bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pentagon functions for massless planar scattering amplitudes
Authors: Gehrmann T. , Henn J. M. , Lo Presti N. A. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractLoop amplitudes for massless five particle scattering processes contain Feynman integrals depending on the external momentum invariants: pentagon functions. We perform a detailed study of the analyticity properties and cut structure of these functions up to two loops in the planar case, where we classify and identify the minimal set of basis functions. They are computed from the canonical form of their differential equations and expressed in terms of generalized polylogarithms, or alternatively as one-dimensional integrals. We present analytical expressions and numerical evaluation routines for these pentagon functions, in all kinematical configurations relevant to five-particle scattering processes.
Walking, weak first-order transitions, and complex CFTs
Authors: Gorbenko Victor , Rychkov Slava , Zan Bernardo 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe discuss walking behavior in gauge theories and weak first-order phase transitions in statistical physics. Despite appearing in very different systems (QCD below the conformal window, the Potts model, deconfined criticality) these two phenomena both imply approximate scale invariance in a range of energies and have the same RG interpretation: a flow passing between pairs of fixed point at complex coupling. We discuss what distinguishes a real theory from a complex theory and call these fixed points complex CFTs. By using conformal perturbation theory we show how observables of the walking theory are computable by perturbing the complex CFTs. This paper discusses the general mechanism while a companion paper [1] will treat a specific and computable example: the two-dimensionalQ-state Potts model withQ> 4. Concerning walking in 4d gauge theories, we also comment on the (un)likelihood of the light pseudo-dilaton, and on non-minimal scenarios of the conformal window termination.
From Privilege to Prevalence: Contextual Effects of Women’s Schooling on African Marital Timing
Authors: Frye Margaret , Lopus Sara 
Published: October 2018

AbstractIn Africa and elsewhere, educated women tend to marry later than their less-educated peers. Beyond being an attribute of individual women, education is also an aggregate phenomenon: the social meaning of a woman’s educational attainment depends on the educational attainments of her age-mates. Using data from 30 countries and 246 birth cohorts across sub-Saharan Africa, we investigate the impact of educational context (the percentage of women in a country cohort who ever attended school) on the relationship between a woman’s educational attainment and her marital timing. In contexts where access to education is prevalent, the marital timing of uneducated and highly educated women is more similar than in contexts where attending school is limited to a privileged minority. This across-country convergence is driven by uneducated women marrying later in high-education contexts, especially through lower rates of very early marriages. However, within countries over time, the marital ages of women from different educational groups tend to diverge as educational access expands. This within-country divergence is most often driven by later marriage among highly educated women, although divergence in some countries is driven by earlier marriage among women who never attended school.
Noble-metal mineralization of the Adycha–Taryn metallogenic zone: geochemistry of stable isotopes, fluid regime, and ore formation conditions
Authors: Gamyanin G.N. , Fridovsky V.Yu. , Vikent’eva O.V. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
The regional geologic setting of the Adycha–Taryn metallogenic zone, one of the areas most productive for noble-metal mineralization in northeastern Russia, is discussed. The intricate metallogenic history of the zone and the prolonged geodynamic activity of its ore-hosting structures are documented. Different types of mineralization, such as hydrothermal-metamorphogenic, gold–bismuth, gold–quartz, gold–antimony, and silver–antimony, are described. New data on the isotopic compositions of oxygen in quartz, sulfur in sulfides, and oxygen and carbon in carbonates from different mineralization types are presented. The early metamorphogenic quartz beyond the ore zones has δ18O = + 20.1 ± 2.0‰. At the gold–bismuth deposits, the δ18O values of quartz are within the narrow range of + 12.5 ± 0.4‰. Quartz from the gold–quartz mineralization shows much wider variation in δ18O values, from + 14.2 to + 19.5‰. A similar range (δ18O = + 16.1 to + 19.2‰) is observed for the gold–antimony mineralization. Cryptograined quartz from the silver–antimony mineralization is enriched in light oxygen isotopes (δ18O = –3.2 to + 4.7‰). The following δ34S values (‰) have been established in sulfides of mineralization of different types: gold–bismuth –3.7 to –2.2 (Apy) and –6.7 to –6.8 (Py); gold–quartz –2.1 to + 2.4 (Apy), –6.6 to + 5.4 (Py), and –6.1 to + 4.2 (St); gold–antimony –2.0 to + 1.6 (Apy), –3.5 to + 2.1 (Py), and –5.3 to + 0.2 (St); and silver–antimony –2.0 to –1.9 (Apy), –2.2 ± 0.1 (Py), and –5.7 to –5.6 (St). The δ13C and δ18O values are contrasting in the studied types of mineralization, varying respectively from –6.9 to –5.9‰ and from + 2.1 to + 5.7‰ (gold–bismuth), from –9.1 to –6.1‰ and from + 12.4 to 18.7‰ (gold–quartz), from –12.1 to –9.5‰ and from + 15.0 to + 16.3‰ (gold–antimony), from –11.6 to –11.1‰ and from + 1.5 to + 4.7‰ (silver–antimony). Metamorphogenic calcites are rich in both heavy C (–1.1 to –1.7‰) and heavy O (+ 20.3 to + 20.5‰) isotopes. Microthermometric study and crush–leach analysis of fluid inclusions have revealed differences in the composition of ore-forming fluids and formation conditions for different types of mineralization. The isotopic compositions of O, C, and S of mineral-forming fluids suggest a significant input of magmatic fluids to the formation of gold–bismuth and gold–antimony deposits, the contribution of metamorphic fluids increases at gold–quartz deposits, and meteoric water is involved in the formation of silver–antimony deposits.
Redundant axioms in teaching linear algebra
Authors: Amram Meirav , Dagan Miriam , Levi Sagi , Mouftakhov Artour 
Published: October 2018

What is an axiom? The meaning of the term ‘axiom’ varies between different fields of study. In philosophy it means a statement that is accepted without argument, while in physics the term ‘postulate’ is used and it means a theory that was verified in an experiment, and will be considered as true unless it is disproved by other experiments.In mathematics the notion of ‘axiom’ is used in two related but distinguishable meanings: ‘logical axioms’ and ‘non-logical axioms’. Logical axioms are certain statements that are always true, and from them all tautologies of the language can be derived. Non-logical axioms are statements that are taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments.
Idolatry, indifference, and the scientific study of religion: two new Humean arguments
Authors: LINFORD DANIEL , MEGILL JASON 
Published: October 2018

AbstractWe utilize contemporary cognitive and social science of religion to defend a controversial thesis: the human cognitive apparatus gratuitously inclines humans to religious activity oriented around entities other than the God of classical theism. Using this thesis, we update and defend two arguments drawn from David Hume: (i)the argument from idolatry, which argues that the God of classical theism does not exist, and (ii)the argument from indifference, which argues that if the God of classical theism exists, God is indifferent to our religious activity.
Acquiring a first language in adolescence: the case of basic word order in American Sign Language
Authors: CHENG Qi , MAYBERRY Rachel I. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractPrevious studies suggest that age of acquisition affects the outcomes of learning, especially at the morphosyntactic level. Unknown is how syntactic development is affected by increased cognitive maturity and delayed language onset. The current paper studied the early syntactic development of adolescent first language learners by examining word order patterns in American Sign Language (ASL). ASL uses a basic Subject–Verb–Object order, but also employs multiple word order variations. Child learners produce variable word order at the initial stage of acquisition, but later primarily produce canonical word order. We asked whether adolescent first language learners acquire ASL word order in a fashion parallel to child learners. We analyzed word order preference in spontaneous language samples from four adolescent L1 learners collected longitudinally from 12 months to six years of ASL exposure. Our results suggest that adolescent L1 learners go through stages similar to child native learners, although this process also appears to be prolonged.
Public health investigation and response to a hepatitis A outbreak from imported scallops consumed raw—Hawaii, 2016
Authors: Viray M. A. , Hofmeister M. G. , Johnston D. I. , Krishnasamy V. P. , Nichols C. , Foster M. A. , Balajadia R. , Wise M. E. , Manuzak A. , Lin Y. , Xia G. , Basler C. , Nsubuga J. , Woods J. , Park S. Y. 
Published: October 2018

Abstract
During the summer of 2016, the Hawaii Department of Health responded to the second-largest domestic foodborne hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreak in the post-vaccine era. The epidemiological investigation included case finding and investigation, sequencing of RNA positive clinical specimens, product trace-back and virologic testing and sequencing of HAV RNA from the product. Additionally, an online survey open to all Hawaii residents was conducted to estimate baseline commercial food consumption. We identified 292 confirmed HAV cases, of whom 11 (4%) were possible secondary cases. Seventy-four (25%) were hospitalised and there were two deaths. Among all cases, 94% reported eating at Oahu or Kauai Island branches of Restaurant Chain A, with 86% of those cases reporting raw scallop consumption. In contrast, a food consumption survey conducted during the outbreak indicated 25% of Oahu residents patronised Restaurant Chain A in the 7 weeks before the survey. Product trace-back revealed a single distributor that supplied scallops imported from the Philippines to Restaurant Chain A. Recovery, amplification and sequence comparison of HAV recovered from scallops revealed viral sequences matching those from case-patients. Removal of product from implicated restaurants and vaccination of those potentially exposed led to the cessation of the outbreak. This outbreak further highlights the need for improved imported food safety.
Manure and Mineral Fertilizer Effects on Crop Yield and Soil Carbon Sequestration: A Meta‐Analysis and Modeling Across China
Authors: Jiang Guiying , Zhang Wenju , Xu Minggang , Kuzyakov Yakov , Zhang Xubo , Wang Jinzhou , Di Jiaying , Murphy Daniel V. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractManure application to soil has declined globally due to increased availability of mineral fertilizers. However, mineral fertilizer overuse has caused serious consequences for soil quality and the environment. We analyzed the results of 20 long‐term field trials (22–32 years, start year [ranged from 1980 to 1990] to 2012) and combined this with a climate change model and soil organic carbon (SOC) model to quantify the importance of manure and mineral fertilizers for grain yield and SOC sequestration across croplands in China. During the past three decades mineral fertilizers have increased grain yield for 91–184% but had minor impact on SOC sequestration (4–16%). In contrast, manure applied with mineral fertilizer increased grain yield by only 6–19% but strongly raised the SOC content (9–39%) compared with mineral fertilizer. Modeling (to the year 2099) indicated that manure used in combination with mineral fertilizers will increase future C sequestration in soils across China by 2,086 Tg C and by 2,482 Tg C based on current net primary productivity with no climate change and on increased net primary productivity with climate change scenarios, respectively. This corresponds to an additional 43–58% increase in C sequestration compared to mineral fertilizers only. The manure efficiency for C sequestration in soil was about 9.6% of C input and decreased with increasing SOC content. To maintain the current SOC content (i.e., 2010), 11 t·ha−1·year−1 fresh manure or 4.8 t·ha−1·year−1 dry maize straw would be required. We conclude that the regular use of manure with mineral fertilizers is essential for the long‐term dual functions of soil for food production and SOC sequestration.
Asymmetric Changes of ENSO Diversity Modulated by the Cold Tongue Mode Under Recent Global Warming
Authors: Jiang Ning , Zhu Congwen 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInstead of the La Niña events with no significant change in their surface expressions, the recent increasing frequency of central Pacific El Niño events is suggested to be related to global warming. There is yet no consensus on the impacts of the recent global warming on such asymmetric changes of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Here we show the frequency of the extreme cold/moderate warm events both increases in the central equatorial Pacific over the past decades. We attribute the change of ENSO diversity to the positive cold tongue mode under recent global warming, which gives rise to an intensification, contraction, and westward shift of Walker circulation accompanied by an uplift of the thermocline. Our results propose a unified explanation for the changes of ENSO diversity under the recent global warming, which carries important implications for the relationship between global warming and ENSO.
Observations of Ice Nucleating Particles Over Southern Ocean Waters
Authors: McCluskey C. S. , Hill T. C. J. , Humphries R. S. , Rauker A. M. , Moreau S. , Strutton P. G. , Chambers S. D. , Williams A. G. , McRobert I. , Ward J. , Keywood M. D. , Harnwell J. , Ponsonby W. , Loh Z. M. , Krummel P. B. , Protat A. , Kreidenweis S. M. , DeMott P. J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractA likely important feature of the poorly understood aerosol‐cloud interactions over the Southern Ocean (SO) is the dominant role of sea spray aerosol, versus terrestrial aerosol. Ice nucleating particles (INPs), or particles required for heterogeneous ice nucleation, present over the SO have not been studied in several decades. In this study, boundary layer aerosol properties and immersion freezing INP number concentrations (nINPs) were measured during a ship campaign that occurred south of Australia (down to 53°S) in March–April 2016. Ocean surface chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 1.77 mg/m3, and nINPs were a factor of 100 lower than historical surveys, ranging from 0.38 to 4.6 m−3 at −20 °C. The INP population included organic heat‐stable material, with contributions from heat‐labile material. Lower INP source potentials of SO seawater samples compared to Arctic seawater were consistent with lower ice nucleating site densities in this study compared to north Atlantic air masses.
Balanced Cloud Radiative Effects Across a Range of Dynamical Conditions Over the Tropical West Pacific
Authors: Wall Casey J. , Hartmann Dennis L. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractInstantaneous relationships between clouds and large‐scale vertical motion are used to study the impact of circulation on the near cancellation of cloud radiative effects that is observed over the tropical west Pacific Ocean. The coverage of deep‐convective clouds increases with stronger upward motion, but the proportion of thick, medium, and thin anvil cloud remains nearly constant. Thus, when averaging over scales larger than individual storms, the top‐of‐atmosphere net radiation is only weakly sensitive to the large‐scale flow. The balance in cloud radiative effects is therefore maintained across a wide range of large‐scale circulations. The ability of the Community Atmosphere Model Version 5 to reproduce the observed cloud‐circulation relationships is investigated. The simulated convective clouds substantially overestimate the proportion of deep and optically thick cloud and underestimate the proportion of anvil cirrus. These results demonstrate that simulating key properties of deep‐convective clouds remains challenging for some state‐of‐the‐art climate models.
The Ice‐Ocean Governor: Ice‐Ocean Stress Feedback Limits Beaufort Gyre Spin‐Up
Authors: Meneghello Gianluca , Marshall John , Campin Jean‐Michel , Doddridge Edward , Timmermans Mary‐Louise 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Beaufort Gyre is a key circulation system of the Arctic Ocean and its main reservoir of freshwater. Freshwater storage and release affects Arctic sea ice cover, as well as North Atlantic and global climate. We describe a mechanism that is fundamental to the dynamics of the gyre, namely, the ice‐ocean stress governor. Wind blows over the ice, and the ice drags the ocean. But as the gyre spins up, currents catch the ice up and turn off the surface stress. This governor sets the basic properties of the gyre, such as its depth, freshwater content, and strength. Analytical and numerical modeling is employed to contrast the equilibration processes in an ice‐covered versus ice‐free gyre. We argue that as the Arctic warms, reduced sea ice extent and more mobile ice will result in a deeper and faster Beaufort Gyre, accumulating more freshwater that will be released by Ekman upwelling or baroclinic instability.
Local Time Hemispheric Asymmetry in Nitric Oxide Radiative Emission During Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Bag Tikemani 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe nitric oxide (NO) radiative emission at 5.3 μm cools the thermosphere by conversion of solar energy into infrared radiation subsequently exiting thermosphere. It correctly serves as a natural thermostat. The NO 5.3‐μm emission is even more important during geomagnetic storm events due to huge deposition of heat energy and momentum in the Earth's atmosphere. The Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics, and Dynamics‐Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry observation of NO 5.3‐μm radiative emission is studied between ±55° geographic latitudes during eight geomagnetic storm events. Two events that occurred during 7–12 November 2004 (Dst = −374 nT) and 23–28 August 2005 (Dst = −184 nT) are analyzed in details. The variation of NO emission during other six storms is also presented. The NO volume emission rate (NO VER) shows an enhancement during storm events. The enhanced NO VER illustrates an equatorward movement with descending peak altitude as one moves toward the equator. The NO infrared radiative flux is calculated by integrating NO VER from altitude of 100 to 155 km. A local time hemispheric asymmetry in both NO VER and NO infrared radiative flux is observed during all geomagnetic storm events.
Pitch Angle Scattering of Energetic Electrons by BBFs
Authors: Eshetu W. W. , Lyon J. G. , Hudson M. K. , Wiltberger M. J. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractField line curvature scattering by the magnetic field structure associated with bursty bulk flows (BBFs) has been studied, using simulated output fields from the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry global magnetohydrodynamic code for specified solar wind input. There are weak magnetic field strength (B) regions adjacent to BBFs observed in the simulations. We show that these regions can cause strong scattering where the first adiabatic invariant changes by several factors within one equatorial crossing of energetic electrons of a few kiloelectron volts when the BBFs are beyond 10RE geocentric in the tail. Scattering by BBFs decreases as they move toward the Earth or when the electron energy decreases. For radiation belt electrons near or inside geosynchronous orbit we demonstrate that the fields associated with BBFs can cause weak scattering where the fractional change of the first invariant (μ0) within one equatorial crossing is small, but the change due to several crossings can accumulate. For the weak scattering case we developed a method of calculating the pitch angle diffusion coefficient Dαα. Dαα for radiation belt electrons for one particular BBF were calculated as a function of initial energy, equatorial pitch angle, and radial location. These Dαα values were compared to calculated Dαα for a dipole field with no electric field. We further compared Dαα values with that of stretched magnetic fields calculated by Artemyev et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-1485-2013) at r≈7RE. Results show that scattering by BBFs can be comparable to the most highly stretched magnetic field they studied.
Global Maps of Energetic Ions in Saturn's Magnetosphere
Authors: Carbary J. F. , Hamilton D. C. , Mitchell D. G. 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument/Charge Energy Mass Spectrometer onboard the Cassini spacecraft measured suprathermal H+ and water group (W+) ions during the 13‐year mission from 2004 to 2017. This paper generates statistical maps of pulse height analyzed fluxes for 3.24–3.34 keV H+ and 8.79–9.05 keV W+ from the start of day 2 in 2005 through the end of day 366 in 2016. The fluxes of both H+ and W+ are more intense on the nightside than on the dayside. The dayside magnetodisk thickness of H+ is greater than on the nightside, while the day and night thicknesses are comparable for W+. On both dayside and nightside, fluxes concentrate near the equator and also along the magnetic field lines near and just outside the Rhea L shell (L ≈ 8.75RS, 1RS = 60,268 km). The flux peaks map to the ionosphere well equatorward of the aurora. This intensity peak is near the boundary between where interchange events occur and where tail collapse (reconnection) events occur. The intensity variations can be represented by lognormal distributions in range r for each latitude λ, and the lognormal coefficients can then be fitted in latitude, thus allowing construction of simple models of the H+ and W+ spatial distributions. The models can then be used to estimate the fluxes of low energy suprathermal ions from ~5 to ~21RS on the dayside and ~5 to ~30RS on the nightside in both r and λ, or alternately in ρ and z.
On the Forecast Horizon of Magnetospheric Dynamics: A Scale‐to‐Scale Approach
Authors: Consolini Giuseppe , Alberti Tommaso , De Michelis Paola 
Published: October 2018

AbstractThe Earth's magnetosphere is characterized by a complex dynamics resulting from the interaction of different multiscale processes which can be both directly driven/triggered by the interplanetary magnetic field and the solar wind, and due to internal processes of the magnetosphere. Recently, Alberti et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA023175) have shown that the fluctuations at distinct timescales of some geomagnetic indices differently respond to interplanetary changes during geomagnetic storms. In detail, using an information theory based approach it has been shown that geomagnetic indices fluctuations occurring at long timescales (typically longer than 200 min) are correlated with physical quantities characterizing the changes of the interplanetary conditions, while the short timescale ones (typically shorter than 200 min) do not seem to be directly related to the same physical quantities. The aim of this work is to identify the nature and character of the scale‐to‐scale fluctuations of two geomagnetic indices, AE and SYM‐H, capable of monitoring different geomagnetic current systems related to the occurrence of geomagnetic storms and substorms. By applying the theory of dynamical systems, we investigate the scale‐to‐scale correlation dimension D2 and the Kolmogorov entropy K2 showing the occurrence of a topological phase transition phenomenon between long and short‐timescale fluctuations. Furthermore, our results clearly show that the forecast horizon of fluctuations occurring at timescales shorter than 200 min dramatically decreases down to ∼2 min. The consequences of this result in the framework of Space Weather forecasting is briefly outlined and discussed.