bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment with magnesium improves reference memory but not working	memory while reducing GFAP expression following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Hoane Michael R. 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Previous studies have shown that administration of MgCl $_{2}$ in animal models of brain injury significantly improves functional recovery: however, few studies have examined cognitive recovery. The present study evaluated the effect of MgCl $_{2}$ pharmacotherapy on recovery of function following medial frontal cortex contusion injury. Methods: Groups of rats were assigned to either MgCl $_{2}$ (1.0 mmol/kg) or saline treatment conditions and prepared with contusion injuries or shams. Drug treatment was administered 15 min and 24 hr following injury. Rats were examined on tests of sensorimotor performance (bilateral tactile adhesive removal) and cognitive ability (reference and working memory). Results: Administration of MgCl $_{2}$ following injury significantly reduced the behavioral impairments observed on the bilateral tactile removal test. The acquisition of reference memory was also significantly improved compared to saline-treated rats; however, treatment did not improve working memory performance. Lesion analysis revealed that administration of MgCl $_{2}$ did not significantly reduce lesion size compared to saline-treatment. Examination of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression showed that MgCl $_{2}$ did significantly reduce the number of GFAP $^+$ cells. Conclusion: These results indicate that MgCl $_{2}$ administration significantly improved behavioral outcome following injury in a task dependent manner and reduced GFAP expression.
On regenerative and collateral sprouting to hind limb digits after	sciatic nerve injury in the rat
Authors: Puigdellívol-Sánchez Anna , Prats-Galino Alberto , Molander Carl 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: This study examines the proportions of regenerative and collateral sprouting to the skin after peripheral nerve injury. Methods: In the first experimental paradigm, primary afferent neurones were pre-labelled with Diamidino Yellow (DY), injected in digit 3, followed by sciatic nerve section and repair. After three months of regeneration, digit 3 was re-injected with Fast Blue (FB) to label regenerating cells. Fluoro-Gold (FG) was applied to the femoral (FEM) and musculocutaneous (MC) nerves four days later to quantify their contribution to the innervation. In the second experimental paradigm, sciatic nerve was first sectioned and repaired. Three months later, the sciatic was resected, and digit 3 injected with FB. After four more days, FEM and MC were resected and FG injected in all digits. Results: Neurones in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) L5 had a higher rate of correct reinnervation of digit 3 (44–72%) than neurones in DRG L4 (14–44%). Like in control cases, only occasional axons were traced from the FEM and MC. In the second experiment, only occasional labelled neurones appeared. Conclusions: The results indicate differences in the capacity for correct peripheral sensory reinnervation between segmental levels, and that in this model collateral sprouting was practically non-existent compared to regenerative sprouting.
Object localization, discrimination, and grasping with the optic	nerve visual prosthesis
Authors: Duret Florence , Brelén Måten E. , Lambert Valerie , Gérard Benoît , Delbeke Jean , Veraart Claude 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: This study involved a volunteer completely blind from retinis pigmentosa who had previously been implanted with an optic nerve visual prosthesis. The aim of this two-year study was to train the volunteer to localize a given object in nine different positions, to discriminate the object within a choice of six, and then to grasp it. Methods: In a closed-loop protocol including a head worn video camera, the nerve was stimulated whenever a part of the processed image of the object being scrutinized matched the center of an elicitable phosphene. The accessible visual field included 109 phosphenes in a 14° × 41° area. Results: Results showed that training was required to succeed in the localization and discrimination tasks, but practically no training was required for grasping the object. The volunteer was able to successfully complete all tasks after training. The volunteer systematically performed several left-right and bottom-up scanning movements during the discrimination task. Discrimination strategies included stimulation phases and no-stimulation phases of roughly similar duration. Conclusion: This study provides a step towards the practical use of the optic nerve visual prosthesis in current daily life.
Electrical stimulation of denervated muscles of rats maintains	mass and force, but not recovery following grafting
Authors: Dow Douglas E. , Carlson Bruce M. , Hassett Cheryl A. , Dennis Robert G. , Faulkner John A. 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Denervated skeletal muscles lack contractile activity and subsequently lose mass and force generation. Prolonged periods of denervation prior to nerve-implant grafting limit the recovery of mass and force. We hypothesized that electrical stimulation during a period of denervation that maintains mass and force above the levels of denervated muscles enhances the recovery of mass and force following nerve-implant grafting. Methods: The extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of anesthetized rats were denervated, and a stimulator was implanted. Following 4 or 7 months of denervation, with or without electrical stimulation, the EDL muscles were removed, evaluated in vitro for mass and contractile properties, and then nerve-implant grafted into syngeneic rats. Unoperated, contralateral muscles were also evaluated and grafted. Results: The hypothesis was not supported by the experimental data. Compared with values for 4- or 7-month denervated muscles, the stimulated-denervated muscles maintained higher mass and force, less prolonged time-to-peak tensions and half-relaxation times, and higher excitability. Nevertheless, the recovery of mass and force following grafting was not improved. Conclusion: The factors within long-term denervated muscles that hinder recovery following grafting appear to be related primarily to factors associated with the duration of denervation and not to the level of atrophy and weakness prior to grafting.
Effects of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib on	cell death following traumatic brain injury in the rat
Authors: Kunz Tina , Marklund Niklas , Hillered Lars , Oliw Ernst H. 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Lateral fluid percussion brain injury (FPI) increases cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the cortex and hippocampus. The objective was to investigate whether the selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib (10 mg/kg twice daily) reduces neuronal cell death after FPI in rats, since rofecoxib has been shown to be neuroprotective in other models of CNS injury. Methods: Rofecoxib (n=23) or vehicle (n=20) were administered after FPI and for up to 3 days. Cell death was evaluated by Fluoro-Jade B staining and by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. Results: COX-2 immunoreactivity increased in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus (CA1) and bilaterally in the dentate gyri. Fluoro-Jade B- and TUNEL-positive cells were detected 12–72 h after FPI in the ipsilateral cortex and bilaterally in the dentate gyri. Fluoro-Jade B staining did not indicate a significant neuroprotective effect of rofecoxib (12–72 h) and neither did TUNEL staining. Quantificaton of the TUNEL staining in the ipsilateral cortex was ∼50% lower in the rofecoxib group at 12 and 24 h, but this did not reach statistical significance (p=0.06), and appeared unchanged at 72 h. Conclusions: Rofecoxib lacked significant protective effect on early neuronal cell death in the FPI model of traumatic brain injury.
Peri-infarct reorganization in a patient with corona radiata	infarct: A combined study of functional MRI and diffusion tensor image	tractography
Authors: Jang Sung Ho , Ahn Sang Ho , Ha Jung Sang , Lee Se Jin , Lee Jun , Ahn Young Hwan 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: We investigated the motor recovery mechanism of a stroke patient using functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor image tractography (DTT). Methods: A 60 year-old woman with right corona radiata infarct presented with complete paralysis of the left upper extremity. The motor function of the affected upper extremity recovered slowly for 6 months to a point of nearly normal function. The motor function of the patient was evaluated by fMRI and DTT at 6 months from the onset. FMRI was performed at 1.5 T with timed hand grasp-release movements. DTT was performed using 1.5 T with a synergy-L Sensitivity Encoding head coil. Three dimensional reconstructions of the fiber tracts were obtained with FA < 0.3, angle > 45° as termination criteria. Results: The contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1) was activated during both affected (left) and unaffected hand movements. DTT showed that the tracts originated from either SM1; the tracts then descended along the known pathway of the corticospinal tract, with the exception that the tract of the affected (right) hemisphere descended along the posterior portion of the infarcted corona radiata. Conclusions: It seems that the motor function of the affected upper extremity was reorganized to the posterior portion of the infarcted corona radiata. This finding may reflect functional reorganization of the motor pathway following corticospinal tract damage. This appears to be one motor recovery mechanism of subcortical infarct.
Cognitive evaluation of traumatically brain-injured rats using	serial testing in the Morris water maze
Authors: Thompson Hilaire J. , LeBold David G. , Marklund Niklas , Morales Diego M. , Hagner Andrew P. , McIntosh Tracy K. 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: As deficits in memory and cognition are commonly observed in survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI), causing reduced quality of life for the patient, a major goal in experimental TBI research is to identify and evaluate cognitive dysfunction. The present study assessed the applicability of the serial Morris water maze (MWM) test to determine cognitive function following experimental TBI in the same group of rats which is particularly important for long-term studies and increasingly valuable for the evaluation of novel treatment strategies. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=27) were anesthetized and subjected to either sham injury (n=9) or lateral fluid percussion (FP) brain injury of moderate severity (n=18). At 4 weeks post-injury, animals were trained in a water maze over 3 days (acquisition/learning phase) to find a submerged platform. At 8 weeks post-injury the hidden platform was then moved to the opposite quadrant, and animals were trained to find the new position of the platform over 3 days. Forty-eight hours later, animals were tested for memory retention in a probe trial in which the platform was not present. Results: Brain-injured animals had significant learning impairment (p<0.0001), shifted-learning impairment (p<0.001) and memory retention deficits (p<0.01) in comparison to their sham-injured counterparts over the 8 week testing period. Swim speed and distance were not significantly altered by brain injury at any time point. Conclusion: The validation of this testing paradigm using a clinically relevant experimental brain injury model is an important addition to behavioral outcome testing.
Stimulation of the basolateral amygdala improves the acquisition	of a motor skill
Authors: Bergado Jorge A. , Rojas Yeneissy , Capdevila Vladimir , González Odalys , Almaguer-Melian William 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: We have previously shown that the stimulation of limbic structures related to affective life such as the amygdale can improve and reinforce neural plastic processes related to hippocampus-dependent forms of explicit memory, as spatial memory and LTP. We now assessed whether this effect is restricted to the mentioned structure and memory type, or represents a more general form of modulatory influence. Methods: Young, male Sprague Dawley rats were implanted stereotactically with one electrode in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and trained to acquire a motor skill using their right anterior limb. A group of animals received 3 trains of 15 impulses at the BLA 15 minutes after each daily training session. A second group of implanted animals was handled in the same way, but not stimulated, while a third group was not implanted. After reaching the training criterion the left motor cortex was mapped by the observation of the movements induced by stimuli applied in discrete points of the cortex. Results: Cortical representation of the anterior limb was increased in all trained animals, showing that the motor cortex is involved in the acquisition of the new skill. Animals receiving stimulation of the BLA showed similar cortical changes, but learned faster than non-stimulated controls. Conclusions: Reinforcement of neural plasticity by the activation of the amygdala is not restricted to hippocampus-dependent explicit memory, but it might represent a universal mechanism to modulate plasticity.
Functional brain imaging, clinical and neurophysiological outcome	of visual rehabilitation in a chronic stroke patient
Authors: Julkunen Laura , Tenovuo Olli , Vorobyev Victor , Hiltunen Jaana , Teräs Mika , Jääskeläinen Satu K. , Hämäläinen Heikki 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: To study rehabilitation outcome in a chronic visual field defect patient using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, clinical, and neurophysiological measures. Methods: A patient with chronic visual field defect was rehabilitated using a computer program over a three-month period. Evaluations of rehabilitation effects were done before and after training, and after a three-month follow-up with perimetry, visual evoked potentials (VEP), subjective questionnaire, and PET activation studies of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Results: In perimetry, the visual field increased during the training, and the patient also experienced subjective improvement. In VEP, a previously absent P100 component was identified after the training. In PET, increases in rCBF were diffuse immediately after the training, and more occipital after the late follow-up. A significant positive correlation between the increase in rCBF and improvement in clinical measures was found in the lingual gyrus in the contralesional hemisphere. Conclusions: All clinical measures showed improvement after rehabilitation, and this was maintained during the follow-up. In PET, a more generalized effect, found at the beginning, later concentrated in the occipital cortex. The results suggest that visual training may cause plastic changes in the brain, and that these changes can be detected both with clinical measures and with functional imaging.
The need for randomised treatment studies in neglect	research
Authors: Lincoln N.B. , Bowen A. 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: The aim was to review the methodological quality of trials to evaluate rehabilitation for spatial neglect and to determine the overall effectiveness of interventions Methods: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis were conducted of trials completed by 2005. Trials identified were independently assessed for methodological quality by two reviewers. Outcomes were analysed as the standardised mean difference and 95% confidence intervals with random effects models. Results: 25 trials of neglect rehabilitation were identified, 12 randomised controlled trials and 13 controlled clinical trials. The methodological quality was generally poor with only 4 trials achieving an A rating, i.e. low risk of selection bias. The immediate effect of cognitive rehabilitation on disability was small, 0.26 [−0.16, 0.67] and neither this nor the persisting effect 0.61 [−0.42, 1.63] was statistically significant. The most frequently used standardised neglect test (number of single letters correctly cancelled) favoured the experimental group 0.58 [0.10, 1.05] but was not significant. When cancellation errors were measured there was a small immediate effect favouring the experimental group, of borderline statistical significance, −0.65 [−1.28, −0.01] p=0.05, and a significant persisting effect −0.76 [−1.39, −0.13] p=0.02. Cognitive rehabilitation also significantly improved immediate (p=001) and persisting (p=0.02) line bisection performance but these findings are based on only four and one study respectively. Conclusions: The quality of trials identified was poor. Analysis of randomised controlled trials showed some evidence of an effect of intervention on measures of impairment. There was no evidence to support the effects of intervention on measures of disability. Further trials must use methods that reduce bias, have adequate statistical power, and include valid disability outcome measures.
Using limb movements to improve spatial neglect: The role of	functional electrical stimulation
Authors: Eskes Gail A. , Butler Beverly 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: Spatial neglect is common after right-hemisphere stroke and has proven resilient to a number of therapeutic interventions. Both active and experimenter-induced passive movements of the left limb in left hemispace have been shown to ameliorate neglect in subsets of patients by improving performance on tasks requiring attention to the left side of space. However, the high incidence of contralesional hemiparesis and poor motor recovery in neglect makes active limb movement therapies applicable to only a small subset of patients. The purpose of our studies was to investigate the effects of passive movements of the left hand by functional electrical stimulation (FES), a common and portable motor rehabilitation technique, on performance in a visual scanning task. Methods: The effect of FES-induced passive movement on target detection in a visual scanning task was compared to no movement and active movement conditions and also investigated in scanning tasks in both near and far space. Results: Passive limb movement effects in neglect were variable across and within studies, reference spaces, and individuals, with a subset of positive responders differing from non-responders in regard to constructional deficits and lesion location. Conclusions: The potential viability of FES as a therapy for neglect deserves further investigation and directions for future research in this area are discussed.
Anosognosia for motor and sensory deficits after unilateral brain	damage: A review
Authors: Vallar Giuseppe , Ronchi Roberta 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: The syndrome of unawareness (anosognosia) for sensory and motor neurological deficits (hemiplegia, hemianaesthesia, and hemianopia), contralateral to the side of a hemispheric lesion, is reviewed. Content: Main topics include: basic historical facts; the types of patient's interview and specific questions used to reveal the deficits; the clinical patterns of presentation; the associations and dissociations of the different anosognosic manifestations, and their relationships with associated disorders of sensory, memory, and executive-intellectual functions; the hemispheric asymmetry of anosognosia, that, as the syndrome of unilateral spatial neglect, is more frequent and severe after damage to the right cerebral hemisphere; the relationships between spatial neglect and the anosognosias, and their neural correlates; the effects of lateralized sensory stimulations on defective awareness of neurological impairments. Conclusions: The argument is made that anosognosia for sensory and motor neurological deficits should be considered as a multi-component syndrome, including a number of specific disorders that are due to the impairment of discrete monitoring systems, specific for the different supervised functions. The putative causal role of associated deficits of other parts of the sensory-motor or cognitive (e.g., memory, general intelligence) system is critically discussed. These specific control processes may be physically implemented in brain areas anatomically (and functionally) close to those subserving the monitored function.
Repetitive optokinetic stimulation induces lasting recovery from	visual neglect
Authors: Kerkhoff G. , Keller I. , Ritter V. , Marquardt C. 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: To evaluate whether repetitive optokinetic stimulation with active pursuit eye movements leads to substantial and greater recovery from visual neglect as compared to conventional visual scanning training. Methods: Two groups of five patients with leftsided hemineglect were consecutively collected and matched for clinical and demographic variables as well as neglect severity. One group received five treatment sessions of repetitive optokinetic stimulation (R-OKS) within one week, while the other group received the same amount of conventional visual scanning training (VST) using identical visual stimuli and setup. All patients were treated in a single-subject baseline design with treatment-free intervals before (14 days) and after specific neglect therapy (14 days). Dependent variables were the improvements in digit cancellation, visuoperceptual and visuomotor line bisection and visual size distortion during treatment. The transfer of treatment effects was assessed by a paragraph reading test. Results: The results showed superior effects of OKS treatment in all five patients which generalized across all tasks administered and remained stable at follow-up. In contrast, no significant improvements were obtained after VST training in any of these tasks, except in line bisection. Conclusion: We conclude that the presentation of moving visual stimulus displays with active smooth pursuit eye movements can be more efficient than conventional visual scanning training using static visual displays.
Prism adaptation first among equals in alleviating left neglect: A	review
Authors: Luauté Jacques , Halligan Peter , Rode Gilles , Jacquin-Courtois Sophie , Boisson Dominique 
Published: December 2024

Purpose: The current paper was designed to provide a critical overview on the different methods proposed for the rehabilitation of left spatial neglect. Methods: On the basis of a previous systematic review of the literature, we analyzed all articles available aiming at reducing left spatial neglect which included a long term functional assessment. Results: The aim of most early rehabilitation approaches, such as visuo-scanning training, was to re-orient visual scanning toward the neglected side. This review confirmed the utility of this method for rehabilitation purposes. More recent – theory driven – procedures, also based on a training approach, include limb activation, mental imagery training and video-feedback training. Although there is ground for optimism, the functional effectiveness of these methods still relies on few single-case studies. Newer methods have tried to stimulate automatic orientation of gaze or attention towards neglected space in a bottom-up fashion. Sensory stimulations can remove most of the classical signs of left neglect but their effects are short-lived. Such stimulations are not functionally relevant for rehabilitation except for trunk rotation or repeated neck muscle vibrations if they are associated with an extensive training program. A more promising intervention is prism adaptation given the growing evidence of relatively long-term functional gains from comparatively short term usage. Conclusion: Overall, there is now evidence for several clinically relevant long-term benefits in the case of visual scanning training, mental imagery training, video feedback training, neck muscle vibration and trunk rotation if associated with visual scanning training and prism adaptation. However, the amount of evidence is still limited to a small number of relevant published articles and it is mandatory to continue the research in this field. In this review, the possible routes for new rehabilitation procedures are discussed on the basis of the actual knowledge regarding the neuro-cognitive mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of prism adaptation.