bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autophagy–virus interplay in plants: from antiviral recognition to proviral manipulation
Authors: Kushwaha Nirbhay Kumar , Hafrén Anders , Hofius Daniel 
Published: August 2019

SummaryAutophagy is a conserved self‐cleaning and renewal system required for cellular homeostasis and stress tolerance. Autophagic processes are also implicated in the response to ‘non‐self’ such as viral pathogens, yet the functions and mechanisms of autophagy during plant virus infection have only recently started to be revealed. Compelling evidence now indicates that autophagy is an integral part of antiviral immunity in plants. It can promote the hypersensitive cell death response upon incompatible viral infections or mediate the selective elimination of entire particles and individual proteins from compatible viruses in a pathway similar to xenophagy in animals. Several viruses, however, have evolved measures to antagonize xenophagic degradation or utilize autophagy to suppress disease‐associated cell death and other defence pathways like RNA silencing. Here, we highlight the current advances and gaps in our understanding of the complex autophagy–virus interplay and its consequences for host immunity and viral pathogenesis in plants.
Perspectives regarding what constitutes a “good death” among Thai nurses: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Srinonprasert Varalak , Limpawattana Panita , Manjavong Manchumad , Kuichanuan Thunchanok , Juntararuangtong Thitikorn , Yongrattanakit Kongpob 
Published: August 2019

AbstractPalliative care is a crucial component in improving peoples' end‐of‐life period. It is important to understand the wishes of people at the end of life and the perceptions of their healthcare providers regarding these wishes. As nurses play a key role in patient care, in this study we set out to determine nurses' perceptions regarding what constitutes a “good death”, comparing what they thought their older patients would prefer to their own preferences for their own end‐of‐life care. Questionnaires asking about various options of end‐of‐life care were distributed to nurses, and they were asked how they thought older people would respond to each of the questions and what their own preferences would be if they were terminally ill. In total, 656 participants were enrolled and they rated relief from suffering as the most important component, both for themselves and for those in their care. More than 80% of nurses agreed with all of the statements on the questionnaire. However, some of the nurses' preferences for their own end of life differed from those they expected their patients to value.
The relationship between red blood cell distribution width and atrial fibrillation in Asian population: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Li Huiping , Gu Yeqing , Liu Mingyue , Wang Xiaona , Chi Vu Thi Quynh , Zhang Qing , Liu Li , Meng Ge , Yao Zhanxin , Wu Hongmei , Bao Xue , Zhang Shunming , Kumari Shubham , Sun Shaomei , Zhou Ming , Jia Qiyu , Song Kun , Wu Yuntang , Liu Tong , Niu Kaijun 
Published: August 2019

AbstractBackgroundRed blood cell distribution width (RDW) was related with increased risk of mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes. However, it is uncertain whether RDW is related to the prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in Asian population. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between RDW and AF in a large Chinese population.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional study to examine the relationship between RDW and AF among 106 998 subjects who were from the Tianjin Chronic Low‐grade Systemic Inflammation and Health Cohort Study. AF was diagnosed using electrocardiography, and RDW was measured using an automated hematology analyzer. Multiple logistic regression models were conducted to examine the relation between tertiles of RDW and AF.ResultsThe overall prevalence of AF was 0.1% (129/106 998). After adjustments for potential confounding factors, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of AF across increasing tertiles of RDW were 1.00 (reference), 1.08 (0.69, 1.67), and 2.65 (1.75, 4.07) (P for trend < .0001), respectively.ConclusionsThe study demonstrated that elevated RDW is significantly related to higher prevalence of AF in a general Chinese population. Large prospective studies are needed to confirm this finding.
Cutaneous pharmacologic cAMP induction induces melanization of the skin and improves recovery from ultraviolet injury in melanocortin 1 receptor‐intact or heterozygous skin
Authors: Bautista Robert‐Marlo , Carter Katharine Marie , Jarrett Stuart Gordon , Napier Dana , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Ito Shosuke , D'Orazio John August 
Published: August 2019

AbstractHomozygous loss of function of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is associated with a pheomelanotic pigment phenotype and increased melanoma risk. MC1R heterozygosity is less well studied, although individuals inheriting one loss‐of‐function MC1R allele are also melanoma‐prone. Using the K14‐Scf C57BL/6J animal model whose skin is characterized by lifelong retention of interfollicular epidermal melanocytes like that of the human, we studied pigmentary, UV responses, and DNA repair capacity in the skin of variant Mc1r background. Topical application of forskolin, a skin‐permeable pharmacologic activator of cAMP induction to mimic native Mc1r signaling, increased epidermal eumelanin levels, increased the capacity of Mc1r‐heterozygous skin to resist UV‐mediated inflammation, and enhanced the skin's ability to clear UV photolesions from DNA. Interestingly, topical cAMP induction also promoted melanin accumulation, UV resistance, and accelerated clearance in Mc1r fully intact skin. Together, our findings suggest that heterozygous Mc1r loss is associated with an intermediately melanized and DNA repair‐proficient epidermal phenotype and that topical cAMP induction enhances UV resistance in Mc1r‐heterozygous or Mc1r‐wild‐type individuals by increasing eumelanin deposition and by improving nucleotide excision repair.
A reverse temperature‐size rule associated with a negative relationship between larval development time and pupal weight in a tropical population of Ostrinia furnacalis
Authors: Xia Qin‐Wen , Chen Chao , Tang Jian‐Jun , He Hai‐Min , Xue Fang‐Sen 
Published: August 2019

AbstractEmpirical studies demonstrate a negative relationship between body size and temperature [i.e. the temperature‐size rule (TSR)] and a positive relationship between body size and development time (a trade‐off). However, many exceptions are also reported. The present study tests the two relationships in a tropical population of the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis under a wide range of temperatures from 18 to 31 °C. The results show that larval time is decreased significantly and pupal weight is increased significantly with an increasing rearing temperature, exhibiting the reverse‐TSR. Growth rate is positively correlated with temperature. The relationships between body size and development time among individuals show a negative slope (i.e. pupal weight tends to decrease with increases in development time). Females are significantly larger than males at all temperatures, showing a female‐biased sex size dimorphism. It is also found that development time and pupal weight vary greatly among individuals, particularly at lower temperatures. The results of the present study demonstrate a reverse‐TSR associated with a negative relationship between larval development time and pupal weight in a tropical population of O. furnacalis.
Depression and hopelessness in pre‐clinical medical students
Authors: Coskun Ozlem , Ocalan Ali Ozgurcan , Ocbe Cetin Batuhan , Semiz Huseyin Omer , Budakoglu Irem 
Published: August 2019

SummaryBackgroundMental distress seriously affects the quality of life of medical students. Medical students face mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and hopelessness. The pre‐clinical years include substantial changes in a student's life, such as moving cities and losing friends, which can complicate an already stressful life, leading to depression and hopelessness. This study aims to determine the levels of depression and hopelessness, and the habits that can affect these levels, among pre‐clinical medical students.MethodsA descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted using anonymous questionnaires composed of the Beck Depression Scale (BDS), the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and questions about sociodemographic and perceived reasons for happiness or unhappiness. We invited pre‐clinical medical students to join the study.Particularly during the pre‐clinical years, medical students face the adverse effects of changing cities, social circles co‐workersResultsA total of 1015 (70.5%) students participated in the study. The prevalence of depression among pre‐clinical students was found to be 27.7 per cent and mild levels of hopelessness were found in 54.4 per cent. A meaningful positive correlation was found between the BDS scores and BHS scores of medical students (r = 0.535; p < 0.0001). The BDS scores of students who were ex‐smokers, daily consumers of fizzy beverages and energy drinks, and students with chronic diseases were significantly higher (p < 0.05). The BHS scores of the students who were ex‐smokers and daily consumers of fizzy drinks, as well as intersex students, had significantly higher scores than the other groups (p < 0.05).DiscussionA healthy social life and effective psychological counselling services are very much needed for mental well‐being among medical students in their pre‐clinical year.
Student belief about the value of challenge
Authors: Rudland JR , Golding C , Jaye C , Tweed M , Wilkinson TJ 
Published: August 2019

SummaryBackgroundThe undergraduate curriculum tends to focus on how individuals can cope with stress especially when transitioning from the classroom to the clinical workplace environment. Often this carries the message that stress is bad, yet little attention has been paid to the influence of one's belief regarding the value of stress for learning. Because stress is often perceived as bad, we chose to use the term ‘challenge’ in exploring the associations amongst belief of the value of challenge, the challenge experienced, the perceived learning, affect and staff support.MethodsAt the end of each clinical module within a medical curriculum, medical students rated the perceived learning, degree of challenge, affect, support and the value of challenge for learning. The value and associations amongst these variables were analysed.ResultsThe challenge for students varied according to the type of module. Students generally considered that challenge promoted rather than hindered learning. The level of challenge experienced may influence the perception of the value of challenge for learning. However, when challenge was regarded as beneficial, this was strongly, positively associated with perceived learning, positive affect and support.DiscussionStudents who believe challenge is positive also perceive that such challenges promote learning. Likewise students who regard challenge as negative are less likely to learn from such challenges. The positive relationship between the belief of the value of challenge with affect and support may have positive implications for well‐being. It is contended that curriculum planners should acknowledge the potential positive influence of stressors in clinical education and that challenge can be seen as valuable when there is student support and measures associated with maintaining a positive affect.
The Development of the Physical Activity and Social Support Scale
Authors: Golaszewski Natalie M. , Bartholomew John B. 
Published: August 2019

Research suggests 5 forms of social support: companionship, emotional, informational, instrumental, and validation. Despite this, existing measures of social support for physical activity are limited to emotional, companionship, and instrumental support. The purpose was to develop the Physical Activity and Social Support Scale (PASSS) with subscales that reflected all 5 forms. Participants (N = 506, mean age = 34.3 yr) who were active at least twice per week completed a 235-item questionnaire assessing physical activity behaviors, social support for physical activity, general social support, and other psychosocial questions. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to develop and validate the PASSS. Exploratory factor analysis supported a 5-factor, 20-item model, χ2(100) = 146.22,p < .05, root mean square error of approximation = .05. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit, Satorra–Bentler χ2(143) = 199.57,p < .001, root mean square error of approximation = .04, comparative-fit index = .97, standardized root mean square residual = .06. Findings support the PASSS to measure all 5 forms for physical activity.
Feasibility of automated insulin delivery guided by continuous glucose monitoring in preterm infants
Authors: Beardsall Kathryn , Thomson Lynn , Elleri Daniela , Dunger David B , Hovorka Roman 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveClosed-loop systems have been used to optimise insulin delivery in children with diabetes, but they have not been tested in neonatal intensive care. Extremely preterm infants are prone to hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia; both of which have been associated with adverse outcomes. Insulin sensitivity is notoriously variable in these babies and glucose control is time-consuming, with management requiring frequent changes of dextrose-containing fluids and careful monitoring of insulin treatment. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of closed-loop management of glucose control in these infants.Design and settingSingle-centre feasibility study with a randomised parallel design in a neonatal intensive care unit. Eligibility criteria included birth weight <1200 g and <48 hours of age. All infants had subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring for the first week of life, with those in the intervention group receiving closed-loop insulin delivery in a prespecified window, between 48 and 72 hours of age during which time the primary outcome was percentage of time in target (sensor glucose 4–8 mmol/L).ResultsThe mean (SD) gestational age and birth weight of intervention and control study arms were 27.0 (2.4) weeks, 962 (164) g and 27.5 (2.8) weeks, 823 (282) g, respectively, and were not significantly different. The time in target was dramatically increased from median (IQR) 26% (6-64) with paper guidance to 91% (78-99) during closed loop (p<0.001). There were no serious adverse events and no difference in total insulin infused.ConclusionsClosed-loop glucose control based on subcutaneous glucose measurements appears feasible as a potential method of optimising glucose control in extremely preterm infants.
Similar risk of ACL graft revision for alpine skiers, football and handball players: the graft revision rate is influenced by age and graft choice
Authors: Ekeland Arne , Engebretsen Lars , Fenstad Anne Marie , Heir Stig 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesThe risk of graft revision following ACL reconstruction may depend on the sport type the individuals are engaged in. The purpose of this study was to report the ACL graft revision rate in alpine skiers, football and handball players.Materials and methodsPrimary ACL reconstructions and graft revision data from 2004 to December 2016 were obtained from the Norwegian Cruciate Ligament Registry. The graft survival rates were calculated for individuals in each of the three sport types, for bone patellar tendon bone (BPTB) and hamstring tendons (HT) grafts separately, and related to age at primary operation and sex.ResultsA total of 711 grafts in 14 201 primary ACL reconstructions were revised (5.0%) after median 6 years, 3.8% in alpine skiers, 5.0% in soccer and 6.1% in handball players (p<0.001). Adjusted Cox regression showed similar ACL graft survival rates in the three groups. The HR for graft revision was 5 times higher for individuals aged ≤18 years than for those aged ≥35 years (p<0.001). The corresponding HR for graft type was 1.8 times higher for HT than for BPTB grafts (p<0.001), but 2.8 times higher for individuals aged ≤18 years (p<0.001). The 12 years survival of BPTB grafts was 96% compared with 93% for HT grafts (p <0.001).ConclusionThe revision rate for ACL grafts was similar among alpine skiers, football and handball players, and the results support the use of BPTB grafts in young athletes with closed growth zones in the knee.Study designCohort study; level of evidence, 2.
Better evidence: prospective cohort study assessing the utility of an evidence-based clinical resource at the University of Rwanda
Authors: Valtis Yannis K , Rosenberg Julie D , Wachter Keri , Kisenge Rodrick , Mashili Fredirick , Chande Mallya Rehema , Walker Timothy David , Kabakambira J Damascene , Egide Abahuje , Ntacyabukura Blaise , Weintraub Rebecca 
Published: August 2019

ObjectiveEvidence-based clinical resources (EBCRs) have the potential to improve diagnostic and therapeutic accuracy. The majority of US teaching medical institutions have incorporated them into clinical training. Many EBCRs are subscription based, and their cost is prohibitive for most clinicians and trainees in low-income and middle-income countries. We sought to determine the utility of EBCRs in an East African medical school.SettingThe University of Rwanda (UR), a medical school located in East Africa.ParticipantsMedical students and faculty members at UR.InterventionsWe offered medical students and faculty at UR free access to UpToDate, a leading EBCR and conducted a cohort study to assess its uptake and usage. Students completed two surveys on their study habits and gave us permission to access their activity on UpToDate and their grades.ResultsOf the 980 medical students invited to enrol over 2 years, 547 did (56%). Of eligible final year students, 88% enrolled. At baseline, 92% of students reported ownership of an internet-capable device, and the majority indicated using free online resources frequently for medical education. Enrolled final year students viewed, on average, 1.24 topics per day and continued to use UpToDate frequently after graduation from medical school. Graduating class exam performance was better after introduction of UpToDate than in previous years.ConclusionsRemoval of the cost barrier was sufficient to generate high uptake of a leading EBCR by senior medical students and habituate them to continued usage after graduation.
Motivation, challenges and realities of volunteer community cardiac arrest response: a qualitative study of ‘lay’ community first responders
Authors: Barry Tomás , Guerin Suzanne , Bury Gerard 
Published: August 2019

ObjectivesTo explore the reasons why lay community first responders (CFRs) volunteer to participate in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest response and the realities of their experience in providing this service to the community.DesignA qualitative study, using in-depth semistructured interviews that were recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis was undertaken and credibility checks conducted.SettingNine geographically varied lay CFR schemes throughout Ireland.ParticipantsTwelve experienced CFRs.ResultsCFRs were motivated to participate based on a variety of factors. These included altruistic, social and pre-existing emergency care interest. A proportion of CFRs may volunteer because of experience of cardiac arrest or illness in a relative. Sophisticated structures and complex care appear to underpin CFR involvement in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Strategic and organisational issues, multifaceted cardiac arrest care and the psychosocial impact of participation were considered.ConclusionsHealth systems that facilitate CFR out-of-hospital cardiac arrest response should consider a variety of relevant issues. These issues include the suitability of those that volunteer, complexities of resuscitation/end-of-life care, responder psychological welfare as well as CFRs’ core role of providing early basic life support and defibrillation in the community.
Role of B1 and B2 lymphocytes in placental ischemia-induced hypertension
Authors: Laule Connor F. , Odean Evan J. , Wing Cameron R. , Root Kate M. , Towner Kendra J. , Hamm Cassandra M. , Gilbert Jeffrey S. , Fleming Sherry D. , Regal Jean F. 
Published: August 2019

Preeclampsia is a prevalent pregnancy complication characterized by new-onset maternal hypertension and inflammation, with placental ischemia as the initiating event. Studies of others have provided evidence for the importance of lymphocytes in placental ischemia-induced hypertension; however, the contributions of B1 versus B2 lymphocytes are unknown. We hypothesized that peritoneal B1 lymphocytes are important for placental ischemia-induced hypertension. As an initial test of this hypothesis, the effect of anti-CD20 depletion on both B-cell populations was determined in a reduced utero-placental perfusion pressure (RUPP) model of preeclampsia. Anti-murine CD20 monoclonal antibody (5 mg/kg, Clone 5D2) or corresponding mu IgG2a isotype control was administered intraperitoneally to timed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats on gestation day (GD)10 and 13. RUPP or sham control surgeries were performed on GD14, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured on GD19 from a carotid catheter. As anticipated, RUPP surgery increased MAP and heart rate and decreased mean fetal and placental weight. However, anti-CD20 treatment did not affect these responses. On GD19, B-cell populations were enumerated in the blood, peritoneal cavity, spleen, and placenta with flow cytometry. B1 and B2 cells were not significantly increased following RUPP. Anti-CD20 depleted B1 and B2 cells in peritoneum and circulation but depleted only B2 lymphocytes in spleen and placenta, with no effect on circulating or peritoneal IgM. Overall, these data do not exclude a role for antibodies produced by B cells before depletion but indicate the presence of B lymphocytes in the last trimester of pregnancy is not critical for placental ischemia-induced hypertension.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The adaptive and innate immune systems are implicated in hypertension, including the pregnancy-specific hypertensive condition preeclampsia. However, the mechanism of immune system dysfunction leading to pregnancy-induced hypertension is unresolved. In contrast to previous reports, this study reveals that the presence of classic B2 lymphocytes and peritoneal and circulating B1 lymphocytes is not required for development of hypertension following third trimester placental ischemia in a rat model of pregnancy-induced hypertension.