bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Climate Simulations With the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Gettelman A. , Callaghan P. , Larson V. E. , Zarzycki C. M. , Bacmeister J. T. , Lauritzen P. H. , Bogenschutz P. A. , Neale R. B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe spectral element (SE) variable‐resolution (VR) mesh dynamical core is tested in developmental versions of the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2). The SE dynamical core is tested in baroclinic wave, aquaplanet and full physics configurations to evaluate variable‐resolution simulations against uniform high and uniform low‐resolution simulations. Different physical parameterization suites are also evaluated to gauge their sensitivity to resolution. Dry dynamical core variable‐resolution cases compare well to high‐resolution tests. More recent versions of the atmospheric physics, including cloud schemes for CESM2, are less sensitive to changes in horizontal resolution. Most of the sensitivity is due to sensitivity to time step and interactions between deep convection and large‐scale condensation, which is expected from the closure methods. The resulting full physics SE‐VR model produces a similar climate to the global low‐resolution mesh and similar high‐frequency statistics in the high‐resolution region. The SE‐VR simulations are able to reproduce uniform high‐resolution results, making them an effective tool for regional climate simulations at lower computational cost. Some biases are reduced (orographic precipitation in Western United States), but biases do not necessarily go away at high resolution (e.g., summertime surface temperatures). Variable‐resolution grids are a viable alternative to traditional nesting for regional climate studies and are available in CESM2.
Dispersion Relations, Power Laws, and Energy Loss for Waves in the Marginal Ice Zone
Authors: Meylan M. H. , Bennetts L. G. , Mosig J. E. M. , Rogers W. E. , Doble M. J. , Peter M. A. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractAnalysis of field measurements of ocean surface wave activity in the marginal ice zone, from campaigns in the Arctic and Antarctic and over a range of different ice conditions, shows the wave attenuation rate with respect to distance has a power law dependence on the frequency with order between two and four. With this backdrop, the attenuation‐frequency power law dependencies given by three dispersion relation models are obtained under the assumptions of weak attenuation, negligible deviation of the wave number from the open water wave number, and thin ice. It is found that two of the models (both implemented in WAVEWATCH III®), predict attenuation rates that are far more sensitive to frequency than indicated by the measurements. An alternative method is proposed to derive dispersion relation models, based on energy loss mechanisms. The method is used to generate example models that predict power law dependencies that are comparable with the field measurements.
Wave Attenuation Through an Arctic Marginal Ice Zone on 12 October 2015: 2. Numerical Modeling of Waves and Associated Ice Breakup
Authors: Ardhuin Fabrice , Boutin Guillaume , Stopa Justin , Girard‐Ardhuin Fanny , Melsheimer Christian , Thomson Jim , Kohout Alison , Doble Martin , Wadhams Peter 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMany processes that affect ocean surface gravity waves in sea ice give rise to attenuation rates that vary with both wave frequency and amplitude. Here we particularly test the possible effects of basal friction, scattering by ice floes, and dissipation in the ice layer due to dislocations, and ice breakup by the waves. The possible influence of these processes is evaluated in the marginal ice zone of the Beaufort Sea, where extensive wave measurements were performed. The wave data includes in situ measurements and the first kilometer‐scale map of wave heights provided by Sentinel‐1 SAR imagery on 12 October 2015, up to 400 km into the ice. We find that viscous friction at the base of an ice layer gives a dissipation rate that may be too large near the ice edge, where ice is mostly in the form of pancakes. Further into the ice, where larger floes are present, basal friction is not sufficient to account for the observed attenuation. In both regions, the observed narrow directional wave spectra are consistent with a parameterization that gives a weak effect of wave scattering by ice floes. For this particular event, with a dominant wave period around 10 s, we propose that wave attenuation is caused by ice flexure combined with basal friction that is reduced when the ice layer is not continuous. This combination gives realistic wave heights, associated with a 100–200 km wide region over which the ice is broken by waves, as observed in SAR imagery.
Data Sharing and Scientific Impact in Eddy Covariance Research
Authors: Bond‐Lamberty B. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractDo the benefits of data sharing outweigh its perceived costs? This is a critical question, and one with the potential to change culture and behavior. Dai et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG004277) examined how data sharing is related to scientific impact in the field of eddy covariance (EC) and found that data sharers are disproportionately high‐impact researchers, and vice versa; they also note strong regional differences in EC data‐sharing norms. The current policies and restrictions of EC journals and repositories are highly uneven. Incentivizing data sharing and enhancing computational reproducibility are critical next steps for EC, ecology, and science more broadly.
A study on the secular change of residents’ population structure in different housing types in a suburb of Tokyo
Authors: Lee Yonggeun , Otsuki Toshio 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThis study aims to clarify the secular change of population structure by housing type and the resident movement, which is thought to be the primary cause of the population structure's secular change. The study focuses on population indices such as aging rate, average age, age structure, and the rate of continuous living households (C.L.H) at the newly built house stage. Through this study, the following points have been clarified: first, there is no big difference in the population structure indices of residents living in newly built houses irrespective of housing types. However, a difference in population structure occurs and gets larger as time progresses. Second, in the case of detached houses at the 35‐year‐old stage, the rate of C.L.H is 56.8%. On the other hand, the rate of C.L.H at the 35‐year‐old stage is 17.5% in condominiums and 0.8% in rental apartments. Third, it is thought that, because of the difference in the rate of C.L.H, population structure of residents living in 35‐year‐old houses varies due to secular change depending on housing types.
Development of an optimization method for a heat source and a chart for operational design using a genetic algorithm and Lagrange multiplier
Authors: Ikeda Shintaro , Nagai Tatsuo 
Published: March 2018

AbstractVarious optimization methods for heat sources and operational designs have been studied to reduce energy consumption in the building sector. Some problems, however, remain to be improved. Furthermore, some designers plan building services considering empirical laws in general buildings. Even if they plan on using the optimum design, the plans are not necessarily the most suitable for people who operate heat sources at operation centers. This study developed an optimization method for a heat source using a genetic algorithm and Lagrange multiplier as an improvement of previous methods. Furthermore, a chart for an operational design was also generated. The genetic algorithm was used to determine the capacity of heat source machines and the Lagrange multiplier method was used to determine the optimal operating schedules of available heat source machines. The results show that the proposed method can provide optimization solutions under the condition of continuous load rates, the calculation is faster than those of previous methods, and the chart is convenient for workers at operation centers. Using the chart, operators can easily understand which heat sources to operate and how much output they will provide.
Analytical study of the main causes of damage to pile foundations during the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake
Authors: Kaneko Osamu , Kawamata Shiori , Nakai Shoichi , Sekiguchi Toru , Mukai Tomohisa 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe authors performed static analyses using a foundation structure model to simulate the process leading to distinctive damage to pile foundations during the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. Notable aspects of the analytical method used for this simulation include consideration of the nonlinear load‐deformation characteristics of pile elements, the dependence of the rotational stiffness at the pile head on the axial load, and the nonlinear behavior of soil spring including the pile group effect. The results of the simulations of pile failure for each loading direction provide a useful explanation of the observed damage to pile foundations. The proposed analysis method can be considered a practical approach to the seismic design of foundations subject to severe earthquakes.
Encapsulation of Plant Viral Particles in Calcite Crystals
Authors: Al‐Handawi Marieh B. , Commins Patrick , Shukla Sourabh , Didier Pascal , Tanaka Masahiko , Raj Gijo , Veliz Frank A. , Pasricha Renu , Steinmetz Nicole F. , Naumov Panče 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe concept of biomineralization and encapsulation of organic molecules into inorganic matrices to alter and enhance their physical properties has been evolved and perfected in natural systems. Being inspired by the natural biomineralization of foreign components into calcite, here the inclusion of a plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) of 5.4% by mass into crystals of calcite is reported. The viral particles are labeled with a fluorescent tag (Alexa Fluor 532), and are observed within the calcite matrix using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Upon encapsulation, the calcite crystals exhibit an irregular and aggregated morphology, as visualized with atomic force and electron microscopy. The viral particles protected inside the calcite crystals are able to resist harsh chemical agents. While spherical viral particles such as CPMV can be easily included in calcite, viruses such as the tobacco mosaic virus are not compatible with the host, presumably due to their high aspect ratio. The results provide a simple and scalable method to incorporate viral particles into inorganic matrix, and could prove useful in thermal stabilization of sensitive viral biological agents such as vaccines in the future.
Morphology‐Dependent Magnetism in Nanographene: Beyond Nanoribbons
Authors: Tuček Jiří , Błoński Piotr , Malina Ondřej , Pumera Martin , Chua Chun Kiang , Otyepka Michal , Zbořil Radek 
Published: March 2018

AbstractImprinting self‐sustainable magnetic features into graphene has recently generated much interest owing to its potential application in spintronics. Several strategies for imprinting magnetic features into graphene are proposed theoretically. However, only a few of them are realized experimentally. Here, the first scalable synthesis of magnetic graphene nanoplatelets with diverse morphologies, including nanoribbons and triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, and other polyhedral shapes, is reported. This material enters the ferromagnetic regime at a temperature of ≈37 K with magnetization approaching ≈0.45 emu g−1 under high external magnetic fields. Theoretical calculations are used to explain this sort of morphology‐driven magnetism of graphene nanoplatelets, which emerges from the synergistic effects of the size, geometry of nanographenes, edge terminations, and angle between adjacent edges. In addition, they suggest a new way for preparing magnetically ordered graphene nanoplatelets with a higher transition temperature. In this respect, triangular motifs with zigzag edges represent the most promising morphology of graphene nanoplatelets, which can remain magnetically ordered up to ≈107 K. Based on these challenging results, further tuning of the size and morphology in spatially confined nanographenes combined with doping and sp3 functionalization will enable the preparation of magnetically ordered half‐metallic carbon sustainable up to room temperature, thus opening new opportunities in spintronics.
Integrin Clustering Matters: A Review of Biomaterials Functionalized with Multivalent Integrin‐Binding Ligands to Improve Cell Adhesion, Migration, Differentiation, Angiogenesis, and Biomedical Device Integration
Authors: Karimi Fatemeh , O'Connor Andrea J. , Qiao Greg G. , Heath Daniel E. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractMaterial systems that exhibit tailored interactions with cells are a cornerstone of biomaterial and tissue engineering technologies. One method of achieving these tailored interactions is to biofunctionalize materials with peptide ligands that bind integrin receptors present on the cell surface. However, cell biology research has illustrated that both integrin binding and integrin clustering are required to achieve a full adhesion response. This biophysical knowledge has motivated researchers to develop material systems biofunctionalized with nanoscale clusters of ligands that promote both integrin occupancy and clustering of the receptors. These materials have improved a wide variety of biological interactions in vitro including cell adhesion, proliferation, migration speed, gene expression, and stem cell differentiation; and improved in vivo outcomes including increased angiogenesis, tissue healing, and biomedical device integration. This review first introduces the techniques that enable the fabrication of these nanopatterned materials, describes the improved biological effects that have been achieved, and lastly discusses the current limitations of the technology and where future advances may occur. Although this technology is still in its nascency, it will undoubtedly play an important role in the future development of biomaterials and tissue engineering scaffolds for both in vitro and in vivo applications.
Revisiting the Role of Polysulfides in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Li Gaoran , Wang Shun , Zhang Yining , Li Matthew , Chen Zhongwei , Lu Jun 
Published: March 2018

AbstractIntermediate polysulfides (Sn, where n = 2–8) play a critical role in both mechanistic understanding and performance improvement of lithium–sulfur batteries. The rational management of polysulfides is of profound significance for high‐efficiency sulfur electrochemistry. Here, the key roles of polysulfides are discussed, with regard to their status, behavior, and their correspondingimpact on the lithium–sulfur system. Two schools of thoughts for polysulfide management are proposed, their advantages and disadvantages are compared, and future developments are discussed.
Recent Advances in Intrinsic Self‐Healing Cementitious Materials
Authors: Li Wenting , Dong Biqin , Yang Zhengxian , Xu Jing , Chen Qing , Li Haoxin , Xing Feng , Jiang Zhengwu 
Published: March 2018

AbstractSelf‐healing is a natural phenomenon whereby living organisms respond to damage. Recently, considerable research efforts have been invested in self‐healing cementitious materials that are capable of restoring structural integrity and mechanical properties after being damaged. Inspired by nature, a variety of creative approaches are explored here based on the intrinsic or extrinsic healing mechanism. Research on new intrinsic self‐healing cementitious materials with biomimetic features is on the forefront of material science, which provides a promising way to construct resilient and sustainable concrete infrastructures. Here, the current advances in the development of the intrinsic healing cementitious materials are described, and a new definition of intrinsic self‐healing discussed. The methods to assess the efficiency of different healing mechanisms are briefly summarized. The critical insights are emphasized to guide the future research on the development of new self‐healing cementitious materials.
Chemical‐to‐Electricity Carbon: Water Device
Authors: He Sisi , Zhang Yueyu , Qiu Longbin , Zhang Longsheng , Xie Yun , Pan Jian , Chen Peining , Wang Bingjie , Xu Xiaojie , Hu Yajie , Dinh Cao Thang , De Luna Phil , Banis Mohammad Norouzi , Wang Zhiqiang , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Gong Xingao , Zhang Bo , Peng Huisheng , Sargent Edward H. 
Published: March 2018

AbstractThe ability to release, as electrical energy, potential energy stored at the water:carbon interface is attractive, since water is abundant and available. However, many previous reports of such energy converters rely on either flowing water or specially designed ionic aqueous solutions. These requirements restrict practical application, particularly in environments with quiescent water. Here, a carbon‐based chemical‐to‐electricity device that transfers the chemical energy to electrical form when coming into contact with quiescent deionized water is reported. The device is built using carbon nanotube yarns, oxygen content of which is modulated using oxygen plasma‐treatment. When immersed in water, the device discharges electricity with a power density that exceeds 700 mW m−2, one order of magnitude higher than the best previously published result. X‐ray absorption and density functional theory studies support a mechanism of operation that relies on the polarization of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. The devices are incorporated into a flexible fabric for powering personal electronic devices.
CMOS‐Compatible Controlled Hyperdoping of Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Berencén Yonder , Prucnal Slawomir , Möller Wolfhard , Hübner René , Rebohle Lars , Böttger Roman , Glaser Markus , Schönherr Tommy , Yuan Ye , Wang Mao , Georgiev Yordan M. , Erbe Artur , Lugstein Alois , Helm Manfred , Zhou Shengqiang , Skorupa Wolfgang 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHyperdoping consists of the intentional introduction of deep‐level dopants into a semiconductor in excess of equilibrium concentrations. This causes a broadening of dopant energy levels into an intermediate band between the valence and the conduction bands. Recently, bulk Si hyperdoped with chalcogens or transition metals is demonstrated to be an appropriate intermediate‐band material for Si‐based short‐wavelength infrared photodetectors. Intermediate‐band nanowires can potentially be used instead of bulk materials to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit and to improve efficiency in solar cells, but fundamental scientific questions in hyperdoping Si nanowires require experimental verification. The development of a method for obtaining controlled hyperdoping levels at the nanoscale concomitant with the electrical activation of dopants is, therefore, vital to understanding these issues. Here, this paper shows a complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible technique based on nonequilibrium processing for the controlled doping of Si at the nanoscale with dopant concentrations several orders of magnitude greater than the equilibrium solid solubility. Through the nanoscale spatially controlled implantation of dopants, and a bottom‐up template‐assisted solid phase recrystallization of the nanowires with the use of millisecond‐flash lamp annealing, Se‐hyperdoped Si/SiO2 core/shell nanowires are formed that have a room‐temperature sub‐bandgap optoelectronic photoresponse when configured as a photoconductor device.
Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Amino Alcohols Featuring Tetrasubstituted Tertiary Carbons
Authors: Tian Lan , Gong Liang , Zhang Xia 
Published: March 2018

AbstractHere we report a copper‐catalyzed asymmetric propargylic substitution reaction to prepare tetrasubstituted β‐amino‐β‐ethynyl alcohols in high yields and with enantiomeric ratio (er) up to 94:6. This transformation generates tetrasubstituted tertiary carbons by utilizing stable cyclic carbonates and amines as substrates, economical copper catalysts, and easily accessible ligands.magnified image
Visible Light Photocatalytic Radical Addition/Cyclization Reaction of o‐Vinyl‐N‐Alkoxybenzamides for Synthesis of CF3‐Containing Iminoisobenzofurans
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Cheng , Zhao Quan‐Qing , Chen Jun , Tang Qian , Chen Jia‐Rong , Xiao Wen‐Jing 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA visible light‐induced photocatalytic radical addition/cyclization reaction of o‐vinyl‐N‐alkoxybenzamides has been accomplished for efficient synthesis of diversely functionalized CF3‐containing iminoisobenzofurans. This external oxidant‐free and mild protocol features ready availability of starting materials, excellent regioselectivity, good substrate scope and functional group tolerance.magnified image
Novel Intrapolymerization Doped Manganese‐Eumelanin Coordination Nanocomposites with Ultrahigh Relaxivity and Their Application in Tumor Theranostics
Authors: Liu Heng , Chu Chengchao , Liu Yu , Pang Xin , Wu Yayun , Zhou Zijian , Zhang Pengfei , Zhang Weiguo , Liu Gang , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: March 2018

AbstractWhile magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents have potential in noninvasive image‐guided tumor treatment, further developments are needed to increase contrast, biodegradability, and safety. Here, novel engineered manganese‐eumelanin coordination nanocomposites (MnEMNPs) are developed via a facile one‐pot intrapolymerization doping (IPD) approach in aqueous solution, through simple chemical oxidation–polymerization of the 3,4‐dihydroxy‐DL‐phenylalanine precursor with potassium permanganate serving as the Mn source and an oxidant. The resulting MnEMNPs possess ultrahigh longitudinal relaxivity (r1 value up to 60.8 mM−1 s−1 at 1.5 T) attributed to the high manganese doping efficiency (>10%) and geometrically confined conformation. Due to their high manganese chelation stability, excellent biocompatibility, and strong near‐infrared absorption, high‐performance longitudinal‐transverse (T1‐T2) dual‐modal magnetic resonance/photoacoustic imaging and photothermal tumor ablation are achieved. Furthermore, the hydrogen peroxide‐triggered decomposition behavior of MnEMNPs circumvents the poor biodegradation issue of many nanomaterials. This facile, convenient, economical, and efficient IPD strategy will open up new avenues for the development of high‐performance multifunctional theranostic nanoplatforms in bionanomedicine.
A New Nonfullerene Acceptor with Near Infrared Absorption for High Performance Ternary‐Blend Organic Solar Cells with Efficiency over 13%
Authors: Gao Huan‐Huan , Sun Yanna , Wan Xiangjian , Ke Xin , Feng Huanran , Kan Bin , Wang Yanbo , Zhang Yamin , Li Chenxi , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: March 2018

AbstractA new acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) type nonfullerene acceptor, 3TT‐FIC, which has three fused thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene as the central core and difluoro substituted indanone as the end groups, is designed and synthesized. 3TT‐FIC exhibits broad and strong absorption with extended onset absorption to 995 nm and a low optical bandgap of 1.25 eV. The binary device based on 3TT‐FIC and the polymer PTB7‐Th exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.21% with a high short circuit current density (   Jsc) of 25.89 mA cm−2. To fine‐tune the morphology and make full use of the visible region sunlight, phenyl‐C71‐butyricacid‐methyl ester (PC71BM) is used as the third component to fabricate ternary devices. In contrast to the binary devices, the ternary blend organic solar cells show significantly enhanced EQE ranging from 300 to 700 nm and thus an improved  Jsc with a high value of 27.73 mA cm−2. A high PCE with a value of 13.54% is achieved for the ternary devices, which is one of the highest efficiencies in single junction organic solar cells reported to date. The results provide valuable insight for the ternary devices in which the external quantum efficiency (EQE) induced by the third component is evidently observed and directly contributed to the enhancement of the device efficiency.