bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Analysis of a High-Gain and Robust Multi-DOF Electro-thermally Actuated MEMS Gyroscope
Authors: Saqib Muhammad , Mubasher Saleem Muhammad , Mazhar Naveed , Awan Saif Ullah , Shahbaz Khan Umar 
Published: November 2018

This paper presents the design and analysis of a multi degree of freedom (DOF) electro-thermally actuated non-resonant MEMS gyroscope with a 3-DOF drive mode and 1-DOF sense mode system. The 3-DOF drive mode system consists of three masses coupled together using suspension beams. The 1-DOF system consists of a single mass whose motion is decoupled from the drive mode using a decoupling frame. The gyroscope is designed to be operated in the flat region between the first two resonant peaks in drive mode, thus minimizing the effect of environmental and fabrication process variations on device performance. The high gain in the flat operational region is achieved by tuning the suspension beams stiffness. A detailed analytical model, considering the dynamics of both the electro-thermal actuator and multi-mass system, is developed. A parametric optimization is carried out, considering the microfabrication process constraints of the Metal Multi-User MEMS Processes (MetalMUMPs), to achieve high gain. The stiffness of suspension beams is optimized such that the sense mode resonant frequency lies in the flat region between the first two resonant peaks in the drive mode. The results acquired through the developed analytical model are verified with the help of 3D finite element method (FEM)-based simulations. The first three resonant frequencies in the drive mode are designed to be 2.51 kHz, 3.68 kHz, and 5.77 kHz, respectively. The sense mode resonant frequency is designed to be 3.13 kHz. At an actuation voltage of 0.2 V, the dynamically amplified drive mode gain in the sense mass is obtained to be 18.6 µm. With this gain, a capacitive change of 28.11 f F and 862.13 f F is achieved corresponding to the sense mode amplitude of 0.15 μ m and 4.5 μ m at atmospheric air pressure and in a vacuum, respectively.
A Tale of “Two” Comets: The Primary Volatile Composition of Comet 2P/Encke Across Apparitions and Implications for Cometary Science
Authors: Roth Nathan X. , Gibb Erika L. , Bonev Boncho P. , DiSanti Michael A. , Dello Russo Neil , Vervack Ronald J. , McKay Adam J. , Kawakita Hideyo 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The highly favorable 2017 apparition of 2P/Encke allowed the first comprehensive comparison of primary volatile abundances in a given comet across multiple apparitions. This apparition offered opportunities to address pressing questions in cometary science, including investigating evolutionary and/or heliocentric distance (R
h) effects on volatile production, sampling the hypervolatiles CO and CH4 in an ecliptic comet, and measuring volatile release at small R
h. The faintness and frequently low geocentric velocity of ecliptic comets during most apparitions make our near-infrared observations of these hypervolatiles rare and of high scientific impact. We characterized the volatile composition of 2P/Encke on three post-perihelion dates using the iSHELL spectrograph at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility on Maunakea, HI. We detected fluorescent emission from nine primary volatiles (H2O, CO, C2H6, CH3OH, CH4, H2CO, NH3, OCS, and HCN) and three fragment species (OH*, NH2, and CN), and obtained a sensitive upper limit for C2H2. We report rotational temperatures, production rates, and mixing ratios (abundances relative to H2O). Compared to mean abundances in comets observed to date in the near-infrared, mixing ratios of trace gases in 2P/Encke were depleted for all species except H2CO and NH3, which were “normal.” The detection of the hypervolatiles CO and CH4 is particularly notable given the paucity of measurements in ecliptic comets. We observed significant differences in primary volatile composition compared to published pre-perihelion results from 2003 at larger R
h. We discuss possible mechanisms for these differences and discuss these results in the context of findings from the Rosetta mission and ground-based studies of comets.
Stellar Population Diagnostics of the Massive Star Binary Fraction
Authors: Dorn-Wallenstein Trevor Z. , Levesque Emily M. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Populations of massive stars are directly reflective of the physics of stellar evolution. Counts of subtypes of massive stars and ratios of massive stars in different evolutionary states have been used ubiquitously as diagnostics of age and metallicity effects. While the binary fraction of massive stars is significant, inferences are often based upon models incorporating only single-star evolution. In this work, we utilize custom synthetic stellar populations from the Binary Population and Stellar Synthesis code to determine the effect of stellar binaries on number count ratios of different evolutionary stages in both young massive clusters and galaxies with massive stellar populations. We find that many ratios are degenerate in metallicity, age, and/or binary fraction. We develop diagnostic plots using these stellar count ratios to help break this degeneracy, and use these plots to compare our predictions to observed data in the Milky Way and the Local Group. These data suggest a possible correlation between the massive star binary fraction and metallicity. We also examine the robustness of our predictions in samples with varying levels of completeness. We find including binaries and imposing a completeness limit can both introduce ≳0.1 dex changes in inferred ages. Our results highlight the impact that binary evolution channels can have on the massive star population.
A preliminary checklist of soil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Colombian Amazon
Authors: Castro Daniel , Fernández Fernando , Meneses Andrés , Tocora Maria , Sanchez Stepfania , Peña-Venegas Clara 
Published: November 2018

This paper presents an updated list of soil ants of the Colombian Amazon collected in three different river basins: the Amazon, the Caquetá and the Putumayo. The list includes 10 subfamilies, 60 genera and 218 species collected from TSBF monoliths at four different depths (Litter, 0 - 10 cm, 10 - 20 cm and 20 - 30 cm). This updated list increases considerably the knowledge of edaphic macrofauna of the region, due to the limited published information about soil ant diversity in the Colombian Amazon region.This is the first checklist of soil ant diversity of the Colombian Amazon region. Six new records of species for Colombia are exposed:Acropygatricuspis(LaPolla, 2004),Typhlomyrmexclavicornis(Emery, 1906),Typhlomyrmexmeire(Lacau, Villemant &amp; Delabie, 2004),Cyphomyrmexbicornis(Forel, 1895),Megalomyrmexemeryi(Forel, 1904) andMyrmicocryptaspinosa(Weber, 1937), most of them corresponding to subterranean ants.
L’art de ne pas être lisible
Authors: Kelly Piers 
Published: November 2018

Discutant la proposition de l’anthropologue James Scott, qui affirme que l’absence de formes d’écritures vernaculaires parmi les minorités des hautes terres de l’Asie du Sud-Est continentale constituerait une des différentes manières de fuir l’État, l’auteur examine neuf écritures retrouvées, créées sur fond de violents conflits avec les basses terres. Reconnaissant l’écriture comme un instrument important du pouvoir étatique, les chefs de ces minorités ne se sont pas approprié ses usages bureaucratiques ordinaires. Préférant réserver ce médium à des fins et à des champs très spécifiques, ils ont fait de leurs écritures des instruments symboliques pour la construction d’institutions de résistance quasi étatiques.
Des rebelles armés de feuilles blanches aux déchiffreurs de pierres
Authors: Guillaume-Pey Cécile 
Published: November 2018

Comment des groupes tribaux (Adivasi) de l’Inde se sont-ils approprié l’écriture, instrument de pouvoir et de savoir qui, en contexte colonial, était d’abord associé aux Britanniques et aux castes hindoues qui leur servaient d’intermédiaires ? Cet article éclaire les modalités d’appropriation de l’écrit par des leadeurs adivasi en accordant une attention particulière aux inventions de graphies. À partir des années 1930, des personnages charismatiques créent des écritures pour transcrire leurs langues, inventions présentées comme des « découvertes » de signes inscrits sur des pierres. De nos jours, ces écritures cristallisent les revendications identitaires de groupes marginalisés d’un point de vue linguistique, religieux et politique.
La forme de l’écrit
Authors: Morin Olivier , Roché Fabien 
Published: November 2018

Historiens et épigraphistes observent la forme des lettres pour identifier des manuscrits ou pour comprendre la trajectoire d’un système d’écriture. On peut aussi scruter lettres et caractères pour faire émerger une histoire plus ancienne : celle du cerveau humain et de son évolution. C’est à l’intersection de ces deux histoires que s’est intéressé Olivier Morin dans un article paru l’an dernier dans la revue Cognitive Science. Fabien Roché, graphiste et bédéaste, raconte cet article pour Terrain.
Placenta Specific 8 Suppresses IL-18 Production through Regulation of Autophagy and Is Associated with Adult Still Disease
Authors: Segawa Seiji , Kondo Yuya , Nakai Yuji , Iizuka Akira , Kaneko Shunta , Yokosawa Masahiro , Furuyama Kotona , Tsuboi Hiroto , Goto Daisuke , Matsumoto Isao , Sumida Takayuki 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Adult Still disease (ASD) is a systemic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by high spiking fever, rash, and arthritis. The purpose of this study was to identify genes specifically associated with the active phase of the disease. In this study, we have reported that placenta specific 8 (PLAC8) was a newly specific gene involved in ASD. DNA microarray and validation analysis using human monocytes revealed that the expression of PLAC8 was significantly higher in active-ASD patients than in inactive-ASD patients and healthy controls. In ASD, PLAC8 expression level correlated with serum levels of CRP, ferritin, IL-1β, and IL-18. Stimulation of monocytes with LPS results in PLAC8 upregulation. LPS or nigericin stimulation of PLAC8-overexpressing human monocytic cell line (THP-1), but not mock THP-1 cells, was associated with a significant decrease in IL-1β and IL-18 production. PLAC8 overexpression in THP-1 cells was associated with enhanced autophagy and suppression of IL-1β and IL-18 production. Therefore, we found that PLAC8 was upregulated in activated monocytes, as was IL-1β and IL-18. The upregulated PLAC8 acts on the synthesis of inactive precursors of IL-1β and IL-18 and seemed to suppress the production of IL-1β and IL-18 by negative feedback through enhanced autophagy, resulting in the suppression of ASD. The results highlight the role of PLAC8 in the pathogenesis of ASD and suggest its potential suitability as an activity marker and therapeutic target in ASD.
Gasdermin D Promotes AIM2 Inflammasome Activation and Is Required for Host Protection against Francisella novicida
Authors: Zhu Qifan , Zheng Min , Balakrishnan Arjun , Karki Rajendra , Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The DNA sensor absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) forms an inflammasome complex with ASC and caspase-1 in response to Francisella tularensis subspecies novicida infection, leading to maturation of IL-1β and IL-18 and pyroptosis. AIM2 is critical for host protection against F. novicida infection in vivo; however, the role of pyroptosis downstream of the AIM2 inflammasome is unknown. Recent studies have identified gasdermin D (GSDMD) as the molecule executing pyroptosis by forming pores on the plasma membrane following activation by inflammatory caspase-1 and -11. In this study, we report that GSDMD-deficient mice were susceptible to F. novicida infection compared with wild type mice. Interestingly, we observed that GSDMD is required for optimal caspase-1 activation and pyroptotic cell death in F. novicida–infected bone marrow–derived macrophages. Furthermore, caspase-1 activation was compromised in bone marrow–derived macrophages lacking GSDMD stimulated with other AIM2 inflammasome triggers, including poly(dA:dT) transfection and mouse CMV infection. Overall, our study highlights a function, to our knowledge previously unknown, for GSDMD in promoting caspase-1 activation by AIM2 inflammasome.
The role of gender in the spread of HIV and AIDS among farmworkers in South Africa
Authors: Klaas Ntombifikile E. , Thupayagale-Tshweneagae Gloria , Makua Thuledi P. 
Published: November 2018

Background: Gender inequality and men’s perceived sexual and economic superiority over women are central to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The farming community in which the participants in the study live operates along such patriarchal lines, with the men making the important decisions for their families.Aim: To explore and describe the role of gender in the spread of HIV and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among farmworkers in South Africa.Setting: The study was conducted in the Levubu farms, Vhembe district, Limpopo Province, South Africa.Methods: The researchers adopted a qualitative, explorative and descriptive research design with in-depth semi-structured interviews. Purposive and convenience sampling methods were used to select participants who met the inclusion criteria. Data collected were thematically analysed using Creswell’s data analysis method. Lincoln and Guba’s model to ensure trustworthiness and ethical standards were applied.Results: The findings of the study clearly indicated that powerlessness and lack of decision-making by female farmworkers was common as female farmworkers were dependent on their male partners to make decisions in the workplace as well as decisions regarding sexual matters in a relationship.Conclusion: The main conclusion drawn from the findings were that farmworkers are continuously exposed to exploitation and disempowerment in a variety of ways with very little support from their supervisors, which makes them vulnerable to contracting HIV.
Impact of invasive alien plants on water provision in selected catchments
Authors: Preston IR , Le Maitre DC , Blignaut JN , Louw L , Palmer CG 
Published: November 2018

We analyse the impact of failing to control invasive alien plants (IAPs) on the water supply to the Berg River and De Hoop Dams, in other words, the opportunity cost of not clearing IAPs in these two catchments. To do this we used models to assess and compare the impact of current and future invasions on inflows into the dams. Although the clearing of current invasions would only provide a modest increase in the amount of water compared to, for example, the construction of another dam, failure to clear the invasion will have a negative impact on water security in the long term. We estimated that the Berg River Dam could lose up to 51% of its mean annual inflows to IAPs over a 45-year period, and the De Hoop Dam catchment could lose up to 44%. These impacts would continue to increase over time, and the costs of control could become very high as the plants invade rugged terrain. Major infrastructural development requires Ministerial approval, supported by advice from senior officials. We suggest that such advice should substantively take sufficient account of the benefits of clearing existing invasions, or at least of preventing further invasions. Our results suggest that serious consequences arise from insufficient investment in catchment management. An integrated approach to the management of the supply of and demand for water, that ensures long-term sustainability, is essential in informed decision-making and the early control of IAPs is a key component of that approach.
The Pongola Floodplain, South Africa – Part 1: Two-dimensional hydrodynamic modelling in support of an environmental flows assessment
Authors: Birkhead AL , Brown CA , Joubert AR , Singh A , Tlou T 
Published: November 2018

The Pongola Floodplain in the Makhathini Flats is an area of low topographic relief between the 1973-commissioned Jozini Dam, and the Usuthu River which borders Mozambique. The floodplain system is characterised by a complex mosaic of meandering river channels, levees, and floodplains interspersed with pans (or depressions) and wetlands. The landmark 1982 study of the floodplain, Man and the Pongolo Floodplain, suggested a pattern of flows to ‘maintain the floodplain’ based on socio-ecological criteria. Since 1998, however, annual releases have been primarily targeted at the needs of recession agriculture and inundation of the floodplain in the Ndumu Reserve. No releases have been specifcally aimed at maintaining the floodplain ecosystem and the services it delivers to support the livelihoods of local communities. In 2013, the Department of Water and Sanitation commissioned an Ecological Reserve study of the Usuthu/Mhlatuze Water Management Area, which incorporates the Pongola Floodplain. This paper describes two-dimensional hydrodynamic modelling using RMA2 to inform this flow assessment. Four computational Pongola Floodplain models have been developed since 1979, including cell-based, one- and two-dimensional approaches. The RMA2 model is based on existing topographical, hydrological and hydraulic information, and was calibrated and verifed for the period 2008 to 2010 using water-level data from the local hydrometric monitoring network. Generally, good replications have been achieved in terms of peaks, rising and recession limbs, recession of ponded pan water-levels, and low-flow river stages. The RMA2 modelling represents an advancement of previous hydrodynamic studies of the floodplain and contributes to an improved understanding of its hydraulic behaviour. Model application was for the 15-year period 1990 to 2004, and simulations included naturalised, present management (2014), and 7 potential dam operational scenarios. The results were post-processed for analyses in the DRIFT DSS, described in the companion paper.
Combining tracer studies and biomimetic design principles to investigate clogging in constructed wetlands
Authors: Bonner Ricky , Aylward Lara , Kappelmeyer Uwe , Sheridan Craig 
Published: November 2018

In this study, we suggest a clogging maintenance strategy and design alteration for constructed wetlands. Such a system could benefit rural communities who rely solely on constructed wetland systems for provision of household and agricultural water and for whom regular system shut-down for maintenance is essentially not viable. A newly established, pilot-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland was investigated by means of step-change tracer experiments. Sampling was carried out at multiple points down the length of the wetland and at three depths for each location. The mean residence time datawere used to generate velocity profiles. This methodology enabled the development of a three-dimensional hydraulic model to identify dead zones and regions of short-circuiting within the system. Biomimetic principles were then incorporated to propose improvements to conventional constructed wetland design, which would potentially allow for better clogging management and continuous operation. In particular, modularizing the regions of the wetland most prone to clogging (those containing dead space) would accommodate isolation, removal and replacement of such sections, while still allowing treatment of wastewater in adjacent sections.
Balloon-borne measurements of temperature, water vapor, ozone and aerosol backscatter on the southern slopes of the Himalayas during StratoClim 2016–2017
Authors: Brunamonti Simone , Jorge Teresa , Oelsner Peter , Hanumanthu Sreeharsha , Singh Bhupendra B. , Kumar K. Ravi , Sonbawne Sunil , Meier Susanne , Singh Deepak , Wienhold Frank G. , Luo Bei Ping , Boettcher Maxi , Poltera Yann , Jauhiainen Hannu , Kayastha Rijan , Karmacharya Jagadishwor , Dirksen Ruud , Naja Manish , Rex Markus , Fadnavis Suvarna , Peter Thomas 
Published: November 2018

Abstract. The Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) is a major
meteorological system of the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS)
during boreal summer. It is known to contain enhanced tropospheric trace
gases and aerosols, due to rapid lifting from the boundary layer by deep
convection and subsequent horizontal confinement. Given its dynamical
structure, the ASMA represents an efficient pathway for the transport of
pollutants to the global stratosphere. A detailed understanding of the thermal
structure and processes in the ASMA requires accurate in situ measurements.
Within the StratoClim project we performed state-of-the-art balloon-borne
measurements of temperature, water vapor, ozone and aerosol backscatter from
two stations on the southern slopes of the Himalayas. In total, 63 balloon
soundings were conducted during two extensive monsoon-season campaigns, in
August 2016 in Nainital, India (29.4∘ N, 79.5∘ E), and in
July–August 2017 in Dhulikhel, Nepal (27.6∘ N, 85.5∘ E);
one shorter post-monsoon campaign was also carried out in November 2016 in Nainital. These
measurements provide unprecedented insights into the UTLS thermal structure,
the vertical distributions of water vapor, ozone and aerosols, cirrus cloud
properties and interannual variability in the ASMA. Here we provide an overview
of all of the data collected during the three campaign periods, with focus on
the UTLS region and the monsoon season. We analyze the vertical structure of
the ASMA in terms of significant levels and layers, identified from the
temperature and potential temperature lapse rates and Lagrangian backward
trajectories, which provides a framework for relating the measurements to local
thermodynamic properties and the large-scale anticyclonic flow. Both the
monsoon-season campaigns show evidence of deep convection and confinement
extending up to 1.5–2 km above the cold-point tropopause (CPT), yielding a
body of air with high water vapor and low ozone which is prone to being lifted
further and mixed into the free stratosphere. Enhanced aerosol backscatter
also reveals the signature of the Asian tropopause aerosol layer (ATAL) over
the same region of altitudes. The Dhulikhel 2017 campaign was characterized
by a 5 K colder CPT on average than in Nainital 2016 and a local water
vapor maximum in the confined lower stratosphere, about 1 km above the CPT.
Data assessment and modeling studies are currently ongoing with the aim of
fully exploring this dataset and its implications with respect to stratospheric
moistening via the ASMA system and related processes.