bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future tourism in a robot-based economy: a perspective article
Authors: Webster Craig , Ivanov Stanislav 
Published: September 2019

PurposeFuture tourism will take place in a robonomic economy (aka robonomics). The massive introduction of robots, artificial intelligence and automation technologies which will lead to the advent of an economy that will be qualitatively different from the current economy. The robonomic economy will have profound implications on the nature of work, level and sources of incomes, leisure time, politics, international trade and relations, ownership rights, etc., hence leading to major social, economic and political challenges and tension. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on how tourism will be in a robonomic society.Design/methodology/approachThis is a perspective paper that shows how tourism will be in a robonomic society. This is a conceptual perspective article that shows how tourism will be in a robonomic society.FindingsThis paper elaborates on the tourism/hospitality implications of robonomics, the positive and negative impacts of robonomics on tourism and vice versa.Originality/valueThis is one of the first papers to discuss tourism implications of a future automated society.
Multi-criteria shape optimization of open-spandrel concrete arch bridges: Pareto front development and decision-making
Authors: Pouraminian Majid , Pourbakhshian Somayyeh 
Published: September 2019

PurposeThis paper aims to study the shape of the concrete arched bridge by particle swarm optimization algorithm.Design/methodology/approachFinite element model of open-spandrel concrete arch bridges was constructed using a number of parameters. Design variables of optimization problem include height of skewback abutment, height of arch crown, position of crown with respect to global axes and left and right radius of up and down arches. After parametric modeling of bridge geometry and application of multi-objective particle swarm optimization, the shape optimization of bridge arch was determined. The concrete volume used in bridge substructure construction and maximum principal tensile stress of concrete arch body was adopted as two objective functions in this study. The optimization problem aims to minimize the two objective functions. Geometric and stress constraints are also included in the problem.FindingsBased on the results presented in the paper, the Pareto front is generated which helps the decision-maker or designer to pick the compromise solution from among 20 optimum designs according to their subjective preferences or engineering judgment, respectively. Moreover, to help the decision-maker, the two multiple objective decision-making methods were used for selection of the best solution from among nondominated solutions.Originality/valueThis research aims to solve an interesting optimization problem in structural engineering. Optimization of arch bridges structure was done for reducing construction costs and increasing safety for the first time.
Appearance before performance? Nutritional constraints on life‐history traits, but not warning signal expression in aposematic moths
Authors: Lindstedt Carita , Suisto Kaisa , Mappes Johanna 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Trade‐offs have been shown to play an important role in the divergence of mating strategies and sexual ornamentation, but their importance in explaining warning signal diversity has received less attention. In aposematic organisms, allocation costs of producing the conspicuous warning signal pigmentation under nutritional stress could potentially trade‐off with life‐history traits and maintain variation in warning coloration.

We studied this with an aposematic herbivore Arctia plantaginis (Arctiidae), whose larvae and adults show extensive variation in aposematic coloration. In larvae, less melanic coloration (i.e. larger orange patterns) produces a more efficient warning signal against predators, whereas high amounts of melanism (smaller orange pattern) enhance thermoregulation, correlate with better immunity and make individuals harder to detect for naïve predators.

We conducted a factorial rearing experiment with larvae originating from lines selected for either small or large orange signal size, which were reared on an artificial diet that had either low or high protein content. Protein content of the diet is critical for melanin production. We measured the effects of diet on individual coloration, life‐history traits, immune defence and reproductive output. We also compared the responses to dietary conditions between the small and large larval signal genotypes.

Protein content of the diet did not affect warning coloration in the larval stage, but larval signal sizes differed significantly among selection lines, confirming that its variation is mainly genetically determined. In adults, signal line or diet did not affect coloration in hindwings, but males' forewings had more melanin on the high than on low protein diet. Contrary to coloration, diet quality had a stronger impact on life‐history traits: individuals developed for longer had smaller hindwing sizes in females and lower immune defence on the low protein content diet compared with the high. These costs were higher for more melanic larval signal genotypes in terms of development time and female hindwing size.

We conclude that low plasticity in warning signal characteristics makes signal expression robust under varying dietary conditions. Therefore, variation in diet quality is not likely to constrain signal expression, but can have a bigger impact on performance.
Exotic eucalypts: From demonized trees to allies of tropical forest restoration?
Authors: Brancalion Pedro H. S. , Amazonas Nino T. , Chazdon Robin L. , van Melis Juliano , Rodrigues Ricardo R. , Silva Carina C. , Sorrini Taísi B. , Holl Karen D. 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

International forest landscape restoration commitments have promoted the restoration of millions of hectares of degraded and deforested lands globally, but few forest restoration approaches provide both ecologically‐sound and financially‐viable solutions for achieving the spatial scale proposed. One potential revenue source for restoration is selective harvesting of timber, a product for which there is a clear global market and increasing demand. The use of commercially valuable exotic trees may attract farmers to restoration, but can be a major concern for ecologists.

Here, we present results collected over 7 years from experimental studies at three sites across the Brazilian Atlantic Forest to assess the impacts of incorporating exotic eucalypts as a transitional stage in tropical forest restoration on above‐ground biomass accumulation, native woody species regeneration and financial viability.

Biomass accumulation was nine times greater in mixed eucalypt‐native species plantations than native only plantings due to fast eucalypt growth. Nonetheless, the growth of native non‐pioneer trees was not affected or only slightly reduced by eucalypts prior to logging.

Eucalypts did not negatively affect the natural regeneration of native woody species before or after eucalypt logging. Canopy cover regrew quickly but was slightly lower a year following logging in mixed eucalypt‐native species plantations. Natural regeneration richness and planted non‐pioneer growth were similar across treatments in the post‐logging period. We found higher variation of biomass accumulation and native species regeneration among sites than between plantation types within sites.

The income from eucalypt wood production offset 44%–75% of restoration implementation costs.

Synthesis and applications. Many of the negative effects attributed to eucalypts on the growth and natural regeneration of native trees depend on features of the production system, landscape structure, soil, and climate in which they are grown, rather than the effects of eucalypts per se. In Brazil's Atlantic Forest region, exotic eucalypts can become important allies of tropical forest restoration, and their use and investment opportunities should be considered within the portfolio of options supported by public and private funding and policies.
High throughput sequencing combined with null model tests reveals specific plant‐fungi associations linked to seedling establishment and survival
Authors: Merges Dominik , Bálint Miklós , Schmitt Imke , Manning Peter , Neuschulz Eike Lena 
Published: September 2019

Abstract

Plant‐fungal interactions are important for plant community assembly, but quantifying these relationships remains challenging. High throughput sequencing of fungal communities allows us to identify plant‐fungal associations at a high level of resolution, but often fails to provide information on taxonomic and functional assignment of fungi.

We transplanted seeds of Pinus cembra across an elevational gradient (1850–2250 m a.s.l.) and identified environmental factors and known fungal associates important for seedling establishment and survival. We then applied null model tests to identify taxonomically unassigned fungi associated with pine recruitment.

Early seedling establishment was determined by abiotic environmental factors, while seedling survival was predominantly affected by biotic environmental factors (i.e., the abundance of a fungal pathogen known from literature and the distance to adult trees). Null model tests identified known mycorrhizal partners and a large number of unknown operational taxonomic units (OTUs) associated with seedling survival, including saprotrophic and pathogenic species. These results highlight that unknown fungal OTUs, which are usually discarded from analyses, could play a crucial role for plant survival.

Synthesis. We conclude that high throughput metabarcoding paired with null model tests, is a valuable approach for identifying hidden plant‐fungal associations within large and complex DNA metabarcoding datasets. Such an approach can be an important tool in illuminating the black box of plant‐microbe interactions, and thus understanding ecosystem dynamics.
Longitudinal analysis of communication repair skills across three neurodevelopmental disabilities
Authors: Martin Gary E. , Barstein Jamie , Patel Shivani , Lee Michelle , Henry Laura , Losh Molly 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study is a longitudinal follow‐up to prior work examining the important pragmatic skill of communication repair (i.e., the ability to respond effectively to a request for clarification of an unclear message) across three neurodevelopmental disabilities in which language skills are impaired: fragile X syndrome with and without autism spectrum disorder (FXS‐ASD; FXS‐O), idiopathic ASD (ASD‐O), Down syndrome (DS) and controls with typical development (TD). Prior work examining communication repair skills at younger ages indicated impairments in boys with FXS‐ASD and ASD‐O, with females performing comparably with each other across groups.AimsTo characterize communication repair skills in young individuals with FXS‐ASD, FXS‐O, ASD‐O, DS and TD, across groups and over development. A secondary aim included documenting sex differences in FXS (with and without ASD) and DS.Methods & ProceduresSixty young individuals with FXS‐ASD (49 males, 11 females), 38 with FXS‐O (13 males, 25 females), 38 with ASD‐O (males only), 42 with DS (21 males, 21 females) and 41 with TD (21 males, 20 females) participated in the study, with a subsample reported on here who were retested at a second time point 2.7 years later on average. Participants completed a structured, picture‐based task designed to assess the ability to repair breakdowns in communication. Participants’ responses were compared across groups and sexes at the second time point, and interpreted with respect to previously published (Time 1) findings.Outcomes & ResultsKey findings included that, with age, male groups (including those with FXS‐ASD and ASD‐O, who showed difficulty at Time 1) performed more comparably, decreasing their use of inappropriate responses, in spite of relatively little change observed in general cognitive or structural language abilities in the clinical groups. However, girls with FXS and DS became more non‐responsive with age, and differences between boys and girls with FXS‐ASD emerged over time as well.Conclusions & ImplicationsFindings suggest that impairments in a critical pragmatic skill—the ability to repair communication breakdown—show significant change with age across three neurodevelopmental disabilities, with important sex‐specific patterns. These developments were often observed in spite of a relative plateau in cognitive and language growth, suggesting that repair skills may be more malleable and therefore an excellent target for intervention. Findings not only inform the nature of pragmatic impairment across groups but also can importantly inform clinical practice, suggesting that clinicians should monitor pragmatic skills such as repairs throughout development and also consider the role of sex in clinical efforts.
Effect of Germination Conditions and Mashing Temperature on the Amylolytic Enzyme Activity and Degree of Starch Saccharification of Brown Rice Cultivars During Syrup Production
Authors: Wunthunyarat Wipada , Wong Emily , Jinn Jia‐Rong , Wang Ya‐Jane , Mauromoustakos Andy 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe germination process activates amylolytic enzymes that can produce rice syrup through mashing, however the factors affecting enzyme activities and soluble saccharides have not been investigated. This study characterized amylolytic enzymes activities, including α‐amylase, β‐amylase, and α‐glucosidase, and soluble saccharides from germinated rice cultivars of four rice cultivars, including waxy, short grain, medium grain, and long grain, under aerobic and anaerobic germination conditions over 4 days and then mashed at 55, 65, 75, and 85 °C. The results showed that the long‐grain rice had higher activities of all three enzymes, whereas the waxy rice exhibited lower activities. Glucose and maltose were the predominant saccharides at low mashing temperatures of 55 °C and 65 °C; saccharides of degree of polymerization 3 to 7 became significant at mashing temperatures of 75 °C and 85 °C. The amount and composition of saccharides were strongly influenced by rice cultivar, and germination and mashing conditions. The findings highlight the importance of rice components and starch structure on the amount and composition of soluble saccharides from germinated brown rice.Practical ApplicationRice syrup is commercially produced by the addition of external bacterial enzymes to brown or milled rice. Germinated brown rice is naturally rich in nutrients and amylases, both are produced during the germination process. Because of the presence of naturally activated amylases, germinated brown rice could be used to produce rice syrup without the addition of external enzymes while preserving the nutrients from germination of brown rice.
Differential Posttreatment Outcomes of Methylphenidate for Smoking Cessation for Individuals With ADHD
Authors: Luo Sean X. , Covey Lirio S. , Hu Mei‐Chen , Winhusen Theresa M. , Nunes Edward V. 
Published: September 2019

Background and ObjectivesIn a multisite, randomized study (CTN‐0029), a 3‐month course of Osmotic‐Release Oral System Methylphenidate (OROS‐MPH) improved smoking cessation in a group of patients with higher baseline severity in Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This treatment, however, worsened smoking cessation outcome in the group with lower baseline ADHD severity. We want to examine whether this differential treatment effect persisted after OROS‐MPH was discontinued.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of the 1‐month follow‐up data from CTN‐0029 after the discontinuation of OROS‐MPH (N = 134). Nicotine patch was tapered during this month. We tested whether OROS‐MPH had an effect on self‐reported 7‐day abstinence by week, as well as possible treatment by baseline ADHD severity interactions.ResultsAbstinence diminished overall in time after the end of the treatment. In the high baseline severity group, patients who received OROS‐MPH had an advantage in 7‐day abstinence at week 15 (40% for OROS‐MPH vs 20% for placebo, odds ratio = 2.63, P = .028). In the lower severity group (n = 121), no difference was detected (29% for OROS‐MPH vs 32% for placebo, P = 1.00) between the two treatment groups. There was also a significant treatment by baseline ADHD severity interaction (P = .03).Conclusions and Scientific SignificanceOROS‐MPH promotes abstinence beyond the course of treatment for patients with more severe ADHD, while the paradoxical effects in the lower baseline severity group is not persistent after medication discontinuation. Targeting ADHD in smoking cessation as a comorbidity therefore can have broader impact with more precise patient selection. (Am J Addict)
A retrospective analysis of case‐load and supervision from a large anaesthetic logbook database
Authors: Perella P. , Palmer E. , Conway R. , Wong D. J. N. 
Published: September 2019

SummaryThe recent development of electronic logbooks with secure off‐device data storage provides a rich resource for research. We present the largest analysis of anaesthetic logbooks to date, with data from 494,235 cases logged by 964 anaesthetists over a 4‐year period. Our analysis describes and compares the annual case‐load and supervision levels of different grades of anaesthetists across the UK and Republic of Ireland. We calculated the number of cases undertaken per year by grade (median (IQR [range]) core trainees = 388 (252–512 [52–1204]); specialist trainees = 344 (228–480 [52–1144]); and consultants = 328 (204–500 [52–1316]). Overall, the proportion of cases undertaken with direct consultant supervision was 56.7% and 41.6% for core trainees and specialist trainees, respectively. The proportion of supervised cases reduced out‐of‐hours, for both core trainees (day 93.5%, evening 86.3%, night 78.6%) and specialist trainees (day 81.0%, evening 67.7%, night 56.4%).
Children’s Reading With Digital Books: Past Moving Quickly to the Future
Authors: Kucirkova Natalia 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDigital books, such as e‐books, story apps, picture book apps, and interactive stories, are narratives presented on touchscreens with multimedia and interactive features. Evidence suggests that early reading of print versus digital books is associated with different patterns of parent–child engagement and children’s outcomes. Parents’ verbal scaffolding, children’s age, and the congruence between a book’s narrative and its interactive and multimedia features are three documented process variables that explain the difference between reading print and digital books. To maximize the added value of digital books for children, we need to study the interaction among the characteristics of parents, children, and books; we also need to target these interactions through interventions and through collaborations between designers and researchers.
An epidemiological study of paediatric adenotonsillectomy in Victoria, Australia, 2010‐2015: Changing indications and lack of effect of hospital volume on inter‐hospital transfers
Authors: Tran Aimy H.L. , Horne Rosemary S.C. , Liew Danny , Rimmer Joanne , Nixon Gillian M. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the contemporary epidemiology of paediatric adenotonsillectomy in an Australian setting, examine the incidence rate over 2010‐2015 and investigate factors associated with inter‐hospital transfer.DesignRetrospective population‐based study.SettingMulticentre study in the state of Victoria, Australia.ParticipantsFrom the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset, which included all patients aged 0‐19 years who underwent adenoidectomy and/or tonsillectomy in Victoria, Australia between 2010 and 2015.Main Outcome MeasuresAnnual incidence rate, hospital volume, inter‐hospital transfer.ResultsBetween 2010 and 2015, 59 008 patients underwent 61 281 procedures, with highest number performed in males (52.7%), children aged under 10 years (73.5%) and in the higher socioeconomic groups (24.6% in quintile 4 and 23.2% in quintile 5). Seventy‐five cases (0.12%) resulted in inter‐hospital transfer, which was significantly associated with young age (under 5 years). More than a third of hospitals (35.7%) performed an average rate of <1 procedure per week. Hospital volume was not associated with risk of inter‐hospital transfer. The incidence rate of adenotonsillectomy procedures significantly increased over the study period (P < .001), driven by a significant increase in the rate of surgery performed for obstructive symptoms (P < .001).ConclusionsThe rate of adenoidectomy/tonsillectomy procedures is rising, with a higher proportion being performed in socioeconomically advantaged patients. This raises concerns regarding healthcare access, given the literature supporting higher rates of obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing and sore throat in lower socioeconomic groups. A third of hospitals performed small numbers of procedures, but we found no association between hospital volume and inter‐hospital transfers.
What Do Group Members Share? The Privileged Status of Cultural Knowledge for Children
Authors: Soley Gaye 
Published: September 2019

AbstractAn essential aspect of forming representations of social groups is to recognize socially relevant attributes licensed by the group membership. Because knowledge of cultural practices tends to be transmitted through social contact within social groups, it is one of the fundamental attributes shared among members of a social group. Two experiments explored whether 5‐ and 6‐year‐olds selectively attribute shared cultural knowledge on the basis of group membership of agents. Using novel social groups, children were introduced to one target agent and two other agents, one of which belonged to the same group as the target and one belonged to a different group. Children were then asked who would know or like same things as the target agent. The results showed that children expect group members to know the same songs, whereas they do not necessarily expect them to like the same songs or know the same generic facts. These findings suggest that children are remarkably selective in the attributions they make based on social group membership and from early on, they expect social group membership and cultural knowledge to be closely linked.
Umstellung der Psoriasis‐Therapie von einem Fumarsäureestergemisch auf ein Dimethylfumarat‐Monopräparat: Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie
Authors: Falkvoll Sandra , Gerdes Sascha , Mrowietz Ulrich 
Published: September 2019

ZusammenfassungHintergrundBei der Therapie der mittelschweren bis schweren Psoriasis mit Fumarsäureestern (FAE) war bislang nur ein Gemisch aus Dimethylfumarat (DMF), dem Wirkstoff, und drei Salzen von Ethylhydrogenfumarat verfügbar. Seit 2017 ist erstmals ein DMF‐Monopräparat für diese Indikation zugelassen. Die prospektive Beobachtungsstudie wurde mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, die Umstellung von dem FAE‐Gemisch auf das DMF‐Monopräparat bei Patienten unter laufender Therapie zu untersuchen.Patienten und MethodikEs wurden 40 Patienten konsekutiv rekrutiert, bei denen eine Umstellung der Therapie auf der Basis der letzten DMF‐Dosis ohne Unterbrechung durchgeführt wurde. Bei der ersten Monitoringvisite nach Umstellung wurde die Wirksamkeit und die Verträglichkeit des DMF‐Monopräparates im Vergleich zur Vortherapie evaluiert.ErgebnisseDie Auswertung der Daten zeigte, dass die Wirksamkeit bei nahezu allen Patienten unverändert blieb und die Verträglichkeit (gastrointestinale Symptome und Flush) des DMF‐Monopräparates im Vergleich zur Vortherapie mit dem FAE‐Gemisch bei den meisten Patienten mit „unverändert“ oder „besser“ bewertet wurde.SchlussfolgerungenDie Ergebnisse belegen, dass bei Patienten mit Psoriasis unter Therapie mit dem FAE‐Gemisch eine direkte Umstellung auf der gleichen DMF‐Dosis ohne Unterbrechung möglich ist.