bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X‐ray imaging of a high‐temperature furnace applied to glass melting
Authors: Boloré Damien , Gibilaro Mathieu , Massot Laurent , Chamelot Pierre , Cid Emmanuel , Masbernat Olivier , Pigeonneau Franck 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe dynamics of soda‐lime‐silica glass grain melting is investigated experimentally using a nonintrusive technique. A cylindrical alumina crucible is filled with glass cullet and placed into a furnace illuminated by an X‐ray source. This glass granular bed is gradually heated up to 1100°C, leading to its melting and the generation of a size‐distributed population of bubbles rising in the molten glass. An image processing algorithm of X‐ray images of the cullet bed during melting allows the characterization of bubbles size distribution in the crucible as well as their velocity. The introduction of tin dioxide μ‐particles in the glass matrix before melting enhances the texture of the images and makes possible the determination of the bubble‐induced molten glass velocity field by an optical flow technique. The bubble size distribution can be fitted by a log‐normal law, suggesting that it is closely related to the initial size distribution in the cullet bed. The liquid motion induced by the bubbles in Stokes' regime is strongly affected by the flow confinement and the determination of bubble rising velocity along its trajectory unveils the existence of local tiny temperature fluctuations in the crucible. Overall, the measuring techniques developed in this work seem to be very promising for the improvement of models and optimization of industrial glass furnaces.
Scaling up effective treatment of hypertension—A pathfinder for universal health coverage
Authors: Frieden Thomas R. , Varghese Cherian V. , Kishore Sandeep P. , Campbell Norman R.C. , Moran Andrew E. , Padwal Raj , Jaffe Marc G. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractHigh blood pressure is the world’s leading cause of death, but despite treatment for hypertension being safe, effective, and low cost, most people with hypertension worldwide do not have it controlled. This article summarizes lessons learned in the first 2 years of the Resolve to Save Lives (RTSL) hypertension management program, operated in coordination with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners. Better diagnosis, treatment, and continuity of care are all needed to improve control rates, and five necessary components have been recommended by RTSL, WHO and other partners as being essential for a successful hypertension control program. Several hurdles to hypertension control have been identified, with most related to limitations in the health care system rather than to patient behavior. Treatment according to standardized protocols should be started as soon as hypertension is diagnosed, and medical practices and health systems must closely monitor patient progress and system performance. Improvement in hypertension management and control, along with elimination of artificial trans fat and reduction of dietary sodium consumption, will improve many aspects of primary care, contribute to goals for universal health coverage, and could save 100 million lives worldwide over the next 30 years.
Plasma tryptophan and kynurenine in females with temporomandibular disorders and fibromyalgia—An exploratory pilot study
Authors: Barjandi Golnaz , Louca Jounger Sofia , Löfgren Monika , Bileviciute‐Ljungar Indre , Kosek Eva , Ernberg Malin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundBoth temporomandibular disorders myalgia (TMDM) and fibromyalgia (FM) have been linked to central and peripheral changes in serotonin availability. The precursor of serotonin, tryptophan (TRP), is mainly catabolised via another pathway to produce kynurenine (KYN), but whether changes of this pathway are present in TMDM and FM are still unclear.ObjectiveThe aim was to explore blood plasma concentrations of TRP and KYN in TMDM and FM in an attempt to identify novel associations for future research.MethodsPlasma of 113 female participants (17 TMDM, 40 FM and 56 healthy pain‐free controls) were analysed for TRP and KYN concentrations. The degradation of TRP via the KYN pathway was indicated by the KYN to TRP ratio (KYN/TRP). Pain intensities were assessed with the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Psychological symptoms were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) and General Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD‐7).ResultsIn TMDM there was a negative correlation between TRP and pain intensity (rs = −0.55 P = .023) and positive correlations between KYN/TRP and pain intensity (rs = 0.59 P = .013). In FM, KYN/TRP was negatively correlated with anxiety symptoms (rs = −0.36 P = .022) and a trend towards significantly lower TRP levels was found compared to controls (P = .05).ConclusionThe association between KYN/TRP and pain intensity as well as anxiety ratings in this small exploratory study may indicate that KYN/TRP could be a relevant indicator for symptom severity in TMDM and FM. Further investigations of the KYN pathway in chronic myalgia are warranted.
Genomic insight into “sky island” species diversification in a mountainous biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Zhang Dan , Hao Guo‐Qian , Guo Xin‐Yi , Hu Quan‐Jun , Liu Jian‐Quan 
Published: September 2019

Abstract“Sky island” species diversification contributes greatly to mountainous biodiversity. However, the underlying genomic divergence and the inferred drivers remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined the diversification history of five diploid species with three exclusively endemic to the sky islands (mountains) of the Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains biodiversity hotspot. All of them together comprise a clade of the genus Eutrema (Brassicaceae). We resequenced genomes of multiple individuals of the found populations for each species. We recovered the inconsistent phylogenetic relationships between plastome and nuclear‐genome trees for one species. Based on nuclear population genomic data, we detected high genetic divergence between five species with limited gene flow. Four species seemed to diverge mainly through geographical isolation, whereas one arose through hybrid origin. The origins of the sampled five species were dated to within the late Miocene when mountains were uplifted and climates oscillated. All species decreased their population sizes since the inferred origin of each species initially, but only two of them expanded after the Last Glacial Maximum. Together, these findings suggest that geographic isolation plays an important role in driving the sky island species diversification of the sampled species in addition to the occasional gene flow that might have led to the hybrid origin of some sky island species, similar to the species diversification of sea islands.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of cabozantinib as second‐line therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Liao Weiting , Huang Jiaxing , Hutton David , Zhu Guiqi , Wu Qiuji , Wen Feng , Bai Liangliang , Li Qiu 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn the CELESTIAL trial for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cabozantinib showed improved survival compared with placebo but comes at a price. We aimed to investigate the cost‐effectiveness of cabozantinib for sorafenib‐resistant HCC from the payer’s perspective of the USA, UK and China.MethodsWe developed Markov models to simulate the patients pre‐treated with first‐line sorafenib following the CELESTIAL trial. Quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) were calculated for the treatment with cabozantinib or best supportive care. The list price for drugs was acquired from the Red Book, the British National Formulary, West China hospital and reported literature. Adverse events, utilities weights, and transition likelihood between states were sourced from the published randomized phase III trial. A willing‐to‐pay threshold was set $150 000/QALY in the USA, $70 671/QALY (£50 000/QALY) in the UK and $26 481/QALY (3x GDP per capita) in China. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were developed to test the models’ uncertainty.ResultsIn the base case, treatment with cabozantinib increased effectiveness by 0.13 QALYs, resulting in an ICER vs best supportive care of $833 497/QALY in the USA, $304 177/QALY in the UK and $156 437/QALY in China. The models were most sensitive to assumptions about transitions to progression with both cabozantinib and best supportive care, the utility associated with being progression free. These results were robust across a range of scenarios and sensitivity analyses, including deterministic and probabilistic analyses.ConclusionsCabozantinib at its current cost would not be a cost‐effective treatment option for patients with sorafenib‐resistant HCC from the payer's perspective in the USA, UK or China. Substantial discounts are necessary to meet conventional cost‐effectiveness thresholds.
The Prioritization of Island Nations as Refuges from Extreme Pandemics
Authors: Boyd Matt , Wilson Nick 
Published: September 2019

AbstractIn this conceptual article with illustrative data, we suggest that it is useful to rank island nations as potential refuges for ensuring long‐term human survival in the face of catastrophic pandemics (or other relevant existential threats). Prioritization could identify the several island nations that are most suitable for targeting social and political preparations and further investment in resiliency. We outline a prioritization methodology and as an initial demonstration, we then provide example rankings by considering 20 sovereign island states (all with populations greater than 250,000 and no land borders). Results describe each nation in nine resilience‐relevant domains covering location, population, resources, and society according to published data. The results indicate that the most suitable island nations for refuge status are Australia, followed closely by New Zealand, and then Iceland, with other nations all well behind (including the relatively high‐income ones of Malta and Japan). Nevertheless, some key contextual factors remain relatively unexplored. These include the capacity of the jurisdiction to rapidly close its borders when the emerging threat was first detected elsewhere, and whether or not large subnational islands should be the preferred focus for refuge design (e.g., the Australian state of Tasmania, the island of Hokkaido in Japan, or the South Island of New Zealand). Overall, this work provides conceptual thinking with some initial example analysis. Further research could refine the selection of metrics, how best to weight the relevant domains, and how the populations of prioritized island nations view their nation's selection as a potential refuge for human survival.
β‐glucan as a new tool in vaccine development
Authors: Vetvicka Vaclav , Vannucci Luca , Sima Petr 
Published: September 2019

AbstractVaccination constitutes one of the major breakthroughs in human medicine. At the same time, development of more immunogenic vaccine alternatives to using aluminium‐based adjuvants is one of the most important phases of vaccination development. Among different sources of carbohydrate polymers, including plants, microbes and synthetic sources tested, glucans were found to be the most promising vaccine adjuvant, as they alone stimulate various immune reactions including antibody production without any negative side effects. The use of glucan particles as a delivery system is a viable option based on the documented efficient antigen loading and receptor‐targeted uptake in antigen‐presenting cells. In addition to particles, soluble glucans can be used as novel hydrogels or as direct immunocyte‐targeting delivery systems employing novel complexes with oligodeoxynucleotides. This review focuses on recent advances in glucan‐based vaccine development from glucan‐based conjugates to a glucan‐based delivery and adjuvant platform.
Early First Deployment and Risk of Suicide Attempt Among First‐term Enlisted Soldiers in the U.S. Army
Authors: Naifeh James A. , Ursano Robert J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Aliaga Pablo A. , Mash Holly B. Herberman , Fullerton Carol S. , Ng Tsz Hin Hinz , Dinh Hieu M. , Gonzalez Oscar I. , Stokes Cara M. , Wynn Gary H. , Kao Tzu‐Cheg , Sampson Nancy A. , Stein Murray B. 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveWe examined early first deployment and subsequent suicide attempt among U.S. Army soldiers.MethodUsing 2004–2009 administrative data and person‐month records of first‐term, Regular Army, enlisted soldiers with one deployment (89.2% male), we identified 1,704 soldiers with a documented suicide attempt during or after first deployment and an equal‐probability control sample (n = 25,861 person‐months).ResultsLogistic regression analyses indicated soldiers deployed within the first 12 months of service were more likely than later deployers to attempt suicide (OR = 1.7 [95% CI = 1.5–1.8]). Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, service‐related characteristics, and previous mental health diagnosis slightly attenuated this association (OR = 1.6 [95% CI = 1.5–1.8]). Results were not modified by gender, deployment status, military occupation, or mental health diagnosis. The population‐attributable risk proportion for deploying within the first 12 months of service was 17.8%. Linear spline models indicated similar risk patterns over time for early and later deployers, peaking at month 9 during deployment and month 5 postdeployment; however, monthly suicide attempt rates were consistently higher for early deployers.ConclusionsEnlisted soldiers deployed within the first 12 months of service have elevated risk of suicide attempt during and after first deployment. Improved understanding of why early deployment increases risk can inform the development of policies and intervention programs.
Epidemiology of injuries during the Wheelchair Basketball World Championships 2018: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Hollander Karsten , Kluge Sascha , Glöer Franziska , Riepenhof Helge , Zech Astrid , Junge Astrid 
Published: September 2019

Several international sports federations have implemented a standardized injury reporting system during their championships. However, very few studies have investigated athletes with disabilities during major championships apart from the Paralympic Games. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the rate and characteristics of injuries during the Wheelchair Basketball World Championships 2018 (WBWC). This prospective cohort study was conducted during the WBWC held in Hamburg, Germany, from August 16 to August 26, 2018. Physicians or physiotherapists of all 28 participating teams (total 336 players) were asked to report all newly incurred injuries (with location, diagnosis, cause, and estimated duration of absence) daily on a standardized injury report form. Prevalence and incidence rates were calculated. Medical staff of 11 teams (132 players) reported 100 injuries, equivalent to 75.8 per 100 players (95% CI: 60.9‐90.7) or 68.9 per 1000 player‐days (55.4‐82.4). Eight time‐loss injuries were reported (6.1 injuries per 100 players [95% CI: 1.9‐10.3] or 5.5 injuries per 1000 player‐days [1.7‐9.3]). More injuries were incurred during matches (n = 68) than during training. Most injuries affected the neck/cervical spine (16%), thoracic spine/upper back (15%), and shoulder (14%). The most frequent diagnosis was muscle spasms (25%), the most frequent cause was overuse (52%). A high rate of non–time‐loss injuries compared to Paralympic Games was reported. Future studies should focus on the etiology of muscle spasms and further identify injury mechanisms of traumatic and overuse injuries in wheelchair basketball players to develop adequate preventive measures.
Handgrip strength is associated with suicidal thoughts in men: Cross‐sectional analyses from NHANES
Authors: Cao Chao , Liu Qinran , Yang Lin , Zheng Xiaobin , Lan Ping , Koyanagi Ai , Vancampfort Davy , Soysal Pinar , Veronese Nicola , Stubbs Brendon , Firth Joseph , Smith Lee 
Published: September 2019

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between handgrip strength and suicidal thoughts in a representative sample of the US adult population using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).Population and MethodsData from two waves of NHANES (2011‐2014) were aggregated. Handgrip strength in kilogram (kg) was defined as the maximum value from the dominant hand. Suicidal thoughts were assessed using one question “Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you been bothered by the following problem: Thoughts that you would be better off dead or of hurting yourself in some way?” and dichotomized to no (not at all) and yes (several days/ more than half the days/ nearly every day). Sex‐specific logistic regressions were carried out to analyze associations between handgrip strength and suicidal thoughts.ResultsData on total of 8903 adults (mean age 47.4 ± 0.4 years) were analyzed. Each 5kg increase in handgrip strength was associated with a 16% reduced odds of having suicidal thoughts (0.84, 95% CI: 0.74‐0.95) among the overall male population. These associations were stronger in male aged 20‐39 years (0.83, 95% CI: 0.70‐0.98), and 40‐64 years (0.73, 95% CI: 0.63‐0.85). In contrast, no associations were observed in females of all age groups.ConclusionsMales younger than 65 years old with low handgrip strength are significantly more likely to have suicidal thoughts demonstrating a dose‐response relationship. Future research is required to confirm/refute our findings and establish if strength interventions can reduce suicidal thoughts.
Development of interactive biological motion perception in preschoolers and its relation to social competence
Authors: Zhai Shuyi , Ma Yuxi , Gao Zaifeng , He Jie 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe perception of interactive biological motion (BM) plays an important role in social life. Such social perception enables people to understand the underlying social intentions and social relationships in interactive actions, so that they can anticipate the behavior response in an appropriate manner. Although interaction perception has been widely explored in adults, little is known about preschoolers' developmental trajectory of interaction perception and its further impact on social development. This study explored the development of interaction perception in a dyadic BM situation and its relation to teachers' report of social competence among 3–6‐year olds (N = 119). Children were asked to watch videos of dyadic BM and decide whether two characters were interacting or not. The results suggested that the sensitivity of BM perception continues to develop during the entire preschool age period and is positively associated with children's social competence among children aged 5–6, even after controlling for age and language ability. However, for younger children aged 3–4, language ability rather than perception of social interaction positively correlated with their social competence. Our findings review the rapid development of interactive BM perception in early childhood and highlight the important role of interaction perception in preschoolers’ social development.
Structural validation of facial skin using optical coherence tomography: A descriptive study
Authors: Jerjes Waseem , Hamdoon Zaid , Hopper Colin 
Published: September 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn this immediate ex vivo study, we aimed to identify the structures of normal and pathological facial skin using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and compared them to the gold standard histopathology.Material and MethodsA total of 53 patients, with 57 suspicious facial lesions, participated in this study. A set of variables have been highlighted by the pathologist to represent the minimum unique features that could be used to diagnose a skin pathology have been included in a checklist. One pathologist used this checklist while examining the histopathology slides and one clinician while examining the OCT images. The data from both checklists have been reviewed and compared.ResultsOptical coherence tomography's overall accuracy in diagnosing AK was 83%. Best accuracy was achieved in diagnosing BCC and was 97%, while it was 85% for cutaneous SCC. OCT failed to diagnose LM with an accuracy of 33.3% based on the two parameters of the pathology checklist, while it was 81% for malignant melanoma.ConclusionThis study proved the success of OCT in identifying structural changes in normal and pathological facial skin. Further studies to prove its usefulness in vivo are recommended.
Stretched, mangled, and torn: Responses of the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia to variable forces
Authors: Evans Scott D. , Huang Wei , Gehling Jim G. , Kisailus David , Droser Mary L. 
Published: September 2019

AbstractDickinsonia is one of the oldest macroscopic metazoans in the fossil record. Determining the biological characters of this extinct taxon is critical to our understanding of the early evolution of life. Preservation of abundant specimens from the Ediacara Member (Rawnsley Quartzite), South Australia, in a variety of taphonomic states allows the unparalleled opportunity to compare the biomechanical responses of Dickinsonia tissue to various forces with those typical of modern organisms. Dickinsonia are found as lifted, transported, folded, rolled, ripped, and expanded or contracted individuals, while maintaining diagnostic morphology. This suite of characters indicates that Dickinsonia was composed of material that was flexible, difficult to rip, and capable of elastic and plastic deformation. While none of these traits are diagnostic of a single biomaterial component, we find many similarities with modern biopolymers, particularly collagen, keratin, and elastin. Maintenance of significant relief following complete tearing suggests that Dickinsonia was composed of relatively thick tissues, signifying higher oxygen requirements than previously hypothesized. The ability to be transported and still be preserved as recognizable fossils is unique amongst the Ediacara Biota and demonstrates that Dickinsonia was a taphonomic elite. Combined with discovery in multiple environmental settings, this indicates that the absence of Dickinsonia represents the likely extinction of this organism prior to the Nama assemblage, possibly due to a decrease in the global availability of oxygen in the latest Ediacaran.
Constraining the maximum depth of brittle deformation at slow- and ultraslow-spreading ridges using microseismicity
Authors: Grevemeyer Ingo , Hayman Nicholas W. , Lange Dietrich , Peirce Christine , Papenberg Cord , Van Avendonk Harm J.A. , Schmid Florian , de La Peña Laura Gómez , Dannowski Anke 
Published: September 2019

AbstractThe depth of earthquakes along mid-ocean ridges is restricted by the relatively thin brittle lithosphere that overlies a hot, upwelling mantle. With decreasing spreading rate, earthquakes may occur deeper in the lithosphere, accommodating strain within a thicker brittle layer. New data from the ultraslow-spreading Mid-Cayman Spreading Center (MCSC) in the Caribbean Sea illustrate that earthquakes occur to 10 km depth below seafloor and, hence, occur deeper than along most other slow-spreading ridges. The MCSC spreads at 15 mm/yr full rate, while a similarly well-studied obliquely opening portion of the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) spreads at an even slower rate of ∼8 mm/yr if the obliquity of spreading is considered. The SWIR has previously been proposed to have earthquakes occurring as deep as 32 km, but no shallower than 5 km. These characteristics have been attributed to the combined effect of stable deformation of serpentinized mantle and an extremely deep thermal boundary layer. In the context of our MCSC results, we reanalyze the SWIR data and find a maximum depth of seismicity of 17 km, consistent with compilations of spreading-rate dependence derived from slow- and ultraslow-spreading ridges. Together, the new MCSC data and SWIR reanalysis presented here support the hypothesis that depth-seismicity relationships at mid-ocean ridges are a function of their thermal-mechanical structure as reflected in their spreading rate.