bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viral ecosystem: An epidemiological hypothesis
Authors: Mirahmadizadeh Alireza , Yaghobi Ramin , Soleimanian Saeede 
Published: June 2019

SummaryViruses are incomplete elements that require other organisms to survive and multiply, hence constantly mutate during its evolution, resulting from adaptations in response to environmental changes such as the immune response of the host. In this line, they are responsible for many diseases, but today, there is evidence that viruses have many benefits and even have a unique ecosystem to control the different species or strain of themselves. While highlighting the benefits of some viruses and the undesirable effects of their eradication, the present review expresses the idea of the viral ecosystem and its importance, which has been supported in several studies. There are countless articles about virus‐related illnesses and the undesirable effects of therapeutic interventions in eliminating the less pathogenic viruses or manipulating viral ecosystems. By simulating the viral ecosystem with an ecosystem found among the snakes, it can be assumed that the viruses have concentric zones, which its inner zone includes the most dangerous viruses for humans and each zone is surrounded and controlled by an outer zone of less dangerous viruses for humans. The outermost zone consists of viruses that are least dangerous to humans such as common cold that protect humans and possibly other living organisms against more dangerous viruses in inner zone, causing the activation of immune system by playing a unique and pivotal role in the ecosystems. Therefore, manipulating the ecosystem and disrupting the balance might have epidemics and harmful consequences for the plants, animals, and human.
Construction of Single‐Iron‐Atom Nanocatalysts for Highly Efficient Catalytic Antibiotics
Authors: Huo Minfeng , Wang Liying , Zhang Haixian , Zhang Linlin , Chen Yu , Shi Jianlin 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBacterial infection caused by pathogenic bacteria has long been an intractable issue that threatens human health. Herein, the fact that nanocatalysts with single iron atoms anchored in nitrogen‐doped amorphous carbon (SAF NCs) can effectively induce peroxidase‐like activities in the presence of H2O2, generating abundant hydroxyl radicals for highly effective bacterial elimination (e.g., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), is reported. In combination with the intrinsic photothermal performance of the nanocatalysts, noticeable bacterial‐killing effects are extensively investigated. Especially, the antibacterial mechanism of critical cell membrane destruction induced by SAF NCs is unveiled. Based on the bactericidal properties of SAF NCs, in vivo bacterial infections propagated at wounds by E. coli and S. aureus pathogens can be effectively eradicated, resulting in better wound healing. Collectively, the present study highlights the highly efficient in vitro antibacterial and in vivo anti‐infection performances by the single‐iron‐atom‐containing nanocatalysts.
Greatly Enhanced Electrocatalytic N2 Reduction on TiO2 via V Doping
Authors: Wu Tongwei , Kong Wenhan , Zhang Ya , Xing Zhe , Zhao Jinxiu , Wang Ting , Shi Xifeng , Luo Yonglan , Sun Xuping 
Published: June 2019

AbstractAs a sustainable alternative technology to the Haber–Bosch process, electrochemical N2 reduction offers the hope of directly converting N2 to NH3 at ambient conditions. However, its efficiency greatly depends on screening high‐active electrocatalysts for the N2 reduction reaction (NRR). Here, the recent experimental finding that V is an effective dopant to greatly improve the NRR performances of TiO2 toward ambient N2‐to‐NH3 fixation with excellent selectivity is reported. In 0.5 m anhydrous lithium perchlorate, V‐doped TiO2 nanorods attain a high Faradic efficiency of 15.3% and a large NH3 yield of 17.73 µg h−1 mgcat.−1 at −0.40 and −0.50 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, respectively, rivaling the performances of most reported aqueous‐based NRR electrocatalysts. Density function theory (DFT) calculations are performed to gain further insight into the catalytic mechanism.
Eisen und Stahl – Baumaterial der Moderne
Authors: Zimmermann Gerd , Werner Frank 
Published: June 2019

AbstractBauhaus, Moderne und die Leistung der IngenieureDas Eisen, der Stahl sind der dominante Werkstoff der industriellen Revolution und die entscheidenden Insignien der Moderne. Manche Autoren lassen die Moderne in dem Moment beginnen, an dem die industrielle Revolution und mit ihr die Technikwelt der Ingenieurbauten auf den Plan tritt – ein markantes Datum stellt die Gründung der ersten Ingenieurschule der Welt, der École des Ponts et Chaussées, in Paris 1747 dar.Hier soll beispielhaft gezeigt werden, wie Eisen und Stahl technologisch und symbolisch zum Medium der gesellschaftlichen Umbrüche und der Architektur in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts werden.Von der „Kathedrale” des Eisenbaus im 19. Jahrhundert, dem Kristallpalast der Weltausstellung in London 1851, ist es ein beeindruckender, wenn auch nicht unbedingt geradliniger Weg zu den Stahlbauten der Moderne im 20. Jahrhundert. Es existiert noch häufig eine markante Kluft zwischen den neuen Technologien, vorangetrieben von den Ingenieuren und einer Architektur, die ihre Repräsentation und ihre Sprache aus dem Gebrauch historischer Stilformen beziehen will. Seit Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts jedoch gelingt es einer Avantgarde, mit dem Bekenntnis zu den modernen Technologien und Materialien, prominent hier der Stahl, eine neue Architektur zu entwickeln – mit neuen Konstruktions‐ und Raumkonzepten.
Bemessung im Grenzbereich – Potenzial von Großversuchen für eine effiziente Auslegung
Authors: Collmann Mareike , Kohlmeier Martin , Widerspan Viktor , Schenk Alexander 
Published: June 2019

AbstractTragstrukturen von Windenergieanlagen sind längst Serienprodukte. Allein in der deutschen Nord‐ und Ostsee sind mittlerweile etwa 1 350 Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen (OWEA) installiert. Die großen Dimensionen, die hohen dynamischen Beanspruchungen und die spezifischen Umgebungsbedingungen offshore sind besonders herausfordernd und im Grenzbereich dessen, was Bemessungsvorschriften abdecken. Dennoch treten an Tragstrukturen bisher wenige schwerwiegende Schäden auf. Dies ist selbstredend positiv, bedeutet auf der anderen Seite aber auch, dass möglicherweise Potenzial besteht, die Strukturen schlanker auszulegen. Der Kostendruck erfordert es, diese Traglastreserven genauer zu quantifizieren und Potenziale aufzuzeigen. Insbesondere großmaßstäbliche Versuche bieten die Möglichkeit, Konstruktion und Auslegung individueller und damit effizienter zu gestalten. Seit 2014 werden im Testzentrum Tragstrukturen Hannover (TTH) großmaßstäblich Komponenten und Bauteile analysiert, geprüft und damit Berechnungsgrundlagen validiert. In diesem Beitrag werden wesentliche Ergebnisse aus der Projektbearbeitung der jüngeren Vergangenheit vorgestellt. Die betrachteten Projekte adressieren die Erarbeitung von Turmkonzepten in Stahlbauweise für große Nabenhöhen, die Untersuchung des Ermüdungsverhaltens dickwandiger Schweißkonstruktionen auch unter dem Aspekt des Korrosionsschutzes und die Untersuchung eines Structural‐Health‐Monitoring‐Systems zur Überwachung der Zuverlässigkeit von Grout‐Verbindungen.
Erschütterungsemissionen von Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Nagel Sven , Zieger Toni , Luhmann Birger , Knödel Peter , Ritter Joachim , Ummenhofer Thomas 
Published: June 2019

AbstractDurch die Windanströmung werden auf die Rotorblätter von Windenergieanlagen (WEA) Kräfte ausgeübt, die den Rotor in Rotation versetzen. Über die Nabe und ggf. ein Getriebe wird diese Drehbewegung auf den zur Stromerzeugung notwendigen Generator übertragen. Alle rotierenden Komponenten weisen erhebliche Massen auf, sitzen am Kopf einer schlanken, elastischen Turmtragstruktur und rufen in dieser dynamische Effekte hervor. Die dynamisch angeregte Turmstruktur leitet diese durch die Kopfanregung provozierten Schwingungen modifiziert über die Gründung in den Baugrund ein. Mithilfe von Breitbandseismometern können Bodenschwinggeschwindigkeiten nicht nur im direkten Anlagenumfeld, sondern auch in größeren geometrischen Abständen aufgezeichnet werden. Windenergiegegner sehen in der Bodenanregung ein Potenzial für gesundheitsbeeinträchtigende Schwingungseffekte. Im Rahmen dieses Aufsatzes werden die am Fundament einer 2‐MW‐Windenergie‐Beispielanlage gemessenen seismischen Anregungen mithilfe von numerischen Simulationen analysiert und deren physikalische Hintergründe erklärt. Bislang werden die gemessenen Bodenschwinggeschwindigkeiten meist ausschließlich den Anregungsfrequenzen aus dem Rotor zugeschrieben. Die hier vorgestellten Untersuchungen verdeutlichen, dass die strukturellen Eigenschaften der Turmstruktur die Art und Intensität der in den Boden eingebrachten Schwingungen erheblich beeinflussen und die in den Baugrund eingebrachte Bodenbewegungsamplitude dominieren. Abschließend wird gezeigt, dass ein gezielter Einsatz von Schwingungstilgern eine Reduktion der in den Baugrund übertragenen Schwingungsamplituden bewirken kann.
Long‐Term Planning for Technology in Literacy Instruction
Authors: Beschorner Beth , Woodward Lindsay 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLiteracy teachers often feel underprepared to provide instruction that integrates technology in meaningful ways. Yet, there is evidence that teachers can be supported to overcome this barrier through professional development using a framework for instructional planning. Although efforts to support teachers' short‐term technology integration have been documented, little is known about teachers' individual longer term efforts. The authors describe two teachers' experiences in implementing a long‐term technology integration plan with different levels of professional development support. The long‐range plans that the teachers created, as well as their barriers and successes and the modifications they made to their plans, are shared. Suggestions for professional development related to teachers seeking to create a long‐term technology integration plan to support their literacy instruction are discussed.
Assessment of inertial and primary frequency control from wind power plants in the Mexican electric power grid
Authors: Ramírez‐González Miguel , Castellanos‐Bustamante Rafael , Calderón‐Guizar Jorge G. , Malik Om P. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractLarge‐scale integration of converter‐based renewable energy sources into power systems, such as wind generation, can lead to frequency stability issues due to the variable nature and lack of inertia of these technologies in combination with the gradual replacement of conventional generating units. However, wind turbine generators (WTGs) can be exploited to provide frequency support and keep system frequency stability requirements. A case study considering the Mexican Electric Power System is presented in this study to highlight both the impact of large‐scale deployment of inverter‐interfaced wind energy generation on system frequency response, and the participation of WTGs in inertial and primary frequency control (IPFC) as a mitigation approach. By incorporating synthetic inertia and droop control functions into the active power control loop of WTG converters, IPFC by wind generation is assessed for several wind shares, different active power modulation strategies based on the rate of change of frequency and frequency deviation, and several IPFC contribution levels under critical contingencies for generation outage. Simulation results show the combination of increasing share of wind energy generation in the study system and retirement of conventional generation has a clearly negative impact on system frequency dynamics. However, the incorporation of IPFC functions into wind power generators of the sample system, with appropriate control gain values, may contribute to effectively achieve an improved system performance in terms of grid frequency response under high wind power penetration scenarios.This article is characterized under:
Wind Power > Science and Materials
Wind Power > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy Research & Innovation > Science and Materials
Soft clustering
Authors: Ferraro Maria Brigida , Giordani Paolo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractClustering is one of the most used tools in data analysis. In the last decades, due to the increasing complexity of data, soft clustering has received a great deal of attention. There exist different approaches that can be considered as soft. The most known is the fuzzy approach that consists in assigning objects to clusters with membership degrees, depending on the dissimilarities between each object and all the prototypes, ranging in the unit interval. Closely related to the fuzzy approach, there is the possibilistic one that, differently from the previous one, relaxes some constraints on the membership degrees. In particular, the objects are assigned to clusters with degrees of typicalities, depending just on the dissimilarities between each object and the closest prototype. A further soft approach is the rough one. In this case, there are not degrees ranging between 0 and 1 but objects with intermediate features belong to the boundary region and are assigned to more than one cluster. Even if it is not universally recognized in the scientific community as an approach of soft clustering, from our point of view, the model‐based approach can also be considered as such. Model‐based clustering methods also produce a soft partition of the objects and the posterior probability of a component membership may play a role similar to the membership degree. The four approaches are critically described from a theoretical point of view and an empirical comparative analysis is carried out.This article is categorized under:Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Clustering and ClassificationStatistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Multivariate AnalysisStatistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Exploratory Data Analysis
Mixed control of vibrational systems
Authors: Nakić Ivica , Tomljanović Zoran , Truhar Ninoslav 
Published: June 2019

AbstractWe consider new performance measures for vibrational systems based on the H2 norm of linear time invariant systems. New measures will be used as an optimization criterion for the optimal damping of vibrational systems. We consider both theoretical and concrete cases in order to show how new measures stack up against the standard measures. The quality and advantages of new measures as well as the behaviour of optimal damping positions and corresponding damping viscosities are illustrated in numerical experiments.
Functional Biodiversity and the Concept of Ecological Function
Authors: Dussault Antoine C. 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter argues that the common claim that the ascription of ecological functions to organisms in functional ecology raises issues about levels of natural selection is ill-founded. This claim, I maintain, mistakenly assumes that the function concept as understood in functional ecology aligns with the selected effect theory of function advocated by many philosophers of biology (sometimes called “The Standard Line” on functions). After exploring the implications of Wilson and Sober’s defence of multilevel selection for the prospects of defending a selected effect account of ecological functions, I identify three main ways in which functional ecology’s understanding of the function concept diverges from the selected effect theory. Specifically, I argue (1) that functional ecology conceives ecological functions ascontext-basedrather thanhistory-basedproperties of organisms; (2) that it attributes to the ecological function concept the aim of explaining ecosystem processes rather than that of explaining the presence of organisms within ecosystems; and (3) that it conceives the ecological functions of organisms asuseandservicefunctions rather thandesignfunctions. I then discuss the extent to which the recently proposed causal role and organizational accounts of ecological functions better accord with the purposes for which the function concept is used in functional ecology.
Integrating Ecology and Evolutionary Theory: A Game Changer for Biodiversity Conservation?
Authors: Di Marco Silvia 
Published: June 2019

AbstractCurrently, one of the central arguments in favour of biodiversity conservation is that it is essential for the maintenance of ecosystem services, that is, the benefits that people receive from ecosystems. However, the relationship between ecosystem services and biodiversity is contested and needs clarification. The goal of this chapter is to spell out the interaction and reciprocal influences between conservation science, evolutionary biology, and ecology, in order to understand whether a stronger integration of evolutionary and ecological studies might help clarify the interaction between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning as well as influence biodiversity conservation practices. To this end, the eco-evolutionary feedback theory proposed by David Post and Eric Palkovacs is analysed, arguing that it helps operationalise niche construction theory and develop a more sophisticated understanding of the relationship between ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. Finally, it is proposed that by deepening the integration of ecological and evolutionary factors in our understanding of ecosystem functioning, the eco-evolutionary feedback theory is supportive of an “evolutionary-enlightened management” of biodiversity within the ecosystem services approach.
Measures of Biological Diversity: Overview and Unified Framework
Authors: Crupi Vincenzo 
Published: June 2019

AbstractA variety of statistical measures of diversity have been employed across biology and ecology, including Shannon entropy, the Gini-Simpson index, so-called effective numbers of species (aka Hill’s measures), and more besides. I will review several major options and then present a comprehensive formalism in which all these can be embedded as special cases, depending on the setting of two parameters, labelled degree and order. This mathematical framework is adapted from generalized information theory. A discussion of the theoretical meaning of the parameters in biological applications provides insight into the conceptual features and limitations of current approaches. The unified framework described also allows for the development of a tailored solution for the measurement of biological diversity that jointly satisfies otherwise divergent desiderata put forward in the literature.
Why a Species-Based Approach to Biodiversity Is Not Enough. Lessons from Multispecies Biofilms
Authors: Marques da Silva Jorge , Casetta Elena 
Published: June 2019

AbstractIn recent years, we have assisted to an impressive effort to identify and catalogue biodiversity at the microbial level across a wide range of environments, human bodies included (e.g., skin, oral cavity, intestines). This effort, fostered by the decreasing cost of DNA sequencing, highlighted not only the vast diversity at the microbial level but also the importance of cells’ social interactions, potentially leading to the emergence of novel diversity. In this contribution, we shall argue that entities other than species, and in particular multispecies biofilms, might play a crucial—and still underestimated—role in increasing biodiversity as well as in conserving it. In particular, after having discussed how microbial diversity impacts ecosystems (Sect. 9.1), we argue (Sect. 9.2) that multispecies biofilms may increase biodiversity at both the genetic and phenotypic level. In Sect. 9.3 we discuss the possibility that multispecies biofilms, both heterotrophic and autotrophic, are evolutionary individuals, i.e. units of selection. In the conclusion, we highlight a major limitation of the traditional species-based approach to biodiversity origination and conservation.
Contemporary Portuguese Migration Experiences in Brazil: Old Routes, New Trends
Authors: Rosales Marta Vilar , Machado Vânia Pereira 
Published: June 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses the contemporary migration of the Portuguese to Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo – destinations that are far from being new to Portuguese emigrants. However, contemporary migration movements do exhibit some novel features: the social composition of these groups and their positioning strategies differ from those of previous movements. These novel features deserve to be analysed in the light of current economic, political and cultural conditions. By examining the profiles, projects and expectations of a group of 50 Portuguese migrants and their families residing in Rio and São Paulo, the chapter aims to contribute to our understanding of this new migratory flow. It further seeks to frame and situate this particular wave in the long Portuguese experience of migration – as well as to contribute to debates about its impact on the relationships between the two countries. We argue that, in spite of the differences between this group and earlier waves of Portuguese migration, there are significant factors linked to the colonial and post-colonial relationships between the two countries that continue to structure the main representations of Brazil as a migration destination for the Portuguese population.
“I Was Enthused When I ‘Returned’ to Portugal, But I’m Leaving Disillusioned”: Portuguese Migrant Descendant Returnees from Canada and Narratives of Return, Re-return and Twice Migration
Authors: Sardinha João 
Published: June 2019

AbstractFrom the early 1980s to the mid-2000s, increased globalisation, development and modernization led to the return of numerous Portuguese migrant descendants back to Portugal. From the mid-2000s onwards, however, owing to the economic crisis that hit Portugal, many individuals once again become mobile, either re-returning to the countries they came from, or opting to twice migrate to a third country.This article looks at the stories, experiences and expressed opinions of six migrant descendant returnees from Canada who re-returned or twice migrated from Portugal. Via the examination of narratives collected through in-depth interviews and casual conversations from 2008 to 2015, the article first sets out to observe the issues of attraction to and settlement in Portugal, and to discuss processes of integration into Portuguese society. Secondly, acts of re-return/twice migration will be examined, with discussion centering on the impacts of the recent economic crisis. Thirdly, the transnational resources possessed by participants when re-returning or moving to another country will be analysed.The study’s results reveal that although initial acts of return were, above all, acts of self-discovery, emigrants integrated cautiously, always maintaining transnational links ready to be activated in case further mobility became necessary.