bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward a New Definition of Unmet Need for Contraception
Authors: Rominski Sarah D. , Stephenson Rob 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe current definition of unmet need for contraception assumes that all women who are using a method have a met need. We argue that without taking into account the level of satisfaction with a method, many women are classified as having a met need, when in fact they have an unmet need. They are using a method that does not meet their preferences, either because it causes side effects they find untenable or has other characteristics they do not like. Given the large number of contraceptive episodes that end in discontinuation, reportedly often due to the experience of side effects, we argue that the current definition of unmet need undercounts the number of women with a true unmet need for contraception as it misses the many women who are using a method that does not meet their preferences. We suggest the addition of satisfaction questions in national surveys such as the Demographic and Health Surveys to more fully assess the level of true met need for contraception.
Physical activity among Norwegian preschoolers varies by sex, age, and season
Authors: Nilsen Ada Kristine Ofrim , Anderssen Sigmund Alfred , Ylvisaaker Einar , Johannessen Kjersti , Aadland Eivind 
Published: February 2019

BackgroundKnowledge of physical activity (PA) in preschool populations is important for public health promotion. We investigated levels of PA in a large sample of Norwegian preschoolers and explored variations and development in PA by sex, age, and season.MethodsPhysical activity levels of 1154 children (mean age 4.7 years, 52% boys) were measured by accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X+) for 14 consecutive days between autumn 2015 and summer 2016. Additionally, 330 children provided up to 3 repeated measurements of PA across seasons. A linear mixed model was applied to analyze associations and interactions of total PA (cpm), light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA), sedentary time (SED), sex, age, and season.ResultsBoys and girls spent mean (standard deviation) 72 (21) and 59 (18) min/d in MVPA and had a total PA of 790 (202) and 714 (192) cpm/d, respectively. Boys had higher PA levels than girls, PA increased with age, and PA was higher during spring/summer than autumn/winter (P < 0.001). Boys had a greater increase in PA by age than girls (P < 0.05), mainly due to increased MVPA during spring/summer (p for sex × age × season=0.009).ConclusionsBoys were consistently more active and less sedentary than girls, and PA increased with age for both sexes. Boys exhibited a greater increase than girls in PA by age, and PA differed across seasons, with higher levels of MVPA during spring/summer. Differences in MVPA between boys and girls, among age groups, and among seasons seem to be interrelated, indicating that many factors influence preschoolers’ PA.
Bidirectional relations between internalizing symptoms and peer victimization in late childhood
Authors: Mlawer Fanny , Hubbard Julie A. , Bookhout Megan K. , Moore Christina C. , Docimo Marissa A. , Swift Lauren E. , Grassetti Stevie N. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe present study investigated bidirectional relations between peer victimization and internalizing symptoms, with a focus on three forms of victimization (physical, verbal, relational) and two types of internalizing symptoms (depressive, anxious). In the fall and spring, children (N = 1,264–1,402 fourth and fifth graders depending on time point and data source) reported on their victimization, and teachers reported on children’s depressive and anxious symptoms. In a model including the broad constructs of victimization and internalizing symptoms, bidirectional relations emerged, with earlier victimization predicting increases in later internalizing symptoms and earlier internalizing symptoms predicting increases in later victimization. These bidirectional relations did not hold in two additional models, the first of which included the three forms of victimization and internalizing symptoms and the second of which included victimization and the two types of internalizing symptoms. Rather, results of the first model suggested that earlier internalizing symptoms predicted later physical, verbal, and relational (marginal) victimization, and the second model did not fit the data well. Findings are discussed in terms of implications of bidirectional relations between victimization and internalizing symptoms.
Hemostatic properties of cold‐stored whole blood leukoreduced using a platelet‐sparing versus a non–platelet‐sparing filter
Authors: Haddaway Kathy , Bloch Evan M. , Tobian Aaron A.R. , Frank Steven M. , Sikorski Robert , Cho Brian C. , Zheng Gang , Jani Jayesh , Lokhandwala Parvez M. , Lawrence Courtney E. , Blagg Lorraine , Ness Paul M. , Kickler Thomas S. , Gehrie Eric A. 
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUNDWhole blood (WB) is an appealing alternative to component‐based transfusion in patients with significant bleeding. Historically, WB was transfused less than 48 hours after collection and was not leukoreduced (LR). However, LR components are now standard in many hospitals and LR WB is desirable. We investigated the effect of the type of LR filter used, as well as storage duration, on coagulation laboratory testing of WB.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSTen units of LR WB—5 units manufactured with a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved platelet (PLT)‐sparing filter (WB‐PS) and 5 units manufactured with an FDA‐approved non–PLT‐sparing filter (WB‐NPS)—underwent complete blood count, PLT function analyzer (PFA [PFA‐100]), thromboelastography (TEG), prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), Factor (F)V activity, chromogenic FVIII, thrombin generation, and microparticle quantification on Storage Days 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14.RESULTSWB‐PS contains more PLTs than WB‐NPS (mean, 71 × 109/L vs. 1 × 109/L, p < 0.001). WB‐PS yielded essentially normal TEG tracings, while TEG tracings of WB‐NPS were grossly abnormal (mean reaction time, 7.0 min for WB‐PS vs. 9.7 min for WB‐NPS, p < 0.001; mean alpha‐angle 54.9° vs. 38.1°, p < 0.001; mean maximum amplitude, 54.9 mm vs. 13.9 mm, p < 0.001). PFA‐100 closure was more common among units of WB‐PS compared to units of WB‐NPS (72% vs. 4%, p < 0.001). PT, PTT, and factor activities were not dramatically affected by the LR filter.CONCLUSIONThe choice LR filter has a major impact on the hemostatic properties of WB. Although storage of WB is associated with a rapid decline in PLT count, hemostasis as assessed by TEG and PFA‐100 is not diminished over a 2‐week storage period.
Xenotransplantation in China: Present status
Authors: Wang Yi , Lei Tiantian , Wei Liang , Du Suya , Girani Lea , Deng Shaoping 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe main obstacle to organ transplantation is the shortage of organs from deceased individuals. Especially in China, the ratio of patients on the waiting list versus the transplant recipients is 30:1. Therefore, there is an urgent need for organ donors. Genetically modified pig organs have proved to be a new source for xenotransplantation, and Chinese scientists have made considerable progress in this area during recent years. In this paper, we review four important aspects of the xenotransplantation field in China. First, a large variety of genetically modified pigs have been generated by Chinese scientists: all these genetically modified pigs and the purpose of these modifications will be summarized. Second, the preclinical research in pig‐to‐nonhuman primate xenotransplantation is outlined. The survival time and major biochemical parameters for the xenografts are summarized. Third, regarding the bench‐to‐bed approach, more suitable organs have been developed for xenotransplantation in humans, and in particular, pig islet transplantation into diabetic patients as well as pig‐to‐human cornea and skin transplantation. Fourth, we briefly address the regulations and prospects for recruiting xenotransplantation experts in China. Based on recent progress, we anticipate that genetically modified pigs will offer suitable organs for the treatment of end‐stage organ diseases in humans in the near future. Given the recent influx of world‐renowned scientists in xenotransplantation to China, our country will definitely become one of the major centers of xenotransplantation research and development in the world.
Cross-sections of unknotted ribbon disks and algebraic curves
Authors: Hayden Kyle 
Published: February 2019

We resolve parts (A) and (B) of Problem 1.100 from Kirby’s list [Problems in low-dimensional topology, in Geometric topology, AMS/IP Studies in Advanced Mathematics, vol. 2 (American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1997), 35–473] by showing that many nontrivial links arise as cross-sections of unknotted holomorphic disks in the four-ball. The techniques can be used to produce unknotted ribbon surfaces with prescribed cross-sections, including unknotted Lagrangian disks with nontrivial cross-sections.
Archibald Geikie's role in the establishment of the Scottish oil shale industry
Authors: Craig Jonathan , Underhill John R. 
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Archibald Geikie played a fundamental, but largely unrecognized, role in the establishment of the Scottish oil shale industry by providing James ‘Paraffin’ Young with the critical information about the location, thickness and probable geographical extent of organic-rich shales during their field visit in 1858. Young subsequently used the observations to determine where to buy leases for commercial oil shale extraction and production before any competitors emerged. Geikie acquired his critical knowledge of the area whilst preparing the first map and memoir of the Edinburgh area published in 1859 and 1861, respectively. In 1866, Young's Paraffin Light and Mineral Oil Company Limited opened the Addiewell works, the largest oil shale works in the world at the time. By the late 1860s, there were over 120 works distilling oil in Scotland, mostly from the shales of the Lothians. Eventually, more than 22 million gallons of crude oil a year were produced in the Midland Valley in an industry that employed
c.
40 000 people. Although the Scottish oil shale industry eventually closed in the 1960s, Geikie's legacy lives on through a better understanding of the geology of the Midland Valley and the renewed interest in extracting oil and gas from the shales buried beneath.
Circadian-Regulated Cell Death in Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Rabinovich-Nikitin Inna , Lieberman Brooke , Martino Tami A. , Kirshenbaum Lorrie A. 
Published: February 2019

Background:
Over the past several years, a variety of human and animal studies have shown that circadian clocks regulate biological cardiovascular rhythms in both health and disease. For example, heart rate and blood pressure fluctuate over 24-hour daily periods, such that levels are higher in the morning and progressively decline in the evening.

Methods and Results:
It is interesting to note that the timing of the administration of various cardiac treatments can also benefit some cardiovascular outcomes. Circadian rhythms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury after myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Cell death is a major component of ischemia-reperfusion injury and posited as the central underlying cause of ventricular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction following myocardial infarction. It is notable that the time of day profoundly influences cardiac tolerance and sensitivity to cardiac injury.

Conclusions:
Herein, we highlight the novel relationship between circadian rhythms and homeostatic processes that governs cell fate by apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. Understanding how these intricate processes interconnect at the cellular level is of paramount clinical importance for optimizing treatment strategies to achieve maximum cardiovascular outcome.
Combined Heart and Kidney Transplantation: Clinical Experience in 100 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Awad Morcos Atef , Czer Lawrence S. C. , Emerson Dominic , Jordan Stanley , De Robertis Michele A. , Mirocha James , Kransdorf Evan , Chang David H. , Patel Jignesh , Kittleson Michelle , Ramzy Danny , Chung Joshua S. , Cohen J. Louis , Esmailian Fardad , Trento Alfredo , Kobashigawa Jon A. 
Published: February 2019

Background

Combined heart and kidney transplantation (
HKT
x) is performed in patients with severe heart failure and advanced renal insufficiency. We analyzed the long‐term survival after
HKT
x, the influence of age and dialysis status, the rates of cardiac rejection, and the influence of sensitization.

Methods and Results

From June 1992 to December 2016, we performed 100
HKT
x procedures. We compared older (≥60 years, n=53) with younger (<60 years, n=47) recipients, and recipients on preoperative dialysis (n=49) and not on dialysis (n=51). We analyzed actuarial freedom from any cardiac rejection, acute cellular rejection, and antibody‐mediated rejection, and survival rates by sensitized status with panel‐reactive antibody levels <10%, 10% to 50%, and >50%, and compared these survival rates with those from the
United Network for Organ Sharing
database. There was no difference in 15‐year survival between the 2 age groups (35±12.4% and 49±17.3%, ≥60 versus <60 years;
P
=0.45). There was no difference in 15‐year survival between the dialysis and nondialysis groups (44±13.4% and 37±15.2%,
P
=0.95). Actuarial freedom from any cardiac rejection (
acute cellular rejection
>0 or
antibody‐mediated rejection
>0) was 92±2.8% and 84±3.8%,
acute cellular rejection
(≥2R/3A) 98±1.5% and 94±2.5%, and
antibody‐mediated rejection
(≥1) 96±2.1% and 93±2.6% at 30 days and 1 year after
HKT
x. There was no difference in the 5‐year survival among recipients by sensitization status with
panel‐reactive antibody
levels <10%, 10% to 50%, and >50% (82±5.9%, 83±10.8%, and 92±8.0%;
P
=0.55). There was no difference in 15‐year survival after
HKT
x between the
United Network for Organ Sharing
database and our center (38±3.2% and 40±10.1%, respectively;
P
=0.45).

Conclusions

HKT
x is safe to perform in patients 60 years and older or younger than 60 years and with or without dialysis dependence, with excellent outcomes. The degree of
panel‐reactive antibody
sensitization did not appear to affect survival after
HKT
x.
Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Black Versus White Medicare Beneficiaries With Implanted Cardiac Devices
Authors: Chen Monica L. , Parikh Neal S. , Merkler Alexander E. , Kleindorfer Dawn O. , Bhave Prashant D. , Levitan Emily B. , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Kamel Hooman 
Published: February 2019

Background

Black individuals in the United States experience higher rates of ischemic stroke than other racial groups but have lower rates of clinically apparent atrial fibrillation (
AF
). It is unclear whether blacks truly have less
AF
or simply more undiagnosed
AF
.

Methods and Results

We performed a retrospective cohort study using inpatient and outpatient claims from 2009 to 2015 for a 5% nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries. We included patients aged ≥66 years with at least 1 documented
Current Procedural Terminology
code for interrogation of an implantable pacemaker, cardioverter‐defibrillator, or loop recorder and no documented history of
AF
, atrial flutter, or stroke before their first device interrogation. Kaplan–Meier statistics and Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between black race and the composite outcome of
AF
or atrial flutter while adjusting for age, sex, and vascular risk factors. Among 47 417 eligible patients, the annual incidence of
AF
/atrial flutter was 12.2 (95%
CI
, 11.5–13.1) per 100 person‐years among blacks and 17.6 (95%
CI
, 17.4–17.9) per 100 person‐years among non‐black beneficiaries. After adjustment for confounders, black beneficiaries faced a lower hazard of
AF
/atrial flutter than non‐black beneficiaries (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95%
CI
, 0.70–0.80). Despite the lower risk of
AF
, black patients faced a higher hazard of ischemic stroke (hazard ratio, 1.37; 95%
CI
, 1.22–1.53).

Conclusions

Among Medicare beneficiaries with implanted cardiac devices capable of detecting atrial rhythm, black patients had a lower incidence of
AF
despite a higher burden of vascular risk factors and a higher risk of stroke.
Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Survival After Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Chen Gongbo , Wang Anxin , Li Shanshan , Zhao Xingquan , Wang Yilong , Li Hao , Meng Xia , Knibbs Luke D. , Bell Michelle L. , Abramson Michael J. , Wang Yongjun , Guo Yuming 
Published: February 2019

Background and Purpose—
China bears a heavy burden of stroke because of its large population of elderly people and the propensity for stroke. Previous studies have examined the association between air pollution and stroke mortality or hospital admission. However, the global evidence for adverse effects of air pollution on survival after stroke is scarce.

Methods—

We used the first national hospital-based prospective registry cohort of stroke in China, which included 12 291 ischemic stroke patients who visited hospitals during 2007 to 2008. All patients were followed for 1-year poststroke. Deaths during the follow-up period were recorded. Participants’ 3-year prestroke exposures to ambient PM
1
, PM
2.5
, PM
10
(particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤1, ≤2.5, and ≤10 μm, respectively) and NO
2
(nitrogen dioxide) were estimated by machine learning algorithms with satellite remote sensing, land use information, and meteorological data. Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between air pollution and survival after ischemic stroke.

Results—

In total, 1649 deaths were identified during the 1-year follow-up period. After controlling for potential confounders, significant associations were observed between exposure to PM
1
and PM
2.5
and incident fatal ischemic stroke. The corresponding hazard ratios and 95% CIs associated with 10 µg/m
3
increase in PM
1
and PM
2.5
were 1.05 (1.02–1.09) and 1.03 (1.00–1.06), respectively. No significant association was observed for PM
10
or NO
2
(hazard ratios and 95% CIs, 1.01 [1.00–1.03] and 1.03 [0.99–1.06], respectively). Higher hazard ratios (and 95% CIs) were observed for male, elderly and obese individuals.

Conclusions—

Prestroke exposure to PM
1
and PM
2.5
was associated with increased incident fatal ischemic stroke in the year following an ischemic stroke in China. Improved air quality may be beneficial for people to recover from stroke.
Clinical Effects of Early Edaravone Use in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated by Endovascular Reperfusion Therapy
Authors: Enomoto Masaya , Endo Akira , Yatsushige Hiroshi , Fushimi Kiyohide , Otomo Yasuhiro 
Published: February 2019

Background and Purpose—
Although several clinical studies suggested the beneficial effects of edaravone in acute ischemic stroke, most were performed under settings that differ from those in the current treatment strategy, which has dramatically changed with progress in reperfusion therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of edaravone in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated by emergent endovascular reperfusion therapy.

Methods—
We conducted a retrospective observational study using a national administrative database. Patients with acute ischemic stroke treated by emergent endovascular reperfusion therapy were identified and dichotomized by whether edaravone was used within 2 days of admission. We compared the functional independence at hospital discharge, in-hospital mortality, and intracranial hemorrhage after admission between groups, adjusted by a well-validated case-mix adjustment model, in multivariate mixed-effect regression and propensity score matching analyses.

Results—
Of 11 508 patients eligible for analysis, 10 281 (89.3%) received edaravone therapy. The established risk adjustment model had good predictability for functional independence at hospital discharge, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.74. In the mixed-effect regression analysis, edaravone use was significantly associated with greater functional independence at hospital discharge (32.3% in the edaravone group versus 25.9% in the control group; adjusted odds ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.41), lower in-hospital mortality (9.9% in the edaravone group versus 17.4% in the control group; adjusted odds ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.43–0.62), and reduced intracranial hemorrhage after admission (1.4% in the edaravone group versus 2.7% in the control group; adjusted odds ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.37–0.82). Results of the propensity score matching analysis corroborated these results.

Conclusions—
This retrospective analysis of a Japanese nationwide administrative database suggested that combination therapy with edaravone and endovascular reperfusion therapy could be a promising therapeutic strategy in acute ischemic stroke. Further randomized control trials are warranted.
Taxonomic, distributional and biological study of the genus Agrilus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Part II
Authors: JENDEK EDUARD , NAKLÁDAL OTO 
Published: February 2019

Two hundred and twenty-six species of the genus Agrilus (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) mostly from the Palaearctic and Oriental regions are studied and their taxonomic, nomenclatural, distributional or biological data are updated. For some species, the biological information is supplemented by images from the field, and distributional data by maps showing the whole range of the species. Two west palaearctic species Agrilus angustulus (Illiger, 1803) and A. graminis Kiesenwetter, 1857 are recorded from the Russian Far East. The following three new junior subjective synonyms are proposed. Agrilus alexeevi Bellamy, 1998 syn. nov. (synonym of A. relegatus Curletti, 1990); A. bicoloratus Abeille de Perrin, 1894 syn. nov. (synonym of A. angustulus (Illiger, 1803)) and A. splendidicollis Fairmaire, 1889 syn. nov. (synonym of A. sinensis Thomson, 1879).
Ambient Factors Controlling the Wintertime Precipitation Distribution across Mountain Ranges in the Interior Western United States. Part II: Changes in Orographic Precipitation Distribution in a Pseudo–Global Warming Simulation
Authors: Jing Xiaoqin , Geerts Bart , Wang Yonggang , Liu Changhai 
Published: February 2019

AbstractTwo high-resolution (4 km) regional climate simulations over a 10-yr period are conducted to study the changes in wintertime precipitation distribution across mountain ranges in the interior western United States (IWUS) in a warming climate. One simulation represents the current climate, and another represents an ~2050 climate using a pseudo–global warming approach. The climate perturbations are derived from the ensemble mean of 15 global climate models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). These simulations provide an estimate of average changes in wintertime orographic precipitation enhancement and finescale distribution across mountain ranges. The variability in these changes among CMIP5 models is quantified using statistical downscaling relations between orographic precipitation distribution and upstream conditions, developed in Part I. The CMIP5 guidance indicates a robust warming signal (~2 K) over the IWUS by ~2050 but minor changes in relative humidity and cloud-base height. The IWUS simulations reveal a widespread increase in precipitation on account of higher precipitation rates during winter storms in this warmer climate. This precipitation increase is most significant over the mountains rather than on the surrounding plains. The increase in precipitation rate is largely due to an increase in low-level cross-mountain moisture transport. The application of the statistical relations indicates that individual CMIP5 models disagree about the magnitude and distribution of orographic precipitation change in the IWUS, although most agree with the ensemble-mean-predicted orographic precipitation increase.