bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Decision Analysis to Balance Angler Utility and Conservation in a Recreational Fishery
Authors: Poorten Brett T. , MacKenzie Cameron J. A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Recreational fisheries are often managed to provide satisfying fishing experiences for anglers while conserving wild fish stocks. However, managing recreational fisheries is difficult because fish populations are often infrequently monitored and fishing effort is uncontrolled; moreover, a satisfying fishery may draw many anglers, which may lead to enhanced risk of overfishing. Furthermore, external pressures will also affect fisheries, leading to fishery collapses despite the best intentions of management. Any management decision about regulations and habitat alteration will have effects on angler satisfaction and conservation. Decisions should be made with the intention of achieving fisheries objectives despite the uncertainties that arise from sampling data, ecosystem processes, and external factors, yet they must be defensible to stakeholders and the public. We show herein how decision analysis can be used to evaluate and communicate the relative efficacy of management decisions that are made to achieve fisheries management objectives by using a variety of commonly collected field data. We used a wild kokanee population at risk of overfishing as a case study and evaluated the medium-term effects of fishing regulations and habitat alterations on conservation and angler utility objectives. Using a flexible age-structured model, we determined that these two objectives are often at odds, where management actions leading to high angler utility in this fishery also lead to high conservation risk. Overall, decision analysis helps to communicate these tradeoffs and makes it clear how particular decisions were made. Decision analysis is not new, but it is often underused in recreational fisheries. This work demonstrates how it may streamline decisions, even for infrequently monitored fisheries, and lead to better fisheries overall.
Rapid, High‐Temperature, In Situ Microwave Synthesis of Bulk Nanocatalysts
Authors: Zhong Geng , Xu Shaomao , Cui Mingjin , Dong Qi , Wang Xizheng , Xia Qinqin , Gao Jinlong , Pei Yong , Qiao Yun , Pastel Glenn , Sunaoshi Takeshi , Yang Bao , Hu Liangbing 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCarbon‐black‐supported nanoparticles (CNPs) have attracted considerable attention for their intriguing catalytic properties and promising applications. The traditional liquid synthesis of CNPs commonly involves demanding operation conditions and complex pre‐ or post‐treatments, which are time consuming and energy inefficient. Herein, a rapid, scalable, and universal strategy is reported to synthesize highly dispersed metal nanoparticles embedded in a carbon matrix via microwave irradiation of carbon black with preloaded precursors. By optimizing the amount of carbon black, the microwave absorption is dramatically improved while the thermal dissipation is effectively controlled, leading to a rapid temperature increase in carbon black, ramping to 1270 K in just 6 s. The whole synthesis process requires no capping agents or surfactants, nor tedious pre‐ or post‐treatments of carbon black, showing tremendous potential for mass production. As a proof of concept, the synthesis of ultrafine Ru nanoparticles (≈2.57 nm) uniformly embedded in carbon black using this microwave heating technique is demonstrated, which displays remarkable electrocatalytic performance when used as the cathode in a Li–O2 battery. This microwave heating method can be extended to the synthesis of other nanoparticles, thereby providing a general methodology for the mass production of carbon‐supported catalytic nanoparticles.
The performance of nCaO2 for BTEX removal: Hydroxyl radical generation pattern and the influences of co‐existing environmental pollutants
Authors: Sun Xuecheng , Sun Yong , Lyu Shuguang , Qiu Zhaofu , Sui Qian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this study, nano‐CaO2 (nCaO2) was successfully synthesized and constituted the nCaO2/Fe(II) system applying to remediate BTEX, which are typical mixed pollutants in contaminated groundwater. The particle size of the synthesized nCaO2 was 108.91 nm, and it displayed better BTEX remediation performance than that of commercial CaO2. The innovative generation pattern of hydroxyl radicals () in the nCaO2/Fe(II) system has been investigated using benzoic acid as the probe, and the proper molar ratio of nCaO2/Fe(II) was optimized as 1/1. Over 90% of BTEX was removed in 180 min with the nCaO2/Fe(II)/BTEX molar ratio of 40/40/1. Further experiments evaluated the influence of co‐existence of mixed pollutants chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds (CHCs) or surfactant constituents on BTEX remediation performance. The experimental results suggested that CHCs have limited influence on BTEX removal rate and surfactants have negative effects on BTEX remediation performance in the experimental conditions. In conclusion, the findings in this study could give some inspirations to apply the nCaO2/Fe(II) process in remediating co‐existing pollutants in contaminated groundwater.Practitioner points

nCaO2/Fe(II) system applied to remediate mixed contaminants.

generation pattern of the nCaO2/Fe(II) system has been investigated.

The influence of chloride hydrocarbon compounds have been studied.

The effects of surfactants were evaluated.
Advance Care Planning im Kontext von Demenz
Authors: Voß Henrike , Kruse Andreas 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund
Seit 2015 definiert das Hospiz- und Palliativgesetz einen Anspruch auf Vorsorgeplanung in der letzten Lebensphase für Pflegeheimbewohner. Dennoch ist das Konzept Advance Care Planning (ACP) in Deutschland bislang unzureichend beforscht. Die defizitäre Evidenzlage erscheint zu diesem Thema in Verbindung mit dem Krankheitsbild Demenz noch gravierender. Die Bedeutung eines solchen Gesprächsprozesses steigt mit dem Umstand der Diagnosestellung Demenz für den Betroffenen, aber auch für seine An- und Zugehörigen und medizinisch-pflegerische Begleitung erheblich.

Ziel der Arbeit
Im Hinblick auf Menschen mit Demenz wurden Dokumente eines prominenten deutschen ACP-Anbieters von den Autoren als unzureichend eingeschätzt. Ziel der hier dargelegten Pilotstudie war es, einen im nationalen Kontext vielfach verwendeten Fragebogen (Werteanamnese) zu modifizieren, um ihn bei dieser vulnerablen Gruppe anwenden zu können.

Material und Methoden
Die Werteanamnese wurde in 11 Schritten modifiziert und im Pretest mit früherkrankten Menschen mit Demenz erprobt. Der Fokus des Dokuments liegt auf Einstellungen zu Leben, Sterben und lebensverlängernden Maßnahmen. Der Modifikationsprozess erfolgte in einem iterativen Prozess, angelehnt an die Grounded Theory nach Strauss und Corbin.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion
Die schrittweise Anpassung des Dokuments hat einen praktikablen und niedrigschwelligen Zugang geschaffen, der es auch der vulnerablen Gruppe der Menschen mit Demenz ermöglicht, sich mit existenziellen Fragen umfassend auseinanderzusetzen und sich darüber auszutauschen. Dieser Fragenkatalog dient als Basisdokument für die anschließende Hauptstudie – hier wird nach der Lebensbindung von Menschen mit Demenz gefragt und somit eine neue Perspektive auf ACP gelegt.
Improving daytime detection of deer for surveillance and management
Authors: Logan Thomas W. , Ashton-Butt Adham , Ward Alastair I. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Maximising the detection of a target species reduces the uncertainty of survey results and can improve management outcomes. Deer (Cervidae) populations are managed worldwide due to their impacts on anthropocentric interests. In the UK, deer can only lawfully be shot during the daytime, from 1 h before sunrise to 1 h after sunset, when deer activity is at its lowest. We evaluated performance of a thermal imager relative to binoculars for their ability to detect deer during the daytime and at twilight (1 h either side of dawn and dusk). Transect surveys on Thorne Moors, UK, revealed that more roe and red deer were observed using a thermal imager than when using binoculars. More deer in much larger groups were observed at twilight than during the other daylight hours. Variation in animal detectability at different times of the day must be considered during wildlife surveys if their outputs are to be as accurate and precise as possible. The results support the continued focus of deer culling efforts during the hours of twilight. They also highlight the potential utility of thermal imagers for maximising detection probability at twilight.
Erosion of phylogenetic diversity in Neotropical bat assemblages: findings from a whole-ecosystem fragmentation experiment
Authors: Aninta Sabhrina G. , Rocha Ricardo , López-Baucells Adrià , Meyer Christoph F. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The traditional focus on taxonomic diversity metrics for investigating species responses to habitat loss and fragmentation has limited our understanding of how biodiversity is impacted by habitat modification. This is particularly true for taxonomic groups such as bats which exhibit species-specific responses. Here, we investigate phylogenetic alpha and beta diversity of Neotropical bat assemblages across two environmental gradients, one in habitat quality and one in habitat amount. We surveyed bats in 39 sites located across a whole-ecosystem fragmentation experiment in the Brazilian Amazon, representing a gradient of habitat quality (interior-edge-matrix, hereafter IEM) in both continuous forest and forest fragments of different sizes (1, 10, and 100 ha; forest size gradient). For each habitat category, we quantified alpha and beta phylogenetic diversity, then used linear mixed-effects models and cluster analysis to explore how forest area and IEM gradient affect phylogenetic diversity. We found that the secondary forest matrix harboured significantly lower total evolutionary history compared to the fragment interiors, especially the matrix near the 1 ha fragments, containing bat assemblages with more closely related species. Forest fragments ≥ 10 ha had levels of phylogenetic richness similar to continuous forest, suggesting that large fragments retain considerable levels of evolutionary history. The edge and matrix adjacent to large fragments tend to have closely related lineages nonetheless, suggesting phylogenetic homogenization in these IEM gradient categories. Thus, despite the high mobility of bats, fragmentation still induces considerable levels of erosion of phylogenetic diversity, suggesting that the full amount of evolutionary history might not be able to persist in present-day human-modified landscapes.
Quarantining online hate speech: technical and ethical perspectives
Authors: Ullmann Stefanie , Tomalin Marcus 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this paper we explore quarantining as a more ethical method for delimiting the spread of Hate Speech via online social media platforms. Currently, companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Google generally respondreactivelyto such material: offensive messages that have already been posted are reviewed by human moderators if complaints from users are received. The offensive posts are onlysubsequentlyremoved if the complaints are upheld; therefore, they still cause the recipients psychological harm. In addition, this approach has frequently been criticised for delimiting freedom of expression, since it requires the service providers to elaborate and implement censorship regimes. In the last few years, an emerging generation of automatic Hate Speech detection systems has started to offer new strategies for dealing with this particular kind of offensive online material. Anticipating the future efficacy of such systems, the present article advocates an approach to online Hate Speech detection that is analogous to the quarantining of malicious computer software. If a given post is automatically classified as being harmful in a reliable manner, then it can be temporarily quarantined, and the direct recipients can receive an alert, which protects them from the harmful content in the first instance. The quarantining framework is an example of more ethical online safety technology that can be extended to the handling of Hate Speech. Crucially, it provides flexible options for obtaining a more justifiable balance between freedom of expression and appropriate censorship.
Multi-hazard Groundwater Risks to Water Supply from Shallow Depths: Challenges to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in Bangladesh
Authors: Shamsudduha Mohammad , Joseph George , Haque Sabrina S. , Khan Mahfuzur R. , Zahid Anwar , Ahmed Kazi Matin U. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGroundwater currently provides 98% of all drinking-water supply in Bangladesh. Groundwater is found throughout Bangladesh but its quality (i.e., arsenic and salinity contamination) and quantity (i.e., water-storage depletion) vary across hydrological environments, posing unique challenges to certain geographical areas and population groups. Yet, no national-scale, multi-parameter groundwater hazard maps currently exist enabling water resources managers and policy makers to identify vulnerable areas to public health. We develop, for the first time, groundwater multi-hazard maps at the national scale of Bangladesh combining information on arsenic, salinity, and water storage. We apply geospatial techniques in ‘R’ programming language and ArcGIS environment, linking hydrological indicators for water quality and quantity to construct risk maps. A range of socioeconomic variables including access to drinking and irrigation water supplies and social vulnerability (i.e., poverty) are overlaid on these risk maps to estimate exposures. Our multi-parameter groundwater hazard maps show that a considerable proportion of land area (5–24% under extremely high to high risks) in Bangladesh is currently under combined risk of arsenic and salinity contamination, and groundwater-storage depletion. As small as 6.5 million (2.2 million poor) to 24.4 million (8.6 million poor) people are exposed to a combined risk of high arsenic, salinity, and groundwater-storage depletion. Our groundwater hazard maps reveal areas and exposure of population groups to water risks posed by arsenic and salinity contamination and depletion of water storage. These geospatial hazard maps can potentially guide policy makers in prioritizing mitigation and adaptation measures in order to achieve the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals across the water, agriculture, and public health sectors in Bangladesh.
Potential of dust emission resources using small wind tunnel and GIS: case study of Bakhtegan playa, Iran
Authors: Karimzadeh Siroos , Taghizadeh Mohammad Mehdi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Determination of the high potential of dust emission is a requisite affair in the management of dusts emission and as well as avoiding its risks. Wind tunnel is among the most important approaches in the study of areas having high potential in emitting dusts. Extensive dried playas and desert areas require the making of low-cost, simple, and car-portable tunnels capable of presenting comparable data of various areas even supposing not having enough precision in the model of real wind motion. In this study, we first engaged in making a car-portable tunnel with a primarily semicircle section of 38 cm height, 50 cm diameter, and 110 cm length. A fan and key appliance with the ability to change speed were used along with a simple transformer launched with car battery. Then, concentration of the pm10 dusts was measured in the various wind speeds of 1, 2.5, 4, 5.5, and 7 m/s by the help of anemometer and digital equipments. The study of Bakhtegan playa was done, as the methodology of handling with this tunnel, in 35 positions, and zoning of the results was performed via ArcGIS software. Depending on the destructibility of the shell by wind, the areas under study were categorized as low potential (34%), medium potential (37%), and high potential (29%) in emitting dusts. The results of zoning spotted the high-potential areas on the map. The usage of small tunnels, as in the present model, may be applied in order for the low-cost and fast studies of vast areas to the purpose of playas management.
Naturally occurring radon assessment in Al-Rustumia wastewater treatment plant
Authors: Amin Sahar A. , Al-Ani Rana R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Wastewater samples were collected from Al-Rustumia wastewater treatment plant. The methodology which was used to measure radon activity levels was long-term air measurements with passive solid-state alpha track detector CR-39. The collected samples include wastewater before and after treatment for 5 months which started from September 2017 to January 2018. The results show that the average values of radon activity level for untreated and treated wastewater samples were 0.049 Bq L−1 and 0.036 Bq L−1, respectively. Dissolved radon concentrations for the study samples were also calculated and their values were 1.270 Bq L−1 and 0.937 Bq L−1, respectively. The calculated radon surface exhalation rate for wastewater samples before treatment was 0.048 Bq m−2 h−1 and after treatment was 0.035 Bq m−2 h−1. These values are lower than the maximum acceptable radon levels as given by United States Environmental Protection Agency. As well as, the results reveal that radon activity level decreases after treatment process implementation, and there are no considerable variations with different times of the year.
Spring water quality assessment using water quality index in villages of Barwari Bala, Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Authors: Ameen Hajar Ameen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPeriodic quality assessment of drinking water sources is necessary to guarantee the quality and security of water supply to people. Accordingly, this study assessed the drinking water quality of spring water of some villages located in Barwari Bala region of Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan region, Iraq, using the water quality index (WQI). To realize this objective, 120 spring water samples were collected from ten villages during the dry and wet seasons in 2018 and were analyzed for major physicochemical characteristics, including: calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−), sulfate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, total hardness (TH) and total alkalinity (TA). The results for pH, turbidity, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate and nitrate showed that the water samples at all the sampled springs were suitable for drinking and within permissible limits based on given standards. However, TDS, TA, calcium and magnesium exceeded the permissible limits at some sites. It was also observed that, except for SO42−, at almost all the sites, the majority of parameters were significantly greater during the wet season compared to the dry season. With reference to all the parameters, the WQI values ranged from 10.76 to 18.13 during the dry season and from 17.10 to 20.45 during the wet season, indicating that all water samples are classified as having “excellent” water quality for drinking purposes. The calculation of WQI based on specific parameters, where values were close to or exceeded the maximum acceptable limits, showed that the water quality status of all water samples was “good” quality, except for sites S6 and S8, which were classified as “poor” quality and are not considered suitable for drinking purposes without treatment. Water from almost all the sampled spring sites can be considered as suitable for drinking purposes, although some parameters exceed permissible limits. Simple filtration treatment of the sampled spring water before use is desirable for ensuring good quality and security of the water supply to people of these areas.
Revisiting Weertman's tombstone bed
Authors: MacAyeal Douglas R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractJohannes Weertman published his first glaciological paper in 1957 only 5 years after getting his DSc in metallurgy from the Carnegie Institute of Technology. The paper presented the very first sliding law developed quantitatively from first principles, and involved the unconventional idealization of bed roughness using cubic ‘tombstones’ of rock. Since 1957, there has been a great deal of progress in understanding glacier sliding, but few studies, if any, have preserved the original tombstone geometry that was a hallmark of this first theory. The current study presents a partial reanalysis of the sliding process over a bed with tombstone obstacles using modern numerical methods. The result confirms the enduring applicability of Weertman's model as a pedagogical tool and motivates new questions about (1) folding flow near bedrock obstacles that invert normal ice stratigraphy, (2) the presence and role of stress singularities on sharp edges of bedrock, and (3) the validity of a presumption that regelation flow can be plug-like.
A Philanthropic Approach to Supporting Emergent Disaster Response and Recovery
Authors: Schlegelmilch Jeffrey , Sury Jonathan , Brooks Jeremy , Chandler Thomas 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTIn August 2017, Hurricane Harvey struck the US Gulf Coast and caused more than US $125 billion in damages in Texas. The loss of lives and the economic damages resulted in an outpouring of support for the recovery efforts in the form of federal assistance and private donations. The latter has supported more creative approaches to recovery. Organizations that normally would not receive funding were able to obtain resources to use in novel manners. Using the framework of Dynes typology to identify groups and their respective structures and tasks, this report from the field analyzes Hurricane Harvey and the financial support mechanisms used to support recovery efforts in Texas, what organizations were funded to do, and where they fit into Dynes typology. The authors close by noting the importance of these emerging organizations and the need to support diversity in funding disaster response and recovery efforts beyond large nonprofit organizations.
Political cultures: measuring values heterogeneity
Authors: Blaydes Lisa , Grimmer Justin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUsing data from the World Values Survey, we analyze the extent to which value consensus exists within countries. To do this, we introduce a statistical model which allows us to generate country-level measures of cultural heterogeneity. Our statistical approach models each country as a mixture of subcultures that are shared across the world. Our results demonstrate that value consensus varies substantially across countries and regions.