bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Terminally Amino Functionalized Tetra‐Alkyl Sn(IV) Precursor in Metal–Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition of SnO2 Thin Films: Study of Film Growth Characteristics, Optical, and Electrical Properties
Authors: Zanders David , Ciftyurek Engin , Hoppe Christian , de los Arcos Teresa , Kostka Aleksander , Rogalla Detlef , Grundmeier Guido , Schierbaum Klaus Dieter , Devi Anjana 
Published: November 2018

AbstractTin(IV) oxide is a promising semiconductor material with leading‐edge properties toward chemical sensing and other applications. For the growth of its thin films, metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) routes are advantageous due to their excellent scalability and potential to tune processing temperatures by careful choice of the reactants. Herein, a new and highly efficient MOCVD process for the deposition of tin(IV) oxide thin films employing a terminally amino alkyl substituted tin(IV) tetra‐alkyl compound is reported for the first time. The liquid precursor, tetrakis‐[3‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)propyl] tin(IV), [Sn(DMP)4], is thermally characterized in terms of stability and vapor pressure, yielding highly pure, polycrystalline tin(IV) oxide thin films with tunable structural and morphological features in the presence of oxygen. Detailed X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis reveals the presence of oxygen vacancies and high amounts of chemisorbed oxygen species. Based on these promising features, the MOCVD process is optimized toward downscaling the thickness of tin(IV) oxide films from 25 to 50 nm to study the impact of incipient surface morphological changes occurring after initial thin‐film formation on the electrical properties as investigated by van der Pauw (vdP) resistivity measurements. Optical bandgaps of thin films with varying thicknesses are estimated using ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy.
Metalorganic Quantum Dots and Their Graphene‐Like Derivative Porous Graphitic Carbon for Advanced Lithium‐Ion Hybrid Supercapacitor
Authors: Li Guangchao , Yin Zhoulan , Guo Huajun , Wang Zhixing , Yan Guochun , Yang Zhewei , Liu Yong , Ji Xiaobo , Wang Jiexi 
Published: November 2018

AbstractLithium‐ion hybrid supercapacitors (LICs) are considered as a promising candidate in energy storage systems. Taking the factor of sluggish kinetics behavior, battery‐type anode plays a significant role in improving the performance of LICs. Here, onion‐shaped graphene‐like derivatives are synthesized via carbonization of metalorganic quantum dots (MQDs) accompanied with in situ catalytic graphitization by reduced metal. Notably MQDs, exhibiting water‐soluble character and ultrafine particles (2.5–5.5 nm) morphology, are prepared by the amidation reaction. The carbonized sample exhibits highly graphitic tendency with graphitization degree up to 95.6%, and shows graphene‐like porous structure, appropriate amorphous carbon decoration characteristic, as well as N‐doping and defective nature. When employed as anode material in LICs, it shows high energy density of 83.7 Wh kg–1 and high power density of 6527 W kg–1 when the mass ratio of cathode to anode is 1:1 and the operating voltage ranges from 2.0 to 4.0 V. It also possesses the long cyclic stability with the energy density retention maintains at 97.3% after 10 000 cycles at 5.0 A g–1. In addition, the energy density is further increased by altering cathode/anode mass ratio and extending working voltage. This work provides a novel strategy to develop unique carbon materials for energy storage.
Extended differentiation of veins and stomata is essential for the expansion of large leaves in Rheum rhabarbarum
Authors: Cardoso Amanda A. , Randall Joshua M. , Jordan Gregory J. , McAdam Scott A. M. 
Published: November 2018

Premise of the StudyThe densities of veins and stomata govern leaf water supply and gas exchange. They are coordinated to avoid overproduction of either veins or stomata. In many species, where leaf area is greater at low light, this coordination is primarily achieved through differential cell expansion, resulting in lower stomatal and vein density in larger leaves. This mechanism would, however, create highly inefficient leaves in species in which leaf area is greater at high light. Here we investigate the role of cell expansion and differentiation as regulators of vein and stomatal density in Rheum rhabarbarum, which produces large leaves under high light.MethodsRheum rhabarbarum plants were grown under full sunlight and 7% of full sunlight. Leaf area, stomatal density, and vein density were measured from leaves harvested at different intervals.Key ResultsLeaves of R. rhabarbarum expanded at high light were six times larger than leaves expanded at low light, yet vein and stomatal densities were similar. In high light‐expanded leaves, minor veins were continuously initiated as the leaves expanded, while an extended period of stomatal initiation, compared to leaves expanded at low light, occurred early in leaf development.ConclusionsWe demonstrate that R. rhabarbarum adjusts the initiation of stomata and minor veins at high light, allowing for the production of larger leaves uncoupled from lower vein and stomatal densities. We also present evidence for an independent control of vein and stomatal initiation, suggesting that this adjustment must involve some unknown developmental mechanism.
Indium(III) Triflate‐Catalyzed Glycosylation through an Ambient Activation of Glycosyl Fluoride
Authors: Sim Jaehoon , Kim Seok‐Ho , Hur Joonseong , Lim Changjin , Kim Hyun Su , Suh Young‐Ger 
Published: November 2018

AbstractA highly efficient catalytic glycosylation using glycosyl fluoride in the presence of a mild and non‐toxic Lewis acid, indium(III) triflate, was achieved. The facile and convenient glycosylation procedure does not require pre‐activation steps, pre‐distillation, or cumbersome work‐up process, and it was compatible with a broad range of alcohol acceptors under ambient conditions. Furthermore, the stereoselective C‐glycosylation smoothly proceeded under the same conditions.
Synthesis of γ‐Boryl‐Substituted Homoallylic Alcohols with anti Stereochemistry Based on a Double‐Bond Transposition
Authors: Miura Tomoya , Nakahashi Junki , Sasatsu Takanori , Murakami Masahiro 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe stereoselective synthesis of anti isomers of γ‐boryl‐substituted homoallylic alcohols is disclosed. (E)‐1,2‐Di(boryl)alk‐1‐enes undergo Ru‐catalyzed double‐bond transposition with control of the geometry. The in situ generated (E)‐1,2‐di(boryl)alk‐2‐enes add to aldehydes in a stereospecific manner. The alkenylboron group within the product is amenable to a variety of synthetic derivatizations.
Aromatic Charge Resonance Interaction Probed by Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Chatterjee Kuntal , Matsumoto Yoshiteru , Dopfer Otto 
Published: November 2018

AbstractCharge resonance is a strong attractive intermolecular force in aromatic dimer radical ions. Despite its importance, this fundamental interaction has not been characterized at high resolution by spectroscopy of isolated dimers. We employ vibrational infrared spectroscopy of cold aromatic pyrrole dimer cations to precisely probe the charge distribution by measuring the frequency of the isolated N−H stretch mode (νNH). We observe a linear correlation between νNH and the partial charge q on the pyrrole molecule in different environments. Subtle effects of symmetry reduction, such as substitution of functional groups (here pyrrole replaced by N‐methylpyrrole) or asymmetric solvation (here by an inert N2 ligand), shift the charge distribution toward the moiety with lower ionization energy. This general approach provides a precise experimental probe of the asymmetry of the charge distribution in such aromatic homo‐ and heterodimer cations.
Ibudilast Inhibits Chemokine Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts and Exhibits Immunomodulatory Activity in Experimental Arthritis
Authors: Clanchy Felix I. L. , Williams Richard O. 
Published: November 2018

ObjectiveIbudilast is a well‐tolerated, orally available phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor used to treat asthma and stroke. Since PDE4 inhibition suppresses inflammatory mediator production and cell proliferation in leukocytes, ibudilast may be a valuable therapy for the treatment of inflammatory autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to assess the therapeutic potential of ibudilast by measuring its capacity to modulate inflammation in human leukocytes and RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) and in experimental arthritis.MethodsUsing standard curve quantitative polymerase chain reaction, the effect of ibudilast on gene expression in activated human leukocytes and RASFs was measured. Ibudilast was used to treat DBA/1 mice with collagen‐induced arthritis, and an adoptive transfer model was used to assess its tolerogenic capacity.ResultsIbudilast inhibited the expression of TNF, IL12A, and IL12B and the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin‐12 (IL‐12)/23p40 from leukocytes, and reduced the expression of CCL5 and CCL3 in activated RASFs. Treatment of experimental arthritis with ibudilast resulted in a reduction in IL‐17–producing cells and inhibition of disease progression. When combined with a TNF inhibitor, ibudilast caused marked suppression of active disease. Exposure of leukocytes from type II collagen–immunized DBA/1 mice to ibudilast in vitro attenuated their ability to adoptively transfer arthritis to DBA/1J‐PrkdcSCID mice, providing evidence of an immunomodulatory effect.ConclusionOur findings indicate that ibudilast reduces the expression and/or secretion of inflammatory mediators from activated human leukocytes and RASFs, inhibits Th17 cell responses in vivo, and improves established arthritis. Given the established safety profile of ibudilast in humans, its clinical evaluation in RA, either alone or in combination with a TNF inhibitor, should be considered.
The diagnosis conundrum: Comparison of crowdsourced and expert assessments of toddlers with high and low risk of autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Myers Emily , Stone Wendy L. , Bernier Raphael , Lendvay Thomas , Comstock Bryan , Cowan Charles 
Published: November 2018

As the diagnosis and treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) becomes a greater public health concern, access to professionals and expert assessment becomes increasingly more challenging. Novel techniques to improve efficiency of assessment of young children with social communication concerns are desperately needed to address significant barriers to accessing diagnostic evaluations. Utilizing crowdsourcing technology, we compared ratings by experts and crowdworkers of social communication behaviors in videos of 18‐month‐old children. Of note, 563 crowdworkers and 24 expert responses were collected in approximately 7 hr and 57 days, respectively. Summed scores of social communication behaviors observed by crowdworkers showed high correlation to those of experts. These data introduce a novel and perhaps efficient way in which to examine of social communication impairments in toddlers. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1629–1634. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryThis research compared crowdsourced assessments of social communication behaviors to assessments by experts, for toddlers whose behaviors ranged in severity from typical to atypical. Results showed that crowdsourced rankings of social communication behavior significantly correlate with those of experts.
Regression in autism spectrum disorder: Reconciling findings from retrospective and prospective research
Authors: Pearson Niamh , Charman Tony , Happé Francesca , Bolton Patrick F. , McEwen Fiona S. 
Published: November 2018

The way in which the behavioral manifestations of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) emerge in infancy is variable. Regression—loss of previously acquired skills—occurs in a subset of children. However, the etiology and significance of regression remains unclear. Until recently, investigation of regression relied on retrospective report by parents or examination of home videos from early in life. However, home videos and retrospective report of the nature and timing of regression, and association with factors such as illness or immunization, is potentially subject to bias. The advent of prospective studies of infant siblings at familial high‐risk of ASD has the potential to document regression as it occurs. Recent research has suggested that subtle loss of skills occurs in a larger proportion of children with ASD than previously assumed; however, there are few reports of clear‐cut regressions, such as that involving dramatic loss of language and other established skills, in the prospective literature. This could be because of the following: clear‐cut regression occurs less commonly than parent report suggests, study design limits the potential to detect regression, or there are differences between multiplex and simplex families in the rate of de novo genetic mutations and therefore regression risk. This review will bring together literature from retrospective and prospective research and attempt to reconcile diverging findings, with a specific focus on methodological issues. Changing conceptualizations of regression will be discussed, as well as etiological factors that may be associated with regression. The main challenges that need to be addressed to measure regression in prospective studies will be set out. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1602–1620. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryRegression—a loss of previously established skills—occurs in a subset of children with ASD. Parental recall is not always accurate but studying younger siblings of children with ASD, 10–20% of whom will develop ASD, should make it possible to measure regression as it occurs. Clear‐cut regression, like loss of language, has not often been reported in infant sibling studies, but recent research suggests that gradual loss of social engagement might be more common. This review looks at the evidence for regression from infant sibling studies and asks how study design affects the likelihood of capturing regression.
Penalized likelihood and multiple testing
Authors: Cohen Arthur , Kolassa John , Sackrowitz Harold B. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe classical multiple testing model remains an important practical area of statistics with new approaches still being developed. In this paper we develop a new multiple testing procedure inspired by a method sometimes used in a problem with a different focus. Namely, the inference after model selection problem. We note that solutions to that problem are often accomplished by making use of a penalized likelihood function. A classic example is the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) method. In this paper we construct a generalized BIC method and evaluate its properties as a multiple testing procedure. The procedure is applicable to a wide variety of statistical models including regression, contrasts, treatment versus control, change point, and others. Numerical work indicates that, in particular, for sparse models the new generalized BIC would be preferred over existing multiple testing procedures.
Confidence regions for treatment effects in subgroups in biomarker stratified designs
Authors: Wan Fang , Kunz Cornelia U. , Jaki Thomas F. 
Published: November 2018

AbstractSubgroup analysis has important applications in the analysis of controlled clinical trials. Sometimes the result of the overall group fails to demonstrate that the new treatment is better than the control therapy, but for a subgroup of patients, the treatment benefit may exist; or sometimes, the new treatment is better for the overall group but not for a subgroup. Hence we are interested in constructing a simultaneous confidence interval for the difference of the treatment effects in a subgroup and the overall group. Subgroups are usually formed on the basis of a predictive biomarker such as age, sex, or some genetic marker. While, for example, age can be detected precisely, it is often only possible to detect the biomarker status with a certain probability. Because patients detected with a positive or negative biomarker may not be truly biomarker positive or negative, responses in the subgroups depend on the treatment therapy as well as on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay used in detecting the biomarkers. In this work, we show how (approximate) simultaneous confidence intervals and confidence ellipsoid for the treatment effects in subgroups can be found for biomarker stratified clinical trials using a normal framework with normally distributed or binary data. We show that these intervals maintain the nominal confidence level via simulations.
Adjusting for selection bias in assessing treatment effect estimates from multiple subgroups
Authors: Glimm Ekkehard 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThis paper discusses a number of methods for adjusting treatment effect estimates in clinical trials where differential effects in several subpopulations are suspected. In such situations, the estimates from the most extreme subpopulation are often overinterpreted. The paper focusses on the construction of simultaneous confidence intervals intended to provide a more realistic assessment regarding the uncertainty around these extreme results. The methods from simultaneous inference are compared with shrinkage estimates arising from Bayesian hierarchical models by discussing salient features of both approaches in a typical application.
Role of the signal sequence in proteorhodopsin biogenesis in E. coli
Authors: Soto‐Rodríguez Jessica , Baneyx François 
Published: November 2018

AbstractBlue‐absorbing proteorhodopsin (BPR) from marine bacteria is a retinal‐bound, light‐activated, outwards proton transporter containing seven α‐helical transmembrane segments (TMS). It is synthesized as a precursor species (pre‐BPR) with a predicted N‐terminal signal sequence that is cleaved to yield the mature protein. While optimizing the production of BPR in Escherichia coli to facilitate the construction of bioprotonic devices, we observed significant pre‐BPR accumulation in the inner membrane and explored signal sequence requirements and export pathway. We report here that BPR does not rely on the Sec pathway for inner membrane integration, and that although it greatly enhances yields, its signal sequence is not necessary to obtain a functional product. We further show that an unprocessable version of pre‐BPR obtained by mutagenesis of the signal peptidase I site exhibits all functional attributes of the wild‐type protein and has the advantage of being produced at higher levels. Our results are consistent with the BPR signal sequence being recognized by the signal recognition particle (SRP; a protein that orchestrates the cotranslational biogenesis of inner membrane proteins) and serving as a beneficial “pro” domain rather than a traditional secretory peptide.
Three‐dimensional printing biotechnology for the regeneration of the tooth and tooth‐supporting tissues
Authors: Ma Yue , Xie Li , Yang Bo , Tian Weidong 
Published: November 2018

AbstractThe tooth and its supporting tissues are organized with complex three‐dimensional (3D) architecture, including the dental pulp with a blood supply and nerve tissues, complex multilayer periodontium, and highly aligned periodontal ligament (PDL). Mimicking such 3D complexity and the multicellular interactions naturally existing in dental structures represents great challenges in dental regeneration. Attempts to construct the complex system of the tooth and tooth‐supporting apparatus (i.e., the PDL, alveolar bone, and cementum) have made certain progress owing to 3D printing biotechnology. Recent advances have enabled the 3D printing of biocompatible materials, seed cells, and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissue. Furthermore, 3D bioprinting is driving major innovations in regenerative medicine, giving the field of regenerative dentistry a boost. The fabrication of scaffolds via 3D printing is already being performed extensively at the laboratory bench and in clinical trials; however, printing living cells and matrix materials together to produce tissue constructs by 3D bioprinting remains limited to the regeneration of dental pulp and the tooth germ. This review summarizes the application of scaffolds for cell seeding and biofabricated tissues via 3D printing and bioprinting, respectively, in the tooth and its supporting tissues. Additionally, the key advantages and prospects of 3D bioprinting in regenerative dentistry are highlighted, providing new ideas for dental regeneration.
Teaching metabolism with scientific articles: A new approach
Authors: Cicuto Camila , Pazinato Maurícius , Torres Bayardo 
Published: November 2018

AbstractScientific articles have been explored as a didactic resource in the teaching of Biochemistry, as well as in other areas of science. This teaching strategy contributes to the learning and understanding of specific concepts, and development of the skills, necessary for the research training of students. The present study investigated the use of scientific articles in the Topics in Metabolism course, which was offered to Biochemistry graduate students, at the University of São Paulo. Instead of lectures and seminars, two main activities were used: directed study (DS) and discussion groups (DG). Both utilized and explored high impact publications with a recognized quality of intellectual production. In this active learning environment, the objective was to evaluate the perception of the students regarding the teaching strategy, and the level of effort each student expended to understand the course material. Data collection involved using the responses to open and closed questions, from two questionnaires. Then the Pirouette software was employed to perform the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). The results indicated that 78% of the students had a positive perception of the teaching strategy and struggled less to understand the course material. On the other hand, 22% of the students had a less positive perception of the strategy and displayed a less intense course engagement. Ultimately, the results presented in the present study indicate that the adoption of this teaching strategy can help graduate students to develop the ability to read critically and thoroughly understand scientific materials, which are fundamental skills for future researchers. © 2018 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(1):85–92, 2018.