bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing ERA-Interim clouds with satellite observations using a simplified satellite simulator
Authors: Stengel Martin , Schlundt Cornelia , Stapelberg Stefan , Sus Oliver , Eliasson Salomon , Willén Ulrika , Meirink Jan Fokke 
Published: December 2018

Abstract. An evaluation of the ERA-Interim clouds using satellite
observations is presented. To facilitate such an evaluation in a proper way,
a simplified satellite simulator has been developed and applied to 6-hourly
ERA-Interim reanalysis data covering the period of 1982 to 2014. The simulator
converts modelled cloud fields, for example those of the ERA-Interim
reanalysis, to simulated cloud fields by accounting for specific
characteristics of passive imaging satellite sensors such as the Advanced
Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), which form the basis of many
long-term observational datasets of cloud properties. It is attempted to keep
the simulated cloud fields close to the original modelled cloud fields to
allow a quality assessment of the latter based on comparisons of the
simulated clouds fields with the observations. Applying the simulator to ERA-Interim data, this study firstly focuses on the
spatial distribution and frequency of clouds (total cloud fraction) and on
their vertical position, using cloud-top pressure to express the cloud
fraction of high-level, mid-level and low-level clouds. Furthermore, the cloud-top
thermodynamic phase is investigated. All comparisons incorporate knowledge of
systematic uncertainties in the satellite observations and are further
stratified by accounting for the limited sensitivity of the observations to
clouds with very low cloud optical thickness (COT). The comparisons show that ERA-Interim cloud fraction is generally too low nearly everywhere on the globe except in
the polar regions. This underestimation is caused by a lack of mid-level
and/or low-level clouds, for which the comparisons only show a minor sensitivity to
the cloud optical thickness thresholds applied. The amount of ERA-Interim
high-level clouds, being higher than in the observations, agrees with the
observations within their estimated uncertainties. Removing the optically
very thin clouds (COT <0.15) from the model fields improves the
agreement with the observations for high-level cloud fraction locally (e.g. in the
tropics), while for the mid-latitude regions, the best agreement for
high-level cloud fraction is found when removing all clouds with COT <1.0.
Comparisons of the cloud thermodynamic phase at the cloud top reveal a too high relative ice cloud frequency in ERA-Interim, being most pronounced
in the higher latitudes. Indications are found that this is due to the
suppression of liquid cloud occurrence for temperatures
below −23 ∘C in ERA-Interim. The application of this simulator facilitates a more effective use of passive
satellite observations of clouds in the evaluation of modelled cloudiness,
for example in reanalyses.
Marine boundary layer aerosol in the eastern North Atlantic: seasonal variations and key controlling processes
Authors: Zheng Guangjie , Wang Yang , Aiken Allison C. , Gallo Francesca , Jensen Michael P. , Kollias Pavlos , Kuang Chongai , Luke Edward , Springston Stephen , Uin Janek , Wood Robert , Wang Jian 
Published: December 2018

Abstract. The response of marine low cloud systems to changes in aerosol concentration
represents one of the largest uncertainties in climate simulations. Major
contributions to this uncertainty are derived from poor understanding of aerosol
under natural conditions and the perturbation by anthropogenic emissions. The
eastern North Atlantic (ENA) is a region of persistent but diverse marine
boundary layer (MBL) clouds, whose albedo and precipitation are highly
susceptible to perturbations in aerosol properties. In this study, we examine
MBL aerosol properties, trace gas mixing ratios, and meteorological
parameters measured at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research
Facility's ENA site on Graciosa Island, Azores, Portugal, during a 3-year
period from 2015 to 2017. Measurements impacted by local pollution on
Graciosa Island and during occasional intense biomass burning and dust events
are excluded from this study. Submicron aerosol size distribution typically
consists of three modes: Aitken (At, diameter Dp<∼100 nm),
accumulation (Ac, Dp within ∼100 to ∼300 nm), and
larger accumulation (LA, Dp>∼300 nm) modes, with average
number concentrations (denoted as NAt, NAc, and
NLA below) of 330, 114, and 14 cm−3, respectively.
NAt, NAc, and NLA show contrasting seasonal
variations, suggesting different sources and removal processes.
NLA is dominated by sea spray aerosol (SSA) and is higher in winter and
lower in summer. This is due to the seasonal variations of SSA production,
in-cloud coalescence scavenging, and dilution by entrained free troposphere
(FT) air. In comparison, SSA typically contributes a relatively minor
fraction to NAt (10 %) and NAc (21 %) on an annual basis. In
addition to SSA, sources of Ac-mode particles include entrainment of FT
aerosols and condensation growth of Aitken-mode particles inside the MBL, while
in-cloud coalescence scavenging is the major sink of NAc. The observed
seasonal variation of NAc, being higher in summer and lower in winter,
generally agrees with the steady-state concentration estimated from major
sources and sinks. NAt is mainly controlled by entrainment of FT
aerosol, coagulation loss, and growth of Aitken-mode particles into the
Ac-mode size range. Our calculation suggests that besides the direct
contribution from entrained FT Ac-mode particles, growth of entrained FT
Aitken-mode particles in the MBL also represent a substantial source of
cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), with the highest contribution potentially
reaching 60 % during summer. The growth of Aitken-mode particles to CCN size
is an expected result of the condensation of sulfuric acid, a product from
dimethyl sulfide oxidation, suggesting that ocean ecosystems may have a
substantial influence on MBL CCN populations in the ENA.
Short-term interval aerobic exercise training does not improve memory functioning in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis—a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Baquet Lisa , Hasselmann Helge , Patra Stefan , Stellmann Jan-Patrick , Vettorazzi Eik , Engel Andreas K. , Rosenkranz Sina Cathérine , Poettgen Jana , Gold Stefan Michael , Schulz Karl-Heinz , Heesen Christoph 
Published: December 2018

Background
Only few aerobic exercise intervention trials specifically targeting cognitive functioning have been performed in multiple sclerosis.

Objective and Methods
This randomized controlled trial with 34 patients in the intervention group (IG) (mean: 38.2 years (±9.6)) and 34 patients in the control group (CG) (mean: 39.6 years (±9.7)) aimed to determine the effects of aerobic exercise on cognition in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The primary outcome was verbal learning assessed by the verbal learning and memory test (VLMT). Patients were randomized to an IG or a waitlist CG. Patients in the IG exercised according to an individually tailored training schedule (with two to three sessions per week for 12 weeks). The primary analysis was carried out using the intention-to-treat (ITT) sample with ANCOVA adjusting for baseline scores.

Results
A total of 77 patients with RRMS were screened and 68 participants randomized (CG n = 34; IG n = 34). The sample comprised 68% females, had a mean age of 39 years, a mean disease duration of 6.3 years, and a mean expanded disability status scale of 1.8. No significant effects were detected in the ITT analysis for the primary endpoint VLMT or any other cognitive measures. Moreover, no significant treatment effects were observed for quality of life, fatigue, or depressive symptoms.

Conclusion
This study failed to demonstrate beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on cognition in RRMS. The trial was prospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02005237).
Diazaphospholene Chemistry
Authors: Gudat Dietrich 
Published: December 2018

AbstractDiazaphospholenes are N‐heterocyclic phosphines that can be derived from N‐heterocyclic carbenes by formally replacing the divalent carbon atom by a P–X unit consisting of a tervalent phosphorus atom and an exocyclic substituent X. This arrangement provides a very peculiar electronic structure that is characterized by an exceptionally strong hyperconjugation between delocalized π‐electrons in the ring and the σ*(P–X) orbital and results in a considerable ionic polarization of the exocyclic bond with a concomitant increase of negative partial charge on X. The effect persists even in unpolar P–X bonds and induces unprecedented chemical reactivity like a marked polarization of homonuclear bonds to phosphorus‐based substituents, which immensely facilitates bond activation reactions, and a reversal of the polarity (“Umpolung”) of the P–H bonds in secondary diazaphospholenes, which gives rise to a hydride behavior unprecedented for phosphines. The emerging exploitation of these features in diverse areas of synthetic chemistry sparked various applications of diazaphospholenes both as stoichiometric reagents and as organocatalysts. It is the aim of this article to give a comprehensive overview on the chemistry of diazaphospholenes, starting with a discussion of their specific electronic structure, and addressing their synthesis, principal reaction patterns, and applications as reagents in stoichiometric reactions and organocatalysts in metal‐free catalytic transformations. A concluding section will focus on ligand‐centered reactions of diazaphospholenes with exocyclic transition metal substituents (“metallo‐diazaphospholenes”) and their application in catalysis.
Competition between Exceptionally Long‐Range Alkyl Sidechain Ordering and Backbone Ordering in Semiconducting Polymers and Its Impact on Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Carpenter Joshua H. , Ghasemi Masoud , Gann Eliot , Angunawela Indunil , Stuard Samuel J. , Rech Jeromy James , Ritchie Earl , O'Connor Brendan T. , Atkin Joanna , You Wei , DeLongchamp Dean M. , Ade Harald 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIntra‐ and intermolecular ordering greatly impacts the electronic and optoelectronic properties of semiconducting polymers. The interrelationship between ordering of alkyl sidechains and conjugated backbones has yet to be fully detailed, despite much prior effort. Here, the discovery of a highly ordered alkyl sidechain phase in six representative semiconducting polymers, determined from distinct spectroscopic and diffraction signatures, is reported. The sidechain ordering exhibits unusually large coherence lengths (≥70 nm), induces torsional/twisting backbone disorder, and results in a vertically multilayered nanostructure with ordered sidechain layers alternating with disordered backbone layers. Calorimetry and in situ variable temperature scattering measurements in a model system poly{4‐(5‐(4,8‐bis(3‐butylnonyl)‐6‐methylbenzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophen‐2‐yl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2‐(2‐butyloctyl)‐5,6‐difluoro‐7‐(5‐methylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐2H‐benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole} (PBnDT‐FTAZ) clearly delineate this competition of ordering that prevents simultaneous long‐range order of both moieties. The long‐range sidechain ordering can be exploited as a transient state to fabricate PBnDT‐FTAZ films with an atypical edge‐on texture and 2.5× improved field‐effect transistor mobility. The observed influence of ordering between the moieties implies that improved molecular design can produce synergistic rather than destructive ordering effects. Given the large sidechain coherence lengths observed, such synergistic ordering should greatly improve the coherence length of backbone ordering and thereby improve electronic and optoelectronic properties such as charge transport and exciton diffusion lengths.
Light Emitting Diodes Based on Inorganic Composite Halide Perovskites
Authors: Lian Xiujun , Wang Xi , Ling Yichuan , Lochner Eric , Tan Lei , Zhou Yan , Ma Biwu , Hanson Kenneth , Gao Hanwei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractCsPbBr3 is a promising type of light‐emitting halide perovskite with inorganic composition and desirable thermal stability. The luminescence efficiency of pristine CsPbBr3 thin films, however, appears to be limited. In this work, light emitting diodes based on CsPbBr3|Cs4PbBr6 composites are demonstrated. Both quantum efficiency and emission brightness are improved significantly compared with similar devices constructed using pure CsPbBr3. The high brightness can be attributed to the enhanced radiative recombination from CsPbBr3 crystallites confined in the Cs4PbBr6 host matrix. The unfavorable charge transport property of Cs4PbBr6 can be circumvented by optimizing the ratio between the host and the guest components and the total thickness of the composite thin films. The inorganic composition of the emitting layer also leads to improved device stability under the condition of continuous operation.
Recent Advances in the Functional 2D Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Wang Xiaoting , Cui Yu , Li Tao , Lei Ming , Li Jingbo , Wei Zhongming 
Published: December 2018

Abstract2D layered materials such as graphene, black phosphorus (BP), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and their hybrid systems exhibit wide coverage of bandgaps, unique crystal structures, and the facile integration for potential applications in photonic and optoelectronic devices. In the recent two years, various 2D functional systems have been developed with novel optoelectronic properties, thereby expanding the functional applications. Beyond the speed, efficiency, or sensitivity, these 2D crystals can offer additional advantages and distinct applications in terms of spectrum range, polarization, intensity, and structural designs. The main contents here focus on optoelectronic and photonic devices with unique functional applications, especially mentioning areas as follows: long‐wavelength photodetector, 2D polarization‐sensitive photodetector, 2D optoelectronic memory, and 2D material‐based optical modulator. For each section, the device design, performance, and operational principles are investigated and systematically discussed. Finally, the current research status is summarized and perspectives on possible applications in future are offered.
Palladium/Acid Relay Catalyzed Tandem Heck Coupling/6‐Endo Cyclization between ortho‐Halogenated Benzoates and Unactivated Terminal Alkenes for the Synthesis of 1‐Isochromanones
Authors: Wen Zhen‐Kang , Ge Xiao‐Min , Zhao Ze‐Kai , Chao Jian‐Bin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe report a unique and expeditious route to synthesize 1‐isochromanone derivatives through palladium catalyzed tandem Heck coupling/6‐endo hydroacyloxylation cyclization between readily available ortho‐halogenated benzoates and unactivated alkenes. Various 2‐bromo or 2‐iodo benzoates can be coupled efficiently with a broad range of alkenes to afford functionalized 1‐isochromanones in high yields. Significantly, this cost‐efficient and easy‐to‐handle synthetic methodology will have great prospect application in the synthetic and medicinal chemistry.magnified image
Efficient Near Infrared Light Triggered Nitric Oxide Release Nanocomposites for Sensitizing Mild Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Du Jiangfeng , Guo Zhao , Yu Jie , Gao Qin , Yin Wenyan , Zhu Shuang , Gu Zhanjun , Zhao Yuliang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractMild photothermal therapy (PTT), as a new anticancer therapeutic strategy, faces big challenges of limited therapeutic accuracy and side‐effects due to uneven heat distribution. Here, near infrared triggered nitric oxide (NO) release nanocomposites based on bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) nanoparticles and bis‐N‐nitroso compounds (BNN) are constructed for NO‐enhanced mild photothermal therapy. Upon 808 nm irradiation, the high photothermal conversion efficiency and on‐demand NO release are realized simultaneously. Due to the unique properties of NO, enhanced antitumor efficacy of mild PTT based on BNN‐Bi2S3 nanocomposites is achieved in vitro and in vivo. Mechanism studies reveal that the exogenous NO from BNN‐Bi2S3 could not only impair the autophagic self‐repairing ability of tumor cells in situ, but also diffuse to the surrounding cells to enhance the therapeutic effect. This work points out a strategy to overcome the difficulties in mild PTT, and has potentials for further exploitation of NO‐sensitized synergistic cancer therapy.
Insights into the Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Therapeutics of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases
Authors: Yu Yao , Cai Jingjing , She Zhigang , Li Hongliang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease which affects ≈25% of the adult population worldwide, placing a tremendous burden on human health. The disease spectrum ranges from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and ultimately, cirrhosis and carcinoma, which are becoming leading reasons for liver transplantation. NAFLD is a complex multifactorial disease involving myriad genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors; it is closely associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and many other diseases. Over the past few decades, countless studies focusing on the investigation of noninvasive diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapeutics have revealed different aspects of the mechanism and progression of NAFLD. However, effective pharmaceuticals are still in development. Here, the current epidemiology, diagnosis, animal models, pathogenesis, and treatment strategies for NAFLD are comprehensively reviewed, emphasizing the outstanding breakthroughs in the above fields and promising medications in and beyond phase II.
Semiconducting Polymer Thin Films Used in Organic Solar Cells: A Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study
Authors: Caballero‐Quintana Irving , Maldonado José‐Luis , Meneses‐Nava Marco‐Antonio , Barbosa‐García Oracio , Valenzuela‐Benavides José , Bousseksou Azzedine 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe widely used semiconducting polymers poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) (PH1000), poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT), and Poly[[4,8‐bis[(2‐ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl][3‐fluoro‐2‐[(2‐ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4‐b]thiophenediyl]] (PTB7) for organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, are deposited on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite substrates and investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) under the liquid/solid interface technique. PEDOT:PSS film morphology shows an ellipsoidal shape of PEDOT surrounded by PSS with 4 nm size. STM images of P3HT reveal that films tend to form well‐defined crystalline domains with an average interchain distance around 1.41 nm and chain length ≈41 nm. PTB7 chains are self‐aggregated by using chlorobenzene as solvent; however, when using 1‐phenyloctane with 3% of 1,8‐diiodooctane, these chains show a worm‐like pattern with a distance of ≈2 nm between backbone chains and a chain length of ≈90 nm. For P3HT and PTB7 based OPVs, local J–V plots are determined from photoconductive atomic force microscopy (pc‐AFM) measurements and fitted with the modified Mott−Gurney equation, the reached parameters are correlated with those achieved from the macroscopic J–V graphs. Active films of OPVs cells based on PTB7 are also analyzed by using AFM phase imaging showing domains size of 80–120 nm. This current STM analysis can elucidate some new important insights on polymer film formation and morphology and therefore, their influence on the OPV performance.
Structural and Optical Properties of Zn1‐xMgxO Prepared by Calcination of ZnO + Mg(OH)2 after Hydro Micro Mechanical Activation
Authors: Vuong Thi Quynh Phuong , Lair Valentin , Lacoste François R. , Halloumi Samy , Coindeau Stéphane , Thiel Julien , Shubina Tatiana V. , Pauthe Monique , Gil Bernard 
Published: December 2018

AbstractZn1‐xMgxO microcrystals are produced in the 0.15 ≤ x ≤ 1 composition range by calcination of ZnO + Mg(OH)2 after hydro micro mechanical activation according to the patent WO2018065735A1. The structural properties of the samples have revealed the cohabitation of wurtzite and rock‐salt phases for x values ranging from 0.15 up to 0.6 with a clear increase of the proportion of cubic phase with x. A single cubic phase is observed in the range 0.66 ≤ x < 1. From the purity of these samples produced at very low cost, it is expected that they will be used as precursors for growth of advanced light emitters integrated into an already existing process as they exhibit exceptionally efficient (and robust with T) light emission in the ultraviolet region.
Flocculation of kaolin from aqueous suspension using low dosages of acrylamide‐based cationic flocculants
Authors: Suresha P. R. , Badiger Manohar V. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTFlocculation of kaolin from aqueous streams has become very important in view of its wide range of applications. In this work, cationic flocculants based on copolymers of acrylamide (AM) and 3‐acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride (APTMAC) were synthesized with two different mole ratios of monomers, 80 mol % of AM (CP‐8020) and 40 mol % of AM (CP‐4060). The chemical structures of copolymers were confirmed by 1H and carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectroscopy. The molecular weight (MW) and zeta potential of the copolymers were determined. High MW was obtained for copolymer with high content of AM (CP‐8020) and high zeta potential was observed for copolymer with high content of APTMAC (CP‐4060). Flocculation of kaolin suspension was performed using both CP‐8020 and CP‐4060 and the flocculation was correlated to the zeta potential and MW of the copolymers. The optimum dosages of flocculants were determined. The mechanism of flocculation was discussed in terms of charge neutralization and bridging. The flocs of kaolin were characterized in terms of moisture content and size. To the best of our knowledge, this copolymer system was used for the first time for kaolin flocculation and found out to be efficient. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47286.
Aromatic and Antiaromatic Cyclophane‐type Hexaphyrin Dimers
Authors: Nakai Akito , Yoneda Tomoki , Ishida Shin‐ichiro , Kato Kenichi , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA peripherally strapped [28]hexaphyrin takes a rectangular conformation and exhibits antiaromatic character. A cyclophane‐type dimer consisting of such [28]hexaphyrins was synthesized from hexakis(pentafluorophenyl) [26]hexaphyrin via SNAr reaction with allyl alcohol, one‐pot intra‐ and intermolecular olefin metathesis under improved Hoveyda–Grubbs catalysis, and final reduction with NaBH4. The cyclophane‐type structures of [26]‐ and [28]hexaphyrin dimers have been revealed by X‐ray analysis. Studies on the structural, optical, and electronic properties have led to a conclusion that there is no favorable electronic interaction between the two [28]hexaphyrin segments and thus no indication of 3D aromaticity.
Tuning model parameters in class‐imbalanced learning with precision‐recall curve
Authors: Fu Guang‐Hui , Yi Lun‐Zhao , Pan Jianxin 
Published: December 2018

AbstractAn issue for class‐imbalanced learning is what assessment metric should be employed. So far, precision‐recall curve (PRC) as a metric is rarely used in practice as compared with its alternative of receiver operating characteristic (ROC). This study investigates the performance of PRC as the evaluating criterion to address the class‐imbalanced data and focuses on the comparison of PRC with ROC. The advantages of PRC over ROC on assessing class‐imbalanced data are also investigated and tested on our proposed algorithm by tuning the whole model parameters in simulation studies and real data examples. The result shows that PRC is competitive with ROC as performance measurement for handling class‐imbalanced data in tuning the model parameters. PRC can be considered as an alternative but effective assessment for preprocessing (such as variable selection) skewed data and building a classifier in class‐imbalanced learning.