bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of lower bainite formed below M

S
*
Authors: Feng J. , Wettlaufer M. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Lower bainite can indeed grow below martensite start temperature (M

S
) in a commercial alloy. Ultrahigh-strength low-alloyed 42CrMo4 steels are austempered below M

S
. The preliminary martensite and lower bainite packets formed during austempering partition the prior austenite grains effectively. The obtained ultrafine-grained nanostructured microstructure enhances the mechanical properties of the alloys significantly. Morphology and overall microstructure are examined by reflection optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy. Substructures of lower bainite and virgin/tempered martensite are revealed by transmission electron microscopy. With increasing duration of austempering, a clear transition from cleavage to ductile rupture was observed by fractography. Effects of grain partitioning and the risk of embrittlement have been discussed concretely. The better understanding of the microstructure austempered below M

S
will feedback to the materials development activities both in conventional and new materials areas.
Causal Analysis of Self-tracked Time Series Data Using a Counterfactual Framework for N-of-1 Trials*
Authors: Daza Eric 
Published: April 2018

Summary
Background: Many of an individual’s historically recorded personal measurements vary over time, thereby forming a time series (e.g., wearable-device data, self-tracked fitness or nutrition measurements, regularly monitored clinical events or chronic conditions). Statistical analyses of such n-of-1 (i.e., single-subject) observational studies (N1OSs) can be used to discover possible cause-effect relationships to then self-test in an n-of-1 randomized trial (N1RT). However, a principled way of determining how and when to interpret an N1OS association as a causal effect (e.g., as if randomization had occurred) is needed.
Objectives: Our goal in this paper is to help bridge the methodological gap between risk-factor discovery and N1RT testing by introducing a basic counterfactual framework for N1OS design and personalized causal analysis.
Methods and Results: We introduce and characterize what we call the average period treatment effect (APTE), i.e., the estimand of interest in an N1RT, and build an analytical framework around it that can accommodate autocorrelation and time trends in the outcome, effect carryover from previous treatment periods, and slow onset or decay of the effect. The APTE is loosely defined as a contrast (e.g., difference, ratio) of averages of potential outcomes the individual can theoretically experience under different treatment levels during a given treatment period. To illustrate the utility of our framework for APTE discovery and estimation, two common causal inference methods are specified within the N1OS context. We then apply the framework and methods to search for estimable and interpretable APTEs using six years of the author’s self-tracked weight and exercise data, and report both the preliminary findings and the challenges we faced in conducting N1OS causal discovery.
Conclusions: Causal analysis of an individual’s time series data can be facilitated by an N1RT counterfactual framework. However, for inference to be valid, the veracity of certain key assumptions must be assessed critically, and the hypothesized causal models must be interpretable and meaningful.
Cosmic-Ray Propagation in Turbulent Spiral Magnetic Fields Associated with Young Stellar Objects
Authors: Fatuzzo Marco , Adams Fred C. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
External cosmic rays impinging upon circumstellar disks associated with young stellar objects provide an important source of ionization, and, as such, play an important role in disk evolution and planet formation. However, these incoming cosmic rays are affected by a variety of physical processes internal to stellar/disk systems, including modulation by turbulent magnetic fields. Globally, these fields naturally provide both a funneling effect, where cosmic rays from larger volumes are focused into the disk region, and a magnetic mirroring effect, where cosmic rays are repelled due to the increasing field strength. This paper considers cosmic-ray propagation in the presence of a turbulent spiral magnetic field, analogous to that produced by the solar wind. The interaction of this wind with the interstellar medium defines a transition radius, analogous to the heliopause, which provides the outer boundary to this problem. We construct a new coordinate system where one coordinate follows the spiral magnetic field lines and consider magnetic perturbations to the field in the perpendicular directions. The presence of magnetic turbulence replaces the mirroring points with a distribution of values and moves the mean location outward. Our results thus help quantify the degree to which cosmic-ray fluxes are reduced in circumstellar disks by the presence of magnetic field structures that are shaped by stellar winds. The new coordinate system constructed herein should also be useful in other astronomical applications.
The Initial Mass Function of the First Stars Inferred from Extremely Metal-poor Stars
Authors: Ishigaki Miho N. , Tominaga Nozomu , Kobayashi Chiaki , Nomoto Ken’ichi 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
We compare the elemental abundance patterns of ∼200 extremely metal-poor (EMP; [Fe/H] < −3) stars to the supernova yields of metal-free stars, in order to obtain insights into the characteristic masses of the first (Population III or Pop III) stars in the universe. The supernova yields are prepared with nucleosynthesis calculations of metal-free stars with various initial masses (M = 13, 15, 25, 40 and 100 M
⊙) and explosion energies (E
51 = E/1051[erg] = 0.5–60), to include low-energy, normal-energy, and high-energy explosions. We adopt the mixing-fallback model, to take into account possible asymmetry in the supernova explosions, and the yields that best fit the observed abundance patterns of the EMP stars are searched by varying the model parameters. We find that the abundance patterns of the EMP stars are predominantly best-fitted by the supernova yields with initial masses M < 40 M
⊙, and that more than than half of the stars are best-fitted by the M = 25 M
⊙ hypernova (E
51 = 10) models. The results also indicate that the majority of the primordial supernovae have ejected 10−2–10−1
M
⊙ of 56Ni, leaving behind a compact remnant (either a neutron star or a black hole), with a mass in the range of ∼1.5–5 M
⊙. These results suggest that the masses of the first stars responsible for the first metal enrichment are predominantly <40 M
⊙. This implies that the higher-mass first stars were either less abundant, directly collapsed into a black hole without ejecting heavy elements, or a supernova explosion of a higher-mass first star inhibits the formation of the next generation of low-mass stars at [Fe/H] < −3.
Maser Emission from Gravitational States on Isolated Neutron Stars
Authors: Tepliakov Nikita V. , Vovk Tatiana A. , Rukhlenko Ivan D. , Rozhdestvensky Yuri V. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Despite years of research on neutron stars, the source of their radio emission is still under debate. Here we propose a new coherent mechanism of pulsar radio emission based on transitions between gravitational states of electrons confined above the pulsar atmosphere. Our mechanism assumes that the coherent radiation is generated upon the electric and magnetic dipole transitions of electrons falling onto the polar caps of the pulsar, and predicts that this radiation occurs at radio frequencies—in full agreement with the observed emission spectra. We show that while the linearly polarized electric dipole radiation propagates parallel to the neutron star surface and has a fan-shape angular spectrum, the magnetic dipole emission comes from the magnetic poles of the pulsar in the form of two narrow beams and is elliptically polarized due to the spin–orbit coupling of electrons confined by the magnetic field. By explaining the main observables of the pulsar radio emission, the proposed mechanism indicates that gravitational quantum confinement plays an essential role in the physics of neutron stars.
From Large-scale to Protostellar Disk Fragmentation into Close Binary Stars
Authors: Sigalotti Leonardo Di G. , Cruz Fidel , Gabbasov Ruslan , Klapp Jaime , Ramírez-Velasquez José 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Recent observations of young stellar systems with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array are helping to cement the idea that close companion stars form via fragmentation of a gravitationally unstable disk around a protostar early in the star formation process. As the disk grows in mass, it eventually becomes gravitationally unstable and fragments, forming one or more new protostars in orbit with the first at mean separations of 100 au or even less. Here, we report direct numerical calculations down to scales as small as ∼0.1 au, using a consistent Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics code, that show the large-scale fragmentation of a cloud core into two protostars accompanied by small-scale fragmentation of their circumstellar disks. Our results demonstrate the two dominant mechanisms of star formation, where the disk forming around a protostar (which in turn results from the large-scale fragmentation of the cloud core) undergoes eccentric (m = 1) fragmentation to produce a close binary. We generate two-dimensional emission maps and simulated ALMA 1.3 mm continuum images of the structure and fragmentation of the disks that can help explain the dynamical processes occurring within collapsing cloud cores.
“Slow-scanning” in Ground-based Mid-infrared Observations
Authors: Ohsawa Ryou , Sako Shigeyuki , Miyata Takashi , Kamizuka Takafumi , Okada Kazushi , Mori Kiyoshi , Uchiyama Masahito S. , Yamaguchi Junpei , Fujiyoshi Takuya , Morii Mikio , Ikeda Shiro 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Chopping observations with a tip-tilt secondary mirror have conventionally been used in ground-based mid-infrared observations. However, it is not practical for next generation large telescopes to have a large tip-tilt mirror that moves at a frequency larger than a few hertz. We propose an alternative observing method, a “slow-scanning” observation. Images are continuously captured as movie data, while the field of view is slowly moved. The signal from an astronomical object is extracted from the movie data by a low-rank and sparse matrix decomposition. The performance of the “slow-scanning” observation was tested in an experimental observation with Subaru/COMICS. The quality of a resultant image in the “slow-scanning” observation was as good as in a conventional chopping observation with COMICS, at least for a bright point-source object. The observational efficiency in the “slow-scanning” observation was better than that in the chopping observation. The results suggest that the “slow-scanning” observation can be a competitive method for the Subaru telescope and be of potential interest to other ground-based facilities to avoid chopping.
Renal cell carcinoma drug and cell therapy: today and tomorrow
Authors: Pushkin Anton A. , Burda Yuriy E. , Sevast’yanov Aleksandr A. , Kulikovskiy Vladimir F. , Burda Svetlana Yu. , Golubinskaya Polina A. , Zvyagina Alina K. , Kulyushina Natal’ya V. 
Published: April 2018

Today, considerable progress in the renal cell carcinoma (RCC) treatment has been made due to development of targeted and immunotherapeutic approaches to the RCC treatment, especially in metastasising carcinoma. In the early stages of RCC, it is possible to use partial or total surgical nephrectomy, but in metastases development, the range of efficient treatment methods is dramatically limited. Appearance of targeted drugs like PD-1 and CTLA-4 receptors and their ligands’ inhibitors in clinical practice has significantly increased the total survival rate of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Emergence of adoptive cell therapy has opened new possibilities and prospects in RCC treatment. Previously activated in vitro cells are used there, which provides antineoplastic activity. For example, it could be antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL), lymphokine-activated natural killers (LAK-NK-cells) and tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In this review, the authors specified the main molecular markers, associated with RCC; and signalling pathways (VEGFR- and EGFR-signalling pathway), which directly take part in carcinogenesis. The paper also looks at clinically applicable targeted immune drugs and the principle of their effect on tumorous cells. Besides, modern clinical studies of cell drugs have been considered. At the moment, there are a number of variants of targeted and immune drugs for the metastatic RCC treatment. Patients have no opportunity to use all the available agents because of their cost and toxicity level. For the most efficient treatment of patients with diagnosed metastatic RCC, it is necessarily to carry out risk stratification and prognostic factors for the response to treatment.
Melatonin as an effective pharmacocorrector of alimentary obesity resulting from a long-term excessive intake of palm oil
Authors: Bibik Elena Y. , Shipilova Natalia V. , Demenko Andrey V. 
Published: April 2018

Introduction: In the modern world, the problem of alimentary obesity is becoming one of the global problems affecting all countries. Desynchronosis of bodily rhythms is another possible cause of development of alimentary obesity and metabolic syndrome. Thus, the purpose of this research was to study the influence of melatonin on the dynamics of body weight in rats.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out on 150 white non-pedigree rats (females and males), which were divided into 3 groups (intact, control, experimental) and 3 series (immature, mature and senile rats). The animals of the control group received refined palm oil at a dose of 30 g/kg for a period of 6 weeks in their daily diet. The rats of the experimental group received melatonin at a dose of 1.9 mg/kg per day intragastrically for 35 days, after the 6-week period of excess palm oil intake was over. During the experiment, once every 7 days, the animals’ weight check was done, followed by assessing the dynamics of weight gain in rats in different age groups.
Results and Discussion: It was determined that, in the group of the immature animals, an intake of palm oil resulted in the most obvious significant changes in the body weight over time. An increase in the total cholesterol and triglycerides concentration was observed in the biochemical blood tests of the animals of various age groups.
Conclusion: The use of melatonin at a dose of 1.9 mg/kg per day for 35 days proved highly effective in the animals of all age groups and led to a significant alignment of changes in the biochemical parameters studied in the rats of all ontogenesis periods.
« C’est mon moment. » Le temps pour soi des ouvrières et des employées
Authors: Masclet Olivier 
Published: April 2018

Les ouvrières et les employées d’aujourd’hui disposent-elles d’un temps « à elles », affranchi des charges familiales et professionnelles ? Si le temps personnel de ces femmes est fréquemment empreint de dimension familiale, l’analyse ne saurait se limiter au constat de la force du « nous » dans les milieux populaires : à de nombreux moments le « je » prime en effet très clairement. Tout en montrant les inégalités entre les femmes des catégories populaires et les autres femmes face au temps pour soi, cet article repère les activités de temps libre qu’elles investissent d’une dimension personnelle et rend compte de la standardisation du temps pour soi, c’est-à-dire à la fois de l’appropriation et de la banalisation de la norme du temps personnel dans les ménages des classes populaires. Il montre que le temps pour soi est pour ces femmes un moyen de marquer des limites à la condition d’épouse et de mère autant qu’à la position subalterne de leur emploi.
Le conseil en égalité professionnelle : quel genre d’entreprise ?
Authors: Blanchard Soline 
Published: April 2018

Les années 2000 ont été le théâtre du développement d’une nouvelle activité de travail en France : le conseil en égalité professionnelle. Elle réunit des prestataires qui vendent des services visant à accompagner les organisations dans leurs démarches internes de promotion de cette thématique. Cet article se propose d’appréhender ces protagonistes au prisme du genre, afin d’explorer un paradoxe déjà observé dans d’autres contextes : pris·es dans un espace social structuré par le genre, les promotrices/promoteurs de l’égalité ont tendance à (re)produire les inégalités qu’elles/ils prétendent pourtant combattre. Se concentrant sur une catégorie particulière de prestataires, les femmes créatrices d’activité, l’analyse met en lumière une articulation complexe entre logiques de subversion et logiques de reproduction du genre.
Une « résistible » féminisation ? Le recrutement des gardiennes de la paix
Authors: Gautier Frédéric 
Published: April 2018

La décision d’ouvrir aux femmes l’accès au concours de gardien·ne de la paix puis la suppression officielle des quotas limitant leur recrutement ont contribué, pour une large part, à la féminisation de la police nationale. Toutefois, les femmes restent largement sous-représentées parmi les gardiens de la paix. Si, de ce point de vue, la morphologie de l’institution change peu, c’est d’abord parce que les candidatures féminines sont plus rares que les candidatures masculines : socialement moins probables, elles constituent encore une forme de transgression qui requiert des propriétés et dispositions particulières. C’est également parce que les pratiques des recruteur·trice·s exigent des hommes un droit d’entrée moins élevé que celui dont les femmes doivent s’acquitter, tout en valorisant les candidates qui donnent des signes de leur capacité à jouer le jeu et à se plier aux règles d’un modèle viriliste qui reste dominant dans l’institution.
Using a Health Literacy Analytic Framework to Explore Zika Virus and Reproductive Health
Authors: Thompson Erika L. , Vamos Cheryl A. , Liggett Langdon G. , Griner Stacey B. , Daley Ellen M. 
Published: April 2018

Background:
The emergence of Zika virus as sexually transmissible and associated with birth defects may affect reproductive planning and contraception use for people in Florida.

Objective:
This exploratory study employed a health literacy analytic framework to explore knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to reproductive health in the context of Zika among reproductive-age women and men in Florida.

Methods:

Reproductive-age people in Florida (
N
= 40) were interviewed between September and December 2016 about their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors regarding Zika and reproductive health. Thematic analysis using a health literacy framework was employed.

Key Results:
Participants reported they would use reputable online sources to access Zika information. Whereas participants generally understood Zika outcomes, transmission, and symptoms, they reported hearing more prevention messages on mosquito transmission compared to sexual transmission. Overall, participants reported Zika was not concerning given their appraisal of personal circumstances. Participants were confident they could prevent Zika via sexual transmission despite not following the recommended guidelines. Participants discussed how their understanding of Zika changed their behaviors related to mosquito control but not through sexual transmission.

Conclusions:

This study illustrated a disconnect between reproductive-age people's understanding of Zika-related prevention information and their reproductive decision-making behavior. Strategies to promote appraisal of risk for sexual transmission of Zika, infection, and unintended pregnancy are needed.

[
HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice.
2018;2(2):e78–e87.]

Plain Language Summary:
Men and women of reproductive age in Florida may be at risk for Zika virus and related negative health outcomes. This study assessed how Florida men and women find, understand, and evaluate Zika-related health information, and how that applies to their prevention behaviors. This study used health literacy as an analytic framework for an emerging health issue.
CD83 Antibody Inhibits Human B Cell Responses to Antigen as well as Dendritic Cell–Mediated CD4 T Cell Responses
Authors: Wong Kuan Y. , Baron Rebecca , Seldon Therese A. , Jones Martina L. , Rice Alison M. , Munster David J. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Anti-CD83 Ab capable of Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can deplete activated CD83+ human dendritic cells, thereby inhibiting CD4 T cell–mediated acute graft-versus-host disease. As CD83 is also expressed on the surface of activated B lymphocytes, we hypothesized that anti-CD83 would also inhibit B cell responses to stimulation. We found that anti-CD83 inhibited total IgM and IgG production in vitro by allostimulated human PBMC. Also, Ag-specific Ab responses to immunization of SCID mice xenografted with human PBMC were inhibited by anti-CD83 treatment. This inhibition occurred without depletion of all human B cells because anti-CD83 lysed activated CD83+ B cells by Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and spared resting (CD83−) B cells. In cultured human PBMC, anti-CD83 inhibited tetanus toxoid–stimulated B cell proliferation and concomitant dendritic cell–mediated CD4 T cell proliferation and expression of IFN-γ and IL-17A, with minimal losses of B cells (&lt;20%). In contrast, the anti-CD20 mAb rituximab depleted &gt;80% of B cells but had no effect on CD4 T cell proliferation and cytokine expression. By virtue of the ability of anti-CD83 to selectively deplete activated, but not resting, B cells and dendritic cells, with the latter reducing CD4 T cell responses, anti-CD83 may be clinically useful in autoimmunity and transplantation. Advantages might include inhibited expansion of autoantigen- or alloantigen-specific B cells and CD4 T cells, thus preventing further production of pathogenic Abs and inflammatory cytokines while preserving protective memory and regulatory cells.
Cutting Edge: Protection by Antiviral Memory CD8 T Cells Requires Rapidly Produced Antigen in Large Amounts
Authors: Remakus Sanda , Ma Xueying , Tang Lingjuan , Xu Ren-Huan , Knudson Cory , Melo-Silva Carolina R. , Rubio Daniel , Kuo Yin-Ming , Andrews Andrew , Sigal Luis J. 
Published: April 2018

Abstract
Numerous attempts to produce antiviral vaccines by harnessing memory CD8 T cells have failed. A barrier to progress is that we do not know what makes an Ag a viable target of protective CD8 T cell memory. We found that in mice susceptible to lethal mousepox (the mouse homolog of human smallpox), a dendritic cell vaccine that induced memory CD8 T cells fully protected mice when the infecting virus produced Ag in large quantities and with rapid kinetics. Protection did not occur when the Ag was produced in low amounts, even with rapid kinetics, and protection was only partial when the Ag was produced in large quantities but with slow kinetics. Hence, the amount and timing of Ag expression appear to be key determinants of memory CD8 T cell antiviral protective immunity. These findings may have important implications for vaccine design.