bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Slovensko-romanski jezički kontakt na primeru dve pojave iz rezijskog
Authors: Runić Marija 
Published: December 2018

Slavic-Romance language contact: the case of two phenomena in Resian This paper investigates the mechanisms of language contact in shaping two aspects of Resian nominal and clausal syntax, the quantifier karjë ‘many, much’ and the rise of subject clitics. Resian is a definitely endangered Slavic variety spoken by not more than 1000 speakers in the Italian Alps, which has been in intense contact with Romance (Friulan and Italian) for centuries. It is well known that language contact is the principal trigger for language change (Kroch, 2001). The contact, indeed, has been readily invoked in some descriptive work on Resian (Skubic, 2000) to account for the observed Romance-like traits of Resian grammar. In order to account for the observed changes, which point to the direction of developing Romance-like traits, I propose instead a scenario which relies on the interplay of both internal and external causes (along the lines of Heine and Kuteva, 2005), with the initial trigger being provided internally (e.g. phonological changes, structural gaps). Słowiańsko-romański kontakt językowy na przykładzie dwóch zjawisk z dialektu rezjańskiego W artykule przeanalizowano mechanizmy kontaktu językowego w kształtowaniu się dwóch aspektów składni nominalnej i zdaniowej Rezjan – funkcjonowanie kwantyfikatora karjë ‘wiele, dużo’ oraz tworzenie się klityk. Rezjański jest silnie zagrożonym dialektem słowiańskim używanym przez nie więcej niż 1000 osób w Alpach włoskich, które od wieków pozostawały w intensywnym kontakcie z ludnością romańską (posługującą się językiem friulskim i włoskim). Wiadomo, że kontakt językowy jest głównym czynnikiem powodującym zmiany w idiolekcie (Kroch, 2001). O kontakcie międzyjęzykowym mówi się w wielu opisach gramatycznych, np. w Skubic, 2000, gdzie przedstawiono zaobserwowane romańskie cechy gramatyki dialektu rezjańskiego. Analizowane w artykule sytuacje potwierdzają tezę, że konstrukcje rozwinięte na skutek kontaktu językowego są nie tylko rezultatem wpływu zewnętrznego, ale także pro­cesów wewnątrzjęzykowych (za Heine i Kuteva, 2005) – początkowe „wyzwalacze” zazwyczaj pochodzą z systemu rodzimego (np. zmiany fonologiczne, luki strukturalne).
Morfonologia tematu rumuńskich derywatów paradygmatycznych. Alternacje i ich funkcje
Authors: Cychnerski Tomasz 
Published: December 2018

Stem morphophonology in Romanian paradigmatic derivatives: alternations and their functions Paradigmatic derivation is one of the basic word formation processes in Romanian. The aim of this paper is a characterization of its formal exponents. The work is founded on a previously realized analysis of the derivational stem in several thousands of cases of conversion and back-formation. In the analyzed stems there is mostly no morphophonological change. Alternations only occur in a particular class of feminine substantives and in some back derivatives. Those are the alternations which take place in the whole morphophonological system. Nearly each of them may be treated as constituents of compound paradigm-alternation formatives. Morfonologia tematu rumuńskich derywatów paradygmatycznych. Alternacje i ich funkcjeCelem niniejszego artykułu jest charakterystyka formalnych wykładników derywacji paradygmatycznej w języku rumuńskim, która jest dlań jednym z podstawowych procesów słowotwórczych. Praca oparta jest na wcześniej dokonanej analizie tematu słowotwórczego w kilku tysiącach przypadków konwersji i derywacji wstecznej. W temacie tym przeważnie nie dochodzi do zmian morfonologicznych. Alternacje mają miejsce tylko w określonej grupie rzeczowników żeńskich i w niektórych derywatach wstecznych. Są to alternacje wykorzystywane w całym systemie morfonologicznym. Prawie wszystkie mogą być interpretowane jako składniki złożonych formantów paradygmatyczno-alternacyjnych.
Hybrid war: real casualties in Ukraine
Authors: Kamusella Tomasz 
Published: December 2018

Hybrid war: real casualties in UkraineThe Russo-Ukrainian war that broke out in 2014 in the wake of Russia’s annexation of Crimea continues to be all too rarely noticed in the West. Observers comment widely on the novel ‘hybrid’ character of warfare as developed and trialed by the Kremlin worldwide during the recent years, but pay scant attention to the Russian ‘training ground’ in eastern Ukraine. The article probes into the realities of the ongoing RussoUkrainian war, alongside the ideological underpinnings of the Kremlin’s intervention and Ukraine’s response to this attack. It appears that the Russian government adopted ethnolinguistic nationalism, typical of Central Europe, namely, that all Russian-speakers constitute the Russian nation, especially if their communities compactly inhabit areas directly bordering on the Russian Federation. Wojna hybrydowa: Prawdziwe ofiary wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiejWojna rosyjsko-ukraińska, która wybuchła w 2014 r. w następstwie aneksji Krymu przez Rosję, jest nadal zbyt rzadko zauważana na Zachodzie. Obserwatorzy szeroko komentują „hybrydowy” charakter działań wojennych, wypracowywanych i wypróbowywanych przez Kreml po całym świecie w ciągu ostatnich lat, lecz nie zwracają uwagi na rosyjski „poligon doświadczalny” we wschodniej Ukrainie. Artykuł analizuje realia toczącej się tam wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej, jak i ideologiczne założenia interwencji militarnej Kremla oraz reakcję Ukrainy na tenże atak ze strony Rosji. Wydaje się, że rosyjski rząd przyjął jako uzasadnienie etnolingwistyczny nacjonalizm (typowy dla Europy Środkowej), a mianowicie, że wszystkie osoby rosyjskojęzyczne to członkowie narodu rosyjskiego, zwłaszcza jeśli ich społeczności zamieszkują tereny bezpośrednio graniczące z obszarem Federacji Rosyjskiej.
Sytuacja językowa na Ukrainie w świetle powszechnego spisu ludności oraz badań socjologicznych
Authors: Pietnoczka Paweł 
Published: December 2018

Language situation in Ukraine in light of the general census and sociological researchThe article presents the language situation in the independent country of Ukraine. It shows what part of Ukrainian society perceives the Ukrainian language, the Russian language or both of these two languages at the same time as their mother tongue. The paper also shows which of the two languages, Ukrainian or Russian, is more commonly used by Ukrainians in everyday life. Special focus was placed on linguistic diversity of particular regions of Ukraine. The aim of the paper was achieved by analyzing the general census of 2001, as well as the results of the public opinion polls conducted in the period of independence by, among others, the “Public Opinion” Centre for Sociological Research, the Olexander Razumkov Ukrainian Centre for Economic and Political Studies and the Kiev International Institute of Sociology. Sytuacja językowa na Ukrainie w świetle powszechnego spisu ludności oraz badań socjologicznychW artykule została przybliżona sytuacja językowa w niepodległej Ukrainie. Ukazano dla jakiej części społeczeństwa ukraińskiego językiem ojczystym jest język ukraiński, dla jakiej rosyjski oraz jednocześnie ukraiński i rosyjski. Przybliżono także, którym językiem – ukraińskim czy rosyjskim – częściej posługują się w życiu codziennym Ukraińcy. Znaczna uwaga została ponadto zwrócona na zróżnicowanie językowe poszczególnych regionów Ukrainy. Na osiągnięcie postawionego celu pozwoliła analiza wyników spisu powszechnego ludności przeprowadzonego w 2001 r. oraz wyników badań opinii publicznej przeprowadzonych w okresie niepodległości m.in. przez Centrum Badań Socjologicznych „Opinia Społeczna”, Ukraińskie Centrum Badań Ekonomicznych i Politycznych im. Ołeksandra Razumkowa oraz Kijowski Międzynarodowy Instytut Socjologii.
Zrozumieć Walijczyków w ich politycznych decyzjach
Authors: Libor Grzegorz 
Published: December 2018

To understand the Welsh in their political decisionsBrexit is one of the most important events that dominated the media discourse in 2017. The decision of the residents of the United Kingdom to leave the EU structures will certainly have not only serious economic consequences, but also political, social and cultural ones, both for the United Kingdom itself and for residents of countries that will stay in the European Union.While analysing the results of the referendum, which took place on 23rdJune 2016, it can be seen that the majority of voters in England and Wales voted in favour of leaving the European Union, while those in Scotland and Northern Ireland supported the United Kingdom remaining in the EU structures.The aim of the article is to explain why the majority of voters in Wales were in favour of the United Kingdom exit from the European Union and to indicate potential benefits or losses resulting from the decision taken. Zrozumieć Walijczyków w ich politycznych decyzjachBrexit jest jednym z tych wydarzeń, które zdominowały dyskurs medialny w 2017 roku. Decyzja mieszkańców Zjednoczonego Królestwa o opuszczeniu struktur unijnych będzie miała z pewnością poważne konsekwencje nie tylko ekonomiczne, o których mówi się najwięcej, ale również polityczne, społeczne i kulturowe, zarówno dla samego Zjednoczonego Królestwa, jak i mieszkańców państw, które pozostaną członkami Unii Europejskiej.Analizując wyniki referendum, do którego doszło 23 czerwca 2016 roku, dostrzec można, że za wyjściem z Unii Europejskiej opowiedziała się większość głosujących w Anglii i Walii, podczas gdy wyborcy w Szkocji oraz Irlandii Północnej optowali za pozostaniem Zjednoczonego Królestwa w strukturach unijnych.Celem artykułu jest próba wyjaśnienia, dlaczego większość głosujących na terenie Walii opowiedziała się za wyjściem Zjednoczonego Królestwa z Unii Europejskiej oraz wskazanie potencjalnych korzyści lub też strat wynikających z podjętej decyzji.
The politics of nationalism in the Polish-German borderland
Authors: Jaskułowski Krzysztof 
Published: December 2018

The politics of nationalism in the Polish-German borderlandThe review discusses the book by John D. Kulczycki on the politics of national homogenization in the Third Reich and in post-war Poland in the Polish-German borderlands. Kulczycki’s book presents a comprehensive and well-structured analysis of the nationalising policies in the entire Polish-German borderland. Referring to the rich literature and primary sources, the author examines the main tenets of the Third Reich and Poland’s post-war politics, their local implementation and the similarities and differences between policies in various regions. It is argued that is a very successful and valuable syn- thesis. The great merit of the book is that it is based on clear and solid theoretical premises. Polityka nacjonalizacji na pograniczu polsko-niemieckimRecenzja omawia książkę Johna D. Kulczyckiego dotyczącą polityki narodowej homogenizacji prowadzoną przez III Rzeszę oraz powojenną Polskę na pograniczu polsko-niemieckim. Książka Kulczyckiego przedstawia całościową i uporządkowaną analizę tej polityki nacjonalizacji. Nawiązując do bogatej literatury i źródeł, autor analizuje główne założenia powojennej polityki III Rzeszy, a także powojennej Polski, ich lokalną realizację oraz podobieństwa i różnice między politykami w różnych regionach. Jest to bardzo udana i wartościowa synteza. Wielką zaletą książki jest to, że opiera się na jasnych i solidnych przesłankach teoretycznych.
On Material Transport by Shelfbreak Eddies
Authors: Marchal Olivier 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Lagrangian motion in the eddy field produced from an unstable retrograde jet along the shelf break is studied from idealized numerical experiments with a primitive equation model. The jet is initially in thermal wind balance with a cross-isobath density gradient and is not subjected to any atmospheric forcing. Over the course of the model integration, the jet becomes unstable and produces a quasi-stationary eddy field over a 2-month period. During this period, the cross-slope flow at the shelf break is characterized by along-slope correlation scales of O(10) km and temporal correlation scales of a few days. The relative dispersion of parcels across isobaths is found to increase with time as tb, where 1 < b < 2. This mixed diffusive–ballistic regime appears to reflect the combined effects of (i) the short length scales of velocity correlation at the shelf break and (ii) the seaward excursion of monopolar and dipolar vortices. Cross-slope dispersion is greater offshore of the front than inshore of the front, as offshore parcels are both subducted onshore below density surfaces and translated offshore with eddies. Nonetheless, the exchange of parcels across the jet remains very limited on the monthly time scale. Particles originating from the bottom experience upward displacements of a few tens of meters and seaward displacements of O(100) km, suggesting that the eddy activity engendered by an unstable along-slope jet provides another mechanism for bottom boundary layer detachment near the shelf edge.
Diagnostic validity of static telepathology supporting hospitals without local pathologists in low-income countries
Authors: Voelker Hans-Ullrich , Stauch Gerhard , Strehl Annette , Azima Yasmin , Mueller-Hermelink Hans-Konrad 
Published: December 2018

Introduction Static telepathology (TP) was used to support a hospital in Tanzania that cannot employ a resident pathologist but has a basic laboratory. Histological slides were prepared by the local technical staff and digital images were uploaded into an Internet-based system; consultant pathologists in Germany could give their opinion. The aim of the study was to examine the diagnostic validity of this project without local pathologists. Methods The set-up period for special training of local technical assistants was 10 weeks. Diagnoses of the first 545 cases that were processed via TP were compared with the results of a second opinion on the basis of routine slides created from the corresponding paraffin blocks, which were sent to Germany. Results Of all cases, 384 (70%) TP diagnoses were completely confirmed by the second opinion. Minor deviations (e.g. divergent subtypes of tumours or other aetiology of non-specific reactive processes) were documented in 76 cases (14%), so that overall, 84% of diagnoses were useful in the setting of the available therapeutic possibilities. The results were better in some subgroups of diseases (90–100% useful diagnoses) and suboptimal (minimum 63%) in a few subgroups with rare diseases. Thirty (5%) malignant diseases were primarily misinterpreted as being benign and 12 (2%) benign diseases as malignant. Forty-three (8%) cases were insufficient for diagnosis using TP and could not be provided with a primary assessment. Discussion Static TP can help support medical services in low-income countries in the absence of local pathologists with a potentially high diagnostic validity, especially for selected groups of diseases. The procedure can significantly improve the diagnostic procedures before commencement of therapy – a substantial contribution within a globalised world.
Eye tracking investigation into semantic convergence in fully fluent Spanish–English bilingual adults
Authors: Mueller Gathercole Virginia C , Stadthagen-González Hans , DeCubas Samia Mercedes 
Published: December 2018

Aims and Objectives: This article examines semantic convergence of bilinguals’ two languages in the case of words that overlap semantically but are not fully isomorphic in meaning and application. To what extent do the type of bilingual, type of category, and relative semantic width across the languages matter? Design: The primary method involves eye tracking while participants chose pictures corresponding to an English word heard. The data examine potential differences in simultaneous Spanish–English bilinguals’, early Spanish L1–English L2 bilinguals’, and monolingual English speakers’ durations and numbers of fixations on potential candidates for referents. Data and Analysis: Thirty-eight participants were administered the task in relation to 48 English words from three types of words (classical, radial, and homophonic), half with wider semantic extension in English, half with wider semantic extension in Spanish. Durations and numbers of fixations were analyzed with ANOVAs with participant group, word type, and semantic width treated as variables. Findings/Conclusions: Data revealed minimal influences from Spanish on English with homophonic words, but for classical categories, and to some extent radial categories, bilinguals showed influence from Spanish on English words: participants considered referents that would be relevant for Spanish but not English. Originality: Eye tracking provides a window into the online processing of words and their referents, and thus provides more subtle clues to bilinguals’ processing of these categories relative to monolinguals’. The results support a special status relative to semantic convergence for words whose referents correspond to categories whose members lie close together in the conceptual space. Significance/Implications: For us to best account for semantic convergence in bilingual speakers, these data indicate that the type of category and the category structure in the conceptual space matter, the relative widths of the categories in bilinguals’ two languages matter, the task demands matter, and the type of bilingual matters.
Attitudes of Latin American Immigrants Resident in Florida (United States) Toward Related Living Kidney Donation
Authors: Ríos Zambudio Antonio , López-Navas Ana Isabel , Garrido Gregorio , Ayala-García Marco Antonio , Sebastián María José , Hernández Antonio Miguel , Ramírez Pablo , Parrilla Pascual 
Published: December 2018

Introduction: Latin American immigrants comprise an important population group in the United States. The purpose of this study was to analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation found among Latin American citizens who are residents in Florida and to identify the psychosocial variables affecting their attitude. Material and Methods: A sample of Latin American residents in the state of Florida was randomly obtained and stratified by nationality, age, and sex (n = 1524). Attitude was assessed through a validated questionnaire that was self-administered and completed anonymously. Descriptive, Student t test and the χ2 test were used to analyze findings. Results: The questionnaire completion rate was 94% (N = 1433), with 59% (n = 845) in favor of related living donation, 40% (n = 571) were opposed to donation, with the remaining 1% (n = 17) undecided. The following variables were related to attitude toward living donation: country of origin ( P < .001), marital status ( P < .001), having descendants ( P = .004), educational background ( P < 0.001), having had previous experience of donation and transplantation ( P < .001), attitude toward deceased donation ( P < .001), considering the possibility of needing a transplant ( P < .001), the respondent’s partner’s opinion ( P < .001), having considered the subject with one’s family ( P < .001), having carried out prosocial type activities ( P < .001), the respondent’s religion ( P < .001), knowing that one’s religion is in favor of this therapy ( P < .001), concern about mutilation after donation ( P < .001), and considerations of the risks of living donation ( P < .001). Conclusions: The attitude toward related living kidney donation of Latin American residents in Florida is not very favorable (only 59%).
Racial Disparities in Surgical Outcomes After Spine Surgery: An ACS-NSQIP Analysis
Authors: Sanford Zachary , Taylor Haley , Fiorentino Alyson , Broda Andrew , Zaidi Amina , Turcotte Justin , Patton Chad 
Published: December 2018

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Objectives: Racial disparities in postoperative outcomes are unfortunately common. We present data assessing race as an independent risk factor for postoperative complications after spine surgery for Native American (NA) and African American (AA) patients compared with Caucasians (CA). Methods: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was queried for spine procedures performed in 2015. Data was subdivided by surgery, demography, comorbidity, and 30-day postoperative outcomes, which were then compared by race. Regression was performed holding race as an independent risk factor. Results: A total of 4803 patients (4106 CA, 522 AA, 175 NA) were included in this analysis. AA patients experienced longer length of stay (LOS) and operative times ( P < .001) excluding lumbar fusion, which was significantly shorter ( P = .035). AA patients demonstrated higher comorbidity burden, specifically for diabetes and hypertension ( P < .005), while NA individuals were higher tobacco consumers ( P < .001). AA race was an independent risk factor associated with longer LOS across all cervical surgeries (β = 1.54, P <.001), lumbar fusion (β = 0.77, P = .009), and decompression laminectomy (β = 1.23, P < .001), longer operative time in cervical fusion (β = 12.21, P = .032), lumbar fusion (β = -24.00, P = .016), and decompression laminectomy (OR = 20.95, P < .001), greater risk for deep vein thrombosis in lumbar fusion (OR = 3.72, P = .017), and increased superficial surgical site infections (OR = 5.22, P = .001) and pulmonary embolism (OR = 5.76, P = .048) in decompression laminectomy. NA race was an independent risk factor for superficial surgical site infections following cervical fusion (OR = 14.58, P = .044) and decompression laminectomy (OR = 4.80, P = .021). Conclusion: AA and NA spine surgery patients exhibit disproportionate comorbidity burden and greater 30-day complications compared with CA patients. AA and NA race were found to independently affect rates of complications, LOS, and operation time.
Functional proteomic profiling reveals KLK13 and TMPRSS11D as active proteases in the lower female reproductive tract
Authors: Muytjens Carla M.J. , Yu Yijing , Diamandis Eleftherios P. 
Published: December 2018

Background: Cervical-vaginal fluid (CVF) hydrates the mucosa of the lower female reproductive tract and is known to contain numerous proteases. The low pH of CVF (4.5 or below in healthy women of reproductive age) is a uniquely human attribute and poses a challenge for the proteolytic functioning of the proteases identified in this complex biological fluid. Despite the abundance of certain proteases in CVF, the proteolytic activity and function of proteases in CVF is not well characterized.Methods: In the present study, we employed fluorogenic substrate screening to investigate the influence of pH and inhibitory compounds on the proteolytic activity in CVF. Activity-based probe (ABP) proteomics has evolved as a powerful tool to investigate active proteases within complex proteomes and a trypsin-specific ABP was used to identify active proteases in CVF.Results: Serine proteases are among the most abundant proteins in the CVF proteome. Labeling human CVF samples with the trypsin-specific ABP revealed serine proteases transmembrane protein serine 11D and kallikrein-related peptidase 13 as active proteases in CVF. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the proteolytic activity in CVF is highly pH-dependent with an almost absolute inhibition of trypsin-like proteolytic activity at physiological pH levels.Conclusions: These findings provide a framework to understand proteolytic activity in CVF. Furthermore, the present results provide clues for a novel regulatory mechanism in which fluctuations in CVF pH have the potential to control the catalytic activity in the lower female reproductive tract.