bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philosophical Deficiencies East and West
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractMale Western philosophers are typically less sensitive to psychological nuance than their female counterparts. But they also are typically better at precise analysis and argument and tend to be more systematic about the doing of philosophy than are female philosophers. Chinese philosophers, both male and female, are less accustomed to analytic thinking than typical Anglophone philosophers are, but they also tend to be more open-minded than philosophers in the West. Aristotle makes no room for open-mindedness in his depiction of the virtuous individual, but both Confucius and Mencius place great emphasis on being open to the point of view of other people. Future philosophy needs to be done with psychological sensitivity, analytic argumentation, open-mindedness, and an effort to connect ideas in a systematic fashion.
The Many Roles of Empathy
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractEmpathy plays many roles that have not previously been discussed. It can directly acquaint us with other people’s feelings/attitudes, but that enables it also to help us understand the world that others are responding to. A child can empathically take in their parents’ fear of bears and thereby come to learn non-inferentially that bears are dangerous. Empathy is also sensitive to the moral motivation of others and arguably then can serve as the “moral sense” that Francis Hutcheson had such difficulty defending. Finally, empathy plays a role in felicitous speech acts that speech act theory has never recognized. For example, assertion typically works as well as it does because the speaker’s confidence conveys itself empathically to the hearer, a fact that the speakers themselves are typically aware of. Charles Stevenson said that the feelings of someone making a value judgment can spread by contagion to hearers, but any sincere assertion involves confidence that can spread in this empathic manner. Other speech acts involve empathy in other ways.
The Impossibility of Egoism
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIt was earlier thought that morality needs to defend itself against the psychological egoist, but in recent times it has been realized that morality doesn’t have to bolster itself by showing that it pays to be moral. Moreover, it turns out that psychological egoism is a much narrower phenomenon than has been recognized. The desire for the esteem or love of others is not egoistic because it places so much intrinsic importance on other people. Analogous points hold for curiosity and the desire for mastery. Even common appetites for food and sex have non-egoistic elements that Bishop Butler was the first to point out. When we are sexually attracted, it is not the greater pleasure we can get from someone that attracts us to their looks; rather, we get greater pleasure from them because of the way we value their looks. No possible person could be fully egoistic, and no philosophical argument could ever change egoistic motivation into something different.
Further Connections
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFurther implications can be drawn from some of our previous chapters. Chapter 2’s discussion of the inevitable connection between cognitive functioning and emotion allows one to conclude that there is no such thing as pure reason. This means that there can be no viable form of ethical rationalism. What was said in Chap. 2 also allows us to recognize that belief is the yin and desire the yang of the human heart-mind. Further, yin-yang can be used to illuminate epistemology and not just ethics. Chapter 3’s discussion of the limits of moral self-cultivation can lead us toward a better understanding of how, via empathy, love for one’s siblings and one’s parents can develop. What Chap. 5 said about empathy and assertion can be bolstered by considering how a speaker can empathically register how well her confidence in some assertion has been conveyed to an empathizing hearer. Different earlier chapters spoke of moral development, but such development is part of human development in a larger sense. Erikson’s ideas about the human life cycle can be invoked in order to place moral development within a much larger context.
Milestones from the Pure Lisp theorem prover to ACL2
Authors: Moore J. Strother 
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We discuss the evolutionary path from the Edinburgh Pure Lisp Theorem Prover of the early 1970s to its modern counterpart,
A
C
omputational
L
ogic for
A
pplicative
C
ommon
L
isp, aka ACL2, which is in regular industrial use. Among the milestones in this evolution are the adoption of a first-order subset of a programming language as a logic; the analysis of recursive definitions to guess appropriate mathematical induction schemes; the use of simplification in inductive proofs; the incorporation of rewrite rules derived from user-suggested lemmas; the generalization of that idea to allow the user to affect other proof techniques soundly; the recognition that evaluation efficiency is paramount so that formal models can serve as prototypes and the logic can be used to reprogram the system; use of the system to prove extensions correct; the incorporation of decision procedures; the provision of hierarchically structured libraries of previously certified results to configure the prover; the provision of system programming features to allow verification tools to be built and verified within the system; the release of many verified collections of lemmas supporting floating point, programming languages, and hardware platforms; a verified “bit-bashing” tool exploiting verified BDD and checked external SAT procedures; and the provision
of certain higher-order features within the first-order setting. As will become apparent, some of these milestones were suggested or even prototyped by users. Some additional non-technical aspects of the project are also critical. Among these are a devotion to soundness, good documentation, freely available source code, production of a system usable by industry, responsiveness to user needs, and a dedicated, passionate, and brilliant user community.
Small business property tax reductions and job growth
Authors: Gobey Matthew , Matikonis Karolis 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe incomplete devolution of taxation powers to English Local Government has been constrained by central government’s doubling of reductions in property taxes for small firms. The aim is to stimulate local growth, but we question the economic logic. We analyse reductions in place since 2005, with a newly linked dataset for all firms that incorporate administrative data down to local units. We find the reductions do not overcome supposed market failures, do not stimulate job growth and once we control for firm age, that the targeted small firms do not produce extra employment. Young firms and larger firms have better growth rates, but there is no systematic size effect. We conclude that the tax reductions fail because they do not account for tax capitalisation (i.e. incidence shifts from firms to property owners), the basic characteristics of the average small firm or develop a clear mechanism for change among heterogeneous economic actors.
The Bramson delay in the non-local Fisher-KPP equation
Authors: Bouin Emeric , Henderson Christopher , Ryzhik Lenya 
Published: July 2019

We consider the non-local Fisher-KPP equation modeling a population with individuals competing with each other for resources with a strength related to their distance, and obtain the asymptotics for the position of the invasion front starting from a localized population. Depending on the behavior of the competition kernel at infinity, the location of the front is either

2t−(3/ 2)\mathrm{\log }⁡t + O(1)

, as in the local case, or

2t−O(t^{\beta })

for some explicit

\beta \in (0,1)

. Our main tools here are a local-in-time Harnack inequality and an analysis of the linearized problem with a suitable moving Dirichlet boundary condition. Our analysis also yields, for any

\beta \in (0,1)

, examples of Fisher-KPP type non-linearities

f_{\beta }

such that the front for the local Fisher-KPP equation with reaction term

f_{\beta }

is at

2t−O(t^{\beta })

.

Résumé

Dans cet article, nous considérons l'équation de Fisher-KPP non locale, qui modélise la dynamique d'une population ou la force de compétition pour les ressources dépend de la distance entre les individus. Nous obtenons une asymptotique précise en temps long de la position d'une population qui est initialement localisée en espace. Selon la décroissance à l'infini du noyau de compétition, la position du front est soit

2t−(3/ 2)\mathrm{\log }⁡t + O(1)

, comme dans le cas de l'équation locale, soit

2t−O(t^{\beta })

, pour un

\beta \in (0,1)

calculé explicitement. Les outils les plus importants utilisés dans cet article sont une version locale en temps d'une inégalité de Harnack parabolique ainsi qu'une analyse fine du problème linéarisé avec une condition de bord de Dirichlet dynamique. Notre analyse donne aussi, pour tout

\beta \in (0,1)

, des exemples de non-linéarités de type Fisher-KPP pour lesquelles le front se trouve en

2t−O(t^{\beta })

.
Magnetic resonance imaging measures of brain atrophy from the EXPEDITION3 trial in mild Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Schwarz Adam J. , Sundell Karen L. , Charil Arnaud , Case Michael G. , Jaeger Ralf K. , Scott David , Bracoud Luc , Oh Joonmi , Suhy Joyce , Pontecorvo Michael J. , Dickerson Bradford C. , Siemers Eric R. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIntroductionSolanezumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that preferentially binds to soluble amyloid β and promotes its clearance from the brain in preclinical studies. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of solanezumab in slowing global and anatomically localized brain atrophy as measured by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsIn the EXPEDITION3 phase 3 trial, participants with mild Alzheimer's disease were randomized to receive intravenous infusions of either 400 mg of solanezumab or placebo every 4 weeks for 76 weeks. Volumetric MRI scans were acquired at baseline and at 80 weeks from 275 MRI facilities using a standardized imaging protocol. A subset of 1462 patients who completed both MRI and 14‐item Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale assessments at both time points were selected for analysis. Longitudinal MRI volume changes were analyzed centrally by tensor‐based morphometry with a standard FreeSurfer brain parcellation. Prespecified volumetric measures, including whole brain and ventricles, along with anatomically localized regions in the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes were evaluated in those participants.ResultsGroup‐mean differences in brain atrophy rates were directionally consistent across a number of brain regions but small in magnitude (1.3–6.9% slowing) and not statistically significant when corrected for multiple comparisons. The annualized rates of change of the volumetric measures and the correlation of these changes with cognitive changes in placebo‐treated subjects were similar to those reported previously.DiscussionIn the EXPEDITION3 trial, solanezumab did not significantly slow down rates of global or anatomically localized brain atrophy. Brain volume changes and their relationship to cognition were consistent with previous reports.
Anticipating exclusion: Global supply chains and Chinese business responses to the Trans-Pacific Partnership
Authors: Gulotty Robert , Li Xiaojun 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPreferential trade agreements (PTAs) promise exclusive access for their members at the expense of excluded parties. But what does this exclusivity mean for firms in nonmember states if production networks are internationally organized? This paper analyzes the effect of PTA exclusion on firms embedded in the global supply chains, focusing on the case of China's exclusion from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). Drawing on a survey of Chinese firm managers during the TPP negotiations, we find that productive and downstream firms anticipated the exclusion and made adjustments accordingly, which led to a general sense of optimism toward the agreement. When presented with the prospect of an expanded TPP, however, firms are divided depending on how their own positions in the global supply chain complement or compete with the new member. These findings, validated with interviews in the field, suggest that the effects of PTA exclusion depend on the ability and need for firms to adjust. As a result, exclusion does not equate to an unalloyed loss for excluded firms.
Frictional hysteresis and particle deposition in granular free-surface flows
Authors: Edwards A. N. , Russell A. S. , Johnson C. G. , Gray J. M. N. T. 
Published: July 2019

Shallow granular avalanches on slopes close to repose exhibit hysteretic behaviour. For instance, when a steady-uniform granular flow is brought to rest it leaves a deposit of thickness $h_{stop}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701})$ on a rough slope inclined at an angle $\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}$ to the horizontal. However, this layer will not spontaneously start to flow again until it is inclined to a higher angle $\unicode[STIX]{x1D701}_{start}$, or the thickness is increased to $h_{start}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701})>h_{stop}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D701})$. This simple phenomenology leads to a rich variety of flows with co-existing regions of solid-like and fluid-like granular behaviour that evolve in space and time. In particular, frictional hysteresis is directly responsible for the spontaneous formation of self-channelized flows with static levees, retrogressive failures as well as erosion–deposition waves that travel through the material. This paper is motivated by the experimental observation that a travelling-wave develops, when a steady uniform flow of carborundum particles on a bed of larger glass beads, runs out to leave a deposit that is approximately equal to $h_{stop}$. Numerical simulations using the friction law originally proposed by Edwards et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 823, 2017, pp. 278–315) and modified here, demonstrate that there are in fact two travelling waves. One that marks the trailing edge of the steady-uniform flow and another that rapidly deposits the particles, directly connecting the point of minimum dynamic friction (at thickness $h_{\ast }$) with the deposited layer. The first wave moves slightly faster than the second wave, and so there is a slowly expanding region between them in which the flow thins and the particles slow down. An exact inviscid solution for the second travelling wave is derived and it is shown that for a steady-uniform flow of thickness $h_{\ast }$ it produces a deposit close to $h_{stop}$ for all inclination angles. Numerical simulations show that the two-wave structure deposits layers that are approximately equal to $h_{stop}$ for all initial thicknesses. This insensitivity to the initial conditions implies that $h_{stop}$ is a universal quantity, at least for carborundum particles on a bed of larger glass beads. Numerical simulations are therefore able to capture the complete experimental staircase procedure, which is commonly used to determine the $h_{stop}$ and $h_{start}$ curves by progressively increasing the inclination of the chute. In general, however, the deposit thickness may depend on the depth of the flowing layer that generated it, so the most robust way to determine $h_{stop}$ is to measure the deposit thickness from a flow that was moving at the minimum steady-uniform velocity. Finally, some of the pathologies in earlier non-monotonic friction laws are discussed and it is explicitly shown that with these models either steadily travelling deposition waves do not form or they do not leave the correct deposit depth $h_{stop}$.
Subglacial water pressure and ice-speed variations at Johnsons Glacier, Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: SUGIYAMA SHIN , NAVARRO FRANCISCO J. , SAWAGAKI TAKANOBU , MINOWA MASAHIRO , SEGAWA TAKAHIRO , ONUMA YUKIHIKO , OTERO JAIME , VASILENKO EVGENY V. 
Published: July 2019

ABSTRACTTo study subglacial hydrological condition and its influence on the glacier dynamics, we drilled Johnsons Glacier on Livingston Island in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Subglacial water pressure was recorded in boreholes at two locations over 2 years, accompanied by high-frequency ice-speed measurements during two summer melt seasons. Water pressure showed two different regimes, namely high frequency and large amplitude variations during the melt season (January–April) and small fluctuations near the overburden pressure the rest of the year. Speed-up events were observed several times in each summer measurement period. Ice motion during these events substantially contributed to total glacier motion, for example, fast ice flow over 1 week accounted for ~70% of the total displacement over a 25-day long measurement period. We did not find a clear relationship between subglacial water pressure and ice speed. This was probably because subglacial hydraulic conditions were spatially inhomogeneous and thus our borehole data did not always represent a large-scale subglacial condition. Ice temperature measurements in the boreholes confirmed the existence of a cold ice layer near the glacier surface. Our data provide a basis to better understand the dynamic and hydrological conditions of relatively unstudied glaciers in the Antarctic Peninsula region.
First passage upwards for state-dependent-killed spectrally negative Lévy processes
Authors: Vidmar Matija 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFor a spectrally negative Lévy process X, killed according to a rate that is a function ω of its position, we complement the recent findings of [12] by analysing (in greater generality) the exit probability of the one-sided upwards passage problem. When ω is strictly positive, this problem is related to the determination of the Laplace transform of the first passage time upwards for X that has been time-changed by the inverse of the additive functional $$\int_0^ \cdot \omega ({X_u}){\kern 1pt} {\rm{d}}u$$. In particular, our findings thus shed extra light on related results concerning first passage times downwards (resp. upwards) of continuous-state branching processes (resp. spectrally negative positive self-similar Markov processes).
Renewal processes, population dynamics, and unimodular trees
Authors: Baccelli François , Sodre Antonio 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBased on a simple object, an i.i.d. sequence of positive integer-valued random variables {an}n∊ℤ, we introduce and study two random structures and their connections. First, a population dynamics, in which each individual is born at time n and dies at time n + an. This dynamics is that of a D/GI/∞ queue, with arrivals at integer times and service times given by {an}n∊ℤ. Second, the directed random graph Tf on ℤ generated by the random map f(n) = n + an. Assuming only that E [a0] < ∞ and P [a0 = 1] > 0, we show that, in steady state, the population dynamics is regenerative, with one individual alive at each regeneration epoch. We identify a unimodular structure in this dynamics. More precisely, Tf is a unimodular directed tree, in which f(n) is the parent of n. This tree has a unique bi-infinite path. Moreover, Tf splits the integers into two categories: ephemeral integers, with a finite number of descendants of all degrees, and successful integers, with an infinite number. Each regeneration epoch is a successful individual such that all integers less than it are its descendants of some order. Ephemeral, successful, and regeneration integers form stationary and mixing point processes on ℤ.
Asymptotic behaviour of randomised fractional volatility models
Authors: Horvath Blanka , Jacquier Antoine , Lacombe Chloé 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe study the asymptotic behaviour of a class of small-noise diffusions driven by fractional Brownian motion, with random starting points. Different scalings allow for different asymptotic properties of the process (small-time and tail behaviours in particular). In order to do so, we extend some results on sample path large deviations for such diffusions. As an application, we show how these results characterise the small-time and tail estimates of the implied volatility for rough volatility models, recently proposed in mathematical finance.
Exit problems for general draw-down times of spectrally negative Lévy processes
Authors: Li Bo , Vu Nhat Linh , Zhou Xiaowen 
Published: July 2019

AbstractFor spectrally negative Lévy processes, we prove several fluctuation results involving a general draw-down time, which is a downward exit time from a dynamic level that depends on the running maximum of the process. In particular, we find expressions of the Laplace transforms for the two-sided exit problems involving the draw-down time. We also find the Laplace transforms for the hitting time and creeping time over the running-maximum related draw-down level, respectively, and obtain an expression for a draw-down associated potential measure. The results are expressed in terms of scale functions for the spectrally negative Lévy processes.
On the existence of sure profits via flash strategies
Authors: Fontana Claudio , Pelger Markus , Platen Eckhard 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWe introduce and study the notion of sure profits via flash strategies, consisting of a high-frequency limit of buy-and-hold trading strategies. In a fully general setting, without imposing any semimartingale restriction, we prove that there are no sure profits via flash strategies if and only if asset prices do not exhibit predictable jumps. This result relies on the general theory of processes and provides the most general formulation of the well-known fact that, in an arbitrage-free financial market, asset prices (including dividends) should not exhibit jumps of a predictable direction or magnitude at predictable times. We furthermore show that any price process is always right-continuous in the absence of sure profits. Our results are robust under small transaction costs and imply that, under minimal assumptions, price changes occurring at scheduled dates should only be due to unanticipated information releases.
On the dense preferential attachment graph models and their graphon induced counterpart
Authors: Backhausz Ágnes , Kunszenti-Kovács Dávid 
Published: July 2019

AbstractLetting ℳ denote the space of finite measures on ℕ, andμλ∊ ℳ denote the Poisson distribution with parameterλ, the functionW: [0, 1]2→ℳgiven byW(x,y) =μclogxlogyis called the PAG graphon with densityc. It is known that this is the limit, in the multigraph homomorphism sense, of the dense preferential attachment graph (PAG) model with edge densityc. This graphon can then in turn be used to generate the so-called W-random graphs in a natural way, and similar constructions also work in the slightly more general context of the so-called PAGκmodels. The aim of this paper is to compare these dense PAGκmodels with the W-random graph models obtained from the corresponding graphons. Motivated by the multigraph limit theory, we investigate the expected jumble-norm distance of the two models in terms of the number of verticesn. We present a coupling for which the expectation can be bounded from above by O(log3/2n·n−1/2), and provide a universal lower bound that is coupling-independent, but without the logarithmic term.