bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting the diverted use of psychoactive drugs by adolescents and young adults: A pilot study
Authors: Jouanjus Emilie , Falcou Alice , Deheul Sylvie , Roussin Anne , Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPurposeThe increasing trend of diversion of nonprescription drugs (NPDs) by adolescents or young adults is worrying. We implemented this pilot study before a national investigation to identify requests for suspected recreational use of psychoactive drugs made by young subjects to community pharmacies.MethodsThirty‐eight French community pharmacies were asked to complete questionnaire (with age, gender of subjects; name, form, quantity of drugs) for each suspect request formulated by subjects under 26. Besides, pharmacists were asked about the regulatory measures they thought useful to decrease this diverted use by young people. Nineteen pharmacies participated. The study covered from December 12, 2016 to January 23, 2017.ResultsForty‐one requests mentioning 51 drugs were reported. They concerned males (85%) aged 20 years old on average, including 6 minors. The most frequent age class was that comprised between 18 and 20 years old. Codeine‐containing drugs (29 reports) and promethazine (17 reports), the main components of the popular cocktail “Purple drank,” were the most requested, followed by dextromethorphan (3 reports). Fifteen drugs were requested in syrup form. One request concerned the prescription drug ketamine. Pharmacists suggested to schedule the concerned NPDs to prescription‐only drugs and to increase the education of students as well as the public.ConclusionsCodeine and promethazine, the main components of the popular cocktail Purple drank, were the most requested. Suspect requests of psychoactive drugs made by adolescents or young adults in community pharmacies should be carefully surveyed and combined to the monitoring of falsified prescriptions.
Columnar liquid crystalline assembly of a U‐shaped molecular scaffold stabilized by covalent or noncovalent incorporation of aromatic molecules
Authors: Shibuya Yoshiki , Itoh Yoshimitsu , Aida Takuzo 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTWe report on our serendipitous finding of the anomalous behavior of a novel liquid crystalline (LC) molecule UH/H, containing a U‐shaped handle. While UH/H itself shows a bicontinuous cubic (Cubbi) phase, UH/H in the presence of pyrene molecules as an external guest forms a hexagonal columnar (Colh) phase without phase separation. Interestingly, even when the pyrene molecules were covalently attached to UH/H (UPy/Py), the molecule exhibited a Colh phase, with a similar columnar geometry to that of UH/H mixed with pyrene molecules (1–4 equiv.). This result means that no matter how the pyrene moieties are incorporated in the LC system, the resultant material exhibited a similar molecular assembly with a columnar geometry. This finding is interesting because UH/H and pyrene molecules do not seem to have specific interactions or shape complementarity to form a columnar assembly, as in the case of UPy/Py. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 342–351
Nonmigratory internal plasticization of poly(vinyl chloride) via pendant triazoles bearing alkyl or polyether esters
Authors: Higa Chad M. , Tek Andy T. , Wojtecki Rudy J. , Braslau Rebecca 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTBranched and linear nonmigratory internal plasticizers attached to PVC by a pendant triazole linkage were synthesized and investigated. Copper‐free azide‐alkyne thermal cycloaddition was employed to covalently bind triazole‐based phthalate mimics to PVC. To systematically investigate the effect of plasticizer structure on glass transition temperature, several architectural motifs were explored. Free volume theory was considered when designing many of these internal plasticizers: hexyl‐tethers were utilized to generate additional space between the triazole‐phthalate mimic and the polymer backbone. Miscibility of these triazole‐plasticizers in PVC is important: variation of the ester moieties on the triazole possessing alkyl and/or poly(ethylene oxide) chains produced a wide range of glass transition temperatures (Tg): from anti‐plasticizing 96 °C, to highly efficient plasticized materials exhibiting Tg values as low as −42 °C. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 2397–2411
The glucose‐responsive behavior of a block copolymer featuring boronic acid and glycine
Authors: Gaballa Heba , Shang Jiaojiao , Meier Sabrina , Theato Patrick 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTGlucose responsive block copolymer featuring boronic acid as a glucose responsive moiety and glycine are reported. The first block is polymerized through reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and the resulting poly(N‐acryloylmorpholine)113 (PAcM) is employed as a macro‐chain transfer agent for chain extension with pentafluorophenyl acrylate (PFPA) yielding a well‐defined PAcM113‐block‐poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate)84 (PPFPA). The PPFPA block is then reacted with functional (3‐aminomethyl) phenyl boronic acid and glycine via post‐polymerization modification and the structure of the block copolymer is confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 19F NMR, Fourier transform infrared, and gel permeation chromatography. By copolymerizing glycine into the polymer backbone, the relative pKa of the block copolymer is significantly lowered. The block copolymer can self‐assemble into core–shell micelles in aqueous solution and disassemble in response to glucose at the physiological pH. Furthermore, the encapsulation and release of Nile red (NR) as a hydrophobic model drug is studied under the physiological pH. The influence of the glucose concentration on the NR release from the polymeric micelles is demonstrated. These results suggested that the glucose‐responsive poly[(AcM)113‐b‐(3‐(aminomethyl)phenylboronic acid hydrochloride(‐co‐Gly)84] block copolymer has potential applications as a glucose‐responsive polymer for insulin delivery. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 422–431
Effect of Titanium and Zirconium Hydrides on the Parameters of Confined Explosions of RDX‐Based Explosives – A Comparison to Aluminium
Authors: Cudziło Stanisław , Trzciński Waldemar A. , Paszula Józef , Szala Mateusz , Chyłek Zbigniew 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOverpressure and temperature histories of explosions of RDX‐based non‐ideal explosives containing 15, 30 and 45 % of Al, (Al/ZrH2), TiH2 and ZrH2 were measured in a closed chamber filled with argon and air. The solid post‐explosion products were analysed to determine their elemental and phase composition and characterise their morphology. The experimental explosion parameters were compared with those obtained from thermochemical calculations. The results obtained indicate that all the additives react both with the RDX detonation products (anaerobic reactions) and with ambient atmospheric oxygen (aerobic reactions). Explosions of 50‐g charges of the tested compositions in the chamber filled with air produces enough heat to increase the temperature of the explosion products to 2500–3000 K and maintain it above 2000 K for 300 ms, at least. Consequently melted droplets of the metals burn in gaseous RDX detonation products and next in the atmospheric oxygen forming spheroidal particles of zirconium and titanium oxides. In the inert atmosphere explosions, the temperatures higher than 2000 K last approx. 20 ms, and are reached only when aluminized explosives are detonated. Regardless the atmosphere in the chamber, the highest QSP and temperature values were determined for explosives containing Al powder, and the lowest ones for those with titanium hydride.
Analysis of Residual Explosives by Swab Touch Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bain Ryan M. , Fedick Patrick W. , Dilger Jonathan M. , Cooks R. Graham 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSwab touch spray ionization mass spectrometry, an ambient ionization technique, has been applied to the analysis of six explosives from various surfaces including glass, metal, Teflon, plastic, human hands and three types of gloves (nitrile, vinyl and latex). A swab, attached to a metallic handle, was used to sample explosive residues and acted as the ion source. The explosives, 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazinane (RDX), 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane (HMX), and 2,2‐bis[(nitrooxy)methyl]propane‐1,3‐diyl dinitrate (PETN) had an absolute limit of detection of 10 ng from all the surfaces except for PETN from the nitrile gloves (limit of detection 100 ng). Sodium perchlorate, 2‐methyl‐1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene (TNT) and tetra‐butylammonium perchlorate had limits of detection of 100 pg, 10 pg, and 1 pg, respectively from all surfaces. This study demonstrates the feasibility of swab touch spray ionization mass spectrometry for detection of a wide array of explosives from a variety of forensically applicable surfaces with disposable, commercial, tamperproof and individually‐wrapped conductive swabs without complicated/lengthy sample preparations or extractions.
Sensitivity and Phase Transition of Heated ϵ‐CL‐20 in Drop‐Weight Impact Test
Authors: Zheng Xue , Yu Shaojun , Wen Wen , Wen Yushi , Wang Pei , Lan Lingang , Dai Xiaogan , Han Yong , Li Jingming , Li Yubin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn order to understand the effect of polymorphic transformation on the impact sensitivity of heated hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) and its composite, the polymorphic transition of CL‐20 crystal under heat stimulation was investigated using powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) and microscopic methods. The effects of particle size and PDA coating on polymorphic transition of CL‐20 were explored. The experiments showed that the polymorphic transition at 160 °C was related to the particle size and surroundings of CL‐20 crystals. As the temperature increases, changes in the molecule conformation of larger crystals were more facilitated than in smaller ones, the ϵ→γ solid‐solid phase transitions went along thoroughly in larger crystals. Poly (dopamine) (PDA) coating played a key role in the significant inhibition of phase transition owing to the restriction effect via its compact and rigid shell. The lower pressure caused by drop‐weight impact can facilitate the ϵ→γ phase transition of heated CL‐20. This investigation contributes to comprehend the polymorphic transformation mechanism of CL‐20 and provides guidance for effective control on the CL‐20 polymorphs in CL‐20‐based composites.
A Stepwise Strategy for the Synthesis of HMX from 3,7‐Dipropionyl‐1,3,5,7‐Tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]Nonane
Authors: Zhang Yu , Xu Zishuai , Ruan Jian , Wang Xiaolong , Zhang Luyao , Luo Jun 
Published: September 2018

Abstract1,3,5,7‐Tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane(HMX) is one of the most powerful and widely used explosives. A new method for the synthesis of HMX from 3,7‐dipropionyl‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (DPPT) was investigated. Two important intermediates, 1,5‐dipropionyl‐3‐nitroso‐7‐nitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane (DPNNO) and 1,5‐dipropionyl‐3,7‐dinitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetraazacyclooctane (DPDN), were isolated from the reaction mixture. The reaction mechanism, involving a nitrolysis‐nitrosolysis‐nitrolysis‐nitrolysis process, was proposed and verified by the 1H‐NMR tracking. Based on the reaction mechanism, a stepwise method to prepare HMX from DPPT was developed. DPPT could be efficiently and smoothly converted to DPNNO in red fuming nitric acid with excellent yield up to 94.2 %. The influence factors on the yields of HMX such as reaction temperature, loading amounts of N2O5 were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, HMX was obtained with a satisfactory yield of 85.0 %. The overall yield of the stepwise procedure was as high as 80.0 %.
A high‐throughput system used to determine frequency and distribution of phosphine resistance across large geographical regions
Authors: Schlipalius David I , Tuck Andrew G , Pavic Hervoika , Daglish Gregory J , Nayak Manoj K , Ebert Paul R 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDNext‐generation sequencing can enable genetic surveys of large numbers of individuals. We developed a genotyping‐by‐sequencing assay for detecting strong phosphine resistance alleles in the dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (dld) gene of Rhyzopertha dominica populations. The assay can estimate the distribution and frequency of resistance variants in thousands of individual insects in a single run.RESULTSWe analysed 1435 individual insects collected over a 1‐year period from 59 grain‐storage sites including farms (n = 29) and central storages (n = 30) across eastern Australia. Resistance alleles were detected in 49% of samples, 38% of farms and 60% of central storages. Although multiple alleles were detected, only two resistance variants (P49S and K142E) were widespread and each appeared to have a distinct but overlapping geographical distribution.CONCLUSIONThe type of structure in which the grain is stored had a strong effect on resistance allele frequency. We observed higher frequencies of resistance alleles in bunker storages at central sites compared with other storage types. This contributed to the higher frequencies of resistance alleles in bulk‐handling facilities relative to farms. The discovery of a storage structure that predisposes insects to resistance highlights the utility of our high‐throughput assay system for improvement of phosphine resistance management practices. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Nonlinear mapping for performance improvement and energy saving of underwater vehicles
Authors: dos Santos Carlos Henrique Farias , Cildoz Mariana Uzeda , Vieira Rodrigo Padilha , Reginatto Romeu , Pinheiro Breno Carneiro 
Published: September 2018

SummaryThis paper proposes an improvement on underwater vehicles control strategy using an adaptive sliding‐mode method. This improvement is threefold. First, water current compensation is explicitly dealt within in the control law. Second, a nonlinear parameterization is developed by employing new methods for the design of the sliding surface, aiming at vehicles tracking performance. Third, parameters of the designed sliding surface in the control law are varied according to a nonlinear mapping of thruster forces aimed to energy saving of propulsion system. Three different methods are given for the design of the sliding surface. The proposed control law guarantees global asymptotic stability of the tracking error, and the stability proof is provided in the paper even in the presence of variable currents. Moreover, the tracking performance and energy saving are compared with conventional methodologies to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Reentry attitude control for a reusable launch vehicle with aeroservoelastic model using type‐2 adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control
Authors: Mao Qi , Dou Liqian , Tian Bailing , Zong Qun 
Published: September 2018

SummaryUsing a type‐2 adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control approach, a nonlinear reentry attitude control scheme is presented in this paper for a reusable launch vehicle (RLV) with aeroservoelastic model that assures reliable tracking of guidance commands. The mutual interactions between aerodynamics, structural dynamics, and the flight control system may lead to the aeroservoelasticity problem. Thus, based on the six‐degree‐of‐freedom geometry model of a RLV, the aeroservoelastic model is firstly established via hypothetical modal method and Galerkin method. Then, the overall attitude control strategy is carried out in two‐loop subsystem controller by using backstepping method. For each loop subsystem, a sliding mode controller is developed to assure tracking of guidance commands, and the interval type‐2 fuzzy logic systems combined with adaptive technique are employed to approximate the nonlinear parts to improve the reentry attitude tracking performance. Furthermore, the virtual control is introduced to the control strategy to attenuate the effect of control saltation. Theoretical analysis based on Lyapunov approach illustrates that the closed‐loop system under the designed control method is uniformly stable, and the attitude tracking error converges to a small neighborhood around origin. Finally, the six‐degree‐of‐freedom flight simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme and aeroservoelastic characteristic of reentry RLV.
Significantly Improved Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Activity over Ultrafine Mesoporous TiO2 Nanofibers Photocatalysts
Authors: Hou Huilin , Yuan Yanfeng , Shang Minghui , Wang Lin , Yang Weiyou 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn present work, we report the fabrication of fabrication of ultrafine mesoporous TiO2 nanofibers via a versatile foaming‐assisted electrospinning method for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production. The diameter and the porous structure could be precisely controlled, making the controlled fabrication of mesoporous ultrafine TiO2 nanofibers. As compared to P25 as well as other TiO2 nanofiber counterparts, the as‐prepared ultrafine mesoporous TiO2 nanofibers in 85 nm diameter yielded the highest activity photocatalytic H2 release rate of 710.8 μmol • g −1• h−1, suggesting their promising applications in clean energy production.
Maternal immune activation altered microglial immunoreactivity in the brain of postnatal day 2 rat offspring
Authors: Zhang Jiaxian , Jing Yu , Zhang Hu , Bilkey David K. , Liu Ping 
Published: September 2018

AbstractMicroglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, play critical roles in neurodevelopment, synaptic pruning, and neuronal wiring. Early in development, microglia migrate via the tangential and radial migration pathways to their final destinations and mature gradually, a process that includes morphological changes. Recent research has implicated microglial abnormality in the etiology of schizophrenia. Since prenatal exposure to viral or bacterial infections due to maternal immune activation (MIA) leads to increased risk of schizophrenia in the offspring during adulthood, the present study systematically investigated how MIA induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (a mimic of viral double‐stranded RNA) affected microglial immunoreactivity along the migration and maturation trajectories in the brains of male and female rat offspring on postnatal day (PND) 2. The immunohistochemistry revealed significant changes in the density of IBA‐1 immunoreactive cells in the corpus callosum, somatosensory cortex, striatum, and the subregions of the hippocampus of the MIA offspring. The male and female MIA offspring displayed markedly altered microglial immunoreactivity in both the tangential and radial migration, as well as maturation, pathways when compared to their sex‐ and age‐matched controls as evidenced by morphology‐based cell counting. Given the important roles of microglia in synaptic pruning and neuronal wiring and survival, these changes may lead to structural and functional neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and so contribute to the functional deficits observed in juvenile and adult MIA offspring. Future research is required to systematically determine how MIA affects microglial migration and maturation in rat offspring.
Foundations for model‐based systems engineering and model‐based safety assessment
Authors: Rauzy Antoine B. , Haskins Cecilia 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis article is a contribution to the INCOSE initiative for model‐based engineering transformation. Its material has been presented at the ALSEE tour event in Oslo in September 2016. The ideas developed here come from the practical and theoretical experience of the authors in both industrial and academic frameworks. We organize the discussion around 6 theses that aim at establishing robust conceptual foundations for the model‐based engineering transformation. We focus on model‐based systems engineering, model‐based safety assessment, and the relationship between these 2 disciplines. We report on active research initiatives that implement these 6 theses via the S2ML+X paradigm. We conclude with suggestions about future research and teaching activities.
Performance evaluation of phase‐controlled semiactive resettable TMD (PCRTMD) with the stiffness retuning ability under strong seismic motions
Authors: Amini Fereidoun , Tourani Navid , Ghaderi Pedram 
Published: September 2018

SummaryTuned mass dampers (TMDs), despite being efficient because the structure has not experienced damage and properties degradation, lose efficiency when the mechanical properties of the structure changes and detuning effects occur. Semiactive TMDs have been shown superior to the traditional passive ones and more efficient and reliable than the active counterparts for the detuning problem. This study presents a novel semi active system that is able to respond efficiently and maintain such a performance even in the case of structural damage. This scheme is composed of a variable stiffness component, a resettable element, and a friction brake. The system dissipates energy using the resetting mechanism and is able to change stiffness when the tuned frequency of the structure changes due to structural damage. The friction device is responsible for maintaining the TMD in the optimal phase lag to the structure, that is, −90°, and thus keeping the TMD in the optimal performance. This strategy has been tested on a single‐degree‐of‐freedom frame, to understand the system behavior under harmonic excitation, as well as a 10‐story shear type frame under strong seismic motions. The proposed system has shown to be effective and competent comparing analysis results to active and passive TMDs.
Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine‐induced colon tumorigenesis in Wistar rats: Alleviation of inflammatory, proliferation, angiogenic, and apoptotic markers
Authors: Khan Rehan , Rehman Muneeb U. , Khan Abdul Quaiyoom , Tahir Mir , Sultana Sarwat 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectivesColon cancer is the major health disease related with high mortality. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is an active constituent of licorice with anti‐inflammatory and anticarcinogenesis effects. We investigated the chemopreventive potential of GA against 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH)‐induced colon tumorigenesis in Wistar rats.MethodsGlycyrrhizic acid was administered orally at the dose of 15 mg/kg b.wt. and DMH was administered at the dose of 20 mg/kg b.wt. once a week for first 15 weeks. All the rats were euthanized after 30 weeks. GA supplementation significantly inhibited the tumor incidence and multiplicity.ResultsGlycyrrhizic acid treatment reduced the expression of Ki‐67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) while enhanced the expression of p53, connexin‐43, b‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2), survivin, and cleaved caspase‐3. Glycyrrhizic acid also significantly ameliorated DMH‐induced decreased activities of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3. Furthermore, GA treatment reduced mast cells infiltration, attenuated the shifting of sialomucin to sulphomucin as well the levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines.ConclusionThe findings of the study suggest that GA has chemopreventive potential against DMH‐induced colon tumorigenesis plausibly through the attenuation of hyperproliferative responses, pro‐inflammatory cytokines level, inflammatory and angiogenic markers, and apoptotic responses.