bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La réflexion prospective en Afrique
Authors: Sall Alioune 
Published: September 2019

Comme mentionné en ouverture de l’article précédent, de Souleymane Bachir Diagne, ce numéro de Futuribles marque le lancement d’une nouvelle série, portant cette fois sur l’Afrique. Le premier volet de cette série s’intéresse à la prospective telle qu’elle se pratique en Afrique ; et dans l’article qui suit, le directeur de l’Institut des futurs africains, Alioune Sall, propose un panorama des discours et des pratiques de nature prospective entrepris en Afrique depuis une quarantaine d’années. Il montre ainsi combien les États africains ont investi la discipline, dès les années 1960 et surtout à compter des années 1990, s’attachant à développer des « visions », nationales ou régionales, destinées à guider les stratégies de développement. Et après un rappel assez détaillé de ces nombreux exercices de prospective engagés en Afrique, il en analyse les principales caractéristiques ; il montre dans quel contexte et de quelle manière ils ont été réalisés ; il souligne les difficultés institutionnelles auxquelles ils ont pu se heurter, etc. Enfin, il s’interroge sur l’évolution possible des études nationales de perspectives à long terme (les ENPLT, très largement promues par l’Institut des futurs africains), compte tenu de la façon dont elles ont été menées, du degré d’implication des acteurs (États, organisations internationales, agences d’aide au développement…), de leur impact…, invitant à poursuivre les exercices prospectifs en Afrique mais en tenant compte de ce bilan, afin qu’ils puissent jouer un rôle plus efficace sur les stratégies de développement. S.D.
Lewis Mumford, un auteur majeur pour penser le XXI e siècle
Authors: Haëntjens Jean 
Published: September 2019

Même si nous ne sommes jamais à l’abri de ruptures imprévisibles, les tendances à l’œuvre aujourd’hui et depuis plusieurs décennies laissent entrevoir un monde durablement marqué par les évolutions technologiques en cours (poursuite de l’essor des technologies de l’information, intelligence artificielle…) et dont la population sera de plus en plus urbaine. Dans ce contexte, sans préjuger de l’emprise réelle qu’aura le progrès technologique sur l’homme (augmenté ?) ni de la façon dont s’organiseront les sociétés urbaines dans ce monde hyperconnecté mais aussi soumis à des contraintes écologiques croissantes, relire les écrits de Lewis Mumford nous a paru bienvenu. Historien des sciences et de l’urbanisme, l’Américain Lewis Mumford (1895-1990) a en effet abordé, tout au long de son œuvre, des thèmes qui demeurent très actuels pour nos sociétés : technique et civilisation, le rôle clef des villes dans l’organisation sociopolitique, les perspectives ouvertes par les relations homme-machine, la nécessité d’une pensée systémique, etc. Jean Haëntjens en propose, dans ce futur d’antan, une relecture très instructive, montrant qu’il reste des marges d’action aux sociétés humaines, même les plus « techniciennes ». S.D.
Cerveau : anatomie et fonction
Authors: Duffau Hugues 
Published: September 2019

Prolongeant le propos de Jean-Pierre Henry, Hugues Duffau montre que la plasticité cérébrale du cerveau, sa capacité à se réorganiser en permanence afin de s’adapter aux circonstances, résulte du fait qu’il constitue un système extrêmement complexe dont toutes les parties fonctionnent en interaction, selon des processus dont il nous livre quelques secrets. Logiquement, l’auteur s’attaque donc à une idée fort répandue selon laquelle chaque aire du cerveau correspondrait à une fonction donnée (mouvement, langage, mémoire, émotion), relevant du « localisationnisme ». Cette idée, affirme-t-il, est infirmée par l’observation des processus en chaîne qui relient toutes les parties du cerveau qui s’activent et permettent cette plasticité synaptique si singulière au cerveau humain et, incidemment, le distinguent fondamentalement de ce que l’on appelle l’intelligence artificielle. L’auteur, célèbre neurochirurgien, est assurément bien placé pour montrer ainsi que l’ablation d’une lésion cérébrale ne peut s’effectuer sans respecter l’ensemble du réseau neuronal dynamique qui est unique à chacun et qui évolue en permanence (à la différence une fois encore des machines). Il rend compte des progrès accomplis dans la compréhension de l’anatomie et des fonctions très complexes du cerveau telles qu’elles peuvent désormais être de mieux en mieux cartographiées et, le cas échéant, réparées. Il alerte enfin sur les risques inhérents aux réseaux neuronaux artificiels, pâle copie selon lui des réseaux neuronaux humains, qui pourraient in fine avoir pour conséquence d’altérer la neuroplasticité du cerveau humain. H.J.
Rêves, sommeil et mémoire
Authors: Benchenane Karim 
Published: September 2019

Troisième contribution à notre dossier sur la plasticité cérébrale, l’article de Karim Benchenane revient sur cette notion pour préciser qu’elle recouvre « la façon dont l’expérience va modifier à long terme l’efficacité avec laquelle les neurones vont pouvoir communiquer entre eux ». S’il souligne à son tour le rôle primordial des premières années, il n’en remarque pas moins que, contrairement à ce que l’on a longtemps cru, cette plasticité perdure toute la vie. L’auteur explique ensuite les mécanismes qui régissent la mémoire tout en soulignant qu’il existe différentes formes de mémoire, notamment une mémoire à court terme et une mémoire à long terme, qui ne dépendent pas toutes de l’hippocampe. Puis, comme l’apprentissage et la mémorisation consomment une grande partie de l’énergie nécessaire au fonctionnement du cerveau, il rappelle l’importance du sommeil, nécessaire à la récupération physique. Il ne manque pas de souligner que ces processus font encore l’objet de controverses scientifiques ici exposées de manière très claire et intéressante. Enfin, Karim Benchenane nous alerte sur le risque, pendant que nous dormons, d’être victimes d’un conditionnement social et termine son article par quelques considérations sur les interactions cerveau-machine, un sujet sur lequel nous reviendrons dans notre troisième dossier sur le cerveau à paraître à la fin de cette année. H.J.
Relents de fascisme(s)
Authors: Portnoff André-Yves 
Published: September 2019

À l’issue des élections européennes de mai 2019, les partis d’extrême droite ont vu le nombre de leurs sièges au Parlement européen tripler, comparé au scrutin de 2014. Ce résultat confirme qu’un peu partout en Europe, les partis ultranationalistes et populistes progressent et intègrent démocratiquement les institutions qui nous gouvernent. Néanmoins, il ne faut pas se leurrer sur le profil de ces partis, comme le montre ici André-Yves Portnoff en s’appuyant sur l’exemple italien : ils n’ont d’arguments démocratiques que de façade et sont experts dans la manipulation des foules et de la vérité. Ainsi en va-t-il des néofascistes italiens qui, par une relecture très personnelle de l’histoire et du passé mussolinien, véhiculent des contre-vérités et usent de la désinformation pour attirer les suffrages, tout en entretenant des systèmes de collusion et de corruption très éloignés de leurs discours vertueux. Ce forum vise à démonter ces stratagèmes et à alerter sur des méthodes qui pourraient essaimer dans d’autres mouvances extrémistes. S.D.
Intralesional Methylprednisolone for Langerhans' Cell Histiocytosis of the Orbit and Cranium
Authors: Wirtschafter Jonathan D , Nesbit Mark , Anderson Peter , McClain Kenneth 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
A 27-month-old girl had a rapidly expanding orbital frontal bone mass due to Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. The CT of the orbit showed a lateral orbital mass containing an irregular density that extended into the intracranial cavity through a lytic lesion of the bone. This is the first report of the use in the orbit of an intralesional steroid injection. Five months later the lesion had not recurred. This treatment spared the patient radiation therapy or a craniotomy with curettage.
A Inquiry Teaching Mode Based on STEM Education
Authors: Zhai Lian 
Published: September 2019

The course of college English plays an important role in overall improving students’ comprehensive quality. Under traditional teaching mode, English teaching is dominated by the teacher, and supplemented by students. Such the efficiency of teaching method is low so that students cannot give full play to their dominant role in learning. Besides, their learning ability cannot improve, and it is difficult to carry out teaching activities efficiently. On this basis, an inquiry teaching mode based on STEM educational concept was explored for the course of college English in this study by combining specific implementation requirements of inquiry learning method. Meanwhile, the teaching effects of experimental class and control class for which traditional teaching mode was applied were compared. The result shows that the inquiry teaching mode based on STEM educational concept has obvious advantages in college English teaching and can significantly improve students’ comprehensive ability and professional quality, so it deserves to be referenced for teaching mode reform.
The Role of TTP Phosphorylation in the Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokine Production by MK2/3
Authors: Ronkina Natalia , Shushakova Nelli , Tiedje Christopher , Yakovleva Tatiana , Tollenaere Maxim A. X. , Scott Aaron , Batth Tanveer Singh , Olsen Jesper Velgaard , Helmke Alexandra , Bekker-Jensen Simon Holst , Clark Andrew R. , Kotlyarov Alexey , Gaestel Matthias 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an RNA-binding protein and an essential factor of posttranscriptional repression of cytokine biosynthesis in macrophages. Its activity is temporally inhibited by LPS-induced p38MAPK/MAPKAPK2/3–mediated phosphorylation, leading to a rapid increase in cytokine expression. We compared TTP expression and cytokine production in mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages of different genotypes: wild type, MAPKAP kinase 2 (MK2) deletion (MK2 knockout [KO]), MK2/3 double deletion (MK2/3 double KO [DKO]), TTP-S52A-S178A (TTPaa) knock-in, as well as combined MK2 KO/TTPaa and MK2/3 DKO/TTPaa. The comparisons reveal that MK2/3 are the only LPS-induced kinases for S52 and S178 of TTP and the role of MK2 and MK3 in the regulation of TNF biosynthesis is not restricted to phosphorylation of TTP at S52/S178 but includes independent processes, which could involve other TTP phosphorylations (such as S316) or other substrates of MK2/3 or p38MAPK. Furthermore, we found differences in the dependence of various cytokines on the cooperation between MK2/3 deletion and TTP mutation ex vivo. In the cecal ligation and puncture model of systemic inflammation, a dramatic decrease of cytokine production in MK2/3 DKO, TTPaa, and DKO/TTPaa mice compared with wild-type animals is observed, thus confirming the role of the MK2/3/TTP signaling axis in cytokine production also in vivo. These findings improve our understanding of this signaling axis and could be of future relevance in the treatment of inflammation.
Gallbladder Agenesis in a Dog: Clinicopathological, Histopathology, and Computed Tomography Findings
Authors: Kelly Darren , Moreno-Aguado Beatriz , Lamb Valerie 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Three cases of gallbladder agenesis (GA) have been previously reported in the English-speaking veterinary literature. Affected dogs can be either asymptomatic or symptomatic with vomiting, retching, and anorexia previously reported. The previously reported cases and the dog in this report had marked elevations in alanine aminotransferase concentrations, and liver histopathology consistently showed bridging fibrosis and biliary hyperplasia. The condition is most often diagnosed in humans during exploratory surgery, which was also the case in the previous three dogs reported with GA. Computed tomography (CT) or MRI is now recommended for diagnosis of the condition in humans, and this is the first report of CT findings in an affected dog diagnosed without surgery. Bile stasis and cholangiohepatits have been proposed as secondary pathologies in both humans and dogs with GA, and histopathology and CT findings in this case support those theories.
Prevalence of Spondylosis Deformans in Tailed Versus Tail-Docked Rottweilers
Authors: Ihrke Amber , Riviera Pedro , LoGuidice Rosemary , Guiffrida Michelle , Neforos Kathleen 
Published: September 2019

ABSTRACT
Tail docking is a routine procedure for rottweilers in the United States and Canada. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in tailed (n = 25) and docked (n = 39) rottweilers ≥5 yr old to compare prevalence and severity of spondylosis deformans in the lumbar spine between groups. The prevalence of spondylosis was 68.0% in tailed dogs and 76.9% in docked dogs, which was not significantly different (P = .563). Distribution of spondylosis severity did not significantly differ between tailed and docked dogs (P = .102). Logistic regression found moderate to severe spondylosis was associated with age and sex. Females were three times at greater risk than males (odds ratio 3.10, 95% confidence interval 1.060–9.08; P = .039). Risk increased 1.4 times for each additional year (odds ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.99, P = .036). Tail docking may not impact or only play a minor role in spondylosis deformans in rottweilers.
Stomach metastasis of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma
Authors: KİRMİZİ Serdar , UCAR Bercıs İmge , YİLMAZ Sevda , AYDOGAN KİRMİZİ Demet 
Published: September 2019

Endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) are rare mesenchymal tumors of the uterus. Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LGESS) constitutes approximately two-thirds of ESS. Metastasis of LGESS can be seen after many years. In the endoscopic examination, a 57-year-old female patient with dyspeptic complaints was diagnosed with mesenchymal originated tumor located in the antrum of the stomach. It is reported that the patient underwent a hysterectomy and unilateral oophorectomy 15 years ago due to vaginal bleeding. A mass in the stomach approximately 5 cm in diameter was detected in the abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography. She underwent subtotal gastrectomy and omentectomy, and immunohistological examination was reported as LGESS. As far as we know, it is the first case reported as a LGESS metastasis to stomach so far. We should bear in mind that metastasis of LGESS may be seen after many years. It should be included in differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Bir Üniversite Hastanesi Çocuk Psikiyatrisi Polikliniğinde Değerlendirilen Suça Sürüklenen Çocuklar
Authors: YÜKSEL Tuğba 
Published: September 2019

&nbsp;Amaç: Ülkemizde ve dünyada ergenlerle
ilgili adli davalar gün geçtikçe artmakta, çocuk psikiyatristleri ve adli tıp
hekimleri adli ve mesleki anlamda daha çok bilgi ve tecrübe gereksinimi
duymaktadır. Erkek çocuk ve ergenlerde, saldırgan davranışlar ve suça
sürüklenmenin daha sık olduğu farklı çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Çalışmamızın
amacı; adli makamlarca Türk Ceza Kanunu (TCK) 31 ve 32 maddeleri gereğince
çocuk psikiyatrisi polikliniğine getirilen çocukların psikiyatrik muayenelerini
yaparak tanı, sosyodemografik veriler, suçun niteliği ve suça iten riskleri
belirlemektir. Ek olarak hazırlanan raporların incelenmesi de amaçlanmaktadır.

Yöntemler: Araştırma, hastanemiz etik kurulundan onay
alındıktan sonra, Haziran 2017- Kasım 2018 tarihleri arasında Çocuk
psikiyatrisi polikliniğine adli psikiyatrik muayene amacıyla getirilen,
işlendiği iddia edilen suçun hukuki anlam ve sonuçlarını algılama ve davranışlarını
yönlendirme yeteneğinin gelişip gelişmediği veya akıl hastalığı sorulan suça
sürüklenen 107 çocuğun geriye dönük dosyaları incelenerek düzenlenmiştir.

Bulgular: Çalışmaya alınan çocuklarda erkek cinsiyet, okulu bırakma oranları,
madde kullanımı, dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB), davranış
bozukluğu varlığının ve sosyoekonomik düzeyin düşüklüğününyüksek olduğu tespit
edildi. En sık işlenen suç hırsızlıktı (% 37,3), bunları sırasıyla terör
(%25,2), yaralama (%17,8), cinsel istismar (%15) ve uyuşturucu (%4,7) suçları
izliyordu. 107 çocuktan 27’sinde (%31,8) işledikleri fiilin hukuki anlam ve
sonuçlarını algılama veya bu fiille ilgili olarak davranışlarını yönlendirme
yeteneğinin yeterince gelişmediği, 20 (%23,5) çocukta işledikleri fiilin hukuki
anlam ve sonuçlarını algıladığı bu fiille ilgili olarak davranışlarını yönlendirme
yeteneğinin geliştiği, 38 (%44,7) çocukta işledikleri iddia edilen fiilin
hukuki anlam ve sonuçlarını algıladığı ancak davranışlarını yönlendirme yeteneğinin
yeterince gelişmediği tıbbi kanaatine varıldı. 6 çocukta akıl hastalığı
mevcudiyeti nedeniyle TCK 32. madde gereğince fiilin hukuki anlam ve sonuçlarını
algılama ve davranışlarını yönlendirme yeteneğinin yeterince gelişmediği, yine
6 çocukta ise akıl hastalığının mevcut olmadığı tıbbi kanaatine varıldı.

Sonuç: Suça sürüklenen çocukların genel özelliklerinin
ve risk faktörlerinin bilinmesi, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik ihtiyaçlarının
karşılanması sonuç olarak bu davranışların önlenmesi ve gerekli tedbirlerin
alınmasına katkıda bulunabilmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir.
Pyoderma Gangrenosum–Like Lesion in an Older Adult
Authors: Swindell William R. , Gau Jen-Tzer 
Published: September 2019

Abstract
Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare but serious neutrophilic dermatosis characterized by ulcerative lesions with violaceous borders. The disease mainly occurs in young or middle-aged adults. The authors present the case of a 79-year-old female nursing home patient who had an idiopathic PG-like ulcer on her lower extremity. Initial treatment with 3 courses of antibiotics and topical wound care for assumed cellulitis failed to improve the lesion, but the ulcer healed rapidly after a 1-week course of prednisone therapy (15 mg/d). This case provides insights into the challenges that arise in the diagnosis and management of PG in an older patient with extensive comorbidities. It also highlights the importance of considering PG as a diagnosis for older patients with a distinctive inflammatory ulcer that does not respond to antibiotics and topical wound care, since timely treatment with low-dose steroids can lead to quick healing by aborting the underlying autoinflammatory process.
The mineralization characteristics of organic carbon and particle composition analysis in reconstructed soil with different proportions of soft rock and sand
Authors: Guo Zhen , Han Jichang , Xu Yan , Lu Yangjie , Shi Chendi , Ge Lei , Cao Tingting , Li Juan 
Published: September 2019

The organic carbon mineralization process reflects the release intensity of soil CO2. Therefore, the study of organic carbon mineralization and particle composition analysis of soft rock and sand compound soil can provide technical support and a theoretical basis for soil organic reconstruction (soil structure, materials and biological nutrition). Based on previous research, four treatments were selected: CK (soft rock:sand=0:1), C1 (soft rock:sand=1:5), C2 (soft rock:sand=1:2) and C3 (soft rock:sand=1:1), respectively. Specifically, we analyzed the organic carbon mineralization process and soil particle composition by lye absorption, laser granulometer, and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that there was no significant difference in organic carbon content between C1, C2 , and C3 treatments, but they were significantly higher than in the CK treatment (P < 0.05). The organic carbon mineralization rate in each treatment accords with a logarithmic function throughout the incubation period (P < 0.01), which can be divided into a rapid decline phase in days 1 to 11 followed by a steady decline phase in days 11 to 30. The cumulative mineralization on the 11th day reached 54.96%–74.44% of the total mineralization amount. At the end of the incubation, the cumulative mineralization and potential mineralizable organic carbon content of the C1, C2 and C3 treatments were significantly higher than those of the CK treatment. The cumulative mineralization rate was also the lowest in the C1 and C2 treatment. The turnover rate constant of soil organic carbon in each treatment was significantly lower than that of the CK treatment, and the residence time increased. With the increase of volume fraction of soft rock, the content of silt and clay particles increased gradually, the texture of soil changed from sandy soil to sandy loam, loam , and silty loam, respectively. With the increase of small particles, the structure of soil appear ed to collapse when the volume ratio of soft rock was 50%. A comprehensive mineralization index and scanning electron microscopy analysis, when the ratio of soft rock to sand volume was 1:5–1:2, this can effectively increase the accumulation of soil organic carbon. Then, the distribution of soil particles was more uniform, the soil structure was stable (not collapsed), and the mineralization level of unit organic carbon was lower. Our research results have practical significance for the large area popularization of soft rock and sand compound technology.
Prediction model for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: use of a genetic algorithm to develop a neural network model
Authors: Zhang Zhongheng 
Published: September 2019

Background
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with significantly increased risk of death, and early risk stratification may help to choose the appropriate treatment. The study aimed to develop a neural network model by using a genetic algorithm (GA) for the prediction of mortality in patients with ARDS.

Methods
This was a secondary analysis of two multicenter randomized controlled trials conducted in forty-four hospitals that are members of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, founded to create an acute respiratory distress syndrome Clinical Trials Network. Model training and validation were performed using the SAILS and OMEGA studies, respectively. A GA was employed to screen variables in order to predict 90-day mortality, and a neural network model was trained for the prediction. This machine learning model was compared to the logistic regression model and APACHE III score in the validation cohort.

Results
A total number of 1,071 ARDS patients were included for analysis. The GA search identified seven important variables, which were age, AIDS, leukemia, metastatic tumor, hepatic failure, lowest albumin, and FiO2. A representative neural network model was constructed using the forward selection procedure. The area under the curve (AUC) of the neural network model evaluated with the validation cohort was 0.821 (95% CI [0.753–0.888]), which was greater than the APACHE III score (0.665; 95% CI [0.590–0.739]; p = 0.002 by Delong’s test) and logistic regression model, albeit not statistically significant (0.743; 95% CI [0.669–0.817], p = 0.130 by Delong’s test).

Conclusions
The study developed a neural network model using a GA, which outperformed conventional scoring systems for the prediction of mortality in ARDS patients.