bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social deficits following embryonic ethanol exposure arise in post‐larval zebrafish
Authors: Fernandes Yohaan , Rampersad Mindy , Jones Emma M. , Eberhart Johann K. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPrenatal alcohol exposure is the leading cause of birth defects, collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). In the United States and Canada, 1 in 100 children will be born with FASD. Some of the most commonly debilitating defects of FASD are in social behavior. Zebrafish are highly social animals, and embryonic ethanol exposure from 24 to 26 hours post‐fertilization disrupts this social (shoaling) response in adult zebrafish. Recent findings have suggested that social behaviors are present in zebrafish larvae as young as 3 weeks, but how they relate to adult shoaling is unclear. We tested the same ethanol‐exposed zebrafish for social impairments at 3 weeks then again at 16 weeks. At both ages, live conspecifics were used to elicit a social response. We did not find alcohol‐induced differences in behavior in 3‐week‐old fish when they were able to see conspecifics. We do find evidence that control zebrafish are able to use nonvisual stimuli to detect conspecifics, and this behavior is disrupted in the alcohol‐exposed fish. As adults, these fish displayed a significant decrease in social behavior when conspecifics are visible. This surprising finding demonstrates that the adult and larval social behaviors are, at least partly, separable. Future work will investigate the nature of these nonvisual cues and how the neurocircuitry differs between the larval and adult social behaviors.
Molecular cloning and expression of ghrelin in the hypothalamus–pituitary–gastrointestinal tract axis of the Yak (Bos grunniens) in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Ding Yanping , Zhang Na , Li Jialong , Jin Yiran , Shao Baoping 
Published: September 2018

AbstractGhrelin is a very important brain–gut peptide that modulates appetite and energy metabolism in mammals. The yak is the only large mammal that can adapt to the cold temperatures and hypoxia conditions present in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. However, there are no reports on ghrelin molecular characterization and expression in the hypothalamus–pituitary–digestive tract axis of the yak to date. In this study, the coding region sequence of the yak ghrelin, containing a complete ORF (351) encoding for 117 amino acids, was cloned. Immunohistochemistry analysis of the yak samples showed that ghrelin‐immunoreactive cells were expressed at the arcuate nucleus (ARC), the ventromedial nucleus (VMN), the dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) of the hypothalamus and also at the anterior pituitary. Ghrelin‐positive cells were also present in approximately two thirds of the submucosa of the abomasum fundic gland and mucous layer of the duodenum intestinal gland. Ghrelin's mRNA highest expression occurred in the abomasum sample, followed by the duodenum, hypothalamus and lowest at the pituitary gland. The level of ghrelin mRNA measured in yak was higher than in cattle for all the tissues that were compared. The ghrelin protein and mRNA expression profiles were similar. These data imply that the high expression of ghrelin in the hypothalamus–pituitary–digestive tract axis of yak could aid adaptation to the extreme environment better than cattle, by improving appetite and fat accumulation, regulating body temperature and reducing energy consumption via regulating energy metabolism.
Systematic review of p38 mitogen‐activated kinase and its functional role in reproductive tissues
Authors: Sheller‐Miller Samantha , Richardson Lauren , Martin Laura , Jin Jin , Menon Ramkumar 
Published: September 2018

AbstractOxidative stress (OS) plays a role in uterine tissue remodeling during pregnancy and parturition. While p38 MAPK is an OS‐response kinase, a precise functional role is unknown. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of literature on p38 MAPK expression, activation, and function in reproductive tissues throughout pregnancy and parturition, published between January 1980 and August 2017, using four electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, and CoCHRANE). We identified 418 reports; 108 were selected for full‐text evaluation and 74 were included in final review. p38 MAPK was investigated using feto‐maternal primary or immortalized cells, tissue explants, and animal models. Western blot was most commonly used to report phosphorylated (active) p38 MAPK. Human placenta (27), chorioamniotic membranes (14), myometrium (13), decidua (8), and cervix (1) were the studied tissues. p38 MAPK's functions were tissue and gestational age dependent. Isoform specificity was hardly reported. p38 MAPK activity was induced by ROS or proinflammatory cytokines to promote cell signaling linked to cell fate, primed uterus, ripened cervix, and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production. In 35 years, reports on p38 MAPK's role during pregnancy and parturition are scarce and current literature is insufficient to provide a comprehensive description of p38 MAPK's mechanistic role during pregnancy and parturition.
Combined diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy to predict neurological outcome before transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
Authors: Rudler Marika , Weiss Nicolas , Perlbarg Vincent , Mallet Maxime , Tripon Simona , Valabregue Romain , Marjańska Małgorzata , Cluzel Philippe , Galanaud Damien , Thabut Dominique 
Published: September 2018

SummaryBackgroundHepatic encephalopathy (HE) may occur after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) placement. Multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), combining anatomical sequences, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, is modified in cirrhotic patients.AimsTo describe multimodal MRI images before TIPSS, to assess if TIPSS induces changes in multimodal MRI, and to find predictors of HE after TIPSS in patients with cirrhosis.MethodsConsecutive cirrhotic patients with an indication for TIPSS were prospectively screened. Diagnosis of minimal HE was performed using psychometric HE test score. Multimodal MRI was performed before and 3 months after TIPSS placement.ResultsTwenty‐five consecutive patients were analysed (median age = 59, male gender 76%, median Child‐Pugh score = 8 [5‐8], MELD score = 12 [9‐17], indication for TIPSS placement: ascites/secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding/other 20/3/2), no HE/minimal HE/overt HE: 21/4/0. 8/25 patients developed HE after TIPSS. Before TIPSS placement, metabolite concentrations were different in patients with or without minimal HE (lower myo‐inositol, mI, higher glutamate/glutamine), but there were no differences in DTI data. TIPSS placement induced changes in metabolite concentrations even in asymptomatic patients, but not in DTI metrics. Baseline fractional anisotropy was significantly lower in patients who developed HE after TIPSS in five regions of interest.ConclusionsTIPSS placement induced significant changes in cerebral metabolites, even in asymptomatic patients. Patients who developed HE after TIPSS displayed lower fractional anisotropy before TIPSS. Brain MRI with DTI acquisition may help selecting patients at risk of HE.
Millennial and centennial variations in zircon U‐Pb ages in the quaternary indus submarine canyon
Authors: Li Yuting , Clift Peter D. , O'Sullivan Paul 
Published: September 2018

AbstractUse of deep‐water sediments in submarine fans to reconstruct changing erosion onshore is based on the premise of relatively simple transport between source and sink. However, debate continues regarding the degree of sediment buffering and recycling in the sediment transport process. In this study, we investigate the origin of sediment in the Indus Submarine Canyon since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; ~20 ka) using zircon U‐Pb dates. Zircon grains in the submarine canyon are resolvably different from those at the river mouth, at least before 6.6 ka, implying a disconnection between the river mouth and the canyon up to that time. Sand may be stored near the river mouth as sea level rose, while finer‐grained sediment was directly transferred into deeper water. Since 1 ka the upper canyon has shown big and rapid provenance changes, most notably a sharp increase in erosion from Nanga Parbat, whose influence is minor in the modern river. Such rapid changes imply a lack of buffering in the recent past. The modern river contrasts with sediments in the canyon in terms of its zircon U‐Pb age populations and may be influenced by significant anthropogenic impact on the terrestrial drainage basin, especially damming.
A comparison of dental fluorosis in adult populations with and without lifetime exposure to water fluoridation
Authors: Macey Richard , Tickle Martin , MacKay Laura , McGrady Michael , Pretty Iain A. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractObjectivesThere is a lack of evidence on the proportion and severity of fluorosis in adult populations exposed and not exposed to fluoridated water over their lifetimes. The aim of this study was to compare the proportion and severity of fluorosis in adults with lifetime exposure to water fluoridation with a nonexposed sample. A secondary aim was to report the gradient of fluorosis severity by age.MethodsA cross‐sectional study recruited a sample with lifetime exposure to water fluoridation and a matched, nonexposed group. 580 participants, aged 18‐52 years (mean 34.3, SD 9.4) and 64% female, were recruited in general dental practices located in fluoridated (Birmingham and County Durham) and nonfluoridated areas (Manchester). Three digital images were taken of their incisors and an experienced examiner who was blind to exposure status viewed the images remotely and allocated fluorosis scores using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) scale.ResultsAt TF ≥ 1 (any fluorosis), a significantly higher proportion of participants from the fluoridated area had fluorosis (F 39% NF 21.3%, P < 0.001), at the threshold TF ≥ 3 (“aesthetic concern”), the difference was no longer statistically significant (F 4.1%, NF 2.2%, P = 0.25). There was a gradient by age, whereby fluorosis was highest in the youngest and lowest in the oldest age group.ConclusionsAlthough fluorosis is more common in adults with lifetime exposure to water fluoridation than those with no exposure, the aesthetic impact of fluorosis seems to diminish with age.
Serious case reviews: The lived experience of Black children
Authors: Bernard Claudia , Harris Perlita 
Published: September 2018

AbstractDespite the many high‐profile Black child deaths in England, race as a factor remains a largely underexplored factor of serious case reviews (SCRs). Evidence from analysis of SCRs indicates that race receives limited attention, or is virtually absent. Given that the main function of SCRs is to provide opportunities for learning lessons to improve practice, the way in which issues of race and culture may influence child protection processes for Black children is therefore of critical importance. In this article, we employ content analysis to examine the extent that race and cultural factors are considered in SCRs involving Black children. It is argued that race is often an important factor influencing Black children's experiences of abuse and neglect, as well as their encounters in the child protection system. This article therefore poses two key questions: (a) What questions are asked about race, ethnicity, and culture in SCRs concerning Black children? (b) How did the SCRs extract lessons to be learnt for improving practice to safeguard Black children? By extending the analysis of race and ethnicity in SCRs, this article furthers our understandings of the needs of Black children in the child protection system.
Qualitative impact evaluation of a social marketing campaign for conservation
Authors: Salazar Gabby , Mills Morena , Veríssimo Diogo 
Published: September 2018

AbstractSocial marketing campaigns use marketing techniques to influence human behavior for the greater social good. In the conservation sector, social marketing campaigns have been used to influence behavior for the benefit of biodiversity as well as society. However, there are few evaluations of their effectiveness. We devised an approach for evaluating the influences of social marketing campaigns on human behavior and conservation outcomes. We used general elimination methodology, a theory‐driven qualitative evaluation method, to assess the long‐term impacts of a 1998 Rare Pride campaign on the island of Bonaire that was designed to increase the population of the Lora (Amazona barbadensis), a threatened parrot. We interviewed stakeholder groups to determine their perceptions of the drivers of the changes in the Lora population over time. We used these data to develop an overall theory of change to explain changes in the Lora population by looking at the overlap in hypotheses within and between stakeholder groups. We then triangulated that theory of change with evidence from government reports, peer‐reviewed literature, and newspapers. The increase in the Lora population was largely attributed to a decrease in illegal poaching of Loras and an associated decrease in local demand for pet Loras. Decreases in poaching and demand were likely driven by a combination of law enforcement, social marketing (including the Rare campaign), and environmental education in schools. General elimination methodology helped show how multiple interventions influenced a conservation outcome over time. There is a need for evidence‐based evaluations of social marketing interventions to ensure that limited resources are spent wisely.
The relation between leptin and inflammatory markers with respiratory and peripheral muscle strength in tuberculosis: A case–control study
Authors: Skupien Erika Cavalheiro , Lazzari Tássia Kirchmann , Coutinho Sandra Eugênia , Silva Denise Rossato 
Published: September 2018

AbstractBackgroundMuscle weakness is a part of the wasting syndrome associated with TB. Cytokines are candidates as the initial causative agents of the metabolic changes in TB. The objective of this study is to assess the peripheral and respiratory muscle strength in patients with TB and controls and relate these findings with leptin, IL‐6 and TNF‐α serum levels.MethodsCase–control study. Hospitalized patients with pulmonary TB and controls were included. Maximal voluntary handgrip strength (HS), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) were measured. Leptin, IL‐6 and TNF‐α dosage were performed.ResultsWe included 35 cases and 35 controls. Leptin was lower and TNF‐α levels were higher in TB patients than in controls (P < .0001 for both). Body mass index (BMI), HS, MIP and MEP were all significantly lower in cases than in controls (P < .0001). Lower leptin and higher TNF‐α levels are associated with malnutrition and reduced MIP, MEP and HS. Patients who reported fever and those with positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis had higher serum levels of IL‐6.ConclusionPeripheral and respiratory muscle strength and leptin levels were reduced in patients with active TB. Lower levels of leptin and higher levels of TNF‐α were associated with malnutrition and with reduced MIP, MEP and HS.
Expression of hormone receptors, adipophilin, and GCDFP‐15 in mucinous carcinoma of the skin
Authors: Sung You‐Na , Park Chan‐Sik , Roh Jin , Choi Jong‐Woo , Choi Seung‐Ho , Lee Yoonse , Cho Kyung‐Ja 
Published: September 2018

BackgroundPrimary cutaneous mucinous carcinoma (PCMC) is a rare epithelial tumor with unclear histogenesis.MethodsWe evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and androgen receptor (AR) in six cases of PCMC. The immunoreactivity of adipophilin and gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP)‐15 was investigated to determine the origin of the tumor.ResultsThe study included five males and one female aged 50 to 69 years who presented with a cutaneous mass in the face. Immunoreactivity for ER, PR, and AR was observed in all cases, and all cases were negative for adipophilin but positive for GCDFP‐15.ConclusionsThis report is the first to show AR expression in PCMC. All of followed cases manifested indolent clinical course, and the prognostic significance of hormone receptors in PCMC remains unclear. The negative immunoreactivity of PCMC for adipophilin and positivity for GCDFP‐15 suggests a more likely relationship to apocrine than to sebaceous glands.
Diagnosis of autoimmune bullous diseases
Authors: van Beek Nina , Zillikens Detlef , Schmidt Enno 
Published: September 2018

SummaryAutoimmune bullous disorders (AIBDs) are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases clinically characterized by erosions and/or blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. AIBDs can be categorized into two groups: pemphigus diseases, characterized by intraepidermal blistering and autoantibodies against desmosomal proteins such as desmoglein (Dsg) 1, Dsg3, members of the plakin family, and subepidermal AIBDs, comprised of pemphigoid diseases and dermatitis herpetiformis. Autoantibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis target transglutaminases 2 and 3, while in pemphigoid disease, autoantibodies are directed against structural proteins of the dermal‐epidermal junction. Although analysis of a perilesional biopsy with direct immunofluorescence (IF) microscopy is still the diagnostic gold standard, several assays have become widely available that allow serological diagnosis in the majority of patients. Standard serological diagnosis includes indirect IF on monkey esophagus and salt‐split human skin. Assays to further characterize autoantibody specificity include ELISA systems based on recombinant forms of the immunodominant regions of the target antigens as well as multivariant indirect IF microscopy tests with several miniature substrates. These serological assays are complemented by various in‐house assays using immunoblotting and ELISA, which are only available in specialized laboratories. Here we review new developments in the diagnosis of AIBDs and describe state‐of‐the‐art diagnostic procedures for this group of diseases.
Response to fragmentation by avian communities is mediated by species traits
Authors: Valente Jonathon J. , Betts Matthew G. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimThe hypothesis that habitat fragmentation negatively influences biodiversity stems from island biogeography and metapopulation theory which predict negative impacts of decreasing patch size on richness and distribution patterns. Empirical support of this idea is weak in terrestrial systems, though tests of fragmentation effects are typically confounded with landscape composition and potentially obscured by imperfect detection. Here, we used multispecies occupancy models and a mensurative experimental design to test competing hypotheses about how forest fragmentation influences distributions of breeding forest bird species and communities.LocationSouthern Indiana, USA.MethodsDuring the breeding seasons of 2011–2013, we recorded over 80,000 bird detections in 202 forest fragments using a sampling design that isolated the effects of patch size per se from the effects of forest amount within a 2 km radius, edge distance, local vegetation and sampling area. We modelled the effects of these covariates on distributions of individual species categorized by ecological trait groups (i.e., forest, forest interior or forest edge), and evaluated how forest loss and fragmentation impact species richness.ResultsThough our results indicated little effect of patch size on total species richness, decreasing patch size had a negative effect on interior species, and a positive effect on edge species. The effects of total forest amount were much more variable, and surprisingly had a negative influence on many species, particularly cavity nesters.Main conclusionsOur results do not support theoretical predictions that forest patch size should positively influence bird species richness. However, composition of bird communities shifted towards edge species from interior species with decreasing patch size. Maintaining large forest patches is thus critical for supporting forest interior species, which tend to be of the greatest conservation concern.
Gender and Adaptation to Climate Change: Perspectives from a Pastoral Community in Gujarat, India
Authors: Venkatasubramanian Kalpana , Ramnarain Smita 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTAdaptation of rural communities to climate change has garnered much attention recently. Within this body of knowledge, two omissions are notable: first, while adaptation and coping responses of agricultural communities to climate variability and extremes are discussed extensively in rural planning, pastoral and agro‐pastoral communities are neglected, homogenized, or considered ancillary to sedentarized agriculture. The mechanisms used by these communities to confront socio‐economic and institutional limitations to climate adaptation remain relatively unexamined. Second, not much is known about pastoral women's perceptions of climate adaptation and coping. This article examines the socially situated perspective of women in the Maldhari pastoral community in Gujarat, Western India. Findings reveal that climate adaptation pathways traditionally utilized by the Maldharis are constrained by the institutional, policy and social context in which the community is placed, with specific impacts on women. The lack of recourse to traditional adaptation pathways in the face of climate vulnerability triggers coping responses for survival, livelihoods and food security, which produce gendered burdens especially in terms of women's work. Local perspectives thus shed light on how constraints to climate adaptation impact women in marginalized pastoral communities.
Geography and computers: Past, present, and future
Authors: Arribas‐Bel Dani , Reades Jon 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe discipline of Geography has long been intertwined with the use of computers. This close interaction is likely to increase with the embeddedness of computers and concomitant growth of spatially referenced data. To better understand the current situation, and to be able to better speculate about the future, this article provides two parallel perspectives: first, we offer an historical perspective on the relationship between Geography and computers; second, we document developments—in particular the nascent field of data science—that are currently taking place outside of Geography and to which we argue the discipline should be paying close attention. Combining both perspectives, we identify the benefits of tighter integration between Geography and Data Science and argue for the establishment of a new space—that we term Geographic Data Science—in which cross‐pollination could occur to the benefit of both Geography and the larger data community.
Strategic coupling, state capitalism, and the shifting dynamics of global production networks
Authors: Lim Kean Fan 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThis paper critically evaluates the relationship between state capitalism and “strategic coupling” within global production networks (GPN). It underscores specifically the lack of cases on “coupling” involving state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) from developing countries and city‐regions within developed countries. Most existing studies focus on the connection between regions in developing economies with lead firms originating from developed economies. This leaves open a conceptual and empirical gap as SOEs from developing countries (like those of China and India) are (1) increasingly becoming lead firms in their own right and (2) investing in developed economies. Against this backdrop, this paper highlights conceptually significant points from the acquisition of Nexen, a Canada‐based oil and gas TNC, by CNOOC, a large Chinese SOE, and argues for a fresh research agenda that examines the strategic coupling of lead firms that are also SOEs from developing economies.