bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time after seawater transfer influences immune cell abundance and responses to SAV3 infection in Atlantic salmon
Authors: Jarungsriapisit J , Moore L J , Fiksdal I U , Bjørgen H , Tangerås A , Köllner B , Koppang E O , Patel S 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPancreas disease (PD) caused by salmonid alphavirus (SAV) severely affects salmonid aquaculture during the seawater phase. To characterize immune cells in target tissues for SAV infection, heart, pancreas and pyloric caeca were analysed from two groups of fish adapted to seawater for 2 and 9 weeks. The sections were scored for the relative abundance of cells expressing MHC class II, IgM, CD3, CD8 or neutrophil/granulocyte markers using immuno‐histochemical techniques. In general, necrosis of tissue was more severe in fish infected at 2 weeks post‐seawater transfer (wpt) compared with those infected at 9 wpt. At 9 wpt, there were higher numbers of MHC II+ cells in heart, pancreas and pyloric caeca, IgM+ cells in heart and pancreas, and CD3+ cells in pancreas compared to those infected at 2 wpt. The majority of the immune cells infiltrating PD‐affected tissues were MHC II+ and CD3+ cells suggesting that antigen‐presenting cells and T lymphocytes are the main types of immune cells responding to SAV infection. All the investigated cell types were also observed in pyloric caeca of infected fish, suggesting that this tissue may play a role in the immune response to SAV.
Centenarians' End‐of‐Life Thoughts and Plans: Is Their Social Network on the Same Page?
Authors: Boerner Kathrin , Kim Kyungmin , Kim Yijung , Rott Christoph , Jopp Daniela S. 
Published: May 2018

ObjectivesTo explore how centenarians think about and plan for the end of life (EOL) and to what extent their primary contacts (proxy informants) are aware of these thoughts.DesignPopulation‐based study with semistructured in‐person interviews.SettingDefined geographical region approximately 60 km around Heidelberg, Germany.ParticipantsSubsample drawn from the larger study of centenarians (N = 78) with data on centenarians' EOL thoughts from the centenarian and the proxy informant.MeasurementsCentenarians reported on their thoughts about the EOL, perception of the EOL as threatening, longing for death, engagement in any EOL planning, and type of EOL plan (will, living will, healthcare surrogate) in place. Proxy respondents answered the same set of questions based on what they thought the centenarians' perspective was.ResultsIn nearly half of cases, proxies misjudged whether the centenarian thought about EOL. Although only few centenarians perceived the EOL as threatening, and approximately one‐quarter reported longing for death, proxies overestimated centenarians' reports on the former and underestimated the latter. Proxies reported more centenarian EOL planning than centenarians themselves.ConclusionEven though enrolled proxies were mostly persons very close to the centenarian, many of them did not seem to be well informed about the centenarians' thoughts and plans regarding the EOL, suggesting a lack of communication between centenarians and social network members in this respect. Healthcare professionals should be aware that, even for very old adults approaching the end of their lives, discussions about EOL and EOL planning may need to be actively encouraged and supported.
Systematic review of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) preparation and composition for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia
Authors: Kramer MaryJo E , Keaney Terrence C 
Published: May 2018

SummaryBackgroundPlatelet‐rich plasma (PRP) injections have gained popularity in dermatology practice as a treatment for hair loss. As an autologous blood product, PRP is categorized as a minimally manipulated tissue by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and thus evades extensive regulation. As a result, there is a lack of standardization of its preparation and final composition.ObjectiveThis study aims to provide a systematic review of the various PRP preparation protocols and PRP compositions utilized in clinical trials for the treatment of hair loss.Methods & MaterialsA review of the literature was performed using PubMed and Ovid/Medline in November 2017 using the search terms “Platelet‐Rich Plasma” and (“Alopecia” or “Hair Loss”), including all publication dates. Human clinical trials in the English language were included.ResultsNineteen studies (in 15 articles) met the inclusion criteria for analysis. Only 21% of these studies reported all PRP preparation factors analyzed, and only 32% of the protocols reported the platelet count for both the initial whole blood and final PRP product.ConclusionThe current reporting of PRP preparation methodology and final composition is inconsistent and insufficient to enable comparison between studies and determination of efficacy for particular treatment applications.
Ethical dilemmas in nursing: An integrative review
Authors: Rainer Jennifer , Schneider Joanne Kraenzle , Lorenz Rebecca A. 
Published: May 2018

AimsTo identify themes and gaps in the literature to stimulate researchers to develop strategies to guide decision‐making among clinical nurses faced with ethical dilemmas.BackgroundThe concept of ethical dilemmas has been well explored in nursing because of the frequency of ethical dilemmas in practice and the toll these dilemmas can take on nurses. Although ethical dilemmas are prevalent in nursing practice, frequently leading to moral distress, there is little guidance in the literature to help nurses resolve them.DesignThis study is an integrative review of published research from 2000 to 2017.MethodsThe keywords ethics, ethical dilemmas and nurs* were searched in CINAHL, PubMed, OVID and SCOPUS. Exclusion criteria were sources not available in English, not in acute care, and without an available abstract. Seventy‐two studies were screened; 35 were retained. Garrard's matrix was utilised to analyse and synthesise the studies.ResultsEthical dilemmas arose from end‐of‐life issues, conflict with physicians or families, patient privacy concerns and organisational constraints. Differences were found in study location, and yet international research confirms that ethical dilemmas are universally prevalent and must be addressed globally to protect patients and nurses.ConclusionsThis review offers an analysis of the available evidence regarding ethical dilemmas in acute care, identifying themes, limitations and gaps in the literature. The gaps in quantitative intervention work, US paucity of research, and lack of comparisons across practice settings/nursing roles must be addressed. Further exploration is warranted in the relationship between ethical dilemmas and moral distress, the significance patient physical appearance plays on nurse determination of futility, and strategies for pain management and honesty.Relevance to Nursing PracticeUnderstanding and addressing gaps in research is essential to develop strategies to help nurses resolve ethical dilemmas and to avoid moral distress and burnout.
CD44 and ALDH1 immunoexpression as prognostic indicators of invasion and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ortiz Rafael C. , Lopes Nathália M. , Amôr Nádia G. , Ponce José B. , Schmerling Cláudia K. , Lara Vanessa S. , Moyses Raquel A. , Rodini Camila O. 
Published: May 2018

BackgroundTumour metastasis has been associated with cancer stem cells, a small population with stem‐like cells properties, higher rate of migration and metastatic potential compared to cells from the tumour bulk. Our aim was to evaluate the immunoexpression of the putative cancer stem cell biomarkers ALDH1 and CD44 in primary tumour and corresponding metastatic lymph nodes.MethodsTumour tissue specimens (n = 50) and corresponding metastatic lymph nodes (n = 25) were surgically obtained from 50 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and submitted to immunohistochemistry. CD44 and ALDH1 were semi‐quantitatively scored according to the proportion and intensity of positive cells within the invasive front and metastatic lymph nodes as a whole. A combined score was obtained by multiplying both parameters and later dichotomized into a final score classified as low (≤2) or high (>2) immunoexpression.ResultsALDH1 immunoexpression and CD44 immunoexpression were detected in both tumour sites, although the means of ALDH1 (P = .0985) and CD44 (P = .4220) cells were higher in metastasis compared to primary tumours. ALDH1high was positively associated (P = .0184) with angiolymphatic invasion, while CD44high was positively associated (P = .0181) with metastasis (N+). At multivariate analysis, CD44 significantly increased the odds of lymph node metastasis, regardless of T stage (OR = 8.24; 1.64‐65.64, P = .0088).ConclusionsCD44 immunoexpression was a significant predictor of lymph node metastasis, while ALDH1high immunostaining was associated with angiolymphatic invasion. Altogether, it suggests that immunoexpression of CD44 and ALDH1 links the cancer stem cell phenotype with oral squamous cell carcinoma invasion and metastasis.
Diagnosis and management of conductive hearing loss in children with trisomy 21
Authors: Stewart Robbie , Gallagher Donna , Leyden Peter 
Published: May 2018

AimThe objective of this study is to review the prevalence and degree of hearing loss in children with trisomy 21, their response to intervention and the presence of concomitant pathologies. The project will also highlight the experiences of the children from their parents’ and guardians’ perspective and the link between perceived service quality and an objective improvement in their hearing after rehabilitation.MethodsAll patients with trisomy 21 who were referred to district general otolaryngology outpatient clinics between 2014 and 2016 were included. A retrospective analysis of the medical notes and audiograms along with a qualitative questionnaire to the children's parents was utilised to gather the information.ResultsThe study showed that 77% (17/22) of children suffered from hearing loss, with a moderate degree being most prevalent. The majority of patients (14/17, 82%) were managed conservatively, undergoing a period of watchful waiting (9/17, 53%) or receiving hearing aids (5/17, 30%) and 3 of 17 (17%) were managed with grommet insertion. The improvement in hearing with hearing aids was comparable with grommet insertion and hearing aids scored highest in the post‐intervention qualitative assessment with grommet insertion scoring the lowest.ConclusionsFunctional hearing has been shown to be key in developing speech and language skills. In children with trisomy 21, behavioural and anatomical abnormalities make the diagnosis and intervention technically more challenging. This study demonstrates that in the absence of other otological symptoms, hearing loss can be managed effectively and with the least distress to the children with hearing aids.
Immune responses against tumour‐associated antigen‐derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes in cholangiocarcinoma patients
Authors: Kida Akihiko , Mizukoshi Eishiro , Tamai Toshikatsu , Terashima Takeshi , Kitahara Masaaki , Arai Kuniaki , Yamashita Tatsuya , Fushimi Kazumi , Honda Masao , Kaneko Shuichi 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsImmunotherapy is a promising treatment option for cholangiocarcinoma. We compared cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against several tumour‐associated antigen (TAA)‐derived epitopes in cholangiocarcinoma patients to identify candidate epitopes for immunotherapy.MethodsTwenty‐six TAAs were selected, and the expression of TAAs in 6 cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and 9 specimens were measured using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CTL responses against 38 TAA‐derived epitopes were measured using samples from 26 cholangiocarcinoma patients by interferon‐γ enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT)‐assay.ResultsMost TAAs were expressed in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and specimens in PCR. Epitopes that stimulated a specific immune response were defined as those that elicited a CTL response in more than 3 patients and little response in healthy volunteers, as measured by ELISPOT‐assay. Based on these criteria, there were 18 epitopes that stimulated specific immune responses: squamous cell carcinoma antigen recognized by T cells (SART)1690, P53161, multidrug resistance‐associated protein (MRP)3503, Survivin2B80, melanoma‐associated antigen (MAGE)‐A4143, receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB‐2/neu (Her2/neu)63, Wilms tumour (WT1)235, WT1417, β‐catenin29, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)268, CEA652, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)173, enhancer of zeste homolog (EZH)2291, mucin 5AC (MUC5AC)716, glypican‐3 (GPC3)298 and kinesin family member 20A (KIF20A)66. Furthermore, the absolute number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood was significantly correlated with the TAA‐specific response. Lastly, the overall survival was significantly prolonged in patients with 2 or more TAA‐specific CTL responses compared with none to one.ConclusionsThese results demonstrated several TAAs may be promising for immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma, and patients with high lymphocyte counts may benefit more from immunotherapy.
Investigations on VELVET regulatory mutants confirm the role of host tissue acidification and secretion of proteins in the pathogenesis of Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Müller Nathalie , Leroch Michaela , Schumacher Julia , Zimmer David , Könnel Anne , Klug Klaus , Leisen Thomas , Scheuring David , Sommer Frederik , Mühlhaus Timo , Schroda Michael , Hahn Matthias 
Published: May 2018

Summary

The Botrytis cinerea VELVET complex regulates light‐dependent development and virulence. The goal of this study was to identify common virulence defects of several VELVET mutants and to reveal their molecular basis.

Growth, differentiation, physiology, gene expression and infection of fungal strains were analyzed, and quantitative comparisons of in planta transcriptomes and secretomes were performed.

VELVET mutants showed reduced release of citric acid, the major acid secreted by the wild‐type, whereas no significant role for oxalic acid was observed. Furthermore, a common set of infection‐related and secreted proteins was strongly underexpressed in the mutants. Quantitative secretome analysis with 15N metabolic labeling revealed a correlation of changes in protein and mRNA levels between wild‐type and mutants, indicating that transcript levels determine the abundance of secreted proteins. Infection sites kept at low pH partially restored lesion expansion and expression of virulence genes by the mutants. Drastic downregulation of proteases in the mutants was correlated with incomplete degradation of cellular host proteins at the infection site, but no evidence was obtained that aspartyl proteases are required for lesion formation.

The B. cinerea VELVET complex controls pathogenic differentiation by regulating organic acid secretion, host tissue acidification, gene expression and protein secretion.
Mycorrhizal fungi affect orchid distribution and population dynamics
Authors: McCormick Melissa K. , Whigham Dennis F. , Canchani‐Viruet Armando 
Published: May 2018

SummarySymbioses are ubiquitous in nature and influence individual plants and populations. Orchids have life history stages that depend fully or partially on fungi for carbon and other essential resources. As a result, orchid populations depend on the distribution of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMFs). We focused on evidence that local‐scale distribution and population dynamics of orchids can be limited by the patchy distribution and abundance of OMFs, after an update of an earlier review confirmed that orchids are rarely limited by OMF distribution at geographic scales. Recent evidence points to a relationship between OMF abundance and orchid density and dormancy, which results in apparent density differences. Orchids were more abundant, less likely to enter dormancy, and more likely to re‐emerge when OMF were abundant. We highlight the need for additional studies on OMF quantity, more emphasis on tropical species, and development and application of next‐generation sequencing techniques to quantify OMF abundance in substrates and determine their function in association with orchids. Research is also needed to distinguish between OMFs and endophytic fungi and to determine the function of nonmycorrhizal endophytes in orchid roots. These studies will be especially important if we are to link orchids and OMFs in efforts to inform conservation.
Integration of parenting and nutrition interventions in a community health program in Pakistan: an implementation evaluation
Authors: Yousafzai Aisha K. , Rasheed Muneera A. , Siyal Saima 
Published: May 2018

AbstractPolicy and program implementers require evidence on whether integrated psychosocial stimulation and nutrition interventions can be effectively delivered at‐scale, how, and at what cost? To address some of these issues, a comprehensive evaluation of implementation was designed for a trial in Pakistan that integrated psychosocial stimulation and nutrition interventions in a community health service. The first objective was to describe, analyze, and assess the quality and accuracy of the implementation of the interventions. The second objective was to identify barriers and facilitators for uptake of interventions. A mixed‐methods evaluation of implementation processes was conducted. Interventions were accepted by the community and health providers and there was evidence for behavior change uptake of the care for early childhood care recommendations. The new interventions did not dilute delivery of routine services. However, fidelity and quality required supportive supervision and active use of monitoring data, which would require attention in scale‐up.
Implementing aeioTU: quality improvement alongside an efficacy study—learning while growing
Authors: Nores Milagros , Figueras‐Daniel Alexandra , Lopez Maria Adelaida , Bernal Raquel 
Published: May 2018

AbstractEffectiveness trials of increasing childhood development interventions across low‐ and middle‐income countries have shown significant variability. The strength and consistency of benefits for children are dependent on program quality, and this requires paying attention to program implementation. In this paper, we summarize findings on program quality and teacher practices and perceptions for the aeioTU program, a center‐based Reggio‐inspired program in Colombia, now serving more than 13,000 children. The research found engaged, committed staff who valued the emergent approach and understood the children as requiring opportunities to express themselves, being the source for the curriculum, and having relationships with the materials around them. Although the average classroom quality was low in 2011, it increased significantly by 2014, particularly in the language and reasoning and interactions items. Indicator‐level analyses showed that higher‐order interactions and language processes were observed in a large proportion of classrooms by 2014. Teachers' self‐reports on the environment and their teaching and learning showed high levels of quality by 2013. These findings illustrate the significance of process data for program improvement, especially when a program is young. Program quality can be raised after teachers improve their skills, have experience enacting a curriculum, and after training has been strengthened in response to information, while simultaneously scaling up the program.
Designing, testing, and implementing a sustainable nurse home visiting program: right@home
Authors: Goldfeld Sharon , Price Anna , Kemp Lynn 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNurse home visiting (NHV) offers a potential platform to both address the factors that limit access to services for families experiencing adversity and provide effective interventions. Currently, the ability to examine program implementation is hampered by a lack of detailed description of actual, rather than expected, program development and delivery in published studies. Home visiting implementation remains a black box in relation to quality and sustainability. However, previous literature would suggest that efforts to both report and improve program implementation are vital for NHV to have population impact and policy sustainability. In this paper, we provide a case study of the design, testing, and implementation of the right@home program, an Australian NHV program and randomized controlled trial. We address existing gaps related to implementation of NHV programs by describing the processes used to develop the program to be trialed, summarizing its effectiveness, and detailing the quality processes and implementation evaluation. The weight of our evidence suggests that NHV can be a powerful and sustainable platform for addressing inequitable outcomes, particularly when the program focuses on parent engagement and partnership, delivers evidence‐based strategies shown to improve outcomes, includes fidelity monitoring, and is adapted to and embedded within existing service delivery systems.
Implementation research for early childhood development programming in humanitarian contexts
Authors: Murphy Katie Maeve , Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Wuermli Alice J. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractYoung children living in conditions of war, disaster, and displacement are at high risk for developmental difficulties that can follow them throughout their lives. While there is robust evidence supporting the need for early childhood development (ECD) in humanitarian settings, implementation of ECD programming remains sparse, largely due to the lack of evidence of how and why these programs can improve outcomes in humanitarian settings. In order to build the evidence base for ECD in humanitarian settings, we review the current state of implementation research for ECD programming (targeting children 0–8) in humanitarian settings, through a literature review and a series of key informant interviews. Drawing from existing frameworks of implementation research and the findings from our analysis, we present a framework for ECD implementation research in humanitarian settings and propose an agenda for future research.
Program to Improve Private Early Education (PIPE): a case study of a systems approach for scaling quality early education solutions
Authors: Jain Vikram , Irfan Ahmed , Kirtane Vanikar Gauri 
Published: May 2018

AbstractFSG is a mission‐driven nonprofit organization supporting leaders in creating large‐scale, lasting social change. A survey conducted by FSG in 2015 across 4407 low‐income families in urban India showed that 95% of them send their children to preschools, a majority of choosing affordable private preschools (APSs), as parents perceive the quality of government schools to be poor. Parents use and value rote‐based methods (e.g., reciting poems) to assess their children's learning in school; however, these methods fail to measure conceptual understanding. The APS system delivers on these rote approaches using inappropriate pedagogy, leading to poor learning outcomes. Affordable high‐quality activity‐based preschool solutions exist and could be brought to the APS to significantly improve the classroom environment and learning outcomes. This requires changing mindsets of all actors—solution provider companies, APS owners, APS teachers, and low‐income parents. We present FSG's approach to shaping demand for quality preschool services and to improve learning outcomes in urban Indian APSs through the implementation of the pilot Program to Improve Private Early Education (PIPE).
Translation of evidence to practice to promote early childhood development programs
Authors: Stansbery Pablo 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe 2018 special issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences on implementation research and practice for early childhood development brings together emerging evidence on implementing effective nurturing care programs, addressing issues of quality and scale. Translating evidence to practice requires addressing the barriers perceived by policy makers, which have been highlighted in the published literature. Here, I describe how UNICEF and other global partners are addressing these barriers.