bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Living Conditions and Basic Needs: Evidence from African Countries
Authors: Clark Andrew E. , D'Ambrosio Conchita 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWe here use five rounds of Afrobarometer data covering more than 100,000 individuals over the 2004–2016 period to explore the link between individual self‐reported measures of living conditions and access to four basic needs. We not only consider own access to these needs, but also various indices of their deprivation, satisfaction and inequality. We find some evidence of comparisons to those who are better off and to those who are worse off, in terms of access to basic needs, in the evaluation of current living conditions. Overall, however, subjective living conditions are mostly absolute in African countries. There is notable heterogeneity by level of development, with the effect of lack of access to basic needs being more pronounced in poorer countries. Equally, comparisons to the better off are associated with better living conditions in poorer countries, suggesting the existence of a tunnel effect: this latter disappears with economic development.
Assessment of physical functioning in the clinical care of the patient with advanced kidney disease
Authors: Roshanravan Baback , Patel Kushang V. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractMaintenance of independent living is the top health priority among patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Mobility limitation is often the first sign of functional limitation leading to loss of independence. Regular assessments of physical capacity can help provide kidney health providers identify patients at risk of frailty and other adverse health‐related outcomes that contribute to the loss of functional independence. These physical capacities can be measured with commonly used self‐reported measures of physical function or by objective physical performance testing. The current review describes commonly used assessments of self‐reported physical function and physical performance. First, we describe the disablement process and how these assessments can be performed with commonly used quality of life instruments measuring self‐reported physical function or objective physical performance tests. Second, we identify the determinants and correlates of self‐reported physical function and physical performance and their contribution to the frailty phenotype. Third, we describe the association of physical capacities with clinical outcomes. We conclude with on possible approach to identifying and intervening on persons with CKD at high risk of functional decline.
Effect of exercise training on heart rate variability in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Berger Mathieu , Raffin Jérémy , Pichot Vincent , Hupin David , Garet Martin , Labeix Pierre , Costes Frédéric , Barthélémy Jean‐Claude , Roche Frédéric 
Published: May 2019

While obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) increases chemoreflex, leading to an autonomic dysfunction in the long term, no studies have yet assessed the potential benefit of exercise on cardiac autonomic activity in these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential improvement in cardiac autonomic function (CAF) measured through heart rate variability (HRV) after a 9‐month physical activity program in patients with OSA. Seventy‐four patients with moderate OSA, aged 40‐80 years, were randomly assigned to an exercise group (n = 36, 3 × 1 h/wk) or a control group (n = 38) during 9 months. Linear and nonlinear HRV parameters were measured during night using a Holter ECG. After 9 months, mean R‐R intervals increased in the exercise group without any changes in HRV parameters, while controls decreased global (standard deviation of normal‐to‐normal intervals, total power) and parasympathetic (root mean square successive difference of N‐Ns, very low frequency, high frequency, and standard deviation of the instantaneous beat‐to‐beat variability) indices of HRV (P < 0.05 for all). Significant correlations with moderate effect size were found between changes in apnea severity and changes in R‐R intervals (P < 0.05). Improvement in moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity was also correlated to improvement in nocturnal oxygen parameters (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supervised community physical activity may prevent a decline in nighttime CAF observed in nontreated community‐dwelling patients with moderate OSA over a 9‐month period. Thus, beyond apnea‐hypopnea index improvement, exercise may be cardioprotective in OSA patients through bradycardia, CAF preservation, and VO2peak increase.
Prevalence and predictors of dropout from high‐intensity interval training in sedentary individuals: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Reljic Dejan , Lampe David , Wolf Franziska , Zopf Yurdagül , Herrmann Hans Joachim , Fischer Joachim 
Published: May 2019

Recent evidence suggests that high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective method to improve fitness and various health markers. However, the tolerability and acceptability of HIIT among sedentary individuals is currently controversially discussed. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the prevalence and predictors of dropout among sedentary individuals in HIIT‐based exercise interventions. MEDLINE/PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched systematically for relevant articles until 06/2018. Studies included were required to (a) be written in English, (b) include sedentary healthy adults, (c) use some form of HIIT without any complementary intervention, (d) last ≥4 weeks, (e) report detailed description of the applied HIIT protocol, and (f) report data that allow calculation of a dropout rate. Fifty‐five studies reporting results from 67 HIIT interventions with 1318 participants met the eligibility criteria. The trim and fill adjusted pooled dropout rate across all interventions was 17.6% (95% confidence interval 14.2‐21.5%). Dropout rates were significantly lower in cycling‐based interventions compared with studies using running/walking as exercise modality (P < 0.001). Longer session time (β = 0.02, P < 0.05), higher time effort/week (β = 0.005, P < 0.05), and overall time effort/intervention (β = 0.0003, P < 0.05) predicted greater dropout. Exercise intensity was not related to dropout. Our data suggest that HIIT‐based interventions are tolerable and acceptable for previously sedentary individuals, exhibiting generally lower dropout rates than commonly reported for traditional exercise programs. Given the association between HIIT volume and dropouts, future studies should further focus on identifying the minimally effective dose of practical HIIT for improving health status. Such efforts would be important to increase implementation and public health impact of HIIT.
Reassembling the Rural: Socio‐Economic Dynamics, Inequalities and Resilience in Crisis‐Stricken Rural Greece
Authors: Papadopoulos Apostolos G. , Fratsea Loukia‐Maria , Karanikolas Pavlos , Zografakis Stavros 
Published: May 2019

AbstractRural areas are places where various social groups live either permanently or seasonally. The mobilities and immobilities of these groups are related to their differential resources. The vast impact of the financial crisis on Greece relates to the major decline of its GDP and enormous increase in unemployment. The article aims to shed light on the complexities of social marginalisation and social exclusion in rural Greece, but also, and more importantly, to theorise the coping mechanisms and strategies by those affected and build upon the experiences of rural areas during the prolonged economic crisis. Population dynamics and the various social and spatial mobilities in rural areas provide the baseline for tracing rural complexities and theorising the emergent coping strategies. The concepts of rural cosmopolitanism and resilience are used to unpack the complexities of marginalisation and social exclusion in rural Greece. A brief reference to the statistical data resolves the apparent controversies related to the changing regional and local geography of poverty and social exclusion in Greece during the crisis. The more focused empirical findings, illustrated in the form of two island areas, illustrate the various coping mechanisms and strategies that are emerging in rural Greece.
Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on respiratory function in sedated foals
Authors: Raidal Sharanne L. , McKean Rosemary , Ellul Paula A. , Nielsen Sharon G. , Quinn Christopher T. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) delivered by a commercial human CPAP device on respiratory function in foals with pharmacologically induced respiratory suppression.DesignProspective randomized, cross‐over study comparing CPAP with spontaneous respiration and oxygen insufflation.SettingUniversity veterinary teaching hospital.AnimalsTwelve foals born in consecutive seasons from a university teaching herd.InterventionsFoals were randomized to receive 10 minutes of respiratory support by mask oxygen supplementation or CPAP as a first treatment after induction of respiratory depression by intravenous administration of xylazine and fentanyl. Each foal received the alternate treatment after 10 minutes of breathing ambient air, and the procedure was repeated after 48 hours with treatment order reversed.Measurements and main resultsThe administration of xylazine and fentanyl by bolus or continuous infusion reliably induced reversible respiratory suppression and recumbency. CPAP was associated with comparable increase in PaO2relative to mask oxygen supplementation, but with lower respiratory rate, increased oxygen extraction and increased carbon dioxide elimination. Mild increase in PaCO2was observed during CPAP and O2supplementation. Expiratory time increased and peak expiratory flow decreased during CPAP.ConclusionsFindings of the study suggest that CPAP might represent a method for improved respiratory support compared to O2insufflation due to increased respiratory efficiency. Care must be taken in extrapolation of these findings from foals with pharmacologically induced respiratory compromise to foals with clinical respiratory disease, and further investigation is required to better characterize the cause and impact of marginal hypercapnia observed in these studies.
Long‐term outcomes of dogs undergoing surgical resection of mast cell tumors and soft tissue sarcomas: A prospective 2‐year‐long study
Authors: Milovancev Milan , Townsend Katy L. , Tuohy Joanne L. , Gorman Elena , Bracha Shay , Curran Kaitlin M. , Russell Duncan S. 
Published: May 2019

AbstractObjectiveReport clinical outcomes of dogs with surgically excised mast cell tumors (MCT) and soft tissue sarcomas (STS).Study designProspective clinical study.Sample populationFifty‐three dogs with 52 MCT (50 low grade, 2 high grade) and 19 STS (12 grade I, 6 grade II, 1 grade III).MethodsAll dogs were examined at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postoperatively, with cytologic or histopathologic evaluation of suspected local recurrences. Dogs euthanized because of study tumor‐related causes underwent necropsy.ResultsMedian intraoperative margins were 20 mm and 30 mm wide for MCT and STS, respectively, with 1 fascial plane resected en bloc. The narrowest histologic tumor‐free margins measured <1 mm in 21 of 52 (40%) MCT and 7 of 19 (37%) STS. All dogs were followed for 24 months. Two of 50 (4%) low‐grade MCT were diagnosed, with local recurrence 181 and 265 days postoperatively. Two of 36 (6%) dogs with low‐grade MCT developed visceral metastasis 181 and 730 days postoperatively. One of 2 dogs with high‐grade MCT developed local recurrence 115 days postoperatively. No local recurrence or metastasis was diagnosed after excision of 19 STS.ConclusionLocal recurrence rates among predominantly low‐ to intermediate‐grade MCT and STS were low, despite a high prevalence of histologic tumor‐free margins <1 mm. Surgical recommendations for high‐grade tumors cannot be extrapolated from this population.Clinical significanceSurgeons should seek to achieve microscopically complete excision for MCT and STS while minimizing patient morbidity and considering limitations of histopathology in predicting outcomes.
Cold‐induced cutaneous vasoconstriction in humans: Function, dysfunction and the distinctly counterproductive
Authors: Alba Billie K. , Castellani John W. , Charkoudian Nisha 
Published: May 2019

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
This review presents an update and synthesis of normal mechanisms of human cutaneous vasoconstriction in response to cold stress. It then discusses conditions in which cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses are excessive or insufficient and cases in which cold‐induced vasoconstrictor responses become counter to maintaining thermal and haemodynamic homeostasis.

What advances does it highlight?
The review highlights our current understanding of the mechanisms that mediate alterations in cold‐induced cutaneous vasoconstriction in pathology and environmental extremes, which has important clinical implications for preventing cold‐ and cardiovascular‐related deaths.

AbstractIn humans, cold‐induced peripheral vasoconstriction is an essential element of body temperature regulation. Given that the thermoregulatory system responds rapidly to changes in skin temperature, sympathetically mediated cutaneous vasoconstriction represents a crucial ‘first line of defense’ against excessive reduction in body temperature. Sympathetic noradrenergic vasoconstrictor nerves cause a rapid decrease in skin blood flow, thus increasing the insulative capacity of the skin and decreasing heat loss from the body. Small changes in the activity of these nerves are also responsible for the subtle changes in skin blood flow that occur with normal daily activities or minor changes in environmental temperature. With ageing, hypertension and other conditions, the cutaneous reflex vasoconstrictor response can become excessive or insufficient. Healthy older adults have impaired reflex vasoconstriction, which may result in an impaired ability to defend body temperature in some circumstances. Hypertension is associated with augmented vasoconstriction, which could have pathological implications for left ventricular afterload in individuals already at risk for cardiovascular events. Finally, in some cases, the reflex vasoconstrictor response becomes distinctly counterproductive to its own goals of maintaining cardiovascular and thermoregulatory homeostasis. Examples include Raynaud's phenomenon, in which exaggerated vasoconstriction can produce ischaemia in the periphery, and the cutaneous vasoconstrictor response to therapeutic body cooling in severe hyperthermia, which can limit the heat exchange necessary to prevent serious heat illness.
Deposition of &gt;3.7 Ga clay-rich strata of the Mawrth Vallis Group, Mars, in lacustrine, alluvial, and aeolian environments
Authors: Lowe Donald R. , Bishop Janice L. , Loizeau Damien , Wray James J. , Beyer Ross A. 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
The presence of abundant phyllosilicate minerals in Noachian (&gt;3.7 Ga) rocks on Mars has been taken as evidence that liquid water was stable at or near the surface early in martian history. This study investigates some of these clay-rich strata exposed in crater rim and inverted terrain settings in the Mawrth Vallis region of Mars. In Muara crater the 200-m-thick, clay-rich Mawrth Vallis Group (MVG) is subdivided into five informal units numbered 1 (base) to 5 (top). Unit 1 consists of interbedded sedimentary and volcanic or volcaniclastic units showing weak Fe/Mg-smectite alteration deposited in a range of subaerial depositional settings. Above a major unconformity eroded on Unit 1, the dark-toned sediments of Unit 2 and lower Unit 3 are inferred to represent mainly wind-blown sand. These are widely interlayered with and draped by thin layers of light-toned sediment representing fine suspended-load aeolian silt and clay. These sediments show extensive Fe/Mg-smectite alteration, probably reflecting subaerial weathering. Upper Unit 3 and units 4 and 5 are composed of well-layered, fine-grained sediment dominated by Al-phyllosilicates, kaolinite, and hydrated silica. Deposition occurred in a large lake or arm of a martian sea. In the inverted terrain 100 km to the NE, Unit 4 shows very young slope failures suggesting that the clay-rich sediments today retain a significant component of water ice. The MVG provides evidence for the presence of large, persistent standing bodies of water on early Mars as well as a complex association of flanking shoreline, alluvial, and aeolian systems. Some of the clays, especially the Fe/Mg smectites in upper units 1 and 2 appear to have formed through subaerial weathering whereas the aluminosilicates, kaolinite, and hydrated silica of units 3, 4, and 5 formed mainly through alteration of fine sediment in subaqueous environments.
Discrepancies between self-reported hearing difficulty and hearing loss diagnosed by audiometry: prevalence and associated factors in a national survey
Authors: Choi Ji Eun , Moon Il Joon , Baek Sun-Young , Kim Seon Woo , Cho Yang-Sun 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate discrepancies prevalent between self-reported hearing difficulty (SHD) and audiometrically measured hearing loss (AHL) and factors associated with such discrepancies.DesignNationwide cross-sectional survey.SettingData from 2010 to 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.ParticipantsWe included 14 345 participants aged ≥19 years who had normal tympanic membranes (mean age of 49 years).MeasuresSelf-reported hearing was assessed by asking participants whether they had difficulty in hearing. AHL was defined as >25 dB of mean hearing thresholds measured at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz in better ear. Underestimated hearing impairment (HI) was defined as having AHL without SHD. Likewise, overestimated HI was defined as having SHD without AHL. Prevalence of underestimated and overestimated HIs was determined. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to examine factors associated with such discrepancies compared with concordant HL.ResultsAmong 14 345 participants, 1876 (13.1%) had underestimated HI while 733 (5.1%) had overestimated HI. Multivariable models revealed that participants who had discrepancies between SHD and AHL were less likely to have older age (OR: 0.979, 95% CI: 0.967 to 0.991 for the underestimated HI, OR: 0.905, 95% CI: 0.890 to 0.921 for the overestimated HI) and tinnitus (OR: 0.425, 95% CI: 0.344 to 0.525 for the underestimated HI and OR 0.523, 95% CI: 0.391 to 0.699 for the overestimated HI) compared with those who had concordant HI. Exposure to occupational noise (OR: 0.566, 95% CI: 0.423 to 0.758) was associated with underestimated HI, and medical history of hypertension (OR: 1.501, 95% CI: 1.061 to 2.123) and depression (OR: 1.771, 95% CI: 1.041 to 3.016) was associated with overestimated HI.ConclusionAge, tinnitus, occupational noise exposure, hypertension and depression should be incorporated into evaluation of hearing loss in clinical practice.
Socioeconomic inequalities in the delivery of brief interventions for smoking and excessive drinking: findings from a cross-sectional household survey in England
Authors: Angus Colin , Brown Jamie , Beard Emma , Gillespie Duncan , Buykx Penelope , Kaner Eileen F S , Michie Susan , Meier Petra 
Published: May 2019

ObjectivesBrief interventions (BI) for smoking and risky drinking are effective and cost-effective policy approaches to reducing alcohol harm currently used in primary care in England; however, little is known about their contribution to health inequalities. This paper aims to investigate whether self-reported receipt of BI is associated with socioeconomic position (SEP) and whether this differs for smoking or alcohol.DesignPopulation survey of 8978 smokers or risky drinkers in England aged 16+ taking part in the Alcohol and Smoking Toolkit Studies.MeasuresSurvey participants answered questions regarding whether they had received advice and support to cut down their drinking or smoking from a primary healthcare professional in the past 12 months as well as their SEP, demographic details, whether they smoke and their motivation to cut down their smoking and/or drinking. Respondents also completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Smokers were defined as those reporting any smoking in the past year. Risky drinkers were defined as those scoring eight or more on the AUDIT.ResultsAfter adjusting for demographic factors and patterns in smoking and drinking, BI delivery was highest in lower socioeconomic groups. Smokers in the lowest social grade had 30% (95% CI 5% to 61%) greater odds of reporting receipt of a BI than those in the highest grade. The relationship for risky drinking appeared stronger, with those in the lowest social grade having 111% (95% CI 27% to 252%) greater odds of reporting BI receipt than the highest grade. Rates of BI delivery were eight times greater among smokers than risky drinkers (48.3% vs 6.1%).ConclusionsCurrent delivery of BI for smoking and drinking in primary care in England may be contributing to a reduction in socioeconomic inequalities in health. This effect could be increased if intervention rates, particularly for drinking, were raised.
What explains wage differences between male and female Brazilian physicians? A cross-sectional nationwide study
Authors: Mainardi Giulia Marcelino , Cassenote Alex J Flores , Guilloux Aline G Alves , Miotto Bruno A , Scheffer Mario Cesar 
Published: May 2019

ObjectiveIn many countries an increase in the number of women in medicine is accompanied by gender inequality in various aspects of professional practice. Women in medical workforce usually earn less than their male counterparts. The aim of this study was to describe the gender wage difference and analyse the associated factors in relation to Brazil’s physicians.Participants2400 physicians.SettingNationwide, cross-sectional study conducted in 2014.MethodsData were collected via a telephone enquiry. Sociodemographic and work characteristics were considered factors, and monthly wages (only the monthly earnings based on a medical profession) were considered as the primary outcome. A hierarchical multiple regression model was used to study the factors related to wage differences between male and female physicians. The adjustment of different models was verified by indicators of residual deviance and the Akaike information criterion. Analysis of variance was used to verify the equality hypothesis subsequently among the different models.ResultsThe probability of men receiving the highest monthly wage range is higher than women for all factors. Almost 80% of women are concentrated in the three lowest wage categories, while 51% of men are in the three highest categories. Among physicians working between 20 and 40 hours a week, only 2.7% of women reported receiving >US$10 762 per month, compared with 13% of men. After adjustment for work characteristics in the hierarchical multiple regression model, the gender variable estimations (ß) remained, with no significant modifications. The final effect of this full model suggests that the probability of men receiving the highest salary level (≥US$10 762) is 17.1%, and for women it is 4.1%. Results indicate that a significant gender wage difference exists in Brazil.ConclusionThe inequality between sexes persisted even after adjusting for working factors such as weekly workload, number of weekly on-call shifts, physician office work, length of practice and specialisation.