bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cost of not breastfeeding: global results from a new tool
Authors: Walters Dylan D , Phan Linh T H , Mathisen Roger 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Evidence shows that breastfeeding has many health, human capital and future economic benefits for young children, their mothers and countries. The new Cost of Not Breastfeeding tool, based on open access data, was developed to help policy-makers and advocates have information on the estimated human and economic costs of not breastfeeding at the country, regional and global levels. The results of the analysis using the tool show that 595 379 childhood deaths (6 to 59 months) from diarrhoea and pneumonia each year can be attributed to not breastfeeding according to global recommendations from WHO and UNICEF. It also estimates that 974 956 cases of childhood obesity can be attributed to not breastfeeding according to recommendations each year. For women, breastfeeding is estimated to have the potential to prevent 98 243 deaths from breast and ovarian cancers as well as type II diabetes each year. This level of avoidable morbidity and mortality translates into global health system treatment costs of US$1.1 billion annually. The economic losses of premature child and women’s mortality are estimated to equal US$53.7 billion in future lost earnings each year. The largest component of economic losses, however, is the cognitive losses, which are estimated to equal US$285.4 billion annually. Aggregating these costs, the total global economic losses are estimated to be US$341.3 billion, or 0.70% of global gross national income. While the aim of the tool is to capture the majority of the costs, the estimates are likely to be conservative since economic costs of increased household caregiving time (mainly borne by women), and treatment costs related to other diseases attributable to not breastfeeding according to recommendations are not included in the analysis. This study illustrates the substantial costs of not breastfeeding, and potential economic benefits that could be generated by government and development partners’ investments in scaling up effective breastfeeding promotion and support strategies.
Future directions for the concept of salutogenesis: a position article
Authors: Bauer G F , Roy M , Bakibinga P , Contu P , Downe S , Eriksson M , Espnes G A , Jensen B B , Juvinya Canal D , Lindström B , Mana A , Mittelmark M B , Morgan A R , Pelikan J M , Saboga-Nunes L , Sagy S , Shorey S , Vaandrager L , Vinje H F 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Aaron Antonovsky advanced the concept of salutogenesis almost four decades ago (Antonovsky, Health, Stress and Coping. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, 1979; Unravelling the Mystery of Health. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, 1987). Salutogenesis posits that life experiences shape the sense of coherence (SOC) that helps to mobilize resources to cope with stressors and manage tension successfully (determining one’s movement on the health Ease/Dis-ease continuum). Antonovsky considered the three-dimensional SOC (i.e. comprehensibility, manageability, meaningfulness) as the key answer to his question about the origin of health. The field of health promotion has adopted the concept of salutogenesis as reflected in the international Handbook of Salutogenesis (Mittelmark et al., The Handbook of Salutogenesis. Springer, New York, 2016). However, health promotion mostly builds on the more vague, general salutogenic orientation that implies the need to foster resources and capacities to promote health and wellbeing. To strengthen the knowledge base of salutogenesis, the Global Working Group on Salutogenesis (GWG-Sal) of the International Union of Health Promotion and Education produced the Handbook of Salutogenesis. During the creation of the handbook and the regular meetings of the GWG-Sal, the working group identified four key conceptual issues to be advanced: (i) the overall salutogenic model of health; (ii) the SOC concept; (iii) the design of salutogenic interventions and change processes in complex systems; (iv) the application of salutogenesis beyond health sector. For each of these areas, we first highlight Antonovsky’s original contribution and then present suggestions for future development. These ideas will help guide GWG-Sal’s work to strengthen salutogenesis as a theory base for health promotion.
Proposal to Update the Curriculum in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases for Categorical Gastroenterology Fellows
Authors: Malter Lisa B , Israel Amanda , Rubin David T 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Education in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) varies widely between categorical gastroenterology (GI) programs and is largely related to the presence of expert clinicians, patient population, and the presence of an IBD center. The treatment of IBD is becoming increasingly complex at a rapid pace, widening this educational divide. This manuscript outlines all the current US educational offerings in IBD for GI fellows, including how to obtain supplemental education during the 3-year training period and beyond. It reviews how to assess trainee knowledge in the field of IBD and proposes 8 clinically anchored, entrustable professional activities that should help prioritize important aspects of IBD management to incorporate during categorical GI training.
The Role of DRD1 and DRD2 Receptors for Response Selection Under Varying Complexity Levels: Implications for Metacontrol Processes
Authors: Zink Nicolas , Bensmann Wiebke , Arning Larissa , Colzato Lorenza S , Stock Ann-Kathrin , Beste Christian 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Highly complex tasks generally benefit from increases in cognitive control, which has been linked to dopamine. Yet, the same amount of control may actually be detrimental in tasks with low complexity so that the task-dependent allocation of cognitive control resources (also known as “metacontrol”) is key to expedient and adaptive behavior in various contexts.

Methods
Given that dopamine D1 and D2 receptors have been suggested to exert opposing effects on cognitive control, we investigated the impact of 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the DRD1 (rs4532) and DRD2 (rs6277) genes on metacontrol in 195 healthy young adults. Subjects performed 2 consecutive tasks that differed in their demand for control (starting with the less complex task and then performing a more complex task rule).

Results
We found carriers of the DRD1 rs4532 G allele to outperform noncarriers in case of high control requirements (i.e., reveal a better response accuracy), but not in case of low control requirements. This was confirmed by Bayesian analyses. No effects of DRD2 rs6277 genotype on either task were evident, again confirmed by Bayesian analyses.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that higher DRD1 receptor efficiency improves performance during high, but not low, control requirements, probably by promoting a “D1 state,” which is characterized by highly stable task set representations. The null findings for DRD2 signaling might be explained by the fact that the “D2 state” is thought to enhance flexible switching between task set representations when our task only featured 1 task set at any given time.
Adjunctive transferrin to reduce the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Luna Brian M , Ershova Ksenia , Yan Jun , Ulhaq Amber , Nielsen Travis B , Hsieh Sarah , Pantapalangkoor Paul , Vanscoy Brian , Ambrose Paul , Rudin Sue , Hujer Kristine , Bonomo Robert A , Actis Luis , Skaar Eric P , Spellberg Brad 
Published: May 2019

AbstractBackgroundNew strategies are needed to slow the emergence of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens. In particular, society is experiencing a crisis of antibiotic-resistant infections caused by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens and novel therapeutics are desperately needed to combat such diseases. Acquisition of iron from the host is a nearly universal requirement for microbial pathogens—including Gram-negative bacteria—to cause infection. We have previously reported that apo-transferrin (lacking iron) can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in culture and diminish emergence of resistance to rifampicin.ObjectivesTo define the potential of apo-transferrin to inhibit in vitro growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii, key Gram-negative pathogens, and to reduce emergence of resistance to antibiotics.MethodsThe efficacy of apo-transferrin alone or in combination with meropenem or ciprofloxacin against K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii clinical isolates was tested by MIC assay, time–kill assay and assays for the selection of resistant mutants.ResultsWe confirmed that apo-transferrin had detectable MICs for all strains tested of both pathogens. Apo-transferrin mediated an additive antimicrobial effect for both antibiotics against multiple strains in time–kill assays. Finally, adding apo-transferrin to ciprofloxacin or meropenem reduced the emergence of resistant mutants during 20 day serial passaging of both species.ConclusionsThese results suggest that apo-transferrin may have promise to suppress the emergence of antibiotic-resistant mutants when treating infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria.
Implementing a competition law system—Three Decades of Polish Experience
Authors: Martyniszyn Marek , Bernatt Maciej 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
This article critically analyses the introduction and development of a system of competition law in Poland prior to 2016, a period when the country underwent two fundamental transitions: from a centrally planned economy to free markets and from communism to democracy. In particular, the study focuses on the competition agency’s setup, advocacy and enforcement efforts. It also examines the position and input of the judiciary, practitioners and the broader epistemic community. The study uniquely benefits from in-depth interviews with individuals who shaped the Polish system over nearly 30 years of its existence (inclusive of all former heads of the agency, judges, leading practitioners, and agency advisors) and from analysis of newly gathered data and statistics. It also draws on broader scholarship on new competition regimes. The findings are aimed to inform refinements in Poland and other countries establishing or developing competition law systems. This study will be particularly salient in countries that are undergoing or have undergone similar economic and/or political transitions.
Ignored or Rejected: Retail Exclusion Effects on Construal Levels and Consumer Responses to Compensation
Authors: Sinha Jayati , Lu Fang-Chi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Among the top customer complaints regarding retailers are experiences of exclusionary treatment in the form of explicit condescension or implicit disregard. However, little is known about how consumers respond to different instances of exclusion in retail or service settings. This research focuses on how customers respond cognitively and emotionally when frontline staff reject or ignore them and on how retailers can recover from such service failures. Findings from six studies using exclusion as a hypothetical scenario or a real experience demonstrate that direct negative feedback leads customers to feel rejected and to form concrete low-level mental construals, while a lack of attention leads customers to feel ignored and to form abstract high-level construals. Explicit rejection (implicit ignoring) causes consumers to form more (less) vivid mental imagery of the exclusionary experience and to activate a concrete (abstract) mindset, resulting in preferences for tangible (intangible) and visual (textual) compensation options. Retailers are advised to align their compensation with construal levels to increase post-recovery customer satisfaction, customer reviews, intended loyalty, and brand referral behavior.
The Uncertain Self: How Self-Concept Structure Affects Subscription Choice
Authors: Savary Jennifer , Dhar Ravi 
Published: May 2019

AbstractWhether it is clothing, meals or an exercise regimen, consumers purchase a wide range of goods on a recurring basis using a subscription model. While past research indicates that people continue to subscribe to these services even when they rarely use them, no work to date has examined how identity considerations affect preferences in this domain. Building on research on signaling and self-concept structure, we propose that quitting an ongoing subscription can threaten the stability of the self-concept by signaling a change in identity. Consumers who are uncertain about their self-concept (i.e., low self-concept clarity) and motivated to maintain a stable self-concept are thus more likely to keep unused subscriptions than those who are more certain. In support of the underlying mechanism, we demonstrate that self-concept clarity affects choices only for identity-relevant subscription choices, and that it affects choices for subscriptions, but not one-shot product choices that are a weaker signal of identity. Finally, because signing up for a new subscription also signals an identity change that can threaten the stability of the self, consumers with low self-concept clarity are also less likely to subscribe to a new service compared to those with more certain self-concepts.
Antibiotic Treatment Versus No Treatment for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Randomized Trial
Authors: Sabé Núria , Oriol Isabel , Melilli Edoardo , Manonelles Anna , Bestard Oriol , Polo Carolina , Los Arcos Ibai , Perelló Manel , Garcia Dolors , Riera Lluís , Tebé Cristian , Len Òscar , Moreso Francesc , Cruzado Josep M , Carratalà Jordi 
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Background
Whether antibiotic treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria (AB) can prevent acute graft pyelonephritis (AGP) in kidney transplant (KT) recipients has not been elucidated.

Methods
In this multicenter, open-label, nonblinded, prospective, noninferiority, randomized controlled trial, we compared antibiotic treatment with no treatment for AB in KT recipients in the first year after transplantation when urinary catheters had been removed. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of AGP. Secondary endpoints included bacteremic AGP, cystitis, susceptibility of urine isolates, graft rejection, graft function, graft loss, opportunistic infections, need for hospitalization, and mortality.

Results
We enrolled 205 KT recipients between 2013 and 2015. AB occurred in 41 (42.3%) and 46 (50.5%) patients in the treatment and no treatment groups, respectively. There were no differences in the primary endpoint in the intention-to-treat population (12.2% [5 of 41] in the treatment group vs 8.7% [4 of 46] in the no treatment group; risk ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 0.40–4.87) or the per-protocol population (13.8% [4 of 29] in the treatment group vs 6.7% [3 of 45] in the no treatment group; risk ratio, 2.07, 95% confidence interval, 0.50–8.58). No differences were found in secondary endpoints, except for antibiotic susceptibility. Fosfomycin (P = .030), amoxicillin-clavulanic (P &lt; .001) resistance, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase production (P = .044) were more common in KT recipients receiving antibiotic treatment for AB.

Conclusions
Antibiotic treatment of AB was not useful to prevent AGP in KT recipients and may increase antibiotic resistance. However, our findings should be regarded with caution, due to the small sample size analyzed.
Cytokinin Signaling Is Essential for Organ Formation in Marchantia polymorpha
Authors: Aki Shiori S , Mikami Tatsuya , Naramoto Satoshi , Nishihama Ryuichi , Ishizaki Kimitsune , Kojima Mikiko , Takebayashi Yumiko , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Kyozuka Junko , Kohchi Takayuki , Umeda Masaaki 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Cytokinins are known to regulate various physiological events in plants. Cytokinin signaling is mediated by the phosphorelay system, one of the most ancient mechanisms controlling hormonal pathways in plants. The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha possesses all components necessary for cytokinin signaling; however, whether they respond to cytokinins and how the signaling is fine-tuned remain largely unknown. Here, we report cytokinin function in Marchantia development and organ formation. Our measurement of cytokinin species revealed that cis-zeatin is the most abundant cytokinin in Marchantia. We reduced the endogenous cytokinin level by overexpressing the gene for cytokinin oxidase, MpCKX, which inactivates cytokinins, and generated overexpression and knockout lines for type-A (MpRRA) and type-B (MpRRB) response regulators to manipulate the signaling. The overexpression lines of MpCKX and MpRRA, and the knockout lines of MpRRB, shared phenotypes such as inhibition of gemma cup formation, enhanced rhizoid formation and hyponastic thallus growth. Conversely, the knockout lines of MpRRA produced more gemma cups and exhibited epinastic thallus growth. MpRRA expression was elevated by cytokinin treatment and reduced by knocking out MpRRB, suggesting that MpRRA is upregulated by the MpRRB-mediated cytokinin signaling, which is antagonized by MpRRA. Our findings indicate that when plants moved onto land they already deployed the negative feedback loop of cytokinin signaling, which has an indispensable role in organogenesis.
Cost impact of sobering centers on national health care spending in the United States
Authors: Scheuter Claudia , Rochlin Danielle H , Lee Chuan-Mei , Milstein Arnold , Kaplan Robert M 
Published: May 2019

Abstract
Acute alcohol intoxication is responsible for a sizable share of emergency department visits. Intoxicated individuals without other medical needs may not require the high level of care provided by an emergency department. We estimate the impact on U.S. health care spending if individuals with uncomplicated, acute alcohol intoxication were treated in sobering centers instead of the emergency department. We performed a budget impact analysis from the perspective of the U.S. health care system based on published and gray literature reports. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Monte Carlo modeling with random variation for three variables (cost of an emergency department visit, cost of a sobering center visit, and start-up costs per sobering center visit) and the percentage of cases diverted from emergency departments to sobering centers. Outcomes were expressed in terms of national savings in 2017 U.S. dollars. Assuming a diversion rate of 50% based on previous studies, national savings range from $230 million to $1.0 billion annually. In the Monte Carlo modeling, we found annual national savings of $99.02 million (95% CI: $95.89–$102.19 million), $792.34 million (95% CI: $767.09–$817.58 million), and $1,185.51 million (95% CI: $1,150.64–$1,226.37 million) with diversion rates of 5%, 40%, and 60%, respectively. Implementing sobering centers as a treatment alternative for individuals with uncomplicated acute alcohol intoxication could yield substantial cost savings for the U.S. health care system.
Maternal Deaths From Hypertensive Disorders: Lessons Learnt
Authors: Nyfløt L.T. , Ellingsen L. , Yli B.M. , Øian P. , Vangen S. 
Published: May 2019

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2018;97:976–987)
In Norway, hypertensive disorders were the leading cause of maternal death from 1976 to 2011. Recent reductions reported in the maternal mortality ratio for hypertensive disorders in the United Kingdom indicate there is substantial potential for reducing maternal deaths in other countries from this cause, including Norway. The goal of this study was to evaluate maternal deaths from hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in Norway. The investigators hoped to identify aspects of care, such as antihypertensive therapy, anticonvulsant prophylaxis, and timing of delivery, where improvements might have resulted in better outcomes.
Postpartum Hemorrhage Outcomes and Race
Authors: Gyamfi-Bannerman C. , Srinivas S.K. , Wright J.D. , Goffman D. , Siddiq Z. , D’Alton M.E. , Friedman A.M. 
Published: May 2019

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219:185.e1–185.e10)
Postpartum hemorrhage is a leading contributor to maternal mortality. How race is associated with adverse outcomes in the setting of postpartum hemorrhage is not well characterized. Given that severe morbidity and mortality outcomes in the setting of postpartum hemorrhage may account for an important part of overall maternal disparities, the objective of this study was to determine whether race was associated with an increased risk for mortality and severe morbidity in the setting of obstetrical complications.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Maintaining a Fully Stocked Malignant Hyperthermia Cart Versus an Initial Dantrolene Treatment Dose for Maternity Units
Authors: Ho P.T. , Carvalho B. , Sun E.C. , Macario A. , Riley E.T. 
Published: May 2019

(Anesthesiology. 2018;129:249–259)
Understanding the cost-benefit trade-off of maintaining a malignant hyperthermia (MH) cart has important policy implications. The Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States recommends that operating room areas have dantrolene immediately available for administration (within 10 min). One approach to dantrolene availability is an MH cart, stocked with dantrolene, other drugs, and supplies, which is cost-effective in areas with a substantial number of general anesthetics. However, labor and delivery units rarely use MH—triggering drugs. If you consider a hospital with 6000 deliveries in a year with a 30% cesarean delivery rate and a 5% general anesthesia rate, general anesthesia will be used <100 times in 1 year. Such a low incidence prompts the question of whether the standard proposed is necessary for maternity units, because, to meet this standard, many maternity units should have their own MH cart. One may question if the resources used to maintain an MH cart may be better utilized on other initiatives that may have a more significant impact on maternal morbidity or mortality (such as a difficult airway cart).
Postpartum Hemorrhage: New Insights for Definition and Diagnosis
Authors: Borovac-Pinheiro A. , Pacagnella R.C. , Cecatti J.G. , Miller S. , El Ayadi A.M. , Souza J.P. , Durocher J. , Blumenthal P.D. , Winikoff B. 
Published: May 2019

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219(2):162–168)
Prevalence estimates for postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) vary in the literature from 1% to 10% of all deliveries with PPH responsible for >80,000 deaths worldwide in 2015. The most commonly accepted definition of PPH is based on the amount of blood lost after birth. The World Health Organization defined PPH as blood loss of >500 mL from the genital tract after vaginal delivery. This current definition is inadequate. A stronger definition of PPH should include both blood loss and clinical signs of cardiovascular changes after delivery, which would help providers to identify PPH more promptly and accurately.
Obstetric Anesthesiology in the United States: Current and Future Demand for Fellowship-trained Subspecialists
Authors: Gelber K. , Kahwajian H. , Geller A.W. , Zakowski M.I. 
Published: May 2019

(Anesth Analg. 2018;127:1445–1447)
Subspeciality training in obstetric anesthesiology is associated with improved patient outcomes (27% reduction in risk of maternal death). Therefore, it is no surprise that the 2015 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the Society for Maternal Fetal Medicine (SMFM) consensus document for improved referral and regionalization of high-risk obstetric services proposed defined levels of high-risk obstetric services with specific requirements. Level II centers require a board-certified anesthesiologist with special training or experience in obstetrics available for consultation, whereas in level III-IV centers, this board-certified anesthesiologist must also be “in charge of obstetric anesthesia services” (level I: birth centers, basic care; II: specialty care; III: subspecialty care; IV: regional perinatal health centers). Considering that the demand for obstetric anesthesia services has increased dramatically in the past few decades, the authors of the present article estimate the workforce demand for fellowship-trained obstetric anesthesiologists (FTOAs).