bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coarse-graining in retrodictive quantum state tomography
Authors: Scerri Dale , Gauger Erik M , Knee George C 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Quantum state tomography (QST) is a combination of experimental and data-processing methods for complete characterisation of a quantum system. However, it often operates in the highly idealised scenario of assuming perfect measurements. The errors implied by such an approach are entwined with other imperfections relating to the information processing protocol or application of interest. We consider the problem of retrodicting the quantum state of a system, existing prior to the application of random but known phase errors, allowing those errors to be separated and removed. The continuously random nature of the errors implies that effective measurement operators are never repeated. This is a feature of many physical scenarios such as photonic cluster state generation and has a drastically adverse effect on data-processing times. Utilising state-of-the-art approaches to quantum state tomography, we describe a novel and effective method to account for these errors, resulting in improved reconstruction fidelities. Furthermore, we show how the use of ‘coarse-graining’ introduced in this work can substantially reduce the computation time in several maximum likelihood algorithms, for only modest sacrifices in fidelity.
Loa loa Microfilariae in Skin Snips: Consequences for Onchocerciasis Monitoring and Evaluation in L. loa–Endemic Areas
Authors: Nana-Djeunga Hugues C , Fossuo-Thotchum Floribert , Pion Sébastien D , Chesnais Cédric B , Kubofcik Joseph , Mackenzie Charles D , Klion Amy D , Boussinesq Michel , Nutman Thomas B , Kamgno Joseph 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The specificity of skin snips for onchocerciasis diagnoses is considered to be almost 100%. Our molecular methods revealed that microfilariae emerging from skin snips collected from highly microfilaremic Loa loa–infected individuals were largely misidentified as Onchocerca volvulus. This has important implications for onchocerciasis diagnostic testing in Loa-endemic areas.
Catch per unit effort standardization using spatio-temporal models for Australia’s Eastern Tuna and Billfish Fishery
Authors: Zhou Shijie , Campbell Robert A , Hoyle Simon D 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe majority of catch per unit effort (cpue) standardizations use generalized linear models (GLMs) or generalized additive models (GAMs). We develop geostatistical models that model catch locations as continuous Gaussian random fields (GRFs) and apply them to standardizing cpue in Australia’s Eastern Tuna and Billfish Fishery (ETBF). The results are compared with the traditional GLMs currently used in ETBF assessments as well as GAMs. Specifically, we compare seven models in three groups: two GLMs, two GAMs, and three GRF models. Within each group, one model treats spatial and temporal variables independently, while the other model(s) treats them together as an interaction term. The two spatio-temporal GRF models differ in treating the spatial–temporal interaction: either as a random process or as an autoregressive process. We simulate catch rate data for five pelagic species based on real fishery catch rates so that the simulated data reflect real fishery patterns while the “true” annual abundance levels are known. The results show that within each group, the model with a spatial–temporal interaction term significantly outperforms the other model treating spatial and temporal variables independently. For spatial–temporal models between the three groups, prediction accuracy tends to improve from GLM to GAM and to the GRF models. Overall, the spatio-temporal GRF autoregressive model reduces mean relative predictive error by 43.4% from the GLM, 33.9% from the GAM, and reduces mean absolute predictive error by 23.5% from the GLM and 3.3% from the GAM, respectively. The comparison suggests a promising direction for further developing the geostatistical models for the ETBF.
The epidemiological transition in Papua New Guinea: new evidence from verbal autopsy studies
Authors: Gouda Hebe N , Hazard Riley H , Maraga Seri , Flaxman Abraham D , Stewart Andrea , Joseph Jonathan C , Rarau Patricia , Wangnapi Regina , Poka Harry , Serina Peter , Phuanukoonnon Suparat , Pham Bang N , Vano Miriam , Lupiwa Sebeya , Sie Albert , Kave Helen , Lehmann Deborah , Siba Peter , Lopez Alan D , Riley Ian D 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background
Recent economic growth in Papua New Guinea (PNG) would suggest that the country may be experiencing an epidemiological transition, characterized by a reduction in infectious diseases and a growing burden from non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, data on cause-specific mortality in PNG are very sparse, and the extent of the transition within the country is poorly understood.

Methods
Mortality surveillance was established in four small populations across PNG: West Hiri in Central Province, Asaro Valley in Eastern Highlands Province, Hides in Hela Province and Karkar Island in Madang Province. Verbal autopsies (VAs) were conducted on all deaths identified, and causes of death were assigned by SmartVA and classified into five broad disease categories: endemic NCDs; emerging NCDs; endemic infections; emerging infections; and injuries. Results from previous PNG VA studies, using different VA methods and spanning the years 1970 to 2001, are also presented here.

Results
A total of 868 deaths among adolescents and adults were identified and assigned a cause of death. NCDs made up the majority of all deaths (40.4%), with the endemic NCD of chronic respiratory disease responsible for the largest proportion of deaths (10.5%), followed by the emerging NCD of diabetes (6.2%). Emerging infectious diseases outnumbered endemic infectious diseases (11.9% versus 9.5%). The distribution of causes of death differed across the four sites, with emerging NCDs and emerging infections highest at the site that is most socioeconomically developed, West Hiri. Comparing the 1970–2001 VA series with the present study suggests a large decrease in endemic infections.

Conclusions
Our results indicate immediate priorities for health service planning and for strengthening of vital registration systems, to more usefully serve the needs of health priority setting.
Outcomes in Burn-Injured Patients Who Develop Sepsis
Authors: Rech Megan A , Mosier Michael J , McConkey Kevin , Zelisko Susan , Netzer Giora , Kovacs Elizabeth J , Afshar Majid 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This study examines health outcomes in burn patients with sepsis. We hypothesized that burn patients with sepsis would have an increased odds risk for in-hospital death and longer intensive care unit (ICU) stays. This was a retrospective cohort of consecutive patients admitted to the burn ICU with total BSA (TBSA) ≥10% and/or inhalation injury between January 2008 and March 2015. Overall 407 burn patients were included; the case-rate for sepsis was 39.1% (n = 159); 20.1% (n = 82) patients were septic and 18.9% (n = 77) patients experienced septic shock. Patients with septic shock had the highest mortality rate (13.31% no sepsis vs 3.7% sepsis vs 49.4% septic shock, P &lt; .01). Median 28-day ICU-free days was higher in patients without sepsis (23 days [Interquartile range (IQR) 14–27] no sepsis vs 0 days [IQR 0–10] sepsis vs 0 days [IQR 0–0] septic shock, P &lt; .01). Sepsis (with or without shock) increased odds of in-hospital death (odds ratio 7.04, 95% confidence interval 1.93–25.7) in reference to the no sepsis group. With each incremental Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score or 10% TBSA increase, the odds risk for in-hospital death increased by 56 and 75%, respectively. Our study characterized outcomes in patients with sepsis after severe burn injury. The odds risk for in-hospital death was greater in patients with sepsis, increasing burn severity according to TBSA and SOFA score.
Behavioral Responses of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) to a New Bt Toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16 in Cotton
Authors: Graham Scott H , Musser Fred M , Jacobson Alana L , Chitturi Anitha , Catchot Beverly , Stewart Scott D 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Hemiptera: Miridae), are among the most important insect pests of cotton, Gosssypium hirsutum, in the mid-southern United States. These pests are currently managed primarily by insecticides; however, a new Bt toxin, Cry51Aa2.834_16 is under evaluation for control of thrips and tarnished plant bug. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the behavioral response of thrips and tarnished plant bug to Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16. Adult thrips avoided Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton in field choice tests and in separate field tests of Bt and non-Bt cotton not treated with insecticides. In a greenhouse choice test, approximately twice as many adult thrips and eggs were found on non-Bt compared with Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 cotton. Similarly, in a field test of nontreated Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 and non-Bt cotton, 68% of adult thrips collected were found on non-Bt cotton. In cotton that was not sprayed with insecticides, Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 did not affect the distribution of tarnished plant bug within the canopy, although more square and flower injury was caused by tarnished plant bug in non-Bt cotton. Adult tarnished plant bug exhibited a nonpreference for diet containing lyophilized Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 leaves and for excised Bt Cry51Aa2.834_16 squares in choice tests with non-Bt squares. The behavioral responses of these pests when exposed to this new Bt toxin will play a key role in the efficacy and potential resistance management strategies if this new technology is incorporated in an overall cotton insect pest management system.
Twins
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the incidence, risk factors, and epidemiology of disorders associated with twinning. The timing of twinning and the types of twins are reviewed. The fetal and perinatal complications of twinning including twin to twin transfusion and its treatment are discussed, as well as the possible consequences of death of a monozygotic co-twin. These include severe disruptive brain abnormalities, and other vascular disruptive defects. The birth defects more common in twins are enumerated and specific patterns of birth defects such as hemifacial macrosomia and VACTERL are discussed. A clinical case presentation features monozygotic twins with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and congenital heart disease.
Heterotaxy
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, family history, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of heterotaxy and disorders of situs, including polysplenia and asplenia. The relationship between heterotaxy and dysfunction of non-motile primary cilia is explained. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of heterotaxy summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents, chromosome anomalies (maternal diabetes mellitus), and Mendelian disorders in which heterotaxy occurs with various patterns (TAPVR) and in association with malformations in other organ systems (Agnathia-Otocephaly). The chapter gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with situs ambiguous and asplenia who had unexpected respiratory distress after surgery due to primary ciliary dyskinesia.
Ear Anomalies
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, family history and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic ear anomalies. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of ear anomalies summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents (isotretinoin, maternal diabetes, mycophenylate), chromosome anomalies (aneuploidy, 22q11 deletion), common sporadic multiple congenital anomaly syndromes (Hemifacial microsomia/Goldenhar), and Mendelian disorders that are primarily craniofacial (Treacher-Collins and other mandibulofacial dysostoses) and others that include malformations in other organ systems (CHARGE). The chapter gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features a child with mycophenylate embryopathy, who had been incorrectly diagnosed with Treacher Collins syndrome.
Eye Anomalies
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of various isolated and syndromic congenital eye anomalies that are apparent in the newborn including anophthalmia, microphthalmia, aniridia, coloboma, cataracts, corneal opacities, and ptosis. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of ocular anomalies summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents (alcohol, retinoic acid, rubella, Vitamin A deficiency), chromosome anomalies (aneuploidy, copy number variants), and Mendelian disorders that include multiple congenital anomalies in other organ systems. The chapter provides recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features a dysmorphic male infant with bilateral microphthalmia and opaque corneas who has Lenz microphthalmia syndrome.
Craniosynostoses
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of single suture and multiple suture craniosynostosis including isolated and syndromic varieties. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of craniosynostosis summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents (fluconazole, maternal thyroid disorders, methotrexate, valproic acid), chromosome anomalies, and Mendelian disorders that involve extracranial malformations. The relationship between premature closure of cranial sutures of postnatal onset and positional plagiocephaly, prematurity, and microcephaly are examined. This chapter provides recommendations for testing, evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with Saethre–Chotzen syndrome, whose mildly affected relatives had not been diagnosed.
Hypospadias
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, family history, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic hypospadias and some disorders of sex development (DSD)—6,XY DSD and 46,XX DSD. The associations with male factor infertility, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, low birth weight, and low anoscrotal distance are discussed. The differential diagnosis of genital anomalies summarizes common causes, including teratogenic agents, chromosome anomalies, including copy number variants, Mendelian disorders that also affect musculoskeletal, skeletal, and connective tissues, and it gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant conceived by in vitro fertilization with severe early IUGR and hypospadias.
Syndactyly
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, epidemiology, and some subtypes of syndactyly. Various unilateral and bilateral patterns of syndactyly, including common autosomal dominant isolated cutaneous syndactyly and rarer presentations of complex syndactyly with bony fusion, are reviewed. Associated malformations, such as small size, microcephaly, craniosynostois, facial dysmorphism, and other limb anomalies, that are often seen with syndactyly are presented. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of syndactyly summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents, chromosome anomalies, and Mendelian multiple congenital anomaly syndromes, and it gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with oculo-dento-digital dysplasia.
Skin
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the various types of congenital ectodermal dysplasias (ED). These present variably with involvement of skin, teeth, sweat glands, hair, and nails. In the newborn period ED can resemble ichthyosis with erythema and scaling. X-lLinked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is the most common form and may affect girls as well as boys. This can cause infant overheating with serious sequelae. Long term dental management is needed for this disorder as well as for most of the other ED’s. Several ED syndromes involve immunodeficiency. Several allelic rare multiple anomaly ED syndromes are caused by pathogenic variants in TP63. The clinical case presentation features an infant with autosomal recessive hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.
Skin
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the congenital blistering syndromes. These include the many forms of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) of which the simplex form is the most common. Junctional and dystrophic EB and Kindler syndrome are the other major types of EB. The differential also includes Peeling Skin syndrome and other common forms of neonatal blisters due to infection, maternal disease or other genetic disorders. Genetic sequencing panels are rapidly replacing dermatopathology in the diagnosis of these complex and overlapping conditions. Multidisciplinary care is necessary for severely affected infants and some disorders are lethal in the neonatal period. The clinical case presentation features an infant with autosomal recessive lethal acantholytic epidermolysis bullosa.
John Crowe Ransom
Authors: Quinlan Patrick Kieran 
Published: February 2019

John Crowe Ransom (b. 30 April 1888–d. 3 July 1974) was an American poet, Southern Agrarian, literary critic, and editor of the Kenyon Review, arguably the most influential “little magazine” of the mid-20th century. Educated at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee and as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford, Ransom began writing poetry as a member of the Fugitive group that included Allen Tate and Robert Penn Warren and had its own short-lived magazine in the early 1920s. Most of the poems on which his reputation rests—often on love or death, never long, sometimes quirky, and with intermittent archaic wording—are to be found in Chills and Fever (1924) and Two Gentlemen in Bonds (1927). Ransom won the Bollingen Prize for Poetry in 1951 and the National Book Award for his Selected Poems in 1964. Following their Fugitive period, Ransom and his associates moved on to become Agrarians, arguing in their 1930 I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition that the South’s distinctive characteristic was its agrarian culture, separating it from both the capitalist industrial North and Soviet Communism. As an English professor at Vanderbilt where historical studies of literary texts took precedence, Ransom argued and eventually won the cause of the literary critic, a victory that over time changed the hierarchies in the profession at large. The text itself, its structures and images and their complex interrelationship, was what was most important. His 1941 volume of theoretical essays, The New Criticism, made Ransom the quasi founding father—there were many others—of a movement that would dominate the academy for the next three decades. Always fascinated by, but wary of, the sciences as their place within the university increased exponentially, Ransom sought over and over to define the kind of supplementary but equally essential knowledge that poetry offered. As founding editor of the Kenyon Review in 1939 and director of the Kenyon School of English, Ransom exercised enormous influence on both the teaching of literature at American colleges and universities, and on several emerging poets and novelists, most notably Robert Lowell. By the mid-1960s, however, many of Ransom’s critical and social positions had come under challenge, as has his status as a “major minor poet” in several recent critiques. Nevertheless, current studies are also finding overlooked fissures in his poems, and, in the age of digitized textuality, fresh inspiration in his Agrarian and New Critical forays.
Eratosthenes of Cyrene
Authors: Finglass P. J. 
Published: February 2019

Eratosthenes was one of the great scholars of Antiquity. Born in Cyrene in c. 285, he studied in Athens before becoming the third librarian at the great research institute founded by King Ptolemy I at Alexandria in Egypt. Rather than specializing in any one field, he produced scholarship in philology, geography, mathematics, philosophy, and chronography, as well as composed poetry. This breadth of learning was (remarkably) the subject of criticism: he was called “Beta” and the “Pentathlete,” which referred to being the second-best in every field. But his versatility did not preclude considerable achievement: most notably, he calculated the circumference of the earth and made other great intellectual advances in geography (where his influence on the later geographer Strabo was considerable) and literary criticism (where, for instance, he refused to believe that the places of Homer’s Odyssey could be mapped onto the actual Mediterranean world), as well as receiving praise for his poetry (from pseudo-Longinus). His works have not survived in full; the process of gathering and assessing his fragments is still ongoing.
Comprehensive Clinical and Laboratory Follow-up of a Female Patient With Ebola Virus Disease: Sierra Leone Ebola Virus Persistence Study
Authors: Liu William J , Sesay Foday R , Coursier Antoine , Knust Barbara , Marrinan Jaclyn E , Whitmer Shannon , McDonald Suzanna L R , Gaillard Philippe , Liu Yang , Su Qiudong , Zhang Yong , Crozier Ian , Ariyarajah Archchun , Carino Marylin , Massaquoi Thomas , Broutet Nathalie , Xu Wenbo , Wu Guizhen , Ströher Ute , Gao George F , Formenty Pierre , Sahr Foday , Deen Gibrilla F ,   Sierra Leone Ebola Virus Persistence Study Group, Bangura James , Jambai Amara , James Faustine , Wurie Alie , Yamba Francis , Sahr Foday , Fornah Halima , Kamara Richard , Massaquoi Thomas A , Sesay Foday R , Davies Tina 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
The clinical, virologic, and immunologic findings in a female Ebola virus disease patient are described. During the long-term follow-up, Ebola virus RNA was detectable in vaginal fluid before 36 days after symptom onset, with nearly an identical genome sequence as in acute phase blood. Ebola-specific T cells retained activation at 56 days after disease onset.