bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodic Processes for in Situ and On-Site Bioremediation of Leachates and Soils
Authors: Irvine Robert L. , Yocum Paul S. , Early James P. , Chozick Robert 
Published: May 2018

Investigators at the University of Notre Dame's Center for Bioengineering and Pollution Control have conducted research and development studies since 1980 in the broad area of hazardous waste management. These efforts have been primarily directed at the use of periodic processes. Many of the findings have been applied to the construction and operation of full scale bioreclamation facilities.
Early research and development activities were directed at the suspended growth, Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR). The SBR is an activated sludge-like, periodic process that has been used effectively for the treatment of both domestic and industrial wastewaters (Irvine and Busch, 1979; and Irvine and Ketchum, 1989). Due to the time-oriented nature of the SBR, simple operational modifications have allowed for nutrient removal (Alleman and Irvine, 1980a; Alleman and Irvine, 1980b; Ketchum et. al., 1987; Irvine et. al., 1979; Manning and Irvine, 1985; and Palis and Irvine, 1985) and the control of bulking sludge (Brenner et. al., 1992; Chiesa and Irvine, 1985; Chiesa et. al., 1985; and Dennis and Irvine, 1979). The SBR has been shown to be a cost effective and energy efficient means of removing hazardous organic compounds found in industrial wastes and leachates from landfills (Brenner et. al., 1992; Herzbrun et. al., 1985; Irvine et. al., 1984; Irvine and Wilderer, 1988; Smith and Wilderer, 1987; and; Ying et. al., 1987).
The Soil Slurry-Sequencing Batch Reactor (SS-SBR) described by Irvine et. al., (1993) and the Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (SBBR), a fixed film periodic system that can be used in conjunction with granular activated carbon (Chozick and Irvine, 1991), were developed in the late 1980's and early 1990's. Recent efforts have been directed at periodically operated in situ bioremediation systems. This paper provides a brief overview of how such systems can be used to bioremediate contaminated leachates and soils.
Seasonal, Grazing Site and Fish Size Effects on Patterns of Algal Consumption by the Herbivorous Fish, Siganus rivulatus, at Mikhmoret (Mediterranean, Israel)
Authors: Lundberg B. , Lipkin Y. 
Published: May 2018

Siqanus rivulatus, a successful herbivorous immigrant fish from the Red Sea, consumes along the Israeli east Mediterranean coast a wide variety of algae. Only four of them composed about a half of the bulk of its food, and only twelve, about 80% of it. Seasonal changes in quantitative representation of different algae in the food followed several patterns. Most algae were taken throughout the year. Proportions in the food of some algae fluctuated only slightly during the year, proportions of others were very great during short periods and much smaller during the rest of the year. Polvsiphonia is an example for the former, Ulva and Spatoglossum, for the latter. Among the latter, Ulva dominates the food contents during the end of winter and spring; Spatoglossum, during the late summer.
As shown previously, s. rivulatus prefers certain algae as food. Nevertheless, food composition in fish captured at inshore sites differed from that of fish captured offshore. This reflects, to a certain extent, the difference in vegetation between these sites, and the fact that the fish tend to graze in a rather limited area at a time.
Small and large fish take different algal food species. Unexpectedly, small fish clearly preferred some large and robust algae, consuming them in much greater proportions than bigger fish. Also unexpectedly, medium size fish showed preferences and avoidances of their own in regard to the consumption of certain algae, and not merely occupied an intermediate position between small and large fish.
Evolutionary Processes and Theory: The Ecological-Genetics Interface
Authors: Nevo Eviatar 
Published: May 2018

The evolutionary process is reviewed in terms of the ecological-genetics interface based on genetic diversity in natural populations of plants and animals, using the environmental-genetic correlation methodology at three geographic levels: (1) Local, several species in Israeli microsites; (2) Regional, 21 species across Israel and 2 species in the Near East; and (3) Global, 1111; 184 and 189 species in three studies across the planet. The species analyzed are taxonomically unrelated, and vary in their ecologies, demographies, life histories, and other biological variables. They were mostly tested by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis for allozymic diversity, averaging 25 gene loci, and other genetic polymorphisms. In addition, ten studies involved DNA polymorphisms.
The following results were found at all three geographic levels: (1) The levels of genetic diversity vary nonrandomly and are structured within and among populations, species, and higher taxa; and (2) Genetic diversity is correlated with niche width, and partly predictable, primarily by ecological factors. These results corroborate the adaptive, environmental theory of genetic diversity. They were also verified for several allozyme loci in controlled laboratory experiments in pollution biology. Natural selection in its various forms appears to be a major force maintaining, differentiating and orienting evolutionary change in protein and DNA polymorphisms.
Food and Energy Consumption in Rodents from Different Environments: The Role of Photoperiod in Seasonal Acclimatization
Authors: Haim A. , Rubal A. 
Published: May 2018

In several rodent species, changes in photoperiod are important signals for seasonal acclimatization of thermoregulatory mechanisms. Nocturnal rodents inhabiting extremely hot and arid areas like the Arava (Israeli Rift Valley), may be exposed to very low ambient temperatures, which may be far below their lower critical point. In contrast, nocturnal species from the mesic Mediterranean habitats are not exposed to such dramatic seasonal changes.
In the present study, food consumption was measured as apparent digestible dry matter intake (DDMI), while energy was measured as digestible gross energy intake (DGEI), in four rodent species from different habitats. The studied mice were kept under two different photoperiod regimes 16L:8D long photophase, 8L:16D long scotophase at a constant ambient temperature (T =28°C).
In Meriones crassus, which inhabits extremely arid habitats, apparent DDMI and DGEI were significantly higher in long scotophase acclimated individuals when compared with long photophase acclimated. However, in the mesic species Apodemus flavicollis these parameters were similar under acclimation to the two different photoperiod regimes. These results suggest that, in seasonal acclimatization, species from different habitats may have a different response to photoperiodic cues.
Functional Approach Leads to Successful ICA across 124 Water and 389 Wastewater Treatment Works
Authors: Parker M. J. , Casey R. J. , Reynolds L. K. , de Vries R. R. , Brueck T. M. , Williams C. N. 
Published: May 2018

Thames Water Utilities Limited operates a complex network of 124 water and 389 wastewater treatment works. Regulatory requirements are driving a massive capital programme of more than ₤2 Billion over 5 years to improve performance of these facilities. Improvements are planned, engineered, and operated by a variety of internal and external groups and individuals. Shareholders are demanding profitability and the Director General is pushing for improvements to customer service.
To achieve its objectives, Thames has developed an instrumentation, control and automation (ICA) systems master plan. The plan is based on the utility s water and wastewater functional requirements. The functional approach is applied to the large number of diverse facilities by grouping facilities and processes into classifications. The approach is used throughout the plan. Each process and its associated process control strategy are clearly defined to ensure consistency and the cost-effective implementation of instrumentation and control across Thames.
The functional approach was developed for each process control strategy using a series of structured workshops to achieve consensus and company-wide acceptance. Each department of the utility was involved in the workshops (including engineering, operations, maintenance, management systems, research and development, operational science). Top management sponsored the planning effort and committed to making the plan a reality.
Simultaneous Biokinetic Characterization of Heterotrophic and Nitrifying Populations of Activated Sludge with an On-Line Respirographic Biosensor
Authors: Vanrolleghem P. A. , Verstraete W. 
Published: May 2018

The more stringent requirements imposed on wastewater treatment systems result in an increasing demand for on-line monitoring equipment for these processes. The paper presents the modification of a fully operational respirographic biosensor to allow simultaneous and on-line biokinetic characterization of both BOD-removal and nitrification capacities of activated sludge.
For this characterization, advantage is taken of the calibration measurements that are performed regularly (every 2-3 h) during normal operation of this biosensor. The injection of a well chosen calibration mixture of readily biodegradable BOD and ammonia to a small activated sludge filled bioreactor results in oxygen uptake rate profiles that are interpreted in the framework of a mathematical model that describes the combined oxygen consumption for BOD removal and nitrification. Model identification gives rise to biokinetic parameters (max. conversion rates and affinity constants) that are indicative of the different metabolic capacities of the activated sludge. It is shown that this information can be used to assess the effect of injected wastewater samples on the sludge condition, e.g. adaptation or inhibition, and allows one to follow the change in relative abundance of heterotrophic and nitrifying populations.
Special attention is paid to the proper composition of the calibration solution. Especially the ratio between NOD and BOD is found to be critical. With the aid of simulation, sub-optimal experimental designs are proposed that allow reliable estimation of the biokinetic parameters. Finally, validation of the proposed design is given with experimental data.
Comparison of Gold and Platinum Electrode Responses in Activated Sludge
Authors: Heduit A. , Martin B. , Duchamp I. , Thevenot D. R. 
Published: May 2018

Gold and platinum were compared to ascertain how they expressed a stabilized potential in activated sludge. The comparison was based on electrochemical determination of the electron transfer rate (i.e. equilibrium exchange current density) and recording of potentials against time.
When both metals are treated in the same way, platinum gives equilibrium exchange current densities approx. 10 times higher than gold, both in aerated activated sludge and in treated water. For platinum, the equilibrium exchange current densities range from 0.1 to 0.25 µA/cm2 immediately after polishing and decrease during prolonged contact with activated sludge subjected to alternating aeration/anoxia sequences.
The lower kinetics of electron transfer on gold go together with significant differences in response:- In an aerobic medium a gold electrode potential is lower than that of a platinum electrode. In a strongly anaerobic medium, the reverse is true. Consequently, the amplitude of the potential variation between aerobic and anaerobic media is smaller for gold than for platinum. Under our experimental conditions this amplitude was approx 350 mV for gold and 850 mV for platinum.- The slopes of the linear relationships between potential and pH or potential and the logarithm of the dissolved oxygen concentration are two or three times greater for platinum than for gold.
Although the values obtained with platinum electrodes cannot represent a veritable equilibrium state, the platinum electrode zero-current potential would seem to be far more sensitive to variations in the medium than that of the gold electrode; it is, therefore, more suitable for use in activated sludge.
Inventory and Assessment of Automatic Nitrate Analyzers for Urban Sewage Works
Authors: Wacheux Hervé , Da Silva Sylvain , Lesavre Jacques 
Published: May 2018

An inventory of the European market showed that 12 automatic nitrate analyzers were available using measuring techniques based on ion specific electrodes, colorimetry and UV absorption.
Among these analyzers the following six - Data Link, Dr Lange, M.E, Phox, Polymetron, Process Styrning - were put through two series of tests:- metrological characteristics of the instruments,- behaviour in waste water and comparison with analyses of samples in laboratory.
The metrological quality of all the analyzers is sufficient, but all the ion specific electrode analyzers showed contamination and rapid drift when used in waste water.
The others show greater resistance. UV absorption systems are simpler and quicker to use. They are also less demanding with regard to sample conditioning than colorimetric apparatus.
GROSS SOLIDS IN SEWER SYSTEMS: TEMPORAL AND CATCHMENT BASED RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Jefferies C. , Ashley R. M. 
Published: May 2018

The behaviour of gross and visible solids was studied at two combined sewer overflow sites using the WRc Gross Solids Sampler. At one of the sites the daily variation of gross solids during dry weather was determined. There was found to be close correspondence between the variations of gross and suspended solids in the sewage. A relationship was developed between the load of gross solids and that of suspended solids at the observation point in dry weather. This relationship is presented for use with other predictive methods.
A chart is presented which differentiates with a high degree of reliability the gross solids production of two different types of catchments, one being a collector sewer catchment, the other being a trunk. The rate of gross solids production has been found to be a critical factor in differentiating between the catchments. A consistent and further differentiation in the accumulation of gross solids is presented on the basis of antecedent dry period, greater than 24h allowing considerably greater accumulations than shorter dry periods.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
Authors: Ante Angela , Besche Hans Ulrich , Voss Harald 
Published: May 2018

The incorporation of enhanced biological phosphorus elimination in the single sludge process is a contemporary challenge in the design of biological wastewater treatment plants. The simultaneous biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus is a process of considerable technical and biological complexity owing to the mixed substrates and the diversity of microorganism populations. In addition, an interaction takes place between the phosphorus-accumulating organisms and the nitrogen-eliminating organisms owing to the physiological demands. When designing wastewater treatment plant, it is necessary to establish anaerobic zones for producing the short fatty acids necessary for phosphorus removal, an xic zones for denitrification, and aerated zones for nitrification and phosphorus removal.
We have developed a mathematical model based on IA WPRC-model No I for this process scenario. In addition to the degradation kinetics of carbonaceous components and nitrogen, the model describes the microkinetics of enhanced biological phosphorus elimination. The assumptions of the model are discussed in relation to the recent literature. The range of values found in the literature and the used default values of the model parameters are listed. The simulation program is presented, and first results of simulation are shown.
Load Trends of Selected Chemical Parameters of Water Quality and of Trace Substances in the River Rhine between 1955 and 1988
Authors: Hellmann Hubert 
Published: May 2018

The period between 1955 and 1988 was the time of reconstruction in the destroyed Federal Republic of Germany, marked by booming industrial development and - with some delay -by the rise and spread of ecological awareness and the idea of water conservation. This is the background against which the analysis of water quality and of pollution load trends should be seen.
The study of a long-term load trend presupposes the following requirements:–sufficiently large number of measured data;–reliable, reproducible analytical methods which produce comparable results over long time series; and–hydrological interpretation and evaluation of results.
The continuous efforts to improve analytical methods and the elimination of distorting substances and matrix effects led to the situation that long time series of data are not directly comparable. In some cases, summative analyses (aggregate parameters) have been replaced by newly developed substance-specific methods so that the continuity of records has been broken.
Furthermore, there is a general underestimation of the necessity to consider and evaluate analytical data in a space-time continuum.
However, on the whole, we are able to give a satisfying interpretation of trends for the classical parameters. In the case of the trace substances detected by modem methods, this is possible only for the past two decades and with some reservations.
Trend Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentration of the Suspended Matter in the River Danube
Authors: Oertel N. 
Published: May 2018

The systematic investigation of heavy metal content in suspended matter is suitable for distinguishing point and non-point sources and for establishing trends of pollution if the dataset is analysed separately, considering the low and high average water discharge periods.
At the examined reach of the Danube (at 1669 km) Ag,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn can be considered as constant and/or intermittent pollutants derived from a few point sources of pollution situated upstream. In the late eighties Ag,Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn concentration of suspended matter had been increased mainly in the range of low average water discharge (LWD), which provides evidence for an increase in emission.
Preventing Accidental Spills: Risk Analysis and the Discharge Permitting Process
Authors: van Baardwijk Frans A. N. 
Published: May 2018

The contribution of accidental discharges to the total emission of contaminating substances in surface waters is relatively increasing, as regular discharges are reduced.
In The Netherlands a program has been started to develop a quantitative risk analysis method to be used within the discharge permitting process. The methodology takes into account the type of activities and related accident scenarios in terms of failure frequencies and source sizes, correction factors according to specific circumstances, as well as the nature of the receiving system (types of surface waters, but also public sewage water treatment plants). The methodology will provide an indication of the risk reduction needed in terms of reducing the frequency and/or the volume of possible spills.
The method itself, the use of it within the legal framework and the relation with the EC-Directives are discussed.
Countering Acute Pollution Events: Procedures Currently being Adopted in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cole J. A. , Norton R. L. , Montgomery H. A. C. 
Published: May 2018

Twenty English and Welsh water companies and the water services in Northern Ireland have collectively funded the production of a Manual on Pollution Risk Management. The Manual, which is still in draft, is intended to create a practical and systematic procedure for identifying potential and actual risks of pollution, for cutting down on those risks and for dealing with such incidents as do occur. The risks are considered of how pollution could affect surface or groundwater sources, or both of these, with a view to achieving catchment-wide awareness, supported by monitoring as necessary.
The poster sets out the structure of the Pollution Risk Management Manual, covering:pollution incident categories and the frequency of consequent problems affecting public water suppliesa survey of European waterworks practice in monitoring and responding to acute pollutant eventscatchment audits to identify and curtail existing hazardspriority pollutants, their toxicities and persistence in the environment (WRc Toxicology Advisory Service)pollutant transport, in surface and groundwatersaction plans when faced with pollution incidentsclean-up procedures following pollution incidents.
Biological Early Warning Systems for Surface Water and Industrial Effluents
Authors: Balk F. , Okkerman P. C. , van Helmond C. A. M. , Noppert F. , van der Putte I. 
Published: May 2018

Within the framework of the International Rhine Action Programme and the EC ACE-Programme in the field of the environment (regulation EC.224/87) the sensitivity and reliability of biological early warning systems are being tested. The effectiveness of these systems for continuous water quality monitoring is being assessed, using surface water and industrial effluents.
The systems tested are a fish and a waterflea early warning system. From the results it is concluded that both types of biological early warning systems in combination with physico-chemical monitoring increase the effectiveness of monitoring pollution levels in surface water. Fish early warning systems can be important tools in reducing water pollution by industries.
Outline of the Ecological Master Plan for the Rhine
Authors: Schulte-Wülwer-Leidig A. 
Published: May 2018

The “Ecological Master Plan for the Rhine (Salmon 2000)” was elaborated within the framework of the “Rhine” Action Programme (RAP). It focuses on two points.Restoration of the main stream as the backbone of the ecosystem Migratory fish can only return to the Rhine when certain conditions are given. Improvement measures must be realized. For the support and realization of the project “Salmon 2000” two applications for subsidies were approved by the European Community. The first project concerns various habitat improvements, re-establishing, re-stocking and success control measures in several Rhine tributaries. The second project concerns the methods of improvements at barrages which are currently considerable obstacles to migration. At the barrages of Iffezheim and Gambsheim/Upper Rhine, new fish ladders must be built. The Master Plan will only prove successful if the re-establishing and restocking of habitats is being carried out simultaneously with measures aiming at reestablishing the surmountability of barrage weirs.Preservation, protection and improvement of ecologically important reaches. The plan demands an extension of the alluvial areas. Complete ecological interaction between these areas and the river must be allowed. A group is working on a specific ecological network with the most important alluvial areas along the Rhine. These areas shall serve as “stepping stones” for the whole Rhine ecosystem.
This plan may be considered as an exemplary conception of international waterways protection. Its significance includes amongst other things the applicability to other similar river systems.