bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BİR MİKROFİNANS MODELİ OLARAK OSMANLI PARA VAKIFLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRMALI ANALİZİ: EDİRNE, FİLİBE, SELANİK, TEKİRDAĞ VE ÜSKÜP PARA VAKIFLARI
Authors: Tuğrul Mehmet , Bulut Mehmet 
Published: July 2018

Balkan şehirlerinin, 1300’lü yıllardan itibaren Osmanlılar tarafından fethiyle birlikte, sosyal, ekonomik, idari vb. açılardan hızlı bir gelişme gösterdikleri çeşitli çalışmalarla ortaya konulmuştur. Balkan şehirlerinin gelişiminin gözlemlenmesinde en önemli veriler vakıflar ve vakfiyeler aracılığıyla elde edilmektedir. Hanların, kervansarayların inşasında ve işletilmesinde, küçük ya da büyük müteşebbislerin desteklenmesinde, mudaraba ortaklıklarının oluşmasında ve bunun gibi birçok ekonomik faaliyetin inkişafında, vakıfların bir uygulaması olan para vakıflarının önemli rolü olmuştur. Yukarıda bahsi geçen gelişmelerin izlenebilmesi için, VGM Arşivi’nde ve şer’iyye sicillerinde bulunan vakfiyelerinden hareketle, Bulgaristan’ın Filibe, Makedonya’nın Üsküp, Yunanistan’ın Selanik ve Türkiye’den de Edirne, Tekirdağ gibi önemli Osmanlı Balkan şehirlerinde kurulmuş para vakıflarının mikrofinans modeli olarak karşılaştırmalı analizi yapılacaktır.
Variation in anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation between English clinical commissioning groups: an observational study
Authors: Robson John , Homer Kate , Ahmed Zaheer , Antoniou Sotiris 
Published: July 2018

BackgroundDespite improvement in anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation (AF), substantial variation in anticoagulation persists between clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) and regions in England.AimTo identify reasons for variation between English CCGs in anticoagulation for AF.Design and settingA 4-year observational study from 2012/2013 to 2015/2016, of the national Quality and Outcomes Framework.MethodMultiple regression and Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to analyse anticoagulation for AF in relation to older age, Index of Multiple Deprivation, prescription of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs), and exception reporting, as well as stroke hospital admission and mortality.ResultsThe proportion of eligible patients in England prescribed anticoagulants for AF without exceptions for clinical complexity or patient dissent increased from 65.1% in 2012/2013 to 77.9% in 2015/2016. In 2015, 290 920 additional eligible people were anticoagulated in association with use of the CHA2DS2VASc rather than CHADS2 score. From 2012 to 2015, exception reporting almost halved from 20% to 10.2%. Variation in CCG anticoagulation was not associated with deprivation or NOAC use. There was a strong negative association between exception reporting representing patient complexity and anticoagulation performance, accounting for 57% of the variation in anticoagulation without exceptions (multiple regression coefficient = −0.81; 95% confidence intervals = −0.92 to −0.71; P<0.001).ConclusionAnticoagulation for AF has improved substantially in England in association with considerable increases in the eligible population as a result of decreased exception reporting and the use of the CHA2DS2VASc score. There is still substantial room for improvement in most CCGs because, even allowing for exceptions, nine out of 10 CCGs failed to achieve 90% anticoagulation.
Puppy Sacrifice and Cynophagy from Early Philistine Tel Miqne-Ekron Contextualized
Authors: Lev-Tov Justin , Killebrew Ann E. , Greenfield Haskel J. , Brown Annie 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe discovery of a sacrificed puppy at Tel Miqne-Ekron, a major Philistine settlement in Israel's southern coastal plain, highlights the role of dogs in Iron I Philistia. Though dog sacrifice is described in Hittite religious texts and attested in lands bordering the Aegean during the second–first millennia BCE, evidence for this practice, or even of dog bones, is largely absent from Late Bronze and non-Philistine Iron I (ca. 1550–1000 BCE) Levantine contexts. What distinguishes the Tel Miqne-Ekron puppy interment from later Persian- and Hellenistic-period dog burials, is the placement of its severed head between its hind legs. Microscopic analyses of cut marks on several vertebrae indicate that the iron knife found nearby was likely used in its decapitation. This article examines the Tel Miqne-Ekron puppy burial within its eastern Mediterranean milieu and explores the ritual role of dogs and cynophagy (dog-eating) in second–first millennia society.
Využití algoritmů při profilování v trestním řízení a důsledky pro lidská práva
Authors: Fialová Eva 
Published: July 2018

Algoritmy nahrazují činnosti, které dříve vykonávali lidé. Jednou z těchto činností je soudní rozhodování založené na algoritmech. Obecně se předpokládá, že algoritmické rozhodování, na rozdíl od toho lidského, postrádá předsudky a předpojatosti. Tento předpoklad je problematický ve dvou momentech. Za prvé, algoritmus rozhoduje podle předem stanovených kritérií a hodnot. Tyto hodnoty určují lidé, kteří mohou mezi předem stanovená kritéria zahrnout ta, která odpovídají jejich předsudkům. Za druhé, některé algoritmy mohou mít schopnost učit se, což znamená, že vygenerované výsledky jsou přizpůsobeny předchozím výsledkům, které byly v minulosti upřednostněny. Uživatelé mohou mít možnost zvolit výsledky, které odpovídají jejich názoru, které však mohou být založeny na předsudcích. Ve Spojených státech a také v některých evropských zemích již soudy používají algoritmus k posouzení, zda je pravděpodobné, že obviněný (resp. odsouzený) spáchá v budoucnosti jiný trestný čin. Soudce nerozhoduje na základě okolností případu a individuálních charakteristik obviněného. Soudce rozhoduje místo toho na podkladě profilu. Profily pachatelů jsou sestaveny na základě osobních údajů pachatelů, přičemž některé z těchto údajů mohou mít povahu biometrického údaje. Algoritmické rozhodování založené na profilování vyvolává obavy ze zásahu do práv obviněného v soudním řízení, konkrétně zákazu diskriminace a právu na spravedlivý proces.
A gestão das instituições de educação infantil de 0 a 3 anos numa perspectiva foucaultiana
Authors: Reis Maria Das Graças Fernandes de Amorim dos 
Published: July 2018

O presente texto nos remete à gestão da educação infantil nas instituições denominadas Creches que atendem a faixa etária de o a 3 anos. Considerando que a passagem destas para a responsabilidade da Educação,a partir da LDB no 9.394/96, suscitou, entre outros, o debate assistencialismo versus educativo em relação ao atendimento das crianças pequenas. Visualizou-se, por meio da pesquisa, a caracterização da gestão na busca de superação da referida contraposição, na medida em que tal processo inaugurou outras relações a partir da produção de saberes e práticas no interior destas instituições, agora no tempo da educação.Palavras-chave: gestão educacional, educação infantil, creches.
Monoclonal antibodies from a patient with anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis
Authors: Sharma Rashmi , Al‐Saleem Fetweh H. , Panzer Jessica , Lee Jiwon , Puligedda Rama Devudu , Felicori Liza F. , Kattala Chandana Devi , Rattelle Amy J. , Ippolito Gregory , Cox Robert H. , Lynch David R. , Dessain Scott K. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjectiveAnti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis (ANRE) is a potentially lethal encephalitis attributed to autoantibodies against the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR). We sought to clone and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from an ANRE patient.MethodsWe used a hybridoma method to clone two IgG mAbs from a female patient with ANRE without teratoma, and characterized their binding activities on NMDAR‐transfected cell lines, cultured primary rat neurons, and mouse hippocampus. We also assessed their effects on voluntary locomotor activity in mice and binding to NMDAR in vivo.ResultsThe mAbs are structurally distinct and arose from distinct B‐cell lineages. They recognize different epitopes on the GluN1 amino terminal domain (ATD), yet both require amino acids important for post‐translational modification. Both mAbs bind subsets of GluN1 on cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The 5F5 mAb binds mouse brain hippocampal tissues, and the GluN1 recognized on cultured rat neurons was substantially extra‐synaptic. Antibody binding to primary hippocampal neurons induced receptor internalization. The NMDAR inhibitor MK‐801 inhibited internalization without preventing mAb binding; AP5 inhibited both mAb binding and internalization. Exposure of mice to the mAbs following permeabilization of the blood brain barrier increased voluntary wheel running activity, similar to low doses of the NMDAR inhibitor, MK‐801.InterpretationThese mAbs recapitulate features demonstrated in previous studies of ANRE patient CSF, and exert effects on NMDAR in vitro and in vivo consistent with modulation of NMDAR activity.
Using Ultrafast Responsive Phosphorescent Nanoprobe to Visualize Elevated Peroxynitrite In Vitro and In Vivo via Ratiometric and Time‐Resolved Photoluminescence Imaging
Authors: Chen Zejing , Yan Peng , Zou Liang , Zhao Menglong , Jiang Jiayang , Liu Shujuan , Zhang Kenneth Yin , Huang Wei , Zhao Qiang 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPeroxynitrite (ONOO‐), a potent biological oxidant, which has a short half‐life in physiological conditions, is related to many diseases. Accurate peroxynitrite determination with superior selectivity and sensitivity is important for understanding biological roles of peroxynitrite in different health and disease tissues. Autofluorescence is an inevitable interference in luminescence biodetection and bioimaging, which often reduces signal‐to‐noise ratio during detection. In this work, a phosphorescent peroxynitrite nanoprobe (MSN‐ONOO) which displays two emission bands is prepared by immobilizing two long‐lived phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes that are peroxynitrite‐activable and ‐inert, respectively, into water‐dispersible mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Owing to the fast response rate, excellent sensitivity and outstanding selectivity of the nanoprobe toward peroxynitrite, it is further used for peroxynitrite determination in vitro and in vivo via ratiometric photoluminescence imaging. More notably, taking advantage of the long‐lived phosphorescence of MSN‐ONOO, in vivo elevated peroxynitrite is imaged with diminished autofluorescence interference and improved signal‐to‐noise ratio via time‐resolved photoluminescence imaging. As far as it is known, this is the first time for endogenous peroxynitrite detection in vivo via the time‐resolved photoluminescence imaging. Furthermore, the production of peroxynitrite in inflamed tissues is visualized.
Enhancing the Performance of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor via Modulation of Electron Density at the Graphene–Gold Interface
Authors: Chung Kyungwha , Lee June Sang , Kim Eunah , Lee Kyung‐Eun , Kim Kiheung , Lee Junghyun , Kim Donghyun , Kim Sang Ouk , Jeon Seokwoo , Park Hyesung , Kim Dong‐Wook , Kim Dong Ha 
Published: July 2018

AbstractSurface plasmons at a metal/dielectric interface resonate with incident light, generating an evanescent field at the interface, which is highly sensitive to the change in refractive index of the medium. These characteristics are utilized as the basis for surface plasmon resonance‐based sensors with Kretschmann configuration, providing label‐free and real‐time monitoring of binding interaction between probe and target moieties. Although graphene is recently extensively investigated in the field of optical sensors for the improvement of sensing performance, the proposed enhancement mechanisms in each study are ambiguous and inconsistent. Here, graphene‐deposited Au film as advanced plasmonic sensing substrates is reported. Work function measurements of Au–graphene with different number of layer and doping state explicitly corroborate the mechanism of sensitivity increase, confirming that the enhanced refractive index sensitivity originates from induced surface dipole due to the charge transfer between Au film and graphene. The best sensitivity is attained from two layers of graphene by a chemical vapor deposition method. Biotinylated bovine serum albumin and streptavidin are used to evaluate the biosensing performance.
Conductive Electrochemically Active Lubricant‐Infused Nanostructured Surfaces Attenuate Coagulation and Enable Friction‐Less Droplet Manipulation
Authors: Hosseini Amin , Villegas Martin , Yang Jie , Badv Maryam , Weitz Jeffrey I. , Soleymani Leyla , Didar Tohid F. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractMicro/nanostructured materials and lubricant‐infused surfaces, both inspired from structures found in nature, are ideally suited for developing self‐cleaning and high surface area transducers for biosensing. These two classes of bio‐inspired technologies are integrated to develop lubricant‐infused electrodes designed to reduce biofouling. Chemical vapor deposition is used to create self‐assembled monolayers of fluorosilane on gold‐modified prestrained polystyrene substrates. After heat shrinking of the substrate, a lubricant is applied to produce a lubricant‐infused nanostructured gold wrinkled surface with hydrophobic properties. These electrically conductive surfaces demonstrate high water contact (≈150°) and low sliding angles (<5°). Moreover, combining these surfaces with passive magnetic actuators enables the actuation of super‐paramagnetic microdroplets in frictionless and open channel conditions without needing full droplet submersion in an immiscible fluid. The fabricated nanostructured surfaces resist protein adhesion in a human plasma coagulation assay and significantly prolong clotting times and retain electrical conductivity, which is essential for electrical sensing applications. The developed hybrid interfaces are expected to have a wide range of applications in biosensing and biological sample preparation involving complex clinical and environmental samples.
Lateral Size Scaling Effect during Discontinuous Dewetting
Authors: Lin Yinyin , Wu Zhongsheng , Zhang Mengying , Wu Jinbo , Wen Weijia 
Published: July 2018

AbstractDiscontinuous dewetting on a prepatterned surface with regions of different dewettability is an attractive way to assemble a material into 2D microstructures with a predefined lateral size and spatial distribution on a surface. However, few studies have examined the aspect ratio or contact angles of the microstructures. In this Communication, it is found that the static contact angle changes with the lateral size of droplets and variation relationship between them shows two phases: an exponential decrease phase when lateral size is <80 µm, and a minimum plateau phase when lateral size is >80 µm, which is defined as lateral size scaling effect. After dynamically studying the droplet generation, it is proposed that liquid retraction after liquid thin film ruptures is responsible for the lateral size scaling effect. The effect of liquid viscosity and sliding speed on the lateral size scaling effect is also assessed and the lateral size scaling effect in droplet evaporation models is investigated. Finally, differently oriented single metal‐organic framework crystal arrays based on the lateral size scaling effect are successfully fabricated. This work demonstrates a novel 2.5D top‐down strategy to guide bottom‐up assembly.
Highly Densified Cu Wirings Fabricated from Air‐Stable Cu Complex Ink with High Conductivity, Enhanced Oxidation Resistance, and Flexibility
Authors: Li Wanli , Yang Yang , Zhang Bowen , Li Cai‐Fu , Jiu Jinting , Suganuma Katsuaki 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe microstructure of printed Cu wirings fabricated from air‐stable Cu complex inks is greatly modified by low‐temperature curing followed by intense pulsed light densification enhancement treatment. The resulting almost full densification of printed Cu wirings enables them to possess a high electrical conductivity of 50% bulk Cu. The dense structure also largely prevents the permeation of oxygen and water into the inner side of the Cu wirings, thereby improving their oxidation resistance and maintaining a stable resistance (R/R0 < 1.5) even after 1000 h aging at 85 °C‐85% RH. In addition, the dense and robust structure can improve the resistance to crack generation and propagation in Cu wirings during the bending, so as to improve their flexibility. The relative resistance of Cu wirings can be kept below 1.2 after 1000 bending cycles. All the results indicate that these highly densified Cu wirings fabricated from air‐stable Cu complex inks can be used to replace the noble metallic Au and Ag wirings for practical application in flexible electronics.
Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Imidazole Semiconductors
Authors: Chen Wen‐Cheng , Zhu Ze‐Lin , Lee Chun‐Sing 
Published: July 2018

AbstractOrganic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are the most successful product of organic electronics in the market and continually receive attention from scientific and industrial communities. Imidazoles have been extensively investigated for OLED applications, and demonstrated their versatility in molecular design for different functions. This review presents a summary of recent studies on imidazole (including imidazole derived moieties) derivatives, with special focus on discussing various molecular design tactics, for applications as electron‐transporting materials, emitters, and host materials in OLEDs. At last, perspectives and challenges regarding to imidazole semiconductors for electroluminescence applications are also discussed.
Control of Transmittance by Thermally Induced Phase Transition in Guest–Host Liquid Crystals
Authors: Oh Seung‐Won , Kim Sang‐Hyeok , Yoon Tae‐Hoon 
Published: July 2018

AbstractGuest–host liquid crystal (GHLC) consists of host liquid crystal and guest dichroic dye. It can be switched between the transparent and opaque states by controlling the light absorption. In this paper, transmission control via the phase transition in GHLCs is presented. The smectic A, nematic, and isotropic phases as the high‐, mid‐, and low‐transmittance states of a GHLC cell are used, respectively, to control the transmittance. It is demonstrated that the proposed GHLC cell can be used as a self‐shading smart window for energy saving, which allows people to see through it even when it is darkened.
Origin, Genetic Diversity, and Evolutionary Dynamics of Novel Porcine Circovirus 3
Authors: Li Gairu , He Wanting , Zhu Henan , Bi Yuhai , Wang Ruyi , Xing Gang , Zhang Cheng , Zhou Jiyong , Yuen Kwok‐Yung , Gao George F. , Su Shuo 
Published: July 2018

AbstractPorcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a novel virus associated with acute PDNS (porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome)‐like clinical signs identified by metagenomic sequencing from swine. Its high occurrence may pose a potential threat to the swine industry worldwide. The processes resulting in the emergence and spread of PCV3 remain poorly understood. Herein, the possible origin, genotypes, and evolutionary dynamics of PCV3 based on available genomic sequences are determined. The closest ancestor of PCV3 is found to be within the clade 1 bat CVs. Using different phylogenetic methods, two major genotypes are identified, PCV3a and PCV3b. It is found that the effective population size of PCV3 increased rapidly during late 2013 to early 2014 and this is associated with the diversification of PCV3a and PCV3b. A relatively high effective reproductive number (Re) value and higher evolutionary rate were found compared to other single‐stranded DNA viruses, and positive selection on codons 122 and 320 (24 of ORF2) is identified. It is hypothesized that this, together with the prediction of a potential change of an antigenic epitope at position 320, might have allowed PCV3 to escape from the host immune response. Overall, this study has important implications for understanding the ongoing PCV3 cases worldwide and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures.
Korrosionsmonitoring von Stahlbetonbauwerken
Authors: Mayer Till Felix , Harnisch Jörg , Ebell Gino , Dauberschmidt Christoph 
Published: July 2018

AbstractKorrosionsmonitoring von Stahl‐ oder Spannbetonbauwerken hat in den vergangenen Jahren als Ergänzung zur herkömmlichen Bauwerksuntersuchung deutlich an Relevanz gewonnen. Einsatzgebiete sind z. B. Bauteile, die nach Fertigstellung nicht mehr zugänglich sind oder an denen aufgrund vorhandener Beschichtungen keine Potentialfeldmessungen durchgeführt werden können. Weiterhin kann Korrosionsmonitoring auch für die Überwachung des Korrosionsfortschritts an korrodierenden Systemen z. B. zum Nachweis des Instandsetzungserfolgs bei Anwendung des Prinzips W‐Cl gemäß Instandsetzungsrichtlinie des DAfStb oder zum Funktionsnachweis bei KKS‐Installationen nach DIN EN ISO 12696 eingesetzt werden. Trotz zunehmender Bedeutung existieren für das Korrosionsmonitoring bis dato keine Richtlinien oder Handlungsempfehlungen. Diese Lücke soll das Merkblatt B12 „Korrosionsmonitoring von Stahl‐ und Spannbetonbauwerken“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung DGZfP füllen, das im Frühjahr 2018 veröffentlicht wurde [1]. In diesem Beitrag werden das Merkblatt B12 vorgestellt, die grundlegenden Messprinzipien erläutert und anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen das Potenzial von Korrosionsmonitoring bei Neubau‐ und Bestandsobjekten illustriert.
100 Jahre Dauerhaftigkeit für Brücken‐ und Tunnelbauwerke
Authors: Schießl‐Pecka Angelika , Willberg Uwe , Rausch Anne , Bäumler Wolfgang 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAn verschiedenen Verkehrsbauwerken (Tunnelbauwerke und Brücken) wurden nach nur relativ kurzer Nutzung (rd. 20 Jahre) sehr hohe Chloridgehalte in den chloridexponierten Bauteilen (Tunnelwände, Notgehwege, Brückenpfeiler, Widerlager und Brückenkappen) festgestellt. An manchen Bauteilen war die daraus resultierende Bewehrungskorrosion zum Teil schon so weit fortgeschritten, dass ein Austausch/Abbruch der entsprechenden Bauteile vorgenommen werden musste. Um zukünftig dauerhaftere Betonbauwerke planen und erstellen zu können, wurde das sogenannte 3‐Stufen‐Konzept entwickelt, bei dem insgesamt drei Lösungsansätze zur Erhöhung der Dauerhaftigkeit zur Verfügung stehen und den einzelnen Bauteilen in Abhängigkeit von der Beanspruchungsintensität zugewiesen werden können.Zur Herleitung des 3‐Stufen‐Konzepts wurden zunächst verschiedene dauerhaftigkeitsrelevante Schäden an Verkehrsbauwerken analysiert, um die Bereiche zu identifizieren, die durch die normativen Dauerhaftigkeitsanforderungen noch nicht ausreichend geschützt werden. Parallel dazu wurden die dauerhaftigkeitsrelevanten Einflussfaktoren auf der Einwirkungsseite (Streusalzaufkommen, Verkehrsintensität, Entfernung der Chloridquelle vom Bauteil, Bauteilausrichtung) erarbeitet, sodass unter Kenntnis der Schäden und Einwirkungen eine sinnvolle Einteilung der Bauteile vorgenommen werden konnte. In Anlehnung an die Einflussfaktoren der Widerstandsseite (Betondeckung, Materialwiderstände von Beton und Stahl, Oberflächenschutzsystem) wurden dann drei Lösungsstrategien entwickelt, mit denen die Dauerhaftigkeit von chloridexponierten Betonbauteilen verbessert werden kann. Im Wesentlichen ist dies eine Verlangsamung des Chloridtransports durch betontechnologische Maßnahmen, eine Erhöhung des kritischen korrosionsauslösenden Chloridgehalts durch Verwenden von Bewehrungsstahl mit erhöhtem Korrosionswiderstand und das Unterbinden des Chlorideintrags in den Konstruktionsbeton durch Aufbringen einer Tiefenhydrophobierung. Im letzten Schritt konnten den jeweiligen Bauteilkategorien die Maßnahmen zugeordnet werden, die zur Erzielung einer über die Lebensdauer ausreichenden Dauerhaftigkeit notwendig sind.