bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nová právní úprava práce na dálku v zákoníku práce
Authors:   University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Czech Republic, Mimra Miroslav 
Published: November 2024

This article highlights the shortcomings of the new legal regulation of telework (work from home) in the Labour Code. The article provides some recommendations which could be used when concluding a telework agreement between an employer and an employee. It also highlights the failure to comply with the labour law principle which states that dependent employment should be performed at the employer’s expense. Moreover, the article mentions the issues related to compliance with health and safety regulations for employees.
Aktuální stav dokončení hospodářské a měnové uni
Authors:   Vysoká Škola finanční a správní, a. s., Novotný Jiří 
Published: November 2024

An integral part of cooperation in the monetary area is the coordination of economic policies with an emphasis on fiscal policy. Economic development and the achievement of coordination of the economic policies of the member states is ensured through the main directions of economic policies and at the same time by continuous monitoring of the performance of national economic policies and their assessment with the set goals of integration. In the matter of the internal market and economic cohesion, the Union has a shared competence with the Member States. The member states have undertaken to coordinate economic and employment policies within the Union, in accordance with the legal regulation which the Union has the authority to establish. Through the communication of 6 December 2017, the Commission presented a proposal for further, six steps in total towards the completion of the economic and monetary union. After more than six years, it can unfortunately be stated that the ambitious plans of the Commission did not reach the expected goal, when only two of the six proposals of the Commission were accepted in the EU legislative process, one of its proposals was withdrawn by the Commission and the remaining three proposals are still in the discussion stage.
Ochrana zvierat ako súčasť verejného záujmu z pohľadu Európskeho súdu pre ľudské práva
Authors:   Právnická fakulta Univerzity Komenského v Bratislave, Paľuchová Petra 
Published: November 2024

Human rights hold rich potential for making a difference in other areas as well. Recent years have seen initiatives, seeking to improve the status of animals and their place in the legal system, which resulted in the development of a new field of the so-called Global animal law. The provision of protection to animals has thus naturally also found its way into fundamental rights jurisprudence, inevitably including the jurisprudence of the ECtHR, which stated that the treatment of animals is a matter of general public interest. It is true, however, that the subject of protection by the ECtHR is the interest that people may feel in relation to the welfare and suffering of animals, and not the welfare of animals as a protected interest as an end in itself. The present paper thus focuses on the use of human rights to promote change in the protection of animal rights and the role that the ECtHR plays in the gradual process of strengthening animal rights through the interpretation of the Convention as a living instrument. The paper also links the above mentioned issue to the increasing number of cases concerning the adverse impacts of degrading environmental quality on human lives, which may mark a significant shift in the protection afforded to animals by the ECtHR.
Ius commune – jeho pramene a charakteristika
Authors:   Katedra dejín práva Právnickej fakulty Trnavskej univerzity v Trnave, Prudovič Marek 
Published: November 2024

The paper is focused on a comprehensive view that clarifies the sources that contributed to the emergence of ius commune as universal law in the Middle Ages, namely Roman law, and canon law. At the same time, it addresses the questions of its characteristics, both from a socio-historical and a legal point of view. We address the questions of its origin, which relates to medieval universities, especially the University of Bologna, where a new exegetic method of historical comparison, namely the gloss, is being formed, in both its forms, i.e., marginal, and interlinear. We also made a short historical excursion through its development from glossators through post-glossators to commentators. In conclusion, we point out to the connection of ius commune to present law in Europe. At the beginning of the article, we also focus on some questions of the methodology of legal-historical research, namely the applicability of the methodology consisting in the comparison of different legal systems that are not related to each other in time or geography.
Právo užívania pôdy v právnej úprave socialistického Československa
Authors:   Katedra dejín štátu a práva, Právnická fakulta, Univerzita Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici, Skaloš Martin 
Published: November 2024

The most fundamental change in the legal system of socialist Czechoslovakia was the breaking of the unitary institution of ownership. On the contrary, new diverse forms of use of agricultural land and apartments gained importance, which significantly suppressed the broad meaning of ownership. The Civil Code of 1964 introduced the institution of “personal use of land”, which in a certain way shared characteristic features with the right of construction. It was mainly about the fact that on the basis of personal use of land, a citizen could set up a building on state land and then use the land together with the building. However, the aim pursued by the institute in question was diametrically different from the essence of construction law. The right of construction was supposed to somehow break the “superficies solo cedit” principle, to enable the builder to set up a building on someone else’s land and then use it.
Legal History and Theory of Law: Unraveling the Foundations of Jurisprudence
Authors:   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Soltanibahrehmand Somayyeh 
Published: November 2024

This extensive academic paper takes a deep dive into the history and theory of law, unraveling the complex network of legal systems and intellectual frameworks that form the basis of our understanding of justice and governance. Starting from ancient legal systems and progressing through medieval and Renaissance legal thought to contemporary legal systems, the exploration traces the development of legal principles. The article then explores jurisprudential frameworks such as natural law, legal positivism, and critical legal studies, elucidating the theoretical foundations that shape modern legal thinking. It also discusses the challenges and future directions of law in the 21st century, considering factors like globalization, technological advancements, and evolving socio-political dynamics.
Role Ústavního soudu České republiky související s pandemií vyvolanou koronavirem COVID-19
Authors:   Metropolitní univerzita Praha, o.p.s., Katedra právních disciplín a veřejné správy, Vetešník Pavel 
Published: November 2024

The coronavirus pandemic COVID-19, which also affected the Czech Republic, had a major impact on all areas of activity, including the activities of the Constitutional Court. The persons concerned turned to the Constitutional Court both through constitutional complaints and motions to repeal the regulation. Thus, the Constitutional Court first had to deal with the definition of individual legal forms of measures issued by public administration bodies to prevent or mitigate the spread of a pandemic and the possibility of judicial review of these measures. In my contribution, I will therefore focus on these aspects, which I will define in specific court decisions. The decision of the Constitutional Court was not always unanimous, and therefore I will also mention the different opinions of some judges of the Constitutional Court. Nevertheless, the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic have a fundamental influence on the decisions of other courts and the issuance of measures by public administration bodies.
Treatment of equine keratomycosis, part 2: reporting common systemic and ocular complications to enhance decision-making for equine clinicians and owners
Authors: Smith Hannah L. , Love Kim R. , Antezana Ariana , Barr Erin M. , Gilger Brian C. , Oh Annie 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
The primary aims were to provide descriptive data on systemic and ocular complications associated with the treatment of equine keratomycosis. The secondary aims were to determine if complication rates differ between treatment types or are related to surgical and anesthetic factors.

METHODS
The study was a retrospective evaluation of 126 cases between 2004 and 2020 with confirmed fungal infection and recorded incidence of complications during hospitalization and surgical intervention if pursued. Additional information recorded included the size of the donor graft if utilized, time under general anesthesia, and prescribed medications. Fisher exact and χ2 tests were used to evaluate complication frequency differences. Logistic regression models determined the effects of donor graft size, anesthesia time, and duration of hospitalization on complication rates.

RESULTS
Hypercreatininemia followed by colic were the most frequent systemic complications in the medical treatment group. Colic and conjunctival graft dehiscence were the most frequent systemic and ocular complications in all surgery treatment groups, respectively. The frequency of systemic complications did not vary between treatment groups, although colic rates were significantly higher following general anesthesia. All colic cases were resolved with supportive care. Donor graft size, anesthesia time, and duration of hospitalization did not impact complication frequency. The mainstays of medical therapy included topical fluoroquinolones, topical voriconazole, topical atropine, oral NSAIDS, and oral gastroprotectants.

CONCLUSIONs
Treatment of keratomycosis is associated with a range of complications. Colic remains a significant risk, with increased frequency reported following general anesthesia.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Reporting common complications associated with treatment aids in decision-making for equine clinicians and owners.
Income concealment and its impact on the Economy
Authors: Kurti Skerdian , Visha Arnold 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
The revenues collected from taxes and levies constitute the largest part of the State budget. These revenues are significant as, without them, the State’s financial activities cannot be carried out, nor can the public needs of society be met. More revenue from taxes and levies means more schools, kindergartens, nurseries, hospitals, roads, and more services for the community, drafting effective social and criminal policies to protect individuals and society. For this purpose, it is important not only to determine the level of taxes and levies but also to protect their collection to ensure the necessary services for the benefit of society. One way to protect tax and levy collection is through criminal legislation. Among the criminal offenses provided for this purpose, Article 180 titled “Income Concealment”, which punishes all illegal behaviors that favor tax evasion, is of great importance. Through this paper, we aim to present the direct importance of revenue collection for the economic and social development of a country by initially identifying some of the ways in which the criminal act of income concealment is committed by commercial companies. This paper will also include a brief analysis of criminal legislation protecting tax revenues before moving on to the economic analysis of tax evasion and the difficulties encountered in combating this phenomenon.
Various apolipoprotein E genotypes relate to responsiveness to flaxseed lignan complex in older persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Barre Douglas E. , Mizier-Barre Kazimiera A. , Griscti Odette 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objective. The objective of the study was to determine if there would be statistically significant differences or trends among apolipoprotein E genotypes in the responsiveness of members of a cluster of seven measures in older persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) consuming flaxseed lignan complex (FLC). The cluster of seven are abdominal obesity, hypertension, platelet hyperaggregability, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia (decreased plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), and increased plasma levels of triglycerides), increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and increased inflammation. All cluster members exacerbate T2DM.

Methods. Sixteen patients with well-controlled T2DM participated in this double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study consisting of four visits. Apolipoprotein E genotyping was done at visit one. The cluster of seven, diet, exercise, smoking and medication use were assessed at each visit.

Results. The 3/4 genotype showed a stronger downward trend in systolic blood pressure compared to the 3/3 genotype with no trend or significant difference in the 2/4 genotype. There was a downward trend in diastolic blood pressure in genotype 3/3 compared genotype 2/4, which showed no significant difference or trend. Only genotype 3/4 showed a significant drop in diastolic pressure compared to genotypes 2/4 and 3/3. HDLc only showed a downward trend in 3/4 relative to genotypes 2/4 and 3/3. LDL apolipoprotein B oxidation (LDL-Box) only showed an upward trend in 3/3 compared to genotypes 2/4 and 3/4. There were no other significant differences or trends by genotype in the cluster of seven.

Conclusions. It appears that those with the 2/4 genotype may not benefit from FLC, those with 3/3 and 3/4 genotypes may benefit only in terms of systolic and diastolic pressures, those with the apo E 3/4 genotype should perhaps avoid FLC to manage HDLc, and those with the 3/3 genotype should perhaps avoid FLC to manage LDL apolipoprotein B oxidation.
Hormonal biomarkers and preterm birth: insights from a study of pregnant women in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Akram Sundas , Ahmad Shaaf , Maqsood Kaleem , Malik Javeria , Iqbal Muhammad Amir , Ahmad Husna , Roohi Nabila 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Objective. Reduced calciferol (vitamin D) levels in pregnant women have been associated with an increased risk to infant health. Progesterone sustains pregnancy and reduces the risk of premature birth through its metabolites affecting myometrial contractility. Sex hormone-binding globulin protein (SHBG) is a biomarker of premature birth. The present study aimed to find out if early pregnancy levels of vitamin D, SHBG, and progesterone metabolites may predict preterm birth risk.

Methods. Five hundred pregnant women aged 18–43 years during their 2nd and 3rd trimesters from multiple civilian regional medical centers in Lahore participated in the study. Blood samples taken from participants were used to determine vitamin D, SHBG, 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), and 16α-hydroxyprogesterone (16α-OHP) levels using specific ELISA kits. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA using the latest GraphPad Prism software.

Results. A significant decrease in vitamin D, DOC, and SHBG levels (p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.05, respectively) in the preterm birth cohorts in the 2nd and 3rd trimester was found compared to the corresponding control groups. Furthermore, 16α-OHP levels in the preterm birth cohorts in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters were significantly increased (p<0.001 and p=0.0062, respectively) compared to their control cohorts.

Conclusion. The results of our study confirm that calciferol deficiency in pregnant women is associated with an increased risk of premature birth and indicate that SHBG and progesterone metabolites may be useful biomarkers for the early identification and prediction of preterm birth.
Post-fire soil water repellency under stones and forest residue mulch versus of bare soil
Authors: Martins Martinho A.S. , Prats Sergio A. , Keizer Jan Jacob , Verheijen Frank G.A. 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Soil water repellency (SWR) is commonly defined as a physical property of soil to resist wetting. Fire can induce, enhance, or reduce SWR and, consequently, lead to considerable changes in soil water infiltration and storage and increase soil erosion by water. The application of mulches to cover burned areas has been found to be an efficient emergency stabilization treatment. However, little is known about possible side effects on SWR, especially long-term effects. Under forests, SWR is known to be very heterogeneous, particularly in proximity to trees and shrubs, litter type and thickness, stones, cracks and roots. This study targeted the effects of post-fire mulching on SWR in a eucalypt plantation five years after a wildfire. The application of forest residue mulch did not significantly change SWR in bare soil patches or under stones, comparing the mulched and untreated plots. By contrast, SWR in the mulched plots was, significantly stronger under mulch than in bare soil. The same was true for both soil organic matter content (SOM) and soil moisture content (SMC), suggesting that SOM played a more important role than SMC. In turn, SWR under mulch was not significantly different from SWR under stone, while both SMC and SOM were significantly higher under mulch than stone. This could be explained by the differences in SMC overriding the effects of the differences SOM, or, alternatively, by possible differences in SOM quality, in particular of the “fresh” input from the mulch. Overall, the present results indicated that different mechanisms may drive SWR dynamics beneath mulch fragments, stones and bare soil patches. A better understanding of these mechanisms is important to improve the knowledge of post-fire overland flow generation and, thereby, to improve its prediction using hydrological models, especially during the early phases of the window-of-disturbance.
Long-term analysis of changes in seasonal and maximum discharges of Slovak rivers in the period 1931–2020
Authors: Mitková Veronika Bačová , Pekárová Pavla , Halmová Dana , Miklánek Pavol , Leščešen Igor 
Published: November 2024

Abstract
Central Europe and other parts of the world have experienced numerous extreme floods and prolonged periods of very low water discharges. With the increasing length and availability of hydrological data time series, it is now possible to analyse a larger volume of data. This paper presents long-term of changes in seasonal and maximum discharges. This paper aims to comprehensively assess the hydrological regime changes of Slovak rivers, using data from 26 gauging stations based on 90 years of observation. The study’s first part explores monthly flow changes within each year for selected Slovak rivers. The second part identifies changes in the maximum daily discharges, their long-term trends, and their occurrences. Additionally, we have compared the variability of the hydrological regime of the Slovak rivers with the variability of the hydrological regime of selected gauging stations on the Danube River and its tributaries, such as the Drava, Sajó, and Tisa rivers, to understand broader regional patterns. The findings show that the rivers selected exhibit relatively high intra-annual runoff variability, with various changes in the runoff regime curve based on the long-term monthly Pardé coefficient. For the Slovak region, maximum annual runoff variability is observed in the Krupinica and Plašťovce rivers (reaching a maximum of 12.1 during the period 1930–1960), while minimum annual runoff variability is observed in the Biely Váh River (2.205 for the period 1930–1960). The long-term trend analysis of the Burn index time series for maximum daily discharges over the entire period from 1930/31 to 2019/20, as well as the significance of trends during the summer-autumn and winter-spring seasons, shows that stations exhibited decreasing, stable, or increasing trends. The most significant increasing trend was observed at sixteen of the stations analyzed: at seventeen stations during the summer-autumn season and at nine stations during the winter-spring season over the period from 1930/31 to 2019/20.
The effect of low and moderate myopia on corneal, retinal, and intraretinal layers’ thickness by spectral optical coherence tomography
Authors: Maciejewska Karina Janina , Pokorzyńska-Zelek Sara 
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Introduction: An important goal of biomedical physics and engineering is to study possible confounding factors in diagnosis or treatment to minimize erogenous interpretations due to overestimation or covering pathology-related changes. We aimed to examine the effect of refractive error on corneal thickness, retinal thickness (including its layers), and optic disc parameters in low myopia and moderate myopia, as compared to the emmetropic group.

Material and methods: Sixty eyes from 30 (18 women) young, healthy, physically active, non-smokers, with normal color perception, and no ophthalmological or neurological medical history Caucasians at the age of 24.6 ± 1.5 years were examined. The studied groups were defined based on the SE (spherical equivalent): emmetropia (−0.5 D ≤ SE ≤ 0.75 D, 20 eyes), low myopia (−3 D < SE < -0.5 D, 20 eyes), and moderate myopia (−6 ≤ SE ≤ −3 D, 20 eyes). Spectral optical coherence tomography imaging (SOCT) through SOCT Copernicus HR device (OPTOPOL Technology Sp. z o.o., Poland) was used.

Results: Corneal thickness, peripapillary RNFL thickness, and optic disc parameters didn’t change between emmetropic, low myopia, and moderate myopia groups. However, macular retinal thickness decreased with increasing refractive error. Interestingly, particular retinal layers’ thicknesses changed differently with increasing spherical equivalent (SE). A thickening of external macular retina layers was observed in the central and inner sectors, while a thinning of internal retinal layers was seen mainly in the outer ring when SE increased from emmetropia to moderate myopia.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that changes in retinal thickness due to refractive error may appear even in earlier stages than high myopia. Moreover, different retina layers change differently with SE and not every sector behaves in the same manner. These results are especially worth noting, as they point out the necessity of taking into account different behaviors of retinal layers in low and moderately myopic eyes in interpreting the measurement results when diagnosing ocular pathologies or preparing ophthalmologic surgeries.