bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of metabolic profile and C‐reactive protein concentrations in brachycephalic dogs with upper airway obstructive syndrome
Authors: Gianella Paola , Caccamo Roberta , Bellino Claudio , Bottero Enrico , Fietta Federica , Roncone Silvia , Ostanello Fabio , Pietra Marco , Buracco Paolo 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundBrachycephalic dogs have abnormal breathing patterns similar to those in humans with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Despite the fact that anatomic and functional alterations are well described in brachycephalic dogs, little is known about the consequences of upper airway obstruction on systemic inflammatory response and metabolic profile.ObjectivesTo describe history, clinical presentation, and anatomic abnormalities; to evaluate systemic inflammatory response and metabolic profile; and to identify possible associations among clinical signs, anatomic abnormalities, inflammatory response, and metabolic profile in brachycephalic dogs with airway obstruction.AnimalsThirty purebred brachycephalic dogs with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS).MethodsProspective study. The following information was recorded and studied: respiratory and digestive signs, airway and digestive endoscopic anomalies, presence or absence of tracheal hypoplasia, histologic evaluation of gastrointestinal tract biopsy specimens, serum concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), fructosamine, insulin, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and plasma concentrations of lipoprotein classes.ResultsA high proportion of dogs (76.7%) had gastrointestinal signs. Esophageal deviation, atony of the cardia of the stomach, and distal esophagitis were the most common endoscopic anomalies detected. Twenty‐six (86.6%) dogs had different degrees of laryngeal collapse. Gastrointestinal histologic evaluation identified mostly chronic inflammation. Glucose, fructosamine, triglycerides, cholesterol, CRP, pre‐beta, beta lipoproteins, and chylomicrons were increased to a variable extent. Significant associations among clinical signs, anatomic abnormalities, CRP, and metabolic profile were not found.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceDespite the presence of inflammation and some mild metabolic derangements, the clinicopathological variables evaluated did not offer valuable information in dogs with BAOS.
Mycoplasma haemolamae and intestinal parasite relationships with erythrocyte variables in clinically healthy alpacas and llamas
Authors: Viesselmann Lisa C. , Videla Ricardo , Schaefer John , Chapman Aly , Wyrosdick Heidi , Schaefer Deanna M. W. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundMycoplasma haemolamae (Mhl) and gastrointestinal nematodes can cause anemia in camelids. Control programs aim to suppress parasitism without promoting anthelminthic resistance, but few evidence‐based guidelines define acceptable parasite loads in camelids.Hypothesis/ObjectivesIn clinically healthy nonanemic camelids, compare erythrocyte variables to Mhl real‐time PCR status and to fecal egg count (FEC). Determine the FEC threshold above which erythrocyte variables are consistently below reference interval medians.AnimalsOne hundred fourteen client‐owned adult alpacas and llamas.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional study, whole blood in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was assessed for packed cell volume (PCV) by centrifugation, erythrocyte count (RBC), and hemoglobin concentration (HGB) using an ADVIA120 analyzer, and Mhl using real‐time PCR. Trichostrongyle eggs per gram (epg) were counted by modified McMaster test on freshly collected feces. Significant differences in erythrocyte variables based on Mhl status and FEC thresholds were assessed by independent t test and one‐way ANOVA, respectively.ResultsPacked cell volume, RBC, and HGB were not significantly different between Mhl‐positive and Mhl‐negative animals, but were significantly lower in animals with FEC >1000 epg compared to those with <500 epg. All animals with FEC >600 epg had RBC and HGB below the reference interval median. All animals with FEC >750 epg had PCV below the reference interval median.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIn healthy nonanemic camelids, positive Mhl PCR is not associated with lower erythrocyte variables and such animals may not warrant treatment. Fecal egg count >600‐750 epg has a negative effect on erythrocyte variables, and may be a guide for deworming protocols.
Temperament Predicts Processing Speed in Low Socioeconomic Status Rural Preschoolers
Authors: Hermida Maria Julia , Segretin Maria Soledad , Shalom Diego Edgar , Lopez‐Rosenfeld Matías , Abril Marcelo Claudio , Lipina Sebastián Javier , Sigman Mariano 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACTExtreme poverty all over the world is concentrated in rural settings. However, studies about cognition in low socioeconomic status (SES) children are for the most part conducted in urban populations. This paper investigates, in a poor rural sample, what are the individual and socioenvironmental variables that make the difference in performance in a processing speed task. Forty four 5‐year‐old children were evaluated with a processing speed task; individual and socioenvironmental information was obtained from parents' interviews. Higher scores in the effortful control dimension of temperament were associated with higher performance in the processing speed task. No other individual or socioenvironmental variable predicted the performance. These results showed that effortful control is important in processing speed and suggest that in low SES rural contexts, low effortful control children would require stronger interventions.
Beyond ‘driving’: The relationship between assessment, performance and learning
Authors: Scott Ian M. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveIs the statement ‘assessment drives learning’ a myth?BackgroundInstructors create assessments and students respond to these assessments. Although such responses are often labelled indications of learning, the responses educators observe can also be considered a performance. When responses are aligned with generating stable changes, then assessment drives learning. When responses are not aligned with stable changes, we must consider them to be something else: a performance put on partially or fully for the sake of implying capability rather than actual learning. The alignment between the assessments educators create and the way students respond to these assessments is determined by the actions students take in our curriculum, in preparation for our assessments and after engaging with our assessments.ConclusionsNot all assessments need to or should support learning, but when we assume all assessments ‘drive learning’, we endorse the myth that assessment is necessarily a formative aspect of our curricula. When we create assessments that encourage performance activities such as cramming, competing for tutorial airtime and impression management in the clinical setting we drive students to a performance. By thinking about how our students, institutions, curricula and assessments support learning and how well they support performance, we can modify and more fully align our curricular and assessment efforts to support learners in achieving their (and our) desired outcome. So, is the phrase ‘assessment drives learning’ a myth? This paper will conclude that it often is but we as educators must, through our leadership, move this myth towards a reality.
The projection of anorectal afferents to cortex of the rat: Comparison of two methods of cortical mapping
Authors: Turner Keira , Pickering Mark , O'Connell P. Ronan , Jones James F. X. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe rat has served usefully as a model for fecal incontinence and exploration of the mechanism of action of sacral neuromodulation. However, there is a gap in knowledge concerning representation(s) on the primary sensory cortex of this anatomical region.MethodsMulti‐electrode array (32 channels) and intrinsic optical signal (IOS) processing were used to map cortical activation sites following anorectal electrical stimulation in the rat. A simple method for expanding a 32‐electrode array to a virtual 2700 array was refined.Key ResultsThe IOS method identified activation of parietal cortex following anorectal or first sacral nerve root (S1) stimulation; however, the signal was poorly localized and large spontaneous vasomotion was observed in pial vessels. In contrast, the resulting high‐density maps showed two anatomically distinct cortical activation sites to anorectal stimulation.Conclusions & InferencesThere are two distinct sites of activation on the parietal cortex following anorectal stimulation in the rat. The implications for sacral neuromodulation as a therapy for fecal incontinence are discussed.
Sticky mucilages and exudates of plants: putative microenvironmental design elements with biotechnological value
Authors: Galloway Andrew F. , Knox Paul , Krause Kirsten 
Published: August 2019

SummaryPlants produce a wide array of secretions both above and below ground. Known as mucilages or exudates, they are secreted by seeds, roots, leaves and stems and fulfil a variety of functions including adhesion, protection, nutrient acquisition and infection. Mucilages are generally polysaccharide‐rich and often occur in the form of viscoelastic gels and in many cases have adhesive properties. In some cases, progress is being made in understanding the structure–function relationships of mucilages such as for the secretions that allow growing ivy to attach to substrates and the biosynthesis and secretion of the mucilage compounds of the Arabidopsis seed coat. Work is just beginning towards understanding root mucilage and the proposed adhesive polymers involved in the formation of rhizosheaths at root surfaces and for the secretions involved in host plant infection by parasitic plants. In this article, we summarise knowledge on plant exudates and mucilages within the concept of their functions in microenvironmental design, focusing in particular on their bioadhesive functions and the molecules responsible for them. We draw attention to areas of future knowledge need, including the microstructure of mucilages and their compositional and regulatory dynamics.
A Bayesian network meta‐analysis of orthopaedic treatment in Class III malocclusion: Maxillary protraction with skeletal anchorage or a rapid maxillary expander
Authors: Wu Zuping , Zhang Xin , Li Zixuan , Liu Yuyao , Jin Hairu , Chen Qian , Guo Jie 
Published: August 2019

AbstractTo evaluate and compare the effectiveness of orthopaedic treatment for Class III malocclusions using skeletal anchorage or a rapid maxillary expander for maxillary protraction. Electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science, were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐randomized clinical trials (CCTs) for orthopaedic treatment of Class III malocclusions. Five interventions were studied: a facemask with a maxillary temporary anchorage device (MTAD), a bone‐anchored rapid maxillary expansion (BARME), a rapid maxillary expansion (RME), an alternate rapid maxillary expansion and contraction (Alt‐RAMEC), and a bone‐anchored intermaxillary traction (BAIMT). Eight outcomes (SNA, SNB, ANB, overjet, SN‐GoGn, ANS‐Me, IMPA (L1‐MP), and U1‐PP) were statistically polled. We conducted network meta‐analysis using R statistical software with the GeMTC package. Twenty‐five studies met the inclusion criteria. Compared with the RME group, the Alt‐RAMEC group (mean difference (MD): 1.3; 95% credibility interval (CrI): 0.26, 2.3) and MTAD group (MD: 0.85; 95% CrI: 0.065, 1.6) showed a better effect on ANB in CCTs. Regarding the vertical relationship, the BAIMT group (MD: −2.2; 95% CrI: −5.2, 0.73) showed a smaller effect regarding increasing the vertical dimension of ANS‐Me. The RME, MTAD and Alt‐RAMEC group showed a higher ability to decrease the angle of L1‐MP. The Alt‐RAMEC and MTAD protocol have a higher possibility to obtain a skeletal and tooth effect in sagittal relationships. The BAIMT protocol can acquire a better skeletal effect in sagittal relationships with less vertical and dental changes. More well‐designed RCTs are needed to ensure that the conclusion is reliable.
Is Democracy Necessary for Good Governance?
Authors: Ishiyama John 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveIs democracy necessary for good governance? Although it is often assumed that there is a natural connection between democracy and governance, there is remarkably little empirical work that tests this relationship cross‐nationally.MethodsIn this article, I first focus on distinguishing aspects of good governance and separate them conceptually from democracy. Second, I outline several different types of regime models that represent models for emulation among developing countries. Third, using data from 115 countries from 1996 to 2011, I quantitatively analyze which of these is more effective in producing good governance (which in part explains the appeal of some models over others).ResultsThe results suggest that there are (1) either no differences between one‐party regimes and democracies in terms of the promotion of rule of law or effective governance in the developing world; and (2) some types of semi‐authoritarian one‐party regimes are better at promoting rule of law and effective governance than other types of authoritarian regimes—equally as well as democracies.ConclusionContrary to much of the literature, democracy does not appear to be necessary for good “enough” governance. However, in the long run, for good governance and the “rule of law” to firmly take root (where regime elites are held accountable by law), democratic institutions must be ultimately developed.
Honor and Terrorism: Cultural Origins of the Severity of Terrorist Attacks
Authors: Tschantret Joshua 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveWhy are some terrorist attacks so much more devastating than others? Despite the importance of this question, few studies examine the great variance in lethality across terrorist incidents. This article proposes that some cultures witness deadlier terrorism. In particular, it maintains that deadlier terrorism will occur in cultures of honor that socialize individuals to view violence as an acceptable means for upholding a reputation for toughness. Cultures of honor produce terrorists motivated by perceived slight and reputational challenges, which they are compelled to rectify through especially severe acts of violence. Reclaiming one's honor is possible by inflicting maximum damage on the offending person or group.MethodThis argument is empirically tested in a multilevel statistical analysis of domestic terrorism in the United States from 1970 to 2015.ResultsClear evidence emerges that terrorism is deadlier in the U.S. South—the quintessential culture of honor—than in the other regions of the United States. Other variables highlighted in the existing literature, however, receive mixed support.ConclusionThe evidence presented in this article indicates that cultural variables help explain variation in terrorist attack lethality. Future research on political violence, including terrorism, would benefit from taking culture into greater consideration.
Structuring ward rounds to enhance education
Authors: Gray Amy Z , Modak Maitreyi , Connell Tom , Enright Helen 
Published: August 2019

SummaryBackgroundWard rounds are a fundamental part of hospital culture and teaching on rounds has a long tradition. Yet evidence points towards increasing difficulties in delivering ward round education in complex heath care settings. Drawing on the literature and gaps identified in our own hospital setting we hypothesised that a tool for structuring ward rounds could improve the educational experience on rounds without adding a time burden to already busy consultants.MethodsWe used a developmental evaluation approach to develop a framework and evaluate a tool for improving ward round education. The ward round framework STIC (Set, Target, Inspect and Close) and ward round tool was developed through an iterative process of reviewing and piloting in a clinical department and was evaluated against Moore's outcome levels drawing on quantitative and qualitative data. Surveys of consultants were used to quantify uptake, acceptability and usefulness of the ward round tool. Focus groups of trainee doctors evaluated their experience of ward round education.ResultsThe majority of consultants used the ward round tool and found it accessible, and useful to enhance education, without extending ward round time. Trainee doctors had seen the ward round tool in use and reflected that it provided structure, focused their learning opportunities, gave clarity to the agenda and provided closure. Unintended benefits were seen for enhanced team work.ConclusionsWe present a structured framework STIC and tool for ward rounds that incorporates education, which is acceptable to consultants and is perceived to enhance education for trainees and to strengthen team work. Understanding our framework STIC and our ward round tool's applicability in other settings, scalability and impact and the perspective of patients, would be valuable extensions of this work.We present a structured framework STIC and tool for ward rounds that incorporates education, which is acceptable to consultants and is perceived to enhance education for trainees and to strengthen team work
A novel computational framework for D(t) from Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching data reveals various anomalous diffusion types in live cell membranes
Authors: Kang Minchul , Day Charles A. , Kenworthy Anne K. 
Published: August 2019

AbstractDiffusion of proteins and lipids in lipid membranes plays a pivotal role in almost all aspects of cellular biology, including motility, exo−/endocytosis and signal transduction. For this reason, gaining a detailed understanding of membrane structure and function has long been a major area of cell biology research. To better elucidate this structure‐function relationship, various tools have been developed for diffusion measurements, including Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP). Because of the complexity of cellular microenvironments, biological diffusion is often correlated over time and described by a time‐dependent diffusion coefficient,
D(t), although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Since
D(t) provides important information regarding cellular structures, such as the existence of subresolution barriers to diffusion, many efforts have been made to quantify
D(t) by FRAP assuming a single power law,
D(t) = Γt
α − 1 where
Γ and
α are transport coefficient and anomalous exponent. However, straightforward approaches to quantify a general form of
D(t) are lacking. In this study, we develop a novel mathematical and computational framework to compute the mean square displacement of diffusing molecules and diffusion coefficient
D(t) from each individual time point of confocal FRAP data without the single power law assumption. Additionally, we developed an auxiliary equation for
D(t) which can readily distinguish normal diffusion or single power law anomalous diffusion from other types of anomalous diffusion directly from FRAP data. Importantly, by applying this approach to FRAP data from a variety of membrane markers, we demonstrate the single power law anomalous diffusion assumption is not sufficient to describe various types of
D(t) of membrane proteins. Lastly, we discuss how our new approaches can be applied to other fluorescence microscopy tools such as Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) and Single Particle Tracking (SPT).
Total hip arthroplasty to address chronic hip luxation with pseudoacetabulum formation in seven dogs
Authors: Jones Stephen C. , Bula Edyta , Dyce Jonathan 
Published: August 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the outcome of dogs treated with total hip arthroplasty (THA) for chronic hip luxation and pseudoacetabulum formation to that of dogs with simple hip dysplasia and secondary osteoarthritis.Study designRetrospective, case‐controlled study.AnimalsSeven dogs with pseudoacetabulum (group 1) and 21 matched control dogs (group 2).MethodsEach dog in group 1 was matched with three control dogs, primarily according to similarity of THA implant type and size. Patterns of radiographic pathology were characterized in each dog. Outcome measures included operative time, acetabular cup position/orientation (inclination angle, angle of lateral opening, version angle) complications, and long‐term outcomes. Outcome measures were compared between groups using linear regression (P = .05).ResultsThe presence of a pseudoacetabulum was associated with ilial remodeling and heterotopic bone formation concentric to the luxated femoral head. Exposing the native acetabulum and reducing the prosthesis were surgically challenging. The mean (SD) operative time of dogs in group 1 (96 [18] minutes) was longer than that of dogs in group 2 (63 [14] minutes; P = .00002). Cup position/orientation was not different between dogs in group 1 and group 2. One intraoperative complication and two minor postoperative complications occurred in group 1 dogs. All dogs had good long‐term outcomes.ConclusionTotal hip arthroplasty in dogs with a pseudoacetabulum was more challenging than in control dogs. However, the procedure provided good to excellent long‐term clinical outcomes in all dogs.Clinical significanceSurgeons should be prepared for the specific surgical challenges associated with THA in dogs with pseudoacetabulum formation.
Socioeconomic inequalities in suicide mortality in Barcelona during the economic crisis (2006–2016): a time trend study
Authors: López-Contreras Natalia , Rodríguez-Sanz Maica , Novoa Ana , Borrell Carme , Medallo Muñiz Jordi , Gotsens Mercè 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesThis study aimed to analyse trends in socioeconomic inequalities in suicide mortality in Barcelona before and after the start of the economic crisis that started at the end of 2008, including both individual factors and contextual factors of the deceased’s neighbourhood of residence.DesignThis is a trend study of three time periods: pre-economic crisis (2006–2008), early crisis (2009–2012) and late crisis (2013–2016).SettingTotal Barcelona residents between 2006 and 2016 (≥25 years of age) and death data derived from the Judicial Mortality Registry of Barcelona.Participants996 deaths by suicide between 2006 and 2016 were analysed.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe outcomes were age-standardised suicide mortality rates and the associations (relative and absolute risk) between suicide mortality and individual and contextual characteristics for the three time periods.ResultsFrom 2006 to 2008, men with a lower educational level were more likely to commit suicide than better educated men (relative risk (RR)=1.46; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.91). This difference disappeared after the onset of the crisis. We found no differences among women. From 2013 to 2016, suicide risk increased among men living in neighbourhoods with higher unemployment levels (RR=1.57; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.25) and among women living in neighbourhoods with a higher proportion of elderly people living alone (RR=2.13; 95% CI 1.15 to 3.93).ConclusionsWe observed risks for suicide among men living in neighbourhoods of Barcelona with higher unemployment levels and among women living in neighbourhoods with a higher proportion of elderly people living alone. Inequalities in suicide mortality according to educational level tended to disappear during the crisis among men. Thus, it is important to continue to monitor suicide determinants especially in times of economic crisis.