bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graphene Plasmonics: A Platform for 2D Optics
Authors: Fan Yuancheng , Shen Nian‐Hai , Zhang Fuli , Zhao Qian , Wu Hongjing , Fu Quanhong , Wei Zeyong , Li Hongqiang , Soukoulis Costas M. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract2D optics is gradually emerging as a frontier in modern optics. Plasmons in graphene provide a prominent platform for 2D optics in which the light is squeezed into atomic scale. This report highlights some recent progresses in graphene plasmons toward the 2D optics. The launch, observation, and advanced manipulation of propagating graphene plasmons for 2D optical circuits are described. Representative achievements associated with graphene metasurfaces, challenges, recent progresses like photoexcited graphene metasurfaces, and the transformation optics linking 2D to bulk optics with singularity are investigated.
Electroactive Artificial Muscles Based on Functionally Antagonistic Core–Shell Polymer Electrolyte Derived from PS‐b‐PSS Block Copolymer
Authors: Nguyen Van Hiep , Kim Jaehwan , Tabassian Rassoul , Kotal Moumita , Jun Kiwoo , Oh Jung‐Hwan , Son Ji‐Myeong , Manzoor Muhammad Taha , Kim Kwang Jin , Oh Il‐Kwon 
Published: December 2018

AbstractElectroactive ionic soft actuators, a type of artificial muscles containing a polymer electrolyte membrane sandwiched between two electrodes, have been intensively investigated owing to their potential applications to bioinspired soft robotics, wearable electronics, and active biomedical devices. However, the design and synthesis of an efficient polymer electrolyte suitable for ion migration have been major challenges in developing high‐performance ionic soft actuators. Herein, a highly bendable ionic soft actuator based on an unprecedented block copolymer is reported, i.e., polystyrene‐b‐poly(1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium‐4‐styrenesulfonate) (PS‐b‐PSS‐EMIm), with a functionally antagonistic core–shell architecture that is specifically designed as an ionic exchangeable polymer electrolyte. The corresponding actuator shows exceptionally good actuation performance, with a high displacement of 8.22 mm at an ultralow voltage of 0.5 V, a fast rise time of 5 s, and excellent durability over 14 000 cycles. It is envisaged that the development of this high‐performance ionic soft actuator could contribute to the progress toward the realization of the aforementioned applications. Furthermore, the procedure described herein can also be applied for developing novel polymer electrolytes related to solid‐state lithium batteries and fuel cells.
Phthalimide‐Based High Mobility Polymer Semiconductors for Efficient Nonfullerene Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiencies over 13%
Authors: Yu Jianwei , Chen Peng , Koh Chang Woo , Wang Hang , Yang Kun , Zhou Xin , Liu Bin , Liao Qiaogan , Chen Jianhua , Sun Huiliang , Woo Han Young , Zhang Shiming , Guo Xugang 
Published: December 2018

AbstractHighly efficient nonfullerene polymer solar cells (PSCs) are developed based on two new phthalimide‐based polymers phthalimide‐difluorobenzothiadiazole (PhI‐ffBT) and fluorinated phthalimide‐ffBT (ffPhI‐ffBT). Compared to all high‐performance polymers reported, which are exclusively based on benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT), both PhI‐ffBT and ffPhI‐ffBT are BDT‐free and feature a D‐A1‐D‐A2 type backbone. Incorporating a second acceptor unit difluorobenzothiadiazole leads to polymers with low‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital levels (≈−5.6 eV) and a complementary absorption with the narrow bandgap nonfullerene acceptor IT‐4F. Moreover, these BDT‐free polymers show substantially higher hole mobilities than BDT‐based polymers, which are beneficial to charge transport and extraction in solar cells. The PSCs containing difluorinated phthalimide‐based polymer ffPhI‐ffBT achieve a substantial PCE of 12.74% and a large Voc of 0.94 V, and the PSCs containing phthalimide‐based polymer PhI‐ffBT show a further increased PCE of 13.31% with a higher Jsc of 19.41 mA cm−2 and a larger fill factor of 0.76. The 13.31% PCE is the highest value except the widely studied BDT‐based polymers and is also the highest among all benzothiadiazole‐based polymers. The results demonstrate that phthalimides are excellent building blocks for enabling donor polymers with the state‐of‐the‐art performance in nonfullerene PSCs and the BDT is not necessary for constructing such donor polymers.
The Impact of Initial SEI Formation Conditions on Strain‐Induced Capacity Losses in Silicon Electrodes
Authors: Zhang Wei , Cai Truong H. , Sheldon Brian W. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that passivates silicon surfaces in Li ion batteries is subjected to extremely large mechanical strains during electrochemical cycling. The resulting degradation of these SEI films is a critical problem that limits the cycle life of silicon‐based electrodes. With the complex multiphase microstructure in conventional porous electrodes, it is not possible to directly measure the impact of these strains on SEI formation and capacity loss. To overcome this limitation a new in situ method is presented for applying controlled mechanical strains to SEI during electrochemical cycling. This approach uses patterned silicon films with different sized islands that act as model electrode particles. During lithiation/delithiation, the lateral expansion/contraction of the island edges applies in plane strains to the SEI. Detailed analysis of the island size effect then provides quantitative measurements of the impact of strain on the excess capacity losses that occur in different potential ranges. One key finding is that the applied strains lead to large capacity losses during lithiation only (during all cycles). Also, employing fast and slow SEI formation (first cycle) leads to large differences in the strain‐induced losses that occur during subsequent cycling.
Highly Solvating Electrolytes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Gupta Abhay , Bhargav Amruth , Manthiram Arumugam 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThere is a critical need to evaluate lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with practically relevant high sulfur loadings and minimal electrolyte. Under such conditions, the concentration of soluble polysulfide intermediates in the electrolyte drastically increases, which can alter the fundamental nature of the solution‐mediated discharge and thereby the total sulfur utilization. In this work, an investigation into various high donor number (DN) electrolytes that allow for increased polysulfide dissolution is presented, and the way in which this property may in fact be necessary for increasing sulfur utilization at low electrolyte and high loading conditions is demonstrated. The solvents dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and 1‐methylimidazole are holistically evaluated against dimethoxyethane as electrolyte co‐solvents in Li–S cells, and they are used to investigate chemical and electrochemical properties of polysulfide species at both dilute and practically relevant conditions. The nature of speciation exhibited by lithium polysulfides is found to vary significantly between these concentrations, particularly with regard to the S3•− species. Furthermore, the extent of the instability in conventional electrolyte solvents and high DN solvents with both lithium metal and polysulfides is thoroughly investigated. These studies establish a basis for future efforts into rationally designing an optimal electrolyte for a lean electrolyte, high energy density Li–S battery.
Highly Flexible and Transparent Polyionic‐Skin Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Biomechanical Motion Harvesting
Authors: Wang Lingyun , Daoud Walid A. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe advances of flexible electronics have raised demand for power sources with adaptability, flexibility, and multifunctionalities. Triboelectric nanogenerators are promising replacements for traditional batteries. Here, a highly soft skin‐like, transparent, and easily adaptable biomechanical energy harvester, based on a hybrid elastomer and with a polyionic hydrogel as the electrification layer and current collector, is developed. By harvesting the energy in human motion, the device generates an open‐circuit voltage of 70 V, a short‐circuit current density of 30.2 mA m−2, and a maximum power density of 2.79 W m−2 in a single‐electrode working mode. Further, it is demonstrated that the device can deliver power under bending, curling or by simple tapping when attached to human skin. In addition, the optimal counterpart of the polyionic layer with highest electronegativity difference is selected from a series of contact electrification materials based on a two‐electrode working mode, where a flexible device with the matching counterparts is investigated. Serving as ionic conductor and electrification layer, this polyionic material shows promising application in future development of self‐powered flexible electronics.
Ecological differentiation facilitates fine‐scale coexistence of sexual and asexual Boechera
Authors: Rushworth Catherine A. , Windham Michael D. , Keith Rose A. , Mitchell‐Olds Tom 
Published: December 2018

Premise of the StudyEcological differentiation (ED) between sexual and asexual organisms may permit the maintenance of reproductive polymorphism. Several studies of sexual/asexual ED in plants have shown that the geographic ranges of asexuals extend beyond those of sexuals, often in areas of higher latitude or elevation. But very little is known about ED at fine scales, wherein coexistence of sexuals and asexuals may be permitted by differential niche occupation.MethodsWe used 149 populations of sexual and apomictic lineages in the genus Boechera (rock cress) collected across a portion of this mustard's vast range. We characterized reproductive mode, ploidy, and species identity or hybrid parentage of each individual, and then used a multipronged statistical approach to (1) identify ED between sexuals and asexuals; (2) investigate the impacts of two confounding factors, polyploidy and hybridization, on ED; and (3) determine the environmental variables underlying ED.Key ResultsWe found that sexuals and asexuals are significantly ecologically differentiated across the landscape, despite fine‐scale interdigitation of these two reproductive forms. Asexual reproduction was strongly associated with greater disturbance, reduced slope, and greater environmental variability. Although ploidy had little effect on the patterns observed, hybridization has a unique impact on the relationships between asexual reproduction and specific environmental variables.ConclusionsEcological differentiation along the axes of disturbance, slope, and climatic variability, as well as the effects of heterozygosity, may contribute to the maintenance of sexuality and asexuality across the landscape, ultimately impacting the establishment and spread of asexual lineages.
Estimating the population prevalence of traditional and novel occupational exposures in Federal Region X
Authors: Doubleday Annie , Baker Marissa G. , Lavoué Jérôme , Siemiatycki Jack , Seixas Noah S. 
Published: December 2018

ObjectiveFederal Region X is an administrative region in the northwestern United States comprised of the states of Alaska (AK), Idaho (ID), Oregon (OR), and Washington (WA). Quantifying the number of workers in this region exposed to harmful circumstances in the workplace, and projected changes over time will help to inform priorities for occupational health training, risk reduction, and research.MethodsState data for WA, ID, OR, and AK were used to estimate number of workers by occupation, in 2014 and 2024. These data were merged with a Canadian job‐exposure matrix (CANJEM) which characterizes chemical exposures, and O*NET, which ranks occupations with particular physical, ergonomic, and psychosocial exposures.ResultsOf the exposures considered, psychosocial and ergonomic exposures were the most prevalent among the regional workforce, though traditional chemical exposures are still common and increasing.ConclusionsExposure surveillance will inform prioritization of risk reduction strategies, ultimately leading to a decrease in occupational injury and illness. Findings from this analysis will help to prioritize occupational health training and research in the region.
Phosphine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective [1+4] Annulation of Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Carbonates with α,β‐Unsaturated Imines
Authors: Qian Chenxiao , Zhang Pangmiaomiao , Li Wenjun , Li Pengfei 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThis work describes a phosphine‐mediated enantioselective [1+4] annulation of Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman carbonates with α,β‐unsaturated imines. In the presence of 1,2‐bis[(2R,5R)‐2,5‐dimethylphospholano]‐benzene monoxide, Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman carbonates react with α,β‐unsaturated imines smoothly to furnish a series of chiral 2‐pyrrolines in moderate to high yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (all d.r. values >20 : 1, in most cases >90% ee). Importantly, a large number of α,β‐unsaturated imines with different substituents on either the nitrogen atom or the aromatic ring is compatible, offering a facile synthetic approach to the enantiomers of reported enantiopure 2‐pyrrolines.
Wilhelm Foerster's Role in the Metre Convention of 1875 and in the Early Years of the International Committee for Weights and Measures
Authors: Quinn Terry 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe Metre Convention was signed on May 20, 1875 with the mission “to assure the international unification and perfection of the metric system” (today the International System of Units SI). The Convention continues to fulfill this mission, notably with the redefinition of the SI at the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures in November 2018. A key role in the drawing up of the Convention was played by Wilhelm Foerster, at the time Director of the German Weights and Measures Service and Director of the Berlin Observatory. Foerster and Adolph Hirsch, Director of the Neuchatel Observatory, were the principal architects of the Convention and both contributed very much to the early years of its operation, Foerster as President of the International Committee for Weights and Measures and Hirsch as Secretary. In this article, the origin of the Convention, the creation of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures established at Sevres, and the many contributions of Wilhelm Foerster are outlined.
Dental Signatures for Exudativory in Living Primates, with Comparisons to Other Gouging Mammals
Authors: Burrows Anne M. , Nash Leanne T. , Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Silcox Mary T. , López‐Torres Sergi , Selig Keegan R. 
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACTExudativory, the consumption of gums, is an obligate or a facultative dietary niche for some primates and marsupials. Exudativory has been cited as a dietary niche that may have been present in early primates, so finding a dental signature for exudativory is highly desirable. The present study combines exudativorous lorisoids (galagos and lorises) into one sample to compare to closely related, non‐exudativorous lorisoids to search for a consistent dental signature of exudativory. Linear measurements were taken from the toothcomb, P2, M3, upper canine, and P2from skulls of 295 adult galagids and lorisids. Also, differential distribution of enamel on the anterior teeth was qualitatively investigated as a dental signature for gouging (a behavior that facilitates some exudativory) by micro‐CT scanning one specimen each from two gougers,Nycticebus coucangandCallithrix jacchus, and two non‐gougers,Perodicticus potto,andSaguinus fuscicollis. Non‐primate gouging mammals, the vampire batDesmodus rotundusand the sugar gliderPetaurus breviceps, were compared to non‐gouging relatives. Statistical analysis revealed that exudativorous galagos and lorises had significantly (P< 0.05) reduced M3relative to non‐exudativorous galagos and lorises. While the sample sizes for assessing enamel thickness were small, preliminary results show that gouging primates and non‐primate mammals have reduced lingual enamel thickness on the anterior dentition compared to non‐gouging relatives. We suggest that reduction of mastication, and, therefore, M3dimensions are a likely dental signature for exudativory in Primates. While broader samples are needed to statistically confirm, differential distribution of enamel in the anterior dentition may also be a signature of exudativory. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 303:265–281, 2020. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy
A Polystyrene‐Cross‐Linking Tricyclohexylphosphine: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications to Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Arashima Junya , Iwai Tomohiro , Sawamura Masaya 
Published: December 2018

AbstractA polystyrene‐cross‐linking tricyclohexylphosphine (PS‐TCP) was synthesized through radical emulsion polymerization of 4‐tert‐butylstyrene as a monomer and tris(trans‐4‐styrylcyclohexyl)phosphine as a threefold cross‐linker. The PS‐TCP showed enhanced ligand performance compared to the corresponding polystyrene‐triphenylphosphine hybrid PS‐TPP and tricyclohexylphosphine in Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura and Buchwald–Hartwig reactions of aryl chlorides.
Altered frontal aslant tracts as a heritable neural basis of social communication deficits in autism spectrum disorder: A sibling study using tract‐based automatic analysis
Authors: Lo Yu‐Chun , Chen Yu‐Jen , Hsu Yung‐Chin , Chien Yi‐Ling , Gau Susan Shur‐Fen , Tseng Wen‐Yih Isaac 
Published: December 2018

Investigating social behaviors and brain structural alterations in unaffected siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may help identify intermediate phenotypes of social communication deficits in ASD. This study hypothesized that such intermediate phenotypes could be identified in white matter tracts of the social communication model that exhibited reduced tract integrity and associations with social communication deficits. Boys with ASD (N = 30), unaffected male siblings (N = 27), and typically developing (TD) boys (N = 30) underwent clinical evaluation and MRI scanning. Group differences in generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values, a white matter integrity index derived from diffusion MRI data, and the relationships of GFA with the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) scores and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4–18) scores were investigated. Significant differences were found in the GFA values of the frontal aslant tract (FAT) among the three groups, with the decreasing order of GFA from TD to siblings to ASD. The GFA values of the FAT were associated with the social communication scores (on the SRS) in the sibling group, and those of the superior longitudinal fasciculus III were associated with the social problems scores (on the CBCL/4–18) in the boys with ASD. Due to the altered tract integrity and association with social communication deficits in the unaffected siblings of individuals with ASD, the FAT might be a heritable neural basis for social communication deficits of ASD. Autism Res 2019, 12: 225–238 © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of highly heritable disorders with social communication deficits as one of the core symptoms. This study aimed to identify a neural trait of social communication deficits in individuals with ASD. We investigated brain structural alterations and their associations with social communication scores in unaffected siblings of individuals with ASD. The siblings' frontal aslant tract was found to be impaired, and this tract showed a significant association with the social communication scores. Our findings support that the frontal aslant tract might be a potential neural trait of social communication deficits in ASD.
A molecularly imprinted polymer based chemiluminescence array sensor for one‐step determination of phenothiazines and benzodiazepines in pig urine
Authors: Xia Wan Qiu , Zhang Hui Cai , Wang Geng Nan , Liu Jing , Wang Jian Ping 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe residues of phenothiazines and benzodiazepines in foods of animal origin are dangerous to consumers. For inspection of their abuses, this study for the first time reported on the use of a chemiluminescence array sensor for the simultaneous determination of four phenothiazines and five benzodiazepines in pig urine. Two molecularly imprinted polymers were coated in different wells of a conventional 96‐well microtiter plate as the recognition reagents. After sample loading, the absorbed analytes were initiated directly by using an imidazole enhanced bis(2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl)oxalate–hydrogen peroxide system to emit light. The assay process consisted of only one sample‐loading step prior to data acquisition, so one test was finished within 10 min. The limits of detection for the nine drugs in the pig urine were in a range of 0.1 to 0.6 pg/mL, and the recoveries from the fortified blank urine samples were in a range of 80.3 to 95%. Furthermore, the sensor could be reused six times. Therefore, this sensor could be used as a simple, rapid, sensitive and reusable tool for routine screening for residues of phenothiazines and benzodiazepines in pig urine.
Comparative effectiveness of radiotherapy for early‐stage hormone receptor‐positive breast cancer in elderly women using real‐world data
Authors: Ali Askal A. , Tawk Rima , Xiao Hong , Campbell Ellen , Semykina Anastasia , Montero Alberto J. , Mogos Muluberhan , Diaby Vakaramoko 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundRadiotherapy is the recommended treatment after breast‐conserving surgery (BCS) for early‐stage breast cancer (BC). However, there is no clear evidence whether radiotherapy after BCS improves the survival of elderly women diagnosed with early‐stage hormone receptor‐positive (HR+) BC. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival benefit associated with radiotherapy plus hormonal therapy vs hormonal therapy alone after BCS for early‐stage HR+ BC patients.MethodsUsing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results linked with Medicare data, we identified elderly (65 years and older) women diagnosed with early‐stage HR+ BC (2006‐2011) who received hormonal therapy with or without radiotherapy after BCS. A log‐rank test, Cox proportional hazards models, and propensity score matching were used to estimate the overall survival (OS) benefit associated with radiotherapy after BCS.ResultsOf the 5688 patients, there were 303 deaths from any cause. One hundred and eighty‐five (61%) of these deaths occurred in the hormonal therapy group, and 118 (39%) deaths occurred in the radiotherapy plus hormonal therapy group. The mean survival time in the radiotherapy plus hormonal therapy group was 5.32 ± 1.86 years compared with 4.92 ± 1.86 years in the hormonal therapy group. Based on the adjusted and propensity score matching analysis, patients in the adjuvant radiotherapy group had a lower risk of death compared with those who did not receive radiotherapy. Radiotherapy plus hormonal therapy decreased the risk of death by 32%. The effect estimates were similar in the adjusted and matched cohorts.ConclusionsRadiotherapy plus hormonal therapy resulted in a significant improvement in the OS of elderly women diagnosed with HR+ BC.