bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test–retest reliability of a stimulation‐locked evoked response to deep brain stimulation in subcallosal cingulate for treatment resistant depression
Authors: Waters Allison C. , Veerakumar Ashan , Choi Ki Sueng , Howell Bryan , Tiruvadi Vineet , Bijanki Kelly R. , Crowell Andrea , Riva‐Posse Patricio , Mayberg Helen S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) to the subcallosal cingulate cortex (SCC) is an emerging therapy for treatment resistant depression. Precision targeting of specific white matter fibers is now central to the model of SCC DBS treatment efficacy. A method to confirm SCC DBS target engagement is needed to reduce procedural variance across treatment providers and to optimize DBS parameters for individual patients. We examined the reliability of a novel cortical evoked response that is time‐locked to a 2 Hz DBS pulse and shows the propagation of signal from the DBS target. The evoked response was detected in four individuals as a stereotyped series of components within 150 ms of a 6 V DBS pulse, each showing coherent topography on the head surface. Test–retest reliability across four repeated measures over 14 months met or exceeded standards for valid test construction in three of four patients. Several observations in this pilot sample demonstrate the prospective utility of this method to confirm surgical target engagement and instruct parameter selection. The topography of an orbital frontal component on the head surface showed specificity for patterns of forceps minor activation, which may provide a means to confirm DBS location with respect to key white matter structures. A divergent cortical response to unilateral stimulation of left (vs. right) hemisphere underscores the need for feedback acuity on the level of a single electrode, despite bilateral presentation of therapeutic stimulation. Results demonstrate viability of this method to explore patient‐specific cortical responsivity to DBS for brain‐circuit pathologies.
Sustained versus instantaneous connectivity differentiates cognitive functions of processing speed and episodic memory
Authors: King Jace B. , Anderson Jeffrey S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractSynchrony of brain activity over time describes the functional connectivity between brain regions but does not address the temporal component of this relationship. We propose a complementary method of analysis by introducing the width of cross‐correlation curves between functional MRI (fMRI) time series as a metric of the relative duration of synchronous activity between brain regions, or “sustained connectivity”. Using resting‐state fMRI, cognitive, and demographics data from 1,003 subjects included in the Human Connectome Project, we find that sustained connectivity is a reproducible trait in individuals, heritable, more transient in females, and shows changes with age in early adulthood. Sustained connectivity in sensory brain regions is specifically associated with differences in processing speed across subjects, particularly in men. In contrast, traditional functional connectivity was correlated with a measure of episodic memory, but not with processing speed. Individual differences in hemodynamic response function (HRF) are closely approximated by sustained connectivity and width of the HRF is also correlated with processing speed across individuals, suggesting that variability in hemodynamic response may be influenced by transient versus sustained neural activity rather than simply differences in vascularity and signal transduction. Sustained connectivity may provide new opportunities to study brain dynamics in clinical populations.
The neural basis of motivational influences on cognitive control
Authors: Parro Cameron , Dixon Matthew L. , Christoff Kalina 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCognitive control mechanisms support the deliberate regulation of thought and behavior based on current goals. Recent work suggests that motivational incentives improve cognitive control and has begun to elucidate critical neural substrates. We conducted a quantitative meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies of motivated cognitive control using activation likelihood estimation (ALE) and Neurosynth to delineate the brain regions that are consistently activated across studies. The analysis included studies that investigated changes in brain activation during cognitive control tasks when reward incentives were present versus absent. The ALE analysis revealed consistent recruitment in regions associated with the frontoparietal control network including the inferior frontal sulcus and intraparietal sulcus, as well as regions associated with the salience network including the anterior insula and anterior mid‐cingulate cortex. As a complementary analysis, we performed a large‐scale exploratory meta‐analysis using Neurosynth to identify regions that are recruited in studies using of the terms cognitive control and incentive. This analysis replicated the ALE results and also identified the rostrolateral prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, medial thalamus, inferior frontal junction, premotor cortex, and hippocampus. Finally, we separately compared recruitment during cue and target periods, which tap into proactive engagement of rule‐outcome associations, and the mobilization of appropriate viscero‐motor states to execute a response, respectively. We found that largely distinct sets of brain regions are recruited during cue and target periods. Altogether, these findings suggest that flexible interactions between frontoparietal, salience, and dopaminergic midbrain‐striatal networks may allow control demands to be precisely tailored based on expected value.
Population‐based outcome analysis of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in people living with HIV infection and competent individuals
Authors: Conconi Annarita , Zucca Emanuele , Margiotta‐Casaluci Gloria , Darling Katharine , Hasse Barbara , Battegay Manuel , Staehelin Cornelia , Novak Urban , Schmid Patrick , Scherrer Alexandra , Dirnhofer Stephan , Kwee Ivo , Nassi Luca , Cavalli Franco , Gaidano Gianluca , Bertoni Francesco , Bernasconi Enos ,   Swiss HIV Cohort study (SHCS)
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe prognostic factors and outcome of 58 acquired immunodeficiency syndrome‐related diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (AR‐DLBCL) patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, diagnosed from 2004 to 2011, were compared with those of 326 immunocompetent (IC)‐DLBCL from the Hematology Division of the Amedeo Avogadro University (Italy) and the Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland. Median follow‐up was 6 years; 5‐year overall survival (OS) was 68% (95% CI: 63%‐73%) in IC‐DLBCL and 63% (95% CI: 49%‐75%) in AR‐DLBCL (P = .220). The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome‐related lymphoma international prognostic index predicted OS in AR‐DLBCL. Among 148 patients younger than 61 years (40 AR‐DLBCL and 108 IC‐DLBCL) treated with RCHOP/RCHOP‐like regimens, 20 IC‐DLBCL and 9 AR‐DLBCL patients died and OS was not significantly different. A higher proportion of early deaths occurred in the AR‐DLBCL: indeed, 1‐year OS was 94% (95% CI: 87%‐97%) in IC‐DLBCL and 82% (95% CI: 66%‐91%) in AR‐DLBCL patients. After rituximab and active antiretroviral therapy introduction, AR‐DLBCL and IC‐DLBCL patients treated with curative intent have similar long‐term survival.
The NIH's slow response to the AIDS epidemic and the dismissal of Pasteur's contributions: Learning from history
Authors: Promislo Mark 
Published: August 2018

SummaryThe National Institutes of Health's (NIH) slow response to the AIDS epidemic in the early 1980s led to deaths and missed opportunities to stop the spread of the disease. In addition, the NIH systematically diminished the contributions of the scientists at the Pasteur Institute who discovered HIV and produced a superior AIDS test. I analyze these events by applying three social theories to the global response to the epidemic. Structuration, interorganizational learning, and negotiated order theories shed light on (1) the delay by the NIH in providing grants for AIDS research, (2) the inability of the NIH to learn about the epidemic from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and (3) the NIH's dismissal of AIDS discoveries by a team of Pasteur scientists. Lastly, I give suggestions to enable effective cooperation among health agencies to better respond to future epidemics.
Health in All local Policies: Lessons learned on intersectoral collaboration in a community‐based health promotion network in Denmark
Authors: Christensen Julie Hellesøe , Bloch Paul , Møller Signe Rysbjerg , Søgaard Cecilie Prüsse , Klinker Charlotte Demant , Aagaard‐Hansen Jens , Bentsen Peter 
Published: August 2018

SummaryHealth promotion increasingly involves collaboration with civil society organisations and the private sector rather than being implemented exclusively by public sector stakeholders. Health in All Policies (HiAP) is an approach that promotes health in policy‐making across public sectors. This study explored intersectoral integration and collaboration for health promotion at a local community level through a qualitative single case study of a local community network in Denmark: the Husum Health Network. The paper describes and discusses strengths, weaknesses, and challenges of HiAP‐inspired local efforts to build alliances and supportive environments for health within an inter‐organisational community‐based network. The data were generated from participant observations made at 11 meetings and events organised by the network partners and nine qualitative, semi‐structured interviews with Husum Health Network partners conducted from August 2014 to February 2015. The data were analysed using a theoretical framework introduced by Axelsson and Axelsson (2006) to characterise aspects of integration and differentiation between organisations. With high levels of structural and functional differentiation between the partners, the network provided an opportunity to exercise inter‐organisational integration at the local level. Integration was fostered by knowledge sharing, face‐to‐face interaction, and communal events. However, the loose structure of the network was a challenge to its sustainability and achievement. We argue that Health in All local Policies is a meaningful concept in the context of local community development only when referring to the polices and strategies of all stakeholder organisations involved in decision‐making and agenda setting, and not just local government institutions.
Out‐of‐pocket expenditure for health care: District level estimates for Haryana state in India
Authors: Prinja Shankar , Kaur Gunjeet , Gupta Rakesh , Rana Saroj Kumar , Aggarwal Arun Kumar 
Published: August 2018

SummaryIntroductionIn this paper, we present district level out‐of‐pocket (OOP) expenditures with respect to outpatient consultation within last 15 days and hospitalization in last 1 year for Haryana state.MethodsThe data from a large cross‐sectional household survey covering all 21 districts of Haryana comprising of randomly selected 79 742 households were analyzed. Of the total sample, 56 056 households consisting of 314 639 individuals in 21 districts of Haryana state were surveyed to gather information on OOP expenditure incurred on outpatient consultation within last 15 days. Similarly, 59 901 households and 324 977 respondents were interviewed to elicit OOP expenditures for any hospitalization during the 1 year preceding the survey. Mean OOP expenditure per OP consultation, per hospitalization as well as per capita were computed. Mean OOP expenditure was also estimated by the type of provider, gender, and district.ResultsThe mean OOP expenditure for OP consultation and hospitalization in Haryana was Indian National Rupees (INR) 1005 (US Dollar [USD] 16.1; 95% CI: INR 934‐1076) and INR 22 489 (USD 360.0; 95% CI: INR 21 375‐23 608), respectively. Mean per capita OOP expenditure for OP consultation, which was INR 85 (USD 1.3) in Haryana, varied from INR 595 (USD 9.5) in district Panipat to INR 29 (USD 0.5) in district Kaithal.ConclusionThis is the first study to comprehensively present district level estimates for OOP expenditure for health care. These estimates are useful for policy planning, and preparation for district and state health accounts.
GIS‐based method to delimit spheres of influence for a medical consortium: Experience of a pediatric medical consortium, Shanghai
Authors: Xiong Xuechen , Zhou Shuai , Huo Zhaohua , Luo Li 
Published: August 2018

SummaryBackgroundTo improve the utilization efficiency of health care services, the concept of a “regional medical consortium” has attracted more attention during the most recent round of health care reform in China. Shanghai, a municipality of China, has made many efforts to promote its regional medical consortium project. In this paper, the pediatric medical consortium of Shanghai will serve as an example to introduce the main tasks and groundwork of the Shanghai medical consortium and will underscore Shanghai's exploration of the vertical integration of medical resources.MethodsThis study delimits the service areas of leading hospitals, which can help determine the spheres of influence of top hospitals geographically. With this information, regional hospitals or community hospitals can find alliance hospitals and leading hospitals more easily. These efforts can be realized using ArcGIS for spatial data analysis.ResultsAccording to the locations of leading hospitals and actual patient distributions at these hospitals, the natural areas of influence of leading hospitals are illustrated. Then, hospitals other than leading hospitals can select allied hospitals in the same area of influence. In this way, connections in a medical consortium will be tighter, and hospitals will be better able to meet the actual demands of patients.ConclusionsIn this paper, we introduce a geographic method to delimit the spheres of influence of hospitals based on actual health‐seeking behaviors of patients by analyzing the spatial distribution of hospitalization probability. Within the boundaries of a sphere of influence, a geographic connection between the leading hospital and the general hospital is established automatically. Based on this geographic connection, leading hospitals should provide technological support to general hospitals located in their sphere of influence, while the general hospitals should provide spare medical resources in return. Thus, the medical consortium can be formed geographically and operate more smoothly.
Randomized controlled trial of continuous Doppler versus intermittent fetoscope fetal heart rate monitoring in a low‐resource setting
Authors: Mdoe Paschal F. , Ersdal Hege L. , Mduma Estomih , Moshiro Robert , Dalen Ingvild , Perlman Jeffrey M. , Kidanto Hussein 
Published: August 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the frequency of abnormal fetal heart rate (FHR) detection between continuous Doppler and intermittent fetoscope monitoring.MethodA randomized controlled open‐label trial was conducted between February 1, 2016, and January 31, 2017, at Haydom Lutheran hospital, Tanzania. Women in active labor with singleton pregnancies and normal FHR at admission were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to receive either continuous or intermittent FHR monitoring. The primary outcome was abnormal FHR detection.Results2652 women were enrolled; 1340 received continuous monitoring and 1312 received intermittent monitoring. Continuous FHR monitoring detected abnormal FHR in 108 (8.1%) participants versus 40 (3.0%) participants in the intermittent monitoring group (risk ratio [RR] 2.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–3.7; P<0.001). The increased detection rate in the continuous versus intermittent monitoring group was associated with an increase in rate of subsequent intrauterine resuscitations (89 [6.6%] vs 42 [3.2%]; RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.4–2.9; P<0.001). In total, 92 (3.5%) infants had adverse perinatal outcomes, with no significant differences between groups.ConclusionContinuous FHR monitoring increased identification of abnormal FHR and subsequent intrauterine resuscitations.ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02790814.
Lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and apoptosis in dengue fever
Authors: Cherupanakkal Cleetus , Samadanam Daisy Mariya , Muthuraman Krishna Raja , Ramesh Surya , Venkatesan Amrit , Balakrishna Pillai Agiesh Kumar , Rajendiran Soundravally 
Published: August 2018

AbstractInterplay between the apoptosis, DNA damage, and oxidative stress as a host response to dengue viral infections remains unclear. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 60 dengue infected patients, 20 patients with febrile illness other than dengue (OFI) and 10 non‐febrile illness (NFI) patients. DNA damage in the PBMCs was assessed using single cell gel electrophoresis and stages of apoptosis underwent by the PBMCs were studied by Annexin–PI staining using flow cytometry. Plasma levels of malondialdehyde levels were estimated using thiobarbituric acid assay. Dengue infected individuals had showed increased DNA damage than NFI and OFI controls at the time of admission. Annexin–PI staining revealed increased frequency of apoptotic cells in dengue infected PBMCs than controls during the admission time. Similar pattern was observed in samples collected around defervescence. Within the dengue cases, percentage of live cells was higher in non‐severe dengue than severe dengue at both the time points. Follow‐up samples in dengue showed less number of live cells and higher percentage of apoptotic cells with respect to their baseline and this was reversed in case of OFI. Plasma malondialdehyde levels were found to be relatively higher in dengue cases than controls at admission and around defervescence. Significant positive correlation between DNA damage, apoptosis, and plasma malondialdehyde levels might pave a way for understanding the complex interactions between virus and hosts response thereby aids in identifying plausible immunopathological links contributing to disease pathogenesis. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(11):1133–1143, 2018
Characterization of Maternal and Neonatal Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Ceftazidime
Authors: Dallmann André , van den Anker John , Pfister Marc , Koch Gilbert 
Published: August 2018

AbstractCeftazidime is a parenteral cephalosporin frequently used in pregnant women for treatment of urinary tract or intrauterine infections. Despite its regular use in pregnant women, ceftazidime disposition in both mother and fetus is not well understood, and a pharmacokinetic (PK) model that allows characterization and simulation of both maternal and preterm neonatal ceftazidime disposition is not available. In this study, 10 pregnant women with suspected or proven intrauterine infections in the late second and early third trimester were treated with 1 g of ceftazidime intravenously every 6 hours. During ceftazidime treatment, one maternal and umbilical cord blood sample was taken at delivery to quantify ceftazidime concentrations in the mother and preterm neonate. Data showed that ceftazidime concentrations in the mother were comparable to those observed in the neonate. Based on these data, a PK model was developed to describe maternal disposition, ceftazidime distribution over the placenta, and elimination in the neonate. The maternal substructure of the model was parameterized according to a previously reported ceftazidime model with minor adjustments to account for pregnancy‐related effects on renal elimination of ceftazidime. The expanded population PK model with an additional neonatal compartment was fitted to measured drug concentrations in the neonate. The neonatal elimination rate constant at delivery was close to that estimated for the mother. The presented results show that ceftazidime readily crosses the placenta and indicate that perinatal PK behavior of ceftazidime in preterm neonates can be expected to be similar to those observed in their mothers.
Health Impacts of a Public–Private Partnership Rural Roads Maintenance Programme
Authors: Chong Alberto , Valdivia Martin 
Published: August 2018

AbstractWe provide evidence of health impacts of a public–private rural roads maintenance programme in Peru, which is characterized by a contracting mechanism that employs small local firms. Using a difference‐in‐differences approach, we find that improved roads connectivity leads to positive health externalities. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrimination of wild and domestic deer musk using isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: He Yi , Wang Jingzhu , Wang Mengzhen , Zhang Jingfang 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMusk is the dried secretion of the musk pod (sac) of adult male musk deer, and has been used as perfume and traditional medicine for thousands of years. Steroid was regarded as 1 of the most important active compounds in musk. In order to protect the wild musk deer, musk deer farming has been carried out in China, India, and Nepal. However, it is hard to differentiate the 2 origins of musk by morphological identification. No other method has been reported so far for the discrimination of wild and domestic deer musk. The establishment of a reliable discrimination method has become an urgent work. In the present study, 6 batches of wild deer musk and 14 batches of domestic deer musk were collected. Analysis of steroid components in musk was carried out with GC‐MS/MS. Androgen, progestin, estrogen, and sterol were detected in those samples. Large diversity was observed in the concentrations of steroids in musk. No obvious difference could be observed in steroid concentrations between wild and domestic deer musk by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Furthermore, the δ13C values of steroids were determined by gas chromatography/combustion coupled with isotopic ratio mass spectrometry. There were significant differences (P < .01) in steroid δ13C values between wild origin musk and domesticated origin musk. Isotopic ratio mass spectrometry can be used to discriminate wild and domestic deer musk.
Mortality outcome and predictive risk factors for death in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction who declined implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation in Singapore
Authors: Khoo Chun Yuan , Allen John Carson , Chia Shaw Yang , Chan Laura Lihua , Lim Choon Pin , Sim David , Ching Chi Keong 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundThere have been conflicting data regarding the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in Asian population with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). We aim to study mortality outcome and its risk predictors in patients with reduced LVEF who declined an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation and assess whether current ICD guidelines for primary prevention are applicable to the population in Singapore.MethodsThis prospective observational study involved 240 consecutive patients who fulfilled the ACC/AHA/HRS criteria for ICD implantation for primary prevention of SCD but declined ICD implantation. Baseline characteristics and mortality outcomes through May 2017 were collected via case‐note review after a mean follow‐up of 44.8 ± 16.6 months.ResultsMajority of our patients were Chinese (71.3%), followed by Malays (16.2%) and Indians (10.8%). Mean age (±SD) was 61 ± 10 years, and 84% were male. Majority were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes I (46.7%) and II (46.3%). Over a mean follow‐up of 44.8 ± 16.6 months, all‐cause mortality rate was 34.6%. Diabetes mellitus (HR = 1.57; 95% CI, 1.01‐2.44; P = 0.047) and chronic kidney disease (CKD; HR = 1.95; 95% CI, 1.17‐3.23; P = 0.010) were independent predictors of mortality. Patients in NYHA classes II (HR = 2.15; 95% CI, 1.32‐3.50; P = 0.002) and III (HR = 2.82; 95% CI, 1.34‐5.96; P = 0.007) showed higher risk of death.ConclusionThe mortality rate was comparable with major primary prevention trials. ICD guideline recommendations for primary prevention may thus be applicable to our local population. Patients with diabetes, CKD, and poorer NYHA status exhibited higher mortality rates.