bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vocal Vulnerabilities
Authors: Lappas Sarah 
Published: August 2018

Abstract
This article explores vocal trends associated with hip hop artists of the millennial generation. New vocal techniques such as the use of stylized Auto-Tune, a widening of pitch range, and increased use of paralinguistic utterances associated with emotional distress have permeated the soundscape of hip hop in the twenty-first century. These techniques starkly contrast with the vocal styles associated with Generation X rappers in the 1980s and 1990s, affectively embedding vulnerability into the voices of underground and mainstream hip hop. This chapter approaches the shift in the soundscape of hip hop vocality as a point of embarkation in exploring evolving musical representations of Black masculinity by rappers of the millennial generation.
RETINAL–CHOROIDAL ANASTOMOSIS IN MACULAR TELANGIECTASIA TYPE 2
Authors: Spaide Richard F. , Yannuzzi Lawrence A. , Maloca Peter M. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose:
To investigate the deep retinal vascular changes potentially present in macular telangiectasis Type 2 (MacTel 2) with projection resolved optical coherence tomography angiography including volume rendering.

Methods:
Retrospective consecutive evaluation of patients with MacTel 2 in a community-based retinal referral practice with a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination to include optical coherence tomography and projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography with volume rendering. Main outcome measures were the characterization of vessel presence and anatomical arrangement in the outer retina.

Results:
There were 26 eyes of 13 patients with a mean age of 64.9 (±11.3) years, and 6 were men. The mean visual acuity was logMAR 0.4 (Snellen equivalent 20/50). No eye had signs of choroidal neovascularization or exudation. Focal hyperpigmentation was seen in 13 (50%) and right-angle veins in 17 (65%) eyes. Retinal–choroidal anastomoses were seen in 17 (65%) eyes. These anastomoses typically occurred in multiple clusters of small vessels. The presence of anastomoses was associated with pigment (P < 0.001), although the anastomoses did not necessarily colocalize with the pigment, and right-angle veins (P < 0.001), which were found in every eye with a retinal–choroidal anastomosis.

Conclusion:
Retinal–choroidal anastomoses were commonly observed in eyes with MacTel 2 using projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography. One animal model for MacTel 2 uses very low-density lipoprotein receptor mutant mice and shows multiple retinal–choroidal anastomoses in the disease pathogenesis as well. These findings suggest MacTel 2 is more than just a neurodegenerative disease with secondary vascular abnormalities, as the choroid may be involved in the disease process.
Perioperative Ketorolac Use and Postoperative Hematoma Formation in Reduction Mammaplasty: A Single-Surgeon Experience of 500 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Firriolo Joseph M. , Nuzzi Laura C. , Schmidtberg Lauren C. , Labow Brian I. 
Published: August 2018

Background:In light of the escalating opioid crisis, surgeons are increasingly focused on minimizing opioid use. Ketorolac has well-documented opioid-sparing effects in the postoperative period; however, its use is limited because of concerns of postoperative bleeding and hematoma formation. This study explores the relationship between hematoma formation and administration of perioperative ketorolac in adolescent female patients and young adult women undergoing reduction mammaplasty. It also aims to determine the effect of perioperative ketorolac administration on the requirement for opioid analgesia.Methods:The authors reviewed the medical records of 500 consecutive female patients who underwent reduction mammaplasty for bilateral macromastia from 2007 to 2017. The authors collected data pertaining to perioperative analgesia use and postoperative hematoma formation.Results:Five-hundred patients were included in analyses. The average age of the patients was 18.1 ± 2.2 years. Three hundred eighty-nine patients (77.8 percent) received intravenous ketorolac during the perioperative period. Seven patients (1.4 percent) developed a postoperative hematoma. Hematoma was not associated with intraoperative, postoperative, and perioperative ketorolac use (p >0.43, all). Intraoperative ketorolac use was associated with lower total intraoperative dosing of fentanyl and morphine, and postoperative ketorolac use was associated with lower total postoperative doses of oxycodone and morphine (p< 0.001, all).Conclusions:Ketorolac use was largely associated with decreased perioperative opioid use, but not with hematoma formation. Ketorolac may be a safe alternative to opioids in adolescents and young women undergoing reduction mammaplasty without increasing the risk of hematoma formation.CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:Therapeutic, III.
Human noroviruses: recent advances in a 50-year history
Authors: Atmar Robert L. , Ramani Sasirekha , Estes Mary K. 
Published: August 2018

Purpose of review
Noroviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis. This review summarizes new information on noroviruses that may lead to the development of improved measures for limiting their human health impact.

Recent findings
GII.4 strains remain the most common human noroviruses causing disease, although GII.2 and GII.17 strains have recently emerged as dominant strains in some populations. Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) expression on the gut mucosa drives susceptibility to different norovirus strains. Antibodies that block virus binding to these glycans correlate with protection from infection and illness. Immunocompromised patients are significantly impacted by norovirus infection, and the increasing availability of molecular diagnostics has improved infection recognition. Human noroviruses can be propagated in human intestinal enteroid cultures containing enterocytes that are a significant primary target for initiating infection. Strain-specific requirements for replication exist with bile being essential for some strains. Several vaccine candidates are progressing through preclinical and clinical development and studies of potential antiviral interventions are underway.

Summary
Norovirus epidemiology is complex and requires continued surveillance to track the emergence of new strains and recombinants, especially with the continued progress in vaccine development. Humans are the best model to study disease pathogenesis and prevention. New in-vitro cultivation methods should lead to better approaches for understanding virus-host interactions and ultimately to improved strategies for mitigation of human norovirus-associated disease.
CXCR4 Antagonist Reduced the Incidence of Acute Rejection and Controlled Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy in a Swine Heart Transplant Model Receiving a Mycophenolate-based Immunosuppressive Regimen
Authors: Hsu Wan-Tseng , Lin Cheng-Hsin , Jui Hsiang-Yiang , Tseng Ya-Hsuan , Shun Chia-Tung , Hsu Ming-Chu , Wu Kenneth Kun-Yu , Lee Chii-Ming 
Published: August 2018

Background
CXC motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) blockade is pursued as an alternative to mesenchymal stem cell treatment in transplantation based on our previous report that burixafor, through CXCR4 antagonism, mobilizes immunomodulatory mesenchymal stem cells. Here, we explored the efficacy of combining mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)-based immunosuppressants with repetitive burixafor administration.

Methods
Swine heterotopic cardiac allograft recipients received MMF and corticosteroids (control, n = 10) combined with burixafor as a 2-dose (burixafor2D, n = 7) or 2-dose plus booster injections (burixafor2D + B, n = 5) regimen. The efficacy endpoints were graft survival, freedom from first acute rejection, and the severity of intimal hyperplasia. Each specimen was sacrificed either at its first graft arrest or after 150 days.

Results
After 150 days, all specimens in the control group had died, but 28.5% of the burixafor2D group survived, and 60% of the burixafor2D + B group survived (P = 0.0088). Although the control group demonstrated acute rejection at a median of 33.5 days, the burixafor2D + B group survived without acute rejection for a median of 136 days (P = 0.0209). Burixafor administration significantly attenuated the incidence rate of acute rejection (P = 0.002) and the severity of intimal hyperplasia (P = 0.0097) at end point relative to the controls. These findings were associated with reduced cell infiltrates in the allografts, and modulation of C-reactive protein profiles in the circulation.

Conclusions
The augmentation of conventional MMF plus corticosteroids with a CXCR4 antagonist is potentially effective in improving outcomes after heart transplantation in minipigs. Future studies are warranted into optimizing the therapeutic regimens for humans.
Hydrodynamics of linear acceleration in bluegill sunfishLepomis macrochirus
Authors: Wise Tyler N. , Schwalbe Margot A. B. , Tytell Eric D. 
Published: August 2018

SUMMARY STATEMENTBluegill sunfish accelerate primarily by increasing the total amount of force produced in each tail beat but not by substantially redirecting forces.ABSTRACTIn their natural habitat, fish rarely swim steadily. Instead they frequently accelerate and decelerate. Relatively little is known about how fish produce extra force for acceleration in routine swimming behavior. In this study, we examined the flow around bluegill sunfishLepomis macrochirusduring steady swimming and during forward acceleration, starting at a range of initial swimming speeds. We found that bluegill produce vortices with higher circulation during acceleration, indicating a higher force per tail beat, but do not substantially redirect the force. We quantified the flow patterns using high speed video and particle image velocimetry and measured acceleration with small inertial measurement units attached to each fish. Even in steady tail beats, the fish accelerates slightly during each tail beat, and the magnitude of the acceleration varies. In steady tail beats, however, a high acceleration is followed by a lower acceleration or a deceleration, so that the swimming speed is maintained; in unsteady tail beats, the fish maintains the acceleration over several tailbeats, so that the swimming speed increases. We can thus compare the wake and kinematics during single steady and unsteady tailbeats that have the same peak acceleration. During unsteady tailbeats when the fish accelerates forward for several tailbeats, the wake vortex forces are much higher than those at the same acceleration during single tailbeats in steady swimming. The fish also undulates its body at higher amplitude and frequency during unsteady tailbeats. These kinematic changes likely increase the fluid dynamic added mass of the body, increasing the forces required to sustain acceleration over several tailbeats. The high amplitude and high frequency movements are also likely required to generate the higher forces needed for acceleration. Thus, it appears that bluegill sunfish face a tradeoff during acceleration: the body movements required for acceleration also make it harder to accelerate.
Representing Multiple Observed Actions in the Motor System
Authors: Cracco Emiel , Keysers Christian , Clauwaert Amanda , Brass Marcel 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThere is now converging evidence that others’ actions are represented in the motor system. However, social cognition requires us to represent not only the actions but also the interactions of others. To do so, it is imperative that the motor system can represent multiple observed actions. The current fMRI study investigated whether this is possible by measuring brain activity from 29 participants while they observed two right hands performing sign language gestures. Three key results were obtained. First, brain activity in the premotor and parietal motor cortex was stronger when two hands performed two different gestures than when one hand performed a single gesture. Second, both individual observed gestures could be decoded from brain activity in the same two regions. Third, observing two different gestures compared with two identical gestures activated brain areas related to motor conflict, and this activity was correlated with parietal motor activity. Together, these results show that the motor system is able to represent multiple observed actions, and as such reveal a potential mechanism by which third-party social encounters could be processed in the brain.
A Swiftian Voyage from Brobdingnag to Lilliput: Freshwater Planctomycetes drifting towards the poles of the genome size spectrum
Authors: Andrei Adrian-Ştefan , Salcher Michaela M. , Mehrshad Maliheh , Rychtecký Pavel , Znachor Petr , Ghai Rohit 
Published: August 2018

AbstractFreshwater environments teem with microbes. Currently, our apprehension of evolutionary ecology of freshwater bacteria is hampered by the difficulty to establish organism models for the most representative clades. To circumvent the bottlenecks inherent to the cultivation-based techniques, we applied ecogenomics approaches in order to unravel the evolutionary history and the processes that drive genome architecture in hallmark freshwater lineages from Planctomycetes phylum. The evolutionary history inferences showed that sediment/soil Planctomycetes transitioned to aquatic environments were, through processes mostly associated with reductive genome evolution, gave rise to new freshwater-specific clades. The most successful lineage was found to simultaneously have the most specialized lifestyle (increased regulatory genetic circuits; metabolism tuned for mineralization of proteinaceous sinking aggregates; psychrotrophic behavior) and to harbor the smallest genomes, highlighting a genomic architecture shaped by niche-directed evolution.
Defining the toxicity limits on microbial range in a metal-contaminated aquifer Running Title: Inorganic ion toxicity limits on microbial range
Authors: Carlson Hans K. , Price Morgan N. , Callaghan Mark , Aaring Alex , Chakraborty Romy , Liu Hualan , Arkin Adam P. , Deutschbauer Adam M. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractIn extreme environments, toxic compounds restrict which microorganisms persist. However, in complex mixtures of inhibitory compounds, it is challenging to determine which specific compounds cause changes in abundance and prevent some microorganisms from growing. We focused on a contaminated aquifer in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A. that has low pH and high concentrations of uranium, nitrate and many other inorganic ions. In the most contaminated wells, the microbial community is enriched in theRhodanobactergenus.Rhodanobacterrelative abundance is positively correlated with low pH and high concentrations of U, Mn, Al, Cd, Zn, Ni, Co, Ca, NO3−, Mg, Cl, SO42−, Sr, K and Ba and we sought to determine which of these correlated parameters are selective pressures that favor the growth ofRhodanobacterover other taxa. Using high-throughput cultivation, we determined that of the ions correlated highRhodanobacterabundance, only low pH and high U, Mn, Al, Cd, Zn, Co and Ni (a) are selectively inhibitory of a sensitivePseudomonasisolate from a background well versus a representative resistantRhodanobacterisolate from a contaminated well, and (b) reach toxic concentrations in the most contaminated wells that can inhibit the sensitivePseudomonasisolate. We prepared mixtures of inorganic ions representative of the most contaminated wells and verified that few other isolates aside fromRhodanobactercan tolerate these 8 parameters. These results clarify which toxic inorganic ions are causal factors that impact the microbial community at this field site and are not merely correlated with taxonomic shifts.
Adaptation of proteins to the cold in Antarctic fish: A role for Methionine?
Authors: Berthelot Camille , Clarke Jane , Desvignes Thomas , Detrich H. William , Flicek Paul , Peck Lloyd S. , Peters Michael , Postlethwait John H. , Clark Melody S. 
Published: August 2018

AbstractThe evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins has enabled notothenioid fish to flourish in the freezing waters of the Southern Ocean. Whilst successful at the biodiversity level to life in the cold, paradoxically at the cellular level these stenothermal animals have problems producing, folding and degrading proteins at their ambient temperatures of down to −1.86°C. In this first multi-species transcriptome comparison of the amino acid composition of notothenioid proteins with temperate teleost proteins, we show that, unlike psychrophilic bacteria, Antarctic fish provide little evidence for the mass alteration of protein amino acid composition to enhance protein folding and reduce protein denaturation in the cold. The exception was the significant over-representation of positions where leucine in temperate fish proteins was replaced by methionine in the notothenioid orthologues. Although methionine may increase stability in critical proteins, we hypothesise that a more likely explanation for the extra methionines is that they have been preferentially assimilated into the genome because they act as redox sensors. This redox hypothesis is supported by the enrichment of duplicated genes within the notothenioid transcriptomes which centre around Mapk signalling, a major pathway in the cellular cascades associated with responses to environmental stress. Whilst notothenioid fish show cold-associated problems with protein homeostasis, they may have modified only a selected number of biochemical pathways to work efficiently below 0°C. Even a slight warming of the Southern Ocean might disrupt the critical functions of this handful of key pathways with considerable impacts for the functioning of this ecosystem in the future.
A validation of the diathesis-stress model for depression in Generation Scotland
Authors: Arnau-Soler Aleix , Adams Mark J. , Clarke Toni-Kim , MacIntyre Donald J. , Milburn Keith , Navrady Lauren , Scotland Generation ,   Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Hayward Caroline , McIntosh Andrew , Thomson Pippa A. 
Published: August 2018

ABSTRACTDepression has well-established influences from genetic and environmental risk factors. This has led to thediathesis-stresstheory, which assumes a multiplicative gene-by-environment interaction (GxE) effect on risk. Recently,Colodro-Conde et al. empirically tested this theory, using the polygenic risk score for major depressive disorder (PRS, genes) and stressful life events (SLE, environment) effects on depressive symptoms, identifying significant GxE effects with an additive contribution to liability. We have tested thediathesis-stresstheory on an independent sample of 4 919 individuals.We identified nominally significant positive GxE effects in the full cohort (R2= 0.08%,p= 0.049) and in women (R2= 0.19%,p= 0.017), but not in men (R2= 0.15%,p= 0.07). GxE effects were nominally significant, but only in women, when SLE were split into those in which the respondent plays an active or passive role (R2= 0.15%,p= 0.038; R2= 0.16%,p= 0.033, respectively). High PRS increased the risk of depression in participants reporting high numbers of SLE (p= 2.86 × 10−4). However, in those participants who reported no recent SLE, a higher PRS appeared to increase the risk of depressive symptoms in men (β = 0.082,p= 0.016) but had a protective effect in women (β = −0.061,p= 0.037). This difference was nominally significant (p= 0.017). Our study reinforces the evidence of additional risk in the aetiology of depression due to GxE effects. However, larger sample sizes are required to robustly validate these findings.
Parental attitudes toward weaning practices and weaning foods for health in Malaysia
Authors: Mohamad Hajar , Mirosa Miranda , Bremer Phil , Oey Indrawati 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to gain insight on parental attitudes towards weaning practices and weaning foods for health in Malaysia using Q-methodology.

Design/methodology/approach
The study population was parents that had a child aged three years or less. A total of 47 parents were recruited to partake in a one-on-one activity which involved sorting 69 statements about weaning practices and weaning food products into a grid that was normally distributed ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”. Sorting was immediately followed by a short interview to understand the reasons behind the placement of particular statements.

Findings
Data analysis identified three statistically distinct participant attitudes towards weaning practices and foods for health that were then interpreted using the rich qualitative data from the post-sort interviews. The attitudes identified were “All Homemade and Natural”, “Commercial Convenience and Trust” and “Balance and Variety”.

Originality/value
This study identified the dominant sets of attitudes held by Malaysian parents towards weaning practices and weaning foods for health using Q-methodology. To authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper focussing on weaning foods for health, specifically on functional weaning food. This new understanding of shared attitudes will allow product developers, marketers and health communicators to more effectively design their products and their marketing mix to ensure that these messages resonate well with the target audience who want to provide the best weaning foods possible for their children.
Market or government: who plays a decisive role in R&D resource allocation?
Authors: Xu Shoufu , He Xuehui , Xu Longbing 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of equity market valuation and government intervention on the research and development (R&D) investments of listed companies in China and their relationship.

Design/methodology/approach
Using a manually collected R&D database in the period 2007–2015, this paper constructs a sample of 6,595 firm–year observations and applies the methods of pooled OLS regressions to examine the effects of market valuation and government intervention on corporate R&D expenditures.

Findings
This paper finds that market valuation enhances corporate R&D investments, but there is no evidence that government intervention may significantly affect the R&D investments. Government intervention also decreases the sensitivity of corporate R&D investment to stock price, which implies that government intervention weakens the promotion of market mechanism to corporate R&D investment. Furthermore, these effects are stronger in the non-state-owned firms and the non-regulated industries.

Practical implications
This study suggests that the functional borders of markets and government should be reasonably defined and markets play a decisive role in resource allocation to improve corporate innovation and national innovation.

Originality/value
This paper provides a micro view of the relationship between market and government at the stage of transitional economy in China as well as directions for further research on the relationship between stock prices and corporate investments.
Fast copper loss calculation in coil winding of motor by zooming method
Authors: Katagiri Hirokatsu , Kazuki Semba , Sano Hiroyuki , Yamada Takashi 
Published: August 2018

Purpose
It takes long time for estimating a copper loss in the coil winding of the motor by using the finite element method (FEM). The purpose of this paper is to calculate fast the copper loss by zooming method.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors adopt the “zooming method” to FEM. The authors compare the accuracy and the calculation time with zooming method and normal FEM.

Findings
The zooming method contributes to speeding up and the high accuracy of calculation. In the results, the 43-fold speed increase is achieved in the calculation of synchronous motor compared to usual FEM.

Practical implications
The AC copper loss calculation of 3D motor analysis can be calculated in practical computation time.

Originality/value
The main advantage of employment of zooming method is significantly reduction of the computation time in the loss calculation of the coil winding.