bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cry the Fool
Authors: Kushner Saville 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIn this brief essay written for an AEA 2012 presentation, Saville Kushner summarizes poetically how his experiences learning to evaluate as a young Jew in a Christian community in England have influenced his approach to formal evaluation throughout his life. See the interview document here: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/ev.20310/suppinfo. Read only. This should not be used in any form without explicit permission from the author.
A separate reduced‐form volatility forecasting model for nonferrous metal market: Evidence from copper and aluminum
Authors: Zhang Hongwei , Zhu Xuehong , Guo Yaoqi , Liu Haibo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis article extends the HAR‐CJN model proposed by Andersen, Bollerslev, and Huang (Journal of Econometrics, 2011, 160, 176–189) and explores the role of overnight information and leverage effects in improving volatility forecasting. To explore the interaction between different components of daily volatility, this paper attempts to separately model the dynamics of continuous variation, the discontinuous jump, and the overnight return variance by including leverage effects. The findings show that lagged continuous and discontinuous jump variations generate significant impacts on future continuous segments, discontinuous jump segments, and the overnight return variance. Furthermore, in addition to the usual leverage effects, additional leverage effects with respect to overnight returns are found to play a significant role in volatility forecasting. Finally, out‐of‐sample forecasts are investigated; the results show that the new HAR‐CJN model can describe and predict daily volatility more accurately than other HAR models.
Longitudinal profile of the Upper Weihe River: Evidence for the late Cenozoic uplift of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Shi Xiaohui , Yang Zhao , Dong Yunpeng , Wang Shidi , He Dengfeng , Zhou Bo 
Published: April 2018

The Upper Weihe River (UP‐WHR) basin is located along the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. With the northeastward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau since the late Cenozoic, it has involved foreland propagation and undergone obvious surface uplift. In order to determine the latest differential rock uplift and river incision, longitudinal profiles for 12 major tributaries of the UP‐WHR were extracted. Among them, 11 tributaries display uneven profiles with “slope‐break” knickpoints, suggesting that they are in a transient state and that the change in base level caused by tectonic forces may respond to the channel evolution. In addition, channel steepness index (ksn) was calculated to detect the spatial variations of the rock uplift rate. The results show that the north margin of West Qinling (WQL) and the south Liupan Shan (LPS) areas have a high uplift rate. Reconstruction of the paleochannel indicates that the Weihe River has an average incision of 354 ± 130 m since it formed, and the south tributaries have a higher incision of 144 ± 25 m than the north. An average river erosion rate of 0.25–0.3 m/ka was estimated, the WQL has a higher erosion rate of 0.1–0.12 m/ka than Longzhong Basin and the south LPS. This uplift and river incision can be correlated to the northeastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau since the late Cenozoic.
Abortion Bans, Doctors, and the Criminalization of Patients
Authors: Oberman Michelle 
Published: April 2018

AbstractJanuary 2018, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology issued a position statement opposing the punishment of women for self‐induced abortion. To those unfamiliar with emerging trends in abortion in the United States and worldwide, the need for the declaration might not be apparent. Several studies suggest that self‐induced abortion is on the rise in the United States. Simultaneously, prosecutions of pregnant women for behavior thought to harm the fetus are increasing. The ACOG statement responds to both trends by urging doctors to honor the integrity and confidentiality inherent in the doctor‐patient relationship.Seen in the context of the larger battle over legal abortion, the statement has far broader implications. By acknowledging the role doctors play in enforcing pregnancy‐related crimes, the ACOG position statement wisely anticipates the ways in which doctors will be implicated should access to legal abortion be further restricted. To understand the need for the ACOG directive, you must first understand that the story of what will happen if abortion becomes a crime in the United States is not to be found in history books; it is staring at us across our southern border.
Organ Transplantation and the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act: A Fifty‐Year Perspective
Authors: Sadler Blair L. , Sadler Alfred M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractFifty years ago this summer, the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act was adopted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and approved by the American Bar Association. The UAGA has provided a sound and stable legal platform on which to base an effective nationwide organ donation system. The cardinal principles of altruism, autonomy, and public trust are still important. At a time when confidence and trust in our government and many private institutions has declined, maintaining trust and confidence in our health care system and its commitment to “first, do no harm” has never been more important. Any policies that override these core ethical principles could cause irreparable damage to the public's faith in our transplant system. While progress has been made to increase organ registration and the number of organs transplanted, much more must be done to realize the potential of life‐saving therapy without jeopardizing ethical principles.
The Right to Know: A Revised Standard for Reporting Incidental Findings
Authors: Schaefer G. Owen , Savulescu Julian 
Published: April 2018

AbstractDuring the course of biomedical research, researchers sometimes obtain information on participants that is outside the aim of the study but may nonetheless be relevant to the participants. These incidental findings, as they are known, have been the focus of a substantial amount of discussion in the bioethics literature, and a consensus has begun to emerge about what researchers should do in light of the possibility of incidental findings. A consensus, however, is not necessarily correct. In this article, we address the common view that reporting of incidental findings should be based primarily on the possibility of medical benefit, factoring in the findings’ validity, clinical actionability, and significance to health or reproduction. While such medical beneficence should not be discarded, the need to give proper attention to participants’ autonomy, privacy, and interests (especially considering discussion of participants’ right not to know) suggests an alternative standard for when to report incidental findings: even if they are of no direct medical benefit, incidental findings should be reported based on the extent to which the participant can be expected to comprehend the information. We will offer a preliminary defense of this alternative as best respecting participants’ autonomy and privacy and promoting their interests. However, we acknowledge that the standard would face significant practical barriers, and these barriers lead us to propose a metaconsent addendum that would allow subjects to essentially waive the comprehension standard when resource or other constraints make meeting it impracticable.
Contingent Faculty at For‐Profit Institutions
Authors: Proper Eve 
Published: April 2018

AbstractMost instruction at for‐profit institutions is conducted by contingency faculty. This chapter will examine who contingency faculty are and how they have helped for‐profits be the fastest growing higher education sector for the last 20 years. This chapter will also examine how having a majority of part‐time faculty may also have negative impacts, including on accreditation.
Tissue influx of neutrophils and monocytes is delayed during development of trovafloxacin‐induced tumor necrosis factor‐dependent liver injury in mice
Authors: Giustarini Giulio , Kruijssen Laura , van Roest Manon , Bleumink Rob , Weaver Richard J. , Bol‐Schoenmakers Marianne , Smit Joost , Pieters Raymond 
Published: April 2018

AbstractIdiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury (iDILI) has a poorly understood pathogenesis. However, iDILI is often associated with inflammatory stress signals in human patients as well as animal models. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and neutrophils play a key role in onset of trovafloxacin (TVX)‐induced iDILI, but the exact role of neutrophils and other leukocytes remains to be defined. We therefore set out to study the kinetics of immunological changes during the development of TVX‐induced iDILI in the established murine model of acute liver injury induced by administration of TVX and TNF. Initially, TNF stimulated the appearance of leukocytes, in particular neutrophils, into the liver of TVX‐treated mice, but even more so in control mice treated with the non‐DILI inducing analogue levofloxacin (LVX) or saline as vehicle (Veh). This difference was apparent at 2 hours after TNF administration, but at 4 hours, the relative neutrophil amounts were reduced again in Veh‐ and LVX‐treated mice whereas the amounts in TVX‐treated mice remained at the same increased level as at 2 hours. The influx of monocytes/macrophages, which was unaffected in Veh‐ and LVX‐treated mice was markedly reduced or even absent in TVX‐treated mice. Unlike controls, mice receiving TVX + TNF display severe hepatotoxicity with clear pathology and apoptosis, coagulated hepatic vessels and increased alanine aminotransferase levels and interleukin 6/10 ratios. Findings indicate that TVX delays the acute influx of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. Considering their known anti‐inflammatory functions, the disruption of influx of these innate immune cells may hamper the resolution of initial cytotoxic effects of TVX and thus contribute to liver injury development.
Multifunctional properties of novel tacrine congeners: cholinesterase inhibition and cytotoxic activity
Authors: Sabolová Danica , Kristian Pavol , Kožurková Mária 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThis review describes the synthesis of a wide range of novel tetrahydroacridine derivatives (tiocyanates, selenocyanates, ureas, selenoureas, thioureas, isothioureas, disulfides, diselenides and several tacrine homo‐ and hetro‐hybrids). These tacrine congeners exhibit significant anticholinesterase and cytotoxic properties and may therefore be of considerable potential for the development of new drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Volumetric Bone Mineral Density and Failure Load of Distal Limbs Predict Incident Clinical Fracture Independent of FRAX and Clinical Risk Factors Among Older Men
Authors: Langsetmo Lisa , Peters Katherine W , Burghardt Andrew J , Ensrud Kristine E , Fink Howard A , Cawthon Peggy M , Cauley Jane A , Schousboe John T , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Orwoll Eric S ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT

Our objective was to determine the associations of peripheral bone strength and microarchitecture with incident clinical and major osteoporotic fracture among older men after adjusting for major clinical risk factors. We used a prospective cohort study design with data from 1794 men (mean age 84.4 years) in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Eligible men attended the year 14 visit, had high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) scans of the distal radius and distal or diaphyseal tibia, DXA measured BMD, and were followed for mean 1.7 years for incident fracture. Failure load was estimated using finite element analysis. We used Cox proportional hazards models with standardized HR-pQCT parameters as exposure variables. Primary outcome was clinical fracture (n = 108). Covariates included either Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) major osteoporotic fracture probability calculated with BMD (FRAX-BMD), or individual clinical risk factors (CRF) including age, total hip BMD, race, falls, and prevalent fracture after age 50 years. Lower failure load was associated with higher risk of incident clinical fracture and incident major osteoporotic fracture. For clinical fracture with FRAX-BMD adjustment, the associations ranged from hazard ratio (HR) 1.58 (95% CI, 1.25 to 2.01) to 2.06 (95% CI, 1.60 to 2.66) per SD lower failure load at the diaphyseal tibia and distal radius. These associations were attenuated after adjustment for individual CRFs, but remained significant at the distal sites. Associations of volumetric BMD with these outcomes were similar to those for failure load. At the distal radius, lower trabecular BMD, number, and thickness, and lower cortical BMD, thickness, and area were all associated with higher risk of clinical fracture, but cortical porosity was not. Among community-dwelling older men, HR-pQCT measures including failure load, volumetric BMD, and microstructure parameters at peripheral sites (particularly distal radius) are robust independent predictors of clinical and major osteoporotic fracture. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Accuracy of 2D shear wave elastography in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Abe Tamami , Kuroda Hidekatsu , Fujiwara Yudai , Yoshida Yuichi , Miyasaka Akio , Kamiyama Naohisa , Takikawa Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2018

AbstractPurposeThis prospective study was conducted to assess the diagnostic accuracy of two‐dimensional shear wave elastography (2D SWE) in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatitis C virus (HCV) compared with the serum liver fibrosis biomarkers using the results of liver biopsy as the reference standard.MethodsWe analyzed 233 consecutive HCV patients. On the same day, 2D SWE m, biochemical tests, and liver biopsy were performed. We used the METAVIR staging system and receiver operating characteristic curves for the analysis.ResultsThe success rate of 2D‐SWE was 98.7%. The median shear wave velocities (SWVs) of patients in the F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4 stages were 1.35 m/s, 1.42 m/s, 1.58 m/s, 1.83 m/s, and 2.13 m/s, respectively, demonstrating a stepwise increase (P < .0001). The accuracy of 2D‐SWE in the prediction of ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 was .888 (95% CI: .85‐.93), .915 (95% CI: .88‐095), .940 (95% CI: .91‐.97), and .949 (95% CI: .92‐.97), respectively. 2D‐SWE was significantly superior to serum liver fibrosis biomarkers.Conclusion2D‐SWE was positively correlated with the severity of liver fibrosis and was more useful for to predict all liver fibrosis grades in HCV patients than liver fibrosis biomarkers.
Zooming Out from the Struggling Individual Student: An Account of the Cultural Construction of Engineering Ability in an Undergraduate Programming Class
Authors: Secules Stephen , Gupta Ayush , Elby Andrew , Turpen Chandra 
Published: April 2018

AbstractBackgroundTo explain educational problems such as student attrition, engineering education literature often focuses on the characteristics of individuals. In 2006, Ray McDermott and Hervé Varenne called for examining the “cultural construction” of educational problems, uncovering how multiple actors create and inscribe meaning to the educational problem.PurposeWe apply the cultural construction framework to examine how the educational problem of a student being “not cut out for engineering” is constructed within the context of a specific electrical engineering course. We focus on culturally taken‐for‐granted course structures, practices, and interactions, all of which produce the local enactment of this common educational problem.MethodWe used ethnographic methods, including field‐noted participant observations, one‐on‐one participant interviews, and video‐recorded student work on lab assignments. Coordinating multiple data streams enabled us to question explanations couched in terms of individual ability and background, and to illustrate how ability hierarchies were constructed in the educational context.ResultsOur findings illustrate how several mundane and seemingly innocuous aspects of engineering classrooms add up to construct the educational problem of our focal student as “not cut out” for engineering. Contributions to this construction included lecture seating positions, interactional norms in lecture and lab, and labels made meaningful through institutional and interactional processes.ConclusionsThe forces at play in constructing educational problems for students are deeply embedded in institutions, disciplines, and society, making it difficult to generate a simple list of instructional interventions. We highlight cultural construction analysis as a potentially fruitful orientation for researchers and practitioners to find the particular sites and tools for local intervention.
Electron microscopic observations of stomata, epicuticular waxes, and papillae in Chamaecyparis obtusa: Reconsidering the traditional concept of Y‐shaped white stomatal bands
Authors: Kim Ki Woo 
Published: April 2018

AbstractThe foliar morphological characters of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) were revisited using optical and scanning electron microscopy. In C. obtusa, typical Y‐shaped white stomatal bands were evident on the abaxial leaf surfaces. Two facial leaves and two lateral leaves were observed at the same node. Waxy papillae and oval stomata were arranged in two or three rows with protuberant rims on the abaxial leaf surfaces. Higher magnifications revealed the deposition of epicuticular waxes (tubules) on the Y‐shaped white stomatal bands. Given the absence of stomatal bands after dewaxing with organic solvents, the white stomatal bands in C. obtusa were related to the epicuticular waxes rather than the presence of aggregated stomata alone. In contrast to C. obtusa, a single median leaf and two lateral leaves were observed at the same node of oriental arborvitae (Platycladus koraiensis). Neither stomatal bands nor papillae were observed on P. koraiensis leaves. The stomatal density and epicuticular waxes in the stomatal regions of C. obtusa were higher than those of P. koraiensis. This study suggests that the traditional concept of Y‐shaped white stomatal bands in C. obtusa should be revised to describe the arrangement of the aggregated waxy stomata that occur in rows.
Subclinical cardiac perforation caused by a Micra™ leadless pacemaker
Authors: Togashi Ikuko , Sato Toshiaki , Hoshida Kyoko , Soejima Kyoko 
Published: April 2018

AbstractA subclinical cardiac perforation by a device cup of the Micra™ transcatheter pacing system was suspected in a 78‐year‐old woman. During the procedure, the device cup was placed on the septum. The contrast media was injected before device deployment and remained outside of the myocardium. Later, a cardiac computed tomography scan visualized a protruded diverticular structure on the right ventricle. The contrast material remained in a pouch within the pericardium. To ensure the device is oriented away from the border between the right ventricular septum and the free wall, right anterior oblique view should be carefully reviewed before deployment.
Raman scattering and phase transitions in (NH4)3TiF7
Authors: Gerasimova Y.V. , Oreshonkov A.S. , Laptash N.M. , Krylov A.S. , Aliev A.R. , Roginskii E.M. 
Published: April 2018

AbstractRaman spectra of (NH4)3TiF7 within spectral range 10–3,400 cm−1 at temperatures 8–370 K are recorded, which revealed 2 phase transitions at temperatures T1 = 355 K and T2 = 283 K. First principles calculations of lattice dynamics and assignment of the observed lines to specific vibrational types are performed. The first phase transition is classified as an “order–disorder” one. Manifestation of 97 cm−1 vibration (mixed translational [NH4 + F7]) evidences the creation of the hydrogen bond between ammonium group and free fluorine atom, indicating to reconstructive type of phase transition an T2 = 283 K. The emergence of a large number of vibrational lines in Raman spectra at low temperatures proves symmetry lowering of NH4 tetrahedra with the simultaneous ordering of TiF6 octahedra.
Biodegradable Lubricants: What Does ‘Biodegradable’ Really Mean?
Authors: Battersby N.S. 
Published: April 2018

A minimum level of biodegradability for either the base fluid(s) or the formulated product is stipulated in all the major schemes for defining an environmentally acceptable lubricant (EAL). Unfortunately, there are many standard tests for assessing biodegradability, while differences in the test conditions and how biodegradation is measured (e.g., carbon dioxide evolution, oxygen consumption, loss of parent material) affect the level of biodegradation measured. This means that the stated biodegradability of the base fluid (or any other component) of an EAL will be dependent on both its molecular properties and the test method used.This paper describes suitable test methods for assessing the biodegradability of EALs and gives examples of the confusion that can arise with the different test methods. It is recommended that ‘biodegradable’ for an EAL is defined as achieving at least 60% ThCO2 (net CO2 production as percentage of theoretical maximum) after 28 days, when tested according to OECD Test Guideline 301 B (CO2 evolution test).
Friction and Wear of Self‐Lubricating Polyimides in Vacuum and Air to High Temperatures
Authors: Merstallinger A. , Gaillard L. , Bieringer H. , Kubinger E. , Brenner J. 
Published: April 2018

In an increasing number of tribosystems, liquid lubrication cannot be applied or its application has to be avoided for environmental reasons. Examples include both plain bearings and linear guides used in space applications and in industrial vacuum production devices, e.g., for flat screens. Demand has also grown to raise the upper working temperatures of tribosystems and vacuum tribometers to around 300°C.For these reasons, a new formulation of polyimide (P84‐HT) for higher temperatures has been developed. Composites (Sintimid) with selected fillers (MoS2, graphite, polytetrafluoroethylene, carbon fibres) were previously tested as to their general properties (physical, thermal, mechanical, vacuum stability) in temperatures up to 300°C and as regards the ECSS requirements for materials for operation in space (vacuum). The Sintimid compounds were successfully qualified according to these considerations. This paper reports a study of their mechanical properties and friction and wear behaviour. In particular. the influence of environmental parameters ‐ atmosphere and temperature ‐ and load are discussed and compared to other known materials, e.g., Vespel SP3. The tribological results are discussed in terms of the different filler types and their combinations.