bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adversarial Attacks in Explainable Machine Learning: A Survey of Threats Against Models and Humans
Authors: Vadillo Jon , Santana Roberto , Lozano Jose A. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTReliable deployment of machine learning models such as neural networks continues to be challenging due to several limitations. Some of the main shortcomings are the lack of interpretability and the lack of robustness against adversarial examples or out‐of‐distribution inputs. In this paper, we comprehensively review the possibilities and limits of adversarial attacks for explainable machine learning models. First, we extend the notion of adversarial examples to fit in explainable machine learning scenarios where a human assesses not only the input and the output classification, but also the explanation of the model's decision. Next, we propose a comprehensive framework to study whether (and how) adversarial examples can be generated for explainable models under human assessment. Based on this framework, we provide a structured review of the diverse attack paradigms existing in this domain, identify current gaps and future research directions, and illustrate the main attack paradigms discussed. Furthermore, our framework considers a wide range of relevant yet often ignored factors such as the type of problem, the user expertise or the objective of the explanations, in order to identify the attack strategies that should be adopted in each scenario to successfully deceive the model (and the human). The intention of these contributions is to serve as a basis for a more rigorous and realistic study of adversarial examples in the field of explainable machine learning.
Global Groundwater Sustainability and Virtual Water Trade
Authors: Haqiqi Iman , Perry Chris J. , Hertel Thomas W. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractGiven that food production relies heavily on land and water, any policy to restrict water and land use will immediately raise concerns about local economic activity and global food security. This chapter explores both of these dimensions of global groundwater sustainability policy. In so doing, we highlight the importance of market-mediated spillover effects stemming from locally targeted policies. Using a multi-scale, multi-system framework integrating economic and biophysical determinants of sustainability, we find that the local economic impacts of a groundwater sustainability policy are often substantial. However, due to market-mediated responses—including surface water substitution, expansion of rainfed production, relocation, and virtual trade in blue water—the final impact on global food prices and production is surprisingly modest.
SIMPLE-G Model Specification: Mathematical Equations in a Multiscale Market Equilibrium Model
Authors: Haqiqi Iman 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter introduces the mathematical representations for multisystem and multiscale sustainability analyses focusing on supply and demand in food and agricultural markets at different scales. Within a computable multiscale modeling framework like SIMPLE-G, the supply and demand equations are derived based on production, trade, or food consumption theories. For each of the five successively more complex models, agricultural inputs are either environmental resources (e.g., land and water) or manufactured and human inputs (e.g., fertilizer and labor). The degree of complexity in SIMPLE-G models depends on the details about agricultural inputs, the assumptions about market connections and input mobility, the choice of functional forms, and the spatial heterogeneity required by the research question.
Entwicklung Vorgehensmodell
Authors: Massimiani Andrea 
Published: October 2024

ZusammenfassungDas siebte Kapitel dieser Dissertation zielt darauf ab, anhand der erzielten Ergebnisse aus der empirischen Untersuchung in Abschnitt 6.4 zunächst deren Wirkzusammenhänge darzustellen, um daraufhin den Bezugsrahmen plausibilisieren zu können. Darauf aufbauend wird ein Vorgehensmodell für Handelsunternehmen entwickelt, das die Schrittabfolge sowie die Implementierungsempfehlungen darlegt.
Introduction
Authors: Wu Jianjun , Li Jian , Zhao Yuanzheng , Zhang Yu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe advantages of pulsed plasma thrusters (PPTs), the first type of electric propulsion system for space applications, include their low-power consumption, fast response, simple structure, easy integration, convenient control, and precise and controllable thrust, making them especially suitable for tasks such as microsatellite attitude control, position keeping, orbit raising, and formation flying. In recent years, with the increase in microsatellite applications, the demand for advanced on-orbit propulsion technologies for use in microsatellites has increased. Therefore, PPT research and applications have received widespread attention, becoming a hot topic and an important research direction in microsatellite propulsion technologies (Yang et al. in J Rocket Propul 32:32–36, 2006).
Numerical Simulation of the Nanosecond Laser Ablation of Al Propellant
Authors: Wu Jianjun , Li Jian , Zhao Yuanzheng , Zhang Yu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPulsed plasma thrusters (PPTs) using gaseous propellants (Ziemer and Choueiri in Is the gas-fed PPT an electromagnetic accelerator an investigation using measured performance. AIAA 99–2289, 1999; Ziemer et al. in Performance characterization of a high efficiency gas-fed pulsed plasma thruster. AIAA-97–2925, 1997; Ziemer in Performance scaling of gas-fed pulsed plasma thrusters. Princeton University, 2001; Ziemer and Petr in Performance of gas fed pulsed plasma thrusters using water vapour propellant. AIAA 2002–4273, 2002) typically far outperform those using solid propellants in terms of parameters such as specific impulse and propulsion efficiency.(Porneala and Willis in J Phys D Appl Phys 42:1–7, 2009) Therefore, during the PPT operation, first, the propellant is transformed from a solid state to a gaseous or plasma state to ensure that what is actually ionized in the discharge channel or discharge chamber of the thruster is not the solid propellant but rather the gaseous or plasma propellant. In general, the solid propellant cannot be completely converted to a gaseous or plasma state during the laser ablation process. To increase the gas and plasma components in the discharge channel, an intense laser with a nanosecond pulse width is used as the energy source for propellant ablation. This approach is important for improving the PPT propulsion performance.
Numerical Simulation of the PPT Plume Process Based on Hybrid Particle–Fluid Models
Authors: Wu Jianjun , Li Jian , Zhao Yuanzheng , Zhang Yu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPulsed plasma thrusters (PPTs) have advantages in terms of their structural mass and size, operational performance, and power supply requirements, making them widely applicable to tasks such as attitude control, drag compensation, orbit raising, and constellation phase control of microsatellites. With the development of space exploration technology, modern microsatellites are required to have higher functional density, lower manufacturing cost, and longer operational lifespans. However, the PPT plume may cause severe adverse effects (such as sputter erosion, sediment contamination, chemical contamination, thermal loads, and electromagnetic interference) on satellites.
Relative Completeness of Incorrectness Separation Logic
Authors: Lee Yeonseok , Nakazawa Koji 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIncorrectness Separation Logic (ISL) is a proof system that is tailored specifically to resolve problems of under-approximation in programs that manipulate heaps, and it primarily focuses on bug detection. This approach is different from the over-approximation methods that are used in traditional logics such as Hoare Logic or Separation Logic. Although the soundness of ISL has been established, its completeness remains unproven. In this study, we establish relative completeness by leveraging the expressiveness of the weakest postconditions; expressiveness is a factor that is critical to demonstrating relative completeness in Reverse Hoare Logic. In our ISL framework, we allow for infinite disjunctions in disjunctive normal forms, where each clause comprises finite symbolic heaps with existential quantifiers. To compute the weakest postconditions in ISL, we introduce a canonicalization that includes variable aliasing.
Quantum Programming Without the Quantum Physics
Authors: Inoue Jun 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe propose a quantum programming paradigm where all data are familiar classical data, and the only non-classical element is a random number generator that can return results with negative probability. Currently, the vast majority of quantum programming languages instead work with quantum data types made up of qubits. The description of their behavior relies on heavy linear algebra and many interdependent concepts and intuitions from quantum physics, which takes dedicated study to understand. We demonstrate that the proposed view of quantum programming explains its central concepts and constraints in more accessible, computationally relevant terms. This is achieved by systematically reducing everything to the existence of that negative-probability random generator, avoiding mention of advanced physics. This makes quantum programming more accessible to programmers without a deep background in physics or linear algebra. The bulk of this paper is written with such an audience in mind. As a working vehicle, we lay out a simple quantum programming language under this paradigm, showing that not only can it express all quantum algorithms, it also naturally captures the semantics of measurement without ever mentioning qubits or collapse.
Therapeutic potential of 4-phenylbutyric acid against methylmercury-induced neuronal cell death in mice
Authors: Miki Ryohei , Nomura Ryosuke , Iijima Yuta , Kubota Sho , Takasugi Nobumasa , Iwawaki Takao , Fujimura Masatake , Uehara Takashi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) is an environmental neurotoxin that induces damage to the central nervous system and is the causative agent in Minamata disease. The mechanisms underlying MeHg neurotoxicity remain largely unknown, and there is a need for effective therapeutic agents, such as those that target MeHg-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is activated as a defense mechanism. We investigated whether intraperitoneal administration of the chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), at 120 mg/kg/day can alleviate neurotoxicity in the brains of mice administered 50 ppm MeHg in drinking water for 5 weeks. 4-PBA significantly reduced MeHg-induced ER stress, neuronal apoptosis, and neurological symptoms. Furthermore, 4-PBA was effective even when administered 2 weeks after the initiation of exposure to 30 ppm MeHg in drinking water. Our results strongly indicate that ER stress and the UPR are key processes involved in MeHg toxicity, and that 4-PBA is a novel therapeutic candidate for MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
Baby’s first jets: a kinematic and hydrodynamic analysis of turning in cuttlefish hatchlings
Authors: Ganley Alissa M. , Krueger Paul S. , Bartol Ian K. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTurning is an important aspect of life underwater, playing integral roles in predator avoidance, prey capture, and communication. While turning abilities have been explored in a diversity of adult nekton, little is currently known about turning in early ontogeny, especially for cephalopods. In this study, we investigated the turning abilities of hatchling common cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis, n = 49) and dwarf cuttlefish (Sepia bandensis, n = 30), using both kinematic and wake-based analyses. Using body tracking software and particle image velocimetry (PIV), we found that S. officinalis turned faster than S. bandensis, but both species completed equally tight turns. Orientation (arms-first or tail-first) did not have a significant effect on turning performance for either species. Cuttlefish hatchlings used multiple short jets for more controlled turning, with jet mode I (isolated vortex rings) being 3–4 times more common than jet mode II (elongated jets with leading ring structures) for both species. While both hatchlings turned more broadly than adult squid and cuttlefish, S. officinalis hatchlings turned faster than adult cuttlefish, and both hatchlings turned more tightly than other jet-propelled animals and some non-jet-propelled swimmers.
A finite element based approach for nonlocal stress analysis for multi-phase materials and composites
Authors: Tüfekci Mertol , Dear John P. , Salles Loïc 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis study proposes a numerical method for calculating the stress fields in nano-scale multi-phase/composite materials, where the classical continuum theory is inadequate due to the small-scale effects, including intermolecular spaces. The method focuses on weakly nonlocal and inhomogeneous materials and involves post-processing the local stresses obtained using a conventional finite element approach, applying the classical continuum theory to calculate the nonlocal stresses. The capabilities of this method are demonstrated through some numerical examples, namely, a two-dimensional case with a circular inclusion and some commonly used scenarios to model nanocomposites. Representative volume elements of various nanocomposites, including epoxy-based materials reinforced with fumed silica, silica (Nanopox F700), and rubber (Albipox 1000) are subjected to uniaxial tensile deformation combined with periodic boundary conditions. The local and nonlocal stress fields are computed through numerical simulations and after post-processing are compared with each other. The results acquired through the nonlocal theory exhibit a softening effect, resulting in reduced stress concentration and less of a discontinuous behaviour. This research contributes to the literature by proposing an efficient and standardised numerical method for analysing the small-scale stress distribution in small-scale multi-phase materials, providing a method for more accurate design in the nano-scale regime. This proposed method is also easy to implement in standard finite element software that employs classical continuum theory.
Antiemetic medications for preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in children: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis
Authors: Walker R. , Dias S. , Phillips R. S. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Children continue to experience chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), despite effective antiemetic medications. Recommendations in clinical practice guidelines are underpinned by narrative syntheses and meta-analyses that compare only two treatments. This means not all antiemetics have been compared to one another, and estimates remain imprecise. We apply network meta-analysis (NMA) to overcome these limitations by comparing multiple treatments simultaneously.

Methods
A systematic review identified and critically appraised RCTs comparing antiemetics recommended and licensed for the prevention of CINV in children. Bayesian NMA compared and ranked antiemetic effectiveness for the outcomes complete (CR) and partial response (PR) in the acute, delayed, and overall phases, nausea, and decreased food intake. Antiemetics given with and without dexamethasone were compared in separate networks as their underlying populations differed.

Results
Sixteen RCTs (3115 patients receiving moderately (MEC) or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC)) were included. When given with dexamethasone, NK1 antagonists with ondansetron ranked highest for CR and PR in the acute and overall phases, PR in the delayed phase, and decreased food intake. Post hoc analysis shows further a benefit of adding olanzapine to regimens of aprepitant and ondansetron. Ondansetron ranked lower than palonosetron, for CR in the delayed and overall phases, and ondansetron was less effective than palonosetron for nausea prevention. Rankings for other regimens, including those given without dexamethasone, were uncertain or inconsistent across outcomes.

Conclusions
Our findings serve to support the current recommendations of olanzapine (when given with aprepitant and ondansetron) and NK1 antagonists’ regimens receiving HEC, but note that evidence of a significant difference in relative benefit, between patients receiving MEC and HEC, does not yet exist. Recommendations for palonosetron as the preferred 5HT3 antagonists may be extended, particularly, to those who are at high risk of nausea.
Factors predicting treatment response to biological and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in psoriatic arthritis – a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Künzler Tabea , Bamert Manuel , Sprott Haiko 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The therapeutic response of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) varies greatly and is often unsatisfactory. Accordingly, it is essential to individualise treatment selection to minimise long-term complications. This study aimed to identify factors that might predict treatment response to biological and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs and tsDMARDs) in patients with PsA and to outline their potential application using artificial intelligence (AI). Five electronic databases were screened to identify relevant studies. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed for factors that were investigated in at least four studies. Finally, 37 studies with a total of 17,042 patients were included. The most frequently investigated predictors in these studies were sex, age, C-reactive protein (CRP), the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), BMI, and disease duration. The meta-analysis revealed that male sex (odds ratio (OR) = 2.188, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.912–2.503) and higher baseline CRP (1.537, 1.111–2.125) were associated with greater treatment response. Older age (0.982, 0.975–0.99), higher baseline HAQ score (0.483, 0.336–0.696), higher baseline DAPSA score (0.789, 0.663–0.938), and higher baseline tender joint count (TJC) (0.97, 0.945–0.996) were negatively correlated with the response to therapy. The other factors were not statistically significant but might be of clinical importance in the context of a complex AI test battery. Further studies are needed to validate these findings and identify novel factors that could guide personalised treatment decisions for PsA patients, in particular in developing AI applications. In accordance with the latest medical developments, decision-support tools based on supervised learning algorithms have been proposed as a clinical application of these predictors.

Key messages

• Given the often unsatisfactory and unpredictable therapeutic response in patients with Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA), treatment selection must be highly individualized.• A systematic literature review was conducted to identify the most reliable predictors of treatment response to biologic and targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in PsA patients.• The potential integration of these predictors into AI tools for routine clinical practice is discussed.
Harnessing biomass waste-to-energy for sustainable electricity generation: prospects, viability, and policy implications for low-carbon urban development
Authors: Aduba Joseph , Shimada Koji , Longfor Nkweauseh Reginald 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBiomass waste-to-energy (WtE) generation is a potential pathway for green urban transition in developing countries which can contribute significantly to sustainable development goal 7: affordable and clean energy. However, unlike fossil fuel energy systems, the economic returns from WtE systems are low because WtE generation is capital-intensive and requires subsidies. This study examines the prospects of a sustainable biomass electricity generation from rice husk (RH) using a large dataset of rice milling activities in a fast paced urban transition economy. The study analyzes the viability of several RH biomass electricity generation scenarios using indicators such as net electricity output, economic returns (benefits), and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The results show that several mills/mill clusters generate sufficient daily RH that can power between 0.8 and 2.2 MW plant with a combined electricity output of about 500,000 MWh per annum. The economic analyses show that all RH biomass electricity generation scenarios return positive economic benefits under reduced social discount rates of 2–6%. Moreover, the LCOE of all scenarios are less than those of electricity generated from other sources. These results demonstrate that biomass waste-to-energy generation is viable for green urban development through low-carbon decentralized energy systems. Several policy implications of the findings are highlighted, including the need for policymakers and energy stakeholders to adopt sustainable biomass energy generation models such as “design, build, and operate” (DBO) to achieve sustainable WtE generation regimes that ensure green urban transition. Such a model will contribute to a circular economy and facilitates sustainable urban development that satisfies climate-related SDGs.
Graphic abstract
Politics and city growth in Italy: Do connections matter?
Authors: Cerruti Gianluca 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this paper, I assess the existence of a political connection premium for Italian municipalities during the so-called “Second Republic” (1991–2011). The early 1990s witnessed a seminal event in Italian political history with the “Mani Pulite” (“Clean Hands”) investigation following the fall of the Berlin Wall. Subsequently, major political parties dissolved, culminating in a bipolar political landscape characterized by cyclical alternation between center-right and center-left factions (extending until at least 2011). Exploiting population data on small and medium-sized Italian municipalities between 1991 and 2011, I found that “politically connected” municipalities showed a population premium of about 2.5% compared to “non-politically connected” ones. The results are robust to NUTS-3 fixed effects, to a comprehensive set of controls, and to a full set of robustness checks. The relationship is confirmed using aggregate municipal income data as an additional proxy of local economic growth. Over and above this, social capital and the quality of local institutions seem to play a pivotal role in enabling the political connection. Election-related checks suggest the connection as two-way: using municipal data from the 2013 and 2018 general elections, I found that the treated municipalities depicted a higher turnout and fewer populist votes.