bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isavuconazole and voriconazole for the treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: A retrospective comparison of rates of adverse events
Authors: Bongomin Felix , Maguire Niamh , Moore Caroline B. , Felton Timothy , Rautemaa‐Richardson Riina 
Published: December 2018

SummaryBackgroundLong‐term oral triazole antifungal therapy is the cornerstone of management for patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). Itraconazole is the first‐line choice of treatment. Voriconazole, posaconazole or isavuconazole can be used as alternative treatments in case of resistance or intolerance. All of these can cause significant adverse drug reactions.ObjectivesTo evaluate how CPA patients tolerate voriconazole and isavuconazole after prior triazole therapy.MethodsWe performed a retrospective observational study at the UK National Aspergillosis Centre. Medical records for all consecutive CPA patients started on isavuconazole and voriconazole during an observation period of 12 and 6 months respectively were analysed.ResultsDuring this study period, 20 patients were started on isavuconazole and 21 patients on voriconazole. Adverse events were seen in 18 of 21 (86%) the patients in the voriconazole group and 12 of 20 (60%) in the isavuconazole group (P = 0.02). For those who developed adverse events to these agents, the rates of discontinuation of therapy were comparable (ie 10/18 [56%], voriconazole vs 8/12 [67%], isavuconazole; P = 0.54). Five (25%) patients in the isavuconazole group who were intolerant to other triazoles tolerated the standard dose of isavuconazole.ConclusionsCompared with isavuconazole, adverse events were significantly higher in CPA patients commenced on voriconazole. Isavuconazole may be an option for those patients who are intolerant to other triazoles.
Two sides to every leaf: water and CO2 transport in hypostomatous and amphistomatous leaves
Authors: Drake Paul L. , de Boer Hugo J. , Schymanski Stanislaus J. , Veneklaas Erik J. 
Published: December 2018

SummaryLeaves with stomata on both upper and lower surfaces, termed amphistomatous, are relatively rare compared with hypostomatous leaves with stomata only on the lower surface. Amphistomaty occurs predominantly in fast‐growing herbaceous annuals and in slow‐growing perennial shrubs and trees. In this paper, we present the current understanding and hypotheses on the costs and benefits of amphistomaty related to water and CO2 transport in contrasting leaf morphologies. First, there is no evidence that amphistomatous species achieve higher stomatal densities on a projected leaf area basis than hypostomatous species, but two‐sided gas exchange is less limited by boundary layer effects. Second, amphistomaty may provide a specific advantage in thick leaves by shortening the pathway for CO2 transport between the atmosphere and the chloroplasts. In thin leaves of fast‐growing herbaceous annuals, in which both the adaxial and abaxial pathways are already short, amphistomaty enhances leaf–atmosphere gas‐exchange capacity. Third, amphistomaty may help to optimise the leaf‐interior water status for CO2 transport by reducing temperature gradients and so preventing the condensation of water that could limit CO2 diffusion. Fourth, a potential cost of amphistomaty is the need for additional investments in leaf water transport tissue to balance the water loss through the adaxial surface.
Macroevolutionary dynamics of nectar spurs, a key evolutionary innovation
Authors: Fernández‐Mazuecos Mario , Blanco‐Pastor José Luis , Juan Ana , Carnicero Pau , Forrest Alan , Alarcón Marisa , Vargas Pablo , Glover Beverley J. 
Published: December 2018

SummaryFloral nectar spurs are widely considered a key innovation promoting diversification in angiosperms by means of pollinator shifts. We investigated the macroevolutionary dynamics of nectar spurs in the tribe Antirrhineae (Plantaginaceae), which contains 29 genera and 300–400 species (70–80% spurred). The effect of nectar spurs on diversification was tested, with special focus onLinaria, the genus with the highest number of species.We generated the most comprehensive phylogeny of Antirrhineae to date and reconstructed the evolution of nectar spurs. Diversification rate heterogeneity was investigated using trait‐dependent and trait‐independent methods, and accounting for taxonomic uncertainty. The association between changes in spur length and speciation was examined withinLinariausing model testing and ancestral state reconstructions.We inferred four independent acquisitions of nectar spurs. Diversification analyses revealed that nectar spurs are loosely associated with increased diversification rates. Detected rate shifts were delayed by 5–15 Myr with respect to the acquisition of the trait. Active evolution of spur length, fitting a speciational model, was inferred inLinaria, which is consistent with a scenario of pollinator shifts driving diversification.Nectar spurs played a role in diversification of the Antirrhineae, but diversification dynamics can only be fully explained by the complex interaction of multiple biotic and abiotic factors.
Stable and unstable equilibrium states in a fishery–aquaculture model
Authors: Bergland Harald , Pedersen Pål Andreas , Wyller John 
Published: December 2018

AbstractWe study interactions between fishery and aquaculture using a 3D generalized Lotka–Volterra model, where we assume that the aquaculture production may affect the growth rate in the fish stock and the productivity in harvesting. In addition, input demands from both marine industries may result in effort competition. We identify conditions for the coexistence of a unique equilibrium state inside the first octant of the phase space and equilibrium states on its boundary. Conditions for stability and instability of these states are also given, thus showing the possibility of having bistability. The equilibrium point inside the first octant is stable if the growth impact on fishery from sea farming is below the potential productivity in harvesting. In the complementary case, we have an unstable interior equilibrium, and we may then end up in stable equilibrium states on the boundary, where either the fishery or the aquaculture is wiped out.Recommendations for Resource Managers

More empirical and theoretical research is needed to reveal types of interrelations between fisheries and aquaculture, and their importance for long run stability between the sectors.

When designing policies for the aquaculture industries, managers should in particular be aware of possible long‐term harmful effects from aquaculture to fisheries.

Increased areas for sea farming reduce the relative profitability of the fishery, and if the area increases above a certain level, this could wipe out the fishery.
Bullous pemphigoid in adolescence
Authors: Patsatsi Aikaterini , Kyriakou Aikaterini , Werth Victoria P. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune blistering disease affecting the elderly but is quite rare in childhood. The majority of pediatric cases have been reported during early childhood. Adolescence is divided into three phases: early (10‐13 years), middle (14‐17), and late (18‐21). This review aimed to identify BP cases in adolescence and demonstrate their clinical features and course. Our literature search was performed in Medline with the terms “bullous pemphigoid in childhood and adolescence,” “childhood bullous pemphigoid,” “juvenile bullous pemphigoid,” and “autoimmune blistering and autoimmune bullous diseases in childhood.” The data extraction for late adolescence was limited by the fact that this age group is included in adult BP registries. We identified nine cases in early adolescence. Mucosa were affected in 5 of 9 cases. Treatment consisted of systemic prednisone (8/9), in combination with dapsone (2/9), azathioprine (2/9), or erythromycin/nicotinamide (1/9). Relapses were reported in 3 of 9 cases. We identified five cases occuring in middle adolescence. Mucosa were not affected. Treatment consisted of systemic prednisone (5/5), in combination with dapsone (3/5), azathioprine (2/5), doxycycline/nicotinamide (1/5), or mycophenolate mofetil (1/5). Relapses were reported in two of five cases. No case of BP in the late adolescence was included in the results, as only one case met the search criteria, and overlapped with pemphigus vulgaris. With only 14 cases found in our review, BP in adolescence appears even rarer than in earlier childhood. Despite its low prevalence, BP should be included in the differential diagnosis of autoimmune blistering diseases in adolescents.
Improving the curriculum for a community nursing training program in Guangzhou City, China
Authors: Wang Siyun , Chen Weiju , Du Yun 
Published: December 2018

AbstractIn China, community nurses do not have systematic training, and the nursing education curriculum focuses on clinical nursing both in vocational school and high school. Most nurses work at a hospital, and almost all community nurses lack systematic knowledge about community nursing. A training program for community nurses in Guangzhou City has been conducted since 2003. The training curriculum has evolved over the years, but is not standardized. This article describes research on improving community nurses’ basic knowledge and practice skills. We modified the curriculum with a questionnaire and a modified Delphi method. First, 318 participating nurses and instructors were queried in December 2012. Then 22 experts modified the training program based on the results of the questionnaire and implementation since 2013. After 4 years, we followed up with the new participating nurses to evaluate the curriculum.
High vegetative compatibility diversity of Cryphonectria parasitica infecting sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) in Britain indicates multiple pathogen introductions
Authors: Pérez‐Sierra A. , Romón‐Ochoa P. , Gorton C. , Lewis A. , Rees H. , Van Der Linde S. , Webber J. 
Published: December 2018

Chestnut blight, caused by Cryphonectria parasitica, was identified in Devon, UK, in December 2016. Intensive surveys detected the disease at further sites in Devon (seven), Berkshire (one), Dorset (one), Derbyshire (four) and a cluster of eight sites in southeast London. Over 570 survey samples were tested, and 227 were positive for C. parasitica by isolation and real‐time PCR. A total of 227 isolates were tested for mating type, and 197 screened for vegetative compatibility group (VCG) and compared with VCGs known from mainland Europe. The same isolates were also screened for the presence of Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV‐1). Eleven VCGs were identified within the UK population. Five corresponded to already known European VCGs but six were unique. The European VCGs mainly came from the Devon, Dorset, Berkshire and Derbyshire disease outbreaks, whilst unique VCGs were almost exclusively from the southeast London cluster. Both mating types were detected, but only one mating type was present at each site, with the exception of a single Devon site. Perithecia of C. parasitica were never observed at any site. CHV‐1 was found in seven isolates from three different locations and was always subtype‐I, which has limited hypovirulence. Therefore, although CHV‐1 is associated with C. parasitica at some outbreaks, it probably has limited impact on virulence. The diversity of VCGs and their distribution at outbreak sites, together with findings of CHV‐1, suggests C. parasitica has been introduced to the UK multiple times over at least two decades through international plant trade.
LGBTQ competence wanted: LGBTQ parents’ experiences of reproductive health care in Sweden
Authors: Klittmark Sofia , Garzón Matias , Andersson Ewa , Wells Michael B. 
Published: December 2018

BackgroundIt is the responsibility of reproductive healthcare professionals to support all lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) parents in their transition to parenthood. LGBTQ parents may not be fully supported within the reproductive health sector, because of heteronormativity and healthcare professionals’ attitudes and practices. Beyond same‐sex mothers, no research has been conducted in Sweden on the broader group of LGTBQ parents.AimTo explore LGBTQ expectant and new parents’ experiences of reproductive health care in Sweden when becoming parents.MethodThe current study consisted of cross‐sectional qualitative interviews and was conducted using a semi‐structured interview guide. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using systematic text condensation according to Malterud.ResultsThe convenience sample consisted of 12 LGBTQ expectant or new parents. Four themes emerged from the analysis: (i) Inadequacies and mistreatment in reproductive health care, (ii) Consequences of heteronormativity, (iii) Satisfaction with reproductive health care despite heteronormativity and (iv) Wishing for LGBTQ competent reproductive health care. The first two themes concerned different heteronormative barriers in reproductive health care and the consequences for LGBTQ parents, which also included intersecting forms of judgment and mistreatment. The third theme highlighted the participants’ satisfaction with LGBTQ competent care and aspects of high‐quality care, despite lacking support. The last theme described the participants’ wishes for inclusive and LGBTQ competent care and what reproductive healthcare professionals can do to achieve LGBTQ competence.ConclusionsHeteronormativity in the reproductive health sector is widespread and leads to lacking support in the transition to parenthood for LGBTQ people. Swedish reproductive health professionals may benefit from interventions aimed at developing LGBTQ competence. Reproductive healthcare professionals need to develop professional interventions to support and facilitate LGBTQ parents’ transition to parenthood.
Effect of aging on muscle and tendon properties in highly functioning elderly people
Authors: Pötzelsberger Birgit , Kösters Alexander , Finkenzeller Thomas , Müller Erich 
Published: December 2018

This study analyzes long‐term changes in muscle strength, muscle architecture, and patellar tendon mechanical properties in a specific sample of physically active elderly people. Twenty‐two participants were re‐examined from a former 12‐week‐long skiing intervention study: 11 from the intervention group (IG: 7 ♀, 4 ♂; 67 ± 3 years) and 11 from the control group (CG: 6 ♀, 5 ♂; 66 ± 4 years). Muscle architecture, strength endurance, maximum torque, and tendon properties were analyzed three times within 6 months, and again 6 years later in a follow‐up test. No changes in either group could be observed between June 2009 and April 2015 in any parameter. This can be interpreted positively because no age‐related decreases were found. Although our participants were physically active from the very beginning (>150 min/wk), it must be noted that the intensity of the physical activity was too low to provoke physiological improvements in leg strength or muscle/tendon morphology.
Interaction between adoptive mothers’ and fathers’ depressive symptoms in risk for children’s emerging problem behavior
Authors: Hails Katherine A. , Shaw Daniel S. , Leve Leslie D. , Ganiban Jody M. , Reiss David , Natsuaki Misaki N. , Neiderhiser Jenae M. 
Published: December 2018

AbstractThe effect of parental depression on children's adjustment has been well documented, with exposure during early childhood particularly detrimental. Most studies that examine links between parental depression and child behavior are confounded methodologically because they focus on parents raising children who are genetically related to them. Another limitation of most prior research is a tendency to focus only on the effects of maternal depression while ignoring the influence of fathers’ depression. The purpose of this study was to examine whether infants’ exposure to both parents’ depressive symptoms, and inherited risk from birth mother internalizing symptoms, was related to school age children's externalizing and internalizing problems. Study data come from a longitudinal adoption study of 561 adoptive parents, biological mothers, and adopted children. Adoptive fathers’ depressive symptoms during infancy contributed independent variance to the prediction of children's internalizing symptoms and also moderated associations between adoptive mothers’ depressive symptoms and child externalizing symptoms.
Clinical characteristics of Campylobacter enteritis after pediatric renal transplantation: A retrospective analysis from single center
Authors: Ban Hideki , Miura Kenichiro , Ishizuka Kiyonobu , Kaneko Naoto , Taniguchi Yohei , Nagasawa Takeshi , Shirai Yoko , Yabuuchi Tomoo , Takagi Yoko , Goto Aeko , Hattori Motoshi 
Published: December 2018

AbstractBackgroundThere are few reports of patients with Campylobacter enteritis after renal transplantation, and only a few case reports of bacteremia have been published. Although antibiotic therapy for 3‐5 days has been recommended for immunocompromised patients, the optimal treatment for Campylobacter enteritis after renal transplantation has not been established. This study aimed to clarify the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of Campylobacter enteritis after pediatric renal transplantation.MethodsThis retrospective study included patients who underwent pediatric renal transplantation and were found to have Campylobacter species in stool cultures between January 2014 and May 2017.ResultsThis study included eight patients who underwent pediatric renal transplantation. The median age at the time of renal transplantation was 14 years, and the median period between transplantation and disease occurrence was 4.6 years. Clinical symptoms were abdominal pain for eight patients, diarrhea for eight patients, fever for seven patients, vomiting for three patients, and headache for three patients. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from the stool cultures of all patients. The median administration period of antibiotics as initial therapy was 7 days (range, 4‐11 days). However, clinical relapse was observed in four patients after completing antibiotic therapy. Patients who experienced clinical relapse required a second course of antibiotic therapy for a median duration of 7 days (range, 5‐10 days).ConclusionsPatients with Campylobacter enteritis after pediatric renal transplantation are at high risk for clinical relapse and may require a longer duration of antibiotic therapy than that generally described.
Extreme variation in rates of evolution in the plastid Clp protease complex
Authors: Williams Alissa M. , Friso Giulia , van Wijk Klaas J. , Sloan Daniel B. 
Published: December 2018

SummaryEukaryotic cells represent an intricate collaboration between multiple genomes, even down to the level of multi‐subunit complexes in mitochondria and plastids. One such complex in plants is the caseinolytic protease (Clp), which plays an essential role in plastid protein turnover. The proteolytic core of Clp comprises subunits from one plastid‐encoded gene (clpP1) and multiple nuclear genes. TheclpP1 gene is highly conserved across most green plants, but it is by far the fastest evolving plastid‐encoded gene in some angiosperms. To better understand these extreme and mysterious patterns of divergence, we investigated the history ofclpP1 molecular evolution across green plants by extracting sequences from 988 published plastid genomes. We find thatclpP1 has undergone remarkably frequent bouts of accelerated sequence evolution and architectural changes (e.g. a loss of introns andRNA‐editing sites) within seed plants. AlthoughclpP1 is often assumed to be a pseudogene in such cases, multiple lines of evidence suggest that this is rarely true. We applied comparative native gel electrophoresis of chloroplast protein complexes followed by protein mass spectrometry in two species within the angiosperm genusSilene, which has highly elevated and heterogeneous rates ofclpP1 evolution. We confirmed thatclpP1 is expressed as a stable protein and forms oligomeric complexes with the nuclear‐encoded Clp subunits, even in one of the most divergentSilene species. Additionally, there is a tight correlation between amino acid substitution rates inclpP1 and the nuclear‐encoded Clp subunits across a broad sampling of angiosperms, suggesting continuing selection on interactions within this complex.
Ionotropic and metabotropic kainate receptor signalling regulates Cl− homeostasis and GABAergic inhibition
Authors: Garand Danielle , Mahadevan Vivek , Woodin Melanie A. 
Published: December 2018

Key points
Potassium‐chloride co‐transporter 2 (KCC2) plays a critical role in regulating chloride homeostasis, which is essential for hyperpolarizing inhibition in the mature nervous system.
KCC2 interacts with many proteins involved in excitatory neurotransmission, including the GluK2 subunit of the kainate receptor (KAR).
We show that activation of KARs hyperpolarizes the reversal potential for GABA (EGABA) via both ionotropic and metabotropic signalling mechanisms.
KCC2 is required for the metabotropic KAR‐mediated regulation of EGABA, although ionotropic KAR signalling can hyperpolarize EGABA independent of KCC2 transporter function.
The KAR‐mediated hyperpolarization of EGABA is absent in the GluK1/2−/− mouse and is independent of zinc release from mossy fibre terminals.
The ability of KARs to regulate KCC2 function may have implications in diseases with disrupted excitation: inhibition balance, such as epilepsy, neuropathic pain, autism spectrum disorders and Down's syndrome.
AbstractPotassium‐chloride co‐transporter 2 (KCC2) plays a critical role in the regulation of chloride (Cl−) homeostasis within mature neurons. KCC2 is a secondarily active transporter that extrudes Cl− from the neuron, which maintains a low intracellular Cl− concentration [Cl−]. This results in a hyperpolarized reversal potential of GABA (EGABA), which is required for fast synaptic inhibition in the mature central nervous system. KCC2 also plays a structural role in dendritic spines and at excitatory synapses, and interacts with ‘excitatory’ proteins, including the GluK2 subunit of kainate receptors (KARs). KARs are glutamate receptors that display both ionotropic and metabotropic signalling. We show that activating KARs in the hippocampus hyperpolarizes EGABA, thus strengthening inhibition. This hyperpolarization occurs via both ionotropic and metabotropic KAR signalling in the CA3 region, whereas it is absent in the GluK1/2−/− mouse, and is independent of zinc release from mossy fibre terminals. The metabotropic signalling mechanism is dependent on KCC2, although the ionotropic signalling mechanism produces a hyperpolarization of EGABA even in the absence of KCC2 transporter function. These results demonstrate a novel functional interaction between a glutamate receptor and KCC2, a transporter critical for maintaining inhibition, suggesting that the KAR:KCC2 complex may play an important role in excitatory:inhibitory balance in the hippocampus. Additionally, the ability of KARs to regulate chloride homeostasis independently of KCC2 suggests that KAR signalling can regulate inhibition via multiple mechanisms. Activation of kainate‐type glutamate receptors could serve as an important mechanism for increasing the strength of inhibition during periods of strong glutamatergic activity.