bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐Cost N,N′‐Bicarbazole‐Based Dopant‐Free Hole‐Transporting Materials for Large‐Area Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yin Chengrong , Lu Jianfeng , Xu Yachao , Yun Yikai , Wang Kai , Li Jiewei , Jiang Liangcong , Sun Jingsong , Scully Andrew D. , Huang Fuzhi , Zhong Jie , Wang Jianpu , Cheng Yi‐Bing , Qin Tianshi , Huang Wei 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDespite the recent unprecedented development of efficient dopant‐free hole transporting materials (HTMs) for high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) on small‐area devices (≤0.1 cm2), low‐cost dopant‐free HTMs for large‐area PSCs (≥1 cm2) with high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) have rarely been reported. Herein, two novel HTMs, 3,3′,6,6′ (or 2,2′,7,7′)‐tetrakis(N,N′‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐N,N′‐bicarbazole (3,6 BCz‐OMeTAD or 2,7 BCz‐OMeTAD), are synthesized via an extremely simple route from very cheap raw materials. Owing to their excellent film‐forming abilities and matching energy levels, 3,6 BCz‐OMeTAD and 2,7 BCz‐OMeTAD can be successfully employed as a perfect ultrathin (≈30 nm) hole transporting layer in large‐area PSCs up to 1 cm2. The 3,6 BCz‐OMeTAD and 2,7 BCz‐OMeTAD based large‐area PSCs show highest PCEs up to 17.0% and 17.6%, respectively. More importantly, high performance large‐area PSCs based on 2,7 BCz‐OMeTAD retain 90% of the initial efficiency after 2000 h storage in an ambient environment without encapsulation.
Networks of High Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Liquid–Solid Interface Contact Electrification for Harvesting Low‐Frequency Blue Energy
Authors: Li Xiaoyi , Tao Juan , Wang Xiandi , Zhu Jing , Pan Caofeng , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBlue energy harvested from the ocean is an important and promising renewable energy for the sustainable development of society. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are considered one of the most promising approaches for harvesting blue energy. In this work, a liquid–solid‐contact triboelectric nanogenerator (LS TENG) is fabricated to enhance the friction and magnify energy output by 48.7 times, when compared with the solid–solid‐contact TENG with the same area. The buoy‐like LS TENG can harvest energy from different types of low‐frequency vibration (including up–down, shaking, and rotation movements). Moreover, the outputs of the LS TENGs network can reach 290 µA, 16 725 nC, and 300 V, and the LS TENGs network can directly power hundreds of LEDs and drive a radio frequency emitter to form a self‐powered wireless save our souls (SOS) system for ocean emergencies. This work renders an innovative and effective approach toward large‐scale blue energy harvesting and applications.
Influence of Fatty Acid Moieties of Sorbitan Esters on Polymorphic Occurrence of the Palm Mid‐Fraction
Authors: Ishibashi Chinami , Hondoh Hironori , Ueno Satoru 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe influence of chain length and subcell packing of fatty‐acid moieties in sorbitan esters (SE) on the polymorphism of the palm midfraction (PMF) was examined. SE with different fatty‐acid moieties (sorbitan tripalmitate; sorbitan tristearate [STS]; and sorbitan tribehenate [STB]) were blended with PMF and PMF polymorph formation was examined using synchrotron radiation X‐ray diffraction and differential interference contrast microscopy. PMF without additives was crystallized in the β′ form under the isothermal condition at 22 °C; however, the addition of STS, which forms an α subcell structure, promoted the crystallization of PMF in the α form. In contrast, crystallization of PMF in the β′ form was accelerated by the addition of STB. These results showed that when the chain length of the fatty‐acid moiety between fat and emulsifiers was similar, the crystallization of PMF in the α form was promoted by the α subcell packing in STS crystals that were nucleated prior to PMF crystallization. In contrast, STB crystals, which have an α subcell packing, accelerated the crystallization of PMF in the β′ form because of the large difference between the chain lengths of STB and PMF. Therefore, structural similarities in both the chain length and the subcell packing are essential features that regulate the template effect, and the promotion of the crystallization of PMF in the β′ form by the addition of STB was caused by heterogeneous nucleation.
Emerging bioeconomy sectors in energy systems modeling – Integrated systems analysis of electricity, heat, road transport, aviation, and chemicals: a case study for the Netherlands
Authors: Tsiropoulos Ioannis , Hoefnagels Ric , de Jong Sierk , van den Broek Machteld , Patel Martin , Faaij André 
Published: May 2018

AbstractSeveral studies that have assessed the role of bioenergy in the energy system have primarily focused on electricity, heat, and road transport. However, sectors that have few alternatives to biomass, namely aviation and the chemical industry, are expected to become increasingly important. We have extended a bottom‐up energy systems model with fossil‐based and bio‐based chemicals and with renewable jet fuels to assess the deployment of biomass conversion technologies in the Netherlands until 2030. The model comprises detailed cost‐structures and mid‐term developments for the energy system with detailed cost‐supply curves for biomass, renewable energy technologies, and carbon capture and storage. The framework incorporates multi‐output processes, such as biorefineries, to address cross‐sectoral synergies. To capture the uncertainty in technical progress, technology development scenarios are used to assess cost‐optimal biomass utilization pathways over time. Slow technical progress (LowTech) leads to biomass applications for heating, first‐generation biofuels from hydrotreated oils, and bio‐based chemicals based on first‐generation fermentation systems. Enhanced technology development (HighTech) allows the production of second‐generation biofuels, large volumes of diverse bio‐based chemicals and renewable jet fuels. The required biomass may range from 230 PJ (LowTech) to 300 PJ (HighTech) in 2030, supplied primarily from imported resources. Both scenarios show that, under existing policies, CO2 emissions will only gradually be reduced to reach 1990 levels (140–145 Mt CO2). Further scenario analysis is recommended to assess model sensitivity and the necessary preconditions for future biomass conversion pathways and robust directions towards the required greenhouse‐gas mitigation pathways. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TfOH/Fe(OTf)3 Cocatalyzed Reaction of Arylallenes with Alcohols for Structurally Diverse Indene Derivatives
Authors: Liu Congrong , Zhang Haiyun , Ding Lianghui , Liu Juan 
Published: May 2018

AbstractThe indene moiety is an important unit because of its presence in many chemical catalysts, functional materials and biologically relevant molecules. Herein, we report a facile reaction of arylallenes with benzylic or allylic alcohols through TfOH/Fe(OTf)3 cocatalyzed cleavage of sp3 carbon‐oxygen. In the presence of 5 mol% TfOH and 5 mol% Fe(OTf)3, a range of arylallenes undergo carbocation initiated cyclization reaction with alkyl alcohols to give structurally diverse polysubstituted indenes in good to excellent yields. H2O is the sole byproduct that makes this transformation highly atom‐economic and environmentally benign.
Methods for Generating Vascularized Islet‐Like Organoids Via Self‐Condensation
Authors: Takahashi Yoshinobu , Takebe Takanori , Taniguchi Hideki 
Published: May 2018

AbstractDespite the promise of emerging organoid‐based approaches, building additional complexity, such as the vascular network, remains a major challenge toward regenerative therapy. Recently, we developed a complex organoid engineering method by "self‐condensation," wherein mesenchymal cell–dependent contraction enables large‐scale condensation from heterotypic multiple progenitors. Here, we describe the adaptation of this protocol for generating three‐dimensional (3D) pancreatic condensates from dissociated β cell lines (MIN6) together with blood vessel–forming progenitors. This protocol achieves 3D pancreatic islet‐like organoid self‐organization with endothelialized networks through mesenchymal stem cell–dependent contraction. Transplantation of pancreatic islet‐like organoids treats diabetes in mice effectively. Given the donor shortage associated with clinical islet transplantation, our approach offers a promising alternative toward therapeutic organoid transplantation. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Derivation of Epithelial‐Only Airway Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: McCauley Katherine B. , Hawkins Finn , Kotton Darrell N. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractNew protocols to efficiently generate functional airway epithelial organoids from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) would represent a major advance towards effective disease modeling, drug screening and cell based therapies for lung disorders. This unit describes an approach using stage‐specific signaling pathway manipulation to differentiate cells to proximal airway epithelium via key developmental intermediates. Cells are directed via definitive endoderm (DE) to anterior foregut, and then specified to NKX2‐1+ lung epithelial progenitors. These lung progenitors are purified using cell surface marker sorting and replated in defined culture conditions to form three‐dimensional, epithelial‐only airway organoids. This directed differentiation approach using serum‐free, defined media also includes protocols for evaluation of DE induction, intracellular FACS analysis of NKX2‐1 specification efficiency and enrichment, and approaches for characterization and expansion of airway organoids. Taken together, this represents an efficient and reproducible approach to generate expandable airway organoids from human PSCs for use in numerous downstream applications. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An FPGA‐based smart camera for accurate chlorophyll estimations
Authors: Pérez‐Patricio Madaín , Aguilar‐González Abiel , Camas‐Anzueto Jorge L , Morales Navarro Nestor Antonio , Grajales‐Coutiño Rubén 
Published: May 2018

SummaryIn this work, a new chlorophyll estimation approach based on the reflectance/transmittance from the leaf being analyzed is proposed. First, top/underside images from the leaf under analysis are captured, then, the base parameters (reflectance/transmittance) are extracted. Finally, a double‐variable linear regression model estimates the chlorophyll content. To estimate the base parameters, a novel optical arrangement is presented. On the other hand, in order to provide a portable device suitable for chlorophyll estimation under large scale food crops, we have implemented our optical arrangement and our algorithmic formulation inside an field‐programmable gate array (FPGA)‐based smart camera fabric. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed approach outperforms (in terms of accuracy and processing speed) most previous vision‐based approaches, reaching more than 97% accuracy and delivering fast chlorophyll estimations (near 5 ms per estimation).
Microvascular complications in diabetes patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction—insights from the Beta‐blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial
Authors: Kristensen Søren L. , Rørth Rasmus , Jhund Pardeep S. , Shen Li , Lee Matthew M. Y. , Petrie Mark C. , Køber Lars , McMurray John J.V. ,   on behalf of the BEST Investigators
Published: May 2018

AimsThe role of microvascular complications in the risk conferred by diabetes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is unknown.Methods and resultsWe studied 2707 HFrEF patients in the Beta‐blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial (BEST), stratified into three groups: no diabetes and diabetes without or with microvascular complications (neuropathy, nephropathy, or retinopathy). The risks of the composite of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization, and all‐cause death, were studied using Cox regression analyses adjusted for other prognostic variables. Overall, 964 (36%) patients had diabetes, of which 313 (32%) had microvascular complications. Patients with microvascular complications had more severe symptoms (New York Heart Association class IV 12% vs. 9% diabetes with no complications and 7% no diabetes), and worse quality of life (Minnesota Living with Heart Failure median score 60 vs. 54 and 51 points). In patients with diabetes and complications, the rate of the composite outcome was 50 per 100 person‐years of follow‐up (compared with 34 and 29 in those with diabetes and no microvascular complications and participants without diabetes, respectively). Compared to patients without diabetes, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the composite outcome was 1.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22–1.70] and 1.18 (95% CI 1.03–1.35) for patients with diabetes with and without complications, respectively. The risk of all‐cause mortality was similarly elevated: adjusted HR 1.42 (95% CI 1.16–1.74) and 1.20 (95% CI 1.01–1.42), respectively.ConclusionIn HFrEF, diabetes with microvascular complications is associated with worse symptoms and outcomes than diabetes without microvascular complications. Prevention of microvascular complications has the potential to improve HFrEF outcomes.
Numerical simulation of a two‐stage pulse tube refrigerator based on adiabatic model
Authors: Thejaswini M.N. , Chandan V. , Kasthurirengan S. , Vasudevan K. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractCryocoolers are devices that are capable of achieving and maintaining cryogenic temperatures for a number of applications such as high‐energy physics, cooling of superconducting magnets, sensors, high‐vacuum production, cryotronics, cryonics, and so on. All the above applications need coolers with high reliability, efficiency, low maintenance, and low cost. The absence of moving parts at the cryogenic temperatures makes the pulse tube (PT) coolers quite suitable for the above applications. In spite of considerable developments in the area of PT cryocoolers, many of the fundamental processes responsible for the cold production are not fully understood. In this work, we present the results of numerical simulations of two‐stage pulse tube refrigerators (PTR) using adiabatic flow of gas through the pulse tube system. A two‐stage PTR is the improved version of single‐stage system to achieve temperature close to 4 K. Assuming adiabatic gas flow through PTs, the algebraic equations for pressure, mass flow, and volumes at different locations have been derived and solved by a MATLAB based program. Using the above, the performance of PTR has been optimized for different operational parameters. The cooling powers predicted by the model have been compared with the experimental data, and they are in good agreement with each other.
mRNA expression of IFN‐λs in the gingival tissue of patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis: A polymerase chain reaction study
Authors: Bilichodmath Shivaprasad , Nair Sruthi K. , Bilichodmath Rekha , Mangalekar Sachin B. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have proven the existence of herpesviruses in periodontal pockets of patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis. Recently discovered interferon lambda (IFN‐λ) has antiviral properties and is induced by herpesviruses. The present study was a quantitative analysis of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IFN‐λs (IFN‐λ1, IFN‐λ2, IFN‐λ3) in the gingival tissues of patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis.MethodsA total of 90 participants (50 men and 40 women; age range 19–50 years, mean age 31.50 ± 7.8) were categorized into three groups: healthy participants, patients with chronic periodontitis, and patients with aggressive periodontitis. mRNA expression of IFN‐λs in gingival tissues was estimated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and was correlated with clinical parameters such as gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL).ResultsmRNA of IFN‐λ1, IFN‐λ2, and IFN‐λ3 was expressed in gingival tissues of healthy participants and in patients with chronic or aggressive periodontitis. The highest level of IFN‐λ1 was observed in patients with aggressive periodontitis (3.049 ± 9.793), whereas IFN‐λ2 (4.322 ± 11.310) and IFN‐λ3 (11.932 ± 27.479) were highest in patients with chronic periodontitis. The difference in mRNA expression of IFN‐λ1 (P = 0.008) and IFN‐λ3 (P = 0.043) among three groups was statistically significantConclusionIncreased quantity of IFN‐λs in patients with chronic and patients with aggressive periodontitis suggests a role in periodontitis. Variation in the expression of IFN‐λ1 and IFN‐λ3 in patients with periodontitis needs to be further evaluated. The mRNA expression of antiviral IFN‐λs in gingival tissues might enhance our understanding related to viral pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
Dimensional evaluation of blood clot gap distances within intrabony defects following grafting and EDTA root surface treatment—experimental study in dogs
Authors: Gamal Ahmed Y. , Abdel‐Ghaffar Khaled A. , Zouair Mohamed G. , Salama Mohamed H. , El Destawy Mahmoud T. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundBecause it is important to establish and maintain a firm blood clot to the surrounding tissues within the intrabony lesion; we have to investigate the potentials of different materials in resisting clot retraction that disrupt clot adhesion to the root surface. This study was designed to measure the gap distance created by clot retraction within the defect following intrabony defects grafting with and without root surface EDTA etching.MethodsEight mongrel dogs with surgically created acute‐chronic bilateral mandibular interproximal intrabony defects in the premolar‐molar areas were enrolled in this study (total 8 defects per dog). Intrabony defects were divided into four groups, the first group (OFD): control open flap debridement, the second group, (EDTA treated defects) in which debridement of the defects was followed by two minute root surface etching with a neutral 24% EDTA gel followed by two minute copious saline irrigation, the third group (only grafted defects): defects received closely packed β‐TCP of a particle size ranged from 150 to 500 mm, and the fourth group, (Graft + EDTA treated defects): defects were etched for 2 minutes with a neutral 24% EDTA gel and saline irrigation followed by intrabony defect fill of β‐TCP. Twenty four hours post treatment, animal euthanasia was carried out for histomorphometric analysis of the tooth and root side gap distances.ResultsEDTA treated group and EDTA + graft group showed statistically significant lower degree of clot shrinkage compared to both the control and only grafted group. Clot shrinkage in EDTA treated group showed no significant difference from that of the EDTA + graft group (p = 0.197). OFD and only grafted groups were found to show statistically higher clot retraction percnetage compared to both EDTA and EDTA+graft groups.Conclusionfollowing intrabony defect debridement, blood clot undergoes clot retraction creating a micro gap with the root surface. EDTA root surface etching before graft application into the defect area significantly reduced the amount of gap distance.
Primary care physicians and nurses: Targets for basic periodontal education
Authors: Varela‐Centelles Pablo , Diz‐Iglesias Pedro , Estany‐Gestal Ana , Ulloa‐Morales Yaima , Bugarín‐González Rosendo , Seoane‐Romero Juan M. 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundEarly diagnosis may improve patients’ quality of life and reduce the lifelong social and financial burden inherent to treatment. Growing evidence supports the importance of a healthy periodontium in systemic health. Diagnosis depends on the patient and the healthcare professional. As many patients seek physicians’ advice first, this study aims at assessing periodontal knowledge in a general population and their primary care physicians and nurses.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study using an anonymous questionnaire applied to randomly selected laypersons (March to June 2016), and to physicians and nurses at their workplaces (October to December 2016) in Ourense, Spain. Sample size for the general population was determined by quota sampling.ResultsA total of 1,469 people entered the study. All healthcare workers and 624 (47.1%) laypersons were familiar with periodontitis. Bacterial etiology of periodontitis was recognized by 25 (4%) laypersons, 23 (34.3%) physicians, and 11 (16.6%) nurses. The following periodontal problems were experienced: 1) gingival redness: laypersons 14.4%, physicians 16.4%, and nurses 21.2%; 2) gingival bleeding: laypersons 22.2%, physicians 50.7%, and nurses 50%; 3) tooth mobility: laypersons 34.9%, physicians 7.4%, and nurses 6%; and 4) bleeding while toothbrushing: laypersons 44.3%, physicians 8.9%, and nurses 15.1%. More than a third of laypersons (37%) think periodontitis is related to other health problems, together with 53% of physicians and 47% of nurses.ConclusionsOur results show a low degree of periodontal knowledge both amongst the public and their primary care physicians and nurses and unveil unreliable targets (primary healthcare workers) for educational interventions to improve early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disorders.
Evaluation of the association between the number of natural teeth and anemia among Korean adults using nationally representative data
Authors: Han Kyungdo , Park Jun‐Beom 
Published: May 2018

AbstractBackgroundAnemia as a chronic disease is defined as anemia occurring in chronic infections with inflammatory conditions. The purpose of this study is to assess the association between the number of natural teeth and anemia using nationally representative data.MethodsThis study involved a cross‐sectional analysis using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2010 to 2012. A total of 16,875 respondents aged > 19 years without missing values were included in this study. The association between the number of natural teeth and anemia was evaluated by multivariable logistic regression analyses after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking habits, drinking habits, exercise levels, income levels, education levels, vitamin D levels, diabetes, toothbrushing frequency, energy intake, and percentage of fat in total energy intake among Korean adults.ResultsThere was a significant decrease in prevalence of anemia and a significant increase in hemoglobin levels in participants with more natural teeth (P < 0.05). Adjusted odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals for anemia in participants with numbers of natural teeth of < 15, 15 to 19, 20 to 24, or 24 to 28 were 1 (reference), 0.856(0.591 to 1.24), 0.659(0.5 to 0.868), and 0.607(0.463 to 0.797), respectively, with adjustment for confounding factors (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe number of natural teeth is negatively associated with anemia in Korean adults, and the number of natural teeth may be considered an independent risk indicator of anemia.