bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscosity of liquid and semisolid materials: Establishing correlations between instrumental analyses and sensory characteristics
Authors: Conti‐Silva Ana Carolina , Ichiba Anderson Kintaro Takenobu , Silveira Alana Lisbôa da , Albano Kivia Mislaine , Nicoletti Vânia Regina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractConsidering the importance of texture for food products, we aimed to evaluate viscosity of different liquid and semisolid materials through instrumental analyses (rheometer and texture analyzer), as well sensory descriptive analysis, and establishing correlations between all these analyses. Eight materials were used: water, strawberry yogurt, condensed milk, honey, UHT cream, creamy dairy dessert, petit suisse strawberry flavor (a traditional French cheese from Normandy region, and sold as an infant product), and dulce de leche (obtained through cooking of a can of condensed milk, during 15 min under pressure, resulting in a brownish color product and more consistent than condensed milk). All materials were submitted to rheological analysis, analysis on texture analyzer, and descriptive sensory analysis. All techniques of measurement discriminated the texture of samples. The visual viscosity, defined as a sensory attribute evaluated by visual observation, was negatively correlated to apparent viscosity measured through rheological analysis with shear rate at 10 s−1. Oral viscosity and body (both defined as sensory attributes evaluated by oral perception) were positively correlated with areas from graphs obtained in the texture analyzer, and with apparent viscosity measured through rheological analysis at shear rate of 10 s−1, although positive strong correlation was also found between body and apparent viscosity at higher shear rates (50 and 100 s−1). The strong correlations enable application of these instrumental tests as indicators of the sensory texture of liquid and semisolid materials.Practical applicationsTexture has a minor importance to liquid and semisolid materials in comparison to meat and crunchy products. However, the relevance of texture to these kinds of products has growing up recently. Therefore, measuring and understanding viscosity of liquid and semisolid materials, using different ways of evaluation, brings relevant information to the area. Moreover, establishing correlations between instrumental and sensory analyses may indicate which instrumental analysis and which analysis condition would be more adequate to correlate with sensory perception of texture, allowing a convergence for future studies and for discussion of results.
Violent extremism: A comparison of approaches to assessing and managing risk
Authors: Logan Caroline , Lloyd Monica 
Published: August 2018

PurposeThe task of assessing and managing risk of violence has evolved considerably in the last 25 years, and the field of violent extremism has the potential to stand on the shoulders of the giants of this time. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify good practice in the risk field and to apply that to the specific area of risk in relation to violent extremism – in order that developments here accord to highest standards of practice achieved so far elsewhere.Method and ResultsWe begin by addressing the essential requirement to define the task of assessing and managing the risk of violent extremism – What is its purpose and parameters, who are its practitioners, in what contexts is this activity delivered, and how might any such context both facilitate and hinder the objectives of the task? Next, we map the terrain – What guidance is already available to assist practitioners in their work of understanding and managing the risk of violent extremism, and by what standards may we judge the quality of this and future guidance in the contexts in which is it applied? Finally, we explore options for the development of the field in terms of the empirical basis upon which the risks presented by individuals and the organizations to which they may affiliate are assessed, understood, and managed.ConclusionsRecommendations are proposed in relation to each of these three areas of concern with a view to supporting the rapid and credible advancement of this growing and vital area of endeavour.
Chronic kidney disease progression in kidney transplant recipients: A focus on traditional risk factors
Authors: Carminatti Moisés , Tedesco‐Silva Hélio , Silva Fernandes Natália Maria , Sanders‐Pinheiro Helady 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTKidney transplant recipients are a subset of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) that remain at high risk for progression to dialysis and mortality. Recent advances in immunosuppression have only partially improved long‐term graft and patient survival. Discovery of new immunosuppressive regimens is a slow and resource‐intensive process. Hence, recognition and management of modifiable allogeneic and non‐allogeneic risk factors for progression to CKD among kidney transplant recipients is of major interest for improving long‐term outcomes. Graft survival is mainly determined by the quality of the allograft and by the patient’s alloimmune response, which is influenced by human leukocyte antigen matching and the presence of donor‐specific antibodies. Alloimmune responses manifest as acute and chronic forms of cell‐ and antibody‐mediated rejection, which can be worsened by patient non‐adherence or under‐immunosuppression. However, donor and patient ages, glomerular disease recurrence, time on dialysis, pre‐existing cardiovascular burden, medication side‐effects and traditional risk factors, such as hypertension, proteinuria, anaemia, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and bone mineral disorder, which can ultimately lead to severe endothelial derangement, also contribute to graft loss and mortality. These traditional risk factors, common to pre‐dialysis patients, often are considered of secondary importance when compared to alloimmunity and immunosuppression concerns. In this review article, we focus on the epidemiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic features of non‐allogeneic traditional risk factors for CKD. We also discuss the benefit of adopting a multidisciplinary approach to pursue the same therapeutic targets recommended for pre‐dialysis patients.
Identifying Common Pathogens in Periprosthetic Joint Infection and Testing Drug‐resistance Rate for Different Antibiotics: A Prospective, Single Center Study in Beijing
Authors: Li Zhang‐lai , Hou Yun‐fei , Zhang Bao‐qing , Chen Yi‐fan , Wang Qi , Wang Kai , Chen Zhao‐yu , Li Xiao‐wei , Lin Jian‐hao 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to identify the common microorganisms causing PJI as well as the drug‐resistant spectrum for each microorganism, to help orthopaedic surgeons to choose appropriate antibiotics.MethodOne hundred and sixty patients who suffered from failure of primary or revision total hip or knee arthroplasty for different reasons were prospectively recruited. These patients underwent revision or re‐revision total hip or knee arthroplasty in our institution between August 2013 to August 2016. The details of patients’ medical history and comprehensive physical examination, as well as demographic data were recorded precisely. Routine blood test results, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C‐reactive protein (CRP), high sensitive C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels, and synovial leukocyte counts were collected. Additionally, aspiration was conducted during surgery to avoid pollution unless when PJI was strongly suspected, in which case, joint puncture and aspiration were conducted before surgery. Intraoperatively, the implant‐surrounding tissue and the prosthesis were collected under aseptic conditions. Postoperatively, the prosthesis, implant‐surrounding tissue and synovium were sent to the laboratory immediately. The sonicate extraction (the prosthesis was sent for ultrasound sonication first), implant surrounding tissue and synovium were sent for microbiologic culture, and the implant‐surrounding tissue was also sent for pathological examination. The isolated bacteria strains and drug‐resistance rates for each pathogen for different antibiotics were presented.ResultsThere were 59 PJI cases in the infectious group and 101 cases in the non‐infectious group (PJI is diagnosed according to the diagnosing criteria from the Workgroup of the Musculoskeletal Infection Society). Of 69 strains of pathogens isolated, Gram‐positive bacterium is the most common pathogenic bacteria causing PJI (60, 86.96%). Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus played an important role as well, followed by Gram‐negative bacteria (8, 11.59%) and fungus (1, 1.45%). Penicillin (78.57%), erythromycin (66.67%) and clindamycin (44.74%) showed high antibiotic resistance rate. In addition, the second‐generation cephalosporin, usually as the prophylactic antibiotic, resistance rate was high (20%) as well. Fortunately, no vancomycin‐resistant bacteria were discovered in the current study.ConclusionThis study provides some information on the most common pathogens in our institution and the selection of antibiotics in the perioperative period in northern China. Cefuroxime and clindamycin might not be appropriate for use as prophylactic antibiotics in revision total knee or hip arthroplasty. Vancomycin is ideal for empiric antibiotic use in suspected PJI cases because of the low drug‐resistance rate.
Comparison of Plantar Pressure Distribution and Functional Outcome after Scarf and Austin Osteotomy
Authors: Puchner Stephan E , Trnka Hans‐Jörg , Willegger Madeleine , Staats Kevin , Holinka Johannes , Windhager Reinhard , Schuh Reinhard 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveTo investigate the changes of plantar pressure distribution in patients who underwent either Austin or Scarf osteotomy and underwent a postoperative rehabilitation program.MethodsBetween September 2006 and December 2007, 50 participants who suffered from mild to moderate hallux valgus deformity were prospectively included in this study. An Austin osteotomy (Austin group) was performed in 25 patients and a Scarf osteotomy (Scarf group) in 25 patients. Indication for the Scarf or Austin technique was made according to the consensus of the Austrian society of foot and ankle surgery. Plantar pressure analysis was performed at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 6 months postoperatively. Furthermore, range of motion and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) questionnaire were evaluated.ResultsIn the big toe and first metatarsal head region in groups, maximum force, peak pressure, and force‐time integral increased significantly from 4 weeks to 6 months postoperatively (P ≤ 0.001). The mean AOFAS score increased from 60.7 preoperatively to 93.1 6 months after Austin surgery and from 56.7 preoperatively to 94.4 6 months after Scarf surgery. The Austin group had a mean range of motion (ROM) of 68.5° that increased to a mean ROM of 75.5° 6 months postoperatively, while the Scarf group had a mean ROM of 67.8° that increased to a mean ROM of 68.2° 6 months postoperatively.ConclusionDespite different surgical techniques and the degree of deformity, there were no differences in plantar pressure parameters and functional outcomes between both groups.
Mutation of RGG2, which encodes a type B heterotrimeric G protein γ subunit, increases grain size and yield production in rice
Authors: Miao Jun , Yang Zefeng , Zhang Dongping , Wang Yuzhu , Xu Mengbin , Zhou Lihui , Wang Jun , Wu Shujun , Yao Youli , Du Xi , Gu Fangfei , Gong Zhiyun , Gu Minghong , Liang Guohua , Zhou Yong 
Published: August 2018

SummaryHeterotrimeric G proteins, which consist of Gα, Gβ and Gγ subunits, function as molecular switches that regulate a wide range of developmental processes in plants. In this study, we characterised the function of rice RGG2, which encodes a type B Gγ subunit, in regulating grain size and yield production. The expression levels of RGG2 were significantly higher than those of other rice Gγ‐encoding genes in all tissues tested, suggesting that RGG2 plays essential roles in rice growth and development. By regulating cell expansion, overexpression of RGG2 in Nipponbare (NIP) led to reduced plant height and decreased grain size. By contrast, two mutants generated by the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9) system in the Zhenshan 97 (ZS97) background, zrgg2‐1 and zrgg2‐2, exhibited enhanced growth, including elongated internodes, increased 1000‐grain weight and plant biomass and enhanced grain yield per plant (+11.8% and 16.0%, respectively). These results demonstrate that RGG2 acts as a negative regulator of plant growth and organ size in rice. By measuring the length of the second leaf sheath after gibberellin (GA3) treatment and the GA‐induced α‐amylase activity of seeds, we found that RGG2 is also involved in GA signalling. In summary, we propose that RGG2 may regulate grain and organ size via the GA pathway and that manipulation of RGG2 may provide a novel strategy for rice grain yield enhancement.
Serum metabolic profiling using small molecular water‐soluble metabolites in individuals with schizophrenia: A longitudinal study using a pre–post‐treatment design
Authors: Cao Bing , Jin Min , Brietzke Elisa , McIntyre Roger S. , Wang Dongfang , Rosenblat Joshua D. , Ragguett Renee‐Marie , Zhang Chuanbo , Sun Xiaoyu , Rong Carola , Wang Jingyu 
Published: August 2018

AimWe sought to compare alterations in serum bioenergetic markers within a well‐characterized sample of adults with schizophrenia at baseline and after 8 weeks of pharmacological treatment with the hypothesis that treatment would be associated with significant changes in bioenergetic markers given the role of bioenergetic dysfunction in schizophrenia.MethodsWe recruited adults with schizophrenia (n = 122) who had not received pharmacological treatment for at least 1 month prior to enrollment, including drug‐naïve (i.e., first‐episode) participants and treatment non‐adherent participants. Pre‐ and post‐treatment serum samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.ResultsMetabolites with the greatest change, when comparing pre‐ and post‐treatment levels, were identified revealing 14 water‐soluble metabolites of interest. The composition of these metabolites was: amino acids (n = 6), carnitines (n = 4), polar lipids (n = 3), and organic acid (n = 1). All amino acids and lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoPC) were increased, while the four carnitines – oleoylcarnitine, L‐palmitoylcarnitine, linoleyl carnitine, and L‐acetylcarnitine – were decreased post‐treatment. Of these metabolite biomarkers, six – oleoylcarnitine, linoleyl carnitine, L‐acetylcarnitine, LysoPC(15:0), D‐glutamic acid, and L‐arginine – were identified as having most consistently and predictably changed after 8 weeks of treatment.ConclusionThe current study identified several bioenergetic markers that consistently change with pharmacological treatment. These bioenergetic changes may provide further insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia along with furthering our understanding of the mechanisms subserving both the effects (e.g., antipsychotic effects) and side‐effects (e.g., metabolic syndrome) of antipsychotics.
Fluid Inclusions and CHOSPb Isotopes: Implications for the Genesis of the Zhuanshanzi Gold Deposit on the Northern Margin of the North China Craton
Authors: Sun Zhenjun , Wang Zongqi , Yu Henan , Wang Chengyang , Liu Guanghu , Bai Xaingdong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe Zhuanshanzi gold deposit lies in the eastern section of the Xingmeng orogenic belt and the northern section of the Chifeng‐Chaoyang gold belt. The gold veins are strictly controlled by a NW‐oriented shear fault zone. Quartz veins and altered tectonic rock‐type gold veins are the main vein types. The deposits can be divided into four mineralization stages, and the second and third metallogenic stages are the main metallogenic stages. In this paper, based on the detailed field geological surveys, an analysis of the orebody and ore characteristics, microtemperature measurement of fluid inclusions, the Laser Raman spectrum of the inclusions, determination of CHOSPb isotopic geochemical characteristics, and so on were carried out to explore the origin of the ore‐forming fluids, ore‐forming materials, and the genesis of the deposits. The results show that the fluid inclusions can be divided into four types: type I – gas–liquid two‐phase inclusions; type II – gas‐rich inclusions; type III– liquid inclusions; and type IV – CO2‐containing three‐phase inclusions. However, they are dominated by type Ib – gas liquid inclusions and type IV – three‐phase inclusions containing CO2. The gas compositions are mainly H2O and CO2, indicating that the metallogenic system is a CO2H2ONaCl system. The homogenization temperature of the ore‐forming fluid evolved from a middle temperature to a low temperature, and the temperature of the fluid was further reduced due to meteoric water mixing during the late stage, as well as a lack of CO2 components, and eventually evolved into a simple NaClH2O hydrothermal system. CHOSPb isotope research proved that the ore‐forming fluids are mainly magmatic water during the early stage, with abundant meteoric water mixed in during the late stage. Ore‐forming materials originated mostly from hypomagma and were possibly influenced by the surrounding rocks, suggesting that the ore‐forming materials were mainly magmatic hydrothermal deposits, with a small amount of crustal component. The fluid immiscibility and the CO2 and CH4 gases in the fluids played an active and important role in the precipitation and enrichment of Au during different metallogenic stages. The deposit is considered a magmatic hydrothermal deposit of middle–low temperature.
The impact of hosting refugees on the intra‐household allocation of tasks: A gender perspective
Authors: Ruiz Isabel , Vargas‐Silva Carlos 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis paper examines whether the presence of refugees alters the intra‐household allocation of tasks across genders in the hosting population. Using panel data (pre‐ and post‐refugee inflow) from Kagera, a rural region of Tanzania, we find that the refugee shock led to women being less likely to engage in employment outside the household and more likely to engage in household chores relative to men. This is probably the result of the environmental degradation that accompanied the arrival of refugees and the additional competition for natural resources such as wood and water. However, the results differ by (pre‐shock) literacy and math skill. For women who could read and perform simple written mathematical operations the refugee shock resulted in a higher likelihood of engaging in outside employment. In contrast, higher exposure to the refugee shock resulted in illiterate women being more likely to engage in farming and household chores.
Impact of soil conservation adoption on intra‐household allocations in Zambia
Authors: Carney Conor , Carney Monica Harber 
Published: August 2018

AbstractAnecdotal evidence suggests that training in soil conservation techniques may lead to greater female involvement in agricultural production in sub‐Saharan Africa, but little is known about the causal relationship. We test this relationship empirically, examining the impact of soil conservation training sessions on female agricultural labor contributions within households in Zambia. Moreover, we explore the short‐run effects of increased female agricultural productivity on female empowerment through measurement of changes in gender‐specific resource allocations within the household. The extension of funding of conservation farming (CF) training sessions in 2007 in specific districts in Zambia provides variation in CF take‐up. We use this variation to implement a difference‐in‐differences strategy on a number of datasets. Our results suggest that expansion of funding for CF training sessions increased take‐up of CF, increased female labor hours, and shifted household expenditures toward goods associated more strongly with female preferences than male preferences. These results show the importance of understanding the impact of development programs, specifically promotion of agricultural technologies, on household gender dynamics.
Using the stochastic health state function to forecast healthcare demand and healthcare financing: Evidence from Singapore
Authors: Chia Ngee Choon , Loh Shu Peng 
Published: August 2018

AbstractTypically, healthcare financing for an ageing population requires projections on healthcare demand and cost. However, projecting healthcare demand based on projected elderly does not consider changes in population health state over time. This paper proposes a new approach to forecast health variables using a stochastic health state function and the well‐established Lee–Carter stochastic mortality model. With the estimated health state at each age over time, we project the hospitalization rate, healthcare demand, and financing cost for Singapore using historical life tables and hospital admission data. Our findings show that while hospital insurance claims increase owing to an aging population, improving health state could save costs from hospital insurance claims. This has policy implications: more attention should be given to preventive healthcare such as health screening to improve the overall health state of the population.
Long‐Term Impact of Minimum Wages on Workers’ Careers: Evidence from Two Decades of Longitudinal Linked Employer–Employee Data
Authors: Cardoso Ana Rute 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe analyze the impact of high youth minimum wages, relying on two decades of linked employer–employee data and a major law change. Alternative treatment/control groups follow from two strands of the literature, one tracking low‐skilled workers employed before the law change, who are eligible for a large wage increase, and one tracking the employment of full cohorts, whether working or in school when the law changed. High minimum wages led to a short‐term wage gain, which faded over time. They did not jeopardize employment prospects. Changes in the hours worked by part‐time workers point to increased job attachment.
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy following fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent C. difficile infection
Authors: Barfuss Spencer , Knackstedt Elizabeth Doby , Jensen Kyle , Molina Kimberly , Lal Ashwin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe report the case of a 3‐year‐old male who developed recurrent Clostridium difficile infection after receiving an orthotopic heart transplant. Despite multiple courses of antibiotics, C. difficile infection was persistent and he underwent a fecal microbiota transplant. The patient responded with resolution of his diarrhea. However, within 2 months he developed severe mixed rejection with high circulating donor‐specific antibodies and significant coronary vasculopathy. Organ dysfunction led to the need for re‐transplantation. The patient's postoperative course has since been complicated by pneumatosis intestinalis and recurrent C. difficile infection.