bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dyadic stress of breast cancer survivors and their caregivers: Are there differences by sexual orientation?
Authors: Boehmer Ulrike , Stokes Jeffrey E. , Bazzi Angela R. , Winter Michael , Clark Melissa A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the study is to assess dyadic stress among sexual minority cancer survivor and caregivers compared to heterosexual cancer survivors and their caregivers.MethodsWe recruited 167 survivors of nonmetastatic breast cancer of different sexual orientations and their caregivers, who were interviewed via telephone after obtaining consent. We used inverse propensity score weighting to account for differences by sexual orientation in age and length of the survivor‐caregiver relationship and simultaneous equation models consistent with the needs for analyzing dyadic data.ResultsSurvivors and caregivers reported stress levels consistent with population norms, irrespective of survivors' sexual orientation. Accounting for covariates, survivors' and caregivers' stress did not mutually influence one another overall. However, differences by sexual orientation were noted such that caregivers' stress was influential for sexual minority survivors' stress, but not for heterosexual survivors' stress.ConclusionsCareful consideration should be given to caregivers of sexual minority survivors, an underserved group for whom currently no interventions exist.
An intermediate‐complexity model for four‐dimensional variational data assimilation including moist processes
Authors: Zaplotnik Žiga , Žagar Nedjeljka , Gustafsson Nils 
Published: June 2018

This article presents a new Moist Atmosphere Dynamics Data Assimilation Model (MADDAM), an intermediate‐complexity system for four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) data assimilation. The prognostic model equations simulate nonlinear moisture advection, precipitation, and the impact of condensational heating on circulation. The 4D‐Var assimilation applies the incremental approach and uses transformed relative humidity as a control variable. In contrast to the model dynamical variables, which are analyzed in multivariate fashion using equatorial wave theory, moisture data are assimilated univariately. MADDAM is applied to study the extraction of wind information from time series of moisture observations in the Tropics, where the lack of wind information is most critical.Results show that wind tracing in the unsaturated atmosphere depends largely on the ability of the assimilation model to resolve spatial gradients in the moisture field, which is determined by the spatial density and accuracy of observations. In the saturated atmosphere, a combined assimilation of moisture and temperature data is shown to improve wind analyses significantly, as the intensity of the condensation process is susceptible to the slightest changes in saturation humidity and thus temperature. Moreover, a perfect‐model 4D‐Var with moisture observations can extract wind information even in precipitating regions and strongly nonlinear flow, provided sufficient observations of humidity gradients are available.MADDAM is envisaged to serve as a testbed for new developments in 4D‐Var assimilation, with a focus on interactions between moist processes and dynamics across many scales.
Spatio‐temporal variability of warm rain events over southern West Africa from geostationary satellite observations for climate monitoring and model evaluation
Authors: Young Matthew P. , Chiu J. Christine , Williams Charles J. R. , Stein Thorwald H. M. , Stengel Martin , Fielding Mark D. , Black Emily 
Published: June 2018

This article presents the spatio‐temporal variability of warm rain events over southern West Africa (SWA) during the summer monsoon season for the first time, using Spinning Enhanced Visible Infrared Radiometer (SEVIRI) observations on the Meteosat geostationary satellites. The delineation of warm rain events is based on the principle that precipitating low‐level clouds are associated with either sufficient water content or large cloud droplet size. Capitalising on the ability of space‐borne radar to resolve vertical cloud structures and detect the presence of precipitation, the delineation is trained by collocated SEVIRI and CloudSat observations.The resulting 12 years of observations from SEVIRI are used to examine the spatial, diurnal, seasonal and interannual variability of warm rain events over SWA. Warm rain events predominate during the monsoon in August, with little interannual variability, and persist over orography in the morning and the coasts after midday, likely enhanced by orographic lifting and land–sea breeze effects. Warm clouds have a much higher probability of precipitation along the coastlines of Liberia and Nigeria compared to the central SWA coastline and further inland. Finally, when evaluating an 8‐day yet high‐spatial resolution model simulation, we find that warm rain frequencies from the simulation agree well with SEVIRI near the coast but simulated warm cloud cover and thus warm rain frequencies are too low over the Gulf of Guinea. The probability of precipitation of warm clouds is also too low inland. The newly developed observations of warm rain create opportunities to further investigate the diurnal cycle of warm rain, study aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions, and assess the role of warm rain in the water cycle across Africa and beyond.
Araucarian conifer from late Albian amber of northern Spain
Authors: Kvaček Jiří , Barrón Eduardo , Heřmanová Zuzana , Mendes Mário Miguel , Karch Jakub , Žemlička Jan , Dudák Jan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractAraucarian pollen conesRabagostrobus hispanicusgen. et sp. nov. and their associated foliageBrachyphyllum obesumHeer are described from Lower Cretaceous (Albian) strata of northern Spain. Male cones consist of helically arranged microsporophylls bearing 5–8 elongate pollen sacs within situinaperturateAraucariacites‐type pollen. The new taxon is compared to material described previously from the Early Cretaceous of North and South Americas. Sterile twigs ofB. obesumbear helically arranged leaves with wrinkled margins. Its cuticle has files of predominantly transversely oriented stomata. Both twigs and pollen cones occur as inclusions in amber from the Peñacerrada 1 outcrop (Álava Province), and as compressions are recorded from the amber‐bearing strata sediments of the Rábago/El Soplao outcrop. Inclusions of araucariacean plant remains and the co‐occurrence of amber and male cone and twig compressions suggest that the amber in these two localities, or at least some of it, was produced by araucariacean plants.
High-Dimensional Quadratic Classifiers in Non-sparse Settings
Authors: Aoshima Makoto , Yata Kazuyoshi 
Published: June 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we consider high-dimensional quadratic classifiers in non-sparse settings. The quadratic classifiers proposed in this paper draw information about heterogeneity effectively through both the differences of growing mean vectors and covariance matrices. We show that they hold a consistency property in which misclassification rates tend to zero as the dimension goes to infinity under non-sparse settings. We also propose a quadratic classifier after feature selection by using both the differences of mean vectors and covariance matrices. We discuss the performance of the classifiers in numerical simulations and actual data analyzes. Finally, we give concluding remarks about the choice of the classifiers for high-dimensional, non-sparse data.
An exploratory study of Eastern Ugandan adolescents' descriptions of social withdrawal
Authors: Eggum‐Wilkens Natalie D. , Zhang Linlin , An Danming 
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACTIntroductionResearchers have identified a variety of motivations for solitude and for social withdrawal. These motivations may differ across cultures. The purpose of this study was to explore Ugandan adolescents' descriptions of solitude and social withdrawal, with the aim of guiding future research on social withdrawal in Uganda.MethodsUgandan adolescents' (M = 14.23 years old, SD = 1.63 years) descriptions of solitude and social withdrawal were investigated in a cross‐sectional, exploratory study. The sample (N = 219 [106 girls, 90 boys, 23 missing sex data]) was drawn from two primary schools and a secondary school in Eastern Uganda. Adolescents' responses to open‐ended questionnaire items about general solitude, conflicted motivations for social withdrawal, and non‐conflicted motivation for social withdrawal were coded and categorized.ResultsSome of the adolescents' descriptions were consistent with the literature. For example, they described shyness and internalizing emotions, externalizing and socially incompetent behaviors, and poor peer relationships. Some descriptions were unique and likely reflected Uganda's challenges, for instance, family or household factors such as being an orphan.ConclusionsResults underscored the importance of exploring contextual processes (e.g., parental loss) that might affect Ugandan adolescents' solitude. More generally, the results suggested that solitude should be researched using a broad, synergistic lens that incorporates potential determinants from adolescents and their environments at multiple levels (e.g., person, peer, household, culture).
Dextromethorphan/Quinidine for Pseudobulbar Affect Following Stroke: Safety and Effectiveness in the PRISM II Trial
Authors: Zorowitz Richard D. , Alexander David N. , Formella Andrea E. , Ledon Fred , Davis Charles , Siffert Joao 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundDextromethorphan (DM) / quinidine (Q) was approved for pseudobulbar affect (PBA) treatment based on efficacy and safety trials in patients with PBA caused by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or multiple sclerosis. The PRISM II trial evaluated DM/Q as PBA treatment in patients with stroke, dementia, or traumatic brain injury.ObjectiveTo report results from the stroke cohort of PRISM II, including the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS).DesignOpen‐label trial evaluating twice‐daily DM/Q over 90 days.Study participantsAdults (n = 113) with a clinical diagnosis of PBA secondary to stroke; stable psychiatric medications were allowed.MethodsPRISM II was an open‐label, 12‐week trial enrolling adults with PBA caused by dementia, stroke (reported here), or TBI. All study participants received DM/Q 20/10 mg twice daily. Study visits occurred at baseline and at days 30 and 90.Setting150 U.S. centers.Main Outcome MeasurementsPrimary efficacy measure was changed from baseline to day 90 in Center for Neurologic Study‐Lability Scale (CNS‐LS) scores. Secondary outcomes included PBA episodes (estimated over 7 days), Clinical and Patient/Caregiver Global Impression of Change (CGI‐C and PGI‐C), Quality of Life‐Visual Analog Scale (QOL‐VAS), SIS, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9), and Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE).ResultsCompared with baseline, CNS‐LS scores (SD) improved by −6.2 (6.1, P < 0.001) at day 30 and − 7.6 (6.7, P < 0.001) at day 90. PBA episodes were reduced by 65% and 75% at day 30 and 90, respectively. Seventy‐five percent of clinicians and 67% of patients/caregivers rated PBA as “much” or “very much improved.” All SIS items significantly improved from baseline (P < 0.05, all). Adverse events included diarrhea (4.4%), headache (3.5%), constipation (2.7%), and dizziness (2.7%); 5.3% had adverse events leading to study discontinuation.ConclusionsDM/Q effectively treated PBA and was associated with global and functional improvement; adverse events were consistent with the known safety profile of DM/Q.Level of EvidenceI
Botulinum Toxin: Techniques Within Pediatric Physiatry
Authors: Paulson Andrea , Zigler Christina K. , Houtrow Amy , Pruitt David 
Published: June 2018

BackgroundIntramuscular botulinum toxin injections are used for treatment of focal spasticity in children, particularly in those with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy. There are a variety of techniques used when performing botulinum toxin injections without clear standards for pediatric providers.ObjectiveTo describe current practice techniques for botulinum toxin injections among pediatric physiatrists.DesignCross‐sectional survey using RedCap Software.SettingPediatric physiatrists who perform botulinum toxin injections.ParticipantsSurvey of 307 pediatric physiatrists.MethodsAnalysis of data from the 2017 practice survey of pediatric physiatrists in the United States.Main Outcome MeasurementsPhysicians were asked the primary botulinum toxin used, common dosing information, the role of localization, and the role of sedation and distraction in their practice.ResultsNearly all pediatric physiatrists use OnabotulinumtoxinA as the primary formulation of botulinum toxin. The maximum dose per body weight used per injection series had a median of 15 units/kilogram and a median maximum total dose of 500 units. Sixty‐five percent of pediatric physiatrists report using sedation, of any type, for botulinum toxin injections. When using sedation, the most common primary method was general anesthesia (38.9%), followed by enteral or nasal anxiolytic with the patient awake (26.2%). The most common reported intended injection site for botulinum toxin was “in multiple sites spread throughout the muscle” (67.9%), and then “one site of the muscle at the motor point” (17.1%). Large muscles were injected using primarily anatomic guidance (75.6%) and electromyography (50.8%), and small muscles were primarily completed with electromyography (73.6%) and anatomic guidance (49.2%).ConclusionThere is considerable variability present in one common procedure performed by pediatric physiatrists.Level of EvidenceNA.
Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Older Adults With Long‐Term Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Jörgensen Sophie , Hill Mattias , Lexell Jan 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) now live longer, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors amenable to intervention are therefore needed to support their healthy aging.ObjectiveTo describe the occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors among older adults with long‐term SCI and investigate the association with sociodemographics and injury characteristics.DesignCross‐sectional descriptive cohort study.SettingHome settings.ParticipantsIn total, 123 individuals (71% men, injury levels C1–L5, American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale A–D), mean age 63 years, mean time since injury 24 years.MethodsData from the Swedish Aging with Spinal Cord Injury Study (SASCIS), collected through interviews and assessments during home visits and from medical records.Main Outcome MeasuresAnthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose and blood lipids, and data on cardiovascular comorbidity and tobacco use.ResultsOne third had a previous diagnosis of hypertension, and 55% presented with a blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mm Hg at the time of assessment. Sixteen percent had a history of diabetes and in 15% fasting glucose levels were ≥ 7 mmol/L. Dyslipidemia was present in 76%, whereas 16% had prediagnosed dyslipidemia. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 27 kg/m2 and mean waist circumference was 101 cm. When SCI‐adjusted BMI cut‐off values were used, 93% were considered overweight (BMI ≥22 kg/m2), and 60% had a waist circumference associated with cardiometabolic risk. A total of 16% smoked regularly. The median number of cardiovascular risk factors was 3. No significant associations were found between the total number of risk factors and sociodemographics and injury characteristics.ConclusionsThe high occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors among older adults with long‐term SCI can pose additional consequences to their health. Regular assessments and interventions targeting cardiovascular risk in this population are therefore warranted. Further research is needed to identify modifiable factors associated with their risk profile.Level of EvidenceIII
Predictors of Performance on the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Maintenance of Certification Examination
Authors: Driscoll Sherilyn W. , Geis Carolyn C. , Raddatz Mikaela M. , Kinney Carolyn L. , Robinson Lawrence R. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractBackgroundMaintenance of certification (MOC) in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation is a process of lifelong learning that begins after successfully completing an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)–accredited residency and passing the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (ABPMR) Part I and Part II Examinations. We seek to identify factors predictive of successful MOC Examination performance.ObjectiveTo identify characteristics predictive of successful completion on the ABPMR MOC Examination.DesignRetrospective review.SettingAmerican Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation database review.Participants4,545 diplomates who completed the MOC Examination between January 2006 and December 2017.MethodsMOC Examination performance was the primary outcome variable. Performance on Part I and Part II Examinations were independent variables. Additional potential predictors evaluated included year of MOC cycle in which examination was taken, years of practice since residency completion, age, and subspecialty certification.Main Outcome MeasuresPerformance on MOC Examination.ResultsAge at time of MOC Examination was inversely correlated with examination score (r = –0.14, P < .001). Similarly, as time since completion of residency training increased, MOC scores declined. Passing the Part I Examination on first attempt predicted a 98% MOC pass rate, compared to 90% for those who failed initially. MOC performance was highly correlated with Part I performance (r = 0.59, P < .001) and Part II performance (r = 0.32, P < .001). Although MOC performance was similar for those taking the examination in years 7 – 10 of their cycle (97% pass rate), those taking the examination after more than 10 years of the cycle had a significantly lower performance (85% pass rate, P < .01).ConclusionsBetter performance on the MOC Examination is associated with better performance on Part I and Part II Examinations, taking the examination earlier in the 10 year cycle, younger age, and less time since completion of training. Diplomates who are at higher risk for failing the examination may need to prepare differently for MOC Exam than those who are more likely to pass.Level of EvidenceIII
Applying the Concept of Ecohydrological Equilibrium to Predict Steady State Leaf Area Index
Authors: Yang J. , Medlyn B. E. , De Kauwe M. G. , Duursma R. A. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractLeaf area index (LAI) is a key variable in modeling terrestrial vegetation because it has a major impact on carbon and water fluxes. However, several recent intercomparisons have shown that modeled LAI differs significantly among models and between models and satellite‐derived estimates. Empirical studies show that LAI is strongly related to precipitation. This observation is predicted by the ecohydrological equilibrium theory, which provides an alternative means to predict steady state LAI. We implemented this theory in a simple optimization model. We hypothesized that, when water availability is limited, plants should adjust steady state LAI and stomatal behavior to maximize net canopy carbon export, under the constraint that canopy transpiration is a fixed fraction of total precipitation. We evaluated the predicted LAI (Lopt) for Australia against ground‐based observations of LAI at 135 sites and continental‐scale satellite‐derived estimates. For the site‐level data, the root‐mean‐square error of predicted Lopt was 1.07 m2 m−2, similar to the root‐mean‐square error of a comparison of the data against 9‐year mean satellite‐derived LAI (Lsat) at those sites. Continentally, Lopt had an R2 of 0.7 when compared to Lsat. The predicted Lopt increased continental‐wide with rising atmospheric [CO2] over 1982–2010, which agreed with satellite‐derived estimations, while the predicted stomatal behavior responded differently in dry and wet regions. Our results indicate that long‐term equilibrium LAI can be successfully predicted from a simple application of ecohydrological theory. We suggest that this theory could be usefully incorporated into terrestrial vegetation models to improve their predictions of LAI.
Diurnal Variation of Height‐Distributed Nitric Oxide Radiative Emission During November 2004 Superstorm
Authors: Bag Tikemani 
Published: June 2018

AbstractThe diurnal variation of height‐distributed nitric oxide (NO) radiative emission during November 2004 superstorm is studied using TIMED‐SABER satellite observations over 55°N–55°S geographic latitude region. The NO volume emission rate (VER), both during day and nighttime, shows an equatorial movement with descending peak emission altitude as one moves toward the equator. The NO VER from altitude of 100 to 280 km is integrated in steps of 30 km above 160 km (and from 100 to 160 km), obtaining the NO infrared radiative flux (IRF). The response of NO IRF depends on the altitude and time of consideration. The NO IRF in the lower altitude (<190 km) shows higher enhancement and a slower recovery as compared to altitude above it. It is observed that NO IRF during day and night responds differently to the November 2004 superstorm. The zonally averaged daytime NO IRF is mainly highest during weaker main phase (10 November, Dst =−263 nT). The maximum zonally averaged nighttime NO IRF is observed during stronger main phase (8 November, Dst =−374 nT) for all altitudes. The maximum relative daytime (RDE) and nighttime enhancement (RNE), which represent the relative variation of NO IRF during storm periods as compared to quiet time value, also exhibit different variations during this storm period. The minimum RDE is observed to show an equatorial movement as one moves downward in altitude. The minimum RDE occurs at about 35°N–40°N for 250–280 km, which decreases toward the equator, and minimum RDE is found near the equator for 100–160 km. The minimum of RNE is observed over the equator for all altitudes.
Modeling the Depletion and Recovery of the Outer Radiation Belt During a Geomagnetic Storm: Combined MHD and Test Particle Simulations
Authors: Sorathia Kareem A. , Ukhorskiy Aleksandr Y. , Merkin Viacheslav G. , Fennell Joseph F. , Claudepierre Seth G. 
Published: June 2018

AbstractDuring geomagnetic storms the intensities of the outer radiation belt electron population can exhibit dramatic variability. Deep depletions in intensity during the main phase are followed by increases during the recovery phase, often to levels that significantly exceed their prestorm values. To study these processes, we simulate the evolution of the outer radiation belt during the 17 March 2013 geomagnetic storm using our newly developed radiation belt model (Conservative Hamiltonian Integrator for Magnetospheric Particles) based on test particle and coupled 3‐D ring current and global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations, and driven solely with solar wind and F10.7 flux data. Our approach differs from previous work in that we use MHD information to identify regions of strong, bursty, and azimuthally localized earthward convection in the magnetotail where test particles are then seeded. We validate our model using in situ Van Allen Probe electron intensities over a multiday period and show that our model is able to reproduce meaningful qualitative and quantitative agreement. Analysis of our model enables us to study the processes that govern the transition from the prestorm to poststorm outer belt. Our analysis demonstrates that during the early main phase of the storm the preexisting outer belt is largely wiped out via magnetopause losses, and subsequently, a new outer belt is created during a handful of discrete, mesoscale injections. Finally, we demonstrate the potential importance of magnetic gradient trapping in the transport and energization of outer belt electrons using a controlled numerical experiment.