bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Hardness of Probabilistic Inference Relaxations
Authors: Chakraborty Supratik , Meel Kuldeep S. , Vardi Moshe Y. 
Published: August 2019

A promising approach to probabilistic inference that has attracted recent attention exploits its reduction to a set of model counting queries. Since probabilistic inference and model counting are #P-hard, various relaxations are used in practice, with the hope that these relaxations allow efficient computation while also providing rigorous approximation guarantees.
In this paper, we show that contrary to common belief, several relaxations used for model counting and its applications (including probablistic inference) do not really lead to computational efficiency in a complexity theoretic sense. Our arguments proceed by showing the corresponding relaxed notions of counting to be computationally hard. We argue that approximate counting with multiplicative tolerance and probabilistic guarantees of correctness is the only class of relaxations that provably simplifies the problem, given access to an NP-oracle. Finally, we show that for applications that compare probability estimates with a threshold, a new notion of relaxation with gaps between low and high thresholds can be used. This new relaxation allows efficient decision making in practice, given access to an NP-oracle, while also bounding the approximation error.
Erratum: This research is supported in part by the National Research Foundation Singapore under its AI Singapore Programme (Award Number: [AISG-RP-2018-005])
Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 in Breast Cancer: Technical Aspects, Prognostic Implications, and Predictive Value
Authors: Miglietta Federica , Griguolo Gaia , Guarneri Valentina , Dieci Maria Vittoria 
Published: August 2019

AbstractIn the light of recent advances in the immunotherapy field for breast cancer (BC) treatment, especially in the triple-negative subtype, the identification of reliable biomarkers capable of improving patient selection is paramount, because only a portion of patients seem to derive benefit from this appealing treatment strategy. In this context, the role of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) as a potential prognostic and/or predictive biomarker has been intensively explored, with controversial results. The aim of the present review is to collect available evidence on the biological relevance and clinical utility of PD-L1 expression in BC, with particular emphasis on technical aspects, prognostic implications, and predictive value of this promising biomarker.Implications for PracticeIn the light of the promising results coming from trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors for breast cancer treatment, the potential predictive and/or prognostic role of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in breast cancer has gained increasing interest. This review provides clinicians with an overview of the available clinical evidence regarding PD-L1 as a biomarker in breast cancer, focusing on both data with a possible direct impact on clinic and methodological pitfalls that need to be addressed in order to optimize PD-L1 implementation as a clinically useful tool for breast cancer management.
Influence of historic roof structures on the seismic behaviour of masonry structures
Authors: Keller Alexandra I. , Parisi Maria Adelaide , Tsakanika Eleftheria , Mosoarca Marius 
Published: August 2019

Historic buildings are complex structures in which all the composing elements work together. Studies of heritage structures after seismic events have shown that timber roof structures strongly influence the seismic response of masonry structures, being able to reduce or enhance the out-of-plane displacement of the structure. Starting from these observations, three different types of roof structures, from the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, were introduced in the finite-element simulation software SCIA Engineer. The roof structures were subsequently placed on the same eighteenth-century masonry building with a ground floor and two upper floors, respecting its geometric features. Simulations were performed considering successively rigid, hinged or sliding connections between the roof and the masonry structure. At the same time, the traditionally crafted joints of the roof structures were consecutively modelled as hinged, rigid and semi-rigid (determined using three different methods). Ultimately, the top horizontal displacement, inter-storey drift and damage level of the masonry structure were compared. The main aims of this study were to observe if roof structures have an influence on the seismic behaviour of masonry buildings and to determine if selected parameters suffer any changes depending on the roof structure type, the roof–wall connections and joints’ axial stiffness.
Glomerular Immunodeposits of Patients with IgA Nephropathy Are Enriched for IgG Autoantibodies Specific for Galactose-Deficient IgA1
Authors: Rizk Dana V. , Saha Manish K. , Hall Stacy , Novak Lea , Brown Rhubell , Huang Zhi-Qiang , Fatima Huma , Julian Bruce A. , Novak Jan 
Published: August 2019

Significance Statement
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the leading primary GN worldwide. The disease is thought to result from glomerular deposition of circulating immune complexes of IgG bound to galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1). However, routine immunofluorescence microscopy fails to detect IgG in many kidney biopsies from patients with IgAN and the specificity of IgG in immunodeposits has not been tested. The authors show that IgG specific for Gd-IgA1 was extracted from remnant IgAN kidney-biopsy specimens, even when IgG was not detected by routine immunofluorescence. Using confocal microscopy, the authors confirmed that glomerular IgA and IgG colocalize in biopsies, including those negative for IgG by routine immunofluorescence microscopy, suggesting the two form a complex. The results highlight the pivotal role of IgG autoantibodies in IgAN, and bolster the hypothesis that Gd-IgA1–specific IgG autoantibodies are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Background
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the leading primary GN worldwide. The disease is thought to result from glomerular deposition of circulating immune complexes of IgG bound to galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1). However, routine immunofluorescence microscopy fails to detect IgG in many kidney biopsies from patients with IgAN and the specificity of IgG in immunodeposits has not been tested.

Methods
We used remnant frozen kidney-biopsy specimens from 34 patients with IgAN; 14 were IgG-positive and 20 were IgG-negative by routine immunofluorescence microscopy. Six patients with primary membranous nephropathy (MN) and eight with lupus nephritis (LN) served as controls. IgG in the kidney tissue was extracted and its amount determined by ELISA. IgG molecular integrity was assessed by SDS-PAGE immunoblotting. Antigenic specificity of extracted IgG was determined by ELISA using phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) or Gd-IgA1 as antigen. In addition, ten other IgAN cases, six IgG-positive and four IgG-negative by routine immunofluorescence, were used for colocalization studies by confocal microscopy.

Results
IgG extracted from MN but not IgAN immunodeposits reacted with PLA2R. Conversely, IgG extracted from IgAN but not MN or LN immunodeposits reacted with Gd-IgA1. Even IgAN kidney-biopsy specimens without IgG by routine immunofluorescence microscopy had IgG specific for Gd-IgA1. Confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of IgG in the IgAN biopsies with colocalization of glomerular IgA and IgG.

Conclusions
These results reveal for the first time that IgAN kidney biopsies, with or without IgG by routine immunofluorescence, contain Gd-IgA1–specific IgG autoantibodies. These findings support the importance of these autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of IgAN.
La innovación en las entidades de acción social de la provincia de Córdoba (España)
Authors: Ariza Montes Antonio , Carbonero Ruz Mariano , López Martín Mª Carmen , Tirado Valencia Pilar 
Published: August 2019

Introducción: La innovación constituye en la actualidad un factor clave para la competitividad y aunque el grado de interés que despierta en el tercer sector es todavía incipiente cada vez es más frecuente encontrar casos de éxito de entidades no lucrativas (ENL) que han desarrollado experiencias novedosas en el ámbito de lo social. Metodología: se ha realizado un estudio en instituciones de acción social en la provincia de Córdoba que consta de una primera fase de carácter cuantitativo, orientada a establecer un diagnóstico y valoración general del sector a través de los datos obtenidos de un cuestionario de autodiagnóstico de la innovación social respondido por entidades que aglutinan a más del 80% del sector de acción social de la provincia. Resultados: Los resultados del estudio nos llevan a concluir que existe aún un gran desconocimiento sobre el concepto de innovación social. Conclusiones: queda camino por recorrer en las ENL en cuanto a la innovación en sus procesos y en el uso de las nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, en el trabajo colaborativo y en el intercambio de experiencias.
Dioxins and furans in zinc-containing metallurgical dust: behavior and formation processes
Authors: Simonyan L. M. , Demidova N. V. 
Published: August 2019

The use of galvanized scrap as a charge material for electric steel-smelting production leads to the formation of metallurgical dust suitable for the extraction of non-ferrous metals. The issues related to the behavior of chlorine and its compounds in zinc and lead containing EAF-dust is not sufficiently studied. Current research exhibits the danger of chlorine and its compounds in charge and, consequently, in emissions of EAF. Chlorine and its compounds are considered to be the main components associated with the formation of highly toxic organic substances – dioxins and furans (D&F). D&F enter the environment not only in gaseous form, but also in the form of compounds adsorbed on the surface of dust particles. According to various data, D&F concentration is 5-500 ng / kg of dust and depends on the technological parameters of melting. Analysis of the formation processes of D&F in EAF and their behavior in the captured dust is given. It was found that at the studied chlorine content of 1.3% in EAF-dust from the charge materials, 99.9% of chlorine form relatively safe compounds, mainly chlorides, and a small amount goes to the formation of D&F. The amount of D&F adsorbed on the surface of captured dust particles was 474 ng / kg of dust. As strong toxicants, D&F increase the hazard category of dust from the 4th to the 3rd and above that must be considered at dust usage. In addition, the transport of D&F in the environment is due to solid particles that absorb poisons on their surface. Therefore, EAF dust, with D&F adsorbed on its surface, can provoke their entry into organisms. The ways of reducing D&F emission in the production of EAF-steel and the resource-saving and environmentally safe technologies of dust processing are considered. In particular, the possibility of using lime milk for the off-gases irrigation in the EAF gas flue was analyzed and it was shown that it allows to reduce the D&F content to acceptable limits. The efficiency of the proposed activities was evaluated.
Integration of case based learning and bedside teaching in undergraduate students in pediatrics
Authors: Kulkarni Suhas P. , Kurane Anil B. 
Published: August 2019

Background: Teaching undergraduate students by bedside clinics has remained cornerstone of medical education because it imparts knowledge, teaches proper behaviour and can be used to teach skills effectively. Case based learning (CBL) is a newer modality of teaching in medical education. CBL involves preparing students for clinical practice through use of authentic clinical cases. Aim of the study is to study the effect of integration of case based learning and bed side clinic on motivation, deep thinking and cognitive improvement in final MBBS studentsMethods: The study group was undergraduate students of final MBBS posted for clinical posting in pediatric ward. The study was carried out on 59 students posted from March 2018 to September 2018. MCQ based pretest was done initially. The students were taught the topic by case based learning method for one hour. They were asked to take the case and bedside clinic was conducted. Relevant clinical examination was demonstrated to the students. Students were asked to practice the skills in front of the teacher. This was followed by the post-test and questionnaires.Results: 88.67% students thought that this method was motivating. 82.7 % students perceived that it increases deep thinking. 52.83% students showed more than 20% improvement in score of pre-test and post-test.Conclusions: Integration of case based learning with bed side clinic was associated with Better motivation of final year MBBS students and development of deep thinking in students. 3. Significant change in cognitive learning in final MBBS students.
Status of trace elements zinc, copper, and selenium in transfusion dependent beta thalassemic Indian children: a cross sectional study
Authors: Choudhary Babulal , Singh Anurag , Goyal Vishnu K. , Sharma Pramod , Totetja G. S. , Payal Vikas , Gonmei Zaozianlungliu 
Published: August 2019

Background: Maintenance of normal levels of copper, selenium, and zinc play an important part in lessening the morbidities associated with thalassemia major. Levels of these elements have been found to be altered in this chronic transfusion dependent disease from all over the world, but with widely variable results. Besides repeated blood transfusions and use of chelating agents, their levels in thalassemics are affected by genetic and dietary factors also, compelling us to undertake this study in our population. The Objectives of this study was to assessment of serum levels of zinc, copper and selenium in transfusion dependent beta thalassemics. Methods: Cross sectional descriptive study conducted at Thalassemia Day-care Centre of a teaching hospital. Total 64 transfusion dependent thalassemics in the age group 3-18 years were subjected to serum levels of zinc, copper and selenium by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technique. Results: Four (6.25%) had hypozincemia, 15 (23.43%) hypocupremia and one (1.565%) had hypercupremia. Two (3.12%) had higher selenium levels (>190 µgm/l).Conclusions: In contrast to previous studies, hypocupremia has been found to be more prevalent than hypozincemia and hyposelenemia in our population.
Estimating access to drinking water supply in Farta district rural community, Amhara Region, North Central Ethiopia, 2017: a community based cross-sectional study
Authors: Gualie Yilkal T. , Enyew Habtamu D. 
Published: August 2019

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Water is an essential for lives and development. Ethiopia is endowed with enormous water resources potential but access to water is limited. An uneven spatial distribution of water sources and drinking water demand is big challenge. Therefore objectives of this study were to estimate access for water supply among household of Farta district, Ethiopia.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A community based cross-sectional study design was employed in 758 households of Farta district. Interview and observational check lists were used to collect data. Systematic sampling technique was used to select households. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The community has access to improved water supply which was estimated to be 57.1%. The rest 42.9% of the households used unimproved water sources from other unprotected sources like unprotected dug well and river. Nearly the third quartile (74.5%) of the households had access to water within a distance of 1.5 km or less from dwelling. Majority (86%) of households had no access to water within a time of 30 minutes or less. Nearly 92.3% of the households used less than 20 liters per capita per day.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> There was a significant gap in accessing water supply for the community within 1.5 km in the district. Nearly half of households used protected well water sources. The per capita water consumption of the households were extremely low. Hence local administrator should expand protected well in all members. The community participation should be encouraged to prepare and maintain the water sources.</p>
Alt solunum yolu örneklerinden izole edilen Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Haemophilus İnfluenzae ve Moraxella Catarrhalis suşlarının antibiyotik duyarlılığının değerlendirilmesi
Authors: TANRIVERDİ Yeliz , AVAN Tuğba , BİLGİN Kemal , BİRİNCİ Asuman 
Published: August 2019

Amaç:
Bu çalışmada hastanemizin ayaktan ve yatarak takip edilen hastaların alt
solunum yolu örneklerinden izole edilen ve solunum yolu enfeksiyonlarının en
önemli enfeksiyon etkenleri olan Haemophilus
influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis ve Streptococcus pneumoniae suşlarının
antibiyotik duyarlılık oranlarının belirlenmesi ve ampirik antibiyotik
tedavisine yol göstermesi amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç
ve Yöntemler: Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Tıp
Fakültesi Hastanesi Tıbbi Mikrobiyooji Laboratuvarı’na 2015-2017 yıllarında
çeşitli kliniklerden gönderilen alt solunum yolu örnekleri retrospektif olarak incelenmiştir.
İzolatların tanımlanması Vitek MS (Biomerieux, Fransa) cihazı; antibiyotik
duyarlılıkları Vitek 2 Compact
(Biomerieux, Fransa) cihazı ve Mueller-Hinton Fastidious (Biomerieux,
Fransa) agarda disk difüzyon yöntemi ile
belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen duyarlılık oranları EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Testing) kriterlerine göre değerlendirilmiştir

Bulgular: Alt solunum
yolları örneklerinden izole edilen 2427 adet suş retrospektif olarak incelendi.
Streptococcus pneumoniae izolatlarına
karşı %67 penisilin, %58 eritromisin direnci; Moraxella catarrhalis’e %9 eritromisin, %9 sefotaksim, %3
seftriakson direnci; Haemophilus
influenzae’e %92 eritromisin %33 sefotaksim direnci saptanmıştır.

Sonuç: Alt
solunum yolunun en sık izole edilen bu üç bakteriyel patojene karşı rutinde
kullanılan antibiyotiklere karşı her geçen gün direnç artmaktadır. Etken
belirlendikten sonra antibiyotik duyarlılık testlerinin yapılması tedavinin
yönlendirilmesi açısından önemlidir.
Transcriptomic evidence connecting low aggression to disease risk in honey bees
Authors: Rittschof Clare C , Rubin Benjamin E.R. , Palmer Joseph H. 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Background: Many organisms display a generalized suite of behaviors that indicate infection or predict infection susceptibility. We apply this concept to honey bee aggression, a behavior that has been associated with positive health outcomes in previous studies. We sequenced the transcriptomes of the brain, fat body, and midgut of adult sibling worker bees who developed as pre-adults in relatively high versus low aggression colonies. Previous studies showed that this pre-adult experience impacted both aggressive behavior and resilience to pesticides. We performed enrichment analyses on differentially expressed genes to determine whether variation in aggression resembles the molecular response to infection. We further assessed whether the transcriptomic signature of aggression in the brain overlapped with that observed following acute predator threat, exposure to a high-aggression environment as an adult, or changes associated with adult behavioral maturation.
Results: Across all three tissues assessed, genes that are differentially expressed as a function of aggression significantly overlap with genes whose expression is modulated by a variety of pathogens. In the fat body, and to a lesser degree the midgut, we find evidence of directional concordance consistent with the hypothesis that low aggression resembles a diseased or parasitized state. However, we find little evidence of acute infection in low aggression individuals. Furthermore, we find little evidence that the brain molecular signature of aggression in the current study is enriched for genes modulated by either ephemeral or stable social cues that induce aggression in adults. However, we do find evidence that genes associated with adult behavioral maturation are enriched in our brain samples, with no clear directional bias.
Conclusions: Results support the hypothesis that low aggression resembles a molecular state associated with infection. This pattern is most robust in the peripheral fat body, an immune responsive tissue in the honey bee. Although these results are correlative, we find no evidence of acute infection in low aggression bees, suggesting the physiological state associated with low aggression may predispose bees to negative health outcomes. The similarity of molecular signatures associated with the seemingly disparate traits of aggression and disease suggests that these characteristics may, in fact, be intimately tied.
Linkage Mapping and Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Conservative QTLs and Candidate Genes for Fusarium Rot Resistance in Maize
Authors: Wu Yabin , Zhou Zijian , Dong Chaopei , Chen Jiafa , Ding Junqiang , Zhang Xuecai , Mu Cong , Chen Yuna , Li Xiaopeng , Li Huimin , Han Yanan , Wang Ruixia , Sun Xiaodong , Li Jingjing , Dai Xiaodong , Song Weibin , Chen Wei , Wu Jianyu 
Published: August 2019

Abstract
Fusarium ear rot (FER) caused by Fusarium verticillioides is a major disease of maize that reduces grain yield and quality globally. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of natural variation in FER resistance, a recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population and one panel of inbred lines were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance. As a result, a total of 10 QTL were identified by linkage mapping under four environments, which were located on six chromosomes and explained 1.0%-7.1% of the phenotypic variation. Epistatic mapping detected four pairs of QTL that showed significant epistasis effects, explaining 2.1%-3.0% of the phenotypic variation. Additionally, 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified across the whole genome by genome-wide association study (GWAS) under five environments. Compared linkage and association mapping revealed five common intervals located on chromosomes 3, 4, and 5 associated with FER resistance, four of which were verified in different near-isogenic lines (NILs) populations. GWAS identified three candidate genes in these consistent intervals, which belonged to the Glutaredoxin protein family, actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs), and AMP-binding proteins. In addition, two verified FER QTL regions were found consistent with Fusarium cob rot (FCR) and Fusarium seed rot (FSR). These results revealed that multi pathways were involved in FER resistance, which was a complex trait that was controlled by multiple genes with minor effects, and provided important QTL and genes, which could be used in molecular breeding for resistance.