bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boilerplate in International Trade Agreements
Authors: Peacock Claire , Milewicz Karolina , Snidal Duncan 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
New international agreements often recycle language from previous agreements, using boilerplate solutions alongside customized provisions. The presence of boilerplate in international agreements has important implications for understanding how international rules are made. The determinants behind boilerplate in international agreements have not previously been systematically evaluated. Using original data from a sample of 348 preferential trade agreements (PTAs) adopted between 1989 and 2009, we combine novel text analysis measures with Latent Order Logistic (LOLOG) graph network techniques to assess the determinants behind boilerplate in labor and environmental provisions commonly found in PTAs. Our results indicate that whereas boilerplate can be used for both efficiency and distributive purposes, international boilerplate is used primarily for efficiency gains and power-distribution considerations are not systematically important.
Celecoxib potentiates antibiotic uptake by altering membrane potential and permeability in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Varma Gajapati Y N , Kummari Githavani , Paik Pradip , Kalle Arunasree M 
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
We have shown previously that celecoxib enhances the antibacterial effect of antibiotics and has sensitized drug-resistant bacteria to antibiotics at low concentrations using in vitro and in vivo model systems and also using clinically isolated ESKAPE pathogens.

Objectives
To identify the mechanism of action of celecoxib in potentiating the effect of antibiotics on bacteria.

Methods
Toxicogenomic expression analysis of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence or absence of ampicillin, celecoxib or both was carried out by microarray followed by validation of microarray results by flow cytometry and real-time PCR analysis, cocrystal development and analysis.

Results
The RNA expression map clearly indicated a change in the global transcriptome of S. aureus in the presence of cells treated with ampicillin alone, which was similar to that of celecoxib-treated cells in co-treated cells. Several essential, non-essential and virulence genes such as α-haemolysin (HLA), enterotoxins and β-lactamase were differentially regulated in co-treated cells. Further detailed analysis of the expression data indicated that the ion transporters and enzymes of the lipid biosynthesis pathway were down-regulated in co-treated cells leading to decreased membrane permeability and membrane potential. Cocrystal studies using Powder-X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated interactions between celecoxib and ampicillin, which might help in the entry of antibiotics.

Conclusions
Although further studies are warranted, here we report that celecoxib alters membrane potential and permeability, specifically by affecting the Na+/K+ ion transporter, and thereby increases the uptake of ampicillin by S. aureus.
Individual Criminal Liability for Arms Exports under the ICC Statute
Authors: Bryk Linde , Saage-Maaß Miriam 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Cases against corporate managers for their involvement in international crimes are rare. Still, legal precedent from the Nuremberg trials and more recent cases in national jurisdictions shows that corporate officers of arms manufacturing companies may be liable under international criminal law (ICL) when exported arms are used for the commission of war crimes. This article examines the circumstances under which corporate officers responsible for weapons exports can be criminally liable as accomplices to war crimes under Article 25(3)(c) of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). To corroborate our analysis, we use the case study of European arms exports to members of the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen. There is evidence that this coalition has been committing war crimes in Yemen since 2015. Despite factual difficulties and legal complexities such as the mens rea standard of Article 25(3)(c) ICC Statute, we argue that corporate officers involved in arms exports may be individually liable, depending on their contribution to the commission of war crimes; their knowledge and awareness of the consequences of the provision of arms due to the abundance of information in the public domain; and the international standards for corporate human rights due diligence that apply to their specific business activities.
Is sequential free flap safe in oral cancer reconstruction in the same patient? An outcome and complication analysis
Authors: Chiu Wen-Kuan , Chou Chang-Yi , Chen Shyi-Gen , Chen Chiehfeng , Wang Hsian-Jenn , Yang Ten-Fang 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundSequential free flap reconstruction in patient with head and neck cancer can provide reliable and effective wound coverage. Only a few studies have reported on the outcome and complications analysis but without consensus on the recipient vessels and flap chosen. Herein, we presented the outcome and analysed the risk factors for complications in sequential free flap reconstruction.Patients and methodsPatients who had sequential free tissue transfers due to cancer recurrence, second primary cancer, or secondary correction of the soft tissue contractures and volume deficits were all included. Variables extracted included demographics, comorbidities, free flap characteristics, infection, dehiscence and flap necrosis rates.ResultsIn total, 40 patients with 92 free flaps were analyzed; 42 initial and 50 sequential free flaps. The most common recipient vessels for sequential flap were contralateral superficial thyroid vessels (68%). The most common flap for both initial and sequential free flap was anterolateral thigh flap (64.3 and 62%). The success rate of sequential free flap was 92.0 compared to 92.9% for initial free flap, which showed no significant difference. Female was independently associated with delayed wound healing with an odds ratio of 90.91 (95% confidence interval 0.001–0.17, P = 0.001), as well as diabetes with an odds ratio of 31.14 (95% confidence interval 2.60–373.19, P = 0.007). Sequential free flap was not a risk factor for any complication.ConclusionsSequential free flap is a reliable method for head and neck surgery without more complication rate comparing to initial free flap reconstruction. More attentions should be paid on patients with preferential risk for certain complications.
Screening Mammography Outcomes: Risk of Breast Cancer and Mortality by Comorbidity Score and Age
Authors: Demb Joshua , Abraham Linn , Miglioretti Diana L , Sprague Brian L , O’Meara Ellen S , Advani Shailesh , Henderson Louise M , Onega Tracy , Buist Diana S M , Schousboe John T , Walter Louise C , Kerlikowske Karla , Braithwaite Dejana ,   for the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium
Published: August 2019

Abstract

Background
Potential benefits of screening mammography among women ages 75 years and older remain unclear.

Methods
We evaluated 10-year cumulative incidence of breast cancer and death from breast cancer and other causes by Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) and age in the Medicare-linked Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium (1999–2010) cohort of 222 088 women with no less than 1 screening mammogram between ages 66 and 94 years.

Results
During median follow-up of 107 months, 7583 were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and 1742 with ductal carcinoma in situ; 471 died from breast cancer and 42 229 from other causes. The 10-year cumulative incidence of invasive breast cancer did not change with increasing CCI but decreased slightly with age: ages 66–74 years (CCI0 = 4.0% [95% CI = 3.9% to 4.2%] vs CCI  ≥ 2 = 3.9% [95% CI = 3.5% to 4.3%]); ages 75–84 years (CCI0 = 3.7% [95% CI = 3.5% to 3.9%] vs CCI  ≥ 2 = 3.4% [95% CI = 2.9% to 3.9%]); and ages 85–94 years (CCI0 = 2.7% [95% CI = 2.3% to 3.1%] vs CCI  ≥ 2 = 2.1% [95% CI = 1.3% to 3.0%]). The 10-year cumulative incidence of other-cause death increased with increasing CCI and age: ages 66–74 years (CCI0 = 10.4% [95% CI = 10.3 to 10.7%] vs CCI ≥ 2 = 43.4% [95% CI = 42.2% to 44.4%]), ages 75–84 years (CCI0 = 29.8% [95% CI = 29.3% to 30.2%] vs CCI ≥ 2 = 61.7% [95% CI = 60.2% to 63.3%]), and ages 85 to 94 years (CCI0 = 60.3% [95% CI = 59.1% to 61.5%] vs CCI  ≥ 2 = 84.8% [95% CI = 82.5% to 86.9%]). The 10-year cumulative incidence of breast cancer death was small and did not vary by age: ages 66–74 years = 0.2% (95% CI = 0.2% to 0.3%), ages 75–84 years = 0.29% (95% CI = 0.25% to 0.34%), and ages 85 to 94 years = 0.3% (95% CI = 0.2% to 0.4%).

Conclusions
Cumulative incidence of other-cause death was many times higher than breast cancer incidence and death, depending on comorbidity and age. Hence, older women with increased comorbidity may experience diminished benefit from continued screening.
Multicenter Validation of the CamGFR Model for Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
Authors: Williams Edward H , Connell Claire M , Weaver James M J , Beh Ian , Potts Harry , Whitley Cameron T , Bird Nicholas , Al-Sayed Tamer , Monaghan Phillip J , Fehr Martin , Cathomas Richard , Bertelli Gianfilippo , Quinton Amy , Lewis Paul , Shamash Jonathan , Wilson Peter , Dooley Michael , Poole Susan , Mark Patrick B , Bookman Michael A , Earl Helena , Jodrell Duncan , Tavaré Simon , Lynch Andy G , Janowitz Tobias 
Published: August 2019

AbstractImportant oncological management decisions rely on kidney function assessed by serum creatinine–based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). However, no large-scale multicenter comparisons of methods to determine eGFR in patients with cancer are available. To compare the performance of formulas for eGFR based on routine clinical parameters and serum creatinine not calibrated with isotope dilution mass spectrometry, we studied 3620 patients with cancer and 166 without cancer who had their glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured with an exogenous nuclear tracer at one of seven clinical centers. The mean measured GFR was 86 mL/min. Accuracy of all models was center dependent, reflecting intercenter variability of isotope dilution mass spectrometry–creatinine measurements. CamGFR was the most accurate model for eGFR (root-mean-squared error 17.3 mL/min) followed by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration model (root-mean-squared error 18.2 mL/min).
NLRC4 Mutation in flagellin-derived peptide CBLB502 ligand-binding domain reduces the inflammatory response but not radioprotective activity
Authors: Lai Lili , Yang Ganggang , Yao Xuelian , Wang Lei , Zhan Yiqun , Yu Miao , Yin Ronghua , Li Changyan , Yang Xiaoming , Ge Changhui 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
Bacterial flagellin is a pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognized by surface-localized Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and cytosolic NOD-like receptor protein 4 (NLRC4). CBLB502, derived from Salmonella flagellin, exhibits high radioprotective efficacy in mice and primates by regulating TLR5 and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In this study, we examined the effects of CBLB502 and mutations in its NLRC4- and TLR5-binding domains on radioprotective efficacy and the immune inflammatory response. The results showed that CBLB502 mutation with I213A in the TLR5-binding domain significantly reduced NF-κB activity and radioprotective activity, whereas CBLB502 mutation with L292A in NLRC4-binding domain did not. Additionally, CBLB502 with both mutations greatly reduced NF-κB activity and eliminated radioprotection in mice. In contrast, NLRC4-binding domain mutation reduced the secretion of inflammatory interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. CBLB502 exerts its radioprotective effects through both the TLR5 and NLRC4 pathways. Additionally, deletion in the NLRC4-binding domain did not reduce radioprotective activity but reduced the inflammatory response.
Numerical simulations of wind-driven protoplanetary nebulae. II. signatures of atomic emission
Authors: Novikov Igor , Smith Michael 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We follow up on our systematic study of axisymmetric hydrodynamic simulations of protoplanetary nebula. The aim of this work is to generate the atomic analogues of the H2 near-infrared models of Paper I with the ZEUS code modified to include molecular and atomic cooling routines. We investigate stages associated with strong $\mathrm{[Fe\, {\small II}] \, 1.64\, \mathrm{\mu m} }$ and $\mathrm{ [S\, {\small II}] \, 6716}$ Å forbidden lines, the $\mathrm{[O\, {\small I}]\, 6300}$ Å airglow line, and Hα 6563 Å emission. We simulate (80 ∼ 200 km s−1) dense (∼105 cm−3) outflows expanding into a stationary ambient medium. In the case of an atomic wind interacting with an atomic medium, a decelerating advancing turbulent shell thickens with time. This contrasts with all other cases where a shell fragments into a multitude of cometary-shaped protrusions with weak oblique shocks as the main source of gas excitation. We find that the atomic wind-ambient simulation leads to considerably higher excitation, stronger peak and integrated atomic emission as the nebula expands. The weaker emission when one component is molecular is due to the shell fragmentation into fingers so that the shock surface area is increased and oblique shocks are prevalent. Position-velocity diagrams indicate that the atomic-wind model may be most easy to distinguish with more emission at higher radial velocities. With post-AGB winds and shells often highly obscured and the multitude of configurations that are observed, this study suggests and motivates selection criteria for new surveys.
GMRT observations of a first sample of ‘Extremely Inverted Spectrum Extragalactic Radio Sources (EISERS)’ candidates in the Northern sky
Authors: Mhaskey Mukul , Krishna Gopal- , Paul Surajit , Dabhade Pratik , Salunkhe Sameer , Bhagat Shubham , Bendre Abhijit 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
We present an extension of our search for ‘Extremely Inverted Spectrum Extragalactic Radio Sources’ (EISERS) to the northern celestial hemisphere. With an inverted radio spectrum of slope α > +2.5, these rare sources would either require a non-standard particle acceleration mechanism (in the framework of synchrotron self-absorption hypothesis), or a severe free-free absorption which attenuates practically all of their synchrotron radiation at metre wavelengths. By applying a sequence of selection filters, a list of 15 EISERS candidates is extracted out by comparing two large-sky radio surveys, WENSS (325 MHz) and TGSS-ADR1 (150 MHz), which overlap across 1.03π steradian of the sky. Here we report quasi-simultaneous GMRT observations of these 15 EISERS candidates at 150 MHz and 325 MHz, in an attempt to accurately define their spectra below the turnover frequency. Out of the 15 candidates observed, two are confirmed as EISERS, since the slope of the inverted spectrum between these two frequencies is found to be significantly larger than the critical value αc = +2.5: the theoretical limit for the standard case of synchrotron self-absorption (SSA). For another 3 sources, the spectral slope is close to, or just above the critical value αc. Nine of the sources have GPS type radio spectra. The parsec-scale radio structural information available for the sample is also summarised.
TT Arietis: 40 yr of photometry
Authors: Bruch Albert 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
In an effort to characterize variations on the time-scale of hours and smaller during the high and low states of the nova-like variable TT Ari, light curves taken over the course of more than 40 yr are analysed. It is found that the well-known negative superhump observed during the high state persists until the present day at an average period of 0.132 95 d, which is slightly variable from year to year and exhibits substantial amplitude changes. The beat period between superhump and orbital period is also seen. Quasi-periodic oscillations occur at a preferred quasi-period of 18–25 min and undergo a systematic frequency evolution during a night. The available data permit for the first time a detailed investigation of the low state that is highly structured on time-scales of tens of days. On hourly time-scales, the light curve exhibits strong variations that are mostly irregular. However, during an interval of several days at the start of the low state, coherent 1.2 mag oscillations with a period of 8.90 h are seen. During the deep low state, quiet phases and strong (1.5–3 mag), highly structured flares alternate in irregular intervals of roughly 1 d. The quiet phases are modulated on the orbital period of TT Ari, suggesting reflection of the light of the primary component off the secondary. This is the first time that the orbital period is seen in photometric data.
Non-detection of fast radio bursts from six gamma-ray burst remnants with possible magnetar engines
Authors: Men Yunpeng , Aggarwal Kshitij , Li Ye , Palaniswamy Divya , Burke-Spolaor Sarah , Lee K J , Luo Rui , Demorest Paul , Tendulkar Shriharsh , Agarwal Devansh , Young Olivia , Zhang Bing 
Published: August 2019

ABSTRACT
The analogy of the host galaxy of the repeating fast radio burst (FRB) source FRB 121102 and those of long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) has led to the suggestion that young magnetars born in GRBs and SLSNe could be the central engine of repeating FRBs. We test such a hypothesis by performing dedicated observations of the remnants of six GRBs with evidence of having a magnetar central engine using the Arecibo telescope and the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (GBT). A total of ∼20 h of observations of these sources did not detect any FRB from these remnants. Under the assumptions that all these GRBs left behind a long-lived magnetar and that the bursting rate of FRB 121102 is typical for a magnetar FRB engine, we estimate a non-detection probability of 8.9 × 10−6. Even though these non-detections cannot exclude the young magnetar model of FRBs, we place constraints on the burst rate and luminosity function of FRBs from these GRB targets.
Molecular Evolution of Auxin-Mediated Root Initiation in Plants
Authors: Yu Jie , Zhang Yuyun , Liu Wu , Wang Hua , Wen Shaoting , Zhang Yijing , Xu Lin 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
The root originated independently in euphyllophytes (ferns and seed plants) and lycophytes; however, the molecular evolutionary route of root initiation remains elusive. By analyses of the fern Ceratopteris richardii and seed plants, here we show that the molecular pathway involving auxin, intermediate-clade WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX (IC-WOX) genes, and WUSCHEL-clade WOX (WC-WOX) genes could be conserved in root initiation. We propose that the “auxin&gt;IC-WOX&gt;WC-WOX” module in root initiation might have arisen in the common ancestor of euphyllophytes during the second origin of roots, and that this module has further developed during the evolution of different root types in ferns and seed plants.
Sudden cardiac death in dialysis patients: different causes and management strategies
Authors: Genovesi Simonetta , Boriani Giuseppe , Covic Adrian , Vernooij Robin W M , Combe Christian , Burlacu Alexandru , Davenport Andrew , Kanbay Mehmet , Kirmizis Dimitrios , Schneditz Daniel , van der Sande Frank , Basile Carlo ,   the EUDIAL Working Group of ERA-EDTA
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) represents a major cause of death in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The precise estimate of its incidence is difficult to establish because studies on the incidence of SCD in ESKD are often combined with those related to sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) occurring during a haemodialysis (HD) session. The aim of the European Dialysis Working Group of ERA-EDTA was to critically review the current literature examining the causes of extradialysis SCD and intradialysis SCA in ESKD patients and potential management strategies to reduce the incidence of such events. Extradialysis SCD and intradialysis SCA represent different clinical situations and should be kept distinct. Regarding the problem, numerically less relevant, of patients affected by intradialysis SCA, some modifiable risk factors have been identified, such as a low concentration of potassium and calcium in the dialysate, and some advantages linked to the presence of automated external defibrillators in dialysis units have been documented. The problem of extra-dialysis SCD is more complex. A reduced left ventricular ejection fraction associated with SCD is present only in a minority of cases occurring in HD patients. This is the proof that SCD occurring in ESKD has different characteristics compared with SCD occurring in patients with ischaemic heart disease and/or heart failure and not affected by ESKD. Recent evidence suggests that the fatal arrhythmia in this population may be due more frequently to bradyarrhythmias than to tachyarrhythmias. This fact may partly explain why several studies could not demonstrate an advantage of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in preventing SCD in ESKD patients. Electrolyte imbalances, frequently present in HD patients, could explain part of the arrhythmic phenomena, as suggested by the relationship between SCD and timing of the HD session. However, the high incidence of SCD in patients on peritoneal dialysis suggests that other risk factors due to cardiac comorbidities and uraemia per se may contribute to sudden mortality in ESKD patients.
Anterior Transpetrosal Approach and Microsurgical Resection of a Petrous Tentorial Meningioma: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Ceccato Guilherme H W , de Fraga Gabriel S , Candido Duarte N C , de Oliveira Jean G , Rassi Marcio S , Borba Luis A B 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Tentorial meningiomas are challenging tumors because of its complex relationship with vital neurovascular structures. We present the case of a 41-yr-old female with a history of right-sided facial numbness associated with pain around the ear. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a lesion in the right tentorium edge closely related with the porus trigeminus, suggestive of a meningioma. Because of worsening of symptoms the patient underwent surgery for tumor removal. A standard temporo-zygomatic craniotomy was performed, followed by an extradural peeling of the middle fossa; the petrous apex was drilled allowing access to the posterior fossa dura. Dural opening was carried connecting the temporal and posterior fossa, and the tentorium was then cut to the incisura. The tumor was identified and completely removed reaching Simpson grade I resection. Postoperatively, the patient presented a right dry eye in the first days that fully improved, and also a right-sided facial paralysis (House-Brackmann grade IV) and diplopia, both recovered completely after 4 mo. We believe that facial paralysis was the result of an undesired traction of the geniculate ganglion, or upon the nerve itself. To avoid such complication, dissection over the GSPN must be carried parallel to that nerve. Facial numbness and pain improved with no neurological other deficits. Tentorial meningiomas are complex deep-seated lesions that can be successfully approached through an anterior transpetrosal route in selected cases. Informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this operative video. Anatomical images were a courtesy of the Rhoton Collection, American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Neurosurgical Research and Education Foundation.