bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity of the Rule of Threes and Anatomical Relationships in the Thoracic Spine
Authors: Oakley Clayton K. , Janssen Sarah A. Keim , Pankratz Joseph P. , McCumber Travis L. , Treffer Kevin D. , Olinger Anthony B. 
Published: September 2018

Abstract

Context
The location of the more superficial thoracic spinous processes is used to help osteopathic physicians locate the deeper and more difficult-to-palpate thoracic transverse processes. In 1979, Mitchell et al proposed the thoracic rule of threes to describe the relationship of the spinous processes to the transverse processes in the thoracic spine. This rule is currently taught at osteopathic medical schools. The rule of threes separates the thoracic vertebrae into 3 distinct groups, each with a different relationship between transverse processes and spinous processes. In 2006, Geelhoed et al proposed a new relationship between the spinous processes and transverse processes for all thoracic vertebrae (ie, Geelhoed's rule).

Objective
To determine which anatomical relationship—the rule of threes or Geelhoed's rule—is most accurate in locating the transverse processes and to define anatomical relationships between thoracic spinous and transverse processes.

Methods
The thoracic spinous and transverse processes of 44 formalin-embalmed human cadavers were dissected, marked, and photographed. Six different measurements per vertebra were made between spinous processes and transverse processes in the thoracic spine. Geelhoed's protocol was used to determine the validity of each rule. The measurements were analyzed for additional relationships between thoracic spinous processes and transverse processes. Group 1 consisted of vertebrae T1 to T3 and T12; group 2 consisted of T4 to T6 and T11; and group 3 consisted of T7 to T10.

Results
Of the 528 vertebrae measured, 0% of the first group vertebrae, 10.8% of the second group vertebrae, and 69.3% of the third group vertebrae followed the rule of threes. In total, 26.7% of vertebrae followed the rule of threes, whereas 62.3% of vertebrae followed Geelhoed's rule. Additional relationships worth noting include the distance between the transverse process and the adjacent caudal transverse process on the same side is approximately 25.4 mm (1 inch), and the distance between the transverse processes of the same vertebra is approximately 50.8 mm (2 inches) for male T3-T10 vertebrae and female T1-T12 vertebrae.

Conclusion
According to our findings, the rule of threes is not as accurate anatomically as Geelhoed's rule in locating the transverse processes of the thoracic spine. This study suggests osteopathic medical schools should teach Geelhoed's rule rather than the rule of threes.
Using the Flipped Classroom With Simulation-Based Medical Education to Engage Millennial Osteopathic Medical Students
Authors: Riley Bernadette 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
With advances in technology and the advent of social media and social networking sites, the way medical education is taught to millennials must evolve. The “flipped classroom,” which occurs when students are exposed to learning materials before their assigned face-to-face class or didactic session, can help engage all learning styles. A flipped classroom paired with simulation-based medical education (SBME) engages millennial learners to acquire the large amount of information required in osteopathic medical school. Using this paired approach in osteopathic medical education can help students meet the requirements outlined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). With the single accreditation system for graduate medical education, finalizing in 2020, this article proposes mandating a flipped classroom with SBME to better prepare osteopathic medical students for their training in ACGME-accredited programs.
A Flexible, Lightweight, and Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy Harvesting and Self‐Powered Sensing
Authors: Wu Fan , Li Congju , Yin Yingying , Cao Ran , Li Hui , Zhang Xiuling , Zhao Shuyu , Wang Jiaona , Wang Bin , Xing Yi , Du Xinyu 
Published: September 2018

AbstractTriboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which collect the energy neglected constantly in the daily life of humans, have been applied to various fields, such as energy harvesting, self‐powered sensing, and environmental monitoring. With the growing demand for lightweight, flexible, and portable electric devices, TENGs have become a hot topic. In this work, a flexible, lightweight, and wearable TENG combining a nickel conductive mesh and a perfluorinated ethylene‐propylene film via the ultrasonic‐welding technique is presented. The TENG with an arch‐bridge shape is in possession of plenty of excellent properties, including high output, resistance to destruction, and long‐term stability, which not only owns a maximum power density of 36 mW m−2 at the optimal matching load impedance of 9 MΩ, but can also power a scientific calculator and 19 LEDs connected in series. Furthermore, the TENG could be used as a self‐powered sensor to remotely control the state of electric fans or bulbs through a wireless sensing system.
Cerium(IV)‐Promoted Phosphinoylation‐Nitratation of Alkenes
Authors: Yang Bin , Hou Shu‐Min , Ding Shi‐Yu , Zhao Xiao‐Nan , Gao Yuan , Wang Xue , Yang Shang‐Dong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA Cerium(IV)‐promoted phosphinoylation‐nitratation of alkenes is established under mild conditions. In this process, Ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) acts as a cheap phosphorus‐radical initiator, as well as a nitrate donor. Various β‐nitrooxyphosphonates are delivered in high yield in a one‐pot manner.magnified image
Enhanced Charge Transport in Hybrid Perovskite Field‐Effect Transistors via Microstructure Control
Authors: Zeidell Andrew M. , Tyznik Colin , Jennings Laura , Zhang Chuang , Lee Hyunsu , Guthold Martin , Vardeny Z. Valy , Jurchescu Oana D. 
Published: September 2018

AbstractHybrid organic–inorganic perovskites have recently gained immense attention due to their unique optical and electronic properties and low production cost, which make them promising candidates for a wide range of optoelectronic devices. But unlike most other technologies, the breakthroughs witnessed in hybrid perovskite optoelectronics have outgrown the basic understanding of the fundamental material properties. For example, the effectiveness of charge transport in relation to film microstructure and processing has remained elusive. In this study, field‐effect transistors are fabricated and evaluated in order to probe the nature and dynamics of charge transport in thin films of methylammonium lead iodide. A dramatic improvement is shown in the electrical properties upon solvent vapor annealing. The resulting devices exhibit ambipolar transport, with room‐temperature hole and electron mobilities exceeding 10 cm2 V−1 s−1. The remarkable enhancement in charge carrier mobility is attributed to the increase in the grain size and passivation of grain boundaries via the formation of solvent complexes.
Switchable‐Memory Operation of Silicon Nanowire Transistor
Authors: Kim Yoonjoong , Cho Jinsun , Lim Doohyeok , Woo Sola , Cho Kyoungah , Kim Sangsig 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe switchable‐memory operation of a feedback silicon nanowire transistor with a dual‐gate structure is demonstrated. The single transistor exhibits volatile memory characteristics with a retention time longer than 3600 s, as well as a switching capability with a subthreshold swing lower than 7 mV dec−1. A gate‐controlled memory window forms around a gate voltage of 0 V owing to the positive feedback loop in the channel region, allowing a program/erase endurance of more than 1000 cycles. The memory transistor, with switching capability, opens up the possibility of overcoming not only the scaling limit faced by conventional volatile memory but also the inherent drawback of the separation of the building blocks for memory and logic.
Clinical usefulness of a perioperative bacteriological culture to treat patients with postoperative pneumonia after esophagectomy
Authors: Matsunaga Tomoyuki , Miyata Hiroshi , Sugimura Keijiro , Asukai Kei , Yanagimoto Yoshitomo , Takahashi Yusuke , Tomokuni Akira , Yamamoto Kazuyoshi , Akita Hirofumi , Nishimura Junichi , Wada Hiroshi , Takahashi Hidenori , Yasui Masayoshi , Omori Takeshi , Oue Masayuki , Yano Masahiko 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to examine the usefulness of a perioperative bacteriological culture in predicting the pathogenic bacteria responsible for postoperative pneumonia after esophagectomy.MethodsThis study included 293 consecutive esophageal cancer patients who underwent esophagectomy with gastric conduit reconstruction. We compared the pathological bacteria that were detected in bacteriological cultures of sputum, mouthwash and gastric fluid on the second postoperative day with the pathogenic bacteria responsible for postoperative pneumonia.ResultsPostoperative pneumonia occurred in 26 (8.8%) of the 293 patients. Enterobacter cloacae was detected most frequently in the perioperative bacteriological culture, followed by Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Detection of each pathogenic bacterium in the perioperative bacteriological culture was not associated with the occurrence of pneumonia, excluding Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As the pathogens responsible for postoperative pneumonia, 32 bacteria were detected in 26 patients with postoperative pneumonia. Detection rate of the pathogenic bacteria responsible for postoperative pneumonia in a perioperative bacteriological culture was 43.8% in a sputum culture, 40.6% in a mouthwash culture and 65.6% in a gastric fluid culture. The detection rate of the pathogenic bacteria responsible for pneumonia was up to 78.1% in the combination of sputum and gastric fluid culture.ConclusionsAlthough the perioperative bacteriological culture does not seem to be useful for predicting the occurrence of postoperative pneumonia, it is useful for predicting the pathogenic bacteria responsible for pneumonia in cases of postoperative pneumonia. The perioperative bacteriological culture helps us to select appropriate antibiotics to treat pneumonia after esophagectomy.
Whole‐genome duplication decreases clonal stolon production and genet size in the wild strawberryFragaria vesca
Authors: Van Drunen Wendy E. , Husband Brian C. 
Published: September 2018

Premise of the StudyClonal reproduction is often associated with polyploidy and is expected to influence polyploid establishment success, but the immediate effects of whole‐genome duplication (WGD) on clonal reproduction in autopolyploids are unknown.MethodsWe used synthesized neopolyploids to assess the direct effects ofWGDon stolon and plantlet production in the wild strawberryFragaria vescaby (1) comparing absolute clonal investment between diploids and neotetraploids under high and low resource conditions in the greenhouse and (2) determining realized clonal plantlet establishment and genet spatial structure using artificial field populations comprising both cytotypes.Key ResultsNeotetraploids produced fewer stolons and plantlets than diploids at slower weekly rates in the greenhouse when resources were high, resulting in lower total investment in clonal reproduction. Low resources led to smaller reductions in clonal biomass for neotetraploids and less pronounced differences between cytotypes. Comparisons between neotetraploids representing 13 independentWGDevents and close diploid relatives revealed considerable variation in the response to polyploidization for some clonal traits. Field populations corroborated greenhouse results; neotetraploid genets were smaller than diploid genets, containing 28% fewer stolons and 46% fewer rooted plantlets.ConclusionsWGDsignificantly decreases the clonal output of neotetraploidF. vesca, which is likely attributable to slower whole‐plant growth of the neotetraploids than the diploids. In natural populations, smaller neotetraploid genets could decrease the probability of polyploid establishment in this species. However, variation between separate neopolyploid lines emphasizes that the response of clonal investment toWGDmay not be uniform across polyploid origins.
Structurally Ordered Intermetallic Cobalt Stannide Nanocrystals for High‐Performance Electrocatalytic Overall Water‐Splitting
Authors: Menezes Prashanth W. , Panda Chakadola , Garai Somenath , Walter Carsten , Guiet Amandine , Driess Matthias 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe synthesis of structurally ordered non‐noble intermetallic cobalt stannide (CoSn2) nanocrystals and their utilization for high‐performance electrocatalytic overall water‐splitting is presented. The structurally and electronically beneficial properties of the tetragonal CoSn2 exhibit a considerably low overpotential for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) and Ni foam (NF). Loss of Sn from the crystal lattices and oxidation of Co under strongly alkaline conditions furnishes highly disordered amorphous active CoOx(H), the catalytically active structure for OER. The Co0 atoms in the CoSn2 act as active sites for HER and the presence of Sn provides efficient electrical conductivity. This intermetallic phase is a novel type of cost‐effective and competitive bifunctional electrocatalysts and predestinated for overall water‐splitting devices: A two‐electrode electrolyzer with CoSn2 on NF delivers a cell voltage of merely 1.55 V at 10 mA cm−2 maintaining long‐term stability.
Continuous manufacturing of reentrant structures via roll‐to‐roll process
Authors: Kodihalli Shivaprakash Nischay , Zhang Jinde , Panwar Artee , Barry Carol , Truong Quoc , Mead Joey 
Published: September 2018

ABSTRACTReentrant structures have been deemed necessary for repelling low‐surface‐tension liquids. In this article, a novel manufacturing methodology using the roll‐to‐roll process to enable continuous manufacturing of reentrant structures over large areas on a polymeric film was demonstrated. A two‐stage process, composed of embossing followed by post‐compression, allowed the fabrication of reentrant structures, which cannot be easily fabricated using other processes over large areas in a continuous manner. The treatment of the reentrant surface structures with an additional coating of 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane layer provided liquid repellency with contact angles of 155 and 140°, respectively, for water (Ylv = 72 mN m−1) and diiodomethane (Ylv = 50 mN m−1). © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46980.
Polyamide 6 composite fibers with incorporated mixtures of melamine cyanurate, carbon nanotubes, and carbon black
Authors: Šehić Alisa , Vasiljević Jelena , Demšar Andrej , Leskovšek Mirjam , Bukošek Vili , Medved Jožef , Čolović Marija , Jerman Ivan , Simončič Barbara 
Published: September 2018

AbstractPolyamide 6 (PA6) composite filament yarns were produced by the simultaneous incorporation of melamine cyanurate (MeCy) with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon black (CB) into a composite matrix in a melt‐spinning process. The results show that the simultaneous incorporation of MeCy with CNTs or CB additives provided filaments with a uniform black color. Tensile analysis confirmed that a reinforcing effect was achieved when CB was used, whereas the CNTs induced a reducing effect on the filament tenacity. With regard to the burning behavior, the flame‐retardant action of MeCy was preserved in the presence of CB but was significantly hindered when used in combination with CNTs. These results indicate that the mixture of MeCy and CB was much more compatible for the production of reinforced PA6 composite filaments with increased thermal stability and improved flame retardancy over those of the MeCy and CNTs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47007.
Precise Tracking for Continuous‐Time Non‐Minimum Phase Systems
Authors: Zhang Youling , Zhu Qiuguo , Xiong Rong 
Published: September 2018

AbstractStable inversion based precise tracking for continuous‐time square or nonsquare non‐minimum phase systems is studied. However, high precision trajectory tracking of non‐minimum phase systems can be obtained by the stable inversion method but requiring large enough extended time interval. In order to solve this problem of large extended time restriction, a novel approach to precise trajectory tracking of non‐minimum phase systems is proposed, it is called the improved stable inversion (ISI) method, using an optimal integration of the pre‐actuation and the optimal state transition (OST) techniques. The ISI method can obtain precise trajectory tracking with a smaller extended time interval as compared to the stable inversion method. The proposed method achieves better validation through numerical simulations for the non‐minimum phase system.
Synchronization of Complex Dynamical Networks with Dynamical Behavior Links
Authors: Kazemy Ali , Shojaei Khoshnam 
Published: September 2018

AbstractIn this paper, synchronization of a complex dynamical network (CDN) is investigated while the coupling connections of the network exhibit dynamic behavior. As it is shown in simulations, the dynamic links can cause synchronization losing in the network whereas the links in many real‐world CDNs have dynamic behavior. To analyzing the effect of these links, two different CDN models are considered: without time delays and with delays in the coupling connections. By means of Lyapunov(‐Krasovskii) theory, stability analysis of the error dynamics between the nodes of these CDNs and an introduced individual node is investigated which yields some conditions in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). These LMIs can be solved easily by various existing LMI solvers. Moreover, the gain matrices of state feedback controllers will be obtained by solving the LMIs. In the end, illustrative numerical examples are given to specify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Multi‐Variable Direct Self‐Organizing Fuzzy Neural Network Control for Wastewater Treatment Process
Authors: Zhang Wei , Qiao Jun‐fei 
Published: September 2018

AbstractA multi‐variable direct self‐organizing fuzzy neural network control (M‐DSNNC) method is proposed for the multi‐variable control of the wastewater treatment process (WWTP). In this paper, the proposed control system is an essential multi‐variable control method for the WWTP. No exact plant model is required, which avoids the difficulty of establishing the mathematics model of WWTP. The M‐DSNNC system is comprised of a fuzzy neural network controller and a compensation controller. The fuzzy neural network is used for approximating the ideal control law under a general nonlinear system. Moreover, the neural network is designed in a self‐organizing mode to adapt the uncertainty environment. Simulation results, based on the international benchmark simulation model No.1 (BSM1), demonstrate that the control accuracy is improved under the proposed M‐DSNNC method, and the controller has a much stronger decoupling ability.
Analysis of the dissipation kinetics of thiophanate‐methyl and its metabolite carbendazim in apple leaves using a modified QuEChERS–UPLC–MS/MS method
Authors: Wang Yuran , Lian Sen , Dong Xiangli , Wang Caixia , Li Baohua , Li Pingliang 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAs one of the main fungicides for the apple leaf disease control, thiophanate‐methyl (TM) mainly exerts its fungicidal activity in the form of its metabolite carbendazim (MBC), whose dissipation kinetics is very distinct from that of its parent but has been paid little attention. The aim of this work was to investigate the dissipation kinetics of TM and its active metabolite MBC in apple leaves using a modified QuEChERS–UPLC–MS/MS method. The results showed that TM and MBC could be quickly extracted by this modified QuEChERS procedure with recoveries of 81.7–96.5%. The method linearity was in the range of 0.01–50.0 mg kg−1 with the quantification limit of 0.01 mg kg−1. Then this method was applied to the analysis of fungicide dissipation kinetics in apple leaves. The results showed that the dissipation kinetics of TM for the test in 3 months can be described by a first‐order kinetics model with a DT50 (dissipation half‐life) range of 5.23–6.03 days and the kinetics for MBC can be described by a first‐order absorption–dissipation model with the Tmax (time needed to reach peak concentration) range of 4.78–7.09 days. These models can scientifically describe the behavior of TM and MBC in apple leaves, which provides necessary data for scientific application.
Phospho‐l‐tyrosine‐agarose chromatography: Adsorption of human IgG and its proteolytic fragments
Authors: Pavan Gisele Luiza , Bresolin Igor Tadeu Lazzarotto , Muzio Aline Ferreira Velho , Cunha Daniele Celestino , Bueno Sonia Maria Alves 
Published: September 2018

AbstractThe behavior of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and antigen‐binding fragment (Fab fragment) adsorption onto phospho‐l‐tyrosine immobilized on agarose (P‐Tyr‐agarose) was evaluated by pseudoaffinity chromatography. The effects of buffer systems MES, MOPS, Bis–Tris, Tris–HCl and sodium phosphate (NaP) and pH on IgG adsorption were studied and high purity values were obtained (96%, based on ELISA analysis of albumin, transferrin and immunoglobulins A, G and M) when IgG was purified from human plasma diluted in 10 mmol L−1 NaP buffer at pH 6.0. The capture of IgG by the P‐Tyr‐agarose was also promising, since 91% of the IgG was adsorbed when plasma was diluted in 25 mmol L−1 MES buffer at pH 5.5, recommending its use for IgG depletion from human plasma under this condition. The experimental data on IgG adsorption kinetics were in agreement with the pseudo‐second‐order model. The adsorption isotherm data were well described by the Langmuir–Freundlich model with the value of parameter n being <1 (0.72), indicating negative cooperativity. Selectivity was achieved on P‐Tyr‐agarose from digested human IgG in HEPES 25 mmol L−1 buffer at pH 7.0 where Fab fragments were obtained in eluted fractions without Fc fragments (but with uncleaved IgG) with 86.2% recovery.
Recent Progress in Fluorescence Imaging of the Near‐Infrared II Window
Authors: Miao Yawei , Gu Chuantao , Zhu Yaowei , Yu Bing , Shen Youqing , Cong Hailin 
Published: September 2018

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent materials are considered to be the most promising labeling reagents for sensitive determination and biological imaging due to the advantages of lower background noise, deeper penetrating capacity, and less destructive effects on the biomatrix over those of UV and visible fluorophores. In the past decade, advances in biomedical fluorescence imaging in the NIR region have focused on the traditional NIR window (NIR‐I; λ=700–900 nm), and have recently been extended to the second NIR window (NIR‐II; λ=1000–1700 nm). In vivo NIR‐II fluorescence imaging outperforms imaging in the NIR‐I window as a result of further reduced absorption, tissue autofluorescence, and scattering. In this review, the applications of four types of NIR‐II fluorescent materials, organic fluorophores, quantum dots, rare‐earth compounds, and single‐walled carbon nanotubes, are summarized and future trends are discussed. Some methods to enhance the NIR‐II fluorescence quantum yield are also proposed.