bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-Liberalism
Authors: Dallmayr Fred 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book is about a paradigm shift occurring under our very eyes, a shift where everything hangs and changes together. The title Post-Liberalism gestures toward this shift, without being able to exhaust it. What the title suggests is that Western modernity (the past four hundred years) was in large measure the time of a self-centered and anthropocentric “liberalism,” an ideology celebrating human autonomy or independence from everything. This view is no longer tenable. Having become a bit more mature, we have come to realize the relationality or “inter-independence” of anything. Socially and politically this means that we are moving toward the practice of shared “public freedom” in a relational democracy and commonwealth. As used here, “post-liberalism” involves neither the denial of genuine freedom nor the endorsement of illiberal collectivism or nationalism. Basically, the book’s point is to find a path beyond atomistic selfishness or narcissism and collectivist populism in the direction of a shared, interhuman space or world. In addition to charting this path, the book wrestles with other forms of relationality: between local and global concerns; between secular reason and faith or spirituality; and between concrete particularism and “world maintenance.”
The mismatch negativity (MMN): An introduction
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related brain potential is introduced. MMN is an automatic response to any sound change generated primarily in auditory and frontal cortices, reflecting auditory change detection and discrimination accuracy. Analogous responses have also been found in other sensory modalities. MMN can, for example, index improvement of sound discrimination as a function of learning or recovery. Consistent with this, MMN appears to index general brain plasticity, essential for learning and memory, and to reflect different cognitive brain disorders. It is elicited irrespective of the direction of attention, being, therefore, a feasible tool for investigating even inattentive participants, such as sleeping infants or comatose patients.
How to record and analyse MMN
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter will introduce and discuss different experimental paradigms that can be used for eliciting MMN. The classical paradigm for this purpose is the auditory oddball paradigm with repetitive ‘standard’ stimuli interspersed with infrequent deviant stimuli which elicit MMN reflecting change detection. Subsequently, more informative multi-deviant paradigms were developed that provide profiles of auditory-discrimination accuracy including different auditory stimulus dimensions, such as sound frequency, duration, and locus of origin. These paradigms are sensitive to various forms of training, thereby reflecting brain plasticity, and they are selectively affected in different cognitive brain disorders.
Neurological disorders
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The MMN amplitude is decreased and/or peak latency prolonged in a large number of different neurological disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases, brain lesions, cochlear lesions, chronic pain, or tinnitus. This is to a great extent due to a decreased brain plasticity affecting the formation of memory traces for different sensory stimuli essential for different cognitive operations of the brain. Furthermore, MMN can serve as a measure of recovery or neural reorganization in different neurological disorders. For example, the recovery from aphasic symptoms after stroke was associated with the enhancement of MMN. MMN has also been useful in determining neural plastic changes of the auditory system associated with cochlear implantation.
Psychiatric disorders
Authors: Näätänen Risto , Kujala Teija , Light Gregory 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Psychiatric illnesses including schizophrenia, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, and alcohol use disorders are common and leading causes of global disability. Conventionally, diagnosis and treatment of these disorders has relied solely on clinicical observation of symptoms and inference of underlying neural dysfunction. Recently, however, technological advances have allowed for direct measurement of brain functioning in these disorders, and there has been increased interest in the exploration of sensory processing deficits involved. In this context, MMN is regarded as a ‘breakthrough biomarker’ for advancing the understanding and treatment of psychiatric illness. As MMN is among the most widely studied translational biomarkers and has already undergone extensive psychometric validation (e.g. reliability, suitability for use as a repeated measure, sensitivity to pharmacologica and non-pharmacological interventions), it is widely used for development of new treatments for brain disorders.
Eleaticism and the Philosophy of Nature
Authors: Clarke Timothy 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers Aristotle’s preface to his critique of the Eleatics (Phys. 1.2, 184b25–185a20). In this preface, he denies that it is the job of the physicist or natural philosopher to examine the Eleatic theory. Aristotle’s argument shows that he regards Parmenides and Melissus as entity monists (that is, as claiming that reality consists of just one entity) and as rejecting the possibility of change. The chapter situates the critique of the Eleatics within the overall argument of Physics 1, and explains why Aristotle engages with their theory at the beginning of the Physics, despite the fact that this task falls beyond the scope of natural philosophy.
Problems of One and Many
Authors: Clarke Timothy 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
In the middle of Aristotle’s discussion of the Eleatics in Physics 1.2–3, we find a short excursus on some post-Eleatic thinkers (Phys. 1.2, 185b25–186a3). These ‘more recent’ thinkers inherited certain Eleatic concerns about how the same thing can be both one and many at the same time. This chapter examines Aristotle’s account of the more recent thinkers’ struggles with two problems of one and many: the ‘predication problem’ and the ‘whole–parts’ problem. The first is a problem arising from our characteristic way of ascribing properties to things; the second is a problem arising from the assumption that a whole is identical to its parts. The final section of the chapter makes a proposal about the function of the excursus.
On Giving in to the Eleatics
Authors: Clarke Timothy 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
At the end of his discussion of Eleatic monism, Aristotle criticizes some unnamed philosophers for ‘giving in’ to two Eleatic arguments: the argument that ‘all things will be one, if being signifies one thing’, and the argument ‘from the dichotomy’ (Phys. 1.3, 187a1–10). This chapter argues that these anonymous respondents are the Presocratic atomists, Leucippus and Democritus, and that the Eleatic arguments in question are (i) Parmenides’ argument for continuity and uniformity, and (ii) a post-Parmenidean argument for the indivisibility of the universe. The chapter explains why Aristotle thinks that, in their response to these arguments, the atomists conceded too much to the Eleatics.
Introduction
Authors: Weimer Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book examines the legal and political context of European Union regulation of agricultural biotechnology, using the case of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) as a classic example of the challenges and convoluted problems that public regulators in general, and EU regulators in particular, face when confronted with technological risks in a globalized risk society. Focusing on the GMO reform of 2015, the book explores possible ways forward in EU risk regulation, their legitimacy, effectiveness, and their very legality under the current framework of EU internal market law. It discusses the evolution and challenges of EU risk regulation in the internal market, the administration of GMO risks, the EU legal framework for GMO authorization and its implementation in practice, and exit options from EU harmonized rules, including the 2015 opt-out reform of GMO legislation.
Risk as a Regulatory Idea
Authors: Weimer Maria 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ideational foundations of risk and its implications for regulation. It begins with an overview of the risk discourse, focusing in particular on the ‘bright’ and ‘dark’ sides of risk. On its ‘bright’ side, risk is viewed as an achievement of modernity; on its ‘dark’ side, it is described as a new technological and potentially uncontrollable hazard. The chapter then considers the roles played by risk in regulation and explains the distinction between regulation and risk regulation, along with the challenges posed by risk to public regulation. It also examines the contestability of risk and how risk differs from uncertainty, as well as the role of science and risk management principles in stabilizing risk regulation, taking into account the use of the precautionary principle and cost-benefit analysis. Finally, it analyses the rational–instrumental model of evidence-based regulation that distinguishes epistemic authority from governance authority in risk regulation.
‘Grammar, for example, can only be studied in the crowd’
Authors: Hirschkop Ken 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 shows us how issues of argument and consent in democracy were explored in the treatment of ‘analogy’ in Saussure’s new linguistics. Analogy may seem like a minor linguistic byway; in fact, in it are condensed a series of critical questions about linguistic order. By the twentieth century, analogy was understood as the principle that underlay the systematicity and orderliness of language, but it was also understood to be a psychological process. Did it involve reasoning (which would mean that the consent grounding language was a reasoned consent)? This was the question Saussure wrestled with in his lectures on general linguistics. In this chapter we watch the wrestling and see how a conservative version of ‘language as such’—language as such as embodying an unconscious consent—emerges victorious.
The Ship of Logic on the High Seas of Discourse
Authors: Hirschkop Ken 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 looks at the linguistic turn in analytic philosophy as it emerges from Gottlob Frege, gains momentum in Bertrand Russell, and finds elaboration in the early and middle work of Ludwig Wittgenstein. The characteristic move of linguistic philosophy will be the clarification of presumably ‘muddled’ ordinary statements: the bringing to the surface a lucidity that is lurking within language, needing only to be coaxed out. The author shows how in the works of Frege, Russell, and early Wittgenstein, the drive to clarity entails a stripping away of every intersubjective, rhetorical element in discourse. He then argues that a language clarified by professional philosophers is a substitute for the objectivity of the public sphere. The chapter concludes by showing how intersubjectivity returns first as irony in Wittgenstein’s Tractatus and then as the belief that language always ‘works’: that it fails only when external circumstances disturb its inner workings.
Saussure and the Soviets
Authors: Hirschkop Ken 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on three particular linguists, all of whom consider whether, from the perspective of Saussure’s work, a linguistic revolution is possible. One, S. I. Kartsevskii, does not want such a revolution and believes Saussure tells us why it is not possible. Another, G. O. Vinokur, both desires it and believes Saussure has provided tools for its realization. A third, Lev Iakubinskii, shares Vinokur’s enthusiasm but sees Saussure’s linguistics as an obstacle. The problem is not one of misinterpretation, for this varied reception reveals the striking inconsistency and ambiguity of Saussure’s conservative conception of consent and change in language.
On the Diversity—and Productivity—of Language
Authors: Hirschkop Ken 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 borrows Walter Benjamin’s description of the ‘narcotic historicism’ of nineteenth-century Paris (expressed in its arcades, panoramas, wax museums, and architecture) and applies it to comparative philology, suggesting that, in effect, it creates ‘museums’ of language. In this perspective, some forms of twentieth-century modernism appear as attempts to liberate the force bound up in historicist forms; Saussure, Bakhtin, and Benjamin unleash the productivity and creativity of language that had been explained (and confined) in the phonetic laws discovered in the previous century. Bakhtin does so by counterpoising heteroglossia with myth; Saussure does so by invoking a model of linguistic change modelled on urban life and the republican social contract; Benjamin does so in his theory of translation, which aims to recover a native linguistic energy from the diversity of actual languages. In their different ways, these paeans to linguistic productivity draw attention to another feature of mass democracy: its urban character.
High Anxiety, Becalmed Language
Authors: Hirschkop Ken 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 looks at ‘linguistic philosophy’ in middle and late Wittgenstein and in J. L. Austin. In ordinary language philosophy, myth emerged not from charismatic demagogues but from the fervid minds of scientistic intellectuals. Wittgenstein and Austin share the conviction that ‘language as such’ is the antidote to the metaphysical entanglements that arise from this scientism. But this ordinary version of ‘language as such’ is not simply present to the naked eye and ear, but is only available as the end result of strategies of philosophical clarification, which make language a manifestation of life. The chapter therefore focuses on Wittgenstein’s idea of the perspicuous representation and Austin’s techniques of drawing out distinctions. It turns out that clarification is an ambiguous exercise: Wittgenstein’s belief that ‘language always works’ runs aground when he compares language to music, which, it turns out, doesn’t work, at least not in the twentieth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Hirschkop Ken 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The conclusion examines the situation after the Second World War. It shows how the linguistic turn in analytic philosophy ended and how the social democratic settlement in Western Europe gave birth to the new linguistic turns known as structuralism. The author explores the former by examining the career of Richard Rorty and the latter by looking at how Roland Barthes combines ideas from Saussure with a project for a radical analysis of French everyday life in the Mythologies. The book concludes with a review of how the various linguistic turns overinvested in the idea of language.
Aesthetic Value, Inversion, and the Ethical Properties of Artworks
Authors: Stecker Robert 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates two phenomena where values plausibly interact within artworks. One is the case of purported aesthetic value ‘inversions’ within artworks. The other is the case of purported ethical-artistic value inversions within artworks. I hypothesize that one gets inversion in the valuable properties of artworks, when the properties in question are aesthetic properties. I will look for principles for evaluating artworks that best accommodate that fact of inversion. I will argue that there is a good candidate for such a principle, but it is neither a pro tanto nor a prima facie principle as they are ordinarily conceived. I will finally argue that some proponents of ethical-artistic inversion do indeed treat it as a species of aesthetic inversion.
Statelessness through the Prism of International Refugee Law
Authors: Foster Michelle , Lambert Hélène 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the context and relevance of the book; its scope, its methods, and outline. It articulates the challenges faced by the international community as a result of the separation of the international regime for the protection of refugees and stateless persons respectively into two distinct instruments. It explains that the book focuses on the potential of stateless persons who are outside their country of former habitual residence to obtain protection as refugees in international law. Hence, it is primarily concerned with stateless persons on the move between states, or stateless persons who have already moved (and not with the stateless in situ), because it is members of this group who require recognition of their status in order to establish themselves in a new country following a decision to flee.
Five Modes of Scepticism
Authors: Sienkiewicz Stefan 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book offers an account of the functioning of the five Agrippan modes of scepticism as presented in the works of Sextus Empiricus. These five modes (of disagreement, hypothesis, infinite regression, reciprocity, and relativity) are analysed, individually, in the book’s first five chapters, and, collectively, in its sixth. Two perspectives on these modes are distinguished from one another—a dogmatic perspective which considers how a dogmatic philosopher might come to suspend judgement on the basis of these modes and a sceptical perspective which considers how a sceptic might come to do so. It is argued that the standard way in which these modes have been understood has been from a dogmatic perspective. The book opens up an alternative sceptical perspective on the modes according to which mode of disagreement (or one version of it) is equivalent to the sceptic’s method of equipollence, and the modes of hypothesis, infinite regression, and reciprocity are different instances of that method (with the mode of hypothesis being a limiting case of the method). It is also argued that the mode of relativity is inconsistent with the mode of disagreement and should be discarded when considering how the modes work together in a combined sceptical strategy. The final chapter offers an account of four different ways in which the modes might be combined together and concludes that each of these ways turns on a number of theoretical assumptions which the sceptic is not in a position to make.
Meaning Diminished
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This book examines the dialectical role of semantic analysis within metaphysical inquiry. It argues that semantic analysis ought to be modest in its metaphysical pretensions in the sense that linguistic and conceptual analysis should not be expected to yield deep insight into either what exists or the nature of what exists. The argument turns on distinctions among narrowly linguistic semantics in the generative tradition and two varieties of broadly philosophical semantics which correspond to broad approaches to semantically infused metaphysical inquiry. In particular it distinguishes ideational semantics and metaphysical inquiry via the way of ideas, on the one hand, from referential semantics and metaphysical inquiry via the way of reference, on the other. It is argued that foundational assumptions of the generative framework are insufficient on their own to support the drawing of metaphysically immodest conclusions from the narrowly semantic premises. But it is shown that if we are determined to bridge the gap between narrowly semantic premise and metaphysical conclusion, we must augment our semantics with additional metasemantic premises. Such additional premises may come either from ideationalist or referentialist metasemantics. A number of arguments for preferring referential metasemantics over ideational metasemantics are offered. It is argued pursuing referentialist metasemantics as opposed to ideationalist metasemantics yields a semantics that is metaphysically modest. Finally it is argued that metaphysically modest should regarded as a feature rather than a bug of a semantic theory, one that serves to bring semantics into closer alignment with the special sciences generally.
Rule and Order
Authors: Heller Hermann 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The sociological problem of sovereignty, and thus the fundamental sociological problem of public law, is the relationship between rule and order. No one has yet denied that the problem of rule belongs in sociology; and no public law scholar, despite lawyers’ aversion to sociological questions, has been able to skirt the concept of rule. More controversial is the possibility of dealing with the concept of social order ontologically, and the legal fruitfulness of such an interpretation. This chapter shows that a public law theory could not manage without establishing independently the causal structure of its subject, the legal order. The problem of sovereignty is so muddled not least because jurisprudence has become entangled in the net of its terms, with no regard for causation.
The Sovereignty of the State and the Problem of International Law
Authors: Heller Hermann 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that any study of international law that does not take the existence of a plurality of sovereign units of will as its starting point is doomed to fail from the start. International law exists only as long as there are at least two universal and effective territorial decision-making units. The sovereign state is a necessary part of juristic thought but international law is not. The “world state” and the state that isolates itself behind a Chinese wall would exist as sovereign decision-making units even without international law; international law without sovereign states, however, is a conceptual impossibility. The chapter shows that the sovereignty of the state is not an obstacle to international law, but an essential requirement for it.
Political and Ethical Evaluation of Sovereignty
Authors: Heller Hermann 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that every juristic theory and construct of state law phenomena is a political value judgment and remains rooted in political contradictions. A jurist can only achieve true objectivity if he is aware of his own value judgments, but never if he leads himself and others to believe that his research is completely without presuppositions. The confusion between demo-liberalism and democracy also forms a rich source of internally contradictory evaluations of sovereignty. If the struggle against sovereignty, which is logical in liberalism, is an expression of the immanent utopia that the idea as such wishes to achieve, then state-theoretical nationalism is characterized by the fact that it raises the reality of the contemporary nation state and its sovereignty to the level of an idea.