bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence and aggression in psychiatric settings: reporting to the police
Authors: Gupta Susham , Akyuz Elvan U. , Flint Jonathan , Baldwin Toby 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARYViolence and aggression are relatively common and serious occurrences in health and social care and rates are higher in mental health settings. Despite the National Health Service's policy of ‘zero tolerance’ of such behaviour, reporting of violence and aggression against mental health staff remains low. This article considers the nature of violence and aggression against staff in psychiatric settings and the process of involving the police to ensure an effective outcome. It outlines each step, from the initial the multidisciplinary team assessment of the incident and its reporting to the police to the making of witness statements, should the case come to court. It also explains the discretionary role of the police in deciding whether to charge and of the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) in deciding whether to prosecute. The article stresses that NHS organisations need to provide an effective, streamlined and time-efficient reporting process, as this should reduce levels of patient violence, improve staff's well-being and morale, save costs and make the working environment safer for all.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Raise awareness of the underreporting to the police of incidents of violence and aggression against staff by psychiatric patients and recognise the benefits of reporting such incidents•Develop a framework for assessment and reporting of such incidents committed to the police and to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), in the event of possible or actual criminal proceedings•Develop an understanding of the role of the healthcare organisation, the police and the CPS when such incidents are reported to the policeDECLARATION OF INTERESTNone.
Evidence-based psychological approaches for auditory hallucinations
Authors: Hayward Mark 
Published: April 2018

SummaryIn a previous article in this journal, Turkington et al suggested a number of psychological approaches that an individual can use to reduce the distress caused by hearing voices. Despite having popular appeal, only some of these approaches have evidence for their effectiveness. Within a clinical context where few patients with psychosis have access even to evidence-based approaches, the reader is invited to familiarise themselves with the evidence before selecting which approaches to introduce to their patients.DECLARATION OF INTERESTM.H. is one of the authors of the self-help book Overcoming distressing Voices that is promoted within the article.
Fusion legislation and forensic psychiatry: the criminal justice provisions of the Mental Capacity Act (Northern Ireland) 2016
Authors: Campbell Philip , Rix Keith 
Published: April 2018

SUMMARYFusion legislation is the latest in a long line of reforms in mental health law that have sought to increase patient autonomy. It has not been without controversy, having been proposed and rejected in various jurisdictions throughout the UK and internationally, while causing considerable debate in the academic literature. This article considers some of the history and debate, along with the criminal justice provisions of the first piece of fusion legislation internationally, the Mental Capacity Act (Northern Ireland) 2016, and their potential implications.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Understand the history of fusion legislation in the UK and internationally•Understand the advantages and disadvantages of fusion legislation•Understand the Mental Capacity Act (Northern Ireland) 2016 criminal justice provisionsDECLARATION OF INTERESTNone.
Psychiatric hospitalisation and the risk of suicide
Authors: Large Matthew Michael , Kapur Nav 
Published: April 2018

SummaryThe association between current or recent psychiatric hospitalisation and increased suicide risk is well described. This relationship is generally assumed to be due to the selection of people at increased risk of suicide for psychiatric admission and subsequent failure of protection from suicide once admitted. Here, Matthew Large and Nav Kapur debate whether or not admission to hospital also selects for vulnerability to certain harmful aspects of hospitalisation and whether the increased rate of suicide in current and recently discharged psychiatric patients is, in fact, due to psychiatric hospitalisation itself.Declaration of interestM.M.L. has provided expert testimony in legal proceedings following in-patient suicide. N.K. sits on the Department of Health (England) National Suicide Prevention Strategy Advisory group.
The Incidence of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury at a Large, Urban Tertiary Medical Center: A Decade’s Experience
Authors: Meyer David E. , Reynolds Jacob W. , Hobbs Rhonda , Bai Yu , Hartwell Beth , Pommerening Matthew J. , Fox Erin E. , Wade Charles E. , Holcomb John B. , Cotton Bryan A. 
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND:
While transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) remains the primary cause of transfusion-related fatalities (37%), recent reports estimate the incidence of TRALI at 0.008% per unit of plasma transfused and 0.004% per all products transfused. Because blood banks have moved toward male-predominant plasma, TRALI appears, anecdotally, to have been reduced to an extremely rare event. The purpose of this study was to estimate the current incidence of TRALI at a large, urban center known for its early and aggressive use of plasma in the setting of trauma, hemorrhagic shock, and massive transfusion.

METHODS:
The Blood Bank Registry of our hospital was queried for all transfused patients admitted from September 2002 through March 2013. The blood bank collected and investigated all cases of clinical acute lung injury meeting the consensus definition for TRALI, as well as potential cases for which the donor product was recalled for having a high reactivity level of human leukocyte antigen antibodies (ie, the antibodies that could cause TRALI). Clinical reactions were reviewed in conjunction with independent serological testing and classified by transfusion medicine physicians as being “probable TRALI” or of “unrelated etiology.” The total number of units transfused at our facility during this time period was also obtained, allowing the incidence of TRALI to be estimated. Cases were analyzed based on demographics, outcome, blood types, observed symptoms and their duration, and type of product transfused.

RESULTS:
Seven cases were identified at our center for the indicated time period, with only 3 of these occurring in trauma. A total of 714,757 units of blood products were transfused between September 2002 and March 2013. The incidence of TRALI was estimated to be 1 case per 100,000 units of product for the entire study period. A broad range of patients was affected. Consistent with previous descriptions, an acute duration of symptoms (average, 1.4 days) was observed and usually resolved with supportive care. Reactions were observed predominantly in plasma products, both type specific and nontype specific.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study demonstrates that while TRALI still occurs, clinically meaningful cases are rare. Moreover, TRALI rates remain low despite the increasingly aggressive use of plasma and platelets in the trauma setting.
Device-Related Error in Patient-Controlled Analgesia: Analysis of 82,698 Patients in a Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Son Hyo-Jung , Kim Sung-Hoon , Ryu Jeong-Ok , Kang Mi-Ra , Kim Myeong-Hee , Suh Jeong-Hun , Hwang Jai-Hyun 
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND:
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is one of the most popular and effective methods for managing postoperative pain. Various types of continuous infusion pumps are available for the safe and accurate administration of analgesic drugs. Here we report the causes and clinical outcomes of device-related errors in PCA.

METHODS:
Clinical records from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2014 were collected by acute pain service team nurses in a 2715-bed tertiary hospital. Devices for all types of PCA, including intravenous PCA, epidural PCA, and nerve block PCA, were included for analysis. The following 4 types of infusion pumps were used during the study period: elastomeric balloon infusers, carbon dioxide-driven infusers, semielectronic disposable pumps, and electronic programmable pumps. We categorized PCA device-related errors based on the error mechanism and clinical features.

RESULTS:
Among 82,698 surgical patients using PCA, 610 cases (0.74%) were reported as human error, and 155 cases (0.19%) of device-related errors were noted during the 4-year study period. The most common type of device-related error was underflow, which was observed in 47 cases (30.3%). The electronic programmable pump exhibited the high incidence of errors in PCA (70 of 15,052 patients; 0.47%; 95% confidence interval, 0.36–0.59) among the 4 types of devices, and 96 of 152 (63%) patients experienced some type of adverse outcome, ranging from minor symptoms to respiratory arrest.

CONCLUSIONS:
The incidence of PCA device-related errors was <0.2% and significantly differed according to the infusion pump type. A total of 63% of patients with PCA device-related errors suffered from adverse clinical outcomes, with no mortality. Recent technological advances may contribute to reducing the incidence and severity of PCA errors. Nonetheless, the results of this study can be used to improve patient safety and ensure quality care.
Toll and Toll-like receptor signalling in development
Authors: Anthoney Niki , Foldi Istvan , Hidalgo Alicia 
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT
The membrane receptor Toll and the related Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are best known for their universal function in innate immunity. However, Toll/TLRs were initially discovered in a developmental context, and recent studies have revealed that Toll/TLRs carry out previously unanticipated functions in development, regulating cell fate, cell number, neural circuit connectivity and synaptogenesis. Furthermore, knowledge of their molecular mechanisms of action is expanding and has highlighted that Toll/TLRs function beyond the canonical NF-κB pathway to regulate cell-to-cell communication and signalling at the synapse. Here, we provide an overview of Toll/TLR signalling and discuss how this signalling pathway regulates various aspects of development across species.
Expanding the therapeutic index of radiation therapy by normal tissue protection
Authors: Montay-Gruel Pierre , Meziani Lydia , Yakkala Chakradhar , Vozenin Marie-Catherine 
Published: April 2018

Normal tissue damages induced by radiation therapy remain dose-limiting factors in radiation oncology and this is still true despite recent advances in treatment planning and delivery of image-guided radiation therapy. Additionally, as the number of long-term cancer survivors increases, unacceptable complications emerge and dramatically reduce the patients’ quality of life. This means that patients and clinicians expect discovery of new options for the therapeutic management of radiation-induced complications. Over the past four decades, research has enhanced our understanding of the pathophysiological, cellular and molecular processes governing normal tissue toxicity. Those processes are complex and involve the cross-talk between the various cells of a tissue, including fibroblasts, endothelial, immune and epithelial cells as well as soluble paracrine factors including growth factors and proteases. We will review the translatable pharmacological approaches that have been developed to prevent, mitigate, or reverse radiation injuries based upon the targeting of cellular and signalling pathways. We will summarize the different steps of the research strategy, from the definition of initial biological hypotheses to preclinical studies and clinical translation. We will also see how novel research and therapeutic hypotheses emerge along the way as well as briefly highlight innovative approaches based upon novel radiotherapy delivery procedures.
Verhulst-Pearl growth model versus Malthusian growth model for in vitro evaluation of lead removal in wastewater by Photobacterium sp
Authors: Ramirez-Cando Lenin Javier , Alvarez-Mendoza Cesar Ivan , Gutierrez-Salazar Patricia 
Published: April 2018

Mathematical modeling of microbial populations has a long history of application in the fields of ecology and environmental remediation. In the present study, the Verhulst-Pearl growth model and the Malthusian growth model were used to model and understand the kinetics of Photobacterium sp exposed to lead. The results show that goodness of fit of the Verhulst-Pearl growth model was better that the Malthusian growth model. Therefore, the Verhulst-Pearl growth model is considered the best option for proving useful and reliable information about Photobacterium sp kinetics growth in vitro.
Platform Architecture and Quality Trade-offs of Multihoming Complements
Authors: Cennamo Carmelo , Ozalp Hakan , Kretschmer Tobias 
Published: April 2018

Multihoming, the decision to design a complement to operate on multiple platforms, is becoming increasingly common in many platform markets. Perceived wisdom suggests that multihoming is beneficial for complement providers as they expand their market reach, but it reduces differentiation among competing platforms as the same complements become available on different platforms. We argue that complement providers face trade-offs when designing their products for multiple platform architectures—they must decide how far to specialize the complement to each platform’s technological specifications. Because of these trade-offs, multihoming complements can have different quality performance across platforms. In a study of the U.S. video game industry, we find that multihoming games have lower-quality performance on a technologically more complex console than on a less complex one. Also, games designed for and released on a focal platform have lower-quality performance on platforms they are subsequently multihomed to. However, games that are released on the complex platform with a delay suffer a smaller drop in quality on complex platforms. This has important implications for platform competition, and for managers considering expanding their reach through multihoming.The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2018.0779 .
Risk Analysis for Large Pools of Loans
Authors: Sirignano Justin , Giesecke Kay 
Published: April 2018

Financial institutions, government-sponsored enterprises, and asset-backed security investors are often exposed to delinquency and prepayment risk from large numbers of loans. Examples include mortgages, credit cards, and auto, student, and business loans. Because of the size of the pools, the measurement of these exposures is computationally expensive. This paper develops and tests efficient numerical methods for the analysis of large pools of loans as well as asset-backed securities backed by such pools. For a broad class of statistical and machine learning models of loan-level risk in discrete time, we prove a law of large numbers and a central limit theorem for the pool-level risk. The asymptotics are then used to construct computationally efficient approximations for a large pool. The approximations aggregate the full loan-level dynamics, making it possible to take advantage of the detailed loan-level data often available in practice. We furthermore prove a convergence rate for the approximation and a uniform integrability result. The latter allows the approximation to be applied to a wide class of pool-level risk statistics. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we implement it on a data set of over 25 million mortgages. The results show the accuracy and speed of the approximation in comparison to brute-force simulation of a pool, for a variety of pools with different risk profiles. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2947 . This paper was accepted by Noah Gans, stochastic models.
Tissue engineering strategies for the treatment of tendon injuries
Authors: González-Quevedo D. , Martínez-Medina I. , Campos A. , Campos F. , Carriel V. 
Published: April 2018

Objectives Recently, the field of tissue engineering has made numerous advances towards achieving artificial tendon substitutes with excellent mechanical and histological properties, and has had some promising experimental results. The purpose of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy of tissue engineering in the treatment of tendon injuries. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for the time period 1999 to 2016 for trials investigating tissue engineering used to improve tendon healing in animal models. The studies were screened for inclusion based on randomization, controls, and reported measurable outcomes. The RevMan software package was used for the meta-analysis. Results A total of 388 references were retrieved and 35 studies were included in this systematic review. The different biomaterials developed were analyzed and we found that they improve the biomechanical and histological characteristics of the repaired tendon. At meta-analysis, despite a high heterogeneity, it revealed a statistically significant effect in favour of the maximum load, the maximum stress, and the Young’s modulus between experimental and control groups. In the forest plot, the diamond was on the right side of the vertical line and did not intersect with the line, favouring experimental groups. Conclusions This review of the literature demonstrates the heterogeneity in the tendon tissue engineering literature. Several biomaterials have been developed and have been shown to enhance tendon healing and regeneration with improved outcomes. Cite this article: D. González-Quevedo, I. Martínez-Medina, A. Campos, F. Campos, V. Carriel. Tissue engineering strategies for the treatment of tendon injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal models. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:318–324. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.74.BJR-2017-0326.
Gastrointestinal manifestations of extramedullary plasmacytoma: a narrative review and illustrative case reports
Authors: Glasbey JC , Arshad F , Almond LM , Vydianath B , Desai A , Gourevitch D , Ford SJ 
Published: April 2018

Introduction Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma are rare, solid-mass tumours which appear immunophenotypically similar to multiple myeloma. The diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal plasmacytoma is complex and requires multidisciplinary input. This study presents a narrative review of intra-abdominal extramedullary plasmacytoma, illustrated with two case studies. Methods The PubMed database was searched without date restrictions for reports of intra-abdominal extramedullary plasmacytoma to synthesise a narrative review. Electronic records were reviewed at a high-volume, quaternary soft-tissue sarcoma centre to identify patients with histopathologically confirmed extramedullary plasmacytoma affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Results Gastrointestinal extramedullary plasmacytomas can present with mass effect or organ-specific dysfunction. Techniques for tissue diagnosis of extramedullary plasmacytoma vary dependent on location, with a formal diagnosis often being made from a resected specimen. Management can include surgery, radiotherapy, systemic chemotherapy or a combination. No high-quality evidence base exists to guide treatment. Two case studies of operated gastrointestinal extramedullary plasmacytoma are presented at different phases of disease progression, with a resultant impact on survival. Conclusion Intra-abdominal extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare and heterogeneous condition that lacks consensus guidelines for diagnosis and management. Collaboration between international specialist centres will create better quality evidence for treatment of this cohort.
Comparative learning curves for early complications in anatomical and reverse shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Beazley JCS , Evans JP , Furness ND , Smith CD 
Published: April 2018

Introduction There has been a significant increase in the implantation of reverse shoulder replacements over anatomical shoulder replacements in the past five years. Few comparative data exist comparing early complication rates and learning curves. This study aimed to evaluate the early complication rates and learning curves of a single surgeon series of anatomical and reverse shoulder replacements over the first five years of independent practice. Materials and methods The first 100 anatomical and 100 reverse shoulder replacements performed between July 2011 and July 2016 were reviewed to identify early complications. Cumulative sum plots were used to analyse the learning-curve effect. Results Early complications were noted in 4 anatomical and 17 reverse shoulder replacements. One of the anatomical and ten of the reverse shoulder replacements required a return to theatre within three months. The early complication rates were observed to be significantly higher in the reverse shoulder replacement group compared with the anatomical shoulder replacement group (odds ratio 4.9; 95% confidence interval 1.6–15.2, P 1/4 0.057). An inflection point on the anatomical shoulder replacement cumulative sum plot suggestive of a trend to consistent performance was reached at 16 cases. No inflection point was observed on the reverse shoulder replacement cohort. Conclusions We observed a significantly higher early complication rate within the reverse shoulder replacement cohort, with a tenfold increase in early reoperations. In comparison to the trend seen after 16 cases for anatomical shoulder replacement, no trend was seen in the reverse shoulder replacement cohort. This either reflects the higher complication rate seen in reverse shoulder replacement or that the learning curve extends beyond 100 cases, highlighting the need for extended performance monitoring.
An animal tissue simulation assessing three directional displacement forces on five common tracheostomy securing techniques
Authors: Yap D , Goddard S , Ng M , Al-Hussaini A , Owens D 
Published: April 2018

Introduction Several methods of securing a tracheostomy tube have been described in the literature including using ties or tapes around the neck and suturing the plastic flange to the neck in various ways. However, there are no wet lab-based studies to objectively determine the force required to displace the tracheostomy tube using different securing techniques. Ours is the first animal tissue simulation study published in the literature. Methods A simulated tracheostomy stoma was created on a sheep neck model. A tracheostomy tube was inserted into the stoma and secured using various methods. Tension tests were conducted to significantly displace the tube from the stoma. Each technique was repeated six times on different sheep necks. All results were analysed using SPSS®. Results Repeat measurements indicated that the largest displacement forces come from an oblique direction while the lowest force values were found at the lateral angle. Averages of displacement showed that medially placed sutures required the largest forces in comparison with other securing methods. Wilcoxon signed-rank testing indicated that medial and continuous suture security resists displacement at forces that otherwise displace flange and interrupted sutures. Conclusions This study has shown that any type of securing suture requires a greater displacement force than the strap of the tracheostomy tube holder alone. Medially placed sutures require a greater displacement force than those placed laterally. Displacement in the lateral direction requires the least force in comparison with movement at perpendicular or oblique angles.