bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The interplay between active galactic nuclei and star formation activities of type 1 active galactic nuclei probed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 3.3 μm emission feature with AKARI
Authors: Kim Ji Hoon , Im Myungshin , Kim Dohyeong , Woo Jong-Hak , Karouzos Marios , Lee Hyung Mok , Lee Myung Gyoon , Jun Hyunsung D , Nakagawa Takao , Matsuhara Hideo , Wada Takehiko , Oyabu Shinki , Takagi Toshinobu , Ohyama Youichi 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
We investigate the connection between active galactic nucleus (AGN) and star formation activities of AGN host galaxies by studying the 3.3 μm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission feature of 79 type 1 AGNs using the AKARI space telescope. Utilizing the slitless spectroscopic capability of the AKARI Infrared Camera, we obtained the spectra in the wavelength range of 2–5 μm from extended regions of the sample galaxies in order to measure star formation activity from the entire host galaxies. We detected the 3.3 μm PAH emission feature from 18 sample galaxies and measured the luminosities of the feature (LPAH3.3). We found that LPAH3.3 is significantly correlated with AGN luminosities (LAGN), such as 5100 Å monochromatic luminosity, and X-ray luminosity regardless of host galaxy morphology and radio-loudness. The correlation between LPAH3.3 and LAGN follows $L_{\rm {PAH3.3}} \propto L_{\rm {AGN}}^{0.9}$. Therefore we suggest that host galaxies with stronger AGN activities have stronger star formation activities. We also found that the ratios between LPAH3.3 and the bolometric infrared luminosity (LIR) of our sample galaxies are lower than for non-AGN galaxies due to increased LIR. We suggest that this can be attributed to the contribution of AGN to LIR.
Individuals with Chronic Pain Who Misuse Prescription Opioids Report Sex-Based Differences in Pain and Opioid Withdrawal
Authors: Huhn Andrew S , Tompkins D Andrew , Campbell Claudia M , Dunn Kelly E 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
Objective Individuals with chronic pain who misuse prescription opioids are at high risk for developing opioid use disorder and/or succumbing to opioid overdose. The current study conducted a survey to evaluate sex-based differences in pain catastrophizing, opioid withdrawal, and current pain in persons with co-occurring chronic pain and opioid misuse. We hypothesized that women with chronic pain who misused prescription opioids would self-report higher pain ratings compared with men and that the relationship between pain catastrophizing and self-reported current pain would be moderated by symptoms of opioid withdrawal in women only.
Design Survey assessment of the relationship between pain and opioid misuse.
Setting Online via Amazon Mechanical Turk.
Participants Persons with ongoing chronic pain who also misused prescription opioids on one or more days in the last 30 days were eligible (N = 181).
Methods Participants completed demographic and standardized assessments including the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS).
Results Women reported higher levels of current (P < 0.001), average (P < 0.001), and worst (P = .002) pain in the last 24 hours compared with men. Women also endorsed higher scores on the PCS (P = 0.006) and marginally higher past-30-day SOWS ratings (P = 0.068) compared with men. SOWS ratings moderated the relationship between PCS and BPI Worst Pain in women (ΔR2 < 0.127, ΔF(1, 78) = 12.39, P = 0.001), but not in men (ΔR2 < 0.000, ΔF(1, 98) = 0.003, P = 0.954).
Conclusions These data suggest a strong relationship between opioid withdrawal, pain catastrophizing, and the experience of pain in women with chronic pain who misuse opioids.
Quality of Patient Education Materials on Safe Opioid Management in the Acute Perioperative Period: What Do Patients Find Online?
Authors: Kumar Gunjan , Jaremko Kellie M , Kou Alex , Howard Steven K , Harrison T Kyle , Mariano Edward R 
Published: November 2018

Abstract

Objective
Guidelines on postoperative pain management recommend inclusion of patient and caregiver education on opioid safety. Patient education materials (PEMs) should be written at or below a sixth grade reading level. We designed this study to compare the readability of online PEMs related to postoperative opioid management produced by institutions with and without a regional anesthesiology and acute pain medicine (RAAPM) fellowship.

Methods
With institutional review board exemption, we constructed our cohort of PEMs by searching RAAPM fellowship websites from North American academic medical centers and identified additional websites using structured Internet searches. Readability metrics were calculated from PEMs using the TextStat 0.4.1 textual analysis package for Python 2.7. The primary outcome was the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), a score based on words per sentence and syllables per word. We also compared fellowship-based and nonfellowship PEMs on the presence or absence of specific content-related items.

Results
PEMs from 15 fellowship and 23 nonfellowship institutions were included. The mean (SD) FKGL for PEMs was grade 7.84 (1.98) compared with the recommended sixth grade level (P &lt; 0.001) and was not different between groups. Less than half of online PEMs contained explicit discussion of opioid tapering or cessation. Disposal and overdose risk were addressed more often by nonfellowship PEMs.

Conclusions
Available online PEMs related to opioid management are beyond the recommended reading level, but readability metrics for online PEMs do not differ between fellowship and nonfellowship groups. More than two-thirds of RAAPM fellowship programs in North America are lacking readable online PEMs on safe postoperative opioid management.
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells and eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Tojima Ichiro , Shimizu Takeshi 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease and is recently classified into two phenotypes, eosinophilic CRS (ECRS) and non-ECRS. ECRS is characterized by Th2-biased eosinophilic inflammation, and non-ECRS is characterized by Th1-biased neutrophilic inflammation. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) rapidly produce large amounts of Th2 cytokines and exert critical roles in Th2-type immune responses. We summarize our current knowledge about the pathogenic roles of ILC2s in ECRS.

Recent findings
The prevalence of ILC2s is increased in nasal polyps, and it is positively correlated with the number of infiltrating eosinophils. Epithelium-derived cytokines (IL-33, IL-25, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin), cysteinyl leukotrienes, and prostaglandin D2 stimulate the production of Th2 cytokines from ILC2s, which drives eosinophilic inflammation in nasal mucosa. Regulation of ILC2s would be a novel therapeutic approach for the refractory and/or recurrent cases of ECRS.

Summary
Increased ILC2s play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of ECRS by producing large amounts of Th2 cytokines, which lead to Th2-type eosinophilic inflammation in nasal polyps.
“Next Day” Examination Reduces Radiation Exposure in Cervical Spine Clearance at a Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Kavuri Venkat , Pannu Gurpal , Moront Matthew , Pizzutillo Peter , Herman Martin 
Published: November 2018

Background:
Safe and effective clearance of the pediatric cervical spine presents a challenging problem due to a myriad of reasons, which has often led to further imaging studies such as computed tomographic (CT) scans being performed, exposing the pediatric patient to significant radiation with a potential increased cancer risk. The goal of this study is to develop an effective algorithm for cervical spine clearance that minimizes radiation exposure.

Methods:
A cervical spine clearance protocol had been utilized in our institution from 2002 to 2011. In October 2012, the protocol was revised to provide indications for appropriate imaging by utilizing repeat “next day” physical examination. In 2014, the protocol was again revised with the desired goal of decreasing the use of CT scans through increased involvement of the Spine Service. A retrospective review was commenced using information from the Trauma Database from 2011 to 2014. Three groups were analyzed according to which protocol the patients were evaluated under: 2011, 2012, and 2014 protocols.

Results:
During the study period, 762 patients underwent cervical spine clearance; 259 (2011 protocol), 360 (2012 protocol), and 143 (2014 protocol). The average age of all patients was 8.8 years, with 28% of patients younger than 5 years of age. There were no missed or delayed diagnoses of cervical spine injury. The use of CT scans decreased during the study period from 90% (2011 protocol) to 42% (2012 protocol) to 28.7% (2014 protocol). There was an increase in time to removal of the cervical collar at 13 to 24 hours from 8% (2011 protocol) to 22% (2012 protocol) to 19% (2014 protocol). This was not associated with an increase in hospital length of stay, which averaged 2.51 days (2011 protocol), 2.45 days (2012 protocol), and 2.27 days (2014 protocol).

Conclusions:
Repeat “next day” clinical examinations and increased involvement of the Spine Service decreased radiation exposure without compromising the diagnosis of cervical spine injury or increasing the length of stay at a Level One Pediatric Trauma Center in this pilot study.

Level of Evidence:
Level 4—case series.
The Clinical Interpretation of Changes in Intraocular Pressure Measurements Using Goldmann Applanation Tonometry: A Review
Authors: Pearce John G. , Maddess Ted 
Published: November 2018

Purpose:
The interpretation of changes in serial intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements are critical in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma. Differentiating true change from test-retest variability (TRV) in IOP measurements using Goldmann applanation tonometry (IOPG) is essential when reviewing these measurements. We, therefore, determine clinically applicable guidelines for differentiating TRV from the true change in IOPG by quantitatively summarizing the published evidence from 18 studies.

Methods:
Studies reporting TRV in clinically meaningful ways, such as the coefficient of repeatability or the limits of agreement, were collated and analyzed. A single linear model quantitatively summarized the TRV for the commonly encountered combinations of patient types and intraobserver versus interobserver testing. The best model determined n-fold effects providing asymmetric SEs.

Results:
For the common intraobserver/interobserver visit combination the model results for healthy subjects and glaucoma/ocular hypertensive patients were TRV (±SE) values of 3.16 (2.67 to 3.74) and 4.26 (3.12 to 5.84) mm Hg, respectively. For the interobserver/intervisit case for glaucoma/ocular hypertension patients, the estimated TRV was 5.50 (3.43 to 8.76) mm Hg, for which no published coefficient of repeatability or limits of agreement data exists at present. The overall model was significant at P<0.018.

Conclusions:
Potential improvements in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma are made by providing clinicians with well-estimated values for TRV in IOPG derived from the evidence base. These values not only enable individual clinicians to better interpret changes in IOPG, but they also provide a basis for standardizing the interpretation of changes in IOPG between clinics, clinicians, and patient types.
Influence of Posterior Subcapsular Cataract on Structural OCT and OCT Angiography Vessel Density Measurements in the Peripapillary Retina
Authors: Holló Gábor 
Published: November 2018

Purpose:
To investigate the influence of posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) on structural optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography vessel density (VD) measurements.

Materials and Methods:
One eye each of 10 consecutive participants with PSC were imaged using the Angiovue/RTvue-XR OCT via undilated pupil, and 30 minutes later via dilated pupil. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), peripapillary capillaries and all-vessels VD, ganglion cell complex thickness (GCC), parafoveal VD, and the image quality scores were compared, respectively.

Results:
PSC grade (mean±SD) was 4.0±0.9, and best-corrected visual acuity was 0.8±0.2. Image quality was high for all eyes and images (baseline median signal strength indices for RNFLT and GCC: 66 and 67.5; image quality scores for peripapillary and parafoveal VD: 7.5 and 6.0) and did not change statistically and clinically significantly for pupil dilation (P≥0.0872). The mean RNFLT and GCC values increased by 1.0 and 1.1 μm, respectively (P≥0.1382; ~1% of the normal values). In contrast, the mean peripapillary all-vessels VD value increased by 1.2% (P=0.0349) and the mean peripapillary capillaries VD value by 1.1% (P=0.0599; ~2 to 2.5% of the normal values, for both parameters). No change in parafoveal VD was seen (0.2%, P=0.8209).

Conclusions:
Our results suggest that PSC-related peripapillary VD reduction may falsely suggest glaucoma progression, even when RNFLT is not influenced by PSC. Glaucoma eyes with developing PSC need pupil dilation for peripapillary VD measurements to reduce the PSC-related VD reduction.
Mechanisms underlying mechanical sensitization induced by complement C5a: the roles of macrophages, TRPV1, and calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors
Authors: Warwick Charles A. , Shutov Leonid P. , Shepherd Andrew J. , Mohapatra Durga P. , Usachev Yuriy M. 
Published: November 2018

Abstract
The complement system significantly contributes to the development of inflammatory and neuropathic pain, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Recently, we identified the signaling pathway responsible for thermal hypersensitivity induced by the complement system component C5a. Here, we examine the mechanisms of another important action of C5a, induction of mechanical hypersensitivity. We found that intraplantar injection of C5a produced a dose-dependent mechanical sensitization and that this effect was blocked by chemogenetic ablation of macrophages in both male and female mice. Knockout of TRPV1 or pretreatment with the TRPV1 antagonists, AMG9810 or 5′-iodoresiniferatoxin (5′-IRTX), significantly reduced C5a-induced mechanical sensitization. Notably, local administration of 5′-IRTX 90 minutes after C5a injection resulted in a slow, but complete, reversal of mechanical sensitization, indicating that TRPV1 activity was required for maintaining C5a-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. This slow reversal suggests that neurogenic inflammation and neuropeptide release may be involved. Indeed, pretreatment with a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist (but not an antagonist of the neurokinin 1 receptor) prevented C5a-induced mechanical sensitization. Furthermore, intraplantar injection of CGRP produced significant mechanical sensitization in both wild-type and TRPV1 knockout mice. Taken together, these findings suggest that C5a produces mechanical sensitization by initiating macrophage-to-sensory-neuron signaling cascade that involves activation of TRPV1 and CGRP receptor as critical steps in this process.
Salivaomics in oral cancer
Authors: Aro Katri , Kaczor-Urbanowicz Karolina , Carreras-Presas Carmen Martín 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
The goal of cancer screening is to detect tumor at an early stage, and early cancer detection is the hallmark of successful treatment. In addition to traditional tissue biopsy-based diagnostics, more reliable, inexpensive, and noninvasive methods are required for early diagnosis of cancer. In this review, we highlight some of the recent advancements in the field of salivary diagnostics in oral cancer.

Recent findings
‘Salivaomics’ is a broad collection of technologies used to explore different types of molecules contained in saliva. Although many protein and mRNA salivary biomarkers have been identified that can detect oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), none have so far been validated for current clinical use. As the heterogeneity in carcinogenesis and multifactorial cause for OSCC, the most reliable results are gathered with the use of multiple biomarker candidates to improve accuracy and sensitivity of the test used. This further requires sensitive technology to detect salivary biomarkers in low quantities.

Summary
Large scale studies that incorporate proteomic, transcriptomic, and additional ‘omics,’ need to be initiated to bring technology to clinical point-of-care applications.
Endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Yip Jonathan , Monteiro Eric , Chan Yvonne 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
In contrast to the phenotypic classification of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), endotyping categorizes disease variants based on their underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. Defining CRS endotypes may provide information on the risk for disease progression, recurrence and comorbid conditions, as well as identify suitable therapeutic targets. With the emergence of biologics, endotyping may enable personalized pharmacotherapy for recalcitrant CRS. The purpose of this review is to briefly summarize the pathophysiology and endotypes of CRS, and highlight the biologics that target mediators of CRS.

Recent findings
CRS is due to dysregulated immunologic responses to external stimuli, which induces inflammatory mediators. The linkage between innate lymphoid cells, adaptive CD4+ T helper and CD8 + cytotoxic T cells has led to proposed endotypes that are based around immune response deviation into type 1, type 2 and type 3 responses. Cluster analysis has attempted to define endotypes, accounting for clinical characteristics, molecular and cellular biomarkers, and treatment response. Biologics targeting epithelial-derived cytokines and immunoglobulin E, as well as mediators of type 1, type 2 and type 3 inflammation, are being investigated in CRS.

Summary
Although there have been significant advances made in the understanding of the pathomechanisms of CRS, there currently remains a lack of full characterization of CRS endotypes.
Contemporary management of juvenile angiofibroma
Authors: Bertazzoni Giacomo , Schreiber Alberto , Ferrari Marco , Nicolai Piero 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of reviewTo illustrate the latest developments and trends in the management of juvenile angiofibroma.Recent findingsEndoscopic surgery is currently the primary management strategy for juvenile angiofibroma. Recent reports on the use of multiportal approaches have contributed to further extend its indications. Studies from different countries suggest that the lesion can display variable growth rates not only in relation to patient age. The same concept applies to residual lesions. For this reason, retreatment of persistent juvenile angiofibromas is indicated when serial imaging clearly shows that the lesion is growing. When redo surgery is potentially associated with high morbidity for the critical relationships of the lesion with adjacent structures, stereotactic or intensity-modulated radiation therapy can be an alternative. Early use of MRI in the postoperative course is a highly effective way to detect residual lesions.SummaryContemporary management of juvenile angiofibroma should primarily rely on endoscopic surgery to obtain radical tumor resection. Recent evidence on the behavior of residual postoperative juvenile angiofibroma and the development of conformal RT techniques have helped to clarify the role of watchful waiting and radiotherapy (RT) as alternatives to aggressive procedures in cases with critical extension of the lesion. Although radical excision is the primary therapeutic objective, the benign nature of juvenile angiofibroma and the reported tendency of small residual lesions to remain stable or involute, especially in postpubertal patients, should always be kept in mind to avoid unnecessary morbidity.Video abstractIn the video, two of the authors describe the content of the review and present the main topics discussed in the article. http://links.lww.com/COOH/A37.
Management of sphenoid lateral recess encephalocoeles
Authors: Govindaraju Revadi , Tang Ing Ping , Prepageran Narayanan 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
Sphenoid sinus lateral recess encephalocoeles (SSLRE) are rare occurrences and pose unique challenges due to limited surgical access for endoscopic endonasal repair and also the lack of consensus on optimal perioperative managements specifically in the spontaneous cases, which are also believed to be a variant of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Endoscopic endonasal approaches have largely replaced the transcranial route and the techniques are continuously being refined to reduce the neurovascular morbidity and improve outcome.

Recent findings
Transpetrygoid is the most utilized approach with modifications suggested to limit bone removal, exposure and preservation of the neurovascular structures as dictated by the extent of the lateral recess. As more experience is gained, extended transphenoidal techniques were also successfully used for access. Lateral transorbital is a new approach to the lateral recess investigated in cadavers. IIH treatment is still controversial in the setting of SSLRE, but it appears rationale to evaluate, monitor and treat if necessary.

Summary
SSLRE management should be tailored to the specific anatomical variances and cause. Modifications of techniques have been described giving different options to access the lateral recess. Successful repair for spontaneous SSLRE may require treatment of IIH if present, but the long-term outcome is still unclear.
Review and update on extracorporeal septoplasty
Authors: McGrath Monica , Bell Evan , Locketz Garrett D. , Becker Daniel G. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
To examine the recent literature on extracorporeal septoplasty.

Recent findings
The literature suggests that extracorporeal septoplasty is an effective approach for both functional and cosmetic treatment of moderate to severe deformities of the caudal and dorsal septum. The procedure can be performed via an endonasal or external approach based on the nature of the deformity and the experience of the surgeon, although recent literature highlights various advantages of an external approach. The use of polydioxanone foil as a scaffold for septal reconstruction is widely accepted, and can enhance the technical performance of this technique. Although reported complication rates are low, tip deprojection and rotation have been observed in cases where extracorporeal septoplasty is performed without simultaneous rhinoplasty.

Summary
Extracorporeal septoplasty is a useful technique in the armamentarium of surgeons addressing deviations of the dorsal and caudal septum.
The rhinologist's role in the management of rathke's cleft cysts
Authors: Kuan Edward C. , Palmer James N. , Adappa Nithin D. 
Published: November 2018

Purpose of review
To review the recent literature regarding the growing role of rhinologists and otolaryngologists with neurosurgeons in the joint multidisciplinary team approach for managing patients with Rathke's cleft cysts (RCC).

Recent findings
The transnasal endoscopic approach to the skull base has become relatively mainstream for surgical treatment of RCCs. Suprasellar lesions, especially those that are purely suprasellar, are associated with higher recurrence rates, though an extended approach may improve dissection and access and therefore aid in lesion removal. Endoscopic cyst drainage is a well tolerated and effective way to treat RCC, and often avoids the postoperative endocrinopathies associated with complete cyst wall removal. Novel techniques have been described for maintaining tract patency, including the use of stents and flaps, in order to prevent cyst stenosis and reaccumulation. A frontier in skull base surgery is in applications for pediatric patients, and managing RCCs in this population surgically appears to be associated with positive outcomes overall.

Summary
Team-based endoscopic skull base surgery has spurred advances in our understanding of skull base disease, including RCCs. Optimal outcomes are most apparent when the experience and technique of both the endoscopist and neurosurgeon have developed jointly over time.