bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
The Introduction is a chapter-by-chapter summary of the book’s content, organized around the four books of Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, “Of Innate Notions,” “Of Ideas,” “Of Words,” and “Of Knowledge and Opinion.” Specifically, the content covers Locke’s critique of innatism (the view that there are innate logical, metaphysical, and moral principles) and his advocacy of the Empiricist principle (the view that all human ideas are derived from experience). Also discussed are Locke’s views and arguments regarding ideas (including his distinction between ideas of sensation and of reflection), perception (including Locke’s problems and solutions regarding this), substance, identity, freedom, language, essence, and knowledge. In addition, a brief description of Locke’s life is provided.
Locke’s life
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a brief biography of John Locke. It summarizes how his fortunes waxed and waned under the regimes of King Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, King Charles II, King James II, and the “Glorious Revolution,” and it touches on his education at Westminster School and Christ College and on his ties to the Earl of Shaftesbury and to Lady Masham. The chapter also provides a brief history of Locke’s publishing career, including the Essay and political works such as the First Treatise of Government (a critique of the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings) and the Second Treatise of Government (an outline of the bases for democracy and an influence on the U.S. Constitution).
Primary and Secondary Qualities
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter expounds Locke’s theory of primary qualities and secondary qualities and defends a modernized version of it. It argues for the following theses. Although Locke defines secondary qualities as powers in objects to produce in us ideas of color, sound, taste, smell, heat, and cold, he oscillates between equating colors, sounds, etc. with (a) those powers and with (b) the ideas they produce in us. This oscillation stems from Locke’s wanting to say that they are both (a) and (b), despite his basic cleavage between ideas and qualities. Such a hybrid view of them is plausible, especially if we drop the three-term theory of perception often attributed to Locke in favor of a two-term theory, which says that the last term in the perceptual causal chain is the object’s appearing some way to the perceiver, and which distinguishes this “manifest aspect” of a secondary quality from its “dispositional aspect.”
Complex Ideas
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses complex ideas, concentrating on those Locke calls modes, arguing for a non-idealist interpretation of those he calls relations, and introducing the one he calls substance. It analyzes the simple modes—space, time, and number—by untangling Locke’s language, which leaves unclear whether they are modes of the simple idea from which they are constructed (e.g., making 117 mode of 1) or of a general idea under which they fall (e.g., making 117 a mode of “number”), and by addressing questions about the simplicity of the ideas from which they are constructed and about the simple modes’ infinity. It contrasts them with mixed modes and discusses the latter’s construction. The chapter defends James Gibson’s view that for ideas of reflection, the relation between mode and simple idea isn’t that of whole to part, but of a universal to its determinations (e.g., making “remembrance” a mode of “perception, or thinking”).
Identity
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter expounds, formulates in analytical style, and defends Locke’s general view of identity. It interprets Locke’s puzzling statement that existing at the same time and place isn’t necessary for synchronic identity. It focuses mainly, following Locke, on diachronic identity. Locke never suggests that X is diachronically identical with Y iff they house the same substance-substratum; indeed his account of diachronic identity undermines the argument from change for substance-substratum. For Locke, X is diachronically identical with Y iff X is spatiotemporally continuous with Y, and every segment of the space-time path between X and Y is occupied either by something of the same sort as X or by something of the same sort as Y. This account applies to inanimate objects, plants, and animals. Its appeal to sortals makes it a version of the “relative identity” view. The chapter defends that view against the charge that it is self-contradictory.
Knowledge in general
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains: (1) Locke’s definition of knowledge as idea-agreement; (2) his four species of knowledge— identity/diversity, relation, co-existence/necessary connection, real existence; (3) his three degrees of knowledge—intuitive, demonstrative, sensitive; (4) his view of the extent of knowledge for each species; and (5) his view about the reality of knowledge. It notes that the first three species of knowledge cover mostly generalizations, whereas the last species covers existence claims. It discusses the extent of knowledge in each of the first three species. It explains why Locke thinks that knowledge of co-existence (which is knowledge of substances’ properties) is “very small,” leaving sensitive knowledge for the last two chapters. It argues that although Locke’s discussion of the reality of knowledge accommodates mathematical and possibly moral generalizations well enough, it does not fit laws of science, and misleadingly invites us to think of them as a priori truths rather than empirical truths.
The (Mis)Fortunes of Ordinary Men
Authors: Inglis Patrick 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Rarely is there a middle ground in the way poor golf caddies in Bangalore analyze their situation and the plight of others similarly disadvantaged in the society. If there is success—measured in the ability of some caddies to win consistent financial support from members—then it is a matter of their remarkable work ethic and high morals. If they fail at this effort, then it is owing to bad luck or fate. Club members and the clubs where they play golf, along with structural forms of caste and religious bias in the society at large, are rarely implicated, one way or the other. Ultimately, disadvantaged golf caddies carry forward the rhetoric and ideology of individualism, while unwittingly justifying the inequality between caddies and club members, and between a select few up-and-coming caddies and the rest.
Conclusion
Authors: Inglis Patrick 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
A majority of India’s population is young and growing. They seek good jobs and better opportunities. Yet too many Indians can only find work in precarious and informal conditions without guaranteed contracts, protections in the workplace, and other benefits. They may not be like the golf caddies who feature in this study, but more and more they are finding themselves obligated to perform servility and deference at the side of wealthy citizens in order to generate an income and make ends meet. Social mobility, as such, becomes tied to the whims and fancies of elites, who become like governments-in-miniature with the power to decide whether a family has enough food to eat or a child receives a decent education. Not only a challenge to social mobility among India’s poor, this state of affairs also presents a challenge to the legitimacy of the larger society, as a whole.
Meaning
Authors: Yates David C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter builds on Chapter 4 and examines whether the Greeks assigned the same basic meaning to the war. It includes three comparative case studies, each of which pairs popular narratives in Athens with others exampled in Plataea, Megara, and Corinth. Each reveals significant differences in the meaning assigned to the war in these states. The chapter additionally examines the motives that lay behind these idiosyncratic recollections of the war. This moves beyond the question of why the Greeks remembered the war differently and considers why the Plataeans, Megarians, and so on remembered the war as they did and not in some other equally distinct way. Yates concludes that different preexisting social memories, actual wartime experiences, and present interests predisposed the Greeks to remember even so elemental a question as the overall meaning of the war in unique ways.
After Alexander
Authors: Yates David C. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 offers a brief look ahead to the afterlife of the panhellenic tradition invented by Philip and Alexander the Great, demonstrating that the self-interested propaganda of the Macedonian kings soon became the dominant narrative of the Persian War in the early hellenistic period. The city-states that had actually participated in the war did maintain their local traditions, but those traditions now evolved within a larger hellenistic world that eagerly adopted the new panhellenic tradition, whose broader lines allowed easier access to this valuable piece of commemorative property. This chapter considers commemorations undertaken by Antigonus I, Demetrius I, Philip V, Attalus I, Philopoemen, the Aetolians, and the Rhodians, as well as a series of Persian-War recollections associated with the Chremonidean War.
Litigation’s Limits
Authors: Fox Dov 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Even negligence victims who can afford the legal fees often don’t think that suing is worth the risk, given what any good lawyer will tell them is a slim chance of recovery. Reproductive plaintiffs have had little success trying to shoehorn their complaints into a grab bag of ill-suited actions under available theories of civil liability. Some of these are cramped, like deeming lost embryos “property” or “persons”; others are jarring, as when they call a child’s birth or life “wrongful.” Courthouse claims for medical malpractice and emotional distress require showing some physical or economic harm that procreation plaintiffs can’t point to when their test results get switched or sperm samples go missing. These misadventures fall through the cracks of a legal regime that’s reluctant to recognize reproductive losses as real or serious. Facilities make few assurances that would enable victims to sue for breach of contract, and doctors are careful to decline promising any result beyond the safety of patients directly under their care—so there’s seldom any agreed-upon clause for courts to enforce against badly behaving defendants. Besides, most reproductive professionals insist that patients sign clauses shielding them from liability, whether express or implied. Half of all states bar “wrongful birth” suits against medical professionals who fail to inform pregnant women, or give them bad advice about fetal development and prognosis. Even states that allow this malpractice action fail to capture the deeper harms that reproductive negligence inflicts—and they rarely compensate psychological or dignitary harms, standing alone.
Elusive Injuries
Authors: Fox Dov 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Tort law is justly celebrated for its doctrinal agility and moral imagination. Personality torts for libel, slander, privacy, defamation, and intentional infliction of emotional distress protect against all manner of intangible harms. Tort law is equally equipped to accommodate reproductive injuries that don’t involve any unwanted touching, broken agreement, or damaged belongings. But American tort law puts up barriers in the way of recovery for freestanding emotional distress—and even if it took these down, reducing reproductive injuries to mental anguish can’t sort out more deserving claims from less worthy ones, or objectively legitimate claims from those without merit. Indeterminacy and incommensurability complicate remedies for reproductive harms, but not uniquely or prohibitively so. It’s just as hard to come up with suitable dollar awards for successful claims of nuisance, trespass, wrongful conviction, and wrongful imprisonment. Yet courts do it all the time: The difficulty in assessing subtle losses of life, liberty, and dignity in these contexts doesn’t justify refusing compensation outright; the same goes for the humiliation of the privacy intrusion, the betrayal of fiduciary breach, and the lost choice of uninformed consent. Courts shouldn’t throw up their hands just because reproductive injuries require care to enumerate, appraise, and falsify. To estimate damage awards, courts should identify thwarted interests in pregnancy, parenthood, and particulars; then ballpark their disvalue by reference to more established intangible interests; and finally gauge the degree and intensity of those impairments using case-specific facts, expert opinions, or representative surveys of revealed preferences in similar populations.
Traveling from the Past into the Future of Cross-Cultural Psychology
Authors: Bond Michael Harris 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a personal synthesis of the past five decades of research efforts to understand cultural influences on individual social-personality processes and outcomes. The author identifies four developmental stages in refining our conceptualization of how culture impacts upon individual functioning and discusses problems associated with each stage: in the Eureka Stage, cross-cultural researchers documented average differences between samples from two or occasionally more cultural groups and speculated about reasons for these differences. In the Mercator Stage, psychological measures taken from many cultural groups were averaged then factor analyzed to provide culture-level mappings of groups. In the Psychological Unpackaging Stage, cultural differences in psychological measures were shown to be associated with personality differences distinguishing the cultural groups. In the Cross-Level Stage, sufficient numbers of cultural groups have been assessed to enable empirical evidence to indicate what features of the cultures involved might influence the psychological processes and outcomes examined. Increasingly, individuals are treated as polycultural, introducing further complexity into research on culture’s influence.
Abnormal Psychology and Culture
Authors: Tanaka-Matsumi Junko 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
More than a century of research on culture and psychopathology has shown that culture exerts a major influence on the identification, labeling, indigenous meaning, course, and outcome of maladaptive behaviors. The major goal of this chapter is to appraise the current state of knowledge of the relationship between culture and psychopathology. More specifically, this chapter aims to identify the contribution of different conceptual and methodological approaches to investigating the relationship between culture and psychopathology; seek integration of universal and culture specific approaches to cross-cultural psychopathology; and promote the development of linkage studies in the field of cross-cultural psychopathology in the age of globalization. These aims are pursued with a focus on major psychiatric disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders that have generated a large amount of literature from both emic and etic perspectives of psychopathology across cultures.
Navigating the Logistics
Authors: Palmer Lindsay 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the labor of navigating the logistics. A central tenet of this chapter is the news fixers’ suggestion that logistical labor is skilled labor; this type of work requires creativity and cultural savvy. The work of navigating the logistics requires the fixer to guide journalists through challenging sociopolitical environments, helping clients to meet their deadlines while also keeping the local authorities satisfied that they are following regional laws. Sometimes visiting journalists and documentarians try to enter a country without the proper permits for their equipment or without the proper work visa. In these cases, news fixers try to find creative ways to smooth things over and gain access for their clients, despite the fact that their clients have not respected the laws of the spaces they are trying to enter. Time and space are revealed to be relative, depending on who has the most power in a given situation. In the process of helping their clients to navigate the logistics, then, news fixers are ultimately helping them to navigate competing cultural notions of time and space.
Might We Be Essentially Normative Animals?
Authors: Roughley Neil 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter poses the question of whether humans might be essentially normative animals, i.e. whether traditionally prominent specificities of the human life form—our linguistic, social, and moral “natures”—might ground in a basic susceptibility, or proclivity to the deontic regulation of thought and behaviour: the “normative animal thesis.” The chapter lays out the issues at stake in attempting to answer this question. It divides into two main parts. The first begins by clarifying the—norm-related—concept of normativity at issue, distinguishing it from the—reason-related—conceptualisation current in meta-ethics and theories of rationality. It then discusses the primary candidates for generic features of norms, before dividing the normative animal thesis into various sub-claims. The second part presents the key questions at issue in the discussion of social, moral, and linguistic norms, comparing ways of conceiving them and marking the significance of such conceptualisations for the normative animal thesis.
There Ought to Be Roots
Authors: Kappeler Peter M. , Fichtel Claudia , van Schaik Carel P. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the notion that the behavioural and cognitive constituents of human social norms have equivalents or precursors in humans’ closest living relatives, the non-human primates. Scrutiny of the definitions of various forms of conformity revealed, on the one hand, that some key features defining social norms are essentially impossible to infer in animals so that from a purist perspective, homologous equivalents of social norms cannot be demonstrated. On the other hand, this review revealed that functional equivalents or precursors of behavioural, emotional, and cognitive mechanisms constituting normative conformity are present and ubiquitous among (group-living haplorhine) non-human primates and that social patterns reflecting normative conformity have been described, hence supporting the authors’ main thesis that this salient aspect of human sociality, even though it may depend upon some uniquely derived features, has strong and long roots in the evolutionary history shared with other primates.
On the Human Addiction to Norms
Authors: Antweiler Christoph 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Why are humans norm-addictive and what are the functions of norms in human cultures? This chapter inquires into social norms from the perspective of cultural anthropology. Cultural anthropologists investigate norms through long-term fieldwork of peoples in their natural settings and by systematic cross-cultural comparison. Core elements of the holistic anthropological concept of culture are concerned with social norms. The principal function of social norms is to allow for effective, coordinated, and predictable action in human collectives. Cross-cultural studies reveal that a strong orientation toward norms is universal. Most norms are learnt through socialization from family members or other kindred. Recent studies revealed that norms locally regarded as crucial often are transmitted by emotionally intensive teaching. The chapter also critically discusses some problems of interdisciplinary research into norms, such as the different understandings of “expected” and the dissimilar empirical accessibility of norms as psychic orientations among different primates.
The Evolution of Human Normativity
Authors: van Schaik Carel P. , Burkart Judith M. 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Normative behavior is a human universal that is intimately linked to morality. Morality is an adaptation to the specifically human subsistence niche of hunting and gathering, which is skill-intensive and therefore relies on transmission of opaque knowledge and involves critical interdependence, reliance on coordinated division of labor, and synchronized collective action. This lifestyle requires the presence of a variety of emotions that coevolved with it as the proximate mechanisms enabling this adaptive function. The high-urgency feel to many of these emotions reflects their functional importance: it serves to give them priority over other motivations. It is also what, to contemporary humans, makes them recognizable as moral. The key components of human morality are (1) prosocial emotions, and (2) an urge to conform. Together, they produce the urge to comply with moral norms. Normativity is thus an integral part of human morality. It evolved when two preferences came together. Strong informational conformity, needed to enable the transmission of opaque knowledge, was already present in the anthropoid primate ancestors of hominids and hominins. The added component evolved with the evolution of strong interdependence: a strong concern for one’s reputation and fear of punishment, and thus strongly prosocial emotions. Thus, the emergence of normativity in our ancestors does not require a special explanation: it was an automatic byproduct of the emergence of moral behavior in our ancestors.
Language Evolution and Linguistic Norms
Authors: Kompa Nikola 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
How might language have evolved and which (types of) norms, if any, might have played a role in shaping it? This chapter addresses these two questions by first exploring differences between human language and animal communication systems; the difference between natural signs, signals, and non-natural signs (symbols) will be elaborated. The author claims that normativity enters the picture only at the level of symbols. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to the question of what kinds of norms might have played a role in the evolution of symbolic communication. The author argues, firstly, that a certain level of cooperation is needed if non-natural signs are to be interpretable at all; secondly, a type of prudential norm emerges as signs acquire stable meaning; thirdly, interpretation of implicit communication is governed by pragmatic norms, too.
The Third Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the third month of pregnancy. As the author faces the inevitable lifestyle changes that come with being pregnant, she discusses the dangers of various teratogens (i.e., toxins) for the developing fetus. Specifically, she discusses the effects of over-the-counter drugs, alcohol, smoking, maternal stress, anxiety, and depression on a fetus. Relatedly, the timing of how these toxins might affect a fetus is discussed, stressing the importance of development in the first trimester, when most of the important anatomy is forming, using the classic examples of spina bifida and the harmful effects of thalidomide.
The Seventh Month
Authors: LoBue Vanessa 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the development of the fetus in the seventh month of pregnancy. By the seventh month, the author describes how the fetus is staring to behave more and more like a newborn, and she focuses on how the fetus is capable of learning in the third trimester. She goes into an in-depth discussion of fetal learning of familiar tastes, smells, and sounds and how these familiar stimuli might help prepare the fetus for the newborn period. She ends with a cautionary note against products that claim to “teach” fetuses and provides some helpful information about how moms might use what fetuses learn naturally to calm them as newborns.