bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Change and Insectivore Ecology
Authors: Vafidis Jim , Smith Jeremy , Thomas Robert 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe impacts of climate change on natural populations are only beginning to be understood. Although some important changes are already occurring, in the future these are predicted to be more substantial and of greater ecological significance. Insects are a key taxonomic group for understanding the ecological impacts of climate change, due to their responsiveness to environmental change and importance as food for other organisms. Insects are highly sensitive to rising temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns and erratic weather conditions, driving rapid short‐term variations in their abundance, mobility, distribution and phenology. Such variations represent changes in their availability as prey to insectivores, a diverse range of insect‐eating animals that include mammals, fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds. The impacts of these changes on the ecology of insectivores are complex and include population increases or decreases, broad‐scale shifts in distribution, and changes in behavioural traits such as foraging strategy, investment in parental care, and the timing of breeding and migration. Although some insectivorous species are able to respond to – and even benefit from – climate change, those that fail to respond appropriately may struggle to reproduce, disperse and survive, leading to population decline and ultimately, to extinction.Key ConceptsInsects are a key taxonomic group in most terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, providing an important trophic resource for insectivores.Climate change is already causing major shifts in the distribution, phenology, behaviour, abundance and diversity of insect populations, with complex consequences for insectivores.Climate change may benefit some insectivores by increasing food availability and providing more suitable conditions for reproduction.Specific benefits to insectivores include earlier parturition, faster development of juveniles and range expansion.Warmer temperatures may also cause negative impacts on insectivores, through more frequent and intense heat waves and reduced water availability in arid environments.The negative impacts are expected to be more severe for taxa that are less able to disperse or migrate to escape unfavourable conditions, and thus less able to shift range to track the changing conditions.The timing of biological events (phenology) will be affected – primarily by advancing the dates at which insects become active in spring and extending the length of the active season of insects in temperate and boreal regions.Important gaps in our knowledge remain, for example despite the large biomass and species richness of insects in the tropics the impacts of climate change on tropical insectivores remain largely unknown.
Coevolution of Genes and Culture in Man
Authors: Portin Petter 
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Biological and cultural evolution share the necessary conditions for evolution in general, the principles of variation, inheritance and selection that together constitute the sufficient condition for biological evolution. In addition, for cultural evolution, there are several other necessary conditions. Cultural evolution also has characteristics that are not observed in biological evolution. These are consequences of the differences in the mode of transfer of information between biological and cultural evolution (
Figure
1), leading to the fact that cultural evolution is far more rapid than biological evolution. Biological and cultural evolution affect each other, thus experiencing continuing coevolution. Changes in the genes have been necessary to adopt complex behavioral traits, such as the ability to speak, and changes in culture, such as diet, have caused changes in gene frequencies. Modern studies on molecular genetics suggest that coevolution of culture and genes is the most important factor in our origin and evolution.

Key Concepts

The necessary conditions for biological evolution, adaptive changes of gene frequencies in the populations of organisms, are variation, inheritance and selection.

These three phenomena, which can also be called the postulates of the theory of evolution, together also constitute a sufficient condition for biological evolution.

These general principles apply not only to biological evolution but also to the evolution of societies and culture – a theory which is called general Darwinism.

The necessary conditions for cultural evolution include, in addition to the necessary conditions for biological evolution, several other factors as for example storage, collection and accumulation of information; formation of social groups, work and division of labor between individuals; the subsequent development of society; and spoken language.

These similarities in the conditions for biological and cultural evolution affect the interaction between the genes and culture in a specific way making their coevolution possible.

Indeed, many cases of reciprocal coevolutionary interaction between the genes of human individuals or populations and the culture of the population in question have been observed.

Differences in gene frequencies between populations and changes in the genes of individuals have led to differences in the culture of the population in question, and vice versa, thus indicating coevolution between genes and culture.
Selectivity in Ring‐Closing Metathesis: Synthesis of Propellanes and Angular Aza‐tricycles
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Aswar Vikas R. , Ansari Saima 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSeveral naturally occurring alkaloids contain quaternary carbon centers attached to a nitrogen atom. An efficient synthetic protocol has been developed to assemble indoline‐fused propellanes over aza‐tricyclic carbazole derivatives via a selective ring‐closing metathesis employing Grubbs’ first‐generation catalyst. Electronic factors seem to play a critical role in the outcomes. The structure of propellanes and angular aza‐tricyclic compounds are confirmed by catalytic hydrogenation sequence. To expand the synthetic utility of these propellanes and aza‐tricycles, Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction has been employed to generate functionalized polycycles. Fourteen ruthenium carbene catalysts are examined to synthesize propellanes and aza‐tricycles.magnified image
A “Thiocarbonyl‐Directed” Regiospecific C−H/S−H Annulation of Quinoline‐4(1H)‐thiones with Alkynes
Authors: Modi Anju , Sau Prasenjit , Chakraborty Nikita , Patel Bhisma K. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA regiospecific C−H/S−H annulation of quinoline‐4(1H)‐thiones with alkynes have been demonstrated using a ruthenium(II) catalyst. This C−H/S−H annulation is directed via the C=S group, where preferential annulation takes place at the sterically hindered position even in the presence of three other competing sitesviz. two C−H/N−H and one C−H/O−H. This type of annulation is unsuccessful for simple aryl thiol such as 1‐naphthylthiol, giving only an oxidative dimerized product. The reaction proceeds via ruthenium‐catalyzed oxidative annulation followed by a hydrolytic cleavage of an amidic bond (loss of −COPh group), leading to the synthesis of thiopyrano[2,3,4‐de]quinolines. Isotopic labelling experiments suggest an irreversible initial C−Ru bond formation and the cleavage of C−H bond to be the rate‐limiting step. The reaction with unsymmetrical and terminal alkynes gave single regioisomeric product, where the new C−S bond formation takes place at thesp‐carbon of alkyne having more electron density. The reaction shows wide substrate scope both for quinoline‐4(1H)‐thiones as well as alkynes giving up to 91% product yields.magnified image
Atropselective Dibrominations of a 1,1′‐Disubstituted 2,2′‐Biindolyl with Diverging Point‐to‐Axial Asymmetric Inductions. Deriving 2,2′‐Biindolyl‐3,3′‐diphosphane Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Baumann Thomas , Brückner Reinhard 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOn the 1H NMR timescale, 2,2′‐biindolyls with (R)‐configured (1‐alkoxyprop)‐2‐yl, (1‐hydroxyprop)‐2‐yl, or (1‐siloxyprop)‐2‐yl substituents at C‐1 and C‐1′ are atropisomerically stable at <0 °C and interconvert at >30 °C. A 2,2′‐biindolyl (R,R)‐17 a of that kind and achiral (!) brominating reagents gave the atropisomerically stable 3,3′‐dibromobiindolyls (M)‐ and/or (P)‐18 a at best atropselectively—because of point‐to‐axial asymmetric inductions—and atropdivergently, exhibiting up to 95 % (M)‐ and as much (P)‐atropselectivity. This route to atropisomerically pure biaryls is novel and should extend to other substrates and/or different functionalizations. The dibromobiindolyls (M)‐ and (P)‐18 a furnished the biindolyldiphosphanes (M)‐ and (P)‐14 without atropisomerization. These syntheses did not require the resolution of a racemic mixture, which distinguishes them from virtually all biaryldiphosphane syntheses known to date. (M)‐ and (P)‐14 acted as ligands in catalytic asymmetric allylations and hydrogenations. Remarkably, the β‐ketoester rac‐25 c was hydrogenated trans‐selectively with 98 % ee; this included a dynamic kinetic resolution.
Tailoring the Grain Boundary Chemistry of Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Solar Hydrogen Production and CO2 Reduction
Authors: Zhang Guigang , Li Guosheng , Heil Tobias , Zafeiratos Spiros , Lai Feili , Savateev Aleksandr , Antonietti Markus , Wang Xinchen 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPhotocatalytic water splitting is a promising and clean way to mimic plant photosynthesis in a sustainable manner. Improvements of the quantum efficiency and optical absorption in the relevant range are necessary steps to approach practicality. Herein, we reported that these issues can be readily addressed when 5‐aminotetrazole, a monomer with high nitrogen content, is used for the synthesis of carbon nitride. The molten salt mixture NaCl/KCl is used as a high‐temperature solvent to tailor the grain boundary structure and chemistry. Visible light quantum efficiency for H2 production of 0.65 could be obtained in the presence of K2HPO4 as a double layer modifier. This value is very high, considering that this number depends on light to charge couple conversion, charge localization, as well as a successful oxidation and reduction reaction.
Nylon Intermediates from Bio‐Based Levulinic Acid
Authors: Marckwordt Annemarie , El Ouahabi Fatima , Amani Hadis , Tin Sergey , Kalevaru Narayana V. , Kamer Paul C. J. , Wohlrab Sebastian , de Vries Johannes G. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractUse of ZrO2/SiO2 as a solid acid catalyst in the ring‐opening of biobased γ‐valerolactone with methanol in the gas phase leads to mixtures of methyl 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐pentenoate (MP) in over 95 % selectivity, containing a surprising 81 % of M4P. This process allows the application of a selective hydroformylation to this mixture to convert M4P into methyl 5‐formyl‐valerate (M5FV) with 90 % selectivity. The other isomers remain unreacted. Reductive amination of M5FV and ring‐closure to ϵ‐caprolactam in excellent yield had been reported before. The remaining mixture of 2‐ and 3‐MP was subjected to an isomerising methoxycarbonylation to dimethyl adipate in 91 % yield.
Development of novel EST‐SSR markers for Ephedra sinica (Ephedraceae) by transcriptome database mining
Authors: Jiao Si‐Qian , Sun Yan‐Qiang , Zhang Dong‐Xu , Gao Qiong , Jin Yuqing , Liu Hui , Ma Yongpeng , Yang Yong , Porth Ilga , Mao Jian‐Feng 
Published: January 2019

Premise of the StudyEphedra sinica (Ephedraceae) is a gymnosperm shrub with a wide distribution across Central and Eastern Asia. It is widely cultivated as a medicinal plant, but its wild populations are monitored to determine whether protection is needed.Methods and ResultsThirty‐six microsatellite markers, including 11 polymorphic markers, were developed from E. distachya RNA‐Seq data deposited in the National Center for Biotechology Information dbEST database. Among 100 genotyped E. sinica individuals originating from five different population groups, the allele number ranged from three to 22 per locus. Levels of observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.866 (average 0.176) and 0 to 0.876 (average 0.491), respectively. Allelic polymorphism information content ranged from 0.000 to 0.847 (average 0.333). Cross‐species amplifications were successfully conducted with two related Ephedra species for all 11 di‐ or trinucleotide simple sequence repeats.ConclusionsThis study provides the first set of microsatellite markers for genetic monitoring and surveying of this medicinal plant.
A Fast Convergence Super‐Twisting Observer Design for an Autonomous Airship
Authors: Xiao Chang , Zhou Weixiang , Zhou Pingfang , Duan Dengping 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAirships are often under the risk of external disturbances, for example, the wind. The accurate external disturbance of the airship are hard to acquire. Typically, the super‐twisting observer can track the states for mechanical systems and could be used as an external disturbance tracker. However, the convergence rate of the traditional super‐twisting observer is very slow and the observed states often oscillate heavily. We modified the traditional super‐twisting observer by adding more variables to the sliding surface, and adding parameters to the newly added variables. Simulation results illustrates that the new proposed observer is able to reduce the convergence time and reduce overshoot greatly, improving the performance of the observer.
Analysis of Conjugated Polymers Conductivity by in situ Electrochemical‐Conductance Method
Authors: Salinas Gerardo , Frontana‐Uribe Bernardo A. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe in situ electrochemical‐conductance method is presented as an important electrochemical characterization tool for gaining insight into the chemical and electrical behavior of π‐conjugated polymers and electroactive materials. Important information about conductivity models, the type of charge carrier, and the carrier‐transport pathways as well as explanations of different phenomena related to charge and mass transport can be extracted from the obtained analyses. Using conveniently modified polymers, this method enables the development of a wide range of conductometric sensory devices. This Minireview summarizes the historical development of the in situ electrochemical‐conductance method, describes the systems used, explains details of the calculations, and discusses recent advances and applications.
An Approach to Chemical Reaction Engineering and Process Intensification for the Lean Aqueous Hydroformylation Using a Jet Loop Reactor
Authors: Esteban Jesús , Warmeling Helge , Vorholt Andreas J. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe biphasic hydroformylation of 1‐octene using a lean aqueous phase as solvent phase for catalyst recycling is discussed here. The gas‐liquid‐liquid reaction was homogeneously catalyzed by industrial standard catalytic system with [Rh(cod)Cl]2 as precursor and TPPTS as ligand. This work summarizes investigations addressing different aspects of the reaction, where a procedural approach was followed to gain understanding of its nature, kinetics and interphase reactivity. Finally, the application of the jet loop reactor is analyzed as a means to intensify the reaction.
Smart Golden Leaves Fabricated by Integrating Au Nanoparticles and Cellulose Nanofibers
Authors: Shiigi Hiroshi , Tomiyama Tomohiro , Saito Maki , Ishiki Kengo , Nguyen Dung Q. , Endo Tatsuro , Yamamoto Yojiro , Shan Xueling , Chen Zhidong , Nishino Tomoaki , Nakao Hidenobu , Nagaoka Tsutomu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA simple processing technology based on spontaneous arrangement of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) makes it possible to form a gold leaf with superior mechanical, chemical and electrical characteristics with a small amount of gold (<15 vol.%). The electrical resistivity of the AuNP/CNF hybrid film reached 8.7×10−6 Ω cm at 13 vol.% corresponding to that of a gold plate (2.9×10−6 Ω cm) through a distribution of AuNP inside the film in the form of a band. The AuNPs work not only as linkers between various CNFs in the hybrid structure but also as scaffolds. Self‐assembly allows the formation of leaves on three‐dimensional micrometer‐sized substrates, on which it is impossible to form a uniform flexible metallic layer using conventional techniques such as sputtering, vapor deposition, and electroless plating. The hybrid film holds great promise as a novel gold leaf for a wide range of applications, including coatings, smart papers, electronic skins, and wearable devices owing to its unique combination of superior properties, as well as good productivity, processability, and renewability.
The effects of component‐specific treatment compliance in individually tailored internet‐based treatment
Authors: Kraepelien Martin , Blom Kerstin , Lindefors Nils , Johansson Robert , Kaldo Viktor 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe objective of this study was to explore the effects of treatment compliance in a guided individually tailored internet‐based treatment (TAIL) in relation to depression and co‐morbid symptoms. Compliance with the homework in the different treatment components in TAIL, each aimed at a specific condition, was rated for 207 participants by independent assessors. Six subgroups (n = 34–131) were constructed consisting of participants with co‐occurring symptoms of worry, panic, social anxiety, stress, insomnia, or pain. For each group, hierarchical regression was used to investigate whether the total sum of compliance points, Overall Compliance, predicted reductions in depression and in condition‐specific symptoms. Also, in each subgroup, it was tested whether working with specific treatment components, Specific Compliance, predicted reduction of the targeted symptoms. Overall Compliance predicted 15% of the reduction in depression symptoms. For participants with worry, panic, social anxiety, stress, or insomnia, Overall Compliance also predicted symptom reductions in that specific condition. Specific Compliance predicted reduction in the targeted symptoms for participants with social anxiety, stress, and insomnia. Specific Compliance with stress and insomnia components also predicted reductions in depression. Our results strengthen the importance of compliance in internet‐based treatments. Because compliance with stress and insomnia components was particularly important for broad symptom reductions, these conditions should not be ignored when treating patients with co‐morbid symptoms.
Sustainable Protocol for the Reduction of Nitroarenes by Heterogeneous Au@SBA‐15 with NaBH4 under Flow Conditions
Authors: Ferlin Francesco , Giannoni Tommaso , Zuliani Alessio , Piermatti Oriana , Luque Rafael , Vaccaro Luigi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractA gold‐incorporated SBA‐15 catalyst was prepared by a solvent‐free ball‐milling approach. The catalyst showed high reactivity and selectivity in the reduction of a variety of nitroarenes to anilines operating in absolute EtOH with NaBH4 as reducing agent. The catalyst was reused in batch conditions over five consecutive runs without any losses of activity or selectivity. Considering the high chemical stability and reusability of the catalytic system, a continuous‐flow protocol was also investigated and defined to minimize the generation of waste and optimize the continuous reuse of the catalyst. Benefits of flow conditions were proven by turnover numbers that increased from 47.5 to 1902 and also by the minimization of both leaching (9.5 vs. 1 ppm) and E‐factor values (8 vs. 23 in batch).
Phosphomolybdic Acid‐Assisted Growth of Ultrathin Bismuth Nanosheets for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Formate
Authors: Guo Si‐Xuan , Zhang Ying , Zhang Xiaolong , Easton Christopher D. , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Zhang Jie 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOxides containing two‐dimensional metallic catalysts have shown enhanced catalytic activity, stability, and product selectivity. Porous three‐dimensional structures maximize the accessibility of the active sites, thus enhancing the catalytic performance of the catalysts. By integrating these desirable features in a single catalyst, further improvement in catalytic activity and selectivity is expected. In this study, oxide‐containing bismuth (Bi) nanosheets of about 4 nm thickness interconnected to form a porous three‐dimensional structure were synthesized by electrodeposition in the presence of phosphomolybdic acid under hydrogen evolution conditions. These Bi nanosheets catalyze CO2 reduction in a CO2‐saturated 0.5 m NaHCO3 solution to formate with a faradaic efficiency of 93±2 % at −0.86 V vs. RHE with a formate partial current density as high as 30 mA cm−2. The Tafel slope of about 78 mV dec−1 suggests that the protonation of the adsorbed CO2.− is the rate‐limiting step.
Lithium‐Ion‐Based Conjugated Polyelectrolyte as an Interface Material for Efficient and Stable Non‐Fullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Li Junli , Liu Jikang , Liu Xiangfu , Wang Rongwen , Zhang Jian , Tu Guoli 
Published: January 2019

AbstractAn eco‐friendly n‐type water/alcohol‐soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte PFEOSO3Li was synthesized and applied as a cathode interfacial layer in organic solar cells. The π‐delocalized polyfluorene backbone has an intimate connection with the hydrophobic active layer, and the side chain with lithium ion may move toward the ZnO layer through the self‐assembly property of conjugated polyelectrolytes. UV photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that modification with PFEOSO3Li dramatically lowers the work function of indium‐doped tin oxide (ITO)/ZnO and may form strong interfacial dipoles between ZnO and the active layer. Meanwhile, introduction of lithium ions as spectator cations may contribute to reduction of the intrinsic surface defects of ZnO. The green emission in the photoluminescence spectrum of ZnO disappeared after modification with PFEOSO3Li. In addition, the roughness of ZnO barely changed after coating with PFEOSO3Li, and the surface became more hydrophobic, which demonstrates that the thin conjugated polyelectrolyte layer exhibits good adhesion with both ZnO and the active layer. These phenomena indicate that the introduction of PFEOSO3Li makes ITO/ZnO an efficient cathode. As a result, inverted organic solar cell devices with ZnO/PFEOSO3Li double‐interlayers exhibit high efficiencies of 11.7 and 10.6 % for PBDB‐T:IT‐M and PBDB‐T:ITIC blend systems, respectively.