bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Louse flies of Eleonora’s falcons that also feed on their prey are evolutionary dead‐end hosts for blood parasites
Authors: Gangoso Laura , Gutiérrez‐López Rafael , Martínez‐de la Puente Josué , Figuerola Jordi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHost shifts are widespread among avian haemosporidians, although the success of transmission depends upon parasite‐host and parasite‐vector compatibility. Insular avifaunas are typically characterized by a low prevalence and diversity of haemosporidians, although the underlying ecological and evolutionary processes remain unclear. We investigated the parasite transmission network in an insular system formed by Eleonora's falcons (the avian host), louse flies that parasitize the falcons (the potential vector), and haemosporidians (the parasites). We found a great diversity of parasites in louse flies (16 Haemoproteus and 6 Plasmodium lineages) that did not match with lineages previously found infecting adult falcons (only one shared lineage). Because Eleonora's falcon feeds on migratory passerines hunted over the ocean, we sampled falcon kills in search of the origin of parasites found in louse flies. Surprisingly, louse flies shared 10 of the 18 different parasite lineages infecting falcon kills. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all lineages found in louse flies (including five new lineages) corresponded to Haemoproteus and Plasmodium parasites infecting Passeriformes. We found molecular evidence of louse flies feeding on passerines hunted by falcons. The lack of infection in nestlings and the mismatch between the lineages isolated in adult falcons and louse flies suggest that despite louse flies’ contact with a diverse array of parasites, no successful transmission to Eleonora's falcon occurs. This could be due to the falcons’ resistance to infection, the inability of parasites to develop in these phylogenetically distant species, or the inability of haemosporidian lineages to complete their development in louse flies.
Density‐dependent fitness, not dispersal movements, drives temporal variation in spatial genetic structure in dark‐eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis)
Authors: Liebgold Eric B. , Gerlach Nicole M. , Ketterson Ellen D. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractSome studies have found that dispersal rates and distances increase with density, indicating that density‐dependent dispersal likely affects spatial genetic structure. In an 11‐year mark–recapture study on a passerine, the dark‐eyed junco, we tested whether density affected dispersal distance and/or fine‐scale spatial genetic structure. Contrary to expectations, we found no effect of predispersal density on dispersal distance or the proportion of locally produced juveniles returning to the population from which they hatched. However, even though density did not affect dispersal distance or natal return rates, we found that density still did affect spatial genetic structure. We found significant positive spatial genetic structure at low densities of (postdispersal) adults but not at high densities. In years with high postdispersal (adult) densities that also had high predispersal (juvenile) densities in the previous year, we found negative spatial genetic structure, indicating high levels of dispersal. We found that density also affected fitness of recruits, and fitness of immigrants, potentially linking these population parameters with the spatial genetic structure detected. Immigrants and recruits rarely nested in low postdispersal density years. In contrast, in years with high postdispersal density, recruits were common and immigrants had equal success to local birds, so novel genotypes diluted the gene pool and effectively eliminated positive spatial genetic structure. In relation to fine‐scale spatial genetic structure, fitness of immigrants and new recruits is poorly understood compared to dispersal movements, but we conclude that it can have implications for the spatial distribution of genotypes in populations.
Class II contact‐dependent growth inhibition (CDI) systems allow for broad‐range cross‐species toxin delivery within the Enterobacteriaceae family
Authors: Virtanen Petra , Wäneskog Marcus , Koskiniemi Sanna 
Published: February 2019

SummaryContact‐dependent growth inhibition (CDI) allows bacteria to recognize kin cells in mixed bacterial populations. In Escherichia coli, CDI mediated effector delivery has been shown to be species‐specific, with a preference for the own strain over others. This specificity is achieved through an interaction between a receptor‐binding domain in the CdiA protein and its cognate receptor protein on the target cell. But how conserved this specificity is has not previously been investigated in detail. Here, we show that class II CdiA receptor‐binding domains and their Enterobacter cloacae analog are highly promiscuous, and can allow for efficient effector delivery into several different Enterobacteriaceae species, including Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Salmonella spp. In addition, although we observe a preference for the own receptors over others for two of the receptor‐binding domains, this did not limit cross‐species effector delivery in all experimental conditions. These results suggest that class II CdiA proteins could allow for broad‐range and cross‐species growth inhibition in mixed bacterial populations.
Markov Switching Oil Price Uncertainty
Authors: Serletis Apostolos , Xu Libo 
Published: February 2019

AbstractWe investigate whether the United States economy responds negatively to oil price uncertainty and whether oil price shocks exert asymmetric effects on economic activity. In doing so, we relax the assumption in the existing literature that the data are governed by a single process, modifying the Elder and Serletis (2010) bivariate structural GARCH‐in‐Mean VAR to accommodate Markov regime switching in order to account for changing oil price dynamics over the sample period. We find evidence of asymmetries, against those macroeconomic theories that predict symmetries in the relationship between real aggregate economic activity and the real price of oil.
The education of nurses working in care homes for older people: An Appreciative Inquiry
Authors: Jack Kirsten , Tetley Josie , Chambers Alison 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimTo explore the education and developmental needs of care home nursing staff.BackgroundWith an increasing ageing population, the need for high‐quality care provision is set to rise and will require nursing staff with the desired knowledge, skills and values. However, multiple concerns have been identified when considering the development of nurses working in care homes. Moreover, challenges in the care home sector have also contributed to a situation where some nurses view care home work as being of low status and choose this work to fit around other commitments, rather than viewing it as a viable career pathway.MethodA qualitative approach based on the principles of Appreciative Inquiry. Fifteen participants working in five care homes with nursing, based in England (UK), took part in this study. Data were collected during 2016–2017 and involved managerial, qualified and unqualified staff.ResultsData analysis revealed three distinct themes: an effective learning environment; the care home as a nursing student placement; and the need for financial investment. These themes were found to have the most influence on the development and education of care home nursing staff.ConclusionThis research provides important insights into the care home as an educational environment, not only for nursing students but also for those employees already working in such settings. Exploration of the ways in which higher education organisations and care home teams could collaborate more closely could be mutually beneficial to the quality of care and to raising the profile of care home work.Implications for practiceCare homes can provide a rich learning environment for both staff and nursing students. Collaboration and appreciative ways of working enhance opportunities for developing practice and care.
Improving the Identification of Antigenic Sites in the H1N1 Influenza Virus Through Accounting for the Experimental Structure in a Sparse Hierarchical Bayesian Model
Authors: Davies Vinny , Harvey William T. , Reeve Richard , Husmeier Dirk 
Published: February 2019

SummaryUnderstanding how genetic changes allow emerging virus strains to escape the protection afforded by vaccination is vital for the maintenance of effective vaccines. We use structural and phylogenetic differences between pairs of virus strains to identify important antigenic sites on the surface of the influenza A(H1N1) virus through the prediction of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titre: pairwise measures of the antigenic similarity of virus strains. We propose a sparse hierarchical Bayesian model that can deal with the pairwise structure and inherent experimental variability in the H1N1 data through the introduction of latent variables. The latent variables represent the underlying HI titre measurement of any given pair of virus strains and help to account for the fact that, for any HI titre measurement between the same pair of virus strains, the difference in the viral sequence remains the same. Through accurately representing the structure of the H1N1 data, the model can select virus sites which are antigenic, while its latent structure achieves the computational efficiency that is required to deal with large virus sequence data, as typically available for the influenza virus. In addition to the latent variable model, we also propose a new method, the block-integrated widely applicable information criterion biWAIC, for selecting between competing models. We show how this enables us to select the random effects effectively when used with the model proposed and we apply both methods to an A(H1N1) data set.
Catching aggression from one's peers: A longitudinal and multilevel analysis
Authors: Jung Janis , Busching Robert , Krahé Barbara 
Published: February 2019

AbstractExposure to peer aggression is a major risk factor for the development of aggressive behavior in childhood and adolescence. Furthermore, peer aggression has the propensity to spread and affect individuals who were not exposed to the original source of aggression. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that peer aggression is in many regards similar to a contagious disease. By presenting a program of research based on longitudinal and multilevel studies, we provide evidence for the contagious quality of aggressive behavior, show that individuals vary in their susceptibility to peer aggression, and describe group‐level characteristics that moderate the influence of peer aggression. We discuss mechanisms that may explain how individuals catch aggressive behavior from their peers and how the effects on the development of individuals' aggressive behavior unfold over time. Further, we examine processes that may increase the risk of being exposed to peers' aggressive behavior. We conclude with discussing implications for future studies on the contagious nature of peer aggression.
The determination of total phosphorus improves the accuracy of the bicarbonate extraction as an availability index
Authors: Recena Ramiro , Díaz‐de la Torre Isabel , García‐López Ana M. , Delgado Antonio 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe efficient use of phosphorus (P) in agriculture should rely on accurate soil P tests (SPT). Organic P contributes to P supply to plants; however, it is not usually taken into account in assessing P fertilizer requirements. We hypothesized that there would be an increased accuracy of bicarbonate extraction as SPT in predicting P uptake by plants if total P (TP) in this soil extract is taken into account. We conducted a soil P depletion experiment with 36 soils involving four consecutive crops in pots. Molybdate‐reactive P (MRP) and total P were determined in extracts centrifuged at 19,000 g (Bic‐MRPC and Bic‐TPC) or not (Bic‐MRP and Bic‐TP). MRP in extracts explained <47% of the variance in the cumulative P uptake, while total P (centrifuged at 19,000 g or not) provided the most accurate estimation of P uptake (59% with Bic‐TP) and threshold values for fertilizer response (R2 = 0.58 with Bic‐TPc). When soils were separated in two groups according to their Ca carbonate equivalent to clay ratio, the variance in the cumulative P uptake explained by Bic‐MRP was above 63%, and that explained by Bic‐TP was above 73%. This separation also enabled more realistic estimation of the threshold values for fertilizer response. It can be concluded that the use of total P instead of MRP in bicarbonate extraction was promising in terms of improving its accuracy in assessing P fertilizer requirements.
Prevention and surveillance of surgical infections: A review
Authors: Burgess Brandy A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractOptimal patient care cannot be realized without effectively managing risks related to healthcare‐associated infections (HAI). Among human hospital admissions in the United States in 2002, there were approximately 4.5 HAI per 100 admissions, with surgical site infections (SSI) accounting for an estimated 20%, or approximately 2 SSI per 100 procedures. When considering the occurrence of disease in a population, it is important to remember that disease does not occur randomly in populations. Therefore, when thinking about managing risks associated with the occurrence of SSI, consideration should be given to key factors in disease development (the agent, the host, and the environment), and a multifaceted approach to prevention efforts should be considered, including the identification of high‐risk populations, adherence to aseptic principles, judicious use of antimicrobial drugs, and surveillance targeting SSI to better inform infection control practices within a facility. Although not all HAI are preventable, it is important to focus efforts on the preventable fraction and to take all reasonable precautions to mitigate foreseeable risks.
Field analysis of PSA O2–ozone production process for water recycling
Authors: Watcharasuwanseree Supawat , Phalakornkule Chantaraporn 
Published: February 2019

AbstractThe use of an oxygen generator based on pressure swing adsorption technology (PSA) has been investigated as an alternative method for supplying oxygen for onsite ozone production. During the investigation period of 1040 h, the oxygen purity from the PSA process fluctuated within a range of 90.5–93 O2% (v/v). Using the working ratio of 2.8 mol of O2 to 1 m3 of raw water, the PSA process in series with a corona discharge ozone generator yielded an oxidation–reduction potential of ca. 200 mV and a concentration of 22.8 mg/L dissolved oxygen. The average efficiency of the raw water treatment was as follows: 47% chemical oxygen demand removal, 78% biological oxygen demand removal, 36% sulphide removal and 34% colour removal. The operating cost of the PSA O2 generation was reduced 3 times compared with the cost of high‐pressure oxygen cylinders.
Impact of a Hospital Evidence‐Based Practice Center (EPC) on Nursing Policy and Practice
Authors: Lavenberg Julia G. , Cacchione Pamela Z. , Jayakumar Kishore L. , Leas Brian F. , Mitchell Matthew D. , Mull Nikhil K. , Umscheid Craig A. 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn 2006, our healthcare system created a hospital Evidence‐based Practice Center (EPC) to support the local delivery of high‐quality, safe and high value patient care. Since then, the importance of healthcare staff work life has also been highlighted, and together these four elements form the Quadruple Aim framework. Synergistic to this Aim, the Magnet® program promotes and recognizes organizational nursing excellence.ObjectiveTo examine the EPC's work to inform nursing policy and practice in support of the goals of the Quadruple Aim framework and Magnet® designation.MethodsMethods used included the following: (1) descriptive analysis of the hospital EPC's database of rapid reviews; and (2) administration of a 40‐item electronic questionnaire to nurses who requested an EPC review during fiscal years (FY) 2015 and 2016.ResultsOf 308 rapid reviews completed in the EPC's first 10 years, 59 (19%) addressed nursing topics. The proportion of reviews relevant to nursing increased from 5% (2/39) in the center's first 2 years to 44% (25/60) in FY 2015–2016. The majority of nursing reviews (39/59) examined processes of care. Of 23 nurses eligible to participate in the survey, 21 responded (91%). Nurses with administrative or managerial responsibilities requested 70% of reviews; clinical nurse specialists and bedside nurses requested 17% and 9%, respectively. Reviews were used to support clinical program development (48%), provide clinical guidance (33%), update nursing policies or procedures (24%) and develop training and curricula (24%). Nurses were satisfied with the hospital EPC reviews (mean; 4.7/5), and 95% indicated they were likely to request a future review.Linking Evidence to ActionA dedicated hospital EPC in partnership with nursing offers a unique mechanism for promoting a culture of evidence‐based practice. Nurses at all organizational levels use the services of a hospital EPC to inform nursing policy and practice and are highly satisfied with the process, supporting the Quadruple Aim and Magnet® designation.
Fractional Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for functions whose derivatives are extended s-(?,m)-preinvex
Authors: Meftah Badreddine , Souahi Abdourazek 
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we introduce the class of extended s-(alpha,m)-preinvex functions. We establish a new fractional integral identity and derive some new fractional Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities for functions whose derivatives are in this novel class of function.
Effects of inspiratory muscle strength and inspiratory resistance on neck inspiratory muscle activation during controlled inspirations
Authors: Washino Sohei , Mankyu Hirotoshi , Kanehisa Hiroaki , Mayfield Dean L. , Cresswell Andrew G. , Yoshitake Yasuhide 
Published: February 2019

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What factors influence the onset and magnitude of activation of the neck inspiratory muscles during inspiration?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Recruitment of the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles during inspiration, measured by means of surface EMG, was strongly correlated with maximal inspiratory pressure. This result indicates that muscle recruitment depends on the capacity of an individual to generate inspiratory pressure. Surface measurements of neck inspiratory muscle EMG activity might complement tests currently used for the screening of respiratory‐related disease.

AbstractThe aims of the present study were as follows: (i) to examine the relationship between the onset of recruitment of the neck inspiratory muscles and inspiratory muscle strength; and (ii) to clarify the effect of inspiratory resistance on neck inspiratory muscle activation during inspiration at specific flow rates and to specific lung volumes. Inspiratory muscle strength, as indicated by maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and peak inspiratory flow rate (PFR) were measured in healthy participants. Subsequently, participants inspired at target inspiratory flow rates between 20 and 100% of PFR as closely as possible, with and without artificial inspiratory resistance. Electromyographic activity (EMGRMS) of the sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles was measured from surface electrodes at each target flow rate for each 10% increment of forced vital capacity (FVC) between 20 and 50% of FVC. Recruitment onset for each muscle was determined from %PFR–EMGRMS curves at each lung volume (%FVC). Finally, linear regression analyses were performed for MIP and recruitment onset for each muscle at each %FVC. Recruitment onset during inspiration without inspiratory resistance was strongly correlated with MIP (r > 0.60, P < 0.040). Specifically, a lower MIP was associated with earlier muscle recruitment (i.e. recruitment at a lower flow rate), especially for the sternocleidomastoid muscle (r > 0.75, P < 0.005). Recruitment of both neck inspiratory muscles at a given flow rate was also earlier when inspiratory resistance was added (P = 0.002). These results indicate that the recruitment and activation of the neck inspiratory muscles depends on both inspiratory muscle strength and inspiratory resistance.
A computational investigation of the ventilation structure and maximum rate of metabolism for a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of inhaled xylene
Authors: Yokley Karen A , Ashcraft Jaclyn , Luke Nicholas S 
Published: February 2019

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are systems of ordinary differential equations that estimate internal doses following exposure to toxicants. Most PBPK models use standard equations to describe inhalation and concentrations in blood. This study extends previous work investigating the effect of the structure of air and blood concentration equations on PBPK predictions. The current study uses an existing PBPK model of xylene to investigate if different values for the maximum rate of toxicant metabolismВ can result in similar compartmental predictions when used with different equations describing inhalation. Simulations are performed using values based on existing literature. Simulated data is also used to determine specific values that result in similar predictions from different ventilation structures. Differences in ventilation equation structure may affect parameter estimates found through inverse problems, although further investigation is needed with more complicated models.
Numerical Nonlinear Analysis for Dynamic Stability of an Ankle-Hip Model of Balance on a Balance Board
Authors: Chumacero-Polanco Erik , Yang James , Chagdes James 
Published: February 2019

Abstract
Study of human upright posture (UP) stability is of great relevance to fall prevention and rehabilitation, especially for those with balance deficits for whom a balance board (BB) is a widely used mechanism to improve balance. The stability of the human-BB system has been widely investigated from a dynamical system point of view. However, most studies assume small disturbances, which allow to linearize the nonlinear human-BB dynamical system, neglecting the effect of the nonlinear terms on the stability. Such assumption has been useful to simplify the system and use bifurcation analyses to determine local dynamic stability properties. However, dynamic stability analysis results through such linearization of the system have not been verified. Moreover, bifurcation analyses cannot provide insight on dynamical behaviors for different points within the stable and unstable regions. In this study, we numerically solve the nonlinear delay differential equation that describes the human-BB dynamics for a range of selected parameters (proprioceptive feedback and time-delays). The resulting solutions in time domain are used to verify the stability properties given by the bifurcation analyses and to compare different dynamical behaviors within the regions. Results show that the selected bifurcation parameters have significant impacts not only on UP stability but also on the amplitude, frequency, and increasing or decaying rate of the resulting trajectory solutions.