bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Characterization of Thin‐Film Nanocomposite Membrane Incorporated with MoO3 Nanoparticles with High Flux Performance for Forward Osmosis
Authors: Amini Mojtaba , Shekari Zahra , Hosseinifard Mojtaba , Seidi Farzad 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn this research, thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes were developed using novel polyethersulfone– molybdenum oxide (PES–MoO3) nanocomposite substrate. The effects of MoO3 nanoparticles on the PES substrate morphologies, surface roughness, hydrophilicity, and water permeability were investigated by measuring the water contact angles, scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging, FT‐IR spectroscopy, and atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis. The MoO3 nanoparticle modified membranes were used in the forward osmosis (FO) process with both PRO mode (the membrane active layer facing draw solution) and FO (the membrane active layer facing feed solution) mode. The results indicated enhanced water permeability of the modified membranes upon the MoO3 addition, leading to significant enhancement in the water flux and the desalination performance.
The board chair effect across countries: An institutional view
Authors: Krause Ryan , Li Weiwen , Ma Xufei , Bruton Garry D. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractResearch SummaryStrategic leadership scholars have produced consistent evidence that the CEO effect on firm performance depends on the latitude of actions CEOs enjoy in their particular context. We argue that as the governance leaders of their firms, board chairs choose a firm's objectives more than they do its actions. As a result, the board chair effect should vary with latitude of objectives, rather than latitude of actions. We explore this possibility by comparing the board chair effect in two countries with relatively high latitude of objectives—Germany and China—with the board chair effect in two countries with relatively low latitude of objectives—the United States and United Kingdom. Results confirm that latitude of objectives influences the effect of board chair heterogeneity on firm performance.Managerial SummaryDo board chairs matter to different degrees in different countries? Building on prior work showing that U.S. board chairs account for a significant portion of firm performance, we collected data on board chairs from four different countries to find out if this effect differs by institutional environment. We find that board chairs matter for firm performance across countries, but that board chairs in Germany and China exhibit a considerably larger effect on firm performance than do board chairs in the United States and United Kingdom. We interpret these findings as evidence that board chairs enjoy wider discretion with regard to organizational objectives in Germany and China than they do in the United States and United Kingdom.
History and the micro‐foundations of dynamic capabilities
Authors: Suddaby Roy , Coraiola Diego , Harvey Charles , Foster William 
Published: July 2019

AbstractResearch SummaryThe capacity to manage history is an important but undertheorized component of dynamic capabilities. We argue that the capacity to manage the interpretation of the past, in the present for the future, is a critical ability that informs a firm's ability to successfully enact changes needed to adapt to disruptive technology. We identify and elaborate three specific cognitive interpretations of history—history as objective fact, history as interpretive rhetoric, and history as imaginative future‐perfect thinking—and demonstrate how these different views of history can be mobilized by managers to sense, seize, and reconfigure around opportunities made available by understanding the invisible thread of technology.Managerial SummaryHistory is typically understood to be a constraint on a manager's ability to effect change. A firm's past is assumed to create inertia in routines and structures that compromise a firm's ability to change. We show how acquiring a broader understanding of the role of history can improve a manager's ability to enact organizational change. Studying the evolution of technology over time and across products allows managers to sense opportunities created by technological change. Using different narrations of the past as continuous or disruptive can improve a manager's ability to motivate or resist change. Using the past to construct convincing scenarios of the future, managers can enroll key stakeholders in the industry to support a strategic direction that advances the firm's strategic goals.
Multifunctional Hydrophobized Microparticles for Accelerated Wound Healing after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
Authors: Nishiguchi Akihiro , Sasaki Fumisato , Maeda Hidehito , Kabayama Masayuki , Ido Akio , Taguchi Tetsushi 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEndoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) provides strong therapeutic benefits for early gastrointestinal cancer as a minimally invasive treatment. However, there is currently no reliable treatment to prevent scar contracture resulting from ESD which may lead to cicatricial stricture. Herein, a multifunctional colloidal wound dressing to promote tissue regeneration after ESD is demonstrated. This sprayable wound dressing, composed of hydrophobized microparticles, exhibits the multifunctionality necessary for wound healing including tissue adhesiveness, blood coagulation, re‐epithelialization, angiogenesis, and controlled inflammation based on hydrophobic interaction with biological systems. An in vivo feasibility study using swine gastric ESD models reveals that this colloidal wound dressing suppresses fibrosis and accelerates wound healing. Multifunctional colloidal and sprayable wound dressings have an enormous therapeutic potential for use in a wide range of biomedical applications including accelerated wound healing after ESD, prevention of perforation, and the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Colloidal Gold Nanorings and Their Plasmon Coupling with Gold Nanospheres
Authors: Chow Tsz Him , Lai Yunhe , Cui Ximin , Lu Wenzheng , Zhuo Xiaolu , Wang Jianfang 
Published: July 2019

AbstractGold nanorings are attractive as plasmonic metal nanocrystals because they have a hollow inner cavity. Their enhanced electric field inside the ring cavity is accessible, which is highly desirable for assembling with other optical components and studying their plasmon‐coupling behaviors. However, the lack of robust methods for synthesizing size‐controllable and uniform Au nanorings severely impedes the study of their attractive plasmonic properties and plasmon‐driven applications. Herein, an improved wet‐chemistry method is reported for the synthesis of monodisperse colloidal Au nanorings. Using circular Au nanodisks with different thicknesses and diameters as templates, Au nanorings are synthesized with thicknesses varied from ≈30 to ≈50 nm and cavity sizes varied from ≈90 to ≈40 nm. The produced Au nanorings are assembled with colloidal Au nanospheres to yield Au nanoring–nanosphere heterodimers in sphere‐in‐ring and sphere‐on‐ring configurations on substrates. The sphere‐in‐ring heterodimers exhibit the interesting feature of plasmonic Fano resonance upon the excitation of the dark quadrupolar plasmon mode of the Au nanorings. The open cavity in a nanoring holds a great promise for studying plasmon‐coupled systems, which will facilitate the construction of advanced metamaterials and high‐performance Fano‐based devices.
A mechanism to explore proactive knowledge retention in open source software communities
Authors: Rashid Mehvish , Clarke Paul M. , O'Connor Rory V. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractOpen‐source software (OSS) is a type of computer software wherein the source code is distributed under a special type of licence in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to inspect, alter, and redistribute the software. OSS projects are collaborative endeavours which have multiple contributors who are constantly joining, leaving, or changing their role in the project. This ever‐changing and ever‐transient nature of OSS project contributors contributes to a contributor turnover‐induced knowledge loss in OSS projects. In this case, “knowledge loss” refers to the phenomenon of the loss of project‐specific knowledge, experience, and expertise in an OSS project, caused by contributors regularly joining and leaving the OSS project. This paper describes the design and development of a robust research methodology and contributes towards the formation of proactive knowledge retention practices in OSS projects to transform contributor's use of knowledge and engagement in knowledge‐relevant activities including knowledge sharing and knowledge transfer.
Climate vulnerability mapping: A systematic review and future prospects
Authors: de Sherbinin Alex , Bukvic Anamaria , Rohat Guillaume , Gall Melanie , McCusker Brent , Preston Benjamin , Apotsos Alex , Fish Carolyn , Kienberger Stefan , Muhonda Park , Wilhelmi Olga , Macharia Denis , Shubert William , Sliuzas Richard , Tomaszewski Brian , Zhang Sainan 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMaps synthesizing climate, biophysical and socioeconomic data have become part of the standard tool‐kit for communicating the risks of climate change to society. Vulnerability maps are used to direct attention to geographic areas where impacts on society are expected to be greatest and that may therefore require adaptation interventions. Under the Green Climate Fund and other bilateral climate adaptation funding mechanisms, donors are investing billions of dollars of adaptation funds, often with guidance from modeling results, visualized and communicated through maps and spatial decision support tools. This paper presents the results of a systematic review of 84 studies that map social vulnerability to climate impacts. These assessments are compiled by interdisciplinary teams of researchers, span many regions, range in scale from local to global, and vary in terms of frameworks, data, methods, and thematic foci. The goal is to identify common approaches to mapping, evaluate their strengths and limitations, and offer recommendations and future directions for the field. The systematic review finds some convergence around common frameworks developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, frequent use of linear index aggregation, and common approaches to the selection and use of climate and socioeconomic data. Further, it identifies limitations such as a lack of future climate and socioeconomic projections in many studies, insufficient characterization of uncertainty, challenges in map validation, and insufficient engagement with policy audiences for those studies that purport to be policy relevant. Finally, it provides recommendations for addressing the identified shortcomings.This article is categorized under:
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Continuous flow, large‐scale, microbial fuel cell system for the sustained treatment of swine waste
Authors: Babanova Sofia , Jones Jason , Phadke Sujal , Lu Mengqian , Angulo Carlo , Garcia Jaime , Carpenter Kayla , Cortese Rachel , Chen Shing , Phan Tony , Bretschger Orianna 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMicrobial fuel cells (MFCs) have long held the promise of being a cost‐effective technology for the energy‐neutral treatment of wastewater. However, successful pilot‐scale demonstrations for this technology are still limited to very few. Here, we present a large‐scale MFC system, composed of 12 MFCs with a total volume of 110 L, successfully treating swine wastewater at a small educational farm. The system was operated for over 200 days in continuous mode with hydraulic residence time of 4 hr. Very stable electrochemical and waste treatment performance was observed with up to 65% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed and a maximum treatment rate of 5.0 kg COD/m3.day. Robust microbial enrichment was performed and adapted to metabolize and transform a diversity of compounds present. The Net Energy Recovery (NER = 0.11 kWhr/kg COD) is not only competitive with conventional cogeneration processes, but is in fact sufficient to sustain the operational energy requirements of the system.Practitioner points

This study demonstrates the design and operation of a large‐scale microbial fuel cells (MFC) system for continuous treatment of swine wastewater.

The system achieved a high chemical oxygen demand removal rate within a short hydraulic residence time.

This study moves one‐step closer to applying MFC technology for real wastewater treatment.
Das „Transformative Projektseminar“ – didaktische Ansätze und methodische Umsetzung
Authors: Beecroft Richard 
Published: July 2019

ZusammenfassungDas „Transformative Projektseminar (TraPS)“ dient dazu, in der Lehre parallel Bildungs-, Praxis- und Forschungsziele zu verfolgen. Die Praxispartner eines Forschungsprojekts sind als Mit-Lehrende beteiligt, und die Studierenden arbeiten an studentischen Projekten, die auf Bedarfe der Praxispartner antworten und für diese nützlich sein sollen. Die Praxispartner geben diese Projekte jedoch nicht vor, sondern formulieren lediglich Bedarfe und reagieren auf die Ideen der Studierenden. Das „TraPS“ verbindet mehrere didaktische Ansätze (Service Learning, Forschendes Lernen, inter- und transdisziplinäres Team Teaching sowie Soziales Lernen) zu einem transdisziplinären Prozess, der in sechs Phasen gegliedert ist. Im Beitrag werden diese Phasen detailliert beschrieben. Pro Seminartermin wird jeweils aufgezeigt, was geschehen und erreicht werden soll, wie sich die didaktischen Ansätze konkretisieren, welche Rolle die beteiligten Akteure Studierende, Dozierende, Praxispartner dabei einnehmen, und ggf. auch, welche Methoden zum Einsatz gelangen. Das Verhältnis der einzelnen didaktischen Ansätze und der Phasen im „TraPS“ werden zudem auch systematisch dargestellt. Zu Beginn wird erläutert, welche Voraussetzungen für die Umsetzung gegeben sein müssen.
„Barcamp adapted“ – gemeinsam zu neuem Wissen
Authors: Marquardt Editha , Gerhard Ulrike 
Published: July 2019

Zusammenfassung„Barcamp adapted“ besteht aus einem semioffenen Workshop und einer öffentlichen Veranstaltung und ist eine Weiterentwicklung des Barcamp-Ansatzes für die transdisziplinäre Forschung. Die Methode lebt davon, dass sich alle Teilnehmer(innen) einbringen, indem sie Themen für die Diskussion vorschlagen. „Barcamp adapted“ eignet sich insbesondere für die Entstehungs- und Anfangsphase eines transdisziplinären Forschungsprojekts, um Kooperationen zu initiieren, zukünftige Partner für das Projekt sowie deren Interessen und Erfahrungen kennenzulernen, und um Impulse zu generieren für die Ziele und Fragen des Projekts. Es kann aber auch in späteren Projektphasen eingesetzt werden, um neue Ideen zu generieren und dazu zusätzliche Impulse von außen einzubeziehen. Im Workshop werden transdisziplinär Wissen und Ideen erzeugt, die dann in der öffentlichen Veranstaltung validiert und weiterentwickelt werden. Der Beitrag ist eine Anleitung zur Umsetzung eines „Barcamps adapted“. Er geht ein auf Auswahl und Einladung der Teilnehmenden, Räumlichkeiten, Bestimmung der Moderator(inn)en, Ablauf des Workshops von der Themenwahl über die Arbeit in den Kleingruppen bis zum Plenum, Übergang in die öffentliche Veranstaltung, Ablauf dieser Veranstaltung sowie Ergebnissicherung.
Who gains the most from improving working conditions? Health-related absenteeism and presenteeism due to stress at work
Authors: Brunner Beatrice , Igic Ivana , Keller Anita C. , Wieser Simon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWork stress-related productivity losses represent a substantial economic burden. In this study, we estimate the effects of social and task-related stressors and resources at work on health-related productivity losses caused by absenteeism and presenteeism. We also explore the interaction effects between job stressors, job resources and personal resources and estimate the costs of work stress. Work stress is defined as exposure to an unfavorable combination of high job stressors and low job resources. The study is based on a repeated survey assessing work productivity and workplace characteristics among Swiss employees. We use a representative cross-sectional data set and a longitudinal data set and apply both OLS and fixed effects models. We find that an increase in task-related and social job stressors increases health-related productivity losses, whereas an increase in social job resources and personal resources (measured by occupational self-efficacy) reduces these losses. Moreover, we find that job stressors have a stronger effect on health-related productivity losses for employees lacking personal and job resources, and that employees with high levels of job stressors and low personal resources will profit the most from an increase in job resources. Productivity losses due to absenteeism and presenteeism attributable to work stress are estimated at 195 Swiss francs per person and month. Our study has implications for interventions aiming to reduce health absenteeism and presenteeism.
Cognitive and Computational Complexity: Considerations from Mathematical Problem Solving
Authors: Pantsar Markus 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFollowing Marr’s famous three-level distinction between explanations in cognitive science, it is often accepted that focus on modeling cognitive tasks should be on the computational level rather than the algorithmic level. When it comes to mathematical problem solving, this approach suggests that the complexity of the task of solving a problem can be characterized by the computational complexity of that problem. In this paper, I argue that human cognizers use heuristic and didactic tools and thus engage in cognitive processes that make their problem solving algorithms computationally suboptimal, in contrast with the optimal algorithms studied in the computational approach. Therefore, in order to accurately model the human cognitive tasks involved in mathematical problem solving, we need to expand our methodology to also include aspects relevant to the algorithmic level. This allows us to study algorithms that are cognitively optimal for human problem solvers. Since problem solving methods are not universal, I propose that they should be studied in the framework of enculturation, which can explain the expected cultural variance in the humanly optimal algorithms. While mathematical problem solving is used as the case study, the considerations in this paper concern modeling of cognitive tasks in general.
Simple circular dichroism method for selection of the optimal cyclodextrin for drug complexation
Authors: Kiss Eszter , Szabó Virág Anna , Horváth Péter 
Published: July 2019

Abstract
Cyclodextrins are very important excipients in the pharmaceutical industry. Given the multitude of native and semisynthetic cyclodextrin derivatives, there is a need for a rapid and reliable method for the selection of the optimal cyclodextrins for further pharmaceutical testing. During our research, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has been successfully used to describe the qualitative and quantitative complexation of model compounds with different cyclodextrins. For the appearance of a circular dichroism signal, either a chiral or a chirally perturbed chromophore is required. Achiral or racemic compounds do not have corresponding circular dichroism spectra and neither do chiral cyclodextrins due to the absence of a chromophore group. During complexation of a chromophoric guest molecule, its absorption transition becomes chirally perturbed in the proximity of a cyclodextrin molecule and an induced circular dichroism (ICD) signal appears. This phenomenon gives an inherent selectivity to the method. The sign and intensity of the induced circular dichroism signal in case of different cyclodextrins provides information about the approximate structure of the complex as well as their stability relative to each other. In this study, we report a straightforward induced circular dichroism -based approach for the rapid preselection of the optimal cyclodextrin. The distinctive features of the method were demonstrated using five azole-type antifungal drug molecules (fluconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, bifonazole and tioconazole) along with native α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins, as well as dimethyl-, trimethyl-, carboxymethyl-, hydroxypropyl- and sulfobuthylether-β-cyclodextrins. In addition, with the aid of this method, 27 stability constants were determined, amongst which 16 have been unavailable in the literature previously.

Graphic abstract
The Forever War: understanding, science fiction, and thought experiments
Authors: Wiltsche Harald A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to show that scientific thought experiments and works of science fiction are highly suitable tools for facilitating and increasing understanding of science. After comparing one of Einstein’s most famous thought experiments with the science fiction novel “The Forever War”, I shall argue that both proceed similarly in making some of the more outlandish consequences of special relativity theory intelligible. However, as I will also point out, understanding in thought experiments and understanding in science fiction differ in one important respect: While the former aim at what I shall call “physical understanding”, science fiction novels typically have “existential understanding” as their target.
Thermal substances: a Neo-Aristotelian ontology of the quantum world
Authors: Koons Robert C. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe paper addresses a problem for the unification of quantum physics with the new Aristotelianism: the identification of the members of the category of substance (ousia). I outline briefly the role that substance plays in Aristotelian metaphysics, leading to the postulating of the Tiling Constraint. I then turn to the question of which entities in quantum physics can qualify as Aristotelian substances. I offer an answer: the theory of thermal substances, and I construct a fivefold case for thermal substances, based on the irreversibility of time, the definition of thermodynamic concepts, spontaneous symmetry breaking, phase transitions, and chemical form.
The Power of Ranking: The Ease of Doing Business Indicator and Global Regulatory Behavior
Authors: Doshi Rush , Kelley Judith G. , Simmons Beth A. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe argue that the World Bank has successfully marshaled the Ease of Doing Business (EDB) Index to amass considerable influence over business regulations worldwide. The Ease of Doing is a global performance indicator (GPI), and GPIs—especially those that rate and rank states against one another—are intended to package information to influence the views of an audience important to the target, such as foreign investors or voters, thus generating pressures that induce a change in the target's behavior. The World Bank has succeeded in shaping the global regulatory environment even though the bank has no explicit mandate over regulatory policy and despite questions about EDB accuracy and required policy tradeoffs. We show that the EDB has a dominating market share among business climate indicators. We then use media analyses and observational data to show that EDB has motivated state regulatory shifts. States respond to being publicly ranked and some restructure bureaucracies accordingly. Next we explore plausible influence channels for the EDB ranking and use an experiment involving US portfolio managers to build on existing economics research and examine whether the rankings influence investor sentiment within the experiment. Using a case study of India's multiyear interagency effort to rise in the EDB rankings, as well as its decision to create subnational EDB rankings, we bring the strands of the argument together by showing how politicians see the ranking as affecting domestic politics, altering investor sentiment, and engaging bureaucratic reputation. Overall, a wide variety of evidence converges to illustrate the pressures through which the World Bank has used state rankings to achieve its vision of regulatory reform.