bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Etlik piliçlerde sülfadiazinin farmakokinetiği üzerine çinkonun etkisi
Authors: UZUN Ramazan , BAYDAN Emine 
Published: December 2018

Bu çalışmanın amacı, etlik piliçlerde
kursağa ve damar içine (Dİ) 100 mg/kg miktarında tek
dozda verilen sülfadiazinin farmakokinetiğini belirlemek ve bu farmakokinetik
değişkenlerden yararlanarak aynı miktarda sülfadiazinin çinko içeren yemle
birlikte verildiğinde çinko ve sülfadiazin arasında etkileşim olup
olmadığını ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada 31 günlük 40 etlik piliç kullanıldı.
Hayvanlar civciv olarak alındı. Herhangi bir ilaç ve aşı uygulaması yapılmadı.
Civcivler 25 gün boyunca içinde hiç bir ilaç katkısı bulunmayan yemle beslendi.
Bu süre sonunda piliçler bir gece aç bırakıldıktan sonra 4 gruba (Grup 1, 2, 3
ve 4) ayrıldı. Grup 1 ve 2’ye kontrol yemi, Grup 3 ve 4’e de 200 ppm çinko
katılmış yem 5 gün boyunca verildi. Sülfadiazin Grup 1’deki hayvanlara 100
mg/kg dozunda Dİ verildi. İlaç verilmesini takiben 5., 15., ve 30. dakikalar
ile 1., 2., 4., 6., 8., 12., 18. ve 24. saatlerde heparinli tüplere birer ml
kan alındı. Grup 2 ve 3’e yine 100 mg/kg dozunda sülfadiazin süspansiyon
hâlinde bir sonda yardımı ile doğrudan kursağa verildi. Grup 4’e ise 100 mg/kg
dozunda ayarlanan sülfadiazin içme suyuna katılarak verildi. Yalnız Grup 4,
ilacı kısa zamanda tüketebilmeleri için bir gece susuz bırakıldı. Her üç
gruptan da Dİ uygulamada olduğu gibi (5. dakika hariç) heparinli tüplere kan
alındı. Alınan kanlar 3000 devirde 5 dakika santrifüj edilerek plazmaları
ayrıldı ve analiz edilene kadar derin dondurucuda (-18 °C) saklandı.
Plazma ilaç yoğunluğu spektrofotometrik yöntemle belirlendi. Plazma ilaç
yoğunluğu zaman eğrisi iki bölmeli dışa açık modeli gösterdi. Etlik piliçleri
200 ppm çinkolu ve çinkosuz yemle besleme durumuna göre, ilacın biyoyararlanımı
(F) yönünden önemli farklılıkların olduğu görüldü. Çinkosuz yemle beslenen
grupta (Grup 2) F % 91,97 iken, çinkolu yemle beslenen ve ilacın doğrudan
kursağa verildiği grupta (Grup 3) F % 64,14, yine çinkolu yemle beslenen,
ancak, ilacın içme suyuna katılarak verildiği grupta (Grup 4) F % 60,81 olarak
gerçekleşti.
An Analysis of Students’ Ability in Using Punctuation Marks in Descriptive Paragraph Writing
Authors: Yun Ginting Fiber 
Published: December 2018

Punctuation is one of the most important aspects of written English, and yet it is one that is taken the most lightly. It is, in fact, this feature of writing that gives meaning to the written words much like pauses and changes in tones of the voice when speaking. This study also has objective to explore the ability of students in placing punctuation marks in descriptve paragraph.The writer used descriptive qualitative research to give description systematically and factually about facts of a certain population.This research only describes how the students’ ability in using punctuation mark in writing descriptive paragraph.The students’ ability in using punctuation marks in descriptive writing was categorized into low,It can be classified that only 1 (one) students or 2% was categorized into excellent who got score 80 from the total students were 53 students, and 10 (ten) students or 10% were categorized into Good, 17 (seventeen) students or 32% were categorized into fair, 13 (thirteen) students or 24.5% were categorized into Low, and 12 (twelve) students or 22.5% were categorized into Failed.
Juridical Analysis of the Amount of Diyat Toward Armed Conflict Victims in Aceh
Authors: Munawarsyah Munawarsyah , Januddin Januddin , Jafar Muhammad 
Published: December 2018

Islamic criminal law recognizes a kind of punishment called as diyat (compensation) for victims of murder and torture which has been apologized by the victim or family of victim. Diyat is amount of money or properties that should be paid by the perpetrator due to the death or damage of victim body. The legal basis for the determination of diyat can be found in Koran, chapter Al-Baqarah verse 178. Apart from that, there is Hadist of Muhammad Prophet written by Abu Dawud (peace be upon him), explaining the amount of diyat based on crime category whether murder or torture.Aceh Governance has implemented this kind of punishment as a solution on criminal offences in realizing and fulfilling justice for armed conflict victims since 2002. In providing the policy of such payment for the victims in Aceh is based on the assumption that they are under the responsibility of state, therefore the government has determined the compensation on them. The amount of the compensation provided for the victims is not equal to the amount ruled by Islamic criminal law. Therefore, it is interesting to explore regarding the concept becoming the basic for determining it by Aceh Government, and compared it to the amount ruled by the law.The research reveals that the sum of money for the compensation of what called diyat based on Islamic criminal law is the standard concept but it can be replaced by sum of money or properties that have equal price. The basic rules for this punishment in Islamic criminal law can be found in Al-Baqarah verse 178 of Koran. Moreover, regarding the sum of payment that should be provided can be found in Hadith of Prophet of Muhammad Peace be upon him which is told by Imam Abu Daud, mercy Allah for him. Practically, in Islamic criminal law the court, responsible persons and a due date for the payment must decide it. The rule consisting in the Islamic law is really different from the implementation of compensation done by Aceh Government towards the victims in Aceh. It is recommended that the Aceh Government should realize the rules of the sum of compensation that should be received by the victims or the families based on the determination of the Court as a legal basis. In addition, the Central government as the main responsible party in repairing the condition of the society after the conflict should become the priority and absolute. The law enforcement in fulfilling the rights in Aceh should be done by involving some parties especially priest. Hence the society of the victims in Aceh obtains justice and legal certainty to get their rights.
Comparative Nephroprotective Effects of Extracts of Buchholzia coriacea on some Biochemical Parameters in Carbon Tetrachloride-induced Toxicity in Rattus novergicus
Authors: Ugwu Godwin C. , Okanya Chinagorom L. , Egbuji Jude V. , Okwo Jude I. , Nnamonu Emmanuel I. , Eyo Joseph E. 
Published: December 2018

Buchholzia coriacea (wonderful kola) is a medicinal plant that has been used worldwide as an alternative medication to promote human health. Comparative nephroprotective effects of crude seed powder, aqueous and methanolic extracts of B. coriacea in hepatotoxic rats was investigated for 56 days. The crude powder (BCCP), aqueous extract (BCAE) and methanolic extract (BCME) significantly reduced (p<0.05) the levels of creatinine and uric acid and decreased minimally throughout the treatment periods. Total protein increased significantly (p<0.05). Significant decrease (p<0.05) were observed with 200 mg/kg BCAE and BCCP respectively in urea and BUN levels. Noticeable nephroprotective effects may be attributed to the presence of phytochemicals like flavonoids and tannins which act as antioxidants. This study has demonstrated that B. coriacea crude seed powder, methanolic and aqueous extracts caused no adverse effect on the rat kidney and may be recommended for the management of nephrotoxicity
Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 17(2): 227-235, 2018 (December)
Goldstone Radar Observations of Horseshoe-orbiting Near-Earth Asteroid 2013 BS45, a Potential Mission Target
Authors: Brozović Marina , Benner Lance A. M. , Giorgini Jon D. , Naidu Shantanu P. , Busch Michael W. , Lawrence Kenneth J. , Jao Joseph S. , Lee Clement G. , Snedeker Lawrence G. , Silva Marc A. , Slade Martin A. , Chodas Paul W. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
We report radar observations of near-Earth asteroid 2013 BS45 obtained during the 2013 apparition. This object is in a resonant, Earth-like orbit, and it is a backup target for NASA’s NEA Scout mission. 2013 BS45 belongs to the Arjuna orbital domain, which currently has ∼20 discovered representatives. These objects tend to be small and difficult to characterize, and 2013 BS45 is only the third Arjuna object observed with radar to date. We observed 2013 BS45 on three days at Goldstone (8560 MHz, 3.5 cm) between 2013 February 10 and 13. The closest approach occurred on February 12 at a distance of 0.0126 au. We obtained relatively weak echo power spectra and ranging data at resolutions up to 0.125 μs (18.75 m px−1). The Doppler broadening of the echo power spectra strongly suggests an upper bound on the rotation period of 1.9 minutes. The radar data, in combination with an assumption that the asteroid’s radar albedo is no higher than that of metallic NEA 1986 DA, constrain the equivalent diameter to 15 m ≤ D ≤ 38 m. The circular polarization ratio is 0.21 ± 0.06, which implies a near-surface that is relatively smooth on decimeter spatial scales. We bounded the OC radar albedo to η
OC ≥ 0.09 and the optical albedo remains relatively unconstrained at 0.05 ≤ p
V ≤ 0.35. The Yarkovsky acceleration has not been detected but, due to the object’s rapid rotation, would be dominated by a seasonal component whose direction and magnitude depends on the currently unknown pole orientation and thermal inertia.
Luminous and Variable Stars in NGC 2403 and M81*
Authors: Humphreys Roberta M. , Stangl Sarah , Gordon Michael S. , Davidson Kris , Grammer Skyler H. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
We present the results of spectroscopy and multi-wavelength photometry of luminous and variable star candidates in the nearby spiral galaxies NGC 2403 and M81. We discuss specific classes of stars, the Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs), B[e] supergiants (sgB[e]), and the high-luminosity yellow hypergiants. We identify two new LBV candidates, and three sgB[e] stars in M81. We also find that some stars that were previously considered LBV candidates are actually field stars. The confirmed and candidate LBVs and sgB[e] stars together with the other confirmed members are shown on the HR Diagrams for their respective galaxies. We also present the HR Diagrams for the two “SN impostors”, V37 (SN2002kg) and V12(SN1954J) in NGC 2403 and the stars in their immediate environments.
PUSHing Core-collapse Supernovae to Explosions in Spherical Symmetry. II. Explodability and Remnant Properties
Authors: Ebinger Kevin , Curtis Sanjana , Fröhlich Carla , Hempel Matthias , Perego Albino , Liebendörfer Matthias , Thielemann Friedrich-Karl 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
In a previously presented proof-of-principle study, we established a parameterized spherically symmetric explosion method (PUSH) that can reproduce many features of core-collapse supernovae. The present paper goes beyond a specific application that is able to reproduce observational properties of SN 1987A and performs a systematic study of an extensive set of nonrotating, solar metallicity stellar progenitor models in the mass range from 10.8 to 120 M
⊙. This includes the transition from neutron stars to black holes as the final result of the collapse of massive stars, and the relation of the latter to supernovae, possibly faint supernovae, and failed supernovae. We discuss the explosion properties of all models and predict remnant mass distributions within this approach. The present paper provides the basis for extended nucleosynthesis predictions in a forthcoming paper to be employed in galactic evolution models.
Cost of resistance: an unreasonably expensive concept
Authors: Lenormand Thomas , Harmand Noémie , Gallet Romain 
Published: December 2018

The concept of “cost of resistance” has been very important for decades, for fundamental reasons (theory of adaptation), with a wide range of applications for the genetics and genomics of resistance: resistance to antibiotics, insecticide, herbicide, fungicides; resistance to chemotherapy in cancer research; coevolution between all kinds of parasites and their hosts. This paper reviews this history, including latest developments, shows the interest of the idea but also challenges the usefulness and limits of this widely used concept, based on the most recent development of adaptation theory. It explains how the concept can be flawed and how this can impede research efforts in the field of resistance at large, including all applied aspects. In particular, it would be clearer to simply measure the fitness effects of mutations across environments and to better distinguish those effects from ‘pleiotropic effects’ of those mutations. Overall, we show how to correct the concept, and how this correction helps to better understand the wealth of data that has accumulated in recent years. The main points are:1. The concept of «cost of resistance» needs to be carefully used, to avoid misconceptions, false paradox and flawed applications. The recent developments in adaptation theory are useful to clarify this.2. “Cost of resistance” and pleiotropy have to be distinguished. More than one trait is required to discuss pleiotropy. Resistance evolution must at least involve the modification of one trait. If there is an irreducible trade-off on that trait between environments with and without drug, it creates a fitness effect that is not due to pleiotropy. Pleiotropic effects can, but need not, occur in addition.3. “Cost of resistance” must depend on the pair of environments considered with and without drug. Hence, there are as many measures of cost as there are environments without drug. If the focal genotype is not well adapted to one focal environment, it is relatively easy to observe “negative” costs of resistance. There is nothing surprising about this, and it does not indicate an absence of trade-off.4. Environments with drug can differ according to the dose. It may be more informative to measure the possible trade-offs among all doses than to focus exclusively on the fitness contrast between the presence and the absence of drug.
L’organisation de l’archéologie en France
Authors: Triboulot Bertrand 
Published: December 2018

Du fait de la fragilité de la ressource archéologique, l’État a organisé sa protection par la loi, et contrôle les recherches réalisées sur le territoire national comme sous les eaux. L’évolution juridique a visé à renforcer la protection des gisements archéologiques. L’État a confié au ministère de la Culture cette mission fondamentale. En France, environ 85 % de l’activité archéologique est dite préventive (diagnostics et fouilles). On est loin de l’image aventurière de l’archéologue faisant des découvertes inestimables sur des chantiers au bout du monde, ou d’Indiana Jones ! Employés notamment par l’Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives, les musées, les collectivités locales ou des opérateurs privés, les 3 000 archéologues français peuvent également travailler sur des chantiers programmés, où le but est de rechercher et d’étudier toutes les traces laissées par les civilisations anciennes.
BİLGİ GÜVENLİĞİNDE STRES FAKTÖRLERİNİN İŞ TATMİNİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: AR-GE MERKEZİ OLAN İŞLETMELER ÜZERİNDE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: KAYMAZ Kurtuluş , ERBİ Halil 
Published: December 2018

Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin yoğun kullanımına bağlı olarak elektronik ortamda bilgi
güvenliğinin sağlanması bir gereklilik haline gelmiştir. Siber ortamda gerçekleştirilen
ataklar ve bilgi kaybı olasılığı işletmeleri bilgi güvenliğine yatırım yapmaya zorlamaktadır. Bilgi güvenliği olgusu çoğu zaman teknoloji temelli önlemleri gerekli kılıyor gibi görünse de
insanın bu süreçteki rolü zamanla daha fazla fark edilmektedir. Kurumsal açıdan bakıldığında, bilgi
kaybı ile sonuçlanan vak’aların çoğunda insandan kaynaklı hataların olduğu görülmektedir. Dola-
yısıyla insan unsurunu, bilgi güvenliği politikaları ile uyumlu davranmaya zorlayan yöntemler geliş-
tirilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu zorlayıcı mekanizma, daha az hata yapmaya imkân vermekle birlikte
bireyin, bilgi güvenliği politikalarına uyum sağlarken fazladan iş yüküne maruz kalmasına, kişisel
bilgilerinin ihlal edilmesine, bürokrasiye bağlı zaman kaybına uğramasına ve gerilim yaşamasına ne-
den olmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu araştırma, işletmelerin bilgi güvenliği gerekliliklerini yerine getirir-
ken uygulamış oldukları politikalara uyum sağlamaya çalışan bireyin maruz kaldığı iş engellerinin
ve gizlilik ihlallerinin, bilgi güvenliğinde stres ve iş tatmini üzerindeki etkilerini ölçümlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, Ar-Ge merkezi olan işletmeler üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada iki
önemli bulguya ulaşılmıştır. İlk bulgu, bilgi güvenliği uygulamalarının yarattığı iş engellerinin ve
gizlilik ihlallerinin, bilgi güvenliğinde stres üzerinde etkili olduğu yönündedir. İkinci bulgu ise bilgi
güvenliğinde stres değişkeninin, iş tatminini negatif yönde etkilediği doğrultusundadır.&nbsp;
Designer Parasites: Genetically Engineered Plasmodium as Vaccines To Prevent Malaria Infection
Authors: Goswami Debashree , Minkah Nana K. , Kappe Stefan H. I. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
A highly efficacious malaria vaccine that prevents disease and breaks the cycle of infection remains an aspirational goal of medicine. Whole parasite vaccines based on the sporozoite forms of the parasite that target the clinically silent pre-erythrocytic stages of infection have emerged as one of the leading candidates. In animal models of malaria, these vaccines elicit potent neutralizing Ab responses against the sporozoite stage and cytotoxic T cells that eliminate parasite-infected hepatocytes. Among whole-sporozoite vaccines, immunization with live, replication-competent whole parasites engenders superior immunity and protection when compared with live replication-deficient sporozoites. As such, the genetic design of replication-competent vaccine strains holds the promise for a potent, broadly protective malaria vaccine. In this report, we will review the advances in whole-sporozoite vaccine development with a particular focus on genetically attenuated parasites both as malaria vaccine candidates and also as valuable tools to interrogate protective immunity against Plasmodium infection.
The Next Generation of Immunotherapy for Cancer: Small Molecules Could Make Big Waves
Authors: Kerr William G. , Chisholm John D. 
Published: December 2018

Abstract
After decades of intense effort, therapeutics that leverage the immune system to fight cancer have now been conclusively demonstrated to be effective. Immuno-oncology has arrived and will play a key role in the treatment of cancer for the foreseeable future. However, the search for novel methods to improve immune responses to cancer continues unabated. Toward this end, small molecules that can either reduce immune suppression in the tumor milieu or enhance activation of cytotoxic lymphocyte responses to the tumor are actively being pursued. Such novel treatment strategies might be used as monotherapies or combined with other cancer therapies to increase and broaden their efficacy. In this article, we provide an overview of small molecule immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer. Over the next decade and beyond, these approaches could further enhance our ability to harness the immune system to combat cancer and thus become additional weapons in the oncologist’s armory.
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Athletic Trainers: Collegiate Student-Athletes' Perceptions
Authors: Crossway Ashley , Rogers Sean M. , Nye Emma A. , Games Kenneth E. , Eberman Lindsey E. 
Published: December 2018

Context
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) athletic trainers (ATs) face uncertain acceptance in the workplace.

Objective
To examine the perceptions of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student-athletes toward ATs who identified as LGBTQ.

Design
Cross-sectional design.

Setting
Web-based survey.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 623 (males = 212, females = 403, other = 8; age = 19.7 ± 1.4 years) NCAA student-athletes completed the survey.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Participants completed a 19-item survey to assess their perceptions about the appropriateness of, quality of care from, and comfort with ATs who identified as LGBTQ. We asked 10 demographic questions and 2 questions regarding the student-athlete's exposure to individuals who identified as LGBTQ. Five matrix questions had 5 stems each to represent LGBTQ individuals on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) and 2 open-ended questions elicited qualitative data. We analyzed characteristics of central tendency to evaluate the level of appropriateness, quality of care, and level of comfort perceived by student-athletes of ATs who identified as LGBTQ. We used Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests for post hoc analyses where appropriate. We used grounded theory to identify themes in the answers to the open-ended questions.

Results
Participants indicated they would seek health care and would feel comfortable approaching an AT who identified as LGBTQ. Participants agreed it was appropriate for an LGBTQ AT to work with both male and female sports and did not agree that health care provided by heterosexual and LGBTQ ATs differed. The open-ended responses revealed 4 themes: professionalism, upbringing, situational concerns, and concerns about specific populations that affected their perceptions.

Conclusions
In general, the NCAA student-athletes had positive perceptions of ATs who identified as LGBTQ.
Buscando respuestas en lengua de signos
Authors: Iravedra Marta 
Published: December 2018

<p>Reseña de:</p><div data-canvas-width="103.76554711502894">BÁEZ MONTERO, I.C. y OTERO DOVAL, H. (eds.)</div><div data-canvas-width="220.75615810415272">Buscando respuestas en lengua de signos</div><div data-canvas-width="130.4937096577631">Lugo: Editorial Axac, 2015</div><p> </p><p> </p>
Once Upon an Algorithm
Authors: Erwig Martin 
Published: December 2018

How Hansel and Gretel, Sherlock Holmes, the movie Groundhog Day, Harry Potter, and other familiar stories illustrate the concepts of computing.
Picture a computer scientist, staring at a screen and clicking away frantically on a keyboard, hacking into a system, or perhaps developing an app. Now delete that picture. In Once Upon an Algorithm, Martin Erwig explains computation as something that takes place beyond electronic computers, and computer science as the study of systematic problem solving. Erwig points out that many daily activities involve problem solving. Getting up in the morning, for example: You get up, take a shower, get dressed, eat breakfast. This simple daily routine solves a recurring problem through a series of well-defined steps. In computer science, such a routine is called an algorithm.
Erwig illustrates a series of concepts in computing with examples from daily life and familiar stories. Hansel and Gretel, for example, execute an algorithm to get home from the forest. The movie Groundhog Day illustrates the problem of unsolvability; Sherlock Holmes manipulates data structures when solving a crime; the magic in Harry Potter's world is understood through types and abstraction; and Indiana Jones demonstrates the complexity of searching. Along the way, Erwig also discusses representations and different ways to organize data; “intractable” problems; language, syntax, and ambiguity; control structures, loops, and the halting problem; different forms of recursion; and rules for finding errors in algorithms.
This engaging book explains computation accessibly and shows its relevance to daily life. Something to think about next time we execute the algorithm of getting up in the morning.