bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spaceborne Radar
Authors: Kwok Ronald , Yueh Simon H. , Fu Lee-Lueng 
Published: November 2024

AbstractHere, we review three different applications of active microwave remote sensing that have contributed geophysical measurements on a scale and accuracy that surpass what could be accomplished with airborne or in situ observations. These are synthetic aperture radar interferometry, scatterometry, and altimetry. For each of these areas, we describe the measurement principle, the current technology, the applications, and give a brief look into the future.
Very High Frequency Range
Authors: Campbell Richard L. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Very High Frequency (VHF) range extends from 30MHz to 300 MHz, which means that when a VHF sine‐wave signal is observed on an oscilloscope, the trace completes from 30 to 300 million cycles each second. The wavelength and frequency of VHF signals has a profound impact on the hardware we build to use these frequencies. The 30 to 300MHz frequency range has been popular since radio engineers first discovered how to reliably generate and amplify VHF signals during the 1930s. The VHF range has significant advantages for some common applications over higher and lower frequency ranges.
Dielectric Resonator Oscillators
Authors: Fusco Vincent F. , Dearn Andrew 
Published: November 2024

AbstractA dielectric resonator (DR) can be used to form the stabilizing element in an oscillator. Dielectric resonator oscillators (DROs) are characterized by the following properties: high‐frequency stability, high efficiency, and low manufacturing cost. They also can be made to provide good temperature stability.Two‐ and three‐terminal active devices exhibit phase noise characteristics at microwave frequencies. Oscillators constructed using these devices can have their phase noise behavior improved by the addition of a DR element.
Schottky Barrier Diodes and Their Applications
Authors: Davis W. Alan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAlthough times have changed, the Schottky barrier diode remains an important component in many systems because of its unique features.The discussion will first focus on the origin of the energy bands and their relationship to the Fermi level. The simple theory is later modified by the barrier‐lowering effect and the presence of surface states. The reverse bias depletion capacitance and, subsequently, the forward current characteristics are determined. Equivalent circuit models are discussed that are useful for circuit design. Finally, some comments are made about recent progress in wide bandgap Schottky barrier diodes. The applications sections emphasize mixer design, as this seems to be the predominant use of Schottky devices.
Parallel Algorithms and Computing for Large‐Scale Electromagnetic Simulation
Authors: Lam King Wai , Chan Ka Fai , Chan Chi Hou 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe rapid growth of technology in computing architecture and networking has resulted in fundamental changes in the way we perform computational analysis in science and engineering. Some problems that are intractable because they are computation‐intensive in memory and/or CPU time can now be solved in an effective manner with the help of parallel computing. The aim of this article is to introduce to readers some examples of parallel computing algorithms that were developed for the computational electromagnetics community but are also applicable to other fields in science and engineering. In this article, the construction components of parallel computing platforms are introduced. A Beowulf cluster, which is a system with distributed memory multiprocessor architecture, will be briefly discussed. Some of the most popular simulation techniques in computational electromagnetics such as the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method and the method of moments (MoM) are discussed. Several methods of solving a full matrix either directly or iteratively will also be discussed. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the use of these algorithms and their implementations on the parallel computing platform for solving large‐scale electromagnetic problems.
Terahertz Science, Engineering and Systems—from Space to Earth Applications
Authors: De Maagt Peter , Bolivar Peter Haring , Mann Chris 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe terahertz (THz) part of the electromagnetic spectrum falls between the lower frequency millimetre wave region and, at higher frequencies, the far‐infrared region. As the THz region separates the more established domains of microwaves and optics, a typical THz technique will incorporate aspects of both realms, and may even draw on the best of both. The two bounding parts of the spectrum also yield distinct sets of methods of generating and detecting THz waves. As a result of breakthroughs in technology, the THz region is finally finding applications outside its traditional heartlands of remote sensing and radio astronomy. Extensive research has identified many attractive uses and has paved the technological path towards flexible and accessible THz systems. This paper discusses the range of THz applications (both space and terrestrial) and will present the components and systems that are utilised for the region, both from a sort of historic perspective and from the point of view of recent developments. A split has been made in microwave THz and optical THz technology according to the underlying basic technologies. Future trends are also discussed.
Frequency Standards, Characterization
Authors: Ferre-Pikal Eva S. , Walls Fred L. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWe describe the characterization of frequency standards following the general definitions accepted by the IEEE, the International Telecommunications Union—Radiocommunications (ITU‐R), and the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR). We describe what is meant by accuracy and frequency stability of a frequency standard. The variations in frequency (which define the frequency stability) can be classified into two basic types: random and systematic. To characterize random variations in frequency, the systematic effects must be removed from the data. Special statistical techniques other than the standard variance must then be used to quantify random variations in frequency because some of the noise processes are not stationary. As part of the statistical treatment, we describe how to determine confidence intervals for the estimates of the various types of random frequency noise.
Who Said What? The Effects of Cognitive Load on Source Monitoring and Memory for Multiple witnesses' Accounts
Authors: Hanway Pamela , Akehurst Lucy , Vernham Zarah , Hope Lorraine 
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACTInvestigative interviewers are often required to accurately remember information that has been provided by different people. This can be at the scene of an event or during follow‐up investigations in interview rooms. Interviewers must accurately monitor the source of information to differentiate between witnesses' accounts and to assess what information is novel and what has been corroborated by others or by physical evidence. The current research examined the effects of cognitive load on memory and source monitoring accuracy for information provided by multiple witnesses. Participants, under conditions of high cognitive load (HCL) where load was induced via interviewer‐relevant tasks (e.g., formulating questions) or no cognitive load (NCL), watched five mock‐witnesses' accounts of the same crime. Each witness provided several details of the crime that were unique to their individual account. When asked about account details, and which witness had provided each detail, mock‐interviewers' memory accuracy was lower in the HCL condition than the NCL condition. There was no difference between cognitive load conditions for source monitoring accuracy, which was poor regardless of condition.
Flame Retardant Strategies and Applications of Organic Phase Change Materials: A Review
Authors: Liu Mingyong , Qiao Jiaxin , Zhang Xiaoguang , Guo Zijiao , Liu Xianjie , Lin Fankai , Yang Mengyao , Fan Jiahang , Wu Xiaowen , Huang Zhaohui 
Published: November 2024

AbstractDue to their good chemical and thermal stability, high heat of melting, and suitability within the desired temperature range, organic phase change materials (PCMs) are widely used for cooling electronic devices, new energy utilization, solar thermal power generation, industrial waste heat recovery processes, and greenhouse construction. However, the flammability of organic PCMs has limited their commercial viability. In recent years, researchers have been striving to improve the flame retardancy of organic PCMs through various strategies, raising the question of which modification strategy best enhances the flame retardancy for different types of composite PCMs. Therefore, a comprehensive and timely review is needed to gain insight into the mechanism of action for flame retardant properties enhancement. This article firstly introduces the types of flame retardants and flame retardant mechanism, and briefly introduces the test methods commonly used in the laboratory for the analysis of flame retardant mechanism. Secondly, the strategies for improving the flame retardancy of organic PCMs are systematically summarized, and some scenarios for the application of organic flame‐retardant PCMs are introduced. Eventually, the challenges and future perspectives of the evolution of organic flame retardant PCMs are presented. This review is expected to provide new insights for the rational design of high flame‐retardant organic PCMs.
Room Temperature Evolution of Laser‐Induced Ultrafast Spin and Phonon Dynamics in 2D van der Waals Magnets FexGeTe2 (x = 3, 4, 5)
Authors: Adhikari Arundhati , Mahato Bipul Kumar , Sahoo Sourav , Mukhopadhyay Suchetana , Palit Mainak , Bera Satyabrata , Datta Subhadeep , Mondal Mintu , Barman Anjan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract2D van der Waals (vdW) magnets are the incentive for a new era of spintronics research with unprecedented opportunities. Hitherto, maximum research on vdW magnets is restricted by cryogenic temperature due to the inability to retain long‐range magnetic order at room temperature. The present study demonstrates the emergence of spin dynamics in association with phonon dynamics at room temperature in chemically exfoliated FexGeTe2 (x = 3,4,5) flakes employing a time‐resolved magneto‐optical Kerr effect microscope. The highly intense femtosecond laser pulse is supposed to establish magnetic ordering. This photoinduced magnetization is realized and modulated in the ultrafast demagnetization and GHz frequency precessional dynamics. Furthermore, coherent phonon excitation at optical regime is observed which subsequently triggers THz frequency magnon modes via direct spin‐phonon coupling. This study unfolds an all‐optical route to control optomagnetic properties and the future perspectives of 2D vdW magnets for multidisciplinary applications.
Wide Detection Range Flexible Pressure Sensors Based on 3D Interlocking Structure TPU/ZnO NWs
Authors: He Jiang , Wang Siyuan , Han Renhou , Liu Yue , Gao Wenchao , Bao Rongrong , Pan Caofeng 
Published: November 2024

AbstractThe high sensitivity and wide linear sensing range are two crucial performance parameters for pressure sensors. This paper presents a flexible pressure sensor based on a 3D interlocking structure resembling the biomimetic dog‐tail grass. The 3D interlocking structure of TPU/ZnO nanowires (NWs) uniformly increases with the applied pressure, resulting in a proportional increase in the contact area. Simultaneously, ZnO NWs form an upper sparse and lower dense structure on the TPU skeleton, enabling it to withstand exceptionally high pressures. Leveraging these advantages, the flexible pressure sensor exhibits elevated sensitivity (29.7 kPa−1) and an ultra‐wide linear sensing range (up to 2250 kPa), representing a significant improvement compared to prior research. The sensor demonstrates outstanding performance in terms of repeatability and stability. Furthermore, applications in wearable electronic devices and pixel analysis in pressure array configurations are demonstrated, showcasing high performance achieved through straightforward and cost‐effective fabrication methods, thereby offering a promising strategy for future developments in flexible electronic devices.
Click‐Beetles‐Inspired Light‐Driven Continuous Jumping Robots Based on Janus Azobenzene Polymer Films
Authors: Kuang Zhenxin , Liu Junchao , Meng Weihao , Ikeda Tomiki , Wang Jingxia , Jiang Lei 
Published: November 2024

AbstractAzobenzene‐mesogen photo‐actuator is frequently utilized in diverse bionic motions due to their unparalleled advantages of wireless and reversible actuation. The realm of jumping behavior remains unexplored for azobenzene‐based actuators. Inspired by the Click‐beetles, here a Janus light‐driven jumping robot is achieved through the integration effect of an azobenzene molecule (with a short thermal relaxation time) and a splay alignment. The prepared Azobenzene liquid crystal films exhibit remarkable light‐driven continuous jumping capabilities, with jumping heights of 35 body lengths (BL) and takeoff speeds of 0.67 m s−1 (670 BL s−1), these data currently surpass the performance of small‐mass jumping robots. This research will be helpful for the design of novel actuators and broaden of the application scenarios of azobenzene actuators.
Thioether‐Functionalized Cellulose for the Fabrication of Oxidation‐Responsive Biomaterial Coatings and Films
Authors: DuBois Eric M. , Herrema Kate E. , Simkulet Matthew G. , Hassan Laboni F. , O'Connor Payton R. , Sen Riya , O'Shea Timothy M. 
Published: November 2024

AbstractBiomaterial coatings and films can prevent premature failure and enhance the performance of chronically implanted medical devices. However, current hydrophilic polymer coatings and films have significant drawbacks, including swelling and delamination. To address these issues, hydroxyethyl cellulose is modified with thioether groups to generate an oxidation‐responsive polymer, HECMTP. HECMTP readily dissolves in green solvents and can be fabricated as coatings or films with tunable thicknesses. HECMTP coatings effectively scavenge hydrogen peroxide, resulting in the conversion of thioether groups to sulfoxide groups on the polymer chain. Oxidation‐driven, hydrophobic‐to‐hydrophilic transitions that are isolated to the surface of HECMTP coatings under physiologically relevant conditions increase wettability, decrease stiffness, and reduce protein adsorption to generate a non‐fouling interface with minimal coating delamination or swelling. HECMTP can be used in diverse optical applications and permits oxidation‐responsive, controlled drug release. HECMTP films are non‐resorbable in vivo and evoke minimal foreign body responses. These results highlight the versatility of HECMTP and support its incorporation into chronically implanted medical devices.
Layer Number Controllable Molybdenum Disulfide Film Growth and Its Applications in Vertical and Planar Photodetectors
Authors: Huang Yu‐Han , Chen Zhi‐Wei , Wu Chao‐Hsin , Lee Po‐Tsung , Lin Shih‐Yen 
Published: November 2024

AbstractWafer‐scale and layered MoS2 films are grown by sulfurizing amorphous MoS2 films deposited on sapphire substrates by using a radio‐frequency sputtering system. To verify the layer numbers of the multi‐layer MoS2 films, atomic layer etchings are adopted. Wafer‐scale MoS2 film growth with good layer number uniformity up to 30 is observed. A vertical device with 20‐layer MoS2 embedded in between Al (bottom) and Au (top) electrodes is fabricated. With different work functions of the metal electrodes, photo‐excited electrons and holes in the MoS2 layer can be separated and form photovoltaic responses. With the insertion of 5 nm MoO3 carrier transport layer between the MoS2 layer and the top Au electrode, enhanced photovoltaic responses are observed for the device. By using graphene as the carrier transport layer and MoS2 as the light absorption layer, avalanche photocurrents are observed for planar MoS2/graphene photoconductive devices. With the assist of the higher electron density in multi‐layer MoS2, an easier compensation in the loss of photo‐excited electrons and therefore, charge neutrality in the MoS2 layer can be maintained. Significant reduction in the rise/fall times from >100 ms. to <10 ms. is also observed for the planar photodetector with 10‐layer MoS2 absorption layer.
Using QCM‐D for Real‐Time Analysis of Cell Adhesion Dynamics at Biointerfaces
Authors: Rogala Agnes , Tiainen Hanna , Zaytseva‐Zotova Daria 
Published: November 2024

AbstractEfficient cell adhesion is crucial for host tissue attachment and improving implant integration. This study aims at investigating adhesion of human gingival fibroblasts to functionalized biomaterial surfaces using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D) and analyzing the dynamics of focal adhesion (FA) formation during this process. The QCM‐D responses are correlated with changes in cell morphology and activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in the absence or presence of serum proteins. As model surfaces, this work uses polystyrene oxidized by UV/ozone treatment (PSox) and tannic acid nanocoating formed on polystyrene (TA60). Compared to PSox, reduced cell adhesion on TA60 with fibroblast establishing fewer FAs is observed in this work. The addition of serum promotes more stable cell adhesion, although the adsorbed protein corona slows initial cell spreading and FAK activation. Further, this work examines whether there is a relationship between QCM‐D responses and FAK activation. The data shows a positive correlation between the energy dissipation and temporal changes in phosphorylated FAK (pY397FAK), although the absolute value of pY397FAK cannot be derived from the QCM‐D response. Thus, this study demonstrates the usefulness of the QCM‐D as a technique for quantitative non‐invasive analysis of cell adhesion to functionalized surfaces.
Intelligent Pyroptosis Inducer for Precise and Augmented Tumor Therapy Through Specific Activation Pyroptosis in Tumor
Authors: Huo Linlin , Zhu Shiqi , Li Muyao , Tan Mingya , Fan Mengke , Zhao Jiayi , Zeng Jie , Liu Meiling , Liu Kunyan , Tong Chao , Zhao Zhenghuan 
Published: November 2024

AbstractPyroptosis inducer, a powerful anti‐tumor agent that causes obvious programmed cell death and immune stimulation, has been challenged to trigger specific pyroptotic tumor cell death while keeping pyroptosis silence in normal cells. Here, an intelligent inducer is reported that acts as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger in normal cells to keep pyroptosis silence, while serving as ROS generator to induce obvious pyroptotic tumor cells death dependent on high hydrogen peroxide levels and near‐infrared laser irradiation. This switchable activity ensures this inducer to precisely kill the tumor cells with augmented immunogenicity while causing minimal damage to normal cells. Moreover, the catalase‐like activity endows this inducer to overcome limitation of tumor hypoxia on ROS generation and show significant pyroptosis activation, further initiating the immune response to inhibit the tumor metastases in vivo. This study provides valuable insights into design new pyroptosis inducer with controllable pyroptosis activity to specifically induce programmed tumor cell pyroptosis for precise and augmented tumor therapy with minimal side effects.
Emodin Enhanced Microwave‐Responsive Heterojunction with Powerful Bactericidal Capacity and Immunoregulation for Curing Bacteria‐Infected Osteomyelitis
Authors: Xu Tao , Cheng Hao , Pei Hailiang , Wang Jiameng , Shi Yiwei , Zhang Xiangyu , Huang Di 
Published: November 2024

AbstractEradication of osteomyelitis caused by bacterial infections is still a major challenge. Microwave therapy has the inherent advantage of deep penetration in curing deep tissue infections. However, the antibacterial efficiency of sensitizers is limited by the weak energy of microwaves. Here, a hybrid heterojunction system (Fe3O4/CuS/Emo) is designed for curing bacterially infected osteomyelitis. As an enhanced microwave sensitizer, it shows supernormal microwave response ability. Specifically, Fe3O4 acts as a matrix to mediate magnetic loss. After CuS loading, the heterogeneous interface forms induce significant interfacial polarization, which increasing dielectric loss. On the basis of the heterojunction formed by the two semiconductors, emodin is innovatively introduced to modify it. This integration not only accelerates the movement of charge carriers but also enhances polarization loss due to the numerous functional groups present on the surface. This further optimizes the microwave thermal and catalytic response. In addition, the unique anti‐inflammatory properties of emodin confer the ability of hybrid heterojunction to regulate the immune microenvironment. In vivo studies reveal that heterojunction modified by emodin programmed elimination of bacteria and regulation of the immune microenvironment. It offers a revolutionary approach to the treatment of bacterial osteomyelitis.
Integrating Prior Knowledge Using Transformer for Gene Regulatory Network Inference
Authors: Weng Guangzheng , Martin Patrick , Kim Hyobin , Won Kyoung Jae 
Published: November 2024

AbstractGene regulatory network (GRN) inference, a process of reconstructing gene regulatory rules from experimental data, has the potential to discover new regulatory rules. However, existing methods often struggle to generalize across diverse cell types and account for unseen regulators. Here, this work presents GRNPT, a novel Transformer‐based framework that integrates large language model (LLM) embeddings from publicly accessible biological data and a temporal convolutional network (TCN) autoencoder to capture regulatory patterns from single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) trajectories. GRNPT significantly outperforms both supervised and unsupervised methods in inferring GRNs, particularly when training data is limited. Notably, GRNPT exhibits exceptional generalizability, accurately predicting regulatory relationships in previously unseen cell types and even regulators. By combining LLMs ability to distillate biological knowledge from text and deep learning methodologies capturing complex patterns in gene expression data, GRNPT overcomes the limitations of traditional GRN inference methods and enables more accurate and comprehensive understanding of gene regulatory dynamics.
Trap Assisted Dynamic Mechanoluminescence Toward Self‐Referencing and Visualized Strain Sensing
Authors: Wang Tianli , Zhang Pengfei , Xiao Jianqiang , Guo Ziyi , Xie Xiongwu , Huang Jiahao , Zheng Jiaojiao , Xu Xuhui , Zhao Lei 
Published: November 2024

AbstractStrain sensors utilizing mechanoluminescent (ML) materials have garnered significant attention and application due to their advantages, such as self‐powering, non‐contact operation, and real‐time response. However, ML‐based strain sensing techniques typically rely on the establishing of a mathematical relationship between ML intensity and mechanical parameters. The absolute ML intensity is vulnerable to environmental factors, which can result in measurement errors. Herein, an color‐resolved visualized dynamic ML and self‐referencing strain sensing is investigated in Ca9Al(PO4)7: Tb3+, Mn2+. By analyzing the ML performance under various mechanical stimulations and adjustable strain parameters, a relationship between strain and the ML intensity ratio of Tb3+/Mn2+ is aimed to bed established. This will enable the development of a self‐referencing and visualized strain sensing technology. Through a comparison of luminescence characteristics under continuous mechanical stimulation (stretching) and continuous X‐ray irradiation, it is discovered that the ratiometric dynamic ML is primarily driven by the dynamic filling and continuous release of carriers form traps, which compensates for the ML of Mn2+. Leveraging the self‐referencing and color‐resolved (from green to red) visualized ML characteristics, an application scenario for monitoring human joint movement is developed. This approach offers new insights into the use of dynamic ML materials in strain sensing and human‐machine interaction.