bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimentally induced rhythmic jaw muscle activities during non‐rapid eye movement sleep in freely moving guinea pigs
Authors: Yamada Ken‐ichi , Higashiyama Makoto , Toyoda Hiroki , Masuda Yuji , Kogo Mikihiko , Yoshida Atsushi , Kato Takafumi 
Published: January 2019

AbstractRhythmic jaw muscle activities frequently occur during non‐rapid eye movement sleep in patients with sleep bruxism. The present study aimed to investigate the response characteristics of the masticatory rhythm generation during non‐rapid eye movement sleep in animals. Eleven guinea pigs were surgically prepared for polygraphic recordings by electromyography, electrooculography, electroencephalography and electrocardiography with the implantation of a stimulating electrode. Repetitive electrical microstimulations at three intensities were applied to the corticobulbar tract under freely moving conditions. The rhythmic electro‐myographic responses of the digastric and masseter muscles were scored and analysed. Changes in cortical electro‐encephalographic power and heart rate in association with these stimulations were quantified. Microstimulations to the corticobulbar tract induced rhythmic jaw muscle activities in digastric muscles, occasionally with masseter activities during wakefulness and non‐rapid eye movement sleep. The response rate of rhythmic jaw muscle activities was significantly lower (p < 0.01) and the response latency was significantly longer (p < 0.01) during non‐rapid eye movement sleep than during wakefulness. At higher stimulus intensities, the response rate increased and response latency decreased. The mean burst intervals of the digastric and masseter muscles were similar regardless of vigilance states and stimulus intensities. Induced rhythmic jaw muscle activities during non‐rapid eye movement sleep were followed by a transient decrease in delta power and increases in beta power and heart rate. During non‐rapid eye movement sleep, the masticatory motor system is able to generate rhythmic outputs to the jaw muscles in response to facilitatory inputs although the responsiveness was decreased from wakefulness.
Hospital breastfeeding support and exclusive breastfeeding by maternal prepregnancy body mass index
Authors: Kair Laura R. , Nickel Nathan C. , Jones Krista , Kornfeind Katelin , Sipsma Heather L. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractOverweight and obese mothers in the United States have disproportionately lower rates of exclusive breastfeeding than mothers of normal weight. The Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding (Ten Steps), a series of evidence‐based practices designed to support breastfeeding initiation, duration, and exclusivity, demonstrate effectiveness at the population level. It is unknown, however, whether they are consistently provided to women across all maternal body mass index (BMI) categories. We sought to determine whether pre‐pregnancy BMI is associated with the implementation and effectiveness of the Ten Steps. We used data from Listening to Mothers III, a cross‐sectional survey administered to a sample of mothers who delivered in U.S. hospitals between July 2011 and June 2012. Measures of the Ten Steps were based on maternal self‐report on Listening to Mothers III. Our analytic sample was limited to mothers of term infants intending to breastfeed (N = 1,506, weighted). We conducted chi‐square testing and constructed weighted multivariable logistic regression models to account for potential confounders. Results suggest that two practices (i.e., holding their babies skin‐to‐skin for the first time and being encouraged to breastfeed on demand) were more strongly associated with exclusive breastfeeding among mothers with obesity than other mothers. Additionally, mothers with obesity reported holding babies skin‐to‐skin significantly less often than other mothers. Thus, interventions aimed at helping mothers with obesity to hold their babies skin‐to‐skin in the first hour and teaching them to breastfeed on demand have the potential to decrease the breastfeeding disparities in this population.
An integrated infant and young child feeding and small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplementation programme in the Democratic Republic of Congo is associated with improvements in breastfeeding and handwashing behaviours but not dietary diversity
Authors: Locks Lindsey M. , Nanama Simeon , Addo O. Yaw , Albert Bope , Sandalinas Fanny , Nanema Ambroise , Whitehead Ralph D. , Garg Aashima , Kupka Roland , Jefferds Maria Elena , Tripp Katie 
Published: January 2019

AbstractIntegrating small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplements (SQ‐LNS) into infant and young child feeding (IYCF) programmes can increase consumption of essential nutrients among children in vulnerable populations; however, few studies have assessed the impact of integrated IYCF–SQ‐LNS programmes on IYCF practices. A 2‐year, enhanced IYCF intervention targeting pregnant women and infants (0–12 months) was implemented in a health zone in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The enhanced IYCF intervention included community‐ and facility‐based counselling for mothers on handwashing, SQ‐LNS, and IYCF practices, plus monthly SQ‐LNS distributions for children 6–12 months; a control zone received the national IYCF programme (facility‐based IYCF counselling with no SQ‐LNS distributions). Cross‐sectional preintervention and postintervention surveys (n = 650 and 638 in intervention and control areas at baseline; n = 654 and 653 in each area at endline, respectively) were conducted in mothers of children 6–18 months representative of both zones. Difference in differences (DiD) analyses used mixed linear regression models. There were significantly greater increases in the proportion of mothers in the intervention (vs. control) zone who reported: initiating breastfeeding within 1 hr of birth (Adj. DiD [95% CI]: +56.4% [49.3, 63.4], P < 0.001), waiting until 6 months to introduce water (+66.9% [60.6, 73.2], P < 0.001) and complementary foods (+56.4% [49.3, 63.4], P < 0.001), feeding the minimum meal frequency the previous day (+9.2% [2.7, 15.7], P = 0.005); feeding the child in a separate bowl (+9.7% [2.2, 17.2], P = 0.01); awareness of anaemia (+16.9% [10.4, 23.3], P < 0.001); owning soap (+14.9% [8.3, 21.5], P < 0.001); and washing hands after defecating and before cooking and feeding the child the previous day (+10.5% [5.8, 15.2], +12.5% [9.3, 15.6] and +15.0% [11.2, 18.8], respectively, P < 0.001 for all). The enhanced IYCF intervention in the DRC was associated with an improvement in several important IYCF practices but was not associated with a change in dietary diversity (minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet remained below 10% in both zones without significant differences between zones). The provision of fortified complementary foods, such as SQ‐LNS, may be an important source of micronutrients and macronutrients for young children in areas with high rates of poverty and limited access to diverse foods. Future research should verify the potential of integrated IYCF–SQ‐LNS to improve IYCF practices, and ultimately children's nutritional status.
Conservation genomics in the fight to help the recovery of the critically endangered Siamese crocodile Crocodylus siamensis
Authors: Chattopadhyay Balaji , Garg Kritika M. , Soo Yun Jing , Low Gabriel W. , Frechette Jackson L. , Rheindt Frank E. 
Published: January 2019

AbstractEndangered species are often characterized by low genetic diversity and it is imperative for conservation efforts to incorporate the knowledge obtained from genetic studies for effective management. However, despite the promise of technological advances in sequencing, application of genome‐wide data to endangered populations remains uncommon. In the present study we pursued a holistic conservation‐genomic approach to inform a field‐based management programme of a Critically Endangered species, the Siamese crocodile Crocodylus siamensis. Using thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms from throughout the genome, we revealed signals of introgression from two other crocodile species within our sample of both wild and captive‐bred Siamese crocodiles from Cambodia. Our genetic screening of the Siamese crocodiles resulted in the subsequent re‐introduction of 12 individuals into the wild as well as the selection of four individuals for captive breeding programmes. Comparison of intraspecific genetic diversity revealed an alarmingly low contemporary effective population size in the wild (<50) with evidence of a recent bottleneck around Tonle Sap Lake. We also projected a probable future extinction in the wild (within fewer than five generations) in this population in the absence of re‐introduction efforts. However, an increase in the number of potential breeders through re‐introductions, including the one resulting from this project, could counter this trend. Our results have been implemented in ongoing re‐introduction and captive breeding programmes, with major implications for the conservation management of Siamese crocodiles, and provide a blueprint for the rescue effort of other “terminally ill” populations of critically endangered species.
Effects of deliberate reflection on students’ engagement in learning and learning outcomes
Authors: Ribeiro Ligia Maria Cayres , Mamede Silvia , de Brito Eliza Maria , Moura Alexandre Sampaio , de Faria Rosa Malena Delbone , Schmidt Henk G 
Published: January 2019

ContextReflection in practice is assumed to enhance interest in knowing more about a topic, increasing engagement in learning and learning outcomes. However, this claim lacks empirical evidence, particularly in medical education. The authors investigated the effects of deliberate reflection upon clinical cases on medical students’ engagement in a learning activity and learning outcomes.MethodsA three‐task (diagnostic task; learning activity; test) experiment was conducted in August 2017. Seventy‐two fourth‐year students from UNIFENAS‐BH Medical School, Brazil, diagnosed two clinical cases with jaundice as the chief complaint, either by following a deliberate reflection procedure or making differential diagnosis. Subsequently, all participants received the same study material on the diagnosis of jaundice. Finally, they took a recall test on the study material. Outcome measurements were study time and test scores.ResultsThere was a significant effect of experimental condition on students’ engagement in the learning activity and on learning outcomes. Students who deliberately reflected upon the cases invested more time in studying the material than those who made a differential diagnosis (respectively, mean = 254.97, standard deviation = 115.45 versus mean = 194.96, standard deviation = 111.68; p = 0.02; d = 0.53). Deliberate reflection was also related to higher scores in the test relative to differential diagnosis (respectively, mean = 22.08, standard deviation = 14.94 versus mean = 15.75, standard deviation = 9.24; p = 0.03; d = 0.51). Medium effect sizes (Cohen's d) were observed in both measurements.ConclusionsRelative to making differential diagnosis, deliberate reflection while diagnosing cases fostered medical students’ engagement in learning and increased learning outcomes. Teachers can employ this relatively easy procedure, possibly both with simulated and real scenarios, to motivate their students and help them expand their knowledge, an important requirement for their professional development.
A pilot, layerwise, ex vivo evaluation of the antifungal efficacy of amorolfine 5% nail lacquer vs other topical antifungal nail formulations in healthy toenails
Authors: Ghannoum Mahmoud , Long Lisa , Kunze Gernot , Sarkany Marlis , Osman‐Ponchet Hanan 
Published: January 2019

SummaryBackgroundStudies investigating the penetration of amorolfine through the nail have shown the highest concentration in the uppermost layer and measurable antifungal activity even in the lower layers of the nail.ObjectivesThis pilot, ex vivo study compared the penetration of antifungal concentrations of amorolfine 5% nail lacquer in different layers of healthy, human cadaver toenails with that of terbinafine 10% nail solution, ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer and naftifine 1% nail solution. Moreover, the effect of nail filing prior to application on the penetration of amorolfine 5% was assessed.MethodsUnfiled (n = 3) and filed (n = 3) nails were used for each antimycotic agent and amorolfine 5% nail lacquer, respectively. Twenty‐four hours after topical application, the nails were sliced (10 μm), solubilised and added to agar plates seeded with Trichophyton rubrum. Zones of growth inhibition were measured.ResultsOnly amorolfine penetrated the nails at sufficient concentrations to inhibit growth of T rubrum at different nail depths. In contrast, the comparators did not show antifungal efficacy. Nail filing resulted in larger zones of inhibition for amorolfine compared with those of intact nails.ConclusionsUnlike its comparators, a single application of amorolfine 5% nail lacquer resulted in antifungal efficacy within the nail plate. Nail filing increased the antifungal efficacy of amorolfine 5% nail lacquer.
Toward a topography of national trauma: mapping the past onto the future of American nationalism
Authors: Grant Susan‐Mary 
Published: January 2019

AbstractSince the inception of the United States, many of those who have spoken for and to the nation have struggled to define and defend a coherent American nationalism. This article proposes that one of the reasons for this lies in the fault lines inherent in the invented traditions that underpin American, as many other nationalisms. Determined by warfare and by the desire for land, and frequently defined in racial terms, they have undermined more than they have stabilized the nationalist structures they seek to support through what they have excluded from the national imaginary. In common with other settler nations, in fact arguably with most Western nations, America's nationalist narratives struggle to serve as cohesive foundation myths. They represent the lasting legacies of national trauma derived from the nation's violent colonial past and the severing of the imperial bond in the eighteenth century, chattel slavery, and the civil war it caused, and westward expansion and the imperative toward hemispheric control. Through the mapping of a topography of national trauma predicated on these national traditions and located within the tensions arising from warfare, land, and race, scholars can better comprehend the still frequently acrimonious debates over American nationalism that persist today.
Effect of peer support on health outcomes in patients with cardiac pacemaker implantation: A randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Shen Zhiying , Zheng Feng , Zhong Zhuqing , Ding Siqing , Wang Lu 
Published: January 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effect of a nurse‐led telephone‐based peer support program on health outcomes in patients after cardiac pacemaker implantation. Seventy six patients who received cardiac pacemaker implantation were recruited as participants and randomly assigned to either the peer support group or the usual care group. The usual care group received routine care and health education measures provided by nurses; the peer support group received telephone‐based peer support. Health‐related quality of life, self‐care knowledge–attitudes–practice, postoperative anxiety and depression, compliance with attending scheduled follow‐up visits, and the incidence of postoperative complications were evaluated at baseline and 6 months’ postintervention for the two groups. The result showed that the interventions had a better effect on self‐care knowledge–attitudes–practice, postoperative anxiety and depression, and compliance with attending scheduled follow‐up visits in the peer support group than in the usual care group. This study confirms that telephone‐based peer support improves self‐care ability, compliance with attending scheduled follow‐up visits, and reduces postoperative anxiety and depression more effectively than conventional nurse care among patients with cardiac pacemaker implantation.
Increased maternal pregnancy complications in polycystic ovary syndrome appear to be independent of obesity—A systematic review, meta‐analysis, and meta‐regression
Authors: Bahri Khomami Mahnaz , Joham Anju E. , Boyle Jacqueline A. , Piltonen Terhi , Silagy Michael , Arora Chavy , Misso Marie L. , Teede Helena J. , Moran Lisa J. 
Published: January 2019

SummaryPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an increased risk of maternal pregnancy and delivery complications. However, the impact of clinical features of PCOS and other potential risk factors in PCOS is still unknown. We aimed to investigate the association of PCOS with maternal pregnancy and delivery complications with consideration of risk factors and potential confounders. The meta‐analysis included 63 studies. PCOS was associated with higher miscarriage, gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension, pre‐eclampsia, induction of labour, and caesarean section. The association of PCOS with these outcomes varied by geographic continent, PCOS phenotypes, and study quality. Pre‐eclampsia and induction of labour were not associated with PCOS on body mass index‐matched studies. No outcome was associated with PCOS on assisted pregnancies. Age was significantly associated with higher miscarriage on meta‐regression. There were no studies assessing perinatal depression. We confirm that PCOS is associated with an increased risk of maternal pregnancy and delivery complications. The association of PCOS with the outcomes is worsened in hyperandrogenic PCOS phenotypes, in specific geographic continents, and in the highest quality studies but disappears in assisted pregnancies. Future studies in PCOS are warranted to investigate proper timing for screening and prevention of maternal pregnancy and delivery complications with consideration of clinical features of PCOS.
Sleep Shortage Is Associated With Postherpetic Neuralgia Development Through Hyperesthesia and Acute Pain Intensity: A Community‐Based Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Yamada Keiko , Kubota Yasuhiko , Shimizu Yuji , Cui Renzhe , Mori Yasuko , Okuno Yoshinobu , Asada Hideo , Yamanishi Koichi , Iso Hiroyasu ,   the SHEZ Study Group
Published: January 2019

AbstractObjectivesThere have been no community‐based studies investigating the association between sleep duration and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) development. The aim of the current study was to examine the association of sleep with herpes zoster (HZ) incidence and PHN.MethodsIn total, 12,329 residents (ages 50 to 103 years) of Shozu County, Japan, participated in our study from December 2009 to November 2010 and were followed up for 3 years. At baseline, the participants completed self‐administered health questionnaires, including those on usual sleep duration. Three dermatologists diagnosed HZ on the basis of clinical symptoms and virus identification testing by polymerase chain reaction and serological tests, and evaluated pain using a modified Zoster Brief Pain Inventory survey form via telephone. We used a Cox proportional hazard regression model to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incident HZ and PHN. We also performed mediation analysis to examine whether hyperesthesia and acute pain intensity mediated the association between sleep shortage and chronic pain intensity.ResultsDuring follow‐up, 400 cases of HZ were identified. Of these, 55 participants developed PHN. Sleep duration was not associated with HZ incidence. Sleep shortage increased the risk for PHN (HR 2.02 [95% CI: 1.06 to 3.85]). Hyperesthesia and acute pain intensity mediated the association between sleep shortage and chronic pain intensity (indirect/total effect ratio = 50% mediation).ConclusionsSleep shortage was associated with increased risk for PHN, and hyperesthesia and acute pain intensity appeared to mediate this association. Sleep shortage may be a novel risk factor for PHN.
Plant cell packs: a scalable platform for recombinant protein production and metabolic engineering
Authors: Rademacher Thomas , Sack Markus , Blessing Daniel , Fischer Rainer , Holland Tanja , Buyel Johannes 
Published: January 2019

SummaryIndustrial plant biotechnology applications include the production of sustainable fuels, complex metabolites and recombinant proteins, but process development can be impaired by a lack of reliable and scalable screening methods. Here, we describe a rapid and versatile expression system which involves the infusion of Agrobacterium tumefaciens into three‐dimensional, porous plant cell aggregates deprived of cultivation medium, which we have termed plant cell packs (PCPs). This approach is compatible with different plant species such as Nicotiana tabacum BY2, Nicotiana benthamiana or Daucus carota and 10‐times more effective than transient expression in liquid plant cell culture. We found that the expression of several proteins was similar in PCPs and intact plants, for example, 47 and 55 mg/kg for antibody 2G12 expressed in BY2 PCPs and N. tabacum plants respectively. Additionally, the expression of specific enzymes can either increase the content of natural plant metabolites or be used to synthesize novel small molecules in the PCPs. The PCP method is currently scalable from a microtiter plate format suitable for high‐throughput screening to 150‐mL columns suitable for initial product preparation. It therefore combined the speed of transient expression in plants with the throughput of microbial screening systems. Plant cell packs therefore provide a convenient new platform for synthetic biology approaches, metabolic engineering and conventional recombinant protein expression techniques that require the multiplex analysis of several dozen up to hundreds of constructs for efficient product and process development.
Floral plasticity: Herbivore‐species‐specific‐induced changes in flower traits with contrasting effects on pollinator visitation
Authors: Rusman Quint , Poelman Erik H. , Nowrin Farzana , Polder Gerrit , Lucas‐Barbosa Dani 
Published: January 2019

AbstractPlant phenotypic plasticity in response to antagonists can affect other community members such as mutualists, conferring potential ecological costs associated with inducible plant defence. For flowering plants, induction of defences to deal with herbivores can lead to disruption of plant–pollinator interactions. Current knowledge on the full extent of herbivore‐induced changes in flower traits is limited, and we know little about specificity of induction of flower traits and specificity of effect on flower visitors. We exposed flowering Brassica nigra plants to six insect herbivore species and recorded changes in flower traits (flower abundance, morphology, colour, volatile emission, nectar quantity, and pollen quantity and size) and the behaviour of two pollinating insects. Our results show that herbivory can affect multiple flower traits and pollinator behaviour. Most plastic floral traits were flower morphology, colour, the composition of the volatile blend, and nectar production. Herbivore‐induced changes in flower traits resulted in positive, negative, or neutral effects on pollinator behaviour. Effects on flower traits and pollinator behaviour were herbivore species‐specific. Flowers show extensive plasticity in response to antagonist herbivores, with contrasting effects on mutualist pollinators. Antagonists can potentially act as agents of selection on flower traits and plant reproduction via plant‐mediated interactions with mutualists.