bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color Stability of CAD/CAM Ceramics Prepared with Different Surface Finishing Procedures
Authors: Kanat‐Ertürk Burcu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the color stability of zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate glass‐ceramic and lithium disilicate reinforced glass‐ceramic, which were prepared with various surface finishing procedures, following 1‐week, 2‐week, 1‐month, and 2‐month storage in various beverages, and after the application of polishing paste.Materials and MethodsLithium disilicate glass‐ceramic (IPS e.max CAD HT) and zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate ceramic (Vita Suprinity HT) CAD/CAM blocks were sectioned with a diamond saw (Metkon) under water cooling into 1.5 × 7 × 12 mm dimensions (N = 120). All specimens were polished with silicon carbide paper (600‐, 800‐, and 1200‐grit) under water for 120 seconds. The specimens were prepared using 3 surface finishing procedures: glaze, mechanical polishing, and external staining and glaze in accordance with manufacturers’ instructions. Then, each group was divided into 2 storage subgroups, black tea and coffee (n = 10/group). Color values were measured in CIELAB color space with dental spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade) at the initial stage, and following 1‐week, 2‐week, 1‐month, 2‐month storage, and after fine‐grit polishing paste application (Proxyt). Color changes (ΔE) were calculated and statistically analyzed using ANOVA followed by Bonferroni corrected post‐hoc tests using Number Cruncher Statistical System 2007 (α < 0.05).ResultsFor lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic, glaze procedure showed statistically lower color change values than mechanical polishing and external staining and glaze surface finishing groups (p < 0.05) following storage in both beverages, whereas for zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate ceramic, glaze procedure showed statistically lower color change values than mechanical polishing, but statistically insignificant values with respect to external staining and glaze group, following storage in both beverages. Lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic groups showed statistically lower or statistically insignificant color change values with respect to zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate ceramic groups, except for the external staining and glaze surface finishing group in coffee. Significantly lower discoloration values were obtained following polishing paste application, with respect to 2‐month storage in beverages (p < 0.05).ConclusionGlazing alone led to more color stability with respect to mechanical polishing and external staining and glaze for zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate and lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic. Lithium disilicate glass‐ceramic showed higher color stability compared to zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate ceramic. Polishing paste resulted in a decrease in discoloration to clinically acceptable values.
Association of Education Outside the Classroom and Pupils' Psychosocial Well‐Being: Results From a School Year Implementation
Authors: Bølling Mads , Niclasen Janni , Bentsen Peter , Nielsen Glen 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDEducation Outside the Classroom (EOtC) is a teaching method that is gaining traction, aiming to promote learning and well‐being. However, research on the association between EOtC and well‐being is limited.METHODSThis quasi‐experimental trial involved pupils (9–13 years) from 16 Danish public schools which implemented EOtC in some classes. Pupils (N = 511) from 27 classes were regularly exposed to EOtC (2–7 hours per week), and pupils (N = 120) from 7 parallel comparison classes were much less exposed (less than 2 hours per week). The pupils' psychosocial well‐being was measured at the beginning and end of the school year using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. The results were compared between the groups.RESULTSPupils regularly exposed to EOtC showed the greatest improvement in prosocial behavior. Negative associations were seen between EOtC and hyperactivity‐inattention and peer problems in pupils of low socioeconomic status (SES). The observed improvements were smaller when the EOtC was spread over a larger number of sessions. Results were independent of sex.CONCLUSIONSRegular exposure to EOtC was found to promote social well‐being, especially for pupils of low SES, and was most beneficial when concentrated in fewer, longer sessions.
The semantics of question‐embedding predicates
Authors: Uegaki Wataru 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe complementation pattern of certain question‐embedding predicates, such asknowandagree, presents a puzzle for the compositional semantics of clausal complementation, as the predicates seem to be able to combine with two distinct types of semantic objects: propositions and questions. The traditional approach to the semantics of these predicates, where embedded questions arereducedto propositions, faces two problems. First, it cannot account for the observation thatknow‐whsentences require the subject not to believe any false answer to the embedded question. Second, it makes a problematic prediction concerning the interpretation of Predicates of Relevance, such ascareandmatter. We review three alternative approaches to the semantics of question‐embedding predicates, i.e., theproposition‐to‐questionreduction, theuniformapproach and theambiguityapproach, and argue that only the Proposition‐to‐Question reduction and the uniform approach can deal with the interpretation of the Predicates of Relevance. The paper concludes with a remark on how lexical denotations of question‐embedding predicates are constrained in general.
Critical care nurses' self‐assessed patient observation skills: a cross‐sectional survey study
Authors: Alastalo Mika , Salminen Leena , Jeon Yunsuk , Vahlberg Tero , Leino‐Kilpi Helena 
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundObserving a patient's clinical condition is an important responsibility of critical care nurses and an essential component of their competence. Critical care nurses' patient observation skills contribute to patient safety and quality of care. These observation skills have not been assessed or measured previously.AimThe aim of this study was to measure the self‐assessed level of critical care nurses' patient observation skills and to explore the factors associated with these skills.Study designThis was a multicentre cross‐sectional survey conducted in Finland.MethodsThe sample consisted of critical care nurses working at Finnish university hospitals. The data were collected between September 2017 and January 2018 using an instrument developed for the study – Patient Observation Skills in Critical Care Nursing (visual analogue scale 0–100). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data.ResultsA total of 372 critical care nurses (49%) responded. Finnish critical care nurses assessed their patient observation skills overall as excellent. The bio‐physiological foundation was assessed as good, whereas skills in using observation methods and skills in recognizing changing clinical condition were assessed as excellent. Education for special tasks in intensive care units, information searching in scientific journals, working experience in critical care nursing and critical care nurses' perception of critical care as a preferred field of nursing were factors promoting patient observation skills.Conclusions and relevance to clinical practiceThe study provided a novel instrument for measuring critical care nurses' patient observation skills. The instrument may be used as an assessment tool in clinical practice and education. Developing orientation and on‐the‐job training in intensive care units are essential in assuring critical care nurses' adequate patient observation skills. Patient observation skills could be developed during nursing education by providing students with opportunities for clinical training and applying patient cases in virtual learning environments.
Participatory research approaches to integrating scientific and farmer knowledge of soil to meet multiple objectives in the English East Midlands
Authors: Stoate Chris , Jones Stephen , Crotty Felicity , Morris Carol , Seymour Susanne 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSoil management influences food production, economic performance of farm businesses, and a range of public benefits such as water quality, flood control and aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. The aim of this paper is to explore the role of participatory research in combining scientific and farmer knowledge of soils to meet these multiple objectives. We use five separate research studies involving communication, consultation and co‐production, carried out in the English East Midlands between 2014 and 2018. We compare the participatory processes for knowledge exchange and their material outcomes and assess them retrospectively against specified criteria for successful application of participatory research. We conclude that, depending on context and scalar fit, multiple approaches to participatory research can be complementary, strengthen engagement and build trust within a farming community, resulting in a greater shared understanding of how to address the soil management objectives of farmers and wider society.
A Unifying Computational Framework for Teaching and Active Learning
Authors: Yang Scott Cheng‐Hsin , Vong Wai Keen , Yu Yue , Shafto Patrick 
Published: January 2019

AbstractTraditionally, learning has been modeled as passively obtaining information or actively exploring the environment. Recent research has introduced models of learning from teachers that involve reasoning about why they have selected particular evidence. We introduce a computational framework that takes a critical step toward unifying active learning and teaching by recognizing that meta‐reasoning underlying reasoning about others can be applied to reasoning about oneself. The resulting Self‐Teaching model captures much of the behavior of information‐gain‐based active learning with elements of hypothesis‐testing‐based active learning and can thus be considered as a formalization of active learning within the broader teaching framework. We present simulation experiments that characterize the behavior of the model within three simple and well‐investigated learning problems. We conclude by discussing such theory‐of‐mind‐based learning in the context of core cognition and cognitive development.
Survey of clinician and student impressions of a synthetic canine model for gastrointestinal surgery training
Authors: Au Yong Jo Anne , Kim Stanley E. , Case J. Brad 
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the perceived efficacy of a high‐fidelity synthetic canine model for simulating common gastrointestinal surgical procedures.Study designSurvey of students and experienced clinicians.Sample populationTwelve clinicians with >2 years of postgraduate experience in the field of small animal surgery and 102 senior year veterinary students.MethodsThe model was subjectively evaluated by 12 clinicians with >2 years of postgraduate experience in the field of small animal surgery. Senior year veterinary students (n = 102) were asked to complete questionnaires before and after a laboratory on common gastrointestinal surgical procedures that included rating of perceived proficiency, anatomical knowledge, and the use of synthetic models compared with live animals.ResultsClinicians assessed most aspects of the model as moderately realistic and unanimously agreed that it would be helpful for students to train on this model prior to live surgery. Student survey response rates were 91% and 99% before and after the laboratory, respectively. The proportion of students that felt moderately‐to‐highly proficient with the procedures increased from 8% prior to the laboratories to 59% after the laboratories (P < .001). The proportion of students that felt that they had superior‐to‐excellent knowledge of abdominal surgical anatomy increased from 16% prior to the laboratories to 44% after the laboratories (P < .001). The proportion of students that were satisfied with synthetic models instead of live animals increased from 52% prior to the laboratories to 74% after the laboratories (P = .014).ConclusionExperienced clinicians considered the model to have moderate realism. A positive shift in the students' self‐perceived proficiency with gastrointestinal surgery was evident after the use of the model.Clinical impactThis synthetic model should be considered for training of veterinary gastrointestinal surgery. However, comparison studies are recommended to ascertain the relative educational value of this model.
Risk Based Strategy for the Development of an Emergency Pipeline Repair System (EPRS)
Authors: Alani Ali , Goodfellow Graham D. , Keen Dennis 
Published: January 2019

This paper presents an overview of the various components of an emergency pipeline repair system which should be in place in order to act effectively and efficiently during an emergency pipeline repair scenario.
The condition of pipelines during operation is typically monitored by means of external and internal inspections. These inspections allow for planned intervention when a pipeline is found to be deteriorating. A failure to inspect adequately for time dependent threats, or randomly occurring events such as third party interaction, could result in a pipeline failure, leading to a requirement to rapidly return to operation and thus the need for an emergency repair. An Emergency Pipeline Repair System (EPRS) is therefore an essential part of a pipeline integrity management system.
The primary purpose of the EPRS is to ensure that pipeline operators have the necessary level of readiness to allow an emergency repair to be carried out, thus minimising the economic consequences of having a pipeline out of service, whilst optimising the cost of purchasing and maintaining equipment and spares.
In general, pipeline operators will have some emergency repair procedures to cater for unplanned or unexpected incidents. However, to complete an emergency repair efficiently and effectively, the availability of adequate spare materials and timely access to the damage location is required. For a large pipeline network, satisfying these requirements can be challenging.
This paper discusses some basic elements of an EPRS and describes a case study of the development of a risk based EPRS strategy for an offshore pipeline operator. This approach involves the identification of credible hazards that can lead to damage requiring an emergency repair, and identification of repair options. The relative importance of the individual pipelines, in terms of their availability requirement, and the expected time required to complete an emergency repair are then taken into account. This enables the pipelines to be ranked based on the consequence of failure. Pipelines with consequence rankings that are considered unacceptable are therefore highlighted, and EPRS readiness related to those pipelines can subsequently be optimised.
Recommendations for the development of an EPRS for an onshore or offshore pipeline network are also made.
Utilizing Modern Data and Technologies for Pipeline Risk Assessment
Authors: Mangold David , Huntley Ryan 
Published: January 2019

Risk management of gas and hazardous liquid pipeline systems is a core element of US integrity management regulations (49 CFR part 192, subpart O; 49 CFR 195.452) and a challenging responsibility facing operators worldwide. The importance of health, safety, and environmental protection demands a continuous evolution of industry expectations, practices, and regulations, with regulators and operators invariably seeking ways to advance risk modeling methodologies for pipeline risk assessment. The evolution to more advanced risk modeling methodologies marks a transitional trend from simple, relative risk models to robust, quantitative risk models. A common challenge when implementing a more advanced risk model is supplying sufficient supporting data. This challenge highlights a necessary, parallel progression; the expansion of data availability and improvement of data quality to support risk management.
Many data resources have become available to aid this progression through advancements in spatial processing, computational technologies, and data collection and availability across industries. Powerful analysis tools are now available to supply pressure loss, overland flow, liquid trace, and gas dispersion information to enhance risk modeling, along with a vast and increasing amount of publicly available data and statistics. Proper integration of this information can greatly reduce the challenges associated with the implementation of quantitative risk assessment and better support risk-based decision making. This paper details the availability and utilization of modem data and technologies for pipeline risk assessment. Examples are provided which illustrate the integration of data and technology resources to support a robust, quantitative risk model.
CSA EXP248: Pipeline Human Factors
Authors: Harron Lorna , Capper Sue 
Published: January 2019

Human Factors play an important role in the reduction of pipeline incidents. There has been little guidance specific to the Pipeline Industry related to Human Factors management, with the exception of Control Room Management, in the recent past. The Human Factors Working Group, formed during the 2013 Banff Pipeline Workshop, partnered with CSA Group to fill an identified gap in the industry related to Pipeline Human Factors. The result was the creation of an Express Document, CSA EXP248 Pipeline Human Factors.
CSA EXP248 (EXP248) considers Human Factors through the life cycle of a pipeline asset. The main goal of this document is to improve pipeline safety performance through management of risks associated with Human Factors. It provides guidance to pipeline operators on the need and means to integrate Human Factors in all aspects of the Pipeline Life Cycle and Management System, with philosophy considerations for integration of Human Factors into a “fit for service” pipeline system.
A review of EXP248 will illustrate how this document provides information that is scalable to organizations based on size and complexity.
This paper reviews the new CSA Group Express Document process and its application for the Pipeline Industry. This paper will discuss kkey aspects of EXP248 that operators could apply and practical tips on the application of this guidance to the pipeline operating community. Areas highlighted during this review include elements of a Human Factors program, consideration of physical, organizational and cognitive demands of a job or task, and integration of Human Factors into Management Systems.
Finally, the paper will describe next steps to create a CSA Group consensus standard for Pipeline Human Factors, where EXP248 will serve as a seed document. Lessons learned during the use of the new Express Document will be highlighted and the use of this new process for other applications explored.
A Staged Approach for Managing Terrain and Geohazards on New Pipeline Projects
Authors: Leir Mark , Baumgard Alex , Johnston Katherine 
Published: January 2019

Pipeline route selection and design is an iterative process by which one or more potential pipeline corridors are systematically narrowed from the general path of about 10 km in width to a highly specified 30 m to 50 m wide corridor. The process usually spans several years, and is frequently becoming increasingly complicated, requiring a multi-disciplinary technical and managerial approach that considers the political and regulatory process, environmental impact and permitting, project and industry economics, access, constructability, land acquisition, and terrain. Specialist technical contributions to the pipeline routing process include pipeline hydraulics, pipeline and facility construction, terrain/geohazards, and environment/archaeology. Problematic terrain and geohazards are two of several issues that need to be managed through the feasibility and design of a new pipeline project. As the project advances through Front End Engineering and Design (FEED) from feasibility to final engineering design and as the corridor narrows from kilometers to tens of meters in width, the level of detail required in ongoing terrain and geohazard investigations should increase to optimize the design process and match the increased detail being provided by other specialists.
An idealized Four-Stage framework for managing geohazards and problematic terrain during pipeline routing and design is outlined in the paper. This framework has been founded on several international resources listed in the references and has, by necessity, been developed, tested, and refined by the authors over the last ten years on several large and small diameter pipeline projects in North and South America. Each of the 4 Stages is described and contains guidelines on project study scale, a target corridor width, the engineering design level, cost accuracy, and geohazard related engineering tasks and deliverables. This staged approach is provided as a road map to help guide all project participants including owners, project managers, engineers, scientists, and regulators to understand how geohazards and problematic terrain are managed through the pipeline routing and design process.
Anisotropic HFI Welded Steel Pipes for Strain Based Design
Authors: Hilgert Oliver , Höhler Susanne , Brauer Holger 
Published: January 2019

Generally isotropic behavior is assumed and demanded in line pipe specifications. Especially in strain based design, compressive and tensile strain capacity models rely on iso-tropic assumptions. On the other hand every pipe has got an anisotropic material characteristic which effects the performance in strain based design. In this contribution HFI-welded steel tubes are investigated due to their underlying material anisotropy. Depending on their basic strip weld material and production process the anisotropy differs from UOE or spiral welded pipes. Especially, in radial direction of steel pipe mechanical properties are challenging to gain. Thus two methods are suggested to characterize the anisotropic parameters in all three pipe directions. A small scale approach evaluating Lankford values and a full scale method evaluating Hill factors are applied. While Lankford method relies on strains, Hills method relies on stresses. Both methods are explained and validated by internal pressure and full scale bending tests.
Using the anisotropy parameters, their effect on strain based design is analyzed — both experimentally and numerically. In the end it is shown that distinct anisotropies can provide a benefit for HFI-welded steel tubes concerning strain capacity in strain based design applications.