bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of CAD/CAM Materials for Monolithic Dental Restorations
Authors: Furtado de Mendonca Arthur , Shahmoradi Mahdi , Gouvêa Cresus Vinicius Depes de , De Souza Grace M. , Ellakwa Ayman 
Published: August 2018

AbstractPurposeTo determine and compare the microstructure, flexural strength, flexural modulus, fracture strength, and microhardness of four types of computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) materials for monolithic dental restorations.Materials and MethodsA lithium disilicate (LD; IPS e.max CAD), a zirconia‐reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS; VITA Suprinity), a hybrid high‐performance polymer (HPP) composite resin (GC Cerasmart), and a hybrid polymer‐infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) material (VITA Enamic) were used to manufacture monolithic ceramic posterior crowns (n = 10) that were adhesively cemented on resin‐based composite dies and loaded until fracture. In addition, 40 rectangular bars (n = 10) were milled and polished for three‐point flexural strength testing. Microhardness (Vickers indentation), as well as quantitative (energy dispersive spectroscopy) and qualitative (scanning electron microscopy) structural analysis were conducted on fracture surfaces. Data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post‐hoc test (p = 0.05).ResultsMechanical testing results showed that the material type has a significant effect on the fracture strength (p < 0.0001) of the monolithic crowns with ZLS and LD presenting significantly higher fracture strength than the PICN and HPP hybrid materials. LD showed the highest flexural strength (p < 0.0001) followed by ZLS, HPP, and PICN, respectively. The lowest flexural modulus and hardness were presented by HPP whereas ZLS had the highest flexural modulus and hardness. The LD presented the highest modulus of resilience and the PICN the lowest.ConclusionsAll CAD/CAM crown materials exhibited high values of fracture and flexural resistance, making them suitable materials for posterior full‐crown restorations. Glass‐ceramics suffered more from catastrophic and nonreparable fracture patterns, whereas minimal chipping and type II fracture patterns were more common in hybrid materials. The combination of more flexibility, less stiffness, and increased softness with satisfactory flexural and fracture strength values observed in PICN and HPP makes these two hybrid materials suitable choices for chairside monolithic crown fabrication.
How to clarify the Baveno VI criteria for ruling out varices needing treatment by noninvasive tests
Authors: Calès Paul , Buisson François , Ravaioli Federico , Berger Arthur , Carboni Carlotta , Marasco Giovanni , Festi Davide 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackground & AimsBaveno VI criteria enabled the screening of varices needing treatment (VNT) without endoscopy but created confusion by not stating the method used to calculate the 5% missed VNT limit, resulting in different calculations across validation studies. We analysed those calculations to clarify their diagnostic meaning.Methods(a) Literature review and recalculation of the missed VNT rates according to the three definitions encountered. (b) Contingency table comparison of these latter to determine their diagnostic meanings. (c) Real case analysis. 4/Simulation of variations in the three main statistical descriptors (VNT, missed VNT or spared endoscopies).ResultsMissed VNT rates in the three definitions varied five‐ to 10‐fold across 7 papers. The contingency table showed that the definitions based on VNT prevalence and spared endoscopy as reference corresponded, respectively, to sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV). The whole population‐based definition corresponded to diagnostic accuracy (not pertinent in that setting). Real case analysis showed that concerning liver stiffness, the 95% sensitivity and NPV cut‐offs for VNT were, respectively, 14.1 and 26.5 kPa. The VNT‐based definition offered a more statistically powerful paired comparison between diagnostic tests, whereas the definition based on spared endoscopies was hampered by an unpaired comparison. Case simulation showed that the VNT‐based definition was the most sensitive to descriptor variations.ConclusionThe definitions of missed VNT rate placing VNT or spared endoscopy as the denominator are appropriate, providing, respectively, sensitivity and NPV for VNT. We privilege the first since it corresponds to the true proportion of missed VNT.
High‐resolution optical mapping of gastric slow wave propagation
Authors: Zhang Hanyu , Yu Han , Walcott Gregory P. , Paskaranandavadivel Niranchan , Cheng Leo K. , O’Grady Gregory , Rogers Jack M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractBackgroundImproved understanding of the details of gastric slow wave propagation could potentially inform new diagnosis and treatment options for stomach motility disorders. Optical mapping has been used extensively in cardiac electrophysiology. Although optical mapping has a number of advantages relative to electrical mapping, optical signals are highly sensitive to motion artifact. We recently introduced a novel cardiac optical mapping method that corrects motion artifact and enables optical mapping to be performed in beating hearts. Here, we reengineer the method as an experimental tool to map gastric slow waves.MethodsThe method was developed and tested in 12 domestic farm pigs. Stomachs were exposed by laparotomy and stained with the voltage‐sensitive fluorescence dye di‐4‐ANEPPS through a catheter placed in the gastroepiploic artery. Fiducial markers for motion tracking were attached to the serosa. The dye was excited by 450 or 505 nm light on alternate frames of an imaging camera running at 300 Hz. Emitted fluorescence was imaged between 607 and 695 nm. The optical slow wave signal was reconstructed using a combination of motion tracking and excitation ratiometry to suppress motion artifact. Optical slow wave signals were compared with simultaneously recorded bipolar electrograms and suction electrode signals, which approximate membrane potential.Key ResultsThe morphology of optical slow waves was consistent with previously published microelectrode recordings and simultaneously recorded suction electrode signals. The timing of the optical slow wave signals was consistent with the bipolar electrograms.Conclusions and InferencesOptical mapping of slow wave propagation in the stomach is feasible.
Pollen aggregation by viscin threads inRhododendronvaries with pollinator
Authors: Song Yun‐Peng , Huang Zhi‐Huan , Huang Shuang‐Quan 
Published: August 2018

SummaryPollen grains can be dispersed singly or variously aggregated in groups. Whether the evolution of pollen aggregation is driven by the pollinator remains unexplored. We hypothesize that an extensive pollen aggregation is favored under a scarcity of pollinators.Variation in pollen aggregation by viscin threads in 13Rhododendronspecies was measured as it is related to pollen removal in a visit. Visitation rates of functional pollinator groups that vary in their grooming behavior were investigated in each species. Pollen deposited on stigmas in the field was also sampled.SevenRhododendronspecies were infrequently pollinated by low‐intensity grooming animals, including birds, butterflies and moths. The other six species were more frequently pollinated by bees with a high intensity of pollen grooming. Bird‐ and Lepidoptera‐pollinated species produced longer pollen‐connecting threads that connected more pollen grains. Phylogenetically independent contrast analysis of the 13 species showed that pollinator visitation frequency was negatively related to amounts of pollen removal per visit but not to stigmatic pollen loads.The finding of interspecific patterns in pollen removal related to pollinator visitation frequency suggests pollinator‐mediated selection on pollen packaging strategies, supporting the hypothesis of floral evolution via pollen export.
A novel de novo frameshift mutation in NR0B1 and low prenatal estriol in adrenal hypoplasia congenita
Authors: Khattab Ahmed , Nelson‐Williams Carol , Cabreza Vivienne , Macdonald Anne , Loring Erin , Saland Jeffrey , New Maria I. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractMutations in the gene NR0B1 have been associated with several clinical phenotypes of X‐linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC). The degree and onset of adrenal insufficiency and involvement of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is variable and may not be concordant with the identified mutation. We review a patient with AHC in which prenatal estriol levels were low, presenting with early‐onset mineralocorticoid deficiency in the newborn period followed by glucocorticoid deficiency 2 years later. The reported child is hemizygous for a novel mutation that is deemed de novo in the ligand‐binding site of the protein (DAX1) expressed by NR0B1. The identified frameshift mutation results in a T407N/fs protein change. Low prenatal estriol levels may represent a sensitive marker of potentially fatal disorders associated with adrenal insufficiency and should be utilized more frequently. Additionally, accurate reporting of mutations in NR0B1 and the associated phenotype are important to eventually establish a genotype–phenotype correlation that may help anticipate guidance in AHC.
Physiological reactivity in response to a fear‐induced virtual reality experience: Associations with psychopathic traits
Authors: Thomson Nicholas D. , Aboutanos Michel , Kiehl Kent A. , Neumann Craig , Galusha Carla , Fanti Kostas A. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractDespite the longstanding discussion around the link between psychopathy and fearlessness, few studies have explicitly tested this association, and results have been mixed. This may be due, in part, to the lack of specificity in fear assessment. Further, the relation between psychopathy and fear may be better understood using the two‐factor model because, in theory, fear has opposing associations with interpersonal‐affective (Factor 1) and impulsive‐antisocial (Factor 2) traits. The present study aimed to test if the two factors of psychopathy are deferentially related to fear reactivity. To examine this, we collected sympathetic (SNS; skin conductance) and parasympathetic (PNS; respiratory sinus arrhythmia) nervous system reactivity to an interactive virtual reality horror video in a nonclinical sample (N = 103). Also, we included measures of emotional reactivity to fear and self‐report of situational fear. Results indicated that coinhibition (i.e., low PNS and SNS) of the two physiological systems predicted Factor 1, suggesting that individuals high on Factor 1 showed little change in both branches of the autonomic nervous system in response to fear. In contrast, Factor 2 was predicted by high PNS reactivity, suggesting a vulnerability to emotion dysregulation. On emotional reactivity, Factor 1 was related to feeling happier after the fear condition, whereas Factor 2 was related to feeling less in control. Factor 1 was inversely associated with situational fear, specifically, lower scores of social phobias, fear of aggression, and physical injury. In summary, the results provide evidence that psychopathy is related to fearlessness; however, this is unique to the personality features of psychopathy.
Dynamic Stochastic Macroeconomic Model of Disaster Risk Reduction Investment in Developing Countries
Authors: Ishiwata Hiroaki , Yokomatsu Muneta 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThis research formulates a dynamic stochastic macroeconomic model that includes an optimization problem for the formation of stock of human capital, production capital, and household assets, and quantitatively examines economic impacts of disaster on developing countries. We further investigate the optimal policy of development of disaster risk reduction (DRR) capital by considering costs of DRR investment, and show that the effect of DRR investment on economic growth is like a single‐peaked curve with respect to the DRR investment rate, which implies that overaccumulation could decelerate economic growth. Moreover, this study emphasizes an effect that DRR capital increases the shadow values of other types of capital and assets by reducing risks of destruction. Importantly, this effect emerges even in cases of process, in which disaster does not actually occur for a long period. We decompose the effects of DRR investments into two parts: “ex‐ante risk reduction effect” (ARRE) and “ex‐post damage mitigation effect” (PDME). Furthermore, we develop a method of measuring ARRE and PDME by applying the results of Monte Carlo simulation, and show that the scale of ARRE is nonnegligible using a case study of Pakistan. The results imply that types of models that cannot valuate ARRE underestimate the value of DRR investment.
Our experience in riboflavin and ultraviolet light pathogen reduction technology for platelets: from platelet production to patient care
Authors: Jimenez‐Marco Teresa , Garcia‐Recio Marta , Girona‐Llobera Enrique 
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUNDPathogen reduction technology (PRT) enhances blood component safety, but its implementation is hampered by loss of blood quality and cost.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA retrospective study was conducted to investigate the efficacy, safety, and cost of 9673 riboflavin and ultraviolet light–treated platelet (PLT) transfusions given to 1211 patients during a 3‐year period. The results were compared with the efficacy, safety, and cost of 6424 nontreated PLT transfusions administered to 1500 patients during a 3‐year comparison period before PRT implementation.RESULTSDespite a similar PLT transfusion dose per unit for both periods (pre‐PRT period 3.26 vs. PRT period 3.19), the mean number of PLT concentrates per patient (4.2 vs. 7.8; p = 0.006) and the total dose of PLTs received by patients were higher in the PRT period (13.6 vs. 24.8; p = 0.0002). Hematology and medical and surgical patient categories had the highest PLT use per patient. However, febrile (2.5% vs. 1.2%; p = 0.02) and allergic (0.16% vs. 0.08%; p = 0.01) reactions were lower during the PRT period. The blood center saved €284,805.58 due to a reduction of outdated PLTs from 16.8% to 0.72% after PRT implementation.CONCLUSIONSAlthough PRT can improve PLT safety, it can increase the amount of PLTs required for transfusion in some patient categories. The cost of PRT can be partially offset by the savings associated with a lower rate of PLT outdates. This cost reduction can be a key factor in settings where inventory management is challenged by a high percentage of wasted PLTs due to outdating.
Alcohol and the risk of pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Simou Evangelia , Britton John , Leonardi-Bee Jo 
Published: August 2018

ObjectiveA systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the magnitude of the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults was undertaken.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsComprehensive searches of Medline, Embase and Web of Science were carried out to identify comparative studies of the association between alcohol intake and CAP between 1985 and 2017. Reference lists were also screened. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled effect sizes. A dose–response meta-analysis was also performed.ResultsWe found 17 papers eligible for inclusion in the review, of which 14 provided results which could be pooled. Meta-analysis of these 14 studies identified an 83% increased risk of CAP among people who consumed alcohol or in higher amounts, relative to those who consumed no or lower amounts of alcohol, respectively (relative risk=1.83, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.57). There was substantial between-study heterogeneity, which was attributable in part to differences in study continent, adjustment for confounders and pneumonia diagnosis (clinical vs death). Dose–response analysis found that for every 10–20 g higher alcohol intake per day, there was an 8% increase in the risk of CAP.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that alcohol consumption increases the risk of CAP. Therefore, strengthening policies to reduce alcohol intake would be likely to reduce the incidence of CAP.
The activity of discrete sets of neurons in the posterior insula correlates with the behavioral expression and extinction of conditioned fear
Authors: Casanova José Patricio , Aguilar-Rivera Marcelo , Rodríguez María de los Ángeles , Coleman Todd P. , Torrealba Fernando 
Published: August 2018

The interoceptive insular cortex is known to be involved in the perception of bodily states and emotions. Increasing evidence points to an additional role for the insula in the storage of fear memories. However, the activity of the insula during fear expression has not been studied. We addressed this issue by recording single units from the posterior insular cortex (pIC) of awake behaving rats expressing conditioned fear during its extinction. We found a set of pIC units showing either significant increase or decrease in activity during high fear expression to the auditory cue (“freezing units”). Firing rate of freezing units showed high correlation with freezing and outlasted the duration of the auditory cue. In turn, a different set of units showed either significant increase or decrease in activity during low fear state (“extinction units”). These findings show that expression of conditioned freezing is accompanied with changes in pIC neural activity and suggest that the pIC is important to regulate the behavioral expression of fear memory. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we show novel single-unit data from the interoceptive insula underlying the behavioral expression of fear. We show that different populations of neurons in the insula codify expression and extinction of conditioned fear. Our data add further support for the insula as an important player in the regulation of emotions.
Encuesta Nacional de Salud, ENS 2016-2017: un aporte a la planificación sanitaria y políticas públicas en Chile
Authors: Margozzini Paula , Passi Álvaro 
Published: August 2018

Introducción: Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles del adulto son el principal desafío de los sistemas de salud en el mundo. Se requiere información local para planificación sanitaria.Objetivos: Estimar la magnitud y distribución de problemas de salud crónicos prioritarios y sus determinantes en una muestra nacional representativa de la población general chilena.Métodos: ENS 2016-2017 es un estudio transversal con muestra de hogares aleatoria, estratificada, multietápica y por conglomerados representativa del nivel nacional, regional, urbano rural de 6233 personas de 15 y más años. Personal capacitado (encuestadores y enfermeras) en sucesivas visitas al hogar, administraron cuestionarios, examen dental, presión arterial, antropometría, recolectaron muestras de sangre en ayunas y orina. Se estimó la magnitud de 72 problemas de salud.Resultados: Se observa un elevado nivel absoluto de morbilidad por enfermedades crónicas y sus factores de riesgo. Se estima una magnitud de al menos 11 millones de personas con multimorbilidad que requieren atención médica y control crónico anual de por vida. Algunos ejemplos de altas prevalencias son: hipertensión (27,6%), dislipidemia HDL (46%), obesidad (34,4%), caries cavitadas (55%), diabetes (12,3%), tabaquismo actual (33,4%), problemas asociados al consumo de alcohol (12%), síntomas depresivos (15,8%), consumo excesivo de sal (98%), bajo consumo de frutas y verduras (85%), sedentarismo de tiempo libre (87%). Las mayores diferencias entre hombres y mujeres se observan en el uso riesgoso de alcohol y los síntomas depresivos.Conclusiones: la magnitud de población que requiere atención médica y cuidados crónicos supera la capacidad de respuesta del sistema de salud. Urgen fuertes estrategias preventivas de tipo poblacional (medidas regulatorias masivas) complementadas con una priorización de las estrategias de alto riesgo individual más costo efectivas. ENS aporta a la evaluación y vigilancia de ambas estrategias.
Epigenetic Reprogramming with Antisense Oligonucleotides Enhances the Effectiveness of Androgen Receptor Inhibition in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Xiao Lanbo , Tien Jean C. , Vo Josh , Tan Mengyao , Parolia Abhijit , Zhang Yajia , Wang Lisha , Qiao Yuanyuan , Shukla Sudhanshu , Wang Xiaoju , Zheng Heng , Su Fengyun , Jing Xiaojun , Luo Esther , Delekta Andrew , Juckette Kristin M. , Xu Alice , Cao Xuhong , Alva Ajjai S. , Kim Youngsoo , MacLeod A. Robert , Chinnaiyan Arul M. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer initially responds to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), but the disease inevitably recurs as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although CRPC initially responds to abiraterone and enzalutamide, the disease invariably becomes nonresponsive to these agents. Novel approaches are required to circumvent resistance pathways and to extend survival, but the mechanisms underlying resistance remain poorly defined. Our group previously showed the histone lysine-N-methyltransferase EZH2 to be overexpressed in prostate cancer and quantitatively associated with progression and poor prognosis. In this study, we screened a library of epigenetic inhibitors for their ability to render CRPC cells sensitive to enzalutamide and found that EZH2 inhibitors specifically potentiated enzalutamide-mediated inhibition of proliferation. Moreover, we identified antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) as a novel drug strategy to ablate EZH2 and androgen receptor (AR) expression, which may have advantageous properties in certain settings. RNA-seq, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing demonstrated that EZH2 inhibition altered the AR cistrome to significantly upregulate AR signaling, suggesting an enhanced dependence of CRPC cells on this pathway following inhibition of EZH2. Combination treatment with ASO targeting EZH2 and AR transcripts inhibited prostate cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo better than single agents. In sum, this study identifies EZH2 as a critical epigenetic regulator of ADT resistance and defines ASO-based cotargeting of EZH2 and AR as a promising strategy for the treatment of CRPC.
Significance: Simultaneous targeting of lysine methyltransferase EZH2 and the AR with ASO proves a novel and effective therapeutic strategy in patients with CRPC. Cancer Res; 78(20); 5731–40. ©2018 AACR.
ERBBal Remedies: Combination Therapy for EGFR-mutant Lung Cancers
Authors: Fan Pang-Dian , Yu Helena A. 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
Multiple members of the ERBB/HER family of the receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in mediating acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors that are used to treat EGFR-mutant lung cancers. New single agents and combination therapies targeting the ERBB/HER family members are being investigated to either prevent or overcome the emergence of acquired resistance. Clin Cancer Res; 24(22); 5499–501. ©2018 AACR.
See related article by Romaniello et al., p. 5610
Tumor Antigen Escape from CAR T-cell Therapy
Authors: Majzner Robbie G. , Mackall Crystal L. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractEmerging data from chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell trials in B-cell malignancies demonstrate that a common mechanism of resistance to this novel class of therapeutics is the emergence of tumors with loss or downregulation of the target antigen. Antigen loss or antigen-low escape is likely to emerge as an even greater barrier to success in solid tumors, which manifest greater heterogeneity in target antigen expression. Potential approaches to overcome this challenge include engineering CAR T cells to achieve multispecificity and to respond to lower levels of target antigen and more efficient induction of natural antitumor immune responses as a result of CAR-induced inflammation. In this article, we review the evidence to date for antigen escape and downregulation and discuss approaches currently under study to overcome these obstacles.Significance: Antigen escape and downregulation have emerged as major issues impacting the durability of CAR T-cell therapy. Here, we explore their incidence and ways to overcome these obstacles in order to improve clinical outcomes. Cancer Discov; 8(10); 1219–26. ©2018 AACR.