bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stellar contributions to the line profiles of high-resolution transmission spectra of exoplanets
Authors: Borsa F. , Zannoni A. 
Published: July 2018

Context. In-depth studies of exoplanetary atmospheres are starting to become reality. In order to unveil their properties in detail, we need spectra with a higher signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and also more sophisticated analysis methods.
Aims. With high-resolution spectrographs, we can not only detect the sodium feature in the atmosphere of exoplanets, but also characterize it by studying its line profile. After finding a clearly w-shaped sodium line profile in the transmission spectrum of HD 189733b, we investigated the possible sources of contamination given by the star and tried to correct for these spurious deformations.
Methods. By analyzing the single transmission spectra of HD 189733b in the wavelength space, we show that the main sodium signal that causes the absorption in the transmission spectrum is centered on the stellar rest frame. We concentrate on two main stellar effects that contaminate the exoplanetary transmission spectrum: center-to-limb variations (CLVs) and stellar rotation. We show the effects on the line profile: while we correct for the CLV using simulated theoretical stellar spectra, we provide a new method, based directly on observational data, to correct for the Rossiter–McLaughlin contribution to the line profile of the retrieved transmission spectrum.
Results. We apply the corrections to the spectra of HD 189733b. Our analysis shows line profiles of the Na D lines in the transmission spectrum that are narrower than reported previously. The correction of the sodium D2 line, which is deeper than the D1 line, is probably still incomplete since the planetary radius is larger at this wavelength. A careful detrending from spurious stellar effects followed by an inspection in the velocity space is mandatory when studying the line profile of atmospheric features in the high-resolution transmission spectrum of exoplanets. Since the line profile is used to retrieve atmospheric properties, the resulting atmospheric parameters could be incorrectly estimated when the stellar contamination is not corrected for. Data with higher S/N coupled with improved atmospheric models will allow us to adapt the magnitude of the corrections of stellar effects in an iterative way.
Biogeographic regions and events of isolation and diversification of the endemic biota of the tropical Andes
Authors: Hazzi Nicolas A. , Moreno Juan Sebastián , Ortiz-Movliav Carolina , Palacio Rubén Darío 
Published: July 2018

SignificanceThis study unifies quantitative methods with dated molecular phylogenies of different lineages to identify biogeographical regions and understand the spatial and temporal evolution of the biota in one of the most biodiverse hotspots of the planet, the tropical Andes. We found complex distribution patterns reflected in a significantly higher number of bioregions than previous regionalization work has identified. In addition, this study found evidence that bioregions’ drivers were processes of Andean uplift and mountain dispersal facilitated by temperature oscillations during the Pleistocene. Therefore, Andean bioregions were formed from a combination of vicariance and dispersal events, which occurred in different time periods. Our results will help set conservation priorities that preserve the evolutionary patterns of biodiversity.
Effect of resistance training with different frequencies and subsequent detraining on muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, IGF‐1, and testosterone in older women
Authors: Nascimento Matheus Amarante Do , Gerage Aline Mendes , Silva Danilo Rodrigues Pereira Da , Ribeiro Alex Silva , Machado Daniel Gomes Da Silva , Pina Fábio Luiz Cheche , Tomeleri Crisieli Maria , Venturini Danielle , Barbosa Décio Sabbatini , Mayhew Jerry L. , Cyrino Edilson Serpeloni 
Published: July 2018

AbstractObjective: To analyse the effect of resistance training (RT) frequency on muscle mass, appendicular lean soft tissue, insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), testosterone, and their changes with detraining in older women. Methods: Forty‐five physically independent older women (≥ 60 years) were randomly assigned to perform RT either two (G2X, n = 21) or three times/week (G3X, n = 24), during 12 weeks (8 exercises, 1 set of 10–15 repetition maximum). Muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, IGF‐1, testosterone, and dietary intake were measured at pre‐training, post‐training, and after detraining (12 weeks). Results: Muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue significantly increased post‐training (G2X = +5.5% and G3X = +5.8%, P < .0001) with no differences between groups, and gains were retained after detraining (G2X = 100% and G3X = 99%, P < .0001). IGF‐1 and dietary intake did not change for the groups during the study. Testosterone did not change post‐training but significantly decreased after detraining (G2X = −21% and G3X = −50%, P < .0001). Conclusion: We conclude that lower RT frequency is as effective as higher frequency to improve muscle mass and appendicular lean soft tissue, and to maintain testosterone and IGF‐1. Additionally, detraining may reduce testosterone regardless of RT frequency. These results are specifically for community‐dwelling older women and may not be generalized to other populations.
Corticospinal changes induced by fatiguing eccentric versus concentric exercise
Authors: Garnier Yoann M. , Paizis Christos , Lepers Romuald 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThe present study assessed neuromuscular and corticospinal changes during and after a fatiguing submaximal exercise of the knee extensors in different modes of muscle contraction. Twelve subjects performed two knee extensors exercises in a concentric or eccentric mode, at the same torque and with a similar total impulse. Exercises consisted of 10 sets of 10 repetitions at an intensity of 80% of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque (MVIC). MVIC, maximal voluntary activation level (VAL) and responses of electrically evoked contractions of the knee extensors were assessed before and after exercise. Motor evoked potential amplitude (MEP) and cortical silent period (CSP) of the vastus medialis (VM) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles were assessed before, during and after exercise. Similar reductions of the MVIC (−13%), VAL (−12%) and a decrease in the peak twitch (−12%) were observed after both exercises. For both VM and RF muscles, MEP amplitude remained unchanged during either concentric or eccentric exercises. No change of the MEP amplitude input–output curves was observed post‐exercise. For the RF muscle, CSP increased during the concentric exercise and remained lengthened after this exercise. For the VM muscle, CSP was reduced after the eccentric exercise only. For a similar amount of total impulse, concentric and eccentric knee extensor contractions led to similar exercise‐induced neuromuscular response changes. For the two muscles investigated, no modulation of corticospinal excitability was observed during or after either concentric or eccentric exercises. However, intracortical inhibition showed significant modulations during and after exercise.
Molecular subtypes and differentiation programmes of glioma stem cells as determinants of extracellular vesicle profiles and endothelial cell‐stimulating activities
Authors: Spinelli C. , Montermini L. , Meehan B. , Brisson A. R. , Tan S. , Choi D. , Nakano I. , Rak J. 
Published: July 2018

ABSTRACTWe have previously uncovered the impact of oncogenic and differentiation processes on extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer. This is of interested in the context of glioma stem cells (GSC) that are responsible for recurrent nature of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), while retaining the potential to undergo differentiation and self renewal. GSCs reside in vascular niches where they interact with endothelial cells through a number of mediators including bioactive cargo of EVs. GSCs can be classified as proneural (PN) or mesenchymal (MES) subtypes on the basis of their gene expression profiles and distinct biological characteristics. In the present study we investigated how GSC diversity and differentiation programmes influence their EV‐mediated communication potentials. Indeed, molecular subtypes of GBMs and GSCs differ with respect to their expression of EV‐related genes (vesiculome) and GSCs with PN or MES phenotypes produce EVs with markedly different characteristics, marker profiles, proteomes and endothelial stimulating activities. For example, while EVs of PN GSC are largely devoid of exosomal markers their counterparts from MES GSCs express ample CD9, CD63 and CD81 tetraspanins. In both GSC subtypes serum‐induced differentiation results in profound, but distinct changes of cellular phenotypes including the enhanced EV production, reconfiguration of their proteomes and the related functional pathways. Notably, the EV uptake was a function of both subtype and differentiation state of donor cells. Thus, while, EVs produced by differentiated MES GSCs were internalized less efficiently than those from undifferentiated cells they exhibited an increased stimulatory potential for human brain endothelial cells. Such stimulating activity was also observed for EVs derived from differentiated PN GSCs, despite their even weaker uptake by endothelial cells. These findings suggest that the role of EVs as biological mediators and biomarkers in GBM may depend on the molecular subtype and functional state of donor cancer cells, including cancer stem cells.Abbreviations: CryoTEM: cryo‐transmission electron microscopy; DIFF: differentiated GSCs; EGF: epidermal growth factor; DUC: differential ultracentrifugation; EV: extracellular vesicle; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GO: gene ontology; GSC: glioma stem cells; HBEC‐5i: human brain endothelial cells; MES: mesenchymal cells; MTS ‐ [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium, inner salt; PMT1: proneural‐to‐mesenchyman transition cell line 1; PN: proneural cells; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; WB: western blotting
Discussing What Would Happen: The Role of Thought Experiments in Galileo’s Dialogues
Authors: Palmerino Carla Rita 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThought experiments play an important epistemic, rhetorical, and didactic function in Galileo’s dialogues. In some cases, Salviati, Sagredo, and Simplicio agree about what would happen in an imaginary scenario and try to understand whether the predicted outcome is compatible with their respective theoretical assumptions. There are, however, also situations in which the predictions of the three interlocutors turn out to be theory laden. Salviati, Sagredo, and Simplicio not only disagree about what would happen, but they reject one another’s solutions as question begging and sometimes even dismiss one another’s thought experiments as misleading or nonsensical.
Addressing Industry-Funded Research with Criteria for Objectivity
Authors: Elliott Kevin C. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractIn recent years, industry-funded research has come under fire because of concerns that it can be biased in favor of the funders. This article suggests that efforts by philosophers of science to analyze the concept of objectivity can provide important lessons for those seeking to evaluate and improve industry-funded research. It identifies three particularly relevant criteria for objectivity: transparency, reproducibility, and effective criticism. On closer examination, the criteria of transparency and reproducibility turn out to have significant limitations in this context, but the criterion of effective criticism suggests some important strategies for improving the objectivity of industry-funded science.
Understanding Leopold’s Concept of “Interdependence” for Environmental Ethics and Conservation Biology
Authors: Millstein Roberta L. 
Published: July 2018

AbstractAldo Leopold’s land ethic, an extremely influential view in environmental ethics and conservation biology, is committed to the claim that interdependence between humans, other species, and abiotic entities plays a central role in our ethical responsibilities. Thus, a robust understanding of “interdependence” is necessary for evaluating the viability of the land ethic and related views, including ecological ones. I characterize and defend a Leopoldian concept of “interdependence,” arguing that it ought to include both negative and positive causal relations. I also show that strength and type of interdependence can vary with time, space, and context.
The (A)temporal Emergence of Spacetime
Authors: Huggett Nick , Wüthrich Christian 
Published: July 2018

AbstractThis article examines two cosmological models of quantum gravity (from string theory and loop quantum gravity) to investigate the foundational and conceptual issues arising from quantum treatments of the big bang. While the classical singularity is erased, the quantum evolution that replaces it may not correspond to classical spacetime: it may instead be a nonspatiotemporal region that somehow transitions to a spatiotemporal state. The different kinds of transition involved are partially characterized, the concept of a physical transition without time is investigated, and the problem of empirical incoherence for regions without spacetime is discussed.
Strategies of Explanatory Abstraction in Molecular Systems Biology
Authors: Jones Nicholaos 
Published: July 2018

AbstractI consider three explanatory strategies from recent systems biology that are driven by mathematics as much as mechanistic detail. Analysis of differential equations drives the first strategy; topological analysis of network motifs drives the second; mathematical theorems from control engineering drive the third. I also distinguish three abstraction types: aggregations, which simplify by condensing details; generalizations, which simplify by generalizing details; and structurations, which simplify by contextualizing details. Using a common explanandum as a reference point—namely, the robust perfect adaptation of chemotaxis in Escherichia coli—I argue that each strategy targets various abstraction types to different mechanistic details.
The Evolution of Psychological Altruism
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero , Schulz Armin 
Published: July 2018

AbstractWe argue that there are two different kinds of altruistic motivation: classical psychological altruism, which generates ultimate desires to help other organisms at least partly for those organisms’ sake, and nonclassical psychological altruism, which generates ultimate desires to help other organisms for the sake of the organism providing the help. We then argue that classical psychological altruism is adaptive if the desire to help others is intergenerationally reliable and, thus, need not be learned. Nonclassical psychological altruism is adaptive when the desire to help others is adaptively learnable. This theory opens new avenues for the interdisciplinary study of psychological altruism.
Natural dye extracts from fruit peels as sensitizer in ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Adedokun Oluwaseun , Awodele Mojoyinola Kofoworola , Sanusi Yekinni Kolawole , Awodugba Ayodeji Oladiran 
Published: July 2018

Abstract
As a result of twin problems of environmental pollution and continuous depletion of fossil fuels, a search for renewable and clean energy sources is necessary. This paper discusses the simple extraction techniques without any further purification of natural dyes from some fruit peels and their performance in DSSCs. Natural dyes extracted from fruit peels of Carica papaya, Citrus lanatus, Persea americana and Solanum melongena were used as sensitizers to fabricate ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The extracts of the natural dyes were characterized and studied using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infra-red (FTIR) and Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The photo-anode semiconductor material was prepared and characterized. The photo-voltaic characteristics of the fabricated DSSCs were measured under simulated solar light (power of incident light 100 mWcm-2 from Air Mass 1.5G). These studies indicated the presence of pheophytin ‘a’ in most of the extracts studied as the main pigments with other accessory pigments. The solar to electric conversion efficiencies for the pheophytin ‘a’ dye based solar cells are estimated as 0.017%, 0.013%, 0.010% and 0.011% for Carica papaya, Citrus lanatus, Persea americana and Solanum melongena, respectively. The dye extracts from Carica papaya exhibits higher photo-sensitized performance compared to the other extracts and this is due to the better charge transfer between the dyes of Carica papaya and ZnO photo-anode surface. Conversion of visible light into electricity was accomplished with natural dyes and ZnO-based DSSCs, resulting in excellent photo-electric properties compared to those in literature.
Rethinking Hierarchies in East Asian Historical IR
Authors: MacKay Joseph 
Published: July 2018

AbstractInternational relations (IR) has seen a proliferation of recent research on both international hierarchies as such and on historical IR in (often hierarchical) East Asia. This article takes stock of insights from East Asian hierarchies for the study of international hierarchy as such. I argue for and defend an explanatory approach emphasizing repertoires or toolkits of hierarchical super- and subordination. Historical hierarchies surrounding China took multiple dynastic forms. I emphasize two dimensions of variation. First, hierarchy-building occurs in dialogue between cores and peripheries. Variation in these relationships proliferated multiple arrangements for hierarchical influence and rule. Second, Sinocentric hierarchies varied widely over time, in ways that suggest learning. Successive Chinese dynasties both emulated the successes and avoided the pitfalls of the past, adapting their ideologies and strategies for rule to varying circumstances by recombining past political repertoires to build new ones. Taken together, these phenomena suggest new lines of inquiry for research on hierarchies in IR.
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Evaluation and Treatment of Patients With Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: Pharmacological Treatment
Authors: Arnold Paul M , Anderson Paul A , Chi John H , Dailey Andrew T , Dhall Sanjay S , Eichholz Kurt M , Harrop James S , Hoh Daniel J , Qureshi Sheeraz , Rabb Craig H , Raksin P B , Kaiser Michael G , O’Toole John E 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

QUESTION
Does the administration of a specific pharmacologic agent (eg, methylprednisolone) improve clinical outcomes in patients with thoracic and lumbar fractures and spinal cord injury?

RECOMMENDATION
There is insufficient evidence to make a recommendation; however, the task force concluded, in light of previously published data and guidelines, that the complication profile should be carefully considered when deciding on the administration of methylprednisolone.
Strength of recommendation: Grade Insufficient
The full version of the guideline can be reviewed at: https://www.cns.org/guideline-chapters/congress-neurological-surgeons-systematic-review-evidence-based-guidelines/chapter_5.
A valid alternative for in-person language assessments in brain tumor patients: feasibility and validity measures of the new TeleLanguage test
Authors: De Witte Elke , Piai Vitória , Kurteff Garret , Cai Ruofan , Mariën Peter , Dronkers Nina , Chang Edward , Berger Mitchel 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Background
Although language deficits after awake brain surgery are usually milder than post-stroke, postoperative language assessments are needed to identify these. Follow-up of brain tumor patients in certain geographical regions can be difficult when most patients are not local and come from afar. We developed a short telephone-based test for pre- and postoperative language assessments.

Methods
The development of the TeleLanguage Test was based on the Dutch Linguistic Intraoperative Protocol and existing standardized English batteries. Two parallel versions were composed and tested in healthy native English speakers. Subsequently, the TeleLanguage Test was administered in a group of 14 tumor patients before surgery and at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery. The test includes auditory comprehension, repetition, semantic selection, sentence or story completion, verbal naming, and fluency tests. It takes less than 20 minutes to administer.

Results
Healthy participants had no difficulty performing any of the language tests via the phone, attesting to the feasibility of a phone assessment. In the patient group, all TeleLanguage test scores significantly declined shortly after surgery with a recovery to preoperative levels at 3 months postsurgery for naming and fluency tasks and a recovery to normal levels for the other language tasks. Analysis of the in-person language assessments (until 1 month) revealed a similar profile.

Conclusion
The use of the TeleLanguage battery to conduct language assessments from afar can provide convenience, might optimize patient care, and enables longitudinal clinical research. The TeleLanguage is a valid tool for various clinical and scientific purposes.
Effects of Cigarette Prices on Intention to Quit, Quit Attempts, and Successful Cessation Among African American Smokers
Authors: Keeler Courtney , Max Wendy , Yerger Valerie B , Yao Tingting , Wang Yingning , Ong Michael K , Sung Hai-Yen 
Published: July 2018

Abstract

Introduction
This study examined the effects of cigarette price on intention to quit, quit attempts, and successful cessation among African American smokers in the United States and explored whether price effects differed by income level and menthol use status. Price effects were further compared to White counterparts.

Methods
We used pooled cross-sectional data from 2006 to 2007 and 2010 to 2011 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey to analyze 4213 African American recent active smokers. Three dependent variables were examined: any quit attempts in the past 12 months, successful cessation for at least 3 months, and intention to quit in the next 6 months. For each dependent variable, separate multiple logistic regression models were estimated to determine the impact of cigarette prices.

Results
There was no indication that price was associated with quit attempts or successful cessation, but price was positively associated with increased odds of intending to quit among African American smokers (p &lt; .001). In contrast, prices were positively associated with intention to quit and quit attempts for White smokers. The association between price and intention to quit was significantly positive for African American low-income and menthol smokers but was not statistically significant for African American high-income and non-menthol smokers. There was no evidence of a price effect on quit attempts and successful cessation for each subgroup of African Americans.

Conclusions
Tobacco tax policy alone may not be enough to increase quit attempts or successful cessation among African Americans. Community-based cessation programs tailored toward African American smokers, especially low-income menthol smokers, are needed.

Implications
The results revealed that, among African American smokers, particularly among low-income and menthol smoking African American smokers, price appears to be positively associated with intention to quit; nevertheless, this deterrent effect does not appear to translate to actualized quit attempts or successful cessation. Increasing cigarette prices as a standalone policy may not be independently effective in increasing quit attempts and successful cessation within the African American community. Community-based cessation interventions tailored for African Americans are needed to help further translate desired cessation into actualized quit attempts.