bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can we stop nucleoside analogues before HBsAg loss?
Authors: Papatheodoridi Margarita , Papatheodoridis George 
Published: February 2019

SummaryMost of the current guidelines and the existing data suggest that long‐term therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogue(s) [NA(s)] may be stopped in carefully selected chronic hepatitis B patients who remain HBsAg positive. In particular, NA(s) may be discontinued in such patients without pre‐existing cirrhosis who achieved long‐term on‐therapy virological remission (>12 months of HBeAg seroconversion and HBV DNA undetectability for initially HBeAg‐positive cases; ≥3 years of HBV DNA undetectability for HBeAg‐negative cases) and are expected to remain under close follow‐up after NA(s) discontinuation. The majority of patients will develop post‐NA(s) virological relapses and a proportion of them will have biochemical relapses and occasionally flares, but prompt retreatment can reintroduce remission. No reliable predictor(s) of post‐NA(s) relapses have been identified so far. HBsAg loss develops in a progressively increasing proportion of chronic hepatitis B patients who discontinue NA(s) with HBsAg loss rates being higher in Caucasian patients with HBeAg‐negative chronic hepatitis B. Follow‐up at least every 3 months for the first year seems to be appropriate for all chronic hepatitis B patients who discontinue NA(s), while HBeAg‐negative patients need to be followed more closely (monthly) during the first 3 months. Predefined criteria for retreatment are quite important, and the best candidates for retreatment are probably the patients with persistent (≥3 months) liver disease activity and those with severe flares.
Temporal niche differentiation among species changes with habitat productivity and light conditions
Authors: Huang Lin , Xue Wei , Herben Tomáš 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAimNiche differentiation along the temporal axis has often been suggested as a potential mechanism of species coexistence. Species may co‐occur by shifting timing of growth, or by changing their growth rate to avoid competition for resources, namely light. However, due to the lack of data on growth phenology of a large set of species, we do not know how common each phenomenon is and whether the phenology of coexisting species shows a non‐random distribution, which would be indicative of either niche differentiation or resource competition.LocationCzech Republic.MethodsWe recorded growth phenological data of 381 perennial herbaceous species in plant collections in the Botanical Garden of Charles University in Prague, allowing frequent recordings on a large number of species that grow in conditions close to their natural habitats. We used the measurements to derive the day of peak growth and two types of growth rates. We then used co‐occurrence data of these species from the Czech National Phytosociological Database and examined whether co‐occurring species show non‐random patterns of these parameters in 11 individual habitats, which were identified by the European Nature Information System.ResultsWe found large differences among habitat types, partly due to differences in habitat productivity, indicated by the mean height and summed cover of all species in the habitats. Unexpectedly, we did not find temporal niche differentiation in woodlands, indicating the day of peak growth of species was essentially random. Growth rates in forests were strongly over‐dispersed. This pattern contrasted with grasslands where the distribution of all parameters showed synchronization, which is likely because plants need to succeed in asymmetric competition for light.ConclusionThese data provide the first quantitative assessment of differences in growth dynamics across communities and show one of the first unequivocal demonstrations of trait overdispersion in plant communities.
Effect of mild hypothermia on cerebral microcirculation in a murine cardiopulmonary resuscitation model
Authors: Yu Haifang , Wang Lin , Zhang Haihong , Wei Wei , Chen Yao , Tang Wanchun , Wan Zhi 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe hypothesized that mild hypothermia may improve brain microcirculation by reducing cerebral microvascular endothelial cells apoptosis, and this effect may be maximized by moving up the initiation of mild hypothermia from after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) to the start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).MethodsA total of 35 rats were randomized into the intra‐arrest hypothermia group (IAH), post‐resuscitation hypothermia group (PRH), normothermia group (NT), or the sham control group. A craniotomy exposed the parietal cortex for visualization of microcirculation. Ventricular fibrillation was electrically induced and untreated for 8 minutes, followed by 8 minutes of precordial compression and mechanical ventilation. Hypothermia (33 ± 0.5°C) in the IAH and PRH group was induced and maintained for 6 hours at the beginning of CPR or after ROSC, respectively. At baseline, 1, 3, and 6 hours, hemodynamic parameters were measured and the pial microcirculations were visualized with a sidestream dark field imaging video microscope. Microvascular flow index and perfused microvessel density (PMD) were calculated. Rats were euthanized, and brain tissues were removed at 3 and 6 hours separately. Expression of Bax, Bcl‐2, and Caspase 3 in brain microvascular endothelial cells was examined by Western blot.ResultsMicrovascular flow index and PMD were significantly reduced after cardiac arrest and resuscitation (all P < 0.05), and the former was largely preserved by hypothermia regardless when the hypothermia treatment was induced (P < 0.05). Bax and Caspase 3 increased and Bcl‐2 decreased significantly after resuscitation, and hypothermia treatment reversed the trend partly (all P < 0.05). A moderate correlation was observed between MFI and those proteins (Bcl‐2/BAX: 3 hours: r = 0.730, P = 0.002; 6 hours: r = 0.743, P = 0.002).ConclusionMild hypothermia improves cerebral microcirculatory blood supply, partly by inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis. Mild hypothermia induced simultaneously with CPR has shown no additional benefit in microcirculation or endothelial cell apoptosis.
Beyond and around mandatory reporting in nursing practice: Interrupting a series of deferrals
Authors: Einboden Rochelle , Rudge Trudy , Varcoe Colleen 
Published: February 2019

AbstractNurses are well positioned to contribute to child protection efforts but are underutilised. This paper describes a critical discursive analysis of nursing responses to child neglect and abuse (CN&A) in British Columbia, Canada. Legal and practice guidelines were analysed alongside nurse interview texts, offering a glimpse into how nurses prevent CN&A in their everyday practice with families. Results show how the primacy of mandatory reporting to child protection authorities coordinates a series of deferrals and how nurses engage with and interrupt these deferrals in everyday practice. Nurses' relational approaches are essential to gain access to the private sphere of the family to assess, plan, elicit cooperation with interventions and monitor the situation. They considered reporting to be one among many possible responses. This study highlights how nursing contributions to prevention are largely overlooked and points to the potential for a more significant role for nurses in a public health approach to child protection.
A two genes – for – one gene interaction between Leptosphaeria maculans and Brassica napus
Authors: Petit‐Houdenot Yohann , Degrave Alexandre , Meyer Michel , Blaise Françoise , Ollivier Bénédicte , Marais Claire‐Line , Jauneau Alain , Audran Corinne , Rivas Susana , Veneault‐Fourrey Claire , Brun Hortense , Rouxel Thierry , Fudal Isabelle , Balesdent Marie‐Hélène 
Published: February 2019

Summary

Interactions between Leptosphaeria maculans, causal agent of stem canker of oilseed rape, and its Brassica hosts are models of choice to explore the multiplicity of ‘gene‐for‐gene’ complementarities and how they diversified to increased complexity in the course of plant–pathogen co‐evolution. Here, we support this postulate by investigating the AvrLm10 avirulence that induces a resistance response when recognized by the Brassica nigra resistance gene Rlm10.

Using genome‐assisted map‐based cloning, we identified and cloned two AvrLm10 candidates as two genes in opposite transcriptional orientation located in a subtelomeric repeat‐rich region of the genome. The AvrLm10 genes encode small secreted proteins and show expression profiles in planta similar to those of all L. maculans avirulence genes identified so far.

Complementation and silencing assays indicated that both genes are necessary to trigger Rlm10 resistance. Three assays for protein–protein interactions showed that the two AvrLm10 proteins interact physically in vitro and in planta.

Some avirulence genes are recognized by two distinct resistance genes and some avirulence genes hide the recognition specificities of another. Our L. maculans model illustrates an additional case where two genes located in opposite transcriptional orientation are necessary to induce resistance. Interestingly, orthologues exist for both L. maculans genes in other phytopathogenic species, with a similar genome organization, which may point to an important conserved effector function linked to heterodimerization of the two proteins.
Fetal umbilical, cerebral and pulmonary blood flow patterns in relation to lung function and asthma in childhood. The Generation R Study
Authors: Kooijman Marjolein N. , van Meel Evelien R. , Steegers Eric A. P. , Reiss Irwin K. M. , de Jongste Johan C. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Duijts Liesbeth 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBackgroundFetal growth restriction is associated with higher risks of childhood respiratory morbidity. Fetal blood flow adaptations might contribute to these associations. We examined the associations of fetal umbilical, cerebral, and pulmonary blood flow with wheezing patterns, lung function, and asthma in childhood.MethodsIn a population‐based prospective cohort study among 903 children, we measured fetal umbilical, cerebral, and pulmonary blood flow by pulsed‐wave Doppler at a median gestational age of 30.3 (95% range 28.8‐32.3) weeks. We obtained information about wheezing patterns until the age of 6 years by questionnaires. Lung function was measured by spirometry and information about current asthma was obtained by questionnaire at the age of 10 years.ResultsResults showed a non‐significant relationship between a higher umbilical artery pulsatility index (PI) and umbilical artery PI/cerebral artery PI ratio, indicating fetal blood flow redistribution at the expense of the trunk, with higher risks of early wheezing (OR [95% CI]: 2.07 (0.70‐6.10) and 2.74 (0.60, 12.62) per unit increase, respectively). A higher pulmonary artery time velocity integral, indicating higher pulmonary vascular resistance, was associated with a higher risk of late/persistent wheezing (Z‐score 1.14 [1.01‐1.29]). A higher middle cerebral artery PI was associated with a higher FEV1/FVC (Z‐score [95% CI]: 0.21 [0.01‐0.42]). Results did not materially change after additional adjustment for birth and growth characteristics.ConclusionThird‐trimester fetal blood flow patterns might be related to childhood respiratory health. These findings should be considered as hypothesis generating and need further replication.
Transformation strategies for stable expression of complex hetero‐multimeric proteins like secretory immunoglobulin A in plants
Authors: Palaci Jorge , Virdi Vikram , Depicker Ann 
Published: February 2019

SummaryPlant expression systems have proven to be exceptional in producing high‐value complex polymeric proteins such as secretory IgAs (SIgAs). However, polymeric protein production requires the expression of multiple genes, which can be transformed as single or multiple T‐DNA units to generate stable transgenic plant lines. Here, we evaluated four strategies to stably transform multiple genes and to obtain high expression of all components. Using the in‐seed expression of a simplified secretory IgA (sSIgA) as a reference molecule, we conclude that it is better to spread the genes over two T‐DNAs than to contain them in a single T‐DNA, because of the presence of homologous recombination events and gene silencing. These T‐DNAs can be cotransformed to obtain transgenic plants in one transformation step. However, if time permits, more transformants with high production levels of the polymeric protein can be obtained either by sequential transformation or by in‐parallel transformation followed by crossing of transformants independently selected for excellent expression of the genes in each T‐DNA.
Changes in the vertical distribution of leaf area enhanced light interception efficiency in maize over generations of selection
Authors: Perez Raphaël P.A. , Fournier Christian , Cabrera‐Bosquet Llorenç , Artzet Simon , Pradal Christophe , Brichet Nicolas , Chen Tsu‐Wei , Chapuis Romain , Welcker Claude , Tardieu François 
Published: February 2019

AbstractBreeders select for yield, thereby indirectly selecting for traits that contribute to it. We tested if breeding has affected a range of traits involved in plant architecture and light interception, via the analysis of a panel of 60 maize hybrids released from 1950 to 2015. This was based on novel traits calculated from reconstructions derived from a phenotyping platform. The contribution of these traits to light interception was assessed in virtual field canopies composed of 3D plant reconstructions, with a model tested in a real field. Two categories of traits had different contributions to genetic progress. (a) The vertical distribution of leaf area had a high heritability and showed a marked trend over generations of selection. Leaf area tended to be located at lower positions in the canopy, thereby improving light penetration and distribution in the canopy. This potentially increased the carbon availability to ears, via the amount of light absorbed by the intermediate canopy layer. (b) Neither the horizontal distribution of leaves in the relation to plant rows nor the response of light interception to plant density showed appreciable trends with generations. Hence, among many architectural traits, the vertical distribution of leaf area was the main indirect target of selection.
Combination hyperbaric oxygen therapy and ustekinumab for severe hidradenitis suppurativa
Authors: Provini Lauren E. , Stellar Judith J. , Stetzer Molly N. , Nguyen Phuong D. , Jen Melinda 
Published: February 2019

AbstractHidradenitis suppurativa is a painful chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by inflammatory nodules that can lead to sinus tracts and scarring. Numerous treatments have been reported, though none have reliable efficacy. Antiinflammatory agents, such as tumor necrosis factor‐alpha inhibitors and interleukin inhibitors, have been used as medical therapy for refractory cases. We describe here a case of severe hidradenitis suppurativa in a pediatric patient successfully treated with a combination of high‐dose ustekinumab and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
Starvation‐induced autophagy in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 ovarian cells
Authors: Yang Ruopeng , Shang Xiyu , Wang Chuanming , Li Mijie , Jiang Chengyan , Lu Haiju , Kong Qiong , Gao Bo , Yang Wanying , Cao Yang , Xie Kun 
Published: February 2019

AbstractAutophagy controls insect development and can be targeted for pest control in agriculture. In the present study, starvation‐induced autophagy is investigated in the insect species Spodoptera frugiperda. Bioinformatics analysis and a search of the EST database (http://bioweb.ensam.inra.fr/spodobase) identifies a putative ATG8 gene of S. frugiperda. To generate a biomarker of autophagosome, the DNA sequence encoding the open reading frame of this gene is amplified and cloned into a pIEX‐4‐mCherry‐EGFP‐SfATG8 recombinant vector. Sf9 cells are then transfected with this expression vector and starved in phosphate‐buffered saline solution for 4 h to induce autophagy, which is examined by LysoTracker staining (Life Technologies, Grand Island, New York), western blotting and fluorescence microscopy. The results obtained show that starvation stimulates lipidation of SfATG8‐PE and the formation of autophagosomes, providing a foundation for further research with respect to autophagy in insects.
Comparison of techniques for estimation of resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae in soil
Authors: Gossen B. D. , Al‐Daoud F. , Dumonceaux T. , Dalton J. A. , Peng G. , Pageau D. , McDonald M. R. 
Published: February 2019

Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) is an important disease of canola (Brassica napus) and other brassica crops. Accurate estimation of inoculum load in soil is important for evaluating producer risk in planting a susceptible crop, but also for evaluation of management practices such as crop rotation. This study compared five molecular techniques for estimating P. brassicae resting spores in soil: quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), competitive positive internal control PCR (CPIC‐PCR), propidium monoazide PCR (PMA‐PCR), droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and loop‐mediated isothermal DNA amplification (LAMP). For ddPCR and LAMP, calibrations were developed using spiked soil samples. The comparison was carried out using soil samples collected from a long‐term rotation study at Normandin, Québec, with replicated plots representing 0‐, 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 5‐ and 6‐year breaks following susceptible canola infested with clubroot. CPIC‐PCR and ddPCR provided repeatable estimates of resting spore numbers in soil compared with estimates from qPCR or LAMP alone. CPIC‐PCR provided the most robust measurement of spore concentration, especially in the 2 years following a crop of susceptible canola, because it corrected for effects of PCR inhibitors. PMA‐PCR demonstrated that a large proportion of the DNA of P. brassicae detected in soil after the susceptible canola crop was derived from spores that were immature or otherwise not viable. Each assay provided a similar pattern of spore concentration in soil, which supported the conclusion of a previous study at this site that resting spore numbers declined rapidly in the first 2 years after a susceptible crop, but much more slowly subsequently.
Enteral iron supplementation, red blood cell transfusion, and risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very‐low‐birth‐weight infants
Authors: Patel Ravi Mangal , Knezevic Andrea , Yang Jing , Shenvi Neeta , Hinkes Michael , Roback John D. , Easley Kirk A. , Josephson Cassandra D. 
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUNDEnteral iron supplementation and RBC transfusions are routinely administered to very‐low‐birth‐weight (VLBW) infants, although the potential risks of these exposures have not been adequately quantified. This study evaluated the association between the cumulative dose of enteral iron supplementation, total volume of RBCs transfused, and risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in VLBW infants.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSRetrospective, multicenter observational cohort study in Atlanta, Georgia. Cumulative supplemental enteral iron exposure and total volume of RBCs transfused were measured until the age at assessment of BPD. Multivariable generalized linear models were used to control for confounding, and the reliability of the factors was assessed in 1000 bootstrap models.RESULTSA total of 598 VLBW infants were studied. In multivariable analyses, a greater cumulative dose of supplemental enteral iron exposure was associated with an increased risk of BPD (adjusted relative risk per 50‐mg increase, 1.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.11; p = 0.002). Similarly, a greater volume of RBCs transfused was associated with a higher risk of BPD (adjusted relative risk per 20‐mL increase, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.07; p < 0.001). Both factors were reliably associated with BPD (>50%). Volume of RBCs transfused was similar to gestational age in reliability as a risk factor for BPD (present in 100% of models) and was more reliable than mechanical ventilation at 1 week of age.CONCLUSIONThe cumulative dose of supplemental enteral iron exposure and total volume of RBC transfusion are both independently associated with an increased risk of BPD in VLBW infants.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Evelyn Angelia 
Published: February 2019

Reviewer AcknowledgementsApplied Finance and Accounting [AFA] would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AFA publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 1 Anastasia Kopaneli, University of Patras, GreeceNoriaki Okamoto, Rikkyo University, JapanVineet Chouhan, Sir Padampat Singhania University, IndiaYu Peng Lin, University of Detroit Mercy, USAMarco Muscettola, Independent researcher, ItalyZi-Yi Guo, Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., USALektore Oltiana Muharremi, University of Vlora, AlbaniaJayendra S. Gokhale, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USAMohamed Jalloh, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), NigeriaRui Fernandes, Porto Accounting and Business School, PortugalNikolay Patonov, European Polytechnical University, BulgariaMojeed Idowu John Odumeso-Jimoh, Noble Integrated Resources & Management, NigeriaFlorin Peci, University of Peja, KosovoGheorghe Morosan, Stefan Cel Mare University Suceava Romania, RomaniaNicoleta Radneantu, Romanian – American University, RomanianAugustine Akhidime, Benson Idahosa University, NigeriaHajar Jahangard , Central Bank of Iran(CBI), IranHassan Rkein , Al Maaref University , LebanonAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelIoan Bogdan Robu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, RomaniaLingesiya Kengatharan, University of Jaffna, Sri LankaMohammad Sami Ali Al-Dahrawi, Zarqa University, Jordan Angelia EvelynEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Finance and AccountingRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAE-mail: afa@redfame.comURL: http://afa.redfame.com
An energy-degree evaluation metric for clustering purposes in mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Amine Khalil 
Published: February 2019

Network clustering is the process of partitioning a network into a number of virtual entities mastered by certain nodes, called cluster centers that are responsible for collecting and maintaining topology information and managing the routing processes. In ad hoc networking, clustering has been introduced to deal with the dynamic topology by providing a temporarily stable network core. Clustering process mainly depends on the metric upon which the selection of cluster centers is performed. A wide range of clustering metrics were introduced in the literature based on network issues including mobility and connectivity degree, giving rise to a variety of clustering schemes. Although clustering provides energy consumption reduction, residual energy has not received enough attention and few studies have addressed the clustering on the basis of this feature. This paper discusses the current clustering metrics and proposes an energy-degree evaluation metric with mobility consideration taking into account the nodes residual energy and the network connectivity as two main keys of clustering.
New record of Blue-eyed Eastern Spadefoot Toad Leptobrachium bompu (Amphibia: Megophryidae) from Sarpang District in Bhutan
Authors: Tenzin Jigme , Wangyal Jigme Tshelthrim 
Published: February 2019

This study provides the first report of Leptobrachium bompu Sondhi & Ohler, 2011 from Bhutan. The species was recorded from Simkhar watershed in Jigmecholing under Sarpang District, at an elevation of 1,610m. Simkhar Stream is small and perennial, shaded and swampy, with a few moss-laden flat stones along the course, and is pollution-free and slow-flowing. The current report extends the distribution record of L. bompu towards the east and will help in understanding the range and conservation status of the species.