bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purchase of medications without prescription in Peru: a cross-sectional population-based study
Authors: Hernández-Vásquez Akram , Alarcon-Ruiz Christoper A. , Díaz-Seijas Deysi , Magallanes-Quevedo Luisa , Rosselli Diego 
Published: September 2018

Background: Low availability of medicines in health services, self-medication, inadequate use of medicines, and inadequate dispensing practices in pharmacies are frequent problems in Peru. We aimed to evaluate how frequent the purchase of medications without medical prescription is in Peru, and which factors are associated with this practice. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2016 ENSUSALUD national survey data. Purchase of medicines that require a prescription was measured as a dichotomous coded as bought one or more medicines that requires medical prescription or bought medicines that do not require a prescription. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using Poisson regressions model with robust variance to assess the association of purchasing of medicines that require prescriptions with sociodemographic factors. Results: There were 3858 participants in the dataset. The prevalence of purchasing medications without prescriptions was 47.2%. History of having previously consumed the same medication (31.6%), and the delay in receiving an appointment at health facilities (26.9%) were the main reasons to buy medications without a prescription. Regarding the recommendation of the medication purchased, the advice of the pharmacy, and remembering a previous old prescription, were the most frequent reasons (38.3%, and 25.9%, respectively). On the multivariable analysis, users that buy medications without prescription were more likely to be of aged 24-45; reside in the Amazon and Highlands regions; and self-consumption of the purchase. Individuals with Seguro Integral de Salud (Comprehensive Health Insurance) were less likely to buy medications without prescription. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of prescription requiring medication being bought without one from pharmacies in Peru. It is necessary to include the evaluation of consumer patterns to develop strategies with the aim to regulate the consumption of prescription drugs in the Peruvian population.
SOLUSI LEMAH MASALAH DIRICHLET PERSAMAAN DIFERENSIAL PARSIAL LINEAR ELIPTIK ORDER DUA
Authors: Nugraheni Sekar , Indrati Christiana Rini 
Published: September 2018

The weak solution is one of solutions of the partial differential equations, that is generated from derivative of the distribution. In particular, the definition of a weak solution of the Dirichlet problem for second order linear elliptic partial differential equations is constructed by the definition and the characteristics of Sobolev spaces on Lipschitz domain in R^n. By using the Lax Milgram Theorem, Alternative Fredholm Theorem and Maximum Principle Theorem, we derived the sufficient conditions to ensure the uniqueness of the weak solution of Dirichlet problem for second order linear elliptic partial differential equations. Furthermore, we discussed the eigenvalue of Dirichlet problem for second order linear elliptic partial differential equations with respect to the weak solution.
Rusijos geoenergetika ir Baltijos šalių atsakas: integracijos ir bendradarbiavimo iniciatyvų reikšmė
Authors: Molis Arūnas , Česnakas Giedrius , Juozaitis Justinas 
Published: September 2018

[straipsnis, santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Praėjus 27-eriems nepriklausomybės metams ir 13-ai narystės Europos Sąjungoje metų, elektros energijos srityje Baltijos šalys vis dar veikia iš Maskvos valdomoje sinchroninėje IPS/UPS zonoje, o iki 2014 m. pabaigos buvo visiškai priklausomos ir nuo Rusijoje priimamų sprendimų dėl gamtinių dujų tiekimo ir jų kainos. Vis dėlto priklausymas tai pačiai elektros energetikos sistemai ir Kaliningrado aprūpinimo per Lietuvą veiksnys teisinio abipusiškumo ir pasitikėjimo tarp Baltijos šalių ir Rusijos nesukūrė. Atvirkščiai, Rusijos politika sąlygojo konkrečius neigiamus padarinius Baltijos valstybėms: didesnes didmenines gamtinių dujų kainas, politinių, techninių bei kitų priežasčių sąlygotus energijos tiekimo sutrikimus, politinį šantažą ir pan. Kita vertus, pastarojo meto Lietuvos, Latvijos ir Estijos pažanga, siekiant energetinės nepriklausomybės, nuteikia optimistiškai – Baltijos šalys, regis, atrado Rusijos spaudimui pasipriešinti tinkamas priemones.
Primer biliyer sirozda çölyak hastalığı birlikteliği
Authors: VATANSEVER Sezgin , PAKÖZ Zehra Betül , ÜNSAL Belkıs 
Published: September 2018

Amaç: Otoimmun hastalıklar genel olarak birliktelik gösterme eğilimindedirler.
Primer biliyer siroza (PBS) da diğer otoimmun hastalıkların yanı sıra çölyak
hastalığı (ÇH) eşlik edebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada PBS’li hastalarda ÇH’nin prevalansı
değerlendirildi.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada Nisan 2006-Aralık 2017 tarihleri arasında tanı alan ve takipli
olan 238 PBS’li hasta, kontrol grubu olarak alınan 205 sağlıklı gönüllü ile
prospektif olarak karşılaştırıldı. Hastalarda Anti Gliadin IgA ve IgG (AGA),
Anti Endomisyum IgA ve IgG (EMA) antikorları immunofloresans yöntemi ile
bakıldı. Antikorları pozitif saptanan hastalardan duodenum ikinci kısmından
biyopsi alındı.Bulgular:
Çalışmaya alınan 238 hastanın yaş
ortalaması 54,2±12 olup 16’sı erkekti.
Kontrol grubundaki 205 kişinin 115’i kadın (%56,1), 90’ı erkek ve yaş
ortalaması 43,8±14,4’tü. PBS’li 4 hastada
AGA ve EMA pozitifliği (%1,7) saptandı. PBS’li hastaların hiçbirinde ÇH semptomları
yoktu. On üç (%5,46) hastada ise düşük titrede AGA pozitifliği saptandı.
Kontrol grubundaki bir (%0,4) hastada EMA, AGA IgA ve IgG yüksek titrede
pozitif saptandı ve PBS’li grup ile istatistiksel fark saptanmadı (p=0,379).
PBS tanısı olan ve EMA, AGA pozitif saptanan dört
hastanın biyopsisinde, bir hastada Marsh 1, bir hastada Marsh 2 ve iki hastada
Marsh 3 ile uyumlu duodenum biyopsi bulguları saptandı. EMA ve AGA’sı pozitif
olan kontrol grubundaki bir hastanın ince barsak biyopsisi ise Marsh 3 ile
uyumluydu.

Sonuç: PBS ve ÇH, birbiri ile ilişkili olabilen hastalıklardır. PBS tanılı
hastalarda, ÇH açısından seropozitif olan hastaların takibinin ÇH ve
komplikasyonlarına de yönelik olması ve tanı konulan hastalara glutensiz
diyetin başlanması gerekmektedir.
ANALYSIS OF TOURIST TRAVEL PATTERNS TOWARD HEALTH CARE FACILITIES
Authors: Hanifah Nida , Pujianingsih Marta Nilasari Catur , Pratiwi Dea Handika , Fahmi Linta Alfi , Anhari Fathurohim , Albayani Thoriq 
Published: September 2018

One of the sectors that are closely related and reasonably determining for the growth and development of the tourism sector is the health sector. The aim of this research was to a) know the affordability of health care facilities from tourism Prambanan and Plaosan Temple, b) to know the travel patterns of tourists headed for healthcare facilities. This research uses qualitative descriptive method by using data collection observation techniques, documentation, and data analysis using network analysis. The network analysis method that used is the closest facility. The results of this research show that a) the affordability of the nearest health service facility from the Plaosan Temple object is Kebondalem Lor Puskesmas which is traveled by 1.7 km distance and takes about 4 minutes from the location of Plaosan Temple, while the closest health service facility from the Prambanan Temple is Prambanan Puskesmas which is taken with distance of 5.3 km and travel time 14 minutes from location of Prambanan Temple. to be known travelers can use private vehicles at tourism Plaosan Temple, because the attractions have a radius of 1.7 km. While on the tourist object of tourism Prambanan Temple can not use private vehicle because the mileage exceeds 3 km, and b) The travel pattern of tourists to health care facilities is categorized good, because the tourists can access health services with the nearest route and adequate facilities.
Keywords: Travel Patterns, Health Facilities, Network Analysis

ReferencesAnwar, A. (2010). Introduction to Health Administration.Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara.Groenou, M. V., & Tilburg, T. V. (1975). Network Anaysis. Vrije Universitet, Amsterdam, The Netherland.Kuntarto, A., & Purwanto, T. H. (2012). Use of Geographic Information Network Analysis System for Route Planning Tourists in Sleman. Journal of The Earth Indonesia of Vol 1 Number 2, 141.Laksono, A. D., & dkk. (2016). The accessibility of health service in Indonesia. Yogyakarta: KANISIUS PT.Law number. 36 Year 2009 About HealthLaw number. 47 Year 2016 About Health Facilities.Moeleong, L. (2002). Qualitative Research Methods. Bandung: Teens Rosdakarya.Muta'ali, L. (2013). Regional and City Spatial Planning (Tinjauan Normatif-Teknis). Yogyakarta: Badan Penerbit Fakultas Geografi (BPFG) Gadjah Mada University.Narsid, S. (1988). Development Geography. Jakarta: Space.O.Z, T. (1997). Transport Planning and Modeling. Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung.
THE ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS OF POPULATION GROWTH, UNEMPLOYMENT, AND POVERTY LEVEL IN MAESAN DISTRICT BONDOWOSO REGENCY
Authors: Kurnianto Fahmi Arif , Rakhmasari Dian , Ikhsan Fahrudi Ahwan , Apriyanto Bejo , Nurdin Elan Artono 
Published: September 2018

Poverty is one of the problems in the economy and environment that must be resolved immediately. The factors that influence poverty are population growth, economic growth, and unemployment. This observation aims to find out the relation of environment, population growth, economic growth, and unemployment on the level of poverty in Maesan Subdistrict, Bondowoso Regency. The data in this observation is secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Bondowoso Regency. The results of this observation indicate that in comparison the variables of population growth, economic growth, and unemployment, have a significant effect on the level of poverty and environment in Maesan District, Bondowoso Regency. According to the data we obtain from the field between the influence of population growth, the economy and unemployment on average the rate of growth is slow and the people are still quite backward, still need more attention for environment effect and there are concrete actions for the development of the Maesan region. Therefore the government's encouragement is very important to promote the community in Maesan District, Bondowoso Regency.
Keywords: Population Growth, Maesan, Unemployment

References
Basri, Faisal H. 1998. Indonesian Economy Ages in the XXI Century, Distortion, Opportunities and Constraints. Jakarta: Erlangga.
Boediono. 1993. Microeconomics. Yogyakarta: BPFE.
Ellies S. 1994. The Dimension of Poverty. Jakarta: Kumarien Press
Komariyah, Ani. 2013. Analysis of Several Factors Affecting Fishermen's Income: Case Study in Tembokrejo Village, Muncar District, Banyuwangi Regency. Jember: University of Jember
Prawoto, Nano. 2005. "Understanding Poverty and Handling Strategy ". Journal of Economics and Development. Vol. 6 No. 1. FE UMY
Simanjuntak, P. 1998: Introduction to FEUI's Human Resource Economics.
Sukirno, Sadono. 1992. Introduction to Macroeconomics. Jakarta: LPFI-Press.
Widarjono, A.2013. Econometrics Theory and Application. Yogyakarta: Econisia.
Dynamic Changes of Eight Bioactive Constituents in Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex Based on UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS Combined with Grey Relational Analysis
Authors: Zhao Hui , Yan Ying , Chai Chuan , Zou Li-Si , Liu Xun-hong , Wang Sheng-Nan , Hua Yu-Jiao 
Published: September 2018

Background:
Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex is a well-known traditional Chinese herbal medicine
with vast clinical consumption owing to its positive effects. However, little attention has been devoted
to analyzing the dynamic changes of the chemical constituents of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex in
different growth periods.

Methods:
In this study, all analyses were performed on UFLC -20ADXR system and a SynergiTM
Hydro-RP 100 Å column (100 mm×2.0 mm, 2.5µm). The mobile phase consisted of water containing
0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid (B). The target constituents, including
two lignans, two alkaloids, two flavonoids, one phenylpropanoid glycoside, and one organic acid,
were analyzed in both positive and negative ion modes with accurate and sensitive multiple reaction
monitoring (MRM) mode.

Results:
The correlation coefficients of all the calibration curves were higher than 0.9992. Relative
standard deviations of intra- and inter-day precisions of the eight analytes were all lower than 4.01%
and the recoveries were in the range from 98.62% to 102.46%. Grey relational analysis was performed
to evaluate the samples according to the contents of 8 constituents. The results showed that the quality
of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex collected at traditional harvest time was much better, and the higher the
age, the better the quality.

Conclusion:
The proposed method is useful for the assessment on the quality of Magnoliae Officinalis
Cortex, and this study provides the basis for exploring the quality forming mechanism of Magnoliae
Officinalis Cortex medicinal materials and choosing the suitable harvesting period.
Changing the Concept of Type 2 Diabetes: Beta Cell Workload Hypothesis Revisited
Authors: Saisho Yoshifumi 
Published: September 2018

Background:Despite a number of innovations in anti-diabetic drugs and substantial improvement in diabetes care, the number of people with diabetes continues to increase, suggesting further need to explore novel approaches to prevent diabetes. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. However, insulin resistance, usually a consequence of obesity, is often emphasized and the role of beta cell dysfunction in T2DM is less appreciated. </P><P> Objective and Results: This paper summarizes recent evidence showing the importance of beta cell dysfunction in T2DM and refines the “beta cell workload hypothesis”, emphasizing the importance of beta cell preservation for the prevention and management of T2DM.Conclusion:It is hoped that this novel concept will foster a better understanding of the pathophysiology of T2DM by not only medical staff and patients with diabetes, but also the general population, and encourage more people to adhere to a healthy lifestyle, eventually resulting in “stopping diabetes”.
Los cloro flúoralcanos
Authors: Méndez Stivalet José Manuel 
Published: September 2018

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>El nombre correcto </span><span>para </span><span>los compuestos con fórmula general C<sub>x</sub>ClyF<sub>z</sub></span><span>es </span><span>el </span><span>de </span><span>cloro flúoralcanos, donde los nombres particulares </span><span>de</span><span>penderán, en </span><span>cada </span><span>caso, </span><span>de los valores </span><span>de x, </span><span>y, </span><span>z. </span><span>Por ejemplo, el C<sub>2</sub>C1<sub>3</sub>F<sub>3</sub> </span><span>es </span><span>un triclom trifiúoretano... </span></p></div></div></div>
Propuesta para la enseñanza del equilibrio químico
Authors: Rocha Adriana , García Rodeja Eugenia , Domínguez Castiñeiras José Manuel , Scandroli Norberto 
Published: September 2018

<div>Los trabajos de investigación sobre enseñanza y aprendizaje del Equilibrio Químico ( Jonhstone, 1977; Gorodetsky, 1986; Quílez Pardo, 1995) ponen de manifiesto que dicho tema es uno de los que presentan más dificultades desde el punto de vista didáctico y coinciden muy bien en cuáles son los puntos de mayor conflicto, como en las concepciones alternativas. Entre las dificultades analizadas se destacan tanto las que tienen que ver con las ideas previas sobre conceptos relacionados con el de Equilibrio Químico, como las derivadas de las formas de representación de los sistemas...</div><div> </div>
Optimasi sterilisasi permukaan eksplan stek mikro tanaman karet Optimization of surface sterilization on rubber microcutting explan
Authors: MARTIANSYAH Irfan , ERIS Deden Dewantara , NURHAIMI-HARIS . , TANIWIRYONO Darmono 
Published: September 2018

AbstractAn increasing number of explants is necessary toobtain plantlets in large quantities, for mass propagationof rubber plants. However, high level of contamination atthe primary culture stage is still a major constraint in invitro microcutting of rubber. The aim of this study was tooptimize surface sterilization procedures to reduce micro-bial contamination at the primary culture. Sterilizationexperiment was conducted in two step., The first step wasto determine the effect of washing the explants withrunning water prior to sterilization and then using Deso-germe, ethanol or H 2 O 2 , while the second step was toidentify the suitable sterilization process on reducing thelevel of contamination. The results showed that the surfacesterilization with only one type of sterilization agent couldnot reduce contamination level caused either by bacteriaor fungi, while sterilization with three types of sterilizingagents increased the number of dead explants. The besttreatment for surface sterilization was the directsterilization of explants using 70% ethanol for one minuteand 17.6% H 2 O 2 for 20 minutes without washing with tapwater (A-CD treatment). The percentage of viable andaseptic explantsof this treatment was 76.7%, which wassignificantly higher than those of other treatments. Thistreatment reduced contamination level to 21.7%.AbstrakPeningkatan jumlah eksplan sangat diperlukan untukmemperoleh planlet dalam jumlah besar pada perbanyakanmassal tanaman karet secara in vitro. Namun, tingginyatingkat kontaminasi pada tahap kultur primer masih me-rupakan kendala utama dalam kultur stek mikro tanamankaret. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengoptimasi prosedursterilisasi permukaan eksplan untuk mengurangi jumlaheksplan yang terkontaminasi mikroba pada tahap kulturprimer. Percobaan sterilisasi dilaksanakan dalam duatahap, tahap pertama untuk mengetahui pengaruh pen-cucian eksplan dengan air mengalir pada awal sterilisasiserta penggunaan Desogerme, etanol dan H 2 O 2 , sedang-kan tahap kedua untuk mendapatkan proses sterilisasi yangpaling sesuai dalam menurunkan tingkat kontaminasi.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan sterilisasipermukaan yang menggunakan satu jenis bahan sterilantidak dapat mengurangi kontaminasi, baik oleh bakterimaupun cendawan. Perlakuan sterilisasi eksplan dengantiga jenis bahan sterilan meningkatkan kematian eksplan.Perlakuan sterilisasi permukaan terbaik adalah sterilisasilangsung eksplan menggunakan etanol 70% selama satu menit dan H 2 O 2 17,6% selama 20 menit, tanpa pencuciandengan air mengalir (perlakuan A-CD). Persentase eksplansteril yang hidup sebesar 76,7%, berbeda nyata dibanding-kan dengan perlakuan lainnya. Perlakuan tersebut dapatmengurangi kontaminasi menjadi sebesar 21,7%.
Potensi masak tebang lima tipe sagu (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) di kawasan hutan sagu Sentani, Papua Mature palm potency of five types of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) at sago forest area of Sentani, Papua
Authors: ROSTIWATI Tati , BOGIDARMANTI Rina , SURIPATTY Batseba A , BUSTOMI Sofwan 
Published: September 2018

Abstract Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) is one of the most potential starch-producing crops, however its utilization has not yet optimal, only around 10%, and mostly from sago trees grown near the villages. The objective of this research was to collect data of the potentially productive trees which are Mid Trunk (MT) and Mature Palm (MP) at sago forest of Sentani, Papua province. Survey method was used for this research by making inventory tracks into three plots as subpopulation and three inventory tracks in every plot with 100 m length and 50 m width, and the distance between tracks was 150 m to find out the spreading and approximation of potential trees through multistage analysis. The observed parameters were number of cluster, number of MT and MP for every types of sago palm. The results show that there were three intra-species of spiny sago palms called Yakari, Bata, and Dondo, and two intra-species of unspiny sago palms called Yebha and Ojokuru. The dominant sago type was Yebha. The cluster was spreading sporadically with coefficient of variance (CV) at 24.3, The predicted number of MT was higher than MP. Numbers of MT and MP for every hectare of sago forest were very low, 1.3 MT/ha and 0.3 MP/haAbstrak Tanaman sagu (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) merupakan tanaman penghasil karbohidrat yang sangat potensial, namun pemanfaataannya masih belum optimal, yaitu hanya sekitar 10%, dan sebagian besar merupakan tanaman sagu yang tumbuh di sekitar perkampungan. Tujuan dari peneli-tian ini adalah mendapatkan data pohon yang berpotensi produktif yaitu pohon Belum Masak Tebang (BMT) dan pohon Masak Tebang (MT) di kawasan hutan sagu Sentani, provinsi Papua. Metode survai digunakan pada penelitian ini dengan membuat jalur-jalur inventarisasi dalam tiga plot sebagai sub-populasi dan tiga jalur inventarisasi di setiap plot dengan panjang jalur 100 m, lebar jalur 50 m dan jarak antar jalur 150 m untuk mengetahui tebaran dan penaksiran potensi pohon melalui analisis multi tahap. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah rumpun, pohon BMT dan MT untuk setiap jenis sagu. Hasil yang diperoleh: menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tiga spesies sagu berduri yaitu, Yakari, Bata, Dondo dan dua spesies sagu tidak berduri yaitu:Yeba dan Ojokuru. Jenis yang mendominasi adalah Yebha. Terlihat adanya tebaran rumpun yang sporadis dengan koefisien keragaman (CV) =24,30, dengan jumlah pohon BMT yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan pohon MT. Hasil penaksiran menunjukkan bahwa jumlah pohon per hektar sangat rendah berturut-turut BMT 1,3 pohon/ha dan MT 0,3 pohon per ha.
Estimation of benefits from the actual use of inland water ecosystem services in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Bujnovský Radoslav 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
The primary aim of the article is to obtain an overview of benefits from the actual use of inland water ecosystem services (ESSs) in Slovakia. The evaluation, which includes both surface water and groundwater, is primarily focused on demand side. Methods for assessing the benefits of the most prevalent ESSs, designated by Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES classification) v. 4.3, are described and discussed. The evaluation is performed at the level of 10 sub-basins to which available data are allocated. In the absence of necessary data or the impossibility of allocating them to sub-basins, the benefit from the use of some ESSs is estimated at the level of whole Slovak territory. The use of ESSs valuation in practice, especially with regard to water protection of surface water and groundwater, is discussed. The evaluation of benefits from ESSs of inland waters in Slovakia so far does not allow direct use of obtained results for proposal of measures within river basin management plans as suggested by several authors. Main reason is the input data availability and quality. At the present time, the significance of the ESSs evaluation may rather lie in the awareness of the value that human society gains from the use of inland waters. It becomes more evident that increase in environmental awareness alone is not sufficient in terms of the protection of ecosystems and their services. To achieve unambiguous and lasting improvement in this area, it is necessary to address the deeper causes, closely related to human thinking and behaviour.
From linguocentrism to acknowledgment of picture’s autonomy
Authors: Michalovič Peter 
Published: September 2018

Abstract
In the presented paper we try to reconstruct Roland Barthes’ journey from the strict linguocentrism (i.e. logocentrism and phonocentrism) to the fact that even though the word and image find themselves in one semiotic space and might be under certain circumstances in a complementary relationship or work together to achieve the very same aim, at the same time, the images (and especially analogical images) always contain something which can’t be wholly translated into words.