bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral epithelial dysplasia: Causes, quantification, prognosis, and management challenges
Authors: Tilakaratne Wanninayake M. , Jayasooriya Primali R. , Jayasuriya Nadeena S. , De Silva Rohana Kumara 
Published: May 2019

AbstractOral epithelial dysplasia is a spectrum of architectural and cytological epithelial changes caused by accumulation of genetic changes, and is associated with an increased risk of progression to squamous cell carcinoma. It is a microscopic diagnosis of immense clinical importance. The initial reports of oral potentially malignant disorders with oral epithelial dysplasia transforming to oral cancer helped in understanding the nature of oral malignancies. Since then, clinical studies on oral potentially malignant disorders have combined microscopic findings of oral epithelial dysplasia to assess the malignant transformation potential of different grades of epithelial dysplasia. A significant amount of scientific literature has amassed on oral epithelial dysplasia relating to aspects of its diagnosis and management. However, the evidence base is weak as a result of the significant variability of published research. Poorly described study methods, variability in different oral epithelial dysplasia grading systems, inter‐ and intra‐examiner variability causing issues of reliability, inadequate sample size, and inconsistent durations of follow‐up are some of the methodological issues contributing to the failure to provide dependable information. Randomized clinical trials on the malignant transformation potential of oral epithelial dysplasia and its treatment outcomes are limited. This comprehensive literature review on oral epithelial dysplasia summarizes the scientific knowledge published in the scientific literature in English since its first description. The historical development, etiological factors, grading systems, diagnostic criteria, assessment of risk factors and prevention of malignant transformation, management principles of different grades of oral epithelial dysplasia (surgical and nonsurgical), recommendations on follow‐up, and prognostic indicators are discussed in detail.
Kick‐starting diffusion: Explaining the varying frequency of preferential trade agreements’ environmental provisions by their initial conditions
Authors: Morin Jean‐Frédéric , Blümer Dominique , Brandi Clara , Berger Axel 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMost recent preferential trade agreements (PTAs) include environmental provisions. While a number of these environmental provisions remain rare and are incorporated in just a few PTAs, others are widely popular and are duplicated in more than 100 PTAs. We still lack a convincing explanation for this varying frequency. While the diffusion literature typically tries to explain how diffusion occurs, we investigate why certain provisions diffuse more often than others. We hypothesise that the initial conditions under which provisions first emerge determine the scope of their diffusion. Our results support this hypothesis and indicate that provisions originating from intercontinental agreements diffuse more often than others. At the same time, provisions first designed by economically powerful or environmentally credible countries are not related to more frequent occurrences of diffusion. These findings are of interest for the literatures on international institutions' design, interaction and diffusion.
MERE SCIENCE: MAPPING THE LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN EMOTION, POLITICS, AND ETHICS
Authors: Schaefer Donovan O. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractLisa Sideris's Consecrating Science: Wonder, Knowledge, and the Natural World (2017) proposes that the call by some science advocates for a new moral framework based on scientific wonder is flawed. Sideris develops a typology of “wonder” with two separate affective axes: “true wonder” that is the prerogative of a sort of dwelling with the overwhelming mystery of life, and “curiosity” that presses to resolve puzzles and break through into a space of total clarity. The former, Sideris writes, is an ethical resource that, by placing the human self against the backdrop of the unknowable cosmic expanse, prompts humility and genuine admiration for nature. The latter is the theater of “mere science.” This essay follows suit with Sideris's line of questioning, but also pushes back on the correlation of wonder with ethical attentiveness and proposes ways that science in its puzzle‐solving mode can be brought back into the ethical conversation.
WONDER OPENS THE HEART: POPE FRANCIS AND LISA SIDERIS ON NATURE, ENCOUNTER, AND WONDER
Authors: McGuigan Colin 
Published: May 2019

AbstractThis article argues that Pope Francis's invocations of wonder can speak to and at times challenge Lisa Sideris's recent contributions to the interdisciplinary discussion of wonder, science, and religion. Although the importance of wonder to Pope Francis's 2015 environmental encyclicalLaudato si’is acknowledged, it has not been widely recognized that wonder is implicated in and forms connections between multiple concepts and postures acknowledged as defining marks of Francis's papacy: coming out of oneself, encountering others, going to the margins; aversion to doctrinal rigidity; compassion, mercy, tenderness, and humility; to name a few. These defining concepts and stances resonate strongly with certain views on wonder, ethics, and ecology recently articulated by Lisa Sideris. In Francis, however, one finds a more affirming treatment of science‐based wonder and a response to Sideris's criticism of theistic wonder.
THE SHAPE OF THIS WONDER? CONSECRATED SCIENCE AND NEW COSMOLOGY AFFECTS
Authors: O'Dell‐Chaib Courtney 
Published: May 2019

AbstractIn response to Lisa Sideris's provocative new book Consecrating Science: Wonder, Knowledge and the Natural World and in conversation with voices from feminist technoscience, this article challenges the deracinated wonder of new cosmology encounters in two senses. First, by tracing how it is uprooted from critical perspectives on scientific knowledge production. And second, by contending deracinated wonder is ripped from cultural and historical contexts thus erasing embodied inequalities. Deracinated wonder attached to uncritical forms of science, I argue, solidifies new cosmology as an investment in white environmentalism by directing religion and ecology away from pluralities of encounter and the affective weight of environmental degradation and environmental racism.
Availability Balance of Steam Power Plants
Authors: Meyer C. A. , Silvestri G. J. , Martin J. A. 
Published: May 2019

The well-known expression for availability, b = h − T0s, is developed in a simple yet general manner. The changes in availability throughout several typical single and double reheat steam plants having different steam conditions have been calculated. Balances of availability are presented for each of the several plants. These balances show the net plant output as the difference between the availability added in the boiler and the various losses in availability throughout the plant.
The maximum plant thermal efficiency (or minimum heat rate) is easily obtained from the ratio of the increase in availability to the heat added in the boiler.
The availability balances present in fine detail the loss distribution throughout the plant. Some very interesting results are obtained. For example, an assumed average plant will have a calculated maximum thermal efficiency of about 75 per cent based on the ratio of the availability and the heat in the high temperature combustion gases. Due to the heat transfer through a temperature difference, this value is reduced to 50 per cent when based on the ratio of the availability and the heat added to the steam in the boiler. This average plant will lose an additional 10 points in thermal efficiency, due to internal losses in availability, resulting in a 40 per cent thermal efficiency (excluding boiler and auxiliary losses). These latter 10 points due to internal losses are roughly divided as follows:
Pressure drop: 0.9
Turbine blading: 5.0
Turbine leakage: 0.6
Turbine leaving and hood: 1.0
Mechanical and generator: 0.7
Feed and healing system: 1.3
and
Feed pump and motor inefficiency: 0.5
Total: 10.0
An availability balance enables one to make an accurate assessment of the losses in any power plant and therefore serves as a very accurate guide in directing development effort toward reducing the more significant losses.
Some Observations on the Shearing Process in Metal Cutting
Authors: Kobayashi S. , Thomsen E. G. 
Published: May 2019

It was found that shearing forces on the shear plane were linear functions of the area on which they acted. This was observed for all materials investigated; for SAE 1112 steel, 2024-T4, and 6061-T6 aluminum alloys, and alpha-brass, and also is in agreement with data taken from the literature. Furthermore, all data examined showed that the straight line of shear force Fs versus area As intercepted the ordinate at a positive force value. This was interpreted to mean that the intercept part of the shearing force was used up in overcoming workpiece deformation or friction at the flank of the tool and was not available for chip deformation. Accepting this concept, it can then be shown that the average shearing stress on the shear plane for SAE 1112 is constant and is independent of normal stress, cutting speed, or strain rate, extent of deformation or finite strain, and extent of prior deformation. The shearing stresses for the other materials tested or examined were also constant for the limited range of variables available.
In contrast to the shearing stress, the normal stress on the shear plane was not constant and appears to be a yet unknown function of the mechanism of friction on the tool face.
The shearing stresses calculated from the metal-cutting data showed good correlation with flow stresses at the same finite strains which were obtained from static compression tests. The reason for the uniqueness of the finite strains at which correlation is achieved is not as yet clear.
Ball Motion and Sliding Friction in Ball Bearings
Authors: Jones A. B. 
Published: May 2019

In modern high-speed ball bearings the pressure areas, which result from elastic deformations at the ball-race contacts, are appreciably curved and interfacial slip can occur at most points within the pressure areas. These slippages give rise to friction forces acting on the ball which are held in equilibrium by reactions from the races and the inertia effects of the motion of the ball.
A method is derived for determining the motion of the ball and sliding friction in a high-speed, angular-contact ball bearing under thrust load in terms of the inertia effects on the ball and the frictional resistances resulting from interfacial slip at the contact areas. Possible elastic compliance at the interface, hysteresis, and dynamical perturbations of ball motion are neglected. The solution of eight, simultaneous equations involving double integrals for which closed-form solutions cannot be found is required. A solution for a particular case requires the services of a high-speed computer.
For the case where gyroscopic effects on the ball can be neglected, certain simplifications and assumptions can be made which enable the solution of a particular problem using conventional computation means.
An Analytic Frequency-Response Solution for a Higher Order Servomechanism With a Nonlinear Control Element
Authors: Hopkin A. M. , Ogata K. 
Published: May 2019

On-off-type control systems designed on the basis of step-input response sometimes exhibit poor frequency-response characteristics. When subjected to periodic inputs, such systems may oscillate at subharmonics of the input frequencies under certain conditions. An example of subharmonic response of an on-off-type system is shown in Fig. 1(a). Fig. 1(b) shows the corresponding fundamental response.
When an on-off system is designed with a proportional band, the frequency response of the system must be carefully investigated for the possibility of “jump resonance” and subharmonic oscillations. This is particularly necessary when the system is known to be subjected to occasional periodic inputs.
This paper presents an effective method for evaluating the frequency response, both open-loop and closed-loop, for on-off-type feedback control systems with or without proportional bands. Fig. 2 shows one type of the system under discussion.
The essential material presented follows the Laplace-transform method suggested by D. Kahn [1]. It is an extension of the work already reported by K. Ogata [2, 3].
The Distribution of Contact Pressures in the Rolling of Metals
Authors: MacGregor C. W. , Palme R. B. 
Published: May 2019

A comparison is made between the experimentally determined contact pressure distributions obtained on square bars and flat strips. The former showed double peaks in the pressure, one near entry and the other near the roll center line. A pressure peak is obtained near the center line only for strip-rolling.
Two independent analyses were made. One allowed the double peak for the square bars to be predicted with fair accuracy from stress-strain data. The second, based on the local elastic deformation of the rolls, also showed the transition in pressure distributions from billet to strip-rolling.
Fiber
Diameter-Dependent Elastic Deformation in Polymer Composites—A Numerical Study
Authors: Garg Nitin , Chandrashekar Gurudutt , Alisafaei Farid , Han Chung-Souk 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Microbeam bending and nano-indentation experiments illustrate that length scale-dependent elastic deformation can be significant in polymers at micron and submicron length scales. Such length scale effects in polymers should also affect the mechanical behavior of reinforced polymer composites, as particle sizes or diameters of fibers are typically in the micron range. Corresponding experiments on particle-reinforced polymer composites have shown increased stiffening with decreasing particle size at the same volume fraction. To examine a possible linkage between the size effects in neat polymers and polymer composites, a numerical study is pursued here. Based on a couple stress elasticity theory, a finite element approach for plane strain problems is applied to predict the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced epoxy composite materials at micrometer length scale. Numerical results show significant changes in the stress fields and illustrate that with a constant fiber volume fraction, the effective elastic modulus increases with decreasing fiber diameter. These results exhibit similar tendencies as in mechanical experiments of particle-reinforced polymer composites.
Effect of the gas to wall temperature ratio on the bypass transition
Authors: Rubini Riccardo , Maffulli Roberto , Arts Tony 
Published: May 2019

The study of the boundary layer transition plays a fundamental role in the field of turbomachinery. The main reason is the strong influence of the transition on the flow field local parameters, such as skin friction and heat transfer, this variation is reflected on the global ones such as efficiency and heat load of the blade row.
Turbulent transition models are nowadays commonly used tools in both CFD research and design practice. It is then of particular interest to understand if they are able to predict the effect of temperature on bypass transition and, in case of positive answer, the reasons of their behaviour.
This becomes even more interesting as the effect of the flow aero-thermal coupling becomes prominent in the analysis of such phenomena and is typically not accounted for in the validation of turbulence models. In this work we focus our attention on two state of the art transition model that use two radically different approaches to describe transition.
To isolate the effects of the temperature ratio on the transition the simulations have been performed keeping the same values of Reynolds and Mach numbers and changing the value of the wall to freestream Temperature Ratio (TR).
The results of the two transition models have been compared between them as well as with experimental results. They show that both models are sensitive to TR, though a locally based (rather than correlation based) approach for transition modelling should be favoured.
Discussion Paper on the Use of FPC’s C240 Integrated Compressed Natural Gas (ICNG) Storage Units and TransCanada’s CNG Storage System for the Storage of Natural Gas As a Fuel for Marine Applications
Authors: Lawrence David , Cano Gregory , Williams Steven 
Published: May 2019

This discussion paper is based on a preliminary design and is not to be construed or interpreted as being a suitable basis for adoption as a final design for natural gas storage facilities or marine vessels. The gas storage concepts were developed as a basis for project budgeting, further design studies such as HAZID/HAZOP/FEMA, and for review/comment by Classification Societies and Regulatory Authorities as a precedent to further design development. The contents, comments and opinions contained herein are proprietary to Floating Pipeline Company Incorporated and TransCanada.
Paper published with permission.
Emerging Technologies for Treating Contaminants in Marine Wastewater
Authors: Nguyen Don 
Published: May 2019

Contaminants in marine wastewater facing current or near-future regulations can be broadly categorized to free oil & suspended solids, emulsified oil and dissolved solids, and biological organisms. The first category of contaminants has been treated by commercially available OWS systems. The second class of contaminants, emulsified oils and dissolved solids, has been effectively treated by UF membrane filtration and to a less extent by biological oxidation and surface modified filters. A survey of recent advances in physical and chemical demulsification technologies to enhance emulsified oil removal with reduced loads on membrane was conducted. The study also identified new applications for treatments of biological organisms in ballast water.
Paper published with permission.
Use of Fuel Cells and ASME Piping Codes for Powering Marine Equipment
Authors: Collins William P. 
Published: May 2019

This paper discusses the potential to use fuel cell technology for marine applications. The topics discussed include a definition of a fuel cell, the types of fuel cells and their applications, fuels currently used by various fuel cell designs, the status of supporting product safety standards, the existing model and design codes for the storage and piping of various fuels, the existing model and design codes for the dispensing of various fuels, and potential near term applications for powering marine vessels and other equipment.
Paper published with permission.
OM Code Activities for New Reactors
Authors: Lippy Ronald 
Published: May 2019

The ASME (formerly the American Society of Mechanical Engineers) code titled Operation and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants (OM Code), Division 1, “Section IST: Rules for Inservice Testing of Light-Water Reactor Power Plants,” defines a post-2000 plant as a nuclear power plant that was issued (or will be issued) its construction permit or its combined license for construction and operation by the applicable regulatory authority on or after January 1, 2000. The New Reactors OM Code (NROMC) Task Group (TG) of the ASME OM Code Committee is assigned the task of ensuring that the preservice testing (PST) and inservice testing (IST) provisions in the ASME OM Code are adequate to provide reasonable assurance that pumps, valves, and dynamic restraints (snubbers) for post-2000 plants will operate when needed. The NROMC TG has prepared updated guidance for pumps and pyrotechnically operated (squib) valves in new reactors that has been incorporated in the ASME OM Code. Currently, the NROMC TG is preparing proposed guidance for surveillance of safety-significant pumps, valves, and dynamic restraints in nonsafety systems at post-2000 plants that employ passive safety-related post-accident heat-removal systems (referred to as passive post-2000 reactors).
The NROMC TG is also evaluating pump and valve surveillance provisions that would ensure that safety-significant components in small modular reactor (SMR) designs are verified to be operationally ready while providing flexibility to accommodate potentially extended refueling cycles associated with these post-2000 plants. There are several other changes and evaluations being performed by the NROMC TG to provide reasonable assurance of the operational readiness of safety-significant pumps, valves, and dynamic restraints while still weighing the cost-effectiveness of the requirements. The NROMC TG also considers risk insights in its evaluation of PST and IST provisions for post-2000 plants. This paper discusses the NROMC TG activities to develop the recent and planned improvements to the PST and IST provisions in the ASME OM Code to address pumps, valves, and dynamic restraints in new reactors.
Paper published with permission.
A Description of Data-Analysis Techniques
Authors: Files Christina 
Published: May 2019

Trending, standard deviation, forecasting, linear regression, anomaly detection, and normalization are all techniques that IST Program Engineers use as tools to help them analyze and evaluate test results. But does the program engineer remember what these terms mean? Are they being used correctly? Are the techniques being used when they need to be? Are their benefits being fully used? This paper briefly goes over what each of these terms mean and looks at examples of each. Knowing how to use these tools is integral to a quality IST Program. Some software, such as True North Consulting’s EP-Plus Engage IST Software, incorporates these “value added” techniques. A brief overview of how they are used as tools for the IST Engineer is provided. Also included is a discussion on how these tools can be improved on and leveraged to decipher the program engineer’s IST Program data.
Paper published with permission.
Regulatory Requirements and Perspectives on the Use of Inservice Testing Software in the Nuclear Industry
Authors: Carneal Jason B. 
Published: May 2019

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Code for Operation and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants (OM Code) establishes the requirements for preservice and inservice testing (IST) and examination of certain components to assess their operational readiness in light-water reactor nuclear power plants. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) endorses the use of the ASME OM Code in 10 CFR 50.55a(b)(3) . This paper focuses on applicable regulatory requirements and regulatory perspectives associated with the use of IST software in the nuclear industry.
Paper published with permission.
ASME OM Code Appendix IV
Authors: Setzer Fred 
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a discussion of the activities ongoing within the ASME (formerly the American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Operation and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants (OM) Code Subgroup on Air Operated Valves (SG-AOV), along with an overview of Revision 0 of Mandatory Appendix IV, “Preservice and Inservice Testing of Active Pneumatically Operated Valve Assemblies in Light-Water Reactor Power Plants.”
Paper published with permission.