bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the efficiency and biases of forest Saccharomyces sampling strategies
Authors: Boynton Primrose J. , Kowallik Vienna , Landermann Doreen , Stukenbrock Eva H. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSaccharomyces yeasts are emerging as model organisms for ecology and evolution, and researchers need environmental Saccharomyces isolates to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses. However, methods for isolating Saccharomyces from nature have not been standardized, and isolation methods may influence the genotypes and phenotypes of studied strains. We compared the effectiveness and potential biases of an established enrichment culturing method against a newly developed direct plating method for isolating forest floor Saccharomyces spp. In a European forest, enrichment culturing was both less successful at isolating Saccharomyces paradoxus per sample collected and less labour intensive per isolated S. paradoxus colony than direct isolation. The two methods sampled similar S. paradoxus diversity: The number of unique genotypes sampled (i.e., genotypic diversity) per S. paradoxus isolate and average growth rates of S. paradoxus isolates did not differ between the two methods, and growth rate variances (i.e., phenotypic diversity) only differed in one of three tested environments. However, enrichment culturing did detect rare Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the forest habitat and also found two S. paradoxus isolates with outlier phenotypes. Our results validate the historically common method of using enrichment culturing to isolate representative collections of environmental Saccharomyces. We recommend that researchers choose a Saccharomyces sampling method based on resources available for sampling and isolate screening. Researchers interested in discovering new Saccharomyces phenotypes or rare Saccharomyces species from natural environments may also have more success using enrichment culturing. We include step‐by‐step sampling protocols in the supplemental materials.
On the optimality of monetary trading
Authors: Carmona Guilherme 
Published: July 2019

AbstractPeople have long been trading in a “monetary” way. This persistence of monetary trading suggests that it might be an efficient trading mechanism. We formalize this intuition in a random-matching, absence-of-double-coincidence-of-wants environment. The record-keeping technology is operated by an information-processing center which summarizes and updates individuals’ past trading behavior in a binary variable. A trading mechanism consists of an updating rule and an individual trading behavior rule. To capture the difficulties in collecting and processing information about others’ past behavior, we assume that the center faces costs, both fixed and variable, to operate. We show that (1) any non-autarkic equilibrium trading mechanism is, in terms of aggregate variables (such as consumption and frequency of trade), observationally equivalent to a monetary trading mechanism and (2) any non-autarkic optimal equilibrium trading mechanism is a monetary trading mechanism.
Tailor-Made Design Guidelines for Human Factors and Usability for Medical Device Application: A Proposed Methodology
Authors: Nagarajan Kamya , Silva Arlindo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractWith increasing level of advancement and complexity in medical devices, there is a need for methodology, tools and techniques in practice to integrate Human Factors and Usability (HF/U) elements in design due to its increasing diversity of users and rapidly changing interface types. This paper proposes a methodology to develop a tailor-made HF/U design guidelines for medical device development with various sources and to develop heuristics for evaluation and score the product usability throughout the development process.
Analysis of the Consequences of Disrupting Events on Ongoing Product Development Projects: The Cascading Effects of Severe Influences
Authors: Guaragni Fausto , Ortt Roland , Paetzold Kristin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe initial planning of the development of complicated products usually requires time and efforts. However, even the most accurate plans are not able to cope with all the uncertainties that might arise during an ongoing project. If a severe uncertainty affect the development project a critical situation arises and a disruption might happen. The present literature does not offer a comprehensive solution on how to investigate these type of events after they occurred. This contribution presents a model that aims to analyse and better understand disruptions that affect ongoing product development projects.
Creation of a Framework of Design Tool Characteristics to Support Evaluation and Selection of Visualisation Tools
Authors: Zhang Wenwen , Ranscombe Charlie , Radcliffe David , Jackson Simon 
Published: July 2019

AbstractIn Industrial Design, new design visualisation tools are emerging offering significant benefits to the designers. However, studies show alongside some benefits, new tools can also inhibit designers' creativity or cause time inefficiency if used in the wrong context. Thus, understanding which tools to use and when during the design process is increasingly necessary to ensure the best use of resources in design practice. Existing research on understanding the performance of design tools and the resulting frameworks for comparing tools are either specific to certain tools or highly generalised making evaluation across different design tools challenging. As such, this paper reports the creation of a more comprehensive framework of design tool characteristics to facilitate a better understanding of design tools and their uses. Demonstration of application of the framework is also given in the form of a case study on the use of Digital Sketching and its comparable tools with four practising designers. In conclusion, we show how the Design Tool Characteristics (DTCs) framework is an effective way to understand design tools, with further implications for design tool development.
Cross-Cultural Differences in Creative Ideation: A Comparison between Singaporean and Portuguese Students
Authors: Koronis Georgios , Meurzec Rianne Wally , Silva Arlindo , Leite Marco , Henriques Elsa , Yogiaman Christine 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to compare the creative outcome in the educational context of students belonging to two different cultures, namely Singaporean and Portuguese and determine whether they respond differently to the same design brief. The participants from both samples equal 121 student designers and span from 18–25 years old. Students were randomly distributed within a uniform, standard of student performance, which allowed for fair comparison between groups. Expert judges were employed to judge the creativity of concept sketches generated during a Collaborative Sketching exercise. To evaluate the creative outcome, we employed the Consensual Assessment Technique based on a rubric-based system developed in our earlier works. The analysis of variance procedure revealed no statistically significant difference between the averaged total scores of the two groups on the appropriateness measure. However, the student designers from both samples showed statistically significant differences when provided with a baseline brief in the novelty measure. In consideration of the overall creativity scores, a relatively equivalent performance is observed across the two universities.
A Comparison of Design Activity of Academics and Practitioners Using the FBS Ontology: A Case Study
Authors: Hurst Ada , Nespoli Oscar G. , Abdellahi Sarah , Gero John S. 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAcademics teach engineering design based on design theory and best practices, practitioners teach design based on their experience. Is there a difference between them? There appears to be little prior work in comparing the design processes of design academics and practitioners. This paper presents a case study in which the design activity of a team of academics was compared to that of a team of practitioners. The participants’ verbalizations during team discussions were coded using the Function- Behaviour-Structure (FBS) ontology. A qualitative comparison reveals that the team of practitioners constructs the design space earlier and generally spends more time in the solution space than the team of academics. Further, the team of practitioners has a significant number of direct transitions from function (F) to structure (S), while no such transitions are observed for the team of academics. Given that this is a single case study, the results cannot be used as the basis for any generalizations on how academics and practitioners compare. This is a successful proof of methodologies that lay the foundation for a series of hypotheses to be tested in a future study.
Developing Design Methods - a Conceptual Requirement Framework
Authors: Becerril Lucia , Guertler Matthias , Longa Emmanuel 
Published: July 2019

AbstractDesign methods can provide valuable support in structuring and solving complex product design problems. However, the application and the transfer of methods from academia to industry is limited. To date, research has tended to focus on solving this through improved method selection, method adaptation and training. The development of design methods itself has attracted surprisingly low attention. This paper closes this gap and adds a quite new perspective of systematic requirement management of method development. However, the variety of methods, method users and application contexts is a key challenge and does not allow for a universal set of requirements. Thus, this paper transfers the concept of solution-neutral requirements frameworks, which are established in product design, to method development. The framework is derived from analysing and structuring different requirements found in literature. Different requirement sub-/categories allow for accommodating the varying levels of detail of requirements. The framework works like a checklist and helps design researchers to consider the most important requirement categories, which subsequently can be detailed project-specifically.
Influence of Gas-Filled Gaps on the Thermal Behaviour of Dual Purpose Casks
Authors: Dinkel Christian , Billenstein Daniel , Rieg Frank , Roith Bernd 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBasically, the safe dissipation of heat is among others an important protection objective of dual purpose casks. Gas-filled gaps within such casks can play a major role for the thermal behavior as they act as thermal barriers due to the lower heat conductivity of gaseous fluids in comparison to metallic materials. However, additional heat transmission mechanisms, such as natural convection and radiation can also occur in a gaseous medium. This leads to both an expanded modelling and a prolonged computing time in numerical simulations. Within the scope of a research project in cooperation with Swiss Federal Nuclear Safety Inspectorate ENSI a simulation tool for the fast thermal evaluation of dual purpose casks is developed which combines analytical methods and FEA. The innovation is that the thermal effects of gas-filled gaps are considered by using analytical equations. Main focus lies on the implementation of heat radiation as a non-linear transfer mechanism. Therefore, an iterative calculation process is used and the effects of the iteration number is investigated. Furthermore, the influence of radiation in comparison to pure conduction is examined depending on the gap width.
Speculative and Critical Design — Features, Methods, and Practices
Authors: Johannessen Leon Karlsen , Keitsch Martina Maria , Pettersen Ida Nilstad 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSpeculative and Critical Design (SCD) confronts traditional design practice. Instead of reproducing and reinforcing contemporary perceptions of products and services, SCD seeks to change them, with the goal to spur a public debate e.g. on what is a preferable societal development. SCD methods comprise among others speculative narratives and design of critical objects. However, the theoretical fundament of SCD is feeble, and concepts and methods are upheld of mere examples.The article aims to present the features, methods, and practice of SCD, and locate it in the design field. Following the introduction, section 2 presents features and SCD methods and practices. Section 3 links SCD to traditional design and identifies benefits and challenges relating to its role as a supplement to today's design practice. The final section suggests topics for further SCD research.The article benefits designers in search for alternatives to commercially oriented design approaches. Findings indicate that SCD can contribute to creating new societal roles for designers, foster innovation in the relationship between designers and users, and encourage creativity through imaginative aesthetics.
The First Steps Towards Innovation: A Reference Process for Developing Product Profiles
Authors: Wilmsen Miriam , Dühr Katharina , Heimicke Jonas , Albers Albert 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSuccessful companies spend many of their resources in the initiation and realisation of innovation projects, which might be successful at the market. Especially in the early phase of these projects, there is a high degree of uncertainty and therefore, product profiles established themselves as methodological support for product developers. However, it is not possible to give developers a straight and always equal process to follow for developing these product profiles. Based on this problem, this contribution investigates context-independent process steps to develop promising product profiles. Thus, this work provides a possible reference process to develop product profiles to support product developers in the early stage of innovation projects. Therefore, 631 process steps of 16 innovation projects were analysed and 100 process steps were derived from literature. Based on an expert workshop, 48 of these process steps were identified as relevant to consider in a context-independent reference process model. In a further empirical Live-Lab study, process patterns were investigated and the usability and relevance of the process steps were evaluated as positive.
The Process and Operations of Shape Generation and Manipulation during the Architectural Designing Activity
Authors: Bouhelis Walid , Arrouf Abdelmalek 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis piece of work is concerned with how shapes are generated, explored and transformed during the architectural designing process. It postulates that the relations and connections between sketches, produced during the design activity, can be defined in terms of shape transformations and described according to a closed list of shape operators. These latters provide a formal description of the shape exploration process and allow a deep understanding of its logic. To achieve its goal, this study creates a model to describe the different shape transformations, performed by designers, during the sketching activity.
The Reference System in the Model of PGE: Proposing a Generalized Description of Reference Products and their Interrelations
Authors: Albers Albert , Rapp Simon , Spadinger Markus , Richter Thilo , Birk Clemens , Marthaler Florian , Heimicke Jonas , Kurtz Victor , Wessels Holger 
Published: July 2019

AbstractSamsung recently introduced a new smartphone display with increased breaking resistance, which will probably be relevant for future cars as well. This example shows that subsystems, in general artefacts from former development processes can be relevant for subsequent projects. Their integration has to be planned, i.a. even before the original product is in the market and across branches. The research on supporting methods requires a suitable description model for this phenomenon. Research in design reuse and PGE – product generation engineering addresses this only partially yet. Design reuse focuses on the informational aspect, PGE refers primarily to reference products. This contribution aims at closing this gap as a basis for future research. Two case studies from industry projects by the authors and an example from foresight and product planning show the role of artefacts from former development processes in running projects. It is described which artefacts are used as a reference, why they are used and when. Based on these findings the authors propose the term “reference system” to depict the whole set of artefacts, which serves as a basis for every product development project.
Mixed-Method Design for User Behavior Evaluation of Automated Driver Assistance Systems: An Automotive Industry Case
Authors: Orlovska Julia , Novakazi Fjolle , Wickman Casper , Soderberg Rikard 
Published: July 2019

AbstractAutomotive systems are changing rapidly from purely mechanical to smart, programmable assistants. These systems react and respond to the driving environment and communicate with other subsystems for better driver support and safety. However, instead of supporting, the complexity of such systems can result in a stressful experience for the driver, adding to the workload. Hence, a poorly designed system, from a usability and user experience perspective, can lead to reduced usage or even ignorance of the provided functionalities, especially concerning Adaptive Driver Assistance Systems.In this paper, the authors propose a combined design approach for user behavior evaluation of such systems. At the core of the design is a mixed methods approach, where objective data, which is automatically collected in vehicles, is augmented with subjective data, which is gathered through in- depth interviews with end-users. The aim of the proposed methodology design is to improve current practices on user behavior evaluation, achieve a deeper understanding of driver's behavior, and improve the validity and rigor of the named results.
Patent Classification as Stimulus for Inspiring New Applications of Existing Knowledge
Authors: Fiorineschi Lorenzo , Frillici Francesco Saverio , Rotini Federico 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper aims to provide suggestions for the identification of potential new applications for the existing knowledge. A method is presented for extracting information about a product or technology, processing the international patent database (IPD) and extracting useful hints for potential new applications. The approach uses the Cooperative Patent Classification as stimulus for inspiring new potential fields towards which export existing product or technologies. Although some limits inevitably affect the approach, relevant directions for future developments have been inferred for a more comprehensive exploitation of both the firm internal knowledge and the suggestions provided by the international patent database. The achieved results can support firms in expanding market opportunities for their products or technologies.
Understanding Behavioural Design: Integrating Process and Cognitive Perspectives
Authors: Khadilkar Pramod Ratnakar , Cash Philip 
Published: July 2019

AbstractBehavioural design is a crucial research area due to its potential in leveraging the positive outcomes of traditional design. Current need for theory building requires discerning the unique characteristics and challenges of behavioural design. To contribute towards this goal, the paper structures the conceptual and operational uniqueness of the behavioural design using the process and cognitive perspective. Process model uses the basic design cycle to discern the tasks and stages of behavioural design. Cognitive perspective uses dual process theory and cognitive strategies used by designers. Integrated model of process and cognitive perspective is the crucial contribution of this paper. A case study involving interview of lead designers from five behavioural design consultancies has been used to present and elaborate the usefulness of the integrated model of behavioural design. Integrated perspective links the process characters like incomplete analysis, simulation and evaluation stages, over reliance on the prescriptive methods, and unequal emphasis to multiple disciplines, with incomplete analytical process, and solution and knowledge driven strategy along cognitive perspective
Data Materialisation: A New Undergraduate Course for a Data Driven Society
Authors: Beghelli Alejandra , Huerta-Cánepa Gonzalo , Segal Ricardo 
Published: July 2019

AbstractTraditionally, data has been presented in textual format and the interaction with the user confined to the keyboard or touch screen to input data and the screen to deliver information. However, with the advent of a data-driven society, an opportunity for more natural and efficient ways of presenting data and interacting with it has emerged.Although the area of Human-Computer Interaction has existed for a long time, its focus has always been on the interaction with an artefact (the computer). Today instead, we face the challenge of interacting with an intangible object: data. As a result, a key requirement emerges: How do we make legible the enormous amounts of data produced per day to ordinary people?Designers, able to devise natural and smooth interaction experiences, should play a relevant role in this new scenario. However, they might lack the basic technical knowledge required to understand the possibilities of these new systems.In this paper we present a brief how-to manual for an undergraduate course on data materialisation: the process of transforming an intangible object (data) in an artefact that can be interacted with in a physical way.
Designing Risk Management: Applying Value Stream Mapping to Risk Management
Authors: Willumsen Pelle , Oehmen Josef , Rossi Monica 
Published: July 2019

AbstractRisk management (RM) in new product development (NPD) is often implemented as a standardized framework and ends up being carried out as a tick the box, non-value adding activity. To avoid this problem, RM needs to be tailored to the organization and NPD project. This paper identifies a gap in both understanding and facilitating tailoring, i.e. design of RM systems in NPD. To understand how to design RM systems, we must better understand how RM adds value to NPD activities. We applied Product Development Value Stream Mapping (PDVSM) to RM and conceptualized a Risk Value Stream Mapping (RVSM) framework to support design. Through a state-of-the-art literature review, we identified typical categories of value and waste in RM as well as approaches to model the RM in NPD. We developed and tested components of the RVSM framework based on PDVSM in three case companies. In this paper, results are presented regarding waste, value and potential ways to model the value stream in RM. The framework enables a diagnosis of the current state of RM in companies and supports future design activities pertaining to RM systems. This paper is positioned at the intersection of design, lean thinking and RM
External Technology Searching Methods - A Literature Review
Authors: Kujawa Kate Alexandra , Paetzold Kristin 
Published: July 2019

AbstractThis paper provides a preliminary assessment of the literature available in the field of External Technology Searching. Many methods exist to enable companies to take advantage of new technologies and apply them to achieve a competitive advantage. This literature review focuses on reducing complexity and providing clarity related to the numerous different terms and methodologies used throughout the literature. The main methods found in the literature include: Technology Foresight, Technology Forecasting, Technology Intelligence, and Technology Scouting. However, many additional terms have also been used to describe similar strategies, leading to inconsistency in the use of the terms, resulting in confusion and missed opportunities to innovate for those trying to navigate the field. Synthesis of the results assists in clarifying the differences and conflicts in the literature between the numerous terms. The results serve to display the state of the art on the field and present a basis for further research.