bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-level digital-twin models of pulmonary mechanics: correlation analysis of 3D CT lung volume and 2D Chest motion
Authors: Zhou Cong , Chase J Geoffrey , Chen Yuhong 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Creating multi-level digital-twin models for mechanical ventilation requires a detailed estimation of regional lung volume. An accurate generic map between 2D chest surface motion and 3D regional lung volume could provide improved regionalisation and clinically acceptable estimates localising lung damage. This work investigates the relationship between CT lung volumes and the forced vital capacity (FVC) a surrogate of tidal volume proven linked to 2D chest motion. In particular, a convolutional neural network (CNN) with U-Net architecture is employed to build a lung segmentation model using a benchmark CT scan dataset. An automated thresholding method is proposed for image morphology analysis to improve model performance. Finally, the trained model is applied to an independent CT dataset with FVC measurements for correlation analysis of CT lung volume projection to lung recruitment capacity. Model training results show a clear improvement of lung segmentation performance with the proposed automated thresholding method compared to a typically suggested fixed value selection, achieving accuracy greater than 95% for both training and independent validation sets. The correlation analysis for 160 patients shows a good correlation of R squared value of 0.73 between the proposed 2D volume projection and the FVC value, which indicates a larger and denser projection of lung volume relative to a greater FVC value and lung recruitable capacity. The overall results thus validate the potential of using non-contact, non-invasive 2D measures to enable regionalising lung mechanics models to equivalent 3D models with a generic map based on the good correlation. The clinical impact of improved lung mechanics digital twins due to regionalising the lung mechanics and volume to specific lung regions could be very high in managing mechanical ventilation and diagnosing or locating lung injury or dysfunction based on regular monitoring instead of intermittent and invasive lung imaging modalities.
Radar-based contactless heart beat detection with a modified Pan–Tompkins algorithm
Authors: Thi Yen Hoang , Tiep Vuong Tri , Hoang Van-Phuc , Trinh Quang-Kien , Nguyen Hai-Duong , Tuyen Nguyen Trong , Sun Guanghao 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background. Using radar for non-contact measuring human vital signs has garnered significant attention due to its undeniable benefits. However, achieving reasonably good accuracy in contactless measurement senarios is still a technical challenge. Materials and methods. The proposed method includes two stages. The first stage involves the process of datasegmentation and signal channel selection. In the next phase, the raw radar signal from the chosen channel is subjected to modified Pan-Tompkins. Results. The experimental findings from twelve individuals demonstrated a strong agreement between the contactless radar and contact electrocardiography (ECG) devices for heart rate measurement, with correlation coefficient of 98.74 percentage; and the 95% limits of agreement obtained by radar and those obtained by ECG were 2.4 beats per minute. Conclusion. The results showed high agreement between heart rate calculated by radar signals and heart rate by electrocardiograph. This research paves the way for future applications using non-contact sensors to support and potentially replace contact sensors in healthcare.
Systematic characterization of new EBT4 radiochromic films in clinical x-ray beams
Authors: Khan Rao , Rahimi Robabeh , Fan Jiajin , Chen Kuan Ling 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective. We aim to characterize kinetics of radiation-induced optical density in newly released EBT4 radiochromic films exposed to clinical x-rays. Several film models and batches were evaluated for the film sensitivity, optical signal increasing with time, relative film noise, and minimum detectable limits (MDL). Approach. Radiochromic film pieces from a single batch of EBT3 and three batches of EBT4 were exposed to doses of 77.38 cGy, 386.92 cGy, and 773.84 cGy using a 6 MV x-ray beam. The films were scanned with a flatbed scanner at specific time intervals up to 120 h. The time-series net optical density of red, green and blue colors was corrected for response of the scanner with time and studied to establish the saturation characteristics of film polymerization process. Dose–response from 3.86 cGy to 1935 cGy was also determined for each color. MDL of the films was quantitatively defined as the dose that would double the net optical density of red color above the standard deviation of the residual signal at zero dose. The relative noise characteristics of EBT3 versus EBT4 were studied as a function of time, dose and scanner resolution. Main Results. For doses ≥ 100 cGy, analysis revealed a stability of optical density beyond 48 h post-exposure for EBT3 and EBT4 films. EBT3 films attained 80%-90% of their net optical density at 48 h within minutes of irradiation, compared to 72%-88% for EBT4 films. The rate of growth was slowest for blue color, fastest for red, while green was in between the two. The MDL for EBT4 averaged 15 cGy for three batches, whereas EBT3 films reliably detected doses as low as 8.5 cGy. Significance. Several batches of the new EBT4 film showed slightly lower response compared to its predecessor over 3.86 cGy to 1935 Gy range. For all practical purposes, the post-irradiation growth of polymers ceases between 48 to 60 h for both EBT films. Overall, the EBT4 film exhibited noise characteristics similar to EBT3, except for lower doses where the noise was observed to be higher than its predecessor.
A cloud-edge framework for energy-efficient event-driven control: an integration of online supervised learning, spiking neural networks and local plasticity rules
Authors: Ahmadvand Reza , Sharif Sarah Safura , Banad Yaser Mike 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a novel cloud-edge framework for addressing energy constraints in complex control systems. Our approach centers around a learning-based controller using Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) on physical plants. By integrating a biologically plausible learning method with local plasticity rules, we harness the energy efficiency, scalability of the newtwork, and low latency of SNNs. This design replicates control signals from a cloud-based controller directly on the plant, reducing the need for constant plant-cloud communication. The plant updates weights only when errors surpass predefined thresholds, ensuring efficiency and robustness in various conditions. Applied to linear workbench systems and satellite rendezvous scenarios, including obstacle avoidance, our architecture dramatically lowers normalized tracking error by 96% with increased network size. The event-driven nature of SNNs minimizes energy consumption, utilizing only about 11.1 × 104 pJ (0.3% of conventional computing requirements). The results demonstrate the system’s adjustment to changing work environments and its efficient use of energy resources, with a moderate increase in energy consumption of 37% for dynamic obstacles, compared to non-obstacle scenarios.
A History of Alloys
Authors: Cantor Brian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter gives a brief overview of some of the key developments in human history. It shows how all the major events in the evolution of humankind have been both driven by and underpinned by the development of new materials. It also shows how new materials are always alloys, i.e. mixtures of simpler starting materials or components. It covers the following: the discovery in the Stone Age of how to use minerals (oxide alloys), and how this supported the emergence of human beings at the beginning of the last ice age and their development of agriculture-based settlements when the ice age ended; the discovery of smelting and the extraction of metals, notably copper and iron alloys in the Bronze and Iron Ages, which drove the growth of cities and civilisation, culture, trade and empires; the engineering and the manufacture of steels (low-carbon iron alloys) in the Industrial Revolution, leading to motors and engines, bridges, mills and factories, cars and planes, and most of the accoutrements of our modern technology-dominated economies and associated high-quality way of life; and the (microalloyed) semiconductors and the silicon chips that fuel the Information Revolution, computers, telecommunications, the internet, and the digital age.
Future Developments
Authors: Cantor Brian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter fulfils two functions. First, it reviews our present understanding of multicomponent high-entropy materials, essentially summarising the previous chapters of the book: describing briefly the main areas where new understanding has begun to be achieved; and pointing out areas that are particularly suitable for further research, as well as other areas that have been largely neglected. Second, it discusses very briefly future materials needs as the world continues to develop and grow, as well as the important role multicomponent high-entropy materials will continue to play in fulfilling those needs and thus contributing to the health, wealth and wellbeing of future generations.
Similarities and Differences in the WAIS-IV Performances in Korean and U.S. Populations
Authors: Lee Dongwook D , Ryu Kyoung Hi , Ahn So-Hyun 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective
This exploratory study examines the cognitive profiles of South Koreans using the WAIS-IV. It compares scores from the original U.S. version (USW) with those from the Korean version (KW) to identify potential cultural influences on performance.

Method
Raw scores corresponding to a scaled score of 10 for each subtest of the KW were used to compare the performances of South Koreans and Americans across subtests and composite indices. The impact of education was assessed through correlations with educational attainment ratios from both countries.

Results
When combined across all age groups, the scores of the South Korean sample were significantly lower than those of U.S. sample on the Similarities, Comprehension, and Picture Completion subtests, and Verbal Comprehension Index. However, younger South Koreans scored significantly higher on Block Design, Matrix Reasoning, Visual Puzzles, Figure Weights, Digit Span, Arithmetic, Letter-Number Sequencing, Symbol Search, and Coding and all composite scores except Verbal Comprehension. Older South Koreans scored significantly lower on Similarities, Vocabulary, Comprehension, Matrix Reasoning, Visual Puzzles, Picture Completion, and the composite scores of Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning, compared to their U.S. counterparts. All subtest and composite scores were highly correlated with education.

Conclusions
The South Korean and U.S. samples demonstrated distinct cognitive profiles on the WAIS-IV when comparing relative performances on subtests and composite measures. Cultural factors including socioeconomic changes, education quality, nuances in language characteristics, and implicit differences in cognitive processing were discussed as possible contributors to the unique cognitive profile of the South Korean sample.
Likelihood adaptively incorporated external aggregate information with uncertainty for survival data
Authors: Chen Ziqi , Shen Yu , Qin Jing , Ning Jing 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Population-based cancer registry databases are critical resources to bridge the information gap that results from a lack of sufficient statistical power from primary cohort data with small to moderate sample size. Although comprehensive data associated with tumor biomarkers often remain either unavailable or inconsistently measured in these registry databases, aggregate survival information sourced from these repositories has been well documented and publicly accessible. An appealing option is to integrate the aggregate survival information from the registry data with the primary cohort to enhance the evaluation of treatment impacts or prediction of survival outcomes across distinct tumor subtypes. Nevertheless, for rare types of cancer, even the sample sizes of cancer registries remain modest. The variability linked to the aggregated statistics could be non-negligible compared with the sample variation of the primary cohort. In response, we propose an externally informed likelihood approach, which facilitates the linkage between the primary cohort and external aggregate data, with consideration of the variation from aggregate information. We establish the asymptotic properties of the estimators and evaluate the finite sample performance via simulation studies. Through the application of our proposed method, we integrate data from the cohort of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) patients at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center with aggregate survival data from the National Cancer Data Base, enabling us to appraise the effect of tri-modality treatment on survival across various tumor subtypes of IBC.
Ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system MRI scoring: diagnostic accuracy, interobserver agreement, and applicability to machine learning
Authors: Akkaya Hüseyin , Demirel Emin , Dilek Okan , Dalgalar Akkaya Tuba , Öztürkçü Turgay , Karaaslan Erişen Kübra , Tas Zeynel Abidin , Bas Sevda , Gülek Bozkurt 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the interobserver agreement and diagnostic accuracy of ovarian-adnexal reporting and data system magnetic resonance imaging (O-RADS MRI) and applicability to machine learning.

Methods
Dynamic contrast-enhanced pelvic MRI examinations of 471 lesions were retrospectively analysed and assessed by 3 radiologists according to O-RADS MRI criteria. Radiomic data were extracted from T2 and post-contrast fat-suppressed T1-weighted images. Using these data, an artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine, random forest, and naive Bayes models were constructed.

Results
Among all readers, the lowest agreement was found for the O-RADS 4 group (kappa: 0.669; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.634-0.733), followed by the O-RADS 5 group (kappa: 0.709; 95% CI 0.678-0.754). O-RADS 4 predicted a malignancy with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 74.3% (95% CI 0.701-0.782), and O-RADS 5 with an AUC of 95.5% (95% CI 0.932-0.972) (P &lt; .001). Among the machine learning models, ANN achieved the highest success, distinguishing O-RADS groups with an AUC of 0.948, a precision of 0.861, and a recall of 0.824.

Conclusion
The interobserver agreement and diagnostic sensitivity of the O-RADS MRI in assigning O-RADS 4-5 were not perfect, indicating a need for structural improvement. Integrating artificial intelligence into MRI protocols may enhance their performance.

Advances in knowledge
Machine learning can achieve high accuracy in the correct classification of O-RADS MRI. Malignancy prediction rates were 74% for O-RADS 4 and 95% for O-RADS 5.
Supraspinal contributions to defective antagonistic inhibition and freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Klocke Philipp , Loeffler Moritz A , Muessler Hannah , Breu Maria-Sophie , Gharabaghi Alireza , Weiss Daniel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The neuromuscular circuit mechanisms of freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease have received little study. Technological progress enables researchers chronically to sense local field potential activity of the basal ganglia in patients while walking.
To study subthalamic activity and the circuit processes of supraspinal contributions to spinal motor integration, we recorded local field potentials, surface EMG of antagonistic leg muscles and gait kinematics in patients while walking and freezing. To evaluate the specificity of our findings, we controlled our findings to internally generated volitional stops.
We found specific activation–deactivation abnormalities of oscillatory activity of the subthalamic nucleus both before and during a freeze. Furthermore, we were able to show with synchronization analyses that subthalamo-spinal circuits entrain the spinal motor neurons to a defective timing and activation pattern. The main neuromuscular correlates when turning into freezing were as follows: (i) disturbed reciprocity between antagonistic muscles; (ii) increased co-contraction of the antagonists; (iii) defective activation and time pattern of the gastrocnemius muscle; and (iv) increased subthalamo-muscular coherence with the gastrocnemius muscles before the freeze.
Beyond the pathophysiological insights into the supraspinal mechanisms contributing to freezing of gait, our findings have potential to inform the conceptualization of future neurorestorative therapies.
Patient information leaflet feedback on delusional infestation
Authors: Vafapour Parmis , Bewley Anthony , Ahmed Alia , Mohandas Padma , Taylor Ruth , Goulding Jon 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Delusional infestation, also known as Ekbom syndrome and delusional parasitosis, is a poorly understood condition often surrounded by misinformation. Patients and their families frequently encounter scepticism regarding their experiences. This research aimed to create a patient information leaflet (PIL) with a patient-centred approach and to gather feedback on its usefulness for sharing information and validating their experiences.

Objectives
To evaluate patient feedback on a newly developed PIL designed for individuals with delusional infestation, assessing its perceived usefulness and impact.

Methods
A survey was administered to 18 patients before their appointments, incorporating the new PIL. The survey included questions on the leaflet’s clarity, usefulness, ability to validate patient experiences and other pointers, measured on a 10-point Likert scale (0 = no comment, 1 = strongly disagree, 10 = strongly agree). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and factor analysis. Additionally, the final question allowed for written feedback, which was examined through thematic analysis.

Results
The survey results revealed that the majority of patients were satisfied with the new PIL. Specifically, 94% (17/18) agreed or strongly agreed that the leaflet was logical and easy to follow, 72% (13/18) found it useful for understanding their condition, and 78% (14/18) felt it validated their experiences. Mean scores for these concepts were 8.83 (SD 2.97), 7.61 (SD 1.93) and 7.78 (SD 1.91), respectively. Thematic analysis of written feedback highlighted themes of improved understanding but uncertainty around acknowledgement of experiences.

Conclusions
This new patient-centred PIL for delusional parasitosis was well received, indicating its potential as a valuable tool for patients and their support networks. By addressing the specific needs and experiences of patients, the leaflet can improve communication and reduce the stigma associated with the condition. Future research should explore long-term impact and the effectiveness of similar resources in other patient populations.
Wet-chemical synthesis of Co3Mo3C-based electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions
Authors: Yanagimoto Ikki , Wada Masashi , Takase Satoko , Shimizu Youichi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In recent years, efforts have been made to adapt secondary metal–air batteries for practical rechargeable applications through the development of bifunctional catalysts, which are highly active in both oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. Molybdenum carbides, known for their high chemical durability and electrical conductivity, are being investigated as electrode materials for hydrogen evolution reactions in water electrolysis. In this study, we found a new wet chemical synthesis of cobalt-molybdenum-based carbides. Especially, the synthesized Mn-doped Co₃(Mo₀.₉Mn₀.₁)₃C catalyst gave a remarkable activity for both oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reaction, showing significant potential for the advancement of metal–air batteries as secondary batteries.
Novel real-time automation of combined frequency and low voltage substrate mapping to guide ablation for Brugada syndrome: a case report
Authors: Mayer Joseph , Al-Sheikhli Jaffar , Niespialowska-Steuden Maria , Behr Elijah , Dhanjal Tarvinder 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited cardiac condition that increases the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to ventricular arrhythmias. Catheter ablation has been shown to effectively reduce recurrent ventricular fibrillation (VF) episodes through targeting of abnormal electrograms predominantly located within the anterior surface of the right ventricular outflow tract. Signal frequency mapping is an emerging concept that provides further definition of pathological ventricular substrate.

Case summary
A 66-year-old male with BrS was admitted to our institution with implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks for VF. Electro-anatomical mapping (EAM) and ablation were performed utilizing a novel automated frequency-based strategy. Combined automated frequency and low voltage maps were generated to define high frequency, low voltage (HF-LVo) depolarization abnormalities within the QRS complex. Low frequency, low voltage (LF-LVo) regions from the QRS terminal notch to the T-wave offset were also identified. The combined HF-LVo and LF-LVo map areas totalled 12.4 cm2, compared to the conventional low voltage and late potential map areas, which were 44 cm2 and 27.8 cm2, respectively. The ablation strategy targeted HF-LVo and LF-LVo regions only. Following ablation, re-mapping demonstrated near complete abolition of HF-LVo and LF-LVo regions, with no inducible ventricular arrhythmias during extra-stimulation testing. During follow-up, ECG normalization was observed, with no further ventricular arrhythmias and a negative ajmaline challenge at 6 months.

Discussion
Catheter ablation for BrS utilizing a novel automated combined frequency and low voltage EAM approach can objectively identify relevant substrate. The results demonstrate adequate substrate modification with comparable ablation target areas to previous studies and encouraging clinical outcomes.