bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of the microbiome in scalp hair follicle biology and disease
Authors: Polak‐Witka Katarzyna , Rudnicka Lidia , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike , Vogt Annika 
Published: April 2019

AbstractThe skin surface microbiome and its role in skin diseases have received increasing attention over the past years. Beyond, there is evidence for a continuous exchange with the cutaneous immune system in healthy skin, where hair follicles (HFs) provide unique anatomical niches. Especially, scalp HFs form large tubular invaginations, which extend deeply into the skin and harbour a variety of microorganisms. The distinct immunology of HFs with enhanced immune cell trafficking in superficial compartments in juxtaposition to immune‐privileged sites crucial for hair follicle cycling and regeneration makes this organ a highly susceptible structure. Depending on composition and penetration depth, microbiota may cause typical infections, but may also contribute to pro‐inflammatory environment in chronic inflammatory scalp diseases. Involvement in hair cycle regulation and immune cell maturation has been postulated. Herein, we review recent insights in hair follicle microbiome, immunology and penetration research and discuss clinical implications for scalp health and disease.
Update on protease‐activated receptor 2 in cutaneous barrier, differentiation, tumorigenesis and pigmentation, and its role in related dermatologic diseases
Authors: Henehan Mason , De Benedetto Anna 
Published: April 2019

AbstractProtease‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a transmembrane receptor expressed by multiple tissues, including skin, with rapidly expanding knowledge regarding its roles. In the skin, PAR2 has extensively documented effects in promoting Th2 inflammation and pruritus; and its role in atopic dermatitis continues to be thoroughly studied. Numerous new investigations have shown a more complex range of activities potentially related to dermatologic diseases. Goal of this review is to outline emerging effects of PAR2 activation in the skin other than those related to immunologic and pruritic functions. Specifically, this work seeks to summarize current knowledge (and gaps) of PAR2 as a regulator of epidermal barrier, keratinocyte differentiation, cutaneous tumorigenesis and pigmentation. Additional focus will be placed on possible involvement in dermatologic disease and emergence as a therapeutic target.
Enhancer role of a native metabolite, O‐acetyl‐ADP‐ribose, on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromatin epigenetic gene silencing
Authors: Wang Sue‐Hong , Tung Shu‐Yun , Su Kuan‐Chung , Shen Hsiao‐Hsuian , Hong Jia‐Yang , Tsai Ming‐Shiun , Liou Gunn‐Guang 
Published: April 2019

AbstractTo study the epigenetic gene silencing, yeast is an excellent model organism. Sir proteins are required for the formation of silent heterochromatin. Sir2 couples histone deacetylation and NAD hydrolysis to generate an endogenous epigenetic metabolic small molecule, O‐acetyl‐ADP‐ribose (AAR). AAR is involved in the conformational change of SIR complexes, modulates the formation of SIR–nucleosome preheterochromatin and contributes to the spreading of SIR complexes along the chromatin fiber to form extended silent heterochromatin regions. Here, we show that AAR is capable of enhancing the chromatin silencing effect under either an extra exogenous AAR or a defect AAR metabolic enzyme situation, but decreasing the chromatin silencing effect under a defect AAR synthetic enzyme state. Our results provide an evidence of biological function importance of AAR. It is indicated that AAR does not only function in vitro but also play a role in vivo to increase the effect of heterochromatin epigenetic gene silencing. However, further investigations of AAR are warranted to expand our knowledge of epigenetics and associated small molecules.
Regulators of T‐cell fate: Integration of cell migration, differentiation and function
Authors: Groom Joanna R. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryA fundamental question in immunology is how cells decide between distinct T helper, effector or memory differentiation fates. These decisions are paramount to overcome infection and establish long‐lasting protection. The impact of cell location for the determination of T‐cell fate decisions is an emerging field. This review will discuss our current understanding of the migration path that T cells follow, within draining lymph nodes, to steer differentiation down distinct paths of either effector or memory fates. In particular, the regulation of migration and cellular encounters mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands will be discussed. The combination of increased antigen density and unique cellular partners play a central role in facilitating the site‐specific differentiation of effector T cells, within the interfollicular regions of draining lymph nodes. Recent advances have applied this knowledge to optimize vaccine design to target antigen to lymph nodes. Increased understanding of the regulation of CXCR3 ligands and how T cells integrate multiple chemokine cues will help further progress in this field and allow additional applications to direct cell differentiation outside the lymph node, to enhance memory residency in peripheral tissues and effector anti‐tumor responses.
Chemokines and other mediators in the development and functional organization of lymph nodes
Authors: Eckert Nadine , Permanyer Marc , Yu Kai , Werth Kathrin , Förster Reinhold 
Published: April 2019

SummarySecondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes (LNs) are the main inductive sites for adaptive immune responses. Lymphocytes are constantly entering LNs, scanning the environment for their cognate antigen and get replenished by incoming cells after a certain period of time. As only a minor percentage of lymphocytes recognizes cognate antigen, this mechanism of permanent recirculation ensures fast and effective immune responses when necessary. Thus, homing, positioning, and activation as well as egress require precise regulation within LNs. In this review we discuss the mediators, including chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and others that are involved in the formation of the LN anlage and subsequent functional organization of LNs. We highlight very recent findings in the fields of LN development, steady‐state migration in LNs, and the intranodal processes during an adaptive immune response.
Secrets and lyase: Control of sphingosine 1‐phosphate distribution
Authors: Dixit Dhaval , Okuniewska Martyna , Schwab Susan R. 
Published: April 2019

SummaryThe signaling lipid sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) plays key roles in many physiological processes. In the immune system, S1P's best‐described function is to draw cells out of tissues into circulation. Here, we will review models of S1P distribution in the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, and nonlymphoid tissues. These models have been challenging to construct, because of the lack of tools to map lipid gradients. Nonetheless, evidence to date suggests that S1P distribution is exquisitely tightly controlled, and that concentrations of signaling‐available S1P cannot be predicted by standard rules of thumb. The fine regulation of S1P gradients may explain how S1P can simultaneously direct multiple cell movements both between tissues and circulation and within tissues. It may also make it feasible to develop drugs that enable spatially specific modulation of S1P signaling.
Thermoelectric properties of W1−xNbxSe2−ySy polycrystalline compounds
Authors: Yakovleva Galina E. , Romanenko Anatoly I. , Ledneva Alexandra Yu. , Belyavin Viktor A. , Kuznetsov Vitalii A. , Berdinsky Alexandr S. , Burkov Alexandr T. , Konstantinov Petr P. , Novikov Sergey V. , Han Mi‐Kyung , Kim Sung‐Jin , Fedorov Vladimir E. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractWe investigate the thermoelectric properties of bulk polycrystalline samples of WSe2‐based compounds with partial substitutions in the cationic (W) and the anionic (Se) sublattices in the temperature range from 4.2 to 650 K. The substitution of W for Nb leads to a significant increase in the charge carrier concentration, however, deteriorates the charge carrier mobility. In contrast, the substitution of selenium for sulfur increases the charge carrier mobility, the thermal conductivity, and the Seebeck coefficient but conductivity changes non‐monotonical. We show that the addition of sulfur in anionic sublattice affects the grain sizes in the polycrystalline material. Using substitutions in the anionic and cationic sublattices, we find the optimal ratio of the elements for better thermoelectric efficiency. The W0.98Nb0.02Se1.7S0.3 sample showed the best value of the figure of merit ZT = 0.26 (T = 650 K).
Levels of resilience and delivery of HIV care in response to urban violence and crime
Authors: Cooper Diane , Green Gill , Tembo Doreen , Christie Sarah 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimsTo understand the impact of urban violence and crime on HIV care delivery.BackgroundUrban violence and crime can put pressure on the healthcare system and on nursing staff. Whilst there is research about the impact this has at the individual level, there is less research that places this in the context of the overall social eco‐system.DesignA qualitative design using inductive thematic analysis.MethodsBetween July 2016 ‐ February 2017, we conducted in‐depth interviews with 10 nurses working in two neighbourhoods with high levels of violence in Cape Town, South Africa.ResultsThe effects of crime and violence were evident at multiple levels resulting in participants feeling “safe and unsafe” in a context where people view crime as endemic. Resilience emerged as a key concept in the findings. Resilience was apparent at individual, community, and organizational levels and enabled continued delivery of HIV care.ConclusionThe findings demonstrate the potential role of resilience in the social eco‐health system required to sustain delivery of HIV care in the midst of urban violence and gangsterism.ImpactThis study examined the impact of and response to urban violence on HIV care delivery. The findings indicate that resilience manifests at all levels of the social eco‐system. Understanding the mechanisms employed to cope with endemic violence helps to address these challenges in the study setting, but also has a much wider application to other areas with endemic urban violence and crime.
A randomized controlled trial on the blood pressure–lowering effect of amlodipine and nifedipine‐GITS in sustained hypertension
Authors: Huang Qi‐Fang , Sheng Chang‐Sheng , Li Yan , Dou Yu , Zheng Mei‐Sheng , Zhu Zhi‐Ming , Wang Ji‐Guang ,   the Amlodipine Morning Blood Pressure Surge Study (ARMORS) Investigators
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn a multicenter, randomized trial, we investigated whether the long half‐time dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker amlodipine was more efficacious than the gastrointestinal therapeutic system (GITS) formulation of nifedipine in lowering ambulatory blood pressure (BP) in sustained hypertension (clinic systolic/diastolic BP 140‐179/90‐109 mm Hg and 24‐hour systolic/diastolic BP ≥ 130/80 mm Hg). Eligible patients were randomly assigned to amlodipine 5‐10 mg/day or nifedipine‐GITS 30‐60 mg/day. Ambulatory BP monitoring was performed for 24 hours at baseline and 4‐week treatment and for 48 hours at 8‐week treatment with a dose of medication missed on the second day. After 8‐week treatment, BP was similarly reduced in the amlodipine (n = 257) and nifedipine‐GITS groups (n = 248) for both clinic and ambulatory (24‐hour systolic/diastolic BP 10.3/6.5 vs 10.9/6.3 mm Hg, P ≥ 0.24) measurements. However, after missing a dose of medication, ambulatory BP reductions were greater in the amlodipine than nifedipine‐GITS group, with a significant (P ≤ 0.04) between‐group difference in 24‐hour (–1.2 mm Hg) and daytime diastolic BP (–1.5 mm Hg). In conclusion, amlodipine and nifedipine‐GITS were efficacious in reducing 24‐hour BP. When a dose of medication was missed, amlodipine became more efficacious than nifedipine‐GITS.
Development and psychometric testing of an inventory to measure patient‐centred care in dietetic practice – dietitian version
Authors: Sladdin I. , Gillespie B.M. , Ball L. , Chaboyer W. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe lack of a valid instrument to measure patient‐centred care (PCC) in dietetic practice makes it challenging to evaluate how patient‐centred dietitians are. The present study aimed to develop and psychometrically test a dietitian‐reported inventory to measure PCC in dietetic practice.MethodsThe inventory was compiled based on a literature review of existing validated scales that measured the dimensions of PCC. Next, the inventory was distributed as a cross‐sectional survey to 180 Australian Accredited Practicing Dietitians who worked in primary care. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using principal factor analysis with Promax rotation. Cronbach's alpha (criteria ≥0.80), inter‐item correlations and corrected item‐total correlations (criteria 0.30–0.70) were computed to evaluate the internal consistency of each scale.ResultsFive factors were extracted accounting for 56.9% of the variance. Most variables had strong loadings on only one factor. Factors were labelled as: shared decision‐making; holistic and individualised care; patient–dietitian communication; knowing the patient; and caring patient–dietitian relationships. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94 for the total inventory and ranged from 0.73 to 0.91 for the individual factors. Inter‐item correlations and corrected item‐total correlations mostly fell in the desired range.ConclusionsThe present study offers a preliminary, conceptually grounded dietitian‐reported inventory, which is the first instrument developed and tested to measure PCC in dietetic practice. These findings illustrate the underlying factor structure of the inventory and support the reliability of the scales. With further testing, this inventory may provide useful to clinicians and researchers working to better understand and improve dietetic practice.
Longitudinal alterations in nutrient intake and food pattern in patients with non‐small cell lung cancer during anti‐neoplastic treatment: a cohort study
Authors: Tobberup R. , Holst M. , Carus A. , Jensen N. A. , Falkmer U. G. , Rasmussen H. H. 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundUnintentional weight loss is frequently observed in cancer patients. Nutritional therapy is essential, and dietary counselling is the first step. The present study aimed to explore the nutrient intake and food patterns in weight‐stable and weight‐losing patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) during anti‐neoplastic treatment.MethodsPatients with NSCLC (n = 62) were observed during first‐line systemic anti‐neoplastic treatment. Body weight and dietary intake were assessed on the first and second cycle, and after completing three cycles of treatment. Longitudinal changes were analysed in three groups: weight stable, weight losers and mixed weight.ResultsNutrient intake did not change during treatment in weight stable, although weight losers significantly increased the relative protein intake. Weight stable maintained the food pattern during treatment apart from a decreased consumption of oral nutritional support (ONS). At baseline, weight losers were characterised by pretreatment weight loss, high consumption of ONS, as well as low consumption of grains and animal products. During treatment, weight losers increased the consumption of protein, fatty foods and ONS but decreased the consumption of sweets and alcohol.ConclusionsLarge heterogeneity in nutrient and food intake was observed in NSCLC patients during anti‐neoplastic treatment. Weight losers and weight stable had a similar nutrient intake although protein intake increased in weight losers. Grains and animal products were lower and ONS higher in weight losers compared to weight stable during treatment. Weight losers further increased the consumption of ONS and fatty foods, while the consumption of sweets and alcohol decreased during treatment.
Disconnecting bones within the jaw‐otic network modules underlies mammalian middle ear evolution
Authors: Navarro‐Díaz Aitor , Esteve‐Altava Borja , Rasskin‐Gutman Diego 
Published: April 2019

Abstract
The origin of the mammalian middle ear ossicles from the craniomandibular articulation of their synapsid ancestors is a key event in the evolution of vertebrates. The richness of the fossil record and the multitude of developmental studies have provided a stepwise reconstruction of this evolutionary innovation, highlighting the homology between the quadrate, articular, pre‐articular and angular bones of early synapsids with the incus, malleus, gonial and ectotympanic bones of derived mammals, respectively. There are several aspects involved in this functional exaptation: (i) an increase of the masticatory musculature; (ii) the separation of the quadrate bone from the cranium; and (iii) the disconnection of the post‐dentary bones from the dentary. Here, we compared the jaw‐otic complex for 43 synapsid taxa using anatomical network analysis, showing that the disconnection of mandibular bones was a key step in the mammalian middle ear evolution, changing the skull anatomical modularity concomitant to the acquisition of new functions. Furthermore, our analysis allows the identification of three types of anatomical modules evolving through five evolutionary stages during the anatomical transformation of the jawbones into middle ear bones, with the ossification and degradation of Meckel's cartilage in mammals as the key ontogenetic event leading the change of anatomical modularity.
Characteristics of midluteal phase uterine artery hemodynamics in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss
Authors: Yang Wen , Wu Ze , Yu Ming , Peng Xuenan , Lu Wei , Feng Wen , Kang Xiaomin 
Published: April 2019

AbstractAimTo study the association in resistance to uterine artery blood flow and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) and find its potential influencing factors.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted in 870 RPL and 237 non‐RPL patients visiting to the Clinic from January 2014 to February 2018. All participants underwent comprehensive examinations and were scanned by transvaginal Doppler ultrasonography during the midluteal phase to measure the pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI) and systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D) values of the left and right main uterine arteries. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe mean PI, RI and S/D values for uterine arteries were significantly higher in RPL patients than in non‐RPL patients (P < 0.001). When subjects were grouped according to the different etiologies of RPL, significant higher indices of uterine arteries were found in RPL patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (P < 0.001), autoimmune diseases (P < 0.001), endocrinological abnormalities (P < 0.05), thrombophilia (P < 0.001), uterine anomalies (P < 0.01) and unexplained RPL (P < 0.001). No differences were found between patients with chromosomal anomalies and uterine arteries blood flow (P > 0.05). In RPL patients, mean PI, mean RI and mean S/D values shows no difference among groups (P > 0.05). The Similar results were observed in age and number of spontaneous abortion (P > 0.05).ConclusionImpaired uterine artery blood perfusion may be an underlying pathology to RPL, and it can be used as an independent risk factor for pregnancy failure.
Differential clinical significance of COL5A1 and COL5A2 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chen Hung‐Chih , Tseng Yu‐Kai , Shu Chih‐Wen , Weng Ta‐Jung , Liou Huei‐Han , Yen Liang‐Ming , Hsieh I‐Chien , Wang Cheng‐Ching , Wu Pi‐Chuan , Shiue Yow‐Ling , Fu Ting‐Ying , Tsai Kuo‐Wang , Ger Luo‐Ping , Liu Pei‐Feng 
Published: April 2019

AbstractBackgroundType V collagen (COL5), in the functional heterotrimer [α1(V)2α2(V)] isoform, participates in the malignancies of various cancers. However, its role in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) remains unclear.Materials and MethodsThe expression levels of COL5A1 and COL5A2 polypeptide chains were examined using the tissue microarray from 245 TSCC patients with immunohistochemistry. Paired t test and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test were performed for comparisons among the groups. Survival rates were estimated by using the Kaplan‐Meier method and compared with log‐rank tests. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the impact of protein expression level on survival rate.ResultsExpression level of COL5A1 was significantly increased in tumor tissues (P < 0.001) compared to that in corresponding adjacent normal tissues. High expression level of COL5A1 was associated with advanced pathological stage (III, IV, P = 0.015) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.005) of TSCC patients. High expression level of COL5A1 was also correlated with poor disease‐specific survival (DSS, P = 0.001) and disease‐free survival (DFS, P = 0.003) in TSCC patients. However, high expression level of COL5A2 was correlated with better DFS in TSCC patients (P = 0.043). Moreover, co‐expression level of high (COL5A1)2/low (COL5A2) heterotrimer was correlated with worse DSS (P = 0.004) and DFS (P = 0.004).ConclusionCOL5A1 is an unfavorable factor for tumorigenesis, clinicopathological outcomes, and prognosis, whereas COL5A2 is only a favorable factor for prognosis in TSCC. The co‐expression of high (COL5A1)2/low (COL5A2) heterotrimer is a more potential unfavorable factor for prognosis in TSCC.
Genetic variation in FCER1A predicts peginterferon alfa‐2a‐induced hepatitis B surface antigen clearance in East Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Wei Lai , Pavlovic Vedran , Bansal Aruna T. , Chen Xiaoping , Foster Graham R. , He Hua , Kao Jia‐Horng , Lampertico Pietro , Liaw Yun‐Fan , Motoc Adriana , Papatheodoridis George V. , Piratvisuth Teerha , Plesniak Robert , Wat Cynthia 
Published: April 2019

AbstractIn a multicentre, genome‐wide association study to identify host genetic factors associated with treatment response in adult chronic hepatitis B patients, genotype data were obtained by microarray analysis from 1669 patients who received peginterferon alfa‐2a for ≥ 24 weeks with/without a nucleos(t)ide analog. Treatment response was assessed at least 24 weeks post‐treatment, using serological and/or virological endpoints. Thirty‐six single‐marker analyses and a gene‐by‐gene analysis were conducted. No single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) achieved genome‐wide significance (P < 5 × 10−8) in single‐marker analyses, but suggestive associations (P < 1 × 10−5) were identified for 116 SNPs. In gene‐by‐gene analyses, one gene, FCER1A (rs7549785), reached genome‐wide significance (P = 2.65 × 10−8) in East Asian patients for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance, with a moderate effect size (odds ratio = 4.74). Eleven of 44 carriers (25%) of the A allele at rs7549785 achieved HBsAg clearance compared with 69/1051 (7%) noncarriers. FCER1A encodes the alpha subunit of the immunoglobulin E receptor. In a post hoc analysis of a homogenous patient subset, the strongest intragenic association was for rs7712322 (POLR3G, P = 7.21 × 10−7). POLR3G encodes the G subunit of the polymerase (RNA) III enzyme, involved in sensing and limiting infection by intracellular bacteria and DNA viruses, and as a DNA sensor in innate immune responses. FCER1A (rs7549785) and possibly POLR3G (rs7712322) are shown to be associated with peginterferon alfa‐2a response in adult patients with chronic hepatitis B. Independent confirmation of these findings is warranted (clinicaltrials.gov number NCT01855997).