bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Resolution Digital X-Ray Rocking Curve Topography
Authors: Ananthanarayanan T.S. , Mayo W.E. , Rosemeier R.G. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThis study presents a unique and novel enhancement of the double crystal diffractometer which allows topographic mapping of X-ray diffraction rocking curve half widths at about 100-150μm spatial resolution. This technique can be very effectively utilized to map micro-lattice strain fields in crystalline materials. The current focus will be on the application of a recently developed digital implementation for the rapid characterization of defect structure and distribution in various semiconductor materials.Digital Automated Rocking Curve (DARC) topography has been successfully applied for characterizing defect structure in materials such as: GaAs, Si, AlGaAs, HgMnTe, HgCdTe, CdTe, Al, Inconnel, Steels, BaF2 PbS, PbSe, etc. The non-intrusive (non- contact & non-destructive) nature of the DARC technique allows its use in studing several phenomena such as corrosion fatigue, recrystallization, grain growth, etc., in situ. DARC topography has been used for isolating regions of non-uniform dislocation density on various materials. It is envisioned that this highly sophisticated, yet simple to operate, system will improve semiconductor-device yield significantly.The high strain sensitivity of the technique results from combination of the highly monochromated and collimated X-ray probe beani, the State of the art linear position-sensitive detector (LPSD) and the high-precision specimen goniometer.
Automated X Ray Topography and Rocking Curve Analysis: A Readability Study
Authors: Fatemi M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThere is considerable interest in the microelectronics industry to obtain high-resolution images, as well as precise measures of defect densities in “ device quality” thin films and substrates. In the field of x-ray diffraction, research groups worldwide are intensely pursuing the relevant applications of computerized x-ray rocking curve analysis and topography. Production-type, on-site rocking curve instrumentation has already been introduced into the market, and potential uses of x-ray topography are also under consideration.In the present study, the merits and limitations of these two techniques are critically evaluated. Possible pitfalls of automated data collection are pointed out and conditions under which meaningful measurements may be made are explored. It is shown that reliable results may nearly always be obtained with reasonable care when each method is applied subject to its own mode of operation. However, extreme caution is needed when digitized data initially collected for topography is subsequently used for rocking curve analysis; otherwise, the correspondence between the interpretation and actual defect configuration may be vitiated. Thus, additional tests will be necessary to ensure the validity of the results.
X-Ray Line Broadening Study on Shock-Modified Hematite
Authors: Zhang Y. , Stewart J. M. , Morosin B. , Graham R. A. , Hubbard C. R. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractHematite (α-Fe2O3) powder compacts have been subjected to controlled, quantitative high pressure shock loading at peak pressures from 8-27 GPa and preserved for post shook analysis. The broadened x-ray diffraction peak profiles have been analyzed to determine the residual lattice strain and the coherent crystallite sizes. Maximum modification effects are observed near 17 GPa with strain values near 3 x 10-3 and size values near 200 Å suggesting annealing at higher shock pressure, resulting from the higher shock temperature.
Asymmetric Crystals Re-Visited
Authors: Short Michael A. , Robie Stephen E. 
Published: March 2019

An asymmetrically cut single crystal is, generally, a large flat X-ray monochromating crystal whose principal surface has been cut an angle to the diffracting planes being utilised.The use of such a crystal was suggested by Stephen and Barnes in 1935 as a means of obtaining a narrow intense beam of monochromatic X-rays. Fankuchen was first to demonstrate this effect experimentally. A number of symmetrically cut mosaic single crystals, including lithium fluoride, was studied by Evans, Hirsch and Kellar and by Gay, Hirsch and Kellar in the beam condensing (beam narrowing) mode only.
Laser Aligned Laue Technique for Small Crystals
Authors: Green Robert W. , Marsh Donald M. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractAn X-ray/Laser technique is described for producing Laue patterns on very small (1mm2) crystal surfaces where it is otherwise not possible to mechanically align the surface of the crystal perpendicular to an X-ray beam. This technique has been used to determine the orientation of the diamond inserts in cutting tool bits.
Using Digitised X-Ray Powder Diffraction Scans as Input for a New Pc-At Search/Match Program
Authors: Caussin P. , Nusinovici J. , Beard D.W. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractA Search/Matcti program lias 'beea written for the IBM PC AT computer that is capable of -using "background - subtracted, digitized 2-ray powder diffraction scans as inputs in addition to the d/I data traditionally used. This novel procedure has proved especially effective when numerous unresolved lines are present in the pattern. The method is also less demanding of data quality thaii the peak location programs. The program may he extended to searching & data "base of digitized standard patterns.The program, has several parameters that can- "be adjusted, including chemistry. The results from the Johnson/Vand list type of output are directly accessible to the interactive graphics program. This gives the diffraction!st a fast method for verifying the phase identification. Because of the speed of fixed point computation techniques, the 52,791 pattern file can be scanned in about 90 seconds.This paper will illustrate the utility of the program.
Window Area Effects in the Detector Efficiency for Source Excited EDXRF Geometries
Authors: dos Santos J.M.F. , Costa Benilde E.O. 
Published: March 2019

AbstractThe efficiency dependence on detector window area for three different geometries of source excited energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis systems are calculated using the Monte Carlo method. Two typical samples (coal and oil) are considered for discussion. The results show that the efficiency is affected mainly by geometric factors: source-to-sample distance and absorption of the exciting X-rays; fluorescent photon self-absorption has a much smaller effect.
Appearance Potential X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Kirkland J. P. , Gilfrich J. V. , Elam W. T. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryAppearance potential spectroscopy has been practiced for many years. In essence, it simply involves ramping the energy of the exciting quanta across excitation edges and observing the onset of a signal. Because of the relative simplicity with which the energy can be controlled, electrons have been the conventional quanta employed. The signals which have "appeared", characteristic of the atoms being studied, have been either Auger electrons or x-ray. The literature is replete with references to appearance potential measurements; the applications have, for the most part, demonstrated interesting physics, but analytical measurements have not been numerous.
A Scanning X-Ray Fluorescence Microprobe with Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Gohshj Y. , Aoki S. , Iida A. , Hayakawa S. , Yamaji H. , Sakurai K. 
Published: March 2019

SummaryA scantling X-ray fluorescence(XRF) microprobe using WoIter type 1 optics was developed, and micro and trace element analysis was carried out using synchrotron radiation up to 10 keV as an excitation source. The design parameters of the optical system and the performance of the system, such as the beam size and the intensity, are described. The MDL obtained for Mn was 6 ppm in relative concentration and about 0.1 pg in absolute amount. The estimated spatial resolution was better than 10 um.
Intensity and Distribution of Background X-rays in Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometry
Authors: Arai Tomoya , Omote Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2019

In the speetrographie analysis of composite elements by fluorescent x-rays, significant developments have been made in low atomic number element measurement and improvement of analytical performance in trace element measurements.For the analysis of trace elements, background intensity governs analytical accuracies and the lowest detection limit in a sample.
Software Development for X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 1950-1995
Authors: Smith Deane K. , Gorter Syb 
Published: March 2019

Software has come a long way from the days of plug board wiring and multi-step computations which were characteristic of the 1950s, In the early days, hardware development led software development partly because the evolution of the hardware was so rapid and partly because the software was primarily developed for specific units. In those days the major cost was in the hardware and the software development generally involved only salary for relatively few individuals. Modern computer costs are now within the reach of the individual, and the money that goes into programming and programs is now the major cost.This paper reviews some of the steps in the evolution of software as it affected the analysis of powder diffraction data. Many “new” programs are adaptations of earlier routines to a different computer platform, but there are many truly new programs implementing inproved concepts for extracting crystal information from the digitized diffraction data.
Inhomogeneous Deformation in Thin Films
Authors: Noyan I. C. , Goldsmith C. C. 
Published: March 2019

Residual stresses are a major factor in the reliable operation of multi-layer thin film structures. These stresses may form due to defect incorporation during deposition, recrystallization, second-phase precipitation, thermal coefficient of expansion (TCE) mismatch, etc., as well as local plastic flow, delamination or cracking. In the literature, residual stresses are usually assumed to be constant in the plane of the film. This assumption is sometimes implicitly made, as in the cases where only two psi-tilts are used in the stress determination with the sin2Ψ analysis.In this paper, we will review the possible causes of heterogeneous stress distributions in thin films and discuss their impact on x-ray stress determination techniques using some new data from W films.
Comparison of Modelled and Experimental Data for the NixRu1-xAl Intermetaixic Compound in the Ni-Ru-Al Ternary System
Authors: Harte A. S. , Hung P. M. , Horner I. J. , Hall N. , Cornish L. A. , Witcomb M. J. 
Published: March 2019

A program was developed to predict d-spacings and intensities for peaks of binary phases, using data of the stoichiometric compositions as a basis, and was extended for ternary systems. Predicted data were compared with results from a series of alloys in the Ni-Ru-Al system, spanning the system near 50 atomic % aluminum, to ascertain the extension of the RuAl and NiAl intermetallic compounds into the ternary system. The microstructures mainly appeared cored, and one sample was single phase.The program enabled easy identification of the peaks, and also allowed comparison of experimental data with predicted ordered and random spectra.
High Plasma sRAGE (Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products) Is Associated With Slower Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Progression and Lower Risk for First-Time Coronary Events and Mortality
Authors: Grauen Larsen Helena , Marinkovic Goran , Nilsson Peter M. , Nilsson Jan , Engström Gunnar , Melander Olle , Orho-Melander Marju , Schiopu Alexandru 
Published: March 2019

Objective—
RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) and EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer) are immune receptors for proinflammatory mediators. These receptors can also be found in a soluble form in the circulation. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) has shown atheroprotective properties in animal studies, possibly by acting as a decoy receptor for its ligands. Whether sEMMPRIN (soluble EMMPRIN) has similar roles is unknown. We hypothesized that sRAGE and sEMMPRIN might be associated with vascular disease progression, incident coronary events, and mortality.

Approach and Results—

We measured baseline sRAGE and sEMMPRIN in 4612 cardiovascular disease-free individuals from the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Measurements of intima-media thickness in the common carotid artery were performed at inclusion and after a median of 16.5 years. sRAGE was negatively correlated with carotid intima-media thickness progression, independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, kidney function, and hsCRP (high sensitive C-reactive protein). Additionally, sRAGE was associated with decreased risk for major adverse coronary events (hazard ratio=0.90 [0.82–0.97];
P
=0.009) and mortality (hazard ratio=0.93 [0.88–0.99];
P
=0.011) during a follow-up period of 21 years. The relationship with mortality was independent of all considered potential confounders. We found no correlations between EMMPRIN, intima-media thickness progression, or prognosis.

Conclusions—
Individuals with high levels of circulating sRAGE have a slower rate of carotid artery disease progression and a better prognosis. Although its predictive value was too weak to promote sRAGE as a useful clinical biomarker in the population, the findings support further research into the potential anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective properties of this soluble receptor.
Shear-Induced CCN1 Promotes Atheroprone Endothelial Phenotypes and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Hsu Pei-Ling , Chen Jheng-Sin , Wang Chin-Yung , Wu Hua-Lin , Mo Fan-E 
Published: March 2019

Background:

Atherosclerosis occurs preferentially at the blood vessels encountering blood flow turbulence. The matricellular protein CCN1 is induced in endothelial cells by disturbed flow, and is expressed in advanced atherosclerotic lesions in patients and in the
Apoe
−/−
mouse model. The role of CCN1 in atherosclerosis remains undefined.

Methods:

To assess the function of CCN1 in vivo, knock-in mice carrying the integrin α6β1–binding-defective mutant allele
Ccn1-dm
on the
Apoe
−/−
background were tested in an atherosclerosis model generated by carotid artery ligation. Additionally, CCN1-regulated functional phenotypes of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, or primary mouse aortic endothelial cells isolated from wild-type and
Ccn1

dm/dm

mice, were investigated in the in vitro shear stress experiments under unidirectional laminar shear stress (12 dyn/cm
2
) versus oscillatory shear stress (±5 dyn/cm
2
) conditions.

Results:

We found that
Ccn1
expression was upregulated in the arterial endothelium 3 days after ligation before any detectable structural changes, and intensified with the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Compared with
Apoe
−/−
controls,
Ccn1

dm/dm

/
Apoe
−/−
mice were remarkably resistant to ligation-induced plaque formation (n=6). These mice exhibited lower oxidative stress, expression of endothelin-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and monocyte homing. CCN1/α6β1 critically mediated flow-induced activation of the pleiotropic transcription factor nuclear factor-κB and therefore the induction of atheroprone gene expression in the mouse arterial endothelium after ligation (n=6), or in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells or primary mouse aortic endothelial cells exposed to oscillatory shear stress (n=3 in triplicate). Interestingly, the activation of nuclear factor-κB by CCN1/α6β1 signaling prompted more production of CCN1 and α6β1. Blocking CCN1-α6β1 binding by the
Ccn1-dm
mutation or by T1 peptide (derived from an α6β1-binding sequence of CCN1) disrupted the positive-feedback regulation between CCN1/α6β1 and nuclear factor-κB, and prevented flow-induced atheroprone phenotypic alterations in endothelial cells or atherosclerosis in mice.

Conclusions:
These data demonstrate a causative role of CCN1 in atherosclerosis via modulating endothelial phenotypes. CCN1 binds to its receptor integrin α6β1 to activate nuclear factor-κB, thereby instigating a vicious circle to persistently promote atherogenesis. T1, a peptide antagonist selectively targeting CCN1-α6β1, can be further optimized for developing T1-mimetics to treat atherosclerosis.
Attitudes to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Defibrillator Use: A Survey of UK Adults in 2017
Authors: Hawkes Claire A. , Brown Terry P. , Booth Scott , Fothergill Rachael T. , Siriwardena Niroshan , Zakaria Sana , Askew Sara , Williams Julia , Rees Nigel , Ji Chen , Perkins Gavin D. 
Published: March 2019

Background

Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (
CPR
) and public access defibrillator (
PAD
) use can save the lives of people who experience out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. Little is known about the proportions of
UK
adults trained, their characteristics and willingness to act if witnessing an out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest, or the public's knowledge regarding where the nearest
PAD
is located.

Methods and Results

An online survey was administered by YouGov to a nonprobabilistic purposive sample of
UK
adults, achieving 2084 participants, from a panel that was matched to be representative of the population. We used descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression modeling for analysis. Almost 52% were women, 61% were aged <55 years, and 19% had witnessed an out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. Proportions ever trained were 57% in chest‐compression‐only CPR, 59% in
CPR
, and 19.4% in
PAD
use. Most with training in any resuscitation technique had trained at work (54.7%). Compared with people not trained, those trained in
PAD
use said they were more likely to use one (odds ratio: 2.61), and those trained in
CPR
or chest‐compression‐only
CPR
were more likely to perform it (odds ratio: 5.39). Characteristics associated with being trained in any resuscitation technique included youth, female sex, higher social grade, and full‐time employment.

Conclusions

In the United Kingdom, training makes a difference in people's willingness to act in the event of a cardiac arrest. Although there is considerable opportunity to increase the proportion of the general population trained in
CPR
, consideration should be also given to encouraging training in
PAD
use and targeting training for those who are older or from lower social grades.
The role of public-sector accounting in controlling corruption: an assessment of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries
Authors: Cuadrado-Ballesteros Beatriz , Citro Francesca , Bisogno Marco 
Published: March 2019

This study adds new insights to the academic debate on the effectiveness of both accrual-basis systems and the adoption of harmonised accounting rules at the international level by considering an additional perspective: their effect on corruption. This study investigates a sample of 33 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries for the period 2010–2014, creating a panel data set that allows the taking of an international comparative approach. The results indicate that corruption is reduced as governments advance in public-sector accounting reforms, adopting International Public Sector Accounting Standards, or implementing accrual-basis systems. Points for practitioners Our findings show the relevant role played by public sector accounting reforms in reducing corruption. Concretely, International Public Sector Accounting Standards implementation and accrual-accounting adoption can attenuate the information advantage of politicians towards citizens, reducing the level of corruption. This article contributes to the debate concerning the institutional arrangements that should be implemented to reduce corruption.
A new era for migraine: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic insights into monoclonal antibodies with a focus on galcanezumab, an anti-CGRP antibody
Authors: Kielbasa William , Helton Danielle L 
Published: March 2019

Purpose To review pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of antibodies that bind to soluble ligands within the framework of calcitonin gene-related peptide antibodies. Overview Calcitonin gene-related peptide has been implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine. Galcanezumab is an antibody that binds to the ligand calcitonin gene-related peptide. Other antibodies that target calcitonin gene-related peptide include eptinezumab and fremanezumab. To understand how antibodies can affect the extent and duration of free ligand concentrations, it is important to consider the dose and pharmacokinetics of an antibody, and the kinetics of the ligand and antibody–ligand complex. Insights regarding the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of galcanezumab as a probe antibody drug and calcitonin gene-related peptide as its binding ligand regarding its clinical outcomes are provided. Discussion Antibodies are administered parenterally because oral absorption is limited by gastrointestinal degradation and inefficient diffusion through the epithelium. The systemic absorption of antibodies following intramuscular or subcutaneous administration most likely occurs via convective transport through lymphatic vessels into blood. The majority of antibody elimination occurs via intracellular catabolism into peptides and amino acids following endocytosis. Binding of ligand to an antibody reduces the free ligand that is available to interact with the receptor and efficacy is driven by the magnitude and duration of the reduction in free ligand concentration. A galcanezumab pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model shows that galcanezumab decreases free calcitonin gene-related peptide concentrations in a dose- and time-dependent manner and continues to suppress free calcitonin gene-related peptide with repeated dosing. The model provides evidence for a mechanistic linkage to galcanezumab therapeutic effects for the preventive treatment of migraine.
Interventions and observations associated with survival of orphaned shelter kittens undergoing treatment for diarrhea
Authors: Strong Sandra J , Gookin Jody L , Correa Maria T , Banks Ron E 
Published: March 2019

Objectives The objective of this study was to identify significant associations between treatment interventions and survival of orphaned shelter kittens with diarrhea. Methods Orphaned kittens admitted to a large open-intake municipal animal shelter and entering a volunteer foster care provider network between April 2016 and July 2017 were studied. Individual orphaned kittens for which the care provider sought examination by shelter veterinarians because of clinical signs of diarrhea were included. Treatments administered were recorded and their association with kitten survival to adoption or transfer to a rescue partner was statistically examined. Results A total of 1718 orphaned kittens were fostered, among which 220 kittens (12.8%) from 118 different litters were presented for evaluation of diarrhea. A total of 172 (78.2%) kittens underwent treatment for their diarrhea, among which 153 (89.0%) survived to adoption or transfer to a rescue partner and 19 (11.0%) died or were humanely euthanized. Kittens with diarrhea that were ⩾4 weeks of age were 24.8 times more likely to survive (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.8–89.8; P <0.0001). While controlling for age, kittens that received a vitamin and mineral supplement were 12.8 times more likely to survive (95% CI 3.1–52.5; P = 0.0004) than kittens with diarrhea that did not receive the supplement. Treatment with subcutaneous fluids, penicillin G, tube feeding, a probiotic containing Enterococcus faecium SF68, ponazuril or metronidazole did not statistically significantly increase the survival of kittens with diarrhea. Conclusions and relevance Age ⩾4 weeks and treatment of diarrhea with a vitamin and mineral supplement favorably improves survival of orphaned kittens to adoption. Application of these findings are likely to improve the health and welfare of this population and contribute to a refinement in use of shelter resources.