bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relevance of tacit knowledge to healthcare assistant practice
Authors: Hayes Catherine , Fox Ann , Scott-Thomas Jeanette , Graham Yitka 
Published: February 2018

Person-centred care and the diverse array of contexts within which healthcare assistants work necessitate a commitment to being conscientious, self-aware and willing to raise issues of concern about vulnerable and sick patients and their families and carers. For the purposes of the article, tacit knowledge is defined as the intuitive knowledge that is not easy to articulate through dialogue or rational justification in the context of healthcare provision. It depends on a level of sensory awareness or feeling that transcends the need for formalised knowledge in terms of its potential impact on practice. Person-centred care and the diverse array of care contexts within which HCAs work necessitate a commitment to being conscientious, self-aware and willing to raise issues of concern about vulnerable and sick patients and their families and carers. The transferable skillset needed to undertake this role extends beyond the functional training that HCAs receive. Tacit knowledge cannot be readily articulated, but its implementation in practice lies at the heart of every human interaction. The article raises awareness of tacit knowledge and its implications for the context of healthcare provision.
Defibrillation: standard vs. double sequential in adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Stevenson Laura 
Published: February 2018

Background: Refractory ventricular fibrillation (RVF) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) poses a significant challenge to paramedic teams and is further confounded by an absence of specific guidance on the management of this patient category. Objective: To conduct a systematic literature review to determine whether double sequential defibrillation (DSD) improves patient outcomes in adult OHCA. Methods: Electronic searches of CINAHL, MEDLINE and AMED databases were carried out, using EBSCOhost (2017) and a subsequent filtering process. Results: Three case series and two cohort studies provided the highest category of evidence to evaluate. DSD is offered as a potentially feasible RVF treatment strategy throughout. However, results are consistently limited by varying protocol and small study groups and DSD success is likely multifactorial. Conclusion: The current systematic literature review indicated that no confirmed association existed between DSD and improved OHCA outcomes. More robust research is required to eliminate profound limitations and consider contributing factors to DSD.
Ossification of the phalanges of the foot and its relationship to peak height velocity and the calcaneal system
Authors: Garcia M. R. , Nicholson A. D. , Nduaguba A. M. , Sanders J. O. , Liu R. W. , Cooperman D. R. 
Published: February 2018

Purpose There are multiple skeletal maturity grading systems, but none of them utilizes the phalanges of the foot. To minimize radiation, it would be ideal if one could assess the skeletal maturity of a foot based on bones seen on routine foot radiographs, if guided growth is being considered as a treatment option. We developed a system that correlates changes of the appearance of the foot phalanges to peak height velocity (PHV) and the recently described calcaneal apophyseal ossification grading system. Methods We selected 94 children from the Bolton-Brush study, each with consecutive radiographs from age ten to 15 years old. Using the anteroposterior view, we analyzed the ossification patterns of the phalanges and developed a six-stage system. We then determined the PHV for each subject and defined its relationship with our system. Our system was then compared with the previously established calcaneal system. Results We calculated an Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) range of 0.957 to 0.985 with a mean of 0.975 and interclass reliability coefficient of 0.993 indicating that this method is reliable and consistent. Our system showed no significant difference between gender with respect to PHV, which makes it a reliable surrogate for determining bone age in paediatric and adolescent patients. Conclusions Our system has a strong association with the calcaneal system. It is a simple six-stage system that is reliable and correlated more strongly with PHV than chronological age. The system requires knowledge of the ossification markers used for each stage but is easily used in a clinical setting.
Estimating the Cost of Agricultural Morbidity in Maine and New Hampshire
Authors: Jones Nathan M. , Scott Erika E. , Krupa Nicole , Jenkins Paul L. 
Published: February 2018

Abstract. This article provides an estimate for the economic costs of agricultural injuries sustained in the states of Maine and New Hampshire between the years 2008 and 2010. The authors used a novel dataset of 562 agriculturally related occupational injuries, and cost estimates were generated using the CDC’s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Individual cases from the dataset that did not match the query options for WISQARS were excluded. Of the 562 agricultural injuries identified in the dataset, 361 met the WISQARS criteria. The remaining 201 cases were judged to be incompatible with the WISQARS query criteria. Significant differences (p &lt; 0.0001) were found between the median costs of eight types of injury. Amputations (median = $70,077) and fractures (median = $13,365) were found to be the most expensive types of injury. The total cost of the 361 injuries for which estimates were available was $6,342,270. Injuries that reportedly involved machinery were found to be more expensive than injuries caused by animals. This article highlights the difference in the total cost of injury between types of injuries and demonstrates that agricultural injuries were a significant economic burden for Maine and New Hampshire for the years 2008-2010. These data can be used to direct future preventive efforts. Finally, this article suggests that WISQARS is a powerful tool for estimating injury costs without requiring access to treatment or billing records. Keywords: Agriculture, Economic burden, Maine, New Hampshire, Passive surveillance.
Keeping Momentum up and Looking Forward
Authors: Zhou Qifeng 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
At the beginning of a new biennium, the first thing is always to have a look at what we have accomplished, where we are, and to think about what to do next. I thank the volunteers and the staff of the Union for their excellent work over the last two years. Highlights include the naming of four new elements, progress on the revision of IUPAC’s “color books,” the release of several IUPAC Recommendations, the granting of many awards, the establishment of the Interdivisional Committee on Green Chemistry for Sustainable Development, and strengthened cooperation with other international organizations, including the Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) and the International Younger Chemists Network.
Impact of NMDA Receptor Overexpression on Cerebellar Purkinje Cell Activity and Motor Learning
Authors: Galliano Elisa , Schonewille Martijn , Peter Saša , Rutteman Mandy , Houtman Simone , Jaarsma Dick , Hoebeek Freek E. , De Zeeuw Chris I. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractIn many brain regions involved in learning NMDA receptors (NMDARs) act as coincidence detectors of pre- and postsynaptic activity, mediating Hebbian plasticity. Intriguingly, the parallel fiber (PF) to Purkinje cell (PC) input in the cerebellar cortex, which is critical for procedural learning, shows virtually no postsynaptic NMDARs. Why is this? Here, we address this question by generating and testing independent transgenic lines that overexpress NMDAR containing the type 2B subunit (NR2B) specifically in PCs. PCs of the mice that show larger NMDA-mediated currents than controls at their PF input suffer from a blockage of long-term potentiation (LTP) at their PF-PC synapses, while long-term depression (LTD) and baseline transmission are unaffected. Moreover, introducing NMDA-mediated currents affects cerebellar learning in that phase-reversal of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is impaired. Our results suggest that under physiological circumstances PC spines lack NMDARs postsynaptically at their PF input so as to allow LTP to contribute to motor learning.
Sleep Deprivation Distinctly Alters Glutamate Transporter 1 Apposition and Excitatory Transmission to Orexin and MCH Neurons
Authors: Briggs Chantalle , Hirasawa Michiru , Semba Kazue 
Published: February 2018

Glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) is the main astrocytic transporter that shapes glutamatergic transmission in the brain. However, whether this transporter modulates sleep–wake regulatory neurons is unknown. Using quantitative immunohistochemical analysis, we assessed perisomatic GLT1 apposition with sleep–wake neurons in the male rat following 6 h sleep deprivation (SD) or following 6 h undisturbed conditions when animals were mostly asleep (Rest). We found that SD decreased perisomatic GLT1 apposition with wake-promoting orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus compared with Rest. Reduced GLT1 apposition was associated with tonic presynaptic inhibition of excitatory transmission to these neurons due to the activation of Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors, an effect mimicked by a GLT1 inhibitor in the Rest condition. In contrast, SD resulted in increased GLT1 apposition with sleep-promoting melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Functionally, this decreased the postsynaptic response of MCH neurons to high-frequency synaptic activation without changing presynaptic glutamate release. The changes in GLT1 apposition with orexin and MCH neurons were reversed after 3 h of sleep opportunity following 6 h SD. These SD effects were specific to orexin and MCH neurons, as no change in GLT1 apposition was seen in basal forebrain cholinergic or parvalbumin-positive GABA neurons. Thus, within a single hypothalamic area, GLT1 differentially regulates excitatory transmission to wake- and sleep-promoting neurons depending on sleep history. These processes may constitute novel astrocyte-mediated homeostatic mechanisms controlling sleep–wake behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSleep–wake cycles are regulated by the alternate activation of sleep- and wake-promoting neurons. Whether and how astrocytes can regulate this reciprocal neuronal activity are unclear. Here we report that, within the lateral hypothalamus, where functionally opposite wake-promoting orexin neurons and sleep-promoting melanin-concentrating hormone neurons codistribute, the glutamate transporter GLT1, mainly present on astrocytes, distinctly modulates excitatory transmission in a cell-type-specific manner and according to sleep history. Specifically, GLT1 is reduced around the somata of orexin neurons while increased around melanin-concentrating hormone neurons following sleep deprivation, resulting in different forms of synaptic plasticity. Thus, astrocytes can fine-tune the excitability of functionally discrete neurons via glutamate transport, which may represent novel regulatory mechanisms for sleep.
Protein Translation in the Nucleus Accumbens Is Dysregulated during Cocaine Withdrawal and Required for Expression of Incubation of Cocaine Craving
Authors: Werner Craig T. , Stefanik Michael T. , Milovanovic Mike , Caccamise Aaron , Wolf Marina E. 
Published: February 2018

Exposure to drug-associated cues can induce drug craving and relapse in abstinent addicts. Cue-induced craving that progressively intensifies (“incubates”) during withdrawal from cocaine has been observed in both rats and humans. Building on recent evidence that aberrant protein translation underlies incubation-related adaptations in the NAc, we used male rats to test the hypothesis that translation is dysregulated during cocaine withdrawal and/or when rats express incubated cocaine craving. We found that intra-NAc infusion of anisomycin, a general protein translation inhibitor, or rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin, reduced the expression of incubated cocaine craving, consistent with previous results showing that inhibition of translation in slices normalized the adaptations that maintain incubation. We then examined signaling pathways involved in protein translation using NAc synaptoneurosomes prepared after >47 d of withdrawal from cocaine or saline self-administration, or after withdrawal plus a cue-induced seeking test. The most robust changes were observed following seeking tests. Most notably, we found that eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) and eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) are dephosphorylated when cocaine rats undergo a cue-induced seeking test; both effects are consistent with increased translation during the test. Blocking eIF2α dephosphorylation and thereby restoring its inhibitory influence on translation, via intra-NAc injection of Sal003 just before the test, substantially reduced cocaine seeking. These results are consistent with dysregulation of protein translation in the NAc during cocaine withdrawal, enabling cocaine cues to elicit an aberrant increase in translation that is required for the expression of incubated cocaine craving.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCue-induced cocaine craving progressively intensifies (incubates) during withdrawal in both humans and rats. This may contribute to persistent vulnerability to relapse. We previously demonstrated a role for protein translation in synaptic adaptations in the NAc closely linked to incubation. Here, we tested the hypothesis that translation is dysregulated during cocaine withdrawal, and this contributes to incubated craving. Analysis of signaling pathways regulating translation suggested that translation is enhanced when “incubated” rats undergo a cue-induced seeking test. Furthermore, intra-NAc infusions of drugs that inhibit protein translation through different mechanisms reduced expression of incubated cue-induced cocaine seeking. These results demonstrate that the expression of incubation depends on an acute increase in translation that may result from dysregulation of several pathways.
Enhanced Operant Extinction and Prefrontal Excitability in a Mouse Model of Angelman Syndrome
Authors: Sidorov Michael S. , Judson Matthew C. , Kim Hyojin , Rougie Marie , Ferrer Alejandra I. , Nikolova Viktoriya D. , Riddick Natallia V. , Moy Sheryl S. , Philpot Benjamin D. 
Published: February 2018

Angelman syndrome (AS), a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with intellectual disability, is caused by loss of maternal allele expression ofUBE3Ain neurons. Mouse models of AS faithfully recapitulate disease phenotypes across multiple domains, including behavior. Yet in AS, there has been only limited study of behaviors encoded by the prefrontal cortex, a region broadly involved in executive function and cognition. Because cognitive impairment is a core feature of AS, it is critical to develop behavioral readouts of prefrontal circuit function in AS mouse models. One such readout is behavioral extinction, which has been well described mechanistically and relies upon prefrontal circuits in rodents. Here we report exaggerated operant extinction in male AS model mice, concomitant with enhanced excitability in medial prefrontal neurons from male and female AS model mice. Abnormal behavior was specific to operant extinction, as two other prefrontally dependent tasks (cued fear extinction and visuospatial discrimination) were largely normal in AS model mice. Inducible deletion ofUbe3aduring adulthood was not sufficient to drive abnormal extinction, supporting the hypothesis that there is an early critical period for development of cognitive phenotypes in AS. This work represents the first formal experimental analysis of prefrontal circuit function in AS, and identifies operant extinction as a useful experimental paradigm for modeling cognitive aspects of AS in mice.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPrefrontal cortex encodes “high-level” cognitive processes. Thus, understanding prefrontal function is critical in neurodevelopmental disorders where cognitive impairment is highly penetrant. Angelman syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with speech and motor impairments, an outwardly happy demeanor, and intellectual disability. We describe a behavioral phenotype in a mouse model of Angelman syndrome and related abnormalities in prefrontal cortex function. We hypothesize that robust and reliable prefrontally encoded behavior may be used to model cognitive impairments in Angelman syndrome.
Development of Cross-Orientation Suppression and Size Tuning and the Role of Experience
Authors: Popović Marjena , Stacy Andrea K. , Kang Mihwa , Nanu Roshan , Oettgen Charlotte E. , Wise Derek L. , Fiser József , Van Hooser Stephen D. 
Published: February 2018

Many sensory neural circuits exhibit response normalization, which occurs when the response of a neuron to a combination of multiple stimuli is less than the sum of the responses to the individual stimuli presented alone. In the visual cortex, normalization takes the forms of cross-orientation suppression and surround suppression. At the onset of visual experience, visual circuits are partially developed and exhibit some mature features such as orientation selectivity, but it is unknown whether cross-orientation suppression is present at the onset of visual experience or requires visual experience for its emergence. We characterized the development of normalization and its dependence on visual experience in female ferrets. Visual experience was varied across the following three conditions: typical rearing, dark rearing, and dark rearing with daily exposure to simple sinusoidal gratings (14–16 h total). Cross-orientation suppression and surround suppression were noted in the earliest observations, and did not vary considerably with experience. We also observed evidence of continued maturation of receptive field properties in the second month of visual experience: substantial length summation was observed only in the oldest animals (postnatal day 90); evoked firing rates were greatly increased in older animals; and direction selectivity required experience, but declined slightly in older animals. These results constrain the space of possible circuit implementations of these features.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe development of the brain depends on both nature—factors that are independent of the experience of an individual animal—and nurture—factors that depend on experience. While orientation selectivity, one of the major response properties of neurons in visual cortex, is already present at the onset of visual experience, it is unknown whether response properties that depend on interactions among multiple stimuli develop without experience. We find that the properties of cross-orientation suppression and surround suppression are present at eye opening, and do not depend on visual experience. Our results are consistent with the idea that a majority of the basic properties of sensory neurons in primary visual cortex are derived independent of the experience of an individual animal.
Fentanyl Induces Rapid Onset Hyperalgesic Priming: Type I at Peripheral and Type II at Central Nociceptor Terminals
Authors: Araldi Dioneia , Khomula Eugen V. , Ferrari Luiz F. , Levine Jon D. 
Published: February 2018

Systemic fentanyl induces hyperalgesic priming, long-lasting neuroplasticity in nociceptor function characterized by prolongation of inflammatory mediator hyperalgesia. To evaluate priming at both nociceptor terminals, we studied, in male Sprague Dawley rats, the effect of local administration of agents that reverse type I (protein translation) or type II [combination of Src and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)] priming. At the central terminal, priming induced by systemic, intradermal, or intrathecal fentanyl was reversed by the combination of Src and MAPK inhibitors, but at the peripheral terminal, it was reversed by the protein translation inhibitor. Mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antisense prevented fentanyl hyperalgesia and priming. To determine whether type I and II priming occur in the same population of neurons, we used isolectin B4–saporin or [Sar9, Met(O2)11]-substance P–saporin to deplete nonpeptidergic or peptidergic nociceptors, respectively. Following intrathecal fentanyl, central terminal priming was prevented by both saporins, whereas that in peripheral terminal was not attenuated even by their combination. However, after intradermal fentanyl, priming in the peripheral terminal requires both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic nociceptors, whereas that in the central terminal is dependent only on peptidergic nociceptors. Pretreatment with dantrolene at either terminal prevented fentanyl-induced priming in both terminals, suggesting communication between central and peripheral terminals mediated by intracellular Ca2+signaling.In vitroapplication of fentanyl increased cytoplasmic Ca2+concentration in dorsal root ganglion neurons, which was prevented by pretreatment with dantrolene and naloxone. Therefore, acting at MOR in the nociceptor, fentanyl induces hyperalgesia and priming rapidly at both the central (type II) and peripheral (type I) terminal and this is mediated by Ca2+signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTFentanyl, acting at the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), induces hyperalgesia and hyperalgesic priming at both the central and peripheral terminal of nociceptors and this is mediated by endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+signaling. Priming in the central terminal is type II, whereas that in the peripheral terminal is type I. Our findings may provide useful information for the design of drugs with improved therapeutic profiles, selectively disrupting individual MOR signaling pathways, to maintain an adequate long-lasting control of pain.
РАЗРАБОТКА АЛГОРИТМА УПРАВЛЕНИЯ СИСТЕМОЙ ОТОПЛЕНИЯ И ГОРЯЧЕГО ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ ЭНЕРГИИ
Authors: Процишен А. А. , Улицкая Е. О. 
Published: February 2018

The study analyzed the heating system and hot water supply with using renewable energy sources. To design an automatic control system for heating and hot water supply, which includes a solar collector, a heat pump and a centralized heating source, the following tasks were set: - study of scientific literature on the operation of renewable energy sources; - design of a structural diagram of the automation section; - design of an algorithm for controlling the heating system and hot water supply. The relevance of designing a control system for an object with a variable structure is shown. As an automation object, the system of heat supply and hot water supply with the use of renewable energy sources is considered. The possibility of sharing a heat pump, solar collectors and a centralized source of thermal energy for heating and hot water supply was explored. The technological scheme, the automation scheme, the control algorithm, the software of the complex are designed. The proposed algorithm for controlling the heating system and hot water supply realizes the cascading operation of equipment with the priority of switching on renewable sources of thermal energy to solve the problem of reducing energy consumption. The software of the developed control system and simulation of the heating and hot water supply system was implemented in the programming environment of the controller ОВЕН ПЛК160. For technical implementation, modern automatic control system devices and renewable sources of thermal energy have been selected. The management of automation tools, data collection and visualization is carried out with the help of SCADA-system WebHMI, operating in the real-time operating system. The obtained results of simulation are confirmed by the introduction and successful operation of the designed automatic control system at the municipal enterprise of the town of Yuzhniy. The joint work of renewable sources of thermal energy and boiler equipment under the management of the developed management system has proved its energy efficiency both during and outside the heating season, and it makes it possible to achieve 30% savings on heating and hot water.