bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secret but Constrained: The Impact of Elite Opposition on Covert Operations
Authors: Smith Gregory L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractRecent international relations scholarship has argued that political elites constrain the use of military force by democracies. Despite the persuasiveness of this research, scholars have largely ignored elite dynamics’ ability to constrain the initiation of covert operations. This omission is consequential because scholars of US foreign policy often assume that covert operations serve as a substitute for the overt use of force; secrecy allows leaders to limit information to congressional elites and thus weaken their oversight capabilities. Do elite political dynamics constrain presidents’ ability to act secretly or do they affect the overt use of force only? I argue that elite political constraints—particularly opposition from Congress—extend to the president's ability to initiate covert operations. By examining the trade-off between US military force and CIA-initiated covert operations during the Cold War, I find the likelihood that covert operations are initiated decreases significantly during periods of divided government and that there is no distinguishable trade-off between covert operations and overt military force. The results suggest that constraints on covert operations became more uniform across unified and divided government following congressional oversight reforms in 1975 that reduced the information asymmetry between the majority and minority party. These findings have important ramifications for the nascent literature on back-door bargaining and covert signalling. Because democratic leaders frequently face domestic political costs even when acting in secret, covert operations should allow leaders to credibly convey their resolve.
Age differences in attitudes about older adults with dementia
Authors: Newton Christie , Hadjistavropoulos Thomas , Gallant Natasha L. , MacNab Ying C. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDementia, a term that describes a variety of brain conditions marked by gradual, persistent and progressive cognitive decline, affects a significant proportion of older adults. Older adults with dementia are sometimes perceived less favourably than those without dementia. Furthermore, compared to persons without dementia, those with dementia are often perceived by others as having reduced personhood. This study was aimed at investigating whether differences in attitudes towards dementia and personhood perceptions vary as a function of age group, care-giver status, attitudes towards ageing, dementia knowledge, gender and education. In total 196 younger, middle-aged and older adults were recruited. Findings revealed that being a care-giver as well as having less ageist attitudes were predictive of being more comfortable around persons with dementia, having more knowledge about dementia and ascribing greater personhood to people with dementia. Those with more dementia knowledge (prior to the study) were less comfortable around people with dementia. Finally, when controlling this prior dementia knowledge, older adults were more comfortable around people with dementia compared to younger and middle-aged adults. Gender and education were not associated with any of the variables under study. Findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of age- and care-giver-related factors in the determination of attitudes towards dementia.
When conflict escalates into intimate partner violence: The delicate nature of observed coercion in adolescent romantic relationships
Authors: Ha Thao , Kim Hanjoe , McGill Shannon 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe investigated how initial conflicts in adolescent romantic relationships escalate into serious forms of conflict, including intimate partner violence (IPV). We focused on whether adolescents’ micro-level interaction patterns, i.e., coercion and positive engagement, mediated between conflict and future IPV. The sample consisted of 91 heterosexual couples, aged 13 to 18 years (M= 16.5,SD= 0.99) from a diverse background (42% Hispanic/Latino, 42% White). Participants completed surveys about conflict at Time 1, and they participated in videotaped conflict and jealousy discussions. At Time 2, participants completed surveys about conflict and IPV, and an average daily conflict score was calculated from ecological momentary assessments. Multilevel hazard models revealed that we did not find support for dyadic coercion as a risk process leading to escalations in conflict. However, a higher likelihood of ending dyadic positive behaviors mediated between earlier levels of conflict and a latent construct of female conflict and IPV. Classic coercive dynamics may not apply to adolescent romantic relationships. Instead, not being able to reinforce levels of positivity during conflict predicted conflict and IPV as reported by females. The implications of these findings for understanding coercion in the escalation from conflict to IPV in adolescent romantic relationships are discussed.
WADEM Congress on Disaster and Emergency Medicine – 2019 Abstracts of Oral Presentations – ADDENDUM
Authors: Witt Regina , Menegat Robriane 
Published: August 2019

Introduction:When hydrological disasters occur in local rural communities, the demand for health services increases, especially in primary healthcare.1 Health services are essential in the response to a disaster where nurses all over the world play a significant role.Aim:To identify nurses’ competencies when responding to disasters caused by floods in the rural area.Methods:A descriptive, exploratory, and qualitative study was developed. The Critical Incidents Technique was adopted. Twenty public health nurses who worked during the flood season in the years of 2014 and 2015 in a rural area in Southern Brazil were interviewed. Critical incidents and requirements identified in the empirical data gave rise to the development of the competencies.Results:Thirty competencies were identified and classified in the following domains: leadership and management, teamwork, health care, community-oriented, communication, psychological support, health surveillance, and education.Discussion:Although the competencies could be related to the established international competencies for the nurse in disasters, some were described only in this study. They can contribute to the education and practice of nurses in primary health care, strengthening its capacity to face disaster situations by flood in the rural area.
Association of dietary habits with restorative dental treatment need and BMI among Finnish conscripts: a cross-sectional epidemiological study
Authors: Tanner Tarja , Moilanen Pernelle , Päkkilä Jari , Patinen Pertti , Tjäderhane Leo , Anttonen Vuokko 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjective:Processed foods and fatty, sugary snacking products, such as fizzy drinks and desserts, have become more popular, causing a desire to replace meals with snacks worldwide. High-sugar and fat-rich food components have been reported to be associated with increased level of dental caries as well as underweight and overweight. The aim of the present cross-sectional population-based study was to analyse the eating behaviours of young, healthy Finnish males in association with oral health and BMI, considering self-reported and residential background factors.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Finnish Defence Forces, Finland.Participants:The used clinical data were gathered from 13 564 Finnish conscripts born in the beginning of the 1990s through clinical check-ups. In addition, about 8700 of the conscripts answered a computer-assisted questionnaire (‘Oral Health of the Conscripts 2011’ data) about their background information and health habits.Results:There was distinct variation in dietary patterns. Eating breakfast, regular physical exercise and daily tooth brushing all decreased the odds for restorative dental treatment need (decayed teeth), whereas smoking and drinking fizzy drinks for quenching thirst increased it. Eating breakfast and dinner were each associated with lower BMI, but smoking increased the odds for higher BMI (≥25 kg/m2).Conclusions:Regular, proper meals and especially eating breakfast decreased the odds for both dental caries and high BMI (≥25 kg/m2).
Interannual Variability of Upper Ocean Water Masses as Inferred From Argo Array
Authors: Kolodziejczyk Nicolas , Llovel William , Portela Esther 
Published: August 2019

AbstractInterannual variability of Ocean Heat Content (OHC) is intimately linked to ocean water mass changes. Water mass characteristics are imprinted at the ocean surface and are modulated by climate variability on interannual to decadal time scales. In this study, we investigate the water mass change and their variability using an isopycnal decomposition of the OHC. For that purpose, we address the thickness and temperature changes of these water masses using both individual temperature‐salinity profiles and optimal interpolated products from Argo data. Isopycnal decomposition allows us to characterize the water mass interannual variability and decadal trends of volume and OHC. During the last decade (2006–2015), much of interannual and decadal warming is associated with Southern Hemisphere Subtropical Mode Water and Subantarctic Mode Water, particularly in the South Pacific Eastern Subtropical Mode Water, the Southeastern Indian Subantarctic Mode Water, and the Southern Pacific Subantarctic Mode Water. In contrast, Antarctic Intermediate Water in the Southern Hemisphere and North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water in the Northern Hemisphere have cooled. This OHC interannual variability is mainly explained by volume (or mass) changes of water masses related to the isopycnal heaving. The forcing mechanisms and interior dynamics of water masses are discussed in the context of the wind stress change and ocean adjustment occurring at interannual time scale.
Distribution of Surface Wave Breaking Fronts
Authors: Romero Leonel 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThis study describes a model of Phillips' Λ(c) distribution, which is the expected length of breaking fronts (per unit surface area) moving with velocity c to c+dc, providing a framework for coupled atmosphere‐wave‐ocean models to explicitly account for wave breaking related air‐sea fluxes. The model of Λ depends on the spectral saturation, based on Gaussian statistics of the lengths of crest exceeding wave slope criteria, and long wave‐short wave modulation. A wave breaking dissipation function based on Λ was implemented in the model WaveWatchIII. The wave solutions are consistent with the observations, including several metrics of the spectrum and Λ(c) distributions. The whitecap coverage derived from Λ reproduces recent parameterizations saturating at high winds. The wave breaking variability due to wave‐current interaction is significant at submesoscales (order 1 km or smaller). The wave breaking model can be further developed to model gas transfer coefficients and aerosol production.
Madden‐Julian Oscillation‐Induced Sea Surface Salinity Variability as Detected in Satellite‐Derived Salinity
Authors: Shoup Casey G. , Subrahmanyam Bulusu , Roman‐Stork Heather L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractAs a dominant source of tropical variability, the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) influences the ocean in many ways. One approach to observe the atmosphere‐ocean relationship is by examining sea surface salinity (SSS) due to direct freshening by MJO precipitation. The convectively enhanced (suppressed) phase of the MJO is associated with negative (positive) SSS anomalies that propagate eastward along the equatorial Indian and Pacific oceans. In this study, primary MJO events are identified, and their SSS signatures are compared for the first time across multiple satellite salinity products (the European Space Agency's Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Aquarius and Soil Moisture Active Passive) from 2010 to 2017. While all satellite missions are capable of detecting MJO signals and primary events on an unprecedented observational scale, we find that the use of the combined active passive algorithm increases signal robustness, with the strongest signal response in Soil Moisture Active Passive and Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (±0.2 psu) and the lowest in Aquarius (±0.1 psu).
Field‐Aligned and Horizontal Currents in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres From the Swarm Satellite
Authors: Workayehu A. B. , Vanhamäki H. , Aikio A. T. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractWe present statistical investigation of the high‐latitude ionospheric current systems in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and Southern Hemisphere (SH) during low (Kp < 2) and high (Kp ≥ 2) geomagnetic activity levels. Nearly 4 years of vector magnetic field measurements are analyzed from the two parallel flying Swarm A and C satellites using the spherical elementary current system method. The ionospheric horizontal and field‐aligned currents (FACs) for each auroral oval crossing are calculated. The distributions of the mean values of FACs as well as the horizontal curl‐free and divergence‐free currents in magnetic latitude and magnetic local time for each hemisphere and activity level are presented. To estimate the NH/SH current ratios for the two activity levels, we remove seasonal bias in the number of samples and in the Kp distribution by bootstrap resampling. This is done in such a manner that there are equal number of samples from each season in each Kp bin. We find that for the low activity level, the currents in the NH are stronger than in the SH by 12±4% for FAC, 9±2% for the horizontal curl‐free current, and 8±2% for the horizontal divergence‐free current. During the high activity level, the hemispheric differences are not statistically significant. This suggests that the local ionospheric conditions, such as magnetic field strength or daily variations in insolation, may be important and play a larger role during quiet than disturbed periods. This issue must be studied further.
Mars Dust Storm Effects in the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere and Implications for Atmospheric Carbon Loss
Authors: Fang Xiaohua , Ma Yingjuan , Lee Yuni , Bougher Stephen , Liu Guiping , Benna Mehdi , Mahaffy Paul , Montabone Luca , Pawlowski David , Dong Chuanfei , Dong Yaxue , Jakosky Bruce 
Published: August 2019

AbstractMars regional and global dust storms are able to impact the lower/upper atmospheres through dust aerosol radiative heating and cooling and atmospheric circulation. Here we present the first attempt to globally investigate how the dust impact transfers from the neutral upper atmosphere to the ionosphere and the induced magnetosphere above 100‐km altitude. This is achieved by running a multifluid magnetohydrodynamic model under nondusty and dusty atmospheric conditions for the 2017 late‐winter regional storm and the 1971–1972 global storm. Our results show that the dayside main ionospheric layer (below ∼250‐km altitude) undergoes an overall upwelling, where photochemical reactions dominate. The peak electron density remains unchanged, and the peak altitude shift is in accordance with the upper atmospheric expansion (∼5 and ∼15 km for the regional and global storms, respectively). Controlled by the day‐to‐night transport, the nightside ionosphere responds to the dust storms in a close connection with what happens on the dayside but not apparently with the ambient atmospheric change. At higher altitudes, dust‐induced perturbations propagate upward from the ionosphere to the magnetosphere and extend from the dayside to the nightside, within a broad region bounded by the induced magnetospheric boundary. It is found that the global dust storm is able to dramatically enhance the CO
loss by a factor of ∼3, which amounts to an increase of ∼20% or more for total carbon loss (in the forms of neutrals and ions). Strong dust storms are a potentially important factor in atmospheric evolution at Mars.
Complex Conductivity of Graphitic Schists and Sandstones
Authors: Abdulsamad F. , Revil A. , Ghorbani A. , Toy V. , Kirilova M. , Coperey A. , Duvillard P.A. , Ménard G. , Ravanel L. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractSpectral induced polarization spectra were carried out on three graphitic schists and two graphitic sandstones. The microstructural arrangement of graphite of two graphitic schists was studied with thin sections using transmitted and reflected light optical and electron microscopic methods. Chemical maps of selected areas confirm the presence of carbon. The complex conductivity spectra were measured in the frequency range 10 mHz to 45 kHz and in the temperature range +20 °C down to −15 °C. The measured spectra are fitted with a double Cole‐Cole complex conductivity model with one component associated with the polarization of graphite and the second component associated with the Maxwell‐Wagner polarization. The Cole‐Cole exponent and the chargeability are observed to be almost independent of temperature including in freezing conditions. The conductivity and relaxation time are dependent on the temperature in a predictable way. As long as the temperature decreases, the electrical conductivity decreases and the relaxation time increases. A finite element model is able to reproduce the observed results. In this model, we consider an intragrain polarization mechanism for the graphite and a change of the conductivity of the background material modeled with an exponential freezing curve. One of the core sample (a black schist), very rich in graphite, appears to be characterized by a very high conductivity (approximately 30 S/m). Two induced polarization profiles are discussed in the area of Thorens. The model is applied to the chargeability data to map the volumetric content of graphite.
The Crust in the Pamir: Insights From Receiver Functions
Authors: Schneider F.M. , Yuan X. , Schurr B. , Mechie J. , Sippl C. , Kufner S.‐K. , Ratschbacher L. , Tilmann F. , Oimahmadov I. , Gadoev M. , Minaev V. , Abdybachaev U. , Orunbaev S. , Ischuk A. , Murodkulov S. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Cenozoic convergence between India and Asia has created Earth's thickest crust in the Pamir‐Tibet Plateau by extreme crustal shortening. Here we study the crustal structure of the Pamir and western Tian Shan, the adjacent margins of the Tajik, Tarim, and Ferghana Basins, and the Hindu Kush, using data collected by temporary seismic experiments. We derive, compare, and combine independent observations from P and S receiver functions. The obtained Moho depth varies from ~40 km below the basins to a double‐normal thickness of 65–75 km underneath the Pamir and Hindu Kush. A Moho doublet—with the deeper interface down to a depth of ~90 km—coincides with the arc of intermediate‐depth seismicity underneath the Pamir, where Asian continental lower crust delaminates and rolls back. The crust beneath most of the Central and South Pamir has a low Vp/Vs ratio (<1.70), suggesting a dominantly felsic composition, probably a result of delamination/foundering of the mafic rocks of the lower crust. Beneath the Cenozoic gneiss domes of the Central and South Pamir, which represent extensional core complexes, the Vp/Vs ratios are moderate to high (~1.75), consistent with the previously observed, midcrustal low‐velocity zones, implying the presence of crustal partial melts. Even higher crustal average Vp/Vs ratios up to 1.90 are found in the sedimentary basins and along the Main Pamir Thrust. The ratios along the latter—the active thrust front of the Pamir—may reflect fluid accumulations within a strongly fractured fault system.
Constraining Crustal Properties Using Receiver Functions and the Autocorrelation of Earthquake‐Generated Body Waves
Authors: Delph Jonathan R. , Levander Alan , Niu Fenglin 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPassive seismic methods for imaging the discontinuity structure of Earth have primarily focused on differences in vertically and radially polarized energy in the coda of earthquake‐generated body waves (e.g., receiver functions). To convert the timing of scattered wave arrivals to depth, three parameters must be known or inferred: depth or layer thickness (H),P‐wave velocity (VP), andS‐wave velocity (VS). A common way to solve for these parameters is throughH‐κstacking analysis, in which layer thickness and the ratio betweenVPandVS(κ) is calculated while holding one of the velocity parameters constant. However, this assumption biases estimates of layer properties and leads to uncertainties that are not appropriately quantified. As these results are commonly used as starting models for more complex seismic or geodynamic analyses, these assumptions can propagate much further than the initial study. In this study, we introduce independent observations from body‐wave autocorrelations that can help constrain this underdetermined problem.P‐wave autocorrelation allows for the recovery of the Moho‐reflectedP‐wave phase from teleseismic earthquakes, which is removed during deconvolution in the calculation of receiver functions. As the Moho‐reflectedP‐wave is independent ofVS, this constraint allows us to create a system of equations that better quantifies the thickness,VP, andVSof a layer and produces a more appropriate estimation of associated uncertainties. We apply this to 88 seismic stations that are spatially distributed throughout the United States to obtain a model of crustal variability that is unbiased by a priori assumptions of velocity structure.
A Three‐Dimensional Array for the Study of Infrasound Propagation Through the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Smink Madelon M. E. , Assink Jelle D. , Bosveld Fred C. , Smets Pieter S. M. , Evers Läslo G. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractThe Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) operates a three‐dimensional microbarometer array at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research observatory. The array consists of five microbarometers on a meteorological tower up to an altitude of 200 m. Ten ground‐based microbarometers surround the tower with an array aperture of 800 m. This unique setup allows for the study of infrasound propagation in three dimensions. The added value of the vertical dimension is the sensitivity to wind and temperature in the atmospheric boundary layer over multiple altitudes. In this study, we analyze infrasound generated by an accidental chemical explosion at the Moerdijk petrochemical plant on 3 June 2014. The recordings of the tower microbarometers show two sequential arrivals, whereas the recordings on the ground show one wavefront. This arrival structure is interpreted to be the upgoing and downgoing wavefronts. The observations are compared with propagation modeling results using global‐scale and mesoscale atmospheric models. Independent temperature and wind measurements, which are available at the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research, are used for comparison with model output. The modeling results explain the signal arrival times; however, the tower wavefront arrivals are not explained. This study is important for understanding the influence of the atmospheric boundary layer on infrasound detections and propagation.