pas de littoral et que, d’autre part, 9 pays ont étendu leurs compétences au-delà de douze milles, on constate que les deux tiers des Etats côtiers (environ 72 sur 107) acceptent maintenant et même soutiennent la tendance à l’extension des zones de pêche exclusives — quand ils ne vont pas jusqu’à élargir tout simplement leurs eaux territoriales.
International Regional Organizations and their Travel Documents
Authors: Turack Daniel G. 
Published: June 2019

Functional independence of international institutions is a sine qua non to their effective operation. Current international law reveals that international organizations have a legal capacity and certain privileges and immunities bestowed upon them by their member states to ensure their independence and that of their staffs. One vital component of functional independence is the freedom of travel for all members of the international staff. In examining the features of freedom of travel necessary for international organizations to discharge their responsibilities effectively, C. W. Jenks wrote:The freedom of movement which is necessary comprises more than the absence of any special restrictions; it includes the usual facilities for official travel, such as diplomatic or other special visas, priorities where these are necessary, exemption from immigration regulations and formalities, and similar measures; taken cumulatively these facilities involve a considerable saving of time and energy and are therefore an important element in securing the expeditious and unhindered travel necessary to the prompt discharge of international responsibilities.
An Historical Introduction to the Teaching of International Law in Canada
Authors: MacDonald R. St. J. 
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this paper is to describe from an historical point of view the main developments in the teaching of international law in Canadian law schools from the time when the subject was first taught, in the mid-nineteenth century, to the early years of the present decade.The paper is divided into five parts, dealing respectively with the law schools of Quebec, the Maritime provinces, Ontario, the Prairie provinces, and the Pacific coast. A chronological account is given of the teaching of international law in each law school, describing first the teachers, their backgrounds, personalities, attitudes to international law and other interests, and, second, the courses taught, texts and casebooks used, and the importance placed on international law in the general curriculum, as indicated by the time devoted to it, whether it was elective or compulsory, and the year in which it was taught. For the most part, the discussion is restricted to the law schools in the various universities. Although it would be interesting to consider the parallel development of international law teaching in other disciplines, such as political science, the subject is so vast that some limit must be imposed on it.
Kinematics and Dynamics of the Magellanic Clouds
Authors: Freeman K. C. 
Published: June 2019

Why are the kinematics and dynamics of the Magellanic Clouds worth studying ? Some of the reasons are:
1.The Clouds are the closest examples of Magellanic systems. These asymmetric systems give some interesting dynamical problems. Because the Clouds are so close, a unique amount of information can be obtained on the kinematics of objects of all ages. This should be very helpful for understanding the dynamics.2.The Clouds and the Galaxy are interacting. This produces complex kinematics of the gas in and between the Clouds, and also the Magellanic Stream. Again, very detailed information can be derived. We would like to know enough about the gas dynamics of interacting galaxies, to be able to explain the kinematics produced by this interaction.3.The interaction will affect the star formation and chemical evolution in the Clouds. As new results are obtained on the star formation history and the chemical evolution, it is important to follow in parallel the dynamical history of the system, to see if the dynamics, star formation and chemical evolution can be tied together.
Lunar Mare Ridges, Rings and Volcanic Ring Complexes
Authors: Strom Robert G. 
Published: June 2019

Mare ridges often consist of two separate but related features: (1) a broad gentle arch overlain by (2) a sharper, more contorted ridge. Often these sharper, secondary ridges have flowed into craters in the adjacent terrain indicating they are extrusions. Major flows in Mare Imbrium appear to have issued from several prominent mare ridges. These flows show color differences which may be related to their abundance of titanium. The association of flows with mare ridges, the broad arching linked with many ridges and the coincidence of linear ridges with the directions of major fracture patterns in the highlands indicates that arched mare ridges are dike, sill or laccolithic-type intrusions along major fractures. In many cases these intrusions appear to have broken through the surface to form short flows and bulbous lava extrusions. Mare ridges unassociated with arching are probably lava extrusions only.Mare ridges often take the form of rings indicating that they developed along ring fractures. Several linear mare ridges and mare ridge rings have bright hills situated along them and are considered to be post-mare volcanic hills of more siliceous composition than the maria. Evidence suggests that many of the ring structures are post-mare volcanic ring complexes formed over large igneous masses.
Using Narrow Emission Lines to Test Physical Models Unifying AGNs
Authors: Rawlings Steve , Saunders Richard 
Published: June 2019

We contend that quantitative measurements of nuclear narrow emission line strength can strongly constrain models that unify AGNs. The reasons for the importance of narrow-line luminosity LNLR are:
a)The lines normally arise via photoionisation by the integrated UV/soft X-ray luminosity LPHOT of the central source. Thus LNLR is directly linked to a physical quantity intimately connected with the central engine but not observable from the ground. For constant covering factor we expect an approximate proportionality between LNLR and LPHOT; this has been confirmed observationally for AGNs by estimating LPHOT from either optical non-stellar luminosity or effective ionisation parameter.b)NLRs are far enough from the photoionising source to avoid the excessive obscuration that appears able to attenuate broad-line and continuum emission. Narrow-lines are radiated isotropically unlike, eg, the radio core which may be Doppler boosted. Their variability timescale of 103–4 years is intermediate between those of LPHOT and any large-scale radio emission.