bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse Drug Reactions— A Computer-assisted Application of Correspondence Analysis for Automatic Causality Assessment
Authors: Bastin Ch. , Wertheimer P. , Venulet J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAn assessment forra comprising 27 questions relating to adverse drug reactions and causal relationship was completed for 204 subjects. Questions providing no information were disregarded and answers to the remaining questions recorded and subjected to a correspondence analysis.The correspondence analysis returned a set of mappings together with new quantitative variables to which discriminant analysis was applied aiming at a future allocation of individuals to causality groups.Results of the analysis, based on data from the 204 subjects, demonstrated that in 61.3% of cases assessment of causality obtained with discriminant analysis was identical with the assessment made by a medical evaluator.The allocation rule was subsequently applied to data from 100 new case reports and, in a similar percentage (60%) of cases, allocation to the causality groups coincided with the evaluator’s assessment.
Evaluation of a Computer-assisted Screening Method for Medical History Records
Authors: Seelos H.-J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAn economical, effective and convenient medical-technical method for the overall classification of medical records will be presented, a method which facilitates diagnostical classification and frees the medical practitioner from the time-consuming task of putting numerous questions to the patient. The individual stages of development of this method are described. The first experiences are encouraging and are reported.
Management of Ventricular Fibrillation during Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Northover B. J. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryAnalysis of electrocardiograms tape-recorded from patients admitted to hospital with acute myocardial infarction revealed that the pattern of ventricular extrasystolic activity was not significantly different among those who subsequently developed ventricular fibrillation and those who did not. Episodes of ventricular fibrillation occurred predominantly within 4 hours from the start of infarction. Patients were 3 times less likely to survive an episode of ventricular fibrillation if they also had left ventricular failure than if this feature was absent. Management of episodes of ventricular fibrillation was compared in patients before and after the creation of a specially staffed and equipped coronary care unit. The success of electric shock as a treatment for ventricular fibrillation was similar before and after the creation of the coronary care unit. An attempt was made to determine which features in the management of ventricular fibrillation in this and in previously published series were associated with patient survival.
The Use of Morphosemantic Regularities in the Medical Vocabulary for Automatic Lexical Coding
Authors: Wolff Susanne 
Published: March 2018

SummaryThe Neo-Latin portion of medical vocabulary exhibits morphosemantic regularities that make it possible to determine both English syntactic subclasses and medical semantic subclasses from formal properties of these lexical items alone. This paper describes an experimental program for the automatic creation of dictionary entries that exploits the formal regularities to obtain dictionary entries sufficient for computerized medical text analysis as presently carried out by the New York University Linguistic String Project (LSP) system. Although automatic dictionary preparation does not supersede manual classification, the program takes a considerable burden off the dictionary worker’s shoulders and speeds the costly preprocessing stages of computerized text analysis.
The Similarity Approach to EEG Analysis
Authors: Stassen H. H. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryA method of approach to EEG analysis has been proposed which is based upon the concept of similarity. It especially aims at the analysis of the between-subject and within-subject similarity of EEG spectral patterns by means of adaptive procedures. Repeated measurements from the same individual were used as design samples, and new registrations after 14 days were referred to as test samples in order to determine the calibration parameters of the approach. The discrimination between the distributions of between-subject and within-subject similarity coefficients served as the criterion for the optimization algorithm. The optimization was terminated when the discriminating power reached 92% for both design samples and test samples. Accordingly, EEG spectral patterns were found to measure the distinct individuality of the EEG with good precision and to be stable over time.Consequently, a detailed analysis of the between-subject similarities by evaluating the fine graduations of mutual differences was of special interest. The realization of this idea led to a methodological problem because all basic information existed only in the form of non-metric similarity matrices. The problem was solved by means of a non-metric MDS which led to a geometric representation of the relational data. The final configuration of image points suggested a partitioning into 4 natural groupings comprising about ¾ of the samples. The remaining measurements were either isolated elements or formed smaller clusters whose relevance remained undecided. Contrary to traditional EEG classifications, this approach provided not only abstract clusters but also the positions of patterns within clusters and the relative positions of clusters to each other. The latter seems to be important in connection with the analysis of reactive changes in the human EEG, particularly because other investigations have shown that the effects of centrally acting substances are highly dependent upon the specific type of EEG.
The Use of Critical Cues and Prior Probability in Decision-Making
Authors: Balla John 
Published: March 2018

Six case vignettes were administered to 76 subjects, comprising 62 students and 14 expert physicians. The aim was to show how the different groups used.prior probability and strong individual cues, as opposed to patterns, in coming to a diagnosis. Diagnostic confidence was also assessed to see how this varied with expertise.It was tentatively concluded that the novice is more likely to perceive in patterns than the expert, the latter being more adept at handling prior probability as a separate cue. Experts are also better at perceiving individual, heavily weighted cues than novices and are more likely to accept incomplete patterns to make a diagnosis.In spite of less knowledge, students will make a positive diagnosis more often than experts. This may be a reflection on educational methods, where it is threatening not to know and where students do not learn that diagnosis is probabilistic and uncertain.These are indications to teach better concepts of prior probability, weighting of cues and the uncertain nature of diagnosis, as well as being less threatening if students do not <know>.
Future Developments of Data Processing in Health Care
Authors: Reichertz Peter 
Published: March 2018

An analysis is made concerning the development of data processing in medicine and of medical informatics as a genuine methodological discipline. A classification is given for the major application areas: 1) Data analysis, 2) Information logistics and 3) Signal analysis.The present development is seen to be characterized by a tendency towards »peripheralization« and decomposition of central systems. Out of this development the necessity is formulated for medical informatics to move away from system realization and maintenance to methodological orientation and genuine research work in the field of information analysis, system analysis, decision support, development of general concepts for networks and application systems and quality assessment. New technological activities are expected in the field of imaging and endoprosthetics. The necessity for educational programs is emphasized.
Discriminant Methods as Aids to the Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Heart Disease in the Emergency Room
Authors: Moussa M. A. A. , Bhatnagar S. K. , Al-Yusuf A. R. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMultivariate stepwise logistic regression and discriminant analyses were used to reduce emergency room data to the most relevant subset of variables that could improve the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis of acute coronary heart disease. Both procedures selected 5 out of 29 variables collected from 154 patients : abnormality of the ST segment in the electrocardiogram (ECG), shortness of breath, history of sublingual glyceryltrinitrate intake, chest pain duration >15 minutes, and previous history of a heart attack. The stepwise discriminant function selected additional variables: chest pain as the most important symptom, retrosternal site of chest pain and T wave abnormality on the ECG. The performance of the two methods was assessed by finding the classification matrix.
Modelling Medical Organizational Systems with Nets
Authors: Rothemund M. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryIn the medical area problems exist in documentation, in inter-personnel communication, in planning and consistently structuring medical organizational systems over the course of time. One possibility to moderate these problems seems to be the use of formal descriptive methods. Nets are selected as flexible tools fulfilling the demands made on such descriptive methods. In this article I suggest a technique for modelling medical organizational systems which is based on place/transition nets and predicate/transition nets.
The Effects of Computerized Medical Records on Provider Efficiency and Quality of Care
Authors: Garrett L. E. , Hammond W. E. , Stead W. W. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryTo study the effect of computerized medical records on the efficiency of providers and the quality of care, 245 patient visits were randomly assigned to manual (134 visits) or computerized (111 visits) records during the implementation of a comprehensive medical information system, TMR, in the renal clinic of the Durham VA Medical Center. Data were collected on the time required for the providers to perform their various functions in the clinic. With the exception of prescription writing, the computerized records resulted in significant reductions in the time required for the physicians to obtain data from and enter data into the record (p <0.01). A similar time reduction was noted for the nursing pre-interview (p <0.001) when the computerized records were employed. With the inclusion of the time required for clerical computer data entry, no overall difference in person hours per visit was noted. The clinician’s utilization of the recorded data was significantly better (p <0.001) for the computerized records. Significant reductions in medication errors were also noted (p <0.01).
Processing Medical Natural Language Data by the System WAREL
Authors: Dorda W. , Haidl B. , Sachs P. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryMany clinical data are in natural language form (diagnoses, therapies, etc.). There is great interest in making these data retrievable to form samples of patients for scientific investigations (statistical analyses, courses of diseases, etc.). To perform this task, “medical natural language data” have to be prepared and stored in a retrieval-oriented database. In this paper, the advantages of processing textual data are shown in contrast to coding. Accordingly, in our system WAREL medical thesauri (like ICD 9 or SNOMED) are not used for codification; they are taken as a knowledge base during the retrieval and for testing the quality of the data during documentation. The fundamental methods (computerized textual analysis and different algorithms for comparing texts) are explained in detail, and their realization within the system WAREL is illustrated (WAREL stands for Wiener Allgemeines Relationenschema).
Three Graphic Representations to Aid Bayesian Inference
Authors: Cole W. G. 
Published: March 2018

SummaryVisual representation may help physicians and patients interpret laboratory results, for example by aiding Bayesian reasoning. This paper is concerned with the psychological and formal properties of such visual representations. One popular way to present laboratory results is via signal detection curves. These curves represent many parameters of a laboratory test including parameters, such as distribution variance, that are not typically known. Such curves can be seriously misleading.Two alternative representations are suggested. Probability maps represent only the three laboratory test parameters most likely to be known: sensitivity, specificity and prevalence, and thus avoid the problems of the richer signal detection curves. Probability maps, however, do not remind the user of why there are false positives and false negatives nor of the nature of the criterion for positivity. Detection bars, a third type of representation, are a compromise between signal detection curves and probability maps.
When Are Additive Models Valid for Evaluating Proposed Research?
Authors: Cardús D. , Fuhrer M. J. , Thrall R. M. , Bunch D. S. 
Published: March 2018

Abstract:This paper is concerned with a comparison of two broad classes of mathematical models, additive and multiplicative, for selecting the best among a number of competing project proposals addressed to a defined research objective. The analysis is predicated on the view that, though additive models are widely utilized, they are theoretically inferior to multiplicative ones. In an effort to more clearly understand when the use of additive models might be acceptable despite their logical flaws, conditions are investigated under which they yield results that are essentially equivalent to those produced by multiplicative models.
Biotelemetry and Computer Analysis of Electrocardiograms
Authors: Amlinger P. R. 
Published: March 2018

Routine transmission of electrocardiograms and their computer interpretation via long-distance telephone lines has been proven feasible in the Automated Electrocardiogram Project of the Missouri Regional Medical Program. Though this Pilot Project — the first on a state-wide basis — is still viewed as an applied research effort rather than a service, such biotelemetry is rapidly gaining acceptance as a medium to bring modern medicine, through modern technology, to urban and remote rural areas as well, where it is most needed.The computer executes all the wave measuraments and calculations with incredible speed. It takes over a most boring, repetitive part of the physician’s work. However, it can only follow the instructions of the diagnostic program, compiled by expert cardiologists. Thus, it is an ever-ready, never-tiring servant for the physician and his patients.
An Overview of Total Medical Information Systems
Authors: BALL M. J. 
Published: March 2018

This paper is addressed to the practising physician, hospital administrator, and allied health professional. The function of a computerized information system in health care today is defined as a traffic controller, Factors justifying the implementation of a hospital information system will be discussed and the crucial considerations of competent management and long-range education explained. The paper describes various philosophies undertaken and reviews the approaches of a sampling of vendors and organizations endeavoring to implement computerized hospital information systems. Included in each system discussion is: 1.) a brief description of the functions undertaken, 2.) hardware and software used, type of terminal used for input at designated stations, 3.) a listing, where possible, of planned and/or present instillations, 4.) an approximate cost figure, where available, and 5.) a brief statement containing additional information.The Appendix composes a list of locations of operational total systems should the reader desire either to arrange a site visit or obtain additional information.
Real “Time Entry and Display of Clinical Data in an Intensive Care Unit)
Authors: JOLY H. , TROTTER J. , WEIL M. H. , SHUBIN H. 
Published: March 2018

A system for entry, storage and retrieval of textual information on the patient’s history and physical examination, as well as the physician’s progress notes, has been designed for use in a critical care environment: The system, which utilizes a digital computer, concurrently monitors signals from sensors measuring physiological parameters.Textual information on the history and physical examination is entered into the computer by the physician or nurse using a bedside terminal. Coded formats are used to enter the data. Provision is also made for entry of comments in natural language and for formal structuring of answers by the use of selected comments from lists of answers. The information is stored on a disk as textual summaries which are interwoven with analog summaries.Data on current patients, or on previous patients, are displayed on the terminal on request of the physician. This method of handling textual information provides a practical means of acquiring detailed clinical data and correlating it with physiological measurements, thereby facilitating rapid interpretation of changes in the status of the critically ill patient.
An Evaluation of the Rheumatology Periodical Literature used in Britain and the USA
Authors: THORPE P. 
Published: March 2018

An application of the Gross and Gross method for the evaluation of periodicals to the literature of rheumatology used by workers in the UK and USA, has shown that a relatively small number of English language periodicals, the majority of which are not specialist rheumatology ones, contain a high percentage of the relevant papers.It is hoped that this data will be of value in the organization and administration of medical libraries and information units, and useful to the rheumatologist anxious to regularly scan those periodicals which are potentially of the most use to him.
PAULA: Programm zur Auswertung logischer Ausdrücke
Authors: WINGERT F. 
Published: March 2018

In zunehmendem Maße werden in den Kliniken Markierungsbelege verwendet, die auf Fehler unter-sucht und ausgewertet werden miissen. Hieraus ergeben sich einige grundsätzliche Probleme und dem-entsprechend Möglichkeiten für generelle Auswertungsverfahren. Die Zustände der Positionen eines Mar-kierungsbeleges können interpretiert werden als logische Variablen. Kombinationen der Zustände von Positionen stellen sich dar als logische Ausdrücke. Die logischen Ausdrücke können Bedingungen sein, die bei fehlerfreien Markierungen der Belege erfüllt sein müssen (Plausibilitäten), oder Merkmale, die im Datenkollektiv gezählt werden sollen. Daneben können gekreuzte Häufigkeitszählungen mehrerer Merkmale und die Untersucbung der Abhängigkeit der Merkmale voneinander von Interesse sein. Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, das die Formulierung von Plausibilitäten, Auswertungsfragen und gekreuzten Häufigkeitszählungen in einer einfachen formalen Sprache zuläßt. Damit können solche Fehler in den Markierungsbelegen angezeigt und eliminiert werden, die zu Widersprücben in den Informa-tionen führen.Das Programm PAULA zur Auswertung der logischen Ausdrücke ist in der Sprache PL/1 geschrieben und auf der Anlage IBM/360—67 getestet worden.
Einführung in die Methoden der ätiologischen Forschung - Statistik und Dokumentation -
Authors: Koller S. 
Published: March 2018

Der Begriff Einflußfaktor, der den Ursachenbegriff einschließt, wird erläutert. Ein Einflußfaktor muß statistisch nachweisbare Korrelationen (Assoziationen) zur Folge haben. Umgekehrt kann aus dem Vorliegen einer Korrelation zwischen einer Krankheit und einem Faktor nicht ohne weiteres geschlossen werden, daß der Faktor die Entstehung der Krankheit beeinflußt. Die Möglichkeiten für andere, nicht-kausale Deutungen werden ausführlich dargestellt. Die kausale Deutung wird erst durch den Ausschluß anderer Deutungen zwingend.Ätiologische Untersuchungen bezwecken den Nachweis von Häufungen. Manchmal können zeitliche und örtliche Häufungen ohne spezielle Kontrollreihen nachgewiesen werden. Besonders wichtig sind retrospektive und prospektive Vergleichsreihen, bei denen Kontrollreihen unerläßlich sind. Voraussetzungen und Anforderungen an die Planung, die Beobachtungen und die Dokumentation, ohne deren Erfüllung die Ergebnisse nicht brauchbar sind, werden eingehend besprochen. Subjektive Einflüsse auf die Beobachtung können insbesondere bei retrospektiven Reihen erhebliche systematische Fehler verursachen. Prospektive Reihen sind weniger fehleranfällig, erfordern aber einen erheblich größeren Reihenumfang.Besonderheiten treten auf, wenn viele Faktoren und Krankheiten systematisch auf Zusammenhänge überprüft werden sollen. Für die Untersuchung von Medikamenten auf Nebenwirkungen wird ein Stichprobenverfahren vorgeschlagen, bei dem jede x-te Packung als Prüfpackung gekennzeichnet wird. Die Ärzte, auf deren Verschreibung diese Packungen zufällig . ausgegeben werden, werden gebeten, das weitere Krankheitsschicksal dieser Patienten zu beobachten und einem sammelnden Institut mitzuteilen. Ein umfassendes Beobachtungssystem dieser Art enthält genügend Vergleichsmaterial, um etwaige Häufungen statistisch beurteilen zu können.Zum Schlußwirddie Entscheidungslage für das praktische Handeln aufgrund statistisch bestätigter ätiologischer Hypothesen behandelt.
Transformations of Variables in Clinical-Therapeutical Research
Authors: Martin L. 
Published: March 2018

When the clinician gets the figures of body measurements or laboratory and functional tests, he has to see if the results fall into the range of normal variability or outside. This may only be defined by reference to an alleged homogeneous population whose description implies statistical tools in order to specify the distribution of clinical features. In clinical-therapeutical research like clinical trials, a more elaborate knowledge of the kind of distributions of the characters under study is needed. Very often, for the validity of the statistical calculations, the raw data will not be used as such and appropriate transformations of the data will be used.After recalling the importance of distribution functions in clinical research, the author gives the 1—99 or 2,5—97,5 percentile method of assessing the cases normally belonging to the population. The scale of coefficient of variation of clinical measurements goes from 0,5 % for the basal temperature to 65 % for the minimal effective dosis of digitalics.To ensure the legality of statistical reduction of data and analysis, such as analysis of variance, it is often necessary to perform transformations of raw data. Some of these lead to useful graphical representations on special papers.For continuous variables such as height, the author considers the probit transfpr-mation of percentages. The r ankit is used in the case of ordinal data. The logarithmic transformation of data such as body weight, survival time in leukaemia and other cancers, gives straight lines after probit transformation of the cumulated percentages.For discontinuous variables or bi nomial variab 1 e s such as counts of improved patients by several treatments, the angular transformation gives a clear graphical representation of the results of clinical trials (binomial probability paper).In biological assay, probits and logits are widely used. For Poisson variables like Thoma’s chamber and radioactive counts, the root square transformation is appropriate. A Poisson-sum probability paper allows a quick graphic test of the Poisson distribution.Finally, for recurrent events such as the RR interval in ECG of complete arrhythmia by auricular fibrillation, the concept of imminence (MACREZ) of occurrence of a further systole involves a simple transformation of the frequency function of the RR interval and allows an easier dissection of this frequency function in several components.In conclusion the author shows the necessity for the research clinician to have a good training in mathematics, statistics, sampling theory and practice and emphasizes the interest of collaboration amongst clinicians both at national and international levels.