bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Discussion of Sonic Choking in Pipe Systems for Steady, Compressible Flow
Authors: Walters Trey W. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Understanding and predicting sonic choking in pipe network systems can be critically important. Among the reasons is to ensure safety and to improve the performance of the system. In some cases, sonic choking is the dominant aspect of the system behavior and there is no way to understand the system without understanding sonic choking and where it occurs. However, sonic choking is (in general) poorly understood and (at best) incompletely documented in the literature. The literature often provides misleading examples built on unstated (and unrealistic) assumptions. Some situations where sonic choking occurs are almost completely ignored in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive reference for practicing engineers for all possible sonic choking behavior in any generalized, pipe network system with superheated, steady-state, single-phase gas flow. Discussions include multiple choking points in series and in parallel, as well as in systems with real gas behavior experiencing heat transfer in non-horizontal pipes.
Fatigue Analysis of HPHT Subsea Equipment According to API 17TR8
Authors: Karpanan Kumarswamy , Skeels Brian 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
American Petroleum Institute API 17TR8 Technical Report (TR) provides guidelines for designing and validating High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) subsea oil and gas production equipment. HPHT equipment in the oil and gas industry is defined as equipment with an operating pressure of greater than 15 ksi or an operating temperature greater than 350F. The API 17TR8 design verification procedures provide recommended methodology to analyze pressure containing equipment by addressing all relevant failure modes. Design by analysis is recommended by this report, which includes API 6X elastic and ASME Sec VIII-2 and VIII-3 elastic-plastic analysis methods. The failure modes addressed in API 17TR8 are plastic collapse, local strain limit, ratcheting, hydrostatic body test, extreme & survival events, serviceability criteria, fatigue, etc.
Subsea oil and gas production equipment are exposed to cyclic loads (pressure, temperature, external loads due to wave, current, etc.) during drilling, completion, installation, operation, workover, etc. To address the fatigue failure, two types of fatigue assessment are provided in API 17TR8 which are S-N (or e-N) design based and fracture mechanics based. Additionally, fatigue screening is allowed to determine if the full fatigue assessment is required. API 17TR8 has adopted fatigue assessment methodology from various codes and standards: ASME VIII-2, ASME VIII-3, DNV-RP-C203, BS 7608, BS 7910, API 579-1/ASME FFS-1, etc. These codes also provide fatigue curves and crack growth data in air, seawater with cathodic protection, free corrosion, etc. Additionally, API 17TR8, App D provides details about material testing in various subsea environments. This paper provides a comprehensive study of all the fatigue analysis methods that can be used for analyzing HPHT equipment.
Physical Twins for Lifetime Evaluation of Safety-Relevant Large Components Containing Crack Fields
Authors: Mally Linda , Seidenfuß Michael , Werz Martin , Weihe Stefan 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The creation and testing of physical twins using additive manufacturing (AM) methods allow for the replication and investigation of internal defects in real-world components. Such technological advancements pave the way for new approaches to lifetime assessment and evaluation of failure behavior. In 2012, internal crack-like defects were discovered in the pressure vessels at Belgium’s Doel 3 and Tihange 2 nuclear reactors through NDT assessment. Critical internal crack fields are identified based on these defects. This work demonstrates the manufacturability of various crack fields (crack shape, dimensional precision, orientation, etc.) and their corresponding failure behavior is examined using tensile tests. Selected crack fields are integrated into a scaled physical twin of the vessels, utilizing Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF).
This paper focuses on the conceptual description of a physical twin, the approach, and the challenges in creating, testing, and transferring the results to real components.
Pipe Whip Analysis for High Energy Lines
Authors: Pease Derrick , Antaki George 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Often, the largest loads for the design of nuclear power plant structures, systems, and components are the loads that result from postulated pipe ruptures. These loads include pipe whip, jet impingement, blowdown waterhammer, compartment pressure, and blast wave. This paper provides an overview of pipe rupture hazards analysis process, including regulatory requirements. Second, the paper presents the methods and criteria for the development of the thrust force in high energy line breaks, in a manner more precise than ANS 58.2, taking into consideration the various phases of blowdown, starting with break formation, initial metastable unbalanced pressure, development of fluid motion, transient period, and final steady state. The paper presents the two methods to predict the pipe whip motion and impact: The first method is based on energy balance and dynamics-based analytical solutions, and the second solution is based on elastic-plastic numerical simulation using explicit solver of the pipe whip.
Consequences of an Imperfectly Mounted Reinforcement Cage in a Generical Cylindrical Concrete Container During Mechanical Specimen Tests
Authors: Weber Mike , Völzke Holger , Nieslony Gregor 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
By highest court decision in 2007 the issued license for the Konrad repository (a former iron ore mine) for low and intermediate level radioactive waste was finally confirmed. Since then, the site is improved, prepared and equipped for the currently planned start of waste package emplacement by 2029. The Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing) is regularly contracted by the Bundesgesellschaft für Endlagerung (BGE, Federal Company for Radioactive Waste Disposal) as the responsible authority for waste product control, waste container design testing, and waste package acceptance. In this context BAM is mainly responsible for design testing of various container types including the evaluation quality assurance measures for container manufacturing.
In the written Konrad disposal requirements [1] [2], all acceptance criteria for potential final disposal containers are defined. In addition to general requirements concerning container design, materials, dimensions and others, specific mechanical load scenarios the casks have to withstand are derived from an analysis of the on-site handling and emplacement procedures. Drop tests from different heights under consideration of the most damaging drop orientation and a stacking test are two examples for safety demonstrations that have to be performed during the container design testing procedure to qualify the respective container type.
The containers, whether cubic or cylindrical containers, can be made from different materials like ductile cast iron, reinforced concrete or as welded construction from steel plates and profiles. In case of concrete containers the reinforcement has the function to absorb tensile forces the concrete is not able to withstand by its own. Because of manufacturing imperfections of cylindrical concrete waste containers manufactured already decades ago, the reinforcement cages are not always exactly, axisymmetrically positioned when they were poured. This inspired BAM to perform various ABAQUS® finite-element (FE) simulations [3] by using the example of a simplified cylindrical container design with generic dimensions and pure elastic material properties. As outcome the stress conditions in the container during the drop test impact under different drop positions and during the stacking test were investigated and are explained and illustrated in this contribution. Different reinforcement cage positions were calculated and compared. On the basis of the calculated tensile and compressive stress distributions suggestions are derived on how a cylindrical concrete container with an imperfectly placed reinforcement cage has to be oriented for a drop or stacking test to ensure the most damaging test scenario.
Comparison of Measured and Predicted Vessel Hoop Strains and Door Displacements for the Explosive Destructive System V31 Vessel
Authors: Ludwigsen John S. , Stofleth Jerome H. , Tribble Megan K. , Crocker Robert W. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The Explosive Destruction System (EDS) V31 containment vessel was procured by the US Army Recovered Chemical Materiel Directorate (RCMD) as a third-generation system used to destroy chemical munitions. It is the fifth individual EDS vessel to be fabricated under Code Case 2564 of the 2019 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, which provides rules for the design of impulsively loaded vessels. The explosive rating for this vessel, based on the code case, is twenty-four (24) pounds TNT-equivalent for up to 1092 detonations. This report documents the results of explosive tests that were performed on the vessel at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico to qualify the vessel for field operations use. There were three design basis configurations for qualification testing. Qualification test (1) consisted of a simulated M55 rocket motor and warhead assembly of 24lbs of Composition C-4 (30 lb TNT equivalent). This test was considered the maximum load case, based on modeling and simulation methods performed by Sandia prior to the vessel design phase. Qualification test (2) consisted of a regular, right circular cylinder, unitary charge, located central to the vessel interior of 19.2 lb of Composition C-4 (24 lb TNT equivalent). Qualification test (3) consisted of a 12-pack of regular, right circular cylinders, distributed evenly inside the vessel (totaling 19.2 lb of C-4, or 24 lb TNT equivalent). The ASME certification was based exclusively on the analytical predictions because the data required for certification cannot be obtained through testing. Strains through the thickness of the wall and on the inside surface of the cylinder were required and could only be obtained through analysis. Strain gages were placed on the outside of the vessel in three locations and the displacement of the door was measured using a Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) system. These measured values are compared to analytical predictions to help ensure the accuracy of the predicted strains and displacements throughout the rest of the model.
Evaluation of Common Thermoplastic Polymers in High-Pressure Cycling Hydrogen Under Ambient and Cold Environments as Applicable to the Hydrogen Infrastructure
Authors: Menon Nalini C. , Nissen April , McArthur Keri , Mills Bernice , Ryan Fitzjames , Simmons Kevin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Thermoplastic polymers are required to perform consistently without failing under stringent conditions of changing pressures (35 MPa to 70 MPa) and temperatures (−40°C to +85°C) in storage and fueling operations. Although diffusivity in glassy polymers appears to be an order of magnitude lower than elastomers, polymer microstructural attributes such as degree of crystallinity and presence of polar and non-polar groups on the main chain with and without branching can play a substantial role in influencing their behaviors in hydrogen environments. The work described here addresses the effect of high-pressure hydrogen cycling on PEEK, PTFE, PA11, HDPE, and POM (and different commercial grades of these polymers) under ambient and cold (−40°C) conditions. Ex-situ characterization for polymer changes included density measurements for the impact of hydrogen retention, hardness changes using nanoindentation, storage modulus, and glass transition changes using dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis (DMTA), degree of crystallization with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and tensile testing following ASTM D1708-18. In other evaluations, where possible, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray CT results are presented. The overall impact of these evaluations is to establish a technical basis for the behaviors of common thermoplastics in cycling hydrogen environments under ambient and cold temperatures while establishing the relationship between polymer structure-based properties and hydrogen transport effects.
A Mathematical Iterative Method to Validate Probabilistic Integrity Codes With Deterministic Experimental Data
Authors: Guo Lingyun , Liang Qionglin 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
A number of probabilistic integrity codes (PICs) have emerged for assessing the operational safety of pressure components, such as ProLOCA, PROST, xLPR, etc. These codes can calculate the failure probability of pressure components directly based on probability theory and structural calculations. However, despite rigorous analysis, the credibility of their calculation results is still questionable due to a lack of verifiability, which hinders their wide acceptance. Therefore, the validation of failure probabilities calculated by PICs is a state-of-the-art challenge currently.
In response to this issue, this paper proposes a mathematical iterative method to make the PCI validation achievable. The method establishes a mathematical iterative method based on the secant method to indicate the credibility of PIC. It is grounded in the principle that the failure probability Pr should be 50 % if the load L follows a symmetric distribution with a symmetry axis of Lr, and the other parameters remain deterministic in the structure’s critical failure state, characterized by parameters [Lr, ar1, ar2, ar3, ..., arn]. The validity of the method will be assessed by applying it to the calculation PIACACP. And its prediction outcomes and iteration procedure were analyzed to determine the method’s applicability and rationality.
A Simple Method for Calculating Accurate Gasket Stresses for Octagonal Ring Joints
Authors: Clover David 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The goal of this paper is to serve as a guide to end-users who are developing torque guidelines for use with octagonal ring joint gaskets. Surprisingly, there is no readily available resource to guide end-users in determining the gasket seating stress on octagonal ring joint gaskets. To fill this void, this paper describes the trigonometric relationships that determine the gasket seating stress on the sloped sealing surfaces of octagonal ring joints using a simplified cross-sectional model of the rings. Furthermore, it describes a basic conceptual model that simplifies the formulae, reducing them to a load/area relationship. Finally, it shows that the simplified cross-sectional model used in this study — and also used by major refining organizations — induces a significant error. We show the formulaic corrections that eliminate this error — resulting in improved seating stress modeling.
The greater accuracy of these results leads to meaningful questions — raised in the concluding discussion. In light of this data, what reasonable limits are needed to prevent over-compression of the ring at assembly, ensure minimum stud stress, prevent flange rotation, and seal robustly at MAWP? While some tentative answers are offered, further discussion with industry stakeholders will undoubtedly be needed before such guidance can be included in PCC-1.
A Calculation Method of Pipeline Bending Strain Based on IMU Data of Pipeline Internal Detection
Authors: Xie Dong , Shuai Yi , Shuai Jian , Ren Fei , Chen Cuicui , Jiang Yuanliang , Liu Haipeng 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the process of service, long-distance oil and gas pipelines are located in a complex and changing environment, and the pipelines are prone to bending and deformation under the action of various factors, and in serious cases, wall rupture will occur, which will lead to major pipeline failure accidents. Therefore, accurately calculating the bending strain of the pipeline allows us to grasp the actual bending state of the pipeline, thus maximizing the prevention of pipeline failure due to bending deformation. In this paper, a method for calculating pipeline bending strain based on the attitude angle data of inertial measurement unit is proposed and verified with the inspection data of a pipeline. The results show that the proposed method has a certain degree of practicality and can effectively distinguish between structures such as bending deformation, elbows and bends. When there are bending deformations, elbows or bends in the pipeline, the calculated bending strains of the pipeline can be divided into three parts, including the transition section that gradually increases in the upstream, the transition section that gradually decreases in the downstream and the intermediate section that tends to be stabilized. However, when the structure for the elbow or bend and other structures, its bending strain calculation results relative to the bending deformation, with smaller fluctuations, the transition section is also more stable, and has a better symmetry, so that the elbow, bend and bending deformation can be effectively distinguished.
Flange Deformations Induced by Ring Joints: An FEA and Experimental Approach
Authors: de la Roca Leonardo R. , Girão Carlos D. , Veiga Jose C. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
In the petrochemical and offshore industry, ring joints are crucial for their ability to handle high-pressure and temperature demands. Nonetheless, the tightening forces combined with direct metal-to-metal contact might cause flange sealing surfaces damage. The present study investigates the deformations in flanges sealing surfaces due to ring joints, with a particular focus on different ring geometries, materials and hardnesses. Leveraging finite element analysis (FEA) and a series of laboratory tests, this research evaluates how these variables impact the integrity and performance of ring joint-flange assemblies. Two novel types of rings were introduced: the first is a hollowed ring, inspired by a topology optimization study that identified unnecessary interior regions of a standard ring. The second employs metal 3D-printing techniques, specifically Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) and Metal Fused Filament Fabrication (MFFF), utilizing stainless steel grade 316L. Both designs underwent testing and were compared with standard oval & octagonal ASME B16.20 R-16 rings in terms of deformation and sealability. The study also addressed a common claim regarding a hardness difference of 30 HB (Brinell hardness) between the ring and flange, exploring the theoretical hardness gap necessary to avoid permanent flange deformation. The research, while facing challenges in material data and measurement techniques, offers novel ring design approaches and an in-depth understanding of the plasticity effects on ring joint assemblies.
Modelling the Effect of Residual Stresses on Damage Accumulation Using a Coupled Crystal Plasticity Phase Field Fracture Approach
Authors: Salvini Michael , Grilli Nicolò , Knowles David , Mostafavi Mahmoud , Esmati Parsa , Yankova Maria S. , Flint Thomas F. , Smith Mike C. , Vasileiou Anastasia N. , Larrosa Nicolas O. , Truman Christopher E. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Residual stresses are a crucial factor in assessing the integrity of welded joints. These stresses are known to influence the joint’s strength under additional loading, with the altered grain structure at and near the joint a complicating factor. Consequently, a mesoscale model is essential to understand the accumulation of damage in components subjected to external loading, as well as the impact of prior loads on failure. This study addresses the interplay between loading direction and grain morphology, explicitly investigating damage accumulation. The mesoscale model includes a coupled crystal plasticity and a phase field fracture model to estimate the deformation induced during a laser beam weld of 316H stainless steel. The displacement boundary condition was derived from a mechanical model of the weld, with the application of a Chaboche model. The temperature field required for the grain growth and mechanical models were obtained through a thermal fluid dynamics framework. Investigation of crack initiation and propagation was carried using a phase-field fracture model, which allowed the consideration of prior loading. This study indicated that the direction of loading plays an important role in damage susceptibility. The modified grain structure based on the welding simulation showed a different strain at failure compared to the 316H stainless steel parent material. The achieved strain at failure was found to be lower in normal loading compared to the transverse direction. Presently, the crystal plasticity model fails to estimate the macroscopic residual stresses, illustrated by damage propagation resulting in earlier than expected ductile failure upon reloading. The potential causes are addressed and discussed in detail.
Investigation and Modelling of Static O-Ring Sealing Performance After Ageing
Authors: Péta Oscar , Le Saux Vincent , Marco Yann , Omnès Benoît , Lejeune Hubert 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Monitoring and predicting the ageing of industrial systems equipped with sealing products implies the necessity to ensure tightness. This functional performance is difficult to control due to the combined effects of the viscoelastic nature of the materials of interest and the heterogeneous material evolution due to ageing. Interfacial leakage may appear during ageing, causing an increase in leakage rate. However, leakage tests provide both interfacial and permeation leakage. Permeation must be predicted to evaluate the interfacial leak and eventually be able to predict it. Diffusion analytical models cannot be used with complex geometries such as a compressed O-ring in a groove. Therefore, a numerical model for diffusion has to be developed. The material studied is a peroxide crosslinked EPDM manufactured using a known standard industrial formula. Transport parameters of helium at room temperature are evaluated analytically on membranes using the time lag method. Mechanical properties are evaluated using an anhysteretic compression test on an O-ring. A model based on the equivalence between diffusion and heat transfer is evaluated and compared to experimental results. Satisfying results from numerical simulation on membranes and their comparison to an analytical model enabled the validation of the method. Then, mechanical and diffusion analyses were performed on an O-ring mounted in a groove. Close results were obtained between experimental and numerical leakage curves. However, an underestimation of the time lag is observed. First investigations show great sensitivity to the initial geometry of the seal. The developed model is considered sufficient for the prediction of steady-state leakage. Future work will focus on the comparison of aged and unaged O-rings and better identification of the seal cross-section.